Baltimore Light RailLink (formerly Baltimore Light Rail, also known simply as the "Light Rail") is a light rail system serving Baltimore, Maryland, United States, and its northern and southern suburbs. It is operated by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA Maryland). In downtown Baltimore, it uses city streets. Outside the central portions of the city, the line is built on private rights-of-way, mostly from the defunct Northern Central Railway, Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad and Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway. The system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday, as of .

History

Initial segment

The origins of Light RailLink lie in a 1966 Baltimore area transit plan that envisioned six rapid transit lines radiating from the city center. By 1983, only one of the plan's lines—the "Northwest" line—had been built, becoming the Baltimore Metro Subway. Much of the plan's "North" and "South" lines ran along rights-of-way once used by interurban streetcar lines and the commuter rail routes of the Northern Central Railway, Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway, and Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad.

Beginning in the late 1980s, Governor of Maryland and former Baltimore mayor William Donald Schaefer pushed for a transit line along the plan's "North" and "South" corridors, motivated in part by a desire to establish a rail transit link to the new baseball park being built at Camden Yards for the Baltimore Orioles. Light RailLink was built quickly and inexpensively without federal funds, a rarity for a U.S. transit project. The initial system was a single  line, all at-grade except for a bridge over the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River just south of downtown Baltimore. The line ran from Timonium in Baltimore County in the north to Glen Burnie in Anne Arundel County in the south.

The line opened in stages over a 14-month period. The initial segment from Timonium to Camden Yards opened for limited service for Orioles games on April 2, 1992, and for full service on May 17. A three-station extension to Patapsco opened on August 20, 1992, followed by a 4-station extension to Linthicum on April 2, 1993, and an additional 2-station extension to Glen Burnie on May 20, 1993.

Station placement and design were intended to be flexible and change over time, as stations could be built or closed at low cost. However, they were at times dictated by politics rather planning: proposed stops in Ruxton, Riderwood, and Cross Keys were not built due to local opposition, while the Mt. Royal and Timonium Business Park stations were built despite nearly being removed from the plan because the University of Baltimore and a local business group funded them. Falls Road station was built with less parking than ridership required because community requests and a fence prevented riders from accessing a nearby commercial building.

Expansion
Three extensions to the system were added in 1997. On September 9, the line was extended north  to Hunt Valley, adding five stations that served a major business park and a mall. On December 6, two short but important branches were added to the system: a  spur in Baltimore that provided a link to the Penn Station intercity rail hub, and a  spur to the terminal of BWI Airport.

On September 6, 1998, the Hamburg Street station opened as an infill station between the existing Westport and Camden Yards stations. Adjacent to M&T Bank Stadium, it was initially only open during Ravens games and other major stadium events, but became a full-time stop on July 1, 2005.

To save money, much of the system was built with only a single track. While this allowed the system to be constructed and opened quickly, it limited the system's flexibility: much of the line was restricted to 17-minute headways, with no way to reduce headways during peak hours. Federal money was acquired to double track most of the system; much of the line south of downtown Baltimore was shut down in 2004 and north of downtown shut down in 2005 in order to complete this project.  The northern section up to Timonium reopened in December 2005; the rest opened in February 2006. The line north of Gilroy Road and the BWI Airport spur remain single tracked.

Incidents
On July 10, 2019, part of the northbound platform at Convention Center station fell into a sinkhole caused by a broken water main. The line was closed between Camden and North Avenue until August 19.

Operation

Routing and schedules

The Light RailLink system consists of a main north–south line on which 28 of the system's 33 stops are located. There are two branches on the southern end to BWI Airport and Glen Burnie that have two stations each and one spur in Baltimore City for Penn Station that can only be entered heading north and exited heading south. There are still single-track sections north of Timonium, where headways are limited to 15 minutes.

The Light RailLink system has two train runs. One runs the full length of the main line between Hunt Valley and either BWI Airport or Glen Burnie, alternating between the two every other trip, with some off-peak trains originating or terminating at either North Avenue or Fairgrounds instead of Hunt Valley. The other—the Penn-Camden Shuttle—only runs through downtown between Penn Station and Camden Station.

The light rail operates from 4:00 a.m. to 12:45 a.m. on weekdays, 4:15 a.m. to 12:45 a.m. on Saturdays, and 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. on Sundays and major holidays. At peak hours on weekdays (from the first trains of the day until 10 a.m., and from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m.), the BWI–Hunt Valley and Glen Burnie–Fairgrounds routes see 20-minute headways; at other times on weekdays and all day on weekends, there are 30-minute headways on both routes (with Glen Burnie trains traveling all the way to Hunt Valley). The Camden Yards-Penn Station route sees 30-minute headways at all times. Because there is significant overlap on these routes, most of the system sees 10-minute peak and 15-minute off-peak headways; stations in the downtown section between Mt. Royal and Camden Yards are served by six trains an hour off-peak and eight trains an hour at peak. (Paradoxically, the Fairgrounds-Hunt Valley section actually sees longer headways at peak hours.)

Most of the light rail's route is on dedicated right-of-way that has grade crossings equipped with crossing gates. The remainder of the route in downtown Baltimore between Camden Station and Mt. Royal uses shared right of way on Howard Street, where trains mix with automobile traffic and their movement is controlled by traffic signals. In 2007, a transit signal priority system was implemented on this section, resulting in time savings of 25%. From south of Falls Road to North Avenue, the light rail runs parallel to the Jones Falls Expressway, and from Camden Yards to north of Westport, it parallels Interstate 395. North of Falls Road and south of Westport, it follows its own path towards its respective termini.

The space mean speed between Hunt Valley and BWI, based on a scheduled running time of 1:20 and a distance of , is about .

Fares and transit connections
MTA fares are identical for the Metro Subway, Light RailLink, and local buses: a one-way trip costs $2.00. Daily, weekly, and monthly unlimited-ride passes are also available that are good on all three transit modes. A passenger with a one-way ticket can change Light Rail trains if necessary to complete their journey, the only instance of a one-way MTA ticket being good for a ride on more than one vehicle, but transferring to a bus or the Metro requires a new one-way fare or a pass. Automated ticket vending machines that sell tickets and passes are available at all Light Rail stations.

The Light Rail's ticketing is based on a proof-of-payment system. Passengers must have a ticket or pass before boarding. Maryland Transit Administration Police officers ride some trains and randomly check passengers to make sure that they are carrying a valid ticket or pass and can issue criminal citations for those without one. Civilian Fare Inspectors also conduct ticket checks, alighting those without fare.

Most Light Rail stations are served by several MTA bus routes and passengers can make platform-to-platform transfers with the MARC Camden Line at Camden Yards and with the MARC Penn Line at Penn Station. There are no cross-platform connections with the Metro Subway. The Lexington Market subway and light rail stations are a block apart and connected only via surface streets.

Ridership

 FY 2011 – 27,595 average weekday; 8,655,209 annual
 FY 2012 – 27,253 average weekday; 8,539,996 annual
 FY 2013 – 27,537 average weekday; 8,647,381 annual
 FY 2014 – 25,183 average weekday; 8,105,743 annual

Rolling stock

Baltimore's Light Rail vehicles (LRVs) were built by ABB Traction, the U.S. division of ABB. The initial set was delivered in 1991–1992 as the line was being built; a supplemental order of similar cars built by AAI Corporation was delivered in 1997, when the extensions came into service.

Baltimore LRVs are larger than traditional streetcars and those used on San Francisco's Muni Metro or Boston's Green Line. The articulated cars are  long over coupler faces,  wide, and  high, and can accommodate 85 seated and 91 standing passengers. The cars operate on  track. One-, two- and three-car trains are all routinely seen in service. Trains are powered by 750 volt DC from overhead lines via a pantograph, and have a maximum speed of . When delivered, they were the first transit vehicles in the United States to employ A/C propulsion. Each LRV is powered by four  motors ( total); the middle truck of three-car trains is unpowered.

The MTA currently owns 53 individual light rail cars. During typical weekday peak-time service, approximately 30 to 35 cars are required; a somewhat higher number of cars are put into service immediately after Orioles and Ravens games. For weekday service, as well as days of Orioles games or events at the CFG Bank Arena or Baltimore Convention Center, trains going from Hunt Valley to Cromwell and BWI Airport are generally run with two cars, while three-car trains are put into service for Ravens games and major downtown events. The Penn Station-Camden Yards shuttle is typically operated with one-car trains. The MTA also owns a variety of maintenance of way equipment, which can use diesel power in emergencies.

A mid-life upgrade of the light rail vehicles began in 2013. On September 9, 2013, a contract for mid-life overhauls of the light rail vehicles was awarded to Alstom. Five vehicles at a time were sent for rebuilding, involving testing, removal of all interior and exterior components and replacement with new propulsion systems. The overhaul is scheduled for completion in March 2018. The overhauled cars began testing in early 2016. By 2021 the original order of ABB vehicles had their interiors upgrades with security cameras, LED lighting, and LCD displays that show the train's position along the line.

Future
While there are several plans and proposals to expand the system, none are approved or funded. An independent commission on Baltimore-area transit made a number of suggestions in a 2002 report for new lines and expansions of existing lines. Newer proposals include expanding service on the existing Central Light Rail line by extending Sunday service via the BaltimoreLink plan, as well as new stations and spurs.

Texas station

There are plans to add an infill station between the existing Timonium and Warren Road stations in Texas, Cockeysville. An island was built at this point on the line in conjunction with the 2005 double-tracking work to provide a turn-back point for trains not going all the way to Hunt Valley, which could be converted into a station at a later date.

Stockholm Street station
In the 2015 South Baltimore Gateway Masterplan, the city of Baltimore proposed a new light rail stop along the Central Light Rail line at Stockholm Street, in between Hamburg Street Station and Westport Station. The new station would be located near a proposed new MARC station west of Russell Street, and would provide additional access to the Baltimore Greyhound Bus Terminal, the Horseshoe Casino, and new businesses in the Carroll-Camden Industrial Area.

Port Covington extension
In January 2016, plans were unveiled by Sagamore Development Company, owned by Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank, regarding the redevelopment of Port Covington in South Baltimore. The new plan for Port Covington calls for two proposed new light rail stations, along with new residential and commercial development. The first station would be located west of Hanover Street, and the other would be located at the intersection of East McComas Street and East Cromwell Street, just south of Federal Hill. This proposed extension would create a new spur from the Central Light Rail line by crossing the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River south of Interstate 95.

Low floor vehicles
The MTA plans to transition the system from high floor vehicles to low floor LRVs and requested information from low-floor LRV vendors in January 2023.

Red Line

The Red Line is a planned , 19-station light rail line traveling east–west that would intersect with the existing Light Rail downtown; this would be a separate service, with no track connection to the existing Light Rail, though there would be opportunities for transfer between the two in the vicinity of University Center / Baltimore Street. The line would operate in a total of  of tunnels through the downtown area (and along Cooks Lane), with the majority of the rest of the system operating at-grade and just a few aerial sections, as well as in the median of the former Interstate 170 freeway. The Red Line was cancelled by Governor Larry Hogan, who had campaigned against it in the 2014 Maryland gubernatorial election, on June 25, 2015. Wes Moore, his successor, indicated his intention to revive it shortly after being elected, and formally announced the return of the project in a ceremony with Baltimore mayor Brandon Scott on June 15, 2023, though it may be built as a bus rapid transit line instead of light rail.

See also

 Baltimore Metro Subway
 List of Baltimore Light Rail stations
 Light rail in the United States
 List of United States light rail systems by ridership
 List of tram and light rail transit systems
 List of rail transit systems in the United States

References

External links

Light RailLink at MTA Maryland
Scott Kozel's Baltimore Light Rail pages

BWI
Light rail in Maryland
Maryland Transit Administration
Railway lines opened in 1992
1992 establishments in Maryland
750 V DC railway electrification

Baltimore Light RailLink


TeX4ht is a configurable converter capable of translating TeX and LaTeX documents to HTML and certain XML formats. Most notably, TeX4ht serves for converting (La)TeX documents to formats used by word processors. It was developed by Eitan M. Gurari.

The program is published under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL).

History
TeX4ht was developed in the 1990s to convert (La)TeX to HTML, helping to publish scientific documents that were written in (La)TeX on the World Wide Web for display in a web browser. Particularly, hypertext features were supported, so it became possible to include hyperlinks in the web version of documents.

More XML-based formats were supported gradually. As of 2019, HTML5, XHTML, MathML, OpenDocument, DocBook, and TEI are supported. JavaHelp can also be generated.

TeX4ht is now included preconfigured with all TeX distributions.

Since Eitan M. Gurari's death the program has been maintained by Radhakrishnan CV (no longer active), Karl Berry, and Michal Hoftich, with contributions from many others.

Function
TeX4ht does not directly transform TeX or LaTeX markup into the output markup language (HTML etc.) Instead, an ordinary (La)TeX run compiles a DVI file from the source first. TeX4ht subsequently processes the DVI file. Other converters, most notably LaTeX2HTML or TtH operate in a single pass.

TeX4ht essentially can deal with any successfully compiling (La)TeX document source. TeX4ht can also incorporate  support publicly available macro packages or user-made (perhaps document-specific) commands to process features that transcend standard TeX formats, such as for managing bibliography with BibTeX, because these extensions do not need corresponding implementations in the converter.

Mathematical formulae and other characters or symbols that cannot be displayed as text are converted into graphics. Mathematics can also be converted into MathML or form suitable for processing with MathJax.

TeX4ht can convert LaTeX documents into Microsoft Word's doc format via the OpenDocument format, ODT.

References

External links
 Project Homepage
 Online Manual
 SimpleTeX4ht - Graphic frontend for TeX4ht for Mac OS X
 TUG: Converters between LaTeX and PC Textprocessors
 TUG: Converters from PC Textprocessors to LaTeX

Literature

 Translating LaTeX to HTML using TeX4ht, in: Michel Goossens, Sebastian Rahtz, Eitan M. Gurari, Ross Moore, Robert S. Sutor. The LaTeX Web Companion. Integrating TeX, HTML, and XML. 1999. 8th printing January 2006. pp. 155–194.
 Eitan Gurari, HTML Production, TUGBoat 25 (2004), No. 1, pp. 39–47.

See also

 LaTeX2HTML

TeX
HTML
XML software
Word processors

TeX4ht


Whitley Hall is a 16th-century mansion which since 1969 has been converted into a restaurant and then a hotel. It is situated in the northern rural district of the City of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. The small hamlet of Whitley lies in the countryside between the suburbs of Grenoside, Chapeltown and Ecclesfield some  north of the city centre. The hall is a Grade II* listed building.

History
Present day Whitley Hall dates from the 1580s, however a dwelling was present on the site prior to this. This dwelling, known as Launder House was first recorded in a deed of 1406 when it was transferred from John Cartwright to William Robinson. Launder House was also known as Launderhouse, Lownderhouse and Loundhouse over the years, in 1487 it passed into the hands of Thomas Parker who held the property in Copyhold from the Lord of the Manor of Sheffield in return for ploughing and harvesting the land. The arrival of the Parkers at Launder House signalled the start of a 135-year association with the site over six generations.

It was the grandson of Thomas Parker, also known as Thomas who commenced the extensive rebuilding in the mid part of the 16th century which turned Launder House into Whitley Hall. Thomas' son William is believed to have finished the rebuilding as a carving over one of the new doors reads,"Willm Parker : Made this Worke 1584". In 1622 Thomas Shiercliffe became the owner of the Whitley Hall estate which beside the Hall also included a corn mill, dovecote, smelting house, eight fields, two acres of woodland and four cottages. The Hall remained the property of the Shiercliffe family until the early part of the 19th century.

Mary, Queen of Scots connection

A local legend states that Mary, Queen of Scots, spent a night at Whitley Hall in the 1580s while in captivity at Sheffield Castle. This rumour was first reported by Jonathan Eastwood in his History of Ecclesfield of 1862. However, there is no documentary evidence to back up the claim.

Boys' boarding school
Around the year 1790 the Hall was leased out by the Shiercliffes to John Rider who turned it into a boys' boarding school. The school is thought to have housed approximately 45 pupils with the most famous pupil being the railway engineer Sir John Fowler who travelled from nearby Wadsley to attend between 1826 and 1833. Fowler noted of his time at Whitley Hall later in life:
"I was fairly quick in elementary scholarship, and in mental arithmetic was decidedly beyond the average of boys and men a gift which was of great convenience and value in after life."

The exact time that the Hall remained a school is not known but by 1841 it was lived in by William Charlesworth who leased it from the Bingley family who had become the owners in 1816. The Bingleys family eventually moved into the Hall and lived there until 1939 when it was taken over by the army at the start of the Second World War with the officers and their servants being billeted in the Hall and the other ranks using the stable block and Nissen huts in the grounds.

Conversion to a restaurant and hotel
The Hall was owned by Hugh Bingley up until his death in 1962, although he never lived there after the war as he owned substantial properties in Cambridgeshire and the Hall was let out to tenants. In 1962 the Hall was bought by John I. Fearn, the head of a local firm of agricultural engineers. Mr. Fearn carried out considerable renovation and refurbishment over a period of seven years and Whitley Hall was opened as a restaurant in July 1969.

In the late 1970s the Hall became a hotel, initially with just three bedrooms. However, considerable extension work has been carried out over the years and the hotel now has 32 en-suite bedrooms. The extensive gardens have two small lakes. In May 1995, Whitley Hall was granted a licence carry out civil wedding services, the first location in South Yorkshire to become licensed. The hotel also offers six conference and meeting rooms. The restaurant, which is open to non-residents, is still an important part of the business.

References

Houses completed in the 16th century
Houses in Sheffield
Grade II* listed buildings in Sheffield
Grade II* listed hotels
Country houses in South Yorkshire
Ecclesfield

Whitley Hall


Aldwych (pronounced  ) is a street and the name of the area immediately surrounding it, in the City of Westminster, part of Greater London, and is part of the West End Theatreland. The  street starts  east-northeast of Charing Cross, the conventional map centre-point of the capital city.

The name means "old port", and in Anglo-Saxon times it was the port of the City of London.

The semi-circular design of the street of Aldwych arises from its function, making navigable the gradient of the fall in levels between the roads connected by the street: the south end of Kingsway, and the Strand.
It forms part of the A4 road from London to Avonmouth, Bristol.

The Aldwych area forms part of the Northbank business improvement district. It is known for hotels, restaurants, two theatres, the High Commissions of India and Australia. It gives its name to the now-closed Underground station on the related section of the Strand (the return of the crescent), which poses as an active tube station in films and television shows. Marking the east end of the street and in the middle of the crescent return are Grade I heritage listed churches designed by Wren and Gibbs. Immediately north-east of St Clement Danes (St Clements), on Strand, is the Royal Courts of Justice, a complex of courtrooms used by the senior courts of England and Wales, including the High Court and the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.

Landmarks
Aldwych, the street, is a crescent, connected to the Strand at both ends, and forms part of the A4 route. Streets adjoining are Drury Lane, Kingsway, India Place and Melbourne Place. Notable buildings along its length include:

Theatres:
 Aldwych Theatre, opened in 1905
 Novello Theatre, opened in 1905

High Commissions:
 India House, the High Commission of India in London
 Australia House, the High Commission of Australia in London

Hotels and Restaurants:
 The Waldorf Hilton, London, a hotel opened in 1908
 The ME Hotel, designed by Richard Rogers
 One Aldwych

Universities:
 Bush House, King House, Melbourne House and Strand House - making up the Aldwych Quarter - formerly the office headquarters of the BBC World Service from 1941 to 2012 and now part of the Strand Campus of King's College London
 Connaught House, Columbia House, Aldwych House, and Clement House, buildings of the London School of Economics

Former buildings include:
 Gaiety Theatre, opened in 1864 and closed in 1939
 Television House (now known as 61 Aldwych), former headquarters of several defunct ITV franchise contractors and ITN

Facing one end of the street on the Strand is closed-in-1994 Aldwych station, originally named Strand station. It has been used when closed for scenes of films and television dramas.

History

In the seventh century, the area was an Anglo-Saxon major settlement Lundenwic (the last syllable pronounced as today) ('London port') centred one mile to the west of Londinium (known to the Saxons as Lundenburh 'London fort'). "Lundenwic" later became the old wich (old port, that is Aldwych). It is not known if it had a church, and the town either took advantage of the scouring action of the  Fleet or used the mouth itself as a harbour for trading ships and fishing boats. After Alfred the Great re-built the London fortifications in the late 9th century, Londinium became known as Lundenburh or simply Lunden, and Lundenwic so became ealdwic or aldwich. (The word "old" evolved from ald, the Old English being eald and the German cognate being alt.) The name was recorded as Aldewich in 1211.

St Clement Danes is one of the four ancient Westminster parishes and was first recorded in the 1190s; it once covered the whole of Aldwych and all adjoining areas. Its church, which features in the first line of the nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons, was rebuilt by Wren. The civil parish was abolished in 1922. It is open to - and it is known by residents and businesses to - use the term St Clement Danes interchangeably with Aldwych, which also covered in its final, smallest form the Adelphi and much of the Strand.

The urban centre of Lundenwic was unearthed in the 1980s after extensive excavations, and were reinterpreted as being urban in character.  These conclusions were reached independently by two archaeologists (Vince and Biddle). Recent excavations in Covent Garden adjoining have uncovered an extensive Anglo-Saxon settlement, covering about , stretching from the present-day National Gallery site in the west, to Aldwych in the east. As the presumed locus of the city, Lundenburh, was moved back within the old Roman walls, the older settlement of Lundenwic gained the name of ealdwic, 'old port', "eald" and the softer form of "wic" transposed to "ald" and "wich" in Middle English orthography.

The street was created in the early 20th century in a project that saw a new street layout destroying Wych Street which was full of overhangs and projections, and the construction of Australia House (built 1913–18) and Bush House (completed 1925). A statue of the 19th-century prime minister William Ewart Gladstone was installed in 1905 near St Clement Danes church, at the eastern end of Aldwych.

In 1906, Aldwych tramway station was opened underneath Kingsway; it closed in 1952. In 1907, Aldwych station was opened on the Strand opposite Aldwych; it closed in 1994.

On 18 February 1996, a bomb was detonated prematurely on a number 171 bus travelling along Aldwych, killing its carrier, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Edward O'Brien and injuring several passengers.

In 2021, the Strand was pedestrianised between Melbourne Place and Lancaster Place, and Aldwych was converted into a two-way street.

References

Streets in the City of Westminster
Areas of London
Districts of the City of Westminster
A4 road (England)

Aldwych


Ken Lawrence Instruments is a manufacturer of custom guitars and bass guitars founded by Ken Lawrence in 1986.  Besides building instruments, Lawrence has also performed as a bassist both live and in recording sessions. Lawrence began building instruments in 1981 at Moonstone Guitars, and five years later, he set up his own company.

Lawrence mainly builds handcrafted bass guitars with a delivery time close to a year with 20 to 25 built each year, but he has also built guitars for James Hetfield, guitarist and vocalist of the American band Metallica. Most of the guitars built for Hetfield conform to the measurements of his ESP Explorer but have slight differences in the headstock and custom inlays on the fretboard. He has also built a five-string fretless bass for Trevor Dunn of the American band Mr. Bungle.

Construction
All instruments are built on an individual basis for each customer. Lawrence avoids the use of endangered woods and advocates the use of "responsibly harvested" rain forest hardwoods for his instruments. The instrument bodies are usually made in Ash, Alder, or Mahogany, but other types of wood are available if the customer demands it (such as Jamaican blue wood). All necks are made of eastern hard rock maple and are usually fitted with fretboards in grenadilla or katalox. All bass guitars can be ordered in different finishes, with or without frets, and with a variety pickups and preamps.

Line of bass guitars

Associate
 Sculpted two piece body of select southern ash or alder.
 Graphite reinforced maple neck with 24 fret rosewood or grenadillo fretboard.
 Custom made Bass Line pickups with 3 band preamp and black hardware.
 Available as four, five and six strings.

Brase
 Sculpted selects ash body with upper horn connected to neck at the 11th fret.
 Hard rock maple neck with graphite spars and dual flex truss rod.
 Custom Bass line pickups and preamps.
 Available in five or six stringed versions.

Chamberbass
 Sculpted semihollow mahogany body with red wood top and soundholes.
 Extended ebony tailpiece and heightadjustable ebony piezo bridge.
 Custom Bass line pickups and 3 band preamp.
 Available as five or six stringed versions.

External links

References

Bass guitar manufacturing companies

Ken Lawrence Instruments


Mirza Mahdi Elahi Qomshehei (Persian: میرزا مهدی الهی قمشه‌ای ; January 1, 1901 – May 15, 1973), was an Iranian poet, translator of the Quran, and one of the grand Masters of the philosophical school of Tehran. He taught in Sepahsalar School, University of Tehran for 35 years.

Education

He was under supervision of Grand masters from different cities such as Esfahan, Najaf, Mashhad and Tehran.

Teachers

He had various teachers, such as Molla Muhammad Mahdi Farzaneh Qomshehei, Hasan Amin Jafari. Sheikh Muhammad Hakim Khorasani, Sayyed Hassan Modarres, Aqa Bozorge Hakim, The Grand Ayatollah Haji Aqa Hossein Qommi, Sheikh Asadollah Yazdi, Fazil, Fazin Barsi, Hajj Mirza Hasan Faqih Sabzevari Khorasani, Mirza Mahdi Esfahani, Mirza Tahir Tonekaboni.

Career

His Persian translation of the Quran is one of the most used, the most authentic and proper Persian translation of the Quran until the current 21st century. The translation was also honoured by the Grand Ayatollah Bojnourdi.

Pupils

His pupils includes Allameh Hasanzadeh, Allameh Abdollah Javadi-Amoli, Ayatollah Hajj Sayyed Muhammad Hasan Langroudi, Ayatollah Sayyed Razi Shirazi, Kazim Midir Shahnehchi, D.R Sayyed Muhammad Baqir Hojjati, Muhammad Baqir Muhaqiq, Sheikh Abdul Rahim Malakian.

Works

He wrote numerous books and notes in diverse religious sciences. Including:

Translation of Quran
Selected of Commentaries
Notes on Abul Fotuh Al Razi's commentary's in 10 volumes
Divine wisdom
The explanation of fosus Al-Hikmah of Al-Farabi
The philosophy of Al-Farabi
The Divine Unity of Sages
Mystical courses of Alavid's school
Treatise in universal philosophy
Treatise in degrees of love

Iranian poets
1901 births
1973 deaths

Mirza Mahdi Elahi Qomshehei


The Delaney card (a.k.a. Visual Seating Plan) is a method of classroom management.  This small one-by-three-inch card has been used extensively in the New York metropolitan area since the 1950s.  Each Delaney card contains the name of one student in class, and  lists the name, telephone number, address and other vital information for each student.

The card
Each Delaney card contains the name of one student in class, and  lists their names, telephone numbers, addresses and other vital information of each student. The teacher keeps a large book with sturdy slotted cardboard pages, with a Delaney card in each slot. The cards are arranged alphabetically by student last name, or placed according to the position of each student's desk.
One side of the card has the school year's months and days printed in columns so that the teacher can keep track of the student's attendance. The other side contains the student's contact information, as well as a grid that is usually used by the teacher to mark class participation.  The sides are also printed in different colors, and typically the card is flipped over to mark an absence, to remind the teacher the next day of a previous absence. The Visual Seating Plan card system was invented and implemented by Edward C. Delaney, a Harvard University graduate, and teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, who died in 1969.

Criticism
Teachers in settings where the Delaney system is used often must keep track of hundreds of students; a typical teacher may handle 170 pupils per day. Progressive educators criticize the Delaney book because it encourages impersonal treatment by the teacher. "The cardinal sin was to treat a student like a Delaney card," recalled a teacher at New Utrecht High School.

As students are asked to fill in the cards themselves, falsification of information is common. Phone numbers and addresses listed may not actually belong to the pupil. As a prank, students have been known to obtain extra Delaney cards and create cards using false names or fictional characters such as Clark Kent.

In popular culture
Delaney cards often appear in works of fiction set in the New York City public school system. They are discussed in Evan Hunter's 1953 novel, The Blackboard Jungle. The Delaney system also makes an appearance in the 1965 novel (and the 1967 film version of) Up the Down Staircase by Bel Kaufman.

References

External links

Education in New York City
New York City Department of Education
Public education in New York City
Student assessment and evaluation

Delaney card


The Joys of Motherhood is a novel written by Buchi Emecheta. It was first published in London, UK, by Allison & Busby in 1979 and was first published  in Heinemann's African Writers Series in 1980 and reprinted 1982, 2004, 2008. The basis of the novel is the "necessity for a woman to be fertile, and above all to give birth to sons". It tells the tragic story of Nnu-Ego, daughter of Nwokocha Agbadi and Ona, who had a bad fate with childbearing. This novel explores the life of a Nigerian woman, Nnu Ego. Nnu's life centres on her children and through them, she gains the respect of her community. Traditional tribal values and customs begin to shift with increasing colonial presence and influence, pushing Ego to challenge accepted notions of "mother", "wife", and "woman". Through Nnu Ego's journey, Emecheta forces her readers to consider the dilemmas associated with adopting new ideas and practices against the inclination to cleave to tradition. In this novel, Emecheta reveals and celebrates the pleasures derived from fulfilling responsibilities related to family matters in child bearing, mothering, and nurturing activities among women. However, the author additionally highlights how the 'joys of motherhood' also include anxiety, obligation, and pain.

In the words of critic Marie Umeh, Emecheta "breaks the prevalent portraitures in African writing.... It must have been difficult to draw provocative images of African motherhood against the already existing literary models, especially on such a sensitive subject."

Plot
Nwokocha Agbadi is a proud, handsome and wealthy local chief. Although he has many wives, he finds a woman named Ona more attractive. Ona (or a priceless jewel) is the name he has given her. She is the daughter of a fellow chief. When she was young, her father took her everywhere he went, saying she was his ornament, and Nwokocha Agbadi would say jokingly in response, "Why don't you wear her around your neck like an Ona?" It never occurred to him that he would be one of the men to later ask for her when she grew up.

During one rainy season Chief Agbadi and his friends have gone elephant hunting and having come too near the heavy creature, the chief is thrown with a mighty tusk into a nearby sugar-cane bush and is pinned to the floor. He aims his spear at the belly of the mighty animal and kills it but not until it has wounded him badly. Agbadi passes out and it seems to all he has died. He wakes up after several days to find Ona beside him. During his period of recovery, he sleeps with her, and shortly thereafter he finds out that his senior wife Agunwa is very ill. She later dies, and it is thought that perhaps she became ill as a result of seeing her husband making love to Ona on his apparent deathbed.

The funeral festivities continue through the day. When it is time to put Agunwa in her grave, everything she will need in her afterlife having been placed in her coffin, her personal slave is called. According to custom, a good slave is supposed to jump into the grave willingly to accompany her mistress but this young and beautiful slave begs for her life, much to the annoyance of the men. The hapless slave is pushed into the shallow grave but struggles out, appealing to her owner Agbadi, whose eldest son cries angrily: "So my mother does not deserve a decent burial?" So saying, he gives her a sharp blow with the head of the cutlass. Another relative gives her a final blow to the head and she falls into the grave, silenced forever. The burial is then completed.

Ona becomes pregnant from sleeping with Agbadi and delivers a baby girl named Nnu Ego ("twenty bags of cowries"). The baby is born with a mark on her head resembling that made by the cutlass used on the head of the slave woman. Ona gives birth to another son but she dies in premature labour and her son also dies a day afterwards. Nnu Ego becomes a woman but is barren. After several months with no sign of fruitfulness, she consults several herbalists and is told that the slave woman who is her Chi (or patron goddess) will not give her a child. Her husband Amatokwu takes another wife who before long conceives.

Nnu Ego returns to her father's house. She is married, sight unseen, to a new husband who lives in Lagos; so she journeys from her village to the city where she meets her new husband, Nnaife, whom she does not like but prays that if she can have a child with him, she will love him. She does give birth to a baby boy, whom she later finds dead. Shocked, she is on the verge of jumping into the river when a villager draws her back and comforts her. Over the course of her life, she gives birth to nine surviving children. Her husband, a laundryman for a white man, is drafted into the army during wartime, but on her own Nnu Ego can barely manage to feed them. When her husband's brother dies, he inherits his four wives and moves the youngest and prettiest into the home. Nnu Ego enjoys a bitter rivalry with this new wife. In the midst of the war, the new wife leaves to become a prostitute while Nnu Ego devotes her life to providing for her children. She scrimps and saves to provide a secondary school education for her oldest son, in the hope that he will help support the rest of the family. After he graduates, he expects more support so he can study abroad. Her second son wants the same thing. Her third child, a girl, runs off with a Yoruba butcher's son. When Nnaife gives chase, he injures a man and is taken to court where he is put in jail. Nnu Ego's fourth child marries the lawyer who pleaded Nnaife's case, and offers to rear the fifth child. Nnu Ego returns to the village, where she is feted as a great woman because with two married daughters, and two sons abroad (the second son emigrates to Canada), she is expected to be filled with the joys of motherhood. It is suggested that her children's success should be enough for her. She dies a lonely death in the village, and is regarded as a mad woman. Only after her death do her children arrive to throw a lavish funeral for her; they spend time and money on her funeral which they did not spend in her life. It is noted that Nnu Ego never gives children to women who pray to her for them.

Critical reception
The reviewer in West Africa wrote: "Buchi Emecheta has a way of making readable and interesting ordinary events. She looks at things without flinching and without feeling the need to distort or exaggerate. It is a remarkable talent.... this is, in my opinion, the best novel Buchi Emecheta has yet written." A. N. Wilson in The Observer said: "Buchi Emecheta has a growing reputation for her treatment of African women and their problems. This reputation will surely be enhanced by The Joys of Motherhood."

References

External links
 Adeola Oluwatoyin Ireoluwa, "Culture and Discrimination Against Women In Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood and Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. May 2011.
 Patricia McLean, "How Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood Resists Feminist and Nationalist Readings", Deep South, 2003.
 Marie A. Umeh, "The Joys of Motherhood: Myth or Reality?", Colby Library Quarterly, Volume 18, no. 1, March 1982, pp. 39–46.
 Anne M. Serafin, "Motherhood as Seen in Two Works of African Literature", WILLA , Volume 9, p. 27–30, Fall 2000.
 The Joys of Motherhood Kindle edition
 "The Joys of Motherhood", Colonial and Postcolonial Literary Dialogues.
 Remi Akujobi, "Motherhood in African Literature and Culture", Comparative Literature and Culture, Volume 13 (2011) Issue 1, Purdue University. ISSN 1481-4374

Nigerian English-language novels
1979 Nigerian novels
Novels by Buchi Emecheta
Novels set in Nigeria
Igboland in fiction
African Writers Series
Allison and Busby books

The Joys of Motherhood


The Vancouver Sun Classic Children's Book Collection is a set of 32 novels published by The Vancouver Sun from 2004-2005. The novels could only be purchased by presenting a coupon from the newspaper and paying the stated amount of money to a store which sold the novel. The first novel, The Jungle Book, was offered for free when its coupon was presented. The series was intended to be read by children to increase interest in reading.

The novels in the series are listed here:

Lists of novels
Children's novels
Culture of Vancouver


Jean-Camille Formigé (1845-1926) was a French architect during the French Third Republic.  He served as the chief architect of historic monuments of France, and also as the chief architect of buildings, promenades and gardens of the city of Paris.  His son, Jules Formigé, was also a prominent architect.

Notable buildings, structures and parks  designed by Formigé include the Pont de Bir-Hakeim (1905); the Viaduc d'Austerlitz (1904); the dramatic sloping park in front of the Basilica of Sacre-Coeur in Paris;  the Square d'Anvers, the  Square des Epinettes  and the square in front of the Arenes de Lutece in Paris;  the monumental greenhouse of the Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil (1895-1898);  the Columbarium at Pere-Lachaise cemetery in Paris; the restoration of the Roman amphitheater and theater in Arles, France;  and the restoration of the Roman theater at Orange, France.  He restored the Abbey of Conques (1878) and the Tower of Saint-Jacques, across from the Louvre, in Paris.   He also designed the Palace of Fine Arts and the Palace of Liberal Arts, two of the major exhibition halls at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889.

Career
Jean-Camille Formigé was born in 1845 in Le Bouscat, in the Gironde department of France.  He studied architecture during the Second Empire at the Imperial School of Fine Arts in Paris, in the atelier Laisne, and received a post with the Commission of Historic Monuments in 1871.  He became a member of the Commission in 1887, a position he held until 1892, when he became Chief Architect of Historic Monuments.   He also became chief architect of the Service of buildings, promenades and gardens of the city of Paris, and architect-in-chief of the city of Arles.

He received gold medals for his architectural projects at the Paris Salon of 1875 and 1876, and at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1878.  He was elected to the Academy of Fine Arts in 1920.    A street is named for him in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, and another in the town of Orange, France.   A square is named for him in the town of Frejus, France.

Major projects of Jean-Camille Formigé

Other Projects
Austerlitz Viaduct (1904)
Passy Viaduct (1905) (Pont de Bir-Hakeim)
Metro Line 2 Viaduct, Paris (1903)
Serres du Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil, Paris (1895-1898)

See also
History of Parks and Gardens of Paris
Paris architecture of the Belle Époque

Notes

Bibliography
Jarrasse, Dominique, Grammaire des jardins Parisiens, (2007), Parigramme, Paris ()

19th-century French architects
20th-century French architects
People from Gironde
1845 births
1926 deaths
Burials at Passy Cemetery

Jean-Camille Formigé


Kitty Mei-Mei Chen is a playwright and actress and the author of five full-length plays and numerous short plays and children's stories.  She received the 1992–93 NEA Fellowship in Playwriting.

Early life
Chen was born in Shanghai, China, and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Education
Chen earned a BA degree in mathematics from Pembroke College (Brown University) in Providence, R.I. After graduation, Chen went to New York City to study at the Martha Graham School as a scholarship student, acted professionally for many years before becoming a playwright.  Chen resides in New York City.

Career

Writing
Chen's received an NEA playwriting fellowship for her first play, Eating Chicken Feet. It had a first public reading at East West Players in Los Angeles, was workshopped at Playwright's Theatre of New Jersey, and subsequently was co-produced at Westside Theatre by Women's Project and Pan Asian Repertory.  Blending the absurd and playful with the dark and painful, the play examines the effects of divorce on a Chinese-American family.  "Ms. Chen's dramatic imagination is obviously unusual.  More important, it is always unpredictable," writes The New York Times. It was also produced in Hawaii at Kumu Kahua Theater.

Rowing to America has been published in two anthologies under the same title, ROWING TO AMERICA AND OTHER SHORT PLAYS. The first, commissioned by Playwrights Theatre of New Jersey, is a group of one-act plays about the immigrant experience.  "After you see these nine short plays about immigration, you'd have to have a heart of industrial-strength plastic not to be grateful that your ancestors took the plunge." Newark Star Ledger. The second is a compilation of short plays from the first playwrights lab at the Women's Project.  The play also appears online: http://berkshirereview.net/theater/kmcrowing.html. Short work samples at https://web.archive.org/web/20110615135627/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=2722

"Rosa Loses Her Face" was a Winter 2009 co-production of Queens Theatre in the Park, NY, and Electric Theatre Company, Scranton, Pa. It had been produced in an earlier version by Luna Stage, Montclair, NJ, in 1997.

Acting
An actor since 1973, she appeared on the legitimate stage in leading roles in four early Pan Asian productions and many other plays.  She is a member of The Dramatists Guild, Women's Project Playwrights Lab, and the three actors unions.
Chen made her movie debut in ''Static'' in 1986.  Since then, she has appeared mainly on television, with featured roles in two daytime dramas ''All My Children'' and ''As the World Turns.''  She is a frequent guest on ''Law & Order,'' produced by her fellow Brown University graduate, Jeffrey L. Hayes, and ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.''

Awards
Chen received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in Playwriting in 1992.  She has received two fellowships from the New York Foundation for the Arts, Edward Albee Foundation, and Blue Mountain Center, and Urban Stages Emerging Playwright Award, among others.

Plays
Missus Mustard (in progress)
Rosa Loses Her Face (2009)
Blessings of Chairman Moo (2003)
Rowing to America: The Immigrant Project (1999)
"I See My Bones"(1997)
Eating Chicken Feet (1995)
Numerous short plays.

Filmography
Static (1986)

References

Kitty Chen The New York Times
Dramatic Publishing
Kitty Chen in Doolee Playwrights Database

1944 births
Living people
American actresses of Chinese descent
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from Philadelphia
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American film actresses
American television actresses
American writers of Chinese descent
Pembroke College in Brown University alumni
Brown University alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Writers from New York City
Writers from Philadelphia
Actresses from Shanghai
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women

Kitty Chen


1984 is a 1956 British black-and-white science fiction film, based on the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, depicting a totalitarian future of a dystopian society. The film was the first feature-length adaptation of the story, and followed a previous Westinghouse Studio One adaptation and a BBC-TV made-for-TV adaptation. 1984 was directed by Michael Anderson and starring Edmond O'Brien as protagonist Winston Smith, and featured Donald Pleasence, Jan Sterling, and Michael Redgrave.

Plot
In the mid-1960s, a nuclear war and devastation of Earth gave rise to three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and East Asia. By 1984, London, with its bomb-proof ministry, is designated as the capital of Airstrip One, a province of Oceania, controlled by one all-powerful Party, embodied by the figurehead Big Brother.

In the spring of 1984, Winston Smith, a member of the semi-elite Outer Party, encounters Julia, a woman he suspects may be a member of the Thought Police. Winston returns to his apartment, where an electronic surveillance eye examines the contents of his briefcase. Smuggling a small black diary past the eye, Winston begins to write down the subversive thoughts he fears to say aloud. Winston's reverie is interrupted when Selina Parsons, a little girl who lives next door, enters his apartment to practice denouncing him as a traitor. Robert Parsons, Selina's father, invites Winston to join him for a drink at the local Chestnut Tree café.

At the cafe, Winston and Parsons spot Rutherford and Jones, two Outer Party traitors who have been rehabilitated by the government's Ministry of Love. Afterward, Winston goes to a junk shop to wonder at the objects of yesteryear that are now deemed worthless. Julia enters the shop, sending Winston scurrying into the street, where he is stopped by the police and ordered to report to Administration the next morning.

At the Administration the next day, a party officer reprimands Winston for socializing with the common masses. Winston then proceeds to his job at the Records Department at the Ministry of Truth. When Winston discovers a photo that would prove Jones and Rutherford innocent, O'Connor, Winston's superior, instructs him to destroy it.

That evening, at a political rally, Julia passes Winston a note professing her love to him. Later, they arrange to meet Sunday in a meadow outside London, far from the prying microphones and monitors of Big Brother. There, they touch each other, an act prohibited by the Anti-Sex League, and proceed to make love.

Two weeks later, Winston proposes renting a room at the junk store, one of the few places free of the omnipresent monitors. In the sanctity of their quarters, Winston confides that he believes O'Connor may be a member of the Underground.

One night, Winston finds a note written in O'Connor's handwriting that reads "down with Big Brother". Convinced that O'Connor represents their only hope to break free of the tyranny of Big Brother, Julia and Winston go to his apartment and declare that they want to join the Underground. O'Connor instructs Winston to carry an empty briefcase with him at all times.

A few days later, during a rally to launch Hate Week, a man switches briefcases with Winston. When Winston opens the case, he finds a copy of a treatise by the alleged leader of the Underground. Back in their secret room, Julia muses that only love can defeat Big Brother. At that moment, a telescreen hidden behind a mirror condemns Julia's sentiments and Thought Police burst in to arrest them.

At the Ministry of Love, Winston is confined in a pit-like room as Parsons gets thrown into the pit, his daughter having denounced him for muttering in his sleep "Down with Big Brother." After Parsons is taken away, O'Connor enters the room and reveals himself to be a covert agent of the state. Under O'Connor's direction, Winston is subjected to a brainwashing campaign. Still resistant after a series of electroshock treatments, Winston declares that the party will never eradicate his love for Julia.

After realizing that Winston's biggest fear is getting eaten alive by rats, O'Connor confines him in a room filled with the squealing rodents, causing Winston to break down and beg them to feed Julia to the rodents instead. When O'Connor authorizes his release, Winston mindlessly wanders through the streets, where he spots a cold, indifferent Julia. Big Brother broadcasts that the Eurasian army has been routed in battle and that the war will be soon over; he finds Julia gone after he looks back at where she had been standing. In the final shot, a "rehabilitated" and brainwashed Winston fervently joins the crowd while cheering "Long Live Big Brother!"

An alternate ending was also shot and produced, in which Winston rebels against his brainwashing and starts to shout, "Down with Big Brother," before being shot down. Julia runs to his aid and suffers the same fate.

Development
In 1954, Peter Cushing and André Morell starred in a BBC-TV made-for-TV adaptation which was extremely popular with British audiences, leading to the production of the 1956 film version. Donald Pleasence had also appeared in the BBC television version, playing the character of Syme, which for the film was amalgamated with that of Parsons. The script was co-written by William Templeton, who had previously adapted the novel for the US Studio One TV series in 1953. During the development process, the character O'Brien, the antagonist, was renamed "O'Connor", due to the shared surname of the actor Edmond O'Brien. Emmanuel Goldstein is changed to "Kalador". Like the earlier film adaptation of Animal Farm, 1984 was secretly funded by the Central Intelligence Agency. The film received a 100,000 dollar subsidy from the U.S. Information Agency.

Cast
 Edmond O'Brien as Winston Smith
 Michael Redgrave as O'Connor
 Jan Sterling as Julia
 David Kossoff as Charrington
 Mervyn Johns as Jones
 Donald Pleasence as Parsons
 Carol Wolveridge as Selina
 Ernest Clark as Outer Party Announcer
 Patrick Allen as Inner Party Official
 Michael Ripper as Outer Party Orator
 Ewen Solon as Outer Party Orator
 Kenneth Griffith as Prisoner

Release
For the US market, 1984 was distributed in 1956 on a double feature with another British science fiction film, The Gamma People.

Reception
The New York Times reviewer A.H. Weiler called this film adaptation "a stark, sober and thoughtful, if not altogether persuasive, film." He said the "director and the scenarists have adapted the book 'freely'. But they have retained its essential spirit and ideas in the film." A Boston Globe reviewer said that "the film had the same sense of bleak horror and black apprehension that Orwell developed when freedom was allowed to die." The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, however, compared the film to the BBC adaptation, but stated that it was "lifeless".

See also
List of films featuring surveillance
List of films that depict class struggle

References

External links

1950s dystopian films
1950s English-language films
1950s science fiction drama films
1956 drama films
1956 films
British black-and-white films
British science fiction drama films
Columbia Pictures films
Films about freedom of expression
Films about mass surveillance
Films based on Nineteen Eighty-Four
Films directed by Michael Anderson
Films scored by Malcolm Arnold
Films set in 1984
Films set in a fictional country
Films set in the future
Films shot at Associated British Studios
1950s British films

1984 (1956 film)


Rosario Isabel Rodríguez Echavarria (born July 8, 1969) is a Mexican former Major League Baseball pitcher who pitched for the Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates. He debuted on September 1, 1989 with the Reds and against his future team, the Pirates. He was the youngest player to play in the National League in 1989.

Rodríguez attended high school in Mexico City. In March 1987, the Cincinnati Reds signed him as an amateur free agent at the age of 17. He spent the 1987 one season with the Reds' rookie team, pitching in 17 games and posting a 1–5 record and a 3.08 earned run average (ERA). Rodríguez split the 1988 season between the Cedar Rapids Reds and the Greensboro Hornets. With Greensboro, he pitched in 23 games with an ERA of only 1.52. He spent the 1989 season with the Chattanooga Lookouts of the Southern League, where he pitched in 28 games, won three and lost none with a 4.47 ERA. At the conclusion of the minor league season, he was called up by the Reds to make his debut.

Rodríguez made his major league debut on September 1, 1989 against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Over the course of the 1989 Cincinnati Reds season, he pitched in seven games, posted a 1–1 record, and was the youngest player in the National League that season at the age of 20. He spent in the off-season in the Mexican League, then in March 1991 was signed to a one-year deal along with Rob Dibble, Chris Sabo, and Reggie Jefferson. He again spent most of the season in the minors, mainly playing for Chattanooga but also playing five games for the Nashville Sounds. He pitched in 36 games for Chattanooga and had a 4.36 ERA. During the 1990 Cincinnati Reds season, he pitched in nine games and had a 6.10 ERA, not winning or losing any games.

While Rodríguez was on the winter roster for the Reds, he was waived by the team in December. On December 20, the Pittsburgh Pirates claimed him off waivers. He was scheduled to be in camp by February 21, but due to visa problems, he did not arrive in camp until March. He split time with the Buffalo Bisons and the Pirates that season. With Buffalo, he pitched in 48 games and posted a 4–3 record and a 3.00 ERA. During the 1991 Pittsburgh Pirates season, he pitched in 18 games and had an ERA of 4.11. He also had one appearance during the 1991 National League Championship Series, allowing three runs in one inning against the Atlanta Braves.

His final professional season was in 1992 with the Bisons. In four games, Rodríguez had an ERA of 18.00. He spent three separate occasions on the disabled list that season with shoulder trouble, the third stint in June costing him the season. He was released from the Pirates in March 1993, ending his professional career.

References

External links

1969 births
Baseball players from Sinaloa
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Mexico
Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States
Nashville Sounds players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cedar Rapids Reds players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Gulf Coast Reds players
Greensboro Hornets players
Petroleros de Poza Rica players
Potros de Minatitlán players
Potros de Tijuana players
Saraperos de Saltillo players
Sultanes de Monterrey players

Rosario Rodríguez


Google Docs Editors is a web-based productivity office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service. The suite includes Google Docs (word processor), Google Sheets (spreadsheet), Google Slides (presentation software), Google Drawings (vector drawing program), Google Forms (online forms, quizzes and surveys), Google Sites (graphical website editor), and Google Keep (note-taking application). It used to also include Google Fusion Tables until it was discontinued in 2019.

The Google Docs Editors suite is available freely for users with personal Google accounts: through a web application, a set of mobile apps for Android and iOS, and a desktop application for Google's ChromeOS.

Availability
The Google Docs Editors suite is available free of charge for users with personal Google accounts. It is also offered as part of Google's business-centered service, Google Workspace.

Competition
The suite mainly competes with Microsoft Office and iWork software suites. It pioneered real-time collaborative editing since its inception in 2006, while Microsoft Office only introduced it in 2013. The suite can open and write Microsoft Office file formats. The Google Docs Editors Suite is available for free to users with private Google accounts. It is also offered as part of Google's business-oriented Google Workspace service, which ran until October 2020 under the name G Suite, a monthly subscription service that unlocks additional features.

See also
 List of collaborative software
 Comparison of office suites
 Microsoft Office
 Microsoft 365
 iWork

References

Docs Editors
Docs Editors
Office suites

Google Docs Editors


Mount Artxanda (; ) is one of the two small mountain ranges that delimit the municipality of Bilbao, the other one being Pagasarri. Of the two, it is the lower one (at no more than 300 m.), the closer one to the center of the city, and the one that has suffered from more intense urbanization. The pass of Santo Domingo separates the main part of Artxanda from Monte Avril, 400m high.

The Artxanda Funicular links downtown Bilbao with a recreational area at the top of the mountain, which has a park, several restaurants, a hotel, and a sports complex. The area is quite popular among the city's inhabitants and offers panoramic views of the city to the tourists.

Geography of Bilbao
Tourist attractions in Bilbao
Mountain ranges of the Basque Country (autonomous community)

Mount Artxanda


Dumaresq railway station is a heritage-listed former railway station located at 537 Dumaresq Road, Dumaresq, in the Armidale Regional Council local government area, New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
In 1878 the Great Northern Line (GNL) had reached Tamworth (now West Tamworth railway station). A few years earlier, in , the Minister for Works instructed the Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways, John Whitton, to commence trial surveys for the planned extension of the Great Northern Line beyond Tamworth to at least as far as Tenterfield (and later to the Queensland border). Two routes were considered for the northern extension from Tamworth to Tenterfield: via Armidale or via Inverell. After much debate, in May 1878 the decision was made to construct the northern extension of the GNL via Armidale, with the proposed route incorporating what is now the town of Dumaresq.

The Great Northern Line later reached Tamworth (1882), Uralla (1882), Armidale (1883), Inverella (Dumaresq) (1884), Black Mountain (1884), Glen Innes (1884), and Tenterfield (1886). The passenger station at Dumaresq opened as "Inverella" in 1884, with the name changing to "Eversleigh" in 1885 and finally "Dumaresq" in 1889.

Scant information has been found regarding the history of the railway station and yard at Dumaresq. In addition to the station building, a Station Master's residence was provided (probably from the opening of the station in 1884) but details of other structures within the yard have not been identified. The station closed on 16 December 1974 and the Station Master's residence was later sold, probably in the 1990s.  the station building was vacant and has remained in ownership of the Transport Asset Holding Entity .

Description
Extant items include the type 4, third-class brick station building (1884), brick platform face (1884) and station signs.

The station building retains a high level of intactness

The former Station Master's residence is privately owned.

Heritage listing
Dumaresq is one of a significant group of late nineteenth century railway buildings located along a section of the Northern Line between Armidale and the Queensland border. The station building is a good representative example of a late Victorian station building constructed in NSW in the 1880s. It displays symmetry and some restrained decorative features and is closely linked to the early development of Dumaresq and surrounding districts, particularly in the late nineteenth century.

Dumaresq Railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The station building at Dumaresq was built during a period of extensive railway construction in NSW in the late 19th century and as such is linked to the rapid expansion of railway infrastructure in the New England region and in other parts of NSW in the 1880s.

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

No direct association has been identified with any notable individual.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The station building at Dumaresq is a good example of late 19th century station design befitting the location of the station within a small rural town. The station building displays symmetry and some restrained decorative features, including bargeboards, pendants and a small but elegant veranda.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The station building (and to a lesser extent the former yard) at Dumaresq is likely to have social significance to the local community as a highly visible building which provides a tangible link to the development of the town and region from the late 19th century.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The station building is a good representative example of a late Victorian station building, with excellent detailing and proportion, one of a series of similar railway passenger stations constructed along the former Northern Line in the late 19th century.

See also

List of disused regional railway stations in New South Wales

References

Bibliography

Attribution

Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Disused regional railway stations in New South Wales
Dumaresq, New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1884
Railway stations closed in 1974
Main North railway line, New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia closed in the 20th century

Dumaresq railway station


The Commuter is a 2018 American action thriller film directed by Jaume Collet-Serra and written by Byron Willinger, Philip de Blasi and Ryan Engle. The film stars Liam Neeson, Vera Farmiga, Patrick Wilson, Jonathan Banks, and Sam Neill. It follows a man who is unwittingly recruited into a murder conspiracy after meeting a mysterious woman while on his daily train commute.

The film premiered in New York City on January 8, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on January 12, 2018, by Lionsgate, and on January 19, 2018, in the United Kingdom by StudioCanal. The film grossed $119 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, who called it similar to Neeson and Collet-Serra's previous film, Non-Stop, but praised Neeson's performance and the genre thrills.

Plot

Michael MacCauley, a former NYPD officer turned insurance agent, takes the same daily train commute on the Hudson Line from Tarrytown to Grand Central Terminal. He is abruptly laid off from his job, endangering his family's financial security. Waiting to reveal his dismissal to his wife and son, he instead confides in Murphy, his ex-partner still on the police force. On the train home, Michael meets a mysterious woman, Joanna, who proposes a "hypothetical" situation: she asks him to locate "Prynne," the alias of an unknown passenger whom Joanna claims has a stolen item. Joanna tells Michael that he will find $25,000 in the bathroom and be paid a further $75,000 when his task is done. Alluding to Michael being a former cop, she departs, and he finds the $25,000.

Michael attempts to leave the train with the money, but he is stopped by a young teenager with an envelope containing his wife's wedding ring, which she tells him is a warning. Unable to reach his wife by phone, he discreetly approaches fellow commuter Walt, writing a note on his newspaper to contact the police. Michael leaves Murphy a voicemail describing the situation and receives a call from Joanna threatening him and his family. She tells him the train is rigged with hidden cameras and to look outside, where he sees Walt pushed in front of a moving bus and killed. Joanna points Michael to a GPS tracker in his jacket to plant on Prynne.

Michael induces a conductor to make random security searches, saying that he has observed suspicious activity by some of the passengers. But when the conductor tries to search a woman's bag, she protests loudly. A man immediately leaves the car, and Michael follows, but the man attacks him, and Michael plants the tracker on him. Murphy calls back and explains that Prynne is a key witness in the supposed suicide of city official Enrique Mendez, leading Michael to realize that Prynne will be killed and that Michael is being set up. In a deserted carriage, Michael discovers the body of the man he planted the tracker on and a badge revealing he was an FBI agent. Joanna calls, chastising Michael for marking the wrong person and warning that another passenger reported his suspicious activities to police, who stop the train to investigate. Michael hides with the corpse underneath the carriage but loses the $25,000.

Sabotaging the train's air conditioning, he forces the remaining passengers into the last carriage and realizes another passenger, Oliver, killed the FBI agent. Oliver reveals that he received the same instructions for $100,000 but with orders to kill Prynne once Michael identified him. They fight, and Michael throws Oliver out of a window, thereby killing him. "Prynne" is revealed to be a 16-year-old girl named Sofia, who is holding incriminating information on powerful people; the agent was escorting her to witness protection at the train's final stop. Sofia reveals that Enrique, her cousin, was murdered by police officers.

Joanna calls to force Michael to kill Sofia for the sake of his family, but he refuses, and Joanna detonates explosives to derail the train and kill everyone aboard. Michael saves the passengers by unhooking the final carriage at a curve in the tracks, but a conductor, Sam, is killed. Michael instructs the passengers to block the carriage windows with wet newspapers before a massive police force arrives. Assuming that Michael is holding the train hostage, authorities send Murphy to negotiate with him. Entering the carriage, Murphy unknowingly reveals himself as the rogue cop who killed Enrique, and he and Michael fight hand-to-hand. Michael removes Murphy's electronic ID tag, which identifies him as a "friendly" to the police snipers' thermal vision, resulting in Murphy being mistaken for Michael and shot dead.

Sofia tells the FBI what she knows, and Michael is exonerated by the other passengers while the FBI rescues his family. His former captain admits that Murphy and other corrupt officers had been under investigation and offers Michael his job back. Michael reveals that he kept the incriminating hard drive Sofia gave him. Some time later, Joanna is on a train back from Chicago when Michael confronts her, showing her his detective's badge and preparing to arrest her.

Cast

Production

Development
In January 2010, Olatunde Osunsanmi boarded the action-thriller film as director for the production company Gold Circle Films, with a screenplay written by Byron Willinger and Philip de Blasi. More than a year later, in August 2011, Julian Jarrold was reported to be directing the film instead. In January 2016, Jaume Collet-Serra closed a deal to direct the film, marking his fourth collaboration with Neeson, and also executive produced through Ombra Films, with partner Juan Sola. The film was produced by StudioCanal and The Picture Company.

Casting
In September 2015, it was announced that Liam Neeson would star in the film. In June 2016, Vera Farmiga joined, in a role described as "a mysterious woman who boards a commuter train and proposes an enticing opportunity to Neeson's character, one that has dire circumstances if he accepts." The project marks the second working collaboration between Farmiga and Collet-Serra, after 2009's psychological thriller Orphan. On July 13, Sam Neill, Elizabeth McGovern, and Jonathan Banks were added to the principal cast, and in August 2016, Kobna Holdbrook-Smith joined in an undisclosed role. The same month, Patrick Wilson joined the cast as a trusted friend of Neeson's character.

Filming
Principal photography began on July 25, 2016, at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England, and continued in New York City. Neeson and McGovern were spotted on the set of the film at Worplesdon railway station in Surrey on September 18, 2016.

Music
In May 2017, it was reported that Roque Baños would compose the film's score. Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album digitally in January 2018, with a physical release following on February 9, 2018.

All music composed by Roque Baños.

Release
In November 2015, Lionsgate pre-bought the domestic distribution rights to the film, in a deal with StudioCanal. The Commuter was originally scheduled for release in the United States on October 13, 2017, and was pushed back to January 12, 2018. The film was released in the United Kingdom on October 20, 2017, by StudioCanal, and was also pushed back to January 19, 2018, in accordance with the U.S. rescheduling.

Reception

Box office
The Commuter grossed $36.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $83.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $119.9 million.

In the United States and Canada, The Commuter was released alongside the openings of Proud Mary and Paddington 2, and the wide expansion of The Post, and was projected to gross $12–14 million from 2,892 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $4.5 million on its first day and $13.7 million over the weekend, on par with previous Neeson-Collet-Serra collaborations, finishing third at the box office behind holdover Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and The Post. It made $6.6 million in its second weekend, dropping 51.8% and finishing 7th.

Internationally, the film debuted at number two in Germany with $2.6 million. It went on to gross a total of $6.7 million in the country, the biggest market outside the US, as well as $5.6 million in the UK, $5.0 million in France and $2.6 million in Australia.

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads, "The Commuters cast is better than its workmanlike script – which helps make this reasonably diverting Liam Neeson action thriller worth the price of a matinee ticket or rental, if not a full-price ticket." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Most fans rated the film higher than critics, with many of them praising the cast performances, the mystery elements, and the suspense.

References

External links

2018 films
2018 action thriller films
2010s mystery thriller films
American action thriller films
American mystery thriller films
French action thriller films
English-language French films
French mystery thriller films
British action thriller films
British mystery thriller films
Films about murder
Films about the New York City Police Department
Films about railway accidents and incidents
Films about witness protection
Films directed by Jaume Collet-Serra
Films scored by Roque Baños
French films set in New York City
Films set on trains
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Surrey
IMAX films
StudioCanal films
Lionsgate films
2010s English-language films
British films set in New York City
2010s American films
2010s British films
2010s French films

The Commuter (film)


Marie Caroline Ernestine Clementine Kruse (1842–1923) was a pioneering Danish schoolteacher and principal, specializing in the education of girls. She also helped to establish and support several educational organisations for women.

Early life and education
Born on 19 February 1842 in Flensburg, Kruse was the daughter of Johan Hinrich Jes Kruse (1805–59) and his wife Anna Magdalene Christine Becker (1815–59). Her father had helped to establish the first Danish-language school in Flensburg. It was here that Kruse and her siblings were educated in both Danish and German. After her confirmation, she went on to learn French, English and Italian, receiving private tuition from the schoolteacher and politician Christian Flor (1792–1875). After her father's death in 1859, together with several friends, he paid for training up to the level of head teacher at N. Zahle's School in Copenhagen from 1860 to 1862.

Career

On receiving her qualification, Kruse joined Louise Thomsen at the school she ran for the sons and daughters of Danish officers who had served or lived in Schleswig and Holstein. After Thomsen died in 1869, she ran the school herself. In 1879, she moved the school into new premises on Absalonsgade in Copenhagen, where it became Marie Kruse's School with 146 pupils. In 1886, she moved it once more, this time to Frederiksberg Alle. When Kruse retired in 1902, there were 336 pupils. It was recognized as one of the country's best schools for girls.

As a schoolteacher, Kruse was strongly influenced by Natalie Zahle who became a lifelong friend. Both aimed at giving girls an education which would allow them to be self-supporting. Increasingly, she received the support of affluent parents who believed their daughters should move with the times and be able to stand on their own two feet. Always keen to support the history of southern Jutland in her curriculum, in 1884 Kruse was a co-founder of the Sønderjysk Samfund (South Jutland Society), becoming a member of the board in 1898. With a view to providing pensions for retired teachers, she founded Foreningen til Lærerinders Understøttelse (Association in Support of Women Schoolteachers), and in 1872 was a co-founder of Kvindelig Læseforening (Women's Reading Association). She was also an active member of Dansk Kvindesamfund (Danish Women's Society) and Den danske Pigeskole (Danish Girls' School).

Kruse retired in 1902 when she was only 60, apparently because she had difficulty in accepting the educational reforms of the times. Laura Jensen, a former pupil who became the school's principal, appreciated the discipline she had acquired under Kruse: "She was strict but many of us developed a strong liking for her discipline as with time we learnt that it was in our best interest."

In 1894, Kruse was awarded the Danish Medal of Merit. She died on 12 February 1923 in Frederiksberg.

Legacy
 is today located in Farum north of Copenhagen.

References

1842 births
1923 deaths
People from Flensburg
19th-century Danish educators
19th-century Danish women educators
Danish headmistresses
Heads of schools in Denmark
Women school principals and headteachers
Recipients of the Medal of Merit (Denmark)

Marie Kruse


A thin-film transistor (TFT) is a special type of field-effect transistor (FET) where the transistor is made by thin film deposition. TFTs are grown on a supporting (but non-conducting) substrate.  A common substrate is glass, because the traditional application of TFTs is in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). This differs from the conventional bulk metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET), where the semiconductor material typically is the substrate, such as a silicon wafer.

Design and manufacture
TFTs can be fabricated with a wide variety of semiconductor materials. Because it is naturally abundant and well understood, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon were (and still are) used as the semiconductor layer. However, because of the low mobility of amorphous silicon and the large device-to-device variations found in polycrystalline silicon, other materials have been studied for use in TFTs. These include cadmium selenide, metal oxides such as indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) or zinc oxide, organic semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, or metal halide perovskites.Because TFTs are grown on inert substrates, rather than on wafers, the semiconductor must be deposited in a dedicated process. A variety of techniques are used to deposit semiconductors in TFTs. These include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and sputtering. The semiconductor can also be deposited from solution, via techniques such as printing or spray coating. Solution-based techniques are hoped to lead to low-cost, mechanically flexible electronics. Because typical substrates will deform or melt at high temperatures, the deposition process must be carried out under relatively low temperatures compared to traditional electronic material processing.

Some wide band gap semiconductors, most notable metal oxides, are optically transparent. By also employing transparent substrates, such as glass, and transparent electrodes, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), some TFT devices can be designed to be completely optically transparent. Such transparent TFTs (TTFTs) could be used to enable head-up displays (such as on a car windshield).The first solution-processed TTFTs, based on zinc oxide, were reported in 2003 by researchers at Oregon State University. The Portuguese laboratory CENIMAT at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa has produced the world's first completely transparent TFT at room temperature. CENIMAT also developed the first paper transistor, which may lead to applications such as magazines and journal pages with moving images.

Applications

The best known application of thin-film transistors is in TFT LCDs, an implementation of liquid-crystal display technology. Transistors are embedded within the panel itself, reducing crosstalk between pixels and improving image stability.

, many color LCD TVs and monitors use this technology. TFT panels are frequently used in digital radiography applications in general radiography. A TFT is used in both direct and indirect capture as a base for the image receptor in medical radiography.

, all modern high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

AMOLED displays also contain a TFT layer for active-matrix pixel addressing of individual organic light-emitting diodes.

The most beneficial aspect of TFT technology is its use of a separate transistor for each pixel on the display. Because each transistor is small, the amount of charge needed to control it is also small. This allows for very fast re-drawing of the display.

Structure of a TFT-display matrix

This picture does not include the actual light-source (usually cold-cathode fluorescent lamps or white LEDs), just the TFT-display matrix.

1 - Glass plates
2/3 - Horizontal and vertical polarisers
4 - RGB colour mask
5/6 - Horizontal and vertical command lines
7 - Rubbed polymer layer
8 - Spacers
9 - Thin-film transistors
10 - Front electrode
11 - Rear electrodes

History
In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET in which germanium monoxide was used as a gate dielectric. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark's ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. In 1966, T.P. Brody and H.E. Kunig at Westinghouse Electric fabricated indium arsenide (InAs) MOS TFTs in both depletion and enhancement modes.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard J. Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with an 18x2 matrix dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs, as TFT performance was not adequate at the time. In 1973, T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD). The Westinghouse group also reported on operational TFT electroluminescence (EL) in 1973, using CdSe. Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975. However, mass production of this device was never realized, due to complications in controlling the compound semiconductor thin film material properties, and device reliability over large areas.

A breakthrough in TFT research came with the development of the amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFT by P.G. le Comber, W.E. Spear and A. Ghaith at the University of Dundee in 1979. They reported the first functional TFT made from hydrogenated a-Si with a silicon nitride gate dielectric layer. The a-Si TFT was soon recognized as being more suitable for a large-area AM LCD. This led to commercial research and development (R&D) of AM LCD panels based on a-Si TFTs in Japan.

By 1982, Pocket TVs based on AM LCD technology were developed in Japan. In 1982, Fujitsu's S. Kawai fabricated an a-Si dot-matrix display, and Canon's Y. Okubo fabricated a-Si twisted nematic (TN) and guest-host LCD panels. In 1983, Toshiba's K. Suzuki produced a-Si TFT arrays compatible with CMOS integrated circuits (ICs), Canon's M. Sugata fabricated an a-Si color LCD panel, and a joint Sanyo and Sanritsu team including Mitsuhiro Yamasaki, S. Suhibuchi and Y. Sasaki fabricated a 3-inch a-SI color LCD TV.

The first commercial TFT-based AM LCD product was the 2.1-inch Epson ET-10 (Epson Elf), the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1986, a Hitachi research team led by Akio Mimura demonstrated a low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) process for fabricating n-channel TFTs on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI), at a relatively low temperature of 200°C. A Hosiden research team led by T. Sunata in 1986 used a-Si TFTs to develop a 7-inch color AM LCD panel, and a 9-inch AM LCD panel. In the late 1980s, Hosiden supplied monochrome TFT LCD panels to Apple Computers. In 1988, a Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu used hydrogenated a-Si TFTs to demonstrate a 14-inch full-color LCD display, which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace cathode-ray tube (CRT) as the standard television display technology. The same year, Sharp launched TFT LCD panels for notebook PCs. In 1992, Toshiba and IBM Japan introduced a 12.1-inch color SVGA panel for the first commercial color laptop by IBM.

TFTs can also be made out of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). TFT-LCDs with IGZO transistors first showed up in 2012, and were first manufactured by Sharp Corporation.  IGZO allows for higher refresh rates and lower power consumption. In 2021, the first flexible 32-bit microprocessor was manufactured using IGZO TFT technology on a polyimide substrate.

See also

 Transistor
 Amorphous silicon
 Metal oxide thin film transistor
 Organic field effect transistor

References

MOSFETs
Transistor types
Thin films
Semiconductors

Thin-film transistor