Newell Williams Banks (October 10, 1887 – February 17, 1977) was an American checkers and chess player.

Banks played his first game of blindfold checkers at age five years and six months at the Detroit Chess and Checker Club.  In 1909, according to Frank Leslie's Weekly, he defeated Hugh Henderson for the national championship. In 1947, at age 60, for 45 consecutive days (4 hours per day) Banks played 1,387 blindfold checker games, winning 1,331 games, drawing 54 and losing only two, while playing six games at a time. He also set a new blindfold speed record playing 62 games in four hours, winning 61 and drawing one at the Convention Hall, Detroit, Michigan.

Banks also played chess and is counted among the few players who have mastered both games.  In the Master's Invitational Chess Tournament in Chicago, 1926, Banks defeated Isaac Kashdan and U.S. Chess Champion Frank Marshall, and drew with former champion Jackson Showalter, Samuel Factor, and Oscar Chajes.

References

1887 births
1977 deaths
American checkers players
American chess players
Players of English draughts

Newell W. Banks


Otto (, Óthon, ; 1 June 1815 — 26 July 1867) was a Bavarian prince who ruled as King of Greece from the establishment of the monarchy in 1832, under the until he was overthrown in 1862.

The second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Otto was elected king of Greece, the newly formed kingdom that gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. However, Otto did not reach Greece until on 6 February 1633. As a young man, the people of Greece were optimistic that Otto would be a great king as he was the first king of modern Greece after the Greeks suffered under the Ottoman Empire.

During his reign however, Greece was very unstable because he did not care about the people. He heavily taxed them, was not Greek Orthodox but was Roman Catholicism, invited more people from Bavaria to come to Greece, his closest advisors were Bavarian rather than Greek, and he could not speak Greek because he did not bother learning it. He only spoke his native German.

Otto was also an absolute monarch and never agreed to make Greece a constitutional monarchy as he was apparently a strong believer of absolutism. All of the bad things that Otto did in Greece made him highly unpopular and that the Greeks eventually overthrew him. Otto lived the remaining 5 years of his life in exile at his home country of Bavaria until he died in 1867 at the age of 52. When he was on his deathbed, Otto regretted treating the Greek people very bad. His last words were "Greece, my Greece, my beloved Greece!!!".

References

1915 births
1867 deaths
Kings of Greece

Otto of Greece


Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, 425 U.S. 748 (1976), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a state could not limit pharmacists' right to provide information about prescription drug prices.  This was an important case in determining the application of the First Amendment to commercial speech.

Background
The Commonwealth of Virginia had a statute which prohibited pharmacists from advertising prescription drug prices, providing that those who did would be guilty of "unprofessional conduct".  Drug prices varied throughout the state, as the District Court found.  The law was challenged by an individual consumer and consumer groups, who brought suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.  Public Citizen's Litigation Group argued and won the case before the Supreme Court.

Majority opinion
Justice Blackmun, writing for the majority, began his opinion by giving a brief overview of the Virginia pharmacy regulation statutes, and then distinguished previous challenges to such regulations, explaining that such previous cases had been based on economic due process under the Fourteenth Amendment rather than on free speech grounds.  Blackmun reasoned that this case concerned not only commercial regulation, but the free flow of information.  This case was just as much about the consumers' right to receive information as it was about the pharmacists' right to provide it, and that the right to free speech is just as much about the "listener" as it is about the "speaker".

Blackmun further described how the court had whittled down the "commercial speech" exemption through past precedent; for example, Bigelow v. Virginia, in which the Court struck down a Virginia statute prohibiting the advertisement of out-of-state abortion procedures.  He also distinguished commercial speech from such "unprotected" categories of speech such as "fighting words" and obscenity.  Nor does having a purely economic interest in the content of speech deprive the speaker or listener of the protection of the First Amendment.  This is especially true for the consumers in this case, as the poor, elderly, and infirm needed access to such information to make informed decisions about how to get their prescriptions filled inexpensively.  For such people in need, Blackmun reasoned, such information was more than simply a convenience.  Furthermore, he stressed the importance of price advertising in a free market economy, because they serve to provide the underlying information for citizens to make private economic decisions.

The Commonwealth of Virginia justified its enactment of the regulation on the grounds of maintaining the professionalism of pharmacists, asserting that aggressive price competition among pharmacists would make it difficult for pharmacists to provide the proper professional services.  Blackmun responded that while regulation of the pharmacy profession was both necessary and within the prerogative of the several States through their police power, the statute promoted consumers' ignorance, effectively keeping them in the dark about prescription drug prices.  Blackmun dismissed this rationale as paternalistic, saying that if consumers had sufficient access to information regarding drug pricing and availability, it would only serve to aid them in their decisions about choosing a prescription drug supplier.

Blackmun concluded his opinion by explaining that states still retained the power to regulate some commercial speech, via content-neutral time, place, and manner regulations.  Likewise, states retain the power to prohibit false or deceptive advertisements.  However, he held that the states could not suppress truthful information about a lawful economic activity, simply out of fear of potential consequences.

Burger's concurrence
Chief Justice Burger concurred on largely practical grounds, citing the fact that since 95% of the prescriptions being filled required prepackaged medications, prepared by their manufacturers to be sold immediately.  These drugs had a large enough market to be sold in such a manner, so the state's justification based on professionalism carried little weight.  Burger instead concentrated on limiting the scope of Blackmun's majority opinion, stating that it did not extend to professional services such as medicine or law.  Burger reasoned that since regulation of these professions governed a different set of risks, and since the services involved were unique and personalized to the client, the holding of this case should not apply to them.

Stewart's concurrence
Justice Stewart wrote a concurrence explaining how the holding of this did not limit the states' ability to restrict deceptive or false advertising.  He cited various libel cases to demonstrate that while the press cannot be harshly restricted for fear that journalists may occasionally get their facts wrong, an advertiser is much more likely to know whether or not the material he was publishing was true.  Thus, states should have greater latitude in regulating the content of advertisements for the veracity of their content.  Even though commercial advertising and ideological expression are clearly different, advertisements which convey truthful information are worthy of First Amendment protection, and the elimination of deceptive claims serves to further the goal of the free flow of accurate and reliable information.

Rehnquist's dissent

Justice Rehnquist was the lone dissenter in this case.  He lamented the majority's decision to elevate the advertisement of products to the level of the ideological "marketplace of ideas", feeling that this was an overextension of First Amendment doctrine.  He used a type of slippery slope argument to describe the potential consequences of this decision; specifically, he worried that this ruling would allow the promotion of consumption of liquor, cigarettes, and other products which states had traditionally tried to discourage.

He indirectly hearkened back to the Lochner era economic due process cases, accusing the court of writing its own economic policy into the law, when such a regulation should be within the police power of the state.  He pointed to the potentially misleading nature of commercial speech, and suggested that consumers who truly needed such information could easily seek it out themselves.

He concluded by arguing that the majority has not only failed to accord proper weight to the judgment of the Virginia State Legislature, but that the protection of the First Amendment ought to be limited to political and social issues.

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States commercial speech case law
1976 in United States case law
Public Citizen
Legal history of Virginia
Pharmacy in the United States


Swallowing Shit was a short-lived Canadian grindcore band formed in 1994 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

History
Swallowing Shit was formed in 1994 by vocalist Mike Alexander with guitarist Mike Koop of The Bonaduces, drummer Steve Dueck of The Undecided and, for one show only, bassist Dave Daley.

With Jahmeel Russell replacing Daley and Dean Bruce joining on second guitar, the band soon recorded and released a crude demo.  Both Bruce and Koop left shortly thereafter, who would be replaced by guitarist Mark Nowek.  Dueck then departed, being replaced by drummer Cory Koss.  This lineup recorded a 7", the band's first proper release.

Shortly thereafter, Russel and Nowek left the band. This made way for what could be considered the "classic" lineup, featuring guitarist Todd Kowalski (ex-I Spy) and bassist Brian Dobson.

The band's was known for its aggressive, politically radical brand of punk.

The Alexander/Kowalski/Koss/Dobson lineup recorded an 11-song 7" on Spiral Objective Records from Australia, before disbanding in June 1997, playing their final show with J Church and The Weakerthans.

The band members subsequently moved on to other projects. Alexander would go on to play in Head Hits Concrete and currently Putrescence.  Kowalski is a member of Propagandhi.  Russell would also play in Malefaction, Kittens, Projektor, Hide Your Daughters and KEN mode.  Koss was the drummer for Malefaction and is currently in the black metal band Of Human Bondage.  Brian Dobson became an engineer and moved to Minneapolis.

An album, Anthology, was released in 2000 on G7 Welcoming Committee Records to compile the band's recorded singles. Their song "If Assholes Could Fly, This Place Would Be an Airport" is featured on G7's 2005 compilation Take Penacilin Now.

Members
 Mike Alexander - vocals (1994–1997)
 Mike Koop - guitar (1994–1995)
 Dean Bruce - guitar (1995)
 Mark Nowak - guitar (1995–1996)
 Todd Kowalski - guitar (1996–1997)
 Dave Daley - bass (1994)
 Jahmeel Russell - bass (1994–1996)
 Brian Dobson - bass (1996–1997)
 Steve Dueck - drums (1994–1995)
 Cory Koss - drums (1995–1997)

References

External links
 Swallowing Shit at G7 Welcoming Committee Records

Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
Musical groups from Winnipeg
Canadian hardcore punk groups
G7 Welcoming Committee Records artists
1994 establishments in Manitoba
1997 disestablishments in Manitoba

Swallowing Shit


George Elias Khoury (1983 - March 19, 2004, , ) was an Israeli Arab Christian murdered by a Palestinian terrorist while jogging in the neighborhood of French Hill in Jerusalem.  Khoury, son of Elias Khoury, a prominent lawyer, was a law student at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

The Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, the military branch of the Fatah movement, claimed responsibility for the attack. According to the New York Times, the "Palestinian gunman mistook him for a Jew." Khoury's father said, "I am against all violent attacks against innocent civilians whether it be against Israeli civilians or Palestinian civilians."

Fatah apologized and offered to declare him a martyr for the Palestinian cause. Ibrahim Kandalaft, Arafat's adviser on Christian affairs, eulogized Khoury on behalf of the PA chairman, describing him as a shaheed (martyr) of the Palestinian cause. But the victim's mother interrupted him by declaring that her son was an "angel, not a shaheed."

George's grandfather, Daoud Khoury, was also assassinated in an attack in Jerusalem, when a booby-trapped refrigerator exploded at Zion Square.

Khoury was buried in the Christian cemetery on Mount Zion.

References

External links
 Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center: Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Murder Israeli Arab Student in Jerusalem
 Maariv International: Al Aqsa Brigades kill Israeli Arab they thought was Jewish
 Memorial page at Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The Palestinians' genocide campaign By Alan Dershowitz April 18, 2004

1983 births
2004 deaths
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine
Israeli Arab Christians
Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada
Israeli murder victims
Palestinian Christians
People from Jerusalem
People murdered in Israel
Terrorism deaths in Jerusalem
Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 2000s
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2004

George Khoury (murder victim)


Translational medicine (often called translational science, of which it is a form) develops the clinical practice applications of the basic science aspects of the biomedical sciences; that is, it translates basic science to applied science in medical practice. It is defined by the European Society for Translational Medicine as "an interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field supported by three main pillars: benchside, bedside, and community". The goal of translational medicine is to combine disciplines, resources, expertise, and techniques within these pillars to promote enhancements in prevention, diagnosis, and therapies. Accordingly, translational medicine is a highly interdisciplinary field, the primary goal of which is to coalesce assets of various natures within the individual pillars in order to improve the global healthcare system significantly.

History

Translational medicine is a rapidly growing discipline in biomedical research and aims to expedite the discovery of new diagnostic tools and treatments by using a multi-disciplinary, highly collaborative, "bench-to-bedside" approach. Within public health, translational medicine is focused on ensuring that proven strategies for disease treatment and prevention are actually implemented within the community. One prevalent description of translational medicine, first introduced by the Institute of Medicine's Clinical Research Roundtable, highlights two roadblocks (i.e., distinct areas in need of improvement): the first translational block (T1) prevents basic research findings from being tested in a clinical setting; the second translational block (T2) prevents proven interventions from becoming standard practice.

The National Institutes of Health has made a major push to fund translational medicine, especially within biomedical research, with a focus on cross-functional collaborations (e.g., between researchers  and clinicians); leveraging new technology and data analysis tools; and increasing the speed at which new treatments reach patients.  In December 2011, The National Center for Advancing Translational Science was established within the National Institutes of Health to "transform the translational science process so that new treatments and cures for disease can be delivered to patients faster." The Clinical and Translational Science Awards, established in 2006, supports 60 centers across the country that provide "academic homes for translational sciences and supporting research resources needed by local and national research communities." According to an article published in 2007 in Science Career Magazine, in 2007 to 2013 the European Commission targeted a majority of its €6 billion budget for health research to further translational medicine.

Training and education
In recent years, a number of educational programs have emerged to provide professional training in the skills necessary for successfully translating research into improved clinical outcomes. These programs go by various names (including Master of Translational Medicine and Master of Science in Bioinnovation). Many such programs emerge from bioengineering departments, often in collaboration with clinical departments.

Master and PhD programs

The University of Edinburgh has been running an MSc in Translational Medicine program since 2007. It is a 3-year online distance learning programme aimed at the working health professional.

Aalborg University Denmark has been running a master's degree in translational medicine since 2009.

A master's degree program in translational medicine was started at the University of Helsinki in 2010.

In 2010, UC Berkeley and UC San Francisco used a founding grant from Andy Grove to launch a joint program that became the Master of Translational Medicine (MTM). The program links the Bioengineering department at Berkeley with the Bioengineering and Therapeutic Science department at UCSF to give students a one-year experience in fostering medical innovation.

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California was accredited in 2012 for a doctoral program in Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine. The PhD program focuses on biomedical and clinical research that relate directly to developing new therapies for patients.

Since 2013, the Official Master in Translational Medicine-MSc from the University of Barcelona offers the opportunity to gain an excellent training through theoretical and practical courses. Furthermore, this master is linked to the doctoral programme "Medicine and Translational Research", with quality mention from the National Agency for the Quality Evaluation and Accreditation (ANECA).

In Fall 2015, the City College of New York established a master in translational medicine program. A partnership between The Grove School of Engineering and the Sophie Davis School for Biomedical Education/CUNY School of Medicine, this program provides scientists, engineers, and pre-med students with training in product design, intellectual property, regulatory affairs, and medical ethics over 3 semesters.
The University of Toronto The Master of Health Science (MHSc) in Translational Research in Health Sciences is a two-year, course-based program is designed for interprofessional students from diverse backgrounds (such as medicine, life sciences, social sciences, engineering, design, and communications) who want to learn creative problem-solving skills, strategies, and competencies to translate (scientific) knowledge into innovations that improve medicine, health, and care. They have international speakers and contributors, including Dr Iseult Roche from The UK.
Translational medicine is a key to the future of international health and in facilitating public health and promoting health policy to actively be implemented to establish care.

University of Liverpool, King's College London, Imperial College London, University College London, St George's, University of London, Oxford and Cambridge Universities run post-graduate courses in Translational Medicine too.

The George Washington University's School of Medicine & Health Sciences offers a PhD program in Translational Health Sciences.

The University of Manchester, Newcastle University and Queen's University Belfast also offer research-focussed Masters of Research (MRes) courses in Translational Medicine.

Queen's University's School of Graduate Studies offers both an MSc and PhD program in Translational Medicine.

University of Windsor's Faculty of Graduate Studies offers a one year MSc program in Translational Health Science.

Tulane University has a PhD program in Bio-Innovation to foster design and implementation of innovative biomedical technologies.

Temple University's College of Public Health offers a Master of Science in Clinical Research and Translational Medicine. The program is jointly offered with the Lewis Katz School of Medicine.

Mahidol University at Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi hospital has a Master and PhD programme in Translational Medicine since 2012. Mahidol University is the first University in Thailand and in Southeast Asia. The most of programme lecturers are physicians and clinicians who contribute in many fields of study such as Cancer, Allergy and Immunology, Haematology, Paediatric, Rheumatology, etc. Here, the student will be directly exposed to patients. To find out the thing in between basic science and clinical application.

University of Würzburg started a Master programme in Translational Medicine in 2018. It is aimed at medical students in the third or fourth year pursuing a career as a Clinician Scientist.

St. George's University of London offers a 1-year Translational Medicine master's programme since 2018, including pathways leading to a Master of Research (MRes), Master of Science (MSc), Postgraduate Certificate (PGCert) or Postgraduate Diploma (PGDip). Both master's degrees include a research component that makes up 33% of the MSc pathway and 58% of the MRes pathway. Taught modules are designed to cover major areas of modern translational science including drug development, genomics and development of skills related to research and data analysis.

Perdana University's Graduate School of Medicine in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia offers a Master of Science (MSc) in Translational Medicine.

Diplomas and courses
Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals offers a regular professional certification course "Understanding Translational Medicine Tools and Techniques".

James Lind Institute has been conducting a Postgraduate Diploma in Translational Medicine since early 2013. The program has been supported by the Universiti Sains Malaysia.

The University of Southern California School of Pharmacy offers a course in translational medicine.

International organizations

European Society for Translational Medicine
The European Society for Translational Medicine is a global non-profit and neutral healthcare organization whose principal objective is to enhance world-wide healthcare by using translational medicine approaches, resources and expertise.

The society facilitates cooperation and interaction among clinicians, scientists, academia, industry, governments, funding and regulatory agencies, investors and policy makers in order to develop and deliver high-quality translational medicine programs and initiatives with overall aim to enhance the healthcare of global population. The society's goal is to enhance research and development of novel and affordable diagnostic tools and treatments for the clinical disorders affecting global population.

The society provides an annual platform in the form of global congresses where global key opinion leaders, scientists from bench side, public health professionals, clinicians from bedside and industry professionals gather and take part in the panel discussions and scientific sessions on latest updates and developments in translational medicine field including biomarkers, omics sciences, cellular and molecular biology, data mining & management, precision medicine & companion diagnostics, disease modelling, vaccines and community healthcare.

In response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the European Society for Translational Medicine announced a global virtual congress on COVID-19 (EUSTM-2020). The Virtual Congress focused on the key principles of Translational Medicine: Bench side, Bed side and Public Health. The congress aims to address current challenges, highlight novel solutions and identify critical hurdles as they apply to COVID-19.

Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals
Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals is working to advance the ongoing knowledge and skills for clinicians and scientific professionals at all levels. Academy's high quality, standard and ethical training and educational programs ensure that all clinical and scientific professionals achieve excellence in their respective fields. Programs are accredited by the European Society for Translational Medicine.

Fellowship program
Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals offers fellowship program which is open to highly experienced professionals who have a record of significant achievements in benchside, bedside or community health fields.

See also
 Implementation research
7th Annual Congress of the European Society for Translational Medicine on COVID-19 (EUSTM-2020)
BMC Journal of Translational Medicine (Journal)
American Journal of Translational Research (journal)
 Clinical and Translational Science (journal)
 Science Translational Medicine (journal)
6th Annual European Congress on Clinical & Translational Sciences (Event)
3rd Annual European Clinical Conference (Event)
Bina Shaheen Siddiqui

References

External links

European Society for Translational Medicine
American Journal of Translational Research
Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics
Translational Medicine:Tools And Techniques  (a user guide for institutional implementation)

sv:Translationell forskning

Translational medicine


A profile gauge or contour gauge is a tool for recording the cross-sectional shape of a surface. Contour gauges consist of a set of steel or plastic pins that are set tightly against one another in a frame which keeps them in the same plane and parallel while allowing them to move independently, perpendicularly to the frame. When pressed against an object, the pins conform to the object. The gauge can then be used to draw the profile or to copy it on to another surface.

Applications
Profile gauges are used widely in metalworking and woodworking. In architectural conservation, they are used to document the profiles of decorative moldings. In archaeological illustration, they are typically used to record the profile of pots, and are thus named pottery gauges; but in ceramics, a pottery gauge is a template used in making pots.

References

Metalworking hand tools
Woodworking hand tools
Methods in archaeology

Profile gauge


The Lägern (also spelled Lägeren; 866 m) is a wooded mountain of the Jura Mountains, stretching from Baden to Dielsdorf, about 15 km north-west of Zurich. The culminating point is located 1 km west of Hochwacht within the canton of Zurich, the border with the canton of Aargau running on a slightly lower summit named Burghorn (859 m).

The Lägern lies in the easternmost part of the Jura Mountains, east of the river Aare. It is the highest summit of the range lying between the Rhine, Aare and Limmat. Its location east of the Aare makes it topographically connected to the Appenzell Alps, by the chain of hills running north of Lake Zurich.

The mountain is entirely traversed by a trail following the crest from Baden to Dielsdorf. From Dielsdorf a road also leads to Hochwacht, where a radar is operated by Skyguide (municipality of Boppelsen).

Climate

See also
List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland

References

External links

Lägern on Hikr

Mountains of Aargau
Mountains of the canton of Zürich
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of Switzerland under 1000 metres
Aargau–Zürich border

Lägern


Hans-Walter Eigenbrodt (4 August 1935 –  29 March 1997) was a German football player. The defender won with Eintracht Frankfurt the German championship in 1959 and reached with the club the legendary 1960 European Cup Final against Real Madrid.

The central defender joined Eintracht Frankfurt as a youth in 1948 and should stay until 1965 when an injury forced him to retire.

In 1959 he won with Eintracht the German championship after defeating local rivals Kickers Offenbach in a dramatic final 5–3 after extra time. In the semi-finals of the European Champions' Cup 1959–60 Eintracht stunningly eliminated Rangers FC with 6–1 and 6–3 and thus reached the final which took place at Hampden Park in Glasgow. There 135 000 spectators witnessed one of the arguably greatest matches in European Cup history when Real Madrid defeated the Eagles 7–3.

Eigenbrodt, who for most part of his career also worked as a commercial employee because to the semi-professional status of German football in this era, also played 15 matches in the Bundesliga between 1963 and 1965.

Later he worked as youth coach with Eintracht. In 1977 the Under 17 team coached by him won Germany's first championship for this age group.

He died 29 March 1997, aged 61.

Honours
 German championship: 1958–59
 European Cup: runners-up 1959–60
 Oberliga Süd: 1958–59; runners-up 1960–61, 1961–62
 DFB-Pokal: runners-up 1963–64

References

External links

 Hans-Walter Eigenbrodt at eintracht-archiv.de

1935 births
1997 deaths
German men's footballers
Bundesliga players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Men's association football central defenders
Eintracht Frankfurt non-playing staff
West German men's footballers

Hans-Walter Eigenbrodt


Master Order is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in Marvel Two-In-One Annual #2 (1977). Master Order is an abstract entity. It is the cosmic counterpart of Lord Chaos and serves as the embodiment of order.

Publication history

The character debuted in Marvel Two-In-One Annual #2 (1977), created by Jim Starlin. It appeared in the 2016 Ultimates 2 series.

Fictional character biography
The entity embodies order and balance in the universe and is the opposing force to "brother" entity Lord Chaos. The pair are rarely seen, but appear to manipulate events to prompt Spider-Man to solicit the Thing to join the Avengers and Warlock in the first war against the Titan Thanos and defeat him. Master Order and Lord Chaos were then seen observing King of the Norse Gods Odin and master villain Dormammu play a cosmic game of chess. Master Order and Lord Chaos  next conspired with other metaphysical and "omnipotent" beings against the Beyonder. Lord Chaos and Master Order were then summoned by the Silver Surfer to regain control over their servant the In-Betweener. They imprisoned the In-Betweener for his transgressions. Master Order and Lord Chaos also attend the funeral of Eon and speak with cosmic hero Quasar.

Master Order and Lord Chaos participated in the congress of metaphysical and abstract beings to determine Thanos' fitness to wield the Infinity Gauntlet. They choose to join Adam Warlock and the other cosmic deities in a bid to stop Thanos. With the other abstract beings, they battled Thanos, and then battled Nebula when she obtained the Gauntlet from Thanos. The congress of abstract beings then witnessed Adam Warlock's cosmic trial to determine his worthiness to wield the Infinity Gauntlet. Lord Chaos and Master Order were next seen among a group of abstract beings questioning the Beyonder from the Dimension of Manifestations.

During the Time Runs Out storyline, the Beyonders are revealed to have killed Lord Chaos, Master Order, and the In-Betweener as part of destroying abstract entities in each reality across the multiverse.

Following the restoration of the universe after the Secret Wars, Master Order and his "brother" became disgruntled by Galactus' evolution from a force of destruction to a force of creation. They eventually put Galactus on trial before the Living Tribunal. The Tribunal ruled in Galactus' favor and allowed him to remain in his new form, claiming that the universe being in a new iteration meant the cosmic hierarchy wasn't established anew. Master Order and Lord Chaos took this council to heart, and murdered the Tribunal in order to take his place as the personification of multiversal law.

They attempted to turn Galactus back to his world-devourer form. However, for the same reason Order and Chaos could kill the Living Tribunal, they couldn't stop Galactus from fighting back his transformation. If there wasn't a heriarchy yet, it meant Galactus was also on the same level as Order and Chaos, so they couldn't impose their will on him. Because of this, Order and Chaos traveled to their servant, the In-Betweener, and forced him to become the uniting force in a fusion that combined Master Order and Lord Chaos into a single being, the self-proclaimed new order, Logos.

Powers and abilities
Master Order is an abstract being who embodies the metaphysical concept of Order; as such it has no physical form, although on occasion it has manifested as an image of a disembodied bald male head. It has the ability to control and manipulate time, reality, and space.

It has been implied that Master Order, and its counterpart, Lord Chaos, have vast powers which they use to manipulate events within their sphere of influence in subtle ways. It is known that, through some as yet unknown process, Master Order and Lord Chaos worked together to create the metaphysical being known as the In-Betweener.

Thanos wielding the Infinity Gauntlet ranked Master Order's scale of power as above that of Galactus, but below that of Eternity.

However, later he and Lord Chaos were able to easily kill Living Tribunal by blasting him with energy and also defeat Lifebringer Galactus after transforming into Logos.

Other versions
Master Order and Lord Chaos battle Thanos once more in an alternate universe when he possesses the Heart of the Universe.

References

External links
 Master Order at Marvel.com

Characters created by Jim Starlin
Marvel Comics abstract concepts

Master Order


YouPorn is a website allowing free access to pornographic video clips. It was founded in 2006, and has become one of the most accessed porn sites in the world. The site is free to access. It is financed using online advertising, such as banner ads. Users can upload their content (which are usually parts of porn movies). Each clip is reviewed, and is later released for public access. It is possible to search the site using keywords. There's also a paid subscription, where the users can access more content.

Usually, people need to have a certain minimal age to be able to have access to pornography. The site does not verify the age of the person watching. For this reason, it has been blocked in many countries.

2006 establishments
Pornographic websites

YouPorn


Psychopsiella is a monotypic genus in the  orchid family found only in the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and near Caracas in Venezuela. It grows as an epiphyte in evergreen  montane forests at elevations of .

Description
Psychopsiella limminghei is an epiphytic herb with a short rhizome, usually of a length within  between  pseudobulbs. It has a creeping habit of growth, with both pseudobulbs and leaves pressed against the substrate. Its pseudobulbs,  long and  wide, are elliptic, flattened, and irregularly ribbed, often with one or two bracts. Each pseudobulb carries one  ovate-elliptic leaf  long and wide. Leaves are pale green, splotched with maroon, with a rough surface and asymmetric base. The inflorescence emerges erect from the base of the pseudobulb, usually carrying one flower at a time; up to four additional flowers can be produced successively. Flowers are comparatively large and can be up to  across. The sepals are obovate-spathulate,  long and  wide, and the tips are apiculate; the dorsal sepal is sometimes cupped. The petals are oblong, with a length of  and a width of ,  and may be truncate or apiculate. Regarding structure, the  lip is strongly tri-lobed,  long and wide. The side lobes are oblong, curving up with a narrow waist, and middle lobe is much larger than the side lobes, with a distinct narrow isthmus. The callus is lobulate, with three ridges running down the lip. These ridges are apparently covered with oil, and the middle ridge is higher and longer than the others. A pair of lacerate wings on the erect column is centered on the stigmatic cavity, and the anther cap almost completely protects the  pollinia. In terms of color, the sepals and petals are similar, covered almost completely with red-brown splotches or barring. The side-lobes and lip show more of the base yellow hue, covered in small orange-brown spots. The lip callus is minutely dotted with dark red, and the anther shows no spotting.

Taxonomy and naming
Psychopsiella limminghei was first formally described in 1855 by John Lindley from a specimen reportedly collected in Venezuela by the Dutch consul in Caracas, R. van Lansberg, who sent it to Edward Morren in England, who himself passed the type plant to Lindley. The description was published in Folia Orchidacea. It is suspected that a mistake was made about the origin of the material near Caracas and that the true range of the species is limited to Brazil. P. limminghei was first described in Oncidium and later assigned to section Glanduligera, but after DNA sequencing showed that Oncidium was largely polyphyletic, sect. Glanduligera was elevated to the genus Psychopsis. Later, Lückel and Braem transferred P. limminghei to its own genus based on its similar but smaller leaf and flower structure.

Pollination
As the former sectional name of P. limminghei implies, the species carries large glands on the lip callus and base of the column, which may be involved in oil secretion. Several genera of bees (e.g. Centris) collect oil and mix it with pollen; this is then fed to their larvae.

Cultivation
Because of its creeping rhizome and pseudobulbs, as well as leaves that are flattened against the substrate, this species should be mounted on a piece of wood or a branch; pot culture is difficult or nearly impossible, as the growths will quickly extend out of the pot. If grown on a mount, humidity must be high and the plants need to be watered at least once a day in the summer. Sphagnum moss may be wrapped around the roots to hold moisture. During extremely hot, dry weather, mounted plants may need several mistings each day. If not mounted, plants may grow in shallow pots or baskets filled with an open, fast-draining medium. The roots must dry rapidly after watering, so it is essential that the medium has perfect drainage. Repotting or dividing should be performed only near the beginning of the growth season when new roots are starting to develop, allowing the plant to become established in the shortest possible time with the least amount of stress.

During the summer, P. limminghei should have intermediate to warm conditions (not higher than  in the daytime and down to  at night); 70% or higher humidity is desirable. Cultivated plants should be watered often while actively growing, but drainage should be excellent and conditions around the roots should never be stale or soggy. During the winter months, water should be slightly reduced. Fertilizer should be applied weekly at half- or quarter-strength when plants are actively growing. Some prefer to use a balanced fertilizer throughout the year, but others use a high-nitrogen fertilizer from spring through mid-summer, then switch to one with high phosphate content in late summer and autumn. As mentioned earlier, P. limminghei has a moderate rest period during the winter, with temperatures averaging highs of  and lows of . Though watering may be lowered, plants should not be dry for more than a week, especially if they are mounted. Fertilizer should be reduced or eliminated until heavier watering is resumed in the spring.

References

External links

 http://www.orchidspecies.com/psychopsiellalimminghei.htm (IOSPE)

Oncidiinae
Oncidiinae genera
Orchids of Brazil
Epiphytic orchids
Monotypic Epidendroideae genera

Psychopsiella


The Angel is an area on the northern fringes of Central London within the London Borough of Islington. It is  north-northeast of Charing Cross on the Inner Ring Road at a busy transport intersection. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in London. It is a significant commercial and retail centre, and a business improvement district. The Angel straddles the ancient boundary of the parishes of Clerkenwell and Islington that later became the metropolitan boroughs of Finsbury and Islington. It is named from the former Angel Inn which stood on the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road. Since 1965 the whole area has formed part of the London Borough of Islington in Greater London.

History

Toponymy
The area is named after the Angel Inn, which existed from the 17th century.

Local government
The boundary of the ancient parishes of Clerkenwell and Islington cut through the area. The southern part of Liverpool Road and the western side of Islington High Street, including the Angel Inn were in the parish of Clerkenwell. Despite this, both parts were considered to form part of the town of Islington. There is a traditional story that a pauper died in Islington and had to be taken to Clerkenwell for burial, which caused the land to be forfeited. The parishes were located outside the City of London. As they became populated suburbs of the city this was reflected in the addition of Clerkenwell in 1604 and Islington in 1636 to the bills of mortality weekly statistical returns. The parishes were governed by vestries and were subject to the Middlesex Quarter Sessions. In 1855, the area became part of the district of the Metropolitan Board of Works and the parish vestries were incorporated as local authorities. In 1889, the parishes were transferred from the County of Middlesex to the County of London. Clerkenwell became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury and Islington became the Metropolitan Borough of Islington in 1900. The two boroughs were combined in 1965 as the London Borough of Islington in Greater London.

Governance
The Angel is part of the United Kingdom Parliament constituency of Islington South and Finsbury.

Geography
The Angel is located  north-northeast of Charing Cross on the Inner Ring Road at the northern edge of Central London. The area defined by Islington London Borough Council as the Angel town centre stretches from Islington Green in the north and includes the southern parts of Liverpool Road and Upper Street. In the west it extends to include Chapel Market. South of the Angel intersection it includes the northern part of St John Street. Chapel Market creates a conservation area and the lower portion of Upper Street forms the Angel conservation area. North of Angel is Islington, west is Pentonville, south is Clerkenwell and east is St Luke's.

Economy

The Angel is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. It is a business improvement district, categorised as 'high street and town centre', known as angel.london. The main economic activity of the area is retail. Secondary to this are the evening economy, leisure and education - Angel Central is a shopping centre with a mixture of shops, leisure and entertainment facilities including a Vue cinema and the O2 Academy Islington nightclub. It was opened in 2002 as the N1 Centre, and renamed Angel Central in March 2015. The City and Islington College is another large example of these categories.

Transport

Rail

Angel () is the name of a London Underground station on the Northern line.

Angel tube station gives the locality a direct link northbound to Euston and Camden Town towards Edgware and High Barnet. Southbound trains pass through Old Street, the City of London, London Bridge and Elephant & Castle towards Morden.

The station is in London fare zone 1, and Oyster Cards can be used for travel to and from the station. Angel saw 19.2 million passenger entries and exits in 2017.

Other nearby stations include:

 Essex Road
 Farringdon
 King's Cross St Pancras (including King's Cross  and St Pancras International )
 Old Street

Bus
Several London Bus routes serve Angel, including buses 4, 19, 30, 38, 43, 56, 73, 153, 205, 214, 274, 341, 394, 476 and night buses N19, N38, N41, N73, N205, N277.

Road
Upper Street carries the A1 from Angel northbound towards Highbury, Archway and the M1. The route's northern terminus is in Edinburgh, whilst to the south, the road passes through Clerkenwell en route to the City of London on Goswell Road.

The London Inner Ring Road passes east–west through Angel on Pentonville Road and City Road. The route is numbered the A501 and links the area directly to King's Cross and Euston eastbound, and Old Street, Shoreditch and Aldgate to the southeast.

Other key routes include St John Street (A401) to Finsbury and Holborn, and Essex Road (A104) towards Canonbury, Dalston and Harringay (via A105). Liverpool Road is also a busy route, running from Angel northbound towards Holloway.

The London Borough of Islington monitors roadside pollution levels near Angel. A monitoring station for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) on City Road recorded an annual average NO2 level of 48μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metres) in 2017. This fails to meet the UK national clean air quality objective of 40μg/m3.

Cycling
Cycling infrastructure is provided in the Angel area by the London Borough of Islington and Transport for London (TfL). This includes bus lanes which may be used by cyclists along Upper Street, Goswell Road, Pentonville Road and City Road.

Other cycling routes include:

 Quietway 2 (Q2) - runs east–west through Angel. To the east, the route is unbroken and signposted along residential streets, connecting the area to Dalston, Hackney and Walthamstow. Westbound, the route runs unbroken to Myddleton Square and Bloomsbury, where the route joins Cycle Superhighway 6 (CS6) to King's Cross or the City of London and Elephant & Castle.
 Q11 - runs southbound from Angel to Southwark Bridge via Old Street and London Wall. This route is signposted and unbroken on local streets. The route connects Angel directly to CS3 (between Hyde Park and Barking via Westminster and Tower Bridge) and CS7 (to Colliers Wood via Elephant & Castle and Kennington).
 Regent's Canal Towpath - runs either side of Angel on a shared-use path, but not through Angel, as the canal passes through the Islington Tunnel. To the east, the route runs unbroken and traffic-free to Old Street, Victoria Park, Mile End and Limehouse. Westbound, the route runs traffic-free through King's Cross, Camden Town and Regent's Park to Maida Vale.

Santander Cycles, a London-wide bike-sharing system operates in Angel.

Canal
The Regent's Canal and its towpath undershoot Angel through Islington Tunnel, and link eastbound to Mile End, the Hertford Union Canal, and Limehouse Basin's lock with the Thames. West, the canal passes through Camden Town and Maida Vale to the Little Venice junction for either Paddington Basin or the rest of the Grand Union Canal.

City Road Basin stands to the east of Angel, near City Road Lock. Battlebridge Basin is in King's Cross, to Angel's west.

The Canal is maintained by the Canal & River Trust.

References

Districts of the London Borough of Islington
Areas of London
Road junctions in London
Major centres of London
Business improvement districts in London

Angel, London


Death's End () is a science fiction novel by the Chinese writer Liu Cixin. It is the third novel in the trilogy titled Remembrance of Earth's Past, following the Hugo Award-winning novel The Three-Body Problem and its sequel, The Dark Forest. The original Chinese version was published in 2010. Ken Liu translated the English edition in 2016. It was a finalist for the 2017 Hugo Award for Best Novel and winner of the 2017 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

Plot

Common Era
During the Fall of Constantinople in AD 1453, a prostitute gains the ability to retrieve small objects in seemingly impossible ways, up to and including the vital organs of heavily guarded human targets. Constantine XI tasks her with killing Mehmed II, but her powers mysteriously vanish, and she is executed. These events are attributed to the passage of a "four-dimensional fragment" through the solar system.

Crisis Era
An aeronautical engineer named Cheng Xin is recruited by the Planetary Intelligence Agency (PIA) to work on the Staircase Project, an attempt to launch a probe toward the Trisolaran fleet to gather intelligence. The seemingly impossible goal of accelerating the probe to 1% of lightspeed is realized through her idea of lining up ICBMs, Topol and Dongfeng missiles to launch the probe using nuclear pulse propulsion. The Planetary Defence Council (PDC) at first rejects the plan because of the high intercept speed and the unlikelihood of being able to surveil Trisolaran communications. Thomas Wade, the CIA agent leading the project, proposes making the probe desirable to Trisolaris by putting a live human on board, who would then act as a double agent after being integrated into the fleet. However, the mass of the vehicle is limited to only a few kilograms, so Wade decides to find a volunteer to be euthanized and send only their brain, on the assumption that the Trisolarans will be willing and able to reconstruct their body.

One of Cheng Xin's acquaintances, an engineer named Yun Tianming who has always held a secret affection for her, discovers that he is terminally ill. Upon receiving an unexpected sum of money, he buys the title deed to the distant star DX3906 from the United Nations and anonymously gifts it to Cheng. When Cheng learns of Yun's illness, she persuades him to volunteer for the Staircase Project; he is selected as the subject and his brain is extracted and launched. A malfunction causes the spacecraft to go off course into deep space and the project is written off as a failure. After learning that Yun was the source of the star title, Cheng enters hibernation, in order to serve as the Staircase Project's liaison for future generations.

Deterrence Era

The Trisolaran invasion has been forestalled by Luo Ji's creation of Dark Forest Deterrence, which threatens Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) by broadcasting Trisolaris's location across the universe to bring it to the attention of hostile alien civilizations; doing so would likely allow the hostile civilization to deduce Earth's location as well, due to the proximity of the two systems. The deterrence is enforced by a system of gravitational-wave transmitters distributed across Earth and mounted on some spacecraft. Due to concerns about the system being vulnerable to extremist attacks if control is too widely distributed, the sole responsibility for activating the system in the event of Trisolaran aggression is placed in the hands of one person designated the "Swordholder." Luo Ji is the first holder of the position.

Two groups of human starships fled the solar system in opposite directions after the disastrous battle with the Trisolaran "droplet" probe in the previous book, but each group was quickly reduced to one ship after the crews concluded that they could maximize their chances of survival by killing the other crews and harvesting their ships' resources.

The two surviving ships, Bronze Age and Blue Space, are informed of the truce with Trisolaris and invited to return to Earth. Bronze Age arrives first, but the UN puts its crew on trial for crimes against humanity. Its commander manages to warn Blue Space not to return before his execution; the stellar warship Gravity, which is equipped with a deterrent transmitter, sets off in pursuit, accompanied by two Trisolaran droplet probes, although it will take several decades to catch up.

Fifty years pass. Cheng is woken from hibernation due to her possession of DX3906, which has been discovered to have planets by an astronomer named AA. Cheng keeps the title for the star itself but agrees to sell the rights to the planets, and she and AA start an aerospace company together.

Luo Ji is preparing to retire as Swordholder and the UN is seeking replacements; Cheng becomes the leading candidate. Wade, who has also hibernated, desires the position and attempts to murder her, but fails and is given a long prison sentence. Cheng is selected to succeed Luo, but the moment the handover occurs, Trisolaris begins an attack against Earth using multiple droplets to target the gravitational wave transmitters. They have correctly predicted that Cheng won't be able to bring herself to actually carry out the threat and doom two civilizations.

With the deterrence system neutralized, the Trisolarans immediately break the truce, although their ambassador Sophon announces that the aliens have developed an appreciation for human culture and now intend to let a portion of humanity live on, albeit without any modern technology. The droplets begin directly attacking major cities, and Sophon orders all of humanity to relocate to a reservation in Australia, where they are forced to live under appalling conditions in order to rapidly shrink the population before the Trisolaran fleet arrives to occupy the rest of Earth.

In deep space, Gravity catches up to Blue Space at the same moment that the Swordholder handoff occurs back on Earth. Without warning, the two escort droplets move to destroy both ships in order to take out the last remaining gravitational wave transmitter on Gravity. However, the crew of Blue Space has discovered that the ships have entered another four-dimensional fragment; they learn to navigate the fourth dimension and use that ability to disable the two droplets and capture Gravity at the last moment. They use Gravity'''s transmitter to send the MAD broadcast, then resolve not to return to the solar system. Upon detecting the broadcast, the Trisolarans abandon their invasion and divert their fleet away from the solar system, concluding that Earth and Trisolaris are now both doomed.

 Broadcast Era

One of Trisolaris's three suns is struck by a relativistic "photoid" launched by unspecified aliens, destroying both it and the Trisolaran homeworld. It is understood that sooner or later, the Solar System will suffer a similar attack.

The Trisolarans reveal that they have a fully reconstituted Yun Tianming in their custody, and allow him and Cheng to meet over a sophon-mediated audiovisual link. The conversation is closely monitored to avoid intelligence disclosures, so Yun tells Cheng three elaborate fairy tales, carefully composed to communicate key scientific concepts through metaphor and subtext. Yun invites Cheng to meet him on one of the planets orbiting her star before the link is broken.

The first fairy tale is never decoded even after great effort, and the UN eventually gives up the attempt. The second tale explains that it is possible to reduce the speed of light in a region of space. By lowering the speed of light throughout the solar system to a level below the escape velocity of the sun's gravity, humanity could make the whole system disappear to the galaxy at large, signaling that Earth is harmless and needs not be destroyed, though it would mean trapping human civilization inside the "black domain" forever. The third tale explains that lightspeed travel may be accomplished by manipulating the local curvature of spacetime, using the analogy of a paper boat with a lump of soap attached at one end that will decrease the surface tension of the water behind the boat, propelling it forward.

 Bunker Era

Humanity decides to construct space colonies in the shadow of the solar system's gas giants, where they could survive the destruction of the sun by photoid attack. Virtually everyone evacuates from the Earth. Lightspeed travel research is banned after it comes to be seen by the population as an escape hatch for the ultra-wealthy, who could use relativistic time dilation to cheat death; it is also discovered that using it leaves permanent traces on spacetime, which could draw further hostile attention to Earth. Wade, who by now has been released from prison, asks Cheng to transfer her considerable personal wealth to him to finance a secret lightspeed research project; she assents after extracting a promise that he will return the wealth and shut down the program at her request.

Cheng hibernates for sixty years, and is woken when Wade's program is discovered by the government. The technology works and provides very promising research in other fields, but Wade has also created a private army equipped with potentially devastating antimatter weaponry. Horrified by this, Cheng invokes the promise, and Wade surrenders. However, the government shows no mercy to Wade, and executes him, prompting Cheng to return to hibernate with AA until the alien strike comes.

Several decades later, a ship from an unknown hostile alien race detects the signal revealing the location of Trisolaris. An operator on the ship investigates and discovers that Trisolaris has already been eliminated by another ship or hostile race, but the operator then reviews the record of radio broadcasts from Trisolaris and deduces that there must also be intelligent life on Earth. Recognizing that the solar system's gas giant planets create "blind spots" that could allow some life to survive a photoid attack, the operator instead launches a more complex weapon at the system.

Humans detect the weapon as it approaches the solar system and send a ship to investigate, but it is quickly destroyed when the weapon is revealed to be a spacetime anomaly that causes the third dimension to collapse into the second; humanity has no defense against this and will be rendered extinct within days as the effect spreads across the solar system. The existence of such weapons was the secret of Yun's first fairy tale; it is later explained that using such a weapon was a gesture of respect by the attacker as they considered humanity a powerful and dangerous enemy. The only way to survive is either to flee at light speed, or find a way to live in the 2D plane; neither appears a realistic possiblity.

One of Wade's former associates awakens Cheng and AA and urges them to fly on one of their corporation's private spacecraft to Pluto, where they meet the now 200-year-old Luo Ji, who gives them a number of artifacts from the Museum of Humanity. They watch from Pluto as the sun and the rest of the planets are pulled into the second dimension and flattened. As the collapse approaches Pluto, Luo Ji then reveals that their ship is equipped with humanity's only lightspeed drive, built in secret by Wade's associates after his death. He instructs them to escape the solar system while he stays behind. They set a course for DX3906 and escape ahead of the collapse wave, which pulls in Pluto and all the remaining human ships that were attempting to flee at sublight speeds, ending human civilization.

 Galaxy Era
Cheng Xin and AA arrive at DX3906 286 years later, though the voyage passes quickly for them due to lightspeed time dilation. They discover that the system has two planets, which they name Planet Blue and Planet Gray. There, they encounter Guan Yifan, a civilian cosmologist of Gravity, who explains that the crew of his ship and Blue Space went on to develop curvature propulsion and founded an interstellar society.

Cheng Xin and Guan Yifan fly to the nearby Planet Gray to investigate signs of alien activity. They discover a series of Death Lines, the seed elements of a black domain, which have been laid down by the aliens in order to hasten the end of the universe. Guan Yifan explains that endless interstellar warfare using curvature- and dimension-based weaponry is degrading the entire universe. In its youth, the universe possessed ten dimensions, and the speed of light was near infinity, but as time went on, galactic civilizations in conflict would collapse regions of space into lower dimensions, forcing each other to permanently migrate there while the higher dimensions ceased to exist entirely. At the same time, the widespread use of black domains resulted in the speed of light permanently lowering throughout the universe, until it degenerated to three dimensions and the current value of c.

As Cheng Xin and Guan Yifan fly back to Planet Blue, they are notified by AA that Yun Tianming has arrived. Cheng is overjoyed that they will finally reunite. However, the activity of Yun's curvature drive triggers the death lines, converting the system into a black domain with a lightspeed only marginally above their current orbital velocity, meaning they are now orbiting Planet Blue at relativistic speed. Guan's spacecraft is equipped with backup systems that are designed to function in a black domain environment, but it will take many hours for them to boot up, forcing Cheng and Guan to hibernate to conserve oxygen. Once the process completes, they realize that 18 million years have passed in an external frame of reference. Upon descending to Planet Blue, they find a message revealing that AA and Yun Tianming lived a happy life together, and have left Cheng and Guan a gift: a portal to a pocket universe, made with Trisolaran technology, containing one cubic kilometer of idyllic farmstead. They enter the universe, meet with Sophon, who was already living there, and wait outside of time for the main universe to die and be reborn in a Big Bounce.

After living there for some time, Cheng Xin and Guan Yifan receive an alien message aimed at all denizens of micro-universes in all languages including Earth's and Trisolaris', stating that the presence of micro-universes deprives the main universe of mass, disrupting its cycle of expansion, collapse and rebirth. Cheng Xin, accompanied by Yifan, wearily reflects on her lifetime of moral duty. They decide to disassemble the contents of the micro-universe and return the mass to the main universe, then join it in death and rebirth. They leave behind a message in a bottle and a self-sustaining terrarium for the denizens of the reborn universe to uncover.

Characters
 Cheng Xin (程心) – Aerospace engineer from the early 21st century, second Swordholder
 Yun Tianming (云天明) – Cheng Xin's university classmate who has a romantic interest in her; his brain is sent into space and captured by the Trisolaran fleet, who manage to clone his body and return him to life.
 Thomas Wade (托马斯·维德) – Former CIA Chief, most effective candidate for Swordholder, develops curvature propulsion prototype.
 Ai AA (艾AA) – Ph.D. in astronomy from the Deterrence Era, Cheng Xin's friend and traveling companion
 Luo Ji (罗辑) – Cosmic Sociologist, first Sword-holder
Neil Scott – Captain of Bronze AgeSebastian Schneider  – Lieutenant commander of targeting systems and attack patterns aboard Bronze AgeCaptain Morovich – Captain of GravityChu Yan – Captain of Blue Space Sophon (智子) — Trisolaran android, controlled by sophons, who provides a diplomatic and communicative link between Earth and Trisolaris
 Guan Yifan (关一帆) – A civilian astronomer from Gravity Yang Dong (杨冬) – String theorist and daughter of Ye Wenjie and Yang Weining, later committed suicide
 Fraisse (弗赖斯) – Australian Aboriginal man who befriends Cheng Xin during the resettlement
 Singer – The exterminator on board an observing ship, attacking the Solar System with dual-vector foil.

Trilogy
The additional books in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy are:
 三体 (The Three-Body Problem), 2008; English translation by Ken Liu published by Tor Books in 2014
 黑暗森林 (The Dark Forest''), 2008; English translation by Joel Martinsen published by Tor Books in 2015

Awards

References

External links

2010 science fiction novels
Novels by Liu Cixin
Alien invasions in novels
Fiction about suspended animation
2010 Chinese novels

Death's End


Aloe ballyi (the "rat aloe") is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to Kenya and Tanzania.

Description
This species of Aloe forms tall, slender stems of up to 6 meters. The leaves are long, slender, and mostly straight - only recurving slightly towards the tips. Dead leaves do not long remain on the stem, unlike in the case of most aloes. Unlike most aloes, the "rat aloe" is poisonous.

The flowers are only mildly tubular, with their segments united for 1/3 of their length.

Distribution
It is native to the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests of Kenya and Tanzania. This rare aloe grows in the bush with acacias and succulents.

References

ballyi
Flora of Kenya
Flora of Tanzania
Endangered flora of Africa
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Aloe ballyi


Storm Windows is the seventh album by American folk singer and songwriter John Prine, released in 1980. It was his last release on a major label – he would next join Al Bunetta and Dan Einstein to form Oh Boy Records on which all his subsequent recordings were released.

Recording
After receiving some of the worst reviews of his career for the 1979 party album Pink Cadillac, Prine moved towards a more country-flavored sound on Storm Windows which foreshadowed much of his work in Nashville in the 1980s.  The album was produced by Barry Beckett, who had previously worked with Paul Simon and Bob Dylan, and was recorded at the legendary Muscle Shoals Sound Studios in Sheffield, Alabama.  Critics liked it far more than Prine's previous release but, as David Fricke observed in 1993, many listeners might be surprised to learn that "half of the songs that ended up on that album were first tried out during those madhouse Pink Cadillac sessions." The album was a return to a relatively polished, full-band sound closer to Sweet Revenge and Common Sense than the acoustic folk-pop of Bruised Orange or the murky rockabilly of Pink Cadillac. The LP concluded Prine's three-album obligation to Asylum Records.

Composition
Storm Windows features six original Prine compositions and two songs co-written with guitarist John Burns.  Several of the songs, such as the title track, were inspired by Prine's childhood, with the singer recalling in the Great Days anthology: "I grew up on a four-lane highway. Lots of trucks. Lots of traffic. I used to have these spells every so often as a child where like the ceiling of the room was in normal perspective, but the doorway would appear much farther away than it was. Coupled with this, all noises seemed muffled and distant, particularly the traffic moving on the wet or snow-covered pavement. I was really in another world. I finally worked up the courage to tell my mother and father about it, and Mom made Dad take me to the eye doctor. I love them both."  Prine added that "One Red Rose" was about an overnight stay with his cousin Charlie Bill.  "It was the back of a general store in Paradise. There was a tin roof and a wonderful thunderstorm going on above and around us. We were telling ghost stories and staying up late, and there was a curtain separating the bedroom from the mature adults' kitchen. Our light was off. Thus, their 'kitchen light fell asleep on the bedroom floor.' I was nine."

The title track was a resigned epic in the style of Van Morrison and The Band, a rare Prine recording that was built around the piano, played by producer Beckett, rather than guitar, while Prine's then bass playing girlfriend Rachel Peer sang background vocals on a couple of tunes. In the liner notes of his 1988 album John Prine Live, the singer writes that the idea for the comical "Living in the Future" came from being a kid and "seeing sketches of how the world would look in twenty years and here it is in the future and things aren't better; they're just here....The joke's on us."

Reception

Storm Windows received generally positive reviews upon release, with Ken Tucker of Rolling Stone praising Barry Beckett's production and noting that Storm Windows "strikes a stunning balance between the artist's last two radically different releases."   Writing for Allmusic, critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. wrote of the album "Storm Windows isn't a bad album, but the songs and "studio musician" production lack the bite of Bruised Orange. While Storm Windows captures Prine on autopilot, fans will enjoy listening to his reflections at this transitional stage."

Track listing
All tracks composed by John Prine; except where indicated.
"Shop Talk" (Prine, John Burns) – 3:12
"Living in the Future" – 3:26
"It's Happening to You" (Prine, John Burns) – 2:18
"Sleepy Eyed Boy" – 2:53
"All Night Blue" (Ava Aldridge, Cindy Richardson) – 2:46
"Just Wanna Be With You" – 3:07
"Storm Windows" – 5:04
"Baby Ruth" (Johnny Wyker) – 3:07
"One Red Rose" – 3:17
"I Had a Dream" – 3:30

Personnel
John Prine – vocals, guitar
Barry Beckett – piano
John Burns – guitar, harmony vocals
Bob Hoban – organ, fiddle, mandolin, piano, backing vocals
Leo LeBlanc – steel guitar
Rachel Peer – harmony vocals
Wayne Perkins – guitar
Tom Piekarske – bass, backing vocals
Angie Varias – drums

Chart positions

References

1980 albums
John Prine albums
Albums produced by Barry Beckett
Albums recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio
Asylum Records albums

Storm Windows


On the evening of 8 December 1980, English musician John Lennon, formerly of the Beatles, was shot and fatally wounded in the archway of the Dakota, his residence in New York City. The killer was Mark David Chapman, an American Beatles fan who was jealous and enraged by Lennon's rich lifestyle, alongside his 1966 comment that the Beatles were "more popular than Jesus". Chapman said he was inspired by the fictional character Holden Caulfield from J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye, a "phony-killer" who loathes hypocrisy.

Chapman planned the killing over several months and waited for Lennon at the Dakota on the morning of 8 December. Early in the evening, Chapman met Lennon, who signed his copy of the album Double Fantasy and subsequently left for a recording session at the Record Plant. Later that night, Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, returned to the Dakota. As Lennon and Ono approached the entrance of the building, Chapman fired five hollow-point bullets from a .38 special revolver, four of which hit Lennon in the back. Lennon was rushed to Roosevelt Hospital in a police car, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at 11:15 p.m. at age 40. Chapman remained at the scene reading The Catcher in the Rye until he was arrested by the police.

A worldwide outpouring of grief ensued; crowds gathered at Roosevelt Hospital and in front of the Dakota, and at least two Beatles fans died by suicide. The next day, Lennon was cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. In lieu of a funeral, Ono requested ten minutes of silence around the world. Chapman pleaded guilty to murdering Lennon and was given a sentence of 20-years-to-life imprisonment. He has been denied parole twelve times since he became eligible in 2000.

Background

Mark David Chapman

Mark David Chapman, a 25-year-old former security guard from Honolulu, Hawaii, was a fan of the Beatles with no prior criminal convictions.  J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye had taken on great personal significance for Chapman, to the extent that he wished to model his life after the novel's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. One of the novel's main themes is Caulfield's rage against adult hypocrisy and "phonies". Chapman claimed that he had been enraged by Lennon's infamous, much-publicised remark in 1966 that the Beatles were "more popular than Jesus", and by the lyrics of Lennon's songs "God", in which Lennon states that he does not believe in the Beatles, God or Jesus, and "Imagine", where Lennon states "imagine no possessions", yet had a lavish lifestyle as depicted in Anthony Fawcett's 1976 book John Lennon: One Day at a Time, making Lennon a "phony".

On 27 October 1980, Chapman purchased a five-shot .38 calibre Charter Arms revolver in Honolulu. He flew to New York on 29 October, after contacting the Federal Aviation Administration to learn the best way to transport a revolver. Chapman learned that bullets can be damaged on the plane, so he arrived without ammunition. He left New York on 12 or 13 November, then flew back on 6 December and checked into the Upper West Side YMCA for a night before moving to a Sheraton hotel in Midtown Manhattan.

8 December 1980
Chapman waited for Lennon outside the Dakota in the early-morning and spent most of the day near the entrance to the Dakota, talking to fans and the doorman. During that morning, Chapman was distracted and missed seeing Lennon step out of a cab and enter the Dakota. Later in the morning, Chapman met Lennon's family nanny, Helen Seaman, who was returning from a walk with Lennon's five-year-old son Sean. Chapman reached in front of the housekeeper to shake Sean's hand and said that he was a beautiful boy, quoting Lennon's song "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)".

Portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz went to the Lennons' apartment to do a photo shoot for Rolling Stone magazine. Leibovitz promised them that a photo of the two of them naked together would make the front cover of the magazine. Leibovitz took several photos of John Lennon alone and one was originally set to be on the cover. Although Ono did not want to be naked, Lennon insisted that both he and his wife be on the cover, and after taking the pictures, Leibovitz left their apartment at 3:30 p.m. After the photo shoot, Lennon gave what would be his last interview, to RKO Radio Network's San Francisco DJ Dave Sholin, writer Laurie Kaye, and recorder/producer Ron Hummel for a music show to be broadcast on the RKO Radio Network. At around 5 p.m., Lennon and Ono, delayed by a late limousine shared with the RKO Radio crew, left their apartment to mix the song "Walking on Thin Ice", an Ono song featuring Lennon on lead guitar, at the Record Plant.

As they left the building, they were approached by Chapman who asked for Lennon's autograph, a common practice, on a copy of his album, Double Fantasy. Lennon liked to give autographs or pictures, especially to those who had been waiting for long periods of time to meet him. Later, Chapman said, "He was very kind to me. Ironically, very kind and was very patient with me. The limousine was waiting ... and he took his time with me and he got the pen going and he signed my album. He asked me if I needed anything else. I said, 'No. No sir.' And he walked away. Very cordial and decent man." Paul Goresh, an amateur photographer and Lennon fan, took a photo of Lennon signing Chapman's album.

Murder

The Lennons returned to the Dakota at approximately 10:50 p.m. Lennon wanted to say goodnight to his son before going to the Stage Deli restaurant with Ono. The Lennons exited their limousine on 72nd Street instead of driving into the more secure courtyard of the Dakota. The Lennons passed Chapman and walked toward the archway entrance of the building. As Ono passed by, Chapman nodded at her. As Lennon passed by, he glanced briefly at Chapman, appearing to recognise him from earlier. Seconds later, Chapman drew his gun, which was concealed in his coat pocket, aimed at the center of Lennon's back, and rapidly fired five hollow-point bullets from a distance of about .

Based on statements made that night by New York City Police Department Chief of Detectives James Sullivan, numerous reports at the time claimed that Chapman called out "Mr. Lennon" and dropped into a combat stance before firing. Later court hearings and witness interviews did not include either of these details. Chapman said that he does not remember calling out to Lennon before he fired, and that Lennon did not turn around. He claimed to have taken a combat stance in a 1992 interview with Barbara Walters.

One bullet missed Lennon and struck a window of the Dakota. According to the autopsy report, two bullets entered the left side of Lennon's back, travelling through the left side of his chest and his left lung with one exiting from the body and one lodged in his neck. Two more bullets hit Lennon in his left shoulder. Lennon, bleeding profusely from his external wounds and from his mouth, staggered up five steps to the security/reception area where he said, "I'm shot! I'm shot!" He then fell to the floor, scattering cassettes that he was carrying.

Jose Perdomo, the doorman, shook the gun out of Chapman's hand and kicked it across the pavement. Concierge worker Jay Hastings first started to make a tourniquet, but upon ripping open Lennon's blood-stained shirt and realising the severity of his injuries, he covered Lennon's chest with his uniform jacket, removed his blood-covered glasses, and summoned the police. Chapman removed his coat and hat to show that he was not carrying any concealed weapons and remained standing on 72nd Street, waiting for police to arrive. Underneath his coat, he wore a promotional T-shirt for Todd Rundgren's album Hermit of Mink Hollow. Perdomo shouted at Chapman, "Do you know what you just did?" to which Chapman calmly replied, "I just shot John Lennon."

Officers Steven Spiro and Peter Cullen were the first policemen to arrive at the scene; they were at 72nd Street and Broadway when they heard a report of shots fired at the Dakota. The officers arrived around two minutes later and found Chapman standing very calmly on 72nd Street reading a paperback copy of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. They immediately put Chapman in handcuffs and placed him in the back seat of their squad car. Chapman made no attempt to flee or resist arrest. Cullen said of Chapman: "He apologized to us for ruining our night. I turned around and said to him, 'You've got to be fucking kidding me. You're worried about our night? Do you know what you just did to your life?' We read him his rights more than once."

Officer Herb Frauenberger and his partner Tony Palma were the second team arriving on the crime scene. They found Lennon lying face down on the floor of the reception area, blood pouring from his mouth and his clothing already soaked with it, with Hastings attending to him. Officers James Moran and Bill Gamble then arrived on the scene and Frauenberger put Lennon in their car, concluding his condition was too serious to wait for an ambulance to arrive. Moran and Gamble then drove Lennon to Roosevelt Hospital on West 59th Street, followed by Frauenberger and Palma, who drove Ono to the hospital. According to Gamble, in the car, Moran asked, "Are you John Lennon?" or "Do you know who you are?" Lennon nodded, but could only manage to make a moaning and gurgling sound when he tried to speak, and lost consciousness shortly thereafter.

Resuscitation attempt

A few minutes before 11:00 p.m., Moran arrived at Roosevelt Hospital with Lennon in his squad car. Moran was carrying Lennon on his back and onto a gurney, demanding a doctor for a multiple gunshot wound victim. When Lennon was brought in, he was not breathing, and had no pulse. Three doctors, a nurse, and two or three other medical attendants worked on Lennon for 10 to 20 minutes in an attempt to resuscitate him. As a last resort, the doctors cut open Lennon's chest and attempted manual heart massage to restore circulation, but they quickly discovered that the damage to the blood vessels above and around Lennon's heart from the multiple bullet wounds was too great.

Three of the four bullets that struck Lennon's back passed completely through his body and out of his chest, while the fourth lodged itself in his aorta beside his heart. One of the exiting bullets from his chest hit and became lodged in his upper left arm. Several of the wounds could have been fatal by themselves, because each bullet had ruptured vital arteries around the heart. Lennon was shot four times at close range with hollow-point bullets and his affected organs—particularly his left lung and major blood vessels above his heart—were virtually destroyed upon impact.

Reports regarding who operated on and attempted to resuscitate Lennon have been inconsistent.
Stephan Lynn, the head of the Emergency Department at Roosevelt Hospital, is usually credited with performing Lennon's surgery. In 2005, Lynn said he massaged Lennon's heart and attempted to resuscitate him for 20 minutes, that two other doctors were present, and that the three of them declared Lennon's death. Richard Marks, an emergency room surgeon at Roosevelt Hospital, stated in 1990 that he operated on Lennon, administered a "massive" blood transfusion, and provided heart massage to no avail. "When I realized he wasn't going to make it," said Marks, "I just sewed him back up. I felt helpless." David Halleran, who had been  a third-year general surgery resident at Roosevelt Hospital, disputed the accounts of both Marks and Lynn. In 2015, Halleran stated that the two doctors "didn't do anything", and that he did not initially realise the identity of the victim. He added that Lynn only came to assist him when he heard that it was Lennon.

According to his death certificate, Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at 11:15 p.m., but the time of 11:07 p.m. has also been reported. Witnesses noted that the Beatles song "All My Loving" came over the hospital's sound system at the moment Lennon was pronounced dead.  Lennon's body was then taken to the city morgue at 520 First Avenue for an autopsy. The cause of death was reported on his death certificate as "hypovolemic shock, caused by the loss of more than 80% of blood volume due to multiple through-and-through gunshot wounds to the left shoulder and left chest resulting in damage to the left lung, the left subclavian artery, and both the aorta and aortic arch". According to the report, even with prompt medical treatment, no person could have lived for more than a few minutes with multiple bullet wounds affecting all of the major arteries and veins around the heart.

Media announcement

Ono asked the hospital not to report to the media that her husband was dead until she informed their five-year-old son Sean, who was at home. Ono said he was probably watching television and that she did not want him to learn of his father's death from a TV announcement. However, news producer Alan J. Weiss of WABC-TV happened to be waiting for treatment in the Roosevelt Hospital emergency room after being injured in a motorcycle crash earlier in the evening. Police officers wheeled Lennon into the same room as Weiss and mentioned what happened. Weiss called his station and relayed the information.

ABC News president Roone Arledge received word of the death during the last few moments of a national telecast of a Monday Night Football game between the New England Patriots and the Miami Dolphins, with the game tied and the Patriots about to attempt a field goal to win the game. Arledge informed Frank Gifford and Howard Cosell of the shooting and suggested that they report the murder. Cosell, who had interviewed Lennon during a Monday Night Football broadcast in 1974, was chosen to do so but balked at being the one to deliver the news. Gifford convinced Cosell otherwise, saying, "You've got to. If you know it, we've got to do it. Don't hang on it. It's a tragic moment, and this is going to shake up the whole world".

The news was broken as follows:

The first official confirmation of Lennon's death apparently came from WLIR's news director Steve North, according to North and DJ Bob Waugh. North was doing a special comment on the murder of gun control advocate Dr. Michael J. Halberstam, when an intern ran in with the news about Lennon. North then read the AP wire bulletin and spoke several times with a police contact, who was finally able to confirm Lennon had died. Waugh has since released an aircheck from that night.

New York rock station WNEW-FM 102.7 immediately suspended all programming and opened its lines to calls from listeners. Stations throughout the country switched to special programming devoted to Lennon and/or Beatles music.

Reactions

Lennon's associates
According to Stephan Lynn, when he informed Ono of Lennon's death, she banged her head against the concrete floor of the hospital. His account is disputed by two of the nurses who were there. In a 2015 interview, Ono denied hitting her head on the floor and stated that her chief concern at the time was to remain calm and take care of her son, Sean. She was led away from Roosevelt Hospital by a policeman and Geffen Records president, David Geffen. The following day, Ono issued a statement: "There is no funeral for John. Later in the week we will set the time for a silent vigil to pray for his soul. We invite you to participate from wherever you are at the time. ... John loved and prayed for the human race. Please pray the same for him. Love. Yoko and Sean."

George Harrison issued a prepared statement for the press: "After all we went through together, I had and still have great love and respect for him. I am shocked and stunned. To rob a life is the ultimate robbery in life. The perpetual encroachment on other people's space is taken to the limit with the use of a gun. It is an outrage that people can take other people's lives when they obviously haven't got their own lives in order." Harrison later privately told friends, "I just wanted to be in a band. Here we are, 20 years later, and some whack job has shot my mate. I just wanted to play guitar in a band."

Paul McCartney addressed reporters outside his Sussex home that morning and said, "I can't take it at the moment. John was a great man who'll be remembered for his unique contributions to art, music and peace. He is going to be missed by the whole world." Later that day, McCartney was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio when reporters asked him for his reaction; he ended his response, "Drag, isn't it? Okay, cheers, bye-bye". His apparently casual response was widely criticised. McCartney later said that he had intended no disrespect and simply was unable to articulate his feelings, given the shock and sadness he felt over Lennon's murder. Reflecting on the day two years later, McCartney said the following: "How did I feel? I can't remember. I can't express it. I can't believe it. It was crazy. It was anger. It was fear. It was madness. It was the world coming to an end. And it was, 'Will it happen to me next?' I just felt everything. I still can't put into words. Shocking. And I ended up saying, 'It's a drag,' and that doesn't really sum it up."

Ringo Starr, who was in the Bahamas at the time, received a phone call from his stepchildren informing him about the murder. He flew to New York City to console Ono and played with Lennon's son, Sean.

Public response

Per Ono's wishes, on 14 December, millions of people around the world paused for ten minutes of silence to remember Lennon, including 30,000 people gathered in Lennon's hometown of Liverpool, and over 225,000 people at Naumburg Bandshell in Central Park, close to the scene of the shooting. For those ten minutes, every radio station in New York City went off the air.

At least three Beatles fans died by suicide after the murder, leading Ono to make a public appeal asking mourners not to give in to despair. On 18 January 1981, a full-page open letter from Ono appeared in The New York Times and The Washington Post. Titled "In Gratitude", it expressed thanks to the millions of people who mourned Lennon's loss and wanted to know how they could commemorate his life and help her and Sean.

Double Fantasy, which was released three weeks before Lennon's murder to mixed critical reaction and initially unremarkable sales, became a worldwide commercial success and won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards.

Ono released a solo album, Season of Glass, in 1981. The cover of the album is a photograph of Lennon's blood-spattered glasses that he was wearing when he was shot. That same year, she also released "Walking on Thin Ice", the song the Lennons had mixed at the Record Plant less than an hour before he was murdered, as a single.

The attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley Jr. took place less than four months after Lennon's murder, and the police found a copy of The Catcher in the Rye among Hinckley's personal belongings. Hinckley left a cassette tape in his hotel room on which he stated that he mourned Lennon's death. He said that he wanted to make "some kind of statement" after Lennon's death.

In June 2016 Jay Hastings, the Dakota concierge who tried to help Lennon, sold the shirt he was wearing that night, stained with Lennon's blood at an auction for $42,500.

Aftermath
The day after Lennon's murder, his remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, Westchester County, New York, and his ashes were scattered in Central Park, in sight of their apartment. Chapman was taken to the 20th Precinct on West 82nd Street, where he was questioned for eight hours before being brought to New York County Criminal Court on Centre Street in Lower Manhattan. A judge remanded Chapman to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric evaluation.

Meanwhile, Chapman was charged with second-degree murder of Lennon, as premeditation in New York state was not sufficient to warrant charge of first-degree murder. Despite advice by his lawyers to plead insanity, Chapman pleaded guilty to murdering Lennon, saying that his guilty plea was the will of God. Under the terms of his guilty plea, he was sentenced to 20-years-to-life with eligibility for parole in 2000. Before his sentencing, he was given the opportunity to address the court, at which point he read a passage from The Catcher in the Rye. As of September 2022, he has been denied parole 12 times and remains incarcerated at Green Haven Correctional Facility.

Memorials and tributes

Photography

Leibovitz's photo of a naked Lennon embracing his wife, taken on the day of the murder, was the cover of the 22 January 1981 issue of Rolling Stone, most of which was dedicated to articles, letters and photographs commemorating Lennon's life and death. In 2005, the American Society of Magazine Editors ranked it as the top magazine cover of the last 40 years.

Events

 Every 8 December, a remembrance ceremony is held in front of the Capitol Records building on Vine Street in Hollywood, California. People also light candles in front of Lennon's Hollywood Walk of Fame star, outside the Capitol Building.
 On 28–30 September 2007, Durness held the John Lennon Northern Lights Festival, which was attended by Lennon's half-sister, Julia Baird, who read from his writings and her own books; and Stanley Parkes, Lennon's Scottish cousin.
 Ono places a lit candle in the window of Lennon's room in the Dakota every year on 8 December.
 Every 9 October, Lennon's birthday, through 8 December, the date Lennon was shot, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland is lit.
 On 24 March 2018, Paul McCartney participated in the March for Our Lives, a protest against gun violence, because of Lennon's killing.

Music
 Bob Dylan wrote and recorded the song "Roll on John" on his 2012 album Tempest, which explicitly references the assassination ("They shot him in the back and down he went").
 David Bowie, who befriended Lennon while Lennon co-wrote and performed on Bowie's US #1 hit "Fame" in 1975, performed a tribute to Lennon in the final show of his Serious Moonlight Tour at the Hong Kong Coliseum, on 8 December 1983—the third anniversary of Lennon's death. Bowie said he last saw Lennon in Hong Kong, and performed Lennon's song "Imagine".
 David Gilmour of Pink Floyd wrote and recorded the song "Murder" in response to Lennon's death. It was released on his album About Face (1984).
 George Harrison released a tribute song, "All Those Years Ago" (1981), with Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney.
 Elton John, who recorded the US number-one hit "Whatever Gets You thru the Night" with Lennon, teamed up with his lyricist Bernie Taupin for the tribute "Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)". It appeared on his album Jump Up! (1982), and peaked at No. 13 on the US Singles Chart that year. When he performed the song at a sold-out concert in Madison Square Garden in August 1982, he was joined on stage by Ono and Sean.
 Paul McCartney released his tribute, "Here Today", on his album Tug of War (1982).
 Paul Simon's homage to Lennon, "The Late Great Johnny Ace", initially sings of the rhythm and blues singer Johnny Ace, who is said to have shot himself in 1954, then goes on to reference John Lennon, as well as President John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1963, the year "Beatlemania" started. The song also appears on Simon's Hearts and Bones (1983) album.
 Queen performed "Imagine" the night after Lennon's death at Wembley Arena in London.
 Freddie Mercury wrote "Life Is Real (Song For Lennon)" as a tribute to John Lennon. The song appeared on the Queen album Hot Space (1982).
 The Bellamy Brothers mentioned Lennon's death in their 1985 single "Old Hippie".
 The Cranberries' 1996 album To the Faithful Departed includes a song about the murder, "I Just Shot John Lennon".
 XTC performed "Rain" and "Towers of London" in Liverpool the night after Lennon's death.

Physical memorials

 In 1985, New York City dedicated an area of Central Park where Lennon had frequently walked, directly across from the Dakota, as Strawberry Fields. In a symbolic show of unity, countries from around the world donated trees, and the city of Naples, Italy, donated the Imagine mosaic centerpiece.
 On 9 October 2007, Ono dedicated a memorial called the Imagine Peace Tower, on the island of Viðey, off the coast of Reykjavík, Iceland. Each year, between 9 October and 8 December, it projects a vertical beam of light high into the sky in Lennon's memory.
 In 2009, the New York City annex of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame hosted a special John Lennon exhibit that included many mementos and personal effects from Lennon's life, as well as the clothes he was wearing when he was murdered, still in the brown paper bag from Roosevelt Hospital.
 In 2018, Ono created an artwork in John Lennon's memory, titled "Sky", for MTA Arts & Design. The artwork was installed during the renovation of the 72nd Street station on the New York City Subway (served by the ), outside the Dakota.

Biographical films
 The Killing of John Lennon (2006), by Andrew Piddington, focuses on Chapman's life up to the murder.
 Chapter 27 (2007), a drama by Jarrett Schaefer based on Jack Jones's book "Let Me Take You Down", attempts a nonjudgmental portrayal of Chapman.
 The Lennon Report (2016) focuses on attempts by doctors and nurses to save Lennon's life.

Conspiracy theories
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance of Lennon due to his left-wing activism and the actions of Chapman during the murder or subsequent legal proceedings have led to conspiracy theories postulating CIA involvement:
 Fenton Bresler, a barrister and journalist, raised the idea of CIA involvement in the murder in his book Who Killed John Lennon?,  published in 1990. Chapman allegedly may have been brainwashed by the CIA as an assassin, such as in "The Manchurian Candidate".
 Liverpool playwright Ian Carroll staged a drama, "One Bad Thing", conveying the theory Chapman was manipulated by a rogue wing of the CIA "who wanted Lennon off the scene".
 In a 2004 book, Salvador Astrucia argued that forensic evidence proves Chapman did not commit the murder.
 The 2010 documentary The Day John Lennon Died suggests that Jose Perdomo, the doorman at the Dakota, was a Cuban exile with links to the CIA and the Bay of Pigs invasion.

References

Works cited
  (Also published as The Murder of John Lennon, Mandarin Publishing, .)

Further reading

External links

John Lennon
1980 in music
1980 in New York City
Lennon, John
1980s crimes in New York City
1980s in Manhattan
Upper West Side
Crimes in Manhattan
Lennon, John
Lennon, John
Lennon, John
1980 crimes
December 1980 events
December 1980 events in the United States
Lennon, John
Assassinations in the United States
Male murder victims
Christian terrorism in the United States

Murder of John Lennon


Muppets Party Cruise is a party video game developed by Mass Media for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube and released in November 2003. The currency is party favors that are accrued by unlocking additional party games from the menu, but during gameplay, players use cruise credits.

This was the Muppets' last video game before the franchise was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2004.

Gameplay
Muppets Party Cruise has six playable characters: Kermit, Piggy, Fozzie, Gonzo, Animal and Pepe, and six non-playable characters: Statler and Waldorf, Rowlf, Rizzo, Swedish Chef, Sam the Eagle, Bunsen and Beaker. The game contains 30 mini-games, 15 of which the player must unlock, and five levels: the Engine Room, Crew's Quarters, Quality Cabins, Star Suites and Royal Staterooms. Players may also choose between a long and short cruise.

In "long cruise" mode, players may freely roam a tiled cruise ship. They roll a die at the start of each round and may advance that number of spaces. Around the walls of the cruise ship are doors; entering the blue, red or green doors starts multiplayer mini-games, and entering the yellow doors rewards the player with lottery-style one-player games in which the player may win more cruise credits. When a player wins a mini-game accessed via a red, blue or green door, the player receives a party favor of that color. When a player accumulates enough party favors, the game is over and the total party favors collected by all players are added to the saved balance, which can unlock mini-games.

In "short cruise" mode, the first player may select a mini-game in which everyone will compete, but no party favors are won.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic.

References

2003 video games
Party video games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
The Muppets video games
Video games about amphibians
Video games about pigs
Video games about bears
Video games about dogs
Video games about mice and rats
Video games developed in the United States
TDK Mediactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Mass Media (company) games

Muppets Party Cruise