A newsroom is the central place where journalists—reporters, editors, and producers, associate producers, news anchors, news designers, photojournalists, videojournalists, associate editor, residence editor, visual text editor, Desk Head, stringers along with other staffers—work to gather news to be published in a newspaper, an online newspaper or magazine, or broadcast on radio, television, or cable. Some journalism organizations refer to the newsroom as the city room.

Print publication newsrooms

In a print publication's newsroom, reporters sit at desks, gather information, and write articles or stories, in the past on typewriters, in the 1970s sometimes on specialized terminals, then after the early 1980s on personal computers or workstations. These stories are submitted to editors, who usually sit together at one large desk, where the stories are reviewed and possibly rewritten. Reporters generally used the inverted pyramid method for writing their stories, although some journalistic writing used other methods; some of the work of Tom Wolfe is an example of reporting that did not follow that style.

Once finished, editors write a headline for the story and begin to lay it out (see publishing) on a newspaper or magazine page. Editors also review photographs, maps, charts or other graphics to be used with a story. At many newspapers, copy editors who review stories for publication work together at what is called a copy desk, supervised by a copy desk chief, night editor, or news editor. Assignment editors, including the city editor, who supervise reporters' work, may or may not work with the copy desk.

How a newsroom is structured and functions depends in part on the size of the publication and when it is published, especially if it is a daily newspaper, which can either be published in the morning (an a.m. cycle) or the evening (a p.m. cycle). Most daily newspapers follow the a.m. cycle.

In almost all newspaper newsrooms, editors customarily meet daily with the chief editor to discuss which stories will be placed on the front page, section front pages, and other pages.  This is commonly called a "budget meeting" because the main topic of the meeting is the budgeting or allocation of space in the next issue.

Newsrooms often have an assignment desk where staffers monitor emergency scanners, answer telephone calls, faxes and e-mails from the public and reporters. The assignment desk is also responsible for assigning reporters to stories or deciding what is covered and what isn't. In many newsrooms, the assignment desk is raised a step or two above the rest of the newsroom, allowing staffers who work at the desk to see everyone in the newsroom.

In some newsrooms, a teamwork-integrated system called the Maestro Concept has been applied to improve time management of the newsroom. This maestro system is a method to improve the presentation of stories to busy readers in today's media. Teamwork and collaboration bring a story to life from an initial idea by integrating reporting with photographs, design and information graphics.

Changes in newsrooms
The modern American newsroom has gone through several changes in the last 50 years, with computers replacing typewriters and the Internet replacing Teletype terminals. More ethnic minority groups as well as women are working as reporters and editors, including many managerial positions. Many newspapers have internet editions, and at some, reporters are required to meet tighter deadlines to have their stories posted on the newspaper website, even before the print edition is printed and circulated. However, some things haven't changed; many reporters still use paper reporter's notebooks and the telephone to gather information, although the computer has become another essential tool for reporting.

Broadcast newsrooms

Broadcast newsrooms are very similar to newspaper newsrooms. The two major differences are that these newsrooms include small rooms to edit video or audio and that they also exist next to the radio or television studio.

Broadcast newsrooms have undergone substantial transformations in recent years, influenced by the digital revolution and shifts in audience preferences. These changes are integral to modern news production, and they encompass the following key developments: digital transition, multimedia journalism, social media engagement, live reporting, remote news production, and data-driven journalism.

Newsroom Computer Systems (NRCS)
Newsroom Computer Systems (NRCS) are sophisticated software and hardware solutions utilized in broadcast newsrooms to streamline the news production process. These systems serve several crucial purposes, including Content Management, Collaboration, Workflow Management, Integration, Scheduling, Publishing and Archiving.

Newsroom Computer Systems are indispensable in modern broadcast newsrooms, enhancing the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of news production, especially in an era characterized by rapid digital transformation and evolving audience expectations for on-demand, multimedia news content.

Several NRCS solutions have established themselves as leaders in the market due to their advanced features, user-friendly interfaces, and comprehensive functionalities. Here are some of the prominent NRCS systems available in the market: Octopus Newsroom, ENPS, Dalet, Burli Newsroom, NewsBoss.

Newsrooms in popular culture

The American newsroom has been a location of many books, movies and television shows about the newspaper and magazine business, especially movies like His Girl Friday, All the President's Men or The Paper, and television shows like The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Lou Grant, and Murphy Brown.
The newsroom of a Canadian television station is the location of the CBC Television comedy The Newsroom. It is also shown on some public television stations in the United States.
The 2004 film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, is set around a newsroom.
The American television drama series The Newsroom is set in the newsroom of a cable news channel.
Drop the Dead Donkey is a British sitcom set in a TV newsroom; it is notable in that each episode was filmed a day before broadcast, in order to incorporate references to current events.

References

Journalism

Newsroom


Boy Eats Girl is a 2005 horror-comedy film directed by Stephen Bradley and starring Samantha Mumba, produced and shot in Ireland. The plot tells of a teenage boy who comes back to life as a zombie, similar to the plot of the American film My Boyfriend's Back.

Plot
While working in the church, a woman named Grace finds a hidden crypt. While exploring she discovers a voodoo book, however she is soon sent away by Father Cornelius. Grace's son, Nathan, attends the local high school with his friends Henry and Diggs. Nathan likes his long-time friend Jessica, however he is too scared to ask her out, for fear of rejection. Also in the school are popular girls Charlotte, Glenda and Cheryl. Cheryl pursues Nathan, despite already having a boyfriend, Samson, who confronts Nathan along with his womanising friend Kenneth after seeing Cheryl talking to Nathan. Meanwhile, Henry and Diggs, fed up with Nathan not asking out Jessica, force the pair to meet after school.

While Nathan waits for Jessica, he writes a note about what he will say to her to ask her out. Meanwhile, Jessica's over-protective father forbids her to leave, but she sneaks out. Nathan becomes impatient due to Jessica's lateness and leaves before Jessica arrives; she reads the note, however, through a misunderstanding, Nathan believes Jessica is with Kenneth. Nathan goes home and contemplates hanging himself in his room. Just as he dismisses the idea, Grace enters and knocks over the chair Nathan is standing on, causing him to be hanged. Grace returns to the church and performs a ritual from the book, which brings Nathan back to life. The ritual seems to have gone well, despite Nathan not remembering what happened, however Father Cornelius soon warns Grace that the book was damaged and those who are resurrected by it have the urge to eat human flesh.

At school, Nathan hears Kenneth lying about what happened with Jessica the previous night to Samson and another friend, Shane. As Jessica attempts to ask Nathan out, he turns her down, thinking what Kenneth said was true. As the day progresses, Nathan slowly succumbs to the symptoms of the book. At night, everyone heads to a school disco, where Nathan soon becomes more zombie-like and bites Samson before returning home. As Samson becomes a zombie, he attacks Shane and infects him. Jessica goes to Nathan's house to sort things out, but Nathan warns Jessica away from him, realising something is wrong with him.

The next morning, Grace tells Nathan what happened. Nathan realises that Samson is infected and tries to get the police to help capture him, but he is ignored. Returning home, Grace locks Nathan in the garage and starts to search for something to help him recover. Meanwhile, Charlotte has also become a zombie and infects Kenneth. Cheryl and Glenda go to a local bar, where they witness a zombie attack. Henry and Diggs also witness a zombie attack in the video shop. Henry and Diggs hide, and see that most of the town have been infected. They phone Jessica and tell her to lock herself inside her house. Henry and Diggs travel to Nathan's house and free him, before setting off to Jessica's. However, on their way they crash their car and have to continue on foot. Jessica is attacked by zombies in her house, including Samson, but she overpowers them and manages to escape.

Grace goes to the church, but is attacked by an infected Father Cornelius. He is soon bitten by a snake in the crypt, revealing the snake's venom is the cure to the infection. She takes the snake and leaves. Outside, Cheryl and Glenda are hiding in the graveyard. They encounter the infected Charlotte, who bites Glenda, allowing Cheryl to get away. Nathan finds Jessica in a barn beside her house, where Jessica tells Nathan that she never did anything with Kenneth. Meanwhile, Henry and Diggs arrive at Jessica's house, followed by Cheryl, who is being chased by a group of zombies. They hide in a cupboard in the house until night time, when they try to escape. As they go outside they are saved by Nathan, however a group of zombies close in on them. Jessica manages to kill them with the aid of a tractor.

The survivors hide in the barn, but Samson and Shane get in and infect Cheryl. The others manage to escape to a platform, but are now trapped. They pour gasoline onto the barn floor, before Grace arrives with the snake. However, the snake escapes and the zombies begin to attack Grace. Nathan saves Grace, allowing her to escape, and also kills Samson. Nathan soon completely succumbs to the ritual, and becomes a zombie. As he is about to attack his friends, the snake bites him. The zombies quickly attack Nathan and he is caught in the fire that Jessica has ignited. Jessica, Diggs and Henry leave, and soon discover Nathan survived the fire. He finally asks Jessica to go out with him, to which she answers yes.

Cast
 Samantha Mumba as Jessica
 David Leon as Nathan
 Tadhg Murphy as Diggs
 Laurence Kinlan as Henry
 Sara James as Cheryl
 Mark Huberman as Samson
 Sarah Burke as Charlotte
 Paul Reid as Shane
 Jane Valentine as Glenda
 Conor Ryan as Kenneth
 Deirdre O'Kane as Grace
 Lalor Roddy as Father Cornelius
 Domhnall Gleeson as Bernard

Production
The film was shot in six weeks.  Director Stephen Bradley cast Deirdre O'Kane, his wife, over her objections that she was too young to convincingly play the mother of a teenager. The film was shot in Dublin and the Isle of Man.  The special effects were done by Bob Keen.

Release
The film was the first non-pornographic film for some years to be banned by the Irish Film Classification Office (IFCO), due to a depiction of suicide. While the scene was not cut from the film, the IFCO appeals board overturned the ban, issuing a 15A rating.  Boy Eats Girl premiered at the London UK Film Focus. It was picked up for theatrical release by Optimum Releasing, and it received its Irish theatrical premiere on 23 September 2005.

Home media

The film was released on DVD on 18 December 2007.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that Boy Eats Girl received positive reviews from 80% of five surveyed critics; the average rating was 5.7/10. Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated the film 3/5 stars and called it "fun, plain and simple." Felix Vasquez, Jr. of Film Threat rated the film 3/5 stars and called it "a pretty kick ass rom-zom-com that deserves at least a viewing." Bill Gibron of DVD Talk rated the film 2/5; Gibron stated that the film "looks really good" and has moody, atmospheric shots, but the film itself is too derivative of Shaun of the Dead. David Johnson of DVD Verdict called it "Funny, gory and just flat-out entertaining". Mike Bruno of Entertainment Weekly called it "kinda stupid and riddled with plot holes" but "a pretty good time." Bloody Disgusting rated the film 3/5 stars and described it as "an OK zombie film that plays on teen love antics".

References

External links

2005 comedy horror films
2005 films
2005 independent films
2000s British films
2000s English-language films
2000s teen comedy films
2000s teen horror films
British independent films
British splatter films
British teen comedy films
British teen horror films
British zombie comedy films
English-language Irish films
Film controversies in Ireland
Films set in Ireland
Irish comedy horror films
Irish independent films
Irish splatter films
Irish teen comedy films
Irish teen horror films
Obscenity controversies in film
Rating controversies in film

Boy Eats Girl


The Médiathèque Musicale Mahler is a multimedia library with collections relating to music of the 19th and 20th centuries. The institution is located in an elegant private house near the Parc Monceau in Paris at 11 bis rue de Vézelay (8th arrondissement). It was founded in 1986 as the Bibliothèque Gustav Mahler by the French biographer of Mahler, musicologist Henry-Louis de La Grange (1924-2017) and music critic, composer, and administrator Maurice Fleuret (1932–1990) in order to combine and make available to the public their extensive personal archives. The library's holdings have regularly been expanded and updated, and include original manuscript scores, letters, and other documents, and published scores, books, periodicals, press clippings, recordings (LPs, cassettes, and CDs), and other personal archives. Pierre Bergé (1930-2017), former director of the Théâtre de l'Athénée-Louis Jouvet and former President of the Paris Opera (1988–1994), succeeded La Grange as president of the Médiathèque in 2000. Its president has been Bruno Ory-Lavollée since 2017.

The association changed its name from Centre de Documentation Musicale-Bibliothèque Gustav Mahler to Médiathèque Musicale Mahler in 2002.

References

External links
 Street view at Google Maps.

Libraries in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Music organizations based in France
Music libraries
Gustav Mahler
Libraries established in 1986
1986 establishments in France

Médiathèque Musicale Mahler


Maigret and Monsieur Charles (French: Maigret et Monsieur Charles) is a detective novel by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon, and is the last novel featuring his long-running character Jules Maigret.

Synopsis
Maigret is a few years short of his retirement and has just refused promotion to the post of Head of the Police Judiciare, preferring the human contact he enjoys as Head of the Criminal Division. His wish is granted when Madam Nathalie Sabin-Levesque, an elegant but highly nervous lady insists that he personally investigates the disappearance of her husband Gérard, a highly successful and rich Parisian lawyer.

With the assistance of various other detectives, but principally Lapointe, Maigret soon discovers that Madam Sabin-Levesque is virtually an alcoholic and has lived an effectively separate life from her husband, who regularly vanishes for days or weeks to take up with various girls. These are mostly hostesses picked up in bars and cabarets, and he is known to them as 'Monsieur Charles'. It further emerges that his wife was also a call-girl in her youth, although she has claimed to be a legal secretary. She hoped for a life of comfort and security with her new husband, who owned a villa in Cannes and inherited money, but they soon grew to ignore and despise each other. She knows nothing of his professional life and is not well liked by the staff at the practice.

When Gérard's body is fished out of the Seine, Maigret's suspicions fall on her. But she is also being blackmailed by pimp-turned-barman-turned-gigolo Jo Fazio, her sometime lover. It turns out that Fazio killed Gérard and that Nathalie then killed Fazio. Maigret somewhat reluctantly arrests Nathalie, knowing that she is in poor health and will spend time in the prison hospital.

Publication history
The French title was first published in 1972.

The first English version appeared in 1973, translated by Marianne Alexandre Sinclair as Maigret and Monsieur Charles.

Adaptations

References

1972 Belgian novels
Maigret novels
Novels set in Paris
Presses de la Cité books

Maigret and Monsieur Charles


Lawrence is a US-based pop-soul group founded by New York City-raised sibling duo Clyde and Gracie Lawrence, who have been singing, performing, and writing songs together since their early childhood. Today, Lawrence is an eight-piece band that has released three studio albums plus several live and acoustic albums.

Their hit single "Don't Lose Sight," was featured in an international Microsoft commercial, leading to a Top 20 placement on the USA Shazam Pop Charts and a Top 40 position on the US Pop Radio Charts (making it the highest charting fully independent single of 2022), as well performances on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert and Jimmy Kimmel Live!

They have amassed a significant touring fanbase which has seen them headline sold-out shows across the country. They are currently opening for the Jonas Brothers on their 2023 North America tour and have also opened for such artists as Jon Bellion, Lake Street Dive, Vulfpeck and Jacob Collier, as well as playing at festivals, including Coachella, Bonnaroo, and Outside Lands.

Lawrence family
Clyde and Gracie Lawrence, siblings aged three and a half years apart, have created music and performed together since childhood. Their father, Marc Lawrence, is a filmmaker, screenwriter, and director, best known for movies such as Miss Congeniality and Music and Lyrics. Their younger brother, Linus has also featured in songs such as "Come On, Brother" on their album Breakfast. He has also appeared in Lawrence music videos.

Clyde Lawrence
Clyde is a singer, pianist, and songwriter. He began writing music soon after he started playing the piano at age 4. In the band he plays guitar, organ, and keyboard. He graduated from the Dalton School in 2011 and completed an undergraduate degree at Brown University in 2015.

When Marc Lawrence was working on the 2000 film Miss Congeniality and was not pleased with his options for the Miss United States pageant theme song, he turned to Clyde to see what he thought was wrong. At only age five, Clyde wrote his own version, and the film's other producers chose it without knowing its writer. The Miss United States pageant anthem that Clyde composed is prominently featured in the film, and his composition led him to become the youngest member of the Songwriters Guild of America.

While attending high school at Dalton, Clyde continued to compose music for major motion pictures. He wrote parts of the original score for the 2007 film Music & Lyrics as well as "Dance With Me Tonight", a song that Hugh Grant performs. He wrote two tracks, one of which he performed himself, for 2009 movie Did You Hear About the Morgans? Clyde has written songs for additional films including The Rewrite (2015) and Landline (2017). He also composed the songs featured in the Season 2 episode of Instinct entitled "Broken Record" which aired on July 7, 2019. Clyde, along with Cody Fitzgerald, composed the entire score for the 2019 Disney+ film, Noelle, starring Bill Hader and Anna Kendrick.

Along with bandmates Jordan Cohen and Jonny Koh, Clyde formed a production team called The Diner. Often working alongside Jon Bellion, they have written and produced a number of songs for other artists, such as "Wings" & "Walls" (Jonas Brothers), "I Feel It" (Jon Bellion with Burna Boy), "Heartbeat" (Shawn Mendes), "Missin U" (Tori Kelly), and more.

Gracie Lawrence
Gracie is a singer and actress. She attended the Dalton School, graduating in 2015. She attended Brown after taking a gap year to tour with the band. Gracie was set to graduate from Brown in 2020 but has since left college to play with Lawrence full time.

Beyond music, she has acted on Broadway, television, and films for over a decade. In 2009, she acted in the Broadway show Brighton Beach Memoirs and also played Lucy Granger in the film Did You Hear About The Morgans?. She has also acted in the 2011 film The Sitter as well as TV shows such as The Good Wife, The Americans, Younger, and Billions. In 2018, she played Julie Gardner on the main cast of thriller CBS-All Access series One Dollar, which also featured Leslie Odom Jr. and John Carroll Lynch. She was featured in Town & Country magazine's "Modern Swans" September 2018 issue.

Band formation
While studying at Brown University, Clyde started a band originally called The Clyde Lawrence Band for which he sang lead vocals and played keyboard. The band featured a rotating crew of Brown students as members. Gracie, still in high school, also travelled to perform with the band. The Clyde Lawrence Band played events on campus as well as at colleges and venues across the Northeast.

The Clyde Lawrence Band performed on Clyde's 2013 album, Homesick. When Gracie became co-lead singer after many years playing together, the band's name was changed to Lawrence.

Seven of the eight members of Lawrence attended Brown.

Music
Lawrence released its first full-length album Breakfast in 2016, which reached No. 6 on the iTunes R&B charts on its first day of release. Produced by Grammy winner Eric Krasno, Breakfast includes musical appearances from members of Snarky Puppy and Lettuce.

Their sophomore album, Living Room, was released in September 2018. Living Room reached No. 2 on the iTunes R&B/Soul chart, earned a featured placement on Spotify's "New Music Friday" playlist, and led the band to its late-night television debut on NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly. The album, which combines elements of Lawrence's old and new influences while featuring themes of childhood and family issues, was co-produced by bandmates Jordan Cohen (tenor/baritone saxophone) and Jonny Koh (guitar), Brooklyn-based producer Eli Crews, and Clyde and Gracie themselves.

In July 2021, Lawrence released their album Hotel TV and became the first band to release music under Beautiful Mind Records, the label of Grammy-winning producer/songwriter/artist Jon Bellion, who co-produced and co-wrote the songs on the album along with Clyde, Gracie and their bandmates Jordan Cohen and Jonny Koh. The album's lead single, "Don't Lose Sight," was featured in an international Microsoft commercial, which propelled it into the Top 20 on the USA Shazam Pop Charts. The single also hit No. 33 on Top 40 radio and was played on over 100 multi-format stations across the country. The band performed "Don't Lose Sight" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, did a performance of it for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, and closed both of their sets at Coachella with it.

Clyde Lawrence, Jordan Cohen, and Jonny Koh formed production trio The Diner, also signed to Jon Bellion. They have worked on projects with Jonas Brothers, Tori Kelly, Jon Batiste and more. The Diner also co-writes & produces all of Lawrence's music.

Jon Bellion collaboration and record deal
In February 2019, Lawrence announced via social media that the band would be an opener for Jon Bellion on his summer 2019 national tour, the Glory Sound Prep Tour. In June, Lawrence released its first of many Jon Bellion-produced singles, "Casualty". In July, Bellion and Lawrence announced that Bellion had launched his own record label, Beautiful Mind Records and had signed Lawrence as its first artist. Bellion has stated that his intention with this new label is to "take care of artists for the rest of their careers" and to create a family of musical creators who he supports and with whom he collaborates.

Touring
Touring has been a key component of the group's rise to success: The release of Hotel TV was supported by the Hotel TV Tour, a 53-city tour across major cities in North America, including sold out shows at Terminal 5 in New York City, House of Blues in Chicago, and two nights at the Royale in Boston, among others. Following that, the band completed a co-headline tour with MisterWives. The group has toured with acts such as Lake Street Dive, Vulfpeck, Jon Bellion, Jacob Collier, Soulive, O.A.R., and Bernhoft, and has appeared at major festivals including Coachella, Bonnaroo, Outside Lands, Firefly, Okeechobee, Hangout, and Summerfest.

In November of 2022, Lawrence threw their own 3-night festival at Brooklyn Steel entitled Staycation. Each night had its own theme (including wedding night, Y2K night, and New York night), and featured two opening acts followed by a two-hour set from Lawrence. Each night also had its own unique set design, setlist, and costumes that corresponded with the theme. In total, the three-nights featured seven different artists and three nearly non-repeating Lawrence sets. Lawrence performed over 70 different songs across the three sold out nights.

In 2023, the band joins the Jonas Brothers on their 2023 North America tour and will continue to play festivals like Daze Between New Orleans and The Peach Music Festival, as well as support acts like Jacob Collier, AJR, and Michael Franti & Spearhead. In July 2023, the band announced it would be opening for the Jonas Brothers for their 2023-2024 tour.

Lawrence released a docuseries documenting their 2021 tour, with the first episode being released on their YouTube channel on August 3, 2023.

Politics and activism
In December 2022, Clyde Lawrence (lead vocals, keyboards) wrote an article published by the New York Times regarding the unfair dynamics that artists face in the live music industry as a result of the merging of Ticketmaster and Live Nation.

In January 2023, Clyde Lawrence and Jordan Cohen (saxophone, tour manager) were invited to testify at a U.S. Senate Judiciary hearing in Washington, D.C., on the topic of live event ticketing. They sat alongside other industry professionals, as well as antitrust experts, to deliver a testimony about their experiences as a touring band playing in Live Nation-owned venues across the U.S. Lawrence and Cohen continue to spread the word about the challenges in the live event promotion and ticketing space in conversations with outlets like NBC News, Vice News, Politico, and more.

Band members
 Gracie Lawrence – lead vocals, tambourine
 Clyde Lawrence – lead vocals, keyboards
 Sam Askin – drums
 Sumner Becker – alto saxophone
 Jordan Cohen – tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, background vocals
 Michael Karsh – bass, background vocals
 Jonny Koh – guitar, background vocals
 Marc Langer – trumpet, rapping

Discography

Studio albums
 Breakfast (2016)
 Breakfast: Unscrambled (Acoustic Sessions) (2018)
 Living Room (2018)
 The Live Album (Part 1) (2020)
 The Live Album (Part 2) (2021)
 Hotel TV (2021)

Extended plays
 Homesick (2013) (as The Clyde Lawrence Band)

Singles
 "Do You Wanna Do Nothing With Me?" (2017)
 "Misty Morning" (2017)
 "Probably Up" (2018)
 "Make A Move" (2018)
 "Casualty" (2019)
 "Casualty" (Acoustic) (2019)
 "It's Not All About You" (2019)
 "The Weather" (2020)
 "Quarantined With You" (2020)
 "Freckles" (2020)
 "Freckles (Live in LA)" (2020)
 "Don't Lose Sight" (2021)
 "False Alarms" (with Jon Bellion) (2021)
 "i'm confident that i'm insecure" (2023)
 "23" (2023)

References

External links

2013 establishments in New York City
American funk musical groups
American soul musical groups
Brown University alumni
Musical groups established in 2013
Musical groups from New York City
Sibling musical groups

Lawrence (band)


Andy Carvin is an American blogger and a former senior product manager for online communities at National Public Radio (NPR). He accepted a position at First Look Media in February, 2014. Carvin was the founding editor and former coordinator of the Digital Divide Network, an online community of more than 10,000 Internet activists from over 140 countries working to bridge the digital divide. He is also an active blogger as well as a field correspondent for the vlog Rocketboom.

Carvin lives in Silver Spring, Maryland.

Biography
Born in Boston and raised in Florida, Carvin graduated from Northwestern University in 1993. When he was working for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 1994, he authored the website EdWeb, one of the first websites to advocate the use of the World Wide Web in education.

In 1999, he was hired by the Benton Foundation to help develop Helping.org, a philanthropic website that eventually became known as Networkforgood.org. At the December 1999 US National Digital Divide Summit in Washington DC, President Bill Clinton announced the launch of the Digital Divide Network, a spin-off of Helping.org edited by Carvin.

In 2001, he organized an email forum called SEPT11INFO, an emergency discussion forum in response to the September 11 attacks. Following the Boxing Day tsunami in 2004, he created the  RSS aggregator Tsunami-Info.org, and served as a contributor to the TsunamiHelp collaborative blog. He also joined Global Voices Online in the end of 2004

In January 2005, Carvin began advocating mobile phone podcasting as a tool for citizen journalism and human rights monitoring; he called the concept "mobcasting". Utilizing free online tools including FeedBurner, Blogger and Audioblogger, Carvin demonstrated the potential of mobcasting at a February 2005 Harvard blogging conference and at The Gates, the Central Park art installation created by the artist Christo. He later demonstrated mobcasting as part of a collaborative blog called Katrina Aftermath, which allowed members of the public to post multimedia content regarding Hurricane Katrina. For Carvin's work on mobcasting and the digital divide, he received a 2005 TR35 award from Technology Review, awarded annually to the 35 leading technology innovators under the age of 35. Carvin has also been honored as one of the top education technology advocates in eSchool News magazine and District Administration magazine.

In May 2006, Carvin began serving as host on a blog called Learning.now on PBS. According to Learning.now's website, it explores "how new technology and Internet culture affect how educators teach and children learn.It will offer a continuing look at how new technology such as wikis, blogs, vlogs, RSS, podcasts, social networking sites, and the always-on culture of the Internet are impacting teacher and students' lives both inside and out of the classroom." Learning.now is part of PBS TeacherSource, PBS' educator website.

In September 2006, Andy Carvin became a staff member at NPR as their senior product manager for online communities.

An avid Twitter user, the popular revolution in Tunisia in late 2010 caught Andy Carvin's attention when the microblogging service "seemed to explode" with messages about an uprising. Carvin had traveled extensively in Tunisia, had many contacts there, and was able to develop others. Carvin's curation of Twitter feeds as well as traditional wire services have generated a great deal of interest in the journalism community. He has given interviews about his news curation of citizen journalism on blogs, journalism sites, as well as mainstream media sites.

In March 2011, Andy Carvin and his Twitter followers utilized crowdsourced research to debunk false stories that Israeli weapons were being used against the people of Libya.

By April 2011, The Columbia Journalism Review dubbed Carvin a "living, breathing real-time verification system" and suggested his might be the best Twitter account to follow in the world. The Washington Post called him "a one-man Twitter news bureau". His hometown paper, Florida Today, published a profile describing him as having "global impact" and saying he provided "a unique window into the unrest sweeping across the Middle East."

A few days before a foreign policy speech on the Middle East by President Barack Obama in mid-May 2011, the White House contacted Carvin and asked for him to co-host a Twitter interview chat with a White House official. Although NPR had refused to allow the White House to specify particular reporters in the past, Mark Stencel, NPR's managing editor for digital news, granted the request, saying that Carvin was "uniquely suited" for the role.

Carvin was a recipient of the Journalism Awards: Special Distinction Award, Knight-Batten Award for Innovation for his Twitter reporting, July 2011. Link

On August 21, 2011, as armed fighters rolled into the city of Tripoli, Libya, in a bid to oust Muammar Gaddafi from his 42-year rule of the country, cable news stations in the U.S. appeared unprepared to cover the breaking news event, but Carvin tweeted over 800 times, "recording the oral history in real time." He was profiled in Britain's The Guardian newspaper as "the man who tweets revolutions".

The Daily Dot recognized Carvin as second only to online hacktivist group Anonymous in his influence on Twitter in the year 2011. In its writeup of Carvin, the Dot compared him to Edward R. Murrow, whose radio coverage of the London Blitz established him as a household name in the United States during World War II.

On January 25, 2013, Carvin conducted an AMA on Reddit to promote his new book, Distant Witness.

Carvin donated the iPhone he used to tweet during the Arab Spring to the American History Museum.

Notes and references

External links
 Andy Carvin's personal website
 Digital Divide Network
 PBS learning.now  (blog)
 EdWeb: Exploring Technology & School Reform
 The Gates @ Central Park
 Mobcasting (blog)
 Katrina Aftermath (blog)
 TsunamiHelp (blog)
 Mind the Gap: The Digital Divide as the Civil Rights Issue of the New Millennium 1999 essay by Andy Carvin, Multimedia Schools magazine
 Andy Carvin's Twitter feed

1971 births
Digital divide activists
Living people
NPR personalities
Non-profit technology
Northwestern University alumni
Journalists from Boston
Journalists from Florida
American reporters and correspondents
Video bloggers
American male bloggers
American bloggers
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American YouTubers
Shorty Award winners

Andy Carvin


Bertram Bank (September 1, 1914 – June 22, 2009) was an American politician, war hero and radio pioneer who was best known as the founder of the Alabama Football Radio Network.  He was also the founder of two Tuscaloosa, Alabama radio stations (WTBC and WUOA) and wrote the book, Back From the Living Dead, about his experiences as a POW and Bataan Death March survivor.

Life and career

Bank was born in Montgomery, Alabama, to Sam and Bessie Bank. He earned a law degree from the University of Alabama in 1940. After graduating, he received a commission as a second lieutenant through the University's ROTC program and was assigned to the 27th Bomb Group. Bank served in the Pacific Theater during World War II. He was captured  in 1942 and held as a POW by Japan while serving in the Philippines, surviving the Bataan Death March in the process. During his time as POW he was held at Camp O'Donnell (Cabanatuan) before being relocated to the island of Mindanao. He was back at Cabanatuan by the time of its liberation by US Rangers near the end of the war.

After the war, Bank retired from the Air Force with the rank of Major and returned to Tuscaloosa and took over WTBC as owner and general manager.  He then secured the rights to broadcast Alabama Crimson Tide football in 1953 and built a network of affiliates that became the Alabama Football Radio Network.

Bank served as producer of the network until 1985 and held the title of producer emeritus of the AFRN and its successors until his death.  He was known for watching games from the broadcast booth up to the 2008 season before his death, being acknowledged by Alabama Radio play by play commentator Eli Gold every broadcast.  Bank was also a pioneer in broadcasting basketball, having his station become the first in the state to broadcast a game over the air.

Bank also served as a member of both the Alabama House of Representatives and Alabama Senate.  He served two terms in the State House, first being elected in 1966, and one term as a State Senator, being elected in 1974. He chose to forgo a second term in the State Senate to unsuccessfully run for Lieutenant Governor in 1978.

His most famous accomplishments while serving in the Alabama Legislature included the introduction of legislation that made it a felony to burn an American Flag or draft card, making Alabama the first state in the nation to address the issue, as well as legislation requiring the philosophy of patriotism to be taught in Alabama public schools.

Death

Bank lived in Tuscaloosa until he died on June 22, 2009, aged 94, shortly after being admitted into a local hospital. He was survived by two sons and four grandchildren.

Awards and honors
Purple Heart
Bronze Star
Alabama Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame and Lifetime Achievement Award
National Veterans Award

References

Tuscaloosa News
Bert Bank
Press release
Alabama Broadcasters Association

1914 births
2009 deaths
Politicians from Montgomery, Alabama
Politicians from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Members of the Alabama House of Representatives
Alabama state senators
Bataan Death March prisoners
United States Air Force officers
United States Army officers
Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama
20th-century American politicians

Bert Bank


St Francis Xavier's College is a boys' Catholic secondary school in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The school was moved from Shanghai in 1955. Most lessons are taught in English, but there are lessons taught in Mandarin and Cantonese (both dialects of Chinese) as well.

History
Founded by the Jesuit Fathers in Shanghai in 1874, the Marist Brothers owned the college starting from 1985. Due to Communist China's religion policies, the brothers moved to Hong Kong in 1949 and the school was rebuilt and classes started on 9 December 1955. Now the school has more than 700 students and 50 teachers (including one foreign teacher). Mr Mario Leung, the current principal, was appointed in 2021.

Alumni
Bruce Lee, famous martial artist.
Samuel Hui, Cantopop singer.

Trivia
Students usually call themselves "Xaverians".
The school motto is "Gentle in manner, Resolute in action" (Latin: Suaviter in modo Fortiter in re).
It is one of the three schools in Hong Kong to allow students wear multi-colored sports shoes.
Every time when there's a prayer, it ends with:

Lead: Saint Marcellin Champagnat,

Answer: Pray for us;

Lead: Saint Francis Xavier,

Answer: Pray for us.
The school badge is made of a cross (meaning Jesus) in the middle, a Marist Brothers logo on the above left, a book (meaning knowledge) and an oil lamp (meaning light) on the above right, inclined stripes of white and green (meaning purity and hope) on the below right, the words 「SFX」 on the below left, and a school motto written in Latin at the bottom.

Other websites
Official website
1874 establishments
1870s establishments in Asia
Schools in Hong Kong

St. Francis Xavier's College


Ben Townley (born 12 December 1984) is a former professional motocross and supercross racer originating from Taupō, New Zealand. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 2001 to 2005 and in the AMA Motocross Championships from 2006 to 2013. Townley is notable for winning the 2004 MX2 world championship.

Career results

Biography
After claiming multiple National championships in his native New Zealand, Townley moved to Europe and began campaigning the FIM MX2-GP World Championships. He rode for the German PHASE Suzuki team in 2001, but after internal troubles, left the team towards the end of the season and joined the Vangani Racing team. In 2002, this team became known as the "Dream Team" as Townley and teammates Tyla Rattray and Tanel Leok, all still teenagers, scorched to top 10 results in GP after GP. Townley started the 2002 off with a second place at the GP of Valkenswaard, and after a few more podium finishes, he scored his first GP victory at the GP of Sweden at Uddevalla. He continued his good form at the Champ KTM team in 2003, and made his mark as a definite world championship contender.

In 2004, riding the prototype KTM 250-SXF four stroke, Townley won the MX2 World Championship over teammates future champ Antonio Cairoli and teammates Tyla Rattray and Marc DeReuver. Townley had reached a new level of speed and endurance, winning nearly every race when his prototype machine did not fail.

2005 saw Townley move up to the MX1-GP class aboard a 450cc KTM. Townley won several GPs in the premier division in that rookie season, and was a consistent threat for the win by the end of the year. He finished third behind champion Stefan Everts and fellow New Zealander Josh Coppins.

Townley and Coppins represented their country at the 2005 Motocross des Nations in Ernée, France. It was there that Townley first faced the premier American riders who typically contend only their National championships. Townley was superb, running faster than Kevin Windham, Mickael Pichon and Stefan Everts, and was only defeated by American champion Ricky Carmichael, who is widely considered the fastest rider in the world.

After that, Townley moved to the United States and settled near Carmichael's home in Tallahassee, Florida. He was a member of the Monster Energy/Pro Circuit team and raced a Kawasaki KX250F in the Motocross/Supercross Lites class. In 2006 Townley suffered a severe knee injury while preparing for the Supercross Lites East championship and subsequently sat out the majority of the 2006 season.

Townley returned to the Supercross championship in 2007 and won the 2007 Supercross Lites East championship over rookie Ryan Dungey and Ryan Morias. Ben Townley and teammate Ryan Villopoto kept the points race close during the 2007 Motocross series with Townley finishing a close second to his teammate.

In 2008, Townley signed with Team Honda Red Bull Racing to contest the 2008 Supercross/Motocross season riding the Honda CR250F for the Supercross series and the CR450F for the Motocross series. Due to breaking his foot while training for the 2008 Monster Energy AMA East Coast Supercross Lites series Ben was not able to compete. Because of this, Benjamin Coisey from France, took his spot for the East Coast Lites series racing for Red Bull Honda.

Townley has since earned a reputation as a rider who is prone to injury and eventually announced his retirement from professional motocross competition in early 2013. However, in 2015, he agreed to come out of retirement to represent New Zealand in the 2015 Motocross des Nations in Ernée, France where he finished 6th and 2nd in his respective races.

In 2018 Townley again came out of retirement to race the SX Open at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland. He did the practice session and raced the ANZAC Vs Abroad race but never raced The heats or main event.

References

External links
BenTownleyMX.com - Official site

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Taupō
New Zealand motocross riders

Ben Townley


The Thuringii, Toringi or Teuriochaimai were an early Germanic people that appeared during the late Migration Period in the Harz Mountains of central Germania, a region still known today as Thuringia. It became a kingdom, which came into conflict with the Merovingian Franks, and it later came under their influence and Frankish control. The name is still used for one of modern Germany's federal states (Bundesländer).

First appearances

The Thuringians do not appear in classical Roman texts under that name, but some have suggested that they were the remnants of the Suebic Hermanduri, the last part of whose name (-duri) could represent the same sound as (-thuri) and the Germanic suffix -ing, suggests a meaning of "descendants of (the [Herman]duri)". This people were living near the Marcomanni. Tacitus, in his Germania, describes their homeland as being where the Elbe starts, but also having colonies at the Danube, and even within the Roman province of Rhaetia.

Claudius Ptolemy mentions neither the Hermunduri nor the Thuringians in his geography, but instead the Teuriochaemae (Turones; see list of ancient Germanic peoples and tribes), who are described as living just north of the Sudetes mountains in, what is thought to be, the Ore Mountains. These may also be connected to later Thuringians. ("Chaemae" may represent a version of the Germanic word for "home". Ptolemy also mentions a people called the Bainochaimai, located to the west of the Elbe. He also apparently spells the name of the Chamavi in a similar way.) The formation of this people may have had also been influenced by two longer-known tribes more associated with the eastern bank of the lower Elbe river, northeast of Thuringia, because the Carolingian law code written for them was called the "law of the Angles and Varini that is the Thuringians". Much earlier, in his Germania for example, Tacitus had grouped these two tribes among the more distant Suebic tribes, living beyond the Elbe, and near a sea where they worshiped Herthus. (Pliny the Elder had listed the Varini as a Vandalic, or East Germanic tribe, rather than Suebian.) These two tribes are among Germanic groups known to have been found north of the Danube in this period. Procopius in his Gothic Wars describes the land of the Varini as being south of the Danes, but north of the Slavs, who were in turn north of the uncultivated lands which lay north of the Danube. Procopius describes a marriage alliance between the Angles of Britain and the Varni in the sixth century.

The name of the Thuringians appears to be first mentioned in the veterinary treatise of Vegetius, written early in the fifth century.

They appear in some lists of the peoples involved in Attila's invasion of Gaul. Walter Pohl has also proposed that they may be the same as the Turcilingi (or Torcolingi) who were one of the tribes near the middle Danube after the collapse of the empire of Attila, to whom they had apparently all been subject. They are specifically associated with Odoacer, who later became King of Italy, and are sometimes thought to have formed a part of the Sciri. Other tribes in this region at the time included the Rugii and the Heruls. Sidonius Apollinaris, in his seventh poem, explicitly lists them among the allies who fought under Attila when he entered Gaul in 451. During the reign of Childeric I, Gregory of Tours and Fredegar record that the Frankish King married the runaway wife of the King of the Thuringians, but the story may be distorted. (For example, the area of Tongeren, now in Belgium, may have been intended.)

More clearly, correspondence is recorded with a kingdom of Thuringians by Procopius and Cassiodorus during the reigns of Theoderic the Great (454–526) and Clovis I (approx. 466–511), after the downfall of Attila and Odoacer.

Political history

The Thuringii established an empire in the late fifth century. It reached its territorial peak in the first half of the sixth before it was conquered by the Franks in 531–532. Examination of Thuringian grave sites reveal cranial features which suggest the strong presence of Hunnic women or slaves, perhaps indicating that many Thuringians took Hunnic wives or Hunnic slaves following the collapse of the Hunnic Empire. There is also evidence from jewellery found in graves that the Thuringians sought marriages with Ostrogothic and Lombard women. Under the leadership of Alboin, a large group of Thuringii joined the Lombards on their migration into Italy. The Lombard king Agilulf (590–616) was of Thuringian descent.

After their conquest, the Thuringii were placed under Frankish dukes, but they rebelled and had regained their independence by the late seventh century under Radulf. Towards the end of this century, parts of Thuringia came under Saxon rule.

By the time of Charles Martel and Saint Boniface, they were again subject to the Franks and ruled by Frankish dukes, with their seat at Würzburg in the south. Under Martel, the Thuringian dukes' authority was extended over a part of Austrasia and the Bavarian plateau. The valleys of the Lahn, Main, and Neckar rivers were included. The Naab formed the south-eastern border of Thuringia at the time. The Werra and Fulda valleys were within it also and it reached as far as the Saxon plain in the north. Its central location in Germania, beyond the Rhine, was the reason it became the point d'appui of Boniface's mission work.

The Thuringii had a separate identity as late as 785–786, when one of their leading men, Hardrad, led an abortive insurrection against Charlemagne. The Carolingians codified the Thuringian legal customs (but perhaps did not use them extensively) as the Lex Thuringorum and continued to exact a tribute of pigs, presumably a Merovingian imposition, from the province. In the tenth century, under the Ottonians, the centre of Thuringian power lay in the north-east, near Erfurt. As late as the end of the tenth century, the porcine tribute was still being accepted by the King of Germany.

Ecclesiastical history
Christianity had reached the Thuringii in the fifth century, but their exposure to it was limited. Their real Christianisation took place, alongside the ecclesiastical organisation of their territory, during the early and mid eighth century under Boniface, who felled their "sacred oak" at Geismar in 724, abolishing the vestiges of their paganism.

In the 1020s, Aribo, Archbishop of Mainz, began the minting of coins at Erfurt, the oldest market town in Thuringia with a history going back to the Merovingian period. The economy, especially trade (such as with the Slavs), greatly increased after that.

Social history
The Thuringian nobility, which had an admixture of Frankish, Thuringian, and Saxon blood, was not as landed as that of Francia. There was also a larger population of free peasant farmers than in Francia, though there was still a large number of serfs. The obligations of serfs there were also generally less oppressive. There were also fewer clergymen before Boniface came. There was a small number of artisans and merchants, mostly trading with the Slavs to the east. The town of Erfurt was the easternmost trading post in Frankish territory at the time.

Historiography
The history of the Thuringii is best known from the writings concerning their conquerors, the Franks. Gregory of Tours, a Gallo-Roman, includes the nearest account in time of the fall of the Thuringian Empire. Widukind of Corvey, writing in tenth-century Saxony, inundates his similar account with various legends.

The Thuringii make brief appearances in contemporary Italian sources when their activities affect the land south of the Alps. Procopius, the Eastern Roman author, mentions them and speaks of their fall. The seventh-century Origo Gentis Langobardorum mentions a king of the Thuringii, Fisud, as a contemporary of Theudebert I.

Sources
Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991.
Thompson, James Westfall. Feudal Germany. 2 vol. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1928.
Schutz, Herbert. The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.

See also

List of Germanic peoples
Barbarian invasions
Turcilingi

Notes

History of Thuringia
Harz
Early Germanic peoples
German tribes
Barbarian kingdoms

Thuringii


was the 21st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yūryaku to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Yūryaku-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
According to the Kojiki and Nihonshoki, Yūryaku was the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Ingyō.

He was the brother of Emperor Ankō.

Yūryaku was followed on the throne by his son, who would come to be known as Emperor Seinei.

Events of Yūryaku's life
Very little is known about the events of Yūryaku's life and rule.  Only limited facts can be studied before the rule of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

After Ankō's death, Yūryaku overcame others in the struggle for power. He became the new emperor.

Yūryaku is known as a patron of silk. It is said that he encouraged growing mulberry bushes for silkworms to eat.

Poems that are said to be Yūryaku's are included in the Manyōshū.  A number of his verses are kept in the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki.

He is credited with bringing many artisans from Korea to Japan.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Yūryaku.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Yūryaku Seamount
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Yūryaku


The 2001 Estoril Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Estoril Court Central in Oeiras in Portugal and was part of the International Series of the 2001 ATP Tour and of Tier IV of the 2001 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 9 April until 15 April 2001. Juan Carlos Ferrero and Ángeles Montolio won the singles titles.

Finals

Men's singles

 Juan Carlos Ferrero defeated  Félix Mantilla 7–6(7–3), 4–6, 6–3
 It was Ferrero's 2nd title of the year and the 3rd of his career.

Women's singles

 Ángeles Montolio defeated  Elena Bovina 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
 It was Montolio's 1st title of the year and the 1st of her career.

Men's doubles

 Radek Štěpánek /  Michal Tabara defeated  Donald Johnson /  Nenad Zimonjić 6–4, 6–1
 It was Štěpánek's 1st title of the year and the 2nd of his career. It was Tabara's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

Women's doubles

 Květa Hrdličková /  Barbara Rittner defeated  Tina Križan /  Katarina Srebotnik 3–6, 7–5, 6–1
 It was Hrdličková's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career. It was Rittner's 1st title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

External links
 Official website
 ATP Tournament Profile
 WTA Tournament Profile

2001 ATP Tour
2001 WTA Tour
2001 in Portuguese tennis

2001 Estoril Open


The Rogers Commission Report was created by a Presidential Commission charged with investigating the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster during its 10th mission, STS-51-L.

Outcome
The report, released and submitted to President Ronald Reagan on 9 June 1986, both determined the cause of the disaster that took place 73 seconds after liftoff, and urged NASA to improve and install new safety features on the shuttles and in its organizational handling of future missions.

Commission members

William P. Rogers, chairman and former United States Secretary of State (under Richard Nixon) and United States Attorney General (under Dwight Eisenhower)
Neil Armstrong (Vice Chairman), retired astronaut and first human to walk on the Moon (Apollo 11)
David Campion Acheson, diplomat and son of former Secretary of State Dean Acheson
Eugene E. Covert, aeronautics expert and former Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force
Richard P. Feynman, theoretical physicist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert B. Hotz, Editor, Aviation Week And Space Technology
Donald J. Kutyna, Air Force general with experience in ICBMs and Shuttle management
Sally K. Ride, American engineer, astrophysicist and first female American astronaut in space, flew on Challenger as part of missions STS-7 and STS-41-G
Robert W. Rummel, Trans World Airlines executive and aviation consultant to NASA
Joe Sutter, engineer for Boeing and part of the team that developed the Boeing 747 aircraft
Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr, solar physicist and Stanford University professor
Albert D. Wheelon, physicist and developer of Central Intelligence Agency's aerial surveillance program
Charles E. Yeager, retired Air Force general and the first person to break the sound barrier in level flight
Alton G. Keel Jr., executive director of the commission

Other websites
 Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident – the Rogers Commission report on the accident (NASA.gov parsed HTML version)
 Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident – pdf version (9.85Mb), compiled by Thomas ('thomasafb') - Volume I only
 Hearing on the Space Shuttle Accident and the Rogers Commission Report.  219 pages (14.2 MB) U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space. Date: 99th Congress, 2nd Session, February 18, June 10 and 17, 1986. See also GPO Challenger index page.
  – Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Appendix F – Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle by R. P. Feynman

1986 in the United States

Rogers Commission Report


Cranmore (from the Gaelic Crann Mór meaning Big Tree) is a large local authority housing development in Sligo, it is situated on the eastern side of Sligo town. It is the largest housing estate in the west of Ireland with 511 houses, it was built in five phases from the early seventies to 1985. There are 246 houses owned by the local authority, a further 213 houses in private ownership and 52 houses built by the housing agency, Cluid. Cranmore is made up of 15 blocks of houses or "drives" as they are known locally, including Cranmore Place, Cranmore Drive, Cranmore Villas, O'Dwyer Court, Devins Drive, Geldof Drive, McNeill Drive, Langan Drive, Racecourse View (originally Banks Drive), Carroll Drive, Benson Drive, Yeats Drive, Collery Drive, John Fallon Drive and Joe McDonnell Drive.

The estate has two main access points with entrances from the Cranmore road to the north and Cleveragh road to the south, it also has walking entrances on Cranmore Place, Joe McDonnell Drive and Collery Drive.

There has always been a small crime problem on the estate with car theft, muggings and breaking and entering the most common; this has led to the installation of 10 CCTV cameras funded by the rapid program located around the estate for crime prevention and there is often a Garda Síochána presence in the estate.

The estate has had three unsolved brutal murders in recent times including two men gunned down and the third attacked with a hatchet. Houses on the estate have been subject to gun attacks and there have been numerous drug seizures by Gardaí throughout the area's history.

Population
With approximately 494 occupied houses and a population of between 1,600 and 1,700, Cranmore is as large as county Sligo's second and third largest towns, the estate  having a larger population than both Ballymote (with 1,229) and Tubbercurry (with 1,171). It has been over 30 years since the first houses were completed  and in that time it has become one of the largest estates west of the Shannon.

These figures are based on the following: East Ward population (2006 Census): 5,334. Electorate [All those over the age of 18] of East Ward (2009 Register of Electors): 4,445 of which 941 are registered in Cranmore Estate.

Sport
The Cranmore area has two soccer pitches, Sean Fallon Park and Ray McSharry Park, which are home to local teams Abbey United, City United, City Gaels and the Sligo Leitrim League. There are also basketball and tennis courts, however these are in a dilapidated state. The area is next to the Mercy College which facilities include indoor basketball courts, running track and camogie pitch and Cranmore is located near the Sligo Racecourse and Sligo Sports Complex.

The Community Sport Development Officer has worked closely with the Cranmore Regeneration Project and the Resource House Project to develop new sport and recreation programmes for young people in the area.

Community
Cranmore has a strong community with many clubs and projects.   Cranmore Community Cooperative Society are the official voice for the Cranmore People in the regeneration process, they run many activities including a youth club as well as host various community education programmes and events.  Other groups include Cranmore/Abbeyquarter Centre, City United Football club, ABQ Men's groups, two women's groups, a senior citizens club and 10 resident associations.

Street Names

The street names within Cranmore honour both local and national figures, who include:
 John Fallon (John Fallon Drive) who was a member of the local council and once was mayor of Sligo, his son Sean Fallon was a Celtic F.C. legend.
 William Butler Yeats (Yeats Drive) who was a famous Irish poet and spent most of his childhood in Sligo.
 Joe McDonnell (Joe McDonnell Drive) was a volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), and who died in the 1981 Irish hunger strike.
 Bob Geldof (Geldof Drive) is an Irish singer, songwriter, actor and political activist who organised Live Aid and Live 8

References

Geography of County Sligo

Cranmore, Sligo


Cecil Lowry-Corry, 6th Earl Belmore (20 March 1873 – 2 March 1949) was the son of Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore and the brother of Armar Lowry-Corry, 5th Earl Belmore.

Educated at Wellington College he held the offices of justice of the peace for County Tyrone and County Fermanagh, deputy lieutenant of County Fermanagh, High Sheriff of County Tyrone (1916) and High Sheriff of County Fermanagh (1922). He was also chairman of Fermanagh County Council from 1943 and then of Enniskillen Rural District Council. He was also a member of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland and honorary secretary of the Clogher Diocesan Fund.

He succeeded to the title on 12 February 1948 on the death of his brother and died just over a year later aged 76. He was succeeded by his cousin.

External links

1873 births
1949 deaths
High Sheriffs of County Fermanagh
High Sheriffs of Tyrone
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Fermanagh
Irish Anglicans
Members of Fermanagh County Council
Cecil
Earls Belmore

Cecil Lowry-Corry, 6th Earl Belmore


Winners and nominees

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Records
Most awarded actors: Jorge Poza and Jesús Ochoa, 2 times.
Most nominated actors: Jorge Poza, Luis Roberto Guzmán, René Casados, Jesús Ochoa, Alejandro Ibarra and Pablo Valentín with 2 nominations.
 Actors winning all nominations: Jorge Poza, Jesús Ochoa, and Arturo Barba.
 Most nominated actors without a win: René Casados, Alejandro Ibarra and Pablo Valentín with 2 nominations.
 Younger winner: Jorge Poza, 24 years old.
 Youngest nominee: Héctor Suárez Gomis, 23 years old.
 Oldest winner: Jesús Ochoa, 54 years old.
 Oldest nominee: Aarón Hernán, 84 years old.
 Actor winning after short time: Jesús Ochoa by (Para volver a amar, 2011) and (Por ella soy Eva, 2013), 2 years difference.
 Actor winning after long time: Jorge Poza by (El Manantial, 2002) and (Alma de Hierro, 2009), 7 years difference.
 Actors winning this category, despite having been as a main villain: Salvador Pineda (Mi pequeña Soledad, 1991)
 Actors was nominated in this category, despite having played as a main villain:
 Guillermo García Cantú (La intrusa, 2002)
 Agustín Arana (Palabra de mujer, 2009)
 David Zepeda (Soy tu dueña, 2011)
 Rafael Sánchez Navarro (La candidata, 2017)
Foreign winning actors:
 Otto Sirgo from Cuba
 Luis Roberto Guzmán from Puerto Rico

References

External links
TVyNovelas at esmas.com
TVyNovelas Awards at the univision.com

Co-lead

TVyNovelas Award for Best Co-lead Actor


Joaquín Turina's Piano Quintet in G minor, Op. 1 was composed in 1907 at the age of 24 while he studied at the Schola Cantorum in Paris with Vincent d'Indy, and it was the composer's first published composition. It was premiered on 6 May that year in the Salle Aeolian by the Parent Quartet, to whose leader, Armand Parent, it was dedicated, while the first Spanish performance took place on 22 September in Sevilla. Ten days later the Quintet was awarded a prize in the Salon d'Automne by a jury composed of Bourgault-Ducoudray, Bruneau, Fauré, d'Indy, Magnard, Maus, Parent, and Pierné.

The composition, lasting c.30 minutes, is inscribed in the Franckian tradition. It consists of four movements which do not follow strictly the traditional sonata scheme as Turina fuses the scherzo and slow movement and precedes the sonata-allegro with a slow fugue. The movements are marked in Spanish, French and Italian:

Fuga lenta
Animé
Andante — Scherzo
Final

Turina didn't favour the Quintet's performance in later stages of his career as he considered it an impersonal work. It was recovered in 1982 in the composer's centenary commemorations.

Discography
C. Busch (vn), Menuhin Festival Piano Quartet. Claves, 1994
B. Ambrosini, Greenwich Quartet. Almaviva, 2001

References

External links

1907 compositions
Compositions by Joaquín Turina
Turina

Piano Quintet (Turina)


The North American Millers' Association is a non-profit trade association for the wheat, corn, oat, and rye milling industries. It comprises companies operating grain mills in the United States and Canada and the companies providing products and services to the mills.

The North American Millers' Association is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Association was founded in April 1998, when the former Millers National Federation (wheat flour millers, established 1902), the American Corn Millers' Federation (corn dry millers, established 1918), and Protein Grain Products International (processors of grain products used in U.S. food aid programs) merged to become the North American Millers' Association. The American Oat Growers Association merged with the organization in 2000.

References

External links

Trade associations based in the United States
Food industry trade groups
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.

North American Millers' Association


Jafar ibn Muhammad (; 702-765), also known as As-Sadiq (The Truthful) was the sixth Shia imam. He was the grandson of Zayn al-Abidin and the descendent of Ali ibn Abi Talib on the side of his father and Abu Bakr on the side of his mother. He is highly respected among both the Sunnis and the Shias. He was a spiritual person, hadith teller and a jurist.
After the death of Jafar ibn Muhammad, division occurred among Shias on the question of next Imam. Some said that his eldest son, Ismail ibn Jaffar (who had died before his father) to be the next imam, while the majority of Shiites said that his third son Musa al Qazim should be the  next imam. The first group became known as the Ismailis and the second, larger group was named Jafari or the Twelvers.

References

Imams
History of Islam
700s births
765 deaths

Jafar ibn Muhammad


The Natural World Museum (NWM) was a mobile institution based in San Francisco, California that presented art as a catalyst to inspire and engage people in environmental awareness and action.

The Natural World Museum partnered with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to present art exhibitions each year for World Environment Day as part of their Art for the Environment initiative. NWM designed curatorial programs that offered new and creative perspectives on specific environmental themes such as green cities, desertification, and global climate change. These exhibitions featured both emerging and established artists and were hosted by international venues such as the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, Norway.

NWM was an important source of commissions of new environmental art. For the 2007 World Environment Day exhibit, Envisioning Change: Melting Ice / A Hot Topic, NWM commissioned Alfio Bonnano to create a site-specific outdoor nature installation entitled "Ark", depicting a boat balanced in the treetops. The piece symbolizes the effects of global warming.

In 2007, NWM published a book entitled Art in Action: Nature, Creativity, and Our Collective Future, with a foreword by Achim Steiner, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, and containing artworks by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Joseph Beuys, Ed Burtynsky, Ken Rinaldo, and Cai Guo-Qiang, among others.

As part of NWM's educational outreach programs, hundreds of children and youth from all over the world participated in the Planet Art program; the program's purpose was to instill environmental awareness in the future stewards of the earth. NWM also held an ongoing lecture series and annual international symposium that bridged the worlds of art, science, and the environment, featuring guest speakers such as Al Gore, Ernest Callenbach, Hunter Lovins, Joanna Macy, Daryl Hannah, and Wangari Maathai, Nobel Laureate 2004.

Mia Hanak was the Founding Executive Director, from 2001 to 2008. In May 2009, NWM was officially closed and is no longer a functioning museum.

See also
Museum of the Earth

References
 Natural World Museum (2007). Art in Action: Nature, Creativity, and Our Collective Future. San Rafael: Earth Aware Editions, .

External links
 United Nations Environment Programme
 World Environment Day 2007
 Alfio Bonnano

Museums in San Francisco
Installation art
Land art
Environment of California
Defunct museums in California
Art museums established in 2001
Art museums disestablished in 2009
2001 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California

Natural World Museum


John Montagu or Mountague (1655  23 February 1728/29) was an English churchman and academic.

Life
He was the fourth son of Admiral Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, who was killed at the Battle of Solebay in 1672, and his wife Jemima Crew, daughter of John Crew, 1st Baron Crew. Together with his twin brother, Oliver, he was initially educated at Huntingdon Grammar School, from where they were summoned to meet Samuel Pepys (a family friend):

The two twins were sent for from schoole, at Mr. Taylor's, to come to see me, and I took them into the garden, and there, in one of the summer-houses, did examine them, and do find them so well advanced in their learning, that I was amazed at it: they repeating a whole ode without book out of Horace, and did give me a very good account of any thing almost, and did make me very readily very good Latin, and did give me good account of their Greek grammar, beyond all possible expectation; and so grave and manly as I never saw, I confess, nor could have believed; so that they will be fit to go to Cambridge in two years at most. They are both little, but very like one another, and well-looked children.

The boys transferred to Westminster School and thence to Trinity College, Cambridge, where John entered as a fellow-commoner on 12 April 1672, proceeded MA. jure natalium, 1673 and was elected a fellow in 1674.

In 1680, Montagu was made master of Sherburn Hospital by his relative Bishop Crewe, and in 1683 a prebend of Durham. On 12 May 1683, King James also made him Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He may have been provided with the mastership as a reward for his father's service. On 27 September 1686, he was awarded a Doctorate by Royal mandate. He was promoted to Vice-chancellor in 1687. From 1695 to 1702, he was Clerk of the Closet for William III. In either 1699 or 1700, he resigned the mastership of Trinity and became Dean of Durham, which he kept until his death in 1728. Montagu was admitted a member of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society on 22 August 1723. He died unmarried, at his house in Bedford Row, Holborn, London, on 23 February 1728, aged 73, and was interred at Barnwell, Northamptonshire, the burying-place of his family.

Trinity College is said to have declined in numbers or reputation during Montagu's mastership, on account of the relaxation of discipline which his easy temper encouraged. He was a liberal benefactor to the college, subscribing £228 towards the cost of the new library, and allowing £170, due to him as master when he resigned, to be expended in purchasing furniture for the master's lodge. This sum had been claimed by his successor, Dr. Richard Bentley, and the above compromise was not effected until 1702, when the thanks of the society were given to Montagu, and his name inscribed in the register of benefactors by the master. In 1720, when Bentley was projecting an edition of the New Testament, Montagu lent him some manuscripts from the Chapter Library at Durham.

References

1650s births
1728 deaths
John Montagu (Trinity)
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
Deans of Durham
Younger sons of earls
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Clerks of the Closet
English twins

John Montagu (Trinity)


London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Jubilee Class 5596 (BR number 45596) Bahamas is a preserved British steam locomotive. It is named after The Bahamas.

The locomotive was built as a standard Jubilee Class in 1934 by the North British Locomotive Company for the London Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS). In May 1961, under the ownership of British Railways, Bahamas was the recipient of several experimental modifications aimed at improving the steam engine. In July 1966, Bahamas was withdrawn from traffic. A preservation society was founded and raised the money to purchase it from British Rail to prevent it from being scrapped. After repairs by the Hunslet Engine Company in Leeds Bahamas was transported to Dinting Railway Museum, near Glossop, Derbyshire.

After British Rail's ban on steam locomotives ended, Bahamas was permitted to run on the national rail network. In October 1972, Bahamas hauled its first excursion special, proving there was public demand. A year later, it was removed from service when its boiler certificate expired. In 1988, it returned to steam after overhaul. It was withdrawn from mainline use after its ticket expired. Between 1997 and 2013, Bahamas alternated between public displays and storage. Another overhaul began during 2013 and the locomotive returned to mainline operations in early 2019.

History
5596 was constructed in 1934 by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow for the London Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS). It was a standard Jubilee Class locomotive, designed by William Stanier, the chief mechanical engineer of the LMS. In June 1936, 5596 received the name Bahamas after the islands in the Atlantic Ocean which were part of the British Empire.

Following the nationalisation of Britain's railway companies in January 1948 Bahamas, which had become the property of British Railways, was renumbered to 45596, and transferred to Edge Hill, Liverpool.

In May 1961, Bahamas was modified during a scheduled overhaul to participate in a trial being conducted with the aim of improving the performance and extending the service life of steam locomotives. Changes made included installing a double blastpipe and exhaust system which brought a 30 per cent increase in the boiler's steaming capacity and enabled the use of poorer quality coal. Before this, another Jubilee, 45722 Defence, had received similar design changes for testing in the late 1950s; the role of Bahamas was to provide an assessment on the day-to-day impact of such alterations.

On its return to traffic, Bahamas was based at Carlisle for a brief period, before being transferred to Stockport in July 1962. By 1962, enthusiasm had waned for the development of improved steam locomotives and trials were terminated by the end of the year. In July 1966, Bahamas was withdrawn from traffic; in its final months, it had been used to haul farewell excursions for enthusiasts. Following its withdrawal, the locomotive was stored while officials deliberated on the best means to dispose of it. For some time, it lingered on the scrap line while the manner of its disposal was considered.

Keen to save Bahamas, several members of the public came together to attempt to purchase it with the hope of using the locomotive to operate special excursion trains. British Rail showed a lack of enthusiasm when it was approached by the preservation society as the group encountered great difficulty in raising the funds. In early 1967, British Rail had agreed the sale of Bahamas to a scrap merchant in Hull. The society acquired enough money, largely due to the offer of a sympathetic businessman of a £3,000 loan to cover the purchase and high-level intervention within British Rail resulted in the sale to the Bahamas Locomotive Society.

Allocations

The shed locations of 45596 on particular dates.

Bahamas Locomotive Society

In 1967, Bahamas was purchased from British Railways for preservation by the Bahamas Locomotive Society. After purchase the engine was sent to the Hunslet Engine Company in Leeds for repairs and was repainted in LMS Crimson lake livery. The society secured the lease of a section of track to Dinting railway station near Glossop in Derbyshire where it established the Dinting Railway Museum around a former Great Central steam shed. This was the engine's first operational base in its preservation years.

In the early years of preservation, British Rail did not allow access to the rail network because of a ban on steam locomotives. The ban was lifted in 1971 and Bahamas was one of several locomotives selected to run on the national railway network. The locomotive hauled an enthusiasts' special in October 1972. Public demand for such excursions was proved and more excursions were run by preservation groups. Bahamas was removed from service in 1973 due to the expiry of its boiler certificate.

The society began overhauling the locomotive and its boiler to return it to mainline-running condition.  During this overhaul the livery was returned to the British Rail green scheme it had worn in regular service (this was authentic for its double chimney). The overhaul took until 1988. It returned to mainline excursion trips and occasional visits to other heritage railways.

In 1990, the Bahamas Locomotive Society relocated to Ingrow West railway station near Keighley in West Yorkshire. In 1994 the engine's mainline ticket expired, with the engine spending the next 3 years running on heritage railways until its 10-year boiler ticket expired at the end of 1997. For the better part of the following fifteen years, Bahamas spent much of its time being moved between storage and static display at locations such as the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway's museums at Ingrow and Oxenhope as well as the National Railway Museum in York.

Since 2018, the Bahamas Locomotive Society has been chaired by Alderman Keith Whitmore.

In Sept 2022 to mark the 40th anniversary of the Falklands War in 1982, 45596 had a temporary change in identity to become scrapped classmate 45606 Falkland Islands.

Return to steam

In January 2011, an appeal, "Steam's Last Blast", was launched to raise funds for another overhaul to modern main line standards. Sufficient funds were raised from supporters and with the aid of a Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) grant of £775,800.

In July 2013, work commenced on a major boiler overhaul to mainline standard at Tyseley Locomotive Works in  Birmingham with the aim of returning it to traffic during 2017/2018. The engine made its first moves and appearance at the Tyseley at 50 open weekend in Sept 2018 and once work completed in January 2019 alongside its light and loaded test runs the locomotive returned to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in February prior to mainline operations starting the same month. 45596 worked "The Bahamas Renaissance" its first railtour for 25 years on 9 February 2019, the tour originated at Oxenhope on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway and ran both ways over the Settle and Carlisle line via Ribblehead and Appleby to Carlisle. Owing to popularity with the first tour being a complete sell-out. A second trip was run the weekend after, this being over the same route and the same itinerary. This tour also became a complete sell-out.

References

External links

 Bahamas Locomotive Society
 Jubilees page
 Railuk database

5596 Bahamas
Preserved London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
Keighley and Worth Valley Railway
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
4-6-0 locomotives

LMS Jubilee Class 5596 Bahamas


A cheese sandwich is a sandwich made with cheese on bread. Typically semi-hard cheeses are used for the filling, such as Cheddar, Red Leicester, or Double Gloucester. A Guardian article called the cheese sandwich a "British lunchtime staple". Using a sandwich toaster or frying pan can transform the cheese sandwich into a cheese toastie.

When a meat sandwich is prepared, the cheese becomes the accompaniment, and the sandwich is known by other names such as ham sandwich, tuna sandwich, etc. If the cheese is melted on such a sandwich, the term melt sandwich is used.

Variants
Popular British variants include the cheese and pickle sandwich, the cheese and tomato sandwich and the cheese and onion sandwich.

A grilled cheese sandwich is a popular American cheese sandwich, in which the sandwich is heated until the cheese melts.

An Italian variation is the carrozza, a mozzarella cheese sandwich coated in egg and flour and fried.

Popularity
By 2014 the cheese sandwich was declining in popularity in the United Kingdom. A survey of 2,000 adults' eating habits by YouGov in December 2014 found that 55% of British adults had not eaten a cheese sandwich during the previous week. In response, in 2015 Anchor Cheddar launched a campaign, using a bus designed to look like a cheese sandwich, to encourage the consumption of this type of food.

In 2017, a survey by YouGov found that 36% of British people said that cheese is their favourite sandwich filling, and in 2018, a survey of 2000 British people, found that a plain cheese sandwich was the most popular type of sandwich. By 2020 however, a similar study showed that the plain cheese sandwich had become less popular and the bacon sandwich was the favourite.

Health warnings
In 2008, the Food Standards Agency warned that one cheese sandwich contains more than half the recommended daily amount of saturated fat.

In 2012, Action on Salt campaigned for cheese sandwiches to come with a health warning. The group reported, that the high quantities of salt, contained in the main ingredients of a cheese sandwich, could lead to children consuming an excessive amount. In response, the Dairy Council said that it was wrong to say that cheese sandwiches are not good for you. Action on Salt later withdrew the press release, citing an error.

Research
A study by Len Fisher at the University of Bristol in 2003 found that the optimum thickness for the filling in a cheese sandwich is dependent on the type of cheese used, and that the sandwich should be made with a light spread of butter or margarine to enhance the flavour of the cheese.
This research has drawn criticism for being "frivolous".

History
While the original invention of the cheese sandwich is not known to be documented, some interpretations of William Shakespeare's 1602 play, The Merry Wives of Windsor, report that the line "I love not the humour of bread and cheese" was the first written reference to a cheese sandwich.

In January 1889, in Greenville, Pennsylvania, Henry Hoffman, George Smith and Teddy Atkins took part in a cheese sandwich eating contest. Hoffman won the contest, eating 16 sandwiches in 15 minutes.

In popular culture

The 1903, British short silent documentary film, called The Cheese Mites, features a man making a cheese sandwich and examining it with a magnifying glass as its main storyline.

See also

 List of sandwiches
 Grilled cheese

References

External links

American sandwiches
British sandwiches
Cheese dishes

World cuisine

Cheese sandwich


The National Council (Consulta Nazionale) was an unelected provisional legislative assembly set up in the Kingdom of Italy after the end of World War II. It fulfilled the roles of parliament until regular elections could be held. It first sat on 25 September 1945 and was dissolved after the national elections on 2 June 1946, which formed the first Constituent Assembly of Italy.

History
The Legislative Decree n. 146 of 5 April 1945 established the National Council, declaring that its purpose was to give opinions and solutions on general problems and on legislative measures promoted by the Italian government. The government was obliged to hear the opinion of the Council on certain matters such as state budget, taxes and electoral laws.

The Council, divided into 10 commissions, ratified, among other laws, the legislative decree that assigned to a popular referendum the choice between monarchy and republic. It also ratified a law that allowed the universal suffrage for the first time in Italian history. The Council approved also an electoral system based on proportional representation, with multi-member constituencies.

Between 25 September 1945 and 9 March 1946 the National Council met a total of 40 times, but some commissions worked until 10 May. After the 1946 general election and referendum the republic was proclaimed. After the formation of the Italian Constituent Assembly, the Council was finally abolished on 24 June 1946.

President

References

External links
www.senato.it

Government agencies established in 1945
1946 disestablishments in Italy
1945 in Italy
1946 in Italy
Italian Parliament

National Council (Italy)


The Karwendel is an international named express train service between Germany and Austria.
The train was named after the Karwendel mountain range forming the German-Austrian border south of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which it passes on the Mittenwald Railway (Karwendelbahn). Introduced in 1930, it is currently labelled as an Intercity-Express train connection operated by Deutsche Bahn AG.

History

Since the opening of the Mittenwald Railway line in 1912, train service was provided to reach the tourist
resorts in the Karwendel range such as Mittenwald and Seefeld in Tirol. First D-Zug express trains ran from 1925 onwards on the electrified Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen railway. In 1930 the Deutsche Reichsbahn introduced the Karwendel-Express, linking Munich with Innsbruck via the scenic Karwendelbahn route through the mountains with the border crossing at Mittenwald. Special passenger cars were built, calling at the 1936 Winter Olympics venues in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The operation ceased in World War II.

After the war, D-Zug service continued from Munich to Seefeld and Innsbruck. In 1969 the Deutsche Bundesbahn reintroduced the Ft Karwendel train using VT 11.5 TEE diesel multiple units. The Saturday only train was classified as package tour touristtrain serving several wintersport resorts along the Karwendelbahn between Garmisch and Seefeld. The service started in Frankfurt am Main, much farther north then the pre-war start at Munich. From the introduction of the Intercity system in 1971 the train was named ICt Karwendel.

In May 1979 a daily Intercity service from Bremen to Innsbruck named IC Karwendel has been introduced, hauled by DB Class 103 and 111 electric locomotives. On 31 May 1987 it was one of the initial EuroCity services. The EuroCity started as far north as Hamburg but its initial southern terminus Innsbruck was already changed to Seefeld by September 1987 and after only one year as EuroCity the train was reconverted into an Intercity.

Since 2008 the Karwendel has been an ICE service using ICE T (DB Class 411) high-speed electric multiple units, with Berlin the northern terminus and serving the region south of Munich only at weekends.

In July 2017, the Murnau Mayor Rolf Beuting was informed that the railway is planning the hiring of the ICE train pair Munich-Innsbruck. Only two train pairs from the Ruhr area and Hamburg-Berlin to Garmisch-Partenkirchen are to remain. The Karwendel would then lose its long-distance train in Mittenwald and Seefeld.
The Deutsche Bahn states as justification that the train is uneconomical because of decreasing numbers of passengers. In addition, he did not fit into the vehicle revolutions after the opening of the  Erfurt-Nuremberg High Speed Railway. The passengers from the north benefited from the 1/2 hours shorter travel time. The mayors of the Bavarian and Tyrolean neighboring communities protest against the decision. They fear that holiday guests, for whom a connection without change is important, will avoid the Karwendel area in the future. According to the mayor, around 25 to 25% of guests currently travel to Mittenwald by train. The service is restored in December 2018.

References

Works cited

International named passenger trains
Named passenger trains of Germany
Named passenger trains of Austria
EuroCity
Intercity Express
Railway services introduced in 1930

Karwendel (train)


Alisyn Camerota is an American broadcast journalist and political commentator for CNN. She formerly was an anchor of CNN's morning show New Day, a co-host of the afternoon edition of CNN Newsroom, she also served as host of CNN Tonight from 2022 to 2023 as well as a presenter at Fox News. Camerota has covered stories nationally and internationally and has twice been nominated for an Emmy Award for news reporting.

Camerota covered the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in Houston, the Paris and Brussels terror attacks and the Parkland school shooting. She interviewed the Parkland student survivors and representatives of the National Rifle Association in the hours after the shooting. Camerota has held dozens of panels with Donald Trump supporters, and is a frequent critic of Trump. Camerota has also covered the Me Too movement.

Outside of her role anchoring New Day, Camerota anchored a number of primetime specials, including Tipping Point: Sexual Harassment in America and The Hunting Ground: Sexual Assault on Campus.

Prior to joining CNN, Camerota worked for many years at Fox News, most notably as part of the Fox & Friends franchise and as co-host of Fox & Friends Weekend. Her first novel, Amanda Wakes Up, about an idealistic young journalist who finds herself with a plum spot at a cable news channel during a crazy presidential race was published by Viking in 2017 and was selected by NPR as one of the best books of the year, and by O, The Oprah Magazine as "a must read."

Biography

Education
Camerota graduated from the School of Communication of the American University in Washington, D.C., with a degree in broadcast journalism.

Early broadcasting career
Before joining Fox, Camerota worked at a number of different stations, including WHDH in Boston and WTTG in Washington D.C., and for America's Most Wanted. She also worked on Ted Koppel's primetime documentaries at Koppel Communications.

Fox News
Camerota joined the network in February, 1998 as a correspondent for its Boston bureau, reporting on a number of different stories and contributing to the network's affiliate service, Fox News Edge.

In October 2007, Camerota started a blog on the Fox & Friends page on Fox News Channel's website called In The Greenroom. In November 2007, Fox & Friends began an Internet-only segment, "The After the Show Show", which featured Fox & Friends anchors Brian Kilmeade, Steve Doocy and Gretchen Carlson, sometimes along with earlier guests or crew members from the cable show and a toy monkey at the end of the Internet segment. These videos are available later on the Fox & Friends page on Fox News Channel's website. Camerota was a co-host of the weekend edition of this program, in addition to regularly appearing on the Friday edition of Fox & Friends 1st.

Camerota began co-hosting America's News Headquarters with Bill Hemmer on September 30, 2013, in the Monday to Friday 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. ET time slot.  She also co-hosted Fox & Friends Weekend along with Clayton Morris and Dave Briggs. Her final broadcast on that program was September 28, 2013.  She was also a co-host on Fox & Friends First.

At the end of the afternoon broadcast on March 14, 2014, Camerota marked the end of her 16-year run with the network in a farewell to her afternoon audience.

Camerota, who was sexually harassed by Fox News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes, is briefly portrayed by Tricia Helfer in the movie Bombshell.

CNN
On July 14, 2014, CNN and CNN International announced that Camerota had joined the CNN news team to serve as a TV anchor with a time slot to be announced. She co-anchored on CNN's New Day the morning of Friday, July 25, 2014 and Monday, August 25, 2014 and in 2015 became a permanent co-anchor of New Day, whose viewership reportedly increased by 9 percent after she was added to the program.

On Monday, April 19, 2021, Camerota began co-hosting CNN Newsroom from 2-4 pm with Victor Blackwell.

In September 2022, Camerota was selected to serve as an interim host of CNN Tonight along with Jake Tapper and Laura Coates throughout the 2022 midterm elections where she helmed the 10 p.m. hour.

In January 2023 she was selected to permanently host the 11 p.m. hour of CNN Tonight. In August 2023 CNN announced that Camerota would be replaced by Laura Coates in the 11 p.m. ET hour following a major overhaul in weekday/weekend programming.

Amanda Wakes Up
Camerota wrote Amanda Wakes Up, a novel she began writing while taking notes of her interviews of candidates in the 2012 presidential election. The notes developed into a novel based on her 25 years of working for the news business. She wrote the book with the desire to remind readers of the importance of real journalism. Book reviewer Lincee Ray of the Associated Press wrote that the novel offers "a healthy dose of what it means to weigh ambition against truth".

Personal life
Camerota is of Italian American heritage. A native of Shrewsbury, New Jersey she and her husband have fraternal twin daughters conceived via in-vitro fertilization in 2005 and a son who was conceived naturally in 2007. In 2010, she appeared on The Today Show to discuss her infertility issues and served as host of the National Infertility Associations "Night of Hope Celebration". The couple lives in Westport, Connecticut.

See also
 New Yorkers in journalism

References

External links

CNN Profile

American reporters and correspondents
American University School of Communication alumni
Living people
Fox News people
CNN people
People from Shrewsbury, New Jersey
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
American writers of Italian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alisyn Camerota


The church of the Holy Savior of Valdediós  () is a Roman Catholic pre-romanesque church, located next to Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.

The church stands in the Boides valley (Villaviciosa), the place where Alfonso III of Asturias was detained when he was dispossessed by his sons, and where there used to be an old convent governed by the Benedictine Order, substituted in the 13th century by the Cistercians. The church known as the "Bishops' Chapel" was consecrated on 16 September 893, with seven bishops in attendance.

The church is next to the Monasterio de Santa María de Valdediós.

Architecture

The church stands on a classic basilica ground plan with a triple sanctuary, separating the central nave from the side aisles with four semicircular arches. At the western end, there are three enclosures, the central one used as an access vestibule, and two located on the left and right which may have been used to house pilgrims. The vault over the central nave, like the one over the apses, is barreled with a brick ceiling and decorated with al fresco wall painting, alternating a variety of geometric designs.

Royal tribune
The royal tribune is located above the vestibule, separate from the area intended for the congregation (spatium fidelium) in the central nave, and this from the area devoted to the liturgy by iron grilles, now disappeared. Particular elements of this church include the covered gallery annexed to the southern facade at a later date or Royal Portico, the 50 cm square columns on the central naves arches, the triple-arched window open in the central apse, and the room above it, exclusively accessed from the exterior by a window which here has two openings, compared with the habitual three.

See also
Asturian art
Catholic Church in Spain

Notes

References

893
9th-century churches in Spain
Salvador de Valdedios
Pre-Romanesque architecture in Asturias
9th-century establishments in Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Asturias

Church of San Salvador de Valdediós