Charles John Drulis (March 8, 1918 – August 23, 1972) was an American football player and coach born in Girardville, Pennsylvania. He attended Temple University and played seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Drulis, along with his brothers Joe and Albert, who also played in the NFL, was elected into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame.

Drulis made his professional debut in the NFL in 1942 with the Chicago Bears but spent the next two-and-a-half seasons in military service during World War II.  He returned to the Bears in 1945 and played there until 1949. Drulis spent his final season with the Green Bay Packers.

Drulis went on to spend many years as a defensive assistant.  During his tenure as secondary coach of the St. Louis Cardinals, Drulis devised a play that called for one of the safeties to take part in a blitz, code-named "Wildcat."  He believed this would result in severe pressure on the quarterback, since a blitz by a defensive back is not usually anticipated.  However, at first he didn't think he had a player with the athleticism to run the play.  That changed during training camp in , when the Cardinals signed a cornerback from Utah named Larry Wilson.  Drulis believed he'd found the player he needed for his scheme, and persuaded the Cardinals to convert Wilson to free safety. Largely due to the play, Wilson blossomed into one of the greatest defensive players in NFL history, and became so identified with it that "Wildcat" became his nickname.

After Pop Ivy resigned late in the 1961 season, Drulis shared head coaching duties with fellow assistant coaches Ray Prochaska and Ray Willsey. Under the trio's guidance, the team won its last two games.

Chuck's wife, Dale Drulis, was an artist who was commissioned to create the artwork at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The 3 hammered copper figures over the entry depict a running back with a blocker and tackler in an action scene. Dale used her husband Chuck and her sons Chuck and Kerry as models for the figures in the sculpture.

References

1918 births
1972 deaths
American football guards
Camp Lejeune Marines football players
Chicago Bears players
Green Bay Packers players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) head coaches
St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches
Temple Owls football players
American military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Chuck Drulis


Albert Alvin Tillman (January 16, 1928 – January 16, 2004) was an American educator and underwater diver.

Biography
Tillman was born in Los Angeles, California. He became interested in marine and underwater life when, at age 10, he peered through a pair of goggles in the waters off Redondo Beach, California. He soon became a free diver and served in the United States Coast Guard at the end of World War II, where he had the opportunity to dive around the world. He attended the University of Southern California on a football scholarship and earned a bachelor's degree in public administration in 1950. He later earned additional degrees in Recreation Management, including a master of arts from Los Angeles State College in 1956.

Tillman and Bev Morgan developed the world's first public skin diving and SCUBA diving program while working for Los Angeles County, California in 1953. Tillman became a professor at California State College in Los Angeles (now California State University at Los Angeles) in 1956, and created the first university degree program in recreation and leisure studies, retiring in 1994. He also co-founded the Underwater Photographic Society with Zale Parry.

He opened the world's first dedicated dive resort, The Underwater Explorers Society (UNEXSO) in Freeport, Grand Bahama Island. The resort included a full staff of instructors, a dive store, restaurant, museum, science lab, pools, photographic labs, and a fleet of boats, and catered to millionaires, movie stars, politicians, and royalty.

Tillman co-founded the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), the first international SCUBA diving certification agency, with Neal Hess in 1960. He worked all over the world to make dive training safer and more widespread, and planned to co-author four books on the history of diving titled Scuba America with Zale Parry, although only one of the four volumes was completed before his death. The books are now being completed by his son Thomas Tillman and Zale Parry. His personal memories of the early days of the sport were published in his book titled "I Thought I Saw Atlantis." He oversaw Dave Woodward's invention of the octopus regulator at UNEXSO around 1965–6.

Along with Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Tillman was an original inductee into the International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame in 2000. He received many lifetime achievement awards and honors during the 1990s and early 2000s.

Aside from the tens of thousands of divers who have been certified by programs designed by Tillman he logged over 10,000 open water dives during his career and personally certified thousands of divers and instructors.

Tillman died on his 76th birthday, in 2004, of a cerebral hemorrhage.

See also

References

External links
DiveNewsWire obituary
Associated Press article on Tillman's book
Sea Hunt Trivia Guide, Al Tillman from The Scuba Guy

1928 births
2004 deaths
American underwater divers
Underwater photographers
United States Coast Guard enlisted
USC Sol Price School of Public Policy alumni
Los Angeles State College alumni
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II

Albert Tillman


Gregory C. Farrington was the executive director of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. Prior to his appointment to this position in 2007, Farrington served as the 12th President of Lehigh University, and prior to his move to Lehigh in 1998 he served as Dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania.

Farrington earned a B.S. in chemistry from Clarkson University in 1968 and a Ph.D. in chemistry from Harvard University in 1972. In 1984 Farrington received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden.
Farrington has published more than 100 technical articles and holds over two dozen patents.

As President of Lehigh, Farrington oversaw the construction of the apartments and shops at Campus Square and the multimillion-dollar renovation of Linderman Library. His successor at Lehigh has been Alice P. Gast, formerly of MIT.

Further reading
 "Farrington Stepping Down as President"

References

Living people
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
Presidents of Lehigh University
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Clarkson University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Gregory C. Farrington


Mazhar Mahmood Qurashi (Urdu: مظهر محمود قريشى; b. 8 October 1925 – 21 November 2011; SI), best known as  M. M. Qureshi was a Pakistani physicist and an Islamic scholar who was educated in Lahore and Manchester. He earned prestige and notability after authoring important publication on Islam and science and abstract theories to explain the religious phenomenon and events, explained in Koran— a Quran of Muslims.

Previously, he laid the foundation of Desto and served as senior scientist at the Ministry of Defence (MoD), as well as also served as director of Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He served as professor of physics at the Quaid-i-Azam University. He was an eminent science administrator and researcher in the field of classical physics. Qurashi served as secretary general of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the past director general of Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) laboratories in Karachi as well as being a former Director of the National Science Council of Pakistan.

He has played pivotal role in establishing Islamic Lunar Calendar and remained member of Central Moon sighting Committee of Pakistan for about three decades. He remained heavily engaged in the History and Philosophy of Science where he highlighted the role of Islam and Muslims in development of Science and inter-relationship between Islamic and Scientific principles. He remained part of the editorial board of Pakistan Journal of History and Philosophy of Science.

Biography

Education
Qureshi completed his matriculation at an early age and also received an early admission to the University of the Punjab with an awarded scholarship. In 1942, he graduated and received BSc with Honors in physics. In 1944, he completed his Master's degree in physics. He served as an associate professor of physics at his alma mater for a from 1944 till 1947, then and flew to United Kingdom to pursue his doctorate in physics. He was awarded PhD in physics under the supervision of Dr. Albert Beaumont Wood from University of Manchester in 1949; also awarded D.Sc. in physics in 1962, on the basis of 50 published papers.

Academic career
He has been associated with University of Islamabad (now Quaid-i-Azam University) since its establishment. In the past, he has served as the chairman of the physics department at the Quaid-i-Azam University. He has also served as a research scientist at the Institute of Physics and published numerous papers in physics. In July 1988, Qureshi founded the first new Crystallographic Society of Pakistan in which he also served as its new president. Prof. Qurashi authored over one hundred and ninety research papers on various topics such as physics, physical chemistry and Scientometrics, of which more than thirty were published in British, Canadian and International Journals. He has published 14 Monographs in areas of physics, scientific and technological research in Pakistan as well as on History and Philosophy of Science. From the period of 1988 to 1992, he has served as the administrator of a research project on "Science and Technology in The Muslim Ummah", the research project that was financed and coordinated by Pakistan Academy of Sciences. He has also worked at the Ministry of Defence of Pakistan as a chief research scientist where he carried out his research in physics. He has been engaged in the research in physics with emphasis on study of atomic and moleculary arrangements in alloys and minerals.

Prof. Qurashi is a former member of the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Technological and Research Committee on Cotton as well as being a member of Pakistan team at the Defence Exercise UNISON in 1965. In 1981, dr. Qureshi was listed in the Biography in Who's Who in the World, Biography in Men of Achievement (1982), Who's Who of Intellectuals (1983), and 5,000 Personalities of the World, 1985. He joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 2006. In 2007, President of Pakistan conferred dr. Mazhar Mehmood the President's Medal for Technology for his work on corrosion-resistant nano-crystalline alloys.

Research papers
Dependence of publication-rate on size of some university groups and departments in U. K. and Greece in comparison with N. C. I., USA . M.M. Qureshi (2005)
Groundrules for Gainful Interaction Between Science and Religion for the Future of Humanity by Prof. Mazhar Mahmood Qurashi FIAS, Pakistan Academy of Sciences.
Evaluation of Water Bodies from Different Sources of Water (2005)
Islamic lunar calendar – a critical review of forecasts for Pakistan based on the ILDL concept, Part II, by M. M. Qurashi
Science, Islam and Education by S. M. Jafar and M. M. Qurashi (2005).
History and Philosophy of Muslim Contributions to Science & Technology, by M. M. Qurashi and S. S. H. Rizvi (1996).
 Introduction to Muslim Contributions to science & Technology, by Mazhar Qureshi, printed by Adam Publishers.
 Research & Development in Pakistan: Review (1947–89) & Future Perspectives. M. M. Qurashi and A. Q. Kazi (1992).
 Food & Nutrition Problems of the Muslim Ummah. S. M. Ali, M.H. Qazi, M.M. Qurashi, M.A. Rahim, F.H. Shah (1989).
 Science and Technology Profiles of Muslim Countries. S.M. Jafar & M. M. Qurashi (1986)
Renewable Sources of Energy in Pakistan. M. M. Qurashi & A. H. Chotani (1986).
Energy and Its Development (with special reference to Pakistan). Karimullah, M. M. Qurashi, M.S.H. Siddiqi, M. K. Bhatty, A.H.Chotani (1982)
Appropriate Technology & Development (with special reference to Pakistan) by M. M. Qurashi, Karimullah, M. Aslam, A. H. Chotani, S. M. Moghni (1981) (Edited in collaboration with PAS & Pakistan Banking Council).
 The Mechanics of R&D and Technology Transfer. Mazhar M. Qurashi (1978).

Awards
Sitara-i-Imtiaz (1991)
PCSIR Award (2002)
Gold Medal from Pakistan Academy of Sciences (1972)

Fellowships
Fellow of Institute of Physics (1961)
 Fellow of Islamic Academy of Sciences (1988)
 President, of the Scientific Society of Pakistan, (1968–1969)
 President, Section of Physics, Mathematics, Statistics, Astronomy and Meteorology.

References

1925 births
Pakistani physicists
Alumni of the University of Manchester
University of the Punjab alumni
Pakistani Muslims
Pakistan Army civilians
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Academic staff of Quaid-i-Azam University
Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
2011 deaths
Writers about religion and science

Mazhar Mahmood Qurashi


The nine mountain schools (九山; or gusan) were the initial monasteries of the Korean branch of Buddhism called Seon, founded in the Unified Silla period in the 8th or 9th century.

The initial transmission of Seon into Korea is usually attributed to Beomnang (法朗; fl. 632–646), said to be a student of the Chinese master Daoxin (道信; 580–651). Seon was later popularized especially by Sinhaeng (神行; 704–779) in the latter part of the eighth century and by  (道義; d. 825) at the beginning of the ninth century. From then on, many Koreans studied Chan in China and, upon their return, established their own schools at various mountain monasteries with their leading disciples.

The number of these schools was initially fixed to nine, whence the name derives. Eight of these schools were of the lineage of Mazu Daoyi (馬祖道一; 709–788), as they were established through connection with either him or one of his eminent disciples:

 The Gaji san school (迦智山), established at Borimsa (寶林寺) under the influence of Doui and his grand-student Chejing (體澄; 804–890). Doui studied in China under Zhizang (735-814) and Baizhang (百丈; 749–814).
 The Seongju san school (聖住山), established by Muyeom (無染; 800–888) who received his inga from Magu Baozhe (麻谷寶徹; b. 720?).
 The Silsangsan school (實相山), founded by Hongcheok (洪陟; fl. 830), who also studied under Zhizang.
 The Huiyang san school (曦陽山), founded by Beomnang and Chiseon Doheon (智詵道憲; 824–882), who was taught by a Korean teacher of the Mazu transmission.
 The Bongnim san school (鳳林山), established by Weongam (圓鑑; 787-869) and his student Simhui (審希; fl. 9c). Weongam was a student of Zhangjing Huaihui (章敬懷暉; 748–835).
 The Dongni san school (桐裡山), established by Hyejeol (慧徹; 785–861) who was a student of Zhizang.
 The Sagul san school (闍崛山), established by Beom'il (梵日; 810–889), who studied in China with Yanguan Qian (鹽官齊安; 750?-842) and Yuesha Weiyan (樂山惟嚴).
 The Saja san school (獅子山), established by Doyun (道允; 797-868), who studied under Nanquan Puyan (南泉普願; 748–835).

The ninth of these initial schools was the Sumi san (須彌山) school founded by Ieom (利嚴; 869–936), which had developed from the Caodong (曹洞) lineage.

References

Korean Seon
History of Buddhism in Korea
Buddhist monasteries

Nine mountain schools


Samuel David Baker (born May 30, 1985) is a former American football offensive tackle.  He played college football for the University of Southern California (USC), and was a three-time All-American.  He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft.

Early years
Baker was born in Tustin, California.  He graduated from Tustin High School, where Frostee Rucker, Matt McCoy, Chris Chester, and DeShaun Foster went.  He played in the 2003 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.

College career

Baker attended the University of Southern California, where he played for coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2003 to 2007.  He was a first-team All-American as a redshirt sophomore in 2005.

He was on the official 2006 watch list for the Lombardi Award and the Outland Trophy for the best lineman.  In his collegiate career Baker blocked for Reggie Bush and Matt Leinart.  He was named a first-team All-Pacific-10 Conference selection by the league's coaches in 2005 and 2006.  He was a recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the Football Writers Association of America, Sporting News and CBSSports.com.

Going into his fourth year as a starter, Baker was on the Lombardi Award and Outland Trophy watch lists.  He was ranked as one of the "Top 20 Players Heading Into 2007" by Sports Illustrated.  Before his final season in 2007, Baker was already regarded by most NFL scouts as a certain top-five player in the 2008 NFL Draft.

During the 2007 season, Baker took on a leadership role in the offensive line, taking over the reins from departed senior Ryan Kalil and providing motivation as well as helping teach younger players.

Despite suffering from injuries that held him out of games, Baker was again a first-team All-Pac-10 selection for his third consecutive year.  Baker was also named Walter Camp first-team All-American in 2007.

Professional career

Atlanta Falcons

Sam Baker was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round (21st overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft after the Falcons traded two of their second-round picks (No. 34 and No. 48) and a fourth round pick (No. 103) with the Washington Redskins to move to No. 21 overall. On July 25, he signed a multi-year contract. In his rookie year, 2008, Baker started 5 games. On March 13, 2013, Baker re-signed with the Falcons for six years worth $41.5 million, including $18.25 million guaranteed.

Baker's career was marred by injuries and he only competed in all 16 games in two seasons (2010 and 2012).  He played in four games in 2013 before suffering a torn left patellar tendon which sidelined him for the rest of the year. In the second game of the 2014 preseason, Baker suffered a torn patellar tendon injury in his right knee, which ended his season. Baker was released on June 15, 2015.

Personal
Baker is the son of former Pro Football Hall of Fame President & CEO and former Arena Football League commissioner C. David Baker.  Sam married his wife, Antoinette, in 2008. He also is the brother of Ben Baker, who is the Senior Director of Broadcasting for NASCAR.

References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
USC Trojans bio

1985 births
Living people
People from Tustin, California
Tustin High School alumni
Players of American football from Orange County, California
American football offensive tackles
USC Trojans football players
All-American college football players
Atlanta Falcons players

Sam Baker (offensive tackle)


Deil S. Wright (June 18, 1930 – June 30, 2009) was an American political scientist, who specialized in public administration and spent much of his career as a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was an expert on intergovernmental relations, and wrote a leading textbook on that subject.

Wright was born in Three Rivers, Michigan, in 1930, and attended the University of Michigan, where he completed a bachelor's degree in 1952, a Master of Public Administration in 1954, and a PhD in political science in 1957. His doctoral dissertation surveyed attitudes toward local government by residents of Detroit, and was called "The Prestige of the Public Service in a Metropolitan Community".

Wright taught political science at Wayne State University, the University of Iowa, and UC Berkeley, before joining the University of North Carolina faculty, where he served as a professor from 1967 to 2002, when he took emeritus status. Wright was a major contributor to UNC's MPA program, and was its director from 1973 to 1979. He received the Dwight Waldo Award from the American Society for Public Administration in 2000.

Wright's published works included Public Administration and the Public (1958), Intergovernmental Action on Environmental Policy: The Role of the States (1967), Understanding Intergovernmental Relations (1978), and Globalization and Decentralization (1996). He also published more than 100 articles, in journals such as American Political Science Review, Public Administration Review, and Publius: A Journal of Federalism.

References

1930 births
2009 deaths
American political scientists
University of Michigan alumni
University of North Carolina faculty
20th-century political scientists

Deil S. Wright


Ricardo López Méndez (7 February 1903 – 28 December 1989)
was a Mexican poet and song lyricist. He was born in Izamal, Yucatán. He became director of the Public Library and an advisor to Felipe Carrillo Puerto,  governor of Yucatán from 1922 to 1924. In 1927 he moved to Mexico City as a representative of the government of Yucatán. He was a founder of the radio station XEW (and others across Mexico) and a pioneer of the use of radio to access rural populations. He also became vice president of the Society of Authors and Composers (SACM).

In 2004 his collected poetry and journalism were published as Poesía y Pensamiento. His poem El Credo Mexicano (Mexican Creed) is a popular patriotic declaration of faith in the country. He also penned the lyrics to the popular song "Amor, Amor, Amor".

One of his radio stations still bears his initials as its callsign, XHRLM-FM in Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas.

References

1903 births
1989 deaths
Writers from Yucatán (state)
Mexican male poets
Mexican male songwriters
Male songwriters
20th-century Mexican poets
20th-century Mexican male writers
20th-century male musicians

Ricardo López Méndez


Sir Antoine-Aimé Dorion  (January 17, 1818May 31, 1891) was a French Canadian politician and jurist.

Early years

Dorion was born in Ste-Anne-de-la-Pérade into a family with liberal values that had been sympathetic to the Patriotes in 1837–1838. His father, merchant Pierre-Antoine Dorion, was a representative of the Patriote party in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1830 to 1838.

After studies at the Nicolet seminary from 1830 to 1837, in his twenty-second year went to Montreal to read law with Côme-Séraphin Cherrier, an eminent lawyer with whom he retained a lasting friendship. On the 6th of January 1842 he was admitted to the bar of the province, became the partner of M. Cherrier, and in the course of a few years attained the highest rank in his profession.

Political rise
Dorion descended from a Liberal family which from early days had supported the Reform party in Canada. In addition to his father, his maternal grandfather represented the county of Saint Maurice in the Legislative Assembly from 1819 to 1830. At the time that Dorion commenced the study of law, Canada was entering a struggle between Lower Canada and Upper Canada for a balance of representation. Although a decisive political victory had been gained, and a responsible government formed, by Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin in 1848, they did not press for an immediate overthrow of existing institutions, and in 1851, the administration was handed over to Francis Hincks and Augustin-Norbert Morin.

The elections of 1854 had brought new reformist blood into the ranks of the Liberal party. Dorion was elected as member of the assembly for the province of Canada for the city of Montreal, and was chosen as leader. It seemed that the coalition government under Allan MacNab had clarified the situation, but by 1856 Upper Canada had increased, and it contributed a larger share to the revenue, and demanded proportionate representation. Dorion understood the true principle of federation as applicable to Canada, but he did not pursue this idea, and in fact his following was never sufficiently strong to enable him to give effect to the sound measures he was so capable of formulating.

Government

In 1858 Dorion served as Co-Premier of the Province of Canada with Clear Grit leader George Brown (Canadian politician) but the government fell within three days. From 1863 to 1864 Dorion again served as Co-Premier, this time with John Sandfield Macdonald as well as taking the position of Attorney-General, but refused to participate in the Great Coalition government formed in 1864 by Brown, John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier. Following the Quebec Conference of 1864 he denounced the proposed Canadian Confederation and led the opposition in Lower Canada to the project.
He was also the leader of the Parti Rouge and thought the provinces would lose their power if Confederation was put into action. He disapproved that the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island were uniting under a central government. Dorion expressed his rejection of confederation through a manifesto in 1864, multiple articles from 1865 to 1867, and his attendance of opposition meetings in Lower Canada.

House of Commons
Nevertheless, when Confederation became a reality, Dorion won a seat in the new House of Commons of Canada as Liberal Member of Parliament for Hochelaga. He was re-elected three times in succession for Napierville and served as Minister of Justice in the Liberal government of Alexander Mackenzie from 7 November 1873 and during the six months that he was in office passed the Electoral Law of 1874 and the Controverted Elections Act. Dorion was appointed by John A. Macdonald to the parliamentary committee to investigate allegations related to the Pacific Scandal in 1873. On 1 June 1874 he was named chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Quebec.

After his death in 1891, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

Honours
In 1878, Dorion was created a Knight Bachelor.

The Township Municipality of Dorion in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada, was named in his honour (but renamed to Cayamant).

Family
In 1848 Dorion married Iphigénie, the daughter of Dr. Jean Baptiste Trestler and Eulalie Delisle of Montreal.

See also
List of presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal

References

Attribution:

Sources

1818 births
1891 deaths
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Lawyers in Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Premiers of the Province of Canada
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Attorneys-General of the Province of Canada
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery

Antoine-Aimé Dorion


Events

Works
 Fujiwara no Teika (whose first name is sometimes romanized as Sadaie), Fujiwara Ariie, Fujiwara Ietaka (Karyū), the priest Jakuren, Minamoto Michitomo, and Asukai Masatsune, editors, Shin Kokin Wakashū (also spelled "Shinkokinshu") the eighth Japanese imperial waka poetry anthology, which had been ordered in 1201 by former Japanese Emperor Go-Toba. Its name apparently aimed to show the relation and counterpart to Kokin Wakashū, the first imperial poetry anthology.

Births
 Tikkana (died 1288), second poet of  "Trinity of Poets (Kavi Trayam)" that translated Mahabharatamu into Telugu over a period of few centuries

Deaths
 Peire Vidal, (born 1175), Occitan troubadour

13th-century poetry
Poetry

1205 in poetry


The San Francisco Peninsula is a peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area that separates San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. On its northern tip is the City and County of San Francisco. Its southern base is in northern Santa Clara County, including the cities of Sunnyvale, Palo Alto, Mountain View, and Los Altos. Most of the Peninsula is occupied by San Mateo County, between San Francisco and Santa Clara counties, and including the cities and towns of Atherton, Belmont, Brisbane, Burlingame, Colma, Daly City, East Palo Alto, El Granada, Foster City, Hillsborough, Half Moon Bay, La Honda, Loma Mar, Los Altos, Menlo Park, Millbrae, Mountain View, Pacifica, Palo Alto, Pescadero, Portola Valley, Redwood City, San Bruno, San Carlos, San Mateo, South San Francisco, Sunnyvale, and Woodside.

Peninsulas of the United States
Landforms of California
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco

San Francisco Peninsula


Detective Story is a 1951 American crime drama directed by William Wyler and starring Kirk Douglas that tells the story of one day in the lives of the various people who populate a police detective squad. The ensemble supporting cast features Eleanor Parker, William Bendix, Cathy O'Donnell, and George Macready. Both Lee Grant and Joseph Wiseman play large roles in their film debuts. The film was adapted by Robert Wyler and Philip Yordan from the 1949 play of the same name by Sidney Kingsley. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Academy Award for Best Director for Wyler, Best Actress for Parker, and Best Supporting Actress for Grant.

An angry New York detective is one of a precinct of cops in a grim daily battle with the city's lowlife. Little does he realize that his obsessive pursuit of an "abortionist" is leading him to a discovery closer to home. The characters who pass through the precinct over the course of the day include a young petty embezzler, a pair of burglars, and a naive shoplifter.

Plot
The movie's events occur over a single night in the detective bullpen of a police station. Detective Jim McLeod (Kirk Douglas), whose violent criminal father drove his mother to insanity, nurtures a lifelong hatred of lawbreakers and is convinced that he has a flawless instinct for identifying criminals. He maintains a particular contempt for Dr. Karl Schneider (George Macready), who McLeod is convinced has performed illegal abortions that have resulted in patient deaths. McLeod has persuaded Schneider's assistant (Gladys George) to implicate him in a police line-up. However, Schneider bribes her not to pick him out, infuriating McLeod.

Concurrently, several other cases are being processed in the bullpen. The detectives have arrested burglar Charley Gennini (Joseph Wiseman), who is revealed to be a psychopath with an extensive criminal record including murder and rape. McLeod also books a young man named Arthur Kindred (Craig Hill), who has admitted stealing money from his employer to try to impress the girl he loves. Although the employer is sympathetic and wants to drop charges after he is repaid, McLeod refuses to release the remorseful Kindred, saying that leniency only leads to more crime. Despite evidence of Kindred's kind nature, McLeod is unwilling to distinguish between a first time offender like Kindred and a dangerous repeat offender like Gennini.

McLeod misses another chance to establish Schneider's guilt when a victim dies in hospital. Schneider boasts that he has sensitive knowledge about McLeod, who finally explodes in anger and brutally attacks him, requiring McLeod's commanding officer Lt. Monaghan (Horace McMahon) to escort Schneider to the hospital in an ambulance. Schneider, half-conscious, mentions the name Giacoppetti, in connection with a woman supposedly linked with McLeod.

When Schneider's lawyer Endicott Sims (Warner Anderson) arrives to protest the incident, he inadvertently lets slip that the woman Schneider was referring to is McLeod's wife Mary (Eleanor Parker). Monaghan has Mary brought to the station and interviews her in private. She denies any connections until Monaghan invites in Giacoppetti (Gerald Mohr), who greets her by name.

The stricken Mary admits to her husband that years ago she had become pregnant by Giacoppetti. McLeod, who had been worried about her apparent infertility, cannot stomach the thought that it was caused by her abortion by Schneider, especially when Sims hints that there may have been more lovers. After McLeod accuses her of infidelity, Mary tells him he is cruel like his father was and leaves him. Suddenly, Gennini takes advantage of a distraction to steal an officer's revolver, and he fatally shoots McLeod before being disarmed. Dying, McLeod instructs his partner to release Kindred and to tell his wife he begs her forgiveness. The local paper praises McLeod for dying "in the line of duty".

Tying most of these events together is the presence of the "Shoplifter," who is ignored by the police as they do their jobs. Lee Grant, in her film debut, was nominated for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

Cast

 Kirk Douglas as Detective Jim McLeod
 Eleanor Parker as Mary McLeod
 William Bendix as Detective Lou Brody
 Cathy O'Donnell as Susan Carmichael
 George Macready as Dr. Karl Schneider
 Horace McMahon as Lt. Monaghan
 Gladys George as Miss Hatch
 Joseph Wiseman as Charley Gennini, a burglar
 Lee Grant as Shoplifter
 Gerald Mohr as Tami Giacoppetti

 Frank Faylen as Detective Gallagher
 Craig Hill as Arthur Kindred
 Michael Strong as Lewis Abbott
 Luis Van Rooten as Joe Feinson
 Bert Freed as Detective Dakis
 Warner Anderson as Endicott Sims, lawyer
 Grandon Rhodes as Detective O'Brien
 William "Bill" Phillips as Detective Pat Callahan
 Russell Evans as Patrolman Steve Barnes
 Burt Mustin as Willy the Janitor (uncredited)

Production
Paramount bought film rights in 1949 for $285,000, plus a percentage of the profits. Alan Ladd was the first star linked to the project.

The film version omits details from the play pertaining to the criminal underworld and the dangers of a police state.

During production, the film had some trouble with the Production Code Authority. Plotlines involving the killing of police officers or references to abortion were not permitted by Production Code. Joseph Breen suggested that explicit references to abortion would be altered to "baby farming". However, when the film was released, film critics still interpreted Dr. Schneider as an illicit abortionist. Breen and William Wyler suggested to the MPAA Production Code Committee that the code be amended to allow the killing of police officers if it was absolutely necessary for the plot. They agreed, and the code was amended, lifting the previous ban on cop-killing. Another noteworthy factor regarding the passing of this film is that, at the time that this film was made, the Production Code Administration's primary concern about cop killing was in regards to "Gangster" films, in that there is conflict between the criminal and the police officer. The killing was not premeditated, which again, helped allow the Production Code Administration to pass the film.

Joseph Wiseman later played the titular role in Dr. No (1962), the first James Bond film starring Sean Connery. Gerald Mohr portrayed Doc Holliday in the television series Maverick in the 1957 episode titled "The Quick and the Dead" starring James Garner and Marie Windsor.

Reception

Critical response
When the film was released, Bosley Crowther, film critic for The New York Times, lauded the film and the casting, writing, "Sidney Kingsley's play, Detective Story, has been made into a brisk, absorbing film by Producer-Director William Wyler, with the help of a fine, responsive cast. Long on graphic demonstration of the sort of raffish traffic that flows through a squad-room of plainclothes detectives in a New York police station-house and considerably short on penetration into the lives of anyone on display... In the performance of this business, every member of the cast rates a hand, with the possible exception of Eleanor Parker as the hero's wife, and she is really not to blame. Kirk Douglas is so forceful and aggressive as the detective with a kink in his brain that the sweet and conventional distractions of Miss Parker as his wife appear quite tame. In the role of the mate of such a tiger—and of a woman who has had the troubled past that is harshly revealed in this picture—Mr. Wyler might have cast a sharper dame."

Critic James Steffen appreciated the direction of the film and the cinematography of Lee Garmes, writing "While Detective Story remains essentially a filmed play, Wyler manages to use the inherent constraints of such an approach as an artistic advantage. The confined set of the police precinct is not simply a space where various characters observe each other and interact; it also contributes to the underlying thematic thrust and ultimately to the film's emotional power. The staging of the individual scenes, which often plays on foreground-background relationships, is also augmented by Lee Garmes' deep focus photography. (Wyler, of course, used deep focus photography extensively in the films he shot with Gregg Toland.)"

Time felt the film adaptation was better than the original play.

Awards and nominations

Distribution

Video and DVD
In a DVD review of the film, technology critic Gary W. Tooze, wrote, "Absolutely stunning image. One of the best I have seen for a black and white film this year. Superb sharpness, shadow details and contrast. Standard Paramount bare bones release with no extras and a price tag for the frugal minded. The image and price make it a must own for Noir fans and everyone else too. Wyler direction sends the film to upper tier to join the DVD."

Radio adaptation
On April 26, 1954, Detective Story was presented on Lux Radio Theatre on NBC. Douglas and Parker starred in the adaptation.

References

External links

1951 films
1951 crime drama films
American crime drama films
American black-and-white films
Edgar Award-winning works
1950s English-language films
Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department
Films about the New York City Police Department
American police detective films
Film noir
Films directed by William Wyler
Films set in New York City
American films based on plays
American police films
Paramount Pictures films
1950s American films

Detective Story (1951 film)


William Walter Leake (April 22, 1833 – January 20, 1912) was an officer in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. He was also an attorney, a member of the Louisiana State Senate, a circuit court judge, a bank president, and a newspaper publisher. He is best known for his role in burying a Union Navy officer in Louisiana, an event now commemorated as "The Day the War Stopped".

Early life and education
Leake was born April 22, 1833, in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. He attended Kentucky Military Institute and Centenary College of Louisiana. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He went into practice in St. Francisville, Louisiana. He became a Freemason in 1854, joining Feliciana Lodge No. 31.

Civil War
When war broke out in April 1861 Leake volunteered and was commissioned a captain. In September 1861 he was named captain of Company C of the First Louisiana Cavalry Regiment under Col. John Simms Scott. The regiment took part in various engagements, including the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, where they were part of the cavalry forces under General Nathan Bedford Forrest. After a poorly managed river crossing and other incidents, the regiment's officers questioned Scott's leadership, accusing him of incompetence and reckless endangerment of his men. In May 1862 nine company commanders went to General P. G. T. Beauregard's headquarters and resigned their commissions. Beauregard refused to accept their resignations and had them arrested for "abandoning their commands in the face of the enemy". They were later ordered to report back to the First Louisiana Cavalry. In October 1862 Leake again resigned his commission and returned home to St. Francisville, where he was commissioned a captain in the Third Battalion, State Guard, Louisiana Cavalry. He subsequently raised another company of cavalry that served as part of Cochrane's Brigade in the Army of Tennessee until the end of the war.

Post-war career
Following the war Leake returned to his law practice in St. Francisville. He served in the Louisiana State Senate from 1880 to 1882, and was a member of the Louisiana Constitutional Convention in 1882. From 1896 to 1904 he served as a circuit court judge. From 1906 until his death in 1912 he served as president of the People's Bank in St. Francisville. Leake and his wife May founded the local newspaper, the True Democrat (now the St. Francisville Democrat), in 1892.

"The day the war stopped"
In June 1863, while Leake was home on furlough, a Union navy commander who was part of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron on the Mississippi River near St. Francisville died on board his ship. (Decades later a story developed that the ship had been shelling St. Francisville, but no such record can be found in the ship's log, and the historic shelling of St. Francisville actually took place in January 1864.) The officer, John E. Hart, was a Mason, and his second officer went ashore under flag of truce to ask if there were any Masons in the area who would conduct a funeral. He was directed to Leake, who was then senior warden in the St. Francisville Masonic lodge. Leake made arrangements for Hart to be buried at Grace Episcopal Church there. A truce was arranged so that the Union officers could bring his body ashore, attend the funeral, and return to their ship to resume their blockade. A joint party of Union and Confederate officers, all Masons, participated in the funeral on June 12, 1863. The pastor of Grace Church, Rev. Daniel S. Lewis, conducted an Episcopal service, and Leake as acting master of the lodge led the Masonic service.

For the rest of his life Leake, who later became Master of the lodge, tended Hart's grave and decorated it with flowers. Leake was buried near Hart, and the two former enemies (who never met in life) are commemorated with a single marble slab, placed in 1955 by the Grand Lodge of the state of Louisiana and "dedicated to the universality of Freemasonry." Since 1999 there has been an annual commemoration and re-enactment of the incident, sponsored jointly by the St. Francisville Masonic lodge and Hart's home  lodge in Schenectady, New York, and attended by descendants of both men. During the re-enactment, members of the St. Francisville lodge portray Leake; past portrayers have included a U.S. Congressman and Leake's great-great-grandson.

Personal
He married Margaret Mumford on December 10, 1857. They had eleven children.

He died January 20, 1912, and was buried in the Grace Episcopal Church cemetery, not far from Hart.

References

Confederate States Army officers
People of Louisiana in the American Civil War
Louisiana lawyers
Louisiana state senators
People from St. Francisville, Louisiana
American bank presidents
American Freemasons
1912 deaths
1833 births
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

William Walter Leake


The Efficiency Medal (South Africa) was instituted in 1930 for award to part-time warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and men after twelve years of efficient service on the active list of the Citizen Force of the Union of South Africa. At the same time, a clasp was instituted for award to holders of the medal upon completion of further periods of six years of efficient service. The medal superseded the Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal.

The Efficiency Medal (South Africa) was superseded by the John Chard Medal in 1952.

Origin
In 1896, the Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies was instituted by Queen Victoria. It was superseded by the Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal in 1899.

Institution
The Efficiency Medal (South Africa) was instituted by Royal Warrant on 23 September 1930, as a long service award for part-time warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and men of the Citizen Force of the Union Defence Forces. At the same time, a clasp was instituted, for award to recipients of the medal upon completion of further periods of efficient service.

The medal bears a subsidiary title to denote that the recipient qualified for its award while serving in the Citizen Force in South Africa. The subsidiary title, in English and Afrikaans, is inscribed on a scroll bar attached to the medal suspender.

The similar award for officers was the Efficiency Decoration (South Africa).

Award criteria
The medal could be awarded to part-time warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and men after twelve years of continuous efficient service as a volunteer on the active list of the Citizen Force. Service in West Africa, natives of West Africa and periods spent on leave excluded, and war service were reckoned two-fold as qualifying service for the medal. Service during the period from 3 September 1939 to 1 March 1950 inclusive need not have been continuous, while breaks in service under certain specified conditions, though not counting as qualifying service,  were not considered as a break in the twelve years of continuous qualifying service for the medal.

Clasps could initially be awarded to holders of the medal upon completion of eighteen and twenty-four reckoned years of efficient service. This was amended on 26 August 1944 to authorise the award of additional clasps for each additional completed period of six years of efficient service after twenty-four years. When medals are not worn, recipients of clasps would wear a silver rosette on the ribbon bar to donate each clasp.

A further amendment, on 10 May 1946, made part-time officers who served during the Second World War also eligible for the award of the medal and clasp, provided they were serving on the active list of the Citizen Force on 2 September 1939 and were embodied or called up for war service. The reason for this amendment originated from the anomaly that, during the war, a large number of officers were commissioned from the ranks, and merely by the fact that they were so promoted owing to their efficiency, would be denied the right to the Efficiency Medal. Such officers were allowed to reckon their service as officers as qualifying service for the medal and clasps. Officers who had already qualified for the award of the Efficiency Decoration before that date were, however, not eligible.

The medal was initially only awarded to Citizen Force members of the South African Army and South African Air Force. On 1 August 1942, when the South African Navy was established by the consolidation of the Seaward Defence Force and the South African Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve into the South African Naval Forces, eligibility for the award of the medal was extended to South African Naval Citizen Force members.

Order of wear
In the order of wear prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, the Efficiency Medal (South Africa) ranks on par with the British Efficiency Medal and takes precedence after the Territorial Efficiency Medal and before the Special Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal.

South Africa

With effect from 6 April 1952, when a new South African set of decorations and medals was instituted to replace the British awards used to date, the older British decorations and medals which were applicable to South Africa continued to be worn in the same order of precedence but, with the exception of the Victoria Cross, took precedence after all South African decorations and medals awarded to South Africans on or after that date. Of the official British medals which were applicable to South Africans, the Efficiency Medal (South Africa) takes precedence as shown.

 Preceded by the Efficiency Decoration (South Africa) (ED).
 Succeeded by the Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (VRD).

Description
The medal was struck in silver and is oval,  high and  wide. The fixed suspender bar, a pair of laurel leaves, is affixed to the medal by means of a single-toe claw and a horizontal pin through the upper edge of the medal. The suspender is decorated on the obverse with a scroll-pattern bar, inscribed with the name of the country. The name of the recipient was impressed on the rim of the medal.

Obverse
Three versions of the medal were produced for South Africa, but only the first two were awarded. The obverse has a raised rim on all three versions and bears the crowned effigy of the reigning monarch.
 The original version has the effigy of King George V in coronation robes and wearing the Tudor Crown. It is circumscribed "GEORGIVS•V•D•G•BRITT•OMN REX•ET•INDIÆ•IMP•". The initials "BM" at the bottom of the effigy are those of the designer of the obverse, Sir Bertram Mackennal KCVO, an Australian sculptor.
 The King George VI version was introduced after his succession to the throne in 1936 and has his effigy in coronation robes and wearing the Tudor Crown, facing left and circumscribed "GEORGIVS•VI•D•G•BR•OMN•REX•ET•INDIÆ•IMP•". It is identical to the first King George VI obverse design of the British Efficiency Medal. The initials "PM" below the effigy are those of the designer of the obverse, sculptor Percy Metcalfe CVO RDI.

 The Queen Elizabeth II version was introduced after her succession to the throne in 1952 and has her effigy, facing right and wearing the Tudor Crown. It is circumscribed "ELIZABETH II D: G: BR: OMN: REGINA F: D:" reading around from the top. It is identical to the first Queen Elizabeth II obverse design of the British Efficiency Medal.

Scroll bar
Approved by a Royal Warrant dated 29 December 1939, the scroll bar inscription on the King George VI version of the medal was in English and Afrikaans, "UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA" and "UNIE VAN SUID-AFRIKA" in two lines. The scroll bar on the Queen Elizabeth II version was English only, but this medal was never awarded since it was superseded within a few months of the Queen's succession to the throne.

Reverse
The reverse is smooth with a raised rim and bears the inscription "FOR EFFICIENT SERVICE" in three lines. On the bilingual King George VI version, the Afrikaans and English inscriptions are "VIR BEKWAME DIENS" and "FOR EFFICIENT SERVICE", each language in three lines and the languages separated by a 13 millimetres long line.

Clasp
The clasp, struck in silver, is decorated with an embossed Tudor Crown and was designed to be sewn onto the medal ribbon.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and dark green, edged with 3 millimetres wide lime yellow bands.

Discontinuation
On 6 April 1952, the Efficiency Medal was superseded by the John Chard Medal, which could be awarded to all ranks after twelve years of continuous efficient service in the Citizen Force.

References

Military decorations and medals of South Africa
Military decorations and medals of South Africa pre-1952
Long and Meritorious Service Medals of Britain and the Commonwealth
Awards established in 1930

Efficiency Medal (South Africa)


Susan Gayle Medley (born 1962 at Courtenay, British Columbia) is a Canadian rock musician. She released her self-titled debut CD in 1990. She won a Juno Award in 1991 for Most Promising Female Vocalist.

Early years
A native of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, Sue Medley was signed to PolyGram Records Canada in 1989 and released a self-titled debut CD in 1990. The album was co-produced by Medley and John Mellencamp producer Michael Wanchic and featured strong performances by John Hiatt's band The Goners.  In Canada Medley's first single, "Dangerous Times" not only pushed her debut album to gold status within a few weeks of release, but was #1 on MuchMusic for two weeks, #1 on the Pop Adult charts for 12 weeks, in the Top 3 of the national album rock chart for six weeks, and earned her a SOCAN Songwriter of the Year Award for most airplay.

On the heels of the singles "Dangerous Times", "Maybe the Next Time", "That's Life", and "Love Thing", she toured North America the rest of the year opening for Bob Dylan and other high-profile artists. Her second album, Inside Out, was once again co-produced by Medley and Wanchic and was aided by the musical help of slide guitarist Sonny Landreth and drummer Kenny Aronoff. The album, released in 1992, continued her radio success with a handful of additional singles and national tours with such artists as Tom Cochrane, Kim Mitchell and 54.40, keeping her in the spotlight. The first single "When the Stars Fall" became a hit on album radio and reached #2 on The Record's chart (being locked out of #1 only by U2). In October 1992 she was invited by John Mellencamp to participate in the Bob Dylan Tribute at Madison Square Gardens in New York City, and performed a duet with Mellencamp on the classic Dylan track "Like a Rolling Stone". Later that month she received a SOCAN award for her song "Maybe the Next Time", which was one of the most played songs on Canadian radio in 1991.

Medley is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.

Dispute with PolyGram
Her third album, however, would not be forthcoming. Following a two-year dispute with her record label over the songs that would comprise that release, she and PolyGram parted ways. She retreated to her house near Bloomington, Indiana, and wrote and recorded much of the material that made up her independent release, Velvet Morning, which was released in February 2000 on Egg Records.  Her profile received a boost after four of her songs were featured on the TV series Dawson's Creek.

Recent activity
After the renewal of her profile with Dawson's Creek, Medley lived and worked in Los Angeles, teaching guitar and helping to develop a new generation of budding songwriters and recording artists. Medley recently returned to Canada, and is now writing and demoing new material for an upcoming release.  She is currently represented by Inner Circle Management, an art and cultural industries consulting business, based in Regina, Saskatchewan. In 2011 she joined the horn driven band "Time Well Wasted" based in her home town of Courtenay, British Columbia.  After two years, Medley left TWW to form her own band "Sue Medley & The Back Road Band", and in July 2013 released the 3-song EP "Sue Medley & The Back Road Band", and followed this with a full-length album "These Are The Days", both productions co-produced with former CBC Music Producer / Recording Engineer John Mang.  Sue Medley continues to perform, teach and perform in the Comox Valley.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links

1962 births
Canadian women rock singers
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian women guitarists
Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners
Living people
Musicians from British Columbia
People from Courtenay, British Columbia
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers

Sue Medley


Alvin Ira Goldman (born 1938) is an American philosopher who is Emeritus Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University in New Jersey and a leading figure in epistemology.

Education and career
Goldman earned his BA from Columbia University and PhD from Princeton University and previously taught at the University of Michigan (1963–1980), the University of Illinois, Chicago (1980–1983) and the University of Arizona (1983–1994). He joined the Rutgers faculty in 1994 and retired in 2018.

He is married to the ethicist Holly Martin Smith.

Philosophical work

Goldman has done influential work on a wide range of philosophical topics, but his principal areas of research are epistemology, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science.

Action theory

Goldman's early book, A Theory of Human Action (a revised version of his Ph.D. thesis), presents a systematic way of classifying and relating the many actions we perform at any time.  Its influence was broad and can be found in, among other writings, John Rawls's book A Theory of Justice.  Goldman's early work in action theory soon gave way to work in other branches of philosophy, most influentially epistemology.

Epistemology

Goldman's accounts of knowledge and justified belief, using notions like causation and reliability instead of normative concepts like permissibility and obligation, contributed to a philosophical approach that came to be known in the 1970s as naturalized epistemology.  (Unlike W.V.O. Quine's version of naturalized epistemology, however, Goldman's retains a traditional focus on questions of justification.)  Goldman's view emerged initially as part of the efforts in the 1960s to find a "fourth" condition in response to the Gettier challenge to the account of knowledge as "justified true belief."  In his 1967 paper, "A Causal Theory of Knowing", Goldman proposed that knowledge amounts to the true belief appropriately caused by the fact that makes it true.  Later, he claimed knowledge amounts to true belief that is produced by a reliable process.

Goldman has described his "naturalistic" approach to epistemology as splitting "epistemology (individual epistemology, anyway) into two parts...

 The first part is dedicated to the 'analytic' task of identifying the criteria, or satisfaction conditions, for various normative epistemic statuses. With respect to the normative status of justifiedness (of belief), the proposed criterion is the reliability of the belief-forming processes by which the belief is produced. Defense of this criterion of justifiedness was not based on scientific psychology, but rather a familiar form of armchair methodology.
 The second part is the task where the science enters the picture. Psychological science is required to identify the kinds of operations or computations available to the human cognizer, how well they work when operating on certain inputs and under certain conditions."

More recently, Goldman has focused his epistemological efforts on questions of social epistemology, of the different social mechanisms through which knowledge is transmitted in society.  His work in social epistemology has dealt with the law (especially evidence), voting and media, among other topics.  He attempts to provide (in his words) a less radical view of social epistemology than those suggested by cultural theorists and postmodernists under that name.  His approach uses tools of analytic philosophy especially formal epistemology to analyze problems in social knowledge.  Some of this work is summarized in his book Knowledge in a Social World.

Other work

Goldman has devoted significant time to showing how research in cognitive science is relevant to a variety of branches of philosophy including epistemology.  Much of this work appears in his books Epistemology and Cognition, Philosophical Applications of Cognitive Science, and Simulating Minds.

Bibliography
 Action (1965)
 "A Causal Theory of Knowing" in The Journal of Philosophy v. 64 (1967), pp. 357–372.
 A Theory of Human Action (1970)
 "Epistemics: The Regulative Theory of Cognition," The Journal of Philosophy 75 (1978) pp. 509–523.
 "What is Justified Belief?" in Justification and Knowledge (1979), pp. 1–23.
 Epistemology and Cognition (1986)
 Liaisons: Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences (1991)
 Philosophical Applications of Cognitive Science (1993)
 Readings in Philosophy and Cognitive Science (editor), (1993)
 Knowledge in a Social World (1999)
 Pathways to Knowledge: Private and Public (2004)
 Simulating Minds (2006)
 Joint Ventures: Mindreading, Mirroring, and Embodied Cognition (2013)

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
Reliabilism

References

External links

 Alvin Goldman's home page
 Article partly devoted to Goldman's epistemic views
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on reliabilism, written by Goldman
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on naturalised epistemology, relevant to Goldman

20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Living people
1938 births
Princeton University alumni
Philosophers from Michigan
Philosophers from Arizona
Philosophers from Texas
Epistemologists
University of Michigan faculty
University of Arizona faculty
Rutgers University faculty
Action theorists
Philosophers of mind

Alvin Goldman


The Disputation of Barcelona (July 20–24, 1263) was a formal ordered medieval debate between representatives of Christianity and Judaism regarding whether or not Jesus was the Messiah. It was held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights between Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani, a convert from Judaism to Christianity, and Nachmanides, a leading medieval Jewish scholar, philosopher, physician, kabbalist and biblical commentator.

During the Middle Ages, there were numerous ordered disputations between Christians and Jews. They were connected with burnings of the Talmud at the stake and violence against Jews. In Barcelona, Jews and Christians were given absolute freedom to speak their arguments how they wanted, which made it a unique disputation.

Overture

The ordered disputation was organized by Raymond de Penyafort, the superior of Christiani and the confessor of James I. Christiani had been preaching to the Jews of Provence. Christiani assured the King that he could prove the truth of Christianity from the Talmud and other rabbinical writings. Nachmanides complied with the order of the King, but stipulated that complete freedom of speech should be granted.

The disputation took place in front of the royal court of King James of Aragon (1263), who guaranteed and asserted freedom of speech for the Jewish spokesperson Nachmanides. This led to a genuine confrontation between Christianity and Judaism in which the true fundamental differences between the two religions could be brought to light.

Proceedings

The debate turned on the following questions:
 whether the Messiah had appeared or not
 whether, according to Scripture, the Messiah is a divine or a human being
 whether the Jews or the Christians held the true faith.

Had the Messiah appeared

Based upon several aggadic passages, Christiani argued that Pharisaic sages believed that the Messiah had lived during the Talmudic period, and that they must therefore have believed that the Messiah was Jesus.

Nachmanides countered that Christiani's interpretations of Talmudic passages were per-se distortions; the rabbis would not hint that Jesus was the Messiah while, at the same time, explicitly opposing him as such:
"Does he mean to say that the sages of the Talmud believed in Jesus as the messiah and believed that he is both human and divine, as held by the Christians? However, it is well known that the incident of Jesus took place during the period of the Second Temple. He was born and killed prior to the destruction of the Temple, while the sages of the Talmud, like R. Akiba and his associates, followed this destruction. Those who compiled the Mishnah, Rabbi and R. Nathan, lived many years after the destruction. All the more so R. Ashi who compiled the Talmud, who lived about four hundred years after the destruction. If these sages believed that Jesus was the messiah and that his faith and religion were true and if they wrote these things from which Friar Paul intends to prove this, then how did they remain in the Jewish faith and in their former practice? For they were Jews, remained in the Jewish faith all their lives, and died Jews - they and their children and their students who heard their teachings. Why did they not convert and turn to the faith of Jesus, as Friar Paul did? ... If these sages believed in Jesus and in his faith, how is it that they did not do as Friar Paul, who understands their teachings better than they themselves do?"

Nachmanides noted that prophetic promises of the Messianic Age, a reign of universal peace and justice had not yet been fulfilled. Nachmanides also argued that since the appearance of Jesus of Nazareth, the world had still been filled with violence and injustice, and among all religions, he claimed that the Christians were the most warlike. He asserted that questions of the Messiah are of less dogmatic importance to Jews than most Christians imagine, because it is more meritorious for the Jews to observe the precepts of the Torah under a Christian ruler, while in exile and suffering humiliation and abuse, than under the rule of the Messiah, when every one would perforce act in accordance with the Law.

Is the Messiah a divine or a human being

Nachmanides demonstrated from numerous biblical and Talmudic sources that traditional (rabbinic) Jewish belief ran contrary to Christiani's postulates, and showed that the Biblical prophets regarded the future messiah as a human, a person of flesh and blood, without ascribing him divine attributes.

"[... it seems most strange that... ] the Creator of Heaven and Earth resorted to the womb of a certain Jewish lady, grew there for nine months and was born as an infant, and afterwards grew up and was betrayed into the hands of his enemies who sentenced him to death and executed him, and that afterwards... he came to life and returned to his original place.  The mind of a Jew, or any other person, simply cannot tolerate these assertions. If you have listened all your life to the priests who have filled your brain and the marrow of your bones with this doctrine, and it has settled into you because of that accustomed habit. [I would argue that if you were hearing these ideas for the first time, now, as a grown adult], you would never have accepted them."

According to a report by Nachmanides,
Friar Paul claimed: "Behold the passage in Isaiah, chapter 53, tells of the death of the messiah and how he was to fall into the hands of his enemies and how he was placed alongside the wicked, as happened to Jesus. Do you believe that this section speaks of the messiah?

I said to him: "In terms of the true meaning of the section, it speaks only of the people of Israel, which the prophets regularly call 'Israel My servant' or 'Jacob My servant.'"

Conclusion

The Jewish residents of Barcelona, fearing the resentment of the Dominicans, entreated him to discontinue; but the King, whom Nachmanides had acquainted with the apprehensions of the Jews, desired him to proceed. At the end of the disputation, James I awarded Nachmanides a prize of 300 gold coins and declared that never before had he heard "an unjust cause so nobly defended." On the Shabbat after the debate, the king also attended the Sinagoga Major de Barcelona, arguably one of the oldest synagogues in Europe, and addressed the Jewish congregants there, "a thing unheard of during the Middle Ages".

Aftermath
Since the Dominicans claimed victory, Nachmanides published a transcript of the entire proceedings, including some dialogue that took place privately between himself and the king. As a result of the publication, under pressure from the Dominicans, James I forced Nachmanides to leave Aragon and never return. In 1267, he settled in Palestine. There he founded a synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem, the Ramban Synagogue. It is the second-oldest synagogue that is still active in Jerusalem.

In August 1263, James I ordered the removal of passages deemed offensive from the Talmud. The committee assigned to carry out the censorship consisted of Bishop of Barcelona Arnau de Gurb, Raymond de Penyafort, and the Dominicans Arnoldo de Legarra, Pedro de Janua and Ramón Martí (author of Pugio Fidei).

The event was the inspiration for Hyam Maccoby's play The Disputation. It was dramatised for television in 1986 by Channel 4 and starred Christopher Lee as James I, Bob Peck as Pablo Christiani and Alan Dobie as Nachmanides.

See also
 Disputation of Paris (1240)
 Disputation of Tortosa (1413–1414)
 Converso
 Marrano

References

Further reading
 Nahmanides, Charles Chavel (Translator): Disputation at Barcelona (Ramban). Shilo Publishing House (NY) (January 1983) ,
 Hyam Maccoby, Judaism on Trial (1981, Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation)
 same, The Disputation, a play
 The Disputation of Barcelona (1263) by Cecil Roth. The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Apr., 1950), pp. 117–144
 The Barcelona "Disputation" of 1263: Christian Missionizing and Jewish Response by Robert Chazan. Speculum, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1977), pp. 824–842
 Comparison of the Hebrew Report of Moses Nahmanides and the Anonymous Latin Report

External links
 The Disputation from daat.co.il (Hebrew)
 The Disputation of Barcelona

1263 in Europe
13th-century Judaism
13th century in Catalonia
13th century in Aragon
Christian anti-Judaism in the Middle Ages
Criticism of Christianity
Criticism of Judaism
Barcelona
Jewish Spanish history
Jewish–Christian debate
Medieval Barcelona
Medieval Jewish history
Nachmanides

Disputation of Barcelona


Ysgol John Bright is a secondary school on Maesdu Road, Llandudno in Conwy County Borough, Wales. It was founded with money and support from the social reformer John Bright, whose son died in Llandudno in 1864. Until 1969 the school was a selective grammar school  known as John Bright Grammar School (JBGS). It reopened in September  1969 as   a comprehensive and with a new name – Ysgol John Bright. ("Ysgol" is  Welsh for "school")  The school serves the state secondary education sector in the Llandudno area and has around 1200 pupils. The current headteacher is Hywel Parry.

The first John Bright school first opened in February 1896 in  temporary premises – now the Risboro Hotel. It was bought for £567 and had 62 pupils. By 1905, there were nearly 80 pupils and 5 teachers. It had five classrooms and specialist rooms for cookery, music, art and woodwork, physics and science.
The headmaster was J.M. Archer-Thomson, a leading Welsh mountaineer.

The school  moved to a new site on Oxford Road  in  1907 and remained on that site  until 2004.
The Oxford Road  buildings were demolished in 2004 and the site was redeveloped as an Asda store. It has not been revealed how much Asda paid for the site.  New school buildings on Maesdu Road were opened in September 2004. They were built as part of a PFI project and a facilities management company handles caretaking, cleaning and catering. The cost was £20,000,000.
As the new site had previously been a landfill and gasworks, the move was the subject of some controversy.

Examinations
The school offers education for KS3, KS4 and Post-16 students. It offers GCSE, Entry Level examinations for KS4 and AS-level and A-level for Post-16 education. The school is well known for its exceptional sports facilities. The school performs a different musical production each year.

Notable former pupils

Sheila Collins OBE, British nurse and educationist.
Joey Jones, Footballer, Liverpool Defender.
Keith Mason, Astronomer, Chief Executive of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2011.
Sir Gareth Gwyn Roberts, 1958 Penmaenmawr. Physics. President of Wolfson College, Oxford University, UK.
Neville Southall. Football. Everton Goalkeeper.
 Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno - former President of the Welsh Liberal Democrats and Methodist Minister
 Gordon Borrie, Baron Borrie - Lawyer.  Evacuated to Llandudno during World War II.
 Catfish and the Bottlemen - Rock band.

References

External links
 Ysgol John Bright website

Secondary schools in Conwy County Borough
Educational institutions established in 1896
Llandudno
1896 establishments in Wales

Ysgol John Bright


Jacqueline Susan McKenzie (born 24 October 1967) is an Australian film and stage actress.

Early life
Born in Sydney, New South Wales, McKenzie attended Wenona School in North Sydney until 1983 then moved to Pymble Ladies' College, where she graduated in 1985 with her Higher School Certificate. Known at school for her fine singing voice, McKenzie was cast as Nancy in Oliver! then in Godspell (both a co-production with Shore School) and later in Brigadoon (a co-production with Knox Grammar School), sharing the stage with Hugh Jackman, who was a student at Knox at the time.

Career

Early years
McKenzie studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of New South Wales. While at university, she began modelling. Represented by Cameron's Management, she worked in both print and television media. She also took regular singing lessons with  Australian vocal coach Bob Tasman-Smith. In 1987, McKenzie was cast as the lead in the pilot of television series All The Way alongside Ben Mendelsohn, Robert Mammone, Rowena Wallace and Martin Sacks. During this time, she came to the attention of casting agent Liz Mullinar, who had cast Judy Davis in My Brilliant Career and Nicole Kidman in Dead Calm. Following advice from Mullinar, McKenzie auditioned for the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) and was accepted. Opting out of both her arts degree and All The Way, McKenzie attended NIDA in 1988. She graduated in December 1990.

1991 to 1995
In 1991, McKenzie was awarded "Best Newcomer Award" from the Sydney Theatre Critics Circle, which recognized her chameleon-like ability and her consistently high-calibre work in theatre productions Child Dancing (as Julie-Ann), The Master Builder (as Kaja), Twelfth Night (as Viola) and Rebecca (as Mrs de Winter). During rehearsals for Rebecca, director George Ogilvie allowed McKenzie time off to audition for a new Australian Independent feature film called Romper Stomper set to star Russell Crowe. She was subsequently cast in the film and went on to win Best Actress award at the Film Critics Circle of Australia. Russell would later say "Jacqui's range as an actor disappears over the horizon. And I'm not sure it can actually be defined. When I first saw her, in the play Rebecca, I saw an actor whom I thought was blowing me on the skin from the inside. She is an actor who is both delicate and magical." In her "nothing short of stunning" film debut in Romper Stomper, McKenzie was described as "especially shining in her courage, truth and skill." The role garnered her attention overseas, where she won Best Actress at the 1992 Stockholm International Film Festival for her "stark and non-sentimental portrayal of a young woman whose life has turned into a desperate chase for all she has lost: love, serenity, identity. Her character plays an essential part in creating the inexorable force and impact of the film." Over the next couple of years, she came to be regarded as one of Australia's most promising young actresses of stage and screen, showcasing a "phenomenal emotional range".

In 1994, McKenzie starred alongside David Wenham, Geoffrey Rush and Richard Roxburgh in Shakespeare's Hamlet, directed by Neil Armfield, for Belvoir St Theatre, Sydney. This sellout production was a critical, award-winning success with McKenzie's performance "so exquisitely pitched it could have shattered glass". "Jacqueline McKenzie's fragile Ophelia, dressed in cottontails and a tail-coat, turning the stage into a mind-state of shattered glass. Her presence awesomely palpable because of its sheer intangibility." The production went on to tour to Melbourne but McKenzie was unable to continue due to other work commitments. (Cate Blanchett took over the role of Ophelia for the tour).

McKenzie's performance in Hamlet was followed by her role as Joan of Arc in Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan, directed by Gale Edwards for the Sydney Theatre Company at the Sydney Opera House. This was the first time Saint Joan had been staged in Australia since the Zoe Caldwell production in 1962. Regarded as one of "the most revealing tests of an actress", and as "the female Hamlet", Edwards' production was both a critical and box office sensation with McKenzie's performance unanimously acclaimed: "This play stands or falls on the performance of St Joan and McKenzie is simply superb." "From the moment she enters, she sets the stage ablaze. McKenzie is a Joan to make the theatrical heavens rejoice... McKenzie offers us Joan in all her innocence, ignorance, joyful goodness that seems to light her from within and, almost until the end, a youthful sense of fun. Her slight stature can seem waif thin, piteously vulnerable; but raging into battle she's tough and sturdy, a young woman of intense and convincing action. Always in focus, like an unwavering flame, is McKenzie's Joan the Maid" and "Here is a Joan with such fortitude and faith that seems hardly possible to exist within such a delicate frame. McKenzie's waif-like image conceals remarkable strength, and an almost inexhaustible supply of emotion. It is a Joan to inspire the tamest among us to stand up as individuals, and listen to the voices inside of us. Shaw himself would have been reluctantly impressed."

Described by head of NIDA, John Clarke, as "A chameleon" "one of the most talented actresses we have produced... she's an absolute dynamo, a powerhouse," McKenzie had fast earned a reputation as one of the most versatile actresses of her generation, taking on varied and often difficult roles. Equally adept in drama or comedy, she was described as the "Judy Davis of her generation (or funnily enough, the green eyed American actor Meg Ryan)" In 1992, Ben Elton cast her as the lead role of "Rachel", the feisty environmentalist, in the television adaptation of his hit novel Stark. The mini-series was a BBC/ABC comedy, was directed by Nadia Tass and co-starred Ben Elton and Colin Friels. McKenzie received an Australian Film Institute Award nomination for Best Actress in a Miniseries for the role. The same year (1993), she scored a Best Actress in a Feature Film nomination for her comedic turn in the indie comedy, This Won't Hurt a Bit, playing Vanessa Presscott, a nerdy English ingénue with a speech impediment. In 1994, McKenzie reunited with director George Ogilvie (who had directed her in Rebecca and Twelfth Night) to play the lead role of Dancy Smith in the adaptation of Kylie Tennant's famous depression-era drama The Battlers. The mini-series co-starred Gary Sweet and played on the Seven Network. McKenzie was nominated again for Best Actress in a TV Drama at the Australian Film Institute 1994 awards. That same year, McKenzie was also nominated for Best Supporting Actress in the feature film Traps, directed by Pauline Chan. Playing the French girl living in Colonial Vietnam, McKenzie got to showcase her versatility by speaking in both French and Vietnamese for the role.

In 1995, McKenzie made Australian Film Institute history by winning the Beyond Best Actress in a Leading Role for Angel Baby and the Beyond Best Actress Award in a TV Drama for Halifax f.p.: Lies of the Mind. She also won the Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Actress at the Logie Awards for her role in Halifax f.p. It was for playing the young lover Kate, opposite John Lynch's Harry in the Michael Rymer–helmed drama Angel Baby, that McKenzie received international acclaim: The LA Weekly reviewed: "McKenzie is a find. Whether using answers on the Wheel of Fortune as a kind of daily horoscope, or cringing in terror as the upright legs of chairs in an empty restaurant seem to whisper at her, she is blazingly equal to the extremes of animal panic and hyperconscious insight that are the north and south of this movie's humane compass." Angel Baby also featured actress Deborra-Lee Furness and Colin Friels. In 1996, McKenzie was awarded Australian Star of the Year at the Australian Movie Convention.

1996 to 2003
McKenzie ventured to the US, where she starred in the films Deep Blue Sea (1999) directed by Renny Harlin with Samuel L. Jackson, Thomas Jane and Michael Rapaport; Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002) with Sandra Bullock, Ashley Judd, Ellen Burstyn, Kiersten Warren and James Garner; Freak Weather, with Aida Turturro and John Carroll Lynch; Love from Ground Zero with Simon Baker and Pruitt Taylor Vince, as well as tele-movie When Billie Beat Bobby, starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver. She starred in the UK independent films Eisenstein with Simon McBurney and Kiss Kiss (Bang Bang) with Stellan Skarsgård, Chris Penn and Paul Bettany.

In 2001, McKenzie was given a United States green card in March 2001 for "Person of Extraordinary Ability". She made her US theatre debut, starring as Rita in Willy Russell's Educating Rita, at the Williamstown Theatre Festival directed by Bruce Paltrow and co-starring Edward Herrmann. It was a huge success. "This production had the inexhaustible talents of Jacqueline McKenzie, an utterly charming and irrepressible Australian, whose cockney accent was spot on and characterization was full-cocked. Bursting onto the stage like a fire-engine responding to a five-alarm conflagration, McKenzie was a dynamo with enough energy to fill simultaneous performances of this and Pygmalion (a sure bet for her if the WTF wants to bring her back – and it should). Suffice to say, hers will surely be among the most memorable and reason enough to revive Rita."

She was cast as a lead in the US television pilot for ABC called MEDS (later MDs), directed by Michael Hoffman and starring John Hannah. She played Dockdaisy in the National Actors Theatre / Complicite co-production of The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, by Bertolt Brecht. Directed by Simon McBurney this cast included Al Pacino, Steve Buscemi, Chazz Palminteri, John Goodman, Paul Giamatti, Billy Crudup, Lothaire Bluteau, Linda Emond, Tony Randall and Charles Durning. After this production, McKenzie returned to Australia to star as Catherine in the Pulitzer Prize Winning play Proof by David Auburn. Directed by George Ogilvie and starring Barry Otto, Christina Eliason, and Jonny Pasvolsky, this "tour de force from McKenzie" broke all previously held box office records at the Sydney Opera House, Drama Theatre. Mckenzie followed the success of Proof by taking the lead role of Jude in the Australian feature film Peaches, starring Hugo Weaving and Emma Lung. Directed by Craig Monahan, the role garnered McKenzie a Best Actress Award from the Film Critics Circle of Australia with her performance described as a "revelation": "never more so than in the scene where she sings 'The Carnival Is Over' across a pub counter." From Peaches, McKenzie began work with Paul Cox (Man of Flowers, Innocence) in the feature film Human Touch starring as a young chorister estranged from her husband: "McKenzie makes Anna's sensual awakening both sensual and real".

2004 to 2015
In 2004, McKenzie made the switch to prime-time television in a role that would catapult her to international stardom. Cast as the lead female detective Diana Skouris in the US prime-time science fiction television series The 4400 from Executive Producer Francis Ford Coppola, McKenzie was cast alongside Joel Gretsch (Taken, Minority Report) – an onscreen partnership oft likened to Mulder and Scully. Directed by Yves Simoneau with show runner Ira Steven Behr (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), The 4400 was the highest-rated debut on US cable for 2004, earning a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Mini-Series. The show ran on the USA Network for four seasons, ending in 2007. In 2006, McKenzie also starred as Linda Landry in "Umney's Last Case" opposite William H. Macy – the third episode of Nightmares and Dreamscapes on TNT. In 2008, McKenzie starred as psychiatrist Veronica Hayden-Jones in the 13-part series Mental on the Fox Network, which was filmed at Fox Telecolombia in Bogotá, Colombia. Starring Annabella Sciorra, this was the first American television series to be filmed in Latin America for international markets. McKenzie guest starred in Desperate Housewives, Without a Trace, CSI: Miami, Hawaii 5-0 and the Australian TV series Rake. She was cast as Emma Waddell in the Jeremy Sims–directed feature film Beneath Hill 60 and starred in the 2010 season finale of NCIS: Los Angeles alongside former Deep Blue Sea castmate LL Cool J.

In 2011, Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton, the co-artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company, invited McKenzie to star in their production of Sarah Ruhl's In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play) at the Sydney Opera House, Drama Theatre. Co-starring Mandy McElhinney, this production went on tour to Melbourne Theatre Company, Wollongong, Canberra and Parramatta Riverside Theatre, earning McKenzie a Best Actress nomination at the Green Room Awards for her role as Mrs Givings. This was McKenzie's first play since her critically acclaimed turn as Catherine in David Auburn's Pulitzer Prize–winning play Proof, which sold out at the Sydney Opera House in 2003.

In 2012, she accepted Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton's invitation to star in the Australian premiere of the two-hander Sex With Strangers by American playwright Laura Eason (House of Cards) for the Sydney Theatre Company. This critically acclaimed production co-starred Ryan Corr and was directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse. An award-winning director of many films including How to Make an American Quilt, this was Jocelyn's first play.

In 2013, McKenzie starred in the seminal role of Margaret (a.k.a. Maggie) in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams for Belvoir St., directed by Simon Stone, co-starring Ewen Leslie (as Brick) and Marshall Napier (as Big Daddy). A sell-out production with an extension season at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, McKenzie's performance, in the role that made Elizabeth Taylor famous, was highly acclaimed: "Jacqueline McKenzie has far more scope in this play than she had in the recent Sex with Strangers to display her mesmerizing and neurasthenic talents that are so reminiscent of the early Judy Davis. She squirms, hops, skips and flops through the drama with a manic intensity that is breathtaking to watch from the first scene when she works her way through about a dozen changes of clothing and many pairs of 'hot' shoes during her long and intense opening monologue" and "McKenzie has been playing some major roles in Sydney recently but here is a great one, finally worthy of her ability, and she rises to it magnificently. Her Maggie is full of feverish energy, and hard-won, hard-edged glamour that a woman who has clawed herself up out of poverty to become the wife of the descendant of a crass but very rich family might be expected to display. She is better than them. She is beautiful, her smile is always bright but brief glimpses of self-doubt betray her origins, and her eyes betray her desperation." "This is a good production, made great by McKenzie's beautiful performance."

McKenzie returned to the Sydney Opera House in 2014 to play Liza in Andrew Upton's adaptation of the Gorky classic Children of the Sun for the Sydney Theatre Company. Co-starring with Justine Clarke and Toby Truslove, under the direction of Kip Williams, the production was immensely successful, garnering McKenzie a nomination for Best Actress at the 2014 Sydney Theatre Awards.

In 2014, McKenzie reunited with her Romper Stomper co-star, Russell Crowe, to perform in his feature-film-directing debut, The Water Diviner, in which he also stars. With a handpicked cast that included Yılmaz Erdoğan, Olga Kurylenko, Ryan Corr, Jai Courtney, Steve Bastoni and Cem Yılmaz, The Water Diviner was nominated for eight AACTA awards including Best Supporting Actress in a feature film for McKenzie, who played the role of Russell's grieving wife Lizzie. For this performance, McKenzie won Best Supporting Actress at the 2014 Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards.

Films to be released: Force of Destiny, written and directed by Paul Cox and starring David Wenham and Shahana Goswami. This will premiere at the Melbourne International Film Festival; Fell, written and directed by Kasimir Burgess and starring Matt Nable and Daniel Henshall.

In 2015, McKenzie starred alongside Richard Roxburgh and Cate Blanchett in the Sydney Theatre Company production of The Present, by Anton Chekhov. Adapted by Andrew Upton, this production was directed by John Crowley. That production moved in 2016/17 to the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in Manhattan for the Broadway debut of McKenzie and the rest of the cast. She also starred as Orlando in the Sarah Ruhl play Orlando, based on the novel by Virginia Woolf (made famous by the 1992 film directed by Sally Potter and starring Tilda Swinton). Directed by Sarah Goodes, Orlando ran at the Sydney Opera House for the Sydney Theatre Company.

McKenzie was nominated for Best Actress in Orlando and Best Supporting Actress in The Present at the 2015 Sydney Theatre Awards.

2016 to present
In 2016, McKenzie reunited with her former Stark! co-star Ben Elton for his romantic comedy Three Summers filming in Perth. The ensemble also featured Robert Sheean, Magda Szubanski, Michael Caton and Rebecca Breeds.

In August 2016 McKenzie filmed the independent movie Harmony in Wollongong and Sydney, Australia.

McKenzie starred as Jane Chandler in Australian feature film The Gateway in October 2016. Written by  Michael White and directed by John Soto, the sci-fi film also starred Myles Pollard and Ben Mortley. The film follows the journey of a particle physicist who, grieving over the loss of her husband in a car crash, uses a revolutionary machine to bring him back with dire consequences for her family.

In May 2017, SBS announced that McKenzie had been cast in their new four-part drama Safe Harbour about a group of Australians who come across a boat of refugees whilst sailing on vacation. The mini-series, produced by Matchbox Pictures, also stars Phoebe Tonkin, Ewen Leslie and Joel Jackson.

In June 2017 McKenzie began filming Luke Sparke's movie Occupation (film) with Charles Mesure, Temeura Morrison and Dan Ewing about a group of town residents banding together after a devastating ground invasion.

In August 2017, McKenzie started shooting the TV series Romper Stomper, a follow-up to the 1992 cult classic movie in which she starred with Russell Crowe. The series, conceived and directed by Geoffrey Wright (creator of the original film) and produced by John Edwards, premiered on Australian streaming platform Stan on New Years Day 2018, breaking all records for original content. The series is due to air in the United Kingdom on the BBC later in 2018. For her role in the series McKenzie was awarded a Logie for Most Outstanding Supporting Actress at the Logie Awards of 2018.

At the CinefestOZ awards in August 2017, McKenzie was honoured with the Screen Legend Award, recognising her contribution and excellence in the film industry.

Starred alongside Sam Neill, Greta Scacchi and Bryan Brown in the movie Palm Beach (2019) . This was directed by Rachel Ward.

Reunited with friends from drama school, Essie Davis and Daniel Lapaine, on the hit film Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears (a spinoff of the series Miss Fisher Murder Mysteries)

2019 saw Jacqueline return to the Sydney Theatre Company to play Alice in Lucy Kirkwood's Mosquitoes (play) at the Sydney Opera House. In 2020,  she starred in series 2 of the Stan original series Bloom alongside Jackie Weaver and Bryan Brown.  She also reprised her award-winning role "Sharon Sinclair", from the series Halifax f.p., in the reboot Halifax: Retribution .

In 2021, McKenzie appeared with Annabelle Wallis in James Wan's horror film Malignant, and starred alongside Jane Seymour in Australia feature film Ruby's Choice.

Music
McKenzie's hobbies include composing and recording music. Past collaborators include Vic Levak (Balligomingo) who co-wrote "Shy Baby" and Jim Hayden (Electrasy). When her 4400 co-star Joel Gretsch heard her song "Shy Baby", he took it to the producers of the show and as a result, it was used in the second-season finale "Mommy's Bosses" of The 4400. "Shy Baby" went on to be included in The 4400 soundtrack CD, released in April 2007.

Art and painting
An avid painter (since working with Aaron Blabey on the Paul Cox film The Human Touch), McKenzie's paintings have appeared in several publications, including Venice Magazine and OK!.

In the Fox TV series Mental, her paintings became set dressing, adorning the walls of her character's office in the final episodes of the show.

Personal life
In 1996, a portrait of McKenzie by Australian narrative painter Garry Shead was a finalist in the Archibald Prize and the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize.

She is a former partner of actor Simon McBurney. She has a daughter.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre
Oliver! as Nancy, school production
1991: Child Dancing as Julie-Ann, Griffin Theatre Company, dir. Michael Gow
1991: Twelfth Night as Viola, dir. George Ogilvie, Q Theatre Penrith
1991: The Master Builder as Kaja Fosli, Belvoir, dir. Neil Armfield
1991: Rebecca as Mrs de Winter, Marian Street Theatre, dir. George Ogilvie
1992: The Barber of Seville as Rosine, Marian Street Theatre, dir. Peter Kingston
1992: Vassa (Maxim Gorky) (as Natalia, NIDA, dir. John Clarke
1994: Hamlet as Ophelia, Company B (Sydney) and Playhouse (Melbourne), dir. Neil Armfield, with Geoffrey Rush, David Wenham, Richard Roxburgh, Gillian Jones
1995: Saint Joan as Joan, Sydney Theatre Company, Sydney Opera House dir. Gale Edwards
1997: The Governor's Family as Lara Mountgarrett, Belvoir, dir. Neil Armfield
2000: The White Devil as Isabella, Sydney Theatre Company and Brooklyn Academy of Music (2001), dir. Gale Edwards, with Angie Milliken, Marcus Graham, Jeremy Sims, Julia Blake, Bruce Spence, Hugo Weaving, Philip Quast, Paula Arundell
2001: Educating Rita as Rita, Williamstown Theatre Festival, dir. Bruce Paltrow, with Edward Herrmann
2002:The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui as Dock Daisy, Schimmel Center (New York), Complicite, dir. Simon McBurney, with Al Pacino, Steve Buscemi, John Goodman, Billy Crudup Paul Giamatti, Tony Randall, Charles Durning, Linda Emond, Chazz Palminteri, Dominic Chianese, Lothaire Bluteau
2003: Proof as Catherine, by David Auburn, Sydney Opera House dir. George Ogilvie, with Barry Otto
2011: In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play) by Sarah Ruhl, as Catherine Givings, Sydney Opera House and Melbourne Theatre Company, dir. Pamela Rabe
2012: Sex with Strangers by Laura Eason, as Olivia, Sydney Theatre Company, dir. Jocelyn Moorhouse
2013: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof as Margaret, Maggie the Cat. Belvoir, dir. Simon Stone
2014: Children of the Sun by Maxim Gorky as Liza, dir: Kip Williams adapted by Andrew Upton, Sydney Theatre Company, Sydney Opera House
2015: The Present by Anton Chekhov as Sophia, adapted by Andrew Upton, Sydney Theatre Company dir. John Crowley; at the Sydney Theatre; in 2016/17 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in Manhattan
2015: Orlando as Orlando, adapted from Virginia Woolf's Orlando: A Biography by Sarah Ruhl, Sydney Theatre Company, Sydney Opera House
2019: Mosquitoes by Lucy Kirkwood as Alice. Dir: Jessica Arthur for Sydney Theatre Company, Sydney Opera House.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Profile by Veronica Hayden-Jones, Global BC, 21 May 2009
STC Profile at the Sydney Theatre Company September 2014
"10 Questions: Jacqueline McKenzie, actress, 46" by Michael Bodey, The Australian, 6 September 2014
"Children of the Sun review: Female stars set Kip Williams' stage alight" by Jason Blake, The Sydney Morning Herald, September 2014
"IGN interview: The 4400s Jacqueline McKenzie" by Eric Goldman, IGN, 24 August 2006
"Can 4400s Diana See the Future?" by Matt Webb Mitovich, TV Guide, 2 June 2006
"On Duty", The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 11 June 2011
"Proof", review, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 June 2003
"Hot blush" by Catherine Keenan, The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 June 2003
"Entertain us: Jacqueline McKenzie", interview by Nathan Olivieri, The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 February 2013
Russell Crowe casting his directorial debut
The Water Diviner with stills shot

1967 births
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Sydney
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian film actresses
Australian people of English descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian Shakespearean actresses
Australian television actresses
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
Living people
Logie Award winners
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
People educated at Pymble Ladies' College

Jacqueline McKenzie


Alexander Ector Orr (1831–1914) was a prominent businessman in New York City and was influential in the building of the New York City Subway system.

Personal life

Orr was the first of his family (which was soon to be prominent) to immigrate to the United States. Orr married Juliet Dows, heiress to the fortune of a large grain dealer.

Once established, Orr invited his nephew, Charles A. Munn Sr., to join him in the United States. He accepted, immigrating from Ireland. Once Munn arrived, they established Munn, Orr & Company, a business concern engaged in wholesale provisions and slaughterhouses.

Businessman

A prominent New York financier and merchant, who during the Gilded Age served on the boards of twenty-nine corporations, Orr headed the New York Produce Exchange (1887–1888) and was president of the New York Chamber of Commerce (1894). Orr's marriage to Juliet Dows, the daughter of the nation's largest grain dealer, greatly enhanced his power and prominence. After the infamous corruption scandal of 1905, he became president of the Equitable Insurance Company. Best known for arranging the financing and construction of New York's subway system, his estate was valued at more than $10 million in 1914.

References

American businesspeople in insurance
British emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from New York City
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
1831 births
1914 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople

Alexander Ector Orr