The Chapel of the Ascension ( Qapelat ha-ʿAliyya; , Ekklisáki tis Analípseos; ) is a chapel and shrine located on the Mount of Olives, in the At-Tur district of Jerusalem. Part of a larger complex consisting first of a Christian church and monastery, then an Islamic mosque, Zawiyat al-Adawiya ('the zawiya of Rabia of Basra'), it is located on a site traditionally believed to be the earthly spot where Jesus ascended into Heaven after his Resurrection. It houses a slab of stone believed to contain one of his footprints.  This article deals with two sites, the Christian site of the Ascension, and the adjacent but separate mosque built over an ancient grave.

History

First location of the Ascension
Almost 300 years after Jesus was said to have died, early Christians began gathering secretly in a small cave on the Mount of Olives. The issuance of the Edict of Milan by the Roman Emperors Constantine and Licinius in 313 made it possible for Christians to worship without government persecution.

Second location of the Ascension
By the time of the pilgrim Egeria's travels to Jerusalem in 384, the spot of veneration had been moved to the present location, so that Egeria witnessed the celebration of the Ascension at an "open hillock" uphill from the nearby cave; the cave itself had been integrated into the Constantinian Church of Eleona.

4th-century church (or churches)
The first church was erected there a few years later, sometime between AD 384–390, by Poimenia, a wealthy and pious Roman aristocratic woman from the imperial family, who financed the building of the Byzantine-style church "around Christ's last footprints." The first complex constructed on the site of the present chapel was known as Imbomon (Greek for "on the hill"). It was a rotunda, open to the sky, surrounded by circular porticoes and arches.

The Imbomon, as well as the nearby Eleona Basilica and other monasteries and churches on the Mount of Olives, were destroyed by the armies of the Persian shah Khosrow II during the final phase of the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars in 614 (see Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628 and Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem).

However, a later tradition attributes the first Ascension Church at this site to Empress Helena claiming that during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land between 326 and 328 she identified two spots on the Mount of Olives as being associated with Jesus' life - the place of his Ascension, and a grotto associated with his teaching of the Lord's Prayer - and on her return to Rome, she ordered the construction of two sanctuaries at these locations.

7th-century church
The church was rebuilt in the late 7th century. The Frankish bishop and pilgrim Arculf, in relating his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in about the year 680, described this church as "a round building open to the sky, with three porticoes entered from the south. Eight lamps shone brightly at night through windows facing Jerusalem. Inside was a central edicule containing the footprints of Christ, plainly and clearly impressed in the dust, inside a railing." Note that the footprints of Christ were "impressed in the dust", not stone.

12th-century church
The reconstructed church was eventually destroyed, and rebuilt a second time by the Crusaders in the 12th century. The armies of Saladin later decimated the church, leaving only a partially intact outer 12x12-meter octagonal wall surrounding an inner 3x3-meter octagonal shrine, called a martyrium or edicule. This structure still stands today, although partially altered in the time after Saladin's 1187 conquest of Jerusalem.

Umayyad repurposing; new adjacent mosque
After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the ruined church and monastery were abandoned by the Christians, who resettled in Acre. During this time, Saladin established the Mount of Olives as a waqf entrusted to two sheikhs, al-Salih Wali al-Din and Abu Hasan al-Hakari. This waqf was registered in a document dated 20 October 1188. The chapel was converted to a mosque, and a mihrab installed in it. Because the vast majority of pilgrims to the site were Christian, as a gesture of compromise and goodwill, Saladin ordered the construction of a second mosque nearby for Muslim worship while Christians continued to visit the main chapel.

13th century till present time
Despite this act of accommodation by Saladin, tensions between Muslims and Christians in Jerusalem rose throughout the next 300 years. The shrine and surrounding structures saw periods of non-use and disrepair. By the 15th century, the destroyed eastern section was separated by a dividing wall and was no longer used for religious purposes.

Currently, this building is under the authority of the Islamic Waqf of Jerusalem and is open to visitors of all faiths, for a nominal fee.

Description of the chapel

Edicule (chapel)
The main structure of the chapel is from the Crusader era; the stone dome and the octagonal drum it stands on are Muslim additions, as are the exterior walls; only the arches and marble columns are part of the original Christian structure. The entrance faces west, and the south wall of the mosque/chapel consists of a mihrab indicating the direction of Mecca for Muslim worshippers.

"Ascension Rock"
The edicule surrounds a stone slab called the "Ascension Rock". It is said to contain the right footprint of Christ, while the section bearing the left footprint was taken to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Middle Ages. The faithful believe that the impression was made as Jesus ascended into Heaven and is venerated as the last point on earth touched by the incarnate Christ.

Gallery

Byzantine burial crypt
The mosque adjacent to the former Church to the Ascension is built on top of a Byzantine burial crypt. Each of the three Abrahamic religions attributes the tomb to a different female holy figure.

Christian tradition
The Christian tradition of Saint Pelagia is the oldest. "The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot", the vita of a legendary 4th or 5th-century Christian hermit and penitent, Saint Pelagia of Antioch, states that she "built herself a cell on the Mount of Olives." There, she lived a holy life disguised as a monk and "wrought...many wonders." She died few years later due to her severe asceticism, "and the holy fathers bore her body to its burial." Christian tradition places her cell and tomb at the site of the zawiya, adjacent and to the southwest of the former Church of the Ascension.

However, most Western Christian pilgrims of the 14th century venerated the tomb as that of Saint Mary the Egyptian, although the Pelagia tradition also lives on.

Jewish tradition
The Jewish tradition attributing the tomb to the prophetess Huldah is recorded from 1322 onwards, starting with Estori Ha-Parhi. Another tradition exists starting in the 2nd-century, Tosefta, which places the tomb of Huldah within Jerusalem's city walls.

Muslim tradition
The mid-14th-century counter-crusade propaganda work Muthir al-gharam fi ziyarat al-Quds wa-sh-Sham ("Arousing love for visiting Jerusalem and Syria"; c. 1350-51) places the death year of Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya around 781/82 and has her buried in this burial crypt. Other historians, such as al-Harawi (d. 1215) and Yaqut (1179–1229) locate Rabi'a's grave in her hometown of Basra, and attribute the Mount of Olives tomb to another Rabi'a, wife of a Sufi, Ahmad Ibn Abu el Huari, from the late Crusader and early Ayyubid period. Yet another Muslim tradition attributes the grave to Rahiba bint Hasn, a woman of whom nothing is known.

Rabi'a Mosque
The mosque that stands southwest to the former Church of the Ascension, known as the zawiya of Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya, consists of two structures: the upper one, or the mosque proper, and an underground chamber.

The Byzantine crypt
The underground chamber is reached by a staircase, and includes a 2 m deep, 1.2 m wide, and 1.8 m high cell on its east side.

On the southern wall and near the tomb, a Greek funeral inscription of the Byzantine period mentioning the name Domitilla probably indicates who the tomb belonged to, even though the belief that it held the remains of Saint Pelagia is also attested from the Byzantine period.

Archaeologists Jon Seligman and Rafa Abu Raya, who carried out a short salvage excavation outside the southern wall of the mosque in 1995, have dated the underground chamber to the Byzantine period, identifying it as the burial crypt of a chapel that was part of the Church of the Ascension. The crypt is situated east of the mosque, and lies opposite of the entrance. To the right of the entrance, the cenotaph or sarcophagus stands within a niche.

The medieval mosque (upper structure)
Seligman and Abu Raya date the upper building to the medieval period, and hold an Ayyubid date to be the most likely. However, Denys Pringle suggests a Crusader date, based on features such as the western entrance which could indicate an east–west orientation of the structure, and the fact that the mihrab is set into an older window niche.

Environs
Across the street from the chapel is a Greek Orthodox Monastery of the Ascension with a small church built between 1987 and 1992.

South of the Ascension Chapel is the monastery containing the remains of the Constantinian Eleona Church and the 19th-century Church of the Pater Noster.

The Russian Orthodox Convent of the Ascension, built in 1870, is located about 200 meters northeast of the chapel. It now houses about 40 nuns. Across the street stands the Muslim Makassed Hospital.

Further away to the northeast is the German Protestant Ascension Church, part of the Augusta Victoria compound.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Photos of the Chapel of the Ascension at the Manar al-Athar photo archive

12th-century churches
Mount of Olives
Ancient churches in the Holy Land
Relics associated with Jesus
Christian pilgrimages
Articles containing video clips
Chapels in Jerusalem
Status quo holy places
Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques
Churches in the State of Palestine
Ascension of Jesus

Chapel of the Ascension, Jerusalem


Pina Kollars is an Austrian-born female folk rock singer. She is usually only known as Pina.

Early years
Pina Pertl was born in Vienna and raised by her grandparents. She began writing songs in her teens and studied classical guitar at the city's conservatorium. She began studies in medicine, but decided on a career in music instead. She found making a living from music in Austria was difficult and relocated to Cork, Ireland, in 1997.

Music career
Pina's songwriting was inspired by the isolated countryside, and she formed her own band to play on the local music circuit. She played at the Glastonbury Festival in 2003 and began showcasing her talent in London. She was included on a British tour supporting Ani DiFranco and sang a duet with Afro Celt Sound System's Iarla Ó Lionáird on the Real World Records album, Volume 3: Further in Time, singing on "Go On Through".

Pina's recording on Further in Time was heard by Peter Gabriel and he released her first album, Quick Look, on his Real World Records label. Billboard called it an "extraordinary debut", praising her as a "gifted" instrumentalist and a writer of "compelling lyrics." AllMusic compared her to Stevie Nicks, praising her distinctive voice and awarding it 3/5. Les Inrockuptibles compared her to Nick Drake and Emmylou Harris, blending Celtic romanticism with central-European classicism. RootsWorld compared her to Melanie Safka, praising her voice but questioning whether the lyrics meant anything. Classic Rock found her a bit self-obsessed.

In 2005 Pina released her second album Guess You Got It.

Personal life
When she moved to Ireland, Pina was married to Helmut Kollars (b. 1968, Graz), a writer and illustrator of children's books. The couple had a daughter, Luise Magdalena, but divorced before the recording of Pina's first album. Kollars went on to work as a freelance illustrator for publishing and advertising in Ireland, Belgium and the US, and eventually settled in Kassel.

Pina had a second daughter in 2006 and married musician Andy Hogg in 2009. In 2007 she completed studies to become a nutritional therapist and moved back to Vienna.

Discography
However, ...Plain (DADC Austria, 1995)
 Vocals on the song "Go On Through" from the Afro Celt Sound System album Volume 3: Further in Time (2001)
Quick Look (Real World, 2002)
Guess You Got It (Real World/EMI, 2005)
The Work Room Sessions (Real World, 2005)
Six Foot Snake [as Pina & 10 Stone 20] (2019)

References

External links

 PINA - "Brand New Face" at Moles Club, Bath, from YouTube

English-language singers from Austria
Real World Records artists
Living people
Singers from Vienna
EMI Records artists
Virgin Records artists
Folk rock musicians
Pop rock musicians
Alternative rock musicians
Indie rock musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Pina Kollars


AS Rangers FC's history

AS Rangers FC formerly known as Dragon Super Rangers FC, is Burundian Football Club based in Nyakabiga, Bujumbura. Its nickname Les Lions. The club plays in the fourth division of the Bujumbura Football Association.

The club was founded 1994 by Eric Kabeya a former Burundi International. The club was formed to initiate and to train football to the youth of Nyakabiga.

In 1999, Dragon Super Rangers FC was created by the merger of two teams Dragon FC and Super Rangers FC. This team affiliated in the fourth division of the Bujumbura Football Association BFA (Association de Football de Bujumbura AFB).

In 2000, Dragon Super Rangers FC played it first match of the league against Etoile de Jabe. The club's legend Mukinje Jean Marie Vianney scored the club's historic first goal in the league. The club finished third in the league table and was promoted in the third division.

In 2004 season, the club finished second in the league and narrowly missed out the promotion into the second division.

In 2008, after three years of internal turmoil, the club's members of the club adopted the new name of the club as Sportive Association of Rangers Football Club (Association Sportive de Rangers Football Club "AS Rangers FC"). The club affiliated in the fifth division of the Bujumbura Football League of Buyenzi.

In 2010, The club finished second in the league and was promoted in the fourth division of the Bujumbura Football Association.

In 2011, the club was promoted in the third division where they are still playing.

In 2012-2013, AS Rangers FC finished 3rd in the league.

In 2013-2014 AS Rangers FC missed out the promotion by finishing second in their group.

In September 2015, AS Rangers FC finished bottom of their group .The Bujumbura Football Association decided to organise a three teams AS Rangers FC, Africa Sport et Brother's men (who finished bottom of their groups) play offs in which one team will stay in the third division and two will be relegated in the 4th division.

AS Rangers FC


Juan Blas de Castro (1561 – August 6, 1631) was a Spanish singer, musician, and composer.

Born in Barrachina, in the province of Teruel, Spain, he was the second of four brothers. In 1592, he became part of the court of the Duke of Alba in Alba de Tormes, Salamanca, together with his friend, the poet and playwright Lope de Vega. During his stay, he set to music several of Lope's poems. Both would leave Salamanca together.  In 1597 Castro became a court musician to King Philip III of Spain, and, from June 15, 1599 an usher. He died in Madrid.

Back in Madrid from Valladolid, from 1606 he would collaborate closely with Lope de Vega, who would praise his art. Also Tirso de Molina would dedicate him appreciative texts.

In the Cancionero de la Sablonara, eighteen of his tonos survived. Lope and Góngora were the masters of the tono, romances with profane refrains. On his death, 771 tonos were found, both polyphonic and of popular themes, which have not been preserved. Most of his production centered on stage music, which has not survived either.

External links

 Juan Blas de Castro, at Cancioneros Musicales Españoles.

Spanish composers
Spanish male composers
1561 births
1631 deaths

Juan Blas de Castro


Edward "Ted" Castronova is a professor of media at Indiana University Bloomington. He is known in particular for his work on the economies of synthetic worlds.

Biography
Castronova obtained a BS in international affairs from Georgetown University in 1985 and a PhD in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1991. In between, he spent 18 months studying German postwar reconstruction and social policy at universities and research institutes in Mannheim, Frankfurt, and Berlin. From 1991 to 2000, he worked as an assistant and then associate professor of public policy and political science at University of Rochester, after which he became an associate professor of economics in the College of Business and Economics at California State University, Fullerton. In the fall 2004, he joined the faculty of Indiana University Bloomington as an associate professor of telecommunication and cognitive science, later becoming a full professor and also the director of graduate studies in the department.

His works on synthetic worlds and their economies, and on EverQuest in particular, have attracted considerable attention. His paper on Norrath, a fictional planet in the EverQuest universe, Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier (2001) is available on SSRN. It claims, for example, that Norrath has a GNP per capita somewhere between that of Russia and Bulgaria, higher than that of China and India, and that a unit of EverQuest currency is worth more than the Yen or Lira.

He is one of four founders (along with Julian Dibbell, Dan Hunter and Greg Lastowka) of the game research blog Terra Nova. He also created the Indiana University Ludium game conferences which were built on the structure of a collaborative game environment.

In 2008, he and his team finished work on a MacArthur Foundation-supported academic experiment in massively multiplayer online gaming, Arden: The World of Shakespeare. They documented that people in fantasy games act in an economically normal way, purchasing less of a product when prices are higher, all other things being equal. This finding may open the way for future study in synthetic worlds of real economic behavior. Castronova said of the results, "Being an elf doesn't make you turn off the rational economic calculator part of your brain.".

In 2014, he co-authored a book with economic sociologist, Vili Lehdonvirta, "Virtual Economies: Design and Analysis", which consisted of information regarding research, design, and the creation of virtual economies, published by MIT Press.

Papers

 Castronova, Edward. "Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier," CESifo Working Paper No. 618, December 2001.
 Castronova, Edward. "On Virtual Economies," CESifo Working Paper Series No. 752, July 2002.
 Castronova, Edward. "The Price of  'Man'  and 'Woman': A Hedonic Pricing Model of Avatar Attributes in a Synthethic World," CESifo Working Paper Series No. 957, June 2003.

Media
 BBC News - Virtual gaming worlds overtake Namibia
 Norrath Economic Report Now Available - Slashdot.org on Castronova's report
 The Walrus Magazine: "On-line fantasy games have booming economies and citizens who love their political systems. Are these virtual worlds the best place to study the real one?"
 Video "Be A Gamer" TEDx (2011)

Books
 Edward Castronova. Synthetic Worlds, University of Chicago Press (2005).
 Edward Castronova. Exodus to the Virtual World, Palgrave Macmillan (2007).
 Edward Castronova. Wildcat Currency. Yale University Press (2014).
 Edward Castronova. Virtual Economies: Design and Analysis. (2014), With Vili Lehdonvirta ISBN 0262535068

See also
Virtual economy
EverQuest
Arden: The World of Shakespeare
Terra Nova (blog)
Lucas Smashtronova

References

External links
 Edward Castronova's webpage
 "Synthetic worlds – real community, real money" article in vodafone-receiver magazine nr.19
 Terra Nova Blog

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American mass media scholars
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Indiana University faculty
MUD scholars

Edward Castronova


William F. Kruse (1894–1979) was an important head of the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL) in the 1910s. He was a member of the Socialist Party of America until 1921, acting as a leader of the party's Left Wing faction, loyal to the Third International (Comintern). Thereafter he joined the Workers Party of America, serving as assistant executive secretary of the WPA from the time of its foundation in December 1921.

Biography

Early years

Kruse was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to German and Danish immigrant parents in 1894.

Kruse worked briefly as a sheet metal worker in his youth. He later studied at the Socialist Party of America's Rand School of Social Science under Algernon Lee.

Political career

In July 1915, the governing National Executive Committee of the SPA appointed the 21-year-old as director of the party's youth section, the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL).  Kruse served two terms in this position, finishing in June 1918. He also served as editor of the YPSL's national publication, Young Socialists' Magazine, from 1918 to 1919 and as the Provisional Secretary of the SPA's national Socialist Sunday School movement.

Kruse was the fraternal delegate of the YPSL to the party's seminal 1917 Emergency National Convention in St. Louis. Militantly opposed to the war in Europe, Kruse, a law school graduate, worked to defend the civil rights of war opponents as a leader of the American Liberty Defense League.

As head of the Socialist Party's youth organization and a vociferous critic of American participation in the war, Kruse was targeted by the US Department of Justice headed by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer under the Espionage Act. Kruse was indicted in Chicago by a grand jury on Feb. 2, 1918, and the secret indictment was made public on March 9. The sensational and widely publicized trial of Kruse and 4 other top members of the Socialist Party began before Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis on Dec. 6, 1918. This trial ended Jan. 4, 1919, with the jury finding Kruse and his associates (Victor L. Berger, Adolph Germer, J. Louis Engdahl, Irwin St. John Tucker) guilty. Landis sentenced each to 20 years in the Federal penitentiary, a sentence which was appealed and later overturned on the basis of judicial bias.

Released on bond, Kruse continued as a contributing editor of Young Socialists' Magazine from March 1919. He was a delegate to the 1919 Emergency National Convention of the SPA in August 1919, representing a Left Wing voice on the floor, but refusing to bolt the convention to join the Communist Labor Party of America gathering downstairs. Kruse was elected to serve on a new party institution to oversee controversial personnel decisions of the NEC, the Board of Appeals, and he continued in this role on this largely unused body until 1920. In September 1919, with the YPSL moving to organizational independence under its secretary, Oliver Carlson, Kruse was named head of the SPA's new "Young People's Department." He also resumed editorship of Young Socialists' Magazine, now back under party control. Kruse also worked as a National Organizer for the SPA, rebuilding the Rhode Island state organization, among other tasks.

Kruse was a Socialist candidate for the US House of Representatives from the Illinois 6th C.D. in 1918 and again 1920, and for Illinois Secretary of State in 1921.

Kruse remained active in the Left Wing movement inside the SPA until the fall of 1921, organizing the Committee for the Third International with his associates Louis Engdahl and Alexander Trachtenberg. After the triumph of the party's Regulars at the 1921 Convention, Kruse, Engdahl, and their associates left the party, advocating for an "open" Communist Party in the United States. This desire came to fruition in December 1921 with the establishment of the Workers Party of America, in which Kruse served as the assistant executive secretary from the time of its foundation. He was also elected by the founding convention of the WPA as an Alternate to the WPA's governing Central Executive Committee. On June 29, 1929, Kruse was promoted to full member of the CEC of the WPA when Marguerite Prevey resigned.

Kruse was an adherent of the Pepper-Ruthenberg-Lovestone faction throughout the Communist Party's factional struggles of the 1920s.

From 1926 to 1927, Kruse was among the first Americans to study at the Comintern's Lenin School in Moscow, where he also served in an informal capacity as a lieutenant of the Lovestone faction in the USSR.  Upon his return in 1927, Kruse was appointed by the CEC as District Organizer of the Communist Party's important Chicago district.

In 1928 Kruse stood as the candidate for Governor of Illinois of the Workers (Communist) Party.

Kruse was expelled from the Communist (Workers) Party in 1929 for refusing to denounce party leader Jay Lovestone. He left radical politics and became Educational Director for Bell and Howell Films, later opening his own public relations firm in Chicago, William F. Kruse & Associates.

Kruse and Instructional Technology

Kruse worked for Bell and Howell for 17 years heading up several departments.  He was an advertising representative for Educational Screen and Audiovisual Guide for a number of years and was appointed archivist of the DAVI in 1955  where he ended up holding many roles in the Department of Audio Visual Instruction.

Kruse went to great lengths to ensure the field of Instructional Design and Technology (IDT) had an archive for future research and much of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) archive in Hornbake Library at the University of Maryland is the result of his efforts. For example, the first three boxes in the archive contain correspondence by Kruse in his attempt to find materials for the archive, Kruse's sources for his unpublished manuscript on the history of the field and numerous photographic collections by Kruse related to the history of IDT.

The AECT archive at the University of Maryland contains a copy of  Kruse's unpublished book, The Projected Image.  A portion of this book was published in The Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers under the title Willard Beach Cook-Pioneer Distributor of Narrow-Gage Safety Films and Equipment. The unpublished book is 430 pages long, is heavily marked with notes and editing lines, and contains a mix of educational and industry observations. The preface states:
The Story of the development of the projected image as a means of communication involves such a close and constant interrelationship of education and of industry that its telling is materially enriched by the authoritative dual viewpoint that Mr. Kruse is uniquely qualified to give.

	Kruse  was outspoken and a strong proponent for the use of audio-visual communication. In his introduction he stated:
It is high time, too, that the audio-visual specialist refuses to be looked down on as a Johnny-come-lately upstart. The roots of his professional family tree run deeper than those of the verbalist critic. That audio-visual education is at once the newest and the oldest form of learning known to the human race is the point of our first chapter.

Though Kruse did not directly write about the goals of his study, the first two chapters of his book were written to show that it was the audio-visual specialist who, "raised teaching to the level of learned profession, who gave new vistas to the science of psychology and who supplied the basis for new humane philosophical trends" . Kruse wrote that his manuscript was for the, "audio-visual specialist, the teacher, the audio-visual industry worker, the person with a story to tell and lastly, all of us, citizens, as fellow-men" . He was clear that he wanted to show in his history that, "The audio-visual process- which integrates a learner's sensory experience with his apperceptional reservoir and thus fits him for better living in his society- is education".

Death and legacy

Bill Kruse died in 1979.
The William F. Kruse papers are housed at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, as well as the Chicago Historical Society.

Footnotes

Works

 In the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. October term, A.D. 1918. Victor L. Berger, Adolph Germer, William F. Kruse, Irwin St. John Tucker and J. Louis Engdahl, plaintiffs in error, vs. United States of America, defendant in error. Error to the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, K.M. Landis, Judge ... Brief for the plaintiffs in error. With Messrs. Berger, Germer, Tucker, and Engdahl. Chicago: The Court, 1919.
 100 years — For What? Being the Addresses of Victor L. Berger, Adolph Germer, J. Louis Engdahl, William F. Kruse and Irwin St. John Tucker to the Court that Sentenced Them to Serve 100 years in Prison. With Messrs. Berger, Germer, Tucker, and Engdahl. Chicago: National Office, Socialist Party, n.d. [1919].
 "Socialists, Prepare!" The Socialist World (Chicago), vol. 1, no. 5 (November 15, 1920), pp. 4–5.

1894 births
1979 deaths
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
American people of German descent
American people of Danish descent
American socialists
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Members of the Communist Party USA
American Marxists
People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917
New Jersey socialists

William F. Kruse


Finavera Wind Energy Inc.  is a former Canadian wind power company, between 2007 and 2017, that owned and operated wind farms in northeastern British Columbia. Headquartered in Vancouver, the company began listing shares on TSX Venture Exchange in 2007 until it was acquired in 2017 by Solar Alliance Energy Inc . Formerly named Finavera Renewables Inc., the company develops wind farms in Canada and Ireland. The company was founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 2003. On 4 April 4, 2005, Finavera acquired a 10% stake in the wave energy technology company AquaEnergy Group, and in 2006, it acquired rest of the shares in AquaEnergy.  AquaEnergy became a wholly owned subsidiary of Finavera and was renamed Finavera Renewables Ocean Energy.  It developed the AquaBuOY wave energy conversion technology with plan to install the converter in Makah Bay off the coast of Newport, Oregon.  However, in 2010 Finavera Renewables Ocean Energy was sold and Finavera concentrated to the wind energy.

Operations
The company developed four wind projects in the Peace Region in Northern British Columbia that could provide up to 301 megawatts (MW) of electricity which is approximately consumption of 75,000 households. The program includes of the Tumbler Ridge, Wildmare, Meikle, and Bullmoose wind farms.  In March 2010, BC Hydro awarded Finavera with four 25-year electricity purchase agreements under its 2008 Clean Power Call.  For financing this program, Finavera has partnered with GE Energy with the signing of a $7.5 million Joint Development Agreement.

Finavera is a minor partner in the 105 MW Cloosh Valley wind project in Ireland.  90% of the project is owned by SSE Renewables, a subsidiary of Scottish and Southern Energy.

References

External links

Defunct electric power companies of Canada
Wind power companies
Wind power in Canada
Energy companies established in 2003
Energy companies disestablished in 2017
Renewable resource companies established in 2003
Companies formerly listed on the TSX Venture Exchange
Renewable resource companies disestablished in 2017
Canadian companies established in 2003
Canadian companies disestablished in 2017

Finavera Wind Energy


The Gerechtigkeitsgasse ("Justice Alley") is one of the principal streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. Together with its extension, the Kramgasse, it is the heart of the inner city. Hans Gieng's most famous fountain figure, the statue of Lady Justice on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen, commands the view of the street's gentle slopes and curves.

The Gerechtigkeitsgasse and its buildings are a heritage site of national significance and part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.

Topography
The Gerechtigkeitsgasse is  long. It is the eastern half and the oldest part of the central East-West axis of the city's oldest neighbourhood, the Zähringerstadt, built right after the founding of the city in 1191. It continues to the west as the Kramgasse after being crossed by the Kreuzgasse. In the west, the Gerechtigkeitsgasse bifurcates as it enters the Nydegg neighbourhood: the Nydeggstalden leads to the Untertorbrücke, and the Nydeggasse to the more recent Nydeggbrücke. Several narrow alleys and passageways connect the Kramgasse to the parallel Postgasse in the north and the Junkerngasse in the south.

The Gerechtigkeitsgasse cannot be reached by car without a special permit. It is accessible by foot or bike or by means of the Bernmobil bus line no. 12 that runs through it and stops at either end of the street (Rathaus and Nydegg). Both sides of the street are covered with Lauben, stone arcades that protect pedestrians from inclement weather.

History
The Gerechtigkeitsgasse was the main street of the town at the time of its founding. With its original width of around , reduced to  after the construction of the arcades, it also served as the central marketplace of medieval Bern. For this reason, the Gerechtigkeitsgasse and the Kramgasse together were called the Märitgasse (Swiss German for "Market Alley") until the 16th century. After that time, the markets moved west towards the Zytglogge, and the street came to be called by der Gerechtigkeit ("near [Lady] Justice"), in reference to the fountain installed in 1543. Only in 1798 was the street officially renamed Gerechtigkeitsgasse. The meat and bread stalls, the tannery and most guilds also moved out of the street between 1450 and 1550 as it gradually became a residential area mainly for the ruling noble families. The urban tribunal with its pillory and judge's chair made of stone remained located in the street near the Kreuzgasse significantly longer.

On the eastern end, the streetscape was altered by the slighting of Nydegg Castle in 1270, the demolition of other fortifications until 1405 and several excavations of the roadbed until 1764 to reduce the street's downward slope. In 2005, the street was thoroughly renovated and its cobblestone pavement replaced. The city ditch (Stadtbach) running through the middle of the street since medieval times is now visible again through metal gratings.

Buildings

The architectural history of the Gerechtigkeitsgasse is mostly not recorded until 1600. The oldest dated house is no. 60, built in 1531 by Hans Franz Nägeli. Roughly half the buildings bear the imprint of the late 16th century. Renaissance architecture and the early Baroque touched the outside of the buildings only lightly. As in the Kramgasse, two thirds of the houses received new façades until 1780, reshaping most of the eastern and central part of the street in the image of the late Baroque. Unlike other streets, no substantial changes were made to the streetscape since; a project to demolish five houses in 1954 was prevented by exceptionally broad public opposition, receiving international support.

House no. 7, the Goldener Adler ("Golden Eagle"), is Bern's oldest hostel and tavern. It was first recorded in 1489 as Weisses Kreuz; the building is a 1764 construction by N. Hebler. The eagle head holding the inn sign is one of the chief works of this type in Switzerland. No. 40 is Bern's most expansive urban palais; it is exemplary for the insertion of a French hôtel in the medieval cityscape. It was built in 1743 by Albrecht Stürler for Alexander von Wattenwyl and was the site of the surrender of the Helvetic government to French troops on 18 September 1802. No. 42 is the first certain work of Stürler, who was 28 years old when designing it in 1734 for Niklaus Jenner.

House no. 33 is significant as a principal work of Bernese manierism with one of the best Régence façades and Louis XV interior. It was built in 1608 by Andres Widmer and the exterior was reshaped by Türler in 1740. No. 52, built 1730, is considered to be Niklaus Sprüngli's best town house. No. 56, a rather simple 1730 Régence house, is noted for its exceptional door knocker. No. 62 houses the Klötzlikeller restaurant. Established in 1632, it is the last of originally more than 200 cellar taverns of Bern. No. 79, the Gesellschaftshaus zum Distelzwang, built 1703 by Samuel Jenner, is a principal work of early Baroque architecture in Bern.

References

Bibliography

External links

Streets in Bern
Old City (Bern)

Gerechtigkeitsgasse


was the 19th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ingyō to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Ingyō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki record that Ingyō was the fourth son of Emperor Nintoku. He was the younger brother of Emperor Hanzei.

Ingyō made one of his brothers his heir, but this plan did not unfold as planned.  Instead, his brother's sons would attain the throne.  Ingyō would be followed by his nephews, Emperor Ankō and Emperor Yūryaku.

Events of Ingyō's life
Very little is known about the events of Ingyō's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

The earliest recorded earthquake in Japan was in 416. The Imperial Palace in Kyoto was destroyed.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ingyō.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). Ingyō is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Fujiidera, which is a city near Osaka.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Ingyō


Timothy Lee Blixseth (born 1950) is an American real estate developer, record producer, songwriter and timber baron.  He was a co-founder of the Yellowstone Club in Montana.  In 2006, Blixseth was featured in the Forbes 400 List of wealthiest Americans with a net worth of $1.3 billion. However, based on court records from his 2009 divorce, news reports estimated his 2011 net worth to have dropped to $200 million.  By 2012, he faced a forced bankruptcy for failing to pay the state of Montana $57 million in income taxes and in 2014 he told the courts he was "too poor" to pay pending judgments and contempt findings for his fraud role in the Yellowstone Club bankruptcy.

Blixseth's wealth and assets have been the subject of controversy. In 2008, the bankruptcy of the Yellowstone Club led to extensive litigation with Blixseth and his creditors. The property emerged from bankruptcy under new ownership in 2009.

Early life and education
According to Blixseth, he "grew up on welfare in Roseburg, Oregon". He attended Roseburg High School (Class of 1968) and after graduating, he worked in a sawmill. His parents were members of "a local cult" called Jesus Name of Oneness.

Career
Blixseth began his business career using land swap deals and federal timber contracts.

Timber
Following bankruptcies in 1981 and 1986, Blixseth began to rebuild his timber business endeavors.  In 1988, he co-founded Crown Pacific, LTD with Peter Stott and within a year he had $44 million in sales.

During this time, Blixseth was involved with three Oregon companies that defaulted on 22 national timber sale contracts owed the U.S. Forest Service more than $8 million.  Two of Blixseth's timber companies, Capital Veneer and Capital Log Sales, filed for bankruptcy with debts totaling more than $16 million.  A third company, Little River Box Co., was dissolved following two federal contract defaults. By 1992 Blixseth had sold his interests in Crown Pacific and launched Big Sky Lumber in Montana.

In 1995 Blixseth's Big Sky Lumber sold another  to the U.S. Forest Service for $16.4 million and then swapped the remaining  in checkerboard layout for  contiguous and an additional $25 million. Following this final sale and swap, Blixseth dissolved the Big Sky Lumber partnership and divided up the proceeds, keeping  and tens of millions in cash for himself.  The cash and new acres became the foundation for Blixseth's Yellowstone Club project.  Blixseth with Pittsburgh financier James L. Dolan, also started the Spanish Peaks development, a high-end but somewhat less exclusive resort on neighboring property to the Yellowstone Club with land from the swap deal.  Spanish Peaks announced it was closing and filing for bankruptcy in 2011. Between sales to timber interests, developers and the U.S. government, Blixseth's team grossed $56.9 million and  of prime development real estate valued at over $100 million in less than three years from the date of their initial $27.5 million investment, of which Blixseth reportedly put less than $3 million.

Yellowstone Club, Greg LeMond and Credit Suisse controversy

With cash and land from his 1995 deal with the U.S. Forest Service, Blixseth began development of  of pristine Montana real estate outside of Big Sky.  Blixseth said to a Montana Bankruptcy court as "I started the club with a pick-up truck and a hammer."

In 2005, they took in over $200 million from the sales of building lots and memberships to wealthy business leaders, media icons and celebrities.  Early Club members and investors included Bill Gates, Mary Hart, Dan Quayle and Steve Case.  Leading to the Club's eventual financial failure was Blixseth's dealings with cyclist Greg LeMond.  In 2002 LeMond, with four other family members and associates, invested in the Yellowstone Club.  Each of the five partners paid Blixseth $750,000 for one percent shares in the exclusive resort. LeMond also purchased several building lots and maintained a property at the resort.  LeMond and partners sued Blixseth in 2006 following reports of a Credit Suisse loan to the resort of $375 million from which Blixseth reportedly took $209 million in a disputed partial payout for his ownership stake. Blixseth said he used the money to expand the Yellowstone Club into the Yellowstone World Club.  In 2006 Blixseth told the New York Times that he "paid cash, with no help from investors, for each of the properties that make up the Yellowstone World Club."

The Credit Suisse loan was based on a $1.16 billion Cushman & Wakefield valuation of the resort and for which LeMond and partners each sought $11.6 million for their one percent shares.  LeMond settled his suit with the Blixseths for $39 million in 2007.

Blixseth appealed several aspects of the Yellowstone Club bankruptcy. The judge found Blixseth's claims unconvincing, noting, "Given the evidence, Blixseth's arguments are without support" and on March 6, 2013 U.S. District Court Judge Sam Haddon denied Blixseth's final appeal noting his lack of standing to revisit his rejected claims of "bad faith" in the bankruptcy reorganization."  In December 2013 Judge Haddon ruled Blixseth in contempt for committing fraud and deception against the Court after it was revealed that in 2011 he had illegally sold-off assets frozen by an earlier court order to cover judgments against him in the Yellowstone Club bankruptcy proceedings.

Software

In 2006 the Blixseth's partnered with a computer software designer Dennis L. Montgomery, former Microsoft executive Michael Sandoval and former Congressman Jack Kemp to sell software they claimed could recognize patterns and objects hidden in video streams.  They invested in several companies named Blxware, xPatterns, and OpSpring, and promoted their technology to the U.S. government as being able to identify hidden messages from Al-Qaeda terrorists in Al Jazeera broadcasts and find terrorists in pictures taken by CIA predator drones.

According to the New York Times, Mr. Kemp used his friendship with Vice President Dick Cheney to set up a meeting in 2006 at which Mr. Kemp, Montgomery and Ms. Blixseth met with a top Cheney adviser, Samantha Ravich, to talk about expanding the government's use of the Blxware software.  Blixseth reportedly sought to sell the software to the government for $100 million; however, investigations later revealed it to be a "hoax" with CIA officials reporting they knew the technology to be fake as early as 2003.

The software was reportedly responsible for false terror alerts which grounded international flights and caused Department of Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge to raise the government's security level. In February 2006, the FBI opened an economic espionage and theft of intellectual property investigation.  The U.S. Air Force office of Special Investigations also investigated.  Bloomberg news reported that Blixseth family attorney Michael Flynn represented Edra Blixseth, Montgomery and Blxware against various charges until he claimed he learned the software "was a sham," characterized Montgomery as a "con man" and quit.

Songwriting
"Heart of America" is a charity single written by Blixseth and his wife, Edra Blixseth. The song became the anthem for the Today TV show's "Make a Difference" campaign to benefit the victims of 2005's Hurricane Katrina. The song was recorded by Wynonna Judd, Michael McDonald, and Eric Benet. In June 2006, Ebony magazine reported the song had raised $41 million with projected revenues of $100 million. In August 2006, The Desert Sun reported the song had generated $127 million in revenues for hurricane-relief charities.

Litigation, bankruptcies and defaults

Blixseth's personal and professional life has had a number of lawsuits. Following Blixseth's claims that his legal issues are the result of government corruption and conspiracies against him, in 2010 Blixseth filed suit to have Federal Bankruptcy Judge Ralph Kischer removed from a case in which the judge issued a $40 million fraud judgement against him. Blixseth alleged the judge was biased against him and had conspired with Montana state government officials and the creditors suing Blixseth.  The creditors, however, also disagree with the judge and have appealed his ruling claiming they are owed $286 million by Blixseth.  In response to the conspiracy and bias charges, Judge Kirscher ruled against Blixseth's request for recusal noting, "This Court has not and will not succumb to any pressure, political or otherwise."  Adding, Blixseth's "ultimate goal" appeared to be to upset prior rulings in the numerous cases against him pending various appeals.

In a separate bankruptcy case against Blixseth brought by California, Idaho and Montana tax officials in Nevada seeking tens of millions in allegedly unpaid taxes, Blixseth again claimed he was the victim of conspiracy and government corruption.  "The state of Montana, the Montana Department of Revenue and their partners were in cahoots", Blixseth told the Associated Press, claiming Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer conspired with his ex-wife Edra, Yellowstone Club creditors and the tax authorities in three states seeking to bring him down. Blixseth added, "It's completely and absolutely provable, and we will be bringing all the facts out shortly."  The state tax authorities, creditors and Governor Schweitzer all denied the conspiracy claims as "baseless allegations" having "no factual basis."  In a subsequent press release by his attorney Mike Flynn, Blixseth claimed, "All parties who played any role in the forced bankruptcy will now be subject to depositions, including Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer."

In June 2011 Blixseth filed suit against one of his personal attorneys for legal malpractice and personal injury associated with the Yellowstone Club bankruptcy. Blixseth sought $375 million in damages claiming his former personal attorney Stephen Brown conspired to "plot against" him in bankruptcy proceedings which found Blixseth had looted the club prior to passing it debt-ridden to his wife Edra Blixseth as part of their divorce.  Brown denied the claims.  Blixseth's claims were dismissed in March 2012 by U.S. District Judge Donald W. Molloy whose order noted, "The Bankruptcy Court addressed the Credit Suisse loan and the marital settlement agreement and concluded that (1) Mr. Blixseth fraudulently misappropriated the proceeds from the Credit Suisse loan and (2) the release in the marital settlement agreement was fraudulent."  Blixseth's conspiracy and fraud allegations in the Yellowstone Club bankruptcy were vacated in July 2011 by the federal bankruptcy judge overseeing the case who ruled the accusations were previously addressed and found without merit.  Blixseth then filed suit against Credit Suisse and their appraisal company claiming they deceived and mislead him into accepting some $300 million in loan payments which eventually led to the resort's bankruptcy.  A claim to which Credit Suisse responded, "This is simply the latest attempt to shift blame to others and away from his own conduct" in a Bloomberg News report which added, "Blixseth had, among other things, been ordered to pay $40 million to creditors in 2010 when a federal judge pinned the financial collapse of the ultra-exclusive Yellowstone Club on a series of his fraudulent deals."  Creditors are seeking an additional $286 million in alleged misappropriated funds which trustees claim Blixseth looted from the Yellowstone Club prior to its bankruptcy.  Blixseth continues to fight these claims and seeks to have the various judgments against him vacated.

In December 2014 and again in April 2015 he was jailed for civil contempt for failing to pay court ordered sanctions and disclose what happened to assets the court had ordered held to pay his creditors. In July 2016, Blixseth was granted bail pending appeal and was released.

Personal life

Tim Blixseth has two children, son Beau and daughter Morgan, from his second wife Desiree Langlois.  In 1981 he met and married his third wife Edra Denise Crocker, a partner in a local Roseburg-based hotel and restaurant business called Choo-Choo Willy's. Crocker had two children from a previous marriage, Julie Barve and Matthew Crocker.  Blixseth married his fourth wife Jessica T. Ferguson Kircher after his 2009 divorce. In 2016 Ferguson served Blixseth with divorce papers while he was serving jail time for contempt of court.

Blixseth's third divorce from wife Edra Denise Crocker was first touted in 2009 as a case study in amicable separations where the two hashed out their agreement over wine at a Hollywood hotel without attorneys.  However, wife Edra and creditors later claimed Blixseth duped her into taking on debt-encumbered assets while keeping cash and siphoning off liquid assets for himself.  The debt burden which accompanied Ms. Crocker's portion of the divorce settlement subsequently forced her and the Yellowstone Club business into bankruptcy.

While initially both were quoted amicably about each other and the divorce, the tide quickly changed as the details of Ms. Blixseth's newly acquired financial debts came to light. Commenting on ex-husband Tim, Ms. Blixseth told the New York Times in 2009, "I would rather feel the cold steel of a revolver in the roof of my mouth and pull the trigger than to ever think about living a day with that man again."

References

External links
Tim Blixseth – Rags to Riches Timber Baron, Bloomberg Businessweek.
Tim Blixseth - The 400 Richest Americans, Forbes, September 21, 2006.
Dexheimer, Eric, "That's Tim as in Timber", Denver Westword, January 12, 1994.
Forbes Richest 400 People listing for Tim Blixseth
Friday Records - About Us, Founder Tim Blixseth

1950 births
Living people
People from Roseburg, Oregon
People from Rancho Mirage, California
2009 in economics
American real estate businesspeople
Philanthropists from Oregon
American white-collar criminals
American confidence tricksters
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes
American businesspeople in timber
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
People from Medina, Washington

Tim Blixseth


In theoretical physics, Eugene Wigner and Erdal İnönü have discussed the possibility to obtain from a given Lie group a different (non-isomorphic) Lie group by a group contraction with respect to a continuous subgroup of it. That amounts to a limiting operation on a parameter of the Lie algebra, altering the structure constants of this Lie algebra in a nontrivial singular manner, under suitable circumstances.

For example, the Lie algebra of the 3D rotation group , , etc., may be rewritten by a change of variables , , , as

 .

The contraction limit  trivializes the first commutator and thus yields the non-isomorphic algebra of the plane Euclidean group, . (This is isomorphic to the cylindrical group, describing motions of a point on the surface of a cylinder. It is the little group, or stabilizer subgroup, of null four-vectors in Minkowski space.)  Specifically, the translation generators , now generate the Abelian normal subgroup of   (cf. Group extension), the parabolic Lorentz transformations.

Similar limits, of considerable application in physics (cf. correspondence principles),  contract
 the de Sitter group  to the Poincaré group , as the de Sitter radius diverges: ; or
 the super-anti-de Sitter algebra to the super-Poincaré algebra as the AdS radius diverges ; or
 the Poincaré group to the Galilei group, as the speed of light diverges: ; or
 the Moyal bracket Lie algebra (equivalent to quantum commutators) to the Poisson bracket Lie algebra, in the classical limit as the Planck constant vanishes: .

Notes

References

Lie algebras
Lie groups
Mathematical physics

Group contraction


A corporation's share capital, commonly referred to as capital stock in the United States, is the portion of a corporation's equity that has been derived by the issue of shares in the corporation to a shareholder, usually for cash. "Share capital" may also denote the number and types of shares that compose a corporation's share structure.

Definition
In accounting, the share capital of a corporation is the nominal value of issued shares (that is, the sum of their par values, sometimes indicated on share certificates). If the allocation price of shares is greater than the par value, as in a rights issue, the shares are said to be sold at a premium (variously called share premium, additional paid-in capital or paid-in capital in excess of par). Commonly, the share capital is the total of the nominal share capital and the premium share capital.

This equation shows the constituents that make up a company's real share capital:

This is differentiated from share capital in the accounting sense, as it presents nominal share capital and does not take the premium value of shares into account, which instead is reported as additional paid-in capital.

Legal capital
Legal capital is a concept used in European corporate and foundation law, United Kingdom company law, and various other corporate law jurisdictions to refer to the sum of assets contributed to a company by shareholders when they are issued shares. The law often requires that this capital is maintained, and that dividends are not paid when a company is not showing a profit above the level of historically recorded legal capital.

See also

 Balance sheet
 Capital impairment
 Market capitalization
 Paid in capital
 Share dilution
 Share premium account

References

Capital management
Corporate law

Share capital


Bruce  Jackson (born May 21, 1936) is an American folklorist, documentary filmmaker, writer, photographer. He is SUNY Distinguished Professor and the James Agee Professor of American Culture at the University at Buffalo. Jackson has edited or authored   books published by major trade and university presses. He has also directed and produced five documentary films. He is an Associate Member of The Wooster Group (New York).

Biography
Jackson was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1936. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1953–1956, then attended Newark College of Engineering (now New Jersey Institute of Technology) for three years. He received a B.A. from Rutgers University in 1960 and an M.A. from Indiana University's School of Letters in 1962. From 1963 through 1967 he was a Junior Fellow in Harvard University's Society of Fellows.

He has been the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship (1971), was nominated for a Grammy Award (1974) for Best Ethnic Traditional Recording (Wake Up Dead Man: Black Convict Work Songs), named an Associate Member of the Folklore Fellows by the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (1995), and Chevalier in l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government (2002). In 2012, the president of France appointed him chevalier in the  National Order of Merit. He was president of the American Folklore Society in 1984. He was also chairman of the board of trustees of the American Folklore Center in the Library of Congress (1988–89, trustee 1984-89), and director, then trustee of the Newport Folk Foundation (1965—).

With Diane Christian, he has directed and produced five documentary films: Death Row (1979), Creeley (1988), Out of Order (1983), Robert Creeley: Willy's Reading (1982), and William August May (1982).

In 2017, The Wooster Group produced a play based on his 1964 recordings in Texas prisons: "The B-Side: 'Negro Folklore from Texas State Prisons' A Record Album Interpretation." The play has since been performed in Taipei, Gwanju (Korea(, Buffalo, Los Angeles and Brooklyn.

His photographs mainly focus on prison life. A photo collection from the Cummins Unit in Arkansas was exhibited at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery and at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University. Other recent exhibitions are Being There (Burchfield Penney Art Center, 2012), Portraits from a Prison (Arkansas Studies Institute, 2009), American Gulag (Lega di Cultura di Piadena and Circolo Gianni Bosio, Rome, 2007), Bridging Buffalo (Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, 2006–2007), and Mirrors (Nina Freudenheim Gallery, 2004).

His work has been funded by the National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities, Fund for Investigative Journalism, Playboy Foundation, Levi Strauss Foundation, Polaroid Foundation, New York Council for the Humanities and the American Philosophical Society.

He has spent his academic career at the University at Buffalo. He joined it as an assistant professor of English and comparative literature in 1967, was promoted to associate professor a year later and to full professor in 1971. He received the SUNY Distinguished Professor distinction in 1990 and was appointed Samuel P. Capen Professor of American Culture in 1997. In 2009, he was appointed James Agee Professor of American Culture. He is also an affiliate professor in the UB Department of Media Studies. From 2015 to 2021, he was co-director of University at Buffalo's Creative Arts Initiative.

From 1986 to 1990, Jackson was editor-in-chief of the Journal of American Folklore.

Filmography
Death Row (1979)
Creeley (1988)
Out of Order (1983)
Robert Creeley: Willy's Reading (1982)
William August May (1982)

Published works
Folklore and Society (ed., Folklore Associates, 1966)
The Negro and his Folklore in 19th Century Periodicals (ed., American Folklore Society and University of Texas Press, 1967)
A Thief's Primer (Macmillan, 1969)
In the Life: Versions of the Criminal Experience (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972)
Wake Up Dead Man: Afro-American Worksongs from Texas Prisons (Harvard University Press, 1972)
"Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim Like Me": Narrative Poetry from Black Oral Tradition (Harvard University Press, 1974)
Killing Time: Life in the Arkansas Penitentiary (photographs. Cornell University Press, 1977)
The Programmer (novel, Doubleday, 1979)
Death Row (with Diane Christian, Beacon Press, 1980)
Get the Money and Shoot: The DRI Guide to Funding Documentary Films (Documentary Research, 1981)
Your Father's Not Coming Home Any More (ed., Richard Marek/ Putnam's, 1981)
Doing Drugs (with Michael Jackson, St. Martin's, 1983)
Teaching Folklore (ed., American Folklore Society and Documentary Research, 1984)
Law and Disorder: Criminal Justice in America (University of Illinois Press, 1985)
Rainbow Freeware (New South Moulton Press, 1986)
Fieldwork (University of Illinois Press, 1987)
A User's Guide: Freeware, Shareware, and Public Domain Software (New South Moulton Press, 1988)
Disorderly Conduct (political and social essays), 1992, University of Illinois Press)
The World Observed: Reflections on the Fieldwork Process (co-editor, with Edward D. Ives, University of Illinois Press, 1996)
The Story is True: The Art and Meaning of Telling Stories (Temple University Press, 2007)
Pictures from a Drawer: Prison and the Art of Portraiture (Temple University Press, 2009)
In This Timeless Time: Living and Dying on Death Row in America (University of North Carolina Press, 2012, with Diane Christian)
"Inside the Wire: Photographs from Texas and Arkansas Prisons" (University of Texas Press, 2013)
"Being There: Bruce Jackson, Photographs, 1962-2012" (Burchfield-Penney Art Center, 2013)
"Inside the Wire: Photographs from Texas and Arkansas Prisons" (University of Texas Press, 2013)
"American Chartres: Buffalo's Waterfront Grain Elevators" (SUNY Press, 2016)
"Terlingua Necropolis" (Synergistic Press 2017)
"I Look at Diane Christian/Diane Christian looks at Me. Photographs 1971-2017" (Synergistic Press)
"Babel: The First Ten Years," (Just Buffalo, 2018, ed. by Barbara Cole)
"Places: Things heard, things seen" (BlazeVox 2019)
Yevtushenko in Buffalo (with Tanya Shalina-Conte), (Center Working Papers, 2020)
Deux jours à La Ribaute: A Celebration at Atelier Anselm Kiefer (Room With a View Press, 2020)
Robert Creeley on the Poet's Work. In Conversation with Bruce Jackson (BlazeVox, 2020)
Changing Tense: Thirty memento mori (BlazeVox, 2021)
Voices from Death Row, second edition (with Diane Christian) (Sony Press, 2022)
Ways of the Hand: A Photographer's Memoir (SUNY Press, 2022)
The Story is True. Expanded edition (SUNY Press, 2022)
Ephemera 1995-2022: On people, politics, art, justice, torture and war (BlazeVox, 2023)

References

External links
 Bruce Jackson's Website at the University of Buffalo (SUNY/Buffalo)
 Bruce Jackson's Photography
 Aperture article by Brian Wallace on Bruce Jackson's prison photography

1936 births
Living people
American folklorists
American photographers
American tax resisters
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Rutgers University alumni
University at Buffalo faculty
Academics from Brooklyn
New Jersey Institute of Technology alumni
Activists from New York (state)
Presidents of the American Folklore Society

Bruce Jackson (scholar)


Leon of Pella (Greek: ) or Leo the Egyptian (4th century BC) was a historian, priest and theologian. He wrote the book On the Gods in Egypt (), based on an apocryphal letter of Alexander the Great to his mother Olympias. He was a contemporary of Euhemerus and explained similarly the human origin of the gods.

The early Christian writers, in their controversy with the heathens, refer not infrequently to a Leo or Leon as "having admitted that the deities of the ancient gentile world had been originally men, agreeing in this respect with Euhemerus, with whom he was contemporary, or perhaps rather earlier.

Augustine, who is most explicit in his notice of him, says he was an Egyptian priest of high rank, "magnus antistes", and expounded the popular mythology to Alexander the Great, in a manner which, though differing from those, rationalistic explanations received in Greece, accorded with them in making the gods (including even the dii majorum gentium) to have been originally men.

Augustine refers to an account of the statements of Leo contained in a letter of Alexander to his mother. It is to be observed, that although Leon was high in his priestly rank at the time when Alexander was in Egypt (b. c. 332–331), his name is Greek; and Arnobius (Adv. Gentes, iv. 29) calls him Leo Pellaeus, Leo of Pella, an epithet which Fabricius does not satisfactorily explain. Euhemerus was also at the court of Cassander, the king of Macedon.

References
Jahrbuch Des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology by William Smith
Roman and European Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy
Myth and Poetry in Lucretius by Monica Gale

Hellenistic-era historians
Hellenistic philosophy and religion
Ancient Pellaeans
4th-century BC Egyptian people
Ancient Macedonian historians
Ancient Macedonian priests
Alexander the Great in legend
4th-century BC Greek people
4th-century BC historians
Ancient Greek historians known only from secondary sources

Leon of Pella


African empires is an umbrella term used in African studies to refer to a number of pre-colonial African kingdoms in Africa with multinational structures incorporating various populations and polities into a single entity, usually through conquest.

Listed below are known African empires and their respective capital cities.

The Wabongo kingdom, with its capital in Bokanga, in the Lobaye region (South West Central African Republic)

Historical development

Sahelian kingdoms

The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of medieval empires centred on the Sahel, the area of grasslands south of the Sahara.

 The first major state to rise in this region was the Ghana Empire (Wagadu).  The name Ghana, often used by historians, was the regnal title given to the ruler of the Wagadu empire.  Centered in what is today Senegal and Mauritania, it was the first to benefit from the introduction of gold mining.  Ghana's imperial era has been theorized to have initiated around 100 CE to 300 CE then come to dominate the region between about 750 and 1078.  Smaller states in the region at this time included Takrur to the west, the Malinke kingdom of Mali to the south, and the Songhai Empire  centred on Gao to the east.
 When Ghana atrophied in the face of invasion from the Almoravids, a series of brief kingdoms followed taking up the mantle of regional power, notably that of the Sosso (Susu); after 1235, the Mali Empire rose to dominate the region completely filling the imperial vacuum left by the once powerful Ghana Empire.  Located on the Niger River to the west of Ghana in what is today Niger and Mali, it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400.
 The most powerful of these states was the Songhai Empire, which expanded rapidly beginning with king Sonni Ali in the 1460s. By 1500, it had risen to stretch from Cameroon to the Maghreb, the largest state in African history.  It too was quite short-lived and collapsed in 1591 as a result of Moroccan musketry.
 Far to the east, on Lake Chad, the state of Kanem-Bornu, founded as Kanem in the 9th century, now rose to greater preeminence in the central Sahel region. To their west, the loosely united Hausa city-states became dominant.  These two states coexisted uneasily, but were quite stable.
 In 1810, the Sokoto Caliphate rose and conquered the Hausa, creating a more centralized state.  It and Kanem-Bornu would continue to exist until the arrival of Europeans, when both states would fall and the region would be divided between France and Great Britain.
 The  Jolof Empire ruled parts of Senegal from 1350 to 1549. After 1549, its vassal states were fully or de facto independent; in this period it is known as the Jolof Kingdom. It was largely conquered by the imamate of Futa Jallon in 1875 and its territories fully incorporated into French West Africa by 1890.

Empires of 15th–19th century Africa

From the 15th century until the final Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century a number of empires were also established south of the Sahel, especially in West Africa.

West Africa

The West African empires of this period peaked in power in the late 18th century, paralleling the peak of the Atlantic slave trade. These empires implemented a culture of permanent warfare in order to generate the required numbers of captives required to satisfy the demand for slaves by the European colonies.  With the gradual abolition of slavery in the European colonial empires during the 19th century, slave trade again became less lucrative and the West African empires entered a period of decline, and mostly collapsed by the end of the 19th century.

 The Kingdom of Dagbon was founded by Naa Gbewaa circa 11th Century. The Kingdom is one of the largest and oldest in modern Ghana. This kingdom spanned across Northern Ghana, North East Ivory Coast, Southern Burkina Faso and North West Togo. It is the progenitor of the Mossi Kingdoms of Burkina Faso founded by Yennega, the Bouna of Ivory Coast and the Dagaaba states. The kingdom is known for its fierce resistance to slavery.
 The Kingdom of Nri was unusual in the history of world government in that its leader exercised no military power over his subjects. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over much of Igboland, and was administered by a priest-king called the eze Nri. The eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Igbo people, and was the possessor of divine authority in religious matters.
 The Oyo Empire (1400–1895) was a West African empire of what is today western Nigeria. The empire was established by the Yoruba in the 15th century and grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose to prominence through wealth gained from trade and its possession of a powerful cavalry. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-17th to the late 18th century, holding sway not only over other Yoruba states, but also over the Fon kingdom of Dahomey (located in the state now known as the Republic of Benin).
 Benin Empire (1240–1897), a pre-colonial African empire of modern Nigeria, Ancient Benin Empire was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, The empire offers a snapshot of a relatively well-organized and sophisticated African polity in operation before the major European colonial interlude.
 Kaabu Empire (1537–1867), a Mandinka Kingdom of Senegambia (centered on modern northeastern Guinea-Bissau but extending into Casamance, Senegal) that rose to prominence in the region thanks to its origins as a former province of the Mali Empire. After the decline of the Mali Empire, Kaabu became an independent kingdom.
 Aro Confederacy (1690–1902), a trading union orchestrated by the Igbo subgroup, the Aro people, centered in Arochukwu in present-day Southeastern Nigeria.
 Bonoman (11th century–19th century), earliest known Akan state. Gold trading and Kola nut trading with Northern Neighbors brought wealth and prosperity to Akan creators of this state. Culture influenced much of modern Akan culture.
 Gbokpoe Dynasty was founded in 1700. This dynasty ruled Djanglanmey, Grand-popo. In the region this  clan  was the famous slave trader.
 The Kingdom of Wémè was founded during the height of the slave trade in the late 17th century. Nowadays it is centred in modern-day Benin, ruled by its own traditional legitimate monarch in the Ouémé Valley.
 Ashanti Empire (1701–1894), a pre-colonial Akan West African state of what is now the Ashanti Region in Ghana. The empire stretched from central Ghana to present day Togo and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Today, the Ashanti monarchy continues as one of the constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional states within the Republic of Ghana.
 Various states by Akan people (11th century–19th century)
 Kong Empire (1710–1898)  centered in north eastern Côte d'Ivoire that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso.
 Bamana Empire (1712–1896), based at Ségou, now in Mali. It was ruled by the Kulubali or Coulibaly dynasty established c. 1640 by Fa Sine also known as Biton-si-u. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to the 1861 invasion of Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall.
 Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903), an Islamic empire in Nigeria, led by the Sultan of Sokoto, Sa'adu Abubakar. Founded during the Fulani Jihad in the early 19th century, it was one of the most powerful empires in sub-Saharan Africa prior to European conquest and colonization. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power.
 Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898), a short-lived empire built from the conquests of Dyula ruler Samori Ture and destroyed by the French colonial army.
 Akwa Akpa (18th century), Duke Town, originally known as Atakpa, is an Efik city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern Nigeria. The City State extended from now Calabar to Bakassi in the east and Oron to the west.
 Ife Empire (1200 - 1420) The Ife Empire was the first empire in Yoruba history. It was founded in what is now southwestern Nigeria and eastern Benin today. The Ife Empire lasted from 1200 to 1420. Its capital city, Ilé-Ife, was one of the largest urban centers, the biggest emporium, and the wealthiest polity south of the Niger River during the mid-14th-century.

Central Africa

 The Kongo Kingdom (1400–1888) was a quasi-imperial state as is evident by the number of people and kingdoms that paid it tribute. If not for the large amount of text written by the EssiKongo that repeatedly called themselves a kingdom, they would be listed as the "Kongo Empire".
 The Luba Empire (1585–1885) arose in the marshy grasslands of the Upemba Depression in what is now southern Democratic Republic of Congo.
 Lunda Empire (1660–1887) in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, north-eastern Angola and northwestern Zambia. Its central state was in Katanga.
 Central African Empire (1976–79) was a short-lived and self-stylised 'Imperial' one-party state ruled by an absolute monarch that replaced the Central African Republic and was, in turn, replaced by the restoration of the Republic.

Southern Africa

The ancestors of the Kalanga/Karanga and Venda people found in South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe today would intermarry with San Bushmen around the region of Limpopo, forming the first ever drystone walling, which dates back to 200 BC and is still found in Chiredzi today. The purpose of this drystone walling was to protect the king from dangers related to population increase and agricultural expansion. This drystone walling eventually lost its original purpose of protecting the king; thereafter it became a symbol of unity of the people and of the power of the king. This would give rise to the Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was a sister city to the contemporaneous city Great Zimbabwe. The Mutapa Empire would rise in 1450.
The Mutapa Empire or Empire of Great Zimbabwe (1450–1629) was a medieval kingdom located between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of Southern Africa in the modern states of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Remnants of the historical capital are found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.

 Zulu Kingdom
 Maravi Empire or Marawi or Merowi or Merowe/Meroe Empire. Not to be confused with Ancient Meroe.
 Kingdom of Mapungubwe
 Rozvi Empire
 Torwa Empire
 Xhosa Kingdom

East Africa

 The Empire of Kitara in the area of the African Great Lakes has long been treated as a historical entity
 The Buganda Kingdom (1500–present), home of the Buganda people of Uganda
 The medieval Swahili city-states
 The Wanga Kingdom, home of the Wanga (AbaWanga) tribe of the Luhya people. The largest empire in precolonial Kenya
 Ancient land of Punt (2500 BC)
 Ancient Barbara/Barbaroi cities and states mentioned in the  Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century).
 Opone/Xāfūn (1000 BC – 5th century AD)
 Mundus/Xīs
 Mosylon/Bōsāso
 Malao/Berbera
 Nikon/Būr Gābo
 Sarapion/Muqdisho
 Kingdom of Aksum (1st century – 9th century)
 Kingdom of Bazin (9th century)
 Kingdom of Belgin (9th century)
 Kingdom of Jarin (9th century)
 Kingdom of Qita'a (9th century)
 Kingdom of Nagash (9th century)
 Kingdom of Tankish (9th century)
 Sultanate of Mogadishu (10th century – 16th century)
 Ethiopian Empire (1137–1974)
 Zagwe dynasty (1137–1270)
 Solomonic dynasty (1270–1974)
 Sultanate of Ifat (1285–1415)
 Isaaq Sultanate (17th century –1884)
 Ajuran Sultanate (1300s–1700s)
 Adal Sultanate (1415–1555)
 Sultanate of Harar (1526–1577)
 Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
 Sultanate of the Geledi (late 17th century – late 19th century)
 Majeerteen Sultanate (mid-18th century – early 20th century)
 Sultanate of Aussa (1734–present)
 Kingdom of Gomma (early 1800s–1886)
 Kingdom of Jimma (1830–1932)
 Kingdom of Gumma (1840–1902)
 Sultanate of Hobyo (1880s–1920s)
 Dervish state (1896–1920)

North Africa

Ancient North African empires

Pre-Islamic empires of North Africa:
 Ancient Egypt (3100–650 BC)
 Kingdom of Kerma (2500–1500 BC)
 Kingdom of Kush (1070 BC–350 AD)
 Nobatia (350–650 AD)
 Makuria (340–1312 AD)
 Alodia (6th Century AD–1504 AD)
 Ancient Carthage (575–146 BC)
 Kingdom of Numidia (202 BC–40 BC)

Islamic North African empires

 In Algeria:
 Rustamid dynasty (776-909)
 Banu Ifran dynasty (830–1040)
 Zirid dynasty (947–1090)
 Fatimid dynasty (909–1171)
 Hammadid dynasty (1014–1152)
 Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235 – 1554)
 Kingdom of Ait Abbas (1510 - 1872)
 Kingdom of Kuku (1515 – 1638)
 Ottoman Algeria (1515–1830)
 In Morocco:
 Idrisid dynasty (789–974)
 Almoravid dynasty (1061–1145)
 Almohad dynasty (1145–1244)
 Marinid dynasty (1244–1465)
 Wattasid dynasty (1471–1554)
 Saadi dynasty (1554-1666)
 Alaouite dynasty (1666–present)
 In Tunisia:
 Aghlabid dynasty (800-909)
 Fatimid dynasty (Tunisian period) (921–969)
 Zirid dynasty (973–1148)
 Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574)
 Husainid dynasty (1705-1881)
 In Egypt:
 Tulunid dynasty (868–905)
 Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969)
 Fatimid dynasty (Egyptian period) (969–1171)
 Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1254)
 Mamluk dynasty (1250–1517)
 In Sudan:
 The Sennar Sultanate (1502–1821) was a sultanate in the north of Sudan. It was named Funj after the ethnic group of its dynasty or Sinnar (or Sennar) after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of the Sudan region.

Comparison

Vansina (1962) discusses the classification of Sub-Saharan African kingdoms, mostly of Central, South and East Africa, with some additional data on West African (Sahelian) kingdoms distinguishing five types, by decreasing centralization of power:

 Despotic kingdoms: Kingdoms where the king controls the internal and external affairs directly. Examples are Ruanda, Nkore, Soga and Kongo in the 16th century
 Regal kingdoms: Kingdoms where the king controls the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers. The king and his chiefs belong to the same clans or lineages.
 Incorporative kingdoms: Kingdoms where the king controls only the external affairs with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The hereditary chiefdoms of the provinces were left undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Lunda, Luba, Lozi.
 Aristocratic kingdoms: The only link between central authority and the provinces is payment of tribute. These kingdoms are morphologically intermediate between regal kingdoms and federations. This type is rather common in Africa, examples including the Kongo of the 17th century, the Cazembe, Luapula, Kuba, Ngonde, Mlanje, Ha, Zinza and Chagga States of the 18th century.
 Federations: Kingdoms (such as the Ashanti Union) where the external affairs are regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who is simply primus inter pares.

See also

 History of Africa
 Classical African civilizations

References

Bibliography

 Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006,

Further reading

External links

 African Kingdoms
 Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology at Brown University

Pan-Africanism

African empires


Blatcherism is a term formed as a portmanteau of the names of two British politicians, Tony Blair (Labour Party) and Margaret Thatcher (Conservative Party). It has been used by critics of monetarism and economic liberalism to refer to the thesis that a policy model of the Thatcher government, distinct from one-nation conservatism, was resurrected when Blair came to power. It echoed "Butskellism", frequently used to describe the post-war consensus on a mixed economy with moderate state intervention to promote social goals, particularly in education and health.

Editorial comment by Red Pepper before the 1997 general election that brought Blair to power may be the earliest usage. Another early sighting of this term was in 2001, used by Brian Lee Crowley, a Canadian commentator. The term has also been used, for example, by the journalist Alexander Cockburn in preference to Blairism.

Definition
Blatcherism can be defined as an emphasis on free market policies, support for Privatization or the private ownership of former public services, a monetarist/neo-classical economic policy and a retention of anti-trade union legislation. A convergence of such policies between the Labour and Conservative parties first emerged when Blair became leader of the Labour Party. Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in July 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under Blair's leadership, the party abandoned many policies it had held for decades and embraced many of the measures enacted during Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister, including the Building Societies (deregulation) Act of 1986. In conjunction with Peter Mandelson, Gordon Brown and Alastair Campbell, Blair created the New Labour ethos by embracing many aspects of Thatcherite beliefs into Labour as the "Third Way".

The term is also used as shorthand by Ye. V. Ananyeva (On Modern Ways of Reformism, or On Reformism as Modern Way, Polis Journal), according to whom Blatcherism is currently "personified by T. Blair", has "substituted for the previous postwar political consensus" and is "consensual" with "neoconservatism as embodied in Thatcherism" in the approach to a solution to Britain's modernisation problems.

References

External links
 Chapter 10 of Government and Politics in Britain: An introduction by John Kingdom; page 25 of the PDF file contains the section From Butskillism to Blatcherism?
 On the spiral from Butskillism to Blatcherism, cause effect process and outcome

Economic history of the United Kingdom
Eponymous political ideologies
Politics of the United Kingdom
Margaret Thatcher
Tony Blair
Free market

Blatcherism


Richard Mawdsley (born 1945) is an American artist known for his work in metalsmithing, particularly narrative sculptures and vessels made of precious metal tubing, cogs, gears, and mechanical components.

Early years
Richard Mawdsley was born in 1945 at Winfield, Kansas.  He attended Emporia State University from 1963 to 1967, majoring in Art under instructors Don Hazelrigg and Ron Hickman.  He stumbled upon metalsmithing accidentally as he could not get into a printmaking class and opted to take metals instead.  After this introduction, Mawdsley majored in metals and began to make works inspired by Pop art.

Upon graduation, he entered the University of Kansas and studied Jewelry and Silversmithing from 1967 to 1969 as a graduate student under the tutelage of Carlyle Smith.

Teaching career

After obtaining his MFA, Mawdsley taught at Illinois State University from 1969 to 1978.  He then joined the faculty of Southern Illinois University Carbondale in 1978 and taught there for the rest of his teaching career, retiring in 2004 after teaching for 36 years at the university level.

Artwork

Mawdsley's artwork has been exhibited extensively since the 1960s, including many exhibitions in over a dozen countries in Europe, Australia, and Asia.
His work has been collected by several major museums, including the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution, the Yale University Art Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston.

Awards

Mawdsley has been awarded two National Endowment for the Arts Artist Fellowships and three Illinois Arts Council Fellowships.  Other honors given to Mawdsley include the arts award from the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, North Central Regional for the 2001-2004 Triennium; Outstanding Scholar Award for 2003 from SIUC's College of Liberal Arts; elected to the American Craft Council's College of Fellows in 1998; and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Emporia State University, Kansas, in 1993.

References

1945 births
Living people
20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors
Artists from Kansas
People from Winfield, Kansas
Emporia State University alumni
University of Kansas alumni
Southern Illinois University Carbondale faculty

Richard Mawdsley


Guangzhou Zhixin High School (), located in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou (Canton), was founded in 1921 by Sun Yat-sen in memory of his comrade, the democratic fighter Zhu Zhixin, who was killed in action in a battle at Humen, Dongguan, at the age of 35. In the school campus, a symbolic tomb was built for Zhu. In 1936, the remains of Zhu were relocated to the campus because of a termite problem at the original site. Since its establishment, the school has been one of the most prestigious high schools in the country and had seen the graduation of many outstanding alumni over the years. Many famous visitors have come to campus.  In the early twentieth century, Zhixin High School became one of the 37 key high schools in China. In 1994, it was graded as a First Level School of Guangdong Province. It is currently evaluated as a National Level Demonstrative School.

History
1921-1927, Zhixin Private School
1928, renamed to Zhixin Girls Private High School
1943, renamed to Zhixin Girls Public High School
1953, renamed to No. 1 Girls High School of Guangzhou
1969, renamed No. 55 High School of Guangzhou
During the Cultural Revolution, Zhixin was renamed to "Red Girls School"
1978–present, Guangzhou Zhixin High School

Early Board Members
Jin Zeng Cheng, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Lin Sen, Liao Zhongkai, Wu Chaoxu, Xu Chongqing, Zou Lu, Chen Bijun, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, Sun Ke, Deng Zeru, Gu Yingfun, Lin Yunhai, Hu Qingrui, Chen Lianbo, Chen Yaozhu, Chen Rong, Guo Biao, Dai Chuanxian, Li Dazhao, Zhang Ji, Huo Zhiting, Zeng Xing, Tan Yankai, He Xiangning, Chen Gongbo, Zeng Zhongming, Ma Honghuan, Liu Jiwen, and Chu Minyi.

Founding speech by Sun Yat-sen
October 1, 1921, Mr. Sun Yat-sen and his wife Soong Ching-ling gave the following speech at the founding ceremony of the Zhixin Private School.

"As a revolutionary pioneer and writer, Mr. Zhu Zhixin made a great contribution to the Republic of China by influencing his comrades and people with perseverance. In each and every battle for the Republic, Mr. Zhu always marched in the frontline, braving tremendous difficulty and danger. In literature, Mr. Zhu wrote masterpieces that impressed his peers and influenced the literary culture of the country. Both a theorist and a practitioner in the subject of revolution, Mr. Zhu led the life of a brightly shining star. Last year, Mr. Zhu made the ultimate sacrifice for his country in the battle of Canton. Today, we stand here together to celebrate his life by establishing the Zhixin Private School. I hope that our future generations will follow the glorious path blazed by our pioneer, study with perseverance and diligence, reform the future society and build a magnificent Republic of China."

Former Principals
These men and women have served as principals since the founding:
Xing Zeng  1921-1927
Daoyi Yang 1927-1940.9
Cengcheng Jin 1940.9-1943.7
Baoquan Lin 1943.7-1949.10
Qinyu Kong 1950.1-1958.4
Yi Zhang 1958.5-1964.7
Ke Zhang 1964.8-1967.6
Ke Zhang 1967.7-1970.4
Guangguo Gui 1970.5-1971.10
Zhisheng Wang 1971.11-1974.4
Binquan Wang 1974.4-1974.9
Kentang Yu 1974.9-1976.7
Zhaoman Yao 1976.8-1978.9
Kentang Yu 1978.10-1980.3
Guoxian Zhou 1980.4-1983.8
Shixiong Ye 1983.9-1984.9
Shixiong Ye 1984.10-1988.3
Lijun Xin 1988.4-1990.7
Zhixin Chen 1990.8-1999.7
Jianqiang Zhu 1999.7-2003.2
Shisen Liu 2003.2-2008.7
Yong He 2008.7-

References

External links
 Zhixin High School
 Zhixin Alumni Network - www.zhixin.org : Connecting Zhixin alumni in China and abroad ...

 Zhixin High School - Facebook page

High schools in Guangdong
Educational institutions established in 1921
Yuexiu District
1921 establishments in China

Zhixin High School


Illertissen () is a town in the district of Neu-Ulm in Bavaria. It is situated approximately 20 km south from Ulm nearby the river Iller.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms lent by Erhard Vöhlin in the year 1530 shows an upright standing lion in red, covered by a black bar with three "P"s in silver capital letters. They stand for Pugnamus pro pace (from the Latin), meaning For peace we fight (not "Pugnamus pro Papa" which means "For the Pope we fight" as has been erroneously suggested.)

History

The oldest evidence of settlement in Illertissen goes back to the beginning of the 6th century A.D. The first documented mention, going by the name "Tussa", was in the year 954. This was on the occasion of the reconciliation by Ulrich, Bishop of Augsburg and the then bishop of Chur, King Otto I., and his son Duke Liudolf of Swabia. The occasion was a military alliance at Lechfeld, with the goal of preventing further penetrations by the Magyars. The three "P"s in the coat of arms may have originated from this event.

From the 12th century to the 13th century the castle of Tissen was developed by the Counts of Kirchberg. Today, the castle is known as the Vöhlin château. Already in 1430 the rule of Kirchberg became the seat of jurisdiction through Emperor Sigismund for the village of Tissen. From this time on, trade and handcraft blossomed in the region. Beside the farmers and the craftsmen in Illertissen also brewers and webbers were resident. The trade house of the Vöhlin (1520-1757), a patrician family from Memmingen mostly determined the history of Illertissen. In the 18th century the time of the Vöhlin ended with their financial bankruptcy and the sale of the rule (1756) to the Bavarian elector Maximilian III. Since 1803 the château is in possession of the Bavarian state. There were accommodated the offices for pension, district, federal state parliament and finances and also the district court. Since 1983 the Bee- and homeland museum is accommodated in the free rooms.

An important development thrust for the agrarian market was brought by building the train line Ulm - Oberstdorf in 1861/62, the so-called Illertalbahn. West of the train line industry companies settled, the number of inhabitants rose from 1,000 in the year 1800 to 2,500 in the year 1930. From the 1923 inflation the market municipality recovered in 1926. Then came the Nazi regime and the World War II, a time of fall. Three years after the war the currency reorganization and the free-market economy led in an upswing like never before. New production branches settled. Thus Illertissen could switch itself into the industrializing without destroying the natural living room, the social equilibrium or the skyline. In addition the refugees of homeland made a remarkable contribution. Straight the 1971 integrated quarter Betlinshausen as well as 1978 in the framework of the local regional reorganization been added quarters Au, Jedesheim and Tiefenbach round the picture off to a grown whole one. Therefore, Illertissen was made to a town with around 16,000 inhabitants.

In the case of the district reorganization the former district capital Illertissen had to deliver some offices to the district of Neu-Ulm, but Illertissen did not lose its economical meaning as a regional middle center in the south district.

Main sights
Vöhlin Castle, developed in the 12th and 13th century as the "Castle of Tissen" of the Counts of Kirchberg. In 1525-1756 it was a possession of the patrician family Vöhlin from Memmingen. It houses a Rococo chapel and a bee museum.
Parish church St. Martin (1590), with high altar of the high renaissance, built by Christoph Rodt in 1604.
Historical threshing floor (1847).
City hall (1891).

Transport

Illertissen is served by the Neu-Ulm-Kempten railway.

The nearest international airports are located in: Memmingen (35 km), Friedrichshafen (99 km), Stuttgart (106 km) and Munich (173 km).

Twin cities
 Carnac, France
 Loket, Czech Republic

Sons and daughters of the town
 Marc Forster (born 1969), film director
 Johannes A. Jehle (born 1961), biologist, insect virologist and phytophysician
 Reiner Knizia (born 1957), game scout
 Verena Sailer (born 1985), athlete
 Volker Ulrich (born 1975), politician (CSU)

References

Castles in Bavaria
Neu-Ulm (district)

Illertissen


Creezy is a 1969 novel by the French writer Félicien Marceau. It tells the story of a young and wealthy Paris model nicknamed Creezy—derived into French slang from the English word "crazy"—who has an affair with an older, married man, as the two of them engineer practical jokes, make love and travel around Europe. It was published in English in 1970, translated by J. A. Underwood.

The book received the Prix Goncourt. It was adapted into a 1974 film also titled Creezy, directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre and starring Sydne Rome alongside Alain Delon.

Reception
Laurent LeSage wrote in The Saturday Review: "With its hackneyed plot and not very sympathetic people, this novel, were it not for the genuine literary talent of Felicien Marceau, might be just another best-seller. Through the magic of style he has brought all its elements together to produce the impression of a frighteningly mechanical universe in which mankind itself has become a sort of souped-up machine. ... I should guess that writing a novel so dramatically contemporary represents for Felicien Marceau a real tour de force, an accomplishment which only his recent successes in the theater could have prepared him for."

References

External links
 Creezy at the French publisher's website

1969 French novels
Éditions Gallimard books
French novels adapted into films
French-language novels
Prix Goncourt winning works

Creezy


Guo Qi (; born January 27, 1995) is a Chinese chess player. She holds the titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM), which FIDE awarded her in 2014 and 2011 respectively.

She won the World Junior Girls Chess Championship in 2012. This achievement earned her the qualification for the Women's World Championship 2014, which was eventually postponed to 2015.

Guo competed in the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 as FIDE president nominee. She was eliminated in the first round by Natalia Zhukova.

Guo was a member of the Chinese team that won the silver medal in the 2013 Women's World Team Chess Championship in Astana, Kazakhstan. In 2014, she won both team and individual (on the reserve board) silver medals in the Women's 2014 Chess Olympiad.

She took part in the Women's World Chess Championship 2015, where she was knocked out in the first round by the eventual runner-up, Natalija Pogonina. In 2016, Guo won the Chinese women's championship. In the same year, she played on the gold medal-winning Chinese team at the Women's Asian Nations Cup in Abu Dhabi and at the Women's Chess Olympiad in Baku. In both events, she also won the gold medal for the best performance on the reserve board.

References

External links

Guo Qi chess games at 365Chess.com

Living people
1995 births
Chess International Masters
Chess woman grandmasters
World Junior Chess Champions
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
Chess players from Jiangsu
People from Xinghua, Jiangsu

Guo Qi