Cowboy Action Shooting (CAS, also known as Western Action Shooting, Single Action Shooting, Cowboy 3-Gun, and Western 3-Gun) is a competitive shooting sport that originated in the early 1980s, at the Coto de Caza Shooting Range in Orange County, California. Cowboy action shooting is now practiced in many places with several sanctioning organizations including the Single Action Shooting Society (SASS), Western Action Shootists Association (WASA), and National Congress of Old West Shooters (NCOWS), Single Action Shooting Australia (SASA), as well as others in the United States and by other countries around the world.

Cowboy Action Shooting is a type of multigun match utilizing a combination of handguns, rifles, and shotguns in a variety of "Old West-themed" courses of fire for time and accuracy. Participants must dress in appropriate theme or era costumes, as well as use gear and accessories as mandated by the respective sanctioning group rules.

Firearms

CAS requires competitors to use firearms typical of the mid-to-late 19th century: single-action revolvers, lever-action rifles chambered in pistol calibers, and side-by-side double-barreled shotguns (also referred to as coach guns – with or without external hammers, although automatic ejectors are not allowed), or pump-action shotguns with external hammers (such as the Winchester 1897). 1884 Colt Lightning slide-action rifles and Winchester 1887 lever-action shotguns are also allowed. Both original and reproduction guns are equally acceptable. All CAS handguns must be "single-action", meaning that the hammer must be manually cocked before each shot can be fired.

Competition in a CAS match generally requires four guns: two revolvers, a shotgun, and a rifle chambered in a centerfire revolver caliber of a type in use prior to 1899. Some CAS matches also offer side events for single-shot "buffalo rifles", Derringers, speed shotgun, and other specialty shooting events. Replica firearms are available from companies such as Ruger, Colt, Uberti, Pedersoli, Stoeger, Chiappa, Pietta, Armi San Marco and U.S. Fire Arms Mfg. Co.

Costume

Competitors are required to wear an Old West or Victorian era style outfit and apparel. One exception to this is that safety glasses and hearing protection must be worn when shooting. Depending on the standards of the sanctioning organization, clothing may be historically accurate for the late 19th century or may just be suggestive of the Old West. Some groups allow for costume similar to that worn by characters in a Western B-movie, such as Hopalong Cassidy or a television series like Gunsmoke.

Alias

Participants must select an alias out of the Old West or have an "old west flair". Aliases are registered with the sanctioning body so they are unique to the participant. Many find it necessary to be creative in selecting an alias as virtually all historical names such as Wyatt Earp and Butch Cassidy have long since been claimed. Registered names cannot sound the same as another registered name.

Competition

Competition involves a number of separate shooting scenarios known as "stages".  Stages are always different, each typically requiring ten revolver rounds (shooters generally carry two single-action revolvers), nine or ten rifle rounds, and two to eight shotgun rounds.  Targets typically are steel plates that ring when hit.  Sometimes reactive targets such as steel knockdown plates or clay birds are used. Misses add five seconds to the competitor's time; safety violations and other procedural violations add 10 seconds. Competition is close and contested with the national and world championships attracting over 700 competitors.

Scoring

Shooters compete one at a time against the clock.  Most matches are scored simply by "total time" minus bonuses and plus penalties. Other matches are scored by "rank points".

Shooters are timed using electronic timers which record the duration for each stage to one one-hundredth of a second. The timer starts when the range officer pushes the button which beeps to signal that the shooter may proceed. The timer has a built-in microphone and records the time when each shot happens. When there is no more noise, the timer continues to display the final time which is the raw score.

Each shooter's "raw" time for the stage is increased by five seconds for each missed target and ten seconds for any procedural penalty incurred.  The fastest adjusted time wins. Targets shot out of proper order incur a procedural penalty, though only one procedural penalty can be assessed per shooter per stage.

In "rank-point scoring" the top shooter of a match is determined by adding up each shooter's ranking for each stage, with the lowest score winning.  For example, if a shooter places first in every stage in a 10-stage match, the shooter's score would be 10 (a 1 for each stage) and would be the lowest score possible.  There is some controversy as to whether "rank points" or "total time" is a better system. SASS in 2017 moved to total time scoring and discarded the rank point scoring system.

Events

Every stage at a match is intended to be different.  Sometimes only two types of guns are used or perhaps even only one.  Occasionally a shooter is required to reload a firearm while being timed.

When coming to the line, the shooter places their guns as required by the stage description. When the competitor steps to the start position, the range officer conducting the stage asks if the shooter understands the course of fire and clarifies any questions the shooter may have.  The range officer asks if the shooter is ready, tells the shooter to "stand by", and starts the timer within two to five seconds.  When started, the timer gives an audible electronic tone and the shooter begins the stage.

An example of a stage might have the shooter draw their first revolver and engage five steel targets, then holster their first revolver and move to the left to where their rifle is staged.  They retrieve the rifle and engage the rifle targets, which are set farther away than the pistol targets.  These might be nine separate targets, or perhaps three targets which the shooter will "sweep" three times.  They then lay the rifle back down on the hay bale with action open and chamber empty and runs to the right where their shotgun is staged.  Since shotguns are always staged open and empty, the shooter retrieves their gun and loads it with a maximum of two rounds (regardless of the type of shotgun) and engages two knock-down targets, reloads and engages two more knock-down targets (which must fall to score).  The shooter then lays their open and empty shotgun back on the hay bale and draws their second revolver. This time the shooter engages three revolver targets in what is known as a "Nevada sweep" (left, center, right, center, left) for a total of five rounds.

After the competitor is finished shooting, the range officer tells the shooter to take their long guns and go to the unloading table where another shooter supervises the unloading and verifies that the guns are unloaded. The shooter's time is then recorded and any misses or penalties added.  Targets are scored by three observers who count misses.

Major matches
End of Trail – World Championship of Cowboy Action Shooting at Ben Avery Shooting Range, Phoenix, Arizona, US

Land Run – United States National Championship of Cowboy Action Shooting at the Oklahoma City Gun Club, Arcadia, Oklahoma, US

Regionals – Western, Four Corners, Midwest, Northwest, Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast

State Championships – Each State holds their own respective state championship.

Australia National Championship. Australia and New Zealand also have their own respective state championships.

European National Championship – Days of Truth (DOT)

Many countries have their own respective national championship including: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, The Nederlands, Denmark, Italy, Hungary, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and Serbia.

Other major matches of note:

Badlands Bar3 – Comin' Back At Cha

Safety

Foremost, safety glasses (shooting glasses) must be worn at all times.  In a typical stage the shooter, who is next in line to compete, will load their guns at a loading table under the supervision of a designated loading official.  Western-style "six-shooters" are always loaded with only five rounds with the empty chamber under the hammer.  The shooter's rifle will also be loaded with the requisite number of rounds with the hammer down on an empty chamber.  Shotguns are always left unloaded, then loaded "on the clock".

At a typical cowboy action range, all guns are kept unloaded except when the shooter prepares at the loading table, shoots the stage, then proceeds to the unloading table to unload the revolvers and prove that all guns are empty. Whether guns are loaded or empty, CAS emphasizes safety. Even with the theme of the Old West's cowboy attire, all shooters must wear safety glasses while on the firing line in addition to other important safety rules and more than some other shooting sports have. Many of these safety requirements are due to the nature of reproduction single action revolvers with fixed cylinders, and repeating rifles with non-removable tubular magazines.

The range officer is responsible for safely conducting the shooter through the stage. The range officer's attention is not on the targets but rather on the shooter and their firearms.  One important duty of the range officer is to immediately stop the shooter if the shooter's gun or ammunition is defective in any potentially unsafe way.

Themes

In addition to requiring shooters to wear Old West attire, the Western theme of the matches is enhanced by having suitable targets and props for the stages.  For example, a stage may be set in a bank and the shooter will be required to shoot through a barred "teller" window, then perhaps retrieve a "sack of gold" from a safe and carry it in one hand while shooting with their other hand.  Another stage may have a shooter rescuing a baby (doll) and having to carry the "child" through the entire stage while engaging the targets.  Other props may include buckboards, chuck wagons, stagecoaches, and "horses" as well as jail cells, oak barrels, hitching posts, swinging saloon doors, etc.

Prizes

No money or merchandise prizes are offered in CAS, but often there are drawings and prizes, ensuring a more family-oriented sport.

Categories

All of the below categories may also be shot as lady categories; there is no men's category (all are considered open), and ladies may shoot in open categories.

There are many other categories, especially at the local level, but the below are representative of the main types of categories one finds at cowboy action shooting events.
 Buckaroo/Buckarette: 13 and under
 Junior Boy/Junior Girl: 16 and under
 Cowboy / Cowgirl – Shooters of all ages
 Wrangler/Lady Wrangler: Age 36 and up
 Forty-Niner/Lady Forty-Niner: Age 49 and up
 Senior/Lady Senior: Age 60 and up
 Silver Senior/Lady Silver Senior: Age 65 and up
 Elder Statesman/Grand Dame: Age 70 and up
 Cattle Baron/Cattle Baroness: Age 75 and up
 El Patron/La Patrona: Age 80 and up
 El Rey/La Reina: Age 85 and up
 B-Western – Shooters wear clothing inspired by the B-Western films of the 1930s and 1940s, starring Roy Rogers, William "Hopalong Cassidy" Boyd, and others. "Buscadero" type gunbelt/holster rigs are required, and the shooter must wear spurs.
 Classic Cowboy/Classic Cowgirl – Shooters have specific clothing requirements and shoot Duelist or Double Duelist style using .40 caliber or larger, rimmed cartridges; shotguns must be external hammer double barrel, single shot, or lever actions
 Frontier Cartridge – Shooters use black powder rather than smokeless powder in all their guns
 Frontiersman – Shooters use cap and ball revolvers, shot duelist style, and side-by-side double-barrel or lever-action shotguns

Categories based on how the shooter fires their guns

 Duelist/Double Duelist– Shooter uses only one hand to fire revolvers
 Gunfighter – Shooter uses two revolvers at once when the stage allows, otherwise shoots right-side revolver with right hand only and left-side revolver with left hand only

In addition to percussion (cap and ball) weapons, many firearms are center-fire .32 caliber or larger with revolvers and rifles chambered in .38 Special and .45 Colt being very popular.  Ammunition is generally loaded at medium to full power levels, although many junior shooters or women prefer to shoot lighter calibers (such as .32 and .38).  A noted trend among some shooters is to use light loads to reduce recoil and improve their times. This tends to run contrary to the "spirit of the game".

Wild Bunch

One variant of CAS, currently sanctioned by SASS, is Wild Bunch Action Shooting; inspired by the 1969 western film The Wild Bunch.

Firearms

According to SASS, this form uses "firearms typical of those used in the taming of the Old West just after the turn of the 20th century". The revolvers used in normal SASS events are replaced with a 1911 pistol; lever-action rifles remain in use, while only Winchester Model 1897 and Winchester Model 1912 pump-action shotguns are allowed. As in traditional CAS, originals and replicas are acceptable.

In SASS Wild Bunch matches, pistols must be chambered in .45 ACP, rifles must be chambered for pistol cartridges of .40 caliber or greater, and shotguns must be 12 gauge. All ammunition for pistols or rifles must also meet a minimum power factor of 150, calculated by multiplying the bullet weight in grains and the muzzle velocity in feet per second and then dividing the result by 1,000. Additionally, maximum muzzle velocities are limited to 1,000 ft/s for pistol ammunition and 1,400 ft/s for rifle ammunition.

Sanctioned Categories

Wild Bunch has two primary SASS-sanctioned categories based upon the style of 1911 pistol and the shooter's grip style that are utilized. Each main category has respective divisions for men, women and junior participants.

•  Traditional - Utilizes an original-design M1911/M1911A1 pistol, and the paticipant must use a traditional one-handed grip.

•  Modern - Utilizes either
an original-design M1911/M1911A1 pistol or a modern-style 1911 pistol. Participant may use either a traditional one-handed or a modern two-handed grip.

Unsanctioned Categories

In recent years, various clubs that host Wild Bunch matches have begun expanding and developing other categories utilizing various other rifles in lieu of a pistol-caliber lever-action rifle. Though these categories are not yet officially sanctioned by SASS, they have proven to be quite popular with participants in the sport.

• Doughboy - Named after the famed infantryman of World War I, this category utilizes the bolt-action military rifles of the era. Rifles such as the M1903/M1903A3 Springfield, Mosin-Nagant M1891, Karabiner Model 1931 (K31), as well as various Lee-Enfield, Schmidt-Rubin, Arisaka and other World War I bolt-action rifles, are permitted.

• Teddy Roosevelt - Named after the 26th President of the United States, and, notably, the leader of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry; known as the "Rough Riders". This category utilizes a rifle-caliber lever-action rifle chambered in cartridges such as 30-30 Winchester and 45-70.

• Audie Murphy - Named after the heralded World War II veteran and Medal of Honor recipient, this category utilizes a semiautomatic M1 carbine rifle chambered in the .30 Carbine cartridge.

Wild Bunch also utilizes the M1 Garand in Garand Action Military Match (GAMM) side matches.

Costume

In SASS-sanctioned Wild Bunch shooting events, the typical attire worn by participants is that of early-20th century military, late-19th to early-20th century western (such as that worn in the film The Wild Bunch), Roosevelt's "Rough Riders", or Mexican period.

Cowboy mounted shooting

An offshoot of cowboy action shooting is cowboy mounted shooting, also sometimes called western mounted shooting, or simply mounted shooting. Events require that the contestant ride a horse through a course of fire while carrying the same guns used in cowboy action shooting. The rider shoots up to ten balloon targets. Events use blank ammunition certified to break a target balloon within twenty feet instead of live rounds.

See also
 List of shooting sports organizations
 Bridgeport rig
 Shooting ranges in the United States

References

External links
 CowboyActionShooting.com
Organizations
 SASS Single Action Shooting Society
 CAS City
 Cowboy Mounted Shooting
 Mounted Shooters of America
Western 3-Gun
Cowboy Fast Draw Association
World Fast Draw Association

International groups
 CAS Europe
 BDS-Westernschiessen, a division of the Bund Deutscher Sportschützen in Germany

Cowboy culture
Reenactment of the late modern period
Muzzleloading
North American martial arts
Shooting sports
Shooting sports events

Cowboy action shooting


The term magnate, from the late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus, "great", means a man from the higher nobility, a man who belongs to the high office-holders or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage, and in Poland for the richest szlachta.

England
In England, the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families. The emergence of Parliament led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha. In the Middle Ages, a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights' fees.

In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry made a point of executing or neutralising as many magnates as possible. Henry would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed. Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign; he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men, and the ones he did were all "new men": novi homines, greatly indebted to him and with very limited power.

Hungary
The term was specifically applied to the members of the Upper House of the Diet of Hungary in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, the Főrendiház, that can be translated as the House of Magnates, an equivalent to the British Peers.

Poland and Lithuania

Magnates were a social class of wealthy and influential nobility in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Spain
In Spain, since the late Middle Ages, the highest class of nobility hold the appellation of Grandee of Spain.

Sweden

In Sweden, the wealthiest medieval lords were known as storman (plural stormän), "great men", a similar description and meaning as the English term magnate.

Japan

In feudal Japan, the most powerful landholding magnates were known as daimyo. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the daimyo became military lords of samurai clans with territorial and proprietary control over private estates.

See also
 Aristocracy
 Boyar, in Eastern Europe
 Magnat (film)
 Szlachta, in Poland

References

Sources

Social classes

Noble titles
Nobility of the United Kingdom
Hungarian nobility

Spanish noble titles
Swedish nobility

Magnate


Wein, Weib und Gesang (Wine, Woman, and Song), Op. 333, is a Viennese waltz by Johann Strauss II. It is a choral waltz in its original form, although it is seldom heard in this version today. It was commissioned for the Vienna Men's Choral Association's so-called Fools' Evening on 2 February 1869 with a dedication to the Association's honorary chorus-master Johann Herbeck. Its fanciful title was drawn from an old adage: "Who loves not wine, women and song remains a fool his whole life long."

The waltz's admirers include the famous opera composer Richard Wagner and Strauss' good friend Johannes Brahms. There is an arrangement for piano, harmonium and string quartet by Alban Berg.

The waltz's primary home key is in E-flat major, with its introduction interpolating with B-flat major as well as B major. The first waltz melody, with its tapping quality is quintessentially Viennese in nature. Further waltz themes alternate between lush passion and good-humored cheekiness, ending with a swirling finish in the principal home key underlined by a brass fanfare and snare drumroll, as is the usual style of concluding a piece in Strauss' works dating around that period.

The title is also a German expression for having fun.

Waltz 1

References

Waltzes by Johann Strauss II
1869 compositions

Wein, Weib und Gesang


Vernon Rodney Coaker, Baron Coaker (born 17 June 1953) is a British politician and life peer serving as Shadow Spokesperson for Home Affairs and Defence since 2021. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Gedling from 1997 to 2019.

Coaker served in government as Minister of State for Policing, Crime and Security from 2008 to 2009, and Minister of State for Schools and Learning from 2009 to 2010. In opposition, he was Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from 2013 to 2015 and Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2011 to 2013, and again from 2015 to 2016. Coaker lost his seat at the 2019 general election.

Early life
Born in Westminster, London, Coaker attended Drayton Manor Grammar School in London. He studied for an Economics and Politics BA (Hons) degree at the University of Warwick, then obtained a PGCE at Trent Polytechnic (Clifton College of Education).

Coaker worked as a teacher, becoming a History teacher at Manvers Pierrepont School (now the Carlton Road Centre of Castle College Nottingham) from 1976 to 1982, then Head of Department at Arnold Hill School from 1982 to 1988. From 1989 to 1995, he was a senior teacher at Bramcote Park School and thence until 1997 he was Deputy Headmaster at Big Wood School in Bestwood, Nottingham. He is a member of the NUT.

Political career
Coaker served as a district councillor for the Cotgrave Ward in Rushcliffe, Nottinghamshire from 1983 to 1997 and was leader of the Labour group on the council between 1987 and 1997. He stood for the Rushcliffe constituency seat in 1983. He contested Gedling in 1987 and 1992, before defeating Andrew Mitchell at the 1997 election, becoming the first Labour MP to win the Gedling seat.

After a number of Parliamentary Private Secretary roles, Coaker became a government whip in May 2005, having been an assistant whip since June 2003. He served as a Minister of State at the Home Office between 2008 and 2009 before being moved to take up the role of Minister of State for Schools and Learning between 2009 and 2010.

Following the Labour defeat at the 2010 General Election, Coaker was appointed as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in October 2011. Coaker joined dozens of shadow ministers in resigning from his position on 26 June 2016 in Labour's parliamentary disquiet over the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn. He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election. He lost his seat in the 2019 general election.

In December 2020, it was announced he would be conferred a life peerage after a nomination by Labour Party Leader Keir Starmer. On 22 March 2021, he was introduced to the House of Lords as Baron Coaker, of Gedling in the County of Nottinghamshire. He made his maiden speech on 17 May 2021 during the Queen's Speech debate, and was later appointed to the front bench as a Home Affairs and Defence spokesperson.

Expenses scandal
Coaker was found to have claimed large sums every month in cash for his second home without submitting any receipts. Over the course of four years, he claimed £3,425 for cleaning, £6,320 for services and maintenance and £5,205 for repairs. This was initially for his semi-detached home in Cotgrave, and then for his one-bedroom flat in Kennington in London.

A spokesman for Coaker subsequently stated that expenses were claimed in accordance with the rules administered by Commons fees office at the time.

Political positions
Coaker supports the modernisation of the UK Trident missile system, and Britain's membership of NATO.  He supports the multilateral disarmament of nuclear weapons. Coaker belongs to the Labour Friends of Israel lobby group.

Shortly after being appointed Minister for Drugs and Crime Reduction in the May 2006 reshuffle, he revealed to the Coventry Evening Telegraph that he had had "one or two puffs" of cannabis as a student but did not enjoy it. His admission was made during a nationwide tour to evaluate the effectiveness of the government's drugs strategy.

He also supports people taking part in shooting sports and angling.

In January 2010, Coaker apologised for remarks that misled MPs. He had earlier told MPs that 70 police officers were hurt as a result of a global warming protest at Kingsnorth power station. In fact there were only 12 injuries that were legally reportable with just four of those involving contact with another person. The remaining eight injuries included "wasp sting", an injury while "sitting in a car", and an officer succumbing "to sun and heat". There were 68 injuries in total with the rest being treated by first-aiders at the scene. The whole operation had involved more than 1,000 officers.

Personal life
He married Jacqueline Heaton on 23 December 1978 in Basford; the couple have a daughter and a son. He supports Tottenham Hotspur. His wife, who is a teacher, was a town councillor in Cotgrave, where they live in the district of Rushcliffe.

Honours
 He was awarded an Honorary Professorship of Modern Slavery Policy by the University of Nottingham on  23 July 2020.
 He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Gedling on 17 June 2022.

References

External links

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1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Councillors in Nottinghamshire
Department for Children, Schools and Families
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Labour Friends of Israel
People educated at Drayton Manor High School
People from Cotgrave
Schoolteachers from Nottinghamshire
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Vernon Coaker


Open research is research that is openly accessible by others. Those who publish research in this way are often concerned with making research more transparent, more collaborative, more wide-reaching, and more efficient. Open research aims to make both research methods and the resulting data freely available, often via the internet, in order to support reproducibility and, potentially, massively distributed research collaboration. In this regard, it is related to both open source software and citizen science.

Especially for research that is scientific in nature, open research may be referred to as open science. However, the term can also implicate research done in fields as varied as the social sciences, the humanities, mathematics, engineering and medicine.

Types of open projects
Important distinctions exist between different types of open projects.

Projects that provide open data but don't offer open collaboration are referred to as "open access" rather than open research. Providing open data is a necessary but not sufficient condition for open research, because although the data may be used by anyone, there is no requirement for subsequent research to take place openly. For example, though there have been many calls for more open collaborative research in drug discovery and the open deposition of large amounts of data, there are very few active, openly collaborative projects in this area.

Crowdsourcing projects that recruit large numbers of participants to carry out small tasks which are then assembled into a larger project outcome have delivered significant research outcomes, but these projects are distinct from those in which participants are able to influence the overall direction of the research, or in which participants are expected to have creative input into the science behind the project.

Most open research is conducted within existing research groups. Primary research data are posted which can be added to, or interpreted by, anyone who has the necessary expertise and who can therefore join the collaborative effort. Thus the "end product" of the project (which may still be subject to future expansion or modification) arises from many contributions across multiple research groups, rather than the effort of one group or individual. Open research is therefore distinct from open access in that the output of open research is prone to change with time.

Unlike open access, true open research must demonstrate live, online collaboration. Project websites that demonstrate this capability have started to become available.

Copyright conventions
Issues with copyright are dealt with by using either standard copyright (where applicable), releasing the content into the Public domain or by releasing the content under licenses such as one of the Creative Commons licenses or one of the GNU General Public Licenses.

Examples
In 2005, several examples arose in the area of the search for new/improved medical treatments of Neglected Diseases.

Science and engineering research to support the creation of open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development has long used open research principles. Open source research for sustainable development is now becoming formalized with open access for literature reviews, research methods, data, results and summaries for laypeople.

Wiki-based examples include: Appropedia, Wikiversity, Citizendium, Scholarpedia.

While first attempts towards opening research were primarily aimed at opening areas such as scientific data, methodologies, software and publications, now increasingly other artifacts of the scientific workflow are also tackled, such as scientific meta-data and funding ideas.

In 2013, open research became more mainstream with web based platforms such as figshare continuing to grow in terms of users and publicly available outputs.

The Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Committee met in 2014 to address one key element of the incentive systems: journals' procedures and policies for publication. The committee consisted of disciplinary leaders, journal editors, funding agency representatives, and disciplinary experts largely from the social and behavioral sciences. By developing shared standards for open practices across journals, the committee said it hopes to translate scientific norms and values into concrete actions and change the current incentive structures to drive researchers' behavior toward more openness. The committee said it sought to produce guidelines that (a) focus on the commonalities across disciplines, and that (b) define what aspects of the research process should be made available to the community to evaluate, critique, reuse, and extend. The committee added that the guidelines aim to help improve journal policies in order to help transparency, openness, and reproducibility "become more evident in daily practice and ultimately improve the public trust in science, and science itself."

See also

Massive online open research
Open science
Open access
Open education
Open innovation
Open notebook science
Open peer review
Science 2.0
Science Commons
Citizen science

References

Research
Collaboration
Open content
Open science
Articles containing video clips

Open research


Le papa de Simon is a book written by Guy de Maupassant. The book tells the story of a young boy Simon who has no father. Simon is harassed at school by his classmates because he doesn't have a father. Tired of this mockery, Simon decides to drown in the river, but is stopped by the blacksmith Philippe. It's a perfect opportunity for the little boy, who makes him an immediate deal: if Philippe agrees to play the role of father, he won't drown. If he refuses, he will return to the river.

French novels

Le Papa de Simon


The Colombo Plan is a regional intergovernmental organization that began operations on 1 July 1951. The organization was conceived at an international conference, The Commonwealth Conference on Foreign Affairs held in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in January 1950, and was attended by the finance ministers of Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ceylon, Pakistan and New Zealand, and the prime ministers of Ceylon and India. Membership has expanded significantly over the years to the current 28 governments.

The primary focus of its work is on the development of human resources in the south and southeast regions of Asia. Aid to education 1950 to 1983 came to $72 billion, of which $41 billion came from the United States.

Host country of the Colombo Plan
The Colombo Plan enjoys a host country agreement with the Government of Sri Lanka in the form of a memorandum of understanding with privileges and immunities that are afforded by the Government of Sri Lanka.

In a speech made in Colombo on 5 July 2010, the 4th Secretary-General Dato' Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia said: "The gearing up of the level of our activities is made possible through the voluntary contributions of member countries and international agencies such as OPEC fund. Last year our programming was over US$10 million and we expect a more than US$12 million programming this year with almost another US$2 million in terms of cost-sharing from our member countries. With funding from the United States Government and 13 other member countries, the Colombo Plan is now the biggest stakeholder in drug demand reduction in the Asia-Pacific, with a special initiative in Afghanistan."

Programmes
The Colombo Plan has four programmes:
Drug Advisory Programme (DAP, estd: 1973)
Gender Affairs Programme (GAP, estd: 2014)
Programme for Environment & Climate Change (ENV, estd: 2016)
Capacity Building Programme (CBP)

Past Programmes
Long-Term Scholarships Programme (LTSP, estd: 1951)
Programme for Private Sector Development (PPSD, estd: 1995)
Programme for Public Administration & Environment (PPA, estd: 1995)

The Plan now
Over the years, while adhering to the concept of human resource development and South-South Cooperation in addressing issues of economic and social development, the programme content of the Colombo Plan has been changing to take account of the needs of member countries in a fast changing world economic environment. In the early years, the training programmes were more of a long-term nature, while recent programmes have been focusing on providing advanced skills and experience sharing aimed at arriving at the best practices in different fields of economic and social activities as a means of good policy making and governance. The current programmes of the Colombo Plan are in the areas of public policy formulation in an environment of globalisation and market economy, private sector development as a prime mover for growth, drug use and dependence prevention and treatment in member countries and addressing gender issues. The Colombo Plan Staff College for Technician Education located in Manila also provides skill development opportunities for technicians in middle level.

In her 2010 speech, Dato' Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia states: "The current Colombo Plan looks very different since our restructuring and revitalisation in 1995. As we continue to build upon our past successes, the new Colombo Plan uses cooperation among developing member countries or South-south Cooperation between the developed member countries and developing member countries, to underpin all our activities. Since our restructuring in 1995, we have now provided 16,082 scholarships to 23 member countries for both long-term and short-term training programmes."

Past secretaries-general
The Colombo Plan underwent an organisational transformation and renewal in 1995, and the Colombo Plan Bureau became the Colombo Plan Secretariat to be headed by the Secretary-General, instead of a Director. The first Secretary-General was Dr. Kim Hak-su from Korea (January 1995 – March 1999) who was succeeded by Dr. Sarat Chandran, India (April 1999 – June 2003), Mr. Kittipan Kanjanapitkul from Thailand (June 2003 – August 2007), Dato' Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia from Malaysia (August 2007 – August 2011), the first Asian woman to hold this position, Mr. Adam Maniku from Maldives (15 August 2011 – November 2013), Mr. Kinley Dorji from Bhutan (May 2014 – April 2018) and, Ambassador Phan Kieu Thu (May 2018 - December 2021).The incumbent Secretary-General, Dr. Benjamin P. Reyes from The Philippines assumed duties on 1 May 2022 as the organisation's 8th Secretary-General.

Notable Colombo Plan scholars
Dr Sanduk Ruit (Nepal), founder, Himalayan Cataract Project and Tilganga Eye Hospital, Kathmandu.
Dr. Baburam Bhattarai (Nepal), former Maoist rebel and Prime Minister of Nepal.
Ong Teng Cheong (Singapore), fifth President of Singapore, former Deputy Prime Minister in Singapore.
Karunasena Kodituwakku (Sri Lanka ), former Cabinet Minister of Sri Lanka, Former Ambassador of Sri Lanka.
Khaw Boon Wan (Singapore), former Cabinet Minister in Singapore.
Raymond Lim (Singapore), former Cabinet Minister in Singapore.
Yeo Cheow Tong (Singapore), former Cabinet Minister in Singapore.
Mah Bow Tan (Singapore), former Cabinet Minister in Singapore.
Dato' Hajji Abdul Ghani Bin Othman (Malaysia), former Chief Minister of Johor state in Malaysia.
Prof. Datuk Dr. Mazlan Othman, astrophysicist, Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.
Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Joseph Pairin Kitingan (Malaysia), Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Rural Development of Sabah.
Dr. K.V. Thiruvengadam (India), Indian physician and medical teacher.
Mapatunage James "M. J." Perera (Sri Lanka), he made broadcasting history by being the first Ceylonese Director General of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia, taking over the helm from John Lampson of the BBC.
Livy Wijemanne (Sri Lanka), pioneer of Radio Ceylon.
J. Soedjati Djiwandono, Indonesian political scientist and founder of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta.
Chellapilla Venkata Rao, (1910–1971) Indian botanist, who worked extensively on Proteaceae, and plant embryology. He taught and worked at Andhra University. (Colombo plan scholar at University of Tasmania from 1955 to 1957).
Dr. Khai Yuen Tang (Malaysia), Medical Practitioner, Colombo plan scholar at The Alfred Hospital, Department of Pathology from 1966 to 1969.
Boediono (Indonesia), 11th Indonesia Vice President.
Pehin Sri Adenan Bin Haji Satem (Malaysia), former Chief Minister of Sarawak
Ananda Krishnan, Malaysian-Tamil businessman

Early criticism
The Plan has been criticised on various grounds. Some Asians see in it only the hand of British imperialism, especially as it is not aimed at developing national self-sufficiency. It offers an almost exclusively economic solution for problems which are also political and social. Dangerous issues such as landlordism and the organisation of labour, which invite Communist exploitation, are barely touched on, doubtless because it seemed politically inexpedient to raise such questions.

Present members
The Colombo Plan currently has 28 members.

Past members
There have been four past members of the Colombo Plan including two founding members in 1950, Canada and the United Kingdom. South Vietnam and Cambodia joined together in 1951. On 2 Jul 1976 South Vietnam was succeeded by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which withdrew in 1978. Vietnam was a provisional member from 5 Nov 2001 to 18 Nov 2003 until it was accepted as a full member in 2004.

See also
Colombo Plan Staff College

References

Further reading
 Auletta, Alex. "A retrospective view of the Colombo Plan: Government policy, departmental administration and overseas students." Journal of higher education policy and management 22.1 (2000): 47–58.
 Lowe, David. "The Colombo Plan and 'soft' regionalism in the Asia-Pacific: Australian and New Zealand cultural diplomacy in the 1950s and 1960s" (Alfred Deakin Research Institute, 2010) online.

External links

International Organisations – The Colombo Plan
The Story of The Colombo Plan - Resource Book 2012

Educational organisations based in Sri Lanka
Organizations established in 1951
Foreign relations of Australia
Aid

Colombo Plan


Alexander Hume-Campbell, 2nd Earl of Marchmont  (167527 February 1740), was a Scottish nobleman, politician and judge.

Life
The third but eldest surviving son of Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, by his spouse Grisel (d.1703), daughter of Sir Thomas Ker of Cavers, he assumed the additional surname of Campbell upon his marriage in 1697 with Margaret (d. 1722), daughter and heiress of Sir George Campbell of Cessnock, Ayrshire.

He studied law at Utrecht University and became an advocate in 1696. He was appointed to the Court of Session in 1704 with the judicial title Lord Cessnock, and served there until 1714.

He was a Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland for Berwickshire in 1706, and was a supporter of the Union with England.  He was Lord Clerk Register from 1716 to 1733.

He was ambassador to Denmark from 1715 to 1721, and to the Congress at Cambray in 1722.

He succeeded his father to the earldom in 1724, and was a Scottish representative peer from 1727 to 1734.

Alexander served as one of the founding governors of Britain's first childcare charity, the Foundling Hospital, which received its royal charter in 1739.

References

 The Peerage of Scotland, published by Peter Brown, Edinburgh, 1834, p. 146.

1675 births
1740 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1689–1702
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1702–1707
Earls of Marchmont
Scottish representative peers
Cessnock
Utrecht University alumni
Members of the Faculty of Advocates
Governors of the Bank of Scotland
Politics of the Scottish Borders
Ambassadors of Great Britain to Denmark
Shire Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
Burgh Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
Commissioners of the Treasury of Scotland


Sophie Scholl – The Final Days () is a 2005 German historical drama film directed by Marc Rothemund and written by Fred Breinersdorfer. It is about the last days in the life of Sophie Scholl, a 21-year-old member of the anti-Nazi non-violent student resistance group the White Rose, part of the German Resistance movement. She was found guilty of high treason by the People's Court and executed the same day, 22 February 1943.

The film was presented at the 55th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2005 and won Silver Bear awards for Best Director and Best Actress (Julia Jentsch). It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot
In wartime Munich, Sophie Scholl joins members of the White Rose student organization, including Sophie's brother Hans, who are preparing a leaflet. They have more copies than they can distribute by mail. Hans proposes distributing the extras at university; Sophie volunteers to assist. At Munich University while classes are in session, Hans and Sophie put stacks of leaflets near the lecture rooms. With only minutes left, Sophie runs to the top floor, where she pushes a stack of leaflets over the balustrade. A janitor who sees Sophie detains the pair until the Gestapo arrive.

They are taken to the Stadelheim Prison. Sophie is interrogated by Gestapo investigator Robert Mohr. She says that she and her brother had nothing to do with the leaflets; She noticed them in the hall and pushed a stack off the railing as a prank, and she had an empty suitcase because she was going to visit her parents in Ulm, planning to bring back clothes. She is dismissed, but as her release form is about to be approved, the order comes not to let her go, as the Gestapo has found incontrovertible evidence that Sophie and Hans were responsible for the distribution of anti-Nazi leaflets. She is placed in a cell with dissident Else Gebel, a Communist sympathizer.

Sophie then admits her part, contradicting her brother's claim he acted alone. Determined to protect the others, she steadfastly maintains that the distribution of thousands of leaflets throughout the region was the work of the siblings. Mohr, having learned that their father was an imprisoned dissident, urges her to support laws that preserve a society which has funded her welfare and education. Scholl counters that before 1933 the laws protected freedom of speech and denounces atrocities committed by the Nazis. Mohr dismisses some of her accusations, such as the extermination of the Jews, as wartime propaganda, and tacitly approves of others, such as the euthanasia program.

Sophie and Hans, as well as a friend with three young children, Christoph Probst, are charged with treason, troop demoralization and abetting the enemy. In their show trial, Probst is the first to be examined by President of the People's Court Roland Freisler, whose prosecutorial zeal makes the prosecutor and defense attorneys superfluous. Freisler contemptuously dismisses Probst's appeals to spare his life so that his children can have a father. Hans maintains his composure in the face of Freisler's impatient questioning. Declining to answer only what he is asked, he highlights German war crimes on the Eastern Front as immoral and proclaims that the defeat of the Nazi state by the Allies is all but certain. Sophie dismisses the suggestion that she was led by her brother, and declares that many people agree with her group but dare not express it. Freisler pronounces the defendants guilty and calls on each to make a final statement. Sophie warns that "where we stand today, you [Freisler] will stand soon." All three are sentenced to death.

Sophie, having been told of the normal 99-day delay between conviction and execution, learns that she is to be executed the same day. She breaks down briefly, but regains composure, writes a final statement and receives a blessing from the prison chaplain, who offers his support for her silence. After a visit by her parents, who also express approval of what she has done, Mohr arrives and sadly watches Sophie taken away. She is led into a cell with Christoph and Hans, and they share a final cigarette. Sophie is led into a courtyard and remarks "The sun is still shining". A blessing is refused, and she is the first to be beheaded by guillotine, the blade falling as the picture goes black. Hans' and Christoph's executions follow. A caption lists dozens of adherents of the White Rose executed in the following months, while others suffered imprisonment.

In the final shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the White Rose manifesto were smuggled to the Allies, who printed millions of copies of the "Manifesto of the Students of Munich" to drop over Germany.

Cast
 Julia Jentsch  as Sophia Magdalena 'Sophie' Scholl
 Fabian Hinrichs  as Hans Fritz Scholl
 Alexander Held  as Robert Mohr
 Johanna Gastdorf   as Else Gebel
 André Hennicke  as Dr. Roland Freisler
 Florian Stetter   as Christoph Hermann Probst
 Maximilian Brückner  as Willi Graf
    as Alexander Schmorell
 Lilli Jung  as Gisela Schertling
    as Magdalena Scholl
 Jörg Hube  as Robert Scholl
 Franz Staber  as Werner Scholl

Reception

Critical response
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days has an approval rating of 87% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 95 reviews, and an average rating of 7.27/10. The website's critical consensus states: "A film that begs the audience to reflect upon their own courage and strength of character in light of this young heroine's daring story". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Awards and recognition
 55th Berlin International Film Festival, 2005
 Nominated for Golden Bear
 Silver Bear: Best Director – Marc Rothemund
 Silver Bear: Best Actress – Julia Jentsch
 European Film Awards, 2005
 Best European Actress – Julia Jentsch
 Audience Award
 Bernhard-Wicki-Filmpreis, 2005
 German Film Awards (Lolas)
 Audience Award
 Best Film, Silver Prize
 Best acting performance (female main role) – Julia Jentsch
 '78th Academy Awards, 2006
 Nominated for Best Foreign Language Film

See also
 Die Weiße Rose (film) (1982)
 The Nasty Girl (1990)
 Jud Newborn

References

External links
 Sophie Scholl – The Final Days film website (in English)
 Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage film website (in German)

 Sophie Scholl - The Final Days'' at YouTube

2005 films
2005 biographical drama films
German biographical drama films
Films about capital punishment
Films about the German Resistance
Films about Nazi Germany
Films set in 1943
Films set in Germany
Films set in Munich
2000s German-language films
White Rose
World War II films based on actual events
European Film Awards winners (films)
Films scored by Reinhold Heil
Films scored by Johnny Klimek
Cultural depictions of Hans and Sophie Scholl
2005 drama films
2000s German films

Sophie Scholl – The Final Days


Capsicum pubescens is a plant of the genus Capsicum (pepper). The species name, pubescens, refers to the hairy leaves of this pepper. The hairiness of the leaves, along with the black seeds, make Capsicum pubescens distinguishable from other Capsicum species. Capsicum pubescens has pungent yellow, orange, red, green or brown fruits.

This species is found primarily in Central and South America, and is known only in cultivation. It is consumed fresh, as a paste, dried, or ground. It is called rocoto (Quechua, rukutu, ruqutu''') in Peru and Ecuador, locoto in Bolivia and Argentina (Aymara, luqutu), and in Mexico manzano (Spanish for "appletree") pepper for its apple-shaped fruit. Of all the domesticated species in the family Capsicum, it is the least widespread and most genetically distinct.

Description
Vegetative characteristics
Like all other species of the genus Capsicum, plants of the species Capsicum pubescens grow as a shrub, but sometimes as climbing plants. They grow into four-meter woody plants relatively quickly, and live up to 15 years, which gives them, especially with age, an almost tree-like appearance. After initial growth, the plant branches at a height of about 30 cm for the first time, and further growth divides into a bushy appearance. More shoots develop from the leaf axils. Some varieties have purple discoloration on the branches, as can be observed in other Capsicum species. The leaves have a 5–12 mm long petiole and a leaf blade ovate to 5–12 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, tapering at the top and the base is wedge-shaped.

In addition to the relatively long life, Capsicum pubescens differs in many other characteristics from related species.

Flowers
The flowers appear singly or in pairs (rarely up to four) on the shoots, and the branches are at about 1 cm long flower stems, which extend on the fruit to around 4–5 cm. The calyx has five triangular pointed teeth, which have in the fruit a length of about 1 mm. A characteristic different from other cultivated species of the genus Capsicum is the blue-violet-colored petals, brighter in the centre. The anthers are partly purple, partly white.

 Phytochemicals

 Capsaicinoids
Capsaicinoids (capsaicin) are naturally occurring phytochemicals responsible for the heat in chili peppers. While other chili varieties are dominated  with up to 80 % by capsaicin, C. pubescens has an almost equally high concentration of dihydrocapsaicin.  C. pubescens is a domesticated chili pepper that has not been explored extensively for its phytochemicals. While some types of C.pubescens are considered mild, other varieties are some of the hottest peppers. The pungency level varies according to two different studies between 2400-31,000 Scoville scale, 15,000-80,000 Scoville scale and 50,000-250,000 Scoville scale.C. pubescens is a poor source of carotenoids and has a low amount of ascorbic acid and total polyphenols compared to Capsicum annuum. Furthermore, removing the seeds of this pepper during food processing reduces the total polyphenol content by 50%.

 Aroma
The growing interest for this species is related to its cucumber aroma. The aromatic structure of C.pubescens is different than that of other chili peppers. Four aromas are dominant in the odor profile: green, cucumber, earthy-peas, and paprika or bell pepper, due possibly to the higher amount of sulfur and nitrogen compounds (pyrazine) and cucumber-like aldehydes with a low contribution to esters and ionones.  The aromatic differences between C. chinense (a commonly used chili pepper) and C.pubescens is the contribution of several ionone esters and ectocarpene. This explains the exotic, fruity aromatic character of C. chinense, which is presented only in small quantities in C. pubescens.

 Uses
 Food properties
The fruits of Capsicum pubescens are a versatile food in South American cuisine. The flesh is thicker than that of other chilis, closer to the consistency and size of bell peppers. The level of spice is comparable to other common known chilis, with 50,000 to 250,000 Scoville Heat Units recorded.

 Fresh uses
The seeds and the white membranes, which contain most of the spice, are cut out. It is advised to wear gloves when handling Capsicum pubescens. To reduce the spiciness the fruits can be boiled. The prepared rocoto chilis are used for a variety of dishes.
Rocoto relleno is a popular dish in Arequipa, a city in the Andes of Peru. The hollowed out and boiled rocotos are filled up with a mixture of ground beef, onions, garlic and spices. It is topped off with a piece of cheese and baked in the oven. The fruits of the Capsicum pubescens are also used as additions to other meals. Chili paste is made by mixing the chilis with oil. Chili cream is made by mixing rocoto chilis with fresh cheese. Aji de Huacatay is a green sauce which contains green rocoto chilis and is served typically with potatoes. Additionally, rocotos are used for fresh salsas.

 Processed uses
Due to the thick flesh and the high moisture content, drying of peppers solely with sunlight is not as effective as with other species of Capsicum. A closed drying tunnel can reduce the moisture of 80 kilograms of fresh rocoto to 6.4 kilograms of dried rocoto.

 Origin and distribution Capsicum pubescens is native to Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, dating to pre-Incan times. Traces of its presence have been found in the Guitarrero Caves. The existence of Capsicum pubescens was documented by ancient Peruvians of the Paracas, Nazca, Moche, and Chimu cultures, through textiles, ceramics, and domestic remains. Capsicum pubescens is likely to belong to the oldest domesticated plants in the Americas, its domestication dating back to 6000 BC. Capsicum pubescens is believed to have evolved from other, more primitive wild Capsicum species occurring in the same area. Of all the domesticated species of peppers, this is the least widespread and genetically furthest away from all others. It is reproductively isolated from other species of the genus Capsicum and forms a distinct genetic lineage. In the early 1900's Capsicum pubescens was introduced to Indonesia where it is now grown along other Capsicum species. The routes of introductions remain unclear, as Capsicum pubescens is found on multiple Indonesian islands. A white flower mutant of Capsicum pubescens is widely distributed in West and Central Java, which differentiates it from the normally purple flowering plants.Capsicum pubescens is rare outside of Central America, being found in cultivation primarily in Bolivia and Peru where it likely originated. It is commonly cultivated from Mexico to Peru, as well as in Indonesia. The plants are usually grown at small scale in courtyards and family gardens, and only surpluses reach markets.

Given its cold tolerance, Capsicum pubescens grows at higher elevations than other species, and cannot survive the tropical heat in the lowlands. However, Capsicum pubescens is not frost-tolerant and requires a long vegetation period of about 9 months. These climate requirements are the main challenges for introducing it to other locations. Alongside the climatic difficulties, the European cuisine has few uses for Capsicum pubescens fruits.

 Cultivation

 Production
The Viru and Lambayeque valleys are the main production areas, 1000 km north of the capital of Peru. In the Netherlands, tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers share more than 90% gross area of greenhouse production. Between April and November, C. pubescens is grown in greenhouses in the Netherlands. In the rest of the year, it has limited availability, and is grown in Spain or Italy.

 Planting C. pubescens is genetically different and unique in Capsicum, as it is the only one to tolerate cooler temperatures. A clear temperature difference during the day (15 °C) and at night (8 °C) is preferred, which is similar to the mountainous regions of Peru and Bolivia. However, frost  and high heat cause serious damage.

Cultivation methods of C. pubescens include growing in a nursery for 1 to 1.5 months in early February, then planting in the field when there is no frost risk, generally around March. Potassium, magnesium and zinc are used after transplantation, or after branching or flowering, and are generally applied once every 2 months after harvesting began. Some farmers cultivate C. pubescens among tea trees, C. annuum, or other crops.

 Pests
The plants resist pests in Europe. However, C. pubescens is the host plant of Anastrepha ludens (Mexican fruit fly). A. ludens is one of the most  threatening pests of Anastrepha. It is considered an A1 quarantine pest by EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). Thus, the importation of fresh C. pubescens is restricted by many countries, and only frozen and manufactured import food are authorized in European market.

 Pathogens
The plants are resistant to several diseases, including the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, a severe pathogen of pepper production over the world, causing more than $100 million in losses annually. C. pubescens has a thick waxy cuticle which becomes detached during the infection process, called pealing pealing disease in the areas around Oxapampa, Peru.

 Harvesting C. pubescens matures at least 3 months after flowering, with harvesting 3 to 8 months after transplantation into fields. Fruits were collected weekly every 2 weeks, and the harvesting is continued for 2-3 years, up to 5 years before the occurrence of diseases. Yields produce approximately 0.5 kg per plant per harvest, from up to 40 chilies for one meter tall.

Gallery

See also
 List of Capsicum cultivars
 Rocoto relleno, baked rocoto stuffed with mince

 References

Further reading
 Charles M. Rick: "Capsicum pubescens, a little-known pungent pepper from Latin America". In: Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, Band 36, 1950. pp. 36–42.
 Hugh Popenoe u. a.: Lost Crops of the Incas, Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation.'' National Academy Press, Washington DC 1989.  (Online)

External links

pubescens
Chili peppers
Crops originating from Mexico
Crops originating from Peru

Capsicum pubescens


The Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans Railroad was a 19th- and early-20th-century railway company in Kentucky in the United States. It operated from 1878, when it purchased the Central Mississippi, until 1951, when it was purchased by the Illinois Central.

In 1896, it purchased the Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad and those former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-II Paducah and Louisville. In 1897, it purchased the Short Route Railway Transfer Company; the Ohio Valley Railway; and the Owensboro, Falls of Rough and Green River Railroad. In 1902, it purchased the Kentucky Western and the Hodgenville and Elizabethtown Railways. In 1913, it purchased the Paducah Union Depot Company and the Kentucky Valley Railroad. In 1922, it purchased the Kentucky Midland.

The Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans connected with the Owensboro and Nashville Railway (and later the L&N) at Central City in Muhlenberg County.

See also
 List of Kentucky railroads

Defunct Kentucky railroads
Defunct companies based in Kentucky


Antoni Esteve i Subirana (1902, Manresa – 1979, Barcelona) was a Catalan pharmacist who was the first in Spain to produce vitamins and sulfonamides. Like his father (Josep Esteve i Seguí), Antoni became involved in his country's social, cultural, and political life, although he never agreed to serve in public office.

He presided over various scientific societies in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands and was a member of the Scientific Section of the Institute of Catalan Studies. He published over 60 papers (articles and monographs), which were outstanding for their level of detail and thorough bibliographic documentation.

Early life

Antoni Esteve i Subirana was the fifth in a long lineage of pharmacists beginning in 1787 with Tomàs Esteve i Gabanyach at the "Plana de l'Om" (Manresa) pharmacy, where the seventh generation of pharmacists in the Esteve family continues to work today.
Antoni Esteve was awarded an honors degree in pharmacy from the University of Barcelona in 1924 and started his doctoral studies in Madrid the following year. His plans to write his thesis in chemistry in Barcelona were interrupted by the unexpected death of his father in 1927, and he was obliged to make the family pharmacy in Manresa his first priority. In his memoirs, he wrote: "I couldn't leave the pharmacy and clinical analyses that enabled me to earn a living, nor could I abandon my mother. Thus, the first step was to maintain the prestige that my father had brought to the 'Plana de l'Om' pharmacy."

The small clinical analysis laboratory that had been installed in the apartment above the pharmacy a few years earlier would soon be used to develop original drug preparations. The first of these was vitamin D obtained by irradiation, which was registered under the trademark Esterosol. As developing original drug preparations came to make up a growing part of his professional activity, in 1931 Antoni Esteve founded what was to become one of the most important Catalan pharmaceutical companies: Esteve Laboratories.

In parallel, Antoni Esteve invested heavily in the push to attain organic arsenic compounds for the treatment of syphilis (marketed in 1934 as Neo-Spirol). Given the high mortality caused by syphilis at the time, Neo-Spirol is considered one of the company's greatest achievements.

Exile

During the Spanish Civil War, Antoni Esteve carried on working at the pharmacy in Manresa, and his laboratory was key in providing sulfonamides to treat infections, as it became more and more difficult to import these drugs from Germany. As he explained: "Our production was always sufficient, despite the difficulties in obtaining the raw materials."

When Catalonia was definitively occupied by Franco's Nationalist army, Antoni Esteve went into exile in France, where he associated with prominent figures in the pharmaceutical industry and worked in a prestigious laboratory. A short time later, the Second World War broke out and the advance of German troops across France forced him to return to Barcelona, where he was put on trial for political responsibilities and sentenced to pay a fine. Forcibly removed from all political and cultural activity, Antoni Esteve threw himself into his scientific work. In his Memoirs, he wrote: "During the year and a half when I was in France, my family was constantly harassed and suffered all sorts of attacks from many of the new authorities installed in Manresa".

The laboratory in Barcelona

After returning from exile, the laboratory was moved to Barcelona, starting a new chapter in the history of the company marked not only by progressive expansion, but also by the introduction of original drug preparations into the market. In 1944, the laboratory was the first in Spain to obtain penicillin, and Alexander Fleming, who won the Nobel prize for penicillin, visited Esteve Laboratories in 1948. In 1952, the manufacture of a new antihemorrhagic agent enabled the company to expand internationally, an exceptional accomplishment for a Catalan company during the early years of the dictatorship.

All of these achievements resulted from the extensive research in chemistry and pharmacology carried out under the personal direction of Dr. Antoni Esteve, who was able to build a team of excellent biomedical scientists, including Antoni Oriol i Anguera, Josep Laporte i Salas, F. Regné de Otal, and his own son Josep Esteve i Soler.

In 1965, Antoni Esteve, convinced of the need for "new, young blood" "to move ahead with the fast-changing progress occurring in the world", stepped aside, appointing his son Josep Esteve general manager.

Antoni Esteve died in Barcelona in 1979 on the 50th anniversary of the founding of Esteve Laboratories. Four years later, his family created the Dr. Antoni Esteve Foundation to honor his memory. This Foundation's main mission is to stimulate progress in pharmacotherapy through scientific communication and discussion.

Awards

In 1934 he was awarded the gold medal in the VIII Congress of Catalan Physicians and Biologists.

He was a member of the Scientific Section of the Institute of Catalan Studies for more than 25 years, and he also served as its president. He was a founding member of Barcelona's Royal Academy of Pharmacy in 1955 and served on its boards for nearly a decade. In 1959 he founded the Latin Mediterranean Pharmaceutical Society and served as its vice-president. He also served as the vice-president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.

Legacy

Antoni Esteve was the first in Spain to produce organic arsenic compounds, sulfonamides, and penicillin. In addition to these contributions to pharmaceutics, he left a cultural legacy including more than 60 publications and his involvement in various initiatives to promote Catalan culture and language.

References

Corbella i Corbella J. Antoni Esteve i Subirana, semblança biogràfica. 1ª ed. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Secció de Ciències; 2006.
Esteve i Subirana A. Memòria autobiogràfica; 1973.
Sinca G. Aquells homes amb barba. Barcelona:Editorial Dux, 2015.

External links

Website of the Dr. Antoni Esteve Foundation

1902 births
1979 deaths
Spanish pharmacists
People from Manresa
People from Barcelona
University of Barcelona alumni

Antoni Esteve Subirana


Andrew Potter is a Canadian author and associate professor (professional) at the Max Bell School of Public Policy in Montreal, where he is based. He is the former editor-in-chief of the Ottawa Citizen; best known for co-authoring The Rebel Sell, with Joseph Heath, and for his 2010 book, The Authenticity Hoax. He was formerly director of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada.

Early life and education

Potter was born in Teulon, Manitoba, and attended Glebe Collegiate Institute in Ottawa before graduating from McGill University with a BA in Philosophy, followed by MA and Ph.D. degrees in philosophy at the University of Toronto. He also spent three years as an assistant professor at Trent University. Potter completed postdoctoral work at the Centre de recherches en éthique (CREUM) at the University of Montreal after graduation.

Career

Potter taught philosophy at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, from 2001 to 2004. He then left academia to become the National Editor at the Ottawa Citizen, a daily newspaper. In 2010 Potter left the Ottawa Citizen, when he was appointed Features Editor at Canadian Business in Toronto. From 2007 to 2012, Potter wrote a column for the Canadian national weekly news magazine Maclean's. Andrew Potter also served as Director of the Montreal-based McGill Institute for the Study of Canada (MISC).

Potter returned to the Ottawa Citizen to become Managing Editor in 2011 and was promoted to Editor-In-Chief in December 2013. In 2013, Potter and the Ottawa Citizen were awarded the Michener Award for reporting that exposed the use of "robocalls" to mislead and harass voters during the 2011 federal election campaign.

In March 2017, Andrew Potter published an article in Maclean's in which he talks about the lack of solidarity within Quebec society. This article was decried and denounced at the provincial legislature of Quebec, and the administration of McGill tweeted that Potter did not represent the views of the university. A few days after the publication of his article, Potter distanced himself from elements of his article and soon after resigned from his position at MISC, while remaining an associate professor. Distinguished national affairs commentators including Paul Wells and former Maclean's'' national editor Andrew Coyne questioned or condemned the backlash, specifically the perceived yielding to political pressure by an academic institution.

Academic interests
Potter's academic background is in metaphysics and political philosophy, post-secondary educational policy, branding, consumerism and popular culture. He maintains an interest in technology and the future of the news media.

Selected publications
 The Rebel Sell
 The Authenticity Hoax
 "How a snowstorm exposed Quebec's real problem: social malaise"

References

Living people
Ottawa Citizen people
Canadian newspaper editors
Canadian male journalists
Maclean's writers and editors
1972 births
Canadian academic administrators
Academic staff of McGill University
Philosophers of culture
21st-century Canadian philosophers
Metaphysicians
Canadian political philosophers
Branding theorists
Popular culture studies
Academic staff of Trent University
University of Toronto alumni

Andrew Potter


Theodoric Borgognoni (1205 – 1296/8), also known as Teodorico de' Borgognoni, and Theodoric of Lucca, was an Italian who became one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period. A Dominican friar and Bishop of Cervia, Borgognoni is considered responsible for introducing and promoting important medical advances including basic antiseptic practice in surgery and the use of anaesthetics.

Life
Theodoric Borgognoni was born in Lucca, Italy in 1205. He may well have been the son of Master Hugh Borgognoni, a leading physician of the previous generation, and was certainly a student of his. Theodoric studied medicine at the University of Bologna becoming a Dominican friar in the same period. In the 1240s, he became personal physician to Pope Innocent IV. In 1262 he was made Bishop of Bitonto. He then served as Bishop of Cervia, close to Ravenna, from 1266 until his death in 1296.

Achievements
Borgognoni practiced surgery in addition to his episcopal and religious duties. Despite this, he became the favoured practitioner of many leading personages, including the pope. His major medical work is the Cyrurgia, a systematic four volume treatise covering all aspects of surgery. The book broke with many traditional surgical practices handed down from the ancient Greeks and the Arabic surgeons. Borgognoni was significant in stressing the importance of personal experience and observation as opposed to a blind reliance upon the ancient sources. He insisted that the practice of encouraging the development of pus in wounds, handed down from Galen and from Arabic medicine be replaced by a more antiseptic approach, with the wound being cleaned and then sutured to promote healing. Bandages were to be pre-soaked in wine as a form of disinfectant. He also promoted the use of anesthetics in surgery. A sponge soaked in a dissolved solution of opium, mandrake, hemlock, mulberry juice, ivy and other substances was held beneath the patients nose to induce unconsciousness.
In addition to his surgical works, Borgognoni also produced volumes on veterinary medicine and falconry.

The Cyrurgia
The Cyrurgia, or Chirurgia, (Surgery), is Borgognoni's major contribution to western medicine. Written in the mid 13th Century, it is a four volume work that covers the major fields of medieval surgery. On the treatment of wounds he wrote: "For it is not necessary that bloody matter (pus) be generated in wounds -- for there can be no error greater than this, and nothing else which impedes nature so much, and prolongs the sickness." This went against a longstanding weight of medical thinking. Although often disagreeing with Galen, Borgognoni followed him in promoting the dry method for treating wounds, although advocating the use of wine.  He wrote on the treatment of thoracic and intestinal injuries, insisting on the importance of avoiding pollution from the contents of the gut. The final volume deals with injuries to the head and some cancers. Borgognoni's test for the diagnosis of shoulder dislocation, namely the ability to touch the opposite ear or shoulder with the hand of the affected arm, has remained in use into modern times.

It has been claimed that parts of Borgognoni's work duplicate chapters of the Chirurgia of Bruno da Longoburgo, written around fifteen years previously, and there is little doubt that some passages have the same source, and both were students of Ugo Borgognoni. However Theodoric's work contains much that is not duplicated in the book of Longoburgo, or which directly contradicts him, and these are often the most important and innovative passages.

See also
 Medieval science
 Medieval medicine of Western Europe
 History of medicine
 Anaesthesia
 List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

Notes

References

 Prioreschi, Plinio; A History of Medicine, Horatius Press, 2001, pp. 440–453,

1204 births
1296 deaths
Bishops of Bitonto
Italian surgeons
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Italian Dominicans
Catholic clergy scientists
Medieval surgeons
13th-century Italian physicians
13th-century Italian writers
13th-century writers in Latin
People from Lucca

Theodoric Borgognoni


In stock and securities market technical analysis, parabolic SAR (parabolic stop and reverse) is a method devised by J. Welles Wilder Jr., to find potential reversals in the market price direction of traded goods such as securities or currency exchanges such as forex. It is a trend-following (lagging) indicator and may be used to set a trailing stop loss or determine entry or exit points based on prices tending to stay within a parabolic curve during a strong trend.

Similar to option theory's concept of time decay, the concept draws on the idea that "time is the enemy".  Thus, unless a security can continue to generate more profits over time, it should be liquidated. The indicator generally works only in trending markets, and creates "whipsaws" during ranging or, sideways phases.  Therefore, Wilder recommends first establishing the direction or change in direction of the trend through the use of parabolic SAR, and then using a different indicator such as the Average Directional Index to determine the strength of the trend.

A parabola below the price is generally bullish, while a parabola above is generally bearish. A parabola below the price may be used as support, whereas a parabola above the price may represent resistance.

Construction

The parabolic SAR is calculated almost independently for each trend in the price. When the price is in an uptrend, the SAR emerges below the price and converges upwards towards it. Similarly, on a downtrend, the SAR emerges above the price and converges downwards.
At each step within a trend, the SAR is calculated one period in advance. That is, tomorrow's SAR value is built using data available today. The general formula used for this is:

,

where SARn and SARn+1 represent the current period and the next period's SAR values, respectively.

EP (the extreme point) is a record kept during each trend that represents the highest value reached by the price during the current uptrend – or lowest value during a downtrend. During each period, if a new maximum (or minimum) is observed, the EP is updated with that value.

The α value represents the acceleration factor. Usually, this is set initially to a value of 0.02, but can be chosen by the trader. This factor is increased by 0.02 each time a new EP is recorded, which means that every time a new EP is observed, it will make the acceleration factor go up. The rate will then quicken to a point where the SAR converges towards the price. To prevent it from getting too large, a maximum value for the acceleration factor is normally set to 0.20. The traders can set these numbers depending on their trading style and the instruments being traded. Generally, it is preferable in stocks trading to set the acceleration factor to 0.01, so that it is not too sensitive to local decreases. For commodity or currency trading, the preferred value is 0.02.

The SAR is calculated in this manner for each new period. However, two special cases will modify the SAR value:
 If the next period's SAR value is inside (or beyond) the current period or the previous period's price range, the SAR must be set to the closest price bound. For example, if in an upward trend, the new SAR value is calculated and if it results to be more than today's or yesterday's lowest price, it must be set equal to that lower boundary.
 If the next period's SAR value is inside (or beyond) the next period's price range, a new trend direction is then signaled. The SAR must then switch sides.

Upon a trend switch, the first SAR value for this new trend is set to the last EP recorded on the prior trend, EP is then reset accordingly to this period's maximum, and the acceleration factor is reset to its initial value of 0.02.

Statistical Results

The parabolic SAR showed results at a 95% confidence level in a study of 17 years of data.

References

Chart overlays
Technical indicators

Parabolic SAR


Sir Henry Guildford, KG (1489–1532) was an English courtier of the reign of King Henry VIII, master of the horse and comptroller of the royal household.

Early life
He was the son of Sir Richard Guildford by his second marriage to Joan, sister of Sir Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden.

On the accession of Henry VIII, he was a young man of twenty, and a favourite with the new king. On 18 January 1510 he and his half-brother, Sir Edward, formed two of a company of twelve in a performance described by Hall, got up for the amusement of the queen. Eleven of them impersonated Robin Hood and his men, and with a woman representing Maid Marian surprised the queen in her chamber with their dancing and mummery. Next year, on Twelfth Night, he was the designer of the pageant with which the Christmas revelries concluded: a mountain which moved towards the king and opened, and out of which came morris-dancers.

At the tournament next month, held in honour of the birth of a prince, he signed the articles of challenge on the second day. Immediately afterwards he went with Lord Darcy's expedition to Spain against the Moors, where the English generally met with such a cool reception; but he and Sir Wistan Browne remained a while after their countrymen had returned home, and were dubbed knights by Ferdinand at Burgos on 15 September 1511. Early next year they had both returned, and received the same honour at the hands of their own king at the prorogation of the parliament on 30 March 1512. Hitherto he had been only squire of the body, a position he seems still to have retained along with the honour of knighthood. He was also a 'spear' in the king's service, and as of 29 March 1510 he had a grant of the wardship of Anne, daughter and heiress of Sir John Langforde.

Marriage

In May 1512, he married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Bryan. The king's sister, Mary, at that time called Princess of Castile, made an offering of six shillings and eightpence at his marriage. On 6 June, the king granted to him and his wife the manors of Hampton-in-Arden (Warwickshire) and Byker, Swineshead (Lincolnshire).

On 3 December, he was appointed bailiff of Sutton Coldfield in Warwickshire, and keeper of Sutton Park; on the 24th constable and doorward of Leeds Castle, and keeper of the parks of Leeds and Langley in Kent.

Military service

In 1513, he embarked at Southampton with the army that invaded France, and was one of the commanders of 'the middle ward,' having been appointed on 28 May the king's standard-bearer in the room of Sir Edward Howard, the admiral, who was drowned.

He commanded a hundred men when he passed out of Calais on 30 June. He and Sir Charles Brandon had five shillings a day each as joint captains of the Sovereign, in which posts they crossed the English Channel.

At the winning of Tournai he was created a knight-banneret, and as master of the revels he celebrated the victory by an interlude, in which he himself played before the king.

Courtier

On 6 November 1515, he was appointed Master of the Horse, with a salary of £40 a year, an appointment which he surrendered seven years later in favour of Sir Nicholas Carew. On the same day he had an annuity of fifty marks granted to him as squire of the body. In the same year he became an executor of Sir Thomas Cheney of Irthlingborough, Northamptonshire, and before Christmas was writing to a minstrel in the Low Countries named Hans Nagel, to allure him over to England as a spy who could make reports about the fugitive, Richard De la Pole.

In 1519, he received two letters from Erasmus in praise of the court of Henry VIII. Next year he attended the king as Master of the Horse to the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and also to the meeting with the Emperor Charles V at Gravelines. On 12 February 1521 he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds in Kent, and of the lordship of Langley, near Maidstone, for forty years.

In May 1521, he was one of the justices both in Kent and in Surrey before whom indictments were found against Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. Next year, on 24 April, the duke's manor of Hadlow in Kent was granted to him. In the autumn of 1521 he accompanied Thomas Wolsey to the Calais conferences, but on 21 September Richard Pace wrote to the cardinal to send him and Francis Brian home, as the king had few to attend him in his privy chamber.

In May 1522 he went again in Wolsey's train to meet the emperor at his landing at Dover. In 1522, after surrendering his post as master of the horse, he was appointed Comptroller of the Household.

In 1523, he became, on the return of Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare to Ireland, one of the earl's sureties that he would come again on reasonable warning and present himself before the king. On 1 September on the death of his uncle Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden, Guilford and three other executors received orders to deliver up Château de Guînes  to Lord Sandes.

At this period his personal wealth was growing with many grants, and about this time he is said to have surrendered his office of standard-bearer, which was conferred upon his brother, Sir Edward, in conjunction with Sir Ralph Egerton. He took on administrative duties, such as Chamberlain of the Exchequer from 1525. In 1526, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter.

About 1527, he and the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt built a banqueting-house for the king at Greenwich. He then accompanied Cardinal Wolsey on a diplomatic mission to France, and was acknowledged by Francis I as an ambassador. He was actually receiving at this time a pension from Francis under the treaty of the Moore.

In the spring of 1528 there were seditious rumours in some parts of Kent about demanding repayment of the loan which the people had been forced to contribute to the king; and some even proposed to break into gentlemen's houses, among others that of Guildford's half-brother, Sir Edward, and steal their weapons. This gave Sir Henry much to do, and he ultimately sat on a commission at Rochester for the trial of the malcontents. When Thomas Cromwell came as Wolsey's agent to suppress the small priories in Kent for his college at Oxford, Guildford asked him to visit him at Leeds Castle, with a view to obtaining from him the farm of the suppressed house of Bilsington.

Politics
The ravages of the sweating sickness in 1528 caused the justices in Kent, among whom were Sir Henry Guildford and his brother, Sir Edward, to adjourn the sessions at Deptford, where they met 'in a croft nigh unto the street,' from June till October. At the end of June Sir William Compton died of it, and Guildford was his chief executor. On the arrival of Cardinal Campeggio in England at the end of September he was, as comptroller of the household, much occupied with the preparations for his reception. He met the legate on Barham Downs, and at Dartford informed him of the arrangements for his entering London. In the same year he made an exchange of lands with the priory of Leeds in Kent, and appointed Lord De la Warr and others trustees for the execution of his will. Next year (1529) he was one of the witnesses called to prove the consummation of the marriage between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon; he said that he was not then twelve years old. In the parliament of 1529 he was knight of the shire for Kent, and it was he who gave point to the complaints of the commons against the spiritualty with regard to probates of wills by the statement that he had paid to Wolsey and Archbishop Warham a thousand marks as executor to Sir William Compton. On 1 December he signed the articles brought against Wolsey in parliament. On the 8th he witnessed at Westminster the charter which created Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire. He was one of those whose friendship the out-of-favour Wolsey secured, on Thomas Cromwell's advice, by a pension. On 13 July he signed the letter of the lords and councillors of England to the pope, urging him to comply with the king's wishes as regards the divorce.

On 23 April 1531 Guilford attended a chapter of the Order of the Garter at Greenwich. He was still in high favour with the king, but he was strongly opposed to the policy the king was now pursuing of casting off his wife without a papal sentence and fortifying himself against the pope and emperor by a French alliance. On this subject he spoke his thoughts freely to Eustace Chapuys and even in court he could not disguise his views; so that Anne Boleyn, looking upon him as an enemy, warned him that when she was queen she would deprive him of his office of comptroller of the household. He answered that she need take no trouble about that, for he would give it up himself, and he immediately went to the king to tender his resignation. The king told him he should not trouble himself about what women said, and twice insisted on his taking back his baton of office; but for a time Guildford retired from court. He still remained one of the king's council. He died in May 1532.

Family
Guildford was twice married, but he died without issue. It does not appear when his first wife, Margaret Bryan, died; she was daughter of Thomas Bryan.

His second was Mary, daughter of Sir Robert Wotton of Boughton Malherbe, Kent. She survived him, and as his executrix obtained a release from all her obligations to the king on 25 March 1533, and she afterwards married Sir Gawen Carey, or Carew, of Devonshire.

References

External links

1489 births
1532 deaths
Knights of the Garter
English MPs 1529–1536
Knights banneret of England
Henry

Henry Guildford


Alan Lee Knicely (born May 19, 1955) is an American former professional baseball catcher who played all or parts of eight seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1979 until 1986. He served mainly as a backup catcher for four teams during that time, while also playing some first base and outfield.

Playing career

Astros organization

Early career
Knicely was drafted by the Houston Astros in the third round (63rd overall) of the 1974 Major League Baseball Draft as a pitcher out of Turner Ashby High School in Bridgewater, VA. He slowly moved up through their farm system as far as Double-A, reaching that level in 1977. After going 1–5 with an ERA over 5.00 with the Columbus Astros of the Southern League, his conversion to a position player commenced. The next season, back at Columbus, he played mostly shortstop, but by 1979 he was playing mostly behind the plate.

1979: Breakout season
Knicely played for Columbus once again in 1979, hitting 33 home runs and batting .289. He shared the Southern League Most Valuable Player Award with fellow Astros prospect Danny Heep, and saw action in seven major league games down the stretch, mostly as a pinch hitter, but also playing parts of three games at catcher and one at third base. However, he went 0-for-6 at the plate.

Early 1980s with the Astros
Knicely was promoted a level for the 1980 season, playing for the Triple-A Tucson Toros. He continued to hit well, batting .318 with 105 RBI, but the Astros had Alan Ashby and Luis Pujols ahead of him, and Knicely's defense was not up to par. He was called up once again in September, but his action was limited to a single pinch-hitting appearance.

In 1981, it was back to the Triple-A Toros for Knicely. His defense improved, as he cut his errors in half, and he once again had a good season with the bat, hitting .306 with 96 RBI. Once again, however, Major League time would wait until September's roster expansion. On September 17, he got his first Major League hit, a single against John Urrea of the San Diego Padres. Even then, he did not appear in another game until the final two games of the season. Given a chance, he went 4-for-6 in those two games, with a pair of solo home runs.

Finally, in 1982, Knicely would break camp with the big club, making the roster out of spring training as a right-handed hitter off the bench for the Astros. While Ashby and Pujols were still seeing the majority of the playing time at catcher, Knicely played 23 games there as well as 17 in the outfield. Knicely's minor league batting prowess did not translate to success in the Major Leagues, as he batted just .188 with two home runs in 133 at bats. The following spring, he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for a pair of prospects, reliever Bill Dawley and outfielder Tony Walker.

Mid-1980s with the Reds
Like 1982, Knicely spent all of 1983 in the Major Leagues. With Johnny Bench winding down his career as a third baseman, the Reds employed three catchers that season, and Knicely was the third, behind Dann Bilardello and Alex Treviño. Playing in 59 games, Knicely improved his batting average, but only up to .224. He again hit just 2 home runs in 98 at bats.

After a second disappointing season, Knicely would open the 1984 season back in the minor leagues, this time with the Wichita Aeros of the American Association. In what proved to be the Aeros' final season, Knicely showed that he still had no difficulty mastering minor league pitching. He batted .333 with 33 home runs and 126 RBI in winning the AA's Most Valuable Player award, his second such award in the minors. For his efforts, he won The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award and was given another chance by the Reds that September. However, he managed just four hits in 29 at bats, although he did drive in five runs.

In 1985, Knicely got yet another chance. The Reds, tired of Bilardello's lack of hitting ability, sent the light-hitting catcher to the minors and brought Knicely back to the majors to split time behind the plate with Dave Van Gorder. Knicely responded by setting career bests in most categories, including a .253 batting average, 5 home runs, and 26 RBI. All this earned him, however, was an August trade to the Philadelphia Phillies for veteran catcher Bo Díaz. The Phillies shipped Knicely back to the minors, calling him up for just 7 hitless at bats in September.

Later career
Knicely was released by the Phillies the following spring. Four days later, he joined the St. Louis Cardinals, once again starting the season in the minor leagues. He was called up to the majors in June to play first base as part of an attempt to fill in for the injured Jack Clark. In 34 games, Knicely batted just .195 with a single home run and 6 RBI. He was released on October 31, and after a season in the minor leagues with the Texas Rangers organization, Knicely retired at age 32.

References

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Major League Baseball catchers
Houston Astros players
Cincinnati Reds players
Philadelphia Phillies players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Covington Astros players
Dubuque Packers players
Columbus Astros players
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People from Harrisonburg, Virginia
1955 births
Living people
American Association (1902–1997) MVP Award winners

Alan Knicely


Saint-Maixent-l'École () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Geography
Saint-Maixent-l'École is located in the Haut Val de Sèvre area of western France, about  from Niort and  from La Rochelle. The town sits in a fertile and sheltered south-facing valley with a branch of the River Sevre running through it.

It enjoys a pleasant micro-climate – often being between 2 °C  and 5 °C  warmer than the surrounding hilltops – and sits in a predominantly rural landscape. The town is close to the autoroute networks and is well served by its own station, known to SNCF as 'St. Maixent Deux Sèvres'. SNCF-TGV and TER local trains run to Angoulême, Bordeaux, La Rochelle, Lille, Montauban, Niort, Paris, Poitiers and Tours.

History
The town was founded in 459 by the Oratorian monk, Agapit. Agapit originally named the town Saint Saturnin. He would later be joined by Maixent, a fellow monk in 480. Later, during the Wars of Religion, St. Maixent was cast into the role of 'border town' between the Protestant strongholds around to the west and Catholic France to the east.

Population

Sights
Many of the town's buildings date from 15th century through the early 19th century. The town is home to a large abbey which dominates the skyline. The abbey houses the tombs of St. Maixent and St. Leger.
The limestone that was used for many of the buildings was excavated from an extensive network of (what have become) vaulted cellars. These often extend down for two stories below ground and may be very large.
Oldest secular premises in the town is the ancient Pharmacy on Rue Anatole France which has been undergoing a slow but dedicated restoration of its many hidden features.

Rue Chalon, the pedestrianized main shopping street was extensively rebuilt during the 18th century under the supervision of Count Blossac, Intendant of the Generalitat of Poitou. The entrance to Rue Chalon is signified by an elegant masonry arch (Porte Chalon) and the street beyond presents a pleasantly uniform facade of handsome period buildings with shops, bars and restaurants facing onto the street. The far end of Rue Chalon ends with a prospect of the Abbey. A charming relic of 'Old France' stands on this corner, a former Cordonnerie (shoe repairers) which has survived untouched by modernization of its street facade. Built in the 18th century upon the site of the Abbey Seminary, the extensive 12th-century cellarage below the shop was (probably) originally created by masons seeking out limestone from which the Abbey was constructed.

Rue Churay, just off this street has small public garden which contains the town's war memorial, and is regularly the site of ceremonies of remembrance. Attended by the town band at these affairs also offer an opportunity to see soldiers studying at St. Maixent's famous 'École de l'Armée' in full dress. While unremarkable from the outside, one of the houses opposite the war memorial has a virtually intact lace-maker's house dating from the 12th to 14th centuries in a courtyard at the rear. This unusual survivor from the period when Poitou lace was famous throughout Europe has the large north-light window with stone window-seat typical of its kind.

Economy
The main agricultural products of the region around the town includes corn, sunflowers, flax, tobacco, and wine. Sugar Beet and Charente Melons also feature prominently. The town lies halfway between the Loire Valley and Bordeaux, in close proximity to the Cognac region. There are several specialty goats-milk cheeses produced in the area. The area is home to companies producing agricultural commodities, such as animal feed and vegetable oils.

One of the mainstays of the local economy is the presence of the French Army NCO training school, which runs regular courses for all branches of the Army. There are extensive barracks, some parts dating back to the revolution.

There is a thriving Saturday market on the main street, a Food Hall on the market square, as well as branches of the usual supermarket chains and once a small cinema (L'Hermitage), which closed in 2012. 2014 has seen the opening of a new cultural center, the 'Agapit', which hosts musical and theatrical performances.

Twin towns
The town is twinned with Horsham in the United Kingdom. This fact is marked by the presence of an original red UK telephone kiosk outside the Mairie.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department
Pierre-Marie Poisson
 Aristide DENFERT-ROCHEREAU est né le 11 janvier 1823 à St Maixent l'École. Il a dirigé la défense de la ville de Belfort pendant la guerre franco-allemande de 1870, ce qui lui a valu le surnom de "Lion de Belfort".

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Poitou

Saint-Maixent-l'École