If My Heart Had Windows is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1968 on the Musicor Records label.

Background
If My Heart Had Windows features two of the more bizarre songs in the Jones cannon: "Unwanted Babies" and "Poor Chinee".  The former, a protest song written for Jones by Earl "Peanut" Montgomery, appears to be Jones's half-hearted attempt to appear more socially conscious in the turbulent Vietnam War and Civil Rights era. As recounted in Rich Kienzle's 2016 book The Grand Tour, at least one account survives of DJ Ralph Emery playing "Unwanted Babies" when George visited his late-night show, and an upset and embarrassed George insisting, 'It's not me, Ralph! It's not me!" In the 1994 article "The Devil in George Jones", Nick Tosches observes that the sixties "were a strange time for Jones.  America was adrift in a fluorescent cloud of patchouli-scented ahimsa, and Jones, in his crew cut and his Nudie Cohn suits, seemed hopelessly out of sync.  He began to let his hair grow out a bit, and he and Pappy (Daily, Jones's producer) gave folk rock their best shot with "Unwanted Babies," a garbled protest song...Combining his middle name and his mother's maiden name, he released the record under the pseudonym Glen Patterson.  'We did a certain type of song that we thought would sell at that time,' George said, taken aback at the mention of it. 'But it wasn't the type of song that I would have normally cut, and I just didn't want to use my real name.'"

The rest of the album, however, is pure Jones, whose voice and delivery had evolved into the more lucid, contemporary approach typical of the Nashville Sound of the sixties.  Both the title track and "Say It's Not You" would be top ten country hits. Jones would record "Say It's Not You" as a duet with Rolling Stone Keith Richards in 1992, with Richards writing in his memoir Life that country-rock pioneer and Jones fan Gram Parsons first made him aware of the song.  A bootleg of Richards singing "Your Angel Steps Out Of Heaven" is also widely available.  Johnny Paycheck sings the background vocals on the Jones version.  "Possum Holler" is a novelty song written by Dallas Frazier that makes light of the singer's famous nickname, which he received from dee jay Slim Watts while working at KRTM in Beaumont in the 1950s.

If My Heart Had Windows rose to number 13 on the country music album chart. In 1988, Patty Loveless recorded the song for her second album If My Heart Had Windows and the song was her first top ten hit.

Track listing
 "If My Heart Had Windows" (Dallas Frazier)
 "Between My House and Town" (Sanger D. Shafer)
 "On Second Thought" (Charlie Carter)
 "Possum Holler" (Dallas Frazier)
 "Unwanted Babies" (Earl Montgomery)
 "Say It's Not You" (Dallas Frazier)
 "Wrong Side of the World" (Alex Zanetis)
 "Stranger's Me" (Dallas Frazier)
 "Your Angel Steps Out of Heaven" (Jack Ripley)
 "Poor Chinee" (Eddie Noack, V. Feuerbacher)

Personnel
The Jordanaires – vocal accompaniment

References

External links
 George Jones' Official Website

1968 albums
George Jones albums
Albums produced by Pappy Daily
Musicor Records albums

If My Heart Had Windows (George Jones album)


Amber Bradley (born 19 May 1980 in Wickham, Western Australia) is an Australian former rower - a six time Australian national sculling champion, a two time World Champion, dual Olympian and an Olympic medal winner. She won her World Championships in both sculling and sweep-oared boat classes.

Club and state rowing
Bradley was educated at Penrhos College, Perth where she took up rowing. She won the national Schoolgirl Scull title at the Australian Rowing Championships in 1997.

She was first selected to represent Western Australian, age fifteen, in the 1996 youth eight competing for the Bicentennial Cup at the Interstate Regatta within the 1996 Australian Rowing Championships. From 1997 she was competing for Australia in crewed sculls but was still eligible for state youth eight selection as late as 2000 and she raced again in Western Australian youth eights at Australian Championships in 1999 and 2000.

Bradley's senior rowing was done from the Edith Cowan University Perth Rowing Club.

She was selected in representative Western Australian senior women's eights competing for the Queen's Cup in the Interstate Regatta at the Australian Championships on seven consecutive occasions between 2000 and 2007. She stroked those eights in 2004, 2006 and 2007. From 2001 to 2006 she was also Western Australia's senior sculling representative contesting the Nell Slatter Trophy at those same Australian championships. She won the single sculls championship in 2001, 2003 and 2004.

In ECU Perth Rowing Club colours she contested national titles at the Australian Championships on a number of occasions. She won the U19 single sculls title in 1996 and the U23 single sculls titles in 1999 (racing for the AIS). From 2002 to 2004 she was the Open Australian singles sculls champion and she also raced in that event in 2005, 2007 and 2008.

International representative rowing
Aged 16 Amber was selected as the Australian junior single sculls contestant for the 1997 World Rowing Junior Championships in Hazewinkel. She fought through the preliminary rounds with a second in the heat and a third place in the semi. However she raced a perfect final, leading at every mark and by 4 seconds at the 1500 m. She saw off a strong finish from the French sculler to take the gold and win her first World Championship.

In 1998, she was selected in a development quad who competed at the Rowing World Cup III at Lucerne. At the World Rowing U23 Championships in Ioannina, Greece she raced in a double scull with Jess Morrison and finished eighth. In 1999, she figured in Australian senior squads and was picked in the quad scull who represented at the 1999 World Rowing Championships in St Catharines' who struggled to an eleventh-place finish. In 2001, she was selected in the quad scull to race at the  World Rowing U23 Championships in Linz, Austria where she won another under age World Championship title. She also raced in quads at two World Rowing Cups in Europe that year.

In 2002, Bradley secured a seat at stroke in the Australian women's quad scull with Donna Martin, Sally Robbins and Dana Faletic. They raced at the 2002 World Rowing Cup III in Munich and then went to Seville 2002. They were slow in their heat but won the repechage to make the final and finished fourth overall.

The 2003 World Rowing Championships were the main Olympic qualification regatta and the Australian women scullers trained in Canberra under Lyall McCarthy. Faletic and Bradley held their seats in the quad with the experienced Jane Robinson and the young Tasmanian Kerry Hore added to the crew. The quad performed well in the lead up winning at the World Rowing Cup III in Lucerne. At the 2003 World Championships in Milan they won their heat in an impressive time. They sculled the final to perfection leading at every mark. At the 1500m they had an unbeatable 3.45 second margin and finished more than 2 seconds ahead of Bulgaria. The quad won the gold and Bradley at stroke claimed her first senior World Championship title.

The World Champion quad with Jane Robinson replaced by Rebecca Sattin were still together for the 2004 Athen Olympics. They were fourth across the line in the final. After the medals had been presented it was discovered that a member of the third-placed Ukrainian crew failed the drugs test and Australia was elevated to the bronze medal position and Amber won her only Olympic medal.

In 2005, Bradley rowed consistently in the Australian double scull with Queenslander Sally Kehoe who was at the beginning of her own stellar career. They placed at two World Rowing Cups that year and then won the bronze at the 2005 World Rowing Championships in Gifu, Japan.

In 2006, Bradley switched from sculls to sweep-oared boats at the national representative level. She raced in a coxless pair and in the Australian women's senior eight at the World Rowing Cups I and II in Munich and Poznan. She was in the three seat of both the eight and the four for the 2006 World Rowing Championships at Eton, Dorney. The eight took the bronze and in the four with Jo Lutz, Robyn Selby Smith and Kate Hornsey, Bradley won the gold and her second senior World Championship title.

In 2007, Bradley was sculling again and raced in the Australian quad at a World Rowing Cup and then in a double-scull with Kerry Hore who placed ninth at Munich 2007. Her final Australian appearances were in the Olympic year 2008 when she raced in the quad at two World Rowing Cups ahead of final role in the two seat of that boat who finished sixth in the final at Beijing 2008.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Australian female rowers
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic rowers for Australia
Olympic medalists in rowing
People from Wickham, Western Australia
Sportswomen from Western Australia
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for Australia
Rowers from Western Australia
20th-century Australian women
21st-century Australian women

Amber Bradley


Paul Gourley is former National Chairman of the College Republican National Committee in the United States.

Gourley, a native of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, was elected Chair of the College Republican National Committee in 2005. He won the chairmanship following a contested campaign against former California CR State Chairman Michael Davidson. The campaign focused on ethics and integrity issues surrounding the CRNC's fundraising activities and the organization's relationship with Response Dynamics in the previous years, while Gourley was the National Treasurer. His election and the preceding campaign received national press in The New Republic and other newspapers and news magazines, as well as a number of prominent conservative and liberal blogs.

During his tenure, Gourley expanded the Field Representative program.

Prior to his election as Chairman, Gourley's previous involvement in the College Republicans included time as the Vice-Chair of the South Dakota College Republican Federation, CRNC Field Representative in 2001 and 2002, and CRNC Treasurer from 2003-2005.  He also chaired the youth campaign for then-Congressman John Thune's US Senate race in 2002.  He was named CRNC Ronald Reagan Activist of the Year in 2003.

References

See also
 Chairpersons of the College Republicans

Living people
People from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
South Dakota Republicans
College Republican National Committee chairs
Year of birth missing (living people)

Paul Gourley


The 1983 CFL Draft composed of eight rounds where over 72 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA. A total of nine players were selected as territorial exemptions, with every team but Montreal making at least one selection during this stage of the draft.

Territorial exemptions
British Columbia Lions                           Jim Mills  OL  Hawaii

Calgary Stampeders  Greg Vavra  QB  Calgary

Edmonton Eskimos  Blake Dermott  OL  Alberta

Hamilton Tiger-Cats  Jim Pendergast  TE  Queen's

Ottawa Rough Riders  Roger Cattelan  OT  Boston College

Ottawa Rough Riders (via Montreal)  Mike Hudson  TE  Guelph

Saskatchewan Roughriders  Scott Redl  DE  Saskatchewan

Toronto Argonauts  Kelvin Pruenster  OT  Cal-Poly

Winnipeg Blue Bombers  Scott Oliver  LB  Moorhead State

1st round

2nd round

3rd round
19. Montreal Concordes                               Blake Nill              DL  Calgary

20. Ottawa Rough Riders                              Sam Benincasa           LB                      Guelph

21. Saskatchewan Roughriders                         Richard White  LB  Simon Fraser

22. Hamilton Tiger-Cats                              Carey Lapa              LB                       British Columbia

23. British Columbia Lions                           William Bickowski       FB  Wilfrid Laurier

24. Calgary Stampeders                               Bill Mintsoulis         WR  Toronto

25. Winnipeg Blue Bombers                            John Pitts  LB  Western Ontario

26. Toronto Argonauts                                Kevin Adams  DB  Waterloo

27. Edmonton Eskimos                                 Rick Makos              G                         Toronto

4th round
28. Montreal Concordes                               Jim Kardash             TE                         Western Ontario

29. Ottawa Rough Riders                              John Kane  OL  Michigan State

30. Saskatchewan Roughriders                         Art Heier               WR                         Waterloo

31. Hamilton Tiger-Cats                              Rory Radford            LB                         Guelph

32. British Columbia Lions                           Jerome Erdman           WR                         Simon Fraser

33. Calgary Stampeders                               Brian Strong            OL  Montana State

34. Winnipeg Blue Bombers                            Pat Cantner             TE                         British Columbia

35. Toronto Argonauts                                Boyd Young              DL  Ottawa

36. Edmonton Eskimos                                 Steve Hall  DB      Guelph

5th round
37. Montreal Concordes                               Steve Nagel             DE                         Wilfrid Laurier

38. Ottawa Rough Riders                              Courtney Taylor  DB  Wilfrid Laurier

39. Saskatchewan Roughriders                         Joel Johnston  FB  Simon Fraser

40. Hamilton Tiger-Cats                              George Piva             T                          British Columbia

41. British Columbia Lions                           Harold Jackman          T  Moorhead State

42. Calgary Stampeders                               Tim Petros              TB                          Calgary

43. Winnipeg Blue Bombers                            Todd Turnbull           G                           Wilfrid Laurier

44. Toronto Argonauts                                Bryan Black             G                           Guelph

45. Edmonton Eskimos                                 Jerry Philip          DB                           York

6th round
46. Montreal Concordes                               Ed Slabikowski         DB  Windsor

47. Ottawa Rough Riders                              Francois Payer         DE  Bishop's

48. Saskatchewan Roughriders                         Todd McGauley          DE                           Western Ontario

49. Hamilton Tiger-Cats                              David Brace            TE  Western Connecticut State

50. British Columbia Lions                           Kyle Barrow            LB                           Western Ontario

51. Calgary Stampeders                               Matt Janes             LB                           Western Ontario

52. Winnipeg Blue Bombers                            Fred Lyseyko           LB  Manitoba

53. Toronto Argonauts                                Joel Tynes             TB                           St. Francis Xavier

54. Edmonton Eskimos                                 Paul Hickle            K  Saskatchewan

7th round
55. Montreal Concordes                               Ken Ross  DE  Carleton

56. Ottawa Rough Riders                              Chris Rhora            DE  Acadia

57. Saskatchewan Roughriders                         Alain Groleau          DB                              Ottawa

58. Hamilton Tiger-Cats                              Mike Zivolak           C                            Western Ontario

59. British Columbia Lions                           Mike Brown  DB  Toronto

60. Calgary Stampeders                               Mike Kurchak           K  Nevada-Las Vegas

61. Winnipeg Blue Bombers                            Dave Bowness           TE                           Manitoba

62. Toronto Argonauts                                Dave Waud              LB                           Wilfrid Laurier

63. Edmonton Eskimos                                 Gord Reinich           SB                           Alberta

8th round
64. Montreal Concordes                               Scott Leckie           DB                            Toronto

65. Ottawa Rough Riders                              Don Clow               WR                            Acadia

66. Saskatchewan Roughriders                         Reindy Dundas          DT  Minot State

67. Hamilton Tiger-Cats                              Jack Kalthof           LB                            Saskatchewan

68. British Columbia Lions                           Ken Munroe             WR                           British Columbia

69. Calgary Stampeders                               Yorg Gromer  TE  Montana-Western

70. Winnipeg Blue Bombers                            Danny Jakobs           DB                            Manitoba

71. Toronto Argonauts                                Rick Van Maanen        DL                            Western Ontario

72. Edmonton Eskimos                                 Jaimie Crawford        QB                            Alberta

References

Canadian College Draft
Cfl Draft, 1983

1983 CFL Draft


José María Mainetti (March 5, 1909 – February 9, 2006) was an Argentine physician, surgeon and oncologist.

Mainetti was born in Hinojo, Buenos Aires. He spent most of his childhood and youth in La Plata, were his family moved in 1911. He finished his medicine studies in 1932. Since 1940 he started working also as a professor at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

In 1969 he created the Fundación para el Progreso ("Foundation for Progress") which later became Fundación Dr. José María Mainetti, and in 1971 the Escuela de Oncología (Oncology School). In 1986 he started the Centro Oncológico de Excelencia teaching, research, diagnosis and attention centre against cancer, and in 1993 the Instituto de Trasplante de Médula Osea (Bone Marrow Transplant Institute)

Mainetti is well known in Argentina as the mentor of René Favaloro, and a pioneer of bioethics in the country. As well as Favaloro, he had to struggle against the lack of financial support.

José María Mainetti died in 2006 in Manuel Gonnet, Buenos Aires.

External links
Fundación Dr. José María Mainetti
Clarín: On his death

1909 births
2006 deaths
People from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine oncologists
Argentine scientists
Burials at La Plata Cemetery

José María Mainetti


The Griffin House is a historic house at 200 High Street in Portland, Maine.  Built in 1871, it is one of the city's finer examples of Second Empire architecture, and was an early example of the trend to build further away from the city's port district.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Description and history
The Griffin House is located in a residential area just north of Portland's downtown area, at the northwest corner of High Street and Cumberland Avenue.  It is a large -story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor, clapboard siding, and a brick foundation.  The roof eave is modillioned, and the dormers projecting from it have segmented-arch tops and decorative surrounds.  The main facade faces east, and is three bays wide.  A side-facing stair leads up to the central entrance, which is sheltered by a porch supported by a bracketed square posts.  Windows on the first floor are topped by a segmented arches with ears and brackets, while those on the second floor have eared gables.  The building corners sport paneled pilasters.

The house was built in 1871 for Charles S.D. Griffin, an executive of the Portland Gas Company.  It was built in the wake of the city's devastating 1866 fire, which destroyed a large portion of its waterfront.  At the time of its construction, the area to the north was largely undeveloped.  The house remained in the Griffin family until 1936, although it was divided into a two-family in 1876.  It underwent a careful restoration in the 1980s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Portland, Maine

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses completed in 1871
Houses in Portland, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Maine
Second Empire architecture in Maine

Griffin House (Portland, Maine)


Dance research is the study of dance, including dance history, ethnochoreology, dance theory, dance anthropology, and dance science.

Dance research as an academic discipline is relatively new. In 1967, the first volume of the CORD dance research annual wrote: "...One of the most serious problems in dance research is found in the fact that the literati in the field are not yet the university people". Research methodologies in Dance can include descriptive research, qualitative research, survey research, correlational research, case studies, within-subject experiments, between group experiments, systematic reviews, and epidemiology research. In addition to research concerned with technical or aesthetic aspects of dance, research in the field of dance also often includes connections to scholarly disciplines that place dance in context, including social and literary history, anthropology, and medical science.

Dance science is the scientific study of dance and dancers, as well as the practical application of scientific principles to dance, similar to sports science. Its aims are the enhancement of performance, the reduction of injury, and the improvement of well-being and health. While the dance sciences span a wide range of domains within which researchers and practitioners have a variety of backgrounds, a unifying interest of those studying and practicing dance science is promoting health, well-being, and optimum performance in dancers.

Organizations
Congress on Research in Dance (founded in 1965 as a Committee on Research in Dance)
Society for Ethnomusicology
Society of Dance History Scholars
Cross-Cultural Dance Resources
Society for Dance Research

References

Further reading

 Braun, Lesley Nicole. 2014. "Trading Virtue for Virtuosity: The Artistry of Kinshasa's Concert Danseuses."       African Arts 47(4): 48-57.Castaldi, Francesca. 2006. Choreographies of African Identities: Negritude, Dance, and the National Ballet of Senegal. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
 Cohen, Adrienne. 2016. "Inalienable Performances, Mutable Heirlooms: Dance, Cultural Inheritance, and Political Transformation in the Republic of Guinea." American Ethnologist 43(4): 650-662.
 Daniel, Yvonne. 1995. Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Foster, Susan Leigh. 1996. Corporealities: Dancing Knowledge Culture and Power. Edited by Susan Leigh Foster. London: Routledge.
 Dunham, Katherine. 1969. Island possessed. University of Chicago Press.
 Franko, Mark. "Dance and the political: States of exception." Dance Research Journal (2006): 3-18.
 Ross, Janice. 2015. Like a Bomb Going Off: Leonid Yakobson and Ballet as Resistance in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press.
 Schauert, Paul. 2015. Staging Ghana: Artistry and Nationalism in State Dance Ensembles. Indiana University Press.
 Wilcox, Emily. 2018. Revolutionary Bodies: Chinese Dance and the Socialist Legacy. University of California Press.

Dance research


Elena Vladimirovna Pitjeva (Елена Владимировна Питьева) is a Russian astronomer working at the Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. She has published over 100 articles, as listed in Google Scholar and the Astrophysics Data System in the field of solar system dynamics and celestial mechanics.

She began employment activity as an engineer-observer at the Astrophysical observation station of the Astronomical Observatory of Leningrad State University in Byurakan (Armenia). Then Pitjeva worked at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy of the USSA Academy of Science and the Institute Applied Astronomy RAS since the date of its foundation in 1988 as researcher and senior researcher. At present she is head of the Laboratory of Ephemeris Astronomy of this institute.

Major research interests of Pitjeva include the construction of numerical ephemerides of the planets, the determination of the planets' and asteroids' masses, the parameters of planet rotation and planetary topography, the solar corona and oblateness and general relativity testing. She is one of creators of the numerical Ephemerides of Planets and the Moon (EPM) of IAA RAS that originated in the seventies of the past century and have been developed since that time.  The version of the EPM2004 ephemeris has been adopted as the ephemeris basis of Russian Astronomical Yearbook since 2006. The updated EPM2008 ephemerides are available to outside users via ftp.

The works of Pitjeva have recently been used by several scientists to test several models of modified gravity in the Solar System.
Pitjeva has also contributed to a better understanding an influence of asteroids and Trans-Neptunian Objects on the planets' motion. Recently Pitjeva collaborated with E. Myles Standish and proposed to the IAU Working Group on Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy (NSFA) the values of the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the astronomical unit in meters, mainly obtained while fitting the constructed DE (JPL) and EPM (IAA RAS) planet ephemerides. These values have been adopted by the 27 General Assembly of International Astronomical Union as Current Best Estimates as the IAU (2009) System of Astronomical Constants.
Pitjeva is a member of the International Astronomical Union: OC of Commission 4 "Ephemerides",
Commission 52 "Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy"
IAU WG NSFA.",

Education
Pitjeva graduated from the Faculty of Mathematical and Mechanical at Leningrad State University in 1972 in the specialty of astronomy. Pitjeva gained her PhD in the field of "Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics" in 1994, with the thesis "Improvement of ephemerides of the major planets and determination of some astronomical constants by radar observations", and earned the Doctor of Science degree, the highest (after PhD) scientific degree in Russia, with the thesis "Construction of high-precision ephemerides of the major planets and determination of some astronomical constants", in 2005. Pitjeva is a pupil of Georgij A. Krasinsky and Victor A. Brumberg.

Publications (selection)

Bibliometric information
According to the NASA ADS database, the h-index of E.V. Pitjeva is 9, with a total number of citations (self-citations excluded) equal to 316.

References

External links
Laboratory of Ephemeris Astronomy, Institute of Applied Astronomy
Pitjeva E.V. website at IAU

Russian astronomers
Women astronomers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Elena V. Pitjeva


Iago () is a fictional character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). Iago is the play's main antagonist, and Othello's standard-bearer. He is the husband of Emilia, who is in turn the attendant of Othello's wife Desdemona. Iago hates Othello and devises a plan to destroy him by making him believe that Desdemona is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio.

The role is thought to have been first played by Robert Armin, who typically played intelligent clown roles like Touchstone in As You Like It and Feste in Twelfth Night.

Role in the play
Iago is a soldier who has fought beside Othello for several years, and has become his trusted advisor. At the beginning of the play, Iago claims to have been unfairly passed over for promotion to the rank of Othello's lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio. Iago plots to manipulate Othello into demoting Cassio, and thereafter to bring about the downfall of Othello himself and also others in the play who trusted Iago. He has an ally, Roderigo, who assists him in his plans in the mistaken belief that after Othello is gone, Iago will help Roderigo earn the affection of Othello's wife, Desdemona. After Iago engineers a drunken brawl to ensure Cassio's demotion (in Act 2), he sets to work on his second scheme: leading Othello to believe that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. This plan occupies the final three acts of the play.

He manipulates his wife Emilia, Desdemona's lady-in-waiting, into taking from Desdemona a handkerchief that Othello had given her; he then tells Othello that he had seen it in Cassio's possession. Once Othello flies into a jealous rage, Iago tells him to hide and look on while he (Iago) talks to Cassio. Iago then leads Othello to believe that a bawdy conversation about Cassio's mistress, Bianca, is in fact about Desdemona. Mad with jealousy, Othello orders Iago to kill Cassio, promising to make him lieutenant in return. Iago then engineers a fight between Cassio and Roderigo in which the latter is killed (by Iago himself, double-crossing his ally), but the former merely wounded.

Iago's plan appears to succeed when Othello kills Desdemona, who is innocent of Iago's charges. Soon afterwards, however, Emilia brings Iago's treachery to light, and Iago kills her in a fit of rage before being arrested. He remains famously reticent when pressed for an explanation of his actions before he is arrested: "Demand me nothing. What you know, you know. From this time forth I never will speak word." Following Othello's suicide, Cassio, now in charge, condemns Iago to be imprisoned and tortured as punishment for his crimes.

Description of character
Iago is one of Shakespeare's most sinister villains, often considered such because of the unique trust that Othello places in him, which he betrays while maintaining his reputation for honesty and dedication. Shakespeare contrasts Iago with Othello's nobility and integrity. With 1,097 lines, Iago has more lines in the play than Othello himself.

Iago is a Machiavellian schemer and manipulator, as he is often referred to as "honest Iago", displaying his skill at deceiving other characters so that not only do they not suspect him, but they count on him as the person most likely to be truthful.

Shakespearean critic A. C. Bradley said that "evil has nowhere else been portrayed with such mastery as in the evil character of Iago", and also states that he "stands supreme among Shakespeare's evil characters because the greatest intensity and subtlety of imagination have gone into his making." The mystery surrounding Iago's actual motives continues to intrigue readers and fuel scholarly debate.

Critical discussion
In discussing The Tragedy of Othello, scholars have long debated Iago's role—highlighting the complexity of his character and manipulativeness. Fred West contends that Shakespeare was not content with simply portraying another "stock" morality figure, and that he, like many dramatists, was particularly interested in the workings of the human mind. Thus, according to West, Iago, who sees nothing wrong with his own behaviour, is "an accurate portrait of a psychopath", who is "devoid of conscience, with no remorse". West believes that "Shakespeare had observed that there exist perfectly sane people in whom fellow-feeling of any kind is extremely weak while egoism is virtually absolute, and thus he made Iago".

Bradley writes that Iago "illustrates in the most perfect combination the two facts concerning evil, which seem to have impressed Shakespeare the most", the first being that "the fact that perfectly sane people exist in whom fellow-feeling of any kind is so weak that an almost absolute egoism becomes possible to them", with the second being "that such evil is compatible, and even appears to ally itself easily, with exceptional powers of will and intellect". The same critic also famously said that "to compare Iago with the Satan of Paradise Lost seems almost absurd, so immensely does Shakespeare's man exceed Milton's Fiend in evil".

Weston Babcock, however, would have readers see Iago as a "human being, shrewdly intelligent, suffering from and striking against a constant fear of social snobbery". According to Babcock, it is not malice, but fear, that drives Iago. For, "Iago dates his maturity, as he considers it, his ability to understand the world, from the age at which he recognized every remark to be personally pointed. One only who lacks inner assurance and is so constantly on guard against any hint of his inferiority could so confess himself".

John Draper, on the other hand, postulates that Iago is simply "an opportunist who cleverly grasps occasion" (726), spurred on by "the keenest of professional and personal motives". Draper argues that Iago "seized occasions rather than made them". According to his theory, Iago "is the first cause, but events, once under way, pass out of his control". Following this logic, Draper concludes that Iago "is neither as clever nor as wicked as some would think; and the problem of his character largely resolves itself into the question: was he justified in embarking upon the initial stages of his revenge?"

Motives

Iago has been described as a "motiveless malignity" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This reading would seem to suggest that Iago, much like Don John in Much Ado About Nothing or Aaron in Titus Andronicus, wreaks havoc on the other characters' lives for no ulterior purpose.

Léone Teyssandier writes that a possible motive for Iago's actions is envy towards Desdemona, Cassio and Othello; Iago sees them as more noble, generous and, in the case of Cassio, more handsome than he is. In particular, he sees the death of Cassio as a necessity, saying of him that "He hath a daily beauty in his life that makes me ugly".

Andy Serkis, who in 2002 portrayed Iago at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester, wrote in his memoir Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic, that:

Iago reveals his true nature only in his soliloquies, and in occasional asides. Elsewhere, he is charismatic and friendly, and the advice he offers to both Cassio and Othello is superficially sound; as Iago himself remarks: "And what's he then, that says I play the villain, when this advice is free I give, and honest...?"

It is this dramatic irony that drives the play.

In Giuseppe Verdi's Otello, an 1887 operatic adaptation of the play, Iago reveals his theology in his Act II aria "Credo in un dio crudel", which has no counterpart in Shakespeare's original: he does believe in a god, but a cruel god who created him in his likeness and that the evil he does is to fulfill his destiny.  He also enunciates in the aria that he believes an honest man to be a mocking actor about whom everything is a lie and that mankind is simply a joke of  fate.

References

External links

 The Romantic Iago

Literary characters introduced in 1603
Fictional characters who break the fourth wall
Fictional Italian people in literature
Fictional domestic abusers
Fictional murderers
Fictional soldiers
Fictional uxoricides
Male characters in film
Male film villains
Male literary villains
Male Shakespearean characters
Othello
Shakespeare villains

Iago


Ameerpet is a residential hub located in the north-west part of Hyderabad, Telangana. Ameerpet is also a Mandal in Hyderabad District. The locality shares its borders with Sardar Patel Road and the National Highway 65. Though consisting of vacant plots till a few years back, the area is now bustling with some commercial and residential establishments.

Popular areas located close to Ameerpet include Panjagutta, Begumpet, Sanath Nagar and Somajiguda.

Until the early 90s, the area mostly consisted of vacant plots, Jagirdar lands, Nawabs Houses, Estates and roadside restaurants to serve the traffic along NH9 to Bombay. Commercial activity first shifted here from the center of the city in the 1990s with the expansion of the northern suburbs of Hyderabad due to ongoing construction activity in the area and its surrounding areas. Today it is a bustling locality with several commercial establishments along with high pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

History
The land was gifted by then 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI) to one of his Jagirdars named Amir Ali in the early 1900s. He built a small palace as his summer home and used the area as a summer resort since it was densely vegetated and had a pleasant climate and also water bodies. This palace now houses the "Nature Cure Hospital".

The third observatory of India called the "Nizamia Observatory" was set up here in Ameerpet by the Nizams. In 1908, Nawab Zafar Jung studied astronomy in England and he returned to Hyderabad along with two telescopes and an expert, whom he promised a net salary of 1500 osmania sikkas per month. He offered the telescopes to the Nizam, who ordered the installation of the telescopes at Ameerpet, where they remained for the next 50 years. The whole work of the 'Carte due Cite' Hyderabad Section was completed under the direction of T.P. Huascaran, who had published the remaining volumes of the astrographic catalog and this brought the work to a successful conclusion.

In 1923, the equatorial telescope by G. Rubb was erected and a Milne-Shaw seismograph was installed for the study of earthquakes and a second machine was added in 1929. A special underground chamber was constructed to house these delicate instruments. In 1928, at the request of the International Astronomical Union, the section of the sky originally allotted to the observatory at Potsdam (Germany) was undertaken by the Nizamia Observatory. The work of measurement and reduction was completed and three volumes were published by the International Astronomical Union. This observatory still stands here as a testimony to the development of Ameerpet.

The rest of the land of Ameerpet, after the merger of Hyderabad into the Indian Union, was later on passed on to his heirs who sold it in bits and pieces to other Jagirdars, nawabs, and other settlers. Most of these settlers were immigrants from neighboring states Andhra Pradesh and also other states of India namely Rajasthan, UP, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu. The substantial part of the land is still with Nawabs and Jagirdars. The value of land from the early 60s up to late 80s commanded higher prices than posher areas like Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills because of its proximity to Highway and Industrial areas. Telugu actor Allu Arjun bought Satyam theatre and developed his own multiplex called AAA Cinemas at that place.

Commerce
Ameerpet is known for its commerce and business of all kinds, but mainly as an education hub. It has several retail stores and many educational institutions like PAGE, TIME, PTE Academy, Ameerpet.org etc. which help students to get admission into institutes for pursuing higher studies.

Software training hub
Ameerpet is also a well-known destination for software training in India. Students from different parts of the country come to Ameerpet to join software training courses. They avail of quality software training at relatively low prices in online. Now offering online software trainings. As a result, Ameerpet is also gaining a worldwide reputation and people from other countries are also starting to come here to get trained in various kinds of software. Not only from India but even from various other parts of the world also students come to take coaching in software training online. A well-known Center for development of advance computing (C-DAC Hyderabad) is located in this area.

Transport
The Hyderabad Metro has Ameerpet metro station as a changeover station between Lines 1 and 3.

Buses run by TSRTC connect Ameerpet with all parts of the city.

The closest MMTS Train station is at Nature Cure hospital Railway Station and Begumpet Railway Station

Major landmarks
Landmarks include Nizamia Observatory, Saradhi Studios, HUDA Maitrivanam, Huda Swarna Jayanti Complex, Aditya Enclave, Aditya Trade Centre, Aster Prime Hospital, Passport Seva Kendra, Ameerpet Gurudwara, Ameerpet IT Training Centre, Asian Satyam Mall (AAA Cinemas), Masjid-E-Akhtarunissa Begum, Vcare Multi Speciality Hospital, Elephant House, and Training and Consulting Services & VASAVI MPM GRAND

Gallery

Other details
The pin code number 500016 belongs to Hyderabad, Telangana which covers 2 post offices. The first two digit of pin code denotes 50, which is listed in Telangana.

References
1

Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India
Shopping districts and streets in India

Ameerpet


Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are agencies that deal with medical emergencies, mostly by sending ambulances or other vehicles to help people who are severely ill or injured. Their job is to treat these people at the incident and to take them to a hospital if needed. There are two types of staffing. Paramedics provide Advanced levels of Emergency Medical Care. This is called Advanced Life Support (ALS). Some ambulances have staff with more basic training,and they are known as Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). They provide Basic levels of Emergency Medical Care. This is called Basic Life Support (BLS). Sometimes there are both on Ambulances. Doctors sometimes assist with care.

The exact role of the emergency medical services varies by country. In some countries like the US and UK, their job is seen as bringing the patients from an incident to treatment. Until the 1970s, their ambulances carried patients to hospital and gave them little medical care. Since then, paramedics have been trained to give some medical care before they get to hospital. Other countries like France and Germany run them in a different way, where their job is seen as bringing treatment to the patients. In those countries, doctors work on ambulances and they try to treat patients at the scene rather than take them to the hospital.

The type of organization that provides emergency medical services also varies by country. This may be:
A government EMS agency
A fire department
A hospital
A business
A non-profit organization, such as Red Cross and St John Ambulance

Related pages
Emergency medicine
First aid

Emergency services

Emergency medical services


Count Gustaf Adolf Levenhaupt (aka Löwenhaupt; 1619–1656) was a Swedish soldier and statesman.

He was appointed Major General in 1645, Privy Councilor in 1650, General in 1651, Field Marshal, in 1655 and Governor General of Riga, in 1656.  In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) he commanded troops at the Battle of Breitenfeld (First Battle of Leipzig), in 1642.

Queen Christina of Sweden promised him the Himmelpforten Convent with all its revenues, and on 30 July/ 9 August 1651O.S./N.S. he was invested with the convent as a fief heritable in the male line (Mannlehen). In the course of the Great Reduction of 1680 in the following year the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden revoked the enfeoffment to the Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt counts, so that Lewenhaupt's son Gustaf Mauritz (1651–1700) lost Himmelpforten again to the Swedish crown.

References

1619 births
1656 deaths
Field marshals of Sweden
Governors-General of Sweden
Members of the Privy Council of Sweden
Swedish people of German descent
Swedish counts
17th-century Swedish politicians
17th-century Swedish military personnel

Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt


Fred J. Haynes (born ) is a British-Canadian politician. He served as the mayor of Saanich, British Columbia from 2018 until 2022. Prior to being elected, Haynes was a high school teacher, university instructor, business networking tool publisher and business and economic development consultant. He is also an aikido instructor, in which he has an eighth degree black belt.

Haynes grew up in Kings Cross, London, the son of a seamstress mother and carpenter father. He is one of five children, and is a twin. His mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia, resulting in his father having to support the family.   While in England, he received a bachelor's degree in education from Victoria University. In England, he worked as a high school teacher. He then moved to Canada and earned a master's degree in science from the University of Guelph and a PhD in medical research from the University of Toronto. At the age of 36, he moved to Tokyo where he worked for a pharmaceutical company writing science papers. In Tokyo, he trained with the riot police, and met his wife Cathy, who is from Australia, and also has a black belt in aikido. After living in Japan, he moved back to Canada, eventually settling in Saanich in 2002.

Haynes ran for a spot on Saanich District Council in the 2014 municipal elections, running on a platform of keeping the cost of living affordable, economic development and government transparency. He was elected to council, finishing in 5th place (top 8 are elected), winning 13,492 votes. He had worked in grassroots community organizations in Saanich for 11 years prior to running for council.

Haynes ran for mayor in the 2018 municipal elections, taking on incumbent mayor Richard Atwell.  Haynes defeated Atwell by nearly 5,000 votes, winning with 48% of the vote. The election was embroiled in some legal confrontation.

In 2016 Haynes brought a motion to the Union of BC Municipalities conference to have the Province create new funding formulas for on-campus housing.  At the 2019 Union of BC Municipalities conference, Haynes indicated his support for lowering the voting age in municipal elections to 16.

Upon becoming Mayor, Haynes established the Mayor's standing committee on housing to help address the housing affordability crisis. This resulted in an award-winning housing strategy that helps provide a direction on how Saanich can accommodate a broader range of community housing needs. The strategy's intention is to build on existing actions, support partnerships, and focus on efforts on areas within municipal influence. This would be focused on urban areas near centres, villages and corridors, with the intention of supporting broader Saanich goals such as addressing climate change, preserving the natural environment, achieving transit-oriented development, and building walkable and healthy communities.

Haynes started working on Coop housing in 2015, when he brought forward a motion in support of You Hold the Key Campaign, which sought provincially delivered rent supplement program for lower income co-op members. His motion also requested the federal government commit to reinvesting in co-ops.  In 2022 he brought forward a new resolution to Council, that Saanich explore using its municipal lands for co-op housing.

During his time as Mayor the District of Saanich won several awards for their climate action policies and initiatives. Saanich also adopted a plan to ban single-use plastic grocery bags.

Long an advocate for mental health services, Haynes was a founding board member of Connections Place Victoria in 2016.

As Mayor of Saanich he served as Chair of the Saanich Police board. He oversaw the installation of two police chiefs, Scott Green and Dean Duffy who were appointed under the new fixed-term contract agreement.

Haynes lost his attempt at re-election in the 2022 municipal elections to Dean Murdock by just 152 votes.

References

Living people
1950s births
Canadian twins
Mayors of places in British Columbia
People from the Capital Regional District
Canadian aikidoka
Canadian schoolteachers
Schoolteachers from London
Businesspeople from British Columbia
Canadian consultants
English emigrants to Canada
People from Kings Cross, London
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Politicians from London
Politicians from Tokyo
Canadian emigrants to Japan
Canadian publishers (people)

Fred Haynes


The Warsaw–Kunowice railway is a 475-kilometer long railway line in Poland connecting Warsaw, Poznań through Łowicz, Kutno and further to the Polish-German border at Frankfurt an der Oder.

The line is one of the longest and most important routes in Poland and is part of the European E20 (Berlin - Moscow) route.

History

The present day line consists of parts of different railways constructed during the 19th century when Poland was divided between the Russian empire, Prussia and Austria.

The first calls for a railway between Poznań, which at the time as the capital of the Prussian controlled Grand Duchy of Poznań, and Frankfurt (Oder) were made in 1842 when an appeal was made to landowners along the route. However, the line did not come to fruition, due to the deposition of a decision on the matter by the government of Prussia. Eventually the line was built in stages from 1870 by the Margraviate-Poznań Railway company under concession from the Prussian government.

In 1862 the Warsaw-Bydgoszcz Railway was opened running from Łowicz in the Russian controlled Congress Poland, where it connected with a branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna railway, through Kutno, Aleksandrów Kujawski on the Russian-Prussian border, to Prussian controlled Toruń and Bydgoszcz. This line created a connection between Warsaw and Poznań through Toruń on the present day PKP line 353.

Between 1900 and 1902 the Russian broad gauge Warsaw–Kalisz Railway was built connecting Warsaw through Łowicz with Kalisz near the Prussian border and in 1906 extended with a dual-gauge segment to Prussian controlled Ostrów Wielkopolski through which a standard gauge line ran to Poznań.

After Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I the Warsaw-Kalisz Railway was rebuilt to standard gauge and in 1921 the first new line built in Poland was a missing link from Kutno through Konin to Strzałkowo from where a local line reached Poznań, significantly improving the connection between Warsaw and Poznań.

Between 1925 and 1930 the course of the section Chlastawa - Dąbrówka Zbąska changed in connection with the construction of the station in Zbąszynek. The original section of the line, built in 1870, remained active until the reconstruction of the Zbąszynek–Gorzów Wielkopolski railway as a temporary course of the line to Gorzów Wielkopolski. In Poznan and Września the course of the line has also been changed over the years.

Route
The town of Września has a bypass which is used by express trains, with a number of services leaving the line to serve the station in Września and rejoin the main line again afterwards.

Modernization
Between 1998 and 2007 the route underwent considerable modernization because of its importance as part of route E20. The work made it possible for passenger trains to travel at 160 km/h, freight trains at 120 km/h. This involved improving the track, catenary, stations, level crossings and signalling.

Usage
The line sees trains of all categories (EuroCity, EuroNight, Express InterCity, Intercity, TLK and regional services).

EuroCity services from Warsaw to Berlin and Gdansk to Berlin
EuroNight services from Moscow to Paris and from Warsaw to Cologne
Express Intercity, Intercity and TLK services along the route between Warsaw and Zbąszynek
Regional services
Polregio between Łowicz and Kutno, between Poznań and Zbąszynek, between Zbąszynek and Rzepin and between Rzepin and Frankfurt (Oder)
Koleje Mazowieckie between Warsaw and Kutno
Koleje Wielkopolskie between Kutno, Poznań and Zbąszynek

See also
 Railway lines of Poland

References

External links

Railway lines in Poland
Railway lines opened in 1870

Warsaw–Kunowice railway


Sigilmassasaurus was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Africa. Its name means ''Sijilmassa lizard", referring to the name of the city near the place where its fossils were found. Its species name "brevicollis" is Latin for "short neck", because the neck bones of the animal are very short.

Discovery
It was found and named by a Canadian paleontologist called Dale Russel in 1996, he found the fossils in Morocco at a fossil site called the Kem Kem Formation. The rocks the skeleton was found in are as old as the Cenomanian, which is the earliest stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, 100 to 94 million years ago.

Paleoecology

Several large predatory dinosaurs weighing more than one tonne are known from the Late cretaceous of North Africa, this made paleontologists wonder how so many of them would have lived together. Sigilmassasaurus existed in the same time and place as other huge meat-eating dinosaurs like Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Deltadromeus, and Bahariasaurus. The situation is a lot like in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America, where there were up to five meat-eating dinosaurs weighing more than a tonne, as well as many smaller ones. The difference between their sizes and what they ate could explain why they could live so close to each other, scientists compared this to how predatory animals live alongside each-other in the African savanna.

References

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Spinosauridae

Sigilmassasaurus


The 4th Shanghai International Film Festival was held between October 22 and October 31, 1999. Like the previous year, the Film Festival was divided into four activities:
Golden Cup International Film Competition
International Film Panorama
International Film and TV Market
Retrospectives with Seminar

338 films were entered.

The Turkish film Propaganda was named the winner of the Golden Goblet.

Jury
Wu Yigong, director (China)
Paolo Virzì, director (Italy)
Yasuo Furuhata, director (Japan)
Carole Bouquet, actress (France)
Park Kwang-su, director (South Korea)
Stanislav Rostotsky, director (Russia)
Zheng Dongtian, director (China)

In competition

Awards

Golden Goblet
Best Film- Propaganda (Turkey)
Silver Cup for Best Film- The Prompter (Norway)
Best Director- Yoji Yamada (for The New Voyage) (Japan)
Best Actor- Ahmad Zaki for Laugh, So the Photo Will Be Beautiful (Egypt)
Best Actress- Ai Liya for Genghis Khan (China)
Best Music- Beastie Girl (Austria)
Best Technology- A Midsummer Night's Dream (USA)

Special Jury Award
The Lunatics' Ball (director, Michael Thorp) (New Zealand)

External links
Archives of the Shanghai International Film Festival
4th SIFF at the Internet Movie Database

Shanghai
Film
Shanghai International Film Festival
1999 in Shanghai

1999 Shanghai International Film Festival


106.7 FM Rockklassiker is a Swedish rock radio station.

Rockklassiker (formerly Classic Hits) started out as a local radio station in Stockholm in 1994, and is today the second largest rock station in Sweden in terms of audience share. Its closest rival is Bandit Rock 106.3, another radio station based in Stockholm that mainly focuses on modern and alternative rock. Rockklassiker was elected "Radio station of the year 2001" by The Swedish Radio Academy.

106.7 FM Rockklassiker competes with nine other commercial stations in addition to six Government non-commercial stations. Its target group is 25- to 44-year-old males. Rockklassiker is today the largest radio station in this target. In Average Quarters (AQ) Rockklassiker is the 2nd largest commercial radio station in the market. Rockklassiker has been a consistent high performer in the ratings over the last couple of years.

References

External links
Official website
Listen Live
SBS Radio

Radio stations in Sweden
Rock radio stations
ProSiebenSat.1 Media
Mass media in Stockholm

Radio stations established in 1994

106.7 FM Rockklassiker


Amit Kandarp Shukla (born 2 January 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya) is a Kenyan cricketer. Shukla has represented the Kenya in List A cricket, and also the Kenya A cricket team. He was a part of the Southern Stars squad in the Sahara Elite League, and now is a part of the Kongonis team that takes part in the revamped structure in the East African tournaments (East Africa Premier League and East Africa Cup). A number of good performances more or less brought him a call-up, but it was mostly due to the mass exodus of senior players, a number of them after refusing central contracts offers to them by the board. It was the squad to face the UAE in the second round of the 2011–13 ICC Intercontinental Cup and the 2011–13 ICC Intercontinental Cup One-Day, with the latter being much significant as it served as qualification for the 2015 Cricket World Cup. He played just the one List A match against UAE, where he was not required to bat and conceded 17 runs off his three overs for no wicket. The opponent won the match by 4 wickets.

References

External links
 ESPNCricinfo Profile
 CricketArchive Profile

1985 births
Living people
Cricketers from Nairobi
Kenyan cricketers

Amit Shukla


(born 1978 in Tsuwano, Shimane) is a Japanese woman who abandoned her two infant children in an apartment in Calgary, Alberta while she visited her boyfriend. On her return ten days later, she found both children dead.

Fujii arrived in Canada in April 1997, planning to study English.  In 1998 she moved in with a boyfriend, Peter Brown. The following year, her visa about to expire, Fujii returned to Japan.  Some months later, she returned to Canada, this time on a tourist visa. On February 9, 2000, Fujii gave birth to a son, Domenic Ryu Brown. Although her visa expired, she continued to stay in Canada illegally.  On February 24, 2001, Fujii gave birth to daughter Gemini Brown; between February and March, Fujii resided at an emergency shelter in Calgary, until beginning a relationship with a new boyfriend, Chris Knowler. On April 10, Fujii and her two children moved into an apartment on 14th Avenue South East; Fujii began leaving the children at home alone, sometimes overnight, while visiting Knowler's apartment. In May, Knowler moved out of his apartment, stayed with Fujii and her children for a few days, and then moved to his father's residence in Cochrane, Alberta.

On May 8, Fujii left her two children alone in her apartment, with a bottle for each child, to visit Knowler in Cochrane.  She stayed ten days, during which time both children died of starvation. On her return to her 14th Avenue apartment, Fujii discovered her children's bodies. She placed Gemini's body in a plastic bag, which she threw in a dumpster, leaving Domenic's body in the apartment. Two days later, she returned to Cochrane and stayed with Knowler for four days, returning for a further seven days at the end of May. On June 5, 2001, Pritpal Sandhu, the owner of the apartment, having received no response to an eviction notice, contacted police after opening the unit's door and smelling rotting flesh. Fujii was arrested on June 6. She was sentenced to eight years in prison for manslaughter; she was denied parole in 2004.

According to the summary of the case published in the Criminal Case Bulletin,
the 24 year old female offender, with no previous criminal record, left her two infant children alone for 10 days while she was with her boyfriend. The children, aged 3 months and 15 months, died of dehydration or starvation. She disposed of one body. When the other was discovered, she told the police a lie about the other. Eventually the truth came out.

After her sentencing a psychiatrist testified that Fujii seemed happy that her children were dead.  Fujii was deported to Japan in 2006, after serving five years of her sentence.

See also
 The four abandoned children of Sugamo
 The two abandoned children of Osaka, a very similar story wherein two children were sealed in an Osaka apartment to die of starvation

References
 R. v. Fujii, 2002 ABQB 805 — sentencing decision by Justice Peter Martin of the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench
 Calgary Herald: "I tried my best to become a good mother to my babies"
 CBC News: Child Murders
 Criminal Case Bulletin

1978 births
Living people
Child abandonment
People from Shimane Prefecture
Japanese people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of Canada
Japanese people convicted of manslaughter
Child abuse resulting in death

Rie Fujii


Liubov Paradieva Sereda (Russian: Любовь Парадиева Середа; born 1945) is a retired Soviet rhythmic gymnast. She is a two time (1969, 1967) World All-around silver medalist.

Biography
Sereda was born in Grozny, Republic of Chechnya. As a child she wanted to be a ballerina, she started gymnastics at age 10. She and her coach Silaeva later moved to Kyiv to train in rhythmic gymnastics.

She was a four time USSR Cup champion. Sereda competed in her first World championship at the 1967 Worlds in Copenhagen, Denmark. She was the favorite to win the All-around gold where she was leading the first three rotations until a drop from the last apparatus in rope placed her in third, she won the bronze in All-around behind East German Ute Lehmann with teammate Elena Karpuchina taking the gold medal. She won the Freehands

At the 1969 World Championships in Varna, she shared the silver with Bulgarian Neshka Robeva and teammate Galima Shugurova. She won the silver in ball and bronze medal in rope and hoop final. At the end of her sporting career, she briefly took up as a coach, she taught at the Kyiv Institute of Physical Education as an English teacher. In 1990, Sereda relocated to Moscow, Russia where she is working in a Moscow Sports School.

References

External links

1945 births
Ukrainian rhythmic gymnasts
Soviet rhythmic gymnasts
Gymnasts from Moscow
Living people
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships

Liubov Sereda


Annie Antón is an academic and researcher in the fields of computer science, mathematical logic, and bioinformatics.

She is a professor in the School of Interactive Computing at Georgia Tech, within its College of Computing. She is the founder and director of ThePrivacyPlace.org, a research center devoted to issues of privacy protection in information systems. She has also held advisory positions in industry and government.

Antón served as chair of the School of Interactive Computing from 2012 to 2017. From 1998 to 2012, Antón served as a professor of software engineering at North Carolina State University.

Early life and education
Antón is a Cuban American.  She attended St. Pius X Catholic High School in Atlanta. Despite having dyslexia and attention deficit disorder, she continued on to college, eventually receiving her B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology, finishing in 1997.  She was active in several student organizations, including as a student member of the Georgia Tech National Advisory Board and was an honorary member of the ANAK Society.

Career
After a year on the faculty of the University of South Florida, Professor Antón joined the faculty at North Carolina State University in 1998.  There, her research and teaching interests were in software engineering (especially requirements engineering), information security, privacy, and public policy.  In 2012, Professor Antón left NCSU to become Chair of Georgia Tech's School of Interactive Computing.

Antón is the founder and director of ThePrivacyPlace.org, a research group of students and faculty at NCSU, Georgia Tech, and Purdue University. She is leading this group in the development of technology to assist practitioners and policymakers in meeting the challenge of eliciting and expressing policies (a form of requirements). These tools help ensure that privacy policies are aligned with the software systems that they govern.

Boards and advisory positions

2003–2005 Microsoft Research University Relations Advisory Board
 2003–present ACM U.S. Public Policy Committee
 2005–2012 Member of executive committee
 2008 Co-Vice Chair of executive committee
 2011–2012 Vice Chair of executive committee
 2004–2005 IDA/DARPA Defense Science Study Group
 2005–2009 NSF CISE Advisory Council
 2005–2007 CRA Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research
 2006–2012 Board of Directors of the Computing Research Association
 2006-2012 U.S. Department of Homeland Security Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee (DPIAC)
 2006–present Intel Corporation Special Topics External Review Board
 2007–2010 Georgia Tech Alumni Association Board of Trustees
 2008–present Future of Privacy Forum Advisory Board
 2012–present National Academy of Sciences Future Research Goals and Directions for Foundational Science in Cybersecurity
 2014–present CRA-CCC Privacy by Design Workshop Organizing Committee
 2016–present NIST Information Security and Privacy Advisory Board
 2016–present President's Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity

Selected honors

2000 NSF CAREER Award
 2002 Computing Research Association Digital Government Fellow
 2003 NCSU College of Engineering Pride of the Wolfpack Award
 2005 CSO (Chief Security Officer) Magazine's Woman of Influence in the Public Sector Award
 2009 ACM Distinguished Scientist
 2015 Alpha Delta Pi National Outstanding Alumnae Achievement Award for Contribution to Profession

References

External links
Antón's Georgia Tech faculty profile
Annie Antón's homepage at NCSU
ThePrivacyPlace

Living people
Georgia Tech alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
American women computer scientists
North Carolina State University faculty
Computer security academics
Scientists with dyslexia
American scientists with disabilities
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women scientists
American computer scientists
21st-century American scientists
American women academics

Annie Antón


Sem Benelli (August 10, 1877 – December 18, 1949) was an Italian playwright, essayist and librettist.  He provided the texts for several noted Italian operas, including Italo Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re and L'incantesimo, and Umberto Giordano's La cena delle beffe, based on Benelli's own play of the same title.  He was a native of Prato. His dramatic play of La Gorgona was first staged in Trieste in 1913.

The play The Jester's Supper was a great New York theatre success in 1919 under the title The Jest, starring Lionel and John Barrymore. In Italy Paola Pezzaglia was considered the best male protagonist of La cena delle beffe, after an incident in 1913 when the leading man collapsed before playing the character of Giannetto; she took his place achieving resounding success. Ever since Pezzaglia carried on doing the same role again and again.

He wrote the screenplay for the 1942 film The Jester's Supper based on his own famous play.

References

1877 births
1949 deaths
People from Prato
Italian dramatists and playwrights
Italian opera librettists
Italian male dramatists and playwrights
Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals

Sem Benelli


The tonalamatl  is a divinatory almanac used in central Mexico in the decades, and perhaps centuries, leading up to the Spanish conquest.  The word itself is Nahuatl in origin, meaning "pages of days".

The tonalamatl was structured around the sacred 260-day year, the tonalpohualli.  This 260-day year consisted of 20 trecena of 13 days each.  Each page of a tonalamatl represented one trecena, and was adorned with a painting of that trecena's reigning deity and decorated with the 13 day-signs and 13 other glyphs.  These day-signs and glyphs were used to cast horoscopes and discern the future.

The best surviving examples of tonalamatl are the Codex Borbonicus and the Codex Borgia.

See also
Aztec calendar

References

Bibliography

Astrological texts
Aztec calendars
Aztec mythology and religion
Almanacs

es:Tonalamatl

Tonalamatl


Human rights in Somaliland are protected by Chapter one, Part three of the Constitution of Somaliland. Somaliland is an unrecognised sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, internationally considered to be part of Somalia.

Amnesty International criticizes the persistence of the death penalty and cases of controversial detentions and trials in Somaliland.

In January 2007, the editor and several journalists of the Haatuf newspaper were arrested because they had "defamed" the president's family with their corruption allegations. Under pressure from Somalilander expats and local media, the government released the journalists after 86 days in custody.  Other journalists dealing with corruption were also victims of intimidation.
Asylum seekers from the Ethiopian regions of Somali and Oromia, who are suspected of supporting the separatist Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) or the Oromo Liberation Front, have been repatriated to Ethiopia at the request of the Ethiopian government. According to human rights organizations, these people are at risk of arbitrary detention and torture. However, this order was not carried out.

As of 2009, Freedom House names the following human rights problems in Somaliland: corruption, interference and harassment of journalists, banning non-Islamic proselytizing, banning public demonstrations, lack of due process and prolonged detention before trial, weak judiciary and female genital mutilation.

Freedom of expression
It is forbidden in Somaliland to promote the unity of Somaliland with Somalia, or to wear the flag of Somalia.

References

External links
Somaliland human rights law
Somaliland National Human Rights Commission

Human rights in Somaliland
Politics of Somaliland
Society of Somaliland

Human rights in Somaliland


Arun Shourie (born 2 November 1941) is an Indian economist, journalist, author and politician. He has worked as an economist with the World Bank, a consultant to the Planning Commission of India, editor of the Indian Express and The Times of India and a Minister of Communications and Information Technology in the Vajpayee Ministry (1998–2004). He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982 and the Padma Bhushan in 1990.

Popularly perceived as one of the main Hindu nationalist intellectuals during the 90s and early 2000s, for instance writing controversial works on Islam and Christianity apart from attacks on left-wing ideologues, he considers himself skeptical of religions, especially the concept of the organised religion.

Early life & education
Arun Shourie was born in Jalandhar, British India, on 2 November 1941.

Shourie did his schooling at Modern School, Barakhamba, and did his bachelor's in Economics(H) from the St. Stephen's College, Delhi. He then obtained his doctorate in Economics from Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University in 1966.

Personal life
Shourie is married to Anita, and they have a son. His sister is the journalist Nalini Singh. Arun Shourie speaks about his personal life and reviews his life events as case diaries "My writing is like the case diary of an advocate which is aimed at winning a case" and his opinions on journalism.

He is skeptical of religions and especially the concept of organised religion. He shared his life experiences in the 2011-book Does He Know a Mother's Heart: How Suffering Refutes Religion. In his 2020-book Preparing for Death, he wrote about dealing with mortality, and added that others can approach this eventuality by looking at the examples of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Gautama Buddha, Ramana Maharshi, Mahatma Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave.

Career

Economist
Shortly after receiving PhD in economics from Syracuse University Shourie joined World Bank as an economist in 1967 where he worked for more than 10 years. Simultaneously, between 1972 and 1974, he was a consultant to the Indian Planning Commission and it was around this time that he began writing articles as a journalist, criticising economic policy.

Journalism
In 1975, during The Emergency imposed by then prime minister, Indira Gandhi, Shourie began writing for the Indian Express in opposition to what he saw as an attack on civil liberties. The newspaper, owned by Ramnath Goenka, was a focal point for the government's efforts at censorship. He became a fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research in 1976. In January 1979, Goenka appointed Shourie as executive editor of the newspaper, giving him a carte blanche to do with it as he saw fit. He developed a reputation as an intelligent, fearless writer and editor who campaigned for freedom of the press, exposed corruption and defended civil liberties such that, in the words of Martha Nussbaum, "his dedication to the truth has won admiration throughout the political spectrum".

Shourie has been called a "veteran journalist". Shourie was a winner of the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982, in the Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts category as "a concerned citizen employing his pen as an effective adversary of corruption, inequality and injustice." In 2000, he was named as one of the International Press Institute's World Press Freedom Heroes. He has also been named International Editor of the Year Award and was awarded The Freedom to Publish Award.

Politics
He was nominated from the state of Uttar Pradesh as a BJP representative for two successive tenures in the Rajya Sabha, thus being a Member of Parliament for 1998–2004 and 2004–2010. He held the office of the Minister of Disinvestment, Communication and Information Technology in the government of India under Vajpayee's prime ministership. As Disinvestment Minister, he led the sale of Maruti, VSNL, Hindustan Zinc among others.

Shourie was among many who objected to The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986, which the government headed by Rajiv Gandhi proposed to alleviate communal violence and retain Muslim votes. Claimed by the government to be a reinforcement of India's constitutional secularism, it was widely criticised by both Muslims and Hindus. The liberals among them, says Ainslie Embree, saw it as "a capitulation to the forces of Islamic obscurantism, a return ... to the thirteenth century"; the Hindu revivalist critics thought it was "weakening Indian unity". Shourie wrote articles that tried to show that the treatment of women as required by the Quran would in fact offer them protection, although the application of Islamic law in practice was oppressing them. He was in turn criticised for what was perceived as a thinly-veiled attack on Islam itself, with Rafiq Zakaria, the Muslim scholar, saying that Shourie's concern for reform of Islam was in fact demonstrative of Hindu contempt that used the plight of Muslim women as an example of the backwardness of the community. Vir Sanghvi termed it "Hindu chauvinism with a liberal face".

After the defeat of the BJP in 2009 general elections, Shourie asked for introspection and accountability within the party. He deplored factionalism within the party and those who brief journalists to aid their own agenda.

Shourie has been described by Christophe Jaffrelot, a political scientist, as "a writer sympathetic to militant Hindu themes" and has publicly voiced support for the aims of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a nationalist Hindutva organisation. This has caused unease among some of those who admire his journalism. He has said that, although he sees a danger from perceived Muslim violence such as the Godhra train burning incident of 2002, people have tended to redefine the "Hindutva" term. He says that prominent members of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), of which he is a member and which has ties to the RSS — specifically, L. K. Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee —  have shown their opposition to sectarian hatred and in their attempts to make the BJP inclusive have tried to marginalise those on both the Muslim and Hindu extremes who promote such hatred. As a political scientist he views that present electoral system does not concern competency and integrity. He emphasised his views in a cultural conference called Tomorrow's India Global Summit and added that the pressure to bring about change in the present electoral system should come from the society.

Writer
Arun Shourie has written numerous books. According to Martha Nussbaum, the traits of his writings are:

With the exception of Mahatma Gandhi, he has little time for any religious thinker and, says Nussbaum, his books "nowhere ... seek to provide balance; nowhere is there a sense of complexity. All have the same mocking, superior tone."

Historian D.N. Jha criticized Shourie's book Eminent Historians, which concerned the NCERT textbook controversies, that it contains "slander" and "has nothing to do with history."

IIT Kanpur
In 2000, Shourie pledged the entire amount (Rs. 12 crore) of discretionary spending available to him under Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) to setting up of Bio-Sciences & Bio-engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. In 2005, he again pledged Rs. 11 crore for developing a separate building for Environmental Sciences and Environmental Engineering at the institute.

Books
Author
Symptoms of fascism, New Delhi : Vikas, 1978, 322 p.
Hinduism : essence and consequence : a study of the Upanishads, the Gita and the Brahma-Sutras, Sahibabad : Vikas House, 1979, 414 p.
Institutions in the Janata phase, Bombay : Popular Prakashan, 1980, 300 p.
Mrs Gandhi's second reign, New Delhi : Vikas; New York : Distributed by Advent Books, 1983, 532 p.
The Assassination & after, New Delhi : Roli Books Internat., 1985, 160 p.
On the current situation : new opportunities, new challenges, Pune : New Quest, 1985, 57 p.
Religion in Politics, New Delhi : Roli Books, 1987, 334 p.
Individuals, institutions, processes : how one may strengthen the other in India today, New Delhi, India; New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Viking, 1990, 239 p.
The State as charade: V.P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar & the rest, New Delhi : Roli Books, 1991, 425 p.
"The Only fatherland" : communists, "Quit India", and the Soviet Union, New Delhi : ASA Publications, 1991, 204 p.
These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men, and his regime, New Delhi : Roli Books, 1991, 433 p.
A Secular Agenda: For Saving Our Country, for Welding It, New Delhi : ASA Publications, 1993, 376 p.
Indian Controversies: Essays on Religion in Politics, New Delhi : Rupa & Co., 1993, 522 p.
Missionaries in India : continuities, changes, dilemmas, New Delhi : ASA Publications, 1994, 305 p.
World of Fatwas: Shariah in Action, New Delhi : ASA Publications, 1995, 685 p.
Worshipping False Gods: Ambedkar, and the facts which have been erased, New Delhi : ASA Publ., 1997, 663 p.
Eminent Historians: Their Technology, Their Life, Their Fraud, New Delhi : ASA Publ., 1998, 271 p.
Harvesting Our Souls: Missionaries, Their Design, Their Claims, New Delhi : ASA Publ., 2000, 432 p.
Courts and Their Judgments: Premises, Prerequisites, Consequences, New Delhi : Rupa & Co., 2001, 454 p.
Governance And The Sclerosis That Has Set In, New Delhi : ASA Publ., 2005, 262 p.
Will the Iron Fence Save a Tree Hollowed by Termites?: Defence Imperatives Beyond the Military, New Delhi : ASA Publications, 2005, 485 p.
Falling Over Backwards: An Essay on Reservations, and on Judicial Populism, New Delhi : ASA : Rupa & Co., 2006, 378 p.
The Parliamentary System: What We Have Made Of It, What We Can Make Of It, New Delhi : Rupa & Co., 2006, 264 p.
Where Will All this Take Us?: Denial, Disunity, Disarray, New Delhi : Rupa & Co., 2006, 604 p.
Are We Deceiving Ourselves Again?: Lessons the Chinese Taught Pandit Nehru But which We Still Refuse to Learn, New Delhi : ASA Publ., 2008, 204 p.
We Must Have No Price: National Security, Reforms, Political Reconstruction, New Delhi : Express Group : Rupa & Co., 2010, 343 p.
Does He Know A Mothers Heart : How Suffering Refutes Religion, Noida : HarperCollins, 2011, 444 p.
Two Saints: Speculations Around and About Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Ramana Maharishi, Noida : HarperCollins, 2017, 496 p.
Anita Gets Bail: What Are Our Courts Doing? What Should We Do About Them?, Noida : HarperCollins, 2018, 288 p.
Preparing For Death, India Viking, 2020, 528 p.
The Commissioner Of Lost Causes, Penguin Viking, 2022, 616 p.

Co-author
with Amarjit Kaurn, Raghu Rai et al., The Punjab story, New Delhi : Roli books international, 1984, 199 p.
with Sita Ram Goel, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi and Ram Swarup, Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them Vol. I : A Preliminary Survey, New Delhi : Voice of India, 1990, 191 p.
with Sita Ram Goel, Koenraad Elst, Ram Swarup, Freedom of expression — Secular Theocracy Versus Liberal Democracy, Voice of India (1998).
with Arun Jaitley, Swapan Dasgupta, Rama J Jois, Harsh Narain-The Ayodhya Reference:Suprema Court judgment and commentaries, Voice of India(1994)

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

 Interview at rediff.com
 Interview from December 2013 at rediff.com

External links

1941 births
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi
Indian anti-communists
Indian investigative journalists
Living people
Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
People from Jalandhar
Punjab, India politicians
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
World Bank people
20th-century Indian journalists
Indian male journalists
Journalists from Punjab, India
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni
Commerce and Industry Ministers of India
Modern School (New Delhi) alumni

Arun Shourie


William Adelin (1103–1120), sometimes Atheling , was the titular Duke of Normandy and heir apparent to the crown of England.

Early career

William, born in 1103, was the only son of Henry I of England and his wife Matilda of Scotland.  He was nicknamed Adelin meaning crown prince as he was the heir apparent to the throne. Henry of Huntingdon said of young William that he was full of pride and was arrogant. The historian William of Malmesbury quotes him as saying of the English: "if he came to reign over them, he would make them draw the plough like oxen." Henry arranged a marriage for his young son to Matilda of Anjou. She was the eldest daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou in February 1113 near Alençon. But Fulk agreed to this without the permission of the king of France.

Duke of Normandy

During king Henry I's lifetime William was invested by Henry as Duke of Normandy. But this was a title he held more in name than practice.  Henry made William the duke when he was pressed by the king of France, Louis VI, to pledge his fealty.  Henry as a king himself thought this was beneath him so in 1115 he offered to have William do this in his place.  The offer was at first refused. But, later after a period of war Louis accepted him. William did homage to Louis VI in the middle of 1120.

William's mother Queen Matilda served as Henry's regent in England while he was away in Normandy.  After her death in 1118 William was old enough to serve as regent which he did for a year. It is clear that a group of Henry's advisors were there to help both Matilda and William.

In 1119, William and Matilda of Anjou married. The ceremony took place in June at the cathedral of Lisieux. The lordship of Maine was to be Matilda's dowry.

Death

William died in the White Ship tragedy of 25 November 1120. The White Ship was a newer vessel and her captain was Thomas FitzStephen. He offered to let Henry I of England use it to return to England from Barfleur in Normandy. Henry had already arranged his passage but allowed his son William Adelin and many other nobles to use the White Ship.
According to Orderic Vitalis William Adelin and his friends were drinking liberally and allowed the ship's crew to have drink also. By the time the ship was ready to leave there were about 300 people on board. Told to overtake the king's ship the captain set sail after dark. But the ship soon hit a rock in the harbor and quickly sank. William Adelin got into a small boat to escape but turned back to help his half-sister, Matilda, Countess of Perche. When others tried to climb into the boat it was swamped and sank. William and all of his companions died.

William's wife was on another ship at the time of the disaster, and survived him. Henry I kept her in England in hopes of marrying her to a nobleman. He wanted to control the county of Maine through her. But her father returned from Jerusalem a year later. He demanded she be returned to Anjou. But Henry refused. Eventually Henry sent her home. She returned to Anjou where she became a nun. Eventually she became Abbess of Fontevrault.

Aftermath

The sinking of the White ship was tremendous loss for Henry. His only legitimate son and heir was lost.  Several of Henry's illegitimate children were lost as well. The remaining 300 who drowned were among the richest and best known of the nobility of the day. It was the worst maritime disaster of the Middle Ages.

William Adelin's body was never found meaning there could be no funeral and no tomb. Henry's good fortune took a turn for the worse. Since William Adelin had died and his wife eventually returned to Anjou, Henry's alliance with her father was now cancelled. Henry quickly remarried to Adeliza, the daughter of Godfrey, Duke of Brabant. Although still a teenager she became a popular queen. Even so they never had any children so Henry's attempt to have a male heir to succeed him died with William Adelin.

Notes

References

1100s births
1120 deaths
House of Normandy
Heirs apparent who never acceded

William Adelin


The Forest City and Gettysburg Railroad was a small, short-lived railroad that ran between the South Dakota towns of  Forest City and  Gettysburg, a distance of 19 miles.  The line was constructed in 1890, and in part transported agricultural products to Forest City for transshipment on Missouri River steamboats.  Commercial traffic on the river was already in decline by that time, however, and the railroad was not financially successful; it was abandoned in 1911, one of the first rail lines in the state to be discontinued.  The line was financially supported in part by the Chicago and North Western Railway, which connected with the line in Gettysburg.

Small segments of the former railroad grade remain visible today.  The line's former western terminus at Forest City is now beneath the waters of Lake Oahe.

References
Hufstetler, Mark and Michael Bedeau.  South Dakota's Railroads:  An Historic Context.  Pierre, South Dakota:  South Dakota State Historic Preservation Office, 1998.

Defunct South Dakota railroads
Transportation in Potter County, South Dakota

Forest City and Gettysburg Railroad


David Beauchamp (born 1936) is a New Zealand born, Australian civil engineer who has contributed extensively to engineering heritage and research.

Education, qualifications and career

Beauchamp was born in Auckland New Zealand in 1936, and  spent his childhood in Picton before going to Canterbury University College  where he completed his  B.E. (Civil) in 1958. He was captain of the CUC athletic team in his final year winning the Lovelock Relay in Dunedin. He worked in the New Zealand Ministry of Works in Fiji and Wellington, then moved  to Melbourne late in 1963, taking a position with  Civil & Civic followed by  John Connell & Associates until 1969. He also spent a year working for Mott, Hay and Anderson in their London, UK bridge design section during this period.

He founded his own structural and civil consultancy practice in March 1969, David Beauchamp Pty. Ltd.  based in Princes Hill, and latterly Beauchamp Hogg Spano Consultants Pty Ltd in Richmond.  The firm specialises in Engineering Design & Consulting Services and Naval Architecture Services, and has worked with many of Melbourne's leading architects on the design of structures for a wide range of buildings.

In later years he specialised in forensic and heritage engineering. He has prepared reports on building Murtoa Grain Store, the Parliament House, Melbourne, the world heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building Melbourne, and several historic bridges including the Barwon Heads Bridge Geelong, Princes Bridge, Melbourne and the 1867 Ellerslie Bridge.

In the 1970s Beauchamp collaborated with George Tibbits and Miles Lewis on an analysis of the historic fabric of Carlton, for which they were awarded the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (Victorian Chapter) Robin Boyd Environmental Medal for their report Urban Renewal Carlton an Analysis. This report was an important contribution to the change in planning policy which stopped the Housing Commission of Victoria's Program for demolishing 80 hectares of the historic inner Melbourne suburb of Carlton.

Beauchamp was the first chairman of the Council for the Historic Environment, an inaugural member of the Victorian Heritage Council in 1995 and a member of the National Trust Historic Bridges Committee. He has also been a member of ICOMOS, the Australian Planning Institute, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Engineers Australia, and chair of Engineering Heritage Victoria.

References

Selected publications
 Tibbits, GR and Beauchamp, D. John Harry Grainger: Engineer and Architect [online]. Australian Journal of Multi-disciplinary Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2010: 11–22. Availability: informit.com.au . [cited 28 Nov 13].

Engineers from Melbourne
1936 births
Australian civil engineers
Living people
People from Auckland

David Beauchamp


Orca is the name of two fictional anti-hero characters who appear in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly known as one of the adversaries to the superhero Batman.

Publication history
The Grace Balin version of Orca first appeared in Batman #579 (July 2000) and was created by Larry Hama and Scott McDaniel.

The Dean Toye version of Orca first appeared in Aquaman (vol. 8) #12.

Fictional character biography

Grace Balin
Grace Balin attends Gotham Gate College and quickly becomes fascinated with the ocean. She receives a Ph.D. in marine biology and bio-medicine and takes a job at the Gotham Aquarium. She is a very charitable person who funds an after-school program involving the ocean for underprivileged youths. She also volunteers at a soup shelter and takes care of many homeless people. Dr. Balin is later involved in an accident that leaves her paralyzed, dependent on a wheelchair for mobility. She continues to work at the Gotham Aquarium until it is supposed to be closed for lack of funding. Grace experiments with spinal cord tissue regeneration using orca spinal cord tissue. The gene therapy studies and human experimentation that she was conducting are deemed controversial, resulting in her loss of funding. It is implied that Grace used a chemical formula that she derived from an orca in the aquarium on herself and that this is what caused her to transform into Orca. She can easily switch between being Orca and her regular appearance as Dr. Balin, although she is still paralyzed as Balin even if Orca is fully mobile. Orca begins a crime spree in Gotham City by stealing a valuable diamond called the Flame of Persia from rogue millionaire Camille Baden-Smythe. After the theft, Batman becomes involved. Orca's dedication to what she perceives as justice conflicts with Batman's attempts to see that everyone is entitled to legal protection even if he dislikes them personally. Orca aims to sell the diamond and use the proceeds to help fund several projects for underprivileged people. After her attempt to sell the diamond back to Camille Baden-Smythe fails with the discovery that she had stolen the diamond originally, Orca attempts to kill her. Camille's security force shoots Orca several times, mortally wounding her. After an extensive underwater chase — Batman using an aquatic-equipped suit — she begins changing back into Dr. Balin in an underwater cavern, telling Batman that the only way that she can survive is if he gives her the rest of the chemical formula that turned her into Orca and that this would permanently transform her into Orca. Although Camille tried to forbid Batman from giving her the formula, arguing that such an action would make Batman responsible for everyone she would subsequently kill, Batman, states that they are all responsible for their actions, as well as that he refuses to allow anyone to die. Having ingested the formula, Orca swims away and resolved to continue her current career. It is revealed that the jewel was then sold to its original owner and that the money was used to build a new recreation center near the aquarium as well as to "...gentrify a derelict waterfront tenement".

Orca is not seen again until she appears as a prisoner in the Slab during the Joker's "Last Laugh" riots. She can escape during the riots with King Shark.

One Year Later, Orca is found dead in the sewers under Gotham City. She appears to have been shot in the head by Harvey Dent's gun, although Batman is convinced Dent is not the true killer. He finds that her body has been partially eaten by Killer Croc. Orca's husband Terry was murdered by the Tally Man while he was being questioned about the disappearance of his wife by a private investigator Jason Bard. During the investigation it is revealed that Orca was working for the Penguin along with now deceased supervillains the KGBeast, the Magpie, and the Ventriloquist. Someone had contracted Orca and other supervillains to turn on the Penguin and rob one of his storage facilities. Harvey Dent catches them and instructs them to stay loyal to Penguin and to get any information they could about him. Dent is the prime suspect in their murders, but it turns out that they were orchestrated by the Great White Shark, who plans on becoming the top crime boss in Gotham. He manages to accomplish two tasks at once, weakening the Penguin's forces and transforming Harvey Dent back into Two-Face.

In the "DC Rebirth" relaunch, Orca and her Death Cycle are mentioned by Cheshire and Copperhead as some of the many villains who have attempted to kill Batman for Two-Face. Her first appearance is in Nightwing (vol. 4) #11, where she is a part of a criminal group in Bludhaven called the Whale's Enders and is ordered to kill Nightwing. Grace was formerly a member of the Run-Offs, a rehab group for former Gotham supervillains, but left because she considered herself too much of a monster to relate to them (implying that her transformation is permanent). After Nightwing and the Run-Offs defeat her, she reveals that they were just a distraction for Carter Forsyth to be killed by the False Face Society.

During Raptor's invasion of Bludhaven, Roland Desmond demonstrates his power to the Whale's Enders by easily taking down Orca with his bare hands. The Whale's Enders try to replicate Grace's formula to transform themselves into whale hybrids to level the playing field, but fail miserably and dissolve after they are defeated by Nightwing. When Raptor starts wreaking havoc in the city by using Roland's Blockbuster formula on the citizens, the Run-Offs seek Grace's knowledge in developing an antidote to cure the affected people. Orca's biochemistry knowledge helps save the city and she rejoins the Run-Offs at the end of the story arc.

During the Gotham City Monsters story Orca is shown to be a semi-vigilante by protecting Gotham Harbors from crime as she considered it her home and joins Andrew Bennet, Frankenstien, Killer Croc, Lady Clay, and later Batwoman to hunt down King Melmoth after her nephew is killed by him.

Orca then reappears in Suicide Squad: King Shark when she attacks King Shark while one of Orca's old rehab friends now Suicide Squad member Defacer attempts to stop the fighting but Orca is then attacked by sharks and supposedly dies. She is shown to be alive and later helps the two fight the Squad's magic division as well as fighting the island's inhabitants when they are possessed and returning to Bludhaven with Defacer after.

She makes an appearance in The Joker vol. 2 in a short story showing that she is now incarcerated in the women's section of Blackgate penitentiary following a parole violation set up by the Queen of Hearts a member of the Royal Flush Gang at Blackgate who hires Orca to takeout the Joker's lackey Punchline  which she does, confronting her in the showers before fighting and eventually beating her to a pulp. She then joins the Queen and her gang in the prison infirmary as she attempts to kill Punchline only for Orca to turn on her having made a deal with Punchline during their scuffle and as for revenge for landing her in prison as she was about to go straight. Punchline declares herself the new queen of the prison and makes Orca her enforcer as the two then leave the Queen at the hands of her former gang. Later when Punchline orders her prison followers to find a specific inmate Orca finds them but the inmate reveals themselves as an undercover reporter trying to expose Punchline for her involvement during the Joker's takeover of Gotham and claims that she has a "Source" that can help Orca expunge her criminal record. She agrees but Punchline later learns about their plans and sends her followers after them. Orca manages to help the reporter escape but is soon overwhelmed and later drugged by Punchline for her betrayal.

Dean Toye
In the "DC Rebirth" relaunch, there is also another human/killer whale hybrid also called Orca. Sergeant Dean Toye is a member of the Aquamarines, task-forced military operations trained and transformed to combat Atlantis in case of a crisis. As the second-in-command to Major Rhonda Ricoh who has the codename of "Great White", Orca and the Aquamarines are dispatched by the government to kill Aquaman at the time when he was framed by the organization N.E.M.O. Orca and the Aquamarines are defeated by Aquaman and are detained by the Atlanteans as prisoners of war.

Powers and abilities
The Grace Balin version of Orca has immense physical attributes and the ability to operate underwater. Orca's sense of smell is so acute that she can easily find her quarry, even if its visibility was low. She must submerge herself in water before dehydration or after long periods on land. In both forms, Orca possesses a brilliant scientific mind.

The Dean Toye version of Orca also has similar powers, as well as expertise in firearms.

In other media
 The Grace Balin incarnation of Orca appears in The Lego Batman Movie, voiced by Laura Kightlinger.
 The Grace Balin incarnation of Orca appears in Lego Dimensions via The Lego Batman Movie DLC pack.
 The Grace Balin incarnation of Orca appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic as a member of Ra's al Ghul's Suicide Squad and lover of squad-mate Killer Croc. After getting married and becoming pregnant with Croc's child, Ra's deactivates her and Killer Croc's bombs so they can live a happy life together. However, the pair kill Ra's and allow Gorilla Grodd to take over command of the squad to ensure their teammates' safety.

References

Animal supervillains
Characters created by Larry Hama
Comics characters introduced in 2000
DC Comics animals
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
 DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics hybrids
DC Comics scientists
DC Comics metahumans
Fictional female scientists
Fictional human–animal hybrids
Fictional orcas
Fictional therianthropes

Orca (DC Comics)