Climate change feedbacks are effects of global warming that amplify or diminish the effect of forces that initially cause the warming. Positive feedbacks enhance global warming while negative feedbacks weaken it. Feedbacks are important in the understanding of climate change because they play an important part in determining the sensitivity of the climate to warming forces. Climate forcings and feedbacks together determine how much and how fast the climate changes. Large positive feedbacks can lead to tipping points—abrupt or irreversible changes in the climate system—depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.

The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. Positive climate feedbacks include the carbon cycle positive feedbacks which include arctic methane release from thawing permafrost peat bogs and hydrates, abrupt increases in atmospheric methane, decomposition, peat decomposition, rainforest drying, forest fires, desertification. Other positive climate feedbacks include cloud feedback, ice–albedo feedback and gas release.

The main negative feedback or "cooling response" comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat removed from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.  This blackbody radiation or Planck response has been identified as "the most fundamental feedback in the climate system".  Carbon cycle negative feedbacks act to remove carbon dioxide and methane from the system after their concentrations increase. These feedbacks include the response of oceans, chemical weathering, and primary production through photosynthesis.

Observations and modeling studies indicate that globally the positive feedbacks outweigh the negative feedbacks, indicating a net positive feedback to warming.

Definition and terminology

In climate science, a feedback that amplifies an initial warming is called a positive feedback. On the other hand, a feedback that reduces an initial warming is called a negative feedback. Naming a feedback positive or negative does not imply that the feedback is good or bad.

A 2021 IPCC glossary defines a positive feedback as one in which an initial perturbation is enhanced, and a negative feedback as one in which the initial perturbation is weakened by the changes it causes. The glossary explains that the initial perturbation may be externally forced, or may arise through the climate system's internal variability.

Here, external forcing refers to "a forcing agent outside the climate system causing a change in the climate system" that may push the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. External forcings may be human-caused (for example, greenhouse gas emissions or land use change) or natural (for example, volcanic eruptions).

Positive feedbacks

Water vapor feedback

If the atmospheres are warmed, the saturation vapor pressure increases, and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere will tend to increase. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. The result is a much larger greenhouse effect than that due to CO2 alone. Although this feedback process causes an increase in the absolute moisture content of the air, the relative humidity stays nearly constant or even decreases slightly because the air is warmer.  Climate models incorporate this feedback. Water vapor feedback is strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m2/K, sufficient  to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur. Water vapor feedback is considered a faster feedback mechanism.

Cloud feedback

Global warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds. Seen from below, clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface, and so exert a warming effect; seen from above, clouds reflect sunlight and emit infrared radiation to space, and so exert a cooling effect. Whether the net effect is warming or cooling depends on details such as the type and altitude of the cloud. Low clouds are brighter and optically thicker, while high clouds are optically thin (transparent) in the visible and trap IR. Reduction of low clouds tends to increase incoming solar radiation and therefore have a positive feedback, while a reduction in high clouds (since they mostly just trap IR) would result in a negative feedback. These details were poorly observed before the advent of satellite data and are difficult to represent in climate models. Global climate models were showing a near-zero to moderately strong positive net cloud feedback, but the effective climate sensitivity has increased substantially in the latest generation of global climate models. Differences in the physical representation of clouds in models drive this enhanced climate sensitivity relative to the previous generation of models.

A 2019 simulation predicts that if greenhouse gases reach three times the current level of atmospheric carbon dioxide that stratocumulus clouds could abruptly disperse, contributing to additional global warming.

Ice–albedo feedback

 When ice melts, land or open water takes its place. Both land and open water are on average less reflective than ice and thus absorb more solar radiation. This causes more warming, which in turn causes more melting, and this cycle continues.  During times of global cooling, additional ice increases the reflectivity, which reduces the absorption of solar radiation, resulting in more cooling through a continuing cycle.  This is considered a faster feedback mechanism.

Albedo change is also the main reason why IPCC predict polar temperatures in the northern hemisphere to rise up to twice as much as those of the rest of the world, in a process known as polar amplification. In September 2007, the Arctic sea ice area reached about half the size of the average summer minimum area between 1979 and 2000. Also in September 2007, Arctic sea ice retreated far enough for the Northwest Passage to become navigable to shipping for the first time in recorded history. The record losses of 2007 and 2008 may, however, be temporary.
Mark Serreze of the US National Snow and Ice Data Center views 2030 as a "reasonable estimate" for when the summertime Arctic ice cap might be ice-free. The polar amplification of global warming is not predicted to occur in the southern hemisphere. The Antarctic sea ice reached its greatest extent on record since the beginning of observation in 1979, but the gain in ice in the south is exceeded by the loss in the north. The trend for global sea ice, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere combined is clearly a decline.

Ice loss may have internal feedback processes, as melting of ice over land can cause eustatic sea level rise, potentially causing instability of ice shelves and inundating coastal ice masses, such as glacier tongues.  Further, a potential feedback cycle exists due to earthquakes caused by isostatic rebound further destabilising ice shelves, glaciers and ice caps.

The ice–albedo in some sub-arctic forests is also changing, as stands of larch (which shed their needles in winter, allowing sunlight to reflect off the snow in spring and fall) are being replaced by spruce trees (which retain their dark needles all year).

Carbon cycle positive feedbacks

There have been predictions, and some evidence, that global warming might cause loss of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems, leading to an increase of atmospheric  levels. Several climate models indicate that global warming through the 21st century could be accelerated by the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to such warming. All 11 models in the C4MIP study found that a larger fraction of anthropogenic CO2 will stay airborne if climate change is accounted for. By the end of the twenty-first century, this additional CO2 varied between 20 and 200 ppm for the two extreme models, the majority of the models lying between 50 and 100 ppm. The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C. However, there was still a large uncertainty on the magnitude of these sensitivities. Eight models attributed most of the changes to the land, while three attributed it to the ocean. The strongest feedbacks in these cases are due to increased respiration of carbon from soils throughout the high latitude boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. One model in particular (HadCM3) indicates a secondary carbon cycle feedback due to the loss of much of the Amazon Rainforest in response to significantly reduced precipitation over tropical South America. While models disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming.

Observations show that soils in the U.K have been losing carbon at the rate of four million tonnes a year for the past 25 years according to a paper in Nature by Bellamy et al. in September 2005, who note that these results are unlikely to be explained by land use changes. Results such as this rely on a dense sampling network and thus are not available on a global scale. Extrapolating to all of the United Kingdom, they estimate annual losses of 13 million tons per year. This is as much as the annual reductions in carbon dioxide emissions achieved by the UK under the Kyoto Treaty (12.7 million tons of carbon per year).

It has also been suggested (by Chris Freeman) that the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from peat bogs into water courses (from which it would in turn enter the atmosphere) constitutes a positive feedback for global warming. The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390–455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere. DOC levels in water courses are observably rising; Freeman's hypothesis is that, not elevated temperatures, but elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 are responsible, through stimulation of primary productivity.

Tree deaths are believed to be increasing as a result of climate change, which is a positive feedback effect.

Wetlands and freshwater ecosystems are predicted to be the largest potential contributor to a global methane climate feedback. Long-term warming changes the balance in the methane-related microbial community within freshwater ecosystems so they produce more methane while proportionately less is oxidised to carbon dioxide.

Arctic methane release

Warming is also the triggering variable for the release of carbon (potentially as methane) in the arctic. Methane released from thawing permafrost such as the frozen peat bogs in Siberia, and from methane clathrate on the sea floor, creates a positive feedback. In April 2019, Turetsky et al. reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted. Recently the understanding of the climate feedback from permafrost improved, but potential emissions from the subsea permafrost remain unknown and are - like many other soil carbon feedbacks - still absent from most climate models.

Thawing permafrost peat bogs

Western Siberia is the world's largest peat bog, a one million square kilometer region of permafrost peat bog that was formed 11,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. The melting of its permafrost is likely to lead to the release, over decades, of large quantities of methane. As much as 70,000 million tonnes of methane, an extremely effective greenhouse gas, might be released over the next few decades, creating an additional source of greenhouse gas emissions. Similar melting has been observed in eastern Siberia. Lawrence et al. (2008) suggest that a rapid melting of Arctic sea ice may start a feedback loop that rapidly melts Arctic permafrost, triggering further warming. May 31, 2010. NASA published that globally "Greenhouse gases are escaping the permafrost and entering the atmosphere at an increasing rate - up to 50 billion tons each year of methane, for example - due to a global thawing trend. This is particularly troublesome because methane heats the atmosphere with 25 times the efficiency of carbon dioxide" (the equivalent of 1250 billion tons of  per year).

In 2019, a report called " Arctic report card " estimated the current greenhouse gas emissions from Arctic permafrost as almost equal to the emissions of Russia or Japan or less than 10% of the global emissions from fossil fuels.

The Sixth IPCC Assessment Report states that "projections from models of permafrost ecosystems suggest that future permafrost thaw will lead to some additional warming – enough to be important, but not enough to lead to a 'runaway warming' situation, where permafrost thaw leads to a dramatic, self-reinforcing acceleration of global warming."

Hydrates

Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate, is a form of water ice that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure. Extremely large deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on the sea and ocean floors of Earth. The sudden release of large amounts of natural gas from methane clathrate deposits, in a runaway global warming event, has been hypothesized as a cause of past and possibly future climate changes. The release of this trapped methane is a potential major outcome of a rise in temperature; it is thought that this might increase the global temperature by an additional 5° in itself, as methane is much more powerful as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. The theory also predicts this will greatly affect available oxygen content of the atmosphere. This theory has been proposed to explain the most severe mass extinction event on earth known as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and also the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum climate change event. In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.

In 2020, the first leak of methane from the sea floor in Antarctica was discovered. The scientists are not sure what caused it. The area where it was found had not warmed yet significantly. It is on the side of a volcano, but it seems that it is not from there. The methane-eating microbes consume much less methane than was supposed, and the researchers think this should be included in climate models. They also claim that there is much more to discover about the issue in Antarctica. A quarter of all marine methane is found in the region of Antarctica

Abrupt increases in atmospheric methane

Literature assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) have considered the possibility of future projected climate change leading to a rapid increase in atmospheric methane. The IPCC Third Assessment Report, published in 2001, looked at possible rapid increases in methane due either to reductions in the atmospheric chemical sink or from the release of buried methane reservoirs. In both cases, it was judged that such a release would be "exceptionally unlikely"
(less than a 1% chance, based on expert judgement).
The CCSP assessment, published in 2008, concluded that an abrupt release of methane into the atmosphere appeared "very unlikely"
(less than 10% probability, based on expert judgement).
The CCSP assessment, however, noted that climate change would "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) accelerate the pace of persistent emissions from both hydrate sources and wetlands.

On 10 June 2019 Louise M. Farquharson and her team reported that their 12-year study into Canadian permafrost had "Observed maximum thaw depths at our sites are already exceeding those projected to occur by 2090. Between 1990 and 2016, an increase of up to 4 °C has been observed in terrestrial permafrost and this trend is expected to continue as Arctic mean annual air temperatures increase at a rate twice that of lower latitudes." Determining the extent of new thermokarst development is difficult, but there is little doubt the problem is widespread. Farquharson and her team guess that about 231,000 square miles (600,000 square kilometers) of permafrost, or about 5.5% of the zone that is permafrost year-round, is vulnerable to rapid surface thawing.

Decomposition

Organic matter stored in permafrost generates heat as it decomposes in response to the permafrost melting. The amount of carbon stored in the permafrost region is estimated to be around two times the amount of carbon that is in the Earth's atmosphere. As the tropics get wetter, as many climate models predict, soils are likely to experience greater rates of respiration and decomposition, limiting the carbon storage abilities of tropical soils.

Peat decomposition

Peat, occurring naturally in peat bogs, is a store of carbon significant on a global scale. When peat dries it decomposes, and may additionally burn.  Water table adjustment due to global warming may cause significant excursions of carbon from peat bogs.  This may be released as methane, which can exacerbate the feedback effect, due to its high global warming potential.

Rainforest drying

Rainforests, most notably tropical rainforests, are particularly vulnerable to global warming.  There are a number of effects which may occur, but two are particularly concerning.  Firstly, the drier vegetation may cause total collapse of the rainforest ecosystem.  For example, the Amazon rainforest would tend to be replaced by caatinga ecosystems.  Further, even tropical rainforests ecosystems which do not collapse entirely may lose significant proportions of their stored carbon as a result of drying, due to changes in vegetation.

Forest fires

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report predicts that many mid-latitude regions, such as Mediterranean Europe, will experience decreased rainfall and an increased risk of drought, which in turn would allow forest fires to occur on larger scale, and more regularly. This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop. Part of that feedback loop is more rapid growth of replacement forests and a northward migration of forests as northern latitudes become more suitable climates for sustaining forests. There is a question of whether the burning of renewable fuels such as forests should be counted as contributing to global warming.  Cook & Vizy also found that forest fires were likely in the Amazon Rainforest, eventually resulting in a transition to Caatinga vegetation in the Eastern Amazon region.

Desertification

Desertification is a consequence of global warming in some environments.  Desert soils contain little humus, and support little vegetation.  As a result, transition to desert ecosystems is typically associated with excursions of carbon.

Modelling results

The global warming projections contained in the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) include carbon cycle feedbacks. Authors of AR4, however, noted that scientific understanding of carbon cycle feedbacks was poor. Projections in AR4 were based on a range of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, and suggested warming between the late 20th and late 21st century of 1.1 to 6.4 °C. This is the "likely" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors. Authors noted that the lower end of the "likely" range appeared to be better constrained than the upper end of the "likely" range, in part due to carbon cycle feedbacks. The American Meteorological Society has commented that more research is needed to model the effects of carbon cycle feedbacks in climate change projections.

A 2010 study suggested that if global methane emissions were to increase by a factor of 2.5 to 5.2 above (then) current emissions, the indirect contribution to radiative forcing would be about 250% and 400% respectively, of the forcing that can be directly attributed to methane. This amplification of methane warming is due to projected changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Researchers have also analysed how carbon released from permafrost might contribute to global warming. A study from 2011 projected changes in permafrost based on a medium greenhouse gas emissions scenario (SRES A1B). According to the study, by 2200, the permafrost feedback might contribute 190 (+/- 64) gigatons of carbon cumulatively to the atmosphere.

Gas release

Release of gases of biological origin may be affected by global warming, but research into such effects is at an early stage. Some of these gases, such as nitrous oxide released from peat or thawing permafrost, directly affect climate. Others, such as dimethyl sulfide released from oceans, have indirect effects.

Negative feedbacks

Carbon cycle negative feedbacks

Role of oceans
Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump. At present this accounts for only about one third of the current emissions, but ultimately most (~75%) of the CO2 emitted by human activities will dissolve in the ocean over a period of centuries: "A better approximation of the lifetime of fossil fuel CO2 for public discussion might be 300 years, plus 25% that lasts forever". However, the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain, and will be affected by stratification induced by warming and, potentially, changes in the ocean's thermohaline circulation.

Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering over the geological long term acts to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface. Biosequestration also captures and stores CO2 by biological processes.  The formation of shells by organisms in the ocean, over a very long time, removes CO2 from the oceans.  The complete conversion of CO2 to limestone takes thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.

Primary production through photosynthesis
Net primary productivity changes in response to increased CO2, as plants photosynthesis increased in response to increasing concentrations.  However, this effect is swamped by other changes in the biosphere due to global warming.

Planck feedback
As the temperature of a black body increases, the emission of infrared radiation increases with the fourth power of its absolute temperature according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law. This increases the amount of outgoing radiation back into space as the Earth warms.  It is a strong stabilizing response and has sometimes been called the "no-feedback response" because it is an intensive property of a thermodynamic system when considered to be purely a function of temperature.

The Planck feedback or Planck response is the comparable radiative response obtained from analysis of practical observations or global climate models (GCMs). Its expected strength has been most simply estimated from the derivative of the Stefan-Boltzmann equation as -4σT3 = -3.8 W/m2/K.  Accounting from GCM applications has sometimes yielded a reduced strength, as caused by extensive properties of the stratosphere and similar residual artifacts subsequently identified as being absent from such models.   Most extensive "grey body" properties of Earth that influence the outgoing radiation are usually postulated to be encompassed by the other GCM feedback components, and to be distributed in accordance with a particular forcing-feedback formulation of the climate system.  Ideally the Planck feedback strength obtained from GCMs, indirect measurements, and black body estimates will further converge as analysis methods continue to mature.

Mechanisms with positive or negative feedback

Lapse rate

The lapse rate is the rate at which an atmospheric variable, normally temperature in Earth's atmosphere, falls with altitude. It is therefore a quantification of temperature, related to radiation, as a function of altitude, and is not a separate phenomenon in this context. The lapse rate feedback is generally a negative feedback. However, it is in fact a positive feedback in polar regions where it strongly contributed to polar amplified warming, one of the biggest consequences of climate change. This is because in regions with strong inversions, such as the polar regions, the lapse rate feedback can be positive because the surface warms faster than higher altitudes, resulting in inefficient longwave cooling.

The atmosphere's temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. Since emission of infrared radiation varies with temperature, longwave radiation escaping to space from the relatively cold upper atmosphere is less than that emitted toward the ground from the lower atmosphere. Thus, the strength of the greenhouse effect depends on the atmosphere's rate of temperature decrease with height. Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect. Measurements of the rate of temperature change with height are very sensitive to small errors in observations, making it difficult to establish whether the models agree with observations.

Mathematical formulation

Earth is a thermodynamic system for which long-term temperature changes follow the global energy imbalance:

where ASR is the absorbed solar radiation and OLR is the outgoing longwave radiation at top of atmosphere.  When EEI is positive the system is warming, negative when it is cooling, and approximately zero when it is stable.  The ASR and OLR terms in this expression encompass many temperature-dependent properties and complex interactions that govern system behavior.

In order to diagnose that behavior around a relatively stable equilibrium state, one may consider a perturbation to EEI as indicated by the symbol Δ.  Such a perturbation is induced by a forcing ΔF which can be natural or man-made.  Responses within the system to either return back towards or to move further away from the stable state are called feedbacks λΔT:
 .
Collectively the feedbacks are approximated by the linearized parameter λ and the perturbed temperature ΔT because all components of λ (assumed to first-order to act independently and additively) are also functions of temperature, albeit to varying extents, by definition for a thermodynamic system:
 .
Some feedback components having significant influence on EEI are:
= water vapor,
= clouds,
= surface albedo,
= carbon cycle,
= Planck response, and
= lapse rate.
All quantities are understood to be global averages,  while T is usually translated to temperature at the surface because of its direct relevance to humans and much other life.

The negative Planck response, being an especially strong function of temperature, is  sometimes factored out to give an expression in terms of the relative feedback gains gi from other components:
 .
For example  for the water vapor feedback.

Within the context of modern numerical climate modelling and analysis, the linearized formulation has limited use. One such use is to diagnose the relative strengths of different feedback mechanisms.

Implications for climate policy
Uncertainty over climate change feedbacks has implications for climate policy. For instance, uncertainty over carbon cycle feedbacks may affect targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation). Emissions targets are often based on a target stabilization level of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, or on a target for limiting global warming to a particular magnitude. Both of these targets (concentrations or temperatures) require an understanding of future changes in the carbon cycle. If models incorrectly project future changes in the carbon cycle, then concentration or temperature targets could be missed. For example, if models underestimate the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere due to positive feedbacks (e.g., due to melting permafrost), then they may also underestimate the extent of emissions reductions necessary to meet a concentration or temperature target.

See also
 Climate variability and change
 Climate inertia
 Complex system
 Effects of climate change
 Parametrization (climate)
 Tipping points in the climate system

References

Sources

  (pb: )

External links
 : The Thermostat that Controls Earth's Temperature by NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, October, 2010

Climate change feedbacks
Effects of climate change
Feedback

Climate change feedback


İzmir is a city in the west of Turkey. It has one of the biggest seaports in the Aegean Sea region and all of Turkey. İzmir is a popular destination for tourists, who come for beaches and cultural tours in the region. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). İzmir is the third largest city in Turkey.

This is an ancient city; many scholars think Homer was born in Smyrna. Earthquakes destroyed the city in 187 AD, 1653, 1688, 1739, and 1778, and it was rebuilt many times. The last big earthquake was in 2020, which caused more than 117 deaths and the collapse of 8 buildings. The Greek name for this formerly Greek city is Smyrna, from which the Turkish name İzmir comes.  The Greek name was also used in English until the early 20th century. About 30 km (20 miles) south of İzmir, there is an ancient Greek city named Ephesus.

İzmir was a candidate for Expo 2015. However, Milan had more support, so İzmir lost.

İzmir


The White Plague is a 1982 science fiction novel by  American author, Frank Herbert that explores madness and revenge on a global scale.

Plot

On May 20, 1996, an IRA terrorist car bomb explodes, killing the wife and children of molecular biologist John Roe O'Neill. Driven halfway insane by his loss, his mind fragments into several personalities that carry out his plan for him. O'Neill plans a gendercidal revenge and creates a plague that kills only women, but for which men are the carriers. O'Neill then releases it in Ireland (for supporting the IRA), England (for their actions in Ireland and giving the IRA a cause), and Libya (for training said terrorists); he demands that the governments of the world send all citizens of those countries back to their countries, and that they quarantine those countries and let the plague run its course, so they will lose what he has lost; if they do not, he has more plagues to release.

After releasing the plague, O'Neill goes to Ireland to hide, planning to offer his services as a molecular biologist in the hopes of sabotaging whatever work is done there on finding a cure. When he arrives in Ireland, he is suspected of being O'Neill (whom the investigatory agencies of the world have deduced is responsible). To travel to the lab at Killaloe, he is forced to walk with a priest, a boy who has taken a vow of silence due to the death of his mother, and Joseph Herity, the IRA bomber who detonated the explosive that killed O'Neill's wife and children; their purpose is to confirm his identity, either through Herity's indirect questioning, or the possibility that he will confess to the priest when confronted with the pain his revenge has caused for the boy.

Meanwhile, law and order have broken down in England and Ireland, and the old Irish ways are coming back.  Local IRA thugs appoint themselves "kings of old", and others recreate ancient Celtic religions centered on the rowan tree. The IRA has effective control of Ireland, but as the governments of the world grow certain that O'Neill is there and essentially in custody, they consider wiping out the three targeted countries to end the lingering threat.

Major themes
Most of the drama is mental, political, and communal.  While the story of O'Neill and his revenge is told in full, there is also the larger story of how the governments of the world's countries deal with the plague, which escapes into limited areas that are quickly sterilized by "panic fire", which immolates everything and everyone in it. North Africa is wiped out; Boston is burned to the ground; Rome is destroyed with atomic bombs; and the US pushes for a moat of cobalt dust to isolate Africa, which is written off as a total loss.

The world's armed forces are reorganized under a Canadian Admiral, Francois Delacourt, who heads Barrier Command, responsible for the absolute separation of contaminated and clean areas.  Scientists toy with a conspiracy of intellectuals to override the expected repression of research by governments.  In countries around the world, angry mobs lynch Irish, English, Libyans, and anyone too closely resembling them.

The plague also has major social repercussions.  The book implies near the end that polyandry will necessarily become mandatory, potentially giving women involved in such marriages enhanced power.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The White Plague for White Dwarf #41, and stated that "There's plenty of edge-of-the-seat suspense and good thumping melodrama in the race to crack the gene-structure of the plague while a few women are still left alive."

Awards
The White Plague was nominated for a Locus Award for best science fiction novel in 1983, but lost to Isaac Asimov's novel Foundation's Edge.

References

1982 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Frank Herbert
Fictional diseases and disorders
Fiction set in 1996
Bioterrorism in fiction
Novels set in the future

The White Plague


Boring is an unincorporated community in Sullivan County, Tennessee. Boring is located off Tennessee State Route 75 in Southern Sullivan County, southeast of Kingsport.

History
A post office called Boring was established in 1881, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903. The community might be named for a member of the Boring family known to be residing there in the 1870s.

References

Geography of Sullivan County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Sullivan County, Tennessee

Boring, Tennessee


Kwabena Mintah Akandoh is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Juaboso Constituency in the Western Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

Early life and education
Akandoh was born on 19 June 1980. He hails from Sefwi Antobia a town in the Western Region of Ghana. He obtained his Bachelor of Science in Statistics and Mathematics  from the University of Cape Coast in 2007.

Career
Prior to entering politics, Akandoh was assistant director in charge of National Voluntary Programme of the National Service Scheme at its Head Office in Accra.

Politics
Akandoh entered parliament on 7 January 2013 representing the Juaboso Constituency on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. He was elected to represent the constituency in the Seventh and Eighth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

2016 election
Akandoh contested the Juaboso constituency on the ticket of National Democratic Congress during the 2016 Ghanian general election and won with 17, 233 votes representing 51.91% of the total votes. He was elected over Martha Kwayie Manu of New Patriotic Party, Stephen Mintah Cletron of NDP, Oppong Ernestina of Convention People's Party and Abdul- Karim Ibraimah Ibrahim of PNC. They obtained 15, 604 votes, 164 votes, 111 votes and 87 votes respectively. These is equivalent to 47.00%, 0.49%, 0.33% and 0.26% of the total votes respectively.

2020 election
Akandoh was again elected as a member of parliament for Juaboso (Ghana parliament constituency) on the ticket of National Democratic Congress during the 2020 Ghanian general election with 22, 304 votes representing 53.10% of the total votes. He won the election over Martha Kwayie Manu of New Patriotic Party who polled 19, 199 votes which is equivalent to 45.70%, parliamentary candidate for GUM Teye Nicholas had 341 votes representing 0.81%, Elijah Appiah Frimpong of PNC had 94 votes representing 0.22% and the parliamentary candidate for Convention People's Party Oppong Ernestina had 69 votes representing 0.16% of the total votes.

Personal life
Akandoh is married with five children. He identifies as a Christian and belongs to the Anglican denomination.

Akandoh had an accident on the Nyinahin- Kumasi road in the Ashanti Region of Ghana on Saturday, 29th July 2023 when his car collided with a Sprinter.

References

Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021
1980 births
Living people
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
University of Cape Coast alumni
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025
Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017

Kwabena Mintah Akandoh


Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31 (P. Oxy. 31) contains two fragments of the first book of Virgil's Aeneid (457-467 and 495–507) written in Latin. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The fragment is dated to the fifth century. It is housed in the Cambridge University Library. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a codex. The measurements of the fragment are 66 by 54 mm. The original page was about 26 cm high. The text is written in a small upright semi-uncial hand in brown ink. Grenfell and Hunt collated the text of the fragment on the basis of the Ribbeck text (1860).

See also
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 30
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 32

References

031
5th-century manuscripts
Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31


The African American population in San Antonio, Texas has been a significant part of the city's community since its founding. African Americans have been a part of the Greater San Antonio's history since the late 1800s. San Antonio ranks as the top Texas destination city for Black professionals.

History
The first Africans that lived in San Antonio were Afro-Mexicans when Texas was still a part of Mexico before the Mexican–American War. African slaves arrived in 1528 in Spanish Texas. In 1792, there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas. Anglo white immigration into Mexican Texas in the 1820s brought an increased numbers of slaves. Many African Americans in Texas remained in slavery until after the U.S. Civil War ended. There was scarce Union Army activity in Texas, preventing them from joining the Northern lines. During the Reconstruction era, newly emancipated African American slaves began moving from rural areas in Texas to San Antonio, establishing Freedmen's Towns on the city's East Side. Ellis Alley was one of the first African-American settlements in San Antonio. The census recorded 592 African-American slaves of 3,488 total residents living in San Antonio in 1850, five years after Texas joined the United States. Although slavery ended after the U.S. Civil War, by the mid-1870s racial segregation became codified throughout the South, including Texas. African Americans left Texas by the tens of thousands during the Great Migration in the first half of the 20th century, seeking work and political opportunities elsewhere.  African Americans in San Antonio were poorly represented by the predominantly white state legislature and city council, and were politically disenfranchised during the Jim Crow era; whites had used a variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social supremacy throughout the South. Racial segregation ended in the mid-1960s. On March 16, 1960, San Antonio became the first southern city to begin integration of its small restaurants when Richard Hunt sat at the lunch counter of the Woolworth's lunch counter in Alamo Plaza. In the 1970s, the African American population in San Antonio was 7.6 percent. Forbes ranked San Antonio in one of The Top 10 Cities Where African-Americans Are Doing The Best Economically. San Antonio ranks as the top Texas destination city for Black professionals and entrepreneurs. In addition to the New Great Migration, many African Americans in the US are now recently moving to San Antonio for lower cost of living and more job opportunities. San Antonio is considered more affordable in cost of living than Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth and Austin, which is an additional draw for many African Americans. San Antonio's Black population also increased by more than 10,000 throughout the decade. When the census numbers were collected last year, there were nearly 94,000 non-Hispanic Black residents were living in the city, amounting to 6.5 percent of the total population. 13 percent increase from the number of residents recorded in 2010. An additional 25,000 to 35,000 mostly black evacuees arrived in 2005 from the New Orleans metro after Hurricane Katrina with many of them deciding to stay in San Antonio. Ivy Taylor was also the first African American to be elected mayor of San Antonio and only the second woman in the position.

Demographics
In the 1970s, The African American population in San Antonio was 7.6 percent. The number of blacks increased in San Antonio, growing by 25 percent throughout the last decade, which was a surge of more than 29,000 people. Nearly 148,000 blacks were living in Bexar County by 2020. They accounted for 7.4 percent of Bexar County's population up from 6.9 percent in 2010 and still increasing.

The East Side of San Antonio has a large concentration of predominantly African American residents. Denver Heights is historically one of the oldest black neighborhoods in San Antonio. Outside of the East Side, the San Antonio black population of both working and middle-class black families is located on the diverse Northeast Side in areas like Camelot, Converse, Sunrise and Dignowity Hill as their presence has been around since the 1980s and 90s. African Americans are also located in parts of San Antonio's West Side.

Cuisine

There are plenty of Black-owned restaurants and cultural staples around San Antonio that offer up everything from seafood, Soul food, Creole, barbecue, wings, vegan and Ethiopian such as Tony G's Soul Food, Ma Harper's Creole Kitchen, & Big Mama's Taste of Soul.

Politics

Ivy Taylor was the first African American to be elected mayor of San Antonio and only the second woman in the position. In addition, Taylor was the first female African-American mayor of a city with a population of more than one million. Taylor was elected to San Antonio City Council in 2009 to represent District 2 on the east side of the city, and was re-elected to the body in 2011 and 2013. In 2021, Councilmember Jalen McKee-Rodriguez was elected to serve City Council District 2. The Alamo City Black Chamber of Commerce in San Antonio was established in April, 1938.

Media
The San Antonio Observer is a weekly tabloid established in 1995, and bills itself as the only African American newspaper in San Antonio. The newspaper attracted national attention in 2016 when it held a news conference for a police   shooting of an unarmed Black man, and announced, then later retracted, a threat to reveal the addresses of all police officers in San Antonio.

Cultural institutions
The San Antonio African American Community Archive and Museum (SAAACAM) is a digital archive and museum located in the La Villita Historic Arts Village District near the San Antonio River Walk.

100 Black Men of San Antonio, Inc. is to improve the quality of life within the communities and enhance educational and economic opportunities for youth in the community.

The Alamo City Black Chamber of Commerce serves and supports black businesses and professionals.

Education

Colleges and universities
St. Philip's College is a public community college located in San Antonio, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It is the westernmost HBCU in the United States. St. Philip's College, a part of the Alamo Colleges District, currently serves more than 11,000 students in over 70 different academic and technical disciplines. It is the only college to be federally designated as both a historically black college and a Hispanic-serving institution.

Primary and secondary schools
Sam Houston High School, is a historically African American public high school with a Hispanic student body. It is one of the first African American high Schools in San Antonio; it is located in eastern San Antonio and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. This school is one of twelve schools in the San Antonio Independent School District. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Religion
Mount Zion First Baptist Church is an historic African American church located at 333 Martin Luther King Drive in San Antonio, Texas. Founded in 1871 by former slaves, the church has since provided ministerial services to thousands and played a major role in the Civil Rights Movement of the city. In 1949 the Reverend Claude Black Jr. became pastor and lead the church to national prominence in the National Baptist Convention. Pastor Black who would become a Civil Rights icon and city councilman would invite figures controversial at the time to speak from his pulpit. Some of those would include Thurgood Marshall, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Azie Taylor Morton, Percy Sutton, Barbara Jordan and others. The church created the city's first black owned credit union as well as Project Free, a program dedicated to assisting the poor and the elderly. The church was burned down by arson in 1974, but rebuilt the following year.

Events and recreation

Notable African-American cultural point of interest includes the San Antonio African American Community Archive & Museum.

Juneteenth
Juneteenth is an annual celebration recognizing the emancipation of black slaves in Texas. President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation and published it on January 1, 1863, but it did not reach Texas until June 19, 1865. Over the next few years, African-American populations across Texas collected money to buy property dedicated to Juneteenth celebrations.

The State of Texas made Juneteenth a holiday at the state level after Al Edwards, a member of the Texas House of Representatives from Houston, proposed it as a bill.

MLK March
In 1987, the City of San Antonio's Martin Luther King, Jr. Commission held its first official march, building on marches that have occurred since 1968. The event typically draws more than 300,000 participants and is one of the largest in the United States.

San Antonio Black Restaurant Week
San Antonio is renowned for its food trucks, restaurants and cuisines and black owned restaurants play a large part in the annual event. San Antonio Black Restaurant Week will showcase food trucks and Black-owned businesses such as health and wellness, catering and event planning companies.

San Antonio Royal Steppaz
San Antonio Royal Steppaz is an African American trail riding group founded during the pandemic to connect members to nature and history.

Notable residents

 Al Freeman Jr., American actor
 Sterling Houston, experimental playwright
 Terence Steele is an American NFL football offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys.
 Sam Hurd, former American NFL football wide receiver
 G. J. Sutton (June 22, 1909 – June 22, 1976) was the first black official elected from San Antonio, Texas
 Artemisia Bowden (January 1, 1879 – August 18, 1969) was an African American school administrator and civil rights activist.
 Cadillac Muzik, Hip Hop group
 Shaquille O'Neal, American professional retired basketball player, graduated from Robert G. Cole High School
 Bo Outlaw, American professional retired basketball player
 Phillip Martin III, rapper
 David Robinson, former San Antonio Spur
 Clifford Scott, American saxophonist and flautist
 BillyRay Sheppard, saxophonist and recording artist
 Ivy Taylor, former mayor of San Antonio
 Mel Waiters, American R&B singer

See also

 History of African Americans in Texas
 History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth
 History of African Americans in Houston
 History of African Americans in Austin

References
https://www.blacksinsanantonio.com/

Ethnic groups in San Antonio
African Americans by city
African-American cultural history
History of San Antonio

African-American history of Texas

History of African Americans in San Antonio


A mass call event or mass calling event (also MCE in telephony usage) is a situation in which an extraordinarily high number of telephone calls are attempted into or out of an area, causing tremendous network congestion, and therefore service which is either significantly degraded or potentially almost completely unavailable.

The term is typically used with mobile telephony systems, in which there are simply not enough radio channels available in a given cell or cells.  This causes blocked calls or dropped calls.  However, it can also apply to landline phones, in which not enough trunking telephone circuits are available into and out of any given telephone exchange or equivalent switching office at any level of the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

An MCE is typically caused by a sudden disaster of some sort, such as an earthquake or explosion.  One of the earliest examples was the Iroquois Theatre Fire in Chicago in 1903. The 1963 Kennedy assassination represented a mass call event for Washington, DC. One of the most notable examples of a MCE was the 9/11 attacks. A more recent example was the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, in which mobile network service was so degraded by people checking on the safety of friends and family (or reporting their own status to others) that journalists and the public both assumed that the networks had been shut down to prevent further remote detonations, although this was not the case with any mobile phone company.

Access-class barring is one solution in such a situation, allowing public safety (PS) personnel such as emergency responders to have priority on the network, as well as general emergency calls to public-safety answering points (PSAPs). This typically only affects voice calls, therefore text messaging is a very effective way of communication during an MCE, as it only needs a brief connection to the network to be sent or received, and uses almost nothing in terms of network resources like bandwidth.

Mass call events can also be caused by planned events. In 1982, Eddie Murphy's Larry the Lobster shtick on Saturday Night Live resulted in record call volume, as Murphy held a live lobster and declared that the show's audience would determine whether he lived or died via telephone calls. The gathering in Washington, D.C. for the 2009 U.S. Presidential Inauguration of Barack Obama also created a MCE. In this case, network overload was avoided by deploying multiple cell-on-wheels (CoW) units with their own wireless backhauls. This was a particularly major situation for cell carriers because many attendees wanted to be live on the phone (via voice call or video chat) with others who could not attend the ceremony, further increasing network usage.

Telephony
Mobile telecommunications

Mass call event


The Church of All Saints is a Church of England parish church in Cuddesdon, Oxfordshire. The church is a grade I listed building and it dates from the 12th century.

History
Abingdon Abbey founded the parish in Cuddesdon in about AD 1180. The church dates from the middle of the 12th century.

The chancel was restored in 1849 by Benjamin Ferrey, and the rest of the church was restored between 1851 and 1853 by G. E. Street.

The church was designated as a grade I listed building on 18 July 1963.

Present day
Today, the Church of All Saints is part of the Benefice of Garsington, Cuddesdon and Horspath in the Archdeaconry of Dorchester of the Diocese of Oxford. The church stands in the Liberal Catholic tradition of the Church of England.

Due to its proximately, the church has close links with Ripon College Cuddesdon, an Anglican theological college. The college attends the church's evensong each day.

Notable clergy
 Fr William Fletcher Bishop, later Principal of the College of the Resurrection and Superior of the Community of the Resurrection, served his curacy here from 1933 to 1937
 John Baker, later Bishop of Salisbury, served his curacy here from 1954 to 1957
 Mark Chapman, Professor of the History of Modern Theology at the University of Oxford, non-stipendiary minister of the parish since 2014
 Alastair Redfern, later Bishop of Derby, an honorary curate of the parish from 1983 to 1987
 Mark Santer, later Principal of Westcott House, Cambridge, Bishop of Kensington, and Bishop of Birmingham, served his curacy here from 1963 to 1967
 Michael Scott-Joynt, later Bishop of Winchester, served his curacy here from 1967 to 1970
 Brian Smith, later Bishop of Edinburgh, served his curacy here from 1976 to 1979
 Martin Wharton, later Bishop of Newcastle, was a priest of the parish from 1979 to 1983

List of vicars

 1945–1952: Kenneth Riches, later Bishop of Dorchester and Bishop of Lincoln
 1952–1960: Edward Knapp-Fisher, later Bishop of Pretoria
 1960–1970: Robert Runcie, later Archbishop of Canterbury
 1970–1977: Leslie Houlden, later Professor of Theology at King's College, London
 1977–1985: David Wilcox, later Bishop of Dorking
 2014–2019: Emma Pennington
 2020–present: Karen Charman

References

Bibliography

External links
 Parish website
 A Church Near You entry

Church of England church buildings in Oxfordshire
Grade I listed churches in Oxfordshire
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in Oxfordshire
12th-century church buildings in England

Church of All Saints, Cuddesdon


Robert Howard Ralston (born July 2, 1938, in Upland, California) is an American pianist and organist who performed on television's The Lawrence Welk Show from 1963 until 1982, when the series ended.

Career

A native of Southern California, Ralston graduated from Montebello High School in 1955 and attended Wheaton College in Illinois on a full music scholarship. Before finishing his degree, he transferred to the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, from which he earned a Bachelor of Music degree in composition and accompanying in 1964. During his college years, Ralston played six nights a week with the Freddy Martin orchestra (1959-1962) at Los Angeles's Coconut Grove nightclub, where in 1962, Welk invited him on his show as a guest musician.

Playing with Freddy Martin lasted until the summer of 1963, when one of Welk's original pianists, Jerry Burke, fell ill and soon died, and Ralston was hired on a permanent basis. The Welk programs feature Ralston's piano and organ solos, but they frequently include his performances as a singer, dancer, and comedian. He arranged music and continued to perform for the Music Makers live and on television until 1982 when Welk retired from active performing. Since 1988, he has been the pianist and organist for the Founders Church of Religious Science in Los Angeles, an affiliate of the Centers for Spiritual Living.

Throughout his career, Ralston has recorded several hundred albums; many of them as a solo artist or with bandleaders, including Welk, Ray Conniff, and Billy Vaughn. He has also been active in the preservation of theater pipe organs across America and has been a guest conductor for several symphony orchestras. Ralston appeared as host in a 1999 PBS rerun of Lawrence Welk's "Time" show. He still holds regular concerts in his home with various guest vocalists.

Personal life
Ralston and his Dutch-born wife, Fietje, have been married since March 3, 1963, and they have two adult children. The Ralstons reside in Granada Hills in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles.

Ralston's parents were Bradford Ralston and the former Marjorie Elizabeth Norton (1911–1998), an early cartoonist for Walt Disney. In 1928, Disney hired her as an inker, the thirteenth person employed by the new company. She was the first female voice actor for Minnie Mouse in the 1929 cartoon Wild Waves. Ralston's brother, Frederick Carleton "Rick" Ralston (born August 25, 1941), founded Crazy Shirts in Honolulu, Hawaii. His paternal aunt and uncle, Esther Ralston and Howard Ralston (1904–1992), were actors.

Legal issues
Ralston was arrested in 1984 for the molestation of a 13-year-old boy that he met in Times Square and brought to California. When police raided his home, pornographic slides were discovered of at least 13 other boys. Ralston eventually pled guilty to one felony count of committing a lewd act with a child under age 14. In a plea bargain with the District Attorney's Office, three other lewd conduct charges involving two other boys were dismissed. Los Angeles police detective Steve Hales stated outside the courtroom, "'In all my years working with sexually exploited children, that was the most inappropriate sentence on a pedophile I've ever seen." Ralston was sentenced to 5 years probation and no contact with children.

References

External links
 Bob Ralston official webpage

1938 births
Living people
Musicians from California
American keyboardists
USC Thornton School of Music alumni
Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
People from Montebello, California
People from San Bernardino County, California
Musicians from Los Angeles
People from the San Fernando Valley
Theatre organists
Mensans
Lawrence Welk
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
21st-century organists
American people convicted of child sexual abuse

Bob Ralston


Jira Reretso who thought it was material for vadzimu. Midzimu and Mashavi that possess mediums or are family guardian spirits own one or more pieces of materials (jira or machira). The most known is jira reretso. This material is red in colour with designs in black and white. Jira reRetso is not for Mudzimu but it is for a Shavi called Shavi rekuvhima, or Hombarume or spirit of the Hunter. This spirit is a family spirit which in most cases, does not possess the medium separately from the core Mudzimu. The hunter spirit is a worker's spirit and assists family members who do work that brings income. The material is commonly worn by n'angas. retsoUnlike other materials that are bought for a specific Mudzimu or Shavi and are kept in the custody of the medium or head of the family, the family spirit of the hunter can have as many pieces of material as any of the family members wish to buy and keep. In other words, one does not have to be a spirit medium to purchase and keep a retso. In Shona tradition it has always been important to thank the hunter when they have brought home their catch and indeed some totems have special praise poems (nhetembo) for thanking their hunters. Likewise, buying a retso would be a way to thank the family hunter so that if figuratively he was bringing home mice, he is motivated to bring a hare then an eland and so on. Retso is not the kind of material that is kept in a safe place but should be used as ordinary clothing such as wrap, head dress, handkerchief, towel, cravat or scarf. It should not remain new but fade over time.

Some people are afraid of retso because they  associate it with N'angas only. This is the friendliest material because it can be worn in the public domain. We have see musicians wearing it and there is nothing to be afraid of, where retso is concerned.

Unfortunately this material is also used in the construction of goblins since it is associated with work and income. Hombarume spirits are therefore slowly moving away from it, opting for the black and white spotted material called guru rehanga which is normally associated with female spirits.

It should also be noted that machira were not part of the greater dzimbahwe culture but were introduced as part of the trade between locals and arabs.the importance of cloth was as a result of its scarcity at tbe time.

Vashona Tsika Zvipfeko

Jira Reretso


Cornel Mihai Ungureanu (born December 6, 1965) is a Romanian novelist and journalist.

Born in Craiova, he graduated Spiru Haret University, Psychology Studies.
Member of Uniunea Scriitorilor, Writers' Union of Romania, from 2004.
Magazine contributions: Dilema, Mozaicul, Ramuri, Vatra, SpectActor, Familia, Tomis, Argeș, Timpul, Viața Românească, Respiro, LiterNet.

Works

First article published in Dilema magazine, 1999.

First short story published in literature magazine Ramuri, 1999.

Prose
Treptele din fața casei (publicistică, 2002, editura LiterNet)
Pașii șarpelui (novel, Editura Timpul, 2003)
"Cornel Mihai Ungureanu turns indeed to the daily life brimming with stories, to the non-fictionalized life, saved from banality by visions of miraculous universes.
The world in The Steps of the Snake is a retro one, of town-dwellers who return – even if only for the holiday – to the countryside, where they find the savor of stories "from other times", told by witty, wise old men. The dialogs flow naturally, without any false chords, the novelist knows how to observe the oral quality of the speech, the colloquial ambiguities, the meanings hidden in unfinished sentences."
(Bianca Burta, Observator cultural nr. 171/2003)

Un fluture albastru (short stories, Editura Ramuri, 2003)
"(...) the excellent book by Cornel Mihai Ungureanu, A Blue Butterfly (Ramuri Publishing House), that affects the same "here and now" realism, touching, by its straightforward manner and by the chosen topics, a journalistic style, to reach the realm of decisive questions, treated with slight doubt and heavy irony."

"A Blue Butterfly is what it was programmed to be, the official inaugural moment of the relationship between the author and his audience. A good part of the nuclei that define his world are taking shape now: the familial as relationship with The Other (a whole army of aunts and grandmothers, brothers, sisters), the young couples, the kisses that have an almost haunting weight in the show that is observed and narrated, the paradoxical desire to be what he wants and doesn't believe that he is, namely a writer, but also the acquired reflexes that will come to characterize his style: a propensity for what Bogdan Suceava is calling, in his preface to this book, 'fissures' of reality."
(Xenia Karo, Vatra, nr. 5/2006)

Noi, doi-trei la zece mii (novel, Editura Ramuri, 2005)
"We, Two or Three in Every Ten Thousand is a collection of narrative sequences, ingeniously connected to a tyrannical super-theme: an attempt to negotiate the auctorial rapport between the internal and external realms. (...)
From the alert dialogic option, much more obvious here, we deduce, this time, a much more daring attitude, so that, for instance, the temptations of lyrism, followed obediently in the previous books, are now kept only as springboards for irony and sarcasm. (...)
Accomplished writing becomes a character in itself, the motive-character, the wonderful being kidnapped by the obscure forces of the unconscious. We are reading a book about waiting as hunting for a peak, about waiting for fulfillment, about how to wait and what could be done while waiting. (...)
The auctorial option seems to go towards the availabilities of the feminine agent, present in all its shades: the maternal impact, the protective-sisterly, the amorously ungrateful, capricious, delicate, spiritual (or not) feminine figures. The alibi of looking for a partner able to wait for him while he is weaving stories operates as a parable for seeking the tone of the book, in such a way that the sought-after femininity becomes both writing and flesh-and-blood beloved woman. What is invariable is the role assumed by femininity, in the splendor of all its types, that of a catalyst in sketching and feeding the auctorial cocoon."
(Xenia Karo, Vatra, nr. 5/2006)

Recreații cu Babi (publicistică, Editura Brumar, 2008)

Literary prizes
Petre Pandrea Prize for Literature of Mozaicul Magazine (2003)
Book of the Year 2005" of Uniunea Scriitorilor – Craiova, for "Noi, doi-trei la zece mii" (2005)
Nominee for Romanian Club of Press Prize – section Editorial  (2008)

External links

 www.cornelmihaiungureanu.ro
 www.uniuneascriitorilor.ro

 Cornel Mihai Ungureanu
 Dao tao SEO

References

21st-century Romanian novelists
Living people
1965 births
Romanian male novelists

Cornel Mihai Ungureanu


Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli (formal designations: C/1970 K1, 1970 VI, and 1970f) was a bright comet which appeared in 1970. It was a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a family of comets which resulted from the break-up of a large parent comet several centuries ago. It was already easily visible to the naked eye when first discovered, and reached a maximum apparent magnitude of +1 (about as bright as planet Saturn).

Discovery
Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli was first spotted on May 16 by Albert and Ronald Snelgar on May 16 in Halls Creek WA, and then into the NT on successive nights. They advised the discovery to Halls Creek police (who disregarded the discovery). It was then officially discovered on May 18 by Graeme White, an Australian amateur astronomer in Wollongong, New South Wales. He sighted the comet in binoculars shortly after sunset, and described it as having a star-like head at apparent magnitude 1-2, and a short tail about 1 degree long. He spotted it again on May 20 by naked eye as well as binoculars, and by this time the tail had grown to 10° in length.

The second independent discovery was made on May 21 by Air France pilot Emilio Ortiz, from a location about 400 km east of Madagascar. Ortiz saw the comet from his cockpit, and reported a magnitude of 0.5 to 1.0 and a tail about 5–8° long. A few hours later, Carlos Bolelli, a technician at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile became the third independent discoverer of the comet, although he saw only the tail, as the head was beneath the horizon.

Subsequent observations
Numerous independent discoveries were made in the days immediately following the comet's discovery, but astronomical naming conventions only allowed the comet to be given the names of the first three. All sightings of the comet were made from the southern hemisphere, due to the orientation of its orbit with respect to the Earth.

Throughout the comet's brief appearance, it could only be seen low in the sky for a short time after sunset, but it was most easily visible on May 24. After that it faded rapidly, and by 1 June it had already faded to below naked-eye visibility. The last definite detection of the comet was made on June 7, when it appeared as a faint, ill-defined nebulosity. Increasing moonlight and the comet's decreasing brightness prevented any further visual sightings of the comet.

Orbit
The comet's sudden appearance very close to the Sun and rapid subsequent decline in brightness both pointed to it being a sungrazing comet, and calculations of its orbit by Brian G. Marsden backed this suggestion. Marsden showed that the comet had reached perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 14, at a distance of just , or 2 solar radii.

The calculated orbit pinned down White-Ortiz-Bolelli as a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a group of comets which all originate from the fragmentation of one giant parent comet several hundred years ago, and which has provided some of the brightest comets ever seen. Kreutz Sungrazers all travel on similar orbits, which result in them being most easily visible from the southern hemisphere, between August and April. Kreutz sungrazers appearing between May and July may come and go unseen, as they approach from directly behind the Sun as seen from Earth; the only previous Kreutz Sungrazer seen during these months was the Eclipse Comet of 1882, which was only observed once, during a total solar eclipse.

Before White–Ortiz–Bolelli, studies had divided the Kreutz Sungrazers into two sub-groups, originating from fragmentations at different orbits, but White-Ortiz-Bolelli seemed to be a member of neither. Studies showed that it probably broke away from the comet that spawned Subgroup II, before the main fragmentation, and it was classed as the first (and so far only) member of Subgroup IIa.

Having an observation arc of only 14 days, the long-term trajectory of the comet is poorly constrained. The orbital period is basically unknown but assumed to be a few thousand years with an orbital inclination of 139 degrees.

References

 Roemer E. (1970), Comet Notes, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, v. 82, p. 928

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050302071933/http://cometography.com/lcomets/1970k1.html

Non-periodic comets
Kreutz Sungrazers
Astronomical objects discovered in 1970
Discoveries by amateur astronomers

Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli


Margaret Hendrie (née Griffith, 1935–1990) was a writer from the Oceanian nation of Nauru.  Hendrie wrote the Nauruan language lyrics for "Nauru Bwiema", the country's national anthem.  In preparation for the country's independence ceremonies celebrated in 1968, Hendrie's lyrics were adapted to music composed by the Australian musician Laurence Henry Hicks.

See also
 Joanne Gobure, another notable writer from Nauru

References
National Anthems of the World, 10th Edition; Cassell; 10th edition (August 29, 2002); p. 391;

Nauruan women writers
National symbols of Nauru
1935 births
1990 deaths
National anthem writers
Nauruan poets
20th-century poets
20th-century women writers

Margaret Hendrie


William "Bill" Edgar (born 1944 in Wilmington, North Carolina) is an American apologist and was professor of apologetics at Westminster Theological Seminary. He has been called by Charles Colson "one of evangelicalism's most valued scholars and apologists".

Biography

Edgar grew up in Paris, New York and Geneva. He studied at Harvard University (Honors B.A. in Music 1966), Westminster Theological Seminary (M.Div. 1969), and the University of Geneva (Dr. Théol. 1993). He served as home missionary of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, Pennsylvania, 1969–1970. Between 1970 and 1978, he taught at the Brunswick School in Greenwich, Connecticut, and 1979–89 at the Faculté Libre de Théologie Réformée, in Aix-en-Provence, France, where he continues as Professeur Associé.

Since 1989, he has been professor of apologetics at Westminster Theological Seminary. He is also coordinator of the Apologetics Department and director of the Gospel and Culture Project. He was chairman of the faculty until 2010. He is an ordained teaching elder in the Presbyterian Church in America since 1978.

Edgar is married to Barbara Smyth Edgar. They have two children, William Keyes Hill-Edgar and Deborah Boatwright Edgar.

Learned societies, boards and ministries

Edgar is a member of American Musicological Society, the Evangelical Theological Society, the Forum on Music and Christian Scholarship, the American Historical Association and the Society for Ethnomusicology. He is also a senior fellow at the Trinity Forum.

He is president of the Huguenot Fellowship Director of the Gospel & Culture Project and serves on the Institutional Review Board and the Medical Ethics Committee of the Chestnut Hill Hospital. He is a fellow at the Wilberforce Forum and at Colson Center, honors trustee at the Greenwood School, and senior fellow at the Trinity Forum. He is on the editorial advisory committee of La Revue Réformée. He speaks regularly at the Veritas Forum programs. He frequently participates in the China Christian Scholars Association, and often travels to China. He has taught in French-speaking Africa in several countries.

Interests

In his books and articles, Edgar has treated topics such as cultural apologetics, the music of Brahms, the Huguenots, and African-American aesthetics.

Edgar is a jazz pianist and regularly performs an evening concert combined with a lecture on the history of jazz. In 2007, it was recorded live on a double-CD, Heaven in a Nightclub, during a benefit concert for Chesterton House, a Center for Christian Studies at Cornell University. The concert and recording feature Edgar, vocalist Ruth Naomi Floyd, saxophonist Joe Salzano, and bassist John Patitucci. His compositions include La Sainte Victoire, which premiered in Aix-en-Provence, June, 2007. He has also set the Psalms to music in an African mode. He manages a professional jazz band, Renewal.

Bibliography

 Taking Note of Music. London 1986, SPCK
 Reasons of the Heart. 1996, Baker/Hourglass
 La carte protestante. 1997, Labor et Fides
 The Face of Truth: Lifting the Veil. 2001, P & R, 2001
 Truth in All Its Glory: Commending the Reformed Faith. 2004, P & R
 Les dix commandements. 2007, Excelsis
 Christian Apologetics Past and Present: A Primary Source Reader: Volume 1, To 1500. 2009, Crossway
 Beyond the Frame. 2010, Trinity Forum, 2010
 Christian Apologetics Past and Present: A Primary Source Reader: Volume 2, From 1500. 2011, Crossway
 Schaeffer on the Christian Life: Countercultural Spirituality. Forthcoming 2013, Crossway

References

External links

Heaven in a Nightclub: The Roots and Theology of Jazz Combined concert and lecture. Justin Taylor – Between Two Worlds
William Edgar: The Deep Joy of Jazz By Faith Issue Number 11, October 2006

American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Christian apologists
Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
American Presbyterians
Presbyterian Church in America ministers
Harvard College alumni
University of Geneva alumni
Westminster Theological Seminary alumni
Westminster Theological Seminary faculty
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
1944 births
Living people
People from Wilmington, North Carolina
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century American pianists
Jazz musicians from North Carolina
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians

William Edgar (apologist)


The Church of the Holy Communion is an historic stone Episcopal church building located at 116 North Minnesota Avenue St. Peter, Minnesota, United States. Designed by noted ecclesiastical architect Henry Martyn Congdon of New York City in the Gothic Revival style of architecture, it was built in 1869 of Kasota limestone. It features buttresses and a steeply sloping gabled roof with smaller gabled eye-windows on each slope of the roof. On May 19, 1983, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The first Episcopal service in St. Peter was held on October 27, 1854 at the home of St. Peter's founder Captain William Bigelow Dodd and his wife Harriet. Bishop Jackson Kemper officiated at the service which was attended by 37 people.  Mrs. Dodd was instrumental in inviting Bishop Kemper to St. Peter.  A parish was soon established and the first church a wood-frame structure was built in 1855 near where the current stone church stands. The Rev. Ezra Jones was the first rector of the congregation, he was succeeded by Rev. Edward Livermore who was rector at the time the current church was constructed.  The bell from the first church was placed in the tower of the new church and has rung on the death of every American president since Abraham Lincoln.  The bodies of Captain Dodd, his wife Harriet, and two of their children—Willis Gorman Dodd and Harriet Virginia Dodd—lie buried in a grave behind the present church.

Current status
The church is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota. Its current rector is the Rev. Dr. Thomas D. Harries.  Rev. Harries will be retiring as of the end of April 2022.

References

External links
 Church of the Holy Communion website

Buildings and structures in Nicollet County, Minnesota
Episcopal church buildings in Minnesota
Gothic Revival church buildings in Minnesota
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Churches completed in 1869
Stone churches in Minnesota
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Limestone churches in the United States
1869 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Nicollet County, Minnesota

Church of the Holy Communion (St. Peter, Minnesota)


Probenecid, also sold under the brand name Probalan, is a medication that increases uric acid excretion in the urine. It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia.

Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide to competitively inhibit renal excretion of some drugs, thereby increasing their plasma concentration and prolonging their effects.

Medical uses
Probenecid is primarily used to treat gout and hyperuricemia.

Probenecid is sometimes used to increase the concentration of some antibiotics and to protect the kidneys when given with cidofovir. Specifically, a small amount of evidence supports the use of intravenous cefazolin once rather than three times a day when it is combined with probenecid.

It has also found use as a masking agent, potentially helping athletes using performance-enhancing substances to avoid detection by drug tests.

Adverse effects
Mild symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite, dizziness, vomiting, headache, sore gums, or frequent urination are common with this medication. Life-threatening side effects such as thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukemia and encephalopathy are extremely rare. Theoretically probenecid can increase the risk of uric acid kidney stones.

Drug interactions
Some of the important clinical interactions of probenecid include those with captopril, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, naproxen, cephalosporins, quinolones, penicillins, methotrexate, zidovudine, ganciclovir, lorazepam, and acyclovir. In all these interactions, the excretion of these drugs is reduced due to probenecid, which in turn can lead to increased concentrations of these.

Pharmacodynamics
In gout, probenecid competitively inhibits the reabsorption of uric acid through the organic anion transporter (OAT) at the proximal tubules. This leads to preferential reabsorption of probenecid back into plasma and excretion of uric acid in urine, thus reducing blood uric acid levels and reducing its deposition in various tissues.

Probenecid also inhibits pannexin 1. Pannexin 1 is involved in the activation of inflammasomes and subsequent release of interleukin-1β causing inflammation. Inhibition of pannexin 1 thus reduces inflammation, which is the core pathology of gout.

Historically, probenecid has been used to increase the duration of action of drugs such as penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. Penicillins are excreted in the urine at proximal and distal convoluted tubules through the same organic anion transporter (OAT) as seen in gout. Probenecid competes with penicillin for excretion at the OAT, which in turn increases the plasma concentration of penicillin.

Pharmacokinetics
In the kidneys, probenecid is filtered at the glomerulus, secreted in the proximal tubule and reabsorbed in the distal tubule.

History
During World War II, probenecid was used to extend limited supplies of penicillin. This use exploited probenecid's interference with drug elimination (via urinary excretion) in the kidneys and allowed lower doses of penicillin to be used.

Probenecid was added to the International Olympic Committee's list of banned substances in January 1988.

References

Antigout agents
World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
Benzoic acids

Probenecid


Albert Neilson Hornby, nicknamed Monkey Hornby (10 February 1847 – 17 December 1925) was one of the best-known sportsmen in England during the nineteenth century excelling in both rugby and cricket. He was the first of only two men to captain the country at both rugby and cricket but is also remembered as the England cricket captain whose side lost the Test match which gave rise to the Ashes, at home against the Australians in 1882. Additionally, he played football for Blackburn Rovers.

Early life

He was the sixth son of William Henry Hornby, a cotton mill proprietor and director of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn from 1857 to 1865. His brothers, Edward and Harry, were also MPs for Blackburn from 1869 to 1874, and from 1886 to 1910 respectively. Edward and another brother Cecil also played first-class cricket. Albert attended Harrow School, for whom he played against Eton College at Lord's, and from there returned to Lancashire to join the family business.

Cricket career
Whilst at Harrow, his family had moved to Shrewbridge Hall, Nantwich, Cheshire, and he first played cricket for that county in 1862 and played in 20 matches between then and 1876. His club cricket was for the East Lancashire Club, Blackburn and he was first tried for Lancashire County Cricket Club in 1867. It was with his county that he was to play his finest cricket. From 1869 to 1899 he played 683 innings in first-class cricket with an average of over 24 runs. He played for Lancashire for 33 years, 17 as captain (in 1879–1893 and 1897–1898). For many years he provided an ideal attacking foil to the careful defence of his opening partner, Dick Barlow, with whom he was immortalised in one of the best known of all cricket poems, At Lord's by Francis Thompson which contains the following lines:

   It is little I repair to the matches of the Southron folk,
      Though my own red roses there may blow;
   It is little I repair to the matches of the Southron folk,
      Though the red roses crest the caps, I know.
   For the field is full of shades as I near a shadowy coast,
   And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost,
   And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host
      As the run stealers flicker to and fro,
         To and fro:
      O my Hornby and my Barlow long ago!

His lack of stature and excess of energy earned him the nickname "Monkey" whilst at school and this stuck, while his players called him "The Boss", for his martinet approach to captaincy. His prowess as a forceful front-foot player, was matched by his fielding abilities. Between 1870 and 1881 he was the only player for Lancashire to reach a century for the club, which he did on seven occasions and in 1881 he topped the national averages, with his 1531 runs including three centuries.

Hornby was unable to carry his county form with the bat into the Test arena, his 3.50 average being a testament to this fact. In his debut Test on the 1878–79 Australian tour (during this tour, Hornby was caught up in the Sydney Riot of 1879) he lost his wicket in both innings to Spofforth; this was to be repeated in his next Test in 1882. The Test match in 1882 was a one-off game played at The Oval in London, England, and the English cricket team lost it to Australia by seven runs. In response, the Sporting Times printed the following "obituary" to English cricket:
In Affectionate Remembrance of ENGLISH CRICKET, which died at the Oval on 29th AUGUST, 1882, Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing friends and acquaintances R.I.P. N.B. – The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia.
Thus was born the greatest rivalry in cricket which to this day is known as The Ashes. AN Hornby captained England in only one more Test (his last), standing in for Lord Harris (who had stood out in protest) in the first Test of 1884. The match was played at Old Trafford on 10, 11 and 12 July 1884 and was drawn. Hornby avoided Spofforth but his 0 and 4 in the two innings remained undistinguished and in the same test match he also became the first player to be stumped in both innings of a single test match.

In addition to his county and country, he also played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club between 1873 and 1898. Aside from his playing for Lancashire, Hornby also held the posts of Lancashire chairman from 1878 to 1898, and Lancashire president from 1894 to 1916.

Rugby career
Hornby first played for the Preston Grasshoppers and thence on to Manchester Football Club. His first game for England was on 5 February 1877 under the captaincy of Edward Kewley, a fellow Lancastrian. This match was the first 15-a-side international and was between England and Ireland at the Oval. He played as a three-quarter and despite being 30 years old, kept his place. He was present in the team in 1878 but due to his overseas international cricketing commitments in 1879 was unable to play rugby for his country that year. He was recalled to the side in 1880 as a full back and it was in this position that he was called upon to captain his country in 1882. The game was played in Manchester on 4 March 1882 against Scotland who won by 2 tries to nil. When, later that year, Hornby led the England cricket team out at the Oval to play the Australians he became the first man to captain his country in both sports and this in his 36th year. He is one of only two men to have captained England at both these sports, the other being Andrew Stoddart.

Association football
As well as becoming captain of the national side for both cricket and rugby, Hornby was also selected to play for Blackburn Rovers in their inaugural game at Alexandra Meadows, against Partick Thistle on 2 January 1878. He played for them in a few subsequent matches. He later appeared for Nantwich where he also served as Club President.

Newspaper correspondence in the 1950s suggests the 1877 formation of Crewe Alexandra Football Club as an offshoot of Crewe Alexandra Cricket Club was proposed by Hornby, who elicited the support of 'Thomas Abrams' (presumably Thomas Abraham) and other founders.

Personal life
 In 1876 he married Ada Sarah Ingram, the daughter of Herbert Ingram MP, the founder and proprietor of The Illustrated London News. With Ada he lived in Church Minshull, Nantwich and they had four sons all of whom went to Harrow. George Vernon (1879–1905) died in South Africa, having served in the Boer War whilst Walter Ingram (1878–1918) died of wounds received in France. The youngest, John, (1880–1927) was also wounded during the First World War, was awarded the Military Cross, and later died when exploring in the north of Canada. The eldest son, Albert Henry (1877–1952) went on to Trinity College, Cambridge and like his father played and captained Lancashire. Between 1899 and 1914 he played 283 matches – only nine matches fewer than his father.

Hornby was also a Captain of 1st Royal Cheshire Militia. He died at Parkfield, Nantwich, Cheshire on 17 December 1925, and was buried in the churchyard of St Mary's Church in nearby Acton.

Portrayals
Hornby is one of the main characters in the Netflix mini-series "The English Game" (2020), played by Harry Michell.

References

External links

1847 births
1925 deaths
England Test cricketers
England Test cricket captains
Lancashire cricket captains
England international rugby union players
People educated at Harrow School
Free Foresters cricketers
Cricketers from Blackburn
Lancashire County RFU players
United North of England Eleven cricketers
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Over 30s v Under 30s cricketers
North of the Thames v South of the Thames cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of the North cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Men's association football players not categorized by position
English cricketers
English men's footballers
All-England Eleven cricketers
Rugby union fullbacks
Manchester Rugby Club players

A. N. Hornby


Arnold E. Samuelson (1917-2002) was a combat photographer during World War II who was among the first Allied photographers to document Nazi war crimes.

Before America's entry into World War II, Samuelson worked for the Eastman Kodak Company in Portland, Oregon. In May 1942, he was inducted into the U.S. Army. He served in the Army Air Forces and later joined the Signal Corps in January 1943.

Three months after D-Day (June 6, 1944), Samuelson came ashore on the Normandy beaches with the 167th Signal Photographic Company and began documenting the Allied military campaigns in France and Belgium. He saw service in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944), and, in 1945, he was given command of Combat Assignment Unit #123. That unit consisted of two motion picture cameramen, John O'Brian and Edward Urban, and two still photographers, J Malan Heslop and Walter McDonald.

Samuelson's group served initially with the 9th Armored Division, advancing as far as Leipzig, then was attached to the 80th Infantry Division as it moved southward to Bavaria and Austria.

During this campaign, Samuelson's crew was the first group of Allied photographers to document Nazi crimes and the plight of concentration camp prisoners at Lenzing and Ebensee, two subcamps of the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria.

External links
167th Signal Photographic Company - A World War II Reenacting group in the USA
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Arnold E. Samuelson

1917 births
2002 deaths
Holocaust historiography
American war photographers
Mauthausen concentration camp
Photographers from Oregon
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II

Arnold E. Samuelson


Ernest Earl Lockhart (September 10, 1912 – July 26, 2006) was a chemist and explorer.

Early life and education
Ernest Earl Lockhart was born in Boston, Massachusetts (USA) on September 10, 1912. He grew up in the Hyde Park section of Boston; Lockhart was the youngest of three children of Clinton Daniel Lockhart and Celeste Althea Westhaver, who both emigrated from Nova Scotia, Canada. E.E. Lockhart was educated in the Boston public schools, at the Chauncy Hall School, and then at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned three degrees, culminating with a PhD in biochemistry in 1938.

Career and achievements
Following a year of study on fellowship at the Biochemical Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, E.E. Lockhart served as the physiologist on Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd's United States Antarctic Service Expedition of 1939-1941 to the South Pole. For this service he received a special medal authorized by the Congress of the United States. A memorable experience on the expedition was a four-month, 400-mile field trip by dog team. He was the radio operator for his four-man party. Mount Lockhart, a mountain in the Fosdick range, is named after him.

Upon his return home, E.E. Lockhart began a career of research and teaching at M.I.T. in the field of food technology and nutrition. In 1955 he left M.I.T. to become research director at the Coffee Brewing Institute, a trade organization located in New York City. In 1965, he became assistant research director of the Coca Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, Georgia, where he lived until his retirement in 1978. Earl was a co-founder of the International Life Sciences Institute, a worldwide foundation that seeks to improve the well-being of the general public through the advancement of science.

Later life and death
Ernest Earl Lockhart retired to his Cape Cod home in West Dennis, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Helen lived for his remaining twenty-seven years. He died at his home on July 26, 2006, at the age of 93. A family ceremony in his honor was held on the nearby Bass River, on September 10, 2006, the ninety-fourth anniversary of his birth.

References
 Mount Lockhart
 The Tech, Tuesday October 18, 1949
 Time magazine, Monday, Dec. 1, 1941
 Biochemical Journal, Volume 33, part 4, April 1939

1912 births
2006 deaths
American biochemists
American food chemists
People from Hyde Park, Boston
People from Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall School alumni

Ernest Earl Lockhart


KFSG (1690 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting a Brokered programming format featuring Spanish Religious and Multilingual shows.  KFSG is licensed to Roseville, California and serves the Sacramento metropolitan area.  The station is owned by Way Broadcasting Licensee, LLC., part of New York City-based Multicultural Broadcasting.

KFSG's signal can be picked up in parts of the western United States at night, beyond the Sacramento area. 1690 is a relatively clear frequency, with the closest station competing being KDMT in Arvada, Colorado, a suburb of Denver.  Until the 1990s, the Federal Communications Commission did not assign AM stations dial positions above 1600 kHz, so there is only one other station in the West to interfere with KFSG's signal.

Programming

KFSG's religious programming is supplied by block-programmers, who purchase airtime on the station and its sister, co-located KLIB (1110 AM).  Programs in Spanish, Russian and Hmong are augmented with periods of instrumental music (during unsold time periods). Vietnamese-language programming from the San Jose–based  Radio Network airs weekdays from noon to 2 PM.

History
KFSG originated as the expanded band "twin" of an existing station on the standard AM band. On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with KRCX (now KLIB) in Roseville authorized to move from 1110 to 1690 kHz.

A construction permit for the expanded band station was assigned the call letters KSXX on November 17, 1997. The FCC's initial policy was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. Conforming with this requirement, KLIB went silent in April 2006. However, on February 20, 2007, the FCC granted a temporary authority for KLIB to resume operations. This deadline has been extended multiple times, and both stations have remained authorized. One restriction is that the FCC has generally required paired original and expanded band stations to remain under common ownership.

On March 13, 2003, 1690 AM changed its call sign to KFSG.

References

External links

FSG
FSG
Roseville, California
Radio stations established in 2001
Multicultural Broadcasting stations

KFSG


Hortense Calisher (December 20, 1911 – January 13, 2009) was an American writer of fiction and the second female president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Biography

Personal life
Born in New York City, and a graduate of Hunter College High School (1928) and Barnard College (1932), Calisher was the daughter of a young German Jewish immigrant mother and a somewhat older Jewish father from Virginia whose family she described as "volcanic to meditative to fruitfully dull and bound to produce someone interested in character, society, and time".

In 1972, she was a part of the Ms. magazine campaign: "We Have Had Abortions." The campaign called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom and encouraged women to share their stories and take action.

Writing style
Calisher involved her closely investigated, penetrating characters in complicated plotlines that unfold with shocks and surprises in allusive, nuanced language with a distinctively elegiac voice, sometimes compared with Eudora Welty, Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, and Henry James. Critics generally considered Calisher a type of neo-realist and often both condemned and praised her for her extensive explorations of characters and their social worlds. Her writing was at odds with the prevailing minimalism typical of fiction writing in the 1970s and 1980s that employed a spartan, nonromantic style without undue expressionism.

The New York Times opined that her "unpredictable turns of phrase, intellectually challenging fictional situations and complex plots captivated and puzzled readers for a half-century. Failure and isolation were themes that ran through her 23 novels and short-story collections: failure of love, marriage, communication, identity. She explored the isolation within families that cannot be avoided yet cannot be faced, isolation imposed by wounds inflicted even in the happiest of households, wounds that shape events for generations. But her peers seemed most intrigued by her distinctive way of telling a story, her filigreed sentences and bold stylistic excursions... Throughout her career as a novelist, opinion tended to split evenly among critics who found her prose style and approach to narrative better suited to short stories [and those who] were mesmerized by her idiosyncratic language and imaginative daring."

Honors and awards
Calisher became the second female president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1987. From 1986 to 1987 she was president of PEN America, the writers' association.

She was a finalist for the National Book Award three times, won O. Henry Awards (for "The Night Club in the Woods" and other works) and the 1986 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize (for The Bobby Soxer), and was awarded Guggenheim Fellowships in 1952 and 1955. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997.

Death
Calisher died on January 13, 2009, aged 97, in Manhattan. She was survived by her husband, Curtis Harnack, and her son, Peter Heffelfinger, from her first marriage to Heaton Bennet Heffelfinger. Calisher was predeceased by her daughter, Bennet Heffelfinger.

Bibliography

Fiction
In the Absence of Angels (short stories 1951)
False Entry (novel 1961)
Tale for the Mirror (novella and short stories 1962)
Textures of Life (novel 1963)
Extreme Magic (novella and short stories 1964)
Journal from Ellipsia (novel 1965)
The Railway Police and The Last Trolley Ride (novellas 1966)
The New Yorkers (novel 1969)
Queenie (novel 1971)
Standard Dreaming (novel 1972)
Eagle Eye (novel 1973)
The Collected Stories of Hortense Calisher (1975, revised 1984)
On Keeping Women (novel 1977)
Mysteries of Motion (novel 1983)
Saratoga, Hot (novella and short stories 1985)
The Bobby-Soxer (novel 1986)
Age (novel 1987)
The Small Bang (novel under the pseudonym of Jack Fenno 1992)
In the Palace of the Movie King (novel 1993)
In the Slammer with  Carol Smith (novel 1997)
The Novellas of Hortense Calisher (1997)
Sunday Jews (novel 2003)

Non-fiction
Herself (autobiography, 1972)
Kissing Cousins: A Memory (memoir, 1988)
Tattoo for a Slave (memoir, 2004)

References

External links

Joyce Carol Oates on Hortense Calisher
Snodgrass, Kathleen. "Hortense Calisher", Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

1911 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American women short story writers
Barnard College alumni
Hunter College High School alumni
Jewish women writers
Jewish American novelists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Writers from Manhattan
Novelists from New York City
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Presidents of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Hortense Calisher