Lucy Cavendish College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge.

The college is named in honour of Lucy Cavendish (1841–1925), who campaigned for the reform of women's education.

History
The college was founded in 1965 by female academics of the University of Cambridge who believed that the university offered too few and too restricted opportunities for women as either students or academics. Its origins are traceable to the Society of Women Members of the Regent House who are not Fellows of Colleges (informally known as the Dining Group) which in the 1950s sought to provide the benefits of collegiality to its members who, being female, were not college fellows. At the time there were only two women's colleges in Cambridge, Girton and Newnham, insufficient for the large and growing numbers of female academic staff in the university.

The college was named in honour of Lucy Caroline Cavendish, a pioneer of women's education and the great aunt of one of its founders, Margaret Braithwaite. First formally recognised as the Lucy Cavendish Collegiate Society, it moved to its current site in 1970, received consent to be called Lucy Cavendish College in 1986, and gained the status of a full college of the university by Royal Charter in 1997.

The first president of the college, from 1965 to 1970, was Anna McClean Bidder, one of the founding members of the Dining Group and a zoologist specialising in cephalopod digestion; this accounts for the presence of the nautilus shell in the college coat of arms. She was succeeded by Kate Bertram until 1979, Phyllis Hetzel (Lady Bowden), Dame Anne Warburton, Baroness Perry of Southwark, Dame Veronica Sutherland, Janet Todd and Jackie Ashley. The current and ninth president of Lucy Cavendish is Madeleine Atkins, who took up the post in 2018.

With effect from October 2021, Lucy Cavendish has admitted both women and men from the standard university age. The college gave as its primary reason for the change "to grow graduate and undergraduate numbers to support the University and the other colleges in making more places available for excellent students from under-represented backgrounds." The mission of the college was to open the Cambridge door to talented and exceptional students from under-represented and non-traditional backgrounds. Lucy Cavendish, uniquely in Cambridge, became broadly representative in its UK student body of the UK's national society. On 4 December 2019 the college appointed its first male fellows. In the 2022 admission cycle, Lucy Cavendish became the first University of Cambridge college to admit more than 90% of its undergraduates from state schools.

College site
For the first few years of the college's existence it occupied rooms first in Silver Street and then in Northampton Street. In 1970 it moved to its current site on the corner of Madingley Road and Lady Margaret Road, near Westminster College and St John's College, which had provided some of the land.

In 1991 the college bought Balliol Croft, a neighbouring house to its grounds and former home of the economist Alfred Marshall and his wife Mary Paley Marshall, with whom he wrote his first economics textbook.  The building was renamed Marshall House in his honour and used for student accommodation until 2001 when it was converted back to its original layout and used as the President's Lodge. Meanwhile, the majority of the college's buildings, including Warburton Hall and the library, were completed in the 1990s.

The college is primarily situated on a site just north-west of central Cambridge bounded by Madingley Road and Lady Margaret Road. It is currently based around three converted 19th-century villas and a new eco-friendly and accessible Passivhaus building, with facilities including student accommodation, porters' lodge, library, teaching rooms, dining hall, gym, social spaces and a large café/bar. The new accommodation building meets and exceeds the Passivhaus standard and 100% of the college's electricity is supplied by renewables. In 2022 the college received the Platinum Award for Green Impact, the highest award offered by the United Nations' programme for environmentally and socially sustainable practice.

There is on-site accommodation for 235 students with a further 98 rooms (including 10 flats) owned by the college near its main site, primarily at its new student centre at 100 Histon Road which was opened in 2014. In order to provide more accommodation, the college also rents neighbouring properties from St John's College and at Mount Pleasant Halls, which together provide a further 114 rooms and flats.

Student body
Lucy Cavendish has over 900 students, approximately 40% of whom are undergraduates and 60% graduates. Students originate from over 85 different countries, making it a distinctly international college. The college website states that "Students from every corner of the UK mix with students from around the world. Students with 'Access' qualifications interact with students who have studied for A-levels and the International Baccalaureate.

The 2020 intake had 74% of new entrants that came from under-represented groups, compared to an average across the University of 64%. The 2021 intake has recorded an intake of 78% of new UK students from state schools or FE colleges compared to the University average of 70%. The 2022 intake has recorded an intake of 91.1% of new UK students from state schools or FE colleges compared to the University average of 72.5%.

Lucy Cavendish students are also called "Lucians".

Academic performance
The percentage of undergraduate/postgraduate students achieving 2.1 or 1st class honours degrees was 97% of all students eligible during 2020.

Clubs and societies
Students are encouraged to join some of the hundreds of clubs and societies across the university and in their academic department, in order to have a healthy life balance that makes them more successful as students and brings them friendships and contacts they wouldn't otherwise have had. There is currently an art society, two choirs, a sewing and knitting society, a student magazine, the Lucy Cavendish College Boat Club, and teams for badminton, football and netball. There are societies based on the course (Tripos) such as Lucy Lawyers and the VetMed Society, with their programmes of talks, visits and social events.

Lucy Cavendish Fiction Prize
The college hosts an important annual national prize for fiction, the Lucy Cavendish Fiction Prize, open to women novelists over the age of 18 years who have not yet been published. It was founded by Janet Todd. The Prize has launched numerous literary careers with a number of shortlisted writers seeing commercial success. Alongside the Fiction Prize, the college has run writing short courses with subsidies for those from low-income backgrounds, runs writing prizes for current students and prospective students, and supported the establishment of the innovative virtual "Lucy Writers' Platform" that provides opportunities for budding non-fiction writers, journalists, and others to build a profile. Fiction Prize winners include Gail Honeyman Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine and Claire Askew.

List of presidents

Notable alumnae

 Noeleen Heyzer, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and executive director of UNIFEM
 Rosena Allin-Khan, Member of Parliament for Tooting since 2016.

Honorary Fellows
 Jackie Ashley
 Carol M. Black
 Margaret Burbidge
 Shami Chakrabarti (2 March 2017)
 Jane Clarke
 Dame Judi Dench
 Janet Neel Cohen, Baroness Cohen of Pimlico
 Anna Ford
 Edwina Dunn
 Cynthia Glassman
 Sophie Hannah
 Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws
 Queen Margrethe of Denmark
 Martina Navratilova
 Dame Anne Owers
 Pauline Perry, Baroness Perry of Southwark
 Nirmala Rao
 Alison Richard
 Dame Stella Rimington
 Sarah Sands
 Ali Smith
 Veronica Sutherland
 Dame Cath Tizard
 Janet Todd
 Sandi Toksvig
 Claire Tomalin

References

External links

 Official college website
 Admissions info for Lucy Cavendish College
 Lucy Cavendish College Students' Union
 History of Lucy Cavendish College

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
Women's universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in England

Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge


1. FC Eintracht Bamberg is a football team in Bamberg, Upper Franconia Germany. In 1946 they were called 1. FC Bamberg and were in the "first Division". Now they play in the "Fourth Division", Regionalliga Bayern, with the new name, F.C. Eintracht Bamberg.

Bamberg
Football clubs in Bavaria

FC Eintracht Bamberg


Ludwig Minkus (), also known as Léon Fyodorovich Minkus (23 March 1826, Vienna – 7 December 1917, Vienna), was an Austrian composer of ballet music, a violinist and teacher of music.

Minkus is noted for the music he composed during his career in St. Petersburg, Russia. Beginning in 1871 Minkus served in the official post of Composer of Ballet Music to the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres, a position he held until it was abolished upon his retirement in 1886. During his long career in St. Petersburg, Minkus composed for the original works and revivals staged by the ballet masters Arthur Saint-Léon and Marius Petipa. Among the composer's most celebrated compositions is his score for La source (1866; composed jointly with Léo Delibes), Don Quixote (1869); and La Bayadère (1877). Minkus  composed many pieces for older works. The most well-known of Minkus's additional music is the Grand Pas classique and Mazurka des enfants composed for Petipa's 1881 revival of Paquita.

Early life
Ludwig Minkus was born Aloysius Bernhard Philipp Minkus on 23 March 1826, in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire. His father, Theodor Johann Minkus, was born in 1795 in Groß-Meseritsch, Moravia (today known as Velké Meziříčí near Brno, Moravia, in what is now the Czech Republic) and his mother, Maria Franziska Heimann was born in 1807 in Pest, Hungary. Minkus was of Jewish descent—his parents converted to Catholicism not long before their relocation to Vienna, and were married on the following day.

Minkus's father was a wholesale merchant of wine in Moravia, Austria and Hungary. Theodore Minkus eventually opened a restaurant in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna that featured its own Tanzkapelle (dance orchestra), one of many such orchestras in the imperial capital at that time. By the age of four, Ludwig Minkus began to receive private lessons in the violin, and from 1838 to 1842 he began his musical studies at the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna.

Minkus made his public début at a recital in Vienna at the age of eight. On 18 October 1845 an announcement in the Viennese newspaper Der Humorist commented on the performances of the previous season, and noted that Minkus's playing featured " ... a conservative style with a glittering performance." Soon the young Minkus was appearing in various concert halls as a soloist of note.

Minkus began composing for his instrument while he was still a student. Five pieces for the violin were published in 1846. At this time Minkus began to try his hand at conducting. For a time he was the regular conductor of an orchestra that competed with another under the baton of the young Johann Strauss II (in later years Strauss was acquainted with Minkus's brother Eugen, a bank director in Vienna).

Minkus's life from 1842 to 1852 is poorly documented—travel applications survive which show requests to visit Germany, France and England. In 1852 Minkus accepted the position of principal violinist to the Vienna Court Opera, but because this meant that he also had to fulfill the usual duties this position demanded, he resigned that same year to take up an important musical assignment abroad that would change his life forever.

Russia
In 1853 Ludwig Minkus emigrated to Saint Petersburg, Russia to serve as conductor of the Serf orchestra of Prince Nikolai Yusupov, a post which Minkus occupied until 1855. That same year, Minkus married Maria Antoinette Schwarz at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg. Schwarz was also a native of Austria, born in Vienna in 1838.

From 1856 until 1861 Minkus served as principal violinist and concert master to the orchestra of the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow as well as conductor of the Italian Opera of that theatre. By 1861 Minkus was promoted to the prestigious position of Inspector of Orchestras to the Moscow Imperial Theatres. At this time Minkus was also working as professor of violin at the newly established Moscow Conservatory.

It was for the private performances at the Yusupov palace that Minkus composed what appears to be his first score for ballet, the mythological L′Union de Thétis et Pélée (The Union of Thetis and Peleus), first performed in 1857. During his association with the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Minkus composed another score for ballet, the one-act Deux jours en Venise (Two Days in Venice), produced in 1862.

Collaborations with Arthur Saint-Léon

In late 1862 Minkus was called upon to compose an entr'acte for solo violin to be added to Adolphe Adam's score for Jean Coralli's ballet Orfa. The ballet was staged for the Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow by Arthur Saint-Léon, who at that time was one of the most celebrated Ballet Masters in Europe. Since 1860 Saint-Léon was engaged as Premier Maître de Ballet of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres, a position which also required him to stage the occasional work for the Moscow ballet troupe.

It was Saint-Léon who commissioned Minkus's first score for a full-length Grand Ballet, the three-act La Flamme d′amour, ou La Salamandre (The Flame of Love, or The Salamander), which the ballet master produced especially for the renowned Russian prima ballerina Marfa Muravieva. The premiere on  was a great success for the ballet company of the Bolshoi Theatre. Saint-Léon subsequently mounted the work in St. Petersburg for the Imperial Ballet in an elaborated edition staged especially for Muravieva's benefit performance. The St. Petersburg version was presented under the title Fiametta, ou L′amour du Diable (Fiametta, or The Love of the Devil) for the first on  at the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre. Minkus later accompanied Saint-Léon to mount the ballet for Muravieva at the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra in Paris. For this staging the ballet's title was changed again as Néméa, ou L′Amour vengé (Néméa, or The Avenged Love). Since ballets at that time were only performed at the Paris Opéra as diversions during the intermissions of full-length operas, Saint-Léon was required to mount the ballet in a redacted edition in two-acts. The first performance took place on 11 July 1864 with an audience that included the Empress Eugénie. Featured along with Muravieva in the title role of Néméa was the celebrated Premier danseur Louis Mérante in the role of Count Molder and the ballerina Eugénie Fiocre in the role of Cupid. Minkus's score was praised by the critics of the day, among them Théophile Gautier, who found the music to be filled with a " .. haunting, dreamy quality. The music for the dances were filled with sparkling melodies and infectious rhythms." Néméa, ou L′Amour vengé was retained for fifty-three performances in the Opéra's repertory until 1871. Saint-Léon also mounted the work for the ballet troupe of the Teatro Comunale in Trieste, where it premiered on 15 March 1868 as Nascita della Fiamma d′Amore (Birth of the Flame of Love). The change of titles of this ballet has caused confusion among historians, many of whom have claimed that each of these productions were completely different works altogether.

In the fall of 1866 Saint-Léon was invited to stage a new work for the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra. This was La Source, which was written by Minkus in collaboration with the composer Léo Delibes. Minkus wrote the whole of Act I and the second tableau of Act III, while Delibes wrote the whole of Act II and the first tableau of Act III. Contemporary sources do not offer an explanation as to why the score was shared between the two composers. La Source premiered on 12 November 1866, and was retained until 1876 after seventy-three performances.

Saint-Léon continued to work with Minkus throughout the 1860s. On  Saint-Léon presented his one-act ballet Le Poisson doré (The Golden Fish), which was staged at Peterhof in honor of the wedding of the Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich to the Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Saint-Léon chose a Russian subject for this work, derived from Alexander Pushkin's 1835 poem Skazka o rybake i rybke (The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish). For the Imperial Ballet's 1867–1868 season, Saint-Léon expanded Le Poisson doré into a three-act Grand ballet, first presented on  with the celebrated Italian ballerina Guglielmina Salvioni in the principal role of Galia. Minkus's score featured several traditional Russian folk melodies, as well as virtuoso passages for solo flute written especially for the renowned Italian flautist Cesare Ciardi.

The following season Minkus and Saint-Léon produced the ballet Le Lys (The Lily), based on a Chinese legend Three Arrows. The ballet featured a score by Minkus that was derived from the composer's work on La Source. The ballet premiered at the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre on  for the benefit performance of the ballerina Adèle Grantzow. In spite of his efforts, both Le Lys and the expanded Le Poisson doré proved to be catastrophic failures for Saint-Léon. In light of this the directorate of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres did not renew the Ballet Master's contract, and soon he re-located to Paris where he died in 1870.

Collaborations with Marius Petipa

Through his association with Saint-Léon and the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet, Minkus came to the attention of the renowned choreographer Marius Petipa. Petipa arrived in the imperial capital in 1847, where he was engaged as Premier danseur to the Imperial Theatres, as well as assistant to the Ballet Master Jules Perrot, who served as Premier Maître de Ballet to the company from 1850 to 1859. Petipa was named second Maître de Ballet after the success of his grand ballet The Pharaoh's Daughter, set to the score of the Italian composer Cesare Pugni. Pugni had served as Ballet Composer of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres  since 1850, a post which was created especially for him when he accompanied Perrot to Russia that same year. By the mid-1860s the composer was nearing the end of his life and prolific career. As the decade drew to a close he became increasingly unreliable, and so Saint-Léon and Petipa began to turn to Minkus.

For the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre's 1869–1870 season, Petipa staged a Grand ballet based on Miguel de Cervantes' early 17th century novel Don Quixote. Although plans were made to have a score supplied by Pugni, Petipa instead turned to Minkus, who supplied a score filled with a great variety of Spanish-styled flair. Petipa's Don Quixote premiered to a resounding success on , and went on to become a celebrated work in the classical ballet repertory.

Not long before Saint-Léon's death, Petipa was named Premier Maître de Ballet of the St. Peterbsurg Imperial Theatres. Petipa staged a new version of his Don Quixote for the Imperial Ballet in St. Petersburg, and for this production Minkus completely reworked and expanded his score. This staging of Don Quixote premiered on  to great success, earning Minkus great acclaim for his effective music. With the death of Cesare Pugni in January 1870 the official post of ballet composer was left vacant. With the success of his score for Petipa's Don Quixote, Minkus was named Ballet Composer of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres, which marked the beginning of a long and productive collaboration between him and Petipa. They would go on to produce La Camargo in 1872, Le Papillon in 1874, Les Brigands (The Bandits) in 1875, Le Songe d'une nuit d'été (A Midsummer Night's Dream) and Les Aventures de Pélée (The Adventures of Peleus) in 1876, and finally La Bayadère in 1877, which would go on to be the most enduring and well preserved work for which Minkus composed the music.

During this time, Minkus continued playing violin in professional capacities. For example, he was the second violin in the ensemble that premiered Tchaikovsky's String Quartet No. 1 in D, Op. 11, in Moscow on 28 March 1871. Minkus's scores featured violin cadenzas written especially for the great Leopold Auer.

In 1883 Minkus composed the music for Petipa's Nuit et Jour, a sumptuous pièce d'occasion staged especially for the celebrations held at the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow in honor of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III. The Emperor, a fanatic balletomane, bestowed upon Minkus the Order of Saint Stanislaus for his score. During the ceremony the newly crowned Emperor told Minkus " ... you have reached perfection as a ballet composer."

Petipa's Les Pilules magiques (The Magic Pills), which premiered  was a grand work staged for the inauguration of the newly renovated Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, which was now the Imperial Ballet and Opera's principal venue. Les Pilules magiques was in the tradition of vaudeville, and aside from Petipa's danced episodes included comedy and singing. Minkus naturally supplied the music for Petipa's danced passages in three fantastical tableaux. The first took place in a cave inhabited by sorceresses, while the second included various card games brought to life through dance. The third and final tableau was known as The Kingdom of the Laces in which a Grand divertissement of national dances from Belgium, England, Spain and Russia was performed.

Minkus's next score was for Petipa's one-act ballet L'Offrandes à l'Amour, staged especially for the benefit performance of the ballerina Eugenia Sokolova on . Minkus's music was hailed as a masterwork of ballet music by contemporary critics. It would be his last known ballet score for Petipa.

Retirement

By 1886 Minkus's contract with the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres was set to expire. In light of this, the director of the Imperial Theatres Ivan Vsevolozhsky felt that the time had come for Minkus's post of official ballet composer to be abolished in an effort to diversify the music supplied for new works. Minkus officially retired on  with his benefit performance that featured excerpts from Les pilules magiques and the Grand pas classique from Paquita.

In spite of his retirement, Minkus was asked to return to ballet composition for a new ballet one final time in 1890 for Petipa's ballet Kalkabrino, set to a libretto by Modest Tchaikovsky. This work premiered on  for the benefit performance of the Italian ballerina Carlotta Brianza. Though not a success, the ballet was acquired by the young Mathilde Kschessinskaya upon the departure of Carlotta Brianza in late 1891, who used it to launch her own career.

Departure from Russia and later life
Minkus and his wife Maria left Russia forever in the summer of 1891, relocating to their native Vienna. The composer lived in semi-retirement on a modest pension from the Tsar's treasury. For a time he lived in the Karl Ludwig Strasse on the third floor of a rented apartment belonging to his friend, the revered pianist and teacher Theodor Leschetizky. These years saw Minkus's last known compositions: Das Maskenfest (The Masked Festival) was originally written by the composer as Tanz und Mythe (Dance and Myth) in 1897 for the ballet of the Kaiserliches und Königliches Hof-Operntheater (a.k.a. the Vienna Court Opera). The ballet was rejected outright by the Operntheater's directorate Gustav Mahler, who felt that the work's libretto was out of touch with contemporary tastes. Minkus then composed Die Dryaden (The Dryads) for the Viennese stage in 1899, a ballet in one act. The final work associated with Minkus's name before his death was Rübezahl, staged in 1907 at the Court Opera to a pastiche of airs taken from his and Delibes's La Source and the works of Johan Strauss II.

Minkus later relocated to an apartment in the Gentzgasse where he spent his final years alone and in utter poverty, his wife having died in 1895, and the events of World War I having cut off his pension from Russia. During the extremely cold winter of 1917, Minkus developed pneumonia and died on 7 December 1917 at the age of ninety-one. With no children of his own, Minkus was survived only by a niece, Clara von Minkus.

Ludwig Minkus was interred at the Döbling Cemetery in Vienna. In 1939 Minkus's grave fell victim to the national fascist policies of the time when all cemeteries were systematically "cleansed" by the invading Nazi regime. Any graves of persons who were considered ethnically "undesirable"—especially if one was of Jewish descent or without any documented subscriber to the annual cemetery fees—were exhumed and deposited into a mass anonymous grave.

Ballets

Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, St. Petersburg
Fiametta, ou L′amour du Diable (new staging of La Flamme d′amour, ou La Salamandre). Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. .
 Le Poisson doré (expanded staging in three acts). Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. .
 Le Lys. Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. .
 La Camargo. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Le Papillon. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Les Brigands. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Les Aventures de Pélée. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Le Songe d'une nuit d'été. Based on Felix Mendelssohn's music. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 La Bayadère. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Roxana, la beauté du Monténégro. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 La Fille des Neiges. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Mlada. Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Zoraïa, ou La Maure en Espagne. Choreography by M. Petipa. .

Imperial Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow
 Deux jours en Venise. Choreography by ?. 1862.
 La Flamme d′amour, ou La Salamandre. Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. .
 Don Quixote (Original staging in 3 acts/8 tableaux). Choreography by M. Petipa. .
 Nuit et Jour. Choreography by M. Petipa. .

Works for other venues
 L′Union de Thétis et Pélée. Choreography by ?. 1857. Private Theatre of the Yusupov Palace, St. Petersburg.
 Néméa, ou L′Amour vengé (Reduced staging in two acts of Fiametta, ou L′amour du Diable). Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. 11 July 1864. Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra, Paris.
 La Source (composed jointly with Léo Delibes). Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. 12 November 1866. Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra, Paris.
 Le Poisson doré (Original staging in one act). Choreography by A. Saint-Léon. . Amphitheatre of Olga's Island at Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg.
 Les Pilules magiques. Choreography by M. Petipa. . Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg.
 L'Offrandes à l'Amour. Choreography by M. Petipa. . Peterhof, St. Petersburg.

Sources
 Anderson, Keith. CD Liner notes. Léon Minkus. Don Quixote. Nayden Todorov Cond. Sofia National Opera Orchestra. Naxos 8.557065/66.
 Guest, Ivor. CD Liner notes. Adolphe Adam. Giselle. Richard Bonynge Cond. Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Decca 417 505–2.
 Guest, Ivor. CD Liner notes. Léon Minkus & Léo Delibes. La Source. Richard Bonynge Cond. Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Decca 421 431–2.
 Kirov/Mariinsky Ballet. Program from La Bayadère. Mariinsky Theatre, 2001.
 Petipa, Marius. "The Diaries of Marius Petipa", translated and edited by Lynn Garafola. Studies in Dance History 3.1 (Spring 1992)
 Royal Ballet. Program from La Bayadère. Royal Opera House, 1990.
 Stegemann, Michael. CD Liner notes, translated by Lionel Salter. Léon Minkus. Don Quijote. Boris Spassov, cond. Sofia National Opera Orchestra. Capriccio 10 540/41.
 Stegemann, Michael. CD Liner notes. Trans. Lionel Salter. Léon Minkus. Paquita & La Bavadere. Boris Spassov Cond. Sofia National Opera Orchestra. Capriccio 10 544.
 Warrack, John. Tchaikovsky. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1973.
 Wiley, Roland John. "Dances from Russia: An Introduction to the Sergeyev Collection". The Harvard Library Bulletin, 24.1 January 1976.
 Wiley, Roland John, ed. and translator. A Century of Russian Ballet: Documents and Accounts, 1810–1910. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
 Wiley, Roland John. Tchaikovsky's Ballets: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Footnotes

External links

1826 births
1917 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Austrian classical violinists
Austrian expatriates in Russia
Austrian Jews
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian Romantic composers
Ballet composers
Deaths from pneumonia in Austria-Hungary
Jewish classical composers
Jewish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Musicians from Vienna
Russian ballet
Burials at Döbling Cemetery
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory

Ludwig Minkus


Final Fantasy Dimensions is a role-playing video game developed by Matrix Software and published by Square Enix for mobile devices. Similar to Final Fantasy IV: The After Years, it was initially released as an episodic game, with the first two installments released in September 2010 on the Japanese i-mode distribution service, and in December 2010 for the EZweb distribution service. The game was remade for the iOS and Android platforms and released internationally in August 2012.

Final Fantasy Dimensions features 2D graphics and a Job Change System similar to that of Final Fantasy V. Its battle system is a variation of the Final Fantasy series's Active Time Battle system. The game follows two parties, the Warriors of Light and the Warriors of Darkness, with players controlling up to five party members at a time in battle, on their quest to reform their shattered world and foil the dark plans of the Avalon Empire. In 2015, a sequel was released, titled Final Fantasy Dimensions II.

Gameplay

Final Fantasy Dimensions is a role-playing video game, developed in the style of previous 16-bit Final Fantasy games. The game uses the Active Time Battle system in which a character's turn are determined by a gauge that fills over time during battle. Once the gauge fills completely from one character, players can choose a command from that specific character. After choosing a command, the gauge fills over again to execute the command. Once the gauge fills again and the command is executed, the gauge empties and repeats the cycle. Similar to Final Fantasy IV: The After Years, the game was released in an episodic format, but players must play through each episode in sequence. Players command a party of five with the party members changing in each episode.

The game uses a Job System similar to Final Fantasy V as a base of its battles. The game allows players to change job while still retaining skills that have already been acquired. Job-specific abilities can be learned after crossing a certain amount of AP for the current job given. That learned ability can be set even if the player changes to a different job. Players are limited in how many abilities they can set at a given time. This limit rises as the job's level rises. The game also has "Fusion Abilities" which players can form by setting combinations of certain abilities.

The Jobs available from the beginning for all the eight main characters are Freelancer, Warrior, Monk, Thief, Red Mage, White Mage, Black Mage, and Summoner. Each episode introduces a new Job, which is unlocked after completing the episode. The unlockable jobs for the Warriors of Light are Dragoon, Bard, Memorist, Paladin, and Seer, while the jobs unlocked for the Warriors of Darkness are Ranger, Dark Knight, Dancer, Ninja, and Magus.

Plot
Long ago, there was a great world war ended by the efforts of the Avalon Empire, which became the dominant power in the land. The story begins with Sol, Diana, Glaive and Aigis being sent by the King of Lux to investigate a powerful crystal linked to the balance of the world. Simultaneously, Nacht, Alba, Dusk and Sarah are sent by the Avalon Empire to break their treaty with Lux by stealing the same crystal. On the way to the crystal's shrine, Sol's party aids a mysterious man called Elgo, who agrees to accompany them to the temple. When the two groups meet within the crystal shrine, the crystal's guardian spirit attacks them. Upon its guardian's defeat, the crystal shatters and splits the world into two halves: the "World of Light", ever in daylight, and the "World of Darkness" in which day never rises. Sol, Aigis, Dusk, and Sarah remain in the first half of the world and become the "Warriors of Light", with Elgo accompanying them. Nacht, Alba, Diana and Glaive find themselves in the other half and become the "Warriors of Darkness". Both groups of Warriors travel the split world in search of each other. As they travel, they retrieve the fragments of the crystal, which grant them new abilities and gradually cause the world to reform. They also encounter the Avalon Empire and their four Generals: Vata, Baugauven, Asmodai, and Styx. All four generals are defeated except for Vata, who decides to aid the Warriors for reasons unknown. In the battle between the Warriors of Light and Baugauven aboard an Avalon ship, Elgo seemingly sacrifices himself to save the Warriors of Light.

As the two worlds begin to merge, Dusk and Alba reveal their plans to go to the ancient floating city known as Mysidia. Once the Warriors of Light arrive and meet the Elder of Mysidia, Sophia, the Avalon Empire attempt to strike Mysidia with their airship superweapon Heliogabalus. The warriors destroy the ship with the aid of Dr. Lugae, the living doll Argy, and Barbara and her dragons. Sophia then helps the warriors gain the last remaining crystal in the World of Light within the caves of Mysidia. After gaining the crystal's ability, Mysidia falls to the ground while simultaneously the Warriors of Darkness are aided by a mysterious man known as The Mask in gaining the last crystal fragment remaining in the World of Darkness. They succeed in gaining the fragment, but The Mask dies. Before his death, he reveals himself to be Elgo's other half that formed when the world split in two and asks the Warriors of Darkness to take care of his other Half as he dies. After both parties gain the fragments, the split world merges and both parties are reunited, but most of the people in the world have disappeared. Attempting to make a frontal attack to the Avalon Empire, the warriors discover a barrier protecting Avalon and eight gates across the world, linking to a realm called the Rift. Upon entering one of the gates, the warriors encounter a dark sphere in which Sophia explains it is a substance found only in the Rift known as Dark Matter, and that Avalon's goal is to harvest it for their evil purposes. Vata explains the Avalon Empire is guarding the dark matter across the world with their generals, who have been revived in undead forms. After collecting all eight pieces of the dark matter and defeating the undead generals, the dark matter fuses together, creating a new crystal and revealing that the crystal split the world to protect itself from the Empire's plans. The crystal then breaks the barrier that was protecting Avalon, allowing the warriors to enter.

Upon entering Avalon, they defeat all of the Divine Generals. Once the Warriors attack the Emperor, it is revealed that they were battling with his armor, and that he was never there. After this revelation, a new gate to the Rift opens within Avalon. When the warriors enter the Rift, they encounter Vata, who explains that they are in the void and warns them that, in order for them to proceed, someone must make a sacrifice. As they traverse the void, they encounter the armies of Nil, having to fight the four magical blades of Nil. After defeating the four blades, another gate appears in the Void. Dr. Lugae reports to the warriors that the gates are what is known as "Dark Flow", and that it is draining the life of the world into Nil, a dark dimension of shadows. Vata attempts to aid the warriors in destroying the Dark Flow by being engulfed by it and attempting to control it. As he is being engulfed by Dark Flow, he reveals he originally was part of a village that Avalon destroyed. He trained to be in the ranks of the generals of Avalon, but when he discovered he could never be a match for them, he gave up on his plans until he discovered the Warriors. Vata fails at the cost of his life, and the Dark Flow remains. The Warriors then enter Dark Flow, leading them to the World of Nil.

Coming to the palace at the center of Nil, they encounter the Emperor himself, who is revealed to be Elgo. Elgo explains to the party that he wished to use the crystals to achieve immortality, and predicted that the crystals, sensing his purpose, would split the world hoping to halt his plans. Elgo then utilized the power of Nil to move between the worlds and ensured that the Warriors collect the crystals in effort to restore the world so that he could achieve his goals. The Warriors and Elgo battle, with Elgo using the power of Nil against them. When he is defeated, Elgo loses control of Nil and it mutates him into a dark monster. The Warriors, seeing that Nil will ravage their world unchecked, fight the transformed Elgo and win. As Nil reverses its flow and life is returned to the world, all the Warriors flee, apart from Dusk and Alba, who are presumed dead. Soon however, they are revealed to be alive, saved by the spirits of Vata and the Mask. The game ends with the Warriors reunited, and the world and its crystal restored.

Development
The game was developed by the same internal Square Enix team that made Final Fantasy IV: The After Years, which was also initially a game for Japanese cell phones. The game was directed by Toshio Akiyama and produced by Takashi Tokita.  Character designs were provided by Akira Oguro while the in-game 2D dot versions were created by Kazuko Shibuya. Takashi Tokita explained the game was meant to transcend the expectations of RPGs in cellphones. The team set the theme of a scenario of creating another game for the SNES. The team also added several references to previous games such as Sarah and Matoya being references to the original Final Fantasy game and Dusk and Alba being reminiscent of Palom and Porom from Final Fantasy IV. When asked about the high pricing for the game, the team explained their reasons: "This title offers about 50 hours of gameplay, and we feel that our community can enjoy the contents of this game as much as they would a console title. Also, we have set the price where it is because this title was developed specifically for the mobile platform, as opposed to just being a port of an older console or handheld game". When developing the smartphone version, Takashi Tokita changed the structure of selling a group of episodes rather than individually. Tokita noted that the episodic format of the game allowed them to focus on different origins to protagonist and tell two stories that intertwine together. Player feedback between episodes was vital factor in the story progress, as the fate of the characters was undetermined.

Music
Naoshi Mizuta composed the music of Final Fantasy Dimensions with the exception of a number of songs previously composed by Nobuo Uematsu. Naoshi intended to compose the music closer to previous Final Fantasy games such as a solid melody that can be hummed or whistled. Naoshi also made it so that the Light chapters would have different music from the Dark chapters in order to have variation of music between them. A soundtrack for the game titled  was released digitally in Japan on August 8, 2011 to celebrate the completion of the game. An EP soundtrack titled   was also released digitally in Japan on iTunes and mora music store on August 31, 2012. The EP contains the arranged ending song with added lyrics featured in the iOS/Android version and being renamed using Katakana. The song was arranged by Hajime Kikuchi with added lyrics performed by Riya of Eufonius.

Release history
The game was initially hinted when Square Enix trademarked Hikari to Yami no Senshi which was initially believed to be related to Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together. The game was revealed in Japan as Final Fantasy Legends: Hikari to Yami no Senshi in July 2010. The first chapters of the game were first released for iMode phones on September 6, and for EZweb phones on December 9 the same year. The rest of the chapters were released approximately once a month since then till August 8, 2011 for iMode and November 10 for EZweb. An iOS and Android versions, with improved graphics and sound, and support for slide-pad controls over the feature phone version, were later announced and iOS version was released internationally as Final Fantasy Dimensions on August 31, 2012. Due to technical difficulties, only "Prologue" was released first for the iOS version. All other chapters were purchasable at the in-app shop after upgrading from 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 which was available later in the same day. The Android version was released on December 21 in its complete form.

Reception

The game had received mainly positive reviews. Final Fantasy Dimensions received an aggregated score of 78 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 10 critics and 74% on GameRankings based on 7 reviews. Slide to Play praised the game and commented: "Square Enix has made a truly masterful game here. The story is huge, the characters enjoyable and fun to play, and other than the iffy controls, the game works fantastically well on the touchscreen. The menus in particular are elegantly designed. The music and graphics are even great in creating a world that reminds us that the old and new can coexist, and do so with aplomb". Justin Davis of IGN criticized the episodic structure of the game, saying that the "players can't fully explore the game world until they're almost at the end – over 30 hours in!", but also praised the gameplay stating: "What Dimensions lacks in scenario & story flexibility it makes up for with sheer depth and flexibility in its job system. Players can assign any party member to any available job on-the-fly, with more opening up as the story progresses". Joe Juba of Game Informer praised the gameplay but criticized the lack of fanfare: "Despite the fun job system and classic vibe to the combat, Dimensions seems like it was set up to fail. It released to little fanfare at a prohibitive price point for mobile games". Tof Eklund of TouchArcade praised the games features: "There's an epic, high fantasy plot with lots of twists, a large cast of characters whose appearance and abilities vary wildly, tons of random combat, lots of leveling-up and abilities to unlock, a gradual opening up of the world, secret items, bonus dungeons, and a lot of looking inside pots and barrels in order to pilfer the worldly goods of the townspeople you run across". GamesTM praised the game for resembling previous Final Fantasy games.

Derek Heemsbergen of RPGFan gave it a mixed review: "I'm grateful that the game was released in English, and while it isn't everything I hoped it would be, Final Fantasy: Dimensions does enough right to be worth playing". Nathan Mustafa of Touchgen however, criticized the dialogue structure, the lack of animation, and sound of the game: "In the end, I cannot reconcile these cheapened portions of the game. I understand it is a port of a 'mobile' game from Japan, but the quality of the port could have been much better. Had my three key issues with how the game presents itself not been present, I would probably have walked away feeling quite positive about Final Fantasy Dimensions. In its current form, though, I can only give it a middling score".

References
Notes

Citations

External links
 iMode/EZweb official website (archived from the original)
 iOS/Android portal

Role-playing video games
Final Fantasy video games
Final Fantasy spin-offs
Mobile games
IOS games
Square Enix franchises
Android (operating system) games
Matrix Software games
2010 video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Naoshi Mizuta
Single-player video games

Final Fantasy Dimensions


The Finite Element Machine (FEM) was a late 1970s-early 1980s NASA project to build and evaluate the performance of a parallel computer for structural analysis. The FEM was completed and successfully tested at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The motivation for FEM arose from the merger of two concepts: the finite element method of structural analysis and the introduction of relatively low-cost microprocessors.

In the finite element method, the behavior (stresses, strains and displacements resulting from load conditions) of large-scale structures is approximated by a FE model consisting of structural elements (members) connected at structural node points. Calculations on traditional computers are performed at each node point and results communicated to adjacent node points until the behavior of the entire structure is computed. On the Finite Element Machine, microprocessors located at each node point perform these nodal computations in parallel. If there are more node points (N) than microprocessors (P), then each microprocessor performs N/P computations. The Finite Element Machine contained 32 processor boards each with a Texas Instruments TMS9900 processor, 32 Input/Output (IO) boards and a TMS99/4 controller. The FEM was conceived, designed and fabricated at NASA Langley Research Center. The TI 9900 processor chip was selected by the NASA team as it was the first 16-bit processor available on the market which until then was limited to less powerful 8-bit processors. The FEM concept was first successfully tested to solve beam bending equations on a Langley FEM prototype (4 IMSAI 8080s). This led to full-scale FEM fabrication & testing by the FEM hardware-software-applications team led by Dr. Olaf Storaasli formerly of NASA Langley Research Center and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (currently at USEC).
The first significant Finite Element Machine results are documented in: The Finite Element Machine: An experiment in parallel processing (NASA TM 84514).

Based on the Finite Element Machine's success in demonstrating Parallel Computing viability, (alongside ILLIAC IV and Goodyear MPP), commercial parallel computers soon were sold. NASA Langley subsequently purchased a Flex/32 Multicomputer (and later Intel iPSC and Intel Paragon) to continue parallel finite element algorithm R&D. In 1989, the parallel equation solver code, first prototyped on FEM, and tested on FLEX was ported to NASA's first Cray YMP via Force (Fortran for Concurrent Execution) to reduce the structural analysis computation time for the space shuttle Challenger Solid Rocket Booster resdesign with 54,870 equations from 14 hours to 6 seconds. This research accomplishment was awarded the first Cray GigaFLOP Performance Award at Supercomputing '89. This code evolved into NASA's General-Purpose Solver (GPS) for Matrix Equations used in numerous finite element codes to speed solution time. GPS sped up AlphaStar Corporation's Genoa code 10X, allowing 10X larger applications for which the team received NASA's 1999 Software of the Year Award and a 2000 R&D100 Award.

References

Further reading
 System software for the finite element machine
 PASLIB programmer's guide for the finite element machine, revision 2.1-A
 Operating systems support for the finite element machine
Three Parallel Computation Methods for Structural Vibration Analysis.
 Solution of Structural Analysis Problems on a Parallel Computer.
 Structural Dynamic Analysis on a Parallel Computer: The Finite Element Machine

See also
Minisupercomputer

History of Hampton, Virginia
NASA online
Parallel computing
Massively parallel computers
Supercomputers
One-of-a-kind computers
Finite element method
NASA

Finite element machine


Rancho del Arroyo Chico was a   Mexican land grant in present-day Butte County, California, which ultimately laid the foundation for the city of Chico.  The name  means 'little stream' and refers to Big Chico Creek.  The grant was located along the north bank of Big Chico Creek, east of the Sacramento River and it encompassed present-day  Chico.

History

With Alta California under the control of the Mexican government, Governor Manuel Micheltorena granted Rancho del Arroyo Chico to William Dickey in 1844. Within a decade, ownership of the land transferred hands a number of times and settled in John Bidwell's (1819–1900) possession. Dickey, Bidwell, and George McKinstry, Jr. (1810–1882) had all worked at one time for John Sutter and were also partners in various mining ventures.

McKinstry came to California in 1846, worked for Sutter as clerk and as sheriff of Northern California District, and assisted in the rescue of the Donner Party.  Dickey, wanting to return to his eastern home, sold Rancho Arroyo Chico to McKinstry in 1849.  Within a few years, the rancho ended up under Bidwell's ownership. Eight years after selling the rancho, McKinstry moved to San Diego and practised as a physician there until his death.

Bidwell had been in the California scene for several years, having led the Bartleson-Bidwell Party in 1841. He soon found employment as Sutter's business manager, and within a few years he obtained a couple of Mexican land grants, including Rancho Los Ulpinos and Rancho Colus.  In 1848, Bidwell discovered gold in Feather River, at a place now call Bidwell's Bar. Bidwell sold Rancho Colus, then acquired Rancho Arroyo Chico in two separate purchases.

In 1849, McKinstry sold to Bidwell an undivided half of the rancho. The following year he sold the other half interest to his brother-in-law Justus McKinstry, who sold it over to Bidwell in 1851.

With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored.  As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Arroyo Chico was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was  patented to John Bidwell in 1860.

Bidwell founded the city of Chico in 1860, laying out the community on the land of his Rancho Arroyo Chico on the north side of Chico Creek, as well as on part of Rancho Farwell on the south side of Chico Creek.

Historic sites of the Rancho
 Bidwell Mansion State Historic Park

References

California ranchos
Ranchos of Butte County, California
Chico, California

Rancho del Arroyo Chico


The Brown County Courthouse is located at 101 South Main Street in Georgetown, Ohio. The courthouse is the centerpiece of Georgetown and is included in the Georgetown Historic District.

History
Brown County was formed in 1818 and the county seat was placed in Ripley. A courthouse was started in 1821 but the county seat was moved to Bridgewater and then to Georgetown. The courthouse was constructed in 1823 and was a simple square structure made of red brick and a hipped roof. This courthouse was soon decided to be too small for the population and the county selected a plan from Hubbard Baker in March 1849.

The building is a fine representation of Greek Revival architecture and was completed in 1851. Wings extending from the courthouse were added in 1914 for extra room. A fire started by an arsonist swept through the courthouse in 1977 and was determined to be started in the northern stairwell and the judge's chambers. Nobody has ever been accused or convicted of the crime. The county was placed with the decision to tear down the burnt husk and start anew or to repair the structure. After a vote, the county decided to repair the structure to its pre-fire condition. Local citizens banded together to form the Brown County Courthouse Reconstruction Association to help repair the building. The courthouse was re-dedicated in 1982 to much ceremony.

Exterior
The courthouse is built of bricks painted white with blue window and door trim. The windows are shuttered on both levels; a balcony is attached above the door and is accessed by a set of French Doors. The entrance from the square is recessed and is framed by two large Doric columns, Doric pilasters are found along the buildings walls. The roof above the entrance resembles a pediment but is actually a gable. The two wings also contain entrances but the door is not recessed like the main entrance. Two stacked rectangular drums protrude from the center of the building with an octagon drum supporting the dome. A four faced clock protrudes from the sides of the final drum.

Grounds
The courthouse rests in a town square bounded by Grant Street, Apple Street, Cherry Street, and Main Street. The site in front of the courthouse saw Morgan's Raiders enter town in 1863. The band gathered in front of the courthouse and hitched their horses for their short stay. There was no skirmish but a soldier on leave was shot and several horses and valuables went missing.

References

Further reading
Thrane, Susan W., County Courthouses of Ohio, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana 2000
Marzulli, Lawrence J., The Development of Ohio's Counties and Their Historic Courthouses, Gray Printing Company, Fostoria, Ohio 1983
Stebbins, Clair, Ohio's Court Houses, Ohio State Bar Association, Columbus, Ohio 1980

Buildings and structures in Brown County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Brown County, Ohio
County courthouses in Ohio
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Government buildings completed in 1851
Historic district contributing properties in Ohio
1851 establishments in Ohio

Brown County Courthouse (Ohio)


Simon Lloyd (1756 – 6 November 1836) was a Welsh Anglican priest who became a Methodist preacher.

Life
Lloyd was born in 1756 and educated at Queen Elizabeth's School, Carmarthen and Jesus College, Oxford, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1779.  After his ordination, he was a curate in various parishes in Denbighshire: Olveston, Bryneglwys and Llandegla, although he was relieved of his position in Bryneglwys because of his close association with Methodists, especially his friend Thomas Charles.  He was later the curate of Llanycil, until 1800, but the bishop refused to approve his appointment to Llanuwchllyn because of his Methodist associations.  Charles died in 1814 and Lloyd then edited Y Drysorfa, a Welsh magazine.  He also wrote a chronology of the Bible (1817) and a commentary on the Book of Revelation (1828), and had a reputation as a good scholar on biblical matters. He died in Bala on 6 November 1836 and was buried in Llanycil.

References

1756 births
1836 deaths
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh Methodists
Welsh non-fiction writers
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Llanycil

Simon Lloyd (priest, born 1756)


Hagen Kleinert (born 15 June 1941) is professor of theoretical physics at the Free University of Berlin, Germany (since 1968),
Honorary Doctor at the
West University of Timișoara, and
at the
Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University
in Bishkek. He is also
Honorary Member of the
Russian Academy of Creative Endeavors. For his contributions to particle and solid-state physics he was awarded the Max Born Prize 2008 with Medal.
His contribution to the memorial volume celebrating the 100th birthday of Lev Davidovich Landau earned him the Majorana Prize 2008 with Medal. He is married to Dr. Annemarie Kleinert since 1974 with whom he has a son Michael Kleinert.

Publications
Kleinert has written ~420 papers on mathematical physics and the physics of elementary particles, nuclei, solid state systems, liquid crystals, biomembranes, microemulsions, polymers, and the theory of financial markets. He has written several books on theoretical physics, the most notable of which, Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets, has been published in five editions since 1990 and has received enthusiastic reviews.

Education
He studied physics at the Leibniz University Hannover between 1960 and 1963, and at several American universities including Georgia Institute of Technology, where he learned general relativity as a graduate student from George Gamow, one of the fathers of the Big Bang theory.
Kleinert earned his doctorate in 1967 at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Career
As a young professor in 1972, Kleinert visited Caltech and was impressed by noted US physicist Richard Feynman.  Later, Kleinert was to collaborate with Feynman in some of the latter's last work.
This collaboration led to a mathematical method for converting divergent weak-coupling power series into convergent strong-coupling ones. This so-called variational perturbation theory yields at present the most accurate theory of critical exponents
observable close to second-order phase transitions, as confirmed for superfluid helium in satellite experiments. He also discovered an alternative to Feynman's time-sliced path integral construction which can be used to solve the path integral formulations of the hydrogen atom and the centrifugal barrier, i.e. to calculate their energy levels and eigenstates, as special cases of a general strategy for treating systems with singular potentials using path integrals.

Within the quantum field theories of quarks
he found the origin of the algebra of Regge residues conjectured by N. Cabibbo, L. Horwitz, and
Y. Ne'eman (see p. 232 in reference).

Discoveries
For superconductors he predicted in 1982 a tricritical point in the phase diagram between type-I and type-II superconductors where the order of the transition changes from second to first. The predictions were confirmed in 2002 by Monte Carlo computer simulations.

The theory is based on a disorder field theory dual to the order field theory of L.D. Landau for phase transitions which Kleinert developed in the books on Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter. In this theory, the statistical properties of fluctuating vortex or defect lines are described as elementary excitations with the help of fields, whose Feynman diagrams are the pictures of the lines.

At the 1978 summer school in Erice he proposed the existence of broken supersymmetry in atomic nuclei, which has since been observed experimentally.

His theory of collective quantum fields and the Hadronization of Quark Theories are prototypes for numerous developments in the theory of condensed matter, nuclear and elementary particle physics.

Together with K. Maki he proposed and clarified in 1981 a possible icosahedral phase of quasicrystals.
This structure was discovered three years later in aluminum transition metal alloys by Dan Shechtman, which earned him the
Nobel Prize 2011.

In 2006, he considered the existence of a novel Riemann particle. The experimental verification is still missing.

See historical notes.

String theory contributions
In 1986 he introduced stiffness into the theory of strings,
which had formerly been characterized by tension alone. This greatly improved the description of the physical properties of strings. The Russian physicist A. Polyakov
simultaneously proposed a similar extension, and so the model is now known as the Polyakov-Kleinert string .

Theory of distributions
Together with A. Chervyakov, Kleinert developed an extension of the theory of distributions from linear spaces to semigroups by defining their products uniquely (in the mathematical theory, only linear combinations are defined). The extension is motivated by the physical requirement that the corresponding path integrals must be invariant under coordinate transformations, which is necessary for the equivalence of the path integral formulation to Schrödinger theory.

String theory alternative
As an alternative to string theory, Kleinert used the complete analogy between non-Euclidean geometry and the geometry of crystals with defects to construct a model of the universe called the World Crystal or Planck-Kleinert crystal.  In this model, matter creates defects in spacetime which generate curvature. This curvature reproduces all the effects of general relativity, but leads to different physics than string theory at the scale of the Planck length. This theory inspired Italian artist Laura Pesce to create glass sculptures entitled "world crystal" (see also lower left on this page).

Current work
Kleinert is a senior member of the faculty for the International Relativistic Astrophysics PhD (IRAP) Project, which forms part of the international network for astrophysics (ICRANet). He was also involved in the European Science Foundation's project Cosmology in the Laboratory.

Kleinert's 60th birthday was honored by a Festschrift and a Festcolloquium with 65 contributions by international colleagues (for instance Y. Ne'eman, R. Jackiw, H. Fritzsch, R. Ruffini, C. DeWitt, L. Kauffman, J. Devreese, and K. Maki).

See also
Path integral molecular dynamics
Resummation

Books
 Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter, Vol. I,  " SUPERFLOW AND VORTEX LINES", pp. 1–742, Vol. II,  "STRESSES AND DEFECTS", pp. 743–1456,  World Scientific (Singapore, 1989); Paperback   (also available online: Vol. I and Vol. II)
 Critical Properties of φ4-Theories, World Scientific (Singapore, 2001); Paperback  (also available online) (together with V. Schulte-Frohlinde)
 Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets, 5th edition, World Scientific (Singapore, 2009) (also available online)
 Multivalued Fields in Condensed Matter, Electrodynamics, and Gravitation,  World Scientific (Singapore, 2008) (also available online)
 Proceedings of the Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity,  World Scientific (Singapore, 2008) (together with R.T. Jantzen)
 Particles and Quantum Fields,  World Scientific (Singapore, 2016) (also available online)

References

External links
 Personal homepage

1941 births
Living people
People from Twardogóra
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
20th-century German physicists
University of Hanover alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
21st-century German physicists

Hagen Kleinert


"Optimistic" is a song by American vocal and instrumental ensemble Sounds of Blackness, recorded for their debut studio album The Evolution of Gospel  (1991). It was written and produced by Gary Hines, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and features vocals from Ann Bennett-Nesby, Carrie Harrington, Coré Cotton, Patricia Lacy, and Jamecia Bennett. The urban contemporary gospel song was released as the group's debut single and reached the top three on Billboards Hot R&B Singles chart. A remake by August Greene featuring Brandy was released in 2018. Jadakiss also recorded a version of the song, titling it "Keep Ya Head Up". The song was included on his first album, Kiss Tha Game Goodbye.

Charts

References

1991 songs
1991 singles
2018 singles
Songs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Gospel songs
Brandy Norwood songs

Optimistic (Sounds of Blackness song)


Southern New England Telecommunications Corporation (SNET) started operations in 1986 as the holding company for The Southern New England Telephone Company. Prior to 1986, The Southern New England Telephone Company had been a minority holding of AT&T until February 1986, when AT&T withdrew its 23% holding. SNET then became its own company, operating a telecommunications sales division, Sonecor Systems Division, which began operations on January 1, 1983, and sold equipment in competition with AT&T before the Bell System divestiture. SNET also operated SNET America, which sold long-distance services to Southern New England Telephone customers within Connecticut.

Under threats of a hostile takeover, Southern New England Telephone underwent a restructuring in 1986, creating Southern New England Telecommunications as the holding company of SNET and its related businesses.

Southern New England Telecommunications was acquired by SBC Communications in 1998.

SNET Corporation was merged into AT&T Teleholdings, formerly Ameritech, in 2006 and ceased to exist.

Sale of former assets
On December 17, 2013, AT&T announced plans to sell the former subsidiaries of SNET, The Southern New England Telephone Company and long-distance subsidiary SNET America, to Frontier Communications for $2 billion. The transaction is expected to close in the second half of 2014.

References

Further reading
 Benson, Jr., Reuel A., The First Century of the Telephone in Connecticut.  Southern New England Telephone, New Haven, Connecticut, 1978.
 White, James A., and Paul Ingrassia. "AT&T Break-up Gives Two Mavericks an Opportunity to Compete in New Fields." Wall Street Journal, April 10, 1982.
 "The Brassiest Bell Company." Business Week, March 14, 1983.
 Sanger, Elizabeth, "Eat Well or Sleep Well?" Barron's, October 10, 1983.

Former AT&T subsidiaries
Communications in Connecticut
Telecommunications companies established in 1986
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in Connecticut
1986 establishments in Connecticut
Defunct companies based in Connecticut
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in New Haven, Connecticut

Southern New England Telecommunications


Radio control (often abbreviated to RC) is the use of control signals transmitted by radio to remotely control a device. Examples of simple radio control systems are garage door openers and keyless entry systems for vehicles, in which a small handheld radio transmitter unlocks or opens doors.  Radio control is also used for control of model vehicles from a hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial, military, and scientific research organizations make use of radio-controlled vehicles as well.  A rapidly growing application is control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) for both civilian and military uses, although these have more sophisticated control systems than traditional applications.

History
The idea of controlling unmanned vehicles (for the most part in an attempt to improve the accuracy of torpedoes for military purposes) predates the invention of radio. The latter half of the 1800s saw development of many such devices, connected to an operator by wires, including the first practical application invented by German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1870.

Getting rid of the wires via using a new wireless technology, radio, appeared in the late 1890s. In 1897 British engineer Ernest Wilson and C. J. Evans patented a radio-controlled torpedo or demonstrated radio-controlled boats on the Thames river (accounts of what they did vary). At an 1898 exhibition at Madison Square Garden, Nikola Tesla demonstrated a small boat that used a coherer-based radio control. With an eye towards selling the idea to the US government as a torpedo, Tesla's 1898 patent included a clockwork frequency changer so an enemy could not take control of the device.

In 1903, the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo introduced a radio based control system called the "Telekino" at the Paris Academy of Sciences. In the same year, he applied for several patents in other countries. It was intended as a way of testing a dirigible of his own design without risking human lives. Unlike the previous mechanisms, which carried out actions of the 'on/off' type, Torres developed a system for controlling any mechanical or electrical device with different states of operation. This method required a transmitter capable of sending a family of different code words by means of a binary telegraph signal, and a receiver, which was able to set up a different state of operation in the device being used, depending on the code word. It was able to select different positions for the steering engine and different velocities for the propelling engine independently, and also to act over other mechanisms such a light, for switching it or not, and a flag, for raising or dropping it, at the same time, and so up to 19 different actions. In 1904, Torres chose to carry out the first test on a three-wheeled land vehicle with a range of 20 to 30 meters. In 1906, in the presence of an audience which included the King of Spain, Torres demonstrated the invention in the Port of Bilbao, guiding the electrically powered launch Vizcaya from the shore with people on board, which was controlled at a distance over 2 km.

In 1904, Bat, a Windermere steam launch, was controlled using experimental radio control by its inventor, [Jack Kitchen]. In 1909 the French inventor Gabet demonstrated what he called his "Torpille Radio-Automatique", a radio-controlled torpedo.

In 1917, Archibald Low, as head of the secret Royal Flying Corps (RFC) experimental works at Feltham, was the first person to use radio control successfully on an aircraft, an "Aerial Target". It was "piloted" from the ground by future world aerial speed record holder Henry Segrave. Low's systems encoded the command transmissions as a countermeasure to prevent enemy intervention. By 1918 the secret D.C.B. Section of the Royal Navy's Signals School, Portsmouth under the command of  Eric Robinson V.C. used a variant of the Aerial Target's radio control system to control from 'mother' aircraft different types of naval vessels including a submarine.

During World War I American inventor John Hays Hammond, Jr. developed many techniques used in subsequent radio control including developing remote controlled torpedoes, ships, anti-jamming systems and even a system allowing his remote-controlled ship targeting an enemy ship's searchlights. In 1922 he installed radio control gear on the obsolete US Navy battleship USS Iowa so it could be used as a target ship (sunk in gunnery exercise in March 1923).

The Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled teletanks during the 1930s in the Winter War against Finland and fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500–1500 m, the two constituting a telemechanical group. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army.

The United Kingdom's World War One development of their radio-controlled 1917 'Aerial Target' (AT) and 1918 'Distant Control Boat' (DCB) using Low's control systems led eventually to their 1930s fleet of "Queen Bee". This was a remotely controlled unmanned version of the de Havilland "Tiger Moth" aircraft for Navy fleet gunnery firing practice. The "Queen Bee" was superseded by the similarly named Queen Wasp, a purpose-built target aircraft of higher performance.

Second World War
Radio control was further developed during World War II, primarily by the Germans who used it in a number of missile projects. Their main effort was the development of radio-controlled missiles and glide bombs for use against shipping, a target otherwise both difficult and dangerous to attack. However, by the end of the war, the Luftwaffe was having similar problems attacking Allied bombers and developed a number of radio command guided anti-aircraft missiles, none of which saw service.

The effectiveness of the Luftwaffe's systems, primarily comprising the series of Telefunken Funk-Gerät (or FuG) 203 Kehl twin-axis, single joystick-equipped transmitters mounted in the deploying aircraft, and Telefunken's companion FuG 230 Straßburg receiver placed in the ordnance to be controlled during deployment and used by both the Fritz X unpowered, armored anti-ship bomb and the powered Henschel Hs 293 guided bomb, was greatly reduced by British efforts to jam their radio signals, eventually with American assistance. After initial successes, the British launched a number of commando raids to collect the missile radio sets. Jammers were then installed on British ships, and the weapons basically "stopped working". The German development teams then turned to wire guidance once they realized what was going on, but the systems were not ready for deployment until the war had already moved to France.

The German Kriegsmarine operated FL-Boote (ferngelenkte Sprengboote) which were radio controlled motor boats filled with explosives to attack enemy shipping from 1944.

Both the British and US also developed radio control systems for similar tasks, to avoid the huge anti-aircraft batteries set up around German targets. However, no system proved usable in practice, and the one major US effort, Operation Aphrodite, proved to be far more dangerous to its users than to the target. The American Azon guided free-fall ordnance, however, proved useful in both the European and CBI Theaters of World War II.

Radio control systems of this era were generally electromechanical in nature, using small metal "fingers" or "reeds" with different resonant frequencies each of which would operate one of a number of different relays when a particular frequency was received. The relays would in turn then activate various actuators acting on the control surfaces of the missile. The controller's radio transmitter would transmit the different frequencies in response to the movements of a control stick; these were typically on/off signals. The radio gear used to control the rudder function on the American-developed Azon guided ordnance, however, was a fully proportional control, with the "ailerons", solely under the control of an on-board gyroscope, serving merely to keep the ordnance from rolling.

These systems were widely used until the 1960s, when the increasing use of solid state systems greatly simplified radio control. The electromechanical systems using reed relays were replaced by similar electronic ones, and the continued miniaturization of electronics allowed more signals, referred to as control channels, to be packed into the same package. While early control systems might have two or three channels using amplitude modulation, modern systems include twenty or more using frequency modulation.

Radio-controlled models

The first general use of radio control systems in models started in the early 1950s with single-channel self-built equipment; commercial equipment came later. The advent of transistors greatly reduced the battery requirements, since the current requirements at low voltage were greatly reduced and the high voltage battery was eliminated. In both tube and early transistor sets the model's control surfaces were usually operated by an electromagnetic 'escapement' controlling the stored energy in a rubber-band loop, allowing simple on/off rudder control (right, left, and neutral) and sometimes other functions such as motor speed.

Crystal-controlled superheterodyne receivers with better selectivity and stability made control equipment more capable and at lower cost. Multi-channel developments were of particular use to aircraft, which really needed a minimum of three control dimensions (yaw, pitch and motor speed), as opposed to boats, which required only two or one.

As the electronics revolution took off, single-signal channel circuit design became redundant, and instead radios provided proportionally coded signal streams which a servomechanism could interpret, using pulse-width modulation (PWM).

More recently, high-end hobby systems using pulse-code modulation (PCM) features have come on the market that provide a computerized digital bit-stream signal to the receiving device, instead of the earlier PWM encoding type. However, even with this coding, loss of transmission during flight has become more common, in part because of the ever more wireless society. Some more modern FM-signal receivers that still use "PWM" encoding instead can, thanks to the use of more advanced computer chips in them, be made to lock onto and use the individual signal characteristics of a particular PWM-type RC transmitter's emissions alone, without needing a special "code" transmitted along with the control information as PCM encoding has always required.

In the early 21st century, 2.4 gigahertz spread spectrum RC control systems have become increasingly utilized in control of model vehicles and aircraft. Now, these 2.4 GHz systems are being made by most radio manufacturers. These radio systems range in price from a couple thousand dollars, all the way down to under US$30 for some. Some manufacturers even offer conversion kits for older digital 72 MHz or 35 MHz receivers and radios. As the emerging multitude of 2.4 GHz band spread spectrum RC systems usually use a "frequency-agile" mode of operations, like FHSS that do not stay on one set frequency any longer while in use, the older "exclusive use" provisions at model flying sites needed for VHF-band RC control systems' frequency control, for VHF-band RC systems that only used one set frequency unless serviced to change it, are not as mandatory as before.

Modern military and aerospace applications

Remote control military applications are typically not radio control in the direct sense, directly operating flight control surfaces and propulsion power settings, but instead take the form of instructions sent to a completely autonomous, computerized automatic pilot. Instead of a "turn left" signal that is applied until the aircraft is flying in the right direction, the system sends a single instruction that says "fly to this point".

Some of the most outstanding examples of remote radio control of a vehicle are the  Mars Exploration Rovers such as Sojourner.

Industrial radio remote control
Today radio control is used in industry for such devices as overhead cranes and switchyard locomotives. Radio-controlled teleoperators are used for such purposes as inspections, and special vehicles for disarming of bombs. Some remotely controlled devices are loosely called robots, but are more properly categorized as teleoperators since they do not operate autonomously, but only under control of a human operator.

An industrial radio remote control can either be operated by a person, or by a computer control system in a machine to machine (M2M) mode. For example, an automated warehouse may use a radio-controlled crane that is operated by a computer to retrieve a particular item. Industrial radio controls for some applications, such as lifting machinery, are required to be of a fail-safe design in many jurisdictions.

Industrial remote controls work differently from most consumer products. When the receiver receives the radio signal which the transmitter sent, it checks it so that it is the correct frequency and that any security codes match. Once the verification is complete, the receiver sends an instruction to a relay which is activated. The relay activates a function in the application corresponding to the transmitters button. This could be to engage an electrical directional motor in an overhead crane.
In a receiver there are usually several relays, and in something as complex as an overhead crane, perhaps up to twelve or more relays are required to control all directions. In a receiver which opens a gate, two relays are often sufficient.

Industrial remote controls are getting more and higher safety requirements. For example: a remote control may not lose the safety functionality in case of malfunction. This can be avoided by using redundant relays with forced contacts.

See also
 Precision-guided munition
 Radio-controlled airplane
 Radio-controlled boat
 Radio-controlled car
 Radio-controlled helicopter
 Remote control
 Remote control vehicle
 Telecommand
 Teletank

Notes and references

Further reading

 Bill Yenne, Attack of the drones: a history of unmanned aerial combat, Zenith Imprint, 2004,
 Laurence R. Newcome Unmanned aviation: a brief history of unmanned aerial vehicles, AIAA, 2004, ,

pl:Zdalne sterowanie

Radio control


The James Park House is a historic house located at 422 West Cumberland Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States.  The house's foundation was built by Governor John Sevier in the 1790s, and the house itself was built by Knoxville merchant and mayor, James Park (1770–1853), in 1812, making it the second-oldest building in Downtown Knoxville after Blount Mansion.  The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and currently serves as the headquarters for the Gulf and Ohio Railways.

History

Early history

The James Park House sits on what was originally Lot 59 in Charles McClung's 1791 plat of Knoxville.  Sevier purchased the lot and began construction of the brick foundation of the house in the 1790s, and completed a portion of the wall facing Cumberland Avenue.  Due to financial difficulties, however, he abandoned the house's construction, and moved to his farm at Marble Springs, on the city's periphery.  Sevier sold the lot to his son, George Washington Sevier, in 1801, and the younger Sevier in turn sold it to South Carolina merchant James Dunlap in 1807.

In 1812, the lot with its unfinished house was purchased by James Park, a Scots-Irish merchant from County Donegal, Ireland, who had arrived in Knoxville in 1798.  According to some historians, the original wing of Park's house was designed by Thomas Hope, an early Knoxville architect who also designed the Ramsey House and Statesview.  Likely before 1820, Park added a second wing to the house, giving it its characteristic L-shape.

Park served as mayor of Knoxville from 1818 to 1821, and again from 1824 until 1826.  In 1839, he lost Knoxville's first popular mayoral election to W.B.A. Ramsey by one vote.  Park and his wife, Sophia Moody, had 12 children, some of whom were born in the Park House.  President Andrew Jackson stayed at the Park House on a visit to Knoxville in 1830.

Reverend James Park

Park's eleventh child, also named James Park, was born in the Park House in 1822.  The younger James Park graduated from East Tennessee College in 1840 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1846, after which he was licensed as a Presbyterian preacher.  He briefly served as co-principal of the East Tennessee Female Institute before moving to Rogersville in the 1850s to preach at that city's First Presbyterian Church.  He returned to Knoxville in 1860 to accept a position as principal of the Tennessee School for the Deaf (then located in what is now Old City Hall).

During the Civil War, Park moved to his country home in Cedar Springs (in what is now West Knoxville).  In late 1863, General James Longstreet, whose army was attempting to retake Knoxville from an occupying Union force, dined at Park's Cedar Springs house. Park later recalled that Longstreet had an inaccurate map that showed the confluence of the French Broad and Holston rivers to be below Knoxville, and refused to believe Park when he pointed out that the confluence was actually upriver from Knoxville.

After the war, Park was appointed preacher of Knoxville's First Presbyterian Church, and he moved into the James Park House, where he would live for most of the remainder of his life.  An 1871 map of Knoxville shows the house surrounded by a grove of trees and a few outbuildings, with the St. John's Episcopal Church (predecessor of St. John's Cathedral) across Cumberland to the north.  An 1886 map, on the other hand, shows the house surrounded by the church and numerous smaller houses, reflecting Knoxville's rapid post-war growth.

20th century

After Park's death in 1912, his house was sold and converted into office space.  The house was used as a Red Cross workshop during World War I, and served as a medical clinic in the years following the war.  In 1945, the Knoxville Academy of Medicine, headed by prominent physician Herbert Acuff (who was also instrumental in constructing the nearby Medical Arts Building), purchased and renovated the house.  The Academy used the house for several decades before relocating to West Knoxville.

In 2002, Gulf and Ohio Railroads CEO Pete Claussen and his wife, Linda, purchased the house for use as the Gulf and Ohio's headquarters.  Working with architect Lee Ingram of the firm, Brewer Ingram Fuller, the Claussens removed several modern elements and restored the house to its 19th-century appearance.  These changes included the removal of a 1968 rear medical auxiliary and auditorium, and the restoration of the house's Victorian-era porch.  The renovations were largely completed in 2007.

Design

The James Park House is a -story, L-shaped house with a modern service wing located at the rear.  Claussen's restorations, guided in part by old photographs and architectural research, included the re-addition of a picket fence surrounding the property, reconstruction of the house's Victorian-style front porch, rebuilding of the front stairs, and the reshaping of the chimneys.  An arched fireplace in the basement, the design of which is nearly identical to a fireplace in the nearby Craighead-Jackson House, was also restored.

The floors of the modern addition to the house have been painted with various historical maps of Knoxville.  One of the house's restrooms contains a ceiling-to-floor safe.  Another restroom is modeled after the restroom of the Red Sage restaurant in Washington, D.C.  A windowpane in the house contains the name "Sallie," which was probably etched by a daughter of the Reverend James Park.

References

Resources

 Isenhour, Judith Clayton.  Knoxville - A Pictorial History. (Donning, 1978), page 164.
 Knoxville: Fifty Landmarks. (Knoxville: The Knoxville Heritage Committee of the Junior League of Knoxville, 1976), page 12.
 The Future of Knoxville's Past: Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville, Tennessee  (Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission, October 2006), page 19.

External links
James Park House — Brewer Ingram Fuller site containing photographs and restoration details
James Park House — Gulf and Ohio Railways site

Houses in Knoxville, Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Knoxville, Tennessee

James Park House


Western Oblast () was an oblast (a first-level administrative and municipal unit) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1937. Its seat was in the city of Smolensk. The oblast was located in the west of European Russia, and its territory is currently divided between Bryansk, Kaluga, Pskov, Smolensk, and Tver Oblasts.

By the 1937 All-Union Census, the population of the oblast was 4,693,495 persons. It was abolished on 27 September 1937.

History
The oblast was established on 1 October 1929 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The territory of the oblast was formed from Smolensk and Bryansk Governorates, parts of Moscow, Kaluga, and Tver Governorates, as well as Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. The oblast was subdivided into eight administrative districts (okrugs),
Bryansk Okrug (with the seat located in Bryansk);
Klintsy Okrug (Klintsy);
Roslavl Okrug (Roslavl);
Rzhev Okrug (Rzhev);
Smolensk Okrug (Smolensk);
Sukhinichi Okrug (Sukhinichi);
Velikiye Luki Okrug (Velikiye Luki);
Vyazma Okrug (Vyazma).
Before the oblast was established, the constituent governorates used the old division inherited from the Russian Empire (uyezds). On 1 October 1929 the division of the oblast into districts was established.

The following districts have been established,
 In Bryansk Okrug: Brasovsky, Bryansky, Dyatkovsky, Karachevsky, Khotynetsky, Khvastovichsky, Komarichsky, Lyudinovsky, Navlinsky, Pesochensky, Sevsky, Shablykinsky, Suzemsky, Trubchevsky, Vygonichsky, Zhizdrinsky, Zhiryatinsky, and Zhukovsky.
 In Klintsy Okrug: Churovichsky, Gordeyevsky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Krasnogorsky, Mglinsky, Novozybkovsky, Pogarsky, Ponurovsky, Pochepsky, Starodubsky, Surazhsky, and Unechsky.
 In Roslavl Okrug: Dubrovsky, Khislavichsky, Kletnyansky, Mokrovsky, Pochinkovsky, Rognedinsky, Roslavlsky, Shumyachsky, Stodolishchensky, Yekimovichsky, and Yershichsky.
 In Rzhev Okrug: Belsky, Kamensky, Karmanovsky, Lukovnikovsky, Molodotudsky, Nelidovsky, Oleninsky, Pogorelsky, Rzhevsky, Selizharovsky, Staritsky, Stepurinsky, Sychyovsky, Vysokovsky, Yeltsovsky, and Zubtsovsky.
In Smolensk Okrug: Baturinsky, Demidovsky, Dorogobuzhsky, Dukhovshchinsky, Glinkovsky, Grinyovsky, Kardymovsky, Kasplyansky, Katynsky, Krasninsky, Monastyrshchinsky, Ponizovsky, Prechistensky, Rudnyansky, Safonovsky, Slobodskoy, Yartsevsky, and Yelninsky.
 In Sukhinichi Okrug: Baryatinsky, Duminichsky, Kozelsky, Meshchovsky, Mosalsky, Pavlinovsky, Plokhinsky, Spas-Demensky, Sukhinichsky, Vskhodsky, and Yukhnovsky.
 In Velikiye Luki Okrug: Bologovsky, Idritsky, Ilyinsky, Kholmsky, Kunyinsky, Leninsky, Loknyansky, Nasvinsky, Nevelsky, Novosokolnichesky, Oktyabrsky, Ostashkovsky, Penovsky, Porechyevsky, Pustoshkinsky, Rykovsky, Sebezhsky, Sovetsky, Toropetsky, Troitsky, Tsevelsky, Usmynsky, Ust-Dolyssky, Usvyatsky, Velizhsky, and Velikoluksky.
 In Vyazma Okrug: Bukharinsky, Gzhatsky, Izdeshkovsky, Iznoskovsky, Kholm-Zhirkovsky, Medynsky, Novoduginsky, Tyomkinsky, Uvarovsky, Voskresensky, Vyazemsky, and Znamensky.

On 10 May 1930 Uvarovsky District was transferred to Moscow Oblast. On 12 May of the same year Smolensk Okrug was renamed Yartsevo Okrug, and its seat was transferred to Yartsevo. On 1 August 1930 the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. Smolensk and Bryansk were made cities of the oblast significance.

On 20 September 1930 twelve districts were abolished: Bologovsky, Ponizovsky, Porechyevsky, Rykovsky, Slobodskoy, Sovetsky, Stepurinsky, Tsevelsky, Troitsky, Usmynsky, Ust-Dolyssky, Vysokovsky Districts. On 20 November of the same year Grinyovsky, Kardymovsky, and Katynsky Districts were abolished and merged into Smolensky District.

On 10 February 1931 Vskhodsky District was abolished. On 1 February 1932 eighteen more districts were abolished: Baturinsky, Churovichsky, Idritsky, Iznoskovsky, Kasplyansky, Khotinetsky, Kunyinsky, Mokrovsky, Molodotudsky, Nasvinsky, Pavlinovsky, Ponurovsky, Rognedinsky, Voskresensky, Vygonichsky, Yeltsovsky, Yershichsky, and Zhiryatinsky Districts. On 30 January 1934 Pogorelsky, Prechistensky, and Suzemsky Districts were abolished. On 28 December of the same year Plokhinsky District was renamed Rumyantsevsky. On 18 January 1935 a number of districts were established or re-established. These were Chertolinsky, Iznoskovsky, Kardymovsky, Kunyinsky, Penovsky, Pogorelsky, Ponizovsky, Prechistensky, Rognedinsky, Suzemsky, Tumanovsky, Voskresensky, Vskhodsky, and Yershichsky Districts.

On 29 January 1935 the northern part of Western Oblast was transferred into newly established Kalinin Oblast. It consisted of Chertolinsky, Kamensky, Kholmsky, Kunyinsky, Leninsky, Loknyansky, Lukovnikovsky, Nelidovsky, Nevelsky, Novosokolnichesky, Oktyabrsky, Oleninsky, Ostashkovsky, Penovsky, Pogorelsky, Pustoshkinsky, Rzhevsky, Sebezhsky, Selizharovsky, Staritsky, Toropetsky, Velikoluksky, and Zubtsovsky Districts.

On 27 December 1935 Voskresensky District was renamed Andreyevsky District, on January 1936 Pesochensky District was renamed Kirovsky District, and on 5 March 1937 Bukharinsky District was renamed Dzerzhinsky District, following the arrest of Nikolai Bukharin, subsequently executed. In 1937, Rumyantsevsky District was renamed Ulyanovsky, following the arrest of Ivan Rumyantsev, the first secretary of the Western Oblast Committee of the Bolshevik Party.

On 27 September 1937 the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issues a decree which abolished Western Oblast. It was split between Oryol and Smolensk Oblasts. In particular, the following 29 districts, Brasovsky, Bryansky, Dubrovsky, Dyatkovsky, Gordeyevsky, Karachevsky, Khvastovichsky, Kletnyansky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Komarichsky, Krasnogorsky, Lyudinovsky, Mglinsky, Navlinsky, Novozybkovsky, Pochepsky, Pogarsky, Rognedinsky, Sevsky, Shablykinsky, Starodubsky, Suzemsky, Surazhsky, Trubchevsky, Ulyanovsky, Unechsky, Zhizdrinsky, and Zhukovsky Districts, were transferred to Oryol Oblast. The remaining 49 districts were transferred to Smolensk Oblast. These were Andreyevsky, Baryatinsky, Baturinsky, Belsky, Demidovsky, Dorogobuzhsky, Dukhovshchinsky, Duminichsky, Dzerzhinsky, Gzhatsky, Glinkovsky, Ilyinsky, Izdeshkovsky, Iznoskovsky, Kardymovsky, Karmanovsky, Kasplyansky, Khislavichsky, Kholm-Zhirkovsky, Kirovsky, Kozelsky, Krasnyansky, Medynsky, Meshchovsky, Monastyrshchinsky, Mosalsky, Novoduginsky, Ponizovsky, Pochinkovsky, Prechistensky, Roslavlsky, Rudnyansky, Safonovsky, Shumyachsky, Slobodskoy, Smolensky, Spas-Demensky, Sukhinichsky, Stodolishchensky, Sychyovsky, Tyomkinsky, Tumanovsky, Usvyatsky, Velizhsky, Vskhodsky, Vyazemsky, Yartsevsky, Yekimovichsky, Yelninsky, Yershichsky, Yukhnovsky, and Znamensky Districts.

The most important authority in the oblast was the first secretary of the VKP(b) Oblast Committee. The following persons were the first secretaries,
 Ivan Petrovich Rumyantsev (1929–1937), executed during the Great Purge;
 Demyan Sergeyevich Korotchenko (1937), acting first secretary.

References

Oblasts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Geography of Smolensk Oblast
Geography of Pskov Oblast
Geography of Bryansk Oblast
Geography of Tver Oblast
Geography of Kaluga Oblast

Western Oblast


Schollaert Channel () is a channel in the Antarctic between Anvers Island on the southwest and Brabant Island on the northeast, connecting Dallmann Bay and Gerlache Strait, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was discovered in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, who named it for the Belgian statesman Frans Schollaert.

See also
 Gerlache Strait Geology

Straits of the Palmer Archipelago

Schollaert Channel


Emil Horozov (born 27 September 1949, in Sofia) is a Bulgarian mathematician known for his work in dynamical systems theory and mathematical physics and work related to Hilbert's sixteenth problem.

Education
Horozov obtained Master's degree from Sofia University in 1972 and then got his Ph.D. from Moscow State University in 1978, where he was under the supervision of V. I. Arnold and Y. V. Egorov. His thesis was Bifurcations of symmetric vectorfields on the plane. In 1990, Horozov obtained his D.Sc. degree, this time from Sofia University, after completing his thesis, which was titled Hamiltonian systems and Abelian integrals.

Career
Horozov was an assistant professor at Sofia University for ten years before accepting associate professor position in 1984. He was promoted to professor ten years later, and served as such at the same institution until 2002, when he decided to become senior researcher at the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science. He retained his professorship in 2006 and since that year relocated to University of California, Santa Barbara.

During his years as professor, Horozov was also a visiting professor to Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam from June 1985 to October 1986, as well as to Brandeis University in 1986, 1987, and 1998 respectively. He also was visiting professor to the University of Arizona from August 1991 to May 1992 and to the University of Bremen in June 1991 and February 1993. In May 1997, Horozov became a visiting professor at the University of Florence and then served as such at Artois University in July 1999, the University of Nantes in January 2000, and at the University of Leeds in April 2001.

Works
Among his best known mathematical works are "Versal deformations of equivariant vector fields for cases of symmetry of order two and three" (Ph.D. thesis, 1979), "On the number of limit cycles in perturbations of quadratic Hamiltonian systems" (joint with I. D. Iliev), "Some functions that generalize the Krall-Laguerre polynomials" (joint with F. A Grünbaum and L. Haine), and "Perturbations of the spherical pendulum and Abelian integrals".

Corruption allegations
He was the head of the Bulgarian National Science Fund until his resignation in February 2011 after suffering reprisals for combating corruption in the institution. In 2014 Sofia University decided to retire prematurely Professor Emil Horozov contrary to the rules and the practice of the University. In this relation an open Letter addressed to the Rector Ivan Ilchev and the Members of the Academic Council of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski'' was published in the Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society. The letter has not received an official answer.
Later the first instance Bulgarian court has decided that the act of Sofia University violates the law and that Professor Horozov must be returned to his job.

References

1949 births
Living people
Corresponding Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Moscow State University alumni
Sofia University alumni
Academics of the University of Leeds
Brandeis University faculty
Academic staff of the University of Bremen
Academic staff of the University of Florence
Academic staff of the University of Nantes
Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
20th-century  Bulgarian mathematicians
21st-century  Bulgarian mathematicians

Emil Horozov


Tanezumab (INN, codenamed RN624) is a monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor as a treatment for pain via a novel mechanisms different from conventional pain-killer drugs. Tanezumab was discovered and developed by Rinat Neuroscience and was acquired by Pfizer in 2006.

In 2009 there was a Phase III trial for knee pain due to osteoarthritis (OA).
Another Phase III trial for hip pain in OA was halted in June 2010 when some patients needed hip replacement.

Tanezumab is undergoing Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of various pain entities, including chronic low back pain, bone cancer pain, and interstitial cystitis.

In March 2012, the Anti-NGF Testing - FDA Committee voted in favor of a continuation of the development of nerve-blocking medications, as long as certain safety precautions were observed.

A Phase III trial published in 2013 found tanezumab was superior to placebo for painful hip osteoarthritis.

At February 19, 2019 the co-development partners - Eli Lilly and Pfizer - announced that treatment with tanezumab 10 mg met the primary endpoint, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in chronic low back pain at 16 weeks compared to placebo (however, 5 mg arm demonstrated a numerical improvement in pain, but did not reach statistical significance compared to placebo at the week 16 analysis).

Society and culture

Legal status
On 16 September 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for tanezumab (Raylumis), a medicine intended for the treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis.

On 25 March 2021, the FDA Joint Arthritis Advisory Committee and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee voted 1 to 19 against the question :  on whether the proposed risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) for tanezumab will ensure its benefits outweigh its risks.

See also
 List of investigational analgesics

References

External links
 All registered trials involving Tanezumab

Analgesics
Monoclonal antibodies
Pfizer brands

Tanezumab