Monica Puig Marchán (born September 27, 1993) is a Puerto Rican former professional tennis player. She is the first Puerto Rican in history to win a gold medal at the Olympics while representing Puerto Rico, having done so in 2016 at the women's singles event. She is also a Central American and Caribbean champion and Pan American silver medalist. Having turned professional in 2010, Puig won two WTA Tour singles titles and six ITF singles titles. On 26 September 2016, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 27. On 25 May 2015, she peaked at No. 210 in the doubles rankings. She retired from professional tour on 13 June 2022. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Puig won the gold medal, the ninth overall medal at the Games for Puerto Rico. With the feat, she also became the first Latin American champion in the women's singles discipline and is the only unseeded female player to win the gold medal since the reintroduction of tennis in 1988. During her career, Puig has defeated top-ten players Sara Errani, Caroline Garcia, Angelique Kerber, Garbiñe Muguruza, Aryna Sabalenka and Caroline Wozniacki.

Early life
Monica Puig Marchán was born to a Cuban American father, José Puig, and a Puerto Rican mother, Astrid Marchán. Puig stated her paternal grandparents are Catalan.

Tennis career

Junior years
In 2007, she entered her first tournament at the Prince Cup, but withdrew from the qualifying draw.

In 2008, she started the season with a surprise run to the final of the Costa Rica Bowl (Grade 3) as a qualifier, losing in straight sets to Eugenie Bouchard. She continued her good form, winning two out of three tournaments. Puig continued good results in small Grade-3 and-4 tournaments. In her first Grade-1 tournament in Lexington, she defeated Charlotte Calhoun before going out to Lauren Embree. She continued to participate in bigger tournaments, though not with as much success as she had in the smaller ones.

Puig had her breakthrough season in 2009; she started doing much better in the bigger tournaments. She reached her first Grade-1 final in Casablanca, losing to Mai Grage of Denmark. She continued playing consistently, highlights of the latter months of the year included a semifinal appearance at a Grade-B1 tournament in Tulsa, losing to Bouchard in three sets. In her next tournament, she won the doubles title.

In 2010, she continued her success at a higher level. Puig started the year reaching the final of the 32nd International Casablanca Junior Cup (Grade A), falling easily to Sachie Ishizu of Japan. She then reached another final a week later at the Coffee Bowl (G1) losing to An-Sophie Mestach of Belgium in straights. Puig followed that up with a semifinal appearance at a Grade-1 tournament in Barranquilla. Consistent results followed, before a huge Grade-A title at the 27th Copa Gerdau, defeating Jessica Pegula in the final. After a semifinal appearance at another Grade-A calibre tournament, she fell in the quarterfinals of the French Open. After that, she failed to advance past the quarterfinals of any of her tournaments until the US Open, where she lost to Yulia Putintseva. Puig finished the season with a flourish, falling in the quarterfinals of Osaka (GA), the final of Mérida (G1) and the semifinals of Key Biscayne (GA), both to Lauren Davis.

In July, Puig won the gold medal in women's singles at the Central American and Caribbean Games. At the Youth Olympics in Singapore, she was the second seed in the singles event but lost in the first round to Zheng Saisai of China, in straight sets.

2011: Junior Grand Slam finals in Melbourne and Roland Garros
In January, she won the Traralgon International defeating Yulia Putintseva of Russia. Puig was also in the juniors event of the Australian Open. She qualified for the final but lost to Belgian An-Sophie Mestach. On February 20, Puig won the singles title in Surprise, Arizona defeating Lenka Wienerová, in straight sets.

She received a wildcard into the qualifying of the Indian Wells Open and defeated Anne Keothavong in the first round but was then knocked out by Sorana Cîrstea, in three sets.

In the juniors event of the French Open, she also qualified for the final but lost to Tunisian Ons Jabeur.

Puig won the silver medal at the Pan American Games, defeating Christina McHale of the United States to advance to the gold medal round. She lost to Irina Falconi of the United States in the final.

2012: Reaching the top 200
In January 2012, Puig entered the Auckland Open, ranked 213 in the world, and won the first and second round of qualifying matches, but lost in the last round to the No. 145 in the world, Karolína Plíšková. On 16 January, she entered the Australian Open qualifying draw ranked 209, and lost in the second round to Kirsten Flipkens. At the $25k Andrézieux-Bouthéon tournament, she won two qualifying matches but lost in the first round to Magda Linette of Poland.

In the following month, Puig played on the qualifying draw of two WTA Tour events, in Bogotá and Monterrey, without being able to get past the first round of the main draw. She received a wildcard to play in the Indian Wells Open qualifying draw, but, in the second round, lost to world No. 66, Eleni Daniilidou. Her breakthrough came when she reached the final of the Poza Rica $25k tournament unseeded. The last two matches prior to the final included wins against tournament seeds No. 4 and 1, although she lost to second seed Yaroslava Shvedova.

The second breakthrough of 2012 occurred when she won the first $50k event of her career at Joué-lès-Tours, France. Puig opened the first round by eliminating the top-seed and world ranked 87, Alexandra Panova. In the semifinals, she defeated An-Sophie Mestach, the same opponent to whom she lost in the 2011 Australian Open junior final.

2013: Entering the top 100

Puig began her season at the Brisbane International. After coming through qualifying, she reached the second round where she lost to fourth seed Angelique Kerber. At the Australian Open, Puig was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Wang Qiang.

At the WTA indoor event in Paris, Puig lost in the final round of qualifying to Stefanie Vögele. Seeded eighth at the $100k Midland Tennis Classic, Puig reached the semifinal where she was defeated by top seed and eventual champion, Lauren Davis.

2014–15: First WTA Tour title, high ranking of No. 41
In May, she played and won her first WTA final in Strasbourg, defeating Sílvia Soler Espinosa. This success took her to her highest WTA ranking 41st.

In October 2014, Puig won first place at the WTA Rising Stars Invitational in Singapore. Puig defeated Zheng Saisai in two sets. At the end of the year, she was world No. 59.

In this same year, she also won the gold medal at the Central American and Caribbean Games in Veracruz, Mexico representing Puerto Rico.

2016: Breakthrough and Olympic gold medal, top 30
Puig started the season strongly in Sydney. As a qualifier, she went on to defeat Magdaléna Rybáriková, Anna Karolína Schmiedlová, Samantha Stosur, and Belinda Bencic before losing in her second WTA Tour final to Svetlana Kuznetsova.

At the Australian Open, she reached the third round, defeating Magda Linette and Kristýna Plíšková before losing to the fourth seed Agnieszka Radwańska.
She repeated her Australian Open success to reach the third round at the French Open, defeating Olga Govortsova and Julia Görges, before losing to the 15th seed Madison Keys.

In the Eastbourne International, Puig progressed as far as to the semifinals after beating Kristina Mladenovic. At Wimbledon she faced home player Johanna Konta in the first round, in which Puig lost in two sets.

At the Rio Summer Olympics, Puig won the women's singles gold medal by defeating Polona Hercog, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Garbiñe Muguruza, Laura Siegemund, Petra Kvitová, and, finally, Angelique Kerber. Puig became the second unseeded player to win a medal at the Olympics after Alicia Molik had won bronze in Athens and the first athlete representing Puerto Rico to win a gold medal in any sport. In Puerto Rico's Olympic history, Puig is the ninth sportsperson and the first woman to win an Olympic medal. She is the first Latin American representative to win the gold medal in singles and the second to win a medal, after Gabriela Sabatini won silver at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In November, Puig was presented the award for Best Female Athlete in Rio 2016 presented by the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC).

She was not originally seeded at the US Open, but after a withdrawal of Sloane Stephens, Puig became the 32nd seed. She lost in the first round to Zheng Saisai, and also in doubles with Mariana Duque-Mariño to Nicole Gibbs and Nao Hibino, and concluded the season with a career best year-end ranking of No. 32.

2017: Loss of form
Puig was unable to replicate her success throughout 2017 and fell out of the top 50 in June. By losing in three sets to Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in the first round of the US Open, she concluded her 2017 season without advancing past the second round of any Grand Slam or Premier Mandatory tournament. However, she did end the season on a high note by reaching her fourth career WTA-level final at the Luxembourg Open.

2018

Puig started the season at the Auckland Open where she lost in the first round to second seed and eventual champion, Julia Görges. At the Sydney International, she was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Kristie Ahn. Puig beat Sam Stosur in the first round of the Australian Open; she lost in the second round to Kaia Kanepi.

In February, Puig competed at the Mexican Open and was defeated in the second round by qualifier Rebecca Peterson. At the Indian Wells Open, she lost in round two to 21st seed Anastasija Sevastova. Puig had a great run at the Miami Open as she stunned second seed Caroline Wozniacki in the second round. However, she was defeated in the fourth round by American qualifier Danielle Collins. Seeded fifth at the Monterrey Open, Puig reached the quarterfinals where she lost to 2012 champion Tímea Babos.

Puig began her clay-court season in May at the Madrid Open. She was defeated in the second round by tenth seed, two-time and eventual champion, Petra Kvitová. Puig retired from her qualifying match in Rome at the Italian Open to Donna Vekić due to a right hip strain. As a result of that injury, she withdrew from the Internationaux de Strasbourg and the French Open.

Puig returned to action in July at the Wimbledon Championships where she lost in the first round to 13th seed and eventual semifinalist, Julia Görges.

2019
Puig started her 2019 season at the Auckland Open where she lost in the second round to third seed Hsieh Su-wei. In Sydney, she was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Aliaksandra Sasnovich. However, due to Naomi Osaka withdrawing from the tournament, she entered the main draw as a lucky loser but lost in the first round to Anett Kontaveit. Ranked 54 at the Australian Open, she was eliminated in the first round by Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.

Playing for Puerto Rico in the Fed Cup tie against Colombia, Puig won her match over María Herazo González. Colombia ended up winning the tie over Puerto Rico 2–1. In Acapulco, she upset sixth seed Maria Sakkari in the first round. She then retired during her second-round match against Wang Yafan due to food poisoning. At Indian Wells, she was beaten in the second round by 21st seed Anett Kontaveit. At the Miami Open, she lost in the first round to Chinese wildcard Wang Xiyu.

Puig kicked off her clay-court season at the Charleston Open.

2020
She missed the Auckland Open and the Australian Open due to her undergoing right elbow surgery.

Puig returned to the tour in August at the Cincinnati Open and lost in the first round of qualifying to American wildcard Katie Volynets. At the US Open, she was defeated in the first round by Margarita Gasparyan.

Competing at the French Open, Puig lost her first-round match to 2012 finalist and qualifier, Sara Errani.

Puig ended the year ranked 105.

2022: Comeback and retirement
She made a comeback after two years at the Madrid Open where she lost to Danielle Collins in the first round, in straight sets.

Puig retired in June 2022 due to the cumulative effects of repeated injuries she sustained throughout her career.

Coaching
Puig has had multiple coaches in her career, including Alain De Vos (2008–2014), Ricardo Sánchez (2014–2015), Juan Todero (2015–2018), Kamau Murray and Othmane Garma (2019), Philippe DeHaes, and Diego Veronelli. In August 2020, she announced the return of Juan Todero as her coach. At the end of 2021, she announced Dorian Descloix will be her new coach

World TeamTennis
Puig played one season of World TeamTennis, making her debut in 2019 with the Vegas Rollers for their inaugural season. It had been announced that Puig wanted to return to the Vegas Rollers during the 2020 WTT season.

Personal life

Puig was in a relationship with baseball player Derek Dietrich. The two met when he was playing for the Miami Marlins and she was invited to throw the first pitch; they started dating in early 2017. In 2019, when Dietrich was playing for the Cincinnati Reds, Puig served a first pitch during a game using a tennis racket.

Puig became engaged to fellow tennis player Nathan Rakitt in 2021., and they got married on November 11, 2022.

Marathon running
After retiring from tennis, Puig found a new passion in marathon running. She joined her then-fiancé, former Georgia Tech tennis player and avid runner Nathan Rakitt, for a run and enjoyed it, so much that they decided to sign up for the 2022 New York City Marathon. Puig was cheered on by Puerto Ricans and finished the New York marathon in just over  hours. She and Rakitt got married in San Juan a few days after the New York marathon and planned their marathon running goals when they flew back to their Atlanta home. They plan to run the six major marathons by 2024 to earn the Six Star medal from the Abbott World Major Marathons. Needing to run a sub-3:30 marathon for both the 2023 Boston and London marathons, she reached out to the organizers of both marathons and got a waiver based on her being a pro athlete and her New York results.

In between her work with ESPN and the Tennis Channel doing live commentary in Spanish, Puig trains with COROS and coach Derek Dalzell to improve her endurance, pace, nutrition, and recovery.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Singles

Notes

 Grand Slam performances source

Olympic final

Singles: 1 (gold medal)

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 Sports in Puerto Rico
 Puerto Rico at the Olympics
 History of women in Puerto Rico

Notes

References

External links

 Rio 2016 Olympic Tennis Event: Women's Singles Bracket
 Monica Puig: Profile at Rio Olympics Website

1993 births
Living people
Puerto Rican people of Cuban descent
Puerto Rican people of Catalan descent
Sportspeople from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Tennis players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Tennis players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Puerto Rico
Olympic tennis players for Puerto Rico
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in tennis
Tennis players from Miami
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games

Monica Puig


Jakob Zeugheer (known also as J. Z. Herrmann), (born Zürich 20 July 1803; died Liverpool 15 June 1865) was a Swiss violinist, conductor and composer.

Childhood
Born at Zürich in 1803, Zeugheer learned the violin first from Heinrich Joseph Wassermann in his native town, and in 1818 was placed at Munich under Ferdinand Fränzl, for the violin, and Joseph Graetz for composition and musical science. A visit to Vienna in 1823 confirmed his enthusiasm for chamber-music and Beethoven, who remained through life the object of his highest veneration.

Career as a quartet player
The example of Schuppanzigh, and of the four brothers Moralt, suggested to Zeugheer the idea of attempting the same with his friends in Munich, as "das Quartett Gebrüder Herrmann". Zeugheer was leader; Joseph Wex of Immenstadt, second violin; Carl Baader,
viola; and Joseph Lidel (grandson of Andreas Lidel, the eminent performer on the baryton), violoncello. They started Aug.
34, 1824, for the south, and gave performances at the towns of south Germany and Switzerland, and along the Rhine to the Netherlands and Belgium. In the spring of 1826 they played in Paris, before Cherubini and Pierre Baillot, and gave a public performance assisted by Henriette Sontag and Alexandre Boucher with his sons. They first performed in Paris Spohr's double quartet in D minor, the second quartet being played by Boucher and his three sons.

In Britain
From Boulogne the quartet crossed the Channel; in England they seem to have been successful, at Dover, Ramsgate, and especially at Brighton, where they resided for five months. They gave concerts throughout the South and West of England, and in Ireland from Cork to Dublin, where they arrived in November 1827.

Early in 1828 they proceeded by Belfast to Glasgow, Edinburgh and London. In London they had only a few engagements in private houses; Wex retired ill, and the quartet was broken up till a new violinist was found in Anton Popp of Würzburg. The concerts begun again with a series of six at Liverpool in the summer of 1829, and were continued through the northern counties. But in the spring of 1830 the "brothers" had had enough of a roving life. Zeugheer and Baader settled at Liverpool, Lidel and Popp at Dublin. Zeugheer resided in Liverpool till his death, Baader till his retirement in 1869.

Zeugheer's quartet was only the second ever to perform in England, and were the first to play in England any but the first six of Beethoven's quartets. In many towns they found that no one knew what a quartet was.

Career as a conductor
In 1831 Zeugheer took the conductorship of the
Gentlemen's Concerts at Manchester, which
he retained till 1838. The Liverpool Philharmonic Society, originally a private society, began in January 1840 to give public concerts with an orchestra, and in 1843 appointed Zeugheer director. He conducted their concerts from that date until March 28, 1865, shortly before his death, which took place suddenly June 15, 1865.

Career as a teacher
Zeugheer was highly praised for his work as a teacher in Liverpool. Although not a pianist, he fully understood the art of training the hand. Mr. Chorley, the musical critic of the "Athenaeum", never had any musical teacher but Zeugheer, whose genius he estimated highly and proclaimed in print. According to Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Zeugheer's playing was very pure in tone and refined in expression, though his position was not favourable to original composition.

Compositions
He wrote two Symphonies, two Overtures, a Cantata, two sets of Entr'actes, a Violin Concerto op. 28, a Potpourri for violin and orchestra op. 6, an instrumental Quartet, an Andante and Rondo for piano and violin op. 21, and a Polacca fur four voices, few of them published. In Liverpool he wrote an opera Angela of Venice to Chorley's words, but it was neither produced nor published, owing to the badness of the libretto. He published two sets of waltzes, a vocal duet "Come, lovely May", and other songs and glees.

The John Rylands Library in Manchester holds the manuscript of a Kyrie by Zeugheer, possibly in the composer's hand. It is dated 1832 and dedicated to a William Hudson. The work is in B minor and is scored for SATB choir, soloists and piano.

References

Sources
   Article "Zeugheer, Jakob".

External links

1803 births
1865 deaths
Musicians from Zürich
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Swiss classical composers
Swiss opera composers
Male opera composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
Swiss male classical composers

Jakob Zeugheer


Aldermaston Pottery was a pottery located in the Berkshire village of Aldermaston, England. It was founded in 1955 by Alan Caiger-Smith and was known for its tin-glaze pottery and particularly its lustre ware. His first assistant, Geoffrey Eastop, joined him in 1956, a year after the pottery started. They were joined in 1961 by David Tipler and Edgar Campden, who remained there until 1975 and 1993 respectively. Over a period of forty years, around sixty assistants worked at the pottery.

In 1965, the pottery was the subject of a television documentary produced by Michael Darlow.

The pottery scaled back its production in June 1993 when Caiger-Smith partially retired and stopped hiring assistants. It continued to be operated commercially until it was sold in 2006, and the building has now been converted into a private dwelling.

Reading Museum has an extensive collection of Aldermaston pottery displayed in its Atrium gallery. The pottery can also be seen on display at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.

Potters
 Alan Caiger-Smith
 Geoffrey Eastop
 David Tipler
 Julian Bellmont
 Edgar Campden
 Harriet Coleridge
 Mohamed Hamid
 Andrew Hazelden
 Myra McDonnell
 Laurence McGowan
 Simon Rich

References

Further reading

2006 disestablishments in England
Companies established in 1995
Companies disestablished in 2006
Ceramics manufacturers of England
English pottery
Arts in Berkshire
History of Berkshire
Studio pottery

Aldermaston Pottery


Luis Castaneda (esp. Luis Castañeda) (born 29 July 1943 in Havana, Cuba) – Cuban landscape photographer.

Biography
From 1964 through 1979, Castaneda cooperated as photographer with Ballet Nacional de Cuba, Teatro Musical de La Habana, the Ministry of Culture, and also as a freelancer photographed for publishers such as Cuba Magazine.

In 1979, Castaneda moved to Spain, and, having started working in "The Image Bank" stock agency, travelled over the whole of Europe. Before 1985, he also collaborated with Spanish periodical publishers, as well as with some government organizations, including the Ministry of Tourism, Radio Televisión Española and The Madrid City Hall. For his "tourist" images Luis Castaneda received the "Ortiz-Echagüe" Award.

In 1986, Castaneda left Spain and moved to Miami, Florida, USA, where he currently lives. He has worked with The National Fund for Advancement in the Arts, several Ballet companies like Miami City Ballet, Ballet Concerto, Ballet Etudes, Spanish Ballet Rosita Segovia, and with South Florida theaters "The Coconut Grove", Theater and Teatro Avante.

Castaneda's work has been published in various publications. He has published three books and had international exhibitions. His photo articles have been published in magazines Leica Fotografie Intl. (Germany), Leica Magazine (Italia), Popular Photography (China), Panasonic NEWS (Switzerland), Foto & Video (Russia), Photoworld (China). He edits regular rubric in Popular Photography magazine (Beijing). Camera manufacturers Panasonic, Hasselblad, Leica and Minox use Castaneda's images for advertising purposes.

In 1993, Castaneda received "Master of the Leica" Award. In 1998, on photokina exhibition in Cologne (Germany) he was offered to enter the Italian "Gruppo Fotografico Leica". He was also awarded "Golden Eye of Russia" prize by International Guild of Russian Media professional photographers (2006).

He is widely known for his image series of Iceland landscapes, made with the Panasonic Lumix LX5 compact camera.

Castaneda uses Leica and Panasonic LUMIX cameras and all lenses from ultra-wide to super-tele range.

Castaneda holds master classes and photo seminars.

Bibliography
 "Sentir España" (To Feel Spain) (Spain. 1989)
 "Mayab: donde la piedra se hizo poesia" (Mayab: where poetry is written in stone) (Mexico. 1991)
 "Beyond the Vision" (Master Class of Photographic Inspiration and Technique) (China. 2011)

External links
 Personal site of Luis Castaneda
 Iceland landscapes. Luis Castaneda's photos

1943 births
Living people
Cuban photographers
Photojournalists
Landscape photographers
Nature photographers
Travel photographers
Theatrical photographers

Luis Castaneda


Richard Sharpe Shaver (October 8, 1907 – November 5, 1975) was an American writer and artist who achieved notoriety in the years following World War II as the author of controversial stories that were printed in science fiction magazines (primarily Amazing Stories). In Shaver's story, he claimed that he had had personal experience of a sinister ancient civilization that harbored fantastic technology in caverns under the earth. The controversy stemmed from the claim by Shaver, and his editor and publisher Ray Palmer, that Shaver's writings, while presented in the guise of fiction, were fundamentally true. Shaver's stories were promoted by Ray Palmer as "The Shaver Mystery".

During the last decades of his life, Shaver devoted himself to "rock books"—stones that he believed had been created by the advanced ancient races and embedded with legible pictures and texts. He produced paintings allegedly based on the rocks' images and photographed the rock books extensively, as well as writing about them. Posthumously, Shaver has gained a reputation as an artist and his paintings and photos have been exhibited in Los Angeles, New York and elsewhere.

The Shaver Mystery
During 1943, Shaver wrote a letter to Amazing Stories magazine. He claimed to have discovered an ancient language he called "Mantong", a sort of Proto-Human language that was the source of all Earthly languages. In Mantong, each sound had a hidden meaning, and by applying this formula to any word in any language, one could decode a secret meaning to any word, name or phrase. Editor Ray Palmer applied the Mantong formula to several words, and said he realized Shaver was on to something.

According to Palmer (in his autobiography The Secret World), Palmer wrote back to Shaver, asking how he had learned of Mantong. Shaver responded with an approximately 10,000-word document entitled "A Warning to Future Man". Shaver claimed to have worked in a factory where, in 1932, odd things began to occur. As Bruce Lanier Wright notes, Shaver "began to notice that one of the welding guns on his job site, 'by some freak of its coil's field atunements', was allowing him to hear the thoughts of the men working around him. More frighteningly, he then received the telepathic record of a torture session conducted by malign entities in caverns deep within the earth". According to Michael Barkun, Shaver offered inconsistent accounts of how he first learned of the hidden cavern world, but that the assembly line story was the "most common version".

Shaver wrote of extremely advanced prehistoric races who had built cavern cities inside the Earth before abandoning Earth for another planet due to damaging radiation from the Sun. Those ancients also abandoned some of their own offspring here, a minority of whom remained noble and human "Teros", while most degenerated over time into a population of mentally impaired sadists known as "Deros"—short for "detrimental robots". Shaver's "robots" were not mechanical constructs, but were robot-like due to their savage behavior.

These Deros still lived in the cave cities, according to Shaver, kidnapping surface-dwelling people by the thousands for meat or torture. With the sophisticated "ray" machinery that the great ancient races had left behind, they spied on people and projected tormenting thoughts and voices into our minds (reminiscent of schizophrenia's "influencing machines" such as the air loom). Deros could be blamed for nearly all misfortunes, from minor "accidental" injuries or illnesses to airplane crashes and catastrophic natural disasters. Women especially were singled out for brutal treatment, including rape, and Mike Dash notes that "[s]ado-masochism was one of the prominent themes of Shaver's writings". Though generally confined to their caves, Shaver claimed that the Deros sometimes traveled with spaceships or rockets, and had dealings with equally evil extraterrestrial beings. Shaver claimed to possess first-hand knowledge of the Deros and their caves, insisting he had been their prisoner for several years.

Palmer edited and rewrote the manuscript, increasing the total word count to a novella length of 31,000. Palmer insisted that he did not alter the main elements of Shaver's story, but that he only added an exciting plot so the story would not read "like a dull recitation". Retitled "I Remember Lemuria!"; it was published in the March 1945 issue of Amazing. The issue sold out, and generated quite a response: Between 1945 and 1949, many letters arrived attesting to the truth of Shaver's claims (tens of thousands of letters, according to Palmer). The correspondents claimed that they, too, had heard strange voices or encountered denizens of the Hollow Earth. One of the letters to Amazing Stories was from a woman who claimed to have gone into a deep subbasement of a Paris, France building via a secret elevator. After months of rape and other torture, the woman was freed by a benevolent Tero. Another letter claiming involvement with Deros came from Fred Crisman, later to gain notoriety for his role in the Maury Island Incident and the John F. Kennedy assassination. "Shaver Mystery Club" societies were created in several cities. The controversy gained some notice in the mainstream press at the time, including a mention in a 1951 issue of Life magazine.

Palmer claimed that Amazing Stories magazine had a great increase of circulation because of the Shaver Mystery, and the magazine emphasized the Shaver Mystery for several years. Barkun notes that, by any measure, the Shaver Mystery was successful in increasing sales of Amazing Stories. There was disagreement as to the precise increase in circulation, but Barkun notes that reliable sources reflect an increase in monthly circulation from about 135,000 to 185,000.

From 1945 to 1948, Barkun notes that about 75% of the issues of Amazing Stories featured Shaver Mystery content, sometimes to the near-exclusion of any other topic. Historian Mike Dash declares that "Shaver's tales were amongst the wildest ever spun, even in the pages of the pulp science fiction magazines of the period". He also published in Other Worlds magazine; the first issue featured his story "The Fall of Lemuria".

Many science fiction fans felt compelled to condemn the Shaver Mystery as "the Shaver Hoax". These fans, already distressed by Palmer's shift away from the literary or hard science fiction of earlier years to often slapdash space operas, organized letter-writing campaigns to try to persuade the publishers of Amazing Stories to cease all Shaver Mystery articles. In fact, Palmer printed a number of critical or skeptical letters sent to Amazing Stories, and he and other contributors occasionally rebutted or replied to such letters in print. As Bruce Lanier Wright notes, "[t]he young Harlan Ellison, later a famously abrasive writer, allegedly badgered [Palmer] into admitting that the Shaver Mystery was a 'publicity grabber'; when the story came out, Palmer angrily responded that this was hardly the same thing as calling it a hoax". Dash writes that the "critics of the 'Shaver Mystery' were quick to point out that its author was suffering from several of the classic symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, and that many of the letters pouring into Amazing recounting personal experiences that backed up the author's stories patently came from the sorts of people who would otherwise spend their time claiming that they were being persecuted by invisible voices or their neighbor's dog".

During 1948, Amazing Stories ceased all publication of Shaver's stories. Palmer would later claim the magazine was pressured by sinister outside forces to make the change; science fiction fans would credit their boycott and letter-writing campaigns for the change. The magazine's owners said later that the Shaver Mystery had simply run its course and sales were decreasing.

The Shaver Mystery Clubs had surprising longevity: Representatives of a club discussed the Shaver Mystery on John Nebel's popular radio show several times through the late 1950s. Nebel said he thought the discussion was entertaining, but in extant recordings he was also skeptical about the entire subject.

Even after the pulp magazines lost popularity, Palmer continued promoting the Shaver Mystery to a diminishing audience via the periodical The Hidden World. Lanier describes the magazine as "Shaver in the raw" with little of Palmer's editing. Shaver and his wife produced the Shaver Mystery Magazine irregularly for some years.

Rock books
During the 1960s and 1970s, now living in obscurity, Shaver searched for physical evidence of the bygone prehistoric races. He claimed to find it in certain rocks, which he believed were "rock books" that had been created by the great ancients and embedded with legible pictures and texts. For years he wrote about the rock books, photographed them and made paintings of the images he found in them to demonstrate their historic importance. He even ran a "rock book" lending library through the mail, sending a slice of polished agate with a detailed description of what writings, drawings and photographs he claimed were archived by Atlanteans inside the stone using special laser-like devices.

Shaver never succeeded in generating much attention for his later findings during his lifetime, but there have been exhibits of Shaver's art and photographs in the years since his death. Artist Brian Tucker created an exhibition about Shaver's life and work in 1989 at California Institute of the Arts, and presented Shaver's work again in later years at the Santa Monica Museum of Art and the Guggenheim Gallery of Chapman University in Orange County, California. In 2009, Tucker curated "Mantong and Protong", an exhibition at Pasadena City College which pairs Shaver's work with that of Stanislav Szukalski. Shaver's art has also been exhibited in galleries in New York City and in a traveling exhibition of "outsider photography" called "Create and Be Recognized" that originated at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco in 2004. In that exhibition, which toured the U.S., Shaver's "rock book" photography was grouped with works by famous "outsider artists", including Henry Darger and Adolf Wolfli.

Influence and references to the Shaver Mystery
After its initial effect on the Amazing Stories readership, the Shaver Mystery continued to influence science fiction and other general literature. Many modern books, films, and games make references to Deros and other aspects of Shaver's story. The Shaver Mystery has also influenced believers of paranormal phenomena. This has taken various forms, from suspected connections between the Deros and UFOs to appearances of the Deros in the mythology of the Church of the Subgenius.

Shaver in science fiction, fantasy and horror
As noted above, writer Harlan Ellison reportedly thought the Shaver Mystery was nonsense. However, he did use elements of the Shaver Mystery in one of his own science fiction short stories. "From A to Z, in the Chocolate Alphabet" featured 26 brief stories, some a few pages long, others comprising only a few sentences. One story, "The Elevator People", reports that "[t]here are five hundred buildings in the United States whose elevators go deeper than the basement". Those unfortunates who descend to the caverns emerge nearly catatonic after being "treated" by the evil cavern inhabitants.

The 2004 Japanese horror movie Marebito, directed by Takashi Shimizu, also references Shaver's work and the Deros. The movie references Shaver's books directly, as well as showing Deros at several times during the film.

Richard Shaver and the Deros are mentioned on a plaque in the video game Shivers, next to a sculpture of a Dero in the "Subterranean World" room.

Both Shaver and his work, as well as Amazing Stories, are amongst the esoteric and unusual ideas referred to in the Philip K. Dick novel Confessions of a Crap Artist.

In the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, which was heavily influenced by pulp and weird fiction in its development, there exists a race of evil subterranean dwarves called the derro, which were first described in the AD&D First Edition of Monster Manual II. These derro make raids on the surface to kidnap humans for use as slaves and food, and some among them, called Savants, possess magical and psychic powers which they can use to influence people's minds.  They are said to have a main stronghold deep underground where they plot the overthrow of humanity.

The novel Tamper, by Bill Ectric, takes its name from Shaver's description of the Deros' ability to tamper with the minds of humans with invisible rays. In the book, a boy obsessed with the "Shaver Mystery" begins to hear strange noises in his parents' basement which may or may not be real.

Shaver and UFOs

In the summer of 1947, Kenneth Arnold claimed to have seen some unusual flying objects near Mount Rainier. His report caused widespread interest in unidentified flying objects, and Palmer was quick to argue that the "flying saucers" were validation of the Shaver Mystery—for several years, he noted, Shaver had mentioned the Deros' supposed spaceships. The idea that Shaver and Palmer had somehow predicted or presaged the "flying saucer" craze was later championed by writer John Keel. His 1983 article "The Man Who Invented Flying Saucers" (first published in Fortean Times) declared that "Palmer assigned artists to make sketches of objects described by readers and disc-shaped flying machines appeared on the covers of his magazine long before June 1947. So we can note that a considerable number of people—millions—were exposed to the flying saucer concept before the national news media were even aware of it. Anyone who glanced at the magazines on a newsstand and caught a glimpse of the saucer-emblazoned Amazing Stories cover had the image implanted in his subconscious".

However, UFO researcher Jerome Clark would argue just the contrary, writing that "[i]t must be stressed that Palmer did not depict the deros' 'rockets' as disc shaped. Nonetheless in later years, some would insist, with more hyperbole than reason, that through Shaver's yarns Palmer 'invented flying saucers'. In fact, Palmer's influence beyond his relatively minuscule audience of science fiction fans and Forteans was nonexistent".

Other influences
The poet and folklorist Jesse Glass joined Shaver's Atlantean Library in the early 1970s as a young man and briefly corresponded with him. He was intrigued by Shaver's "rock books" with their accompanying descriptions, but noted that sometimes the surfaces of the stones seemed to be treated in some manner. One piece of stone looked like the surface was actually a drawing or rubbing on paper that had been heavily shellacked or somehow glued on. In fact, bits of white paper seemed to be showing through the shellac. Glass corresponded with Shaver and found him to be an intelligent and well-read correspondent until one day, out of the blue, the letters took on an abusive tone. It was then that Glass ended the correspondence.

The artist Jermaine Rogers has often used his version of the Deros in his many posters used to advertise rock music concerts. Rogers has approached the subject of the Deros with an ambiguity that some have taken as proof that he truly believes in these beings. Starting in 1994, Rogers' Dero has appeared in dozens of his posters and art prints and in 2004 it became a designer vinyl toy line.

Some aspects of the QAnon conspiracy theory have also been compared to Shaver's ideas, particularly the theme of sadomasochistic abusive acts taking place in subterranean tunnels with the perpetrators also manipulating events on the surface world.

Gallery
{{Gallery
|title=Shaver cover art
|align=center
|mode=traditional
|File:Amazing stories 194503.jpg|Shaver's first published work, the novella "I Remember Lemuria", was the cover story in the March 1945 Amazing Stories
|File:Amazing stories 194506.jpg|Shaver's novella "Thought Records of Lemuria", his second published story, took the cover of the June 1945 Amazing Stories
|File:Amazing stories 194509.jpg|Shaver's run of Amazing cover stories continued in September 1945 with "Cave City of Hel"
|File:Amazing stories 194512.jpg|"Quest of Brail" closed out 1945's Amazing Stories, with every issue featuring a Shaver cover painted by Robert Gibson Jones
|File:Amazing stories 194607.jpg|Shaver Mystery stories continued to dominate Amazing'''s covers in 1946
|File:Amazing stories 194611.jpg|Some of Shaver's stories were written in collaboration with Philadelphia radio personality Bob McKenna
|File:Amazing0647.jpg|The June 1947 issue of Amazing Stories featured the "Shaver Mystery"
|File:Fantastic adventures 194705.jpg|Shaver once wrote under the eccentric pseudonym "The Red Dwarf"
|File:Mammoth adventure 194705.jpg|Shaver also wrote more conventional stories for adventure pulps like Mammoth Adventures|File:Amazing stories 195001.jpg|Shaver's stories continued to appear in Amazing after Howard Browne replaced Ray Palmer as editor
|File:Other worlds science stories 195207.jpg|Even after his work fell out of favor with Amazing readers, Ray Palmer continued to publish Shaver in other genre magazines
|File:Fantastic 195807.jpg|A special issue of Fantastic devoted to the "Shaver Mystery" was published in 1958
}}

Bibliography
Short stories
 "I Remember Lemuria", Amazing Stories (March 1945)
 "Thought Records of Lemuria", Amazing Stories (June 1945)
 "Cave City of Hel", Amazing Stories (September 1945)
 "Quest of Brail", Amazing Stories (December 1945)
 "Invasion of the Micro-Men", Amazing Stories (February 1946)
 "The Masked World", Amazing Stories (May 1946)
 "Cult of the Witch-Queen", Amazing Stories (July 1946)
 "The Sea People", Amazing Stories (August 1946)
 "Earth Slaves to Space", Amazing Stories (September 1946)
 "The Return of Sathanas", Amazing Stories (November 1946)
 "The Land of Kui", Amazing Stories (December 1946)
 "Joe Dannon Pioneer", Amazing Stories (March 1947)
 "Loot of Babylon", Mammoth Adventure (May 1947)
 "The Tale of the Red Dwarf Who Writes with his Tail", Fantastic Adventures (May 1947)
 "Formula from The Underworld", Amazing Stories (June 1947)
 "Zigor Mephisto's Collection of Mentalia", Amazing Stories (June 1947)
 "Witch's Daughter", Amazing Stories (June 1947)
 "The Red Legion", Amazing Stories (June 1947)
 "Mer-Witch of Ether 18", Amazing Stories (August 1947)
 "Gods of Venus", Amazing Stories (March 1948)
 "When the Moon Bounced", Amazing Stories (May 1949)
 "The Fall of Lemuria", Other Worlds (November 1949)
 "We Dance for the Dom!", Amazing Stories (January 1950)
 "The Sun-Smiths", Other Worlds (July 1952)
 "Beyond the Barrier", Other Worlds (November 1952–February 1953)
 "The Dream Makers", Fantastic (July 1958)

Nonfiction
 The Secret World (with Ray Palmer) (1975)

See also
 "On the Origin of the 'Influencing Machine' in Schizophrenia", an influential 1919 paper
 Agartha, a legendary kingdom that is said to be located in the Earth's core popular with 19th- and 20th-century occultists theosophists.
 Bionics
 "The Mound" by H. P. Lovecraft from a short description by Zealia Bishop – underground civilization fiction set in the southwestern U.S., part of the Cthulhu Mythos
 The Phantom Empire – film serial with a similar theme that was perhaps an inspiration on Richard Sharpe Shaver's work
 Stanislav Szukalski developed strange theories about Earth being ruled by a race called the Sons of Yeti.
 Deadline (science fiction story), another wartime atomic fiction
 Dark City (1998 film) features humans as captives of a race of mind-controlling strangers.
 Us (2019 film) directed by Jordan Peele depicts a race of subterranean machine-like humans designed to copy their counterparts on the surface.

Footnotes

References
 Ackerman, Forrest J, "Amazing! Astounding! Incredible! Pulp Science Fiction", Forrest J Ackerman's World of Science Fiction.; Los Angeles: RR Donnelley & Sons Company, 1997; .
 Barkun, Michael, A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America; University of California Press Berkeley, Los Angeles, 2003;
 Clark, Jerome,  The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial; Visible Ink, 1998;
 Dash, Mike, Borderlands: The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown; Overlook Press, 2000;
 Ellison, Harlan, Strange Wine (paperback edition), Warner Books, 1978;
 Foti, Claudio, Lo Strano Caso di Richard Sharpe Shaver, Weirdbooks, 2018;
 Keel, John, "The Man Who Invented Flying Saucers" ; Fortean Times, 1983.
 Klochko, Deborah and Turner, John, eds., "Create and Be Recognized: Photography on the Edge," San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2004.
 Mott, Wm. Michael, This Tragic Earth: The Art and World of Richard Sharpe Shaver, Grave Distractions Publications, 2011; http://www.gravedistractions.com/this-tragic-earth.php
 Mott, Wm. Michael, The Deep Dwellers from Caverns, Cauldrons, and Concealed Creatures, Expanded Third Edition, Grave Distractions Publications, 2011,http://www.gravedistractions.com/caverns-caldrons-and-concealed-creatures.php
 Roth, Christopher F., "Ufology as Anthropology: Race, Extraterrestrials, and the Occult."  In E.T. Culture: Anthropology in Outerspaces, ed. by Debbora Battaglia.  Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005.
 Skinner, Doug, What's This? A Shaver Revival?, Fate, June 2005
 Toronto, Richard, The Shaver Mystery. Fate'', March 1998
 Tucker, Brian, "Shaver Declared a Master Surrealist!," Shavertron (online publication), 2003(?).
 Wright, Bruce Lanier, Fear Down Below: The Curious History of the Shaver Mystery. Retrieved on 3 April 2006.

External links

 Shavertron magazine
 Blog dedicated to the memory of Richard Shaver

 The Positively True Story of Kenneth Arnold - Part Four at Saturday Night Uforia

American science fiction writers
Outsider artists
1907 births
1975 deaths
American conspiracy theorists
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Fred Crisman

Richard Sharpe Shaver


Edward Wright (born 3 May 1945) is a former English cricketer.  Wright was a right-handed batsman who bowled left-arm fast-medium.  He was born in Shipdham, Norfolk.

Wright made his debut for Norfolk in the 1969 Minor Counties Championship against Cambridgeshire.  Wright played Minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1969 to 1982, making 72 Minor Counties Championship appearances.  He made his only List A appearance in 1982 against Leicestershire in the NatWest Trophy.  He wasn't required to bat in the match, but did bowl 9 wicket-less overs for the cost of 19 runs.

References

External links
Edward Wright at ESPNcricinfo
Edward Wright at CricketArchive

1945 births
Living people
People from Shipdham
English cricketers
Norfolk cricketers
Cricketers from Norfolk

Edward Wright (cricketer, born 1945)


The Bling Ring is an American-British-French-German-Japanese biographical crime drama movie that was released in June 2013. A gang of young burglars use the Internet to find and rob celebrities' houses. Leslie Mann and Emma Watson have parts in the movie. The movie has an MPAA R rating.

2013 crime drama movies
2010s satirical movies
2010s American biographical movies
2010s American crime drama movies
American satirical movies
British biographical movies
British crime drama movies
2010s English-language movies
French biographical movies
French crime movies
French drama movies
German biographical movies
German crime movies
German drama movies
Japanese biographical movies
Japanese crime movies
Japanese drama movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 2000s
American independent movies

The Bling Ring


Jamshid  ()  (, Jamshīd) (Middle- and New Persian: جم, Jam) (Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 Yima) (Dari/Pashto: یما Yama) is a famous name in many countries and he was  the fourth Shah of the mythological Pishdadian dynasty of Iran according to Shahnameh.

In Persian mythology and folklore, Jamshid is described as the fourth and greatest king of the ancient Iran Pishdadian Dynasty . This role is already alluded to in Zoroastrian scripture (e.g. Yasht 19, Vendidad 2), where the figure appears as Yima(-Kshaeta)

Jamshid (Jamshed, Jamshyd) and as a short pronunciation Jam  remains a common Iranian and Zoroastrian male name that is also popular in surrounding areas of Iran and middle east.

Etymology
The name Jamshid is originally a compound of two parts, Jam and shid, corresponding to the Avestan names Yima and Xšaēta, *Xšaitah meant "bright, shining" or "radiant". The modern Turkish name Cem is derived from Persian Jam. also the word Ajam is derived from the word Jam. according to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name  the Persian jam  is the root of Arabic Ajam, assuming that this Arabic word for the Persian-speaking population was derived from a Persian endonym, meaning the people of Jam.

In scripture
Source:

Yima rules as king for three hundred years, and soon the earth was full of men, flocks of birds and herds of animals. He deprived the daevas, who were demonic servants of the evil Ahriman, of wealth, herds and reputation during his reign.  Good men, however, lived lives of plenty, and were neither sick nor aged. Father and son walked together, each appearing no older than fifteen.  Ahura Mazda visits him once more, warning him of this overpopulation. Yima, shining with light, faced southwards and pressed the golden seal against the earth and boring into it with the poniard, says "O Spenta Armaiti, kindly open asunder and stretch thyself afar, to bear flocks and herds and men."

In tradition and folklore

Over time, the Avestan hero Yima Xšaēta became the world-ruling Shāh Jamshid of Persian legend and mythology.

According to the Shāhnāma of the poet Firdausī, Jamshid was the fourth king of the world. He had command over all the angels and demons of the world, and was both king and high priest of Hormozd . He was responsible for a great many inventions that made life more secure for his people: the manufacture of armor and weapons, the weaving and dyeing of clothes of linen, silk and wool, the building of houses of brick, the mining of jewels and precious metals, the making of perfumes and wine, the art of medicine, the navigation of the waters of the world in sailing ships.
Jamshid had now become the greatest monarch the world had ever known. Jamshid was said to have had a magical seven-ringed cup, the Jām-e Jam which was filled with the elixir of immortality and allowed him to observe the universe.

Jamshid's capital was erroneously believed to be at the site of the ruins of Persepolis, which for centuries (down to 1620 CE) was called Takht-i Jamshēd, the "Throne of Jamshid".
However, Persepolis was actually the capital of the Achaemenid kings and was destroyed by Alexander. Similarly, the sculptured tombs of the Achaemenids and Sāsānians near Persepolis were believed to be images of the legendary hero Rostam, and so were called Naqsh-e Rustam.

Legend of the discovery of wine
King Jamshid is featured prominently in one apocryphal tale associated with the history of wine and its discovery.

Related pages
 Arnavāz
 Yama—Hindu god

References

Further reading
 2nd Fargard of James Darmesteter's translation of the Vendidad
 The Heroic Age of Persia

Other websites

A king's book of kings: the Shah-nameh of Shah Tahmasp, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Jamshid

Asian mythology
Zoroastrianism

Jamshid


The St. Louis Gunners were an independent professional football team based in St. Louis, Missouri, that played the last three games of the 1934 National Football League season, replacing the Cincinnati Reds on the league schedule after the Reds' league membership was suspended. They won their first game against the Pittsburgh Pirates (now Steelers) 6–0, and lost the last two to the Detroit Lions (40–7) and the Green Bay Packers (21–14).  Six of the Reds players joined the team for the last two games. The team was headquartered at the St. Louis National Guard Armory, which accounts for its nickname the 'Gunners'.

History

Origins
In 1931, the 128th Field Artillery of the Missouri National Guard, announced through its spokesman that it would sponsor a team for the upcoming football season. The club was originally called the Battery A Gunners from its association with the Guard. Future Hall-of-Famer Jimmy Conzelman, was named the team's first head coach. Bud Yates was named the team's general manager.

1931–1933
The Gunners posted a 5–2–1 record in 1931.  However, they lost to the NFL's Chicago Cardinals, 26–6. After the game, Cardinals captain, Ernie Nevers, called the Gunners the "best independent club we have ever faced." A game against a second NFL team, the New York Giants, was scheduled and later canceled that season, to avoid conflict with another game involving a team of Notre Dame All-Stars.

For the team's second season, Bullet Baker was named the team's new coach. While most of the core of the team was kept intact, the Gunners brought in Dick Thornton and Mack Gladden from the University of Missouri. Meanwhile, Yates left the team for the season, for a position with the cross-town St. Louis Veterans. The 1932 Gunners posted a 7–4–1 record. The team was able to play its rival, the Memphis Tigers,  to a standoff in three games, St. Louis winning 6–0, Memphis winning 12–0, and the third game ending in a scoreless tie. Later that year, the Tigers, Gunners and the Oklahoma City Chiefs each laid some claim to a mythical "independent championship,". Two of the team's losses that season came against NFL caliber opponents, the Cardinals, 20–7, and the Portsmouth Spartans, 12–0.

By 1933, the team had been renamed the "St. Louis Gunners". Most of the ties the team had with the National Guard had been severed. For example,  the players were no longer required to stay at the Battery A barracks, as they had in the past. Dick Frahm, Babe Lyon, and Charley Malone were signed from the Washington Redskins. The team posted an 11–2–3 record in 1933. That year it managed to defeat many of the NFL teams it faced. The Gunners defeated the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers 21–2, and the Chicago Cardinals 28–7. The team also held the Chicago Bears to a scoreless tie. The team's only two NFL losses of the year came against the Green Bay Packers and the Cincinnati Reds. The team had also managed to outscore its opponents 297–72.

Entry into the NFL
On August 8, 1934, before the start of the NFL season, St. Louis purchased the NFL's Cincinnati Reds for $20,000. However, the Gunners needed the other league owners to approve the sale. Only then would the Gunners would be official members. On August 17, the other owners decided to reject the Gunners bid to buy the Reds, probably because St. Louis was considered to be too remote from the rest of the clubs, most of which were in the Northeast, and yearly trips there would have increased travel expenses. Meanwhile, the Gunners declined membership in the minor league American Football League. As a result, the new league decided to form the St. Louis Blues. Gunners GM Bud Yates was credited with founding the team. The Blues lured Dick Frahm away from the Gunners and even took over the lease of Public Schools Stadium. As a result, the Gunners moved their home games to Sportsman's Park. Meanwhile, Chile Walsh became the team's fourth head coach in four years.

The Gunners started their 1934 season, 5–0 against several semi-pro teams. The team was searching desperately for decent teams to compete against. However, on November 6, 1934, the NFL finally approved the sale of the Cincinnati Reds to St. Louis for $20,000 – $30,000. The Gunners were now officially members of the NFL and were invited to play the Reds last 3 games of the 1934 NFL season.  The Blues then moved to Kansas City two days later in order to avoid fighting the Gunners for control of the St. Louis fan base.

1934 NFL season
The Gunners defeated their first NFL opponent, the Pittsburgh Pirates, 6–0. However, a week later they were defeated by the Detroit Lions 40–7. The team managed to defeat the Pirates again in a 10–0 rematch, but the game, scheduled while the Gunners were still playing independently, was subsequently ruled an exhibition. The Gunners lost to the Packers a week later, 21–14, before dropping another close game to the Dodgers 17–14. The Gunners ended their 1934 season with a 7–0 win over the Kansas City Blues.

The team then moved to the rival American Football League where it folded after a season.

Season results

References

American football teams established in 1931
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1940
Defunct National Football League teams
Gunners
1931 establishments in Missouri
1940 disestablishments in Missouri

St. Louis Gunners


Cool World is a 1993 action game for the Nintendo Entertainment System that is loosely based on the movie Cool World. Different games based on the film were also released for the SNES and various personal computers.

Gameplay

The player controls Detective Frank Harris, who must retrieve five pieces of a tunnel map bridging the real world with a cartoonish dimension known as Cool World, which is populated by cartoons known as doodles. Along the way, he must face off against the henchmen of Holli Would, a cartoon woman who seeks the Spike of Power, an artifact keeping the real world and Cool World in balance. Frank must also contend with members of the Popper Police (who were actually his allies in the film) and their police cruiser.

As Detective Harris, the player must navigate through four different levels and stop Holli Would while collecting coins and shooting at rogue doodles. These levels include the streets of Cool World, the road that separates Cool World from the place where the playful characters of Sweet Place live, the town of Sweet Place and its surrounding countryside. While four of them can be selected, a fifth one can only be unlocked by properly finishing all four levels.

Each level holds an important piece of a map that makes it possible for Detective Harris to travel to the Real World and back.

Reception
Allgame gave Cool World an overall score of 2 stars out of an overall 5.

See also
 Who Framed Roger Rabbit

References

1993 video games
Cool World video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Ocean Software games
Platformers
Single-player video games
Video games about police officers
Video games set in the Las Vegas Valley
Video games set in Nevada
Video games developed in the United Kingdom

Cool World (NES video game)


Adam Feliks Próchnik (; Lwów, 21 August 1892 – 22 May 1942, Warsaw) was a Polish socialist activist, politician and historian.

Life
Próchnik was born in Lwów, Austrian partition (now, Lviv, Ukraine) on 21 August 1892 to a middle class Jewish family. His mother, née  Felicja Nossig, was the sister of the sculptor and Zionist activist Alfred Nossig. According to some sources, he was the extramarital son of the Polish socialist Ignacy Daszyński.

While in high school he became involved in socialist activism. As a student, he joined the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia; he supported the Polish Socialist Party – Left faction over the Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction led by Józef Piłsudski.

Before World War I he joined the pro-independence paramilitary Polish organization, the Union of Armed Struggle. With the outbreak of World War I, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1914, and was badly wounded in 1917. During his convalescence in Vienna, he became a member of a secret Polish organization, the Polish Military Organisation. As a member of PMO he encouraged Polish soldiers to desert from the Austrian Army and join newly created Polish formations. This resulted in a threat of court martial from the Austro-Hungarian Army, but eventually he was freed. Next, he participated in the battle of Lwów during the Polish–Ukrainian War.

In interwar Poland, Próchnik became an activist of the Polish Socialist Party and supported initiatives designed to improve the situation of the country's working class. He supported the inclusion of Silesia into renascent Poland. In the 1928 legislative elections, he was elected a deputy to the Polish Sejm. He steadily drifted to more extreme left position, supporting cooperation with the communists. Often - under pen-name Henryk Swoboda and publishing mostly in Robotnik - published essays attacking the right-wing sanacja Polish government and the endecja faction, which he blamed for undermining the nascent Polish democracy. This resulted in some of his publications being censored by the state. Some of his works would appear in unabridged version only after his death, published in the People's Republic of Poland.

He worked as an archivist in Piotrków and Poznań. For a time he was employed by Poland's Ministry of Culture and Religion. His attempt to enter the academic life ended when his application for a position in the University of Warsaw was rejected, due to his left wing views being unpopular among the right wing faculty there (despite a support from his candidature from professor Wacław Tokarz. He nonetheless became a member of the Polish Historical Society, published in historical journals and attended professional conferences.

During World War II, in occupied Poland, Próchnik continued his political activities, supporting a PPS-affiliated underground printing press (Barykada Wolności). He joined the leftist PPS group, Polish Socialists (Polscy Socjaliści), but he tried to reconcile the divisions within PPS and took part in the negotiations with the more centrist PPS-WRN. He was involved in the collaborative underground effort to document Nazi crimes in Poland, worked in the underground Military History Bureau and contributed to the Kronika Okupacji project. He advocated cooperation with the Soviet Union. He became a member of the Political Consultative Committee. On 22 May 1942 he died of a heart attack. He is buried in Evangelical-Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw.

Tributes

Several landmarks and organizations in Poland bear Próchnik's name.

Works
In his historical works, Próchnik was a strong adherent to Marxist views, and supported the dialectic materialism perspective. He was interested in studying the revolutionary processes, including social movements. He published numerous articles, both in academic journals and popular press, as well as several books. His historical research focused on following areas: French Revolution and its Polish contemporary, the Kościuszko Uprising; the period of Polish history following the failure of the January Uprising of 1863–1864; the study of the labor movement in Poland, including a study of the women's role in the Polish labor movement (both areas in which he was a pioneer); and contemporary history of the Second Polish Republic. Overall, his works are regarded as well researched and well written.

 "Obrona Lwowa od 1 do 22 listopada 1918", Zamość 1919;
 "Demokracja Kościuszkowska", Lwów 1920, Warszawa 1947;
 "Bunt łódzki w roku 1892", Warszawa (?) 1932;
 as Henryk Swoboda "Pierwsze piętnastolecie Polski niepodległej", (first serialized in 1933 in newspaper "Robotnik" (censored), first full version translated into German in 1933. Complete Polish editions in 1957 and 1983.
 "W trzynastą rocznicę "Krwawej środy", Warszawa 1936;
 "Ideologia spółdzielczości robotniczej" Warszawa 1937;
 "Co to jest spółdzielczość. Istota - cel - zadania", Warszawa 1937;
 "Idee i ludzie", Warszawa 1938;
 "Powstanie państwa polskiego", Warszawa 1939;
 "Stronnictwa polityczne Wielkiej Rewolucji Francuskiej", Warszawa 1958;
 "Studia z dziejów polskiego ruchu robotniczego"  (editor K. Dunin-Wąsowicz), Warszawa 1958;
 "Studia i szkice" (editor K.Dunin-Wąsowicz), Warszawa 1962;
 "Francja i Polskaw latach 1789-1794" (editor K.Dunin-Wąsowicz), Warszawa 1964;
 "Wybór publicystyki" (editors M.M.Drozdowski, K.Dunin-Wąsowicz, Z.Marciniak, J.Żarnowski), Warszawa 1971;

See also
List of Poles

References

Further reading
"Próchnik, Adam Feliks," Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, vol. 3, 1975, p. 712.
 Nicieja S., Biografia i działalność Adama Próchnika – historyka, polityka, publicysty, Warszawa 1986;
 Marciniak Z. i J., Adam Feliks Próchnik (1892-1942), "Z pola walki", r.1, 1958, nr 3.

1892 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Polish Jews
20th-century Polish politicians
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
Polish socialists
Politicians from Lviv
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Polish Military Organisation members
Polish people of World War I
Polish resistance members of World War II
Polish people of the Polish–Ukrainian War
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald
Polish cooperative organizers
Writers from Lviv

Adam Próchnik


William Tylee Ranney (May 9, 1813 – November 18, 1857) was a 19th-century American painter, known for his depictions of Western life, sporting scenery, historical subjects and portraiture. In his 20-year career, he made 150 paintings and 80 drawings, and is considered the first major genre painter to work in New Jersey, and one of the most important pre-Civil War American painters. His work is on display in several museums across the United States. One of his contemporaries opined, "A specimen of Ranney is indispensable wherever a collection of American art exists."

Early life
William Tylee Ranney was born in Middletown, Connecticut on May 9, 1813, the son of William Ranney, a sea captain, and Clarissa Ranney. In 1826, at the age of 13, he moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina, to live with his maternal uncle, merchant William Nott, and be apprenticed as a tinsmith. It is believed that Ranney developed his first sketches during this period.

At the age of 20 Ranney moved to Brooklyn in 1833 to study painting. On March 12, 1836, six days after the fall of the Alamo, he volunteered in the Texas Army to fight in the Texas War of Independence under General Sam Houston. His experience during this period is understood as the most significant influence on the subject matter of his future works. Ranney was reportedly in the guard placed over Mexican President Santa Anna following his capture at the Battle of San Jacinto. Ranney's nine-month tenure in the Texas Army ended on November 23, 1836. He remained in West Columbia, Texas until returning to Brooklyn in 1837.

Career

Ranney resumed his artistic endeavors in Brooklyn, becoming a self-taught oil painter, having never received formal training. In 1838 he publicly exhibited his paintings for the first time at the National Academy of Design in New York City. He received an award for his first genre painting A Courting Scene, which was exhibited at the New York Mechanics' Institute Fair. He traveled back and forth between North Carolina and New York from 1839 and 1842. In 1843, he opened a studio in New York City, where he advertised as a portrait painter, though few of the works from this period have been identified.

In 1847 he moved to Weehawken, marrying Margaret Agnes O'Sullivan the following year. He and his wife briefly moved back to New York City around 1850.

In 1853 they crossed back into New Jersey, settling permanently with their two sons at a 14-room homestead in the growing artist community of West Hoboken, New Jersey, which today is the southern portion of Union City. The homestead, which was located at Twelfth Street and Palisade Avenue atop the then-rural Hudson Palisades, and overlooked the Manhattan skyline, was characterized by Ranney's interests in both painting and Western life. It included a two-story, glassed-in studio, and a stable for horses that Ranney, an avid horseback rider, painted in many of his works. Henry T. Tuckerman, in his Book of the Artists, described Ranney's studio thus:

It was so constructed as to receive animals; guns, pistols, and cutlasses hung on the walls; and these, with curious saddles and primitive riding gear, might lead a visitor to imagine he had entered a pioneer's cabin or border chieftain's hut; such an idea would, however, have been once dispelled by glance at the many sketches and studies which proclaimed that an artist, and not a bushranger, had here found a home.

Ranney was a regular contributor and an associate member of the National Academy of Design and the American Art Union, both based in New York. He also painted historical scenes, such as those of the American Revolution. He mostly depicted the everyday lives of the affected populace rather than heroic battle scenes. Among his subjects of local landscapes was Hackensack Meadows.

By 1846, his work began to show the influences of his experiences in Texas, including frontier backdrops depicting the Rocky Mountains. He featured pioneers, hunters, trappers, and explorers before the West was more widely settled by European Americans. Among these are The Old Oaken Bucket, The Match Boy, Prairie Burial, Scouting Party, Hunting Wild Horses and Trapper's Last Shot, which are straightforward presentations of everyday subjects, lacking overt sentiment.

Ranney enjoyed duck hunting, which is reflected in some of his paintings noted for their solidly constructed, almost sculpture-like figures. His most popular and requested work is his 1850 painting On the Wing, which portrays a sportsman with dead game at his feet, about to shoot down his next target. Ranney produced at least four different versions of this print, the most recognized of which was reserved for the Butler Institute of American Art. It was published in the gift book Ornaments of Memory in 1856 and 1857. This version is set in a more windblown environment, noted for the contrast generated with the stillness of the human figures within it. The portrayal of the outdoorsman in On the Wing contributed to the era's nationalistic imagery. Mark Thistelthwaite of the Butler Institute, describes this piece as:

Capital, in its style. Sportsman and dog are both in the best spirits, and are transferred to the canvas without losing anything of their keen relish of the sport." The appeal of Ranney's painting lies in its convincing portrayal of the alert, poised hunter and the tense, crouching boy and dog, all motionless, yet charged with potential energy. Dead game on the ground underscore the figures' vitality. Ranney plants the compactly rendered, centralized group in the midst of wind-blown marsh vegetation.Thistlethwaite, Mark. "WILLIAM TYLEE RANNEY 1813-1857; On the Wing, c. 1850" Butler Institute of American Art; Accessed September 18, 2010

Ranney, who adored the rural, marshy lands that typified the area in the 19th century, also enjoyed fishing. Among the fellow artists and residents he befriended were Hoboken founding father Colonel John Stevens III, who organized the first ferry system between New York and Hoboken. As Ranney was an avid cricket player, he was one of the founders of New York Cricket Club, and one of its top scorers. The club met at the Elysian Fields in Hoboken. He also played Hoboken's Fox Hill, which today is Columbus Park, and the high school field between 9th and 11th streets on Grand Street. Ranney played cricket until 1854.

Death and legacy

Ranney converted to Catholicism during the last days of his life. He died of tuberculosis at his West Hoboken home on November 18, 1857, at the age of 44. Ranney's funeral took place at Saint Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Hoboken, and was attended by fellow painter Charles Loring Elliott. Ranney was buried in Bergen Cemetery.

The following year, the Ranney Fund put on an exhibition and sale in New York in order to raise money for Margaret Ranney and her two sons. Friend and patron, noted New York attorney James T. Brady gave a lecture on American art to help defray expenses of the Exhibition. Some of Ranney's works were exhibited at the National Academy of Design, and many of Ranney's fellow artists, including George Inness, Jasper Francis Cropsey and Asher Brown Durand, donated paintings for this effort, helping to raise over $7000. Some of the money was used to pay a lien on Ranney's house.

Ranney is regarded as one of the most important pre-Civil War American painters, and his paintings are highly prized by Western and early American art collectors. Sixty percent of his paintings are in museums such as the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. His work can also be viewed at the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington, DC; the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma; the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyoming; and the Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery in Austin, Texas.

Ranney's great-grandson, Ranney Moran, wrote the prologue for the 2006 book, Forging an American Identity: The Art of William Ranney.

On September 18, 2010, Union City, New Jersey dedicated a historical marker identifying the site of Ranney's former estate at 1215 Palisade Avenue.

References

1813 births
1857 deaths
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
People from Middletown, Connecticut
People from Union City, New Jersey
People from Weehawken, New Jersey
Painters from New Jersey
American genre painters
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Painters from Connecticut
People of the Texas Revolution
Tuberculosis deaths in New Jersey

William Ranney


The game of Simon Says is a childrens game. It is played in many parts of the world.

How to play
One player is "Simon" and gives instructions to other players. Players should only follow instructions if "Simon" first says, "Simon says...". Players are eliminated if they follow any instruction that does not begin with "Simon says..." Examples would be instructions such as "Simon says touch your nose" or "Simon says jump on one foot". Players are eliminated until just one is left. The winner of the game is the player who has followed all the instructions correctly.

References

Games

Simon Says


The Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition () is an annual prize instituted by Henry Charles Grawemeyer, industrialist and entrepreneur, at the University of Louisville in 1984. The award was first given in 1985. Subsequently, the Grawemeyer Award was expanded to other categories: Ideas Improving World Order (instituted in 1988), Education (1989), Religion (1990) and Psychology (2000). The prize fund was initially an endowment of US$9 million from the Grawemeyer Foundation. The initial awards were for $150 000 each, increasing to $200 000 for the year 2000 awards. After the economic crash of 2008, the prize was reduced to $100,000.

The selection process includes three panels of judges. The first is a panel of faculty from the University of Louisville, who hosts and maintains the perpetuity of the award. The second is a panel of music professionals, often involving conductors, performers, and composers (most frequently the previous winner). The final decision is made by a lay committee of new music enthusiasts who are highly knowledgeable about the state of new music. This final committee of amateurs makes the final prize determination because Grawemeyer insisted that great ideas are not exclusively the domain of academic experts.

The award has most often been awarded to large-scale works, such as symphonies, concerti, and operas.  Only two Award-winning pieces (György Ligeti's Études, for piano; and Sebastian Currier's Static, for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano) do not require a conductor in performance.

Only four years have seen no prize awarded. In 1988, the second panel, consisting of professional musicians (which that year included previous winner Harrison Birtwistle) determined that no work was deserving of the award. In 1999, the awarding of the prize was moved from the fall semester to the spring semester due to the University of Louisville's bicentennial celebrations, which meant that that year's winner (Thomas Adès) was given the prize in the spring of 2000 rather than the fall of 1999. The prize has been awarded in the spring each year since.

Recipients of the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition

References

External links
 The Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition

American music awards
Classical music awards
Contemporary classical music
Awards established in 1984
University of Louisville

Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition


Machir ben Judah was a French Jewish scholar of the tenth and eleventh centuries, born at Metz, and brother of R. Gershom "the Light of the Exile" (Me'or ha-Golah).

He is known by his dictionary entitled Alfa Beta de-R. Makir, not extant, but quoted often by Rashi, RaSHBaM, Eliezer b. Nathan, Jacob Tam, and other tosafists. As the title indicates, the dictionary was arranged in alphabetical order, and from the many quotations by Rashi in his commentary on the Talmud (Ḥul. 20b; Pes. 50a et passim) it seems that it dealt chiefly with the difficult words and passages of the Talmud; but (by Rashi) he is quoted also for the interpretation of the word boṭnim, in . Machir adopted for the most part the interpretations of his brother, who was Nathan ben Jehiel's teacher. Still he sometimes differed from his brother in the interpretation of words, and in such cases Nathan often adopted the opinion of Machir (comp. Jacob Tam, Sefer ha-Yashar, p. 58b), though he never quotes him in his  'Aruk.

The quotations from Machir by Rashi and the other rabbis mentioned above were collected by Solomon L. Rapoport in his biography of Nathan b. Jehiel (Bikkure ha-'Ittim, x. 8, xi. 82).

References

10th-century French rabbis
11th-century French rabbis
French lexicographers
Rabbis from Metz
French male non-fiction writers

Machir ben Judah


The Efficiency Expert is a 1921 novella by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs. One of a small number of Burroughs' novels set in contemporary America as opposed to a fantasy universe, The Efficiency Expert follows the adventures of Jimmy Torrance as he attempts to make a career for himself in 1921 Chicago. The book is remarkable for the criminal livelihoods of the hero's friends. It was also admitted to be a fictionalization of Burroughs' own difficulties in finding a job prior to becoming a best-selling writer. Though  written in 1919, it was first published in the October 1921 edition of the All-Story Weekly magazine. The first book publication was by House of Greystoke in 1966.

Plot summary
Jimmy Torrance, football player, boxer, socialite, athlete and all-around Big Man On Campus, is nearly kicked out of university, but upon pleading for a second chance, he is granted one and successfully graduates. Spurning an offer from his father to come work for the family business, he determines to make something of himself first, and repairs to Chicago. However, nothing comes of his many attempts to find work, and he despairs. Friendship with a pickpocket known as "The Lizard" cheers him up and he reapplies himself, finally finding work in a department store. He also makes the acquaintance of a young lady of quality, one Elizabeth Compton. Torrance gains (and loses) a number of jobs in rapid succession, including ladies' hosiery clerk, waiter, boxer, and milkman, chancing to meet Elizabeth and her friend Harriet Holden in most of these occupations. During his stint as a waiter, he also wins the friendship of a prostitute with a heart of gold named Edith (Little Eva).

Elizabeth's father runs a factory and is worried that he is losing money. He advertises for an "efficiency expert" to come help him turn things around. Edith sees the ad and encourages Torrance to apply, writing him fraudulent letters of recommendation to assist him. Torrance does indeed get the job, where he immediately begins to improve things while simultaneously beginning to suspect that someone at the factory is stealing. Elizabeth's fiancé Harold Bince, the factory's assistant manager – who is himself the embezzler in question, due to large gambling debts – tries to get Torrance fired, an effort in which Elizabeth herself eagerly assists.

Torrance figures out the truth and has Mr. Compton engage an outside firm of accountants to prove his case, not wanting to deliver the bad news himself. In desperation, Bince tries to get rid of Torrance, leading up to a violent climax in which Elizabeth's father is murdered and Torrance is framed. The Lizard and Little Eva work to get him off, an effort that finally succeeds when The Lizard takes the stand and proves Torrance could not have committed the murder. Bince, who has persuaded Elizabeth to marry him, is exposed and commits suicide. A sadder and wiser Elizabeth asks Torrance to take over as manager of the factory.

External links

"The Efficiency Expert" at ERBzine.com

The Efficiency Expert at ERBList.com

1921 American novels
Novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs
Fiction set in 1921
Novels set in Chicago
Works originally published in Argosy (magazine)

The Efficiency Expert (novel)


Philip ΙΙ of Montfort (died 24 September 1270) was a French nobleman, Count of Squillace in Italy from 1266/68, then Lord of Castres in 1270. He was the son of Philip I of Monfort, Lord of Tyre and Eleonore of Courtenay. His coat-of-arms was Gules, a lion rampant double queued argent, a label of four points azure (or ... rampant queue forche ...).

Biography

He joined the expedition of Charles of Anjou to conquer the Kingdom of Sicily, and he shared command of the first battalion at the Battle of Benevento with Hugh of Mirepoix. After Benevento, he was given command of forces to protect the Papal States. He led the Angevin troops into the island of Sicily, and put down the revolt that resulted in the sacking of Augusta.

On his father's death in March 1270, he succeeded to his French seigneury of Castres, but his father's possessions in Outremer had been granted to his half-brother John of Montfort. He joined the Eighth Crusade and died in Tunis.

Family

He married Jeanne de Lévis-Mirepoix († 30 June 1284), daughter of Guy I de Lévis, Lord of Mirepoix and Guibourge of Montfort and had three children:
 John of Montfort, Count of Squillace (d. bef. December 1300), married firstly Isabella Maletta, married secondly Giovanna di Fasanella, married thirdly in 1273 Marguerite of Beaumont (d. March 1307, Marseilles)
 Laure of Montfort (d. bef. December 1300), married Bernard VII of Comminges
 Eleonore of Montfort (d. aft. May 1338), married before February 1302 John V of Vendôme
 Jeanne of Montfort (d. 1300), married firstly 1268 Guy VI of Forez (19 January 1278), married secondly 1278 Louis I of Savoy, Baron de Vaud (d. aft. 1302).

See also
Charles I of Sicily
Eighth Crusade
Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre

Ancestry

References

Sources

External links
Coat of Arms in the Wijnbergen Roll

1270 deaths
Christians of the Eighth Crusade
Philip
Year of birth unknown
Charles I of Anjou
Counts of Squillace

Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres


John Michael Wallace (born October 28, 1940), is a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, as well as the former director of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)—a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

His research concerns understanding global climate and its variations using observations and covers the quasi biennial oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation and the annular modes of the Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation, and the dominant spatial patterns in month-to-month and year-to-year climate variability, including the one through which El Niño phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America.  He is also the coauthor with Peter V. Hobbs of what is generally considered the standard introductory textbook in the field: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. He was the third most cited geoscientist during the period 1973–2007.

Awards
1993 Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal of the American Meteorological Society
1999 Roger Revelle Medal of the American Geophysical Union
2016 Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society

References

External links
 Home page
 Essay on global warming from 1999
 Arctic Oscillation
 Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)
  Atmospheric Science:  An Introductory Survey, Second Edition by John Wallace and Peter Hobbs

American climatologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Living people
University of Washington faculty
1940 births

John Michael Wallace