Classic FM (styled as CLASSIC M) is one of the United Kingdom's three Independent National Radio stations and is owned and operated by Global. The station broadcasts classical music and was launched in 1992.

Classic FM was the first national classical music station to launch since the opening of BBC Radio 3 25 years earlier on 30 September 1967 and 46 years since the opening of Radio 3's predecessor of The Third Programme on 29 September 1946.

, the station has a weekly audience of 5.6 million listeners, according to RAJAR.

Overview
Classic FM broadcasts nationally on FM, DAB digital radio, Freeview, satellite and cable television and is available internationally by streaming audio over the internet. It is the only Independent National Radio station to broadcast on FM alongside BBC Radios 1, 2, 3 and 4. In addition to playing a wide, traditional classical repertoire, the station also features more modern pieces such as film scores and video game music.

History

The idea for a national, commercial FM network devoted to classical music originated with the management at GWR group, an entrepreneurial group of UK commercial radio stations. It had been operating a trial programme on its AM frequencies in Wiltshire and Bristol, testing audience reaction to a regular drive-time programme of popular classical music. It proved successful, and the company's CEO, Ralph Bernard, and programme director, Michael Bukht, drew up the plans for a national station.

Meanwhile, Brian Brolly, formerly the CEO of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group, had a similar idea in 1990. After failing to raise sufficient funds for the project, Brolly's consortium was approached by the GWR Group, and the two merged. The UK Government had decided to award several new national radio licences, and invited tenders. Brolly had brought the idea to Rick Senat, the long-serving head of business affairs in London for Warner Bros. and current owner of Hammer Films. Initially rejected by Warner Bros., Senat showed the project to the President of Time Warner International Broadcasting, Tom McGrath, a former classical musician and conductor. Time Warner agreed to back the project, but was prohibited under then current UK law from owning more than a 25% interest.

The Radio Authority had granted an exemption so that Time Warner could hold more than 25%, provided a UK citizen/corporation was larger in the shareholding group.

The station launched at 06:00 on Monday 7 September 1992, after two months of test transmissions using a recording of birdsong. Nick Bailey presented the first programme, and Zadok the Priest by George Frideric Handel was the first piece to be played. Other launch presenters included Henry Kelly, Susannah Simons, Petroc Trelawny and Adrian Love.

Global, the UK's largest radio station ownership group, now owns the station. Classic FM has broadcast from its current studios, on the second floor of 30 Leicester Square in central London, since March 2006. The first programme to be broadcast live from there was Mark Griffiths' programme on 26 March 2006.

In April and May 2017, High Score, the first series on UK radio dedicated to video game music, was first broadcast on Classic FM. According to the station's website, it became "the most popular programme on 'Listen Again' in Classic FM's 25-year history". It was presented by composer Jessica Curry.

Current notable presenters
Presenters include:

Regular presenters
 Alexander Armstrong
 Katie Breathwick
 Joanna Gosling
 Charlotte Hawkins
 John Humphrys
 Aled Jones
 Myleene Klass
 Andrew Marr
 David Mellor
 Anne-Marie Minhall
 Jonathan Ross
 Zeb Soanes
 Ritula Shah
 Margherita Taylor
 Alan Titchmarsh
 Moira Stuart

Occasional presenters
 Fiona Bruce
 John Brunning
 Dr Alex George
 Karthi Gnanasegaram
 Gareth Malone
 Sir Trevor McDonald
 Chi-chi Nwanoku
 Nicholas Owen
 John Suchet
 Dan Walker
 Debbie Wiseman

Hall of Fame

Classic FM's "Hall of Fame" is broadcast annually over the four days of the Easter weekend. First broadcast in 1996, the show counts down the 300 most-popular pieces as voted for by listeners, culminating in the number one on the evening of Easter Monday.

The number one spot was occupied until 2001 by Max Bruch's Violin Concerto No. 1, and then by Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2.
In 2006 the top spot was taken by Mozart's Clarinet Concerto. From 2007 to 2010, the top place on the Hall of Fame was taken by Ralph Vaughan Williams's The Lark Ascending. The 2011 "Hall of Fame" saw Rachmaninov's Piano Concerto No. 2 return to the top spot, ending Vaughan Williams' four-year run, and held the position again in 2012 and 2013. In 2014 The Lark Ascending replaced Rachmaninov, which slipped back to number 2 and remained number 1 through to 2017.

In 2018, the top spot was taken by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, Rachmaninov's Piano Concerto No. 2 was a non-mover in second place, and Vaughan Williams' The Lark Ascending descended to third place after a four-year run at no. 1.

In the 2019 Hall of Fame, Vaughan Williams's The Lark Ascending reclaimed the top spot, followed by Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 and Edward Elgar's Enigma Variations at second and third respectively. 2020 and 2021's Hall Of Fame also saw The Lark Ascending voted the most popular piece by Classic FM listeners.

Nation's Favourite Christmas Carol
Classic FM broadcasts the "Nation's Favourite Christmas Carol" in a similar format to the "Hall of Fame". The show counts down the thirty most popular Christmas carols every Christmas Day between 13:00 and 15:00, as voted for by listeners. It began in 2001, with "In the Bleak Midwinter" winning the first vote. The following year, "Silent Night" was voted the nation's favourite. The vote has been won by "O Holy Night" in almost every year since then, with the only other winner being "Silent Night" in 2014 and 2015.

Classic FM chart
From the station's launch in September 1992 until the end of 2019, Classic FM broadcast a weekly classical chart show. Initially transmitted on Saturday mornings, the programme later moved to Sunday evening. The final chart show was aired on 21 December 2019.

Playlist
At the heart of Classic FM's identity from the start was its playlist of popular classics. It was compiled over the first few years by Robin Ray, who drew up a list of more than 50,000 classical music pieces and rated them for popular appeal, which forms the basis for the Classic FM playlist.<ref>"Is Classic FM really a cause for celebration?", The Telegraph: "People have this idea that it's all done by a computer ... but that's not true at all. We use a database of more than 50,000 pieces which our presenters and producers work with. It's a way of making sure we have a variety of mood and style and artist."</ref>

Music is selected for on-air play by a computerised playlist system rather than each show's individual presenters or producers. Selector software developed by RCS Inc in the United States, which had previously been used only for pop music, was adapted for classical music by Howard, Ray and others to include many more fields and categories, and deal with many more rotation rules to create a playlist from the 50,000 listed tracks; the first "officially broadcast" track was "Zadok the Priest".

Composer in residence
Classic FM named a composer in residence in 2004, Joby Talbot. Talbot composed a piece, scored for up to five instruments, each month for the year of his residence. The compositions were also premiered on Classic FM. The twelve compositions form part of a larger piece, released on a CD entitled Once Around the Sun on 23 May 2005.

Talbot was succeeded by Patrick Hawes as the new composer in residence in 2006 and composed the piano album Towards the Light during his residency. In May 2008 Howard Goodall, the composer and television presenter, joined Classic FM as the station's latest composer in residence. Goodall also presented a new programme on the station, Howard Goodall on..., beginning on 7 June 2008.

Debbie Wiseman was named composer in residence in 2015. Her first album commissioned for Classic FM was The Musical Zodiac, which was released the following year.

Sponsorship
Classic FM were sponsors of Queens Park Rangers Football Club between 1992 and 1994.

Charity: The Classic FM Foundation

The Classic FM Foundation is a grant giving charity which raises money to fund music education and music therapy projects working with children and adults throughout the UK. It was founded in 2006 as Classic FM Music Makers, and was renamed in 2010.

Hayley Westenra is an ambassador of the charity, which also receives support from many famous faces from the world of classical music and entertainment.

Throughout the year The Classic FM Foundation holds fundraising events including concerts, sponsored treks and an annual appeal.

Other media
Classic FM ran an internet television (and formerly digital TV) channel playing classical music videos, Classic FM TV.
Classic FM published a monthly magazine, Classic FM Magazine, which presented news and reviews.
Classic FM has also issued a series of CDs with selected classical pieces, notably two CDs of Classic FM Music for Babies (playtime and bedtime) and Classic FM Music for Bathtime.
Classic FM produces a podcast called Case Notes (winner of the British Podcast Awards Best True Crime Podcast 2019), presenting stories from the history of classical music.

Jazz
On 25 December 2006, Classic FM opened "theJazz", a station devoted to jazz music. The station closed in March 2008, and Classic FM itself then took on the broadcasting of a jazz programme every night between midnight and 02:00, until September 2008.

References

External links

Classic FM (UK)
British classical music radio programmes
Radio stations in the United Kingdom
Classical music in the United Kingdom
Classical music radio stations
Radio stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
Global Radio

Classic FM (UK)


Joan Lyn Slonczewski (born 1956) is an American microbiologist at Kenyon College and a science fiction writer who explores biology and space travel. Their books have twice earned the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel: A Door into Ocean (1987) and The Highest Frontier (2011). With John W. Foster and Erik Zinser, they coauthor the textbook, Microbiology: An Evolving Science (W. W. Norton) now in its fifth edition. They explore ideas of biology, politics, and artificial intelligence at their blog Ultraphyte.

Biography
Slonczewski was born in 1956 at Hyde Park, New York and raised in Katonah, New York.

They earned an A.B. in biology, magna cum laude, from Bryn Mawr College in 1977. They completed a PhD in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale University in 1982 and post-doctoral work at the University of Pennsylvania studying calcium flux in leukocyte chemotaxis. Since 1984 they have taught at Kenyon College, taking sabbatical leaves at Princeton University and the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Slonczewski's research focuses on the pH (environmental) stress response in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis using genetic techniques.

Slonczewski teaches both biology and science fiction courses. From 1996 through 2008, they have been awarded Howard Hughes Medical Institute funding for undergraduate biological sciences education, which they use to improve science instruction and to foster summer science fellowships for minority and first-generation students.

They were the Hal Clement Science Speaker in February 2011 at the Boskone 48 convention.

Slonczewski is also a member of the Quakers and Quakerism is featured in many of their novels.

Fiction
Their 1986 Campbell Award-winning novel A Door into Ocean shows their command of genetics and ecological science, as well as their commitment to pacifism and feminism. It depicts the ecosystem of a planet covered entirely by water, inhabited by an exclusively female race of genetic engineers. Daughters of Elysium (1993), The Children Star (1998), and Brain Plague (2000) are loose sequels.

A serialization of their The Children Star (1998) appeared in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, a magazine known for hard science fiction.

Brain Plague (2000) depicts a world where intelligent microbes inhabit human brains.  The microbial aliens have potential for great good as well as great evil. They evolve in the same way as pathogens such as HIV or as symbionts such as our digestive bacteria, which help keep humans healthy. Brain Plague tells of a future in which genetic engineering, combined with nanotechnology, can do everything from shaping our bodies to growing enormous buildings for us. "One time in class, my students were discussing my book Brain Plague. I asked the class, 'Is this book liberal or conservative?' A student said, 'It's conservative, because all the characters are married.' Another student jumped up, 'It is not conservative!' Half the book's marriages are gay – with a few robots included."—the author.

The Highest Frontier (2011) is a coming of age story about the first year in college of Jennifer Ramos Kennedy, a member of the ongoing Kennedy political dynasty.   The year is 2108 and Jenny is attending Frontera College, which is located in a space habitation.  The earth is being destroyed by human-made ecological catastrophes blamed on the "ultraphytes," UV-photosynthetic plant-animals from outer space. Some political factions are promoting space habitats as a solution, but the spacehabs can only accommodate a tiny percentage of the human population. The political system is grid locked. The Highest Frontier addresses political, social, and environmental issues.

Mitochondrial Singularity
Slonczewski invented the concept of the Mitochondrial Singularity, the idea that the technological singularity is happening gradually; that humans are gradually becoming the "mitochondria of our own machines." They explore these concepts in their novels Brain Plague and The Highest Frontier.

Bibliography

Novels
 Still Forms on Foxfield (1980) 1988 reprint
 A Door into Ocean (1986)
 The Wall Around Eden (1989)
 Daughter of Elysium (1993)
 The Children Star (1998)
 Brain Plague (2000)
 The Highest Frontier (2011)

Science publications
 J. L. Slonczewski, John W. Foster and Erik Zinser, 2020, Microbiology: An Evolving Science 5E, a core microbiology textbook for undergraduate science majors, W. W. Norton & Co., New York.

Awards
 Robert Tomsich Award, for outstanding achievement in research in science, Kenyon College, 2001.
 Silver Medalist, National Professor of the Year program, Council for the Advancement and Support of Education, Washington DC, 1989.
 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, A Door into Ocean, 1987.
 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, The Highest Frontier, 2012.

References

External links

Joan Slonczewski site
Ultraphyte author blog
Illustrated guide to A Door into Ocean
Joan Slonczewski paper on Bacteriology
Joan Slonczewski selected as Keynote Speaker for Science and Science Fiction Conference

Making Strange Stuff Familiar: A Conversation with Joan Slonczewski (interview) at Clarkesworld Magazine, 10/2011
Joan Slonczewski: Field of Discovery, Interview at Locus magazine, March 2014

1956 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
American pacifists
American Quakers
American feminist writers
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Kenyon College faculty
Living people
American microbiologists
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American women biologists
Women microbiologists
Yale University alumni
People from Hyde Park, New York
People from Katonah, New York
People from Gambier, Ohio
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Activists from Ohio
Activists from New York (state)
Novelists from Ohio
Scientists from New York (state)
Quaker feminists
American women academics

Joan Slonczewski


The 2007 T in the Park festival took place on 6, 7 and 8 July 2007. The event was the first time the festival had been held over three days. The new Friday evening which included Lily Allen, Arctic Monkeys and The Coral was only available to 50,000 people who purchased weekend and camping tickets which gave access to the festival arena.

Tickets
The first 35,000 tickets went on sale shortly after the 2006 festival and were sold within 70 minutes. The final batch of 40,000 tickets, were released on the 9th of March and sold out in less than 20 minutes.

Event
The first day was marred by traffic congestion with up to 13 hours of delays and 12 miles of tailbacks on the southbound M90 motorway, which was the knock on effect of Heavy rain causing the main car parks to flood and eventually led to their complete closure. The Scots term ye shouldnae even a came became well known at the 2007 festival; as several security staff directed the comment at "revellers" who complained about the appalling traffic.

A month later the police apologised for traffic chaos at T in the Park. Tayside chief constable John Vine revealed  over 20 letters had been sent out in response to complaints, as the event was heavily criticised by locals. In a report to his police board, Vine said the force were carrying out a full review of operations at the festival.  He said: "Discussions have taken place with organisers. There will also be a fundamental review of contingency plans and, in particular, traffic management."

The number of arrest was down from the previous years 70 to 64, with 30 people taken into custody. 617 people were treated at the hospital tent which was slightly higher than the previous years figure. 53 patients were transferred to NHS hospitals off site which is well below the norm for the event. 400 tonnes of rubbish was removed in 2006 and this year the waste has been reduced to 350 tonnes with 40% of that being recycled.

Line up
Amy Winehouse and Gogol Bordello pulled out at the last minute due to "exhaustion" and to duet with Madonna at Live Earth, respectively. Tokyo Police Club failed to turn up for unknown reasons, as did You Say Party! We Say Die! and New Creations.

"We agreed that it was the highlight of our career so far," said Brandon Flowers of The Killers' headline set. "The crowd were amazing. We felt we could do no wrong. That was the first time I ever thought, 'Wow, this is what it's like being in U2!'"

The 2007 line-up was as follows:

Main Stage

Radio 1/NME Stage

King Tut's Tent

Pet Sounds Arena

Slam Tent

Futures Stage

T-break Stage

links
 http://www.list.co.uk/article/2376-t-in-the-park-2007-running-times/
 http://www.virtualfestivals.com/t-in-the-park-2007/news

References

2007 in Scotland
T in the Park
2007 in British music
July 2007 events in Europe
2007 music festivals

T in the Park 2007


Ludwig Laistner (3 November 1845 – 22 March 1896) was a German novelist, mythologist, and literary historian.

He was born in Esslingen am Neckar. He studied theology in Tübingen from 1863 to 1867 and was a pastor for two years before heart trouble obliged him to resign. He took instead a position as a private tutor in Munich, where he joined Die Krokodile, a poets' society, and worked with Paul Heyse on the Neuen deutschen Novellenschatz, a compilation of short stories. From 1880 he devoted himself entirely to literature, eventually becoming the literary advisor of the Cotta publishing house.

He wrote historical novels and poems, and Das Rätsel der Sphinx (1889), a book on mythology from an Idealist perspective which argued that dreams and nightmares were the ultimate source of many famous myths. The book was highly praised by Rudolf Steiner and was a direct predecessor of psychoanalytic interpretation. He was a translator of medieval student songs such as those of the Carmina Burana, and wrote book reviews for Allgemeine Zeitung. His last efforts (1893–96) were on a new edition of the works of Goethe. He died in Stuttgart.

Works
 Barbarossas Brautwerber, epic poem (Stuttgart 1875)
 Nebelsagen (Stuttgart 1879)
 Golias, translations of medieval student songs (Stuttgart 1879)
 Novellen aus alter Zeit (Berlin 1882)
 Der Archetypus der Nibelungen (Munich 1887)
 Das Rätsel der Sphinx (Berlin 1889)

External links

1845 births
1896 deaths
People from Esslingen am Neckar
German historical novelists
German literary historians
German male novelists
19th-century German novelists
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
German male non-fiction writers

Ludwig Laistner


Rodney Allen Rippy (born July 29, 1968) is a former American child actor, television personality, marketing director, producer, and politician. He appeared in TV commercials for the fast-food chain Jack in the Box in the early 1970s, as well as in numerous roles in television and movies.

Early career
In the Jack in the Box advertisements, Rippy was seen trying to wrap his mouth around the super-sized Jumbo Jack hamburger. The tag line "It's too big to eat!" (pronounced "It's too big-a-eat!") became a catchphrase. Another spot showed Rippy giggling while singing the song "Take Life a Little Easier," which was released as a single by Bell Records in the fall of 1973 in the wake of the commercial's popularity.

The single (b/w "World of Love") appeared on the Billboard magazine "Bubbling Under" chart in October 1973, peaking at #112. An LP, also titled Take Life a Little Easier (Bell 1311), was released in 1974.

Rippy subsequently had guest roles in many popular television shows, including The Six Million Dollar Man, Marcus Welby, M.D., Police Story, and The Odd Couple (Rodney played himself and was the owner of the building where Oscar and Felix lived). He also appeared frequently on talk shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and Dinah's Place with Dinah Shore. Rippy also had a co-starring role on the CBS Saturday morning children's show The Harlem Globetrotters Popcorn Machine.

Rodney made his big screen debut (uncredited) in the Mel Brooks comedy Blazing Saddles in 1974 portraying a young Sheriff Bart. In a Peanuts newspaper comic strip dated July 3, 1974, Snoopy awakens from a dream in which he "had been invited out to dinner by Rodney Allen Rippy!"

Later career
Rippy graduated from Cerritos College in 1990 and California State University, Dominguez Hills in 1995 where he majored in marketing. In 2000 he opened his own marketing firm which he named Ripped Marketing Group. He worked on campaigns such as promoting leisure wear and country music, among other projects. He has taken on a few acting roles since his childhood stardom, filming a few episodes of Parker Lewis Can't Lose in the early 1990s, appearing in the 1997 independent film, Former Child Star and the 2003 David Spade comedy Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star.

Rippy is a partner in the film production company Bow Tie Productions, and spokesman for Hurricane Housing Relief. He worked at KABC-TV in Los Angeles, California. A resident of Carson, California, he has served as master of ceremonies for the Carson Relay For Life (Rippy's mother died of cancer in 1986). He was at one time a national director of marketing with Metro Networks (Westwood One).

Political candidacy
In 2015 Rippy was a candidate for mayor of Compton, California. He was eliminated by finishing 10th out of 12 candidates in the election's primary.

Partial filmography

References

External links
Interview on BTS with PhillySnaps
Jack in the Box commercial on YouTube

 https://howiegoestohollywood.com

1968 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Long Beach, California
African-American male actors
Film producers from California
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Bell Records artists
California State University, Dominguez Hills alumni
People from Carson, California
Jack in the Box
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

Rodney Allen Rippy


Mitsuo Hata (September 12, 1948 – October 27, 1991), better known by his ring name Rocky Hata was a Japanese professional wrestler who competed in All Japan Pro Wrestling during the 1970s & 1980s. He also competed in the United States in promotions such as NWA Tri-State, Championship Wrestling from Florida, Georgia Championship Wrestling, Central States Wrestling, & St. Louis Wrestling Club.

Professional Wrestling Career

Japan Wrestling Association (1972-1973)
Hata originally began in the Japan Wrestling Alliance and trained at their dojo. He made his debut for the JWA on August 3, 1972, under his real name during their 1972 Summer Big Series I tour losing to Kazuo Sakurada. Hata spent his time in the JWA like a lot of rookies, working in the undercard and paying his dues while usually being on the losing end of matches. He won his first match on September 3 when he defeated Tsutomu Oshiro. By 1973, the JWA began to decline due to the firing of Antonio Inoki & the departure of Giant Baba and them forming their own promotions New Japan Pro-Wrestling (Inoki) & All Japan Pro Wrestling (Baba). Hata's last match with JWA would be at the promotion's final show on April 20, 1973, during their Iron Claw Series defeating Kim Sung-ho by disqualification.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (1973-1975)
When the JWA closed, Hata jumped to All Japan Pro Wrestling debuting on June 30, 1973, during their 1973 Summer Action Series tour where he again lost to Kazuo Sakurada. Like with the JWA, Hata spent the next year and half working the undercard with his only notable highlight being winning an eight-man battle royal on July 14, 1974.

American Excursion (1975-1977)
As is tradition in Japan, Hata was sent on a learning excursion to the United States in early 1975 to gain experience. After originally spending a brief period in NWA Tri-State, Hata then went to Championship Wrestling from Florida where he engaged in singles and tag matches with the likes of Dutch Mantell, Doug Somers, Eddie Graham, Jimmy Golden, Billy Robinson, Mike George, Mark Lewin, & Hiro Matsuda. In the mid-1976, Hata then briefly went to Georgia Championship Wrestling having matches with Jos Leduc & Ray Stevens.

By the fall, Hata went to Missouri with the St. Louis Wrestling Club & Central States Wrestling. On September 11, Hata got his first title shot when he challenged Bob Backlund for the NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship but came up short. Hata then formed a successful tag team with Bob Brown with Hata winning his first title when he & Brown defeated Pat O'Connor & Harley Race for the Central States version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship on December 17. Hata & Brown would lose the titles back to O'Connor & Race sometime in January 1977 only to reclaim them for a second time on January 16. Hata & Brown held the belts for over a month before dropping them to Akio Sato & Ted Oates on February 25. Hata would then finish up back in CWF having matches with the likes of The Brisco Brothers, Mike Graham, Gino Hernandez, Hiro Matsuda, & Jos Leduc.

Return to All Japan (1977-1986)
Hata returned to All Japan on May 27 teaming with Jumbo Tsuruta to defeat Baron Von Raschke & Mario Milano. After a few matches back, Hata began using the name Rocky Hata and began receiving a small push teaming with Tsuruta & Baba while having matches with the likes of Kevin Sullivan, Don Muraco, Dick Murdoch, Bobo Brazil, Ken Patera, & Mil Mascaras. By the summer, Hata began teaming with the young up and coming Genichiro Tenryu and the two challenged Great Kojika & Motoshi Okuma for the All Asia Tag Team Championship in a two-out-of-three-falls match on September 7 but the match went to a sixty-minute time limit draw with both teams tied one fall. In the fall, Hata & Tenryu entered the first World's Strongest Tag Determination League tournament but placed in eighth with 1 point as they went to a 45-minute draw against Mighty Inoue & Akihisa Takachiho.

Hata then earned his biggest achievement in All Japan when he won the yearly New Year's Battle Royal on January 3, 1978. On February 5, Hata & Tenryu took on Kojika & Okuma in a two-out-of-three falls number one contenders match for the All Asia Tag Team Championship but it went to a draw. In the spring, Hata entered his first Champion Carnival but finished in 13th place with 4 points. Hata continued to get some big matches throughout 1978 wrestling Billy Robinson, Ric Flair, Pat O'Connor, & Terry Funk. In the fall, Hata entered the Japan League for the International Wrestling Enterprise finishing in 6th place of Block A with 11 points. In March 1979, Hata entered the Champion Carnival and fared better as he finished 11th place with 6 points. By 1980, Hata would settle into the midcard as he wouldn't challenge for titles or participate in the World's Strongest Tag League. He still did get some big matches taking on Robinson, Bruiser Brody, & Murdoch while scoring wins over Bill Irwin, Johnny Valiant, & Rick Martel. Hata entered the 1980 Champion Carnival and finished 10th place with 6 points. A year later, Hata entered the 1981 Champion Carnival tying 10th place with 6 points along with Prince Tonga & Great Kojika. In August, Hata teamed with Tenryu in the PWF Cup Tag Team Tournament but lost in the first round to Chavo Guerrero Sr. & Ricky Steamboat on August 21. Hata then participated in the 1982 Champion Carnival finishing in 11th place with 8 points. On March 30, 1983, Hata teamed with Takashi Ishikawa to challenge Ashura Hara & Mighty Inoue for the All Asia Tag Team Championship but lost. Hata would eventually finish his career in the undercard no longer challenging for championships or participating in tournaments. His last match would be on November 27, 1986, during the 1986 World's Strongest Tag Determination League tour teaming with Mighty Inoue in a losing effort against Animal Hamaguchi & Kuniaki Kobayashi. He retired afterwards.

Death
Hata died on October 27, 1991, due to complications from diabetes. He was 43.

Championships and Accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
January 3 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1978)
Central States Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (2 times) – with Bob Brown
Tokyo Sports
Effort Award (1977)

See also
List of premature professional wrestling deaths

References

External links
Rocky Hata at Cagematch.com
Rocky Hata at Wrestlingdata.com

1948 births
1991 deaths
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Deaths from diabetes

Rocky Hata


William Lamar Lothridge (January 1, 1942 — February 23, 1996) was an American football punter and safety who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, the Los Angeles Rams, the Atlanta Falcons and the Miami Dolphins. He played college football at Georgia Tech.

Early years
Lothridge was a graduate of Gainesville High School in Gainesville, Georgia where he played quarterback. He teamed with Billy Martin both at Gainesville and later in Georgia Tech to form a dominant passing/rushing attack. As a senior, he received All-State and All-Southern honors.

He accepted a football scholarship from Georgia Tech and became a starter as a junior, registering 1,006 passing yards, 6 passing touchdowns, 8 interceptions, 478 rushing yards and 9 rushing touchdowns.

As a senior in 1963, he posted  1,017 passing yards, 10 passing touchdowns, 7 interceptions, 223 rushing yards and 3 rushing touchdowns. He ranked fourth in nation in scoring, tenth in punting (40.8 average) and finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting behind Roger Staubach.

In 1969, he was inducted into the Georgia Tech Sports Hall of Fame. In 1986, he was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Lothridge was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (73rd overall) of the 1964 NFL Draft and by the Oakland Raiders in the 12th round (95th overall) of the 1964 AFL Draft. He signed with the Cowboys to be a punter and placekicker.

As a rookie, even though he tore a ligament in his left knee in training camp, he was named the team's punter and third-team quarterback. His net punting average of 37.9 yards wasn't reached by another Cowboy until the 2006 season (Mat McBriar-38.6 yards). He also tied a franchise record with a 75-yard punt in the fifth game against the New York Giants.

On August 29, 1965, he was traded along with a fourth round draft choice  (#54-Rod Sherman) to the Baltimore Colts, in exchange for the rights to future All-Pro Ralph Neely.

Baltimore Colts
Lothridge was sold by the Baltimore Colts to the Los Angeles Rams before the start of the 1965 season.

Los Angeles Rams
After playing in 9 games he was waived on November 17, 1965.

Atlanta Falcons
On November 25, 1965, he signed with the Atlanta Falcons as one of the team's original players. He won the NFL punting title in 1967 with a 43.7 average and repeated the next year with a 42.8 average, while receiving All-Pro honors. In 1968, he was also a starter at safety and had 3 interceptions. He retired before the start of the 1971 season, but was brought back when the team experienced punting problems. He was waived before the start of the 1972 season.

Miami Dolphins
On November 22, 1972, he was signed by the Miami Dolphins to replace an injured Larry Seiple.  He punted for the Dolphins for 2 games, but was then placed on the team's taxi squad to make room to activate quarterback Bob Griese, even though Seiple was not quite ready to play (safety Dick Anderson had to serve as the team's punter for one game until Seiple returned). Although he was not active for the last 2 games of the season or for the playoffs, he got a chance to be a part of the Dolphins perfect season.

Personal life
Lothridge died in 1996, after suffering three heart attacks over a four-year period.

See also

 List of Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets starting quarterbacks
 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football statistical leaders

References

External links
Bill Lothridge Georgia Hall of Fame bio
Lothridge seeks 3rd punting title

1942 births
1996 deaths
Players of American football from Gainesville, Georgia
People from Cleveland, Georgia
American football quarterbacks
American football punters
American football safeties
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Los Angeles Rams players
Atlanta Falcons players
Miami Dolphins players
Atlanta Falcons announcers
National Football League announcers

Billy Lothridge


Vienna, How it Cries and Laughs (German: Wien, wie es weint und lacht) is a 1926 German silent film directed by Rudolf Walther-Fein and Rudolf Dworsky and starring Fritz Greiner, John Mylong, and Mady Christians.

The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil.

Cast
 Fritz Greiner as Leopold Gruber - Haus / Fuhrwerksbesitzer
 John Mylong as Martin - sein Sohn
 Mady Christians as Sefi - seine Tochter
 Frida Richard as Die Großmutter
 Hans Brausewetter as Pepi Gschwandtner - ein Oberkellner
 Erich Kaiser-Titz as General Albrecht v. Wagher
 Mary Nolan as Adele - seine Tochter
 Hermann Picha as Hofrat Anton Hutter
 Werner Pittschau as Leutnant Otto Hutter - dessen Sohn
 Julius Falkenstein as Rittmeister Graf Kollodat
 Paul Biensfeldt as Schöllerer - Wagenwäscher
 Max Menden  as Der Bursche des Generals
 Wilhelm Diegelmann as Ein dicker Gast

References

Bibliography
 Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.

External links

1926 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
Films based on works by Ludwig Anzengruber
Films directed by Rudolf Walther-Fein
Films directed by Rudolf Dworsky
Films set in Vienna
German black-and-white films

Vienna, How it Cries and Laughs


Alfredo Pasillas (July 16, 1966 – June 13, 2018) was a Mexican luchador and enmascarado (masked) professional wrestler, best known for his work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) under the ring name Arkangel de la Muerte. He is often referred to as just Arkangel, and previously worked under the ring name Mister Cid until 1991. His name means "Archangel of Death" in Spanish.

In addition to his long in-ring career, Arkangel was most known for being a prolific professional wrestling trainer with CMLL's wrestling school and had a small or large part in training in all wrestlers who worked for CMLL between 2006 and his death in 2018. In the years leading up to his death, he served as the head trainer at the school. His in-ring career included reigns with the CMLL World Welterweight Championship and the Mexican National Welterweight Championship, as well as winning the mask of Ángel Azteca. He was a founding member of the groups Pandilla Guerrera and Los Guerreros Tuareg.

Professional wrestling career

Early career
Alfredo Pasillas made his professional wrestling debut in 1985, using the ring name "Mr. Cid", an enmascarado (masked) character partially inspired by El Cid, an 11th-century Castilian nobleman. On June 8, 1988, Mr. Cid teamed with Pantera II to win the Naucalpan Tag Team Championship in a tournament final against Convoy and Perverso. The team did not last long, with a storyline break up that led to a feud between the two men. On September 4, 1988, Pantera II defeated Mr. Cid in a Luchas de Apuesta, mask vs. mask match, forcing Mr. Cid to unmask. A week later Pantera II and Carnelo Casas defeated Mr. Cid and Bestia Verde in another Luchas de Apuesta match, this time with Mr. Cid and Bestia Verde having their hair shaved off after the loss. In 1990 Mr. Cid teamed with Canelo Casas to win the Naucalpan Tag Team Championship once more, holding it until 1991.

Arkangel de la Muerte
In June 1991 Mr. Cid changed ring characters, becoming Arkangel de la Muerte, a rudo (heel or "bad guy") character with religious undertones. As Arkangel, he won the Naucalpan Tag Team Championship for a third time, this time while teaming with Guerrero de la Muerte, who became a regular partner for Arkangel in the following years. The team also held the Distrito Federal Tag Team Championship at some point in the first half of the 1990s. They would also team with El Felino to hold the Distrito Federal Trios Title in 1991, losing the title to Los Metalicos (Oro, Plata and Bronce). By the mind 1990s, the "de la Muerte" tag team had broken up, as Arkangel decided to focus on singles competition instead. On September 25, 1998, Arkangel defeated El Torero for the Mexican National Welterweight Championship, bringing the title back to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) for the first time in five years. Over the next 178 days, Arkangel successfully defended the title against Máscara Mágica, El Torero, Astro Rey Jr. and Pantera before losing the title to Astro Rey Jr. on March 22, 1999. Five months later, Arkangel won the CMLL World Welterweight Championship from Super Delfin on a show in Kawasaki, Japan. Arkangel defended the title several times, both in Mexico and Japan before losing the belt to Nosawa in January 2001, ending his title reign after at least 875 days.

When CMLL celebrated their 70th anniversary in 2003, Arkangel de la Muerte was booked in a Luchas de Apuestas match versus Ángel Azteca. Arkangel won and unmasked Azteca, in what was Ángel Azteca's last high publicity match.

In 2004, Arkangel held the Distrito Federal Welterweight Championship for a short period of time before losing the title to Ludwig Star.

In 2004, Arkangel de la Muerte became one of the founding members of a group called Pandilla Guerrera (Spanish for "Warring Gang"), a sub group of the top rudo group in CMLL, Los Guerreros del Infierno (Spanish for "the Warriors of Hell"). The Pandilla Guerrera group consisted of undercard wrestlers, teaming together in the hopes of improving their position on the card. When the group only saw limited success by the association with Los Guerreros del Infierno, they decided to break away from them in 2007. Arkangel, along with Nitro, Doctor X, Hooligan, Loco Max and Skándalo, formed a group called Rebeldes del Desierto (Rebels of the Desert), later renamed Los Guerreros Tuareg (Tuareg warriors). Arkangel was the co-leader of the group along with Nitro. On October 18, 2009, Arkangel was one of 12 wrestlers who put his mask on the line in a 12-man Luchas de Apuestas cage match. He was the ninth person to escape the cage and keep his mask safe.

In the mid-2000s Pasillas began working as a trainer for CMLL's lucha libre school, helping train young men and women for a wrestling career as well as providing additional training for lower ranked wrestlers. As part of his role Arkangel transitioned into working in the second or third match of the card against younger wrestlers to give them more experience and further their training. In the latter half of the 2010s Pasillas became the head coach of the CMLL lucha libre school, a position he was first introduced as when CMLL presented Generación 2011, a group of trainees under Arkangel's supervision that included Magnus, Dragon Lee (who later became known as "Místico"), Enrique Vera Jr., Hombre Bala Jr., Super Halcón Jr., El Hijo del Signo and Boby Zavala.

On January 1, 2011, Arkangel competed for the first and only time in CMLL's semi-regular Reyes del Aire ("Kings of the Air") tournament. The elimination match saw Arkangel and Ángel de Plata pin each other simultaneously thus eliminating both from the tournament. In early 2011 Arkangel teamed up with Black Warrior to compete in a tournament to determine the first ever Universal Wrestling Entertainment (UWE) Tag Team Championship. The team lost to La Máscara and Latino in the first round. Arkangel would hold the Chilean-based 	Federacion Universitaria de Lucha Libre (FULL) world championship on two occasions between 2013 and 2015. He first won the championship on a FULL show in Chile and then brought the championship with him to Mexico where he lost it to El Gallo on January 14, 2014. He would later regain the championship from El Gallo and later lose it to Boby Zavala at some point in 2015. In early 2016 Arkangel teamed up with his student El Hijo del Signo to compete in a tournament for the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship, the team ended up losing their first-round match to Disturbio and Virus. Pasillas' final wrestling match was on June 9, 2018, and saw the team of Arkangel, Kwato-San and Sangre Azteca defeat the trio of Bengala, Eléctrico and Oro Jr. on the undercard of an Arena Coliseo show.

Death
Pasillas was scheduled to wrestle on a CMLL show on June 12, 2018, but had informed the bookers that he was not feeling well and was replaced by El Hijo del Signo on the show. The following morning, June 13, his wife found him dead. It was reported that Pasillas died from cardiac arrest.

Championships and accomplishments
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Comision de Box y Lucha Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal Welterweight Championship
Distrito Federal Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Guerrero de la Muerte
Distrito Federal Trios Championship (1 time) – with Guerrero de la Muerte and El Felino
Federación Universitaria de Lucha Libre
FULL World Championship (2 times)
Regional Mexican Championships
Acapulco Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Guerrero Welterweight Championship (2 times)
Naucalpan Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Pantera II (as Mr. Cid), with Canelo Casas (as Mr. Cid), with Guerrero de la Muerte (as Arkangel)
Naucalpan Welterweight Championship (1 time) – as Mr. Cid

Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

References

1966 births
2018 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Masked wrestlers
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Jalisco
CMLL World Welterweight Champions

Arkangel de la Muerte


Internet
Wireless Internet is often used to connect remote and rural places to the Internet. Technologies such as 4G, satellite, or radio are used to achieve this. This may be because it is too expensive or not possible to run cables to very remote areas.

This is not the same as Wi-Fi, which is wireless access to an Internet connection that is already in a house.

Wireless broadband


Judy Muller is an American journalist.  She has been a correspondent for ABC News since 1990, contributing reports to such programs as Nightline and World News Tonight.  She was a regular contributor to National Public Radio's Morning Edition program.  Previous to her employment with ABC, she worked for CBS News, contributing to CBS News Sunday Morning and the CBS Weekend News on television, as well as a regular radio feature, First Line Report.

Muller is a graduate of Mary Washington College (now called University of Mary Washington).  She joined the faculty of the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California in August 2003 as an assistant professor of journalism, and is now serves a professor emerita of journalism.

As part of the Nightline team, she received an Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award for coverage of the 1992 Los Angeles riots and an Emmy Award for coverage of the O. J. Simpson case.

She has written a book entitled Now This:  Radio, Television—and the Real World (2000).

Muller facilitated workshops for the Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science.

External links
Judy Muller page from ABC News site
Judy Muller page from University of Southern California site

American television reporters and correspondents
University of Southern California faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Fredericksburg, Virginia
University of Mary Washington alumni
NPR personalities
Journalists from Virginia

Judy Muller


Elisabetta de Gambarini (7 September 1730 – 9 February 1765) was an English composer, mezzo-soprano, organist, harpsichordist, pianist, orchestral conductor and painter of the 18th century. Elisabetta's music is considered late Baroque and Classical music. She achieved distinction as an all-around musician, performing on, and composing for a variety of instruments as well as voice. Her compositions were known to reflect that of vocal work instead of instrumental patterns. She was the first female composer in Britain to publish a collection of keyboard music.

Family
Elisabetta de Gambarini was born 7 September 1730 in Holles Street, St Marylebone, Middlesex, England. She was born to Charles Gambarini (died 1754), Counsellor to the Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel and Joanna (Giovanna Paula) Stradiotti (died 1774). Her father was a nobleman from Lucca, Italy.  He published A Description of the Earl of Pembroke's Pictures in 1731. Her mother was of similar status from Dalmatia. Her mother may have been a tutor to the nobility but it is not certain. Elisabetta was the third of four children. She was the only sibling to survive to maturity. It is possible that her name has appeared several other ways, Elizabeth Gambarini, Elisabetta de Gambarini, Elisabetta Gambarini and Elisabetta Gamberini.

Marriage
On 20 March 1764 Elisabetta married Etienne Chazal at St Martin-in-the-Fields. She gave one concert as Mrs Chazal in May, but died at her home in Castle Court, Strand, in the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster, less than a year later, on 9 February 1765. She was buried at St James's, Westminster, on 14 February. Her mother's will reveals that Elisabetta had a daughter, Giovanna Georgiana Chazal. Elisabetta may have died in or as a result of childbirth but it is not known for certain. This was common during this time. There is no additional information known of either her husband or her daughter.

Education
There is no specific information regarding Elisabetta de Gambarini's formal musical education, however there is speculation that she may have studied with Francesco Geminiani, composer of The Inchanted Forest.

There was increased participation of women in music-making in the eighteenth century. It is known that French women undertook music instruction at a young age, under the guidance of a music master before marriage and family responsibilities intervened. Many women involved in music were noblewomen or were from families of other musicians. It is known that during the Classical period the number of women involved in domestic music making increased significantly because of the popularity of singing and playing the piano, and also because the middle class was expanding.

Music was considered a social accomplishment for women, which reflected on the gentility of one's family, filled leisure time and drove away ennui, and in the case of a young women, it was an asset in procuring a husband. Amateur musicians as well as trained professionals were playing. Young ladies became involved in music by playing concerts in their homes and later as court musicians. They sang and played the lute or the harpsichord for their private amusement and occasionally retained small staffs of musicians -perhaps even including a composer – for their own entertainments. The lute and the harpsichord by their nature were sufficient unto themselves or could serve to support the player's own voice. Playing bowed string instruments was less appealing as a pastime because of the unladylike position required for playing the larger bowed string instruments.  Because of this, many eighteenth century women took up the smallest member of the viol family, the pardessus.

Career
Elisabetta began her career singing in Handel's Occasional Oratorio (1746–1747). She also performed as the First Israelite Woman at the first performance and sang in Judas Maccabaeus (1747) and Joseph and his Brethren (1747).  Her name also appears in scores of Handel's Samson and Messiah; however the exact dates are unknown.

By 1748 Elisabetta's reputation allowed her to promote and perform her own benefit concert. She sang and played her own compositions with the organ. She also issued her first two volumes of music. She was the first female composer in Britain to publish a collection of keyboard music, The Six Sets of Lessons for the Harpsichord, published in her teens, dedicated to Viscountess Howe of the Kingdom of Ireland. Her music had many subscribers, among them were famous musicians, Handel and Francesco Geminiani as well as dukes, lawyers, barons, sirs, lords as well as captains.  Later that year she published Lessons for the Harpsichord Intermix'd with Italian and English Songs, dedicated to the Prince of Wales. Later she also published XII English & Italian Songs, for a German flute and Thorough Bass...Opera III in 1750 composed primarily for woodwind players and dedicated to the Duke of Marlborough.

Throughout her career Elisabetta performed at the Haymarket Theatre and the great Concert Room in Dean Street, Soho.  Later in her career she gave several benefit concerts, appearing as composer, harpsichordist, organist, and singer. During one of her benefit concerts, she borrowed Francesco Geminiani's score The Inchanted Forest, for this reason there are those that believe she could have been one of his students. There is also information that she may have sought a court appointment during this time.

Women in music
As the eighteenth century progressed, the social class of the women who composed music and what they chose to compose changed. Whereas seventeenth century noble women wrote simple songs for their families and friends to perform, the daughters of musicians and composers gradually began composing in more ambitious genres:  sacred and secular Cantata and cantatille, opera, ballet, Comic opera, and even Oratorio. We do know that many women were achieving musically during this time period. The greater participation of women in music, traditionally associated exclusively with men, is largely attributable to political and social happenings across Europe in the early to mid-eighteenth century.

Significant and far reaching developments in music are also credited to the invention of the piano and its concomitant solo and chamber literature- which also played a decisive role in creating a musical climate conducive to a greater involvement of women as composers. The lied also attracted many female composers, resulting in many fine pieces of music written by women. From its inception the lied constituted a type of chamber music and as such fit comfortably in a domestic environment, a setting in which women had long been accepted as performers, in clear contrast to the public area, whose large scale Operas, sacred music and Orchestral music had been off limits to women. It is unclear if Elisabetta de Gambarini composed lied music; however, we do know that other female composers such as Corona Schröter and Maria Theresia Paradis were lied composers.

Repertoire
Elisabetta's Six Sets of Lessons for the Harpsichord are pleasant two-voice compositions (except for the March in Sonata IV, which is in three voices). In 1759 she published three sets of songs and harpsichord pieces written between 1748 and 1750. (Songs 1–4 are English, 5 is French, 6–12 are Italian.) They are short pieces, the longest being 53 measures, not counting repeats. The lyrics were based on moral lessons or classical allusions. Eighteenth-century concert programmes usually did not have consecutive pieces in the same genre. The forty minutes of music may also have been too short in length for an entire concert. Interrupting the music for the performance of songs or keyboard pieces may therefore have been a good solution. The word intermixed in the title of Elisabetta de Gambarini's Opus 2: Lessons for the Harpsichord Intermix'd with Italian and English evince many of the characteristics of vocal writing; a textual basis, compact range, strophic style, abbreviated length, and the absence of multi-movement structure. Like other pieces of this genre, her songs could be performed in a variety of ways: by voice, flute, keyboard, voice and flute together alternating segments. Her writing style was simple with uncomplicated keyboard writing, many being spirited and attractive.
 The Six Sets of Lessons for the Harpsichord (Op. 1), 1748
 Lessons for the Harpsichord Intermix'd with Italian and English Songs (Op. 2), 1748
 XII English & Italian Songs, for a German flute and Thorough Bass...Opera III
 War March
 Victory for voice and organ
 Forest Scene for horns and timpani
 Tho Mars, Still Friends to France
 The Friendly Wish
 Forgive Ye Fair
 Honour, Riches, Marriage-Blessing from The Tempest
 Overture for French horns
 Overtures
 Organ concertos
 Solos for piano and violin
 Ode for chorus

Instruments played
Violin, Harpsichord, Piano, Organ

Recordings
 18th Century Women Composers – Music for Solo Harpsichord, Vol. 1. Barbara Harbach, harpsichord. Gasparo Records GSCD-272 (1995)
 Anthony Noble, Elizabeth Gambarini: Complete Works for Harpsichord. Herald Records HAVPCD 244 (2000)

References

Further reading
 Bowers, Jane & Tick, Judith. Women Making Music, The Western Art Tradition 1150–1950. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986
 Briscoe, James R. A Biography Dictionary of Actor, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London 1660–1800. Music Library Association, Inc., 56, 4 (2000):  1014
 Dees, Pamela Youngdahl. An annotated catalogue of available intermediate-level keyboard music by women composers born before 1900. D.M.A. dissertation, University of Miami, 1998.
 Gambarini, Elisabetta de. Six sonatas for harpsichord or piano. Pullman, WA: Vivace Press, 1994.
 Gelbart, Nina Rattner.  The King's Midwife A History of Madame du Coudray. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
 Gowen, Bradford. New Music for Performance: Six Sonatas for Harpsichord or Piano by Elisabetta De Gambarini; Six Lessons by Elizabeth Harden. Edited by Barbara Harbach. Piano & Keyboard, January/February 1996, 51. Accessed *3 May 2016.
 Jezic, Diane P. Women Composers. New York: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York, 1988.
 Mathiesen, Penelope. Elisabetta De Gambarini: The Vocal Option. Continuo 16, no. 2 (2 April 1992).
 Neuls-Bates, Carol. Women in Music. Boston : Northeastern University Press, 1996.
 Noble, Anthony F. A Contextual Study of the Life and Published Keyboard Works of Elisabetta de Gambarini, Together with a Recording, Facsimile of the Music, and Commentary. PhD dissertation, University of Southampton (King Alfred's College Winchester), 2000.
 Noble, Anthony F. Gambarini (married name Chazal), Elizabeth (Elisabetta de Gambarini)  (1730–1765), composer, keyboard player, and singer. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004): Accessed 30 March 2016.
 Pendle, Karin. Women & Music. Second ed. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1991, 2001.
 Rasch, Rudolf. The Thirty-Three Works of Francesco Geminiani, Work Twenty, The Inchanted Forest (1754/1761). My Work on the Internet, Vol 8 (April 2016)
 Smith, Charles, & Georges, Patrick.  Similarity indices for 500 classical music composers:  Inferences from personal musical influences and 'ecological' measures. Empirical Studies of the Arts 33, 1 (2015) : 61–94.
 Winton, Dean.  Gambarini, Elisabetta de. Grove Music Online (2001): Accessed 30 March 2016.  doi: 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10600

External links

 Thesis on Gambarini by Anthony Noble.
 Harbach, B. "Six Sonatas for Harpsichord or Piano." Vivace. Barbara Harbach, 2007. Web. 26 April 2016.
 Johnson, K. "Elisabetta Di Gambirini." All Music. All Music, 2016. Web. 26 April 2016.
 Yelloly, M. "Early Music." Project MUSE. Early Music, Feb. 2005. Web. 26 April 2016.

Classical-period composers
English classical composers
British women classical composers
1730 births
1765 deaths
18th-century classical composers
Musicians from London
English people of Italian descent
18th-century English singers
18th-century keyboardists
English sopranos
English organists
English harpsichordists
Women organists
18th-century English musicians
18th-century women composers
18th-century English women artists
18th-century English artists
English women painters
18th-century English writers

Elisabetta de Gambarini


A shooting range, firing range, gun range or shooting ground is a specialized facility, venue, or field designed specifically for firearm usage qualifications, training, practice, or competitions. Some shooting ranges are operated by military or law enforcement agencies, though the majority of ranges are privately owned by civilians and sporting clubs and cater mostly to recreational shooters. Each facility is typically overseen by one or more supervisory personnel, known as a Range Officer (RO), or sometimes a range master in the United States. Supervisory personnel are responsible for ensuring that all safety rules and relevant laws are followed at all times.

Shooting ranges can be indoor or outdoor, and may be restricted to certain types of firearm that can be used such as handguns or long guns, or they can specialize in certain Olympic disciplines such as trap/skeet shooting or 10 m air pistol/rifle.  Most indoor ranges restrict the use of high-power calibers, rifles, or fully automatic firearms.

A shooting gallery is a recreational shooting facility with toy guns (usually very low-power airguns such as BB guns or airsoft guns, occasionally light guns or even water guns), often located within amusement parks, arcades, carnivals or fairgrounds, to provide safe casual games and entertainment for the visiting crowd by prizing customers with various dolls, toys and souvenirs as trophies.

Type
In urban areas, most shooting ranges will be at indoor facilities.  Indoor ranges offer sheltering from inclement weather conditions and can be operated around the clock under a controlled environment.  Outdoor shooting ranges are typically found away from populated areas due to concerns of safety, noise pollution and soil contamination.

Indoor range

Indoor shooting ranges are usually constructed as standalone structures, though they may be housed in larger buildings in isolated areas such as the basement.  The basic components of most indoor ranges consist of firing lines/lanes, targets and a bullet trap/"backstop" (which prevents stray shots and overpenetrations).  Design considerations may vary depending on planned use but they all must address the basic requirements for operating the range safely, and that is provide ballistic protection, safety controls, proper ventilation, acoustic isolation and appropriate lighting.

Structural components

Firing range walls are usually constructed of poured concrete, precast concrete or masonry blocks. The walls must be sufficiently impenetrable and provide adequate ballistic protection from stray shots and back-splatter.  Floors are constructed from dense reinforced concrete with a smooth surface finish and are usually slanted slightly from up range (shooter positions) toward the backstops downrange to allow for better maintenance and cleaning.

Indoor range roofs are constructed from steel joists or precast concrete panels with a smooth flat surface that will redirect misfired bullets, facilitate maintenance, and prevent lead buildup.  Roof baffles are installed at a 25–30 degree angle to protect ceilings, lighting fixtures, ventilation ducts, and any other unprotected element from stray bullets.  Baffles are typically constructed of armored plate steel covered with fire-rated plywood.  Deflectors are similar to baffles, but are not usually covered with plywood; they can be installed either vertically or horizontally and are used to redirect stray bullets from unprotected fixtures and elements inside the firing range such as doors, windows, and ventilation registers.  Shields are constructed of plate steel and plywood.

The central controls for the firing range equipment, communication, lighting, and security are housed in control rooms or stations.  The range master, who is in charge of range operation and management, operates the controls. The control station must provide the range master with an unobstructed line of sight of the firing lanes and all shooters. Control stations are usually constructed of concrete blocks with bulletproof observation windows.

Backstops and bullet traps are used to absorb the energy from the projectile and capture it to prevent overflight beyond the range area. Bullet traps come in a variety of designs and are usually constructed of impenetrable metal plates.  The thickness of the plates and the materials used depend on the velocity and energy levels of the projectiles to be fired in the range.  The majority of modern bullet traps are made up of angled hardened steel plates that redirect bullets into other metal plates, releasing their energy.  The plates must be resistant to penetration, abrasion, and metal fatigue.  The traps direct the spent bullets to a collection area in front of the trap or, for high-energy projectiles, at the back of the trap.

Many indoor ranges provide additional spaces such as a cleaning room for weapons, a classroom, restrooms (including shower facilities), office areas, lounge area, or storage and maintenance rooms.  Passageways are used to physically isolate the firing range from the adjoining areas.

Physical components

Some shooting ranges are equipped with shooting booths to provide shooters with a defined private area and to reduce potential hazard from misfires and prevent ejected cartridge cases from hitting/distracting adjacent shooters.  Shooting booths are made of partitions or panels which can be acoustically treated to reduce the unpleasant effects of noise on surrounding bystanders.  The booths are sometimes equipped with communication or target-operation equipment; target or booth lighting controls; shelves for holding weapons and bullets, or to prevent shooters from going downrange; and equipment for practicing shooting from behind a barrier.  The firing line, usually marked red or orange, runs along the downrange edge of the shooting booths.  Some ranges have motion detectors that can set off an alarm when a shooter passes this line during shooting.

Target systems consist of a target object and optionally a target carrier system and a target control system. Some ranges utilise electronic scoring systems which do not require paper targets to be placed downrange. Targets for indoor ranges are usually a paper sheet or piece of corrugated cardboard with a printed image, either a bullseye or a silhouette.

Target carrier systems allow a range to operate more efficiently and safely by transporting targets between the firing line and the target line, so the shooter does not have to wait for a "ceasefire" and physically walk downrange to examine and set up the target. This is particularly useful on commercial and "self service" ranges. The target control system allows the range master to control the operation and movement of the targets through a central control station in the control booth. Some ranges provide local control modules that can be operated in the shooting booths. Many smaller clubs or competition ranges may not bother with target carriers as shooters fire in timed details anyway, and match targets will be collected for scoring at the end of each detail. Electronic scoring systems are increasingly common on such ranges, which eliminate paper targets and manual scoring.

Operational components

A critical component in the design and proper operation of an indoor ranges is the ventilation system.  Proper ventilation reduces shooters' exposure to airborne lead particles and other combustion byproducts.  Ventilation systems consist of supply and exhaust air systems and associated ductwork.  Supply air can be provided through a perforated wall plenum or radial air diffusers mounted at ceiling height.  Airflow along the firing line should be no more than  0.38 m/s (75 feet per minute, fpm) with a minimum acceptable flow of 0.25 m/s (50 fpm).  Air is typically exhausted at or behind the bullet trap.  Some firing ranges are designed to have multiple exhaust points downrange to maintain downrange flow and desired velocities at the firing line.  The exhaust system should be designed to provide minimum duct air velocities of 12.70 – 15.24 m/s (2,500 – 3,000 fpm).  The equipment and designs for the ventilation systems are varied, most firing ranges have one supply and one exhaust fan, however, some have multiple supply or exhaust fans.  Very often, the air-flow rate required by the firing range and space constraints for the fans dictate the number and types of fans.  Most firing ranges have systems that supply 100% outside air to the firing range and exhaust all of the air to outside the building; but, some firing range ventilation systems are designed to recirculate some of the exhaust air to the supply air system to conserve energy especially in extreme climates.  The exhaust air is always filtered before being exhausted outside the building or recirculated to the supply system.

Lighting in the range consists of control booth, uprange area, shooting booth, and downrange lighting systems.  Control booth lighting is usually manually controlled and consists of general lighting and low-level lighting used during particular shooting conditions.  Lighting uprange of the booths is general ceiling-level lighting and can usually be controlled manually or from the central controls.  Lights downrange of the firing line are usually spotlights used to illuminate the targets at various distances downrange of the booths.

Safety control systems are installed to protect the shooters during range malfunction or emergency situations.  Such systems may include warning lights, alarm bells, and air-flow and filtration monitors.

Airgun Ranges

Due to the lower power of most airguns, it is often possible to operate airgun ranges safely in multi-use and improvised spaces. This is particularly true of ISSF-oriented airguns which are limited to muzzle energies of 6ft-lb.

Suitable ranges can be set up in sports halls or function rooms, using simple wooden backers, pellet catchers or lightweight ballistic curtains to protect the wall behind. Although safe handling practices for lead pellets must be followed, the lack of combustion gases negates the need for the high-performance ventilation systems required on conventional indoor ranges. Such arrangements are particularly common for major championships. Few locations could justify the expense of maintaining a permanent range with 80+ firing lanes, but such a range can be set up temporarily in large sports halls or exhibition centres. This is the approach taken by major European events such as InterShoot, RIAC and the Welsh Airgun Championships.

Outdoor range

Outdoor shooting ranges are used for longer-distance shooting up to or exceeding .  Training might also specifically require exposure to the elements such as wind, dust and rain. Outdoor competition shooting is preferred under benign weather conditions, although conditions may change, competition is only abandoned when safety becomes an issue.

Outdoor ranges are designed to contain all fired shots.  This necessitates a high retaining wall behind the target line called a backstop or stop-butt, comprising an earth mound, sandbag barrier or specially designed funnel-shaped traps to catch and prevent misaligned shots, errant projectile ricochets, or shots going beyond the bounds of the shooting range.  Most outdoor ranges restrict the maximum caliber size and/or projectile energy based on the design specification of the range.  Some target-shooting ranges have separate facilities devoted to the use of higher-powered firearms such as .50 caliber.

Outdoor ranges may be partially enclosed and so have some features in common with indoor ranges, for example the British Armed Forces barrack range has a roofed firing point and normally has 360° walls.  As its name suggests, it is generally found in military bases rather than in the more remote areas common to outdoor ranges. Outdoor ranges for ISSF and Olympic shooting events often have heavily sheltered firing points to protect athletes, spectators and media from inclement weather as well as housing the sophisticated electronic target systems.

Several studies of outdoor ranges have shown that prolonged exposure to lead and noise can cause health problems, particularly among employees and instructors.

Due to their larger area and more "open air" nature, outdoor ranges need less cleaning and maintenance than indoor ranges.  However, despite  the  natural ventilation of outdoor firing ranges, some outdoor ranges have ballistic baffles overhead, and concrete walls and structures on the sides that can cause the air to stagnate and lead to increase exposure to lead and noise.

Consequently, operators of outdoor ranges might consider adding sound transmission barriers, absorptive materials, and natural vegetation to lessen noise emission.  Fans pointing downrange can provide air movement away from shooters to lessen lead exposure.

Air rifle
Outdoor air rifle ranges can have a fixed distance such as  or  or be an area for the practice of the sport of field target shooting, where reset metal targets are placed in natural surroundings at various distances and elevations, with a pellet trap behind the target.

Small-bore rifle

Small-bore (.22 Long Rifle caliber) rifle ranges are typically  to accommodate the Olympic 50 m Rifle event, but they can extend to . These ranges are found around the world as part of various cadet shooting programs, sometimes reduced to , or in American parlance "the thousand-inch range". Often called "miniature rifle ranges", they featured as training establishments for initial military marksmanship training using lower-cost ammunition imparting less recoil or for entertainment carnival games.

Full-bore rifle
Target shooting range for larger-caliber centerfire rifles are no shorter than , except in the case of "Zero" ranges used for setting or checking the zero of sights using special "ladder" targets. "Zero". Military ranges are typically at least  to safely accommodate the range of most rifles. Public ranges can be as long as  and typically accommodate hunters and sportsman participating in sports such as 300 m Standard Rifle, metallic silhouette or benchrest shooting.

Shotgun

Specialist ranges cater for various clay pigeon shooting events and require special layouts and equipment.

Archery ranges

Oftentimes the same range is made available to both bow and gun shooters. However, there are many ranges that have been made available exclusively for archers, which lack the backstop to safely contain bullets The most popular types of archery ranges include 3-D ranges, field ranges and indoor ranges.

Components

Firing point
The firing point normally is at a defined point on the ground, and on a civilian range will usually be level and flat. Outdoor ranges without a covered firing point are usually grass, often on a slightly raised, flattened mound. Outdoor ranges with a covered firing point are usually concrete or tarmacadam. Outdoor military range firing points are not usually covered and may have other configurations, e.g., sloping, a gravel base or hole in the ground.

A "fixed firing point" or echelon rifle range is where the targets are located at the various distances with the marksman or woman shooting from the one firing point. The most advanced rifle range of this design was constructed for the Commonwealth Games New Delhi 2010.

The firing point cover can be as simple as a tent, to a frame with only a roof (to keep off rain or sunshine) to a substantial building with appropriate apertures to shoot through.

Targets

Civilian targets are usually made of paper or a plastic coreflute, sometimes with a canvas or hessian back on the larger long-range types. Most competitive targets are a solid black circle on a white background. The black circle may have scoring rings. Targets of other shapes may be used such as used in pistol (hand gun) target shooting. Reactive targets allow shooters to easily identify bullet strikes. This allows shooters to improve their skills by quickly being able to compare their aiming point and where the actual bullet impacted the target.

Electronic scoring targets use an acoustic or optical system to evaluate the shot as it passes through the target frame.

Service rifle competitions typically use the military-standard targets contemporary to the firearm's era. The same applies for the matches they shoot.

Other target types include a metal plate that is knocked over by the projectile such as in the air rifle sport of field target or handgun discipline of IPSC, and stationary metal plates of scaled animal outlines on which bullet strikes mark as well as those that mark the paint which is painted over again after scoring.

Butts / backstop
The butts / backstop is the area behind the target into which the shot impacts having passed through the target. Outdoor and sometimes indoor ranges have earth or sand butts. Indoor ranges can use angled plates with collectors, often with a rubber curtain through which the bullet passes and is then stopped by a metal plate. Rubber curtains help reduce bullet fragments.

Ranges without automatic target placements sometimes have concrete trenches where personnel lift and retract, mark and replace targets.

They need to be of sufficient height to capture the projectile intended for the target as well as any ricochet that may occur from the projectile striking the floor of the target range fairway. Usually the top is at least five degrees in elevation from the 100m firing line.

Wind flags
Outdoor shooting ranges sometimes have wind flags, positioned between the firing line (where the shooters are) and the targets. Shooters observe these flags to make an estimate of wind speed, which is then converted into lateral minute of angle point of aim corrections or, alternatively, windage holdoff corrections.

The flag method is the most common method used to estimate wind speed. A flag blowing in the wind will naturally blow away from the flagpole, with the angle of the bottom of the flag to the flagpole increasing with increasing windspeed. To estimate the wind speed in mph, the angle in degrees between the bottom of the flag to the flagpole at the mid-range position between the shooter and the target is divided by 4. For example, an angle of 60 degrees between the bottom of a flag and a flagpole would be estimated as a  windspeed.

The clock method is then used to determine full value, half value, or no value corrections in a minute of angle for this wind. Aligning the target at the 12 o'clock position or direction, with the 6 o'clock direction being directly behind the shooter, winds at 3 or 9 o'clock are equated to full value, winds at 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 o'clock are equated to half value, and winds at 12 and 6 o'clock are equated to no value.

The minute of angle correction (full value) is then commonly estimated as ((Range [meters] / 100) × Wind [mph]) / C, where C is a constant. The constant C equals 15 for ranges from 100 to 500 meters, 14 for 600 meters, 13 for 700–800 meters, 12 for 900 meters, and 11 for 1,000 meters.

For full-value winds, this full windage correction is used. For half-value winds, the minute of correction in windage given by this formula is halved; for no-value winds, no minute of angle correction in windage is required.

Multiple flags are required for two reasons. First, the wind speed closest to the midpoint of the range has the greatest effect on the projectile. In addition, the wind at one part of the range will not always be the same at another part.

Wind flags are not always actual flags, sometimes streamers are used, small triangle flags, or even pinwheels. Factors such as the range length and expected strength of the wind determine the best type of flag to use. When no flags are available, a small leaf or another small light object can be dropped from shoulder height, and the object is then pointed at by the shooter; the angle between his arm and his torso can provide an equivalent wind speed estimation as a wind flag, although it will not be at the mid-range location along the bullet's trajectory.

Lighting
Lighting should be consistent in intensity, glare-free, and shadow-free. The shooter's vision down range should not be obstructed by lighting behind the firing line. The illumination should be bright enough to prevent pupil dilation, which lowers the shooter's visual acuity. Emergency lights for egress, "Range in Use" signs at the entrance, and exit lights are among the other lighting options. During repairs or cleaning, the lighting behind the bullet trap should be at least 30 foot-candles.

Common safety practices

Although some ranges require all weapons to be discharged, securely encased, and/or trigger-locked before entering or exiting the facility, others do not. Many jurisdictions have no such restrictions, regardless of whether one has a concealed carry license in jurisdictions where concealed carry is legal.

Whether indoors or outdoors, all shooters are typically required to wear eye protection as well as hearing protection (ear muffs or earplugs) at all times when within the defined boundaries of the range. Employees and users are exposed to lead dust from bullets or cartridge primers, which can be inhaled or can settle on skin or clothing. Additionally, the discharging of firearms in indoor ranges can produce noise levels of over 140 dB sound pressure level. To combat this, it is commonly recommended that those inside the range  "double-up" ear protection by using both earplugs and over-the-head earmuffs, and to protect range bystanders from sound exposure. Depending on the range, prescription eyeglasses may qualify as eye protection. Indoor ranges can be particularly unsafe, due to high lead exposures and increased noise exposures where the design or management is not of a quality conducive to best practice.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health issued an Alert, that presents five case reports documenting lead and noise exposures, and examines firing range operations, exposure assessment and control methods, existing regulations, and exposure standards and guidelines. More information about reducing occupational exposures at indoor firing ranges can be found at NIOSH Firing Range topic page

In 2013, The American National Academy of Sciences published a report highlighting the shortcomings of current occupational lead exposure standards and urged the United States Department of Defense to update its guidelines and practices for protecting workers from lead exposure on firing ranges.

Air

Lead and other pollutants are regulated by ventilation in a range. The configuration of the supply and exhaust air systems is critical for proper operation. Interlocks that enable both the supply and exhaust fans to be working should be designed to ensure proper operation. The range's exhaust system eliminates dirty air.
The air velocity down the range is determined by the exhaust flow rate, but it has no bearing on the airflow pattern at the firing line. A minor negative pressure in the range can be maintained by exhausting 3 to 7% more air than is supplied. The negative pressure of -0.04 + 0.02 inches water gauge should be maintained for ranges. Energy recovery systems should be considered because of the huge amount of air being exhausted. Single-speed fans, not multiple-speed fans, should be used. To demonstrate proper exhaust system function, indicators (static or velocity pressure) for flow monitoring are a good idea.

Outside air must make up for the lost airflow. The distribution of supply air is crucial in assessing the ventilation system's effectiveness.
Air supply systems are designed to spread air equally over the firing range's distance. Airflow at the shooting line can be unstable if it is not uniformly dispersed, allowing lead and other pollutants to be brought back into the shooter's breathing region. Supply air should be added as high as possible in the range.

Cleaning
Due to the health risks of accumulated lead dust and combustion products, cleaning floors and horizontal surfaces on a regular basis is recommended, either explicitly or as an implementation of more general health and safety regulations for handling lead. The level of cleaning is determined by how often the range is used. Wet methods or a vacuum fitted with a high-performance particulate air (HEPA) filter may be used to clean. The risk of unburned powder accumulating necessitates the use of an explosion-proof HEPA vacuum.

During cleanup, the ventilation system should be turned on. Personnel and shooters should be aware of the areas of the range to which they are permitted entry, as well as the areas where their clothing or skin may become contaminated. Shooters should not be permitted to proceed beyond the firing line. Individuals who might need to walk down the range should have disposable shoe coverings accessible. Before consuming food, drinks, or other products, shooters should thoroughly wash their hands and face.

Safety areas
Safety areas are places on shooting ranges where a small bay with a safe direction is set up for shooters to be able to handle unloaded firearms without the supervision of a Range Officer (RO). Safety areas are widely used in dynamic shooting sport disciplines  and PPC 1500, and may for example be used to pack, unpack or holster a gun, cleaning or repair, dry firing and training with empty magazines

Specific countries
This article discusses shooting or firing ranges in a general sense. For more specific discussion of shooting ranges in specific countries, see:

Shooting ranges in Norway
Shooting ranges in Switzerland
Shooting ranges in the United States

See also
ISSF shooting events (Olympic events)
Metallic silhouette
Schützenverein
Shooting sports
Sport venue

References

External links

Ranges - NSSF. National Shooting Sports Foundation.
The NRA Range. National Rifle Association.

UK NSRA (National Small-bore Rifle Association)

Range
Sports venues by type
Amusement park attractions

Shooting range


Lemon Creek is a stream located on the South Shore of Staten Island in New York City. It is one of the few remaining ground-level creeks in New York City.

Geography

Lemon Creek emerges from a conduit under Rossville Avenue and flows into Porzio's Pond, located north of the intersection of Woodrow Road and Maguire Avenue. Water from the pond reaches Lemon Creek both above ground and underground. Flowing generally southward, near the intersection of Drumgoole Road West and Maguire Avenue, Sandy Brook empties into the creek. This small stream now originates just south of Sharrotts Road and east of the West Shore Expressway. Lemon Creek continues southward under the Korean War Veterans Parkway and Drumgoole Roads, and begins to widen among marshes south of the Staten Island Railway. The creek turns eastward and passes under Bayview Avenue, then southward again. Just above its mouth, it receives a tributary from the east draining Wolfe's Pond, which is located within a city park of the same name. A marina and boat moorings are located here. Immediately below, it empties into Prince's Bay, part of Raritan Bay, just off the corner of Bayview Avenue and Johnston Terrace.

Throughout its above-ground length, Lemon Creek is generally regarded as the boundary between the neighborhoods of Prince's Bay and Pleasant Plains on Staten Island's South Shore. Its watershed covers about  and lies within the terminal moraine crossing Staten Island. The lower reaches of the creek, below the Staten Island Railway, are bordered by extensive marshes, the largest and most pristine on the south shore of Staten Island. This area includes both salt marsh and the only tidal freshwater marsh on Staten Island.

Parks
Much of the creek below Hylan Boulevard, and a long strip of shoreline to the west, is part of the  Lemon Creek Park, established in 1962. The park includes the Seguine Mansion. The northern, wooded portion of the park forms the  Lemon Creek Park Preserve. Wolfe's Pond and its source, Wolfe Brook, comprise the  Wolfe's Pond Park. The upper reaches of Lemon Creek, and most of Sandy Brook flow through Bloomingdale Park, .

History

The creek first appears in recorded history in 1670, as one of the boundaries of a 140-acre (56.7 ha) grant of land to Paulus Regrenier. The Abraham Manee Homestead may encompass Regrenier's original dwelling.

Clams were once abundant at the mouth of the creek, in Prince's Bay. The oysters harvested there were once a delicacy exported to London, and the export of oysters helped make the fortune of the local Seguine family. However, shellfishing ceased in the area in the 1920s due to an outbreak of typhoid fever traced to Raritan Bay oysters. However, while non-commercial clamming is still forbidden due to pollution, commercial clamming is permitted if the clams are transplanted into clean water before harvest, and the Lemon Creek marina is again a base for clamming vessels.

Known in 1830 as Seguine's Creek for the Seguine family, this body of water was referred to as the Little North River by 1895. Shortly thereafter, it began to be called Lemon Creek, although the origin of the name is not known.

Fauna
The marshes along the lower creek provide a home for waterfowl such as swans, mallards, and black ducks, and a refuge for migrating birds, as well as monarch butterflies. Lemon Creek Park is also home to the only purple martin colony in New York City, popular among local birdwatchers.

In the center of the marshes on the lower creek is Ziel's Island, also known as Crab Island for the fiddler crabs and blue crabs that live there. Clams are commercially harvested off the mouth of the creek, and various marine fish can be caught from a fishing pier at the mouth of the creek.

References

Rivers of Staten Island
Rivers of New York (state)

Lemon Creek (Staten Island)


Christianity is the dominant religion in Equatorial Guinea, with Catholics having the most adherents. There are also substantial minorities of the adherents of traditional faiths and Islam.

Equatorial Guinea is a secular state, and the nation's constitution provides for freedom of religion and worship, and prohibits political parties based on religious affiliation.

Legislation
The Constitution of Equatorial Guinea provides for the freedom of religion, and prohibits the establishment of political parties on the basis of religion. The law establishes no state religion, but the government gives preference to the Roman Catholic Church and the Reformed Church of Equatorial Guinea, which are the only religious groups not required to register their organization or activities with the Ministry of Justice, Religious Affairs, and Penitentiary Institutions (MJRAPI).

The government provides funds to the Catholic Church and its schools for educational programming. Catholic masses are also a normal part of official government ceremonial functions.

Permits are required for door-to-door proselytism. While some time limits are officially imposed on public religious activities, Evangelical Christian groups often hold activities outside the prescribed period without government intervention.

References

Religion in Equatorial Guinea

Religion in Equatorial Guinea


Electrostar is the name given to a group of similar electric multiple unit passenger trains made by Bombardier Transportation, formerly ADtranz. Since the privatisation of British Rail, it has become the most common new EMU type in Britain, with different variants referred to as Class 357, Class 375, Class 376, Class 377, Class 378, Class 379, Class 387. They are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in South London and to the Sussex, Kent & South Essex coasts.   It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the Turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit family. All of the Electrostar fleet were assembled at Bombardier's Derby works.

Bombardier multiple units
Adtranz multiple units
British Rail electric multiple units

Electrostar


D 92, () also known as Al Khaleej Road, Al Mina Road or Al Wasl Road, is a road in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.  Beginning in the locality of Al Mamzar, D 92 progresses south-westward, past Deira, Al Shindagha, Port Rashid and Bur Dubai. D 92 then runs parallel to D 94 (Jumeirah Road) and D 90 (Satwa Road) before terminating at a junction with Umm Suqeim Street in Umm Suqeim. The road, which passes through Al Shindagha Tunnel, provides access to Bur Dubai.

Important landmarks located along D 92 include the Dubai Gold Souk, Al Shindagha Tunnel, Falcon Roundabout, Iranian Consulate, American School of Dubai, Al Wasl Police Station, Safa Park and Dubai Police Academy.

Roads in the United Arab Emirates
Transport in Dubai

D 92 road (United Arab Emirates)


The Stanley Motor Carriage Company was an American manufacturer of steam-engine cars. The company was founded in 1898 and incorporated in 1901. The cars made by the company were called Stanley Steamers. They were produced from 1896 to 1924. In the early 1900s steam was used to power locomotives, steamships, even sewing machines. It seemed natural that steam could power cars. Of all the steam driven cars made in the early 20th century, the Stanley Steamer was the best-known and most popular. Today Stanley Steamers are rare automobiles and hard to find outside of museums and a few car collections.

Early history

Twins Francis E. Stanley and Freelan O. Stanley were the co-inventors of the Stanley Steamer automobile. Freelan was a teacher and high school principal. Francis was also a teacher, but left teaching in 1874 to become a photographer. In 1885 they both left their jobs and started a company to make photographic plates for photographers. they sold their shop four years later when they moved to Watertown, Massachusetts. They started another photographic plate business, but sold it to Eastman Kodak in 1904. The brothers had become interested in making cars and wanted to do that full time.

Building steam cars

Many inventors were working on making cars during this time. The Stanley brothers built their first two cars as a hobby. In 1898 they brought their cars to the first Auto show in the US held in Boston. Cars from the US and Europe were on exhibition. There was also an outdoor competition. Their Stanley Steamers were faster and could climb hills much better than other cars. No gasoline engined car could climb the 15% grade. A Whitney steam car nearly climbed the 20% grade. The Stanley steamer easily climbed the 30% grade.

With the money from the sale of their company to Eastman Kodak, they began making steam cars. In 1899, they produced and sold over 200 cars, more than any other U.S. maker. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of these cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The ascent took more than two hours and was notable as being the first time a car had climbed the  long Mount Washington Carriage Road; the descent was accomplished by putting the engine in low gear and using the car's brakes. The twins later sold the rights to this early design to Locomobile, and in 1902 they formed the Stanley Motor Carriage Company.

Stanley licensed their designs to several other motor car companies. The White Motor Company was one who used the Stanley design and continued to produce steam cars until 1912. Stanley was the last manufacturer of steam powered cars. As the internal combustion engine designs improved, steam and electric cars lost much of their popularity. The numbers of cars sold went down to less than 600 a year in 1918. That year the Stanley brothers sold the company to Prescott Warren, a Chicago businessman. Francis  Stanley died in an automobile accident later the same year (1918). His brother Freelan opened a hotel in Colorado called The Stanley Hotel. He lived to be 91 years old. Stanley Steamers were made until 1924.

Design and operation

Early Stanley cars had bodies made of wood. The bodies were attached to steel frames by leaf springs. Later bodies were made of aluminum. A Kerosene burner heated a drum-shaped boiler. The boiler stored steam. The driver controlled the steam going to the engine by a throttle. There was no need for a transmission. Starting a Stanley in the morning would wake everyone who lived nearby. It sounded like a steam locomotive, hissing and chugging. It was very hard to steal a Stanley Steamer. It took 20 minutes to gather enough steam before it could move. Once it was moving it seemed to have unlimited power. An early Stanley Steamer was capable of 75 miles per hour. In 1906 a Stanley Steamer broke the land speed record at 127 miles per hour in Florida. To operate a Stanley Steamer, the driver had to watch a number of gauges. There were 13 handles, pumps and valves to adjust. They carried only a small amount of water due to its weight. The car could only go about 40 miles before it had to add water. The kerosene burner was known to cause fires. The easier to operate gasoline powered internal combustion engine caused the steam car to become obsolete.

Related pages

 Steam car
 Steam engine
 Ford Model T
 Horseless carriage

References

Other websites
 Stanley Steamers
 Museum web page on the Stanley Steamers in Kingfield, Maine
 Stanley Steamer – Technical Information
 World's largest active collection of Stanley Steamers
 Stanley Register Online – Worldwide register of existing Stanley steam cars
 Videos: Stanley Steamers driven and explained by Jay Leno

1902 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Massachusetts
1924 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Massachusetts
American automobile companies
Companies based in Massachusetts

Stanley Motor Carriage Company


The Treaty of Zurich was signed by the Austrian Empire, the French Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia on 10 November 1859. The agreement was a reaffirmation of the terms of the preliminary peace of Villafranca, which brought the Austro-Sardinian War to an official close. The treaty actually consisted of three separate treaties – a treaty between France and Austria, which reaffirmed the terms of the preliminary peace, re-established peace between the two emperors, and ceded Lombardy to France.  A second treaty, between France and Sardinia, saw France cede Lombardy to Sardinia.  The third treaty, signed by all three powers, re-established a state of peace between Austria and Sardinia.

In the French-Austrian treaty, both countries agreed to work towards a confederation of Italian states, including Venice, under the honorary presidence of the Pope (art. 18), which never happened.

See also
Treaty of Turin (1860)
Treaty of Vienna (1866)

External links
The Valtelline (1603-1639) - Chapter II
Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy
Chapter XI - Hungarian Soldiers in Foreign Armies
Encarta Encyclopedia - Italy
The Project Gutenberg eBook - The Liberation of Italy by Countess Evelyn Martinengo-Cesaresco

Zurich
1859 treaties
Treaties of the Second French Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Sardinia
1859 in France
History of Zürich
1859 in the Austrian Empire
1859 in the Kingdom of Sardinia
Austrian Empire–France relations
Austrian Empire–Kingdom of Sardinia relations
France–Kingdom of Sardinia relations
November 1859 events

Treaty of Zürich