Amber Nicole Benson(born January 8, 1977) is an American actress, writer, movie director, and movie producer. She is best known for her role as "Tara Maclay", on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Early life
Benson was born in Birmingham, Alabama. She had a mixed Christian and Jewish upbringing.

Career

Feature and animation movies
While still working on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Benson wrote, directed, produced, edited, and acted in a movie called Chance (2002). The movie also featured her Buffy co-star James Marsters. After her time on Buffy, Benson began working on a series of animated movies for the BBC with co-creator Christopher Golden and animation company Cosgrove Hall. Ghosts of Albion: Legacy (2003) and its sequels are available on the BBC Cult website (http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ghosts/legacy/). In 2006, Benson released her second movie Lovers, Liars and Lunatics through her own production company, Benson Entertainment. The movie was partly paid for by the sale of special action figures of her character Tara from the Buffy episode Triangle.

Writing career: novels and comics
Benson also writes novels and comic books. She usually writes these with Christopher Golden. In 2003, Benson worked with Golden, Terry Moore, and Eric Powell of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara comic book titled WannaBlessedBe. During the same year, she worked with Christopher Golden and AJ (Ajit Jothikaumar) of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara comic books titled Wilderness #1 and Wilderness #2. In 2005, Benson worked with artist Jamie McKelvie on a short story for the Image Comics collection Four Letter Worlds. In 2006, Benson worked with artist Ben Templesmith on Demon Father John's Pinwheel Blues published by IDW. Benson and Golden have also worked together on two supernatural thrillers: Ghosts of Albion: Accursed and Ghosts of Albion: Witchery. These books follow the stories of Tamara and William Swift, characters from the BBC computer animated web movie Ghosts of Albion: Legacy. In September 2007, Benson signed a three-book deal with Penguin Books. The first book is believed to be titled Death's Daughter.

Career: miscellaneous
In 2003, she worked with director James Kerwin to produce her play, Albert Hall, in Hollywood.

Benson sang in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer musical episode "Once More, With Feeling". She sang on the songs "I've Got a Theory / Bunnies / If We're Together", "Under Your Spell" (her solo), "Walk Through the Fire", "Standing/Under Your Spell (Reprise)" and "Where Do We Go From Here?" She also sang "Toucha Toucha Touch Me" (aka "Creature of the Night") at VH-1's celebrity karaoke tribute to The Rocky Horror Picture Show.

Personal life
On the November 11, 2000 episode of the radio show Loveline, Amber (at age 23) said that she did not have a driver's license, that her mother drove her to the studio. As of 2007, Benson resides in Los Angeles, California. She is a vegetarian.

Filmography
 King of the Hill (1993 movie; not the TV series) - as Ella McShane
 The Crush  (1993) - as Cheyenne
 S.F.W.  (1994) - as Barbara 'Babs' Wyler
 Imaginary Crimes (1994)  - as Margaret
 Bye Bye Love (1995)  - as Meg Damico
 Can't Hardly Wait (1998)  - as Stephanie, the Stoned Banana-holding Girl (scenes deleted from the final cut)
 Take It Easy (1999)  - as Justy
 Deadtime (1999) - as Patty
 The Prime Gig (2000) - as Batgirl
 Hollywood, Pennsylvania (2001) - as Mandy Calhoun
 Don's Plum (2001) - as Amy
 Taboo (2002) - as Piper
 Chance (2002) - as Chance
 Latter Days (2003) - as Traci Levine
 Intermedio (2005) - as Barbie
 Race You to the Bottom (2005) - as Maggie
 Lovers, Liars & Lunatics (2006) - as Justine
 Angst (2006) - as Julia
 Simple Things (2006) - as Sally
 Tripping Forward (2006) - as Gwen
 Strictly Sexual (2006) - as Donna
 Girltrash! (2007) - Svetlana 'Lana' Dragovich
 Kiss the Bride (2007) - as Elly
 One-Eyed Monster (2007) - as Laura
 Shifter (2008) - as Kimi

Television
(Includes made-for-TV movies and TV series)
 Jack Reed: Badge of Honor (1993) TV movie - Nicole Reed
 Jack Reed: A Search for Justice (1994) TV movie - Nicole Reed
 Jack Reed: One of Our Own (1995) TV movie - Nicole Reed
 Promised Land (1998) TV series  - Amy Farnsworth (episode titled "Out of Bounds")
 Cracker (1999) TV series  - Amy (episode titled "The Club")
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (in 1999-2002 seasons) TV series - Tara Maclay
 The Enforcers (2001) TV miniseries - Abby
 Cold Case (2004) TV series  - Julia Hoffman (episode titled "Volunteers")
 The Inside (2005) TV series - Allison Davis (episode titled "The Perfect Couple")
 Supernatural (2006) TV series  - Lenore (episode titled "Bloodlust")
 Holiday Wishes (2006) TV movie - Danni Hartford
 Gryphon (2007) TV movie - Princess Amelia of Lockland

Books in print

Ghosts of Albion
 Accursed (with Christopher Golden) (Del Rey, 2005)
 Witchery (with Christopher Golden) (Del Rey, 2006)
 The Ghosts of Albion Roleplaying Game (with Timothy S. Brannan and Christopher Golden) (Eden Studios, 2007)

Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow & Tara (2003)
 WannaBlessedBe (with Christopher Golden)
 Wilderness, Part 1 (with Christopher Golden)
 Wilderness, Part 2 (with Christopher Golden)

Other
 Shadowplay #1-4 (with Ben Templesmith) (2006)
 The Seven Whistlers (with Christopher Golden) (2006)

Footnotes

Other websites

 Amber Benson - amberbenson.net
 Interview at Flames Rising (October 2005)
 Interview at LesbiaNation.com  (May 2007)
 Interview at SlayerLit

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
American Jews
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American television actors
Whedonverse
Writers from Alabama

Amber Benson


Danville Community College (DCC) is one of the twenty-three two-year colleges in the Virginia Community College System (VCCS). It is located in Danville, Virginia. Unlike many of the other VCCS schools, it predates the formation of a statewide body for junior colleges. Its roots began in 1936 as Danville Textile School. In addition, a branch campus of Virginia Tech located in Danville was folded into the college in 1968. Danville Community College also has a baseball team, which won the Virginia Community College System state baseball championships in 2006 and 2007.

Danville Community College is an  institution of higher education serving the City of Danville, Pittsylvania County and Halifax County. The main campus is located on South Main Street in Danville, consisting of 11 college buildings.

Beginning as early as 1890, the campus of Danville Military Institute (1890 to 1939) housed prisoners of war during World War II (1944–1945), was home to the off-campus engineering division of Virginia Polytechnic Institute (named VPI Extension - fall 1946 to 1950, Danville Branch of VPI - 1950 to 1965, and Danville Division of VPI - 1965 to 1968), and shared the campus with Danville Technical Institute (formerly Danville Textile School) from 1945 to 1966, until DTI merged with the Danville Division of VPI to form Danville Community College.

Danville Community College is governed by an advisory board of nine members. The college is supervised by the Virginia Community College System (VCCS) and State Board for Community Colleges, and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033–4097) to award associate degrees to those students successfully completing a curriculum.

Extra-curricular offerings

Athletics

 DCC Knights baseball (established 2001; they are 2002, 2006, and 2007 Virginia Community College champions) (Discontinued)
 DCC Knights men's and women's basketball (established 2004; cancelled)
 DCC Knights soccer (established 2008; cancelled)
 DCC Knights Women's volleyball (established 2015)

Clubs and organizations
Afro-American Culture Club
Alpha Beta Gamma - International Business Honor Society
Better Earth & Animal Treatment Society (BEATS)
College Entrepreneurs' Organization (CEO)
Christian Student Fellowship
DCC CyberKnights (Cyber Security/Networking)
DCC Gospel Choir
DCC Graphics Club
DCC Knights Cheerleaders
Honors Program
International Association of Administrative Professionals (IAAP)
American Criminal Justice Association- (Justice Club)
National Technical Honors Society (NTHS)
Phi Theta Kappa (PTK)
Sigma Kappa Delta (International English Honor Society)
Student Government Association (SGA)

References

External links

Virginia Community College System
Education in Danville, Virginia
Universities and colleges established in 1936
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Buildings and structures in Danville, Virginia
1936 establishments in Virginia
NJCAA athletics

Danville Community College


Conching is a process used in the manufacture of chocolate whereby a surface scraping mixer and agitator, known as a conche, evenly distributes cocoa butter within chocolate and may act as a "polisher" of the particles. It also promotes flavor development through frictional heat, release of volatiles and acids, and oxidation. The name arises from the shape of the vessels initially used which resembled conch shells.

When ingredients are mixed in this way, sometimes for up to 78 hours, chocolate can be produced with a mild, rich taste. Lower-quality chocolate is conched for as little as 6 hours. Since the process is so important to the final texture and flavor of chocolate, manufacturers keep the details of their conching process proprietary.

History

Rodolphe Lindt invented the conche in Berne, Switzerland, in 1879. It produced chocolate with superior aroma and melting characteristics compared to other processes used at that time. The Lindt chocolate company states that Lindt (perhaps mistakenly) allowed a mixer containing chocolate to run over a weekend (or possibly overnight, according to other variants of the possibly apocryphal story). Upon returning to the device, Lindt recognised the final product to have different properties to conventionally produced chocolate at the time, with a less granular texture and greater shine than conventional chocolate at the time, which was generally gritty when solidified owing to the presence of non-ideal cocoa butter crystals. Lindt's invention made the mass-production of chocolate bars more practical, eventually replacing chocolate beverages as the primary means of mass chocolate consumption.

Lindt's original conche consisted of a granite roller and granite trough; such a configuration is now called a "long conche" and can take more than a day to process a tonne of chocolate. The ends of the trough were shaped to allow the chocolate to be thrown back over the roller at the end of each stroke, increasing the surface area exposed to air. A modern rotary conche can process 3 to 10 tonnes of chocolate in less than 12 hours. Modern conches have cooled jacketed vessels containing long mixer shafts with radial arms that press the chocolate against vessel sides. A single machine can carry out all the steps of grinding, mixing, and conching required for small batches of chocolate.

Process

Conching redistributes the substances from the dry cocoa that create flavor into the fat phase. Air flowing through the conche removes some unwanted acetic, propionic, and butyric acids from the chocolate and reduces moisture. Even a small amount of moisture greatly increases the viscosity of the finished chocolate, so machinery is cleaned with cocoa butter instead of water. Some of the substances produced in the roasting of cocoa beans are oxidized in the conche, mellowing the flavor of the product.

The temperature of the conche is controlled and varies for different types of chocolate. Generally, higher temperature leads to a shorter required processing time. Temperature varies from around  for milk chocolate to up to  for dark chocolate. The elevated temperature leads to a partially caramelized flavor and in milk chocolate promotes the Maillard reaction.

The chocolate passes through three phases during conching. In the dry phase the material is in powdery form, and the mixing coats the particles with fat. Air movement through the conche removes some moisture and volatile substances, which may give an acidic note to the flavor. Moisture balance affects the flavor and texture of the finished product because, after the particles are coated with fat, moisture and volatile chemicals are less likely to escape.

In the pasty phase more of the particles are coated with the fats from the cocoa. The power required to turn the conche shafts increases at this step.

The final liquid phase allows minor adjustment to the viscosity of the finished product by addition of fats and emulsifiers, depending on the intended use of the chocolate.

While most conches are batch-process machines, continuous-flow conches separate the stages with weirs, over which the product travels through separate parts of the machine. A continuous conche can reduce the conching time for milk chocolate to as little as four hours.

See also
 Melanger
 History of chocolate

References

External links
 Conching - ScienceDirect
 Refining and Conching - Grenada Chocolate
 Manufacturer's illustration of production-size conche and mixing shaft

Chocolate
Cooking techniques
Articles containing video clips

Conching


The American Statistical Association (ASA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in the United States. It was founded in Boston, Massachusetts on November 27, 1839, and is the second oldest continuously operating professional society in the US (only the Massachusetts Medical Society, founded in 1781, is older). The ASA services statisticians, quantitative scientists, and users of statistics across many academic areas and applications. The association publishes a variety of journals and sponsors several international conferences every year.

Mission
The organization's mission is to promote good application of statistical science, specifically to:
 support excellence in statistical practice, research, journals, and meetings
 work for the improvement of statistical education at all levels
 promote the proper application of statistics
 anticipate and meet member needs
 use the discipline of statistics to enhance human welfare
 seek opportunities to advance the statistics profession

Membership
As of 2022, the ASA membership exceeds 19,000 professionals found in government, academia, and the private sector.

Corporate supporters
Organizational members and corporate supporters of the ASA include AstraZeneca, Merck & Co., the National Security Agency, Pfizer, RTI International, StataCorp and Westat.

Justice, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
In November 2018, ASA Board of Directors approved a code of conduct statement on Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI). It was reviewed and updated by ASA BOD in 2019, 2021, and most recently in 2023.

In June 2020, the R. A. Fisher Award and Lectureship was changed to COPSS Distinguished Achievement Award and Lectureship. The change follows discussions about Fisher's views on race and eugenics.

Fellowship

New Fellowships of the ASA are granted annually by the ASA Committee on Fellows. Candidates must have been members for the preceding three years but may be nominated by anyone. The maximum number of recipients each year is one-third of one percent of the ASA membership.

Organizational structure
ASA is organized in Sections, Chapters and Committees. Chapters are arranged geographically, representing 78 areas across the US and Canada. An example of an early and large chapter is the SoCalASA.  Sections are subject-area and industry-area interest groups covering 22 sub-disciplines. ASA has more than 60 committees coordinating meetings, publications, education, careers, and special-interest topics involving statisticians.

Accredited Professional Statistician
, the ASA offers the Accredited Professional Statistician status (PStat), to members who meet the ASA's credentialing requirements, which include an advanced degree in statistics or related quantitative field, five years of documented experience, and evidence of professional competence.  To apply for continuing accreditation, PStat members are expected to complete 60 hours of professional development activities each year.

The ASA also offers the Graduate Statistician status (GStat) as of April 2014. It serves as a preparatory accreditation suitable for graduate students.

A list of PStat and GStat accredited members is available on the ASA website.

Publications

The ASA publishes several scientific journals:
 Journal of the American Statistical Association (JASA)
 The American Statistician (TAS)
 Journal of Business & Economic Statistics (JBES)
 Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics (JABES)
 Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics (JCGS)
 Technometrics (TECH)
 Journal of Nonparametric Statistics
 Statistical Analysis and Data Mining(The ASA Data Science Journal)
 Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research (SBR)

Online-only journals:
 Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education (JSDSE)
 Statistics and Public Policy
 Statistics Surveys
Co-Published journals:
 Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, co-sponsored with the American Educational Research Association
 SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification, co-sponsored with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
 Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology (JSSAM), co-sponsored with the American Association for Public Opinion Research
 Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports (JQAS)

The ASA co-sponsors the Current Index to Statistics (CIS)

The monthly magazine for members Amstat News is available online. Based on the monthly column in AmStat News, the ASA produces a website called STATtr@k with new articles every month for early career statisticians and data analysts, recent graduates, or those who are in a statistics program. Quarterly magazine Chance and bimonthly magazine Significance are geared toward a general audience.

Historical publications include:
 Edward Jarvis, William Brigham and John Wingate Thornton, Memorial of the American Statistical Association Praying the Adoption of Measures for the Correction of Errors in the Census, 1844
 Publications of the American Statistical Association, 1888-1919 (Vols. 1-16) and Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association, 1920-1921

Meetings
Meetings provide a platform for scholars and practitioners to exchange research, job opportunities and ideas with each other. ASA holds an annual meeting called Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM), a conference on statistical methodologies and applications called Spring Research Conference (SRC), Conference on Statistical Practice (CSP), and sponsors multiple international meetings and special-interest group meetings.

See also

 American Mathematical Society
 COPSS Presidents' Award
 Fellows of the American Statistical Association
 President of the American Statistical Association
 Statistics Without Borders (SWB)

References

External links
 American Statistical Association

Professional associations based in the United States
Statistical organizations in the United States
1839 establishments in the United States

American Statistical Association


On Location: George Carlin at USC (aka An Evening with George Carlin at USC) is American comedian George Carlin's first ever HBO special, recorded March 5, 1977, at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. This unique taping lasted 85 minutes. He had also explained to the audience that before this special came about, that he never did a show for home consumption or reproduction.

In the process of planning this broadcast, the word spread quickly, and so much so that it resulted in a serious legal hearing at the Federal Communications Commission. Due to the controversy, Carlin sticks with more user-friendly material.

However, a federal court of appeals ruled in Carlin's favor and allowed him his right to free speech. This was mentioned during the opening of the program by Newsweek columnist Shana Alexander, which explained that it is the kind of entertainment that was rarely seen or heard on cable or network television at the time. Also, nearing the end of the taping, the video freezes and a message appears for the sense of responsibility. That message reads:

For that segment was wholly based on the "Seven Dirty Words". He also mentioned that the many ways of referring to these words outnumbered the actual few words that existed.

Program

 Intro & Warning (1:40)
 Program Open (:36)
 Personal Memories (2:22)
 Taking The Stage (10:27)
 Shopping (7:52)
 Walking (3:59)
 Dogs & Cats (9:27)
 Old Folks & Kids (8:00)
 Food (3:30)
 The News (3:20)
 Brand Names
 Perversion of Language
 Forbidden Words (23:24)
 Closing Credits (1:47)

See also

 Home Box Office
 On Location (TV series)
 Federal Communications Commission
 University of Southern California
 Seven dirty words
 Newsweek
 Shana Alexander (1925-2005)

References

External links

George Carlin
1970s American television specials
HBO network specials
Stand-up comedy concert films
1977 television specials
Television shows directed by Marty Callner
1970s in comedy

George Carlin at USC


Ingen rövare finns i skogen is a 1988 Swedish film directed by Göran Carmback and based on the novel of the same name by Astrid Lindgren.

Plot
Peter plays outside in the woods with his sword. When he runs to his grandmother's house he sings: "There are no robbers in the forest". He goes to the old doll house, that his mother used to play with. Suddenly Peter sees that the doll moves. The doll tells Peter that he is lying and there are a lot of robbers in the forest. Peter suddenly becomes very small and goes into the doll house. There, the doll introduces itself as Mimmi and shows Peter the robbers out in the woods. It is Fiolito with his 40 robbers. Mimmi explains that the robbers want her pearl necklace because it is made of real pearls and is very valuable. Fiolito manages to steal the pearl necklace. But Mimmi says that Fiolito just stole the wrong necklace. Then she puts on the real pearl necklace. Suddenly Peter's grandmother is calling him. Peter finds himself in front of the doll house again. He asks his grandmother if the doll Mimmi has two pearl necklaces and if they are real pearls. Peter's grandmother says that Mimmi actually has two pearl necklaces, but the pearls are not real and Peter's mother has bought them in a toy store.

Cast
 Daniel Rausch: Peter
 Maja Holmberg: Mimmi
 Birgitta Valberg: Grandmother
 Per Oscarsson: Fiolito

Background
Ingen rövare finns i skogen was originally written by Astrid Lindgren as a theatre play. Later it was rewritten into a story illustrated by Ilon Wikland. After that the short film was made.

Ingen rövare finns i skogen was first broadcast on 25 April 1989 in Sweden. Later it was also shown on German television. After that, it was released on DVD in both Sweden and Germany.

Reception
According to Filmtipset.se Ingen rövare finns i skogen is funny and exciting, but at the same time a little scary. Per Oscarsson is praised for his performance as the robber chief Fiolito.

References

External links

Swedish children's films
1980s Swedish-language films
1988 films
Films based on works by Astrid Lindgren
Swedish short films
1980s Swedish films

Ingen rövare finns i skogen


Unconventional warfare is any kind of war that does not fit the traditional war between nations or groups. It includes foreign resistance movements and guerilla groups, who fight against an occupying force or their own government.

In conventional warfare, the fighters usually wear uniforms, which identifies them as fighters in an army, under the laws of war. With unconventional warfare, this is not the case. Those engaging in unconventional warfare need to hide before they can launch an attack. This means that in most cases they do not wear specific uniforms which identify them as fighters. Struggles of this type are going on at present in parts of Africa.

An unconventional war is rarely announced as a war. No declaration of war is made. Usually, the only feature which is noticed is the presence in a country of organised fighters. The fighters come from a neighbouring country or from parts of the existing country. There are no set rules.

This kind of warfare has been quite common since 1900. Terrorism is the intimidation of the native civilian population by armed fighters or insurgents, often known as guerrillas. Warfare inside a state by citizens who wish to overthrow the state, also generally called terrorism by the government, has also been common.

Struggle between regular forces (armies in uniforms) may happen without a formal declaration of war. Red versus white after the end of royal rule in Russia (Russian Civil War) is a good example. It was a semi-formal war, fought with regular troops on both sides. So was the seizing of Manchuria (Manchukuo) by Japan in the early 1930s. Regular Japanese army forces were used.

After World War I and World War II unconventional forces were used to drive out colonial powers or to try and do so. The struggle against colonialism was usually by irregular forces supported by weapons and men from powers interested in removing the colonies (usually Russia or China).

The dividing line between conventional and unconventional warfare is not clear-cut. In general conventional war is fought between regular armies, navies, air forces. Unconventional warfare is usually fought on the ground with at least one side not in uniform, usually against forces of the established government. It is an attempt to overthrow a government or to replace in it some part of the country.

Examples

 The Lord's Resistance Army was fighting against the government in Uganda, since about 1985. As of 2020, the conflict in Uganda seems to exist no longer, but it has spread to South Sudan, Tchad, and the Central African Republic. The conflict is known as Lord's Resistance Army insurgency. The leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, Joseph Kony, has been convicted of war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
 Boko Haram wants to make a new state, governed by Islamic law in the northern part of Nigeria. It is also active in Tchad, Niger and Cameroon. Since 2009, about 35.000 people were killed because of the conflict, there are about two million refugees because of the conflict.
 The Darfur conflict is a conflict in Sudan. Different local tribes fight against each other, and against the Sudanese government.
 Azawad is a territory in the north of Mali, which is almost entirely a desert. There is a conflict between the semi-nomadic Tuareg people, and local farmers. The Tuareg are represented by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. The conflict is known as Mali War.
 The Casamance conflict is between the government of Senegal, and the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance. They want the region of Casamance to become independent from the rest of Senegal.
 The Cabinda War is fought between the government of Angola, and the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda. It wants the province of Cabinda to become an independent state.

USA definition
The USA Department of Defense defines unconventional warfare as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area. Also called UW.

References

Terrorism
War
Conflicts

Unconventional warfare


Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung FBA (26 December 1930 – 9 May 2023) was a German author and scholar of Islamic history widely recognised for his contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies. He was appreciated in Iran for his "knowledgeable and fair" treatment of the Shia perspective. In the obituary of the Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) where Madelung worked his last years, it reads: "With particular reference to religious schools and movements in early Islam, his studies, based on a vast array of primary sources, have enriched the discipline's understanding of almost every major Muslim movement and community – not only early Imami Shi'ism and the later developments of Twelver, Ismaili and Zaydi Islam but also the lesser known aspects of Sunni, Khariji and the Mu'tazili schools of theology and philosophy." Madelung died on 9 May 2023 at the age of 92.

Early life and career
Madelung was born in Stuttgart on 26 December 1930. After World War II (in 1947), as an adolescent, he accompanied his parents Georg Hans Madelung and Elisabeth Emma Madelung to the US where his father continued his career as an aeronautic engineer specialising in rockets. Wilferd Madelung enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington DC before going to Cairo in 1951 to study Arabic literature and Islamic history; there he was a student of "Muḥammad Kamil Ḥusayn (1901–1961), who edited numerous Ismaili texts of the Fatimid period". From 1958 to 1960, he served as cultural attaché at the West German Embassy in Baghdad, before starting his scientific career. Later, Madelung was apparently also holding British citizenship. He was married with Margaret Madelung.

Academic career
Madelung received his doctorate and habilitation at the University of Hamburg in Germany (lecturer for Islamic studies 1963–1966). His PhD thesis from 1957 was titled "The Qarmatians and the Fatimids. Their mutual relations and their teachings on the Imamate". He was a visiting professor at the University of Texas at Austin in 1963, and assistant professor (1964–65), associate professor (1966–68) and professor of Islamic History from 1969 until 1978 at the University of Chicago. He was the Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St John's College there from 1978 to 1998.

During this time, his 1997 book The Succession to Muhammad was celebrated as a landmark work in the equitable depiction of Shia views on the Islamic succession process following the death of Muhammad. Madelung also wrote academic journal articles and lectures about Ibadism. From 1999, he was a member of the British Academy, and a senior research fellow at the Institute for Ismaili Studies in London.

In 2013, he was awarded the Farabi International Award by the Iranian Ministry of Islamic Guidance and Culture for his significant contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies. Later, Madelung was also involved in publishing early Arabic writings of spiritually oriented alchemy (see list of publications).

Works
Already 20 years before passing away he had produced some 15 books and edited volumes, 60 book chapters and papers in scientific journals, 130 encyclopaedia entries and about 160 book reviews.
 Madelung, W. (editor) - Arabic Texts Concerning The History of The Zaydī Imāms of Tabaristān, Daylamān And Gīlān, collected and edited by Wilferd Madelung. Franz Steiner Verlag, Beirut and Wiesbaden, 1987.
 Madelung, W. - Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. Columbia Letters of Iranian Studies no. 4, The Persian Heritage Foundation, 1988. ISBN 0-88706-700-X / 0-88706-701-8 (pbk.).
 Madelung, W. - Religious and Ethnic Movements in Medieval Islam, Ashgate Publishing, 1992. (New editions from 2016 on by Routledge, Oxon and New York, ISBN 978-086078-310-7
 Madelung, W. - The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0521646960.
 Madelung, W. and Walker, P. - An Ismaili Heresiography: The 'Bāb al-Shayṭān' from Abū Tammāms' Kitāb al-shajara, Leiden, 1998.
 Madelung, W. and Walker, P. - The Advent of the Fatimids: A Contemporary Shi'i Witness. An Edition and English Translation of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Munazarat, by Wilferd Madelung and Paul E. Walker. I.B. Tauris, London, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-551-8. (Published online by Cambridge University Press in 2016.)
 Madelung, W. - Der Imam al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim und die Glaubenslehre der Zaiditen, Walter De Gruyter Incorporated, 2002 (first edition 1966), ISBN 9783110826548.
 Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-Balāḏurī: Ansāb al-Ašrāf (Part 2). Edited by Wilferd Madelung. Beirut, 2003.
 Muhammad Ibn Umail: Book of the Explanation of the Symbols. Kitāb Ḥall ar-Rumūz (Corpus Alchemicum Arabicum. Vol. I). Edited by Theodor Abt, Wilferd Madelung, Thomas Hofmeier, with Introduction by Theodor Abt. Living Human Heritage Publications, Zurich, 2003; ISBN 3-9522608-1-9.
 Madelung, W. - Religious schools and sects in medieval Islam, Variorum Reprints, 1985.
 Madelung, W. (editor) - The Book of the Rank of the Sage. Rutbat al-Ḥakīm by Maslama al-Qurṭubī. Arabic Text edited with an English Introduction by Wilferd Madelung. Corpus Alchemicum Arabicum IV. Living Human Heritage Publications, Zurich 2016.
 Ibāḍī Texts from the 2nd/8th Century
 Muhammad Ibn Umail: The Pure Pearl and other texts by Muhammad Ibn Umail. Ad-Durra an-naqīya, As-Sīra an-naqīya, Al-Qașīda al-Mīmīya, Al-Mabāqil as-sab'a (Corpus Alchemicum Arabicum. Vol. V). Arabic Edition by Wilferd Madelung with an Introduction by Theodor Abt. Translation by Salwa Fuad and Theodor Abt. Living Human Heritage Publications, Zurich, 2019; ISBN 978-3-9524468-3-6.

See also
List of Islamic scholars

References

External links
Institute for Ismaili Studies - Culture and Memory in Early and Medieval Islam: A Festschrift in honour of Wilferd Madelung, ed. F. Daftary and J. Meri. London: I.B. Taurus, 2003.

1930 births
2023 deaths
German Islamic studies scholars
German Arabists
Laudian Professors of Arabic
Fellows of St John's College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Ismailism
Ibadi Islam
Ibadi studies
Cairo University alumni
University of Hamburg alumni
Georgetown University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
University of Texas at Austin faculty
University of Chicago faculty

People from Stuttgart

Wilferd Madelung


The Symphony No. 97 in C major, Hoboken I/97, is the fifth of the twelve London symphonies (numbers 93-104) written by Joseph Haydn. It was completed in 1792 as part of the set of symphonies composed on his first trip to London. It was first performed at the Hanover Square Rooms in London on 3 or 4 May 1792. First published in England, it made its way to the continent a few years later and was used by Ludwig van Beethoven as a model for a symphony in C major he never completed, and by Friedrich Witt for the Jena Symphony.

Movements
The work is in standard four movement form and scored for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings.

Adagio — Vivace,
Adagio ma non troppo,  in F major
Menuetto e Trio. Allegretto,
Finale: Presto assai,

After a slow introduction which deliberately avoids establishing C major, the main theme of the first movement is a fanfare that emphasizes the three notes of the C major triad.

The second subject is a Ländler that makes use of pizzicato in the bass.

The second movement is a set of F major variations with an irregular episode in F minor and a coda.  In the variation following the minore episode, Haydn used the unusual sul ponticello marking instructing the violins to play with the bow near the bridge creating a "glassy" or "metallic" sound.

For the final eight bars of the Trio of the minuet, Haydn instructs the concertmaster ("Salomon Solo" in the score) to play an octave above the rest of the first violins. Indeed, this minuet is extraordinary in Haydn's output: all of its repeats are written out because the scoring changes with each repeat.

A typical performance of the symphony lasts about 24 minutes.

References

External links

Symphony 097
1792 compositions
Stefan Zweig Collection
Compositions in C major

Symphony No. 97 (Haydn)


Smile was a rock band which preceded the rock band Queen. It formed in 1967. The members were Brian May (guitar), Roger Taylor (drums) and Tim Staffell (bass and vocals). When Tim Staffell left the band in 1970, Freddie Mercury replaced him and the band became Queen. John Deacon joined in 1971.

Queen (band)

Smile (band)


WQQO (105.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Sylvania, Ohio, carrying a hot adult contemporary format known as "Q105". Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Toledo metropolitan area and much of surrounding Northwest Ohio. WQQO's studios and transmitter both reside in Toledo's Scott Park neighborhood. Besides a standard analog transmission, WQQO broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online; WQQO-HD2 carries a sports talk format branded as "ESPN 100.7 The Ticket", which is relayed over low-power analog translator W264AK.

History
The 105.5 MHz spot on the radio dial in the Toledo area began in November 1968 as WGLN, located in a cornfield in western Lucas County, the remote studio-transmitter location was the home of the "Jones Boys", a concept introduced in Toledo by station manager and native Toledoan Michael Drew Shaw. Like WTRX in Flint, Michigan where Shaw had been program director several years before being named manager at WGLN, every DJ used the last name Jones.  Among the more notable, Davy Jones, Casey Jones, Tom Jones, and John Paul Jones. More notable D.J.s sporting the name JONES were Joe Hood, Steve Wright, Earl Sharninghouse, and Klaus Helfers,  The station featured country music - the first such FM station in the market - and broadcast live performances.

After a few months, WGLN became as "Golden 105," featuring a primarily oldies playlist with a sprinkling of current hits introduced with the tagline "Here today, Golden tomorrow." Then in late 1971, the format shifted to progressive rock. It was Toledo's first so-called underground FM station playing the songs and deep album cuts that no one else in the market was playing at the time. The station, however, was later sold in 1972 to Midwestern Broadcasting and by spring of that year, 105.5 FM became a beautiful music station with the WXEZ call sign.  In response to the format change, a citizens' group known as the Citizens' Committee to Keep Progressive Rock filed an objection with the FCC on the basis that Toledo already had several other middle-of-the-road/easy listening-type format stations and did not need another; the FCC rejected the appeal, and the committee continued to appeal the rejection until the Reams family changed WCWA-FM (104.7) to WIOT in December 1972, after which the objection was withdrawn.

At this time, 105.5 FM was still located in its tiny studio in the rural cornfield setting at its transmitter site in Berkey, Ohio. It later was moved into the newly remodeled garage at the Pickle Road studios of WOHO.  By the late 1970s it had transformed into an automated Top 40/rock format called "Z-Rock" (no relation to the heavy-metal music format of the same name) station known as "Z-105".

In 1979-1980, the station had a simulcast of sister station WOHO 1470 AM for morning drive time as well as for weekend broadcasts of American Top 40.  In 1980 the station went on its own with live local on-air talent. They began playing Album-oriented Rock (AOR). As the format changed from rock to adult contemporary, it was known as "105 WXEZ Rocks" to "3WM 105 FM" in the early 1980s.  After dumping the WXEZ calls (to a Chicago station) they obtained WWWM-FM (from a Cleveland station who went by "M105"), hence the "3WM".

Their AM sister station on 1470, WOHO, then also changed their calls to WWWM from 1990-1995.  The format was urban contemporary music at the time.

The Toledo duopoly of 1470AM/105.5FM has always been owned by the Lew Dickey family, first as Midwestern Broadcasting, then as Cumulus Broadcasting/Media.

The station re-branded as "Star 105" in 1998, changing format from adult contemporary to hot adult contemporary.

In April 2007, Star 105.5 became Toledo's home for Delilah's syndicated love-songs program, which competes with the John Tesh show on Clear Channel's WRVF.  WWWM had previously aired Delilah for a time during the late 1990s.  At the same time, the station became known as "Star 105.5" rather than simply "Star 105" and modified its playlist in a more mainstream AC direction, adding more music from the 1970s. However, after Star 105.5 dropped Delilah, and in 2008 replaced her with the Billy Bush show, the station returned to hot AC and pre-1980s music was dropped.

In April 2008, WWWM-FM began continuous HD Radio digital radio broadcasts.

WWWM was re-branded as "Star 105" on March 19, 2012, concurrent with a format switch to contemporary hit radio; "Andrew Z in the Morning" was picked up for morning drive at this time, but dropped from the lineup that December. In September 2014, Denny Schaffer returned to the Toledo market to host morning drive on WWWM.

On the morning of April 1, 2016, WWWM re-branded as "Channel 105.5", completing its shift back to Hot AC. By that June 22, WWWM re-branded as "Q105.5" under new WQQO calls; the WWWM call sign was subsequently parked on a co-owned Eden Prairie, Minnesota station.

On September 4, 2020, at 3 p.m., WQQO dropped the hot adult contemporary format and began stunting with popular 1990s and 2000s hip hop and pop hits, while announcing a change to come at 5 a.m. on September 8. In addition, the station dropped the "Q105.5" branding. At the promised time, WQQO shifted back to CHR as "Q105".

On September 1, 2023, ahead of the Labor Day weekend, WQQO shifted to a hot adult contemporary format leaning towards 1990s and 2000s music, though retaining the "Q" brand and a small amount of more current and recurrents, mirroring similar format shifts at Top 40 outlets across the country in the previous year.

WQQO-HD2
WQQO airs a sports talk format on its HD2 subchannel, branded as "ESPN 100.7 The Ticket" (simulcast on translator W264AK 100.7 FM).

References

External links

FM Translator

Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
QQO
Radio stations established in 1968
Cumulus Media radio stations
1968 establishments in Ohio

WQQO


South Grafton is a suburb of Grafton, New South Wales, taking in most of the area of the city south of the Clarence River. At the time of the 2016 Australian census, South Grafton had a population of 6,068 people, about one-third of Grafton's total population.

History
South Grafton was first settled around the same time as the main Grafton townsite. However, it was not until the opening of the Grafton Bridge in 1932 that a direct road connection was established between the two settlements – previously residents had relied upon a ferry service to cross the Clarence River. In 1896, South Grafton was given its own municipal government under the Municipalities Act 1867. It was known as the South Grafton Municipal District until 1906 and thereafter as the South Grafton Municipality. In 1956, the South Grafton Municipality was merged into the Grafton City Council. This was in turn merged with other local government areas in 2004 to form the current Clarence Valley Council.

Facilities
The Grafton railway station is located in South Grafton. It was known as the South Grafton station until 1976, when the old Grafton station north of the river closed.

South Grafton has two schools: South Grafton High School and South Grafton Public School.

Heritage listings
South Grafton has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 North Coast railway: Grafton railway station

Notable residents
Earle Page, Prime Minister of Australia from 7 April 1939 to 26 April 1939, lived in South Grafton from 1904 to 1920, where he ran a private hospital. He was elected to the municipal council in 1914, and was twice elected as mayor, in 1918 and 1919.

References

Northern Rivers
Clarence Valley Council
Localities in New South Wales
Grafton, New South Wales

South Grafton, New South Wales


Emanuel Levenson (August 2, 1916 – June 9, 1998) was an American classical musician most active from the early 1950s through the mid-1980s. Best known at the time as an opera director, he also taught piano and voice, performed as a concert pianist, and founded several arts organizations which survive to this day.

A graduate of Columbia University who had studied piano under Joseph Adler, Levenson founded the Pennybridge Opera Company in Brooklyn, New York and Berkshire Pro Musica in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He served as the music director of several opera companies, as director of Young Audiences, an organization that brought opera performers into schools, and he taught an opera workshop and directed numerous operas at The New School. Independently, he also taught piano as well as vocal technique. From 1960 to 1985 he commuted to New York City from Becket, Massachusetts.

As a pianist, Levenson made one known surviving recording, which was only released as a long-playing record album. Survey of the Art Song (EMS 501), recorded circa 1950 on EMS Recordings, Jack Skurnick's record label, included recordings of nine art songs by Edvard Grieg and eight by Charles Griffes, performed by Levenson in accompaniment with tenor Norman Myrvik.

Levenson first married Elizabeth Myers during World War II, and had one son, Michael R. Levenson. Following Skurnick's death in 1952, Levenson married his widow, painter Fay Kleinman. Together, Levenson and Kleinman founded the Becket Arts Center in Becket in 1971. In the mid-1980s, Levenson and Kleinman moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where he lived until his death in 1998, at the age of 81, and where she resided until her death on February 21, 2012.

References

1916 births
1998 deaths
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
Music directors (opera)
People from Ypsilanti, Michigan
Columbia University alumni
People from Becket, Massachusetts
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians

Emanuel Levenson


Michel Mercier (; born July 28, 1961) is a French-Israeli hairdresser, entrepreneur and businessman.

Background
Mercier was born in Châteaudun, France. He grew up in Bordeaux and Provence and immigrated to Israel in 1985. In high school he studied graphics and drafting. In 1981 he returned to France from Israel to study hairdressing at the Vidal Sassoon academy in Paris and later began working at French hair salon Claude Maxime.

His son is actor Tom Mercier.

Career

At age 23, Mercier opened his first hair salon on Dizengoff Street in Tel Aviv. Over the years, Mercier founded four more branches. Two of the branches are still operating. In 1998, he founded a hairstyling school in Tel Aviv. Mercier worked alongside Wella as a presenter at a variety of seminars around the globe.

In 2002, Mercier founded the ColoRight system. The idea behind the system was to enable stylists and hair color consumers to achieve precise color outcomes, while virtually eliminating mishaps and hair damage. In December 2014, Israeli entrepreneur Benny Landa bought the company and sold it to L'Oréal.

In 2006, Mercier began to market a line of hair products he developed in collaboration with laboratories and engineering teams. He required that none of the products be tested on animals. Mercier is the developer of several patented products, including a hair detangling brush and S.O.S Color, which is a hair-coloring device for coloring roots.

Over the years, Mercier worked with Hollywood celebrities including Brigitte Bardot and Isabel Adjani and presented at hair shows and seminars. Today he works with L'Oreal, Wella and Procter & Gamble as a global product developer.

References

External links

Living people
Hairdressers
French hairdressers
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of French-Jewish descent
French emigrants to Israel
1961 births

Michel Mercier (hairdresser)


Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural fantasy comedy movie and the sequel to the 1984 movie Ghostbusters. It is produced and directed by Ivan Reitman.

It stars Bill Murray, Sigourney Weaver, Harold Ramis, Dan Aykroyd, Ernie Hudson, Annie Potts, Peter MacNicol, Wilhelm von Homburg and Rick Moranis.

It follows the further adventures of the four parapsychologists and their organization fighting paranormal activities. It was released on June 16, 1989. The movie earned $215 million at the box office and received mixed reviews.

1989 comedy movies
1989 fantasy movies
1980s ghost movies
1980s monster movies
1980s sequel movies
American comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American ghost movies
American monster movies
American sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Movies set in New York City
Ghostbusters movies

Ghostbusters II


A blue bag is a blue coloured, sometimes semi-transparent bag for waste, mandated for use in some localities for refuse or for certain specific types of refuse.

Description
A blue bag is a blue coloured, sometimes semi-transparent bag for waste. In some localities, they are mandated for use for refuse or for certain specific types of refuse. In the latter usage, the distinguishing color serves to assist in recycling programs; blue typically indicates that the bag contains glass, plastic or polyethylene content.

Location-specific

Taiwan

In Taipei, residents must use an official blue garbage bag to dispose of general waste, with the bags being collected from designated pickup spots.

United States

Chicago
The City of Chicago implemented a blue bag system in 1995. It operates by requiring willing participants to purchase blue garbage bags (available at major grocery stores throughout the city) and depositing recyclable material in the bags. The waste may be paper-based (cardboard boxes, gift boxes, newspaper, etc.), plastic and glass, or yard/lawn refuse. A separate blue bag must be used for each of the three types of recyclable material.

The Chicago system has been criticized for its tediousness and inconvenience, as blue bags cost more to the homeowner than grocery bags and this system of recycling, compared to ones implemented in other cities and suburbs, requires additional effort. Chicago Sanitation management has claimed Chicago's Blue Bag system diverts approximately 25% of its waste to recycling facilities, which was its initial goal. However, most independent studies place the estimates at approximately 9% of the garbage picked up, resulting in continued criticism towards the program.

On May 2, 2008, the Chicago SunTimes reported that Chicago is giving up on the program, planning to shift to curbside recycling in blue carts by 2011.

Other cities
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania has used blue bags for garbage collection. A supplier of the city's bags expressed that the consumer cost to purchase bags incentivizes reduction in landfill waste. A change to stickers had been considered when budgeting for 2018, but the bags were retained and granted a higher purchase price. When supplies of the bags were limited in 2022, the city temporarily sold stickers to affix to normal garbage bags.

United Kingdom

Blue bags are used to distinguish different types of recyclable materials at the point of collection. The content allowed differs from area to area, depending on decisions of the local council.

See also
 Environmental protection

References

External links
Skip Hire Information

Waste containers
Bags

Blue bag


Guaraní is a Native American macroleid, spokken in Paraguay an pairts o Bolivie, Argentinae, an Brazil.

Varieties
The varieties that Ethnologue 16 assigns tae the macroleid is:
Westren Bolivie Guaraní ( Simba), 7000 speakers
Eastren Bolivie Guaraní ( Chiriguano, Chawuncu, Western Argentine Guaraní), 55,000 speakers
dialects: Avá (subdialects Chané, Tapieté  Ñandeva), Izoceño/Izocenio
Paraguayan Guaraní (Guarani proper), 5 million maistly mestizo speakers
Chiripá Guaraní ( Avá, Nhandéva/Ñandeva, Apytare, Tsiripá/Txiripá), 12,000 speakers
Mbyá Guaraní (Mbya), 25,000 speakers

Thay skare some degree o mutual intelligibility an is close tae bein dialects; housomivver, Chiripá is reportit tae be intelligible whit wi bilingualism, na inherently. Also, there is a degree o intelligibility wi Kaiwá–Pai Tavytera, whilk isna includit in the macroleid bi Ethnologue. Ethnologue considers Tapieté tae be a separate leid, intermediate atween Eastern Bolivien an Paraguayan though no listed as pairt o the macroleid, an haes shifted frae the name Chiripá tae Avá, though the latter is ambiguous. Paraguayan Guaraní is bi far the maist important variety an is what is aften meant bi the term 'Guaraní'.

Distribution o Guaraní

Paraguay
Paraguayan Guaraní, is, anent Spaingie, ane o the offeecial leids o Paraguay. Paraguay's constitution is bilingual, an its state-producit textbooks is teepically hauf in Spaingie an hauf in Guaraní.

Paraguay is a diglossic kintra. The eddicatit, mair urban, an mair European-descended population tends tae speak a variety o Laitin American Spainyie wi short phrases o Guaraní thrown in, while the less educated rural population tends tae speak a Guaraní wi significant vocabulary-borraein frae Spainyie. This latter mix is kent as Jopará .

Guaraní speakers wha isnae fluent in ony ither leid haes merkedly leemitit opportunities for eddication an employment. Thare is verra few Guaraní speakers ootwi Sooth Americae. The few that exist include emigrants, scholars, missionaries, an umwhile Peace Corps volunteers.

A Guaraní variety kent as Chiripá is forby spokken in Paraguay. It is closely sib wi Paraguayan Guaraní, a leid whilk speakers is increasingly switchin tae. There is 7,000 speakers o Chiripá in Paraguay.

Additionally, anither Guaraní variety kent as Mbyá is forby spokken in Paraguay bi 8,000 speakers. Lexically, it is 75% similar tae Paraguayan Guaraní.

Finally, in the Paraguayan Chaco Depairtment, there is 304 speakers o Eastren Bolivie/Wastren Argentine Guaraní , kent locally as Ñandeva. (Housomever, ootwi Paraguay, Ñandeva refers tae Chiripá.)

Argentinae
Paraguayan Guaraní is an offeecial leid in the province o Corrientes, alangside Spaingie.

A different Guaraní variety, Wastren Argentine Guaraní, is spokken faurer wast, bi aboot 15,000 speakers, maistly in Jujuy, but forby in Salta Province. It refers tae essentially the same Guaraní variety as Eastren Bolivien Guaraní.

Additionally, anither Guaraní variety kent as Mbyá is spokken in Argentinae bi 3,000 speakers.

Bolivie
Eastren Bolivie Guaraní an Westren Bolivie Guaraní are widely spoken in the sootheastren provinces o the kintra.

Eastren Bolivien Guaraní, forby kent as Chawuncu or Chiriguano, is spokken in bi 33,670 speakers (or 36,917) in the sooth-central Parapeti River area an in the ceety o Tarija. It refers tae essentially the same Guaraní variety as Wastren Argentine Guaraní.

In August 2009, Bolivie launched a Guarani-leid university at Kuruyuki in the southeastern province of Chuquisaca whilk beirs the name o indigenous hero Apiaguaiki Tumpa.

Brazil
Paraguayan Guaraní, thegither wi its Tupian sisters, the língua geral paulista (presently extinct) an the língua geral amazônica (whase modern descendant is Nheengatu), wis ance as prevalent in Brazil as it is in Paraguay. The leid began a lang period o decay in Brazil whan the Jesuits, wha haed dune muckle fur tae spreed an standardize it, wisexpelled frae the Portuguese Empire bi order o the Portuguese prime meenister Marquis o Pombal in 1759. Guaraní pits ower in scattert pockets atouer Brazil, ane o whilk can be foond in a landwart destrict athin the municipality o São Paulo. Olívio Jekupé, a residenter o Krukutu veelage, locatit in this aurie, haes published a beuk o fowk tales written in Guaraní an Portuguese. Acause o its proximity wi Paraguay, in Mato Grosso do Sul (Ponta Porã), the Guaraní leid is a seicont leid locally. In 2010, Guaraní gained the status o offeecial leid anent Portuguese in the municipality o Tacurú, Mato Grosso do Sul. In Brazil, Paraguayan Guaraní is generally referred tae as Guarani-Kaiowá.

The Guaraní variety kent as Chiripá is spokken in Brazil an aw bi 4,900 speakers. Chiripá is cried Nhandeva in Brazil. Its speakers is increasingly switchin tae Paraguayan Guaraní.

Additionally, Mbyá Guaraní is spaken in Brazil bi 16,050 speakers.

Notes
http://www.unavenirpourlesguaranis.org  - French website about the Guarani

Guarani leids
Leids o Paraguay
Leids o Argentinae

Guaraní leid


Harold Charles Bold (1909–1987) was an American botanist.

Early life
Bold was born on June 16, 1909, in New York City to Edward Bold and Louise (Krüsi) Bold. He earned his Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University in 1929, Phi Beta Kappa., his Master of Science from the University of Vermont in 1931, and his Ph.D. in botany in 1933 at Columbia. He married Mary E. Douthit on June 8, 1943.

He worked at the University of Vanderbilt from 1932 to 1939 and again from 1945 to 1957. From 1939 to 1945 he was at Columbia. After 1957 he taught botany at the University of Texas at Austin. He was the director of the Botanical Society of America in 1955 and the director of The American Journal of Botany from 1958 to 1965. His work focused on sub-aerial and soil algae.

Legacy

Publications
 Morphology of Plants (1957)
 The Plant Kingdom (1960)
 Exploratory studies of texas soil algae (with Temd R. Deadson) (1960)
 Some algae from arid soils (with Srisumon Chantanachat) (1962)
 The taxonomy of certain Ulotrichacean algae (with KR Mattox) (1962)
 Some soil algae from enchanted rock and related algae species (with Harry W. Bischoff) (1963)
 Comparative studies of the algal genera Tetracystis and Chlorococcum (with Malcolm R. Brown & Richard N. Lester) (1964)
 Investigations of the algal genera Eremosphaera and Oocystis (with Richard L. Smith) (1966)
 Taxonomic investigations of Stigeoclonium (with Elenor R. Cox) (1966)
 Algae and Fungi (1967)
 The taxonomy and comparative physiology of the Chlorosarcinales and certain other edaphic algae (with Robert D. Groover) (1969)
 Morphological and taxonomic investigations of Nostoc and Anabaena in culture (with Thomas Kantz) (1969)
 Taxonomic studies in the Oscillatoriaceae (with Ailsie F. Baker) (1970)
 The genus Chlorococcum Meneghini (with Patricia A. Archibald) (1970)
 Characium and some characium-like algae (with Kwok W. Lee) (1974)
 Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction (1978)

References

External links
 Bruce C. Parker and R. Malcolm Brown, Jr., "Harold C.Bold", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)

1909 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American botanists
American phycologists
Scientists from New York City
University of Vermont alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia University alumni

Harold Charles Bold


Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded in Dessau, Germany, in 1895 by Hugo Junkers, initially manufacturing boilers and radiators.  During World War I and following the war, the company became famous for its pioneering all-metal aircraft. During World War II the company produced the German army's Luftwaffe planes, as well as piston and jet aircraft engines, albeit in the absence of its founder, who had been removed by the Nazis in 1934.

History

Early inter-war period
In the immediate post-war era, Junkers used their J8 layout as the basis for the F-13, first flown on 25 June 1919 and certified airworthy in July of the same year. This four passenger monoplane was the world's first all-metal airliner. Of note, in addition to significant European sales, some twenty-five of these airplanes were delivered to North American customers under the Junkers-Larsen affiliate and were used primarily as airmail planes.

The Treaty of Versailles signed only days after the F-13 flew, initially forbade any aircraft construction in Germany for several months. After that span of time, only the design of civilian aircraft was permitted to Germany. With a partial relocation of the Junkers firm to the Fili western suburb of Moscow, the Junkers firm was able to restart its aircraft manufacturing concern within the borders of the Soviet Union in 1922, the partly revitalized Junkers firm developed a series of progressively larger civil aircraft including the single-engined G.24 and three-engine G.31. Neither aircraft was a commercial success. With the expiration of treaty restrictions in 1926, Junkers introduced the Junkers W33 and Junkers W34 series, which did find significant commercial success via large production orders in passenger, freight hauling, and, somewhat later, military configurations. The W-33/W-34 series also set multiple aviation "firsts" including records for flight duration, flight distance, altitude, rocket assisted take-off and inflight refueling between 1926 and 1930.

After previous study work, Junkers set up the Junkers Luftbild-Zentrale in Dessau in 1924 to produce aerial photographs for various purposes. Eight years later, due to the financial difficulties of the parent company, this branch was separated and continued to operate as Bild-Flug for a year until it was taken over by its main competitor, Hansa Luftbild.

Junkers' produced a design study in 1924 for a visit to the United States. The study outlined a four-engined 80-passenger plane, incorporating a forward canard wing, as well as a main wing, both of which were fitted above twin pylons. Called the Junkers J.1000 Super Duck passenger seating was to be provided both in the main wing and the hull sections of the craft. This Junkers design, including a scale model, was intended to illustrate an aircraft capable of trans-Atlantic operations of 8 to 10 hours and was completely revolutionary for its day.

It was in 1922 that American engineer William Bushnell Stout, and in 1924 that Soviet engineer Andrei Tupolev each adapted the Junkers corrugated duralumin airframe design technologies for their own initial examples of all-metal aircraft in their respective nations – for Stout, the Stout ST twin-engined naval torpedo bomber prototype aircraft, and for Tupolev, the Tupolev ANT-2 small passenger aircraft, who had the assistance of the Soviet government's TsAGI research center in achieving success with light-weight metal airframes.

The basic principles outlined in this design were later introduced in the Junkers G.38, which was introduced and put into regular service by Deutsche Luft Hansa. At the time of its introduction, this four-engined transport was the largest landplane in the world carrying thirty-four passengers and seven crew members. The G.38 sat some of its passengers in the wing area outboard of the fuselage, the front of which was covered with windows.

Also, in 1932, Junkers joint project with Maybach designed and built an aerodynamic car but found due to the depression that the market for high end luxury cars was saturated.

Financial troubles

Around 1931 the company suffered from a series of financial difficulties that led to the collapse of the group of companies. The existing shareholders pressured Hugo to leave the company. Hugo, however, was the patent holder on a wide variety of the technologies used in most of the existing Junkers designs, including many of their engines.

A plan was started to solve both problems by "buying out" Hugo's engine patent portfolio and placing it into the hands of a new company, the Junkers Motoren-Patentstelle GmbH, which was eventually formed in November 1932. The new company would then license the technologies back to the various companies, most notably what was then Junkers Motorenbau (one of many "Jumo" companies). However, before Junkers actually transferred his patents to the Patentstelle, the collapse of the Junkers consortium was solved by the sale of the Junkers Thermo Technik GmbH to Robert Bosch, whose company still uses the brand name. Adolf Dethmann, a Communist activist and friend of Hugo, was appointed managing director.

Post World War II

The Junkers company survived the Second World War and the formation of East Germany, and was reconstituted as Junkers GmbH and eventually merged into the MBB consortium (via joint venture Flugzeug-Union-Süd between Heinkel and Messerschmitt in 1958). Messerschmitt ended the joint venture in 1965 by acquiring control of JFM AG and absorbing it within Messerschmitt in 1967. Within West Germany, Junkers GmbH was engaged in research on the future of aerospace transportation during the fifties and early-1960s.  During this period, Junkers employed the famous Austrian engineer and space travel theorist, Eugen Sänger, who in 1961 completed work for the design of an advanced orbital spacecraft at Junkers. Junkers GmbH was absorbed within MBB and the Junkers name disappeared in 1969.

Products

Aircraft

The Junkers firm's early aircraft were identified by the letter J for Junkers followed by an Arabic type number. From 1919 they introduced an additional sales designation using the same number but prefixed by a letter indicating the role of the aircraft:
A = Austauschflugzeug (suitable for either civil or military use)
EF = Entwurfsflugzeug (experimental aircraft)
F = Flugzeug (aircraft)
G = Großflugzeug (large aircraft)
H = aircraft built at Junkers' Moscow plant
K = Kampfflugzeug (bomber)
S = Spezial (special)
T = Schulflugzeug (trainer aircraft)
W = Wasserflugzeug (seaplane).

Just once, the same number was used to identify two different completed types.  This pair was the T 23 and G23, both also known as J 23.

During World War I, machines in service used the regular Idflieg aircraft designation system to specify their design's purpose, also promoted by the Flugzeugmeisterei (Air Ministry), again a letter number system indicating role:
CL = two-seat ground attack
D = single-seat biplane scout, by 1918 used for all single seat scouts.
E = single-seat monoplane scout
J = two-seat armoured close support biplane.

The best known and most confusing example is the Junkers J 4 armored-fuselage, all-metal sesquiplane, known to the military as the Junkers J.I.

The single letter company prefix was not replaced by the twin-letter Ju prefix until 1933. This RLM system – from the Third Reich's air ministry – applied to all German manufacturers; the first Junkers aircraft to receive a Ju number was the W 33, so retrospectively it became the Ju 33. However, earlier aircraft built in Moscow like the H 21 were often described by a Ju number, e.g. Ju 21.

 Junkers J 1, (no military designation) world's first-ever full metal-structure aircraft, 1915.
 Junkers J 2, (no military designation) experimental all-metal single seater, designed as fighter, 1916.
 Junkers J 3, mid-wing monoplane, cancelled before completion, first proposed corrugated-skin duralumin design.
 Junkers J 4, (military J.I) armored-fuselage sesquiplane full metal close support aircraft, 1917
 Junkers J 5, unbuilt monoplane scout with engine behind pilot.
 Junkers J 6, unbuilt parasol monoplane scout.
 Junkers J 7, prototype for J 9, 1917.
 Junkers J 8, twin-seat development of J 7, 1917.
 Junkers J 9, (military D.I) all-duralumin single-seat fighter, built in J.9/I and J.9/II (lengthened wingspan and rear fuselage) versions, 1918.
 Junkers J 10, (military CL.I) all-duralumin monoplane close support aircraft, 1918.
 Junkers J 11, (navy C3MG, military CLS.I) floatplane version of J 10, 1918.
 Junkers J 12, prototype four-seat airliner developed from the J 10, precursor of F.13, 1919.
 Junkers F 13, passenger plane, 1919 originally J 13, sold as Junkers-Larsen in US, 1919.
 Junkers JG1, large monoplane project, 1921.
 Junkers J 15, precursor of J/K 16, 1920
 Junkers K 16, small single-engined passenger plane, alternatively known as J 16, 1922.
 Junkers J 17, improved K 16, not built.
 Junkers J 18, navy survey aircraft, not built.
 Junkers T 19, trainer and tourer, alternately known as J 19, 1922.
 Junkers A 20, light transport, 1923.
 Junkers J 21, also known as T 21 and H 21, reconnaissance aircraft for Red Army built in Russia, 1923.
 Junkers J 22, also known as H 22, for Red Army, fighter similar to J 21, 1922.
 Junkers T 23, sports mono- or biplane, 1923.
 Junkers G 23, 3-engined 10-seat airliner, 1923.
 Junkers G 24, enlarged G 23, 1925.
 Junkers F 24, single-engined development of G 23, 1928.
 Junkers A 25, A 20s re-engined with Junkers L2 engines, 1926.
 Junkers T 26, training and sports aircraft, 1925.
 Junkers T 27, a re-engined T 26, 1925.
 Junkers J 28, two-seat version of T.21, not built.
 Junkers J 29, sports monoplane, double wing development aircraft, 1925.
 Junkers K 30, military version of G 24, 1930.
 Junkers G 31, 15 seat airliner, 1926.
 Junkers A 32, experimental monoplane, 1926.
 Junkers W 33, single-engined light transport, (developed from F.13) 1926.

 Junkers W 34, single-engine light transport + reconnaissance (development of W33), 1933.
 Junkers A 35, postal, training and military aircraft, 1926.
 Junkers S 36, twin-engined mail plane, 1927.
 Junkers K 37, military version of S 36, 1928.
 Junkers G.38, four-engined commercial transport, world's largest landplane when built, 1929.
 Junkers K 39, experimental reconnaissance-bomber (development of A 32), 1927.
 Junkers J 40, prototype large flying boat airliner (G.38 derived), 1926.
 Junkers W 41, an F 24 re-engined with a Junkers Fo 4 diesel engine, 1928.
 Junkers R 42, designation for Swedish built K 30s.
 Junkers K 43, reconnaissance monoplane, 1927.
 Junkers J 44, prototype replacement for A 35, 1927.
 Junkers K 45, a single Ju 52 converted to a torpedo bomber, 1932.
 Junkers Ju 46, catapult mailplane derived from W 34.
 Junkers K 47, close support aircraft, prototype of K.48, 1927.
 Junkers A 48, production dive bomber, 1928.
 Junkers Ju 49, high altitude research aircraft, 1931.
 Junkers A50, sports monoplane, 1929.
 Junkers K 51, Ki-20 heavy bomber for Japan, c.1934.
 Junkers Ju 52, single-engined precursor to Ju 52/3m, 1930
 Junkers Ju 52/3m Tante Ju (Auntie Ju), passenger airliner and freighter, used as transport + bomber during World War II, 1932.
 Junkers K 53, designation for Swedish built A 35's.
 Junkers J 54, prototype replacement for A 35, 1929.
 Junkers J 56, prototype replacement for K 16, 1930.
 Junkers J 58, prototype replacement for F 13 & W 34, 1929.
 Junkers Ju 60, low wing high speed airliner, 1932.
 Junkers K 85, proposed torpedo bomber version of Ju 86 for Sweden, 1933.
 Junkers Ju 85, prototype twin-engined bomber similar to Ju 86, not built.
 Junkers Ju 86, twin-engined airliner, bomber + reconnaissance, 1934.
 Junkers Ju 87, Stuka, dive-bomber, 1935.
 Junkers Ju 88, bomber + reconnaissance + night-fighter.
 Junkers Ju 89, heavy transport, heavy bomber (prototype), 1936.
 Junkers Ju 90, four-engined airliner, transport developed from Ju 89, 1937.
 Junkers Ju 160, low wing high speed airliner developed from Ju 60, 1934.
 Junkers Ju 186, four-engined high-altitude prototype version of Ju 86, not built.
 Junkers Ju 187, close support aircraft project, cancelled after mock-up built.
 Junkers Ju 188, Rächer, bomber, 1941.
 Junkers Ju 248, re-designation of Me 263.
 Junkers Ju 252, transport developed from the EF 77, 1941.
 Junkers Ju 268, parasite bomber project, 1944.
 Junkers Ju 286, six-engined high-altitude version of Ju 86, not built.
 Junkers Ju 287, prototype jet-engined bomber with swept forward wings, 1945.
 Junkers Ju 288, bomber (prototype), 1941.
 Junkers Ju 290, transport, patrol, 1941.
 Junkers Ju 322, Mammut (Mammoth), transport glider (prototype), 1941.
 Junkers Ju 352, Herkules (Hercules), transport, 1944.
 Junkers Ju 388, Störtebeker, reconnaissance + night-fighter, 1943.
 Junkers Ju 390, six-engine long-range Amerikabomber competitor (prototype) developed from Ju 290, 1943.
 Junkers Ju 452, derivative of Ju 252 in wooden construction
 Junkers Ju 488, proposed heavy bomber design.
 Junkers J.1000, large flying-wing airliner, 1924.

Experimental
 Junkers EFo 008, high-altitude jet bomber
 Junkers EFo 009, Hubjäger (Lift-Fighter), jet fighter project
 Junkers EFo 010
 Junkers EFo 011, twin-engine jet fighter
 Junkers EFo 012, four-engine jet bomber
 Junkers EFo 015, improved EFo 012
 Junkers EFo 017, twin-engine jet fighter (similar to Me 262)
 Junkers EFo 018, four-engine jet bomber, engines under wing
 Junkers EFo 019, twin-engine jet bomber, engines integrated into wing
 Junkers EFo 021, 40-passenger double-deck trans-Atlantic airliner project, 1938.
 Junkers EFo 022, record aircraft developed from the EFo 018
 Junkers EF 017, single-engine, three seat military aircraft, later A 32 and K 39
 Junkers EF 024, single-engine fighter, later A 48
 Junkers EF 029, high-altitude aircraft, later Ju 49
 Junkers EF 030, single-engine airliner, later W 41 (and possibly Ju 52)
 Junkers EF 031, design designation for A50
 Junkers EF 034, four-seat traveling aircraft, Luftlimousine (flying limousine), 1929.
 Junkers EF 037, twin-engine military aircraft, 1930.
 Junkers EF 043, glider transport or remote controlled glider bomb
 Junkers EF 048, twin-engine multipurpose military aircraft, K 37 development, 1933.
 Junkers EF 049, twin engine development of the Ju 52/1m, 1933.
 Junkers EF 050, VTOL design study, similar to the Fa 269
 Junkers EF 052, K 85 design study
 Junkers EF 053, early design of EF 100
 Junkers EF 055, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 056, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 057, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 058, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 059, Ju 88 design study
 JUnkers EF 060, early design for EF 127/EF 128.
 Junkers EF 061, high-altitude fighter + reconnaissance (prototype), 1936.
 Junkers EF 062, early EF 128 design study
 Junkers EF 063, early EF 128 design study
 Junkers EF 065, possible early EF 082 design study, 1939.
 Junkers EF 066, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 067, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 068, Ju 287 design study
 Junkers EF 071, aerodynamic wing tip test model
 Junkers EF 072, early EF 077 design study
 Junkers EF 073, Ju 288 design study
 Junkers EF 077, Ju 252 design study
 Junkers EF 082, combat battle aircraft project.
 Junkers EF 094, design designation for Ju 322.
 Junkers EF 100, six-engine, wide-body transatlantic airliner, 1940
 Junkers EF 101, Mistel aircraft design
 Junkers EF 112, twin-boom ground attack aircraft project, 1942.
 Junkers EF 115, bomber project with four Jumo 211 engines or 2 jet engines
 Junkers EF 116, W-wing jet bomber project, 1943.
 Junkers EF 122, four engine Ju 287 design study, later Ju 287
 Junkers EF 125, two engine Ju 287 design study, later EF 140
 Junkers EF 126 Lilli, 1944 pulsejet fighter project, completed post-war in the USSR.
 Junkers EF 127 Walli, rocket powered version of EF 126.
 Junkers EF 128, jet-engine interceptor project
 Junkers EF 130, four-engine flying wing jet bomber project, 1943.
 Junkers EF 131, six-engine development of Ju 287, completed post-war in USSR.
 Junkers EF 132, heavy bomber, partly built in USSR but not completed.
 Junkers EF 135, development of EF 130
 Junkers EF 137, jet fighter design, 1943.

Designations used exclusively in the Soviet Union
 Junkers EF 140, twin-engine jet bomber, development of EF 131; completed post-war in USSR.
 Junkers EF 145, possibly a Ju 88 or Ju 388 testbed at OKB-1
 Junkers EF 150, twin-engine jet bomber, further development of EF 140; largely Russian designed and completed post-war in USSR.

Aircraft engines

All Junkers diesel engines were two stroke, opposed piston designs, an arrangement he invented in the early 1890s.  It was intended to provide an alternative to Nicholaus Otto's patented four stroke which would run on low grade fuels such as blast furnace waste gases.  By 1896 Junkers engines were generating electrical power in steelworks.

 Junkers Fo2, horizontal, petrol, c.1923.
 Junkers L1, petrol, c. 1924.
 Junkers L2, petrol, 1925.
 Junkers L5, enlarged L 2, petrol, 1925.
 Junkers Fo3, diesel, 1926.
 Junkers L55, "double L5" (V12), petrol, 1927
 Junkers L7, small version of L2, petrol; not flown.
 Junkers Fo4, diesel, commercially called the Junkers SL1, 1928.
 Junkers L8, petrol, geared, higher power development of L5, 1929.
 Junkers L88, "double L8" (V12), petrol.
 Jumo 204, development of the SL1, initially referred to as the Jumo 4, 1930.
 Jumo 205, diesel, reduced displacement version of the Jumo 204, initially known as the Jumo 5, 1933.
 Jumo 206, diesel, higher power version of 205, 1936.
 Jumo 207, diesel, supercharged version of 205, 1939.
 Jumo 208, diesel, enlarged variant of 205, c.1940
 Jumo 209, diesel, unbuilt development of 207/208
 Jumo 210, initially known as L10, petrol inverted V12, c. 1932.
 Jumo 211, petrol, inverted V12, enlarged variant of 210, 1936.
 Jumo 212, petrol, projected inverted V24 with two Jumo 211 engines.
 Jumo 213, petrol, inverted V12, smaller version of 211, 1940.
 Jumo 218, diesel, unbuilt 12 cylinder version with two 208 engines.
 Jumo 222, petrol, 24-cylinder, 6-bank radial, 1939.
 Jumo 223, diesel, experimental 24 cylinder with four 207 engines arranged in a box shape.
 Jumo 224, diesel, higher power version of 223, development continued in the Soviet Union.
 Jumo 225, petrol, projected 36-cylinder, multi-bank radial developed from the 222.
 Junkers 109-004, turbojet, 1940.
 Junkers 109-012, turbojet, few completed by Soviets, 1946.
 Junkers 109-022, turboprop, project completed by Soviets, 1950.

See also
Jägerstab (Fighter Staff)
List of RLM aircraft designations
Rüstungsstab (Armament Staff)

References

Cited sources

External links

  by Bernd Junkers, Hugo Junkers' grandson
 Junkers Museum in Dessau, Germany
 Hugo Junkers Homepage

Dessau
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany
Companies involved in the Holocaust

Junkers


, also known as Keitai okimi, was the 26th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Keitai to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Keitai-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Some modern reference works of history call Keitai the King Ohoto of Koshi.  Koshi was a small regional entity in what would become Koshi Province in northern Japan.

Traditional history
According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Ketai was a fifth generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin.

When Emperor Buretsu died without a successor, Ketai attained the throne.

There was a period of disputes over the succession after Keitai's death.  One branch of the Yamato clan supported sons who would become Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka.  Another branch supported the third son who would become known as Emperor Kimmei.

Events of Keitai's life
Very little is known about the events of Keitai's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

Keitai confronted rebellion in Kyūshū, which was then known as the .  The emperor sent forces to calm the unrest.

It is not known how long Keitai lived after his abdication. Keitai abdicated in his favor of his eldest son who would become known as Ankan. Ankan died four years later, and Keitai's next oldest son would attain the throne.  This son would come to be known as Emperor Senka.

Senka died after three years as emperor; and the throne would be vacant.  The third son of Ketai would attained the throne, and he would become known as Emperor Kemmei.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Keitai.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). Keitai is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Keitai


Fight Mass is the fight song of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. It was written by Captain Edwin Sumner, a military instructor in the spring of 1930. It is performed at home games and other events by the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band.

Lyrics
Fight, fi-i-ight Massachusetts,
Fight, fi-i-ight every play,
Fight, fi-i-ight for a touchdown,
Fight all your might today.

Fight down the field Massachusetts,
The stars and the stripes will gleam,
Fi-i-ght, Fi-i-ght for old Bay State,
Fight for the team, team, team.

External links
Umass Alumni song website

University of Massachusetts Amherst songs
University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band
1930 songs

Fight Mass