All the Bright Places is a 2020 American teen romantic drama film, directed by Brett Haley, from a screenplay by Jennifer Niven and Liz Hannah, adapted from the novel of the same name by Niven. It stars Elle Fanning, Justice Smith, Alexandra Shipp, Kelli O'Hara, Lamar Johnson, Virginia Gardner, Felix Mallard, Sofia Hasmik, Keegan-Michael Key, and Luke Wilson.

It was released on February 28, 2020, by Netflix, to positive reviews from critics.

Plot
Theodore Finch and Violet Markey are two teenagers who live unhappily in a small Indiana town. She is quietly dealing with survivor's guilt after the death of her sister Eleanor and he is a loner, called a freak by other students.

Finch and Violet meet on the bridge where Eleanor died in a car crash nine months earlier. Violet survived the crash, and has not been in a car since. She finds herself standing on the edge of the bridge on what would have been Eleanor's nineteenth birthday. Finch, out for a run, sees Violet perched on the edge looking in and climbs up next to her, talking her down from a possible suicide.

Finch begins a partnership with an initially reluctant Violet for a school project that requires the students to explore Indiana together. He looks her up on Facebook, researches her sister's car accident, reads through Violet's old writing, and chats with her online. Finch and Violet travel around Indiana to see sites chosen by him for the project.

Violet refuses to travel by car, so they bike to the highest point in Indiana. However, to visit a miniature roller coaster too far away to bike to, she agrees to get in Finch's car. Violet returns to writing, for the first time since Eleanor's death. He helps her talk about her sister, which no one else had managed to do. Violet slowly begins to heal and they fall in love.

Violet notices Finch's occasionally strange behavior. He sometimes disappears for days. One day, while they are swimming at the Blue Hole, Finch disappears under the water. By the time he resurfaces, Violet is distraught and forces him to tell her more about himself, threatening to leave if he doesn't. Finch reveals that he had been physically abused by his father, who sometimes got into "dark moods."

On one occasion, Finch and Violet stay out all night by accident, upsetting Violet's parents. At school that day, he loses his temper on Violet's ex-boyfriend after being called "freak." The two boys fight, and Finch leaves in his car. Violet, who broke up the fight, ends up in the principal's office with Finch's closest friend, Charlie, who talks to her about him.

Finch attends a support group session, earlier recommended by the school guidance counselor, but nothing fruitful comes of it, partly because he cannot describe his problems. He visits the bar where his sister Kate works and prompts her to speculate on why their father was abusive, and whether he could have been helped. Upset, Kate dismisses the topic, saying she doesn't care, and that their father is someone else's problem now. Disappointed, Finch leaves for their house, where Violet is waiting. As she questions him about the post-it notes put up everywhere, he alludes to his episodes of "dark moods" when he fails to "stay awake." Finally, convinced he is beyond help, shouts at her to leave.

Finch disappears again. As suggested by her father, Violet checks places they had visited together and drives to the Blue Hole. There, she finds Finch's clothes and phone, and correctly infers that he has drowned himself. Some time later, she attends his funeral.

While healing from Finch's suicide, Violet finds the map they used to travel around Indiana and notices the last location they were supposed to visit together marked in red. It's the Travelers' Prayers Chapel, a resting place for travelers and a place of healing for mourners. She finds his signature in the guest book.

Cast
Elle Fanning as Violet Markey
Justice Smith as Theodore "Theo" Finch
Alexandra Shipp as Kate Finch
Luke Wilson as James Markey
Kelli O'Hara as Sheryl Markey
Lamar Johnson as Charlie
Virginia Gardner as Amanda
Felix Mallard as Roamer
Sofia Hasmik as Brenda
Keegan-Michael Key as Richard Embry
Chris Grace as Hudson

Production
In July 2015, it was announced that Elle Fanning would star in All the Bright Places, with author Jennifer Niven writing the adapted screenplay. In July 2015, it was announced that Miguel Arteta would be directing the film. In July 2018, Justice Smith joined the cast of the film, with Brett Haley replacing Arteta as director, and Liz Hannah co-writing the script with Niven. Echo Lake Entertainment and FilmNation Entertainment produced the film, with Fanning, Paula Mazur, Mitchell Kaplan, Doug Mankoff, Andrew Spaulding, and Brittany Kahn serving as producers, while Hannah served as an executive producer.

In October 2018, Alexandra Shipp, Keegan-Michael Key, Luke Wilson, Kelli O'Hara, Virginia Gardner,  Felix Mallard, Lamar Johnson, and Sofia Hasmik joined the cast of the film, with Netflix distributing. Principal photography began on October 4, 2018, in Elyria, Ohio.

Release
The film was released on February 28, 2020 through Netflix.

Critical reception
, All The Bright Places holds  approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on  reviews, with an average of . The website's critics consensus reads: "Though it at times buckles under the emotional weight of its source material, All The Bright Place succeeds on the strength of Elle Fanning and Justice Smith's charming and tender performances." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 61 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Kimber Myers of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review writing: "Though it's not without humor, "All the Bright Places" takes teens' emotions seriously and will move romantics of any age - in possibly unexpected ways". Courtney Howard of Variety gave the film a positive review writing: "Its pure beating heart and humanistic undertones make it somewhat of a standout". Candice Frederick of The New York Times also gave the film a positive review writing: "Smith and Fanning bring thoughtful performances to this delicate tale." Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars writing: "There's messaging inserted near the start of the end credits for those who might be affected by the themes raised. But it doesn't negate what comes before it: a film that lingers briefly in the deep end but remains disappointingly shallow."

References

External links

2020s coming-of-age drama films
2020 romantic drama films
2020 films
American coming-of-age drama films
American romantic drama films
Films about grieving
Films about suicide
Films based on American novels
Films based on young adult literature
Films directed by Brett Haley
Films scored by Keegan DeWitt
Films set in Indiana
Films shot in Cleveland
English-language Netflix original films
2020s English-language films
2020s American films

All the Bright Places (film)


John Viriamu Jones, FRS (2 January 1856 – 1 June 1901), was a Welsh scientist, who worked on measuring the ohm, and an educationalist who was instrumental in establishing the University of Sheffield and Cardiff University.

Early life and studies

John Viriamu Jones was born on 2 January 1856 in Pentrepoeth in Swansea, the third of the six children of Thomas Jones, a celebrated  Independent clergyman, and Jane Jones. He was named after the missionary and martyr John Williams –  'Viriamu' being the Erromanga for "Williams". His older siblings were David Brynmor (b. 1851) and Annie; his younger brothers were Irvonwy, Leifchild Stratten (b. 1862) and Morlais Glasfryn. His older brother, David Brynmor Jones, and younger brother, Leifchild Jones, 1st Baron Rhayader, both achieved prominence in public life.

In 1858, Jones's parents moved to London, and he was educated firstly at a private school in Reading, then at University College School in London. In 1867 his mother died, and at the end of 1869 his father left London and returned to Swansea, where he stayed until 1877; and John Viriamu continued his education at the Normal College, Swansea, before entering University College London at the age of 16. He obtained his first degree there at age 19 and in 1874 won a scholarship to the University of Oxford (Balliol college), where he became a friend of Benjamin Jowett and obtained first class honours in both mathematics and physics.

Career

In 1881, at the early age of twenty-five, Jones became principal of Firth College in Sheffield – later the University of Sheffield. In 1882 he married Sarah Katherine Wills, daughter of William Ridout Wills, the brother of judge Sir Alfred Wills.

In 1883, still in his twenties, Jones became the first principal of the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire (afterwards Cardiff University) and the head of its Physics Department. At the same time he became principal of the Cardiff Technical School (forerunner of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (UWIST)).

In 1895, he was appointed the first vice-chancellor of the University of Wales; and he also worked to raise the standard of secondary education in Wales. He became an ex officio Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford 1897–98. Amid all these activities he found time to pursue scientific research, and in 1894 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his work on measuring the ohm.

Jones died suddenly in Geneva in June 1901, at the age of forty-five.  His body was returned to Swansea, to be buried near his father at St Thomas's cemetery.

Further reading
 K. V. Jones, Life of John Viriamu Jones (1915).
 E. B. Poulton, John Viriamu Jones and other Oxford memories (1911).

References

External links

Hardy, E. G., Jesus College – Appendix III: List of Fellows. (1899) F. E. Robinson & Co., London.
 Biography by Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton

Fellows of the Royal Society
British physicists
19th-century British mathematicians
Welsh mathematicians
Welsh physicists
Scientists from Swansea
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Academics of Cardiff University
Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford
1856 births
1901 deaths
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Wales

John Viriamu Jones


Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Khosa, 2009 SCC 12, is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision in Canadian administrative law.

Facts
Khosa was a citizen of India who immigrated to Canada with his family in 1996 at the age of 14. He was found guilty in 2002 of criminal negligence causing death and sentenced to a conditional sentence of two years less a day. A removal order was issued for him to return to India.

Judicial History
Khosa appealed the order to the Immigration Appeal Division (IAD) of the Immigration and Refugee Board. The majority of the IAD denied Khosa "special relief" on humanitarian and compassionate grounds. On appeal, the Federal Court reviewed the assessment of the IAD and found it to be reasonable. That decision was then appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal which then found that the decision had not been reasonable when they denied relief and set the decision aside.

Opinion of the court
Binnie J. wrote for the majority, who found that s. 18.1 of the Federal Courts Act set out the threshold grounds which permit but do not require the court to grant relief when conducting judicial review. Binnie J. held that "whether or not the court should exercise its discretion in favour of the application will depend on the court's appreciation of the respective roles of the courts and the administration as well as the "circumstances in each case".

Applying the reasonableness standard from Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, Binnie J. held that courts should be deferential to the IAD decisions and should not substitute its own findings. In the result, he found that the IAD decision was reasonable and restored its order.

Dissenting opinion
Fish J. dissented, agreeing with the Court of Appeal that the decision was unreasonable on account of the IAD's emphasis on the specific fact that Khosa denied having engaged in street-racing, and would have granted a re-hearing in the IAD, concluding, "I agree that decisions of the IAD are entitled to deference.  In my respectful view, however, deference ends where unreasonableness begins."

See also
 Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 SCC 1
 Ahani v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 SCC 2
 Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] 2 SCR 817
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases

Notes

External links

Canadian administrative case law
Canadian immigration and refugee case law
2009 in Canadian case law

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa


IEEE 802.15.4 is a technical standard which defines the operation of a low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN).  It specifies the physical layer and media access control for LR-WPANs, and is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group, which defined the standard in 2003.  It is the basis for the Zigbee, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, 6LoWPAN, Thread, Matter  and SNAP specifications, each of which further extends the standard by developing the upper layers which are not defined in IEEE 802.15.4.  In particular, 6LoWPAN defines a binding for the IPv6 version of the Internet Protocol (IP) over WPANs, and is itself used by upper layers like Thread.

Overview
IEEE standard 802.15.4 intends to offer the fundamental lower network layers of a type of wireless personal area network (WPAN) which focuses on low-cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication between devices.  It can be contrasted with other approaches, such as Wi-Fi, which offer more bandwidth and requires more power. The emphasis is on very low cost communication of nearby devices with little to no underlying infrastructure, intending to exploit this to lower power consumption even more.

The basic framework conceives a 10-meter communications range with line-of-sight at a transfer rate of 250 kbit/s. Bandwidth tradeoffs are possible to favor more radically embedded devices with even lower power requirements for increased battery operating time, through the definition of not one, but several physical layers. Lower transfer rates of 20 and 40 kbit/s were initially defined, with the 100 kbit/s rate being added in the current revision.

Even lower rates can be used, which results in lower power consumption. As already mentioned, the main goal of IEEE 802.15.4 regarding WPANs is the emphasis on achieving low manufacturing and operating costs through the use of relatively simple transceivers, while enabling application flexibility and adaptability.

Key 802.15.4 features include:
 real-time suitability by reservation of Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS).
 collision avoidance through CSMA/CA.
 integrated support for secure communications.
 power management functions such as link speed/quality and energy detection.
 Support for time and data rate sensitive applications because of its ability to operate either as CSMA/CA or TDMA access modes. The TDMA mode of operation is supported via the GTS feature of the standard.
 IEEE 802.15.4-conformant devices may use one of three possible frequency bands for operation (868/915/2450 MHz).

Protocol architecture
 Devices are designed to interact with each other over a conceptually simple wireless network. The definition of the network layers is based on the OSI model; although only the lower layers are defined in the standard, interaction with upper layers is intended, possibly using an IEEE 802.2 logical link control sublayer accessing the MAC through a convergence sublayer. Implementations may rely on external devices or be purely embedded, self-functioning devices.

The physical layer
The physical layer is the bottom layer in the OSI reference model used worldwide, and protocols layers transmit packets using it

The physical layer (PHY) provides the data transmission service. It also, provides an interface to the physical layer management entity, which offers access to every physical layer management function and maintains a database of information on related personal area networks. Thus, the PHY manages the physical radio transceiver, performs channel selection along with energy and signal management functions. It operates on one of three possible unlicensed frequency bands:
 868.0–868.6 MHz: Europe, allows one communication channel (2003, 2006, 2011)
 902–928 MHz: North America, originally allowed up to ten channels (2003), but since has been extended to thirty (2006)
 2400–2483.5 MHz: worldwide use, up to sixteen channels (2003, 2006)
The original 2003 version of the standard specifies two physical layers based on direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) techniques: one working in the 868/915 MHz bands with transfer rates of 20 and 40 kbit/s, and one in the 2450 MHz band with a rate of 250 kbit/s.

The 2006 revision improves the maximum data rates of the 868/915 MHz bands, bringing them up to support 100 and 250 kbit/s as well. Moreover, it goes on to define four physical layers depending on the modulation method used. Three of them preserve the DSSS approach: in the 868/915 MHz bands, using either binary or offset quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK; the second of which is optional); in the 2450 MHz band, using QPSK.

An optional alternative 868/915 MHz layer is defined using a combination of binary keying and amplitude-shift keying (thus based on parallel, not sequential, spread spectrum; PSSS). Dynamic switching between supported 868/915 MHz PHYs is possible.

Beyond these three bands, the IEEE 802.15.4c study group considered the newly opened 314–316 MHz, 430–434 MHz, and 779–787 MHz bands in China, while the IEEE 802.15 Task Group 4d defined an amendment to 802.15.4-2006 to support the new 950–956 MHz band in Japan. The first standard amendments by these groups were released in April 2009.

In August 2007, IEEE 802.15.4a was released expanding the four PHYs available in the earlier 2006 version to six, including one PHY using direct sequence ultra-wideband (UWB) and another using chirp spread spectrum (CSS). The UWB PHY is allocated frequencies in three ranges: below 1 GHz, between 3 and 5 GHz, and between 6 and 10 GHz. The CSS PHY is allocated spectrum in the 2450 MHz ISM band.

In April, 2009 IEEE 802.15.4c and IEEE 802.15.4d were released expanding the available PHYs with several additional PHYs: one for 780 MHz band using O-QPSK or MPSK, another for 950 MHz using GFSK or BPSK.

IEEE 802.15.4e was chartered to define a MAC amendment to the existing standard 802.15.4-2006 which adopts a channel hopping strategy to improve support for the industrial market. Channel hopping increases robustness against external interference and persistent multi-path fading. On February 6, 2012, the IEEE Standards Association Board approved IEEE 802.15.4e which concluded all Task Group 4e efforts.

The MAC layer
The medium access control (MAC) enables the transmission of MAC frames through the use of the physical channel. Besides the data service, it offers a management interface and itself manages access to the physical channel and network beaconing. It also controls frame validation, guarantees time slots and handles node associations. Finally, it offers hook points for secure services.

Note that the IEEE 802.15 standard does not use 802.1D or 802.1Q; i.e., it does not exchange standard Ethernet frames.  The physical frame-format is specified in IEEE802.15.4-2011 in section 5.2.  It is tailored to the fact that most IEEE 802.15.4 PHYs only support frames of up to 127 bytes (adaptation layer protocols such as the IETF's 6LoWPAN provide fragmentation schemes to support larger network layer packets).

Higher layers
No higher-level layers or interoperability sublayers are defined in the standard. Other specifications, such as Zigbee, SNAP, and 6LoWPAN/Thread, build on this standard. RIOT, OpenWSN, TinyOS, Unison RTOS, DSPnano RTOS, nanoQplus, Contiki and Zephyr operating systems also use some components of IEEE 802.15.4 hardware and software.

Network model

Node types
The standard defines two types of network node.

The first one is the full-function device (FFD). It can serve as the coordinator of a personal area network just as it may function as a common node. It implements a general model of communication which allows it to talk to any other device: it may also relay messages, in which case it is dubbed a coordinator (PAN coordinator when it is in charge of the whole network).

On the other hand, there are reduced-function devices (RFD). These are meant to be extremely simple devices with very modest resource and communication requirements; due to this, they can only communicate with FFDs and can never act as coordinators.

Topologies

Networks can be built as either peer-to-peer or star networks. However, every network needs at least one FFD to work as the coordinator of the network. Networks are thus formed by groups of devices separated by suitable distances. Each device has a unique 64-bit identifier, and if some conditions are met, short 16-bit identifiers can be used within a restricted environment. Namely, within each PAN domain, communications will probably use short identifiers.

Peer-to-peer (or point-to-point) networks can form arbitrary patterns of connections, and their extension is only limited by the distance between each pair of nodes. They are meant to serve as the basis for ad hoc networks capable of performing self-management and organization. Since the standard does not define a network layer, routing is not directly supported, but such an additional layer can add support for multihop communications. Further topological restrictions may be added; the standard mentions the cluster tree as a structure which exploits the fact that an RFD may only be associated with one FFD at a time to form a network where RFDs are exclusively leaves of a tree, and most of the nodes are FFDs. The structure can be extended as a generic mesh network whose nodes are cluster tree networks with a local coordinator for each cluster, in addition to the global coordinator.

A more structured star pattern is also supported, where the coordinator of the network will necessarily be the central node. Such a network can originate when an FFD decides to create its own PAN and declare itself its coordinator, after choosing a unique PAN identifier. After that, other devices can join the network, which is fully independent from all other star networks.

Data transport architecture
Frames are the basic unit of data transport, of which there are four fundamental types (data, acknowledgment, beacon and MAC command frames), which provide a reasonable tradeoff between simplicity and robustness. Additionally, a superframe structure, defined by the coordinator, may be used, in which case two beacons act as its limits and provide synchronization to other devices as well as configuration information. A superframe consists of sixteen equal-length slots, which can be further divided into an active part and an inactive part, during which the coordinator may enter power saving mode, not needing to control its network.

Within superframes contention occurs between their limits, and is resolved by CSMA/CA. Every transmission must end before the arrival of the second beacon. As mentioned before, applications with well-defined bandwidth needs can use up to seven domains of one or more contentionless guaranteed time slots, trailing at the end of the superframe. The first part of the superframe must be sufficient to give service to the network structure and its devices. Superframes are typically utilized within the context of low-latency devices, whose associations must be kept even if inactive for long periods of time.

Data transfers to the coordinator require a beacon synchronization phase, if applicable, followed by CSMA/CA transmission (by means of slots if superframes are in use); acknowledgment is optional. Data transfers from the coordinator usually follow device requests: if beacons are in use, these are used to signal requests; the coordinator acknowledges the request and then sends the data in packets which are acknowledged by the device. The same is done when superframes are not in use, only in this case there are no beacons to keep track of pending messages.

Point-to-point networks may either use unslotted CSMA/CA or synchronization mechanisms; in this case, communication between any two devices is possible, whereas in "structured" modes one of the devices must be the network coordinator.

In general, all implemented procedures follow a typical request-confirm/indication-response classification.

Reliability and security
The physical medium is accessed through a CSMA/CA protocol. Networks which are not using beaconing mechanisms utilize an unslotted variation which is based on the listening of the medium, leveraged by a random exponential backoff algorithm; acknowledgments do not adhere to this discipline. Common data transmission utilizes unallocated slots when beaconing is in use; again, confirmations do not follow the same process.

Confirmation messages may be optional under certain circumstances, in which case a success assumption is made. Whatever the case, if a device is unable to process a frame at a given time, it simply does not confirm its reception: timeout-based retransmission can be performed a number of times, following after that a decision of whether to abort or keep trying.

Because the predicted environment of these devices demands maximization of battery life, the protocols tend to favor the methods which lead to it, implementing periodic checks for pending messages, the frequency of which depends on application needs.

Regarding secure communications, the MAC sublayer offers facilities which can be harnessed by upper layers to achieve the desired level of security. Higher-layer processes may specify keys to perform symmetric cryptography to protect the payload and restrict it to a group of devices or just a point-to-point link; these groups of devices can be specified in access control lists. Furthermore, MAC computes freshness checks between successive receptions to ensure that presumably old frames, or data which is no longer considered valid, does not transcend to higher layers.

In addition to this secure mode, there is another, insecure MAC mode, which allows access control lists merely as a means to decide on the acceptance of frames according to their (presumed) source.

See also
 Bluetooth
 DASH7
 EnOcean
 INSTEON
  LoRaWAN
 NeuRFon
 Sigfox

References

External links
 802.15.4 Task Group
 Get IEEE 802.15
 IEEE standard 802.15.4z
 IEEE standard 802.15.4v-2017
 IEEE standard 802.15.4u-2016
 IEEE standard 802.15.4t-2017
 IEEE standard 802.15.4q-2016
 IEEE standard 802.15.4p-2014
 IEEE standard 802.15.4n-2016
 IEEE standard 802.15.4m-2014
 IEEE standard 802.15.4k-2013
 IEEE standard 802.15.4j-2013
 IEEE standard 802.15.4g-2012
 IEEE standard 802.15.4f-2012
 IEEE standard 802.15.4e-2012
 IEEE standard 802.15.4d-2009
 IEEE standard 802.15.4c-2009
 IEEE standard 802.15.4a-2007
 IEEE standard 802.15.4-2020
 IEEE standard 802.15.4-2015
 IEEE standard 802.15.4-2011
 IEEE standard 802.15.4-2006
 IEEE standard 802.15.4-2003

IEEE 802
Wireless networking standards

IEEE 802.15.4


Richard Champion (born 14 April 1968 on Yorke Peninsula in Kadina, South Australia) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League (AFL) and South Australian National Football Leagues (SANFL).

Originally from SANFL club Woodville, Champion was a high draft pick by the Brisbane Bears in 1988 VFL Draft, but he did not move to Brisbane until the 1991 AFL season.

A solidly built and tough backman, Champion wore the number 1 guernsey for Brisbane and was a Bears stalwart through some of the club's darkest years, and he was a poster player in an era when the club had so few.

When the club moved from Carrara on the Gold Coast, growing their fanbase, Champion became a cult figure. He was endeared by Bears fans, was Best Clubman several times, and became a local celebrity with his Jimmy Barnes impressions. He was a media figure for the club. He even appeared with John Platten to represent the AFL on the television show Gladiators.

When it became apparent that the Bears would make the finals for the first time in 1995, Champion openly wept, a sign of his endurance as a player through tough times.

Champion competed in the Gladiator Team Sports Challenge in 1995.

He retired at the end of the 2000 AFL season after 183 AFL games.

Post-football career

Champion is currently a television presenter and radio commentator in Brisbane and a local celebrity. He has presented TV's The Great South East, the Lotto draw, and commentates the AFL for Triple M.
In 2006, he appeared in the television show It Takes Two, where he was mentored by Wendy Matthews.

In additional to multiple singing performances on The Footy Show, Champion went on to front the classic rock supergroup The Filthy Animals after it was formed in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The band usually plays cover songs at corporate gigs; the band often features, among many others, Kerry Jacobson (Dragon, Mondo Rock, Ian Moss), Brett Williams (The Choirboys), and Glen Muirhead (Eurogliders, James Reyne Band).

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Australian rules football commentators
Brisbane Bears players
Brisbane Lions players
Woodville Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia

Richard Champion


Carroll Parish is a former parish of Louisiana, formed in 1838 from part of Ouachita Parish. Part of the parish was sectioned off in 1844 to make Morehouse Parish. Carroll Parish was divided in 1877 into East Carroll Parish and West Carroll Parish.

During and shortly after the Reconstruction era, Carroll Parish's representatives in the Louisiana House of Representatives included P. Jones Yorke and Cain Sartain, Republicans.

References

Former parishes of Louisiana

Carroll Parish, Louisiana


Stephen Edward Smith  (September 24, 1927 – August 19, 1990) was the husband of Jean Ann Kennedy. He was a financial analyst and political strategist in the 1960 United States presidential campaign of his brother-in-law John F. Kennedy.

Early life
Smith was born in Bayport, Long Island, New York, to Julia A. (Cleary), daughter of four-term Congressman William E. Cleary, and John Joseph Smith, and grew up in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn. He attended Georgetown University, graduating in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in history.  He served during the Korean War as a first lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force from 1951–1952.

Career
Smith joined his family's business, Cleary Brothers Inc., which operated tugs and barges on New York's upstate canals and in New York Harbor. He then headed the Park Agency Inc., in Manhattan, where he managed $300 million in Kennedy family investments.

After his father-in-law Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. suffered a stroke on December 19, 1961, Smith managed the family's fortune out of a New York City office building. He was responsible for overseeing the trusts that benefited him and his family as well as the other children and grandchildren of Joe and Rose Kennedy.

Kennedy campaigns
Smith played an active role in JFK's 1960 presidential campaign, and was working as Kennedy's campaign manager for re-election in 1964 at the time when President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Smith served as United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy's campaign manager during his 1968 presidential run at the time when the Senator was assassinated at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California on June 5, 1968. In the fall of 1979, as polls showed that Senator Ted Kennedy could easily defeat President Jimmy Carter in the Democratic primaries, Kennedy announced his candidacy and made Smith his campaign manager. Kennedy lost to Carter and chose to not run again.

Personal life
Smith and Jean Ann Kennedy were married May 19, 1956 in St. Patrick's Cathedral in Midtown Manhattan, at which point he became the brother-in-law of future President John F. Kennedy.  Stephen and Jean had two biological sons and later adopted two daughters:

 Stephen Edward Smith, Jr. (b. 1957)
 William Kennedy Smith (b. 1960)
 Amanda Mary Smith (b. 1967)
 Kym Maria Smith (b. 1972)

Illness and death
A longtime smoker, Smith died from lung cancer at his home in Manhattan on August 19, 1990, at age 62.

See also
 Kennedy family tree

References

External links

1927 births
1990 deaths
People from Bayport, New York
Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences alumni
United States Air Force officers
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
Businesspeople from New York City
Kennedy family
People from Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
Deaths from lung cancer in New York (state)
Military personnel from New York City

Stephen Edward Smith


Vierraden was the name of a small town in the northeast of the German state of Brandenburg.

On October 26, 2003, it was incorporated into the city of Schwedt (Oder), which is about 3 kilometers to the south. Until the incorporation, Vierraden was part of the municipality of Gartz (Oder).

Overview
The town is near the mouth of the river Welse into the Hohensaaten-Friedrichsthaler Canal, which runs parallel to the River Oder. The Lower Oder Valley National Park begins just east of Vierraden.

The "Mill with Four Wheels" (the name Vierraden means "four wheels") was first mentioned in 1265 in a document. The castle on the north bank of the Welse can be found in a document from 1321. Vierraden was given town privileges in 1515. It was almost completely destroyed during World War II because of its strategic location near the Oder river.

Vierraden is known for growing tobacco, the area of the Eastern Uckermark is one of the few places in Germany to do so. The plants were brought to the area by Huguenots. There is a Tobacco Museum in Vierraden.

Towns near Vierraden
 Schwedt (Germany)
 Gartz (Germany)
 Penkun (Germany)
 Szczecin City (Poland)
 Gryfino (Poland)
 Cedynia (Poland)
 Chojna (Poland)
 Mieszkowice (Poland)
 Moryń (Poland)
 Trzcińsko-Zdrój (Poland)
 Myślibórz (Poland)
 Pyrzyce (Poland)

References

Villages in Brandenburg
Localities in Uckermark (district)
Schwedt

Vierraden


The Garden of Eden is the place where the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve, lived after they were created by God.

In the Christian Bible, the story of the creation of the world in the book of Genesis describes how Adam and Eve lived in Eden in peace with all of the animals. They tended the garden and could eat from any tree except the Tree of Knowledge. After they ate from the Tree of Knowledge, God punished Adam and Eve by making them leave the Garden of Eden forever.

The story is told in Book of Genesis 1-3 (in the old Testament of the Bible) and the Tanakh. The Tanakh translates the Garden of Eden as Paradise.

Where the name Eden is from
In Sumerian, Eden is a name for the Steppe. Heavenly Eden is also mentioned. It refers to a place that appears to be fertile at first, but later changes to become infertile. Climatologists have said this is a good description of the climate change that happened in The Levant after the last ice age. The green steppe became dry. This meant that food was no longer available all year round, but only at certain times. This forced the people living at the time to start agriculture and to keep some of their food for the periods where there was none. Scientists have referred to this change as the Neolithic Revolution. This change of food is also mentioned in the story.

Babylonian mythology sees the main reason for the creation of man to grow food for the gods. This is different in the Bible. There, god created plants as food for humans, and animals to keep them company.

The beginning of the Book of Genesis has been seen as describing the state before a climate change in a certain region. >Because of this change, humans were condemned to growing crops and keeping some food in stock, to be able to eat it, during the times it did not grow. Genesis has been seen to only start when this region converted to agriculture (the Neolithic Revolution, mentioned above). This means that Genesis roughly covers the time from about 8000 - 6000 BC to about 2000 BC.

The Location of the Garden of Eden is clear from the original source: the Book of Genesis.  It is located at the head waters of four Rivers. The first is the Pishon which flows through the land of Havilah.

Havilah is located according to Genesis 10:29-30 starting in Mesha going toward Sephar.   Mount Masius (Mesha) according to Strabo the Greek Geographer is in northern Mesopotamia near Nisiris. Sephar is the ancient city of Sippar near Babylon. The river which currently flows through this region is the Khabur.  Its origin is Mount Masius which is known as the Karaca Dag. The Karaca Dag also supplies water to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as well as the Balikh river through karst springs which completes the complement of the Four Rivers of Eden. The town of Viransehir in the hills south of the Karaca dag was known as Telassar in the Byzantine era where  the Children of Eden were defeated by the Assyrians.

Strabo volume 7 book 16 chapter 1

Having to leave the Garden

Judaism
Judaism teaches that sin cannot be passed on from the parents to their children. There is a free will, everyone is responsible for their own sins only. Humans can do bad things and good things. God's commandments help them do good things. What exactly makes up the Commandments of God is not written down, but needs to developed by tradition. Sins are forgiven once a year during Yom Kippur. Unlike Christianity, Judaism has no personified evil.

Christianity
Christianity believes that sin can be passed on from the parents to their children. This is known as original sin. Without Jesus, humans must live in sin. Augustine of Hippo formalized this belief, which is now a dogma in the Western Christian denominations (Catholicism and Protestantism).

Islam
Islam sees Adam and Eve being chased away as a chance for a new start. Islam says the Christian concept of original sin is false. This means that them being chased away does not change the relationship between men and God. According to Islamic tradition, Adam and Eve were placed in different parts of the world. They first had to wander around before they found each other.

Related pages
 Fall of Man

Old Testament

Garden of Eden


The Opel Corsa is a subcompact car. It has been produced by the German car manufacturer Opel since 1982. There are six generations of the Corsa. The first generation was sold as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK.

The Corsa is also sold under the Vauxhall brand in the UK.

The first generation Corsa A was made from September 1982 to March 1993 and was sold as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK from April 1983. It was sold with hatchback and saloon bodies with 2 or 4 doors and was facelifted in September 1987 and again in September 1990.

The second generation Corsa B was made from April 1993 to September 2000 with Vauxhall taking on the name in the UK. It was only available with hatchback models with 3 or 5 doors and was facelifted in August 1997. In May 1994, it launched as the Holden Barina for the Australasian market.

The third generation Corsa C was made from October 2000 to September 2006 with the same 3 and 5-door versions as before and was facelifted in August 2003. It was also sold as the Holden Barina from 2001 to the end of 2005.

The fourth generation Corsa D was made from October 2006 to September 2014 and grew larger in size compared to its predecessor. It was facelifted in early 2011.

The fifth generation Corsa E was made from October 2014 to September 2019 which is a facelift of the previous version with revised exterior styling and a new interior, it was not facelifted again during its run.

The sixth generation Corsa F is made from October 2019 to present. Only a 5-door model is offered and shares its platform with the second generation Peugeot 208. An electric version called the Corsa-e is also available.

For the first time in 2021, the Vauxhall Corsa became the UK's best-selling car.

Cars of around the same size
Fiat Punto
Ford Fiesta
Peugeot 208
Toyota Yaris
Volkswagen Polo

More pictures

Other websites

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Corsa

Opel Corsa


Ted Wang  is an investment partner at Cowboy Ventures, a seed stage venture fund based in the Bay Area with approximately US$200 million in assets under management. Cowboy's focus is backing founders building products that "reimagine work and personal life in large and growing markets" which they refer to as Life 2.0.

Wang invests in both enterprise software and consumer facing technology companies.  At Cowboy, Ted has led investments in companies such as Vic.ai, Lumatax, Fullcast.io, and Aura Health. He has described one of his investment focuses as Unsexy Tech.  He looks to invest in consumer applications that promote wellness. At Cowboy, he is best known for assisting companies in understanding the metrics needed to get to a Series A financing and helping companies hit those milestones.

Prior to joining Cowboy, Wang was one of the country's leading startup lawyers. For over a decade, he was a partner at technology law firm Fenwick & West and was identified by Bloomberg as "one of Fenwick's biggest draws," in the 2011 article, "Why Techies Like to Friend Fenwick & West." Wang was outside counsel to an array of the most successful venture-backed technology companies including Facebook, Twitter, Dropbox, Square, Sonos, Spotify, Jet, Zuora, Apprio, Samsara, Gusto, Honor, Satellogic, Stripe and Wealthfront.

As a lawyer, Wang was also an innovator in applying technology to the practice of law. He authored numerous open source projects, most notably the Series Seed Documents, which he published with the help of Marc Andreessen. In 2013, he curated a new version of the Series Seed Documents on GitHub.

Wang has a bachelor's degree from Duke University, where he graduated magna cum laude and received his law degree at the University of Virginia School of Law.

References

Living people
California lawyers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ted Wang


The Rayleigh bath chair murder occurred in Rayleigh, Essex, England in 1943.

The victim was Archibald Brown, aged 47. He and his wife Doris Lucy Brown lived in London Hill, Rayleigh, Essex and had two sons, Eric and Collin. Due to a motorcycle accident Archibald Brown lost the use of his legs at the age of 24 and thereafter required the use of a bath chair and was cared for by three nurses.

Incident

At 1:45 pm on Friday 23 July 1943 nurse Doris Irene Mitchell went to the air-raid shelter where Brown's bath chair was kept. She found that the door was locked from the inside and upon returning with Mrs Brown they met Eric Brown, then aged 19, coming out. Eric was irritated and evasive. Both women took the wheeled chair to the house and helped Archibald to get in. Brown was dressed in pyjamas and a dressing gown and was covered with a plaid travelling rug. Mitchell took Archibald Brown out of the house. After walking for about a mile, Brown had shifted his weight apparently while feeling for a cigarette in his pocket. Mitchell, having stopped to light the cigarette returned to the back of the chair and pushed it forward. Within half a dozen paces there was a violent explosion.  Mitchell sustained leg injuries and as far as she could see Brown and his bath chair had completely disappeared. The police found portions of the body at the side of the road and in nearby trees and gardens.

Investigation

Enemy action was soon ruled out as the cause of the explosion. Experts found the cause to be a British Hawkins grenade – a type of anti-tank mine that is detonated when an acid-filled glass ampoule is broken. The device had been placed under the bath chair's cushion. A formal murder investigation was begun. Doris Brown was interviewed at length at Rayleigh police station. It emerged that although Archibald Brown had been disabled and unable to walk, his will power was undiminished: he harshly ruled his wife and elder son. His wife was not allowed to visit her mother in nearby Rochford and Archibald Brown would constantly ring a bell to get his wife's attention, even if he perceived that a single flower was out of place in a vase. Eric Brown was constantly beaten and humiliated. Doris Brown stated that her husband had increasingly appeared to take a dislike to her. Eric, too, had noticed the deterioration in Archibald's behaviour, but he had taken a liking to his new nurse and their walks together.

Arrest and trial

The blame fell on Eric Brown. He had previously attended lectures on the same mine used in the murder, and, having joined the British Army some years previously, had access to a weapons store in Spilsby. Eventually Eric Brown gave a confession in which he blamed his actions on Archibald Brown's abusive attitude to both him and his mother. On 21 September 1943 he was committed to trial at the Essex Assizes. The trial started on 4 November; Eric Brown was tried at the Shire Hall, Chelmsford and declared insane. He was released in 1975.

See also

Patricide
Land mine
Insanity defense

References

Additional sources

1943 disasters in the United Kingdom
1943 in England
Explosions in 1943
July 1943 events
1940s in Essex
Deaths by hand grenade
Murder in Essex
Patricides
Bath chair murder
1943 murders in the United Kingdom

Rayleigh bath chair murder


Castle Hill, also called Mere Castle, was a medieval fortification built by Richard, the Earl of Cornwall, in 1253 on a hill overlooking the town of Mere, Wiltshire, England. The castle was constructed in stone, with six towers, inner buildings and gates. It was abandoned in the 14th century and stripped of its stone and metalwork. Only earthworks remain in the 21st century.

History

Construction
The village of Mere was a small and unimportant settlement in the early 13th century. In 1243 Richard, the Earl of Cornwall, acquired the manor. Richard was the brother of Henry III and immensely rich. In 1253 he began to build a castle at Mere.

The castle was built on Long Hill, a chalk ridge overlooking the village; the hill was flattened and scarped, with a  deep ditch cut into the west side. As archaeologist Phil Mcmahon describes, documentary sources imply the castle was "a rectangular stone-built structure with six towers, incorporating a hall, an inner and outer gate, a deep well and a chapel", and it may have resembled a smaller version of Framlingham Castle. The castle was probably entered from the west, with a possible road running up the south side of the hill. At the same time the village was expanded into a planned town with an unofficial market. The castle was renovated in 1300, possibly in response to the threat of rebellion in England at the time.

Decline
Richard's son Edmund inherited the property, but on his death it was taken back by the Crown. Edward II gave it to his royal favourite, Piers Gaveston, whom he made Earl of Cornwall. Edward II and Gaveston fell from power in 1327 and John, Edward's second son, took possession as the new Earl of Cornwall. Edward III then reacquired the castle, which became a permanent part of the Duchy of Cornwall.

During the 14th century, however, the castle had declined and became abandoned. In 1398 Richard II had the lead taken from the castle roofs for reuse at Portchester Castle. In 1660, visitors' accounts imply that the stonework had all been dismantled, and 18th-century accounts suggest that this was reused for construction work in the town below, which had prospered from the wool and later linen trade.

21st century
In the 21st century the site is protected under law as a scheduled monument. It is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, and leased to the local parish council. A flagpole, which is illuminated at night, and a memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division are located on the castle site. A ceremony is held at the castle site each Easter.

Archaeological investigation
Archaeological excavations of the site were carried out in 1887 by T. H. Baker and C. N. Wyld, but most of the results of their work were subsequently lost.

See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in England

References

Notes

Bibliography

Castles in Wiltshire
Hills of Wiltshire
Mere, Wiltshire

Castle Hill, Mere


N.S. Bienstock, Inc. is a large television talent agency in the United States, representing more than 600 television personalities.  Ranked among the Top 10 of TV's most powerful, the group represents clients ranging from Dan Rather and Chris Matthews to Anderson Cooper and Bill O'Reilly.

Bienstock is a specialized agency, with most assets devoted to news and reality-based programming. Variety claims the company has a "virtual monopoly on the news biz's biggest stars" and the president of MSNBC told the New York Times that, ''They have a disproportionate share of America's news talent.
United Talent Agency acquired N.S. Bienstock on 22nd Jan 2014."

History
The company began in the 1940s as the small, New York City life insurance business of Nate Bienstock, whose client list included a number of journalists, including Walter Cronkite, Charles Collingwood and Eric Sevareid. He sold a policy to the author John Steinbeck, who had Richard Leibner's father, Sol, as an accountant. Mr. Bienstock invited Sol Leibner into his business in 1964 and eventually sold out to him.

At the time, TV news was taking off, and Bienstock's newspaper and news agency clients were in demand at the networks. They asked for his help as they negotiated their contracts. Richard Leibner—not long out of New York University's business school—took up that part of the business and built it.

His wife and partner, Carole Cooper, whom he met on a blind date in 1962 and married in 1964, left her career as a producer of commercials to join the firm and become an agent in 1976. The firm also includes their sons, Adam and Jonathan.

Leibner is the face of the company, known for beginning the trend of big news salaries in the 1980s by playing the networks against one another and getting big deals for Dan Rather and Diane Sawyer. (The two now make more than $7 million and $10 million, respectively.) In the process, he has been accused of transforming journalists into something closer to Hollywood celebrities.

The agency has been at the forefront of the broadcast news business since 1964, pioneering representation of on-air and off-air talent in syndication, cable, reality television, and talk radio over the last 40+ years.  The group not only represents talent, but also pitches and packages some of the most popular programs on both television and radio.

The Radio Television Digital News Association administers a fellowship for young professional journalists endowed by N.S. Bienstock.

In 2014 N.S. Bienstock was acquired by United Talent Agency.

List of notable present and past clients

 Dan Abrams
 Stephanie Abrams
 Jose Diaz-Balart
 Glenn Beck
 Ed Bradley (deceased)
 Margaret Brennan
 Aaron Brown
 Campbell Brown
 Juju Chang
 Ti-Hua Chang
 Jane Clayson
 Lynnette Khalfani-Cox
 Anderson Cooper
 Katherine Creag (deceased)
 Phil Donahue
 Howard Fineman
 Jack Ford
 Michael Gargiulo
 Michael Gelman
 David Gregory
 Gail Kasper
 Steve Kroft
 Lars Larson
 Harvey Levin
 Steve Levy
 Tom Llamas
 Dave Malkoff
 Chris Matthews
 Jane Velez-Mitchell
 Natalie Morales
 Norah O'Donnell
 Pam Oliver
 Byron Pitts
 Dan Rather
 Bill O'Reilly
 Jeff Ranieri
 John Roberts
 Robin Roberts
 Thomas Roberts
 Andy Rooney
 Melissa Russo
 Diane Sawyer
 Bob Schieffer
 Bob Simon (deceased)
 Alison Stewart
 John Stossel
 David Ushery
 Paula Zahn

References

External links

American companies established in 1964
Talent and literary agencies
Companies based in New York City
1964 establishments in New York City

N.S. Bienstock


"Dogs" (originally composed as "You've Got to Be Crazy") is a song by English progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released on the album Animals in 1977. This song was one of several to be considered for the band's 2001 compilation album Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd.

Musical components
The music was written in 1974 by David Gilmour and Roger Waters, with lyrics by Waters, and originally titled "You've Got to Be Crazy" and was part of the Wish You Were Here setlist. Waters modified the lyrics in some parts, transposed the key to suit both Gilmour's and his vocals, and re-titled it "Dogs". The version on Animals is 17 minutes long.

The main theme features what were, for Pink Floyd, rather unusual chords. In the final version's key of D minor, the chords are D minor ninth, E♭maj7sus2/B♭, Asus2sus4, and A♭sus2(♯11). All these chords contain the tonic of the song, D—even as a tritone, as is the case in the fourth chord.

The song fades in with an acoustic guitar in D tuning strumming the chords with a lively, syncopated rhythm, with a droning Farfisa organ playing chord tones (A, B♭, A, and A♭, respectively). After the first sixteen-bar progression, Gilmour begins the vocal. For the third repetition, bass guitar, Hammond organ, drums and lead guitar (playing a subtle drone of D) enter. After this repetition comes the first of several guitar solos, played by Gilmour on a Fender Telecaster rather than his usual Fender Stratocaster. Next is another verse of lyrics, followed by a keyboard solo. Finally, after six repetitions of the main theme, the tempo is cut in half (and thus dramatically slower). A new chord progression is introduced, resolving gradually to the relative major, F major, with two lead guitars loudly playing a slow harmonized melody, and a quieter third guitar adding decorative string bends, with heavy use of reverb and echo.

The song is then stripped back down to acoustic guitar, droning on the Dm9 chord, with the bass softly striking E, the ninth of the chord, in the same range as the guitar's lowest note, D. Another slash chord movement follows, B♭ to C/B♭, followed by the key's dominant, A major, with the minor sixth heard first at the top of the chord, in an A(add♭6), and later, as its bass note (in a progression of A, A/F, A/E, to D minor). After another guitar solo over the new progression, Gilmour sings a melismatic vocal with overdubbed harmonies from Richard Wright, ending with the lyric "So have a good drown/As you go down all alone/Dragged down by the stone", as the dissonant A/F leads back to Dm9.

The middle section, in a slow, metronomic 6/4 time, is built upon several layers of synthesizers, sustaining the four chords of the main theme, with the sound of dogs barking processed through a vocoder and played as an instrument. (One dog moan is excerpted from the group's earlier recording "Seamus".) Gilmour's last word, "stone", echoes slowly for many measures, gradually fading out (it reappears later in the instrumental section of "Sheep"). There are no guitars in this section. Gradually, a synthesizer solo emerges, and as it reaches its climax, the acoustic guitar returns, at the original tempo, once again lively and syncopated.

The formula of the first section is followed, but this time with Waters singing the lead. A third guitar solo ends in three-part harmony, playing descending augmented triads, leading to Gilmour's slow, harmonized guitar melody in F major, in a section of music indistinguishable from its first appearance in the song. This leads to the final verse, with Waters singing a new, repeating melody and a sixteen-line anaphora, where each line begins with the words "who was." Originally sung over the tonic only, in the final recording the multiple harmonized guitars alternate between D minor and C major, while the bass further extends the harmony with a descending F, E, D, and C, creating the sense of an F sixth chord followed by C/E. Originally, Waters' lyrics ("Who was born in a house full of pain", etc.) were echoed by Gilmour and Wright in a round style, but in the final recording only the last few are repeated, and done so by Waters himself, using tape delay. This section resolves first to B♭, then to A, before concluding with the A, F, E bass movement to a sustained Dm9, as the lyrics again end with "dragged down by the stone".

"Dogs" is the only song on Animals in which Gilmour sings a lead part or receives a co-writing credit. It was also Wright's last vocal contribution before leaving the band in 1979.

Concept
Fitting into the album's Orwellian concept of comparing human behaviour to various animals, "Dogs" concentrates on the aggressive, ruthlessly competitive world of business, describing a high-powered businessman. The first two verses detail his predatory nature — outwardly charming and respectable with his "club tie and a firm handshake, a certain look in the eye and an easy smile", while behind this façade he lies waiting "to pick out the easy meat...to strike when the moment is right", and to stab those who trust him in the back. Subsequent verses portray the emptiness of his existence catching up to him as he grows older, retiring to the south rich but unloved: "just another sad old man, all alone and dying of cancer", and drowning under the weight of a metaphorical stone.

The final verse explores a number of aspects of business life and how it compares to dogs, for example taking chances and being "trained not to spit in the fan", losing their individuality ("broken by trained personnel"), obeying their superiors ("fitted with collar and chain"), being rewarded for good behaviour ("given a pat on the back"), working harder than the other workers ("breaking away from the pack") and getting to know everyone but spending less time with family ("only a stranger at home"). Recommended by a friend of Waters named Joel Eaves, this line was personal to him as he was split from his family at infancy, being "broken away", as he put it. He later joined the Air Force squadron known as "Wolfpack", which directly inspired the implementation of this line. Every line of this verse begins with the words "Who was", which prompted comparison to Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl". However, Waters has denied the Ginsberg poem was any influence on his lyrics. Instead, these lines can be seen as subordinate clauses to the lyric line that precedes them ("And you believe at heart everyone's a killer/Who was born in a house full of pain/Who was [etc.]").

Early versions
During 1974 performances of "You've Got to Be Crazy", which can be heard on the Immersion Box Set and the Experience version of Wish You Were Here, the band performed the song faster than it would eventually become, and in its original key of E minor, before they started using D tuning on their guitars, for a concert pitch of D minor. The lyrics, though different, were thematically similar to the final version of "Dogs". The lyrics were modified by the time the song was played live in 1975, and then the lyrics changed again when recording Animals.

Equally difficult was for Gilmour or Waters to sing the song's highest part, "dragged down by the stone", in the original key, which would begin on the first B above middle C. As any recording of the early performances will attest, neither singer could quite reach and sustain it, even when attempting it together. The line appears twice, as the climax to each singer's performance. It was likely for the sake of achieving high-quality lead vocals, specifically on this line, that they lowered the key before committing the song to record (Waters, however, would go on to reach even higher notes on songs like "Hey You", "Every Stranger's Eyes" and "One of My Turns").<ref>Roger Waters: The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking (1984 Chappell Music Ltd., London, England, )</ref>

The bootleg release From Abbey Road to Britannia Row: The Extraction Tapes (2014) includes a work-in-progress studio version of "Dogs." This version is closer musically to the official album version than the earlier "You've Got to Be Crazy" live versions, but it has distinct differences. Unlike the album version, it is sung almost entirely by Waters; Gilmour sings only the middle section ("And when you lose control..."). The synthesizer solo (with barking dog effects) is missing (accounting for the track's duration of just under 14 minutes, in contrast to the 17-minute version on Animals), and some of the lyrics are different, most notably in the closing "Who was..." verse.

Live versions
The song was performed nightly during the 1977 tour. Gilmour would sing all but the last section with Gilmour and Wright harmonizing 'And when you lose control' part. GIlmour played his acoustic parts on electric guitar, making it easy to switch between lead and rhythm with his Telecaster played in D standard tuning. Some solos were different from the studio version and before the final guitar solo Gilmour would perform an extra solo. Waters would sing the "who was born in a house full of pain" section. Then for the last part, Waters would sing "breaking away from the pack" with Gilmour and Wright singing a round (similarly to performances on the 1974/75 Gotta Be Crazy tour) and both Gilmour and Waters singing the final "who was dragged down by the stone".

Waters regularly performed the song on his In the Flesh Tour, with Jon Carin and Doyle Bramhall II replacing Gilmour on vocals and guitars, respectively. Waters also performed the song to open the second set of his Us + Them Tour shows, with Dave Kilminster and Jonathan Wilson on guitars, and the latter on vocals. However, despite Wilson replacing Gilmour's role on vocals during this tour, the sample of Gilmour's voice echoing the word "stone" from the original studio recording was utilized on a backing track during the middle section.

Cover versions
Les Claypool's Frog Brigade performed and released a live version of "Dogs" on the album Live Frogs Set 2 (2001). The entire album is a complete performance of Pink Floyd's Animals'' album, recorded in October 2000.

Personnel
David Gilmour – lead vocals (first half), acoustic and electric guitar
Roger Waters – bass guitar, lead and harmony vocals (second half), vocoder
Richard Wright – Fender Rhodes electric piano, Hammond organ, Minimoog, ARP String Ensemble, Farfisa organ, harmony vocals (first half)
Nick Mason – drums, percussion

References

External links

1977 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Protest songs
Rock ballads
Songs written by David Gilmour
Songs written by Roger Waters
Song recordings produced by David Gilmour
Song recordings produced by Roger Waters
Song recordings produced by Richard Wright (musician)
Song recordings produced by Nick Mason

Dogs (Pink Floyd song)


Woodsville is a census-designated place (CDP) and the largest village in the town of Haverhill in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States, along the Connecticut River at the mouth of the Ammonoosuc River. The population was 1,431 at the 2020 census. Although North Haverhill is now the county seat of Grafton County, the village of Woodsville has traditionally been considered the county seat, as the county courthouse was originally located there. The county buildings are now located halfway between Woodsville and the village of North Haverhill to the south.

History

Woodsville was named for John L. Woods, a figure in its early development. He arrived from Wells River, Vermont, a village across the Connecticut River narrows in Newbury, and in 1829 purchased a sawmill which had been operating on the Ammonoosuc River since 1811. He manufactured pine lumber, and opened a store in his house. Spring snowmelt carried log drives down the Connecticut and Ammonoosuc rivers. A log boom was built across the Connecticut River to Wells River to hold the logs briefly for sorting. Logs not destined for Woods' mill were released gradually to avoid jams in the Ox Bow meadow downstream. Log drivers detailed to work at the boom enjoyed Woodsville's saloons and red-light district.

The Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad opened at Woodsville in 1853 and built its division offices and a branch repair shop. It replaced the original 1805 bridge between the states with a two-level span, featuring a toll highway below and railroad tracks on the roof. The village boomed into an important railway town and junction, endowed with fine examples of Victorian architecture. It also became a center for legal affairs. The log drives were stopped after 1915, when pleasure boat owners complained about the hazards to navigation. In 1889, the Grafton County Court moved from Haverhill Corner to Woodsville, where it remained until moving halfway to North Haverhill in 1972.

Geography
Woodsville is in the northwest corner of the town of Haverhill, bordered to the north by the town of Bath and to the west by the Connecticut River, which forms the state border with Vermont. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  are land and , or 1.46%, are water. The Ammonoosuc River runs just north of the CDP and reaches its confluence with the Connecticut River at the northernmost point in the community.

Woodsville is crossed by U.S. Route 302 and by state routes 10 and 135. US 302 leads northeast  to Littleton and west across the Connecticut River to Wells River, Vermont, and  to Interstate 91. Route 10 leads south from Woodsville  to Hanover, and Route 135 leads north  to Interstate 93 northwest of Littleton.

Woodsville serves as the commercial center for the town of Haverhill and the surrounding communities, including several just to the west in Vermont. Many of the town's commercial businesses, including supermarkets, sit-down and fast-food restaurants, and banks, are located near the junction of US 302 and NH 10. Cottage Hospital, a critical-access hospital serving the area, is also located in Woodsville.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,126 people, 482 households, and 293 families residing in the CDP. There were 558 housing units, of which 76, or 13.6%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.5% white, 0.2% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% some other race, and 1.9% from two or more races. 1.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 482 households in the CDP, 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were headed by married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34, and the average family size was 2.87.

23.9% of residents in the CDP were under the age of 18, 9.4% were from age 18 to 24, 26.3% were from 25 to 44, 28.1% ere from 45 to 64, and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

For the period 2011–15, the estimated median annual income for a household was $40,708, and the median income for a family was $34,635. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,945. About 28.4% of the population and 20.3% of families were below the poverty line, including 40.1% of those under age 18.

Notable people

 Ann Stone Minot (1894–1980), professor and research scientist at Vanderbilt University
 Chad Paronto, relief pitcher with the Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and Houston Astros
 Bob Smith, pitcher with the Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Detroit Tigers
 Mark Steyn, columnist and author

In popular culture
In The Stand by Stephen King, Woodsville is mentioned as the home of Glen Pequod Bateman, a major character in the novel. He was an associate professor of sociology at the fictional Woodsville Community College when the superflu hit.

See also
 Disappearance of Maura Murray

References

External links
 Town of Haverhill website
 Woodsville Free Public Library

Census-designated places in Grafton County, New Hampshire
Census-designated places in New Hampshire
New Hampshire populated places on the Connecticut River
Haverhill, New Hampshire
Railway towns in New Hampshire

Woodsville, New Hampshire


The term incompatibilism was coined in the 1960s, most likely by philosopher Keith Lehrer, to name the view that the thesis of determinism is logically incompatible with the classical thesis of free will. The term compatibilism was coined (also by Lehrer) to name the view that the classical free will thesis is logically compatible with determinism, i.e. it is possible for an ordinary human to exercise free will (the freedom-relevant ability to do otherwise) even in a universe at which determinism is true. These terms were originally coined for use within a research paradigm that was dominant among academics during the so-called "classical period" from the 1960s to 1980s, or what has been called the "classical analytic paradigm". Within the classical analytic paradigm, the problem of free will and determinism was understood as a Compatibility Question: "Is it possible for an ordinary human to exercise free will (classically defined as an ability to otherwise) when determinism is true?" Those working in the classical analytic paradigm who answered "no" were incompatibilists in the original, classical-analytic sense of the term, now commonly called classical incompatibilists; they proposed that determinism precludes free will because it precludes our ability to do otherwise. Those who answered "yes" were compatibilists in the original sense of the term, now commonly called classical compatibilists.
Given that classical free will theorists (i.e. those working in the classical analytic paradigm) agreed that it is at least metaphysically possible for an ordinary human to exercise free will,  all classical compatibilists accepted a compossibilist account of free will (i.e. a compossibilist interpretation of the ability to do otherwise) and all classical incompatibilists accepted a libertarian (a.k.a. libertarianist) account of free will (i.e. a libertarian/libertarianist interpretation of the ability to do otherwise).

The classical analytic paradigm has fallen out of favor over the last few decades, largely because philosophers no longer agree that free will is equivalent to some kind of ability to do otherwise; many hold that it is, instead, a type of sourcehood that does not require an ability to do otherwise. The number of philosophers who reject the classical assumption of anthropocentric possibilism, i.e. the view that it is at least metaphysically possible for a human to exercise free will, has also risen in recent years.  As philosophers adjusted Lehrer's original (classical) definitions of the terms 'incompatibilism' and 'compatibilism' to reflect their own perspectives on the location of the purported "fundamental divide" among free will theorists, the terms 'incompatibilism' and 'compatibilism' have been given a variety of new meanings. At present, then, there is no standard meaning of the term 'incompatibilism' (or its complement 'compatibilism').

On one recent taxonomy, there are now at least three substantively different, non-classical uses of the term 'incompatibilism', or (if one prefers) three different types of incompatibilism, namely: neo-classical incompatibilism, post-classical incompatibilism (a.k.a. incompossibilism), and anti-classical incompatibilism; correspondingly, there are neo-classical, post-classical (compossibilist), and anti-classical versions of compatibilism as well. Neo-classical incompatibilism is a two-tenet view: (1) incompossibilism is true (i.e. it is metaphysically impossible for an ordinary human to act freely when determinism is true), and (2) determinism-related causal/nomological factors preclude free will (which explains why incompossibilism is true).  Correspondingly, neo-classical compatibilism is the two-tenet view that (1) the negative, non-explanatory tenet of neo-classical incompatibilism is false (i.e. compossibilism is true), and (2) the positive, explanatory tenet of neo-classical incompatibilism is false. Anti-classical incompatibilism is the explanatory thesis of neo-classical incompatibilism; anti-classical incompatibilism is neutral on the truth-value of incompossibilism. Correspondingly, anti-classical compatibilism is the negation of neo-classical incompatibilism's positive tenet, i.e. anti-classical compatibilism is the contradictory of anti-classical incompatibilism. Post-classical incompatibilism is just the negative, non-explanatory thesis of neo-classical incompatibilism; this view is neutral on whether the positive, explanatory thesis of neo-classical incompatibilism is truIe. (Put another way, on the post-classical redefinition of 'incompatibilism', it is just an alternative name for incompossibilism, a view which is completely silent on whether determinism-related causal factors are relevant to free will or are a total red herring in discussions of free will.) Correspondingly, post-classical compatibilism is identical to compossibilism (i.e. on the post-classical redefinition of 'compatibilism', it denotes mere compossibilism).

The ambiguity of 'incompatibilism' can be a source of confusion because arguments with very different (even inconsistent) conclusions are currently lumped together under the umbrella phrase "arguments for incompatibilism." For example, it is easy for the casual reader to overlook that some arguments for post-classical incompatibilism (a.k.a. incompossibilism) are not arguments for neo-classical incompatibilism on the grounds that the argument does not aim to support the latter's explanatory tenet (a.k.a. anti-classical incompatibilism).    Other arguments support post-classical incompatibilism (a.k.a. incompossibilism) but conclude that neo-classical incompatibilism is false on the grounds that its explanatory tenet (a.k.a. anti-classical incompatibilism) is false.   Arguments in the last category conclude that people lack free will when determinism is true but not at all because determinism is true (i.e. not at all because certain causal/nomological factors obtain); most propose that the real threat to free will is that people lack adequate control over their own constitutive properties, or what is often called their "constitutive luck" (as opposed to causal luck).

Libertarianism

Free-will libertarianism is the view that the free-will thesis (that we, ordinary humans, have free will) is true and that determinism is false; in first-order language, it is the view that we (ordinary humans) have free will and the world does not behave in the way described by determinism.    Libertarianism is one of the popular solutions to the problem of free will, roughly the problem of settling the question of whether we have free will and the logically prior question of what free will amounts to. The main rivals to libertarianism are soft determinism and hard determinism.

Libertarian Robert Kane (editor of the Oxford Handbook of Free Will) is a leading incompatibilist philosopher in favour of free will. Kane seeks to hold persons morally responsible for decisions that involved indeterminism in their process. Critics maintain that Kane fails to overcome the greatest challenge to such an endeavor: "the argument from luck". Namely, if a critical moral choice is a matter of luck (indeterminate quantum fluctuationIs), then on what grounds can we hold a person responsible for their final action? Moreover, even if we imagine that a person can make an act of will ahead of time, to make the moral action more probable in the upcoming critical moment, this act of 'willing' was itself a matter of luck. Kane objects to the validity of the argument from luck because the latter misrepresents the chance as if it is external to the act of choosing. The free will theorem of John H. Conway and Simon B. Kochen further establishes that if we have free will, then quantum particles also possess free will. This means that starting from the assumption that humans have free will, it is possible to pinpoint the origin of their free will in the quantum particles that constitute their brain.

Such philosophical stance risks an infinite regress, however; if any such mind is real, an objection can be raised that free will would be impossible if the choosing is shaped merely by luck or chance.

Libertarianism in the philosophy of mind is unrelated to the like-named political philosophy. It suggests that we actually do have free will, that it is incompatible with determinism, and that therefore the future is not determined. For example, at this moment, one could either continue reading this article if one wanted, or cease. Under this assertion, being that one could do either, the fact of how the history of the world will continue to unfold is not currently determined one way or the other.

One famous proponent of this view was Lucretius, who asserted that the free will arises out of the random, chaotic movements of atoms, called "clinamen". One major objection to this view is that science has gradually shown that more and more of the physical world obeys completely deterministic laws, and seems to suggest that our minds are just as much part of the physical world as anything else. If these assumptions are correct, incompatibilist libertarianism can only be maintained as the claim that free will is a supernatural phenomenon, which does not obey the laws of nature (as, for instance, maintained by some religious traditions).

However, many libertarian view points now rely upon an indeterministic view of the physical universe, under the assumption that the idea of a deterministic, clockwork universe has become outdated since the advent of quantum mechanics.
By assuming an indeterministic universe, libertarian philosophical constructs can be proposed under the assumption of physicalism.

There are libertarian view points based upon indeterminism and physicalism, which is closely related to naturalism. A major problem for naturalistic libertarianism is to explain how indeterminism can be compatible with rationality and with appropriate connections between an individual's beliefs, desires, general character and actions. A variety of naturalistic libertarianism is promoted by Robert Kane, who emphasizes that if our character is formed indeterministically (in "self-forming actions"), then our actions can still flow from our character, and yet still be incompatibilistically free.

Alternatively, libertarian view points based upon indeterminism have been proposed without the assumption of naturalism. At the time C. S. Lewis wrote Miracles, quantum mechanics (and physical indeterminism) was only in the initial stages of acceptance, but still Lewis stated the logical possibility that, if the physical world was proved to be indeterministic, this would provide an entry (interaction) point into the traditionally viewed closed system, where a scientifically described physically probable/improbable event could be philosophically described as an action of a non-physical entity on physical reality (noting that, under a physicalist point of view, the non-physical entity must be independent of the self-identity or mental processing of the sentient being). Lewis mentions this only in passing, making clear that his thesis does not depend on it in any way.

Others may use some form of Donald Davidson's anomalous monism to suggest that although the mind is in fact part of the physical world, it involves a different level of description of the same facts, so that although there are deterministic laws under the physical description, there are no such laws under the mental description, and thus our actions are free and not determined.

Hard determinism

Those who reject free will and accept determinism are variously known as "hard determinists", hard incompatibilists, free will skeptics, illusionists, or impossibilists. They believe that there is no 'free will' and that any sense of the contrary is an illusion. Of course, hard determinists do not deny that one has desires, but say that these desires are causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. According to this philosophy, no wholly random, spontaneous, mysterious, or miraculous events occur. Determinists sometimes assert that it is stubborn to resist scientifically motivated determinism on purely intuitive grounds about one's own sense of freedom. They reason that the history of the development of science suggests that determinism is the logical method in which reality works.

William James said that philosophers (and scientists) have an "antipathy to chance." Absolute chance, a possible implication of quantum mechanics and the indeterminacy principle, supports the existence of indefinite causal structures. This possibility often disturbs those who assume there must be a causal and lawful explanation for all events.

Moral implications
Since many believe that free will is necessary for moral responsibility, hard determinism may imply disastrous consequences for their theory of ethics, resulting in a domino theory of moral nonresponsibility.

As something of a solution to this predicament, one might embrace the so-called "illusion" of free will. This thesis argues in favor of maintaining the prevailing belief in free will for the sake of preserving moral responsibility and the concept of ethics. However, critics argue that this move renders morality merely another "illusion", or else that this move is simply hypocritical.

The determinist will add that, even if denying free will does mean morality is incoherent, such an unfortunate result has no effect on the truth. Note, however, that hard determinists often have some sort of 'moral system' that relies explicitly on determinism. A determinist's moral system simply bears in mind that every person's actions in a given situation are, in theory, predicted by the interplay of environment and upbringing. For instance, the determinist may still punish undesirable behaviours for reasons of behaviour modification or deterrence.

Hard incompatibilism

Hard incompatibilism, like hard determinism, is a type of skepticism about free will. 'Hard incompatibilism' is a term coined by Derk Pereboom to designate the view that both determinism and indeterminism are incompatible with having free will and moral responsibility. Like the hard determinist, the hard incompatibilist holds that if determinism were true, our having free will would be ruled out. But Pereboom argues in addition that if our decisions were indeterministic events, free will would also be precluded. In his view, free will is the control in action required for the desert aspect of moral responsibility—for our deserving to be blamed or punished for immoral actions, and to be praised or rewarded for morally exemplary actions. He contends that if our decisions were indeterministic events, their occurrence would not be in the control of the agent in the way required for such attributions of desert. The possibility for free will that remains is libertarian agent causation, according to which agents as substances (thus not merely as having a role in events) can cause actions without being causally determined to do so. Pereboom argues that for empirical reasons it is unlikely that we are agent causes of this sort, and that as a result, it is likely that we lack free will.

Experimental research
In recent years researchers in the field of experimental philosophy have been working on determining whether ordinary people, who are not experts in this field, naturally have compatibilist or incompatibilist intuitions about determinism and moral responsibility. Some experimental work has even conducted cross-cultural studies. The debate about whether people naturally have compatibilist or incompatibilist intuitions has not come out overwhelmingly in favor of one view or the other. Still, there has been some evidence that people can naturally hold both views. For instance, when people are presented with abstract cases which ask if a person could be morally responsible for an immoral act when they could not have done otherwise, people tend to say no, or give incompatibilist answers, but when presented with a specific immoral act that a specific person committed, people tend to say that that person is morally responsible for their actions, even if they were determined (that is, people also give compatibilist answers).

See also

 Ability
 Daniel Dennett's Freedom Evolves
 Daniel Dennett's Elbow Room
 Frankfurt cases
 Indeterminism
 Lucretius' On the Nature of Things
 Molinism
 Philosophical zombie
 Tychism

References

Determinism
Free will
Randomness

Incompatibilism


Ramandu is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis's The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, part of the series The Chronicles of Narnia.

About
He appears as an old man with a silver beard that comes down to his bare feet, dressed in a robe that appears to be made "from the fleece of silver sheep". Once a star, he grew too old and descended to the island at the beginning of the end of the world where he lived for some time with his unnamed daughter (of uncertain parentage, but later the wife of Caspian X and Queen of Narnia). Each morning they would emerge from their home to sing a song during the length of dawn, perhaps causing the sun to rise. Then, a mass of white birds would fly out from "the valleys of the sun" and settle all over the island. One bird would carry a fire-berry, which it would place in Ramandu's mouth. Each time Ramandu ate a fire-berry he would grow younger, until he was an infant, when he was to become a star again.

Ramandu's Island
Ramandu's Island was the last island before the end of the world. The geography of the island was one of gentle hills, not with steep slopes, but instead "with slopes like pillows" (Lewis 1952). A pleasant "purple" smell came forth from the island.  The island had many capes and points. The bay in which the Dawn Treader anchored was wide and shallow; at the head of that bay was a level valley, which had a heather-like ground covering. In the valley, there was a wide oblong ruin with columns and no roof.

References
 Lewis, C.S. (1952). The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, New York: HarperCollins Children's Books.

The Chronicles of Narnia characters
Literary characters introduced in 1952
Fictional characters who use magic

Ramandu


Hristo Gruev Danov (; 27 August 1828 – 11 December 1911) was a Bulgarian enlightener, teacher and book publisher of the Bulgarian National Revival who is regarded as the father of organized book publishing in the Bulgarian lands and hailed as the "Bulgarian Gutenberg". After the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, he was also a politician and mayor of Plovdiv.

Biography
Danov was born in Klisura, a town in Ottoman Rumelia (today in central Bulgaria), to the family of a frieze waver. He commenced his education at the Klisura religious school before moving to the class school in Panagyurishte opened by Sava Radulov, where he studied in 1841–1842. However, his father's death meant Danov had to return to Klisura and become a craftsman so as to sustain the family. In 1847, he again enrolled at the Panagyurishte school, and in 1848–1850 he was a student at Nayden Gerov's school in Koprivshtitsa. Having completed his education, Hristo Danov became a teacher in Strelcha (1851–1852) and Perushtitsa (1852–1853). During the Crimean War (1853–1856) he was a teacher in Plovdiv.

In 1856, Danov returned to Klisura, where he established the town's first modern class school. Danov's work as a publisher began in Belgrade, the capital of the Principality of Serbia, where he printed the calendar Balkan Mountain Boy. Calendar for the 1856 Leap Year. Together with the teacher Yacho (Yoakim) Truvchev and the bookbinder Nyagul Boyadzhiyski, he founded the bindery Druzhestvena knigoveznitsa (Дружествена книговезница) in 1857 in Plovdiv. The bindery would gradually grow to become a bookshop and then emerge as the first Bulgarian publishing house. By 1862, the company had evolved into the Hristo G. Danov & Co. Publishing House, and Yoakim Gruev had joined as a partner. In 1862, the Hristo G. Danov & Co. Publishing House had branches in Ruse and Veles. In 1874, Danov's publishing house opened its own printing office in Vienna, the Austro–Hungarian capital.

As a publisher, Danov contributed greatly to the development of Bulgarian education in the Bulgarian National Revival period. His publishing house issued Neofit Rilski's mutual instruction graphs, textbooks and geographic maps for the school curriculum, as well as the first Bulgarian large-scale wall maps. Other books published by Danov included individual works by Euripides, Ivan Turgenev, Guy de Maupassant and Jules Verne.

In 1876, in the wake of the major anti-Ottoman April Uprising organized by the Bulgarian population, Danov was imprisoned for three months in Plovdiv. Once released, he moved to Svishtov, where he was based for the most of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). As the war led to Bulgaria's liberation, Danov had his printing office moved from Vienna to Plovdiv (which in 1878 became the capital of autonomous Eastern Rumelia, which united with the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885). From 1878 to 1885 he issued the Maritsa newspaper, the first all-Bulgarian newspaper, which was supported by vice-governor Todor Burmov and the interim Russian government. In 1880, the publishing house expanded with branches in Lom and Sofia. Danov himself became an associate member of the Bulgarian Literary Society (today the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) in 1881, and an honorary member in 1900.

Danov began his political career as a member of the Eastern Rumelia Regional Assembly in 1882. Between 1 February 1897 and 2 July 1899, he was mayor of Plovdiv, for which he asked to receive no salary. It was during his term that the first town plan of Plovdiv was designed by Josef Schnitter. Another of Danov's accomplishments as a mayor was the afforestation of two of Plovdiv's seven hills. Danov died in 1911 and was interred at the Church of the Holy Mother of God in Plovdiv. Among Hristo G. Danov's descendants are several prominent Bulgarians, including historian Hristo M. Danov (1908–1997) and lawyer Hristo Danov (1922–2003). His daughter-in-law, Sofia Danova (1879–1946), was the first Bulgarian woman to obtain a mathematics degree.

Danov's House in Plovdiv's Old Town is home to one of the Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum's expositions, dedicated to the history of Bulgarian publishing. The house dates to the mid-19th century.

Danov's namesake award was established in 1999 and is presented annually by the Bulgarian Ministry of Culture and the Plovdiv National Book Center to recognize those who make contributions to Bulgarian literary culture.

References

Bulgarian educators
Bulgarian printers
Bulgarian publishers (people)
Mayors of Plovdiv
1828 births
1911 deaths
People from Plovdiv Province
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
19th-century Bulgarian people
19th-century publishers (people)

Hristo G. Danov


18 Years Later () is a 2010 Italian comedy-drama film written, directed and starring Edoardo Leo. For this film Leo was nominated for David di Donatello for Best New Director  and  for a Nastro d'Argento in the same category.  The film also won several awards in a number of international film festivals, including the Audience Award at the Annecy Italian Film Festival and the awards for best film, best director, best actor and best actress at the 2010 Ibiza International Film Festival.

Cast

See also
 List of Italian films of 2010

References

External links

Films set in Italy
2010 directorial debut films
2010 films
Italian road comedy-drama films
2010s road comedy-drama films
Films directed by Edoardo Leo
2010s Italian films
2010s Italian-language films

18 Years Later


Isoun who is the founder of Isaba Kingdom, migrated from Oporomor to Amabulou in the present Ekeremor local government area of Bayelsa State, about the 14th century.

Isoun and all his descendants are direct and bonafide members of Bumoubiri quarters of Amabulou community in Ekeremor local government area of Bayelsa State.

He (Isoun) later migrated from there and founded the first Isaba settlement, named Isaba-utugbo and from there he crossed the Isaba river and founded Ogbetu, Igbaregba, Tobo-ama-Isaba and finally Isaba at a time beyond human history.

The descendants and followers of Isoun later founded and settled at various places including Ayama, Pamien, Orubeke, Pere-ama", the traditional headquarters of Isaba Kingdom and a host of other and villages.
When Isoun and his descendants migrated to this area(Isaba), it was a complete Virgin land, never inhabited by human being on earth. The People of Isaba from time immemorial have exercised full proprietary and possessory right of ownership without interference.

Being an unhabited land, Isoun decedents brushed the vigin land land in so doing, they cut down a huge tree that sprawled across the immediate vicinity which they settled upon, necessitating them to cross over the fallen tree each time they passed from one side of the said vicinity to the other.

It is this act of crossing over that, later became known as Isaba in Ijo (Ijaw) language. However, it has expanded to many acreage (hectare) with time. Isoun was the first king (Pere) and ancestor of Isaba thus the founder of Isaba Kingdom.

RULING HOUSES OF ISABA KINGDOM

1. Akori Ruling House
2. Ogbobere Ruling House
3. Imgbile Ruling House
4. Okoro Ruling House
5. Tukpa Ruling House
6. Oviuama Ruling House

HISTORY OF THE THRONE OF ISABA KINGDOM

1. HRM Pere Isoun – The Pere and Founder of Isaba Kingdom (1480-1582) – 102 years reign.

2. HRM Pere Akori – The Pere of Isaba Kingdom (1582-1679) – 97 years reign (The interregnum for 185 years)
3. Prince Giobirimor – Pere designate of Isaba Kingdom (1864) – Interregnum for 33 years.
4. HRM Pere Donokoromor Iyetimiware (1897-1962) – 62 years reign (Interregnum for 21 years)

5. HRM Pere Deimowuru Donokoromor (JP) – The Pere of Isaba Kingdom (1983-2018l – 35 years reign (Interregnum for 5 years).

6. HRM Pere Theophilus Ndorokeme Isegbele, Ogbobere Isoun VI  – Crowned Tuesday, May 23, 2023 and Staff of Office presented by the Delta State Government on Wednesday, May 24, 2023.

References

Ijaw
Delta State

Isaba tribe


Cowgirl Creamery is a company located in Point Reyes Station, California, which manufactures artisan cheeses.  Founded in 1994, the company manufactures its own cheeses and sells other imported and domestic cheese and fine artisan foods.  Its own cheeses include Red Hawk and Mt. Tam (named after Mount Tamalpais). Until April 2021, the company operated a storefront in the Ferry Building of San Francisco. Founders Peggy Smith and Sue Conley worked for years in the kitchens of the Bay Area, and Alice Waters' Chez Panisse, where Peggy worked for many years, is among many Bay Area establishments to incorporate cheeses from Cowgirl Creamery into its menu.

Cheesemaking

Cowgirl Creamery crafts its own cheeses using organic milk from the neighboring Straus Family Creamery, as well as John Tavernas' dairy.  Mount Tam, a triple cream cheese similar to Explorateur, and Red Hawk, also a triple cream, with a washed rind, are the more well-known of their aged cheeses, but the company also makes four seasonal soft cheeses: Pierce Point, Saint Pat, Chimney Rock, and Devil's Gulch.  Only two of their aged cheeses are in a slightly different format: Inverness looks like an aged goat cheese but is actually made with cow's milk, and is only available at Cowgirl's stores due to a short shelf life; Wagon Wheel, which is a semi-firm cheese designed to melt, is made in 25-pound wheels. Their most recent cheese is the semi-firm Hopalong. They very, very rarely make an unpublicized aged cheese, Sir Francis Drake, which is the same size, shape, and base as the Mount Tam, but is washed in Muscat wine and topped with macerated currants and has a stronger, sweeter flavor.

Their aged cheeses are named after landmarks or other features local to the Marin Headlands.  Cowgirl Creamery also makes fresh cheeses: a fromage blanc and a crème fraiche and recently resumes making their clabbered cottage cheese; they no longer make Niloufer's Panir (which is named for chef Niloufer Ichaporia King).

History
The company was started in 1994. In addition to its San Francisco store and Sidekick Cafe, the original creamery in Point Reyes Station includes a store and cantina, and a storefront in the Penn Quarter neighborhood of Washington, D.C. (where founders Sue Conley and Peggy Smith are from) was open from 2006 to 2013.

On May 17, 2016, the company announced that they had been acquired by the publicly traded Swiss dairy company Emmi AG.

Popular culture
Cowgirl Creamery was referenced in episode 6.1 of the popular TV sitcom Will & Grace, "Dames at Sea", in the scene where Will is trying to ease the mind of Jack in suspicions of a drunken rendezvous with each other. It has also been mentioned as being a favorite among several notable celebrities.

See also

 List of cheesemakers

References

External links

Cowgirl Creamery
NPR's All Things Considered:  "For Cheesemakers, Cows Make All the Difference

Cheesemakers
Food and drink in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Marin County, California
1994 establishments in California
West Marin
Dairy products companies in California

Cowgirl Creamery