Lisa del Giocondo (;  ; June 15, 1479 – July 15, 1542) was an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany. Her name was given to the Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the Italian Renaissance.

Giocondo was born in Florence. She married in her teens to a cloth and silk merchant who later became a local official, she was a mother to five children and led what is thought to have been a comfortable and ordinary life. Lisa outlived her husband, who was considerably her senior.

In the centuries after Lisa's death, the Mona Lisa became the world's most famous painting. In 2005, Lisa was definitively identified as the model for the Mona Lisa.

Early life
Giocondo's Florentine family was old and aristocratic but over time had lost their influence. They were well off but not wealthy, and lived on farm income in a city where there were great disparities in wealth among its inhabitants.

Antonmaria di Noldo Gherardini, Lisa's father, came from a family who had lived on properties near San Donato in Poggio and only recently moved to the city. Gherardini at one time owned or rented six farms in Chianti that produced wheat, wine and olive oil and where livestock was raised.

Gherardini lost two wives, Lisa di Giovanni Filippo de' Carducci, whom he married in 1465, and Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, whom he married in 1473, both of whom died in childbirth. Lisa's mother was Lucrezia del Caccia, daughter of Piera Spinelli, and Gherardini's wife by his third marriage in 1476.

Lisa was born in Florence on June 15, 1479, on Via Maggio, although for many years it was thought she was born on Villa Vignamaggio just outside Greve, one of the family's rural properties. She was named for Lisa, a wife of her paternal grandfather. The eldest of seven children, Lisa had three sisters, one of whom was named Ginevra, and three brothers, Giovangualberto, Francesco, and Noldo.

The family lived in Florence, originally near Santa Trinita and later in rented space near Santo Spirito, likely because they were unable to afford repairs when their first house was damaged. Lisa's family moved to what today is called Via dei Pepi, and then near Santa Croce, where they lived near Ser Piero da Vinci, Leonardo's father.

They also owned a small country home in St. Donato in the village of Poggio about  south of the city. Noldo, Gherardini's father and Lisa's grandfather, had bequeathed a farm in Chianti to the Santa Maria Nuova hospital. Gherardini secured a lease for another of the hospital's farms; the family spent summers there at the house named Ca' di Pesa, so that Gherardini could oversee the wheat harvest.

Marriage and later life
On March 5, 1495, 15-year-old Lisa married Francesco di Bartolomeo del Giocondo, a modestly successful cloth and silk merchant, becoming his third wife. Lisa's dowry was 170 florins and the San Silvestro farm near her family's country home, which lies between Castellina and San Donato in Poggio, near two farms later owned by Michelangelo. The modest dowry may be a sign that the Gherardini family was not wealthy at the time and lends reason to think she and her husband loved each other.

Neither poor nor among the most well-to-do in Florence, the couple lived a middle-class life. Lisa's marriage may have increased her social status because her husband's family may have been richer than her own. Francesco is thought to have benefited because Gherardini is an "old name".

They lived in shared accommodation until 5 March 1503, when Francesco was able to buy a house next door to his family's old home in the Via della Stufa. Leonardo is thought to have begun painting Lisa's portrait the same year.

Lisa and Francesco had five children: Piero, Piera, Camilla, Marietta, and Andrea between 1496 and 1502. Lisa lost a baby daughter in 1499. Lisa also raised Bartolomeo, the son of Francesco and his first wife Camilla di Mariotto Rucellai, who died shortly after the birth. The second wife of Lisa's father, Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, and Francesco's first wife were sisters, members of the Rucellai family.

Camilla and Marietta became nuns. Camilla took the name Suor Beatrice and entered the convent of San Domenico di Cafaggio, where she was entrusted to the care of Antonmaria's sister Suor Albiera and Lisa's sister Suor Camilla (who was acquitted in a scandalous visitation by four men at the convent) and Suor Alessandra. Beatrice died at age 18 and was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Novella. Lisa developed a relationship with Sant'Orsola, a convent held in high regard in Florence, where she was able to place Marietta in 1521. Marietta took the name Suor Ludovica and became a respected member of the convent in a position of some responsibility.

Francesco became an official in Florence. He was elected to the Dodici Buonomini in 1499 and to the Signoria in 1512, where he was confirmed as a Priore in 1524. He may have had ties to Medici family political or business interests. In 1512, when the government of Florence feared the return of the Medici from exile, Francesco was imprisoned and fined 1,000 florins. He was released in September when the Medici returned.

In June 1537, by his last will and testament, Francesco returned Lisa's dowry to her, gave her personal clothing and jewelry and provided for her future. Upon entrusting her care to their daughter Ludovica and, should she be incapable, his son Bartolomeo, Francesco wrote, "Given the affection and love of the testator towards Mona Lisa, his beloved wife; in consideration of the fact that Lisa has always acted with a noble spirit and as a faithful wife; wishing that she shall have all she needs…"

Death
In one account, Francesco died in the plague of 1538. Lisa fell ill and was taken by her daughter Ludovica to the convent of Sant'Orsola, where she died on July 15, 1542, at the age of 63. In a scholarly account of their lives, Francesco was nearly 80 years old when he died, and Lisa may have lived until at least 1551, when she would have been 71 or 72.

Mona Lisa

Like other Florentines of their financial means, Francesco's family members were art lovers and patrons. His son Bartolomeo asked Antonio di Donnino Mazzieri to paint a fresco at the family's burial site in the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze. Andrea del Sarto painted a Madonna for another member of his family. Francesco gave commissions to Leonardo for a portrait of his wife and to Domenico Puligo for a painting of Saint Francis of Assisi. He is thought to have commissioned Lisa's portrait to celebrate both Andrea's birth and the purchase of the family's home.

The Mona Lisa fulfilled 15th- and early 16th century requirements for portraying a woman of virtue. Lisa is portrayed as a faithful wife through gesture—her right hand rests over her left. Leonardo also presented Lisa as fashionable and successful, perhaps more well-off than she was. Her dark garments and black veil were Spanish-influenced high fashion; they are not a depiction of mourning for her first daughter, as some scholars have proposed. The portrait is strikingly large; its size is equal to that of commissions acquired by wealthier art patrons of the time. This extravagance has been explained as a sign of Francesco and Lisa's social aspiration.

During the spring of 1503, Leonardo had no income source, which may in part explain his interest in a private portrait. But later that year, he most likely had to delay his work on Mona Lisa when he received payment for starting The Battle of Anghiari, which was a more valuable commission and one he was contracted to complete by February 1505. In 1506, Leonardo considered the portrait unfinished. He was not paid for the work and did not deliver it to his client. The artist's paintings travelled with him throughout his life, and he may have completed the Mona Lisa many years later in France, in one estimation by 1516.

The painting's title dates to 1550. An acquaintance of at least some of Francesco's family, Giorgio Vasari, wrote, "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife" (). The portrait's Italian name La Gioconda is the feminine form of her married name. In French it is known by the variant La Joconde. Though derived from Lisa's married name there is the added significance that the name derives from the word for "happy" (in English, "jocund") or "the happy one".

Speculation assigned Lisa's name to at least four different paintings and her identity to at least ten different people. The theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911 and its travels to Asia and North America during the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the painting's iconization and fame. By the end of the 20th century, the painting was a global icon that had been used in more than 300 other paintings and in 2,000 advertisements, appearing at an average of one new advertisement each week. In 2005, an expert at the Heidelberg University Library discovered a marginal note in a book in the library's collection that they claim establishes the traditional view that the sitter was Lisa. The note, written by Agostino Vespucci in 1503, states that Leonardo was working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo.

The Mona Lisa has been in France since the 16th century, when Leonardo moved to King Francis I's court and the king acquired it; since the French Revolution, it has been part of a French national collection. Today about six million people visit the painting each year at the Louvre in Paris.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

1479 births
1542 deaths
15th-century Italian women
16th-century Italian women
Italian artists' models
Models from Florence
Mona Lisa
Nobility from Florence

Lisa del Giocondo


Ancient accounts of Homer include numerous passages in which archaic and classical Greek poets and prose authors mention or allude to Homer. In addition, they include the ten biographies of Homer, often referred to as the Lives.

Ancient Dating of Homer
There are no known records directly dating Homer other than his writings of the Odyssey and the Iliad. All accounts are based on tradition. The periodization hinted in written records comes from Herodotus, who maintained that Hesiod and Homer lived no more than 400 years before his own time, therefore around 850 BC. Artemon of Clazomenae, an annalist, gave Arctinus of Miletus, a pupil of Homer, a birth date of 744 BC. It is assumed he lived between 750-700 BC.

The Lives and the Epigrams

There are ten extant Lives of Homer. Eight of these are edited in Georg Westermann's Vitarum Scriptores Graeci minores, including a narrative entitled the Contest of Homer and Hesiod. The longest, Life of Homer, is written in the Ionic dialect and claims to be the work of Herodotus, but this is spurious (see Pseudo-Herodotus). It most likely belongs to the 2nd century AD, although the other Lives are of more recent origin.

The Lives preserve short poems and fragments of verse attributed to Homer, the Epigrams, which were once printed at the end of editions of Homer. They are numbered as they appear in Pseudo-Herodotus. These are easily recognized as popular rhymes, a form of folklore, and in most countries, treasured by the people as a kind of proverb.

In the Homeric epigrams, the subject matter often covers the characteristics of particular localities, for example, Smyrna and Cyme, Erythrae, and Mount Ida; others relate to certain trades or occupations: potters, sailors, fishermen, goat herds, etc., suggesting that they are not the work of any one poet. That they were all ascribed to Homer suggests that they belong to a period in the history of the Ionian and Aeolian colonies when Homer was a name that drew to itself much ancient and popular verse.

The epigrams were the chief source from which the Lives of Homer were derived. Epigram 4 mentions a blind poet, a native of Aeolian Smyrna, through which flows the water of the sacred Meles. Here may be the source of the chief incident of the Herodotean Life, the birth of Homer, named Son of the Meles to conceal a scandalous affair between his mother and an older man who had been appointed her guardian. The epithet Aeolian implies high antiquity, inasmuch as according to Herodotus, Smyrna became Ionian not long before 688 BC. The Ionians had their own version of the story, which may have made Homer come out with the first Athenian colonists.

Other References On Homer
The same line of argument may be extended to the Hymns and works of the so-called Cyclic poets, the lost early epics, some of which formed the Epic Cycle and Theban Cycle. Thus:

The hymn to the Delian Apollo ends with an address of the poet to his audience. When any stranger comes and asks who the sweetest singer is, they are to answer with one voice, "The blind man that dwells in rocky Chios; his songs deserve the prize for all time to come." Thucydides, who quotes this passage to show the ancient character of the Delian festival, seems to have no doubt about the Homeric authorship of the hymn. Many accounts say that he was from Smyrna and lived in Chios later in his life.
The Margites, a humorous poem known as a reputed work of Homer down to the time of Aristotle, began with the words, "There came to Colophon an old man, a divine singer, servant of the Muses and Apollo." Hence the claim of Colophon to be the native city of Homer, a claim supported in the early times of Homeric learning by the Colophonian poet and grammarian Antimachus. The Suda reports Homer being a Smyrnaean that was taken as captive to the Colophonians in war, hence the name Ὅμηρος, which in Greek means "captive". Homer's name originating from him being a captive is widely reported.
The poem called the Cypria was said to have been given by Homer to his son-in-law Stasinus of Cyprus as dowry. The connection with Cyprus appears further in the predominance given in the poem to Aphrodite.
The Little Iliad and the Phocais, according to the pseudo-Herodotean life, were composed by Homer when he lived at Phocaea with a certain Thestorides, who carried them off to Chios and there gained fame by reciting them as his own. The name Thestorides occurs in Epigram 5.
A similar story was told about the poem called the Capture of Oechalia, the subject of which was one of the exploits of Heracles. It passed under the name of Creophylus of Samos, a friend or (as some said) a son-in-law of Homer, and was sometimes said to have been given to Creophylus by Homer in return for hospitality.
The Thebaid was confidently counted as the work of Homer. As to the Epigoni, which carried on the Theban story, there was less certainty.

These indications render it probable that the stories connecting Homer with different cities and islands grew up after his poems had become known and famous, especially in the new and flourishing colonies of Aeolis and Ionia. The contention for Homer may have begun at a time when his real history was lost, and he had become a sort of mythical figure, an anonymous hero, or a personification of a great school of poetry.

Arctinus of Miletus
A confirmation of this view from the negative side is furnished by the chief city among the Asiatic colonies of Greece, Miletus. There has so far been no legend that claims about a visit from Homer to Miletus. Yet, Arctinus of Miletus was said to have been a disciple of Homer and was certainly one of the earliest and most considerable of the Cyclic poets. His Aethiopis was composed as a sequel to the Iliad and the structure and general character of his poems show that he took the Iliad as his model. Yet, in his case, there is no indication of disputed authorship which is the case with other Cyclic poems. Possibly, Arctinus was never so far forgotten that his poems became the subject of dispute.

See also
 Homeridae
 Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)

Notes

Homeric scholarship
Biographies of Homer

Ancient accounts of Homer


Team America: World Police is a 2004 action movie. It was directed by Trey Parker and written by Parker, Matt Stone and Pam Brady. It stars Parker, Stone, Kristen Miller, Masasa Moyo, Daran Norris, Phil Hendrie, Maurice LaMarche, Tara Strong, Jeremy Shada and Fred Tatasciore. Team America satirizes big-budget action movies and the global implications of the politics of the United States. It follows the paramilitary police force Team America. They recruit a Broadway actor to save the world from North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il, who is leading a conspiracy of Islamic terrorists and liberal Hollywood actors.

Cast
 Trey Parker as Gary Johnston, Joe Smith, Kim Jong-il, Hans Blix, Matt Damon, a drunk in a bar, Tim Robbins, Sean Penn, Michael Moore, Helen Hunt, Susan Sarandon, Peter Jennings, Liv Tyler and Janeane Garofalo
 Matt Stone as Chris Roth, George Clooney, Danny Glover, Ethan Hawke and Martin Sheen
 Kristen Miller as Lisa Jones
 Masasa Moyo as Sarah Wong
 Daran Norris as Spottswoode
 Phil Hendrie as I.N.T.E.L.L.I.G.E.N.C.E. and a Chechen terrorist
 Maurice LaMarche as Alec Baldwin
 Tara Strong as a French mother
 Jeremy Shada as Jean Francois
 Fred Tatasciore as Samuel L. Jackson
 Scott Land, Tony Urbano and Greg Ballora as lead puppeteers
The movie also features a man dressed as a giant statue of Kim Il-sung, two black cats, two nurse sharks, and a cockroach, with the difference in size with the marionettes played for humorous effect. A poster of the Barbi twins was featured on the billboard in Times Square, making the twins the only non-marionette humans in the movie.

Other websites

2004 action movies
2004 comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
2000s satirical movies
2000s fantasy-comedy movies
American action movies
American black comedy movies
American satirical movies
German action movies
Movies about dictators
Movies set in Egypt
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in North Korea
Movies set in Panama
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in South Dakota
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies set in a fictional country

Team America: World Police


Shinnel Watter, spelt Shinnell an aw, is a river in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.

It rises in the Scaur Hills o Tynron Pairish in the Soothren Uplands at an altitude o 1,509 fit, an flowes 13 mile tae jyne Scaur Watter near Penpont, at an altitude o aboot 230 fit. Thare is twa kenspeckle featurs o the Shinnel; at the meetin o the twa rivers, it flowes ower a scaur wi some force; an three mile upstream, the river forms a weel-farrant watterfaw at Aird Linn.

Like Scaur Watter, the Shinnel is weel kent for troot fishin an flowes throu birk forest and aik forest.

Rivers o Dumfries an Gallowa

Shinnel Watter


Daniel Ross (born 1970) is an Australian philosopher and filmmaker, best known as the author of Violent Democracy (2004) and the co-director of the film The Ister (2004). His work is influenced by Bernard Stiegler, and he is a translator or co-translator of numerous texts by Stiegler, including eleven books.

Education
Ross obtained his doctorate from Monash University in 2002, under the supervision of Michael Janover. It was entitled Heidegger and the Question of the Political and focused in particular on two of Heidegger's lecture courses, Plato's Sophist and Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister".

Filmography
The Ister (2004). Co-directed with David Barison.

Bibliography

Books
Psychopolitical Anaphylaxis: Steps Towards a Metacosmics (London: Open Humanities Press, 2021).
Violent Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

Thesis
Heidegger and the Question of the Political (2002).

External links
Daniel Ross on academia.edu.
.

1970 births
21st-century Australian non-fiction writers
21st-century Australian philosophers
21st-century translators
Australian documentary filmmakers
Australian film directors
Australian male non-fiction writers
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian translators
Historians of philosophy
Living people
Monash University alumni
Philosophers of art
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of mind
Political philosophers
Social philosophers
Philosophers of technology
Continental philosophers

Daniel Ross (philosopher)


Middle Brother, also known as Île du Milieu, is an 8-hectare coral island on the Great Chagos Bank atoll of the Chagos Archipelago in the British Indian Ocean Territory.  It is one of the three islands in the Three Brothers group on the western side of the atoll, and forms part of the Chagos Archipelago strict nature reserve.  It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for its significance as a breeding site for seabirds, notably sooty terns, of which 12,500 pair were recorded in a 2004 survey.

References

Important Bird Areas of the British Indian Ocean Territory
Seabird colonies
Chagos Archipelago
Nature reserves

Middle Brother (Chagos Bank)


Malavi is a village in the Ballari district Karnataka, India. According to the 2011 census, the town contained 39 family units, with 100 males and 89 females for a total population of 189. There were 15 children between the ages of 0–6. The literacy rate was lower than in Karnataka, with 71.26 % able to read while in the district the rate was 75.36 %. Men have a higher literacy rate than women: 82.61 % for men compared with 58.54 % for women. The Panchyati Raaj Act allows the town to be administered by a Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is the elected representative of the village.

References

Villages in Belagavi district

Malavi, India


The Papanicolaou test (also Pap test, Pap smear (AE), cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), or smear test (BE)) is a test that doctors do for women.  The test tells whether the woman has cancer cells on her cervix, which is an organ inside the vagina.

A doctor collects cells from the cervix using a speculum, brush, and spatula.  The doctor puts the cells in a liquid or on a glass slide.  Then the liquid or slide goes to a laboratory for testing.  The technician in the laboratory looks at the cells under a microscope to see if they are cancer or could become cancer.  Woman do pap tests because, if she finds out she has cervical cancer early, she can start treatment, and she is more likely to live.

References

Medical tests

Pap test


Environmental goods are typically non-market goods, including clean air, clean water, landscape, green transport infrastructure (footpaths, cycleways, greenways, etc.), public parks, urban parks, rivers, mountains, forests, and beaches. Environmental goods are a sub-category of public goods. Concerns with environmental goods focus on the effects that the exploitation of ecological systems have on the economy, the well-being of humans and other species, and on the environment. Users not having to pay an upfront cost and external factors like pollution that can damage environmental goods indefinitely are some of the challenges in protecting environmental goods.

Valuation
There have been many efforts to place an economic value on environmental goods, but no consensus yet exists on the method of valuation. The challenges in the way of obtaining these economic values include the free-rider problem, difficulties in assigning ownership, and the non-divisibility of environmental goods.

Methods
Assigning a willingness to pay to environmental goods is one method that economists use to try to assess their value. Small scale simulated markets have been used in conjunction with contingent valuation methods in order to assess the relative values of economic goods, as well as an attempt to assign them dollar values. Other studies criticize these methods for expecting an unrealistic amount of mental effort on the part of the subjects who are asked to assign values, as well as for introducing framing effects and inherent biases relating to subjects' perceptions of dollar values.

Measures of economic progress
Alternative measures of economic progress, including the Genuine Progress Indicator, Gross National Happiness, and Gross National Well-being factor living environmental wellness, ecological vitality, and the effects of resource depletion and long-term environmental damage into their models. These metrics aim to categorize not only the economical and monetary values of environmental goods and services, but also their effects on the emotional and psychological well-being of individuals within a society.

Trade definition
In trade documents released by the United States, "environmental good" primarily refers to goods that are used for preserving the environment, such as renewable energy technologies and pollution management systems. In 2015, the U.S. exported $238 billion of environmental goods, while trading among nations globally of environmental goods totaled around $1 trillion. The United States and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and aims to lower tariffs on environmental goods in hopes of increasing the United States' access to more sustainable technology.

Environmental Goods Agreement
Since 2015, delegates from 18 members of the WTO, including the European Union and its member states, have been negotiating the Environmental Goods Agreement in hopes of cutting tariffs on many environmental goods. Australia chairs the negotiations.

The negotiations aimed to increase the transfer of technologies which are cleaner for the environment and more cost competitive, including technologies in the realm of air pollution control, waste treatment, renewable energy, and environmental monitoring, and energy efficiency. The WTO hopes to provide higher-quality environmental goods at cheaper costs and to help developing countries to expedite the process of obtaining cleaner technologies. The agreement would also aim to lower costs of environmental protection, and to provide "green" jobs to people around the world.

Talks collapsed in 2016, although the Australian government notes that "a range of interested Members continue to examine issues and consider options for an eventual return to negotiations".

See also

 Landscape planning
 Natural environment
 Ecological goods and services
 Natural capital
 Natural resource
 Public goods
 Sustainable landscape architecture
 Town planning

References

Public economics

Environmental good


The Lost Blue Bucket Mine is a lost mine reputed to be located along the Meek Wagon Train trail between the present day cities of Vale and The Dalles in Oregon, United States. Its discovery traces back to 1845, several years before the start of the California Gold Rush.

The legend

Points of agreement

The various versions of the legend tend to agree on a few key points:

 Lost Oregon-bound emigrants discovered it in summer 1845,
 The deposit is coarse placer gold in a dry stream bed or canyon,
 The canyon is bottomed with lava pocked with cavities and potholes.

Versions of the legend

One version states that a wagon train got lost off the Meek Cutoff of the Oregon Trail, near the Malheur River. Three young men (or boys, or a single girl — accounts vary) went to fetch water, and while doing so put some shiny rocks into a blue bucket. Older members of the party said it was copper. Someone asked, "Was there much of it?" One replied, "We could have filled one of these blue buckets". This was 1845, before the California Gold Rush, and back then many could not recognize gold. A Mrs. Fisher kept one nugget and left the rest behind. The wagons eventually reached what is now The Dalles, Oregon in October, 1845. The single nugget was eventually recognized as gold.

Another version holds that when the Stephen Meek Wagon train stopped along the trail in present-day Crook County near Bear Creek, children went to gather water at some distance from the camp. They returned with a blue bucket filled with shiny pebbles. An old-timer in the party stated that the pebbles were made of copper. One of the families, however, kept several of the pebbles as souvenirs. Years later, and after having moved to California, the family came across the pebbles in a dresser drawer. By this time, the California Gold Rush had occurred, and the expertise was available to recognize that the pebbles were in fact gold. However, no-one could remember the precise location in which the pebbles had been found.

Results

The legend sparked a gold rush to the area of modern-day Baker City, Oregon.

Current status

If the mine existed, its location is unknown; the area comprises perhaps .  It is believed to be on a tributary of the John Day River, or in another version, on a Bear Creek tributary of the Crooked River. There are three real mines in the U.S. named the "Blue Bucket", including one in Grant County, Oregon, that are unrelated to the lost mine.

Further reading

References

External links and references

Gold mines in the United States
Blue Bucket Mine
History of Oregon
Oregon Trail
Crook County, Oregon
Baker County, Oregon
Grant County, Oregon

Lost Blue Bucket Mine


Charles W. Robinson (born 1946) was the state treasurer of Arkansas from 2013 to 2015. He was appointed on May 29, 2013, by Democratic Governor Mike Beebe after the resignation of former treasurer Martha Shoffner a week earlier on charges of corruption. Robinson served the remainder of Shoffner's term and was not eligible to run for election to the office in 2014. Dennis Milligan succeeded Robinson as state treasurer, effective January 13, 2015.

Robinson is originally from Harrison, Arkansas, and has an accounting degree from Arkansas Tech University in Russellville and an MBA from the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. He had been a state employee for thirty-four years in the Division of Legislative Audit, including twenty-eight years as the legislative auditor, from which he retired in 2007.  Robinson lives in North Little Rock, Arkansas.

On November 4, 2014, Republican Dennis Milligan won a general election contest against Democrat Karen Garcia and Libertarian Chris Hayes; Milligan succeeded Robinson as state treasurer on January 13, 2015.

References

1946 births
Living people
State treasurers of Arkansas
Arkansas Democrats
Arkansas Tech University alumni
People from Harrison, Arkansas
Politicians from North Little Rock, Arkansas
University of Arkansas alumni

Charles Robinson (Arkansas politician)


Krautrock is rock and electronic music. It was born in Germany in the late 1960s. The term was popularized in the English-speaking press. Later, German media began to use it as a term for all German rock bands from the late 1960s and 1970s. That was while abroad the term specifically referred to more experimental artists who often but not always used synthesizers and other electronic instruments.

Largely divorced from the traditional blues and rock and roll influences of British and American rock music until that time, the period contributed to the evolution of electronic music and ambient music as well as the birth of post-punk, alternative rock and New Age music.

Artists
Key artists associated with the tag include Can, Amon Düül II, Ash Ra Tempel, Faust, Popol Vuh, Cluster, Tangerine Dream, Klaus Schulze, Neu!, and Kraftwerk.

Etymology
The word "krautrock" was applied to the experimental German rock movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s by the British music press, and was retained by its practitioners. The term krautrock was originally a humorous one coined by the UK music press (such as New Musical Express and Melody Maker), where "krautrock" found an early and enthusiastic underground following. The term comes from the ethnic slur "kraut". Its use by the music press was inspired by a track from Amon Düül's Psychedelic Underground titled "Mama Düül und Ihre Sauerkrautband Spielt Auf" ('Mama Düül and her Sauerkrautband Strike Up'). As is often the case with musical genre labels, not many of the bands wanted to see themselves pigeon-holed. They tended to eschew the term. The term is also a problematic category because of the differences, from one artist to another so labelled.

Musicologist Julian Cope, in his book Krautrocksampler, expressed in words that "Krautrock is a subjective British phenomenon," based on the way the music was received in the United Kingdom instead of on the actual West German music scene out of which it became bigger.

For example, while one of the main groups originally tagged as krautrock, Faust, recorded a seminal 12-minute track they titled "Krautrock". They later distanced themselves from the term, expressing in words that: "When the English people started talking about Krautrock, we thought they were just taking the piss... and when you hear the so-called 'Krautrock renaissance,' it makes me think everything we did was for nothing."

References

Rock music

Krautrock


Hendrik Witbooi (c. 1830 – 29 October 1905) was a chief of the ǀKhowesin people, a sub-tribe of the Khoikhoi. He led the Nama people during their revolts against the German colonial empire in present-day Namibia, in connection with the events surrounding the Herero and Namaqua Genocide. He was killed in action on 29 October 1905. Witbooi is regarded as one of the national heroes of Namibia, and his face is portrayed on the obverse of all N$50, N$100 and N$200 Namibian dollar banknotes.

Names

Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi (also spelt Witboi) was also known by the Nama name  and the nickname Kort (from Dutch kort = short), in Herero Korota or pejorative Otjikorota.

Family and early life

The family of Hendrik Witbooi made its mark as important members of Nama tribes.  His grandfather, David Witbooi, was Chief of the tribe, who led the tribe across the Orange River into Namaland. His father, Moses Witbooi, was also a Chief of the tribe.  His uncle, Jonker Afrikaner, was also a well-known Nama Chief, and opponent of Hendrik Witbooi. Jonker Afrikaner was in turn the son of the famous Jager Afrikaner. Hendrik Witbooi himself had seven sons and five daughters, including his son Isaak Witbooi.

Witbooi was born circa 1830 in Pella, Northern Cape, in the Cape Colony, which is today part of South Africa. He was educated as a Lutheran by German missionary Johannes Olp, and was well-versed in many languages, including his native Nama. He was a member of the Nama people, also known as the Khoikhoi.

The ǀKhowesin Nama and other Nama tribes often fought amongst each other and with Herero tribes. After almost being killed in a conflict with the Hereros, he had a vision that he had been chosen by God to lead his people north.

Witbooi was educated at Rhenish Missionary and Wesleyan Methodist Schools in Namibia as well as at the Wilberforce Institute in Evaton, South Africa.
First he took up employment as teacher in 1856 at Keetmanshoop, transferred in 1859 to Maltahöhe, and returned in 1865 to Gibeon at the request of the community and the Church to build on the foundations laid by his ageing father.

Rise to influence

Witbooi moved north on 16 May 1884, with a faction of the ǀKhowesin tribe. This was against the wishes of his father, Moses, who remained opposed to Hendrik's plans. As evidenced from his diaries (which contain a large portion of the surviving documents of Witbooi) he still admired his father greatly, in spite of their political difference. On 22 February 1887, Moses' chief rival, his subchief Paul Visser, had Moses killed and deposed.

Hendrik Witbooi held leadership at Gibeon in 1888, long after the death of Jonker Afrikaner in 1861 caused a power struggle among the various groups for paramount leadership. Several combat incorporated various leaders ensured until Hendrik finally defeated his last chief rival, Paul Visser, in July 1888 and took over leadership at Gibeon. Hendrik retaliated on 12 July 1888, shooting Visser. This led to Hendrik becoming chief of the ǀKhowesin people. He began to unite other Nama tribes under his control as well. By 1890, Hendrik Witbooi was signing all his letters, 'Chief of Great Namaqualand'.

German conflicts

In the early morning of 12 April 1893, the ǀKhowesin were attacked by the Germans at Hornkranz. Many were killed, although Hendrik managed to escape with most of his fighting men.  He campaigned against the Germans for two years, until the treaty of Gurus on 15 September 1894 where he agreed to a conditional surrender. Witbooi also decided to render military support for the Germans against other smaller tribes, such as the eastern Mbanderu Herero, Afrikaners, and Swartbooi.

After serving as a branch of the German army fighting against the Herero for the previous three years, Witbooi and the Nama again revolted against German rule in Namibia on 3 October 1904. During the ensuing war with the Germans in 1904–1905, Witbooi rallied his people with the conviction God had guided them to fight for their freedom from the imperialists. Witbooi was killed in action on 29 October 1905, near Vaalgras, near Koichas.  His dying request was: "It is enough. The children should now have rest".  He was replaced by Fransman Nama until the Nama surrendered in 1908.

Recognition

Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi is one of nine national heroes of Namibia that were identified at the inauguration of the country's Heroes' Acre near Windhoek. Founding president Sam Nujoma remarked in his inauguration speech on 26 August 2002 that:
Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi was the first African leader who took up arms against the German imperialists and foreign occupiers in defence of our land and territorial integrity. We, the new generation of the Land of the Brave, are inspired by Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi's revolutionary action in combat against the German Imperialists who colonised and oppressed our peoples. To his revolutionary spirit and his visionary memory we humbly offer our honour and respect.
Witbooi is honoured in form of a granite tombstone with his name engraved and his portrait plastered onto the slab. His face was portrayed on the obverse of all Namibian dollar banknotes until 20 March 2012, and is still on all N$50, N$100 and N$200 notes.

Witbooi's diary and complete correspondence has survived and became known as the Hendrik Witbooi Papers. It is stored in the National Archives of Namibia in Windhoek. UNESCO inscribed it in its Memory of the World Register – Africa.

References

External links

 The Diaries of Hendrik Witbooi ()
 Compilation of letters and the diary from Hendrik Witbooi (German)
 The Cardboard Box Travel Shop: Hendrik Witbooi
 The Namibian, 14 October 2009: Hendrik Witbooi: A Tribute

1830 births
1905 deaths
People from Khâi-Ma Local Municipality
Nama people
Namibian chiefs
People from Hardap Region
National heroes of Namibia
Namibian revolutionaries
Military personnel killed in action
People of the Herero and Namaqua genocide

Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)


The Great Fire of 1873 was a major fire which swept through the downtown of Portland, Oregon on August 2, 1873, destroying twenty-two blocks on the west side of the Willamette River, including along Yamhill and Morrison Streets. A mix of mansions, tenements, and commercial property were destroyed. Many businesses were not insured, and many others were only partially insured.

Timeline
At 4:20 am on morning of August 2, 1873, a fire started on First Street near Taylor, at the Hurgren & Shindler furniture store. Fueled by the oils and varnishes in the store, the fire burned hot and spread rapidly. By 4:40 am, just twenty minutes after its start, the fire had spread a block and the nearby Metropolitan Hotel was a complete loss. The Portland volunteer fire department responded along with fire companies from Salem, Vancouver, and Oregon City. Salem's fire company came 52 miles by train within 57 minutes. When the Salem department arrived seven blocks had been consumed but they were able to stop the northern progress of the fire. The wind, however, spread the fire in all other directions and soon twelve blocks were engulfed in flames and the city water supply was failing. As the other departments arrived there were only a total of 7 engines to contend with a fire half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide.  As fast as the fire could be suppressed in one direction, it would break it in another. The fire finally stopped on its own due to lack of material to burn.

Aftermath

Among the losses were 2 Engine Houses, 2 Sash Factories, 3 Foundries, 4 Mills, 5 Hotels, 100 retail stores, and 250 dwellings. 150 families were homeless and encamped on the city park. One estimate for the economic impact of the fire is that the fire caused $1.3 million in damage. Mayor Henry Failing chaired a relief committee and put in $10,000 himself.

The city "shunned" financial aid offered from San Francisco and the East Coast, and instead used local resources.  Rebuilding was delayed by the Panic of 1873, then was in "full swing" by 1878.

The downtown area shifted to the west after the fire. The present-day Portland Yamhill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, includes the northern part of the 22-block area.  One surviving building is the Northrup and Blossom-Fitch Building (1858) from before the fire.  The district includes 17 Italianate-style buildings built between 1878 and 1887.

Controversy
In December 1872, 8 months prior, there had been another fire which started in a Chinese laundry facility on the waterfront along Front Street. This fire destroyed several blocks in the areas of Front and Morrison streets. The official cause of the 1873 fire is undetermined, however many people of the time believed it was started by anti-Chinese arsonists. The areas of the 1872 fire had yet to be rebuilt and acted as a buffer for the fire of 1873.

References

1870s fires in the United States
1873 disasters in the United States
1873 fires
1873 in Oregon
19th century in Portland, Oregon
Fires in Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon

Great Fire of 1873


Frank Wyndham Goldie (5 July 1897 – 26 September 1957) was an English actor.

World War I
During World War I, Goldie was a lieutenant in the Royal Marine Light Infantry. His elder brother Maurice also held a commission in the same Corps during the war.

Acting career
Goldie came to prominence as an actor at the Liverpool Playhouse from 1927 until summer 1934, the last year during which he also directed plays. In 1937 he starred in Margaret Kennedy's play Autumn in the West End.

Personal life
He was married to the television producer Grace Wyndham Goldie.

Partial filmography
 Lorna Doone (1934) as Chief Judge Jeffries (London)
 Man of the Moment (1935) as Jason Randall
 Crime Unlimited (1935) as Conway Addison
 The Black Mask (1935) as Davidson
 Under the Red Robe (1937) as Edmond, Duke of Fiox
 Victoria the Great (1937) as Cecil Rhodes
 The Last Chance (1937) as John Worrall
 The Return of Carol Deane (1938) as Francis Scott-Vaughan
 Sixty Glorious Years (1938) as Arthur J. Balfour
 Old Bones of the River (1938) as Commissioner Sanders
 Inspector Hornleigh on Holiday (1939) as Sir George Winbeck
 The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939) as Kindilett
 Girl in the News (1940) as Edward Bentley
 Night Train to Munich (1940) as Charles Dryton
 Seven Days to Noon (1950) as Rev. Burgess
 Doctor in the House (1954) as Examiner (uncredited)
 Child's Play (1954) as Director Atomic Research
 The Secret (1955) as Doctor Scott
 Brothers in Law (1957) as Mr. Smith
 The Strange World of Planet X (1958) as Brigadier Cartwright (final film role)

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. History of the British Film: Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985 .

External links

1897 births
1957 deaths
English male film actors
English male stage actors
Male actors from Kent
20th-century English male actors
Royal Marines personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Kent
Royal Marines officers

Wyndham Goldie


Creative Artists Agency LLC (CAA) is an American talent and sports agency based in Los Angeles, California. With more than 3,000 employees in 25 countries worldwide in June 2022, CAA is regarded as an influential company in the talent agency business, and manages numerous clients.

In September 2023, French billionaire François-Henri Pinault completed the acquisition of a majority stake in CAA, in an agreement valued at 7 billion dollars. The purchase was made through his investment company, Groupe Artémis.

History
Creative Artists Agency (CAA) was formed by five agents at the William Morris Agency in 1975. At a dinner, Michael Ovitz, Michael S. Rosenfeld, Ronald Meyer, Rowland Perkins, and William Haber decided to create their own agency. An early plan was to form a medium-sized full-service agency, share proceeds equally, and do without nameplates on doors or formal titles or individual client lists, with guidelines like "be a team player" and "return phone calls promptly." The agents were fired by William Morris before they could obtain financing.

Undaunted, the agents moved ahead: CAA was incorporated in Delaware with a $21,000 bank loan, a $35,000 line of credit, and the rental of a small Century City office. Within a week, they sold a game show called Rhyme and Reason, the Rich Little Show, and The Jackson 5ive.

CAA used its writer clients to attract actors to the agency. Ovitz and CAA were the first to package films like TV shows. Representing numerous A-list actors and having about $90 million in annual bookings in the late 1970s, Ovitz led the agency to expand into the film business. By the mid-1990s, CAA had 550 employees, about 1,400 of Hollywood's top talent, and $150 million in revenue. In the 1990s, CAA was owned mostly by several key agents, including Ovitz, Meyer, and Haber.

Ovitz was good at "packaging talent for movies and TV projects" and negotiating large deals between Japanese conglomerates, such as Sony and Matsushita, with Hollywood studios, such as Columbia/TriStar and MCA. Ovitz expanded the agency into advertising and telecommunications. In 1992, the Coca-Cola Company placed CAA in charge of much of its marketing campaign, to work alongside advertising agency McCann Erickson. In 1995, CAA was described as the industry's most powerful agency.

In 1995, Ron Meyer was appointed as the head of MCA, and Ovitz left for Disney. After Ovitz and Meyer left, talent agent Jay Moloney took over the company but struggled with a drug addiction and left the agency soon afterward. After Ovitz, the agency was taken over by Richard Lovett, who was made the president, along with Kevin Huvane, Rob Light, Bryan Lourd, Rick Nicita, and David O'Connor as managing partners.

In 1996, several CAA agents defected to rival agency William Morris Endeavor, taking with them prominent directors and actors. The partners founded the CAA Foundation in 1996 to create positive social change by encouraging volunteerism, partnerships, and donations. In 2012, it worked with Insight Labs for education reform, and contributed to its School Is Not School reform effort.

CAA established CAA Marketing in 1998 to work with brands and clients for promotion purposes. CAA Marketing developed Chipotle's Back to the Start video and created a marketing campaign for the Coca-Cola Company.

In 2003, it opened a New York City office to manage theater clients. CAA began expanding into sports in 2006. From 2005 to 2015, CAA developed greater fiscal discipline, with more emphasis on profits, possibly as the result of the influence of private equity firms. During these years, CAA doubled in size, from 750 to 1,500 employees. In 2010, new technological developments such as the digital distribution of movies put strains on the industry. There was pressure to diversify into television, publishing, concerts, and find other ways to grow. In that year, private equity firm TPG Capital invested $165 million with an additional $200 million in debt financing.

CAA began an expansion into sports in 2006, under the leadership of CEO Richard Lovett. A report in USA Today suggested that CAA's development of its sports-related clientele was significant in 2007. A report in Nexus magazine in 2015 suggested that CAA was well-positioned to develop the E-Sports market. CAA puts together deals for sports stars such as writing their clients into fitness apps.

CAA's agents scrambled to deal with a strike by the Screen Actors Guild in 2008. In 2010, TPG Capital gained a 35% interest in the agency and pledged $500 million for investments. The transaction enabled acquisitions in areas such as sports and overseas operations.

It later sold a controlling stake to TPG Capital in October 2014. In 2015, TPG Capital was reported to own 53% of CAA. CAA is co-owner with an investment bank.

CAA has diversified into different businesses such as sports marketers and leagues and digital commerce. In 2014, CAA has been undergoing a transformation from relying solely on booking talent, into engineering multimedia deals worldwide. To this end, CAA established CAA Ventures, a venture capital fund that has supported products such as the Whisper app.

In 2019, the Writers Guild of America, East, entered a dispute between the top four Hollywood talent agencies (William Morris Endeavor, Creative Artists Agency, United Talent Agency and ICM Partners); on September 30, 2020, the WGA asked CAA to sell a majority stake in their content company , with CAA accepting their divestment on December 16, 2020, and selling the majority of wiip to South-Korean studio JTBC.

Nine months after it was announced that CAA would acquire ICM Partners, a deal valued at $750 million was reached between the agencies in June 2022. Following the acquisition, about 425 ICM staffers and agents were to join CAA.

In September 2023, Groupe Artémis, an investment firm founded by French billionaire François-Henri Pinault agreed to buy a majority stake in CAA. The deal closed in October 2023.

Agents

CAA has employed top sports agents such as Tom Condon and Jeff Berry.

CAA president Richard Lovett is regarded as shunning media attention and keeping a low profile. Lovett took the job position at CAA in 1995, and he was described as a "skillful agent" with a "trademark ever-ready smile" adept at schmoozing and hobnobbing with colleagues and studio heads. Lovett was described in The Wall Street Journal as being "elegantly aggressive."

Top agencies frequently raid each other's staff, and when key people defect to rivals, it makes news headlines and often leads to legal battles over breach-of-contract claims. When agents defect, the rivalry can degenerate quickly into vicious battles played out in courtrooms and in the media. When key CAA clients Will Ferrell and Chris Pratt defected to rival United Talent Agency (UTA) in 2015, and were later followed by ten agents, it erupted into a full-frontal legal battle between the warring agencies. In the lawsuit, CAA accused UTA of conducting a "lawless, midnight raid" as part of an "illegal and unethical conspiracy" with agents deliberately delaying meetings with clients to divert business to UTA. In a bitter lawsuit and countersuit between CAA and UTA in 2015, which began after a slew of CAA's agents departed for UTA, there were accusations of fraud, malicious untruths, lying, and a range of charges including a "breach of duty of loyalty" as well as "conspiracy to breach fiduciary duty."

Rivalry is not limited to rank-and-file agents, but can take the form of public barbs by company CEOs. Grudges can last for years; for example, movie producer Jay Weston sued CAA in 1979 about the rights to a film, and years later, it was revealed that Weston was "totally ostracized" by the agency. In effect, CAA would do the minimally required legal tasks of passing along required offers but otherwise staying uninvolved.

Some agents have had a reputation in the public's mind of living in a world of "fast cars, rooftop bars and foul-mouthed, phone-throwing power brokers," according to an account in the Los Angeles Times.

CAA agent Jay Moloney led a colorful yet self-destructive life. Moloney interned at CAA while studying at USC, became the right-hand man of Michael Ovitz, worked with clients such as Leonardo DiCaprio and made millions, dated actresses such as Jennifer Grey and Gina Gershon, and "battled personal demons" and became a "slave to cocaine"; Moloney committed suicide at age 35.

In 2004, the HBO production entitled Entourage was made about a fictional Hollywood agent named Ari Gold. According to one report, the fictional Ari Gold character may have been based on a hybrid between an "even-keeled" Creative Artists Agency agent named Jeff Jacobs and an "abrasive 'go-for-the-jugular'" William Morris Endeavor agent named Ari Emanuel. The report suggested that images like these may contribute to the public perception of agents as foul-mouthed and aggressive bullies.

Perhaps because of its dominance in the industry, CAA agents have a reputation for being "coldhearted Hollywood power brokers," according to one report in The Wall Street Journal.

The agency has been accused of blacklisting people who did or said things that the agency did not want publicized; for example, Courtney Love said that she was "eternally banned" beginning 2005 by CAA after making a negative comment about Miramax producer Harvey Weinstein. Uma Thurman left CAA on November 22, 2017, the day before making an Instagram post addressing accusations against Harvey Weinstein.

in October 2023, Maha Dakhil was resigned from copmany after her controversial posts on Israel-Hamas War

Industry information
With many clients, agents charge a percentage fee based on monies that their clients make; one estimate was that CAA charges 10% of what its movie and television clients are paid.

CAA chiefs including Michael Ovitz, Ron Meyer and Bill Haber built the agency by packaging actors and directors with literary clients, but the scope of deal-making has widened in recent decades. For example, CAA crafted a deal between toy-maker Hasbro and DreamWorks and Paramount Pictures, along with numerous CAA writers and directors, to make the movie franchise Transformers. Sometimes deal-making entails creating new technology firms. CAA even manages deals with the estates of long-dead clients such as reggae musician Bob Marley, who died in 1981. CAA helped one former politician create an online career institute. CAA sold sponsorship rights for a baseball stadium in San Francisco.

While talent agencies can grow by making acquisitions, CAA has generally grown organically by bringing in new clients. The company divided its agents into two camps: traditional agents who manage the career tracks of 1,000 stars, and specialists in investment banking, consulting, advertising and digital media. The agency can use its more glamorous clients in film and TV to craft deals with steadier income streams; for example, using clients such as Julia Roberts, they can assemble marketing programs for less glamorous clients, such as Nationwide Insurance.

When Hollywood agents change firms, and take stars and talent with them, it can have major financial repercussions for the departing agency, and can lead to much confusion as lawyers pour over the fine print of numerous contracts.

To market themselves, talent agencies often cater exclusive parties following awards ceremonies such as the Golden Globes. In 2013, CAA threw a party at the Sundance Film Festival which caused embarrassment and a public relations backlash, where "guests mingled with lingerie-clad women pretending to snort prop cocaine, erotic dancers outfitted with sex toys and an Alice in Wonderland look-alike performing a simulated sex act on a man in a rabbit costume."

Buildings
In the late 1980s, CAA commissioned architect I. M. Pei to design a new headquarters building at the corner of Santa Monica and Wilshire Boulevards in Beverly Hills. The  building consists of two curved wings set around a central atrium with a skylight that rises into a conical glass tower. The  high atrium was designed as an art-filled formal reception hall with a 100-seat screening room and gourmet kitchen and displays a  by  mural by Roy Lichtenstein. The design used feng shui principles.

In 2007, CAA relocated to a new building in Century City, a district of Los Angeles. The new headquarters are sometimes referred to as "The Death Star" by entertainment professionals. CAA has offices in Los Angeles, New York, Nashville, London, Beijing, Atlanta, Miami, Chicago, Memphis, Stockholm, Munich and Switzerland.

In January 2022, CAA announced it would move its headquarters across the street from its existing office in 2026.

Competition
CAA was formed in 1975 from defections from the William Morris Agency, and there continue to be about four or five major talent agencies.

In 2009, William Morris Agency and Endeavor merged to form William Morris Endeavor (WME). As of 2015, CAA and WME are the largest agencies in the business. In 2014, WME bought IMG Worldwide, a fashion and sports agency, for $2.4 billion. In 2014, WME had 4500 employees while CAA had 1500 employees. WME had a larger share of sports-related clients. The rivalry can get cantankerous: in one instance, the William Morris Endeavor agency placed dozens of ads around the city using Creative Artists Agency's red-and-white color signature with the headline being CAAN'T, a "playful nod to the CAA acronym." The agencies compete by "regularly poaching agents and clients from one another."

In popular culture
In Jay McInerney's short story "The Business" from How It Ended, the main character is a screenwriter represented by CAA. CAA's building is featured in the video game Midnight Club: Los Angeles.

Controversies
In December 2017, there were reports that the agency was actively involved in coverups relating to abuse and harassment by disgraced Miramax executive Harvey Weinstein. Variety, citing a report in The New York Times, reported that at least eight agents knew about the ongoing harassment yet continued to do business with Weinstein, and even sent actresses to meet with him in situations where they might have been vulnerable to his predations. Actress Uma Thurman accused the agency of being connected to Weinstein's predatory behavior. In 2005, Courtney Love advised young actresses in an interview, "If Harvey Weinstein invites you to a private party in the Four Seasons, don't go." Love later said that she was "banned" by CAA for speaking out about Weinstein. in 2023 Julia Ormond filed lawsuit against CAA accused for negligence after sexually assaulted by  Weinstein

References

Further reading
 A History of CAA and Coke, by Hein, Kenneth, Benezra, Karen,Brandweek, 10644318, January 16, 2006, Vol. 47, Issue 3.

External links

American companies established in 1975
Talent and literary agencies
Sports management companies
Entertainment companies based in California
Companies based in Beverly Hills, California
Entertainment companies established in 1975
1975 establishments in California
2023 mergers and acquisitions

Creative Artists Agency


The Myth of Leadership: Creating Leaderless Organizations
is a book written by former Brigham Young University lecturer Jeffrey Nielsen, who teaches philosophy at Westminster College, Salt Lake City, Utah and at Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah.

Basis
The book is based on Neilsen's concept of the "myth of leadership."

Professor Nielsen argues that we frequently use the words "leader" and "leadership" metaphorically to refer to some talent or skill that is needed, which use does little damage as well as little good. However he adds, when we use the words formally to designate officially someone as a leader or some position as involving leadership, then we create unhealthy and deleterious organizational and community relationships.

As soon as we formally designate a leader, Nielsen argues, we set up within an organization a dichotomy: two groups - to one we assign duties, and to the other we assign privileges. We confer unique and powerful privileges upon the few leaders and specify numerous duties to be obeyed by the many followers. The followers, the vast majority, are consigned to an inferior status, even to be sacrificed, if needs be, to preserve and protect the power and privilege of those designated as leaders – whether through layoffs, war, tax cuts, or even welfare reform. To the leaders, the élite few, we grant the rights and privileges to command and control the vast resources, most importantly the information and decision-making power. There are no exceptions to this split between the privileged few and the burdened many – it will occur, Nielsen believes, in any and every organization that formally designates individuals as leaders and positions as leadership positions.

Just as soon as we call someone the leader, Nielsen says, we have created a rank-based context that defines power as "power-over", even to the extent of coercion and manipulation; authority as the right to exercise power in a command-and-control manner; and hierarchy as the means of transmission of authority from the top down through privileged delegation. There is no way to avoid this - it is inevitable. Professor Nielsen relates it to what Michel Foucault might have called the discourse formation of the concept of leadership, and it is what Stephen Austin would call the speech act of leader.

The myth of leadership creates a rank-based culture where the leaders possess special privilege to speak and the followers possess an unreciprocated obligation to listen; where the leaders are entitled to monopolize information, control decision-making, and command obedience, thus establishing a culture of secrecy and inauthentic communication. The myth of leadership justifies an organization, whether political, religious, or corporate where:
 the leader speaks and the followers listen
 the leader controls information and the followers can only guess
 the leader knows and the followers only have opinions
 the leader decides and the followers just do what they're told
 the leader directs resources and the followers must make do with less and less
 the leader commands and the followers obey
 the leader is superior and the followers are inferior

Values
The implications of the peer principle
require that the following values be recognized, respected, and implemented:

 openness with information – as opposed to the secrecy allowed and considered legitimate with leaders and leadership.
 transparency in the decision-making process, which requires greater participation of all affected parties – as opposed to the top-down and behind closed door decision-making allowed and considered legitimate with leaders and leadership.
 cooperation and sharing of management roles and responsibilities, which requires the exercise of power-in-common – as opposed to the command and control nature of the exercise of power-over allowed and considered legitimate with leaders and leadership.
 commitment to peer deliberation as the legitimate exercise of authority – as opposed to the rank-based exercise of coercive, manipulative, or even persuasive authority allowed and considered legitimate with leaders and leadership.

References

Business books
2004 non-fiction books

The Myth of Leadership


Dryadissector (meaning "Dryad dissector" in Greek) is an extinct genus of varanoid lizard represented by the type species Dryadissector shilleri from the Late Cretaceous of Texas. Dryadissector is known only from isolated teeth, which may have been shed by living individuals. These teeth are common in early Campanian strata within the Aguja Formation, which date back about 80 to 82 million years. The teeth of Dryadissector are extremely similar to those of theropod dinosaurs, which led to them initially being misidentified as the remains of theropods. Like theropod teeth, the teeth of Dryadissector are recurved, laterally compressed, and serrated. However, their lizard affinities are made evident by serrations that are smaller and more numerous than those of theropods, as well as a bulge on the inner surface of the base of each tooth that is characteristic of varanoids.

In most Late Cretaceous fossil assemblages where varanoids and theropods coexist (e.g. the Foremost and Oldman formations in Alberta, where the varanoid Palaeosaniwa is found alongside theropods like Saurornitholestes), varanoids are a rare component of the fauna and their teeth are greatly outnumbered by those of theropods. By contrast, in the lower Aguja Formation. the teeth of Dryadissector outnumber those of all theropod species combined. The lower Aguja may therefore preserve a rare ecosystem in which varanoid lizards outcompeted small theropods as the dominant mesopredators.

References

Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America
Cretaceous lizards
Fossil taxa described in 2015
Paleontology in Texas

Dryadissector


VTun is a networking application which can set up Virtual Tunnels over TCP/IP networks. It supports Internet Protocol (IP), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) protocols. It exists as the reference implementation of the Tun/Tap user-space tunnel driver which was included in the Linux kernel as of version 2.4, also originally developed by Maxim Krasnyansky.  Bishop Clark is the current maintainer.

Networking
Like most other applications of its nature, VTun creates a single connection between two machines, over which it multiplexes all traffic.  VTun connections are initiated via a TCP connection from the client to the server. The server then initiates a UDP connection to the client, if the UDP protocol is requested.

The software allows the creation of tunnels, for routing traffic in a manner similar to PPP, as well as a bridge-friendly ethertap connection.

Authentication
VTun uses a Private Shared Key to negotiate a handshake via a challenge and response.

Non-encrypting versions
A continual source of concern, and the target of more than one strongly worded security assessment, is that the VTun server and client binary applications can be completely built without encryption support. When such binaries are used, the encryption between both endpoints is only a simple XOR cipher, which is completely trivial to decode. This type of build is not supported by the developers.

References

External links

Internet protocols
Free security software

VTun


Jim Fryatt (2 September 1940 – 5 June 2020) was an English footballer and manager. He played as a striker. During his playing career he was nicknamed 'Pancho'. He was born in Southampton, England. His career lasted from 1957 to 1975.

He was known for playing with Southend United from 1960 to 1963, Bradford from 1963 to 1966, Oldham Athletic from 1970 to 1971, and for Southport from 1971 to 1974.

He also briefly played with Stockport County, Torquay United, Blackburn Rovers, and Charlton Athletic. During his final career years, he played for the North American Soccer League playing in Philadelphia, Hartford and Las Vegas.

Fryatt died on 5 June 2020 in Las Vegas, aged 79.

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Hampshire
People from Southampton

Jim Fryatt


Guru Ravidas, also spelt as Raidas, was an Indian saint and poet of 15th century. He belonged to a family of leather workers, he even claimed to be an achhoot or untouchable. Some of his verses found place in Guru Granth Sahib, the main text of Sikhism.

Mirabai, a Rajput lady of a royal family of Rajasthan, was one of the followers of Guru Ravidas. They follow his teachings and consider him their Guru, the teacher.

Guru Raidas wrote poems in Braj Bhasha. A few of his poems are "ab kaise chutey ram nam", "aasi Lal tujh binu".

Guru Raidas refuted the prevalent Caste System of the time and stated that all people were equally cared upon by god. He also, like many contemporary Bhakti saints, refuted complex Brahminical Rituals and Sacrifices, in favour of true and complete devotion to god by means of song, dance, or japa (simple chanting of god's name).

Related pages
BR Ambedkar

Buddhism
Indian poets
15th-century people

Raidas


The 1988–90 North American drought was a weather problem that lasted two years. The drought began in 1988 in the Midwestern United States, High Plains and the Northeastern United States. A number of high pressure areas set themselves up over several parts of these areas, restricting thunderstorms from developing.

During the spring of 1988, Milwaukee, Wisconsin had 55 days straight without any precipitation. In the summer, two record-setting heat waves developed, similar to 1934, 1936 and 1983–85. The constant heat waves led to as many as 17,000 deaths in the United States.

During the summer of 1988, the drought led to a number of wildfires in western North America. That included the Yellowstone fires of 1988.

At its peak, the drought covered 45% of the United States in 1988 alone. That's less area than the Dust Bowl, which covered 70% of the United States. But the Drought of 1988 caused $60 billion in damage. That not only is the most expensive drought in the history of the United States, it was the costliest natural disaster before Hurricane Katrina seventeen years later.

The drought destroyed crops nationwide. Lawns went brown. A number of cities ordered water restrictions.

More than four inches of helpful rain came to the Midwest through Hurricane Gilbert. The storm crossed Texas and Oklahoma as a tropical depression. It spread rain as far as the Great Lakes. Other locations, however, were at -6 or lower on the Palmer Drought Severity Index by early autumn 1988.

Dry conditions continued into 1989 and 1990, affecting Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota,Illinois, Colorado, Kansas and Missouri.

The 1988–90 drought caused damage comparable to Hurricane Andrew in August 1992 and Hurricane Katrina in August 2005.

References

Droughts
1988 in the United States
1989 in the United States
1990 in the United States
1980s in Canada
1980s in weather
1990s in weather

1988–90 North American drought


The Bogotá Savannah Railway was a company that provided transport for passengers from 1889 between the cities of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá. The Savannah railway was liquidated in 1991 along with the National Railways of Colombia.

Currently, and from 1992, one of its lines (Northern line) was enabled to function as tourist train called Tren Turistico de la Sabana.

History
The construction of the Savannah Railway was authorized in 1873 and begun in 1882 by a British company. The works were suspended in 1886 when its length was just 18 km. A new contract was made with an American venture called "Savannah Railway Company". When the line was inaugurated its length was 40 km. In 1887 a new contract took place for the construction of the Zipaquira line. In time, the railways expanded across the Bogotá Savannah reaching a length of about 200 km.

In 1917 the Estacion de la Sabana was built by the English engineer William Lidstone; this building served as Central Station for the national railway as well. Its location was on the outskirts of the city on the west (today Calle 13).

The last expansion of the Bogotá Savannah Railway occurred in 1953. By that time the Railway's service covered the following towns: Chapinero, Usaquen, Sopo, Tocancipa, Nemocon, Suesca, Gachancipa, Cajica, Fontibon, Madrid, Mosquera, Facatativa, Bosa, Soacha, Sibate and Usme.

The Bogotá Savannah Railway in 1953

Stations of Ferrocarril del Occidente (Western line):
(Opened en 1889)
Bogotá La Sabana (Main station of Bogotá)
Bogotá Puente Aranda
Bogotá Fontibón
Mosquera
Madrid
Facatativá

Stations of Ferrocarril del Sur (Southern line):
Bosa
Soacha
Alicachín, opened in 1916
Sibaté (Estación Santa Isabel), opened en 1926
San Miguel, opened en 1930

Stations of Ferrocarril del Norte (Northern line):

Puente del Común (Estación M. A. Caro, known as "La Caro") opened in 1894
Cajicá,  opened in 1896
Zipaquirá, opened in 1898
Nemocón, opened in 1907

Stations of Ferrocarril del Nordeste (North Eastern line):

Chapinero
Calle 100
Usaquén
Puente del Común (Estación M. A. Caro)
Briceño (Sopó)
Tocancipá
Gachancipá
Suesca

Stations of Ferrocarril del Oriente (Eastern Line):
 La Requilina (Usme)

See also
Metro of Bogotá
Tramways of Bogotá
RegioTram

Rail transport in Colombia
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
Public transport in Colombia
Transport in Bogotá
3 ft gauge railways in Colombia

Bogotá Savannah Railway


Oscar Aníbal Castillo (born 18 January 1954) is an Argentine Radical Civic Union (UCR) politician, currently a Senator for the Civic and Social Front of Catamarca and a former governor of that province. He is the son of the late Arnoldo Castillo, a leading figure in the Catamarca UCR.

Biography
Castillo was born in San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca. He studied at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral becoming a lawyer. He was active in student politics, serving as secretary of his faculty's student union and representing his university at the Buenos Aires University Federation in 1980. He married the former Silvia Brocal, an accountant, and had two children.

Castillo has held high office in the UCR. He was President of the UCR youth wing in Catamarca Province (1981–83), and represented his province on the UCR national committee, in 1990-96 and 2001–04, and was vice-president and treasurer of the party.

Castillo served as a provincial deputy (legislator) in Catamarca (1985–89), and was UCR-MPC caucus leader. He was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies in 1989 and reelected, serving until 1997. Castillo ran for and was elected governor of Catamarca in 1999, serving until 2003. His tenure was marked by debates regarding the separation of church and state. Castillo, who had taken his oath as a legislator without mentioning God in two previous occasions, imposed mandatory  religious education of a Roman Catholic nature in Catamarca schools; protest from the province's sizable Jewish community and others led to the policy's rescission in 2001, however.

Catamarca voters returned him to the Senate upon completion of his term as governor. His reelection campaign, however, was followed by a challenge of the results amid accusations of vote buying and collusion with Governor Eduardo Brizuela del Moral to that effect; his personal estate, which includes at least a dozen properties in the province, has also come under scrutiny.

References

External links
Senate profile

1954 births
Living people
People from Catamarca Province
Argentine people of Spanish descent
National University of the Littoral alumni
20th-century Argentine lawyers
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Catamarca
Members of the Argentine Senate for Catamarca
Governors of Catamarca Province
Radical Civic Union politicians

Oscar Castillo


Frozen is a play by Bryony Lavery that tells the story of the disappearance of a 10-year-old girl, Rhona Shirley. The play follows Rhona's mother and killer over the years that follow. They are linked by a doctor who is studying what causes men to commit such crimes. The themes of the play include emotional paralysis and forgiveness.

In 2019, Frozen was listed in The Independent as one of the 40 best plays ever written.

Productions
The play was first performed at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1998 and won the Best New Play Award from the Theatrical Management Association. It later made its debut at the National Theatre's Cottesloe Theatre on 3 July 2002.

The play was revived at the Theatre Royal Haymarket starring Jason Watkins, Suranne Jones and Nina Sosanya for a strictly limited season from February 2018.

Frozen opened Off-Broadway in February 2004 at the Manhattan Class Company Theatre starring Swoosie Kurtz, Brían F. O'Byrne and Laila Robins. It transferred to Broadway in May and closed in August 2004. Frozen was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Play in 2004, and earned a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play (Brían F. O'Byrne).

Plot and characters
The story is set in present-day England and involves three main characters: a serial killer named Ralph Wantage, who kidnaps and murders a young girl; the murdered girl's mother, Nancy Shirley; a New York psychiatrist, Agnetha Gottmundsdottir, who travels to England to examine Ralph. The three lives slowly intersect — and the characters gradually change and become "unfrozen" as they come to terms with the idea of forgiveness.

The script begins in monologues, each person showing his or her side of the story; the audience sees each person's story intertwine as they connect with one another.

Allegations of plagiarism
In September 2004, media sources around the world (including The Times, The Observer, The New York Times, and the Associated Press) reported allegations that Lavery had plagiarized significant portions (nearly 675 words) of the play from a 1997 The New Yorker article by Malcolm Gladwell about psychiatrist Dorothy Lewis, and from Lewis' own book Guilty by Reason of Insanity (1998).

Lewis claimed that Frozen was based in large part on her life and that the play lifted both themes and verbatim passages from both sources. However, after interviewing Lavery, Gladwell wrote a second New Yorker article in which he characterized Lavery's appropriation as "permissible borrowing." Lavery, for her part, acknowledged that all three characters were drawn heavily from external sources. For the character of Ralph, she drew on the book The Murder of Childhood by Ray Wyre and Tim Tate. For the character of Nancy, she drew on an article in The Guardian by Marian Partington, whose sister Lucy had been murdered by the serial killers Fred and Rosemary West. And, for the character of Agnetha, Lavery drew on the Gladwell article. "I wanted [the play] to be accurate", she told Gladwell.

Reviews
"[A] big, brave, compassionate play about grief, revenge, forgiveness and bearing the unbearable." -- The Guardian

The TalkinBroadway reviewer of a Florida production wrote: "[A] powerful drama ... about three people living the human condition... a story that needs to continue to be told."

Notes

References
Malcolm Gladwell, ""Damaged"", The New Yorker, February 24, 1997
Tony-nominated playwright Bryony Lavery accused of plagiarism, Associated Press, September 25, 2004
Jesse McKinley, Playwright Created a Psychiatrist By Plagiarizing One, Accusers Say, New York Times, September 25, 2004, Page B-1
Malcolm Gladwell, Something Borrowed: Should a charge of plagiarism ruin your life?, The New Yorker, November 22, 2004

External links

2004 plays
British plays
Works involved in plagiarism controversies

Frozen (play)