Jonathan Steuer (born December 3, 1965, in Wisconsin) is a pioneer in online publishing.

Steuer led the launch teams of a number of early and influential online publishing ventures, including Cyborganic, a pioneering online/offline community, HotWired, the first ad-supported web magazine, and c|net's online operations. Steuer's article "Defining virtual realities: Dimensions determining telepresence", is widely cited in academic and industry literature. Originally published in 1992 in the Journal of Communication 42, 73-9, it has been reprinted in Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality (1995), F. Biocca & M. R. Levy (Eds.).

Steuer's vividness and interactivity matrix from that article appeared in Wired circa 1995 and has been particularly influential in shaping the discourse by defining virtual reality in terms of human experience, rather than technological hardware, and setting out vividness and interactivity as axial dimensions of that experience. Steuer's notability in diverse arenas as a scholar, architect, and instigator of new media is documented in multiple, independent, non-trivial, published works.

Steuer has been a consultant and senior executive for a number of other online media startups: CNet, ZDTV, Sawyer Media Systems and Scient.

Steuer has an AB in philosophy from Harvard University, and a PhD in communication theory & research from Stanford University. There, his doctoral dissertation concerned Vividness and Source of Evaluation as Determinants of Social Responses Toward Mediated Representations of Agency.

Personal Life

He is married to Majorie Ingall. A longtime resident of the Bay Area, today Steuer resides in New York City.

References

Further reading
Some books and print articles that discuss Steuer's role in the web publishing industry that emerged in San Francisco in the 1990s:
Yoshihiro Kaneda, Net Voice in the City, ASCII Corporation, Japan, 1997, pp. 88–107
Robert H. Reid, Architects of the Web, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997, pp. 289–292, 296-297, 299-300, 302-303.
Jeff Goodell, "Webheads on Ramona Street", Rolling Stone, Issue 722, November 30, 1995.

Some books and print that draw on Steuer's definitions of virtual reality and telepresence:
Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows (Eds.), Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk, Sage Publications, London, 1995.
Nicovich, S. G., Boller, G. W., and Cornwell, T. B. "Experienced presence within computer-mediated communications: Initial explorations on the effects of gender with respect to empathy and immersion", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(2), article 6, (2005).
Kuo-Fang Peng, Yi-Wen Fan, Tong-An Hsu,"Proposing the content perception theory for the online content industry – a structural equation modeling", Industrial Management & Data Systems Volume 104 Number 6 2004 pp. 469–489 (2004).
Coyle, James R. ; Thorson, Esther, "The Effects of Progressive Levels of Interactivity and Vividness in Web Marketing Sites", Journal of Advertising, 22 September 2001.
Donna L. Hoffman; Thomas P. Novak, "Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations", Journal of Marketing, 1996.
Larry R. Irons, Donald J. Jung, and Robert O. Keel, "Interactivity in Distance Learning: The Digital Divide and Student Satisfaction",  Educational Technology & Society 5 (3) 2002 ().

Besides the printed works above, Steuer's article is cited in many online works, a few of which are listed here:
EDUCAUSE REVIEW | January/February 2007, Volume 42, Number 1
A Definition
ICA Info Systems: Coyle & Ognianova
Social Impacts of Rich Media
A Psychological Approach to Presence

Online publishing
1965 births
Harvard University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Living people

Jonathan Steuer


Bishnupur is one of the four villages under the Parsa Pateli village development committee of Mahottari district in the Janakpur Zone of southern Nepal. Bishnupur is located at 2.5 miles southeast of Jaleshwor, the district headquarters. Bishnupur is surrounded by the Indian border in the south, Chauria village in the southeast, Pataili in the northeast, Suga in the north, and Masurpatti village in the west. The towns of Matihani (Nepal) and Madhwapur (India) are 1.5 miles from Bishnupur.

The estimated population of Bishnupur according to the 2011 census is 1200 persons. Many young people from Bishnupur have been working in the Middle East, as well as in Malaysia. There has been immigration to the United States for work and education.

Populated places in Mahottari District

Bishnupur, Mahottari


Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29  or granular retrosplenial cortex, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30 (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann has this to say about area 29, amongst his other comments on it:

"An unusual regression of layer II together with layer III is found in the granular retrosplenial cortex, illustrated in Figures 38 to 41 for four different animals. Here, in addition to the regression of layers II and III, there is fusion of the original layers V and VI and at the same time an isolated massive increase of the inner granular layer, that is particularly prominent in Figures 38 and 39;..."

See also
 Brodmann area
 Retrosplenial region

References

28
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere

Brodmann area 29


West is a Canadian documentary television series that aired on CBC Television from 1973 to 1974.

Premise
This series of National Film Board of Canada productions featured life on the Canadian prairie provinces (Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan).

Scheduling
This half-hour series was broadcast Wednesdays at 10:00 p.m. from 19 December 1973 to 17 April 1974. There were rebroadcasts from 23 June 1974, Sundays at 1:00 p.m.

Episodes
 "Catskinner Keen" (Donald Brittain producer and director), featuring Bob Keen
 "Cavendish Country" (Donald Brittain producer and director), about Cal Cavendish, a country musician
 "Every Saturday Night" (John Taylor producer; Tom Radford director), concerning the Depression-era hoedown band the Badlanders
 "I Don't Have to Work that Big" (John N. Smith producer; Michael McKennirey director), featuring Joe Fafard's sculpting
 "The Jews of Winnipeg" (John N. Smith producer; Bill Davies director), a community profile with interviews of entertainer David Steinberg, singer Judy Lander and lawyer Joseph Zuken
 "The New Boys" (John N. Smith producer and director), featuring Saint John's Cathedral Boys' School in Selkirk, Manitoba
 "Ruth and Harriet: Two Women of the Peace" (Cynthia Scott producer; Barbara Greene director), set in the Peace River Country area of Alberta, profiling two of the homesteading women
 "Some Natives of Churchill" (Cynthia Scott producer and director), concerning life in Churchill, Manitoba
 "Starblanket" (Donald Brittain producer and director), a profile of First Nations reserve chief Noel Starblanket
 "This Riel Business" (Ian McLaren producer and director), featuring Regina's Globe Theatre production of Tales from a Prairie Drifter, a comedy play set in the North-West Rebellion and features Louis Riel as a character
 "Van's Camp" (Les Rose and Donald Brittain, producers and directors), set in a Lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan fishing camp
 "We're Here To Stay" (Ian McLaren producer and director), set in Lestock, Saskatchewan, featuring the efforts of farmers to run their Agri-Pool farm cooperative

See also
 Adieu Alouette
 Pacificanada

References

External links

CBC Television original programming
1973 Canadian television series debuts
1974 Canadian television series endings
National Film Board of Canada documentary series
1970s Canadian documentary television series
Films set in the Canadian Prairies
Cultural depictions of Louis Riel

West (TV series)


Quercus pungens, commonly known as the sandpaper oak or scrub oak, is a North American species  evergreen or sub-evergreen shrub or small tree in the white oak group. There is one recognised variety, Quercus pungens var. vaseyana, the Vasey shin oak. Sandpaper oak hybridizes with gray oak (Quercus grisea) in the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas.

Description
The sandpaper oak can be a small tree of up to  high or a large shrub that forms thickets. The bark is light brown and papery. The twigs are gray, with short velvety hairs, becoming smooth with age. The buds are dark red-brown, sparsely covered with hairs. The leathery leaves are semi-evergreen, being bright glossy green at first but turning darker with age. It is their rough texture, caused by minute persistent hair bases, that gives the tree its name of sandpaper oak. The inflorescence, which appears in spring, is reddish, the female catkins having one to three flowers and the male catkins numerous flowers. The acorn cups are shallow and covered with dense gray hairs. The acorns grow singly or in pairs and are light brown, broadly ovoid with a rounded apex.

Distribution and habitat
Sandpaper and Vasey shin oaks are abundant in the Edwards Plateau and the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. They also occur in the Guadalupe Mountains and westward to the mountains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, and in northern and eastern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, and Veracruz).

The preferred habitat of these oaks is on dry limestone or igneous slopes at a height of  above sea level, in chaparral and desert scrub savanna, usually in communities of oak, juniper and pinyon pine.

Ecology
In the chaparral formations in the Guadalupe Mountains, it is one of the dominant species and is found growing alongside true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) and desert ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii). Other plants associated with it include the Mohr shin oak (Quercus mohriana), oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), cane cholla (Opuntia imbricata), purplefruited pricklypear (Opuntia phaeacantha), Mexican buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa), Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana), hairy tridens (Erioneuron pilosum) and plateau oak (Quercus fusiformis).

References

External links
 Trees of North America

pungens
Trees of the South-Central United States
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Plants described in 1854
Chihuahua
Trees of Coahuila
Trees of Durango
Trees of Nuevo León
Trees of Veracruz
Oaks of Mexico

Quercus pungens


is located in Yokohama, Japan, which is located just south of Tokyo. It is about 160 years old, with a population of about 3,000 to 4,000. Today, only a few Chinese people still live there, most being from Guangzhou (Cantonese people).

Yokohama Chinatown is the largest Chinatown in Japan, larger than both Kobe Chinatown and Nagasaki Chinatown. There are roughly 250 Chinese-owned or themed shops and restaurants scattered throughout the district, with the highest concentration centered on a  area.

History
In 1859, when the sea port opened in Yokohama, many Chinese immigrants arrived in Japan and formed settlements. In its early days, American and British trading companies, many of which had already engaged in trade with China, expanded their operations into Yokohama, with accompanying Chinese agents. These agents were entrusted to negotiate with Japanese merchants in the buying of raw silk and tea, which, at the time, was a major product imported from Japan. Later, ferry services from Yokohama to Shanghai and Hong Kong were started. Many Chinese traders came to Japan and built a Chinese school, Chinese community center, and various other facilities in what represented the beginning of Chinatown. However, government regulations at the time meant that immigrants were not permitted to live outside of the designated foreign settlement area. In 1899, new laws gave Chinese increased freedom of movement while reinforcing strict rules on the types of work Chinese people were allowed to perform.

Much of the Chinatown's early growth is attributed to the increased trade between China and Japan, following the Sino-Japanese Trade Treaty in 1871.  This led to Chinese immigrants taking on a variety of professions converging into one geographical location.

In 1923, the Kanto Area was devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake. Around 100,000 people were killed and approximately 1.9 million people became homeless. Chinatown also suffered and many immigrants chose to return to China instead of rebuilding their lives in Yokohama. Overall, the total death toll among the Chinese population in Yokohama Chinatown was as many as 1,541, approximately one third of the total 4,705 prior to the event. After the earthquake, there had been a major shake-up in the social structure within Yokohama Chinatown, sowing the seeds for Chinese gourmet business to grow within the overseas Chinese community. Four years after the earthquake, around half of the Chinese population within this area were barbers, tailors or chefs.

In 1937, full-scale war between China and Japan erupted, effectively stopping further growth of Chinatown.  After the war ended, Chinatown once again began to grow. In 1955, a large goodwill gate was built. That is when the Chinatown was officially recognized and called Yokohama Chukagai (Yokohama Chinatown).

In 1972, Japan established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and severed relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan.  Interest among Japanese people grew and led to an explosion in the number of visitors to Chinatown.  It soon became a major sightseeing spot in Yokohama.

On February 1, 2004, the Minatomirai Line railway was opened, along with the Motomachi-Chūkagai Station, which serves Chinatown directly.

2006 saw the establishment of the Mazu Miao temple to mark the 150th anniversary of Yokohama Chinatown, and has become a significant part of the area's modern landscape.

Transportation
Chinatown can be reached by train, bus, seabus and car.

Train
Minatomirai Line, Motomachi-Chūkagai Station (35 min from Shibuya Station in Tokyo)
Negishi Line, Ishikawachō Station (35 min from Shinagawa Station in Tokyo)

Bus
There are 6 bus routes from Yokohama Station East bus depot and from Sakuragichō Bus Depot, 16 bus routes that go to Yokohama Chinatown.

Seabus
Seabus (Ferry)

Highway
Shuto Expressway K1 Yokohane Route, Yokohama Kōen (Yokohama Park) Exit
Shuto Expressway K3 Kariba Route. (At Tomei Expressway Intersection, go Hodogaya Bypass then exit at Shin Yamashita.)
Shuto Expressway  Wangan Line (Via Tokyo Bay Aqua Line Tunnel, Exit at Shin Yamashita.)
Tomei Expressway (Via Hodogaya Bypass)

See also

Yokohama Ma Zu Miao
Yokohama Overseas Chinese School
Yokohama Yamate Chinese School
Chinatown
Chinatowns in Asia
 Nankin-machi ("Nanjing Town" in Kobe)
 Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown
Chinese in Japan
China
Koreatowns in Japan
 Chinatowns in the United States
 Incheon Chinatown

References

External links

Yokohama Chinatown Official Website
Kwan Tai Temple
Yokohama Chinatown Official Website (Japanese)
City of Yokohama - Yokohama Sightseeing Spots Chinatown Area (English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean)

Naka-ku, Yokohama
Chinese-Japanese culture
Chinatown
Chinatowns in Japan
Restaurant districts and streets in Japan
Tourist attractions in Yokohama

Yokohama Chinatown


A Special Representative of the Secretary-General is a highly respected expert who has been appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to represent her/him in meetings with heads of state on critical human rights issues. The representatives can carry out country visits to investigate allegations of human rights violations or act as negotiators on behalf of the United Nations.

History
Among issues it has covered are women's rights, including gender equality, violence against women, domestic violence, Hudood Ordinance, honour killing, Forced disappearance in Pakistan, abolition of capital punishment, LGBT rights, restrictions on press freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, police brutality, and religiously-inspired violence. The commission is a member organisation of the Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA).

 the chairperson is Zohra Yusuf, an activist and journalist. She joined HRCP in 1988, was elected a Council Member in 1990 then Vice Chairperson and Secretary General before becoming Chairperson in 2011.

Aims
It describes its aims as:
 to work for the ratification and implementation by Pakistan of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of other related Charters, Covenants, Protocols, Resolutions, Recommendations and internationally adopted norms;
 to promote studies in the field of human rights and mobilise public opinion in favour of accepted norms through all available media and forums, and to carry out every category of activity to further the cause;
 to cooperate with and aid national and international groups, organisations and individuals engaged in the promotion of human rights and to participate in meetings and congresses on human rights at home and abroad;
 to take appropriate action to prevent violations of human rights and to provide legal aid and other assistance to victims of those violations and to individuals and groups striving to protect human rights.

References

Organizations based in Pakistan

Human Rights Commission of Pakistan


Audrey Frances Peppe (later Benner, October 12, 1917 – April 1, 1992) was an American figure skater. She was the 1936 U.S. bronze medalist and 1938–1939 silver medalist. She lost the 1938 national title to Joan Tozzer by  of a point. Peppe competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics, where she placed twelfth in the singles event. She turned professional in December 1939.

Peppe was the niece of Beatrix Loughran, who also coached her. In May 1940 she married David Benner but the marriage did not last. In 1944 she married Robert Rapee, son of symphony conductor Ernö Rapée. They had one child.

Results

References

1917 births
1992 deaths
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from New York City
20th-century American women
20th-century American people

Audrey Peppe


St. Columba's Chapel in Middletown, Rhode Island, is a parish church of the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island of the Episcopal Church. The church is located at 55 Vaucluse Avenue, Middletown, Rhode Island.  The chapel is named for the Irish-born missionary St. Columba, renowned for his teaching, healing, and miracles in sixth-century Scotland.

History
Eugene Sturtevant and his wife, Mary Clark Sturtevant, daughter of Thomas March Clark, Bishop of Rhode Island and later presiding Episcopal Bishop of the U.S, donated an acre of land in 1882 for a chapel to serve the neighboring community. The church was originally known as The Berkeley Memorial Chapel in honor of Bishop George Berkeley of Derry. The cornerstone of the chapel was laid on October 11, 1884. The first service was held on June 23, 1885, even though the chapel was not complete. The chapel was consecrated on August 31, 1886, as a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island by Bishop Clark.

In its early history, the chapel had a close association with Saint George's School in Middletown. Many of the ordained teachers officiated at services, and before the school's own chapel was built, boys walked to St. Columba's for Sunday worship.

The chapel contains a collection of eleven stained-glass windows, ten by David Maitland Armstrong, executed by Tiffany Studio. The eleventh window, by an unknown artist, was donated by actor Edwin Booth, brother of John Wilkes Booth, and his daughter, Edwina, in memory of Edwina's mother, Mary Devlin. The churchyard is distinguished by an English lychgate.

Churchyard
A number of significant persons, mostly from "Newport society", are buried in St. Columba's churchyard (a.k.a. Berkeley Memorial Cemetery).  They include the following:

United States Senator Claiborne Pell
Dorrance Hill Hamilton - philanthropist
Prince Serge Mdivani - socialite
Joseph Washington Frazier - industrialist
Frazier Jelke - oleomargarine magnate
Commander Hugo W. Koehler, USN - international man of mystery
John Russell Pope - architect
Raphael Pumpelly - explorer and geologist
Dr. Alexander Hamilton Rice, Jr. - surgeon, geologist and explorer
Brigadier General James Henry Van Alen, USV - Civil War general
Jimmy Van Alen - founder of the International Tennis Hall of Fame
Varick Frissell - filmmaker
Admiral Harry E. Yarnell, USN

External links
Maher Stained Glass St. Columba's Chapel restoration project
Julie L. Sloan, LLC, description of St. Columba's windows

Episcopal churches in Rhode Island
Churches completed in 1836
19th-century Episcopal church buildings

St. Columba's Chapel (Middletown, Rhode Island)


Buller's pocket gopher (Pappogeomys bulleri) is a species of gopher that is endemic to Mexico.

Taxonomy
It is monotypic within the genus Pappogeomys. It includes the Alcorn's pocket gopher (P. b. alcorni) as a subspecies. Previously, this subspecies was considered a separate species.

Description
Pappogeomys bulleri is endemic to west central Mexico. The total body length for this species is typically under 270 mm, and its body mass is typically under 250 g. The fur of P. bulleri can vary from a light shade of gray, to a darker shade depending on its geographic distribution  and the tail, often naked and white, has a length that is half the head and body of this species. This pocket gopher is well adapted to burrowing, which is evident in the characteristic stocky build, fusiform shape, powerful jaws and incisors, large powerful forelimbs, and reduced hind limbs and hips often observed in this species. The diet of this species includes roots of xerophytic shrubs, grasses, and forbs.

Habitat
The habitat dispersal of this species varies widely, ranging from forested highlands, mountain meadows, vegetated plains, and coastal lowlands including areas near sea level to above 3,000 m in elevation. P. bulleri can primarily be found in mountainous regions, inhabiting deep soils usually of volcanic origin. This species can also be found in semitropical environments where tropical shrubs can be used as a food source, as well as near propagated soil used for growing crops.

This species is highly successful in creating burrow systems that can be used for protection, both from environmental insults and predation, as well as for food storage and raising young.  Burrows typically consist of a main passage which splits into many branches. Shallow tunnels near roots and other food sources are used for foraging, whereas the deeper tunnels are used as nesting sites and food storage. The average depth of a burrow inhabited by P. bulleri is 19.9 cm, with a mean tunnel diameter of 8.9 cm.

References

Pappogeomys
Endemic mammals of Mexico
Endangered biota of Mexico
Mammals described in 1892
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Buller's pocket gopher


The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art ("The Johnson Museum") is an art museum in Ithaca, New York. It is in the Arts Quad on the main campus of Cornell University. It is best known for its unusual concrete facade. The museum has more than 32,000 pieces of art. Each year, over 80,000 people go to the museum. It shows over 20 special exhibitions each year.

History
Cornell president Deane Waldo Malott started the University Art Museum in 1953. The A. D. White House was changed to hold Cornell's art collections. The current museum was built in 1973. It is named after Herbert Fisk Johnson, Jr.. Johnson was head of S.C. Johnson & Sons of Racine, Wisconsin ("Johnson Wax"). He was a former member of the university's Board of Trustees. He graduated in 1922. His son also served as a trustee.

Architecture
The Johnson Museum of Art was designed by architect I.M. Pei. Many people say it looks like a sewing machine from the side. Its fifth floor bridges over the open aired sculpture garden. It was made so that it would not block the view of Cayuga Lake. It has a very good view of the lake from its north and west sides. It also has a room for meetings on the sixth floor. This room was used for many years by Cornell's Board of Trustees.

The location of the museum caused many architectural problems. There was a limited amount of space to build. Also, the building could not have a large affect on the view of the lake or the Arts Quad. It is also located on the knoll where tradition said Ezra Cornell chose the site for his university, at the north end of the Stone Row of  Morrill, McGraw, and White Halls. The design wanted to visually anchor the north end of Library Slope. The final design was a narrow tower and a bridge. Critics have said it looks like a giant sewing machine.

One part of the design, which was never built, was an underground Asian art gallery. It would have included windows that opened into the Southern face of Fall Creek Gorge.

The building was awarded the American Institute of Architects Honor Award in 1975. The building's design was used on the cover of Scientific American as an early example of computer graphics.

Extension
In 2011, a new wing opened to help hold the museum's increasing collection. The new part mirrored the plans drawn up by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. The architect in charge was John L. Sullivan III. He graduated Cornell in 1962. The  project cost $22 million. This included some changes to the main building. The money for the project came from large grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Kresge Foundation. The Asian art storage area was moved from the center of the fifth floor to the lower level of the section. This allows them to make the public gallery space on the fifth floor larger.  Galleries in the new wing will be used to show contemporary art. The upper level of the new section includes an outdoor Japanese garden.  The plans wanted a tunnel under Campus Road to be added. It would have gone through the wall of the Fall Creek gorge. This was not done because of environmental issues.

Collections
The permanent collection has more than 32,000 works of art. Most notable is the George and Mary Rockwell Asian Art collection. There are also a large number of works by American artists. These artist include Stuart Davis and Robert Rauschenberg. There is also many works by members of the Hudson River School and the American Impressionists to contemporary art. The Collection of Prints, Drawings, and Photographs has more than 15,000 works. These include works by Berenice Abbott, Robert Frank, Alfred Stieglitz, and Garry Winogrand. The fifth floor observation level holds the museum's large Asian collection.  The permanent collection also includes works from  Africa, pre-Columbian America, and Oceania. It range from ancient to contemporary societies. Its collection has two windows from Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin D. Martin House.

Education
Classes for credit are taught by Cornell's academic departments, not by the museum. The museum does work with the teachers. It has gallery sessions for some classes.  It also has gallery tours and course-related exhibitions that are run by the faculty. The museum also hosts thematic tours for local school student field trips,. Over 7,000 schoolchildren go to the museum each year. The Johnson Museum Club is a Cornell student group that promotes student awareness of the Johnson Museum's collections, exhibitions, and resources. It hosts concerts, scavenger hunts and other events.

References

Other websites
 Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, official Cornell University website.
 Cornell University Image Collections : Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art Collection  (with photographs from museum).

Museums in New York (state)
Art museums in the United States
I. M. Pei buildings
1973 establishments in New York (state)
Cornell University

Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art


The Highland Wildcats is the brand of the Inverness Blitz Academy of American Football which is a registered charity with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. The Inverness Blitz started in 1999 and since then has developed many teams and programmes in the area. In 2006 the Blitz gained charity status with the goals to increase public participation in sport and improve citizenship and community spirit through the use of American football. It was also at this time that the Blitz Development Project was established which saw the organisation employ a full-time development officer and run many programmes in primary schools, secondary schools and in volunteer & club development.
The Highland Wildcats was established by the Inverness Blitz in 2002 as a 14- to 16-year-old contact team. In 2008 the brand of the Highland Wildcats was expanded to cover all of the regional teams that represented the Inverness Blitz at a national level. During this their time in the National League the Highland Wildcats have won 8 Scottish Championships, 1 UK Flag Football Championship and 3 Youth UK Championship.
The Highland Wildcats currently have a Youth team (13-16) and Junior team (16-19) competing in the British American Football Association National League (BAFANL). As well as this the Wildcats work in the community in schools and to develop volunteers. Notable current projects include Positive Life Pathways, Young Champions, the Highland Academy Community League and the Development Cadet Camps.

References

External links
 Highland Wildcats Official Website
American football teams in Scotland
Sport in Inverness
2002 establishments in Scotland
American football teams established in 2002

Highland Wildcats


The Cop in Blue Jeans () is an Italian crime and comedy film directed by Bruno Corbucci. The film was a major commercial success and generated a film series consisting of eleven entries starring Tomas Milian as Inspector Nico Giraldi.

Plot
An undercover cop named Giraldi is assigned to the anti-mugging squad. He tries to capture one of the main Rome thieves Achille Bertinari called Baron. But when the later robbed the American crime boss, Richard Russo, also known as Shelley, Giraldi understands that it is not an easy task to arrest Russo-Shelley, so he should resort to ruses to bring him down.

Cast
Tomas Milian as Nico Giraldi
Jack Palance as Norman Shelley / Richard J. Russo
Maria Rosaria Omaggio as Mrs. Cattani
Guido Mannari as Achille Bertinari "Er Baronetto"
Jack La Cayenne as Colombo
Raf Luca as Gargiulo
Toni Ucci as Lando Rossi "Grottaferrata"
Vincenzo Crocitti as Er Zagaja
Benito Stefanelli as Shelley's Henchman
John P. Dulaney as Ballarin

Production
The Cop in Blue Jeans was the first film where Tomas Milian would portray Marshall Nico Giraldi, nicknamed Il Pirata (). The character would go on to be portrayed in 11 films between 1976 and 1984. The producer Galliano Juso recalled that the idea for the character came when Bruno Corbucci and him were making a film titled Il trafficone. While filming,
Juso had his purse stolen by thieves on Kawasaki motorcycles. This even led to Corbucci and him to develop a film about an "anti-snatch" squad.

The sequels to the film, Assassinio sul Tevere, Delitto a Porta Romana, Delitto al ristorante cinese, Delitto sull'autostrada, Crime in Formula One and Cop in Drag had little to do with the crime genre, and grew more comedic with each film.

Release
The Cop in Blue Jeans was distributed theatrically in Italy on 11 March 1976. It grossed a total of 2,013,807,160 Italian lire. Italian film historian and critic Roberto Curti stated that it was among the most profitable domestic productions of the year. The film was released on DVD by Raro Video in Italy.

Reception
From contemporary reviews, Scott Meek of the Monthly Film Bulletin reviewed a 75-minute edit of the film.  Meek stated that the film had a fractured plot which "maybe largely due to the twenty minutes missing from this version, but it is doubtful if, even in its complete form the story would have been at all coherent" stating the film "is aimed, to an almost fetishistic degree, at the lowest common denominator of the young, male, Italian audience." and that film was far too full of "sexism, anti-gay jokes and dubbed American dialogue, mostly consisting of unimaginative terms of abuse."

See also
 List of Italian films of 1976

References

Sources

External links

1976 films
Films directed by Bruno Corbucci
Italian comedy films
1970s crime comedy films
Films set in Rome
Films scored by Guido & Maurizio De Angelis
1976 comedy films
1970s Italian films

The Cop in Blue Jeans


Wadjmose was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 18th Dynasty; a son of Pharaoh Thutmose I.

Biography
He is likely to have been born a few years before his father ascended the throne. He had a brother named Amenmose; it is disputed who their mother was. If they were born to Queen Ahmose, they were full brothers of Hatshepsut and Neferubity. On the other hand, Wadjmose may have been the son of Queen Mutnofret and thus a  full brother of Thutmose II.

Wadjmose is depicted in the El Kab tomb of himself and Amenmose's tutor , as sitting on Paheri's lap. He is thought to have predeceased his father. Wadjmose and another prince named Ramose were mentioned in the Theban funerary chapel of Thutmose I where Queen Mutnofret is also included. This chapel may have been erected during the reign of Thutmose II between the places where later the mortuary temple of Thutmose IV and the Ramesseum were built. A statue of Mutnofret was found here, making it likely that she was his mother.

Wadjmose's name occurs written in a cartouche, which is quite rare for princes.

Sources

Princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Thutmose I

Wadjmose


Thomas Tracy Piotrowski (born October 17, 1960) is a retired American professional basketball player.

A 7'1" center from La Salle University, Piotrowski was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers with the 62nd pick of the 1983 NBA draft. He played 18 games for Portland during the 1983–84 NBA season, averaging 1.7 points and 0.9 rebounds per contest.  Piotrowski split the 1984–85 season between two teams in the Continental Basketball Association, the Louisville Catbirds and the Bay State Bombardiers.  He averaged 6.5 points and 4.7 rebounds over 35 games.

He served as boys' basketball coach at Atlantic Christian School in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey. He currently serves as boys' basketball coach at Atlantic County Institute of Technology in Mays Landing, New Jersey and Video Production Instructor.  He is a 1978 graduate of Great Valley High School in Malvern, Pennsylvania.

Notes

1960 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
Bay State Bombardiers players
Centers (basketball)
La Salle Explorers men's basketball players
Louisville Catbirds players
Sportspeople from West Chester, Pennsylvania
Portland Trail Blazers draft picks
Portland Trail Blazers players

Tom Piotrowski (basketball)


Francis William Mary Redwood SM (6 April 1839 – 3 January 1935), was the first Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wellington, Metropolitan of New Zealand.

Life
Redwood was born on 8 April 1839 on the Tixall estate, Staffordshire, England, a known historical Catholic centre. His parents were Henry Redwood and his wife Mary (née Gilbert). In 1842, he sailed to New Zealand with his parents, siblings (including his brother Henry and his brother in law Joseph Ward) on the George Fyfe.

His father had bought land from the New Zealand Company, and the family settled in Waimea West in the Nelson district. The locality became known as Appleby and his parents had Stafford Place built in 1866. The house is registered as a Category I heritage building by Heritage New Zealand, with registration number 1678.

Redwood was educated at the Nelson school of Fr Antoine Garin, SM. In December 1854 he went to study at St Mary's College at St Chamond, near Lyon, France, and in 1860 he entered the scholasticate of the Society of Mary (Marists) at Montbel, near Toulon. He entered the Marist novitiate at Sainte-Foy. He was ordained priest at Maynooth in 1865 and gained his baccalaureate in theology at Dublin.

After three years' teaching at Catholic University School, Redwood suffered a near fatal bout of pneumonia in 1867 and went to Lyon to convalesce. There he met Philippe Viard, Bishop of Wellington, who was going to Rome to discuss his diocese and later to attend the First Vatican Council. Viard was impressed and even perhaps thought of Redwood as his coadjutor. However, before any appointment could be made, Viard died. There was a long delay before Redwood was appointed his successor in January 1874.

Redwood was consecrated by Henry Edward Cardinal Manning at St Anne's, Spitalfields, London, on 17 March 1874. Redwood spent his time appealing for funds in France and personnel in Ireland before returning to New Zealand in November 1874. When consecrated second Bishop of Wellington, Redwood was the youngest Roman Catholic bishop in the world. At his death, aged 95, he was said to be the oldest. The overwhelming size of the Wellington diocese led to the decision to create a new diocese comprising Canterbury and Westland.

At the same time a metropolitan archdiocese was created. Redwood favoured the appointment of his fellow Marist John Grimes, who was English-born, as Bishop of Christchurch, but in 1885 the first plenary council of Australasian bishops recommended that the appointment go to a diocesan priest and that Dunedin be the new archdiocese. This would have strengthened the largely Irish diocesan clergy at the expense of the Marists, who successfully petitioned Rome to overturn both recommendations. In 1887, Grimes became bishop of Christchurch and Redwood archbishop of Wellington and metropolitan of New Zealand. Redwood was created archbishop by a papal brief dated 13 May 1887.

Redwood attached great importance to personal visitation. He established numerous churches, hospitals, and orphanages, was a founder of St Patrick's College, Wellington in 1885, and lived to open the new St Patrick's College, Silverstream in 1931 in the Hutt Valley. He expanded and completed St Mary's Cathedral and, after it was destroyed, replaced it with a basilican church which eventually became Sacred Heart Cathedral.

During his episcopate, Redwood invited many religious orders into New Zealand, notable among these being the Sisters of Mercy, the Marist Brothers, the Little Company of Mary, the Sisters of the Sacred Heart, the Sisters of St Brigid, the Sisters of the Mission, and the Sisters of St Joseph. He also encouraged the foundation of the New Zealand order, the Sisters of Compassion.
Redwood was also Provincial of the New Zealand Marists. He founded the Seminary in Hawke's Bay and lent his support to the foundation of Holy Cross College, Mosgiel.

For 26 years (1877–1903), he served on the Senate of the University of New Zealand where he played an active part in its proceedings. He became the first life member of the Early Settlers' and Historical Society, Wellington.

Redwood's concerns extended to all aspects of life. He agreed that alcohol was one of the evils of the day, but advocated temperance rather than prohibition. He resolutely resisted pressure to support prohibition, and a pastoral letter of 1911 urging Catholics to vote against prohibition was widely believed to have been responsible for the defeat of the measure in that year.

At the Diocesan Synod, in 1878, Redwood framed the practical Canon law for the New Zealand Church. His Statutes provided a pattern later followed by the Auckland and Dunedin dioceses. He convened and presided over the first Provincial (Ecclesiastical) Council of Wellington (1899), and played a prominent role in the first Plenary Council of Sydney (1885).

Archbishop Redwood died at Wellington on 3 January 1935, aged 95. He was succeeded by Archbishop Thomas O'Shea SM, Coadjutor-Archbishop since 1913.

List of honours
  Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France) – 1934

Notes

References
 Ernest Richard Simmons, Brief history of the Catholic Church in New Zealand, Catholic Publications Centre, Auckland, 1978.
 Michael King, God's farthest outpost : a history of Catholics in New Zealand, Viking, Auckland 1997.
 Michael O'Meeghan S.M., Steadfast in hope : the story of the Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington 1850–2000, Dunmore press, Palmerston North, 2003.
 Archbishop Francis Mary Redwood SM, Catholic Hierarchy website (retrieved 12 February 2011)

1839 births
1935 deaths
19th-century English Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in New Zealand
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in New Zealand
People from the Borough of Stafford
Religious leaders from Wellington City
Roman Catholic bishops of Wellington
Roman Catholic archbishops of Wellington
New Zealand recipients of the Legion of Honour
English Roman Catholic archbishops
British expatriate archbishops
New Zealand Roman Catholic archbishops

Francis Redwood


In economics, a complete market (aka Arrow-Debreu market or complete system of markets) is a market with two conditions:

 Negligible transaction costs and therefore also perfect information,
 Every asset in every possible state of the world has a price.

In such a market, the complete set of possible bets on future states of the world can be constructed with existing assets without friction. Here, goods are state-contingent; that is, a good includes the time and state of the world in which it is consumed. For instance, an umbrella tomorrow if it rains is a distinct good from an umbrella tomorrow if it is clear. The study of complete markets is central to state-preference theory. The theory can be traced to the work of Kenneth Arrow (1964), Gérard Debreu (1959), Arrow & Debreu (1954) and Lionel McKenzie (1954). Arrow and Debreu were awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (Arrow in 1972, Debreu in 1983), largely for their work in developing the theory of complete markets and applying it to the problem of general equilibrium.

States of the world
A state of the world is a complete specification of the values of all relevant variables over the relevant time horizon. A state-contingent claim, or state claim, is a contract whose future payoffs depend on future states of the world. For example, suppose you can bet on the outcome of a coin toss. If you guess the outcome correctly, you will win one dollar, and otherwise you will lose one dollar. A bet on heads is a state claim, with payoff of one dollar if heads is the outcome, and payoff of negative one dollar if tails is the outcome. "Heads" and "tails" are the states of the world in this example. A state-contingent claim can be represented as a payoff vector with one element for each state of the world, e.g. (payoff if heads, payoff if tails). So a bet on heads can be represented as ($1, −$1) and a bet on tails can be represented as (−$1, $1). Notice that by placing one bet on heads and one bet on tails, you have a state-contingent claim of ($0, $0); that is, the payoff is the same regardless of which state of the world occurs.

Dynamically-complete market
In order for a market to be complete, it must be possible to instantaneously enter into any position  regarding any future state of the market.

See also
Incomplete markets

References

Further reading
 Mark D. Flood (1991), "An Introduction to Complete Markets", Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Review, March/April 1991
Mathematical finance

Complete market


The 1999 Myanmar Embassy siege of 2 October 1999 was the seizure of the Burmese embassy in Bangkok, Thailand. A group of Burmese dissidents from the Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors (VBSW) and allegedly God's Army stormed the Burmese embassy and held 89 people, including embassy staff, Burmese nationals, foreigners, and Thai citizens. All hostages were released unharmed and the hostage takers escorted to the Burmese-Thai border by Thai authorities.

Context
Myanmar (Burma) had been under military rule since 1962 when General Ne Win staged a coup against the democratically elected government of U Nu. He implemented the Burmese Way to Socialism system which greatly impoverished the country. In addition, the Karens had been fighting a civil war for an independent homeland since 1949. This pitted them against the majority Burman-dominated government.

In 1988, various pro-democracy demonstrations nearly succeeded in toppling the authoritarian power structure, only to be replaced by the army after a brutal crackdown. At that time, many university students from Yangon's universities fled to the Burmese-Thai border where many took up arms to restore democracy, forming the All Burma Students' Democratic Front. Democratic elections were held in 1990 where Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) won an overwhelming majority. The junta refused to honour the results and proceeded to root out the pro-democratic forces. In 1997, led by Johnny and Luther Htoo, a group of 200 Karen Christian families left the Karen National Union and formed the God's Army (revolutionary group). Hundreds of democracy and human rights activists, including exiled students, claim refuge in Thailand and they regularly lobby for greater democracy in Myanmar.

Attack
At about 11:00 local time (16:00 GMT) on Saturday, 2 October 1999, a group of five raided the Burmese embassy in Bangkok and took 89 people hostage. The group demanded that negotiations be opened between the National League for Democracy and the Burmese government, and that a parliament be convened based on the results of the 1990 election. However, they soon relaxed their demands and began to release the hostages.

At one point the gunmen threatened to start shooting their captives, one every half hour, if their demands were not met. The gunmen also mentioned they were willing to die in action. Shortly before the gunmen left the embassy a series of gunshots were heard from within the compound but there are no reports of any casualties.

The Thai government eventually allowed the hostage takers to flee by helicopter to the border with Myanmar. After being freed, correspondents say a number of the hostages expressed some sympathy with the aims of the gunmen. Some of those released unfurled pro-democracy banners near the embassy and chanted "free Burma".

The group were understood to be armed with AK-47s, hand grenades and grenade launchers.

Aftermath and international response
The Burmese Government called the attack "a pure act of terrorism" and in Washington the State Department, which has been critical of the Burmese military regime, also condemned what it called "a terrorist attack".

However, correspondents say the Thai Government has been keen to avoid labelling the gunmen as terrorists and says the gunmen were just student activists asking for democracy in their homeland.

The All Burma Students Democratic Front, which represents Burmese students in exile, says it had no connection with the hostage takers and does not support violence in the pursuit of bringing democracy to Burma.

Later developments
On 24 January 2000, seven God's Army and three VBSW members later hijacked a bus near the Burmese-Thai border and forced the driver to take them to Ratchaburi, where they then took over the provincial hospital. Several hundred people, including patients and hospital staff, were held captive for about 22 hours. The rebels made several demands, one being that Thai doctors and nurses be sent to treat their sick and wounded. The group claimed it had been under sustained attack by Burmese troops for a week at their mountain base near the Thai border. They also wanted Thai authorities to open the border and allow about 200 God's Army soldiers to seek refuge in Thailand. After an aborted negotiation to determine terms for surrender, Thai commandos stormed the hospital and killed all 10 hostage-takers.

See also
 Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors

References

Burma
Hostage taking in Thailand
Burmese Embassy Siege, 1999
Myanmar–Thailand relations
Attacks on diplomatic missions of Myanmar
1999 crimes in Thailand
1999 in Bangkok
Crime in Bangkok
History of Myanmar (1948–present)
Terrorist incidents in Thailand in the 1990s
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1999

1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok


Michael O. Tunnell (born June 14, 1950) is an American children's writer and educator. He was the department chair of children's literature at Brigham Young University (BYU), but recently retired. He has published several books on children's literature, especially on the work of Lloyd Alexander. Tunnell is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Biography
Tunnell was born on June 14, 1950, to Billie Bob Tunnell and Mauzi Chupp. Although he was born in Nocona, Texas, he was raised in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. When he was a teenager, his family moved back to the United States to Vernal, Utah. Beginning at a young age, he was an avid reader. He was raised by his grandparents, and his grandmother would read to him every day. He began studying law in college, until he visited an elementary school one day for his job at a car dealership. He realized that he wanted to pursue education instead.

Tunnell's education includes a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah in 1973, a master's degree from Utah State University in 1978, and a doctorate degree in education from Brigham Young University in 1986. He taught fifth and sixth grade in public schools for twelve years from 1973 to 1985. He also taught as a reading teacher and media specialist, before he decided to teach at the college level. Tunnell taught at Arkansas State University from 1985 to 1987, Northern Illinois University from 1987 to 1992, and currently teaches children's literature at BYU. As a professor he conducts research at BYU. Among his interests are children's literature and the effects it has on learning history.

Tunnell is the author of several books. He began writing during his teaching career. His first children's book was submitted over thirty times to different publishers and was never published. While working at Northern Illinois University, Tunnell's first picture book manuscript. Chinook, was published. He has had children's books published as well, and they include novels, picture books, and non-fiction books. Tunnell's first novel published was School Spirits, which drew from his childhood during the 1950s. He has been a speaker at educational conferences, and has published journal articles and other children's stories.

Contributions and awards
Tunnell has served on the Newbery Award Committee in 1991 and 2009 as well as on the selection committee for the NCTE Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children. He was selected as the chair of the National Council of Teachers English Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children committee. Some of his publications have been nominated as "best books" by various institutions. He won the Literacy award in 1987 from the International Reading Association and the Northeast Arkansas Reading Council. He is an honorary member of the Golden Key National Honor Society, inducted in 1990. He has been nominated for Who's Who in the West on multiple occasions.

Selected works

Articles
 "Profile: Eilonwy of the Red-gold Hair", Language Arts 66.5 (September 1989), pp. 558–
 "The Double-Edged Sword: Fantasy and Censorship", Language Arts 71.8 (1994), pp. 606–12
 "The Remarkable Journey of Lloyd Alexander", School Library Journal (2007), pp. 64–65
 "The Origins and History of American Children's Literature", The Reading Teacher 62.2 (2013), pp. 80–86

Books
 The Prydain Companion: A Reference Guide to Lloyd Alexander's Prydain Chronicles (1989)
 Lloyd Alexander: A Bio-bibliography (1991) (with James S. Jacobs)
 The Story of Ourselves: Teaching History Through Children's Literature (1992) (with Richard Ammon)
 The Joke's on George (1993)
 Chinook! (1993)
 Beauty and the Beastly Children (1993)
 Children's Literature, Briefly, 1st ed. with CD-ROM (1996), by James S. Jacobs and Tunnell
 Mailing May (1997)
 School Spirits (1997)
 Halloween Pie (1999)
 Brothers in Valor (2001)
 Children's Literature: Engaging Teachers and Children in Good Books, 1st ed. with CD-ROM (2002), by Daniel L. Darigan, Tunnell, and Jacobs,
 Wishing Moon (2004)
 Moon Without Magic (2007)
 Children's Literature, Briefly, 4th ed. (2008), by Tunnell and Jacobs,
 Wishes on the Moon (2009)
 Candy Bomber (2010)
 Children's Literature, Briefly, 7th ed. (forthcoming August 2022), by Young, Bryan, Jacobs, and Tunnell,

References

External links

 Michael Tunnell, Department Chair, Teacher Education, BYU David O. McKay School of Education

 James S. Jacobs at LC Authorities, with 10 records, and at WorldCat
 Michael O. Tunnell papers, MSS 7798 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Book proof for "Candy Bomber" by Michael O. Tunnell, 2009 May 27, MSS 2220 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1950 births
Living people
People from Red Deer, Alberta
Brigham Young University alumni
University of Utah alumni
Utah State University alumni
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
American male novelists
Arkansas State University faculty
Brigham Young University faculty
Northern Illinois University alumni
Novelists from Utah
American Latter Day Saints
People from Nocona, Texas
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Harold B. Lee Library-related 20th century articles

Michael O. Tunnell


James Putnam Kimball (April 26, 1836 – October 23, 1913) was a United States metallurgist and geologist who was Director of the United States Mint from 1885 to 1889.

Biography

James P. Kimball was born in Salem, Massachusetts on April 26, 1836.  In 1854, he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University; after a year he traveled to Berlin to study at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; he then transferred to the Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen, receiving a Ph.D. in 1857.  He then enrolled in mining studies at the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg in Freiberg, Saxony.

After making a tour of Europe, Kimball returned to the United States to become an assistant to Harvard University geology professor Josiah Whitney.  As Whitney's assistant, Kimball participated in the geological surveys of the lead mining regions of Wisconsin, Illinois, and southeastern Iowa.

When the New York State Agricultural College (later merged into Cornell University) was founded in Ovid, New York, Kimball became Professor of Chemistry and Economic Geology.  With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the college's president, Maj. M. R. Patrick was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers; Kimball became Brig. Gen. Patrick's Chief of Staff, with the rank of Captain.  He saw field service under Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell, and was present at the Second Battle of Bull Run (August 28–30, 1862); the Battle of Chantilly (September 1, 1862); the Battle of South Mountain (September 14, 1862); the Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862); the Battle of Fredericksburg (December 11–15, 1862); the Battle of Chancellorsville (April 30-May 6, 1863); and the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863).  Brig. Gen. Patrick was then appointed Provost Marshal of the Army of the Potomac, and Capt. Kimball accompanied him there, serving on the General Staff under Generals George B. McClellan, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George Meade successively.

When the army went into winter quarters, Kimball resigned to resume his life as a mining engineer based in New York City.  During the 1860s and 1870s he investigated coal and iron mines in Pennsylvania, and silver mines in Chihuahua, Mexico, west Texas, and Utah.  He also made recommendations on plant designs, based on European metallurgical practice.  After his marriage in 1874, he became an honorary professor of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. and relocated there, while his professional office remained in New York City.  He was among the first American geologists to inspect and write about the mineral resources of Cuba and South America.

He was an early member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, contributed to its Transactions, and served as a vice-president during 1881-1882.

He became president of the Everett Iron Company, which played a major role in developing mines in Bedford County, Pennsylvania in 1883-84.

In 1885, President of the United States Grover Cleveland named Kimball Director of the United States Mint and Kimball held that office from July 1885 until October 1889. He is best known for his report criticizing the quality of the coinage, which led to improvement in mint equipment.  He later served on the annual "Assay Commission" appointed by the President to ensure quality in coinage.

During the 1890s-1900s he resumed his consultant business in New York City.  By 1902, he had helped develop the coal fields of Red Lodge, Montana, where he relocated late in life with his son's family.  Upon his death the respected Mining & Scientific Press of San Francisco called him "one of the pioneer mining geologists of America" and one who "left a record of clean honorable work."

Kimball married Mary Elizabeth Farley July 22, 1874 in Cambridge, Massachusetts  They had three children: Russell, named after a Revolutionary era ancestor, Edith, and Farley.  Kimball died in Cody, Wyoming October 23, 1913.

References

1836 births
1913 deaths
Directors of the United States Mint
American mining engineers
Union Army officers
University of Göttingen alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
American expatriates in Germany
Cleveland administration personnel
Benjamin Harrison administration personnel

James P. Kimball


The Edmonton Convention Centre (ECC, formerly the Shaw Conference Centre), is a meeting, entertainment, and convention venue located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Opened in 1983, it is managed by Explore Edmonton, the destination marketing organization of the city of Edmonton.

It is located on Jasper Avenue and built into a hill, emerging onto Grierson Hill Road and into the Louise McKinney Riverfront Park. The riverside site allows for approximately 70 per cent of the building space to be located underground, burrowed into the cliff face, concealing the fact that the building is over 10 stories high.

It is reported by EEDC that the ECC boosts Edmonton's economy by an estimated $44 million a year.

History
Plans for a city owned trade and convention centre, originally combined with sports (arena, stadium) facilities, had been considered for a number of years. A plebiscite asking if the city should spend $14 million ($ million today) on land and construction of a downtown sports and convention complex was rejected by voters in 1963. Edmonton citizens voted in favour of a $23 million proposal ($ million today) in the 1968 Convention and Sports Complex plebiscite, but voted against the revised $34 million ($ million today) funding request in the 1970 Omniplex project plebiscite. The area on Grierson Hill where the centre now resides had a coal mine operation from 1892 to 1893, one of a number along the banks of the North Saskatchewan River near the turn of the century.

While voters had rejected the funding for the project, a municipal bylaw allowing the city to build was still on the books. The scope of the project was reduced when the Northlands Coliseum ice hockey arena opened in 1974, followed by the Commonwealth Stadium football facility in 1978. Edmonton City Council received support from the electorate to move forward with a more focused trade and convention centre in a special plebiscite in 1979. James Wensley was awarded the Alberta Association of Architects Citation in 1983 for his work on the facility.

In 1998, the facility was renamed the Shaw Conference Centre under a 20-year naming rights deal with Shaw Communications. The facility was renamed Edmonton Convention Centre in 2019 following the expiration of Shaw's naming rights.

On August 29, 2017, Edmonton's city council approved a plan for the Edmonton Economic Development Corporation (EEDC, now Explore Edmonton) to take ownership of the Edmonton Expo Centre from Northlands, effective January 1, 2018, as a condition of relieving debt owed to the city over its renovations.

In June 2019, it was announced that the ECC's glass atrium would be fitted with transparent solar panels as part of a $10.8 million project. The renovation was stated to be the largest building-integrated array of solar panels in the country, and it was estimated that the panels would produce 227,000 kilowatt hours of solar energy per-year. Installation was formally completed in June 2020; as an artistic component, the south roof was inscribed with the text of the poem "Gift of a river" by E. D. Blodgett, rendered in morse code.

Location

The Edmonton Convention Centre is located on Jasper Avenue and 97th street in Downtown Edmonton and can be seen in the city's skyline. The Jasper Avenue entrance opens onto the centre's glass atrium, which in turn serves as the entrance to the multiple conference levels.

The long outer walls on the centre's assembly and meeting levels offer a view of the North Saskatchewan River valley parks system; a view which stretches from the downtown core to the north campus of the University of Alberta.
The centre is linked via pedway to Edmonton's Canada Place, which is the main property for federal government offices in Edmonton. Canada Place is linked, in turn, to many other buildings by way of Edmonton's pedway system, including, the Citadel Theatre, the Westin Hotel, the City Hall, the Sutton Place Hotel, and the Edmonton City Centre mall.

Function
The facility has been used for corporate functions, banquets, conventions, as well as entertainment events such as concerts.

Edmonton's anime convention Animethon moved to the Edmonton Convention Centre in 2018, replacing the MacEwan University City Centre Campus.

Notable concerts
The ECC has been particularly known for hosting electronic dance music events, having hosted acts such as Tiesto.

Amon Amarth performed at the Edmonton Convention Centre on September 30, 2019, as part of their Berserker tour. This show gained notoriety when, after Amon Amarth finished their set, an unidentified man stabbed a concertgoer, a 34-year old David Cox, who was involved in altercation and stabbed, and then died while hospitalized.

Notes

External links

Buildings and structures completed in 1983
Mixed martial arts venues in Canada
Convention centres in Canada
Music venues in Edmonton
Tourist attractions in Edmonton
1983 establishments in Alberta

Edmonton Convention Centre


Arthur Koehler (1885–1967) was a chief wood technologist at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, and was important in the development of wood forensics in the 1930s through his role in the investigation of the Lindbergh kidnapping. Koehler's particular research interest in the identification, cellular structure and growth of wood gave him the specific training and abilities necessary for the careful examination of the ladder which had been used by the abductor of Charles Lindbergh Jr., aged twenty months, and the tracing of the ladder to a company in McCormick, South Carolina. Koehler, from there, traced the wood of the ladder to a Bronx lumber yard.

In the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Koehler brought out his evidence which helped to indict Hauptmann of the kidnapping and sent Hauptmann to the electric chair. After it was discovered that plank had disappeared from Hauptmann's attic, Koehler brought out his evidence: the wood he traced to Hauptmann. He proved, by fitting the two pieces together, that the attic board matched with the ladder rail used by the kidnapper, giving evidence that Hauptmann built the ladder. His evidence contributed to the jury's decision to execute Bruno Richard Hauptmann.

In the film J. Edgar Koehler was played by actor Stephen Root.

References

External links
 CSI Madison, Wisconsin: Wooden Witness

American forensic scientists
1885 births
1967 deaths

Arthur Koehler


Siquijor (, , ) is an island province o the Philippines locatit in the Central Visayas region. Its caipital is the municipality namit Siquijor an aw. Tae the northwast o Siquijor are Cebu an Negros, tae the northeast is Bohol an tae the sooth, athort the Bohol Sea, is the island o Mindanao.

Siquijor is the third smawest province in the kintra, in terms o population as well as laund aurie (efter Camiguin an Batanes). For a time it wis pairt o Negros Oriental.

Durin the Spainyie colonial period o the Philippines, the Spaniards cried the island as Island o Fire (). Siquijor is commonly associatit wi meestic tradeetions that the island's growin tourism industry caipitalizes on.

Geografie

Siquijor is an island province in the Visayas. It lees sootheast frae Cebu an Negros athort Cebu Strait (in some references cried Bohol Strait) an soothwast frae Bohol. Panglao Island which is pairt o Bohol province haes a seemilar composition o the soil which wis foond in the whole island o Siquijor an aw. Bohol is locatit north o Mindanao an awseparatit bi the Bohol Sea.

The island lees aboot  east o the nearest pynt on soothren Negros,  sootheast o Cebu,  soothwast o Bohol, an  north o Zamboanga Peninsula o Mindanao. It is predominantly hilly an in mony places the hills reach the sea, producin precipitous clints.  At the centre, Moont Malabahoc (locally kent as Moont Bandilaan) reaches aboot  in elevation, the heichest pynt on the island. Three marine terraces can be roughly tracit especially in the vicinity o Tag-ibo on the soothwastren pairt o the island, a barrio o San Juan municipality frae the seacoast up intae the central pairt.

Siquijor is a coralline island, an fossils o the giant clam, Tridacna, are aften encoontered in the ploued inland fields. On the hilltops thare are numerous shells o the molluscan species presently liein in the seas aroond the island. Siquijor wis probably shapit quite recently, geologically speakin.  The ocean depths atween Siquijor an Bohol an Mindanao are in the neebourheid o 640 metres (350 fathoms).

Wi a laund aurie o  an a coastline  lang, Siquijor is the 3rd smawest province o the Philippines.

The climate in Siquijor, lik maist o the Philippines, is vera tropical. It is dry frae Januar tae Mey an wet the rest o the year. Annual rainfaw is 1000 tae 1300 millimetres wi November haein the hiviest rainfaw an Apryle haein the least.

History
The island wis first sichtit bi the Spaniards in 1565 durin Miguel López de Legazpi's expedeetion.  The Spaniards cried the island Isla del Fuego or "Island o Fire," acause the island gae aff a eerie glow, which came frae the great swairms o fireflees that harbored in the numerous molave trees on the island.  A fowk legend haes it that mony years ago an aw, when the magical island o Siquijor wis still naewhaureon the face o the yird, a great storm engulfit the Visayan region, an a strang yirdquauk shook the yird an sea. Amidst the lichtnin an thunner arose a island frae the depths o the ocean's womb which came tae be kent as the island o Siquijor, hence the name Isla del Fuego, or "Island o Fire."  Oddly eneuch, in modren times, hieland fermers hae unraveled giant shell casins unner thair ferm plots, supportin the theory that Siquijor is indeed a island that rose frae the sea.

Esteban Rodriguez o the Legazpi Expedeetion in 1565 led the first Spaniards tae "discover" the island. He wis caiptain o a smaw pairty that left Legazpi's camp in Bohol tae splore the nearbi islands which are nou cried Pamilican, Siquijor, an Negros.

The Spaniards wur drawn bi the veesion o the fireflee illumination an as ane version o the legend recounts, thay met the island's ruler – the legendar Keeng Kihod while thay wur dockin thair ship at ane o Siquijor's bays.  When askit his name, the keeng replee'd "si Kihod" (A am Kihod). The Spaniards, thinkin he meant it as the name o the island, adoptit the name Sikihod (spelled Siquijod in Spainyie) which wis later chyngit tae Siquijor acause the Spaniards foond it too difficult tae pronoonce.

Foondit in 1783 unner the admeenistration o secular clergymen, Siquijor became the first municipality as well as the first pairish tae be established on the island. Siquijor wis, frae the beginnin, admeenistered bi the diocese o Cebu. As for ceevil admeenistration, Siquijor wis unner Bohol syne the province haed its awn govrenor. The first Augustinian recollect priest, Faither Vicente Garcia, arrivit in Siquijor in 1794. Several years thareefter, a priest o the same order foondit the pairishes o Larena (initially cried Can-oan), Lazi (umwhile Tigbawan), San Juan (Makalipay), an Maria (Cang-meniao). Wi the exception o Enrique Villanueva, aw o the present sax municipalities wur established as pairishes in 1877. Frae 1854 tae 1892, Siqiujor became pairt o the province o Negros Oriental, an became a sub-province in 1901.

At the turn of the century, Spaingie sovereignty in the Philippines came tae a end an at the Treaty o Paris in 1898, Spain cedit the Philippines tae the Unitit States.
Siquijor island felt the presence o American rule when a unit o the American Cavalry Diveesion came an stayed for sometime. The American Militar Govrenor in Manila appointit James Fugate, a scout wi the Californie Volunteers o the U.S. Infantry, tae owersee an tae implement the organisation an development programs in Siquijor Island.
Govrenor Fugate stayed for 16 years as lieutenant govrenor o Siquijor.

While it wis no at the centre o militar action, Siquijor wis no been spared bi Warld War II. Japanese detachments occupee'd the island atween 1942 an 1943. The Japanese annooncit thair arrival tae the island wi hivy shellin. On 10 November 1942, Japanese warships stairtit shellin Lazi frae Cang-abas Pynt. In Lazi, a garrison wis established in the auld Hame Economics Biggin o the Central Schuil.  Philippine guerrillas engagit in sabotage an the interaction durin this time tae cause havoc on the Japanese lives an properties.

Durin this period, Siquijor wis briefly governed bi Shunzo Suzuki, a Japanese civilian appointit bi the Imperial Japanese Forces till he wis assassinatit in October 1942 bi the guerrilla forces led bi Iluminado Jumawanin, o Caipilan, Siquijor. Mamor Fukuda teuk control o Siquijor frae Juin 1943 till the Japanese forces abandoned the island when the leeberation forces came in 1944.  At the ootbreak o Warld War II, Siquijor, then a sub-province o Negros Oriental, wis heidit bi Lieutenant Govrenor Nicolas Parami. Refusin tae pledge allegiance tae the Japanese Imperial Forces, Lt. Govrenor Parami wis taken bi Japanese sodgers frae his residence at Poo, Lazi ane fore-nicht an brocht tae the militar heidquairters in Larena. He wis niver heard frae again.

In 1943, the Japanese puppet govrenment appointit Sebastian Monera o San Juan govrenor o Siquijor. His admeenistration housomeivver wis cut short when he wis executit presumably bi Filipino guerrillas operating in the muntains o Siquijor.

On 30 September 1943, the Unitit States submarine USS Bowfin SS-287 delivered supplees tae the fowk o Siquijor an evacuatit fowk frae the island. On 21 Februar 1945, the destroyer USS Renshaw (DD-499), pairt o Task Unit 78. 7. 6, wis escortin a convoy o aboot 50 various Landing Ship teepes (LSTs, LSMs, LCTs) wi 12 ither escorts.  At 1059, Renshaw'''s leukoots sichtit a torpedo wak, then a submarine's periscope an pairt o a conning tower. The Renshaw'' wis attackit bi a Japanese Imperial midget submarine aff the coast o Siquijor, which caused extensive damage tae the ship an killed nineteen o the crew.  Unitit States WW2 B-17 pilot Captain Stanley M. Sabihon wis born on Siquijor an later raised in Hawaii.  He commandit a nine-man B-17 crew in 51 missions ower Europe, tallyin 280 combat oors, an wis the first naturalisit ceetizen frae the Philippines tae achieve a officer's rank in the U.S. Airmy Air Corps.

In mid-1945, local Filipino sodgers an officers unner the 7t, 71st, 75t an 76t Infantry Diveesion o the Philippine Commonwealth Airmy arrivit an leeberatit the islands o Siquijor alangside the recognisit guerrilla fechter groups.  Baith groups focht side bi side against the Japanese Imperial forces at the end o Warld War II.

On 17 September 1971, Siquijor became a unthirlt province bi virtue o Republic Act No. 6398. The caipital, formerly Larena, wis transferred tae the municipality of Siquijor in 1972 wi Proclamation No. 1075.

Poleetical subdiveesions
Siquijor is subdividit intae 6 municipalities. Siquijor is the caipital an mist important port.

Sax municipalities comprise the province.
 Enrique Villanueva
 Larena
 Lazi
 Maria
 San Juan
 Siquijor

Demographics

Accordin tae the 2010 census, thare are a tot o 91,066 Siquijodnons, as the residents o Siquijor caw thairsels.  The same census states that Siquijor haes 17,351 hoosehaulds an aw wi a average hoosehauld size o 4.70 bodies. The annual growthe rate wis 1.10% atween 2000 an 2010, lawer than the naitional growthe rate o 1.90% for the same period.

Leids
The main spoken leid in the island province is Cebuano. Housomeivver, lik maist provinces aroond the kintra, Inglis is aften uised as a seicont leid an aw. Some Spainyie wirds are spoken an unnerstuid. The Tagalog leid is unnerstuid an uised anerly in response tae ane who speaks it, but is niver uised bi the native Siquijodnons in iveryday casual conversation. Cebuano (Bisaya) is the prevalent leid onywhaur aroond the island.

Eddication
The leeteracy rate, ane o the heichest in the kintra, at 92.5%.

Tourism

Siquijor's lang ago reputation as a place of magic an sorcery baith attracts visitors an keeps thaim awa.  Siquijor is an aa weel kent for its festivals that focus on healing rituals whaur incantations are sung while the auld folks mak potions oot of yerbs, roots, insects an tree barks. In hushed talks, locals wad share a story or twa aboot folk legends pyntin tae the existence of witchcraft an witches in the island.

Amang the mony attractions are the beaches, caves, waterfalls, Bandilaan Natural Pairk, an butterflee sanctuary.  White saund beaches mak up maist of the 102-kilometer coastline of Siquijor.

The coral reefs ringing the island offer some of the best diving in the Philippines for snorkelers an scuba divers. Dive courses are conducted bi several dive operators on the island in version of PADI, CMAS an NAUI.  Siquijor wis declared a marine reserve in 1978.

During 2007, data frae the Philippine Department of Tourism showed that Siquijor posted the heichest growthe in visitor arrivals amang the fower provinces in region 7.

Transportation

The island o Siquijor haes 3 seaports that are capable o servicin cargo an passenger sea crafts, an 1 airport capable o handlin smawer an maistly privately awned airplanes.

References

Freemit airtins

 Philippine Staundart Geographic Code
 Philippine Census Information

Provinces o the Philippines
Islands o the Philippines
States an territories established in 1971
1971 establishments in the Philippines
Bohol Sea

Siquijor


The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) was a self-governing group of non-governmental organizations that acted to protect human rights throughout Europe, North America and Central Asia. A specific primary goal was to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Final Act and its follow-up documents.

History
It was founded in 1982, inspired in part by an appeal from Dr. Andrei Sakharov for the creation of a "unified international committee to defend all Helsinki Watch Group members", and also to co-ordinate their work. The IHF was founded in response, both to provide an organization which the various independent Helsinki committees could use to support each other, as well as provide an international body to strengthen their work.

The original members were the independent Helsinki committees of Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United States; an international secretariat was established in Vienna. The secretariat supported and provided liaison member Helsinki committees and associated human rights groups, and represented them at the international political level. At the time IHF was dissolved, it had forty-six member committees.

The IHF also had direct links with individuals and groups supporting human rights in countries where no Helsinki committees exist. In addition to gathering and analyzing information on human rights conditions in OSCE countries, the IHF acted as a clearing house for this information, disseminating it to governments, inter-governmental organizations, the press and the public at large.

Karl zu Schwarzenberg served as chairman of the federation from 1984 to 1991. The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights was awarded the European Human Rights Prize in 1989, jointly with Lech Wałęsa.

In January 2008, an Austrian court convicted the IHF's former financial manager, the Austrian Rainer Tannenberger, of the embezzlement of  €1.2 million. Tannenberger was sentenced to three years in prison, with two of them suspended.  The IHF's resulting insolvency had driven it to file for bankruptcy in Austria, its country of registration, and to be dissolved on 27 November 2007. An IHR accountant was sentenced to three years for embezzling $1.8 million from the Helsinki Federation for Human Rights to support his mistress. He channeled money from human rights projects to his bank account, and used the organization's ATM card for personal purposes which went unnoticed for six years.

After its closure, IHF's complete archives were transferred to the Blinken Open Society Archives which acts as the organisation's official repository.

See also
 Moscow Helsinki Group
 Charter 77
 Helsinki Watch
 Helsinki Committee for Human Rights
 Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights
 Hungarian Helsinki Committee

References

External links
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights – close down notice

Defunct international non-governmental organizations
International human rights organizations
Organizations established in 1982


Njai Dasima (Perfected Spelling: Nyai Dasima) is a 1929 silent film from the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia). It details the fall of a rich mistress at the hands of a greedy delman driver. The first film released by Tan's Film, the film – adapted from an 1896 novel – was a critical and commercial success. It was released in two parts, followed by a sequel, and remade another two times by 1940.

Plot

Part 1
Dasima (Nurhani) is a nyai, or a native mistress, for the Englishman Edward William. The couple and their daughter Nancy live in a home near Gambir Square in Batavia (modern day Jakarta). The delman driver Samiun has fallen in love with Dasima, despite already being married to Hayati. He attempts to use spells to win her heart. He also has an egg merchant, Mak Buyung, frighten Dasima by telling the young woman that she has committed the sin of zina (extramarital sex).  Samiun eventually succeeds, and Dasima goes to live with him and Hayati, taking along gold and jewels. Hayati has agreed to let Samiun take a second wife as she wants Dasima's money, which she will use for gambling.

Part 2
Dasima eventually realises that she has been tricked and begins to keep a close eye on her remaining wealth. To get at it, Samiun calls the thug Puasa and tells him to rob the young woman. At night, as Dasima goes to hear the story of Amir Hamzah at a nearby village, Puasa accosts her. He panics when she screams and kills her, then throws her body off a bridge; it washes up behind Williams' home. Samiun and Puasa are caught and sentenced to hang.

Production
Njai Dasima was the first film produced by Tan's Film, owned by ethnic Chinese. Directed at native viewers, Njai Dasima was filmed from September to October 1929.

The story was based on a novel written by G. Francis in 1896, which was advertised as based on a true story from 1813 Batavia. The story had previously been adapted by Toneel Melayu troupe. Tan's often adapted the troupe's work, and Njai Dasima was among their most successful. Like most native adaptations of the novel, Njai Dasima avoided the anti-Muslim undertones present in the original work.

Njai Dasima was directed by Lie Tek Swie and produced by Tan Khoen Yauw. Nurhani, who played Dasima, was cast from the general populace. Other stars included Anah, Wim Lender, and Momo. The cinematography was handled by Andre Lupias.

Release and reception
Njai Dasima was released in November 1929; it was released in two parts; the conclusion of the story was released in 1930. It was a commercial success, to the point that the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that a cinema could make up several days losses with a single showing of the film. Despite critical acclaim for her acting, Nurhani never played another film role.

The film critic Kwee Tek Hoay, known for his scathing reviews, praised the visuals in Njai Dasima and the acting of Nurhani and the girl who played Nancy. However, he criticised the other actors, describing the one who played Williams as too young, the one who played Samiun as looking like a bellboy, and the one who played Mak Buyung as looking half crazy. The magazine Doenia Film praised the filmography and acting by the lead characters. The magazine Panorama later wrote that Njai Dasima was an important film for the Indies, as it showed that locally produced films could compete with foreign, especially American, ones.

The film spawned a sequel, Nancy Bikin Pembalesan (Nancy Takes Revenge; 1930). The critically acclaimed sequel followed an adult Nancy in a quest to avenge her mother's death, leading to Samiun falling down a well and Hayati killing herself. Tan's Film made another adaptation of Njai Dasima in 1932, which Armijn Pane described as the first talkie in the Indies with good sound quality. Yet another adaptation, entitled Dasima, was directed by Tan Tjoei Hock in 1940.

See also
List of films of the Dutch East Indies

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Tan's Film films
Dutch silent feature films
Dutch black-and-white films
Films based on Indonesian novels
Films directed by Lie Tek Swie
Indonesian black-and-white films

Njai Dasima (1929 film)


R v Hibbert, [1995] 2 SCR 973, is a Supreme Court of Canada decision on aiding and abetting and the defence of duress in criminal law. The court held that duress is capable of negating the mens rea for some offences, but not for aiding the commission of an offence under s. 21(1)(b) of the Criminal Code. Nonetheless, duress can still function as an excuse-based defence.

Background
On November 25, 1991, Fitzroy Cohen was shot four times with a semi-automatic handgun in the lobby of the apartment building he lived in. The shots were fired by Mark Bailey, an acquaintance of Cohen's. Cohen had been aware that Bailey was seeking revenge for an incident in the previous year in which Bailey had been robbed by a rival drug dealer while Cohen and others stood by watching and laughing.

Bailey was led to Cohen's apartment by the accused, Lawrence Hibbert, who was a close friend of Cohen. On the night of the shooting, Hibbert accidentally ran into Bailey, and was threatened with a handgun to bring Bailey to Cohen's apartment. Hibbert was also ordered to call Cohen to meet him in the lobby of the apartment.

Hibbert made no effort to intervene, and claimed that he had no opportunity to run away or warn Cohen. He was later driven from the scene by Bailey. Cohen survived the shooting, but Bailey was never caught. Hibbert turned himself in the next day and was charged with attempted murder as party to the offence.

At trial, Hibbert was acquitted of attempted murder but convicted of aggravated assault. The Court of Appeal upheld the conviction.

The Supreme Court of Canada was asked to decide the applicability of the defence of duress in the context of aiding and abetting the commission of an offence under s. 21(1)(b) of the Criminal Code.

Opinion of the Court
Chief Justice Lamer, writing for the unanimous court, held that the trial judge's instructions to the jury were incorrect and ordered a new trial. In particular, the trial judge was incorrect in referring to the mental state as being a "common intention" to carry out an unlawful purpose. Second, the instruction that the mens rea for party liability under s. 21(1)(b) could be negated by duress was also incorrect. Finally, the trial judge failed to instruct the jurors that the common law defence of duress could excuse the accused even if the Crown successfully proved the elements of the offence.

In arriving at the decision, the court considered the relationship between duress and the mens rea for party liability under ss. 21(1)(b) and 21(2) of the Code.

Mens rea of party liability
The court interpreted the word "purpose" in s. 21(1)(b) as meaning "intent" and rejected the arguments that the accused must "desire" the outcome in order to be guilty of aiding and abetting the commission of a crime. The court noted that using the concept of "desire" would lead to absurd results and would not accord with Parliamentary intention.

Under s. 21(2), the words "intention in common" was interpreted to mean that the party and the principal offender must have the same unlawful purpose in mind, but does not mean that they must have the same motives and desires.

Duress
The court found that a person acting under threats of death or bodily harm can in some cases negate the mens rea component of an offence. Whether or not it does so will depend on the particular offence in question. The relevant question in each case will be whether the definition of the offence as written by Parliament is capable of supporting the inference that the presence of coercion can have a bearing on the existence of mens rea.

In any case, the defence of duress (both the common law defence and the more narrow statutory defence set out in s. 17 of the Criminal Code) will be available as an excuse if the accused acted under threat. This acts similarly to the defence of necessity.

However, an accused cannot rely on the common law defence of duress if there was an opportunity to escape from the circumstances causing duress.

External links

Supreme Court of Canada cases
1995 in Canadian case law
Canadian criminal case law

R v Hibbert


Ramchandra Punaji Avsare is a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Bhandara Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Avsare's victory was part of a clean sweep made by BJP in Bhandara district. In 2009 he was with the Shiv Sena. In June, 2015, it was reported that his election was challenged in court by one Ranjit Chavan. A special bench under Justice Prasanna Varale has been established to deal with the case.

References

Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019
People from Bhandara district
Shiv Sena politicians
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ramchandra Punaji Avsare


Aryn Kyle (born January 22, 1978) is an American novelist and short story writer. She is a 2008 recipient of the Alex Awards.

Life
Kyle was born in Peoria, Illinois and grew up in Grand Junction, Colorado. She graduated from Colorado State University in 2001 and received an MFA in fiction from the University of Montana in 2003.

Kyle's first short story, "Foaling Season", was published by The Atlantic Monthly and went on to win a 2004 National Magazine Award in fiction.

"Foaling Season" became the first chapter of Kyle's debut novel, The God of Animals, which was published by Scribner in March 2007 and became a national bestseller.

The God of Animals is the story of Alice Winston, a young girl coming of age on her family's rundown horse ranch.  The novel is set in the fictional town of Desert Valley, which Kyle based on Grand Junction, Colorado.  The God of Animals won an Alex Award, a Spur Award for Best Novel of the West and was named by Amazon.com as the Number One Fiction Debut of 2007.

Kyle has had short stories published in The Atlantic Monthly, Ploughshares, The Georgia Review, The Alaska Quarterly Review, StoryQuarterly, and in the anthologies Best New American Voices 2005, and Best American Short Stories 2007.  Her short story collection, Boys and Girls Like You and Me, was released by Scribner in the spring of 2010.

Work

Novels and collections
The God of Animals (2007)
Boys and Girls Like You and Me (2010)

Short stories
"Copper Queen" from The Georgia Review
"Nine" from The Atlantic Monthly
"Foaling Season" from The Atlantic Monthly
"Femme" from The Georgia Review
"Allegiance" from Ploughshares
"Brides" from Best New American Voices 2005
"The Company of Strangers" from The Alaska Quarterly Review
"Little Deaths" from StoryQuarterly
"Employee/Manager Relations" from Conversely.com

Awards
National Magazine Award, 2004, 2022
Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, 2005
Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award, 2008
Mountains & Plains Independent Booksellers Association Award, 2008
American Library Association Alex Award, 2008
Spur Award for Best Novel of the West, 2008

References

External links
Official Website

1978 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
American women short story writers
American women novelists
People from Grand Junction, Colorado
Colorado State University alumni
University of Montana alumni
Novelists from Colorado
21st-century American women writers
Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award winners
21st-century American short story writers

Aryn Kyle


Nigel Cyprian Bridge, Baron Bridge of Harwich, PC (26 February 1917 − 20 November 2007) was a British judge, who served as Lord of Appeal in Ordinary between 1980 and 1992. A leading appellate judge, Bridge is also remembered for having presided over the Birmingham Six trial.

Early life
Bridge was born in Codicote, Hertfordshire, the second son of Commander Cyprian Dunscomb Charles Bridge, Royal Navy, and of Gladys Bridge, née Steel, the daughter of a Lancashire cotton manufacturer. He never met his father, who had abandoned his mother shortly after his birth. He was the younger brother of Anthony Bridge, later Dean of Guildford.

He followed his elder brother to Marlborough College, with a scholarship. Disliking the school, he went to Europe, where he learned French and German. Returning to Britain, he worked as a journalist on regional newspapers in Lancashire, and wrote an unpublished novel.

He volunteered to join the Fleet Air Arm before the Second World War broke out, but was rejected as being colour blind. He was instead conscripted into the British Army in 1940, and commissioned into the King's Royal Rifle Corps, serving in Italy, north-west Europe, and Germany. He was demobilised in 1946 with the rank of captain.

Shortly after he was commissioned, and without any previous experience, he successfully defended a soldier on a charge of desertion at a court-martial. He then became much in demand as a defending officer, giving him a taste for advocacy.

Legal career
Bridge was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1947, having achieved the first place in that year's bar exams. After pupillage under Martin Jukes, he joined a set of chambers specializing in personal injury cases, before joining John Widgery's chambers at 3 Temple Gardens in 1950, where he specialized in local government and planning law.

From 1964 to 1968, he was Junior Counsel to the Treasury (Common Law), commonly known as Treasury Devil. He was the last Treasury Devil to try a case from private practice while in office. He was made a bencher at Inner Temple in 1964, Reader in 1985 and Treasurer in 1986.

By tradition Treasury Devils were appointed to the High Court after their term, and after four years as Treasury Devil Bridge was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Justice in 1968, receiving the customary knighthood. Assigned to the Queen's Bench Division, he was presiding Judge of the Western Circuit from 1972–74.

Birmingham Six trial
In 1975, Bridge was the presiding judge at the trial of the Birmingham Six, who were accused of bombings in Birmingham in November 1974. It was his last case before he joined the Court of Appeal. The trial was marred by Bridge's health: at various points it was interrupted to allow him to see a dentist, for treatment for acute gastritis, and for lunchtime naps on his doctor's orders. He lost his voice during the summing up, which was criticised as being biased against the defendants. He also admitted into evidence the defendants' confessions, despite the defence arguing that they were beaten out of them. During sentencing, he said that there was "the clearest and most overwhelming evidence I have ever heard in a case of murder". The convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal in 1991, after the defendants had served 16 years in prison.

As a result of the trial, Bridge was added to the IRA's hit-list, and his house came under constant police protection. In a 1992 interview, Bridge said that he felt "unhappy", but not "guilty", about what had happened at the trial.

Court of Appeal and House of Lords
Bridge became a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1975, and was sworn of the Privy Council. In the Court of Appeal he sometimes clashed with Lord Denning. He was mooted as a successor to Lord Widgery as Lord Chief Justice in 1979, and to Lord Denning as Master of the Rolls in 1982, but did not secure either position. He became a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary on 29 September 1980, and was created a life peer with the title Baron Bridge of Harwich, of Harwich, in the County of Essex. On his appointment, he was the only law lord without a university degree.

He was a member of the Security Commission from 1977 and 1985, serving as chairman from 1982. In that capacity, he reported on the Geoffrey Prime and Michael Bettaney spying cases; he also led a review in vetting arrangements for Buckingham Palace staff. In 1985, Bridge was tasked with reviewing telephone tapping by MI5; after he examined 6,129 instances of phone tapping in three days and found all of them to be justified, he was attacked by Roy Jenkins in The Times as "the poodle of the executive". However, he joined Lord Oliver of Aylmerton in dissenting from the majority decision in the Spycatcher case, criticising the government's case to prevent publication of the contents of Peter Wright's book as "ridiculous".

He supported the majority decision in the Gillick case on medical consent in 1985, and in the McLoughlin v O'Brian case on recovery of damages for nervous shock.

He was elected an honorary fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge in 1989.

Later life
Bridge retired from the bench on reaching the compulsory retirement age of 75 in 1992. He was chairman of the Church of England Synodical Government Review from 1993–97. In retirement, he studied mathematics with the Open University, obtained a Bachelor of Science in 2003, aged 86.

Toward the end of his life he suffered a number of strokes. He died of cancer in London on 20 November 2007.

Family
Bridge married Margaret Swinbank, then a secretary at the War Office and the daughter of Leonard Heseltine Swinbank, on 8 January 1944. They had two daughters and one son. Lady Bridge of Harwich died in 2006.

Selected cases

Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber Products Ltd [1981] Ch 25
McLoughlin v O'Brian [1983] 1 AC 410
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 1248 (the Spycatcher case)
Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] AC 1074
R v Secretary of State for Transport, Ex p Factortame Ltd [1990] 2 AC 85 (Factortame I)
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605
Abbey National Building Society v Cann [1991] 1 AC 56
Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset [1991] 1 AC 107
Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310

Arms

References

Sources

"Last word", bbc.co.uk, 30 November 2007
Obituaries:
The Daily Telegraph, 27 March 2008
The Times, 27 March 2008
The Independent, 27 March 2008
The Guardian, 27 March 2008
British Army Officers 1939−1945

1917 births
2007 deaths
Law lords
Military personnel from Hertfordshire
King's Royal Rifle Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Inner Temple
Alumni of the Open University
Fellows of Wolfson College, Cambridge
People educated at Marlborough College
Queen's Bench Division judges
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Knights Bachelor
Place of death missing
King's African Rifles officers
People from Codicote
Lords Justices of Appeal

Nigel Bridge, Baron Bridge of Harwich