Bob Steele (born Robert Adrian Bradbury; January 23, 1907 – December 21, 1988) was an American actor. He also was billed as Bob Bradbury Jr..

Early life
Steele was born in Portland, Oregon, into a vaudeville family. His parents were Robert North Bradbury and the former Nieta Quinn. He had a twin brother, Bill, also an actor.

After years of touring, the family settled in Hollywood in the late 1910s, where his father soon found work in the movies, first as an actor, later as a director. By 1920, Robert Bradbury hired his son Bob and Bob's twin brother, Bill (1907–1971), as juvenile leads for a series of adventure movies titled The Adventures of Bill and Bob. Steele attended Glendale High School but left before graduation.

Career
Steele's career began to take off in 1927, when he was hired by production company Film Booking Offices of America (FBO) to star in a series of Westerns. Renamed Bob Steele at FBO, he soon made a name for himself, and in the late 1920s, 1930s and 1940s starred in B-Westerns for almost every minor film studio, including Monogram, Supreme, Tiffany, Syndicate, Republic (including several films of The Three Mesquiteers series) and Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC) (including the initial films of their "Billy the Kid" series), plus he had the occasional role in an A-movie, as in the adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel, Of Mice and Men in 1939.

In cowboy movies shown on TV in the 1940s he played a dashing, but short cowboy replete with eye-make-up and lipstick. In the 1940s, Steele's career as a cowboy hero was on the decline, although he still had leading roles in Westerns as late as 1946 in films such as Ambush Trail (1946). He kept himself working regularly by accepting supporting roles in big movies like Howard Hawks' The Big Sleep, or the John Wayne vehicles Island in the Sky, Rio Bravo , Rio Lobo, The Comancheros, and The Longest Day. Besides these he also made occasional appearances in science fiction films like Atomic Submarine and Giant from the Unknown.

He also performed on television, including the role of Sergeant Granger in the premiere episode, "The Peacemaker", in 1957 of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, Colt .45. In 1957, he was cast as Sam Shoulders in "Bunch Quitter" in another ABC/WB western series, Sugarfoot, with Will Hutchins. He appeared in 1958 and 1959 in two episodes of the NBC western, The Californians, as well as three episodes of Maverick with James Garner, including "The War of the Silver Kings," "The Seventh Hand," and "Holiday at Hollow Rock."

Steele appeared as "Kirby" with Agnes Moorehead and Madlyn Rhue in the 1959 episode "In Memoriam" of another ABC western series, The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. He also appeared as Deputy Sam in four episodes of Hugh O'Brian's The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. In 1959, he appeared with Mason Alan Dinehart, another Wyatt Earp alumnus, in the episode "Half a Loaf" of the syndicated series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews.

Steele appeared in six different episodes of the Walt Disney's Western television series Texas John Slaughter with Tom Tryon.  On January 25, 1960, Steele was cast as the frontier gunfighter Luke Short in an episode of the CBS western series, The Texan, starring Rory Calhoun. Barbara Stuart played the gambler Poker Alice in the same episode, which also features Reed Hadley and Richard Devon.

In the mid-1960s, Steele was cast in a regular supporting role as Trooper Duffy in ABC's F Troop, which allowed him to show his comic talent. Trooper Duffy in the F Troop story line claimed to have been "shoulder to shoulder with Davy Crockett at the Alamo" and to have been the only survivor of the battle 40 years before. In real life, forty years before F Troop, Steele played a supporting role in his father's 1926 film Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo.

Steele is interred in the columbarium at  Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills.

Legacy
Steele is said to have been the inspiration for the character "Cowboy Bob" in the Dennis The Menace comic strip.

In Peter Straub and Michael Easton's The Green Woman graphic novel the protagonist is named Bob Steele. It is explicitly stated in the novel that he is named after the actor.

Selected filmography

References

External links

 Bob Steele – A Biography on (re)Search my Trash

1907 births
1988 deaths
Male Western (genre) film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Portland, Oregon
American male film actors
Singing cowboys
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Fraternal twin male actors
American twins
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers

Bob Steele (actor)


Ulu Tiram (Jawi: اولو تيرم; ; Tamil: உலு தீராம்) is a suburb in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. The town lies along Tebrau Highway, a section of Malaysia Federal Route 3, at the junction which leads to Ulu Tiram. As a major trunk road on Peninsular Malaysia's east coast, Federal Route 3 connects Ulu Tiram with major east coast towns and cities such as Mersing, Pekan, Kuantan, Kuala Terengganu and Kota Bharu. Ulu Tiram is easily accessible through the Tebrau Highway, Jalan Kota Tinggi trunk road, and the Senai–Desaru Expressway.

Ulu Tiram is located approximately 18 km from Johor Bahru to the south and 20 km from Kota Tinggi to the north.

History
Since the 1990s, the urban expansion of Johor Bahru has ended Ulu Tiram's relative isolation and it is now one of the fastest growing suburbs of the city as part of the Tebrau growth corridor. The town hosts a taxi depot which ferries people around Johor as well as to Johor Bahru. The taxi depot hosts a small shopping complex. The town is of little interest; markets and shophouses selling various provisions and accessories constitutes much of the town. The town also hosts a small housing and industrial estate.

Residential Area
 Bandar Tiram
 Taman Tiram Baru
 Felda Ulu Tebrau
 Taman Bukit Tiram
 Taman Intan
 Taman Sri Tiram
 Taman Ros
 Taman Mutiara
 Taman Nora
 Taman Maluri
 Taman Gunung Emas
 Taman Zamrud
 Taman Dato' Cheelam
 Taman Puteri Wangsa
 Taman Desa Cemerlang
 Taman Ehsan Jaya
 Taman Desa Jaya
 Taman Bestari Indah
 Taman Pelangi Indah
 Taman Bukit Jaya
 Taman Bestari Indah
 Taman Putri Park
 Taman Gaya
 Taman Berliann
 Kg Sungai Tiram
 Kg Tenang
 Taman Baiduri
 Taman Muhibbah

Education
 Crescendo International College

Shopping

Today's Mall Ulu Tiram is a 3-storey fully air-con contemporary shopping center, covering almost  land.  Its gross built up area is approximately .  The premises provide more than 1,000 free parking spaces, with 24 hours security, made up of 250 shop lots, and areas designated for exhibition, promotion, kiosks, booths, etc. Today's Mall also houses the first 3D cinema in Johor Bahru.

Tiram Indoor Water Park

Tiram Indoor Water Park covers about  and is proudly the first water theme park in a shopping complex in Johor. It can entertain up to 1000 people at one time.

The Indoor water theme park which took 6 month to construct cost about RM4 million and is positioned in the ground floor of Today's Mall, Ulu Tiram and started its operation last August.

NSK Trade City

NSK Trade City is a single level hypermarket located in the Town Centre of Ulu Tiram and is attached with the newly completed McDonald's 24-hour Drive-Thru Restaurant. The total built up area of NSK Trade City is . with a combination of a wet and dry market consisting of around 50 retail shops and kiosks under one roof. A total of 1,000 free car parks are available in the NSK Trade City compound.

Memorial Park

Sanctuary Memorial Park, an upcoming privately owned memorial park is located just besides the Ulu Tiram town centre. With a journey taking only approximately 25 minutes from Johor Bahru, it is the nearest privately own memorial park from Johor Bahru. Situated on top of a hill, set in a tranquil environment, Sanctuary Memorial Park provides a serene final resting place for one's departed loved ones. Sanctuary Memorial Park caters to the diverse needs of a large section of the population. There are burial plots and urn compartments for Buddhist, Taoist, Catholics, Christians and free-thinkers. It's the only private memorial park operator in Johor that provides a dedicated burial area for Catholics and Christians to house their departed loved ones.

Transportation

The suburb houses the Ulu Tiram Bus and Taxi Terminal. It is accessible by Causeway Link route 6B from Johor Bahru Sentral railway station.

References

External links
 Trail of blood leads from remote school
 Catholic Traveller- Ulu Tiram
 Ulu Tiram: A cameo of life in Malaya at the time of 'The Emergency'

Johor Bahru
Towns and suburbs in Johor Bahru District

Ulu Tiram


Maria "Marie" Dollinger-Hendrix (28 October 1910 – 10 August 1994) was a German track and field athlete who competed in sprinting events and the 800 metres. She represented Germany at three consecutive Olympic Games: 1928, 1932 and 1936.

She set an early Olympic record for the 800 m then the 100 m four years later. She was an 800 m finalist in 1928 and placed fourth in the 100 m at both the 1932 and 1936 Olympics. She had most success with the 4×100 metres relay team, setting a world record at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, although the team were disqualified in the final for a dropped baton. Outside of the Olympics she won an 800 m silver medal at the 1930 Women's World Games, a relay gold medal at the 1934 Women's World Games, and several medals at the Olympics of Grace competition.

Individually, in her career she won six titles at the German Athletics Championships and equalled the 800 m world record as well as the European record in the 200 m (neither were ratified). After retirement in 1936 she married fellow Olympic sprinter Friedrich Hendrix and their daughter, Brunhilde Hendrix, later won an Olympic medal in the relay in 1960.

Career

First Olympics

Born in Langenzenn in Bavaria, Dollinger appeared at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics at the age of seventeen and competed in the first ever women's Olympic 800 metres. As the winner of the very first 800 m heat, her time of 2:22.4 minutes was the first Olympic record for the discipline. She reached the final of the competition and finished seventh while her older compatriot Lina Radke took the gold in a world record time. She improved her best to 2:17.5 minutes the following year, being ranked first in the world that year. She entered the 1930 Women's World Games among the favourites but was beaten into second place by British runner Gladys Lunn. In Magdeburg in 1931 she matched Radke's world record time of 2:16.8 minutes, but this has not subsequently been officially recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations

Sprinting: 1932 and 1936 Olympics
Dollinger began to focus on shorter sprinting events as she entered her twenties. At the 1931 Olympics of Grace, an international women's sporting competition, she won the 100 metres title in a time of 12.6 seconds and was also the 200 metres runner-up behind Britain's Nellie Halstead. Later that year she ran a 200 m personal best of 25.2 seconds in Magdeburg, equalling the European record time (not ratified by the European Athletic Association. Her second Olympic appearance came at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. She travelled with the German team to compete in the 100 m individual and relay events. She broke the 100 metres Olympic record with a time of 12.2 seconds, as again she was the winner in the first heat. This time was immediately improved by Stanisława Walasiewicz, who set a world record. Dollinger reached the final but was beaten to the podium by Billie von Bremen, ending up in fourth position. In the 4×100 metres relay she anchored a team of Grete Heublein, Ellen Braumüller and Tilly Fleischer, but the German women managed only sixth place overall.

In 1934 she equalled her 100 m best and improved her 200 m time to 24.9 seconds – these ranked her in the top five worldwide in those two events that year. She also set a best of 5.48 metres for the long jump. She continued to form a part of the German relay team and returned to the 1934 Women's World Games, taking the relay gold alongside Käthe Krauss, Margarete Kuhlmann and Selma Grieme. She dipped under twelve seconds for the 100 m for the first time in 1935, setting a best of 11.8 seconds in Berlin, which made her the fourth best in the world that season.

She had her final year of competition in 1936 and the biggest races of her career came at the Berlin Olympic Games. In June, prior to the Olympics, she helped set a European record in the 4 × 100 m relay, timing 46.5 seconds in Köln with a team of Emmy Albus, Krauss, and Grete Debus-Winkels. At the Berling Olympics, Dollinger won both her heat and semi-final in the women's 100 m but was again narrowly beaten out of the medal positions and finished fourth (this time to her compatriot Krauss). Redemption seemed be on its way in the women's 4×100 metres relay heats, where Albus, Krauss, Dollinger and Ilse Dörffeldt established a new Olympic and world record time of 46.4 seconds – finishing a full second ahead of the British team. In the relay final the German team had built up a large lead by the point that Dollinger handed the baton to Dörffeldt for the last leg of the race. Dörffeldt dropped the baton, however, much to the disappointment of the home crowd, and the team were disqualified. This was Dollinger's last performance at a major event and ended her career without having won an Olympic medal.

She was a six-time national champion at the German Athletics Championships during her career, winning three 800 m titles (1929 to 1931), two 200 m titles (1931 and 1933), and a single 100 m title in 1932. She was awarded the Golden Needle honour by the Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband for her achievements in athletics.

Later life
Following her retirement from the sport, in 1937 she married Friedrich Hendrix, another German Olympic sprinter silver medallist, and the couple had a child in 1938, Brunhilde Hendrix. Friedrich died in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa in World War II. Brunhilde followed in her parents footsteps and represented Germany in the relay at the Olympics. She was a silver medallist in the event at the 1960 Rome Olympics. Marie Dollinger died in August 1994 in Nürnberg aged 83.

Personal bests
100 metres – 11.8 s (1935)
200 metres – 24.9 s (1934)
800 metres – 2:16.8 min (1931)
Long jump – 5.48 m (1932 and 1934)

References

1910 births
1994 deaths
People from Langenzenn
Sportspeople from Middle Franconia
German female sprinters
German female middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Women's World Games medalists
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century German women

Marie Dollinger


TopFIND is the Termini oriented protein Function Inferred Database (TopFIND) is an integrated knowledgebase focused on protein termini, their formation by proteases and functional implications. It contains information about the processing and the processing state of proteins and functional implications thereof derived from research literature, contributions by the scientific community and biological databases.

Background
Among the most fundamental characteristics of a protein are the N- and C-termini defining the start and end of the polypeptide chain. While genetically encoded, protein termini isoforms are also often generated during translation, following which, termini are highly dynamic, being frequently trimmed at their ends by a large array of exopeptidases. Neo-termini can also be generated by endopeptidases after precise and limited proteolysis, termed processing. Necessary for the maturation of many proteins, processing can also occur afterwards, often resulting in dramatic functional consequences. Aberrant proteolysis can cause wide range of diseases like arthritis or cancer. Hence, proteolytic generation of pleiotrophic stable forms of proteins, the universal susceptibility of proteins to proteolysis, and its irreversibility, distinguishes proteolysis from many highly studied posttranslational modifications. Proteases are tightly interconnected in the protease web and their aberrant activity in disease can lead to diagnostic fragment profiles with characteristic protein termini. Following proteolysis, the newly formed protein termini can be further modified, a process that affects protein function and stability.

Knowledgebase content
TopFIND is a resource for comprehensive coverage of protein N- and C-termini discovered by all available in silico, in vitro as well as in vivo methodologies. It makes use of existing knowledge by seamless integration of data from UniProt and MEROPS and provides access to new data from community submission and manual literature curating. It renders modifications of protein termini, such as acetylation and citrullination, easily accessible and searchable and provides the means to identify and analyse extend and distribution of terminal modifications across a protein. Since its inception TopFIND has been expanded to further species.

Data access
The data is presented to the user with a strong emphasis on the relation to curated background information and underlying evidence that led to the observation of a terminus, its modification or proteolytic cleavage. In brief the protein information, its domain structure, protein termini, terminus modifications and proteolytic processing of and by other proteins is listed. All information is accompanied by metadata like its original source, method of identification, confidence measurement or related publication. A positional cross correlation evaluation matches termini and cleavage sites with protein features (such as amino acid variants) and domains to highlight potential effects and dependencies in a unique way. Also, a network view of all proteins showing their functional dependency as protease, substrate or protease inhibitor tied in with protein interactions is provided for the easy evaluation of network wide effects. A powerful yet user friendly filtering mechanism allows the presented data to be filtered based on parameters like methodology used, in vivo relevance, confidence or data source (e.g. limited to a single laboratory or publication). This provides means to assess physiological relevant data and to deduce functional information and hypotheses relevant to the bench scientist.  In a later release analysis tools for the evaluation of proteolytic pathways in experimental data have been added.

See also
 MEROPS
 UniProt
 Cytoscape
 Computational genomics
 Metabolic network modelling
 Protein–protein interaction prediction

References

External links
 TopFIND - main website and web interface
 Host institution website
 Research group of Philipp Lange - inventor & core developer
 Research Group of Christopher Overall - home of TopFIND
 Merops - the peptidase database
 UniProt

Molecular biology
Biological databases
Bioinformatics software
Systems biology
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Protein domains
Protein families
Post-translational modification

TopFIND


The Sydney–Perth rail corridor is a  railway route that runs for  across Australia from Sydney, New South Wales, to Perth, Western Australia. Most of the route is under the control of the Australian Rail Track Corporation.

The corridor is heavily trafficked by long-distance freight trains.
, the rail corridor carried 81 per cent of land freight between the eastern states and Perth, up from 60 per cent in 1996–97; and in November 2007, 3.46 billion gross tonne-kilometres of freight was carried, a record at the time.

, major freight operators on the corridor included Pacific National, Aurizon, and SCT Logistics.

The Indian Pacific, an experiential tourism passenger train, operates along the entire route, with the journey typically taking three days. Its sister train, The Ghan, travels over part of the corridor – from Adelaide to Tarcoola – before it proceeds north to Darwin. Some local passenger services operate at each end (in Western Australia and New South Wales) but not in the central part, in South Australia.

Until the route was converted to standard gauge in 1970, differing choices of track gauges by three state governments required passengers and freight to be trans-shipped at Broken Hill, Port Pirie, and Kalgoorlie. These stations were on the following lines (from east to west):

the New South Wales Government's standard-gauge Sydney–Broken Hill line, opened in 1927
the Silverton Tramway Company's short narrow-gauge line from Broken Hill to Cockburn, opened in 1888
the South Australian Government's narrow-gauge Cockburn–Port Pirie line, completed in 1888
the Australian federal government's standard-gauge Port Pirie–Port Augusta line, opened in 1937, and its contiguous standard-gauge Trans-Australian Railway, opened in 1917 as a major project following Australia's federation
the Western Australian Government's narrow-gauge Eastern Goldfields Railway from Kalgoorlie to Perth, opened in 1897.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Railway lines in South Australia
Railway lines in New South Wales
Railway lines in Western Australia
Standard gauge railways in Australia
Interstate rail in Australia
Railway lines opened in 1970

Sydney–Perth rail corridor


A solecism is a phrase that transgresses the rules of grammar. The term is often used in the context of linguistic prescription; it also occurs descriptively in the context of a lack of idiomaticness.

Etymology
The word originally was used by the Greeks for what they perceived as grammatical mistakes in their language. Ancient Athenians considered the dialect of the inhabitants of Soli, Cilicia to be a corrupted form of their pure Attic dialect and labelled the errors in the form as "solecisms" (Greek: σολοικισμοί, soloikismoí; sing.: σολοικισμός, soloikismós). Therefore, when referring to similar grammatical mistakes heard in the speech of Athenians, they described them as "solecisms" and that term has been adopted as a label for grammatical mistakes in any language; in Greek there is often a distinction in the relevant terms in that a mistake in semantics (i.e., a use of words with other-than-appropriate meaning or a neologism constructed through application of generative rules by an outsider) is called a barbarism ( barbarismos), whereas solecism refers to mistakes in syntax, in the construction of sentences.

Examples

See also
 Catachresis
 Disputed English grammar
 English as She Is Spoke
 Fowler's Modern English Usage
 Malapropism
 Prescription and description
 Error (linguistics)
 Zeugma, a rhetorical use of solecism for effect

References

External links

Grammar
English grammar
Ancient Greek
Linguistic error
Sociolinguistics

es:Solecismo

Solecism


Sadako Sasaki () was a Japanese girl who was a atomic bomb victim. Sadako, then aged 2, was exposed to the radiation of the atomic bomb when it was dropped on Hiroshima.
After the bombing, she survived for another ten years, becoming one of the most widely known atomic bomb victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She is best known for folding one thousand origami cranes in the hope of recovery.
She died on , at the age of 12, in Hiroshima, Japan.

Biography
Sadako Sasaki was born into a Japanese family in the city of Kusunoki. On the morning hours of 6 August 1945, Sadako was at home with her family when the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. During the bombings, she was thrown out of her house through the window. Her mother ran outside to find her, suspecting she may be severely injured or even dead, but found Sadako without any apparent injuries. While they were fleeing, Sadako and her mother were caught in nuclear fallout. Sadako's grandmother died in the bombings.

Education
When she grew up, Sadako went to school and became an important member of her class' relay race.

Condition
In November 1954, Sadako got oedema on her neck and legs. Two months later in January 1955, Sadako developed purpura on her legs.
She was afterwards diagnosed with leukemia. It was explained to her family that she had leukemia as a result of exposure to and the and radiation of the atomic bomb. She was hospitalized on 21 February 1955, and was expected to live for only a few months. She was given blood transfusions on the day she was hospitalized.

Folding origami cranes
In early August 1955, Sadako was moved into a room with a girl named Kiyo, who was a junior high school student who was two years older than her. Origami cranes were brought to her room by a local high school club. On 3 August, when Sadako asked why origami cranes were brought into her room, Chizuko Hamamoto, Sadako's friend, told her a legend that folding origami cranes would grant someone's wish, and it had to be 1000 of them. Upon hearing this, Sadako began folding 1000 origami cranes, in the hope of recovery from leukemia. Although she had plenty of free time during her days in the hospital, she began to run out of paper, and began using things such as medicine wrappers. She even went to other patient's rooms and asked for paper wrappers from their get well soon presents. However, given her illness, it is disputed whether Sadako ever managed to fold 1000 origami cranes.

Death
While hospitalized, Sadako's condition worsened. In October 1955, Sadako's left leg became purple and had oedema. In the last days of her life, when Sadako's family urged her to eat some food, Sadako asked for chazuke and (while or after eating) said, "It's tasty." She then thanked her family, with those probably being her last words. She died on the morning hours of , at the age of 12.

Examination of body and cremation
After her death, Sadako's body was examined by the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) for research on the effects of the atomic bomb on the human body. Her body was cremated after the examination.

Sadako Sasaki


Byte (stylized as BYTE) was a microcomputer magazine, influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage.

Byte started in 1975, shortly after the first personal computers appeared as kits advertised in the back of electronics magazines. Byte was published monthly, with an initial yearly subscription price of $10. Whereas many magazines were dedicated to specific systems or the home or business user's perspective, Byte covered developments in the entire field of "small computers and software", and sometimes other computing fields such as supercomputers and high-reliability computing. Coverage was in-depth with much technical detail, rather than user-oriented.

The company was purchased by McGraw-Hill in 1979, a watershed event that led to the rapid purchase of many of the early computer magazines by larger publishers. By this time the magazine had taken on a more serious journal-like atmosphere and began to refer to itself as "the small systems journal". It became an influential publication; Byte was selected as the medium used by Xerox PARC to publicize Smalltalk in 1981.

Like many generalist magazines, Byte suffered in the 1990s due to declining advertising sales. McGraw-Hill's publishing arm was sold to CMP Media in May 1998, and the new owners immediately laid off almost everyone in the magazine arm, ending publication with the already-complete July edition. The associated website continued to draw 600,000 page views a month, prompting the owners to re-open the magazine in a pure online format in 1999. It continued as an online publication until 2009, when it shut down, only to be revived in 2011 and then shut down for good in 2013.

Foundation
Wayne Green was the editor and publisher of amateur radio magazine 73. In late 1974 and throughout 1975, 73 published a number of articles on the use of computers, which resulted in a significant response from the readers. The Altair 8800 was announced in January 1975, sparking off intense interest among those working technical fields, including the amateur radio market. Green knew of the Altair because MITS had previously been an advertiser in 73. This led Green to begin plans for a magazine dedicated to the newly emerging microcomputer market.

In 1974, Carl Helmers published a series of six articles that detailed the design and construction of his "Experimenter's Computer System", a personal computer based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor. In January 1975 this became the monthly ECS magazine with 400 subscribers. Green contacted Helmers and proposed starting a new magazine to be known as Byte. The deal was announced in both magazines in May.

Green's editorial column in the August 1975 issue of 73 started with this item:

The response to computer-type articles in 73 has been so enthusiastic that we here in Peterborough got carried away. On May 25th we made a deal with the publisher of a small (400 circulation) computer hobby magazine to take over as editor of a new publication which would start in August ... Byte.

The last issue of ECS was published on 12 May 1975. In June, subscribers were mailed a notice announcing Byte magazine. Helmers wrote to another hobbyist newsletter, Micro-8 Computer User Group Newsletter, and described his new job as editor of Byte magazine:

I got a note in the mail about two weeks ago from Wayne Green, publisher of '73 Magazine' essentially saying hello and why don't you come up and talk a bit. The net result of a follow up is the decision to create BYTE magazine using the facilities of Green Publishing Inc. I will end up with the editorial focus for the magazine; with the business end being managed by Green Publishing.

To advertise the new magazine, Green contacted a number of the companies that had been advertising in 73 and asked for their contact lists. He then sent letters out to these people telling them about the new magazine. This resulted in about 20% of the contacts subscribing, a massive conversion rate.

Early editions, formation of Kilobaud
Just prior to planning Byte, Green had a run-in with the Internal Revenue Service. When he told his lawyer that he planned on starting a new magazine, he was advised to put it in someone else's name. He had recently gotten back together with his ex-wife, Virginia Londner Green, who had been listed as the business manager of 73 Inc. since December 1974. She incorporated Green Publishing in March 1975 to take over publication.

The first issue of the new magazine was the September 1975 edition. Articles in the first issue included Which Microprocessor For You? by Hal Chamberlin, Write Your Own Assembler by Dan Fylstra and Serial Interface by Don Lancaster. Among the more important articles was the introduction of the Kansas City standard for storing data on cassette tape, which was used by most machines of the era. It included advertisements from Godbout, MITS, Processor Technology, SCELBI, and Sphere, among others.

Until the December 1988 issue, a continuing feature was Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, a column in which electronic engineer Steve Ciarcia described small projects to modify or attach to a computer. This was later spun off to become the magazine Circuit Cellar, focusing on embedded computer applications. Significant articles in this period included the insertion of floppy disk drives into S-100 computers, publication of source code for various computer languages (Tiny C, BASIC, assemblers), and coverage of the first microcomputer operating system, CP/M.

The first four issues were produced in the offices of 73 and Wayne Green was listed as the publisher. One day in November 1975 Green came back to the office and found that the Byte magazine staff had moved out and taken the January issue with them. For the February 1976 issue, the company changed its name to Byte Publications. Carl Helmers was a co-owner of Byte Publications. The February issue has a short story about the move; "After a start which reads like a romantic light opera with an episode or two reminiscent of the Keystone Cops, Byte magazine finally has moved into separate offices of its own."

Green was not happy about losing Byte and decided to start a new magazine called Kilobyte. He announced these intentions early, and advertised the upcoming magazine in 73, with the goal of shipping the first issue in December 1976 (the January 1977 edition). Byte quickly took out a trademark on "KILOBYTE" as the name for a cartoon series in Byte magazine, and threatened to sue for trademark violations. This forced Green to change the name of the new magazine to Kilobaud. There was competition and animosity between Byte Publications and 73 Inc. but both remained in the small town of Peterborough, New Hampshire.

Growth and change

In April 1979, owner/publisher Virginia Williamson (née Londner Green) sold Byte to McGraw-Hill. At the time, Byte'''s paid circulation was 156,000 readers, making it second only to Business Week in the McGraw-Hill's technology magazine portfolio. She remained publisher until 1983 and became a vice president of McGraw-Hill Publications Company. From August 1979, the magazine switched to computerized typesetting, using a Compugraphic system. Shortly after the IBM PC was introduced, in 1981, the magazine changed editorial policies.  It gradually de-emphasized the do-it-yourself electronics and software articles, and began running product reviews. It continued its wide-ranging coverage of hardware and software, but now it reported "what it does" and "how it works", not "how to do it". The editorial focus remained on home and personal computers.

By the early 1980s, Byte had become an "elite" magazine, seen as a peer of Rolling Stone and Playboy, and others such as David Bunnell of PC Magazine aspired to emulate its reputation and success. It was the only computer publication on the 1981 Folio 400 list of largest magazines. Bytes 1982 average number of pages was 543, and the number of paid advertising pages grew by more than 1,000 while most magazines' amount of advertising did not change. Its circulation of 420,000 was the third highest of all computer magazines. Byte earned $9 million from revenue of $36.6 million in 1983, twice the average profit margin for the magazine industry. It remained successful while many other magazines failed in 1984 during economic weakness in the computer industry. The October 1984 issue had about 300 pages of ads sold at an average of $6,000 per page.

Starting with the December 1975 issue through September 1990, Byte covers often featured the artwork of Robert Tinney. These covers made Byte visually distinctive. However, issues featuring cover stories introducing significant hardware such as the Apple Lisa, Apple Macintosh, IBM PC and Commodore Amiga featured product photographs on the covers.

Around 1985, Byte started an online service called BIX (Byte Information eXchange) which was a text-only BBS-style site running on the CoSy conferencing software, also used by  McGraw-Hill internally. Access was via local dial-in or, for additional hourly charges, the Tymnet X.25 network. Monthly rates were $13/month for the account and $1/hour for X.25 access. Unlike CompuServe, access at higher speeds was not surcharged. Later, gateways permitted email communication outside the system.

By 1990, the magazine was about half an inch (1.25 cm) in thickness and had a subscription price of $56/year. Around 1993, Byte began to develop a web presence. It acquired the domain name byte.com and began to host discussion boards and post selected editorial content.

Editions were published in Japan, Brazil, Germany, and an Arabic edition was published in Jordan.

End of print publication, online shift, and demise
The readership of Byte and advertising revenue were declining when McGraw-Hill sold the magazine to CMP Media, a successful publisher of specialized computer magazines, in May 1998. The magazine's editors and writers expected its new owner to revitalize Byte, but CMP ceased publication with the July 1998 issue, laid off all the staff and shut down Bytes rather large product-testing lab.

Publication of Byte in Germany and Japan continued uninterrupted. The Turkish edition resumed publication after a few years of interruption. The Arabic edition also ended abruptly.

Many of Bytes columnists migrated their writing to personal web sites.  One such site was science fiction author Jerry Pournelle's weblog The View From Chaos Manor derived from a long-standing column in Byte, describing computers from a power user's point of view. After the closure of Byte magazine, Pournelle's column continued to be published in the Turkish editions of PC World, which was soon renamed as PC Life in Turkey.  Nikkei Byte, with the name licensed from McGraw Hill, was the leading computer magazine in Japan, published by Nikkei Business Publications. It continued Pournelle's column in translation as a major feature for years after Byte closed in the U.S.

In 1999, CMP revived Byte as a web-only publication, from 2002 accessible by subscription. It closed in 2009.

UBM TechWeb brought the Byte name back when it officially relaunched Byte as Byte.com on July 11, 2011. According to the site, the mission of the new Byte was:

...to examine technology in the context of the consumerization of IT. The subject relates closely to important IT issues like security and manageability. It's an issue that reaches both IT and users, and it's an issue where both groups need to listen carefully to the requirements of the other: IT may wish to hold off on allowing devices and software onto the network when they haven't been properly tested and can't be properly supported. But the use of these devices in the enterprise has the air of inevitability for a good reason. They make users more productive and users are demanding them.

The Byte.com launch editor-in-chief was tech journalist Gina Smith. On September 26, 2011, Smith was replaced by Larry Seltzer. In January 2012 American science fiction and horror author F. Paul Wilson began writing for byte.com, mostly in the persona of his best-known character Repairman Jack.

Byte.com closed in 2013.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 HomeLib Online index for early issues of Byte by Sami Rautiainen
 "VC&G Interview: Robert Tinney, Byte Cover Artist and Microcomputer Illustration Pioneer"—Vintage Computing and Gaming
 BYTE magazine scans in PDF and JPEG
 Byte magazine (1975–1998)—Online index of articles and covers
 Vintage Byte Magazine Library—Complete collection of scanned Byte magazines from 1975 to 1998 at Vintage Apple
 Circuit Cellar Spinoff magazine from a Byte'' column.

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Computer magazines published in the United States
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Home computer magazines
Magazines disestablished in 1998
Magazines established in 1975
Magazines published in New Hampshire
Informa brands

Byte (magazine)


Edward Falaise Upward (9 September 1903 – 13 February 2009) was an English novelist and short story writer. At the time of his death, he was considered the UK's oldest living author.

Early life
He was born on 9 September 1903 in Romford, Essex, to Harold and Louisa Upward. His father was a doctor. Upward graduated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1925 with a degree in English. He became a teacher which also allowed him time to write.

Writing career
In 1931 he became interested in the Communist Party. He joined the party in 1934. He wrote for several Left-wing journals. These included New Country, The Left Review and New Writing. Upward's first novel was Journey to the Border, published in 1938. At that time Upward was better known for a 1937 essay called Sketch for a Marxist Interpretation of Literature. He wrote a trilogy called The Spiral Ascent. The second part had trouble getting published. By the time the third part was published, it had to be underwritten by the Action Council. The council only agreed after pressure from Upward's friends. The three were titled In the Thirties (1962), The Rotten Elements (1969), and No Home But the Struggle (1977). The last two were almost completely ignored at the time.

He enjoyed a resurgence in his nineties with the publication of several of his short stories. These were The Mortmere Stories (co-written with Christopher Isherwood during their time at Cambridge in the 1920s), An Unmentionable Man (1994), The Scenic Railway (1997), The Coming Day (2000), and A Renegade in Springtime (2003), the last to celebrate his 100th birthday.

He died on 13 February 2009, aged 105, in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.

References

Other websites
 Edward Upward, The Spiral Ascent
 Edward Upward: An artistic vision at odds with his politics, WSWS

English novelists
1903 births
2009 deaths
British communists

Edward Upward


Meydan-e Jahad Metro Station is a station in line 3 of the Tehran Metro. It is located at the intersection of Valiasr Street and Fatemi Street. The station was planned to be named "Meydan-e Jahad" prior to opening, however, just one day after the official opening, the name was changed "Shohada-ye Resaneh" for the first two months of its operation. However, due to popular complaints about the new name not being reflective of any nearby geographical feature, and the name being unfamiliar to most users, the name was reverted to the initially planned name. This name change cost the Metro Organization about 2 billion tomans.

References

Tehran Metro stations
Railway stations in Iran opened in 2015

Meydan-e Jahad Metro Station


Pennsylvania Station, or Penn Station, is a name of several railway stations in the United States. The name "Pennsylvania Station" comes from the times when all these stations belonged to the Pennsylvania Railroad and, later, to Penn Central. The stations in New York City, Newark, New Jersey, and Baltimore still have this name.  The station in Pittsburgh, although officially known as Union Station, is also called Penn Station by locals. All these stations are currently served by Amtrak.

Railway stations in the United States

Pennsylvania Station


St Paul's Church, Stockingford, is a Church of England parish church in Stockingford, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. It is part of the Diocese of Coventry.

Location
The church is on the west side of Church Road, near the junction with St Paul's Road. Its churchyard is about .

History
In about 1819 there were riots in Stockingford. Homeworkers in the local hosiery industry were told that their wages were to be reduced. They took to the streets in protest and the local militia were brought in to deal with the unrest. The Church of St Nicholas in Nuneaton decided that a chapel of ease should be built to quell the violent folk of Stockingford. In 1822 work began on the building, and in 1824 St Paul's Church in Stockingford was consecrated.

Building
The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The original construction was begun in 1822, on designs by John Russell of Leamington Spa. The building has been added to several times since.

1822 original building
The foundation stone was laid in 1822. The oldest part of the church consists of the nave and tower which were constructed in a neo-classical style. The roofs of the nave and tower are in slate and lead respectively. The walls are of dark red handmade brickwork, with large diamond-pattern coloured windows. The nave has a flat plaster ceiling, and originally had a suspended oak floor. The original building had an apsidal chancel which was nothing more than a semi-circular recess. At its opening, the church had 520 free seats and 88 other seats. The total cost of building was £2000.

The church was consecrated and dedicated on 22 April 1824 by the Hon. Henry Ryder, bishop of the then united Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry.

1897 chancel
The chancel was added in 1897 by G.B. Vialls in a Gothic revival style, at a cost of £1200. The church then consisted of a chancel and nave with a west tower. There are vestries to the north and south sides of the chancel. The chancel has an open timber framed ceiling with plaster infill. The floor is of stone slabs with some wood block areas around the choir stalls. There is a decorative mosaic made from encaustic glass tiles on the altar platform. At some point since its installation, the mosaic was covered with carpet, and forgotten about until it was rediscovered in 2008.

At the same time as the construction of the chancel, the church was reordered and the seats in the nave were replaced with pews.

1995 extension

In 1995, St. Paul's Church extended its church building with the addition of the Parish Centre. This extension was built at the south side of the Church, with funds raised by the people of Stockingford, supported by an EU grant. A new south porch was added to connect the church building to the Church Centre. Some pews were removed to provide access to the porch, which can be seen in the adjacent picture.

The centre was dedicated on 15 January 1995 by the then Bishop of Coventry, Simon Barrington-Ward and opened by the youngest and eldest members of the congregation, Thom Udall and Fred Ward.

2008 re-ordering

Work on re-ordering the Church building began in September 2008, involving the removal of the pews, the restyling of the Church interior, and the creation of a Church Hall for use by local community groups.

The old pipe organ, installed in 1909 at a cost of £450, was labelled and dismantled, piece by piece, loaded onto a lorry and was taken to Dijon, France, where it was rebuilt in a Catholic church that reopened after 25 years. A digital organ was installed at St. Paul's in place of the old pipe organ.

The old floor was taken up and replaced, and now consists of oak boards bonded to an insulated screed with underfloor heating. There were significant settlement problems in the chancel area which were resolved by underpinning.

WREN gave a grant of £50,000 towards the fund for the re-ordering, helping to pay for the community aspects of the new build.

In total, the re-ordering work took approximately ten weeks. During this time, a glass mosaic dating from the chancel's construction in 1897 was discovered, which had been hidden under a carpet. The mosaic was cleaned, and left in place.

Minor renovations and alterations

Clergy

The current vicar at St Paul's is the Rev Kate Massey.

Clock

When the tower was constructed in 1822–1823, it was fitted with a clock and bell.

In 1867 a new clock was installed by H Bright of Leamington Spa. Unfortunately, the clock stopped in the 1970s and was not repaired.

In the 1990s, the bell was deemed unsafe, fixed into position, and had its rope removed. In 1999, clockmakers Smith of Derby Group, restored the clock and bell. For the first time in 30 years, the clock chimed at midnight on 1 January 2000, to mark the new millennium.

With the bell now fixed in a rigid frame, the new clock mechanism uses a hammer to strike the bell. The new clock has three faces. The north and south faces are driven mechanically from the clock mechanism, while the west face is driven electronically.

Memorials

First World War
In 1922, the stained glass east window was installed at a cost of just £500 as a memorial to the 201 people of the area who lost their lives in the First World War. It was designed and installed by Mr R Anning Bell.

To complete the memorial, oak panelling was erected underneath the window and was unveiled by Lieutenant CL Knox. A brass tablet, listing the names of the fallen soldiers, was revealed by Corporal W Beesley, and dedicated by Canon J Deed, vicar of Nuneaton.

The churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Garrison Artillery soldier who died in 1918.

Second World War

In 1946, a memorial plaque in remembrance of the 17 men of the parish who died in the Second World War was unveiled underneath the 1914–18 memorial.

The 1st Battalion Cambridge Regiment was stationed at Arbury Hall in 1941. The soldiers worshipped at St Paul's, but 343 lost their lives between 1942 and 1945 on active duty in the Far East. A plaque in memory of the men was fastened next to the war memorial.

Connection with George Eliot
George Eliot, in her book "Scenes of Clerical Life" referred to Stockingford as Paddiford Common. St Paul's church is mentioned as the 'chapel of ease'. The character Revd. Tryan is based upon the Revd. John Edmund Jones who was the vicar at St Paul's 1828–1831, and the character Mr Landor is based upon Mr Craddock, who laid the foundation stone of the church in 1822.

See also
List of Commissioners' churches in the English Midlands

References

External links
 St Paul's, Stockingford – information on opening times, services, history of the church and photographs.

Church of England church buildings in Warwickshire
Commissioners' church buildings
Grade II listed churches in Warwickshire
Buildings and structures in Nuneaton

St Paul's Church, Stockingford


The 1943 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1943 at the Ohio State Natatorium at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio at the seventh annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.

Hosts Ohio State topped the team standings, the Buckeyes' first title in program history. Ohio State had finished in second or third place in each of the previous six championships.

Team standings
Note: Top 10 only
(H) = Hosts

See also
List of college swimming and diving teams

References

NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships
NCAA Swimming And Diving Championships
NCAA Swimming And Diving Championships
NCAA Swimming And Diving Championships


Omer Avital (born May 13, 1971, Givatayim, Israel) is an Israeli-American jazz bassist, composer and bandleader.

Early life
Avital was born in the town of Givatayim to Moroccan and Yemeni parents. At age 11, he began his formal training, studying classical guitar at the Givatayim Conservatory. Upon entering Thelma Yellin, Israel's leading high school for the arts, Avital switched to acoustic bass and began studying and arranging jazz.

When he was 17, Avital began playing professionally in jazz, pop, and folk music bands, as well as performing regularly on national television, radio, and in jazz festivals. He spent a year in the Israeli Army Orchestra and then moved to New York in 1992 where he began playing, recording, and touring professionally.

Career
After arriving in New York in 1992, Avital began playing in groups with Roy Haynes, Jimmy Cobb, Nat Adderley, Walter Bishop, Jr., Al Foster, Kenny Garrett, Steve Grossman, Jimmy Lovelace, and Rashied Ali. In 1994, he began collaborating with pianist Jason Lindner, with whom Avital began leading his own groups and big band during the after-hours sessions at Smalls Jazz Club in Greenwich Village.

In 1995 and 1996, Avital made an impact on the New York jazz scene with a series of breakout piano-less groups at the original Smalls Jazz Club, including a classic sextet with four saxophones, bass and drums, alternately included saxophonists Myron Walden, Mark Turner, Gregory Tardy, Joel Frahm, Charles Owens, Grant Stewart, Jay Collins and Jimmy Greene, and drummers Ali Jackson, Joe Strasser and Daniel Freedman. He was the subject of frequent features in The New York Times.

A number of these sessions were recorded and released under the Smalls record label. In 1997, Impulse! Records produced the compilation Jazz Underground: Live at Smalls, which featured several recordings of Avital's quartet. He signed to record his debut album, Devil Head, the following year, but it was never issued.

In 2001, Avital released his debut album, Think With Your Heart, featuring Gregory Tardy, Jay Collins, Myron Walden, Joel Frahm, Jimmy Greene, Joshua Levitt, Daniel Freedman and Marlon Browden.

In 2003, Avital returned to Israel, where for three years he studied classical composition, Arabic music theory, oud, and traditional Israeli music.

In 2005, Avital returned to New York and released three albums, including two from the Smalls recording archives and a fourth with the group Third World Love.

In 2006, Avital's album Asking No Permission was named to many best ten lists.   "So we weren't crazy," wrote Ben Ratliff in the New York Times, "finally, here's proof that Omer Avital's sextet, which played at Smalls to a small but deep following in the late 90s, really was good." .

In 2009, Avital and Ravid Kahalani formed Yemen Blues, a world music ensemble that combines Yemenite music with funk, blues and jazz. In 2011, Yemen Blues released their debut album, Yemen Blues. Avital served as the producer and arranger in addition to playing the bass and oud. He remained with Yemen Blues until 2012.

Avital released two albums in 2012, one with Aaron Goldberg and Ali Jackson, Jr. as Yes! Trio and another, Suite of the East, which was met with critical acclaim and was named Best Album of 2012 by the radio station TSF Jazz.

In 2013, he released his album New Song on the French label, Plus Loin Music. New Song was released in the U.S. on November 4, 2014 on Motéma Music. Avital's album Abutbul Music was released worldwide in March 2016 on the Paris-based Jazz Village label by Harmonia Mundi.

Awards and honors
 Prime Minister's Award, Israel, 2008
 ASCAP Foundation Vanguard Award, 2011

Discography
As leader

 Think With Your Heart (2001)
 Arrival (2006)
 Asking No Permission (2006)
 The Ancient Art of Giving (2006)
 Room to Grow (2007)
 Free Forever (2011)
 Live at Smalls (2011)
 Suite of the East (2012)
 New Song (Motéma Music, 2014)
 Abutbul Music (Harmonia Mundi, 2016)
 Qantar (Zamzama Records, 2018)
 Qantar: New York Paradox (Zamzama Records, 2020)

As co-leader/sideman

With Third World Love
 Songs and Portraits (2012)
 New Blues (2008)
 Sketch of Tel Aviv (2006)
 Avanim (2004)
 Third World Love Songs (2002)

With Yes! Trio (Aaron Goldberg and Ali Jackson, Jr.)
 Yes! (2012)
 Groove du jour (2019)

With New Jerusalem Orchestra
 Ahavat Olamim (2011)

With Yemen Blues
 Yemen Blues (2011)

With Debka Fantasia
 Debka Fantasia (2009)

With Anat Cohen
 Notes from the Village (2008)
 Poetica (2007)

With Marlon Browden
 The Omer Avital Marlon Browden Project (2005)

With OAM Trio (Aaron Goldberg and Marc Miralta)
 Now & Here (2005)
 Live in Sevilla (With Mark Turner) (2003)
 Flow (2002)
 Trilingual (1999)

With Avishai Cohen
 Dark Nights (2014)
 Triveni II (2012)
 Introducing Triveni (2010)
 After The Big Rain (2007)

With Claudia Acuña
 En Este Momento (2009)

With Omer Klein
 Introducing Omer Klein (2008)

With 3 Cohens (Anat, Avishai and Yuval Cohen)
 Braid (2007)

With Jason Lindner
 Live at the Jazz Gallery (2007)
 Ab Aeterno (2006)
 Live/UK (2004)
 Premonition (2000)

With Daniel Freedman
 Daniel Freedman Trio (2002)
 Bamako by Bus (2012)
 Imagine That (2016)

With Rashied Ali
 At the Vision Festival (1999)

With Antonio Hart
 For Cannonball & Woody (1993)

References

1971 births
Living people
Israeli jazz musicians
Jazz double-bassists
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Yemeni-Jewish descent
21st-century double-bassists
Jewish jazz musicians
Motéma Music artists
Fresh Sounds Records artists

Omer Avital


The  (Hawaiian: "opposition") Petitions of 1897 were a protest against the annexation of Hawaii by the United States. Also referred to as the "monster petition". It was organized by Hui Aloha ʻĀina.

History
The majority of the population of the Hawaiian Kingdom in the late 1890s was vociferously opposed to annexation. In a single weeklong petition drive in 1897, 21,269 signatures — representing well over half of the native adult population of Hawaii at the time — were procured by horseback, boat and foot travel by members of Hui Aloha ʻĀina (Hawaiian Patriotic League). Names on the petition were from loyal subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom many of which were Asian because of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 that threatened the voting rights of the Asian population in the Hawaiian Kingdom. These petitions were hand-carried to Washington and delivered to the United States Senate by a commission of Native Hawaiian delegates consisting of James Keauiluna Kaulia (president of Hui Aloha ʻĀina), David Kalauokalani (president of Hui Kālaiʻāina), William Auld, and John Richardson.

Text
The text of the petitions is as follows:

"To his Excellency WILLIAM McKINLEY, President, and the Senate, of the United States of America.
Greeting -
Whereas there has been submitted to the Senate of the United States of America a treaty for the Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the said United States of America, for consideration at its regular session in December A.D. 1897; therefore,

We the undersigned, native Hawaiian citizens and residents of the district of.............Island of.........who are members of the Women's  Hawaiian Patriotic League of the Hawaiian Islands, and others who are in sympathy with the said league, earnestly protest against the annexation of the said Hawaiian Islands to the United States of America in any form or shape."

Effect
After receiving the petitions, the United States Senate in 1898 failed to approve the annexation treaty by the necessary two-thirds majority.  Annexation was then effected under the Newlands Resolution.

See also
History of Hawaii
Opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii

Further reading

Minton, Nālani; Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole; Osorio, Jamaica Heolimeleikalani; Silva, Noenoe K. (2020). Kūʻē Petitions: A Mau Loa Aku Nō. Kaiao Press in partnerhsip with Friends of the Judiciary History Center.

References

External links

1890s in Hawaii
Republic of Hawaii
1897 in Hawaii
1897 documents

Kūʻē Petitions


Randolph–Macon College is a private liberal arts college in Ashland, Virginia. Founded in 1830, the college has an enrollment of more than 1,500 students. It is the second-oldest Methodist-run college in the country, and the oldest in continuous operation. The college primarily offers bachelor's degrees.

History
Randolph–Macon was founded in 1830 by Methodists Rev. Hekeziah G. Leigh, Rev. John Early and Staten Islander Gabriel Poillon Disosway. It was originally located in Boydton, near the North Carolina border; but as the railroad link to Boydton was destroyed during the Civil War, the college's trustees decided to relocate the school to Ashland in 1868. The college takes its name from Virginia statesmen John Randolph of Roanoke and North Carolina statesman Nathaniel Macon. (The original site of Randolph–Macon features a historical marker and ruins of the classroom buildings). The original campus became the home of the Boydton Academic and Bible Institute, a Christian school for African Americans which operated from 1878 to 1935.

In 1847, Randolph–Macon College established a relationship with Hampden–Sydney College. The relationship led to the formation of the Randolph–Macon Medical School, which closed in 1851. Its president William A. Smith delivered a set of lectures advocating slavery in 1856 and 1857.

The college has a historical relationship with Randolph College (formerly known as Randolph–Macon Woman's College) in Lynchburg, Virginia. The former women's college was founded under Randolph–Macon's original charter in 1893 by the then-president William Waugh Smith; it was intended as a female counterpart to the then all-male Randolph–Macon. The two schools later separated to become distinct institutions governed by two separate boards.  Randolph–Macon College became co-educational in 1971 with the enrollment of 50 women and the first full-time female faculty member.  (Randolph College became co-educational in 2007.)

In 1892, two preparatory schools — both called Randolph–Macon Academy — were founded. The only one that remains today is Randolph–Macon Academy in Front Royal, Virginia. Randolph–Macon Academy is today the only co-educational military boarding school in the country affiliated with the United States Air Force Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFJROTC). Currently, there are no formal relationships or agreements between Randolph-Macon Academy and Randolph–Macon College aside from the shared names, mascots, and school colors.

Randolph–Macon College became the first college south of the Mason–Dixon line to require physical education coursework for graduation. The old gym, built in 1887, was the first structure in the South to be constructed solely for instruction in physical education.  Randolph–Macon is considered to be the first college in the South to offer English as a full discipline and to develop biology as a distinct study.  Its computer science department is one of the oldest in the country associated with a liberal arts school; in the 1960s, when the program was established, many academics believed computer science to be more appropriate for a commercial trade or secretarial school than a traditional four-year institution.

Since 1923, the college has been home to the Zeta of Virginia chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the nation's oldest academic honor society. Chi Beta Phi, the national science honorary society, was founded at Randolph–Macon in 1916.

Academics
As of 2021, Randolph–Macon offers two undergraduate degrees: the Bachelor of Arts and the Bachelor of Science.  All students must satisfy the general collegiate curriculum, which requires them to take courses in each of the college's "Areas of Knowledge:" civilizations, arts and literature, natural and social sciences, mathematics, foreign languages, and wellness. Its most majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:

Business/Commerce (63)
Biology/Biological Sciences (49)
Communication (31)
Psychology (26)
Political Science and Government (18)

The college currently offers bachelor's degrees, though the institution has announced plans to provide a Master of Science in physician's assistant studies with the first cohort of students entering in 2021–2022.

The student-faculty ratio is 12:1.

Calendar
Randolph–Macon operates on a 4-1-4 academic calendar. This allows for two four-month semesters (fall and spring) with a one-month term in January to split up the semesters. During the January Term (colloquially called "J-Term"), students are afforded the opportunity to take intensive study courses on the Randolph–Macon campus, travel the globe as part of a study-abroad course, or participate in professional internships in their field(s) of study and interest.

Four-year degree guarantee
In 2011, Randolph–Macon announced a four-year degree guarantee program. The college guarantees that entering freshmen will graduate in four calendar years and, if qualifying students are not able to meet that requirement, then Randolph–Macon College will waive tuition costs for the courses that the student needs to complete their degree.

Facilities

Randolph–Macon College has over 60 academic, administrative, athletic, and residential buildings on its campus of  located in the heart of Ashland, Virginia.  The oldest building is Washington-Franklin Hall, built in 1872, soon after the college moved to Ashland from Boydton.  It was the first brick building in Ashland, and its construction was funded by the students.  Renovated in 1987, Washington-Franklin Hall now houses the history department.  Pace-Armistead Hall was built in 1876 (renovated 1997) and originally housed the chemistry department.  Today, it is home to the studio art department, including the Flippo Art Gallery.  The original Duncan Methodist Church was built in 1879 and was renovated to include classrooms and offices for the music and arts departments.  All three buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and collectively they make up "Historic Campus."

Copley Science Center is the largest academic building on campus.  The biology, chemistry, physics/astrophysics, environmental studies, computer science, and mathematics departments are all located in Copley.  Copley Science Center was built as an extension of Smithey Hall, which today houses the psychology department.  Just north of Copley is Keeble Observatory, which includes a 12" Cassegrain reflector optical telescope, and two radio telescopes.

Randolph–Macon has one main library: McGraw-Page Library.  Formerly, the library was located in Peele Hall, which is now the main administrative building on-campus and includes the Copy Center, Registrar's Office, Human Resources, provost, dean of students, and the president.

There are 12 residence halls on campus.  The seven halls on the north end of campus are collectively known as the Freshman Village.  About 75% of the college's freshmen live in one of those halls.  The four located near the center of campus house upperclassmen and the remaining freshmen.  These include the two oldest residence halls – Thomas Branch Hall and Mary Branch Hall.  The college also owns most of the fraternity and sorority houses, other houses devoted to special interest groups, and on-campus townhouses (usually reserved for seniors). Andrews Hall, named after former dean of students Rev. Ira Andrews, opened in fall 2011. The newest residence hall, Birdsong Hall, named for Constance and Thomas Birdsong '49, opened in fall 2014. Birdsong Hall provides housing for upperclassmen, including common areas, study rooms, and laundry facilities.

The college announced a $100 million capital campaign in 2011.  A large portion of the funds will go toward enhancing facilities, including two new residence halls, new football and baseball fields and stadiums, additions and renovations to the McGraw-Page Library and Copley Science Center, along with the destruction of the Brown Campus Center that was rebuilt into the Brock Commons in 2013.

In 2021, ground was broken on Duke Hall, a new 45,000-square-foot facility which will house team locker rooms, coaches offices, a new press box, and a floor fully dedicated to the Physician Assistant graduate program, scheduled to begin accepting application in the spring of 2022. Projected opening of Duke Hall, located adjacent to the home side of Day Field, is in the autumn of 2022.

The main north–south railroad line for the east coast runs through the campus.  Most of the campus is located to the east of the railroad, but a handful of college offices, special interest houses, and athletic fields are located to the west of the tracks.  The Ashland train station (not part of the R-MC campus) is directly across from the southern entrance to the campus.

Athletics

Randolph–Macon athletic teams are the Yellow Jackets (or more simply, as "The Jackets"). The college is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) since the 1976–77 academic year.

Randolph–Macon competes in 20 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis and volleyball (which was added in 2019); while women's sports include basketball, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis and volleyball; and co-ed sports include dance/cheer and equestrian.

The Hampden–Sydney vs. Randolph–Macon rivalry is a sports rivalry between the Hampden–Sydney College Tigers and the Randolph–Macon College Yellow Jackets. The college football rivalry between the NCAA Division III schools, often known simply as "The Game", dates to 1893 and has been called the oldest small-school rivalry in the Southern United States. The rivalry now crosses all sports, with the men's basketball series in particular gaining national attention.

On November 24, 2020, the 1984 football victory over Hampden–Sydney was voted the greatest football game in the history of Randolph–Macon dating back to 1891.  In this game, Randolph–Macon's defense forced five turnovers which allowed the explosive and record breaking offense to score 31 points in a 31–10 victory. This allowed Randolph–Macon to advance to the NCAA playoffs for the first time in the school's history finishing the regular season ranked #5 in the NCAA and #1 in the NCAA South Region.  During this historic season, Randolph Macon wide receiver Keith Gilliam had an NCAA record of nine consecutive receptions for touchdowns.

On March 19, 2022, Randolph–Macon won its first national title in the school's history as the men's basketball team soundly defeated Elmhurst College, 75–45. The Yellow Jackets set a school record for wins and finished with a 33–1 record, including a 19–0 finish in ODAC conference play.

The college maintains a Hall of Fame of former especially accomplished athletes based upon their past athletic records.

Notable alumni

Notable faculty
Dave Brat: former Republican Congressman for Virginia's 7th congressional district U.S. House of Representatives seat. In 2014, he defeated House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in the GOP primary and went on to defeat Democratic candidate Jack Trammell (also a member of the faculty) in the November general election. In 2018, he was defeated by Democratic candidate Abigail Spanberger
William E. Dodd, American Ambassador to Germany 1933-1937
David Seth Doggett, a professor in the 1860s and later a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Theodore Henley Jack, president of Randolph-Macon College from 1933 through 1964
Nathaniel Thomas Lupton (1830–1893), a professor of chemistry in 1856
Debra Rodman, associate professor of anthropology and women's studies and director of Women's Studies and elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in November 2017 for District 73
 Jack Trammell, the 2014 Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in Virginia's 7th congressional district
Seth Clabough,  American novelist, English professor

References

External links

Official website
Official athletics website

Liberal arts colleges in Virginia
Private universities and colleges in Virginia
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Hanover County, Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1830
Education in Hanover County, Virginia
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Buildings and structures in Hanover County, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Hanover County, Virginia
Gothic Revival architecture in Virginia
Italianate architecture in Virginia
1830 establishments in Virginia

Randolph–Macon College


Michael Babatunde Olatunji (April 7, 1927 – April 6, 2003) was a Nigerian drummer, educator, social activist, and recording artist.

Early life

Olatunji was born in the village of Ajido, near Badagry, Lagos State, in southwestern Nigeria. A member of the Ogu people, Olatunji was introduced to traditional African music at an early age. His name, Bàbátúndé, means 'father has returned', because he was born two months after his father, Zannu, an Ogu (Egun) man, died. Olatunji was considered to be a reincarnation. His father was a local fisherman who was about to rise to the rank of chieftain, and his mother was a potter who was a member of the Ogu people. Olatunji grew up speaking the Gun (Ogu/Egun) and Yoruba languages. His maternal grandmother and a great-grandmother were priestesses of the Vodun and Ogu religions, and they worshipped the Vodun, such as Kori, the goddess of fertility.

Due to his father's premature death, from an early age he was groomed to take the position as chief. When he was 12, he realized that he did not want to become a chieftain. He read in Reader's Digest magazine about the Rotary International Foundation's scholarship program, and applied for it. His application was successful and he went to the United States in 1950.

Education
Olatunji received a Rotary scholarship in 1950 and was educated at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, where he desired to, but never sang in the Morehouse College Glee Club. Olatunji was a good friend of Glee Club director Dr. Wendell P. Whalum and collaborated with him on a staple of the choir's repertoire, "Betelehemu", a Nigerian Christmas carol. After graduating from Morehouse, he went on to New York University to study public administration. There, he started a small percussion group to earn money on the side while he continued his studies.

Career
After hearing Olatunji perform with the 66 piece Radio City Music Hall orchestra Columbia Records signed Olatunji to the Columbia label in 1958. One year later he released his first of six records on the Columbia label, called Drums of Passion. Drums of Passion became a major hit and remains in print; it introduced many Americans to world music. Drums of Passion also served as the band's name.

Olatunji won a following among jazz musicians, by infusing Nigerian rhythms with elements drawn from Ghanaian and Afro-Caribbean traditions. Most notably creating a strong relationship with John Coltrane, with whose help he founded the Olatunji Center for African Culture in Harlem. This was the site of Coltrane's final recorded performance in 1967. Coltrane wrote the composition "Tunji" on the 1962 album Coltrane in dedication to him. Olatunji recorded with many other prominent musicians (often credited as "Michael Olatunji"), including Cannonball Adderley (on his 1961 African Waltz album), Horace Silver, Quincy Jones, Pee Wee Ellis, Stevie Wonder, Randy Weston, and with Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln on the pivotal Freedom Now Suite aka We Insist!, and with Grateful Dead member Mickey Hart on his Grammy winning Planet Drum projects. He is also mentioned in the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Free," recorded for the album The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. He appeared in the second season episode "Olatunji – An African in New York" of the CBC television show Quest broadcast  May 6, 1962, a series which also starred Bob Dylan in an episode from March 10, 1964.

In 1969, Carlos Santana had a major hit with his cover version of "Jin-go-lo-ba" from Olatunji's first album, which Santana recorded on his debut album, Santana, as "Jingo".
Olatunji's subsequent recordings include Drums of Passion: The Invocation (1988), Drums of Passion: The Beat (1989) (which included Airto Moreira and Carlos Santana), Love Drum Talk (1997), Circle of Drums (2005; originally titled Cosmic Rhythm Vibrations, with Muruga Booker and Sikiru Adepoju), and Olatunji Live at Starwood (2003 – recorded at the 1997 Starwood Festival with guest Halim El-Dabh. He also contributed to Peace Is the World Smiling: A Peace Anthology for Families on the Music for Little People label (1993).

Film and theatre
Olatunji composed music for the Broadway theatrical and the 1961 Hollywood film productions of Raisin in the Sun.  He assisted Bill Lee with the music for his son Spike Lee's hit film She's Gotta Have It.

Activism
Olatunji was known for making an impassioned speech for social justice before performing in front of a live audience.  His progressive political beliefs are outlined in The Beat of My Drum: An Autobiography, with a foreword by Joan Baez, (Temple University Press, 2005). He toured the American south with Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and joined King in the march on Washington.

When he performed before the United Nations General Assembly, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev took off his shoes and danced. Later, he was one of the first outside performers to perform in Prague at Václav Havel's request. On July 21, 1979, he appeared at the Amandla Festival along with Bob Marley, Dick Gregory, Patti LaBelle and Eddie Palmieri, amongst others.

Teaching career
Olatunji was a music educator, and invented a method of teaching and recording drum patterns which he called the "Gun-Dun, Go-Do, Pa-Ta" method after the different sounds made on the drum. He taught drum and dance workshops year-round starting in the late 1950s. Over the years he presented workshops nationally and internationally at colleges, universities, civic, cultural, and governmental organizations.

He co-wrote Musical Instruments of Africa: Their Nature, Use and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People with Betty Warner-Dietz (John Day Company, 1965). He taught a summer drumming and African dance course with his wife, at the Omega Institute in Rhinebeck, New York for many summers during Family week. He also taught at the Esalen Institute in California beginning in 1985.

Later life and death
Starting in the late 1980s Olatunji had a resurgent late career with the release of recordings on the Rykodisc label, Olatunji - Drums of Passion,The Invocation and Olatunji - Drums of Passion, The Beat. The 1990s brought further recordings with Babatunde Olatunji, Healing Session, (originally released as a limited edition cassette tape and later on CD in 2003), and Drums of Passion - Freedom, Justice and Peace.

The 1991 release on Rykodisc, Planet Drum, a collaboration with Mickey Hart of the Grateful Dead, along with an all star line up of world renowned drummers, spent a record setting streak of weeks as the number 1 ranked recording on Billboard's Top World Music Album chart. Olatunji with the drumming ensemble supported the recording with a ten city national tour, playing sold out shows at such venues as Carnegie Hall. In 1994, a major box set compiling the complete Columbia Record recordings was issued by Bear Family Records. The 1997 recording, "Love Drum Talk", on the Chesky label, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Beat Music.

Throughout the 1990s Olatunji's tour schedule more than doubled bringing Drums of Passion to events as far-flung as the International Peace University, Berlin, Kodo Drum Society of Japan, The National Cathedral of the United States of America, Ontario Anti-Racist Secretariat, Universita della Studi di Napoli, United Nations Hunger Project, along with an endless schedule of theater and club dates. During the 1990s Olatunji's educational workshops were presented by organizations associated with the human potential movement, such as Esalen Institute, Omega Institute, Hollyhock Farm, and organizations in Europe. In 1997, Olatunji was impresario for the Ghana Dance Ensemble, bringing the world famous performance and education group from Accra, Ghana, to tour the U.S.

In early 2000, Olatunji purchased a home in Washington, D.C. where he lived for a short time, along with his roommate, Professor Akinsola Akiwowo. There he was assisted by Jaqui MacMillan and Chris Stewart, before he sold the house and moved to California. For the few years before his death Olatunji made his home at the wild Big Sur coastline. He became a scholar-in-residence at the Esalen Institute. During this time, he already suffered severely from diabetes and was assisted by Nora Arjuna, Leo Thompson, Jamie "Joriahna" Lee, and Leon Ryan until shortly before his death from diabetes in Salinas, California in 2003, one day before his 76th birthday. He was survived by his wife Amy, 3 children (Omotola Olatunji, Folashade Olatunji Olusekun, and Modupe Olatunji), 7 grandchildren, and a cousin, Akinsola Akiwowo.

Awards
 Olatunji was part of Mickey Hart's Planet Drum projects, including the album Planet Drum, which won the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album of 1991, the first year for which the award was given.
 He was an inductee into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 2001.

Discography

Albums
 Drums of Passion (Columbia, 1959)
 Zungo! (Columbia, 1961)
 Flaming Drums (Columbia, 1962)
 High Life! (Columbia, 1963)
 Drums!, Drums!, Drums! (Roulette, 1964)
 Soul Makossa (Paramount, 1973)
 Dance to the Beat of My Drum (Bellaphon, 1986)
 Drums of Passion: The Invocation (Rykodisc, 1988)
 Drums of Passion: The Beat (Rykodisc, 1989)
 Drums of Passion: Celebrate Freedom, Justice & Peace (Olatunji, 1993)
 Drums of Passion and More (Bear Family, 1994)
 Babatunde Olatunji, Healing Rhythms, Songs and Chants (Olatunji, 1995)
 Love Drum Talk (1997, Chesky)
 Drums of Passion [Expanded] (2002)
 Olatunji Live at Starwood (2003) Recorded Live at the Starwood Festival 1997
 Healing Session (2003, Narada)
 Circle of Drums (2005, Chesky)

Videography
 Olatunji and His Drums of Passion (Video) (1986 Video Arts International) Recorded Live at Oakland Colisium 12/31/85
 Love Drum Talk (Video) (1998, CHE, TMS, Chesky)
 African Drumming (Instructional video) (2004, Interworld)
 Olatunji Live at Starwood (DVD) (2005, ACE) Recorded Live at the Starwood Festival 1997

As guest

With Mickey Hart
 At the Edge (Rykodisc, 1990)
 Planet Drum (Rykodisc, 1991)
 Mickey Hart's Mystery Box (Rykodisc, 1996)
 Supralingua (Rykodisc, 1998)
 Global Drum Project (Shout! Factory, 2007)
 Mysterium Tremendum (360°, 2012)

With others
 1960 We Insist!, Max Roach
 1960 Uhuru Afrika, Randy Weston
 1960 The Incredible Kai Winding Trombones, Kai Winding
 1961 African Waltz, Cannonball Adderley
 1961 The Common Ground, Herbie Mann
 1964 Gainsbourg Percussions, Serge Gainsbourg
 1977 Home in the Country, Pee Wee Ellis
 1977 Silver 'n Percussion, Horace Silver
 1980 Connections, Richie Havens
 1987 Taj, Taj Mahal
 1988 The Other Side of This, Airto Moreira
 1991 Jungle Fever, Stevie Wonder
 1991 Strange and Beautiful, Crimson Glory
 1995 Dance of the Rainbow Serpent, Carlos Santana
 1997 Jazz 'Round Midnight, Quincy Jones
 2000 The Rose That Grew from Concrete, 2Pac
 2019 History, Youssou N'Dour

See also
Polyrhythm

References

Bibliography
 Musical Instruments of Africa: Their Nature, Use and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People (1965) with Betty Warner-Dietz. John Day Company OCLC: 592096
 Foreword to "The Drummer's Path: Moving the Spirit with Ritual and Traditional Drumming" (1992) by Súle Greg Wilson, Destiny Books
 The Beat Of My Drum: An Autobiography (2005) (with a foreword by Joan Baez). Temple University Press ,

External links
Official site archived
Babatunde Olatunji biodata, AfricanMusic.org
Olatunji profile, salon.com
Interview with Olatunji (October 2000)

  as Babatunde
  as Michael

1927 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Chesky Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Deaths from diabetes
Djembe players
Master drummers
Morehouse College alumni
Musicians from Lagos
Nigerian drummers
Nigerian emigrants to the United States
Nigerian percussionists
Planet Drum members
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service alumni
Yoruba musicians
20th-century American male musicians
Provogue Records artists

Babatunde Olatunji


United States v. Graham, 846 F. Supp. 2d 384 (D. Md. 2012), was a Maryland District Court case in which the Court held that historical cell site location data is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Reacting to the precedent established by the recent Supreme Court case United States v. Jones in conjunction with the application of the third party doctrine, Judge Richard D. Bennett, found that "information voluntarily disclosed to a third party ceases to enjoy Fourth Amendment protection" because that information no longer belongs to the consumer, but rather to the telecommunications company that handles the transmissions records. The historical cell site location data is then not subject to the privacy protections afforded by the Fourth Amendment standard of probable cause, but rather to the Stored Communications Act, which governs the voluntary or compelled disclosure of stored electronic communications records.

A three judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the district court on the Fourth Amendment issue in August 2015, but the full court en banc upheld the district court in May 2016. Its validity has grave doubt after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Carpenter v. United States in 2018.

Background
With the increase in usage of cellular phones by the public, the government turned to the exploitation of cellular phone technology to track the movements of suspects. This phenomenon led to suits by defendants who claimed that use of such technology to track their movements amounted to an invasion of their privacy.

The courts were divided over whether such tracking amounted to intruding in a person's personal sphere. Some courts decided that such tracking to obtain cell site location data implicated the Fourth Amendment, and applied the 'probable cause' standard stipulated under the Fourth Amendment to such cases- In re Application of the United States [809 F. Supp. 2d 113 (E.D.N.Y. 2011)], In re Application of the United States [747 F. Supp. 2d 827 (S.D. Tex. 2010)]. These courts however also clarified that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated if the request for acquisition of cell site location information is for a short period of time.

Other cases were decided in favor of applying the 'specific and articulable facts' standard under the Stored Communications Act since the courts believed that such acquisition of historical cell site location data did not implicate the Fourth Amendment- United States v. Dye (N.D. Ohio Apr. 27, 2011), United States v. Velasquez (N.D. Cal Oct, 22, 2010), In re Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600 (5th Cir. 2013).

Facts
The Defendants, Aaron Graham and Eric Jordan, were charged for a series of armed robberies of commercial entities including a Burger King restaurant and a McDonald's restaurant in Baltimore, Maryland on February 5, 2011. Ten minutes after the McDonald's robbery, the defendants were found and arrested by the police and, upon request, provided their cell phone numbers to the officers at the scene. Two cell phones were recovered from the Defendant's car, which matched the numbers that the Defendants had provided earlier. Before Baltimore Detective Christopher Woerner searched the contents of the phones, he requested search warrants for the devices from the Circuit Court.

On March 25, 2011, Magistrate Judge Susan K. Gauvey granted the government's request to order Sprint/Nextel, Inc. to "disclose to the government 'the identification and address of cellular towers (cell site locations) related to the use of' the Defendants' cellular telephones"  pursuant to the Stored Communications Act. The order requested the disclosure of geographic data for August 10–15, 2010; September 18–20, 2010; January 21–23, 2011; and February 4–5, 2011 dates important for linking the defendants to the robberies. Gauvey determined that the goal of linking the suspects to the robberies fit the standard of the government offering "specific and articulable facts." On July 15, 2011, the government was granted a second order from Magistrate Judge Paul W. Grimm for the cell site location for the period of July 1, 2010 through February 6, 2011. Spring/Nextel, Inc. provided the data to the government pursuant to this order.

On December 8, 2011, Judge Bennett of the District Court held a hearing to determine if the Cellular Phone Data and Historical Cell Site Location Data should be granted the motion to suppress at the Defendant's request.

Court Proceedings

Defendants' Claims
The Defendants argued that the historical cell site location data acquired without a warrant was in violation of the Fourth Amendment because the "length of time and extent of the cellular phone monitoring intruded on the Defendants' expectation of privacy." The Defendants claimed that the data granted to the government allowed the "government to paint an intimate picture of the Defendants' whereabouts over an extensive period of time". They contended that the implications of this technology allow the government to retroactively surveil a suspect through a device he carries with him twenty-four hours a day, even to constitutionally protected places such as the home.

Plaintiff's Claims
In response to the Defendants' claims, the government argued that they lacked standing because Defendant Jordan used a fictitious name and address when subscribing to the phone service and this demonstrated a lack of privacy interest in the location records. The government also contended that the records were the proprietary business records of the cell phone carriers and that the Defendants voluntarily gave their records to the cellular service company. The government analogized the cell site location data to the pen register and used the third-party doctrine established by the Supreme Court case Smith v. Maryland to argue that the defendants had voluntarily given their information to the third party which did not implicate the Fourth Amendment based on precedent.

The government also contended that the Stored Communications Act's "lower 'specific and articulable facts' standard provides adequate privacy protections... and notwithstanding recent cases [United States v. Antoine Jones], the majority of courts have concluded that "the government's acquisition of cell site location data without a warrant does not violate the Fourth Amendment". Lastly, the government argued that, if the Court were to conclude that the acquisition of the cell site location data was unconstitutional, the appropriate remedy would not be suppression of the evidence.

Opinion of the Court

'Specific and Articulable Facts' Standard
The court reiterated that the 'specific and articulable facts' standard stipulated in the Stored Communications Act, is lower than the threshold requirement established by the 'probable cause' standard under the Fourth Amendment. The 'specific and articulable facts' standard is defined in section 2703(d) of the Act. It states that the governmental entity seeking the information must offer specific and articulable facts that "there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation."

Expectation of Privacy
Regarding the government's argument about the defendant's lack of standing because of the fictitious name he used, the Court considered the issue combined with the legitimacy of the expectation of privacy in the historical cell site location data. The court cited Katz v. United States, wherein it was stated that any object that a person knowingly exposes to the public, cannot rightfully be claimed as the subject of a Fourth Amendment protection. However, anything that a person strives to protect as private, even if such object is situated in an area accessible to the public, may fall under the purview of the Fourth Amendment.

In Katz v. United States, Justice Harlan evolved a two-prong test to determine when an object may be the subject of a Fourth Amendment protection. He stated that protection may be extended to those areas where a person has a subjective expectation of privacy, and that expectation is also objectively reasonable. Justice Rehnquist reiterated this principle in Rakas v. Illinois, when he stated that a 'legitimate expectation of privacy' cannot be confined to a mere subjective expectation of something being kept private. He stated that a legitimate expectation of privacy "must have a source outside of the Fourth Amendment, either by reference to concepts of real or personal property or to understandings that are recognized and permitted by society."

The court in this case declined to consider the issue of the defendants' 'standing' separately from the issue of the legitimate expectation of privacy in the historical cell site location data. The court pronounced that the real and substantial issue to be decided in the case was whether the defendants had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the historical cell site location data or not.

Third Party Doctrine
In Katz v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the "Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public...is not subject of Fourth Amendment protection." First the Court cited Smith v. Maryland where the Supreme Court held that "a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties," and that the users of third party services are aware that they are conveying their information to the companies in order for the service to work. Using the reasoning of United States v. Miller, the Court determined that historical cell site location records were not the Defendant's private papers, but were the business records of the cellular providers. Coupling this logic with the Fourth Circuit's in United States v. Bynum, which "concluded that because Bynum voluntarily conveyed his location to his internet company, he enjoyed no reasonable expectation of privacy in that information," the Court determined that the third-party doctrine was applicable to historical cell site location information and that the Fourth Amendment was therefore not implicated.

Mosaic Theory
Next, the Court considered the question of time - if there was an exception to the third-party doctrine if the records requested were "cumulative." Judge Bennett cited multiple past orders in various districts which held that there was no Fourth Amendment violation if the request was for a concrete and short period of time. Citing the mosaic theory of the Fourth Amendment created in United States v. Maynard (the D.C. Circuit case leading to the Supreme Court United States v. Antoine Jones case), the court found that "individual investigatory steps taken by law enforcement do not amount to a Fourth Amendment violation, but when viewed in the aggregate...infringe on a person's reasonable expectations of privacy." However, Judge Bennett disagreed with this reasoning and stated that Congress expressly intended to require only "specific and articulable facts" in its enactment of the Stored Communications Act for the precise purpose that individuals do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in information conveyed to third parties. Therefore, citing the majority opinion in U.S. v. Jones, Judge Bennett reasoned that if technology is altered in the future to intrude on the reasonable expectation of privacy, the legislature would be the body best fit to address this issue.

Differences from United States v. Jones
Because the Jones case set the Supreme Court precedent for surveillance by the government using certain electronic devices to be violations of the Fourth Amendment, Judge Bennet elucidated the distinctions between U.S. v. Jones and the case at hand. A GPS device was the issue in Jones, and Judge Bennett noted that unlike GPS information, historical cell site location data is only retroactive, not prospective - it does not give the government the ability to track the precise movements of the suspect in real time. The next difference between the two and from Smith v. Maryland that Judge Bennett noted was that historical cell site location can "only reveal which cellular towers were used to route a particular call" and therefore can only give a general location where a cell phone was used and only where the closest cellular tower was. Also, Judge Bennet separates the cases because the GPS surveillance was conducted without a valid warrant in Jones, but in this case, the Stored Communications Act had the standard of "specific and articulable facts," which enabled the judicial branch to prevent and remedy executive overreaching.

Lastly, Judge Bennett specified that the majority opinion in Jones ultimately did not consider whether the "search" in the case violated the individual's reasonable expectation of privacy and therefore, until a higher court analyzes this question or Congress comes up with a solution other than the Stored Communications Act,  Judges must apply the facts of the case to the law as is currently interpreted.

Appropriate Remedy
Because the officers pursuing the historical cell site location data relied in good faith on the Stored Communications Act and the orders issued by the Magistrate Judges, the exclusionary rule does not apply as per Illinois v. Krull. There was no challenge to whether the Stored Communication Act applied to this case. Therefore, the data would still be admissible in the trial as evidence and suppression would not be an appropriate remedy.

Holding
The court held that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated in the acquisition of historical cell site location data because of the application of the third party doctrine. The court stated that such information is created and kept by third parties as part of their ordinary course of business. Judge Bennett concluded that the Defendants' Fourth Amendment rights were not violated when the government, according to the standards of the Stored Communications Act, acquired their historical cell site location data.  The Defendants' Motion to Suppress Evidence of historical cell site data was therefore denied.

Court of Appeals
In August 2015, a three judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals voted 2-1 to overturn the district court ruling that Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. "We conclude that the government's warrantless procurement of the CSLI [cell site location information] was an unreasonable search in violation of Appellants' Fourth Amendment rights. Nevertheless, because the government relied in good faith on court orders issued in accordance with Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, or the Stored Communications Act ("SCA"), we hold the court's admission of the challenged evidence must be sustained."
The government asked the court to rehear the case en banc. Oral arguments in the appeal were heard March 23, 2016.

In May 2016 the full 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, voted 12-3 that the government can get the information without a warrant under a decades-old legal theory that it had already been disclosed to a third party, in this case a telephone company.

Further Comments
Some commentators have expressed the opinion that the decision does not postulate a general rule with respect to surveillance measures through new technology. They have reflected the view that in drawing a difference between prospective and historical data, Judge Bennet may have rendered a narrow decision, which is particular to historical data.

In a subsequent case decided September 23, 2014, Judge Bennet noted that "United States v. Graham is currently on appeal to the Fourth Circuit and has been pending before that Court for nearly two years."

See also
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Reasonable expectation of privacy
Privacy laws of the United States
Electronic Communications Privacy Act
Carpenter v. United States

References

External links
D.C. Circuit Introduces "Mosaic Theory" of Fourth Amendment, Holds GPS Monitoring a Fourth Amendment Search
Government's legal brief in 5th Circuit Court of Appeals arguing that customers have no privacy interest in Historical Cell-Site Data
Court Ordered Disclosure of Historical Cell Site Location Information: The Argument for a Probable Cause Standard
More Cases on the Mosaic Theory and The Implications of Jones
The Fourth Amendment and New Technologies: Constitutional Myths and the Case for Caution
The Case for the Third-Party Doctrine

2012 in United States case law
2015 in United States case law
2016 in United States case law
United States district court cases
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit cases
United States privacy case law
Computer law
Telecommunications in the United States
Mobile phone culture

United States v. Graham