Knights of Legend, released by Origin Systems in 1989, is a fantasy role-playing video game.

Publication history
Knights of Legend was designed by Todd Porter, and released by Origin Systems in 1989 for DOS, Apple II, and Commodore 64. It was supposed to be the first in a series of related adventures, but no further games were released in this series.

Story
The game is set in the fictional land of Ashtalarea, where the evil Pildar has imprisoned the Duke, the ruler of the land, and Seggallion, a knight who had stopped Pildar in the past. The player leads a band of adventurers who try to free the prisoners and stop Pildar.

Gameplay
The game is mostly tactical, with role-playing elements. The classic races of dwarves, elves and humans available for players to make up their party of adventurers. The game also adds a novel race called "Kelder" or "Kelderheit" that has the power of flight.

On the role-playing side, characters can converse with the inhabitants of towns, learn about local lore, purchase equipment, and pay to get trained in different skills. Quest-givers in various towns direct players to specific locations of the larger world surface, which lead to pre-made battlefields where an item is set to be retrieved to complete the mission. There are also random combat encounters when traveling outside towns.

On the tactical side, each combat round comprises planning thrusts, parries and jumps. The actions of each character (player and monster) are set prior to the combat round. The "foresight" may reveal the set actions of slower characters (who select actions for the round first). After all character choices are set, the combat round is then executed with the pre-selected actions. Additionally, combat incorporates the concept of extensive use of fatigue. Fatigue reduces a character's effectiveness and will cause them to pass out if it reaches zero. Each quest site battlefield has a tactical feel similar to later tactical role-playing games and the Jagged Alliance series: visibility is limited to what each character can actually see.

In order to save current game progress, the player's character must be resting at an inn.

Reception
In the March 1990 edition of Dragon (Issue #155), Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser, who normally assigned ratings from 1 to 5, gave the Apple II version a rating of "X" for "Not recommended", pointing out the many bugs in the programming that slowed gameplay to a crawl. Two issues later, the Lessers gave the PC/MS-DOS version of the game a perfect score of 5 out of 5.

In the June 1990 edition of Games International (Issue 15), Theo Clarke found the game too buggy to complete, calling it "one of those sad cases where the implementation fails to support its creators' vision." He gave the game a very poor rating of 4 out of 10.

Scorpia of Computer Gaming World in 1991 and 1993 called it "tactical wargaming with a thin veneer of role-playing". She stated that the constant combat became "tedious", and only recommended it for "wargamers or devoted hack'n'slashers".

References

External links

 Pictures of the box and inside materials

1989 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
Fantasy video games
DOS games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in the United States

Knights of Legend


Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), or Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), is a hormone synthesized and released from neurons in the hypothalamus.

GnRH occurs in all vertebrates. This single hormone controls all the complex processes which prepare the male and female for successful reproduction.

GnRH releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

GnRH activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty or adolescence. During the reproductive years, it is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. However, once a pregnancy is established, GnRH activity is not required.

Hormones
Proteins
Pregnancy and childbirth

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone


Bawijeol Maeul Hosang Nori (바위절마을호상놀이) is a traditional custom in Korea, performed in a person's funeral. This ritual is in respect of the person who lived a long and happy life. In this custom, the main singer performs (선소리꾼) and others (상두꾼) hold a casket. This ritual takes place on the night before the funeral.

Origin
It is impossible to know the exact date or time when it had started. But according to the village elders, this had originated from the famous Moon family from Bawijeol Village (바위절마을). But it got discontinued after 1960 and was again performed in the 90s when the coffin bearers of a married couple appeared in the village.

Description
Hosang nori is a ritual where people portray the good family circumstances, blessings and sing folk songs all night long for the deceased person. The thirty-six coffin bearers divided into four rows carry a huge bier. They sing songs by moving forwards and backwards to console the soul and honour his achievements in his life.

This traditional custom usually takes place at Amsa-dong of Gangdong-gu district in Seoul. The neighbourhood and people from the neighbouring villages assemble at the funeral house (상가집) the previous day. A special song (요령잡기소리) is sung while they carry the bier to enter the house. The singers and the other merchants assemble matching their feet to the rhythm of the song. Another song (향도가) is sung while leaving the house, carrying the bier. The whole performance is entertaining and a treat to the eyes.

Process of Bawijeolmaeul Hosangnori
In Bawijeol village, there is a large rock situated in the entrance along with a temple. In 1963, this village had been incorporated into Seoul from Gwangju city, Gyeonggi province. The game of Bawijeolmaeul Hosangnori is played by using various props. The props that are used  are in the following order:

Funeral banner (명정),
A hanging lantern (등롱),
A Buddhist monk (스님),
Yeongyeo (a tool that is used to carry human bodies to the cemetery),
Hemp cloth used to clean coffins when burying coffins at funerals (공포),
Manjang (만장)- A writing written on silk cloth or paper for the dead and carried behind the bier.
Drum (북),
Lead Singer (선소리꾼),
Coffin bearer (상여꾼),
Drummers (복잽이),
Mourners (조객),
Funeral procession (조문후객), etc.

In Bawijeol Maeul Nori, the whole funeral procession party has to cross the stream of the village. A footstool made by tying two or three logs together is connected to a single wooden bridge with a copper bridge. The coffin bearers stand in a 'V' formation to balance themselves while crossing the river while on the bridge. In addition to that, there is also a stepping stone bridge on which they need to step on stones to cross the stream, and it is difficult maintaining their balance. After crossing the stream, the pallbearers gather to build a house for the diseased person, where the person might live for another ten thousand years. They sing Bang-A-Taryeong (방아타령) while building the house.

Achievements
In 1990, Bawijeol Maeul Hosang Nori had received the encouragement prize at the 31st folk art contest and in 1996, it was acknowledged as an intangible cultural property of the Seoul Metropolitan Government.

References

Korean culture
Korean traditions
Funerals in Korea

Bawijeol Maeul Hosang Nori


In fluid dynamics dynamic pressure depends on density and velocity of the fluid.

It is defined by the following equation:

where (using SI units):

 = dynamic pressure in pascals
 = fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air)
 = fluid velocity in m/s

Physical meaning

Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.

Related pages
 Pressure

Other websites
 Definition of dynamic pressure on Eric Weisstein's World of Science

Fluid mechanics

Dynamic pressure


Barbara Haviland Minor is an American chemical engineer, known for the development of refrigerants.  She was technical leader for chemical company DuPont in the development of R-1234yf, a refrigerant which, as of 2018, was used in 50% of all new vehicles produced by original equipment manufacturers, and which represented an important contribution to countering global warming.

Minor was one of five women to be named a Dupont Fellow in 2014, the first year that the company named women to its highest technical level. In 2018, she was awarded the Society of Chemical Industry's Perkin Medal, given annually for 'innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development'.

Life
Minor graduated from Bucknell University in 1981 with a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering.

Career
Minor worked at DuPont from 1981 to 2015, when she moved to the spinoff company Chemours in Wilmington, Delaware.
Minor develops new refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Her work supports the phasing out of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and of hydrofluorocarbons that contribute to global warming.

Minor was the technical leader for the research group at DuPont that developed HFO-1234yf, a hydrofluoroolefin that can reduce emissions from automotive air conditioning by more than 99%.
HFO-1234yf has a much lower global warming potential (GWP) than the previously used R-134a: its 100-year GWP was originally calculated as 4, and later recalculated as <1, compared to 1430 for R-134a. HFO-1234yf also has a lower atmospheric lifetime (11 days compared to 14 years), and higher energy efficiency under many conditions.

The Dupont team worked jointly with researchers at Honeywell. As a replacement for R-134a, HFO-1234yf is marketed as Opteon yf by Dupont (later Chemours), and as Solstice yf by Honeywell.
As of 2018, 50% of new vehicles produced by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are believed to use HFO-1234yf for air conditioning.

Minor helped to develop both the XP (2014) and XL (2016) lines of refrigerant for Dupont and Chemours.
In addition to alternative refrigerants for use in automobiles,
more ecologically friendly refrigerants have been developed for supermarket refrigeration systems (XP40)
commercial freezers (XL20),
reach-in coolers and freezers (R450A),
beverage coolers (HFO-1234yf),
large building chillers (XP30),
transport units with self-contained refrigeration (XP44)
direct expansion air conditioning, chilled water air conditioning and heat pumps (XL41, XL55).
Minor is also a co-inventor of Dupont's ISCEON MO99 (R438A), a possible replacement for R22, and Suva 95 (R508B), a possible replacement for R13 and R503.
A number of these refrigerants involve HFO/HFC blends.

Minor holds more than 160 patents in the United States, for her work on refrigerants, cleaning agents, and aerosol propellants.

She is a member of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI). She has chaired the AHRI's Research group and the AHRTI's Technology and Steering committees.

Awards
 2003: featured DuPont scientist, Woman Engineer magazine
 2010: DuPont Sustainable Growth Award for HFO-1234yf
 2014: DuPont Fellow
 2016: Distinguished Service Award, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
 2017: Distinguished Engineering Alumni Award, Bucknell University College of Engineering and the Bucknell Engineering Alumni Association
 2018: Perkin Medal

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scientists from Delaware
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
American women chemists
Bucknell University alumni
DuPont people
Women inventors
21st-century American women

Barbara Haviland Minor


The Holy Roman Emperor received the imperial regalia from the hands of the Pope, symbolizing both the pope's right to crown Christian sovereigns and also the emperor's role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy Roman empresses were crowned as well.

The Holy Roman Empire was established in the year 800 under Charlemagne. Later emperors were crowned by the pope or other Catholic bishops. Charles V became the last Holy Roman emperor to be crowned by a pope: Clement VII in Bologna in 1530. Thereafter, until the abolition of the empire in 1806, no further crownings by the pope were held. Later rulers simply proclaimed themselves Imperator Electus Romanorum or "Elected Emperor of the Romans" after their election by the princes and coronation as German king.

Preliminaries
Before being crowned emperor by the pope, a monarch first had to win the support of the majority of the seven prince-electors in the Imperial election, then to be crowned King of the Romans by an archbishop, for example that of Cologne, Aachen, or Trier. He then usually had to conduct an Italienzug (or Romzug), leading his army from Germany to Rome and occasionally having to fight off enemies barring the way, making his coronation into a military expedition. Some elected or crowned Kings of the Romans never made it that far, and thus were never confirmed as Holy Roman Emperors by the Holy See. The papal coronation was necessary for the Imperial title until 1508, when the Venetians blocked the journey of Maximilian I, and he was instead proclaimed emperor elect by Pope Julius II at Trent. This established the right of elected Germanic monarchs to use the imperial title.

Ceremonies

Locations

Successors of Charlemagne were crowned in Rome for several centuries, where they received the imperial crown in St. Peter's Basilica from the pope.

The Iron Crown of Lombardy (with the title King of Italy or King of the Lombards) was conferred in the Church of St. Ambrose at Milan or at the cathedral of Monza, that of Burgundy at Arles. The German crown—which came to be the most important of all—was usually given at Aachen. From 1562 until the last German coronation in 1792, the emperors-elect were crowned kings of Germany in Frankfurt Cathedral, which had already in 1356 had become the established site for the imperial elections.

German ritual
The German coronation ceremony first required the electors to meet at Frankfurt, under the presidency of the elector-archbishop of Mainz, who formally summoned the electors and had the right of the last vote. The new emperor-elect was led to the high altar of the cathedral and seated, then conducted to a gallery over the entrance to the choir, where he sat with the electors while his election was proclaimed. The coronation itself took place on a subsequent day.

If the coronation was performed (as usual before 1562) at the Palatine Chapel at Aachen (now Aachen Cathedral), then the archbishop of Cologne, as local metropolitan, was the chief officiant and was assisted by the two other clerical electors, the archbishop of Mainz and the archbishop of Trier. These three archbishop-electors met the emperor-elect at the entrance of the church, where the archbishop of Cologne said the prayer, "Almighty, everlasting God, your servant,..." The choir sang the antiphon, "Behold, I send my Angel..." (Ecce mitto Angelum meum...) as the emperor-elect and the archbishops filed into the church. The archbishop of Cologne then said the prayers, "God, who knows the human race,..." and "Almighty and everlasting God of heaven and earth,...." The Mass then began with the propers of the Feast of the Epiphany and the collect for the Feast of St. Michael. After the sequence and the Litany of the Saints, the archbishop of Cologne put six questions to the emperor-elect, each time receiving the response "I will": 1. Will he defend the holy faith? 2. Will he defend the holy church? 3. Will he defend the kingdom? 4. Will he maintain the laws of the empire? 5. Will he maintain justice? 6. Will he show due submission to the pope? The emperor-elect then laid two fingers on the altar and swore his oath. The Recognition then followed, with the emperor-elect asking those assembled to accepted him as their king, three times receiving the response "Let it be done".

The archbishop of Cologne then said the prayers, "Bless, Lord, this king,..." and "Ineffable God,...." The archbishop then anointed the emperor-elect with the oil of the catechumens on his head, breast and shoulders, saying, "I anoint you king with the oil of sanctification in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." and then on the palms of both hands, saying, "Let these hands be anointed, as kings and prophets were anointed and as Samuel anointed David to be king may you be blessed and established king in this kingdom over this people, whom the Lord, your God, has given you to rule and govern, which he vouchsafes to grant, who with the Father and the Holy Spirit, lives and reigns,...." He was then vested in the imperial robes, including buskins, a long alb, a dalmatic, a stole crossed priest-wise over the breast, gloves, and mantle. The sword was given with the words, "Receive this sword at the hands of us bishops...." The ring was given with the words, "Receive this ring of royal dignity...." The sceptre and orb were given with the words, "Receive this rod of virtue and equity...." Finally the crown was set on his head conjointly by the three archbishop-electors with the words, "Receive this royal crown...." The oath was taken again, this time in the direct form in both Latin and German, "I promise and pledge in the sight of God...." The responsory is chanted, "My soul is longing,..," and the king is enthroned with the words, "Stand fast and hold firmly...." At the coronation of Charles V the archbishop-elector of Mainz preached a homily at this point.

The coronation of the queen followed and was conducted jointly by the archbishop-electors of Mainz and Trier. The Te Deum was then sung during which Charles V dubbed a number of knights with the imperial sword, although at subsequent coronations this took place after the Coronation proper. The Mass was then concluded,
during which the king communed in one kind. Whenever the coronations were performed at Aix-la-Chapelle, the new king was made a canon of the church at its conclusion.

From 1562 to 1792 the German coronation took place before the Altar of St. Bartholomew in the crossing of the Frankfurt Cathedral.

Roman ritual
The Holy Roman imperial coronation in Rome evolved over the thousand years of the empire's existence from an originally very simple ritual (which by its very simplicity paralleled and most clearly demonstrated its origins in its Byzantine counterpart) to one of increasing complexity. The oldest manuscript of the Roman imperial coronation ritual is found in the 9th century Gemunden Codex and while it is uncertain for whom (if anyone) the ritual described in it was intended to be used in it we come the closest to seeing the very types of forms which would have been used for Charlemagne himself. The ritual began with a short prayer for the emperor, "Hear our prayer, Lord, and those of your servant...". This was immediately followed by the prayer, "Look, Almighty God, with a serene gaze on this, your glorious servant,...", in which a golden crown was placed on the emperor's head during the words of the concluding phrase of this prayer, "Through whom honor and glory are yours through infinite ages of ages. Amen." A sword was then given to the emperor with the word, "Receive this sword by the hands of bishops, who, though unworthy, are consecrated to be in the place and authority of the holy Apostles, deliver it to you, with our blessing, to serve for the defense of the holy Church, divinely ordained, and remember of whom the Psalmist prophesied, saying, 'Gird the sword upon your thigh, O most Powerful One, that with it you may exercise equity.'", a form which would have a long history both in the imperial coronation ritual and in those of numerous European royal coronation rituals as well. The Laudes Imperiale (a series of formal acclamations that originated in Roman times—see below) were then chanted. The ceremony traditionally took place in Saint Peter's basilica.

Coronation of Frederick I Barbarossa
In its more developed form during the High Middle Ages, before the coronation proper the emperor went in procession first to the Church of St. Mary in Turri, where he took an oath to protect the Roman Church, "In the name of Christ, I, Frederick, the emperor, promise, pledge and guarantee in the sight of God and the blessed Apostle Peter that I will be the protector and defender of this holy Roman Church in all ways useful to her, however many, in so far as I am supported by divine assistance according to my knowledge and ability." The imperial party then proceeded to the Basilica of St. Peter.
The emperor was met at the silver door of St. Peter's by the cardinal bishop of Albano, who said the prayer, "God in whose hands are the hearts of kings...". He then entered the church, where the cardinal bishop of Porto said the prayer, "Inscrutable God, Author of the world...." The emperor then went up into the choir and the Litany of the Saints, then sang while the emperor lay prostrate before the Altar of St. Peter. The emperor then went to the Altar of St. Maurice, the patron saint of the Empire, where the cardinal bishop of Ostia anointed him on his right forearm and on the nape of his neck with the Oil of the Catechumens as he said the prayer, "Lord God with whom is all power, ..." or "God the Son of God,..." Following this, the emperor proceeded to the Altar of St. Peter, where the pope handed him a sword with the words, "Receive the imperial sword for vindication over evil..." and then kissed him. The pope then girded the emperor with the sword saying, "Receive the sword upon your thigh..." and kissed him again. The emperor brandished the sword and returned it to its sheath. The pope next handed the sceptre to the emperor with the words, "Receive the royal sceptre, the rod of virtue..." and lastly crowned him with the words, "Receive the sign of glory..." and kissed the emperor a third time. The Germans present then chanted the Laudes Imperiale in German and Mass was celebrated.

Coronation of Henry VI and Constantia
In the coronation of Henry VI and Constantia we see the Roman imperial ritual in substantially its final form; the imperial coronation ritual used for Henry VII in 1312 and that found in the Roman Pontifical of 1520 differ from it only in certain details.
The emperor and empress go in procession to St. Mary in Turri, the choir singing, "Behold, I send an angel" (1312--The emperor is received as a brother canon by the canons of the church and dressed in a surplice and an almuce.) The emperor takes the Oath to defend the Roman Church and swears fealty to the pope and his successors and kisses the pope's feet. The pope gives the emperor the Kiss of Peace and the procession sets out for the Basilica of St. Peter, the choir singing, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel".

At the Silver Door of the Basilica the cardinal bishop of Albano says the prayer, "God in whose hands are the hearts of kings." As the pope enters the Basilica the responsory "Peter, do you love me?" is sung. At the Rota porfiretica the pope puts several questions to the emperor about his faith and duty and then he retires to vest for the Mass. The cardinal bishop of Porto says the prayer, "Unerring God, Author of the World." The emperor goes to the Chapel of St. Gregory where he is vested in amice, alb and cincture and is then led to the pope who 'makes him a cleric. The emperor is then vested in tunicle, dalmatic, pluviale, mitre, buskins and sandals. The cardinal bishop of Ostia in the meanwhile goes to the Silver Door where the empress is waiting and on meeting her says the prayer, "Almighty, eternal God, fount and source of goodness" and then leads her to the Altar of St. Gregory to await the pope's procession.

The pope proceeds to the confessio of St. Peter and beginning the Mass. After the Kyrie, while the emperor and empress lie prostrate before the confessio, the Archdeacon sings the Litany of the Saints. The emperor and empress then rise and go to the Altar of St. Maurice where the cardinal bishop of Ostia anoints the emperor with the Oil of the Catechumens on his right forearm and on the nape of his neck, while he says the prayers, "The Lord God Almighty, whose omnipotence is" and "God the Son of God." The cardinal bishop of Ostia then says the prayer, "God who alone has immortality" for the empress and then anoints her on the breast with the Oil of the Catechumens while he says, "The grace of the Holy Spirit through my humble ministry descend upon you copiously."

The pope then descends to the Altar of St. Maurice (and 1312--kisses the emperor 'after the manner of a deacon'). The pope then give the emperor a ring with the words, "Receive this ring the visible witness of holy faith..." and then the short prayer, "God with whom is all power..." (a much shorter version of the prayer said at the anointing). The pope girds the sword on the emperor with the words, "Receive this sword with the blessing of God..." and the prayer, "God whose providence..." and then crowns the emperor with the words, "Receive the Crown of royal excellence..." The pope gives the emperor the scepter with the words, "Receive the Scepter of royal power, the rod of royal rectitude, the staff of virtue,..." and the prayer, "Lord, fount of all honor..."

The pope returns to the Altar of St. Peter and the Gloria in excelsis is sung and the pope says the collect, "God of all kings..." (In the 1312 and later coronations this is said after the collect for the feastday and after these collects the Laudes Imperiale are sung). The Epistle and the gradual is sung.

(In the 1312 and later coronations the investitures with the imperial regalia take place after the gradual. The pope sets a miter on the emperor's head with the points 'to the right and to the left' and crowns him with the words, "Receive the sign of glory..." The sword is then given to the emperor and gird on him, after which he brandishes it thrice. The Orb is placed in the emperor's right hand and the Scepter in his left hand with the words, "Receive the Rod of virtue and truth..." and the emperor is crowned and then kisses the pope's feet. The pope sets a miter on the empress' head 'with the points to the right and to the left' and crowns her with the words, "Solemnly blessed as empress by our unworthy ministry, receive the crown of imperial excellence...")

The Laudes Imperiale are sung and then the Gospel is read by the emperor. At the Offertory the emperor offers bread, candles and gold and the emperor offers the pope the wine and the empress the water for the chalice. (1312--The Emperor serves the pope 'as a subdeacon offering him the chalice and water cruet.) Both the emperor and the empress communicate and in 1312 after Communion the emperor kisses the pope's cheek and the empress kisses the pope's hand. (After 1312 at the end of the Mass the pope if he chooses may say the prayers, "Look, we ask you, Lord, with a serene countenance...", "Bless, Lord, we ask you, this prince...," or "God, Father of eternal glory...").

On leaving the basilica the emperor swore in three places to maintain the rights and privileges of the Roman people.

The Roman imperial coronation ritual had certain unique elements which distinguished it from those of the royal coronation rituals developed in the European royal coronation rituals, e.g., the stational character of the ritual in which individual parts of the ritual took place in different parts of the papal basilica (usually that of St. Peter's in the Vatican) and the imperial coronation is quite unique in not having a solemn enthronement of the monarch (or even any use of a throne at all) in its ritual. Instead of an enthronement ritual we find the chanting of the Laudes Regiae, which paralleled in both form and importance its Byzantine imperial counterpart. Indeed, only those European coronation rituals which were directly modelled on the Roman imperial ritual, i.e., the papal coronation and the royal coronation ritual in the Roman Pontifical, also include such chanting of a Laudes.

The custom of the emperors going to Rome to be crowned was last observed by Frederick III in 1452, his great-grandson, Charles V was crowned by the pope in Bologna in 1530; after that only the German coronation ritual was celebrated.

Coronations of the Latin emperors of Constantinople
R. M. Woolley states that the accounts of the coronations of the Latin emperors of Constantinople are very scant and provide no record of the actual texts used in these ceremonies, but from what is recorded it may be assumed that these imperial coronations were modelled on the forms used for the coronations of the Holy Roman emperors, rather than those traditionally used for the coronations of the Byzantine emperors.

Crowns

It is unclear as to which crown was used for either the German royal coronation or the Roman imperial coronation. Lord Twining suggests that when the German royal coronation still took place at Aachen, the silver-gilt crown on the reliquary bust of Charlemagne was used, since the Imperial Crown or Reichskrone is made of gold. This is reinforced by medieval sources that refer to the Iron Crown of Italy, the silver crown of Germany and the gold crown of the Roman Empire. Twining indicates that it is also unclear as to what crown was used for the imperial coronation in Rome, and indicates that the Imperial Crown might have been worn by the emperor-elect for his formal entry into the city of Rome, with another gold crown, perhaps provided by the pope, being used in the actual imperial coronation ritual itself. One of these latter crowns, specifically that used for the imperial coronation of Frederick II, may be the Byzantine style closed crown found in the tomb of his mother, Constance of Sicily, in the Cathedral of Palermo. Apparently, once Frankfurt had become the normal site for the German royal coronation, the Imperial Crown was always used and thus eventually became identified as the Crown of Charlemagne.

The Imperial Crown was originally made for Otto I (probably in the workshops of Reichenau abbey, the single arch of the crown from front to back originally separating the two halves of the now collapsed inner cap like the ribbon which similarly caused the 10th bishops' miters to bulge up on either side. Thus the Imperial Crown is the first example of the miter crown worn as a unique privilege of the Holy Roman emperors and empresses. Later personal crowns of the emperors were worn over miters with points like that of contemporary bishops' miters, the miter eventually becoming a part of the crown itself, although in the Baroque period the two halves of the miter took the form of two hemispheres.

Laudes Imperiale

Empresses and queens
Up to and including the coronation of Richenza of Northeim at Cologne in 1125, Holy Roman empresses and German queens were usually anointed and crowned separately from their husbands, unless joint ceremony was required by political circumstances. From then on, joint coronation ceremonies were more common.

List of Roman imperial coronations

Frankish kings crowned emperors of the Romans

Holy Roman Emperors

Latin Emperor of Constantinople (1217)

See also

 Vienna Coronation Gospels
 Coronation of the Hungarian monarch
 Coronation of the British monarch
 Coronation of the French monarch

Notes

References

Sources

Monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
800 establishments
1530 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Imperial election (Holy Roman Empire)

Coronation of the Holy Roman emperor


Michael Terry Holcomb (born February 2, 1954) is a Southern Gospel bass singer, best known for his forty plus years of work with The Inspirations.

Biography
Holcomb was born in Pickens County, Georgia, on February 2, 1954, to Alfred Carl Holcomb Jr. and Sarah Piccola Padgett. He began singing at the age of 4 in church. He attended Tate Elementary School grades 1–5 and then moved to Jasper, Georgia,  where he attended the Jasper Elementary School. in the 6th grade and Talking Rock Elementary in the 7th grade. Holcomb was saved on Wednesday, July 22, 1964, at Price Creek Baptist Church. He then attended Pickens County High School from the 8th grade through to the 12th grade and graduated from high school in 1972. Along the way he had sung bass in groups such as the Happy Harmony Quartet and the Deliverance Quartet. He had begun at a vocational college but dropped out in September 1972 to join The Inspirations.
The group he attained success in the Southern Gospel genre with such songs as "Shouting Time In Heaven", "When I Wake Up To Sleep No More", "A Rose Among The Thorns" and "We Need To Thank God", "Jesus Is Coming Soon" and have sold over a million records.
Mike has been featured on several top southern gospel songs including the following:"Hide me Rock of Ages", "I Get Happy", "Everybody will be happy", "The Son Came Down", "I'll have a New Life" "If You Only Knew", "God Makes No Mistakes" "Talk about Dying" and many many more.
He married Bavaria Lynn Mitchell on April 25, 1976. He has two children Jeremy Nathan (born 1977) and Olivia Niccole (born 1979). Holcomb has two grandchildren; Aubrey is the daughter of Niccole and Nathan Pierce. The newest addition to the Holcomb family is Jackson Holcomb, son of Nathan and Brandy Holcomb. He resides in Bryson City, North Carolina.

See also
J.D. Sumner
Tim Storms

References

External links
http://mikeholcomb.org
http://www.theinspirations.com

American basses
American gospel singers
1954 births
Living people
People from Pickens County, Georgia
People from Bryson City, North Carolina
Southern gospel performers
Singers with a three-octave vocal range

Mike Holcomb


Sir Anthony Brian Hidden (7 March 1936 – 19 February 2016)  was a British barrister and judge, known for chairing the enquiry into the 1988 Clapham Junction rail crash.

Biography
Anthony Hidden was educated at Reigate Grammar School becoming head boy in 1954, and graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1957. He served with the Royal Tank Regiment, and was called to the Bar 1961. He was made a Queen's counsel in 1976, appointed as a recorder in 1977, and for four years served as presiding judge on the South-East circuit.

Anthony Hidden was a member of the Cornerstone Barristers practice. He acted as prosecuting counsel in the trial of Lester Piggott for tax evasion. He was appointed a High Court Judge in 1989, and received a knighthood in the same year. An early controversial case in which he presided was to ascertain whether compensation for post-traumatic stress disorder should be awarded to individuals who witnessed on television their relatives in distressed states during the Hillsborough disaster. Hidden ruled for the claimants, but the finding was reversed upon appeals at the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.

He suffered a stroke in 2000, and after a later second stroke was confined to a nursing home for the last ten years of his life.

Clapham Junction rail crash enquiry
At the invitation of Paul Channon, the Secretary of State for Transport, Hidden chaired an enquiry into the causes of the 12 December 1988 Clapham Junction rail crash, in which 35 people died and nearly 500 were injured. He won praise for his unrelenting approach throughout the 56-day hearing, and for the thoroughness of his report. The enquiry report (known as the Hidden Report) made 93 recommendations for safety and other improvements, including the adoption of the Automatic Train Protection system. Although his recommendations led to major improvements in rail safety and safety culture in the UK, equally, a number of the recommendations – including ATP, on-train data recorders and cab radios – were not acted on, or implemented only after great delay or partially.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
20th-century English judges
English King's Counsel
Royal Tank Regiment soldiers
People educated at Reigate Grammar School
Queen's Bench Division judges
Knights Bachelor
20th-century British Army personnel

Anthony Hidden


John Millard Stemmons (July 10, 1909 - July 20, 2001) was a real estate developer and civic leader in Dallas, Texas.  He is best known for his efforts to develop the former flood plain of the Trinity River and his lucrative donation of land for the Stemmons Freeway that was named for his father, Leslie Stemmons.

Early life

Stemmons attended public schools in Illinois and Dallas, Texas.  He graduated from Sunset High School in Dallas in 1927 and attended Washington and Lee University, where he received a football injury that prevented his service in World War II. He is a Member of the Sunset High School Hall of Fame.

Career

He joined his father's company, Industrial Properties Corporation, in 1931.  The company's business was the development of the land recovered by the erection of a flood-controlling levee system.  He continued with the company after his father's death in 1939, rising to become president of Industrial Properties Corporation in 1954 and Chairman/CEO in 1971.  He retired in 1994 and was elected Chairman Emeritus.

Initial development of the recovered land was slowed by the onset of the Great Depression.  Stemmons partnered with Trammell Crow in the years following World War II as the growing economy improved the value of the property.  Their partnership ended when Crow's proposed Dallas Market Center project would involve considerable borrowing at the rate of 6% interest.  Stemmons could not imagine carrying such expensive debt, and so sold his interest to Crow.

Stemmons's donation of  of the recovered flood plain to the Texas Highway Department was beneficial in saving the state the cost of acquisition but was even more beneficial to Stemmons and IPC.  In the terms of the gift, Stemmons stipulated that frontage roads be added to the project to provide freeway access that vastly increased the value of his property.

References
 Dallas County Pioneer Association - Pioneer Stories
 The Handbook of Texas Online - Trammell Crow Company
 Dallas Morning News - Lessons from the Legends, 24 December 2005
 John Millard Stemmons obituary
 SMU Press release - $1 Million Gift from Stemmons Foundation to Support New Engineering Building at SMU

Businesspeople from Dallas
1909 births
2001 deaths
Real estate and property developers

John M. Stemmons


Dansranbilegiin Dogsom (; 1884 – July 27, 1941) was a prominent Mongolian revolutionary leader and post-Revolution political figure in Mongolian People's Republic.  He served as Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural (titular head of state) of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1936 until he was purged in 1939.

Early life and career

Dogsom was born in 1884 in present-day Bayan-Ovoo district of Khentii Province.  Literate at an early age, he first worked as a scribe in his district and provincial assemblies, and then at the ministry of finance during the Bogd Khaanate. In 1915 he participated as a scribe in negotiations that led to the Treaty of Kyakhta.

Outer Mongolian revolution of 1921

In 1919 Dogsom joined the revolutionary resistance group Züün Khüree (East Khüree), which counted  Soliin Danzan and Damdin Sükhbaatar among its members. On June 25, 1920, Züün Khüree merged with the Konsulyn Denj group (Dambyn Chagdarjav, Darizavyn Losol, Khorloogiin Choibalsan, and Dogsomyn Bodoo) to become the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), later renamed the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) in 1924. He was one of seven original revolutionaries, "the first seven", to travel to the Soviet Russia in 1920 to establish first contacts with the Bolsheviks and seek assistance with their revolutionary struggle.  In advance of the revolution, Dogsom and Bodoo returned to Khüree, where they worked to enlarge the party's membership and form an army.

After the Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Dogsom held a series of positions within the revolutionary government including in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of War, the MPP Central Committee, and the Economic Council.  He was a counselor in the border districts of Khovd Province (1924-1926), First Secretary at the Mongolian Embassy in Moscow (1926-1927), again counselor at Altanbulag (1928-1929), Director of the Revolutionary Museum and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar from 1930 to 1932, and then Mongolia's representative to Tuvan People's Republic from 1933 to 1934. In February–March 1936, Dogsom was elected to the Presidium (or Politburo) of the MPRP Central Committee and concurrently as Chairman of the Little Khural, making him titular head of state.

Purge

Shortly after becoming chairman of the Presidium of the Little Khural in 1936, Dogsom and Prime Minister Anandyn Amar aggravated Interior Minister Choibalsan and Moscow alike when they pardoned prisoners implicated in the Lkhümbe spy ring case in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of the revolution.  Dogsom's enemies, particularly Choibalsan, used the event to connect him to the fictitious spy ring and accuse him of being in league with Japanese imperialists.  In July 1939 as the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia drew to a close, Choibalsan arranged the arrest of Dogsom and Darizavyn Losol on charges of counterrevolution.  Besides Choibalsan himself, the two were the last remaining members of the original "First Seven" founders of the MPP. He was sent to Moscow and tried on July 8, 1941, under Soviet authorities. He was executed on July 27 of the same year.

Dogsom was rehabilitated and reinstated as a party member according to a proclamation of the Rehabilitation Commission made on January 25, 1967.

Notes

References
Biography and Sources
Biography on the Official Website of the Mayor of Ulaanbaatar

1884 births
1941 deaths
Chairmen of the State Great Khural
Mongolian People's Party politicians
Mongolian communists
Heads of state of Mongolia
Ambassadors of Mongolia
Communism in Mongolia
Great Purge victims from Mongolia
Mongolian people executed abroad
Soviet rehabilitations
People from Khentii Province
Mongolian revolutionaries
Executed communists
Executed revolutionaries

Dansranbilegiin Dogsom


The Dubai Mall, located in Dubai UAE, is the second largest shopping mall in the world. Its total retail area is 508,000 square meters. Not only does the Dubai Mall have the standard stores and restaurants customarily found in shopping malls, but it also has an aquarium, indoor zoo, 22 movie theatres, a virtual reality attraction, and even an indoor ski park.

Buildings and structures in Dubai

Dubai Mall


Mount Forde, also known as Boundary Peak 161, is a  mountain summit located in the Fairweather Range of the Saint Elias Mountains, on the Canada–United States border between southeast Alaska and British Columbia. The peak is situated on the boundary of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, near the head of Tarr Inlet,  northwest of Juneau, and  northeast of Mount Turner, which is the nearest higher peak. Although modest in elevation, relief is significant since the mountain rises up from tidewater in less than four miles.

The mountain was named by the Geographical Names Board of Canada on December 4, 1928 for John Preston Forde, a surveyor and engineer with the Public Works Department of the Dominion of Canada, who visited Tarr Inlet in 1925 and 1928 to measure glacial recession. He was also the vice-president of the Alpine Club of Canada from 1910 through 1914, having made many ascents in the Canadian Rockies, Selkirk Mountains, and Coast Ranges. The mountain's name was officially approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names on January 9, 1929. Mount Forde can be seen from Tarr Inlet which is a popular destination for cruise ships. The months May through June offer the most favorable weather for viewing.

Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Forde has a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. This climate supports small hanging glaciers on its slopes as well as the larger Margerie Glacier to the south and Ferris Glacier to the north. Precipitation runoff and meltwater from its glaciers drains into Glacier Bay Basin.

See also

List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska–British Columbia/Yukon border
Geography of Alaska
Geography of British Columbia

References

External links
 Weather forecast: Mount Forde

Mountains of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
Saint Elias Mountains
Landforms of Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska
Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Mountains of Alaska
Cassiar Land District

Mount Forde (Fairweather Range)


John Carrick Stuart Soutar (1881 – 27 February 1951) was a Scottish-born architect, and is particularly associated with the design of buildings in Hampstead Garden Suburb in north London.

Soutar's older brother, Archibald Stuart Soutar (1879–1951), was also an architect. Both were admitted LRIBA on 20 March 1911, proposed by William Edward Riley, Arthur Alfred Carder and James Maxwell Scott, of the London County Council architects department. John Soutar had joined the department in 1901 following an apprenticeship with Thomas Martin Cappon.

The Soutar brothers started in independent practice after winning a competition for the layout of Ruislip Manor Estate (on land owned by King's College, Cambridge). This competition was assessed by Raymond Unwin, who subsequently commissioned them to work on Hampstead Garden Suburb in 1913–14. In December 1914, after Unwin was appointed to the Local Government Board, George Lister Sutcliffe took over as consultant architect for the Suburb, but became seriously ill the following year before dying in September 1915. John Soutar then became sole architect to the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust, maintaining an office at Wyldes, and designing over 100 houses and other buildings, including parts of The Institute (today part of Henrietta Barnett School). His contribution to the Suburb was applauded by architectural critic and author Christopher Hussey in Country Life magazine:

"Architecturally, the result [the Suburb] is an outstanding success.  For this much of the credit is due to Mr John C S Soutar. ... It is due to him that the original plan and standard of design have been so consistently maintained, in spite of so many difficulties.  Besides designing a large number of buildings himself, Mr Soutar has been responsible for the supervision – in many cases the considerable alteration – of all the designs submitted."

The Soutars were also architects for the Knebworth Garden Village development, and designed mainly in a late Stuart idiom, influenced by Riley and Sir Edwin Lutyens, who continued to work at Hampstead.

John Soutar died on 27 February 1951 at Fairport, Hampstead Garden Suburb.

References

 Dictionary of Scottish Architects, A&J Soutar - http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=203692

1951 deaths
Scottish architects
1881 births
Alumni of the University of Dundee

John Soutar


Women in Syria constitute 49.9% of Syria's population. According to World Bank data from 2021, there were around 10.6 million women in Syria. They are active participants not only in everyday life, but also in the socio-political fields. Syrian women and girls still experience challenges in their day-to-day lives, for example in the area of law and health care.

History
In the 20th century, a movement for women's rights developed in Syria, made up largely of upper-class, educated women. In 1919, Naziq al-Abid founded Noor al-Fayha (Light of Damascus), the city's first women's organization, alongside an affiliated publication of the same name. She was made an honorary general of the Syrian Army after fighting in the Battle of Maysaloun, and in 1922, she founded the Syrian Red Crescent. In 1928, Lebanese-Syrian feminist Nazira Zain al-Din, one of the first people to critically reinterpret the Quran from a feminist perspective, published a book condemning the practice of veiling or hijab, arguing that Islam requires women to be treated equally with men.  In 1930, the First Eastern Women's Congress was hosted in Damascus by the Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union.

In 1963, the Ba'ath Party took power in Syria, and pledged full equality between women and men as well as full workforce participation for women.

In 1967, Syrian women formed a quasi-governmental organization called the General Union of Syrian Women (GUSW), a coalition of women's welfare societies, educational associations, and voluntary councils intended to achieve equal opportunity for women in Syria.

The year 2011 marked the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, which saw many civilians fall victim to attacks targeting hospitals, schools, and infrastructure. Extremist rebel groups, such as Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIS, have enforced strict policies restricting the freedoms of women in territories they control.

After the outbreak of civil war, some Syrian women have joined all-female brigade units in the Syrian Arab Army, the Democratic Union Party, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, taking on roles such as snipers, frontline units, or police.

Legal rights
While Syria has developed some fairly secular features during independence in the second half of the 20th century, personal status law is still based on Sharia and applied by Sharia Courts. Syria has a dual legal system which includes both secular and religious courts. Marriage contracts are between the groom and the bride's father, and Syrian law does not recognize the concept of marital rape.

Syrian family law thus has a large impact on the legal rights of women. Public law states that all Syrian citizens are equal. However, family law has judicial primacy in defining women's personal status. In certain cases, family law can invalidate constitutional law. Although there were efforts to secularize the legal system of most Arab states in the 1920s, family law is still heavily influenced by religion and has an impact on the private domain in cases such as marriage, divorce, and child custody.

In 2002, Syria signed the CEDAW but set reservations related to family law.

Education

The early schooling in Syria starts at six years old and ends at the age of eighteen. In Syrian universities, women and men attend the same classes. Between 1970 and the late 1990s, the female population in schools dramatically increased. This increase included the early school years, along with the upper-level schools such as universities and higher education. Although the number of women has increased, there are still ninety five women to every one hundred men. Although many women start going to school, the dropout rate for women is much higher than for men.

The literacy rate for women is 74.2 percent and 91 percent for men. The rate of females over 25 with secondary education is 29.0 percent.

Politics

In Syria, women were first allowed to vote and received universal suffrage in 1953. In the 1950s, Thuraya Al-Hafez ran for Parliament, but was not elected. By 1971, women held four out of the 173 seats.

The current president of Syria is a male. There are also two vice presidents (including female vice president Najah al-Attar since 2006), a prime minister and a cabinet. As of 2012, in the national parliament men held 88% of the seats while women held 12%. The Syrian Parliament was previously led by female Speaker Hadiya Khalaf Abbas, the first woman to have held that position.

President Assad's political and media adviser is Bouthaina Shaaban. Shaaban served as the first Minister of Expatriates for the Syrian Arab Republic, between 2003 and 2008, and she has been described as the Syrian government's face to the outside world.

Of the civil society representatives among the 150 members of the Syrian Constitutional Committee, which was assembled in 2019 by the Syria Envoy of the United Nations, Syrian women comprise around 30%. Several renowned Syrian women, such as academic Bassma Kodmani, Sabah Hallak of the Syrian Women's League, the law professor Amal Yazji or the judge Iman Shahoud, sit on the committee's influential 'Small' or Drafting Body.

Role in economy and in the military

In 1989 the Syrian government passed a law requiring factories and public institutions to provide on-site childcare.

However, women's involvement in the workforce is low; according to World Bank, as of 2014, women made up 16.4% of the labor force.

Women are not conscripted in the military, but may serve voluntarily. The female militias of Syria are trained to fight for the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad. A video was found dating back to the 1980s with female soldiers showing their pride and protectiveness toward Assad's father. "Because women are rarely involved in the armed side of the revolution, they are much less likely to get stopped, searched, or hassled at government checkpoints. This has proved crucial in distributing humanitarian aid throughout Syria."

Women's health
In 2020, the World Bank estimated the life expectancy of Syrian women on 76 years, in comparison to 69 years for men. This number has increased significantly since the mid 2010s. The number of women that survive to the age of 65 has also increased: from 73% in 2014 to 84% in 2020. The adolescent fertility rate has decreased since 2015. 39 in every 1000 girls between the ages of 15 and 20 gave birth in 2020. This was lower than previous years and lower than the average rate in the same income group.

Despite the improvement of these numbers, there is still a high need for action to lessen the suffering of women and girls as a result of the ongoing crisis in Syria. The United Nations Population Fund stated in 2022 that 7.3 million women and girls need life-saving sexual and reproductive health care due to hostile circumstances, drought, economic collapse, and displacement. An example is maternal care, because the number of women that die during pregnancy and childbirth is on the rise and higher in Syria than in neighboring countries.

Impact of the conflict on Syria's women
Since the conflict erupted in 2011, women in Syria, namely in conflict zones, have been facing violence, sexual assault, forced displacement, detention, domestic violence, child marriage and other violations of their rights.

During the years of conflict, insecurity and the economic collapse significantly increased the vulnerability of women and girls. In addition, many girls were left without schooling or access to healthcare services. The enrolment rate for primary education was 61% in 2013, with 61.1% of the total number being female, while for secondary education, the rate was 44% in 2013 - 43.8% for female.

In 2015, the United Nations gathered evidence of systematic sexual assault of women and girls by combatants in Syria, and this was escalated by the Islamic State (ISIL) and other terrorist organizations.

Sexual abuse has been recognized as the dominant form of violence experienced by women and girls in Syria since the outbreak of the conflict. This often occurred within their own homes or in detention, alongside other forms of assault such as torture, abduction and at times even murder. This was frequently carried out in the presence of a male relative.

Impact of the conflict on Yezidi women
The Syrian conflict has had a devastating impact on Syria's Yezidi people. The Yezidi community, a religious minority group, has faced brutality and persecution at the hands of the extremist group ISIS, which considers them as 'unbelievers'. Since the groups occupation of the region inhabited by the Yezidis in Northern Syria, thousands of Yezidis have been kidnapped, killed and raped. As a result, many surviving Yezidis fled Syria, leaving behind a divided and heavily traumatized community.

During their occupation of the areas inhabited by the Yezidis, Yezidi men were executed on the spot and the women and girls were kidnapped and exploited as sex slaves, as well as raped and tortured by the ISIS fighters. Some of these girls were just 6 years old.

While a few women were able to escape their kidnappers and reunite with their families, numerous others remain missing, leaving their families uncertain about their fate and whether they are still alive. ISIS's operations of mass kidnapping and human trafficking resulted in an estimated 7000 women being victimized and over 3000 women are still missing.

Crime against women

Honor killings
Honor killings take place in Syria in situations where women are deemed to have brought shame to the family, affecting the family's 'reputation' in the community. Some estimates suggest that more than 200 honor killings occur every year in Syria.

These killings are carried out as a means of restoring the family's honor. The concept of these honor killings is deeply rooted in traditional and patriarchal norms. These killings can take shape in different forms including murder, severe psychological and physical abuse and mutilation. Usually these killings or punishments are committed by male family members. It is believed that they have the authority to reinstall the family's honor. Reports have revealed that women in Syria who come from poor households are more likely to be exposed to honor killings.

Usually the victims of these honor killings include women who engage in adultery, premarital sex (or relationships), seek a divorce or refuse a forced marriage. Sometimes it also happens to women who have become victims of sexual assault.  Men can also become victims of honor killings, but this happens to a lesser extent.

Forced and child marriage
The conflict in Syria has led to an increase in child marriages. The harsh living conditions, the insecurity, and the fear of rape, have led families to force their daughters into early marriages.
 As a result of early marriage, many girls in Syria are forbidden from completing their studies because when a girl is married she is only expected to be a good wife and a good mother as well. Child marriage can influence physical and mental health badly. Physical damage can be related to child bearing specially for women under 18 years old and the possibility for not being able to give birth later in life, and in extreme cases it can lead to death. Psychological factors can be defined as difficulties in interacting with the husband or not having enough awareness about marriage life and its responsibilities.

Domestic violence
A study covering the low-income women in Aleppo, an area where domestic abuse is more likely due to the tribal nature of the area, shows that physical abuse (battering at least 3 times in the last year) was found in 23% of the investigated women in 2003, 26% amongst married women. Regular abuse (battering at least once weekly) was found in 3.3% of married women, with no regular abused reported by non-married women. The prevalence of physical abuse amongst country residents was 44.3% compared to 18.8% amongst city residents. In most cases (87.4%) the abuse was inflicted by the husband, and in 9.5% of cases, the abuse was inflicted by more than one person. Correlates of physical abuse were women's education, religion, age, marital status, economic status, mental distress, smoking and residence.

Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava

With the Syrian Civil War, the Kurdish populated area in Northern Syria has gained de facto autonomy as the Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava, with the leading political actor being the progressive Democratic Union Party (PYD). Kurdish women have several armed and non-armed organizations in Rojava, and enhancing women's rights is a major focus of the political and societal agenda. Kurdish female fighters in the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) played a key role during the Siege of Kobani and in rescuing Yazidis trapped on Mount Sinjar, and their achievements have attracted international attention as a rare example of strong female achievement in a region in which women are heavily repressed.

The civil laws of Syria are valid in Rojava, as far as they do not conflict with the Constitution of Rojava. One notable example for amendment is personal status law, in Syria still Sharia-based, where Rojava introduced civil law and proclaims absolute equality of women under the law and a ban on forced marriage as well as polygamy was introduced, while underage marriage was outlawed as well. For the first time in Syrian history, civil marriage is being allowed and promoted, a significant move towards a secular open society and intermarriage between people of different religious backgrounds.

The legal efforts to reduce cases of underage marriage, polygamy and honor killings are underpinned by comprehensive public awareness campaigns. In every town and village, a women's house is established. These are community centers run by women, providing services to survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault and other forms of harm. These services include counseling, family mediation, legal support, and coordinating safe houses for women and children. Classes on economic independence and social empowerment programs are also held at women's houses.

All administrative organs in Rojava are required to have male and female co-chairs, and forty percent of the members of any governing body in Rojava must be female. An estimated 25 percent of the Asayish police force of the Rojava cantons are women, and joining the Asayish is described in international media as a huge act of personal and societal liberation from an extremely patriarchical background, for ethnic Kurdish and ethnic Arab women alike.

The PYD's political agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial in conservative quarters of society.

Notable women
 Hadiya Khalaf Abbas, Speaker of the People's Council of Syria (since 2016).
 Asya Abdullah is the co-chairwoman of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the leading political party in Rojava.
 Asma al-Assad, the First Lady of Syria and the wife of the current President Assad
 Najah al-Attar, Vice President of Syria (since 2006).
 Randa Kassis, President of The Astana Platform of the Syrian opposition.
 Suheir Atassi, Vice President of the opposition government.
 Samar Al Dayyoub, literary critic and writer
 Khawla Dunia, opposition activist and poet
 Îlham Ehmed is co-chairwoman of the Syrian Democratic Council.
 Hêvî Îbrahîm is the prime minister of Afrin Canton.
 Samira Khalil, dissident
 Ulfat Idilbi, best-selling Arabic-language novelist.
 Assala Nasri is a musical artist
Souad Nawfal, opposition activist and schoolteacher.
 Rasha Omran, poet
 Bouthaina Shaaban, Bashar al-Assad's political adviser and previous Minister of Expatriates
 Muna Wassef, theater, television, and film actress.
 Hediya Yousef is an ex-guerilla and co-chairwoman of the executive committee of the Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava.
 Razan Zaitouneh, human rights lawyer and activist.

References

External links

 Survey: Discrimination against Women in Syrian Society (I/II). Awareness of Women Rights and Freedoms,  The Day After Association, August 2017
 Survey: Discrimination Against Women in Syrian Society (II/II): Perception of Domestic Violence,  The Day After Association, August 2017

Asian women

Women in Syria


Cebes of Thebes (, gen.: Κέβητος; c. 430 – 350 BCE) was an Ancient Greek philosopher from Thebes remembered as a disciple of Socrates. One work, known as the Pinax (Πίναξ) or Tabula, attributed to Cebes still survives, but it is believed to be a composition by a pseudonymous author of the 1st or 2nd century CE.

Life
Cebes was a disciple of Socrates and Philolaus, and a friend of Simmias of Thebes. He is one of the speakers in the Phaedo of Plato, in which he is represented as an earnest seeker after virtue and truth, keen in argument and cautious in decision. Xenophon says he was a member of Socrates' inner circle, and a frequent visitor to the hetaera, Theodote, in Athens.  He is also mentioned by Plato in the Crito and Epistle XIII.

Three dialogues, the Hebdome, the Phrynichus, and the Pinax or Tabula, are attributed to him by the Suda and Diogenes Laërtius. The two former are lost, and most scholars deny the authenticity of the Tabula on the ground of material and verbal anachronisms.

The Tablet of Cebes

The Tablet of Cebes is probably by a pseudonymous author of the 1st or 2nd century.  The work professes to be an interpretation of an allegorical picture of a tablet on which the whole of human life with its dangers and temptations was symbolically represented, and which is said to have been dedicated by someone in the temple of Cronus at Athens or Thebes. The author introduces some youths contemplating the tablet, and an old man who steps among them undertakes to explain its meaning. It is intended to show that only the proper development of our mind and the possession of real virtues can make us truly happy. The author develops the Platonic theory of pre-existence, and shows that true education consists not in mere erudition, but rather in the formation of character. Parallels are often drawn between this work and John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.

The Tabula has been widely translated both into European languages and into Arabic (the latter version published with the Greek text and Latin translation by Claudius Salmasius in 1640). It has often been printed together with the Enchiridion of Epictetus. Separate editions have been issued by CS Jerram (with introduction and notes, 1878), Karl Praechter (1893), and many others. An English translation and commentary by John T. Fitzgerald and L. Michael White was published in 1983.

See also
List of speakers in Plato's dialogues

References

External links

The Greek Pilgrim's progress. Generally known as the Picture, by Kebes. Translated by Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie, 1910, at the Internet Archive.
Cebes' tablet, with introduction, notes, vocabulary, and grammatical questions. Greek, by Richard Parsons, 1904, at the Internet Archive.
The Table of Cebes, or, The Picture of Human Life. Translated by Thomas Scott, 1754.

An edition of the Tablet of Cebes by John Opsopaus, Ph.D.

4th-century BC Greek philosophers
Ancient Greek ethicists
Ancient Thebans
Pupils of Socrates

Cebes


Mark Davis (born 12 August 1972) is an English professional snooker player from St Leonards in Sussex. He became professional in 1991, and for many years was considered something of a journeyman; however, he vastly improved his game in the late 2000s, and as a result in 2012 made his debut in the top 16. The highlights of his career so far have been winning the Benson & Hedges Championship in 2002 (earning him an appearance at the Masters), and the six-red snooker world championships three times (in 2009, 2012 and 2013). Davis reached his first ranking event final in 2018, losing to Stuart Bingham in the final of the English Open.

Career
Davis made his debut in the main draw of the World Championship in 1994, losing in the first round to Terry Griffiths. In the following year he won his first match at the Crucible, beating Ken Doherty in the first round before being knocked out by Peter Ebdon in the second. Davis came close to losing his Main Tour status in the late 1990s, but recovered in the early 2000s to return to the top 48. Reaching the quarter-finals of the 2001 Regal Scottish tournament, his second career quarter-final, was the main catalyst for this. His success in reaching the 2008 World Championship came after two poor seasons, leaving him at No. 58 in the rankings. He opened the 2008/2009 season strongly by qualifying for the Northern Ireland Trophy and defeating local hope Joe Swail 5–4 in the first round, before beating Ding Junhui 5–4 in the last 32 in one of the best wins of his career. He was beaten 5–2 in the last 16 by Ali Carter. He followed this up by also qualifying for the Bahrain and UK Championships, though in the latter he was forced to pull out early in his last-32 match against Joe Perry, due to a stomach upset. He exceeded his 2007/2008 ranking points total after only five of the eight events of the 2008/2009 season. Davis won the Six-Red World Championship in 2009. In 2010, he reached the second round of the World Championship for the first time in 15 years by defeating sixth seed Ryan Day.

Davis has compiled over 200 competitive centuries in his career up to October 2016, putting him 27th in the top of the players reaching a century of centuries in a career.

He also qualified for the 2010 Shanghai Masters event where he reached the last-eight beating Marco Fu and Stephen Maguire on the way before surrendering a 4–1 lead against Jamie Burnett and going out 5–4. However, his strong performances continued and took him to a career-high ranking of 18.

2011/2012 season
Davis qualified for all but two of the ranking events in the 2011–12 season. He could only advance beyond the first round in the Australian Goldfields Open, where he lost 3–5 to Mark Selby in the last 16. Davis played in all 12 of the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship events during the season, reaching the final of Event 4, where he lost to Selby 0–4. This result was a large contributory factor to Davis finishing 16th on the PTC Order of Merit, inside the top 24 who made the Finals. At the Finals he beat Tom Ford, before losing to Stephen Maguire in the last 16. Davis' season came to an end when he suffered a heavy 2–10 loss, while feeling unwell, in the World Championship to Ali Carter. He finished the season ranked world number 19, with the elite top 16 places still eluding him.

2012/2013 season
Davis started the 2012–13 season very successfully by reaching the first ranking event semi-final of his 21-year professional career at the Wuxi Classic. His run included wins over local favourite Ding Junhui, Jamie Burnett and Graeme Dott to set up a last 4 clash with Stuart Bingham who had won the previous week's Asian PTC. He trailed 0–4 at the mid-session interval, before coming back to play inspired snooker to lead 5–4 in the best of 11 frames match. However, Bingham then levelled the contest before compiling a 134 break to win the decider and end Davis' hopes of a first ranking final. At the Six-red World Championship he claimed the title by defeating Shaun Murphy 8–4 in the final. The winner's cheque of £40,000 is the biggest of his career to date. In the Australian Goldfields Open Davis saw off Jack Lisowski (5–2), home favourite Neil Robertson (5–1) and Martin Gould (5–2), to reach his second successive ranking semi-final. There he played close friend Barry Hawkins and was beaten 4–6.

At the UK Championship he beat Cao Yupeng 6–1 in the first round and led three-time champion John Higgins 5–2 in the second round, before withstanding a fightback from Higgins which included a 147, to win a decider. Davis saw off Matthew Stevens 6–4 in the quarter-finals, however his lack of experience on the big stage showed in his semi-final against Mark Selby, as he was beaten 4–9.
Davis qualified for the 2013 Masters tournament thanks to his form earning him a place in the top 16. At his first outing in the tournament for 13 years he faced world number nine Mark Allen in the first round and lost 2–6. This began a dip in form for Davis as he lost in the qualifying round of the Welsh Open, the first round of both the World Open and Players Tour Championship Finals and in the second round of the China Open. However, he was still ranked 16 in the world at the cut-off for the 2013 World Championship, but was forced to qualify due to world number 28 and reigning champion Ronnie O'Sullivan deciding to defend his title after taking a year away from professional snooker. O'Sullivan was therefore the number one seed, meaning Davis dropped out of the top 16 who were guaranteed a spot in the event. Davis beat Liang Wenbo 10–6 in qualifying. He faced four-time champion John Higgins in the first round and claimed the best win of his career by winning 10–6 and played Stuart Bingham in the last 16. The match proved to be very tight, but from 10 to 10 Bingham pulled away to win 13–10 with Davis saying afterwards that he had done well to win 10 frames such was his disappointment at the way he had performed. However, he finished the season inside the top 16 for the very first time, at world number 13.

2013/2014 season
Davis reached the quarter-finals of the Australian Goldfields Open but lost 5–3 to Mark Selby.
At the 2013 Six-red World Championship he defended his title by defeating Neil Robertson 8–4 in the final. Only a week later he won his next tournament, the General Cup in Hong Kong, beating Robertson again in the final, this time by 7–2. A second ranking event quarter-final of the year came at the Shanghai Masters with comfortable 5–2 and 5–1 victories over Ali Carter and John Higgins. However, he then squandered a 4–2 lead over Xiao Guodong to be beaten 5–4. At the Masters he forced a decider in the first round against Mark Selby, having been 4–0 down but lost the 55-minute final frame to be defeated 6–5. In the quarter-finals of the German Masters, Davis lost in an extremely close match with Rod Lawler 5–4. Davis was an automatic qualifier for the World Championship for the first time in his career this season and said before the event that his minimum goal was to win through to the quarter-finals, but he was beaten 10–5 in the first round by Dominic Dale. Davis hung on to his top 16 ranking at the end of the season as he was the world number 16.

2014/2015 season

Davis began his season at the Australian Goldfields Open, with his quarter-final match against Stuart Bingham containing ten breaks above 50 in the nine frames played, which Davis edged 5–4. In Davis' fourth ranking event semi-final he lost 6–2 to home favourite Neil Robertson. His second quarter-final in a ranking event of the year came at the UK Championship, but he was defeated 6–1 by Judd Trump. He followed that up with a semi-final showing at the minor-ranking Lisbon Open where he was whitewashed 4–0 by Stephen Maguire. Davis was beaten 3–2 by Stuart Bingham in the final of the non-ranking Championship League.

Davis' consistent season continued as he restricted John Higgins to just 38 points to thrash him 4–0 in reaching the last eight of the Indian Open, but he lost 4–2 against Thepchaiya Un-Nooh. Davis progressed through to his fourth ranking quarter-final of the season, the most in a single season of his career, at the PTC Grand Final by eliminating Neil Robertson 4–1. He was unable to play in the semi-finals however, as Bingham knocked him out 4–1. Davis earned a 4–0 early advantage over Ding Junhui at the World Championship and won the first session 5–3. However, he went on to be beaten 10–7.

2015/2016 season
Davis' first quarter-final of the 2015–16 season came at the Shanghai Masters, courtesy of 5–1 and 5–3 wins over Michael White and Shaun Murphy, but he was beaten 5–1 by Mark Allen. He lost in the third round of the UK Championship 6–4 to Stephen Maguire. Davis claimed the World Seniors Championship, his first televised title in the UK, by seeing off Darren Morgan in the final. He failed to qualify for the World Championship for the first time since 2011 after losing 10–5 to Zhang Anda.

2016/2017 season

Davis lost 4–1 to Mark Selby in the quarter-finals of the Paul Hunter Classic. At the European Masters he beat Shaun Murphy 4–1 and Liang Wenbo 4–3 to reach another quarter-final and was defeated 4–1 by Ronnie O'Sullivan. His third quarter-final of the year came at the Scottish Open after he squeezed past Mark Williams 4–3, but he was heavily beaten 5–1 by Marco Fu. Davis knocked out Ronnie O'Sullivan 4–3 in the second round of the Welsh Open after being 3–0 down and then made the event's high break of 144 as he eliminated Fergal O'Brien 4–2. Davis lost 4–3 to Scott Donaldson in the fourth round. He could not reach the World Championship for the second year in a row after being defeated 10–7 in the qualifiers by Yan Bingtao.

Personal life
Davis lives with his wife Claire, their son Jack and their daughter Milly.

Performance and rankings timeline

Career finals

Ranking finals: 1

Minor-ranking finals: 1

Non-ranking finals: 10 (8 titles)

Pro–am finals: 3 (1 title)

References

External links

Sportspeople from Hastings
English snooker players
Living people
1972 births
World champions in snooker

Mark Davis (snooker player)


Charles Marville, the pseudonym of Charles François Bossu (Paris 17 July 1813 – 1 June 1879 Paris), was a French photographer, who mainly photographed architecture, landscapes and the urban environment. He used both paper and glass negatives. He is most well known for taking pictures of ancient Parisian quarters before they were destroyed and rebuilt under "Haussmannization", Baron Haussmann's new plan for modernization of Paris. "Marville created a model of photographic perception of the architectural environment that we still use and rely on today". In 1862, he was named official photographer of Paris.

Biography
Marville's past was largely a mystery until Sarah Kennel of the National Gallery of Art and independent researcher Daniel Catan discovered that Marville's given name was Charles-François Bossu. That newly-found association allowed them to discover a variety of biographical information, including photographs of his family which had been considered lost to time.

Art historian Ekaterina Vasilyeva notes that two points attract attention in Marville's photographs: complete indifference to pictorial photography, which at that time was the main form of artistic thinking, and attention to visual solutions that were non-standard for that moment.

Bossu was born in 1813 in Paris. Coming from an "established" Parisian family, he trained as a painter, illustrator and engraver. He assumed the pseudonym Charles Marville around 1832, and began working in his field.  After 17 years, as an illustrator, he took up photography around 1850. He had no family, but a long-time companion was included in his will. He died in Paris in 1879.

Notes and references

Publications
Sarah Kennel. Charles Marville: Photographer of Paris 2013 University of Chicago Press
Vasilyeva E. (2022) 36 essays on photographers. St. Petersburg: Palmira. pp. 121 - 132.

External links

 Le Monde, 12/11/2010, Un scoop du XIXe siècle : le photographe Marville s'appelait Bossu.
 "Picture Perfect Paris," by Richard B. Woodward, The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 22, 2013
 "Marville's Vanished Paris," by Luc Sante, The New York Review of Books, Sept. 2013
 "Photographer Charles Marville at the Metropolitan Museum, New York," by Ariella Budick, March 1-2, 2014, Financial Times (London)
 "A Last Look at Old Paris, Before Demolition," by By Karen Rosenberg, The New York Times, Jan. 30, 2014

1813 births
1879 deaths
Photographers from Paris
19th-century French photographers

Charles Marville


Richard Kiepert (September 13, 1846 – August 4, 1915) was a German cartographer born in Weimar. He was the son of famed geographer Heinrich Kiepert.

Biography
Richard Kiepert studied geography and history in Berlin and Heidelberg. In 1870, he traveled in Palestine and Asia Minor, returning to take part in the Franco-Prussian War. In 1874, he received his doctorate of philosophy at the University of Jena.

Kiepert prepared maps from data amassed by German explorers of Africa that included Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1831–1896) and Heinrich Barth (1821–1865). Two important African geographic works of his were Deutscher Kolonialatlas and Spezialkarte von Deutsch-Ostafrika.

From 1874 until 1878 he worked on the compilation of Ferdinand von Richthofen's atlas of China, and from 1875 to 1887, he was editor of the geographical periodical Globus. From 1902 until 1908 he worked on the Spezialkarte von Kleinasien, a map of Asia Minor that was created on a 1:400,000 scale. After his father's death in 1899, he continued the work on the elder Kiepert's classic Formae Orbis Antiqui.

In 1908 Kiepert was the recipient of the Carl Ritter Medal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, and in 1913 was given the honorary title of professor.

References

External links

1846 births
1915 deaths
German geographers
Scientists from Weimar
German cartographers

Richard Kiepert


Richborough () is a settlement north of Sandwich on the east coast of the county of Kent, England. Richborough lies close to the Isle of Thanet. The population of the settlement is included in the civil parish of Ash.

Although now some distance from the sea, Richborough stood at the southern end of the Wantsum Channel from prehistory to the early medieval period. The channel provided a safe searoute from the continent to the Thames estuary and separated the Isle of Thanet from the mainland.

The channel has now silted up, but prior to this, Richborough was an important natural harbour and was the landing place of the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43. Until October 2008 there was uncertainty whether this was the site of the Claudian invasion of Britain; two ditches at the site which have been dated to the Roman period were interpreted as defensive structures; however, some archaeologists had favoured the theory that the landing took place in the vicinity of modern-day Chichester. The 2008 discovery proved that this was a defensive site of a Roman beachhead, protecting  of coast.

The suffragan bishop of Richborough, in the Diocese of Canterbury, was created in 1995 to provide a second provincial episcopal visitor (after Ebbsfleet) for the Province of Canterbury.

Roman and Saxon history

The Romans founded the site and, after their withdrawal, the site was occupied by a Saxon religious settlement (since St Augustine landed in 597 at nearby Ebbsfleet).

The site is managed by English Heritage who run historical events on the site throughout the summer.

Secret harbour of 1916

During the First World War the capacity of Dover and other nearby ports was found to be inadequate, and a major harbour was constructed at Richborough. Its purpose was to provide the British Expeditionary Force with its heavy equipment (tanks, guns, railway locomotives, ammunition, horses and fuel).

In 1917, the British Government began to look into the possibility of installing a cross-Channel train ferry at Richborough to allow roll-on/roll-off transportation of railway rolling stock, artillery and supplies to the allied Front Lines.  This was the first time that sea-going roll-on/roll-off ferries had been used from Britain. Three new train ferries were built ,  and  and operations began on 10 February 1918, conveying nearly 900 tons of cargo at a time between Richborough and Calais and Dunkirk.  Although existing barge services were still in operation across the Channel from Richborough, the use of train-ferries was more practical for larger and heavier cargos, such as tanks.

The use of train-ferries greatly reduced the amount of labour required in the transport of these items.  It took only 30 to 40 minutes to load or unload the 54 railway wagons and fifty or sixty motor vehicles that could be carried by these train-ferries. An analysis done at the time found that to transport 1,000 tons of war material from the point of manufacture to the front by conventional means involved the use of 1,500 labourers, whereas when using train-ferries that number decreased to around 100 labourers.

To accommodate the train-ferries, a new type of terminal had to be designed and built at Richbrough, Calais and Dunkirk.  Adjustable steel bridges with two sets of railway lines, spanning between 80 and 100 feet depending on the local conditions at the each port, were installed at each of the three ports to allow a true connection between railway lines on shore and the tracks on the ferry.

By mid-1918 it had become a very large site, occupying 2000 acres and capable of handling 20,000 tons of traffic each week.

After the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, train ferries were used extensively for the return of material from the Front.  Indeed, according to war office statistics, a greater tonnage of material was transported by train ferry via Richborough in 1919 than in 1918. As the train ferries had space for motor transport as well as railway rolling stock, thousands of lorries, motor cars and "B Type" buses used these ferries to return to England.

Richborough Power Station

The Richborough Power Station was opened, within the port, in 1962 burning coal as its fuel. Then in 1971 it was converted to run on oil before it was finally converted again to burn the controversial fuel Orimulsion during the final years of operation. Orimulsion is an emulsion originating from the Orinoco Basin, which was offloaded here. The plant closed down in 1996, but much of it remained in situ until the demolition of the three cooling towers on 11 March 2012. A new Energy Park is planned for the site, including a Diesel Peak Generator.

Bibliography

 Bushe-Fox, J. P., Third report on the excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough, Kent, Oxford: The University Press; London: The Society of Antiquaries, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 10, 1932 (BSA)
 Bushe-Fox, J. P., Fourth report on the excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough, Kent, Oxford: The University Press; London: The Society of Antiquaries, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 16, 1949 (BSA)
 Butler, Robert, Sandwich Haven and Richborough Port, Sandwich Local History Society, 1996
 Cunliffe, B. W., Fifth report on the excavations of the Roman fort at Richborough, Kent, Oxford: The University Press: for the Society of Antiquaries, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 23, 1968 (BSA)
 Johnston, D. E., The Saxon Shore, London: Council for British Archaeology, CBA Research Report 18, 1977
 Pratt, Edwin A. British Railways and the Great War, London Selwyn and Blount, Ltd., 1921

References

External links

 Album Richborough, stoa.org
  Richborough Roman Fort page at English Heritage

Villages in Kent
Ports and harbours of Kent
Dover District

Richborough


The murder of Kristopher "Kris" Kime was the killing of a 20-year-old Auburn, Washington resident and Highline Community College (Des Moines, Washington) student when he was knocked down and beaten to death during the Seattle Mardi Gras Riots that occurred in Seattle's Pioneer Square district early in the morning of February 28, 2001.

Kime was bending over to help a young woman who was lying on the ground and being attacked.  As he bent over, he was struck on the back of his head by Jerell Thomas.  He fell onto the pavement and struck his head again.  As he lay there, other rioters began to kick him.  His friends and others surrounded him to protect him.

As he lay dying in the streets, police officers stood on the sidelines and watched.  His friends ran to the police and asked for assistance.  The police were instructed they could not enter the riot zone,  so they did not intervene.  Off-duty fire department workers and his friends carried Kris out of the zone onto a nearby street.  He was placed in a police vehicle,  driven to Harborview Medical Center, and placed on life support. He died later the following night.  The cause of death was listed as resulting from a fractured skull and subdural hematoma.

Kris Kime's mother, Kimberly Kime-Parks, blasted the Seattle Police Department for letting the riots escalate out of control. "I always thought police were there to protect and serve, but they weren't there to protect and serve my son," she said. Other people questioned why police didn't act sooner.

In the wake of the riots, Mayor Paul Schell announced a moratorium on Mardi Gras celebrations in Seattle.

Kime's family filed a lawsuit against the City of Seattle, claiming that the City enhanced the danger to citizens.  The claim was based on the City's instructions that officers should stand by and not intervene.  The lawsuit claimed this empowered and emboldened lawlessness as gang members and others brutalized innocent revelers.  When the case settled, the family received $1,750,000 from the City, and annuity payments which would be used to set up a scholarship in Kris Kime's name.  In addition a bronze plaque was placed in Pioneer Square in memorial to Kris's life.

The attacker was identified by police as 17-year-old Jerell Thomas. He was convicted of second-degree murder in 2001.  The conviction was overturned by the Washington State Court of Appeals. The appeal was based on a prior state Supreme Court decision ruling that an assault leading to death cannot be murder without intent to kill. In 2006, Thomas was retried and pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of second-degree manslaughter, receiving a 10-year jail sentence.  However, due to previous time served and good behavior, according to his lawyer, Jeff Kradel, Thomas could be out of prison by late 2008.  Jerell Thomas was released from prison in December 2009.

A CBS News story in March 2006 reported that Kime's organs had been made available for donation after his death.  Five recipients received organ transplants.  The five recipients of Kime's organs were invited to the wedding of Kime's sister, Kirsten, which was held May 2006.

References

2001 murders in the United States
Deaths by person in Washington (state)
People from Auburn, Washington
2001 in Washington (state)
People murdered in Washington (state)
Murdered American students
February 2001 crimes in the United States
2000s in Seattle

Murder of Kris Kime


The 908 Taiwan Republic Campaign is an umbrella organization of a small activist groups for the goal of Taiwan independence. It is led by Peter Wang (王獻極).

The group takes its name from the date, September 8, that they mark as the utopian Taiwanese Independence Day. It is the date that Japan signed the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951. The treaty officially ended World War II and also Japan's territorial claims over Taiwan.

The group has written a so-called Declaration of Independence for Taiwan, usually publicized at the group's events.

The groups stated goals before December 2008 were:
To work with politicians to create a constitution ready for public comment by 28 February 2007. (Not accomplished)
To have an endorsement by at least three million Taiwanese one year later.
To request the next president to ratify the constitution by 8 September 2008. (Not accomplished)
To send 8000 children to the United Nations building in New York City to display the new constitution and appeal for inclusion in the world governing body. (Not accomplished)

Prototype drafts of the new constitution feature a three-branch government with clear delineation of power, and for checks and balances. The 908s believe the current political climate lacks jurisdictional clarity. It will also feature constitutional provisions for equality and against political corruption and vote buying. The 908s are critical of the current constitution of the Republic of China, calling it a "meaningless document that only cares about the 1.3 billion people who live in China and has nothing to do with the welfare of the 23 million people of Taiwan."

Many politicians from the Taiwan Solidarity Union and some from the Democratic Progressive Party openly participate in 908 rallies.

External links
Homepage of the organization

Taiwan independence movement
National liberation movements

908 Taiwan Republic Campaign


She-hulk is a fictional character created by Stan Lee and John Buscema for Marvel Comics in 1980. She is a female version of the Hulk. She-Hulk is the alter ego of Jennifer Walters, Walters is the cousin of Bruce Banner (The Incredible Hulk). She was injured in a shooting at her home. Banner found her but she has lost a large amount of blood because of the injury. She needed an emergency blood transfusion. Banner gever her some of his blood to save her life. This also caused her to get a milder form of his condition. This meant she could turn large, green and powerful, but mostly kept  her emotional stability and her personality. She-Hulk was played by Tatiana Maslany in the Disney+ television show She-Hulk: Attorney at Law.

Marvel Comics superheroes
Fantastic Four
Fictional characters introduced in 1980

She-Hulk