Hull City Association Football Club is a professional association football club based in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. They compete in the  and play their home games at the MKM Stadium, after moving from Boothferry Park in 2002. The club's traditional home colours are black and amber, often featuring in a striped design on the shirt, hence their nickname, the Tigers. Hull also contest the Humber derby with both Grimsby Town and Scunthorpe United.

The club was founded in 1904 and was then admitted into the Football League a year later. They remained in the Second Division until relegation in 1930. Hull won the Third Division North title in 1932–33, but were relegated three years later. They won the Third Division North under the stewardship of Raich Carter in 1948–49, and this time remained in the second tier for seven seasons. Having been promoted again in 1958–59, they were relegated the following season and remained in the Third Division until they were promoted as champions under Cliff Britton in 1965–66. Twelve seasons in the second tier culminated in two relegations in four years by 1981. They were promoted from the Fourth Division at the end of the 1982–83 campaign and were beaten finalists in the inaugural Associate Members' Cup in 1984.

Hull were relegated in 1991 and again in 1996, but secured back-to-back promotions in 2003–04 and 2004–05. The club went on to win the 2008 play-off final against Bristol City to win a place in the Premier League for the first time. They were relegated after two seasons, but were promoted again from the Championship in 2012–13. Hull played in their first FA Cup final in 2014, who despite scoring twice early on, lost 3–2 to Arsenal after extra-time. Relegated from the Premier League the following year, they returned for a third time with victory in the 2016 play-off final. They were relegated again from the top-flight just a year later, before dropping into the third tier in 2020. Hull secured immediate promotion as champions of League One at the end of the 2020–21 campaign.

History

Foundation and early progress (1904–1945)
Hull City Association Football Club was founded in June 1904. Previous attempts to found an association football club in Kingston upon Hull had proved difficult due to the popularity of rugby league in the city. By 1904, both Hull F.C. and Hull K.R. were already well-established sides with passionate local backing. The desire for a third team to represent the city in competitive sport was not particularly present at the time, but support would soon grow. The club faced some initial disruptions after foundation, as they had been unable to apply for membership of the Football League for the 1904–05 season and instead played only in friendlies. The first of these matches was a 2–2 draw with Notts County on 1 September 1904 with a strong crowd of 6,000 in attendance. These early matches were played at Hull F.C.'s home, the Boulevard. The club's first competitive football match was in the FA Cup preliminary round, drawing 3–3 with Stockton on 17 September, but they were eliminated after losing the replay 4–1 on 22 September.

After disputes with landlords at the Boulevard, Hull City temporarily moved to the Circle, a cricket ground in West Park. After having played 44 friendly fixtures the previous season, Hull City were finally admitted into the Football League Second Division for the 1905–06 season. Other teams competing in the league that season included the likes of Manchester United and Chelsea, as well as Yorkshire rivals Barnsley, Bradford City and Leeds City. Furthermore, Grimsby Town, from the southern bank of the Humber Estuary in Lincolnshire, were also in the Second Division. Interestingly, Hull and Grimsby were the only two professional teams who were granted official exemption from playing league football on Christmas Day because of the demands of the fish trade. Hull defeated Barnsley 4–1 at home in their first game and ended the season with a solid 5th-placed finish.

In March 1906, a permanent home ground was opened for Hull City just across the road from the cricket ground, known as Anlaby Road. It would house the team until 1939. Under the guidance of player-manager Ambrose Langley, Hull continued to finish consistently in the top-half of the table. They came agonisingly close to promotion in the 1909–10 season, recording what would be the club's highest-ever league finish for nearly a century. Hull had ended the season level on points with Oldham Athletic, but finished below the Latics due to goal average, where a narrow margin of 0.29 of a goal had meant the Tigers missed out on promotion.

Hull would continue to regularly finish in the top-half of the table prior to the suspension of English football during the First World War, but their momentum had gone after its restart in 1919. The Tigers began to struggle and suffered finishes in the bottom-half of the table in seven seasons out of the next eleven. This culminated in relegation to the Third Division North following the 1929–30 season. Despite the league campaign ending in relegation, Hull found much better luck in the FA Cup. Prior to 2014, Hull's greatest result in any cup competition was achieved in the 1929–30 FA Cup. The Tigers began with victories over the eventual champions of the Third Division, Plymouth Argyle and the eventual champions of the Second Division, Blackpool. They then overcame Manchester City to meet Newcastle United in the quarter-finals. The first game at St James' Park finished as a 1–1 draw, but in the home replay Hull beat Newcastle 1–0. This meant Hull would reach the semi-finals, where they would face Arsenal at the neutral venue of Elland Road in Leeds. The game ended 2–2 and so was replayed at Villa Park in Birmingham four days later. Arsenal ran out 1–0 winners, ending the cup run.

Hull would eventually be promoted back to the Second Division after they won their first-ever league title in the 1932–33 season. Managed by Haydn Green, they had finished above 2nd-placed Wrexham by just 2 points, mainly due to the goals of Bill McNaughton who was the league's top-scorer that season with 39 goals.

Lower-league success and financial crisis (1945–1985)

After the Second World War, the club moved to another new ground, Boothferry Park. In the 1948–49 season, under the tutilage of former England international and now player-manager Raich Carter, Hull won promotion from the Third Division North as champions. "Yo-yoing" between the second and third tiers of English football, City had promotion seasons from the Third Division to the Second Division again in 1958–59 and 1965–66, winning the Third Division title in the latter-season. For the majority of the 1960s, Hull was managed by Cliff Britton, who has since achieved cult-status with supporters of the club for the successes he achieved, especially the Third Division title win in 1966. The side that year featured record club appearance-maker Jock Davidson and record club goal-scorer Chris Chilton as well as striker Ken Houghton and a young Ken Wagstaff, among others. It is widely regarded as one of the best squads the club has ever had.

On 1 August 1970, Hull achieved the unique feat of becoming the first team in the world to go out of a cup competition on penalties, beaten by Manchester United in the semi-final of the Watney Cup.

By the early 1980s, Hull City were in the Fourth Division, and financial collapse led to receivership. Don Robinson took over as chairman and appointed Colin Appleton as the new manager. Both had previously held the equivalent roles with non-league Scarborough. Promotion to the Third Division followed in 1983, with a young team featuring the likes of future England international Brian Marwood, future England manager Steve McClaren, forwards Billy Whitehurst and Les Mutrie and Hull-born future captain and club legend, Garreth Roberts.

In February 1983, City fans Henry Priestman as Harry Amber and Mark Herman as Mark Black worked together as Amber and Black to release the song "The Tigers are Back" with backing vocals provided by members of the City squad. This was done to help raise funds in order to pay the players wages, as the effects of the previous seasons money struggles were still visible. Herman reworded the song "Out of Luck" by Priestman's previous band Yachts, to get the lyrics. The record sleeves and records contained the made up record label logo Don Records in tribute to Don Robinson, and the made up issue number COL001 in tribute to Colin Appleton.

After narrowly missing out on back-to-back promotions in May 1984, Appleton left his position at Hull having been enticed to become the new manager of Swansea City. His replacement was player-manager Brian Horton who would first join the Tigers on their summer tour of Florida the following month, where they visited Walt Disney World, and played the Tampa Bay Rowdies, managed by Rodney Marsh, in the return leg of the Arrow Air Anglo-American Cup. Mark Herman would direct and edit a short documentary film of the tour, with Priestman composing its music. Herman released the finished version online in 2016, titled "A Kick in the Grass". Promotion followed in the 1984–85 season under Horton, with the young City squad now not only talented but experienced too.

Fall to the fourth tier (1985–2000)
Hull remained in the Second Division for the next six years before suffering relegation in 1991, by which time the club's manager was Terry Dolan. The Tigers finished 14th in the Third Division in the 1991–92 season, meaning that they would be competing in the new Second Division the following season. In their first season in the rebranded division, Hull narrowly avoided another relegation, but the board kept faith in Dolan and over the next two seasons they achieved mid-table finishes. Financial difficulties hampered City's progress, as key players such as Alan Fettis and Dean Windass had to be sold to fend off winding-up orders. In the 1995–96 season Hull were relegated to the Third Division.

In 1997 the club was purchased by former tennis player David Lloyd, who sacked Dolan as manager and replaced him with Mark Hateley after Hull could only finish in 17th place in the table. Hull's league form was steadily deteriorating to the point that relegation to the Football Conference was looking a real possibility. Lloyd sold the club in November 1998 to a South Yorkshire-based consortium, but retained ownership of Boothferry Park. Hateley departed in November 1998, with the club at the foot of the table. He was replaced by 34-year-old veteran player Warren Joyce, who steered the club to safety with games to spare. Hull City fans refer to this season as "The Great Escape". Despite this feat, Joyce was replaced in April 2000 by the more experienced Brian Little.

Despite briefly being locked out of Boothferry Park by bailiffs and facing the possibility of liquidation, Hull qualified for the Third Division play-offs in the 2000–01 season, losing in the semi-finals to Leyton Orient. A boardroom takeover by former Leeds United commercial director Adam Pearson had eased the club's precarious financial situation and all fears of closure were banished.

Rise to the top-flight (2000–2008)
The new chairman funded the club, allowing Little to rebuild the team. Hull occupied the Third Division promotion and play-off places for much of the 2001–02 season, but Little departed two months before the end of the season and Hull slipped to 11th place under his successor Jan Mølby, incidentally the club's first non-British or Irish manager.

Hull began the 2002–03 season with a number of defeats, which saw relegation look more likely than promotion, and Mølby was sacked in October as Hull languished in 19th. Peter Taylor was named as Hull's new manager and in December 2002, just two months after his appointment, Hull relocated to the new KC Stadium after 56 years at Boothferry Park. At the end of the season Hull finished 13th.

Hull were Third Division runners-up in 2003–04 and League One runners-up in 2004–05. These back-to-back promotions took City into the Championship, the second tier of English football. The 2005–06 season, the club's first back in the second tier, saw Hull finish in 18th place, 10 points clear of relegation and their highest league finish for 16 years.

However, Taylor left the club to take up the manager's job at Crystal Palace and Colchester United's Phil Parkinson was confirmed as his replacement, but was sacked on 4 December 2006 with Hull in the relegation zone, despite having spent over £2 million on players during the summer. Phil Brown took over as caretaker manager, and took over permanently in January 2007, having taken Hull out of the relegation zone. Brown brought veteran striker Dean Windass back to his hometown club on loan from Bradford City, and his eight goals helped secure Hull's Championship status with a 21st-placed finish.

Adam Pearson sold the club to a consortium led by Paul Duffen in June 2007, stating that he "had taken the club as far as I could", and would have to relinquish control in order to attract "really significant finance into the club". Under Paul Duffen and manager Phil Brown, Hull City improved greatly on their relegation battle of 2006–07 and qualified for the play-offs after finishing the season in third. They beat Watford 6–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals and played Bristol City in the final on 24 May 2008. Hull won 1–0 at Wembley Stadium, with Hull-born club hero Dean Windass scoring the winning goal. Their ascent from the bottom division of the Football League to the top division of English football in just five seasons is the third-fastest ever.

On 1 January 2008, midway through Hull City's promotion season, Amber and Black (now stylised as Amber & Black), released the song "The City's on Fire" on Myspace. It was their first Hull City song since 1983. It was later re-released just before 2014 FA Cup final.

Premier League football and "yo-yo" years (2008–2016)
Despite being a firm candidate for relegation ahead of the 2008–09 season, Hull began life in the Premier League by beating Fulham 2–1 on the opening day in their first-ever top-flight fixture. Having gone 1–0 down inside 10 minutes, Geovanni scored Hull's first-ever top-flight goal from outside the box to equalise. Caleb Folan then won the match late on after Craig Fagan capitalised on a defensive mishap by Paul Konchesky. With only one defeat in their opening nine games, including away wins at Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur, the Tigers temporarily found themselves joint-top of the Premier League table on points (albeit sat in 3rd place due to goal difference) following a 3–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion. Hull's form never replicated the highs of the early autumn, as they only won two more games over the remainder of the campaign, but secured their top-flight status on the last day of the season due to other results going in their favour.

On 29 October 2009, chairman Paul Duffen resigned his position with the club, and was replaced by former chairman Adam Pearson on 2 November 2009. On 15 March 2010, manager Phil Brown was put on gardening leave after a run of four defeats left Hull in the relegation zone. Brown's replacement was former Crystal Palace and Charlton boss Iain Dowie, and the appointment was met with some disbelief by supporters who were hoping for a "bigger name" replacement. Hull City's relegation from the Premier League was confirmed on 3 May 2010, after a 2–2 draw at Wigan Athletic. Both Brown and Dowie had their contracts terminated, and Leicester City's Nigel Pearson was confirmed as the new manager.

A reported block on player transfers into the club, set in place by the Hull City board on 28 July 2010 until transfers out would substantially reduce the £39 million-per-year wage bill, cast doubt on the new manager's efforts to build a squad capable of a quick return to the Premier League. Nevertheless, Pearson brought several transfers and loan signings into the club in his bid to strengthen the squad for the season's campaign. On 16 December 2010, it was confirmed that Assem Allam had become the new owner of Hull City, having promised to pay back club debts and eliminate any possibility of financial ruin. This allowed the team to spend more money in the following January window, bringing in several new transfers and short-term loans, including the notable arrival of Matty Fryatt from Leicester City for £1.2 million. The newly-revitalised team set a new club record on 12 March 2011 with 14 away matches unbeaten, breaking a previous record held for over 50 years. This 17-match streak was finally broken by Bristol City on the last day of the 2010–11 season, with Hull losing the match 3–0.

On 15 November 2011, Nigel Pearson left the club to return to Leicester. Hull-born club hero Nick Barmby was appointed as his successor, initially as a temporary player-manager but later as the full-time head coach after retiring from professional football in January 2012. Barmby was later sacked in May 2012 after publicly criticising the club's owners in an interview given to a local newspaper. In the same month, the club's consultancy agreement with Adam Pearson was terminated. On 8 June 2012, Steve Bruce was appointed manager of Hull City on a three-year deal, an appointment which would prove pivotal for the club's history. To begin, Bruce guided Hull back to the Premier League in his first campaign as manager, the 2012–13 season. This was achieved in dramatic fashion, by drawing with league champions Cardiff City on the now-infamous final day and requiring a late Leeds United goal to fend off Watford from 2nd place.

The following season, on 13 April 2014, the club reached its first FA Cup Final after defeating Sheffield United 5–3 in the semi-final at Wembley Stadium. Their place in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, regardless of whether they won the 2013–14 FA Cup, was confirmed on 3 May as Everton's failure to win meant that Hull's FA Cup Final opponents Arsenal would compete in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League, leaving Hull to enter into the Europa League third qualifying round, in their first-ever European campaign. The FA Cup final on 17 May 2014 saw Hull go 2–0 up within the first ten minutes, thanks to goals from centre-backs James Chester and Curtis Davies, before eventually losing 3–2 after extra time.

On 31 July 2014, Hull made their debut in European competition, in the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round, with a 0–0 draw against Slovakian side FK AS Trenčín before winning the second leg 2–1 a week later. An error from keeper Allan McGregor meant Hull lost 1–0 away to Belgian outfit KSC Lokeren in the first leg of their play-off tie on 21 August 2014. Hull did manage to achieve a 2–1 victory in the second leg at home, but the away goals rule meant the Tigers lost the tie, marking the end of their first foray into European football.

In March 2015, Steve Bruce signed a further three-year deal with the club. Hull were relegated from the Premier League after the 2014–15 season, finishing 18th with 35 points. Relegation had been confirmed after Hull drew 0–0 at home to Manchester United and fellow relegation-candidates Newcastle United beat West Ham United 2–0 to survive the drop. On 27 October 2015, Hull beat eventual Premier League champions Leicester City in a penalty-shootout to take them through to their first-ever quarter-final appearance in the Football League Cup. Later that season, the Tigers reached the Championship play-offs where they beat Derby County 3–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals to advance to the final, where they faced Sheffield Wednesday on 28 May 2016. Hull secured an immediate return to the Premier League by winning 1–0 in the final after Mohamed Diamé scored in the second-half with a long-ranged effort.

Supporter unrest and steady decline (2016–2021)
On 22 July 2016, Bruce resigned from his position as manager due to an alleged rift with the club's owners and Mike Phelan was appointed caretaker manager. Steve Bruce's four-year tenure as Hull City manager is one of the most successful in the Tigers' history, as his team achieved two promotions to the Premier League, including the club's highest-ever league finish, as well as an FA Cup final and European football. By the summer of 2016, supporters had been frustrated with several aspects of the Allam family's ownership of the club prior to this point (mainly the failed suggestion for the club to be rebranded as Hull Tigers), but the fall-out after Bruce's resignation alongside no new signings made since promotion had sharpened the idea of the club being sold. Attendances at home games dropped in protest of the Allams' ownership, but on-pitch results were surprisingly good considering the club's uncomfortable situation. This was highlighted by an infamous opening day 2–1 win at home to Leicester City, the reigning Premier League champions at the time. Although good results continued until September, Hull's form quickly dipped. Despite this, on 13 October 2016, Phelan became Hull's permanent head coach but he was sacked just 3 months later on 3 January 2017 after very little improvement. Marco Silva was appointed as his replacement two days later but he could not prevent relegation at the end of the season.

Following relegation Silva resigned, and on 9 June 2017, the club announced the appointment of Leonid Slutsky as the new head coach. However, after a poor run of results Slutsky left by mutual consent in December 2017. He was replaced by former-Southampton boss Nigel Adkins who led the team to avoid relegation and finish 18th at the end of the season.  The following season, despite being in the relegation zone after 19 games, an upturn in form saw the Tigers finish in 13th place. However, Adkins resigned at the end of the season after rejecting a new contract. On 21 June 2019, Grant McCann was appointed as head coach on a one-year rolling contract. In a season delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the Tigers started well but lost 16 of their last 20 games, a run that included Hull's joint-worst league defeat ever, when they lost 8–0 away at Wigan Athletic. On 22 July 2020, after a 3–0 away loss to Cardiff City, Hull were relegated to League One. It would be the first time the club had played in the third tier of English football in fifteen years.

Return to the Championship and new ownership (2021–present)

Despite relegation, McCann continued as head coach for the 2020–21 season. This decision would prove successful as on 24 April 2021, Hull were promoted back to the Championship at the first time of asking after a 2–1 victory away at Lincoln City. A week later, on the final day of the campaign, a 3–1 win at home to Wigan Athletic saw the Tigers crowned League One Champions. It was only the fourth-ever league title that the club has won, and the most recent since the victorious 1965–66 Third Division campaign, 55 years prior.

On 19 January 2022, after months of negotiations and speculation, Turkish media mogul Acun Ilıcalı and his company Acun Medya, completed a takeover of the club, ending the club's controversial 11-year ownership under the Allam family. The club sat 19th in the Championship at the time that the takeover was announced. On 25 January 2022, manager Grant McCann and his assistant Cliff Byrne left the club. On 27 January 2022, Shota Arveladze was announced as the new head coach. Hull achieved Championship survival in the 2021–22 season with a 19th-placed finish. On 30 September 2022, Arveladze was sacked after a run of four league defeats and Andy Dawson was appointed as interim head coach. On 3 November 2022, the club announced former player, Liam Rosenior, as the new head coach on a two-and-a-half-year deal. Having strengthened both the team's defensive record and the team's away record since his arrival, Rosenior managed to guide Hull to a comfortable 15th-placed finish by the end of the 2022–23 season.

Club identity

Colours and crest

For most of the club's history, Hull have worn black and amber shirts with black shorts. These black and amber colours are where Hull's nickname, The Tigers, originated from. However, in the club's first match against Notts County in 1904, white shirts were worn, with black shorts and black socks. During their first season in the League, Hull wore black and amber striped shirts and black shorts, which they continued to wear until the Second World War with the exception of the 1935–36 season, in which they wore bright blue shirts.

Following the end of the Second World War, Hull wore sky blue home shirts for the 1946–47 season, but changed to plain amber shirts, which they wore until the early 1960s, when they swapped back to stripes. During the mid-1970s, and early 1980s, the strip was constantly changing between the two versions of plain shirts and stripes. During the late 1980s, red was added to the kits but its duration went no further than this. The early 1990s featured two distinctive "tiger skin" designs, which have since featured in several articles listing the "worst ever" football kits.

The 1998–99 season introduced a kit with cross-fading amber and white stripes, another experiment that proved unpopular. After the start of the 21st century, the club wore plain amber shirts until 2004, when the club celebrated its centenary by wearing a kit similar to the design of the one worn 100 years ago.

In 1935, Hull City's introduced its first-ever shirt crest, which mirrored the familiar three crowns civic emblem of Kingston upon Hull. This was displayed on the bright blue shirts worn in the 1935–36 season. Following that season, the team went without a crest until 1947, when a tiger's head in an amber shield was used. In 1957, it changed again, this time to just the tiger's head. This was worn for another three years, until the shirt returned to having no crest. Then, in 1971, the club brought back the tiger's head on the shirt, which was used for four years.

In 1975, the tiger's head was granted as a heraldic badge by the College of Arms to the English Football League for use by Hull City, blazoned as a "Bengal tiger's head erased proper". Subsequently, the club's initials of HCAFC were shown for four years on the shirt. After this, a crest with the tiger's head with the club's name underneath was used from 1979 until 1998. The next crest, which was in use throughout Hull's historic rise from the fourth tier, features the tiger's head in an amber shield with the club's name, along with the club's nickname, The Tigers.

The club would change their crest again in June 2014, but this version was not well-liked among supporters and so from the close of the 2017–18 season a supporter-led process of redesigning the club crest took place. The new crest was to be used from the start of the 2019–20 season, being revealed in February 2019. This would be similar to the previous design but with the return of the club name at the top and a different shaped shield.

Kit manufacturers and sponsors

Grounds

Between 1904 and 1905, Hull City played their home games at the Boulevard. This ground was used by Hull on a contract which allowed them to use it when not used for Rugby League, at a cost of £100 per annum. Hull built their own ground, Anlaby Road, which was opened in 1906. With the threat of the rerouting of the railway line through the Anlaby Road ground, the club was convinced it needed to secure its future by owning its own ground. They negotiated the deal for land between Boothferry Road and North Road in 1929, which was financed by a £3,000 loan from the FA. Due to the club's financial difficulties, no work took place for three years, and development then stopped until 1939. In that year a proposal to build a new multi-purpose sports stadium on the site temporarily halted the club's plans to relocate, but when this plan failed the club resolved to continue with the stalled development of the site, in anticipation of moving to the new stadium in 1940. The outbreak of war, however, meant that the redevelopment again came to a halt, as the site was taken over by the Home Guard.

During the Second World War, Anlaby Road was damaged by enemy bombing, the repair cost of which was in the region of £1,000. The Cricket Club served notice to quit at the same time, and so in 1943 the tenancy was officially ended. Hull were forced to return to the Boulevard Ground from 1944 until 1945 because of the poor condition of the planned stadium at Boothferry Road. The new stadium was finally opened under the revised name of Boothferry Park on 31 August 1946.

Hull City moved into the newly built KC Stadium alongside Hull F.C. in 2002. The KC Stadium was named "Best Ground" at the 2006 Football League Awards.

Rivalries

Hull City are one of very few clubs in English football to have no clear rival. Hull do contest the Humber Derby with both Grimsby Town and Scunthorpe United, however they are both Lincolnshire clubs and generally consider each other as their main rivals, rather than Hull.

According to a 2003 poll, Hull fans consider their main rival to be Yorkshire neighbours Leeds United, although this appears to be one-sided as Leeds have much stronger rivalries with other clubs, including Bradford City, Huddersfield Town and Manchester United.

The club also has a minor rivalry with Sheffield United. This goes back to 1984 when United won promotion at Hull's expense. With the teams level on points and on goal difference, they were only separated by goals scored. Interestingly, 33 of United's goals were scored by former Hull striker Keith Edwards. Hull's final game of the season against Burnley had been rescheduled due to bad weather and took place after their promotion rivals had finished their campaign. This meant Hull went into the game knowing that a three-goal victory would mean promotion, but in front of a crowd which included a number of United fans, they could manage only a 2–0 win, ensuring that United went up instead.

Additionally, Lincoln City and non-league York City are said to consider Hull amongst their rivals.

The club's main hooligan firm appears to be the Hull City Psychos, dating back to the 1960s.

Name change

2013: Initial application
In August 2013, owner Assem Allam announced that the club had re-registered as "Hull City Tigers Ltd," and that the team would be marketed as "Hull City Tigers," removing the "Association Football Club" that had been part of the name since the club's formation in 1904. Vice-chairman Ehab Allam said "AFC" would remain on the club badge for the 2013–14 season, but removed the "AFC" after.

In response, a Premier League spokesman said, "We have not been informed of a change in the name of the actual club. They will still be known as Hull City as far as the Premier League is concerned when results or fixtures are published."

According to its chairman, by 2014, the club would be further renamed "Hull Tigers," because, as he claimed, "in marketing, the shorter the name the more powerful [it is]," while "Association Football Club" made the name too long. Allam stated he dislikes the word "City", as it is too "common" and a "lousy identity", since it is associated also with other clubs, such as Leicester City, Bristol City and Manchester City. He told David Conn of The Guardian that "in a few years many clubs will follow and change their names to something more interesting and I will have proved I am a leader," adding that if he were the owner of Manchester City, he would change their name to "Manchester Hunter."

Allam justified the intended name change as part of his plans to create "additional sources of revenue" for the club, after Hull City Council refused to sell him the stadium freehold so he could develop, as he had stated, "a sports park" on the site. The council has refused to sell in order, as they stated, "to preserve the annual Hull Fair held on the adjacent car park." After the collapse of the negotiations, Allam stated: "I had in mind £30 million to spend on the infrastructure of the club, to increase the stadium by 10,000 and to have commercial activities around the stadium — cafeterias, shops, supermarkets — to have all this to create income for the club so that in the future it can be self-financing and not relying on me." He asked rhetorically, "What if I dropped dead tomorrow?"

Supporters' groups expressed opposition to the name change. Bernard Noble, chairman of Hull City's official supporters club said he was disappointed, although he agreed that Allam had saved the club from liquidation and that it was "his club". Blogger Rick Skelton called the name change "a pointless exercise" and said, "Mr Allam's assertion that the name 'Hull City' is irrelevant and too common, is as disgusting a use of the English language as his new name for the club." Before the first home match of the season on 24 August 2013, a group of supporters marched in protest against the name change, and unfurled a banner that read, "Hull City AFC: a club not a brand". Allam dismissed complaints by the fans, stating "nobody questions my decisions in my business."

In a comment published on 1 December 2013 in The Independent in response to supporters' chants and banners of "City Till We Die", Allam said, "They can die as soon as they want, as long as they leave the club for the majority who just want to watch good football." The supporters responded with chants of "We're Hull City, we'll die when we want" during that day's home match against Liverpool. Manager Steve Bruce credited the controversy for creating " a fantastic atmosphere" but added, "I have got to have a conversation with him because I don't think he quite understands what it means in terms of history and tradition." However, Bruce also said that, because of the money Allam had invested in the club, "If he thinks Hull Tigers is his way forward then we have to respect it."

On 11 December 2013, a spokesman for Hull City announced that the club had formally applied to the Football Association to have its name changed to "Hull Tigers" from the 2014–15 season onwards. The FA Council, which has "absolute discretion" in deciding whether to approve the plan or not, stated the next day that it would follow a "consultation process" with stakeholders, "including the club's supporter groups."

2014: Resistance and rejection
Some brand and marketing experts have come out in support of the name change. Nigel Currie, director of sports marketing agency Brand Rapport, stated that "the whole process has been conducted badly with the supporters, but [the name change] is a pretty sound idea." Simon Chadwick, professor of Sport Business Strategy and Marketing at the Coventry University Business School, opined that the objective of opening up lucrative new markets for shirt sales, merchandise and broadcast deals shows commercial vision and could bring benefits, but "this needs to be backed up by a proper marketing strategy and investment." He said, "it's no use thinking changing the name or the colour of the shirt will pay instant dividends." David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association in the United States, warned: "I would say a wise owner [of a sports club] would view his ownership as something of a public trust, in addition to the profit motive, and you really do want to allow the fans a little bit more input than I think is being allowed, with respect to Hull."

On 17 March 2014, the FA membership committee advised that the name change application be rejected at the FA Council meeting on 9 April. In response, the club published a statement saying the FA was "prejudiced" and criticised the committee's consultation with the City Till We Die opposition group. The following week, the club opened a ballot of season ticket holders over the name change. Opponents of the name change criticised as "loaded" the questions, which asked respondents to choose between "Yes to Hull Tigers with the Allam family continuing to lead the club", "No to Hull Tigers" and "I am not too concerned and will continue to support the club either way", on the grounds that voters were not given the option to reject the name while keeping the Allam family as owners. Of 15,033 season ticket holders, 5,874 voted in all, with 2,565 voting in favour of the change and 2,517 against, while 792 chose the "not too concerned" option.

On 9 April 2014, the FA Council announced its decision, carried by a 63.5% vote of its members, to reject the club's application for a name change. The club responded by stating it will appeal the decision. However, since there is no appeal process with the FA and its Council, the decision is final. On 11 September 2014, Allam confirmed an appeal has been submitted to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. He also held a news conference confirming the club had been put up for sale due to the English FA's decision on 9 April 2014.

In October 2014, interviewed by the BBC, Allam confirmed that he would "not invest a penny more in the club" unless he is allowed to change the club's name to Hull Tigers. In the same interview, Allam said, "I have never been a football fan. I am still not a football fan. I am a community fan."

2015: Re-application
In March 2015, an independent panel appointed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled that the decision of the Football Association Council to block the name change "cannot stand" on account of the process having been "flawed."

In July 2015, the Football Supporters Federation confirmed that a 70/30 decision was made in favour of Hull City A.F.C. not changing their name after an FA vote.

Finances
In the club's annual report for the 12-month period up to 31 July 2009, auditors Deloitte stated that £4.4 million had gone out of the club and stadium company to owner Russell Bartlett's holding companies in loans, while at least £2.9 million of it was used in the take-over itself of the club. A further £560,000 was paid, according to the audit, by the stadium company to Bartlett's holding companies in "management fees," while at least £1 million was owed to him personally as a "salary". After the warning from	Deloitte, Bartlett gave the club a £4 million loan, "which	brought	the money he had taken out and put in since taking over to about even."

The corporate entity that owns the football club, "The Hull City Association Football Club (Tigers) Ltd," is currently owned by Allamhouse Limited, a private, limited-liability company with a share capital of £10 million (), registered in Jersey. The beneficial owners of Allamhouse Limited, established in 2009, are the Allam family.

On an "Opacity Score" out of 100, where zero indicates complete openness and 100 complete secrecy, the company which owns the club has been rated by Christian Aid at 87.

Hull City's corporate accounts, , show a £25.6 million loss, on revenues of £11 million, after player and management costs of "just under £23 million." The club has "future tax losses" available of more than £45 million. Another Assam Allam company, Allam Marine, also wholly owned by Allamhouse Limited, revealed in its 2012 accounts that "utilisation of tax losses from group companies" reduced its tax liability by £3.8 million over 2011 and 2012.

As reported, HM Revenue and Customs are in the process of an inquiry at Hull City AFC, as part of the British tax authorities' targeting of football clubs over "tax-free payments to players under image rights' deals and the provision of benefits in kind. For Hull City AFC, the provision for benefits in kind was reported at £682,000 as of July 2011, growing to £810,000 by July 2012.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

Reserves and Juniors

Hull City Reserves play in the Reserve League East Division. The team plays home fixtures at the Church Road Ground, home of North Ferriby United. Hull City Juniors play in the Football League Youth Alliance, playing their home fixtures at Winterton Rangers' home stadium.

Hull City Women

Hull City Women play in the Northern Combination Women's Football League. In the 2006–07 season, the team finished seventh in the table with 33 points.

Captaincy history

Below is a list of all the official captains Hull City has had since the 2002-03 season. Temporary captains are not included in the list.

Player of the Year

Hull City have presented a Player of the Year award since the 1999–00 season, with Mark Greaves winning its inaugural edition.

Hall of Fame

On 18 October 2017, Hull City announced the creation of its own Hall of Fame to honour the numerous legendary figures from throughout the club's history, with the first inductees to be decided in February 2018.

Club management

Coaching positions

|}

Managerial history

Only professional, competitive matches are counted.
* Caretaker manager
† Temporary Football Management Consultant

Records and statistics

Andy Davidson holds the record for Hull City league appearances, having played 579 matches. Garreth Roberts comes second, having played 487 matches. Chris Chilton is the club's top goalscorer with 222 goals in all competitions; Chilton also holds the club record for goals scored in the League (193), FA Cup (16) and League Cup (10).

The club's widest victory margin in the league was their 11–1 win against Carlisle United in the Third Division North on 14 January 1939. Their biggest win in the top-flight was achieved on 28 December 2013, with a 6–0 victory over Fulham.

Their heaviest defeat in the league was 8–0 against Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1911, a record which was equalled against Wigan Athletic on 14 July 2020 in the EFL Championship. Their heaviest top-flight defeat was a 7–1 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur on 21 May 2017.

Hull City's record home attendance is 55,019, for a match against Manchester United on 26 February 1949 at Boothferry Park, with their highest attendance at their current stadium, the KC Stadium, 25,030 set on 9 May 2010 against Liverpool for the last match of the season.

The highest transfer fee received for a Hull City player is up to £22 million from West Ham for Jarrod Bowen. The highest transfer fee paid for a player is £13 million for Ryan Mason from Tottenham Hotspur.

European record

Notes
 3Q: Third qualifying round
 PO: Play-off round

Honours and achievements

League
 Championship (level 2)
2nd place promotion: 2012–13
Play-off winners: 2008, 2016

 Third Division North / Third Division / League One (level 3)
Champions: 1932–33, 1948–49, 1965–66, 2020–21
2nd place promotion: 1958–59, 2004–05
3rd place promotion: 1984–85

 Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)
2nd place promotion: 1982–83, 2003–04

Cup
 FA Cup
Runners-up: 2013–14

 Football League Trophy
Runners-up: 1983–84

 Watney Cup
Runners-up: 1973

References

External links

Hull City A.F.C. official website

1904 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1904
Football clubs in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Sport in Kingston upon Hull
Football clubs in England
English Football League clubs
Premier League clubs

Hull City A.F.C.


The Aberdeenshire and District League, usually known as the Aberdeenshire League, is a football tournament for clubs in membership of the Aberdeenshire and District Football Association. The clubs are drawn from the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. Historically, clubs from Moray and Angus also competed.

The competition began in 1919 as the North Eastern League and renamed in 1921. It ran until the end of season 1952–53 when it was disbanded due to clubs' priorities being primarily on the Highland League.

The league was revived in 1994 as an Under-21 league. Currently, teams are allowed to field three over-age players in their match squad.

League Champions

Club Performance

References

External links
 Official website

Football leagues in Scotland
1919 establishments in Scotland
Sports leagues established in 1919
Football in Aberdeen
Football in Aberdeenshire
Football in Moray
Football in Angus, Scotland

Aberdeenshire and District League


Jaume Serra (died after 1405) was a Catalan painter. Serra was influenced heavily by a Sienese style introduced by Ferrer Bassa.

Biography
Serra was a member of a family of artists active in Catalonia in the fourteenth century. His brothers Pere, Francesc and Joan were also painters of italogótico style. The Serra brothers are characterized by the painting of tiny, stylized, slanted eyes and small mouth figures. Jaime painted Madonna of Humility. He also collaborated with his brothers in the realization of the altarpiece of the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena, now in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya in Barcelona.

Two additional altarpieces are preserved in the Museum of Zaragoza. The Virgin from the Convent of the Holy Sepulchre (Zaragoza) and Martin de Alpartil or the Resurrection (with the portrait of the friar as a donor). The third altarpiece is from the Shrine of Our Lady of Tobed, in Zaragoza, whose execution is documented between 1356 and 1359. It is formed by a central table, the Virgin of Tobed, which are represented the nursing Virgin and Child with the future king of Castile Henry II of Castile as a donor, and its two doors, painted in tempera and altarpieces independent dedicated to Mary Magdalene and John the Baptist, whose stories are told in three successive records on the bench with various saints. The set was kept divided between the Museo del Prado in Madrid, which had since 1965 the two side tables, and Várez Fisa collection, until in 2013 the collection has been donated to the Madrid museum main table, so that the altar could be made whole again. Jaime's altarpiece The Holy Spirit can be found in the Manresa cathedral.

References

 Azcárate Ristori, JMª of "Gothic painting of the fifteenth century" in History of Art, Anaya, Madrid, 1986.
 Monreal, L., Great Museums, Vol. 1 and 3, Editorial Planeta, 1975.  (complete collection)
 Prado Museum, Spanish Romanesque to Renaissance painting, Madrid, 2010, , pp. 16–17.

14th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
15th-century Spanish painters
Painters from Catalonia
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
15th-century deaths
Medieval Catalan artists
14th-century Catalan people
15th-century Catalan people

Jaime Serra (artist)


A SI derived unit is a unit of measurement that can be expressed as a combination of one or more SI base units, or that has no dimension. There are special names for 22 of these units. One example of such a unit is the Hertz, which is defined as one per second, or s-1

SI derived unit


John Alexander Symonds (born 13 July 1935 died January 2017) is an English former Metropolitan Police officer and KGB agent.

Biography
Symonds was born in the Soke of Peterborough. He was commissioned in the Royal Artillery, serving from 1953 to 1956.

He joined the Metropolitan Police in 1956, becoming a detective sergeant at New Scotland Yard. In 1969, after having been a police officer for 15 years, Symonds was one of three officers charged with corruption following a newspaper investigation into bribery at Scotland Yard. He skipped bail and fled to Morocco in 1972. Symonds claimed later that he had been "fitted up" and forced to leave under pain of death after having threatened to expose during any trial "the endemic and systemic corruption within the Metropolitan Police service" at the time.

In Morocco, Symonds served as a mercenary, making use of his police and military expertise to train African troops to use the 25-pounder howitzer, an artillery piece that was, by that time, obsolete by British Army standards and had been sold off as surplus to several African countries. It was at this point that Symonds was recruited by the KGB.

Between 1972 and 1980, he was a KGB agent employed as a "Romeo spy" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England.

Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the Daily Express (1985) and in the News on Sunday (1987), but was dismissed as "a fantasist". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was named as a spy for the Soviet Union, that his claim gained credence.

Symonds was never prosecuted for any offence related to espionage or spying, and was never interviewed by MI5 or the Secret Intelligence Service. It was confirmed that Symonds was not being prosecuted because he had been offered immunity by the Director of Public Prosecutions office in 1984 in connection with a criminal inquiry. This was granted in relation to police corruption inquiries, stated by Symonds to be Operation Countryman.

The publication of Mitrokhin's material launched a parliamentary inquiry by the Intelligence and Security Committee. Its report when published referred to the lack of interest shown by the security services in Symonds' case:

The Committee believes that it was a serious failure of the Security Service not to refer Mr Symonds' case to the Law Officers in mid 1993. We are concerned that it took over 9 months to consult the Law Officers after he was identified in the draft book. We believe that the Service could have interviewed Mr Symonds, at least for the intelligence and historical record.

Romeo Spy: the movie
Prodigy Pictures were for some time in the pre-production stage of making a movie based on the autobiography of John Symonds. However, as of September 2013 the movie appeared to be no longer under development.

References

External links
Romeo Spy Blog the blog of John Alexander Symonds
BBC Special Report at the time of the release of the Mitrokhin Archive, 13 September 1999
"City man was spy for KGB", a local newspaper report published in the Rutland & Stamford Mercury on 13 September 1999
Intelligence and Security Committee - The Mitrokhin Enquiry Report
Reply from the Solicitor General on the Mitrokhin Archive, 20 December 1999
John Symonds and others escape prosecution, 21 December 1999
Judge's Summing Up; complete text by Judge at the end of Symonds' trial
Nigel West Keynote Speech. Nigel West talks about John Symonds at the Raleigh Spy Conference
Romeo Spy Book by John Symonds with an introduction by Nigel West.

Admitted Soviet spies
British spies for the Soviet Union
1935 births
Living people
Royal Artillery officers
Metropolitan Police officers

John Alexander Symonds


The five room puzzle is a classical, popular puzzle involving a large rectangle divided into five "rooms". The objective of the puzzle is to cross each "wall" of the diagram with a continuous line only once.

Solutions

As with the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, the puzzle may be represented in graphical form with each room corresponding to a vertex (including the outside area as a room) and two vertices joined by an edge if the rooms have a common wall. Because there is more than one pair of vertices with an odd number of edges, the resulting multigraph does not contain an Eulerian path nor an Eulerian circuit, which means that this puzzle cannot be solved.

By bending the rules, a related puzzle could be solved. For instance, by permitting passage through more than one wall at a time (that is, through a corner of a room), or by solving the puzzle on a torus (doughnut) instead of a flat plane.

Informal proof of impossibility
Even without using graph theory, it is not difficult to show that the Five Room Puzzle has no solution.  First, the rules must be clarified. The rooms and the solution line must all be drawn on a single side of a normal flat sheet of paper.  The solution line must be continuous, but can bend sharply or smoothly in any way and can even cross over itself (but not at a wall, so this is often prohibited).  The solution line must cross over each "wall" exactly once, where "cross over" means to pass completely from one to the other of the two rooms that are separated by the "wall", or from a room to the area outside the drawing.  This precludes "crossing" two walls at the same time by drawing the solution line through the corner at which they meet.  It also precludes "crossing" a wall by drawing the solution line up to a wall, perhaps along it, but then leaving the wall on the same side.  There are 16 "walls", seven separating rooms and nine separating the rooms from the area outside the drawing.

The method of proof is proof by contradiction.  That is, we proceed as if a solution exists and discover some properties of all solutions.  These put us in an impossible situation and thus we have to conclude that we were wrong - there is no solution after all.

Imagine that there is an "observer" in each "room".  The observer can see the solution line when it is in his room, but not otherwise.  As the solution line is drawn, he will see it enter his room through one wall and leave through another.  He may also see that the line starts in his room and/or ends in his room.  There is no observer in the area outside the drawing, so there are five observers.

Consider, first, the observers in the lower-left and lower-right rooms.  Each of these rooms has four walls.  If the solution line starts in one of these rooms, its observer will see the line leave through a wall.  Then it will come back into the room through another wall and leave again through a third.  Finally, it will come back into the room through the fourth wall and end.  If the solution line starts somewhere else, the observer will see the solution line come into and leave his room exactly twice, passing through all four walls in some order.  There is no problem with any of this.

Consider, however, the observers in the remaining three rooms.  Each of these rooms has five walls.  If the solution line starts in one of these rooms, its observer will see the line leave (through one wall), re-enter and leave again (two more walls) and enter and leave a second time (the last two walls).  If the solution line starts somewhere else, the observer will see the solution line enter and leave (two walls), enter and leave a second time (two more walls) and finally enter through the fifth wall and end (all five walls have been crossed, so the line cannot get back out of the room again).  So, we see that for the rooms with five walls, the solution line must either start inside the room or it must end inside the room.  There is no other possibility.  In our arguments, we have said nothing about exactly which walls the solution line crosses, the order in which it crosses them or where the line goes when it is outside a particular room.  Therefore, these arguments apply to all solutions that obey the rules.  Again, for the rooms with five walls, the solution line must either start or end inside the room.

But, we have three rooms with five walls.  The solution line has one start and one end, so it can pass through all five walls of two of these rooms.  However, having run out of ends, the line can not pass through all of the walls of the third five-walled room.  Therefore, the solution line cannot be drawn to obey the rules.

Notes

References

External links
History and solution to the 5 Room House puzzle by Archimedes Laboratory

Graph theory
Unsolvable puzzles

Five room puzzle


KTHV (channel 11) is a television station in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, affiliated with CBS. The station is owned by Tegna Inc. and maintains studios on South Izard Street in downtown Little Rock and a transmitter atop Shinall Mountain, near the Chenal Valley section of the city.

KTHV was the third of Little Rock's major network affiliates to begin broadcasting, going on air in November 1955. It was built by the Arkansas Television Company, a consortium of investors including the Arkansas Democrat and radio station KTHS; it became the full-time CBS affiliate for the market in April 1956. Despite a major change in control of the company in 1977 including the hiring of a successful general manager, KTHV remained deep in third place in its local news ratings. The station had competent news talent but was hampered by a low budget for the news department.

The Gannett Company acquired KTHV from the Arkansas Television Company in 1994 and began a years-long revamp of the news operation, including the addition of new equipment and talent and a rebranding as "Today's THV". The change was successful in lifting the station out of third place in local news for the first time in 30 years, with the station soon trading first place with KATV.

History

Arkansas Television Company ownership
The Arkansas Television Company, a consortium of various equity interests including KTHS (1090 AM), then located in Hot Springs; Radio Broadcasting Inc., a subsidiary of The Shreveport Times newspaper in Louisiana; the Arkansas Democrat Company; Clyde E. Lowry; and the National Equity Life Insurance Company of Little Rock, filed in July 1952 with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the construction permit to build a new station on channel 4. In February 1953, however, Arkansas Television Company changed its application from channel 4 to channel 11, an action that left station KARK alone in seeking channel 4. The field of competing applicants for the channel slowly winnowed. In August 1953, the Little Rock Television Company pulled out so its lead shareholder, J. D. Wrather, could focus on an application he had filed in Corpus Christi, Texas. Arkansas Telecasters withdrew on October 8, 1954, believing that its move would expedite the establishment of the station. The withdrawal left Arkansas Television Company unopposed, and the FCC granted a construction permit for the station on January 4, 1955.

KTHV began broadcasting on November 27, 1955. It served as an affiliate of CBS and ABC until April 1, 1956, when it became the exclusive CBS station as KATV's network affiliation contract expired. It provisionally occupied studio space in the KTHS building on Main Street until a new two-story facility housing KTHS and KTHV at Eighth and Izard streets were completed in March 1956.

Ownership in the Arkansas Television Company changed in 1977 as the result of two transactions. In May, the Democrat Company—which had sold the newspaper of the same name to WEHCO Media in 1974—acquired shares from Lowry's estate. Three months later, Radio Broadcasting sold its 42-percent interest to several stockholders as well as new KTHV general manager Robert L. Brown Sr. after Gannett acquired The Shreveport Times. With these transactions, the Arkansas Television Company became fully owned by Arkansas interests. The key players were Stanley Berry and Marcus George, who were executors of the stock eventually held by the K. A. Engel Trust, set up by the former owner of the Democrat.

The new management was led by Brown, who had set up KTHV's strong competition in the past. He had hired many of the market's most popular TV personalities when he ran KARK-TV in the late 1960s and early 1970s prior to being promoted by Combined Communications to the position of general manager at KPNX in Phoenix, Arizona. Brown hoped to reduce turnover in personnel by raising its traditionally lower salaries and pull the station out of its status as a distant third behind KATV and a dominant KARK; one joke circulated that the station was in fourth place, even though Little Rock only had three commercial TV stations.

However, under Brown, KTHV never achieved the desired improvement, remaining a distant third in local news in Little Rock, though it was slightly more competitive in the Little Rock metro area as opposed to the full area of dominant influence. By 1990, it was the only one of the three major stations without a local newscast at 6 a.m. or 5 p.m.

Gannett acquisition
Rumors began to circulate in August 1994 that Gannett was about to buy KTHV; the deal would mark a return to the city for the company, which in addition to once owning KARK-TV shuttered the Arkansas Gazette in 1991. KTHV management denied the station had been sold but noted that interest had picked up in a purchase, with more suitors in six months than the preceding six years; the deal was not officially announced until late September and consisted of a $27 million stock swap. It was also a moneymaker, with no debt and making an estimated $6.2 million to $6.8 million in revenue a year. At the time, KTHV made Little Rock Gannett's second-smallest market, behind Austin, Texas, which had higher revenue. When Gannett took over on December 1, 1994, general manager and minority owner Bob Brown immediately retired; he was 68, and Gannett had a mandatory retirement policy at 65. He was replaced by Paul Trelstad, who had been general sales manager of KPNX.

Gannett's first priority was to turn around the station's newscasts, which had been in third place for decades. Despite competent newsgathering and talent, the lack of resources for the newsroom resulted in a product few watched. Gannett began investing in needed technological upgrades to bring KTHV up to par. From Trelstad's office, he could see a sign of another company, "Today's Office", on a nearby building. That got him thinking about a station in Milwaukee that had added "Today's" to its branding. The resulting rebrand to "Today's THV", implemented despite a negative response from a Gannett executive, also reduced call letter misspellings that brought KTHV closer to KATV. Other changes included new weekend sports coverage and a new male anchor, Larry Audas, to be paired with station stalwart Anne Jansen.

On March 1, 1997, KTHV chief meteorologist Ed Buckner went on the air to cover a significant tornado outbreak that caused damage to much of Arkansas and produced destructive tornadoes. The coverage of the storm by Buckner and Tom Brannon, aided by an investment in Doppler weather radar, was a turning point for the station. At the same time, KARK pivoted to a tabloid news approach which caused viewers to defect to KTHV. Ratings began to rise in 1997, and in April 1999, KTHV surpassed an ailing KARK at 10 p.m. to pull into second place in late news for the first time in nearly 30 years. The event was cause for celebration in the KTHV studios, where signs and posters with the number 2 exclaimed the station's position.

KTHV continued to strengthen its hand when former morning radio DJ Craig O'Neill became the station's new evening sportscaster in 2000. In February 2001, KTHV had an outright win at 10 p.m., the first time KATV had not been in first place in a decade; however, channel 7 had the stronger early evening newscasts. KTHV and KATV continued to fight at 10 p.m. and in mornings through the 2000s, though KATV had regained the lead in both time slots by 2012, leaving KTHV second in ratings and revenue.

On April 6, 2009, KTHV expanded its 6 p.m. newscast to one hour with the addition of a half-hour newscast at 6:30 p.m., the only such newscast in the market at the time. On April 3, 2010, the station debuted a two-hour Saturday morning newscast, competing with KATV.

On September 13, 2010, KTHV moved its weekday morning newscast to 4:30 a.m., expanding it to 2½ hours and becoming the first television station in Arkansas to start its weekday morning newscast before 5 a.m. KTHV was also first in the market and the state with local high definition newscasts, which debuted that December. The station's branding was amended (along with the introduction of a new logo) in February 2013, being revised to "THV11".

On June 29, 2015, Gannett's broadcasting division split from the newspaper division and renamed its broadcasting and digital divisions under the Tegna name (KTHV was included in the transaction to Tegna). In 2019, a new news set debuted as well as two new programs: a refreshed morning newscast, Wake Up Central, and an evening lifestyle program, 630 Central.

Notable former on-air staff
 Alyse Eady – anchor, 2012–2016
 T. J. Holmes – anchor/reporter (2000–2003; later at CNN and ABC News)
 B. J. Sams – anchor (1982–2009)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
In April 2002, KTHV became the first television station in the Little Rock market to broadcast a digital television signal. It was also the first station to begin broadcasting a second subchannel, in 2006. The analog channel on VHF channel 11 ceased regular programming on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 12, using virtual channel 11. The analog signal briefly continued to operate as a "nightlight" station to provide transition assistance as part of the SAFER Act.

References

External links
Official website

THV
CBS network affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Circle (TV network) affiliates
Twist (TV network) affiliates
Scripps News affiliates
Tegna Inc.
Television channels and stations established in 1955
1955 establishments in Arkansas
Former Gannett subsidiaries

KTHV


A stress ball or hand exercise ball is a malleable toy, usually not more than  in diameter. It is squeezed in the hand and manipulated by the fingers, ostensibly to relieve stress and muscle tension or to exercise the muscles of the hand.

Despite the name, many stress balls are not spherical. Some are molded in amusing shapes, and pad- or transfer-printed with corporate logos. They may be presented to employees and clients of companies as promotional gifts. Because of the many non-spherical shapes now available, stress balls are generically known as stress relievers.

Types

There are several types of stress balls that originate from many countries. The most common type of stress ball in America is the "bean bag" type, commonly known as a "Hacky Sack". In Australia, most common are the foam type, which prevents stress through resistance from squeezing the ball. Chinese-form balls are known as the Baoding ball; unlike others, these are not squeezable as they are solid and come in pairs, allowing users to roll them together to make a soothing sound and a smooth sensation feeling in one's hands. They come in many cute shapes and sizes too.

Some stress relievers are made from closed-cell polyurethane foam rubber. These are made by injecting the liquid components of the foam into a mold. The resulting chemical reaction creates carbon dioxide bubbles as a byproduct, which in turn creates the foam.

Stress balls, especially those used in physical therapy, can also contain gel of different densities inside a rubber or cloth skin. Another type uses a thin rubber membrane surrounding a fine powder. The latter type can be made at home by filling a balloon with baking soda. Some balls similar to a footbag are marketed and used as stress balls.

See also
 Fidget spinner
 Fidget Cube
 Worry beads
 Worry stone
 Squishies
Pop it (toy)

References

Ergonomics
Physical therapy
Ball
Balls
Office toys
Rubber toys
Sensory toys
1980s introductions

Stress ball


Spiritual séance or, simply, Séance is a meeting at which a group of people often including a medium attempts to contact a ghost and communicate with it.  Participants of such meeting need not be seated while engaged in a séance.

One of the earliest books on the subject is Communitation With the Other Side by George, First Baron Lyttelton, published in England in 1760.

Some notable people who attended séances and believed in all that include the United States President Abraham Lincoln, and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln; the social reformer Robert Owen; the journalist and pacifist William Thomas Stead, and more.

Scientists who have conducted a search for real séances and believed that contact with the dead is a reality include the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace, the inventor of telephone Alexander Graham Bell, and the inventor of television technology John Logie Baird, who claimed to have contacted the spirit of the inventor Thomas Edison, and more.

Related pages
Spiritualism
Spiritism

Other websites

A Séance Procedure (courtesy of the Other World Society)
Ghostsandstories.com Ghost stories and haunted places.
Your Ghost Stories People sharing their ghost experiences.

Notes

Occult

Spiritual séance


Levant may be:

 The Levant - a region in of the Middle East
 Southern Levant - area of The Levant
 Île du Levant - French island in the Mediterranean
 Levant, Maine - town in Penobscot County, Maine, USA
 Levant, Cornwall - a town in Cornwall, England
 Levant - the primary annual publication of the Council for British Research in the Levant
 Impression, soleil levant - the French name for the Monet painting Impression, Sunrise
 Levant Company - English company formed to trade with the Middle East
 Levant Mine - tin mine on the western coast of Cornwall
 Levant Sparrowhawk, bird of prey
 USS Levant, sloop-of-war in the United States Navy 1837–1860

Levant (disambiguation)


Qabala is an' a' an alternative spellin for Kabbalah
Qabala () is a rayon o Azerbaijan. Its admeenistrative centre is the historic toun o Qəbələ, which in auncient times wis kent as the caipital o Caucasian Albanie.

Locatit here is a Soviet Era (1985) Qabala Radar — an early warnin radar seestem that is leased bi Roushie frae Azerbaijan for est. $7.5m annually till 2012.

The Preses o Roushie, Vladimir Putin haes proposed it as a possible steid for the common U.S.-Roushie Missile Defence seestem.

History
Qabala bears the name o the auncient Qabala, a ceety which wis the caipital o the auncient state o Caucasian Albanie. The ruins o the auld ceety are locatit 20 kilometers tae soothwast o the present centre o the destrict. The remnants o the lairge biggins, ceety gates, touer waws an patters o material cultur pruive that Gabala wis ane o the maist prominent ceeties at that time.

Auncient Gabala wes creatit as a ceety in the late 4t-early 3rd century B.C. an survived up tae the mid 18t century A.C. A great mony o chynges occurred in the life o the ceety throu the period o existence. Due tae different historical events the ceety wis damaged mair nor ance.

Tho the Roman troops attacked Albanie in the 60s B.C thay wur no able tae occupy Qabala. During the Sassani period, Qabala wis a lairge tred an handicraft center. The situation remained the same in the times o the Arabian caliphate. Tho Qabala experienced decline durin the Mongolian invasion in the 13t century, it wis restored later. Qabala lost its poseetions in the mid 18t century an the population gradually left the place.

The sma feudal state Qutqashen Sultanate wis established on the territory o Qabala in the mid 18t century. It wis later includit intae the Shaki Khanate an wis ruled bi the Shaki naibs appointit bi the khans o Shaki.

Follaein the dounfaw o the Shaki Khanate, Qutqashen sultanate wis included intae the Shaki province. The Qutqashen destrict wis creatit in 1930. The destrict wis renamed back tae Qabala in Mairch 1991, efter faw o the Soviet Union.

Climate

The geographical poseetion o region influences tae the density o river net, richness o land-plant kiver o region, upland relief an formation o complex climate condeetion in the vertical material fit. The damp- subtropical sea climate haes been refereed in the territory o the region 25 million years ago.
Tumultuous rains, het wather conditions caused tae development o the thick ivergreen forest kiver. Thare existit climate condeetion for multifoliolate ivergreen an pourin leaves in an arid period o a year-in simmer lik climate condeetion o Mediterranean shores million o years ago. The last continental boulder-period happened in oor planet 10-12 thoosan years ago the heich an average upland territory covered wi muntain glacier, then in accordance wi climate warmin the glaciers hae meltit an diminished an haes approached tae the modren bundaries.
Geographical poseetion o Gabala accordin tae the equator, tot sum o sun radiation (general an direct), difference o relief an surface kiver, characters o wather mass enterin tae the territory plays a great role formation o modren climate o Gabala. Aw shawn climate formin factors influence the amunt o temperatur an rainfaw, its distribution in a different degree in the territory o a region. The wather an climate conditions o Gabala investigate in meto station o the ceety an actin in the Nic dounset for a while in 1936.

The mony-month average Januar temperatur in the territory o Gabala chynges frae 00 tae 14 0 an Julie temperatur chynges accordin frae + 24 0 tae 2 0.  Average annual temperature totals in the sooth + 10 0 - + 12 0 an in the north 00 - - 2 0.

Due tae opinion o academician, B.A. Budaghov, the hettest territory o the region observes in the direction o Gushlar-Kurd-Bayramkohka veelages an the maximum temperatur totals 410-420 herein. The minimum temperatur o the region is Bazarduzu peak (4466m) an faw o temperatur observes here nearly 50 0. The distribution o the rainfaw chynges in the direction frae north tae sooth. The least faw o annual rainfaw in the sooth o Hajalli an Malikli plains is 350–400 mm an the maist rainfaw in the north pairt is 1500-200 meter.
Durin the researches it wis determined that the yearly rainfaw in the region in Mey-Juin is 25-30%.

Ethnic composition
The rayon haes a population o 93,770 fowk, 13,175 o which live in the regional toun centre Qabala an 80,595 reside in the veelages. The density is estimatit at 60.49 fowk per square kilometer. An average livin age is 70 year. 73,235 residents o Qabala rayon are ethnic Azerbaijanis, 4,640 are Udi, 209 are Turks an 37 are o ither naitionalities.

Cultur

Thare are 16 cultur hooses, 31 clubs, a History cultur preserve, 69 libraries, an airt schuil, a Pictur Gallery, a cultur an a recreation Pairk, H. Aliyev Museum, Historical Ethnography Museum, Martyrs Museum an memorial hoose-museum o I.B. Gutgashinli which are branches o Historical Ethnography Museum accordin tae Gabala region Cultur an Tourism Sector.

Popular theatre named efter C. Mammadguluzada, "Chinar" instrumental ensemble acts in Region cultur hoose, "Zop-Zopu" folclor dance ensemble acts in Bum dounset cultur hoose, an "Changi" Udin folklore dance ensemble acts in Nij dounset cultur hoose.

Thare are 93 historical-cultural immuivable monuments unner Gabala region taken tae the state pertection accordin tae the order #132 datit on 02.08.2001 bi Cabinet o Meenisters o the Republic o Azerbaijan. Ane o them is includit tae the leet o Gabala ceety warld important airchaeological monuments accordin tae its importance degree. 8 airchitectures, 53 aircheological monuments, includes tae the leet o kintra important monuments, 9 airchitectur monuments, 16 aircheological monuments, 2 monumental an memory monuments, 4 decorative applee'd airt monuments is includit in the leet o historical cultural monuments haein local importance. Thare are 122 cultural institutions in the structur o Gabala region Cultur an Tourism Sector; amang them are Historical Ethnography Museum, H. Aliyev Museum, Picture Gallery, Airt schuil, Centralized Library seestem, Historical-Cultural Preserve, 16 cultural Hooses, 31 clubs an 27 libraries.  Totally 411 fowk wirk in that sphere, 84 o them are heichlie educatit, 175 o them are average professional fowk an 209 o them are fowk wi general seicontary eddication.

Interestin events are regularly carriet oot in Region cultur hoose wi 450 seats. Thare are interestin plays in the repertoire o Popular Theatre named efter C. Mammadguluzada actin unner the branch o Hoose o Cultur.

Sport & Leisur

Qabala haes a profesional fitbaa team Gabala FC who currently play in the tap diveesion o Azerbaijan.

Notable fowk
The toun's maist famous resident is umwhile Inglis fitbawer Tony Adams, who manages the local team.

References

Destricts o Azerbaijan
Caucasian Albanie

Qabala Rayon


Chavara Thekkumbhagom is a village in Kollam district, Kerala, India.

Location
Coordinates: 8°57'48"N 76°33'43"E

Geography
Chavara Thekkumbhagom fully surrounded by the Ashtamudi lake. Beyond lake this place is bordered by Thevalakkara Panchayath on north, Kollam town on south, Thrikkaruva Panchayath on east and Chavara, Neendakara Panchayath on west.

Transport

The Nearest and main railway station is the Kollam Railway Station. Transportaion is provided by State owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators from Thekkumbhagom to Karunagappally via Pavumba bridge and Karunagappally to Kollam via Thekkumbhagom and Pallikkodi-Dalavapuram bridge (Inaugurated in 2007).

Water
The Kerala State Water Transport Department operates boat services from Kollam to West Kallada, Muthirapparambu, Munroe Island and Alappuzha. The Kollam-Muthirapparambu boat service attracts a lot of tourist attention.
The main boat jetties in the Panchayath are Guhanandapuram, Pallikkodi, Tholukadavu and Pavumba Jetty.

Education
Educational institutions in this Panchayath are
Guhanandapuram H.S.S., Chavara South
Govt. U.P. School, Chavara South
N.S.S L.P.S., Vadakkumbhagom
L.V., L.P.S., Chavara South
Some Professional and Arts colleges near Thekkumbhagom Village
Govt College, Chavara.
 MSN Institute of Management and Technology, Chavara
 S.N. College, Kollam

Important offices
Govt. Primary Health Center, Madathil Jn.
Govt. Ayurveda Hospital, Nadakkavu Market Jn.
Govt. Homoeo Hospital, Thekkumbhagom
Govt. Veterinary Dispensary, Nadakkavu
Krishi Bhavan, Nadakkavu Market Jn.
Post Office, Madathil Jn.
Kerala Water Authority, Nadakkavu Market Jn.
Village Office, Nadakkavu
BSNL Exchange, Chavara South
SBI, Chavara South
Thekkumbhagom Service Co-Operative Bank
Vengayil Hospital, Madathil Jn.
Athira Hospital(Orthopaedic centre)
, Thekkumbhagom
KSFE Thekkumbhagom Branch, Nadakkavu

Economy
Agriculture, Fishing, Coir etc. are themajor occupations in here.

Festivals

All festivals based on the temples and Churches in the Panchayath.
There are various temples and Churches in Thekkumbhagom.
Mukkath Siva Temple
Dalavapuram Sree Daivamullathil Lekshmi Narayan Temple
Panakkattodil Devi Temple (Valya Nada)
Sree Narayanapuram Maha Vishnu Temple (Nadakkavu Temple)
Udayadithyapuram Siva Kshethram
Guhanandapuram Subramanya Swami Kshethram
Ammayarnada sree durga devi temple,vadakkumbhagam

Recreation
Since Thekkumbhagom is a semi-urban area, some follow an urban life style. Recreational activities include sports, such as football, cricket, kabbadi, volleyball, swimming etc. Thekkumbhagom has three main sports grounds. They are
 Panakkattodil Devi Temple Ground
 Uvathara
 Shiva Nada Ground
 Nadakkavu Maithanam
 Kulangaraveli Ground
 St.Jeromes Church , Vadakkumbhagom

Major attractions
Boat journey around Thekkumbhagom
Pallikkodi-Dalavapuram bridge
Traditional food items like Tapioca(Kappa or Cheeni), Pearl Spot Fish(Karimeen), Prawn(Konchu), Lobster(chemmen) and Kallummakkaya(Muringayirachi),njandu ((Crab))
A walk through Thekkumbhagom roads on Thalappoli night.

Famous personalities

 V.Sambasivan - a performer of the art Kadhaprasangam. written by himself and Othello by Shakespeare.
അഴകത്ത് പത്മനാഭക്കുറുപ്പ്
The first epic with the aim of Malayalam is the great poet Azhakath Padmanabha Kurup.

Related pages
Kollam
Karunagappally
Thevalakkara
Neendakara
Chavara

References

Other websites
Kerala.gov.in
Klm.kerala.gov.in
Keralatourism.org

Villages in Kollam district

Chavara Thekkumbhagom


The Iron Steamboat Company (1881–1932) provided ferry service between Manhattan and Coney Island in New York City in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original fleet consisted of seven iron-hulled steamboats, each named after a constellation or a star: the Cygnus, the Cepheus, the Cetus, the Pegasus, the Perseus, the Sirius and the Taurus. In later years two older wooden steamboats, the Columbia and the Grand Republic would also be added. Each boat was powered by a single cylinder vertical beam steam engine  and was divided into three decks and twelve watertight compartments. Service began in May 1881 and continued until the close of the 1932 season.

Initially the line serviced only Coney Island, but over the years service was expanded to Long Branch, New Jersey, Rockaway Beach, New York, and for a brief time Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Boats left Manhattan (half-hourly during summer) from various piers along the west side and Pier One in Lower Manhattan. In Coney Island ships landed at the New and Old Iron Piers along the Coney Island Beach, and later at the amusement parks Dreamland and Steeplechase Park, where a round trip Iron Steamboat ticket bought free admission to the parks.

The company also ran a daily service up the Hudson to Oscawana Island north of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, where it operated a small hotel built over a railroad tunnel.

References

External links
 Zooming in on Coney Island New York Times, August 11, 1929

Sources
 Cudahy, Brian J., Around Manhattan Island and Other Maritime Tales of New York

Coney Island
Rockaway, Queens
Ferries of New York City
Transport companies established in 1881
Transport companies disestablished in 1932
1881 establishments in New York (state)
1932 disestablishments in New York (state)

Iron Steamboat Company


Eric Ray Turner (September 20, 1968 – May 28, 2000) was an American professional football player who was a safety for the Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens and Oakland Raiders in the National Football League (NFL). He died of stomach cancer  at the age of 31, two weeks after claiming he was not gravely ill. He was buried at Ivy Lawn Memorial Park in Ventura, California.

College career

Turner attended Ventura High School and then played college football for the UCLA Bruins, where he was an All-American in 1990. Nicknamed "E-Rock" by his teammates, Turner drew comparisons to former Bruins great Don Rogers. He was the 2nd overall pick in the 1991 NFL Draft—the highest choice for a defensive back in football's modern era (technically the highest since Jerry Stovall in 1963).

Professional career and death
Originally drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the first round with the second overall pick, signed a four-year, $6 million contract, which included a $3.15 million signing bonus, making the first-year compensation a record for a National Football League rookie. In 1994, Turner had his finest NFL season. He recorded a league-leading 9 interceptions on his way to being named First-team All-Pro. One of those interceptions included a 93-yard return for a touchdown  against the Arizona Cardinals in a 32–0 victory. In week 15 against the powerful Dallas Cowboys, Turner tackled Jay Novacek at the one yard line on the game's final play to seal a 19–14 victory. Turner was an integral part of the Browns' number one ranked defense.

After the Browns moved to Baltimore in 1996, Turner played one season for the new Baltimore Ravens. He made his second Pro Bowl and was second on the team with 112 tackles and tied for lead with five interceptions, although those numbers went largely unnoticed on a defense that allowed 441 points, third-highest in the league. Following the 1996 season Turner, who had the most expensive contract among all NFL safeties, was cut by the Ravens and became an unrestricted free agent for the first time in his six-year career. Turner then signed a four-year, $6 million deal with the Raiders in 1997.

Turner recorded 30 interceptions in just 109 career games, including returns for touchdowns of 93 and 94 yards.

In the 2000 NFL off-season, after missing April mini-camp with the Raiders, rumors would start circulating that Turner was suffering from stomach cancer after it was reported that Turner had lost about 70 pounds from the 215-pounds he was at during the 1999 season. Two weeks before his death, Turner would release a statement through his agent attempting to dispute any rumors about his health stating "I realize people are concerned, but I have chosen to keep this issue within my family…" "…Contrary to published reports, I have not lost 70 pounds and am not gravely ill."

On May 28, 2000, Turner would be rushed to Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California via ambulance after reportedly having trouble breathing. He would be admitted into intensive care and died six hours after arrival at the age of 31. The cause of Turner's death was listed as "complications of abdominal cancer."

Upon his death, teammate Napoleon Kaufman said "He was compassionate and a class act. It was truly a pleasure to have known Eric and I will miss him." Another teammate, Greg Biekert, said "He always brought his competitive nature to the team, especially on defense. He was truly someone who you wanted around, I mean in life, too." In 2001, he was named to the Ventura County Sports Hall of Fame.  The football field at Ventura High School is named in his honor.

References

1968 births
2000 deaths
Players of American football from Ventura, California
African-American players of American football
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football safeties
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cleveland Browns players
Baltimore Ravens players
Oakland Raiders players
UCLA Bruins football players
Deaths from cancer in California
All-American college football players
Burials in California
Burials at Ivy Lawn Cemetery
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Ventura High School alumni

Eric Turner (American football)


The Logitech FreePulse Wireless Headphones are headphones that use Bluetooth to transmit audio from the receiver to the headphones. The receiver can use a 3.5 mm headphone jack to plug into most audio outputs. The headphones emit sound from up to 10 metres (33 ft) away from the receiver using Bluetooth 2.0 with Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) wireless technology. It is also compatible with most music players but can also be connected via an external Bluetooth source.

External links
Logitech.com
 Difference Between Hi-Fi and Studio Headphones

Headphones
Logitech products

Freepulse wireless headphones


Ridgway Robert Syers Christian Codner Lloyd (20 December 1842 – 1 June 1884) was an English physician and antiquary.

Biography
Lloyd was born at Devonport on 20 December 1842. He was the son of Francis Brown Lloyd, a west country doctor, who afterwards took orders, by his wife Margaret, daughter of George Christian. He was educated at Bristol and Stratford-on-Avon grammar schools, and proceeded to Guy's Hospital, where he became M.R.C.S. and L.S.A. in 1866. He held the position of house surgeon in the Peterborough Infirmary for three years, and in 1870 he bought a practice at St. Albans. He died from typhoid fever at his house in Bricket Road, St. Albans, on 1 June 1884 and was buried in the abbey churchyard; he left a widow and one son. Lloyd was a successful physician and a diligent antiquary. He studied the history of the abbey of St. Albans, and was consulted by Mr. Henry Hucks Gibbs as to the restoration of the screen. He published "An Account of the Altars, Monuments, and Tombs in St. Albans Abbey," St. Albans, 1873, 4to, a translation with notes from the "Annales" of John of Amundesham. He also wrote many papers on archæological subjects, of which one on "The Shrines of St. Albans and St. Amphibalus" (1872), and one on "The Paintings on the Choir Ceiling of St. Albans Abbey" (1876), were published separately. He also contributed to the "Lancet" and "British Medical Journal."

References

1842 births
1884 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
19th-century antiquarians
English antiquarians


Water-mixable oil paint (also called "water soluble" or "water miscible") is a modern type of oil paint.

It is designed to be thinned and cleaned up with water. This avoids using turpentine, whose fumes may be harmful if inhaled, and is a fires risk.

Water miscible oil paint can be mixed and used with the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint. When it is still wet, it can be removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a solution.

Another advantage of this type of oil paint is that it dries faster than traditional oils (but slower than acrylics). Also, painters can control the speed of drying with supplementary products from artistic paint suppliers.

References

Paints

Water-mixable oil paint


Humaitá is a neighbourhood (bairro) in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. It was created by Law 6218 from November 17, 1988.

The Arena do Grêmio, home stadium of Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense is located in the neighbourhood.

Humaitá is next to the municipality of Canoas.

References

External links
 Porto Alegre City Homepage

Neighbourhoods in Porto Alegre

Humaitá, Porto Alegre


Edwin Seroussi (born 26 December 1952 in Montevideo) is an Israeli musicologist of Uruguayan origin. He is the Emanuel Alexandre Professor of Musicology, director of the Jewish Music Research Centre at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a visiting scholar in Jewish studies at Dartmouth College. He is the 2018 Israel Prize laureate in the field of Musicology.

Biography

Edwin Seroussi was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. He immigrated to Israel in 1971 to study at the Department of Musicology of the Hebrew University at the undergraduate and graduate levels continuing into his doctoral studies at the Department of Music (today the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music of the University of California Los Angeles (1981-1987). Upon graduation he taught at Bar-Ilan University (1988-2000), transferring in 2000 to the Hebrew University.

He founded and edits Yuval Music Series and is editor of the CD series Anthology of Music Traditions in Israel of the Jewish Music Research Centre.

Areas of Research and Publications

Seroussi's earliest publications explored diverse aspects of the history and consolidation of Sephardic liturgical music (see for example: Spanish-Portuguese Synagogue Music in Reform Sources from Hamburg, Jerusalem, 1996). At the same time, he started to explore the Judaeo-Spanish song repertoire, leading an international team in the editing of the Cancionero sefardi (1995) by Alberto Hemsi, one of the largest field collections of Sephardic songs from the pre-World War II period. Another line of historical research into the same repertoire led to the publication of Incipitario sefardi with the collaboration of Rivka Havassy. This volume records all the songs in Judaeo-Spanish mentioned as melody clues in collections of Hebrew sacred poetry in manuscript and printed.

Later on he turned his attention to popular music in Israel. Results of this research appeared in the book that he co-authored with sociologist of culture Motti Regev, Popular Music and National Culture in Israel.

Digital Humanities

Seroussi initiated the development of an innovative online platform, Jewish Cultures Mapped, in collaboration with computer scientist and vocal performing artist Dr. Josef Sprinzak and web graphic designer, researcher, educator and media activist Mushon Zer-Aviv (aka Shu'al). Launched by the research project Da'at Hamakom in 2017 and under the care of the Jewish Music Research Centre  since late 2019, this unique interactive web-based map is based on innovative digital-mapping and information visualization technologies designed to explore and experience Jewish cultures in their historical development from a perspective of time and space. The map offers easy accessibility of high quality content to a wide range of publics, such as university researchers, school teachers, students and lay persons searching for information in a platform that differs from extant searching and data mining engines.

See also

Music of Israel

References

External links
Edwin Seroussi at Academia.edu
"Change and Continuity in the Singing of Baqqashot among Moroccan Jews in Israel: Transformations in the Symbolic Meaning of a Traditional Music Custom". Pe'amim 19 (1984), 113-129. [In Hebrew]
"The Tradition of singing of the Maftirim in Turkey".
"On the Beginnings of the Singing of Bakkashot in 19th- century Jerusalem". Pe'amim 56 (1996), 106-124. [In Hebrew]
"Songs That Young Gershom Scholem May Have Heard: Jacob Beimel's Jüdische Melodieen, Jung Juda, and Jewish Musical Predicaments in Early Twentieth-Century Berlin".

1952 births
Living people
Jewish Israeli musicians
Academics from Montevideo
Jewish musicologists
Israeli musicologists
Israeli music educators
Israeli people of Uruguayan-Jewish descent
Uruguayan emigrants to Israel
Uruguayan Sephardi Jews
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
20th-century Israeli educators
20th-century Israeli male musicians
21st-century Israeli educators
21st-century Israeli male musicians

Edwin Seroussi


General Sarmiento () was one of the partidos of the province of Buenos Aires, located in the northwest of the greater Buenos Aires urban area.

History
The creation of General Sarmiento Partido was announced on 18 October 1889 by Provincial Law No. 2,198, comprising the towns of San Miguel, Bella Vista and territories of the partidos of Pilar and Las Conchas (now Tigre).

In 1994 Provincial Law No. 11,551 / 94.4 was enacted, through which it was decided to legally dissolve the General Sarmiento Partido and create the José C. Paz, Malvinas Argentinas and San Miguel Partidos in its territory until then. As the second of the new administrative jurisdictions also received a small portion of only 3 km2 from the partido of Pilar. As compensation for this loss, the entire town of Del Viso was incorporated into the jurisdiction of Pilar.

General Sarmiento officially ceased to exist on 10 December 1995, the day the municipal activities of the three new parties began to function. However, the National University of General Sarmiento (UNGS), which for its part, was founded in 1992 and whose main headquarters became located in the Malvinas Argentinas Partido, continues to maintain its old name.

Demographics
Its population, which was already 502,926 inhabitants, according to the 1980 census, with an average density of 2,566 inhabitants/km2), in 1991, the population was recorded to be 652,969. (3,331 pop./km2). It was then lowered to 638,486, due to the post-census territorial readjustment.

For their part, the three partidos into which it was divided had a combined population of 743,585. (3,853 pop./km2) According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 864,546, according to the census carried out at the end of 2010.

If it continued to exist, and if it maintained the growth shown between 2001 and 2010, General Sarmiento would have had about 971,518 inhabitants by mid-2020 (4,938 inhabitants/km2), so it would be the second most populous partido in the Greater Buenos Aires agglomeration, after La Matanza.

References

States and territories established in 1889
States and territories disestablished in 1995
1889 establishments in Argentina
1995 disestablishments in Argentina
Former political divisions related to Argentina
Greater Buenos Aires

General Sarmiento Partido


Jean Bobet (22 February 1930 – 29 July 2022) was a French road bicycle racer. He was the younger brother of Louison Bobet. He won the world students' championship as an amateur. He later won as a professional, Paris–Nice in 1955, Genoa–Nice in 1956 and the Circuit du Morbihan in 1953. He came third in Milan–San Remo in 1953. Bobet was born in Saint-Méen-le-Grand, France.

Bobet died on 29 July 2022, aged 92.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
French cyclists
People from Ille-et-Vilaine
Sportspeople from Brittany

Jean Bobet


Namosi is a province in Fiji. It is on Viti Levu, the largest island. It is part of the Central Division.

The province covers 570 square kilometers. About 7,800 people lived there in 2017. Namosi Province includes Namosi District, as well as the districts of Veivatuloa and Wainikoroiluva.

Provinces of Fiji

Namosi Province