Robert Lester Zamora (born 16 January 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. Zamora began his career at Football League club Bristol Rovers, but was soon signed by Brighton & Hove Albion, where he found first-team success. Zamora scored 77 goals in three seasons and helped the club achieve two successive promotions.

Following a spell at Tottenham Hotspur, Zamora was signed by West Ham United, where he played for five years and won promotion to the Premier League. Zamora joined Fulham in 2008, where, in his first season, he played regularly but scored only four goals. However, Zamora's form in the 2009–10 season gained praise and subsequently saw the player gain a call-up for England. Zamora had an important role in Fulham's successes in the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Europa League, before transferring to Queens Park Rangers in January 2012. He returned to play for Brighton in 2015 and retired from football in December 2016.

Zamora also played for the England national under-21 team before gaining his first full cap at senior level almost a decade later.

Background
Born in Barking, London, Zamora attended Essex Junior School (in Manor Park) followed by Little Ilford School before moving onto Barking Abbey Secondary School. As a boy, he played for Senrab in east London, alongside John Terry, Ledley King, Paul Konchesky and Jlloyd Samuel. A lifelong West Ham United fan, he started his footballing career as an apprentice at the club's Academy of Football but was released from the east London club on the same year group as Samuel, Fitz Hall and Konchesky.

Club career

Bristol Rovers
Zamora joined Bristol Rovers as a trainee in August 1999, making a total of six substitute appearances for Bristol Rovers in all competitions, before joining Bath City on a one-month loan in early 2000, where he scored 11 goals in eight appearances, and then Brighton & Hove Albion on loan in February 2000.

Brighton & Hove Albion
Zamora joined Brighton in February 2000 on a three-month loan until the end of the 1999–2000 season, scoring six goals in six appearances. In August 2000, he made a permanent move to Brighton for a £100,000 fee. During his tenure he quickly established himself as a prolific goalscorer, breaking into the England national under-21 team and attracting interest from several higher-division clubs. He scored 83 times for the club in 136 appearances, helping Brighton win two successive championships as the team won promotion into what became the Championship. The Brighton fans had a chant they used to sing in his honour, to the tune of Dean Martin's "That's Amore": "When the ball hits the goal it's not Shearer or Cole, it's Zamora."

Tottenham Hotspur
Having been watched for much of the previous two seasons by the then manager Glenn Hoddle, Zamora moved to Tottenham Hotspur for a £1.5 million fee in July 2003. However, he struggled to gain a consistent first-team place at White Hart Lane, making only 18 cup and league appearances, 11 as substitute, and scoring a single goal, knocking West Ham United out of the League Cup in October 2003.

West Ham United

In January 2004, Zamora joined West Ham in a deal which saw Jermain Defoe go the other way to Tottenham Hotspur. He quickly made his mark, scoring on his debut as West Ham came from behind to beat Bradford City and also on his home debut, when he scored the winning goal against Cardiff City.

In the 2004–05 season, Zamora scored 13 goals, including one in the first leg and two in the second leg of the Championship play-off semi-final against Ipswich Town and the only goal in West Ham's 1–0 victory over Preston North End in the 2005 Championship play-off final sending West Ham into the Premier League.
In the 2005–06 season, he made 42 league and cup appearances and scored ten goals as West Ham finished in the top half of the Premier League and reached the FA Cup final, for which he received an FA Cup runners-up medal, missing a penalty in the shootout against Liverpool. He was rewarded for his contribution to the team with a new four-year contract in January 2006, and extended it to 2011 in October 2006, saying, "I'm delighted to have extended my contract and I'm now looking forward to spending my long-term future at Upton Park. I've been here for almost three years now, and there is really no other place I would rather be. This is my club and wearing a claret and blue shirt is all I have ever wanted to do."

He started the 2006–07 season well, scoring five of West Ham's six goals in the first four matches of the season but, as West Ham hit a bad patch that saw them struggling in the relegation places, he did not score again until January 2007. However, he ended the season with 11 goals, including a controversial goal against Blackburn Rovers in March 2007 and being the first player to score a winning goal against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in April 2007, as West Ham pulled off an unexpected escape from relegation. He made only 14 appearances for West Ham in the 2007–08 season after missing five months of the season with tendinitis suffered in August 2007 but scored against Derby in West Ham's 2–1 win. By the end of the 2007–08 season, Zamora had made 152 appearances in all competitions for West Ham, scoring 40 goals.

Fulham

In July 2008, Zamora and teammate John Paintsil were signed by Fulham for a joint total of £6.3 million, Zamora accounting for £4.8 million of the fee. In his first season with Fulham, Zamora struggled to find the net, scoring just twice in 35 league appearances over the 2008–09 season. After the season had concluded, Fulham and Hull City agreed a fee on 15 July, which would have seen Zamora move to Hull for £5 million. Zamora turned down the move to stay with Fulham.

Shortly after he turned down Hull, he played in a friendly against Peterborough United and scored twice in a 3–3 draw. Four days later he made his UEFA Europa League debut, against FK Vėtra of Lithuania, scoring once and setting up two goals to give Fulham a 3–0 away advantage going into the second leg. He opened his 2009–10 Premier League account on the opening day of the season when a Clint Dempsey shot hit him on the back and beat David James in the Portsmouth goal. He scored his second goal of the season against Hull on 19 October 2009 by heading in a rebound in the 43rd minute as Fulham won 2–0. By scoring the lone goal against Sunderland on 6 December 2009, Zamora doubled his output from the previous season with his fourth goal of the campaign. In celebrating his winning goal, Zamora held a finger against his lips in response to the Fulham fans who had previously jeered him.

On 17 December 2009, with Fulham needing a win to progress from Group E in the UEFA Europa League, Zamora scored twice against Basel in a 3–2 victory at St. Jakob-Park. Two days later, Zamora scored once again in a 3–0 win against Manchester United at Craven Cottage prompting talk of a call-up to the England squad. On 5 January 2010, he dislocated his shoulder at the Britannia Stadium during Fulham's 3–2 loss to Stoke City.

Zamora struck the winner in Fulham's UEFA Europa League Round of 32 first leg match against Shakhtar Donetsk, his powerful strike from outside the box earning the Premier League side a 2–1 win. Zamora continued his scoring form on 22 February 2010 when netting a last minute free-kick against Birmingham City as Fulham came from behind to win 2–1. Zamora also scored Fulham's first goal in what was a historic UEFA Europa League comeback against Juventus, Fulham winning 4–1 on the night and 5–4 on aggregate. Zamora was widely praised for the trouble he caused Juventus' veteran captain Fabio Cannavaro, who was sent off in the 27th minute, having suggested that the Italian was past his best prior to the match. He continued to impress on the European stage for Fulham; scoring in both legs of a 3–1 aggregate win against reigning Bundesliga champions Wolfsburg as Fulham progressed to the UEFA Europa League semi-final. His goal during the second leg in Germany came after just 22 seconds. Fulham went on to reach the final of the UEFA Europa League but, with Zamora's fitness in real doubt, they were beaten 2–1 by Atlético Madrid of Spain.

On 10 September 2010, Zamora signed a new four-year contract with Fulham, which would have kept him at the London club until the summer of 2014. The day after, Zamora broke his leg during a match against Wolverhampton Wanderers following a challenge from Karl Henry that drew criticism. Zamora made his return from injury as a substitute in the FA-Cup encounter against Bolton Wanderers on 21 February 2011. He marked his Premier League return, again as a substitute, with a match-deciding goal from the penalty spot against Blackburn Rovers on 5 March 2011.

Queens Park Rangers
On 31 January 2012, Zamora joined Fulham's west London Premier League rivals Queens Park Rangers on a two and a half year contract for a fee believed to be around £4 million. He scored on his debut on 4 February in a 2–1 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 21 November 2012, it was announced Zamora would be out injured for three months due to requiring surgery on a hip injury. Zamora was a member of the Queens Park Rangers side which won the 2014 Championship play-off final 1–0 against Derby County on 24 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium. He scored the only goal of the match in the 90th minute to return QPR to the Premier League after a one-season absence. In May 2015, Queens Park Rangers announced the release of Zamora.

Return to Brighton & Hove Albion
On 3 August 2015, Zamora joined former club Brighton on a one-year deal on a free transfer. He claimed that he turned down an approach by a team competing in the UEFA Champions League to return to Brighton. His first goal on return to Brighton was an 89th-minute winner against Leeds United on 17 October 2015, coming 4,549 days after his last goal for the club in a 2–2 draw at Grimsby on 4 May 2003. Zamora was released by Brighton when his contract expired at the end of 2015–16.

International career

Zamora was called up for the England Under-21 squad for a friendly with Portugal in April 2002. Zamora was named in the England Under-21 squad for the 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Championship with David Platt, the then England under-21 team manager, saying of him, "My mistake was not going to have a look at him earlier than I did. He's been in one squad, did very well in training and came on for 25 minutes and did great. If I need a goal and look at my bench and see a player who has scored 30 for the past two seasons, there is a chance he could come on. He warrants his place. [...]" Zamora was capped six times for the England Under-21 team.

Zamora was watched by the Trinidad and Tobago coach, Leo Beenhakker, who also spoke to his club manager at the time Alan Pardew. However, Zamora turned down the chance of playing in the 2006 FIFA World Cup with Trinidad and Tobago, saying in August 2005, "Trinidad is my dad's country and to play in the finals would be a dream but West Ham are more important. I am only thinking about the club at the moment and do not want to be distracted from that."

On 7 August 2009, it was revealed that Zamora and Jlloyd Samuel had received their Trinidadian passports, and would play for the Soca Warriors in their 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against El Salvador on 12 August. However, Zamora did not get his first cap due to an injury he picked up while training. His form in the 2009–10 season led to calls for Zamora to be called up to the England squad, and there had been rumours that Fabio Capello had been visiting Craven Cottage to look at his performances. However, due to an Achilles injury, he was not included in Fabio Capello's provisional squad of 30 players for the run-up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which was announced on 11 May 2010.

On 7 August 2010, Zamora was one of five uncapped players named in the England squad for their friendly on 11 August against Hungary alongside Jack Wilshere, Kieran Gibbs, Michael Dawson and Gary Cahill. On 11 August 2010, Zamora won his first England cap in a friendly, coming on as a half time substitute against Hungary in a 2–1 win at Wembley Stadium.

On 23 May 2011, Zamora was selected for the England squad to face Switzerland in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier on 4 June at Wembley Stadium. On 15 November 2011, Zamora made his full England debut by starting in the 1–0 friendly victory over Sweden at Wembley Stadium.

Personal life

Zamora has three daughters. He retired from football in December 2016. He had not played since March 2016 and had been struggling with a hip injury for which he had undergone an operation. His interests outside football include involvement in a social housing scheme with Rio Ferdinand and Mark Noble.

Zamora appeared on The Grand Fishing Adventure in 2022 with Ali Hamidi, a four-episode series where the two visited some of Britain's best fishing locations.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Brighton & Hove Albion
Football League Third Division: 2000–01
Football League Second Division: 2001–02

West Ham United
Football League Championship play-offs: 2005
FA Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Fulham
UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2009–10

Queens Park Rangers
Football League Championship play-offs: 2014

Individual

 PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2000–01 Third Division, 2001–02 Second Division
PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 Third Division, 2001–02 Second Division
Football League Third Division Top scorer: 2000–01
Football League Second Division Top scorer: 2001–02

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Barking, London
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Senrab F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Premier League players
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's international footballers
Black British sportsmen
English sportspeople of Trinidad and Tobago descent

Bobby Zamora


Micronola zahirii is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Michael Fibiger in 2011. It is found in western Iran and western Azerbaijan.

The wingspan is about 10.5 mm. The head, patagia and anterior part of the thorax are grey brown. The posterior part of the thorax is light brown. The forewing ground colour (including fringes) is light brown and the crosslines are black brown. The hindwings are light brown. The underside of the forewings is unicolourous brown and the underside of the hindwings is beige without a discal spot. The abdomen is brown.

References

Micronoctuini
Taxa named by Michael Fibiger
Moths described in 2011

Micronola zahirii


USS Cape May (ID-3520) was a United States Navy cargo ship and troop transport in commission from 1918 to 1919.

Cape May was built in 1918 at Sparrows Point, Maryland, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company as the cargo ship SS War Saturn for the United States Shipping Board; she was renamed SS Cape May while under construction. Upon her completion, the Shipping Board transferred her on 24 October 1918 to the U.S. Navy for World War I service. Assigned the naval registry Identification Number (ID. No.) 3520, she was commissioned as USS Cape May on 25 October 1918.

Cape May cleared Baltimore, Maryland, on 8 November 1918 laden with general cargo for the American Expeditionary Force in France. World War I ended during her voyage, on 11 November 1918. She arrived at St. Nazaire, France, on 24 November 1918, where she loaded military supplies no longer required in Europe and embarked passengers. She departed St. Nazaire on 30 December 1918 for Newport News, Virginia, where she arrived on 15 January 1919. She then moved to Baltimore to unload cargo there.

At Baltimore, Cape May was converted for service as a troop transport. She then made two voyages to France to bring servicemen home to New York City. On 24 August 1919 she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia.

Cape May was decommissioned at Norfolk on 25 August 1919 and was transferred to the United States Shipping Board the same day.

Cape May returned to commercial service as SS Cape May. The Shipping Board sold her in 1920 to the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Steamship Corporation of Baltimore, but repossessed her in 1922. The Shipping Board sold her in 1925 to the Matson Navigation Company, which renamed her SS Maliko. In 1947, Matson sold Maliko to Wallen and Company of Hong Kong, which renamed her SS Shahin. In 1948, she was sold to the Bharat Line, Ltd., of Bombay, India, and renamed SS Bharateatlia. She was scrapped in Japan in 1953.

Notes

References

Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images:  U.S. Navy Ships: USS Cape May (ID # 3520), 1918-1919 Originally S.S. Cape May (American Freighter, 1918)
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Cape May (ID 3520)

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1918 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Unique transports of the United States Navy
Standard World War I ships
Steamships of the United States

USS Cape May


Arden Hills is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 9,939 at the 2020 census. Bethel University and its seminary is located in the city.  Also, the campus of University of Northwestern – St. Paul straddles the Arden Hills – Roseville border.  The city contains the headquarters of Land O'Lakes and Catholic United Financial, a fraternal benefit society. Boston Scientific also has a large campus within Arden Hills as well.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Interstate Highway 35W, Interstate Highway 694, U.S. Highway 10, Minnesota Highway 51/Snelling Avenue, and County Highway 96 are some of the main routes in the city.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,552 people, 2,957 households, and 2,019 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,053 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.3% White, 1.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 2,957 households, of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 34.8 years. 16.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 26.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,652 people, 2,959 households, and 2,228 families residing in the city.  The population density was .  There were 3,017 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the city was 92.81% White, 1.32% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.64% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.

There were 2,959 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 20.3% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $64,773, and the median income for a family was $72,236. Males had a median income of $52,464 versus $38,906 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,609.  About 1.8% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.4% of those under age 18 and 0.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education

The following institutions are located in Arden Hills:
Bethel University
University of Northwestern – St. Paul  (The northern portion of the campus is located in Arden Hills, while the southern portion is in Roseville.)
Mounds View High School is a public Grade 9–12 school; it is one of two high schools in Independent School District 621; the other is Irondale High School.

Valentine Hills is the only elementary school in the city of Arden Hills; it is one of six elementary schools in Independent School District 621.

Government
Arden Hills uses a city council consisting of four councilmembers and a mayor. As of May 2023, the current mayor of Arden Hills is David Grant, who was re-elected with 51.71% of the vote on the November 8, 2022 election. Grant has served as mayor since 2011 and his current term will end in December 2026. The four councilmembers are as follows: Emily Rousseau (term expires Dec. 2026), Tena Monson (term expires Dec. 2026), Brenda Holden (term expires Dec. 2024), Thomas Fabel (term expires Dec. 2024).

Economy
The headquarters of Land O'Lakes is in the city.

Top employers
According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:

Politics

Land Use

Any new development is expected to conform to the provisions of the very detailed (and sometimes contradictory) provisions of the Zoning Code, the primary stated purpose of which is to ensure fair application of City development regulations and to promote the public health, safety, and welfare.

Proposed deviations from the Zoning Code require the approval of a "variance" by the City Council, which takes into consideration the recommendations of the Planning Commission, staff, and members of the public.  Requests for variances are required to address the criteria in Minnesota State Statutes 462.357 Subd. 6.  Variances are intended to be used to address unique lot situations when the literal application of the Code would restrict reasonable use of the land and create an undue hardship as defined in Minnesota State Statutes.  The undue hardship cannot be created by the landowner or be based entirely on economic reasons.  Variance applications are reviewed by the Planning Commission, which is responsible for determining what constitutes "undue hardship."

Members of the Planning Commission are appointed by the City Council.  Commission members are to represent the interests of the community and evaluate development applications based on established City Codes and State Statutes.  Planning Commission members must be City residents, and they are unpaid volunteers.

In July 2006 the city reached a tentative agreement with the U.S. Government to purchase a large portion of the former Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant site for $45 million, a deal that could lead to a major new development that would include 2,400 new homes and  of commercial space.

Environmental protection

The City has a Shoreland Ordinance, which is typical of communities in Minnesota with lakes.  The text of the Ordinance states that uncontrolled use of shorelands of the City affects the public health, safety and general welfare by contributing to pollution of public waters. The purpose of the ordinance is to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare, and to provide for the wise development of shorelands of public waters. The Minnesota Legislature has delegated responsibility to the municipalities of the State to regulate the subdivision, use, and development of the shorelands of public waters, and thus preserve and enhance the quality of surface waters, preserve the economic and natural environmental values of shorelands, and provide for the wise utilization of waters and related land resources.  The State has not, however, required that the delegated responsibility be exercised with respect to enforcement of the corresponding laws, ordinances, and regulations, nor does the State require that the municipality have an established administrative sanction (fine) process at its disposal for the punishment of violators.

The City is located within the Rice Creek Watershed District.  In its effort to minimize storm water runoff, the District encourages minimization of impervious surfaces in developed areas.

Sports
The Twins Cities Titans of the NEFL are a semi-pro football team who play in Arden Hills.

New Minnesota Stadium
Ramsey County officials announced in May 2011 that they had reached an agreement with the Minnesota Vikings to be the team's local partner for a new stadium. The site of the stadium would be the former Twins Cities Army Ammunitions Plant in Arden Hills, which is about 10 miles from the Metrodome in Minneapolis. The agreement called for an $884 million stadium and an additional $173 million for on-site infrastructure, parking and environmental costs.

Ramsey county said the Vikings would commit $407 million to the project, which was about 44% of the stadium cost and 39% of the overall cost. The county's cost would have been $350 million, financed by a half-cent sales tax increase. The remaining amount of $300 million would be paid by Minnesota taxpayers.

Governor Mark Dayton said fixing the roads near the location would likely cost between $175 and 240 million.

This plan fell through, however, on March 1, 2012 when Governor Dayton announced the stadium would be built on the site of their former home, the Metrodome.

References

Populated places established in 1951
Cities in Minnesota
Cities in Ramsey County, Minnesota
1951 establishments in Minnesota

Arden Hills, Minnesota


Kate Tremayne is a British novelist from East Tilbury in Essex.

She is best known as the creator of the Loveday series of novels, about a family living in 18th century rural England during the time of the French Revolution. Billed as a Cornish family saga, most of its books contain also sections set in France, London, America and Australia.

While generally categorised as period romance novels, the Loveday books cover a broad spectrum of subjects including betrayal, crime, family rivalry, adventure, sacrifice, class discrimination and domestic abuse.

Kate Tremayne's works include:

Bibliography
The Loveday Series
Adam Loveday (1999)
The Loveday Fortunes (2000)
The Loveday Trials (2001)
The Loveday Scandals (2003)
The Loveday Honour (2004)
The Loveday Pride (2005)
The Loveday Loyalty (2006)
The Loveday Revenge (2007)
The Loveday Secrets (2008)
The Loveday Conspiracy (2009)
The Loveday Vendetta (2010)

References

21st-century British novelists
British historical novelists
Writers from Cornwall
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from East Tilbury

Kate Tremayne


Ten-digit dialing is a telephone dialing procedure in the countries and territories that are members of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). It is the practice of including the area code of a telephone number when dialing to initiate a telephone call. When necessary, the ten-digit number may be prefixed with the trunk code 1, which is referred to as 1+10-digit dialing or national format.

History
The implementation and expansion of the North American Numbering Plan between 1947 and 1992 preserved a long-standing practice in the United States and Canada that callers should only need to dial the local seven-digit telephone number when placing a call within the caller's exchange area or within the home numbering plan area (NPA). In seven-digit dialing, callers dial the three-digit central office code and the four-digit station number of the destination telephone if it resides in the same numbering plan area. Dialing of an area code before the telephone number, referred to as ten-digit dialing, was only necessary for foreign NPA (FNPA) calls.

Some communities with significant parts on both sides of an area code boundary implemented central office code protection, where possible, to ensure the same seven-digit local number was not assigned in two different area codes in the same city to assure seven-digit dialing in the entire community.

Code exhaustion relief
When the demand for telecommunication services in a numbering plan area threatens to exceed the capacity of telephone numbers of a single area code, the local public service agency and the Federal Communications Commission initiate relief measures to mitigate the exhaustion, and assure continued service with minimal customer impact in the affected areas.

Area code split
In an area code split, the established practice of relief from 1947 to 1992, the affected numbering plan area is divided into suitable parts, most often two, and assigned a new area code to one of the areas, while maintaining the existing area code in the other. The area that retained the code was most commonly the denser-populated or geographically or historically more significant part. This freed the telephone numbers already issued in the new area for use in the existing, now smaller, numbering plan area. This practice preserved seven-digit dialing in all affected areas.

Area code overlay
By 1992, a new method of relief became available from the proliferation of electronic switching systems that were based on stored program control (SPC), which reduced the need for electromechanical extensions of the switching fabric. This made it possible to assign multiple area codes to a single numbering plan area. An area code overlay required additional technology in all affected switching systems to recognize the local area codes and select the appropriate routing for local calls, even within the wire center. This eliminated the possibility of maintaining seven-digit dialing, but required the dialing of ten digits for all calls.

Consumer groups and some state regulators, such as the Illinois Commerce Commission and Citizens Utility Board for northwest Chicago, and the NYS Public Service Commission in NYC, opposed the requirement with attempts at litigation.

The added effort in remembering and dialing longer numbers damaged the popularity of overlay plans, which were introduced as a means to reduce the inconveniences associated with the traditional method of splitting an area. However,  overlay plans have become the primary relief method and ten-digit dialing has become increasingly common in the U.S. and Canada.

1+10 dialing
Long-distance calls within a numbering plan area may also require dialing of an extra digit. Eleven digits for toll calls became standard in all of North America by the end of 1994 to allow introduction of "interchangeable NPA codes"—area codes that did not have a 0 or 1 as the middle digit and could therefore be confused with the central office code—after January 1, 1995.

Dialing 1 before the area code is most often required only for long-distance calls. Some telephone systems in early overlay areas do not accept a "1" before the area code for local calls; all Canadian landlines follow this pattern. However, in metropolitan New York City and Chicago, as well as the entire state of California, the initial "1" is required even for local calls for landline phones located within an overlay complex or with a single NPA that also serves customers with a 988 NXX (see below). All cellphones in North America ignore this and only require the user to dial ten digits.

Ten-digit dialing in non-overlay areas
A few area codes not part of any overlay complex nonetheless require ten-digit dialing if part of the local calling area is within an overlay complex. For example, the Fort Knox Army base in Kentucky is served by area code 502, but its local calling area includes cities that are served by the 270/364 overlay complex. As a result, Fort Knox imposed ten-digit dialing for all off-base numbers when the 270/364 overlay was established in 2014.

A July 2020 order by the Federal Communications Commission required ten-digit dialing of telephone numbers with area codes in the United States that were not overlaid, but had an assignment of the central office prefix 988, conflicting with its designation for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline by federal law.

NANPA Planning Letter 544 cites 83 area codes affected in 37 states. Three additional area codes were already transitioning to ten-digit dialing as the result of overlay implementations. Central office code 988 was in the process of discontinuation for area code 904. While included in the list of 83 area codes, area code 701 in North Dakota will not be converted to ten-digit dialing because the 32 telephone numbers in the 988 central office were reassigned to another prefix.

As part of Canada's implementation of a national 9-8-8 hotline, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) announced in August 2022 that all remaining Canadian non-overlay areas with seven-digit dialing, most of which use "988" as a central office code under their respective area codes, were required to convert to ten-digit dialing by May 31, 2023. A partial exception existed for the three northern territories served by area code 867, which was not projected to exhaust until at least 2043; only the Yellowknife area (which contains the 988 exchange) was required to convert, with seven-digit dialing remaining optional elsewhere in the region due in part to unique geographical and cultural considerations.

See also
List of country calling codes
Telephone numbering plan

References

External links
 NANPA report of NPAs requiring ten-digit dialing

North American Numbering Plan

Ten-digit dialing


Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and philosopher. He was known to friends and professional colleagues alike by the nickname Bruno. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book The Ascent of Man. This endeavour propelled him into the esteemed position of being widely regarded as "one of the most revered intellectuals on the global stage."

Bronowski's family moved from Congress Poland to Germany and then to England while he was a child. He won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity for William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in the UK. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his Ascent of Man.

Early life and education
Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge, graduating as Senior Wrangler (best student mathematician) in 1930.

As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited – with William Empson – the literary periodical Experiment, which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the British Chess Magazine between 1926 and 1970. He received a PhD in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance, believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.

Wartime work in military analysis

During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.

At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers who visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of Cardiff University, subsequently produced the secret Report of the British Mission to Japan: the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings. It was simultaneously published in the US.

Post-war biological analysis
Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leo Szilard, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, Bronowski became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.

In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung Child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.

Public science education
In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of The Brains Trust in the late 1950s.

Bronowski is best remembered for his 13-part series The Ascent of Man (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was commissioned by David Attenborough, then Head of BBC2, and was intended to complement two preceding series: art historian Kenneth Clark's "personal view" series Civilisation (1969), which had covered cultural history, and Alistair Cooke's series America: A Personal History of the United States (first broadcast in 1972).

Following the making of The Ascent of Man, Bronowski was interviewed on the chat show Parkinson. Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of his visit to Auschwitz, where many Polish members of his family died during the Holocaust, was one of the most memorable parts of any interview he had done. After he had completed the last episode of his show, Parkinson stated: "If I could save one interview from the thousands I have done, it would be the one-man show with Professor Jacob Bronowski."

Personal life
Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four daughters, the eldest being the academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski.

He spent time interviewing the physicist Leo Szilard for about the last year of the scientist's life. Szilard, who died in mid-1964, had authored the 1939 letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt arguing in favour of pursuing nuclear weapons to ensure victory over the Nazis.

Bronowski died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after The Ascent of Man was first televised, and his ashes were buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita died in California in September 2010, aged 92. The ashes of Lisa Jardine, who died in 2015, were buried on 25 October 2016 next to her father's in Highgate Cemetery.

Books

 The Poet's Defence (1939)
 William Blake: A Man Without a Mask (1943)
 The Common Sense of Science (1951)
 The Face of Violence (1954)

 William Blake: The Penguin Poets Series (1958)
 The Western Intellectual Tradition, From Leonardo to Hegel (1960) – with Bruce Mazlish
 Biography of an Atom (1963) – with Millicent Selsam
 Insight (1964)

 Nature and Knowledge: The Philosophy of Contemporary Science (1969)
 Atomic Fusion, illustrated by Bartley Powell. Published by Newman Neame Take Home Books Ltd.
 William Blake and the Age of Revolution (1972)
 The Ascent of Man (1974)
 A Sense of the Future (1977)
 Magic, Science & Civilisation (1978)
 The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination (1978)
 The Visionary Eye: Essays in the Arts, Literature and Science (1979) – edited by Piero Ariotti and Rita Bronowski.

References

External links

  (includes biography, pictures and obituary).
 The Jacob Bronowski Archive
 The Bronowski Trophy (chess)

1908 births
1974 deaths
20th-century British historians
20th-century British poets
20th-century Polish Jews
Academics of the University of Hull
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
British agnostics
British humanists
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Historians of science
Jewish agnostics
Jewish biologists
Jewish historians
Jewish poets
Jewish scientists
People educated at Central Foundation Boys' School
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Prix Italia winners
Salk Institute for Biological Studies people
Scientists from Łódź
Senior Wranglers
William Blake scholars

Jacob Bronowski


Reginald Fleming Johnston ( Edinburgh, 13 October, 1874 - ibid., 6 March, 1938) was a British academic and diplomat, he was too the tutor  and an advisor of the last emperor of China, Puyi . He was also the colonial governor of Weihaiwei .

Biography
He was born in the Scottish city of Edinburgh in 1874,  he had higher studies at the University of Edinburgh and later at the Magdalen College, Oxford . In 1898 he entered to the colonial service and started to work for the British administration in Hong Kong . At this time he learned Chinese.  After being stationed for a time in Hong Kong, in 1906 Johnston was transferred as a district officer to the British concession of Weihaiwei, a territory placed on the Shandong peninsula . In Weihaiwei he was under the command of Commissioner James Stewart Lockhart, who became into a close friend to Johnston.  His work was very well received by the local people.

In October 1918, he was offered to be the guardian of the young Puyi, the overthroned Chinese emperor who still continued living in the Forbidden City of Beijing as a non-sovereign monarch.  Johnston accepted the offer and at the end of 1918 he moved to the Chinese capital, becoming the new imperial guardian. During the following years he had a great influence on Puyi, to whom he showed the western culture - something significant, considering the reactionary and ultra-conservative atmosphere of the imperial Court. At the request of the emperor about possible Western names for himself and some of his companions, it was Johnston himself who recommended a Western name - Henry.  At this time, Johnston and Isabel Ingram - a daughter of an American missionary and the guardian of Empress Wan Rong - were the only foreigners allowed to be inside the court of the Qing dynasty in its entire history. Another of Puyi's tutors was the Chinese career official Zheng Xiaoxu, who was a lot of esteemed by Johnston.  There was mutual respect between the this two people, and Zheng even recommended to Puyi that Johnston be  imperial commissioner for the Summer Palace .  By initiative of Jhonston, the Summer Palace was visited for the first time by Puyi and became an occasional residence that made it possible to break the cloister of the Forbidden City. But, this all ended in 1924, when Puyi and his family were expelled from the Forbidden City.

Johnston went back to the colonial service. In 1927 he was designated the commissioner of the concession of Weihaiwei,  a position that he had until the 1930s. On that date the territory was returned to China.  He moved to the United Kingdom, and in 1931 he was designated Professor of Chinese at the School of Oriental Studies at the University of London . Despite his extensive experience about China, he did not adapt well to the university environment.  He retired in 1937. The ex-tutor continued maintaining contact with Puyi, even when he was established by the Japanese as emperor of the puppet state of Manchukuo . Johnston bought the small Scottish island of Eilean Rìgh, where he set up his home with Chinese-style gardens and even hoisted a Manchukuo flag .  He died in 1938, without having gotten married.

For his own decision, almost all of his letters and texts were burned after his death.

Works

 —— (1905). Remarks on the Province of Shantung . Cornell University Library.
 —— (1908). From Peking to Mandalay: A Journey from North China to Burma Through Tibetan Ssuch'uan and Yunnan . Soul Care Publishing.
 —— (1910). Lion and Dragon in Northern China . Nabu Press.
 —— (1911). A Chinese Appeal to Christendom Concerning Christian Missions . Nabu Press.
 —— (1913). Buddhist China . Soul Care Publishing.
 —— (1918). Letters to a Missionary . Cornell University Library.
 —— (1921). The Chinese Drama . Kelly and Walsh.
 —— (1934). Twilight in The Forbidden City . Soul Care Publishing.
 —— (1935). Confucianism and Modern China . Soul Care Publishing.

References

Further reading
Shiona Airlie, Reginald Johnston, 2001.
Robert Bickers, "Coolie work: Sir Reginald Johnston at the School of Oriental Studies, 1931-1937", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series III, 5, 3 pp. 385–401.(November, 1995) JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25183064
Raymond Lamont-Brown, Tutor to the Dragon Emperor: The Life of Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston, 1999.
Shiona Airlie, Scottish Mandarin: The Life and Times of Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston,Royal Asiatic Society, 2012.

Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British diplomats
Academics of the University of London

Reginald Johnston


Barrera de amor (English: Barrier of Love) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Ernesto Alonso for Televisa in 2005.

On Monday, October 10, 2005, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Barrera de amor weekdays at 8:00pm, replacing Contra viento y marea. The last episode was broadcast on Friday, May 12, 2006 with La fea más bella replacing it on Monday, May 15, 2006.

Yadhira Carrillo and Sergio Reynoso starred as protagonists, Susana Diazayas and Aarón Díaz starred as co-protagonists, while Raquel Olmedo, Alexis Ayala, Gerardo Murguía, Chantal Andere, Armando Araiza and Alexa Damián starred as antagonists. Manuel Landeta and Norma Herrera starred as stellar performances.

Plot
Maria Teresa "Maité" is a beautiful young woman who is engaged to Luis Antonio. Maité was raised by her aunt, Griselda. Maité's mother died giving birth to her and she has never met her father.

According to people in her town, her father was a foreigner named Jose, who lied to Maité's mother, Eloisa, and had left her pregnant.

Jose promised Eloisa to come back but never did, but he left Eloisa a pendant that belonged to Jose's mother. That pendant is all Maria Teresa has from her father. Maité works at her Aunt Griselda's restaurant as a waitress.

Maité goes to the fair where she is accompanied by Adolfo Valladolid, Adolfo pours sleep powder in Maité's drink leaving her dizzy and uncomfortable.

Adolfo takes advantage of her condition and tries to take her to a motel and rape her when he is stopped by Magdalena (who later in the series becomes one of Maité's best friend and also is one of Adolfo's former lovers).

Eventually, Adolfo rapes Maria Teresa later in the series and Maité becomes pregnant. After Luis Antonio is told by Griselda that Adolfo had sexually harassed Maité, Luis Antonio goes off and looks for Adolfo.

Luis Antonio beats up Adolfo, but Doña Jacinta Valladolid, Adolfo's mother, sues Luis Antonio. Jacinta pays a few of her workers to attack Luis Antonio in prison.

Adolfo was supposed to marry Manola Linares, but Maité interrupts the wedding and says that Adolfo and Manola cannot be married because Adolfo is the father of her baby.

Maité is forced to marry Adolfo after they threaten to kill Luis Antonio in prison. Because Maité loves and cares for Luis Antonio's children, Daniel and Andres, she agrees to marry the rapist.

Her life is a living hell when she has to live with Adolfo and Jacinta. Then, a few months later, Maité gives birth to a beautiful child, Valeria. Jacinta finds a way to make Maité lose custody of her daughter and Jacinta ends up keeping Valeria.

After Maité was forced by Jacinta to leave, Maité goes to Mexico City, and schemes to recover her daughter and get revenge on Jacinta.

There in Mexico City she runs into Magdalena who is pregnant. Maité and Magdalena grow very fond of each other and become best friends.

Maité works in a restaurant in Mexico City and becomes a friend of Victor, the restaurant owner. Magdalena gives birth to a baby girl, Verónica. Years later; Maité returns to recover her daughter but her plan is a failure.

Magdalena is killed but Verónica watches the murder of her mother. Veronica after that day has more than one personality in her.

Veronica always had loved to play dolls with Vera and Violeta (Vera, the greedy and self-centered one and Violeta caring, weak, and respectful, so Veronica said about her dolls).

After that Vera and Violeta became Verónica's personality. Veronica is also Valeria's half sister. Maité decides to take care of Verónica since Magdalena was a very good friend to her. Maité and Victor adopt Verónica.

After 17 years Maité finally returns to her home town and gets revenge on Jacinta. Valeria and Andrés fall in love without knowing their parents had a relationship.

Later, Valeria and Andrés secretly marry. Valeria finds out that she is pregnant and tries to tell Andres and they get in a fight. She doesn't tell Andrés that she is pregnant.

Cast

Main
Yadhira Carrillo as María Teresa "Maité" Galván Martínez
Sergio Reynoso as Luis Antonio Romero
Raquel Olmedo as Jacinta López Reyes Vda. de Valladolid
Alexis Ayala as Federico Valladolid Gómez/Federico Valladolid Gómez
Chantal Andere as Manola Linares de Zamora
Norma Herrera as Remedios Gómez
Gerardo Murguía as Adolfo Valladolid López
Manuel Landeta as Víctor García Betancourt
Aarón Díaz as Andrés Romero
Susana Diazayas as Valeria Valladolid Galván
Armando Araiza as Rodrigo Zamora Linares
Alexa Damián as Verónica García Galván/Vera/Violeta

Recurring

Alberto Agnesi as Daniel Romero
Ana Brenda Contreras as Juana "Juanita" Sánchez
Arturo Posadas as Baldomero Sánchez
Luis Gimeno as Josefo Maldonado
Aarón Hernán as José Maldonado
Juan Peláez as Sergio López Reyes
Antonio Medellín as Octavio Mendoza
Emilia Carranza as Josefina Maldonado
Jorge Vargas as Miguel Franco
Guillermo Aguilar as Don Elías
Yolanda Ciani as Doña Norma
Julio Monterde as Father Anselmo
Rossana San Juan as Magdalena
David Ostrosky as Ulises Santillana
Juan Carlos Casasola as Pancho
Graciela Bernardos as Griselda Martínez
Aleyda Gallardo as Martina de Sánchez
Paty Díaz as Nuria de Romero
Raymundo Capetillo as Nicolás Linares
Xavier Marc as Gustavo Zamora
Rosángela Balbó as Cayetana Linares
David Ramos as Dionisio Pérez y Pérez
Ignacio Guadalupe as Teodoro Sánchez
Mario Cid as Father Raúl
Rosita Bouchot as Leticia
Lucy Tovar as Bertha
Virginia Gimeno as Cleotilde Ramos
Jerardo Rioja as Rafael Garduño
Mario del Río as Guillermo
Elizabeth Aguilar as Jacaranda
Tere Valadez as Elvira
Elsy Reyes as Sister María de Jesús
Ruth Sheinfeld as Mónica
Antonio Miguel as Nabuco
Óscar Ferretti as Celerino
Paola Flores as Evelia
Joana Benedek as Leonela
Alejandro Correa as Andrés Romero (child)
Daniel Berlanga as Daniel Romero (child)
Miguel Martínez as Andrés Romero (adolescent)
Carlos Speitzer as Daniel Romero (adolescent)
Ernesto Bojalil as Cantinero
María Dolores Oliva as Rosaura
Claudia Ortega as Reyna
Antonio Vela as Omar Cardona
Haydee Navarra as Berenice
Bertha Kain
Jorge Ulises Santillana
Thelma Dorantes
María Dolores Oliva
Paola Riquelme
Pablo Domínguez
Patricia Ramírez
Mario Limantour
Elena de Tellitu
Allioth Ojeda
Suhey
Furby
Diego Serrano
Manuel Ojeda
Scarlet Hernández
Thania Ortiz
Andrea García
Nadia Alejandre

Special participation
Federico Pizarro as Pedro Valladolid
Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Don Pedro Valladolid
Farah Abud as Jacinta López Reyes de Valladolid (young)
Manuel "Flaco" Ibáñez as Nicanor López
Adriana Laffan as Ramona Reyes de López
Cristina Bernal as Remedios Gómez (young)
Sergio Argueta as José Maldonado (young)
Daniel Habif as Sergio López Reyes (young)

Soundtracks
"Como Duele (Barrera de Amor)" - Noelia
"Maldita Soledad" - Aracely Arámbula
"Lágrimas Rotas" - Vanessa Colaiutta
"Me Acorde de Ti" - Mijares
"Solo El y Yo" - Pandora
"Tan Dentro" - Lourdes Santiago
"Sin Ti No Soy Nada" - Amaral
"Hablan" - Ricardo Montaner
"Como Sería" - Soraya
"Luna Mágica" - Rocío Banquells
"Quiero Amanecer Con Alguien" - Daniela Romo
"Se Me Hizo Fácil" - Consorcio

Awards

References

External links

 at esmas.com

2005 telenovelas
2005 Mexican television series debuts
2006 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico City
Televisa telenovelas

Barrera de amor


Iotacism (, iotakismos) or itacism is the process of vowel shift by which a number of vowels and diphthongs converged towards the pronunciation  in post-classical Greek and Modern Greek. The term "iotacism" refers to the letter iota, the original sign for , with which these vowels came to merge. The alternative term itacism refers to the new pronunciation of the name of the letter eta as  after the change.

Vowels and diphthongs involved

Ancient Greek had a broader range of vowels (see Ancient Greek phonology) than Modern Greek has. Eta () was a long open-mid front unrounded vowel , and upsilon () was a close front rounded vowel . Over the course of time, both vowels came to be pronounced like the close front unrounded vowel iota () . In addition, certain diphthongs merged to the same pronunciation. Specifically, Epsilon-iota () initially became  in Classical Greek before it later raised to () while, later, omicron-iota () and upsilon-iota () merged with upsilon (). As a result of eta and upsilon being affected by iotacism, so were the respective diphthongs.

In Modern Greek, the letters and digraphs  (rare) are all pronounced .

Issues in textual criticism
Iotacism caused some words with originally distinct pronunciations to be pronounced similarly, sometimes the cause of differences between manuscript readings in the New Testament. For example, the upsilon of  hymeis, hymōn "ye, your" (second person plural in respectively nominative, genitive) and the eta of  hēmeis, hēmōn "we, our" (first person plural in respectively nominative, genitive) could be easily confused if a lector were reading to copyists in a scriptorium. (In fact, Modern Greek had to develop a new second-person plural, εσείς, while the first-person plural's eta was opened to epsilon, εμείς, as a result of apparent attempts to prevent it sounding like the old second-person plural.) As an example of a relatively minor (almost insignificant) source of variant readings, some ancient manuscripts spelled words the way they sounded, such as the 4th-century Codex Sinaiticus, which sometimes substitutes a plain iota for the epsilon-iota digraph and sometimes does the reverse.

English-speaking textual critics use the word "itacism" to refer to the phenomenon and extend it loosely for all inconsistencies of spelling involving vowels.

History
The first demonstration of the phenomenon was made by the Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam (1467-1536) in his treatise "Dialogus de recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronuntiatione" (Dialogue on the correct pronunciation of the Latin and Greek language, 1528) in which he asserted that in ancient Greek the sound of η should have been /e/, not /i/ (which is why his theory came to be called "etacism"). In support of this thesis a verse from the Athenian playwright Cratinus, one of the leading exponents of ancient Comedy, is quoted that speaks of a fool in this way: "ὁ δ'ἠλίθιος ὥσπερ πρόβατον βῆ λέγων βαδίζει" ("the fool walks making the sound "bee bee" like a sheep"); hardly could the verse "bee" be read /vi/, according to the itacistic pronunciation.

Against the "Erasmian" theory came the German humanist Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522), in whose honor the Byzantine Greek pronunciation is also called Reuchlinian.

See also
Greek language
Greek alphabet
Ancient Greek phonology
Koine Greek phonology
Medieval Greek
Modern Greek phonology
Vowel shift
 Minuscule 541 and Minuscule 543 – manuscripts with an unusual number of itacistic errors

References

Greek language
Koine Greek
Vowel shifts

Iotacism


Randy Melvin (born April 3, 1959) is the defensive line coach for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Playing career

High school
Melvin attended Aurora West High School in Aurora, Illinois and was inducted into their Hall of Fame in 1994.

College
Melvin attended Eastern Illinois University, where he played football as a defensive lineman from 1978 to 1981. He earned his Master's degree from the school in 1993 and was inducted into their Hall of Fame in 1995.

Coaching career

High school
Melvin began his coaching career at Urbana High School an assistant coach in 1982. He then returned to his alma mater Aurora West High School as an assistant coach from 1983 to 1984 before being named their head coach for 1985, a position he held through 1987.

Melvin returned to the high school level for the 2017 season as an assistant coach for Clearwater High School.

College
In 1988, Melvin entered the college coaching ranks at his alma mater Eastern Illinois University as their defensive line coach. After seven seasons with Eastern Illinois, he left for the University of Wyoming to be their defensive tackles coach for the 1995 and 1996 seasons. From 1997 through 1999, Melvin served as Purdue University's defensive ends coach. He returned to college coaching in 2002 as the defensive line coach at Rutgers University. After three seasons with the team, he returned to the professional ranks.

New England Patriots
For their 1995 training camp, Melvin worked with the Denver Broncos as part of the NFL's minority coaching fellowship program. He participated in this program for the next two years as well with the New York Jets, the second of which, 1997, was spent while Bill Belichick was the Jets' assistant head coach. When Belichick left the Jets in 2000 to serve as the New England Patriots' head coach, Melvin was hired as Belichick's defensive line coach. In his second and final season with the team in 2001, Melvin earned his first Super Bowl ring by winning Super Bowl XXXVI.

Cleveland Browns
After Melvin's former defensive coordinator with the Patriots Romeo Crennel was hired as the Browns' head coach in 2005, Melvin rejoined the NFL coaching ranks as the Browns' defensive line coach for 4 seasons.

Return to College
After the Browns' 4-12 2008 season both General Manager Phil Savage and head coach Romeo Crennel were fired. Melvin returned to the college ranks to coach the Temple Owls' defensive line for the 2009 season. After a successful season at Temple which saw the Owls reach a bowl for the first time since 1979, Melvin rejoined Greg Schiano at Rutgers University for the 2010 season as defensive line coach.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Melvin was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive line coach from 2012 to 2013.

BC Lions
On June 1, 2011, it was announced that Melvin had accepted the position of defensive line coach with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League. The BC Lions won the Grey Cup and Melvin earned another championship.

Return to college
Melvin was the defensive line coach at Florida International University for the 2014 season. He rejoined Al Golden as the defensive line coach at the University of Miami for the 2015 season.  On December 31, 2015, Melvin returned to Purdue University as the defensive line coach for Darrell Hazell.

BC Lions (II)
Melvin returned to the BC Lions for the 2018 season as the defensive line coach where he coached for one season.

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
The Hamilton Tiger-Cats hired Melvin as the defensive line coach for the 2019 season. The team won the Eastern Division Final but lost in the 107th Grey Cup again the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

References

1959 births
Living people
American football defensive linemen
BC Lions coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
Eastern Illinois Panthers football coaches
Eastern Illinois Panthers football players
FIU Panthers football coaches
Hamilton Tiger-Cats coaches
Miami Hurricanes football coaches
New England Patriots coaches
Purdue Boilermakers football coaches
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
Temple Owls football coaches
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches
High school football coaches in Illinois
High school football coaches in Ohio
Sportspeople from Aurora, Illinois

Randy Melvin


Prof. Dr. Em. Bart De Schutter is a Belgian scientist and was a member of the Coudenberg group a federalist think tank.

Education
He graduated as Doctor in Law from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in 1959. In addition he obtained a MA in Political and Diplomatic Sciences from the Universite Libre de Bruxelles in 1960. In 1961, he obtained an LL.M. from Harvard University (United States). In Strasbourg (France), he followed the Special Programme on European Organizations at the Faculté Internationale pour l'Enseignement du Droit Comparé and in Geneva the United Nations International Law Commission Seminar.

Career
He started his career at the VUB where he became Dean of the Faculty of Law and Rector. In addition, he was member of the Board of Directors of the VUB and President of the Board of the VRT, the Flemish Public Radio and Television network. Since 1971 until 2003, he has been Director of the IES-VUB Programme on international legal cooperation of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. He also co-initiated a similar programme at the Anglia Polytechnic University (Law School at Cambridge) of which he is Honorary Fellow.

He is the Belgian representative at the Joint Supervisory Body of Europol and Schengen since 1997. Since 2001, he is the Belgian representative in the Joint Supervisory Authority of the EU Customs Information System. In 2001, he became the founding President of the Institute for European Studies of the VUB, until he got replaced by Karel de Gucht in 2015. Since 2005, he is Chairman of the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel. He is a Member of the Belgian Data Protection Authority.

Sources
 Bart De Schutter
 Bart De Schutter

Living people
Harvard Law School alumni
Belgian lawyers
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Bart De Schutter


War of the Worlds: New Millennium  is a science fiction novel by Douglas Niles, released in 2005 by Tor Books.

After the most recent uncrewed mission to Mars inexplicably fails, interest in the Red Planet is still high. The whole world watches as a bright spot of light appears daily on the Martian surface. As they continue, theories abound about what is causing it. Telescopes pick up movement in space: something came from Mars and is headed towards Earth.

As explained in the Author's Note  of the novel, H. G. Wells wrote the original 1897 The War of the Worlds prior to any modern military conflict (such as World War I or World War II). This novel is the Martian invasion of Earth in 2005, in effect updating the Martians and the military's actual and doctrinal responses.

Plot summary

After a remote Mars Rover (Vision) loses contact with Earth, a series of flashes appear on the face of Mars, once every Martian day (24 hours, 37 minutes). The flashes baffle scientists at first, until strange objects are discovered heading towards Earth. A Space Shuttle is sent out to investigate, and becomes the first casualty in the Martian attack on Earth.

The first of the eleven objects sends out a 1 million volt electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which becomes known simply as the Pulse. The first pulse covers North America, and knocks out all computer circuitry and most sophisticated electronics. The second and third objects contain EMPs for Eurasia and Antarctica, effectively immobilizing the world. The remaining objects release canisters which plummet to Earth and strategically impact around major population centers.

As planes crash and cars stop, Alex DeVane tries to get to NASA headquarters to deal with the Pulse and what it means. After the canisters hit, and bombing appears to have no effect, the United States Army sends out an infantry division to investigate and attack the aliens. The canister opens, and the Martians exit in armored saucers held up on tractor beam-like legs. They are also armed with lasers that burn through anything they touch. The ring of tanks, infantry, and artillery fire on the Martians, but to no effect. They destroy the group and continue the invasion.

The U.S. Army rallies and fights bravely, but loses every battle. The Martians also have a poison gas weapon that lasts about 30 minutes, but is lethal. They destroy and kill for the sake of doing so, and seem to breathe in the death and destruction they are causing.

Ironically, this smell leads doctors and scientists to speculate on the nature of the Martians, and the large amount of bacteria they seem to thrive upon. Although successful with nuclear weapon attacks, the Americans try a penicillin/antibiotic bomb, which seems to stop the landers after only a slight delay. Further experimentation by Markus DeVane later proves that any bread-based mold will quickly put down a Martian. This solution is communicated to the survivors, and the invasion is stopped.

Characters
Alex DeVane – Project manager for the Manned Mission to Mars program.
Mark DeVane – Father of Alex, former professor, and expert on Mars
Duke Hayes – A-10 Warthog pilot
Nate Hayes – space shuttle pilot, brother to Duke Haye

Allusions/references to other works
This novel is an "update" to the H.G. Wells classic The War of the Worlds. As noted in the Author's Note, the one supposition made is that the original novel could never have appeared for the New Millennium novel to work.

Allusions/reference to actual history, geography and current science
The early uncrewed mission to Mars are mentioned as happening prior to the Vision rover mission.
 In North Korea, the army there launches a nuclear missile at a group of Martian landers.
 A nuclear attack by Pakistan on the landers causes a retaliatory strike by India.

Release details
2005, U.S.A., Tor Books , Pub date June 2005, Hardcover

Footnotes

2005 American novels
American science fiction novels
New Millennium
Sequel novels
Tor Books books

War of the Worlds: New Millennium


Bielefeld University () is a public university in Bielefeld, Germany. Founded in 1969, it is one of the country's newer universities, and considers itself a "reform" university, following a different style of organization and teaching than the established universities. In particular, the university aims to "re-establish the unity between research and teaching", and so all its faculty teach courses in their area of research. The university also stresses a focus on interdisciplinary research, helped by the architecture, which encloses all faculties in one great structure. It is among the first of the German universities to switch some faculties (e.g. biology) to Bachelor/Master-degrees as part of the Bologna process.

Bielefeld University has started an extensive multi-phase modernisation project, which is to be completed by 2025. A total investment of more than 1 billion euros has been planned for this undertaking.

Campus
The university is located in the west of Bielefeld next to the Teutoburg Forest. The main building, which houses all the faculties and institutes, as well as the large library, is a functional concrete structure, typical of the 1960s. The main building with 154,000m² alone is one of the largest structures in Europe.

Intercity trains running between Cologne/Bonn and Berlin stop regularly at Bielefeld, and the university can be accessed via city tram (Line 4) in about 10 minutes from the city center—or in about 15 minutes by car. The nearest airport, Paderborn/Lippstadt, is about 50 kilometres southeast of Bielefeld.

Library
Bielefeld University Library occupies most of the first floor of the main university building and contains over 2.2 million volumes. It is open every day of the year, from 08:00 until 01:00 Monday to Friday, and from 09:00 to 22:00 during weekends and public holidays.

The library's projects include the development of tools to improve access to electronic resources. It works with commercial system suppliers to meet the needs of academic libraries—collaborations that have resulted in developments such as BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine), by which metadata is collected from scientific repository servers and indexed, along with data from selected web sites and data collections, using the Solr framework.

Academic profile

Central academic institutes
Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF)
Institute for interdisciplinary research on conflict and violence (IKG)
Center for Interamerican Studies (CIAS)
CeBiTec – Center for Biotechnology
CITEC – Cognitive Interaction Technology (Center of Excellence)
Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics (CoR-Lab)
Interdisciplinary Centre of Women's and Gender Studies
Institute for the Simulation of Complex Systems (ISKOS)
Institute of Mathematical Economics (IMW)
Research Centre for Mathematical Modelling (FSPM)
Teacher Training Centre (ZfL – in German)

Oberstufen-Kolleg at the University of Bielefeld
The Oberstufen-Kolleg is a UNESCO Project School and as such it aims for international understanding and cooperation. Since 1998, the Kolleg has worked together with the German School of Guayaquil in a charitable project to help in the development of the town of Daular, Ecuador, which project won a United Nations Award in 2006/2007 for its international concept.

Rankings

In the QS World University Rankings for 2024, the university is placed within the 951–1000 range, ranking as the 45th institution at the national level. In contrast, the university achieves a higher position in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, where it lands within the 201–250 bracket in 2023, and ranks between 23rd and 26th in the country. According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2023, the university's global rank falls within the 701–800 range, placing it between 41st and 42nd nationally.

In 2017, Bielefeld University was ranked 22nd in the world by the Times Higher Education (THE) Young University Rankings, and among the top 300 universities by the traditional Times Higher Education World University Rankings.

In the THE ranking of 2011 Bielefeld is placed among the top 50 universities in engineering and technology.

In terms of mathematics, the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2018  places Bielefeld among the four best universities of Germany and 101–150 best universities in the world. The German Center for Higher Education Development Excellence Ranking, which measures academic performance of European graduate programs in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics, placed Bielefeld in the excellence group for mathematics.

Protests against tuition fees
Bielefeld University was one of the centers of student protests in the fight against the introduction of tuition fees. In the course of the protests, the central hall and the university president's office were occupied by protesting students for over a month.
In a vote organised by the AStA and the students parliament, about 94 percent of the participants voted against the introduction of tuition fees, although only 22 percent of the students cast their vote. This is comparable to similar results at other German universities.

In its session of 12 July 2006, the university senate decided to introduce tuition fees of €500 per semester, beginning in 2007.

In August 2006, a universal key for the university went missing during a senate session. After that, multiple cases of arson and defacement of university property were reported. University president Dieter Timmermann was a particular target of these attacks. The cost of the damage, mainly due to the replacement of thousands of locks, was estimated at over a million euros.

See also
 Open access in Germany

References

External links

Official website of the Oberstufen-Kolleg of the University of Bielefeld

Bielefeld
Bielefeld
Universities and colleges established in 1969
1969 establishments in West Germany

Bielefeld University