Zayyanid architecture originated in the Kingdom of Tlemcen between the 13th and 16th centuries in the northwestern region of present-day Algeria. It is a continuation of the western Islamic architectural traditions, often known as the "Hispano-Moresque style," with elements that were further developed to create distinctive designs lasting for centuries. This architectural style was significantly influenced by the Almohad Caliphate and Andalusian architecture, resulting in a lasting heritage of Moorish architectural achievements.

Historical background

After the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the Islamic Maghreb witnessed the emergence of three major dynasties starting from the 13th century: the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya, the Zayyanid dynasty in central Maghreb, and the Marinid dynasty in western Maghreb. This division was an inevitable result of the tense political situation in the region at that time, which led to conflicts and wars. As the Almohad state weakened, each of these dynasties sought to establish its rule and define its borders at the expense of the others.

When the prince Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared his independence from Almohad rule in 1235, he aimed to solidify the state's entity and establish its foundations. He designated the city of Tlemcen as the political capital of the Beni Abd al-Wad dynasty, the base of the Central Maghreb, and a center of cultural influence in the Islamic Maghreb during the Middle Ages. Tlemcen played a significant role across various domains, especially in trading, Tlemcen emerged as the primary trading hub, surpassing Tiaret in the region. It housed European trading centers that facilitated connections between African and European merchants. Tlemcen played a vital role in the trade of African gold, which reached European hands through this pivotal city.
The Zayyanid dynasty experienced remarkable development and prosperity in the field of urbanism. Despite periods of political and social unrest in Tlemcen under Zayyanid rule, religious, civic, and military buildings witnessed notable activity. Additionally, a large number of scholars emerged, Leaving behind an impact on the fields of science and architecture in the region. As a result, the city of Tlemcen, the capital of the Zayyanids, was also considered one of the most well-policed and civilized cities in the world.

Mosque architecture

The Abd al-Wadids had expertise in Islamic architecture, leaving behind them structures characterized by their distinct incorporation of local zellij and ceramic decorations. One example is the Mosque of Sidi Bel Hassan. Considered as one of the well preserved structures from the Zayyanid architecture, it was adorned with exquisite decorative and artistic elements. The mosques of Ouled Al-Imam and Sidi Ibrahim are two other examples. The Zayyanids erected minarets for already-standing mosques, such as the minaret of Agadir Mosque, the minaret of Algiers Mosque, and the two minarets of the Grand Mosque in Tlemcen and Nedroma.

Minaret
The Zayyanids left various minarets across their kingdom that have been preserved up to the present day, with a great part of them being built in their capital Tlemcen. These minarets are square-shaped and typically consist of two floors.

These minarets can be traced back to the Zayyanid period in central Maghreb. Among them are eight minarets, including the minaret of Sidi Abu Al-Hasan Mosque, the minaret of Sidi Ibrahim Mosque, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, the minaret of the Nador Mosque, the minaret of Agadir, the minaret of Ouled El-Imam Mosque, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Algiers, and the minaret of the Mustur Mosque.

Zayyanid minarets are characterized by their square shape and their placement at the corners of the back wall of the mosque, except for the mosques of Tlemcen and Algiers, where the minaret is positioned at the center of the back wall, aligned with the mihrab. They are also notable for their moderate height, which is proportional to the size of the mosque, whether large or small.

The Zayyanid minarets, both in their general exterior appearance and decorative elements, were influenced by the Almohad minarets. Evidence of this influence is the fact that Zayyanid minarets have two floors instead of three.

As for the internal structure of the minaret, it bears a striking resemblance to the minaret of the Qalat Bani Hammad Mosque.

Outside appearance

Mosques during the Abd al-Wadids realm adopted a rectangular architectural form, oriented from north to south in Sidi Bel Hassan and Sidi Ibrahim mosques, and from east to west in the Ouled El Imam mosque. Most of the minaret occupies one of the corners of the rectangle, for example, the southeast corner in the Sidi Bel Hassan Mosque, the northwest corner in the Sidi Ibrahim Mosque, and the northeast corner in the Ouled El Imam Mosque.

As for the entrances, their shape, position, and number vary from one mosque to another. The main entrance of Sidi Bel Hassan Mosque is located in the middle of the eastern wall and is a prominent commemorative entrance. The second entrance opens on the southwest side and is a simple and ordinary entrance resembling the three entrances of Ouled El Imam mosque, one on the eastern wall and the other two on the northern wall overlooking the shared courtyard with the madrasa, historically.

Sidi Ibrahim mosque includes three prominent commemorative entrances occupying the three sides of the mosque except for the southeast side. They are organized in a balanced and coordinated manner.

The roofs of the three mosques appear from the outside in a sloping or truncated pyramid shape. This roofing style is suited to the region's climate, as it helps rainwater to drain and slide off during winter and provides cooling inside the mosque during summer. The roofs appear to be covered with solid, shiny, green-colored tiles, and they run vertically along the qibla wall in Sidi Bel Hassan and Ouled El Imam mosques, and in parallel in Sidi Ibrahim Mosque, where its dome in front of the mihrab is slightly prominent outward with small windows for lighting and ventilation, some of which are open, and others are closed. Additional windows for lighting and ventilation are opened in the walls of the three mosques.

Interior appearance

The Zayyanid mosques did preserve their architectural foundation, except for the El-Mechouar Mosque, which underwent a complete change in its architectural form, retaining only its minaret as an original element. In reality, the Zayyanid mosques are small in size compared to the previous Almoravid mosques in Tlemcen, which confirms their secondary function as evident from their general dimensions. For instance, Sidi Bel Hassan Mosque measures approximately 10.20 meters in length and 9.70 meters in width, and is characterized by the absence of a courtyard. While Ouled El Imam mosque measures about 9 meters in length and 6.30 meters in width. Sidi Ibrahim mosque is considered the largest and most spacious, with the prayer hall measuring approximately 19 meters in length and 15.40 meters in width.

Each mosque features a small door that leads to the minaret. The entrances of Sidi Bel Hassan and Ouled El Imam mosques directly connect to the prayer hall, while two of the entrances in Sidi Ibrahim mosque lead to the rear of the prayer hall and one leads to an open central courtyard.

Palaces
Palace construction was widespread throughout the Zayyanid era across the kingdom; sultans of the Zayyanid dynasty showed great interest in building and construction. Among the important architectural structures established during the Zayyanid era were the palaces, including the Palace of El Mechouar.

Yaghmurasen had a keen interest in building and construction, and he passed this passion on to his son Uthman and his grandson Abu Hammu I in establishing both religious and urban architectural structures. Historical records attest that sultan Abu Hammu I built a palace near the town of Mazouna when he conquered it in 1311. His son Abu Tashufin I (1318-1337 CE) was also interested about construction, making his era a period of urban prosperity in Tlemcen. The number of houses and mansions in his time reached around sixteen. He was particularly fond of building palaces, and among his palaces were three famous ones: Dar Al-Malik, Dar Al-Surur, and the palace of Abu Fehr in El Mechouar complexe.
However, we do not know their exact locations as they were destroyed by the Marinids when Abu al-Abbas Ahmed attacked Tlemcen in 1387.

El Mechouar

It is the royal palace and the main headquarters of the sultans of the Zayyanid dynasty. It was built by Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan and later expanded by Abu Hamu Musa I, who added some facilities to it. One of the most important historical texts that mentioned the palace of El Mechouar is the precise description given by the traveler Hassan Al-Wazzan, who said, "The royal palace of El Mechouar is located south of the city and is surrounded by high walls in the form of a fortress. It contains other small palaces with gardens and orchards, all of them well-built and adorned with beautiful architectural decorations. The palace has two gates, one opening towards the open country and the other in the middle of the city where the chief of the guard resides."

The palace walls showed rich decorations, enhanced with zellij and intricately carved stucco. Additionally, the artistry of Islamic calligraphy decorated this structure. The remains of one of the palaces stood out to present-day archaeologists with its central alcove in the grand audience hall. Inspired by earlier Zirid palaces, this feature set it apart from contemporary palace designs in other regions. In 2010–2011 a modern reconstruction was erected over these remains, which has an unclear relation with the design of the original palace.

Within the palatial complex, an array of residences, pavilions, and gardens surrounded the landscape, complemented by essential facilities like a mosque and a hammam.

During the Zayyanid era, four prominent palaces emerged: Dar al-Malik (), Dar Abu Fahr (), Dar al-Surur (), and Dar al-Raha ().Abu Tashufin I, during his reign from 1318 to 1337, was the visionary behind the construction of three of these palaces.

The architects designed some of these palaces to cater to different seasons. The summer residence, crafted from mudbrick, preserved a refreshing coolness, while the winter residence, crafted from stone, provided warmth during the colder months.

It is noteworthy that the palace of El Mechouar stands as a remarkable landmark of the Kingdom of Tlemcen, showcasing the Zayyanid art and architecture with evident influence from the Andalusian style.

Fortifications

During their reign, the Zayyanids took significant measures to fortify several cities in the Maghreb al Awsat, including Honaine, Nedroma, Ténès, and their capital, Tlemcen. As an example, Algiers was encompassed by imposing and grand walls under the command of Sultan Abu Tashufin I. While most of their efforts were concentrated in Tlemcen due to frequent raids by the Marinids, surrounding their capital with a deep trench that encircled the city, reinforced with towering walls built from clay, sand, and limestone.

The political and military circumstances faced by the Zayyanid state, along with developments among neighboring Marinids and Hafsids, prompted them to focus on establishing diverse military fortifications that catered to the prevailing political and military conditions and solidified their position. Consequently, these military fortifications became a stronghold for the region.

In the mid-13th century, Tlemcen was established by merging two ancient cities, Tagrart and Agadir, into a single unified city under the rule of Sultan Yaghmurasen. Under his rule, Tlemcen was transformed into a unified city protected by high walls, consisting of approximately seven layers in some areas. Yaghmoracen also initiated the construction of the imposing Kachout walls in 1265. A Moroccan traveler described these walls as "the strongest and most solid walls", attesting to their height and invincibility.

The Zayyanid sultans also constructed numerous fortresses, castles, and towers, and other fortifications. In Tlemcen, they built tower defenses In order to strengthen their capital, among them the El Machouar Fort and Castle, and El Kalaa Fort. The construction of these structures was intensified during the siege of Bejaia and other attacks on the Hafsids, such as the Temzezdekt that was supplied by three thousand soldiers. Abu Tachufin also built more fortifications on the eastern side of the kingdom to strengthen his position in that area, Including Bakr and Yaqut Fort.

Other constructions

Madrasas

The Zayyanid dynasty were the first rulers to build madrasas in the territory controlled by the Kingdom of Tlemcen in central Maghreb, same as their neighbouring dynasties, the Hafsids and the Marinids, introduced the first madrasas to the eastern and western Maghreb. The first madrasa was built in 1310 in Tlemcen by Abu Hammu I and was called "al-Madrasa al-Qadima" or "Old Madrasa" (now madrasa Ouled El Imam).

The Abd al-Wadid rulers showed great interest in building madrasas, aiming to revive the Maliki school of thought and uproot the roots of the Almohad school. Moreover, the establishment of schools aimed to spread education and culture in Tlemcen, as well as guide the subjects.  It also marked the advancement of scientific and cultural life. Madrasas in the kingdom featured a library for the students' benefit, along with a private wing to accommodate both students and travelers. Financial support for these institutions came from both the central power and affluent merchants and scholars.

Schools spread widely in the city of Tlemcen during the Zayyanid era and served as a refuge for students of knowledge. The traveler Al-Hassan Al-Wazzan referred to these madrasas, stating, "There are many excellent mosques in the city of Tlemcen, with imams and preachers, and five well-built, adorned schools." Ibn Al-Ahmar also mentioned these madrasas, indicating that the number of schools established in the city of Tlemcen during the Zayyanid dynasty amounted to five major schools.

The most notable examples of Zayyanid schools is the Tashfiniya Madrasa (now demolished) built by Abu Tashufin I in the early 14th century, which was the second Madrasa and great monument of the city of Tlemcen. The most prominent characteristic of the madrasa's ornamentation was its utilization of vibrant zellij tilework, adorning numerous facets of the edifice. This exquisite style involved skillfully assembling tile pieces of various hues, such as turquoise, light blue, black, and white, into intricate mosaics, resulting in elaborate arabesque and geometric motifs. This made it truly the largest school in the Central Maghreb at that time, and it continued to fulfill its scholarly mission until the end of the 16th century. Among its renowned teachers was the Maliki scholar Abu Musa Al-Mushaddali, who was among the leading scholars.

Civic work

During the Zayyanid rule in Tlemcen, a remarkable number of civic infrastructure and buildings were constructed, serving various purposes. Historical texts highlight the presence of numerous hammams scattered across the city. One Moroccan traveler attested the cleanliness found in Hammam Al-A'la, which gained widespread renown. Additionally, the Zayyanids built several Fonduqs (lodging places) to accommodate European traders in Tlemcen as well as the city of Oran. Hassan al-Wazzan, a traveler of the time, noted the existence of funduqs with imposing walls during his journey to the city.
In Tlemcen, given the city's significant trading importance, Sultan Abu Hammu I allocated substantial areas on the north and south sides for these funduqs. Some civil structures from the Zayyanid era still stand today, such as the bridge of Safsaf and the grand Basin of Tlemcen, built under the reign of Abu Tashufin I, which was used for distributing to the fields and houses during times of drought and to withstand sieges during times of war.

Citations

Sources

Islamic architecture

Zayyanid architecture


San Elijo Lagoon SMCA (SMCA) is a marine protected area that protects the lagoon near Encinitas in San Diego County on California's south coast. The SMCA covers .44 square miles. The SMCA protects marine by limiting the removal of marine wildlife from within its borders. San Elijo SMCA prohibits take of all living marine resources except operation and maintenance, maintenance dredging, habitat restoration including sediment deposition, research and education, and maintenance of artificial structures inside the conservation area per any required federal, state and local permits, or activities pursuant to Section 632, or as otherwise authorized by the department.

Boating, swimming, wading, and diving are prohibited within the conservation area.

History
San Elijo Lagoon SMCA is one of 36 new marine protected areas adopted by the California Fish and Game Commission in December, 2010 during the third phase of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. The MLPAI is a collaborative public process to create a statewide network of protected areas along California's coastline.

The south coast's new marine protected areas were designed by local divers, fishermen, conservationists and scientists who comprised the South Coast Regional Stakeholder Group. Their job was to design a network of protected areas that would preserve sensitive sea life and habitats while enhancing recreation, study and education opportunities.

The south coast marine protected areas went into effect in 2012.

Geography and natural features
San Elijo Lagoon SMCA is a marine protected area that protects estuarine waters in San Diego County on California's south coast.

This area includes the waters below the mean high tide line within San Elijo Lagoon southeastward of a straight line between the following two points:

1.  and 2..

Habitat and wildlife
This area protects regionally important wetland and estuarine habitats and associated wildlife.

Recreation and nearby attractions
Located near the City of Encinitas.

The coastline of Encinitas and adjacent cities of Cardiff and Solana Beach offer fabulous paths for bike riding with incredible views. Swami's beach connects with several miles of uninterrupted beaches, from the San Elijo Lagoon inlet to South Carlsbad Beach jetty, making this area a paradise for walking and jogging.

The area features shops, boutiques, restaurants, bed and breakfasts, and golfing. A local highlight is fresh squeezed fruit juice and healthy breakfasts from the famous Swamis Café.

Scientific monitoring
As specified by the Marine Life Protection Act, select marine protected areas along California's south coast are being monitored by scientists to track their effectiveness and learn more about ocean health. Similar studies in marine protected areas located off of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands have already detected gradual improvements in fish size and number.

See also
 List of marine protected areas of California

References

External links
Marine Life Protection Act Initiative
CalOceans
The City of Encinitas

Protected areas of San Diego County, California
Protected areas established in 2010
2010 establishments in California

San Elijo Lagoon State Marine Conservation Area


Cotta may refer to:

People
 Aurelia Cotta (120–54 BC), mother of Julius Caesar
 Bernhard von Cotta (1808–1879), German geologist
 Carloto Cotta (born 1984), Portuguese actor
 Elena Cotta (born 1931), Italian actress
 Gaius Aurelius Cotta (), ancient Roman statesman and orator
 Heinrich Cotta (1763–1844), German silviculturist
 Johann Friedrich Cotta (1764–1832), German publisher, industrial pioneer, and politician
 Johann Friedrich Cotta (theologian) (1701–1779), German Lutheran theologian
 John Cotta (1575–1650), English physician
 Lucius Aurelius Cotta (consul 65 BC) (), ancient Roman senator
 Lucius Aurelius Cotta (consul 119 BC) (), Roman senator, military commander, and consul
 Lucius Aurelius Cotta (consul 144 BC) (), Roman magistrate, tribune, and consul
 Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta (), officer in the Gallic army of Julius Caesar
 Marcus Aurelius Cotta (consul 74 BC) (), Roman politician and general
 Michèle Cotta (born 1937), French political journalist
 Myron Joseph Cotta (born 1953), American Catholic bishop

Other uses
 Ancient Roman town in Morocco
 A surplice, an ecclesiastical garment (in Medieval Latin and Italian)
 A lightweight underdress in Italian 15th-century fashion (cf. cotte)
 Cotta (moth), a moth of the family Geometridae
 Cotta Sandstone, a type of stone found in the Elbe Valley

See also
 Dresden-Cotta railway station, Germany
 Kata (disambiguation)
 Terra Cotta (disambiguation)

Cotta


is a Japanese sports equipment manufacturing company. Yonex produces equipment and apparel for tennis, badminton, golf, and running.

Its range of products manufactured and commercialized includes equipment for badminton and tennis (rackets, shuttlecocks, balls, bags) and golf (clubs, bags). Yonex also produces athletic shoes and apparel including t-shirts, jackets, skirts, shorts, hoodies, leggings and hats.

History
The company was founded in 1946 by Minoru Yoneyama as a producer of wooden floats for fishing nets. The company was later forced out of this market because of the invention of plastic floats. This led to a commitment by Yoneyama to never again be left behind by technological advancements.

In 1957, Yoneyama began to make badminton racquets for other brands. By 1961, the first Yoneyama-branded racquet was introduced, and within another two years an export company was created for the worldwide distribution. After the company began to make aluminium badminton racquets in 1969, it found that the same technology could be applied to the tennis racket which the company introduced in 1971. The company began to experiment with graphite shafts for both types of rackets and found that these would also be useful for golf clubs.

In 1982 Yonex came out with the new oversized tennis racquet in the REX-series with the R-7 and R-10 racquets. At that time Martina Navratilova played with the R-7 and was very successful. One year later, the new series Rexking was developed with the R-22. Navratilova subsequently used the white RQ 180 widebody frame until the early 1990s.

Finding a growing market, the Yonex Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary) was established in Torrance, California, US in July 1983. In 1992 Yonex introduced the widebody badminton racket, the "Isometric 500", a racquet that was much less "tear drop"-shaped than previous ones. The more "square" head gave it a much larger striking surface, which provides a larger "sweet spot" to hit the shuttle. It led other manufacturers to follow suit in "square-head" or isometric designs.

The parent company was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1994. Yonex describes itself as the world leader in golf, tennis and badminton equipment. Yonex provides clothing for national badminton associations around the world, such as the Malaysian Badminton Association, Badminton Scotland, Badminton England, Badminton Ireland, and Badminton Wales. Yonex has also been teaming up with OCBC (Orange County Badminton Club) since 2007 to host the annual U.S. Open Grand Prix Badminton Championships.

Yonex has become the dominant corporate player in badminton. Yonex sponsors the All England Open Badminton Championships and is a partner of the Badminton World Federation which organizes the World Championships. Upwards of 80% of competitive players use their racquets, as it is the preferred choice amongst professionals. Yonex is significant in the tennis and golf industries as well and is a major sponsor of professional athletes in all three sports.

Sponsorships
Yonex supplies official materials for the following leagues, athletes, teams, or associations:

Olympic Committees
  Malaysia
  Singapore
  Korea
  Indonesia
  Thailand

Football

Club teams
  Avispa Fukuoka
  Kashiwa Reysol
  Tegevajaro Miyazaki
  Tokyo Musashino United  (Since the 2019-2020 season).

Tennis

Male players (active)

  Pedro Cachin
  Sebastián Báez
  Nick Kyrgios
  Rinky Hijikata
  Thanasi Kokkinakis
  Jurij Rodionov
  Denis Shapovalov
  Alejandro Tabilo
  Tomáš Macháč
  Jaume Munar
  Harri Heliövaara
  Pierre-Hugues Herbert
  Daniel Altmaier
  Márton Fucsovics
  Yoshihito Nishioka
  Chung Hyeon
  Kwon Soon-woo
  Ričardas Berankis
  Radu Albot
  Casper Ruud
  Hubert Hurkacz
  Kamil Majchrzak
  Lloyd Harris
  Stan Wawrinka
  Ben Shelton
  Brandon Nakashima
  Denis Kudla
  Frances Tiafoe
  Marcos Giron
  Tommy Paul

Female players (active)

  Daria Saville
  Storm Hunter
  Eugenie Bouchard
  Gabriela Dabrowski
  Wang Yafan
  Wang Xiyu
  Zhu Lin
  Donna Vekić
  Linda Nosková
  Marie Bouzková
  Markéta Vondroušová
  Clara Tauson
  Aliona Bolsova
  Caroline Garcia
  Fiona Ferro
  Angelique Kerber
  Laura Siegemund
  Sabine Lisicki
  Tamara Korpatsch
  Tatjana Maria
  Harriet Dart
  Katie Swan
  Anna Bondár
  Tímea Babos
  Ankita Raina
  Camila Giorgi
  Jasmine Paolini
  Ena Shibahara
  Nao Hibino
  Naomi Osaka
  Elena Rybakina
  Magda Linette
  Ana Bogdan
  Elena-Gabriela Ruse
  Sorana Cîrstea
  Diana Shnaider
  Kamilla Rakhimova
  Varvara Gracheva
  Olga Danilović
  Viktória Hrunčáková
  Kaja Juvan
  Tamara Zidanšek
  Mirjam Björklund
  Belinda Bencic
  Hsieh Su-wei
  Anhelina Kalinina
  Dayana Yastremska
  Alycia Parks
  Emma Navarro
  Jessica Pegula
  Taylor Townsend

Former players

  Magdalena Maleeva
  David Nalbandian
  Lleyton Hewitt
  Natasha Zvereva
  Marcelo Ríos
  Zheng Jie
  Iva Majoli
  Nicole Vaidišová
  Caroline Wozniacki
  Andres Gomez
  Sergi Bruguera
  María José Martínez Sánchez
  Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
  Mary Pierce
  Annika Beck
  Anke Huber
  Richard Krajicek
  Elena Dementieva
  Maria Kirilenko
  Anna Kournikova
  Ana Ivanovic
  Martina Hingis
  Daniela Hantuchová
  Magdaléna Rybáriková
  Paradorn Srichaphan
  Elena Baltacha
  Martina Navratilova
  Monica Seles

Badminton Advisory Staff

Badminton National Team Advisory

  Malaysia
  China
  Korea
  Japan
  Thailand
  India
  Vietnam
  England
  France
  Chinese Taipei
  Spain

Male players

  Lin Dan
  Chou Tien-chen
  Lee Yang
  Wang Chi-lin
  Viktor Axelsen
  Peter Gade
  Chris Adcock
  Marcus Ellis
  Thom Gicquel
  Mark Lamsfuß
  Lee Cheuk Yiu
  Tang Chun Man
  B. Sai Praneeth
  Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
  Chirag Shetty
  Fajar Alfian
  Muhammad Rian Ardianto
  Marcus Fernaldi Gideon
  Taufik Hidayat
  Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo
  Hiroyuki Endo
  Takeshi Kamura
  Kento Momota
  Keigo Sonoda
  Kanta Tsuneyama
  Lee Chong Wei
  Choi Sol-gyu
  Lee Yong-dae
  Seo Seung-jae
  Yoo Yeon-seong
  Dechapol Puavaranukroh
  Kantaphon Wangcharoen

Female players

  Michelle Li
  Gabby Adcock
  Lauren Smith
  Tse Ying Suet
  Saina Nehwal
  Yuki Fukushima
  Arisa Higashino
  Sayaka Hirota
  Mayu Matsumoto
  Nami Matsuyama
  Wakana Nagahara
  Aya Ohori
  Chiharu Shida
  Sayaka Takahashi
  Akane Yamaguchi
  An Se-young
  Chae Yoo-jung
  Chang Ye-na
  Kim Ga-eun
  Kim So-yeong
  Kim Hye-rin
  Kong Hee-yong
  Lee So-hee
  Shin Seung-chan
  Sung Ji-hyun
  Ratchanok Intanon
  Busanan Ongbamrungphan
  Sapsiree Taerattanachai
  Beiwen Zhang

Controversy
Yonex signed a contract with the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association regarding national team jersey sponsorship in 2014. However, Yonex would often send players clothing and shoes to wear a few days before major tournaments, with the shoes unfit for players, as players had blisters and bruises from playing in them.

In May 2016, Yonex acted in a way that was ultra vires when criticizing the Taiwan national team players who had violated the dress code. Yonex sent official documents to the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association threatening to sue the national team head coaches if the Association did not provide a reasonable answer.

During the 2016 Summer Olympics, Yonex provided unfit shoes to non-contract badminton player Tai Tzu-ying. This forced Tai to wear other shoes made by her personal sponsor brand, Victor, without any logo. This event caused a controversy as the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association was going to punish Tai based on Yonex's pressing.

After the Tai incident, five other badminton players found themselves in the same situation and were punished. For example, Yonex was dissatisfied that badminton player Liao Kuan-Hao used his personal sponsor racquet and as a result Yonex asked the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association to fine Liao and force him to be suspended for six months. In August 2016, the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association held a board meeting to resolve the situation. The meeting resulted in three key decisions: no punishment will be enforced on the "player"; to accept the resignation of Chairman Tsai Hung-peng for the controversy; to remove the word "Shoes" and "Racquets" from the contract with Yonex.

References

External links

Sportswear brands
Japanese brands
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Sporting goods manufacturers of Japan
Shoe companies of Japan
Badminton equipment manufacturers
Golf equipment manufacturers
Tennis equipment manufacturers
Cycle manufacturers of Japan
Manufacturing companies established in 1946
1946 establishments in Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

Yonex


Chapter One is the debut extended play (EP) by English hard rock band Viking Skull. Recorded over the course of two days at Premier Recording Studios in the band's hometown Corby, it was released on 20 October 2003 by Grand Union Recordings. The EP reportedly sold over 10,000 copies in the UK, and was later included as part of the 2010 compilation album Heavy Metal Thunder.

Background
Viking Skull were formed in 2002 by vocalist Roddy Stone, guitarists Frank Regan and Darren Smith, bassist Kevin "Waldie" James and drummer Gordon Morrison after a "drunken jam". Initially intended only to act as the opening band at Raging Speedhorn shows – the band of which Regan, Smith and Morrison were then members (Stone was their guitar technician and Waldie was their merchandising manager) – the group decided to record their own material due to the demand of their crowds.

Chapter One was recorded over the course of just two days at Corby's Premier Recording Studios and self-funded by the band with a budget of approximately £500. All guitars, bass and drums were recorded live, with Stone's vocals overdubbed separately. Upon its release by Grand Union Recordings, the EP received critical acclaim from Metal Hammer magazine, who awarded the release the publication's first 11 out of 10 rating. It reportedly sold over 10,000 copies in the UK.

In 2010, a remastered version of Chapter One was included as part of the compilation album Heavy Metal Thunder, alongside a remastered version of 2005 album Born in Hell and several previously unreleased songs.

Track listing

Personnel
Roddy Stone – vocals
Frank Regan – guitar
Darren Smith – guitar
Kevin "Waldie" James – bass
Gordon Morrison – drums

References

External links

Viking Skull albums
2003 EPs

Chapter One (Viking Skull EP)


Crete is the largest of the Greek islands. It separates the Aegean Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean Sea.

Like the Fertile Crescent, Crete had rich soil, a warm climate, and plenty of water. With less time spent fighting to live, the Cretans began to make complicated things. From the wild crocus flowers which covered their island, the Cretans collected saffron used in yellow dye, in food, and in medicine. From the Egyptians, they received rich cloth and jewels. From the Hittites, they learned how to use iron. From the wealthy Lydians, they learned to use money. From Phoneicia, the Cretans received the alphabet which is used today.

In various later centuries the island was ruled in turn by ancient Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Venetians, Turks, and modern Greeks.

Cretan capital

Cretans chose kings to rule over them for seven years each. The king was known as Minos, and the people Minoans. The capital of Crete was Knossos (nos' us). Beautiful friezes (decorating bands) were on the walls. The symbol of the double-ax was used, and is thought to represent the power of a king. The throne was only a seat with a high back, and the nobles had only benches to sit on. However, the benches were covered with red and white plaster. On the walls were painted fish, dolphins, and seaweed. The queen had her own private staircase so she could go upstairs without bothering the men. Several rooms in the palace had jars which were six feet tall, and were used to keep wheat, oil, dye and other things.

Cretan life

Religion

On Crete the Minoan Culture started 4700 years ago. The palace of Knossos is well-known and is a labyrinth. Visitors were lost in the labyrinth unless they used a string behind them to find their way back. In this place, it was said that a Minotaur, half bull and half man, lived. Every year seven young men and seven girls were sacrificed to the Minotaur. Many scholars think sacrifices to a bull were made because the Cretans thought the sound of an earthquake was an angry bull.

The Cretans also worshiped the Great Mother Cybele, or Snake Goddess. Often, her picture was carved in statues with gold decorations and with snakes curled around the arms. Snakes were thought to protect houses, so each home had a special room for snakes. Sometimes a little table with grooves cut into it was put in a comfortable place so snakes could sip some milk from a cup.

Games and art

The Cretans loved games, food, athletics, music, and beautiful clothes. They were the first people to build stone theaters where many people were amused by parades and music. Girls could even help bullfighters. In bullfighting, the Minoans did not kill the bull, but the male fighter had to grab the horns of an attacking bull, throw himself on the back of the animal, and then land on the ground; the girl helped the bullfighter keep his balance.

Clothes

Women wore long, full skirts with very tiny waists, complicated hairstyles, and lots of jewelry. The men wore small belts around their waists. They shaved with stones, rubbed their teeth with pumice stone, and had their body hair burnt by a barber.

Food

The Cretans ate fish, birds, and beef. They had barley cooked in many ways and ate lots of cheese, nuts, and honey. They thought only uncivilized people drank cow's milk, so they drank goat's milk instead. The Cretans sang, played games, and guessed riddles. Even though they ate with their fingers, they had the food cut into tiny pieces before it was served.

Cretan conquest

The Cretans were peaceful people without fortifications to protect them from an attack. In about 1450 B.C., the Greek Mycenaeans captured Crete, after Knossos, Crete's capital, had been shaken by an earthquake.

References

Other websites

Peripheries of Greece

Crete


Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg (Guillaume Marie Louis Christian; born 1 May 1963) is the third son and youngest child of Grand Duke Jean and Grand Duchess Josephine-Charlotte of Luxembourg.

Life
Prince Guillaume was born in Betzdorf Castle. He attended secondary school in Luxembourg and Switzerland, and received his baccalaureate in Grenoble in 1982. He continued his studies at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, and later at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he graduated in 1987. Guillaume was presented the degree Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, at Sacred Heart University's Academic Convocation and Induction of the Class of 2011 on 10 September 2007. The official ceremony welcomed the first-year students to SHU with a formal academic procession and messages from the faculty, student representatives, and president Anthony J. Cernera, PhD.

Guillaume worked for six months at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, and spent two years working for the Commission of the European Communities in Brussels. He is currently a director of ArcelorMittal.

On the night of 10 to 11 September 2000, Prince Guillaume and Princess Sibilla were involved in a serious car accident near Paris. Guillaume was in a coma for almost a month. The transfer of the throne between his father Grand Duke Jean and his brother Henri was postponed from 28 September to 7 October.

Marriage and children
Prince Guillaume married Sibilla Sandra Weiller y Torlonia (b. 12 June 1968, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), the second child of French industrialist and patron of the Arts Paul-Annik Weiller (son of Paul-Louis Weiller and Aliki, Lady Russell) and Italian noblewoman Donna Olimpia Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi (daughter of Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince of Civitella-Cesi and Infanta Beatriz of Spain) civilly in Sélestat on 8 September 1994 and religiously at Versailles Cathedral on 24 September 1994, who received the title "Princess of Luxembourg". Guillaume and Sibilla have four children:

Prince Paul-Louis Jean Marie Guillaume de Nassau (b.4 March 1998, Luxembourg).
Prince Léopold Guillaume Marie Joseph de Nassau (b.2 May 2000, Luxembourg).
Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine Maria da Gloria de Nassau (b.2 May 2000, Luxembourg).
Prince Jean André Guillaume Marie Gabriel Marc d'Aviano de Nassau (b.13 July 2004, Luxembourg).

Their sons are in the line of succession to the throne of Luxembourg.

Prince Guillaume is godfather to his nephew, Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg. He is also one of the godparents of Prince Achileas Andrea of Greece and Denmark, the second son of Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece.

Honours

National
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
  Albanian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Skanderbeg
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star

References

1963 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
ArcelorMittal
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
European Commission
House of Nassau-Weilburg
International Monetary Fund people
Luxembourgian princes
Princes of Bourbon-Parma
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
Sons of monarchs

Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Georgetown University alumni
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Luxembourgian officials of the United Nations

Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg


Desso GrassMaster is a sports playing field surface made of natural grass that has artificial fibres added to it.  The unique part of this system is the artificial grass fibres, stuck 20 cm deep, which cover 3% of the surface. During the growing process, the roots of the natural grass mix with the man-made grass fibres to anchor the turf to product a stable, solid, and even field with better drainage and better playing comfort.

Reinforced natural grass is used for stadium pitches and training pitches used for soccer, rugby, American football and baseball. Reinforced natural grass can also be used for events and concerts. The artificial turf injection shortens the recovery time for the grass. Reinforced Natural Grass (also known as Hybrid Grass), as the name suggest, is formed by the mixture of natural and artificial fibres. It was in the year 1990, when the first generation of Reinforced Natural Grass developed. Using turf, made up of synthetic fibres, combined with Natural Grass has become extremely popular in recent times. In this case, the artificial fibres are intertwined with natural grass roots as they grow. The synthetic fibers help to stabilize and protect the natural grass, improving growth of natural grass fields.

In 2010, for the first time in history, a FIFA World CupTM was played on grass pitches that were partly made up of artificial grass in the Mbombela Stadium and the Peter Mokaba Stadium.

Stadiums that use the field

Footnotes

Other websites
Desso GrassMaster

Sports

Desso GrassMaster


In mathematics, an unknown is a number that is not known. Unknown numbers are commonly used in algebra, where they are also known as variables . They are represented by symbols such as ,  and .

In science, an unknown value is represented by a letter in the Roman or Greek alphabet. They are used most often in physics, where equations are used to describe the relationship between physical properties. For example, in the equation , the letter  represents an unknown (in this case, mass), and the letter  also represents an unknown (in this case the amount of energy). If we know the value of all but one of the unknowns, then we would be able to easily find out the value of the last unknown—by solving the equation in terms of that last unknown.

When letters in science are used this way, not all of them represent unknowns. Some of them might be physical constants, which are values that are known to be the same and do not change. In the example above,  represents a known quantity, the speed of light, which is about 186 thousand miles per second. And because  is so large, the formula  tells a person who understands algebra that in an atomic reaction, a small amount of mass can produce a very large amount of energy.

Related pages

 Constant
 Coefficient

References

Algebra

Unknown (math)


Great! TV (stylized as GREAT! tv) is a British-English language general entertainment channel in the United Kingdom owned by Narrative Entertainment UK Limited. It originally launched as Sony Entertainment Television on 7 April 2011. However, it was closed on 6 February 2018 and replaced by Sony Crime Channel. It was brought back for a second time on 10 September 2019 when it replaced True Entertainment. The relaunched Sony Channel had different idents and programming than the former due to inheriting some programming from its predecessor True Entertainment and on 25 May 2021, following Narrative Capital's acquisition of Sony's channels, it was rebranded as Great! TV.

History
BT agreed a deal with Sony Pictures Television to offer its programming on-demand on BT Vision from 1 March 2010. The move marked Sony's debut in the UK market, over a year ahead of the launch of the Sony Entertainment Television channel. Sony Entertainment Television also appeared on TalkTalk TV during the YouView platform launch in 2012, but was later removed.

Sony Pictures Television acquired channel 157 on Sky's EPG, previously owned by Film 24, in November 2010. A one-hour timeshift channel was also available from launch after the purchase of Open Access 3's Sky EPG slot on channel 190. Both Film 24 and Open Access 3 closed on 4 April 2011, to make way for previews of Sony Entertainment Television. On 15 December 2011, Sony Entertainment Television was added to Virgin Media. On 2 April 2012, Sony Entertainment Television +1 moved to Current TV's former Sky EPG slot on channel 183, with channel 190 used to launch Men&Movies +1. On 3 July 2012, Sony Entertainment Television +1 moved to channel 181.

The channel was rebranded as Sony Channel on 12 January 2016, but closed on 6 February 2018 to be replaced by Sony Crime Channel on Sky and Virgin Media. The last programme on the channel was an episode of Saving Hope.

On 24 July 2019, it was announced that Sony Channel would be relaunched and would replace its predecessor True Entertainment from 10 September 2019. The channel replaced True Entertainment on all platforms (Freeview 48, Sky 157, Freesat 142, Virgin 189), with the last programme shown on True Entertainment being an episode of Highway to Heaven.

Due to Narrative Capital acquiring SPT's full UK portfolio on 14 May 2021, the 4 Sony-branded free-to-air channels in the UK adopted the Great! branding on 25 May 2021. As a result, the channel was rebranded as Great! TV.

On 21 June 2023, Great! TV moved from a local TV multiplex on Freeview to the COM6 multiplex, thereby making the channel more widely available in more areas on Freeview.

Logos

Programming

Original
The original Sony Channel was aimed at women aged between 25 and 54 and broadcast a range of dramas and comedies, including Hawthorne, Huff, and 'Til Death. Sony Entertainment Television also brought UK series Hustle and Hotel Babylon, along with the last season of Las Vegas and reruns of Crossing Jordan, Dawson's Creek, My Boys, Ned and Stacey, and NewsRadio. It also showed movies from SET's parent company Sony Pictures Entertainment, such as The Da Vinci Code, All the King's Men, Marie Antoinette, and Philadelphia. From September 2011, Holby City began airing on Sony Entertainment Television.

On 16 May 2012, Sony Entertainment Television began showing BBC Spy drama Spooks from series 1. It was announced on 2 August 2012, that Sony Entertainment Television acquired the rights to broadcast Hot in Cleveland in the UK and Ireland, and it showed season 3 on 14 September 2012, season 1 and season 2 had already been broadcast on Sky Living. The channel also broadcast the American sitcom Community, ITV's Secret Diary of a Call Girl and the BBC's highly successful Ashes to Ashes and Life on Mars. The channel started to broadcast the UK TV premieres of various other programmes including The Night Shift, Saving Hope, Younger, Satisfaction and Orange Is the New Black. Paranormal content on the former channel included Ghost Hunters, Ghost Hunters International and Celebrity Ghost Stories. In 2017, the channel began to broadcast repeats of America's Got Talent.

Relaunch
The relaunched Sony Channel (which later became Great! TV) retained some programming from its predecessor channel, True Entertainment, but added more Sony-owned programmes to the schedule.

Current
 Castle
 Classic Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Also on Challenge)
 Charlie's Angels
 Crazy Like a Fox
 Due South
 Hart to Hart
 Body of Proof
 Highway to Heaven
 M*A*S*H
 Murder, She Wrote
 The New Avengers
 The Persuaders!
 Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)
 Starsky & Hutch
 Sue Thomas: F.B. Eye
 T.J. Hooker
 Touched by an Angel
 Diagnosis: Murder

Former
 Born and Bred
 Chicago Hope
 Days Of Our Lives
 Happy Days
 Little House on the Prairie
 Rumpole of the Bailey
 The Vice
 The Waltons

References

External links

English-language television stations in the United Kingdom
Sony Pictures Television
Sony Entertainment Television
Television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2011
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2018
Television channels and stations established in 2019
2011 establishments in the United Kingdom
2018 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2019 establishments in the United Kingdom

Great! TV


A radar system has look-down/shoot-down capability if it can detect, track and guide a weapon to an air target that (as seen by the radar) is silhouetted against the ground.

Problem and naming

Airborne intercept radar relying exclusively on time domain radar techniques is effectively blind any time the radar's antenna is aimed towards the Earth's surface. That is because pointing the radar at the ground produces a large reflection. That reflection and the ensuing "cluttered" display overwhelms human operators and computing systems (see ground clutter). Radar systems of this type are essentially useless when pointed 'down' at the surface, with the zone of weakness near and below the horizon. This zone can be actively utilized by enemy combatants wishing to hide from radar tracking utilizing a technique known as terrain masking.

Frequency domain signal processing combined with time domain signal processing, as in pulse-Doppler radar, is a way to eliminate that vulnerability.

Look down

Militaries require performance of airborne intercept radar under all aspects, including downwards. By using techniques to effectively remove clutter, human operators and computers can focus on targets of interest. This allows the radar system to "look down", and that eliminates the zone of weakness. Military air combat vehicles that lack this capability are blind to targets below and along the line of the horizon and therefore unable to engage or attack them.

Shoot down

Once the radar can "look down", it is subsequently desirable to "shoot down". Various weapons systems (including guns and missiles) are then employed against designated radar targets, either relying on the aircraft's radar employing the "look down" capability (as in semi-active radar homing) or the weapon's own active radar to resolve the indicated target (as in active radar homing).

Concept

The technical challenge encountered by airborne radar is discerning relatively small radar returns (e.g. other aircraft, targets) in the presence of large radar returns (e.g. terrain) when the radar is pointed at the ground, "looking down". The ground strongly reflects the radar energy while the target relatively weakly reflects the radar energy, creating confusing clutter on the radar screen. It is difficult or impossible to separate the radar image of low-flying aircraft from the surrounding ground clutter.

Look-down/shoot-down radars have been enhanced with electronic programs that process the radar image and search for moving objects, which are detected by looking for Doppler shifts in the radar return. See moving target indication. The radar removes all stationary objects (e.g. the ground and buildings) from the display and shows only moving objects. Since the radar is linked to the aircraft's fire control system, it can provide targeting information to weapons once it has detected a moving object.

Look-down/shoot-down radars provide combat aircraft with the ability to engage targets flying below them. This is highly desirable, as it allows an aircraft to detect and attack targets whilst maintaining the tactically advantageous position conferred by superior altitude.

History

The Hughes AN/ASG-18 fire control system was a prototype airborne radar/combination system for the planned North American XF-108 Rapier interceptor aircraft for the United States Air Force, and later for the Lockheed YF-12. The US's first pulse-Doppler radar, the system had look-down/shoot-down capability and could track one target at a time. Flight tests of the AN/ASG-18 system, using a modified Convair B-58, began in 1960. During the 1960s, YF-12 flight tests were conducted, which included the use of the YF-12's onboard AN/ASG-18 radar system in conjunction with AIM-47 missiles to shoot down target drones.

A look-down/shoot-down airborne radar was developed by ELTA Ltd, a subsidiary of Israel Aircraft Industry (IAI) in response to an Israeli Air-Force operational requirement, resulting from lessons learned during the Six Day War in 1967. ELTA pioneered and proved the feasibility of installing a light-weight Coherent Pulse-Doppler radar in a fighter aircraft. First prototype was successfully tested in 1970. The radar (ELM-2001) was installed on the Israeli "Kfir" fighter and went operational in 1974.

Practical pulse-Doppler signal processing requires high-power light-weight solid state computing that became available in the early 1970s. The first aircraft to rely completely on its own radar system is the F-4 Phantom. The F-4J had the Westinghouse AN/AWG-10 fire control system (making the F-4J the first fighter in the world with  look-down/shoot-down capability).

The Soviet Union introduced its first look-down/shoot-down radar with the Sapfir-23P on the Mikoyan MiG-23 interceptor. This made it harder for U.S. Air Force bombers and cruise missiles to penetrate the Soviet airspace at low altitude (terrain masking), without being detected.

When speaking of coalition air operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, General Charles Horner described the F-15's look down/shoot down radar , "During the first three days of the war, when control of the air was greatly contested, what it basically amounted to was the Iraqi aircraft would take off, pull up their landing gear, and blow up."

References

Aerial warfare tactics
Military aviation
Aircraft radars

Look-down/shoot-down


United Nations Security Council Resolution 1898 was adopted on 14 December 2009.

Resolution
Urging the parties in Cyprus to build on previous progress in negotiations for the reunification of the divided island by intensifying the momentum of talks, the Security Council this morning extended the mandate of the United Nations peacekeeping force there, known as UNFICYP, until 15 June 2010.

By a vote of 14 in favour to 1 against (Turkey), the Council adopted resolution 1898 (2009), which also urged that the Greek and Turkish Cypriot sides put in place confidence-building measures, including the opening of additional crossing points.

Through the resolution, the Council called on the two sides to continue to engage as a matter of urgency, in consultation with UNFICYP, on the demarcation of the buffer zone and on the United Nations 1989 aide-memoire, with a view to reaching an early agreement on outstanding issues.

It also called on the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish forces to restore in Strovilia the military status quo which existed there prior to 30 June 2009.

Explaining his negative vote, the representative of Turkey explained that he objected to references to the "Government of Cyprus", as there had not been a joint Government representing all the people of the island since the partnership State collapsed in 1963, when Turkish Cypriots were expelled from all State institutions.

Since then, he said, Greek and Turkish Cypriots lived under separate administrations.  He maintained that considerations of the "Government of Cyprus" had been the main obstacle to finding a just, lasting solution for 45 years.

In addition, he said that the resolution failed to seek the open consent of the two sides for the extension of the mission.  It also failed to make reference to resolution 1250 (1999), which lay at the source of the good offices mission of the Secretary-General, which Turkey fully supported.

He welcomed progress achieved so far in the negotiations that aimed at establishing a partnership State with a federal Government and two constituent States, as the two leaders have agreed, on the basis of the well established United Nations parameters, namely, bizonality, political equality and equal status of the two peoples.

See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1801 to 1900 (2008–2009)

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 1898
 1898
December 2009 events
2009 in Cyprus


The Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery () or  Arnavutköy Jewish Cemetery () is a burial ground of the Sephardi Jewish community  in Istanbul, Turkey. It was established in 1901 during the Ottoman Empire era in Arnavutköy neighborhood of Beşiktaş district on the city's European side.

The cemetery is situated today in an area, which developed in the history from a countryside to an upscale neighborhood called Ulus. Its initial name Arnavutköy Jewish Cemetery is still in use today. It was reported that due to the location of the cemetery in the city's one of the most expensive quarters, only wealthy people are interred in the ultra-luxury Ulus Cemetery while people, who can not afford the very high amount of donation requested for a resting place, are transferred to the cemetery in Kilyos, which lies around  far away from the city center in northern part of Istanbul. The religious burial service is provided at site by the Neve Shalom Synagogue Foundation, which also carries out the maintenance of the cemetery.

There exist another Jewish cemetery in Ulus, the Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery (), which is reserved for Ashkenazi Jews. It is about  south of the Sephardi Jewish Cemetery on the same street.

Some other Jewish cemeteries in Istanbul are:
 Bağlarbaşı Jewish Cemetery (Bağlarbaşı Musevi Mezarlığı)
 Hasköy Karaite Jewish Cemetery (Hasköy Karaim Musevi Mezarlığı)
 Hasköy Sephardi Jews Cemetery (Hasköy Sefarad Musevi Mezarlığı)
 Judeo-Italiano Community Cemetery (İtalyan Musevi Cemaati Mezarlığı
 Kilyos Jewish Cemetery (Kilyos Musevi Mezarlığı)
 Kuzguncuk Nakkaştepe Jewish Cemetery (Kuzguncuk Nakkaştepe Musevi Mezarlığı)
 Ortaköy Jewish Cemetery (Ortaköy Musevi Mezarlığı)

Notable burials
 David Asseo (1914–2002), Hakham Bashi (or Chief Rabbi) of the Republic of Turkey from 1960 until his death
 Monik Benardete (1950-2010), celebrity and philanthropist
 Üzeyir Garih (1929-2001), businessman and cofounder of Alarko Holding
 Vitali Hakko (1913–2007), businessman and founder of the Vakko clothing business

See also
 List of cemeteries in Turkey
 History of the Jews in Turkey

References

Cemeteries in Istanbul
Jewish cemeteries in Turkey
Beşiktaş
Bosphorus
1901 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Sephardi Jewish culture in Turkey
Jews and Judaism in Istanbul
Jewish cemeteries
Cemeteries established in the 1900s

Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery


The Warner Aerocraft Company is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Seminole, Florida. In the past the company specialized in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of plans and kits for amateur construction, but in recent years has concentrated on a ready-to-fly light-sport aircraft design.

The company's motto is "Puts the Sport in Sport Pilot".

The company started producing plans for the single-seat Warner Revolution I, also called the Spacewalker I. This design was developed into the tandem two-seat Warner Revolution II, also called the Spacewalker II. Both the  Revolution I and II are now out of production.

The most recent development of the basic design is the Warner Sportster light-sport aircraft, first flown in 1999 which, in 2014, is offered as a complete-ready to-fly aircraft with Federal Aviation Administration light-sport approval in progress. The company indicates that kits are not currently available.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft

Warner Aerocraft


The tithe is specifically mentioned in the Books of Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. The tithe system was organized in a seven-year cycle, the seventh-year corresponding to the Shemittah-cycle in which year tithes were broken-off, and in every third and sixth-year of this cycle the second tithe replaced with the poor man's tithe. These tithes were akin to taxes for the people of Israel and were mandatory, not optional giving. This tithe was distributed locally "within thy gates" to support the Levites and assist the poor. Every year, Bikkurim, terumah, ma'aser rishon and terumat ma'aser were separated from the grain, wine and oil. Initially, the commandment to separate tithes from one's produce only applied when the entire nation of Israel had settled in the Land of Israel. The Returnees from the Babylonian exile who had resettled the country were a Jewish minority, and who, although they were not obligated to tithe their produce, put themselves under a voluntary bind to do so, and which practice became obligatory upon all.

The first record of tithing in the Bible appears in Genesis 14:20, where Abraham gave tithe to Melchizedek.

When starts the obligation
The obligation of separating the respected portions and giving them to the designated parties (priests, Levites and Israelites), or to redeem their value in money for a later time when the owner is able to buy therewith fruits in Jerusalem and to eat them there, within the walls of the city, begins with the ripening of most fruits and when they are brought within the owner's house. Under certain conditions, some harvested fruit and grain can still be eaten temporarily, without tithing. For example, if grapes were intended to be eaten fresh, their ripening determines when they must be tithed. If, however, the owner intends to make wine from the grapes, the fresh grapes can still be eaten without tithing, until such time that the owner has pressed the grapes and he removes the stems, peels and seeds from the wine cask, in which case it signals its final preparation (), when the wine must be tithed. Figs require tithing when they become ripe, but if the owner intends to make fig-cakes from them, they can be eaten fresh without tithing until such time that he either smooths out the surface of the fig-cake that lays within its round mold, in which case the obligation to tithe them begins. Grain and olives become liable to tithes when they have reached at least  of their potential growth. After harvesting, wheat is tithed once the grain has been separated from the husks and has been gathered together into a heap by the winnowing fork, or put within a granary. Until then, the grain may be temporarily eaten without tithing. If one tithed grain, he must still separate the Challah dough-portion, when baking a quantity of bread.

If oil were to be pressed from the harvested olives, one may still temporarily make use of the oil that collects in the lower millstone and within the frails without tithing. Oil, however, that falls into the vat requires tithing before it can be consumed.

Terumah (Heave-offering)

This offering is sometimes called the priestly dues, as it is intended for the priests of Aaron's lineage. The first obligation that was incumbent upon an Israelite or Jew was to separate from his harvested grain, such as wheat, barley, or spelt, wine (including unpressed grapes) and oil (including unpressed olives) the one-fiftieth portion of these products (or one-fortieth, if he were a man of generosity; and one-sixtieth if he were stingy) and to give the same to a Kohen, a priest of Aaron's lineage, who, in turn, would eat such fruits in a state of ritual cleanness, in accordance with a biblical command, "...and let him not eat of the holy things, until he bathes his flesh in water. And when the sun goes down, he will be clean, and shall afterward eat of the holy things because it is his food".

The tractate Terumot of the Mishnah and of the Jerusalem Talmud formulates the Jewish religious law for this gift, specifying two kinds of terumot given to the priest: the regular offering, known also as the terumah gedolah ("great heave-offering"), which the Israelites were required to give to the priest from the produce of their fields, and the terumat ma'aser ("tithe of the heave-offering"), the gift that the Levites were required to put aside for the priests from the tithe which ordinary Israelites had been required to give to them.

This obligation was contingent upon the fact that such fruits grew in the Land of Israel. Later, the Rabbis made it an obligation to do the same for all fruits and vegetables grown in the Land of Israel, and not only to such fruits as grain, grapes and olives.

After the destruction of the Temple and the cessation of ritual purity, the obligation to separate the terumah continued, although it was no longer given to a kohen, since the requirements for attaining ritual purity were no longer available. The general practice after the Temple's destruction was to separate the terumah from all fruits and vegetables by removing even a small amount, and to immediately discard it by burial or some other means of disposal (since it can no longer be eaten in the current state of ritual uncleanness, and those doing so would make themselves liable to extirpation).

First tithe

The first tithe is the gift of one tenth of the remaining agricultural produce to the Levite after removing from the produce for gift of terumah to the priests). Historically, during the First Temple period, the first tithe was given to the Levites.  Approximately at the beginning of the Second Temple construction, Ezra and his Beth din implemented giving it to the kohanim.

The Levites, also known as the Tribe of Levi, were descendants of Levi. They were assistants to the Aaronic priests (who were the children of Aaron and, therefore, a subset of the Tribe of Levi) and did not own or inherit a territorial patrimony. Their function in society was that of temple functionaries, teachers and trusted civil servants who supervised the weights and scales and witnessed agreements. The goods donated from the other Israelite tribes were their source of sustenance. They received from "all Israel" a tithe of food or livestock for support, and in turn would set aside a tenth portion of that tithe (known as the terumat hamaaser) for the  priests.

The tractate Ma'aserot of the Mishna and of the Jerusalem Talmud formulates the Jewish religious law for the types of produce liable for tithing, as well as the circumstances and timing under which produce becomes obligated for tithing during each of the six years of the tithing cycle.

Second tithe

Unlike other offerings which were restricted to consumption within the tabernacle, the second tithe could be consumed anywhere within the Walls of Jerusalem. On years one, two, four and five of the Shemittah-cycle, God commanded the Children of Israel to take a second tithe that was to be brought to the place of the Temple. The owner of the produce was to separate and bring 1/10 of his finished produce to the Old City of Jerusalem, after separating terumah and the first tithe, but if the family lived too far from Jerusalem, the tithe could be redeemed upon coins. Then, the Bible required the owner of the redeemed coins to spend the tithe "to buy whatever you like: cattle, sheep, wine or other fermented drink, or anything you wish". Implicit in the commandment was an obligation to spend the coins on items meant for human consumption.

Today, with the absence of the Temple and ritual purity, the second tithe is no longer consumed in Jerusalem. Rather, the designated second tithe of fruits and vegetables is "redeemed" on a piece of money, and the money discarded. Second tithe produce valued at one-hundred denarii can be redeemed on a perutah, and does not require redeeming its full monetary value. The second tithe then becomes no more than common produce, without any sanctity, and may be consumed by all.

Poor tithe

The poor tithe, or poor man's tithe, also referred to as the pauper's tithe or the third tithe, is a triennial tithe of one's produce, required in Jewish law. It requires that one tenth of produce grown in the third and sixth years of the seven-year sabbatical cycle be given to the Levites and the poor.<ref>Sirach, scrolls, and sages p185  ed. T. Muraoka, John F. Elwolde - 1999 "and honouring God was expressed, inter alia, by paying one's dues to the priesthood and by setting aside the 'pauper's tithe'"</ref>

The law applies during the days of the Temple in Jerusalem, and after the Temple's destruction. It applies only to crops that are harvested in the Land of Israel, but during the seventh year, also applies to crops harvested in Jordan and Egypt, so that the poor of Israel would be supported in the seventh year.

Terumat maaserTerumat hamaaser was given by the Levite to the Kohen, and was one-tenth of what the Levite had received of the first-tithe. It is alluded to in the Hebrew Bible under the words, "a tithe (tenth) of the tithe". It, too, was considered terumah, and was eaten by priests in a state of ritual cleanness. Today, the terumat maaser is discarded because of general uncleanness, just as the terumah is now discarded.

DemaiDemai (Mishnaic Hebrew: ) is a halakhic term meaning "dubious," referring to agricultural produce, the owner of which was not trusted with regard to the correct separation of the tithes assigned to the Levites, although the terumah (the part designated to priests) was believed to have been separated from such fruits. In such "dubious" cases, all that was necessary was to separate the one-tenth portion due to the priests from the first tithe given to the Levites, being the 1/100 part of the whole. The second tithe is also removed (redeemed) from the fruit in such cases of doubt.

Places that require tithing
The criterion for determining what places require the tithing of produce is any place within the country that was held by the Returnees from the Babylonian exile, as defined in the "Baraita of the Boundaries" of the Land of Israel; although today the land might be held by a different entity, or else worked by non-Jews, produce grown in those places would still require the separation of tithes when they come into the hand of an Israelite or Jew who completed their preparation process () before being sent to the market.Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 331:4)

Tithes are broken-off during the sabbatical year (such as when the ground lies fallow), during which year, all fruits, grains and vegetables that are grown of themselves in that year are considered free and ownerless property. For example, whatever lands were held by those returning from the Babylonian exile at the time of Ezra are forbidden to be ploughed and sown by any Jew during the seventh year, and even if gentiles were to plough such land and sow it, the produce would be forbidden unto Jews to eat. On the other hand, the extension of such lands held by the people of Israel who departed Egypt and who entered the Land of Canaan under their leader, Joshua, are forbidden to be ploughed by any Jew during the seventh year, but if gentiles had ploughed such land and sown it, the produce is permitted to be eaten by a Jew. If on a regular week-year, fruits and grains and vegetables, if grown by an Israelite in these places, would require tithing.

Special exemptions
Some fruits and vegetables are exempt from tithing altogether, such as when a gentile grew a crop on land that he purchased or owned in Israel, and made all necessary "final preparations" () for the selling of such produce in the marketplace. Had an Israelite come along and purchased the produce from him, it is exempt from tithing.Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 331:4) However, if an Israelite purchased fruits and vegetables from the gentile that were grown on the gentile's property, yet before the gentile could make "final preparations" for their selling in the marketplace, the Israelite who purchased the produce made all necessary final preparations himself (such as by pressing the grapes to make wine and removing from the wine casks the grape stems, peels and seeds), the produce would require tithing. Although the Israelite, in this case, is required to separate all tithes from such produce, he is not required to give to a Levite the First tithe, but may retain it himself, seeing that the produce belonged originally to a gentile who was not bound to give of his produce as a tithe to any man of the Hebrew nation.Shulhan Arukh (Yoreh De'ah 331:4)

Cattle tithe

An additional tithe mentioned in the Book of Leviticus is the cattle tithe, which is to be sacrificed as a korban at the Temple in Jerusalem.

Ma'aser kesafimMa'aser kesafim'' is a tithe that Jews give to charity (tzedakah), something that is done on a voluntary basis, as this practice has not been regulated in Jewish codes of law.

References

Jewish sacrificial law
Jewish agrarian laws
Land of Israel laws in Judaism
Positive Mitzvoth
Twenty-four kohanic gifts

Tithes in Judaism


Günter Pilz (born 1945 in Bad Hall, Upper Austria) is professor of mathematics at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz. Until his retirement in 2013 he was the head of the Institute of Algebra.

Vita
After studying mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna (1963–1967) and his PhD (1967), Günter Pilz was assistant professor at several institutions: at the department of mathematics of the University of Vienna (1966–1968), at the department of statistics at the University of Technology of Vienna (1968–1969), as research associate at the department of mathematics, University of Arizona, United States (1969–1970) and at the department of mathematics at the University of Linz (1970–1974). In 1971, he received his Habilitation. In 1974, he was promoted to a professor of mathematics at the JKU. He was head of the department of mathematics in Linz (1980–1983 und 1987–1993) and head of the Institute of Algebra (since 1996).

From 1996 to 2000, Günter Pilz was dean of studies at the Faculty of Science and Technology and from 2000 to 2007 vice rector for research. Also, he was the chairman in the "Forum Research" of the Austrian Conference of Rectors from 2001 to 2005 and was chosen in 2003 to be the Austrian representative for Research Integrity in the corresponding OECD group.

His main area of research are the theories and applications of algebraic structures. He is honorary professor at the Shandong Univ. of Technology in China and Honorary Doctor from the Ural State University in Ekaterinburg, Russia. He was also a member in the Council for Research and Technology in Upper Austria (2003–2008).

Main areas of research
 Theory and applications of near-rings: these are "collections of objects with which one can calculate almost as well as with numbers". These near-rings have numerous applications, for instance in the construction of optimal designs for statistical experiments.

Prizes
 Honorary medal in silver, by the County of Upper Austria (2007/08)

External links
 The Institute of Algebra
 Publications by Günter Pilz

1945 births
Living people
Austrian mathematicians
Academic staff of Johannes Kepler University Linz

Günter Pilz


Eemsdelta, Low Saxon: Emsdelta, is a municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. It lies in the northeast of Groningen.

About 46,000 people live in Eemsdelta. It covers an area of about .

The main settlements are Delfzijl and Appingedam.

Eemsdelta was established on January 1, 2021. It was made by combining the former municipalities of Appingedam, Delfzijl, and Loppersum.

The municipality borders the Ems river in the northeast, and the Dollart bay in the east. On the other side of the Ems and the Dollart lies East Frisia, which is a region in the German state of Lower Saxony.

The Eemskanaal flows through the municipality, and connects the Ems river with the city of Groningen.

Eemsdelta contains the fifth most important seaport of the Netherlands, in the city of Delfzijl.

Other websites

2020s establishments in the Netherlands

Eemsdelta


George Robert Fischer (May 4, 1937 – May 29, 2016) was an American underwater archaeologist, considered the founding father of the field in the National Park Service.  A native Californian, he did undergraduate and graduate work at Stanford University, and began his career with the National Park Service in 1959, which included assignments in six parks, the Washington, D.C. Office, and the Southeast Archaeological Center from which he retired in 1988. He began teaching courses in underwater archaeology at Florida State University in 1974 and co-instructed inter-disciplinary courses in scientific diving techniques. After retirement from the NPS his FSU activities were expanded and his assistance helped shape the university's program in underwater archaeology.

Fischer was a true pioneer in the field of underwater archaeology and his students are now professors in the U.S. and abroad, serve as state, federal, and territorial archaeologists, direct non-profit research organizations, and work in the private sector. He founded and oversaw the  underwater archaeology program for the National Park Service in 1968, and was involved with many of the early shipwreck excavations that are now required reading in introductory textbooks (such as the 1554 Padre Island galleons,   1733 galleon San Jose, 1622 galleon Rosario, 1748 British warship HMS Fowey, 1865 steamboat Bertrand). Fischer taught, as a volunteer at no cost to the university, for almost 30 years at Florida State University, which enabled their underwater archaeology program and introduced hundreds of students to this field.

Personal life
Fischer was born in Susanville, Lassen County, to George August Fischer, a forester with the United States Forest Service, and Ruth Robertson Fischer, a school teacher.  He was raised in various small towns in northern California, including Alturus, Quincy and Tulelake. While in Tulelake, his mother taught school children at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, and found it more convenient to bring young George along and teach him with the interned Japanese children. Fischer soon distinguished himself as the only Caucasian child that was hurling stones at the guards during recess.

He met his wife, Nancy (Jane) George Fischer while attending Stanford and they were married on June 20, 1961.  Nancy gave birth to their only child, George Matthew Fischer, on May 9, 1963, while Fischer was stationed at Montezuma Castle National Monument in Arizona.  George and Nancy lived in Tallahassee, Florida, during his career with the Southeast Archeological Center and Florida State University, and after his retirement.

He died in Tallahassee, Florida, on May 29, 2016. He is survived by his wife and son.

Education
Fischer attended Stanford University, performing his Undergraduate work from 1955 to 1960 and earning his Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology, with minor concentrations in English and Geology. He continued with graduate school at Stanford from 1960–62 and has completed all requirements for his Master of Arts in Anthropology except thesis.  Fischer dabbled part-time as a special student at Florida State University from 1972 to 1973 while employed at the Southeast Archaeological Center.

Employment
George Fischer was employed with the National Park Service from 1959 to 1988, starting as a seasonal Park Ranger and archaeologist from 1959 to 1962 in Mesa Verde National Park and Wupatki National Monument. In 1962 he became a full-time employee with the NPS as Park Archaeologist at Montezuma Castle National Monument, and in 1964 he took a position as the Park Archaeologist at Ocmulgee National Monument.  In 1966 Fischer moved on to become a Staff Archaeologist at the Division of Archaeology and Anthropology for the NPS in Washington, D.C.  There Fischer performed general archaeological resource management and research and was able to pursue interests in underwater archaeology.

1972 saw Fischer transferring to Tallahassee to take a position as a Research Archaeologist at the Southeast Archaeological Center, and that institution's close association with the Florida State University Department of Anthropology led to Fischer's work with archaeology faculty and students there. Upon his retirement from the NPS in 1988, Fischer became a Courtesy Assistant Professor for the Department of Anthropology.  During his tenure at Florida State, he served as an instructor of underwater archaeology courses, lectured on topics relating to underwater archaeology for courses in historical archaeology, public archaeology, and Southeast colonial history, and assisted or co-instructed courses in scientific diving techniques and project management through the Academic Diving Program. Fischer's instruction and mentoring capacities lessened in the late 1990s as he shifted more into retirement mode.

Archaeological achievements
George Fischer served as principal investigator on field projects undertaken through his Park Service and FSU career in two areas of Gulf Islands National Seashore; Castillo de San Marcos, Fort Jefferson, and Fort Matanzas National Monuments in Florida; and Fort Frederica National Monument in Georgia. Projects in Florida outside the National Park System included investigations at Fort Picolata, St. John's County; a survey for HMS Fox (1799) at St. George Island; a survey of Ballast Cove, Dog Island; an underwater survey of Wakulla Springs; a project involving applications of underwater archaeological techniques to crime scene investigation for the Florida Department of Law Enforcement; and several investigations of shipwreck sites in Mobile Bay. He also taught portions of workshops that the Academic Diving Program has sponsored for outside agencies.

Montezuma Well
In the earliest underwater archaeological investigations by the Park Service (October, 1968), Fischer directed a survey and testing of Montezuma Well, Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona.

Steamboat Bertrand
From July to September, 1969, Fischer served as field coordinator on the excavation of the 19th century steamboat Bertrand at Desoto National Wildlife Refuge on the Missouri River near Blair, Nebraska.  Over 200,000 items were excavated from the wreck, whole objects in incredible condition, still packed in the original crates, with the names of the manufacturers, shippers and consignees; all dated to the morning of April 1, 1865.  This opened his eyes to the "time capsule" nature of historic shipwreck sites, allowing one to see a specific day and an event caught in time, rather than working with fragments of artifacts and historical trash.

Padre Island National Seashore
In 1970 George Fischer headed up what came to be one of the first serious underwater archaeology investigations by National Park Service starting with a terrestrial metal detector survey and preliminary assessment of underwater archaeological resources at Padre Island National Seashore in Texas.  Preliminary research led to an underwater archaeological survey of 1554 Spanish Plate Fleet wrecks there, and excavation of the Galleon San Esteban, sponsored by Texas Antiquities Committee.

Fort Jefferson
Fort Jefferson is a US Third System Fort 70 miles west of Key West in the Gulf of Mexico, and is the largest brick masonry fortification in the western hemisphere.  In the late 1960s and early 1970s Fischer led evaluations of underwater archaeological resources, limited underwater archaeological survey and excavations, and extensive underwater archaeological survey and testing activities. The 1969 work marked the first extensive shipwreck survey by the NPS on park property, noting more than 20 sites.  He also participated with staff of Earth Satellite Corporation in a remote sensing survey for historic shipwreck sites, and assisted in analysis of data. Work was conducted at Fort Jefferson in 1981 and 1982 in partnership with Florida State University.

1622 galleon Rosario
In the summer of 1981 and 1982 Fischer directed underwater archaeological investigations of what is considered the wreck of the Nuestra Señora del Rosario of the 1622 Spanish fleet, as well as an unidentified patache of the same fleet. This investigation revealed what could represent one of the pataches that was sent to salvage the Rosario less than a month after the hurricane that sank it, possibly documenting the speed with which the Spanish salvaged their own wrecks.

HMS Fowey
 was a fifth rate British warship, carrying 44 guns and over 200 men, captained by a descendant of Sir Francis Drake's brother. It had scored victories over French and Spanish ships in battle, but was lost on a reef at what is now known as the Legare Anchorage in Biscayne National Park in 1748.  The sunken vessel became the subject of an ownership dispute with a part-time treasure salvor who presumed that it was part of the Spanish treasure fleet. Through legal conflicts and systematic surveys and archaeological investigations of the 1980s and 1990s, Fischer and his staff from the Park Service and students from Florida State University not only identified the sunken vessel but won a legal battle that effectively changed how Admiralty law was applied to submerged shipwreck sites.  The court found that the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was to be applied to submerged shipwreck sites as it is to historic sites on land, no longer allowing plundering by individuals using marine salvage and Admiralty law to profiteer from the non-archaeological salvage of a historic shipwreck in National Park grounds.  This activity is seen by many of his colleagues and former students as George Fischer's defining act.

Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
Fischer was also a founding member of the Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology, an international committee of the Society for Historical Archaeology that provides advice and assistance to governments, institutions, and individuals on matters relating to the field. He currently holds emeritus status.

FSU ADP
During the period of Fischer's tenure as a courtesy professor the FSU Coastal and Marine Laboratory's Academic Diving Program, established in 1975, grew to one of the largest and most active diving research, support, and training programs in the United States.  The Marine Lab and Academic Diving Program traditionally supports the research diving needs of faculty and students from many departments, as well as several outside agencies, including the Florida Geological Survey and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Fischer assisted or co-instructed courses in scientific diving techniques and project management through the Florida State University Academic Diving Program from 1976 through his retirement from the Park Service in 1988, and continued as a co-instructor until 2002.  His input and continuity over three decades was instrumental in the expansion and ongoing development of this program.

Publications
George Fischer, with primary author and former student Russell K. Skowronek, authored the book HMS Fowey Lost and Found: Being the Discovery, Excavation, and Identification of a British Man-of-War Lost off the Cape of Florida in 1748, published by the University Press of Florida on January 26, 2009.
Fischer, George R. (1975) A Survey of the Offshore Lands of Gulf Islands National Seashore, Florida. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3(2):338-339.
Fischer, George R. (1975) "Archeological Assessment of Biscayne National Monument." Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.
Fischer, George R. (1980) "Interim Report: Underwater Archeological Survey of Legare Anchorage, Biscayne National Park." Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.
Fischer, George R. and Richard E. Johnson (1982) "Fort Jefferson National Monument Overview, Research Design, and Scope of Work, Investigations of Site FOJE-UW-9 (8MO83)." Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.
Skowronek, Russell K., Richard E. Johnson, Richard H. Vernon and George R. Fischer (1987) "The Legare Anchorage Shipwreck Site-Grave of HMS Fowey".  International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 16(4):313-324.
Fischer, George R. and Philip R. Gerrell (1990) An Underwater Archaeological Assessment of Cultural Resources Located at the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park (8WA24), Florida. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, edited by Toni Carrell, pp. 125–128. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.
McLean, Cecil W. and George R. Fischer (1991) Investigation of the Civil War Blockade Runner Ivanhoe. Florida State University Department of Anthropology.
Fischer, George R. (1993) The Conference on Underwater Archaeology and The Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology: A Brief History. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, edited by Shelli O. Smith, pp. 2–6. Society for Historical Archaeology, Kansas City, Missouri.
Fischer, George R. (1999) The History of Underwater Archaeology at Florida State University: a Retrospective of the Past and a Look to the Future. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, edited by Adrian A. Neidinger and Matthew A. Russell, pp. 80–84. Society for Historical Archaeology, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Awards and honors
The Department of Anthropology at Florida State University dedicated its George R. Fischer Laboratory of Underwater Archaeology to Fischer (see photograph at top of page).
LAMP and the St. Augustine Lighthouse awarded Fischer a Lifetime Achievement award, for his "many contributions to the field of underwater archaeology, and to the education of this and future generations of underwater archaeologists" on March 21, 2007.
In March 2007, LAMP announced during the first annual Northeast Florida Symposium on Underwater Archaeology that Fischer had donated his personal library to LAMP, to form the core of a first-class research library, the George R. Fischer Library of Maritime Archaeology.
A session of papers in honor of Fischer was presented at the 41st annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology held in Albuquerque, New Mexico on January 10, 2008.
On January 8, 2010, at the 43rd annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology at Amelia Island in Northeast Florida, Fischer was presented with the Society for Historical Archaeology's Award of Merit "for his many contributions to the development of underwater archaeology and for his exemplary service on the Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology."

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
American archaeologists
American underwater divers
Florida State University faculty
People from Tallahassee, Florida
Stanford University alumni
Underwater archaeologists
People from Susanville, California

George R. Fischer


Vinyltestosterone (also known as 17α-vinyltestosterone, 17α-vinylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, and 17α-hydroxypregna-4,20-dien-3-one) is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) that was never marketed. However, two 19-nortestosterone derivatives of vinyltestosterone, norvinisterone (17α-vinyl-19-nortestosterone) and norgesterone (17α-vinyl-δ5(10)-19-nortestosterone), have been marketed. They are used as progestins for female hormonal contraception, rather than as AAS.

Vinyltestosterone is a relatively weak AAS. In one study, it showed approximately one-third and one-fifth of the respective androgenic and anabolic activity of other AAS such as nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), methyltestosterone (17α-methyltestosterone), and ethyltestosterone (17α-ethyltestosterone) in castrated male rats, whereas ethisterone (17α-ethynyltestosterone) showed almost no androgenic and anabolic activity (only 1/20 the anabolic potency of vinyltestosterone). Additionally, in women with metastatic breast cancer, vinyltestosterone was found to be ineffective in treating the disease (unlike other AAS such as testosterone propionate or fluoxymesterone) and produced little or no virilization in the women at a dosage of 100 mg intramuscularly three times per week.

See also
 Allyltestosterone

References

Tertiary alcohols
Alkene derivatives
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Hepatotoxins
Enones
Vinyl compounds
Abandoned drugs

Vinyltestosterone


Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (NASDAQ: CBSH) is a regional bank holding company based in Missouri, United States, with primary hubs in Kansas City and St. Louis. It is the corporate parent of Commerce Bank, which offers a diversified line of financial services, including business and personal banking, wealth management and investments through its affiliated companies.

Commerce operates more than 275 branch and ATM locations across Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, Oklahoma and Colorado and has operating subsidiaries involved in mortgage banking, credit-related insurance, venture capital and real estate activities.

As of March 31, 2023, Commerce Bank was the 61st largest commercial bank in the United States, as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank.

History
Commerce was founded by Francis Reid Long with $10,000 in capital in 1865, just as communities were rebuilding during Reconstruction. Originally known as the Kansas City Savings Association, it was acquired in 1881 by Dr. William Stone Woods and renamed the National Bank of Commerce, claiming at the time to be the largest bank west of Chicago. Harry Truman, the 33rd President of the United States, worked as a clerk and cashier at the bank in the early 1900s. When describing Dr. Woods, Truman once said, "There are dozens of stories about his close accounting of the nickels and pennies, but if he chose to back a man, he stayed with him through thick and thin if that man had energy and character." Dr. Woods would go on to transform the Kansas City bank into a modern financial institution.

Truman's housemate at the time was fellow Commerce employee Arthur Eisenhower, brother of future war hero and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Arthur went on to work at Commerce for more than 50 years.

The bank became Commerce Bank in 1903 with William Thornton Kemper Sr. as its first president. Kemper set up one of his sons, James M. Kemper, at Commerce and his other son, Rufus Crosby Kemper Sr., at the competing City Center Bank, which later became UMB Financial Corporation. Members of the Kemper family still play a dominant role at both banks. They also are a major force in Missouri philanthropies, with their names attached to numerous buildings throughout the state, including Kemper Arena.

In 1928, Commerce opened the nation's first 24-hour banking transit department, where checks or transit items drawn from out-of-town banks could be cleared and collected. The bank was an early adopter in other ways as well. In 1955, it installed the latest moving "electric stairs" in the Walnut Lobby of its Kansas City headquarters. In that same lobby, President Bill Clinton announced his 1994 plan for welfare reform, using the occasion to recognize the bank's participation in "welfare-to-work" programs.

After World War II, Commerce Bank continued to play an important role in the Midwest's growth. It funded business growth, working with H&R Block, Sprint (originally called United Utilities), and Trans World Airlines, which had its main overhaul base at Kansas City International Airport. In 1954, the Commerce Trust Company allowed Walt Disney and his wife, Lillian, to take out a $60,000 loan against Disney's life insurance policy to help fund the development of a new theme park Disney envisioned. Disneyland opened in California a year later, and by the end of its first year in operation, the park had already attracted 3.6 million guests.

From the 1960s to the 1990s, Commerce grew alongside the American economy, expanding throughout Missouri, Kansas, and Illinois. In 1968, Commerce became the first bank in Missouri to enter the credit card business. In 1969, Commerce helped Ewing Kauffman, the owner of Marion Laboratories buy the Kansas City Royals. Commerce remains the Royals' bank. After a young Johnny Morris opened a bait and tackle shop in the back of his father's liquor store in Springfield, Missouri, Commerce provided the line of credit he needed in 1974 to open a second store in a chain known today throughout North America as Bass Pro Shops. When the financial crisis caused a recession in 2008, Commerce was the country's sixth largest bank to decline financial assistance from the U.S. Treasury Department's Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP.Appearing regularly on lists recognizing top banks, Commerce later added Colorado and Oklahoma to its banking footprint, with additional commercial offices throughout the Midwest and commercial payments services available in 48 states. In 2023, Commerce completed Commerce Bank Tower, a 15-story building adjacent to Commerce Bank's office building at 8000 Forsyth Blvd. in Clayton, Missouri.

Lines of business

Commercial Banking – Commerce Bank serves more than 13,000 businesses through its commercial banking and payments solutions. The bank's commercial services include corporate lending, merchant and commercial card products, payment and treasury solutions, leasing and international services, as well as business and government deposit, investment and cash management. The commercial banking business contributed 53% of Commerce Bank's pre-tax income in 2022.

Consumer Banking – Commerce Bank's consumer banking serves more than 812,000 households from more than 275 branch and ATM locations in its retail network, along with online and mobile banking. The bank's consumer services include checking, savings, installment loans, personal mortgages and debit and credit cards. The consumer banking business contributed 23% of Commerce Bank's pre-tax income in 2022.

Wealth Management – Commerce Trust, a division of Commerce Bank, provides investment management, financial planning, trust and private banking services to high-net-worth individuals and institutions. Commerce Family Office, an operating unit of Commerce Trust, provides investment consulting, tax planning, trust administration, philanthropy and family governance to ultra-high-net-worth individuals. With more than $37.2 billion in total assets under management on December 31, 2022, Commerce Trust ranked 20th in bank-managed trust companies in 2022, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence. Commerce Bank's wealth management businesses contributed 24% of the bank's pre-tax income in 2022.

Awards and recognition

 Forbes' World's Best Banks – In 2023, Forbes named Commerce Bank one of the World's Best Banks for the fifth consecutive year.
 Forbes' America's Best Banks – As of 2023, Commerce Bank has been named one of America's Best Banks 13 of the past 14 years.
 Forbes' Best Banks in Missouri – In 2023, Commerce Bank was ranked the 4th best bank in Missouri on Forbes' list of America's Best Banks in     Each State.
 Forbes' America's Best Midsize Employers – In 2023, Commerce Bank was recognized on Forbes' America's Best Midsize Employers List for the sixth consecutive year.
 Forbes' Best Employers in Missouri – In 2022, Commerce Bank ranked 49th on this list.
 Newsweek's America's Greatest Workplaces – In 2023, Newsweek named Commerce Bank to its list of America's Greatest Workplaces.
 Global Finance named The Private Bank at Commerce Trust the 2021 Best U.S. Regional Private Bank in the Midwest. The award recognizes The Private Bank's efforts to stretch its capabilities during the pandemic to work with clients experiencing cashflow difficulties.
 Human Rights Campaign's 2022 Corporate Equality Index (CEI) – Commerce Bank received a score of 90 on the nation's foremost benchmarking     survey and report that measures corporate policies and practices related to LGBTQ workplace equality.

References

External links

Banks based in Missouri
Companies based in Kansas City, Missouri
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Kemper family
American companies established in 1865
Banks established in 1865
American brands
Financial services companies of the United States
Holding companies of the United States
Companies based in Oklahoma
Companies based in Chicago
Companies based in Colorado

Commerce Bancshares