Igboland (Standard ), also known as Southeastern Nigeria (but extends into South-Southern Nigeria), is the indigenous homeland of the Igbo people.
It is a cultural and common linguistic region in southern Nigeria. Geographically, it is divided into two sections by the lower Niger River: an eastern (the larger of the two) and a western one. Its population is characterised by the diverse Igbo culture and the speakers of equally diverse Igbo languages.

Politically, Igboland is divided into several southern Nigerian states; culturally, it has included several subgroupings, including the Anioma and Enuani, the Umueri-Aguleri-Anam groups, the Ngwa, the Orlu-Okigwe-Owerri communities, the Ezza, the Ikwuano-Umuahia (these include Ohuhu, Ubakala, Oboro, Ibeku, etc.), the Ogba, the Omuma, the Abam-Aro-Ohafia (Abiriba and Nkporo), the Waawa, the Mbaise,the Ikwerre, the Ndoki, the Isu and the Ekpeye.

Territorial boundaries
Igboland is surrounded on all sides by large rivers, and other southern and central Nigeria indigenous tribes, namely Igala, Tiv, Yako, Idoma and Ibibio. In the words of William B. Baikie,
"Igbo settlement, extends east and west in the Niger-Delta region which is owned by the Middle-Belt, formerly known as Bendel, from the Old Kalabar river to the banks of the Kwora, Niger River, and live in some territory at Aboh, an Igbo clan, to the west-ward of the latter stream. On the north it borders on Igara, Igala and A'kpoto, and it is separated from the sea only by petty tribes, all of which trace their origin to this great race".

It is primarily situated in the Lowland forest region of Nigeria, They can also be found in some parts of the Niger-Delta. Here the Niger river fans out into the Atlantic Ocean in a vast network of creeks and mangrove swamps on the Bight of Bonny.

The earliest found settlements in Igboland date to 900 BC in the central area, from where the majority of the Igbo-speaking population is believed to have migrated. The northern Igbo Kingdom of Nri, which rose around the 10th century AD, is credited with the foundation of much of Igboland's culture, customs, and religious practices. It is the oldest existing monarchy in present-day Nigeria. In southern Igboland several groups developed, of which the most notable was the Aro Confederacy.

During the late 19th century, Igboland was made part of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate of the British Empire and was amalgamated into modern-day Nigeria in 1914. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. Shortly afterward, Igboland was involved in its biggest war during Biafra's movement for secession. It ended in 1970, when Nigerian government forces prevailed in the conflict.

Geography and biodiversity

Historically, Igboland has taken up a large part of southeastern Nigeria, mostly on the eastern side of the Niger River. Their territory extends westward across the Niger to the regions of Aniocha, Ndokwa, Ukwuani, and Ika in present-day Delta State.  Its eastern side is terminated by the Cross River, although micro-communities exist over on the other side of the river; its northernmost point enters the Savannah climate around Nsukka.

In Nigeria today, Igboland is roughly made up of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Northern Delta and Rivers states. More than 30 million people inhabit Igboland and with a population density ranging from  it could be the most densely populated area in Africa after the Nile Valley. Altogether Igboland has an area of some .

Ancient trade routes
Igboland's culture has been shaped by its rainforest climate, its ancient trade along the rivers, migration, and social history within its various clans and peoples. It has been influenced by its ancient trading neighbours, allies, and more recently by relations with Europeans.

Mid-nineteenth century trader W. B. Baikie said, "I seized the moment, and, by our interpreter, told Tshukuma, that we had come to make his acquaintance and his friendship, and to ascertain if the people were willing to trade with us." He signed a trade agreement with Igbo chief,  Tshukuma (Chukwuma) Obi from Aboh clan, one of the leading Igbo clans, which engaged in early active trading with Europe. Similarly, Baikie recounted that "after our salutations, I spoke of friendship, of trade, and of education, and particularly enlarged upon the evils of war, and the benefits of peace, all of which was well received", when signing a trade agreement on August 30, 1885 with Ezebogo, an Igbo chief in Asaba.

Due to the native common linguistic standard and interrelated cultures in Igboland, the lower Niger River, which divides Igboland into unequal eastern and western parts, has from ancient times provided easy means of communication, trading and unity amongst the Igbo on both sides of the river. It also enabled ancient trade and migration of people into Igboland, and between Igboland and rest of the world. Some of the notable ancient trade and export routes in Igboland included the famous lower Niger and Njaba-Oguta lake-Orashi navigational routes via Asaba-Onitsha-Aboh, and Awo-omamma-Oguta-Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni-Aboh ferry services, respectively.

History

Stone Age
There is evidence of Late Stone Age (late Paleolithic) human presence from at least 10,000 years ago. Early settlement of Igboland is dated to 6000 BC based on pottery found in the Okigwe, Oka Igwe, and known today as Awka. In 1978 a team led by Thurstan Shaw, with the University of Nigeria at Nsukka, excavated a rock quarry. They found that it was a mine for tool and pottery making for a 'stone civilisation' nearby at Ibagwa. Anthropologists at the University of Benin have discovered fossils and use of monoliths dating to 4500 BC at Ngodo in the Uturu town. Further evidence of ancient settlements were uncovered at what researchers believe may be an Nsukka metal cultural area from 3000 BC, and later settlements attributed to Ngwa culture at AD 8-18. It is unclear what cultural links there are between these pre-historic artefacts and the people of the region today. Later human settlement in the region may have links with other discoveries made in the wider area, particularly with the culture associated with the terracotta discoveries at Nok, which spanned a wide area of present-day north-central Nigeria.

Some local villagers retain what they believe are original names of settlements, such as Umuzuoka, The Blacksmiths Ụzụoka, Ọkigwe, Ịmọka, etc.

The Nsukka-Okigwe axis forms a basis for a proposed Proto-Igbo cultural heartland antecedent to contemporary Igbo culture. Much of the Igbo population is believed to have expanded from a smaller area in this region, diverging into several independent Igbo-speaking tribes, village-groups, kingdoms and states. The movements were generally broken into two trends in migration: a more northerly group that expanded towards the banks of the Niger and the upper quadrant of the Cross River; the other, following a southerly trail, had risen from the Isu populations based closer to the axis from which the majority of southern Igbo communities emerged. Mbaise are notably the best examples of an Igbo group claiming autochthony; they reject theories of many migratory histories about their origins. Based on the proximity of traditions to those of their neighbours, and familial and political ties, many of these groups are apparently culturally northern or southern Igbo.

Igbo-Ukwu finds (AD 300–900)

The first Igbo Ukwu metal and precious artefacts finds were made accidentally in 1939, when a resident named Isiah Anozie found them in the process of digging a cistern. This led to the discovery of a larger network of linked metal works from the 9th century. The works were based in Igbo Ukwu. Further finds were made found by archaeology teams led by Thurstan Shaw in 1959–60, and in 1964 in the compound of Jonah Anozie.

Initially, throughout the 1960s and 1970s, scholars believed that the Igbo Ukwu bronze and copper items found here had been made elsewhere and were trade goods, or were influenced by outside technology due to their technical sophistication. The opposite was revealed to be true: local copper deposits had been exploited by the 9th century and anthropological evidence, such as the Ichi-like scarifications on the human figures, show the items were of local Igbo cultural origin. The works have since been attributed to an isolated bronze industry, which had developed without outside influence over time and reached great sophistication.

Igbo trade routes of the early second millennium reached the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jeddah through a network of trade routes journeyed by middlemen. Beads that originated in India in the 9th century have been found in Igbo Ukwu burial sites: Thousands of glass beads were uncovered from the ruined remains of a nobleman's garments. The burial site was associated with the Nri Kingdom, which began around the same century, according to indigenous history.

Kingdom of Nri (900–c. 1560)
The northern Igbo Kingdom of Nri, rising around the 10th century based on Umunri traditions, is credited with the foundation of much of Igboland's culture, customs, and religious practices. It is the oldest existing monarchy in present-day Nigeria. It was around the mid-10th century that the divine figure Eri is said to have migrated, according to Umunri lore, to the Anambra () river basin — specifically at its meeting with Ezu river known as Ezu na Omambara in present-day Aguleri. The exact origins of Eri are unknown and much of Nri traditions present him as a divine leader and civiliser sent from heaven to begin civilisation. In contrast, Eri's origins generally suggest a north easterly origin which has sparked up debate pertaining to a possible Igala (not a fact) origin for Eri.

Due to historic trade and migration of old, other people also entered the Igboland in about the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries and mixed with the natives. Towards the western end of Igboland, across the Niger River, rose a man known as Eze Chima who fled Benin with his accomplices after a dispute with the Oba of Benin who consequently exiled him in the 1560s. As they left Benin City heading eastwards, Eze Chima and his followers settled in a number of lands and established monarchies with the natives in those areas.  Other accounts point to Eze Chima coming from Ife as a result of Ekaladeran, an Bini prince who migrated to Ife from Bini and usurped the original Igbo rulers. . Ife was originally inhabited by Igbos prior to 1300.  Those grew into major village groups and towns after the 16th century. Collectively, these places are known as Umuezechima which translates as 'the children or descendants of king Chima'.

Igbo wars and European contact (1450–1750)
Igboland was historically known as the Ibo(e), Ebo(e), and Ibwo Country by early European explorers. Igboland was conquered by the British Empire after several decades of resistance on all fronts; some of the most famous of the resistance include the Ekumeku Movement, the Anglo-Aro War, and the Aba Women's Riots which was contributed to by women of different ethnic backgrounds in eastern Nigeria.

Arochukwu and the slave trade (1750–1850)

A number of polities rose either directly or indirectly as a result of Nri; the most powerful kingdom of these was the Aro Confederacy which rose in the Cross River region in the 17th century and declined after British colonisation in the early 20th century. The Aro state centred on Arochukwu followed Nri's steady decline, basing much of its economic activities on the rising trade in slaves to Europeans by coastal African middlemen.

The present site of Arochukwu was originally settled by the Ibibio people under the Obong Okon Ita kingdom before the conquest of what became Obinkita in the 17th century by two main Igbo groups: the Eze Agwu clan and the Oke Nnachi assisted by the Ibom Isi (or Akpa) mercenaries under the leadership of the Nnubi dynasty. Led by Agwu Inobia, a descendant of Nna Uru from Abiriba, the Eze Agwu clan was centered at their capital Amanagwu and were resisted by Obong Okon Ita which led to the start of the Aro-Ibibio Wars.

The war initially became a stalemate. Both sides arranged a marriage between the king of Obong Okon Ita and a woman from Amanagwu. The marriage eventually failed to bring peace but played a decisive role in the war. Oke Nnachi was led by Nnachi Ipia who was a dibia or priest among the Edda people and was called by Agwu Inobia to help in the war against the Ibibio. These groups were followed by a third non-Igbo Ekoi-cultured group, Akpa or Ibom Oburutu who were led by Akuma Nnaubi, the first Eze Aro, the title of the king of the Aro.

In southern Igboland several groups developed mostly independent of Nri influence. Most of these groups followed a migration out of Isu communities in present-day Imo State, although some communities, such as the Mbaise cluster of village groups, claim to be autochthonous.

Colonial era (1850–1960)

Following the British parliament's abolition of the slave trade in 1807, the British Royal Navy had opened up trade with coastal towns Bonny and Opobo and further inland on the Niger with Asaba in the 1870s. The palm oil industry, the biggest export, grew large and important to the British who traded here. British arrival and trade led to increased encounters between the Igbo and other polities and ethnic groups around the Niger River and led to a deepening sense of a distinct Igbo ethnic identity. Missionaries had started arriving in the 1850s. The Igbo, at first wary of the religion, started to embrace Christianity and Western education as traditional society broke down. Christianity had played a great part in the introduction of European ideology into Igbo society and culture often time through erasure of cultural practice; adherents to the denominations were often barred in partaking in ancient rites and traditions, and joining fraternities and secret societies were forbidden as the church grew stronger.

Due to the incompatibility of the Igbo decentralized style of government and the centralized system required for British indirect rule, British colonial rule was marked with open conflicts and much tension. Under British colonial rule, the diversity within each of Nigeria's major ethnic groups slowly decreased and distinctions between the Igbo and other large ethnic groups, such as the Hausa and the Yoruba, became sharper. British rule brought about changes in culture such as the introduction of warrant chiefs as Eze (traditional rulers) where there were no such monarchies.

Nigerian independence and Civil War (1960s)

Following the independence of Nigeria from the United Kingdom in 1960, most of Igboland was included in its Eastern Region.

Following a coup in 1966 which saw mostly Igbo soldiers assassinating politicians from the western and northern regions of Nigeria, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi seized control of Lagos, the capital, and came into power as military head of state of Nigeria. In revolt and retaliation against the government General Aguiyi-Ironsi was ambushed and assassinated by Northern members of the military on 29 July 1966 in a revolt against that had strong ethnic overtones. Ironsi's assassination stood out more because of the method of his killers; Ironsi had his legs tied to the back of a Land Rover and was driven around town while still attached. The Eastern Region formed the core of the secessionist Republic of Biafra. A regional council of the peoples of Eastern Nigeria decided the region should secede as the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967.

Nigerian General Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu on this day made a declaration of independence of Biafra from Nigeria and became the head of state of the new republic. The Nigerian Civil War (or the "Nigerian-Biafran War") lasted from 6 July 1967 until 15 January 1970, after which Biafra once again became part of Nigeria. The Republic of Biafra was defeated after three years of war by the federal government of Nigeria from 1967 to 1970 with military support from the United Kingdom (strategy and ammunition), Soviet Union (ammunition), the United Arab Republic (air force), as well as with support from other states around the world. The effects of Nigerian war strategies such as starvation on Biafran civilians (most of whom were ethnic Igbo) remains a controversial topic. The movement for the sovereignty of Biafra has continued with a minority, most making up the MASSOB organisation.

References

Bibliography

External links

Igboland's Culture and Language, Igboguide.org
Pictorial tour of Igboland

History of Igboland
Cultural regions
Separatism in Nigeria
Regions of West Africa

Igboland


A partition table maps out partitions onto a storage device. The two biggest examples are MBR and GPT. Others include Apple Partition Map (APM), which is used in Apple computers, and BSD disklabel.

MBR, or Master Boot Record, is a section at the very beginning of a storage device that uses MBR. It contains a partition table, along with storage for a bootloader so the computer can boot. It can only hold up to 2 tebibytes of data, and can only have up two four partitions.

GPT, or GUID Partition table, is a partition table that was developed as part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard. It can have up to 128 partitions. Depending on the size of the disk sectors, it can hold a large amount of data. If your sectors are 512 bytes, like MBR, it can hold 8 zebibytes of data.

Software
Systems

Partition table


Hell and Back Again is a 2011 American-British-Afghan documentary film produced, shot, and directed by Danfung Dennis, about a sergeant in the United States Marine Corps who returns from the Afghanistan conflict with a badly broken leg and post-traumatic stress disorder.

On January 24, 2012, the film was announced as one of the five nominees for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Background
Director Dennis worked as a war photographer in Afghanistan beginning in 2006, however, he became increasingly frustrated with photojournalism. He switched to films and new media to try to "shake people from their indifference to [the Afghanistan] war" and to present a "brutally honest experience of war". Dennis already had begun filming for some time when he was given the opportunity in July 2009 to spend four weeks with the U.S. Marines Echo Company, 2nd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment. The unit took part in Operation Khanjar, the then-largest air operation since the Vietnam War. On the first day with the Marines, he met Nathan Harris when, despite the high temperatures, Harris gave him his last bottle of water. At first, the film was only focused on the situation in Afghanistan and was going to be titled Battle for Hearts and Minds. Parts of the former film material were used for the segment "Obama's War" in the documentary series Frontline.

Dennis decided seven months later that Harris would be the person around whom the documentary would revolve. At the Marines' homecoming, Harris did not get off the bus, at which point Dennis learned Harris had been wounded. He made contact with Harris after this and invited Dennis to his home. Dennis spent a total of a year with Harris and his wife.

Production

Visual style
In six months, approximately 100 hours of footage was shot. Dennis and editor Fiona Otway worked closely in the formulation of the visual style. They discussed their views about the war, where it became clear that popular images of war were at odds with Dennis' experiences.

To create an "honest portrayal of war", Dennis combines the two storylines of the mission in Afghanistan and the situation of Nathan Harris in North Carolina in his documentary. Here he uses flashbacks to represent the "disorientation" and "emotional numbness" experienced "leaving a world of life and death" and "coming back to a world that seems mundane and superficial". According to Dennis is there "really just one battle", at home and on the field, rather than two different ones. In another interview he stated that he worked to combine the "ethics of photojournalism", the role of pure observer, with the "narrative of film" to create an "immersive, visceral experience".

Danfung Dennis processed many personal experiences as he did not discuss his footage with Nathan Harris. Harris got to watch the film after its completion.

Film technique
The documentary was filmed with a Canon EOS 5D Mark II in its entirety. This presented Dennis some challenges, he especially noted the sound, the image stabilization, the focus and the fact that the camera overheated in about 15 minutes due to the high temperatures in Afghanistan. He built a custom camera stabilizer rig with advanced sound equipment and attached it to his body armor when he was not filming. In addition, he focused the camera manually. Simply switching off the camera helped protect it against overheating. For his filming with Harris and his wife, he changed his equipment so it would be as compact as possible and non intrusive. He explained in an interview that his decision to use the Canon EOS 5D Mark II allowed him to combine the "aesthetics of photography" and the "ethics of journalism" with the "narrative documentary" to create an "impressive, comprehensive experience".

In Afghanistan, Dennis used a zoom lens with a focal length of 24mm to 70mm with a maximum aperture of 2.8. Dennis founded the lens choice with the "diversity necessary to get wide and tight shots". He used two normal lenses in Yadkinville: a lens with a focal length of 35mm with a maximum aperture of 1.4 and a second with a focal length of 50 mm and a maximum aperture of 1.2. Due to the wide aperture he could even film in low light situations.

Tone
There is no music in the classical sense in the film. Dennis used only natural sounds as background music, which he picked up in Afghanistan and in part significantly altered (see musique concrète). A scene in the film, in which a village is secured, is under-laid with actual sounds of war-fighting which were slowed down to 2% of their original speed. This results in a "persistent drone". Dennis used the same drone in the background of a conversation between Harris and his physician regarding the dangers of painkillers. He tries [to blur] "the line between past and present through sound alone". Dennis stated that Harris' flashbacks "often begin with a sound". He was trying to "convey what it feels like to actually have a flashback".

Dennis and the sound designer J. Ralph worked closely for the film, as did Dennis and editor Fiona Otway. Ralph also wrote the song "Hell And Back", heard during the end credits. The performer of the song is Willie Nelson.

Release
The film was released for the public on October 5, 2011, after having been shown at Sundance Film Festival 2011 and the Moscow International Film Festival 2011. The first weekend the film took US$3,413, where he ran first in a movie theater. Total, the film grossed $40,634. The distribution rights for North America are held by Docurama Films, which released the documentation on January 24, 2012, on Blu-ray and DVD. The broadcasting rights for television were secured by Public Broadcasting Service. There, the documentary aired on May 24, 2012, within the film series Independent Lens. The film was also at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, and between August 24, 2012, and August 31, 2012, in the Canadian Bloor Hot Docs Cinema. On October 12, 2011, the film was released in the UK, France followed on December 21, 2011. In the United Kingdom it grossed $315. The cinema releases in the United Kingdom and France were several broadcasts on the Spanish TV station Canal+ in April and September 2012.
The only screening of the documentary in German-speaking countries took place in Austria in 2012 and 2013 at the frame[o]ut-freestyle-Filmfestival and the Filmfestival Kitzbühel.

Reception
The film received critical acclaim. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 30 reviews, and an average rating of 7.9 out of 10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert sums up, the film "presents [Harris']  new reality with a stunningly good use of video and sound editing". The final scenes were given an "emotional and stylistic power that we didn't see coming." He therefore rated the film three and a half stars out of four possible stars. Linda Barnard gave it the same rating in a review for the Toronto Star, where she certifies Dennis to handle Harris' story, though this was approaches his subject "with a journalist's impartiality even as he crafts an emotionally shattering story". V. A. Musetto, a critic for the New York Post, rated the film three out of four stars and called the documentary "bold." The footage was "often stunning".  Wesley Morris, film critic for The Boston Globe, said the film is a "ingenious artistic disturbance". Dennis' film is trying to do what has been created in only a few documentaries: to live in the psyche of the subject. Nevertheless, the film don't pretend to know Harris is thinking. Alison Willmore compared the documentary to The Hurt Locker in a review for The A.V. Club. Willmore called it a work of cinéma vérité with "almost distracting beauty" and gives the movie the grade B.  Two reviews in the newspapers The Observer and The Guardian agree with the positive tenor. Philip French indicates the film was "painful and deeply moving" and Peter Bradshaw thinks the film doesn't hold back. Bradshaw gave it four out of five stars.

Chris Knight of the National Post had a mixed opinion. He felt manipulated by Dennis' editing. The transitions are indeed "cinematically effective" but felt "emotionally manipulative". By not showing how the war changed Harris, the movie only showed "two-thirds of the picture" was "crying out for a prelapsarian prologue". Lauren Wissot, critic for Slant Magazine, criticized the editing technique and labeled it as partly "distracting and obvious", but the documentation is a "universal soldier's story". Both critic gave the film of two and a half stars out of four possible.

Veterans
In conjunction with the release of the documentary, the organization Disabled American Veterans launched an awareness campaign about post-traumatic stress disorder. In the same way, the organization Still Serving Veterans used the film to increase the attention for soldiers with post-traumatic stress disorder and organized for this purpose a public screening of Hell and Back Again. Florida State University showed the film at a special "Veterans Day", which was the start of an initiative for a more veteran-friendly university. At the same time the university inaugurated a "student veteran film festival". Danfung Dennis, the producer Karol Martesko window, as well as Nathan Harris and Ashley Harris took part in the event. The veterans' association of the University of Iowa organized a screening of the documentary.

REACT to FILM launched its College Action Network with a screening of Hell and Back Again at American University in Washington, D.C., on September 21, 2011.  Director Danfung Dennis spoke to the audience both at the launch event, and in-person and via Skype at subsequent College Action Network screenings across the country.

Accolades
At the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, the film won the Jury Prize and the Camera Prize for Best Foreign Documentary. Also at the Moscow International Film Festival 2011, the film won the prize for Best Documentary. In addition, it received documentary awards at several smaller film festivals and award ceremonies was awarded. This included IDA Award in the category Jacqueline Donnet Emerging Filmmaker Award, Cinema Eye Honors prize for Outstanding Achievement In Cinematography, the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award 2012 and the Harrell Award for Best Documentary at the Camden International Film Festival 2011.

In addition to the awards won, the film was nominated at some film festivals and award ceremonies. It was nominated for Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature, and best documentary at Gotham Independent Film Awards and British Independent Film Awards. At the Cinema Eye it was nominated in four categories, and won in the category of outstanding achievement in cinematography. The additional categories were outstanding achievement in direction, best debut feature and outstanding achievement in production.

On January 24, 2012, the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category of Best Documentary, but lost to the American contribution Undefeated. In response to the nomination, producer Mike Lerner received a congratulation letter from British Prime Minister David Cameron.

Hell and Back Again won the Grierson Award 2012 in the category Best Documentary on a Contemporary Theme – International on November 6, 2012. On 11 July 2013, the documentary was nominated due to its appearance in the program series Independent Lens for a News & Documentary Emmy Award.

References

External links

2011 films
Dari-language films
2011 documentary films
Afghan documentary films
American documentary films
British documentary films
Documentary films about post-traumatic stress disorder
Documentary films about the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Documentary films about veterans
Veterans' affairs in the United States
Sundance Film Festival award-winning films
United States Marine Corps in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s British films

Hell and Back Again


Quonset Point Air National Guard Station is the home base of the Rhode Island Air National Guard 143rd Airlift Wing. Naval Air Station (NAS) Quonset Point was a United States Naval Base in Quonset Point, Rhode Island that was deactivated in 1974. Next to NAS Quonset Point was Camp Endicott at Davisville, home of the Naval Construction Battalions known as the Seabees. Quonset Point also gave its name to the Quonset hut, a standardized temporary structure used by the U.S. military starting in World War II.  Former US President Richard M. Nixon went through basic naval officer training at Quonset Point in 1942.

History

U.S. Navy use
Commissioned on 12 July 1941, and encompassing what was once Camp Dyer, NAS Quonset Point was a major naval facility throughout World War II. Beginning in 1943, pilots of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm were trained at Quonset Point to fly the Vought F4U Corsair, which was then brought into service on British aircraft carriers. Squadrons such as VS-33 flew anti-submarine patrols from NAS Quonset Point.

NAS Quonset Point continued as a major naval facility well into the Cold War. Prior to its closure, it had been home to numerous aviation squadrons, primarily those land-based patrol squadrons operating the P-2 Neptune and carrier-based antisubmarine and airborne early warning squadrons operating the S-2 Tracker, the E-1 Tracer, SH3D Sea King helicopters and various modified versions of the A-1 Skyraider.

NAS Quonset Point was also the off-season home of Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VX-6, later VXE-6) during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, operating the LC-47 Skytrain, LP-2J Neptune, C-54 Skymaster, C-121 Constellation, and eventually the LC-130F and LC-130R Hercules, as well as a variety of helicopters.

In 1950, Coast Guard Air Detachment Quonset Point was established as a sub unit of CGAS Salem, Massachusetts.

In addition to flying squadrons, the air station was also home to a major aircraft overhaul and repair (O & R) facility, later renamed Naval Air Rework Facility (NARF) Quonset Point.  O & R Facilities, and their later incarnation as NARFs, are the predecessor of the present day Fleet Readiness Centers (FRCs), previously known as Naval Aviation Depots (NADEPs).

Boasting a deepwater port, NAS Quonset Point was also homeport to several Essex class aircraft carriers, including the USS Essex (CV-9), USS Intrepid (CV-11), USS Wasp (CV-18), , USS Leyte  (CV-32), USS Antietam (CV-36),  USS Lake Champlain (CV-39), and USS Tarawa (CV-40), as well as their respective carrier air groups (CAGs or CVSGs). In September 1945, Air Wing Eighteen became Air Wing Seven here.

NAS Quonset Point was decommissioned on 28 June 1974  as part of a series of defense cutbacks which resulted in a nationwide reduction in bases following the end of the US engagement in Vietnam.

Air National Guard use
Since the Navy's departure, a small military presence has remained in the form of Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, home to the 143d Airlift Wing (143 AW), an Air Mobility Command (AMC)-gained unit of the Rhode Island Air National Guard, operating the C-130J and C-130J-30 Hercules aircraft. The Rhode Island Army National Guard also maintains an adjoining Army Aviation Support Facility for the 1st Battalion, 126th Aviation Regiment, operating the UH-60 Black Hawk.

Now known as Quonset State Airport (IATA: OQU, ICAO: KOQU), the former NAS Quonset Point is a public general aviation airport with tenant Air National Guard and Army National Guard flying activities, as well as an adjacent industrial park. There is no scheduled airline service. The airport lies within Class D airspace and has an operating non-federal air traffic control tower (closed on Mondays) with two active runways, Runway 5/23 and Runway 16/34. Quonset State Airport is one of six active airports operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation.

Air National Guard use
Quonset Point Air National Guard Station is the home of the 143rd Airlift Wing (143 AW), a Rhode Island Air National Guard unit operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC) of the U.S. Air Force.  The mission of the 143 AW is to provide air logistics support pursuant to both its state and federal missions. Originally located at Theodore Francis Green Airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, the 143 AW relocated to the former Naval Air Station Quonset Point in the mid-1980s, with the base initially consisting of 79 acres of leased land.

By July 2001 the base had an additional lease for approximately 15 acres used for the development of their master plan and will allow for construction of facilities to support new C-130J transport aircraft. There are a total of 12 facilities on base: 4 industrial, 6 administrative and 2 services with no family housing. Current base population is approximately 360 personnel during non-drill duty days and increases to approximately 599 personnel on a drill duty weekend, otherwise known as a Unit Training Assembly (UTA), that occurs once per month.

In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the DoD would realign Martin State Air National Guard Base (aka Warfield Air National Guard Base), Maryland. The DoD recommended to distribute the eight C-130J aircraft of the 175th Wing (ANG) to the 146th Airlift Wing (ANG), Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, California (four aircraft), and the 143d Airlift Wing (ANG), Quonset State Airport Air National Guard Station, Rhode Island (four aircraft). This recommendation would move C-130Js to Channel Islands ANGS (96), and Quonset State ANGS (125), both of which ranked higher in military value and already operate the J-model C-130, avoiding conversion training costs.

See also

Naval air station
USS Antietam (CV-36)

References

External links

Military installations in Rhode Island
Airports in Rhode Island
Installations of the United States Air National Guard
Buildings and structures in North Kingstown, Rhode Island
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Tapan is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Balurghat subdivision of Dakshin Dinajpur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

History
Dinajpur district was constituted  in 1786. In 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. tapan The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal. The new Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948. In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the partition of Bengal, and on the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, tapan along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of Kishanganj and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. With the introduction of the Community tapan Development Programme in 1960-61, community development blocks were set up tapan in West Dinajpur district. In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Dakshin Dinajpur district was established. MR.TAPAN

Geography
Tapan is located at .

Dakshin Dinajpur district is physiographically a part of the Barind Tract. The area is generally flat and slightly undulating. The elevation of the district is about 15 metres above mean sea level.  However, the soil varies. CD Blocks such as Balurghat, Hili and Kumarganj have alluvial soil, Tapan CD Block has laterite soil.  There are three main rivers. The Atreyee comes from Bangladesh, flows through Kumarganj and Balurghat CD Blocks and goes back to Bangladesh. The Punarbhaba flows through Gangarampur and Tapan CD Blocks. The Tangon flows through Kushmandi and Bansihari CD Blocks. There is a small river named Jamuna in the Hili CD Block. All rivers, flowing from north to south, overflow during the monsoons and cause floods.

Tapan CD Block is bounded by Gangarampur CD Block on the north, Balurghat CD Block on the east, Dhamoirhat, Patnitala and Sapahar Upazilas, all in Naogaon District in Bangladesh, on the south, and Bansihari CD Block and BamangolaCD Block in Malda district on the west.

Six out of the eight CD Blocks in the district are on the India-Bangladesh border popularly referred to as a porous border. 2,216 km of the 4,096 km long India-Bangladesh border falls in West Bengal. More than 11,000 people live near/ around the zero line in Dakshin Dinajpur. Approximately 252 km of the international border is in Dakshin Dinajpur district.

Tapan CD Block has an area of 445.63 km2.It has 1 panchayat samity, 11 gram panchayats, 166 gram sansads (village councils), 279 mouzas and 271 inhabited villages. Tapan police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Tapan.

Gram panchayats of Tapan block/ panchayat samiti are: Ajmatpur, Autina, Dipkhanda, Gofanagar, Gurail, Harsura, Hazratpur, Malancha, Ramchandrapur, Ramparachechra and Tapanchandipur.

Demographics

Population
As per 2011 Census of India, Tapan CD Block had a total population of 250,764, all of which were rural. There were 128,500 (51%) males and 122,004 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 28,276. Scheduled Castes numbered 80,963 (32.32%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 55,965 (22.34%).

As per 2001 census Tapan block had a population of 226,136 of which 115,809 are males and 110,327 are females.

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Tapan CD Block were (2011 population in brackets):  Mandapara (4,262), Naogon (4,908), Bazrapukur (8,538), Salas (4,772) and Ramchandrapur (4,538).

Other villages in Tapan CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Tapan (2,796), Ajmatpur (1,920), Gofanagar (654), Dwip Khanda (1,432), Hazratpur (3,225), Malancha (1,515) and Rampara Chenchra (1,379).

Decadal growth of population in Tapan CD Block for the period 2001-2011 was 10.78%. Decadal growth of population in Dakhin Dinajpur district during the same period was 11.52% down from 22.15% in the previous decade. Decadal growth of population in West Bengal for the corresponding periods was 13.93% and 17.77% respectively.

The large scale migration of the East Bengali refugees (including tribals) started with the partition of Bengal in 1947. Up to around 1951, two-fifths of the refugees settled in South Bengal, the balance settled in the North Bengal districts of West Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar. Erstwhile West Dinajpur alone received around 6.5% of the early entrants. The steady flow of people into Dakshin Dinajpur has continued over the years from erstwhile East Pakistan and subsequently from Bangladesh.

Literacy
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Tapan CD Block was 152,482 (68.62% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 84,656 (74.24% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 67,826 (62.69% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.55%.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

Language and religion
In 2001, Bengali was the mother-tongue of 82.2% of the population of Dakshin Dinajpur district, followed by Santali (10.3%), Hindi (1.8%), Kurukh/ Oraon (1.7%), Munda (0.5%), Sadan/Sadri (0.5%), Kurmali Thar (0.4%), Telugu (0.3%), Mundari 0.3%), Bhojpuri (0.1%), Kortha/ Khotta (0.1%) and Koda/ Kora (0.1%). The proportion of Bengali speakers has increased from 72.2% in 1961 to 82.2% to 2001 and that of Santali has increased from 9.3% in 1961 to 10.3% in 2001, but the proportion of Hindi speakers has declined from 5.4% in 1961 to 1.8% in 2001. Information about mother-tongue is available only at the district level and above.

As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Dakshin Dinajpur (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, in Tapan CD Block, Hindus numbered 159,060 and formed 70.34% of the population. Muslims numbered 61,760 and formed 27.31% of the population. Christians numbered 4,027 and formed 1.78% of the population. Others numbered 1,289 and formed 0.57% of the population. In the 2011 census, 173,255 (50.19%) were Hindus and 71,109 (49.00%) Muslims, while 4,554 were Christian.

According to the 2011 District Census Handbook: Dakshin Dinajpur, during 2011 census, majority of the population of the district were Hindus constituting 73.5% of the population followed by Muslims with 24.6% of the population. The proportion of Hindu population of the district increased from 59.9% in 1961 to 74.0 %in 2001 and then dropped to 73.5% in 2011. The proportion of Muslim population in the district decreased from 39.4% in 1961 to 24.0% in 2001 and then increased to 24.6% in 2011.

At the time of the 2011 census, 79.74% of the population spoke Bengali, 10.82% Santali, 4.77% Kurukh and 2.43% Sadri as their first language.

Rural poverty
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the rural poverty ratio in erstwhile West Dinajpur district was 27.61%. Malda district on the south of West Dinajpur district had a rural poverty ratio of 35.4% and Jalpaiguri district on the north had a rural poverty ratio of 35.73%. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.

As per BPL Survey by the Government of West Bengal, the proportion of BPL families in Dakshin Dinajpur district was 43.54% as on 30 October 2002.

Economy

Livelihood

In Tapan CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 37,894 and formed 33.15%, agricultural labourers numbered 56,888 and formed  49.76%, household industry workers numbered 3,165 and formed 2.77% and other workers numbered 16,370 and formed 14.32%. Total workers numbered 114,317 and formed 45.63% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 136,107 and formed 54.37% of the population.

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers.  It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

Infrastructure
There are 271 inhabited villages in Tapan CD Block. All 271 villages (100%) have power supply. 269 villages (99.26%) have drinking water supply. 51 villages (18.82%) have post offices. 210 villages (77.49%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 131 villages (51.29%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 89 villages (32.84%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 15 villages (5.54%) have agricultural credit societies. 22 villages (8.12%) have banks.

Agriculture
The land is fertile for agricultural production, particularly in the southern part of the district. The rivers are flood-prone but droughts also occur occasionally. There are numerous tanks and some marshes and bils. Multiple cropping is widely practised. The Tebhaga movement by the share croppers, towards the end of British rule, is widely known. There are some forests, mostly in areas bordering Bangladesh.

Tapan CD Block had 287 fertiliser depots, 44 seed stores and 50 fair price shops in 2013-14.

In 2013-14, Tapan CD Block produced 121,683 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 42,978 hectares, 9,416 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,443  hectares, 329 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 176 hectares, 1,450 tonnes of wheat from 542 hectares, 17,560 tonnes of jute from 1,110 hectares and 4,378 tonnes of potatoes from 198 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Tapan CD Block was 9,234 hectares, out of which 3,791 hectares were irrigated by tank irrigation, 5,027 hectares by river lift irrigation, 84 hectares by deep tube wells and 332 hectares by shallow tube wells.

Banking
In 2013-14, Tapan CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 4 gramin banks.

Backward Regions Grant Fund
Dakshin Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund.  The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.

Transport
Tapan CD Block has 17 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 15 km from the CD Block headquarters.

The Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line passes through this CD Block and there is a station at Malancha.

State Highway 10 passes through this block.

Education
In 2013-14, Tapan CD Block had 202 primary schools with 15,206 students, 21 middle school with 3,019 students, 10 high schools with 18,437 students and 9 higher secondary schools with 18,137 students. Tapan CD Block had 1 general degree college with 137 students and 714 institutions for special and non-formal education with 19,028 students.

In Tapan CD Block, amongst the 271 inhabited villages, 49 villages do not have a school, 39 villages have more than 1 primary school, 47 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 23 villages have at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

Nathaniyal Murmu Memorial College was established at Tapan in 2011.

Healthcare
In 2014, Tapan CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centres with total 48 beds and 6 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 44 family welfare subcentres. 9,027 patients were treated indoor and 276,806 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.

Tapan Rural Hospital at Tapan (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Tapan CD Block. There are primary health centres at Monahali (with 10 beds),  Chenchra (Rampara (Chenchra) PHC) (with 10 beds) and Balapur (Malancha PHC) (with 10 beds).

References

Community development blocks in Dakshin Dinajpur district

Tapan (community development block)


String Quintet No. 2 in G major, Op. 111, is a work by Johannes Brahms composed in 1890 and published in 1891. It is known as the Prater Quintet. Brahms intended it to be his last piece of music, though he later produced a number of piano pieces and the two sonatas for clarinet or viola and piano. The first performance of the Quintet in Vienna on November 11, 1890 was a sensation (Swafford 1997, p. 568).

Like Brahms' earlier string quintet, Opus 88, it is a viola quintet, scored for two violins, two violas and cello. The work has four movements.

The first movement is marked Allegro non troppo, ma con brio, and is in . Its opening is dominated by a cello solo in G major. The middle section is in G minor, though it passes through numerous keys before returning to G major by the end.

The second movement is marked Adagio, and is in . It starts with a viola solo accompanied by cello pizzicato. Then a ghostly triplet motif is presented by the viola. Both of these thematic materials are played by different instruments and developed, with one section combining the triplet and pizzicato motifs with the opening theme. There is a stormy middle section reminiscent of Schubert's cello quintet. The entire movement has a key signature of D minor, but it ends on a D major chord.

The third movement, marked Un poco allegretto, is in  time and is loosely based on a minuet and trio form, finishing with a short coda the uses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The "minuet" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a "trio" section in G major, followed by another "minuet" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio.

The fourth movement, marked Vivace, ma non troppo presto, is in  and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music. The opening theme in the first viola is in B minor, and is copied by the first violin nine bars later. However, a new, upbeat, dance-like theme in G major is presented shortly after in the 1st violin. Many different thematic materials are presented in this movement's exposition, many of which are developed in the intensely fugal development section. After a recap of the original thematic material, there is a large unison scale played forte by all of the instruments right before the stringendo coda.  The movement (and the piece) end in G major.

See also
 String quintet

References
BRAHMS STREICH-QUINTETT G-dur / G major Opus 111 EDITION PETERS Nr 3905b

External links

Chamber music by Johannes Brahms
Brahms Quintet 2
1890 compositions
Compositions in G major

String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)


When we sleep, our breathing changes due to normal biological processes that affect both our respiratory and muscular systems.

Physiology

Sleep Onset
Breathing changes as we transition from wakefulness to sleep. These changes arise due to biological changes in the processes that regulate our breathing. When we fall asleep, minute ventilation (the amount of air that we breathe per minute) reduces due to decreased metabolism.

Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
During NREM sleep, we move through three sleep stages, with each progressively deeper than the last. As our sleep deepens, our minute ventilation continues to decrease, reducing by 13% in the second NREM stage and by 15% in the third. For example, a study of 19 healthy adults revealed that the minute ventilation in NREM sleep was 7.18 liters/minute compared to 7.66 liters/minute when awake.

Ribcage & Abdominal Muscle Contributions
Rib cage contribution to ventilation increases during NREM sleep, mostly by lateral movement, and is detected by an increase in EMG amplitude during breathing. Diaphragm activity is little increased or unchanged and abdominal muscle activity is slightly increased during these sleep stages.

Upper Airway Resistance
Airway resistance increases by about 230% during NREM sleep. Elastic and flow resistive properties of the lung do not change during NREM sleep. The increase in resistance comes primarily from the upper airway in the retro-epiglottic region. Tonic activity of the pharyngeal dilator muscles of the upper airway decreases during the NREM sleep, contributing to the increased resistance, which is reflected in increased esophageal pressure swings during sleep. The other ventilatory muscles compensate for the increased resistance, and so the airflow decreases much less than the increase in resistance.

Arterial Blood Gases
The Arterial blood gasses pCO2 increases by 3-7mmHg, pO2 drops by 3-9mmHg and SaO2 drops by 2% or less. These changes occur despite a reduced metabolic rate, reflected by a 10-20% decrease in O2 consumption, suggesting overall hypoventilation instead of decreased production/metabolism.

Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
Periodic oscillations of the pulmonary arterial pressure occur with respiration. Pulmonary arterial systolic and diastolic pressure and PAD increase by 4-5mm in NREM sleep

Effects Of Arousals
Induced transient arousal from NREM sleep cause the following:
Increase EMG activity of the diaphragm 150%, increased activity of upper airway dilating muscles 250%, increased airflow and tidal volume 160% and decreased upper airway resistance.

Steady REM Sleep

Ventilation
Irregular breathing with sudden changes in both amplitude and frequency at times interrupted by central apneas lasting 10–30 seconds are noted in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. (These are physiologic changes and are different from abnormal breathing patterns noted in sleep disordered breathing). These breathing irregularities are not random, but correspond to bursts of eye movements. This breathing pattern is not controlled by the chemoreceptors, but is due to the activation of behavioral respiratory control system by REM sleep processes. Quantitative measure of airflow is quite variable in this sleep stage and has been shown to be increased, decreased or unchanged. Tidal volume has also been shown to be increased, decreased or unchanged by quantitative measures in REM sleep. So breathing during REM sleep is somewhat discordant.

In a study of 19 healthy adults, the minute ventilation in REM sleep was 6.46 +/- 0.29(SEM) liters/minute compared to 7.66 +/- 0.34 liters/minute when awake.

Ribcage & Abdominal Muscle Contributions
Intercostal muscle activity decreases in REM sleep and contribution of rib cage to respiration decreases during REM sleep. This is due to REM related supraspinal inhibition of alpha motoneuron drive and specific depression of fusimotor function. Diaphraghmatic activity correspondingly increases during REM sleep. Although paradoxical thoracoabdominal movements are not observed, the thoracic and abdominal displacements are not exactly in phase. This decrease in intercostal muscle activity is primarily responsible for hypoventilation that occurs in patients with borderline pulmonary function.

Upper Airway Function
Upper airway resistance is expected to be highest during REM sleep because of atonia of the pharyngeal dilator muscles and partial airway collapse. Many studies have shown this, but not all. Some have shown unchanged airway resistance during REM sleep, others have shown it to increase to NREM levels.

Arterial Blood Gases
Hypoxemia due to hypoventilation is noted in REM sleep but this is less well studied than NREM sleep. These changes are equal to or greater than NREM sleep

Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
Pulmonary arterial pressure fluctuates with respiration and rises during REM sleep.

Effect of Arousals
Arousals cause return of airway resistance and airflow to near awake values. Refer arousals in NREM sleep.

Sleep and Breathing in High Altitudes
At a lower altitude, the link between breathing and sleep has been established. At a higher altitude, disruptions in sleep are often linked to changes in the respiratory (breathing ) rhythm. Changes in altitude cause variations in sleep time (reduced to 0% up to 93%), as shown in a study that examined people at sea level and Pikes Peak (4300 meters). These subjects also experienced more frequent arousals and diminished stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. A poorer quality of sleep was indicated, but not due to less sleep time, but more frequent awakenings during the night.

Sleep-disordered breathing (abnormal sleep and breathing or sleep-related breathing disorders)

Primary snoring
Snoring is a condition characterized by noisy breathing during sleep. Usually, any medical condition where the airway is blocked during sleeping, like obstructive sleep apnea, may give rise to snoring. Snoring, when not associated with an obstructive phenomenon is known as primary snoring. Apart from the specific condition of obstructive sleep apnea, other causes of snoring include alcohol intake prior to sleeping, stuffy nose, sinusitis, obesity, long tongue or uvula, large tonsil or adenoid, smaller lower jaw, deviated nasal septum, asthma, smoking and sleeping on one's back. Primary snoring is also known as "simple" or "benign" snoring, and is not associated with sleep apnea.

Upper airway resistance syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea (including hypopnea) syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea is apnea either as the result of obstruction of the air passages or inadequate respiratory muscle activity.

Central sleep apnea syndrome

Sleep apnea (or sleep apnoea in British English; /æpˈniːə/) is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep. Each pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last for several seconds to several minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more in an hour.

Complex sleep disordered syndrome

Sleep related hypoventilation syndromes

References

Sleep physiology

Sleep and breathing


John I. Bitove (Jr.) (born 1960 in Toronto, Ontario) is a noted Canadian businessman and sportsman.  He is the Founder of the Toronto Raptors of the NBA. Through his holding company, Obelysk, he is involved in several entities including; Sirius XM Canada, Canada's largest subscriber radio service. and Bird the global leader in electric scooters, operating in over 350 cities in 34 counties. He is the founder of Mobilicity, a mobile wireless service, which was sold to Rogers Communications in July, 2015. He was also the major shareholder of KEYreit, Canada's largest "small box" real estate investment trust that was sold in 2013.

On September 30, 1993 the National Basketball Association invited a group led by Bitove to be the 29th team to join the league.  In addition to being the Founder of the Toronto Raptors basketball team, he led the creation of the Air Canada Centre the new home of sports and entertainment in Toronto, including some new, state-of-art stadium features.

In 2005, he established the S'Cool Life Fund, which has raised over $2.8 million to fund extracurricular activities in Canadian public schools. To date S'Cool Life Fund has provided grants to over 1,000 schools for D.R.E.A.M.S. (Drama, Recreation, Extra-Curricular, Arts, Music, or Sports) projects across Canada helping to make school life more enjoyable for thousands of public elementary children in grades K-8.

Bitove was the volunteer president of the City of Toronto bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.

He has also been the volunteer organizer for the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics (track and field) and the 1994 FIBA World Championship of Basketball. In 2005, he received the first James Naismith Award of Excellence by Canada Basketball.

Bitove earned an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Business (marketing) from Indiana University Bloomington in 1983. He is a member of the Beta Eta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity.  He also received a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Windsor in 1984 and was called to the bar and admitted to the Law Society of Upper Canada (Ontario) in 1986.  Since 2007 he has served on the board of trustees of Wake Forest University in North Carolina.  He is the son of John Bitove, Sr. and is of Macedonian heritage. He is married to Randi Zenner Bitove and has three children.

References

1960 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian radio executives
Canadian people of Macedonian descent
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
Canadian sports businesspeople
Toronto Raptors executives
Wake Forest University people
University of Windsor alumni
Canadian chairpersons of corporations
Canadian real estate businesspeople

John Bitove


Radelca () is a dispersed settlement in the hills north of the Drava River in the Municipality of Radlje ob Dravi in Slovenia, right on the border with Austria.

There are two churches in the hills above the settlement. The one closest to the border with Austria is dedicated to Saint Pancras and was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1490. It was rebuilt in 1655 and has a rectangular nave with a polygonal apse and a belfry on its southern facade. The second church is dedicated to Saint Urban and dates to the mid-17th century. Both belong to the Parish of Remšnik.

References

External links
Radelca on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Radlje ob Dravi

Radelca


The Secret (French title Le Secret) is a 1974 French film, directed by Robert Enrico.

Synopsis
At the start we see "David" Jean-Louis Trintignant as a prisoner in some sort of torture chamber, a row of cells whose occupants, in straitjackets, are chained to their beds. David manages to escape from custody. On the run, he arrives at the home of a couple living in an isolated farmhouse (Marlène Jobert and Philippe Noiret). He claims that he is in possession of an important secret, one that he came across by chance, that is so terrible that the authorities will do anything to protect it. He predicts, correctly, that the state will soon mobilize all its resources to find him, using as a cover story the claim that a paranoid killer is on the loose from an asylum. The couple are unsure whether to believe him, but give him some assistance. Whether David is an unlucky but innocent fugitive or is the psychopath described by the police and press remains a mystery until the last moment of the film.

Other
Étienne Becker is the Director of Photography.

External links

1974 films
French thriller films
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
1970s thriller films
Films about conspiracy theories
Films directed by Robert Enrico
1974 drama films
1970s French films

The Secret (1974 film)


General elections were held in Anguilla on 22 April 2015. The result was a victory for the Anguilla United Front alliance, which won six of the seven elected seats in the House of Assembly. The ruling Anguilla United Movement failed to win a seat.

Electoral system
At the time of the elections the House of Assembly had eleven members, of which seven are elected in single-member constituencies and four were appointed. Voters had to be at least 18 years old, whilst candidates had to be at least 21.

Results

By constituency
The closest contest was in the Road North constituency, where the AUF candidate Evalie Bradley won by a single vote against the AUM candidate Patrick Hanley.

Aftermath
Following the elections, Victor Banks of the Anguilla United Front was sworn in as the island's new Chief Minister.

References

Anguilla
General
Elections in Anguilla
Anguilla
Anguilla

2015 Anguillian general election


The 1899 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1899 college football season.  This was the fourth year that the school fielded a football team.  The Aggies were led by first year head coach T. D. Knowles, and completed the season with a record of 6–2.

Schedule

References

Connecticut
UConn Huskies football seasons
Connecticut Aggies football

1899 Connecticut Aggies football team


The Iceman Ducketh is a 1964 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical cartoon directed by Phil Monroe and Maurice Noble, with a story by John W. Dunn. The short was released on May 16, 1964, and stars Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. It was the penultimate Warner Bros. Theatrical Cartoon to feature Bugs Bunny and the last Warner Bros. theatrical cartoon to feature Bugs and Daffy together until Box-Office Bunny in 1991, and the last that the Chuck Jones unit worked on, though Chuck Jones himself was fired at an early stage of production and replaced by Monroe (by the time it was released, Jones had already produced two cartoons at his new studio, Sib-Tower 12 Productions).

Summary

At a trading post up in the Klondike, many fur trappers have come in to trade in their furs for big bucks after a successful fur trapping season. When Daffy Duck sees Garcon, the manager of the trading post, giving money to the last fur trapper, he checks in to ask if trading in furs for money is true. Garcon says it is true, but Daffy decides to go out and trap some fur for money, just as Garcon warns him that fur trapping season is over due to the approaching winter.

Scoffing at the idea of winter, Daffy vows to catch a fur just as winter sets in just as suddenly.  Bugs Bunny makes a snow rabbit, telling the audience it will fool Daffy for a while, while he makes his getaway.  Daffy comes up to the snow rabbit and warns him not to move or be pulverized. When the coal nose of the snow rabbit falls off, Daffy takes that as movement and proceeds to whack the snow rabbit to pieces until he hits a hibernating bear, whom the snow rabbit was built over. Angry at having his hibernation disturbed, the bear claws Daffy, who runs off thinking the bear missed until he falls to pieces.

Just as Bugs is tutting off Daffy's misfortune, Daffy catches up and pokes his rifle at him. When Bugs asks Daffy if he has got some antipathy towards him, Daffy states he is only after the fur, of which he finds Bugs' to be the softest he has felt. As Bugs starts bragging about getting his suits from "the same tailor as the Duke of Windsor," Daffy just states he is not interested in any "sales pitch" (Ken Harris animates this scene—his last work at Warner's). Daffy refuses to give Bugs a sporting chance and threatens to shoot him in the neck, but Bugs kisses him, plugs up his gun with his carrot and runs away. Daffy tries to shoot Bugs, but the gun expands from the carrot; as Daffy tries to dislodge the carrot, the gun explodes in his face. Daffy then snarls: "Ooooh, I LOVE him!"

Later, Daffy ignores a sign warning him there are hibernating animals, vowing that "I know one that isn't gonna get much sleep!" No sooner does he say that than he comes across an alarm clock, that rings and wakes up another hibernating bear. Thinking Daffy to be responsible for the rude awakening, the bear chases him straight into a cave where Bugs directs them. Bugs then seals up the cave entrance with a boulder, leaving the bear to pummel Daffy, who finally exits the cave looking a little worse for wear.

Further on, Bugs has come across a sign warning him that he is in avalanche territory just as Daffy comes running up. Bugs manages to inform him of where they are and instructs him to follow on tiptoe. Daffy obliges and, after a few seconds, asks Bugs if it is okay to talk yet. Bugs pretends not to hear, prompting Daffy to ask again in his loudest whisper. When Bugs again pretends not to hear, Daffy gets mad enough to simply shout his question, causing snow to fall all over him. Bugs informs him that it still is not safe then and Daffy sarcastically thanks him.

Back at his hole, Bugs goes down for a rest just as Daffy comes up with dynamite. As Daffy trails out the wire, Bugs moves the hole so he secretly places the dynamite next to Daffy, just as Daffy prepares a detonator ("I love doing this, especially because I DESPISE him!"). After the dynamite explodes on Daffy, Daffy states "I think I'm going to cry."

Bugs manages to take refuge in a tree, forcing Daffy to put firewood around the stump in an attempt to smoke him out, but the fire melts the snow on the tree, causing it to fall on Daffy and freeze him in an ice statue. Bugs takes this event to make his getaway, but Daffy manages to free himself and get blasted by his own gun while trying to free it from the ice statue ("Say, whose side are you on, fella?"). Using skis, Daffy pursues Bugs to the lake, firing his gun as he goes. Bugs creates an "invisible shield" by throwing out a bucket of water, which freezes into a shield, which Daffy crashes into. This gag spoofs Colgate commercials of the early 1960s ("I saw a guy do this in a toothpaste ad once").

Up a hill, Daffy drops a pebble that rolls into a giant snowball, in the hopes it will engulf Bugs. The snowball misses Bugs by a few inches, but engulfs three hibernating bears in the cave Bugs had earlier trapped Daffy in, and falls out the other end of the cave. After a brief boulder catapult gag, similar to those from the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner cartoons, the snowball lands on Daffy, who runs up a tree just as the angry bears threaten to massacre him.

Later that night, Bugs decides to turn in for winter hibernation and bids Daffy and the bears goodnight. Daffy, now looking blue from the cold and worse for wear from an unseen fight with the bears (that might have taken place during the blackout between this scene and the snowball gag), simply curses over the mess he has gotten himself into while still clinging to the treetop.

Home media
"The Iceman Ducketh" is available, uncensored and uncut, on the Looney Tunes Superstars DVD. However, it was cropped to widescreen.

See also
List of American films of 1964
 List of cartoons featuring Daffy Duck
 List of Bugs Bunny cartoons

References

External links

1964 films
1964 animated films
1964 short films
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
1964 comedy films
Films directed by Maurice Noble
Bugs Bunny films
Daffy Duck films
Films scored by William Lava
Animated films about bears
Films set in Yukon
1960s Warner Bros. animated short films
1960s English-language films
Animated films set in Canada

The Iceman Ducketh


Juan Francisco de la Cerda Enríquez de Ribera (Medinaceli, 4 November 1637 – Madrid, 20 February 1691), 8th Duke of Medinaceli, 7th Marquis de Cogolludo, 4th  Marquis of Alcalá de la Alameda, 6th Duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, 9th Count of Los Molares, 9th Marquis of Tarifa, 8th Count of El Puerto de Santa María, was a Spanish noble and politician, and chief minister of King Charles II of Spain.

During his tenure as chief minister of Spain (1680-1685), de la Cerda enforced a number of economic reforms aimed at reducing the galloping inflation, avoiding the permanent deficit, and filling the coffers of Spanish Monarchy. De la Cerda's policies achieved one of the largest deflations in history, which proved very beneficial to the King's subjects, increasing their incomes and purchasing powers. However, his measures failed to fill the royal coffers, led to food riots, and eventually caused his downfall in 1685. Most of his policies were nevertheless continued and expanded by his successor as chief minister, the Count of Oropesa, and are credited with fostering the economic recovery of Spain.

Biography

Don Juan Francisco was the son of Antonio de la Cerda, 7th Duke of Medinaceli and Ana María Luisa Enríquez de Ribera Portocarrero y Cárdenas, 5th Duchess of Alcalá de los Gazules.
By his marriage to Catalina de Aragón, Don Juan Francisco added the titles of Duke of Segorbe, Cardona and Lerma to the House of Medinaceli.

In 1677, John of Austria the Younger, the illegitimate half-brother of King Charles II (who was young and inexperienced) had removed the Queen Mother Mariana from court, and established himself as prime minister. Great hopes were entertained for his administration, but it proved disappointing and short: Don John died on 17 September 1679.

As his predecessors, Don Juan Francisco was a loyal servant of the Spanish Crown, and after the death of John of Austria, he became the Valido of King Charles II.
Also Sumiller de Corps and Caballerizo mayor to the King, he drastically reformed the economy through the Junta de Comercio y Moneda, but his monetary devaluation led to collapse of the prices and speculation on grain, which led to several bankruptcies.

In several regions of Spain, food riots broke out, which led together with the humiliating Truce of Ratisbon with France, to the resignation of Don Juan Francisco. He retired from politics and
died in 1691. All his titles went to his son Luis Francisco de la Cerda.

References

Real Academia de la Historia
 Fundación Medinaceli.

External links

1637 births
1691 deaths
People from the Province of Soria
Dukes of Medinaceli
Marquesses of Spain
Counts of Spain
Spanish politicians
Court of Charles II of Spain
Knights of the Golden Fleece

Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli


Cherenkov radiation, also known as Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation (; Russian: Черенков) is a type of electromagnetic radiation produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at a speed which is greater than the speed of light in that medium. (It doesn't violate special relativity because the refractive index slows down the speed of light in a medium. So, the particle doesn't have to travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.) It is named after Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov, who discovered this phenomenon in 1934 under the supervision of Sergey Vavilov. Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank developed a theory on this effect in 1937. Pavel Čerenkov, Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics because of their contribution in cherenkov radiation.

Theory

According to special relativity, a particle cannot move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. However, when light travels in a transparent medium (such as water or glass), it moves more slowly than it would in a vacuum. This means that particles can actually move faster than the speed of light in certain mediums. When a particle with an electric charge moves faster than light in a medium which can be polarized, it causes the medium to send out photons (light particles) and thereby loses energy. The photons that are sent out can be measured, as they are simple light.

Explanation

The formation of Cherenkov radiation is analogous to the bow wave caused by a power boat traveling faster than the speed of water waves or to the shock wave (sonic boom) produced by an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound in air.

When an aircraft passes through the air, it creates a series of pressure waves in front of the aircraft and behind it. These waves travel at the speed of sound and, as the speed of the object increases, the waves get compressed as they cannot get out of each other's way quickly enough. When the aircraft gets the velocity of sound wave, the pressure waves get merge into a single shock wave. As the velocity keeps increasing, the single shock wave extends mostly to the rear and extends from the craft in a restricted widening cone. We hear this as sonic boom. Similarly, a bow wave forms when something moves through a fluid at a speed greater than the speed of a wave moving across the fluid. The mechanism of Cherenkov radiation is same but it occurs for light waves.

When a charged particle moves inside a polarizable medium, it excites some the ellectrons of that medium. As the excited ellectrons return to their ground state, they emits electromagnetic radiation. According to the Huygens principle, the emitted waves move out spherically at the phase velocity of that medium. If the particle moves faster than the speed of light in that medium, the emitted waves add up and at an angle with respect to the particle direction a radiation is emitted which is known as Cherenkov radiation.

Because nothing can move faster than light in a vacuum, there is no Cherenkov light in a vacuum. However, if we say that light in water moves only with 75% of its speed in vacuum, particles with very high energy are now able to move faster than light (through water) and create Cherenkov light.
The reason Cherenkov light often appears blue is because its effect is proportional to the frequency, in that the higher the frequency, the higher the effect of the radiation. Because higher frequency light equates to shorter wavelengths, and blue light has one of the shortest wavelengths of visible light, Cherenkov light is usually blue.

Emission angle

Emission angle with respect to the first image

In the first image, a charged particle (red) moves at a speed of  where
.

Ratio between the speed of the particle and the speed of light is

In this medium, the velocity of light is (n is the refractive index)
 ।

Left side of this image is the initial point (t = 0) and the right side is the location of the particle after t time।

So, the distance passed by the particle in t time is

And the distance passed by the light is
।

So, the emission angle is (using trigonometry)
।

We can also derive the emission angle from the second image too.

References

Cherenkov radiation


Sörla saga sterka is a legendary saga which was written in the 14th or 15th century.

It is a sequel to Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra and like its prequel one of its locales is England, which is a vassal to Sweden. Sörli the Strong is a son of the king of Oppland, and is at feud with Halfdan Brana's Foster Son (now king of Sweden). After some adventures in Africa, which greatly resemble Halfdan's exploits in Helluland, Sörli encounters Halfdan, kills him, and takes his ship. Halfdan's son Högni (of the Hjaðningavíg) fights against him but later they become allies.

Much of the story is presented in a similar form in the midsection of Sörla þáttr.

Translations
 (Saga of Sorli the Strong, pp. 111-140)

Sources and external links
Helpful Danes and Pagan Irishmen: Saga Fantasies of the Viking Age in the British Isles, by Elizabeth Ashman Rowe.
The saga in Old Norse at «Norrøne Tekster og Kvad».
The saga in Old Norse at Snerpa.
The saga in English Translation by George L. Hardman with Facing Old Norse Texts.

Legendary sagas

Sörla saga sterka


Hearst Metrotone News (renamed News of the Day in 1936) was a newsreel series (1914–1967) produced by the Hearst Corporation, founded by William Randolph Hearst.

History

Hearst produced silent newsreels under the titles of Hearst Newsreel, International Newsreel, and MGM News before settling on the generic title Hearst Metrotone News. From January 1919 to July 1929, International Newsreel was produced by Hearst's International News Service and released by Universal Studios.

Hearst began to release sound newsreels in September 1929 under an agreement with Fox Film Corporation using the Fox Movietone sound system. Hearst dissolved its agreement with Fox in October 1934, and released its newsreels through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from then until 1967.  William Randolph Hearst was a controversial figure for several years. In November 1936, in reaction to protests and moviegoers' booing of the Hearst newsreel when it began showing causing theaters to edit out references to Hearst, the name of the newsreel was officially changed to News of the Day by Hearst. The Hearst Metrotone News name continued to appear on the copyright notice at the end of the newsreel.  Michael Fitzmaurice was the primary announcers for Hearst-Metrotone newsreels.

Other U.S. newsreel series include The March of Time (1935-1951), Pathé News (1910-1956), Paramount News (1927-1957), Fox Movietone News (1928-1963), and Universal Newsreel  (1929-1967).

In 1981, the entire Hearst newsreel library was acquired by the UCLA Film and Television Archive and held by the Packard Humanities Institute that is scanning the film on Scanity motion picture film scanner.

References

External links

Collection info at UCLA Film and Television Archive
News of the Day newsreel, 1963  assassination of President John F. Kennedy at youtube.com

Newsreels
Hearst Communications
1914 establishments in the United States
1967 disestablishments in the United States
Short film series

Hearst Metrotone News


Rashid Ramzi () (born July 17, 1980) is a Moroccan-Bahraini track and field athlete competing internationally for Bahrain in the 800 metres and 1500 metres.  Ramzi was investigated by the IAAF after the 2008 Summer Olympics and was stripped of his gold medal for doping.

Ramzi was born in Safi, Morocco.  After transferring to Bahrain, he ascended to the top of the Asian scene, winning gold medals at the Asian Athletics Championships and the 2002 Asian Games. He set an Asian indoor record over 800 metres to take the silver at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships—his first global medal—and took part in the 2004 Athens Olympics. He reached the peak of his discipline the following year by becoming both the 800 m and 1500 m champion at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics – the first man to ever do such a double at the competition.

He failed to retain his titles at the 2007 World Championships, but still took the silver medal over 1500 m. At the 2008 Summer Olympics he was the recipient of the first ever medal for Bahrain at the Olympics – winning the 1500 m gold medal. However, his result did not stand and he was excluded from the sport for two years after his test came back positive for the banned blood-boosting substance CERA.

Career

Early competition and transfer
Ramzi was raised in Safi, and competed internationally for Morocco, winning the 1500 metres silver medal at the 1999 African Junior Athletics Championships and then winning at the national championships in 2001. until he joined the Bahraini armed forces and gained citizenship in 2002.

Following the nationality transfer, he began competing for Bahrain immediately – he won silver at the 2002 Asian Athletics Championships and then took the 1500 m gold at the 2002 Asian Games. He scored three 1500 m gold medals at regional championships in 2003, winning at the Pan Arab Athletics Championships, the Gulf Cooperation Council Championships, and beating all opposition at the 2003 Asian Athletics Championships.

The 2004 season saw him break through onto the global scene – he won 800 metres and 1500 m golds at the 2004 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships (setting an Asian record at the shorter distance) and then took the silver medal at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships the following month, improving his 800 m area record and just finishing behind Mbulaeni Mulaudzi. Competing on the European circuit, he took his first Golden League win in the 1500 m at the Golden Gala in Rome. Later that year, he represented his adopted country at the 2008 Summer Olympics for the first time and he reached the semi-finals of the 1500 m at the 2004 Athens Olympics.

Double world champion
At the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, Ramzi repeated the 1964 accomplishment of Peter Snell to win gold medals in the 800 m and 1500 m at the same competition in a global competition (World Championship or Summer Olympics).

He followed this with a bronze medal at the 2006 Asian Games and upgraded his next medal to the silver medal in the 1500 m at the 2007 World Championships. Ramzi won the gold at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics the next year but he was later stripped of the Olympic title.

Doping scandal
In April 2009, the Bahrain Olympic Committee reported that Ramzi tested positive for doping at the Beijing Games.  Ramzi tested positive for CERA, an advanced version of the blood-boosting drug EPO.  Ramzi's backup "B" sample was tested on June 18, 2009 and in July 2009 it was announced Ramzi's "B" sample had tested positive as well.  In November 2009, Ramzi was stripped of his gold medal.

He spends much of his time in Morocco to train at high altitude (the highest point in Bahrain is only 440 ft. above sea level).

Personal bests

Achievements

See also
List of doping cases in athletics

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
People from Safi, Morocco
Bahraini male middle-distance runners
Moroccan male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Bahrain
Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games
Doping cases in athletics
Bahraini sportspeople in doping cases
Naturalized citizens of Bahrain
Moroccan emigrants to Bahrain
Bahraini people of Moroccan descent
Asian Games gold medalists for Bahrain
Asian Games silver medalists for Bahrain
Asian Games bronze medalists for Bahrain
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships winners
Asian Athletics Championships winners

Rashid Ramzi


The Owens–Thomas House & Slave Quarters is a historic home in Savannah, Georgia, that is operated as a historic house museum by Telfair Museums.  It is located at 124 Abercorn Street, on the northeast corner of Oglethorpe Square. The Owens–Thomas House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, as one of the nation's finest examples of English Regency architecture.

Renovations in the 1990s uncovered and restored one of the oldest and best preserved urban slave quarters in the American South.

Architectural style and house history

This most important and architecturally significant house was begun in 1816 and completed in 1819. Designed by the English architect William Jay of Bath, the house plans were drawn while Jay was still in England. He sent architectural elevations to local workers before his arrival in Savannah sometime after foundations were laid. According to Jay's letters, the house was to be aesthetically compatible to Bath. This is evident in the Bath stone of the house's construction as well as its sophisticated architectural detail. It was a gentrifying physical ornament to the newly successful Southern port. The Richardson House, as it was originally known after its first owner and builder, Richard Richardson, is North America's preeminent example of period English Regency architecture.

The mansion was purchased in 1830 by local attorney and politician George Welshman Owens for $10,000 (~$ in ). The family maintained it for several decades until Owens' granddaughter, Margaret Thomas, bequeathed the house to the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences (established in 1885) as the South's oldest art museum, in 1951. The house is notable for its early cast iron side veranda with elaborate acanthus scroll supports on which the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the citizens of Savannah on his visit in 1825. William Jay was architect to other Savannah landmarks such as the Scarborough house, the Telfair House as mentioned above, and an attribution to the Gordon-Low House.

Slave quarters

A focus of tours of the site is the carriage house and the history of the enslaved workers who lived there, including the nanny, cook and butler. During a renovation of the carriage house in the 1990s, the owners of the site discovered one of the oldest and best preserved urban slave quarters in the American South. The history has been uncovered via their Slavery and Freedom Project, and via symposiums in 2008 and 2020 (planned).

The ceiling of the slave quarters is painted haint blue, which was customarily used in Gullah culture to deter ghosts or other malevolent spirits. It is notable as the largest swath of haint blue paint in North America.

The restoration includes the pantry and other elements of the Gullah cooking, and the cellar where meals and laundry were prepared.

Museum
The Owens–Thomas House collection contains furnishings and decorative arts from the English Regency period; containing effects of the Owens family, most pieces dating from the years 1790 to 1840. Collections include English Georgian and American Federal period furniture, early Savannah textiles, silver, Chinese Export porcelain, and 18th- and 19th-century art. The slave quarters feature slave artifacts of the period.

The courtyard features a small parterre garden that was redesigned in 1954 by Savannah landscape architect Clermont Huger Lee. Lee designed the formal garden in 1820 English-American style and supervised maintenance of garden for fourteen years.

Gallery

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chatham County, Georgia

Footnotes

External links
www.telfair.org Official web site
Owens–Thomas House – Telfair Museum of Art

Owens–Thomas House historical marker

Houses completed in 1819
National Historic Landmarks in Savannah, Georgia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Georgia (U.S. state)
Museums in Savannah, Georgia
Historic house museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses in Savannah, Georgia
National Register of Historic Places in Savannah, Georgia
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Oglethorpe Square (Savannah) buildings
Savannah Historic District

Owens–Thomas House


Johan Patrik Ljungström (1784–1859) was a Swedish jeweler, inventor, and underwater diving pioneer. He is credited as the first private underwater diver in Sweden, and possibly beyond.

His works, sometimes abbreviated as J. P. Ljungström (J.P.L.) are represented inter alia by the Nordic Museum in Stockholm, and the Museum of Bohuslän.

Biography
Johan Patrik Ljungström was born in Stockholm, Sweden, Christian Fredrik Ljungström, a länsman, and Anna Elisabeth (née Tengman). He married three times: to Fredrika Charlotte (née Skarstedt), Maria Christina (née Spaak), and Britta Catharina (née Bagge). He had children in all three marriages, including Jonas Patrik Ljungström.

Active as a jeweler and burgher in Stockholm, Uddevalla, and Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, works surviving from his ateliers include ranging from ciboriums preserved by the Church of Sweden, to jewelry for personal adornment represented by the Nordic Museum, as well as regional cultural heritage museums. The jewelry business started by Ljungström was with time overtaken by his descendants, remaining one of the oldest active jewelers in the region.

As an inventor, he was noted for his pioneering work in gas lighting. Subsequent to initial experiments in own ateliers with copper apparatuses and chandeliers of ink, brass and crystal, the technology was exhibitioned in the city of Uddevalla, reportedly one of the first such public installations of gas lightning in the region, enhanced as a triumphal arch for the city gate for a royal visit of Charles XIV John of Sweden in 1820.

Among his side ventures was also early diving bell development, used to recover material from shipwrecks, upon challenge by a Swedish expert Rosenberg that it would be impossible to develop technology to access a designated shipwreck. Hence he invented a diving bell built of tinned copper with space for a crew of 2-3 persons. In 1825, the bell, equipped with compass and methods of communication to the surface, successfully dived down to 25 ells with Ljungström and an assistant on board, "to the awe of the local society, much of which was assembled for the demonstration."

Ljungström went on to author a book presenting technology and ideas for a private sector of underwater diving in Sweden, which was until then still strictly subject of authorities in the form of public diving companies.

Towards the 1830s he relocated to Saint Petersburg, attached to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina, where also Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872) was active and with whom he may have collaborated in underwater inventions.

Upon return to Sweden towards the end of his life, he settled as a jeweler elder in Stockholm.

Bibliography
 Strödda anteckningar, rörande dykeri- och lots-inrättningarna (And. Johnson, Uddevalla, 1827)

Further reading
 Fredrik Ljungström 1875-1964 - Uppfinnare och inspiratör (1999), Olof Ljungström

References

1784 births
1859 deaths
Johan Patrik
Artists from Stockholm
Businesspeople from Stockholm
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish jewellers
19th-century Swedish inventors
Underwater divers
Diving equipment inventors
Pioneering scientific divers
Gas technologies

Johan Patrik Ljungström


is a video game developed by Konami in 1983 for the MSX, and later for video game consoles, such as NES and ColecoVision. The player takes the role of an Antarctic penguin, racing to various research stations owned by different countries in Antarctica (excluding the USSR).

The gameplay is similar to Sega's Turbo, but plays at a much slower pace, and features platform game elements. The penguin, later named Penta, must reach the next station before time runs out while avoiding sea lions and breaks in the ice. Throughout the levels, fish jump out of ice holes and can be caught for bonus points. The game, like many early video games, has no ending – when the player reaches the last station, the game starts from the first level again, but with increased difficulty.

Legacy
Antarctic Adventure was followed by a sequel for the MSX computer in 1986, entitled Penguin Adventure. In addition, the penguin character Penta, and his son Pentarou became a mascot for Konami through the 1980s. They have made appearances in over 10 games. Of particular note are his appearances in the Parodius series of shoot 'em up games.

Penta, or his son Pentarou, had appeared in Medal Games like Tsurikko Penta, Balloon Penta and Imo Hori Penta. Following in 2002 (not released for mobile in 2001), three mobile games , released on May 6, 2003, another titled , as part of Konami Taisen Colosseum, and the fishing game as Penta no Tsuri Boken, and released for i-Revo.

A screenshot from this game can briefly be seen in the introduction of Gradius ReBirth, released in 2008 for the Wii Virtual Console and in 2014 for the Wii U Virtual Console. An MSX Version was re-released for the Windows Store as part of EGG Project on November 25, 2014 in Japan.

In 1990, Konami released only in Japan a handheld electronic game of Antarctic Adventure, although it is usually listed as South Pole (a more literal translation of the Japanese title).

In 2014, Antarctic Adventure was released on a special version of the ColecoVision Flashback by AtGames. available only through Dollar General stores.

In other games, Pentarou appears as a fisherman.

Soundtrack
 The music that plays in each level is "The Skaters' Waltz" by Émile Waldteufel.

See also
 Parodius – game series which also features Pentarou.

References

External links

 Review of the game

1983 video games
ColecoVision games
D4 Enterprise games
Konami franchises
Konami games
MSX games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Racing video games
Video games set in Antarctica
Mobile games
Fictional penguins
Video games about birds
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Windows games
Handheld electronic games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan

Antarctic Adventure


Ana Kokkinos is an Australian film and television director and screenwriter of Greek descent.  She is known for her breakthrough feature film Head On (1998), and has directed television shows such as The Secret Life of Us and The Time of Our Lives.

The Guardian wrote: "Kokkinos's cinematic oeuvre is among the most hard-hitting bodies of work in Australian cinema."

Early life and education
Kokkinos was born in Melbourne and before her career in film, she worked as an industrial lawyer.

In 1991, she was accepted into the Victorian College of the Arts' graduate film and television programme.

Career

Early work
Kokkinos' career began with Antamosi (1992), a short film she directed while in her first year of film school, which examines a migrant family's relationship told from the perspective of three generations of women. Coming from a Greek immigrant family herself, Kokkinos's work often deals with themes of identity and family.

Her next film was the 50-minute short feature Only the Brave (1994)s. This film follows Alex as she helplessly watches her best friend Vicki fall victim to her self-destructive tendencies.

1998 to 1999: Breakthrough with Head On
In Head On (1998), Kokkinos explores the relationship between the city and the individual. Head On follows Greek-Australian teenager Ari as he wanders the streets of Melbourne, struggling with his identity as a gay male and the identity his family wishes to thrust upon him.

Head On divided the Greek community in Australia. Kokkinos said in an interview with the Los Angeles Times]. Kokkinos said "what it did is that it opened up a dialogue between younger Greeks and their parents. What the film has done is that it has broken down barriers."

The film was adapted from the novel Loaded, written by Christos Tsiolkas, and it received numerous awards, including Best First Feature in the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival as well as Best Film at the Milan International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.

2000s to the present
Her next film The Book of Revelation (2006) was adapted form a novel of the same name written by Rupert Thomson. In The Book of Revelation, Daniel leaves his house to buy cigarettes but is abducted by three masked women who then subject him to physical and emotional abuse. The women also repeatedly rape Daniel. The Book of Revelation was nominated by the Australian Film Institute for Best Screenplay.

Blessed (2009) deals with the relationship between mother and child, occurring during the span of 24 hours. Blessed was nominated by the Australian Film Institute for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2009.

In May 2022, the BBC and STAN commissioned Kokkinos to direct Ten Pound Poms, a drama about the British citizens who migrated to Australia after the Second World War.

Personal life
Kokkinos realized she was gay at the age of 15. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, she said "I went through a very long process of having to come to terms with that, and that wasn't easy, but I don't think it's easy for anyone". However, she rejects the tag "lesbian filmmaker", saying that she is able to represent all kinds of characters on screen.

Selected filmography
 Anatamosi (1992)
Only the Brave (1994)
 Head On (1998)
 The Book of Revelation (2006)
 Blessed (2009)
 The Hunting (2019 TV mini-series)
 Here Out West  (co-director, with Leah Purcell and others)

See also
 List of female film and television directors
 List of lesbian filmmakers
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Australian women film directors
Australian women screenwriters
Australian lesbian artists
Australian lesbian writers
Australian LGBT film directors
LGBT television directors
Lesbian screenwriters
Australian people of Greek descent
Australian LGBT screenwriters
Film directors from Melbourne
Women television directors
20th-century Australian screenwriters
20th-century Australian women writers
20th-century Australian LGBT people
21st-century Australian screenwriters
21st-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian LGBT people

Ana Kokkinos