Barbara Ann Mandrell (born December 25, 1948) is a retired American country music singer and musician. She is also credited as an actress and author. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, she was considered among country's most successful music artists. She had six number one singles and 25 top ten singles reach the Billboard country songs chart. She also hosted her own prime–time television show in the early 1980s that featured music, dance numbers and comedy sketches. Mandrell also played a variety of musical instruments during her career that helped earn her a series of major–industry awards.

Mandrell was born in Texas and raised mostly in California. Mandrell is from a musical family; she played several instruments by the time she was a teenager. Her skills on the steel guitar were noticed by country music entertainers, who gave Mandrell the chance to perform in public at age 13. During this period she became a regular on the television program Town Hall Party. She also performed as a musician when she toured in shows featuring Johnny Cash and Patsy Cline. Her family formed a band in her late teens which traveled overseas and entertained military bases. After marrying in 1967, Mandrell briefly retired, but was inspired to pursue a singing career after watching a performance of the Grand Ole Opry live at the Ryman Auditorium. In 1969, she signed her first recording contract with Columbia Records. She was inducted as a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1972.

In the early 1970s, Mandrell recorded a number of singles that combined country influences with R&B–soul. Her singles frequently made their way onto the country charts. Her most successful singles of this period were "Tonight My Baby's Coming Home" (1971) and "The Midnight Oil" (1973). In 1975, she moved to ABC–Dot records and reached her commercial breakthrough with country–pop singles like "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed" (1978), "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" (1979), "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" (1981) and "One of a Kind Pair of Fools" (1983). She became a concert headliner and won several major music awards including the Entertainer of the Year accolade from the Country Music Association two years in a row.

After a near-fatal car accident in 1984, Mandrell seriously considered retirement. However, she returned to recording in 1985 and had several more top ten country singles including "Fast Lanes and Country Roads" (1985), "No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You" (1986), and "I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today" (1988). She resumed performing, touring, and began guest-starring in several television shows and numerous commercials. Mandrell appeared in several television films and shows during the late 1980s and 1990s like Burning Rage and Empty Nest. She continued recording into the 1990s, releasing several albums for the Capitol label including No Nonsense (1991). In 1997, Mandrell announced her retirement from performing and recording. She continued acting until 2000. In 2009, she was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame for her work in the industry.

Early childhood
Mandrell was born in Houston, Texas on Christmas Day, 1948. She is the eldest child born to parents Mary Ellen (née McGill; born 1931) and Irby Matthew Mandrell (October 11, 1924 – March 5, 2009). The family later moved to Corpus Christi, Texas, where her father was a police officer and her mother was a music teacher. Mandrell's younger sisters Louise and Irlene, were born there. While in Corpus Christi, Mandrell got acquainted with music. She sang and played music regularly at home. She also recalled having a natural ear for hearing music. "I remember once I was at my cousins' home in Falfurrias. We were playing outside—and I'm talking this is when I'm a little girl—and we were singing, of all things, 'I've Been Working on the Railroad.' All of a sudden I started to hear harmony. I began to sing it, and I just thought, 'This is the neatest thing in the world,'" she told Texas Monthly.

In her early childhood, she began performing publicly. Her first recollection of performing in front people was at her family's church singing a rendition of the "Gospel Boogie". In addition to singing, Mandrell also learned several instruments as a small child. Mandrell's mother taught her how to play the accordion and read music before she entered into the first grade. When she was six years old, the family moved to Oceanside, California. Irby Mandrell opened his own music store. In her elementary school years, she learned to play saxophone while a part of the school band. During the same period, she started taking lessons on the steel guitar from her father's friend Norman Hamlet. After a year of practice on the instrument, Irby Mandrell took his daughter to a music trade show in Chicago, Illinois. At the program, she performed on the steel guitar. She was heard by country performer Joe Maphis who would help launch Mandrell's early career as a musician.

Music career

1960–1968: Late childhood and teenage years as a steel guitarist
In 1960, Joe Maphis brought eleven-year-old Mandrell onto his country music show in Las Vegas, Nevada. As part of Maphis's act, she performed the steel guitar. Maphis also helped her secure a regular spot on the country music California television program Town Hall Party. Feeling as if she was the only female musician, Mandrell discovered on Town Hall Party that other female instrumentalists also existed: "Men dominated the world of country music, but I looked around and discovered there were more women than you might have thought." On summers off from school, Mandrell routinely went back to Las Vegas to perform. In 1962, she toured country music shows with artists Johnny Cash and Patsy Cline. During the tour, 13-year old Mandrell shared hotel rooms with Cline since she was underage. She also performed steel guitar for Red Foley, Little Jimmy Dickens and Tex Ritter.

When she turned 14, her parents formed the Mandrell Family Band with Barbara on steel guitar, mother Mary on piano, and father Irby on lead vocals. They also hired two outside musicians including drummer Ken Dudney, whom Mandrell would later marry in 1967. The Mandrell Family Band mostly played military bases around the United States and performed a variety of music including songs by The Beatles. While in the band, Mandrell also learned how to play banjo and bass guitar. Mandrell also engaged in other activities during her teenage years. In 1965, she was voted "Miss Oceanside California". She participated in the marching band, chorus and student council. She eventually graduated from high school in 1967.

Shortly after high school graduation, Mandrell married Ken Dudney and chose to retire from performing to become a full-time housewife. Her last performance trip was to Vietnam where the Mandrell Family Band entertained the troops fighting in the Vietnam War. Upon returning, Mandrell found out that her husband had been sent temporarily overseas for his Navy pilot career. Feeling alone, Mandrell visited with her parents who had just moved to Nashville, Tennessee. There, the family attended a performance at the Grand Ole Opry. While watching the show that evening, Mandrell realized that she still wanted to perform. "I wasn't cut out to be in the audience," she recalled in 2003. With father Irby acting as her manager she got the chance to play steel guitar on a show located in the Printer's Alley section of Nashville. In addition to the steel guitar, Mandrell also sang on several selections in the show. Her skills as both a singer and musician caught the attention of six different record companies who offered her a recording contract. This included country music producer Billy Sherrill, who was watching the performance. In 1969, Mandrell signed with Sherill's label Columbia Records as a recording artist.

1969–1974: Singing transition and early success at Columbia Records
Mandrell started her singing career by cutting covers of R&B–soul selections. Her first Columbia single made America's Billboard country songs chart in 1969 called "I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)". It was a cover of the Otis Redding original. It was followed by the Billy Sherrill-penned "Playin' Around with Love" (1970). It became her first song to reach the top 20, peaking at number 18 on the Billboard country chart. Her next singles were covers of Aretha Franklin's "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" and Roy Head's "Treat Him Right". In 1971, Mandrell's debut studio album was released through Columbia, also titled Treat Him Right. The disc included her charting singles between 1969 and 1971, along with covers of songs by Ivory Joe Hunter, Joe South  and others. Her early success garnered Mandrell the Top New Female Vocalist award from the Academy of Country Music in 1970 and a membership to the Grand Ole Opry in 1972.

In 1971, Mandrell's single "Tonight My Baby's Coming Home" was her first to peak in the top ten of the Billboard country songs chart. It was followed in 1972 by a cover of Joe Tex's "Show Me", which made the top 20 on the same chart. At the same time, Mandrell started recording with country singer David Houston. Several of their recordings were released as singles and made the country charts in the United States and Canada. Their first single "After Closing Time" reached number six on the Billboard country survey and number four on Canada's RPM Country songs list. Their duets made the charts several more times between 1970 and 1974, including "I Love You, I Love You" (1973), which climbed into the Billboard top ten as well. Their recordings were released on a studio album titled A Perfect Match.

Critics and writers took notice of Mandrell's fusion of country music with R&B and soul. Author Kurt Wolff of Country Music: The Rough Guide described her early chart records as "colorful, spirited country soul". Wolff further explained, "The songs weren't exactly all roots and downhome twang, but they were certainly closer to the ground (and the soul) than any of her later, more suburban material." Mary A. Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann highlighted Mandrell's country–soul mix in their 2003 book: "[Mandrell's delivery] gives her vocals a hoarse, urgent quality that she put to good use on 'blue-eyed soul' versions of R&B songs," they noted.

In reviewing a Columbia compilation, AllMusic's Greg Adams stated that her early work was "some of the best recordings [Barbara Mandrell] ever made." Some critics found that Mandrell's Columbia material lacked individuality and at times seemed closer resemble that of other Columbia artists. "Sometimes, it seems as if Sherrill isn't quite sure what to do with Mandrell. He keeps her away from anything that could be construed as a good fit for Tammy Wynette, and when the country does turn toward the straight-ahead, it's still soft; Merle Haggard's 'Today I Started Loving You Again' doesn't carry resignation in Barbara's hands, only reassurance," Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented on one of her early LP's.

In 1973, Columbia issued what was considered Mandrell's breakthrough record, called "The Midnight Oil". The song told the story of a wife having an affair and lying to her husband about the situation. The single became her second solo top ten hit, reaching number seven on the Billboard country chart and number five on the RPM country chart. Its corresponding studio album of the same name reached the number eight position on the Billboard country LP's chart. In 1974, she reached the top 20 on the country chart with "This Time I Almost Made It", which followed a similar country–soul style as her previous material. Mandrell later reflected to Biography about the lack of confidence she felt showcased her Columbia material: "There have been many times when I thought other people might be better singers or better musicians or prettier than me, but then I would hear Daddy's voice telling me to never say never, and I would find a way to squeeze an extra inch or two out of what God had given me." In 1975, she left Columbia's roster.

1975–1986: Country–pop crossover and career peak

In 1975, Mandrell signed a recording contract with ABC–Dot (it was later bought by MCA Records). With producer Tom Collins, Mandrell incorporated a pop production that broadened her appeal with listeners. Her first ABC–Dot single was 1975's "Standing Room Only", which was her first top five Billboard country song. It was followed by the top 20 songs "That's What Friends Are For" and "Midnight Angel". Collins also incorporated R&B elements into her repertoire, which further elevated her commercial success. Her R&B covers of Denise LaSalle's "Married But Not to Each Other" and Shirley Brown's "Woman to Woman" made the American and Canadian country song top five in 1977. "Woman to Woman" was also her first enter the Billboard Hot 100. These recordings appeared on her sixth and seventh studio albums, which were also issued in 1977.

Mandrell reached her commercial zenith in the late 1970s with songs about infidelity and cheating. In 1978, "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed" was her first single to reach the number one spot on the Billboard and RPM country charts. It was followed in 1979 by a cover of Luther Ingram's R&B hit "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right". It also topped the North American country charts and crossed over into the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian pop songs chart. On Billboard'''s adult contemporary survey, the single reached the top ten. Both tracks appeared on Mandrell's top ten Billboard country album Moods (1978). Her 1979 album Just for the Record was also a top ten Billboard LP. Just for the Record spawned the country–pop crossover singles "Fooled by a Feeling" and "Years".

Now at her career peak, Mandrell became a headlining concert act. Her concert productions included choreography, costume changes and featured Mandrell on multiple musical instruments. One of her headlining performances was turned into a cable television special called The Lady Is a Champ. She also appeared on national television programs and won the Country Music Association's 1979 Female Vocalist of the Year accolade. Between 1980 and 1982, she and her siblings co-hosted the NBC television series Barbara Mandrell & the Mandrell Sisters. It helped Mandrell become the first performer to win back–to–back Entertainer of the Year awards from the Country Music Association in both 1980 and 1981. Mandrell's recordings continued having commercial success too. She had top ten country singles with 1980's "Crackers" and "The Best of Strangers". In 1982, MCA issued her first live album, which charted the Billboard country albums top five and certified gold in sales from the United States. The disc included a track about staying close to country roots called "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool". Released as a single, it was her fourth number one song on the Billboard country chart.

Mandrell's commercial momentum continued through the early 1980s. Her twelfth studio album ...In Black & White reached number seven on the country albums list. It was followed by her fourteenth studio record Spun Gold (1983), which climbed to number five on the same list. Both discs spawned the number one singles "'Till You're Gone" and "One of a Kind Pair of Fools". Also included were the top ten recordings "Operator, Long Distance Please" and "In Times Like These". Mandrell's 1984 album was also a top ten Billboard disc and featured the top five singles "Only a Lonely Heart Knows" and "Happy Birthday Dear Heartache". Mandrell's popularity allowed her to record an album of gospel music in 1982 titled He Set My Life to Music. The project brought Mandrell her first Grammy awards. She also collaborated on several duets with Lee Greenwood in 1984. The duets were issued on their 1984 studio album Meant for Each Other, which featured the top five country single "To Me".

Despite her popularity and commercial appeal, Mandrell's early–1980s music received mixed reviews. Writer Kurt Wolff found that her 1980s recordings exemplified "a weak attempt to maintain her roots" featuring "garnish productions" that went "head-first into schmaltz". In reviewing her 1983 album, critic Greg Adams commented, "Spun Gold contains some bizarre collisions of country music's traditional working-class perspective with disco-era glitz." Meanwhile, writers Mary A. Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann described her early 1980s singles as "powerful heartache songs" whose themes centered around "enduring financial hardship" and "proud-to-be country anthem[s]".

On September 11, 1984, Mandrell and her two oldest children were in Tennessee heading home from shopping when another driver crossed the center line and hit them head on. Mandrell suffered a broken femur, shattered ankle, injured knee and a concussion that left temporary brain damage. The driver of the other vehicle died. Mandrell's children survived with minor injuries. The crash caused Mandrell to endure numerous surgeries on her femur and ankle. This led to prolonged pain and depression. "I never thought I would ever sing again or be Barbara Mandrell again, or any of that," she later told CNN. She eventually returned to the recording studio in May 1985, which resulted in the 1985 top ten country single "There's No Love in Tennessee". It appeared on Mandrell's Greatest Hits compilation, which was also issued in 1985. She returned to the stage for the first time in 1986 at the Los Angeles Universal Amphitheatre, with Dolly Parton serving as her opening act. Her next studio album Get to the Heart (1985) spawned the top ten Billboard songs "Fast Lanes and Country Roads" and "Angel in Your Arms". Her final album for MCA appeared in 1986 titled Moments. It spawned the top ten country song "No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You".

1987–1997: Later recordings, career slow–down and retirement
In 1987, Mandrell signed a new recording contract with EMI America. Her first album with the label was the studio offering Sure Feels Good (1987). The disc reached number 24 on the Billboard country albums survey. United Press International positively commented that, "Mandrell should be proud of this effort which should put her back on top of the charts." Yet, of its three singles only "Child Support" reached the top 20 of the North American country charts. Mandrell's future singles and albums reached progressively–lower chart positions as a new group of traditionally–oriented country artists began having more commercial success. Yet, Mandrell continued touring and remained a popular concert attraction through the 1980s and 1990s.

Mandrell signed with Capitol Records in late 1987. Her first Capitol single was a cover of Ray Price's "I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today", which reached the top five of the American and Canadian singles charts. It was included on her nineteenth studio disc I'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight (1988). The project featured a traditional country sound and included production credits for the first time from Fred Foster. It also spawned the top 20 single "My Train of Thought" (1989) and the charting song "Mirror, Mirror". Both songs were her final singles to chart in the United States. Mandrell remained with Capitol until 1991. Her next two Capitol discs were both issued in 1990: Morning Sun and No Nonsense (distributed through Liberty). For the latter album, Mandrell signed a commercial deal with the No Nonsense panty hose brand. Her final Capitol–Liberty project was issued in 1991 called Key's in the Mailbox. Mandrell's Capitol recordings found positive reviews from critics. Mary. A Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann found the songs to showcase "strong female lyrics", while Bill Carpenter said her 1991 album exemplified "Heartful soul and contemporary country."

Mandrell continued making live performance appearances on network television. She also remained a popular act on the Grand Ole Opry, including their televised portion of the program. Mandrell also continued recording and releasing new material. In 1994, the New York label Direct Records released two albums of her music. The studio album projects were marketed exclusively through television and appeared on networks such as TNN. That year, the label issued Acoustic Attitude, which was an album of re-recordings. The label also issued an album of new material that year titled It Works for Me. The album was reissued on Razor & Tie in 1997, which Mandrell temporarily signed a contract with that year.

Also in 1997, Mandrell announced her retirement from touring, recording and performing. In an interview with Billboard, Mandrell explained that she chose to retire so she could focus on a full–time acting career. She gave her final musical performance in October 1997 at the Grand Ole Opry house. Her final concert was aired on network television. Titled Barbara Mandrell and the Do-Rites: The Last Dance, premiered on TNN in late 1997. After her retirement, Mandrell sold all of her musical instruments. She now spends time on her family and domestic responsibilities.

Acting career
1978–1983: Early roles and television variety series
Mandrell began gaining regular exposure on national television programs. Her television credits from this period included appearances on The Tonight Show, American Bandstand and Bob Hope entertainment specials. Among the highlights was an appearance on a 1979 episode of The Rockford Files and co-hosting the 1979 Academy of Country Music Awards. In late 1979 she played herself in the holiday program Skinflint: A Christmas Carol alongside several other country artists of the era. The special was a southern American take on the original story of the same name. Fred Guida gave the program a negative review in his book A Christmas Carol and Its Adaptations: "Unfortunately, Skinflint fails to live up to its interesting premise, and the result is one of the lamest Carol variations to date."

Mandrell was given multiple offers from the NBC network to host her own syndicated show. However, she routinely turned it down. One day, NBC producer Marty Krofft was shown a wallet-sized photograph of Mandrell and her sisters playing different musical instruments. This prompted Krofft to contact Mandrell about offering her a program that she could co–host with her sisters. From his encouragement, she eventually agreed to host a show on his network. In 1980, she was signed by NBC to host a national television variety series. Titled Barbara Mandrell & the Mandrell Sisters, the show was hosted by Mandrell along with her two sisters Irlene and Louise.

Mandrell learned choreography for the show and was routinely featured playing multiple musical instruments. In addition, the Mandrell sisters performed a series of comedy sketches. In their book The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, authors Tim Brooks and Earle F. Marsh noted that Barbara often portrayed the "serious, pushy sister" while Irlene was portrayed as the "sexy, vain one". Mandrell often had to push back against NBC executives who insisted that the show feature hay barrels and other features of traditional country-western shows. "They expect you to be barefoot and ignorant," Mandrell commented in 2003. During its peak, it was estimated that the show attracted roughly 40 million viewers per week. For her work, Mandrell was nominated for Best Actress in a Television Musical or Comedy Series by the Golden Globe Awards.

Despite the NBC show's success, the constant workload (along with a focus on her music career) caused Mandrell to suffer from burnout. She often had to take extra naps on her tour bus parked next to the television studio. She also had to take Cortisone shots before show tapings so that her vocal chords had less strain. She was urged to quit the show by physicians who warned that she would ultimately suffer from permanent vocal damage. In 1982, Mandrell announced the program would end after a two-year run on NBC. "I'm the only person that I know of that has ever left a television series with a five year contract," she later commented.

1984–2000: Later television roles
Mandrell continued acting following her show's cancellation. In 1984, Mandrell debuted in her first television film titled Burning Rage. Mandrell played the main role of a geologist who investigates coal mining fires underneath a town in Tennessee. Joe Brown of The Washington Post called the film, "an overheated title for what amounts to a lukewarm drama about a natural phenomenon and its effect on a small town." He concluded by commenting on Mandrell's acting performance: "As an actress, Mandrell is likable and natural, but she has little to do here but walk around looking concerned when she's not getting into tepid clinches with [Tom] Wopat". Following her 1984 car crash, a television special of Mandrell's was aired on CBS titled Barbara Mandrell–Something Special.

She also made appearances on talk shows and network programs during the late 1980s and early 1990s. She also was featured in several television commercials for food products. In the early 1990s, she portrayed a character on the television show Empty Nest. In 1994, Mandrell played a villain guest role in an episode of ABC's The Commish. The Baltimore Sun described her as playing "a less sympathetic role than usual" in their description of the episode.

During the mid 1990s, Mandrell also played roles on the shows Touched by an Angel, Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman and Baywatch. In 1997, Mandrell gave up her music career to focus on acting full-time. She signed with the Creative Artists Agency, which helped her acquire more television roles. She appeared as a recurring character in the soap opera Sunset Beach. In 1999, Mandrell played the mother of a deceased son who finds conflict with his "controlling girlfriend". Titled The Wrong Girl, the television filmed aired on NBC that year. Among Mandrell's final acting credits was 2000's made for television film Stolen from the Heart.

Artistry
Musicianship
In addition to singing, Mandrell is also known for playing multiple instruments. In her teenage years, she was nicknamed "The Princess of Steel" for become a skillful steel guitar player. In a 2006 interview with CMT, Mandrell explained that she is "proficient" on the steel guitar, alto saxophone, dobro, five-string banjo, and bass. She also said that she can play the guitar and mandolin "if necessary". PBS described Mandrell as "a true prodigy" in reference to her musicianship. News & Record found that Mandrell's musicianship can also be found in her live shows: "Those hours are packed with aerobics, as Mandrell dances and prances across the stage, playing several musical instruments and clowning with her Do-Rites band." In reviewing a concert, The Morning Call explained, "No Mandrell show would be complete without a demonstration of the singer's musical virtuosity. Playing a mean saxophone and banjo during the course of the evening, Mandrell proved herself to be a talented musician."

Musical styles
Mandrell's musical style embeds country music with country–pop, R&B–soul, and gospel. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic found that the most popular era of her career (late 1970s and early 1980s) had a "glitzier, more pop-influenced" sound. Kurt Wolff highlighted a similar theme in his book Country Music: The Rough Guide: "[Tom] Collins churned out frightfully slick and garnish productions, but Mandrell thrived in her new environment." Hunter Kelly of Rolling Stone explained that when Mandrell began incorporating R&B sounds into her style that her career "really kicked into overdrive". Mandrell further explained her reasoning behind incorporating R&B: "To me, country music and R&B music have a lot of similarities, but the one thing that I think is the most important is both genres, just straight ahead, they're telling you. They're not making up a story just because it rhymes nicely."

Writers found that Mandrell had her greatest commercial success with songs that incorporated subjects of cheating. Mary A. Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann found this to be especially evident after she transitioned to her second record label: "Barbara continued to smolder in sin after moving to the ABC/MCA Records fold in 1975." Kurt Wolff found a similar theme with cheating material: "The subjects of many of Mandrell's songs were also racy for the time, dealing openly with such topics as lust, sexual loneliness, and late night-night love trysts." Wolff further commented, "What's ironic about her subject matter is that Mandrell herself–a devout Christian, mother and wife– always maintained an impeccably clean, family–oriented profile." "I've recorded a lot of cheating songs, but there were a lot of cheating songs I turned down. It depends on the lyrics...God loves prostitutes too," Mandrell further commented.

Voice
Mandrell's singing voice has also been the subject of discussion amongst writers and critics. Mary Bufwack and Robert Oermann commented that her habit of smoking cigarettes made her voice stand out: "Barbara is a heavy smoker, and this gives her vocals a hoarse, urgent quality that she put to good use on 'blue-eyed soul' versions of R&B songs," they commented in 2003. In 1982, The Washington Post highlighted Mandrell's singing in a review of her concert performance: "At other times the gritty edges of her husky voice crackled with R&B flourishes and gospel fervor. It was an impressive display." In 1984, The Oklahoman commented on her live singing as well: "She can perform almost anything short of grand opera in fact, if she took a mind to, she probably could do that too (after all, Linda Ronstadt did!)."

Legacy, influence and honors
Mandrell has been widely considered among country music's most successful artists and all–around entertainers. "Perhaps the toughest soldier in the female army that invaded the country charts in the 1970s, Barbara could outwork, outperform, out-talk, and out-smile virtually anyone in show business," wrote Mary A. Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic commented in a similar fashion: "Thanks to a string of hit singles and a popular television variety series, vocalist Barbara Mandrell was arguably the biggest female star in country music in the late '70s and early '80s." Paul Kingsbury, Michael McCall and John Rumble explained that Mandrell, "took her soul–country style to the biggest showrooms of Las Vegas, ruled the country charts during the late 1970s and early 1980s, starred on network TV, and told her story in one of country's best–selling autobiographies".

Her influence on future artists has also shaped her legacy. Mandrell has been credited as an influence for Terri Clark, Reba McEntire, and Carly Pearce. McEntire thanked Mandrell in 2009 and spoke about her influence: "I thank you for the things that you've taught me, not only musically, but spiritually...And I will always treasure our relationship with all my heart." In 2006, several artists re-recorded several of Mandrell's most popular singles in tribute to her career. The project was titled She Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool: A Tribute to Barbara Mandrell. It featured of remakes of her songs performed by contemporary country performers such was Kenny Chesney, Sara Evans and LeAnn Rimes.

Mandrell has been only one of a few women to win the Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year award, and one of only two women (alongside Taylor Swift) to win the award twice. She was also the first individual to win the accolade in back to back years (1980 and 1981).
In 2005, she received the Triple Crown accolade from the Academy of Country Music for winning three major awards from the association. She is only one of several people to have since won the award. In 2009, Mandrell was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. She was inducted that year along with Roy Clark and Charlie McCoy. Her induction was celebrated that year at the Country Music Association Awards where Mandrell gave a speech to thank the industry.

Mandrell's legacy was further cemented she released her 1990 autobiography called Get to the Heart: My Story (co-written with writer George Vecsey titled). In 1997, the book was turned into a television movie titled Get to the Heart: The Barbara Mandrell Story. She was portrayed in the film by television actress Maureen McCormick. Mandrell briefly made a cameo appearance at the beginning and end of the film.

In 2020, American disc jockey and producer Dave Audé partnered with Mandrell to remix her 1978 song "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed". Rolling Stone explained that the song was remixed as "the first step in a new effort to bring Barbara Mandrell's music into the digital age." It was followed by all of Mandrell's LP's being reissued to digital and streaming sites. Her original Columbia, ABC–Dot, MCA, and Capitol albums were all re–released through various digital platforms.

In July 2022, Mandrell celebrated 50 years as a member of the Grand Ole Opry. Several Opry members and country artists performed on the stage to honor Mandrell's legacy. Among the artists who performed that night were Suzy Bogguss, Jeannie Seely and Carrie Underwood.

Personal life
Marriage and family life
Mandrell has been married to former musician and Navy pilot Ken Dudney since 1967. Dudney was originally hired as the drummer for Mandrell's family band. The pair met when she was 14 and he was 21. Dudney was engaged to another woman at the time. However, he broke off the engagement after having feelings for Mandrell. In 2003, Mandrell commented: "I'd dated him since I was 14 and I just couldn't wait to graduate high school so I could be Mrs. Ken Dudney." The pair officially wed in 1967. At the time of their marriage, Dudney gave up his career as a Navy pilot to help further his wife's career. The couple welcomed their first child, Matthew, in 1970, followed by daughter Jaime in 1976. In 1985 Mandrell gave birth to her third child, Nathan.

In 1988, Mandrell and her family built a log cabin mansion called the Fontanel Mansion. The home consisted of six bedrooms, 13 bathrooms, two kitchens, five fire places and a helicopter landing pad. It has been considered to be the largest log cabin home in the world. Mandrell sold the home in 2002 in order to downsize. The home was auctioned. It has since been turned into a tourist attraction with a restaurant, a hotel, an outdoor music venue, and an indoor shooting range. Her daughter Jamie was the human resources manager of the mansion until February 2017. She then began a new career with a company that works to place people with addiction issues into appropriate rehabilitation facilities.

Car crash

On September 11, 1984, Mandrell and her two children were involved in a head-on car collision near their Nashville home. The driver of the other car in the crash (19-year-old college student Mark White) was killed instantly. The police report stated that White's car had crossed the center line of the road, causing a head-on collision with Mandrell's Jaguar XJ. Both of Mandrell's children only suffered minor injuries and were released from the hospital shortly following their arrival. Mandrell herself suffered critical injuries from the crash. These injuries included a broken femur, shattered ankle, injured knee and a concussion that left temporary brain damage.

Mandrell's injuries from the crash resulted in her suffering from pain throughout her body for months. Much of the physical pain she suffered came from knee injuries. "You can't say she's in terrible pain all the time if the pain she's in is the kind where she`s trying to exceed what that knee will do, trying to make it do its full thing again. Every day she's trying to make it exceed what it did the day before so she can finally get it back to full capacity," said father Irby Mandrell to the Chicago Tribune.

Due to Mandrell's head injuries, she had a temporary shift in personality and experienced memory loss. "I would refer to myself in the third person: 'That was her' or 'She did that' or 'You should have asked her. I can't do that'," she told The 700 Club. Mandrell's injuries took over a year to fully recover. In an interview with CMT, she explained that her head injury took about three years to fully recover. She also explained that she still suffers from pain in her ankle. Mandrell credited wearing a seat belt to saving her and her children's lives. She campaigned and filmed television commercials that advocated for the use of seat belts in cars. She also campaigned for arthritis and organ donation. She was also made the honorary chairman of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1985.

Nearly a year later, Mandrell sued the White family for $10.3 million in damages. According to Tennessee state law, Mandrell was required to sue the family of the driver in order to collect from her own insurance company. Her legal team contacted the White family in an effort to inform them that Mandrell did not want money from them but instead needed to do it for legal purposes. The lawsuit created controversy among Mandrell's fans. "I'm not blaming the public...I would have felt the way they felt," she commented in 1995.

 Discography

Studio albumsTreat Him Right (1971)A Perfect Match  (1972)The Midnight Oil (1973)This Time I Almost Made It (1974)This Is Barbara Mandrell (1976)Midnight Angel (1976)Lovers, Friends and Strangers (1977)Love's Ups and Downs (1977)Moods (1978)Just for the Record (1979)Love Is Fair (1980)...In Black & White (1982)He Set My Life to Music (1982)Spun Gold (1983)Clean Cut (1984)Meant for Each Other  (1984)Christmas at Our House (1984)Get to the Heart (1985)Moments (1986)Sure Feels Good (1987)I'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight (1988)Precious Memories (1989)Morning Sun (1990)No Nonsense (1990)Key's in the Mailbox (1991)Acoustic Attitude (1994)It Works for Me (1994)

Awards and nominations

Barbara Mandrell has won many awards for her work as an entertainer. This includes six accolades from the Academy of Country Music, four from the Country Music Association and two from the Grammy Awards.

Filmography

Books
 Get to the Heart: My Story''  (1990)

References

Footnotes

Books

External links

 Fontanel

1948 births
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singer-songwriters
ABC Records artists
Actresses from Houston
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American gospel singers
American television actresses
Columbia Records artists
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Country musicians from Texas
Dot Records artists
Epic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Grand Ole Opry members
Living people
MCA Records artists
Members of the Country Music Association
Singers from Houston
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Steel guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Tennessee
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Country musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American women guitarists
21st-century American women guitarists

Barbara Mandrell


Merrick Ezra Carn (1808–1862) was the 48th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from 1858 to 1860 serving under Governor William Henry Gist.
Merrick signed the SC Ordinance of Secession in December 1860 at Charleston.

Merrick was born in 1808, the son of Thomas Carn and Strobel. He was therefore a grandson of Lewis J. Carn, a colonial planter.
His uncles Daniel and Lewis Carn were known to be American patriots and Revolutionary War veterans according to the 1835 Pension Roll.

Merrick went to South Carolina College (USC) and later studied law to become a SC lawyer. He held many positions of local and state government, from his home seat in Walterboro, Colleton Co., SC. This included lawyer, attorney, planter, mayor, county and state rep, state senator, and finally as Lt. Governor. He also was presidential elector in the 1850s for the Democratic Party. He also was a member and deacon for the St Jude's Anglican Church in Walterboro. He attended a conference before war broke out.

Merrick married and had one daughter, Mary Carn, who married Fishburne and their son (Merrick's grandson) was E. L. Fishburne, the SC State Supreme Court Justice.

Merrick died in January 1862 and was described by his cousin David Gavin, Esq., as being the most liberal minded of men. Merrick was a registered Southern Democrat. Carn Street in Walterboro city in named after him, and is nearby his historic home. The SC State Bill 2176 in 1979–80 created his gravesite a state historical marker. He is buried at the Ashepoo River Bridge in Colleton County, SC.

Sources
BOOK: South Carolina Secedes, with picture of ME Carn (SC State Library)
BOOK: Diary of David Gavin, as published by Dorchester Co Historical Society
SC BILL 2176: CARN's grave is State Historical Marker.
1835 Pension Roll - under CARN, Daniel and Lewis
PERSONAL REF: Other information provided by family members with historical family records

1808 births
1862 deaths
People from Walterboro, South Carolina
Lieutenant Governors of South Carolina
American planters
19th-century American politicians

M. E. Carn


A condensing steam locomotive is a teep o locomotive designed tae recover exhaust steam, either in order tae improve range atween taking on boiler watter, or tae reduce emission o steam inside enclosed spaces. The apparatus takes the exhaust steam that would normally be used tae produce a draft for the firebox, and routes it through external pipes in tae the watter tanks. Installations vary dependin on the purpose, design an teep o the locomotive tae which it is fitted. It differs from the usual closed cycle condensing steam ingine, in that the function o the condenser is primarily tae recover watter, or tae avoid excessive emissions tae the atmosphere, rather than tae maintain a vacuum tae improve efficiency an pouer.

Steam locomotives

Condensing steam locomotive


A puggle is a dog crossbred from a pug and a beagle.

The puggle was first bred by designer dog breeders in the United States with the aim of producing a healthy companion dog that is less likely to inherit some health and behavioral issues common in the parent breeds.   The cross that is less likely to inherit a number of serious health issues common in the pug, particularly breathing issues associated with the breed's brachycephalic head, and is also less likely to inherit the energy, scent drive, and howl of the beagle; but because of the unpredictable nature of crossing two established breeds, puggles can still inherit both breathing disorders and high energy levels.

Pugs and beagles were first deliberately crossed and marketed as companion dogs in the US in the 1980s, although designer dog breeders began breeding them in large numbers from the 1990s when the portmanteau "puggle" was first used to market the cross. The puggle has subsequently become a popular designer dog crossbreeds in the United States, where it has attracted a number of celebrity owners. In 2005 it was named the "Hottest dog of 2005" and in 2006 puggle sales accounted for more than 50% of all crossbreed dog sales in that country.

Gallery

See also
 List of dog crossbreeds
 It's Bruno! TV show featuring a puggle

References

Companion dogs
Dog crossbreeds

Puggle


Citizens band radio (also known as CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27 MHz (11 m) band. Citizens band not the same as the Amateur Radio Service ("ham" radio) which has a much longer range. In many countries, CB operation does not require a license to operate. It may be used for business or personal communications.

Like many other two-way radio services, citizens band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may transmit at a time. All other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available. It is customary for stations waiting to use a shared channel to broadcast the single word "break" (or "breaker") during a lull in the conversation. This lets other people using the channel know that others are waiting. In the US, channel 19 is most often used by truckers. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies.

History
The citizens band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal radio services regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio band for personal communication. In 1948, the original CB radios were designed for operation on the 460–470 MHz UHF band. There were two classes of CB radio: "A" and "B". Class B radios had simpler technical requirements, and were limited to a smaller frequency range.

Al Gross established the Citizens Radio Corporation during the late 1940s to manufacture Class B handhelds for the general public. In the 1960s it became popular with taxicab companies to communicate with their drivers. In the 1970s it became popular with truckers, who

began using it to warn other truck drivers of police speedtraps.  Other drivers soon used CB radios, and the CB jargon of truckers was used in several movies.

Ten codes
When CB radios first started a series of "10 codes" were used. This was due to the early CB radios need to warm up before use. The 10 codes were used as a shortcut to longer standard messages. A few of the more often used codes are:

 10-4 (ten-four) meant message received.
 10-9 (ten-nine) meant please repeat your last message.
 10-10 (ten-ten), transmission complete, standing by.
 10-17 (ten-seventeen), urgent business.
 10-20 (ten-twenty) means your location. Often shortened to "what is your 20?"
 10-27 (ten-twenty seven) I am moving to channel .
 10-200 (ten-two hundred) means police are needed at .

United States
Today it remains popular with truck drivers. It is used in rural areas by a wide variety of people and businesses where cellphone service is weak or unreliable. CB radios are also used by off-roaders to communicate between drivers in a group of four-wheel drive vehicles. It is used to warn drivers of various trail conditions, hazards, and delays.

Other countries
CB radio is used as a system of short-distance communications between people in many countries. Nearly all use a system of 40 channels in the 27 megahertz or 11 meter band.

References

Other websites
 How to Operate a CB Radio
 List of 10 codes
 Radio Codes and How to Operate a CB Radio
Radio

Citizens band radio


Erik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan (24 August 1698 – 20 December 1764) was a Danish author, a Lutheran bishop of the Church of Norway, an historian, and an antiquarian. His Catechism of the Church of Denmark heavily influenced Danish and Norwegian religious thought and practice for roughly the next 200 years after its 1737 publication.

Early life and education
Pontoppidan was born in Aarhus to provost Ludvig Henriksen Pontoppidan (1648-1706) and his second wife Else Sophie Spend (1673-1707). His younger brother  Christian Ludvigsen Pontoppidan (1696-1765) was a provist (stiftsprovst) in Aarhus. His father's first wife was Barbara Backer (1746-1777). Orphaned at an early age, Erik Pontoppidan was placed in the house of a distant relative, Justice Councilor D.C. Braes to Kokkedal in Torslev parish and was mistreated by the home teacher, so in 1709, through the family's intervention, he first came to Aarhus Latin School and in 1710 to Fredericia Latin School, where he lived with his half-brother, parish priest Henrik Pontoppidan, who, when the boy found the school discipline unbearable, put him in the house with parish priest Ove Guldberg in Barrit 1713. In 1715 he returned to Fredericia Latin School, matriculating in 1716. He then enrolled at the University of Vopenhagen to study theology, earning his certificate (attestats) in 1718.

Career
Pontoppidan
Pontoppidan worked as a private tutor in Norway in 1719-20. He was then engaged as hovmester for Ivar Huitfeldt's son Claus with whom he went to the Netherlands and England (1720-21). During their stay in Utrecht, he came into personal contact with the then-influential reformed theologian Friedrich Adolph Lampe, whose theological thinking left an impression on him. In 1721 he became private tutor for Frederick Carl of Carlstein (later duke of Plön), and two years later morning preacher in the castle and afternoon preacher in Nordborg. From 1726 to 1734 he was pastor at Hagenberg, where he so protected the pietists as to find it advisable to defend his course against the Lutherans with Dialogus; oder Unterredung Severi, Sinceri, und Simplicis von der Religion and Reinheit der Lehre (1726) and Heller Glaubensspiegel (1727). During this same period he laid the foundation of his later topographical and historical works in Memoria Hafniæ (1729); Theatrum Daniæ (1736); and the aforementioned Kurzgefasste Reformationshistorie der dänischen Kirche. Pontoppidan became successively pastor in Hillerød and castle preacher in Frederiksborg (1734), Danish court preacher at Copenhagen (1735), professor extraordinary of theology at the University (1738), and a member of the mission board (1740), meanwhile writing his Everriculum fermenti veteris (1736) and Böse Sprichwörter (1739).

In 1736 Pontoppidan was directed by royal rescript to prepare an explanation of the catechism and a new hymnal, and through these two works — Sandhed til gudfrygtighed (1737) and the hymnbook (1740) — the pietistic cause in Denmark received powerful assistance. He likewise continued his historical investigations in his Marmora Danica (3 vols., 1739–1741; a collection of noteworthy epitaphs and ecclesiastical monuments) and his uncritical Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ (4 vols., 1741–1752); and also wrote a novel, Menoza (3 vols., 1742–1743), a critique of the religious conditions of Denmark and other countries. In 1747 he was appointed bishop at Bergen, where he introduced many educational reforms, and wrote Glossarium Norvagicum (1749) and Forsøk til Norges naturlige historie (Copenhagen, 1752–1753), while his pastoral letters formed in part the basis of his later Collegium pastorale practicum (1757). The antagonism which Pontoppidan roused at Bergen, however, obliged him to go in 1754 to Copenhagen, where he became prochancellor at the university in the following year. However, all his plans in this capacity were thwarted by his opponents, and he sought consolation in writing, the results being his Origines Hafnienses (1760) and the first two parts of his Den danske Atlas (1763–1767), of which the last five volumes were edited posthumously. He was also active as a political economist, being the editor of Danmarks og Norges ökonomiske Magazin (8 vols., 1757–1764).

Sea serpents and giant squids
Pontoppidan argued for the existence of the sea serpent, the kraken and the mermaid in his two-volume work, Forsøk til Norges naturlige historie (The Natural History of Norway), published in 1752 and 1753.

Herman Melville, in his novel Moby-Dick, talks about "the great Kraken of Bishop Pontoppodan".

Jules Verne, in his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, references this aspect of Pontoppidan's work. The narrator, Professor Aronnax, explains that "another bishop, Pontoppidan of Bergen, also tells of a devilfish so large a whole cavalry regiment could maneuver on it." Despite the skepticism of his companions, they soon encounter "a squid of colossal dimensions." See, also, his The Sea Serpent.

Personal life
Pontoppidan was married three times. On 26 October 1723, he married Francisca Toxverd (died 1730). She was the daughter of minister Peder Frandsen Toxverd (died 1735). They had no children. Pontoppidan's second wife was Lina (Ellina) Danielsen (1712-1744), daughter of husfoged at Sønderborg Castle Peter Danielsen (1680-1735) and Ingeborg Thomsen (1690-). The wedding took place on 4 September 1731 in Sønderborg. They had two sons and a daughter. The elder of the two sons, Christian Frederik Pontoppidan (18301816), was a counter admiral. Pontoppidan 's third wife was Johanne Marie de Hofman (1722-1809), daughter of Justice Councillor Søren de Hofman til Skerrildgård (1688-1771) and Karen Elisabeth Dreyer (1689-1727). The wedding took place on 16 Febriary 1745. They had three daughters and three sons. The son Carl Pontoppidan (17481802) served as director of the Royal Greenland Trading Department and was a councilman in Copenhagen.

Influence
Pontoppidan's Heller Glaubensspiegel was an influence on Swedish Lutheran lay preacher Carl Olof Rosenius, impressing upon him the importance of conversion and having a living faith.

Notes

References

External links

1698 births
1764 deaths
Danish Lutheran bishops
Danish ornithologists
Pontopiddan, Erik
Bishops of Bjørgvin
18th-century Lutheran bishops
Writers from Aarhus
18th-century Danish scientists
18th-century Norwegian Lutheran bishops
18th-century Danish Lutheran bishops
Norwegian Lutheran bishops

Erik Pontoppidan


Ivan Šarić (27 September 1871 – 16 July 1960) was a Catholic priest who became the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna in 1922. In 1940, Šarić was tasked by the national bishops' conference to put together the first modern Croatian translation of the Bible. A benefactor of the Bosnian Croat population, Šarić became a controversial figure because of his pro-Ustasha activities and rhetoric, including his support for forcible conversions to Catholicism inside the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.

Early life and career
Ivan Šarić was born to a Bosnian Croat family near Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 September 1871. He attended high school in Travnik from 1882 to 1890, entered the seminary in Travnik, and completed his studies in Sarajevo in 1894. He was made a priest in the Vrhbosna Archbishopric on 22 July 1894. He worked as a catechist at the Institute of St. Vinko in Sarajevo from 1894. Two years later, he was named a canon of Vrhbosna. Between 1896 and 1908 he edited the Vrhbosna newspaper, and, for a time, Balkan newspaper. In 1898 the Seminary Faculty in Zagreb awarded him a doctorate. On 27 June 1908, Šarić was named bishop-coadjutor of Vrhbosna and the titular bishop of Caesaropolitanus.

On 28 October 1908, Šarić gave poet Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević the last rites before his death on the following day. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914, Šarić helped inspire anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo by composing anti-Serb verse anthems in which he described Serbs as "vipers" and "ravening wolves".

On 2 May 1922, Šarić was made the archbishop and metropolitan of Vrhbosna. He was a pioneer of Catholic Action (a project of Pope Pius XI for the inclusion of the laity in the hierarchical apostolate of the Church), and took particular interest in the Catholic press. In 1922 he started and for a time edited the weekly Nedjelja (Sunday), which was banned by the authorities of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, then renamed Križ (The Cross), and finally renamed Katolički Tjednik (The Catholic Weekly). He printed the Vrhbosanske savremene knjižice, small books about the contemporary affairs of the archbishopric, a total of 55 issues up to 1941. He wrote twenty other assorted printed works. In 1925, a year in which the Catholic Church celebrated the Jubilee and the Croats celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the Croatian Kingdom, Šarić led the Second National Pilgrimage of Yugoslavia to the Vatican.

Šarić invested much effort into the financing of two seminaries, and encouraged the work of Caritas and missionary activities. He attempted to attract new male orders into the diocese (the Franciscans were already there). He took much interest in the national activities of the Bosnian Croats, and he helped the Croatian cultural society Napredak.

War time activities

Šarić was the archbishop of Vrhbosna (with see in Sarajevo) during World War II, when Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Independent State of Croatia. Šarić used the Catholic newspapers of the Sarajevo diocese he headed as an outlet for his political musings as well as his amateur poetry. He expressed goodwill and enthusiasm towards the new Ustaše leadership of Ante Pavelić in the early months of 1941. This piece appeared a month after the Ustaše took power:"I was with our Ustaše in North and South America. The bishops there, Americans, Germans, Irish, Slovaks and Spaniards, with whom I came into contact, all praised the Croat Ustaše as good, self-sacrificing believers, as godly and patriotic people … How many times have I heard the Ustaše ask where they would be without their priests!...I sang with the Ustaše with all my heart and voice the song 'Our Beautiful Homeland', all with big tears in our eyes. And with eager hope in its beautiful, its sweet and its golden freedom, lifting ourselves upwards to God, we prayed to the Almighty to guide and protect Ante Pavelić for the liberation of Croatia. The good God heard and, behold, he answered our cries and supplications."

In late April 1941, he penned a eulogy to Pavelić, Kada Sunca Sija (When the Sun Shines), and had it published by his diocesan periodical Vrhbosna, which included the lines: "For God himself was at thy side, thou good and strong one .. So that thou mightest perform thy deeds for the Homeland... And against the Jews, who had all the money … Who wanted to sell our souls … the miserable traitors … Dr Ante Pavelić! The dear name! Croatia has therein a treasure from Heaven".

Šarić's own diocesan newspaper published these words by one Pitar Pajić: "Until now God spoke through papal encyclicals, sermons, the Christian press … And they were deaf. Now God has decided to use other methods. He will prepare missions! World missions! They will be upheld not by priests but by army commanders led by Hitler. The sermons will be heard with the help of cannon, machine guns, tanks and bombers."

Šarić conducted the funeral for bishop Alojzije Mišić on 29 October 1942 three days after Mišić's death. The archbishop subsequently appointed Petar Čule as vicar for the diocese of Mostar-Duvno. Upon this recommendation Pope Pius XII named Čule as bishop. NDH authorities opposed this as they had not been consulted beforehand. Minister of Justice and Religion Mirko Puk sent a letter to all Catholic parishes in Herzegovina calling for a boycott of the new bishop. Despite this, Šarić consecrated Čule in Mostar on 4 October 1942, with archbishop Aloysius Stepinac and Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone acting as co-consecrators.

Šarić publicly supported the forced conversions of Orthodox Serbs to Catholicism. In his book, The Balkans in Our Time, Professor Robert Lee Wolff referred to Ustaše gangs killing tens of thousands of Serbs, and wrote:"To some they offered the choice between conversion from Orthodoxy to Catholicism or instant death. … It must be recorded as a historic fact that certain members of the Croatian hierarchy, notably Archbishop Sharich  of Sarajevo, endorsed this butchery."

According to French writer Jean Hussard, who witnessed the four years of Ustaše governance, Šarić not only knew about but also encouraged the persecution of Serbs. One of Šarić's subordinates was Father Franjo Kralik, who published anti-Semitic and anti-Serb hate speech in the Katolički Tjednik under Šarić. Love Has Its Limits, a piece often attributed to Šarić, was actually written by Father Kralik in one of Šarić's Sarajevo diocesan newspapers. It was part of a campaign to explain to the masses why the Jews around them were being "disappeared": "The descendants of those who hated Jesus, who condemned him to death, who crucified him and immediately persecuted his disciples, are guilty of greater excesses than those of their forefathers. Greed is growing. The Jews who led Europe and the entire world to disaster – morally, culturally and economically – developed an appetite which nothing less than the world as a whole could satisfy … Love has its limits. The movement for freeing the world from Jews is a movement for the renaissance of human dignity. The all-wise and Almighty God is behind this movement.

Post-war life
After the war, in 1945, he answered to no war crime charges after fleeing justice. He and Gregorij Rožman, Bishop of Ljubljana, lived under British supervision at the Bishop's Palace at Klagenfurt, Austria (Foreign Office 371) in October 1946. Rožman later emigrated to the United States, where he died. Šarić moved to Madrid, Spain with the assistance of the Catholic Church, where he made a new translation of the New Testament into Croatian, and published a book extolling the virtues of Pope Pius XII. Šarić died in Madrid on 6 July 1960, aged 88. His body is now buried in the Church of St. Joseph in Sarajevo.

See also
 Anti-Catholicism
 Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
 Aloysius Stepinac
 Collaboration during World War II
 Ante Pavelić
 Ustaše
 Gregorij Rožman
 Krunoslav Draganović
 Partisans (Yugoslavia)
 Yugoslavia during the Second World War
 Ratlines

References

1871 births
1960 deaths
People from Travnik
Croat Roman Catholic clergy from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Archbishops of Vrhbosna
Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XI
Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholic archbishops
Roman Catholic archbishops in Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina collaborators with Fascist Italy
Bosnia and Herzegovina collaborators with Nazi Germany
Bosnia and Herzegovina people of World War II
Catholicism and far-right politics
Anti-Serbian sentiment
Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians

Ivan Šarić (archbishop)


"Whitney Joins the JAMs" is a song and 1987 single by the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs).  The song, released on the JAMs' independent label KLF Communications, is built around plagiarised samples of Whitney Houston in which—thanks to studio technology—she "joins the JAMs".

"Whitney Joins the JAMs" was given a low-key, uncommercial release in the UK, as a one-sided 12" in a generic monochrome KLF Communications sleeve. The single did not enter the UK Singles Chart.

Background
Early in 1987, Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty formed the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (the JAMs), grafting plagiarised samples from the history of popular music with beatbox rhythms and Drummond's often political raps.  The JAMs' small-budget debut single "All You Need Is Love" and album 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?) both attracted the attentions of the UK music press, who praised The JAMs' innovation and social commentary, and the Mechanical Copyright Protection Society, who demanded the immediate withdrawal and destruction of all copies of 1987 in response to an objection from ABBA.

Despite the potential legal and financial risks that their composition methods entailed, the JAMs next created "Whitney Joins the JAMs", a house mash-up built around samples of Whitney Houston, Isaac Hayes, Lalo Schifrin's Mission: Impossible theme tune, and (according to later sleevenotes) Westworld. The lyrical theme of the piece is the satirical false premise that Whitney Houston had been begged and persuaded to collaborate with the JAMs; Drummond's jubilant lyrics suggest that extensive sampling of Houston's 1987 #1 single "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" is evidence of Houston's dedication to the project.

According to Drummond, the JAMs had originally planned to produce a house record around Isaac Hayes' "Theme from Shaft". However:

Release
"Whitney Joins the JAMs" was given a low-key release in the UK, initially as a run of 500 one-sided 12-inch singles in generic monochrome KLF Communications sleeves. The vinyl labels contained only the title and "120 bpm". Two repressings followed in 1987, both having a test tone groove B-side, with copies supplied in either a generic KLF Communications sleeve or a plain black sleeve. The single did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but it reached #3 on the UK Independent Chart, prompting the UK television programme The Chart Show to request a music video.  The JAMs obliged, hiring a video camera and getting a friend to film them driving to The Chart Show studio in Cauty's repainted Ford Galaxie American police car.  According to Drummond, "When we got there, we took out the cassette, handed it in at the gate and said 'that's your video'! The next day it was on national TV. It cost us £19.96."  The video was remembered in 1991 by NME, who thought that the KLF's VHS compilation The Stadium House Trilogy would have benefitted from the inclusion of the "pre-megastardom" video. The song features on neither of the JAMs' studio albums, but is included on the duo's 1988 compilation and remix album Shag Times, where co-authorship credit is given to composers of works sampled in the track.  Shag Times also contains an instrumental remix of the song, credited to the KLF.

Composition
The upbeat and apolitical tone of "Whitney Joins the JAMs" was similarly accented by Drummond and Cauty's subsequent work as the Timelords and the KLF. The song's self-referential nature—in this case concerning its own production—is also typical of much of the duo's output. The 7-minute song is progressive, funky house, and an early example of a mash-up.  It opens with quiet synthesiser drones and cymbal percussion which are soon joined by the markedly louder Mission: Impossible theme.  Drummond says "'Mission impossible' we were told, she'll never join the JAMs", a point answered by power chords sampled from Whitney's "I Wanna Dance with Somebody".  Drummond then begs and pleads to Whitney for around ninety seconds before the first strains of her voice can be heard.  Drummond sounds ecstatic, proclaiming "Whitney Houston joins the JAMs!" and "I'm yours!".

The song develops to sample full sections of Houston's chorus, alternating these with increasingly pronounced guitar work taken from Hayes' distinctive Shaft theme and portions of the Mission: Impossible theme complemented by piano work.  Ultimately the track descends into an unrhythmic cacophony of samples.

Reviews
NME noted that "Whitney Joins the JAMs" exhibited a slicker blending of samples than the duo's previous recordings, with the JAMs moving from "crash collision" to "the art of super selective theft". "Whitney" is a "disco gun-down that is so beat-packed it will keep your boogie box high and gasping for days.", the paper wrote. "If this doesn't prove to you that dance music is moving with more energy and vitality than traditional rock then nothing will." Comparing "Whitney Joins the JAMs" to the duo's two other singles of 1987, NME also recognised that the track is "a tale of simple sample fantasy", whereas the lyrics of "All You Need Is Love" and "Down Town", "question the inadequacies and inconsistencies of society".

AllMusic called "Whitney Joins the JAMs" "hilarious".

Legacy
Ironically, Drummond claimed that in 1991 the KLF were offered the job of producing or remixing a new Whitney Houston album, as an inducement from the boss of her record label (Clive Davis of Arista Records) to sign with them.  The KLF did not accept the offer, but nonetheless they signed to be distributed by Arista in the US.  Drummond said, "They sent us a copy of her current album and said: '[are] there any tracks in this album you wanna redo? We'll send her over [to] do photo sessions with you. We'll have her with a KLF T-shirt on the next video.'  We got the album: complete rubbish....  But the whole concept! And suddenly we're being offered Whitney on a plate.... 'My God!'"

Davis' offer reflected the upturn in Drummond and Cauty's fortunes brought about by their decision to produce commercial music as the Timelords and the KLF.  Whereas the JAMs' recordings of 1987 were at the legal mercy of the artists sampled therein, Drummond and Cauty later became able to commission the services of established performers.  The Timelords' "Gary Joins the JAMs" (a version of their UK #1 novelty single "Doctorin' the Tardis", which sampled Gary Glitter) featured new vocals by Glitter, and he also appeared with the duo on Top of the Pops.  The KLF recorded Tammy Wynette's vocals on "Justified and Ancient", and "America: What Time Is Love?" featured Glenn Hughes, prompting other established vocalists to send requests for collaborations.

In 1995, Drummond and Cauty unsuccessfully attempted to recruit Robbie Williams to sing on a track they were donating to The Help Album; Williams was on holiday and unavailable. Drummond outlined their idea—which mirrors "Whitney Joins the JAMs"—in a chapter of his book 45 entitled "Robbie Joins the Jams": "Over a mug of tea Jimmy [Cauty] and I got it all worked out.  We would record our version of 'The Magnificent Seven', renamed 'The Magnificent One', through Sunday night. Over the track I would beseech Robbie Williams to join The Jams, and then Robbie would in fact turn up at the studio in the early hours of Monday morning and make his creative contribution to the record." The track was ultimately recorded without Robbie Williams and titled "The Magnificent".

Notes and references

1987 songs
1987 singles
KLF Communications singles
The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu songs
Song recordings produced by the KLF
Songs written by Jimmy Cauty
Songs written by Bill Drummond
English house music songs

Whitney Joins the JAMs


The Siniora Plan was the unofficial name of the 7-point truce plan for the 2006 Lebanon War (the July War) that was presented by Lebanon's Prime Minister Fuad Siniora at the 15-nation conference in Rome on 27 July 2006.

The Siniora Plan called for a mutual release of Lebanese and Israeli prisoners and detainees, an immediate withdrawal of the Israeli ground troops behind the Blue Line, that the disputed Shebaa Farms area would be placed under UN jurisdiction until the ownership issue had been settled, that Israel handed over all remaining maps showing their landmines in southern Lebanon, that the Lebanese army took full control over southern Lebanon, and that a strong multi-national force under the UN is given the necessary powers (including operating under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter, which allows the use of force) to guarantee stability and security.

On 4 August, the United States and France presented a draft UN Security Council resolution attempting to resolve the conflict. Contrary to the Siniora Plan, the draft resolution did not require Israel to withdraw from southern Lebanon until an international force was in place; it said that Israel needed only to cease all "offensive" military activities, while it demanded that Hezbollah cease all military activities; and it demanded that Hezbollah immediately released captured Israelis, while stating that the issue regarding captured Lebanese was to be resolved at a later stage. Lebanon's reaction to the draft was very negative.

On 7 August, at an emergency meeting of the Arab League in Beirut, the Siniora Plan was further detailed, by specifying that 15,000 Lebanese Army troops would fill the void in southern Lebanon between an Israeli withdrawal and the arrival of the international force. This way, the Lebanese government hoped to dispel the claim that the Israeli forces had to remain in Lebanon until the international force had arrived, and thus make the Siniora Plan a more viable alternative to the draft UN resolution. The number of soldiers corresponded with what Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert earlier had said that the size of the international force would need to be.

The Siniora Plan received the backing of the EU and the Arab League, including countries such as Syria and Jordan. It was also supported by Hezbollah, while it was disliked by Iran. Initially, Israel didn't like the Siniora Plan, but when the 15,000 Lebanese troops were added, the Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert called it "an interesting step".

On 8 August, a delegation from the Arab League visited the United Nations to urge for changes of the draft resolution in accordance with the Siniora Plan. The Arab view caused France to change its view on the draft proposal, and a growing rift between France and the US was reported, with France threatening to put forward a new draft resolution if the current one wasn't revised to reflect important elements of the Siniora Plan.

On 11 August, a much revised draft resolution was presented, incorporating many elements from the Siniora Plan. It was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council as United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701. On 12 August, both the Lebanese government and Hezbollah accepted the UN resolution, and on 13 August the Israeli government did the same.

Below is the official English wording of the Siniora Plan, from the Lebanese government's "Rebuild Lebanon" website:
 An undertaking to release the Lebanese and Israeli prisoners and detainees through the ICRC.
 The withdrawal of the Israeli army behind the Blue Line, and the return of the displaced to their villages.
 A commitment from the Security Council to place the Shebaa Farms area and the Kfarshouba Hills under UN jurisdiction until border delineation and Lebanese sovereignty over them are fully settled. While in UN custody, the area will be accessible to Lebanese property owners there. Further, Israel surrenders all remaining landmine maps in South Lebanon to the UN.
 The Lebanese government extends its authority over its territory through its own legitimate armed forces, such that there will be no weapons or authority other than that of the Lebanese state as stipulated in the Taef national reconciliation document.
 The UN international force, operating in South Lebanon, is supplemented and enhanced in numbers, equipment, mandate and scope of operation, as needed, in order to undertake urgent humanitarian and relief work and guarantee stability and security in the south so that those who fled their homes can return.
 The UN, in cooperation with the relevant parties, undertakes the necessary measures to once again put into effect the Armistice Agreement signed by Lebanon and Israel in 1949, and to insure adherence to the provisions of that agreement, as well as to explore possible amendments to or development of said provisions, as necessary.
 The international community commits to support Lebanon on all levels, and to assist it in facing the tremendous burden resulting from the human, social and economic tragedy which has afflicted the country, especially in the areas of relief, reconstruction and rebuilding of the national economy.

External links
Modest Proposal: A Plan for a Lasting Peace  – ABC News commentary to the Siniora Plan on 1 August 2006
One way out: the Siniora plan - Daily Star (Lebanon) commentary to the plan on 2 August 2006

References

2006 in Lebanon
2006 in Israel
Arab–Israeli peace process
2006 Lebanon War
Israel–Lebanon relations
Israel and the United Nations
Lebanon and the United Nations

Siniora Plan


The Fiat Tipo 2B is a car produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat between 1912 and 1920.

The Tipo 2B has a 2815 cc four-cylinder side-valve monoblock engine with 80 mm bore, a 140 mm stroke, and a compression ratio of 4.2:1, producing 28 hp at 1800 rpm. The standard tire on this model is an 815X105. The Tipo 2B has a 4-speed gearbox and a factory top speed of /.

Early Tipo 2B cars had an angular radiator shell, with later production models having a taller pear-shaped radiator shell.

The Tipo 2B from-the-factory chassis, ready for installation of various body styles, weighed .

2,332 were produced between 1912 and 1914.

They are also known as the "52B," from the Fiat model number for the engine installed in the Tipo 2B.

The Tipo 2B was a scaled-up version of the Fiat model Zero.

References

2B
1910s cars
1920s cars
Vehicles introduced in 1912

Fiat 2B


Celtic Colours International Festival is a Celtic music festival held annually in October on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada.

First held in 1997, the festival has featured musicians from the Celtic world and attracted visitors to Cape Breton Island around the time of peak autumn colour. The Festival presents dozens of concerts on the island, an extensive line-up of workshops, a visual art series of exhibitions, and a nightly Festival Club. Artists have traveled from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England, Brittany, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Cuba, and Sweden, as well as from across the United States and Canada.

Locations
Concert venues are in cities across Cape Breton Island, including Sydney, the Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site, the Savoy Theater in Glace Bay, and the Strathspey Performing Arts Centre in Mabou. Other venues include fire halls, schools and community centres.

Features and events
Workshops, offered in many aspects of Celtic and Gaelic culture, allow visitors and residents alike to get the hands-on experience they desire. Host communities around the island present workshops in Gaelic language and song, components of tradition, instrument instruction and traditional dance, as well as offering cultural tours, cèilidhs, and a lecture series. They also organize an extensive array of community events including meals and dances.

The Festival will also offer guided tours and hikes, markets, art exhibitions and community meals.

The Festival Club at the Gaelic College in  St. Ann's opens as the evening concerts are closing, offering an opportunity for Festival artists to perform in a more informal setting, or to get a session in with friends and colleagues from near and far. Performance is by invitation only and depends upon artist availability on any given night.

References

External links
Celtic Colours Website

Folk festivals in Canada
Music festivals in Nova Scotia
Celtic music
Recurring events established in 1997
Celtic music festivals

Celtic Colours


James Thomas "Jumbo" Elliott (October 22, 1900 – January 7, 1970) was an American professional baseball player.  He was a left-handed pitcher, playing in the major leagues over parts of ten seasons (1923, 1925, 1927–1934) with the St. Louis Browns, Brooklyn Robins, Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Braves.  He was the National League wins leader in 1931 with Philadelphia. For his major league career, he compiled a 63–74 record in 252 appearances, with a 4.24 ERA and 453 strikeouts.

He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. When he retired from baseball, he resided in Terre Haute, Indiana, the county seat of Vigo County. He first came to Terre Haute in 1922 as a pitcher for the Three-I League professional Class B minor league baseball team. Elliott was a long-time Deputy Sheriff in Vigo County and ran for Vigo County Sheriff as a Democrat in the 1968 election. His opponent was 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) Clyde Lovellette, then retired from an extraordinary college and professional basketball career. The campaign earned national notoriety because both candidates were such big men (Elliott was approximately 6 ft 5 in and 250 lb, or 1.96 m and 113 kg) and sports celebrities. Lovellette won the election.

Elliott died in Terre Haute at age 69.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

External links

1900 births
1970 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Missouri
St. Louis Browns players
Brooklyn Robins players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Boston Braves players
National League wins champions
Terre Haute Tots players
San Antonio Bears players
Seattle Indians players
Columbus Red Birds players
Indianapolis Indians players

Jumbo Elliott (baseball)


The University of Algiers (Arabic:جامعة الجزائر – بن يوسف بن خـدة ), commonly called the Algiers 1 University, is a public research university located in Algiers, Algeria. It is the oldest and most prestigious university in Algeria. Emerging from a series of independent institutions in the 19th century, it was organized as a university in 1909 and profoundly reorganized in 2009.

History

The historical tradition of higher education in Algeria began in 1832, with the creation of the Higher School of Letters of Algiers, as a way to guarantee the teaching of Arabic and French languages, in the context of the French conquest of Algeria. In 1849 the institution opened campuses in Oran and Constantine, and was formally integrated into the regular French education system on 20 December 1879. Subsequently, the Superior School of Medicine and Pharmacy was created in 1833 (officialized on 4 August 1857); in 1868 the School of Sciences, and; in 1879 the School of Law. All were based in the city of Algiers.

In 1909 all educational institutions were turned into faculties. Soon after, in the same year, the faculties were united to form the University of Algiers.

The installation of the Free French government in Algiers, making it the capital in exile in 1942, is marked by the admission of a greater number of Muslim students, who in that year represent 11.4% of the total number of students. Algerian and French numbers would become equivalent only in 1961.

On 19 May 1956, the General Union of Algerian Muslim Students (UGEMA) called an indefinite student strike, which halted the academic courses and examinations at the University of Algiers, rallying support from the National Liberation Front.

On 7 June 1962 – just a month ahead of the Algerian independence referendum – the Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS), the movement of colonists opposing Algerian independence, set fire to the library building, destroying 500,000 books. The destruction of these books and the library was reported in the Arab world as a tactic of war or dirty war, known as scorched earth. Egypt, Iraq and Jordan condemned the arson and issued repudiation notes. It showed the savagery of the anti-independence movement would extend to removing and indeed destroying culture so long as Algeria intended to create its own national culture.

The 1971 higher education reform abolished the college system and grouped the different disciplines by affinities into departments and institutes. The reform decrees the progressive Arabization of the disciplines, starting with certain classes in the social sciences (initially, philosophy and history). On 12 December 1998, the college system was re-established.

In 2009 the university is subdivided into three new institutions. The most important, the University of Algiers Benyoucef Benkhedda (or Algiers 1 University), stands as heir to the historical-academic tradition. Meanwhile, are created:
Abou El Kacem Saadallah University (Algiers 2 University);
Brahim Soltane Chaibout University (Algiers 3 University).

In 2015, due to the state of degradation of the university's buildings, professors, students and supporters demanded that the university be classified as a national historical-architectural heritage. The Ministry of Culture responded to the claims in July 2015.

Library
The library holds 800,000 volumes.

Notable faculty
 Fernand Braudel (1902–1985) – French historian
 John Peters Humphrey (1905–1995) – Canadian legal scholar
 André Chastagnol (1920–1996) – French historian
 Assia Djebar (1936–2015) – novelist, translator, film maker
 Ahmed Zaoui – Islamic scholar, obtained refugee status in New Zealand in 2014

Notable alumni

Arts and Science

 Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard (1842–1910) – physician; the "vein of Trolard" (the superior anastomotic vein) was named after him
 Albert Camus (1913–1960) – writer and the awardee of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957.
 Paul Coste-Floret (1911–1979) law professor and politician
 Albert Memmi (1920–2020) – Tunisian scholar
 Suzanne Carrell (1923–2019) – educator
 Gabriel Camps (1927–2002) – archaeologist and social anthropologist
 Maurice Audin (1932–1957) – mathematician and political activist
 Fadéla M'rabet (born 1935) – writer and feminist.
 Fatima Gallaire (1944–2020) – author and playwright
 Youcef Saad (born 1950) – mathematician.
 Elias Zerhouni (born 1951) – Algerian-born American physician scientist radiologist and biomedical engineer.
 Saddek Rabah (born 1968) – University Professor and academic researcher.
 Kaouther Adimi (born 1986) – writer
 Abdelkader Rezig Elmokhadimi (1950–2022) – author and journalist.

Politics and Diplomacy
 Ferhat Abbas (1899–1985) – politician
 Mohamed Lamine Debaghine (1917–2003) – political activist
 Mehdi Ben Barka (1920–1965?) – Moroccan politician; disappeared in 1965
 Lakhdar Brahimi (born 1934) – UN diplomat and Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs.
 Hassiba Ben Bouali (1938–1957) – political activist
 Ferhat Mehenni (born 1951) – political activist
 Ahmed Djoghlaf (born 1953) – executive secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity
 Said Djinnit (born 1954) – United Nations diplomat
 Brahim Djamel Kassali (born 1954) –  Algerian Minister of Finance
 Khalida Toumi (born 1958) – feminist activist

See also
 List of colleges and universities
 List of universities in Algeria

References

External links
 University of Algiers Website
 Faculty of Islamic Sciences

1909 establishments in Algeria
Algeria
Buildings and structures in Algiers

Algiers 1 University


Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley GCB (20 January 1773 – 27 April 1847) was an Anglo-Irish diplomat and politician. He was the younger brother of the soldier and politician the first Duke of Wellington. He is known particularly for his service as British Ambassador to Spain during the Peninsular War where he acted in cooperation with his brother to gain the support of Cortes of Cádiz. His later postings included being Ambassador in Vienna where he dealt with Metternich and British Ambassador to France during the reign of Louis Philippe I.

His career was closely connected with that of his elder brothers Arthur and Richard Wellesley, who served as Foreign Secretary between 1809 and 1812. He became embroiled in a public scandal in 1809 when his wife Charlotte eloped with Henry Paget who as Lord Uxbridge was later to serve as cavalry commander under his brother at the Battle of Waterloo.

Background and education

Wellesley was the fifth and youngest son of Garret Wellesley, 1st Earl of Mornington, by Anne Hill-Trevor, eldest daughter of Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon, both families of Anglo-Irish descent. He was the younger brother of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, and William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington. He was educated at Eton and at the court of the Duke of Brunswick. He purchased an ensigncy in the 40th Foot in 1790.

Diplomatic career
Wellesley's diplomatic career began in 1791 when he was appointed attaché to the British embassy at The Hague. The next year, he became Secretary of Legation in Stockholm. In 1791, he exchanged into the 1st Foot Guards and in 1793, he purchased a Lieutenancy. In 1794, while on a trip home from Lisbon with his sister Anne, he was captured by the French, and remained in prison during the height of the terror, escaping only in 1795. Later that year, he sat for the Trim constituency in the Irish House of Commons.

At the 1807 general election he was elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as a Member of Parliament both for the Athlone constituency in Ireland, and for Eye constituency in England.
He chose to sit for Eye, and held the seat until his resignation in 1809 by taking the Chiltern Hundreds.

In 1797, Wellesley accompanied Lord Malmesbury as secretary on his unsuccessful mission to negotiate peace with the French at Lille. Later that year, he travelled to India, where he became private secretary to his oldest brother, Lord Mornington, the new governor-general. He was in India between 1797 and 1799, and again from 1801 to 1802, and was a useful assistant to his brother in a variety of diplomatic capacities, negotiating treaties with Mysore and Oudh.

In 1802 he returned to Europe, and the next year married Lady Charlotte Cadogan, by whom he had three sons and a daughter before she abandoned him in 1809, running off with Lord Paget, a talented cavalry officer. They divorced in 1810. Although, at first, Paget's career was badly affected by the affair, as he was later unable to serve under Wellesley's brother Wellington in the Peninsular Campaign due to the bad blood, Paget later distinguished himself under Wellington at Waterloo.

In 1809, Wellesley became the British envoy to Spain  – his eldest brother, by now Marquess Wellesley, was now Foreign Secretary, while his brother Arthur (now Viscount Wellington) was the commander of the Anglo-Portuguese forces in the Iberian Peninsula. Together, the three brothers helped to make the Peninsular campaign a success, and in 1812 Wellesley was knighted. He remained Ambassador to Spain until 1821, but found time to marry again, this time to Lady Georgiana Cecil, daughter of the Marquess of Salisbury.

In 1823, Wellesley became Ambassador to Austria, where he remained until 1831. Although he was close acquaintances with Foreign Secretary George Canning, who had asked Wellesley to serve as his second in his duel with Lord Castlereagh, Wellesley felt that Canning did not appreciate his services, feeling him to be too conciliatory.

In January 1828, Wellesley was created Baron Cowley, of Wellesley in the County of Somerset, due to his brother Wellington's influence with the prime minister, Lord Goderich. His final diplomatic service was in Paris, where he served as British ambassador to France during Robert Peel's administrations in 1835 and 1841–46. In 1846, Cowley retired, but remained in Paris, where he died the next year.

Family

Cowley married Lady Charlotte, daughter of Charles Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan in 1803, but they divorced in 1810 after she ran away with Henry Paget, later 1st Marquess of Anglesey. He later remarried, to Lady Georgiana Cecil, daughter of the Marquess of Salisbury.

His eldest son, Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, followed in his father's footsteps as a diplomatist, holding the Paris embassy for fifteen years, and was eventually created Earl Cowley. Another son, Gerald Valerian Wellesley, became Dean of Windsor. His second son William became a captain in the Royal Navy.

References

External links

1773 births
1847 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Politicians from County Kildare
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Austria
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France
Irish diplomats
Irish expatriates in the Netherlands
Irish expatriates in Sweden
Irish expatriates in France
Irish expatriates in India
Irish expatriates in Spain
Irish expatriates in England
Diplomatic peers
Grenadier Guards officers
H
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Meath constituencies
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Eton College
South Lancashire Regiment officers
Wellesley, Henry
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Athlone
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain

Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley


Jessie's Dad is a 2011 documentary film by Boaz Dvir. The film tells the story of Mark Lunsford, and his transformation from an uneducated truck driver to a child activist after the murder of his daughter Jessica by a convicted sex offender. As of June 2016, the film is currently on Hulu, available to the public.

Background
Before his daughter's murder, the tattooed, long-haired Harley rider drove a dump truck, lived with his church-going parents and spent most of his free time with his daughter. Jessie, as everyone in the small West Florida town of Homosassa called her, loved going to karaoke nights with her dad and playing outside in their mobile-home neighborhood. On February 24, 2005, John Couey broke into Jessie's bedroom and took her across the street to his trailer. He raped her, buried her alive, smothering her.

After his daughter's body was discovered, Lunsford embarked on a journey to pass Jessica's Law around the country. It toughens penalties against sex offenders. So far, Lunsford has convinced 46 states to pass it.

The film
The hour-long documentary follows Lunsford as he visits Capitol Hill and state capitols to urge lawmakers to increase penalties for persons convicted of offenses against children. The film offers a behind-the-scenes look at a single father haunted by the knowledge that a sex offender held his daughter within earshot for three days.

Jessie's Dad was initially funded by a Carole Fielding Production Grant, along with a University of Florida research grant. Mark Lunsford, his parents and several other members of his family attended the 2008 screening of Jessie's Dad at the University of Florida. Lunsford and the film received two standing ovations from a packed theater.

Green Apple Entertainment is distributing Jessie's Dad, which is available from iTunes and Amazon, where it has received an average rating of 5 (the highest possible). Lifetime and Investigation Discovery have used a substantial amount of Jessie's Dad footage in their programs. The film has screened in several film festivals, where it has won top prizes, and prestigious venues, including Columbia University's satellite campus in Paris.

Dvir reflected on the film years later in an article in the Centre Daily Times: "As a documentary filmmaker, I change my mind about societal issues related to my projects much like kids experience growth — I only notice it months, sometimes years, later. Directing and producing "Jessie's Dad" [...] altered my point of view on mandatory sentencing."

Reception
Response to the film has been positive thus far. Ted Leonsis of Monumental Sports & Entertainment called the film "tough to watch but essential film about parenting; about justice and about protecting the rights of children."

Awards
 Best Documentary at the 2011 ITN Distribution Film and New Media Festival
 Best Florida Film at the 2011 Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival
 Direct Cinema Outstanding Documentary Award
 CINE Special Jury Award
 Finalist for the International Documentary Association's David L. Wolper Award
 Carole Fielding Production Grant

References

External links

 UF Graduate Stirs Discussion with "Jessie's Dad"
 Slain Girl's Dad To Preview Documentary: 'Jessie's Dad'
 Lunsford to attend documentary premiere
 Lunsford set to attend documentaries
 UF documentary students win award, grant for "Jessie's Dad"
 Documenting the Documentary

Documentary films about child abuse
Documentary films about crime in the United States
American documentary films
2011 films
2011 documentary films
Films directed by Boaz Dvir
Documentary films about law in the United States
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films

Jessie's Dad


Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland) is a peninsula in northern Europe. It forms the mainland part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany. It separates the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. Its terrain is relatively flat, with low hills and peat bogs. It has an area of 29,775 km² (11,496 square miles), and a population of 2,491,852 (2004).

The northern two thirds of the peninsula are occupied by the westernmost portion of the Kingdom of Denmark. There is no separate name for the Danish portion of the peninsula, so it is simply called the same name.

The northernmost part of Jutland became an island following a flood in 1825; the Limfjord now separates it from the mainland. This island is called Vendsyssel-Thy or Nørrejyske Ø ("North Jutlandic Island") and is still commonly reckoned as part of the peninsula; it is also partly coterminous with the county and future region called North Jutland.

The southern third is made up of the German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, with the duchies of Schleswig (also Sønderjylland/Southern Jutland) and Holstein. Both duchies have passed back and forth between the Danes and various German rulers. In the last border movement, Denmark regained North Schleswig (Nordslesvig in Danish) by plebiscite in 1920. Southern Schleswig remained German.

The River Elbe forms the southern border of Jutland with the city of Hamburg on its shore. The Danish Wadden Sea Islands and the North Frisian Islands stretch along the southwest coast of Jutland in the German Bight.

There are two bridges which link the central part ofJutland to the island of Funen to the east. They are the Little Belt Bridge and the New Little Belt Bridge. The roads which use these bridges are part of the European road network.

Cities
The largest cities on the Jutland Peninsula are:
 Århus, Denmark
 Kiel, Germany
 Lübeck, Germany
 Aalborg, Denmark
 Flensburg, Germany
 Esbjerg, Denmark
 Randers, Denmark
 Kolding, Denmark
 Vejle, Denmark
 Horsens, Denmark

References

Peninsulas of Europe
Geography of Denmark
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Regions of Germany

Jutland