Justin Dwinell (October 28, 1785 Shaftsbury, Bennington County, Vermont – September 17, 1850 Cazenovia, Madison County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Stephen Dwinell (1745–1801) and Susanna (Olin) Dwinell. He attended Williams College, and graduated from Yale College in 1808. Then he studied law in Troy with John D. Dickinson, was admitted to the bar in 1811, and commenced practice in Cazenovia. On September 12, 1813, he married Louise Whipple, and they had nine children, among them California Assemblyman John W. Dwinelle (1816–1881).

Justin Dwinell was member of the New York State Assembly (Madison Co.) in 1820–21 and 1822. He was First Judge of the Madison County Court from 1823 to 1828.

Dwinell was elected as a Crawford Democratic-Republican to the 18th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1823, to March 3, 1825. He was District Attorney of Madison County from 1837 to 1845.

He was buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in Cazenovia, New York.

His last name sometimes appears as "Dwinelle," and that is how it is spelled on his gravestone.

References

The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 71, 197f, 271, 361 and 376; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) [gives wrong listing on pg. 361]
Reminiscences of Louise S. Dwinelle at RootsWeb
The True Genealogy of the Dunnel and Dwinnell family of New England by Henry Gale Dunnel (pages 30 and 47)

External links

1785 births
1850 deaths
Williams College alumni
People from Cazenovia, New York
Yale College alumni
People from Shaftsbury, Vermont
New York (state) state court judges
County district attorneys in New York (state)
Members of the New York State Assembly
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American legislators
19th-century American judges

Justin Dwinell


Port de Grave is a peninsula on Conception Bay (CB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The peninsula contains the communities of Bareneed, Black Duck Pond, Otterbury, Ship Cove, Blow Me Down, Hibb's Cove, Pick Eyes, and Hussey's Cove with a population of approximately 975 (2006). This community is located in the provincial electoral district of Port de Grave. An unincorporated area, for statistics purposes it is called Division No. 1, Subdivision L. The Peninsula is accessible by road via Route 72.

History

The Port de Grave peninsula has been used by Europeans since the 16th century. Some of the first people to have used this land was the French, who used the beaches to dry their catch as they fished off the waters nearby. They named one of the many harbours they used to dry their fish "Graves". By the end of the 16th century the area from Carbonear to Brigus (with Port de Grave in the middle) had become a major area in the English fishery.

Official records indicate that a property in Ship Cove has been occupied since 1595 by the Dawe family which makes this the oldest registered land claim in Newfoundland. By the mid-17th century, Port de Grave had become a leading area in the evolving resident small boat fishery established by "planters" from West Country England. These people established a permanent population which made the peninsula the ancestral home of the Dawe, Butler, Tucker, Mugford, Snow, Porter, Andrews, Webber, Stevens and Anthony families.

During King William's War, the village was destroyed in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. Port de Grave was destroyed by the French again during Queen Anne's War in 1705. During the 1705 raid hostages were taken to try to dislodge the defenders of Carbonear Island. From 1750 to 1850 Port de Grave was the commercial center for the area. Numerous Devonshire and Scottish mercantile houses and Jersey traders were present. Among those were the names of Newmans, Pinsents, MacPhersons, Prowses, Furneaux, Baine, and Johnston.

During the early 19th century a major seal hunting industry had developed, and the population of the community increased to its peak of 1400. After 1880, the population declined due to large steamships now being used for the sealing fishery. After World War II and Confederation, the local inshore fishery expanded rapidly and by the mid 1970s housed 3 fish plants and had major inshore multipurpose fishing fleets. It became known as one of the most prominent and progressive fishing communities in the province.

Port de Grave is still recognized as a very prominent fishing centre today in spite of the 1992 cod moratorium.

Notable people
 Joseph L. Butler - established the Colonial Broadcasting System in 1936. (birthplace)
 Charles Dawe - MP
 John Efford - former Canadian MP, Federal Minister of Natural Resources, and Port de Grave MHA (birthplace)
 Iris Petten - Canadian Senator (birthplace)
 Sir Robert John Pinsent (birthplace)
 Daniel W. Prowse - judge, publicist and author of the History of Newfoundland. (birthplace)

See also
List of lighthouses in Canada
 List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links
Port de Grave official site
 Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard

Populated coastal places in Canada
Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador

Port de Grave


Gitgit Waterfall is a waterfall on Bali, Indonesia. It is located on the north of the Southeast Asian island between the old island capital of Singaraja and the inland village of Munduk. The waterfall is a popular tourist destination in Bali, known for its height and the surrounding foliage and natural swimming pools, accessible by a rocky walking trail. The falls are located in Gitgit Village in the Sukasada District, around  from Singaraja,  from Munduk and  from Denpasar's Ngurah Rai International Airport.

See also
 List of waterfalls

References

External links

Landforms of Bali
Waterfalls of Indonesia
Tourist attractions in Bali

Gitgit Waterfall


Call of Duty is a video game series and media franchise published by Activision, starting in 2003. The games were first developed by Infinity Ward, then by Treyarch and Sledgehammer Games. Several spin-off and handheld games were made by other developers. The most recent title, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II, was released on October 28, 2022. The next title, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III, will be released on November 10, 2023.

The series originally focused on the World War II setting, with Infinity Ward developing Call of Duty (2003) and Call of Duty 2 (2005) and Treyarch developing Call of Duty 3 (2006). Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (2007) introduced a modern setting, and proved to be the breakthrough title for the series, creating the Modern Warfare sub-series; a Modern Warfare remastered version released in 2016. Two other entries, Modern Warfare 2 (2009) and Modern Warfare 3 (2011), were made. The sub-series received a reboot with Modern Warfare in 2019, Modern Warfare II in 2022, and Modern Warfare III in 2023. Infinity Ward have also developed two games outside of the Modern Warfare sub-series, Ghosts (2013) and Infinite Warfare (2016).

Treyarch made one last World War II-based game, World at War (2008), before releasing Black Ops (2010) and subsequently creating the Black Ops sub-series. Four other entries, Black Ops II (2012), Black Ops III (2015), Black Ops 4 (2018), and Cold War (2020) were made, the latter in conjunction with Raven Software. Sledgehammer Games, who were co-developers for Modern Warfare 3, have also developed three titles, Advanced Warfare (2014), Call of Duty: WWII (2017), and Vanguard (2021). They are also the lead developer for Modern Warfare III (2023), the third entry in the Modern Warfare reboot sub-series.

, the series has sold over 400 million copies. Meanwhile, the games in the series have consistently released annually to blockbuster-level sales, the series is verified by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling first-person shooter game series. It is also the most successful video game franchise created in the United States and the fourth best-selling video game franchise of all time. Other products in the franchise include a line of action figures designed by Plan B Toys, a card game created by Upper Deck Company, Mega Bloks sets by Mega Brands, and a comic book miniseries published by WildStorm Productions, and a feature film in development.

Main series

World War II games

Call of Duty

Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game based on id Tech 3, and was released on October 29, 2003. The game was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game simulates the infantry and combined arms warfare of World War II. An expansion pack, Call of Duty: United Offensive, was developed by Gray Matter Studios with contributions from Pi Studios and produced by Activision. The game follows American and British paratroopers and the Red Army. The Mac OS X version of the game was ported by Aspyr Media. In late 2004, the N-Gage version was developed by Nokia and published by Activision. Other versions were released for PC, including Collector's Edition (with soundtrack and strategy guide), Game of the Year Edition (includes game updates), and the Deluxe Edition (which contains the United Offensive expansion and soundtrack; in Europe the soundtrack was not included). On September 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 were released together as Call of Duty: War Chest for PC. Since November 12, 2007, Call of Duty games have been available for purchase via Valve's content delivery platform Steam.

Call of Duty 2

Call of Duty 2 is a first-person shooter video game and the sequel to Call of Duty. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game is set during World War II and is experienced through the perspectives of soldiers in the Red Army, British Army, and United States Army. It was released on October 25, 2005, for Windows, November 15, 2005, for the Xbox 360, and June 13, 2006, for Mac OS X. Other versions were made for mobile phones, Pocket PCs, and smartphones.

Call of Duty 3

Call of Duty 3 is a first-person shooter and the third installment in the Call of Duty video game series. Released on November 7, 2006, the game was developed by Treyarch,and was the first major installment in the Call of Duty series not to be developed by Infinity Ward. It was also the first not to be released on the PC platform. It was released on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and Xbox 360.

Call of Duty: WWII

Call of Duty: WWII is the fourteenth game in the series and was developed by Sledgehammer Games. It was released worldwide on November 3, 2017, for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The game is set in the European theatre, and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division, following their battles on the Western Front, and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord.

Call of Duty: Vanguard

Call of Duty: Vanguard is the eighteenth game in the series and is developed by Sledgehammer Games, with Treyarch developing the game's Zombies mode. It was released on November 5, 2021, for PC, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. The story depicts the birth of special forces to face an emerging threat at the end of the war during various theaters of World War II.

Modern Warfare series

Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare

Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is the fourth installment of the main series and was the first game in the Modern Warfare timeline. Developed by Infinity Ward, it is the first game in the series not to be set during World War II. The game was released for Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has sold over 13 million copies.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a remastered version of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC. The game was developed by Raven Software and executive produced by Infinity Ward.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is the sixth installment of the main series, and the second game in the Modern Warfare timeline. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. Activision Blizzard announced Modern Warfare 2 on February 11, 2009. The game was released worldwide on November 10, 2009, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Windows. A Nintendo DS iteration of the game, titled Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized, was released alongside the game and the Wii port of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare. Modern Warfare 2 is the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4 and continues the same storyline, taking place five years after the first game and featuring several returning characters including Captain Price and "Soap" MacTavish.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered

A visually updated version of the original, it was released for PlayStation 4 on March 31, 2020, and for Xbox One and Windows on April 30, 2020. It only includes the campaign mode with no multiplayer and Spec Ops components. When purchased players can unlock various cosmetic items in 2019's Call of Duty: Modern Warfare and 2020's Call of Duty: Warzone.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 is a first-person shooter video game. It is the eighth installment of the Call of Duty series and the third installment of the Modern Warfare arc. Due to a legal dispute between the game's publisher Activision and the former co-executives of Infinity Ward – which caused several lay-offs and departures within the company – Sledgehammer Games assisted in the development of the game, while Raven Software was brought in to make cosmetic changes to the menus of the game. The game was said to have been in development since only two weeks after the release of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Sledgehammer was aiming for a "bug free" first outing in the Call of Duty franchise, and had also set a goal for Metacritic review scores above 95 percent.

The game continues the story from the point at which it ended in the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and continues the fictional battle story between the United States and Russia, which evolves into the Third World War between NATO allied nations and ultra-nationalist Russia.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare is the sixteenth entry in the Call of Duty series and is also a reboot of the Modern Warfare series. The story has been described to be darker and more realistic than previous Call of Duty games. It is set in the Black Ops timeline, separate from the other Modern Warfare games (however, characters such as Captain Price and other fan favorites from the series make a return). The game was officially revealed on May 30, 2019, and released on October 25, 2019.

The second main battle royale installment in the Call of Duty franchise, titled Call of Duty: Warzone, was released in March 2020, as a part of the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video game but does not require purchase of it. The title exceeded 50 million players in the first month after release.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II

Activision confirmed a sequel to the 2019 Modern Warfare game on February 11, 2022, to be developed by Infinity Ward. The game's logo and title was revealed on April 28, 2022. During Activision's 'Call of Duty NEXT' broadcast on September 15, 2022, the game's multiplayer was fully revealed, along with details on the next version of Warzone and a mobile version of Warzone, both set to launch slightly after Modern Warfare II's launch.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II was released on October 28, with Campaign Early Access for pre-orders on October 20.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III

Black Ops story arc

Call of Duty: World at War

Call of Duty: World at War, developed by Treyarch, is the fifth installment of the main series. Released after Modern Warfare, it returns to the World War II setting of earlier titles, featuring the Pacific theater and Eastern front. The game uses the same proprietary game engine as Call of Duty 4 and was released for the PC, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 consoles and the Nintendo DS handheld in North America on November 11, 2008, and November 14, 2008, in Europe. As of June 2009, Call of Duty: World at War has sold over 11 million copies. It acts as a prologue for Treyarch's next game, Black Ops, which is in the same universe, sharing characters and story references.

Call of Duty: Black Ops

Call of Duty: Black Ops is the seventh installment in the series, the third developed by Treyarch and was published by Activision for release on November 9, 2010. It is the first game in the series to take place during the Cold War and also takes place partially in the Vietnam War. It was initially available for Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 and was later released for the Wii as well as the Nintendo DS.

Call of Duty: Black Ops II

Call of Duty: Black Ops II is the ninth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was revealed on May 1, 2012. It was the first game in the series to feature future warfare technology, and the campaign features multiple branching storylines driven by player choice and multiple endings. It was later released on November 12, 2012.

Call of Duty: Black Ops III

Call of Duty: Black Ops III is the twelfth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was released on November 6, 2015.

Call of Duty: Black Ops 4

Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 is the fifteenth main installment in the series. It was developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was released on October 12, 2018. It was the first featured Call of Duty game to forgo a single-player campaign game mode, focusing only at the multiplayer aspect of the game. The game also introduced an entirely new battle royale game mode, called Blackout, in addition to multiplayer and zombies co-op mode.

Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War

Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War is the seventeenth main installment in the series. It was developed by Treyarch and Raven Software,and published by Activision. The game was released on November 13, 2020. Set during the 1980s and focusing on Soviet and American espionage during the Cold War, the game is chronologically set between Call of Duty: Black Ops and Black Ops II.

Standalone games

Call of Duty: Ghosts

Call of Duty: Ghosts is the tenth main installment in the series and was developed by Infinity Ward. The game was released on November 5, 2013. It was the first game to be developed for eighth-gen consoles such as PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare is the eleventh main installment in the series, developed by Sledgehammer Games with assistance from Raven Software and High Moon Studios. It was released in November 2014. The game was the first game in the series to feature advanced movements, such as double jump and boost slide.

Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare

Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare is the thirteenth main installment in the series, developed by Infinity Ward, and was published by Activision. The game was released on November 4, 2016.

Primary developer rotation
In 2006, Treyarch released Call of Duty 3, their first Call of Duty game of the main series. Treyarch and Infinity Ward signed a contract stating that the producer of each upcoming title in the series would alternate between the two companies. In 2010, Sledgehammer Games announced they were working on a main series title for the franchise. This game was postponed in order to help Infinity Ward produce Modern Warfare 3. In 2014, it was confirmed that Sledgehammer Games would produce the 2014 title, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, and the studios would begin a three-year rotation. After Sledgehammer developed Call of Duty: WWII (2017), they began developing a new Call of Duty entry alongside Raven Software due for release in 2020. However, there were conflicts of interest between the two, which resulted in Treyarch taking over control of the project in order to speed up the development process.

Other games

Console titles

Call of Duty: Finest Hour
Call of Duty: Finest Hour is the first console installment of Call of Duty and was released on the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of the game include an online multiplayer mode which supports up to 32 players. It also includes new game modes.

Call of Duty 2: Big Red One
Call of Duty 2: Big Red One is a spin-off of Call of Duty 2 developed by Treyarch and based on the American 1st Infantry Division's exploits during World War II. The game was released on GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox.

Call of Duty: World at War – Final Fronts
Call of Duty: World at War – Final Fronts is the PlayStation 2 adaptation of Call of Duty: World at War. Developed by Rebellion Developments, Final Fronts features three campaigns involving the U.S. fighting in the Pacific theater, the Battle of the Bulge, and the British advancing on the Rhine River into Germany.

Call of Duty: The War Collection
Call of Duty: The War Collection is a boxed set compilation of Call of Duty 2, Call of Duty 3 and Call of Duty: World at War. It was released for the Xbox 360 on June 1, 2010.

Handheld titles

Call of Duty: Roads to Victory
Call of Duty: Roads to Victory is a PSP game which is a portable spin-off of Call of Duty 3.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized is the Nintendo DS companion game for Modern Warfare 2. Developed by n-Space, the game takes place in the same setting as the main console game but follows a different storyline and cast of characters. Playing as the S.A.S. and the Marines in campaign mode, both forces are trying to find a nuclear bomb.

Call of Duty: Black Ops DS
Call of Duty: Black Ops DS is the Nintendo DS companion game for Black Ops. Developed by n-Space, the game takes place in the same setting as the main console game, but follows a different storyline and cast of characters.

Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified
Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified is a PlayStation Vita Call of Duty game.

Free-to-play titles

Call of Duty Online

Call of Duty Online was announced by Activision when the company first stated their interest in a Massively multiplayer online game (MMO) in early 2011. By then, it had been in development for two years. Call of Duty Online is free-to-play for mainland China and is hosted by Tencent, since Activision had lost the publishing rights to Call of Duty and several other franchises in China due to a legal dispute on most of the gaming consoles (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii).

Call of Duty: Warzone

Call of Duty: Warzone is an online battle royale game developed by Infinity Ward and Raven Software and released by Activision. The game was released on March 10, 2020, as part of Modern Warfare (2019), but can be downloaded without ownership of the former title. The game shares progression with, and uses gameplay items from Modern Warfare, as well as Black Ops Cold War and Vanguard following several integration updates to incorporate content from these titles. Activision has announced that a mobile version of Warzone was in development, slated to be released sometime in the future.

Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0

Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0 is the sequel to Warzone, also developed by Infinity Ward and Raven Software. The game was released on November 16, 2022, as part of a content update for Modern Warfare II. Like the previous iteration, Warzone 2.0 is available for separate download without requiring ownership of Modern Warfare II. In addition to sharing progression with the former title, the game is also linked to Warzone Mobile, a standalone mobile game that incorporates Modern Warfare II gameplay items while played on a separate map.

Mobile titles

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2: Force Recon
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2: Force Recon is the J2ME mobile version of Modern Warfare 2. Developed by Glu Mobile, the game takes place after 5 years Modern Warfare in Mexico.

Call of Duty: World at War – Zombies and Call of Duty: Black Ops – Zombies
Call of Duty: World at War – Zombies is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ideaworks Game Studio and published by Activision for iOS. It is a spin-off of the Call of Duty series and based on the "Nazi Zombies" mode of Call of Duty: World at War. A sequel, Call of Duty: Black Ops – Zombies was released for Android and iOS.

Call of Duty: Strike Team

Call of Duty: Strike Team is a first and third-person shooter game developed by The Blast Furnace and published by Activision for iOS and Android. The game is set in 2020 with players tasked with leading a U.S. Joint Special Operations Team after the country "finds themselves in a war with an unknown enemy".

Call of Duty: Heroes

Call of Duty: Heroes was a real-time strategy game developed by Faceroll Games and published by Activision for Android and iOS.

Call of Duty: Mobile

Call of Duty: Mobile is the franchise's mobile title for iOS and Android developed by Tencent Games' TiMi Studios. It was released on October 1, 2019. Previously, it was first announced on March 18, 2019, at the year's Game Developers Conference. As of October 4, 2019, the game has surpassed over 35 million downloads worldwide.

Call of Duty: Warzone Mobile
Call of Duty: Warzone Mobile is a mobile battle royale game developed by Digital Legends Entertainment in partnership with other Activision studios. The game shares progression with Modern Warfare II, the upcoming Modern Warfare III and Warzone 2.0 and uses their gameplay items but is played on separate maps. The game was released on November 30, 2022 in Australia and March 24, 2023 in Chile, Norway and Sweden, currently in the "Limited Release" phase, with the first map being a ported version of Verdansk, which first appeared in the original Warzone. It will be planned to release worldwide in early 2024.

Canceled titles

Call of Duty: Combined Forces
Call of Duty: Combined Forces was a proposed concept draft originally intended to be a sequel to Call of Duty: Finest Hour. However, due to multiple legal issues that arose between Spark Unlimited, Electronic Arts, and Activision as well as other production problems, the game's draft and scripts never came to be. The game was projected to cost $10.5 million to produce after Finest Hour was complete. Eventually, Activision deemed the pitch as more of an expansion than something entirely new, causing the company to reject the proposal and end their contract with Spark Unlimited shortly after.

Call of Duty: Devil's Brigade
Call of Duty: Devil's Brigade was a canceled first-person shooter for the Xbox 360 developed by Underground Entertainment. The game was set in World War II, mainly focusing on the Italian Campaign.

Call of Duty: Vietnam
Call of Duty: Vietnam was a third-person shooter set during the Vietnam War. It was in development for at least six to eight months at Sledgehammer Games. The development was stopped because Infinity Ward needed help finishing Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 due to the employee firings and departures in 2010.

Call of Duty: Roman Wars
Call of Duty: Roman Wars was a canceled third and first-person video game in the Call of Duty franchise. The game was set in ancient Rome, and allowed players to take control of famous historical figure Julius Caesar, along with "low grunts", and officers of the Tenth Legion. It was eventually canceled, as Activision had uncertainties about branding it as a Call of Duty title.

Other media

Comic books
Modern Warfare 2: Ghost is a six-part comic book mini-series based on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. The storyline focuses on the backstory of the character Simon "Ghost" Riley. The series is published by WildStorm and the first issue was released on November 10, 2009, alongside the game.

Call of Duty: Zombies is a six-part comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics. The series ties in with the Zombies game mode of the Black Ops subseries developed by Treyarch. The series is co-written by Justin Jordan, Treyarch's Jason Blundell and Craig Houston. The series is illustrated by artist Jonathan Wayshak and colorist Dan Jackson. The cover arts are handled by artist Simon Bisley. The series was announced by Treyarch in July 2016, with the first issue slated for release in October. After a slight delay, the first issue was released on October 26, 2016. The five other issues were released in the months of 2017: issue #2 released on January 11, 2017; issue #3 released on March 1, 2017; issue #4 released on April 19, 2017; issue #5 released on June 21, 2017; and issue #6 released on August 23, 2017. A paperback edition containing all six issues was released on November 15, 2017.

Merchandise
The Call of Duty Real-Time Card Game was announced by card manufacturer Upper Deck.

In 2004, Activision, in cooperation with the companies Plan-B Toys and Radioactive Clown, released the "Call of Duty: Series 1" line of action figures, which included three American soldiers and three German soldiers from the World War II era. While the American G.I. action figure was made in 2004, Plan-B Toys later discontinued a controversial Nazi SS Guard action figure based on the Nazi Totenkopf officer seen in Call of Duty.

In 2008, McFarlane Toys announced their partnership with Activision to produce action figures for the Call of Duty series. McFarlane Toys' first series of action figures were released in October 2008 and consists of four different figures: Marine with Flamethrower, Marine Infantry, British Special Ops, and Marine with Machine Gun.

Short films
Find Makarov is a fan-made film that was well received by Call of Duty publishers, Activision, who contacted We Can Pretend and subsequently produced a second short film, Operation Kingfish.

Find Makarov: Operation Kingfish is a fan-made prequel to Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and was first shown at Call of Duty XP. The video was produced by We Can Pretend, with visual effects by The Junction, and was endorsed by Activision. The video tells the story of how Captain Price ended up in a Russian Gulag set before the events of Modern Warfare 2.

Films
On November 6, 2015, upon the release of Black Ops III, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Activision Blizzard launched a production studio called Activision Blizzard Studios and are planning a live action Call of Duty cinematic universe in 2019. On February 16, 2018, it was announced that Stefano Sollima will direct the film. Days later, he told Metro UK that he is considering having both Tom Hardy and Chris Pine as the leads for the film. In an interview with FilmSlash, Sollima stated that the film will be a real soldier movie, not a war movie. On November 27, 2018, it was announced that Joe Robert Cole will be writing the sequel. Filming on the first film was supposed to start filming in Spring 2019 for a 2020 or 2021 release. In February 2020, Sollima revealed in an interview that the film is put on hold saying that it's not Activision's priority.

Esports
The Call of Duty games were used in esports, starting in 2006, alongside the game released at the time, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. Over the years, the series has extended with releases such as Call of Duty: World at War, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Black Ops, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Black Ops II, Call of Duty: Ghosts, and Call of Duty: Mobile. Games are played in leagues like Major League Gaming.

Players can compete in ladders or tournaments. The ladders are divided into several sub ladders such as the singles ladder, doubles ladder, team ladder (3v3 – 6v6) and hardcore team ladder (3v3 – 6v6). The difference between the regular team ladder and the hardcore team ladder is the in-game settings and thus a rule differentiation. Winning ladder matches on a competitive website rewards the user with experience points which add up to give them an overall rank.

The tournaments offered on these websites provide players with the opportunity to win cash prizes and trophies. The trophies are registered and saved on the player's profile if/when they win a tournament, and the prize money is deposited into his or her bank account. Call of Duty: Ghosts was the most competitively played game in 2014, with an average of 15,000 teams participating every season.

For the past 6 seasons in competitive Call of Duty, Full Sail University has hosted a prize giveaway, giving $2,500 to the top team each season. The other ladders give out credits and medals registered on players' profiles. Tournaments hosted on the Call of Duty: Ghostss Arena give cost from 15 to 30 credits, thus averaging at a cost of about $18.75 per tournament. If the player competes with a team, the prize money is divided, and an equal cut is given to each player. Other tournaments with substantial prizes are hosted in specific cities and countries for LAN teams.

The biggest Call of Duty tournament hosted was Call of Duty: Experience 2011, a tournament that began when Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 was released.

Playing Call of Duty competitively is most popular in Europe and North America, with users who participate in tournaments and ladder matches daily.

Activision launched a 12 team Call of Duty League, following a similar city-based franchise structure as the Overwatch League, in January 2020. The league's teams include those from Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Florida, London, Minnesota, New York, Paris, Seattle and Toronto, and with two teams from Los Angeles, OpTic Gaming Los Angeles (now Los Angeles Thieves) and Los Angeles Guerrillas.

Call of Duty Endowment
The Call of Duty Endowment (CODE) is a nonprofit foundation created by Activision Blizzard to help find employment for U.S. military veterans. The first donation, consisting of $125,000, was presented to the Paralyzed Veterans of America.

Co-chairman General James L. Jones is a former U.S. National Security Advisor. Founder Robert Kotick is the CEO of Activision Blizzard. Upon its founding in 2009, the organization announced a commitment to create thousands of career opportunities for veterans, including those returning from the Middle East. Annual awards given by the endowment include the "Seal of Distinction", a $30,000 initial grant given to selected veteran's service organizations. In November 2014, the endowment launched the "Race to 1,000 Jobs" campaign to encourage gamers to donate money to and get involved in organizations that provide veterans with services. , the Call of Duty Endowment had provided around $12 million in grants to veterans' organizations in the United States, which has helped find jobs for 14,700 veterans.

On March 30, 2010, CODE presented 3,000 copies of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, approximately $180,000 in value, to the U.S. Navy. The copies were delivered to over 300 ships and submarines as well as Navy Morale, Welfare, and Recreation facilities worldwide.

Controversies and legal matters

Modern Warfare 2 controversies

Modern Warfare 2 on release had a number of controversial matters. Most significantly, the level "No Russian" had the player experience a massacre of civilians at a Russian airport.

Fallout with Infinity Ward leadership

As Infinity Ward's founders Jason West and Vince Zampella started new contract negotiations to continue developing the Call of Duty Activision around 2007, a number of legal issues arose between Infinity Ward and Activision. Ultimately, West and Zampella were forced out of Infinity Ward, later forming Respawn Entertainment within Electronic Arts. West and Zampella, as well as several Infinity Ward staff that departed the studio alongside them to join Respawn, filed lawsuits against Activision related to unpaid royalties and bonuses.

Trademark infringement claims by AM General
AM General, the manufacturer of the Humvee, sued Activision in 2017 for using the Humvee in multiple Call of Duty games. A federal district judge gave Activision a summary motion in its favor to dismiss the case in April 2020, stating that the purpose of the use of the Humvee in the games, to provide military realism, was quite different from the trademark purpose that AM General had established, for selling to the military.

References

External links

Activision Blizzard franchises
Activision games
Esports games
First-person shooters
Multiplayer online games
Tencent
Third-person shooters
Video game franchises introduced in 2003
Video game franchises
Video games adapted into comics
Windows games
World War II video games

Call of Duty


The University of Arts of Cuba / Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA) was established on 1 September 1976, by the Cuban government as a school for the arts.  Its original structure had three schools: Music, Visual Arts, and Performing Arts.

History
The ISA has four schools, the previous three and one for Arts and Audiovisual Communication Media. There are also four teaching schools in the provinces, one in Camagüey, two in Holguín and one in Santiago de Cuba.

ISA offers pre-degree and post-degree courses, as well as a wide spectrum of brief and extension courses, including preparation for Cuban and foreign professors for a degree of Doctor on Sciences in Art.

Predegree education has increased to five careers: Music, Visual Arts, Theatre Arts, Dance Arts and Arts and Audiovisual Communication Media.

In 1996, the ISA established the National Award of Artistic Teaching, conceived for recognizing a lifework devoted to arts teaching.

Faculty

José Villa Soberón, professor of sculpture
Evelio Tieles, Professor and Consultant Professor of Violin (School of Music)

Alumni

Alexandre Arrechea (1970), Cuban artist and sculptor
Quisqueya Henríquez (born 1966), Cuban-born Dominican Republic multidisciplinary contemporary artist

See also
Cuban National Schools of Art, 1960s predecessor to the ISA

External links
 ISA Universidad de las Artes

Instituto Superior de Arte
Universities in Cuba
Arts in Cuba

Instituto Superior de Arte


Joe Pass (Joseph Anthony Passalacqua, 1929 m. sausio 13 d. Naujajame Brunsvike, Naujasis Džersis, JAV – 1994 m. gegužės 23 d. Los Andžele, Kalifornija) – džiazo gitaristas.

Rinktinių įrašų sąrašas
Solo albumai
 The Stones Jazz
 Virtuoso
 Virtuoso II
 Virtuoso III
 Virtuoso IV
 Virtuoso Live!
 At Montreux Jazz Festival
 Montreux '77 – Live
 I Remember Charlie Parker
 University of Akron Concert
 Blues for Fred
 What Is There to Say
 Songs for Ellen
 Unforgettable
 Blues Dues
 Joe pass guitar interludes psyche jazz lp

Su Oscar Peterson
 A Salle Pleyel
 Porgy and Bess
 The Good Life (with Niels Pedersen)
 The Trio
 The Paris Concert (with Niels Pedersen)
 The Giants (with Ray Brown)
 If You Could See Me Now (with Niels Pedersen, Martin Drew)
 A Tribute to My Friends (with Niels Pedersen, Martin Drew)

Su Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
 Chops
 North sea Nights
 Digital III at Montreux (1979)
 Eximious

Su Ella Fitzgerald
 Take Love Easy (1973)
 Sophisticated Lady
 Fitzgerald and Pass… Again (1976)
 Speak Love (1983)
 Easy Living (1986)
 Gee Baby 'Aint I Good To You (1986)

Su kitais muzikantais
 Sounds of Synanon (with Arnold Ross, Dave Allan, et. al.)
 Moment of Truth (with the Gerald Wilson Orchestra)
 Portraits (with the Gerald Wilson Orchestra)
 On Stage (with the Gerald Wilson Orchestra)
 Somethin' Special (with Les McCann)
 On Time (with Les McCann)
 Jazz As I Feel It (with Les McCann)
 For Django (Joe Pass Quartet, with John Pisano, Jim Hughart, and Colin Bailey)
 Simplicity (Joe Pass Quartet, featuring Clare Fischer)
 Catch Me! (with pianist Clare Fischer, bassist Ralph Pena, and drummer Larry Bunker)
 Brassamba (with Bud Shank)
 Folk 'n' Flute (with Bud Shank)
 Intercontinental (Joe Pass Trio)
 Joe's Blues (with Herb Ellis)
 Jazz Concord (with Herb Ellis, Ray Brown, and Jake Hanna)
 Seven Come Eleven (with Herb Ellis)
 Two for the Road (with Herb Ellis)
 Ira, George And Joe (with John Pisano)
 Summer Nights (with John Pisano)
 Appassionato (with John Pisano)
 Duets (with John Pisano)
 Live at Yoshi's (with John Pisano)
 My Song (with John Pisano)
 Tudo Bem (with Paulinho Da Costa) (1992)

Nuorodos
 Joe Pass solo video su gitara (YouTube)
 Joe Pass

Džiazo atlikėjai
Pass

Joe Pass


Walther Heinrich Wilhelm Ritz (22 February 1878 – 7 July 1909) was a Swiss theoretical physicist. He is most famous for his work with Johannes Rydberg on the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle. Ritz is also known for the variational method named after him, the Ritz method.

Life
Walter Ritz's father Raphael Ritz was born in Valais and was a well-known painter. His mother, born Nördlinger, was the daughter of an engineer from Tübingen. Ritz was a particularly gifted student and attended the municipal lyceum in Sion. In 1897, he entered the polytechnic school in Zurich, where he studied engineering. Soon, he found out that he could not live with the approximations and compromises associated with engineering, and so he switched to the more mathematically accurate physical sciences.

In 1900, Ritz contracted tuberculosis, possibly also pleurisy, which he later died from. In 1901 he moved to Göttingen for health reasons. There he was influenced by Woldemar Voigt and David Hilbert. Ritz wrote a dissertation on spectral lines of atoms and received his doctorate with summa cum laude. The theme later led to the Ritz combination principle and in 1913 to the atomic model of Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr.

In the spring of 1903, he heard lectures by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in Leiden on electrodynamic problems and his new electron theory. In June 1903 he was in Bonn at the Heinrich Kayser Institute, where he found in potash a spectral line that he had predicted in his dissertation. In November 1903, he was in Paris at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. There he worked on infrared photo plates.

In July 1904 his illness worsened and he moved back to Zurich. The disease prevented him from publishing further scientific publications until 1906. In September 1907 he moved to Tübingen, the place of origin of his mother, and in 1908 again to Göttingen, where he became a private lecturer at the university. There he published his work Recherches critiques sur l'Electrodynamique Générale, see below.

As a student, friend or colleague, Ritz had contacts with many contemporary scholars such as Hilbert, Andreas Heinrich Voigt, Hermann Minkowski, Lorentz, Aimé Cotton, Friedrich Paschen, Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein. He was a fellow student of Einstein in Zurich, while he studied there. Ritz was an opponent of Einstein's theory of relativity.

Ritz died in Göttingen and was buried in the Nordheim cemetery in Zurich. The family tomb was lifted on 15 November 1999. His tombstone is in section 17 with the grave number 84457.

Works

Criticism of Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetic theory

Not so well known is the fact that in 1908 Ritz produced a lengthy criticism of Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetic theory, in which he contended that the theory's connection with the luminescent ether (see Lorentz ether theory) made it "essentially inappropriate to express the comprehensive laws for the propagation of electrodynamic actions."

Ritz pointed out seven problems with Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetic field equations:
 Electric and magnetic forces really express relations about space and time and should be replaced with non-instantaneous elementary actions.
 Advanced potentials don't exist (and their erroneous use led to the Rayleigh–Jeans ultraviolet catastrophe).
 Localization of energy in the ether is vague.
 It is impossible to reduce gravity to the same notions.
 The unacceptable inequality of action and reaction is brought about by the concept of absolute motion with respect to the ether.
 Apparent relativistic mass increase is amenable to different interpretations.
 The use of absolute coordinates, if independent of all motions of matter, requires throwing away the time honored use of Galilean relativity and our notions of rigid ponderable bodies.

Instead he indicated that light is not propagated (in a medium) but is projected. This theory, however, is considered to be refuted.

Ritz's method
In 1909 Ritz developed a direct method to find an approximate solution for boundary value problems. It converts the often insoluble differential equation into solution of a matrix equation. It is a theoretical preparatory work for the finite element method (FEM). This method is also known Ritz's variation principle and the Rayleigh-Ritz principle.

Ritz's combination principle

In 1908, Ritz found empirically the Ritz combination principle named after him. After that, the sum or difference of the frequencies of two spectral lines is often the frequency of another line. Which of these calculated frequencies is actually observed was only explained later by selection rules, which follow from quantum mechanical calculations. The basis for this was the spectral line research (Balmer series) by Johann Jakob Balmer.

Honors
The lunar crater Ritz is named after him.

References

 Jean-Claude Pont (ed.) Le Destin Douloureux de Walther Ritz, physicien théoricien de génie, Sion: Archives de l'Etat de Valais, 2012 (= Proceedings of the International Conference in Honor of Walther Ritz's 100th Anniversary).

External links

 Abbreviated Biographical Sketch of Walter Ritz
 Critical Researches on General Electrodynamics, Walter Ritz, 1908, English translation
 Ritz, Einstein and the Emission Hypothesis

1878 births
1909 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from Valais
Relativity critics
Swiss physicists
Tuberculosis deaths in the German Empire
University of Göttingen alumni

Walther Ritz


Christopher G. Hall (born 7 June 1956) is an English-American politician and academic. Hall was the president of the American University in Kosovo and a former state senator from Maine. Hall's background is as a steel and mining executive, but after growing weary of long commutes from Portland, Maine, to New York City, he sought a career change. In 2002, Hall was elected as a Democratic senator in midcoast Maine in a disputed election in which he narrowly defeated Republican Leslie Fossel. He failed to win reelection in 2004, and in 2007 accepted the appointment to lead the American University in Kosovo. In May 2014, Hall was appointed president of International Horizons College in Dubai by its board of trustees.

Career
Hall earned his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees from Oxford University. He spent several years in the mining industry, including as an executive, and was an economics and public policy consultant in Portland, Maine.

He first was elected as member of the Maine House of Representatives in 2000, defeating John C. Harris in the 56th district. In 2002 Hall decided to run for State Senator in the 16th district against Leslie T. Fossel, which he won after a recount. In 2004, Hall ran in the 20th district, losing to Dana L. Dow, which marked the end of his political career.

From 2005 to 2006 Hall taught public policy courses at Central Maine Community College. In 2007, he was offered a position as president of the American University in Kosovo, and held that post until 2012. Hall had a longstanding interest in the Balkans, and had been one of the first Americans to visit Albania in 1990 when it reopened to tourists. In Kosovo, he found that decades of repression and war had left a legacy of setbacks within the educational system, and aspired to use the American University in Kosovo to help train the country's next generation of leaders.

Following his departure from Kosovo in 2012, Hall was named interim president of the York County Community College in Maine. In May 2014, he was appointed president of International Horizons College in Dubai.

Personal life
Hall was married to the late Jacqueline Wardell, who ran a community bank in Maine that provided small business loans to women and minorities.

References

1956 births
Living people
People from Coventry
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
RIT Kosovo
Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Democratic Party Maine state senators
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Columbia Business School alumni
Politicians from Portland, Maine
21st-century American politicians

Chris Hall (university president)


Maryse Holder (October 19, 1940 – September 1977) was an American memoirist and feminist writer, who was the author of Give Sorrow Words. The book was published posthumously in 1979 by Grove Press, with an introduction by feminist author Kate Millett, after Holder was murdered in Mexico in 1977, at age 36.

Early life
Maryse Holder was born in Paris on October 19, 1940. Her mother, a member of the French Resistance, died in a concentration camp after being sent to Nazi Germany by the Vichy government. She came to America with her father when she was seven years old, as a stateless person.

Education
Holder was a graduate student at Cornell University, where she studied under Paul de Man, and a PhD candidate in Comparative Literature at City University of New York.

Career and publications
After being dismissed as a professor at City University in a mass firing, due to New York city fiscal problems, Holder decided to pursue a life exploring sexual adventure in Mexico. While in Mexico, she wrote a series of letters describing her experiences to Edith Jones, a friend in New York City, from which she hoped to "wring a masterpiece from my life." Following Holder's brutal murder in Mexico under mysterious circumstances, the letters became the basis for the book Give Sorrow Words: Maryse Holder's Letters from Mexico. It was adapted to film in 1987, under the title A Winter Tan.

References

1940 births
1977 deaths
American feminist writers
20th-century American memoirists
American women memoirists
Cornell University alumni
City University of New York alumni
City University of New York faculty

20th-century American women writers
French emigrants to the United States
American women academics
1970s murders in Mexico

Maryse Holder


Jonathan Nelson (born May 6, 1988) is a former American football safety for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

Early years
Nelson attended Summit High School in Arlington, Texas. He was a three-year starter at cornerback. According to his coaches opponents threw away from his side of the field and as a result he ended the season with only one interception. The previous season he made 40 tackles and recovered four fumbles and recorded one interception. Nelson was a sprinter on the track team.

College career

In his first year at Oklahoma, he redshirted the 2006 season. As a redshirt freshman in 2007, Nelson played in just two games due to injury. As a sophomore, he played on special teams, making seven tackles on the season. Nelson began the 2009 season as a nickel back, but started the final three games of the season and recorded 46 tackles and three interceptions. He was chosen honorable mention All-Big 12. After spending his career as a backup, Nelson broke out as a senior, making 102 tackles, breaking up seven passes and intercepting two more. He was rewarded by being selected All-Big 12 Honorable Mention for the second consecutive season.

Professional career

2011 NFL Draft

St. Louis Rams
Nelson was drafted with the 229th pick in the 2011 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 3, 2011, but was re-signed to the team's practice squad on September 4. He was released from the practice squad on September 13.

Carolina Panthers
Nelson was signed to the Panthers' practice squad on November 16, 2011. He was promoted to the active roster by the Carolina Panthers on December 23, 2011. He appeared in the final two games of the regular season, recording nine tackles and one interception in the games combined. In week 16 of the 2011 season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers he was named the NFC Defensive Rookie of the Week after recording seven tackles and one interception.

References

External links
 Oklahoma Sooners bio

1988 births
Living people
Players of American football from Texas
Oklahoma Sooners football players
American football safeties
St. Louis Rams players
Carolina Panthers players

Jonathan Nelson (American football)


Mahlon Brewster Smith (June 26, 1919 – August 4, 2012) was an American psychologist and past president of the American Psychological Association. His career included faculty appointments at Vassar College, New York University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Chicago and University of California, Santa Cruz. Smith had been briefly involved with the Young Communist League as a student at Reed College in the 1930s, which resulted in a subpoena by the U.S. Senate in the 1950s. That activity caused him to be blacklisted by the National Institute of Mental Health for ten years without his knowledge.

Smith testified against segregation in schools as an expert witness in the Brown v. Board of Education case; the scope and scientific basis for Smith's testimony have been the subjects of controversy. He was the vice president of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, the group whose recommendations led to the deinstitutionalization of most of the mentally ill in the United States. In 1961, he helped to interview and select the first group of Peace Corps volunteers.

Smith authored several notable works in social psychology, and a collection of his works was published in 2003. He was editor of two major psychological journals and was the recipient of numerous awards, including the Kurt Lewin Award from the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest. Smith died in 2012 after a brief illness.

Early life
Mahlon Brewster Smith was born on June 26, 1919, in Syracuse, New York. When he was a child, his family moved to Oregon after his father became a dean at Oregon State University. Smith enrolled at Reed College at the age of 16 and attended for two years. He earned undergraduate and master's degrees from Stanford University, then started a doctoral program at Harvard University before being drafted into the U.S. Army.

In the military, Smith tested and interviewed personnel, earning a Bronze Star and being promoted to major. Smith's experiences during World War II inspired his future involvement in a movement known as peace psychology. He returned to Harvard and finished graduate school in 1947.

Career
After graduation from Harvard, Smith was a professor and department chair at Vassar College. He then worked for the Social Science Research Council for several years. Between 1956 and 1959, Smith taught at New York University and headed the psychology graduate program. He moved to the University of California, Berkeley. In 1961, he interviewed and helped to select the first group of Peace Corps volunteers; he traveled to Ghana to visit them multiple times.

Smith directed Berkeley's Institute of Human Development from 1965 to 1968. After serving as department head at the University of Chicago for two years, Smith came to the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. He was dean of social sciences for five years, then was a professor of psychology until his retirement in 1988. At UC Santa Cruz, he influenced a focus on social justice in the social psychology program.

Young Communist League involvement
In the 1950s, Smith was subpoenaed to appear before a U.S. Senate committee on Communist activities. While Smith was enrolled at Reed College in the mid-1930s, he had become involved with the Young Communist League. He ceased his involvement with the organization in the late 1930s, but he later found out that he had been on a National Institute of Mental Health blacklist for ten years.

Organizational leadership
Smith served as president of the American Psychological Association (APA). He also led or founded several APA sections, including the Division on Humanistic Psychology, the Division on Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) and the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence. Smith served stints as editor for the Journal of Social Issues and the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. He was the president of Psychologists for Social Responsibility for the two years before his retirement.

Brown v. Board of Education
In 1954, Smith provided expert testimony in Brown v. Board of Education which characterized segregation as "inherently an insult to the integrity of the individual". Smith was one of several social scientists who testified in favor of integration during the four trials that were combined into Brown. Henry Garrett, a former APA president and professor at Columbia University, was the only psychologist who testified for the state. He characterized Smith's testimony as naïve and said that psychologists like Smith had stepped outside of social science when testifying on the effects of segregation.

The testimony of Smith and his colleagues has been the subject of ongoing controversy. University of Colorado professor John P. Jackson Jr. writes, "Within 40 years, what was once viewed as psychology's greatest achievement in social engineering has been proclaimed a miserable failure. The psychologists involved in Brown are often viewed as liberal reformers who masked their political wishes in the guise of social science."

Historian James T. Patterson says that the evidence for their testimony was "dubious and subject to different interpretations... The fact of the matter was that in 1954 there simply did not exist sufficient research that could 'prove' whether any particular racial mix in schools was superior – or in what ways – to any other." Jackson argues that segregationist writers of the time "succeeded in framing the issues in a manner that put the actions of the social scientists in the worst possible light."

Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health
Smith was the vice president of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, an independent organization created by the United States Congress in 1955 to study the care of the nation's mentally ill. The group's final report is thought to have influenced legislation that led to the deinstitutionalization of the American mentally ill. The report, Action for Mental Health (1961), advocated for community-based mental health care. It recommended that no mental hospitals should be constructed with more than 1,000 beds and that existing hospitals of greater than 1,000 beds should be converted to centers treating chronic physical and mental conditions.

By the 1980s, the group's report was criticized for leading to deinstitutionalization in large numbers without establishing sufficient community resources for the mentally ill and for the subsequent overreliance on psychiatric drugs. Charles Schlaifer, a member of the group, said that he later became frustrated because "tranquilizers became the panacea for the mentally ill... Local mental health centers were going to be the greatest thing going, but no one wanted to think it through." Smith admitted that "extravagant claims were made for the benefits of shifting from state hospitals to community clinics. The professional community made mistakes and was overly optimistic, but the political community wanted to save money."

Later life
Smith received the 1986 Kurt Lewin Award from SPSSI; the award recognizes "outstanding contributions to the development and integration of psychological research and social action". In 1988, he received the APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest. Smith was active in social psychology even after his retirement from UC Santa Cruz.

The Western Psychological Association awarded Smith its first Lifetime Service Award in 1996. In 2003, he published For a Significant Social Psychology: The Collected Writings of M. Brewster Smith. In 2006, SPSSI recognized him again with its Award for Distinguished Theoretical and Philosophical Contributions to Psychology. He died in Santa Cruz on August 4, 2012, after a brief hospital stay.

Selected works

Books
The American Soldier
Opinions and Personality (1956)
Humanizing Social Psychology (1974)
Values, Self and Psychology (1991)
For a Significant Social Psychology: The Collected Writings of M. Brewster Smith (2003)

Journal articles
McCarthyism: A Personal Account, Journal of Social Issues, 1986.

References

External links
 Photographs of M. Brewster Smith from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections

Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Reed College alumni
Stanford University alumni
New York University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Vassar College faculty
Peace Corps people
1919 births
2012 deaths
Peace psychologists

M. Brewster Smith


A precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach. It is generally located on the left-hand side of the runway approximately 300 meters beyond the landing threshold of the runway.

Design and installation
A typical engineering design specification for a PAPI light unit is shown below:

Optical construction:
 2 lamps for redundancy
 Anodized aluminium reflectors.
 Red color filter.
 1 or 2 lenses.
 Lamps and reflectors replaceable without recalibration.

Each light unit consists of one or more light sources, red filters and lenses. A color filter may not be necessary with colored LED lights. Each light unit emits a high-intensity beam. The lower segment of the beam is red, and the upper part is white. The transition between the two colours must take place over an angle not greater than three minutes of arc. This characteristic makes the color change very conspicuous, a key feature of the PAPI signal. To form the PAPI guidance signal, the color transition boundaries of the four units are fixed at different angles. The lowest angle is used for the unit furthest from the runway, the highest for the unit nearest to the runway. The designated glideslope is midway between the second and third light unit settings.

A PAPI installation consists of a bar of four units. Units should be frangible but not susceptible to jet blast. The inner edge of the PAPI installation should be situated 15 meters from the runway edge, and not closer than 14m to any runway or taxiway. The units should be spaced 9m apart. An abbreviated system, A-PAPI, can be used for some categories of aircraft operations. It consists of two units with the inner unit located 10m from the runway edge.

The PAPI should be located on the left-hand side of the runway at right angles to the runway center line, although can be located on the right-hand side of the runway if required. The red lights are always on the side closest to the runway. If the PAPI is on the right-hand side of the runway (non-standard), the red lights will be on the left. At some locations PAPIs are installed on both sides of the runway but this level of provision is beyond the requirements of ICAO.

The optimum distance from the runway threshold depends on the wheel clearance over the threshold of the types of aircraft expected to land on the runway; compatibility with non-visual glide paths such as ILS down to the minimum possible range and height; and any difference in elevation between the PAPI installation and the runway threshold. This optimum distance may be adjusted depending on runway length and obstacle clearance. Harmonisation between PAPIs and an ILS system must take into account the distance between eye height and ILS receiver height for various aircraft.

For a typical 3 degree approach slope, PAPI lights should be angled as follows: 3°30', 3°10', 2°50', 2°30' (3.50°, 3.17°, 2.83°, 2.50°).

Interpretation

The ratio of white to red lights seen is dependent on the angle of approach to the runway. Above the designated glide slope a pilot will see more white lights than red; below the ideal angle more red lights than white will be seen. At the optimum approach angle the ratio of white to red lights will be equal, for most aircraft.

Student pilots in initial training may use the mnemonic
 WHITE on WHITE - "Check your height" (or "You're gonna fly all night") (too high)
 RED on WHITE – "You're all right"
 RED on RED – "You're dead" (too low)
until they are used to the lights' meaning.

PAPIs are calibrated relative to the Minimum Eye Height over Threshold (MEHT). For certain aircraft with a low pilot eye height, the pilot will see a "slightly low" indication even though they are on the ILS glideslope. Pilot eye height is usually above the ILS receiver antenna. Concorde had a particularly high eye height because the main undercarriage was so far behind the cockpit, so the pilots needed to land with a "slightly high" indication.

The light characteristics of all light units are identical. In good visibility conditions the guidance information can be used at ranges up to  by day and night. At night the light bars can be seen at ranges of at least .

PAPI systems are readily available from airfield lighting manufacturers worldwide. PAPI is normally operated by air traffic control (ATC). If ATC services are not normally provided at an aerodrome, PAPI along with other airport lights may be activated by the pilot by keying the aircraft microphone with the aircraft's communication radio tuned to the CTAF or dedicated pilot controlled lighting (PCL) frequency.

History
The precision approach path indicator system was first devised in 1974 by Tony Smith and David Johnson at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Bedford, England. It took them a further two years to fully develop the technology. Engineering firm Research Engineers (RE) were also heavily involved in the project, having produced and supplied PAPI units for the first trials that were conducted. The same design is still in use today.

Smith and Johnson's work was honoured by a commendation from the RAE, a Fellowship from the Aeronautical Society, an award from the American Flight Safety Foundation, and a Gold Medal from the British Guild of Air Pilots.

PAPIs were used by NASA's Space Shuttle for its safe landing, for which Johnson was interviewed by UK local news media and TV.

An earlier glideslope indicator system, the visual approach slope indicator (VASI), only provided guidance down to heights of  whereas PAPI provides guidance down to flare initiation (typically ).

2008 saw the advent of new PAPI devices manufactured using solid state LED lamps instead of incandescent lamps. The LEDs produce sufficient brightness to satisfy ICAO light intensity and beamspread standards, and average lifetime with the LED based systems is 50,000 hours or more. By using LEDs, the device's power consumption is lowered considerably. The LED systems run internally on DC voltage, so the DC voltage requirements, along with the LEDs' inherently low power consumption, now allow for solar-powered PAPIs, enabling them to function completely independently of a power grid.

The PAPI system is co-opted for use by the Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS) system being introduced by several major airports in the United States for the purpose of allowing pilots to resolve a runway incursion without requiring a priori notice of an occupied runway from the control tower. In FAROS, automated line-of-sight runway sensors detect if a vehicle has committed a runway incursion, and if so, will flash the PAPI lights to alert the pilot of an aircraft on final approach that the runway is currently occupied. The pilot then becomes responsible for resolving the conflict by notifying the air traffic controller and executing a go-around. Once the tower has ascertained that the runway has been cleared, the ground controller resets the PAPI so that landing operations may resume normally.

See also
 Approach lighting system (ALS)
 Pilot controlled lighting (PCL)
 Visual approach slope indicator (VASI)
 Runway end identifier lights (REIL)
 Runway edge lights (HIRL, MIRL, LIRL)
 Optical landing system
 Leading lights
 Instrument landing system  (ILS)

References

Airport lighting
Types of final approach (aviation)

Precision approach path indicator


A jubilee is an anniversary of an event. It usually marks the 25th, 40th, 50th, 60th, or the 70th anniversary. In modern times, many monarchs have jubilees to celebrate a number of years that they have been on the throne. For example, in 2023, Carl XVI Gustaf is celebrating his Golden Jubilee (50 years).

Types of Jubilees

 Silver jubilee, for a 25th anniversary.
 Ruby jubilee, for a 40th anniversary.
 Golden jubilee, for a 50th anniversary.
 Diamond jubilee, for a 60th or 75th anniversary.
 Sapphire jubilee, for a 65th anniversary.
 Platinum jubilee, for a 70th anniversary.

Events

Jubilee


8 Guys is a short film written and directed by American comedian Dane Cook. It was released in 2003, and was produced by Barry Katz and Brian Volk-Weiss. In addition to Cook, the film features Alonzo Bodden, Jay Davis, John DiResta, Rusty Dooley, Gary Gulman, Robert Kelly, Kathleen Luong, and Wayne Previdi.

Plot
Eight men share a tiny studio apartment in an anonymous American city. Dane angrily reminds his roommates that the apartment was meant for only one person, and that their landlord would evict them if he knew how many people were actually living there. None of the roommates will leave voluntarily, so Dane proposes a game to determine who will leave the apartment. The rules of the game are as follows: The first seven roommates to receive phone calls have to move out of the apartment. All incoming calls to the apartment will be screened through the answering machine. The speaker must pronounce a roommate's name clearly in order for it to count. In addition to moving out, the eliminated roommate must leave his most prized possession behind. The last remaining roommate wins sole occupancy of the apartment.

Cast
 Alonzo Bodden
 Jay Davis
 John DiResta
 Rusty Dooley
 Gary Gulman
 Robert Kelly
 Kathleen Luong
 Wayne Previdi

References

External links

2003 films
American independent films
American short films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Dane Cook
2003 independent films
2000s American films

8 Guys


Deep Springs Valley is a high desert valley in the Inyo-White Mountains of Inyo County, California. It is east of the Owens Valley and the Sierra Nevada mountain range, and south of Fish Lake Valley, Nevada, near the California-Nevada state border.

California State Route 168 connects it to the Owens and Fish Lake valleys, crossing Westgard Pass to the west and Gilbert Pass to the north. To the northwest lies White Mountain Peak. To the east lies Eureka Valley, connected via Soldier Pass in the Piper Mountain Wilderness, which can be traversed on horseback but not by automobile.

Geography

Deep Springs Lake is a playa, a seasonal salt lake, generally drying in the summer to produce a salt pan, with surface water replenished in late spring with flows from nearby springs and snowmelt that travels the length of the valley from Wyman and Crooked creeks, which enter from the north. Birds, and birdwatchers, flock to the Lake during the spring and fall migrations. Surrounding the lake are numerous springs, some artesian, which gave the valley its name.

The springs are home to the Deep Springs Black Toad (Bufo exsul, or "exile toad"), an endemic species that occurs only in Deep Springs Valley. Although the population in Antelope Springs was once thought to be introduced, a genetics study published in 2009 found that there was not strong similarity to the perceived source population and this population likely occurs naturally.  The population of toads, however, appears to be stable, despite the presence of cattle that graze around the lake during the winter and spring.

Geology
On the hillsides of the southwestern end of the valley, lie the Poleta Folds, a distinctly visible example of crustal folding frequently studied by geology students from the University of California and California State University educational systems. The intensely folded and clearly visible layers comprise the Cambrian-aged Poleta formation. Several complex fault systems add to the challenge for geology students to unravel the area's history. The Poleta Folds field area is revered as one of the most complexly folded and faulted areas in California and has been used by generations of undergraduate-level geology students around the United States and Canada. During a typical summer one can often find near-established trails leading to the best outcrops.

Also easily visible at the base of the Inyo Mountains, in the southwestern end of the valley behind Deep Springs Lake, is a sizable dip-slip fault. Researchers showed that the most recent fault scarp had an average displacement of  along a  section of the fault. With an estimated rupture area of 345 km2, the event was calculated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and was estimated to have occurred about 1,800 years ago. The fault is still active, but studies suggest that it slips about every 4000 years. Deep Springs Lake is at . At 4905 elevation, the lake is intermittently filled and actively precipitating dolomite, understood to rarely occur in such conditions.

Population
It is the home of Deep Springs College, a nontraditional two-year liberal arts institution with about 26 students. There are also ruins of an early small mining establishment, White Mountain City, in the northwest corner of the valley.

See also
 Eureka Valley, Inyo County
 Eureka Valley Sand Dunes
 Swallenia
 Oenothera californica
 Category: Flora of the California desert regions

References

External links
  – populated place ()

Valleys of the Mojave Desert
Valleys of Inyo County, California
Saline lakes of the United States
Salt flats of California
Inyo Mountains
White Mountains (California)
Valleys of California

Deep Springs Valley


Judah David Bleich (born August 24, 1936 in Tarrytown, New York) is an authority on Jewish law and ethics, including Jewish medical ethics. He is a professor of Talmud (rosh yeshiva) at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University, as well as head of its postgraduate institute for the study of Talmudic jurisprudence and family law. At Yeshiva University, he holds the Herbert and Florence Tenzer Chair in Jewish Law and Ethics. He also teaches at Cardozo Law School. He is married to Dr. Judith Bleich, a historian of 19th-century European Jewry.

Bleich brings an Orthodox perspective to governmental deliberations on bioethics. For example, in 1988 he served on the NIH Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel and testified before Congress on the Pain Relief Promotion Act. In 1984, New York Governor Mario Cuomo appointed Bleich to the Governor's Commission on Life and the Law.

Early life and education
Bleich is the older of two sons of Rabbi Manning H. Bleich and his wife Beatrice. He attended public elementary school and received private tutoring on Jewish subjects. Later, he studied in Yeshiva Torah Vodaath and Beis Medrash Elyon, under Rabbi Elya Chazan. From 1958–1962, he attended the Kollel in Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim of Radun. He received a bachelor's degree from Brooklyn College in 1960, a master's degree from Columbia University in 1968, and a PhD from New York University in 1974.

Bleich is a Woodrow Wilson Fellow, a postdoctoral fellow at the Hastings Center, and fellow of the Academy of Jewish Philosophy. He received rabbinic ordination from Yeshiva Torah Vodaath, and advanced ordination ("Yadin Yadin") from Rabbis Moshe Feinstein and Mendel Zaks.

Bleich was a close student of the late Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky.

Publications
Bleich is the author of Contemporary Halakhic Problems (seven volumes); Bioethical Dilemmas: A Jewish Perspective (two volumes); Jewish Bioethics (a collection of essays, which he co-edited with Fred Rosner); With Perfect Faith: Foundations of Jewish Belief; Time of Death in Jewish Law; Judaism and Healing; The Philosophical Quest; and DNA in Halakhah.  He has written a book about the blessing on observing the sun return to the original position it occupied at creation (Bircas Hachamah, updated in 2009: ).  In Hebrew, he has published Be-Netivot ha-Halakhah (four volumes). His Ph.D. thesis is Providence in the late medieval Jewish philosophy (NYU, 1974). He has written extensively on the applications of Jewish law to contemporary social issues and on the interface of Jewish law and the American legal system. He serves as the long-standing contributor of the survey of halakhic literature for Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought.

Yeshiva University
Bleich holds the position of rosh kollel for the Yadin Yadin Kollel (Institute for the Study of Jewish Monetary Law) in Yeshiva University. Additionally, he gives a Chullin/Yoreh Deah course (Jewish dietary laws) in RIETS, as well as a few courses in Jewish Philosophy in IBC.

Yorkville Synagogue

Bleich has been the rabbi (Jewish spiritual leader) of the Yorkville Synagogue, located in Manhattan for over 45 years. He teaches Talmud classes on Shabbat. He also teaches Jewish halakhic or philosophical issues in a program every other Sabbath.  The topic usually is related to the subject matter of the weekly Torah portion.

References

External links
Rabbi Bleich's recorded Torah lectures
Articles by J. David Bleich on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive at NYU Wagner
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
Yorkville Synagogue

American Haredi rabbis
Brooklyn College alumni
Columbia University alumni
New York University alumni
Beth Medrash Elyon alumni
Yeshiva University rosh yeshivas
Jewish ethicists
Jewish medical ethics
People from Tarrytown, New York
Living people
1936 births
Authors of books on Jewish law

J. David Bleich


Smedmore House is a country house near Kimmeridge, Dorset, in England. It was originally built by Sir William Clavell around 1620, partially rebuilt by Edward Clavell around 1700, and greatly augmented by George Clavell around 1760. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is not normally open to the public, although there are regular open days and the House can be rented or hired for functions.

History

The manor of Smedmore, near Kimmeridge, had historically belonged to the Smedmore family, however they sold it to William Wyot in 1392. Around 1426 it passed into the Clavell family with the marriage of William's granddaughter Joanna to John Clavell. The Clavells also inherited the manor of Barneston, near Church Knowle, from Joanna's cousin John de Stoke, and it was Barneston that was to be their main residence for the next 200 years.

John Clavell's descendant Sir William Clavell (1568–1644) earned his knighthood fighting in Ireland for Elizabeth I against the Earl of Tyrone. On his return to England he engaged in various projects to exploit the oil shale found in the cliffs near Kimmeridge. Initially he attempted the production of alum, but this infringed a monopoly granted by James I, and his works were confiscated. He then set up works for the production of glass and salt, using the shale as fuel. The chief disadvantage of burning shale was the smell - one of Clavell's neighbours compared it to a "close stool". In order to be closer to — but upwind of — these works Sir William set about building a new house  at Smedmore. However, along with the losses incurred from his alum works, this proved to be ruinously expensive and he ran up debts of some £20,000. He was therefore forced to sell much of the land he had inherited, including Barneston.

Sir William married Mabel Roper, a great-granddaughter of Sir Thomas More, but the marriage proved childless. His heir was therefore his nephew John Clavell, who had gained notoriety as a highwayman but fame as a poet. Sir William therefore effectively disinherited all of his immediate family, and left Smedmore House to a distant cousin, Roger Clavell of Langcotes, near Winfrith Newburgh.

Roger died in 1686, having outlived all his sons. Smedmore therefore passed to his grandson, Edward Clavell (1675–1738). He had been born in Cossimbazar in Bengal, where his father, Walter Clavell (1639–1677), had been a merchant for the East India Company. Edward partially rebuilt the house, and was succeeded by his sons: firstly Edward (1721–1744) and then George (1725–1774). George made considerable alterations to the house, including building the current frontage. On his death, it passed to his nephews, the sons of his sister Margaret and her husband William Richards: firstly George Richards (1755–1817) and then Rev. John Richards (1759–1833). Each of these adopted the name of Clavell upon inheriting Smedmore House.

John Clavell-Richards, who had previously been the rector of Church Knowle, is chiefly remembered for building the Clavell Tower, a folly on the cliff-top near Kimmeridge which was relocated and restored in 2008. After his death there was a court case that invalidated his alleged will. Instead a deal between his surviving Heirs-in-Law ensured that Smedmore House remained in the family, under the ownership of his niece, Louisa Pleydell (1790–1863), and her husband, Lieutenant Colonel John Mansel (1776–1863). It has remained in the Mansel family ever since, the present owner being the historian Philip Mansel — a direct descendant of the William Wyot who bought Smedmore over 600 years ago.

References

External links
 Official site

Country houses in Dorset
Grade II* listed buildings in Dorset
Grade II* listed houses
1620 establishments in England
Mansel family

Smedmore House


City Lights is a British comedy-drama broadcast on ITV starring Robson Green and Mark Benton. The show is a sequel to the 2006 series Northern Lights (a spin-off of the Christmas special Christmas Lights), and a prequel to the 2008 TV film Clash of the Santas.

Plot
As in the previous series, Green and Benton play Colin Armstrong and Howie Scott, two best friends since childhood who are married to two sisters, Jackie (played by Nicola Stephenson) and Pauline (played by Siân Reeves). The series commences with the two friends being the only witnesses to a gangland shooting, and after the police fail to catch the culprit, and the families' houses are set alight, the families are forced to go on the witness protection programme, which relocates them to London. They are forced to change their names, with Colin choosing Brad Shearer, a reference to Newcastle United F.C. player Alan Shearer, and Howie choosing the name Duncan Carr, not realising he didn't have to stick to the suggestion list. He requests a change of name but it's too late. He decides to get people to call him by his middle name which is Wayne but then realises that it now sounds like the curse word 'wanker'.

It is also revealed that Pauline is having an affair with a workmate, although Howie is unaware of this. This develops later in the series as, separated from her lover, she develops an attraction to the police officer who first dealt with their case, DS Tate, failing to realise that he is being blackmailed by the criminal who is after the two families, Sweeney, who has bought up his gambling debts.

As the problems between the two families worsen, Colin and Howie make numerous accidental references to others that reveal their true names and origins. Both of their relationships with their wives also become strenuous, after it is revealed that Colin was married prior to marrying Jackie, yet never revealed the fact to her. Howie is also in trouble as he was best man at the wedding and failed to disclose the fact to Jackie or Pauline.

While Jackie forgives Colin, Howie and Pauline's relationship seems to be over after she disappears without trace, spending the day with DS Tate, unaware that he is revealing her location to Sweeney. However, DS Tate changes his mind and decides not to take her to an agreed meeting place with Sweeney. Pauline phones Howie to tell him that their relationship is over, unaware that her call is being listened to by the police, who believe that she has been kidnapped.

Pauline then spends the night with Tate, giving him the opportunity to read her address from a piece of paper in her handbag. Meanwhile, Howie and Colin become traffic wardens, and Colin accidentally gives his influence David Ginola a parking ticket. Partially as a result of this, they resign their positions as traffic wardens and Colin buys a large quantity of gardening equipment, proposing that they set up a landscape gardening business.

After discovering that Pauline is having an affair, Howie trails her to a hotel where she is with DS Tate, however, they are caught and kidnapped by Sweeney's thugs. They are taken before Sweeney, who demands they return the drugs they 'stole' from him. Howie and Colin lead Sweeney's thugs on a false trail to find the drugs.

The Police find out that the person Pauline has been contacting is DS Tate, and immediately interrogate her about it. Meanwhile, Sweeney's thugs take Howie and Colin back to Sweeney's caravan, where DS Tate is waiting for them, ready to shoot them both. DS Tate, Howie and Colin escape after fooling Sweeney's thugs into thinking Tate actually shot them (He poured tomato ketchup over them to make it look like blood). One of the thugs kills the other, and claims that he will make it look like the thug and Tate shot each other - "After all, you were shagging the big guy's wife." Howie and Colin hear this, overpower the thug and take his gun, before throwing him into the back of a nearby car. They drive to the airfield where Sweeney is about to leave in a plane, and mistakenly stop the wrong plane, however, the police arrive and stop the plane carrying Sweeney. Tate is arrested for conspiring to kidnap, and Colin and Howie return to the safe house. However, Colin collapses and it transpires that after Sweeney's thug kicked him earlier, he had a ruptured spleen. Colin thinks he's been given the 'snip', however, it is explained that he had a splenectomy and is not able to have the 'snip'. Jackie reveals that she is pregnant and Colin and Howie decide to stay in London.

Episodes

References

External links

 City Lights at The Robson Green Web Site

2000s British comedy-drama television series
2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
British comedy-drama television shows
English-language television shows
ITV comedy
ITV television dramas
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows set in London
Television shows set in Manchester

City Lights (2007 TV series)


The Peugeot Type 105 was a large vehicle unveiled by Peugeot in 1908.  The available body styles included double phaéton, landaulet, limousine, and sport.  However, most were built as closed-top limousines.  Total production lasted less than two years and saw the production of 23 units.  Low production numbers and many available styles ensured almost complete uniqueness of each Type 105.

Performance
The engine was the first from Peugeot with six cylinders — an enormous 11.1 L straight-6 which produced a not inconsiderable , more powerful than the contemporary Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost and virtually all other vehicles on the market at the time.  Despite the vehicle's bulk, its engine rendered it capable of more than , a likewise stellar figure for the time.

References
Peugeot Car Models from 1889 to 1909
Company history of the Type 105

Type 105
Cars introduced in 1908
Brass Era vehicles

Peugeot Type 105


The Daily Pilot is a daily newspaper published by the Los Angeles Times to serve the communities of Sunset Beach, Huntington Beach, Fountain Valley, Newport Beach, Costa Mesa and Laguna Beach in Orange County, California.

The Daily Pilot is one of the publications of Times Community News, which is a subsidiary of the Los Angeles Times.

History
Started in 1907 as a weekly newspaper named the Newport News, the paper was originally purchased by the Times''' parent company, Times Mirror, in 1961. Ingersoll Publications bought the paper in 1982. Adams Communications bought the Pilot in 1988, but sold it to a group backed by the New York businessman Elliot Stein the following year. The Glendale News Press was acquired a week later. Times Mirror bought the newspaper chain in 1993. On September 7, 2016, the Huntington Beach Independent and the Laguna Beach Coastline Pilot merged with the Daily Pilot''.

References

External links

Mass media in Orange County, California
Daily newspapers published in Greater Los Angeles
Los Angeles Times
Costa Mesa, California
Newport Beach, California
1907 establishments in California
Newspapers established in 1907
Tribune Publishing

Daily Pilot


In pathology, grading is a measure of the cell appearance in tumors and other neoplasms.  Some pathology grading systems apply only to malignant neoplasms (cancer); others apply also to benign neoplasms. The neoplastic grading is a measure of cell anaplasia (reversion of differentiation) in the sampled tumor and is based on the resemblance of the tumor to the tissue of origin. Grading in cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread.

Pathology grading systems classify the microscopic cell appearance abnormality and deviations in their rate of growth with the goal of predicting developments at tissue level (see also the 4 major histological changes in dysplasia).

Cancer is a disorder of cell life cycle alteration that leads (non-trivially) to excessive cell proliferation rates, typically longer cell lifespans and poor differentiation. The grade score (numerical: G1 up to G4) increases with the lack of cellular differentiation - it reflects how much the tumor cells differ from the cells of the normal tissue they have originated from (see 'Categories' below).  Tumors may be graded on four-tier, three-tier, or two-tier scales, depending on the institution and the tumor type.

The histologic tumor grade score along with the metastatic (whole-body-level cancer-spread) staging are used to evaluate each specific cancer patient, develop their individual treatment strategy and to predict their prognosis.  A cancer that is very poorly differentiated is called anaplastic.

Categories
Grading systems are also different for many common types of cancer, though following a similar pattern with grades being increasingly malignant over a range of 1 to 4. If no specific system is used, the following general grades are most commonly used, and recommended by the American Joint Commission on Cancer and other bodies:

GX                Grade cannot be assessed
G1                Well differentiated (Low grade)
G2                Moderately differentiated (Intermediate grade)
G3                Poorly differentiated (High grade)
G4                Undifferentiated (High grade)

Specific systems
Of the many cancer-specific schemes, the Gleason system, named after Donald Floyd Gleason,  used to grade the adenocarcinoma cells in prostate cancer is the most famous. This system uses a grading score ranging from 2 to 10. Lower Gleason scores describe well-differentiated less aggressive tumors.

Other systems include the Bloom-Richardson grading system for breast cancer and the Fuhrman system for kidney cancer. Invasive-front grading is useful as well in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

For soft-tissue sarcoma two histological grading systems are used : the National Cancer Institute (NCI) system and the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group (FNCLCC) system.

Examples of grading schemes

See also
 TNM staging system (Other parameters)
 Tumor kinds that have their own grading system:
Teratoma
 Gleason score

References

External links
 CancerWeb
 Atlas Interactif de Neuro-Oncologie

Oncology
Pathology

Grading (tumors)