The Second Congregational Church is a historic church on River Street in Newcastle, Maine.  Built in 1848, it is one of Mid Coast Maine's finest examples of brick Gothic Revival architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  The congregation, established in 1843, is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.

Description and history
The Second Congregational Church of Newcastle stands in the town center, just south of the junction of United States Route 1 Business and Maine State Route 215.  It is a single-story brick building with wooden trim and a gable roof. Projecting from the center of the main facade is a tower, which houses the main entrance at the base.  The tower and building corners are articulated by pilasters; the tower has Gothic arched windows on the front, and rises to a wooden crenellation that surrounds an open wood-frame belfry.  The belfry also has corner pilasters, and its openings are also arched in the Gothic style.  The belfry is topped by corner pinnacles joined by a decorative swag-like rail.

The first congregation to be established in what is now Newcastle was founded in the village of Sheepscot in 1797.  The second congregation was organized in 1843 to meet the needs of the growing Damariscotta community (just across the Damariscotta River), and the present church was built for it in 1849.  The church is a highly visible landmark, especially for travelers arriving by boat on the river.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Maine

References

External links
Second Congregational Church of Newcastle web site
Second Congregational Church of Newcastle Facebook page

Churches in Lincoln County, Maine
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Gothic Revival church buildings in Maine
Churches completed in 1848
National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Maine
19th-century churches in the United States
Congregational churches in Maine
Buildings and structures in Newcastle, Maine

Second Congregational Church (Newcastle, Maine)


Guys 'n' Dolls were a UK pop group, initially comprising a three-girl/three-boy line-up and later becoming two-girl/two-boy. In the mid-1970s, they scored UK top-ten hits with the singles "There's a Whole Lot of Loving" and "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me". In the late 1970s they found further success in the Netherlands, where they had a number-one hit with "You're My World".

Career
Guys 'n' Dolls were formed in November 1974, after Ammo Productions held auditions for three young men and three young women to perform as a vocal group. The six original members were Paul Griggs, David Van Day, Dominic Grant, Thereza Bazar, Martine Howard and Julie Forsyth (daughter of  entertainer Bruce Forsyth).

Guys 'n' Dolls released their first hit single, "There's a Whole Lot of Loving", in January 1975. The song was originally recorded in September 1974 by a group of session singers (including Tony Burrows and Clare Torry) for a TV advertisement for McVitie's biscuits. Guys 'n' Dolls were formed to cash in upon the popularity of the jingle and to present it as a single. However, the group was not ready in time to record an entirely new version for the single's hasty release and so the voices of the session singers remained on the single. The song became an immediate hit, rising to No. 2 in the UK singles chart, launching the group to overnight stardom.

The following year, the group scored highly again as their cover of "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" peaked at No.5. Other singles by the group charted more modestly and they only had one hit album, Guys 'n Dolls, released in 1975. In 1977, however, they scored a No.1 hit in both the Netherlands and Belgium with "You're My World", launching them on a new phase of their career.

By mid-1977, Van Day and Bazar were unhappy with the direction of the group, and their complaints led to the management asking them to leave. By mutual agreement, publicity at the time showed leaving the group was their own decision, to concentrate on songwriting. The duo, as Dollar, had several hits in the late 1970s and 1980s. Guys 'n' Dolls continued as a quartet, with their third album Together (1977) depicting just the four remaining members. The group scored a final minor hit in the UK in 1978, and, after failing to renew their contract with Magnet Records, concentrated on their success in the Netherlands, where they continued having hits for the next few years. In late 1978, the group performed as the opening act for Frank Sinatra in a series of London concerts.

In 1979, the group took part in the A Song For Europe contest, hoping to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "How Do You Mend a Broken Heart?". The show was abandoned due to a BBC strike, but the song finished in tenth place of the 12 entries when the judges cast votes on the audio recordings of the songs.

In 1980, Forsyth and Grant had their first child together, and Martine Howard and Guys 'n' Dolls' record producer Gerard Stellaard married and moved to the Netherlands. After marrying, Howard left the group, and was replaced by Forsyth's younger sister Laura early in 1981. The change was short-lived, as Laura was replaced by Rosie Hetherington, who had previously been a part of the dance troupe Legs & Co.

Guys 'n' Dolls finished as a unit in December 1985, having spent 11 years together. Grant and Forsyth performed as the duo Grant & Forsyth, and had another five hits in the Netherlands. In 1988, Forsyth wrote the UK's Eurovision Song Contest entry "Go" performed by Scott Fitzgerald. Both Forsyth and Grant, with ex-Jigsaw member Des Dyer, sang backing vocals for the song's performance at the contest in Dublin, Ireland. The song finished second by a margin of one point behind Celine Dion's song for Switzerland.

The original line-up of Guys 'n' Dolls (Grant, Forsyth, Griggs, Howard, Van Day and Bazar) reunited for the first time in 31 years for a major television show in the Netherlands in March 2008. This included a number of press and TV interviews.

Griggs has published a book called Diary of a Musician, based on diaries he kept from 1960 onwards. It includes a large in-depth section on the story of Guys 'n' Dolls.

Dominic Grant died at his home on 18 November 2020 at the age of 71.

Discography

Guys 'n' Dolls (1975)
The Good Times (1976)
Together (1977)
Our Songs (1980)
Happy Together (1982)

References

External links
 Paul Griggs official website
 Guys 'n' Dolls fansite
 Julie Forsyth and Dominic Grant

 Diary of a Musician

1974 establishments in England
1985 disestablishments in England
English vocal groups
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups disestablished in 1985
Magnet Records artists

Guys 'n' Dolls


Charles Reiffel (1862 - March 14, 1942) was an American lithographer and post-Impressionist painter who became "one of California's best-known painters."

Life
Reiffel was born in 1862 in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Reiffel was initially a lithographer, and he took up painting in 1912. He was self-taught, and he painted en plein air as a post-impressionist. Reiffel first moved to the art colony of Silvermine, Connecticut, where he was the president of the Silvermine Artists' Guild. He later moved to San Diego, where he became "one of California's best-known painters."

Reiffel died on March 14, 1942, in San Diego, at age 79. He was the subject of a retrospective at the San Diego Museum of Art and the San Diego History Center in 2013.

References

1862 births
1942 deaths
People from Indianapolis
People from Fairfield County, Connecticut
Artists from San Diego
American lithographers
American male painters
Painters from California
Post-impressionist painters
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American painters
20th-century American male artists

Charles Reiffel


Hardware Wars is a 1978 American short science fiction parody film in the form of a teaser trailer for a fictitious science fiction film that parodies Star Wars.  The 13-minute film, which was released almost 18 months after Star Wars, mainly consisted of inside jokes and visual puns that heavily depended upon audience familiarity with the original. The theme song is Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries".

Synopsis
The film begins with a parody of the 20th Century Fox logo with "Fox" being replaced with "Foss" (a reference to filmmaker Ernie Fosselius) followed by the text "Meanwhile — in another part of the galaxy — later that same day" (parodying the Star Wars opening crawl "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away....").

A household steam iron flies through space, fleeing a toaster, which fires toast at it. Two robots named 4-Q-2 (who looks like the Tin Man from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz) and Artie-Deco (a canister vacuum cleaner), escape from the evil Empire.  After launching from the ship (a cassette player) in an escape pod (a cassette tape), they land on a desert planet (a watermelon). They are found by young Fluke Starbucker, who finds a video message saved on Artie-Deco. It is a loop of Princess Anne-Droid saying "Help me, Augie Ben Doggie, you're my only hope." Upon meeting Augie "Ben" Doggie (of the venerable Red-Eye Knights), Fluke receives his father's lightsaber (a flashlight). After tricking the Imperial Steam Trooper guards (steam cabinets) to let them into the city, they reach a cantina, which Fluke describes as "too weird". The cantina is a country-and-western bar, where they meet space renegade Ham Salad and Chewchilla the Wookiee Monster (a puppet that resembles Cookie Monster from Sesame Street). Meanwhile, the villainous Darph Nader is interrogating the princess. When she refuses to talk (because she can't understand him; his speech is muffled by his welder's mask), he destroys her peaceful home planet, Basketball (a basketball).

After a light-speed chase, Fluke, Ham, Augie, and the rest are sucked into the enemy base (a waffle iron) by a tractor beam. While the rest of the crew attempt to rescue the princess from the base, Augie tries to shut off the tractor beam, which requires going to an exposed pylon and lowering a switch next to an animated picture of a farm tractor. After they rescue the Princess, Augie Ben Doggie chooses to stay behind to battle Darph Nader, and the rest of the group dismiss him as a "martyr". Their spaceship is assaulted by bits of tin-foil trash, which makes Chewchilla jittery until he spies Princess Anne-Droid's hair whorls, which are cinnamon rolls worn on the sides of her head. He eats one as the princess looks on in disgust.

Fluke joins a squad of spaceships (corkscrews). He is told to "trust your feelings" by the ghostly voice of Augie. The climactic destruction of the enemy base is not shown. The film ends with the voiceover, "May the Farce be with you". The end of the credits state that the production was "filmed on location in space", followed by a statement beginning "All scenes depicting violence towards animals were deleted from the film.", reflecting the legal statement that was beginning to appear in film credits at that time.

Cast
 Frank Robertson as 4-Q-2
 Artie Deco as himself
 Scott Mathews as Fluke Starbucker
 Jeff Hale as Augie "Ben" Doggie
 Cindy Furgatch (Freeling) as Princess Anne-Droid
 Bob Knickerbocker as Ham Salad
 Ernie Fosselius in miscellaneous roles

Narration
 Paul Frees

Voices
 Sonny Buddy Jr.
 Cindy Furgatch
 Walt Kraemer
 Ernie Fosselius

Production

Hardware Wars was written and directed by San Francisco native Ernie Fosselius and produced by Michael Wiese.  It was structured as a mock movie trailer, and Fosselius even secured narration from veteran voice-over artist Paul Frees. Fosselius capitalised on his budget limitations by using deliberately ridiculous household objects as props; spaceships were represented with such items as steam irons, toasters and cassette recorders, and the lightsaber of Fluke Starbucker (played by future multi-platinum award-winning music producer Scott Mathews) was a flashlight. The characters, played by actors who were just as low-budget as the props, were also parodied in name and appearance; for example, Chewbacca the Wookiee was replaced by Chewchilla the Wookiee Monster, an obvious Cookie Monster puppet, dyed brown, and Darth Vader's counterpart, Darph Nader (whose name was also a parody of consumer protection advocate Ralph Nader), wore a welding helmet that distorted his voice so much that no one could understand anything he said.  Other notable characters include Ham Salad, Augie "Ben" Doggie, Princess Anne-Droid, and the drones, 4-Q-2 (who resembles the Tin Woodman from The Wizard of Oz) and Arty-Deco (an antique canister vacuum cleaner). Upon completion, Scott Mathews vowed to never act in another film again, saying, "I'm goin' out on top, baby!"

Post production
Although Hardware Wars was a spoof, the creators found a very talented post-production crew. The visual effects department consisted of John Allardice, Andy Lesniak, Glen David Miller, and Fred Tepper. John Allardice has since gone on to work on films such as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Andy Lesniak went on to work on many films, most notably Man of Steel. Glen David Miller and Fred Tepper would go on to work on 1997's Titanic together. Along with writing and directing the film, Ernie Fosselius did puppet work and served as lead animator and lead editor. Fosselius parlayed the film's success into a career as a sound recordist and editor; credits include Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story and, ironically, Spaceballs.

Technical specifications
 Runtime: 13 min (USA)
 Sound Mix: Mono
 Color: Color
 Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
 Negative Format: 16 mm
 Cinematographic Process: Spherical
 Printed Film Format: 16 mm

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for "Hardware Wars" was performed by the Württemberg Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Jonel Perlea, and only featured one song, Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries", which is quite ironic as this film is a spoof trailer while Wagner's music is world renowned as a marvel of opera. This song from Wagner's epic opera Der Ring des Nibelungen appears in famous films such as Apocalypse Now.

Legacy
When Hardware Wars premiered in 1978, it was the first Star Wars parody. As noted in Shock Cinema Magazine, Hardware Wars "laid the groundwork for every DIY movie send up that now pops up on YouTube… Premiering when George Lucas's cash cow was still filling the theaters, it quickly became a pre-VCR, word-of-mouth phenomenon."

In 1978, the idea of a spoof movie was quite new. Star Wars spoofs became popular, and countless more parodies were created, notably including the Family Guy extended episode "Blue Harvest", George Lucas In Love, and Spaceballs. The creators of Hardware Wars, Ernie Fosselius and Michael Wiese, seemed to realize their influence on future Star Wars spoofs, particularly on Spaceballs. As noted by Salon, "After the success of 'Hardware Wars,' Wiese and Fosselius resisted the temptation to produce more sci-fi spoofs." "At one time, someone did offer to finance a full-length feature of 'Hardware Wars,' but we passed," Wiese says. "We always knew it was a one-joke movie and wouldn't sustain that length. Of course that didn't stop Mel Brooks from 'quoting' us—some might say ripping us off—with 'Spaceballs.

Reception
According to Tested.com, Hardware Wars "was the first parody of Lucas' space opera (Star Wars)—and reportedly one he (George Lucas) enjoyed." According to the book Hollywood's Copyright Wars by Peter Decherney, Hardware Wars created an environment where "George Lucas and his company have acknowledged and embraced fans of their franchise" and have often showcased fan-made films, including Hardware Wars.

Hardware Wars won over 15 first-place film festival awards, including the award for Most Popular Short Film at the Chicago Film Festival.  It is considered the most profitable short film of all time, grossing US$1,000,000; considering its paltry US$8,000 budget, its profit ratio was much better than Star Wars. George Lucas said in a 1999 interview on the UK's The Big Breakfast television show that Hardware Wars was his favorite Star Wars parody.

In 2003, the film was honored by Lucasfilm when it was given the Pioneer Award at that year's Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards. In August 2010, Time magazine listed it as one of the Top 10 Star Wars fan films.

In 2017, Rian Johnson paid tribute to it by referencing it in the Star Wars film The Last Jedi in a scene in which a robotic steam iron is briefly framed to resemble a landing spaceship. Johnson said that John Williams had enjoyed creating a bombastic music cue to match the iron descending on a uniform.

As Michael Wiese stated in the book Producers on Producing: The Making of Film and Television by Irv Broughton, "When Ernie Fosselius and I originally made the film we had no idea what to do with it. We just wanted to meet George Lucas, who had made Star Wars. That would have been fine."

In Time Out New York, critic Andrew Johnston wrote: "Thanks to Digital Domain, Hardware Wars now includes a fleet of Corkscrew Fighters as well as effects that parody Lucas's additions to the Tatooine sequence in the first film. The contrast between the slick new effects and the bargain-basement old ones adds a new level of satire to the film and nicely spoofs some of Lucas's less-than-seamless changes to his own film."

Video releases
Hardware Wars had originally been available on film from Pyramid Films. It was first made available commercially on home video with the Warner Home Video release Hardware Wars, and Other Film Farces, which also included another Fosselius parody, Porklips Now. The tape also included Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind and the animation classic Bambi Meets Godzilla.

To spoof the "Special Edition" re-release of Star Wars in 1997, which included additional scenes and more advanced digital special effects, Hardware Wars was re-released on VHS as a twenty-minute "Special Edition," with new digital "special defects." Fosselius did not participate in or approve of this release, as noted in a disclaimer on the packaging.

The film was released on DVD in 2002 in its original form, with commentary tracks and other special features.

It was later released on DVD again by Apprehensive Films for its 30th Anniversary. This release is approved and licensed from Ernie Fosselius.

References

External links
 Hardware Wars on Pyramid Media The official licenser of Hardware Wars

1978 films
American science fiction comedy films
American independent films
1970s science fiction comedy films
1978 independent films
American parody films
1978 short films
Space adventure films
Fan films based on Star Wars
Puppet films
Parody films based on Star Wars
Films shot in San Francisco
1970s parody films
American comedy short films
1978 comedy films
Comedy franchises
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

Hardware Wars


"Country Sunshine" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dottie West, remembered both as one of West's biggest chart hits, and also as the jingle from a classic Coca-Cola television ad: co-written by West with Billy Davis and Dianne Whiles, "Country Sunshine" was released September 1973 as the first single from West's Country Sunshine album.

Content
The song is about a contented country girl whose love interest hopes to coax into relocating with him to an urban area: although the singer admits "it's inviting to go where life is more exciting" the implication is that she must stay put, having been "raised on country sunshine".

History
Dottie West's recording of "Country Sunshine" had originally been prepared as a jingle for a TV commercial for Coca-Cola, being produced by Billy Davis of McCann-Erickson Advertising who'd been responsible for the classic Coca-Cola jingles "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)", "It's the Real Thing", and "Things Go Better With Coke".

Prior to "Country Sunshine", Davis had co-written the song "I'm Your Country Girl" with West, which had been featured in a Coca-Cola commercial as recorded by West: West had been recruited to write this earlier Coca-Cola jingle after a McCann-Erickson associate heard her 1968 single "Country Girl".

The lyrics of "Country Sunshine" heard in the commercial vary - in some versions West sings that "the simple things" are "a Saturday night dance, a bottle of Coke [ie. Coca Cola], and the joy that the bluebird brings", in others "bottle of Coke" is replaced by "a picture show. Because of "Country Sunshine"'s success as a commercial jingle West was awarded a Clio in 1974.

After the "Country Sunshine" commercial aired, West's "Country Sunshine" was issued as a single to ultimately become her biggest hit this far, just missing the top spot of the Billboard C&W charts with a #2 peak.

"Country Sunshine" was a milestone recording for West who had last charted in the C&W Top 20 with "Reno" in 1968 and in the intervening period had had a solitary Top C&W 30 hit ("Forever Yours"/ number 21 in 1970). "Country Sunshine" also crossed over to #49 on the Pop-oriented Billboard Hot 100 and would in fact remain West's career best solo showing in the Pop field, her #14 1981 Hot 100 hit "What Are We Doin' In Love" being a duet with Kenny Rogers (although Rogers was not billed on the single).

The original songwriting credit on "Country Sunshine" attributed authorship to Dottie West and Billy Davis; the name of a third songwriter, Dianne Whiles, was eventually added. Dianne Whiles (née Herberg), a lifelong resident of Moline, Illinois, states that at a late 1960s edition of the Mississippi Valley Fair held in Davenport, Iowa she became friendly with West, via Whiles being a contestant in a singing competition for which West was a judge. According to Whiles, she was subsequently invited to any Quad Cities area performance by West: during a 1970 post-performance visit to West's tour bus Whiles played West some self-penned songs, which so impressed West that she arranged for Whiles to cut demos of these songs which included "Country Sunshine." Whiles states that she heard nothing more on the matter of her demoed songs until seeing one of the televised Coca-Cola ads with West singing "Country Sunshine" in 1973. Whiles, who in 1973 was a single mother of four, has stated that she sued and, after extended litigation, received a credit for co-writing the song plus a financial settlement which she is forbidden to discuss.

Although West would have subsequent singles which topped the C&W charts besting the #2 peak of "Country Sunshine", "Country Sunshine" would remain West's signature song: her professional nickname was "Miss Country Sunshine", her tour bus was dubbed the Sunshine Express, and on 9 November 2012 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum unveiled its Dottie West: Country Sunshine exhibit (a display of costumes and other memorabilia from West's career, Dottie West: Country Sunshine is scheduled to run through 2 May 2013).

Michele Lee recorded "Country Sunshine" for the soundtrack album of the 1995 TV-biopic Big Dreams and Broken Hearts: The Dottie West Story in which Lee portrayed West.

Chart performance

References

1973 singles
1973 songs
Dottie West songs
Promotional campaigns by Coca-Cola
Songs based on jingles
Songs about weather
Songs written by Billy Davis (songwriter)
RCA Records Nashville singles

Country Sunshine (song)


Sir Cecil Walter Paget   (19 October 1874 – 9 December 1936), was an English locomotive engineer and railway administrator. Cecil Paget was the son of Sir George Ernest Paget, Chairman of the Midland Railway Company (MR) 1890-1911.

He was born in Sutton Bonington, Nottinghamshire, educated at Harrow and Pembroke College, Cambridge, and then joined the MR as an engineering pupil of S. W. Johnson, the company's Locomotive Superintendent. Paget rose quickly to become Works Manager at the main Derby Works from 1904, under Johnson's successor R. M. Deeley. He was also Deeley's deputy.

Promotion
April 1907 saw Paget appointed general superintendent of the MR by the new general manager Guy Granet. The role, which would now be called chief operating officer, was expanded from that of the previous 'superintendent of the line' and put him in charge of the daily running of the locomotive department, which was formerly a responsibility of his erstwhile boss, Deeley. The appointment was also open to charges of nepotism against his father. This inevitably led to some friction.

Paget locomotive

Interest in possible developments of the classic steam locomotive led Paget to design and build a 2-6-2 steam locomotive with many novel features (8 single-acting cylinders, rotary valves, etc.) at Derby. He financed this from his own pocket, and work began in 1906 while he was Works Manager. When Paget ran out of money for his experimental locomotive, it was completed by the MR at an additional cost of £1,500, but, without the close supervision of Paget, and probably because of the animosity of Deeley, there was inadequate testing and a lack of remedial work on the design. Work stopped in 1909 and the remains of the locomotive were scrapped in about 1915.

Traffic management
Paget's radical ideas were more successful in the sphere of traffic management and his introduction of train reporting, centralised traffic control and locomotive numbering by power type quickly reduced costs incurred by delays to trains.

Locomotive policy
A point of agreement with Deeley was the need for larger locomotives to haul heavier trains, but this policy failed to get past the company's board because of the capital expenditure required (particularly on replacing weak under-bridges).

Military service
He served in France with the Railway Operating Division in World War I, commanding operations in France and Belgium and rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Engineers. His military awards were the DSO in 1916, the CMG in 1918 and he was Mentioned in Despatches. The French awarded him Officier de la Légion d'honneur and the Belgians their Officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne.

Family
In 1906 Cecil Paget married Lady Alexandra Osborne, fourth daughter of the 9th Duke of Leeds, and they restored a 17th-century hall at Kings Newton, near Melbourne, just south of Derby, as their home. Cecil lived there until his death. After the war Paget didn't return to railway work. He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1923, his elder brother George having been killed during the 1900 Transvaal campaign in the second Boer War. His wife obtained a divorce in 1925 and Paget subsequently married Florence, daughter of James Butt. He died in 1936, survived by his second wife, but without children, and was buried in the family plot at Marlepit Hill cemetery, Sutton Bonington.

Footnotes

References
 Barnes, E. G. (1969), The Midland main line, 1875–1922, London: George Allen and Unwin,
 Beswic, Roger (2003) 'The gentry: the Paget family' Remembering Sutton Bonington, accessed 2009-08-16
 Derbyshire UK (2008), Kings Newton village in South Derbyshire: Information and photos Derbyshire UK accessed 2009-08-16
 Mills, Bob (2000), 'The Paget locomotive' in BackTrack, vol. 14, no. 1 (January), pp. 21–23
 Steam Index (2007), 'Deeley and Paget' Steam Index: locomotive history, accessed 2009-08-16
 'Paget, Cecil', in Who was who, 1929–1940, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1941

1874 births
1936 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
English railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
Midland Railway people
British Army personnel of World War I
People from Sutton Bonington
Royal Engineers officers
People educated at Harrow School

Richard
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Chief operating officers
People from King's Newton

Cecil Paget


West African Football Academy (WAFA) Sporting Club is a Ghanaian professional football club based near Sogakope in the Volta Region that was founded by Feyenoord from Rotterdam. They are competing in the Ghana Premier League. The 2016–17 season was a successful one for WAFA as the side finished second in the Premier League, beating Hearts of Oak 5–0 along the way.

History
Feyenoord's chairman Jorien van den Herik was given permission for the opening of Feyenoord's own football academy in the Ghanaian settlement of Gomoa Fetteh, just outside the capital Accra. The go-ahead was given by the Chief of Fetteh in 1998 and the academy was opened in October 1999. At Feyenoord Academy, young talented African footballers could work on their football skills. In addition to helping their football potential the students were provided with formal education which was funded by Feyenoord. The idea for Feyenoord's own football academy was formed in Abidjan.

Van den Herik signed the then still unknown Bonaventure Kalou and got into contact with the education institute at Kalou's club.  That same year the head of the education institute flew to Africa to take stock of the project and returned with a praising report. In January 1998, Feyenoord started its own Football School in Africa.

Mohammed Abubakari was the first player that graduated from the academy and achieved a professional contract at Feyenoord. Before Abubakari's move, Jordan Opoku spent some time at Excelsior and Antwerp before returning to Ghana. In the buildup to the 2008–09 season, right-back Harrison Afful went on trial with Feyenoord, but was not offered a contract.

In August 2014, Feyenoord Academy was rebranded to the name West African Football Academy. In the same year, the club took over the old Red Bull Academy near Sogakope and moved from their old location in Gomoa Fetteh to this new location in the Volta Region.

Current squad

Academy

Club captains

 Jordan Opoku (2003) (2005–06)

 Gideon Waja (2016–2017)

 Mohammed Alhassan (2017–2018)

 Ibrahim Abukari (2019–)

Managerial history

  Saddiq Abubakari (2018)

  Prosper Nartey Ogum (2020–present)

Satellite clubs
The following clubs are affiliated with Feyenoord Gomoa Fetteh:
  ASEC Mimosas
  Feyenoord

Gallery

Seasons
2020 -21 West African Football Academy season

References

External links

Football clubs in Ghana
1998 establishments in Ghana
Football academies in Africa
Volta Region
Association football clubs established in 1998

West African Football Academy


Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye (19 May 1949 – 14 December 2020) was a Malawian Roman Catholic archbishop. He became a priest in 1977. He was titular bishop of Macon and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dedza, Malawi, from 1992 to 1993. He was coadjutor archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1993 to 1994. He was archbishop of the archdiocese from 1994 until his death in 2020.

Ziyaye died on 14 December 2020 at the age of 71.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
Roman Catholic archbishops
Malawian Roman Catholic bishops

Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye


The Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology (; abbreviated STB), not to be confused with a Bachelor of Arts in Theology, is the first of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology (the second being the Licentiate in Sacred Theology and the third being the Doctorate in Sacred Theology) which are conferred by a number of pontifical faculties around the world.

Despite its designation as a "baccalaureate", a holdover from historic nomenclature, it is a graduate level, academic degree in theology, equivalent in the United States and the United Kingdom to a first professional degree. As an ecclesiastical degree, it is conferred in the name of and by the authority of the Holy See. It is often granted alongside a civil degree, such as the Master of Divinity. The curriculum varies slightly from faculty to faculty, but generally requires competency in Latin or Greek as well as the completion of the "first cycle" of theological training, a three to five year course of studies that aims for a comprehensive competence in philosophy and theology. The basic requirements for any of the three ecclesiastical degree are regulated by the Holy See, most recently in the Apostolic Constitution Veritatis Gaudium.

References

 "Apostolic Constitution Veritatis Gaudium on Ecclesiastical Universities and Faculties". vatican.va. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
 "Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology". catholic.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
 "Canonical Degrees". theo.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
 "The Three Cycles". angelicum.it. Retrieved 2022-11-21.

Sacred Theology
Sacred Theology
Religious degrees

Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology


The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music (SACAM) documents American music through historical artifacts and archival records in multiple formats. The center is part of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's library system and the University of Illinois School of Music.

Among the center's important collections are archives of John Philip Sousa, Albert Austin Harding (Illinois' first band-master), Herbert L. Clarke and the University of Illinois Bands. The center is devoted to collection and preservation, public access, exhibitions, publications, and scholarship.

The center is located in the Harding Band Building on the campus of the University of Illinois. It operates as a museum, with annual rotating exhibits on themes such as Baseball and Music, Women and Music, Technology and Music, and events during the annual November Music Month in Champaign-Urbana. All collections are accessible to the public and are regularly used in exhibit displays and public programming.

Collections
The center opened in 1994 with the transfer from the University Bands of the  Sousa and  Clarke personal papers, and related materials. (The Bands had previously acquired Sousa's papers from a personal connection between Sousa and Harding, the University of Illinois' first band-master.) Since then, additional  collections have been added. These include over 50  record series documenting the history of American music, and music and performing arts at the University of Illinois. In addition to the Sousa, Clarke and Harding material, there are papers and music by and about Harry Partch, Harry Begian, Salvatore Martirano, Pietro A. Cipollone, Elbern Alkire, Paul Martin Zonn, Kenneth Gaburo, Paul Bierley and Virginia Root. There are instrument collections from Alkire and Carl Busch, and the Jack Linker Sound Recording Collection. The archives of the Association of Concert Bands is also held by the center, including administrative files, convention and concert programs, photographs, and sound recordings. The center also houses the Sal-Mar Construction, an electronic music system created by Salvatore Martirano, which enabled him to write and perform music that mixed human and computer-generated sounds and composition.

The Sousa collection also includes the Claude Gordon Personal Papers and Music Instrument Collection, 1888–1992, which consists of music and correspondence with Herbert L. Clarke and other notable trumpet artists, educational material, publicity and memorabilia, and performance contracts. Claude Gordon, a long-time student of Herbert L. Clarke, was an internationally renowned trumpet soloist, band leader and teacher with many methods published worldwide in several languages.

See also
 List of music museums

References

External links
Official website

2002 establishments in Illinois
Archives in the United States
Music museums in the United States
Museums established in 2002
Museums in Champaign County, Illinois
Music archives in the United States
University museums in Illinois
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign centers and institutes
Buildings and structures in Urbana, Illinois


Ardhagiri is a hill where Hanuman temple is located. The hill is situated in Aragonda village of Chittoor district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

History of the temple

The name Ardhagiri came from an incident related to Treta Yuga, when Lord Hanuman was transporting dronagiri Mountain (mountain that consists of herbs for life), in night time bharat brother of lord ram thought that some mountain is going to hurt; immediately he shot an arrow on hanuman. Due to its effect, half of the mountain fell down at this place and hence, the name Ardhagiri. In the local language, it means Half Mountain (Ardha=half, giri=mountain). From then, people started worshipping hanuman in the name of veera anjaneya swamy. Many people, till today, come from all the world to collect the medicated water in the pond, besides to the temple. The clay in the mountain contains many medicinal properties and has a power to cure many types of skin problems. The water in the pond comes from different place from the mountain, touching many roots of medicinal plants.

References

External links

Hindu temples in Chittoor district
Hanuman temples
12th-century Hindu temples
Hills of Andhra Pradesh

Ardhagiri


Bo Jannik Nyby Hansen (born 16 June 1972) is a Danish former football player in the striker position. He scored 52 goals in 143 games for Danish club Brøndby IF and 16 goals in 119 games for English club Bolton Wanderers. Hansen played one game for the Denmark national football team.

Biography
Hansen started his career with Holstebro Boldklub in the Danish 1st Division. In July 1991, defending Danish champions Brøndby IF were reported to be interested in signing him. Hansen chose to finish his education, and played a further three years for Holstebro, amassing more than 140 games for the club. Hansen signed a part-time contract with Brøndby in July 1994, in order to use his education besides playing football.

Despite only playing part-time, he quickly impressed for Brøndby in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship, scoring three goals in his first four league games. He formed a striker duo with Danish international Mark Strudal, and Hansen was called up for the Danish national team in January 1995. He was a part of the Danish squad for the 1995 King Fahd Cup, and played a single game as Denmark won the tournament, when he replaced Mark Strudal at halftime during the 2–0 victory against Saudi Arabia. This was to be his only national team game.

Hansen was Brøndby's second best goalscorer of the 1994–95 Superliga season, scoring one goal fewer than Strudal. For the 1995–96 Superliga season, contention for the striker positions in the Brøndby starting line-up was intensified. Danish international Peter Møller arrived from Aalborg BK, and later Danish national team captain Ebbe Sand also emerged as a goalscorer. Hansen was a part of the Brøndby team which won three Superliga championships in a row from 1996 to 1998, though he was not among Brøndby's topscoring strikers until the 1997–98 Superliga season, when Peter Møller had been sold to PSV Eindhoven. He started the 1998–99 Superliga season well, and was Brøndby's top goalscorer with 12 goals after the first half of the season.

At the winter break, Hansen signed a transfer deal with Bolton Wanderers in the secondary Football League First Division, worth £1 million. At Bolton, he joined up with fellow Danish players Per Frandsen, Claus Jensen and Michael Johansen. In his first year at Bolton, Hansen did not score any goals, as the club narrowly missed promotion for the top-flight FA Premier League championship. He scored his first Bolton goal in a September 1999 Football League Cup game against Gillingham. In his second season, Bolton were once again close to promotion, before finally reaching the Premier League in 2001. Hansen scored one goal in 17 Premier League games, as Bolton finished in 16th place, and avoided relegation.

He moved back Denmark in the summer 2002, when he joined Superliga club FC Midtjylland (FCM) as a replacement for striker Morten Skoubo. In the fall 2003, Hansen suffered an injury due to osteoarthritis in his knees. He never returned to the pitch and was released by FCM in September 2004.

Honours
1995 King Fahd Cup
Danish Superliga: 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98
Danish Cup: 1997–98

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Holstebro
Men's association football forwards
Danish men's footballers
Brøndby IF players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
FC Midtjylland players
Premier League players
Danish Superliga players
Danish expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
1995 King Fahd Cup players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Footballers from the Central Denmark Region

Bo Hansen


Jason Davis (born 15 September 1973 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia), known professionally as Jabba, is an Australian actor, media personality, video jockey, television and radio host, who first made a name for himself as part of the launch of subscription television in Australia in 1995. He was a host for music television station "Red" on the now-defunct Galaxy subscription television network, before the channel changed its name to Channel V. Jason the jabba was part of a famous Incubus live performance at a secret gig in Bondi 2002.

Early life
Born Jason Davis, Jabba attended Hunters Hill Primary School, where he gained his name, and James Ruse Agricultural High School. He also played with the All Saints Hunters Hill soccer team, and Parramatta Waterpolo Club.

Career
Jabba began presenting for Foxtel's Channel [V] in 1994.
He hosted a variety of shows including The Joint and Jabba's Morning Glory, which featured performances and interviews with prominent musicians including Pink and Beastie Boys . During his time with [V], he played the role of "Davo "Dazza" Dinkum" in the SBS television comedy show Pizza and Swift and Shift couriers.

In 2004, Jabba participated in the Band in a Bubble project with Australian alternative rock band Regurgitator, which involved him being locked in a Big Brother-style environment with the group and their engineers while they produced an album under 24-hour surveillance. During this time, it was revealed that he had separated from his long-term partner and mother of his children. Following the projects conclusion, Jacquie Riddell of XYZ Networks, announced that Jabba would be taking an extended break, stating that "(the bubble) was a pretty big deal". In 2005, he left [V] and began presenting for Nova FM in Brisbane.

Jabba later moved back home to Sydney, working at Nova 96.9 hosting The All New Nova Top 10 with Jabba and Mel, while still also hosting the Motorola ARIA Charts show on Sunday afternoons, which is Nova's only national show. Jabba also writes a column for the Australian edition of Rolling Stone. Although, in November 2008 Jabba and Mel left The All New Nova Top 10 with Jabba and Mel they were replaced by James Kerley and Maz Compton.

Jabba was also the host of Great BBQ Challenge, a competition series on Foxtel's LifeStyle Food channel. It was a contest to find Australia's best BBQer, who would win $25,000 and go on to host their own show on Lifestyle FOOD. He has been named by some (one actually) as a 'Social recalcitrant'. "It sort of slid when he left the international passport to smoking pleasure behind"

Jabba's next career move in March 2010 was as host of a new Breakfast radio program with Mike Goldman called "Macarthur Breakfast" on the Win TV Network's C91.3 FM in Campbelltown, NSW. Jabba and Mike left the station in December 2010 as they have refused to move to Campbelltown, as it was important for the station to be as local as possible.

In 2011, he appeared on two SBS sitcoms: Swift and Shift Couriers and Housos. In 2014 he was featured in the motion picture Fat Pizza vs. Housos.

Collection of works

Filmography

Television
The Joint (as Himself-Host) (1999)
Pizza (as Middle Class Homeboy & as Davo Dinkum) (2000–2007)
Jabba's Morning Glory (as Himself-Host) (2002)
Pizza Live (as Davo Dinkum) (2004)
World Record Pizza (as Davo Dinkum) (2006)
Pull Up Selecta (as Himself-Host) (2006)
Great BBQ Challenge (as Himself-Host) (2006–2007)
20 to 1 (Himself) (2007–2010)
2008 National Musicoz Awards (as Himself-Host) (2008)
Swift and Shift Couriers (as various recurring characters) (2008, 2011)
Dirtgirlworld (as Hayman) (2009)
Jabba's Curious World (as Himself-Presenter) (2011)
The Essential 20 (as Himself-Presenter) (2011)
Housos (as Dazza) (2011)

Awards
Jabba was nominated for and won the Best Music Personality at the 2007 Australian Commercial Radio Awards held at Crown Casino.

References

External links

1973 births
Australian music critics
Australian music journalists
Australian male television actors
Australian television presenters
People educated at James Ruse Agricultural High School
Living people
Australian VJs (media personalities)

Jabba (presenter)


Brendon Fewster (born 4 January 1974) is an Australian rules footballer. He played for both the West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club in the AFL and West Perth in the WAFL, mainly as a full forward.

He was drafted from West Perth to the Eagles with the 3rd selection in the 1995 AFL Draft after Clive Waterhouse and Matthew Primus.  During four seasons at West Coast he struggled to maintain a place in the side, playing only 33 games, with no more than 14 in a season. At the end of the 1999 season, he was traded to Fremantle in return for the 16th selection in the 1999 AFL Draft, which the Eagles used to draft David Haynes.  After a career high 20 games in 2000, Fewster again struggled to maintain his position in the AFL and was delisted by Fremantle at the end of the 2002 season.

Fewster continued to play for West Perth in the WAFL until the end of the 2005 season, when he retired having played over 100 games for the Falcons, including three premierships in 1995, 1999 and 2003. In 2004 he was named at full forward of West Perth's Team of the Decade.

External links

References

1974 births
Fremantle Football Club players
West Perth Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia

Brendon Fewster


The 1991 Associate Members' Cup Final, known as the Leyland DAF Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 8th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Third Division and Fourth Division. The final was played at Wembley Stadium, London on 26 May 1991, and was contested by Birmingham City and Tranmere Rovers. Birmingham won the match 3–2, with Simon Sturridge and John Gayle scoring the goals for the winning team.

Match details

External links
Official website
Highlights

Associate Members' Cup Final 1991
EFL Trophy finals
Associate Members' Cup Final 1991
Associate Members' Cup Final 1991

1991 Associate Members' Cup final


The Saltwater River Rail Bridge is a large steel arch truss railway bridge completed in 1858 and crossing the Maribyrnong River (formerly Saltwater River) on the Melbourne to Footscray railway in Melbourne, Victoria. It had the longest span of any bridge in Victoria for thirty years.

Construction
Construction of the Bendigo and Williamstown railways by the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company was commenced under a private joint stock company in 1854. However, difficulties in raising finance led to its takeover by the Victorian Colonial government in 1856, and the establishment of the Victorian Railways Department to build and operate the main line railways. The chief engineer of the line's construction, George Christian Darbyshire, reported in November 1856, that drawings and specifications for the wrought iron bridge over the Saltwater River had been sent to England on 25 June 1856, and that the drawings and specifications for the masonry of the bridge were also well advanced. The bluestone abutments were designed by William Bryson.

The specification for the wrought iron tubular box girder bridge to a design developed and fabricated by William Fairbairn & Sons of Manchester were:
" ...one span of two hundred feet in the clear between the piers, and to consist of three wrought iron tubular girders, each of two hundred feet clear span, supported upon two stone piers twenty-one feet six inches above high water level. Each girder is to have eight feet bearing each end upon the piers, making the total length of each girder two hundred and sixteen feet. The girders are to be placed parallel to each other, and fifteen feet nine inches apart. The roadway is to be carried upon longitudinal sleepers resting upon, and bolted to the angleirons of the cross bearers. The cross bearers are to be of wrought iron, in one length, reaching from outside to outside girder, and riveted to the bottoms of the outside girders, and riveted and bolted also to the centre girder."

The bridge was completed in December 1858 and load tested on 7 January 1859, six days before the official line opening, with two engines each hauling six wagons loaded with iron rail chairs.

Replacement spans
In 1911, in order to carry the heavier locomotives coming into service, and following the installation of temporary timber props to strengthen the bridge, the spans were replaced with two mild steel through hog-back Pratt trusses, fabricated by Mephan Ferguson. So that trains could continue to operate over the bridge during the works, the replacement was done by erecting the new trusses inside the existing girders and then removing the latter. The new structure was completed on 31 October 1914.

Duplication
A new steel plate girder bridge of two spans was erected on the upstream side in 1974 to carry the tracks of the St Albans line and another two span bridge erected downstream for the Regional Fast Rail project in 2012.

References

Bridges in Melbourne
Heritage sites in Melbourne
Bridges completed in 1858
1856 establishments in Australia
Railway bridges in Victoria (state)
Buildings and structures in the City of Maribyrnong
Transport in the City of Maribyrnong
Transport in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Maribyrnong River

Saltwater River Rail Bridge


Francis Thorne (June 23, 1922 – March 7, 2017) was an American composer of contemporary classical music and grandson of the writer Gustav Kobbé.

Life
Francis Burritt Thorne, Jr. was born in Bay Shore, New York. His father was a ragtime pianist and his grandfather, Gustav Kobbé, author of The Complete Opera Book, was a musical critic, particularly of the Wagnerian canon. Thorne was a student of Paul Hindemith at Yale University, before entering the U.S. Navy in 1942 where he served during World War II. After the war, he pursued a career on Wall Street and later, as a jazz pianist, after Duke Ellington heard him play the piano, and arranged an engagement for him at a New York jazz club.

From 1959 to 1961, he studied composition in Florence, Italy with David Diamond, who encouraged Thorne to incorporate his jazz sensitivities into his symphonic compositions. In December 1961, Thorne's first opera, Fortuna, premiered in New York City. In 1964 Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra premiered his Elegy for Orchestra. In 1968, he was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He spent much of his career championing the works of emerging composers. He served as director of the Walter W. Naumburg Foundation and the Thorne Music Foundation from 1965–1974, organizations which commission new works by young composers. In 1975, he founded the American Composers Orchestra with Dennis Russell Davies. The orchestra focuses on performing new compositions by American composers.

Personal life
Francis Thorne married Ann Chauncey Cobb on December 9, 1942. Thorne died at Geer Nursing and Rehab in Canaan, Connecticut on March 7, 2017, aged 94. He was survived by his three daughters, four grandsons, five great-grandchildren, and a brother.

Legacy
Many of his more than 100 compositions are characterized by a distinct jazz flavor. He was also one of the first classical composers to write for the electric guitar and electric bass guitar (Sonar plexus, 1968; Liebesrock, 1968–69). A discussion of his works appears in R. Tomaro: Contemporary Compositional Techniques for the Electric Guitar in United States Concert Music. The Francis Thorne Papers (1956–2004) are held by the New York Public Library.

Awards
1995 Rome Prize

References

Sources
 Tomaro, Robert. 1992. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, 4 vols., edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Press; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music, Inc.; /

External links
Francis Thorne profile, Presser.com

Francis Thorne Papers in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
Francis Thorne interview, May 3, 1986

1922 births
2017 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American opera composers
20th-century classical composers
People from Bay Shore, New York
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Composers from New York City
Pupils of Paul Hindemith
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians

Francis Thorne


Susan George (born June 29, 1934) is an American and French political and social scientist, activist and writer on global social justice, Third World poverty, underdevelopment and debt. She is the president of the Transnational Institute, a think-tank located in Amsterdam. She is a fierce critic of the present policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (IBRD) and what she calls their 'maldevelopment model'. She similarly criticizes the structural reform policies of the Washington Consensus on Third World development. She is of U.S. birth but now resides in France, and has had dual citizenship since 1994.

Personal life

Early life
Born Susan Vance Akers on June 29, 1934, in Akron, Ohio, she was the only child of Edith and Walter Akers, Episcopalians who could trace their residency in the United States back to 1632. Her father was an insurance broker, and her mother was a homemaker and a member of the Junior League. Born during the Great Depression, she was raised in a privileged environment; she had a nursemaid and took dance classes, music lessons, and, at a YMCA, swimming lessons.

After attending a public, co-educational primary school, she went on to enroll at all-girls private preparatory academy. She stated that single-sex schooling "made me not a feminist. It was normal that women do whatever anybody did. Women were the sports experts. Women were the brains. You weren't in competition with men. You weren't expected to shut up—on the contrary! Even in my era, I never felt that I was particularly put down as a woman ever."

George's father encouraged all her interests, including those outside the realm of traditional femininity, such as science and baseball, and when he went to serve in World War II, George assisted in planting a victory garden.

Academic career
As a young student, George was an outstanding student who developed a strong interest in the French language and French culture. As a teenager she chose to attend Smith College, with the desire to study abroad in France. While studying abroad, she took courses at Sciences Po. She attained her bachelor's degree from Smith College in French and philosophy. George later attended the Sorbonne, attaining a license, a three-year degree, in philosophy. George also attained her doctorate in political science from the University of Paris.

Personal life
During her time abroad in France, she met French lawyer, Charles-Henry George, 12 years her senior, and later moved to France to marry him in 1956. Quoted about her early years in France she said she felt homesick "for my women friends, probably, but not for America, per se. I'd made my choice." The couple soon started a family. Susan George obtained her French citizenship in 1994. In 2002 Charles-Henry George died. As of 2013, George had three children and four grandchildren, which she says has further inspired her activism, saying in an interview "Either we achieve together a new level of human emancipation, and do so in a way that preserves the earth, or we shall leave behind us the worst future for our children that capitalism and nature can deal them. No one knows in which direction the balance will tip nor does anyone know which actions, which writings, which alliances may achieve the critical mass that leads us one way or another, backwards or forwards. I am acutely conscious of the precariousness of our moment and my four much-loved grandchildren give me added resolve to address it."

Career
Throughout her career, Susan George has been an antiwar activist as well as criticising what she saw as acts of corporate greed. At a time when women were not often allowed places of power in any organizational hierarchy, George established herself as a leader in the anti-hunger movement.

Early anti-war activism
She became a political activist in response to France's war in Algeria and U.S. involvement in Vietnam. George said that the Vietnam War "was this sort of gateway to understanding what America could be, which is to say something quite negative, which I had not understood at all when I lived there. I had accepted the usual propaganda." In 1967, she joined the Paris-American Committee to Stop War (P.A.C.S.), and became assistant to the director of an NGO, the American Centre for Students and Artists, in 1969. This sparked the interest of the CIA, who had already been looking into P.A.C.S. In 1971 she began working with the Front Solidarite Indochine, a group that organized antiwar lectures and protests in France. Shortly after, P.A.C.S. was dismantled by the French government. She then collaborated with the directors of the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C., to form a new NGO devoted to social justice, which, in 1973, became the Transnational Institute .

Anti-hunger activism
In 1974 she attended the World Food Conference in Rome, but was disillusioned due to her feeling that agribusiness representatives dominated the proceedings, saying in an interview that "no one who counted took the real reasons for hunger—power and control in the wrong hands—into account." In 1976 her first book was published: How the Other Half Dies: The Real Reasons for World Hunger. In 1984 she helped in organizing the World Food Assembly, a meeting held in Rome, Italy.

Organizational involvement
From 1990 to 1995 she served on the board of conservation group Greenpeace International, as well as that of Greenpeace France. George opposed the OECD's proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) in the 1990s, and the ill-fated "Millennium Round" objectives of the World Trade Organization at Seattle in 1999. From 1999 to 2006 she was vice-president of ATTAC France (Association for Taxation of (financial) Transactions to Aid Citizens) and remains a member of the scientific council. She was awarded the title of honorary president in 2008. In 1999 she also participated in the Helsinki Process.

Susan George was involved with the World Social Forum since its inception in 2000, and the spin-off European Social Forum. Though she was critical of the forums' initial structure, and believed that more action outside of forums was needed to bring about change, she applauded the steps they made towards changing "the political landscape".

In 2004 she supported John Kerry for president. She canvassed for Kerry in Pennsylvania, but wrote for in a piece for OpenDemocracy "we all thought [Kerry] had a very good chance, even though everyone admitted it was hard to get really enthusiastic about him.... The man isn't the most charismatic ever to walk the earth. But at least he's not a proto-fascist or a go-it-aloner, and that's what we seem—apart from a last-minute miracle—to be stuck with now. With four years clear ahead of him and no re-election to worry about, I fear Bush and the ghastly neo- con/neo-liberals around him will now go on the rampage. They can continue with impunity their attacks on the Constitution and on hard-won freedoms...".

Throughout the latter half of the 2000s, George continued making appearances, such as partaking in the 2006 Table of Free Voices conference, and appearing in the 2008 documentary film, The End of Poverty?.

George is the honorary president of ATTAC France.

Honors
 Honorary president ATTAC
 Mentioned as honorary advisor of The Other Economic Summit

Bibliography
 How the Other Half Dies: The Real Reasons for World Hunger (Penguin), 1976. Reprinted 1986, 1991, . (An analysis of the real reasons for world hunger.)
 Ill Fares the Land (Penguin), 1984. Revised and expanded 1990 . (Essays on food, hunger and power.)
 A Fate Worse Than Debt (Penguin), 1988, . (An analysis of the reasons for Third World debt.)
 The Debt Boomerang (Pluto Press), 1992, . (Continuing the theme of Third World debt and its harmful effects.)
 Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (with Fabrizio Sabelli) (Westview Press), 1994,
 The Lugano Report: On Preserving Capitalism in the 21st Century, 1999,
 Another World Is Possible If (Verso Books), 2004,
 Hijacking America: How the Secular and Religious Right Changed What Americans Think (Polity), 2008,
 We the Peoples of Europe, 2008,
 Whose Crisis? Whose Future?, 2010 (Polity),
 How to Win the Class War – The Lugano Report II, 2013,
 Les Usurpateurs (The usurpers, in French), 2014,
 Shadow Sovereigns: How Global Corporations Are Seizing Power, 2015 (Polity),

References

External links

Susan George's home page at Transnational Institute.
Full biography at Transnational Institute
Another world is possible, if... Interview with Caspar Henderson of openDemocracy, 12 October 2004.

1934 births
20th-century American women
20th-century American writers
21st-century American women
21st-century American writers
Activists from Ohio
American expatriates in France
American political scientists
American political writers
American socialists
American women political scientists
American writers in French
Living people
People associated with Greenpeace
People with acquired French citizenship
Smith College alumni
University of Paris alumni
Writers from Akron, Ohio

Susan George (political scientist)


Dominus Estate, is a California wine estate producing Bordeaux style blends, owned by Christian Moueix. The winery is located in Yountville within the Napa Valley AVA.

History
George C. Yount, the founder of Yountville, planted in 1836 the first vines of the valley on the location of Napanook vineyard. In 1850 the property was bought by Charles Hopper, and owners since include Hugh La Rue, a pioneer in the use of rootstock and John Daniel Jr., the owner of Inglenook Winery who bought the estate in 1946.

Following Daniel's death in 1970, Napanook passed to his daughters Robin Lail and Marcia Smith who in 1982 began a partnership with Christian Moueix, acting on a recommendation by Robert Mondavi to establish production in Napa Valley. Daniel Baron became general manager of Dominus in the 1980s. Moueix, also in charge of production at Château Pétrus and president of Établissements Jean-Pierre Moueix, became the sole owner of Dominus Estate when Lail and Smith sold their shares in 1995. Napanook, the estate's second wine, was first released in 1996.

With the previous thirteen vintages crushed and aged at the nearby facility Rombauer Winery, a new winery was constructed by the Swiss architects Jaques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron in 1996, a $5 million,  structure.  The architects' first U.S. project, it was constructed from stone-filled gabions to provide protection from scorching heat by day and the cold at night.

Production

From an estate of , the vineyard area extends  in 14 blocks, with some presence of phylloxera-resistant St. George rootstock from the Inglenook period, the grape varieties are 87% Cabernet Sauvignon, 8% Petit Verdot, and 5% Cabernet Franc.

The annual production is 7,500 to 12,000 cases which includes both Dominus and Napanook.

References

External links

Wineries in Napa Valley
Yountville, California

Dominus Estate


The 35-hour workweek is a labour reform policy adopted in France in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government. Promoted by Minister of Labour Martine Aubry, it was adopted in two phases: the Aubry 1 law in June 1998 and the Aubry 2 law in January 2000. The previous legal working week was 39 hours, established by President François Mitterrand, also a member of the Socialist Party. The 35-hour working week had been on the Socialist Party's 1981 electoral program, titled 110 Propositions for France, but was not pursued because of the poor state of the economy.

Time worked after the standard legal limit of 35 hours is considered overtime. The reform's aim is primarily to lower the unemployment rate, then at a record high of 12.5%, by encouraging the creation of jobs with work sharing.

Objectives

The main stated objectives of the law were to create new jobs, by making it more cost effective to hire an additional worker than to pay current staff overtime, and the pursuit of decommodification of France's citizens, by lowering the amount of time dedicated to work without lowering their standard of living. Additionally, the Jospin government was able to advantage of the changes introduced with the 35-hour workweek to relax other workforce legislation.

Implementation
The Aubry 1 law was adopted in 1998. It was an incentive for businesses to voluntarily make the shift to a 35-hour workweek. It did so by offering a reduced payroll tax for all businesses that lowered their current employees' working hours and hired additional workers before January 2000.

The Aubry 2 law was adopted in January 2000. It legally lowered the standard hours worked per week from 39 to 35 for companies with more than 20 employees. Small businesses had until January 2002 to prepare for the shift. Additional hours worked after 35 then had to be paid at the overtime premium of 25% for the first eight hours, and then at a 50% premium for any further hours.

Businesses were required to sign an agreement with unions to bargain over the hourly wage increase, to make up for the potential loss of income by the employees' decreasing work time. Unions wanted to ensure that the reduced weekly hours would not result in a reduced income. Their slogan was "35 hours pays 39".

To motivate companies to compromise with unions, the government offered social security rebates to all firms that signed contracts with unions agreeing to a 35-hour workweek and wage increases. The legislation explicitly stated that monthly income must stay at the same level, however this only applied to minimum wage workers. To help small companies make the transition, the government increased the annual limit on overtime hours for small companies and set their overtime premiums at a lower rate.

Amendments
The Raffarin government, some members of which were vocal critics of the law, gradually pushed for further relaxation of the legal working time requirements.  On 22 December 2004, the French Parliament extended the maximum number of overtime hours per year from 180 to 220 under the Fallon laws. The reforms also reduced the payroll tax cuts given to companies that implemented the 35-hour workweek.

On 31 March 2005, another law extended the possibilities of overtime hours.

In August 2016, the El Khomri law reduced overtime payments.

Results
Professor Fabrice Gilles at the University of Lille studied the impact of the Aubry laws, by analyzing data on capital operating time (the average time that capital equipment is in use at firms) from the Bank of France and administrative files on work time regulation agreements from the French Ministry of Labour. He found that capital operating time has not decreased in shift-work firms, because they responded by increasing the intensity of night-shift work and adding some additional overtime. In fact, shift-work companies have expanded scheduled hours to preserve output and increase productivity. Non-shift-work companies have decreased their capital operating costs.

There has not been a significant rise in dual jobholding as a result of the reduction of full-time employment work hours.

Even though the standard hours worked in a week has been lowered to 35, some occupations demand more. The French bar association (CNB) says that 44% of lawyers in the country worked 55 hours or more a week in 2008. Part-time workers work an average 23.3 hours a week in France, compared to the European average of 20.1 hours.

After being implemented, the Aubry reforms were credited with lowering unemployment and expanding the economy, although they have been met with legislative proposals for additional reforms.

Criticism

Businesses have overhead costs such as training, rent and employment taxes that do not adjust with operating hours. The expenses and higher wages cause the cost benefit of hiring an extra worker to go down, and raise the  of an additional worker.

Generally speaking, left-wing parties and trade unions support the reduction, while right-wing parties and the MEDEF employer federation oppose it. Critics of the 35-hour working week have argued that it has failed to serve its purpose because an increase in recruitment has not occurred. In their view, the reluctance of firms to take on new workers has instead simply increased hourly production quotas. According to right-wing parties and economic commentators, the main reason that French firms avoid hiring new workers is that French employment regulations on labour flexibility make it difficult to lay off workers during poor economic periods.

See also

 Six-hour day
 Fair Labor Standards Act (United States)
 New Employment Contract (France)
 First Employment Contract (France)

References

Bibliography

 Workforce code

External links
  Official governmental site on the 35-hour workweek
  Evaluation of the 35-hour workweek by INSEE

Economy of France
Working time
Labor in France

35-hour workweek


Brushy Bill Roberts (August 26, 1879 – December 27, 1950; claimed date of birth December 31, 1859) also known as William Henry Roberts, Ollie Partridge William Roberts, Ollie N. Roberts, or Ollie L. Roberts, was an American man who attracted attention in the late 1940s and the 1950s by claiming to be Western outlaw William H. Bonney, (who actually died in 1881). Roberts' claim was rejected by the governor of New Mexico, Thomas J. Mabry, in 1950. Brushy Bill's story is promoted by the "Billy the Kid Museum" in his hometown of Hico in Hamilton County, Texas.  His claim was explored in a 2011 episode of Brad Meltzer's Decoded and a segment by Robert Stack in 1989 on Unsolved Mysteries.

Background
In 1948, a probate investigator from St. Louis, William V. Morrison, located an elderly man named Joe Hines, who had claimed the lands of his deceased brother. Hines told Morrison of his experiences in the Lincoln County War, and surprised him by claiming that Billy the Kid was still alive, but refused to reveal the name he had assumed or exactly where he was living. Morrison continued his search for the man who claimed to be Billy the Kid, and in 1948, an elderly man named J. Frank Dalton in Lawton, Oklahoma, claimed to be Jesse James, and said Billy the Kid was still alive in Hamilton, Texas, where he was known as O. L. Roberts.

Morrison then began a correspondence with Roberts, who eventually "confessed" to being the Kid, and detailed his supposed exploits as an outlaw. He told anecdotes that if true would fill in undocumented gaps in many aspects of the life of Billy the Kid, and asked for Morrison's help in acquiring the full pardon he said he had been promised by New Mexico Governor Lew Wallace in 1879, but which was subsequently withdrawn. He showed his ability to slip out of handcuffs, and said that Pat Garrett had actually shot and killed another gunslinger named Billy Barlow and had passed his body off as the Kid's, which had allowed the Kid to vanish and escape to Mexico. The only three witnesses to the alleged killing of the Kid by Pat Garrett were Garrett himself and Deputies John W. Poe and Thomas McKinney. While McKinney claimed to slightly know the Kid, Poe had never previously laid eyes on him. Moments after the shooting by Garrett, Poe told Garrett he had "shot the wrong man";  since it was too dark in the room for a visual identification, Garrett claimed he knew it was the Kid by his voice, though all present had only heard whispers.  Ultimately, both Poe and McKinney agreed with Garrett, but McKinney recanted years later and claimed like Poe before him that Garrett had killed someone else. Local residents of Fort Sumner also immediately disputed the death of the Kid. Garrett hastily assembled an official inquest by political cronies, and clinched his claim to the killing and all outstanding rewards. The body was quickly buried the following day in a grave that vanished in floods over the years; the grave as marked today likely contains no remains at all and requests for an exhumation have been officially denied.

Roberts told Morrison that he would agree to tell the "whole truth" in exchange for the full pardon that Billy the Kid had been promised by Wallace following the Lincoln County War. His sudden appearance and request for a pardon had a profound effect on Garrett's descendants. Brushy Bill claimed to have been born William Henry Roberts in Buffalo Gap, Texas, near Abilene, on December 31, 1859, but was known to use several other aliases during his life.

Marshall Trimble, the official historian of Arizona, cites Frederick Nolan, an authority on the life and times of Billy the Kid, who refers to a letter sent in 1987 by Mrs. Geneva Pittmon to Joe Bowlin, the founder of a history buff group called the "Billy the Kid Gang, Inc.", in which she stated that her uncle, the man known as "Brushy Bill", was named Oliver P. Roberts, and that he was born August 26, 1879, according to the family Bible.

Writer W. C. Jameson, a Brushy Bill enthusiast, claims that Brushy Bill's actual name was William Henry Roberts, and that Oliver Pleasant Roberts was not the same person as "Brushy Bill", although Roberts's niece definitively stated that her uncle "Brushy Bill" was named Oliver P. Roberts, and was not Billy the Kid.

If Brushy Bill had been born in 1859, he would have been 90 at the time of his death from a massive heart attack in Hico, Texas. Had he been born in 1879, he would have been only 71 at the time of his death. In 1950, an article in the Austin American Statesman reported that Roberts had claimed to be a member of Jesse James's gang, before deciding to come out as the authentic Billy the Kid. In January 1950, Brushy Bill claimed he was a member of the James–Younger Gang as a teenager, and identified J. Frank Dalton as Jesse James.

Morrison vouchsafed that upon examination of Roberts's stripped body, he showed 26 bullet and knife scars. Morrison also attempted to track down former Jesse Evans gang member Jim McDaniels, and located him in Round Rock, Texas. McDaniels, along with Severo Gallegos, Martile Able and Jose Montoya, all of whom had known Billy the Kid, signed affidavits verifying their belief that Roberts was, in fact, Billy the Kid. Bill and Sam Jones declined to sign such affidavits, Sam Jones begging off with the statement, "Received your letter, and am sorry but feel that I can't sign your affidavit. I'm old and I just don't feel like being obligated so..." Bill Jones' grandson expressed doubts about the veracity of Roberts' claims in a letter of refusal written on his grandfather's behalf. Billy the Kid could read and write English, and was fluent in spoken Spanish. Brushy Bill himself was illiterate with a moderate proficiency in Spanish.

Mabry announced the meeting, which was covered by the press. Mabry announced that he did not believe Roberts' story, and denied the pardon application. The press attention and the trip from his home in Hico to Santa Fe had a negative effect on the elderly Roberts' health, and he died soon afterwards.

Brushy and his story were largely forgotten until the movie Young Guns II depicted him as the narrator of events surrounding the life and times of Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War. More books were written on the mystery, and researchers began exploring whether Brushy's claim might have actually been true, including several failed attempts to obtain permission for exhumation and DNA testing.

Numerous books have been published since 1950 examining Brushy's claim, the first of which was Alias Billy the Kid, written by Morrison and the Western historian C.L. Sonnichsen, but virtually every single one was based upon Pat Garrett's published account from 1882, and  Garrett's book, mostly a concoction of factual material mixed with fabrications written by Roswell's postmaster, Ash Upson, established the Kid legend for subsequent decades. The Sonnichsen book received mixed reviews at the time, but did win support from former President Harry S. Truman, who wrote to Morrison indicating he believed that Brushy was Billy the Kid and lamenting that he died before being able to go in front of the next governor, where he may have gotten a more favorable result. In 2005, W.C. Jameson, himself a student of C.L. Sonnichsen, re-examined the subject and released Billy the Kid: Beyond the Grave. Jameson's work led to increased interest in and study of Roberts's story, most notably that of former Lincoln County deputy sheriff and mayor of Capitan, New Mexico, Steve Sederwall. In April 2015, media personality Bill O'Reilly weighed in on the topic by publishing his book Bill O'Reilly's Legends and Lies: The Real West, in which he suggests that the evidence in favor of Brushy Bill Roberts outweighs the accepted version of history, citing the original Alias Billy the Kid book by Morrison and Sonnichsen. O'Reilly followed up his book with an episode on the subject during his national television broadcast purportedly depicting the events that occurred during the alleged killing of the Kid from Brushy Bill's perspective.

Photograph
In 1989, the Lincoln County Heritage Trust commissioned a computer study by Robert L. Har and Dr. Thomas G. Kyle, who used an analytical process of his own creation instead of established protocols used by law enforcement. Scanned photographs of Billy the Kid and Roberts, along with those of 150 other people, were fed into a computer using a "similarity index" to match 25 facial "landmarks". This resulted in Roberts' photo ranking 42nd (i.e.: 41 other people more closely resembled the tintype than Roberts). Snow indicated that if the two were the same person, then Roberts should have ranked at least second. It was noted that the accuracy of facial comparisons is dependent on the position of the face in the photographs being the same.

In 1990, a study using photo comparison equipment at the Laboratory for Vision Studies and the Advanced Graphic Laboratory in the University of Texas was conducted by image experts Scott Acton and Alan Bovik. The study corrected for the facial positioning and used the same facial recognition system used by the FBI, CIA, and Interpol, which are claimed to provide a "significant level of statistical validity". Photographs of Brushy Bill Roberts at age 14 seemed to resemble the well-known Dedrick-Upham tintype of Billy The Kid. A photograph of Brushy Bill at age 71 was a 93% match. Both Acton and Bovik concluded that this result "irrefutably shows that Roberts and the Kid are a very close match". These findings, though, would have to be replicated to be scientifically conclusive (which to date has not occurred), and in that case would still not prove that Roberts and Billy the Kid were the same person. In 1996, the results of the study were presented to Andre McNeil, chancery judge of the 12th judicial district, and a prominent Arkansas attorney, Helen Grinder, who stated that based on the study and other evidence the case for Roberts being Billy the Kid was "strong", "substantial", and "excellent".

DNA

In 2003, Lincoln County Sheriff Tom Sullivan, Capitan, New Mexico Mayor Steve Sederwall, and De Baca County, New Mexico Sheriff Gary Graves began a campaign to exhume the remains of Billy the Kid and his mother, Catherine Antrim, to prove through DNA analysis that Billy the Kid was buried in Fort Sumner. The initiative encountered difficulties from the beginning, including that no confirmation exists as to where the remains are located, and ensuing legal obstacles. The exhumation of both sets of remains was blocked in court in September 2004.

Hico, Texas
At the time of his death, Brushy Bill lived on West 2nd Street in Hico. He was buried in the county seat of Hamilton, 20 miles south of Hico. Despite the discrepancies noted above, the Hico Chamber of Commerce has capitalized on his claim by opening the "Billy the Kid Museum" in the historic Western section of Hico. In the downtown is a marker devoted to Brushy Bill: "Ollie L. 'Brushy Bill' Roberts, alias Billy the Kid, died in Hico, Texas, December 27, 1950. He spent the last days of his life trying to prove to the world what he claimed was his true identity, and to obtain the pardon promised to Billy the Kid by the governor of the territory of New Mexico (Lew Wallace).

In popular culture

See also

 Folklore of the United States
 The Authentic Life of Billy, the Kid
 Billy the Kid § Rumors of survival
 List of Old West gunfighters
 List of Old West lawmen

References

19th-century births
1950 deaths
American gold prospectors
American outlaws
American prospectors
People of the American Old West
People from Hico, Texas

Brushy Bill Roberts


Tetris is a 2023 biographical thriller film based on true events around the race to license and patent the video game Tetris from Russia in the late 1980s during the Cold War.  It was directed by Jon S. Baird and written by Noah Pink. The film stars Taron Egerton, Nikita Efremov, Sofia Lebedeva, and Anthony Boyle.

Tetris premiered at the SXSW Film Festival on March 15, 2023, and was released on March 31, by Apple TV+. The film received generally positive reviews from critics.

Plot
In 1988, Henk Rogers of Bullet-Proof Software markets his newest video game at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. While there, he instead becomes enamored with the game Tetris, created by Soviet programmer Alexey Pajitnov, who works for government-owned ELORG in the Soviet Union. Rogers explains to a bank manager that Robert Stein of Andromeda Software had obtained the worldwide licensing rights to Tetris from ELORG, and signed a contract with media tycoon Robert Maxwell and his son, CEO of Mirrorsoft, Kevin Maxwell, allowing them to distribute Tetris in exchange for game royalties. Meanwhile, the Mirrorsoft representative at CES had sold Rogers the Tetris rights in Japan for PC, console, and arcade.

Rogers obtains an audience with Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchi and proposes a partnership to produce Tetris for the Nintendo Famicom and arcade machines. Shortly after beginning production, Rogers receives a call from Kevin, explaining that the arcade rights had already been promised to Sega. Rogers returns to Yamauchi, asking for his residuals in advance. Instead, he is sent to Nintendo of America headquarters in Seattle, and shown Nintendo's upcoming handheld device, the Game Boy, which is planned to be released with Super Mario Land. Rogers convinces president Minoru Arakawa and senior VP Howard Lincoln to package it with Tetris instead, and promises to obtain the handheld licensing rights.

He travels to meet with the Maxwells in London, who tell him that Stein retains all worldwide licensing rights. Rogers offers Stein $25,000 for the worldwide handheld rights, which he accepts. Later, however, Arakawa and Lincoln call Rogers explaining that Stein has now promised the handheld rights to Atari for $100,000. Kevin learns about this, and all three of them decide to travel to Moscow to personally obtain the rights.

On being told that an American businessman can't obtain a visa, Rogers obtains a tourist visa to enter Moscow. He hires Sasha, a young and seemingly naïve Russian woman as his interpreter, and despite her warnings, enters the ELORG offices. On showing a copy of Tetris for Famicom to Nikolai Belikov, the ELORG chairman, he informs Rogers that his copy is "illegal," as ELORG has not released the video game rights to Rogers. A meeting is arranged to discuss the rights.

At the first meeting, Rogers meets Alexey Pajitnov. Although Pajitnov is reluctant to speak to Rogers at first, Rogers praises him for his talent, and promises that Tetris will make Pajitnov a very wealthy man. Pajitnov invites Rogers back to his apartment, where they strike a fast friendship. Rogers helps Pajitnov improve the game's mechanics, and Pajitnov brings Rogers to a night club in Moscow. A woman says that Estonia is rebelling against the Soviet Union, and that change is coming.

Rogers, Stein, and Kevin each separately meet with Belikov to negotiate the rights. Valentin Trifonov, head of the department of foreign trade of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, grows interested in the negotiations, and involves the KGB in making sure he can profit from Tetris''' potential sales. Rogers explains to Belikov that he has only sold the computer rights to Stein, since the contract defines a "computer" as a device with a keyboard, monitor, and disc drive.

The KGB threaten Rogers and his family, as well as Pajitnov and his family. Mirrorsoft offers $2 million, and drafts a letter of intent to send half the payment in one week. Pajitnov faxes the letter to Rogers, showing that Mirrorsoft will only obtain the rights to Tetris if they pay by the deadline, which they fail to do. Nintendo tells Rogers that Atari has released their own version of Tetris, but Rogers tells them they don't have the rights, and urges Lincoln and Arakawa to come to Moscow.

In a last-ditch effort to obtain the rights, Robert and Kevin Maxwell visit Mikhael Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union, to warn him against selling the game to capitalist interests. Gorbachev dismisses their concerns, but on hearing about Trifonov's interest in Tetris, orders his guards to surveil him.

Nintendo offers $5 million to ELORG for console and handheld rights, which ELORG accepts. Lincoln, Arakawa, and Rogers have to leave Moscow with the paperwork to finalize the deal. Maxwell, desperate to stop them, agrees to give Trifonov 50% ownership of Tetris if he can intercept Rogers. After a car chase to the airport, the three board a plane, and Trifonov is arrested by Sasha, who was a KGB agent.

Rogers makes it back to Tokyo, and Tetris releases in the West, becoming a huge success. Just before the Soviet Union's collapse, Rogers flies Pajitnov's family to the United States. An epilogue explains that Rogers and Pajitnov went on to start The Tetris Company, and remain good friends.

Cast

Production
In July 2020, it was reported that a biopic was being made about the making of Tetris, which will delve into the legal battles that took place during the Cold War over ownership of the game, with Jon S. Baird directing and Taron Egerton cast to portray the game publisher Henk Rogers. Egerton confirmed this report in an August 2020 interview, explaining that the film would mirror a tone similar to The Social Network. In November 2020, Apple TV+ acquired the film.

Filming began in Glasgow in December 2020, including Glasgow Prestwick Airport on the Ayrshire coast. In February 2021, filming took place in Aberdeen at locations including the University of Aberdeen's Zoology Building, which was used as the headquarters of Soviet firm Elorg, and Seamount Court which was used for several scenes. Filming took place for 7 days in and around the former (RAF) military base at Balado in Perth & Kinross; particularly internal scenes for a quasi-military backdrop. Production then returned to Glasgow for a few days, before wrapping in early March 2021. Reshoots took place in 2022, and the film's release was planned for later in the year.

In a 2023 interview, Alexey Pajitnov admitted that the film "didn't make an actual biography or an actual recreation of what actually happened", but that was "close enough and very right emotionally and spiritually".

 Music

 Release
The film premiered at the SXSW Film Festival on March 15, 2023. It premiered on Apple TV+ on March 31, 2023. According to a Samba TV research panel of 3.1 million smart television households who tuned in for at least one minute, Tetris drew in 88,000 viewers in its first two days.

 Reception
 Critical response

 Accolades Tetris received nominations for Best Music and Best Action/Thriller TrailerByte for a Feature Film at the 2023 Golden Trailer Awards. Egerton was nominated for Best Actor at the 6th Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Film Awards.

 Lawsuit
In August 2023, Dan Ackerman, the chief editor of Gizmodo, sued Apple for "illegally copying" his 2016 book The Tetris Effect: The Game That Hypnotized the World. Ackerman is asking the court for monetary damages of $4.8 million, which is 6% of the film's $80 million production budget.

 Historical accuracy
In an interview prior to the film's release, Henk Rogers said that both he and Alexey Pajitnov reviewed the script and made suggestions. However, Rogers noted, "It's a Hollywood script, a movie. It's not about history so a lot of [what's in the movie] never happened." There were events in the movie that did transpire in real life. For instance, Rogers notes that he did convince Nintendo to bundle Tetris in with the Game Boy at launch in place of Super Mario Land. Rogers emphasized that the producers wanted to "capture the darkness and the brooding" that he felt during his time trying to get the rights to Tetris in then-Soviet Russia. He continued, "They tried their best to accept our changes when they had to do with authenticity. But when it started getting into [creative flourishes like] the car chase and all that, it was like 'OK, now it's all them.' We couldn't change anything."

 See also
 Tetris: The Games People Play'': 2016 graphic novel on the same topic
 More information about his ethnic background, education, career, and Russian adventure can be found in a long interview by Sramana Mitra.

References

External links

2023 films
2023 thriller films
2020s American films
2020s British films
2020s biographical films
2020s business films
American biographical films
American business films
American historical thriller films
Apple TV+ original films
Biographical films about businesspeople
British biographical films
British historical thriller films
Casting controversies in film
Cold War films
Cultural depictions of Mikhail Gorbachev
Films about companies
Films about the KGB
Films about video games
Films directed by Jon S. Baird
Films produced by Matthew Vaughn
Films scored by Lorne Balfe
Films set in 1988
Films set in Japan
Films set in London
Films set in Moscow
Films set in Seattle
Films set in Tokyo
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films set in the Soviet Union
Films shot in Glasgow
Marv Studios films
Race-related controversies in film
Tetris
Works about Nintendo

Tetris (film)


Verna Willis was an American film editor known for her work on films of the late 1920s during Hollywood's silent era. She was employed by Paramount and was highly regarded for her skill as a cutter.

Biography

Beginnings
Verna was born in Ivesdale, Illinois, to Edgar Willis and Carolyn Anderson in 1887. Her younger brother, Edwin B. Willis, later became an Academy Award–winning set designer and decorator for MGM Studios.

Hollywood career
By the time she reached adulthood, she had moved to San Francisco, where she worked as a telephone operator. Eventually she moved down to Los Angeles and found employment as a stenographer at Paramount. When a spot opened up in the studio's scenario department, she jumped at the opportunity, working as a script girl before ultimately finding her way into an editing job. She ended up editing over a dozen films between 1926 and 1930 before seemingly retiring from the business.

Personal life
Verna was married twice: first to Laurence Lindon, with whom she had two children Ouida and Lionel.  Ouida studied design in Paris, and later opened a millinery shop in Beverly Hills, and Lionel became a Cinematographer.  Verna's second marriage was to cameraman Charles P. Boyle. Both marriages ended in divorce.

Selected filmography

 Il Richiamo del Cuore (1930)
 The Santa Fe Trail (1930)
 The Texan (1930)
 Men Are Like That (1930)
 Sarah and Son (1930)
 Sweetie (1929)
 Charming Sinners (1929)
 The Greene Murder Case (1929)]
 His Private Life (1928)
 Varsity (1928)
 Half a Bride (1928)
 Something Always Happens (1928)
 Love and Learn (1928)
 Time to Love (1927)

References

1887 births
1966 deaths
American film editors
American women film editors

Verna Willis


In Honduran football, Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras is the top league followed by Liga de Ascenso. This is an incomplete list of current and past clubs.

The list

 Note: E.A.C.I. stands for Empresa Asociativa Campesina de Isletas.

External links
 LaPrensa.hn – Desafíe a Ismael – 12 August 2010

Honduras
Clubs
Football clubs

List of football clubs in Honduras


Theodoric the Great (454–August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (488–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), and regent of the Visigoths (511–526). He united several German tribes and encouraged Arianism.

Other websites
 Theodoric the Great at MiddleAges.net
 New Advent

454 births
526 deaths
Kings and Queens of Italy

Theodoric the Great


Koojan  is a small town located between Moora and Bindoon in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.

When the Midland railway was opened in 1894 the site of the present town was established as a railway siding. Some time afterward the area was surveyed and subdivided and the town was gazetted in 1910.

The town is named after the Aboriginal word for a nearby pool of the Moore River. The name was first recorded on maps which were surveyed in 1861 but the meaning of the word is unknown.

References

Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Towns in Western Australia
1894 establishments in Australia

Koojan, Western Australia


Disability culture is a widely used concept developed in the late 1980s to capture differences in lifestyle that are caused or promoted by disability. Disability cultures exist as communities of people around topics of disability. The cultures include arts movements, coalitions, and include but are not limited to: poetry, dance, performance pieces, installments, and sculptures.  Steven Brown, in an academic study, wrote, "The existence of a disability culture is a relatively new and contested idea. Not surprising, perhaps, for a group that has long been described with terms like 'in-valid', 'impaired', 'limited', 'crippled', and so forth. Scholars would be hard-pressed to discover terms of hope, endearment or ability associated with people with disabilities." Deaf culture has an older history, having been described in 1965, and Deaf culture can be connected to the larger disability culture, both due to deafness being viewed by others as a disability, and many deaf people being both Deaf and disabled in other ways, which is known as being Deaf plus.

Disability culture cannot be defined by one specific description or language. It is a complex blending of art, performance, expression, and community. Within this culture, the word "disabled" has been re-purposed to represent a social identity of empowerment and awareness. Like many civil rights movements in the past, disability culture challenges the norms of society, and seeks to counter oppressive entities such as medicalization and institutionalization. Its core values as a culture are reflected in art, conversation, goals, or behaviors. These core values often include: "an acceptance of human differences, an acceptance of human vulnerability and interdependence, a tolerance for a lack of resolution of the unpredictable in life, and a humor to laugh at the oppressor or situation, however dire it may be".

"The elements of our culture include, certainly, our longstanding social oppression, but also our emerging art and humor, our piecing together of our history, our evolving language and symbols, our remarkably unified world view, beliefs and values, and our strategies for surviving and thriving." -Carol Gill Ph.D.

Disability culture is a trajectory, a movement, a path, rather than a destination: "Disability culture is the difference between being alone, isolated, and individuated with a physical, cognitive, emotional or sensory difference that in our society invites discrimination and reinforces that isolation – the difference between all that and being in community. Naming oneself part of a larger group, a social movement or a subject position in modernity can help to focus energy, and to understand that solidarity can be found – precariously, in improvisation, always on the verge of collapse." - Petra Kuppers

"Disability culture, which values interdependence over the illusion of independence, privileges not a uniform perspective but the validity and value of a wide range of ways of moving through the world - and the varied perspectives those different experiences engender." - Jim Ferris

See also
Disability in the arts
Disability in the media
Disability arts
Disability Flag
Disability rights movement

References

Disability culture