John Victor Monckton (13 October 1955 – 29 November 2004) was a financier who was killed in his own house in November 2004, by Elliott White and Damien Hanson, while the latter was on probation after serving half of his 12-year sentence for attempted murder.

Biography
Educated at Downside and Lincoln College, Oxford, he rose to the position of Managing Director of Bonds at Legal & General Group PLC, a large British insurance firm. He was a Roman Catholic, and a distant cousin of Viscount Monckton of Brenchley. He joined the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1977.

He was murdered and his wife severely assaulted at their home in Upper Cheyne Row in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, nominally a low-crime area. His nine-year-old daughter called the police, but the killers fled the scene. A suspect, Damien Hanson, was arrested the following day.

Murder
Hanson was eventually convicted of Monckton's murder and sentenced to serve three life sentences for killing Monckton, and the attempted murder of Monckton's wife Homeyra, in November 2004. His accomplice, Elliot White, is serving 18 years for manslaughter, wounding with intent and robbery.

The trial judge recommended that Hanson should serve a minimum of 36 years before being considered for parole. This is one of the lengthiest minimum terms ever handed out in British legal history, and is expected to keep Hanson behind bars until at least 2041 and the age of 61.

Hanson had at least one previous conviction for attempted murder, for which he received a 12-year sentence, when he killed Monckton. Hanson had been released from jail three months before the killing, halfway through his sentence. In 2006, Hanson's half sister, Laura Campbell,  was jailed for four years for providing a fake alibi for the crime.

References

External links
BBC News Robber jailed for banker murder
BBC News story on his murder
BBC News story on arrest of suspect
More details for the killing of John Monckton
BBC News story of conviction of murderer

2004 murders in the United Kingdom
2004 in London
2000s murders in London
Deaths by person in London
Murder in London
21st century in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
November 2004 events in the United Kingdom

Murder of John Monckton


Thomas Matulessy (8 June 178316 December 1817), also known as Kapitan Pattimura or simply Pattimura, was a famous Ambonese soldier who became a symbol of both the Maluku and Indonesian struggle for independence, praised by President Sukarno and declared a national hero by President Suharto. He has several namesakes in both the Netherlands and in the Indonesian archipelago.

Born on the island of Ceram, Pattimura joined the British Colonial Auxiliary Forces after they took the Maluku islands from the French. When the islands were returned to the Dutch in 1816, he was dismissed. The return of the Dutch in 1816 marked a change in the colonial system. After the bankruptcy of the Dutch East India Company, the Indonesian archipelago came under the control of the newly founded Kingdom of the Netherlands. This was accompanied by, among other things, the establishment of a colonial army: KNIL. Christian Moluccans in particular were wanted as ethnic soldiers in the KNIL. Despite Pattimura's revolt, the myth of a centuries-long loyalty of Moluccans to the Netherlands and the royal family began.

Pattimura and his followers feared harsher colonial oppression than the English under whom he had served. On 16 May 1817, Pattimura led an armed rebellion that captured Fort Duurstede, killing the inhabitants of the fortress and fighting off Dutch reinforcements, on 29 May he was declared the leader of the Moluccan people. After being betrayed by the King of Booi Pati Akoon, he was captured by Dutch forces on 11 November and hanged the next month.

Biography
Pattimura was born Thomas Matulessy on 8 June 1783 in Seram, Maluku; the name Pattimura was his pseudonym. His parents were Frans Matulessia and Fransina Tilahoi, and he had a little brother named Yohanis. According to I.O.  Nanulaitta, quoted from Historia.id, Matulessia's family is a Protestant Christian. But, there is a strong source validly said that Ambon, Seram, Ternate, were widespreaded with Catholicism in Maluku islands during Francis Xavier mission on 1547. The strongly indication said that Matulessia's family with Pattimura are Roman Catholics. In 1810, the Maluku islands were taken over from the Napoleonic France by the British. Mattulessi received military training from their army and reached the rank of sergeant major.

After the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty on 13 August 1814, in 1816 the Maluku islands were returned to the Dutch; Pattimura attended the ceremony. Afterwards, in violation of the treaty, he and his fellow soldiers were discharged to their hometowns. However, Pattimura refused to accept the restoration of Dutch power. He felt that they would stop paying native Christian teachers, as the French had done in 1810, and was concerned that a proposed switch to paper currency would leave the Maluku people unable to give alms — only coins were considered valid — and thus lead to churches being unable to help the poor.

Ambon revolt of 1817

He was appointed as Kapitan by the people of Saparua to rebel against the Dutch on 14 May 1817. The assault began on the 15th, with Pattimura and his lieutenants Said Perintah, Anthony Reebhok, Paulus Tiahahu and Tiahahu's daughter Martha Christina Tiahahu leading the way. On 16 May 1817, they seized Fort Duurstede and killed the 19 Dutch soldiers, Resident Johannes Rudolph van den Berg (who had arrived just two months earlier), his wife, three of his children and their governess. The only Dutch survivor was Van den Berg's five-year-old son Jean Lubbert. After the seizure, Pattimura's forces defended the fort and on May 20 defeated Major Beetjes, Second Lieutenant E. S. de Haas, and their nearly 200 troops, leaving only 30 survivors.
On 29 May, Pattimura and other Maluku leaders made the Haria Proclamation, which outlined their grievances against the Dutch government and declared Pattimura to be the leader of the Maluku people. In response, Governor-General Van der Cappellen immediately fired the governor of Ambon, Jacobus A. van Middelkoop, and his right hand, Nicolaus Engelhard, for their abuses of the local people.

On June 1, Pattimura led an unsuccessful attack on Fort Zeelandia in Haruku. Two months later, on August 3, Fort Duurstede was finally retaken by the Dutch, but the revolt had spread and was not subdued for another few months.

Due to betrayal from Booi's king, Pati Akoon, and Tuwanakotta, Pattimura was arrested on 11 November 1817 while he was in Siri Sori. He and his fellows were sentenced to death. On 16 December 1817, Pattimura together with Anthony Reebhok, Philip Latumahina, and Said Parintah were hanged in front of Fort Nieuw Victoria in Ambon.

Legacy

Pattimura and his war have been used as symbols for both Maluku independence, such as with the short-lived Republic of South Maluku, and Indonesian patriotism. The first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, considered Pattimura a great patriot.

In 1954, Sapija, an officer of the TNI, the Indonesian Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia), published the book Sedjarah Perdjuangan Pattimura (History of the Battle of Pattimura). He had researched Matulessy's ancestry and discovered that his grandfather had carried the hereditary title Pattimura (patih: prince; murah: magnanimous). According to Dr. Dieter Bartels, anthropology professor in Yavapai College, Clarkdale, Arizona in the book Di Bawah Naungan Gunung Nunusaku (Under the Shade of Mount Nunusaku), oral history in Sahulau (Central Maluku) states that Mattulessy's ancestor used the title when they moved to Hulaliu so it is possible Mattulessy used the hereditary title. Although no contemporary written account attested Mattulessy used the title. On the authority of Johannes Latuharhary, Sapija and other Indonesian historians, Matulessy was declared a pahlawan nasional (national hero) in 1973 not under his name, but under the authoritative title Kapitan Pattimura. The name has since become common in both Indonesia and the Netherlands.

When Pattimura was awarded the title National Hero of Indonesia by President Suharto in 1973 through Presidential Decree number 87/TK, very little was written in independent Indonesia on this subject and he was virtually unknown outside Moluccan circles. How widely this interpretation can vary is perhaps most clearly indicated by the fact that both the Republik Maluku Selatan and the Republic of Indonesia put
forward Pattimura as their Freedom Hero. In Ambon, he is commemorated in the names of the University of Pattimura, Pattimura Airport, and a street, as well as a statue; there are also streets named after him throughout the archipelago. In Wierden, the Netherlands, a street in the Moluccan neighborhood is named after Pattimura. 15 May is celebrated as Pattimura Day in the Netherlands and Indonesia. A similar, smaller holiday is held on 2 January to commemorate the younger Tiahahu. He is also featured on the 2000-issue 1,000 rupiah banknote.

References

Bibliography

19th-century Dutch East Indies people
1783 births
1817 deaths
People from Maluku (province)
People from Saparua
Executed Indonesian people
Guerrillas
Moluccan people
People executed by the Netherlands by hanging
Indonesian Roman Catholics
National Heroes of Indonesia
Indonesian Christians

Pattimura


Charla Baklayan Faddoul (born July 23, 1976) is an Armenian-American reality television personality who appeared on The Amazing Race 5 and The Amazing Race: All-Stars television shows. Charla was born with achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism, and is 4' (1.22 m) tall. Her partner on The Amazing Race was her cousin Mirna Hindoyan.

Early life and career
Charla Baklayan was born on July 23, 1976, in Aleppo, Syria to Armenian parents, Garbis and Rosine Baklayan. Her family then immigrated to the United States in 1978. Charla is a graduate of Dulaney High School and Towson University with a degree in Business Management.

The Amazing Race

The Amazing Race 5

On the audition tape for The Amazing Race, Charla lifted weights and even carried her teammate on her shoulders to prove her physical strength.  During the actual show, Charla carried a 55-pound side of beef, blocked five slap shots by a professional hockey player, ate one kilogram (2.2 lb) of caviar, and ate a portion of an ostrich egg which was the equivalent of two dozen chicken eggs.
At the time, Little People of America spokesman Dan Okenfuss said that "What Charla is doing on the show is great, introducing little people to the mainstream world, doing an activity average-sized people are doing."

In January 2004, Faddoul competed on the fifth season of the CBS adventure reality show The Amazing Race with her cousin, Mirna Hindoyan. The two were eliminated in the seventh leg of the race, finishing in 6th place.

The Amazing Race 5 finishes

A  placement with a dagger () indicates that Charla and Mirna were eliminated.

Roadblocks performed by Faddoul are bolded

The Amazing Race: All-Stars
Charla & Mirna competed against ten other teams from previous seasons for a second chance at winning $1 million.  This time, Charla helped a cowboy lasso, tie down, and groom a wild horse, ate two feet of kielbasa sausage, donned a suit of armor to lead a horse a half-mile, climbed up an 11-story bamboo scaffold and sky jumped 233 meters (764 feet) from the observation deck of the Macau Tower.

Other TV appearances
On the first episode of MADtv: Season 10, Charla and her cousin Mirna appeared in a skit called "The Amazing Presidential Race". Connie Chung (portrayed by Bobby Lee) narrated the Amazing Race parody featuring a cross-country race between presidential nominees: Bush & Cheney, Kerry & Edwards and Charla & Mirna. Charla & Mirna's presidential teammate Ralph Nader (played by Ike Barinholtz) was "eliminated" from the race when Charla ran over him with a golf cart.

On the "Valerie Demands Dignity" episode of The Comeback, Charla receives her own reality show called "The Littlest Assistant" and is made the aide to a one-time sitcom star played by Lisa Kudrow.

Battle of the Network Reality Stars was a revised version of the Battle of the Network Stars television program. Charla & Mirna competed against men and women from sixteen reality TV shows including Richard Hatch, Evan Marriott from Joe Millionaire, and Brittany Brower from America's Next Top Model, Cycle 4.

Celebrity Poker Showdown: Tournament 6, Game 1 featured reality television all-stars playing for charity. Charla played for the American University of Armenia against Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth from The Apprentice, Andrew Firestone of The Bachelor, Trishelle Cannatella of The Real World: Las Vegas, and Jonny Fairplay of Survivor: Micronesia.

Personal life
Faddoul is married to David Faddoul.

References

1976 births
Actors with dwarfism
American actors with disabilities
21st-century American actresses
Syrian people of Armenian descent
American people of Armenian descent
Entertainers with dwarfism
Armenian people with disabilities
American people with disabilities
Living people
People from Aleppo
Syrian emigrants to the United States
Towson University alumni
Middle Eastern Christians
Syrian Christians
Participants in American reality television series

Charla Baklayan Faddoul


In Greek mythology, Strymon (/stryˈmɔːn/; Ancient Greek: Στρυμών) was a river-god and son of the Titans Oceanus and his sister-wife Tethys. He was a king of Thrace. By the Muses, Euterpe or Calliope or Terpsichore, he became the father of Rhesus. His other sons were Olynthus and Brangas.

Neaera bore Strymon's daughter, Evadne who became the wife of King Argus. He was also the father of Tereine who mothered Thrassa by the god Ares. Another daughter, Rhodope became the mother of Athos by Poseidon.

Notes

References
Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Conon, Fifty Narrations, surviving as one-paragraph summaries in the Bibliotheca (Library) of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople translated from the Greek by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Euripides, The Rhesus of Euripides translated into English rhyming verse with explanatory notes by Gilbert Murray, LL.D., D.Litt., F.B.A., Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford. Euripides. Gilbert Murray. New York. Oxford University Press. 1913. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Euripides, Euripidis Fabulae. vol. 3. Gilbert Murray. Oxford. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1913. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii; recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.

Potamoi
Mythological kings of Thrace
Kings in Greek mythology
Greek mythology of Thrace
Thraco-Macedonian mythology

Strymon (mythology)


John Cunningham, 15th Earl of Glencairn (1749 – 24 September 1796) was a Scottish nobleman, cavalry officer, and finally a priest.

The younger son of William Cunningham, 13th Earl of Glencairn (d. 1775) he succeeded his elder brother James, one of Scotland's Representative Peers, upon his death, unmarried, in Falmouth in 1790.

For some time Lord John Cunningham was an officer in the 14th Royal Dragoons, but afterwards entered into Holy Orders of the Church of England.

He died at Coats House, then west of the city of Edinburgh (now absorbed), in his 47th year.

In 1785 he had married Isabel, daughter of Henry David Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan (d. 1767), and widow of William Leslie Hamilton. They had no issue and the title became dormant.

He is buried against the south-west wall in St Cuthberts Churchyard in Edinburgh.

References
 Brown, Peter, publisher, The Peerage of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1834, p. 88.
 Anderson, William, The Scottish Nation, Edinburgh, 1867, vol.v, p. 313.

1749 births
1796 deaths
Scottish soldiers
18th-century Scottish Episcopalian priests
Earl of Glencairn

John Cunningham, 15th Earl of Glencairn


The Revenge of the Shadow King is the first volume of three books in the Grey Griffins series written in collaborative writing by American authors Derek Benz and J.S. Lewis, and published by Orchard Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc. The book follows the story of four friends who form The Order of the Grey Griffin.

Reception
Paula Brehm-Heeger - VOYA said that the book will find a home in the hearts of teenage readers and those who love Dungeons and Dragons.

References

External links
Official website of the Grey Griffins Books
Orchard Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc.

2006 American novels
American fantasy novels
Collaborative novels
Orchard Books books

The Revenge of the Shadow King


The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) is a public research university in El Paso, Texas. It is a member of the University of Texas System. UTEP is the second-largest university in the United States to have a majority Mexican American student population (about 80%) after the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity." The university's School of Engineering is the nation's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S. and Ph.D. degrees.

UTEP is home to the Sun Bowl stadium, which hosts the annual college football competition the Sun Bowl every winter.

The campus is one of the few places in the world outside of Bhutan or Tibet to have buildings created with the Dzong architectural style. It sits on hillsides overlooking the Rio Grande river, with Ciudad Juárez in view across the Mexico–United States border.

History

Early history

On April 16, 1913, SB 183 was signed by the Texas governor allocating funding for a new educational institution that would later become UTEP, making it the second oldest academic institution in the University of Texas system. The school officially opened on September 28, 1914, with 27 students in buildings belonging to the former El Paso Military Institute on a site adjacent to Fort Bliss on the Lanoria Mesa. The school was founded in 1913 as the State School of Mines and Metallurgy, and a practice mineshaft survives on the campus. By 1916, enrollment had grown to 39 students, including its first two female students, Ruth Brown and Grace Odell.

On October 29, 1916, a devastating fire destroyed the main building of the school, prompting its relocation. In 1917, the new school facility was constructed on its present site above Mundy Heights at the Paso del Norte, with the land donated by several El Paso residents. In a period when United States architects were designing in styles adopted especially from Europe, Kathleen Worrell, wife of the university's dean, was attracted by photographs of the Kingdom of Bhutan in a 1914 issue of National Geographic magazine, which showed the dzong architecture style of its Buddhist monasteries. The resemblances between the local terrain and mountainous features of Bhutan inspired her to propose designing early buildings of the mining school in the dzong style. Liking its distinctiveness, administrations have continued to choose that style for additional facilities, including the Sun Bowl football stadium and parking garages. Dzong architecture has characteristics such as sloping sides, markedly overhanging roofs, and bands of colored decoration.

The University of Texas Board of Regents changed the name of the institution in 1919 first to the Department of Mines and Metallurgy and then to the College of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Texas (TCM) in 1920. The school's name was changed again in 1949 to Texas Western College of The University of Texas (TWC).

Notable events at UTEP include the training in 1961 of the nation's first Peace Corps class, the construction of Sun Bowl Stadium in 1963, and the winning of the 1966 NCAA basketball tournament.

The University of Texas at El Paso
When the 60th Texas State Legislature designated the University of Texas as The University of Texas System in 1967, the name of the school was changed to The University of Texas at El Paso. While the 1967 law designated "U.T. El Paso" as the school's official abbreviated name, the school is more commonly referred to by its trademarked name of "UTEP". Known as the Miners since the school's opening in 1914, TCM's students painted a large "M" for Miners on the Franklin Mountains in 1923; this was later moved to a site adjacent to the Sun Bowl Stadium in the 1960s where it remains today.

The school has had achievements in academic and sports areas. In 1969, UTEP won the first of seven NCAA Men's Cross Country Championships. In 1974, UTEP's first doctoral degree program in Geological Sciences was approved. Also in 1974, UTEP won the first of seven NCAA Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships. In 1975 UTEP won both the NCAA Men's Outdoor and Indoor National Championships. UTEP is only one of a handful of universities to win at least 21 NCAA national championships in multiple sports.

The campus expanded in 1976 with the completion of the Engineering-Science Complex. That same year, the College of Nursing was founded. In 1977, the Special Events Center (now the Don Haskins Center) was built, featuring a 12,000-seat capacity for sporting events, live concerts, and other performances. An expansion of Sun Bowl Stadium followed in 1982, increasing its capacity to 52,000. The six-story University Library opened its doors to the public for the first time in 1984.

In 1988, Diana Natalicio became UTEP's first woman president. When she stepped down in August 2019, she was the longest-serving sitting president of a major public research university. In 1989, UTEP's second doctoral program was approved (in electrical engineering). Doctoral programs in computer engineering, psychology, and environmental science and engineering followed in 1991, 1993, and 1995, respectively. The university's cooperative pharmacy and nursing doctorate programs began in 1996 and 2000, respectively. A biological sciences doctorate program was started in 1997 and a history doctorate followed in 1999. Doctoral programs in international business, civil engineering, and rhetoric and composition were started in 2003.

In 1999, UTEP launched its MBA online degree program. It was designated as a Comprehensive Doctoral/Research-Intensive University by the Carnegie Foundation the following year. In 2002, the $11 million Larry K. Durham Sports Center opened and the Sam Donaldson Center for Communication Studies was established. The Academic Services and Biosciences buildings as well as the Engineering-Science complex in 2003. UTEP celebrated its 90th anniversary the next year with the Miners football team going to the Houston Bowl, and the men's basketball team made its 15th NCAA tournament appearance.

In August 2019, Heather Wilson, Ph.D., became UTEP's 11th president. She previously served as the Secretary of the U.S. Air Force.

Academics and research

The University of Texas at El Paso is subdivided into nine colleges and schools, each of which offers a variety of degree programs including undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate. UTEP offers 74 undergraduate degrees, 76 master's-level degrees, and 22 doctoral degrees. UTEP follows a semester system with a spring, summer, and fall semester annually, along with a shorter wintermester in the month of January.

UTEP offers the USA's only bilingual M.F.A. creative writing program.

The university's research expenditure in fiscal year 2018 was $91 million.
UTEP is classified as an "R1: Research University (Highest research activity)" in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.

The National Science Foundation has designated UTEP as a Model Institution for Excellence, one of only six in the country. UTEP is one of only 11 universities nationwide to receive a $5 million Teachers for a New Era (TNE) research grant from the Carnegie Corporation.

Hispanic Business magazine has twice ranked UTEP as the number one graduate engineering school for Hispanics. The National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering has called UTEP "a model for other engineering institutions who say that today's minority young people from low-income families can't succeed in a rigorous math- or science-based discipline."

In November 2012, it was announced Igor C. Almeida, professor of biological sciences at UTEP, had developed a fully protective vaccine against Chagas disease. UTEP also holds the rights to a patent (# 5,798,392) for the use of methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF) as a central nervous system selective cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease developed by Donald E. Moss in the department of psychology. A Phase I human clinical trial of MSF as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease was successfully completed in Germany.

UTEP's art gallery, the Stanlee and Gerald Rubin Center for the Visual Arts, specializes in site-specific art installations and exhibitions by renowned artists, which have included in the past Teresa Margolles, Tania Candiani, and Rafael Lozano-Hemmer. Under the leadership of its current director, Kerry Doyle, the Rubin Center has been recognized with grants and awards by the Texas Commission on the Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Lannan Foundation, the Leonard Nimoy Foundation, and others.

In June 2023 the university was placed on Warning status by its educational accreditor, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, after the accreditor's board found significant non-compliance with its standards for full-time faculty employment, program availability, qualified administrative staff and academic program coordination.

Campus architecture

In 1916, only two years after the school opened, the original campus buildings were destroyed in a fire. The school was rebuilt on its present site in 1917. Kathleen Worrell, the wife of the school's first dean Steve H. Worrell, had seen pictures of Bhutanese buildings in an April 1914 issue of National Geographic. Noting the similarity of mountainous Bhutan (which is in the Himalayas) to the location of the campus, she suggested the new buildings be in the style of Bhutanese dzongs (monastic fortresses), with massive sloping walls and overhanging roofs. This idea was enthusiastically accepted by all.

Prominent El Paso architect Henry Trost designed the first four buildings. All buildings since then have followed this style, including a fifth by Trost in 1920, and three more by his firm in 1933–1937. While the early structures only copied the general appearance of a dzong, recent buildings incorporate internal elements of the dzong form as well.

The kingdom of Bhutan has honored UTEP's adoption of their country's style. Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuk has visited the campus, and in 2009 the Kingdom presented UTEP with a hand-carved wooden temple to be erected on the campus.

The Himalayan style of UTEP's campus made it an appropriate site for the Chenrezig Himalayan Cultural Center of El Paso, a Tibetan Buddhist facility.

School colors and logo
Since the school was established as a department of the main branch of the University of Texas at Austin, the school's colors were originally orange and white. However, in the early 1980s, Columbia blue was added so now the official colors are orange, white, and blue. When the new UTEP athletic department logo was introduced in the fall of 1999, a darker hue of blue was incorporated into the logo, as well as a silver accent to go with the customary orange.

Athletics

UTEP was the first college in the American South to integrate its intercollegiate sports programs. This change was made in the 1950s. When Don Haskins became basketball coach in 1961, he aggressively recruited black players. In 1966, Haskins' Miners won the NCAA basketball championship, defeating an all-white Kentucky team in the final game. At a time when many claimed black players lacked the mental and emotional "necessities" to compete at a high level, Haskins put his usual starting players in the championship game. They were the first all-black team to start in a game at that level. This story was retold in Haskins' autobiography Glory Road (2005) and in the 2006 film Glory Road. Haskins coached his entire career at UTEP and compiled a 719–353 record with only five losing seasons. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997, and the special events center was renamed the Don Haskins Center. He retired from coaching in 1999, and died in 2008. The entire 1966 UTEP team was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2007.

In 1968, the UTEP track & field program revoked the scholarships of eight black athletes after they boycotted a meet at Brigham Young University in protest of perceived racism at BYU and in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints of the era. This included future gold medal winner and world record long jump holder Bob Beamon, who would briefly return to the school after the incident but not graduate. The coach at the time later regretted his actions, and felt that he and the school acted hastily.

UTEP's sports programs have won a total of 21 NCAA Division I national championships. UTEP is tied for 10th overall among schools in Men's Sports Division I championships.
Men's basketball: 1 (1966; the first of two NCAA men's basketball titles won by a university from the state of Texas)
Men's cross country: 7 (an eighth title was vacated by the NCAA following the championship)
Men's indoor track & field: 7
Men's outdoor track & field: 6

UTEP owns the two largest venues in El Paso, Texas:
Sun Bowl Stadium, seating capacity 51,500, opened its doors in 1963 and is the home to the UTEP football team and to the annual Sun Bowl game.
Don Haskins Center, seating capacity 12,000, was built in 1976 and is primarily used by the men's and women's basketball teams. It is also known as "The Bear's Den" as well as "The Don." The arena is also used for concerts by mainstream artists.
University Field (UTEP), seating capacity 500, was built in 1991 and hosts the women's soccer team.
Kidd Field, seating capacity 15,000, home of UTEP Track and Field teams.

In 2005, UTEP moved to Conference USA from the Western Athletic Conference.

On December 10, 2012, it was announced that Sean Kugler would be taking over as the new UTEP football coach.

In 2010, Tim Floyd became the head basketball coach. He was a protege of Haskins and is a former coach at the University of New Orleans, the NBA's Chicago Bulls and New Orleans Hornets, and the University of Southern California. Floyd retired in 2017 due to recurring health issues and was succeeded by Rodney Terry, former head coach at CSU Fresno (Fresno State).

Pickaxe hand symbol

This hand symbol represents the traditional tool used by miners, the pickaxe, and is similar to the shaka sign and the letter Y in American sign language. This gesture is made by UTEP fans when UTEP players are shooting free throws at basketball games, or any time UTEP kicks off at a football game. It originated during a cheer camp by the UTEP cheerleading squad during the early 1980s.

Nickname
The first reference to the nickname "Miners" is found in the February 1919 (volume 1, number 1) issue of the Prospector, the school's student newspaper. However, an earlier reference can be found in the handwritten bill (Senate Bill 183) that established the school in 1913, where the author, State Senator Claude Hudspeth, mistakenly wrote "Miners" instead of "Mines," and thus referred to the school as the "State School of Miners and Metallurgy." It is presumed the nickname "Miners" came from the fact the school was founded as the "State School of Mines and Metallurgy." In doing research on this project, early mention of "Ore Diggers" and "Muckers" for the nickname was found, but nothing to determine if the name "Miners" was voted upon by the student body, or if a faculty member, John W. (Cap) Kidd, chose the name. Kidd was a big booster of athletics, especially football, and in 1915, when funds were lean at the school, Kidd donated $800 to equip the football team, though there is no evidence other than anecdotal he contributed this amount. He also assisted with coaching, although he was not the head coach. The present track facility on campus, Kidd Field, bears Cap Kidd's name.

School songs
"The Eyes of Texas" was adopted by the 1920 student body after the song had been "declared the school anthem for the University of Texas at Austin".

UTEP's fight song, "Miners Fight", was also borrowed from the Austin campus.

With the permission of the estate of Marty Robbins, the UTEP Music Department in the late 1980s wrote new words to the melody of his Grammy Award-winning country-western hit "El Paso". This gave UTEP a fight song all its own, to a tune recognized across the nation.

Rivalries
New Mexico State University: UTEP has a strong rivalry with New Mexico State University, known as "The Battle of I-10". UTEP and NMSU are just over 40 miles apart.

Notable people

Faculty
Zuill Bailey, professor of cello, professional cellist
Steven Best, professor of philosophy and co-founder of the North American Animal Liberation Press Office
 Andy Cohen, Major League Baseball second baseman who coached university team for 17 years
Jorge Gardea-Torresdey, chemistry professor and nanoparticle researcher
Laurie Ann Guerrero, writer and Texas Poet Laureate
John Haddox, philosopher and Latin-Americanist
Anna Jaquez, art professor
Jorge López, physics professor and educator
Urbici Soler y Manonelles, Spanish sculptor
Benjamin Alire Sáenz, writer
Ellwyn R. Stoddard, professor emeritus of anthropology and sociology
Rachelle Thiewes, American jeweler

Alumni

F. Murray Abraham – actor
Ana Alicia – actress
Tobi Amusan – Nigerian track and field athlete
Nate Archibald – professional basketball player
Jim "Bad News" Barnes – professional basketball player
Bob Beamon – track and field athlete and Olympian
Kevin Belcher – professional football player
Derrick Caracter – professional basketball player
Cortney Casey – professional mixed martial artist
Asnage Castelly, Olympic wrestler
Sam Donaldson – American reporter and news anchor
Fred Carr – professional football player
Alfredo Corchado – Mexican-American journalist
Oniel Cousins – professional football player
Alicia Cuarón – Mexican-American educator and human rights activist
George Daney – professional football player
James Davidson – professional football player
Antonio Davis – professional basketball player
Quintin Demps – professional football player
Tim Hardaway – professional basketball player
Ed Hochuli - American football official
Aaron Jones – professional football player
Emmanuel Kipkurui Korir – Kenyan a middle-distance runner and Olympic athlete
Mia Khalifa – internet celebrity, former pornographic film actor, sports commentator
Jeffrey Martin – CEO and chairman of Sempra Energy
Suleiman Nyambui, Tanzanian track athlete and Olympian
Sam Simon – playwright, consumer advocate
Tony Tolbert – professional football player

Gallery

See also
 List of universities in Texas by enrollment
 History of Mexican Americans in Texas

Notes

References

External links

 UTEP Athletics website

1914 establishments in Texas
Buildings and structures in El Paso, Texas
Universities and colleges established in 1914
Schools of mines in the United States
Tourist attractions in El Paso, Texas
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
El Paso
University of Texas El Paso

University of Texas at El Paso


Factory tint, officially known as privacy glass, is an electrical process called "deep dipping" that involves dying the inside of automotive glass with a dark pigment. Factory tint is standard on the rear half of many new vehicles. With a common visual light transmission (VLT) of 15–26%, privacy glass is installed to provide passengers and personal items privacy from outsiders, hence the name privacy glass. Since most states have a VLT legal limit of around 50% for the front driver windows and windshield, factory tint is only applied to the rear half of vehicles windows to avoid breaking the law.

Benefits
With a low VLT, the primary benefit of privacy glass is to reduce the ability to see into the vehicle, providing privacy for passengers and personal items.

Heat rejection
Although privacy glass has a tint to it, its heat-rejecting properties are limited. Some manufacturers claim their privacy glass can reject a large percentage of UVA and UVB, but the infrared light is still able to pass through, allowing passengers to still feel heat from the sun. Privacy glass does prevent some heat from entering the vehicle, although not nearly as effectively as a ceramic window film.

Some manufacturers are now offering different types of glass in their vehicles to reduce heat from being transmitted into the cabin.

Removal
Unlike window film, privacy glass is a pigment within the glass that is installed during the manufacturing process. There is no way to remove the tint from the glass except to replace the glass with untinted glass. The only alternative to getting the same benefits of window film is to install window film over the factory tint. There are clear window films for automotive use that will not further darken the factory tint. Many consumers attempt to match the privacy glass to their front windows and windshield when it is legal to do so in their local jurisdiction.

See also
 Window film

Glass types

Factory tint


The AT-8 or Cuban anti-tank mine is a square green plastic cased anti-tank mine. It is a scaled-up version of the Cuban anti-personnel mine. The mine consists of a plastic ribbed hinged upper case which rests on the fuzes placed into the lower plastic case. When enough pressure is placed on the upper lid the strikers are released from the fuzes. This triggers the main charge, which consists of up to twenty 400 g blocks of TNT. The mine is fitted with MUV or RO-1 type fuzes.

The mine is found in Angola, Nicaragua and possibly Cuba.

Specifications
 Weight: 9 kg
 Explosive content: 8 kg (20 × 400 g TNT blocks)
 Length: 338 mm
 Height: 117 mm (un-armed)
 Width: 227 mm
 Operating pressure: 50 to 100 kg (estimated), possibly as low as 1 kg without the shear pins.

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006

Anti-tank mines

AT-8 (Cuban mine)


George Kingsmill (1808–1852) was the High Constable of Toronto in 1835 and from 1837 to 1846.

Kingsmill was born in Queen's County, Ireland. He joined the British Army and, after being decommissioned, settled in Toronto in 1829 and ran a provision store on Market Street where he supplied sailing vessels and steamers passing through the city's port.  He was appointed High Constable in 1835, was succeeded by James Stitt in 1836 and was then re-appointed to the position in 1837.

In 1835, he was appointed the second High Constable of Toronto, however, he was the first to not also be the city's only constable. During his tenure, in 1835, the Toronto Police Department was first organized when the city retained five full-time constables, the first organized police force in Canada. Kingsmill was a member of the Orange Order and he recruited his constables from the Order's ranks, a practice later found by a provincial commission of inquiry to have led the police to take a highly sectarian character. This was a period of sectarian conflict in Toronto between the Protestant majority and the largely Irish Catholic minority and the police often supported their fellow Orangemen during anti-Catholic rioting. During the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, Kingsmill aided the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, Sir Francis Bond Head, in putting down the uprising. and in the years following the 1837 Rebellion also were used by incumbent Tory politicians to break up meetings of Reformers.

Kingsmill retired from business in 1842 and died in Galt in 1852.

Kingsmill's nephew, Thomas Frazer Kingsmill, settled in London, Ontario and established Kingsmill's Department Store in 1865 which remained in operation until 2014.

References

Businesspeople from County Laois
Toronto police chiefs
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Irish Protestants
Upper Canada Rebellion people
1808 births
1852 deaths
19th-century British Army personnel
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Irish soldiers in the British Army
Police officers from County Laois
Military personnel from County Laois

George Kingsmill


Mahieddine Bachtarzi (15 December 18976 February 1986) was an Algerian singer of opera (tenor), actor, writer and director of the TNA (Théâtre National Algérien). He was also the author of some 400 musical works, with a career that spanned over 70 years, gaining many honors throughout his life.

Early life
Mahieddine Bachtarzi was born on 15 December 1897 in the Casbah of Algiers, Algeria into a wealthy family. Attending Islamic studies at the Medersa Ben Osman Sheikh, at the age of fifteen he was entrusted, due to the exceptional quality of his voice, as a reciter of the Qur'an at the Great Mosque of Algiers. However, preferring the limelight to the austerity of the prayer hall, he quickly abandoned the mosque to focus exclusively on singing.

Career
In 1925, he had been acclaimed by the French press as the North Africa equivalent of Caruso, and in 1926 he inaugurated the new Paris Mosque with the first call to prayer. By the early 1930s he had established his own musical troupe that specialized in mixing North African music with popular theatre. Blending French with spoken Arabic, his songs had explicit political overtones which led one collection to be banned in 1937 for anti-French sentiment.

For decades he occupied the center stage of various artistic events in which he participated in the field of singing, music and theater performances, interpreters, material conditions (rooms, decorating and staging) and organizing provincial tours and abroad.

Death and legacy
Bachtarzi died on 6 February 1986. The Mahieddine Bachtazi Theatre, formerly known as the Algiers Opera House, was renamed in his memory.

References

Bibliography

.

1897 births
1986 deaths
Algerian people of Turkish descent
Algerian opera singers
Algerian male stage actors
20th-century Algerian male singers
20th-century Algerian male actors
People from Casbah
20th-century male opera singers

Mahieddine Bachtarzi


In 1495 one-third of the population of the town of Martina Franca, Italy, was made of practising Jews or Jews converted to Christianity. The escape involved one-third of the population: 150–200 families (at least one thousand people). Among the privileges granted the city council of Martina in 1495, King Frederick of Aragon forbade Jews and Crypto-Jews and Neofiti to press charges against those who robbed them (probably during the riots of 1494–1495 during the French invasion of the Kingdom of Naples) and prohibited their coming to live in that city. Also in 1495, the Jews of Martina Franca were massacred.

Traces of the Jews: synagogue, neighborhood and cemetery

The area where the Jews used to live is the one between "u'Curdunnidde" and Vico Montedoro (this is a Jewish name, present also in Taranto and Naples). Before the anti-Semite laws (1938), the population called that area Giudecca (the Jewish quarter). There was a synagogue at the foot of Montedoro; it might be the present cloister of St. Dominic. The Jewish cemetery was outside the walls. Perhaps the cloister of St. Anthony is all that is left.

Bibliography
   A. Lanucara, Gli Ebrei a Martina La voce del cittadino Dicembre 1993 -ANNO III- N. 5-12 (inserto)
   C. Colafemmina, Gli ebrei a Taranto (2005)
   C. Colafemmina, Ebrei e cristiani novelli in Puglia. Le comunità minori (1991)
   N. Ferorelli, Gli Ebrei nell'Italia meridionale, dall'età romana al secolo XVIII in una nota a pagina 98
   I. Chirulli, Istoria cronologica della Franca Martina, cogli avvenimenti più notabili del regno di Napoli
   Angelantonio Giannuzzi, Le carte di Altamura (1232–1502), Bari, Tip. Vecchi, 1935, p. 473 nota 2, documento 316
   C. Cafforio,  Una colonia ebraica nella Lama del Fullonese in Voce del popolo di Taranto, A. 53,N. 29, del 18 luglio 1936, p. 2

Martina Franca
Jewish Italian history

Jews in Martina Franca


Kamal Vora (born 19 May 1950) is a Gujarati language poet and editor from Mumbai, India. He is an editor of Etad, a quarterly Gujarati literary magazine.

Biography
Kamal Vora was born on 19 May 1950 at Rajkot, Gujarat, India. He worked as an electrical engineer for seven years in a factory in Kalyan where his father used to work. Later he entered pharmaceutical industry with his brother.

Since 2010, he co-edits, with Naushil Mehta, a Gujarati quarterly journal Etad, founded by Suresh Joshi. He was a member of the Gujarati advisory board of Sahitya Akademi.

He lives in Ghatkopar, Mumbai.

Works
Vora started writing poetry at the age of 18. His poems started appearing in magazines from 1971. His first anthology of poems Arav was published in 1991, followed by AnekEk (2012) and Vruddhashatak (2015). His poems have been translated in Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada and English and appeared in Indian Literature, Chicago Review, Anthology of Asian Poets, Muse India etc. He co-edited with Pravin Pandya Aadhunik Bharatiya Kavita (Selection of Gujarati poetry from 1950 to 2010), published in 2017.

Awards
He received the Sahitya Akademi Award (2016) for Gujarati for his book AnekEk (2012). His book Arav was awarded the Umashankar Joshi award. In 2022, he was awarded the 2020 Gangadhar National Award For Poetry.

See also
 List of Gujarati-language writers

References

1950 births
Gujarati-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati
Living people
Writers from Mumbai
Poets from Maharashtra
Indian male poets
20th-century Indian poets
Indian magazine editors
20th-century Indian male writers
Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award

Kamal Vora


Skenfrith Castle () is a ruined castle in the village of Skenfrith in Monmouthshire, Wales. The fortification was established by the Normans in the wake of the invasion of England in 1066, to protect the route from Wales to Hereford. Possibly commissioned by William fitz Osbern, the Earl of Hereford, the castle comprised earthworks with timber defences. In 1135, a major Welsh revolt took place and in response King Stephen brought together Skenfrith Castle and its sister fortifications of Grosmont and White Castle to form a lordship known as the "Three Castles", which continued to play a role in defending the region from Welsh attack for several centuries.

At the end of the 12th century, Skenfrith was rebuilt in stone. In 1201, King John gave the castle to a powerful royal official, Hubert de Burgh. During the course of the next few decades, it passed back and forth between several owners, including Hubert, the rival de Braose family, and the Crown. Hubert levelled the old castle and built a new rectangular fortification with round towers and a circular keep. In 1267 it was granted to Edmund, the Earl of Lancaster, and remained in the hands of the earldom, and later duchy, of Lancaster until 1825.

Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1282 removed much of Skenfrith Castle's military utility, and by the 16th century it had fallen into disuse and ruin. The castle was placed into the care of the state by the National Trust in 1936, and is now managed by the Cadw heritage agency.

History

11th–12th centuries
Skenfrith Castle was built in the wake of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Shortly after the invasion, the Normans pushed up into the Welsh Marches, where William the Conqueror made William fitz Osbern the Earl of Hereford; Earl William added to his new lands by then capturing the towns of Monmouth and Chepstow. The Normans used castles extensively to militarily subdue the Welsh, establish new settlements and exert their claims of lordship over the territories.

Skenfrith Castle was one of a triangle of fortifications built in the Monnow valley around this time, possibly by Earl William himself, to protect the route from Wales to Hereford. The first castle on the site was built from earth and timber.

The earldom's landholdings in the region were slowly broken up after William's son, Roger de Breteuil, rebelled against the King in 1075. In 1135, a major Welsh revolt took place, however, and in response King Stephen restructured the landholdings along this section of the Marches, bringing together Skenfrith Castle and its sister fortifications of Grosmont and White Castle back under the control of the Crown to form a lordship known as the "Three Castles".

Conflict with the Welsh continued, and following a period of détente under Henry II in the 1160s, the de Mortimer and de Braose Marcher families attacked their Welsh rivals during the 1170s, leading to a Welsh assault on nearby Abergavenny Castle in 1182. In response, the Crown readied the castle to face an attack, and in 1186, £43 was spent developing the defences followed by more work in 1190, probably establishing a stone keep and curtain wall.

13th–17th centuries
In 1201, King John gave the Three Castles to Hubert de Burgh. Hubert was a minor landowner who had become John's household chamberlain when he was still a prince, and went on to become an increasingly powerful royal official once John had inherited the throne. Hubert began to upgrade his new castles, starting with Grosmont, but was captured while fighting in France. While Hubert was in captivity, King John took back the Three Castles and gave them to William de Braose, a rival of Hubert's. King John subsequently fell out with William and dispossessed him of his lands in 1207, but de Braose's son, also called William, took the opportunity presented by the First Barons' War to retake the castles.

Once released, Hubert regained his grip on power, becoming the royal justiciar and being made the Earl of Kent, before finally recovering the Three Castles in 1219 during the reign of King Henry III. During Hubert's tenure, Skenfrith was entirely rebuilt; the old castle was levelled and a new rectangular castle with round towers and a central circular keep was constructed in its place.

Hubert fell from power in 1232 and was stripped of the castles, which were placed under the command of Walerund Teutonicus, a royal servant; having been reconciled with the king in 1234, the castles were returned to him briefly but he fell out with King Henry III again in 1239 and they were taken back once again and assigned to Walerund. Walerund built a new chapel at the castle in 1244, and repaired the keep's roof. In 1254, Skenfrith Castle and its sister fortifications were granted to King Henry's eldest son, and later king, Prince Edward.

The Welsh threat persisted, and in 1262 the castle was readied in response to Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's attack on Abergavenny in 1262; commanded by its constable Gilbert Talbot, Skenfrith was ordered to be garrisoned "by every man, and at whatever cost". The threat passed without incident.

Edmund, the Earl of Lancaster and the capitaneus of the royal forces in Wales, was given the Three Castles in 1267 and for many centuries they were held by the earldom, later duchy, of Lancaster. Little further work was carried out at Skenfrith, although repairs were carried out to the tower and gates under King Henry VI. King Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1282 had removed much of the castle's military utility, although it continued to be used as an administrative centre. By 1538, Skenfrith Castle had fallen into disuse and then into ruin; a 1613 description noted that it was "ruynous and decayed".

18th–21st centuries
In 1825, the Three Castles were sold off to Henry Somerset, the Duke of Beaufort. It was eventually acquired by the lawyer Harold Sands, who carried out some conservation of the site; he went on to give the castle to the National Trust. Skenfrith was placed into the care of the state in 1936, and extensive repair work was carried out. In the 21st century, Skenfirth Castle is managed by Cadw and protected under UK law as a grade II* listed building.

Architecture

Skenfrith Castle was constructed alongside the River Monnow. The current castle was created by Hubert de Burgh in the early 13th century, when the earthworks of the 11th-century Norman castle were flattened and spread out over the current site to a depth of ; the 12th-century stone fortifications and buildings were demolished at the same time. Hubert's castle forms a polygon, with four walls approximately 80 metres, 60 metres, 60 metres and 40 metres (260 ft, 200 ft, 200 ft and 130 ft) long respectively, and was built from Old Red Sandstone. It was originally protected by a stone-revetted, water-filled moat,  deep and  wide, fed by the river. The moat is now filled in and grassed over. The castle was entered from the north-west side over a bridge and through a gatehouse, both since destroyed.

The curtain wall survives to a height of up to , and was probably originally topped by a  parapet and protective timber hoarding. The castle had circular towers on each corner, probably only used for storage and defence, of which three still survive, the north-west tower having been reduced to its foundations. A watergate on the eastern side of the castle led down to the Monnow.

A two-storey hall range stretched across the south-western inside of the castle, of which only the foundations now survive. Originally the hall range comprised a long room on the northern end, and a smaller chamber to the south, although the northern section was subsequently subdivided. The floor level of the hall range was later raised due to flooding, with the ground floors being filled in with gravel. The main hall would have been on the first floor, above the surviving ground floor fireplace. The south end of the range held a water reservoir for the castle. On the opposite side of the hall range was a kitchen block, of which nothing now survives above ground.

The three-story circular keep in the middle of the castle is  high and , across with a protruding staircase tower on its south-western side. It closely resembled similar keeps built during this period in France by Philip II and at Pembroke by William Marshal; its staircase tower was similar to others built across the Welsh Marches at the time, including at Caldicot and Longtown. Earth was piled up around the  plinth at the base of the keep, probably to defend the base of the walls, with the result closely resembling a motte. Originally it would have been topped with defensive wooden hoarding, with an external wooden staircase reaching up to the entrance on the first floor: the current, ground floor entrance was cut out of its walls at a later date. The basement was accessed by a trapdoor and used as a storeroom. The first floor chamber would have been an antechamber, while the second floor chamber was fitted with windows, a large fireplace and a private latrine, and would have provided living accommodation for the lord.

See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in England
Three Castles walk

Notes

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Cadw visitor's page

Castles in Monmouthshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Monmouthshire
Scheduled monuments in Monmouthshire
Castle ruins in Wales
National Trust properties in Wales
Grade II* listed castles in Wales

Skenfrith Castle


Barry Layne Switzer (born October 5, 1937) is a former American football coach and player. He served for 16 years as head football coach at the University of Oklahoma and four years as head coach of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He won three national championships at Oklahoma, and led the Cowboys to win Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He has one of the highest winning percentages of any college football coach in history, and is one of only three head coaches to win both a college football national championship and a Super Bowl, the others being Jimmy Johnson and Pete Carroll.

Early life and career
Switzer was born on October 5, 1937, in Crossett, Arkansas, to parents Frank Mays Switzer and Mary Louise Switzer. Barry and his younger brother, Donnie, were at home in rural Ashley County, Arkansas with their mother and father when, in early February 1954, it was raided by the Arkansas Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission and the Arkansas State Police. The commission and the State Police found untaxed contraband liquor in the home. Frank made bond but was later tried and convicted of illegal trafficking in alcohol for purposes of re-sale ("bootlegging"). He was sentenced to a term of five years in prison, but that conviction was reversed upon appeal. Frank did serve five months of that term, and as a result, missed seeing Barry play his senior season of high school football.

Barry and his brother Donnie were at home with their mother when on August 26, 1959, she took her life by her own hand with a .38 caliber pistol on the back porch. On November 16, 1972, after Barry and his brother had each commenced their professional careers, their father was murdered by a jealous lover.

Barry accepted an athletic scholarship and played football at the University of Arkansas, where he joined Pi Kappa Alpha. During his senior season of 1959, he was one of the Razorbacks' "Tri-Captains", leading Arkansas to a 9–2 record, a share of the Southwest Conference championship, a victory over Georgia Tech in the 1960 Gator Bowl, and a No. 9 final ranking in the polls, all in Frank Broyles second season as head coach. After graduation, he did a brief stint in the U.S. Army and then returned to Arkansas as an assistant coach under Broyles.

University of Oklahoma
Following the 1966 season, Switzer moved to the University of Oklahoma as an assistant coach under new head coach and good friend, Jim Mackenzie. After Mackenzie died of a heart attack following spring practice of 1967, Switzer continued as an assistant under former University of Houston assistant and new Oklahoma head coach Chuck Fairbanks.

Switzer made a name for himself when he was OU's offensive coordinator by perfecting the wishbone offense and developing it into the most prolific rushing offense in college football history. Under Switzer, the Sooners set an NCAA rushing record of 472 yards per game in 1971 and scored over 500 points in two different seasons, 1971 and 1986. When Fairbanks accepted the position of head coach of the New England Patriots following the 1972 season, Switzer was the obvious choice to succeed him.

Switzer became head coach at Oklahoma in 1973. Prior to Fairbanks' departure, he interviewed for the vacant head coaching positions at Michigan State and SMU. He was so successful that by his seventh season in 1979, the St. Petersburg Times wrote that Switzer was the high priest of what Billy Sims, who won the Heisman Trophy in 1978, described as the church of OU football. Switzer led the team to undefeated seasons in 1973 and 1974. Oklahoma won national championships in 1974, 1975 and 1985 under Switzer's leadership. The team won or shared in the Big Eight Conference championship every year from 1973 to 1980. During his sixteen years as head coach at Oklahoma, his teams won eight of the thirteen post-season bowl games they played in, and 54 of his players were selected as All-Americans.

In 1983, Switzer was sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for an alleged civil violation of the laws prohibiting insider trading of securities. He defended himself as having innocently overheard the information while lounging on the bleacher behind some corporate insiders—at a stadium where Switzer was watching his elder son compete in a track meet. The case was tried in Oklahoma City United States District Court (before a special U.S. District Judge appointed from Kansas). The case was dismissed at the conclusion of the Government's case for its failure to demonstrate that there had been any purposeful disclosure to Switzer.

In 1989, Oklahoma was placed on probation by the NCAA amidst several scandals involving Oklahoma players, including Charles Thompson's arrest for soliciting cocaine to undercover FBI agents. One of the players Switzer and his staff illegally paid money to was Hart Lee Dykes. OU booster, Bill Lambert, illegally paid between 100 and 150 OU football players. OU recruiting coordinator, Shirley Vaughan, illegally paid dozens of OU football players through a ticket scalping scheme. OU 1985 national championship members Keith Jackson, Jamelle Holieway and Brian Bosworth all openly admitted to accepting illegal payments during their time at OU. [5][6] In 1989, after sixteen years as Oklahoma's head coach, Switzer chose to resign. Switzer succeeded in getting the better of several famous contemporaries, including a 12–5 mark against Tom Osborne, 5–3 against Jimmy Johnson, 3–0 against Bobby Bowden, 3-0-1 against Darrell Royal and 1–0 against Joe Paterno, Bo Schembechler, and Woody Hayes. Along with Bennie Owen, Bud Wilkinson, and Bob Stoops, he is one of four coaches to win over 100 games at the University of Oklahoma. No other college football program has had more than three coaches accomplish such a feat.

Switzer was known as an outstanding recruiter of high school talent, particularly in the neighboring state of Texas. His record against Texas in his sixteen seasons as Oklahoma's head coach is 9–5–2 (Switzer did this against three head coaches, as he went 3–0–1 against Darrell Royal, 4–5–1 against Fred Akers, and 2–0 against David McWilliams). The 1984 game between these two universities ended in a 15–15 tie by virtue of a field goal by Texas on the last play of the game. On the next to last play of the game, however, there had been an apparent interception of a Texas pass thrown into the end zone by Oklahoma's Keith Stansberry. The pass was, however, ruled incomplete by a Southwest Conference official and the interception waved off. Bruce Finlayson, Supervisor of Officials for the 1984 game later admitted, as reported in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper the following Monday, October 15, 1984, that the officiating crew had made an error in not confirming Oklahoma's interception. The correct call would have preserved a 15–12 Oklahoma victory and therefore would've meant a record of 10–5–1.

Dallas Cowboys
Switzer had seemed content with not being a head coach within the college ranks, once stating, "Every year the coach gets a year older but the product stays the same age. Recruiting has always been something like pimping, I guess, but it never bothered me until I looked in the mirror one day and said to myself, 'Hey, Switzer, what is a fifty-year-old man doing chasing eighteen-year-old boys around the country?" On March 30, 1994, he was hired by the Dallas Cowboys. Switzer resurfaced in coaching in 1994 with the Dallas Cowboys. Switzer was hired the day after Jimmy Johnson, who had won the last two Super Bowls with Dallas), announced his departure from the team. Many felt that owner Jerry Jones, who had clashed with Johnson, hired Switzer due to wanting a coach who would be more apt to go along with Jones' ideas. He stated that Switzer had the qualities needed in "leadership, charisma, motivation, and a proven winner" to serve as coach; he also once stated that "500 coaches who could win with the talent assembled in Dallas." Incidentally, Switzer had been an assistant coach on the 1964 Arkansas Razorback team that had both Jones and Johnson on the roster. It was reported that one of the first things Switzer did was to ask each of his assistant coaches to name him any jerks that were on the team, which apparently was given a response of not having one on the team.

Switzer did not get to hire his own staff, as the assistant coaches from the previous season were retained. His first season was successful with the Cowboys, going 12–4 in his first season in 1994. They advanced all the way to the NFC Championship Game for the third straight year and played the San Francisco 49ers. However, the game did not turn out well for the Cowboys, which saw them down 21-0 after two turnovers in the first five minutes of play. While the Cowboys did narrow the score to 24-14 (after a missed field goal from 29 yards) with a minute to play before halftime, Switzer elected to try reach for more points with passes on the suggestion of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampese rather than his idea to run the ball. The result was three incompletions that saw Dallas punt the ball away with enough time and favorable field position that saw San Francisco score a touchdown pass to lead 31-14 into halftime. With less than seven minutes remaining, the Cowboys were down 38-28 and driving past midfield when Switzer committed a costly error. When a pass intended for Michael Irvin saw him bumped by Deion Sanders for incompletion, Switzer was livid at a no-call for pass interference and made his plea to the officials. However, when he made the plea, his demonstration of the bump caused a 15-yard penalty due to him bumping the official that made the Cowboys deal with a 3rd and 25 that eventually led to a loss of downs. The Cowboys failed to score on their next (and last) drive and lost 38-28.

The 1995 season saw a revolving door of free agents coming and going from Dallas, such as the recruitment of Sanders to play in Dallas. The Cowboys won seven of their first eight games. The only ignominious loss came against the Philadelphia Eagles, where Switzer elected to try and convert a 4th and 1 situation from his own 29 with two minutes remaining. Despite seeing the run play fall short only to have the officials give them a do-over due to the two-minute warning having been applied before the snap, Switzer elected to run the ball again anyway. The play failed and the Eagles subsequently kicked the field goal to win. The Cowboys did not lose from that point on and finished 12-4 while clinching home field advantage for the whole playoffs. The Cowboys trounced their playoff competition in the NFC bracket, which included scoring 24 unanswered points against Philadelphia before beating the Green Bay Packers 38-24 in the NFC Championship Game, the third NFC title for the team in four seasons. They would face the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX. Despite being limited to just 209 yards passing and less than sixty yards on the ground, the Cowboys never trailed while turning three interceptions (all by Larry Brown) into 14 points in a subsequent 27–17 victory. The win made Switzer the second coach to win a college national championship and a Super Bowl, the others being Johnson; Pete Carroll joined them in 2014. Switzer thought about retiring after the victory, but he was talked out of it by one of his friends in view of what Jones had done for him.

The 1996 season saw high hopes for the defending Super Bowl champions, but the resulting season was a rollercoaster. Michael Irvin was suspended for the first five games of the season after pleading no contest to felony cocaine possession after being found at a party with topless dancers and drug use. Emmitt Smith ran for over a thousand yards again but had his first season under four yards a carry since his rookie season while scoring only 12 touchdowns, while key defensive end Charles Haley missed the whole year due to injury. The Cowboys lost three of the first five games of the season, but they finished 5-3 in the final eight games (which included two wins where all of their points were field goals) to clinch the division with a week to play before finishing with an overall 10-6 season. This time, however, their record was not enough to be a top-2 seed, so they would play in the Wild Card round against the Minnesota Vikings. They had no problem against Minnesota, winning in a 40-15 blowout. They then traveled to play the second-year Carolina Panthers in Charlotte. The buildup to the game was marred by sexual violence allegations against Irvin and Erik Williams (which were proven to be false after the game). The Cowboys lost both Irvin and Sanders to injury as the Panthers shocked the Cowboys with a 26-17 victory to essentially end the Cowboys dynasty (the loss was the first of several to follow before the next Cowboy playoff victory in 2009).

In August 1997, Switzer was arrested after a loaded .38-caliber revolver was found in his luggage at the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Switzer, who was returning to the team's training camp facility in Austin, said there were children at his Dallas home and he put the gun in his bag to hide it from them. He said he accidentally forgot to remove the gun from the bag before heading to the airport. Switzer pleaded guilty, was fined $3,500, and was given one year deferred adjudication. Two days later, he was fined $75,000 by Jones (). Switzer's penchant for being a players coach came to haunt him later with disagreements over quarterback Troy Aikman, who felt the team had a lack of discipline along with poor practice habits. Each reflected upon their disagreements in Troy Aikman: A Football Life, where Aikman felt that Switzer was not the same hard driving coach that he had seen at Oklahoma while saying the team was "kind of hanging on" in the post-Johnson era. All of this came to a head with the 1997 season, complete with Aikman delivering a heated rant on the sideline during the preseason about not wanting to be the "bad cop" in the routine all the time. The Cowboys started off well, winning three of their first four games, but a sign of trouble brewed with their one loss, which came against the Arizona Cardinals after they blew a 22-7 lead and lost in overtime. They then lost two straight games against division rivals New York and Washington before a late victory against Jacksonville got them to 4-3. They then traded back-to-back losses with back-to-back wins to reach 6-5 before the wheels fell off with five straight losses. On January 9, 1998, Switzer resigned as head coach of the Cowboys with a 40–24 career NFL coaching record.

After coaching
In late 2000, Switzer was initiated as an honorary member of the Oklahoma Kappa chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon. Switzer was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2004, he received the Jim Thorpe Lifetime Achievement Award. Switzer still resides in Norman, Oklahoma with his wife Becky. In August 2007, XMSN added Switzer as a part of the channel's expanded college sports coverage. On September 9, 2007, Switzer joined the Fox NFL Pregame show. Switzer got into acting after coaching, playing the part of the head coach of the Prattville Pirates in the 1998 movie Possums. Switzer also guest-starred in an episode of TNT's Saving Grace titled "Do You Love Him?", which first aired August 11, 2008. In 2006, Switzer and Toby Keith helped found First Liberty Bank in Oklahoma City. He owns Switzer's Locker Room, Switzer's Vineyards, and a number of other small businesses in the Norman area.

Head coaching record

College

National Football League

Coaching tree
Head coaches under whom Switzer served:

 Frank Broyles: Arkansas (1961–1965)
 Jim Mackenzie: Oklahoma (1966)
 Chuck Fairbanks: Oklahoma (1967–1972)

Assistant coaches under Barry Switzer who became NCAA or NFL head coaches:

 Tim Billings: Southeast Missouri State (2000–2005), Southern Mississippi (2020)
 John Blake: Oklahoma (1996–1998)
 Mack Brown: Appalachian State (1983), Tulane (1985–1987), North Carolina (1988–1997, 2019–), Texas (1998–2013)
 Dave Campo: Dallas Cowboys (2000–2002)
 Jim Donnan: Marshall (1990–1995), Georgia (1996–2000)
 Donnie Duncan: Iowa State (1979–1982)
 Gary Gibbs: Oklahoma (1989–1994)
 Galen Hall: Florida (1984–1989)
 Larry Lacewell: Arkansas State (1979–1989)
 Brad Lambert: Charlotte (2011–2018)
 Wendell Mosley: Texas Southern (1976–1978)
 Jerry Pettibone: Northern Illinois (1985–1990), Oregon State (1991–1996)
 Charlie Sadler: Northern Illinois (1991–1995)
 Mike Shanahan: Los Angeles Raiders (1988–1989), Denver Broncos (1995–2008), Washington Redskins (2010–2013)
 Mike Zimmer: Minnesota Vikings (2014–2021)

References

External links

 Voices of Oklahoma interview with Barry Switzer. First person interview conducted on August 17, 2009, with Barry Switzer.

1937 births
American football centers
American football linebackers
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Coaches of American football from Arkansas
College football announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Dallas Cowboys head coaches
Living people
National Football League announcers
NCAA sanctions
Oklahoma Sooners football coaches
People from Crossett, Arkansas
Players of American football from Norman, Oklahoma
Super Bowl-winning head coaches
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members

Barry Switzer


Brigham City is a city in Box Elder County, Utah, United States. The population was 19,650 at the 2020 census, up from the 2010 figure of 17,899. It is the county seat of Box Elder County. It lies on the western slope of the Wellsville Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range at the western terminus of Box Elder Canyon. Brigham City saw most of its growth during the 1950s and 1960s but has seen a struggling economy and stagnating growth. It is near the former headquarters of ATK Thiokol, now Northrop Grumman, the company that created the solid rocket boosters for the Space Shuttle.

Brigham City is known for its peaches and holds an annual celebration called Peach Days on the weekend after Labor Day. Much of Main Street is closed off to cars, and the festival is celebrated by a parade, a car show, a carnival, and other activities.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) dedicated its fourteenth temple in Utah in Brigham City on September 23, 2012.

The city is the headquarters of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation, a federally recognized tribe of Shoshone people.

History
Latter-Day Saint pioneer William Davis first explored the Brigham City area in 1850. He returned with his family and others a year later to create permanent homes. Brigham Young directed Lorenzo Snow to lead additional settlers to the site and foster a self-sufficient city at the site in 1853.

Snow directed both religious and political affairs in the settlement, eventually naming it Box Elder in 1855. When the town was incorporated on January 12, 1867, the name was changed to Brigham City in honor of Brigham Young. That same month, after the Utah legislature authorized a municipal election, residents elected Chester Loveland to be the town's first mayor. Brigham Young gave his last public sermon there in 1877 shortly before his death. In 1864, the cooperative movement began in earnest with the creation of a mercantile co-op store and was an important element of the United Order. Other industries were added, and the Brigham City Co-op is widely recognized as the most successful of the Latter-Day Saint Co-op ventures. Economic hardships brought an end to the Co-op in 1895, though the Co-op had first started selling businesses off in 1876.

World War II brought a major economic boost to the city. The federal government created Bushnell General Hospital on Brigham City's south side to treat soldiers wounded in the war. Locals sold supplies and food to the hospital while hospital staff patronized local businesses. After the war, the hospital's buildings were used as Intermountain Indian School. Many young Native Americans attended the boarding school until it closed in 1984, although the Intermountain "I" on the mountain is still visible in tandem with Box Elder High School's "B". The facility has left its mark in a number of other ways, with most of the buildings still standing. Some have been converted into businesses and condos, while others remain empty. Utah State University purchased the site and demolished all remaining buildings in 2013. The Utah State University Brigham City regional campus will be expanded to permanent buildings on this site and will mainly serve students from Box Elder, Weber, and Davis counties. Construction will begin in the fall of 2014.

Despite layoffs over the past decade, much of Brigham City's economy relies on Thiokol, the creator of many missiles, as well as the solid rocket booster for the Space Shuttle. Additionally, the local Autoliv (formerly a part of Thiokol) airbag plants also net Brigham City many jobs. Nucor Corporation has two facilities in Brigham City, in addition to its steel mill nearby Plymouth. The addition of a Walmart distribution center in nearby Corinne has also brought new jobs.

Historic sites

Baron Woolen Mills
Built in 1870 as part of the Brigham City Manufacturing and Mercantile Association, the mill produced high-quality blankets and sweaters from locally produced wool fleeces. It was damaged by a blaze in June 2014 and destroyed by a fire on July 20, 2015.

Cooley Memorial Hospital
Dr. A.D. Cooley opened this hospital in 1935, operating as the only acute care facility in Brigham City until 1976, when the Brigham City Community Hospital opened.

Hotel Brigham
Originally built to house transient railroad workers, rooms in Hotel Brigham were meant to be inexpensive. Very few rooms had bathrooms. An original owner was James Knudson, a former mayor of Brigham City. His grandson, Cameron Kay Harmon, became a part owner and managed the hotel after World War II and into the 1950s.

Brigham City Archway Sign
Installed on 6 September 1928, this sign was financed by citizen donations totaling $2,400. The sign spans the width of Main Street, welcoming visitors to the business district. Made of opalite glass, the  lettering welcomes all to Brigham City, "Gateway to the World's Greatest Wild Bird Refuge."

Brigham City Cemetery
Established in 1853 with the burial of a pioneer infant, the Brigham City cemetery is a beautiful, old-fashioned cemetery with above-ground grave markers. A final resting place for pioneers, peach orchard farmers, cholera epidemic victims, workers, and a host of others, the cemetery is peaceful and shaded with a wide variety of grand old trees.

List of mayors

Geography
Brigham City lies in southeastern Box Elder County on the western slopes of the Wellsville Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range, at the western end of Box Elder Canyon. Brigham City is generally considered to be the northern end of the Wasatch Front. To the west is a large, flat region of desert scrub, eventually giving way to marshlands on the edge of the Great Salt Lake. Interstates 15 and 84 pass to the west of the city together. U.S. 89 approaches from the south and U.S. 91 comes from I-15/84 to the west. They intersect in the city, climbing through Box Elder Canyon together. Two routes of the Utah Transit Authority's bus system also provide access to Brigham City from Ogden, and it also has a Greyhound bus stop. It is planned to be the northern terminus of the FrontRunner commuter rail line by 2020.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 1.40%, is water. It lies at an elevation of .

The climate of Brigham City is generally similar to that of the rest of the Wasatch Front, though slightly cooler. According to the Köppen climate classification, Brigham City has a humid continental climate (Dfb). Snow is heavy in winter with an annual average of , although it is too far north to receive lake-effect snow. Precipitation is light, averaging  annually. Summers are hot, but humidity remains low and overnight temperatures are cool, and winters are cold (but rarely frigid). May is the wettest month, while July is the driest.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 17,411 people, 5,526 households, and 4,409 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,216.4 people per square mile (469.8/km). There were 5,838 housing units at an average density of 407.9 per square mile (157.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 91.26% White, 0.24% African American, 1.63% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 4.07% from other races, and 1.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.67% of the population.

There were 5,526 households, out of which 44.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.53.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 34.2% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,335, and the median income for a family was $46,891. Males had a median income of $39,271 versus $22,061 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,503. About 7.3% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Religion
Latter-day Saint - 80.5%
Unaffiliated - 14.4%
Catholic - 2.9%
Protestant - 2.1%
Other - 0.2%

Arts and culture
Brigham City has museums covering the area's art and history (the Brigham City Museum-Gallery) and natural history (the Box Elder Museum). There is an LDS tabernacle in downtown Brigham City, as well as a temple. The city is located in a prime historical and environmental region. Nearby attractions include Golden Spike National Historic Site, which lies northwest of the city near Promontory Summit. State Route 13 heads northwest from Brigham City and turns north at Corinne. However, State Route 83 continues west from there and eventually reaches Lampo Junction, where the turnoff to the historic site is located. The work of art known as the Spiral Jetty lies west-southwest of this site. The Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge lies directly west of Brigham City on the northeast side of the Great Salt Lake at the mouth of the Bear River.

Festivals
 Brigham City Arts Festival
 Fourth of July Celebration
 Brigham City Peach Days

Education

Public schools
Brigham City is part of the Box Elder School District. Schools include:
 Box Elder High School (Grades: 10 - 12)
 Sunrise High School (Alternative Grades: 10 - 12)
 Box Elder Middle School (Grades: 8 - 9)
 Adele C. Young Intermediate School (Grades: 6 - 7)
 Discovery Elementary School (Grades: K - 5)
 Foothill Elementary School (Grades: K - 5)
 Lake View Elementary School (Grades: K - 5)
 Mountain View Elementary School (Grades: K - 5)

Post secondary
Utah State University-Brigham City and Bridgerland Technical College are located in Brigham City.

Notable people
 Rob Bishop, former teacher at Box Elder High; former member of United States House of Representatives for Utah's 1st congressional district
 Lew Christensen, ballet dancer and choreographer; director of San Francisco Ballet during 1950s
 Steve Christiansen, member of the Utah House of Representatives
 Willam Christensen, founder of Ballet West and San Francisco Ballet; brought complete Russian ballet The Nutcracker to United States
 William J. Critchlow, Jr., general authority of LDS Church
 Joseph Howell, former U.S. Representative
 Portia Nelson, Broadway singer
 Charles W. Nibley, presiding bishop of LDS Church, member of church's First Presidency
 Boyd K. Packer, President of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church; taught LDS seminary in Brigham City
 Larry L. Richman, directs publishing, websites, and social media for LDS Church
 Morris D. Rosenbaum, prominent businessman in early Utah, one of few Jewish people to join LDS Church during 19th Century
 Garth Smith, pianists/composer/musician
 Lorenzo Snow, fifth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lived in the city; is buried in the Brigham City cemetery

In popular culture
Brigham City was the namesake of American movie director, producer, writer, and actor Richard Dutcher's 2001 film Brigham City about murder in a fictitious small Mormon town, although it is not actually about the real Brigham City. Due to geography and population, the movie was actually filmed some 120 miles to the south in Mapleton, Utah.

Movies that have scenes filmed in Brigham City include The Work and the Story, Species, and Clay Pigeons.

The company Smith's Food and Drug was started in Brigham City.

The company Flying J was started in Brigham City and operated there as one of the largest privately held companies until a few years ago when it relocated its headquarters to Ogden, Utah.

The LDS Church President Brigham Young, for whom Brigham City is named, gave his final public address in the city. He gave this address in a public square that is now home to the Brigham City Museum-Gallery.

The LDS prophet Lorenzo Snow is buried in the Brigham City Cemetery.

In 2012 an LDS temple was built across from the historic Box Elder Stake Tabernacle.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Utah
 Brigham City Airport
 Brigham City Utah Temple
 Smith's Food and Drug

References

 Rebecca Anderson, "The Baron Woolen Mills: a Utah Legend," Utah Historical Society, volume 75, number 2, Spring 2007, 116–133.
 John G. Turner, "Brigham Young : Pioneer Prophet," Belknap Press, pp. 512

External links

 Self-guided tour of Brigham City historic sites

Cities in Utah
County seats in Utah
Populated places established in 1851
1851 establishments in Utah Territory
Cities in Box Elder County, Utah

Brigham City, Utah


Nikita Fedotovich Lebedenko (; 28 May 1899 – 16 June 1956) was a Soviet Army lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War
A Ukrainian, Nikita Fedotovich Lebedenko was born on 28 May 1899 in the village of Chaykovka, Ananyevsky Uyezd, Kherson Governorate. During World War I, Lebedenko was mobilized in the summer of 1917 for trench work in the area of Kartally on the Romanian Front and remained there until November, when he returned home. During the Russian Civil War, Lebedenko joined the Red Guard detachment of Tarasenko, fighting in the region of Tiraspol and Mayaki. The detachment was merged with the Red Army and was reorganized into the 1st Cavalry Battalion in May 1919 and renumbered as the 15th in June of that year. The unit joined the partisan detachment of Grigory Kotovsky in October and was named the 3rd Cavalry Battalion, then the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the 45th Rifle Division.

As a platoon commander of the 3rd Squadron, Lebedenko distinguished himself in battle on 12 November near Snitkov, Podolian Governorate. Personally leading a counterattack, he managed to break and scatter White cavalry and infantry, preventing the capture of an artillery battery and taking 462 prisoners. For this action, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 31 October 1920. In March 1920, the regiment was redesignated as the 98th Cavalry and became part of the 1st Brigade of the 17th Cavalry Division. With the regiment, Lebedenko led a platoon in the Polish–Soviet War near Olevsk, Novograd-Volynsky, and on the Teterev and Desna. From spring 1921 he temporarily commanded a squadron of the regiment, then designated the 54th Cavalry Regiment of the 3rd Brigade of the 9th Crimean Cavalry Division. It was renamed the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the Separate G. I. Kotovsky Brigade of the 4th Cavalry Division in September. For distinguishing himself in the battle to destroy a large anti-Soviet force in the Zvizdal region, he was awarded a second Order of the Red Banner on 14 October 1921.

Interwar period
After the end of the war, the regiment was redesignated as the 17th Cavalry Regiment of the 3rd Bessarabian Cavalry Division, and renumbered as the 14th in September 1924.  Lebedenko completed the refresher course of the 2nd Cavalry Corps from December 1923 to November 1924, and on his return to the regiment continued to serve as an assistant squadron commander and assistant chief of the regimental school. In August 1925 he entered the Kiev Combined Military School, and upon graduation in August 1927 was appointed chief of the regimental school of the 40th Cavalry Regiment of the 7th Cavalry Division of the 3rd Cavalry Corps of the Belorussian Military District at Minsk. Lebedenko served as commander and commissar of the 41st Separate Reserve Cavalry Squadron from September 1929 and the 36th Separate Reserve Cavalry Squadron from August 1931.

Entering the Frunze Military Academy in September 1931, Lebedenko was appointed commander of the 108th Cavalry Regiment of the Buryat-Mongolian Cavalry Brigade of the Transbaikal Military District upon graduation in April 1936. He commanded the 5th Cavalry Brigade of the district from November 1937. In August 1939 he was appointed commander of the 91st Rifle Division, forming in the Siberian Military District. The division was reorganized as a motor rifle division on 5 January 1940 and sent to the Northwestern Front to fight in the Winter War. Arriving at Luga on 20 February, the 91st crossed the Gulf of Finland and on 29 February attacked Makslahti. The division was withdrawn to the front reserve on 1 March and from 9 March attacked towards Tammisuo as part of the 34th Rifle Corps. Then-Colonel Lebedenko was awarded a third Order of the Red Banner for his leadership of the division on 11 April. After the end of the war, the division was reorganized as a rifle division and returned to Achinsk in the Siberian Military District.

World War II
After Operation Barbarossa began, the 91st joined the 24th Army, forming in the Siberian Military District and went to the front with the army on 15 July 1941. From 21 July it was part of the operational group of Stepan Kalinin on the Western Front, and from 26 July fought in fierce fighting while encircled in Dukhovshchinsky District of Smolensk Oblast. After breaking out of the encirclement, the division became part of the 19th Army and took defensive positions on the Vop 15 km from Yartsevo during the Battle of Smolensk. On 23 September then-Major General Lebedenko handed over command of the division to Colonel Ivan Alekseyevich Volkov, and took command of the 50th Rifle Division on 19 October. At this time, the division was engaged in heavy fighting near Vereya as part of the 19th Army, then retreated to the Protva on the line of Aleksino, Petrishchevo and further to Dorokhovo. Subsequently, the division as part of the 5th Army fought in heavy defensive battles in the Tuchkovo region. During the winter counteroffensive in the Battle of Moscow, the 50th fought in the capture of Tuchkovo and Dorokhovo, launching on offensive towards Mozhaysk and towards Gzhatsk.

Hospitalized for treatment of illness from 13 March to 4 April 1942, Lebedenko returned to command of the 50th after recovering. During this period, the division held defensive positions west of Gzhatsk. In August it transferred to the 33rd Army and successfully acted in the army offensive operation. In early February 1943 the division was shifted to the Southwestern Front and joined the 1st Guards Army, defending on the line of the Seversky Donets. From July, as part of the 33rd Rifle Corps, the division fought in the Izyum–Barvenkovo offensive, the Donbas strategic offensive, and the Battle of the Dnieper. One of the first units to enter Zaporozhye during the Zaporozhye offensive, the division received the name of the city as an honorific on 15 October. Subsequently, the 50th fought in attacks towards Kirovograd, the Kirovograd offensive, and the Uman–Botoșani offensive.

Lebedenko took command of the 33rd Guards Rifle Corps on 13 March 1944, leading it for the remainder of the war. As part of the 5th Guards Army, he led the corps in the final stages of the Uman–Botoșani offensive. In early May the corps and army were relocated to Romania, then from 26 June withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. The corps and army joined the 1st Ukrainian Front on 13 July and fought in the Lvov–Sandomierz offensive. In August, in the region of Baranów, Lebedenko, promoted to lieutenant general, "skillfully organized the repulse of an enemy tank corps counterattack, aimed at destroying the bridgehead on the Vistula. In the course of combat actions, he carried out clear and direct management of elements of the corps and with the attached reinforcements. Boldly applying battlefield maneuvers, he captured separate enemy strongpoints interfering with the advance of our troops in a timely manner." For his actions, Lebedenko was made a Hero of the Soviet Union and awarded the Order of Lenin on 23 September 1944. Subsequently, he commanded the corps in the Vistula–Oder offensive, the Sandomierz–Silesian offensive, the Lower Silesian offensive, the Upper Silesian offensive, and the Berlin Offensive, during which it captured Dębica, Stopnica, Częstochowa, Radomsko, Dresden, and others.

Postwar
After the end of the war, Lebedenko continued to command the corps in the Central Group of Forces. From October 1945, he served as military commandant of the Soviet sector of Vienna. Placed at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces in March 1948, Lebedenko was sent to complete the Higher Academic Course at the Voroshilov Higher Military Academy and upon graduation in April 1949 commanded the 9th Guards Rifle Corps in the Belorussian Military District. Hospitalized for treatment of illness in October 1951, Lebedenko retired on 24 May 1952. He died in Moscow on 16 June 1956.

Awards
Lebedenko was a recipient of the following awards and decorations:

 Order of Lenin (2)
 Order of the Red Banner (6)
 Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 1st class
 Order of Suvorov, 2nd class (2)
 Medals
 Foreign orders and medals

References

Citations

Bibliography

1899 births
1956 deaths
Burials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery
People from Kherson Governorate
Soviet lieutenant generals
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of the Winter War
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)

Nikita Lebedenko


Volovec (in Slovak) or Wołowiec (in Polish) is a mountain in the Western Tatras at the border of Slovakia and Poland. It lies on the main ridge of Western Tatras between Ostrý Roháč and mountain Deravá, standing over three valleys: Chochołowską, Roháčska and Jamnícka.

It offers views over the Polish Western Tatras, and Slovak Roháče. Janusz Chmielowski wrote in 1898: "The summit is extremely interesting (...), in the south rises the jagged group of Rohacz / Roháče (...), toward the east the High Tatras just like a giant rocky island (...) On the north stands the dome of Babia Góra. On the west lie below the Roháčske Ponds."

History
The mountain's height was determined already in 1820 and it was used as an important triangulation point.

Location and topography
The peak is located at a junction of three ridges:
 from the east from Jarząbczy Wierch / Hrubý Vrch and Łopata / Lopata
 from the south from Ostrý Roháč / Rohacz Ostry and Plačlivé / Rohacz Placzliwy (towards Roháče)
 from the north from Rákon / Rakoń and Grześ (towards Bobrovec)

Volovec lies on the Main Ridge of Western Tatras between Ostrý Roháč and mountain Deravá, close to mountain Rákoň. Starting from Volovec, the Main Ridge acts as the border between Poland and Slovakia.

Description
The mountain consists of metamorphic rock (Alaskite and Mylonite). Local fauna include the Tatra chamois and Alpine marmot.

Access
There are two marked hiking trails which lead to the summit of Volovec, red and blue. A third, green one, connects with the blue one at the saddle beneath the mountain. All routes pose no technical difficulty and when taking into account the relatively large distance and altitude difference involved, the summit is one of the most challenging climbs in Western Tatras accessible even to children. An exception to this is trying to access Volovec through Ostrý Roháč and Jamnícke saddle, which is one of the most exposed climbs on the main ridge of Western Tatras.

 Red trail from Jarząbczy Wierch / Hrubý Vrch (2:10 h)
 Blue trail from village Oravice through Jamnícka valley
 Green trail from Polana Chochołowska through Dolina Chochołowska Wyżnia, it connects with the blue trail at the saddle between Rákoň and Volovec (2:40 h, ↓ 2:05 h)

Hiking off-trails is forbidden in Polish Western Tatras and allowed only at certain areas in Slovak Western Tatras and only when accompanied by a mountain guide or when holding a UIAA license.

Gallery

See also
 Tatra Mountains

References

Two-thousanders of Slovakia
Two-thousanders of Poland
Mountains of the Western Carpathians
Western Tatras
International mountains of Europe

Volovec (Tatra)


The Triumph TR7 wis a sports caur manufactured frae September 1974 tae October 1981 bi the Triumph Motor Company (which wis pairt o British Leyland) in the Unitit Kinrick. It wis initially produced at the Speke, Liverpool factory, movin tae Canley, Coventry in 1978 an then finally tae the Rover plant in Solihull in 1980. The caur wis launched in the Unitit States in Januar 1975, wi its UK home market debut in Mey 1976. The UK launch wis delayed at least twice acause o hie demand for the vehicle in the US.

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
British Leyland vehicles
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Roadsters
Sports caurs
TR7
Vehicles introduced in 1975

Triumph TR7