In condensed matter physics, a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials.  Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic order.

The quantum spin liquid state was first proposed by physicist Phil Anderson in 1973 as the ground state for a system of spins on a triangular lattice that interact antiferromagnetically with their nearest neighbors, i.e. neighboring spins seek to be aligned in opposite directions. Quantum spin liquids generated further interest when in 1987 Anderson proposed a theory that described high temperature superconductivity in terms of a disordered spin-liquid state.

Basic properties

The simplest kind of magnetic phase is a paramagnet, where each individual spin behaves independently of the rest, just like atoms in an ideal gas. This highly disordered phase is the generic state of magnets at high temperatures, where thermal fluctuations dominate.  Upon cooling, the spins will often enter a ferromagnet (or antiferromagnet) phase. In this phase, interactions between the spins cause them to align into large-scale patterns, such as domains, stripes, or checkerboards. These long-range patterns are referred to as "magnetic order," and are analogous to the regular crystal structure formed by many solids.

Quantum spin liquids offer a dramatic alternative to this typical behavior. One intuitive description of this state is as a "liquid" of disordered spins, in comparison to a ferromagnetic spin state, much in the way liquid water is in a disordered state compared to crystalline ice. However, unlike other disordered states, a quantum spin liquid state preserves its disorder to very low temperatures. A more modern characterization of quantum spin liquids involves their topological order, long-range quantum entanglement properties, and anyon excitations.

Examples
Several physical models have a disordered ground state that can be described as a quantum spin liquid.

Frustrated magnetic moments

Localized spins are frustrated if there exist competing exchange interactions that can not all be satisfied at the same time, leading to a large degeneracy of the system's ground state. A triangle of Ising spins (meaning that the only possible orientation of the spins are either "up" or "down"), which interact antiferromagnetically, is a simple example for frustration. In the ground state, two of the spins can be antiparallel but the third one cannot. This leads to an increase of possible orientations (six in this case) of the spins in the ground state, enhancing fluctuations and thus suppressing magnetic ordering.

A recent research work used this concept in analyzing brain networks and surprisingly indicated frustrated interactions in the brain corresponding to flexible neural interactions. This observation highlights the generalization of the frustration phenomenon and proposes its investigation in biological systems.

Resonating valence bonds (RVB)

To build a ground state without magnetic moment, valence bond states can be used, where two electron spins form a spin 0 singlet due to the antiferromagnetic interaction. If every spin in the system is bound like this, the state of the system as a whole has spin 0 too and is non-magnetic. The two spins forming the bond are maximally entangled, while not being  entangled with the other spins. If all spins are distributed to certain localized static bonds, this is called a valence bond solid (VBS).

There are two things that still distinguish a VBS from a spin liquid: First, by ordering the bonds in a certain way, the lattice symmetry is usually broken, which is not the case for a spin liquid. Second, this ground state lacks long-range entanglement. To achieve this, quantum mechanical fluctuations of the valence bonds must be allowed, leading to a ground state consisting of a superposition of many different partitionings of spins into valence bonds. If the partitionings are equally distributed (with the same quantum amplitude), there is no preference for any specific partitioning ("valence bond liquid"). This kind of ground state wavefunction was proposed by P. W. Anderson in 1973 as the ground state of spin liquids and is called a resonating valence bond (RVB) state. These states are of great theoretical interest as they are proposed to play a key role in high-temperature superconductor physics.

Excitations

The valence bonds do not have to be formed by nearest neighbors only and their distributions may vary in different materials. Ground states with large contributions of long range valence bonds have more low-energy spin excitations, as those valence bonds are easier to break up. On breaking, they form two free spins. Other excitations rearrange the valence bonds, leading to low-energy excitations even for short-range bonds. Something very special about spin liquids is that they support exotic excitations, meaning excitations with fractional quantum numbers. A prominent example is the excitation of spinons which are neutral in charge and carry spin . In spin liquids, a spinon is created if one spin is not paired in a valence bond. It can move by rearranging nearby valence bonds at low energy cost.

Realizations of (stable) RVB states
The first discussion of the RVB state on square lattice using the RVB picture only consider nearest neighbour bonds that connect different sub-lattices. The constructed RVB state is an equal amplitude superposition of all the nearest-neighbour bond configurations. Such a RVB state is believed to contain emergent gapless  gauge field which may confine the spinons etc. So the equal-amplitude nearest-neighbour RVB state on square lattice is unstable and does not corresponds to a quantum spin phase. It may describe a critical phase transition point between two stable phases. A version of RVB state which is stable and contains deconfined spinons is the chiral spin state. Later, another version of stable RVB state with deconfined spinons, the Z2 spin liquid, is proposed, which realizes the simplest topological order – Z2 topological order. Both chiral spin state and Z2 spin liquid state have long RVB bonds that connect the same sub-lattice. In chiral spin state, different bond configurations can have complex amplitudes, while in Z2 spin liquid state, different bond configurations only have real amplitudes. The RVB state on triangle lattice also realizes the Z2 spin liquid, where different bond configurations only have real amplitudes. The toric code model is yet another realization of Z2 spin liquid (and Z2 topological order) that explicitly breaks the spin rotation symmetry and is exactly soluble.

Experimental signatures and probes

Since there is no single experimental feature which identifies a material as a spin liquid, several experiments have to be conducted to gain information on different properties which characterize a spin liquid.

Magnetic susceptibility

In a high-temperature, classical paramagnet phase, the magnetic susceptibility is given by the Curie–Weiss law

Fitting experimental data to this equation determines a phenomenological Curie–Weiss temperature, .  There is a second temperature, , where magnetic order in the material begins to develop, as evidenced by a non-analytic feature in . The ratio of these is called the frustration parameter

In a classic antiferromagnet, the two temperatures should coincide and give . An ideal quantum spin liquid would not develop magnetic order at any temperature  and so would have a diverging frustration parameter . A large value  is therefore a good indication of a possible spin liquid phase.  Some frustrated materials with different lattice structures and their Curie–Weiss temperature are listed in the table below. All of them are proposed spin liquid candidates.

Other

One of the most direct evidence for absence of magnetic ordering give NMR or μSR experiments. If there is a local magnetic field present, the nuclear or muon spin would be affected which can be measured. 1H-NMR measurements  on κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 have shown no sign of magnetic ordering down to 32 mK, which is four orders of magnitude smaller than the coupling constant J≈250 K between neighboring spins in this compound. Further investigations include:
 Specific heat measurements give information about the low-energy density of states, which can be compared to theoretical models.
 Thermal transport measurements can determine if excitations are localized or itinerant.
 Neutron scattering gives information about the nature of excitations and correlations (e.g. spinons).
 Reflectance measurements can uncover spinons, which couple via emergent gauge fields to the electromagnetic field, giving rise to a power-law optical conductivity.

Candidate materials

RVB type

Neutron scattering measurements of cesium chlorocuprate Cs2CuCl4, a spin-1/2 antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice, displayed diffuse scattering. This was attributed to spinons arising from a 2D RVB state.  Later theoretical work challenged this picture, arguing that all experimental results were instead consequences of 1D spinons confined to individual chains.

Afterwards, it was observed in an organic Mott insulator (κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3) by Kanoda's group in 2003. It may correspond to a gapless spin liquid with spinon Fermi surface (the so-called uniform RVB state). The peculiar phase diagram of this organic quantum spin liquid compound was first thoroughly mapped using muon spin spectroscopy.

Herbertsmithite

Herbertsmithite is one of the most extensively studied QSL candidate materials. It is a mineral with chemical composition ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 and a rhombohedral crystal structure. Notably, the copper ions within this structure form stacked two-dimensional layers of kagome lattices. Additionally, superexchange over the oxygen bonds creates a strong antiferromagnetic interaction between the  copper spins within a single layer, whereas coupling between layers is negligible.   Therefore, it is a good realization of the antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on the kagome lattice, which is a prototypical theoretical example of a quantum spin liquid.

Synthetic, polycrystalline herbertsmithite powder was first reported in 2005, and initial magnetic susceptibility studies showed no signs of magnetic order down to 2K.  In a subsequent study, the absence of magnetic order was verified down to 50 mK, inelastic neutron scattering measurements revealed a broad spectrum of low energy spin excitations, and low-temperature specific heat measurements had power law scaling. This gave compelling evidence for a spin liquid state with gapless  spinon excitations.   A broad array of additional experiments, including 17O NMR, and neutron spectroscopy of the dynamic magnetic structure factor,  reinforced the identification of herbertsmithite as a gapless spin liquid material, although the exact characterization remained unclear as of 2010.

Large (millimeter size) single crystals of herbertsmithite were grown and characterized in 2011.  These enabled more precise measurements of possible spin liquid properties. In particular, momentum-resolved inelastic neutron scattering experiments showed a broad continuum of excitations. This was interpreted as evidence for gapless, fractionalized spinons.  Follow-up experiments (using 17O NMR and high-resolution, low-energy neutron scattering) refined this picture and determined there was actually a small spinon excitation gap of 0.07-0.09 meV.

Some measurements were suggestive of quantum critical behavior. Magnetic response of this material displays scaling relation in both the bulk ac susceptibility and the low energy dynamic susceptibility, with the low temperature heat capacity strongly depending on magnetic field. This scaling is seen in certain quantum antiferromagnets, heavy-fermion metals, and two-dimensional 3He as a signature of proximity to a quantum critical point.

In 2020 monodisperse single-crystal nanoparticles of herbertsmithite (~10 nm) were synthesized at room temperature, using gas-diffusion electrocrystallization, showing that their spin liquid nature persists at such small dimensions.

It may realize a U(1)-Dirac spin liquid.

Kitaev spin liquids

Another evidence of quantum spin liquid was observed in a 2-dimensional material in August 2015. The researchers of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, collaborating with physicists from the University of Cambridge, and the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany, measured the first signatures of these fractional particles, known as Majorana fermions, in a two-dimensional material with a structure similar to graphene. Their experimental results successfully matched with one of the main theoretical models for a quantum spin liquid, known as a Kitaev honeycomb model.

Strongly correlated quantum spin liquid
The strongly correlated quantum spin liquid (SCQSL) is a specific realization of a possible quantum spin liquid (QSL) representing a new type of strongly correlated electrical insulator (SCI) that possesses properties of heavy fermion metals with one exception: it resists the flow of electric charge. At low temperatures T the specific heat of this type of insulator is proportional to Tn, with n less or equal 1 rather than n=3, as it should be in the case of a conventional insulator whose heat capacity is proportional to T3. When a magnetic field B is applied to SCI the specific heat depends strongly on B, contrary to conventional insulators. There are a few candidates of SCI; the most promising among them is Herbertsmithite, a mineral with chemical structure ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2.

Kagome type
Ca10Cr7O28 is a frustrated kagome bilayer magnet, which does not develop long-range order even below 1 K, and has a diffuse spectrum of gapless excitations.

Toric code type
In December 2021 the first direct measurement of a quantum spin liquid of the toric code type was reported, it was achieved by two teams: one exploring ground state and anyonic excitations on a quantum processor and the other implementing a theoretical blueprint of atoms on a ruby lattice held with optical tweezers on a quantum simulator.

Specific properties: topological fermion condensation quantum phase transition

The experimental facts collected on heavy fermion (HF) metals and two dimensional Helium-3 demonstrate that the quasiparticle effective mass M* is very large, or even diverges. Topological fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT) preserves quasiparticles, and forms flat energy band at the Fermi level. The emergence of FCQPT is directly related to the unlimited growth of the effective mass M*.  Near FCQPT, M* starts to depend on temperature T, number density x, magnetic field B and other external parameters such as pressure P, etc. In contrast to the Landau paradigm based on the assumption that the effective mass is approximately constant, in the FCQPT theory the effective mass of new quasiparticles strongly depends on T, x, B etc. Therefore, to agree/explain with the numerous experimental facts, extended quasiparticles paradigm based on FCQPT has to be introduced. The main point here is that the well-defined quasiparticles determine the thermodynamic, relaxation, scaling  and transport properties of strongly correlated Fermi systems and M* becomes a function of T, x, B, P, etc.
The data collected for very different strongly correlated Fermi systems demonstrate universal scaling behavior; in other words distinct materials with strongly correlated fermions unexpectedly turn out to be uniform, thus forming a new state of matter that consists of HF metals, quasicrystals, quantum spin liquid, two dimensional Helium-3, and compounds exhibiting high-temperature superconductivity.

Applications
Materials supporting quantum spin liquid states may have applications in data storage and memory. In particular, it is possible to realize topological quantum computation by means of spin-liquid states. Developments in quantum spin liquids may also help in the understanding of high temperature superconductivity.

References

Correlated electrons
Liquids
Phases of matter
Condensed matter physics
Quasiparticles

Quantum spin liquid


Design, Build and Sell Scheme (abbreviation: DBSS) was introduced by the Housing and Development Board in 2005. Flats built under the scheme were meant for public housing and developed by private developers. They were built with supposedly better designs and mostly in matured estates such as Tampines, Ang Mo Kio and Bishan. There were 13 DBSS projects, totaling 8,533 units. The scheme attracted public outrage when a series of five-room DBSS flats developed in Tampines by Sim Lian Group Limited opened for sale at S$880,000, way higher than what could be afforded by most middle-class families. As HDB did not control the pricing of DBSS units being sold, the scheme was poorly received and subsequently suspended indefinitely.

List of DBSS projects

References

External links
 Procedures – Buying a flat under Design, Build & Sell Scheme

2005 establishments in Singapore
Public housing in Singapore
Real estate in Singapore

Design, Build and Sell Scheme


Gertrude Horsford Fiske (1879–1961) was an American visual artist, figure painter, still life painter and landscape painter. Fiske was part of the Boston School of painters in the early 20th century. She was the first woman appointed to the Massachusetts State Art Commission in 1929.

Fiske was born in Boston and was the daughter of a prominent local lawyer. Before becoming an artist, she was a successful golfer. Fiske enrolled at the Boston Museum School sometime around 1904 where she studied with Edmund C. Tarbell, Frank Benson and Philip Hale. She also studied with Charles H. Woodbury in Ogunquit, Maine, and incorporated his recommendation to "paint in verbs not in nouns." Her early work was greatly influenced by this aesthetic, but she later moved in other directions. Fiske was a co-founder of the Guild of Boston Artists in 1914 and of the Boston Society of Etchers in 1917. Fiske was a well-established painter by the mid 1920s. In 1928 she was also a co-founder of the Ogunquit Art Association. During the Great Depression, Fiske maintained her full membership in the National Academy of Design.

Fiske was known for her strong depictions of women in traditional scenes, such as women in interiors, with power, instead of gentility and fragility. She included both men and women in her compositions, used bold colors, and was well respected for her likeness of male artists. She often portrayed distinctive New England characters (including florists, craftsmen, postmen, fishermen and clerics), in a style popular throughout the 1920s. Fiske also painted landscapes, including of Revere Beach, a stone quarry in Weston, Massachusetts, and the Navy Yard in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Later works included the introduction and adoption of modern technologies such as the telephone and automobile. Selected compositions include The Window (1916), The Carpenter (), Sunday Afternoon (), and Jade (). Her sense of composition was considered "harmonious" and "warm." The Carpenter won the Thomas B. Clarke prize from the National Academy of Design.

Fiske's works have been exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Art Institute of Chicago, the National Academy of Design, the Corcoran Gallery, Cleveland Museum of Art, the Farnsworth Museum, the Rhode Island School of Design, and the Guild of Boston Artists. Prizes include the Shaw price for women artists (twice), the best figure composition (twice), the Proctor prize for portraiture from the National Academy of Design.

The artwork of Gertrude Fiske was the subject of the exhibition Gertrude Fiske: American Master, April to September 2018 at Discover Portsmouth, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The show was organized by the Portsmouth Historical Society and curated by Lainey McCartney. Fiske, says McCartney, "challenged established stereotypes for women with her extraordinary talent, dignity, and work ethic. Painting during a time when conservative traditions and social roles were firmly set for women, Fiske forged her own path."

Fiske died in 1961 in Weston, Massachusetts.

References

External links
 Gertrude Fiske Papers

1878 births
1961 deaths
American women artists
Artists from Boston
School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts alumni
Boston School (painting)
American women painters
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American painters

Gertrude Fiske


François Bontemps, later baron d'Abaumont, a noted brigadier general during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.  He was born 1 June 1753 at Saumur, and died 29 October 1811 at Saumur (Maine-et-Loire).

Family and education
François Bontemps was born into a family of craftsmen, workers of copper and bronze, in  Saumur. As a boy, his parents hoped he would become a priest and he was sent to study at the College of Saumur, and later Seminary of Angers.  Lacking a vocation, however, Bontemps enlisted in an infantry regiment of the Royal Army. In 1784, having reached the rank of company clerk, and remained there for two years, he realized that he could not advance. He accepted a discharge the 4 May and returned to study the priesthood.

In 1789, François Bontemps embraced the principles of the French Revolution, and in 1792 enlisted as a chaplain in the volunteer battalion of the Eure.  According to battalion lore, one of the officers of the battalion insulted the priesthood.  Bontemps replied that he, as a priest, forgave him, but that as a citizen, he challenged him to a duel.  He later killed the man in a duel and within a few months was elected as battalion lieutenant.

His intrepidity and leadership inspired his men to grant him the nickname of Bayard, after the famous medieval French knight.  This same intrepidity, and his tendency to lead from the front, caused a serious wound from a musket ball on 3 May 1800 at the Stockach, by Engen. Despite this, he continued to fight and two days later participated in the Battle of Messkirch.  Over the summer, though, his injury worsened and he was discharged from the army in 1801.

After his release from active service, Bontemps retired to Saumur, where he died on 29 October 1811. He is buried in the cemetery of Varrains.

Dates of Service
21 Sept 1773: Regimental Corporal
1 Oct 1774 : Sergeant
13 May 1778: Sergeant of Chasseurs
4 May 1784: Decommissioned
Early 1792 : Enlisted
1792 : elected Lieutenant of battalion, as part of the Armée du Nord
April 1793: Lieutenant-colonel of 11th battalion of the Vosges
12 Mar 1794: Chef of  Brigade, 175th Demi-Brigade, (Army of Sambre-et-Meuse)
5 May 1796: Chef of Brigade, 67th Demi-Brigade
Sept 1797 : Transferred to the Army of Germany
1798 : Armée de Mayence
1799 : Army of the Danube
March 1799: Général de brigade (promoted in the field at the Battle of Stockach,  26 March and officialized on 20 April).
End of 1799 : attached to the Armée du Rhin
1801: released from service with serious injuries.

Awards and honors

14 Jun 1804: Commander, Légion d'honneur
August 1809 : Napoleon gave him a silver snuff box and gave created Baron d'Empire title Baron d'Abaumont.
August 1809 : Created Baron d'Empire with the title of Baron d'Abaumont.

1753 births
1811 deaths
People from Saumur
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Barons of the First French Empire
Commanders of the Legion of Honour

François Bontemps


Anisota peigleri, the yellowstriped oakworm, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Jules C. E. Riotte in 1975. It is found in the United States from south-eastern Kentucky, south-western Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina south through western South Carolina and central Georgia into north-central Florida.

It was described as a species in 1975 and is similar to and was previously identified as Anisota senatoria (J.E. Smith, 1797).

The wingspan is 43–69 mm. Adults are on wing from mid July to late August in one generation. Adults are on wing during the day. Mating takes place from midmorning until midafternoon.

The larvae mainly feed on various oak species, including Quercus palustris. They feed in tight groups throughout their development. Fully grown caterpillars pupate and overwinter in shallow underground chambers. Adults do not feed.

It is an occasional pest on oak trees in the south-eastern United States. In Florida, outbreak populations defoliated laurel, water and Shumard oaks in Gainesville from 1996 until 2001. Even when defoliation is not severe, the falling frass (droppings) and large numbers of caterpillars are a major concern for many homeowners. Frass commonly stains driveways, walkways, pool decks and other outdoor structures.

References

External links

Species info
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Natural History of Anisota peigleri (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Gainesville, Florida

Ceratocampinae
Moths described in 1975
Moths of North America

Anisota peigleri


Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. Although most sports teams have employed team physicians for many years, it is only since the late 20th century that sports medicine emerged as a distinct field of health care. In some countries, sports medicine (or sport and exercise medicine) is a recognized medical specialty (with similar training and standards to other medical specialties). In the majority of countries where sports medicine is recognized and practiced, it is a physician (non-surgical) specialty, but in some (such as the USA), it can equally be a surgical or non-surgical medical specialty, and also a specialty field within primary care. In other contexts, the field of sports medicine encompasses the scope of both medical specialists as well as allied health practitioners who work in the field of sport, such as physiotherapists, athletic trainers, podiatrists and exercise physiologists.

Scope

Sports medicine can refer to the specific medical specialty or subspecialty of several medical and research disciplines in sports. Sports medicine may be called Sport and Exercise medicine (SEM), which is now well established in many countries. It can broadly also refer to physicians, scientists, trainers, and other paramedical practitioners who work in a broad setting. Sports medicine specialists include a broad range of professions. All sports medicine specialists have one main goal in mind, and that is preventing future injuries and to improve the function of that area to return to everyday life. They work with all different types of people, and not just athletes. The various sports medicine experts often work together as a team to ensure the best recovery plan for the individual. Team members can include orthopedic surgeons, certified athletic trainers, sports physical therapists, physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists, and specialty SEM physicians.

Specializing in the treatment of athletes and other physically active individuals, SEM physicians have extensive education in musculoskeletal medicine. SEM doctors treat injuries such as muscle, ligament, tendon and bone problems, but may also treat chronic illnesses that can affect physical performance, such as asthma and diabetes. SEM doctors also advise on managing and preventing injuries.

European templates for SEM specialization generally recommend four years of experience in:

 internal medicine with special emphasis on cardiology, emergency medicine and clinical nutrition
 orthopedics and traumatology
 physical and rehabilitation medicine
 fellowship at a recognized sports medicine centre.

Related medical specialties

 Exercise medicine
 Podiatric Medicine & Surgery
 Sports cardiology
 Emergency medicine
 Lifestyle medicine
 General practice
 Adolescent medicine
 Physical medicine and rehabilitation
 Rheumatology
 Orthopaedic sports medicine
 Pediatrics
 Occupational medicine

Establishment as a medical specialty

Historical roots of sports medicine
Although sports medicine was only established formally as a specialty in the 20th Century, the history of doctors having involvement in treating athletes goes back to ancient times in Greek, Roman and Egyptian societies.

Modern establishment of the specialty
The Italian version of this page Medicina dello sport states that Sports Medicine societies were first established in Switzerland (1922) followed by: Germany (1924), France (1929) and Italy (1929) (Italian Sports Medicine Federation). In Germany in the 1920s, an attempt was made to upskill thousands of doctors and other health professionals in sport and exercise medicine, without establishing it as a distinct specialty at that stage, but it failed due to lack of funding in the Depression. Sports medicine was established as a specialty in Italy, the first country to do so, in 1958. The European Union of Medical Specialists has defined necessary training requirements for the establishment of the specialty of Sports Medicine in a given European country. It is a goal of the European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations to eventually establish Sports Medicine as a specialty in all European countries.

In Australia and New Zealand, Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a stand-alone medical specialty, with the Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians being one of Australia's 15 recognized medical specialty Colleges. Australia, New Zealand and the UK have been cited as pioneer countries in the establishment of SEM as a stand-alone specialty.

The USA (and many other countries) follow the model of recognizing Sports Medicine as an official subspecialty of multiple other primary medical specialties.

Public health
SEM physicians are frequently involved in promoting the therapeutic benefits of physical activity, exercise and sport for the individuals and communities. SEM Physicians in the UK spend a period of their training in public health, and advise public health physicians on matters relating to physical activity promotion.

Common sports injuries

Common sports injuries that can result in seeing a sports medicine specialist are knee and shoulder injuries, fractures, ankle sprains, concussions, cartilage injuries, and more. A sports medicine specialist can also be seen for advice in other areas of health, like nutrition, exercise, supplements, and how to prevent injuries before they occur. A sports medicine specialist works to help make the performance of the athlete more advanced, as well as ensuring their safety while performing the activity. Sports injuries generally affect soft tissue or bones within the body and are commonly treated without surgery.

Treatment for sports injuries
Different types of sports injuries require different treatments and major injuries involve surgery, but most do not. Common treatments include medication, such as pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medication, icing, physical therapy, and/or immobilization of the injured area. Physical therapy is used to get the injured area back into regular movements and to reduce the discomfort of the affected area. PRICE is an acronym that is used for the common treatment of these injuries. It stands for protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation.

Controversies in sports medicine

Concussion in sport

The management of concussion in sport has been extremely controversial over the past 20 years due to the discovery and reporting of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy as a disease that is common in ex-athletes, particularly footballers. Sporting codes have been accused of being complicit in understating the long-term damage caused by concussions by allowing too many head impacts to occur and for the players to be able to return to play too quickly after received concussions. A seminal series of consensus papers has been the international guidelines on the management of concussion in sport. These consensus statements have been seen on the positive side as being sports medicine leaders moving the management of concussion in a more conservative direction over time and encouraging a standard set of tests and assessments. On the negative side, they have been seen as conflicted and allowing return to play too rapidly.

Transgender people in sport

Whether male-to-female transgender athletes can safely and fairly participate in women's sport at the elite and community levels is a highly charged and controversial topic. The sports medicine world is not united in its views and although this debate well and truly involves medical input, it is as much a social controversy as it is a medical one.

Drugs in sport

Doping in sport has a long history with doctors in the sports medicine world being both heroes and villains on different occasions. The presence of trained sports medicine professionals at elite sporting events has been critical in the fight against doping, but sometimes doctors become the enablers of doping and are part of the scandal themselves.

Sports scandals involving medicine

Major scandals where doctors were prominent include:
 Bloodgate
 USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal
 Operación Puerto doping case
 Biogenesis scandal
 Eva Carneiro scandal, involving Chelsea F.C. and José Mourinho

Allied health team members

Different medical professionals for sports injuries require different forms of training, but for sports injuries, they mainly all work with the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. All sports medicine professionals work with people of all age ranges, professional athletes, or even adolescents playing any sport. The main two allied health professions for sports injuries are athletic trainers (in the USA) and physical therapists (physiotherapists) in most other countries.

Athletic trainer
Athletic trainers are typically part of a sports medicine team in the US in particular, providing primary care, injury and illness prevention, wellness promotion, emergency care, therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation to injuries. When an athlete is injured, an athletic trainer is key to treatment and rehabilitation working closely with the athlete throughout rehabilitation. Athletic trainers are often the ones who assess the injury first and provide initial care.

Physiotherapist
Physiotherapists are a primary sports medicine team member in most countries of the world. Physiotherapists can specialize in many areas with sports physiotherapy as a major subspecialty. Physiotherapists are a main factor in the recovery stage of an injury as they set up an individualized recovery plan. Physiotherapy is underfunded within most health systems so that it is generally much more accessible in higher-income countries and, even within these countries, is much more accessible to higher-income earners. In countries like Denmark and Australia there are many more physiotherapists than in lower-income countries.

Podiatrist
Podiatrists treat issues related to the foot or ankle, which is a common area where athletes get injuries. They specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of foot-related issues by performing tests and referring physical therapists. Podiatrists can also perform surgeries or prescribe medication as forms of treatment.

Other practitioners
All of Exercise physiologists, Strength and conditioning coaches, personal trainers, Chiropractors, Osteopaths, Sports psychologists and Sports nutritionists/dietitians can be part of the Sport and Exercise Medicine team.

Journals

See also

 Exercise physiology
 Physical therapy
 Sports injuries

References

Further reading

Orthopedic surgical procedures

Sports medicine


The Mungar Junction to Monto railway line is a  railway in Queensland, Australia. Progressively opened in eleven stages between 1889 and 1928 the line branched from the North Coast line at Mungar Junction a short distance west of Maryborough and followed a westerly route towards Biggenden and Gayndah before turning north via Mundubbera and Eidsvold to Monto. It is also known as the Gayndah Monto Branch Railway. In 2012, the line was officially closed.

History

Whilst Bundaberg was chosen as the port for a rail line to Mount Perry, Maryborough was selected as the port for a line to the Central and Upper Burnett districts of Queensland, where minerals had been found.

Opening

To Brooweena
The first section from Mungar Junction to Brooweena was opened on 29 July 1889 and sidings were established at Pilerwa, Yerra, Thinoomba, Hunter's Hut and Aramara.  Originally called Teebar and later known as Clifton and then Woocoo, Brooweena (perhaps an Aboriginal word for "crab" or "crayfish") acquired that name in 1890.   Brooweena has always relied heavily on the local sawmill and the railway provided ready transport of timber.

To Boompa, Biggenden and Degilbo
Opened on 1 March 1891 the second stage brought the line a short distance to Boompa and, on 13 April 1891, via Lakeside () to the larger settlement of Biggenden.  The fourth stage saw the line opened a short distance west of Biggenden to Degilbo (then known as Woowoonga) on 1 April 1893.  A very busy railhead thrived and goods were reconsigned by wagon to the likes of Gayndah, Mundubbera and Eidsvold.

To Wetheron and Gayndah
The next two stages were opened to Wetheron on 21 December 1905 and to Gayndah on 16 December 1907.  The line passed through small sidings at Muan, Chowey, Didcot, Gooroolba and Byrnestown en route to Wetheron and at Mount Lawless, Dappil and Ideraway en route to Gayndah.  Gayndah apparently takes its name from the local Aboriginal word for "thunder" and is at the heart of a large citrus growing area.  It is Queensland's oldest provincial town and was once favoured to be the state capital.

The heritage-listed Deep Creek Railway Bridge is between the Muan and Chowey sidings, designed while William Pagan was Chief Engineer.

To Boomerang and Mundubbera
Some six years passed before the seventh stage to Boomerang was opened on 1 November 1913 passing through Banapan, Dirnbir, Mount Debateable and Humphery.  The next stage saw the opening of the line to Philpott Creek and Mundubbera on 3 February 1914.  Freight transport increased as two sawmills consigned timber east and frequent shipments of cattle and pigs occurred.

The Mount Debateable raillway station was original known as Buckingah railway station until it was renamed in August 1913.

To Ceratodus, Mulgildie and Monto
The balance of the line to Monto was opened in three stages – to Ceratodus on 26 April 1924, to Mulgildie on 20 June 1927 and finally to Monto on 15 September 1928.  Stops were established at Lacon, Riverleigh, O'Bil Bil, Malmoe, Grosvenor and Eidsvold en route to Ceratodus as part of stage nine.  Ceratodus takes its name from the lungfish (neoceratodus forsteri) an air-breathing fish which inhabits the nearby Burnett River.  The Archer brothers settled the Eidsvold region in 1848.  Although of Scottish origin, they later moved to Norway.  Eidsvold is named after a small Norwegian town where that country's constitution was signed.  Sidings were built at Jirette, Cynthia, Abercorn, Anyarro, Kapaldo and Selene when stage ten to Mulgildie (spelt "Mulgeldie" until 1945 ) was completed.  The eleventh and final stage saw the line terminate via Three Moon at Monto.

The journey from Brisbane to Monto by mixed train took some fourteen hours, and three times a week a sleeping car connected with the mail train at Mungar, taking twenty-one hours.

Other lines
In addition to the Mungar Junction to Monto line, the Queensland government decided to construct two other lines to Monto. The first is the branch line from Byellee (near Gladstone) that travels south-west to Monto, opened between 1910 and 1931.  Completion of that line thus provided a semi-circular inland link between Maryborough and Gladstone.  Because light track was laid between Mungar Junction and Mundubbera, the route was never an alternative when floods or derailments blocked the North Coast line.

The other planned line to Monto from Rockhampton was commenced but never completed. A line from Rannes and Thangool (the Callide Valley Branch Railway) terminated at Lawgi when construction ceased as a result of the Great Depression.

Later years

The line no longer has a passenger service, and goods traffic is mainly timber and agricultural produce. Coal has been discovered near Monto, but will likely be railed to Gladstone if a mine is developed. The Gladstone - Monto line has been out of service since 2002 but is being maintained to preserve it for mineral transportation in the future. The railway line from Maryborough to Monto was maintained and once a week a goods train went to Monto and back carrying timber and sometimes molasses but gradually loads were being refused and eventually the trains ceased and the railway line became completely unused after the last train, a celebratory journey on an old steam train, came through from Monto to Maryborough in 2005.

Closure

The last train on the railway line was in 2008 and in 2012 it was announced the line was officially closed.

Following the massive flooding events of 2010 and 2013 in the North Burnett District, the railway bridges and lines were somewhat damaged and in 2017 the Queensland Government gave contractors the job of removing the entire railway and infrastructure. All the railway lines and fittings were torn up and sold off.

As at December, the future care and maintenance, (weeds, fence-line maintenance, rubbish removal, landcare and erosion control) and the possible future use of this (once highly valuable and well used) railway "easement" remains unknown to the affected landowners and district residents although discussions are underway to progress the use of part of the railway "easement" from Gayndah to Mundubbera as a public recreational area or "rail trail".

Tourism
The Dawes Range Tunnel section of the Boyne Burnett Inland Rail Trail was opened on 11th September 2021. The  section starts at Barrimoon Siding, Kalpowar and finishes at Builyan, Boyne Valley.  This section contains 6 tunnels between Barrimoon Siding and Golembil Siding. It also passes the historic township of Many Peaks with its Local Heritage listed attractions - the Many Peaks Railway Complex, Many Peaks Railway Dam and Many Peaks Road Bridge.

The  Burnett River Bridges section of the Boyne Burnett Inland Rail Trail was opened on 10 September 2022 at Mt Debateable Railway Siding, Mt Debateable Road, Gayndah. Sixteen kilometers of it lies beside the Burnett River.  Travelling west from the Trail head Red Gulley Bridge, Slab Creek Bridge, Spring Creek Bridge, Boomerang Bridge, Humphery Bridges Numbers 1, 2 ("Faith" Bridge or "bridge of faith"), and 3 and Roth's Bridge are passed on the way to the other end at Mundubbera Railway Precinct.   The Official Register of Engineering Heritage Markers listed Degilbo-Mundubbera Railway Bridges in October 2016.  A total of 12 bridges on this section of Rail Trail are recognized with one Engineering Heritage Marker representing the "best example of a collection of historic railway bridges in Australia".

See also

 Rail transport in Queensland

References

Further reading
 "Sweat Steam & Soot" by Neville Rackemann 1988 Bundaberg Railway Enthusiasts Society
 "Triumph of Narrow Gauge: A History of Queensland Railways" by John Kerr 1990 Boolarong Press, Brisbane

External links

 Queensland Rail, Mungar, photo

Railway lines in Queensland
1889 establishments in Australia
Railway lines opened in 1889
Wide Bay–Burnett
Closed railway lines in Queensland

Mungar Junction to Monto railway line


Whittenton Pond Dam or Whittenton Street Dam was a private earthen dam across the Mill River in Taunton, Massachusetts.

Built in 1832, the original dam was a half-mile upstream from downtown Taunton. It was 12 feet high and constructed of timber.  It was built of wood in 1832, and flooded Taunton when it failed in 1968.

The dam was purchased during the summer of 2005 by Infinity Holdings, a real-estate development company in the Boston area.

Historically heavy and protracted rains fell on New England beginning October 12, 2005. On the morning of Sunday, October 16, officials realized that the dam was in trouble. The dam was determined to be in imminent danger of failure and of flooding Taunton with a 6-foot (1.8 m) wall of water. On Tuesday, 2000 residents of the city were evacuated and twenty-one troops from the National Guard were stationed in Taunton. School in Taunton was cancelled, and several roads were closed.  Several high-volume pumps were employed to divert water around the dam and drain Whittenton Pond before a catastrophic failure could occur.

Though the wooden dam held, later inspections uncovered extensive structural damage. (The Commonwealth of Massachusetts had last inspected the dam for safety and structural integrity in 2003.) After Whittenton Pond was drained, the old dam was demolished, and  a new compressed earth and rock dam was built in its place.

In 2008, the Whittenton Pond Dam was part of a study by the Massachusetts Riverways Program to review the feasibility of dam removals along the Mill River.

The dam was permanently removed in 2013.

References

Buildings and structures in Taunton, Massachusetts
Dams in Massachusetts
Dams completed in 1832
History of Bristol County, Massachusetts
United States privately owned dams
1832 establishments in Massachusetts
2013 disestablishments in Massachusetts

Whittenton Pond Dam


Frank E. Loy (born December 25, 1928) is an American diplomat, business and nonprofit executive, and attorney. He is best known for serving as United States Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs from November 2, 1998, to January 20, 2001, under President Bill Clinton. In that position, he was the chief United States negotiator for issues such as climate change and trade on genetically modified agricultural products.

He has been senior vice president for international affairs at Pan American Airways, president of the German Marshall Fund of the United States, president of the Penn Central Corporation, and an attorney with O'Melveny & Myers.

Early and personal life
Frank E. Loy was born on December 25, 1928, in Nuremberg, Germany. Raised in Germany, Italy and Switzerland in his early years, Loy went to public schools in Los Angeles from the age of 10. He earned a B.A. degree at the University of California, Los Angeles and an LL.B. at Harvard Law School. Following law school, he served for 21 months in the United States Army.

He lives in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Dale Haven Loy, a painter.  They have two children and four grandchildren.

Private career
Loy began his career practicing corporate law in Los Angeles with the firm of O'Melveny & Myers. From 1970–1973 he served as Senior Vice President for International and Regulatory Affairs of Pan American World Airways.

He spent the years 1974 to 1979 as a partner in the turnaround firm that successfully brought the Penn Central Transportation Company out of bankruptcy.  It was then the largest industrial bankruptcy in American history.  In that role he served as president of the subsidiary that operated all the non-railroad businesses of the bankrupt – including an oil pipeline, an oil refinery, the Six Flags theme parks, and the Arvida Corp., a Florida land and resort development company. Loy  also oversaw operations of Penn Central's New York hotels, the Roosevelt, the Biltmore, the Barclay (now the Intercontinental), and the Commodore (now the Grand Hyatt), as well as the operations of major investments, such as the Madison square Garden Corporation.  When the bankruptcy terminated, he became president of the successor company, the Penn Central Corporation, listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Government service
Loy's first government role was as Special Assistant to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and  director of that agency's Office of Policy Development, the FAA's economic analysis and planning shop.

He served in the Department of State under four administrations, nominated the last three times by the Presidents Carter, Clinton and Obama. From 1965-70 he was Deputy Assistant Secretary  for Economic Affairs. In that role he negotiated numerous international bilateral air transport agreements, represented the U.S. at meetings of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and the International Maritime Organization (IMCO), and was vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the multinational negotiations that successfully created the present structure of INTELSAT, the organization that operates the space segments of the international communications network.

From 1980-81 he was Director of the State Department's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, with the personal rank of Ambassador.

From 1998 to 2001 he was Under Secretary for Global Affairs.  His portfolio included human rights, the promotion of democracy, international criminal activity and narcotics, refugees and population affairs, and environmental matters.  He served as chief U.S negotiator for climate change. In 2011 he served as Deputy U.S Representative to the UN General Assembly.

Nonprofit work

From 1981-95, Loy was president of the German Marshall Fund of the United States, an American institution whose original capital was a gift from the German government as  memorial to the Marshall Plan.  It concentrated exclusively on issues affecting both Europe and the U.S., particularly in the fields of economics, politics and the environment.

Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, GMF concentrated the bulk of its resources on promoting democratic institutions (such as an independent press, a functioning legislature, effective political parties, an independent judiciary, a civil society of non-governmental institutions, etc.) in former Soviet-bloc Eastern European countries.

He served in 1994 as Chair of the Conference of Parties of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES), in which over 1,000 delegates from more than 120 countries and over 500 observers participated. In 1996, Loy was a Visiting Lecturer at the Yale Law School, teaching a course in international environmental law and policy.

Loy chairs numerous boards of directors of non-profit organizations, particularly in the field of environment, climate change and family planning, including Population Services International (PSI), ecoAmerica, and the Round Table on Environmental Medicine and Health of the National Academy of Medicine. He serves on numerous boards he has chaired in the past, including the Environmental Defense Fund (on whose board he has served since 1981), Resources For The Future, and The Washington Ballet.

His prior boards include The Foundation for A Civil Society (chair), which promoted democratic development in Central and Eastern Europe;  the Budapest-based Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, to which he was appointed in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush, the League of Conservation Voters, and the Foundation for a Civil Society, which has conducted programs promoting democratic institutions in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Czechia and Slovakia. Loy was a founding board member of the Climate Speakers Network, which was subsequently absorbed into the Climate Reality Project.

References

Sources

External links
Earth Focus Video Interviews with Frank Loy stored at the Internet Archive.
Essay by Loy recommending a course of action for European diplomacy with respect to American environmental policy, written in 2006.

1928 births
Living people
American business executives
American lawyers
Clinton administration personnel
Harvard Law School alumni
United States Department of State officials
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

Frank E. Loy


The Orange Grove Plantation House was a historic plantation house in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana.

History

The Orange Grove Plantation house was the only Gothic revival mansion built in antebellum Louisiana.

Benjamin Morgan, originally from Philadelphia and of a prominent American Revolutionary War family, purchased the land in 1804. After his death in 1826, his son Thomas Ashton Morgan inherited the estate and began growing sugarcane there.
Between 1847 and 1853, Thomas A. Morgan commissioned the noted Philadelphia architect William L. Johnston to design the plantation house. Many of the elements of the house, including the bricks, were produced in Philadelphia and transported to the building site, where they were assembled by slaves.

The house was notable for its plumbing and central heating systems. The attic had a 700-gallon copper boiler with wood and coal burners; the home featured hot and cold running water year-round, making it one of the most technologically advanced buildings of the time. The unique architectural style, featuring Gothic revival and Tudor elements, led to it being described as "a proper English manor house that looked as if it had been set down on the Louisiana landscape by mistake and forgotten about."

In 1876, the house was sold to Louis Fasnacht. The plantation was named Orange Grove around this time for the long row of orange trees that grew on the property.

The home was purchased in 1957 by the Southern Railway system with the intention of its restoration.

In 1984, the house was destroyed by a fire when four vandals entered the home. One of them started a fire.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana — There is another historic Orange Grove Plantation House.

Notes

References

Gothic Revival architecture in Louisiana
Houses in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
Plantation houses in Louisiana
Burned houses in the United States

Orange Grove Plantation House (Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana)


Grace Miller White (1868–1957) was an American writer. She began her writing career novelizing plays, before turning her hand to novels in 1909. Several of her books were adapted for the big screen, most notably Tess of the Storm Country, which was filmed on four occasions between 1914 and 1960. She adopted the name Grace around 1897, in memory of a younger sister who had died before reaching her first birthday.

Biography
Mary Esther Miller was born in 1868, in Ithaca, New York.

As a child, White was lame and walked with crutches, so she could not be sent to school. Although she was later cured, she was married at the age of 15 and never had any regular schooling. By the age of 23, she had given birth to five children. At 23, she became a widow in Butte, Montana, with four children. Although one of her children was blind and died later, she brought up her three other children and eventually sent her oldest child through college. She married twice, first to Homer White, and then to Friend H. Miller.

At some point in her life, White began traveling for a drug firm. She took her sample case through the Midwest, Virginias, and Carolinas, receiving  a month and her expenses. Although she made enough money, White gave up her job as she wanted to find something else that would allow her to be at home with her children. With this idea, White came to New York City in 1899 and received employment in secretarial work with the Paris exposition commission. However, in less than a year, the Paris exposition ended, and White was left without a job. At this time, White had also been studying by attending a private evening school. After two years of night study, she took the regents' exam which qualified her to enter college. However, she declined to pursue further education.

One day, White went to lunch with a stenographer she knew who was working at a paper called the American Commerce and Industry. The paper was run by George Casey and was published in the interests of the McKinley political campaign. The stenographer was able to introduce her to Mr. Casey, and eventually, after writing a sample letter, White was hired by the publication to write matter that would appeal to the women of the United States promoting the election of McKinley. After some time, White was also hired to make public political speeches supporting McKinley. For several years afterwards, White regularly participated in the republican campaign committee of New York to speak in every campaign both within the city and the surrounding country.

In 1902, she was matron of honor at the wedding of the writer Zoe Anderson Norris and the illustrator J. K. "Jack" Bryans.

Although White first began her writing career novelizing plays, she eventually began working on novels and wrote her first big seller, Tess of the Storm Country in 1909. This book received many favorable reviews and was made into four different film adaptations.

Selected bibliography
 Deserted at the Altar (1905) (made into the film of the same name in 1922)
 Tess of the Storm Country (1909)
 From the Valley of the Missing (1911)
 When Tragedy Grins (1912)
 Rose o' Paradise (1915)
 The Secret of the Storm Country (1917)
 Judy of Rogues' Harbor (1918) (made into the film of the same name in 1920)
 The Shadows of the Sheltering Pines (1919)
 Storm Country Polly (with Frank Tenney Johnson, 1920) (made into the film of the same name in same year)
 The Marriage of Patricia Pepperday (1922)
 The Ghost of Glen Gorge (1925)
 Susan of the Storm (1927)

References

External links

1868 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American novelists
Writers from Ithaca, New York
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
Novelists from New York (state)

Grace Miller White


CJKR-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting on the assigned frequency of 97.5 MHz in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It airs an active rock format with the on-air brand name Power 97. The station is owned and operated by Corus Entertainment, which also owns sister stations CJOB and CFPG-FM. The studios and offices are located at 201 Portage Avenue in downtown Winnipeg, while its transmitter is located on Brady Road in south Winnipeg.

CJKR was formerly the most powerful FM radio station in Canada, operating with 310,000 watts. Most FM stations in Canada and the United States run 100,000 watts or less. Because CJKR-FM is one of the oldest FM stations in Canada, it was grandfathered with a much higher power. (In Winnipeg, CBW-FM also operates with an unusually high power, 160,000 watts). Following a fire to its transmitter in 2021, the station has been operating on reduced power, with plans to install a new HD Radio antenna operating at 93,900 watts.  Power 97 is simulcast on Shaw Direct channel 860.

History
The station first signed on the air on May 27, 1948 as CJOB-FM, an FM simulcast of CJOB. The station applied to the Board of Broadcast Governors (BBG) to move its broadcast frequency from 103.1 MHz to the current 97.5 MHz. It began airing distinct programming in 1962, featured a country format as CHMM-FM in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and then changed its format to soft rock and its call sign to CKIS-FM in 1984. In the late 1980s, CKIS moved to a rock format, which was not in compliance with its licence at that time. Eventually, the station was allowed to amend its licence, stick with the rock format, and changed its call letters to CJKR-FM in 1991. In the late 2000s, the station moved from mainstream rock to active rock by reducing the classic rock in its playlist, aiming at a youthful male audience.

Changing owners and studios
In 2000, Western International Communications sold its Winnipeg stations to Corus Entertainment. In April 2010, Corus Radio Winnipeg announced the relocation of its radio broadcast facility to 1440 Rapelje Avenue (since renamed Jack Blick Avenue), as part of a lease agreement between Corus Entertainment and Cadillac Fairview. The relocation to Polo Park was scheduled for January 2011. CJOB, CJGV-FM and CJKR-FM would become the anchor tenants. Corus Radio Winnipeg planned to occupy the second floor of the three-storey building, expanding its radio, production and business operations to . At the time, general manager Garth Buchko said the stations had outgrown their 930 Portage Avenue facility. With the move, Corus Radio Winnipeg would also upgrade to state-of-the-art, fully digital on-air systems. At the end of February 2011, CJKR-FM completed the move to its new location at 1440 Jack Blick Avenue.

As of April 2021, the three stations are again back in downtown Winnipeg at 201 Portage Avenue. It is unknown when they were moved to this current location.

Flip to Classic Rock
At Noon on January 29, 2015, after playing "Fade to Black" by Metallica, CJKR began stunting with liners promoting that Winnipeg would be getting "bigger" the following day at 8 a.m., interspersed between 5-second clips of songs with the word "big" in them. At that time, CJKR flipped to a classic rock format as 97.5 Big FM, putting it in direct competition with long-time classic rock station CITI-FM (although that station still plays current rock songs describing itself as mainstream rock). The first song on "Big" was "Big Time" by Peter Gabriel. The new format was being described as a "homage to Winnipeg's rock heritage", with a playlist that is "familiar, and less predictable and has rock credibility". In November 2015, veteran broadcaster Shadoe Davis was hired for "The Shadoe Davis Show" from 6-10am weekdays. In March, he was joined by another veteran Winnipeg broadcaster, Joe Aiello. "Shadoe & Joe" can now be heard together with traffic reports from Randy Parker and news with Kathy Kennedy.

Return to Active rock
On August 12, 2016, at Noon, after playing "Free Bird" by Lynyrd Skynyrd, CJKR rebranded back to Power 97, and returned to its active rock format. The first song on the newly relaunched "Power" was "Give It Away" by Red Hot Chili Peppers.

On October 5, 2020, it was announced that CJKR will serve as FM co-flagship of the Winnipeg Jets under a seven-year deal with Corus, with games airing in simulcast with sister AM station CJOB.

References

External links

Jkr
Jkr
Jkr
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Manitoba

CJKR-FM


Aldo Capitanio (May 28, 1952 – September 19, 2001) was an Italian comic book artist.

He was born in Camisano Vicentino (Veneto). After obtaining a degree at the Institute of Arts and Crafts in Padua, he debuted as artist in 1970 on the periodical Il Santo dei Miracoli. Two years later he was published on Luciano Secchi's Eureka, and, in 1973, he became a collaborator of Il Giornalino, for which he realized adventure stories. In the 1970s he also provided art for some episodes of Enzo Biagi's History of Italy in Comics.

In the 1980s he started to collaborate for Sergio Bonelli Editore, Italy's most important comics publisher. After several episodes of Nick Raider, he became part of the regular staff of Tex.

Capitanio was renowned for his taste for details and his love for Middle Ages settings. He died in 2001, aged 49.

External links
 Short biography

People from the Province of Vicenza
2001 deaths
1952 births
Italian comics artists

Aldo Capitanio


Daniel "Danny" Hoesen (born 15 January 1991) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Club career

Fortuna Sittard
After short stints at local amateur clubs Hoesen enrolled in the Fortuna Sittard youth academy. He was promoted to the first team in the summer of 2008 and made his debut for Fortuna on 15 August 2008, appearing as a substitute in an away match against Go Ahead Eagles.

Fulham
In August 2008 at the age of 17, Hoesen signed for Fulham and went straight into the Development squad.

On 30 April 2011, after his first loan spell with HJK, towards the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season, Hoesen was named on the bench in the league game against Sunderland, but he didn't make an appearance.

On 23 May 2011, Fulham confirmed that Hoesen had signed a contract extension and will remain at Fulham until June 2012. The club also had the option to extend terms until the summer of 2013.

HJK (loan)
In April 2010, Fulham announced that the Dutch striker was set to join Finnish club HJK Helsinki on loan from 9 April until 30 August. He made his HJK debut on 16 April in a 5–0 league win over KuPS. He scored his first goal for HJK on 29 May 2010 in a 1–2 away victory over IFK Mariehamn. Hoesen was released from his loan deal on 25 July due to a serious hip injury, more than one month before his contract with HJK was due to expire.

Fortuna Sittard (loan)
In August 2011, Hoesen joined Dutch side Fortuna Sittard on a season-long loan. The striker returned to Fulham on 31 May 2012.

AFC Ajax
On 29 August 2012, Hoesen signed a three-year contract with Ajax. His old club Fulham retained a 30% interest in the player. He made his debut for the Ajax senior side on 3 October 2012 in the UEFA Champions League group stage match against Real Madrid, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Tobias Sana, in the 1–4 home loss for the Amsterdam side. Danny made his Eredivisie debut for Ajax on 17 November 2012 in a match against VVV-Venlo, coming on as a 72' minute substitute for Christian Eriksen, and scoring the second goal in the 84' minute of the 2–0 home win. Four days later on 21 November 2012, he made his second UEFA Champions League appearance, in the group stage match at home against Borussia Dortmund, coming on as a substitute in the 63rd minute for Eyong Enoh. The match ended in a 1–4 loss for the Amsterdam side, with Danny Hoesen scoring the only goal, off of an assist from his teammate Christian Eriksen.
Hoesen scored a crucial goal on 26 November 2013 in a Champions League game against FC Barcelona, that Ajax won 2–1.

PAOK (loan)
On 30 January 2014, it was announced that Danny Hoesen would serve out the remainder of the 2013/14 season on a 6-month loan deal playing for Thessaloniki club PAOK FC in the Superleague, where he worked with Dutch coach Huub Stevens.

Groningen
On 28 May 2014, it was announced that Hoesen had signed with Eredivisie side FC Groningen.

San Jose Earthquakes (loan)

On 2 February 2017, it was announced that Hoesen was acquired on a season-long loan by Major League Soccer side San Jose Earthquakes with an option to buy. His first MLS assist came in stoppage time in a 2–1 loss at Sporting Kansas City on 18 March. He scored his first MLS goal in a 4–2 home loss to the LA Galaxy on 27 May, in addition to recording his second assist. He earned MLS Team of the Week honours after again tallying a goal and an assist in the same game, this time in a 2–1 victory over Real Salt Lake on 24 June. Hoesen scored the game-winner off the bench in the knockout round of the 2017 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup against Seattle Sounders FC on 28 June, recording his first cup goal for the club and giving San Jose its first-ever USOC victory over an MLS side, in addition to advancing San Jose to the quarterfinals for the first time since 2012. In an interview with Dutch website FC Update on 7 July, Hoesen stated that he hoped to stay at San Jose permanently. He scored the winning goal again in the USOC quarterfinals on 10 July 2017, to help the team to a 3–2 victory over LA, sending San Jose to the semifinals for the first time since 2004 and for only the second time in club history.

San Jose Earthquakes
On 29 December 2017, the San Jose Earthquakes announced the permanent transfer and signing of Hoesen. He scored two goals in his first game as a permanent member of the team on 3 March 2018.

Austin FC
On 15 December 2020, Hoesen was selected with the first pick in the MLS Expansion Draft by Austin FC. After just five appearances with the club, Austin FC head coach Josh Wolff announced that Hoesen would miss the rest of the 2021 season due to a hip injury which required surgery. Hoesen was released by Austin following their 2022 season.

Emmen
On 13 February 2023, Hoesen signed with Emmen until the end of the season. On 21 April 2023, FC Emmen announced that Hoesen has been forced to retire due to injuries.

International career
Hoesen received his first International call up for the Netherlands under-17 team, where he played a major part in the teams qualifying campaign for the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Belgium, managing to qualify the Netherlands would finish third in their group, thus failing to advance past the group stage of the main tournament. His international debut was a 3–0 win over Albania U-17 on 23 October 2007 in the qualifying rounds ahead of the European Championship.

On 22 March 2013, he was called up by head coach Cor Pot for the Netherlands U-21 side ahead of a friendly match against Norway U-21 on 25 March 2013, to replace the injured Jean-Paul Boëtius. Hoesen came on for the second half of the game and scored on his debut for the under-21 side in the 4–1 victory at home. Hoesen was also selected for the squad in qualifying ahead of the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in Israel but did not make the final squad for the tournament. It was later announced that he would in fact join the team to Israel to replace the injured Jürgen Locadia. He scored the fourth goal in the 5–1 win over Russia U-21 on 9 June in the final group stage match of the tournament, also playing the full 90'-minutes against eventual champions Spain U-21 in the team's final match of the tournament.

Hoesen has not played for the Netherlands senior men's national team.

Personal life
Hoesen was born to a Moroccan father and a Dutch mother. He and his girlfriend had their first child, Damian, in June 2017.

In March 2019, Hoesen earned a U.S. green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

Career statistics

Honours

Club
HJK
 Veikkausliiga: 2010

Ajax
 Eredivisie: 2012–13
 Johan Cruyff Shield: 2013

Groningen
 KNVB Cup: 2014–15

Individual
San Jose Earthquakes
Audi Player Index Performance of the Week (5 March 2018)
Alcatel MLS Player of the Week (6 March 2018)

References

External links
 Danny Hoesen at Voetbal International  –

 Netherlands stats at OnsOranje

1991 births
Living people
People from Heerlen
Dutch sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Men's association football forwards
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Veikkausliiga players
Super League Greece players
Major League Soccer players
RKSV Groene Ster players
Fortuna Sittard players
Fulham F.C. players
AFC Ajax players
Jong Ajax players
PAOK FC players
FC Groningen players
San Jose Earthquakes players
Austin FC players
FC Emmen players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Netherlands men's youth international footballers
Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers

Danny Hoesen


Al-Nabk is a town in Syria. It is located to the North of Damascus, the capital. It takes about 90 minutes by car from the main international Airport. The population is about forty thousand people. The weather is very cold and snowy in winter because Al-Nabk lies on high mountains. It is about 1360 meter above the sea level. However, in summer the weather is very nice and warm. It is a place for spending happy holidays.
Syria

Al-Nabk District


Seasonal breeders are animal species that mate only during certain times of the year. These times of year are usually best for the survival of the young. Factors include ambient temperature, food and water availability, and even changes in the predation behaviors of other species. The sexual interest and mating behavior goes on only during this period.

Breeding seasons
Female seasonal breeders will have one or more oestrous cycles only when she is "in season" or fertile At this time she is naturally ready to mate.  At other times of the year they are not sexually interested. Male seasonal breeders may have changes in testosterone levels, testes weight, and fertility depending on the time of year. For example, male greater sage-grouse actually gain weight as their bodies get ready for the spring breeding season. Seasonal breeders are different than opportunistic breeders. These are species which mate whenever conditions allow it. They are also different from continuous breeders like humans that mate year-round.

Communal breeding
Many species breed in colonies or large communities which is known as communal breeding. It is common to see large groups of these species during their breeding seasons. These breeding colonies and their location are generally protected by wildlife conservation laws. This is to keep the species from going extinct. Some species have evolved to communal breeding in large breeding colonies. They cannot breed in smaller numbers or pairs alone. These species can be threatened by extinction if they are hunted on their breeding grounds or if their breeding colonies are destroyed. The Passenger pigeon is a famous example. They were probably the most numerous land bird on the American continent which had evolved for communal breeding. They became extinct due to large scale hunting in its communal breeding grounds. They were not able to  breed in smaller numbers.

References

Other websites
 Dog Breeding Cycles and Seasons
 When Birds Mate

Biological reproduction
Ethology

Seasonal breeder


Richard Lucy (1619 –  21 December 1677) of Charlecote Park, Warwickshire was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1653.

Life
Lucy was the third of the six sons of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote and his wife Alice Spencer of Claverden, Warwickshire. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford on  17 September 1634, aged 14. From 1637 to 1640, he travelled abroad. He was Sheriff of Warwickshire from 1646 to 1647. He was a student of Gray's Inn in 1652. He inherited Charlecote Park in 1658 after the death of his two elder brothers, Spencer and Richard.

In 1653, Lucy was nominated Member of Parliament for Warwickshire in the Barebones Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Warwickshire in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament and in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament. He succeeded to the estate of Charlecote on the death of his brother in 1658. In 1659 he was elected MP for Warwickshire and for Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) and chose to sit for Warwickshire in the Third Protectorate Parliament.

In 1660 Lucy was elected MP for Yarmouth in the Convention Parliament, and quickly made his peace with the restored Stuart dynasty. He was re-elected MP for Yarmouth in the Cavalier Parliament, but played a relatively passive role in politics thereafter.

Lucy died in December 1677, at the age of 58: Charlecote passed to his only surviving son Thomas, and after Thomas's death without male issue, to Richard's nephew Davenport, eldest son of his youngest brother Sir Fulke, who also died in 1677.

Lucy married Elizabeth Urrey, daughter of John Urrey of Thorley, Isle of Wight and had four sons and three daughters. Of his sons only Thomas, his heir, reached adulthood.

Richard had five brothers, including Sir Fulk Lucy, MP for Cheshire and six sisters including Constance, who married firstly Sir William Spencer, 2nd Baronet, and secondly Sir Edward Smith, who sat as Roger Lucy's fellow MP for Yarmouth, and was later appointed Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas.

References

1619 births
1677 deaths
English MPs 1653 (Barebones)
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
High Sheriffs of Warwickshire
Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight

Richard Lucy (1619–1677)


The Chesapeake Bay deadrise or deadrise workboat is a type of traditional fishing boat used in the Chesapeake Bay.  Watermen use these boats year round for everything from crabbing and oystering to catching fish or eels.

Traditionally wooden hulled, the deadrise is characterised by a sharp bow that quickly becomes a flat V shape moving aft along the bottom of the hull. A small cabin structure lies forward and a large open cockpit and work area aft.

The deadrise workboat is the official boat of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Characteristics

"Deadrise" refers to the line rising upward horizontally from the keel rabbet (the point where the top of the keel connects to the hull) to the chine (or sideboards). It rises on each side of the keel in a straight line, or "dead rise," creating the flat V shape of the bottom of the hull. The bottom of the hull is planked in a herring bone pattern with planks running diagonally from keel to chine.  The sides are planked longitudinally. As a result, it is both useful in shallows and very forgiving when the Bay turns rough.

Though earlier types such as skipjacks shared a similar hull form, the term "deadrise workboat" is generally understood to refer to more recent engine-powered vessels.

History
The design and construction of deadrise workboats evolved from the sailing skipjacks. One of the first types of purpose-built small powered fishing boats to appear on the Chesapeake Bay were the Hooper Island draketails of the 1920s and 1930s.  The Hooper Island draketails featured construction similar to the sailing skipjacks, but were narrower as stability was not needed to carry a sail and a narrow hull made best use of the limited power from the available gasoline engines.  As higher power engines became available, hulls became wider.  Higher powered engines permitted higher speeds, which required sterns that were wider and flatter under the waterline to prevent the stern from squatting down in the water at higher speeds.

References

Howard I.Chappelle, "American Small Sailing Craft", W. M. Norton & Company, 1951.

Paula J. Johnson, "The Workboats of Smith Island", Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Types of fishing vessels
Chesapeake Bay boats
Symbols of Virginia

Chesapeake Bay deadrise


Jens Westemeier (born 1966) is a German historian and author who specialises in military history and the history of the Nazi era. He has published several books on topics relating to the Waffen-SS and its personnel and commanders.

In 2014, Westemeier researched the Waffen-SS past of the German romanist and academic Hans Robert Jauß leading to the re-evaluation of the latter's past. Westemeir's research also includes the representation of the German war effort in popular culture.

Education and career
Westemeier was born in 1966 in Bad Berleburg, West Germany. After graduating from high school (Gymnasium), he served in the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) attaining the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the German Special Forces. Westemeier served as a United Nations Military Observer, including in Yugoslavia, Kosovo and Afghanistan in the 1990s and 2000s.

Westemeier studied history and political sciences at the University of Regensburg, graduating in 1997. He then worked at the Center for Military History and Social Sciences of the Bundeswehr (MGFA at that time), where he undertook research on Joachim Peiper, the former adjutant of Heinrich Himmler. In 2009, Westermeier received his Ph.D. at the Department of Military History / Cultural History of Violence at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Potsdam with his thesis Himmlers Krieger ("Himmler's Warrior"), a biography of Peiper. In 2012, Westermeier was awarded the , the award for achievements in military history. In 2014 Westemeier became a lecturer at the Historical Institute at the University of Potsdam.

Historian of Nazi Germany
Reviewing Himmlers Krieger, historian and journalist Sven Felix Kellerhoff described Himmlers Krieger as a "brilliant biographical study".  Historian Bastian Hein suggested that the book would "provide immunity against any myths about [Peiper's] Waffen-SS career." Westemeier has also conducted research on the SS-Junkerschule. He rejects the notion that the graduates of the SS schools were a military elite. According to Westemeier, the close networking among the graduates enabled them to successfully obtain positions in close proximity to Himmler and Hitler. Ideologically homogeneous, this group produced a number of later war criminals such as Peiper, Walter Reder, and Fritz Knoechlein. The network survived the end of the war and contributed to the creation of HIAG, the Wafffe-SS lobby group which had a considerable impact on the image of the Waffen-SS in popular culture. Westemeir's research on the topic appeared in the 2014 collection of essays Die Waffen-SS. Neue Forschungen ("The Waffen-SS: New Research") edited by Bernd Wegner and Peter Lieb.<ref>Henning Pieper: "Book Reviews". The German Quarterly. Summer2015, Vol. 88 Issue 3, p378-419. 42p. DOI: 10.1111/gequ.10242.</ref>

In 2014, the University of Konstanz commissioned Westemeir to examine the political past of the novelist Hans Robert Jauß. Westemeier's research demonstrated that Jauß was likely involved in war crimes (as a company commander in 1943 in a unit that later became known as the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division) and that Jauß falsified documents and glossed over his autobiography. Westemeier expanded on his work to later publish the monograph Hans Robert Jauß. Jugend, Krieg und Internierung ("Hans Robert Jauss. Youth, war and internment").

Westemeier is a contributor to the Military History Working Group, the German association for interdisciplinary war studies and military history. In this capacity, he organised the 2016 conference "The Image of the German Landser in Popular Culture and Popular Science" (So war der deutsche Landser), supported by the Center for Military History and Social Sciences of the Bundeswehr and the publishing house Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. The conference presented new research on the representation of the German war effort in film, television, and popular literature, including by such authors as Franz Kurowski and Trevor James Constable. According to the recap of the conference in H-Soz-Kult, the conference has "impressively showed that even after 20 years following the controversial Wehrmacht Exhibition, it's still necessary to dispel the traditional myths". The reviewer also finds that the event "offered insights into new research approaches that counteract the spread of popular representations of the Wehrmacht".

Books and monographs
In German
 Joachim Peiper (1915–1976). SS-Standartenführer. Eine Biographie (Soldatenschicksale des 20. Jahrhunderts als Geschichtsquelle. Bd. 14). Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1996, . (2. veränderte Auflage 2004; 2. durchgesehene und veränderte Auflage 2006.
 Himmlers Krieger. Joachim Peiper und die Waffen-SS in Krieg und Nachkriegszeit (War in History (book series). Bd. 71). Hrsg. mit Unterstützung des Zentrums für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr, Schöningh, Paderborn u.a. 2014, .
 Jugend, Krieg und Internierung. Hans Robert Jauß, 12.12.1921 Göppingen – 01.03.1997 Konstanz. Wissenschaftliche Dokumentation. Online-Resource, Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2015 (online).
 Hans Robert Jauß. Jugend, Krieg und Internierung. Konstanz University Press, Konstanz 2016, .
 As editor: "So war der deutsche Landser...": Das populäre Bild der Wehrmacht. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019. .

In English
 Joachim Peiper: A Biography of Himmler's SS Commander, Schiffer Publishing, 2007, .

Contributions
 Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, 1re SS-Panzerdivision. In: , Guillaume Piketty (Eds.): Encyclopédie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Electronic Resource, Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris 2015, .
 Die Junkerschulgeneration. In: , Peter Lieb, Bernd Wegner (Eds.): Die Waffen-SS. Neue Forschungen (Krieg in der Geschichte''. Bd. 74). Schöningh, Paderborn 2014, , S. 269–285.

References

External links
"Hans Robert Jauß is not an individual case for historian Westemeier": interview with Westemeier .

1966 births
Living people
German military historians
Historians of World War II
German Army personnel
German male non-fiction writers
Military History Research Office (Germany) personnel

Jens Westemeier


Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseyev () ( – ) was an Imperial Russian Army general during World War I and the Russian Civil War.  Between 1915 and 1917 he served as Tsar Nicholas II's Chief of Staff of the Stavka, and after the February Revolution, was its commander-in-chief under the Russian Provisional Government from March to May 1917. He later played a principal role in founding the Volunteer Army in the Russian Civil War and died in 1918 of heart failure while fighting the Bolsheviks in the Volga region.

Biography
Alekseyev was born in Vyazma, in the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Smolensk Oblast, Russia). His father, Vasili Alekseyev, was an army captain in the 64th Kazan Regiment from a modest background. In 1873 Alekseyev entered as a volunteer in the 2nd Grenadiers Regiment in Rostov. He graduated from the Moscow Infantry School in 1876 and was commissioned an ensign in the same 64th Kazan Regiment. He served as an orderly to General Mikhail Skobelev during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and was wounded in combat near Pleven, Bulgaria. He was promoted to lieutenant in January 1881, and captain in May 1883.

In 1893, Alekseyev entered the Nicholas General Staff Academy, and in 1896 became a lecturer.

In 1890 with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was posted as a senior adjutant in the headquarters of the 1st Army Corps in the St. Petersburg Military District. In March 1904, he was promoted to the rank of major general.

Russo-Japanese War
With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, in October 1904 Alekseyev was appointed Quartermaster General of the Russian 3rd Manchurian Army. During the war he was awarded a gold sword, the Order of St. Stanislav, and the Order of St. Anne.

After the war, he returned to the General Staff Academy as a Professor of the history of military science.

In 1908 he was made Chief of Staff of the Kiev military district and promoted to lieutenant general. In 1912 Alekseyev was given command of the 13th Army Corps.

World War I
The beginning of World War I saw Alekseyev appointed Chief of Staff to N. I. Ivanov,  Commander of the Southwestern Front (which held the Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Eighth Armies), where he planned the Russian offensive into Galicia with the rank of General-of-Infantry. He was subsequently awarded the Order of St. George (4th class). In March 1915 Alekseyev became the overall commander of the Russian Northwestern Front.

On 5 September 1915, when Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich of Russia stepped down as Russian supreme Commander-in-chief in August 1915 to be replaced by Tsar Nicholas II, Alekseyev was appointed as Chief of Staff of the General Headquarters (Stavka) and placed in charge of all military operations. He served in this capacity from August 1915 to March 1917.

In his capacity as Chief of Staff, Alekseyev proved to be a more adaptable and flexible commander than his predecessor. He was, however, incapable of changing a political system that allowed the promotion of incompetent commanders through nepotism, patronage and the use of court intrigue. Alekseyev remained committed to the Allied cause of the Entente, which is proved by the undertaking of the summer offensive in 1916. However, the Russian Army did not manage to exploit strategic benefits of the successful offensive and the situation at the front did not improve significantly.

Russian Civil War
During the February Revolution of 1917, Alexeyev forwarded telegrams to the Tsar from the generals commanding the front, advising him to abdicate the throne. These telegrams led to the Tsar's decision to abdicate on the 15 March 1917 in favour of his brother Grand Duke Michael.

From March to May 1917, Alekseyev's position remained ambiguous. While he was the Commander-in-chief and later adviser to the Provisional Government, he spoke out against the Soviets and the democratization of the army. On 30 August 1917 Alekseyev became Chief of Staff of the Stavka under Commander-in-Chief Alexander Kerensky. His goal was to prevent the Kornilov movement (see Kornilov Affair) from developing into civil war. That same day, Alekseyev arrived at the General Headquarters, arrested General Lavr Kornilov and his men and sent them to prison in Bykhov (a town in Mogilev oblast in Belarus), from which they would "break away" with the help of General Nikolai Dukhonin.

On 13 November, after the October Revolution, Alekseyev fled Petrograd, arriving Novocherkassk on 15 Nov. With the support of the Don Cossacks Ataman, General Alexey Kaledin, he formed the Alekseev Organization, which would become the core of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army.

On 19 December, he was joined by Lavr Kornilov. According to Peter Kenez, "As Denikin remarks, it was obvious from the first moment that cooperation between Alekseev and Kornilov would not be easy. Their backgrounds, personalities, and followers were very different, their past associations had left bitter memories, and they disliked each other." On 31 December, Kornilov took military command of the Volunteer Army, while Alekseyev took responsibility for civil authority, foreign affairs and finances.  Kaledin had responsibility for the government of the Don district.  After the death of Kornilov, Alexeyev appointed Denikin commander of the Volunteer Army,  successfully completing the Ice March. In June, Alekseyev set up a political office in Novocherkassk.

However, Alekseyev, sick for some time, died of heart failure in Ekaterinodar in September 1918. He was first buried in the crypt of the Cossack host cathedral, but his family moved his remains to the New Cemetery, Belgrade, where they remain to this day.

Awards

Order of St. Anne Grade 4 "for courage" (1878)
Order of St. Stanislav Grade 3, with swords and bow (1879)
Order of St. Anne Grade 3, with swords and bow (1879)
Order of St. Stanislav Grade 2 (1892)
Order of St. Anne Grade 2 (1896)
Order of St. Vladimir 4 degrees, with swords and bow (1900)
Order of St. Vladimir Grade 3 (1901)
Order of St. Stanislav Grade 1 with Swords (1905)
Golden Sword of St. George "for courage" (1906)
Order of St. Anne Grade 1 (1906)
Order of St. Vladimir Grade 2 (1911)
Order of St. George Grade 4 (1914)

See also
White movement
Russian Civil War

References

1857 births
1918 deaths
People from Vyazma
People from Vyazemsky Uyezd
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian Provisional Government generals
Commanders-in-chief of the Russian Army
Anti-communists
Russian Provisional Government
Russian military personnel of World War I
Politicians from the Russian Empire
White movement generals
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Nobility from the Russian Empire

Mikhail Alekseyev


Ragnar Kjartansson () (born 1976) is a contemporary Icelandic artist who engages multiple artistic mediums throughout his performative practice. His video installations, performances, drawings, and paintings incorporate the history of film, music, visual culture, and literature. His works are connected through their pathos and humor, with each deeply influenced by the comedy and tragedy of classical theater. Ragnar's use of durational, repetitive performance to harness collective emotion is a hallmark of his practice and recurs throughout his work.

Ragnar has had solo exhibitions at the Reykjavík Art Museum, the Barbican Centre, London, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C., the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, the Palais de Tokyo, Paris, the New Museum, New York, the Migros Museum of Contemporary Art, Zurich, the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Turin, the Frankfurter Kunstverein, Louisiana Museum in Humlebæk, Denmark (now until August 2023) and the BAWAG Contemporary, Vienna.  Ragnar participated in The Encyclopedic Palace at the Venice Biennale in 2013, Manifesta 10 in St. Petersburg, Russia in 2014, and he represented Iceland at the 2009 Venice Biennale. He is the recipient of the 2015 Artes Mundi's Derek Williams Trust Purchase Award, and Performa's 2011 Malcolm McLaren Award.

Ragnar's exhibition "Epic Waste of Love and Understanding", held at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art from August to October 2023, showcases his diverse approach, from endurance-testing repetition to subtly nuanced explorations of human connection, often blending humor and introspection.

Early life
Ragnar was born in Reykjavik, Iceland to Kjartan Ragnarsson and Guðrún Ásmundsdóttir. His mother is a well-known actress in Iceland and his father is a director and playwright.

He was in and out of bands growing up, most notably as a member of the Icelandic band Trabant. Trabant is an electronic-pop/rock band from Reykjavík, Iceland, known for its raw but powerful music and flamboyant live performances. Trabant's style of music is a blend of electronic music, punk, R&B and pop.

Ragnar graduated from the Iceland Academy of the Arts in 2001 and from the Royal Academy of Arts in Stockholm in 2000.

Selected works and projects

No Tomorrow
No Tomorrow is a video installation by Ragnar, choreographer Margrét Bjarnadóttir, and composer Bryce Dessner. Spanning six screens that encircle the room, the installation surrounds viewers with a performance of spatial music written for eight dancers with eight guitars. Recorded from the center of the performers' space, the installation is kaleidoscopic, capturing the dancers as they weave within each screen and across the channels; their movements and melodies ranging from pastorale to rock and roll. Combining a variety of classic Western references – blue jeans and white t-shirts, the draped silk curtains of mid-20th century song and dance films, as well as lyrics drawn from the Archaic Greek poet Sappho and adventurer Vivant Denon, two sensualists millennia apart – the work spins notions of idealization and iconography. It is also a reflection on our ideals of beauty, our search for it, and the absurdity of its representations, inspired by the frivolity and reality of Rococo paintings, classical ballet, and modern pop music videos. The performance was initially commissioned for the Iceland Dance Company in 2017.

Me and My Mother
Me and My Mother is an ongoing performance colleboration with Ragnar's mother where she repeatedly spits in his face. The performance is filmed every five years and began in 2000.

In 2015, Ragnar's mother Guðrún G. Ásmundsdóttir wrote about the performance: "It is trying for a mother and an actress with a fifty year acting career to spit on her own son – the son who has never been anything but a true blessing and has always made her laugh should life get difficult around them. This performance would never have existed had it not been for the enduring love and true respect they have for one another."

A Lot of Sorrow
MoMA PS1 presented the durational performance, A Lot of Sorrow, by Ragnar featuring The National on 5 May 2013. The band performed their song Sorrow a consecutive 99 times over the course of 6 hours.

The Visitors
The Visitors is a 2012 installation and video art piece created by Ragnar. He named the piece for The Visitors, the final album by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The piece was commissioned by the Migros Museum in Zurich, and was one of the museum's inaugural exhibits. The premiere of the piece marked Ragnar's first solo show in Switzerland.

The Visitors constitutes the performance of a song written by Ásdís Sif Gunnarsdóttir, Ragnar's ex-wife. The piece is displayed across nine different screens, each featuring musicians or artists either by themselves or in groups in different rooms of a house, or outside, performing simultaneously but separately. One screen features Ragnar by himself. Others featured in the piece include Ragnar's friends, both from the artist's native Reykjavík and elsewhere, as well as residents of Rokeby Farm, where the piece was filmed.

The piece was originally shown at the Migros Museum in Switzerland, and premiered in the United States in early 2013 at the Luhring Augustine Gallery. The piece has since been displayed in several museums around the world, including The Broad in Los Angeles, The Guggenheim in New York City, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, the Turner House Gallery in Penarth, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., the Frist Center for the Visual Arts in Nashville, Tennessee, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. The piece returned to the Institute of Contemporary Art in February 2019. The piece came to the Dallas Museum of Art in September 2019.

The piece was filmed at Rokeby Farm, located in upstate New York, near Barrytown. Rokeby is a home and estate that at one point belonged to the Astor family, and later the Livingston family. The property is now inhabited by various descendants of both families, and other tenants. The property was the site of an earlier 2007 piece by Ragnar, titled The Blossoming Trees Performance, during which he recorded himself as a plein-air painter for two days. The estate has also been used by other artists, due to the unique interiors of the main house on the property.

The Palace of the Summerland
In 2014, Thyssen-Bornemisza Art Contemporary (TBA21) commissioned Ragnar and a group of 20 artists, musicians, and friends to create the two-part project The Palace of the Summerland.

The End
In 2009, Ragnar was selected as the official Icelandic representation at the 53rd International Art Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia.

Recognition
In 2016, Ragnar was honored as the year's Reykjavik City Artist. This is an honorary award, given to an artist who is believed to have excelled and made his mark on Icelandic art.

Literature
Ragnar Kjartansson: Epic Waste of Love and Unerstanding, Malou Wedel Bruun & Tine Colstrup (ed.), Humlebæk (Louisiana Museum of Modern Art) 2023, ISBN 978-87-93659-68-1
Ragnar Kjartansson: não sofra mais, Carina Correia & Daniel Madeira (ed.), Coimbra (Círculo de Artes Plásticas de Coimbra) 2023, ISBN 978-972-8679-36-1
Ragnar Kjartansson: Scheize Liebe Sehnsucht, Ulrike Groos & Carolin Wurzbacher (ed.), Berlin (Distanz) 2019, ISBN 978-3-95476-284-2
Ragnar Kjartansson, Leila Hasham (ed.), London (Barbican; Koenig Books), 2016. ISBN 978-3-86335-970-6
Ragnar Kjartansson, Scenes from Western Culture & A Lot of Sorrow, Jannie Haagemann (ed.), Copenhagen (Copenhagen Contemporary) 2016, ISBN 978-87-999426-2-6
Ragnar Kjartansson, Frédéric Grossi (ed.), Paris (Palais de Tokyo), 2015. ISBN 978-2-84711-062-3
Ragnar Kjartansson: Me, My Mother, My Father, and I, Massimiliano Gioni & Margot Norton (ed.), New York (New Museum), 2014. ISBN 978-0-915557-02-8
Ragnar Kjartansson: To Music/An die Musik, Heike Munder (ed.),  Zurich (Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst; JRP Ringier), 2012. ISBN 978-3-03764-423-2
Ragnar Kjartansson: The End, Christian Schoen (ed.), Ostfildern (Hatje Cantz) 2009,
 Icelandic Art Today (ed. by Christian Schoen and Halldór Björn Runólfsson), Hatje-Cantz, Ostfildern 2009

References

Ragnar Kjartansson
Living people
Ragnar Kjartansson
Ragnar Kjartansson
1976 births
Ragnar Kjartansson
Multimedia artists

Ragnar Kjartansson (performance artist)