North Korean defectors are North Korean people who left North Korea to become citizens in a new country. In North Korea, it is against the law to leave North Korea without permission. North Koreans are also not allowed to change their own citizenship, so anyone born a North Korean must also die a North Korean. The punishment for leaving North Korea without permission is extremely harsh. People who are caught are usually sent a prison camp or put to death in public. Like many other crimes in North Korea, illegally leaving the country may not only punish the accused, but also his or her family up to three generations.

Although the punishments for illegally leaving North Korea are extremely harsh, the number who try to leave the country is still somewhat high. This is because North Koreans are so poor and have so little freedom that defectors believe finding a better life in a new country is worth risking their lives for it. Since the North Korean famine in the 1990s, more than 30,000 North Koreans have successfully left and have come to South Korea. Some sources say that somewhere between 100,000 to 300,000 North Koreans escaped into Russia or China since 1953. Of the defectors who came to South Korea, more than 70% are women.

The goal of most defectors is to get to South Korea because the South Korean constitution allows South Korean citizenship to anyone born in either North or South Korea. However, the way to get to South Korea is so difficult that most defectors never made it there. There are many different ways to get to South Korea, and all are difficult. However, some are more difficult than others.

One possible way is to cross the North-South Korea border through the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). However, most defectors do not take this route because it is extremely deadly. The DMZ has many landmines, tanks, electric wires, machine gun towers, and guards on both sides. In fact, North Korean soldiers have orders to kill any North Korean trying to cross the border. In some cases, South Korean soldiers have actually rescued some North Koreans crossing the border. Only 21 of the 33,000 defectors have crossed the DMZ and lived through it. Almost all of these were North Korean soldiers who had some knowledge of the DMZ.

There were at least two defectors who successfully swam to Japan.

However, most defectors begin their escape through China. This is because the Tumen and Yalu Rivers (the rivers that make up the China-North Korea border) are much easier and safer to cross. However, most defectors do not stay in China because they are still in danger. Most defectors caught by the China government are either sent back to North Korea, where they would most likely be killed, or be sold as a wife or a sex slave in China. This is why most North Korean defectors try to go into second country before finally coming to South Korea. These countries include Mongolia, Russia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand.

There is also a sizeable community of North Korean defectors in the United States (mostly people who who fled to South Korea during the Korean War and later emigrated to the USA). Since the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 which allowed North Korean defectors to be admitted as refugees, about 130 people have settled in the U.S. under such status.

References

History of North Korea

North Korean defectors


Gili Air is the smallest of the Gilis and it is closest to the Lombok mainland, making it popular with honeymoon couples and travelers seeking a quiet retreat. It has population of about 1,000 and administratively lies in the West Nusa Tenggara province. The island offers excellent snorkeling and SCUBA diving off its east coast, and turtles can be seen along the coral reef.

Getting to Gili Air
There is a quickest way to get to Gili Air. fast Boat from Bali to Gili Air are offering a daily departure from Padang(Northeast Bali and Sanur(Southeast Bali). to get the ticket you can book in some tourist information or go to some online portal that provide the fast boat ticket to Gili Air. Gilibestdeal offers cheap fast boat to Gili Air. The fast boat operator provides a free hotel pick up and drop off in Bali.

Related pages
 Gili Meno
 Gili Trawangan

Other websites
 Map of Gili Air

Lesser Sunda Islands
Lombok

Gili Air


ʿAbd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah () (9 May 1917 – 16 February 1997) was a Syrian Muslim Brotherhood leader and Sunni Hanafi Muslim scholar. He was born in 1917 in Aleppo. He was the third Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, taking over from Issam al-Attar in 1973.

Early life and education
Abu Ghuddah was born and raised in Aleppo, studying at the Academy of Islamic Studies in Aleppo and later received advanced training in psychology and education at Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. His father, Muhammad Ansari, was known to be a pious man, and was a businessman in the textile industry. Muhammad's father, Bashir Ansari, was one of the biggest textile traders in Aleppo, and the family line could be traced back to Khalid ibn al-Walid, one of the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. He manifested differences in views with Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Taymiyyah.

Teachers
Some of his teachers whom he studied with were giants like:
'Isa al-Bayanuni,
Ibrahim al-Salqini,
Muhammad Raghib al-Tabbakh,
Muhammad al-Nashid,
Muhammad Sa'id al-Idlibi,
Mustafa al-Zarqa,
Muhammad Najib Siraj al-Din
Mustafa Sabri Effendi
Muhammad Zahid Al-Kawthari
Grand Mufti Muhammad Shafi Deobandi 'Uthmani
Mawlana Sayyid Muhammad Yusuf Banuri

Notable students
 Al-Faqeeh Dr. Mohammad Abu Al-Fath Al-Beyanouni
Al-Muhaddith Muhammad 'Awwāmah
 Talha Bilal Maniar
Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Muhammad Abdul Malek
 Salman Husaini Nadwi

Muslim Brotherhood
Abu Ghuddah lived in Cairo between 1944 and 1950, during which time he met Hassan al-Banna, the Founder and First General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood. Abu Ghuddah joined the Muslim Brotherhood under the auspices of al-Banna, and became a member of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood upon his return to Syria in 1950. He rose to prominence in Islamic circles in Aleppo, and became an instructor at his former school, Academy of Islamic Studies. In 1960 he became an instructor of theology at Damascus University along with the principles of Fiqh, Hanafi Fiqh, and Comparative Fiqh. Abu Ghuddah stood for election in the 1961 parliamentary election, and was later appointed as the Mufti of Aleppo by President Nazim al-Kudsi.

Abu Ghuddah was critical of the often authoritarian policies of Issam al-Attar, the Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, who he claimed was unrestrained in his power and never consulted others on political affairs. al-Attar stepped down from the party leadership in 1962 and Abu Ghuddah replaced him as Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood.

Abu Ghuddah was critical of the 1966 Syrian coup d'état which brought Salah Jadid to the Presidency. Abu Ghuddah used his position to rally scholars, whom he encouraged to boycott the state and voice opposition to Jadid's violent policies. Ghuddah also appeared at Friday sermons in Aleppo, and encouraged Syrians to oppose Jadid's rule. Ghuddah opposed Jadid's rule extensively, and claimed Jadid did not represent the Syrian people. As a result of Ghuddah's activities in the opposition he was arrested and imprisoned in the remote Tadmor Prison, where he was kept for 11 months, before being released along with all other political prisoners in 1967 as part of an amnesty following the Six-Day War with Israel.

Exile and death
Abu Ghuddah left Syria and went into exile in Saudi Arabia, where he taught and researched in a variety of Islamic research at the Faculty of Islamic Sciences at Riyadh University, and guest lectured at the Omdurman Institute in Sudan. During the early years of his exile he continued to actively opposed the Syrian government during his exile, and served as the Inspector General of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood from 1976 to 1983, leading the Islamic uprising in Syria. Following the failure of the uprising Abu Ghuddah abandoned his political career and turned to academia. He taught at Jeddah University and published numerous works on theology. He had his personal library, which he greatly missed during his exile as he was a serious scholar who loved reading, writing, researching, and collecting books.

Abu Ghuddah later returned to Syria in December 1995 under an arrangement with the Syrian government whereby he could return to Aleppo as long as he refrained from politics and focus on academia and religion. During his stay in his native land, he suffered a heart attack and developed soreness of the eyes In mid 1996 he returned to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for medical treatment. He began to bleed from the eyes and the condition got worse despite treatment until he lost consciousness and died in Riyadh on 16 February 1997 (9 Shawwal 1417 AH) at dawn. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani was greatly saddened when he received the news of the demise of his beloved teacher and "Shaikh". Hafez al-Assad, the Syrian President, promptly sent condolences to the family. An official delegation, including the Minister of the Awqaf, the Governor of Aleppo, and the Chief of the Aleppo Police Department visited the family, and delivered condolences from Hafez al-Assad. Assad also offered the use of his personal plane for transporting Abu Ghuddah's body back to Syria, although he was ultimately buried in Medina near the grave of Muhammad.

Travels
Abu Ghuddah met Mufti Muhammad Shafi when he visited Damascus in 1956 at a conference arranged by the World Muslim Congress and later visited Karachi in 1962 to research some manuscripts in the libraries of Pakistan and India. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani welcomed him at Darul 'Uloom Karachi with a speech in Arabic. Abu Ghuddah later gave Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani ijazah (permission) to narrate Hadeeth from him. While teaching at Riyadh University, he visited Pakistan several times and obtained ijazah (permission) to narrate Hadeeth from Mufti Muhammad Shafi. He also stayed in the company Mawlana Sayyid Muhammad Yoosuf Binnori when he visited India. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani  admires him so much that he calls him his Shaikh.

Works

The number of his works is over 75. A few of them are:

As author
Hashiyah 'alaa Al-Sunan al-Sughra li-Al-Nasa'i li-l-Imam Al-Suyuti wa-l-Busairi. (5/9 volumes)
Tahqeeqq Ismi-s-Sawheehain wa Ismu Jaami'u-t-Tirmidhee
Sawfahaat min Sabru-l-'Ulamaa 'alaa Shada'id al-'Ilm wa-t-Tahseel
Innhaa As-Sakan ilaa mann Yutaali'u I'laa As-Sunan (A short introduction to I'laa As-Sunan by Maulawi Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi and his nephew 'Allamah Zafar Ahmad Usmani)
Qawa'id fi 'ilmu-l-Hadeeth (An extensive introduction to I'laa As-Sunan by Maulawi Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi and his nephew 'Allamah Zafar Ahmad Usmani.)
Al-'Ulamaa al-'Uzzaab al-Ladheena Atharu-l-'Ilm 'ala-l-Zawaaj
Kalimat fi Kashf Abatil wa Iftira'at - a refutation towards Shaykh Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani and Shawish
Khuttbatu-l-Haajjah Laisatu Sunnati fee Mustahalli-l-Kutubi wa-l-Mu'allafaati Kamaa Qaawluhu-sh-Shaikh Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
Namaadhiju min Rawsaa'ili-l-A'immati-s-Salaf wa Adabuhumu-l-'Ilmee Abee Haneefah wa-l-Malik Ibbn Anas wa-l-Laith Ibbn Saa'd wa Taaw'ifah min Akhbaaru-s-Salafi fil-l-Adabii-l-Khawlaaf wa fi-l-Hifaazi 'ala-l-Mawaddati 'Inda-l-Ikhtilaaf
Qeematu-z-Zamaan 'Inda-l-'Ulamaa
Jawaabu-l-Haafiz Abee Muhammad 'Abbdu-l-'Azweem Al-Munndhiree Al-Misree 'Ani-l-As'ilati fee Jarhi wa-t-Ta'deel
Masaalatu-l-Khawlaqu-l-Qur'an wa Atharhumaa fee Swufoofu-r-Rawaah wa-l-Muhadditheen wa Kutubi-l-Jarhi wa-t-Ta'deel
Amraa' al-Mu'mineen fi'l Hadeeth
Min Adab al-Islaam
Ar-Rasool (S) al-Mu'allim wa Asaaleebihi fi-t-Ta'leem
Al-Manh al-Mattloobaat fee Istihab Raf' al-Yadayn fi'l Du'aa ba'da-l-Sawlawaat Al-Maktoobaat
Mabaadi' 'Ilmu-l-Hadeeth (An extensive introduction to  Fathu-l-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim by 'Allamah Shabbir Ahmad Usmani)
Taraajimu Sittatin min Fuqawhaa Al-'Aalam Al-Islaami fi-l-Qawrni-r-Rawbi' 'Ashar
Lamhaatu min Taarikhi-s-Sunnatu wa 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth
A letter to the Shaikhu-l-Hadeeth of Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur, Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi praising his magnum opus Awjaazu-l-Masaalik which took the author 30 years to complete.

As editor or contributor
2 Forewords to Takmilah Fathu-l-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani. (1994)
Hawaashee 'alaa Sunan Abu Dawood by Abu Dawood Sulaymān ibn al-Ash'ath al-Azdi as-Sijistani Al-Hanbali (2 volumes) (with Shaikhu-l-Hind Mawlana Mahmud al-Hasan Deobandi, 'Allamah Fakhru-l-Hasan Gangohi, and Muhammad Sulaimaan Hasan)
Risaalati-l-Imaam ilaa Ahli Makkiyah fee Wasfi Sunanih by Abu Dawood  Sulaymān ibn al-Ash'ath al-Azdi as-Sijistani Al-Hanbali (Thalaathatu Rawsaa'il fee 'Ilmi Mustawlahi-l-Hadeeth)
At-Ta'leeq al-Mumajjad 'alaa Muwattaa' Muhammad - Muwattaa' al-Imam Malik Riwayat Muhammad ash-Shaybani (3 volumes) by Muhammad al-Shaybani and Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy Al-Lacknawi
Al-Kasb by Muhammad al-Shaybani
Shurootwi-l-A'immata-s-Sittatih by Ibn Tahir of Caesarea (Thalaathatu Rawsaa'il fee 'Ilmi Mustawlahi-l-Hadeeth)
Shurootwi-l-A'immata-l-Khawmsatih by Abu Bark Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Hazmi (Thalaathatu Rawsaa'il fee 'Ilmi Mustawlahi-l-Hadeeth)
Islamic Belief on which to Raise Children by Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah Ibn Abu Zaid Abdu-R-Rahmaan Al-Qairawani Al-Maliki
Risaalatu-l-Halaal wa-l-Haraam wa Ba'dd Qawa'iddhumaa fi-l-Mu'aamalati-l-Maaliyyah by Imam Ibn Taymiyyah
Khulaasat Tadh-heeb Tahdheeb Al-Kamaal fee Asma'i Ar-Rijaal wa Itahaaf Al-Khawsaat Bi-Tas-heeh Al-Khulaasat by Imam Al-Dhahabi, Safi'u-d-Deen Ahmad Al-Khazraaji, and 'Ali Ibn Salahu-d-Deen As-San'ani Al-Kawkabani.
Dhikr Man Yu'tamid Qawluhu fi-l-Jarh wa-t-Ta'deel by Imam Al-Dhahabi in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
Al-Manaaru-l-Muneef fe-s-Sawheeh wa-d-Daw'eef by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
Lisaan Al-Meezaan by Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani (9 volumes + an Index volume)
Al-Ihkaam Fee Tamyeez Al-Fataawaa 'Ani-l-Ahkaam wa Tasawrufaat Al-Qawdee Wa-l-Imaam by Imam Shihaabu-d-Deen Abu-l-'Abbas Ahmad al-Qarafi Al-Maliki.
Fath Baab al-'Inaayah bi Sharh Kitab an-Naqayah by Ali al-Qari
Masnoo'i fei-l-Ma'rifati-l-Hadeethi-l-Maudwoo' wa huwa-l-Maudwoo'aatu-s-Sawghree by Ali al-Qari
Al-Ajjwibah Al-Faadilah li-l-As'iluti-l-'Ashrawtu-l-Kaamilah by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy Al-Lacknawi
Ar-Raf' wa'l Takmil fi-l-Jarh wa-t-Ta'deel by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy Al-Lacknawi
Zafar Al-Amaanee bi-Sharh Mukhtasawr As-Sayyid Ash-Shareef Al-Jurjaanee (fee Mustawlah Al-Hadeeth) by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy Al-Lacknawi
Iqamat al-Hujjah 'ala anna'l Ikthar min al-Ta'abud laysa bi Bid'ah by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy Al-Lacknawi
Sibaahatu-l-Fikr fi-l-Jahri bi-dh-Dhikr by Shaykh Abu-l-Hasanaat 'Abdu-l-Hayy Al-Lacknawi
Risaaltu-l-Mustarshideen by Abee 'Abdullaahi-l-Haarith Ibbn Asadi-l-Muhaasibee Al-Basree (work on Tasawwuf)
At-Tasreeh bimaa Tawaatara fee Nuzooli-l-Maseeh ('A) by Imam Sayyid Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Mufti Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, and Mufti Muhammad Rafi Usmani.
Makaanatu-l-Imaam Abee Haneefah fi-l-Hadeeth by Shaikh 'Abdu-R-Rawsheed An-Nu'maanee
Al-Imaam Ibbn Maajah wa Kitaabuhu-s-Sunan by Shaikh 'Abdu-R-Rawsheed An-Nu'maanee
Tas-heehu-l-Kutubi wa Sawna'u-l-Fahaarisi-l-Mu'jamah wa Kaifiyah wa Dawbbtwu-l-Kitaabi wa Saebaqu-l-Mulimaini-l-Furawnji fee Dhalik BY 'Allamah Ahmad Shakir
Qawfwu-l-Athari fee Sawfwi 'Uloomi-l-Athar by Razi Uddeen Muhammad Ibn Ibraheem Al-Halabi
Bulaghawtu-r-Rawybb fee Mustawlah Athaari-l-Habeeb by Muhammad Murtazaa Al-Husaini Az-Zabeedi
Qaaw'idatu fi-l-Jarh wa-t-Ta'deel by Taj al-Din al-Subki in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
Qaaw'idatu fi-l-Mu'arrikheen by Taj al-Din al-Subki in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
Al-Mutakallimoona fi-r-Rijaal by Muhammad Ibn 'Abdu-R-Rahman As-Sikhaawi in (Raawbi'u Rawsaa'il fee 'Uloomi-l-Hadeeth)
Qasidah 'Unwaani-l-Hikam by Abu Al-Fath Al-Busti
Kashfu-l-Iltibaas 'Ammaa Aurawdatu-l-Imaam Bukhaawree Ba'dwu li-nn-Naas by 'Abdu-l-Ghani Al-Ghunaimi Al-Maidaani ad-Dimashqi
At-Tarqeem wa 'Alaamaatuhu fi-l-Lughaawti-l-'Arabiyyah by Adeebu-l-Kabeer Ahmad Zaki Baasa
At-Tibbyaanu li-Ba'dwi-l-Mabaahitha Muta'alliqawti bi-l-Qur'aani 'alaa Tawreequ-l-Itqaawn by Tahir Al-Jazaa'iri Ad-Dimashqi
Tawjeehu-nn-Nazawri ila-l-Uswooli-l-Athar by Tahir Al-Jazaa'iri Ad-Dimashqi

Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani has written his orbituary after his demise.

See also
Muslim Brotherhood of Syria

References and notes

External links
 Muslim Brotherhood, Syria
 Sh. Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah: His Life and Works by Sh. Abdul Wahab Saleem

1917 births
Syrian Sunni Muslims
Syrian exiles
Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians
People of the Islamic uprising in Syria
Syrian dissidents
People from Aleppo
1997 deaths
Syrian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Al-Azhar University alumni
Burials at Jannat al-Baqī
Syrian expatriates in Egypt

Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda


A genetic algorithm is an algorithm that imitates the process of natural selection. They help solve optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms are part of the bigger class of evolutionary algorithms. Genetic algorithms imitate natural biological processes, such as inheritance, mutation, selection and crossover.

The concept of genetic algorithms is a search technique often used in computer science to find complex, non-obvious solutions to algorithmic optimisation and search problems. Genetic algorithms are global search heuristics.

What is it
Natural evolution can be modeled as a game, in which the rewards for an organism that plays a good game of life are the passing on of its genetic material to its successors and its continued survival. In natural evolution, how well an individual performs depends on its who it works with and who it competes with, as well as the environment. Genetic algorithms are a simulation of natural selection on a population of candidate solutions to an optimization problem (chromosomes, individuals, creatures, or phenotypes).

Candidates are evaluated and crossbred in an attempt to make good solutions. Such solutions may take a lot of time and are not obvious to a human. An evolutionary phase is started with a population of randomly generated beings. In each generation, the fitness of every individual in the population is evaluated. Some are randomly selected from the current population (based on their fitness) and modified (recombined and possibly randomly mutated) to form a new population. The cycle repeats with this new population. The algorithm ends either after a set number of generations have passed, or a good fitness level has been reached for the population. If the algorithm has ended due to reaching a maximum number of generations, it does not necessarily mean a good fitness level has been obtained.

Programming this on a computer
The pseudocode is:

Initialization: Some possible solutions are created; very often these will have random values
Evaluation: A fitness function scores each solution; the score will be a number that tells how well this solution solves the problem.
The following steps are run until the requirement to stop is met:
Selection: Pick the solutions/individuals for the next iteration
Recombination: Combine the solutions picked
Mutation: Randomly change the newly created solutions
Evaluation: Apply the fitness function, see step 2.
If the requirement to stop is not met, re-start with the selection step.

Example
The above description is abstract. A concrete example helps.

Applications

In general
Genetic algorithms are good at solving problems that include timetabling and scheduling. They have also been applied to engineering. They are often used to solve global optimization problems.

As a general rule of thumb, genetic algorithms might be useful in problem domains that have a complex fitness landscape as mixing is designed to move the population away from local optima that a traditional hill climbing algorithm might get stuck in. Commonly used crossover operators cannot change any uniform population. Mutation alone can provide ergodicity of the overall genetic algorithm process (seen as a Markov chain).

Examples of problems solved by genetic algorithms include: mirrors designed to funnel sunlight to a solar collector, antennae designed to pick up radio signals in space, walking methods for computer figures, optimal design of aerodynamic bodies in complex flowfields

In his Algorithm Design Manual, Skiena advises against genetic algorithms for any task: "It is quite unnatural to model applications in terms of genetic operators like mutation and crossover on bit strings. The pseudobiology adds another level of complexity between you and your problem. Second, genetic algorithms take a very long time on nontrivial problems. [...] The analogy with evolution—where significant progress require [sic] millions of years—can be quite appropriate.
[...] I have never encountered any problem where genetic algorithms seemed to me the right way to attack it. Further, I have never seen any computational results reported using genetic algorithms that have favorably impressed me. Stick to simulated annealing for your heuristic search voodoo needs."

Board games
Board games are a very relevant part of the area of genetic algorithms as applied to game theory problems. Much of the early work on computational intelligence and games was directed toward classic board games, such as tic-tac-toe, chess, and checkers. Board games can now, in most cases, be played by a computer at a higher level than the best humans, even with blind exhaustive search techniques. Go is a noted exception to this tendency, and has so far resisted machine attack. The best Go computer players now play at the level of a good novice. Go strategy is said to rely heavily on pattern recognition, and not just logical analysis as with chess and other more piece-independent games. The huge effective branching factor required for finding high quality solutions heavily restricts the look-ahead that can be used within a move sequence search.

Computer games
The genetic algorithm can be used in computer games to create artificial intelligence (the computer plays against you). This allows for a more realistic game experience; if a human player can find a sequence of steps which always lead to success even when repeated in different games, there can be no challenge left. Conversely if a learning technique such as a genetic algorithm for a strategist can avoid repeating past mistakes, the game will have more playability.

Genetic algorithms require the following parts:

 A method for representing the challenge in terms of the solution (e.g. routing soldiers in an attack in a strategy game)
 A fitness or evaluation function in order to determine the quality of an instance (e.g. a measurement of damage done to an opponent in such an attack).

The fitness function accepts a mutated instantiation of an entity and measures its quality. This function is customized to the problem domain. In many cases, particularly those involving code optimization, the fitness function may simply be a system timing function. Once a genetic representation and fitness function are defined, a genetic algorithm will instantiate initial candidates as described before, and then improve through repetitive application of mutation, crossover, inversion and selection operators (as defined according to the problem domain).

Limitations
There are limitations of the use of a genetic algorithm compared to alternative optimization algorithms:

 Repeated fitness function evaluation for complex problems is often the most limiting segment of artificial evolutionary algorithms. Finding the optimal solution to complex problems often requires very expensive fitness function evaluations. In real world problems such as structural optimization problems, a single function evaluation may require several hours to several days of complete simulation. Typical optimization methods cannot deal with such types of problem. It is often necessary to use approximation, as calculating the exact solution takes too long. Genetic algorithms sometimes combine different approximation models to solve complex real life problems.
 Genetic algorithms do not scale well. That is, where the number of elements which are exposed to mutation is large there is often an exponential increase in search space size. This makes it extremely difficult to use the technique on problems such as designing an engine, a house or a plane. To use genetic algorithms with such problems,  they must be broken down into the simplest representation possible. For this reason, we see evolutionary algorithms encoding designs for fan blades instead of engines, building shapes instead of detailed construction plans, and airfoils instead of whole aircraft designs. The second problem of complexity is the issue of how to protect parts that have evolved to represent good solutions from further destructive mutation, particularly when their fitness assessment requires them to combine well with other parts.
 The "better" solution is only in comparison to other solutions. As a result, the stop criterion is not clear in every problem.
 In many problems, genetic algorithms have a tendency to converge towards local optima or even arbitrary points rather than the global optimum of the problem. This means that the algorithm does not "know how" to sacrifice short-term fitness to gain longer-term fitness. The likelihood of this occurring depends on the shape of the fitness function: certain problems make it easy to find the global optimum, others may make it easier for the function to find the local optima. This problem may be lessened by using a different fitness function, increasing the rate of mutation, or by using selection techniques that maintain a diverse population of solutions. A common technique to maintain diversity is to use a "niche penalty": any group of individuals of sufficient similarity (niche radius) have a penalty added, which will reduce the representation of that group in the following generations, permitting other (less similar) individuals to be kept in the population. This trick, however, may not be effective, depending on the landscape of the problem. Another possible technique would be to simply replace part of the population with randomly generated individuals, when most of the population is too similar to each other. Diversity is important in genetic algorithms (and genetic programming) because crossing over a homogeneous population does not yield new solutions. In evolution strategies and evolutionary programming, diversity is not essential because of a greater reliance on mutation.
 Operating on dynamic data sets is difficult, as genomes begin to converge early on towards solutions which may no longer be valid for later data. Several methods have been proposed to fix this by increasing genetic diversity somehow and preventing early convergence, either by increasing the probability of mutation when the solution quality drops (called triggered hypermutation), or by occasionally introducing entirely new, randomly generated elements into the gene pool (called random immigrants). Again, evolution strategies and evolutionary programming can be implemented with a so-called "comma strategy" in which parents are not maintained and new parents are selected only from offspring. This can be more effective on dynamic problems.
 Genetic algorithms cannot effectively solve problems in which the only fitness measure is a single right/wrong measure (like decision problems), as there is no way to converge on the solution (no hill to climb). In these cases, a random search may find a solution as quickly as a GA. However, if the situation allows the success/failure trial to be repeated giving (possibly) different results, then the ratio of successes to failures provides a suitable fitness measure.
 For specific optimization problems and problem instances, other optimization algorithms may be more efficient than genetic algorithms in terms of speed of convergence. Alternative and complementary algorithms include evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, simulated annealing, Gaussian adaptation, hill climbing, and swarm intelligence (e.g.: ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization) and methods based on integer linear programming. The suitability of genetic algorithms is dependent on the amount of knowledge of the problem; well known problems often have better, more specialized approaches.

History
In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a "learning machine" which would parallel the principles of evolution. Computer simulation of evolution started as early as in 1954 with the work of Nils Aall Barricelli, who was using the computer at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.  His 1954 publication was not widely noticed. Starting in 1957,  the Australian quantitative geneticist Alex Fraser published a series of papers on simulation of artificial selection of organisms with multiple loci controlling a measurable trait. From these beginnings, computer simulation of evolution by biologists became more common in the early 1960s, and the methods were described in books by Fraser and Burnell (1970) and Crosby (1973). Fraser's simulations included all of the essential elements of modern genetic algorithms. In addition, Hans-Joachim Bremermann published a series of papers in the 1960s that also adopted a population of solution to optimization problems, undergoing recombination, mutation, and selection. Bremermann's research also included the elements of modern genetic algorithms. Other noteworthy early pioneers include Richard Friedberg, George Friedman, and Michael Conrad. Many early papers are reprinted by Fogel (1998).

Although Barricelli, in work he reported in 1963, had simulated the evolution of ability to play a simple game, artificial evolution became a widely recognized optimization method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg and Hans-Paul Schwefel in the 1960s and early 1970s – Rechenberg's group was able to solve complex engineering problems through evolution strategies.  Another approach was the evolutionary programming technique of Lawrence J. Fogel, which was proposed for generating artificial intelligence. Evolutionary programming originally used finite state machines for predicting environments, and used variation and selection to optimize the predictive logics. Genetic algorithms in particular became popular through the work of John Holland in the early 1970s, and particularly his book Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems (1975). His work originated with studies of cellular automata, conducted by Holland and his students at the University of Michigan. Holland introduced a formalized framework for predicting the quality of the next generation, known as Holland's schema theorem. Research in GAs remained largely theoretical until the mid-1980s, when The First International Conference on Genetic Algorithms was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References
  Herrera, F.; Lozano, M.; and Verdegay, J. L. 1998. Tackling real-coded genetic algorithms: Operators and tools for behavioural analysis. Artif. Intell. Rev. 12(4):265–319.
  Lucas, S., and Kendell, G. 2006. Evolutionary computation and games. In IEEE Comput Intell Mag. February, 10–18. IEEE.
  Yao, X. Recent new development in evolutionary programming.
  Samuel, A. L. 1995. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. 71–105.
  Muller, M. 2002. Computer go. Artif. Intell. 134(1-2):145–179.
  Bouzy, B., and Cazenave, T. 2001. Computer go: an AI oriented survey. Artificial Intelligence 132:39–103.

Sources

Artificial intelligence

Genetic algorithm


Professor Erik Borgman (born 1957, Amsterdam) (sometimes listed as Eric Borgman) is a Dutch professor of systematic theology at the University of Tilburg, the Netherlands. At the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands, he was the Director of the Heyendaal Institute, an institute for interdisciplinary research. He is the biographer of the Flemish theologian Edward Schillebeeckx. He was also the President of the International Society for Religion, Literature and Culture. He is a member of the Editorial Board and the Presidential Board of  Concilium: International Journal for Theology, also an editor of the Dutch Tijdschrift voor Theologie and member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic.
He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Nijmegen. He wrote a dissertation on the different forms of Liberation Theology and their relation to academic Western theology (1990).

Partial list of books
 Alexamenos aanbidt zijn God: Theologische essays voor sceptische lezers (Zoetermeer 1994)
 Edward Schillebeeckx: A Theologian in His History, Vol. I: A Catholic Theology of Culture (London/New York 2003)
 Literary Canons and Religious Identity
 Sporen van de bevrijdende God (Kampen 1990)
 Dominican Spirituality: An Exploration (London/New York 2002)
 Metamorfosen: Over religie en moderne cultuur
 ...want de grond waarop je staat is heilige grond: God als onderzoeksprogramma
 Overlopen naar de barbaren, het publieke belang van religie en christendom (Klement/Peckmans - )

External links
 Heyendaal Instituut
 Borgman Information
 Tijdschrift voor Theologie
 Concilium

1957 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch Roman Catholic theologians
Dutch male writers
Writers from Amsterdam
21st-century Dutch Roman Catholic theologians

Erik Borgman


Kapedo is a trading center in Turkana East sub-county of Turkana County, in Kenya's  former Rift Valley Province. It is a 5-hour drive from Nakuru town.

Administratively, it is headed by a chief (National Government), to be assisted by a village administrator (recruited by the County Government of Turkana).

The village lies to the West of Mount Silale in the floor of the Great Rift Valley at the head of the Suguta Valley.

The Suguta River emanates from hot springs just east of the village, and is joined by the Suguta River flowing from the West and drains to the North.

The village, occupied by Turkana people, is in a hot semi-desert area. Most houses are semi-permanent, made of iron sheets on roof and mud on the walls. There are also houses made of mud and palm leaves. However, due to the prospective LAPPSET, the village has a number of permanent house.

Kapedo is a trading center with a few shops selling basic goods such as flour, tea, sugar and kerosene.

There is very little agricultural land, so the people mainly depend on raising goats, and sheep.
Conflicts create risk in herding.

The village is home to four learning institutions: Kapedo Mixed Boarding Primary School, Kapedo Girls Primary School, Lomelo Primary and the Kapedo Mixed Secondary School, which was built by the late former MP Francis Ewoton Achuka in 2002 and has a staff of eight, mostly BOM teachers over 180 pupils. The capacity of the school is much higher but few students can afford even the modest fees.

As of 2011 the Kapedo Sub-County Hospital had 28 beds and four cots. It provided in-patient and out-patient services related to maternity, HIV and tuberculosis. Insecurity from the neighboring Pokot has rendered the facility an in-patient only and emergency cases are referred to Nakuru or Eldoret.

Kapedo has high potential but it is limited mostly due to the defunct hydro-electric power plant that has been desolate for years since the departure of the Finnish missionaries. The 'mission' coined for the Kapedo Mixed Primary School, Hospital, Full Gospel Church, the garage and the guest house were the heavily hit after the redundancy of the HEP project.

Due to insecurity from the neighboring Pokot community from Tiaty sub-county in Baringo county, and being a border village, Kapedo is a host to a platoon of General Service Unit, an Administration Police camp.

References
2. Tryon, Christian; Roach, Neil, & Amelia Logan

2008 The Middle Stone Age of the northern Kenyan Rift: age and context of new archaeological sites from the Kapedo Tuffs. Journal of Human Evolution 55:652-664. pdf

Populated places in Turkana County

Kapedo


Joseph Richardson (February 1, 1778 – September 25, 1871) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.

Born in Billerica, Massachusetts, Richardson attended public and private schools. He was graduated from Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1802. He was a teacher in Charlestown 1804-1806. He studied theology and was ordained a minister and assigned to the first parish of the Unitarian Church in Hingham on July 2, 1806. He served as delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1820. He served as member of the state house of representatives in 1821 and 1822. He served in the state senate in 1823, 1824, and 1826.

Richardson was elected as an Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress and reelected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congresses (March 4, 1827 – March 3, 1831). He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1830 to the Twenty-second Congress.

He resumed his ministerial duties, and died in Hingham, Massachusetts, on September 25, 1871. He was interred in Old Ship Cemetery.

See also

Politics of the United States

References

External links

1778 births
1871 deaths
Dartmouth College alumni
Massachusetts Democratic-Republicans
19th-century American politicians
People from Billerica, Massachusetts
National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

Joseph Richardson (American politician)


The Hilbert–Bernays paradox is a distinctive paradox belonging to the family of the paradoxes of reference (like Berry's paradox). It is named after David Hilbert and Paul Bernays.

History

The paradox appears in Hilbert and Bernays' Grundlagen der Mathematik and is used by them to show that a sufficiently strong consistent theory cannot contain its own reference functor. Although it has gone largely unnoticed in the course of the 20th century, it has recently been rediscovered and appreciated for the distinctive difficulties it presents.

Formulation

Just as the semantic property of truth seems to be governed by the naive schema:

(T) The sentence ′P′ is true if and only if P

(where single quotes refer to the linguistic expression inside the quotes), the semantic property of reference seems to be governed by the naive schema:

(R) If a exists, the referent of the name ′a′ is identical with a

Consider however a name h for (natural) numbers satisfying:

(H) h is identical with ′(the referent of h) +1′

Suppose that, for some number n:

(1) The referent of h is identical with n

Then, surely, the referent of h exists, and so does (the referent of h)+1. By (R), it then follows that:

(2) The referent of ′(the referent of h)+1′ is identical with (the referent of h)+1

and so, by (H) and the principle of indiscernibility of identicals, it is the case that:

(3) The referent of h is identical with (the referent of h)+1

But, again by indiscernibility of identicals, (1) and (3) yield:

(4) The referent of h is identical with n +1

and, by transitivity of identity, (1) together with (4) yields:

(5) n is identical with n+1

But (5) is absurd, since no number is identical with its successor.

Solutions

Since every sufficiently strong theory will have to accept something like (H), absurdity can only be avoided either by rejecting the principle of naive reference (R) or by rejecting classical logic (which validates the reasoning from (R) and (H) to absurdity). On the first approach, typically whatever one says about the Liar paradox carries over smoothly to the Hilbert–Bernays paradox. The paradox presents instead distinctive difficulties for many solutions pursuing the second approach: for example, solutions to the Liar paradox that reject the law of excluded middle (which is not used by the Hilbert–Bernays paradox) have denied that there is such a thing as the referent of h; solutions to the Liar paradox that reject the law of noncontradiction (which is likewise not used by the Hilbert–Bernays paradox) have claimed that h refers to more than one object.

References

Mathematical paradoxes
Self-referential paradoxes

Hilbert–Bernays paradox


Zayas is an old Castilian noble family, that has its ancestral seat in a place called Zaya in the province of Soria, from where the family took its name. The word Zayas has its origin in the Basque word Zai, meaning watchman or guard.

The novelist María de Zayas belonged to this family. Members of the family also settled in Cuba, where the family owned large sugar plantations and members of the family distinguished themselves in Cuban society as doctors, writers, politicians and diplomats. Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, a lawyer, poet and politician, served as President of Cuba from 1921 to 1925. He was the son of Dr. José María de Zayas y Jiménez (1824–1887), a noted lawyer and educator, and had two brothers: Dr. Juan Bruno de Zayas y Alfonso (1867–1896), a medical doctor and revolutionary hero who died in the war for Cuba's independence, and Dr. Francisco de Zayas y Alfonso (1857–1924), Cuba's long-time Minister to Paris and Brussels.

The American legal scholar, historian and UN official Alfred-Maurice de Zayas is a descendant of Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso.

References

External links
 Orígenes - Zayas Publishing, Inc.

Spanish noble families
Cuban nobility

Zayas


Martin Luther King III (born October 23, 1957) is an American human rights activist, philanthropist and advocate. The oldest son of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King, King served as the 4th President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference from 1997 to 2004.

Early life
Martin Luther King III was born on October 23, 1957, at St. Jude's Hospital in Montgomery, Alabama to civil rights advocates Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. His mother had reservations about naming him after his famous father, "realizing the burdens it can create for the child," but King Jr. always wanted to name his son Martin Luther III. King's birth occurred as his father was speaking to members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and he announced his son's name after being told of the birth. King's birth caused much of his mother's time to be taken away from her artistry and she spent the remainder of his birth year caring for him and his older sister Yolanda.

Martin Luther King III has three siblings: Yolanda, Dexter, and Bernice. They were raised in Vine City, an urban neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was eight years old and only in the third grade, he began to endure racial comments and insults from a white boy in his class, who also happened to like to draw. When he approached the boy and complimented him on a drawing of his, the harassment ceased.

King was ten years old when his father was assassinated. Years prior to his father's death, Harry Belafonte set up a trust fund for King and his siblings. King attended Spring Street Elementary School but transferred to The Galloway School following his father's assassination. King then attended Morehouse College, the same school where his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather attended. King is a fraternity brother/member of Alpha Phi Alpha, as was his father. He received his B.A. degree in political science from Morehouse College in 1979. King lived with his mother in his childhood home until his adulthood.

Adult life and career
On June 26, 1985, King was arrested, along with his mother and his sister Bernice, while taking part in an anti-apartheid protest at the Embassy of South Africa in Washington, D.C. On January 7, 1986, Martin Luther King III and his sisters were arrested for "disorderly conduct" by officers deployed to a Winn Dixie supermarket, which had been the subject of some protesting since September of the previous year.

On June 9, 1986, he announced his candidacy for the Fulton County Commission, becoming the first of his father's immediate family to become directly involved in politics. He won the election and was re-elected in 1990, serving from 1987 to 1993. King was defeated in a special election for the chairmanship in 1993 to Republican State Representative Mitch Skandalakis by 55,264 votes (57.49%) to 40,867 (42.51%), an upset result which attracted national attention.

Alongside Kerry Kennedy, King opposed the death penalty in 1989, stating "If we believed in an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, most of us would be without eyes and without teeth". In 1993, King helped found the Estate of Martin Luther King Jr. Inc., the company that manages the license of Martin Luther King Jr.'s image and intellectual property. King remains a commissioner in the company as of 2008. During his service as a commissioner in Fulton County, King expressed appreciation to an officer who potentially saved his mother from harm from a crazed man. In February 2009, King and his wife traveled to India, fifty years after his father and mother made the trip. During his stay in India, King led a delegation, which included John Lewis and Andrew Young. In New Delhi, King visited museums on Mahatma Gandhi's life and answered questions from students. King denounced the war in Iraq and the Mumbai attacks during a lecture at the Indian Council for Cultural Relations.

In 2019 King urged Texas to grant a reprieve to death row inmate Rodney Reed and in 2020 he urged Alabama to stop the execution of Nathaniel Woods.

Working with President Barack Obama
Martin Luther King III spoke on behalf of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential nominee, Senator Barack Obama, at the Democratic National Convention on August 28, 2008. The event marked the 45th anniversary of the "I Have a Dream" speech and the first time an African American accepted the presidential nomination of a major party. King said his father would be "proud of Barack Obama, proud of the party that nominated him, and proud of the America that will elect him". However, he also warned that his father's dream would not be completely fulfilled even if Obama won the presidency, because the country was suffering from a poor health care system, education system, housing market and justice system, and that "we all have to roll up our sleeves and do work to ensure that the dream that he shared can be fulfilled".

On January 19, 2009, the Martin Luther King Jr. national holiday, King joined Obama in painting and refurbishing the Sasha Bruce Youthwork shelter for homeless teens in Northeast Washington for the nationwide day of community service.

Michael Jackson's memorial service
Martin Luther King III gave a tribute at Michael Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009, and spoke at Jackson's funeral at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, alongside his sister, Bernice. He also spoke as a campus guest speaker at SUNY Canton on February 23, 2010, at the College Union Board's invitation.

Public response during Trump impeachment trial
On Monday, February 3, 2020, Kenneth Starr, a member of President Donald Trump's legal counsel in the Impeachment Trial, quoted Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on the Senate floor in his defense of the President. Martin Luther King III responded in a public statement released the following day. The Hill reported that "King accused the Trump administration of invoking his father while failing to address the political issues most important to him and his civil rights advocacy". In his statement, King stated: "Martin Luther King Jr.'s name is synonymous with justice and fairness. He certainly believed that justice and fairness should be available to everyone.  But what mockery, what hypocrisy, and rank opportunism to equate my father's views about 246 years of enslavement and almost 100 year[s] of segregation and their client's intent to undermine constitutional governance".

Southern Christian Leadership Conference
In 1997, King was unanimously elected to head the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a civil rights organization his father founded. King was the fourth president of the group, which sought to fight police brutality and start new local chapters during the first years of his tenure. Under King's leadership, the SCLC held hearings on police brutality, organized a rally for the 37th anniversary of the "I Have a Dream" speech and launched a successful campaign to change the Georgia state flag, which previously featured a large Confederate cross.

Within only a few months of taking the position, however, King was criticized by the SCLC board for failing to answer their correspondence or to take up issues important to the organization. The board also felt he failed to demonstrate against national issues the SCLC would previously have protested, including the disenfranchisement of black voters in the Florida election recount and time limits on welfare recipients implemented by then-President Bill Clinton. King was further criticized for failing to join the battle against AIDS, allegedly because he feels uncomfortable talking about condoms. He also hired Lamell J. McMorris, an executive director who, according to The New York Times, "rubbed board members the wrong way". In January 2000, King joined members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in getting tested for prostate cancer during a program of the group aimed encouraging aging African-American men to do the same. Comedian Dick Gregory participated in the program as well. On April 4, 2000, the thirty-second anniversary of his father's death, King joined his mother, brother, sister Bernice and aunt Christine King Ferris in going to his father's tomb.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference suspended King from the presidency in June 2001, concerned that he was letting the organization drift into inaction. The group's national chairman at the time, Claud Young, sent a June 25 letter to King that read, "You have consistently been insubordinate and displayed inappropriate, obstinate behavior in the (negligent) carrying out of your duties as president of SCLC." King was reinstated only one week later after promising to take a more active role. Young said of the suspension, "I felt we had to use a two-by-four to get his attention. Well, it got his attention all right." After he was reinstated, King prepared a four-year plan outlining a stronger direction for the organization, agreeing to dismiss McMorris and announcing plans to present a strong challenge to the Bush administration in an August convention in Montgomery, Alabama. In a rally on August 5, 2001, in Montgomery, SCLC leaders, including Rev. Joseph Lowery, former United Nations Ambassador Andrew Young and Rev. Jesse Jackson all pledged their support for King. "I sit beside my successor, to assure him of my love and support," said Rev. Lowery. King said he also planned to concentrate on racial profiling, prisoners' rights and closing the digital divide between whites and blacks. However, King also suggested the group needed a new approach, stating, "We must not allow our lust for 'temporal gratification' to blind us from making difficult decisions to effect future generations."

Drum Major Institute
King is the Chairman of Drum Major Institute, which was founded by his father Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement. In a media interview, King spoke about the task of the institute to "rid the world of the triple evils that my father and my mother (Coretta Scott King) talked about: those are the evils of poverty, racism and violence. We believe the values of peace, justice and equity help us to eradicate those triple evils."

King Center
In 2006, King founded an organization called Realizing the Dream, which has been absorbed into The King Center under King as president. CEO Dexter King had accused Martin of establishing the foundation to make money off their parents' legacy that should go to the King Center. On April 4, 2008, the fortieth anniversary of his father's death, King and Al Sharpton led a march around Memphis, Tennessee. There, he visited the Lorraine Motel for the first time since his father's death and placed a wreath where he stood before being shot. As he spoke to those who participated in the march, King called for them to continue his father's fight and promoted Realizing the Dream, which he said sought to eliminate poverty.

Lawsuits involving Dexter King
In July 2008, King and his sister Bernice filed a lawsuit against their brother Dexter, accusing him of improperly taking money from the estate of their late mother and transferring it to the Estate of Martin Luther King Jr. Inc., where Dexter serves as president. According to the suit, Dexter failed to keep Martin and Bernice informed about the company's financial affairs. It alleged the company's assets were being "misapplied or wasted", and demanded that Dexter produce documents pertaining to the 2006 sale of some of their father's documents. In response, Dexter accused his siblings of continuously using their parents' legacy for their own benefit and "to further their own personal and religious agendas". Although critics said the lawsuit was at odds with their father's message and legacy, King III maintained it was in keeping with his history of negotiation and nonviolent direct action, claiming, "My father also used the court system."

Dexter filed a similar countersuit against Martin and Bernice on August 18, 2008, claiming they breached their duties to the King Center and their father's estate, misused assets belonging to the center and kept money that should have gone back to the center and estate. Among the claims in the suit were that Martin improperly kept a $55,000 Lincoln Navigator SUV donated to the King Center for his own personal use, and that he "commandeered a reception" being held at the King Center and "turned it into his own wedding reception". Dexter claimed he made numerous attempts to get his siblings to stop such misuses of power but was unsuccessful. King III's lawyer, Jock Smith, denied the allegations as petty and misguided, and said the suit demonstrates Dexter King's misuse of power and his history of making poor decisions involving the Center without seeking proper input from his siblings.

In October 2008, King III had not seen his brother since June, and Dexter had yet to meet his niece, Yolanda. Martin, Bernice, and Dexter have each expressed love for each other and hope that they will reconcile once their legal matters have been resolved. In October 2009, Martin and his siblings settled the lawsuit out of court.

Reconciliation with siblings and return to King Center
On April 6, 2010, Martin Luther King III, brother Dexter King, and sister Bernice King issued a joint statement, announcing the re-election of Martin Luther King III as president and CEO of The King Center. "It's the right time, and Martin is in the right place to take this great organization forward," Dexter King said in a statement. Bernice King said she is "proud that my brothers and I are speaking with one voice to communicate our parents' legacy to the world". Martin King added, "We are definitely working together. My brother and sister and I are constantly in communication. ... It's a great time for us." As president of The King Center, King has been credited with spearheading an innovative "King Center Imaging Project" in partnership with JPMorgan Chase, which is digitizing and photographing an estimated 200,000 historic documents, including his father's speeches, sermons, correspondence and other writings and making the documents available on-line to the world. In addition, King launched "The King Center Audio and Visual Digitization Project" in partnership with Syracuse University which will "preserve and digitize some 3,500 hours of audio and video footage" of his father. He has also developed a $100 million renovation plan to upgrade The King Center's Freedom Hall Complex, the first major improvement in the center's site and facilities in its 30-year history.

Along with Reverend Al Sharpton and a number of other civil rights leaders, on August 28, 2010, King took part in the 'Reclaim the Dream' commemorative march, marking the 47th anniversary of the historic Great March on Washington. They spoke at Dunbar High School in Washington, D.C. followed by a reassemblage at the site of the future Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial location in the center of the National Mall. The event coincided with Glenn Beck's Restoring Honor rally planned for the same day on the eastern part of the Mall. King wrote a Washington Post op-ed column offering measured criticism of Beck's event:

On April 4, 2011, the 43rd anniversary of the assassination of his father, King helped to lead nationwide demonstrations against initiatives to eliminate and undermine collective bargaining rights of public workers in Wisconsin and other states. King led a mass march in Atlanta and spoke to a crowd of supporters at the Georgia state capitol, urging them to "defend the collective bargaining rights of teachers, bus drivers, police, firefighters and other public service workers, who educate, protect and serve our children and families". On November 17, 2011, King and AFL–CIO President Richard Trumka co-authored an article for CNN, calling for reforms to end oppressive immigration laws.

In August 2013, King went to Philadelphia, where he joined Mayor Michael Nutter in announcing the city's joining of a national campaign on poverty, jobs and education. To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the March on Washington, King traveled to Washington, along with other civil rights leaders. On November 21, 2013, King spoke at DePauw University regarding his memories of John F. Kennedy's assassination.

King appeared on MSNBC's The Cycle on May 9, 2014. He was asked by co-host Touré if he believed that Democratic Party has done enough to get the overwhelming support from African Americans it receives. King's answer is said to have shocked the host. "The party does not do enough," he said. "It's our responsibility to hold the party accountable. And I'm not sure we do that. I think we have to find a way to hold the parties accountable." He went on to say that he believed there should be communication between African Americans and the Tea Party Movement, saying "the only way you change is you have to be at least communicating".

Ferguson, Missouri
In August 2014, King addressed the shooting of Michael Brown and reported that he would come to Ferguson, Missouri. King was present at a rally with Michael Brown's parents on August 17. On an interview with Fox News, King said his father would be "greatly disappointed" with the violence that occurred in Ferguson after the grand jury verdict.
King attended Brown's funeral on August 25.

Other pursuits and interests
In January 2011, it was reported that King will attempt to become a "strategic partner" in the New York Mets baseball team. "This was blown up way out of proportion," King told the Associated Press. "While I'm not leading a group and I'm not having direct conversations ... I think it is very important to promote diversity in ownership." King was among the co-founders of Bounce TV, a black-oriented digital broadcasting network. He currently serves on the Board of Advisors of Let America Vote, an organization founded by former Missouri Secretary of State Jason Kander that aims to end voter suppression.

Ministers March for Justice
On August 28, 2017, King marched with Al Sharpton in Washington D.C. for the Ministers March for Justice leading over 3,000 ministers to protest the policies of President Donald Trump. King was under major controversy when he agreed to meet with Trump in January 2017.

2021 New York City mayoral election
On Martin Luther King Jr. Day January 18, 2021, a video was released in which King announced his endorsement of New York City mayoral candidate Andrew Yang, praising Yang's plan to provide a guaranteed minimum income like his father had wanted and declaring that he was joining the campaign as a co-chair.

Family

In May 2006, Martin Luther King III married his longtime partner, Arndrea Waters. On May 25, 2008, the couple had a daughter, Yolanda Renee King, the first and only grandchild of Martin Luther King and Coretta Scott King. She was named after her aunt, Yolanda King, who had died of a heart condition at age 51 in Santa Monica, California, the previous year. At age 9, Yolanda Renee King spoke at the March for Our Lives demonstration in Washington, D.C. on March 24, 2018.

Honors and awards
On February 5, 2006, King, accompanied by the nieces and nephews of Rosa Parks, presented the ceremonial coin at Super Bowl XL. The coin was then tossed by New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady to end the pregame ceremonies, which included a dedication and moment of silence to the memories of Parks and Scott-King and a performance of the Star-Spangled Banner by Dr. John, Aaron Neville and Aretha Franklin accompanied by the Alabama State and Clark Atlanta University choirs.

On March 29, 2008, King threw out the first pitch at the Major League Baseball Civil Rights Game.

On September 19, 2010, King received the Ramakrishna Bajaj Memorial Global Award for outstanding contributions to the promotion of human rights at the 26th Anniversary Global Awards of the Priyadarshni Academy in Mumbai, India.

On September 29, 2015, King was awarded the Humanitarian Award by the Montreal Black Film Festival.

References

Works cited

External links

1957 births
Living people
20th-century Baptists
21st-century Baptists
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American Christians
Alabama Democrats
Baptists from Alabama
Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Fulton County commissioners
Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
Martin Luther III
Morehouse College alumni
Activists from Montgomery, Alabama

Martin Luther King III


Alaíde Foppa (1914 – c. 1980?) was a Guatemalan poet, writer, feminist, art critic, teacher and translator. Born in Barcelona, Spain she held Guatemalan citizenship and lived in exile in Mexico. She worked as a professor in both Guatemala and Mexico. Much of her poetry was published in Mexico and she co-founded one of the first feminist publications, Fem, in the country. After her husband's death, she made a trip to Guatemala to see her mother and renew her passport. She was detained and disappeared in Guatemala City on 19 December 1980, presumed to be murdered. Some sources note the date of her disappearance as 9 December 1980.

Biography
María Alaíde Foppa Falla was born 3 December 1914 in Barcelona, Spain to Tito Livio Foppa and Julia Falla. Her mother was a pianist of Guatemalan descent and her father was an Argentine- Italian diplomat. She grew up traveling, living in Belgium, France and Italy. She was educated in Italy, studying the history of art and literature. She spoke fluent Italian and worked for several years as a translator.

In the 1940s, Foppa attained Guatemalan citizenship, and married a Guatemalan leftist, Alfonso Solórzano. A member of the FDN, he was an "intellectual communist", who managed the Guatemala Institute of Social Security. Solórzano eventually also served as a cabinet adviser to Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz With Solórzano, she had four children, born in Mexico: Mario, Juan Pablo, Silvia and Laura. Foppa's oldest son Julio was the child of Juan José Arévalo, Árbenz's predecessor as president of Guatemala.

Foppa served on the faculty of the humanities department at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (University of San Carlos of Guatemala) and was a founder of the Italian Institute of Culture in the Central American country. She and her husband were forced to flee the country in 1954 when the presidency of Jacobo Árbenz was overthrown by a CIA-backed military coup.

Foppa lived in exile in Mexico, working as a professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), where she taught Italian at the School of Philosophy and Letters and offered the first-ever course at a Latin American university on the sociology of women. She lectured at other institutions, published columns and served as an art critic in local newspapers, and she wrote much of her poetry in Mexico City. It is believed that other than a volume called Poesías printed in Madrid and La Sin Ventura published in Guatemala, all her other poetic works were published in Mexico, though she wrote and edited some of them at her family's farm in the Sacatepéquez Department, while visiting her mother.

In 1972, she created the radio program "Foro de la Mujer" (Women's Forum) which was broadcast on Radio Universidad, to discuss inequalities within Mexican society, violence and how violence should be treated as a public rather than a private concern, and to explore women's lives. In 1975, she co-founded with Margarita García Flores the publication Fem, a magazine for scholarly analysis of issues from a feminist perspective. Foppa financed the publication from her own funds. Important Mexican journalists and intellectuals aided in the co-founding of the magazine. Many prominent Latin Americans in the early 1980s did not identify with "Feminism" but rather with "Humanism", as in the case of Griselda Alvarez when asked by Fem.

Foppa was also a regular participant in events with Amnesty International and the International Association of Women Against Repression (AIMUR). With others of the Guatemalan intellectual community, Foppa denounced the government for human rights violations and her name began appearing on published lists of "subversives".

Disappearance
When her husband Solórzano was struck and killed by a car, Foppa went to Guatemala, ostensibly to visit her mother and renew her passport, but it was believed she had decided to work for the guerrillas. By one account, she had engaged in a guerrilla courier mission to Guatemala City, where she was promptly captured by government security forces. Both of her sons Mario and Juan Pablo, though born in Mexico, had returned to fight with the guerrilla forces in Guatemala and were killed. Her daughter, Silvia, who also supported the rebels, had been in hiding in Cuba for a while and at the time of Foppa's disappearance was back in Guatemala.

Foppa's daughter Laura was a dancer and was performing in a production at the Covarrubias Theatre that was to open on 21 December 1980. When she called to verify that her mother would be returning for the performance, she learned from her grandmother of her mother's disappearance with the chauffeur, Leocadio Axtún Chiroy. Oldest son, Julio Solórzano Foppa, got a phone call from Laura who imparted the news to him and oldest daughter, Silvia learned of her mother's disappearance on the radio in a guerrilla camp in the mountains of El Quiché.

Foppa had apparently gone to buy flowers and pick up her passport in Guatemala City on 19 December 1980. She was accompanied by her mother's driver, Leocadio Axtún, who had taken her to the Plaza El Amate, where they were intercepted, and never heard from again. Rumors were that she was tortured by a death squad of a high-ranking minister and killed the same day she was captured. Initially the newspapers carried a report that she had been abducted by members of the G-2 intelligence unit, beaten, and forced into a car, which sped away, but fearful of retaliation witnesses would not come forward.

When news of the disappearance reached friends and family, they mobilized. Daughter Laura, who had won a grant to study dance in New York, used the trip to visit both the United Nations and the office of human rights of the Organization of American States. Julio, flew to Paris and with the help of friends secured an audience with the Legislative Assembly in an attempt to put international pressure on the Guatemalan government. Friends wrote letters and formed committees to demand action from the Guatemalan authorities.

Julio returned to Mexico and met with Jorge Castañeda y Álvarez de la Rosa, Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Mexican president Jose Lopez Portillo authorized a commission of legal scholars, journalists and Foppa's children to go to investigate the disappearance; however, right before the group was to leave, a veiled threat was received telling them they were welcome to come but that "international communism, in its efforts to make the Guatemalan government look bad, may cause harm… to come to them." The group decided the risk was too great, since Foppa was probably not still alive.

On 2 December 1999, Foppa's children requested that the Audiencia Nacional de España open an inquiry. Though a case was opened, Guatemalan authorities did not respond. In 2005, an explosion at an obscure police station on the outskirts of Guatemala City revealed an archive of records going back to the creation in 1880 of the National Police. Forensic teams began examining the documents in the Guatemala National Police Archives, and Julio Solórzano wanted to ensure that the documents remained accessible. He contacted Karen Engle at the University of Texas' Rapoport Center for Human Rights and persuaded them to digitize the records. He is hopeful that within the archive is information on his mother's case.

In 2010, Foppa's family, Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo (GAM) (Mutual Support Group) and the Centro de Reportes Informativos sobre Guatemala (CERIGUA) (Center of Informative Reports on Guatemala) and other organizations demanded that an inquiry into Foppa's disappearance be launched by Guatemalan authorities. In 2012, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) filed a complaint against Guatemala's inaction on the case. In 2014, Foppa's daughter Silvia concurred that there was no resolution from any of the court actions—in Spain, before the Guatemalan Supreme Court, or from the IACHR case. The whereabouts of Foppa and what happened to her is still unanswered. In 2014, a documentary by Maricarmen de Lara entitled ¡Alaíde Foppa, la sin ventura! (Alaide Foppa, the luckless one) was released.

Selected works
 Poesías (Madrid) (1945)
 La Sin Ventura (Guatemala) (1955)
 Los dedos de mi mano (Mexico) (1958)
 Aunque es de noche (Mexico) (1962)
 Guirnalda de primavera (Mexico) (1965)
 Elogio de mi cuerpo (Mexico) (1970)
 Las palabras y el tiempo (Mexico) (1979)

See also
List of people who disappeared

References

Bibliography

1914 births
1980s missing person cases
20th-century Guatemalan poets
20th-century Guatemalan women writers
Guatemalan prisoners and detainees
Guatemalan victims of crime
Guatemalan women poets
Guatemalan women writers
Guatemalan people of Italian descent
Media founders
Missing people
Missing person cases in Guatemala
People from Barcelona
Women founders
Guatemalan expatriates in Spain
Guatemalan expatriates in Mexico

Alaíde Foppa


Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan (), called the Wolf of Badenoch (1343 – July 1394), was the third surviving son of King Robert II of Scotland by his first wife Elizabeth Mure. Alexander married the widowed Euphemia I, Countess of Ross, but they had no children. He did have a large family by his longtime mistress, Mairead inghean Eachainn.

Alexander was Justiciar of Scotia for a time, but not an effective one. He held large territories in the north of Scotland before eventually losing a large part of them. Alexander is remembered for his destruction of the royal burgh of Elgin and its cathedral. His nickname was earned due to his notorious cruelty and rapacity, but there is no proof that it was used during his lifetime.

Power and influence

Known in charters as Alexander Senescalli (Latin for Steward), first noted when, on 14 August 1370, he issued letters patent from Ruthven Castle undertaking to grant protection to the Bishop of Moray and all of his lands, men and property in Badenoch. His father, Robert the Steward, had acquired the lands of Badenoch probably from Euphemia, Countess of Moray who had become his second wife.

Robert had a petulant relationship with his uncle, King David II of Scotland. In 1368, he and his sons were required by David's parliament to take an oath that they would keep their undisciplined followers in check—later that year, Robert and Alexander were imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle possibly as a result of these oaths having been broken. Following Robert's accession to the throne, Alexander was formally made Lord of Badenoch on 30 March 1371.

Alexander's possession of Badenoch was unaffected by the restoration of the Earldom of Moray to John Dunbar in March 1372, nor were the territories of John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles, in Lochaber—similarly with the lands of Urquhart (south of Inverness) which had been granted to David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn and King Robert's eldest son with his second wife, Euphemia. Alexander further extended his territorial gains in 1371 by leasing the Urquhart lands from his younger half-brother and then obtained possession of the Barony of Strathavon bordering his Badenoch lands.

In October 1372, Alexander was given the Royal Lieutenancy for those lands outwith the Earldom of Moray north and west of Inverness and added lands in Aberdeenshire and north Perthshire. In the same year, he was Royal Justiciar in the Appin of Dull in Perthshire which meant that Alexander held crown authority from north Perthshire to the Pentland Firth.

Alexander de Ard, a principal claimant for the Earldom of Caithness as the eldest grandson of Earl Malise, resigned his territories to the crown in favour of both Alexander and his half-brother David. However Alexander effectively doubled his land holdings when he married Euphemia Countess of Ross, in June 1382.

Alexander became the jure uxoris Earl of Ross and this provided him the Ross lands (but only during his own lifetime). Other lands belonging to his wife – including Lewis, Skye, Dingwall and Kingedward in Aberdeenshire – he held in joint ownership with her. His possession of the Barony of Kingedward, a large part of the former Earldom of Buchan allowed King Robert to give Alexander the title of Earl of Buchan only days after his marriage. Alexander ruled these territories with the help of his own private cateran forces, building up resentment among other land owners and this included Alexander Bur, Bishop of Moray.

Church defiance

There was no dominant potentate in Moray during the 12th and 13th centuries and the bishops ruled their territories with a great deal of independence, but this ended when King Robert I of Scotland elevated his nephew Thomas Randolph to the Earldom of Moray sometime between 12 April and 29 October 1312. The Randolph family did not hold the Earldom for long and it reverted to the crown on the death of Thomas's son John, in 1346, and lay vacant for the next 26 years. In 1365, bishop Bur persuaded David II that his lands in Badenoch and Strathspey should be governed as if in regality. To emphasise this, Bur, when he entered into the protection agreement with Alexander in 1370, ensured that the de facto Lord of Badenoch would have no hold on him, nor on his lands and people.

A few months later in March 1371, on his father's accession to the throne, Alexander was officially made Lord of Badenoch. Robert II's charter gave Alexander the lands of Badenoch seemingly in regality with, presumably, authority over the church lands however, bishop Bur possibly protested at this, as the details of the grant of Badenoch contained in the Register of the Great Seal has no reference to regality.

Alexander was therefore to hold the Badenoch lands with no greater authority than John Comyn had a century before. The bishop continued to come under pressure from Alexander either directly or from his caterans possibly acting independently. Boardman explains that both the bishops of Moray and Aberdeen were in dispute with Alexander regarding the strain that his cateran followers were putting on church lands and tenants.

Boardman also theorises that it was this occupation of church lands, virtually rendering them worthless in terms of income, that may have been the reason for Bur 'voluntarily' giving up his rights to estates such as Rothiemurchas, on 20 April 1382. Complicating matters was the fact that neither of the bishops could appeal to the 'legitimate secular authority' as that authority was Alexander himself in his positions of Lord of Badenoch and Royal Lieutenant and was the reason why they appealed directly to the King.

Increasing pressure

King Robert's reputation declined because of his backing Buchan's methods and so in November 1384, John, Earl of Carrick with the backing of the general council, took executive authority from his father with lawlessness in the north being a major issue. The Lordship of Strathnairn had been administered by Buchan with the approval of the King, but now under Carrick's leadership, Sir David Lindsay was able to reassert his right to Strathnairn.

In April 1385, at the council, Buchan's brother David claimed that Buchan was holding Urquhart unlawfully, while Sir James Lindsay of Crawford reinstated his claim to the Lordship of Buchan and finally, the Earl of Moray demanded that some of Buchan's men be prosecuted for the killing of some of his men. Despite these early attacks on his position, Buchan significantly strengthened his territorial position, especially in the Great Glen where he retained Urquhart after his brother's death and then in the autumn of 1386 he gained the lands of Bona at the head of Loch Ness from the Earl of Moray and the adjoining lands in Abriachin from Sir Robert Chisholm.

Buchan's increased influence in Scottish affairs was again furthered when sometime before February 1387, he was appointed Justiciar North of the Forth Carrick's guardianship of Scotland had not been a success and certainly failed to rein in Buchan and so late in 1388, King Robert's second son, Robert, Earl of Fife (Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany) became the effective ruler of the Kingdom.

Within days, Fife removed Buchan from the Justiciarship and, it is assumed, the Royal Lieutenancy and the Sheriffdom of Inverness and later installed his own son, Murdoch as Justiciar North of the Forth. Fife was very uncompromising towards Buchan, who had been described as 'useless to the community' at a previous general council meeting. Buchan had long deserted his wife and lived with Mairead inghean Eachainn with whom he had a number of children, including Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar. Marital law was the prerogative of the Church and so on 2 November 1389, Bishop Alexander Bur of Moray and Bishop Alexander Kylquhous of Ross, ordered his return to his wife, Euphemia. Buchan agreed to this but didn't live up to his promise and so Fife encouraged Euphemia of Ross during her divorce proceedings against Buchan and, in 1392, Euphemia was successful in her appeal to the Avignon papal court and his marriage was annulled. Following the annulment, Buchan lost all claim to Euphemia's lands which returned to her and to her son Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross who contracted to marry Fife's daughter.

Burning of Elgin and aftermath

King Robert II died at Dundonald Castle in Ayrshire on 19 April 1390 and the chronicler Wyntoun informs that Robert was not buried at Scone until 13 August 1390, only a day before his son John, Earl of Carrick was crowned King as Robert III. Fife was retained as Guardian of Scotland probably much against Buchan's hopes as he must have looked at some sort of volte-face on some of Fife's actions, particularly as Buchan reached his zenith of possessions under Carrick. On top of this, Bishop Bur turned to Thomas Dunbar, Sheriff of Inverness and son of the Earl of Moray to provide his protection. The events of May and June 1390 in the Laich of Moray were perhaps the result of a combination of factors that presented themselves to Buchan. Firstly, John Dunbar, Earl of Moray and his fellow northern landowner Sir David Lindsay of Glenesk both absented themselves from Moray to attend a substantial tourney at Richard II of England's court. In addition, Bishop Bur's involvement with Buchan's estrangement with his wife and then Bur's alignment with Moray presented an opportunity for revenge culminating in the destruction of Forres in May and then Elgin with its cathedral in June. His destruction of the church possessions in Elgin was complete—as well as the cathedral, the monastery of the Greyfriars, St Giles parish church and the Hospital of Maison Dieu were all put to flame. Church and state now came together to oppose him—excommunicated by Bur, Buchan had to appear at the Church of the Friars Preacher, in Perth in the presence of his brothers, King Robert III of Scotland and the Earl of Fife, and the council-general to plead for forgiveness—absolution was granted by bishop Walter Trail, Bishop of St Andrews.

Buchan's brutal assault on Moray in 1390 was to some extent intended to extricate himself from Fife's domination but turned out to be unsuccessful—Alexander was to lose his Lordship of Urquhart in 1392 and then his claim on Ross following his wife's divorce in 1392. Fife's influence waned during the mid-1390s while that of King Robert and his son David, Earl of Carrick increased—the King took back responsibility for Scottish-English relations and had manoeuvred the Red Douglas Earl of Angus into a dominating position in southeastern Scotland at the expense of Fife's ally, the Black Douglas. Although Fife's authority over Scottish affairs had lessened he still exercised considerable power in government. Fife and Carrick both campaigned against Buchan and his sons and other lawless elements in the west and north. Although Buchan appeared to have halted his violent traits after this, his sons did not. A fight ensued near Pitlochry involving Duncan and Robert Stewart at the head of a band of caterans when Sir Walter Ogilvie and Walter de Lychton and followers were killed. Later it is recorded that three sons of Buchan were imprisoned in Stirling Castle from 1396 to 1402, perhaps the reason for Buchan's low profile during the later 1390s.

Buchan is again mentioned at Spynie Castle on 3 May 1398 being ordered to deliver it up to William, bishop of Moray by Robert III. Buchan appears to have left the north in his latter years appearing as Baillie of the Earldom of Atholl in 1402 and a mention in 1404 in Perth. However, several sources indicate he died in July 1394, which causes one to wonder to whom is being referred in 1398 and 1404 if not his son by the same name.

Buchan having acquired vast territories in the north lost a large part of them during his own lifetime (lands of Ross and Urquhart). He held royal appointments only to have them removed (Justiciar of Scotia and Royal Lieutenant north of the Moray Firth.) He was unsuccessful in maintaining law and order and this seen alongside his inability to hold onto his Ross territories demonstrated his ineffectiveness. He died circa 20 July 1405 and was buried at Cathedral of Dunkeld, Perthshire. His chest tomb, topped by an effigy in armour, is one of the few Scottish royal monuments to have survived from the Middle Ages.

Death

Stewart is buried in Dunkeld Cathedral with a handsome and somewhat defaced monument, with the description: His Jacet Domninus Alexander Senescallus, Dominus De Badenoch, Bonæ Memorle, Qui Obit 24 Die Mensis Julii, Anno Domini 1394.

There is a legend that Stewart - the "Wolf of Badenoch" - died after a chess game with the Devil. According to this legend, Stewart was visited at Ruthven Castle by a tall man dressed in black. The two played chess through the night, with a storm rising when the stranger called "Check" and "Check Mate". The legend says that the next morning the Wolf of Badenoch was found dead in the castle's hall, with his men dead outside the castle walls.

Mairead inghean Eachann (Mariota Mackay)
According to historian Angus Mackay, Alexander Stewart the Wolf of Badenoch's mistress, who is given in this article as Mairead inghean Eachainn, was, in fact, Mariota Mackay, daughter of Iye Mackay, 4th of Strathnaver, and they had the following children:

Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar
James Stewart, of Fortingall & Garth
Duncan Stewart
Sir Andrew Stewart, of Strathaven
Robert Stewart, of Athol
Margaret Stewart
Walter Stewart

The Mackay historian explains that Mariota Mackay who is described in Latin as "Mariota filia Athyn", being the "handfasted" wife of Alexander Stewart the Wolf of Badenoch, would explain Stewart's friendship with Farquhar Mackay who was Mariota Mackay's brother and physician to Robert II of Scotland. It would also explain why a party of Mackay's supported Stewart the Wolf of Badenoch in a raid into the Braes of Angus in 1391. It may well also have served as a motive for Angus Du Mackay, 7th of Strathnaver having supported Alexander Stewart the Earl of Mar, son of the Wolf, at the Battle of Dingwall in 1411 against Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles, as Mackay and Stewart the Earl of Mar would have been cousins.

See also
 Scottish monarchs family tree

Notes

References

 Barrow, G W S. 'The Sources for the History of the Highlands in the Middle Ages' in The Middle Ages in the Highlands ed L McLean, Inverness, 1981 [Barrow, History of Highlands in Middle Ages]
 Boardman, Stephen, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406, Edinburgh, 1996.  [Boardman, Early Stewart Kings]
 S. I. Boardman. 'Robert II (1316–1390)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2006, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26451, accessed 17 May 2007) [S. I. Boardman, Robert II, ODNB]
 S. I. Boardman, 'Robert III (d. 1406)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23714, accessed 14 February 2008) [S. I. S. I. Boardman, Robert III, ODNB]
 S. I. Boardman, 'Stewart, Robert, first duke of Albany (c.1340–1420)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2006 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26502, accessed 17 May 2007 [S. I. Boardman, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, ODNB]
 Burns, C (ed.). Calendar of papal letters to Scotland of Clement VII of Avignon, Scottish History Society, 4th ser., 12 (1976)
 Cramond, William: The Records of Elgin, Aberdeen, 1903
 Duncan, A A M. 'Randolph, Thomas, first earl of Moray (d. 1332) ', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26451, accessed 17 May 2007) [Duncan,Thomas Randolph, ODNB]
 Grant, Alexander: "The Wolf of Badenoch" in W.D.H. Sellar (ed.), Moray: Province and People. Scottish Society for Northern Studies, Edinburgh, 1993.  [Grant, Moray: Province and People]
 Grant, Alexander. 'Stewart, Alexander, first earl of Buchan (c. 1345 – 1405)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2005, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26451, accessed 17 May 2007) [Alexander Grant, Alexander Stewart, ODNB]
 Oram, Richard, (ed.). The Kings and Queens of Scotland, Stroud, 2001.  [Oram,Kings and Queens]
 Simpson, W D: The Palace of the Bishops of Moray at Spynie, Elgin, 1927 [Simpson, Spynie Palace]

1343 births
1405 deaths
14th-century Scottish earls
15th-century Scottish people
Burials at Dunkeld Cathedral
1st Earl of Buchan
Alexander
Lords of Badenoch
Medieval Gaels from Scotland
Peers jure uxoris
Prisoners and detainees of Scotland
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan
Scottish prisoners and detainees
Sons of kings

Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan


Hanzhong Xiguan Airport () is the airport formerly serving the city of Hanzhong in Shaanxi Province, China.  It is located only 2 kilometers from the city center, which severely limits its expansion possibilities.  As a result, Hanzhong Chenggu Airport, a military air base located in Chenggu County northeast of the city, was converted to a dual-use airport, and replaced Xiguan Airport when it was opened on 13 August 2014.

History
The airport was first built in June 1937 by the Republic of China government,  to replace a smaller airport that was completed only 4 years before.  It was called Nancheng Airfield (), as the city of Hanzhong was then known as Nancheng (now romanized as Nanzheng) County.  On 13 March 1938, the airport was bombed by the Japanese, and was closed until March 1939.

During World War II, the airport was known as Hanchung (Nancheng) Airfield and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Fourteenth Air Force as part of the China Defensive Campaign (1942–1945).  It was used by the Americans as a photo-reconnaissance base for unarmed P-38 Lightning aerial reconnaissance planes, which flew over Japanese-held territory gathering intelligence for the Chinese ground forces. In addition, the Chinese-American Composite Wing 3d Bomb Group flew B-25 Mitchell medium bombers from the airport in 1944.  The Americans closed their facilities at the end of the war in September 1945.

The airport served as a military air base until civil services began in 1974.

Facilities
The airport has a runway that is 1,800 meters long and 30 meters wide (class 3C), and a 600-meter terminal building.

See also

List of airports in China
List of the busiest airports in China

References

 Airfields & Seaplane Anchorages China

Airports in Shaanxi
Airports established in 1937
1937 establishments in China
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in China
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command in the China-Burma-India Theater
Hanzhong
Defunct airports in China
2014 disestablishments in China
Airports disestablished in 2014

Hanzhong Xiguan Airport