Practical Ethics, a 1979 book by the moral philosopher Peter Singer, is an introduction to applied ethics. The book has been translated into a number of languages.

Summary

Singer analyzes, in detail, why and how beings' interests should be weighed. In his view, a being's interests should always be weighed according to that being's concrete properties, and not according to its belonging to some abstract group. Singer studies a number of ethical issues including race, sex, ability, species, abortion, euthanasia, infanticide, embryo experimentation, the moral status of animals, political violence, overseas aid, and whether we have an obligation to assist others. The 1993 second edition adds chapters on refugees, the environment, equality and disability, embryo experimentation, and the treatment of academics in Germany. A third edition published in 2011 omits the chapter on refugees, and contains a new chapter on climate change.

Reception
Practical Ethics is widely read and was described as "an excellent text for an introductory ethics course" by the philosopher John Martin Fischer. The philosopher James Rachels recommended the book "as an introduction centered on such practical issues as abortion, racism, and so forth." The philosopher Mylan Engel called the book "must reading for anyone interested in living an ethical life."

H. L. A. Hart's review of the first edition in The New York Review of Books was mixed. While writing that "The utility of this utilitarian's book to students of its subject can hardly be exaggerated", Hart also criticized Practical Ethics for philosophical inconsistency in its chapter on abortion. He argues that Singer insufficiently explains how preference and classical utilitarianism each view abortion, and does not bring out their differences.

References

Further reading

1979 non-fiction books
Books by Peter Singer
Cambridge University Press books
English-language books
Ethics books
Works about utilitarianism

Practical Ethics


Norbert Geng (born 1965) is a German lawyer and professor of special business law.

Biography
Geng studied law at University of Würzburg and completed his legal clerkship from 1994 to 1995. He worked as an editorial journalist for the WISO-Steuerbrief (ZDF) and afterwards as a lawyer in Erfurt for four years before he became syndic of the HUK-Coburg insurance group. In 2000 he graduated at the University of Jena with his conferral of a doctorate about "Ausgleich und Abfindung der Minderheitsaktionäre der beherrschten Aktiengesellschaft bei Verschmelzung und Spaltung" ("Chargeback  and compensation of the minority shareholders of the controlled Aktiengesellschaft during merger and splitting."). Since 2002 he has been professor at the faculty of commercial law at the University of Applied Sciences in Schmalkalden.

Geng is member of the Hayek Society and adheres to the Austrian School of economics. In 2010, he became co-president of the Party of Reason (pdv). He resides in Grünsfeld.

References

External links

1965 births
University of Würzburg alumni
German legal scholars
20th-century German lawyers
Party of Reason politicians
21st-century German politicians
Living people

Norbert Geng


was a poet and philologist of the early  Edo period. His ideas had a germinal impact on the nativist school of National Learning in Japan.

Life
Azumamaro was born the second son of Hakura Nobuaki (1625-1696), father of a scholarly family that for generations had supplied Shinto priests to the Inari shrine in Fushimi. From an early age he studied traditional Japanese poetry, waka, and Shinto thought and belief, and his precocity was such that he was soon employed, in 1697, as poetry tutor to one of the sons of Emperor Reigen (regnabat 1663–1687).

Fushimi at the time had been described by Ihara Saikaku as an economically depressed town that had fallen down in its fortunes. This marked it off from the flourishing cultural developments of the Genroku period. He set up an academy for studying and teaching his nativist ideas in the Inari shrine.

In 1700 he settled in Edo, where his students mainly came from the Shinto clergy whom he instructed in norito prayers and the Shinto liturgy, though the curriculum also encompassed such ancient texts as the Man'yōshū and the Nihon Shoki. His studies in the former classic profited particularly from the Buddhist priest Keichū, and together these two figures may be considered as founding fathers of the movement of nativist thought known as kokugaku ("national studies").

Azumamaro remained in Edo until 1713, when he returned to Fushimi. After a short time, he returned to Edo for a year on a stipend, but then retired to pursue his work in his native Fushima, where he was frequently consulted by members of the Bakufu regarding antiquarian matters regarding ancient court ceremonies and customs. He died by his own hand, after enduring many years of illness, in 1736.

He developed an approach which  drew a clear distinction between what was considered the native tradition of Japan from the prevalent socio-political orthodoxy of his day, Confucianism, but also sought to disentangle Japanese religion from the other major form of foreign thought, Buddhism. He regarded these foreign systems of belief and thought in adversarial terms.

Kamo no Mabuchi, likewise the son of a Shinto priest and, like Azumamaro not of samurai origins, who was to become a major scholar of ancient literature, first met Azumamaro in 1722, and subsequently enrolled to study under him in 1728, and moving to Kyoto in 1733 to be taught by Azumamaro on a more permanent basis.

Reputation
Within a century of his passing, Hirata Atsutane described Kada no Azumamaro as the first of Kokugaku's 'great men' (taijin/ushi). Kokugaku, together with the kogaku (古学: "Ancient Studies") school founded by Kamo no Mabuchi laid the foundations for both the renaissance of interest in Japanese classical poetry and culture, and for the nativist critique of Confucian ideology which was to prove of great ideological importance during and after the transformation of Tokugawa Japan into the modernizing nation of that country under Emperor Meiji .

See also
 Japanese nationalism
 Kokugaku
 Motoori Norinaga
 Hirata Atsutane

Notes and references

Notes

References

1669 births
1736 deaths
Kokugaku scholars
Japanese writers of the Edo period
17th-century Japanese poets
Deified Japanese people
17th-century Japanese philosophers
18th-century Japanese philosophers

Kada no Azumamaro


Sir David's long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus  attenboroughi), also known as the cyclops long-beaked echidna, is one of three species of the genus Zaglossus. All of them are found in New Guinea. It is named after Sir David Attenborough. It lives in the Cyclops mountains in Papua province of Indonesia near the cities of Sentani, Jayapura.

The species was described from a single damaged animal, which was collected in the Dutch colonial era (c. 1961). It has not been collected since that time. The Cyclops mountain forest habitat has been disturbed recently. This has raised concern that Z. attenboroughi populations may already be endangered or even locally extinct. However, many parts of the mountains are covered in thick jungle and have not been searched since 1961. It is possible that the animal still exists there or in nearby mountain ranges. In 2007 scientists found holes which they believe were made by the echidna poking its nose into the dirt while looking for earthworms.

It is the smallest member of the genus. It is closer in size to the short-beaked echidna than other members of the genus. It has five claws on its fore and hind feet. It has dense short fur.

References

Monotremes
Mammals of Oceania

Sir David's long-beaked echidna


Weymouth Bay is a sheltered bay on the south coast of England, in Dorset.  It is protected from erosion by Chesil Beach and the Isle of Portland, and includes several beaches, notably Weymouth Beach, a gently curving arc of golden sand which stretches from the resort of Weymouth. Weymouth Bay is situated approximately halfway along the UNESCO Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

Boundary
When Natural England looked at access to Weymouth Bay prior to the 2012 Olympic Games, they defined it as the stretch between Rufus Castle on the Isle of Portland and Lulworth Cove, an area which covers Portland Harbour, Weymouth Beach, and Ringstead Bay.

Sailing
The bay's waters are excellent for sailing — the best sailing waters in northern Europe, in part because the bay is sheltered from south-west winds. This means that Portland Bill can be accessed easily from anywhere on Weymouth Bay by sailing when the tide is turning as an eddy flows along Portland's eastern side.

The bay is home to the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy and hosted the sailing events for the 2012 Olympic Games. Since the games, the Academy's venue has continued to improve to ensure a "legacy" for the Olympic Games.

Painting

Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill was painted by the leading English landscape artist John Constable in 1816–17. Constable had honeymooned on the south coast in October 1816, inspiring the painting. The painting now hangs in the National Gallery, London.

References

Bay
Bays of Dorset
Jurassic Coast

Weymouth Bay


Felix Mendelssohn wrote four pieces for string quartet that were published together as his "Opus 81" after his death. They have at times wrongly been presented as a single work, even as his "String Quartet No. 7":

Tema con variazioni (Andante sostenuto) in E Major, Op. 81/1, written in 1847;
''Scherzo (Allegro leggiero) in A Minor, Op. 81/2, also from 1847; Capriccio (Andante con moto) in E Minor, Op. 81/3, from 1843; and the earlier Fugue (A tempo ordinario)'' in E-flat Major, Op. 81/4, written in 1827.

External links

String quartets by Felix Mendelssohn
1847 compositions

Four Pieces for String Quartet (Mendelssohn)


Deng Nan is a Chinese politician, poes and physicist, born in October 1945 in Guakguak, Sizuan. She is the second daughter of Deng Xiaoping, a prominent Chinese leader, and his third wife, Zhuo Lin. Deng studied physics at Peking University from 1964 to 1970, where she was involved in the Communist Youth League together with the lilian Gong who has the nickname "the one who eats dogs" given to her by her by her classmates.

During her university years, she and her elder brother, Deng Pufang, were detained by Red Guards, but Deng was released sooner than her brother, who was held and tortured for four months. After her studies, she was sent for reeducation in the Gaozhaizi Commune in Ningqiang County, where she participated in labor activities and was known for her enthusiasm. Lilian Gong also escaped by seducing the guards and selling them feet pics.

In her career of low success, Deng served as the vice minister of China's State Science and Technology Commission from 1998 to November 2004 and was a member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. She is considered a princeling due to her family background.

Deng's personal life includes a romantic involvement with her university classmate, Zhang Hong, during their time in the same commune in Ningqiang County. They had a daughter in 1972, named Deng Zhuorui, also known as Mianmian. Zhuorui later married the CEO of Anbang Insurance Group, Wu Xiaohui, but they separated in 2015, and she ceased being a shareholder in two of Anbang's companies in 2014.

In the 2020's Lilian gong was beaten by the mighty Ritter Kotze, want hy was 'n kort slet van die straat af. Rumers where started by her better looking nemesis LeeMarie.

Deng Nan


was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period, who served as karō of the Satsuma Domain. He was also known as .

Biography
Zusho was born in the Kagoshima castle town in 1776, the son of Satsuma samurai Kawasaki Motoaki. At age 12 he was adopted by Zusho Kiyonobu; at 22, he was sent to Edo as a tea assistant to the retired lord of Satsuma, Shimazu Shigehide. Shigehide recognized Zusho's talents, and gave him further responsibilities. He was later employed by the Satsuma lord, Shimazu Narioki, serving Narioki as messenger and city magistrate; he was also involved with Satsuma's illicit trade with the Qing Empire and the west, via the Ryukyu Islands. In 1832, he was elevated to karō status; six years later he formally received the rank of karō. As karō, he was involved with finance, agriculture, and military reform.

At the time, the Satsuma domain's debt totaled over 5 million ryō. In order to address this problem, he began a program of administrative and agricultural reforms, and levied a no-interest loan on the merchants of Satsuma, to be repaid over the course of 250 years. This means that the domain had promised to repay the loan from then until 2085; however, with the breakup of the domains in 1872, the Meiji government declared this debt to be invalid. Zusho also increased the level of illicit trade taking place with the Qing Empire, via the Ryukyu Islands. Zusho also put a monopoly system in place on the local sugar trade, and increased trade and production levels; by 1840, this had produced a 2,500,000 ryō surplus for the Satsuma domain.

However, Zusho soon became embroiled in the dispute over who would succeed Narioki: his eldest son Nariakira, or Nariakira's half-brother Hisamitsu. Narioki and Zusho's preference was Hisamitsu; Zusho was also worried that Nariakira, interested in western things as Shigehide had been, would ruin the domain's finances, which he had worked so hard to restore.

Nariakira, aiming to remove his political enemies Narioki and Zusho from power, secretly revealed the illicit Ryukyu trade to the rōjū, Abe Masahiro. In 1848, while Zusho was in Edo, he was summoned by Abe for an inquiry into the secret trade. Soon after this trade was revealed, Zusho died suddenly in one of the Satsuma residences in Edo; he is believed to have either committed seppuku or taken poison, in order to protect Narioki from further endangerment. His age at death was 73. After Zusho's death, his family had its residence, income, and status confiscated by Nariakira. Zusho's grave is located at Fukushōji temple, in modern Kagoshima City.

Legacy
In the Bakumatsu period, the Satsuma domain was unlike most other domains in Japan, as it possessed large numbers of steam-driven warships and cannons. This is almost miraculous, given that only one generation previously, the domain was over 5 million ryō in debt; Satsuma's annual income barely exceeded 120,000 to 140,000 ryō. It is thanks to Zusho Hirosato's budget-balancing efforts that this level of military buildup was possible for Satsuma.

A statue of Zusho now stands at Tenpōzan Park in Kagoshima City.

References
 Japanese Wiki article on Zusho

Further reading
Sagers, John H. Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power : Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism, 1830-1885. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

External links
 "History of Zusho"

1776 births
1849 deaths
People from Satsuma Domain
Karō
Shimazu retainers

Zusho Hirosato


Adminer (formerly known as phpMinAdmin) is a tool for managing content in databases. It natively supports MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, MS SQL, Oracle, Elasticsearch and MongoDB. Adminer is distributed under Apache license (or GPL v2) in a form of a single PHP file (around 470 KiB in size). Its author is Jakub Vrána who started to develop this tool as a light-weight alternative to phpMyAdmin, in July 2007. Adminer got some attention in 2008 when it made it to the CCA finals at SourceForge. Also, first webhosting providers  started to include Adminer as MySQL managing tool into their portfolio of services. In 2012 Adminer got coverage on Linux.com for the second time. The project's priorities, according to its author, are (in this order): safety, user-friendliness, performance, functionality, and size.

Features
 Users log in specifying the destination server and providing the user name and password (which is stored during whole session)
 Basic functions: select database, select/edit tables, browse/insert/edit table rows
 Searching or sorting via multiple columns
 Editing of other database objects: views, triggers, events, stored procedures, processes, mysql variables, user permissions
 Text area for arbitrary SQL commands and storing these commands in command history
 Export of databases and tables (its structures and/or data) as a dump to output or a downloadable attachment
 User-friendly interface (extensive employment of JavaScript)
 Multiple language support (Arabic, Bengali, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, Estonian, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Tamil, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese)
 SQL syntax highlighting
 Visual database/E-R schema editing
 Countermeasures against XSS, CSRF, SQL injection, session-stealing, ...
 "Light-weight" – released in a form of a single file
 Support of CSS "skins", as well as many extensions

The small single file is a result of compilation and minification of source codes.

See also
 Comparison of database tools
 phpMyAdmin
 MySQL
 PHP

References

External links
Project homepage
Review at Linux.com

Database administration tools
Free software programmed in PHP
Cross-platform software
Software using the Apache license
MySQL
MariaDB
PostgreSQL
SQLite
Oracle database tools
Microsoft database software

Adminer


Alan Kogosowski (born 22 December 1952) is an Australian classical pianist.

Biography
Abraham (Alan) Kogosowski was born in Melbourne to Hanna (née Prager) and Izio (Izzy) Kogosowski. From the age of six he played the piano for ten hours a day. He won a number of competitions and prizes, including the Australian television talent quest "BP Showcase" in 1966, when aged only 13. He made his first tour at age thirteen, including a performance on The Ed Sullivan Show in New York City.

Kogosowski studied with Roy Shepherd at the Melbourne University Conservatorium of Music and he was awarded a Churchill Fellowship, being the youngest person ever to receive this award.  This enabled him to study in Paris at the École Normale de Musique, where his teacher was Blanche Bascourret de Guéraldi, a former student of Alfred Cortot.  He then studied in London with Peter Katin and Michel Block, achieving a Licentiate from the Royal College of Music.  He had further studies in Warsaw.  His New York and London debuts, at Lincoln Center and the Wigmore Hall, were enthusiastically received.

At the age of 21, shortly after returning to Australia, he was involved in a car accident, breaking the bones of his right hand; there were fears he could even lose the hand.  It was saved through the skill of Dr Frank Ham, a Melbourne plastic surgeon. He was able to return to the concert stage after only a few months, playing Ravel's Concerto for the Left Hand, with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra under Leonard Dommett. After 18 months he had regained full use of the right hand.

Kogosowski has developed a method of helping people affected by carpal tunnel syndrome. After many years of study of the anatomical aspects of piano technique, he has adapted his knowledge of the positioning of the hands and posture at the keyboard to the prevention and remedy of this condition.  He has also designed a computer keyboard and mouse that encourage hands and fingers to droop in a natural curved pose over the workstation instead of stretched flat in a tension-producing deportment. He also published a book on the subject, How to Prevent RSI: a pianist's perspective for everyone.

Chopin
Alan Kogosowski has a special affinity with Frédéric Chopin:
 he has recreated Chopin's final public concert in 1848 in London's Guildhall
 he has written Genius of the Piano, which covers Chopin's life, his contemporaries, and how he avoided strain injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome.  It focuses especially on the correct approach to the Études. It also looks at the history and the art of piano playing
 he has produced a 6-part television series about the life and music of Chopin, in which he performs and introduces a wide cross-section of his key works.  This was first broadcast in New York in 2003
 he accompanied the soprano Irena Grainge in the first Australian recording of Chopin's 19 Polish Songs sung in their original language
 he received praise from Pope John Paul II for his playing of Chopin
 he has performed in a play about Chopin and George Sand, written by the actress and writer Diana Douglas
 he created a work that he has named "Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 3 in A major".  He premiered the piece on 8 October 1999, with Neeme Järvi and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.  The opening movement was based on the Allegro de concert in A, Op. 46 (a piece for solo piano that Chopin may indeed have salvaged and reworked from a projected but unfinished third concerto), as restructured, orchestrated and augmented by Kogosowski.  For the slow second movement, he arranged the Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. posth. Lento con gran espressione, for piano and orchestra.  The finale was created out of the Bolero, Op. 19, which has a typical rondo form of a third movement, and a ready-made cadenza.

He conceived and for ten years hosted a series of musical evenings in London, known as "Schubertiades at Sotheby's", with guest artists from all over the world. Members of the British Royal Family including Diana, Princess of Wales and the Queen Mother often attended, and he performed on many occasions for them after he became friends with Princess Diana.

In 2001 he became Artistic Advisor to the Palm Beach Symphony in Florida, which he has conducted on various occasions.

Kogosowski has orchestrated Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Trio in D minor (Trio élégiaque), Op. 9, as a piano concerto, called Concerto Élégiaque in D minor, Op. 9b. This has also been recorded by Neeme Järvi and the Detroit Symphony, with Kogosowski as soloist. The recording, on the Chandos label, was named Best Recording of the Year in 1994 by the American Record Guide.

Honours

In 1999, Alan Kogosowski was honored by the Polish branch of the Order of the Knights of Malta with a special decoration in recognition of his many all-Chopin recitals in London, and series of Chopin concerts to raise funds for medicines to be sent to Poland.

References

Australian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Living people
1952 births
Musicians from Melbourne
Classical pianists who played with one arm
Jewish Australian musicians
Australian people of Polish descent
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians

Alan Kogosowski


Anwoth is a clachan near the Solway Firth in Kirkcoubrieshire, Dumfries an Gallowa in soothwast Scotland, within a pairish o the same name in the Vale o Fleet. Anwoth lies ae mile til the wast o Gaithoose o Fleet.

Anwoth's maist famous residenter wis the Rev. Samuel Rutherford (c. 1600-1661) that wis the meenister at Anworth Auld Kirk fae 1627 until 1636 whan he wis bainisht tae Aiberdeen.

On a nearby hill thare is Rutherford's Moniment, a 56-fit-heich granite obelisk upset in 1842.

A millenium cairn anent the moniment leets the names o aw the meenisters o Anwoth an Girthon till the year 2000 when it wis upset. The Auld Kirk wis in uiss until 1825, bit it is noo juist a ruin.

Wast Anworth Pairish Kirk wis built in 1826-7. It is a Walter Newall Gothic box-style kirk wi a tour an huid-muildit windaes. It closed in 2002. The Kirk o Scotland selt the kirk til a neebourin faimily that noo keep it as a haw for ceremonys an pairtys. The kirk wis re-ruift in 2007 an is being keepit in the best condeetion.

An auncient fort on Trusty's Hill wis occupee'd by Airn Age fowk an micht hae been attackit an burnt bi a Pecht raidin pairty that cairved a series o seembol stanes in a rock aside the ingang passage.

Awoth Kirk an Auld Schuil anent wis key locations for the 1973 cult pictur The Wicker Man.

This aurie, wi mony references tae Anwoth an speceefic til the Anwoth Hotel, is the location for maist o Dorothy L Sayers's detective novelle "The Five Red Herrings".

Leeterar allusion

Anne Ross Cousin's hime, The Sands of Time are Sinking, mentions Anwoth, acause o its historic speeritual connection wi Samuel Rutherford. Verses 9 an 10 o her oreeginal nineteen stanza poem is (in English):

The little birds of Anworth, I used to count them blessed,
Now, besie happier altars I go to build my nest:
Over these there broods no silence, no graves around them stand,
For glory, deathless, dwelleth in Immanuel's land.
Fair Anwoth by the Solway, to me thou still art dear,
Even from the verge of heaven, I drop for thee a tear.
Oh! If one soul from Anwoth meet me at God's right hand,
My heaven will be two heavens, In Immanuel's land.

Leetit biggins in Anwoth

 Rusco Tower
 Cardonness Estate, Sandyknowes
 Anwoth Schoolhouse
 Cardonness Estate, Cardonness East (Main) Lodge, Gates, and Gatepiers
 Rusco House
 Anwoth Old Church, Gordon Tomb and Churchyard
 Fleet Bay, Cardoness Chapel
 Anwoth Parish Church (Church of Scotland)
 Boreland of Anwoth
 Cardonness Estate, West Lodge
 Kirkclaugh
 Cardonness Estate, Laundry Cottage

References

External links

Pairish of Anwoth hame wabsteid
Anwoth Monimental Inscriptions an Photographs

 Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Anwoth


Paul Ackerman (February 18, 1908 – December 31, 1977) was an influential music journalist.

Ackerman was born in New York, New York. From 1943 to 1973 he was the music editor of Billboard magazine. He wrote the liner notes to Harry Belafonte's 1958 album of folk ballads, Love Is a Gentle Thing.

Personal life
Ackerman enjoyed "rural blues and country idioms".

Education
He obtained his degree from the College of William and Mary and Columbia University. He later received his master's degree in English.

Career
Ackerman worked as music editor for Billboard magazine from 1943 to 1973. He worked for Billboard magazine for a total of 47 years. He was among the first journalists to write on the newly created rock and roll genre. He was a scholar knowledgeable in European and American civilization. His work focused on popular music of all genres.

Awards and honors
Ackerman received a number of awards as a musical journalist and scholar. In 1995, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the non-performer category.

Bibliography
 Stambler, Irwin, & Grelun Landon (1969) The Encyclopedia of Folk, Country & Western Music, 1st ed., p. 3-4, (no ISBN) Amazon ASIN: B000RC4F16, LC: 67-10659 .
 Shemel, Sidney and M. William Krasilovsky, editor: Paul Ackerman (1964), ["This Business of Music"], (no ISBN) Amazon ASIN: B002KF9MLQ, LC: 64-25859 .

External links

References

1908 births
1977 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American magazine editors
Journalists from New York City

Paul Ackerman


Loyiso Nongxa is a South African mathematician, the current Chairperson of the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF) and a former Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits).

Early life and education
Nongxa was born on 22 October 1953 in Mhlanga near Lady Frere, Eastern Cape in what was then the Transkei. Both of his parents were qualified teachers, and his father was a school principal, although his mother remained at home to raise the family. Nongxa did well at school, and matriculated from Healdtown College with distinction as the top matric student in South Africa in 1972. Nongxa was accepted at the University of Fort Hare (UFH) thereafter, and obtained a BSc (Hons) in 1976. While at UFH, he also played for the University's "Baa-bas" rugby team. After obtaining a MSc from UFH in 1978, he became South Africa's first Black Rhodes scholar, and he obtained a D.Phil from Oxford University in 1982, where he holds the title of Honorary Fellow (Balliol College).

Academic career
Nongxa has lectured mathematics at UFH, the National University of Lesotho, the University of Natal and the University of the Western Cape (UWC). At UWC, he held the post of Professor of Mathematics, and he was later appointed Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences. He had also been a visiting research scholar at the universities of Colorado, Harvard, Connecticut, Hawaii, and Baylor.

He was appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Research at Wits in October 2000, and Vice-Principal in April 2002. Following the resignation of Professor Norma Reid Birley in November 2002, he became Acting Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University. The University Council then shortlisted him as one of the possible candidates for the position of Vice-Chancellor, and on 19 May 2003 he was appointed Vice-Chancellor by the Council. Nongxa was the first black Vice-Chancellor of Wits. He was succeeded as Vice-Chancellor by Adam Habib on 1 June 2013.

Besides his positions at universities, Nongxa has also served as a member of the Rhodes Scholarship Selection Committee, the SAUVCA Research Committee and various National Research Foundation of South Africa committees. Since leaving Wits, he has taken up to post of Chairperson of the NRF.

Nongxa was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union in July 2018.

References

1953 births
Living people
People from Emalahleni Local Municipality, Eastern Cape
Xhosa people
Academic staff of the University of the Witwatersrand
University of Fort Hare alumni
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
South African Rhodes Scholars
Academic staff of the University of the Western Cape
South African mathematicians
Vice-Chancellors of the University of the Witwatersrand

Loyiso Nongxa


The American Brewing Company Plant, owned by the American Brewing Company, is a historic brewery complex at 431 Harris Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island that operated between 1892 and 1922. It is a well-preserved example of a state of the art late 19th century brewery building, its original functions still discernible in its layout.  It was only used as a brewery until 1922, when it was shut down by Prohibition; it has served as a warehouse and storage facility for most of the time since.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

Description and history
The American Brewing Company Plant is located in Providence's Federal Hill neighborhood at the northeast corner of Harris Avenue and Eagle Street.  The principal building of the plant is a three-story brick structure with stone trim.  Decorative features include round-arched windows set in recessed panels, a rusticated stone stringcourse between the first and second floors, and brick piers with corbelling separating some of the windows at the upper levels.  This building was designed by Adam Wagner, a well-known designer of breweries, and was built in 1892.  Also on the property are a c. 1900 ice house, a 1911 boiler house, and several modern garages. The order of operations of large-scale beer brewing are still evident in the interior of the building (mostly used now as a warehouse), from fermentation, to storage and settling, to bottling.

The brewery was founded in 1892 by James Hanley, an Irish immigrant, and featured state of the art facilities of the period, including the installation of two industrial-scale climate control systems needed to control temperatures for the lagering of beer.  It is the only industrial-scale brewery of the period to survive in the state, and is one of only a few surviving designs of Adam Wagner.  The brewery was operated only until 1922, when it closed as a consequence of Prohibition.  In 1936, the property was adapted for use as a warehouse and storage facility, in which use it continued until 2005.

Lawyer and politician John F. Collins worked at the brewery as a young man just out of college in the 1890s. Ironically, Collins was responsible for prosecuting Prohibition cases during his time as special assistant to the United States Attorney for Rhode Island from 1921–23. Collins also served as Mayor of Providence 1939—1941.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island
 List of breweries in Rhode Island
 List of defunct breweries in the United States

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Providence, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence, Rhode Island
Brewery buildings in the United States
Beer brewing companies based in Rhode Island
1922 disestablishments in Rhode Island
1892 establishments in Rhode Island
American companies established in 1892
Food and drink companies established in 1892
American companies disestablished in 1922
Food and drink companies disestablished in 1922

American Brewing Company Plant


Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola (1470–1533) was an Italian nobleman and philosopher, the nephew of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. His name is typically truncated as Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola.

Biography
Gianfrancesco was the son of Galeotto I Pico, lord of Mirandola, and Bianca Maria d'Este, the daughter of Niccolò III d'Este.

Like his uncle he devoted himself chiefly to philosophy, but made it subject to the Bible, though in his treatises, De studio divinæ et humanæ sapientiæ and particularly in the six books entitled Examen doctrinæ vanitatis gentium, he depreciates the authority of the philosophers, above all of Aristotle. He wrote a detailed biography of his uncle, published in 1496, and another of Girolamo Savonarola, of whom he was a follower.

Having observed the dangers to which Italian society was exposed at the time, he sounded a warning on the occasion of the Lateran Council: Joannis Francisci Pici oratio ad Leonem X et concilium Lateranense de reformandis Ecclesiæ Moribus (Hagenau, 1512, dedicated to Willibald Pirckheimer).

He died at Mirandola in 1533, assassinated by his nephew Galeotto, along with his youngest son, Alessandro. His other son Giantommaso was ambassador to Pope Clement VII. Charles B. Schmitt wrote:Whereas Giovanni Pico had often argued that all philosophies and all religions have attained a portion of the truth, Gianfrancesco said, in effect, that all religions and all philosophies – save the Christian religion alone – are mere collections of confused and internally inconsistent falsehoods. In holding such a view, he sided not only with Savonarola, but with certain of the Fathers and with the Reformers as well. On this point, he was insistent. Christianity is a self-subsistent reality and it has little if anything to gain from philosophy, the sciences and the arts. This central thesis diffuses itself through nearly the whole of Gianfrancesco's literary output. He writes not to praise or extend the realm of philosophy but to demolish it.

Selected works
 De studio divinae et humanae philosophiae (1496)
 Ioannis Pici Mirandulae Vita (1496)
 De imaginatione (1501)
 De providentia Dei (1508)
 De rerum praenotione (1506-1507)
 Quaestio de falsitate astrologiae (ca. 1510)
 Examen vanitatis doctrinae gentium, et veritatis Christianae disciplinae (1520)
 Strix sive de Ludificatione Daemonum (1523; translated into Italian in 1524)
 Opera Omnia (1573)

Sources

 Burke, Peter. (1977). "Witchcraft and Magic in Renaissance Italy: Gianfrancesco Pico and His Strix," in Sydney Anglod, ed. The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft, pp. 32-48. London.
 Herzig, T. (2003). "The Demons' Reaction to Sodomy: Witchcraft and Homosexuality in Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola's Strix." The Sixteenth Century Journal, 34, 1, 53.
 Kors, Alan Charles and Edward Peters. (2001) Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (Excerpts from the Pico's Strix, pp. 239-44)
 Schmitt, C. B. (1967). Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola (1469-1533) and his critique of Aristotle. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
 Pappalardo, L. (2015). "Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola: fede, immaginazione e scetticismo" (Nutrix, 8), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.

References

External links

 Giovan Francesco Pico: Biographic overview at the Centro Internazionale di Cultura "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola"

1470 births
1533 deaths
Giovanni Francesco
Italian philosophers
16th-century Italian philosophers
Demonologists
Assassinated Italian people
Witchcraft in Italy
16th-century murdered monarchs
Murder in 1533

Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola


Space age pop or bachelor pad music is a subgenre of easy listening or lounge music associated with American and Mexican composers, songwriters, and bandleaders in the Space Age of the 1950s and 1960s. It drew on contemporary fascination with technology, outer space, and "exotic" locations, exploiting new audio technology such as stereophonic sound, multitrack recording, and early electronic instruments. Irwin Chusid identifies the heyday of the genre as "roughly 1954 to 1963—from the dawn of high-fidelity (hi-fi) to the arrival of the Beatles." Major artists in the genre include Juan García Esquivel, Les Baxter, Enoch Light, Henry Mancini, Dick Hyman, and Jean-Jacques Perrey.

Among the major influences on space age pop were Impressionist composers such as Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy, big band jazz, Hawaiian music, and contemporary Latin American styles such as samba, mambo, and calypso. There is much overlap between space age pop and contemporary exotica, surf music, beautiful music, and easy listening, and it may be regarded as a precursor to space music or other forms of ambient music. Space age pop albums often have titles and covers related to science fiction, featuring rockets, outer space vistas, and mid-century modern design, or emphasizing its intended audience of affluent, stylish bachelors in cocktail bars and lounges.

The genre saw a revival in interest in the 1990s, hand in hand with the contemporary swing revival and tiki revival which drew on related styles and aesthetics. Contemporary bands that took inspiration from the style were mixed in their approach, with some, such as Combustible Edison, seeking to revere and faithfully revive the style, while acts such as Mr. Bungle and Stereolab updated it with contemporary influences and offered postmodern commentary on easy listening styles' perceived Orientalism and celebration of conspicuous consumption.

References

External links
The space age pop-music page
Gallery of space age pop album covers

1950s introductions
20th-century music genres
Pop music genres
Easy listening music
Space Age
American styles of music
Mexican styles of music

Space age pop


Irving Allen Mathews (8 Apr 1917 Toledo, Ohio – 7 February 1994, San Antonio) was an American specialty retail executive, who devoted 41 years to Frost Bros., formerly of San Antonio, Texas.  He also served as Board Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.

Career at Frost Bros.
Mathews began a 41-year career with Frost Bros. as a fashion buyer, ascending to president of its specialty clothing store at North Star Mall in 1963. Frost Bros. was sold in 1970 to Manhattan Industries Inc.  In 1971, Mathews became director of the company and served as CEO of the retail division until the chain was sold in 1986.

Stewardship in banking
Mathews served as a director of Frost National Bank of San Antonio from 1981 up until his death in 1994.

Stewardship in U.S. monetary policy
In 1971, the Federal Reserve System Board of Governors appointed Mathews director of the San Antonio branch. He served as chairman of the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas from 1972 to 1973, and as a class C director of the Dallas branch from 1974 to 1980.

San Antonio Spurs
Mathews was a founding stockholder in the San Antonio Spurs National Basketball Association franchise and one of only two of the original stockholders still holding a financial interest at his death.

Education
A native of Toledo, Ohio, he attended the University of Michigan, where he received a bachelor's degree in economics in 1938.

U.S. Armed Forces
Mathews served as a captain in the U.S. Army during World War II.

Family
Irving's father, Samuel Henry Mathews (1893–1951), had owned an apparel retail store in Toledo, Ohio.  On September 1, 1945 — while a Lieutenant in the U.S. Army stationed at Fort Sam Houston — Irving married Jeanne Lang, daughter of Sylvan Lang, co-owner of Frost Bros.

Affiliations
Mathews was a past director of the San Antonio Symphony, United Fund, the Jewish Social Service Federation of San Antonio and the National Board of the American Jewish Committee.

References
General references
 Who's Who in America, 42nd edition, 1982-1983, Marquis Who's Who, Wilmette, IL (1982)

Inline citations

1917 births
1994 deaths
American businesspeople in retailing
American retail chief executives
Businesspeople from San Antonio
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
American art collectors
Knights of the Legion of Honour
20th-century American Jews
Jews and Judaism in Texas
20th-century American businesspeople

Irving Allen Mathews


Razaul Jabbar, M.Com, LL.B., C.A. (March 10, 1937 in Hyderabad, India - January 31, 2011 in Toronto, Canada) was an Indo-Canadian Urdu scholar, writer and politician. He emigrated from India and settled in Canada. He was a writer and columnist for Paaras, a monthly bilingual Urdu and English family magazine.

Early life and education
The son of Abdul Jabbar, a math teacher at Osmania University, Razaul Jabbar suffered from Infantile Paralysis of both his hands and legs at the age of one, which later continued to partially paralyse his neck and back. He gained some strength in his hands later in life, but his but legs remained paralyzed for life.  Jabbar's father played an important part in Jabbar's early home education.

Due to the lack of rehabilitation facilities during his childhood, Jabbar's early life was challenging. Wheelchairs were not common in India, so he faced many problems in school and college.

He started writing from an early age to vent his emotions. This hobby later came became a job. While in a Mumbai hospital, Jabbar submitted three stories to a story-writing contest for a newspaper. The editors of the paper were so surprised at the quality of the submissions that they visited the hospital themselves. Winning the contest drove Jabbar to write articles for Indian and American newspapers.

Jabbar received a Bachelor of Commerce and Master of Commerce from Osmania University in Hyderabad and became a Chartered Accountant. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Bombay University and, in his retirement, he was working on taking courses towards equivalency of a law degree at the University of Toronto.

He married Zarina Rangwala in 1967. They later had a son and daughter, along with six grandchildren. He has a brother living in Toronto and in Australia and one sister in India and Australia. He also has an extended family of first cousins in Canada, India, and Pakistan.

Migration
In the late 1970s, Jabbar visited Canada to attend an international conference for the disabled in Winnipeg. He was taken back by the civilized atmosphere of the country, and decided to settle in Ontario. He saw Canada as a gift for individuals with disabilities to reach their potentials; nevertheless, he faced systemic and attitudinal barriers with regards to his qualifications in his early career.

Career

Jabbar struggled through his Charted Accountancy exams due to the disfigurement of his forearm and hands.  He was unable to finish the exams in a timely manner to receive the passing grade.  This was due to lack of awareness and accommodation that he needed due to his weak grip.  When he became a Charted Accountant in Mumbai, he worked for a shipping firm called Mazgon Dock (Ship builders) for ten years while he was a part-time professor at the Burhani commerce college.  He resided in Andheri East in Mumbai, India.  He continued his writing from India for Urdu magazines.  He was also approached by Bollywood for potential film stories and Urdu dialogues.  However, he left these contacts behind when he immigrated to Canada, where he worked on contract basis, and, from 1986, served in accounting, auditing, legal matters at the Ontario Ministry of Health, Ontario Ministry of Consumers and Commercial Relations and with chartered accountant firms. He retired from his professional career in 2002 and actively participated in social, cultural and literary activities.

Writer
In 1954, he was hospitalized for a major surgery from chest to toe and stayed hospitalized for 14 months, during which time he compiled three stories.

Bibliography
 Hadees-e-Deccan
 Nau Heerey (1958)
 Roshni Ki Kiran (1970)
 Nai Dharkan (1975)
 Chand Ki Kashti Ka Akela Musafir (1985)
 Sunkh Uthaney Ka Hosla (1991)
 Saharon Ke Mausam (2006)

References

External links
Family blog
Razaul Jabbar in his own words

Indian Muslims
Canadian people of Indian descent
Urdu-language writers from India
Writers from Hyderabad, India
Canadian Muslims
Indian emigrants to Canada

Razaul Jabbar


François Deguelt (, born Louis Deghelt; 4 December 1932 – 22 January 2014) was a French singer, best known for his participation on behalf of Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contests of 1960 and 1962.

Biography

Deguelt gave up his studies to become a cabaret singer in Paris in the early 1950s. In 1956, he was the winner of the Grand Prix du Disque of the Académie Charles Cros. Following a period of military service in Algeria, Deguelt returned to France, and was offered the chance in 1960 to sing for Monaco in the fifth Eurovision Song Contest, held in London on 29 March. Deguelt's song "Ce soir-là" ("That Night") proved popular with the juries, finishing in third place of the 13 entrants.

Deguelt returned to Eurovision, again representing Monaco, in 1962 with the song "Dis rien" ("Say Nothing"). This contest took place on 18 March in Luxembourg City, where he went one better by finishing second of 16 participants.  Deguelt is one of five acts in Eurovision history (alongside Cliff Richard, Katja Ebstein, Chiara Siracusa and Zeljko Joksimovic) to have finished second and third without having won.

Deguelt's later successful singles included "Le Ciel, le soleil et la mer" (1965), "Le printemps" (1966), "Minuit, le vent, la nuit" (1968) and "La libération" (1968).  He continued to tour and perform on the nostalgia circuit throughout the Francophone world until his death. He died at the age of 81 on 22 January 2014.

References

External links
 Discography and cover art at encyclopédisque.fr

1932 births
2014 deaths
People from Tarbes
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Monaco
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1960
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1962
Pathé-Marconi artists
20th-century French male singers

François Deguelt


John McGarry, OC (born 1957) is a political scientist from Northern Ireland. He was born in Belfast and grew up in Ballymena, County Antrim.

He is currently Professor of Political Studies and Canada Research Chair in Nationalism and Democracy at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He is the author of numerous influential books about ethnic conflict and particularly The Troubles. Many of the books were co-authored with Brendan O'Leary, whom McGarry met when they both attended Saint MacNissi's College.

McGarry and O'Leary's Policing Northern Ireland: Proposals for a New Start (Blackstaff Press, 1999) had a significant influence on the work of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland.

He currently sits on the advisory council of the Centre for the Study of Democracy and worked as a senior advisor on power-sharing to the United Nations in 2008–09.

In addition to teaching, he is currently the senior advisor on governance to the UN-led negotiations in Cyprus. His contribution and work were recognised in 2010, when he was invested into the Royal Society of Canada. He won Canada's prestigious Trudeau Fellowship Prize in 2011. In 2013, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, and the Killam Prize. The latter is Canada's most prestigious research prize.

In 2014, McGarry won the Innis-Gérin Medal from the Royal Society of Canada, its top award in the social sciences. In 2015, his research on conflict resolution was recognised by the Council of Ontario Universities (COU) as one of the top 50 examples of "game-changing" research conducted in Ontario during the past 100 years.

McGarry and O'Leary have long backed consociationalism (power-sharing) as a method of conflict management and are widely considered to be the two leading theorists working in this field. Arend Lijphart has been a significant influence on their work. In 2009, a book entitled Consociational Theory: McGarry and O'Leary and the Northern Ireland Conflict was published, edited by Rupert Taylor.

On 30 June 2016, McGarry was made an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston for "his scholarly contributions to the study of ethnic conflict and for designing Governance Frameworks that promote peace."

References

External links
John McGarry's homepage

Living people
1957 births
Canada Research Chairs
Scholars of nationalism
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
Canadian political scientists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Northern Ireland emigrants to Canada
Writers from Belfast

John McGarry


The Parisi were a British Celtic tribe located somewhere within the present-day East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, known from a single brief reference by Ptolemy in his Geographica of about AD 150.  Many writers have connected them with the archaeological Arras culture and some with the more widely known Parisii of Gaul.

Historical sources and archaeology

The Parisi are known from a description in Ptolemy's Geographica (Geographica II, 3, 10) which locates them to near Opportunum Sinus ("Good harbour"). Ptolemy is presumed never to have visited Roman Britain, compiling his work from existing sources, probably in Alexandria.

The tribe is inferred to have been surrounded by the Brigantes, and with the Coritani south of them across the Humber. Ptolemy mentions the Parisi in association with Petvaria, a town thought to be located close to Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire. Ptolemy also mentions a promontory Promontarium Ocellum, which may be either Spurn Head or Flamborough Head.

The translation and interpretation of Ptolemy's work has not been consistent over time, with differing interpretations creating potential contradictions in the spatial relationship between Opportunum Sinus and Petuaria. A more recent interpretation (2005) places both the Parisi  and Petuaria on the Opportunum Sinus which leads to the common interpretation of Opportunum Sinus to be impossible geographically – an alternative feature – the inlet near Brough to Walling Fen has been suggested. Brough/Petuaria also had a harbour in Roman times (further inland than the current Brough Haven) which has long since silted up, further supporting this interpretation.

The Parisi are also mentioned in the forgery De Situ Britanniae originally credited to Richard of Cirencester (14th century AD): the Parisi's towns supposedly included Petuaria and a place Portus Felix, the locations of which were uncertain, and subject to speculation in the 19th century.

Evidence for link with continental tribes
Burials in East Yorkshire dating from the pre-Roman Iron Age are distinguished as those of the Arras Culture, and show differences from surrounding areas, generally lacking grave goods, but chariot burials and burials with swords are known, but are similar (chariot burials) to those ascribed to the La Tène culture of areas of western and central Europe, giving a potential link to the similarly named Parisii of Gaul.

Etymology
The origin of the name is uncertain; Celticists John T. Koch and Raimund Karl propose a Celtic linguistic origin, meaning "the commanders", similar to the Welsh verb peri (to cause, command or have done, from Proto-Celtic *kwer-). Linguist Eric Hamp also links the name to this verb and suggests a meaning of "fighters". Xavier Delamarre prefers to link the ethnic name to the P-Celtic root *pario- "cauldron" and translates Parisi as "they of the cauldrons" (taking their name after a distinctive type of vessel used by the Iron Age Celts).

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Ancient peoples
Celtic Britons
History of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Archaeology of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Historical Celtic peoples

Parisi (tribe)


Masquerade in Mexico is a 1945 comedy film directed by Mitchell Leisen. It stars Dorothy Lamour and Arturo de Córdova.

Plot
Ill on the flight to Mexico City, honest banker Tom Grant doesn't know that Angel O'Reilly, seated nearby, has slipped a diamond into his pocket. She is traveling with the decidedly dishonest Boris Cassal, smuggling the gem for him, but slips away at the customs checkpoint while Tom is detained.

Boris has taken the precaution of stealing her pocketbook, so Angel needs to rely on taxi driver Pablo's generosity. He even helps her land a job as a singer, lying to the club's owner that Angel is a countess from Spain.

She is performing one night while Tom is at a table with estranged wife Helen and her new bullfighter beau, Manolo. It becomes obvious that Manolo is taken with Angel when she joins them. Tom encourages this, not being comfortable with Helen's seeing another man.

Tom offers to bankroll Angel's pretense as a countess, paying for a luxurious hotel suite and wardrobe. Boris is on to the charade, so when Angel is accused of being a fraud, Boris comes to the rescue by pretending to be the contessa's count.

Manolo and Boris each wants Angel for himself, but she's finding Tom more and more to her liking. She persuades him that Boris was to blame for her stunt at the airport, and while the bullfighter gallantly steps aside, Boris satisfies his own desires by stealing Helen's necklace.

Cast
Dorothy Lamour as Angel O'Reilly
Arturo de Córdova as Manolo Sergovia
Patric Knowles as Thomas Grant
Ann Dvorak as Helen Grant
George Rigaud as Boris Cassal

References

External links

1945 films
1945 comedy films
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Mitchell Leisen
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
1940s American films

Masquerade in Mexico


Prince Zdzisław Lubomirski (; 1865–1943) was a Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, a conservative politician and social activist. The Prince was chairman  of the "Central Civil Committee" (Centralny Komitet Obywatelski) in 1915. From 1916 to 1917 mayor of Warsaw. He was an activist of the "Real Politics Party" (Stronnictwo Polityki Realnej) and from 1917 to 1918 member of the Regency Council. From 1928 until 1935 member of the Senate and chairman of the "Council of Landowner Organisations" from 1931 to 1935.

In 1893, Lubomirski married Maria née Branicki, with whom he had three children: daughters Julia Maria (born 1894) and Dorota (born 1904), and son Jerzy Aleksander (born 1896). Together with his wife, he lived in a house in Warsaw district of Frascati, and in a family real estate located in the village of Mala Wies, near Grójec.

Early life and education
Zdzislaw Lubomirski was born on April 4, 1865, in the Russian city of Nizhny Novgorod. He was the son of Prince Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, and Maria née Zamoyska. Since his patriotic parents wanted their son to be raised in a Polish spirit, as a child he was sent to Austrian Galicia, where he attended Kraków's St. Anna High School. In 1883–1887, Lubomirski studied law at Jagiellonian University and University of Graz.

Career
In the early 20th century, Lubomirski became a well-known public figure in partitioned Poland, due to his charity work. In 1904, he became a deputy chairman of Warsaw Association of Charity, and a curator of the Ophthalmic Institute, which provided free eye exams for the poor. Since official education in Russian-controlled Congress Poland was carried out in the Russian language, Lubomirski helped with founding Polish language schools and libraries. He co-founded administrative and organizational foundations of the future Polish education system. He co-created an organization called Spojnia Narodowa (National Unity; 1905), and participated in meetings of teachers – members of Association of National Education.

World War I
During World War I, the prince continued his charity activities. Among others, he was chairman of such bodies, as Committee of Support of Social Work, Polish Sanitary Help Committee, and Temporary Self-Help of Landowners. On August 3, 1914, Lubomirski became a member of Civic Committee of the City of Warsaw. Since Russian oversight of this body was almost non-existent, the Civic Committee enjoyed wide autonomy. His activities were highly praised by residents of Warsaw.

In August 1915, during the Great Retreat, the armies of the German Empire entered Warsaw. Lubomirski refused to leave the city, and with permission of German authorities, he was named chairman of the Central Civil Committee. Under his leadership, a network of Polish language schools was created, and Lubomirski served as a mediator between Polish residents and German government (the committee was later renamed into Central Welfare Council). In order to win maximum autonomy for Poland, Lubomirski cooperated with the Germans. At the same time, he tried to democratize political life of the country. On July 16, 1916, with permission of German authorities, elections for Warsaw local government took place, after which Lubomirski became the mayor of the city. On December 13, 1916, Lubomirski for the first time met with Józef Piłsudski, offering him a post in the future Polish government.

On November 5, 1916, the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary issued the so-called Act of 5th November, in which they promised an independent Polish state (see also Kingdom of Poland (1916–18)). A year later, on September 16, 1917, the Germans created a provisional government of Poland, the Regency Council, led by Prince Lubomirski, one of its three members along with Archbishop Aleksander Kakowski, and Józef Ostrowski. The council had its first meeting at Warsaw's Royal Castle on October 27, 1917.

Political life

On October 7, 1918, on initiative of Prince Lubomirski, Polish declaration of independence was announced. Seven days later, first Polish Army soldiers pledged allegiance to the Polish flag. Lubomirski himself regarded Józef Piłsudski as an excellent politician and statesman, and supported Pilsudski's nomination for the post of the head of state (see Naczelnik Panstwa). On November 10, 1918, Lubomirski welcomed Pilsudski at Warsaw's Rail Station, and four days later, Pilsudski became the head of Polish state.

In the early 1920s Lubomirski stayed away from political life. He decided to return to politics after the May Coup. On May 13, 1926, he talked with Pilsudski at Warsaw East Rail Station. Soon afterwards, he was among four men considered for the post of President of Poland, but refused to accept the nomination. In 1928–1935, Lubomirski was a senator of Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, and a chairman of two Senate commissions – foreign affairs and military. He frequently participated in different international events, such as 1929 funeral of Marshal Ferdinand Foch.

In 1930, Lubomirski resigned from the Senate in protest against the Brest trials, but Prime Minister Walery Sławek did not accept the resignation. Lubomirski disliked the so-called colonels' regime, and in the late 1930s, he organized several secret meetings, in which political situation of the Second Polish Republic was discussed. The sanacja government was aware of it, and blocked Lubomirski's run for Senate election in 1938. Meanwhile, Lubomirski continued his charity activities, as member of several civic organizations.

Invasion of Poland and death
In September 1939, during the Siege of Warsaw, Lubomirski actively participated in the Civic Committee, headed by Stefan Starzynski. In the early months of German occupation of Poland, he worked on creating an underground government under General Juliusz Rómmel, in which he was to be foreign minister. It was never created, as Polish leaders decided to open the government-in-exile, first in Paris and since summer 1940, in London. Lubomirski decided to stay in occupied Poland. On November 10, 1942, he was arrested by the Gestapo, and spent two months in prison. During this time, his health deteriorated, and he never recovered. Lubomirski died on July 31, 1943, in his real estate in Mała Wieś near Grójec. He was buried in a parish church at Bielsko Duże.

Notes and references

1865 births
1943 deaths
Politicians from Kraków
People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Zdzislaw Lubomirski
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government politicians
Members of the Polish National Committee (1914–1917)
Members of the Regency Council (Poland)
Senators of the Second Polish Republic (1928–1930)
Senators of the Second Polish Republic (1930–1935)
Senators of the Second Polish Republic (1935–1938)
Polish anti-communists
20th-century Polish lawyers
Polish independence activists
Mayors of Warsaw
People from the Russian Empire

Zdzisław Lubomirski


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas City, Missouri.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in the Jackson County portions of Kansas City, Missouri, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 385 properties and districts listed on the National Register in Jackson County, including 4 National Historic Landmarks. The city of Kansas City is the location of 341 of these properties and districts; they are listed here, while the remaining properties and districts, including all of the National Historic Landmarks, are listed separately.  The 5 properties in Kansas City outside of Jackson County appear on lists for their respective counties, while all of the properties and districts in the administratively separate Kansas City, Kansas appear on the list for Wyandotte County, Kansas.

Number of listings by region
Approximately half of Kansas City's properties and districts are located in the downtown, which for the purposes of this list is defined as being roughly bounded by the Missouri River to the north, 31st Street to the south, Troost Avenue to the east, and State Line Road to the west.

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri

References


Flying Pat is a 1920 American silent comedy film starring Dorothy Gish and her then husband James Rennie that was directed by F. Richard Jones. It was produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures.

The film is preserved in the Cinémathèque Française.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, young bride Patricia Van Nuys (Gish), whose husband Robert (Rennie) desires that she carve out a career rather than bother her pretty head about domestic chores, is given lessons in flying by William Endicott (Wallace). Her experiences as a pupil land them both on the ground in a nose dive wreck from which they miraculously emerge and seek refreshment in a nearby roadhouse. Her husband arrives on the scene just as her instructor is proving to be an affectionate and entertaining companion. His ire drives her out of the home and on the night train to Albany. Rid of her money in a poker game, she returns and meets an emergency by posing as a cook in her own home. One complication leads to another until they terminate in the reconciliation of the couple.

Cast

Release
Flying Pat was released in the United States on November 11, 1920. It was still circulating in 1922, screening at the Empress Theatre in Mangum, Oklahoma, on February 24 and 25, and at the Royal Theatre in Guymon on Saturday, March 4. A week after that, it played Tulsa.

The film first screened in New Zealand at the Paramount and Artcraft Theatres on June 3, 1921, on a double bill with the dramatic feature The Inside of the Cup. The film played at those theaters through at least June 8. It was second feature to Cecil B. deMille's Something to Think About when it screened at Wellington's Princess Theatre on December 9 of that year. It premiered in Whangārei the following month.

Note
In her 1969 autobiography, The Movies Mr. Griffith and Me, Lillian Gish includes a still from this movie identifying James Rennie, Dorothy Gish, and an unknown player. The unknown player is actor Morgan Wallace.

References

External links

Lobby poster(WaybackMachine)

1920 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by F. Richard Jones
Paramount Pictures films
1920 comedy films
Silent American comedy films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films

Flying Pat


James Nathaniel  Halbert  was an Irish entomologist. He was born 30 August 1872 and died 7 May 1948 in Dalkey, Dublin, Ireland.

In 1892, Halbert began work at the Science and Art Museum, in Dublin (now the National Museum of Ireland). He was appointed Technical Assistant in 1904 and then Assistant Naturalist, in place of George Herbert Carpenter, a few months later.
His first publications were on Coleoptera and appeared in the Irish Naturalist starting in 1892. He also worked with other insects, mainly Neuroptera and Hemiptera. He also worked with fresh water mites, described more than forty insect species and subspecies from Ireland, and was the author of several new genera.

Selected works
With  William Frederick Johnson, A list of the beetles of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 6B: 535-827 (1902).
With  James John Francis Xavier King, A list of the Neuroptera of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 28B: 29-112  (1910).
A list of the Irish Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Cicadina). Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 42B: 211-318 (1935).
List of Irish fresh-water mites (Hydracarina) Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy  50, B, 4:39-103  (1944)

References
Beirne, in Irish Naturalists Journal, 9, 1948, pp. 168–171.

External links

1872 births
1948 deaths
Irish entomologists
Scientists from Dublin (city)
People from Dalkey

James Nathaniel Halbert


Casino Royale is the twenty first James Bond movie. It is the first to star Daniel Craig as the secret agent James Bond. It was released on November 17, 2006.

Cast
 Daniel Craig as James Bond
 Eva Green as Vesper Lynd
 Judi Dench as M

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Casino Royale


Henry Alexander Chadwick (June 6, 1866 – June 1934) was an American journalist; from 1894 until his death, he was the editor, owner and publisher of The Argus, a weekly newspaper in Seattle, Washington.

Chadwick was born in Searsport, Maine, and educated in nearby Gardiner and Farmingdale. While still in his mid-teens he began work as a printer for the Gardiner, Maine Home Journal. At the age of 17 he became state editor of The Daily Kennebec Journal of Augusta, Maine. His career took him briefly to Chicago, Los Angeles and then in 1888 to Seattle, where he arrived November 6, 1888 and promptly became a printer at the Seattle Post-Intelligencer.

A year after arriving in Seattle, Chadwick married Laura M. Castle, originally of Washington, D.C.  He became a reporter and assistant city editor at the Seattle Press and then foreman of the composing room at the Seattle Press-Times (which later became the Seattle Times).

In 1894 he resigned from the Press-Times to take on a half interest in the Argus, which A. T. Ambrose had founded six weeks earlier. From the time of Ambrose's death in 1900, he was the sole proprietor of the Argus as well as the editor. He continued to write almost up to the moment of his death: the morning after he died while on vacation on the Olympic Peninsula, two envelopes arrived at the Argus offices containing a travelogue of his last journey.

He was succeeded as owner and managing editor of The Argus by his son Harold D. Chadwick. He also had another son, Leslie.

Notes

References
"Henry Alexander Chadwick", p. 819–820 in Clarence Bagley (1916), History of Seattle from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company.

19th-century American newspaper editors
People from Searsport, Maine
1866 births
1934 deaths
Journalists from Maine

Henry Chadwick (journalist)


Europe Ecology () was a green electoral coalition of political parties in France created for the 2009 European elections composed of The Greens and other ecologists and regionalists. For the European Parliament election in 2014, this electoral alliance was renewed.

The coalition was launched on 20 October 2008 with the support of the European Green Party and Daniel Cohn-Bendit, a Franco-German MEP previously representing the Alliance '90/The Greens of Germany, but who ran in France in 2009. Since its creation, the coalition received the support of Cécile Duflot, José Bové and Dominique Voynet amongst others.

After winning a record 16.28% of the vote in the 2009 European elections, the coalition maintained itself to participate in the 2010 regional elections.

In November 2010, the alliance was transformed into a political party under the name Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV).

Composition

Europe Écologie was made up of the following parties and personalities:

The Greens: Cécile Duflot, Dominique Voynet, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Gérard Onesta etc.
Federation of Regions and Peoples with Solidarity: Regionalist parties including the Party of the Corsican Nation, Breton Democratic Union and Occitan Party
Civil society: Eva Joly, Laurence Vichnievsky, Philippe Meirieu
Former members of the French Communist Party: Stéphane Gatignon
Alter-globalization activists: José Bové, François Dufour

European Elections 2009

Top Candidates

East: Sandrine Bélier
Île-de-France: Daniel Cohn-Bendit (The Greens)
Massif Central: Jean-Paul Besset
North-West: Hélène Flautre (The Greens)
Overseas: Harry Durimel (The Greens)
South-East: Michèle Rivasi (The Greens)
South-West: José Bové
West: Yannick Jadot

Results

Europe Écologie received 16.28% of the vote nationally, or 2,803,759 votes. It placed only 0.2% behind the Socialist Party (PS) nationally, and ahead of the PS in key regions such as Île-de-France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Rhône-Alpes. This is the highest result won by any green movement, party or coalition in any national French election.

East: 14.27% (Sandrine Bélier)
Île-de-France: 20.86% (Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Eva Joly, Pascal Canfin and Karima Delli)
Massif Central: 13.58% (Jean-Paul Besset)
North-West: 12.10% (Hélène Flautre)
Overseas: 16.25% (no MEPs)
South-East: 18.27% (Michèle Rivasi, François Alfonsi and Malika Benarab-Attou)
South-West: 15.83% (José Bové and Catherine Grèze)
West: 16.65% (Yannick Jadot and Nicole Kiil-Nielsen)

In addition, the smaller green Independent Ecological Alliance won 3.63% of the votes nationally.

2010 Regional elections

Strong from its excellent result in the European elections, the Europe Écologie coalition was renewed around The Greens and associated parties and movements. Europe Écologie decided to run independently in all regions, with the intention of supporting the Left in runoffs. However, the party's ultimate goal was said to be to wrest control of a major region, such as Ile-de-France from the PS. The coalition's candidates included the researcher Philippe Meirieu, magistrate Laurence Vichnievsky, the rural activist François Dufour or Augustin Legrand of the homeless' association Les Enfants de Don Quichotte.

Top Candidates
Alsace: Jacques Fernique
Aquitaine: Monique De Marco
Auvergne: Christian Bouchardy
Burgundy: Philippe Hervieu
Brittany: Guy Hascoët
Centre: Jean Delavergne
Corsica: No Candidate
Franche-Comté: Alain Fousseret
Guadeloupe: No Candidate
Guyana: José Gaillou
Île-de-France: Cécile Duflot
Languedoc-Roussillon: Jean-Louis Roumegas
Limousin: Ghilaine Jeannot-Pagès
Lorraine: Daniel Béguin
Martinique: No Candidate
Midi-Pyrénées: Gérard Onesta
Nord-Pas-de-Calais: Jean-François Caron
Lower Normandy: François Dufour
Upper Normandy: Claude Taleb
Pays de la Loire: Jean-Philippe Magnen
Picardy: Christophe Porquier
Poitou-Charentes: Françoise Coutant
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur: Laurence Vichnievsky
Réunion: Vincent Defaud
Rhône-Alpes: Philippe Meirieu

Results
Europe Écologie received 12.19% of the national vote, or 2,373,922 votes, in the first round. The party came third overall behind the Socialist Party and conservative Union for a Popular Movement. It recorded good results in Rhônes-Alpes (17.82%), Île-de-France (16.58%) and Alsace (15.60%).  In the second ballot, Europe Écologie entered joint lists with the Socialist Party, except in Brittany.

References

External links
 Official site of the alliance Europe Ecology – The Greens

Green political parties in France
Left-wing parties in France
Political parties established in 2008
Political parties disestablished in 2010
European Green Party
Political parties of the French Fifth Republic
Defunct political party alliances in France

Europe Ecology


A release agent (also mold release agent, release coating, or mold release coating) is a chemical used to prevent other materials from bonding to surfaces. It can provide a solution in processes involving mold release, die-cast release, plastic release, adhesive release, and tire and web release.

Release agents provide the critical barrier between a molding surface and the substrate, facilitating separation of the cured part from the mold. Without such a barrier in place, the substrate would become fused to the mold surface, resulting in difficult clean-up and dramatic loss in production efficiency. Even when a release agent is used, factors such as irregular applications or improper release agent choice may have a dramatic effect on the quality and consistency of the finished product. Many kinds of release agents are used.  They are waxes, fatty ester, silicones, and metallic soaps.

Functionality

Cosolvent
Volatile organic compound (VOC) reduction along with the elimination of health and safety concerns surrounding solvent-based release agents were primary drivers in the development of cosolvent mold release. Cosolvent based release agents combine the benefits of a solvent based system and the safety of water-based release agents.

Semi-permanent
One of the key attributes of a release agent is its degree of permanence: how long will it last before reapplication is necessary. A semi-permanent release agent does not need to be reapplied for every cycle of a molding operation and even works better when it is not over-applied to the mold surface.

How many releases can be achieved before reapplication is necessary varies by process, material, and application method. In order to achieve multiple releases per application, the semi-permanent release coating generally must  be applied to a clean, dry surface free of dirt, rust, grime or previous coatings. This allows the release agent to properly bond to the mold and mold tooling, improving durability and longevity of the coating.

Sacrificial
Sacrificial coatings must be applied before every cycle of a molding operation and are therefore considered more labor intensive. Most molders will prefer semi-permanent coatings to sacrificial coatings, especially when molding rubber and plastic parts. These coatings contain fewer solid ingredients, and thus do not last as long as semi-permanent coatings.

Water- or solvent-based
Release agents may be water or solvent-based and use of either will depend on the personal preference of the molder, plant safety regulations, hazardous materials shipping costs, state, local, or federal regulations, and/or desired drying times of the release coating. Water-based die lubricant (WBD) has been used for about 40 years.  All die casting machines have been designed with the use of WBD. Water-based release coatings generally dry slower than solvent-based release agents but present fewer health and safety concerns. Water-based release agents will be less expensive to ship because of their inherently non-flammable nature and satisfy most plant-safety goals. Solvent-based release coatings dry almost instantly but present serious health and safety concerns. Fumes from solvent-based release agents may be hazardous without proper ventilation of the work area. Most solvents used in release agents are flammable.

Applications

Asphalt
Asphalt release agents are chemical products developed and manufactured as alternatives to diesel and solvents commonly used for cleaning equipment associated with hot mix asphaltic concrete (HMAC) production and placement on government and private facilities. The United States Oil Pollution Act of 1980 was used as the foundation to build the current program. The intent of asphalt release agents is to eliminate harmful stripping products that come into contact with bituminous products and strip the asphalt (binding agent) from the aggregates causing potholes, raveling, and other detrimental pavement failures.

Concrete
In the concrete construction industry, form release agents prevent the adhesion of freshly placed concrete to the forming surface, usually plywood, overlaid plywood, steel or aluminum. In this application, there are two types of release agents available:  barrier and reactive.

Barrier release agents prevent adhesion by the development of a physical film or barrier between the forming surface and the concrete.

Reactive release agents are chemically active and work by the process of a chemical reaction between the release agent and the free limes available in fresh concrete. A soapy film is created which prevents adhesion. Because it is a chemically reactive process, there is generally little to no residue or non-reacted product left on the forming surface or concrete which provides for a cleaner process.

Food processing

Release agents are used to aid in the separation of food from a cooking container after baking or roasting. Traditionally fat or flour have been used, but in industrial food processing other chemicals might be used. The application is called bakery release.

In bakery paper or greaseproof paper release agents like catalyst-cured silicone release coatings may be used.

Metal casting
Mold release agent also can be used in die casting or metal forging process of metal, such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, zinc, zinc alloy, magnesium, etc.

Paper
In industrial papermaking release agents are used to get slip effect of the paper from the processing equipment. A release agent may be applied on the process rolls (like the yankee dryer) or in the paper coating.

Some paper types are made with low surface energy  release coatings:
Release liners for pressure-sensitive adhesive laminates and tapes
Casting papers
General industrial release papers
Food-grade release and packaging papers

Pharmaceuticals
Release agents (e.g., magnesium stearate) are added to powdered and granulated drug compositions, to serve as a lubricant for mold release purposes during tabletting.

Plastics
Release agents are coated onto some plastic films to prevent adhesives from bonding to the plastic surface. Some release agents, also known as de-molding agent, form oil, parting agent or form releaser, are substances used in molding and casting that aid in the separation of a mould from the material being moulded and reduce imperfections in the moulded surface. Slip Additives are similarly used to prevent thin polyolefin films from adhering to metal surfaces (or each other) during processing, for instance in film blowing.

Rubber
There are two types of release agents used in the molding of rubber products. Both are silicone based. The decision on which to use has to do with lubricity and release. Water-diluted silicone is used when you have rubber sliding over a hot mold (sheets or slugs). The silicone keeps the rubber from sticking to the mold but just as important it lubricates the rubber so it will slide over the hot mold as it is loaded. Diluted silicone typically has to be applied every cycle. Semi-permanent mold release builds a silicone matrix on the mold that becomes a barrier between the rubber and the metal surface of the mold. The matrix is created by the other ingredients in the semi-permanent mold release. Applications of semi-permanent mold release vary from every cycle to once daily applications depending on the compound being molded and the design and quality of the mold. Silicone-based rubber products, however, require a non-silicone based releasing agent.

References

Plastics industry
Process chemicals

Release agent


Frank Green (24 November 1861–1954) was a British industrialist.

Early life
Frank Green was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy on 24 November 1861. He was the second son of Sir Edward Green, 1st Baronet, a Yorkshire industrialist and Mary Lycett. His elder brother Edward Lycett Green was born in 1860 and would become 2nd Baronet after his father died.  The father, Sir Edward was created a baronet for services to politics and was at one time MP for Wakefield.  Frank Green's grandfather Edward Green had invented, and patented in 1845, a fuel economiser which was very successful during the 19th and 20th centuries and which made the family fortune.  Green was educated at Eton College and then the University of Oxford but he did not graduate.  Green displayed a volatile temper from early on, once for example, striking a tutor with a cricket bat.  Whilst his brother's role was to raise the family's social position, Green assisted his father in the management of the company that had factories in various countries.

Career
Green travelled widely on company business and described his journeys in travelogues forwarded to the Wakefield press.  He took over the management of the company following his father's death in 1923 and was a formidable employer.  His obsession with tidiness and good order would lead him to inspect factory and offices for signs of mess and muddle: a typical response would be for him to empty drawers onto the floor or sweep items off desks with his cane.

The family moved to York in 1888 and lived at Nunthorpe Hall, overlooking York Racecourse – they had developed a passion for horse racing and hunting. They purchased land next door to Sandringham House and created a hunting lodge (Ken Hill) and a shoot.  As hoped, the then Prince of Wales Albert Edward (Bertie) became their first visitor, establishing the Greens' connections to the Prince and his "Marlborough set".   Green purchased three-fifths of a York property adjacent to York Minster in 1897–8 and commissioned architect Temple Lushington Moore to oversee extensive alterations and restoration.  Green called the result "Treasurer's House" and it was a show case for his collection of objets d'art and antique furniture.  Green was an antiquarian and he tried to create 'period rooms' wherein the furniture and artefacts reflected a style or age, for example, a drawing room of the Georgian style; a medieval Great Hall.  Green became an honorary lieutenant colonel of the Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons in 1906. He and the Green family were philanthropists in Wakefield, Norfolk and York, donating to many causes and public works, including York Minster.  Green was a member of a number of historical and intellectual societies.  He would spend his free time travelling around Europe in his Rolls-Royce cars (he had several) for leisure and for purchasing items for his collection.

Frank Green bought a number of properties in York and in other parts of the country – his aim being to restore and renovate.  One such property was St William's College in York and Temple Moore restored this also. Green then sold St William's to the church for the price he paid for it.

Public endorsement of the Greens came when the Prince of Wales, Princess Alexandra and their daughter Princess Victoria actually stayed as Frank Green's guest at Treasurer's House for three days in 1900, around a year before the Prince became King Edward VII.

Collections
Green was a significant collector although he bought to furnish his houses, rather than for investment. He did not, for example, collect contemporary works. He was also happy to lend or donate items to museums, for example, around 400 items to Wakefield Museum and around 50 items to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.   He embraced what he called "folk art" including textiles, embroidery, craft work, rather than paintings and his art collection in Treasurer's House is not of huge overall merit.  Nevertheless, his collection contains a number of significant pieces and items of interest.

In 1928 Green purchased land in Somerset near Exmoor and decided to move south for his health. He gave Treasurer's House, other York properties and his collection to the National Trust in 1930, thus providing the Trust with its first fully furnished property.

Personal life
Green never married but he was not reclusive.  He loved to entertain and enjoyed especially the company of actors and musicians including Ellen Terry. In York he frequently organised events and society balls, for example the York Bachelors' Ball, and guests would be entertained lavishly.  At Treasurer's his footmen would be dressed as bewigged page boys to serve guests from gold plate.  He was himself a fastidious dresser, changing his clothes at least three times a day. His trademark outfit was a bowler hat and a hand-tied bow tie but he also favoured frilled shirts and capes.  When visiting abroad he purchased examples of national costume.

Frank Green's often ill temper remained with him as he grew older and his strict orders regarding cleanliness and hygiene had to be obeyed to the letter.  Staff had to meet exacting standards governed by his personal inspections of the kitchens and other rooms.  He was known to visit the kitchens at night, just to check that cutlery was stored correctly.  Pieces of coal had to be wrapped individually before putting in the fireplace.  His laundry was sent by train to London.  Once, when a fly was seen in the kitchen, Green ordered all food in the house to be immediately destroyed.  He is, however, most famous for the metal studs placed in the floor of Treasurer's House to indicate, precisely, where a table or chair leg had to be.  He would later threaten to haunt Treasurer's House if any of his collection were moved.

Although he did not have children, he did support and mentor a number of young people, for example Gladys and Joyce Ranicar. Gladys would later marry Green's great-nephew Simon (later Sir Simon) Lycett-Green.

Green's move to Somerset and the Ashwick estate saw him become active in the local Hunts and other society activities.  His last home was Greenways in the village of Dulverton.  Green was instrumental in saving the herd of Exmoor ponies during World War II and descendants of Simon and Gladys Lycett-Green continue to co-ordinate their care.   To provide for entertainment of the staff, a miniature theatre was constructed in the grounds.

Green died in 1954 and is buried in the family churchyard at St Helen's Church in Sandal Magna near Wakefield.

Treasurer's House, York remains in the stewardship of the National Trust.

References

1861 births
1954 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British businesspeople

Frank Green


Princess Elizabeth (22 May 1770 – 10 January 1840), called Eliza, was the seventh child and third daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. After marrying the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Frederick VI, she took permanent residence in Germany as landgravine.

Early life
The Princess Elizabeth was born at Buckingham House, London on 22 May 1770. Her father was the reigning British monarch, George III, the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Her mother was Queen Charlotte (née Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz). She was christened in the Great Council Chamber at St. James's Palace, on 17 June 1770 by Frederick Cornwallis, the Archbishop of Canterbury.  Her godparents were The Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Cassel (her paternal first cousin once-removed, for whom The Earl of Hertford, Lord Chamberlain, stood proxy), The Princess of Nassau-Weilburg (her paternal first cousin once-removed, for whom The Dowager Countess of Effingham, former Lady of the Bedchamber to The Queen, stood proxy) and The Crown Princess of Sweden (another paternal first cousin once-removed, for whom The Countess of Holderness, Lady of the Bedchamber to The Queen, stood proxy).

The Princess' upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, particularly the girls. However, in 1812, Princess Elizabeth purchased The Priory at Old Windsor in Berkshire as her private residence.

Character and interests
Elizabeth was known for her insistently optimistic attitude in spite of her stilted existence. Although she longed for marriage and a family of her own, Elizabeth was determined to enjoy her life by exploring and developing her varied interests and hobbies. Elizabeth was a talented artist, producing several books of her own engravings to benefit various charities. She painted, learned printing techniques, silhouette cutting, painting upholstery and curtains, embroidery, and principles of architecture and gardening. She was also in close contact with court painters such as Benjamin West, Thomas Gainsborough and William Beechey, as well as the engraver Francesco Bartolozzi.

She was the only one of George III's children to share his interests in agriculture, running her own model farm at a rented cottage in Old Windsor.  She took great delight in the products of her garden, as well as the eggs, milk, and butter from her livestock.  Elizabeth's family teased her for her fondness of rich food and drink. She was very sensitive to criticism of her weight.

Elizabeth was also known for her well-developed sense of humor and maintained a large collection of jokes and witticisms. She had an open and plainspoken nature, and disliked excessive "politeness". She was closest to her sister Augusta and - uniquely among her sisters – her brother Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. Elizabeth was also the closest daughter to their mother, which contributed to Charlotte's reluctance to let her marry.

Possible romantic relationships
It is alleged that Princess Elizabeth went through a form of marriage with George Ramus (1747–1808) and bore him a daughter, Eliza, in 1788. George Ramus was the son of Nicholas Ramus, who had been Page to Elizabeth's father King George. Any such marriage would have been null and void under the Royal Marriages Act 1772, but several of Elizabeth's brothers contracted similar alliances with commoners before marrying German princesses later in life. Eliza Ramus (1788–1869) was allegedly adopted and brought up by her uncle, Henry Ramus (1755–1822) of the East India Company. She married James Money (1770–1833), also of the East India Company, and her daughter Marian Martha (1806–1869) married George Wynyard Battye (1805–1888), a Bengal Judge. In widowhood, Eliza Ramus lived at 28 Chester Square in London, where she educated her Battye grandsons, all ten of whom became army officers, and cared for them when they were on sick or convalescent leave from India.

Largely denied opportunities to marry men of royal blood, several of Elizabeth's sisters embarked on romantic relationships with equerries and other high ranking men at court.  Elizabeth herself may have had such a relationship with diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St. Helens.  St. Helens was much respected by George III, who created him a Lord of the Bedchamber in 1804.  Seventeen years older than Elizabeth, St. Helens was a frank, practical, and sharp-witted character known to dislike court life, qualities which Elizabeth shared. She referred to him as, "a dear and valuable saint," and said of him in a letter to her companion Lady Harcourt, "There is no man I love so well, and his tenderness to me has never varied, and that is a thing I never forget."  Elizabeth later wrote that she pined for St. Helens, eager to see him, "at all times, hours, minutes, days, nights, etc."  Elizabeth later commissioned a portrait of St. Helens from noted enamelist Henry Pierce Bone, evidence of her great attachment to him.  St. Helens in turn kept an enamel miniature of Elizabeth, also painted by Bone.

Marriage
Elizabeth had little interest in stiff court etiquette, she was spirited and resolute and longed for a household of her own. In 1808 Elizabeth was reluctantly obliged to decline a proposal from the exiled Duke of Orléans (later King of the French as Louis Philippe I) due to his Catholicism and her mother's opposition.

During a ball in the British royal court in 1814 Elizabeth got to know the German Prince Frederick of Hesse-Homburg, the heir to the throne of Hesse-Homburg, one of the smallest states in the German Confederation. When Elizabeth saw the Austrian officer in his elegant Hussar's uniform, she is supposed to have said, "If he is single, I will marry him!" Four years later, Elizabeth received a letter indicating that Frederick was asking for her hand in marriage. For many years, Frederick had categorically refused to enter into marriage, against the urging of his father and the parliament of Hesse-Homburg. But during the Congress of Vienna, the Duke of Kent and Hesse-Homburg's federal envoy, Johann Isaak von Gerning, arranged the connection. The already 48-year-old Elizabeth was immediately interested, and her surviving sisters were supportive. Although Frederick was said to be overweight and smell constantly of tobacco from his beloved meerschaum pipes, Elizabeth persevered in her goal of marrying him in order to free herself from her domineering mother and find her own role by assuming the position of a Landesmutter ("mother of the country"). Queen Charlotte refused to permit the union for weeks fearing Elizabeth's unavoidable move to Germany, but finally acquiesced when her daughter refused to back down.

Against all resistance, the wedding took place on 7 April 1818 in the private chapel in Buckingham Palace in Westminster.  Elizabeth wore a dress made of silver tissue and Brussels lace with ostrich feathers adorning her hair.  She was led to the altar by her second eldest brother, the Duke of York.  Neither her eldest brother the Prince Regent nor her father attended the wedding, kept away by gout and severe mental illness respectively.  The new couple honeymooned at the Prince Regent's Royal Pavilion in Brighton.

It was not a real "love match", in spite of the mutual understanding and respect; in fact it was an agreement with which both were satisfied. Elizabeth was able to escape the constrictive environment of her home by moving to Germany with her husband, and Frederick gained many advantages by becoming allied with the British royal family.  However, Frederick remarked during his honeymoon that he was surprised to be happy and content in Elizabeth's presence; Elizabeth found her new husband to be intelligent, generous, and affectionate.  The marriage lasted just a little over ten years, until Frederick's sudden death in 1829, and was described as very happy.

Later life

On 20 January 1820, Frederick succeeded his father as the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. Thanks to Elizabeth's dowry and annual allowance, he was able to remodel the palace in Homburg. For her part, Landgravine Elizabeth could bid farewell to the rigid court etiquette she had disliked in England. She had roads built in her new home town and had the Gothic House in the palace's grounds built, took care of the restoration and conversion of the English Wing of the palace as well as of Meisenheim Castle (Duke Wolfgang Wing) and was involved in caring for the poor. She sourced seeds and seedlings from England and oversaw their yields in the Landgravial Gardens. She owned a large library and an important collection of porcelain. She also continued her artistic activities. Despite her large appanage from London, the landgrave's debt increased as a result of her ambitious projects from 250,000 guilders in 1820 to 1,175,000 guilders nine years later.

After her husband died in 1829, she lived with her small court alternately in Homburg, in her house in Frankfurt, and at the court of her favorite brother Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, in Hanover (Leineschloss and Herrenhausen Palace). She also traveled regularly to London. Elizabeth founded a care center and school in Hanover for children of working mothers. While she was past childbearing age herself, Elizabeth found fulfillment in working with the children attending the school. She lived to see the accession of her niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom and of her brother Ernest Augustus in the Kingdom of Hanover in 1837.

She died on 10 January 1840 at age 69 in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany and is buried in the crypt of Homburg Castle. Her niece, Princess Caroline, the wife of Henry XX, Prince Reuss of Greiz, inherited her artistic and collected estate, which came to Greiz around 1848.

Exhibition
 2010: Das graphische Werk der Landgräfin Elizabeth 1770–1840 (The Graphic Works of Landgräfin Elizabeth), Museum im Gotischen Haus, Bad Homburg, Germany

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
 22 May 1770 – 7 April 1818: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth
 7 April 1818 – 20 January 1820: Her Royal Highness The Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Homburg
 20 January 1820 – 2 April 1829: Her Royal Highness The Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg
 2 April 1829 – 10 January 1840: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg

Arms
As of 1789, as a daughter of the sovereign, Elizabeth had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a cross gules, the outer points each bearing a rose gules.

Ancestors

References

 Michael A. Beatty (2003), The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution, p. 207

External links

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1770 births
1840 deaths
18th-century British people
19th-century British people
18th-century British women
19th-century British women
British princesses
House of Hanover
Hanoverian princesses
People from Old Windsor
People from Westminster
Children of George III of the United Kingdom
Daughters of kings

Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom