This page is a list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft from 1919 to 1959.

1919
 July 21 - Wingfoot Air Express crash, a Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Type FD dirigible crashes in Chicago, Illinois after suffering an In-flight fire. Killing 13.
 August 2 – A Caproni Ca.48 crashes at Verona, Italy, during a flight from Venice to Taliedo, Milan, killing all on board (14, 15, or 17 people, according to different sources).

1922
 April 7 – In the first mid-air collision of airliners, a de Havilland DH.18A, G-EAWO, operated by Daimler Hire Ltd., collides with a Farman F.60 Goliath, F-GEAD, operated by Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens (CGEA), over the Thieulloy-St. Antoine road near Picardie, France, killing all seven people on both aircraft.

1923
 May 14 – An Air Union Farman F.60 Goliath crashes near Monsures, Somme, France, due to the structural failure of a wing, killing all 6 on board.
 August 27 – An Air Union Farman F.60 Goliath crashes near East Malling, Kent, England, due to engine failure, and confusion among the passengers, killing one of 13 on board.

1924
 December 24 – An Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 crashes near Purley, Surrey, England due to unknown mechanical defect, killing all 8 on board.

1926
 August 18 – An Air Union Blériot 155 crashes while attempting an emergency landing at College Farm, Hurst, Aldington, England, due to engine failure, killing 3 of 15 on board; the pilot initially survives, but dies a day later.
 October 2 – An Air Union Blériot 155 catches fire in mid-air and crashes at Leigh, Kent, England, while the pilot attempts to make an emergency landing at Penshurst Airfield. Both members of crew and all five passengers are killed. This is the first in-flight fire occurring on an airliner.

1927
 August 22 – A KLM Fokker F. VIII crashes near Sevenoaks, Kent, England, due to structural failure of the tailfin, killing one of 11 on board.

1928
 July 13 – An Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crashes on a test flight from Croydon Airport, England, with a pilot and five passengers near Purley, Surrey,  from the airport, with the loss of four passengers. As a result of the crash Imperial Airways stopped the flying of staff (so-called joy rides) on test flights.

1929
 June 17 – An Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 ditches in the English Channel due to engine failure, killing 7 of 13 on board.
 November 6 – A Junkers G 24 crashes near Marden Park, Godstone, Surrey, England; of the 8 on board, only 1 passenger survives.

1930
 February 10 – An Air Union Farman F.63 Goliath crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Marden Airfield, Marden, Kent, England, due to structural failure, killing 2 of 6 on board.

1931
 March 21 – Australian National Airways Southern Cloud, an Avro 618 Ten, crashes in the Snowy Mountains while flying from Sydney to Melbourne, killing all eight on board, in Australia's first significant airline disaster; the crash site remained undiscovered for 27 years; severe weather at the time of the flight is the likely cause of the accident.
 March 31 – TWA Flight 599, a Fokker F.10 Trimotor, crashes near Bazaar, Kansas, United States, killing all eight aboard, including University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne.

1933
 March 28 – The 1933 Imperial Airways Dixmude crash in Belgium of an Armstrong Whitworth Argosy II is the first suspected case of air sabotage; all 15 on board are killed.
 October 10 – The United Airlines crash near Chesterton: a Boeing 247 is destroyed by a bomb over Chesterton, Indiana, United States, in the first proven case of air sabotage on a commercial aircraft; all seven on board are killed.
 December 30 – In the 1933 Imperial Airways Ruysselede crash in Belgium, an Avro Ten collides with a radio mast, killing all 10 on board.

1934
 May 9 – An Air France Wibault 282T crashes into the English Channel off Dungeness, Kent, killing all 6 on board.
 July 27 – A Swissair Curtiss T-32 Condor II crashes near Tuttlingen, Germany, after a wing separated in a thunderstorm, killing all 12 passengers and crew on board.
 October 2 – A Hillman's Airways de Havilland Dragon Rapide crashes into the English Channel off Folkestone, Kent, due to pilot error, killing all 7 on board.

1935
 October 7 – United Airlines Trip 4, a Boeing 247D, crashes near Silver Crown, Wyoming, United States, due to pilot error; all 12 on board die.
 December 10 – A SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crashes crashes near Tatsfield, Surrey, England, due to pilot error, killing all 11 on board.

1936
 January 14 – American Airlines Flight 1, a Douglas DC-2, crashes into a swamp near Goodwin, Arkansas, killing all 17 passengers and crew on board; the cause is never determined.
 April 7 – TWA Flight 1, a Douglas DC-2, crashes near Uniontown, Pennsylvania, United States, due to pilot error, killing 12 of the 14 passengers and crew aboard.
 June 16 – In the Havørn Accident, a Norwegian Air Lines Junkers Ju 52 crashes into Lihesten mountain in Hyllestad, Norway, killing all seven on board.
 August 5 – Chicago and Southern Flight 4, a Lockheed Model 10 Electra, crashes after takeoff due to pilot error, killing all eight on board.
 December 9 – A KLM Douglas DC-2 crashes on takeoff from Croydon Airport, England; 15 of 17 on board die.
 December 27 – United Airlines Trip 34, a Boeing 247, crashes at Rice Canyon (near Newhall, California, United States) due to pilot error, killing all 12 on board.

1937
 January 12 – Western Air Express Flight 7, a Boeing 247, crashes into a mountain near Newhall, California, United States. Five of the 13 people aboard die, including famed adventurer, author and filmmaker, Martin Johnson.
 February 19 – An Australian National Airways Stinson Model A suffers controlled flight into terrain in Queensland, killing 4 of the 7 people on board.
 May 6 – The Zeppelin Hindenburg bursts into flames and crashes while attempting a landing at Naval Air Engineering Station, Lakehurst, New Jersey, United States; of the 97 people on board, 35 are killed; one person on the ground also dies.
 November 16 – A Sabena Junkers Ju 52 crashes near Ostend, Belgium, killing all 11 on board, including the Grand Duke Georg Donatus and Grand Duchess Cecilie of Hesse.

1938
 January 10 – Northwest Airlines Flight 2, a Lockheed L14H Super Electra, crashes near Bozeman, Montana, United States, killing all ten on board; the machine with which the manufacturer measured component vibration is found to be inaccurate, causing the aircraft to be more prone to flutter than thought.
 January 11 – Pan American World Airways Flight 1, a Sikorsky S-42 flying boat named the Samoan Clipper, explodes over Pago Pago, American Samoa; all 7 on board die.
 March 1 – The 1938 Yosemite TWA crash: A Douglas DC-2 disappears on a flight from San Francisco to Winslow, Arizona, United States; the aircraft is found three months later on a mountain in Yosemite National Park; all 9 on board died.
 July 28 – Pan American World Airways Flight 229, a Martin M-130 flying boat named the Hawaii Clipper, disappears in the Pacific Ocean westbound from Guam to Manila with 6 passengers and 9 crew.
 October 25 – Kyeema, an Australian National Airways Douglas DC-2 crashes in heavy fog into Mount Dandenong in Victoria, Australia, killing all 18 people on board.
 November 4 – In the 1938 Jersey Airport disaster, a Jersey Airways de Havilland DH.86 crashes on takeoff from Jersey Airport due to pilot error; all 13 passengers and crew die as well as one person on the ground.

1939
 January 13 – Northwest Airlines Flight 1, a Lockheed L14H Super Electra, crashes on descent to Miles City, Montana, United States, killing all four on board; the aircraft's cross-feed fuel valve leaked fuel into the cockpit and an intense fire broke out.
 January 21 – Imperial Airways Short Empire flying boat Cavalier makes an emergency landing 285 mi southeast of New York in the North Atlantic due to loss of power and later sinks; 3 of 12 on board die.
 August 13 – A Pan Am Sikorsky S-43 crashes into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, due to loss of control following engine failure, killing 12 of 14 on board.

1940
 June 14 – In the Kaleva shootdown, an Aero Junkers Ju 52 en route from Tallinn, Estonia to Helsinki, Finland, is shot down by two Soviet bombers over the Gulf of Finland during peacetime; all nine aboard die.
 August 31 – In the Lovettsville air disaster, Pennsylvania Central Airlines Trip 19, a Douglas DC-3A, crashes at Lovettsville, Virginia, United States, killing all 25 on board.
 November 8 – A Deutsche Luft Hansa Junkers Ju 90 crashes near Schönteichen, Saxony, Germany, after ice formed on the tail, killing all 29 passengers and crew on board.

1941
 February 26 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 21, a Douglas DC-3, crashes while descending to land at Atlanta, Georgia, United States, killing 8 of 16 aboard; World War I hero and Eastern Air Lines president Eddie Rickenbacker is among the survivors.

1942
 January 16 – TWA Flight 3, a Douglas DC-3 returning to California crashes into Potosi Mountain  southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, United States; all 22 aboard die, including actress Carole Lombard and her mother.
 January 30 – Qantas Short Empire G-AEUH is shot down by seven Japanese fighters and crashes  from East Timor; 13 of 18 on board die.
 March 3 – KNILM Douglas DC-3 PK-AFV is shot down by three Japanese fighters and crashes  north of Broome, Western Australia, killing 4 of 12 on board.
 October 23 – American Airlines Flight 28, a Douglas DC-3, crashes near Palm Springs, California, United States, after being struck by a U.S. Army Air Corps Lockheed B-34 bomber; all 12 aboard the airliner die, while the bomber lands safely with minor damage.

1943
 January 21 – Pan Am Flight 1104, a Martin M-130 nicknamed the Philippine Clipper, crashes into a mountain near Boonville, California, United States, killing all 19 passengers and crew, including Rear-Admiral Robert H. English, commander of the U.S. Pacific Submarine Fleet.
 June 1 – BOAC Flight 777, a Douglas DC-3, is shot down by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft over the Bay of Biscay, killing 17 passengers and crew on board.
 July 28 – American Airlines Flight 63 (Flagship Ohio), a Douglas DC-3, loses control due to severe turbulence and violent downdrafts and crashes near Trammel, Kentucky, United States, killing twenty out of twenty-two people on board.
 October 15 – American Airlines Flight 63 (Flagship Missouri), a DC-3, crashes near Centerville, Tennessee, United States, killing all eight passengers and three crewmembers, after ice formed on its wings and propellers.

1944
 February 10 – American Airlines Flight 2, a Douglas DC-3, crashes into the Mississippi River between Arkansas and Tennessee, United States, for reasons unknown, killing all 24 occupants (21 passengers and 3 crew members).
 June 20 – TWA Flight 277, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster, crashes into Fort Mountain, Maine, United States, in severe weather, killing all 7 passengers and crew on board.

1945
 January 8 – The China Clipper, a Pan Am Martin M-130 flying boat operating as Flight 161, crashes in Port of Spain, Trinidad, killing all 25 on board.
 January 31 – The Stinson Tokana operated by Australian National Airways crashes, killing all 10 on board. The accident was caused by a fatigue crack in a wing spar.
 July 12 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 45, a Douglas DC-3A, collides with a Douglas A-26 Invader over Florence, South Carolina, United States. One of the 24 on the DC-3 and 1 of the 2 on the A-26 die.
 October 5 – National Airlines Flight 16, a Lockheed L-18 Lodestar, overshoots the runway at Lakeland, Florida, United States, killing 2 of 15 on board.
 November 3 – The prototype Boeing 314, named the Honolulu Clipper, makes an emergency landing in the Pacific 650 miles east of Oahu due to double engine failure; the aircraft is intentionally sunk after salvage was deemed impractical; all 26 passengers on board survive.

1946
 January 6 – Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-3, crashes in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, killing three of the four crew members; the flight attendant and all 16 passengers survive.
 March 10 – The 1946 Australian National Airways DC-3 crash near Hobart, Tasmania, kills all 25 on board.
 July 11 – TWA Flight 513, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, crashes near Reading, Pennsylvania, United States, after a fire in the baggage compartment; of the six crew on board, only one survives.
 August 7 – British European Airways Flight 530, a Douglas C-47, crashes into Mistberget mountain near Eidsvoll, Norway; killing three of five crew; all 10 passengers survived.
 October 3 – An American Overseas Airlines Douglas C-54 crashes into mountainous terrain after takeoff from Stephenville, Newfoundland, killing all 39 passengers and crew on board.
 November 14 – In the 1946 KLM Douglas DC-3 Amsterdam accident, a Douglas DC-3 crashes while attempting to land at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands; all 26 passengers and crew on board are killed.
 December 28 – TWA Flight 6963, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, crashes near Shannon Airport due to an inaccurate altimeter caused by maintenance errors, killing nine of 23 on board.

1947
 January 11 – The 1947 BOAC Douglas C-47 crash: a BOAC Douglas C-47A crashes into Barley Hill near Stowting, Kent, United Kingdom, due to fuel starvation, killing 8 of 16 on board.
 January 25 – In the 1947 Croydon Dakota accident, a Spencer Airways Douglas C-47A fails to get airborne at Croydon Airport, United Kingdom, and crashes into a parked ČSA aircraft; 12 of the 22 on board are killed.
 January 26 – In the 1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen accident, a Douglas DC-3 crashes shortly after takeoff from Kastrup Airport in Denmark; all 22 passengers and crew on board are killed.
 February 15 – An Avianca Douglas DC-4 crashes into Mount El Tabalazo due to pilot error, killing all 53 passengers and crew on board.
 May 29 – United Airlines Flight 521, a Douglas DC-4, crashes on takeoff from LaGuardia Airport, New York, United States, due to pilot error; 42 of 48 on board die.
 May 30 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 605, a Douglas DC-4, loses control and crashes near Bainbridge, Maryland, United States, killing all 53 passengers and crew on board in the deadliest airliner crash in United States history at the time.
 June 13 – Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 410, a Douglas DC-4, crashes into Lookout Rock, in the West Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains of the United States en route from Pittsburgh to Washington DC; all 50 passengers and crew are killed.
 June 19 - Pan Am Flight 121, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, crashes in the Syrian desert, en route from Karachi to Istanbul, killing 14 of the 36 on board.
 August 2 – In the BSAA Star Dust accident, a British South American Airways Avro Lancastrian named Star Dust disappears over the Andes after transmitting an enigmatic coded message ("STENDEC"); the fate of the plane remained a mystery until the crash site was in 2000; four crew and nine passengers are killed.
 August 28 – In the Kvitbjørn disaster, a Norwegian Air Lines Short Sandringham flying boat struck a mountain near Lødingsfjellet, Norway, killing all 35 on board.
 October 24 – United Airlines Flight 608, a Douglas DC-6, crashes near Bryce Canyon Airport, Utah, United States, when fire caused by a design flaw destroys the aircraft; all 52 on board die in the first hull loss of the DC-6.
 October 26 – Pan Am Flight 923, a Douglas DC-4, struck Tamgas Mountain on Annette Island, Alaska, killing all 18 passengers and crew on board; the cause is never determined.
 December 27 – In the 1947 Korangi Creek crash, an Air India Douglas DC-3 crashes shortly after takeoff, killing all 23 on board.

1948
 January 30 – The BSAA Star Tiger disappearance: an Avro Tudor IV disappears without a trace en route from the Azores to Bermuda with 31 on board. The loss of the aircraft along with the 1949 BSAA Star Ariel disappearance remain unsolved to this day, with the resulting speculation helping to develop the Bermuda Triangle legend.
 March 12 – Northwest Airlines Flight 4422, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster, crashes into Mount Sanford in the Alaska Territory, killing 30. Though the wreckage was initially found, it was inaccessible; it was later buried and not rediscovered until 1999.
 April 5 – In the 1948 Gatow air disaster, a British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking crashes near RAF Gatow, Berlin after a collision with a Soviet Air Force Yakovlev Yak-3 fighter; all 14 people on board the Viking die, as well as the Soviet pilot.
 April 15 – Pan Am Flight 1-10, a Lockheed Constellation, crashes while on approach to Shannon Airport, Ireland; of the 31 on board, only one survives.
 April 21 – British European Airways Flight S200P, a Vickers VC.1 Viking, crashes into Irish Law Mountain in Scotland due to pilot error; all on board survive.
 June 17 – United Airlines Flight 624, a Douglas DC-6, crashes near Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, after errors in attempting to extinguish what was believed to have been an onboard fire; all 43 on board die.
 July 4 – The Northwood mid-air collision between a Scandinavian Airlines System-operated Douglas DC-6 and an RAF Avro York kills all 39 passengers and crew on board both aircraft.
 July 17 – Miss Macao, a Catalina seaplane operated by a Cathay Pacific subsidiary, over the Pearl River delta from Macau to Hong Kong, is hijacked with 23 passengers and three crew on board by a group attempting to rob the passengers; following a struggle in the cockpit, a crash kills all on board except one passenger, later identified as the lead hijacker; this is the earliest known airliner hijacking.
 August 1 – In the 1948 Air France Latécoère 631 disappearance, a Latécoère 631 disappears over the Atlantic Ocean with the loss of all 52 people on board. This was the worst aviation accident in the Atlantic Ocean at the time and remains the worst ever involving the Latécoère 631.
 August 29 – Northwest Airlines Flight 421, a Martin 2-0-2, crashes near Winona, Minnesota, due to structural failure of a wing, killing all 37 on board in the worst ever accident involving the Martin 2-0-2. This crash is also the first loss of a 2-0-2.
 September 2 – The 1948 Lutana crash; Australian National Airways Flight 331, a Douglas DC-3, crashes into high terrain near Nundle, New South Wales, killing all 13 people on board.
 October 2 – In the Bukken Bruse disaster, a Det Norske Luftfartsselskap Short Sandringham flying boat, crashes upon landing in Trondheim, Norway; 19 are killed; Bertrand Russell is among the 24 survivors.
 October 20 – In the 1948 KLM Constellation air disaster, a Lockheed Constellation named Nijmegen crashes near Prestwick, Scotland, killing 40.
 December 28 – In the 1948 Airborne Transport DC-3 (DST) disappearance, a Douglas DC-3 disappears without a trace off the coast of Florida with 32 on board.

1949
 January 17 – In the BSAA Star Ariel disappearance, a British South American Airways Avro Tudor IV disappears without a trace en route from Bermuda to Jamaica with 20 on board. The loss of the aircraft, along with the 1948 BSAA Star Tiger disappearance remain unsolved to this day, with the resulting speculation helping to develop the Bermuda Triangle legend.
 February 19 – A British European Airways Douglas Dakota collides with a RAF Avro Anson over Exhall, Warwickshire, killing all 14 on board both aircraft.
 March 10 – A Queensland Airlines Lockheed Lodestar crashes on takeoff from Coolangatta airstrip, killing all 21 on board.
 May 4 – In the Superga air disaster, an Italian Airlines Fiat G.212 CP carrying the Torino football team crashes into the Superga hills near Turin, killing all 31 on board.
 June 7 – In the 1949 Strato-Freight Curtiss C-46A crash, a Curtiss Wright C-46A-50 Modified D, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after takeoff from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Of the 81 passengers and crew on board, 53 are killed.
 July 2 – A MacRobertson Miller Airlines Douglas DC-3 crashes on takeoff from Perth, Western Australia, killing all 18 on board.
 July 12 – Standard Air Lines Flight 897R, a Curtiss C-46, crashes at Chatsworth, California, due to pilot error, killing 35 of 48 on board.
 August 19 – A British European Airways Douglas DC-3 crashes into a hillside near Oldham, United Kingdom; of the 32 on board, only 8 survive.
 September 9 – Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108, a Douglas DC-3, explodes over Cap Tourmente near Sault-au-Cochon, Quebec, due to a bomb planted by Albert Guay; all four crew members and 19 passengers on board are killed.
 October 28 – An Air France Lockheed Constellation crashes into a mountain on São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal, killing all 48 people on board, including boxer Marcel Cerdan and violinist Ginette Neveu.
 November 1 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 537, a Douglas DC-4, on approach to Washington National Airport, suffers a mid-air collision with a Lockheed P-38; all 55 people on board the DC-4 die, including Congressman George J. Bates, New Yorker cartoonist Helen E. Hokinson, and former Congressman Michael J. Kennedy; the pilot and sole occupant of the P-38 is seriously injured.
 November 20 – In the Hurum air disaster, an Aero Holland Douglas DC-3 crashes near Hurum, Norway, killing 34 of the 35 on board, including 25 children.
 November 29 – American Airlines Flight 157, a Douglas DC-6, en route from New York City to Mexico City with 46 passengers and crew, veers off the runway and strikes buildings after the flight crew loses control on final approach to Dallas Love Field; 26 passengers and 2 flight attendants die.

1950
 January 5 – In the 1950 Sverdlovsk air disaster, a Lisunov Li-2 crashes near Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), Russia, killing all 19 on board.
 March 7 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 307, a Martin 2-0-2, crashes near Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, after hitting a flagpole during approach, killing all 13 on board and two on the ground.
 March 12 – The Llandow air disaster: An Airflight Avro 689 Tudor V stalls and crashes after the rear cargo hold was overloaded, resulting in a center of gravity exceeding the aft limit; 80 out of the 83 people on board die, at the time the worst air disaster in history.
 1950 Air France multiple Douglas DC-4 accidents:
 June 12 – An Air France Douglas DC-4 (F-BBDE) on a flight from Saigon to Paris crashes in the Arabian Sea while on approach to Bahrain Airport, killing 46 of 52 on board.
 June 14 – An Air France Douglas DC-4, F-BBDM, crashes in the Arabian Sea while on approach to Bahrain Airport, killing 40 of 53 on board. This aircraft was operating on the same flight route as F-BBDE.
 June 24 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2501, a Douglas DC-4, with 58 people on board, disappears without a trace over Lake Michigan.
 June 26 – Australian National Airways Amana, a Douglas DC-4, crashes after takeoff from Perth Airport, killing all 29 people on board.
 August 31 – TWA Flight 903, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation, crashes because of an engine fire, in the desert about  NNW of Cairo, Egypt; all 55 on board are killed in the worst ever accident involving the Lockheed L-749.
 October 31 – A British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking crashes on the runway at London Heathrow Airport in foggy weather; of the 30 on board, only a stewardess and a passenger survive.
 November 3 – Air India Flight 245, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation, crashes into Mont Blanc in France; all 40 passengers and 8 crew are killed. Sixteen years later, Air India Flight 101 crashes in almost exactly the same spot.
 November 13 – In the 1950 Tête de l'Obiou C-54 crash, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster operated by Curtiss Reid Flying Services crashes  from Grenoble, France, on the Tête de l'Obiou mountain; all 52 passengers and crew die.

1951
 April 25 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 493, a Douglas DC-4 en route from Miami to Havana, collides in mid-air with a United States Navy Beech SNB-1 Kansan off Key West; all 43 aboard both aircraft are killed.
 June 22 – Pan Am Flight 151, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation en route from Accra, Ghana (then the Gold Coast Territory) to Monrovia, Liberia, crashes into a hill near Sanoye in Bong County, Liberia, 54 miles (86 km) from the airport; all 31 passengers and 6 crew members die.
 June 30 – United Airlines Flight 610, a Douglas DC-6, flies into a mountain in Larimer County, Colorado, due to a navigational error; all 45 passengers and 5 crew members are killed.
 July 21 – A Canadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-4 disappears on a flight from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to Tokyo, Japan; all 37 on board are presumed dead; the aircraft has never been found.
 August 24 – United Airlines Flight 615, a Douglas DC-6B, crashes near Decoto (now Union City, California), while on final approach to Oakland, California; all 44 passengers and 6 crew members die.
 November 15 – A LOT Polish Airlines Lisunov Li-2 crashes near Tuszyn shortly after takeoff due to engine failure, killing all 16 passengers and crew on board.
 December 16 – A Miami Airlines Curtiss C-46 Commando crashes at Elizabeth, New Jersey, after a loss of control following an engine fire, killing all 56 passengers and crew on board.
 December 22 – A Misrair SNCASE Languedoc crashes west of Tehran, killing all 20 people on board.
 December 29 – Continental Charters Flight 44-2, a Curtiss-Wright C-46, crashes into a ridge near Napoli, New York, while en route to Buffalo, New York; 3 crew members and 23 passengers die.

1952
 January 22 – American Airlines Flight 6780, a Convair CV-240, crashes on approach to Newark, New Jersey, into dwellings in Elizabeth, New Jersey, killing 30 and leading to the Doolittle Commission recommendation for laws coordinating urban zoning to keep airport approach paths clear.
 February 11 – National Airlines Flight 101, a Douglas DC-6 crashed into an apartment building in Elizabeth, New Jersey two minutes after departing Newark Airport.
 March 3 – An Air France SNCASE Languedoc crashes on takeoff from Nice, France, due to jammed controls. All 38 people on board are killed.
 April 11 – Pan Am Flight 526A, a Douglas DC-4, suffers engine failure and is forced to ditch in the Atlantic  north of San Juan, Puerto Rico; 52 of 69 on board die.
 April 28 – Pan Am Flight 202, a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, crashes after a propeller failure in a remote area of Brazil on its way from Buenos Aires, Argentina, to New York City via Rio de Janeiro; all 50 on board are killed in the worst ever accident involving the Boeing 377.
 June 28 – American Airlines Flight 910, a Douglas DC-6 carrying 55 passengers and 5 crew collides with a Temco Swift private plane on final approach to Dallas Love Field, killing both occupants of the Swift; the DC-6 lands safely with no injuries to the passengers or crew.
 August 12 – A Transportes Aéreos Nacional Douglas C-47A explodes in mid-air on a domestic flight in Brazil; all 24 on board die.
 December 6 – A Cubana de Aviación Douglas DC-4 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off Bermuda after failing to gain altitude after takeoff, killing 37 of 41 on board.

1953
 January 5 – In the 1953 Nutts Corner Viking accident, a British European Airways Vickers Viking crashes on approach to Belfast-Nutts Corner Airport, killing 27 of the 31 on board.
 February 2 – In the 1953 Skyways Avro York disappearance, a plane with 39 on board disappears over the North Atlantic.
 July 12 – Transocean Air Lines Flight 512, a Douglas DC-6A, crashes in the Pacific Ocean while en route from Wake Island to Honolulu, Hawaii. All 58 passengers and crew are killed.
 August 3 – Air France Flight 152, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation ditched into the Mediterranean Sea while en route from Rome to Beirut after break-away of an engine. Four of the 8 crew and 34 passengers drowned.
 September 1 – Air France Flight 178, a Lockheed Constellation, crashes into a mountain in southern France; all 42 on board are killed.
 September 16 – American Airlines Flight 723, a Convair 240, crashes while on approach to Albany Airport; all 28 passengers and crew die.
 October 29 – BCPA Flight 304, a Douglas DC-6B, crashes into King's Mountain, southeast of Half Moon Bay, California, on its approach to San Francisco International Airport, killing all 11 on board.

1954
 January 10 – BOAC Flight 781, a de Havilland Comet flying from Rome to London on the last leg of a flight from Singapore, disintegrates in mid-air, when metal fatigue from repeated pressurization cycles compromises the fuselage, killing the 29 passengers and six crew.
 March 13 – A BOAC Lockheed L-749A Constellation crashes as it attempts to land at Kallang Airport, Singapore; of the 40 passengers and crew on board, 33 are killed.
 April 8 – South African Airways Flight 201, a de Havilland Comet flying from Rome to Cairo bound for Johannesburg, disintegrates in mid-air, killing all 14 passengers and 7 crew; as in BOAC Flight 781, the cause is metal fatigue at stress risers at the corners of the square windows in the aluminum skin.
 July 23 – The 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown: a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 is attacked by two PLAAF La-7 fighters and crashes off Hainan Island, killing 10 of 19 on board.
 September 5 – KLM Flight 633, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, ditches after takeoff from Shannon Airport in Ireland, killing 28 of 56 on board.
 December 25 – In the 1954 Prestwick air disaster a British Overseas Airways Corporation Boeing 377 Stratocruiser crashes on landing at Prestwick Airport, Scotland, 28 of the 36 onboard killed.

1955
 January 12 – TWA Flight 694, a Martin 2-0-2, collides with a privately owned Douglas DC-3 over Cincinnati, Ohio, killing all 15 on board both aircraft.
 February 19 – TWA Flight 260, a Martin 4-0-4, crashes into the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque, New Mexico, killing all 16 on board.
 March 26 – Pan Am Flight 845/26, a Boeing 377, ditches into the Pacific Ocean off the Oregon coast, killing four of the 23 on board.
 April 4 – A United Airlines Douglas DC-6 crashes after takeoff from Long Island MacArthur Airport, New York, killing all 3 on board.
 April 11 – An Air India Lockheed L-749 Constellation named Kashmir Princess explodes under suspicious circumstances; 16 people are killed and three survive.
 July 27 – El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, inadvertently strays over Bulgarian territory on its way from Vienna to Tel Aviv, and is shot down by two Bulgarian fighter aircraft, killing all 58 on board.
 October 6 – United Airlines Flight 409, a Douglas DC-4, crashes into Medicine Bow Peak near Centennial, Wyoming, killing all 66 on board.
 November 1 – United Airlines Flight 629, a Douglas DC-6B, is bombed by Jack Gilbert Graham over Longmont, Colorado; all 44 on board are killed.

1956
 February 18 – The 1956 Scottish Airlines Malta air disaster: a Scottish Airlines Avro York crashes near Żurrieq, Malta due to pilot error, killing all 50 on board.
 April 1 – TWA Flight 400, a Martin 4-0-4, crashes on takeoff at Greater Pittsburgh International Airport, killing 22 of the 36 on board; 14 survive.
 April 2 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2, a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, ditches into Puget Sound after takeoff from Seattle–Tacoma International Airport after the cowl flaps are incorrectly set for takeoff; four passengers and a flight attendant die.
 June 20 – Linea Aeropostal Flight 253, a Lockheed L-1049 Constellation, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off Asbury Park, New Jersey. All 74 passengers and crew on board are killed.
 June 24 – In the 1956 BOAC Argonaut accident, a Canadair C-4 Argonaut, crashes shortly after taking off from Kano Airport, Nigeria, into a thunderstorm, killing 32 of the 38 passengers and 3 of the seven crew.
 June 30 – The 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision between United Airlines Flight 718, a DC-7 and TWA Flight 2, a Lockheed Constellation, over the Grand Canyon, kills all 128 aboard both aircraft; operating under Visual Flight Rules, the planes fail to see each other and collide; the Federal Aviation Administration is created in the aftermath.
 July 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 304, a Vickers Viscount, sheds a propeller blade over Flat Rock, Michigan; the blade penetrates the passenger cabin, killing one of 35 aboard; this is the first known case of a turboprop shedding a blade in passenger service.
 October 16 – Pan Am Flight 6, a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, is forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean between Hawai'i and San Francisco; all 31 on board are rescued by a nearby United States Coast Guard ship.
 November 7 – Braathens SAFE Flight 253, a de Havilland Heron, crashes into Hummelfjell mountain near Tolga, Norway, killing two of 12 on board.
 November 27 – Linea Aeropostal Flight 253, a Lockheed L-749 Constellation, crashes while on approach to Caracas International Airport, killing all 25 on board.
 December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, a Canadair North Star, crashes near Hope, British Columbia, Canada, killing all 62 people on board; the wreckage is found several months later. Aboard are four members of the Canadian Football League Saskatchewan Roughriders, and former Iowa Hawkeye Outland Trophy winner Cal Jones.

1957
 February 1 – Northeast Airlines Flight 823, a Douglas DC-6, crashes during a snowstorm shortly after takeoff from LaGuardia Airport; twenty of the 101 occupants die.
 March 14 – British European Airways Flight 411, a Vickers Viscount, crashes while on approach to Manchester Airport, killing all 20 on board and 2 on the ground.
 May 1 – In the 1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, an Eagle Aviation Vickers VC.1 Viking crashes after engine failure at Blackbushe Airport; of the 35 on board, only a passenger survives.
 July 16 – KLM Flight 844, a Lockheed Super Constellation, crashes after takeoff from Biak-Mokmer Airport, Indonesia, killing 58 of 68 on board.
 August 11 – Maritime Central Airways Flight 315, a Douglas DC-4, crashes near Issoudun, Quebec after encountering turbulence in a thunderstorm, killing all 79 passengers and crew on board.
 November 8 – Pan Am Flight 7, a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, disappears between San Francisco and Honolulu; small pieces of wreckage and human remains are found almost a week later by the United States Navy; all 44 on board are believed to have been killed; incapacitation of the crew by carbon dioxide fire extinguishing agent is a suspected cause of the crash.
 November 15 – In the 1957 Aquila Airways Solent crash, a flying boat crashes near Chessell, Isle of Wight, UK, due to engine failure, killing 45 out of the 58 on board.

1958
 February 6 – In the Munich air disaster, a British European Airways Airspeed Ambassador operating as Flight 609 crashes while attempting a take off in a snowstorm from Munich-Riem Airport, killing 23 of 44 passenger and crew members on board including eight Manchester United footballers.
 February 27 – In the Winter Hill air disaster, a Silver City Airways Bristol 170 Freighter travelling from the Isle of Man to Manchester Ringway Airport crashes into Winter Hill, Lancashire, killing 35 people and injuring seven.
 April 6 – Capital Airlines Flight 67, a Vickers 745D Viscount, crashes at Tri-City Airport (now MBS International Airport) near Freeland, Michigan, killing all 47 passengers and crew; an undiscovered ice buildup on the wing and windy conditions are possible causes.
 April 21 – United Airlines Flight 736, a Douglas DC-7, collides near Las Vegas, Nevada, with a US Air Force F-100 Super Sabre fighter on a training mission. All 47 aboard the airliner and both F-100 crew members are killed.
 May 25 – 1958 Dan-Air Avro York crash, a Avro York 685, crashes during a forced landing after an engine catches fire en route from Karachi to Delhi, killing 4 of 5 on board.
 August 9 – A Central African Airways Vickers Viscount crashes near Benina International Airport due to pilot error, killing 36 of 54 on board.
 August 14 – KLM Flight 607-E, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation (named Hugo de Groot) en route from Amsterdam to New York, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after takeoff from Shannon Airport in Ireland, killing all 99 passengers and crew, including six members of the Egyptian fencing team.
 August 15 – Northeast Airlines Flight 258, a Convair 240, crashes near Nantucket International Airport due to pilot error, killing 25 of 34 on board.
 September 2 – An Independent Air Travel Vickers VC.1 Viking crashes near Southall, Middlesex, killing all 3 crew on board and another 4 people on the ground.
 October 22 – British European Airways Flight 142, a Vickers Viscount, collides with an Italian Air Force North American F-86 Sabre over Italy, all 31 on board die.
 December 4 – An Aviaco SNCASE Languedoc crashes in the Guadarrama Mountains, killing all 21 people on board.
 December 24 – A BOAC Bristol Britannia crashes near Christchurch, Dorset, England, killing 9 of 12 on board.

1959
 January 8 – Southeast Airlines Flight 308, a Douglas DC-3, crashes into the Holston Mountain, Tennessee, United States, on approach to the Tri-Cities Regional Airport killing all ten people on board.
 January 11 – Lufthansa Flight 502, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, crashes on approach to Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, Brazil, 36 of the 39 on board are killed.
 February 3 – American Airlines Flight 320, a Lockheed L-188 Super Electra, crashes into the East River, New York City, as a result of pilot error; sixty-five passengers and crew are killed.
 February 17 – In the 1959 Turkish Airlines Gatwick crash, a chartered Vickers Viscount 793 carrying the Turkish prime minister and other government officials crashes in heavy fog during its final approach into London Gatwick Airport; five of the eight crew and nine of the sixteen passengers die in the accident; Prime Minister Adnan Menderes is among the ten survivors.
 April 23 – In the 1959 Air Charter Turkey crash, an Avro Super Trader IV crashes on Mount Süphan, Turkey; all 12 crew on board die.
 May 12 – Capital Airlines Flight 75, a Vickers Viscount 745D flying from New York City to Atlanta, breaks up in flight over Chase, Maryland, due to loss of control in severe turbulence; all 31 on board are killed.
 June 26 – TWA Flight 891, a Lockheed Starliner, crashes due to a lightning strike shortly after taking off from Milan Malpensa Airport. All 68 passengers and crew on board are killed.
 August 19 – A Transair Douglas Dakota crashes into a mountain in Spain, killing all 32 on board.
 September 24 – TAI Flight 307, a Douglas DC-7, crashes into a pine forest on departure from Mérignac Airport, France; 54 of the 65 people on board are killed.
 September 29 – Braniff Flight 542, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, breaks up in mid-air and crashes  from Buffalo, Texas; all 34 on board perish.
 October 30 – Piedmont Airlines Flight 349, a Douglas DC-3, crashes on Bucks Elbow Mountain near Charlottesville, Virginia, killing the crew of three and 23 of 24 passengers; the sole survivor is seriously injured; the cause is a navigational error during an Instrument Landing System approach.
 November 16 – National Airlines Flight 967, a Douglas DC-7B, crashes into the Gulf of Mexico while on a flight from Tampa, Florida, to New Orleans, Louisiana, in a possible case of sabotage; all 40 on board perish. The cause was suspected to have been an attempted case of Insurance fraud; the main suspect  was not charged due to a lack of evidence and died of natural causes in May 1969
 November 21 – Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 202, a Douglas DC-4, crashes after an apparent in-flight fire, killing 24 of 27 on board.

Related pages
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1960 – 1989
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1990 – 2019

References

Aviation accidents and incidents

List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1919 – 1959


Giri Bandhu Tea Estate is a large tea company based in Jhapa, Nepal. It was founded in the early 1960s by late Shamsher Giri, Tek bahadhur Giri, Padam Bahadur Giri, and Bhagawan Giri, and is one of the biggest players in the Nepalese tea industry. It is the largest CTC manufacturer in Nepal. It operates and runs two tea estates and a large and highly modernized processing plant.

History
The tea estate was founded in the 1950s by Shamsher Giri, , Padam Bahadur Giri, and Bhagawan Giri, and has been a family-run business since then. The estate started off small, producing a small quantity of processed tea, but has become one of the most prominent tea estates in Nepal.

Location
The estate is located on either side of the Mahendra Highway, to the east of Birtamod, a developing city. The estate is visible from the road, and is often a stopping point for people passing by the area wanting to take photographs. The majority of the estate's property is not visible from the highway as it spreads out multiple kilometers on either side of the road. The estate also has its own factory located just off the road surrounded by the estate itself, for the processing of the green leaves.

Food and drink companies of Nepal
Tea estates in Nepal
Nepalese tea
1960s establishments in Nepal

Giribandhu Tea Estate


Flag is an encaustic painting by the American artist Jasper Johns. Created when Johns was 24 (1954–55), two years after he was discharged from the US Army, this painting was the first of many works that Johns has said were inspired by a dream of the U.S. flag in 1954. It is arguably the painting for which Johns is best known.

Description

The work measures  by . It is made using encaustic, oil paint, and newsprint collage on three separate canvases, mounted on a plywood board. The painting reflects the three colors of the US flag: red, white and blue; the flag is depicted in the form it took between 1912 and 1959, with 48 white stars on a blue canton representing the then-US states (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), and with thirteen red and white stripes. Newsprint is visible under the stripes. Reading the texts, it is clear that the newsprint was not selected at random: Johns steered clear of headlines, or national or political news, and used inconsequential articles or adverts. The painting has a rough-textured surface, and the 48 stars are not identical. It is dated 1954 on its reverse.

Flag series
Johns made over 40 works based on the US flag, including the large and monochrome White Flag in 1955, and his 1958 work Three Flags with three superimposed flags showing a total of 84 stars.

His 48-star Flag from 1958 was purchased in 2010 by hedge fund manager Steven A. Cohen for an estimated $110 million, making it the most expensive work sold by a living artist as of 2023.

In November 2014, the encaustic Flag (1983) was auctioned off for $36 million at Sotheby's in New York City.

References

Further reading
 American Culture in The 1950s Martin Halliwell, p. 203–205
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185114/http://edu.warhol.org/app_johns.html
 Figuring Jasper Johns, Fred Orton, p. 89–146
 Made in U.S.A.: An Americanization in Modern Art, the '50s and '60s, Sidra Stich, p. 19
 The Target: Alain Robbe-Grillet, Jasper Johns, Ben Stoltzfus, p. 80–81

External links
 Flag, Museum of Modern Art
 Jasper Johns (born 1930), Metropolitan Museum of Art

1954 paintings
Paintings by Jasper Johns
Paintings in the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
Flags in art
Flags of the United States

Flag (painting)


The Crusade and Death of Richard I is a mid-13th-century Anglo-Norman prose chronicle by an anonymous author. It tells of the journey of Richard the Lionheart, King of England to the Holy Land on the Third Crusade (kings' Crusade) from 1190 to 1191. The chronicle details the trip through France, Sicily, and Cyprus, as well as the siege and capture of Acre, Richard's capture in Austria on the return trip, and his eventual return to England. Later it describes his campaigns against Philip II of France in Normandy, and his death at Châlus in 1199. It is based on the writings by Roger of Howden, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris.

External links
 Electronic version of this work digitised by the Anglo-Norman hub project based at the University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom.

13th-century history books
Anglo-Norman literature
Crusade chronicles
Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
Third Crusade

The Crusade and Death of Richard I


Pure Jerry: Bay Area 1978 is a two-CD live album by the Jerry Garcia Band. It contains selections from four concerts performed in the San Francisco Bay Area in February and June 1978.  The ninth and last entry in the Pure Jerry series of archival concert albums, it was released on August 31, 2009.

From November 1977 to November 1978, the lineup of the Jerry Garcia Band was the one featured on this recording — Jerry Garcia on guitar and vocals, Keith Godchaux on piano and vocals, Donna Jean Godchaux and Maria Muldaur on vocals, John Kahn on bass, and Buzz Buchanan on drums.  Two other albums recorded by this same lineup are Pure Jerry: Warner Theatre, March 18, 1978 and Garcia Live Volume Four.

Production
The concerts excerpted on Pure Jerry: Bay Area 1978 were recorded by Betty Cantor-Jackson.

In a 2009 interview, David Lemieux talked about the soon-to-be-released album. "... I had done some tape research a couple years ago on material that I amassed over the years, put it together as stuff, whether or not it's in the Vault or had been floating around as tape trader stuff, but wasn't complete shows. And that's what a lot of this material is. The complete shows are either unknown as far as tapes go and just taking bits and pieces that we all accumulated over the years and putting them together into... I don't know if you heard the Listening Party on the website, there's a couple tunes up there, "Mystery Train" and "The Way You Do the Things You Do", the music is phenomenal. It really is great stuff.... I'm just very happy this music is getting out. I remember hearing this "Lonesome and a Long Way from Home" years ago and being blown away by it. Just amazing. "Let Me Roll It" is just stunning. These are really choice pieces of music. It can truly be considered a great live album."

Critical reception

On Allmusic, Lindsay Planer said, "Even though Garcia continued a fruitful composing collaboration with Robert Hunter, the Jerry Garcia Band more often than not filled their live sets with covers blending rock, R&B, and even the occasional gospel number. For a solid two-and-a-half hours, listeners are treated to ample evidence of all these styles — often times combining with extraordinarily inventive results.... Potential consumers should be aware of the superior fidelity throughout Pure Jerry: Bay Area 1978 as the performances were documented by the audiophile-friendly Betty Cantor-Jackson."

In The Music Box, John Metzger wrote, "... the latest installment of the Pure Jerry series highlights the Jerry Garcia Band's loose, freewheeling approach, which allowed it to step on stage and expand five songs to fill a 70-minute time frame. To casual observers, this might appear to be excessively long-winded, but the music never seemed to stagnate because the group kept pushing it forward.... the most intriguing facet of Pure Jerry: Bay Area 1978 is, perhaps, the way in which material from four different shows was strung together to form a cohesive statement. Tremendous care was taken to present the music without the jarring transitions that often accompany these sorts of endeavors. The moods shift from track to track. Yet, they follow a path that is both natural and logical."

On All About Jazz, Doug Collette said, "... this double-disc composite of four 1978 shows makes a statement solely through the music. Everyone involved in the Jerry Garcia Band lineup, including its prestigious leader, sounds deeply immersed in the group camaraderie which, in turn, enhances the live experience for the audience and the performer.... The sources of the Pure Jerry archival series aren't always so pristine in audio quality as this one (the stellar likes of which Joe Gastwirt mastered), or the level of competence and enthusiasm in the musicianship so high, but this set accurately reflects the time in which it was recorded and the level of care it was afforded in preparation for release."

Track listing
Disc 1
"Mystery Train" (Junior Parker, Sam Phillips) — 8:27 [a]
"Catfish John" (Bob McDill, Allen Reynolds) — 9:36 [a]
"I Second That Emotion" (Smokey Robinson, Al Cleveland) — 14:02 [b]
"Mission in the Rain" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) – 8:44 [b]
"Don't Let Go" (Jesse Stone) — 29:46 [b]
Disc 2
"Tore Up Over You" (Hank Ballard) — 9:04 [c]
"Simple Twist of Fate" (Bob Dylan) — 10:58 [b]
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Robinson, Bobby Rogers) — 10:17 [b]
"Let Me Roll It" (Paul McCartney) — 11:04 [d]
"Gomorrah" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:26 [d]
"I'll Be with Thee" (traditional) – 5:37 [d]
"Lonesome and a Long Way from Home" (Delaney Bramlett, Leon Russell) – 23:56 [a]

Recording dates and locations:
[a] February 18, 1978 – Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium, San Rafael, California
[b] February 19, 1978 – Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, Santa Cruz, California
[c] June 10, 1978 – Keystone, Berkeley, California
[d] June 18, 1978 – Keystone, Palo Alto, California

Personnel

Jerry Garcia Band
Jerry Garcia – guitar, vocals
Keith Godchaux – piano, vocals
Donna Jean Godchaux – vocals
Maria Muldaur – vocals
John Kahn – bass
Buzz Buchanan – drums

Production
Compilation producer: David Lemieux
Recording: Betty Cantor-Jackson
Mastering: Joe Gastwirt
Poster art: Randy Tuten

References

Jerry Garcia Band live albums
2009 live albums
Music of the San Francisco Bay Area

Pure Jerry: Bay Area 1978


Cedar Bough Place Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana, ¾ of a mile from the Ohio River, across from Louisville, Kentucky.  It consists of the 800-block of the road Cedar Bough Place, between Beeler and Ekin Avenues.

Description
Twenty-five primary buildings, seven outbuildings, and one fence contribute to the historic nature of the neighborhood, all of which built from 1883 to 1920.  These buildings are primarily of Vernacular Victorian and Queen Anne style, but examples of Bungalow, Airplane Bungalow and American Foursquare are also in the district.  Most houses in the district were built between 1891 and 1905.

History
The district was originally part of  owned by the Loughrey family in the early 19th century.  The  would be divided into twenty plots, with sizes ranging from two to .  Lot #6 was , and would become Cedar Bough Place.

When Lot 42 of the Illinois Land Grant was divided, Cedar Bough Place was laid off into lots, roads, etc. and sold on the 17th day of September, 1836 by Margaret Loughrey with the following provision: "and I hereby certify all roads, alleys, streets, etc., laid off of said ground to be for the common benefit of the purchasers and owners of said lots. The streets and alleys cannot be opened to the public without 90% of the property owners voting for the street being dedicated as a public street."

Private streets were created as a way for residential landowners to control real estate speculation and maintain property standards, in an era before the protections of zoning.

Construction in the neighborhood was started by Andros Huncilman 50 years later in 1890, at the end of the prosperous post-Civil War era in New Albany's history.  Huncilman owned a  lot that would comprise the district.  Throughout its history it has been a private street; with ownership of the street divided among the property owners.

By deed restriction, Cedar Bough Place is one of the first private streets in the United States. Lucas Place, the first private street in St. Louis, Missouri, was dedicated 15 years later, in 1851. That private street no longer exists. The oldest existing private street in St. Louis, Missouri is Lafayette Square, which dates to 1868, was dedicated 32 years after Cedar Bough Place was created and made private by Loughrey's deed restriction.

No other city near New Albany, including Louisville, has private streets (although Louisville does have private alleys), and Cedar Bough Place is the only private street in New Albany.

A long-standing fence that contributes to the historic nature of the neighborhood is on the north side, and is a central wrought iron connecting two original stone walls keeping traffic from entering the private road.  The southern fence is just wide enough for a single vehicle. Built in 1970 to replace the original entrance, it is not part of the historic fabric of the district.

Prominent residents
 Bernard Hock (American table tennis champion)
 Ferdinand N. Kahler (inventor and automobile manufacturer)
 F. Shirley Wilcox (Indiana's chief of Internal Revenue Service collections {appointed by President Harry Truman} and Indiana State Treasurer)

Present day
In 1994 an architectural study determined that Shelby Place could eventually achieve National Register status.  In 2006 the Indiana Department of Natural Resources gave a grant of $6,150 to the city of New Albany to prepare Cedar Bough Place, DePauw Avenue Historic District, and Shelby Place Historic District for registration on the National Register of Historic Places.   All three neighborhoods were placed on the National Register on March 19, 2008.

References

External links

Historic districts in New Albany, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Floyd County, Indiana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Houses in Floyd County, Indiana

Cedar Bough Place Historic District


Calvin Eugene Simmons (April 27, 1950 – August 21, 1982) was an American symphony orchestra conductor. He was the first African-American conductor of a major orchestra.

Life and career
Simmons was born in San Francisco, California, in 1950. At the age of 9, he entered the Bay Area's musical scene and began living his dream of becoming a world-class musician. He had been taught the piano from an early age by his mother, Matty. By age 11, he was conducting the San Francisco Boys Chorus, started by  Madi Bacon, of which he had been a member. Bacon gave him the early artistic freedom to assist with the chorus that would serve him and others for years. He was assistant conductor with the San Francisco Opera from 1972 to 1975, winning the Kurt Herbert Adler Award. Calvin attended Balboa High School in San Francisco.

After working as assistant conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta, Simmons became musical director of the Oakland Symphony Orchestra at age 28; he led the orchestra for four years. He continued to conduct the Los Angeles Philharmonic, both at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion and at the Hollywood Bowl. He would support Carmen McRae singing jazz one night, then conduct William Walton or Holst's The Planets a night or two later. He was the first African-American to be named conductor of a major U.S. symphony orchestra, and was a frequent guest conductor with some of the nation's major opera companies and orchestras (such as the Philadelphia Orchestra). He was the Music Director at the Ojai Music Festival in 1978.

He made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera on 20 December 1978, aged 28, conducting Engelbert Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel. He returned the following season for the same opera, of which he conducted a total of 18 performances. He was on the musical staff at Glyndebourne from 1974 to 1978, and conducted the Glyndebourne Touring Opera, including Così fan tutte in 1975. He collaborated with the British director Jonathan Miller on a celebrated production of Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Opera Theater of St. Louis (USA) shortly before his death.

He remained active at the San Francisco Opera for all his adult life, supporting General Director Kurt Herbert Adler, first as a repetiteur and then as a member of the conducting staff. He made his formal debut conducting Giacomo Puccini's La Bohème with Ileana Cotrubas. His later work on a production of Dmitri Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District drew national attention. In 1979 he conducted the premiere of Menotti's La Loca at San Diego.

His final concerts were three performances of the Requiem of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the summer of 1982 with the Masterworks Chorale and the Midsummer Mozart Festival Orchestra.

Other work
The short story "Addio San Francisco", which appears in the anthology Murder at the Opera (Mysterious Press, 1989), was written by Simmons with editor Thomas Godfrey, under a pseudonym.

Death
Simmons died in a canoeing accident at age 32 near Lake Placid in New York. After a large public funeral at San Francisco's Grace Cathedral, he was buried in Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.
At a memorial concert held in Oakland's Paramount Theater a few weeks later, he was remembered for his talent, his quick wit and sense of fun, and his ability to get on top of any score quickly.

Legacy
The Oakland Symphony Orchestra was reorganized in July 1988 as the Oakland East Bay Symphony Orchestra.  Simmons was honored by the naming of the Calvin Simmons Theatre at the Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center in Oakland, California. The Calvin Simmons Middle School in Oakland was named for him, but has since changed its name to United For Success Academy. Simmons is also the namesake of the grand ballroom of the Oakland Marriott Hotel.

His death inspired Lou Harrison to compose Elegy, To The Memory Of Calvin Simmons; Michael Tippett to compose The Blue Guitar, a sonata for solo guitar; and Robert Hughes to compose Sop'o muerte se cande, for high tenor and orchestra (1983, 2013). John Harbison wrote Exequien for Calvin Simmons. Simmons conducted Harbison's Violin Concerto shortly before his death.

Sources

External links

 Wolfe, Rinna Evelyn, The Calvin Simmons story, or, "Don't call me Maestro!", Muse Wood Press, Berkeley, California, 1994.
 Archive articles at The New York Times dated August 23, 1982 and September 9, 1982
 Simmons at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, Colma, California

1950 births
1982 deaths
African-American classical musicians
African-American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
Musicians from Oakland, California
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Deaths by drowning in the United States
African-American history in Oakland, California
20th-century American conductors (music)
Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park
Classical musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians

Calvin Simmons (conductor)


Oakdale Memorial Gardens, formerly Oakdale Cemetery, is located in east-central Davenport, Iowa. It contains a section for the burial of pets called the Love of Animals Petland. In 2015, the cemetery was listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places, and as a local landmark on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties. It is also listed on the Network to Freedom, a National Park Service registry for sites associated with the Underground Railroad.

History

Oakdale was established as a non-profit cemetery by a group of Davenport businessmen as an alternative to the overcrowded Davenport City Cemetery and the for-profit Pine Hill Cemetery. It was incorporated as the Oakdale Cemetery Company May 14, 1856. The cemetery board hired Captain George F. de la Roche, who had finished the design of Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C. five years earlier, to complete the design and platting of the cemetery. It was designed as a rural or garden cemetery, but it transitioned to a landscape-lawn cemetery beginning in the late 19th century.  It covers more than . The first numbered burial at Oakdale was that of three-month-old Mary Larned Allen on September 15, 1857, though several earlier burials were recorded at a later date, some from as early as October, 1855. Some of the graves in the cemetery had been transferred from the overcrowded City Cemetery in the west end. The cemetery is located across Eastern Avenue from the former Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and it contains the graves of the orphans that died at the home.  There are also at least 11 graves of former slaves who escaped to freedom by way of the Underground Railroad, which led to its inclusion on the Network to Freedom.

Two special receiving vaults were built in the cemetery, although neither exists anymore.  A brick vault was constructed in 1873 for those who died in the winter when the ground was frozen.  A wooden vault was built next to it in 1918 because of the large number of deaths as a result of the Spanish flu epidemic.

Architecture
The cemetery entrance is marked by a set of monumental gates, designed in the Art Nouveau style by Davenport architect Edward Hammatt in 1895. Construction of the gates was completed in 1896.

The cemetery is also home to several private mausoleums.  William D. Petersen was the son of J.H.C. Petersen who founded a department store in Davenport that has become Von Maur.  He also was responsible for the development of the city's riverfront and built the LeClaire Park Bandshell there.  His mausoleum was designed in the Gothic Revival style by Davenport architects Rudolph Clausen & Walter Kruse. It was inspired by his wife Sara's desire for a tomb similar to the ones she saw in Europe. It was constructed by Presbrey Leland of Valhalla, New York in 1921 for $60,000. The exterior is composed of limestone from Greece.  The interior features crypts that were carved from Greek marble and a ceramic tile ceiling that was designed and completed by the Guastavino Tile Company of Woburn, Massachusetts.

Joseph W. Bettendorf was an industrialist for whom the city of Bettendorf, Iowa is named.  His mausoleum was built in 1923 in the Egyptian Revival style for $150,000.  Its exterior is composed of Barre Granite from Vermont.  The interior features crypts carved from white marble and Egyptian-inspired stained glass windows.

The mausoleum built for Johannna Schricker, widow of Davenport lumber magnate Lorenzo Schricker, was designed in the Neoclassical style by Davenport architect John W. Ross.  It was built by the Vermont Marble Company in 1899 at a cost of $6,489.  The inspiration for the structure was the North Portico of the White House in Washington, D.C.  Its exterior is composed of Sutherland Falls white marble and features a bronze roof supplied by the Winslow Brothers of Chicago.

Soldiers' Lot

There is a Soldiers' Lot near the center of the cemetery, which is administered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.  At one time 174 soldiers were buried at Oakdale, including the first Iowans to die in the Civil War at the Battle of Fort Donelson. Most of the bodies were transferred in 1888 to Rock Island National Cemetery or Keokuk National Cemetery. The remaining 14 soldiers' graves were moved to the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) plot in 1900.  The plot was transferred from the GAR to the cemetery association in 1940 and the United States government took possession of it the following year.  Today it contains the remains of 71 soldiers from the Civil War and Spanish–American War.

Notable burials
 Alfred T. Andreas (1839–1900), book publisher and historian
 Bix Beiderbecke (1903–1931) jazz musician
 Joseph W. Bettendorf (1864–1933), co-founder of the Bettendorf Axel Company with his brother; Bettendorf, Iowa is named after him
 William P. Bettendorf (1857–1910), inventor and co-founder of the Bettendorf Axel Company with his brother; Bettendorf, Iowa is named after him
 Henry Peter Bosse (1844–1903), photographer, cartographer and civil engineer
 Alice Braunlich (1888–1989), professor and classical philologist
 Frederick G. Clausen (1848–1940), architect; founder of oldest architectural firm in continuous existence in the state of Iowa
 Rudolph J. Clausen (1878–1961), architect; son and partner of Frederick G. Clausen
 John Parsons Cook (1817–1872), U.S. House of Representatives, 1853–1855
 Eloise Blaine Cram (1896–1957), zoologist and parasitologist
 George Henry Cram (1838–1872), American Civil War Brevet Brigadier General
 Ralph W. Cram (1869–1952), newspaper editor and aviator
 Edward Savage Crossett (1828–1910), lumber baron
 John Forrest Dillon (1831–1914), Jurist who authored a judicial treatise that is now referred to as "Dillon's Law."
 Nicholas Fejérváry (1811–1895) Hungarian nobleman
 Alice French (1850–1934), author who wrote under the pseudonym Octave Thanet
 James Grant (1812–1891), first president of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, Speaker of the Iowa House of Representatives
 Edward Hammatt (1856–1907), architect
 Rebecca J. Keck (1838–1904), physician and patent medicine entrepreneur
 Joseph R. Lane (1858–1931), U.S. House of Representatives, 1899–1901
 Joseph Bloomfield Leake (1828–1918), American Civil War Brevet Brigadier General
 Henry Washington Lee (1815–1874), first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa 1854–1874
 John Fremont McCullough (1871–1963), co-founded Dairy Queen
 Paul Norton (1909–1984), watercolor artist
 Ernest Carl Oberholtzer (1884–1977), explorer, author and conservationist
 Dr. Charles Christopher Parry (1823–1890), botanist and mountaineer
 Hiram Price (1814–1901), U.S. House of Representatives, 1863–1869, 1877–1881; U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1881–1885
 John W. Ross (1830–1914), architect
 Addison Hiatt Sanders (1823–1912), American Civil War Brevet Brigadier General
 Phebe Sudlow (1831–1922), first female public school superintendent in the United States; first female professor at the University of Iowa
 James Thorington (1816–1887), U.S. House of Representatives, 1855–1857; Consul at Aspinwall, Colombia, 1873–1882
 John Vale (1835–1909), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 Charles J. von Maur (1863–1926), department store chain co-founder

References

External links

Geography of Davenport, Iowa
Cemeteries in the Quad Cities
Protected areas of Scott County, Iowa
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts in Davenport, Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Davenport Register of Historic Properties
United States national cemeteries
Cemeteries established in the 1850s

Oakdale Memorial Gardens


Louis Roy Serrurier (7 February 1905 – 16 January 1990) was a South African first-class cricketer who played in England and South Africa in the 1920s and 1930s.

Serrurier was educated at South African College Schools and University of Cape Town, then won a Rhodes Scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Middlesex in early May 1925, scoring 25 and 2 not out and taking two wickets; his first victim was future British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, known at that time as Lord Dunglass. In a further three games that month, Serrurier took six more wickets, but only once passed single figures, when he made 64* against Worcestershire.

His only games of 1926 were against the Australians and Ireland: he failed twice with the bat, but took six wickets in all. In 1927, however, he turned out 13 times, including seven County Championship appearances for Worcestershire in July and August; for them he hit 110 (his maiden century) and 59 against Gloucestershire. With the ball he claimed his only five-wicket innings haul, taking 5-103 for Oxford against Essex, and he finished with 26 wickets at 26.80, easily the largest season's aggregate of his career.

Serrurier then returned to South Africa, and between 1927–28 and 1929–30 he played for Western Province, having several outings in the Currie Cup in the latter season. He played mostly as a batsman, scoring two hundreds and a number of other useful scores; one of the centuries was a career-best 171 against Eastern Province in December 1928, and he took one wicket, that of Natal's South Africa Test batsman Herbie Taylor.

He returned to England to play two minor matches for MCC against Ireland in 1930, but back in South Africa he did make one final first-class appearance, for Transvaal against Natal in 1931–32. He acquitted himself well in a drawn game, hitting 56 in his only innings and picking up the wicket of Desmond Fell.

References

External links

1905 births
1990 deaths
South African cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
Gauteng cricketers
Western Province cricketers
Harlequins cricketers
University of Cape Town alumni
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford

Louis Serrurier


The Pact of Madrid, signed on 23 September 1953 by Francoist Spain and the United States, was a significant effort to break the international isolation of Spain after World War II, together with the Concordat of 1953. This development came at a time when other victorious Allies of World War II and much of the rest of the world remained hostile (for the 1946 United Nations condemnation of the Francoist regime, see Spanish Question) to a fascist regime sympathetic to the cause of the Axis powers and established with the Axis assistance. The 1953 accord took the form of three separate executive agreements that pledged the United States to furnish economic and military aid to Spain. The United States, in turn, was to be permitted to construct and to utilize air and naval bases on Spanish territory (Naval Station Rota, Morón Air Base, Torrejón Air Base and Zaragoza Air Base).

Although not a full-fledged military alliance, the pact did result in a substantial United States contribution to the improvement of Spain's defense capabilities. During the initial United States fiscal years 1954 to 1961 phase, military aid amounted to US$500 million, in the form of grants. Between 1962 and 1982, a further US$1.238 billion of aid in the form of loans (US$727 million) and grants (US$511 million) was provided. During the period 1983 to 1986, United States military aid, entirely in the form of sales under concessional credit terms, averaged US$400 million annually, but it declined to slightly more than US$100 million annually in 1987 and in 1988. The military credits were scheduled to be phased out in the fiscal year 1989, in keeping with Spain's growing self-sufficiency in national defense. More than 200 officers and NCOs of the Spanish Armed Forces received specialized training in the United States each year under a parallel program.

See also
 Spain–United States relations
 United States Air Forces in Europe
 1966 Palomares B-52 crash

References

20th century in Spain
Spain–United States relations
Treaties concluded in 1953
Treaties entered into force in 1953
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Francoist Spain
1953 in Spain
1953 in the United States

Pact of Madrid


A mass spectrum is a histogram plot of intensity vs. mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in a chemical sample, usually acquired using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. Not all mass spectra of a given substance are the same; for example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into fragments; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation. A mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment applied. Common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the McLafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage. Straight chain alkanes and alkyl groups produce a typical series of peaks: 29 (CH3CH2+), 43 (CH3CH2CH2+), 57 (CH3CH2CH2CH2+), 71 (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2+) etc.

X-axis: m/z (mass-to-charge ratio)
The x-axis of a mass spectrum represents a relationship between the mass of a given ion and the number of elementary charges that it carries. This is written as the IUPAC standard m/z to denote the quantity formed by dividing the mass of an ion (in daltons) by the dalton unit and by its charge number (positive absolute value). Thus, m/z is a dimensionless quantity with no associated units. Despite carrying neither units of mass nor charge, the m/z is referred to as the mass-to-charge ratio of an ion. However, this is distinct from the mass-to-charge ratio, m/Q (SI standard units kg/C), which is commonly used in physics. The m/z is used in applied mass spectrometry because convenient and intuitive numerical relationships naturally arise when interpreting spectra. A single m/z value alone does not contain sufficient information to determine the mass or charge of an ion. However, mass information may be extracted when considering the whole spectrum, such as the spacing of isotopes or the observation of multiple charge states of the same molecule. These relationships and the relationship to the mass of the ion in daltons tend toward approximately rational number values in m/z space. For example, ions with one charge exhibit spacing between isotopes of 1 and the mass of the ion in daltons is numerically equal to the m/z. The IUPAC Gold Book gives an example of appropriate use: "for the ion C7H72+, m/z equals 45.5".

Alternative x-axis notations
There are several alternatives to the standard m/z notation that appear in the literature; however, these are not currently accepted by standards organizations and most journals.  m/e appears in older historical literature. A label more consistent with the IUPAC green book and ISO 31 conventions is m/Q or m/q where m is the symbol for mass and Q or q the symbol for charge with the units u/e or Da/e. This notation is not uncommon in the physics of mass spectrometry but is rarely used as the abscissa of a mass spectrum. It was also suggested to introduce a new unit thomson (Th) as a unit of m/z, where 1 Th = 1 u/e. According to this convention, mass spectra x axis could be labeled m/z (Th) and negative ions would have negative values. This notation is rare and not accepted by IUPAC or any other standards organisation.

History of x-axis notation

In 1897 the mass-to-charge ratio  of the electron was first measured by J. J. Thomson. By doing this he showed that the electron, which was postulated before in order to explain electricity, was in fact a particle with a mass and a charge and that its mass-to-charge ratio was much smaller than the one for the hydrogen ion H+. In 1913 he measured the mass-to-charge ratio of ions with an instrument he called a parabola spectrograph. Although this data was not represented as a modern mass spectrum, it was similar in meaning. Eventually there was a change to the notation as m/e giving way to the current standard of m/z.

Early in mass spectrometry research the resolution of mass spectrometers did not allow for accurate mass determination. Francis William Aston won the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1922. "For his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the Whole Number Rule." In which he stated that all atoms (including isotopes) follow a whole-number rule This implied that the masses of atoms were not on a scale but could be expressed as integers (in fact multiple charged ions were rare, so for the most part the ratio was whole as well). There have been several suggestions (e.g. the unit thomson) to change the official mass spectrometry nomenclature  to be more internally consistent.

Y-axis: signal intensity
The y-axis of a mass spectrum represents signal intensity of the ions.  When using counting detectors the intensity is often measured in counts per second (cps).  When using analog detection electronics the intensity is typically measured in volts.  In FTICR and Orbitraps the frequency domain signal (the y-axis) is related to the power (~amplitude squared) of the signal sine wave (often reduced to an rms power); however, the axis is usually not labeled as such for many reasons.  In most forms of mass spectrometry, the intensity of ion current measured by the spectrometer does not accurately represent relative abundance, but correlates loosely with it. Therefore, it is common to label the y-axis with "arbitrary units".

Y-axis and relative abundance
Signal intensity may be dependent on many factors, especially the nature of the molecules being analyzed and how they ionize. The efficiency of ionization varies from molecule to molecule and from ion source to ion source. For example, in electrospray sources in positive ion mode a quaternary amine will ionize exceptionally well whereas a large hydrophobic alcohol will most likely not be seen no matter how concentrated. In an EI source these molecules will behave very differently. Additionally there may be factors that affect ion transmission disproportionally between ionization and detection.

On the detection side there are many factors that can also affect signal intensity in a non-proportional way. The size of the ion will affect the velocity of impact and with certain detectors the velocity is proportional to the signal output. In other detection systems, such as FTICR, the number of charges on the ion are more important to signal intensity. In Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and Orbitrap type mass spectrometers the signal intensity (Y-axis) is related to the amplitude of the free induction decay signal. This is fundamentally a power relationship (amplitude squared) but often computed as an [rms]. For decaying signals the rms is not equal to the average amplitude. Additionally the damping constant (decay rate of the signal in the fid) is not the same for all ions. In order to make conclusions about relative intensity a great deal of knowledge and care is required.

A common way to get more quantitative information out of a mass spectrum is to create a standard curve to compare the sample to. This requires knowing what is to be quantitated ahead of time, having a standard available and designing the experiment specifically for this purpose. A more advanced variation on this is the use of an internal standard which behaves very similarly to the analyte. This is often an isotopically labeled version of the analyte. There are forms of mass spectrometry, such as accelerator mass spectrometry that are designed from the bottom up to be quantitative.

Spectral skewing
Spectral skewing is the change in relative intensity of mass spectral peaks due to the changes in concentration of the analyte in the ion source as the mass spectrum is scanned. This situation occurs routinely as chromatographic components elute into a continuous ion source. Spectral skewing is not observed in ion trap (quadrupole (this has been seen also in QMS) or magnetic) or time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzers because potentially all ions formed in operational cycle (a snapshot in time) of the instrument are available for detection.

See also
Kendrick mass

References

External links
 Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC green book)
 An introductory video on Mass Spectrometry The Royal Society of Chemistry
 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A v17

Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrum


nhttpd is an open-source web server, also known as the Nostromo web server, designed by Marcus Glocker. It runs as a single process, and handles normal concurrent connections by select calls, but for efficiency during more demanding connections such as directory listings and CGI execution it forks. It supports HTTP/1.1 and CGI/1.1, Basic access authentication, SSL, IPv6, custom responses, aliases and virtual hosts. Security measures include running setuid and chrooting. Public access is controlled using the world readable flags and CGI execution by the world executable flags of the file system permissions.

See also

 Comparison of web servers

External links
 nhttpd web site
 Debian nostromo packaging

Free web server software
Software using the ISC license

Nhttpd


Marthe Camille Bachasson, 3rd Count of Montalivet (24 April 1801, Valence – 4 January 1880, Saint-Bouize) was a French statesman and a Peer of France.

Biography
Second son of Jean-Pierre Bachasson, 1st count of Montalivet (1766–1823), peer of France and Minister of Emperor Napoleon, he was born in Valence, Drôme.

After the death of his father and brother in 1823, he inherited the title of count and peer of France, and was one of the youngest peers to sit in the Chamber of Peers.

Minister of Louis-Philippe

He joined promptly the July Monarchy during the July Revolution of 1830 and was called to the Ministry of the Interior in November, where his main task was to prevent any troubles during the trial of the former ministers of King Charles X.
He was alternatively Minister of the Interior and Minister of Education in the different cabinets of the July Monarchy.

In 1832, he founded the Conférence Molé, a debating society that became a training ground for future political leaders.

After 1839, he became intendant of the Civil List, and created the Museum of Versailles in the walls of the Palace of Versailles, in order to reconcile France with the Ancien Régime.

A supporter of the July Monarchy

After the 1848 Revolution, he defended the action of the July Monarchy, and, as intimate friend of the former royal family, acted as executor of the will of King Louis-Philippe.

Rally to Republic

After the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, he rallied the "conservative republican" ideas of his friend Adolphe Thiers, and thus considerably eased the vote by the centre right of the constitutional laws of 1875, establishing a Republic in France.

He held a seat in the French Senate from 1879 to his death.

Family
He married on 26 January 1828 Clémentine Françoise Paillard-Duclère (Laval, 21 February 1806 - Paris, 3 March 1882), and had five daughters:
 Marie Adélaïde Bachasson de Montalivet (5 November 1828 - 14 April 1880), married in Saint-Bouize on 17 August 1847 Laurent François, Marquis de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (30 December 1815 - 30 January 1904), son of Laurent, Marquis de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (Toul, 13 May 1764 - Hyères, 17 March 1830) and wife Anne de Gouvion (Toul, 2 November 1775 - Paris, 18 June 1844), and had issue
 Adélaïde Joséphine Bachasson de Montalivet (Paris, 16 December 1830 - Paris, 14 December 1920), married in Saint-Bouize on 6 November 1850 Antoine Achille Masson, dit de Montalivet (Meurthe-et-Moselle, Nancy, 27 June 1815 - Villedieu, 31 October 1882), son of Georges Masson, vice mayor of Nancy in 1814, and wife Claire Felaize, and had issue
 Camille Bachasson de Montalivet (1 September 1832 - Menton, 4 February 1887), married on 28 November 1849 Théodore du Moncel (1821–1884) and had female issue
 Marie Amélie Bachasson de Montalivet (10 January 1837 - 15 March 1899), married in Paris on 16 May 1861 François Gustave Adolphe Guyot de Villeneuve (25 October 1825 - Paris, 22 March 1899), son of François-Pierre Guyot de Villeneuve and wife Joséphine Victoire Pelon, and had issue
 Marie Adélaïde Marthe Bachasson de Montalivet (Paris, 9 October 1844 - Paris, 2 August 1914), married in Saint-Bouize on 19 June 1865 Georges Marie René Picot (Paris, 24 December 1838 - Allevard, Isère, 16 August 1909), son of Charles Picot (Orléans, 4 August 1795 - Paris, 31 January 1870) and wife Henriette Bidois (Paris, 1799 - Paris, 19 November 1862), and had issue; they are the great-grandparents in female line of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Trivia
There is a Camille de Montalivet Lane in Valence, Drôme.
The rose "Comte de Montalivet" was also named after him. This rose, of the Hybrid Perpetual class, was created in 1846 from the seeds of William Jesse, and its colours marry red and purple.

References

External links

1801 births
1880 deaths
People from Valence, Drôme
Counts of Montalivet
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
French interior ministers
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
French life senators
Museum founders
École Polytechnique alumni
19th-century French philanthropists
French women philanthropists

Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet


Scleria terrestris is a species of flowering plant in the family Cyperaceae, the sedges. It is native to much of Asia and Australia, where it is widespread and occasional. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb that grows in wet habitat, such as streambanks and wet mountain understory, and some types of dry and disturbed habitat.

References

terrestris
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Scleria terrestris


Raleigh Municipal Airport was an airfield south of Raleigh, North Carolina which operated from 1929 through its closing in 1973.  It was originally established by the Curtiss Wright Flying Service as Curtis Field and later leased to the city, constructed by the Works Progress Administration.

The airport consisted of 5 runways, the longest , and a hangar with "Raleigh" painted in large letters on the roof.

Amelia Earhart visited in 1931 to christen a new aircraft for Curtiss Wright.

In 1932, Eastern Air Transport which later became Eastern Airlines, began mail and passenger service between New York and Miami.  In 1933 Curtiss Wright Flying Service went bankrupt and the city leased the property hiring Serv-Air to service the airport and operate a flying school in a rededication ceremony on October 4, 1934.  By 1934 the airport had 3 runways made of clay, sand and grass, the longest was .  The airport also maintained a weather bureau station.

Surrounded by highways, a railroad and a cemetery, the airport was unable to expand to meet increasing demands for air travel, especially those from the military as World War II loomed.  The airport was used for army training in 1940 and an anti-aircraft battery was installed.  "The ladies of the neighborhood lavished the soldiers with pies and cakes." according to a 12-year-old boy at the time. Commercial flights were moved to the newly Army constructed Raleigh-Durham Airport 12 miles to the north.
 The airport site was eventually redeveloped as commercial and residential property.

References

Aviation in North Carolina
Defunct airports in North Carolina

Raleigh Municipal Airport


The Bodashtart inscriptions are a well-known group of between 22 and 24 Phoenician inscriptions from the 6th century BC referring to King Bodashtart.

The first known inscription was CIS I 4, said to be found in 1858 in a wall near Sidon.

Subsequently, two series of inscriptions were found in the early 20th century at the Temple of Eshmun, near Sidon in Lebanon, immediately before and during the excavations there. They are known as KAI 15 and 16. One of these set of inscriptions refers to only the name of Bodashtart (KAI 15), and the other refers to both Bodashtart and his heir Yatan-milk (KAI 16).

In 2004 another significant inscription was reconstructed.

CIS I 4

This was the earliest known Bodashtart inscription, and is a unique text. The dedication is to Astarte rather than to Eshmun like the other inscriptions.

The inscription reads:

{|
|+
|-
| (line 1) || || BYRḤ [.]MP['] BŠT M[LK-] || || In the month of *MP' in the (first?) year of the r[eig-]
|-
| (2) || || -Y MLK BD'ŠTRT MLK || || -n of king Bod'astart, king of the
|-
| (3) || || ṢDNM KBN BD'ŠTRT || || Sidonians, he, Bod'astart
|-
| (4) || || MLK ṢDNM 'YT ŠRN 'R[Ṣ] || || the king of the Sidonians, dedicated(?) plain of lan[d]
|-
| (5) || || [Z] L[']LY L'ŠTRT || || [this] to his [g]od, to 'Astarte.
|}

KAI 15 / RES 766

This group of inscriptions, each with text similar to the others, was published together in the Répertoire d'Épigraphie Sémitique as RES 766. They were edited in detail by Philippe Berger in 1904.

The inscription reads:

{|
|+
|-
| MLK BD'ŠTRT MLK ṢDNM BN BN MLK 'ŠMN'ZR  || King Bod'astart, King of the Sidonians, the son of the son of King Eshmūn'azor,
|-
| MLK ṢDNM BṢDN YM || king of Sidonians in Sidon-of-the-Sea,
|-
| ŠMM RMM 'RṢ RŠPM ṢDN MŠL 'Š BN WṢDN ŠD (or ŠR?) || High-Heavens, Rasapim-Land, (and) Sidon, that he built, and (in) Sidon-of-the-Field (inland or rural Sidon).
|-
| 'YT HBT Z BN L'LY L'ŠMN ŠD (or ŠR?) QDŠ || He built this temple for his god Eshmūn of the Holy Field(?).
|}

The discovery was made by four workers who were extracting blocks from the temple on behalf of Druze leader Nassib Jumblatt (see Jumblatt family). They noticed that certain blocks had inscriptions with the engravings painted in red. A local antiques dealer bought three of the stones all with the same inscription. Due to the enormous size of the blocks, they were cut down to just 15 or 20 cm in thickness, and some stones were also cut into two or three pieces.

A number of forgeries were subsequently produced.

The excavated wall had two layers of construction: the inner layer showed more careful assembly of the blocks; the KAI 16 inscriptions were on the inside face of the blocks, such that they were not initially visible.

KAI 16 / RES 767
This group of inscriptions, each with text similar to the others, was published together in the Répertoire d'Épigraphie Sémitique as RES 767. They were edited in detail by Wilhelm Freiherr von Landau in 1904.

The inscriptions read:

{|
|+
|-
| MLK BD'ŠTRT WBN ṢDQ YTNMLK ||   || King Bod'astart and his legitimate son Yatonmilk,
|-
| MLK ṢDNM BN BN MLK 'ŠMN'ZR MLK ṢDNM || || King of the Sidonians, the son of the son of king Esmūnazor, king of the Sidonians:
|-
| 'YT HBT Z BN L'LY L'ŠMN ŠD (or ŠR?) QDŠ || || he built this temple for his god Eshmūn of the Holy Field(?).
|}

The KAI 16 inscriptions were found in the eastern part of the wall, in the outer layer of blocks, which had been placed less carefully than the inner layer. Again, the inscriptions were turned inwards (walled in) so that they could not be seen.

Bodashtart's water channel project
A fourth Bodashtart inscription, comprising eleven lines, was described by Paolo Xella and José-Ángel Zamora in 2004. The inscription had been discovered and photographed by Maurice Chéhab around 1960 on a rocky bank of the Awali river, some three kilometers from the mouth of the river, in an area where later an electric power plant was built. The in situ inscription seems to exist no longer, and Chéhab had never published it. But Xella and Zamora succeeded in tracking down Chéhab's photographs, and they conclude that the inscription probably refers to the construction of a water channel to bring water from the Awali river to the Eshmun temple complex northeast of Sidon, with its ritual ablution basins. Bodashtart had considerably enlarged this temple complex, so the local Yidlal water source would probably no longer be sufficient to meet its increased water needs.

The inscription is dated to ca. 520 BCE. It reads:

{|
|+
|-
| (line 1) || [BY]RḤ ZBḤ ŠM[Š BŠ]NT ŠB' IIIIIII LMLKY MLK BD'ŠTRT  || [In the mo]nth of Zebaḥ-Šama[š], [in ye]ar seven 1+1+1+1+1+1+1 of (the) reign of King Bod'ashtart,
|-
| (2) || [M]LK [ṢD]N[M BN] B[N] MLK 'ŠMN'ZR MLK ṢDNM BṢDN [Y]M ||  [k]ing of the [Sido]n[ians, son of the s]on of King Eshmun'azor, king of the Sidonians, (king) in Sidon-of-the-Se[a],
|-
| (3) || ŠMM RMM 'RṢ RSPM WṢDN ŠD KBN W'Š <BN>(?) P'L MLK BD'ŠTRT MLK ṢDNM 'YT  || (in) High-Heavens, (in) Rasapim-Land, and (in) Sidon-of-the-Field. This is what he built and that he has made, King Bod'ashtart, king of the Sidonians:
|-
| (4) || ...] NBL Z Y '[.. ']ŠMN ŠR QDŠ B'N YDLL LKNNM HMM [...] 'L(?) 'Š ŠQ [? ...|| ...] this «NBL» (water channel?) [... of(?) E]shmun the Holy Prince, at the YDLL source,
|-
| (5) || ...]LMB [... ...] 'ŠMN W'YT 'ŠR 'ŠT(?) WP'L BNM 'YT [... || ...] in [... (of?)] Eshmun, and the place of a pillar(?). And he has made in them (?; or: and he has made buildings ...) [...
|-
| (6) || ... ... ...] 'SMN W'YT ŠRYT 'Š TḤT '[... || ... (of?)] Eshmun, and the architraves that are below the [...
|-
| (7) || MLK(?)] 'ŠMN'ZR [...]GMMB'D[... ...] RBM '[...]BRNMŠ[.]'[.]T || king?] Eshmun'azor [... ...] many(?) [... ...
|-
| (8) || Y[L?]M [W?]'Š Y'BD [MM(?) ... ... || ... and] who may serve [water? ...
|-
| (9) || ...]'Y[T'(?)]Š YŠ[.]K[... ...]MY[..]Ḥ[...  || rowspan="3" | ?? (translation impossible, only a few single letters are readable)
|-
| (10) || ...]T[...
|-
| (11) || ...]
|}

Chronology
The chronology of Bodashtart's inscriptions and of his reign have been sketched by P. Xella and J.Á. Zamora López. In fact, they suggest that sources are now abundant enough that we may be on the threshold of being able to write Bodashtart's biography.

The oldest inscription is CIS I 4, dating from the king's first reignal year. It describes the dedication of a plot of land to Astarte—a fitting activity for kings of Sidon, who also were high priests—, but Bodashtart had not yet completed any building activities. The king, who was only a cousin of the last king Eshmunazar II, may have tried to justify an illegal succession by stressing his religious sense of duty, and by also mentioning his being a grandson of Eshmunazar I.

Next, the canal inscription dates from the seventh year of his reign. In the intervening five years Bodashtart had finished an extensive building program at the Eshmun temple, and probably also in the three urban districts mentioned in the inscription.

A few years later Bodashtart in KAI 15 records his building activities in those three districts, and also in a fourth urban district, appropriately called "Sidon of the Ruler".

KAI 16 dates from a few more years later. Only the building of the temple complex for Eshmun is mentioned. In this inscription Bodashtart for the first time mentions his son Yatonmilk, whom he explicitly calls a legitimate successor to the throne. This may be indicative of some uneasiness about his own rightfulness as a king. It is not known whether Yatonmilk ever has actually become king of Sidon.

Between 575 and 400 BCE no less than twelve names of rulers of Sidon are known (among them one queen-regent, Amoashtart). Bodashtart was the fifth of them, his regnal years cannot have been many, probably from c. 525 till c. 515. His accession may then have been related to a military campaign of the Persian king Cambyses II in 525 BCE, that ended in Cambyses's conquest of Egypt.

Notes

References
 Pierre Bordreuil, Gubel E., "Quel est le nombre des dedicaces de Bodachtart?", Bulletin d'antiquités archéologiques du Levant inédites ou méconnues VI. In: Syria. Tome 67 fascicule 2, 1990. pp. 483–520.
 Zamora, José Á. "The Inscription from the First Year of King Bodashtart of Sidon's Reign: CIS I, 4." Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, 76, no. 1 (2007): 100–13. Accessed August 12, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/43077614.
 Charles Cutler Torrey (1902). A Phoenician Royal Inscription. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 23, 156–173. doi:10.2307/592387
 Xella, Paolo, and José-Ángel Zamora López. "L'inscription Phénicienne de Bodashtart in Situ à Bustān Eš-Šēḫ (Sidon) et Son Apport à l'histoire Du Sanctuaire." Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 121, no. 2 (2005): 119–29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27931768.

1900 archaeological discoveries
Phoenician inscriptions
Archaeological artifacts
Near Eastern and Middle Eastern antiquities in the Louvre
KAI inscriptions
Collections of the Louvre
Archaeological discoveries in Lebanon

Bodashtart inscriptions