James Westfall Thompson (1869–1941) was an American historian specializing in the history of medieval and early modern Europe, particularly of the Holy Roman Empire and France. He also made noteworthy contributions to the history of literacy, libraries and the book trade in the Middle Ages.

Biography
Born to a Dutch Reformed minister's family in Pella, Iowa, Thompson received an undergraduate degree from Rutgers University in 1892 and a PhD in history from the newly founded University of Chicago in 1895. Thompson remained at Chicago as a professor of history until 1933, when he left for the University of California, Berkeley. He remained at Berkeley until his death in 1941.

Thompson was one of the most prolific academics of his generation and wrote on a wide range of subjects, from the French Revolution to the economic structures of the Carolingian Empire to the history of espionage in early modern Europe. Some of his most important scholarly contributions came from his research on literacy and book collecting. His 1939 book The Literacy of the Laity in the Middle Ages remains a classic study of the subject. Thompson's two-volume study of the social and economic history of medieval Germany, Feudal Germany, appropriated elements of Frederick Jackson Turner's famous Frontier Thesis and applied them to the colonization of Slavic central Europe by German settlers in the Middle Ages.

Thompson served as president of the American Historical Association in 1941, but died before completing his term. His planned presidential address to the Association's annual meeting on the origins of critical historical scholarship in eighteenth-century France was edited by his students and published posthumously in the 1942 edition of the American Historical Review.

He is the namesake of the University of Chicago's Thompson Residence Hall, located in Pierce Tower.

Thompson was married to Anna Hawes Wilmarth (1873–1935) in 1897. They had a son, Wilmarth, and an adopted daughter, Frances. They divorced in 1909. Anna later married Harold L. Ickes.

Bibliography
 The editando of the French monarchy under Louis VI., le Gros, 1108–1137. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1895.
 The wars of religion in France, 1559–1576; the Huguenots, Catherine de' Medici and Philip II, by James Westfall Thompson. Chicago, The University of Chicago press, 1909.
 The Frankfort book fair; the Francofordiense emporium of Henri Estienne, ed. with historical introduction, original Latin text with English translation on opposite pages and notes, by James Westfall Thompson. Chicago, Caxton Club, 1911; Reprint, Amsterdam, G. Th. van Heusden, 1969.
 Russian diplomacy and the war, by James Westfall Thompson. Pub. under the auspices of the Germanistic society of Chicago: Chicago? 1915.
 The French revolution from 1789 to 1815, by François Auguste Marie Mignet. Edited, with additional chapter on the hundred days, by James Westfall Thompson. New York: Collier, c1916.
 The lost oracles; a masque, by James Westfall Thompson. Chicago, W. M. Mill, c1921.
 Feudal Germany, by James Westfall Thompson. 2 vols. Chicago, The University of Chicago press, 1928; Reprint, New York: F. Ungar Pub., 1962.
 Economic and social history of the Middle Ages (300–1300), by James Westfall Thompson. New York, London, The Century Co., c1928.
 The Middle Ages, 300–1500, by James Westfall Thompson. 2 vols. New York, A. A. Knopf, 1931; 2d ed. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1972.
 The living past; politics-society-trade-art. Chicago: Thomas S. Rockwell Company, 1931.
 Byways in bookland, by James Westfall Thompson. Berkeley: The Book arts clubof the University of California, 1935.
 The dissolution of the Carolingian fisc in the ninth century, by James Westfall Thompson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1935.
 Secret diplomacy; a record of espionage and double-dealing: 1500–1815, by J. W. Thompson & S.K. Padover; with 18 illustrations. London, Jarrolds, limited, 1937.
 The importance of libraries in the preservation of culture, by James Westfall Thompson. Baltimore: Enoch Pratt free library of Baltimore, 1937.
 An introduction to medieval Europe, 300–1500, by James Westfall Thompson ... & Edgar Nathaniel Johnson. New York: W. W. Norton & company, inc., c1937.
 European civilization; a political, social and cultural history, by James Westfall Thompson, Franklin Charles Palm, and John J. Van Nostrand. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, inc., 1939.
 The literacy of the laity in the Middle Ages, by James Westfall Thompson. New York: Burt Franklin, 1960.
 A history of historical writing, by James Westfall Thompson with the collaboration of Bernard J. Holm. 2 vols. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1967.
 The letters and documents of Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, marshal of France (1524–1592), collected by Sidney Hellman Ehrman, edited, with an introduction by James Westfall Thompson. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press, 1979.
 Medieval and historiographical essays in honor of James Westfall Thompson, edited by James Lea Cate and Eugene N. Anderson. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1966, c1938.

References

External links
 Guide to the James Westfall Thompson Papers at The Bancroft Library
 A History of Historical Writing,Vol. II

American medievalists
1869 births
1941 deaths
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Historians of Europe
People from Pella, Iowa
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Historians from Iowa
Historians from California

James Westfall Thompson


Jennie Hansen is a Latter Day Saint (LDS) fiction author whose publications include newspaper and magazines articles, news stories, editorials, short stories, reviews of other LDS author's work, and twelve novels. She also is a frequent speaker at firesides, conferences, and literary groups.

Hansen was born in Idaho Falls, Idaho, and was first published at the age of seven. She received an associate degree from Ricks College (now BYU-Idaho). She is also a graduate with a BA from the Westminster College in Salt Lake City, Utah. Her past occupations have been an editor and newspaper reporter for a weekly newspaper and occasionally wrote articles for a daily newspaper. She worked for the Utah State Legislature before being currently employed as the circulation specialist for the Salt Lake City Public Library system.

Some of the awards that she has received include many journalism rewards. The National Federation of Press Women's second place was awarded to her for editing the Valley View News (1978). She also was awarded third place for the Contemporary for Some Sweet Day, Heart of the West 1997 Writers Contest.

Bibliography

Abandoned
All I Hold Dear
Beyond Summer Dreams
Breaking Point
Chance Encounter
Code Red
Coming Home
Emerald
High Stakes
Macady
Some Sweet Day
The Bracelet
Wild Card

References

External links
 Official website

American Latter Day Saint writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Brigham Young University–Idaho alumni
Westminster College (Utah) alumni
American women novelists
Novelists from Idaho
People from Idaho Falls, Idaho
Latter Day Saints from Idaho
Latter Day Saints from Utah
American women non-fiction writers

Jennie Hansen


Si Lewen (8 November 1918, Lubin, Poland – 25 July 2016) was a Polish-American painter and member of the Ritchie Boys, a unit of the United States Army during World War II.

Lewen was born in 1918 into a Polish-Jewish family, who moved to Berlin in 1920. He received drawing lessons from Max Adron, a pupil of Paul Klee and Klaus Richter.

After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Lewen and his older brother emigrated to France to prepare for the departure of the entire family to Palestine. In 1935, the family unexpectedly received visas to the United States. There, in New York City, Lewen attended an art school. He volunteered for the United States Army in 1942 and, because of his knowledge of German, became a member of the Ritchie Boys. On reaching Buchenwald Concentration Camp, he had a breakdown. What he saw inspired his later artwork about the war.

Art Spiegelman, author of Maus, published Lewen's Parade: An Artist's Odyssey in 2016, an "expanded "director's cut" version of images Lewen had created from 1950 and published in 1957 under the title Parade.

References

American painters
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Ritchie Boys
1918 births
2016 deaths

Si Lewen


Mwila Musonda (born April 27, 1987), known professionally as Slapdee, is a Zambian hip hop and rap musician. Having won multiple awards since his debut in 2006, he is often regarded one of the pioneers of Zambian hip-hop.

Early life
Slapdee was raised by his aunt, after losing his parents and brother. Because of his aunt's career, he moved around often, even attending schools in Botswana and South Africa. During his high school years, Slapdee returned to Zambia where he befriended future musician Hamoba, and the two started making music together. He has helped bring to light many upcoming artists including Xaven The Kopala Queen

Music career
His musical career began in 2006 when he released "Asembe Isebenza". After a while it got identified by promoter Sync. He released a debut album "Asembe isebenza" and gained radio hype and generated a buzz in the Hip-hop underground. Although his debut album wasn't a success, Slapdee released a second album So Che, with the songs Solola and Takwaba.

He also collaborated with songbird Sutu on Disposable and Kamba Che.  In 2009 his third album Black na White was released with successful songs such as Gold Digger, Fo'Shizzy and Chishinka.

Slapdee has released 7 studio albums: Asembe Isebenza, So Che, Black na White, True Story, The Business, Black na White 2 (BW2) and Mother Tongue. Slapdee is signed to the Zambian record label XYZ Entertainments, which he founded.

Awards and nominations
Slapdee has received nominations and awards, including the 2009 Ngoma Music Award for best hip hop artist, an AFRIMMA Award nomination for Best Male (artist) Southern Africa, 9 ZMA awards for best male and hip hop artist, and six Sun FM Kwacha Music  Awards, winning three in 2017 and three in 2002.

At the 2013 Zambia Music Awards, his album The Business won Slapdee six awards, including Song of the Year, Best Hip Hop Album and Best Male Album. Slapdee's impact on the Zambian music industry is so forceful that in 2016, even before he released his album Black na White 2, his fans nominated the album for Best Hip Hop Album at the Zambia Music Awards. He also won three awards each at the 2017 and 2018 Zambia Music Awards.

Slapdee's musical career was also recognised with an award at the MTV Africa Music Awards and six awards at the Sun FM Kwacha Music Awards. He made history, as the first Zambian rapper to win at the country's Ngoma Awards, which celebrates the nations art industry.

Here's the list of all his awards and nominations:
2009 - Best Hip Hop Artist at the Ngoma Music Awards (Won)
2009 - Best Male in Southern Africa at the AFRIMM Awards (Nomination)
2009 - Best Male and Hip Hop Artist at the Zambia Music Awards (Nomination)
2013 - Song of the Year at the Zambia Music Awards (Won)
2013 - Best Hip Hop Album at the Zambia Music Awards  (Won)
2013 - Best Male Album at the Zambia Music Awards  (Won)
2014 - Best Hip Hop/Rap Album at the Zambia Music Awards  (Won)
2014 - Best Mainstream Album at the Zambia Music Awards  (Won)
2014 - Best Male Mainstream Album at the Zambia Music Awards  (Won)
2015 - Best Male Southern Africa at the AFRIMM Awards (Nominated)
2016 - Best Hip Hop Album at the Zambia Music Awards (Nominated)
2017 - Best Hip Hop Song at the Sun Fm Kwacha Music Awards (Won)

Slapdee participated in the 2017 Coke Studio Africa television series.

As of 2017, Slapdee was the most searched Zambian musician on Google.

He is the regional brand ambassador for Kung Fu Energy drink, the Frutiola drink, and the Itel mobile phone.

In 2019 He featured on the CNN  African Voices CHANGEMAKERS as The multi-award-winning Zambian hip-hop artist who helps support local kids in Zambia through his record label and raising donations for local orphanages and children's hospitals.

External links

 Twitter

References

Zambian rappers
Living people
1987 births

Slapdee


The NGC 2997 group is a group of galaxies about 24.8 million light-years from Earth containing NGC 2997 as a member.  It is a group in the Local Supercluster along with the Local Group.

References

G. De Vaucouleurs, 1975. Nearby Groups of Galaxies, ch. 5. the nearer groups within 10 megaparsecs. Published in "Galaxies and the Universe," ed. by A. Sandage, M. Sandage and J. Kristian.

Galaxy clusters
Virgo Supercluster

NGC 2997 Group


was an online visual novel developed and published by PST Team, a small indie developer based in Indonesia. Sentou Gakuen has undergone two pre-testings: October 16 and 24, 2011 and an Open Beta on December 29, 2011. The game was released on January 1, 2012 as a web browser game and was described by the development team as the first to combine both Visual novel and MMORPG aspects to a game.  Due to abandonment by both the lead developer (disappeared without a word) and a second "developer" allegedly "running off with the funds for the Steam game version", the game is considered closed.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Sentou Gakuen, is made up of text dialogues. The text displayed on the screen depicts conversations between different characters and/or the thoughts of those characters. The "Story Mode" of the game is illustrated in a Visual Novel style. As an option, players are allowed to opt out of the dialogue between characters. Once the story is finished, players may continue the game, thus leaving it open ended.

Just like other MMORPG-type games, each character has their own statistics. To increase their statistics, players must take lessons and attend classes; if the player wishes to increase their strength, they attend physical education classes. Other statistics such as energy are required for training. Willpower determines the efficiency of player actions. Action points are used to perform actions. Experience represents the progress required till the player-character levels up. Health is a finite value used to determine how much damage, usually in terms of physical injury, the player can withstand.

In Sentou Gakuen, the players can equip themselves with various weapons, such as a pencil or a ruler. For extra money, a player can take a part-time job.

Club

Students who share a similar goal, vision, or interest are allowed to form their own club. Clubs are organizations formed by the students themselves, each with its own facilities, president, and vice president. Clubs also have the ability to organize club activities, which require participation from their members. Joining a club is an important task in order to survive on Sentou Gakuen.

Dating System

It is possible to have a relationship with another student. Being in a relationship will bring players to a new menu located in the Personal Area, called the Couples menu, where there will be special actions that can be done once per day. In order to be a couple with another student, players need to put a Love Letter into the target's Shoe Locker Box. If the target accepts the confession, they become a couple. If the target rejects the confession, nothing happens.

On Sentou Gakuen there are certain NPCs who the player may date. In order to do this, players need to win their Affection Points. Each NPC has a different way to earn the points; some examples are: maxing out certain statistics, giving presents, etc. There are hints on Story Mode about how to earn Affection Points for each NPC. Every week, NPCs will re-select from the Sentou Gakuen database of players and sort based on their Affection Points. NPCs will then write a love letter to the players that have the highest Affection Points for them. However, it is up to the players whether to accept their confessions or not. If the target player accepts, they will both be in a relationship. If the player rejects, the NPCs will stay single for the week and re-select again from the database the following week. Thus, maintaining a relationship with a NPC is hard and would need a lot of effort to keep the Affection Points high.

Story

Sentou Gakuen primarily takes place in a fictional school called Sentou High School, which is located in Tokyo. Physical locales of Tokyo such as Shibuya Scramble Crossing, and Wako Shop at Ginza can be spotted in the game. When the story begins, the player assumes the role of a new freshman student at Sentou High School where they will meet new friends and several of their childhood friends as their journey begins.

Characters

Kiyomizu Ichirou (清水 一郎)
Ichirou is a bespectacled male student with a very keen interest in all things 2-dimensional. He makes his infatuation in female anime characters clear to others around him, and does not mind being a social outcast for his preferences. He enjoys exploring the unknown even though he knows it will get him into various mishaps.

Kojima Takayuki (小島 隆行)
Takayuki has the appearance of an ordinary student; gets average grades in school and does not stand out amongst his peers. Being a typical generic student would be true for him, but the fact that he is a gifted cook and secretly acts as Sentou Gakuen's head cafeteria chef on occasion, voids such a label.

Takeuchi Iwao (竹内 巌)
Iwao is a pretty-boy who often attracts the attention of many girls alike, that is, until he decides to open his mouth. He is fairly conceited and believes good things will come to him without him having to do doing anything, which often causes disgust by other people. He has very high goals but wants to reach them as easily as possible, with little to no effort on his part.

Matsumoto Fumiko (松本 文子)
Fumiko, the first-year-class representative, is a girl who follows the straight and narrow path. Although she does not show this attribute on the outside, she cares for the well-being of other students.  Many people underestimate her athletic ability because of her work ethic in school, which makes her seem like a person whose only interest is studying. However, in hostile situations, she will fully display her expertise in martial arts. She is serious about maintaining stability in Sentou Gakuen and seeks to rid the school of all possible misdemeanors.

Sasaki Yukiko (佐々木 由希子)
Yukiko is a typical schoolgirl; she is loud, talkative and speaks her mind just because she feels it is what people should always do, as a natural extrovert. Working in various odd-jobs and having conversations with people abroad had turned her into a very sociable person. She always believes enough is never enough and in working as hard as one should to secure a decent future.

Fujita Eiko (藤田 栄子)
Kiyomizu Miharu(清水 美春)
RA Widya Wulandari

References

External links
 Sentou Gakuen at VNDB
 Official Sentou Gakuen website
 Sentou Gakuen Library

Browser games
High school-themed video games
Visual novels
Massively multiplayer online games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
2012 video games
Video games developed in Indonesia
Video games set in Japan

Sentou Gakuen


The Latin American Integration Association / Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración / Associação Latino-Americana de Integração (LAIA / ALADI) is an international and regional scope organization. It was created on 12 August 1980 by the 1980 Montevideo Treaty, replacing the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA/ALALC). Currently, it has 13 member countries, and any of the Latin American States may apply for accession.

Objectives
The development of the integration process developed within the framework of the ALADI aims at promoting the harmonious and balanced socio-economic development of the region, and its long-term objective is the gradual and progressive establishment of a Latin-American single market.

Basic functions
 Promotion and regulation of reciprocal trade
 Economic complementation
 Development of economic cooperation actions contributing to the markets extension.

General principles
 Pluralism in political and economic matters;
 Progressive convergence of partial actions for the establishment of a Latin-American Common Market;
 Flexibility;
 Differential treatments based on the development level of the member countries; and
 Multiple forms of trade agreements.

Integration mechanisms
The ALADI promotes the establishment of an area of economic preferences within the region, in order to create a Latin-American common market, through three mechanisms:
 A Regional Tariff Preference applied to goods from the member countries compared to tariffs in-force for third countries.
 Regional Scope Agreements, those in which all member countries participate.
 Partial Scope Agreements, those wherein two or more countries of the area participate.

The Relatively Less Economically Developed Countries of the region (Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay) benefit from a preferential system, through the lists of markets opening offered by the countries in favor of the Relatively Less Economically Developed Countries; special programs of cooperation (business rounds, pre-investment, financing, technological support); and countervailing measures in favor of the land-locked countries, the full participation of such countries in the integration process is sought.
The ALADI includes in its legal structure the strongest sub-regional, plurilateral and bilateral integration agreements arising in growing numbers in the continent. As a result, the ALADI – as an institutional and legal framework or "umbrella" of the regional integration- develops actions in order to support and foster these efforts for the progressive establishment of a common economic space.

Member states

Accession of other Latin American countries

The 1980 Montevideo Treaty is open to the accession of any Latin-American country. On 26 August 1999, the first accession to the 1980 Montevideo Treaty was executed, with the incorporation of the Republic of Cuba as a member country of the ALADI. On 10 May 2012, the Republic of Panama became the thirteenth member country of the ALADI. Likewise, the accession of the Republic of Nicaragua was accepted in the Sixteenth Meeting of the Council of Ministers (Resolution 75 (XVI)), held on 11 August 2011.

Currently, Nicaragua moves towards the fulfillment of conditions for becoming a member country of the ALADI.

The ALADI opens its field of actions for the rest of Latin America through multilateral links or partial agreements with other countries and integration areas of the continent (Article 25). The Latin-American Integration Association also contemplates the horizontal cooperation with other integration movements in the world and partial actions with third developing countries or their respective integration areas (Article 27).

Institutional structure

Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs
The Council of Ministers is the supreme body of the ALADI, and adopts the decisions for the superior political management of the integration process.
It is constituted by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the member countries. Notwithstanding, when one of such member countries assigns the competence of the integration affairs to a different Minister or Secretary of State, the member countries may be represented, with full powers, by the respective Minister or Secretary. It is convened by the Committee of Representatives, meets and makes decisions with the presence of all the member countries.

Evaluation and Convergence Conference
It is in charge, among others, of analyzing the functioning of the integration process in all its aspects, promoting the convergence of the partial scope agreements seeking their progressive multilateralization, and promoting greater scope actions as regards economic integration. It is made up of Plenipotentiaries of the member countries.

Committee of Representatives
It is the permanent political body and negotiating forum of the ALADI, where all the initiatives for the fulfillment of the objectives established by the 1980 Montevideo Treaty are analyzed and agreed on. It is composed of a Permanent  Representative of each member country with right to one vote and an Alternate Representative.  It meets regularly every 15 days and its Resolutions are adopted by the affirmative vote of two thirds of the member countries.

General Secretariat
It is the technical body of the ALADI, and it may propose, evaluate, study and manage for the fulfillment of the objectives of the ALADI. It is composed of technical and administrative personnel, and directed by a Secretary-General, who has the support of two Undersecretaries, elected for a three-year period, renewable for the same term.

Secretaries general

 1980–1984  Julio César Schupp (Paraguay)
 1984–1987  Juan José Real (Uruguay)
 1987–1990  Norberto Bertaina (Argentina)
 1990–1993  Jorge Luis Ordóñez (Colombia)
 1993–1999  Antônio José de Cerqueira Antunes (Brasil)
 2000–2005  Juan Francisco Rojas Penso (Venezuela)
 2005–2008  Didier Opertti (Uruguay)
 2008–2009  Bernardino Hugo Saguier-Caballero (Paraguay)
 2009–2011  José Félix Fernández Estigarribia (Paraguay)
 2011–2017  Carlos Álvarez (Argentina)
 2017–      Alejandro de la Peña Navarrete (Mexico)

See also

 Free trade
 Free trade area
 International trade
 Central America Free Trade Agreement
 Free Trade Area of the Americas
 Latin American economy
 Trade bloc
 Mercosur
 Andean Community of Nations
 Union of South American Nations
 Central American Integration System
 Caribbean Community
 Latin American Economic System
 Latin American Parliament
 PetroCaribe

References

Latin America
Trade blocs
United Nations General Assembly observers
Organizations based in Montevideo
Organizations established in 1980
Palermo, Montevideo
International organizations based in the Americas

Latin American Integration Association


The 14th Luftwaffe Field Division (14. Luftwaffen-Felddivision) was a Luftwaffe Field Division of the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was transferred to the German Army in November 1943 as the 14th Field Division (L) and spent its entire operational existence on occupation duties in Norway and Denmark. It saw no ground combat during its period of service.

History
In 1942, Adolf Hitler authorised the creation of Luftwaffe field divisions using surplus ground crew. This was done, rather than transferring these men to the German Army, because Hermann Göring personally intervened with Hitler, stating that he was concerned that his men's "fine National Socialist attitudes" would be contaminated. This decision ultimately led to the commitment of many of these inadequately trained divisions mainly to the Eastern Front, where they suffered heavy casualties.

The 14th Luftwaffe Field Division was formed in late 1942 from the 61st Air Regiment. Despite not having completed its training or having been fully equipped, the division was sent to German-occupied Norway in January 1943, in order to replace the 196th Infantry Division which was being shifted to the Eastern Front. The 14th Luftwaffe Field Division initially garrisoned the Mo area, near Bergen, and was transferred to the German Army on 1 November 1943 as the 14th Field Division (L). It was later deployed to the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. In mid-1944 it was transferred back to Norway and was deployed in the Nordland region, under the control of XXXIII Army Corps, and remained in Norway until the end of the war, when it was disbanded.

Organization
The following units made up the division:

 27th Luftwaffe Field Regiment
 28th Luftwaffe Field Regiment
 14th Luftwaffe Field Artillery Regiment
 14th Luftwaffe Tank Destroyer Battalion
 14th Luftwaffe Bicycle Battalion
 14th Luftwaffe Engineer Company
 14th Luftwaffe Signal Company
 14th Luftwaffe Field Divisional Supply Troops

The 4th Luftwaffe Field Artillery Battalion of the 14th Luftwaffe Field Artillery Regiment became the 1st Motorised Flak Battalion of the 15th Motorised Flak Regiment in October 1943.

Commanders
The following officers commanded the division:
Generalmajor (from 28 November 1942) Generalleutnant Gunther Lohmann (after 1 September 1943)
Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter (from 1 February 1945)

Footnotes

References

Luftwaffe Field Divisions
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

14th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht)


Marcos Ayerza (born January 12, 1983 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine retired rugby union rugby player who played loose-head prop for the Leicester Tigers and his national team. His passion and aggression on the field earned him the nickname "El Toro" (The Bull).

Club career

He joined Leicester in 2006, having previously played rugby for his school Colegio Cardenal Newman and then for Club Newman in Buenos Aires. His Tigers debut came as a late call-up when Alex Moreno was injured in the warm-up, against Bath Rugby in September 2006.

In January 2008, he signed a three-year contract extension with Tigers along with fellow prop Martin Castrogiovanni.

He started in the 2007 Premiership final victory against Gloucester and the back-to-back Premiership titles in 2009 and 2010. The 2009 final was against London Irish, and the 2010 final was against Saracens. He started in losing Heineken Cup finals in 2007 and 2009 and the losing Premiership finals of 2011 and 2012.

In December 2014 Ayerza made his 200th appearance for Leicester against Northampton and in January 2015 it was announced Tigers would play Argentina as part of a testimonial year in Ayerza's honour.

In September 2016 he made his 200th start against Wasps becoming only the 86th player in the club's history to make 200 starts.

In April 2017, following medical advice regarding a back injury sustained in November 2016, Ayerza retired from professional rugby. This followed 11 seasons at Welford Road, totalling 246 games as part of a squad that won 4 Premiership titles.

International

Ayerza has represented  at under-19 and under-21 level, playing in both the 2003 and 2004 under-21 World Championships.

His international debut for the full Argentina side was in December 2004 against the Springboks. His only international try was scored against  in April 2005.
He competed in qualifying matches for the 2007 Rugby World Cup and was capped twice during that competition, collecting a bronze medal as Argentina came third. He has played on both sides of the scrum internationally.

Personal life
Ayerza is from Buenos Aires and is one of ten children. He is completing a degree in business studies.

Outside of rugby, Ayerza's hobbies include playing the piano and polo. His family has a long tradition in horse racing, which he attributed to his Irish ancestors, and run a stud farm. An accomplished polo player, he named one of the horses Welford Road after the Leicester Tigers' home ground Welford Road Stadium.

References

External links
 Leicester Tigers Profile

1983 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
Argentine rugby union players
Rugby union props
Club Newman rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
Argentina international rugby union players
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
People educated at Colegio Cardenal Newman
Argentine people of Irish descent
2007 Rugby World Cup players
2011 Rugby World Cup players
2015 Rugby World Cup players

Marcos Ayerza


According to the Book of Joshua, Adonizedek ( ʾĂḏōnī-ṣeḏeq, also transliterated Adoni-zedec) was king of Jerusalem at the time of the Israelite invasion of Canaan. According to Cheyne and Black, the name originally meant "Ṣedeḳ is lord", but this would likely have been read later as meaning "lord of righteousness" or "my lord is righteousness".

Adonizedek led a coalition of five of the neighboring Amorite rulers (Hoham, king of Hebron; Piram, king of Jarmuth; Japhia, king of Lachish; and Debir, king of Eglon) in resisting the invasion, but the allies were defeated at Gibeon, and suffered at Beth-horon, not only from their pursuers, but also from a great hail storm. The five allied kings took refuge in a cave at Makkedah and were imprisoned there until after the battle, when Joshua commanded that they be brought before him; whereupon they were brought out, humiliated, and put to death.

According to the Midrash, the name Adoni-zedek is translated as "Master of Zedek"—that is, "of Jerusalem", the city of righteousness.

Genesis 14:18-20 records that, some 600 years prior to Adoni-zedek, there was another ruler of Jerusalem named Melchi-zedek. It may be possible that Zedek was a dynastic name/title for the rulers of Jerusalem before David.

M. G. Easton, in the 1894 Easton's Bible Dictionary, identifies Adonizedek with a king of Jerusalem called `Abdi-Heba ("servant of Heba"), who around 1350 BC wrote several letters to the Pharaoh of Egypt. Six of his letters to the king of Egypt are included in the Amarna letters, and he is mentioned in a seventh.

In Popular Culture
Adonizedek was portrayed by Actor and Bolsonaro's once Secretary of Culture Mário Frias in the Brazilian soap opera A Terra Prometida, in it Adonizedek is portrayed as an arrogant king later revealed to be sadistic as well by keeping and talking to his mother and wife skeletons.

References

Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible
Ancient history of Jerusalem
Executed monarchs
Jebusites
Book of Joshua
14th-century BC people

Adonizedek


Andy Stirling (born 3 March 1961) is Professor of science and technology policy at Sussex University. He has a background in the natural sciences, a master's degree in archaeology and social anthropology (Edinburgh) and a D.Phil. in science and technology policy (Sussex).

Formerly a board member of Greenpeace International, Stirling has worked in collaboration with a diverse range of organisations. His research interests include technological risk, innovation policy, scientific uncertainty and public involvement in decision-making, and he has been involved in developing some participatory appraisal methods.

He has served on several policy advisory committees, including the UK Government's Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances and GM Science Review Panel as well as the European Commission's Expert Group on Science and Governance.

References

External links
Scientists take on Brown over nuclear plans

1961 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People associated with energy
British environmentalists
Academics of the University of Sussex
People associated with Greenpeace

Andy Stirling


James "Jim" Jackson (born October 14, 1970) is an American former professional basketball player. Over his 14 National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons, Jackson was on the active roster of 12 different teams, tying the league record shared with Joe Smith, Tony Massenburg, and Chucky Brown. Jim Jackson played for the Brooklyn Nets, Dallas Mavericks, Philadelphia 76ers, Golden State Warriors, Portland Trail Blazers, Cleveland Cavaliers, Atlanta Hawks, Miami Heat, Sacramento Kings, Houston Rockets, Los Angeles Lakers, and Phoenix Suns. He played from 1996-2005. His most remembered days were with the Mavericks when he was in a big 3 consisting of himself, Jamal Mashburn, and Jason Kidd *AKA the triple J's*

Living people
1970 births
American basketball players
Brooklyn Nets players

Jim Jackson


Terrence McNally (November 3, 1938 – March 24, 2020) was an American playwright, librettist, and screenwriter. Described as "the bard of American theater" and "one of the greatest contemporary playwrights the theater world has yet produced," McNally was the recipient of five Tony Awards. He won the Tony Award for Best Play for Love! Valour! Compassion! and Master Class and the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical for Kiss of the Spider Woman and Ragtime, and received the 2019 Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement. He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1996, and he also received the Dramatists Guild Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011 and the Lucille Lortel Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the highest recognition of artistic merit in the United States. His other accolades included an Emmy Award, two Guggenheim Fellowships, a Rockefeller Grant, four Drama Desk Awards, two Lucille Lortel Awards, two Obie Awards, and three Hull-Warriner Awards.

His career spanned six decades, and his plays, musicals, and operas were routinely performed all over the world. He also wrote screenplays, teleplays, and a memoir. Active in the regional and off-Broadway theatre movements as well as on Broadway, he was one of the few playwrights of his generation to have successfully passed from the avant-garde to mainstream acclaim. His work centered on the difficulties of and urgent need for human connection. He was vice-president of the Council of the Dramatists Guild from 1981 to 2001.

He died of complications from COVID-19 on March 24, 2020, at Sarasota Memorial Hospital in Florida.

Early life and education
McNally was born November 3, 1938, in St. Petersburg, Florida, to Hubert Arthur and Dorothy Katharine (Rapp) McNally, two transplanted New Yorkers from Irish Catholic backgrounds. His parents ran a seaside bar and grill called The Pelican Club, but after a hurricane destroyed the establishment, the family briefly relocated to Port Chester, New York, then to Dallas, Texas, and finally to Corpus Christi, Texas. There Hubert McNally purchased and managed a Schlitz beer distributorship, and McNally attended W.B. Ray High School. Despite his distance from New York City, McNally's parents enjoyed Broadway musicals. When McNally was eight years old, his parents took him to see Annie Get Your Gun, starring Ethel Merman, and on a subsequent outing, McNally saw Gertrude Lawrence in The King and I. McNally later said: "When I saw On the Town, with Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly and Jules Munshin with the Staten Island Ferry and the Empire State Building, I said: 'That's where I want to live.' I've never regretted it." In high school McNally was encouraged to write by a gifted English teacher, Maurine McElroy (1913–2005).

He enrolled at Columbia College in 1956. There he especially enjoyed Andrew Chiappe's two-semester course on Shakespeare in which students read Shakespeare's plays in roughly the order of their composition. He joined the Boar's Head Society and wrote Columbia's annual Varsity Show, which featured music by fellow student Edward L. Kleban and directed by Michael P. Kahn. He graduated in 1960 with a B.A. in English and membership in Phi Beta Kappa Society. In 1961, McNally was hired by novelist John Steinbeck to tutor his two teenage sons as the Steinbeck family took a cruise around the world. On the cruise McNally completed a draft of what became the opening act of And Things That Go Bump in the Night. Steinbeck asked McNally to write the libretto for a musical version of the novel East of Eden.

Career

Early career
After graduation, McNally moved to Mexico to focus on his writing, completing a one-act play which he submitted to the Actors Studio in New York City for production. While the play was turned down by the acting school, the Studio was impressed with the script, and McNally was invited to serve as the Studio's stage manager so that he could gain practical knowledge of theater. His earliest full-length play, This Side of the Door, deals with a sensitive boy's battle of wills with his overbearing father and was produced in an Actors Studio Workshop in 1962, featuring a young Estelle Parsons. Starting a career that covered both off-Broadway and Broadway, his plays cried out against Vietnam, satirized stale family dynamics, mocked sexual mores and became a part of the social protest movement of the 1960s and early 1970s.

In 1964, his next play And Things That Go Bump in the Night put homosexuality squarely on stage which brought him the ire of New York City's conservative theatre critics. It opened at the Royale Theatre on Broadway to generally negative reviews. The play explores the psycho-social dynamic of anxiety that leads one to preemptively and defensively accuse others of creating problems that in actuality result from one's own insecurity. McNally later said, "My first play, Things That Go Bump in the Night, was a big flop. I had to begin all over again." Nevertheless, the producer, Theodore Mann dropped the price of tickets to $1.00 which allowed the production to run with sold-out houses for three weeks.

Next (1968), which brought him his greatest early acclaim and was directed by Elaine May and starred James Coco, follows a married, middle-aged, businessman who has been mistakenly drafted into the armed forces. Botticelli (1968) centers on two American soldiers standing guard in the jungle while making a game of the great names in Western Civilization. ¡Cuba Si! (1968) satirizes the disdain that many Americans feel for the idea of revolution though United States was itself born out of a revolution. It starred Melina Mercouri. In Where Has Tommy Flowers Gone? (1971) he celebrates while mourning the ineffectiveness of the American youth movement's conviction to "blow this country up so we can start all over again." Sweet Eros (1968) is about a young man who professes his love to a naked woman he has gagged and bound to a chair. In Let It Bleed (1972) a young couple showers and becomes convinced an intruder is lurking on the other side of the shower curtain. These and his other early plays, including Tour (1967), Witness (1968), and Bringing It All Back Home (1970), and Whiskey (1973), form a dark satire on American moral complacency.

McNally turned to comedy and farce, beginning with Noon (1968), a sexual farce revolving around five strangers who are lured to an apartment in lower Manhattan by a personal advertisement. Bad Habits, which satirizes American reliance upon psychotherapy, premiered at the John Drew Theatre in East Hampton, New York, in 1971 starring Linda Lavin. It transferred to the Booth Theatre on Broadway in 1974 and garnered an Obie Award. The Ritz is a farce centering on a straight man who inadvertently takes refuge in a Mafia-owned gay bathhouse. It opened at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C., and moved to the Longacre Theatre on Broadway in 1975. Robert Drivas, then McNally's romantic partner, directed both productions. McNally adapted the play for the motion picture, The Ritz (1976), directed by Richard Lester. In 1978, McNally wrote Broadway, Broadway, which failed in its Philadelphia try-out starring Geraldine Page. Rewritten and retitled It's Only a Play, it premiered in off-Broadway in 1985 at Manhattan Theatre Club directed by John Tillinger and starring Christine Baranski, Joanna Gleason, and James Coco.

Mid-career
After the failure of Broadway, Broadway and living briefly in Hollywood, he returned to New York City and formed an artistic relationship with Manhattan Theatre Club. The rapid spread of AIDS fundamentally changed his writing. McNally only became truly successful with works such as the off-Broadway production of Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune and its screen adaptation with stars Al Pacino and Michelle Pfeiffer. His first Broadway musical was The Rink in 1984, a project he joined after the score by composer John Kander and lyricist Fred Ebb had been written. In 1990, McNally won an Emmy Award for Best Writing in a Miniseries or Special for Andre's Mother, a drama about a woman coping with her son's death from AIDS. A year later, in Lips Together, Teeth Apart, two married couples spend the Fourth of July weekend at a summer house on Fire Island. They are all afraid to use the pool given that its owner has just died of AIDS. It was written for Christine Baranski, Anthony Heald, Swoosie Kurtz (taking the place of Kathy Bates), and frequent McNally collaborator Nathan Lane, who had also starred in The Lisbon Traviata.

With Kiss of the Spider Woman (based on the novel by Manuel Puig) in 1992, McNally returned to the musical stage, collaborating with Kander and Ebb on a script which explores the complex relationship between two men jailed together in a Latin American prison. Kiss of the Spider Woman won the 1993 Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, the first of McNally's four Tony Awards. He collaborated with Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens on Ragtime in 1997, a musical adaptation of the E. L. Doctorow novel, which tells the story of Coalhouse Walker Jr., a black musician who demands retribution when his Model T is destroyed by a mob of white troublemakers. The musical also features such historical figures as Harry Houdini, Booker T. Washington, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford. For his libretto, McNally won his third Tony Award. Ragtime finished its Broadway run on January 16, 2000. A revival in 2009 closed after only two months.

McNally's other plays from this period include 1994's Love! Valour! Compassion!, with Lane and John Glover, which examines the relationships of eight gay men; it won McNally his second Tony Award; and Master Class (1995), a character study of legendary opera soprano Maria Callas, which starred Zoe Caldwell and won the Tony Award for Best Play, McNally's fourth.

McNally's Corpus Christi (1997) became the subject of protests. In this retelling of the story of Jesus' birth, ministry, and death, he and his disciples are portrayed as homosexual. The play was initially canceled because of death threats against the board members of the Manhattan Theatre Club, which produced the play. The board relented after several other playwrights, including Athol Fugard, threatened to withdraw their plays if Corpus Christi was not produced. A crowd of almost 2,000 protested the play as blasphemous at its opening. After it opened in London in 1999, a group called the "Defenders of the Messenger Jesus" issued a fatwa sentencing McNally to death. In 2008, the play was revived in New York City at Rattlestick Playwrights Theatre. Reviewing this production for The New York Times, Jason Zinoman wrote that "without the noise of controversy, the play can finally be heard. Staged with admirable delicacy... the work seems more personal than political, a coming-of-age story wrapped in religious sentiment."

Late career
In 2000, McNally partnered with composer and lyricist David Yazbek to write the musical The Full Monty, which was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell.  It had an initial run at The Old Globe Theatre and then transferred to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on Broadway.  The opening night cast included Patrick Wilson, Andre De Shields, Jason Danieley, Kathleen Freeman, Emily Skinner, and Annie Golden. It was nominated for 12 Tony Awards including for McNally's book. It later transferred to the Prince of Wales Theater in London's West End.

McNally collaborated on several new American operas. His voice may be more familiar with opera fans than theater-goers, as for nearly 30 years (1979-2008) he was a member of the Texaco Opera Quiz panel that fielded questions during the weekly Live from the Met radio broadcasts. He wrote the libretto for Dead Man Walking, his adaptation of Sister Helen Prejean's book, with a score by Jake Heggie.  The opera had its world premiere at San Francisco Opera in 2000 and subsequently received two commercial recordings and over 40 productions worldwide, making it "one of the most successful American operas in recent decades." In 2007, Heggie composed a chamber opera, Three Decembers, with a libretto by Gene Scheer based on a text McNally had created in 1999 for a Christmas concert to benefit Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, Some Christmas Letters (and a Couple of Phone Calls, Too). In October 2015, Dallas Opera presented Great Scott with an original libretto by McNally and a score by Heggie. The new opera starred Joyce DiDonato and Frederica von Stade and was directed by Jack O'Brien.

The Kennedy Center presented three of McNally's plays that focus on opera under the heading Nights at the Opera, in March 2010. It included a new play, Golden Age; Master Class, starring Tyne Daly; and The Lisbon Traviata, starring John Glover and Malcolm Gets. Golden Age subsequently ran Off-Broadway at the Manhattan Theatre Club New York City Center – Stage I from November 2012 to January 2013.

In 2001, McNally started what became a 15-year developmental process towards Broadway with the musical The Visit, for which he wrote the book.  The music is written by John Kander and the lyrics by Fred Ebb.   Adapted from Friedrich Dürrenmatt's 1956 satire, The Visit is the story of a widow who has amassed enormous sums of wealth and returns to her hometown to seek revenge on the villagers who scorned her in her youth.  The project originally starred Angela Lansbury who departed the process to care for her ailing husband. Chita Rivera became the new star and The Visit had its first production at The Goodman Theater in Chicago in 2001. The first preview was held just ten days after the September 11 attacks, and the producers were unable to get many investors or critics from New York City to fly to Chicago. In 2004, Fred Ebb, the lyricist, died. Its next regional production occurred in 2008 at The Signature Theatre outside of Washington, D.C. In 2014, under the direction of John Doyle and starring Chita Rivera and Roger Rees, The Visit had a new production at Williamstown Theatre and then transferred to Broadway at The Lyceum Theatre in 2015. The musical was nominated for five Tony awards including for McNally's book.

Continuing his work on librettos, McNally partnered with his collaborators on Ragtime, Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, to write the musical A Man of No Importance which premiered at Lincoln Center in 2002 and was directed by Joe Mantello. He also wrote the libretto for Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life, in 2005, another collaboration with Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, which began at The Old Globe and subsequently transferred to Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre.

In 2004, Primary Stages presented McNally's The Stendhal Syndrome, which according to McNally explores "how art can affect us emotionally, psychologically, and erotically."  The play starred Isabella Rossellini and Richard Thomas and was directed by Leonard Foglia. In 2007, Philadelphia Theatre Company presented Some Men, which explores the evolution of gay relationships and same-sex marriage.  It went on to Second Stage Theatre in New York and was directed by Trip Cullman. That same year McNally's drama Deuce ran on Broadway at the Music Box Theater for a limited engagement in 2007 for 121 performances. Directed by Michael Blakemore, the play starred Angela Lansbury, in her return to Broadway after more than 20 years, and Marian Seldes.

And Away We Go premiered Off-Broadway at the Pearl Theatre in November 2013, with direction by Jack Cummings III and featured Donna Lynne Champlin, Sean McNall and Dominic Cuskern. The play takes place over several millennia covering the most pivotal moments in dramatic history entwined with a modern-day story of a struggling theatre company. McNally said that "It's very much written for the Pearl, the company that has kept the faith for the great classic plays.  There are whole seasons in New York when I don't think a single classic play would have been performed if it hadn't been for the Pearl... I think it's really important. I write new plays for a living; I certainly don't think theatre should be just revivals, but there has always got to be a place for Chekhov, Ibsen, Shakespeare, Moliere and Aeschylus."

Mothers and Sons starring Tyne Daly and Frederick Weller opened on Broadway at the John Golden Theatre, where Master Class had its premiere, on March 24, 2014 (February 23, 2014, in previews). Mothers and Sons premiered at the Bucks County Playhouse (Pennsylvania) in June 2013. Vermont Stage opened its production January 27, 2016 at FlynnSpace in Burlington, Vermont. The play is an expansion on his 1988 drama Andre's Mother, which was set at a memorial service for a victim of the AIDS crisis.  Mothers and Sons also marked the first time a legally wed gay couple was portrayed on Broadway. It was nominated for two Tony Awards including for Best Play.

McNally's Fire and Air premiered Off-Broadway at Classic Stage Company on February 1, 2018. The play explores the history of the Ballets Russes, the Russian ballet company, with a particular focus on Sergei Diaghilev, the ballet impresario, and Vaslav Nijinsky, the dancer and choreographer.  It featured the actors Douglas Hodge, Marsha Mason, Marin Mazzie, John Glover, and Jay Armstrong Johnson and was directed by Tony Award-winner John Doyle.

On May 29, 2019, a revival of Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre. The production starred Audra McDonald and Michael Shannon, and was directed by Arin Arbus in her Broadway debut.

In June 2019, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, an event widely considered a watershed moment in the modern LGBTQ rights movement, Queerty named him one of the Pride50 "trailblazing individuals who actively ensure society remains moving towards equality, acceptance and dignity for all queer people".

McNally received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2019.

Personal life

In his early years in New York City, McNally's interest in theatre brought him to a party where, departing, he shared a cab with Edward Albee, who had recently written The Zoo Story and The Sandbox. They functioned as a couple for over four years during which Albee wrote The American Dream and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? He was frustrated by Albee's lack of openness about his sexuality. McNally later said: "I became invisible when press was around or at an opening night. I knew it was wrong. It's so much work to live that way." After his relationship with Albee, McNally entered into a long-term relationship with the actor and director Robert Drivas. Drivas and McNally broke up as a couple in 1976; they remained close friends until Drivas died of AIDS-related complications ten years later.

McNally was partnered to Tom Kirdahy, a Broadway producer and a former civil rights attorney for not-for-profit AIDS organizations, following a civil union ceremony in Vermont on December 20, 2003. They married in Washington, D.C., on April 6, 2010. In celebration of the Supreme Court's decision to legalize same-sex marriage in all 50 states, they renewed their vows at New York City Hall with Mayor Bill de Blasio, Kirdahy's college roommate, officiating on June 26, 2015.

As a young man, McNally was a heavy drinker. He relates that while attending a party in 1980 he spilled a drink on Lauren Bacall. "Then someone I hardly knew, Angela Lansbury, [said] 'I just want to say, I don't know you very well, but every time I see you, you're drunk, and it bothers me.'...She was someone I revered, and she said this with such love and concern. I went to an A.A. meeting, and within a year, I had stopped drinking."

When given his Tony for Lifetime Achievement in June 2019, he began his acceptance speech saying "Lifetime achievement. Not a moment too soon." He wore a cannula and appeared short of breath. McNally died at Sarasota Memorial Hospital in Sarasota, Florida, on March 24, 2020, at the age of 81, from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic. He had previously overcome lung cancer in the late 1990s that cost him portions of both his lungs due to the disease, and he was living with COPD at the time of his death.

On theater
For McNally, the most important function of theatre was to create community and bridge rifts opened between people by differences in religion, race, gender, and particularly sexual orientation.

In an address to members of the League of American Theatres and Producers he remarked, "I think theatre teaches us who we are, what our society is, where we are going. I don't think theatre can solve the problems of a society, nor should it be expected to ... plays don't do that. People do. [But plays can] provide a forum for the ideas and feelings that can lead a society to decide to heal and change itself."

Archive
McNally donated his papers to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The archive includes all of his major works for stage, screen, and television, as well as correspondence, posters, production photographs, programs, reviews, awards, speeches, and recordings. It is an open archive. He had previously deposited his papers at the University of Michigan. His high school English teacher, Maurine McElroy, who had since become head of freshman English at the University of Texas, influenced his choice of Texas.

Documentary
Terrence McNally: Every Act of Life, a documentary about McNally's life and career, aired on PBS on June 14, 2019, as part of their American Masters series. The film features new interviews with McNally in addition to conversations with his friends and collaborators, including F. Murray Abraham, Christine Baranski, Tyne Daly, Edie Falco, John Kander, Nathan Lane, Angela Lansbury, Marin Mazzie, Audra McDonald, Rita Moreno, Billy Porter, Chita Rivera, Doris Roberts, John Slattery and Patrick Wilson, plus the voices of Dan Bucatinsky, Bryan Cranston and Meryl Streep. Charles McNulty, reviewing the film for the Los Angeles Times, wrote, "If you can know a person by the company he keeps, you can judge a playwright by the talent that sticks by him. By this measure, Terrence McNally was one of the most important dramatists of the last 50 years."

Writing credits

Plays:
 And Things That Go Bump in the Night (1964)
 Botticelli (1968)
 Sweet Eros (1968)
 Witness (1968)
 ¡Cuba Si! (1968)
 Bringing It All Back Home (1969)
 Noon (1968), second segment of Morning, Noon and Night
 Apple Pie
 Three one-act plays: Tour, Next (in two versions), and Botticelli
 Next (1969)
 Where Has Tommy Flowers Gone? (1971)
 Bad Habits (1974)
 Two one act plays: Ravenswood and Dunelawn
 Whiskey (1973)
 The Tubs (1974), early version of The Ritz
 The Ritz (1975)
 Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune (1982)
 It's Only a Play (1986)
 Hope (1988), second segment of Faith, Hope and Charity
 Andre's Mother (1988)
 The Lisbon Traviata (1989)
 Prelude and Liebestod (1989)
 Later presented as half of The Stendhal Syndrome (2004)
 Lips Together, Teeth Apart (1991)
 A Perfect Ganesh (1993)
 Hidden Agendas (1994)
 Love! Valour! Compassion! (1994)
 By the Sea, By the Sea, By the Beautiful Sea (1995)
 Master Class (1995)
 Corpus Christi (1998)
 The Stendhal Syndrome (2004)
Two one-act plays: Full Frontal Nudity and Prelude and Liebestod
 Dedication or The Stuff of Dreams (2005)
 Some Men (2006)
 The Sunday Times (2006)
 Deuce (2007)
 Unusual Acts of Devotion (2008)
 Golden Age (2009)
 And Away We Go (2013)
 Mothers and Sons (2014)
 Fire and Air (2018)

Musical Theatre:
 Here's Where I Belong (1968)
 The Rink (1984)
 Kiss of the Spider Woman (1992)
 Ragtime (1996)
 The Full Monty (2000)
 The Visit (2001)
 A Man of No Importance (2002)
 Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life (2005)
 Catch Me If You Can (2011)
 Anastasia (2016)

Opera:
 The Food of Love (1999), music by Robert Beaser
 Dead Man Walking (2000), music by Jake Heggie
 Three Decembers  (2008), music by Jake Heggie, libretto by Gene Scheer
 Great Scott (2015), music by Jake Heggie

Film:
 The Ritz (1976)
 Frankie and Johnny (1991)
 Love! Valour! Compassion! (1997)

TV:
 Mama Malone (1984)
 Andre's Mother (1990)
 The Last Mile (1992)
 Common Ground (2000)

Awards and nominations

Tony Awards

Drama Desk Awards

Primetime Emmy Awards

Other awards
 1966, 1969 Guggenheim Fellowship
 1974 Obie Award Winner, Distinguished Play – Bad Habits
 1992 Lucille Lortel Award Winner, Outstanding Play – Lips Together, Teeth Apart
 1992 Lucille Lortel Award Winner, Outstanding Body of Work
 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama Nomination – A Perfect Ganesh
 1995 Obie Award Winner, Playwriting Award – Love! Valour! Compassion!
 1996 inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
 In 1998, McNally was awarded an honorary degree from the Juilliard School in recognition of his efforts to revive the Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program with fellow playwright John Guare.
 In 2011 he received the Dramatists Guild Lifetime Achievement Award.
 In 2013 he was the keynote speaker for the Columbia College class of 2013.
 In 2016, Lotos Club State Dinner honoree
 In 2018, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the highest recognition of artistic merit in the United States.
 2019 an honorary doctorate from New York University.

Notes

References

Additional sources
 Anderson, Virginia (2022) "Terrence McNally" in Noriega and Schildcrout (eds.) 50 Key Figures in Queer US Theatre, pp. 160–164. Routledge, ISBN 978-1032067964.

External links

 Terrence McNally Papers at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
 Terrence McNally  at the Playwrights Database
 Terrence McNally  at the Internet Off Broadway Database

New Plays And Playwrights – Working in the Theatre Seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, January 2004

1938 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American male writers
Actors Studio alumni
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male screenwriters
American musical theatre librettists
American opera librettists
American LGBT dramatists and playwrights
American LGBT screenwriters
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida
Drama Desk Award winners
American gay writers
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT people from Texas
Gay screenwriters
Gay dramatists and playwrights
Obie Award recipients
Writers from Corpus Christi, Texas
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from Florida
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from Texas
Special Tony Award recipients
Tony Award winners
Writers from St. Petersburg, Florida
American people of Irish descent
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Terrence McNally


Fiddletown is a semi-rural suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, 39 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Hornsby Shire and is part of the Hills District region.

Landmarks
Fiddletown is a quiet rural suburb which features many orchards and rural properties. Fiddletown is home to a telephone exchange and Northholm Grammar School.

History
Fiddletown was named after two brothers named Henstock and another young man named Small, who took up selections in the area. Each had a violin or fiddle. Areas here were mined for sandstone and people who came to work there lived in caravans and grew orange orchards, which can still be found in Marramarra National Park.

In recent years, the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales debated its amalgamation into the adjacent suburb of Arcadia. However, this attempt was unsuccessful.

There is also a Fiddletown, California in the United States.

References

External links
  [CC-By-SA]

Suburbs of Sydney
Hornsby Shire

Fiddletown, New South Wales


Jim Hall (May 30, 1933 – June 12, 2017) was an American sports announcer for New York Giants football games at MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

Career
Hall served as spotter and understudy to legendary New York Yankees and Giants PA announcer Bob Sheppard from the opening of Giants Stadium in 1976 until the beginning of the 2006 season, when he replaced the retiring Sheppard as principal announcer. He held that position until the end of the 2015 season.

Hall met Sheppard when he was in high school, as Sheppard would judge Hall in speech and debate events. Hall, like Sheppard, taught in high school and at St. John's University, where he became the chairman of the Department of Speech, Communication and Theater for twelve years out of a forty-five year tenure, before retiring in 2004.

Hall also served as Sheppard's understudy at Yankee Stadium for many years, beginning in the mid-1960s. He filled in for Sheppard for the 2007 postseason when Sheppard developed bronchitis. For the entire 2008 season, Hall served as the Yankees PA Announcer for their final season at Yankee Stadium, as Sheppard was never able to return. In his one full season as the Yankees PA Announcer, Hall got to call the 2008 MLB All-Star Game and the Yankees last game at Yankee Stadium. Paul Olden took over as the full-time Yankee Stadium announcer when the Yankees moved to their new ballpark in 2009.

Hall's voice was quite similar to Bob Sheppard's. When he filled in for Sheppard, visiting teams and media often did not know that Sheppard was not announcing. This was purposeful, as Hall has said Sheppard asked him to speak in his same style and cadence so as not to distract the fans.

Hall died on June 12, 2017, at the age of 84.

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
New York Yankees personnel
New York Giants personnel
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
National Football League public address announcers
Major League Baseball public address announcers

Jim Hall (announcer)


Deborah Louise McGuinness (born ca. 1960) is an American computer scientist and researcher at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI).  She is a professor of Computer, Cognitive and Web Sciences, Industrial and Systems Engineering, and an endowed chair in the Tetherless World Constellation, a multidisciplinary research institution within RPI that focuses on the study of theories, methods and applications of the World Wide Web. Her fields of expertise include interdisciplinary data integration, artificial intelligence, specifically in knowledge representation and reasoning, description logics, the semantic web, explanation, and trust.

Education
McGuinness completed her Ph.D. in computer science from Rutgers University in 1997 with a thesis titled "Explaining Reasoning in Description Logics". She received a master's degree in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley (1981) and a Bachelor of Science in computer science and Bachelor of Arts (BA) in mathematics from Duke University (1980).

Career
McGuinness' career began in 1980 as a technical staff member for AT&T Bell Labs where for eighteen years, she worked in Artificial Intelligence applied and fundamental research, with business rotations in Home Information Systems, Home Communication Systems and managed an emerging technologies and applications group for AT&T's personal online services.

From 1998 to 2007, McGuinness served as co-director and senior research scientist and later acting director in the Knowledge Systems Laboratory (KSL), Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford University.

In October 2007, she joined the faculty at RPI and became an endowed constellation chair with James Hendler, within the Tetherless World Constellation.  While at RPI, she became the founding director of the Web Science Research Center and Director of Health Analytics at the Institute for Data Exploration and Application (IDEA).

McGuinness is CEO and president of her own consulting firm for clients wishing to plan, develop, deploy, and maintain semantic web and/or AI applications.

She also is an inventor on 5 patents and has served as an expert witness in a number of cases, many in the area of configuration.

Research
McGuinness has worked in knowledge representation and reasoning environments, and their applications, for over 40 years. She has led multimillion-dollar, government sponsored research efforts, many in multi-disciplinary areas, delivering long-lived software and world class publishable results on topics including but not limited to health, exposure, cancer, smoking and drug repurposing research.

McGuinness is known for her work on description logics, particularly her work on the CLASSIC knowledge representation system, explanation components for description logics, and a number of applications of description logics such as the PROSE and QUESTAR configurators from AT&T and Lucent Laboratories. She was integral in the creation of DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) and the KSL Wine Agent.

She co-authored the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s recommendation for an Ontology Web Language (OWL) and provenance language (PROV) recommendations and the Proof Markup Language (PML) for representing knowledge provenance. She started Stanford's explanation effort, called Inference Web, that aims to provide infrastructure for improving trust and understand-ability of answers in distributed environments, such as the web.

Through her involvement in a variety of research areas, including those mentioned above, McGuiness is successfully leading the design and development of multi-disciplinary health and environmental informatics platforms and applications. Notable recent projects include: the Health Empowerment by Analytics, Learning, and Semantics (HEALS) project, a joint IBM-RPI effort; the Human and Children's Health Exposure Analysis Resource projects (HHEAR) and (CHEAR), funded by NIH; the DARPA-funded Machine Commonsense (MCS) program and the Multi-modal Open World Grounded Learning and Inference (MOWGLI) project and a Food Security project; the Human-Aware Data Acquisition Infrastructure (HADatAc) project, the Jefferson project, a joint IBM Research, RPI and Lake George Association collaboration, and the MaterialsMine project.

Honors and awards

 Fellow, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (2023)
 The Knowledge Graph Conference Lifetime Achievement Award (2022)
 Semantic Web Science Association Ten-Year Award (2020)
 International Semantic Web Conference Best Resources Paper Award: "Explanation Ontology: A Model of Explanations for User-Centered AI" (2020)
 Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow for contributions to the Semantic Web, knowledge representation, and reasoning environments, 2014
 Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture Award from Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Award:  "for leadership in Semantic Web research and in bridging AI and eScience, significant contributions to deployed AI applications, and extensive service to the AI community" (2013)
 Best Paper Award, 46th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science: "Information Technology in Healthcare Track" (2013)
 Fellow, Web Science Trust Research Initiative (2007)
 Deployed application award from the Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference for the Virtual Solar Terrestrial Observatory (2005, 2007)
 Rutgers University Distinguished Alumni
 Duke University Honored Alumna

Academic and Industrial Boards
 Member-at-Large, American Association for the Advancement (2019–2023)
 Technical Advisory Board Member:  Retina Technologies (2020–present)
 Technical Advisory Board Member: Data.World (2019–present)
 Technical Advisory Board Member: Botco.AI (2016–present)
 Member, Informatics Advisory Board, Encyclopedia of Life (2013–2017)
 Technical Advisory Board Member: Franz Inc (2009 – present)
 Advisory Board member, Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable and Optimised Building Operation Scientific Advisory Board  (2009–2011)
 Advisory Board member, NIST Ontology Summit Advisory Board (2008–2012)
 Advisory Board member, International Organization for Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (2001–2004)
 Editorial Board Member, International Organization for Conceptual Structures (2001–2003)
 Board member, Semantic Web Science Foundation (2000–2006)
 Technical Advisory Board Member: Applied Semantics (acquired by Google in 2003)

Publications
Books
 Provenance in Data Science: From Data Models to Context-Aware Knowledge Graphs, with Leslie Sikos and Oshani Seneviratne  (2021), Springer, ;
 Ontology Engineering (Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology), with Elisa F. Kendall (2019), Morgan and Claypool Publishers,
 Health Web Science, with Joanne S. Luciano, Grant P. Cumming, Eva Kahana, Mark D. Wilkinson, Elizabeth H Brooks, Dominick DiFranzo, and Holly Jarman (2014), Now Publishers Inc.
 The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation and Applications , with Franz Baader, Diego Calvanese, Daniele Nardi and Peter F. Patel-Schneider (2003, Second Edition 2007), Cambridge University Press,
 The Emerging Semantic Web, with Isabel Cruz, Stefan Decker and Jerome Euzenat (2002), IOS Press

Journals, a selection
 "Dimensions of commonsense knowledge, Knowledge-Based Systems", Filip Ilievski, Alessandro Oltramari, Kaixin Ma, Bin Zhang, Deborah L. McGuinness, Pedro Szekely, Knowledge-based Systems, 2021,
 "An experimental study measuring human annotator categorization agreement on commonsense sentences ", Santos, Henrique, Kejriwal, Mayank, Mulvehill, Alice M., Forbush, Gretchen, and McGuinness, Deborah, Experimental Results, 2021.
 "Ingredient Substitutions Using a Knowledge Graph of Food" , Sola S. Shirai, Oshani Seneviratne, Minor E. Gordon, Ching-Hua Chen, Deborah L. McGuinness, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 2021.
 Semantic Data Dictionary–An Approach for Describing and Annotating Data", Sabbir M Rashid, James P McCusker, Paulo Pinheiro, Marcello P Bax, Henrique Santos, Jeanette A Stingone, Amar K Das, Deborah L McGuinness, Data Intelligence, 2020.
 Transforming the study of organisms: Phenomic data models and knowledge bases, Anne Thessen, Ramona Walls, Lars Vogt, Jessica Singer, Robert Warren, Pier Luigi Butt Pier Luigi Buttigieg,James P. Balhoff, Christopher J. Mungall, Deborah L. McGuinness, Brian J. Stucky, Matthew J. Yoder, Melissa A. Haendel, PLOS Computational Biology, Nov 2020.
 Polymer Nanocomposite Data: Curation, Frameworks, Access, and Potential for Discovery and Design, L Catherine Brinson, Michael Deagen, Wei Chen, James McCusker, Deborah L McGuinness, Linda S Schadler, Marc Palmeri, Umar Ghumman, Anqi Lin, Bingyin Hu, American Chemical Society (ACS) Macro Letters, Volume 9, Issue 8, pp 1086–1094.  July 2020.
 The CHEAR Data Repository: Facilitating children's environmental health and exposome research through data harmonization, pooling and accessibility, J Stingone, P Pinheiro, J Meola, J McCusker, S Bengoa, P Kovatch, D McGuinness, S Teitelbaum, Environmental Epidemiology 3, 2019.
 Clustering of co‐occurring conditions in autism spectrum disorder during early childhood: A retrospective analysis of medical claims data, T Vargason, RE Frye, DL McGuinness, J Hahn, Autism Research, May 2019.
 Windows of susceptibility by temporal Gene Analysis, Kristin P Bennett, Elisabeth M Brown, Hannah De los Santos, Matthew Poegel, Thomas R Kiehl, Evan W Patton, Spencer Norris, Sally Temple, John Erickson, Deborah L McGuinness, Nathan C Boles, Scientific reports.  Volume 9, Issue 1,  Feb 2019.
 NanoMine Schema: A Data Representation for Polymer Nanocomposites, He Zhao, Yixing Wang, Anqi Lin, Bingyin Hu, Rui Yan, James McCusker, Wei Chen, Deborah L. McGuinness, Linda Schadler, L. Catherine Brinson, APL Materials Vol 6 No. 11, (2018).
 Investigating Plasma Amino Acids for Differentiating Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers, T. Vargason, U. Kruger, D.L. McGuinness, J.B. Adams, E. Geis, E. Gehn, D. Coleman, and J. Hahn, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Volume 50, June 2018.
 Big and Disparate Data: Considerations for Pediatric Consortia, Jeanette A. Stingone, Nancy Mervish, Patricia Kovatch, Deborah L. McGuinness, Chris Gennings, and Susan L. Teitelbaum, Current Opinions in Pediatrics Journal29(2):231-239, April 2017.
 Finding Melanoma Drugs through a Probabilistic Knowledge Graph, James P. McCusker, Michel Dumontier, Rui Yan, Sylvia He, Jonathan S. Dordick, Deborah L. McGuinness, PeerJ Computer Science 3, e106(2017).
 Entity linking for biomedical literature, Zheng JG, Howsmon D, Zhang B, Hahn J, McGuinness D, Hendler J, Ji H. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2015.
 SemantEco: A Semantically-powered Modular Architecture for Integrating Distributed Environmental and Ecological Data, Patton, EW, Seyed P, Wang P, Fu L, McGuinness DL, Dein FJ, Bristol RS., Future Generation Computing Systems, (2014).

References

Artificial intelligence researchers
Living people
Duke University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
Semantic Web people
Year of birth uncertain
Scientists at Bell Labs
Stanford University faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1960 births

Deborah McGuinness


Robert Lee Hayes (December 20, 1942 – September 18, 2002), nicknamed "Bullet Bob", was an American sprinter and professional football player. After winning gold medals at the 1964 Summer Olympics, he played as a split end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys (for 11 seasons). Hayes is the only athlete to win both an Olympic gold medal and a Super Bowl ring. He was a two-sport stand-out in college in both track and field and football at Florida A&M University. Hayes was enshrined in the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor in 2001 and was selected for induction in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in January 2009. Hayes is the second Olympic gold medalist to be inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, after Jim Thorpe. He once held the world record for the 70-yard dash (with a time of 6.9 seconds). He also is tied for the world's second-fastest time in the 60-yard dash.
He was once considered the "world's fastest human" by virtue of his multiple world records in the 60-yard, 100-yard, 220-yard, and Olympic 100-meter dashes. He was inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame.

Early years
Hayes attended Matthew Gilbert High School in Jacksonville, where he was a backup halfback on the football team. The 1958 Gilbert High Panthers finished 12–0, winning the Florida High School Athletic Association black school state championship with a 14–7 victory over Dillard High School of Fort Lauderdale before more than 11,000 spectators. In times of racial segregation laws, their achievement went basically unnoticed, until 50 years later they were recognized as one of the best teams in Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) history.

College career
Hayes was a highly recruited athlete, and accepted a football scholarship from Florida A&M University, a historically black college, where he excelled in track and field.

He never lost a race in the 100-yard or 100-meter competitions, but mainstream schools of the area still did not invite him to their sanctioned meets. In 1962 the University of Miami invited him to a meet on their campus, where he tied the world record of 9.2 seconds in the 100-yard dash, which had been set by Frank Budd of Villanova University the previous year. He also was the first person to break six seconds in the 60-yard dash with his indoor world record of 5.9 seconds.

In 1963, although he never used a traditional sprinter form, he broke the 100-yard dash record with a time of 9.1, a mark that would not be broken for eleven years (until Ivory Crockett ran a 9.0 in 1974). That same year, Hayes set the world best for 200 meters (20.5 seconds, although the time was never ratified) and ran the 220-yard dash in a time of 20.6 seconds (while running into an eight mph wind). He was selected to represent the United States in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. His football coach Jake Gaither was not very high on giving Hayes time to train, which caused then president Lyndon B. Johnson to call him and insist he allow Hayes time off and to keep him healthy.

He was the AAU 100-yard dash champion three years running, from 1962–1964, and in 1964 was the NCAA champion in the 200-meter dash. He missed part of his senior year because of his Olympic bid for the gold medal.

In 1976, he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Florida A&M University Sports Hall of Fame. In 1996, he was inducted into the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Hall of Fame. In 2011, he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame.

Olympics

At the 1964 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, Hayes had his finest hour as a sprinter. First, he won the 100m and in doing so tied the then world record in the 100 m with a time of 10.06 seconds, even though he was running in lane 1 which had, the day before, been used for the 20 km racewalk and this badly chewed up the cinder track. He also was running in borrowed spikes because one of his shoes had been kicked under the bed when he was playing with some friends and he didn't realize until he got there.  This was followed by a second gold medal in the 4×100 meter relay, which also produced a new World Record (39.06 seconds).
However, the international track and field federation World Athletics, formerly IAAF, faultily "only" accredits Hayes with a hand-timed 10.0 s during his 10.06 s race making him Olympic Champion over 100m - that although the official manual stopwatches clocked Hayes at 9.8 s, 9.9 s and 9.9 s, which, according to the rules, was a hand-timed 9.9 s.

Hayes' come-from-behind win for the US team in the relay was one of the most memorable Olympic moments. Hand-timed between 8.5 and 8.9 seconds, his relay leg is the fastest in history.  Jocelyn Delecour, France's anchor leg runner, famously said to Paul Drayton before the relay final that, "You can't win, all you have is Bob Hayes."  Drayton was able to reply afterwards, "That's all we need." The race was also Hayes' last as a track and field athlete, as he permanently switched to football after it, aged only 21.

In some of the first meets to be timed with experimental fully automatic timing, Hayes was the first man to break ten seconds for the 100 meters, albeit with a 5.3 m/s wind assistance in the semi-finals of the 1964 Olympics.  His time was recorded at 9.91 seconds.  Jim Hines officially broke 10 seconds at the high altitude of Mexico City, Mexico in 1968 (and on a synthetic track) with a wind-legal 9.95 which stood as the world record for almost 15 years.  The next to surpass Hayes at a low altitude Olympics was Carl Lewis in 1984 when he won in 9.99, some 20 years later (though Hasely Crawford equaled the time in 1976).

Until the Tokyo Olympics, world records were measured by officials with stopwatches, measured to the nearest tenth of a second.  Although fully automatic timing was used in Tokyo, the times were given the appearance of manual timing.  This was done by subtracting 0.05 seconds from the automatic time and rounding to the nearest tenth of a second, making Hayes' time of 10.06 seconds convert to 10.0 seconds, despite the fact that the officials with stopwatches had measured Hayes' time to be 9.9 seconds, and the average difference between manual and automatic times was typically 0.15 to 0.20 seconds.  This unique method of determining the official time therefore denied Hayes the record of being the first to officially record 9.9 seconds for the 100 meters.  The first official times of 9.9 seconds were recorded at the "Night of Speed" in 1968.

Professional football career

Dallas Cowboys
The Dallas Cowboys selected Hayes in the seventh round (88th overall) of the 1964 NFL Draft with a future draft pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over, taking a chance that the Olympic sprinter with unrefined football skills could excel as a wide receiver. He was also selected by the Denver Broncos in the 14th round  (105th overall) of the 1964 AFL Draft, with a future selection. The bet paid off, due to his amazing feats in cleats. Hayes has been credited by many with forcing the NFL to develop a zone defense and the bump and run to attempt to contain him.

Hayes' first two seasons were most successful, during which he led the NFL both times in receiving touchdowns with 12 and 13 touchdowns, respectively. In 1966 Hayes caught six passes for 195 yards against the New York Giants at the Cotton Bowl. Later, in the Dallas Cowboys-Washington Redskins match-up, Hayes caught nine passes for 246 yards (a franchise record until Miles Austin broke it with a 250-yard performance on October 11, 2009, against the Kansas City Chiefs).  Hayes' speed forced other teams to go to a zone since no single player could keep up with him.  Spreading the defense out in hopes of containing Hayes allowed the Cowboys' talented running game to flourish, rushers Don Perkins, Calvin Hill, Walt Garrison and Duane Thomas taking advantage of the diminished coverage at the line of scrimmage.  In the 1967 season, Hayes led the NFL in punt return yards, and went on to set an NFL playoff record with 141 punt return yards in Dallas' 52-14 win over the Cleveland Browns.  Hayes also caught 5 passes for 145 yards in that game, including an 86-yard touchdown catch.

Hayes is also infamous for two events, both involving the NFL championship games in 1966 and 1967, both against the Green Bay Packers. In the 1966 game, on the last meaningful play of the game, Hayes missed an assignment of blocking linebacker Dave Robinson, which resulted in Don Meredith nearly being sacked by Robinson and as a result throwing a desperation pass into the end zone that was intercepted by Tom Brown. In the 1967 NFL championship, the "Ice Bowl" played on New Year's Eve, 1967, Hayes was alleged to have inadvertently disclosed whether the upcoming play was a pass or run because on running plays he kept his hands inside his pants to keep them warm and the Green Bay defense knew they didn't need to cover him.

On July 17, 1975, he was traded to the San Francisco 49ers in exchange for a third round draft choice (#73-Duke Fergerson).

Hayes wore No. 22 with the Cowboys, which would later be worn by running back Emmitt Smith.

San Francisco 49ers
In 1975 with the San Francisco 49ers, Hayes teamed up with Gene Washington in the starting lineup. On October 23, he was waived after not playing up to expectations, in order to make room for wide receiver Terry Beasley.

Multiple offensive threat
In addition to receiving, Hayes returned punts for the Cowboys and was the NFL's leading punt returner in 1968 with a 20.8 yards per return average and two touchdowns, including a 90 yarder against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was named to the Pro Bowl three times and First-team All-Pro twice and Second-team All-Pro twice.  He helped Dallas win five Eastern Conference titles, two NFC titles, played in two Super Bowls, and was instrumental in Dallas' first-ever Super Bowl victory after the 1971 season, making Hayes the only person to win both an Olympic gold medal and a Super Bowl ring.  Later in his career, as defenses improved playing zone and the bump and run was refined, Hayes' value was as a decoy rather than a deep threat.

Cowboy records
Hayes was the second player (after Franklin Clarke) in the history of the Dallas Cowboys franchise to surpass 1,000 yards (ground or air) in a single season, and he did that in his rookie year by finishing with 1,003 yards.  Also during his rookie year, he led the team with 46 receptions and set franchise records for total touchdowns (13) and total receiving touchdowns (12).  He finished his 11-year career with 371 receptions for 7,414 yards and 71 touchdowns, giving him an impressive 20 yards per catch average (his yards per catch average remains a franchise record, while his touchdown reception record stood until 2017, when it was broken by Dez Bryant.) He also rushed for 68 yards and two touchdowns, gained 581 yards on 23 kickoff returns, and returned 104 punts for 1,158 yards and three touchdowns.

In 1965 he also started a streak (1965–1966) of seven consecutive games with at least a touchdown catch, which still stands as a Cowboys record shared with Franklin Clarke (1961–1962), Terrell Owens (2007) and Dez Bryant (2012).

His 7,295 receiving yards are the sixth-most in Dallas Cowboys history. To this day, Hayes holds ten regular-season receiving records, four punt return records and 22 overall franchise marks, making him one of the greatest receivers to ever play for the Cowboys.

In 2004, he was named to the Professional Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association's second HOVG class

Death
On September 18, 2002, Hayes died in his hometown Jacksonville of kidney failure, after battling prostate cancer and liver ailments.

Pro Football Hall of Fame

2004 controversy
Hayes was close to being inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2004, but was denied the opportunity in the final round of decision making.  The decision was marred by controversy, with many claiming that the Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee had a bias against members of the Dallas Cowboys and other NFL teams.  Others believe Hayes' legal and drug use issues marred his chances. Shortly after the announcement of the new 2004 Hall of Fame members, long-time Sports Illustrated writer Paul Zimmerman resigned from the Selection Committee in protest of the decision to leave Hayes out of the Hall. Zimmerman eventually returned as a Hall of Fame voter.

2009 induction
On August 27, 2008, Hayes was named as one of two senior candidates for the 2009 Hall of Fame election.  On Saturday, January 31, 2009, he was selected as a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's Class of 2009.

The next day Lucille Hester, who claimed to be Hayes's sister, released a letter she said he had drafted three years before he died, on October 29, 1999, in case he did not live to see his induction. Its full text read:

You know I am not sure I am going to be around if I get into the Pro Football Hall of Fame so you must read this for me, I am not sure, I guess I am feeling sorry for myself at this time but you must remember everything I want you to do and say. Mother said you would do what I want because you always did. So read this for me.

I would like to thank everyone who supported me to get into the NFL Hall of Fame, the Dallas Cowboys organization, all of my team mates and everyone who played for the Cowboys, (thank the San Francisco 49rs   too). Thank the fans all around the country and the world, thank the committee who voted for me and also the ones who may did not vote for me, thank Mother and my family, thank Roger Stauback  and tell all my teammates I love them dearly.

Thank the Pro Football Hall of Fame, all the NFL teams and players, Florida A&M University, thank everyone who went to Mathew  Gilbert High School, thank everyone in Jacksonville and Florida and everyone especially on the East Side of Jacksonville. Thank everyone in the City of Dallas and in Texas and just thank everyone in the whole world.

I love you all.

Delivered by Hester in front of hundreds and a national cable television audience, the moment was described as "... one of the most compelling and touching scenes the Hall of Fame has seen."  Shortly after, it was discovered that the supposedly signed letter was printed in the Calibri font, which was not released to the public until five years after Hayes' death. Some family members disputed Lucille Hester's claim to be related to Bob, and took steps to ensure she was not part of the Hall of Fame ceremony.

On August 8, 2009, Hayes was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Roger Staubach, Hayes' Dallas Cowboy teammate, along with Hayes' son Bob Hayes Jr., unveiled the bust, which was sculpted by Scott Myers. On hand were six members of Bob's Gilbert High School championship team. He was later inducted into the Texas Track and Field Coaches Hall of Fame, Class of 2017.

References

Further reading
 Wallechinsky, David (2004).  The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics, Toronto: Sport Classic Books.

External links

1942 births
2002 deaths
African-American players of American football
American football wide receivers
American male sprinters
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Dallas Cowboys players
San Francisco 49ers players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Florida A&M Rattlers football players
Florida A&M Rattlers track and field athletes
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Track and field athletes from Florida
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

Bob Hayes


G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps.

Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major has an F in its key signature, making it impractical to use. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, has seven flats, whereas G-sharp minor only has five sharps; thus G-sharp minor is sometimes used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor, and in some cases, with the keys of G-flat major and F-sharp minor).

The G-sharp natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

Scale Degree Chords
 Tonic - G-sharp minor
 Supertonic - A-sharp diminished
 Mediant - B major
 Subdominant - C-sharp minor
 Dominant - D-sharp minor
 Submediant - E major
 Subtonic - F-sharp major

Music in G-sharp minor

Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. Dmitri Shostakovich used the key in the second movement of his 8th String Quartet, and the slow fourth movement of his 8th Symphony is also in this key. If G-sharp minor is used in orchestral music, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments are used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor).

Few symphonies are written in G-sharp minor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein.

The minuet from the Piano Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 44 ("The Farewell") by Jan Ladislav Dussek is  in G-sharp minor.

Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, Op. posth., in 1822.  His Étude No. 6, the first mazurka from his Op. 33 and his 12th prelude from the 24 Preludes, Op. 28, are in G-sharp minor as well.

Modest Mussorgsky wrote the movements, "The Old Castle" and "Bydło" (Cattle), from Pictures at an Exhibition in G-sharp minor.

Liszt's "La campanella" from his Grandes études de Paganini is in G-sharp minor.

Alexander Scriabin's Second Piano Sonata "Sonata-Fantasy", Op. 19, is in G-sharp minor.

Maurice Ravel's "Scarbo" from Gaspard de la nuit (1908), is in G-sharp minor.

Sibelius wrote the slow movement of his Third Symphony in G-sharp minor.

Bach also wrote the movements, "Prelude and Fugue No. 18", from both books of The Well-Tempered Clavier which is also in G-sharp minor; both movements from Book 1 end with a Picardy third, utilizing a B-sharp in the final G-sharp major chord.

See also

Key (music)
Major and minor

Musical keys
Minor scales

G-sharp minor