Anywhere Festival is an annual Brisbane based festival for performance anywhere but traditional theatre spaces. The first anywhere-but-in-a-traditional-theatre concept was brought to Brisbane in 2011 by creative director Paul Osuch and his partner, Ally McTavish. Their theory is that we need to take traditional story-telling out of theatre buildings and back to where life really takes place, in the community.

The festival – which holds performances anywhere but in a traditional theatre – began in 2011 with 4000 attendees and 31 productions.  Since it began, the Anywhere Festival (they dropped the "Theatre" in 2015) has grown in size and popularity as it inhabited the nooks and crannies of this city of ours

The idea behind Anywhere is that the art of theatre should not be constrained by, well, a theatre nor by a time frame of two plus hours with interval, or even a genre.

The idea behind Anywhere Festival is that you don't - you shouldn't - have to go to a traditional theatre space to see theatre. You shouldn't have to pay a lot of money for tickets, and artists shouldn't be limited by space or cost or time. For 10 days this month, you can see exciting theatre in parks, backyards, bedrooms, lifts, trains and even on Twitter, not just in Brisbane but as far away as Toowoomba to the west, and Yandina to the north.

"The festival is about theatre anywhere but in a theatre," explains Paul Osuch, the mastermind behind the festival. He started Anywhere with his wife, Alex McTavish. "I could see people wanted exciting theatre that didn't have to happen in a theatre," he says. "What kicked it over the line was when English actor Ian McKellen couldn't find a theatre space in Brisbane to bring his acclaimed Waiting for Godot. I figured that if he had trouble getting into a Brisbane theatre there were probably a lot of less-well-known theatre producers with the same problem."

It wasn't just a lack of available theatre venues that prompted him to act. Osuch says he found many traditional theatre spaces were restrictive, both for audiences and artists, and smothered in an air of "elitism" that was turning people away.

"I find that most performances in a theatre space are just a little sterile. And parking's difficult, the drinks are generally overpriced and, as someone over the height of six foot, I'm not a big fan of theatre seating where I have to watch a show through the gap between my knees," he says. "I feel that the traditional theatre spaces stop more people going to experience it than it regularly attracts. It's been turned into this big thing with a huge infrastructure around it instead of it being something that people feel they can pop along to in their own neighbourhood or do themselves."

"Ultimately, the Anywhere Festival is about entertainment and theatre but it is also about encouraging businesses to engage with their community in a new way", says co-founder and creative producer, Alex McTavish." "It may seem like it is a simple arts festival but community and communion is what it's all about," she says.

The festival is held in Brisbane, Mackay, Frankston and Parramatta.

History

The festival began in 2011 as the Anywhere Festival, Brisbane but became known as the Anywhere Festival in 2014 to expand its remit beyond traditional "theatre". It was created and directed by Paul Osuch and Alex McTavish.

In 2014, the first Anywhere Festival was presented in Frankston and in 2015 grew to include Brisbane, Mackay, Dysart, Middlemount, Moranbah Parramatta and Frankston.

In 2017, the festival expanded to Noosa and Sunshine Coast with Toni Wills and Nycole Prowse joining and Alex McTavish leaving the festival.

2011
The 2011 Anywhere Festival included cabaret, circus, comedy, drama, site specific theatre and kids theatre features productions by  Riot Stage, underground Productions, Black Fox Theatre, Divalution, Cracked Pavement, Rag Tag Productions, Somerset Mills Productions, Flipside Circus, Roundabout theatre, Queensland Arts Council, Gumball Theatre, Edge Improv, Spangles Aura Productions, Booster cushion, The Deconverters, Fractal Theatre, Queensland Shakespeare Ensemble, Two Hours Traffic,  Circa Zoolings, Cradle Productions, Michael Weston Organisation, Soapbox Theatre, Circa Zoo, allison Manson and Imploding Fictions.

2012
The 2012 Anywhere Festival ran from 10 to 19 May 2012 and included the following organisations and theatre practitioners: Arts Queensland, Queensland Theatre Company, Brighton Fringe, Markwell Presents Cinematic Theatre Co, Underground Productions, The Alleyway Collective, Cradle Productions, ELaRT Productions, Hannah Taylor, Tease, Black Fox Theatre, La Petite Famille, 2Muse Productions, Egg Festivals Inc., Musica Viva, Arts Support, Sarah Reinking, La Boite, Stage On Screen, Metro Arts, Woodfordian Institute of Street Performances (WISP), SeeD Theatre, Fixate Productions, HolePunch, Synestheatre, Tessa Waters, Mager & Smythe, Lucy Ingham & Alexander Baden Bryce, Australian Actors Network, Jennifer Bismire, 8 Wing Theatre Co., Two Hours Traffic, heartBeast- vicious theatre ensemble, Flipside Circus, Queensland Wind Orchestra, Oxford Girl Theatre Project, Hidden Room, Edrich, Queensland Shakespeare Ensemble, Belles of Hell, Marcus Lilley Artist, Small Crown Productions, Sandra Carluccio, UQ Drama, Medley Theatre Company, Babushka, Circa.

2013
The 2013 Anywhere Festival changed from a ten-day to twelve-day festival, running from 8 to 19 May.

2014
The 2014 Anywhere Festival ran from 7 to 18 May and included  420 performances of 67 different productions over 27 suburbs of Brisbane. It featured cabaret, circus, comedy, drama, site specific theatre and kids theatre. Festival director Paul Osuch said this year's event, running May 7 to 18, would see pubs, hotels, shops, cafes, parks, churches, homes and even a garage serve as a venue for a range of theatre, dance, music, circus and comedy acts.

2015
The 2014 Anywhere Festival ran from 7 to 24 May across Brisbane, Mackay, Mount Isa and Cairns.

2016
The 2016 Anywhere Festival ran from 5 to 21 May 2016.

2017
The 2017 Anywhere Festival ran from 4 to 21 May 2017 across Brisbane with Sunshine Coast and Noosa becoming part of the festival.

2018
The 2018 Anywhere Festival ran for 18 days from 10 to 27 Mayacross Brisbane, Sunshine Coast and Noosa. More than 500 artists and arts workers presented 370 diverse performances with cabaret, circus, comedy, drama, dance, poetry, music and site specific theatre all popping up in surprising places.

2019
The 2019 Anywhere Festival ran from 9 to 26 May across Brisbane, Sunshine Coast and Noosa with over 500 performances of 96 shows in 101 different towns and suburbs. The festival featured performances by Violet&Rose productions, Mixed Messages Productions, Independent Graduates from QUT, Magnetic North Theatre Company, Virag Dombay, Cello Dreaming, BYTE Theatre Company, Vulcana, Lightning Bolt Creative, Ritual Theatre, Victoria Posner, XYZ ARI in collaboration with Anthony Elliott Baker, Bec Redsell, Muses Trio, Screech Arts, Chris MartinTalk Is Free Theatre, Cycles in Sync, Linsey Pollak & Lizzie O'Keefe, Phoebe Hilton, Collectivist, Taylor Edwards and Rosa Sottile, Salted Pineapple Productions, Hayley Condon, Emma Lamberton + Brie Jurss, Lady Beard & Co., ThunderBear Productions, Luminescence, Tremayne Gordon, Minola Theatre, Amanda Cole and Kim Kirkman, Half Hitch, The Adwah Haswah Theatre Company of Wonder and Magic, The Humour Experiment, Wester-Dyer Productions, The Shadow Collective, Underground Productions, Riley Cope Creative, Relativity, 3bCreative, Spiral Dance Company, Sunshine Troupe Inc, Tim Ross and Kit Warhurst, Lonnie Gilroy, Senaai Chapple & Johanna Lyon, Aaron Ducker, Etch Events, Prathana Thevar-Brink, Maybe Mad Theatre Company,  Moment of Inertia Productions, Gary Nostrils, Local Upstarts, Inc, Comedy Lounge, Shiny Tin Productions, The Big Crew, Ben Burns, Ben Keane and friends!, InsideOutside Theatre Company, Big Fork Theatre, Ruckus, Edge Improv, Toukie Wood, browbrow, Republic of Song, supported by Vulcana, SMacNifiCo, Alex Harper, Noah Milne, Planet Clare, Red Chair, Gabe Francis, The Singer's Anatomy, Fools Theatre Company, The Owl's Nest, Talk of the Town Storytelling Services, Chance Collective, Lightning Bolt Creative, Sho Eba, Gemma Elsom & Joseph Wilson- The Drama Merchant, Red Robin Entertainment, The Smooth End of the Pineapple, Sharon Moore, Little Seed Theatre Company, The Reaction Theory, Fiona Bryant and co., Act/React, D.I.V.E. Theatre Collective, Scott Wings, Interim Theatre, Mira Ball Productions.

2020
The 2020 Anywhere Festival was due to run 7 to 24 May 2020 and was cancelled due to COVID-19. An out of festival season was run between June and September featuring 21 productions across 32 towns and suburbs using online shows with Zoom and performances in driveways to meet social distancing and venue restrictions while theatres were unable to reopen. The driveway performance idea lead the way for the Brisbane Festival Street Serenade program, announced shortly after for a September season.

See also

List of festivals in Brisbane

References

External links

 Arts Queensland Case Study of the 2011 Anywhere Theatre Festival
 Arts Queensland Creative Capital Strategy document referring to Anywhere Theatre Festival
 Paul Osuch interview with The Australian
 Commissioned Blog by Festival Director Paul Osuch on Anywhere, anytime
 Green Room interview with Paul Osuch
 "Creative Spaces Case Studies

Theatre in Brisbane
Festivals in Brisbane
Tourist attractions in Brisbane
Companies based in Brisbane
Festivals established in 2011
2011 establishments in Australia
Fringe festivals in Australia
Site-specific theatre

Anywhere Festival


dCache is a system for storing and retrieving huge amounts of data, distributed among a large number of heterogeneous server nodes, under a single virtual filesystem tree with a variety of standard access methods. dCache is open source software built in Java and is used by, among others, ten out of fourteen Tier1 sites to CERN to store data from the Large Hadron Collider.

dCache provides methods for exchanging data with backend (tertiary) storage systems as well as space management, pool attraction, dataset replication, hot spot determination and recovery from disk or node failures. Connected to a tertiary storage system, the cache simulates unlimited direct access storage space. Data exchanges to and from the underlying hierarchical storage management system are performed automatically and invisibly to the user. Beside through protocols specific to high-energy physics, data in dCache can be accessed via NFSv4.1 as well as through WebDAV.

References

External links

Distributed file systems
Network file systems
Distributed data storage

DCache


The Dent d'Hérens (4,174 m) is a mountain in the Pennine Alps, lying on the border between Italy and Switzerland. The mountain lies a few kilometres west of the Matterhorn.

The Aosta hut (2,781 m) is used for the normal route.

Naming

The mountain takes its name from the Val d'Hérens, a valley located further to the north. The original name was probably the Dent Blanche, which is now that of the nearby Dent Blanche which overlooks the Val d'Hérens. On older maps, in the area where both summits lie, only the name Weisszahnhorn (from German: White Tooth Peak) was given, the French name (Dent Blanche) appearing only in 1820. Because cartographers usually made their observations far away from the remoter areas and also because the Dent d'Hérens is sometime hidden behind the Dent Blanche, thus being less visible, the latter received the name. The inhabitants of the lower Val d'Hérens called the Dent d'Hérens, the Dent Blanche, but those of the upper Val d'Hérens called it the Dent de Rong or the Dent d'Erins, contributing to the general confusion. The names used today have been the official ones since the completion of the Dufour map in 1862.

Geography

The Dent d'Hérens is located on the main alpine watershed between the Swiss canton of Valais on the north and the Italian region of Aosta Valley on the south. The northern side of the mountain is part of the drainage basin of the Rhone, while the south side is part of the drainage basin of the Po River.

The Dent d'Hérens lies 4 km west of the Matterhorn and north of the village of Cervinia on the Italian (south) side. On the Swiss (north) side, the mountain rises above the Zmutt Glacier in the remote valley of Zmutt, 12 km away from the town of Zermatt. Despite its name suggests, the Dent d'Hérens does not overlook the Val d'Hérens, as the Dent Blanche lying a few kilometers to the north do.

Climbing history
The first ascent of the mountain was by Florence Crauford Grove, William Edward Hall, Reginald Somerled Macdonald, Montagu Woodmass, Melchior Anderegg, Jean-Pierre Cachat and Peter Perren on 12 August 1863. The mountain had been attempted a few days before by Edward Whymper, Jean Antoine Carrel and Luc Meynet but Whymper insisted that they retreat from their planned route up the west ridge because of loose rock. Whymper was annoyed that he had not chosen the line taken up the Grandes Murailles glacier and the south-west flank by Melchior Anderegg on the first ascent and later wrote:
This was the only mountain in the Alps that I have essayed to ascend, that has not, sooner or later, fallen to me. Our failure was mortifying . . .

The first winter ascent was by M. Piacenza, J. J. Carrell and G. B. Pellisier on 16 January 1910.

The 1,300-metre north face was first explored by George Finch, T. G. B. Forster and R. Peto on August 2, 1923, via the North Face Diagonal or 'Finch Route'. A traversing rather than a more directly ascending line, it avoided the main difficulties of the face; these were tackled two years later by the direct line of the 'Welzenbach Route' (Willo Welzenbach and Eugen Allwein) on 10 August 1925, which may be considered the first ascent of the face. On 5 August 1959 Wilfrid Noyce, together with C. J. Mortlock and Jack Sadler, made the first British ascent of the Welzenbach route. This route was the scene of a large rescue operation on its first winter ascent on 14–17 March 1964. Having climbed the face and bivouacked on the summit, the combined team of German (Gerhard Deweß and Leo Herncarek), Polish (Jerzy Hajdukiewicz and Krzysztof Berbeka) and Swiss (Eckhart Grassmann, Pierre Monkewitz and Dieter Naef) climbers suffered two falls, one of 200 metres, on the descent down the south-west face. The injured climbers were stuck on the mountain for four days before rescue, with Berbeka later dying in hospital and Deweß and Naef requiring amputations.

See also

List of 4000 metre peaks of the Alps

References

External links

The Dent d'Hérens on SummitPost
Normal route from the Aosta hut (in English)

Alpine four-thousanders
Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Italy
Mountains of Valais
Pennine Alps
Mountains of Aosta Valley
Italy–Switzerland border
International mountains of Europe
Mountains of Switzerland
Four-thousanders of Switzerland

Dent d'Hérens


Armavir ( ), is a town and urban municipal community located in the west of Armenia serving as the administrative centre of Armavir Province. It was founded in 1931 by the government of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. As of the 2011 census, the population of the town is 29,319, down from 46,900 as reported in the 1989 census. Currently, the town has a population of 65,515 as per the 2023 official estimate.

The town was known as Sardarabad before 1935, and Hoktemberyan from 1935 to 1995. Currently, Armavir is the seat of the Diocese of Armavir of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Etymology
Founded in 1931 as Sardarabad, the town was known as Hoktemberyan (meaning the city of October) between 1935 and 1995, named in honor of the October Revolution.

In 1992, the town was named Armavir by the government of independent Armenia, after the nearby ancient city of Armavir, that was founded in the 8th century BC by King Argishti I of Urartu, and became the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Orontid dynasty in 331 BC.

History

The area of ancient Armavir has been inhabited since the 6th millennium BC. Various obsidian instruments, bronze objects and pottery have been found from that period. Armenian accounts held the city to have founded by King Aramais, a grandson of Hayk, around 1980 BC.

During the first half of the 8th century BC, King Argishti I of Urartu built a fortress in the area and named it Argishtikhinili. In 331 BC, when Armenia under the Orontid dynasty asserted its independence from the Achaemenid Empire, Armavir was chosen as the capital of Armenia. Slabs of clay have been found from the Achaemenid period written in the Elamite language concerning episodes of the Gilgamesh epic. Various inscriptions in Hellenistic Greek carved around the third century BC, have been found, including poetry from Hesiod, lines from Euripides, a list of Macedonian months, and names of Orontid Kings.

According to the 5th-century Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi, Armavir was the first capital of the Kingdom of Armenia (although, from a geographical standpoint, the first capital of Armenia was Van). Movses' history preserves a tradition that when King Valarsace the Parthian settled in Armavir (ca. 149 BC), he built a temple there and asked prince aspet (knight) Smbat of the Bagratuni dynasty to give up his religion and worship idols. But Smbat refused to comply. Movses also relates that when King Tigranes II (whom he places on the throne from 90 to 36 BC), in order to take revenge on Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, sent an expedition to Palestine, he carried a great number of Jews into captivity, and settled them in Armavir and in Vardges. Movses goes on to state that later Jews were transferred from Armavir to Yervandashat, and under King Artashes I, were again transferred into the new capital Artashat. When King Sapor II of Persia invaded Armenia (360–370), he led away from Artashat 30,000 Armenian and 9,000 Jewish families, the latter brought by King Tigranes from Judea, and then completely destroyed the city.

In 591 during the reign of emperor Maurice, Armavir (then called Armaouira) and much of Armenia came under Roman administration after the Romans defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire at the battle of the Blarathon.

During Antiquity, Armavir was taken by the Seleucids, Parthians, Roman Empire, Sassanids and Byzantine Empire before it was taken over by the Arabs in 645.
By the decision of the Soviet government, the settlement of Armavir was founded as Sardarabat on 26 July 1931, only 8 km north of the ancient city of Armavir, to become the regional centre of the Hoktemberyan raion created earlier in 1930 (known as Ghurdughuli raion until 1935). It was originally founded as a railway station connecting Yerevan with Leninakan (Gyumri). The first major urban plan of the town was introduced by architect Alexander Tamanian.

In 1935, the name of the settlement was changed from Sardarabat to Hoktemberyan in honor of the 1917 October Revolution. At the beginning, it was home to Armenian families who migrated from Javakheti, Shirak and Zangezur. During the 1940s, many Yazidis and Kurds from the nearby villages have also settled in Hoktemberyan. With the rapid development of the settlement as an industrial hub, Hoktemberyan was given the status of a town in 1947.

The population of the town was further increased in the 1950s and 1960s upon the arrival of repatriated Armenian families from Iran, Syria and Lebanon. In 1966, the Armavir branch of the Yerevan Brandy Company was opened. In 1967, Hokberyan became a city of republican subordination.

Following the independence of Armenia in 1991, Hoktemberyan was renamed Armavir on 7 November 1995, to become the provincial centre of the newly formed Armavir Province, as per the 1995 administrative reforms of Armenia.

Geography
Modern-day Armavir occupies an area of 8.51 km2 within the fertile Ararat plain, at a road distance of 47 km west of the capital Yerevan.

The territory around Armavir is among the most important regions of Ancient Armenia. The town is built 6 km northeast of the ancient city of Argishtikhinili and 8 km north of historic Armavir. The region corresponds with the Aragatsotn canton of the ancient Armenian Kingdom.

The town is surrounded by many large villages including Sardarapat, Norapat, Mrgashat, Maysisyan and Noravan.

Climate
Armavir has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with mildly cold winters and hot summers. The average temperature in January is –2.3 °C and 24.8 °C in July. The annual precipitation level is around 305 mm.

Demographics

Upon its foundation in 1931, the town was originally populated by Armenians from Javakheti, Shirak and Zangezur. Later, Yazidis, Kurds and Assyrians from the nearby villages have also settled in Armavir. Many Armenians from Iran, Syria and Lebanon were resettled in Armavir during the 1950s and 1960s, as part of the Armenian repatriation process.

The town's population reached its peak with around 47,000 during the final years of the Soviet Union. Following the independence of Armenia and the resulting economic crisis, it has drastically declined, showing 32,034 in the 2001 census, 29,319 in the 2011 census, and around 28,900 as per the 2016 official estimate.

The town's Saint Gregory of Narek Church was opened on 30 May 2014 and named after . Since its consecration in 2014, the church became the seat of the Diocese of Armavir of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

The healthcare in the town is served by the Armavir Medical Center, with a capacity of 280 beds.

Culture
The territory of modern-day Armavir is surrounded with many archaeological sites that are considered major centers of ancient Armenian civilization, including the nearby settlements of Metsamor, ancient Armavir, and ancient Argishtikhinili.

Currently, Armavir is served by a cultural center, commonly known as the Red Club. It is also home to a music school, a school of arts, five public libraries, and a theatrical group. There is a private zoological/botanical garden at the northeastern vicinity of the town.

In 2016, the town celebrated the 85th anniversary of its foundation, with the presence of delegates from the Russian cities of Armavir and Shakhty.

Transportation

The town of Armavir is founded on the basis of the train station operating since 1927, as a railway junction between Yerevan and Leninakan/Gyumri. The station was renovated i the 2000s. In November 2009, the station was provided with an electric locomotive that connects Armavir with the Aragatsavan station and northwestern Armenia.

The town is also connected with Yerevan and central Armenia through the M-5 Motorway. The H-17 regional road connects Armavir with Gyumri and other parts of northern Armenia.

Economy

Since its foundation, Armavir has gradually developed as an important centre for industries, as well as services. The industry of the town is mainly based on food-processing and building materials production.

The cotton mill of Armavir opened in 1928 was the first industrial plant of the town. The Hoktemberyan Cannery, which opened in 1943, was among the largest food-processing plants in the Soviet Union. The Armavir branch of the Yerevan Brandy Company has operated since 1966. The glass factory of Armavir is a major glass container producer for the entire republic. There is a water treatment facility in the eastern suburbs of the town.

As a provincial centre, Armavir is home to many branches of prominent banks currently operating in Armenia.

Armavir air base was built near the town during the early 20th century and became one of the largest jet pilot training centers for the Soviet Air Force.

Education
As of 2015, Armavir has 10 public schools, 12 nurseries, 2 intermediate colleges, 3 sport schools, and a school for children with special needs. Armavir is also home to the Tigran Mets Sports and Military College.

The Armavir provincial medical centre is located in the town as well.

Sports

FC Armavir was the football club who represented the town during the Soviet years. It was founded in 1965 as FC Sevan Hoktemberyan. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, FC Armavir participated in the Armenian Leagues mainly throughout the 1990s. The club was dissolved in 2003 due to financial difficulties. The club used to play their home games at the Jubilee Stadium which has a capacity of 10,000 spectators. In 1985, the stadium hosted one group match during the FIFA World Youth Championship hosted by the Soviet Union. Nowadays, it is serving the young teams of the Armavir football school.

In February 2017, the Football Federation of Armenia has launched the construction of a football academy in Armavir. With an approximate cost of US$3 million, the construction is being jointly financed by the FFA, UEFA and FIFA. It is expected to be completed by October 2019.

Martial arts including judo, muay thai sambo and taekwondo are also popular in the town. The Mayor's cup tournament of judo is annually held in Armavir. The town's sport school was entirely renovated in 2007.

Twin towns – sister cities

Armavir is twinned with:
 Allauch, France
 Armavir, Russia
 Feodosiya, Ukraine
 Shakhty, Russia
 Kerman, Iran

See also
Armavir (ancient city)
Armavir (village)
Armavir, Russia

References

External links

 www.armavir.agro.am

Further reading
  Tirac'yan, Georg. "Armawir." Translated from Armenian by Aida Tcharkhtchian and edited by Jean-Pierre Mahé. Revue des Études Arméniennes. vol. 27, 1998–2000, pp. 135–300.

Populated places in Armavir Province
Erivan Governorate

Armavir, Armenia


George Rufus Adams (April 29, 1940 – November 14, 1992) was an American jazz musician who played tenor saxophone, flute and bass clarinet. He is best known for his work with Charles Mingus, Gil Evans, Roy Haynes and in the quartet he co-led with pianist Don Pullen, featuring bassist Cameron Brown and drummer Dannie Richmond. He was also known for his idiosyncratic singing.

Biography
George Adams was born in Covington, Georgia, on April 29, 1940. He first started playing piano at the age of eleven and switched to tenor saxophone in high school. Later on, he went study at the Clark College and got lessons on flute by Wayman Carver. As a teenager, George Adams frequently gained performance experience by playing with local R&B bands. In 1961, he accompanied singer Sam Cooke on a tour. At this point, Adams was based out of Cleveland where he spent a great deal of time studying and working with organ trios alongside pianist and organist, Bill Doggett. The two men played a form of music that combined rhythm and blues with jazz. In 1968, he decided to expand his career and move to New York City to participate in the city's growing jazz scene. A year later, George Adams toured with Roy Haynes, playing with him until 1973. Shortly after, he performed with Art Blakey, before joining Charles Mingus' band. His partnership with Mingus lasted until 1976.

Mingus (1973–76)
George Adams' first appearance with Mingus was on Mingus Moves with Ronald Hampton, Dannie Richmond, and Don Pullen in 1973. Later on, Adams went to perform in Mingus at Carnegie Hall, Changes One and Changes Two. He also appeared on Mingus Moves (1973) and other albums. 1975, while touring Europe with Mingus, he made his first recordings under his own name with Don Pullen, Dannie Richmond and bassist David Williams. Adams also began a working relationship with Gil Evans that lasted until 1978 that same year.

Gil Evans (1975–78)
Adams' first appearance with Evans was on his album The Gil Evans Orchestra Plays the Music of Jimi Hendrix, which was dedicated to the compositional efforts of rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix. The album features orchestral versions of songs such as Angel, Castles Made of Sand and Voodoo Child. George Adams continued to record with Gil Evans throughout 1975 by contributing to his album There Comes a Time.

McCoy Tyner
In 1976, Adams began to performing on and off with pianist McCoy Tyner until the late 1980s. The following year, George performed with trumpeter Marvin Hannibal Peterson at the Antibes Jazz Festival in Antibes, France. He appeared on Tyner's album The Greeting in 1978, alongside bassist Charles Fambrough and drummer Sonship.

George Adams/Don Pullen Quartet (1979–92)
In 1979, Adams and Pullen began to co-lead a quartet with Dannie Richmond and bassist Cameron Brown. In December 1979, George recorded the album Paradise Space Shuttle with his personal quintet that featured pianist Ron Burton, drummer Al Foster, bassist Don Pate and percussionist Azzedin Weston.

Adams' contributions to his ensemble were best heard on Paradise Space Shuttle's title track. After a brief introduction, he enters the arrangement playing a disjointed and primal melody. He then plays a more traditional bebop figure before supplementing it with a strident motif. He continues to utilize several different textures throughout the song, such as multiphonics, blues riffs and phrased melodic devices. The result of all this is a performance that includes a multitude of saxophone history into four and a half minutes.

In 1980, Adams and Dannie Richmond recorded the album Hand to Hand for the Soul Note label. The album featured trombonist Jimmy Knepper, pianist Hugh Lawson and bassist Mike Richmond. In August 1980, Adams and Pullen recorded the album Earth Beams. The ensemble demonstrated its best on the album's title track. Adams' immediate performance provides a great deal of melodic presence throughout the song. George's deep resonance helps to thicken the harmonic quality of the song. The fundamentals of the ensemble are also anchored perfectly by Dannie Richmond.

In 1983, Adams started to expand on his career as a sideman by recording with trombonist Craig Harris on his album Black Bone. The following year, George recorded as a member of the Mingus Dynasty at the Village Vanguard. In April 1985, Adams and Pullen recorded the album Live at Montmartre, but it wasn't released until 2000, and featured a guest appearance by guitarist John Scofield. The group is quite noteworthy on the song Well, I Guess We'll Never Know.

After a brief introduction from Richmond, the ensemble goes into a variation of Rhythm Changes with a different take on the bridge. The unison line of Adams and Scofield gives the overall melodic stance of the song more body and power. During his solo, Adams shadows Pullen's "sheets of sound" solo by performing with the same bravado and style. The addition of Scofield adds more of a foundation for George to work off of with the outcome being an even more confident melodic statement.

The following year, Adams and Hannibal Peterson recorded the album More Sightings for the Enja label. In 1987, George recorded the album Where Were You? with the group Orange Then Blue. It featured trumpeter Ken Cervenka, trombonist Peter Cirelli and French horn player Gunther Schuller, amongst others. He then became a member of the band Phalanx that same year, alongside drummer Rashied Ali, bassist Sirone and guitarist James Blood Ulmer and released the album, Original Phalanx.

In 1988, Richmond died and the Adams/Pullen group briefly replaced him with drummer Lewis Nash, then disbanded. Adams then formed a new quartet with Cameron Brown, Hugh Lawson and drummer Gregory Hutchinson. The same year, George recorded an album of ballads and spirituals entitled Nightingale, alongside Lawson, Sirone and drummer Victor Lewis. The album features renditions of "What a Wonderful World", "Moon River", and "Ol' Man River."  1988 also saw the release of the Phalanx album, In Touch.

He died in New York at the age of 52 after an illness. He had been experiencing breathing difficulties for the last year.

Playing style

Adams and Don Pullen shared a musical vision and their quartet straddled the range from R&B to the avant-garde. (The quartet was sometimes known as the "George Adams–Don Pullen Quartet", and sometimes as the "Don Pullen–George Adams Quartet".) After Adams' death, Pullen dedicated to his memory the 1993 CD Ode To Life, recorded by his African-Brazilian Connection, and in particular the ballad "Ah George, We Hardly Knew Ya".

One of Adams' last recordings was America on the Blue Note label. This album consists of classic American songs like "Tennessee Waltz", "You Are My Sunshine" and "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" as well as a few original songs that articulate Adams' positive view of his country and the gifts it had given him. It also includes "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "America the Beautiful".

Adams was a member of the band that played Epitaph by Charles Mingus.

Discography

As leader
Jazz a Confronto 22 (Horo, 1975)
Suite for Swingers (Horo, 1976)
Paradise Space Shuttle (Timeless Muse, 1979)
Sound Suggestions (ECM, 1979)
Hand to Hand – with Dannie Richmond (Soul Note, 1980)
Melodic Excursions – with Don Pullen (Timeless, 1982)
Gentlemen's Agreement – with Dannie Richmond (Soul Note, 1983)
More Sightings – with Hannibal Peterson (Enja, 1984)
Nightingale (Blue Note, 1989)
America (Blue Note, 1989)
Old Feeling (Something Else, 1991)

As the George Adams-Don Pullen Quartet
All That Funk (Palcoscenico, 1979)
More Funk (Palcoscenico, 1979)
Don't Lose Control (Soul Note, 1979)
Earth Beams (Timeless, 1981)
Life Line (Timeless, 1981)
City Gates (Timeless, 1983)
Live at the Village Vanguard (Soul Note, 1983)
Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. 2 (Soul Note, 1983)
Decisions (Timeless, 1984)
Live at Montmartre – with John Scofield (Timeless, 1985)
Breakthrough (Blue Note, 1986)
Song Everlasting (Blue Note, 1987)

With Phalanx
1986 Got Something Good for You (Moers Music)
1987 Original Phalanx (DIW)
1988 In Touch (DIW)

As sideman
With Gil Evans
There Comes a Time (RCA, 1975)
Priestess (Antilles, 1977)
Gil Evans Live at the Royal Festival Hall London 1978 (RCA, 1979)
1981 Lunar Eclypse (live in Europe 1981)
Live at Sweet Basil (Gramavision, 1984 [1986])
Live at Sweet Basil Vol. 2 (Gramavision, 1984 [1987])
1987 Live at Umbria Jazz: Volume 1 and 2

With Craig Harris
Black Bone (Soul Note, 1983)
4 Play (JMT, 1991)
With Roy Haynes
Hip Ensemble (Mainstream, 1971)
Senyah (Mainstream, 1972)
With Cecil McBee
Mutima (Strata-East, 1974)
With Charles Mingus
Mingus Moves (Atlantic, 1973)
Mingus at Carnegie Hall (Atlantic, 1974)
Changes One (Atlantic, 1974)
Changes Two (Atlantic, 1974)

With New York Unit
Oleo (CBS/Sony, 1989)
Blue Bossa (Paddle Wheel, 1990)
Tribute to George Adams (Paddle Wheel, 1991)

With Don Pullen
Jazz a Confronto 21 (Horo, 1975)
Tomorrow's Promises (Atlantic, 1977)

With James Blood Ulmer
Revealing (In + Out, 1977)

With McCoy Tyner
The Greeting (Milestone, 1978)
Horizon (Milestone, 1979)
Things Ain't What They Used to Be (Blue Note, 1989)

With Ravi Shankar
Jazzmine (Polydor, 1980)

References

External links

1940 births
1992 deaths
Free jazz saxophonists
Free jazz flautists
Post-bop flautists
Post-bop saxophonists
American jazz flautists
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Timeless Records artists
Enja Records artists
Avant-garde jazz flautists
Avant-garde jazz saxophonists
African-American jazz musicians
People from Covington, Georgia
20th-century American saxophonists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Mingus Dynasty (band) members
Phalanx (band) members
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century flautists

George Adams (musician)


The Berkeley Hills are a range of the Pacific Coast Ranges that overlook the northeast side of the valley that encompasses San Francisco Bay.  They were previously called the "Contra Costa Range/Hills" (from the original Spanish Sierra de la Contra Costa), but with the establishment of Berkeley and the University of California, the current usage was applied by geographers and gazetteers.

Geology

The Berkeley Hills are bounded by the major Hayward Fault along their western base, and the minor Wildcat fault on their eastern side.  The highest peaks are Grizzly Peak (elevation 1,754 feet/535 m) and Round Top (elevation 1,761 feet/537 m), an extinct volcano, and William Rust Summit 1,004 feet (306 m).

Vollmer Peak (elevation 1,905 feet/581 m), although commonly thought to be part of the Berkeley Hills, is actually located on the adjacent San Pablo Ridge near the point where it meets the Berkeley Hills at the head of Wildcat Canyon.  Vollmer Peak was named in honor of the first police chief of the City of Berkeley, August Vollmer.  It was formerly known as "Bald Peak", and as "Rocky Mound" in the 19th century.

Development

Much of the west slope of the Berkeley Hills has residential neighborhoods of mostly single family homes, except on the land of University of California, Berkeley.  Most streets are narrow and tend to follow the contours of the land, although three streets, Marin Avenue, Moeser Lane, and Potrero Avenue, run directly toward the ridgeline.  Other roads to the ridgeline wind their way up the canyons. Grizzly Peak and Skyline Boulevards follow the top of the ridge. Many neighborhoods in the Berkeley Hills are home to the more affluent residents of Berkeley and Oakland.

The east slope of the Berkeley Hills is mostly preserved or partially developed wildland, much of it owned by the East Bay Regional Park District and the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). From north to south, the parks are Wildcat Canyon Regional Park, Tilden Regional Park (includes Vollmer and Grizzly Peaks), Sibley Volcanic Regional Park (includes Round Top), Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve, Redwood Regional Park (enfolding Roberts Regional Recreation Area), Anthony Chabot Regional Park, Lake Chabot Regional Park, and Cull Canyon Regional Recreation Area. Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve, and Temescal Regional Park are lower on the western slopes while Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is lower on the eastern slope above Danville.

The Berkeley Hills are pierced by several tunnels. Two are aqueducts of EBMUD; the Berkeley Hills Tunnel serves the  of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system.  The four bores of the Caldecott Tunnel carry State Highway 24 between Oakland and Contra Costa County.

Usage
It is common to hear the term "Oakland Hills" to refer to that section of the Berkeley Hills that runs along the east side of Oakland. As a proper name or recognized toponym, it is technically incorrect. When used on maps, the exact south end of the "Berkeley Hills" is unclear, but the maps of the USGS show them stretching well south into the northeastern portion of Oakland.  It does not, in any case, correspond to any political boundaries, only to a geographic feature (much as "San Francisco Bay" is not limited to that stretch of the Pacific inlet within the bounds of the City and County of San Francisco).  The ridge extends south through Oakland and San Leandro to the drainage of San Leandro Creek called Castro Valley, and geologically, continues southward above the line of the Hayward Fault.  In the section above East Oakland to Castro Valley, the ridge appears on most maps as the San Leandro Hills.

The northern extent of the proper name "Berkeley Hills" is less indefinite; most maps including those of the USGS apply the name along the entire ridge as it runs continuously right up to the mouth of Wildcat Canyon in Richmond.  The eastern slopes of the Berkeley Hills lie entirely outside of the city of Berkeley within Contra Costa County.

Another common usage is East Bay Hills, but its application to any particular range is unclear.  It may refer to all of the ranges east of the Bay, from the Berkeley Hills to the Diablo Range and all the ranges between.

Ecology
The Berkeley Hills are a region of great biological diversity as part of Pacific Coastal Region of California and the San Francisco Bay ecosystem. Much of the area is covered by grassland which favors the southwest facing slopes. Amongst the north east hills, Baccharis Brushland and Oak Woodland are most prominent with Coast live oak and California bay laurel as some of the most prolific trees. Past Eucalyptus tree farming during the early 20th century has also introduced large Eucalyptus groves scattered across the Berkeley Hills.

The area welcomes a wide variety of birds, lack-tailed deer, coyote, ground squirrel, striped skunk, western terrestrial garter snake, gray fox, bobcat, and red-tailed hawk. There are also periodic sightings of mountain lions amongst the Oak Woodland. Four protected species also call the Berkeley Hills their home, the San Francisco tree lupine moth, Alameda whipsnake, Callippe silverspot, and Bay checkerspot. Additionally, the grassland acts as an annual foraging spot for the northern harrier, American kestrel, prairie falcon, and turkey vulture.

Climatic effects

The Berkeley Hills affect the local climate by their elevation.  The oceanic marine layer, which develops during the summer, bringing fog and low clouds with it, is usually less than 2,000 feet deep and thus is blocked by the range.  This produces a "fog shadow" effect to the east, which is warmer than areas west of the hills.  The westerly wind that carries the marine layer through the Golden Gate typically splits its flow as it hits the Berkeley Hills producing a southerly wind from Berkeley northward and a northerly wind in the direction of Oakland.

In winter during spells of tule fog inland, a reverse situation occurs, with the fog usually confined to areas east of the hills, although occasionally, the inland fog pours in from the north, around the hills by way of the Carquinez Strait.

The Berkeley Hills affect rainfall; when the wind is perpendicular to the hills (southwest wind) during a storm, air is forced to rise, cooling and condensing additional moisture, increasing the precipitation on the western slopes and leaving areas east of the hills drier. Especially cold storms occasionally deposit wet snow on the peaks.

In spring and fall, sinking air from aloft combining with inland high pressure periodically sends the Diablo wind, a hot, dry, and gusty wind across the ridges of the Berkeley Hills, posing a fire danger, which in the 20th century produced several wildfires, two of which caused major damage to Berkeley and Oakland.  (See 1923 Berkeley Fire and 1991 Oakland firestorm).

References
Notes

Sources
 The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Andrew C. Lawson, chairman, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87, 2 vols. (1908) - Available online at this USGS webpage.
 The Berkeley Hills, a Detail of Coast Range Geology, Andrew Cowper Lawson and Charles Palache, University of California Press, 1902
 Map of Oakland-Berkeley, California State Automobile Association, March 2006 edition
Plant Succession In The Berkeley Hills, California, 1974
The Berkeley Hills, a detail of Coast Range geology. Vol. 2. University of California Press, 1902.
Comparison Of The Influence Of Two Exotic Communities On Ecosystem Processes In The Berkeley Hills
 TopoZone Map
 Sibley Regional Preserve: Upper Tertiary East Bay Volcanism Exposed at Sibley Regional Preserve, Northern California Geological Society, 2018-2021.

California Coast Ranges
Hills of California
Mountain ranges of Alameda County, California
Mountain ranges of Contra Costa County, California
Geography of Berkeley, California
Geography of Oakland, California
El Cerrito, California
Mountain ranges of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mountain ranges of Northern California

Berkeley Hills


This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world from 500 AD to 600 AD (13 BH – 23 BH).

Sixth century (500–600)
This century corresponds to approximately 126 - 23 BH.
 570: Year of the Elephant. 50-60 days before the Birth of Muhammed, Abraha (Viceroy of Yemen) with his army of elephants reached Makkah to demolish the Ka'aba.
 570: Birth of Muhammad
 573: Birth of Abu Bakr. The senior companion of Muhammad and his father-in-law.
 576: Death of Aminah bint Wahb, the mother of Muhammad (approximate date)
 576: Birth of Uthman. The second cousin and twice son-in-law of Muhammad.
 578: Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad (approximate date)
 582: Birth of Umar. The senior companion of Muhammad and his father-in-law.
 582: Muhammad's journey to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib. They meet with Bahira, a Christian monk. Bahira notes true  characteristics about the Prophet, which  forces him to ask more and have him discover the "mark of prophets," a mark believed to be carried by all of the prophets of the Abrahimic faiths.  (approximate date).
 594: Muhammad works for Khadija; leads her trade caravan to Syria and back (approximate date)
 595: Muhammad marries Khadija (approximate date).
 598: Birth of Muhammad and Khadija first child Qasim
 599: Birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib in the city of Mecca. The cousin of Muhammad and his son in law.
 600: Birth of Muhammad and Khadija's eldest daughter and second child Zainab after Qasim
 600: Death of Muhammad's first child Qasim ibn Muhammad

References

See also
 History of Islam
 Timeline of Muslim history

06
06
Muslim

Timeline of 6th-century Muslim history


Private Secretary (also known as Susie) is an American sitcom that aired from February 1, 1953, to September 10, 1957, on CBS, alternating with The Jack Benny Program on Sundays at 7:30pm EST. The series stars Ann Sothern as Susan Camille "Susie" MacNamara, devoted secretary to handsome talent agent Peter Sands, played by Don Porter.

Overview
Susie MacNamara (Sothern) is a former stage actress, a WAC veteran of World War II and single woman who works as the private secretary for theatrical agent Peter Sands (Porter) at the fictional New York theatrical agency International Artists Inc. Susie's honest, good-natured attempts to help Mr. Sands, especially in romantic matters, always leads to comedic complications. Susie is usually assisted by her best friend, Violet "Vi" Praskins (Ann Tyrrell), the office's nervous and bumbling receptionist. In guest appearances, Jesse White played Mickey "Cagey" Calhoun, a chief competitor and loudmouthed agent business rival to Susie's boss. One of the show's trademarks was the set decoration portraying a 1950s state-of-the-art executive office, with stylish decor, IBM typewriters and the latest office telephone gear from Western Electric. There are occasional references to a young actress, never seen, who was a client of Mr. Sands named Harriet Lake (Sothern's real name).

In an unusual move, Private Secretary also had two brief runs on another network. During the summers of 1953 and 1954, reruns from the recent season were shown on NBC as a summer replacement for Your Hit Parade, with the series resuming new shows on CBS each fall. Private Secretary, Your Hit Parade and The Jack Benny Program were all sponsored by Lucky Strike Cigarettes. Its parent company American Tobacco Company had some financial interest in all three programs and their respective network time-slots.

Series ending

The series was renewed for a sixth season, but Sothern walked out in a contract dispute with producer Jack Chertok, ending the series' run. Sothern, along with several cast members, went on to star in another weekly series, The Ann Sothern Show, from 1958–1961.

Sothern reprised the character of Susie MacNamara for the premiere episode of The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show (later shown in repeats as The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour). In this installment, entitled "Lucy Takes a Cruise to Havana" (which was originally a 75-minute episode), Sothern appeared opposite series regulars Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, William Frawley and Richard Keith as well as guest stars Hedda Hopper, Rudy Vallee and Cesar Romero.

Episodes

Release

Syndication
Before Private Secretary went into syndication, the opening title sequence and series name were changed. The series, which was sponsored by American Tobacco for Lucky Strike cigarettes during its original run, featured the company's sponsor I.D. in the opening title sequence which could not be aired in syndication. An animated title sequence was made featuring a cartoon "Susie."

The series' name was also changed when producer Jack Chertok withheld the rights to the show's original title in hopes of replacing Sothern with another actress in the title role. Chertok released Susie into syndication in the fall of 1957. The original title sequence has not been viewed since Private Secretary's original run.

Susie aired on Nick at Nite from January 1987 to June 1990.

Home media
In 2006, two video distributors, Critics' Choice and Alpha Video, released one volume of the series on Region 1 DVD in the United States. Both releases were identical with the exception of the artwork. Both companies released three more identical volumes. The latest, volume four, was released in April 2007. Each volume contains four episodes of the series from varying seasons.

Reception

Nielsen ratings
 Season 1: N/A
 Season 2: #24
 Season 3: #19
 Season 4: #12
 Season 5: #25

Award nominations

References

External links

Public domain episode at Internet Archive

1953 American television series debuts
1957 American television series endings
1950s American sitcoms
Black-and-white American television shows
Private Secretary
English-language television shows
Television shows set in New York City

Private Secretary (TV series)


Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory.  This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects.  Other authors, however, define thermal physics loosely as a summation of only thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

Overview
Thermal physics, generally speaking, is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energetic perspective.  Starting with the basics of heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate.  In addition, the concept of entropy is studied via quantum theory.

A central topic in thermal physics is the canonical probability distribution.  The electromagnetic nature of photons and phonons are studied which show that the oscillations of electromagnetic fields and of crystal lattices have much in common.  Waves form a basis for both, provided one incorporates quantum theory.

Other topics studied in thermal physics include: chemical potential, the quantum nature of an ideal gas, i.e. in terms of fermions and bosons, Bose-Einstein condensation, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium, the equipartition theorem, entropy at absolute zero, and transport processes as mean free path, viscosity, and conduction.

Thermodynamic instruments

There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure.

A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that it does not appreciably alter its state parameters when brought into contact with the test system.

It is important that these two types of instruments are distinct. A meter does not perform its task accurately if it behaves like a reservoir of the state variable it is trying to measure. If, for example, a thermometer, were to act as a temperature reservoir it would alter the temperature of the system being measured, and the reading would be incorrect. Ideal meters have no effect on the state variables of the system they are measuring.

Related pages
Thermodynamics

Sources

Other websites
Thermal Physics Links on the Web

Thermodynamics

Thermal physics


James Staats Forbes (7 March 1823 – 5 April 1904) was a Scottish railway engineer, railway administrator and art collector. He was the uncle of the painter Stanhope Alexander Forbes, and father of the zoologist William Alexander Forbes.

Early life
James Staats Forbes was born on 7 March 1823 at Aberdeen, Scotland. He was the eldest of the six sons of James Staats Forbes and his wife Ann, née Walker. He went to school in Woolwich, and in 1840 was taken on as a draughtsman in the office of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, at that time chief engineer of the Great Western Railway. In 1841 Forbes joined the Great Western as a clerk, and in a short time rose to goods manager.

On 20 August 1851, Forbes married Ann Bennett; they had two sons and two daughters. She died in 1901.

Career

In 1857 Forbes went to the Netherlands to join the Dutch–Rhenish Railway, where he soon became general manager. He was offered the position of general manager of the Great Western, but instead took over the failing London, Chatham and Dover Railway, then in receivership, where he was general manager and, from 1873, also chairman until in 1899 the company merged with the South Eastern Railway of Forbes's long-term rival, Sir Edward Watkin.

On 6 October 1870 Forbes joined the board of the Metropolitan District Railway, also close to bankruptcy at the time, and was chairman from 1872 until 1901. He held many other board posts: he was chairman of the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company and two other electric light companies, president of the National Telephone Company, a director of the Lion Fire Insurance Company, a director of the Hull and Barnsley Railway, chairman of the Whitechapel and Bow Railway, and financial adviser to the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, which was at the time also in financial difficulties.

He became an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1865.

Art collection

Forbes was a keen connoisseur of art, and built up a huge collection, particularly of works of the Barbizon School, works of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and of nineteenth-century Dutch painters.  He also had several paintings by James McNeill Whistler, including Blue and Silver: Boat Entering Pourville; Blue and Silver: Trouville; The Girl in Red; Grey and Brown: The Sad Sea Shore; Grey and Gold: High Tide at Pourville; Violet and Blue: The Red Feather and The Widow. His collection consisted of over four thousand pictures and drawings, valued at over £220,000 at his death.

Following his death, his executors chose not to hold a sale of the whole collection, which would have taken a week and might have depressed prices, but instead to sell it in parts. Four hundred selected works were exhibited at the Grafton Galleries in 1905. The purchase of a large proportion of these by Abraham Preyer, including works by Théophile de Bock, Johannes Bosboom, Jozef Israëls, Hein Kever, Jacob and Willem Maris, Anton Mauve, Johannes Albert Neuhuys, Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch and others, was one of the largest art transactions then known. The exhibition also included works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Charles-François Daubigny, Narcisse Virgilio Díaz and Jean-François Millet. A further exhibition was held in Brighton in 1908.

Forbes died at his home, Garden Corner, 13 Chelsea Embankment, Chelsea on 5 April 1904.  He was buried at West Wickham in Kent five days later.
James Forbes House, Southwark is named after him.

References

Further reading

1823 births
1904 deaths
Scottish civil engineers
Scottish art collectors
People from Aberdeen
British railway civil engineers

James Staats Forbes


Military Madness is a 1989 turn-based strategy video game originally developed and published by Hudson Soft in Japan and NEC in North America for the TurboGrafx-16. It is the first entry in the Nectaris series. Set in the year 2089, players take command of the Allied-Union forces in a desperate offense against the Axis-Xenon Empire army on the Moon before they launch the S.A.M. (Supreme Atomic Missile) weapon to obliterate Earth. Its gameplay consists of moving units into positions to confront enemies in turn-based encounters determined by multiple factors, capturing factories to produce resources and repair units in order to occupy the enemy prison camp or destroy all enemy forces.

Military Madness was later ported to other platforms, each one featuring several changes and additions compared to the original TurboGrafx-16 version, in addition of re-releases through download services for other systems, among other ways to play it. The game garnered positive reception from critics, some of which praised the audiovisual presentation and favourably compared its gameplay with other titles in the same genre such as Desert Commander and Advance Wars but others criticized several aspects, while other versions were also met with similarly positive reception from reviewers as well. It was also cited as a key influence on Dune II. A sequel, Neo Nectaris, was released in 1994 for the PC Engine Super CD-ROM² add-on.

Gameplay

Military Madness is a science fiction-themed turn-based strategy game where players assume command of the Allied-Union across sixteen increasingly difficult maps that take place at the Moon in 2089, each one giving a pre-determined set number of units to use, on a desperate offense against the Axis-Xenon Empire before they launch their doomsday weapon S.A.M. (Supreme Atomic Missile) to obliterate Earth. Available modes of play include the main single-player campaign that carries the main storyline, a tutorial mode dubbed "Manual" to learn about the game's overall rules and a two-player versus mode. A password system used to keep progress of the single-player campaign. After completing the first basic set of maps, the game starts again but at a more difficult advanced set of 16 maps once the last basic map is cleared.

The main gameplay objective is to either occupy the enemy prison camp to free prisoners or destroy all opposing forces on the playfield and the player that does so first wins. Players command their units on a hex map, using a command box function, and each unit have different mobility range that varies according to their type except aircraft units in addition of possessing different shooting range. Terrain plays an important role during battle sequences, as it can affect the outcome of encounters in terms of terrestrial unit's mobility, attack and defense. Each unit also gains experience when involved in combat, becoming stronger with every encounter, while offensive and defensive capabilities are increased if friendly units are near to another friendly unit.

Units cannot be produced, but the Allied-Union forces can capture enemy units if they are in factories, or find unsecured factories and gain units from them. Units can also be repaired by returning them to factories under Allied-Union control, however a stored unit cannot be moved until the current turn ends. Transport units are also available to carry terrestrial units across the map. Selecting the "End" command results with players finishing their current turn. A unique gameplay feature is the "Zone of Control" system; players can surround an enemy unit by forming a circle that decreases both its offensive and defensive capabilities, however players can move to one hex position after a unit was surrounded by enemy units.

Synopsis
In the twenty-first century, humans made a foray into the Moon but great powers were in fierce conflict over the scarce lunar resources and the Axis-Xenon Empire insisted on their occupation. On 6 April 2089, the Axis-Xenon Empire sent their army to the Moon to occupy almost the entire location and all lunar factories fell into the hands of the Axis-Xenon Empire, mass-producing weapons one after another. Those who disobeyed were captured and placed into prison camps around the Moon, while the Axis-Xenon Empire is preparing to launch the doomsday weapon S.A.M. (Supreme Atomic Missile) to attack Earth. Those who knew the plan, the Allied-Union forces, escaped from their captivity and headed towards the launch base of S.A.M. to thwart the ambitions of the Axis-Xenon Empire.

Release
Military Madness was first released for the TurboGrafx-16 in Japan by Hudson Soft on 9 February 1989 under the name Nectaris and later in North America by NEC on 15 February 1990. The game was re-released for Wii's Virtual Console worldwide in December 2006, also marking its first appearance in PAL regions. The title was also recently included as part of the TurboGrafx-16 Mini across every regional variant in 2020.

Military Madness was first ported under its Japanese name Nectaris by SystemSoft in Japan to the PC-9801 on 17 September 1993 and later to the X68000 on 25 September of the same year. In 1995, the game was ported to MS-DOS by Sunflowers and published by Hudson Soft in Europe under its original Nectaris name, featuring new units not found in the original TurboGrafx-16 release. The title later received a Windows 95 conversion as part of the CD-appendix included with the August–September 1997 issue of Japanese magazine LOGiN and was later distributed by Hudson at their official website as freeware, featuring a unit placement editor unique to this port. A Windows 98 version was released in 1999 as well.

An updated version for PlayStation was developed by Matrix Software and published by Hudson in Japan on 26 February 1998 and later in North America by Jaleco under the name Nectaris: Military Madness on 22 January 1999, featuring new maps and battle sequences rendered in 3D. The PlayStation version was later re-released by Konami for PlayStation Network in Japan on 14 May 2008. A mobile version for BREW was developed by Flying Tiger Development and published by Hudson on April 19, 2005. An Android version was also released on 12 May 2009, featuring a new interface for touch controls and redrawn graphics.

Reception

Military Madness received positive reception from critics since its release on the TurboGrafx-16, selling 200,000 copies in Japan, but did not sell well in North America due to the platform's failure to break into the market led by Nintendo and Sega. Aktueller Software Markts Ottfried Schmidt praised the visuals and sound but criticized the music for being short in length. Michael Hengst of Power Play commended the game for its guidance to players, graphics and atmospheric music while criticizing the lack of additional maps to play but nevertheless recommended it to strategy enthusiasts. Electronic Gaming Monthlys four reviewers also commended the game positively for its moon setting and compared it favourably to Desert Commander. Ray of Play Time noted its complexity with simplistic operation and understandable ruleset, recommending the title to strategy fanatics. Tetsuya Inamoto of Japanese website Game Watch wrote that the rules were easy to understand for players despite being a full-scale strategic simulation. Military Madness garnered a "Best War Game" award and Video Games & Computer Entertainment'''s "1990 Best Military-Strategy Game" award. Electronic Gaming Monthly editors ranked it as the 48th best console video game of all time in 1997, describing it as "both easy to learn and incredibly rich in gameplay complexity", noting how the opening tutorial effectively teaches players the basics and the later levels introduce new mechanics and challenges at a manageable pace.

Hiroaki Kageyama of Oh!X reviewed the X68000 conversion titled Nectaris, feeling disappointed for the visuals due to not making use of the X68000's graphic capabilities, while criticizing game's the overall strategies. However, the X68000 version proved popular among the X68000 userbase in Japan. The MS-DOS conversion, also titled Nectaris, was met with positive reception from critics as well. Manfred Duy of PC Joker criticized both visuals and sound for being a straightfoward conversion to DOS but commended the gameplay for being timeless. Likewise, PC Gamess Lars Geiger criticized the graphics and sound, remarking that the maps were not complex as those in Battle Isle 2 but noted the game being fun. PC Players Jörg Langer remarked that the title was interesting from a "historical" and experience the "forefather of today's hex field tactical games up close", regarding it to be fun due to the multiple units, number of maps and the simple but playful concept but Langer noted it could not compete with more modern games in the same genre due to being outdated. Power Plays Ingo Horn also criticized the graphics and sound as well but stated that strategists would not find a game as deep as Nectaris for DOS.

The PlayStation iteration was also well received by critics. AllGames Joe Ottoson praised the map and vehicle designs, faithful rendition of the original HuCard music, responsive controls and replay value, stating that "Nectaris holds up well despite the age of the game". IGN commended Hudson Soft for revamping the original TurboGrafx-16 game from a visual perspective, the addition of construction mode and two-player action, noting that the title's strength lies within its simplicity and complexity, regarding it to be one of the best strategy games on PlayStation. GameSpots Peter Bartholow regarded it as a solid title, commending its two-player component and graphical improvement to the maps but remarked that the polygonal battles were dated for the system visual-wise, as well as the music. Likewise, the mobile BREW version also garnered positive attention from reviewers.Military Madness was also met with equally positive reception from reviewers since its re-release on the Wii's Virtual Console. Nintendo Lifes Damien McFerran remarked that although the gameplay is not for everyone, he regarded it as one of the premier games of its type alongside Langrisser and Shining Force. Eurogamers Kristan Reed noted similarities with Advance Wars titles but nevertheless regarded it as a solid effort that justifies its place on the Virtual Console for being playable and well designed. Likewise, IGNs Lucas M. Thomas also noted similarities with Advance Wars but said that "Military Madness is a lot of fun and certainly worth a look if you're a fan of turn-based, grid-based, moon-based strategy". GameSpots Frank Provo claimed the title was ahead of its time, as it presented similarly complex turn-based battles as Advance Wars.

 Legacy Military Madness was adapted to a manga titled The Shape of Happiness, published in the Famitsu Comix collection from March 1989, drawn by Tamakichi Sakura. A game with similar gameplay mechanics titled Earth Light was released for the Super Famicom in 1992, coded by the same programmer who worked on Military Madness. A sequel titled Neo Nectaris was released in 1994 for the PC Engine Super CD-ROM² and later re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console, taking place ten years after the events of the first game. In 1998, a portable entry titled Nectaris GB was also released for the Game Boy and published by Hudson Soft in Japan. A remake, Military Madness: Nectaris, was released for WiiWare, Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network in 2010. An iOS version, Military Madness: Neo Nectaris, was also released in February 2010. The game was cited as one of the key influences on the seminal 1992 real-time strategy game Dune II.

Neo Nectaris
In 1994 Hudson Soft released a sequel/remake of Nectaris for the PC-Engine Super System CD² called Neo Nectaris''. Neo Nectaris covers the events of the first game but then escalates to Mars, featuring new enemies known as Bioheiki as well as several other changes. It was never released in North America due to the discontinuation of the TurboGrafx-16 line in the region.

There is an English port of the game for iOS from 2010, but the game's AI does not work properly.

Notes

References

External links

 Military Madness at MobyGames
 Nectaris (DOS) at MobyGames
 Nectaris: Military Madness at MobyGames

1989 video games
Android (operating system) games
DOS games
Freeware games
Hudson Soft games
Mobile games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
NEC PC-9801 games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
X68000 games
SystemSoft Alpha games
TurboGrafx-16 games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Jun Chikuma
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Flying Tiger Entertainment games

Military Madness


This is a glossary of terms specific to differential geometry and differential topology. The following three glossaries are closely related:
Glossary of general topology
Glossary of algebraic topology
Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry.

See also:
List of differential geometry topics

Words in italics denote a self-reference to this glossary.

A

 Atlas

B

 Bundle – see fiber bundle.

 basic element – A basic element  with respect to an element  is an element of a cochain complex  (e.g., complex of differential forms on a manifold) that is closed:  and the contraction of  by  is zero.

C

 Chart

 Cobordism

 Codimension – The codimension of a submanifold is the dimension of the ambient space minus the dimension of the submanifold.

 Connected sum

 Connection

 Cotangent bundle – the vector bundle of cotangent spaces on a manifold.

 Cotangent space

D

 Diffeomorphism – Given two differentiable manifolds  and , a bijective map  from  to  is called a diffeomorphism – if both  and its inverse  are smooth functions.

 Doubling – Given a manifold  with boundary, doubling is taking two copies of  and identifying their boundaries. As the result we get a manifold without boundary.

E

 Embedding

F

 Fiber – In a fiber bundle,  the preimage  of a point  in the base  is called the fiber over , often denoted .

 Fiber bundle

 Frame – A frame at a point of a differentiable manifold M is a basis of the tangent space at the point.

 Frame bundle – the principal bundle of frames on a smooth manifold.

 Flow

G

 Genus

H

 Hypersurface – A hypersurface is a submanifold of codimension one.

I

 Immersion

 Integration along fibers

L

 Lens space – A lens space is a quotient of the 3-sphere (or (2n + 1)-sphere) by a free isometric action of Z – k.

M

 Manifold – A topological manifold is a locally Euclidean Hausdorff space. (In Wikipedia, a manifold need not be paracompact or second-countable.) A  manifold is a differentiable manifold whose chart overlap functions are k times continuously differentiable. A  or smooth manifold is a differentiable manifold whose chart overlap functions are infinitely continuously differentiable.

N
 Neat submanifold – A submanifold whose boundary equals its intersection with the boundary of the manifold into which it is embedded.

O
 Orientation of a vector bundle

P

 Parallelizable – A smooth manifold is parallelizable if it admits a smooth global frame. This is equivalent to the tangent bundle being trivial.

 Poincaré lemma

 Principal bundle – A principal bundle is a fiber bundle  together with an action on  by a Lie group  that preserves the fibers of  and acts simply transitively on those fibers.

 Pullback

S

 Section

 Submanifold – the image of a smooth embedding of a manifold.

 Submersion

 Surface – a two-dimensional manifold or submanifold.

 Systole – least length of a noncontractible loop.

T

 Tangent bundle – the vector bundle of tangent spaces on a differentiable manifold.

 Tangent field – a section of the tangent bundle. Also called a vector field.

 Tangent space

 Thom space

 Torus

 Transversality – Two submanifolds  and  intersect transversally if at each point of intersection p their tangent spaces  and  generate the whole tangent space at p of the total manifold.

 Trivialization

V

 Vector bundle – a fiber bundle whose fibers are vector spaces and whose transition functions are linear maps.

 Vector field – a section of a vector bundle. More specifically, a vector field can mean a section of the tangent bundle.

W

 Whitney sum – A Whitney sum is an analog of the direct product for vector bundles. Given two vector bundles  and  over the same base  their cartesian product is a vector bundle over . The diagonal map  induces a vector bundle over  called the Whitney sum of these vector bundles and denoted by .

Geometry

Wikipedia glossaries using unordered lists

Glossary of differential geometry and topology


Windows USER is a component of the Microsoft Windows operating system that provides core functionality for building simple user interfaces. The component has existed in all versions of Windows, and includes functionality for window management, message passing, input processing and standard controls.

Functionality and role

Windows USER provides a large part of the core user experience for Microsoft Windows. Historically, it was responsible for:

 Causing windows to be drawn (using GDI as a device-independent API for drawing primitives)
 Obscuring overlapping windows behind others
 Window size and positioning
 Providing all the standard window management controls (such as close boxes or title bars)
 Providing the standard Windows menu bar
 Providing of standard controls (such as button, List box or Edit Box)
 Providing dialog box management (short-cut keys, tab key processing)
 Processing all user input from the mouse and keyboard
 The desktop background image (until Windows 8)
 Drawing all standard visual elements
 Inter-process communication using Dynamic Data Exchange
 Mouse pointer cursor display and management
 Data transfer (Clipboard)

Gradually, as Windows has become larger and better factored, Windows USER has cooperated with other components to provide this functionality:

 Controls: Starting with Windows 95, new controls were placed into a separate common controls component. Starting with Windows XP, new implementations of the standard controls were also moved to that same component.
 Standard Visuals: Starting with Windows XP, visual elements are drawn by the Theming component.
 Windows Management experience: Starting with Windows Vista, drawing standard window management was moved from Windows USER to the Desktop Window Manager when the Aero theme is enabled. Starting with Windows 8, window frames are always drawn by DWM, except in the Windows Preinstallation Environment.
 Inter-program communication: Starting with Windows 3.1, Object Linking and Embedding replaced Dynamic Data Exchange as the recommended model for inter program communication.
 Menu bar: Starting in Windows 7, the Ribbon interface is a recommended replacement for the menu bar and context menus. It is provided by the UIRibbon component.
 Desktop wallpaper: Starting in Windows 8, drawing of the desktop wallpaper was moved to Windows Explorer, except in the Windows Preinstallation Environment, where the desktop wallpaper is drawn by the WallpaperHost.exe application. Wherever USER would have drawn the desktop background before, a solid screen of the user's accent color is drawn instead.
 Mouse pointer: Starting in Windows Vista when DWM is enabled, drawing of the mouse pointer is managed by it. However, starting in Windows 11, it will no longer display with DWM disabled, unless the file %SystemRoot%\System32\DWMInit.dll does not exist.

Developer experience

Windows USER implements abstractions that are used to build Windows applications. These include

 HWND (Handle to Window)

The HWND is the basic unit of visual display and input in the Windows developer platform. All visual elements either have their own HWNDs or live as part of a larger HWND. Many functions in Windows USER manipulate properties on HWNDs such as size, position and title. Each HWND also has a communication channel (WNDPROC - Window Procedure) for delivery of messages.

Windows are managed as a tree, with the desktop window at the root of the hierarchy. Child windows are usually (but not always) visually contained within their parents.

 MSG (Message)

Applications and the operating system communicate with HWNDs using messages. A window message is the combination of a target HWND, a message code, and other details such as mouse position.

 Message Loop

By combining calls to Windows USER in the right way, a Windows application processes messages. The core Windows message loop (including calls to GetMessage, TranslateMessage and DispatchMessage) is at the core of any Windows application.

Developer functionality related to Windows USER is provided in the C header file winuser.h.

Implementation

In 16-bit versions of Windows, Windows USER was implemented as a file called user.exe. The file extension here was a misnomer, as Windows USER was in fact always a dynamic link library.

In 32-bit versions of Windows, the 32-bit version of Windows USER is called user32.dll and is located in the System32 directory, while compatibility with 16-bit applications is provided by having a modified version of user.exe also present.

In 64-bit versions of Windows, the 64-bit implementation of Windows USER is called user32.dll and is located in the System32 directory, while a modified 32-bit version (also called user32.dll) is present in the SysWOW64 directory.

See also
Graphics Device Interface (GDI)
Microsoft Windows library files

References

External links
Comprehensive Reference on WOW64 Folders, Variables, Values and References

Windows NT architecture
Windows components
Windows technology

Windows USER


Hohenzollern-Hechingen was a county and principality in southwestern Germany, part of what is now Baden-Württemberg. Its rulers were members of a branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern family.

History
The County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen was created in 1576, when the County of Hohenzollern was divided.  The county was ruled as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.  When the last count of Hohenzollern, Charles I of Hohenzollern (1512–1579) died, the territory was to be divided up between his three sons:
 Eitel Frederick IV of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1545–1605)
 Charles II of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1547–1606)
 Christoph of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (1552–1592)

Unlike the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg and Prussia, the Hohenzollerns of southwest Germany remained Roman Catholic. The County was raised to a principality in 1623.

The principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 and  was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. The democratic Revolution of 1848 was relatively successful in Hohenzollern, and on 16 May 1848, the Prince was forced to accept the constitution limiting his power. However, the conflict between monarch and democrats continued, and on 6 August, Hohenzollern was occupied by Prussian forces. On 7 December, 1849, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Konstantin sold the country to his relative, King Frederick William IV of Prussia. On 12 March 1850, Hohenzollern-Hechingen officially became part of Prussia.  Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which also became part of Prussia in 1850,  were called the Hohenzollernsche Lande .

Rulers

Counts of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1576-1623)

 Eitel Friedrich IV (1576–1605)
 Johann Georg (1605–1623) became Prince in 1623

Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623-1850)
 Eitel Friedrich V. (1623–1661)
 Philipp Christoph Friedrich (1661–1671)
 Friedrich Wilhelm (1671–1735)
 Friedrich Ludwig (1735–1750)
 Josef Friedrich Wilhelm (1750–1798)
 Hermann (1798–1810)
 Friedrich (1810–1838)
 Konstantin (1838–1850) died 1869 last male member in dynastic line

House of Hohenzollern
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the German Confederation
Former states in Germany
1576 establishments
1570s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Germany
1850 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
1850s disestablishments in Europe

Hohenzollern-Hechingen


A Taylor series is an  idea used in computer science, calculus, chemistry, physics and other kinds of higher-level mathematics. It is a series that is used to create an estimate (guess) of what a function looks like. There is also a special kind of Taylor series called a Maclaurin series.

The theory behind the Taylor series is that if a point is chosen on the coordinate plane (x- and y-axes), then it is possible to guess what a function will look like in the area around that point. This is done by taking the derivatives of the function and adding them all together. The idea is that it is possible to add the infinite number of derivatives and come up with a single finite sum.

In mathematics, a Taylor series shows a function as the sum of an infinite series. The sum's terms are taken from the function's derivatives. Taylor series come from Taylor's theorem.

History
The Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea first came up with the idea of this series. The paradox called "Zeno's paradox" is the result. He believed that it would be impossible to add an infinite number of values and get a single finite value as a result.

Another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, came up with an answer to the philosophical question. It was Archimedes, however, who came up with a mathematical solution using his method of exhaustion. He was able to prove that when something is split up into an infinite number of tiny pieces, they will still add up to a single whole when all of them are added back together. The ancient Chinese mathematician Liu Hui proved the same thing several hundred years later.

The earliest known examples of the Taylor series are the work of Mādhava of Sañgamāgrama in India in the 1300s. Later Indian mathematicians wrote about his work with the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, tangent, and arctangent. None of Mādhava's writings or records still exists today. Other mathematicians based their work on Mādhava's discoveries and worked more with these series until the 1500s.

James Gregory, a Scottish mathematician, worked in this area in the 1600s. Gregory studied the Taylor series and published several Maclaurin series. In 1715, Brook Taylor discovered a general method for applying the series to all functions. (All of the previous research showed how to apply the method to only specific functions.) Colin Maclaurin published a special case of the Taylor series in the 1700s. This series, which is based around zero, is called the Maclaurin series.

Definition
A Taylor series can be used to describe any function ƒ(x) that is a smooth function (or, in mathematical terms, "infinitely differentiable.") The function ƒ can be either real or complex. The Taylor series is then used to describe what the function looks like in the neighborhood of some number a.

This Taylor series, written as a power series, looks like:

This formula can also be written in sigma notation as:

Here n! is the factorial of n. ƒ (n)(a) is the nth derivative of ƒ at the point a.  is a number in the function's domain. If the Taylor Series of a function is equal to that function, the function is called an "analytic function."

Maclaurin series
When , the function is called a Maclaurin series. The Maclaurin series written as a power series looks like:

When written in sigma notation, the Maclaurin series is:

Common Taylor series

Some important Taylor series and Maclaurin series are the following.

Where  is the nth Bernoulli number, and  is the natural logarithm.

References

Calculus
Sequences and series

Taylor series


Harewood Castle is a 14th-century stone hall house and courtyard fortress, located on the Harewood Estate, Harewood, in West Yorkshire, England (Grid Reference SE 322457). Harewood Castle is a grade I listed building.

History
 The castle was founded by the De Lisle family in the 12th century, and then passed to Sir William de Aldeburgh, following his marriage to Elizabeth de Lisle, heiress of Harewood, who was granted a licence to crenellate in 1366. The rectangular tower house on a steep slope is visible for miles around. The main block of two storeys is flanked by four angle towers, one being a plain entrance tower; the chapel is situated over the portcullis chamber. The lower kitchen wing is of four storeys, with a barrel-vaulted basement containing the well.

When the second Baron Aldeburgh died in 1391 without issue, the castle transferred to the Ryther and the Redmayne (Redman) families, into which his two daughters had married.

In 1574, James Ryther and partner William Plompton bought out the Redman family, although Ryther's financial situation must have worsened because he died in London's Fleet Prison in 1595. His son and two daughters sold the castle to Sir William Wentworth of Gawthorpe Hall in 1600 to clear debts; this is probably when Harewood Castle ceased to be a main residence.

The castle was last occupied in the 1630s, and in 1656 it was put up for sale as an 'upstanding source of stone and timber'. The Wentworths sold Harewood and Gawthorpe to Sir John Cutler, 1st Baronet, by which time the castle had probably already been partly dismantled though Cutler lived there at the end of his life. At Cutler's death in 1693, it passed to his only surviving daughter, Elizabeth, Countess of Radnor and on her death without heir to Cutler's nephew, unmarried Edmund Boulter MP of Boston and Wimpole Hall then to his nephew John Boulter of Gawthorpe and Westminster, who died unmarried in 1738. His executors sold to Henry Lascelles (1690–1753) whose son, Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood built Harewood House.

Centuries after it had been abandoned, Harewood Castle remained a landmark, the subject of several paintings in the 1797 by J. M. W. Turner.

Present
Recent times saw decay and weathering take their toll, and the unstable castle was placed on the Buildings at Risk Register by English Heritage. Then, around the year 2000, a £1 million rescue plan was drawn up, funded partly through English Heritage and partly by the Harewood Estate. As of 2008, the restoration project, which involved architects, geologists, structural engineers, ecologists and staff of the Harewood Estate, Historic Property Restoration Ltd and English Heritage, was nearing completion. The castle was taken off the Buildings at Risk Register in that year.

See also
Grade I listed buildings in West Yorkshire
Listed buildings in Harewood, West Yorkshire

References

Bibliography

External links

 Remains of Gawthorpe Hall discovered in Yorkshire

Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Grade I listed buildings in Leeds
Grade I listed castles
Castles in West Yorkshire
Ruins in West Yorkshire
Hall houses

Harewood Castle


Kitaab (English: The Book) is a 1977 Indian drama film written and directed by Gulzar. The film stars Uttam Kumar, Vidya Sinha, Shreeram Lagoo, Keshto Mukherjee and Asit Sen. The film was based on Bengali story Pathik by Samaresh Basu. The musical score is by R. D. Burman with lyrics by Gulzar.

Plot

Babla (Master Raju) is a kid who lives in a village with his mother (Dina Pathak). His mother sends him to his sister's (Vidya Sinha) place (in a city) so that he can go to a good school. Initially, Babla likes both school as well as his sister's home very much and becomes a good friend with Pappu (Master Tito), his classmate. They roam around in streets, watch street magic shows and wish they could do such tricks, look inquisitively at how sweets are made, make fun of teacher, etc. They enjoy all these things thoroughly. But Babla gets reminded of the harsh reality of life when his sister and brother-in-law start scolding him for his disinterest in studies and complaints from the school regarding his so-called irresponsible behavior (like making fun of teachers, singing in the classroom, etc.). He gets to realize that nobody understands kids, their innocence, their view of life and he will have to grow up to enjoy life fully.

One day Babla decides that he will be better off living with his mother in the village. He runs off and gets on a train. Since he does not have a ticket, the ticket-master catches him and makes him get off at the next station. In the night he feels cold and looks around for shelter. He finds an old woman sleeping in a blanket and lies down beside her sharing the blanket. In the morning, finding the old woman still sleeping, he picks up a coin from her container and goes off to drink water. While drinking water he sees that lot of people have gathered around the old lady. He goes there and finds out that the lady he had been sleeping with was dead. He gets scared to his core and realizes that life is, in fact, not that simple for those who are poor. He puts back the coin he had taken and runs off to his mother's place. There he finds his mother, sister and brother-in-law worrying about him. They are overjoyed to see Babla back and Babla promises to everyone that he will study sincerely and never create trouble for anyone.

Cast
Raju Shrestha as Babla
Uttam Kumar as Nikhil Gupta
Vidya Sinha as Komal Gupta
Indrani Mukherjee as Kusum
Tito Khatri as Pappu
Shreeram Lagoo as Baijuram
Dina Pathak as Babla's Mother
Keshto Mukherjee as Pandit Shankar Lal
Om Shivpuri as Principal
T.P Jain as English Teacher
Ram Mohan as Ustad

Soundtrack
"Dhanno Ki Aankhon Men Hai Raat Kaa Suramaa" - R. D. Burman
"Hari Din To Bitaa Shaam Hui Raat Paar Karaa De" - Rajkumari Dubey
"Mastarjee Kee Aa Gayee Chitthee" -Shivangi Kolhapure
"Mere Sath Chale Na Saya" - Sapan Chakravarty

References

External links

Films scored by R. D. Burman
1977 films
1970s Hindi-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Gulzar
Films produced by Gulzar
Films based on works by Samaresh Basu
Indian drama films

Kitaab


Rear Admiral Bonnie Burnham Potter (born March 23, 1947) was the first female physician in the Navy Medical Corps to be selected for flag rank. She served as the commanding officer of the National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland and Chief of the Navy Medical Corps.

Early life
A native of Piedmont, California, Potter graduated from the University of California at Davis in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in Animal Science. Following completion of medical technology training, she attended graduate school at the University of California at Davis in Animal Physiology. She received her Doctor of Medicine degree from St. Louis University School of Medicine in 1975.

Potter is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine, with a certificate of Added Qualifications in Geriatrics. Prior to her retirement from active duty she held faculty appointments at both the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Georgetown University Schools of Medicine.

Navy career
Potter completed her internship and residency in internal medicine at the Naval Regional Medical Center (NRMC), Oakland, California, where she was Chief Resident from 1978 to 1979. She remained at NRMC Oakland as a staff internist and Residency Training Officer until 1983. She was assigned as Assistant Head, Internal Medicine Department, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Va. from 1983 to 1987. She also served as the Command Intern Coordinator and Transitional Residency Program Director.

In 1987, Potter transferred to the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, where she performed duties as the Medicine Clerkship Coordinator, and Physical Diagnosis Coordinator for National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland. From January 1989 to April 1993, she served as the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Chairman and Program Director, Department of Internal Medicine.

As Head, Medical Services,  from August 1990 until April 1991, Potter deployed in support of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm.

From May 1993 to May 1995, Potter was stationed at Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, as the Deputy Commander and Director of Academic Affairs. She was the Commanding Officer of Naval Hospital, Camp Pendleton, California from June 1995 to January 1997.

In 1997, Potter's promotion to rear admiral (lower half) marked her as the first female physician in the United States Navy to be selected for flag rank. Potter was then appointed as Commander of the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland where she also served as the Chief, Navy Medical Corps, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Washington, D.C. from April 1997 to September 1999 and as the Chairman, Region 1 TRICARE Executive Board (Lead Agent) from July 1998 to August 1999.

In 1999, Potter was nominated to the rank of rear admiral (upper half), and in December 1999, reported as fleet surgeon, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Additional duties included Command Surgeon, U.S. Joint Forces Command and medical advisor, Allied Command, Atlantic.

Potter and her husband retired to California in 2003 where she is active in the Navy League and raises alpacas.

Awards and decorations
Potter's awards include the Defense Superior Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with gold star, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal with gold star, the Navy Commendation Medal, the Navy Achievement Medal, and the Combat Action Medal.

In 2000, while serving as Fleet Surgeon, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Potter was awarded the Laureate award by the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM) in the U.S. Navy Region for her abiding commitment to excellence in education, research and medical care.

See also

Women in the United States Navy
Medical Corps (United States Navy)

References

External links
 Attack on the Cole: Medical Lessons Learned
 Commander's Experience Promotes Breast Health
 Bonnie Potter

1947 births
Living people
People from Piedmont, California
University of California, Davis alumni
Saint Louis University alumni
Physicians from California
United States Navy Medical Corps officers
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences faculty
Female admirals of the United States Navy
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
American women academics
21st-century American women
Military personnel from California

Bonnie Burnham Potter


Samoa observed daylight saving time in 2010–21. During DST, the observed time changes were from UTC+13:00 to UTC+14:00. Due to the 2009 Samoa tsunami, the planned introduction in 2009 was not carried out. At the time of its introduction on September 26, Samoa was in UTC-11:00 as its primary time zone and switched to UTC-10:00 under DST. On December 29, 2011, Samoa switched from UTC-10:00 to UTC+14:00, skipping the 30th and changing from  -10/-11 to +14/+13. In 2021 Samoa scrapped daylight saving time.

References

See also

Time in Samoa
Samoa

Daylight saving time in Samoa


Usher Raymond IV (born October 14, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter and dancer. He became well known in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way (1997). The album's single "Nice & Slow" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 2000, My Way was given a 6x platinum certification by the RIAA for sales of 6 million copies in the United States alone.  His next album, 8701, released two number one singles. These include "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad". 8701 was given a 4x platinum certification by the RIAA in July 2002.

Confessions (2004) sold over 10 million copies in the United States. It was given a diamond award by the RIAA in 2008. At 1.1 million, Confessions has the highest first week sales for an R&B singer in history. The album had four number one Billboard singles. These include "Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II", and "My Boo". Usher's next album, Here I Stand (2008), sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The lead single, "Love in This Club" reached number one on the Hot 100 chart.

Two years later, Usher released his sixth album Raymond v. Raymond (2010). It became his third album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. Its single "OMG" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Usher's ninth number one single in the United States. Because of this, he became the first 2010s artist to have number one singles in three consecutive decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). Versus (2010) was released as an extended play and a deluxe edition of Raymond v. Raymond. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love", a single from the album, reached number four on the Hot 100 chart.

According to RIAA, Usher is one of the best-selling artists in American music history. He has sold over 23 million albums in the United States alone and over 65 million albums worldwide. This makes him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Usher has won a lot of awards. These include eight Grammy Awards. According to Billboard in 2009, Usher was named the number one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s. While they ranked him second for the most successful artist of the 2000s. His 2004 album Confessions was ranked at the top solo album of the 2000s. Billboard also placed Usher at number six on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artist of the Past 25 Years. Usher has nine Hot 100 number one songs (as lead artist). He also has eighteen Hot 100 top-ten songs.

Discography
 Usher (1994)
 My Way (1997)
 8701 (2001)
 Confessions (2004)
 Here I Stand (2008)
 Raymond v. Raymond (2010)
 Looking 4 Myself (2012)
 Hard II Love (2016)

References

Other websites

 [ Usher] at Billboard.com

1978 births
Living people
Usher
Singers from Dallas
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Dallas

Usher (musician)


Poland competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland.

Bobsleigh

Cross-country skiing

Men

Ice hockey

Group B
The top team (highlighted) advanced to the medal round.

Nordic combined

Events:
 18 km cross-country skiing
 normal hill ski jumping

The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events. One would expect that athletes competing at the Nordic combined event, would participate in the cross-country skiing event as well, as they would have the opportunity to win more than one medal. This was not always the case due to the maximum number of athletes that could represent a country per event.

The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.

Ski jumping

References

 Olympic Winter Games 1928, full results by sports-reference.com

Nations at the 1928 Winter Olympics
1928
Olympics, Winter

Poland at the 1928 Winter Olympics