Mohammad Ahmadi is an Iranian film director, cinematographer and producer.

Awards
Gold plate and honorary diploma for best dialogue from the fourth Kish Festival, 2002
Honorary diploma for best dialogue from the ninth Holy defense festival, Mashhad, 2002
Winner of Best Short Documentary from The 5th Human Rights Documentary Film Festival of Prague, ONE WORLD, Czech Republic 2003
Best documentary film from Melbourne Film Festival, Australia 2003
Golden Didor, 2nd Didor International Film Festival 2006
Ecumenical Prize, Molodost, International Film Festival Kyiv 2006 for the film Poet of the Wastes (Shaer-e Zobale-ha) . The ecumenical jury awarded this film because it tells the story of a street sweeper who dreams of becoming a poet. Although he lives in very poor and desperate conditions, he manages to keep his human dignity and love of people and life itself under any circumstances. The difficulties of his everyday life do not influence his inner world and he manages to love people, to enjoy every moment of his life and to keep his dream alive. The Jury found the message of this film very important for people who are trying to survive in the difficult conditions of today's society. The message is that each of us should go through this life keeping their human dignity and dream in their heart, loving people and life.

Filmography
 Captive , Waiting ....  ( 2002  Documentary )
 Poet Of The Wastes      ( 2005 )
 Nature's Hymor          ( 2006  Documentary  )
 Lost Truth              ( 2007  )

External links
Official website

Living people
People from Yazd
Iranian photographers
Iranian film producers
Iranian film directors
Iranian cinematographers
Iranian male film actors
University of Tehran alumni
Ahmadi, Mohammed

Mohammad Ahmadi


"Eppie Morrie" is one of the Child Ballads (No. 223), and is of Scottish origin. The author and date are unknown, and as is common with ballads of this type and period, several versions exist. It was printed in James Maidment's anthology A North Country Garland in 1824. That version is reprinted in James Kinsley's The Oxford Book of Ballads, 1969. Although the lyrics were transcribed by Francis James Child, it is uncertain if the original melody has been retained. The earliest recordings are from the performances of Jimmy MacBeath in 1951 and later Ewan MacColl; a more recent version by Andrew Calhoun forms part of his border folk song anthology Telfer's Cows.

The ballad describes a young woman being forcefully taken from her home by a man named Willie and his companions. Willie's goal is to force Eppie to marry him. She refuses, in some versions because she already has a suitor, and in others because she considers Willie to be unworthy of her. First, Willie takes her to a priest, whom he tries to force at gunpoint to perform the marriage ceremony. When the priest refuses, Eppie is locked in a room with Willie, where he tries to rape her. After a prolonged struggle, Willie finally gives up. Eppie, having retained her virginity and avoided the forced marriage, is rescued by the arrival of a band of armed men, led by John Forsyth. After being rescued, Eppie triumphantly asks Willie to provide her with a horse to return home on. Place names mentioned suggest that the events happened in Aberdeenshire.

Lyrics of the ballad
The following is the version of the lyrics of "Eppie Morrie", as related by Francis James Child (Version A):

Recordings
A list of recordings is to be found here: Child Ballad Database

References
Child, F. J., comp.; Sargent, H. C. & Kittredge, G. L., eds. (1904) The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin

Child Ballads
Works about marriage
Scottish songs

Eppie Morrie


Just Tell Me What You Want is a 1980 American comedy film directed by Sidney Lumet. It stars Ali MacGraw, Peter Weller and Alan King, and was also Myrna Loy's final film.

The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen, adapted from her novel, won her the David di Donatello Award for Best Screenplay of a Foreign Film.

This is MacGraw's last leading role in a film.

Plot

Max Herschel, the married, wealthy, vulgar, egotistical, middle-aged head of a corporate empire, is satisfied with the somewhat casual love/hate relationship he shares with his mistress and protegee, television producer "Bones" Burton, just as it is, but she wants a more serious commitment.

The young woman attempts to extricate herself from the affair—or perhaps force her lover into taking the next, more permanent step—by dating a younger man, off-off-Broadway playwright Steven Routledge. Max, however, is not a man to accept defeat in any of his endeavors, and he retaliates with a vengeance.

The two engage in an escalating battle of wits, with Max discovering money can't resolve everything when he is outsmarted by business rival Seymour Berger and his grandson Mike. It leads to a comic fight between Max and Bones at New York's Bergdorf Goodman.

Cast (in alphabetical order)

 Judy Kaye as the Baby
 Alan King as Max Herschel
 Myrna Loy as Stella Liberti
 Ali MacGraw as Bones Burton
 Joseph Maher as Dr. Coleson
 Dina Merrill as Connie Herschel
 Tony Roberts as Mike Berger
 Peter Weller as Steven Routledge
 Keenan Wynn as Seymour Berger

Production
The film features the last motion picture performance of Myrna Loy, who plays Herschel's confidential secretary.

Interiors of the Warner Bros. release were filmed at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York, with Manhattan exteriors (and the scene inside Bergdorf Goodman) shot on location.

Critical reception
In his review in Time, Frank Rich stated, "After a brisk 20 minutes, the movie loses its assurance and sense of purpose. Indeed, Jay Presson Allen's screenplay reels around like a drunken sailor. From moment to moment, Just Tell Me is a somber and confusingly plotted story of corporate power struggles, a syrupy account of a love triangle, and a sloppy satire of show business...There are still some bright moments, but they are separated by flaccid, poorly connected scenes that go nowhere at great length. The few high points belong to King and MacGraw. [He] is too much of a pussycat to convey the hero's toughness, but he delivers Allen's best sallies with crackling speed...Though MacGraw is no comedian, she is animated and playful for the first time in memory."

References

External links

1980 films
Warner Bros. films
1980 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films directed by Sidney Lumet
Films scored by Charles Strouse
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language romantic comedy films

Just Tell Me What You Want


Triple Quartet is a piece written by Steve Reich in 1998. It was commissioned by and is dedicated to the Kronos Quartet, and was premiered by them on May 22, 1999 in the Kennedy Center, Washington DC.
As the name suggests, the triple quartet is written for three string quartets, each containing 2 violins, a viola and a cello. However, it is designed to be performed by only one string quartet through the use of prerecorded tracks for the other 8 voices.

Structure
The composer had this to say about the structure of the piece:
The piece is in three movements (fast–slow–fast) and is organized harmonically on four dominant chords in minor keys a minor third apart—E minor, G minor, B-flat minor, C-sharp minor—and then returning to E minor to form a cycle. The first movement goes through this harmonic cycle twice with a section about one minute long on each of the four dominant chords. The result is a kind of variation form.

Rhythmically, the first movement has the second and third quartet playing interlocking chords while the first quartet plays longer melodies in canon between the first violin and viola against the second violin and cello.

The slow movement is more completely contrapuntal, with a long, slow melody in canon eventually in all 12 voices. It stays in E minor throughout.

The third movement resumes the original fast tempo and maintains the harmonic chord cycle, but modulates back and forth between keys more rapidly. The final section of the movement is in the initial key of E minor, and there the piece finally cadences.

References

 Kronos Quartet Recording
 Notes from Carnegie Hall Series

Compositions by Steve Reich
Chamber music compositions
1998 compositions
Music commissioned by the Kronos Quartet

Triple Quartet


Bible translations into Dzongkha is about translations of the Bible into Dzongkha and the other languages that are used in Bhutan.

Dzongkha
The Bible is available in Dzongkha as the Dzongkha Bible, which is translated from the New King James Version. The Dzongkha Bible is available as a combination of the Old Testament and the New Testament, the New Testament only, or the New Testament with Psalms and Proverbs.

Other languages
Twenty four languages are used in Bhutan, mostly Dzongkha in the west, Tshangla in the east, and Nepali in the south. No Bible in Tshangla has been published.

References

Other websites
The New Testament Zhongkha Translation (Slideshare.com)
Bible versions

Bible translations into Dzongkha


Poltava University of Economics and Trade (PUET) is one of the biggest universities in Poltava, Ukraine.

History
The University started in 1961 as a teaching and consultation center. In 1968 it became a department and soon – in 1970 a branch of Lviv Trade and Economics Institute.

In 1974 Poltava Cooperative Institute was established.

The first president Dianich M. M. (1970—1987).

The second president Victor A. Dorokhin (1987—2003).

in 1996 the Institute introduced a training program for Bachelors in the following fields: Economics and Entrepreneurship, Management, Trade, Food Technology and Engineering.

In the early 90s institute started postgraduate education. For this purpose, Interdisciplinary Institute for advanced training of specialists of Consumer Cooperatives was opened in Poltava Cooperative Institute. In 1997, the Institute has been accredited by the Accreditation level 3. Ministry of Education of Ukraine during 1998 awarded the institute with appropriate licenses and certificates.

May 21, 2001 was created Poltava University of Consumer Cooperatives in Ukraine.

In 2003 Alexey A. Nestulya became the president.

During this period, the university began to grow rapidly and enhance its reputation. In the same year the university started training professionals in the fields — Economic Cybernetics, Banking and Social Informatics.  In 2006 — Personnel Management and Labour Economics and in 2007 — Hotel and Restaurant Business.

In 2009 the University was accredited again and it was awarded the fourth — the highest level. Licensed numbers of students in all majors are: for full-time studies — up to 2700 people and for correspondence studies - up to 6100 people.

In April 2010 university changed its name to Poltava University of Economics and Trade.

In 2012 the university was included in the top ten economic university in Ukraine.

In 2013 opened Distance Education Center.

Faculty
 Economics, Management and Information Technology
 Commodities, Trade and Marketing
 Food Technology, Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Business

Schools
 International Economics
 Banking
 Biotechnology
 Documentation and Information Activities
 Informatics
 Marketing
 Management of Organizations
 Hotel and Restaurant Business
 Food Technology
 Law
 Commodity and Commercial Activities
 Commodity and Expertise in Customs
 Tourism
 Personnel Management and Labour Economics
 Accounting and Auditing
 Philology
 Finance and Credit
 Enterprise Economics
 Economic Cybernetics

University today
More than 300 students arrived from 20 countries to choose PUET as the foundation of their future career.
 The university has students from many different countries: Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Turkey, China, Nigeria, India

Sports
In 1983 the football team of the university participated in the 1983 KFK Ukrainian competitions as Kooperator Poltava.

See also
 Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics

References

External links

Universities in Ukraine
Universities of economics in Europe
1961 establishments in Ukraine


Erica Marie Skroski (born February 14, 1994) is an American retired soccer player who played as a defender.

Early life
A native of Galloway Township, New Jersey, Skroski played soccer at Absegami High School. In 2011, she was named to the All-South Jersey Girls' Soccer First Team, and was named The Press of Atlantic City Girls Soccer Player of the Year.

She played club youth soccer for NJSA under coach Kris Anderson.

College
From 2012 to 2015, Skroski played college soccer at Rutgers University, where she majored in exercise science and sport studies. She was selected to the 2012–13 Big East All-Academic Team, and was selected to the Academic All-Big Ten team in 2014 and 2015. For the 2014 season, she was selected to the All-Big Ten Second Team, and the 2014 Big Ten All-Tournament Team. In 2015, Skroski was named Big Ten Defender of the Year and was a First Team All-Big Ten selection. She was also a NSCAA Second Team All-American.

In the 2015 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament, Rutgers reached the college cup for the first time in school history. Rutgers had built around defense, and Skroski and Brianne Reed anchored the back line for the team. In the quarterfinal, Rutgers held the No. 1 seed Virginia, the highest scoring team in the country, to a 0–0 draw, then advanced by defeating Virginia 7–6 in a penalty shoot-out. For the season, Rutgers set school records with 19 wins and 19 shutouts; their season ended with a loss to Penn State in the semi-final.

Professional career
Skroski was drafted by Sky Blue FC in the 3rd round of the 2016 NWSL College Draft. As a rookie, she played in all 20 games, playing all but six minutes during the 2016 NWSL season. She scored her first professional goal against the Boston Breakers on July 17, 2016. In October 2016, Sky Blue FC exercised Skroski's 2017 option.

Skroski played in 21 games with 20 starts during the 2017 NWSL season. She scored her first goal of the season on September 30 against Boston. After the 2017 season, Sky Blue FC extended a new contract offer to Skroski.

She made the Sky Blue FC opening-day roster for the 2018 NWSL season.

She was out of contract in December 2021.

International career
She was called up to the United States national under-23 team in January 2016 for a friendly against the Republic of Ireland. She was then called up to the United States under-23 team for the 2016 Istria Cup in March.

In January 2017, Skroski was called into a U.S. under-23 team training camp; she was one of four NWSL players named to the roster. She was named to the U.S. U-23 team rosters for the 2017 La Manga Tournament in March and the 2017 Nordic Tournament in June.

Career statistics

College

Club

Honors
Individual
 Big Ten Conference Defender of the Year: 2015

References

External links
Rutgers bio

1994 births
Living people
Absegami High School alumni
American women's soccer players
People from Galloway Township, New Jersey
Rutgers Scarlet Knights women's soccer players
NJ/NY Gotham FC players
Soccer players from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Atlantic County, New Jersey
National Women's Soccer League players
NJ/NY Gotham FC draft picks
Women's association football defenders

Erica Skroski


The walking distance measure denotes the distance that can be travelled by walking in a fixed amount of time. In Japan, the standard measure for walking distance is 80 meters for 1 minute of walking time. It is the standard used in real estate listings. For example, if a building is a 10-minute walk from a particular park or train station, it is 800 meters away.

In the last century, throughout most Middle Eastern countries, it was common to give the distances between cities in walking distances. For example, Khaybar is ten days' journey by foot to Jeddah.

See also
Isochrone map
 Pacing (surveying)
 Pace (unit)
 League (unit)
 Parasang
 Biblical mile

References

External links

Units of length
Length, distance, or range measuring devices

Walking distance measure


Below are the winners of the 1989 Pulitzer Prize by category.

Journalism awards

Public Service:
Anchorage Daily News, for reporting about the high incidence of alcoholism and suicide among native Alaskans in a series that focused attention on their despair and resulted in various reforms.
General News Reporting:
 Staff of Louisville Courier-Journal, for its exemplary initial coverage of a bus crash that claimed 27 lives and its subsequent thorough and effective examination of the causes and implications of the tragedy.
Investigative Reporting:
 Bill Dedman of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, for his investigation of the racial discrimination practiced by lending institutions in Atlanta, reporting which led to significant reforms in those policies.
Explanatory Journalism:
David Hanners, reporter, William Snyder, photographer, and Karen Blessen, artist of The Dallas Morning News, for their special report on a 1985 airplane crash, the follow-up investigation, and the implications for air safety.
Specialized Reporting:
Edward Humes of the Orange County Register, for his in-depth reporting on the military establishment in Southern California.
National Reporting:
Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele of The Philadelphia Inquirer, for their 15-month investigation of rifle shot provisions in the Tax Reform Act of 1986, a series that aroused such widespread public indignation that Congress subsequently rejected proposals giving special tax breaks to many politically connected individuals and businesses.
International Reporting:
Bill Keller of The New York Times, for resourceful and detailed coverage of events in the U.S.S.R.
International Reporting:
Glenn Frankel of The Washington Post, for sensitive and balanced reporting from Israel and the Middle East.
Feature Writing:
David Zucchino of The Philadelphia Inquirer, for his richly compelling series, Being Black in South Africa.
Commentary:
Clarence Page of the Chicago Tribune, for his provocative columns on local and national affairs.
Criticism:
Michael Skube of the News & Observer, Raleigh, North Carolina, for his writing about books and other literary topics.
Editorial Writing:
Lois Wille of the Chicago Tribune, for her editorials on a variety of local issues.
Editorial Cartooning:
Jack Higgins of the Chicago Sun-Times.
Spot News Photography:
Ron Olshwanger, a freelance photographer, for a picture published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of a firefighter giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a child pulled from a burning building.
Feature Photography:
Manny Crisostomo of the Detroit Free Press, for his series of photographs depicting student life at Southwestern High School in Detroit.

Letters, Drama and Music Awards

Fiction:
Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (Alfred A. Knopf)
Drama:
 The Heidi Chronicles by Wendy Wasserstein (Fireside Theatre)
History:
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era by James M. McPherson (Oxford University Press)
History:
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 by Taylor Branch (Simon & Schuster)
Biography or Autobiography:
Oscar Wilde by Richard Ellmann (Alfred A. Knopf)
Poetry:
New and Collected Poems by Richard Wilbur (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich)
General Non-fiction:
A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam by Neil Sheehan (Random House)
Music:
Whispers Out of Time by Roger Reynolds (C. F. Peters) premiered on December 11, 1988, at Buckley Recital Hall, Amherst College, Massachusetts.

References

External links

Pulitzer Prizes by year
Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer

1989 Pulitzer Prize


Cerium(III) oxalate (cerous oxalate) is the inorganic cerium salt of oxalic acid. It is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula of Ce2(C2O4)3. It could be obtained by the reaction of oxalic acid with cerium(III) chloride.

Uses
Cerium(III) oxalate is used as an antiemetic. It has been identified as part of the invisible ink that was used by Stasi operatives during the Cold War.

Toxicity
Cerium(III) oxalate irritates skin and mucous membranes, and is a strong irritant to eyes. If it gets into the eyes, there is a danger of severe eye injury.

Cerium salts increase the blood coagulation rate, and exposure to cerium salts can cause sensitivity to heat.

Oxalates are corrosive to tissue and are powerful irritants. They have a caustic effect on the linings of the digestive tracts and can cause kidney damage.

References

Cerium(III) compounds
Oxalates
Antiemetics

Cerium oxalate


Electrocutionist (February 24, 2001 - September 9, 2006) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. Electrocutionist won eight of his 12 career starts, including three Grade I's, and won more than $5.6 million.  Racing four times for the operation based in both Dubai and Newmarket, he was scheduled to participate in the Emirates Airline Champion Stakes (Eng-I) at Newmarket on Oct. 14, 2006.

Background
He was owned by Earle I. Mack, United States Ambassador to Finland and a member of the board of directors of the New York Racing Association. Electrocutionist was trained in Italy by Valfredo Valiani before being bought by Godolphin Racing in November 2005. Based in Dubai during the winter months, in the spring of 2006 he was sent to Godolphin's stables in Newmarket, England.

Racing career
After winning the 2006 Dubai World Cup, Electrocutionist placed second to Ouija Board in the Prince of Wales's Stakes at Royal Ascot, and finished second again by a short margin to Hurricane Run in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, also at Ascot.

Sudden death
On September 9, 2006, Electrocutionist suffered an unexpected and fatal heart attack. Five days before his death, an abnormality was discovered in his heart, but it was deemed nothing to cause concern to his owners and trainer.

Godolphin's main trainer in Europe, Saeed bin Suroor, said: "He was a wonderful, brave horse, a real pleasure to train. He gave his best every time he ran and I will always remember the courage and class he showed in winning the Dubai World Cup. He was a champion."

Pedigree Online wrote of Electrocutionist moments after learning of his death: "A tremendously brave and talented horse. To perform as he did with such a condition, truly a champion. RIP."

Pedigree

External links
 Electrocutionist's pedigree, with winning photo
 NTRA bio

2001 racehorse births
2006 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in Italy
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Dubai World Cup winners
Thoroughbred family 23

Electrocutionist


Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign started by the Government of India in 2014. It aims to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets.

Phases
Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat Mission lasted till October 2019.

Phase 2 is being implemented between 2020–21 and 2024–25 to help cement the work of Phase 1.

Schedule
The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities.

2014 in India
2015 in India
2016 in India
2017 in India
2018 in India
2019 in India
2020 in India
2021 in India
2024 in Asia
2025

Swachh Bharat Mission


Mark Gregory Pegg (born 1963) is an Australian professor of medieval history, currently teaching in the United States at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. His scholarship focuses upon heresy, the inquisition, the Albigensian Crusade, and the history of holiness. Apart from these specific scholarly pursuits, he writes more broadly about what shapes and defines the medieval West from 200 to 1500. He is the author of The Corruption of Angels: The Great Inquisition of 1245–1246, A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom, and Beatrice's Last Smile: A New History of the Middle Ages.

Biography
Pegg was born in 1963 in Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, and grew up in Woy Woy.

He received his bachelor's degree in 1987 from the University of Sydney. Between 1988 and 1990 he was research assistant to the anthropologist Mary Douglas in London. He received his master's degree (1993) and Ph.D. (1997) from Princeton University, where his dissertation advisor was William Chester Jordan. He was a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1997. He was a visiting assistant professor at Washington University in 1998 before being hired as a tenure-track assistant professor in 1999.  He was promoted to associate professor in 2004 and full professor in 2009. In 2005, he was awarded an Andrew W. Mellon New Directions Fellowship; in 2009-2010, he received the Supplemental Award to the New Directions Fellowship.  In 2016-2017 he was a Fellow at the Collegium de Lyon: Institut d'études avancées, Université de Lyon, and in Spring 2022 he was a visiting professor at the Université de Montpellier III (Paul-Valéry).

Works
Pegg publishes widely on the crusades, heresy, the inquisition, and the Middle Ages generally. Selected works include:

Books
 The Corruption of Angels: The Great Inquisition of 1245–1246 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001) .
 A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (New York: Oxford University Press 2007) .
 Beatrice's Last Smile: A New History of the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 2023) .

Articles
 "Le corps et l'autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV," Annales ESC, 45 (1990): 265–287.
 "On the Cathars, the Albigensians, and good men of Languedoc," Journal of Medieval History, 27 (2001):181–195.
 "The Paradigm of Catharism; or the Historians' Illusion," in Cathars in Question, ed. Antonio Sennis (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press—Boydell and Brewer, 2016), pp. 26–57.
 "Le catharisme en questions : falsifiabilité, vérité historique et une nouvelle histoire du christianisme médiéval," Cahiers de Fanjeaux : Le catharisme en question, 55 (2020): 331–369.
 "The Albigensian Crusade and the Early Inquisitions into Heretical Depravity, 1208-1246," in The Cambridge World History of Genocide, eds. Ben Kieran, T.M. Lemon, and Tristan Taylor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 1, pp. 470–497.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20060828075850/http://news-info.wustl.edu/sb/page/normal/695.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061019135220/http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~relst/pegg.htm
 "Research profile: Mark Pegg" in The Centre for Medieval Studies Newsletter, vol. 4, no. 2, July 2001, pp. 11, 12. University of Sydney
 "Review: The Corruption of Angels: The Great Inquisition of 1245–1246" by John H. Arnold, University of East Anglia, in H-France Review, vol. 1, no. 31, November 2001

Living people
Australian medievalists
Australian historians
Expatriate academics in the United States
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Princeton University alumni
University of Sydney alumni
1963 births
People from Woy Woy

Mark Gregory Pegg


Jan Struther was the pen name of Joyce Anstruther, later Joyce Maxtone Graham and finally Joyce Placzek (June 6, 1901 – July 20, 1953), an English writer remembered for her character Mrs. Miniver and a number of hymns, such as "Lord of All Hopefulness".

Biography
She was the daughter of Henry Torrens Anstruther and Eva Anstruther and spent her childhood in Whitchurch in Buckinghamshire, England. She attended Miss Ironside's School in Kensington.

In 1923 she married Anthony Maxtone Graham, a broker at Lloyd's of London, with whom she had three children. This marriage eventually failed, and she started an affair with Adolf Placzek, a Viennese art historian 12 years her junior. She married him as her second husband, 5 years before her death.

Her final years were marked by severe depression, leading to a five-month stay in a psychiatric hospital. Following a mastectomy for breast cancer, she died of cancer in New York in 1953 at the age of 52. Her ashes are buried beside her father in the family grave at St. John The Evangelist Church, in Whitchurch.

Jan Struther is the great-aunt of Ian Maxtone-Graham, former co-executive producer of The Simpsons.

Struther is the subject of a biography, The Real Mrs. Miniver, written by her granddaughter, Ysenda Maxtone Graham.

Literary career
In the 1930s she started to write for Punch magazine, and this brought her to the attention of The Times newspaper, where Peter Fleming asked her to write a series of columns for the paper, about "an ordinary sort of woman who leads an ordinary sort of life – rather like yourself". The resulting character that she created, Mrs Miniver, proved a huge success from the character's inception in 1937, and the columns were subsequently published in book form in 1939. On the outbreak of war, this book became the basis for a patriotic American film, Mrs Miniver, released in 1942, which won six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

By 1942, Struther had herself gone to America as a lecturer.  In the 1940s she was a frequent guest panelist on the popular American radio quiz show Information Please.  She was one of the few women panelists to appear repeatedly on the program. An apocryphal story, attributed to fellow panelist Oscar Levant, tells that her appearances on the show stopped abruptly after she answered a question by referring to Agatha Christie's book Ten Little Niggers, which was the original British title of the book Ten Little Indians (later retitled And Then There Were None). However, the episode of Information Please in which Struther used the original Christie title in her answer to a listener question was in fact broadcast February 7, 1941, while the majority of Struther's appearances on the show (at least eight more occasions) occurred after this incident, through January 29, 1945.

As well as the creation of the character Mrs Miniver in a fortnightly column in The Times, she is remembered for her hymns for children, including "Lord of All Hopefulness", "When a Knight Won His Spurs" and "Daisies are Our Silver". These resulted from an approach by Canon Percy Dearmer of Westminster Abbey, Words Editor of the enlarged edition of Songs of Praise published in 1931 by OUP. She herself was an agnostic, although she did go to church.

See also
The Queen's Book of the Red Cross

References

External links

 Portrait

1901 births
1953 deaths
English hymnwriters
English agnostics
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers
English women novelists
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers

Jan Struther


In 2011, the government of the United Kingdom acknowledged that a constitutional convention had developed whereby the House of Commons should have an opportunity to debate the matter before troops are committed. It said that it proposed to observe that convention except when there was an emergency and such action would not be appropriate.

In the United Kingdom, the monarch is the Head of the Armed Forces and the decision to deploy the armed forces in situations of armed conflict is currently a prerogative power. Constitutional convention requires that, in the event of a commitment of the armed forces to military action, typically authorisation of the King is announced by the Prime Minister, on behalf of the Crown. Decisions on military action of the King are issued within the Cabinet with advice. The King's Defence Council has power of command over members of the armed forces.

Parliamentary control over the armed forces is primarily based on the need of Acts of Parliament authorized by the monarch which govern enlistment and discipline to be annually renewed and approved by the monarch. Additionally, Acts of Parliament also affect the use of armed forces within the United Kingdom.

Constitutional background
The legal right to send the UK armed forces to war is part of the royal prerogative. These powers were originally the 'personal powers' of the monarch, but over time a convention has been established that most are used on advice of government ministers. As the monarch increasingly relied on the advice of their ministers, and those ministers took responsibility for policy, the powers were effectively delegated to the ministers themselves.

The King's Regulations for the Army state that the governance and command of the armed forces are "vested in His Majesty The King" who gives the Secretary of State responsibility for general defence, and the Defence Committee responsibility for the armed forces. Constitutional convention requires that the declaration of war or commitment of British armed forces is authorised by the Prime Minister on behalf of the Crown. Parliament has no official constitutional role in the process. However, ministers are still accountable to Parliament for the actions they take.

Parliament does have the power to change the royal prerogative. The Bill of Rights 1689 gave Parliament the ability to abolish a power or place it on statutory footing instead. Any proposed law which does affect prerogative powers requires the King's Consent, although the armed forces, as servants of the King, can sometimes be a special case.

However the political controversy over whether to participate in military action, which covered the legal legitimacy as well as foreign policy questions, had been under discussion for many years.

Role of Parliament since the Second World War
Since World War Two there have been many illustrative examples of when military force has been used, indicating the opportunities for debate. In 1939 the U.K. declared war against Germany. Before the motion was put and carried, other members responded to the Prime Minister's speech in a short debate.

There were many statements and debates throughout the war, and the bulk of the debates were on motions to adjourn. However, there were a number of debates on substantive motions including one which was moved on 6 May 1941 (the debate concluded the next day) approving the Government's policy in sending assistance to Greece and expressing confidence that operations in the Middle East.

Another debate which was held in the House of Commons on 2 August 1956 relating Britain's position in the Eastern Mediterranean, was not followed by a vote. A subsequent vote did take place when the House was recalled on 12–13 September 1956 to debate the Suez situation. However, it was on a motion endorsing the Government's approach to resolving the crisis and was not specifically to approve deploying British forces to the region. Therefore it has never been considered a precedent in this matter.

During the Gulf War of 1991 there were seven statements and one debate, which was on a substantive motion. The commencement of hostilities was announced in a statement by then Prime Minister John Major on 17 January 1991 and a debate took place on 21 January. The Government accepted an Opposition amendment, which was put and agreed to on division.

As early as 1999, the anti-war MP Tam Dalyell had proposed a Ten Minute Rule Bill called Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill to "require the prior approval, by a simple majority of the House of Commons, of military action by British forces against Iraq." Dalyell was given leave to bring in his Bill, but it could not be debated and voted upon because as a Bill that affected the Royal Prerogative, the  Queen's Consent was needed before it could be debated in Parliament. The Government advised Queen Elizabeth II to refuse to grant consent, which she did, as constitutional convention requires.

Parliament was recalled on 24 September 2002 to debate the situation in Iraq and the possible recourse to military action. Between September 2002 and March 2003 there were two further Government debates on Iraq and eleven statements, plus two debates on defence in the world, during which mention was made of the ongoing situation. Military operations subsequently commenced on 20 March 2003. By the end of major combat operations on 1 May 2003 a further nine ministerial statements and three written ministerial statements had been made. The Iraq conflict in 2003 was the first example in modern times of prior parliamentary approval having been sought, and granted. As such it was regarded by advocates of a formal role for Parliament as setting a precedent for any future decisions on military action.

There have been calls for this informal convention to be strengthened and made law by the Political & Constitutional Reform Committee. However the Lords Constitution Committee feel that the current status and strength of parliament is sufficient, and see no need for it being made statute.

In 2018, the UK government carried out air strikes on Syria without prior parliamentary approval. At the time, Parliament was in recess. In the ensuing parliamentary debate, some, like Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn, were critical of the government, accusing it of "...attempting to overturn that democratic advance."

See also
British Parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq
Constitutional convention
Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill

References

Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom
British Armed Forces deployments
British defence policymaking
Military of the United Kingdom

UK parliamentary approval for military action


Big Rivers Regional Trail is a paved  rail trail that overlooks the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers along the northern edge of Dakota County, Minnesota, United States.  It runs between the cities of Eagan and Lilydale.

The trail also links to the  Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, hundreds of miles of trails throughout the greater Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, and historic landmarks including Fort Snelling, Pike Island and the city of Mendota, one of Minnesota's oldest settlements.

The Big Rivers Trailhead provides access to a nearly flat paved trail built on an abandoned railroad bed. Minnesota State Highway 55 in Mendota Heights, I-494 in Eagan, and I-35E in Mendota Heights are additional access points to the Big Rivers Regional Trail.

Route
The trail is  long.

The trail begins atop an overpass that parallels I-494. It descends and heads north, paralleling Minnesota State Highway 13. The trail crosses the Sibley Memorial Highway and intersects a  spur connecting to a local trail. The trail leaves modern MN 13 but parallels the old alignment. It passes under the Mendota Bridge, which carries state highways 55 and 62. It crosses MN 13 under a tunnel and enters the old village of Mendota, a small hamlet that overlooks the Minnesota-Mississippi River confluence. The trail leaves Mendota and crosses MN 13 again, this time at-grade. The trail descends into the valley and parallels the Canadian Pacific railway line. It passes three scenic overlooks. It passes under I-35E and the Lexington Bridge and climbs out of the valley. It crosses MN 13 two more times, under its bridges over Lilydale Road and I-35E respectively. It turns north, paralleling the interstate. It crosses the Lexington Bridge, descends one last time, and terminates at Shepard Road.

See also
 Fort Snelling State Park
 Minnehaha Trail

References

External links
 Dakota County Parks - Big Rivers Regional Trail

Mississippi National River and Recreation Area
National Recreation Trails in Minnesota
Protected areas of Dakota County, Minnesota
Rail trails in Minnesota
Regional parks in Minnesota

Big Rivers Regional Trail


A Brighter Summer Day is a 1991 Taiwanese epic teen crime drama film directed by Edward Yang, associated with the New Taiwanese Cinema. Its English title is derived from the lyrics of Elvis Presley's 1960 rendition of "Are You Lonesome Tonight?". Set in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the film centers on Xiao Si'r (Chang Chen), a boy from a middle-class home who veers into juvenile delinquency.

The film was selected as the Taiwanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards but was not nominated.

A Brighter Summer Day was ranked 78th in the 2022 Sight & Sound Greatest Films of All Time poll, one of four Chinese-language films to be included and above Yang's Yi Yi.

Plot
Zhang Zhen (nickname Si'r), a junior high student in 1959 Taipei, is forced to attend night school after failing a test. This upsets his father, a career government worker, who is aware of and worried about the delinquency rampant among night school students. The next morning, Si'r and his father listen to a radio broadcast of distinguished students.

In 1960, Si'r, along with his best friend, Cat, spy on an actress changing clothes during the filming of a drama in a movie studio. Caught by a guard, they steal his flashlight and flee back to school. Si'r, noticing movement in a darkened classroom, turns on the flashlight and startles a pair of lovers but does not see their faces. Two gangs, the Little Park Boys and their rivals the 217s, are introduced. Si'r is not a member of either gang but he is closer to the Little Park Boys. The Little Park Boys are led by Honey, who is hiding in Tainan from police after killing one of the 217s over his girlfriend, Ming. Sly leads the gang in his absence. Sly and Si'r become rivals after Si'r gets Sly in trouble, believing him and his girlfriend, Jade, to be the pair of lovers he saw. Meanwhile, Si'r and Ming meet by chance and become friends.

Sly proposes a truce, arranging a concert with members from both gangs. Honey unexpectedly resurfaces and berates Sly for setting up the concert; however, he realizes the gang respects Sly more. The night before the concert, Honey "bequeaths" Ming to Si'r, believing him to be a stable boyfriend. The next night, Honey appears outside of the concert hall, antagonizing the 217s. Honey takes an ostensibly friendly walk with the 217's leader, Shandong, only to be killed when Shandong pushes him in front of an oncoming car. The Little Park Boys do not believe police reports that it is an accident, and plot revenge; they murder the 217s, including Shandong, during a typhoon, using weapons acquired by Ma, one of Si'r's wealthy classmates. Sly and the surviving Little Park Boys go into hiding. The same night, Si'r's father is arrested by secret police and interrogated about his past connections with the Chinese Communist Party. While eventually freed, he is demoted.

Si'r starts dating Ming and seems to be improving academically. However, she reveals her flirtations with other boys, including an older doctor, bothering Si'r. The next day, Si'r is expelled after lashing out at the doctor and smashing a light bulb. He promises to pass his transfer exams to get into day school, upsetting Ming, who knows this means she will see him less. Later, Sly emerges from hiding and apologizes to Si'r for their past feud and reveals that Ming and Ma are dating. Upset, Si'r begins dating Jade, but he upsets her and she bitterly reveals that the girl he saw kissing Sly was Ming, not her.

After threatening Ma at his home, Si'r steals Cat's knife and waits outside the school for him. Instead, he sees Ming and berates her for her promiscuity, saying that he is her only hope. Ming chides Si'r for being selfish and trying to change her; like the world, she cannot be changed. He stabs her to death and breaks down. Si'r is sentenced to death but the media frenzy around the case provokes the sentence to be changed to 15 years imprisonment. In Si'r's now-barren house, his mother unexpectedly finds Si'r's school uniform. As she sobs, the radio broadcasts a list of distinguished students.

Cast
Chang Chen as Xiao Si'r (Chang Chen, Xiao Si'r being a nickname that means "Little Four", or the fourth of five children)
Chang Kuo-chu as Xiao Si'r's father
Elaine Jin as Xiao Si'r's mother
Lisa Yang as Ming
Wong Chi-zan as Cat (Wang Mao)
Lawrence Ko as Airplane
Tan Chih-kang as Ma
Lin Hong-ming as Honey
Hung-Yu Chen as Sly
Wang Chuan as Xiao Si'r's eldest sister
Chang Han as Lao Er (elder brother)
Chiang Hsiu-chiung as Xiao Si'r's middle sister
Lai Fan-yun as Xiao Si'r's youngest sister

Production
Set in early 1960s, in Taipei, the film is based on a real incident that the director remembers from his school days when he was 13. The original Chinese title, , translates literally as "The Homicide Incident of the Youth on Guling Street", referring to the 14-year-old son of a civil servant who murders his girlfriend, who was also involved with a teenaged gang leader, for unclear reasons. The gang leader and girlfriend are involved in the conflict between gangs of children of formerly-mainland families and those of Taiwanese families. The film places the murder incident in the context of the political environment in Taiwan at that time. The film's political background is introduced in intertitles thus:

Chang Kuo-chu, and his son Chang Chen (in his debut) are both cast in this film playing father and son.

Yang used Goodfellas as the model of a gangster movie.

Critical reception
The film received much critical acclaim and was awarded several wins in Golden Horse Film Festival, Asia Pacific Film Festival, Kinema Junpo Awards and Tokyo International Film Festival. Three different versions of the film were edited: the original 237-minute version, a three-hour version and a shorter 127-minute version.

A Brighter Summer Day is ranked as the 110th  most acclaimed film ever and the most acclaimed from 1991 on the review-compiling list They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?. On Rotten Tomatoes, the films holds a perfect rating of 100% based on 24 reviews, with an average score of 9.40/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "A fantastic cinematic and artistic achievement, Edward Yang's A Brighter Summer Day depicts youth, ideals, violence and politics in a melancholic, tender light, culminating in a complex portrait of Taiwanese identity."

A.O. Scott wrote in his 2011 review for The New York Times, "In every aspect of technique —from the smoky colors and the bustling, off-center compositions to the architecture of the story and the emotional precision of the performances — this film is a work of absolute mastery."
David Bordwell considers it his favorite Yang film and voted it as one of the 10 best films of the 1990s. He argues that in A Brighter Summer Day, Yang combined some of the cinematographic and staging tendencies that were revealed to him by his contemporary Hou Hsiao-hsien's A City of Sadness and other contemporary films. He also remarks that the "breadth of action is extraordinary, and a sense of the contradictory pulls of daily life emerges steadily... the result is a dispassionate look at teenaged passions, a deromanticized treatment of young people growing up in a repressive milieu." Jonathan Rosenbaum named it one of his 100 favorite films of all-time in 2004 and arguably the greatest Taiwanese film ever, likewise voted it one of the 10 best films of the 1990s, and extolled its "novelistic richness of character, setting, and milieu," use of objects, significance in the Taiwanese New Wave, and likened it to Rebel Without a Cause in their "nocturnal lyricism and cosmic despair." In Film Comments best films of the 1990s poll, A Brighter Summer Day was considered one of the 10 best or 10 most underrated films of the 1990s by 7 critics, academics, and programmers, including Barbara Scharres, former programmer at the Chicago Film Center, who named it the film of the 1990s, calling it a "film that transforms narrative through its deeply personal sense of observation, and grips the emotions and imagination with its steadfast power." Ari Aster named it one of his favorite films in The Criterion Collection in 2018 and commented that "A Brighter Summer Day is just an amazing gangland epic. I don't know how you watch it without becoming convinced that you're watching the greatest movie ever made. It's like The Godfather in that way."

Themes
According to film critic Godfrey Cheshire, the film has "two faces, just as it has two titles" due to the sudden change of plots the film experiences halfway through its running time. A Brighter Summer Day shifts from a fraught, violent story about teenage gangs to a more introspective and family-oriented movie where the main character passively witnesses how his father is accused of espionage, his brother is in huge debt and his mother suffers in silence. Cheshire explains this transition of "faces":

The film's story reflects divisions of nationality, culture, and age in Taiwan a decade after the island was occupied by the Nationalist Chinese government following the end of mainland China's civil war and the establishment of the Communist People's Republic of China.  The young characters in the film are affected by the social dislocations caused by their families' exile, changes in traditional social values, the turmoil of young love and friendships, and the lack of a clear direction to a meaningful future. Gradually developing youth gangs, coming under the sponsorship of adult criminals, provide some degree of social acceptance. The adults in their lives, such as Si'r's father, are constricted by their own social status and jobs, the need for money, and unrewarding employment.  Further context is seen in the ethnic and class tensions between Chinese, native Taiwanese, and Japanese residents of the island, as well as the cultural influence of the West, especially the United States.

Restoration and home media
In 2009, the World Cinema Foundation issued a restoration of A Brighter Summer Day, using the original 35mm camera and sound negatives provided by the Edward Yang Estate.

On December 17, 2015, The Criterion Collection announced the official North American DVD and Blu-ray release of a new 4K digital restoration of the film in its original running time. This release marks the first time A Brighter Summer Day is released on home video in the United States, after more than two decades of obscurity due to difficulty in finding an official copy of the film. The release includes a new English subtitle translation, an audio commentary featuring critic Tony Rayns, an interview with actor Chang Chen; Our Time, Our Story, a 117-minute documentary from 2002 about the New Taiwan Cinema movement, featuring interviews with Yang and film-makers Hou Hsiao-hsien and Tsai Ming-liang, among others; a videotaped performance of director Edward Yang's 1992 play Likely Consequence; an essay by critic Godfrey Cheshire, and a 1991 director's statement by Yang.

See also
List of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Taiwanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator website

References

External links

A Brighter Summer Day at Turner Classic Movies
A Brighter Summer Day: Coming of Age in Taipei an essay by Godfrey Cheshire at the Criterion Collection

1991 films
1991 drama films
Central Motion Picture Corporation films
Drama films based on actual events
Films directed by Edward Yang
Films set in 1960
Films set in 1961
1990s Mandarin-language films
1990s political drama films
Shanghainese-language films
Taiwanese drama films
Taiwanese-language films
Films about adolescence
Films about puberty
Teen crime films
1990s coming-of-age drama films

A Brighter Summer Day


In North American ski lodging, slope side is accommodation "on the slopes", within walking distance from the ski lifts.  Such lodgings are usually at the bottom of, or right beside, the ski hill—hence the term slope side. It's also sometimes called "ski in, ski out" lodging.

Due to their proximity to the lifts, and their desirability, slope side units are usually more expensive than off-hill units. Slope side accommodation is desirable for a number of reasons, mainly:

 Driving and parking a car at many ski resorts is inconvenient and time-consuming.  By being slope side, it is possible to avoid the inconvenience and have quicker access to the ski hill.
 Skiers staying in slope side lodgings can return to their rooms more easily for a break, or, with kitchen-equipped lodging, to cook and eat lunch.
 Those who have finished skiing for the day may return easily without disrupting those who may have accompanied them.

Adding slopeside lodging can make a ski resort more appealing to travelers.

Some resorts, such as Mont Tremblant in Quebec, Sun Peaks Resort and Whistler-Blackcomb in British Columbia, feature pedestrian villages at the base of their mountains. Lodgings within these villages are considered slope side by the resorts, as the lifts are within walking distance of each unit.

In some cases, the slope side designation is used to describe hotels from which a shuttle bus is required to reach the hill. This is generally seen as stretching the term beyond what may be considered reasonable.

References

Ski areas and resorts

Slope side


Joseph-Eugène-Anatole de Baudot (14 October 1834 – 28 February 1915) was a French architect and a pioneer of reinforced-concrete construction.
He was a prolific author, architect for diocesan buildings, architect for historical monuments, and a professor of architecture.
He is known for the church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre in Paris, the first to be built using concrete reinforced with steel rods and wire mesh.

Life

Anatole de Baudot was born on 14 October 1834 in Sarrebourg.
He attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he studied under Henri Labrouste and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
He won the Grand Prix de Rome.

From 1863, De Baudot was involved in the subject of education of architects, related to reform of the Beaux-Arts, writing several articles on the subject.
In 1865 he was among the first members of the École Spéciale d'Architecture. Others were Ferdinand de Lesseps, Émile Pereire, Eugène Flachat, Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jean-Baptiste André Godin, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and Émile Muller.

Anatole de Baudot became a respected writer on architectural subjects for journals such as the Gazette des architectes and the Encyclopédie de l'architecture.
He was employed by the government in 1873 as an architect for diocesan buildings.
In 1879 he was appointed to the historical monuments committee, eventually becoming inspector-general in 1907.
From 1887 to 1914 he was also a professor of History of Art at the Trocadéro.
De Baudot retired in 1914 and died in Paris on 28 February 1915.

Journalist

De Baudot contributed to the Gazette des architectes et du bâtiment (1865-1871).
His influence converted the journal into a more serious publication, reducing the number of articles that served as advertising.
He was a polemic writer, denouncing the decline of architecture in the 19th century, whose roots he traced to the abandonment of Gothic architecture principles in the 17th and 18th centuries. He also blamed the teaching at the Beaux-Arts.

After November 1888 De Baudot was head of the Encyclopédie de l'architecture, and with his collaborators Paul Gout and Henri Chaine devoted the journal to promoting modernist concepts.
He would remain in charge until 1892.
He introduced photography of archaeological sites and of monuments.
A series covered the buildings erected for the Exposition Universelle (1889).
In 1890 De Baudot also became responsible for publication of the Bulletin de l'Union syndicale des architectes français.
This may have served as a distraction from his work on the encyclopedia.

Architect

Anatole de Baudot took great interest in churches.
He noted that the practical problem to be solved was the same in the 19th century as in the 13th century.
In an 1866 article in the Gazette he pointed out that the main requirements for church builders were to cover large spaces with few internal supports so that many believers could move easily, and to meet the needs of the religion.
In 1869 he published Église du bourgs et de villages, which discussed and compared old and modern forms of churches, arguing the case for constant improvements in architectural design.

The minister for public education and cults designated him architect of diocesan buildings in 1873,
and he rose to the position of inspector general of diocesan buildings in 1879.
De Baudot was made a member of the Committee on Historical Monuments on 27 March 1879.
He was appointed Vice-President of the Commission of Historical Monuments in 1880.
In 1907 he was appointed Inspector General of Historical Monuments.

In 1882 Anatole de Baudot  was appointed architect for the new Lycée Lakanal, a boarding school in Sceaux set in the former park of the Duchess of Maine. It included the administration building, classrooms, studies and dormitories, baths, kitchens and dining rooms. He designed the buildings to capture as much light and air as possible. He broke with the tradition in which courtyards were surrounded by buildings.  De Baudot used a combination of brick, stone and metal, creating a polychrome design. His buildings  were modern and functional.

De Baudot was interested in exploring use of new materials as a vehicle for expressing new architectural ideas,
and became interested in the potential of reinforced concrete.
He adopted the system developed by Paul Cottancin, an engineer from the Ecole centrale des arts et manufactures,
based on columns and arches of cement reinforced by iron rods and a wire mesh.
He said that this material gave the architect a simplified way to ensure unity of structure.

De Baudot's design for the church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre, Paris, whose construction started in 1894, was the first to use a reinforced concrete framework enclosed by thin exterior walls.
His Théatre de Tulle was built between 1899 and 1902 on the site formerly occupied by a 17th-century Jesuit chapel.
It was one of the first to be built of reinforced cement. The facade was polychrome, incorporating sandstone, limestone, ceramics, colored glass and brick.

Professor
In 1887 De Baudot was appointed titular professor of medieval and renaissance architecture at the Beaux-Arts.
The same year he was appointed to the chair of History of Art at the Trocadéro, where he became interested in the study of Roman architecture in France.
De Baudot would remain at the Trocadéro until 1914.

Views

De Baudot followed Viollet-le-Duc as a proponent of Structural Rationalism.
Although a firm believer in progress in architecture, he felt that understanding the great periods of historical architecture were important to addressing modern challenges.
He supported the creation of a course on the history of medieval architecture at the Beaux Arts, since this knowledge was essential for architects responsible for restoring buildings from that period.
He was against mixing historical styles, making "irrational" use of columns and orders, and using stone in place of modern materials.

De Baudot was never able to completely shake off traditional ideas.
He saw architectural research as primarily one of technical problems.
He was less perceptive of the social needs of the occupants of the buildings.
This was apparent in a 1905 plan he submitted for a public housing project with small and inaccessible interior yards,
brick walls in reinforced concrete frames.

De Baudot was opposed to Art Nouveau.
He believed that buildings should be "truthful" in displaying their structure.
Decoration was acceptable only where it complemented the structure rather than concealing it.
He believed in the importance of architecture appropriate for the needs of the age.
De Baudot also called for a fresh start in developing contemporary architecture under the influence of engineers.
In 1889, the year of the exposition, he said,

However, commenting on the Galerie des machines built for the 1889 exposition, De Baudot found that the proportions did not work. He was disconcerted by the reversal of proportions from traditional structures: the supports tapered towards the ground, and the steel girders were narrow and light.
In 1905 his alternative design was published, enclosing an equal area with supporting pillars and arches that had more conventional proportions.
His design required fewer but larger pillars, and combined lateral and longitudinal arches

Work

Restorations

Anatole de Baudot worked under Eugène Viollet-le-Duc at the Château de Vincennes before taking the lead alone for 40 years.
At Toulouse and the castle of Blois he followed Félix Duban.

 Church of Aubazine, Corrèze
 Abbey church of Saint-Pierre de Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne, Corrèze
 College church of Saint-Martin de Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze
 Church of Saint-Pierre d'Uzerche, Corrèze
 Church of Saint-Nicolas-Saint-Laumer in Blois, Loir-et-Cher
 Church of Notre-Dame de Nanteuil in Montrichard, Loir-et-Cher
 Church of Notre-Dame-la-Blanche in Selles-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher
 Church of Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, Charente
 Church of  Preuilly-sur-Claise,  Indre-et-Loire
 West portal of the Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral, Puy-de-Dôme

Construction

 1871: Reconstruction of the church of Saint-Lubin in Rambouillet, replacing a 12th-century church that was considered too old and too small
 1882: Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux
 1887: Lycée Edmond-Perrier in Tulle with polychrome facades of brick, ceramics and metal, similar to the Lycée Lakanal
 1894: Lycée Victor-Hugo in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris
 1894-1904: Church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, using the reinforced concrete system of Paul Cottancin
 1899-1902: Théâtre Les 7 collines (Tulle), using a thin shell of reinforced concrete for the dome roof

Publications

1890-1900: Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historiques

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

1834 births
People from Sarrebourg
1915 deaths
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
19th-century French architects
20th-century French architects
French art historians
French architectural historians
Concrete pioneers

Anatole de Baudot


Ken Foree (born February 29, 1948) is an American actor, best known as the protagonist Peter from the horror film Dawn of the Dead (1978) and as Roger Rockmore on the Nickelodeon television sitcom Kenan & Kel (1996–2000).

Early life and career
Foree was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He began acting in the 1970s, appearing in films such as The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, The Wanderers,  Dawn of the Dead, and Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III. He also had roles in the films Knightriders, From Beyond, and The Dentist. In 1995, he starred in an episode of The X-Files. Foree also played Roger Rockmore, Kenan and Kyra's father on the Nickelodeon sitcom Kenan & Kel. In 2005, he played Charlie Altamont in the film The Devil's Rejects, starring opposite Sid Haig and Bill Moseley as the adopted brother of Haig's character. In 2007, he appeared in Rob Zombie's remake of the 1978 film Halloween.

Ken Foree appeared as himself in the 2008 novel Bad Moon Rising by Jonathan Maberry. Foree is one of several real-world horror celebrities who are in the fictional town of Pine Deep when monsters attack. Other celebrities include Tom Savini, Jim O'Rear, Brinke Stevens, James Gunn, Stephen Susco, Debbie Rochon, Joe Bob Briggs, and Mem Shannon.

The horror-comedy film Shaun of the Dead contains a reference to Foree, as the film's main character is an employee of Foree Electronics.

Foree Fest
Foree has his own horror festival. Known as Foree Fest, the first event was held in the U.K. in 2007. A second took place in October 2009, and a third event was held in 2013.

Filmography

References

External links

 Ken Foree's U.K Foree Fest website
 Audio interview at BBC Wiltshire
 Interview at Homepage of the Dead
 Ken Foree in Brotherhood of Blood at FEARnet

1948 births
Living people
American male film actors
Male actors from Indianapolis
African-American male actors
American male television actors
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Ken Foree


Desmond Travers (born 1941) is a retired Irish Army colonel. During his years with the army he served with various United Nations and European Union peacekeeping forces. Since his retirement from the army in 2001, he has taught military affairs at the Institute for International Criminal Investigations in The Hague. He also served on the institutes board of directors. In 2009 together with Richard Goldstone, Christine Chinkin, and Hina Jilani,  he was appointed to the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. The report that the mission subsequently published  is commonly referred to as the Goldstone Report and Travers is credited as one of the four co-authors.

Irish Army
During his 42-year career as a soldier and officer with the Irish Army Infantry Corps, Travers served with the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (1964, 1969–70) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (1980–82, 1984–85 and 1987–88).  While serving with UNIFIL, Travers and his family lived for two years in northern Israel. He subsequently served in Croatia (EU Monitor in 1993) and in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000–01).  His last army appointment was as Colonel, Commandant of the Military College, based at the Curragh Camp. He retired from the army in 2001.

UN investigator
In 2003 Travers was invited join the Institute for International Criminal Investigations based in The Hague. He later became a director at the institute. In 2009 he was asked to participate in the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. The report was submitted to the Human Rights Council on September 30, 2009 and has come to be called "The Goldstone Report" after its chairman  Richard Goldstone.

Other Interests / Writer
Travers continues his interest  in military history and heritage matters and is a member of the Military History Society of Ireland (MHSOI) and is a founder member of the Military Vehicle Club of Ireland
(MVCI). He also writes and lectures on military and  UN matters. He has written several essays for the Defence Forces Review. His most recent paper was "Soviet Military Mapping of Ireland During the Cold War".

References

1941 births
Irish Army officers
Living people
Irish expatriates in the Netherlands
Irish officials of the United Nations
United Nations military personnel

Desmond Travers


Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941 – May 6, 2018) was a Filipino poet, critic and writer of nonfiction. A National Artist of the Philippines award was conferred on him in 2014.

Early life and education
Bautista was born in Manila on July 9, 1941, and spent his childhood in Balic-Balic, Sampaloc.

He received his basic education from Legarda Elementary School (1st Honorable Mention, 1954) and Victorino Mapa High School (Valedictorian, 1959). He received his degrees in AB Literature from the University of Santo Tomas (magna cum laude, 1963), MA Literature from St. Louis University, Baguio (magna cum laude, 1968), and Doctor of Arts in Language and Literature from De La Salle University-Manila (1990). He received a fellowship to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa (1968–1969).

Career
Bautista taught creative writing and literature at St. Louis University (1963–1968) and the University of Santo Tomas (1969–1970) before moving to De La Salle University-Manila in 1970. He is also a co-founding member of the Philippine Literary Arts Council (PLAC) and a member of the Manila Critics Circle, Philippine Center of International PEN and the Philippine Writers Academy.

Bautista has also received Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards (for poetry, fiction and essay in English and Filipino) as well as Philippines Free Press Awards for Fiction, Manila Critics' Circle National Book Awards, Gawad Balagtas from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas, the Pablo Roman Prize for the Novel, and the highest accolades from the City of Manila, Quezon City and Iligan City. Bautista was hailed in 1993 as Makata ng Taon by the Komisyon ng mga Wika ng Pilipinas for winning the poetry contest sponsored by the government. The last part of his epic trilogy The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus, entitled Sunlight on Broken Stones, won the Centennial Prize for the epic in 1998. He was an exchange professor in Waseda University and Ohio University. He became an Honorary Fellow in Creative Writing at the University of Iowa in 1969, and was the first recipient of a British Council fellowship as a creative writer at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1987.

Bautista works include Boneyard Breaking, Sugat ng Salita, The Archipelago, Telex Moon, Summer Suns, Charts, The Cave and Other Poems, Kirot ng Kataga, and Bullets and Roses: The Poetry of Amado V. Hernandez. His novel Galaw ng Asoge was published by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 2004. His latest book, Believe and Betray: New and Collected Poems, appeared in 2006, published by De La Salle University Press.

His poems have appeared in major literary journals, papers, and magazines in the Philippines and in anthologies published in the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, China, Romania, Hong Kong, Germany and Malaysia.  These include: excerpts from Sunlight on Broken Stones, published in World Literature Today, USA, Spring 2000; What Rizal Told Me (poem), published in Manoa, University of Hawaii, 1997; She of the Quick Hands: My Daughter and The Seagull (poems), published in English Teacher's Portfolio of Multicultural Activities, edited by John Cowen (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

Aside from his teaching, creative and research activities as a Professor Emeritus of Literature at the College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University-Manila, Bautista was also a columnist and literary editor of the Philippine Panorama, the Sunday Supplement of the Manila Bulletin. He was also a member of the Board of Advisers and Associate, Bienvenido Santos Creative Writing Center of De La Salle University-Manila and Senior Associate, The Center for Creative Writing and Studies of the University of Santo Tomas.

Death
Bautista died on May 6, 2018. He was laid to rest following a state funeral at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.

Personal life
Cirilo Bautista was married to Rosemarie Bautista and had three children.

Works

Poetry
 Summer suns (with Albert Casuga, 1963)
 The Cave and Other Poems (1968)
 The Archipelago (1970)
 Charts (1973)
 Telex  (1981)
 Sugat ng Salita (1985)
 Kirot Ng Kataga (1995),
 Sunlight On Broken Stones (2000)
 Tinik Sa Dila: Isang Katipunan Ng Mga Tula (2003)
 The Trilogy Of Saint Lazarus (2001)
 Believe and Betray: New and Collected Poems (2007)
 Third World Geography
 Pedagogic (2008)
 Villanelle For Old MenFiction
 Stories (1990)
 Galaw ng Asoge (2004)

Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
 Breaking Signs (1990)
 Words And Battlefields: A Theoria On The Poem (1998)
 The Estrella D. Alfon Anthology Vol. I – Short Stories (2000)
 Bullets And Roses: The Poetry Of Amado V. Hernandez / A Bilingual Edition (translated Into English And With A Critical Introduction) (2002)

Awards, Prizes and Honors
 First Prize in Epic Writing English Category, of the National Centennial Commission's Literary Contests, 1998, sponsored by the Philippine Government.  The judges in this prestigious contest, held to commemorate the Centennial of our freedom, gave the prize to Bautista's Sunlight on Broken Stones, the last volume in his The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus. This epic of 3,050 lines concludes his monumental work on Philippine history.
 In 1999, Sunlight on Broken Stones, published by De La Salle University-Manila Press, garnered the National Book Award given by the Manila Critics Circle and the Gintong Aklat Award given by the Book Development Association of the Philippines Hall of Fame of the Palanca Awards Foundation for achievements in the field of literature, 1995. This is given to Filipino writers who have distinguished themselves by winning at least five First Prizes in the Palanca Literary Contests.
 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature nine (9) times for poetry, fiction and essay. His prize-winning works include: Philippine Poetics: The Past Eight Years (essay), 1981; Crossworks (collected poems), 1979; Charts (collected poems), 1973; The Archipelago (epic poem), 1970; Telex Moon (epic poem), 1975; The Cave and Other Poems (collected poems), 1968; and the short stories Ritual and The Man Who Made a Covenant with the Wind. National Book Award given by the Manila Critics Circle five (5) times, for The Archipelago, Sugat ng Salita, Sunlight on Broken Stones, The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus and Tinik sa Dila.
 Diwa ng Lahi, Gawad Antonio Villegas at Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan in the field of literature by the City of Manila. This award is given to outstanding Manila artists who have contributed to the advancement of arts and culture. 430th Araw ng Maynila, June 22, 2001, Bulwagang Villegas, Manila City Hall.
 Gawad Balagtas in 1997 by the Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas for Bautista's achievements as a poet, fictionist, and critic.
 Included in Who's Who in the World, 1996, New Providence, New Jersey, U.S.
 Makata ng Taon 1993, sponsored by the Komisyon ng mga Wikang Pilipinas with the poem Ulat Buhat Sa Bulkan.  With this and his Palanca award for Tagalog poetry and his winning the First Prize in the Poetry contest sponsored by the Dyaryo Filipino with his poem, Ilang Aeta Mula Sa Botolan,  Bautista affirmed his importance as a bilingual writer.
 Included in The Oxford Companion to the English Language, edited by Tom MacArthur, Oxford University Press, 1992.
 Included in The Traveller's Guide to Asian Literature, 1993.
 Knight Commander of Rizal by the Order of the Knights of Rizal, December 1998, in recognition of Bautista's literary works that helped propagate the ideas and achievements of the national hero. His The Trilogy  of Saint Lazarus has the national hero as the main character and focal point in the author's poetic recreation of the development of the Filipino soul from the beginning of our history to the present.
 Adopted Son of Iligan City, 1997, by virtue of Executive Order #98 signed by Mayor Alejo Yanes, for his contribution "in the development of creative writing in Mindanao, for serving as a role model among young writers, as well as his tireless promotion of Iligan City as a center for literary arts in the Philippines." Bautista was instrumental in the founding of the Iligan Writers Workshop and was its primary mover in attracting young writers to congregate in Mindanao and learn the craft of writing.
 Gawad Manuel L. Quezon in 1996 by the Quezon City Government in connection with the Quezon Day Celebrations for Bautista's outstanding achievement as writer, editor and teacher.
 Certificate of appreciation from the Benigno Aquino Jr., Foundation for his literary works that helped perpetuate the memory of the late senator
 St. Miguel Febres Cordero Research Award, SY2002-03 given by De La Salle University-Manila, 2002. This award was given to Bautista in recognition of his achievements in research and creative writing.
 First Annual Dove Award by the College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University-Manila, February 14, 2001. An alumnus of the Graduate School of the university, Bautista was honored for the contributions he had in energizing the writing life in campus through his co-founding of the creative writing programs in the university and activities as Writer-in-Residence for fifteen years.
 Most Outstanding Achievement Award in Literature by the Philets-Artlets Centennial Alumni Association of the University of Santo Tomas, 1996.
 Most Outstanding Alumnus Award for Literature, Mapa High School Alumni Association, 1983.
 Pablo Roman Prize for his Novel-in-Progress entitled Reconstruction, 1982.
 Most Outstanding Alumnus Award for Literature from the Alumni Association of the College of Arts and Letters, University of Santo Tomas, 1982.
 Fernando Maria Guerrero Award for Literature, University of Santo Tomas Alumni Association, 1980.
 Most Outstanding Alumnus Award for Literature, Graduate School, Saint Louis University, 1975.
 British Council Fellowship as Visiting Writer, Trinity College, Cambridge, England, 1987. Bautista was the first Filipino writer to be invited to attend the Cambridge Seminar on Contemporary Literature''.
 Honorary Fellow in Creative Writing, University of Iowa, U.S., 1969
 Visiting Professor at Waseda University, Japan and Ohio University, U.S.

References

External links
 Cirilo F. Bautista home page
 Mindanao Creative Writers Group Inc.
 U.S.T. Creative Writing Workshop, Baguio
 About Culture and the Arts
 Cirilo F. Bautista
 Manoa, University of Hawaii
 Review of Galaw ng Asoge
 Manila Bulletin on Galaw ng Asoge
 Cirilo F. Bautista on Philippine Literary Contests and Workshops
 An Online Resource for Filipino Writers and Readers
 Cirilo Bautista

1941 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Filipino poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century Filipino poets
21st-century male writers
Filipino literary critics
Filipino male poets
Writers from Metro Manila
Palanca Award recipients
Manila Bulletin people
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
People from Sampaloc, Manila
University of Santo Tomas alumni
De La Salle University alumni
Saint Louis University (Philippines) alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
International Writing Program alumni

Cirilo Bautista


Nikolay Gavrilovich Slavyanov (;  – ) was a Russian Empire inventor who in 1888 introduced arc welding with consumable metal electrodes, or shielded metal arc welding, the second historical arc welding method after carbon arc welding invented earlier by Nikolay Benardos.

Biography
Nikolay Slavyanov was born on 5 May 1854 in the village of Nikolskoye, Zadonsky Uyezd, Voronezh Governorate.

Nikolay's father, Gavriil Nikolayevich Slavyanov, was part of the Volyn regiment, where he participated in the Crimean War, during the Battle of Malakoff (part of the Siege of Sebastopol) against French forces. His father retired in 1856 for health reasons. Nikolay's mother, Sofia Alekseyevna (née Shakhovskaya), was the daughter of a Kursk landowner.

Nikolay Slavyanov graduated from the Voronezh gymnasium. From 1872, he studied at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute. Immediately after graduating from the institute in 1877, he was sent to the private Votkinsk State Mining Plant, where progressed from a trainee position to that of inspector of the mechanical and lathe shops, and then went on to become the chief mechanic of the plant. In the autumn of 1877, he married Varvara Vasilyevna Olderogge.

Between 1881 and 1883, he worked at the Omutninsk factories. Then he moved to Perm. From December 1883 until the end of his life, he worked at the Perm cannon factories, where he made most of his inventions.

In 1887, at the Perm cannon factory, he opened a power plant that worked with dynamo machines and arc lamps. The power plant was assigned to illuminate the plant at night.

In Yekaterinburg, in the summer of 1887, a dynamo-car, arc lamps, and various of his electrical measuring instruments were exhibited at a two-week Ural-Siberian scientific and industrial exhibition.

He died on 5 October 1897 from heart rupture. He was buried in the grounds of the Holy Trinity Church. In 1948 he was reburied near the Perm Polytechnic College named after N. G. Slavyanov.

Scientific studies
In November 1888, N.G. Slavyanov made practical use of arc welding for a metal, for the first time in the world. This meant keeping the surface of the metal fluid during casting in order to better degas the casting to avoid blowholes. An electric arc is used for this purpose in the process. In connection with this process, he chosen not to call his method "welding" but rather "electric casting of metals" ().  Before him only carbon electrodes had been used in such processes. Slavyanov worked on improving the quality of the metal needed to forge gun barrels. Metal was poured into a hollow cast, from above, then with the help of the electric arc the metal was heated. The resulting gas bubbles went from bottom to top and the metal lay tightly without seams and slits, the procedure being referred to as the "electrical compaction of metals" ().

He used this process, for example, to weld the crankshaft of the steam engine in one of the shops of the Perm cannon factories. To demonstrate the capabilities of the welding machine, Nikolay Gavrilovich, having shaped a glass, welded seven non-melting metals and alloys: bell bronze, tombac, nickel, steel, cast iron, copper, nickel silver, and bronze ("Slavyanov's glass", ). For this innovative contribution to engineering, he received a gold medal at the world electrotechnical exhibition in 1893 in Chicago, with the citation: "For producing a technical revolution."

In metallurgy, N.G. Slavyanov proposed a "vanishing method": in order to eliminate the leakage of molten base and electrode metal, the workpiece consisted of coke or quartz moulding. To protect against the harmful effects of the atmosphere, he proposed closing the welding site with slag, the thickness of which would not prevent the passage of electric current. Slavyanov proposed an automatic regulator of the length of the welding arc, which he called an "electric smelting device," which enabled the use of a dynamo car in place of a storage battery.

See also
 Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov – discoverer of the electric arc effect (1802)
 Humphry Davy – demonstrated electric arc lighting to the Royal Society (1806)
 Nikolay Benardos and Stanisław Olszewski – co-inventors of carbon arc welding (1881)

References
 Slavyanov's biography
 Slavyanov Nikolay Gavrilovich at weldworld.ru

1854 births
1897 deaths
People from Zadonsky District
People from Zadonsky Uyezd
19th-century inventors
Engineers from the Russian Empire
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Welders
Saint Petersburg Mining University alumni
Russian scientists

Nikolay Slavyanov


The Poster Museum at Wilanów () is the world's oldest poster museum. Founded in 1968, the museum is housed at the Wilanów Palace complex in Warsaw, Poland.

History
The Poster Museum at Wilanów is part of the National Museum in Warsaw. It was established through a grant of several thousand posters belonging to the National Museum, made by the museum's director, Stanislav Lorentz. The Poster Museum opened in June 1968, becoming the world's first museum dedicated to this art form.

At its founding, the museum had 13,000 items in its collection, including around 500 posters preserved from the World War II era. Its collection is continually growing, through gifts from Polish and international donors.

During the mid-20th century, Polish interest in poster art, and poster collecting, grew substantially, influenced by the visual style of national filmmakers such as Andrzej Wajda. Collectors sought posters advertising films, plays, and musicals in particular. Warsaw's annual poster art competition gained a worldwide reputation, ultimately leading the founding of the Poster Museum in 1968.

The Poster Museum is housed in a modern exhibition space erected behind the historic Wilanów Palace, a 19th-century riding school located on the outskirts of Warsaw.

Collections

More than 55,000 posters are in the collections of the Poster Museum at Wilanów. 30,000 items represent the history of poster art in Poland from 1892 to 2002. The Poster Museum houses one of the world's largest collections of posters. The museum rotates its collection through permanent exhibits on Polish poster art and history, foreign poster art, and thematic exhibits.

International Poster Biennale in Warsaw
The International Poster Biennale in Warsaw, which was launched in 1966, moved to the museum in 1994, where it is still held every second year. The International Poster Biennale was the world's first poster biennale. Today, it attracts more than 2000 entries from around the globe when it is held.

The 23rd International Poster Biennale takes place in 2012.

In 2016, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of International Poster Biennale, 25th IPBW invited fifty eminent artists to take part in the exhibition 50/50/50. Their work reproduced in the form of digital print in city light boxes situated in Warsaw.

List of 50/50/50 Participants:

Takashi Akiyama, Japan / Dimitris Arvanitis, Greece / Peter Bankow, Russia / Michał Batory, France / Anthon Beeke, Netherland / Tomasz Bogusławski, Poland / Michel Bouvet, France / Stephan Bundi, Switzerland / Seymur Chwast, USA / cyan, Germany / Lex Drewiński, Poland / Cao Fang, China / El Fantasma de Heredia (Anabella Salem, Gabriel Mateu), Argentina / Milton Glaser, USA / Mark Gowing, Australia / Igor Gurowicz, Russia / Małgorzata Gurowska, Poland / Jianping He, Germany / Michele Miyares Hollands, Cuba / Leszek Hołdanowicz, Poland / Homework (Joanna Górska, Jerzy Skakun), Poland / Radovan Jenko, Slovenia / Han Jiaying, China / Roman Kalarus, Poland / Andrzej Klimowski, Great Britain / Andrzej Krauze, Marcin Mroszczak, Poland / Yossi Lemel, Israel / Andrew Lewis, Canada/Harmen Liemburg, Netherland/Uwe Loesch, Germany/Andriej Logwin, Russia / Pekka Loiri, Finland/Alejandro Magallanes, Mexico / Javier Mariscal, Spain/Shin Matsuunaga, Japan/Holger Matthies, Germany / Konstantinos Miaris, Greece/Karel Míšek, Czech Republic/Piotr Młodożeniec, Poland / German Montalvo, Mexico / Finn Nygaard, Denmark / István Orosz, Hungary / :fr:Kari Piippo, Finland / Władysław Pluta, Poland / Péter Pócs, Hungary / Alain Le Quernec, France / Gunter Rambow, Germany / Wiesław Rosocha, Poland/ Thierry Sarfis, France / Paula Scher, USA / Ralph Schraivogel, Switzerland / Nancy Skolos, Thomas Wedell, USA / Leonardo Sonnoli, Italy / Jakub Stępień, Poland / David Tartakover, Israel / Parisa Tashakori, Iran / Niklaus Troxler, Switzerland / U.G. Sato, Japan / Henning Wagenbreth, Germany / Mieczysław Wasilewski, Poland / Catherine Zask, France

See also

 Books on posters
 Graphic design
 Illustrations
 Mediascape
 Pin-up (disambiguation)
 Polish School of Posters
 Poster session
 Street Poster Art
 Swann Galleries

References

 Plakaty w zbiorach Muzeum Plakatu w Wilanowie ed. Maria Kurpik, Agata Szydłowska, Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, Warszawa 2008, pp. 293.
 Maria Kurpik: Chopin - polski plakat, Wydawnictwo Bosz, Olszanica 2010, pp. 160.
 Maria Kurpik: Polonia 1900-1939. Fondos del Museo del Cartel de Wilanów, Museo MuVIM, Valencia 2006, pp. 223.
 L'Affiche Polonaise de 1945 à 2004. Des slogans et des signes, ed. Jean-Claud Famulicki, Maria Kurpik, La Decouverte, Paris 2005, pp. 192.

External links
Poster Museum, Wilanów within Google Arts & Culture

Graphic design

Museums in Warsaw
Art museums and galleries in Poland
National museums of Poland
Design museums
Museums established in 1968
1968 establishments in Poland
Poster museums

Poster Museum, Wilanów


The "DK Rap" is the introduction theme to the 1999 Nintendo 64 video game Donkey Kong 64. Originally conceived by Rare designer George Andreas and composed by Grant Kirkhope, Andreas co-wrote and performed the lyrics, with Rare staffers joining in the chorus. Its lyrics describe the five playable characters in the game, with Kirkhope's goal to juxtapose the previous iteration of Donkey Kong from Donkey Kong Country against the new one.

The "DK Rap" is the first song in the 1999 Donkey Kong 64 Original Soundtrack, where it was named "Da Banana Bunch". Despite Grant Kirkhope not intending to make a serious rap, the "DK Rap" has received generally mixed reception and has been awarded "dubious awards" for its quality. The song has since been remixed in other Nintendo games and can be downloaded on the company's website.

Concept and history

The lyrics to the "DK Rap" describe the five playable characters, one per verse: Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Tiny Kong, Lanky Kong, and Chunky Kong. The rap was originally conceived by Donkey Kong 64 designer George Andreas and composed by Grant Kirkhope. Andreas took inspiration from the band Run-DMC. Kirkhope's goal was to juxtapose Donkey Kong as seen in Donkey Kong Country versus his then-newest appearance. Andreas wrote and performed the song's lyrics (alongside Donkey Kong 64 lead programmer Chris Sutherland) while Kirkhope wrote the tune. The chorus includes Rare staffers such as Gregg Mayles, Steve Mayles, Ed Bryan, and Chris Peil. Each character's verse features instrumentals reflecting the actual instruments that the characters possess.

Kirkhope stated that the DK Rap was not supposed to be a "serious rap" but rather a joke. Consumer and critical reaction was generally negative, however, having interpreted the song as being serious. Kirkhope felt surprised that Nintendo objected to the use of the word "hell" and attributed it to the Bible Belt in the United States. The "DK Rap" was not localized for the Japanese release of Donkey Kong 64, nor was it subtitled. Video game designer Shigesato Itoi provided a Japanese translation of the "DK Rap" on his personal website.

The "DK Rap" was remixed in Super Smash Bros. Melee. Composer Hirokazu Ando was originally going to be in charge of composition of the song, but due to technical issues, director Masahiro Sakurai and composer Shogo Sakai had to assist. To overcome these issues, they played the background audio and recorded the rap over it. Because the remixed rap is faster, it was not possible for them to record it live. Some characters in the theme have higher tempos than others. While the DJ (James W. Norwood Jr.) practiced, they recorded him, using what good came out of it and mixing it together. The rap took two days to record.

Legacy
The DK Rap is the first song in the 1999 Donkey Kong 64 Original Soundtrack, where it was named "Da Banana Bunch". Around the release of Donkey Kong 64, Nintendo of America hosted a promotion called the "DK Rap Attack Contest" where people could submit a recording of themselves singing their own version of the "DK Rap". The winner would receive a Donkey Kong 64/Nintendo 64 console bundle, a trip to Nintendo of America's headquarters in Redmond, Washington, and their video would be hosted on the official Donkey Kong 64 website. The song was made available for download on Nintendo's website for use with this promotion.

A new version of the DK Rap was featured in the 2001 GameCube Nintendo crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Melee, performed by James W. Norwood Jr. who provided different voices for every verse. The original theme features the word "hell", which was changed to "heck" for the Melee release. This version was later reused in its sequels Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, and was featured as a song in the GameCube music game Donkey Konga. It was also released on the album Donkey Konga: The Hottest Hits. In English-language versions of Super Smash Bros. for 3DS/Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, Donkey Kong's crowd cheer is a variant of the DK Rap. As part of a Kickstarter stretch goal, Grant Kirkhope wrote a spiritual successor to the DK Rap, titled the "Yooka-Laylee Rap", for Yooka-Laylee.

The DK Rap is featured as Donkey Kong's entrance theme in The Super Mario Bros. Movie. Seth Rogen, who voices Donkey Kong in the film, called the song "one of the worst rap songs of all time" but also stated that he personally enjoyed it, giving it a "10 out of 10 bananas" rating. However, Grant Kirkhope criticized the film for not crediting him.

Reception

Since its appearance in Donkey Kong 64, the "DK Rap" has received generally mixed reception. It was awarded "dubious awards" for its quality. It also received criticism for its use of the word "hell" despite its ESRB rating. 1Up.com's Scott Sharkey included it in his list of the "top 5 cringe-inducing videogame raps" and claimed that it was a "100% reliable method of emptying the place" in which he took his cigarette breaks. He also called it one of the worst video game themes and called it "so-bad-it's-good" due to its "fundamental cluelessness". He stated, "Really, when I think of the improvisational musical art of the inner city underclasses the first thing that comes to mind is a tie-wearing Japanese gorilla. Yeah." Destructoid's Dale North included it in his list of the most obnoxious video game songs and joked that he imagined the Fresh Prince of Bel Air character Carlton Banks dancing to it. The song was performed on a pop show in Japan by a high-profile Japanese rapper. Composer Grant Kirkhope compared the theme's recent resurgence to popularity, including as an Internet meme, to the band ABBA and expressed joy that more people consider the song funny. Video Game Music Online criticized the Donkey Konga album remix due to its new vocalist and attempt to introduce authentic rap elements.

NGamer UK included it in their article about the "evil side of kiddy gaming" and called it "so-bad-it'll-make-your-ears-bleed rotten". The DK Rap was included in IGN's list of the worst in-game quotes at number eight. The staff claimed that the song "comes to mind" when they think of video game's "all-time terrible moments". They stated that it was the "only song in history that sounds like vomit". Game Informers O'Dell Harmon included it at #2 in his list of the "freshest rap songs in video games". GamesRadar's Bob Mackey claimed that the "DK Rap" was the biggest addition to the Donkey Kong character in Donkey Kong 64. Composer Grant Kirkhope stated that staff of Big Huge Games (the company at which he was employed at the time) made fun of him for the song and added that his tombstone will read, "here lies the body of Grant Kirkhope, he wrote the DK Rap, may God have mercy on his soul". The lyric "His coconut gun can fire in spurts. If he shoots ya, it's gonna hurt!" was named the fourth worst game line ever in the January 2002 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly. OC Weeklys Peter Mai included the song in his list of the "Top 5 Cheesiest (Yet Somehow Awesome) Video Game Songs". He stated, "[it is] probably the worst rap song ever written, but you know you still love it."

See also

 Mario Brothers Rap

References

1999 songs
British hip hop songs
Comedy hip hop songs
Donkey Kong
Nintendo 64
Nintendo music
Video game theme songs
Songs written for video games
Video game memes
Internet memes

DK Rap


Statistical regularity is a notion in statistics that if we throw a thumbtack onto a table once, we would have a hard time predicting whether the point would touch the surface of the table or not. But if we repéat this experiment many times, we will see that the number of times the point touches the surface divided by the number of throws will eventually stabilize at a specific value.

Similar experiments with coins, dice, and roulette wheels reinforce the main idéa. Repéating a series of trials will produce similar, but not identical, results for éach series. This phenomenon is called statistical regularity.

The same idéa occurs in games of chance, demographic statistics, quality control of a manufacturing process, and in many other parts of our lives.

Observations of this phenomenon provided the initial motivation for the concept of what is now known as frequency probability.

Statistika

Statistical regularity


Tony Hannan (born 11 June 1963 in Bradford, Yorkshire, England) is an author, journalist and publisher who specialises in British popular culture.

Books
Hannan has authored and edited numerous books, including Underdogs – A Year in the Life of a Rugby League Town. Among his other titles are On Behalf of the Committee, a comprehensive history of northern English comedy, and Being Eddie Waring, a critically acclaimed  biography of the BBC rugby league commentator of that name . In 2010, this was the basis for a BBC Four television documentary, Eddie Waring: Mr Rugby League. .

Selected books
 Underdogs - Keegan Hirst, Batley and a Year in the Life of a Rugby League Town (2017)
 Slouching Towards Blubberhouses - A Grand Tour of Yorkshireness (2014)
 On Behalf of the Committee - A History of Northern Comedy (2010)
 Tries and Prejudice - The autobiography of England's first Muslim rugby international (2009, with Ikram Butt)
 Being Eddie Waring - The Life and Times of a Sporting Icon (2008)

TV and Radio
Hannan has made numerous radio and television appearances. Among the most notable are:
 It's Funny Up North with... Vic Reeves (ITV Tyne Tees 2006)
 Eddie Waring: Mr Rugby League (BBC Four, 2010)
 Eric and Ernie: Behind the Scenes (BBC Two, 2011)
 Morecambe and Wise: The Whole Story (BBC Two. 2013)

Publishing
With fellow author and rugby league journalist Phil Caplan, Tony Hannan is a co-director of Scratching Shed Publishing, an independent publishing house based in Leeds, Yorkshire. Founded in May 2008, it is primarily devoted to the production of books inspired by aspects of northern English culture and produces the monthly rugby league magazine Forty20. .

Cartoonist
Hannan was the creator and illustrator of the popular and long-running satirical cartoon character 'Walt', whose pithy comments were a nightly feature in the Bradford Telegraph and Argus newspaper from March 1987 until April 2002.  Having first appeared alongside Brad Ford, a cheeky bear based on the 'Bradford's Bouncing Back' regeneration campaign figurehead of the late 1980s, Walt soon took over the strip. Hannan's cartoons have also appeared in Private Eye, Punch and similar publications.

References

External links
 Scratching Shed Publishing Ltd

Rugby league journalists
British cartoonists
English biographers
1963 births
Living people

Tony Hannan