Jazz fusion (also known as fusion, jazz rock, and progressive jazz) is a popular music genre that developed in the late 1960s when musicians combined jazz harmony and improvisation with rock music, funk, and rhythm and blues. Electric guitars, amplifiers, and keyboards that were popular in rock and roll started to be used by jazz musicians, particularly those who had grown up listening to rock and roll.

Jazz fusion arrangements vary in complexity. Some employ groove-based vamps fixed to a single key or a single chord with a simple, repeated melody. Others use elaborate chord progressions, unconventional time signatures, or melodies with counter-melodies. These arrangements, whether simple or complex, typically include improvised sections that can vary in length, much like in other forms of jazz.

As with jazz, jazz fusion can employ brass and woodwind instruments such as trumpet and saxophone, but other instruments often substitute for these. A jazz fusion band is less likely to use piano and double bass, and more likely to use electric guitar, electric piano, synthesizers, and bass guitar.

The term "jazz rock" is sometimes used as a synonym for "jazz fusion" and for music performed by late 1960s and 1970s-era rock bands that added jazz elements to their music. After a decade of popularity during the 1970s, fusion expanded its improvisatory and experimental approaches through the 1980s in parallel with the development of a radio-friendly style called smooth jazz. Experimentation continued in the 1990s and 2000s. Fusion albums, even those that are made by the same group or artist, may include a variety of musical styles. Rather than being a codified musical style, fusion can be viewed as a musical tradition or approach.

History

Coryell and two worlds
When John Coltrane died in 1967, rock was the most popular music in America, and DownBeat magazine went so far as to declare in a headline that: "Jazz as We Know It Is Dead". AllMusic states that "until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate".

Guitarist Larry Coryell, sometimes called the godfather of fusion, referred to a generation of musicians who had grown up on rock and roll when he said, "We loved Miles but we also loved the Rolling Stones." In 1966 he started the band the Free Spirits with Bob Moses on drums and recorded the band's first album, Out of Sight and Sound, released in 1967. That same year DownBeat began to report on rock music. After the Free Spirits, Coryell was part of a quartet led by vibraphonist Gary Burton, releasing the album Duster with its rock guitar influence. Burton produced the album Tomorrow Never Knows for Count's Jam Band, which included Coryell, Mike Nock, and Steve Marcus, all of them former students at Berklee College in Boston.

The pioneers of fusion emphasized exploration, energy, electricity, intensity, virtuosity, and volume. Charles Lloyd played a combination of rock and jazz at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1966 with a quartet that included Keith Jarrett and Jack DeJohnette. Lloyd adopted the trappings of the California psychedelic rock scene by playing at the rock venue the Fillmore West, wearing colorful clothes, and giving his albums titles like Dream Weaver and Forest Flower, which were bestselling jazz albums in 1967. Flautist Jeremy Steig experimented with jazz in his band Jeremy & the Satyrs with vibraphonist Mike Mainieri. The jazz label Verve released the first album (Freak Out) by rock guitarist Frank Zappa in 1966. Rahsaan Roland Kirk performed with Jimi Hendrix at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London.

Miles Davis plugs in
As members of Miles Davis's band, Chick Corea and Herbie Hancock played electric piano on Filles de Kilimanjaro. Davis wrote in his autobiography that in 1968 he had been listening to Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, and Sly and the Family Stone. When Davis recorded Bitches Brew in 1969, he mostly abandoned the swing beat in favor of a rock and roll backbeat and bass guitar grooves. The album "mixed free jazz blowing by a large ensemble with electronic keyboards and guitar, plus a dense mix of percussion." Davis played his trumpet like an electric guitar—plugged in to electronic effects and pedals.

By the end of the first year, Bitches Brew sold 400,000 copies, four times the average for a Miles Davis album. Over the next two years the aloof Davis recorded more often, worked with many sidemen, appeared on television, and performed at rock venues. Just as quickly, Davis tested the loyalty of rock fans by continuing to experiment. His producer, Teo Macero, inserted previously recorded material into the Jack Johnson soundtrack, Live-Evil, and On the Corner.

Although Bitches Brew gave him a gold record, the use of electric instruments and rock beats created consternation among some jazz critics, who accused Davis of betraying the essence of jazz. Music critic Kevin Fellezs commented that some members of the jazz community regarded rock music as less sophisticated and more commercial than jazz.

Davis's 1969 album In a Silent Way is considered his first fusion album. Composed of two side-long improvised suites edited heavily by Teo Macero, the album was made by pioneers of jazz fusion: Corea, Hancock, Tony Williams, Wayne Shorter, Joe Zawinul, and John McLaughlin.

A Tribute to Jack Johnson (1971) has been cited as "the purest electric jazz record ever made" and "one of the most remarkable jazz rock discs of the era".

According to music journalist Zaid Mudhaffer, the term "jazz fusion" was coined in a review of Song of Innocence by David Axelrod when it was released in 1968. Axelrod said Davis had played the album before conceiving Bitches Brew.

Davis sidemen branch out

Miles Davis was one of the first jazz musicians to incorporate jazz fusion into his material. He also proved to be a good judge of talented sidemen. Several of the players he chose for his early fusion work went on to success in their own bands. His guitar player John McLaughlin branched out, forming his own fusion group Mahavishnu Orchestra. Blending Indian classical music, jazz, and psychedelic rock, they created a whole new style just as Davis had. Davis's live albums during this period, including Live-Evil and Miles Davis at Fillmore, featured McLaughlin.

Davis dropped out of music in 1975 because of problems with drugs and alcohol, but his sidemen took advantage of the creative and financial vistas that had been opened. Herbie Hancock brought elements of funk, disco, and electronic music into commercially successful albums such as Head Hunters (1973) and Feets, Don't Fail Me Now (1979). Several years after recording Miles in the Sky with Davis, guitarist George Benson became a vocalist with enough pop hits to overshadow his earlier career in jazz.

While Davis was sidelined, Chick Corea gained prominence. In the early 1970s Corea combined jazz, rock, pop, and Brazilian music in Return to Forever, a band which included Stanley Clarke on bass guitar and Al DiMeola on electric guitar. Corea divided the rest of his career between acoustic and electric music, non-commercial and commercial, jazz and pop rock, with a band for each: the Akoustic Band and the Elektric Band.

Tony Williams was a member of Davis's band since 1963. Williams reflected, "I wanted to create a different atmosphere from the one I had been in...What better way to do it than to go electric?" He left Davis to form the Tony Williams Lifetime with English guitarist John McLaughlin and organist Larry Young. The band combined rock intensity and loudness with jazz spontaneity. The debut album Emergency! was recorded three months before Bitches Brew.

Although McLaughlin had worked with Miles Davis, he was influenced more by Jimi Hendrix and had played with English rock musicians Eric Clapton and Mick Jagger before creating the Mahavishnu Orchestra around the same time that Corea started Return to Forever. McLaughlin had been a member of Tony Williams's Lifetime. He brought to his music many of the elements which interested other musicians in the 1960s and early 1970s: counterculture, rock and roll, electronic instruments, solo virtuosity, experimentation, the blending of genres, and an interest in the exotic, such as Indian music. He formed the Mahavishnu Orchestra with drummer Billy Cobham, violinist Jerry Goodman, bassist Rick Laird, and keyboardist Jan Hammer. The band released its first album, The Inner Mounting Flame, in 1971. Hammer pioneered the use of the Minimoog synthesizer with distortion effects. His use of the pitch bend wheel made a keyboard sound like an electric guitar. The Mahavishnu Orchestra was influenced by both psychedelic rock and Indian classical music. The band's first lineup broke up after two studio albums and one live album, but McLaughlin formed another group in 1974 under the same name with jazz violinist Jean-Luc Ponty, one of the first electric violinists.

During the late '70s, Lee Ritenour, Stuff, George Benson, Spyro Gyra, the Crusaders, and Larry Carlton released fusion albums.

Jazz rock

The term "jazz-rock" (or "jazz/rock") is sometimes used as a synonym for "jazz fusion". The Free Spirits have sometimes been cited as the earliest jazz rock band.

Rock bands such as Colosseum, Chicago, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Chase, Soft Machine, Nucleus, Brand X, the Mothers of Invention and IF blended jazz and rock with electric instruments.  Davis' fusion jazz was "pure melody and tonal color", while Frank Zappa's music was more "complex" and "unpredictable". Zappa released the solo album Hot Rats in 1969. The album contained long instrumental pieces with a jazz influence. Zappa released two albums, The Grand Wazoo and Waka/Jawaka, in 1972 which were influenced by jazz. George Duke and Aynsley Dunbar played on both. 1970s band Steely Dan has been lauded by music critic Neil McCormick for their "smooth, smart jazz-rock fusion."

The jazz artists of the 1960s and 1970s had a large impact on many rock groups of that era such as Santana and Frank Zappa. They took jazz phrasing and harmony and incorporated it into modern rock music, significantly changing music history and paving the way for artists that would follow in their footsteps. Carlos Santana in particular has given much credit to Miles Davis and the influence he had on his music. While Miles Davis combined jazz with modal and rock influences, Carlos Santana combined these along with Latin rhythms and feel, shaping a whole new genre, Latin rock. Other rock artists such as  Gary Moore, The Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix, and The Allman Brothers Band have taken influences from blues, jazz, blues rock, jazz rock and incorporated it into their own music.

According to AllMusic, the term jazz rock "may refer to the loudest, wildest, most electrified fusion bands from the jazz camp, but most often it describes performers coming from the rock side of the equation...jazz rock first emerged during the late '60s as an attempt to fuse the visceral power of rock with the musical complexity and improvisational fireworks of jazz. Since rock often emphasized directness and simplicity over virtuosity, jazz rock generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late '60s and early '70s: psychedelia, progressive rock, and the singer-songwriter movement."

According to jazz writer Stuart Nicholson, jazz rock paralleled free jazz by being "on the verge of creating a whole new musical language in the 1960s". He said the albums Emergency! (1969) by the Tony Williams Lifetime and Agharta (1975) by Miles Davis "suggested the potential of evolving into something that might eventually define itself as a wholly independent genre quite apart from the sound and conventions of anything that had gone before." This development was stifled by commercialism, Nicholson said, as the genre "mutated into a peculiar species of jazz-inflected pop music that eventually took up residence on FM radio" at the end of the 1970s.

In the 1970s, American fusion was being combined in the U.K. with progressive rock and psychedelic music. Bands who were part of this movement included Brand X (with Phil Collins of Genesis), Bruford (Bill Bruford of Yes), Nucleus (led by Ian Carr), and Soft Machine. Throughout Europe and the world this movement grew due to bands like Magma in France, Passport in Germany, Time, Leb i Sol and September in Yugoslavia, and guitarists Jan Akkerman (The Netherlands), Volker Kriegel (Germany), Terje Rypdal (Norway), Jukka Tolonen (Finland), Ryo Kawasaki (Japan), and Kazumi Watanabe (Japan).

Jazz metal

Jazz metal is the fusion of jazz fusion and jazz rock with heavy metal. The genre is closely related to mathcore, progressive metal, and punk jazz, as well as its microgenres. Rollins Band has been known to combine heavy metal with jazz, and starting in the late 1990s, King Crimson began to explore industrial metal, blended with their progressive rock sound. Similarly, Animals as Leaders' albums The Joy of Motion (2014) and The Madness of Many (2016) have been described as progressive metal combined with jazz fusion. Panzerballett is another band who blends jazz with heavy metal.

Jazz pop

Jazz pop (or pop-jazz, also called jazzy pop) is pop music with jazz instruments, soft production, commercially viable, and radio-friendly. In jazz pop, the music has less improvisation, but retains the melody and swing of jazz. Robert Palmer from The New York Times cited that jazz pop should be distinguished from jazz rock. Examples of jazz-pop musicians are Kenny G, Bob James, and George Benson.

Smooth jazz

By the early 1980s, much of the original fusion genre was subsumed into other branches of jazz and rock, especially smooth jazz, a radio-friendly subgenre of fusion which is influenced by R&B, funk, and pop music. Smooth jazz can be traced to at least the late 1960s, when producer Creed Taylor worked with guitarist Wes Montgomery on three popular music-oriented albums. Taylor founded CTI Records and many established jazz performers recorded for CTI, including Freddie Hubbard, Chet Baker, George Benson, and Stanley Turrentine. Albums under Taylor's guidance were aimed at both pop and jazz fans.

The merging of jazz and pop/rock music took a more commercial direction in the late 1970s and early 1980s, in the form of compositions with a softer sound palette that could fit comfortably in a soft rock radio playlist. The AllMusic guide's article on fusion states that "unfortunately, as it became a money-maker and as rock declined artistically from the mid-'70s on, much of what was labeled fusion was actually a combination of jazz with easy-listening pop music and lightweight R&B."

Michael and Randy Brecker produced funk-influenced jazz with soloists. David Sanborn was considered a "soulful" and "influential" voice. However, Kenny G was criticized by both fusion and jazz fans, and some musicians, while having become a huge commercial success. Music reviewer George Graham argues that the "so-called 'smooth jazz' sound of people like Kenny G has none of the fire and creativity that marked the best of the fusion scene during its heyday in the 1970s."

Other styles

Punk jazz

In the 1990s, another kind of fusion took a more hardcore approach. Bill Laswell produced many albums in this movement, such as Ask the Ages by avant-garde guitarist Sonny Sharrock and Arc of the Testimony with Laswell's band Arcana. Niacin (band) was formed by rock bassist Billy Sheehan, drummer Dennis Chambers, and organist John Novello.

In London, The Pop Group began to mix free jazz and reggae into their form of punk rock. In New York City, no wave was inspired by free jazz and punk. Examples of this style include Lydia Lunch's Queen of Siam, James Chance and the Contortions, who mixed soul music with free jazz and punk rock, and the Lounge Lizards, the first group to call themselves punk jazz.

John Zorn took note of the emphasis on speed and dissonance that was becoming prevalent in punk rock and incorporated them into free jazz with the release of the Spy vs Spy album in 1986. The album was a collection of Ornette Coleman tunes played in the thrashcore style. In the same year, Sonny Sharrock, Peter Brötzmann, Bill Laswell, and Ronald Shannon Jackson recorded the first album under the name Last Exit, a blend of thrash and free jazz.

Jazz-funk

Jazz-funk is characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds, and an early prevalence of analog synthesizers. The integration of funk, soul, and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs, jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.

Jazz-funk is primarily an American genre, where it was popular throughout the 1970s and the early 1980s, but it also achieved noted appeal on the club-circuit in England during the mid-1970s. Jazz-funk retains a stronger feel of groove and R&B versus some of the jazz fusion production, and is more arranged and features more improvisation than soul jazz.

M-Base

M-Base ("macro-basic array of structured extemporization") centers on a movement started in the 1980s. It started as a group of young African-American musicians in New York which included Steve Coleman, Greg Osby, and Gary Thomas developing a complex but grooving sound. In the 1990s most M-Base participants turned to more conventional music, but Coleman, the most active participant, continued developing his music in accordance with the M-Base concept. M-Base changed from a loose collective to an informal "school".

Afro-Cuban jazz

Afro-Cuban jazz, one of the earliest forms of Latin jazz, is a fusion of Afro-Cuban clave-based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation. Afro-Cuban jazz emerged in the early 1940s with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo "Machito" in the band Machito and his Afro-Cubans in New York City. In 1947 the collaborations of bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie with Cuban percussionist Chano Pozo brought Afro-Cuban rhythms and instruments, most notably the congas and the bongos, into the East Coast jazz scene. Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music, such as Gillespie's and Pozo's "Manteca" and Charlie Parker's and Machito's "Mangó Mangüé", were commonly referred to as "Cubop", short for Cuban bebop. During its first decades, the Afro-Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba.

Influence on rock music

According to bassist Randy Jackson, jazz fusion is a difficult genre to play. "I ... picked jazz fusion because I was trying to become the ultimate technical musician—able to play anything. Jazz fusion to me is the hardest music to play. You have to be so proficient on your instrument. Playing five tempos at the same time, for instance. I wanted to try the toughest music because I knew if I could do that, I could do anything."

Jazz rock fusion's technically challenging guitar solos, bass solos, and odd-metered, syncopated drumming started to be incorporated in the technically focused progressive metal genre in the early 1990s. Progressive rock, with its affinity for long solos, diverse influences, non-standard time signatures, and complex music had very similar musical values as jazz fusion. Some prominent examples of progressive rock mixed with elements of fusion is the music of Gong, King Crimson, Ozric Tentacles, and Emerson, Lake & Palmer.

The death metal band Atheist produced albums Unquestionable Presence in 1991 and Elements in 1993 containing heavily syncopated drumming, changing time signatures, instrumental parts, acoustic interludes, and Latin rhythms. Meshuggah first attracted international attention with the 1995 release Destroy Erase Improve for its fusion of fast-tempo death metal, thrash metal, and progressive metal with jazz fusion elements. Cynic recorded a complex, unorthodox form of jazz fusion influenced experimental death metal with their 1993 album Focus. In 1997, Guitar Institute of Technology guitarist Jennifer Batten under the name of Jennifer Batten's Tribal Rage: Momentum released Momentum—an instrumental hybrid of rock, fusion, and exotic sounds. Mudvayne is heavily influenced by jazz, especially in bassist Ryan Martinie's playing.

Puya frequently incorporates influences from American and Latin jazz music.

Another, more cerebral, all-instrumental progressive jazz fusion-metal band Planet X released Universe in 2000 with Tony MacAlpine, Derek Sherinian (ex-Dream Theater), and Virgil Donati (who has played with Scott Henderson from Tribal Tech). The band blends fusion-style guitar solos and syncopated odd-metered drumming with the heaviness of metal. Tech-prog-fusion metal band Aghora formed in 1995 and released their first album, self-titled Aghora, recorded in 1999 with Sean Malone and Sean Reinert, both former members of Cynic. Gordian Knot, another Cynic-linked experimental progressive metal band, released its debut album in 1999 which explored a range of styles from jazz fusion to metal. The Mars Volta is extremely influenced by jazz fusion, using progressive, unexpected turns in the drum patterns and instrumental lines. The style of Uzbek prog band Fromuz is described as "prog fusion". In lengthy instrumental jams, the band transitions from fusion of rock and ambient world music to jazz and progressive hard rock tones.

See also

 List of jazz fusion musicians
 Jazz fusion ensembles
 Progressive soul

References

Further reading
 Coryell, Julie, and Friedman, Laura. Jazz-rock Fusion: The People, The Music. Delacorte Press: New York, 1978.
 Delbrouck, Christophe. Weather Report: Une histoire du jazz électrique. Mot et le reste: Marseille, 2007.
 Fellezs, Kevin. Birds of Fire: Jazz, Rock, Funk, and the Creation of Fusion. Duke University Press: Durham, North Carolina, 2011.
 Hjort, Christopher, and Hinman, Doug. Jeff's Book: A Chronology of Jeff Beck's Career, 1965–1980, from The Yardbirds to Jazz-rock. Rock 'n' Roll Research Press: Rumford, R.I., 2000.
 Kolosky, Walter. Power, Passion and Beauty: The Story of the Legendary Mahavishnu Orchestra: The Greatest Band That Ever Was. Abstract Logix Books: Cary, North Carolina, 2006.
 Milkowski, Bill. Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius. Backbeat Books: San Francisco, 2005.
 Nicholson, Stuart. Jazz-rock: A History. Schirmer Books: New York, 1998.
 Renard, Guy. Fusion. Editions de l'Instant: Paris, 1990.

External links

 Jazzfusion.tv, non-commercially released jazz fusion audio recordings, circa 1970s–1980s
 "A History of Jazz Rock Fusion" by Al Garcia
 BendingCorners, a monthly non-profit podcast

Jazz genres
Fusion music genres
Rock music genres
Jazz
1960s in music

Jazz fusion


The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of  the Argentine National Congress. This Chamber is the only one to levy taxes; to draft troops; and to call the President, cabinet ministers, and members of the Supreme Court before the Senate.  There are 257 seats.  One-half of the members are elected every two years.

Members must be at least twenty-five years old.  They must have been a resident of the province they represent for at least four years.

Each province has one deputy per 161,000 people.  Then each province gets 3 more deputies.  The minimum number of deputies is five.

References

Argentine National Congress
National lower houses

Argentine Chamber of Deputies


Protest activity against the Vietnam War took place before and during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

In 1967, counterculture and anti-Vietnam War protest groups had been promising to come to Chicago and ruin the convention, and the city promised to maintain law and order.

For eight days the protesters were met by the Chicago Police Department in the streets and parks of Chicago while the U.S. Democratic Party met at the convention in the International Amphitheater, with the protests became violent in what a major report later said was a "police riot" on the night of August 28, 1968.

References

1968 in the United States
1960s in Chicago

1968 Democratic National Convention protests


Hulchul (English: Chaos) is a 1995 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed and written by Anees Bazmee. It stars Vinod Khanna, Ajay Devgn, Kajol, Ronit Roy, Amrish Puri and Kader Khan in the lead roles.

Hulchul released worldwide on 4th August 1995. It received mixed reviews and was an average grosser.

Plot

Deva (Ajay Devgn) has been raised by ACP Siddhant (Vinod Khanna) and his wife Pushpa (Navni Parihar). Karan (Ronit Roy) is their biological son who often feels jealous of his mother's attention to Deva. Deva is a loving and responsible son while Karan is a constant source of stress for his parents due to his reckless lifestyle. Shobraj (Amrish Puri) is a rich and powerful businessman whose son is arrested by ACP Siddhant on charges of rape and murder. Shobraj tries to bribe Siddhant into releasing his son but fails.

In the meantime, Karan is arrested on charges of murdering his girlfriend. Pushpa is heart broken at the thought of losing her son. Deva vows to prove Karan's innocence for the sake of his foster mother. Shobraj approaches Siddhant again and promises to save Karan if Siddhant rescinds his testimony against his son. Siddhant refuses his offer and Shobraj's son is sentenced to death. Deva, with the help of his girlfriend Sharmili (Kajol), discovers that Karan's girlfriend was actually murdered by Rocky. It is revealed that Shobraj had paid Rocky to frame Karan for the murder. Deva catches Rocky and takes him to the police station. However, Shobraj has Rocky murdered before the latter can make his statement in front of a judge. In the meantime, a higher court rejects the appeal of Shobraj's son and the latter is executed. Shobraj vows to kill Siddhant's entire family to avenge the death of his son. He kidnaps Karan and Pushpa and tells Siddhant to come and meet him. Deva goes to rescue Puspha while Siddhant goes to meet Shobraj. A fight ensues in which Shobraj and his men are killed and Karan, Puspha, Deva, and Siddhant are reunited.

Cast

Production
Kajol met Ajay Devgn on the sets of this film.

Soundtrack

References

External links

1990s Hindi-language films
Indian action films
1995 films
1995 action films
1995 directorial debut films
Films scored by Anu Malik
Films directed by Anees Bazmee

Hulchul (1995 film)


Lucius Licinius Murena was a Roman soldier and politician. He was notable for playing an important role in the Roman victory against the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus at the Battle of Chaeronea in 86 BC during the First Mithridatic War and for starting another war, the Second Mithridatic War (83–81 BC), against Mithridates in Asia Minor without the authorisation of the Roman senate.

Life
Murena was a praetor probably in 88 BC. He was a lieutenant of Lucius Cornelius Sulla during the First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC) with Mithridates VI of Pontus. He participated in the Battle of Chaeronea of 86 BC. Sulla encamped near Chaeronea, close to the camp of Archelaus, the commander of the enemy. He left Murena behind with one legion and two cohorts to face the enemy, should they prepare for battle, and went to Chaeronea, where the Romans had a garrison. Some of the townsfolk offered to go and cut off the enemy at nearby Thurium. Sulla agreed, returned to his camp and prepared for battle, putting Murena in charge of the left wing.  The Chaeroneans were routed and  Murena received some of the fugitives. During the battle Murena was attacked and Sulla sent four cohorts to help him. Later in the battle he set out to help him himself. However, Murena had already gained the upper hand and Sulla joined him in the pursuit of the fugitives.

In a note on Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Pseudo-Aurelius Victor wrote that he gained the fleet of Mithridates and king Ptolemy of Egypt for Sulla through Murena. Presumably the Ptolemy in question was Ptolemy IX.

At the end of that war, Sulla left Murena in Asia Minor as a legatus to watch over the region. He was put in charge of the Valerian legions, two legions formerly controlled by Gaius Flavius Fimbria. We can deduce from Appian's account of this war in his The Mithridatic Wars, that Murena had been given the command of Phrygia, which had been annexed to the Attalid kingdom in 188 BC, Galatia, a client state of Rome, and Cappadocia, which was a Roman ally. Under the terms of the Treaty of Dardanos, Sulla had left Mithridates in control of his Pontus. Murena undertook an unauthorised war against Mithridates, the Second Mithridatic War (83–81 BC).

In 83 BC Murena attacked Comana, a town which belonged to Mithridates, because of suspicions that the latter was preparing for war against the Romans. Mithridates was fitting a fleet and raising an army to deal with a rebellion by the Colchians and the tribes around the Cimmerian Bosphorus. It was the scale of these preparations and the fact that he had not restored the entirety of Cappadocia to its king, Ariobarzanes I, who was a Roman ally, which led to this impression. Mithridates sent envoys to invoke the peace treaty. Murena replied that he did not see any treaties because Sulla had not written it down before he returned to Greece. Murena then began looting and then returned to Cappadocia to winter there.

Mithridates sent envoys to Rome to complain. In 82 BC Murena seized 400 villages which belonged to Mithridates, who chose to wait for the return of the ambassadors, rather than retaliate. Murena returned to Phrygia and Galatia loaded with the plunder. He was reached by, Calidius, a messenger of the senate who ordered him to stop the hostilities because Mithridates had not broken the peace treaty. Murena ignored this and invaded Mithridates' territory. The latter thought that this was done under the order of Rome and retaliated. Roman villages were attacked and loot was taken. Murena was then defeated by Mithridates in battle near the River Halys and fled to Phrygia. Mithridates drove all the Roman garrisons out of Cappadocia. Aulus Gabinius was sent to reinforce the order to stop fighting and to meet Mithridates and Ariobarzanes I to reconcile them. Murena was recalled to Rome.

Murena was awarded a triumph for a victory over king Mithridates in 81 BC. His son, also called Lucius Licinius Murena, became consul in 62 BC.

Notes

References

Appian, The Roman History, Vol. 1, The Foreign Wars, Digireads.com, 2011;
Cicero, The correspondence of M. Tullius Cicero : arranged according to its chronological order, with a revision of the text, a commentary and introductory essays, 1885; scanned by FQ Legacy Publishing, 2013;  ASIN: B00B3KKY20
Cicero: Pro Murena, Bloomsbury 3PL; reprint edition, 2013;
Fatham, E., Cicero's Pro L. Murena Oratio. American Philological Association texts and commentaries series (Society for Classical Studies Texts & Commentaries), Oxford University Press USA, 2013;
Plutarch, Lives, vol. 7, Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar (Loeb Classical Library) Loeb, 1919; ASIN: B00E6TGP8C
Plutarch, Lives, vol. 8, Sertorious and Eumenes, Phocion and Cato and Younger(Loeb Classical Library). Loeb, 1989:
Plutarch, Lives, Vol. 4, Alcibiades and Coriolanus Lysander and Sulla v. 4 (Loeb Classical Library) Loeb, 1989;

1st-century BC Romans
Ancient Roman generals
Murena, Lucius
Roman Republican praetors
Ancient Roman triumphators

Lucius Licinius Murena (praetor 88 BC)


Blender was an American music magazine that billed itself as "the ultimate guide to music and more". It was also known for sometimes steamy pictorials of celebrities. It compiled lists of albums, artists, and songs, including both "best of" and "worst of" lists. In each issue, there was a review of an artist's entire discography, with each album being analyzed in turn.

Blender was published by Dennis Publishing. The magazine began in 1994 as the first digital CD-ROM magazine by Jason Pearson, David Cherry, and Regina Joseph, acquired by Felix Dennis/Dennis Publishing, UK it published 15 digital CD issues, and launched on the web in 1996. It started publishing a print edition again in 1999 in its most recent form. Blender CD-ROM showcased the earliest digital editorial formats, as well as the first forms of digital advertising. The first digital advertisers included Calvin Klein, Apple Computer, Toyota and Nike.

In June 2006, the Chicago Tribune named it one of the top ten English-language magazines, describing it as "the cool kid at the school of rock magazines".

Owner Alpha Media Group closed Blender March 26, 2009, going to an online-only format in a move that eliminated 30 jobs and reduced the company's portfolio of titles to Maxim alone. Blender final print issue was the April 2009 issue. Subscribers to the magazine were sent issues of Maxim magazine to make up for the unsent Blender issues.

Indian edition

The Indian edition of Blender was the title's first venture outside the United States. It commenced publication with its May 2008 issue, which featured Mariah Carey on the cover. The magazine was targeted at educated male city dwellers aged between 18 and 34. The magazine was launched through Dennis Media Transasia India, a joint venture between Dennis Publishing and Media Transasia, which also publishes the Asian versions of Blender and Maxim. The joint venture was based in New Delhi with offices in Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai.

References

2008 establishments in India
English-language magazines published in India
Magazines established in 1994
Magazines disestablished in 2009
Magazines established in 2008
Magazines published in Delhi
Magazines published in New York City
Music magazines published in India
Music magazines published in the United States
Ten times annually magazines
1994 establishments in the United Kingdom

Blender (magazine)


Antoni Karwowski (born 14 April 1948) is a Polish lyrical abstraction painter and neofiguration painter and performance artist.

Early life and family
Karwowski was raised in a small town in Eastern Poland near Biebrza National Park. His father, Jozef Karwowski, was a social worker and promoter of culture and his mother, Larysa (maiden name Zub), was a hairdresser.  He has one younger brother, Maciej.

Karwowski grew up in a multigenerational family under the strong influence of his father and Russian grandfather, Szymon Zub.  His father gave him his first drawing lesson, and his grandfather was also creative, writing poetry and singing old Russian songs.  His later work was influenced by Polish and Russian culture and traditions, as well as a childhood surrounded by the wilderness that encouraged his sensitivity and strong feelings of individualism.

Painting and performance art

After graduating high school Karwowski started painting more frequently and experimenting with different forms of art. He changed homes and universities several times while looking for a place where he could fully develop his talents. He worked as a miner while conducting his search, and later joined the Fine Arts Faculty at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where he became a professional artist.

In early 80s Karwowski and Zbigniew Oleszynski started a Polish performance group known as "Group A". From that time on, Karwowski has been heavily engaged in performance art, both as an organizer and a participant. Since 2003 he has organized the International Performance & Intermedia Festival in Szczecin.

Throughout his career Karwowski has created his own style of which a Berlin art critic said, "From his images comes colorful light, which is created by perfection in his workshop. Metaphor of this light gives magical, surreal meaning to figurative elements in his paintings. The power of his paintings, aside from illuminating colors, comes from the richness of symbolic meanings and certain multilayers by which Karwowski 's paintings are far from simple decorative function."

Karwowski's paintings focus on color and light. His paintings are housed in various private collections in Europe. He has also been commissioned by compound corporations and institutions, such as the Clinic in Dortmund (Germany) in 2005.   For the clinic, he created 53m long wall panels that have received attention from a wide audience.

Art Exhibitions:
2010 - "Anders Gallery" -Lünen (Germany)
2007 – "Anders Gallery" - Lünen (Germany)
2007 - "ZERO Gallery"- Berlin (Germany)
2006 - Museum of Art - Santa Fe (Argentina)
2006 - Museum Contemporary Art – Naples (Italy)
2005 - "Galerie automatique" - Berlin-Strasbourg
2005 - Art Platform - Tel Aviv (Israel)
2005 - Polish Art Fair 2005 - Poznan (Poland)
2004 – Project "MOTION"- Berlin (Germany)
2003 - V International Baltic Biennial – Szczecin (Poland)
2002 - Berliner Landtag – Berlin (Germany)
2002 - "Distance 777", 68elf gallery – Köln (Germany)
2001 - Europäisches Kulturzentrum - Köln (Germany)
2001 – "Kunst am limit", "Pussy Galore"- Berlin (Germany)
2001 - "RAUMTRIEB 2001", art festival – Berlin (Germany)
2001 – "Wystawa malarstwa, Reimus gallery - Essen (Germany)
1999 - Ostholstein Museum – Eutin (Germany)
1999 - Galerie am Domplatz – Münster (Germany)
1999 - National Museum in Szczecin - Szczecin  (Poland)
1996 – "Forum Ost – West" – Bergisch Gladbach (Germany)
1994 - "Anders Gallery" - Lünen (Germany)
1994 - "Forum Gallery" – Leverkusen (Germany)
1993 – "Cztery Zywioly" – Museum Greifswald (Germany)
1992 - "Gaia Cztery Sezony"- Gerlesborg (Sweden)
1992 - Municipal Gallery - Nakskov (Denmark)
1990 - "En-Garde Gallery" - Aarhus (Denmark)
1988 - "Fine Art Gallery" - Trollhattan (Sweden)
1988 - XV Festival of Polish Contemporary Art- Szczecin (Poland)
1987 - "Bridge West & East" - Antwerpen (Belgium)
1985 - "Nagra Malare" - Vanersborg (Sweden)
1981 – "Palacyk" - Wroclaw  (Poland)

Selected Performance projects:
2011 - La Porta 2011 - Barcelona (Spain)]
2010 - "My Tram" - Szczecin (Poland)
2010 - "Extension Series 2" - Grim Museum 2, Berlin (Germany)
2005 - "Reading White Books " - Tel Aviv (Israel)
2001 - "Salz arm" - Berlin  (Germany)
1998 - "Sentimental trip on east" - Moltkerei Werkstatt, Cologne (Germany)
1998 - "Middle ages anatomy" & "Gilgamesz – Enkidu's Dream" -  Ermelerspeicher Gallery, Schwedt, (Germany)
1993 - "The Last Breath of Aborigine" – Gerlesborg  (Sweden)
1981 - "Koncert na Kaprala i grzalke" Teatr Otwarty "Kalambur" – Wroclaw  (Poland)
1980 – Public Space Action "My Tram" – Torun (Poland)

Cultural Projects involvement:
2003 - 2009 Curator International Performance & Intermedia festival – Szczecin (Poland)
2002 - 2005 Co-organizer international performance project "Private impact"
1995 - 1999 Originator International Performance festival "Trawnik" (Poland – Germany)
1992 - 1994 Co-organizer international project "Gaia the four elements"
1981 - 1986 Organized and kept Centre of Art in Swinoujscie (Poland)
1980 - 1981 Cooperated as artist with Open Theatre Centre "Kalambur" in Wroclaw (Poland)

References

Mariusz Czarniecki, Czas przyszly dokonany, Spojrzenia, 12.1974.
Zwijndrechts echtpaar ijvert voor Oost-Europese kunst, De Zwijndrechtse Kombinatie, 04.02.1987.
Lillemor Svensson, Polska målare i Vänersborg, Trollhättans Tidning, 26.03.1988.
C.F.Garde, Kvindelighed på flere måder, Politiken, 25.02.1992.
Polska abstraktioner hos Några Målare, Ela, 11.02.1993.
Kulturen blomstrar på landet, Svenska Dagbladet, 26.02.1993.
Ingeborg Schwenke-Runkel, In die Wiesen längs der Oder, Kölner Stadt – Anzeiger, 05.03.1996.
Wolfgang Cassel, Vielfalt der polnischen Kunst, Lübecker Nachreichten, 22.06 1996.
Vier Künstler aus Stettin, Ostholsteiner Anzeiger, 28.06.1996.
Licht, Dunkelheit und flammende Energie, Hamburger Abendblatt, 12.04.1997.
Zwei Künstler aus Stetin, Altländer Tageblatt, 12.04.1997.
Karin M.Erdtmann, Mit Tauchsieder und Toilettenfrau- Neue Galerie zeigt Antoni Karwowski, Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, 28.05.1997.
Im Tabakspeicher Kunst erleben, Schwedter Stadtanzeiger, 25.06.2000.
Marita Poschitzki, Ausstellung auch in Stettin geplant, Uckemärker, 03.05.2001.
Sprache der Natur, Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, 19.04.2002
Performance polsko-niemiecki, Karwowski i Deimling, Głos Szczeciński, 13.06.2003

External links

 68Elf Gallery, Cologne
 Galerie Anders, Luenen
 Klinikum Dortmund
 ArtNews.org
 AND - Artist Network Database
 rhiz.eu

1948 births
Living people
Polish male artists
Polish people of Russian descent
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń alumni
Academic staff of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
People from Grajewo

Antoni Karwowski


Hydrodynamica (Latin for Hydrodynamics) is a book published by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738. The title of this book eventually christened the field of fluid mechanics as hydrodynamics.

The book deals with fluid mechanics and is organized around the idea of conservation of energy, as received from Christiaan Huygens's formulation of this principle. The book describes the theory of water flowing through a tube and of water flowing from a hole in a container. In doing so, Bernoulli explained the nature of hydrodynamic pressure and discovered the role of loss of vis viva in fluid flow, which would later be known as the Bernoulli principle. The book also discusses hydraulic machines and introduces the notion of work and efficiency of a machine. In the tenth chapter, Bernoulli discussed the first model of the kinetic theory of gases. Assuming that heat increases the velocity of the gas particles, he demonstrated that the pressure of air is proportional to kinetic energy of gas particles, thus making the temperature of gas proportional to this kinetic energy as well.

Notes

Bibliography

1738 books
Physics books
Mathematics books
1730s in science
Mathematics literature
18th-century Latin books

Hydrodynamica


The Port de Venasque () is a mountain pass in the Pyrenees. It lies on the border between France and Spain and is a popular border crossing point for mountaineers and walkers. It can be reached in about two to three hours from the Hospice de France, South of Bagnères-de-Luchon in France.

Mountain passes of the Pyrenees
Mountain passes of Spain
France–Spain border crossings
Mountain passes of Haute-Garonne

Port de Venasque


The Cranes Are Flying (, translit. Letyat zhuravli) is a 1957 Soviet film about the Second World War. It depicts the cruelty of war and the damage done to the Soviet psyche as a result of war, which was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War.

The film was directed at Mosfilm by the Georgian-born Soviet director Mikhail Kalatozov in 1957 and starred Aleksey Batalov and Tatiana Samoilova. Adapted by Viktor Rozov from his play, the film won the Palme d'Or at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival, the only Soviet film to win that award (In 1946, The Turning Point was one of eleven films awarded the Grand Prix, the predecessor of the Palme d'Or.)

Plot
In Moscow, on June 22, 1941, Veronika and her boyfriend Boris watch cranes fly over the city as the sun rises and then sneak back into their families' apartments. Hours later, Boris's cousin Mark wakes him with news that the Germans have invaded.

Veronika soon learns that Boris volunteered for the army. Boris asks his grandmother to give Veronika her birthday gift, a stuffed squirrel toy ("squirrel" is Boris's pet name for Veronika) into which he slides a love note. Veronika arrives too late to see Boris at his apartment, but his grandmother gives Veronika the stuffed squirrel. Veronika searches for Boris at the assembly station but misses finding him there too, as he marches off to war.

Veronika remains in Moscow with her parents, who are killed in a German air raid that also destroys their apartment building. Boris's family invites the orphaned Veronika to stay with them.

Boris's cousin Mark tells Veronika he loves her, but she faithfully waits for Boris. Veronika and Mark are alone in the apartment when another air raid occurs. Mark makes a pass at her, but she rebuffs him. Furious at being rejected, he rapes her. Veronika and Mark marry, but she despises him, and is in turn despised by the family who considers she betrayed Boris.

At the front, Boris gets into an argument with another soldier, Volodya, who taunts him over a photo of Veronika. Their commanding officer catches them fighting and assigns them a dangerous reconnaissance mission. Boris saves Volodya's life, but Boris gets shot. In his final moments, he has a vision of the wedding that he and Veronika would never have.

To escape the German offensive, the family is relocated to Siberia. Veronika works as a nurse in a military hospital run by Boris's father, Fyodor. Mark and Veronika are miserable in their marriage.

When a soldier in the hospital becomes hysterical after he received a letter saying his girlfriend left him for someone else, Veronika rushes to get Fyodor, who is processing the arrival of wounded troops. She barely misses seeing the injured Volodya, who is about to be admitted to the hospital, before Fyodor says that the hospital is full. Fyodor admonishes the distraught soldier to forget his unfaithful and unworthy girlfriend. Veronika overhears Fyodor's speech and becomes upset since she appears to be such a woman.

Overwhelmed with guilt, Veronika tries to throw herself in front of a train. Just before she attempts suicide, she sees a young child about to be hit by a car and rescues him. The boy has been separated from his mother, and his name is Boris. Veronika takes the boy home and looks for her squirrel toy from Boris. Boris's sister Irina spitefully tells Veronika that Mark is giving the toy to his mistress at her birthday party. Veronika races over to the party, where a partygoer has finally found the note that Boris hid. Veronika grabs it, and in voice-over Boris narrates the final tender love note to her.

Fyodor learns that Mark bribed his way out of being drafted into the Red Army. He realises Mark betrayed Russia and the family and has taken advantage of Veronika. Fyodor kicks Mark out, and Veronika is forgiven by the family for "betraying" Boris. The boy saved by Veronika becomes part of the family. Later, Volodya, having recovered, comes in search of Boris's family and tells them that Boris is dead.

In 1945, the war has ended, and Veronika and Volodya stroll by the river back in Moscow. They are very close, but Veronika still refuses to believe that Boris is dead since Volodya was injured himself and never saw Boris die. When Boris's unit returns, Veronika carries a huge bouquet of flowers, intends to give them to him and hunts for him and his friend Stepan during a celebration at the train station. Veronika finds Stepan and finally learns that Boris is indeed dead. In tears, she stumbles through the celebrating crowd. As Stepan gives a rousing speech, asserting that those who died in the war will never be forgotten, Veronika goes from grieving to handing out her flowers to the returning soldiers and their families. When she looks up, cranes are flying again in the sky over Moscow.

The film ends with the words:
"But we shall not forget those left on the battlefield.
Time will pass.
Towns and villages will be rebuilt.
Our wounds will heal.
But our fierce hatred of war will never diminish. ….
We have triumphed not to destroy.
But to build a new life."

Cast

 Tatiana Samoilova as Veronika
 Aleksey Batalov as Boris
 Vasili Merkuryev as Fyodor Ivanovich
 Aleksandr Shvorin as Mark
 Svetlana Kharitonova as Irina
 Konstantin Nikitin as Volodya
 Valentin Zubkov as Stepan
 Antonina Bogdanova as Grandmother
 Boris Kokovkin as Tyernov
 Yekaterina Kupriyanova as Anna Mikhajlovna

Reception and influence
As the film scholar Josephine Woll observes, the protagonist Veronika was instrumental in shaping the post-Stalinist Soviet movies by heralding more complicated multi-dimensional celluloid heroines and focusing on the impact of war on common people. It was not only Soviet audiences that accepted and sympathised with Veronika's story. The lead actress of Cranes,  Tatiana Samoilova, who was frequently identified with her role, took Europe by storm. Following the film's victory at the Cannes Film Festival in 1958, where it earned the event's prestigious Grand Prize, the world celebrated the film's main protagonist, and critics hailed the production for its stunning cinematography, acting, direction and editing. Woll notes that the French Liberation commentator, for example, approvingly contrasted Samoilova's purity and authenticity with that of Brigitte Bardot, a French female icon. Samoilova remembered receiving a watch from her East German fans during a festival there. The gift featured the inscription: "Finally we see on the Soviet screen a face, not a mask".

References

External links

 The Cranes Are Flying an essay by Chris Fujiwara at the Criterion Collection
 Comparison of different DVD editions (in Russian and English)

1960 films
1960s war drama films
Soviet war drama films
Soviet black-and-white films
1960s Russian-language films
Eastern Front of World War II films
Films set in Moscow
Films set in the Soviet Union
Films shot in Moscow
Films shot in Moscow Oblast
Palme d'Or winners
Mosfilm films
Films directed by Mikhail Kalatozov
Films set in the 1940s
Soviet romantic drama films
Russian black-and-white films
Russian World War II films
Soviet World War II films

The Cranes Are Flying


DeValls Bluff is a city in and the county seat of the southern district of Prairie County, Arkansas, United States.  The population was 619 at the 2010 census.

History

Prairie County has always been important to Arkansas for the transportation of people and goods throughout the state. Initially, it was the White River that gave the agricultural county its importance for transport, since waterways were the primary means of long-distance transportation in the period before the development of railroads. Prairie County was cut from Arkansas, Pulaski, Monroe, St. Francis, and White counties in 1846 and included present-day Lonoke County. European settlement in Prairie County came in the 19th century, with Jacob M. DeVall and his son, Chappel, becoming the first recorded settlers around DeValls Bluff according to 1851 tax records.

During the Civil War, the city was a trading center on the White River, which continued to be the primary shipping corridor when the Arkansas River was innavigable. A railroad connection between North Little Rock and DeValls Bluff gave the city further strategic importance. Union forces traveling up the White from Arkansas Post under the command of Brigadier General Willis Gorman captured DeValls Bluff on January 18, 1863. However, the Union forces eventually returned to Arkansas Post, and the city returned to Confederate control. Following the capture of Little Rock, Union cavalry led by Brigadier General John Wynn Davidson joined with gunboats under the command of Lieutenant George Bache in Clarendon on August 9, 1863 and traveled up the White River to capture DeValls Bluff. Major General Frederick Steele proceeded to DeValls Bluff from Helena, and the city was used to house supplies and injured Union soldiers for the remainder of the war.

Geography

DeValls Bluff is located at  (34.784760, -91.460346). The city is located within the Grand Prairie section of Prairie County, a subdivision of the Mississippi embayment within the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Historically, the Grand Prairie was a flat grassland between the Arkansas River and the White River. However, the area was subject to clear cutting for row agriculture by early settlers. Today, the area is defined by rice cultivation, aquaculture and duck hunting.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.8 km2 (1.1 mi2), of which 2.7 km2 (1.0 mi2) is land and 0.2 km2 (0.1 mi2) (6.42%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 783 people, 334 households, and 218 families residing in the town.  The population density was 293.5/km2 (762.8/mi2).  There were 389 housing units at an average density of 145.8/km2 (379.0/mi2).  The racial makeup of the town was 67.82% White, 31.80% Black or African American, 0.13% Asian, and 0.26% from two or more races.  0.13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 334 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $21,534, and the median income for a family was $32,708. Males had a median income of $28,088 versus $16,771 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,582.  About 18.4% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.7% of those under age 18 and 22.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Hazen School District is the area school district, and operates Hazen High School.

The DeValls Bluff School District consolidated into the Hazen district on July 1, 2006.

References

External links

Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry

Cities in Arkansas
Cities in Prairie County, Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas

DeValls Bluff, Arkansas


"Co-Dependents' Day" is the fifteenth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 21, 2004.

Plot
Homer, Bart, and Lisa see the newest Cosmic Wars film, The Gathering Shadow, and the movie turns out to be less than what they expected. At home, Marge suggests that Bart and Lisa write a letter to Cosmic Wars creator Randall Curtis. Two weeks later, they get a reply from Curtis, which completely ignores their criticism, having sent them Jim-Jam merchandise. This forces the Simpsons to go on a trip to California, where Homer and Marge go to wineries, and Bart and Lisa go to the Cosmic Wars Ranch. The kids visit Curtis, and tell him that his Cosmic Wars movies have lost their way. Curtis dismisses their criticisms, until Lisa explains that improved technology does not count for story and characterization. Curtis agrees, and decides to go back to his storytelling roots by watching more samurai films and Westerns for inspiration.

Bart and Lisa rejoin Homer and Marge, who are both drunk from free samples of the wine. Back in Springfield, Homer and Marge go to Moe's Tavern and drink more wine. Moe opens a bottle of Château Latour 1886 vintage wine, clearly unaware of its value. Homer and Marge then continue to drink heavily for several days, until Marge suffers a particularly painful hangover. She tells Homer that they should not be drinking, and he agrees. Unfortunately, when they go to an Oktoberfest featuring Grammy-winning nuclear polka band Brave Combo, Marge, who tries to go through the night without drinking, gives in and ends up drunk along with Homer. He tries to drive them home, but in a drunken stupor overturns the car.

In order to avoid an arrest, Homer makes things look like Marge (who is drunker than he is) was the driver. She is arrested, but he bails her out. Later, Barney suggests that Marge go to a rehab clinic for a month, and when Marge is gone, Homer lets Ned Flanders take care of the kids. When he sees her at the clinic, he confesses, but Marge is angry and drinks again. Later on, the other rehab patients help her discover that she likes being with Homer more than she likes drinking, and forgives him and returns home, though she makes him promise to cut back on his drinking.

Production notes
 The scene where Homer sings at Moe's Tavern while Marge plays the piano was cut from this episode, but later used in "Mommie Beerest" as a postscript scene during the end credits.
 Homer references a prior DUI when explaining why he cannot be caught in the drivers seat. This could possibly be referring to the episode, "Duffless," where he fails a breathalyzer test, and is arrested for a DWI.
 Series creator Matt Groening learned of Dallas-area band Brave Combo as a college-radio DJ in the 1980s, and had commissioned the Grammy-winning band, (Best Polka Album 1999, 2004) to perform at "his best friend's wedding party", where Groening invited them to appear on the show. According to Carl Finch, founding member of the band, within two weeks, the network contacted them for video reference material for the animators for their "Springfield-yellow likenesses." The band recorded a polka arrangement of The Simpsons theme song, and made available two other songs for use in the Oktoberfest scene on the show.

Cultural references

Cosmic Wars and Randall Curtis are parodies of the Star Wars prequel trilogy and its director George Lucas; the parodies focus on negative reaction the films received, particularly the criticism of the character Jar Jar Binks (which is represented as "Jim-Jam") and the over-focus on politics. Curtis is also shown as living in rural Californian ranch which houses a high-tech visual effects workshop, a reference to Lucas' Skywalker Ranch.
The film which Otto watches, The Momentum of Things, parodies a film about the decline of coal mining in Northern England, Brassed Off, with similar music to that heard in the film. Otto blames Margaret Thatcher for the hardships, echoing the films' left wing perspective. The film stars Jim Broadbent and Ellen Burstyn.
The title is a play on Independence Day.
The giant robot in The Gathering Shadow, resembling an Imperial AT-AT, sits down and reads the Evening Standard, which is the evening newspaper sold in London, England.
The songs that Homer sings while placing the rehab-center operator on hold are "Wichita Lineman" and "MacArthur Park", both written by Jimmy Webb.
Marge and Homer are seen leaving The Lizzie McGuire Movie and are clearly disturbed by what they saw.
On entering the Creature Works building in the tour of the Cosmic Wars Studio, the guide says "If you can dream it, we can make it." This is similar to the tagline of the now-defunct Horizons attraction at Epcot, Walt Disney World in Florida, which was "If we can dream it, we can do it."

Reception
James Greene of Nerve.com put the episode sixth on his list Ten Times The Simpsons Jumped the Shark, singling out the storyline of Homer deliberately framing Marge for a crime he committed just to save his own skin. Greene remarked "This Homer wasn't a sometimes-insensitive-but-largely-sympathetic lug. He was just a douche." He did however like the "excellent" B-story, but found that it was "completely overshadowed by a very uncomfortable moment in the Simpson-Bouvier union."

References

External links

The Simpsons (season 15) episodes
2004 American television episodes
Television parodies of Star Wars
Cultural depictions of George Lucas
Television episodes set in California
Television episodes about driving under the influence

Co-Dependents' Day


Philip of Orléans, Count of Vertus (, 21/24 July 1396 – 1 September 1420), was the second son of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, and Valentina Visconti, and a grandson of Charles V of France. His older brother was the noted poet Charles, Duke of Orléans and his younger brother was John, Count of Angoulême.

Life
Little is known about his early years. His first important action took place on 15 April 1410, when he joined the Armagnac party in the League of Gien. Under the terms of the Peace of Auxerre (22 August 1412), Philip was betrothed to Catherine, demoiselle de Guise, second daughter of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy; in the end, this marriage was never celebrated.

He served in the army of King Charles VI of France and accompanied him to Picardy and Artois (1414). When his brother Charles was captured at the Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415), he took care of all the family domains and supported the dauphin, Charles (future Charles VII), in his quarrel against the English and Burgundians. In 1418, Philip was appointed Lieutenant General of the King in the army which besieged and took Parthenay in Poitou. He remained in the service of the dauphin and his army in Poitou and Berry, with custody of the lands situated between the Seine and Loire.

Philip of Vertus suddenly died at the age of twenty-four, unmarried and without legitimate issue. His unexpected death was a terrible blow to the cause of the Dauphin, as he was his best supporter.

He left a natural son named Philip Anthony, called the Bastard of Vertus, who entered the service of his uncle Duke Charles of Orléans in 1436, and was later governor of Blois. He also participated in the siege of Montereau which was occupied by the English, and was appointed governor of Coucy by King Charles VII in 1443; his death took place certainly before 18 July 1445, when the executors of his will took actions related to his possessions. He died without issue (a family "of Vertus" claimed descendance from the bastard, but there is no indication who supported this argument and its origin remains unclear).

According to a legend, the sculptor Camille Claudel and her brother, the poet Paul Claudel, descended from another bastard of Philip of Vertus conceived by him in his lands of Champagne.

References
Françoise Autrand: Charles VI le roi fou

House of Valois-Orléans
1396 births
1420 deaths
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis

Philip, Count of Vertus


Resin soap is a mix of salts (usually sodium) of resin acids (usually mainly abietic acid). It is a yellow gelatinous pasty soap with use in bleaching and cleaning and as a compound of some varnishes. It also finds use in rubber industry.

Resin soap is made by reacting resin acids in wood with sodium hydroxide, as a byproduct of the Kraft process for manufacturing wood pulp. It is also called Kraft soap.

Acidification of the resin soap produces tall oil.

Pine soap is refined from resin soap via tall oil by acidification, refining and resaponification.

References

Resins
Soaps

Resin soap


Tinkle is an Indian weekly magazine for children in English, published from Mumbai. Originally owned by the India Book House, the Tinkle brand was acquired by ACK (Amar Chitra Katha) Media in 2007. The magazine contains comics, stories, puzzles, quizzes, contests and other features targeted at school children, although its readership includes many adults as well. It is published in English and syndicated in many Indian languages like Hindi, Bengali, and Malayalam.

The magazine was published at a monthly frequency until July 2016 when Tinkle announced its first fortnightly issue. Currently, from June 2020 it has been published weekly.

The first issue of Tinkle was released in November 1980. The magazine carries comics, stories, and regular columns of interest to school children. Tinkle enjoys great popularity in India — , Tinkle had a circulation of 3 lakh copies per issue. It has been an integral part of growing up in India in the last two decades and characters like Suppandi and Shikari Shambu that were created in the early years of the magazine have nationwide recognition among all age groups. Readers send more than 200 letters with stories and other features to be considered for printing in the magazine. The wholesome combination of education and entertainment that defines Tinkle has many celebrity fans in India, including the former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee.  The official website of Tinkle contains puzzles and games.

Background
Anant Pai, the founding editor of the magazine, is known to his readers as Uncle Pai. The idea behind starting a comic book series devoted to Indian culture and history came to Pai from a quiz contest aired on Doordarshan in February 1967, in which participants could easily answer questions pertaining to Greek mythology, but were unable to reply to the question "In the Ramayana, who was Rama's mother?"

Pai left his job at Times of India, and started ACK (Amar Chitra Katha) the same year, with the help of late G.L. Mirchandani of IBH, (who also took charge as the command of Tinkle late when it was formed), when most other publishers had rejected the concept. Later, he took on the role of writer, editor, and publisher. The series went on to become a publishing milestone for the Indian comic book scene, selling over 90 million copies of about 440 titles (as per the last count until the end of 2008). He has also launched the popular series.

In June 2018, Tinkle Comics reprinted the Original Series in three volumes, with Tinkle stories and features from issues #1 to #18, originally published between December 1980 and April 1982.

Rajani Thindiath took over as editor-in-chief in 2010 and ran the magazine for a decade before moving on from the role in January 2021. During her tenure as editor, she created two brand-new series for Tinkle. The first was SuperWeirdoes, a series about a set of teenagers with super-weird powers, The series encouraged readers to embrace their uniqueness. The second series she created was YogYodhas, centered on two siblings, Bir and Bala, who are the latest in a long line of yogic warriors who can manifest spirit creatures called praanis. These praanis come to their aid in the YogYodhas' fight against evil. Rajani was also responsible for opening up different genres within Tinkle; she launched Tinkle superheroes like WingStar and the aforementioned SuperWeirdoes, introduced horror comedy for the first time in the form of Billy the Vampire (and later, Buchki and the Booligans), and created space for a boarding school series as well called NOIS!

Popular comics
Apart from one-off stories, Tinkle also has regular characters that appear in a stand-alone fashion. Some of these characters are:

Currently on Tinkle
Kalia the Crow (Now known as 'Big Baan'):  A friendly crow living in a forest known as 'Big Baan', Kalia is the savior of each and every small animal in the forest. With his sharp beak, sharp brains, and his friends Babloo the bear and Danti the Elephant, his enemies Chamataka the wily jackal and Doob-Doob the stupid crocodile are always outwitted of their plans to catch the rabbits Keechu and Meechu, the deer Shonar, and other small animals. The title was changed to 'Big Baan' in 2019 and features stories focusing less on Kalia and more on the other characters in the forest. (Creator: Luis Fernandes; Artists: Archana Amberkar [current], C.D. Rane, Prasad Iyer, Pradeep Sathe, Ram Waeerkar, Ashok Dongre, Ramanand Bhagat)
Defective Detectives: Consists of two friends, Rahul and Ravi, who are notorious for being wannabe detectives but unable to get even the simplest cases right, with the former's sister Samhita always proving to be better than the duo. (Artist: Abhijeet Kini)
SuperWeirdos: A girl named Aisha is always trying to find her superpowers and has. While she searches for her powers, she stumbles on other kids of her age who have amazing but weird powers. Superweirdos was stopped in 2019, but due to popular demand has been brought back. (Original Creator: Rajani Thindiath; Artist: Abhijeet Kini)
Mapui Kawlim a.k.a. Wingstar: A 13-year-old superhero girl from Aizawl, Mizoram. Her father, an inventor, made her rocket thrusters, iron fists, and reinforced robotic arms, with which she acquires super flight and super strength. (Creator: Sean D′mello; Co-creator Artist: Vineet Nair)
YogYodhas: Two Twins named Bir and Bala find birthmarks on their bodies that turn into animals (carcals, sharks, scorpions, unicorns, fireflies, and a giant eagle). These animals are called Praanis and can be invoked using Yoga poses
NOIS: An Enid Blyton-inspired saga of boarding school adventures set at the Nilgiri Orchid International School, centered around fifth-graders Nadia (an overachiever who wants to get out of her sister's shadow) and Aadi (an over-imaginative young boy who dreams of being an actor).

Evergreen Stars
 Suppandi:  Probably one of the most famous characters of the comics, amuses everyone with his stupidity. (Artists: Archana Amberkar [current], Sanjiv Waeerkar, Ram Waeerkar). Initially brought out as a village simpleton in 1983.
 Shikari Shambu: The faint-hearted well renowned hunter, ends up being lauded for everything he did not achieve. Wild animals keep running into self-made traps as he sleeps before them. (Creator: Subba Rao; Artists: Savio Mascarenhas [current], Vasant Halbe)
 Tantri the Mantri:  An evil sinister Mantri (minister) who tries to dethrone the king, Raja Hooja by his clever plans. However, the naive king who loves laddus trusts his minister more than anyone or anything in the world and never suspects him of any activity to kill him. Every episode sees Tantri hatching an elaborate and seemingly foolproof plan to eliminate Hooja, however, for some reason or the other, all his plans backfire. In Tinkle Magazine No. 712, a bomb was thrown at Raja Hooja's palanquin and he was declared dead. Tantri was crowned king in Tinkle Magazine No. 714. Tantri's happiness was not long-lasted as Hooja's cousins were causing chaos in Tantri's mind and in Tinkle Magazine No. 730, Hooja was presumed alive, the cousins were in prison and Tantri again became a Mantri. Tantri again makes plans to usurp the throne of Hooja again. This plot seems to be based on the popular Iznogoud. (Artists: Prachi Killekar, Savio Mascarenhas, Anand Mande, Asit, Seema Mande, Ramanand Bhagat, Ajit Vasaikar, Ashok Dongre, Vineet Nair [current])
  Ina, Mina, Mynah, Mo: Four sisters who enjoy adventures. They have a father, Jagganath, (nicknamed Jaggu) who is a miser, and a mother, Bina.

Adaptions
Rather than being just comic book characters, some of the characters from Tinkle have been made into cartoons, movies, and books.

 The Suppandi series: a series of 8 books that have a selection of all the Suppandi tales found in Tinkle.
Suppandi, Suppandi!: a cartoon series featuring the popular Tinkle toon, Suppandi, features his acts of folly. This show currently airs on Cartoon Network and Pogo, often having returns on the same channels.
Suppandi on YouTube: A series started in 2015, animated videos featuring Suppandi, Shikari Shambu, and the Defective Detectives were released through 2016. Some of them included Coco as part of an advertising campaign with Kellogg's.
Shambu and the Man Eater: In November 2011, a short animated film featuring the popular Tinkle toon, Shikari Shambu, was released just before the premiere of the animated film of the popular Amar Chitra Katha series, The Sons of Ram. This movie features Shambu's adventures with a man-eating tiger.
The Butterfingers Series: A series of three books (as of 21 December 2015) features the clumsy acts of the popular Tinkle character, Amar Kishen aka Butterfingers, written by Khyrunnisa A. The series of three books (Howzaat Butterfingers!, Clean Bowled, Butterfingers!, Goal, Butterfingers!) revolves around Butterfingers and his friends, Eric, Kiran, and Minu, and their funny, comical high school life.

Discontinued
Dental Diaries: The de-fanged vampire Billy Drain goes on multiple quests to obtain a new pair of fangs, constantly supported and smothered by his overbearing mother Grilda, though they are thwarted at every step by the ambitious Myra Vamptop, who is both Billy's nemesis and object of desire.
Buchki and the Booligans: An 8-year-old girl named Buchki, along with her brother named Cyrus, encounters ghosts while staying with their grandmother, Didu, while their parents are in Japan. They befriend their great-great-grandfather's ghost.
 Wai Knot: A kid from Bengaluru whose motto in life is "don't ask why, ask why not?". Brash, unapologetic, and most of all incredibly strong-minded, Wai Knot, the new toon, stands out from Suppandi, Shikari Shambu, and other Tinkle toons. True to his name, Wai Knot always challenges those around him. He is inquisitive, be it his dad or his best friend Kia, and often gets into trouble with his 'experiments'.
Pyarelal: A kind villager who lives in Hastipur with his wife Lajwanti. He's ready to help or find solutions to any problem. He is a big fan of the Circus and Gajjo Bajjo Sandow, the powerful wrestler. (Creator: Indira Ananthakrishnan; Artists: Archana Amberkar, Ram Waeerkar, Sanjiv Waeerkar)
Nasruddin Hodja: Hodja is a witty man who is disliked by many of his enemies. His rivals always try to put him in a spot, but Hodja turns the tables on them because of his true wit and cheeky ways, with the stories bearing a relationship to Birbal. (Illustrations: Ram Waeerkar).
Mopes and Purr:  A detective cat-and-dog duo who is always on the run, solving cases. (Creator: Reena I Puri; Artist: Savio Mascarenhas)
Butterfingers: A clumsy boy named Amar who is chidingly called "Butterfingers" by his parents, friends and teachers. He is chided for his sloppiness and laziness but is a happy-go-lucky character who also has a presence of mind and manages to save the day despite messing up trivial stuff. The comic, however, was stopped in 2014. (Creator: Khyrunissa A.; Artists: Abhijeet Kini)
  Anwar: A small boy of five who uses his wit and intelligence to get the better of every situation. (Illustrations: Savio Mascarenhas, formerly VB Halbe)
 Raghu: An 8-year-old happy-go-lucky boy, who renders people speechless with his wit. (Illustrations: Savio Mascarenhas, Sanjiv Waeerkar and Ram Waeerkar)
Ramu and Shamu: They are very similar to Dennis the Menace in nature. These identical twins are about eight years of age and live in a middle-class home with their parents. They always embarrass or confuse their parents with their juvenile and innocent questions or acts. Their episodes are small but very cute and charming. (Creator: Anant Pai; Artists: Mohandas, Ajit Vasaikar)
 Kapish: This series is similar to Kalia the Crow. Kapish is a monkey who lives in the jungle of Kadu along with his friends Bundila the elephant calf, Baboocha the bear, Pintu the fawn, Motu the rabbit, Kashapu the tortoise and Panja the eagle. His arch-enemies include Peelu the tiger, Sigal the jackal, Kesha the lion, and Dopaya the hunter. Kapish uses his magic tail, which can be extended, shrunk, and narrowed at will, in order to save Pintu, Motu, Kashapu as well as the other smaller animals of the forest from the plans of Peelu, Sigal, and Dopaya. (Creator: Anant Pai; Artists: Mohandas, Ajit Vasaikar)
 Little Raji: Raji is a young girl who lives in a middle-class home with her parents and elder brother Raju. She is a quick-witted girl who uses her presence of mind to resolve various problems. (Creator: Anant Pai; Artists: Sunita Kalewar)
 Anu Club: Anurag Sharma aka Uncle Anu, is a nuclear physicist who runs the weekly Anu Club, whose members include the neighbourhood kids such as Anand, Amar, Deepa, Vijay as well as the brother-sister duo of Bharat and Chitra. During the club meetings, Uncle Anu explains to the kid's scientific concepts in a practical and fun manner. (Creator: Margie Sastry; Artists: Ramanand Bhagat, Souren Roy, Goutam Sen, Shyam Desai)
 Choru and Joru: Choru, a thief, always has his plans foiled due to the efforts of the police inspector Joru. (Creator: Prasad Iyer; Artists: Anand Mande, Ram Waeerkar)
  The Dumbbells: Nattoo, Dattoo, and Motu are three friends whose antics cause chaos among everyone around them. (Creator: Prasad Iyer; Artists: Anand Mande)
 Mooshik: A three-paneled silent comic of a cat chasing a mouse. The comics don't have any dialogue and are reminiscent of Tom and Jerry. (Creator: Subba Rao)

See also
Balarama
Champak

References

External links

  Tinkle celebrates -  Kids cheered as the 500th issue of Tinkle comics was released in a special edition—The Hindu

1980 comics debuts
1980 establishments in India
English-language magazines published in India
Children's magazines published in India
Comics magazines published in India
Monthly magazines published in India
Magazines established in 1980
Multilingual magazines

Tinkle


Johann Paul Freiherr von Hocher (12 August 1616, in Freiburg (then in Austria) – 28 February 1683, in Vienna) was an Austrian jurist and Supreme Court Chancellor (Hofkanzler) to the Emperor Leopold I.

Early life
Johann Paul Hocher was the son of Johann Hocher Arbogast Hocher (or Hocherr) from Masmünster in Oberelsass (Upper Alsace), a professor at the University of Freiburg, and Magdalena von Mager of Fuchsstadt. At the university in Freiburg he studied law.

Because of concerns about the war with Sweden, his parents sent Hocher to Innsbruck in 1635. There, the local Hofkammer-president Johann Michael von Schmauß took care of him and brought him to the famous lawyer Johann Baptist Drächsel at Bozen (Bolzano), where Hocher acquired a reputation as a lawyer, although he soon fell out with Drächsel. In 1642 he was awarded his doctorate in law from Freiburg.

Career
In 1637 Archduke Ferdinand Karl appointed him to be a councillor (Regimentsrat) of Upper Austria. In 1646 he was appointed to the Wirklichen Regimentsrat and in 1654 to the Regimentskammer. In 1655 Hocher became the Tyrolean Vice-Chancellor (Vizekanzler) and on 9 July 1660 was knighted in Innsbruck. In the same year Hocher wrote a new Tyrolean constitution, the Tirolische Landesordnung. In December 1660 he gave up his position as Vice-Chancellor to become the Court Chancellor (Hofkanzler) (1660-1663) to the Prince Bishop of Brixen.

At the Imperial Diet of Regensburg in 1665 Hocher acted as the Imperial Reichshofrat and Austrian ambassador. On the death of Archduke Sigismund Francis and the subsequent union of Tyrol with the other Habsburg dominions under Leopold I, the emperor appointed him Vice Chancellor of Upper Austria on 1 October 1665. In view of his origins as a commoner, Hocher declined the position of court chancellor (Obersten Hofkanzler) but accepted this honour upon his elevation to the hereditary peerage (8 March 1667).

Following the Magnate conspiracy Hocher headed the Special Court which sentenced to death the leaders of the conspiracy (Ferenc Nadasdy, Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan) in 1671. Shortly before the second Turkish siege of Vienna in July 1683 Hocher died at "Gundelhof" in Vienna (now Number 4, Bauernmarkt in the First District of Vienna). He was buried in the family vault in Kuefstein'schen, Greillenstein (Horn District, Lower Austria).

Legacy
The foundation charter of the University of Innsbruck (26 April 1677) bears his countersignature.

Sources
 Hans Wagner:  Hocher, Johann Paul Freiherr von In Neue Deutsche Biographie NDB). Band 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, S. 287 f. (Digitalised).
 Heinrich Ritter von Zeißberg :Hocher, Johann Paul In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 12, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, S. 520 f.

1616 births
1683 deaths
Austrian diplomats
Barons of Austria
Chancellors of Austria

Johann Paul Freiherr von Hocher


Antonio Ermolao Paoletti (May 8, 1834 in Venice – December 13, 1912 in Venice) was an Italian painter, mainly of Venetian genre scenes, recalling Bamboccianti life of children and women, as well as sacred fresco work for churches in the Veneto.

Antonio's father, Ermolao Paoletti, was a well known scholar and writer of Venice. He wrote a much cited expansive guide to its architecture, monuments, artistic works, and customs. He also wrote a dictionary of Venetian dialect. He was an engraver and painter, and was a professor at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Venice.

Antonio attended course in the Accademia as a pupil of Pompeo Marino Molmenti, and as a colleague of the sculptor Antonio Dal Zotto and the Armenian painter and engraver Edgar Chahine.

He displayed in various exhibitions, including Milan in 1872, where he displayed Ecco come va il vino nelle messe; at the 1884 Exhibition of Turin: Flowers for the Holy Virgin and Fa' caro al nonno!; at the 1884 Promotrice Popolana Venicena; il pesce addenti;  and in 1885, Il venditore di pesce.

Among his many frescoes is the main altarpiece depicting the Madonna of the Rosary with St Anthony and St Materno (1863) for the parish church of Melara. Like his father, Antonio also became a professor at the Accademia.

Gallery

References

1834 births
1912 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Italian genre painters
Painters from Venice
Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia alumni
Academic staff of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Antonio Ermolao Paoletti


The Songlines is a 1987 book written by Bruce Chatwin, combining fiction and non-fiction. Chatwin describes a trip to Australia which he has taken for the express purpose of researching Aboriginal song and its connections to nomadic travel. Discussions with Australians, many of them Indigenous Australians, yield insights into Outback culture, Aboriginal culture and religion, and the Aboriginal land rights movement.

Synopsis
Chatwin develops his thesis about the primordial nature of Aboriginal song.  The writing engages the hard conditions of life for present-day indigenous Australians, while appreciating the art and culture of the people for whom the Songlines are the touchstone of reality. The book's first half chronicles the main character's travels through Outback Australia and his various encounters, while the second half is dedicated to his musings on the nature of man as nomad and settler.

Thesis
Chatwin asserts that language started as song, and in the aboriginal Dreamtime, it sang the land into existence for the conscious mind and memory. As you sing the land, the tree, the rock, the path, they come to be, and the singers are one with them. Chatwin combines evidence from Aboriginal culture with modern ideas on human evolution, and argues that on the African Savannah, we were a migratory species hunted by a dominant feline predator. Our wanderings spread "songlines" across the globe (generally from southwest to northeast), eventually reaching Australia, where they are now preserved in the world's oldest living culture.

Reactions
The New York Times review praised the book as "[Chatwin's] bravest book yet", observing that it "engages the full range of the writer's passions" and that "each of his books has been a different delight [and] feast of style and form", but noted that Chatwin failed to bridge the "inevitable" "distance between a modern sensibility and an ancient one" in representing the Aboriginal relationship to their land, and did not sufficiently clearly establish the nature of the Songlines themselves, despite Chatwin's "quoting pertinently" from Giambattista Vico and Heidegger, and while acknowledging the difficulty of so doing, concluded that he ought to have "found some way to make the songs accessible" to the reader. Chatwin's "vision", though "exhilarating", could also at times seem "naive" and "unhistorical"; the review concluded that, nevertheless, Chatwin "remains one of our clearest, most vibrant writers".

John Bayley, in a review for the London Review of Books, called the book "compulsively memorable", but observed the difficulty encountered by the anthropologist in his representation of a culture such as the Aboriginal one Chatwin dealt with: "describing [their] life and beliefs... falsifies them [and] creates a picture of unreality... seductively comprehensible to others"; Chatwin "makes no comparison or comment, and draws no conclusions, but his reader has the impression that anthropologists can't do other than mislead." He however praised "the poetry" of Chatwin's "remarkable pages"; and considered that "the book is a masterpiece".

In The Irish Times, Julie Parsons, after consideration of the difficulties encountered by Chatwin—"born, raised and educated in the European tradition"—in apprehending the nature of the relationship between the Aborigines and the land on which they live, notes that as the reader follows his narrative, they "realise the impossibility of Chatwin's project. The written word cannot express this world", but the book is read nevertheless "with pleasure and fascination. We read it to learn how little we know."

Rory Stewart, in The New York Review of Books, observed that the book "transformed English travel writing", praising his "concision" and "erudition", and acknowledging Chatwin's inspirational character and the view of The Songlines as "almost... a sacred text", leading Stewart and others to travel and "arrange... life and meaning"; he noted that whereas his own travels were at times "repetitive, boring, frustrating", "this is not the way that Chatwin describes the world", nor experienced it. Despite Stewart's conclusion that "today... [his] fictions seem more transparent" and that Chatwin's "personality... learning... myths, even his prose, are less hypnotizing", he considers that "he remains a great writer, of deep and enduring importance." Of particular note was Chatwin's representation of the Aboriginal people he encountered; despite the hardships of their daily existence—sickness, addiction, unemployment—"they are not victims... they emerge as figures of scope, and challenging autonomy."

Literary references
The character Arkady refers to Australia as "the country of lost children".  This was used as the title for Peter Pierce's 1999 book The Country of Lost Children: An Australian Anxiety.

See also

Ethnogeology
Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)
Aboriginal title on land rights

References

1986 books
Mythology books
Books by Bruce Chatwin
Australian Aboriginal culture
Books about Indigenous Australians
British travel books
Books about Australia

The Songlines


General Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio general) is a 2013 Peruvian supernatural horror film directed by Dorian Fernandez Moris. Written by Javier Velasquez, the plot is based on urban legends in the city's main cemetery.  The film stars Airam Galliani, Nikko Ponce, Leslie Shaw, Marisol Aguirre, among others. It is produced by Iquitos-based Audiovisual Films company. The filming began in January 2012 in Iquitos. Moreover, it is an indirect sponsored film due to its ample, solicited budget support by state-owned and privately held entities.

General Cemetery is the first full-length horror film in Peru. The film includes extensive found footage scenes, a new film style in the country.

Premise
Set in Iquitos, the story follows Andrea (Airam Galliani), a 15-year-old girl, who suffers after the death of her father. Her friends from school convince her to try and contact her father using a ouija board. However, this triggers a series of terrifying events.

Production
General Cemetery was conceived in early 2011.  The screenplay was co-written by Javier Velasquez and Dorian Fernández. The story is based in urban legends about the city's main cemetery, which were condensed in the script, and compacted to the investigation of facts.

Airam Galliani was selected to her role, when Fernandez-Moris found her in the Ensamble acting workshop.

Attempting to follow the found footage style, Fernández-Moris was influenced by Paranormal Activity, Cloverfield, REC and The Blair Witch Project.

References

External links

2013 films
2013 horror films
Peruvian supernatural horror films
Films set in 2012
Found footage films
2010s supernatural horror films
2010s Peruvian films
2010s Spanish-language films

General Cemetery


Ethan Matthew Hunt is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Mission: Impossible film series. He is portrayed by Tom Cruise. The character of Ethan Hunt is a highly skilled field agent and operative for the Impossible Mission Force (IMF), a secret government agency that handles dangerous and high-stakes missions.

Appearances

Mission: Impossible (1996)

In the first film, Hunt acts as the IMF point man for an experienced field team led by veteran Jim Phelps (Jon Voight), his mentor. While attempting to prevent files containing information on all IMF's field agents from being stolen during a mission in Prague, nearly the entire team, except Hunt, are killed, and the files are stolen. Hunt is seen as the main suspect as he learns that the mission was a set-up to expose a mole who had been selling secrets to an arms dealer called Max (Vanessa Redgrave); the real files are still secure at CIA headquarters in Langley. Hunt decides to steal the actual list himself for the arms dealer in exchange for a meeting with the actual mole and $10,000,000 in bearer bonds. He recruits a team of other disavowed agents such as hacker Luther Stickell (Ving Rhames), pilot Franz Krieger (Jean Reno), and Jim's wife Claire (Emmanuelle Béart), the only other survivor of the mission in Prague, to help him break into CIA headquarters in order to steal the genuine list in exchange for an introduction to the real mole, which he successfully does. Ethan later finds Jim alive and deduces that he is the real mole, working with Claire and Krieger to escape with the money and frame Ethan for their crimes. In a final confrontation aboard a TGV train in the Channel Tunnel, Claire is killed when she tries to protect Ethan, as Ethan clears his name by stopping Phelps and Krieger before they are able to escape with the money and by securing the list. Ethan gets Luther reinstated as an IMF agent and considers leaving the IMF, but is offered a mission of his own during the flight home.

Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)

In the second film, Hunt is tasked with retrieving a deadly genetically engineered virus, known as "Chimera", from a rogue IMF agent, Sean Ambrose (Dougray Scott), who intends to release the virus after acquiring a controlling influence on the company that created it so that he can profit from sales of the cure. Hunt attempts to infiltrate Ambrose's inner circle through Ambrose's former girlfriend, Nyah Nordoff-Hall (Thandiwe Newton), an accomplished thief. During their mission, Hunt and Nordoff-Hall engage in an affair that complicates the mission. At the climax, Nordoff-Hall is forced to infect herself with the last virus in order to save Hunt; with Hunt having destroyed the only other traces of the virus, she was thus able to shield Hunt until he could escape. Subsequently racing against time—the virus is incurable twenty hours after infection—Hunt manages to acquire the cure and is forced to kill Ambrose.

Mission: Impossible III (2006)

In the third film, Hunt is now a semi-retired training officer for IMF and plans a quiet life with his fiancée Julia Meade (Michelle Monaghan), who does not know about the IMF. He is called back into service to rescue a former student called Lindsey Farris (Keri Russell) who was captured during a mission in Germany, and recovers confidential information via a stolen laptop. He is forced to once again go rogue in an attempt to track down the sadistic arms dealer, Owen Davian (Philip Seymour Hoffman) and secure a dangerous mystery item known as the 'Rabbit's Foot'. After an impromptu ceremony, Hunt and Julia are married, only for Owen, who has a double agent working within IMF, to kidnap Julia. With the help of his IMF team: Stickell, Declan Gormley (Jonathan Rhys Meyers), and Zhen Lei (Maggie Q), Hunt finds the Rabbit's foot, saves his wife, and kills Owen Davian in Shanghai.

The sixth film of the series, Mission: Impossible – Fallout, confirms that Ethan and Julia were happy for a while, but their marriage was tainted every time they heard about a disaster due to Ethan's potential to prevent them from happening.

Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)

In the fourth film, Hunt—having just escaped from a deep-cover mission in prison—and his IMF team, Benji Dunn (Simon Pegg), William Brandt (Jeremy Renner) & Jane Carter (Paula Patton), are blamed for an attack that destroys the Kremlin, resulting in the disavowal of the entire IMF. Despite lacking their usual resources, connections, technology, and backup, their mission is to find and stop Kurt Hendricks/Cobalt (Michael Nyqvist), a former Soviet nuclear strategist who is intent on starting a nuclear war to usher in the next era of human evolution. As they chase Hendricks to Dubai and on to Mumbai, India, they themselves are pursued by a team of Russian agents trying to apprehend them. The team becomes increasingly fractured as individual members fight their own demons while trying to trust the others. Hunt manages to pull the team together, stop a nuclear bomb and clear the IMF of any involvement in the Kremlin attack. It is also revealed that Hunt had Julia's death faked to protect her, something only he and the IMF Secretary knew about, giving him the pretext to infiltrate the prison his team freed him from in the opening scene.

Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)

In the fifth film, Hunt is assigned a mission that culminates in him hanging outside of an A400M military aircraft 5,000 feet above the ground in Belarus to recover a package that contains VX nerve gas. Although this mission succeeds, when he learns that the thieves responsible for stealing the gas lacked the connections to do so, Hunt begins to uncover evidence of the existence of the Syndicate, a consortium of covert operatives who wreak terrorist attacks worldwide. After Hunt is forced to go off-the-grid when he is nearly killed by a Syndicate operative and the IMF is disbanded and absorbed into the CIA due to its controversial and destructive methods, he spends six months trying to track the Syndicate. Eventually, he and his former team (Benji Dunn, William Brandt, and Luther Stickell) along with MI-6 agent Ilsa Faust (Rebecca Ferguson) learn that the Syndicate was actually originally a British project to perform missions without oversight, but British agent Solomon Lane (Sean Harris) took the plans and went rogue, now seeking to steal files that would grant him access to various established bank accounts to finance future Syndicate operations. Refusing to allow the Syndicate to continue, Hunt and his team are able to capture Lane, with CIA Director Alan Hunley (Alec Baldwin) subsequently forced to claim that the disbanding of IMF was a cover to allow them to track the Syndicate.

Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)

In the sixth film, an IMF mission goes wrong when Ethan chooses to save Luther after the latter is taken hostage, allowing a splinter group of the Syndicate, known as the Apostles, to gain access to three plutonium cores that could be used to create nuclear weapons. Forced to work with CIA agent August Walker (Henry Cavill), Ethan is able to assume the identity of Apostle contact John Lark (Liang Yang) and acquire one of the cores in exchange for breaking Solomon Lane out of prison – despite opposition from Ilsa Faust, now under orders to kill Lane or bring him back to Britain – but he, Luther and Benji later use Lane to trick Walker into revealing that he is Lark. When the IMF Secretary Alan Hunley (Alec Baldwin) is killed by Walker, Ethan's team and Ilsa track Walker and Lane to a medical aid camp where Julia, Ethan's former wife, is currently working, Ethan realizing that Lane and Walker intend to detonate the bombs there for both the personal reason of hurting Ethan and the wider-scale reason that such a nuclear detonation would contaminate the water supply for almost a third of the world's population. While Luther, Julia, Benji and Ilsa disable the bombs and confront Lane, Ethan is forced to steal a helicopter that he doesn't know how to fly to pursue Walker and acquire the bomb detonator, culminating in a desperate struggle on a steep cliff that ends with Walker thrown off the cliff along with the helicopter. With the crisis concluded, Ethan's reputation and the reputation of the IMF is redeemed in the eyes of the CIA, who muse that Ethan's focus on individual lives is important for his superiors as it allows them to focus on the biggest picture.

Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023)

In the seventh film, Hunt tries to track down a pair of keys that could help take down a rogue artificial intelligence known as The Entity. In the process he confronts Gabriel, a terrorist in allegiance with the Entity, whose was also responsible for the murder of Hunt's girlfriend Marie which led Hunt to become an IMF agent.

Video games
Aside from the Mission: Impossible films, Ethan Hunt has appeared in the 1998 video game based on the first film, voiced by Kevin Bayliss, and the 2003 video game Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma, voiced by Steve Blum. He also appears as a playable character in the crossover game Lego Dimensions, with archive recordings of Tom Cruise being used for his voice.

Reception
Vlad Dima, writing in Bright Lights Film Journal, said while the series succeeds due to "inventive, over-the-top stunts, the relentless trickery, and ultimately... Tom Cruise's star-power", he said, "One less obvious element, though, is a myth that slowly develops over the span of the series and comes to full bloom in Fallout... [is Ethan] Hunt's eternal quest... to become the perfect man." Dima said Ethan Hunt "comes from a long line of action heroes" and that the character (and the films) have become more like James Bond and Jason Bourne. Hunt "erases all of the weaknesses we have ever noticed in any of these screen heroes". He is unlike Bourne in knowing his status as "a good guy" and unlike Bond in not womanizing, having cared about only two women. Dima said, "This personal detail seems to be an important requirement in the mythology of the perfect man."

References

Action film characters
Fictional American secret agents
Martial artist characters in films
Fictional special forces personnel
Fictional characters from Madison, Wisconsin
Mission: Impossible characters
Spy film characters
Tom Cruise
Film characters introduced in 1996

Ethan Hunt