Giulio Carpioni (1613 – 29 January 1678) was an Italian painter and etcher of the early Baroque era.

Life
Born probably in Venice, Carpioni studied under Alessandro Varotari (il Padovanino) and was also influenced by the work of Simone Cantarini, Carlo Saraceni and Jean Leclerc. He came into contact with Lombard art after a brief visit to Bergamo in 1631. In 1638 he settled in Vicenza and executed most of his work there.

Work
He painted history and bacchanals, and also sacred subjects of a small size, many of which are to be seen in the churches in the Venetian states. Paintings by him may be seen in the Galleries of Augsburg, Dresden, Vienna, Modena, and Florence. He was also an etcher; his best plates being St. Anthony of Padua, Christ on the Mount of Olives, The Virgin reading, and The Virgin with Rosary. He died at Verona. Carlo Carpioni, his son, was also a painter.

Among his important works are the Apotheosis of the Dolfin family (1647) and the Allegory of the Grimani Family (1651), and altarpiece of Sant'Antonio da Padova, a Virgin and two saints, and a Triumph of Silenus in the Gallerie dell'Accademia of Venice. He painted a series of canvases for the Oratory of San Nicola da Tolentino in Vicenza.

It is believed that he collaborated with other painters such as Francesco Caldei who added still life elements or animals in his compositions. An example is the pair of allegories of Touch and Smell (private collection) in which Caldei painted the flowers in an urn and Carpioni painted the rest.

Selected works
Crucifixion (1648, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice).
Apollo and Marsyas (Private Collection).
Neptune Pursuing Coronis (Uffizi Gallery, Florence)
Liriope bringing Narcissus before Tiresias (Private Collection)
Banquet of the Gods (attributed, Querini-Stampalia Gallery, Venice

References

External links

Sources

Calabi, A. "The Etchings of Giulio Carpioni." The Print Collector's Quarterly (1924) Vol. 11 : 133–161. Entries: 14.

1613 births
1678 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Baroque painters
Republic of Venice artists

Giulio Carpioni


William Cornelius Sullivan (May 12, 1912 – November 9, 1977) was an assistant director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who was in charge of the agency's domestic intelligence operations from 1961 to 1971. Sullivan was forced out of the FBI at the end of September 1971 due to disagreements with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.  The following year, Sullivan was appointed as the head of the Justice Department's new Office of National Narcotics Intelligence, which he led from June 1972 to July 1973.  Sullivan died in a hunting accident in 1977. His memoir of his thirty-year career in the FBI, written with journalist Bill Brown, was published posthumously by commercial publisher W. W. Norton & Company in 1979.

Sullivan led the highly controversial COINTELPRO aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic American political organizations which among other things, assassinated, imprisoned, publicly humiliated or falsely charged American political opposition and civil rights movements with crimes.

Background
William Cornelius Sullivan was born on May 12, 1912, in the small town of Bolton, Massachusetts. His parents were farmers in the area who worked a family farm there for fifty years.  Sullivan later recounted that growing up in Bolton was a life without modern conveniences, including public transportation, school buses, telephone, mail service, or even electricity.  Sullivan  graduated from Hudson High School in neighboring Hudson, Massachusetts. and held advanced degrees from American University and George Washington University.

Career
Upon graduation, Sullivan worked for a time as an English teacher in Bolton before entering the civil service as an employee of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the agency's Boston office.

FBI
On July 3, 1941, Sullivan received a letter from Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover offering him a position as special agent with the Bureau. Anticipating war in Europe, the young Sullivan had been working for the IRS prior to taking the FBI examination. He reported to the Department of Justice on August 4 of that year for training as an FBI agent.

There were two different sorts of agent trainees, Sullivan later recalled, those who had joined the FBI as clerks straight out of high school, when they were young, impressionable, and able to be trained to be fanatically loyal to the bureau and its leaders; and those like Sullivan who had graduated college and developed a professional skill-set before enlisting with the bureau. "The pressure on a trainee to conform was unremitting," Sullivan remembered, with those questioning FBI policies or violating agency rules quickly funneled out of the system. In addition, ideological homogeneity was reinforced by the universal recruitment of Anglo-Saxon candidates, with African-Americans, Jews, and Hispanics excluded from the training program as a matter of official policy.

Sullivan successfully completed his training and on September 26, 1941 was assigned to the FBI's field office in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In accordance with the bureau's policy at that time, Sullivan was moved from field office to field office during his first year on the job, being transferred to El Paso, Texas in January 1942, where he was mentored by Charles B. Winstead, the FBI special agent who had killed bank robber John Dillinger.

Break with Hoover
Sullivan was depicted as a realist by journalist Bill Brown, who collaborated with Sullivan in writing his posthumously published memoir, declaring at the time of their first meeting in 1968 that "only a tiny handful" of anti–Vietnam War protesters had ever had contact with foreign communist parties and that the American Communist Party was "no longer important".  Calling Sullivan "a short, neat man who spoke logically and clearly," Brown likened Sullivan's demeanor to that of tough guy actor James Cagney, "with a New England accent thrown in."

Sullivan claimed Hoover's concerns about the American Communist Party were overemphasized when compared to violations of federal civil rights laws in the segregated South. This friction worsened as Sullivan made his opinions public. Many FBI insiders considered Sullivan the logical successor to Hoover.  However, on October 1, 1971, Hoover abruptly had the locks changed on Sullivan's door and removed his nameplate.  Under the circumstances, Sullivan was forced to retire.

Sullivan then became even more vocal about Hoover's controversial domestic counterintelligence programs, collectively labeled COINTELPRO, including operations that he himself had conceived and administered. These were intended to spread confusion and dissension among political groups in the United States ranging from the Communist Party (CPUSA), Civil Rights Movement, and anti–Vietnam War movement on the left to the Ku Klux Klan on the far right.

Sullivan described the frameup of party leader William Albertson in a June 30, 1964, internal document filed by him and fellow FBI agent Fred J. Baumgardner:  My memorandum dated 6/12/64 was approved, authorizing a unique counterintelligence operation calculated to cast suspicion on Communist Party (CP) National Committee member and Executive Secretary of the New York District Organization, William Albertson. It was our intention to place Albertson in the unenviable position of being suspected as an FBI informant through the use of a planted bogus informant report prepared by the Laboratory in Albertson's handwriting on paper used by him with a ballpoint pen of the type he uses.  In 1975, Sullivan testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee, "Never once did I hear anybody, including myself raise the question, is this course of action which we have agreed upon lawful, is it legal, is it ethical or moral?"

Civil rights feuding

Sullivan was instrumental in arranging for the mailing of a tape recording in 1964 to Coretta Scott King which contained secretly taped recordings of her husband Martin Luther King Jr. having relations with other women. In a memorandum, Sullivan called King "a fraud, demagogue and scoundrel". He also gave orders to track down fugitive members of the Weather Underground in the early 1970s.

Hoover had learned from the SOLO brothers, Morris and Jack Childs, who were members of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA), but in fact were double agents working against the Soviet Active Measures program of the KGB, that one of King's consultants, Stanley Levison, was involved with the CPUSA. Annually, the Solo brothers would travel to Moscow to pick up Soviet funding for CPUSA activities and distribute it on their return. Because such contacts suggested the civil rights movement was being co-opted by the CPUSA under the guidance of the KGB's Soviet Active Measures program, U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the tapping of King's telephone. The telephonic surveillance led to information concerning King's affairs,  and the reason why Sullivan thought King unworthy of leading the movement and being "a fraud, demagogue and scoundrel." Realizing the danger to the movement, King's friend and mentor, Rev. Ralph Abernathy pleaded, on numerous occasions, that King cease and desist such behavior, as he was putting at risk the credibility of the movement. Eventually, King's behavior led J. Edgar Hoover to publicly call King a "notorious liar."

A number of days after Hoover called King "the most notorious liar in the country" at a press conference, it has been suggested by some that Sullivan wrote an anonymous letter to King calling him a "filthy, abnormal animal" and telling him that there "is only one thing left for you to do".

President Lyndon Johnson, not questioning the reason for Hoover's statement but realizing the political impact for the next election, forced Hoover to apologize. Hoover and King did meet at FBI Headquarters, but no one knows what happened. Some sources claim that Hoover had all of King's files and telephone transcripts on his desk. Ultimately, it was Sullivan who was responsible for gathering all the information on King.

After Hoover's death in May 1972, U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst appointed Sullivan director of the newly created Office of National Narcotics Intelligence under the Department of Justice in June 1972. Sullivan had hoped to replace Hoover as the director of the FBI, but was passed over by President Richard Nixon in favor of loyalist L. Patrick Gray.

Personal life and death
Sullivan married Marion Hawkes.

William C. Sullivan died age 65 on November 9, 1977, from an accidental gunshot wound, as recounted by Robert D. Novak:  Sullivan came to our house in the Maryland suburbs in June 1972 for lunch and a long conversation about my plans for a biography of Hoover (a project I abandoned as just too ambitious an undertaking). Before he left, Bill told me someday I probably would read about his death in some kind of accident, but not to believe it. It would be murder.  On November 9, 1977, days before he was to testify to the House Select Committee on Assassinations, twenty minutes before sunrise, sixty-five-year-old Sullivan was walking through the woods near his retirement home in Sugar Hill, New Hampshire, on the way to meet hunting companions. Another hunter, Robert Daniels, Jr., a twenty-two-year-old son of a state policeman, using a telescopic sight on a .30 caliber rifle, said he mistook Sullivan for a deer, shot him in the neck, and killed him instantly.  The authorities called it an accident, fining Daniels five hundred dollars and taking away his hunting license for ten years. Sullivan's collaborator on his memoir, the television news writer Bill Brown, wrote that he and Sullivan's family were convinced that the death was accidental.  Sullivan's death did not prevent publication of the memoir, telling all about the disgrace of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI. After Watergate, with all the principals dead or out of office, it received little attention. Sullivan is buried in his family's plot at St. Michael Cemetery in Hudson, Massachusetts, with his wife, as well as his parents, sister and other relatives.

Works
 "Freedom is the Exception": Three Lectures on the Values of the Open Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1964.
 The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI. (with Bill Brown) New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979.
 "The Need to Teach About Communism in Our Schools."
 "World Communism: Strategy and Tactics."
 "The University, Communism and the Community: An Address at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, October 18, 1961."

See also
 Robert J. Lamphere

References

Additional sources
 "William C. Sullivan, Ex-F.B.I. Aide, 65, Is Killed in a Hunting Accident". The New York Times, November 10, 1977. p. 94.
 Athan G. Theoharis, Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosenfeld, and Richard Gid Powers, The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. 1999. .  .

External links

 FBI file on William C. Sullivan

1912 births
1977 deaths
American anti-communists
People from Bolton, Massachusetts
American University alumni
George Washington University alumni
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
American non-fiction writers
20th-century American memoirists
Deaths by firearm in New Hampshire
People from Sugar Hill, New Hampshire
People from Hudson, Massachusetts
Hunting accident deaths
Burials in Massachusetts
Firearm accident victims in the United States
Accidental deaths in New Hampshire
Writers from Massachusetts

William C. Sullivan


The Special Panels for Serious Crimes (also called the East Timor Tribunal) was the hybrid international–East Timorese tribunal that was created in 2000 by the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) to try cases of "serious criminal offences" which took place in East Timor in 1999. The Special Panels sat from 2000 to 2006.

Mandate
The Special Courts were mandated by the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General to try the following categories of crimes:
 Genocide
 War crimes
 Crimes against humanity
 Murder
 Sexual offences
 Torture

To be eligible for investigation in front of the Special Panels the alleged crimes had to be committed in Timor-Leste or by/against a citizen of Timor Leste.

Structure
Until 2003, there was generally only one panel of the court. In 2003, a second and a third panel were organised. Each of the panels was composed of two international judges and one East Timorese judge. International judges came from Brazil, Burundi, Cape Verde, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Uganda, and the United States.

Trials
Shortly after the Special Panels was formed, the Serious Crimes Unit was also created by UNTAET to investigate and prosecute the crimes in question. The Special Panels issued indictments for almost 400 people. A major hurdle in trying some of the accused was that they were Indonesian nationals and the government of Indonesia refused to turn them over to East Timor or the United Nations forces.

Special Panels held 55 trials involving 88 accused persons. Four persons were acquitted and 84 were convicted, with 24 of the 84 pleading guilty.

When the United Nations ceased funding the Special Panels and the Serious Crimes Unit, there were 514 outstanding cases for which investigations had been conducted but no indictments issued and 50 cases for which no investigations had yet been conducted. These cases which were not tried include 828 cases of alleged murder, 60 alleged cases of rape, and over 100 cases of alleged torture or other serious violence.

Liquiçá Church Massacre

The second Special Panel heard testimony on the Liquiçá Church Massacre. The panel was made up of Judge Benfeito Mosso Ramos (Cape Verde) presiding, Judge Antero Luis (Portugal), and Judge Antonio Helder (East Timor).

Other cases

Court problems
The Special Panels were criticised for the lack of ownership by East Timor.  They suffered from a crisis in funding and a lack of support for the trials.  Indonesia did not cooperate with the court and as most of the alleged perpetrators were from Indonesia this affected the court's ability to convict offenders.  There were criticisms of the process which included suggestion the trials fell short of international standards.

References

Caitlin Reiger and Marieke Wierda (2006). The Serious Crimes Process in Timor-Leste: In Retrospect (New York: International Center for Transitional Justice)

United Nations courts and tribunals
United Nations operations in East Timor
Law of East Timor
War crimes trials

Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)


The genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism, mainly its genome. The term is contrasted with the term phenotype, as follows:

genotype + environment → phenotype

The terms were invented by Wilhelm Johanssen to distinguish between inherited and environmentally produced variation. "The distinction was not new. It had, for instance, been discussed by Francis Galton as nature vs. nurture.

The extent to which the genotype influences the phenotype varies hugely. Some aspects of the phenotype are almost entirely determined by heredity, such as eye colour and blood types. Human language is an interesting case. The capacity to learn and speak a language is entirely inherited, but which language is spoken is entirely learnt, and hence is environmental.

References

Classical genetics

Genotype


Kato'aga is a broad term in the Rotuman language summing up all the intricate ceremonies and gatherings of Rotuman culture. In particular, it refers to the ceremonies involved in celebrating the achievements of people of high rank, or identifying their elevation to important positions of authority within Fiji or internationally. In the past fifteen years, kato'aga have been held for Chief Justice Daniel Fatiaki upon elevation to being the head of Judiciary of Fiji, and to Major General George Konrote when he became Commander of UNIFIL.

Ceremonies
Rotuma

Kato'aga


Canine distemper is a viral disease that affects animals in the families Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Procyonidae and some Felidae (though not domestic cats: feline distemper or panleukopenia is a different virus exclusive to cats). It is most commonly associated with domestic animals such as dogs and ferrets, although it can infect wild animals as well. It is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family paramyxovirus, and thus a close relative of measles and rinderpest. Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs.

Animal diseases
Diseases caused by viruses

Canine distemper


The Rome Porta San Paolo Railway Park Museum is a museum in Rome (Italy), concerned with railway and tram transportation. It is housed next to the Roma Porta San Paolo railway station and the Piramide station of the metro (line B).

General
The museum, inaugurated on 18 September 2004, is in part in the open, where the restored rolling stock can be seen, and in part indoors, where scale models, devices and technical objects are displayed, providing a full outline of the history of public rail  transport in the Rome area.

Rolling stock
The rolling stock examples kept in the museum include:
 Locomotive Breda AEG, year 1915, s.n. 01 STEFER from the Rome–Fiuggi railway.
 Locomotive Carminati-Toselli TIBB, year 1922, s.n. 05 STEFER from the Rome–Lido railway.
 Electric locomotive ECD "Officine Meccaniche della Stanga" TIBB, year 1931, s.n. 21 from the Rome–Civitacastellana–Viterbo railway.
 Tram STFER series 400, s.n. 404 "Officine Meccaniche della Stanga" TIBB, year 1941, from the Tramvie dei Castelli Romani.
 Tram STEFER, s.n. 70, from the extra-urban service on the Castelli Romani lines.
 STEFER, flat service wagon obtained by modifying a former extra-urban two-axle trailer.
 Power trolley STEFER used for inspections on the Rome–Fiuggi railway.

Photo gallery

Connections
  Piramide station, Line B.

External links
The museum centre of ATAC SpA website, with a description of the exhibits.

Museums in Rome
Railway museums in Italy
Tram museums
2004 establishments in Italy

Porta San Paolo Railway Museum


Harald Devold (13 May 1964 – 19 February 2016) was a Norwegian jazz musician (alto saxophone, soprano saxophone and flute) from Vadsø, Finnmark. He is also known as a big band organizer, music producer and music political activist. He was born and raised in Langevåg, Sula, Møre og Romsdal.

Biography
Devold received his musical education at the Norwegian Academy of Music. He was known for his versatility as a musician and has since the 1980s been one of Norway's most commonly used freelance musicians. He was a driving force for the big band Oslo Groove Company, which received the 1990 Spellemannprisen.

Devold settled in Vadsø (1995) and then worked as head of Scene Finnmark, which inter alia disposes regional musician groups LINK and Ensemble Noor. He was a music producer for Scene Finnmark. He helped to initiate a number of productions, which toured the Barents Region and played a key role in establishing contacts between Norwegian and Russian musicians. Among these productions, one find artists like Angélique Kidjo, Morten Abel, Frode Alnæs, Hallgeir Pedersen, Kai Somby, Sondre Lerche, Mari Boine, Petter Carlsen, Marte Heggelund, Ivar Thomassen, Marit Hætta Øverli, Inga Juuso, Anne Grete Preus, Hector Bingert and Knut Kristansen. As a musician, he has also collaborated with various Sami artists, such as Siellu Dalkas, releasing an album in 2006. Devold was selected in 2005 as Chairman for Norsk Jazzforum (NJF). He died on February 19, 2016, from cancer.

Honors
2015: Culture Price from Vadsø municipality

References

External links
Harald Devold ny styreleder i Norsk jazzforum at Ballade.no
Scene Finnmark for Sami music and culture

20th-century Norwegian saxophonists
21st-century Norwegian saxophonists
Norwegian jazz saxophonists
Norwegian composers
Norwegian male composers
Musicians from Langevåg
1964 births
2016 deaths
Norwegian Academy of Music alumni
20th-century Norwegian male musicians
21st-century Norwegian male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Oslo Groove Company members
Deaths from cancer in Norway
People from Vadsø

Harald Devold


Com21 was an early pioneer in developing cable modem networks in the era before the standard DOCSIS was introduced for Internet access via cable television networks. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2003.

The company
Com21 Inc. was an American public company. Com21 shares traded on Nasdaq using CMTO as symbol. The headquarters of the company was located in Milpitas, California. Com21 had offices in 13 countries. The European head office was located in Delft and had a development centre in Cork, Ireland.
In 2000 the company had over 260 employees.

Products
Com21 was quite successful with their cable modem line of products in the years before the new standard DOCSIS was available. The Com21 portfolio can be divided into three segments: the central or head end equipment, cable modems or CPE, and the management platform.

ComController
The central system, typically installed in the head end or CATV hub locations were called ComControllers. A ComController provided the same function as a CMTS in modern Docsis networks. A ComcCntroller was a 19" rack module that was built around an integrated ATM switch and needed several modules to become a functional cable modem head end system.
The main components or modules in a ComController were:
 the management module (one per system)
 the downstream HF controller (one per system)
 upstream HF controllers, each providing two upstream channels (at least one per system)
 network controllers, providing interconnection with the internet (or private IP network)
The management module provided the interface between each ComController system and the Com21 network management platform NMAPS. The management module offered a single Ethernet interface to an out of band management network.

Each ComController had one HF Downstream module. The downstream controller had two F-connector interfaces to connect a coax cable towards the distribution section of a hybrid fibre coax cable TV network. Below the primary interface a test interface connector was available, making it possible to connect test equipment without having to disconnect the main downstream signal from the network. The frequency of the downstream signal was configurable via the management interface.

A ComController needed at least one upstream receiver module. Each upstream receiver module offered two interfaces towards the HFC network.

To connect the cable modem network to the Internet, a ComController had one or more network modules. In the early models of the ComControllers, network modules offered two 10BASE-T interfaces. Each of these Ethernet interfaces could be linked to a VLAN within the Com21 network. After a while, the 10 Mbit Ethernet interfaces didn't offer sufficient bandwidth, as the offered speeds required faster network interconnection. The first successor was a network module with a fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) interface, but this interface lacked the option of VLANs.

As VLAN support was really needed to offer reliable services to the users of a cable modem network, the next version of the network controller was a single ATM interface offering an OC3 or STM-1 - 155 Mbit/s optical interface. In most configurations, a ComController used a single ATM network controller.

Cable modem
Com21 named their cable modems ComPort. Over the years, Com21 offered several models of their cable modems. All ComPort modems offered two interfaces: one coax connector to link to the TV network and an RJ-45 Ethernet interface. The early ComPort modems had also a module slot for a telephone module. The idea of this module slot was that a cable modem network would also offer a telephone service. These telephone modules never reached the market. Later (smaller) models of the ComPort modems didn't provide for a telephone module.

The early models of the modems also offered a hidden interface providing a 4-wire serial communication interface for debugging or monitoring purposes. Via a special connector a systems-engineer could connect this interface to the serial communications (RS-232) port of a PC to monitor the activity of a cable modem. With the help of a simple terminal emulator one could monitor the booting of the modem and then follow the process of finding a downstream signal, synchronizing the upstream channel and then registering to the ComController.

All proprietary ComPort modems could be used on the platform. Com21 developed early DOCSIS cable modems, obtaining DOCSIS 1.1 certification on Broadcom 3350 (DOXPort 1110) and 3345 (DOXPort 1110XB) designs.

DOXcontroller
Com21 also made a CMTS called the DOXcontroller 1000XB, which was OEMed by ARRIS (as the Cadant C3).  Upon Com21's Chapter 7 bankruptcy, it was purchased by ARRIS, and was later DOCSIS 2.0 certified.

NMAPS
To manage a network with one or more ComControllers and all connected cable modems, Com21 offered their network management platform, called NMAPS. NMAPS was a proprietary platform using the HP OpenView platform. A typical feature of a Com21 network was that the cable modems didn't get an IP address. A modem was addressed using its MAC address. ComControllers were configured via NMAPS: setting the frequencies for the downstream and upstream signals, define VLANs and enabling the cable modems in one of the created VLANs. Via NMAPS the network managers could specify the speed of the modems, set filtering (e.g. only allowing a specific IP address that could be used behind that modem), etc. NMAPS was only available to run on a Sun server or workstation.

Deployment
Before the worldwide acceptance of the DOCSIS standard, Com21 was highly successful in the industry. By 2000, Com21 had shipped over 500,000 modems and 1,000 ComControllers. The networks using the Com21 system passed 15 million households worldwide.

Demise
On July 15, 2003, Com21 went out of business. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and its DOCSIS cable modem assets were sold to ARRIS. At that time the company had 113 employees.

References

Cable television in the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1992
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Digital cable
Internet access
Modems
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2003
1992 establishments in California
2003 disestablishments in California
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2003

Com21


Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug. It is most commonly used as a pain killer, or to reduce fever or inflammation.  It also has an anti-platelet effect - it reduces the number of platelets in the blood which reduces blood clotting- in that function it is used to prevent heart attacks.  Aspirin is one of the most-used medical drugs in the world.

There are some possible side-effects to this drug. For example, large amounts can damage the kidneys. Children taking aspirin can develop Reye's syndrome which causes the liver to become fatty and not work properly and also the brain to become enlarged. Reyes syndrome can be fatal, but most children survive it with treatment.

People with lung, kidney disease, gout, hyperuricemia (high amounts of uric acid in the blood), hemophilia (a blood clotting disorder), diabetes or high blood pressure should not take aspirin except on the advice of a qualified medical professional. Nor should people who are allergic to it, to ibuprofen or to naproxen. People with asthma where attacks are brought about by aspirin should avoid using any anti-inflammatory drugs based on it.

Aspirin was invented in Germany in 1897. Bayer has a trademark on the brand name "aspirin" in 80 countries. But in other countries, "aspirin" is the common name for the drug.

References

Analgesics
Carboxylic acids

Aspirin


Tatshenshini-Alsek Park (also known as Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Wilderness Park) is a provincial park in British Columbia. It is part of the Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park is on the northwestern corner of British Columbia. It borders the U.S. state of Alaska and Canadian Yukon Territory. The park has many Grizzly Bears, Glacier Bear, Dall's Sheep, Mountain Goats, Kenai moose, grey wolves, eagles (Bald & Golden), falcons (peregrine & gyr), trumpeter swans, Sea lions, and Humpback whales.

Other websites
Official website on BC Gov.ca

Alaska
Parks in British Columbia
World Heritage Sites in Canada

Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park


Teurisci was a Dacian tribe at the time of Ptolemy (140 AD). They were originally considered a branch of the Celtic Taurisci (Noricum), who moved to Upper Tisza. However, the archaeology shows that Celts have been absorbed by Dacians, at some point creating a Celto-Dacian cultural horizon in the upper Tisza.

Name
The name Teurisci is considered a variant of Taurisci or Tauristae.

Distribution

Taurisci

The Celtic Taurisci were settled in the south-eastern Alps and were known from the name of Mount Taurus. Due to iron mining, their centers (i.e. Noreia - now Newmarkt  and Virunum now Magdalensburg) enjoyed great success in trade and commerce with the Balkans. The lowland Taurisci gradually grew in power and became largely separate from their mountain relatives. Therefore, the inhabitants of this eastern area became known collectively – from the place name Noreia – as Norici and the territory under their control as Noricum.

Teurisci

Teurisci, attested by Ptolemy in Dacia, were originally  a group of the Celtic Taurisci from the Austrian Alps established in North-Western Dacia at the end of Iron Age.

Historical evidence

In 60 BC, when the king of the Dacians Burebista succeeded in uniting his own people with their kindred Getae and Burs into one kingdom he began to put pressure on the Celtic tribes of the Danubian Basin. He advanced against the Taurisci and Boii, gaining his most notable success near to the river Tisza  After defeating the Taurisci (Cotini) and Boii, the Dacian King Burebista forced some of them to leave southwestern Slovakia. A Celto-Dacian cultural horizon was created in the conquered territory, Dacian settlement here continued into the second decade of the new era.

Posidonius record that, at his time, Celtic (Boii, Scordisci, and Taurisci) were intermingling with Thracians on both sides of the Danube. Later, Strabo (about 20 AD), repeat this piece of information, yet he uses the variant Ligyrisci instead of the Posidinius's variant Teurisci.

According to Ptolemy (140 AD), Teurisci of Dacia bordered Anarti of Dacia on the east. Further east of them were the Dacian Costoboci.

Archaeological evidence

About 150 BC, Celtic La Tène material disappears from Dacia. This coincides with the ancient writings which mentioned the rise of the Dacian authority. It ended the Celtic domination and it is possible Celts were thrust out of Dacia. Alternatively, some scholars have proposed that the Transylvanian Celts remained but merged into the local culture and thus ceased to be distinctive The Celtic groups which spread as far as Transylvania had been assimilated by the Dacians.

See also
List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia

Notes

References

 Koch, John T (2005). ''Dacians and Celts'' in Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1,. ABC-CLIO. ., page 549
 Mannova Elena (1963) Studia historica Slovaca Bratislava : Vydavatel̕stvo Slovenskej Akadémie
 Oltean, Ioana, (2007) Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization, Routledge,

External links

Ancient tribes in Dacia
Historical Celtic peoples
Gauls

Teurisci


In mathematical order theory, a scattered order is a linear order that contains no densely ordered subset with more than one element.

A characterization due to Hausdorff states that the class of all scattered orders is the smallest class of linear orders that contains the singleton orders and is closed under well-ordered and reverse well-ordered sums.

Laver's theorem (generalizing a conjecture of Roland Fraïssé on countable orders) states that the embedding relation on the class of countable unions of scattered orders is a well-quasi-order.

The order topology of a scattered order is scattered. The converse implication does not hold, as witnessed by the lexicographic order on .

References

Order theory

Scattered order


The Similkameen Gold Rush, also known as the Blackfoot Gold Rush, was a minor gold rush in the Similkameen Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, in 1860.  The Similkameen Rush was one of a flurry of small rushes peripheral to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, which had drawn tens of thousands of prospectors to the new colony in 1858-1859, among the others being Rock Creek Gold Rush and Big Bend.

Discovery of gold on the upper Similkameen River in 1860 led to the establishment of the town of Blackfoot, also known as Blackfoot Flat and adjoined by a neighbouring settlement, Blackwood Flat, seven miles southwest of what is now Princeton near the site of the later mining town-cum-ghost town Allenby.  The population of the town in the fall of 1860 was approximately 100, a mix of white and Chinese miners.  By the summer of 1861 its population was reported as only about 50.

High water made mining operations on the river difficult, but bench claims, above the water-mark, proved successful and one shaft was sunk in an effort to find hard-rock deposits.  Blackfoot and Blackwood Flat contained 40 houses, including a store and other services.

Blackfoot disappeared nearly as quickly as it had appeared as the ever-fickle miners moved on in search of richer and easier diggings.  Six years after being one of the original participants on the Similkameen Rush, "Jackass John" returned from prospecting in Montana and the Kootenays.  He mined on the same spot where he had made $40 in two days during the original rush and in fourteen days had taken $900.  He enlisted three friends and worked the mine; historian H.H. Bancroft notes that the four partners sluiced $240 in three days.

"An article in the Similkameen Star in 1935 that the site of Blackfoot was "relocated and identified with Kruger's bar.  According to H. Jamieson iron spikes in a river boulder indicated until recently where a bridge had crossed to the store and hotel on (the) south side of the river.  Theodore Kruger, who gave his name to the (bar), was born in Hanover in 1929, and came to British Columbia in 1858.  Like Mr. Allison, who arrived the same year, he had tried mining on the Fraser before coming to Similkameen".

In the 1880s, discovery of further placer diggings on the South Fork of the Similkameen River led to the Tulameen Gold Rush and the founding of Granite Creek and Tulameen.

See also

Tulameen Gold Rush
British Columbia Gold Rushes
Fraser Canyon Gold Rush

References
Encyclopedia of Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of British Columbia: Volume 2, The Similkameen, Boundary and Okanagan, T.W. Paterson, Sunfire Publications, Langley B.C. (1981)

Pre-Confederation British Columbia
Canadian gold rushes
British Columbia gold rushes
Similkameen Country
1860 in Canada

Similkameen Gold Rush


The Carnival of the Animals (French: Le Carnavál de Animaûx) is a musical composition by Camille Saint-Saëns. It is one of the best known pieces of classical music for children.

The history of its composition
Saint-Saëns wrote the Carnival of the Animals as a distraction while composing his Symphony No. 3. Carnival was performed at a small gathering of friends. Saint-Saëns did not want the general public to hear it, because he did not want to be thought of as someone who wrote jokey pieces. He wanted to be thought of as a serious composer. Just one movement was published during his lifetime: the famous Swan movement for solo cello. The rest of the work was not performed until a year after Saint-Saëns' death.

Following a disastrous concert tour of Germany in 1893, Saint-Saëns withdrew to a small Austrian village, where he composed The Carnival of the Animals in February 1894. It is scored for two pianos, two violins, viola, cello, double bass, Bass clarinet, saxophone, snare drumflute (and piccolo), clarinet (C and B♭), glass harmonica, and xylophone.

The Music

There are 14 short movements, with a short introduction. Saint-Saëns arranged it for an orchestra consisting of flute doubling piccolo, clarinet (B flat and C), two pianos, glass harmonica, xylophone, two violins, viola, cello and double bass. Today it is often performed with a full orchestra of strings, and with a glockenspiel instead of a glass harmonica, which is an unusual instrument.

Movements

 I: Introduction and Royal March of the Lion
After an introduction the pianos introduce a march theme. They imitate the roar of the lions.
 II: Hens and Roosters
This music sounds like hens clucking (the strings) and a cock crowing (the clarinet).
 III: Wild Asses
The two pianos seem to go wild with scales rushing up and down madly.
 IV: Tortoise
This movement for strings and piano is very slow, like a tortoise. Saint-Saëns makes a musical joke here: the tune is the same tune as the famous 'Can-Can' from Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld, but played very slowly.
 V: The Elephant
This double bass solo with piano accompaniment makes the elephant sound heavy and clumsy. In the middle section the elephant tries to dance a waltz. This is also a musical joke - the tune is taken from Felix Mendelssohn's Incidental Music to A Midsummer Night's Dream and Hector Berlioz's Dance of the Sylphs. These two pieces are meant to be played on higher sounding instruments, like the flute and violin, but in this piece, the tune is played on the double bass, the lowest sounding instrument in the orchestra/
 VI: Kangaroos
The two pianos hop about gracefully like kangaroos.
 VII: Aquarium
This is very graceful music with the tune played on the flute, accompanied by strings, with occasional glissandi (slides) on the glass harmonica.
 VIII: Persons with Long Ears
The "Persons with Long Ears" are actually donkeys. It is a very short piece, and it is played on two violins which imitate the "hee-haw" sound of the donkey. Some people think that Saint-Saëns is making a joke about music critics, who bray like donkeys.
 IX: The Cuckoo in the Depths of the Woods
The pianos play gentle chords, like someone walking quietly through a forest. Now and again the clarinet plays two notes which sound like the call of the cuckoo. In the original sheet music, it is said that the clarinet player should move off stage, to make it sound more like the cuckoo is calling from a distance.
 X: Aviary
The flute has a very delicate, fast tune accompanied by strings and pianos. It sounds like birds flying in an aviary (bird cage).
 XI: Pianists
This is another joke, because "pianists" are people who play the piano, they are not animals. Saint-Saëns makes them seem rather stupid as they practise their scales. When this movement was first published, a note was included that said that "Performers should imitate the playing of beginners, and their awkwardness". Because of this, in some performances, the pianists become out of time with each other on purpose.
 XII: Fossils
The xylophone plays a fast tune which sounds like skeletons playing. Saint-Saëns is making a joke about himself, because he uses a tune from one of his own works: the Danse Macabre. There are bits of other tunes as well: "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman" (known in the English-speaking world as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star), the French nursery rhymes "Au Clair de la Lune" and "J'ai du bon tabac", the popular anthem Partant pour la Syrie as well as the aria Una Voce Poco Fa from Rossini's Barber of Seville. Saint-Saëns was saying that these tunes were old-fashioned (like fossils).
 XIII: The Swan
This is one of the most famous of all tunes for the cello. It is a lovely tune which sounds like a swan swimming gracefully along. There is a famous solo ballet dance called The Dying Swan which is set to this tune.
 XIV: Finale
All the instruments join in the Finale which has bits from nearly all the movements.

References

Compositions by Camille Saint-Saëns

Carnival of the Animals


Exit to Eden is a 1994 comedy-thriller movie. Rosie O'Donnell, Dana Delany and Dan Aykroyd are in the cast. This movie is about undercover police, sex and vacationing on an island. Exit to Eden got attention because of sexual content and well-known actors in the cast.

Plot
A young and attractive photographer named Elliot Slater is in southern California. He has been uncomfortable with his sexual matters, which are in the BDSM realm.

But before he begins his journey of sexual discovery, what Slater doesn't know is that he has photographed an international jewel thief named Omar. No other photos exist on Omar. The jewel thief has a criminal partner named Nina. Omar and Nina are wanting to recover the photographic film so Omar can stay anonymous.

Omar and Nina follow Elliot to an island resort called "Eden" and pose as vacationers. The island resort is operated by a mistress named Lisa Emerson. Following a tip that Omar is on the island, two undercover police officers, Fred Lavery and Sheila Kingston, also arrive. Fred is disguised as a handyman; Sheila as a vacationer.

Fred and Sheila send Omar and Nina into jail. Elliot later asks Lisa to marry him; Lisa says yes.

Cast
 Dana Delany as Lisa Emerson
 Paul Mercurio as Elliott Slater
 Rosie O'Donnell as Sheila Kingston
 Dan Aykroyd as Fred Lavery
 Hector Elizondo as Dr. Martin Helifax; credited "As usual Hector Elizondo".
 Stuart Wilson as Omar
 Iman as Nina Blackstone
 Sean O'Bryan as Tommy Miller
 Stephanie Niznik as Diana
 Phil Redrow as Richard
 Sandra Taylor as Riba
 Julie Hughes as Julie
 Laura Harring as M.C. Kindra
 Deborah Pratt as Dr. Williams
 Laurelle Mehus as Heidi
 Tom Hines as Nolan
 Alison Moir as Kitty
 James Patrick Stuart as James
 Rosemary Forsyth as Mrs. Brady
 John Schneider as Professor Collins
 Donna Dixon as Fred's ex-wife

Reception
Exit to Eden received attention during its release because of the BDSM themes and full-frontal female nudity. It also got attention for its cast members, the director and the writer of the novel on which the movie was based.

It didn't receive good reviews from critics. The critics were disappointed and confused about the combination of the original story and comedy elements. Rotten Tomatoes rated this movie at 6%, meaning "rotten" reviews. Roger Ebert gave the movie only half a star.

The movie was released on October 14, 1994.

Awards
Rosie O'Donnell won a Razzie Award for the Worst Supporting Actress. Dan Aykroyd was nominated for the Worst Supporting Actor. Both were nominated as the Worst Screen Couple.

References

1994 comedy movies
1994 thriller movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
American thriller movies
American independent movies
1994 independent movies

Exit to Eden


Murfreesboro is a city in, and the county seat of, Pike County, Arkansas, United States.  Its population was 1,641 at the 2010 census.  The city is known for the Crater of Diamonds State Park located south of the city.

History
In 1906, diamonds were found on a local farm.  It was determined that an 80-acre (32 ha) volcanic formation was the source of the diamonds. The property was eventually sold to the state of Arkansas, which opened the 37-acre Crater of Diamonds State Park to the public.  As a tourist attraction a daily fee ($10 in 2021) is charged to search for diamonds.

Also located in Murfreesboro is the 1,000-year-old Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village and museum dedicated to it, which offers a field that can be excavated for authentic arrowheads.

Geography
Murfreesboro is located at  (34.066255, -93.689256). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,495 people, 769 households, and 511 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,764 people, 732 households, and 485 families residing in the city.  The population density was .  There were 830 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the city was 89.23% White, 7.31% Black or African American, 1.08% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.91% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races.  1.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 732 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,806, and the median income for a family was $33,456. Males had a median income of $26,300 versus $18,523 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,124.  About 11.0% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Public education for elementary and secondary school students is provided by South Pike County School District, which includes:
 Murfreesboro Elementary School, serving prekindergarten through grade 6.
 Murfreesboro High School, serving grades 7 through 12.

On July 1, 2010, the Murfreesboro School District and the Delight School District merged to form the South Pike County School District. The Murfreesboro district absorbed the Delight district and then changed its name to South Pike County School District.

References

External links
 Official Murfreesboro City website
 Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village

Cities in Pike County, Arkansas
Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas

Murfreesboro, Arkansas


Trygve Halvdan Lie () (16 July 1896 – 30 December 1968) was a Norwegian politician. From 1946 to 1952 he was the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Early life
Lie was born in Oslo (then Kristiania) on 16 July 1896. He joined the Labour Party in 1911 and was named as the party's national secretary soon after getting his law degree from the University of Oslo in 1919. He married Hjørdis Jørgensen in 1921; the couple had three daughters, Sissel, Guri, and Mette.

Political career
Later he was elected to the Storting (Norway's Parliament). He was appointed Minister of Justice when a Labour Party government was formed by Johan Nygaardsvold in 1935. Lie was later named Minister of Trade and Industries and Minister of Supply and Shipping.

In 1940, when Norway was invaded by Germany, Lie ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to Allied ports. Lie was named as Foreign Minister of the Norwegian government-in-exile.

Selection as UN Secretary General
Lie led the Norwegian delegation (group) to the United Nations conference in San Francisco in 1946 and was a leader in drafting the rules to set up the United Nations Security Council. He was the leader of the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations general assembly in 1946. On February 1, 1946, he was elected as the first United Nations Secretary-General as a result of a compromise between the major powers, having only missed being elected President of the first General Assembly by a small margin. He gets much of the credit for securing the current site for the United Nations headquarters from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and establishing the offices there.

As Secretary General
As Secretary General, Lie supported the foundation of Israel and Indonesia. He worked for the withdrawal of Soviet forces in Iran and a stop to fighting in Kashmir. He attracted the anger of the Soviet Union when he helped gather support for the defence of South Korea after it was invaded in 1950 and later worked to end the Soviet boycott of UN meetings, though his involvement has only little to do with the eventual return of the Soviet Union to the UN. He was opposed to Spain's entry into the United Nations because of his opposition to the Franco government. He also sought to have the People's Republic of China recognized by the United Nations after the Nationalist government was exiled to Taiwan, arguing that the People's Republic was the only government which could fulfill the membership obligations in full. This did not happen until the 1970s.

He has been criticized for his failures to facilitate negotiation in the Berlin Blockade, as well as his failure to bring about a more swift end to the Korean War. His critics argue that he was under the influence of a select few in the UN Secretariat. He has also been criticized for his arrogance and stubbornness.

Over objections from the Soviet Union, his term of office was extended by the General Assembly 46 - 5 in 1950. This was the result of a Security Council impasse, in which the US refused to accept any candidate but Lie, and the Soviet Union's absolute refusal to accept him again, due to his involvement in the Korean War. The Soviet Union refused to acknowledge him as secretary general in his second term, and after having been accused by Joseph McCarthy of hiring "disloyal" Americans (an allegation which he attributed to the rapid hiring of civil servants necessary after the creation of the organization), Lie resigned on November 10, 1952.

Later life
Lie remained active in Norwegian politics after his resignation from the UN. He was the Governor of Oslo and Akershus, Chairman of the Board of Energy, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Trade.

Death
Lie died on December 30, 1968 of a heart attack. He was 72 years old.

Other websites
 Official U.N.S.G.biography
 Trygve Lie Gallery  in New York

1896 births
1968 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Politicians from Oslo

Trygve Lie


Apartheid was a racist political and social system in South Africa during the era of white minority rule. It enforced racial discrimination against non-whites, mainly focused on skin colour and facial features. This existed in the twentieth century, from 1948 until the early-1990s. The word apartheid means "distantiation" in the Afrikaans language. Racial segregation had existed in Southern Africa for centuries. In the elections of 1948 the National Party took power and in the next few years made new apartheid laws. The new laws more strictly enforced  segregation. In theory, it was to bring independence to the African majority in their own little countries to be created from South African territory.

Under this system, the people of South Africa were divided by their race and the different races were forced to live separately from each other. There were laws to keep them separated. The apartheid system in South Africa was abolished in 1994, when a new constitution was ratified which abolished the previous system of segregation. The last President who held office during the apartheid era was Frederik Willem de Klerk; who was responsible for holding negotiations with political prisoner Nelson Mandela to bring an end to apartheid. Following these successful negotiations, Nelson Mandela was elected to the Presidency of South Africa after multi-racial elections were held in April 1994, and became the first black person to hold the position. He was 75 years old.  The pair were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. Today, the term apartheid is sometimes used for similar segregational systems in other countries.

How apartheid worked in South Africa

During apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and separated by law. The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly Black people who lived in South Africa. The law allowed white people to be in certain areas. Black people had to carry special passes or have permission to travel outside their designated area, or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government separated mixed communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983 the Bantustan Policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for 'whites'). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people could not own land in White areas or vote.

The United Nations did not agree with the South African government's apartheid policies. There were protests in South Africa, like in Sharpeville in 1960 and in Soweto in 1976. After the Sharpeville Massacre, the UN tried to remove South Africa in 1974. France, the United States, and the UK prevented that from happening. The Soweto Uprisings started because Africans were forced to study some subjects at school in Afrikaans. Many Black people did not like Afrikaans because it was the language of the apartheid government and the language of their oppressors.

Ending apartheid
In 1989, F. W. de Klerk became President of South Africa. He wanted to reform the system. In a speech in 1990, de Klerk said the ban on the African National Congress was lifted. He also ruled that Nelson Mandela would be released from prison.

In 1991, the UN created the National Peace Accord. The purpose of the Peace Accord was "to bring an end to political violence" in South Africa. It was agreed on by 27 organisations and governments. After this the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was formed. CODESA worked to find a solution to the violence.

The first multiracial election in which all races could vote, was held on 27 April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, with De Klerk and Thabo Mbeki as deputies. This date is considered the end of apartheid. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created to help victims speak out and seek justice. It was chaired by Desmond Tutu in the 1990s.

Although Black South Africans were granted equal rights by law after a long fought campaign, there is still huge economic inequality between Blacks and Whites. In 2012, South Africa held its first census in over ten years. It found that the average Black family earned one-sixth (about 17%) of what the average White family earned. "These figures tell us that at the bottom of the rung is the black majority who continue to be confronted by deep poverty unemployment and inequality," President Jacob Zuma said when the findings were released. Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his life fighting against apartheid laws, and without his activism; many of the changes would never have happened.

Aim of apartheid
The goal of apartheid was to separate the people of South Africa into small independent nations. The black ones were called Bantustans. South Africa said they were independent countries and exchanged ambassadors but other countries did not. The National Party government did not want to spend a lot of money on this project. They also wanted to keep the majority of South Africa's land for white people, especially the richest places, like the gold mines of Johannesburg. They wanted black men to work in these mines for little money but their families had to live far away or face imprisonment.

Related pages
 Dhimmi
 Race (sociology)
 Racial segregation
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Kanister

References

20th century in South Africa
Crimes against humanity
Apartheid

Apartheid


Peter Joachim Katzenstein FBA (born  February 17, 1945) is a German-American political scientist. He is the Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University. Katzenstein has made influential contributions to the fields of comparative politics, international relations, and international political economy.

His main concentration lies in the study of culture, religion, identity, and regionalism in the interstate system, for which he is known as a proponent of constructivist thinking. He is often associated with the school of neoliberal institutionalism through his joint projects with Robert Keohane.  He is known for his influential research on corporatism.

Personal life
Peter Katzenstein was born on February 17, 1945, in Hamburg, Germany. He moved to the United States at the age of nineteen. He became a U.S. citizen in 1979. In 1970, he married Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, an American political scientist. They have two children, and reside in Ithaca, New York. He speaks German and English.

Education
Katzenstein was educated in Germany in Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before moving to the United States, where he ended up receiving a B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1967, majoring in political science, economics, and literature. While at Swarthmore, he took a class alongside fellow students Margaret Levi and David Laitin, who would both go on to become prominent political scientists. The next year he earned an M.Sc. from the London School of Economics, and six years later he received his Ph.D. from Harvard University with thesis titled Disjoined Partners: Austria and Germany since 1815. At Harvard University, Katzenstein was strongly influenced by Karl Deutsch who was the main reason by Katzenstein applied for graduate studies at Harvard in the first place.

Career
His first stint as teacher came in 1971 when he served as a teaching fellow in the Government Department at Harvard. The following year he became a part-time instructor in comparative politics of Western Europe at the University of Massachusetts. From 1973 to 1977 he served as an assistant professor of government at Cornell, before becoming an associate professor for three years until 1980. From 1980 to 1987 he was a professor of government, before finally accepting the position he holds to this day as the Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University.

Katzenstein served as president of the American Political Science Association (2008–2009). He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987 and the American Philosophical Society in 2009. He was the recipient of the 1974 Helen Dwight Reid Award of the American Political Science Association for the best dissertation in international relations; of the American Political Science Association's 1986 Woodrow Wilson prize for the best book published in the United States on international affairs; and, together with Nobuo Okawara, of the 1993 Masayoshi Ohira Memorial Prize. One of his edited volumes, The Culture of National Security, was selected by Choice magazine as one of the top ten books in international relations in 1997. Katzenstein has been a Fellow at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Woodrow Wilson Center and the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. In addition he has held numerous fellowships, and he continues to serve on the editorial boards and academic advisory committees of various journals and organizations, both in the United States and abroad.

Katzenstein was editor of the journal International Organization, the leading IR journal, from 1980 to 1986. Since 1982 Katzenstein has served as the editor of over 100 books that Cornell University Press has published under the imprint of the Cornell Studies in Political Economy. Katzenstein is an influential figure in the field of International Political Economy.

Since joining the Cornell Government Department in 1973, Katzenstein has chaired or been a member of more than one hundred dissertation committees. He received Stephen and Margery Russell Distinguished Teaching Award from Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences in 1993, and, in recognition of sustained and distinguished undergraduate teaching, was made one of Cornell University's Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellows in 2004.

He was elected as a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2015. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Katzenstein strongly influenced David Lake, Louis Pauly, Joseph Grieco and Rawi Abdelal. In 2020, he was the recipient of the prestigious Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science.

Publications
Katzenstein has written or served as a primary editor of nearly 40 books. His Anti-Americanism in World Politics (Cornell University Press, 2007) was co-authored with Robert Keohane; his best-known work, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium, was published in 2005. His Comparing Policy Network: Labor Politics in the U.S., Germany and Japan (Cambridge University Press, 1995) was co-authored with Yutaka Tsujinaka.

References

External links
Peter Katzenstein's website

1945 births
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American international relations scholars
Constructivist international relations scholars
Cornell University faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Living people
People educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

Peter J. Katzenstein


Carabias is a village which belong to the municipality of Sigüenza, in the province of Guadalajara in Castile–La Mancha, Spain. It has a fixed population of eight inhabitants, a number which increases substantially during holidays and weekends.

Amongst its most notable attractions are the Iglesia del Salvador, a church built in the romanic style, dating from the 18th century and the neoclassical fountain situated in front of the church.

Sigüenza
Populated places in the Province of Guadalajara

Carabias, Guadalajara


Ying Chen (; born February 20, 1961) is a Chinese Canadian author. She writes mostly in French and also translates her own works into Chinese and English.

Biography
Born in 1961 in Shanghai, she now lives in Vancouver and is the mother of two children.  She obtained a degree in French language and literature from Fudan University (复旦大学) in 1983 and worked as a translator and interpreter before moving to Montreal in 1989. She later lived in Magog, Quebec before moving to Vancouver in 2003.

Ying Chen's novels include La mémoire de l'eau, Les lettres chinoises, L'ingratitude (which won the Prix Québec-Paris, and was published in the U.S. as "Ingratitude," translated by Carol Volk, and published in China as "再见妈妈", self-translated), Immobile (which won the Prix Alfred-DesRochers), Le champ dans la mer (published in China as "V家花园", self-translated), Querelle d'un squelette avec son double (self-translated and published on Amazon as "Skeleton and its double"), "Le Mangeur", "Un Enfant à ma porte", "Espèces", "La Rive est loin". She wrote two books of essays: "Quatre mille marches" and "La Lenteur des montagnes". She practices a lean, polished and deceptively simple writing style, free of flourishes and excess verbiage. As a child, one of her schoolteachers once told her "the most simple is the most beautiful", and she has retained this idea.

See also
List of Quebec authors

External links
review and commentary on Immobile (in French)
China.com.cn interview (in Chinese)
 Interview with Ying Chen for Lingua Romana

References

1961 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian novelists
Chinese emigrants to Canada
Canadian writers of Asian descent
Canadian women novelists
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Short story writers from Shanghai
Fudan University alumni
21st-century Canadian women writers
Canadian novelists in French
Chinese women novelists
Chinese novelists
Canadian women short story writers
Chinese women short story writers
Chinese short story writers
French-language writers from China

Ying Chen


Heartbound is a planned role-playing game for Microsoft Windows, Linux and OS X, developed by an American Indie game developer, Pirate Software.

The game is about a young man called Lore, who struggles with his thoughts, such as depression and anxiety, while trying to find his dog, Baron, who has gone missing.

The game is influenced by the player's actions while playing the game. Performing negative actions, such as feeding Baron rubbish in the beginning of the game, causes Lore to become more evil and negative. Performing positive actions, such as feeding Baron dog food, causes Lore to become more positive himself.

An Alpha version of the game has been released - the full version is planned for release in December 2018.

Gameplay

Heartbound is similar to another role-playing game, Undertale, in that interactions with the environment causes the game's story to change. According to Pirate Game's website:

"Every time you interact with an object, talk to an NPC, forget to turn off a light-switch, take out the trash, or disregard a sparkly bush the game remembers this and will change subtly for all further interactions. The greatest part about this design is that it already works and is in the current builds of the game. Both minor and major differences are going to pop up throughout the game and give the community something to share with one another. Everything you do matters no matter what kind of player you are or choose to be."

Combat

Heartbound has a different combat system to most other role-playing games. Instead of attacking enemies based on a statistics system, the player has to complete minigames, which can either deal damage or cause the player to lose health, depending on the exact minigame. Equipment can also be found around the worlds Lore explores, which will increase attack strength or maximum health. Battles are not random - they are supposed to occur at specific points in the game, although some are avoidable if the player goes down certain gameplay routes.

References

Indie video games
Upcoming video games

Heartbound (video game)


The most distinctive music of Uruguay is to be found in the tango and candombe; both genres have been recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Uruguayan music includes a number of local musical forms such as murga, a form of musical theatre, and milonga, a folk guitar and song form deriving from Spanish and italian traditions and related to similar forms found in many American countries.

Folk music
Charrúa people used wooden drums, hornpipes, flutes, seashells to play music. Other folk musical instruments are marimba and musical bow.

Uruguayan tango

Tango has been recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The modern field of tango music and dance arose in Buenos Aires, Argentina as well as Montevideo. Carlos Gardel, the great tango singer, was born in France and raised in Buenos Aires, but in 1920 after becoming famous he registered his birthplace as being in Tacuarembó, Uruguay, probably to avoid problems with French authorities during an upcoming tour of France. Other Uruguayan tango musicians, among the most important names, were director Francisco Canaro and his violinist Modesto Ocampo. Also the singer Julio Sosa. One of the best-known tangos in the world, "La Cumparsita", was written by Uruguayan composer Gerardo Matos Rodríguez. Modern tango includes the late poet Horacio Ferrer, who contributed lyrics to several of the most important tango works by Argentinian composer Astor Piazzolla; celebrated singer-songwriter Malena Muyala and Valeria Lima. As did Piazzolla, Uruguayan composer Miguel del Aguila has also elevated tango to the classical music level in chamber and orchestral works like Concierto en Tango (Grammy nominated 2015), Tango Trio, Salon Buenos Aires (Grammy nominated 2010), Disagree! and many other works. The Uruguayan-Argentinian band Bajofondo is a multi-award winning project which aims to create a more contemporary version of tango and other musical styles of the Río de la Plata region. Juan Campodónico's Campo consists of a mix of musical styles, including tango, which released album was nominated for a MTV Europe Music Awards, the Grammys, and Latin Grammys.

Candombe

Candombe has recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Candombe originates from the Río de la Plata, where African slaves brought their dances and percussion music.  The word tango then referred to the traditional drums and dances, as well as the places where dancing occurred. Candombe rhythms are produced by drum ensembles, known as cuerdas, which include dozens of drummers and feature three drum sizes: tambor repique, tambor chico and tambor piano, known as tambores de candombe.

Popular candombe musicians include Hugo Fattoruso and Rubén Rada. Fattoruso has been a longtime part of both the Uruguayan and Latin American music scene, including as a member of rock band Los Shakers, and swing band The Hot Blowers, as well as Brazilian Milton Nascimento and the Latin jazz and Acid Jazz group Opa. It was in the 1970s the most important Latin band in the United States according to the magazine Down Beat.

The Afro-Uruguayan rhythm Candombe has played a significant role in Uruguayan culture for over 200 years. The rhythm is created by the use of three drums (tambores); tambor piano, tambor chico and tambor repique. The piano is the largest in size and the lowest in pitch of the three tambores. The rhythmic base of Candombe, its function similar to that of the upright or electric bass. The chico (literally "small") is the smallest in size and highest in pitch of the three tambores, serving as the rhythmic pendulum. The tambor repique (ricochet) embellishes Candombe's rhythm with improvised phrases. Each of the three tambores is played with an open hand (mano) and a stick (palo) in the other. At a minimum, one of each of the three tambores must be present.

The purest form of Candombe takes place each Sunday night on the streets of Montevideo, where many drummers assemble, playing their drums under the moonlit sky. Isla de Flores is the main street that joins Cuareim and Ansina, Candombe's two main social groups. For over a century spontaneous cuerdas have paraded on this street, and continue to do so today (Isla de Flores is also known by its other name, Carlos Gardel). As the cuerda slowly makes its way through the narrow streets of Montevideo, this contagious rhythm takes with it all in its path, surrounded on all sides by the neighborhood people moving their bodies to the rhythm of Candombe. At intervals the cuerda will pause, and by setting a fire, will heat their drums' skins for tuning purposes.

Milonga

The milonga was an Argentine/Uruguayan style of song that was popular in the 1870s. The milonga was derived from an earlier style of singing known as the 'payada de contrapunto'.

The song was set to a lively  tempo, and often included musical improvisation. Over time, dance steps and other musical influences were added, eventually giving rise to the tango. Milonga music is still used for dancing, but the milonga dancing of today is derivative of tango.

Murga

Murga is a kind of Montevidean musical theatre for Carnival celebrations. A traditional murga group comprises a chorus and three percussionists and this is the type of murga performed on stages at Carnival. The singers perform in harmony using up to five vocal parts. Vocal production tends to be nasal and loud with little variation in volume. The percussion instruments, derived from the European military band, are the bombo (a shallow bass drum worn at the waist and played horizontally), redoblante (snare drum) and platillos (cymbals). The two most important pieces of the performance are the opening song (saludo) and the exit song (retirada or despedida).

Popular music

Canto popular
Canto popular (popular song), which arose around 1975, eschewed contemporary instrumentation, including electric instruments, allowing only native styles and rhythms.  This can be compared to Spanish-language singer-songwriter developments like nueva canción, nueva trova and tropicalismo.  Daniel Viglietti was by far the most important Uruguayan exponent of canto popular; his song "A Desalambrar" became an international popular classic. Canto popular peaked in about 1977.

Uruguayan artists involved in canto popular include Alfredo Zitarrosa, El Sabalero and Los Olimareños.

Candombe beat
Candombe beat began in the late 1960s with El Kinto, a band featuring Ruben Rada and Eduardo Mateo. Emerging at the same time as Los Shakers they forged their own identity with very little Western influence. The beat of candombe formed the rhythm, bossa nova played a large role in its chords and structure, as did traditional Uruguayan folk music. Mateo and Rada would both go on to have successful solo careers, and the music's influence would play a large role in Popular Music and Uruguayan rock.
Totem was the most important group of Candombe Beat in the early 1970s. One of the later exponents of candombe beat was Jaime Roos whose popularity in Uruguay began in the 1970s and has continued through to the 21st century.

Cumbia
By mid-2015, the Uruguayan bands Rombai and Márama of the emerging subgenres "cumbia cheta" and "cumbia pop" enjoyed great success all over Latin America even before publishing their first albums; particularly in their home country and in Argentina, where in a given moment they had together nine songs at the Spotify Top Ten ranking. Other Uruguayan bands of success are: Toco Para Vos, VI-EM, Toco Para Bailar and Golden Rocket.

Uruguayan rock

Rock and roll first broke into Uruguayan audiences with the arrival of British band The Beatles in the early 1960s.  A wave of bands appeared in Montevideo, including Los Shakers, Los Mockers, Los Iracundos and Los Malditos, who became major figures in the so-called Uruguayan Invasion of Argentina. With the coming of the military dictatorship in 1973, the Uruguayan rock scene effectively died; since the mid-1980s it has resurged. Since the beginning of the 2000s Uruguayan rock has achieved a great popularity. Popular bands like La Vela Puerca, No Te Va Gustar, El Cuarteto de Nos, La Trampa or Buitres have a massive following in the Southern Cone. Annual festivals throughout the country like Pilsen Rock in Durazno, Semana de Lavalleja and Minas & Abril in Minas, or Semana de la Cerveza in Paysandú, peaked more than 100,000 people several years with some of those groups as closing guests.
Other important bands are Trotsky Vengaran, Hereford, Once Tiros, Bufón, La Triple Nelson and La Tabaré. Indie and alternative artists include Juan Wauters and The Islingtons.

Classical music

The modern conductors Gisele Ben-Dor and Carlos Kalmar are renowned in their field. Abel Carlevaro, a classical guitar virtuoso performer is worldwide known for having established a new school of instrumental technique. Among the best-known composers of Uruguay we find Eduardo Fabini, Miguel del Aguila, Luis Cluzeau Mortet and Hector Tosar.

There are several classical orchestras performing countrywide.
The SODRE (acronym for "Official Service for broadcasting Radio, TV, and Performing Arts") is the main institution generating cultural activities for the whole country. Created in 1929, it manages a symphonic orchestra, a chamber music and ballet ensembles, a choir, among others. Among its past artistic directors, was the Uruguayan classical composer, Pedro Ipuche Riva.
Montevideo's City Hall has several orchestras performing classical as well as popular music, like the Orquesta Filarmónica de Montevideo.

Other genres

The Oscar-winning singer-songwriter Jorge Drexler has a prolific career, mostly on the Latin rock genre. Luciano Supervielle has collaborated with him, as well as with Juan Campodónico and is a member of Bajofondo.

Since 1997 La Teja Pride (stylized as latejapride* or ltp*) is an alternative hip hop band/collective from Montevideo. In the 1990s El Peyote Asesino was also a prominent hip-hop band, and Plátano Macho also ventured into rap.

Goodfellas also known as 'Buenos Muchachos' is an alternative rock band from Montevideo.

Latin rock band Abuela Coca alongside Chala Madre are the most representative reggae bands; both also mix ska and rock.

Santé Les Amis is a six-member project, born in 2007 in Montevideo, leading the electronic, disco punk and rock pop music in the country.

Fede Graña & Los Prolijos developed polka, folk rock and funk.

Reytoro is a thrash and heavy metal band. Meanwhile, the metal band Cuchilla Grande defines its style as "metal criollo".

The singer-songwriter Pablo Sciuto has a long history and prolific career, working together with important artists in the world.

References

Music of Uruguay


The Homestead Young Americans were an American basketball team based in Homestead, Pennsylvania that was a member of the Central Basketball League.

The team was replaced by Canton during the 1906/07 Postseason Series, but returned to the league the following season. For their final season, the team was known as the Homestead Steeltowners. The team dropped out of the league that season and forfeited their final 10 games.

Year-by-year

Defunct basketball teams in the United States
Basketball teams in Pennsylvania

Homestead Young Americans


Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina (August 19, 1878 – August 1, 1944) served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines. Quezón is considered by most Filipinos to have been the second president of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo (1897–1901).

Quezón was the first Senate president elected to the presidency, the first president elected through a national election, and the first president to be re-elected. He is known as the "Father of the National Language".

During his presidency, Quezón tackled the problem of landless peasants in the countryside. He also reorganized the islands's military defenses, planned to reorganize the government, promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao, tried to end foreign control over Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform and the tackling of graft and corruption within the government. Quezón set up a government-in-exile in the US when World War II started and the Philippines were threatened with a Japanese invasion. During his exile in the US, Manuel Quezón died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.

1878 births
1944 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from tuberculosis
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Infectious disease deaths in New York (state)
Majors
Military personnel of World War II
Presidents of the Philippines

Manuel L. Quezon