James, Jim, or Jimmy Murray may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 James Murray (American actor) (1901–1936), American actor
 James Murray (director), director of films and programs such as The National Dream
 James Murray (English actor) (born 1975), English actor born in Manchester
 James Murray (puppeteer), American actor and puppeteer
 James Murray (comedian) (born 1976), American comedian, television star and member of The Tenderloins
 James Murray (speed painter), British speed painter
 James Ramsey Murray (1841–1905), American composer of "Away in a Manger"
 Jim Murray (comics), British comics artist, see Sláine
 Jim Murray (musician) (1942–2013), San Francisco musician of the 1960s
 James Murray, half of photographer duo James and Karla Murray

Military
 James Murray (Polish navy), 16th-century Scottish shipbuilder in the Polish service, counter-admiral during the Battle of Oliwa
 James Wolfe Murray (1853–1919), British military officer and Chief of the Imperial General Staff in the 1910s
 James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721) (1721–1794), Scottish military officer and governor of Quebec
 James Murray of Strowan (1734–1794), Scottish general of the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution
 James Murray (VC) (1859–1942), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First Boer War
 James Pulteney (1755–1811), born James Murray, Scottish general and MP for Weycombe and Regis
 James Patrick Murray (British Army officer) (1782–1834), British soldier, MP for Yarmouth 1802–03
 James Lore Murray (1919–2004), USAF major general responsible for the ejection seat and the B-52 aircraft

Politics

United Kingdom
 James Murray, Lord Philiphaugh (1655–1708), Scottish judge and politician
 Lord James Murray (1663–1719), MP for Perthshire
 James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl (1690–1764), Whig MP and lord of the Isle of Man, 1736–1764
 James Murray (Jacobite Earl of Dunbar) (1690–1770), Scottish Member of Parliament, later Jacobite Secretary of State
 James Murray (1727–1799), Scottish landowner, entrepreneur, and politician from Broughton and Cally, MP for Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbright
 James Murray (East Aberdeenshire MP) (1850–1933), Liberal Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire Eastern
 James Murray, 1st Baron Glenlyon (1782–1837), British Army officer, member of parliament and peer
 James Murray (Durham politician) (1887–1965), Labour Party (UK) MP 1942–1955
 James Murray (London politician), English Labour Co-operative MP 2019–present

Others
 James Murray (Ohio politician) (1830–1881), attorney general of Ohio
 James Alexander Murray (1864–1960), premier of New Brunswick for a part of 1917
 James B. Murray (1920–2015), member of the Virginia House of Delegates
 James C. Murray (1917–1999), United States representative from Illinois
 James E. Murray (1876–1961), United States senator from Montana
 James Fitzgerald Murray (1805–1856), Australian politician
 James M. Murray (fl. 1990s–2020s), director of the U.S. Secret Service
 James Murray (Newfoundland politician) (1843–1900), Newfoundland politician
 James Murray (Australian politician) (1895–1974), Australian politician

Sports
 James Murray (boxer) (1969–1995), Scottish professional boxer who died from injuries sustained in a boxing fight
 James Murray (hurler) (born 1978), Irish hurler who plays with Waterford GAA
 Jamie Murray (born 1986), Scottish tennis player, specialist doubles player
 James Murray (luger) (born 1946), American Olympic luger
 Jimmy Murray (Gaelic footballer) (1917–2007), Roscommon All-Ireland winning Gaelic football captain of the 1940s
 Jim Murray (sportswriter) (1919–1998), American sportswriter, full name James Patrick Murray
 James Wolfe Murray (cricketer) (1936–2011), Scottish cricketer

Association football
 Jamie Murray (footballer) (born 1958), Scottish football fullback with Cambridge United and Brentford in the 1970s and 1980s
 Jimmy Murray (English footballer) (1935–2008), English football striker with Wolves, Manchester City and Walsall in the 1950s and 1960s
 Jimmy Murray (footballer, born 1880) (1880–1933), Scottish footballer who played in the early 20th century
 Jimmy Murray (footballer, born 1884) (1884–?), Northern Irish footballer
 Jimmy Murray (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2015), Scottish footballer who played for Heart of Midlothian and the Scotland national team

American football
 Jim Murray (American football), American football executive
 Jimmy Murray (American football) (born 1995), American football offensive lineman

Baseball
 Jim Murray (pitcher) (1894–1973), US baseball player for Brooklyn Robins
 Jim Murray (outfielder) (1878–1945), Major League Baseball outfielder, 1902–1914

Ice hockey
 Bearcat Murray (Jim Murray, born 1933), Canadian ice hockey trainer
 Jim Murray (ice hockey) (born 1943), Canadian ice hockey player

Science and medicine
 James Murray (biologist) (1865–?), Scottish biologist and explorer
 James Murray (lichenologist) (1923–1961), organic chemist and first modern lichenologist in New Zealand
 James Murray (physician) (1788–1871), Irish physician and creator of the medication known as milk of magnesia
 James A. Murray (zoologist) (fl. 1880s), zoologist and museum curator in Karachi
 James D. Murray (born 1931), mathematics professor

Religion
 James Murray (historian) (1732–1782), Church of Scotland minister, religious author and historian
 James Murray (bishop of Maitland) (1828–1909), Roman Catholic bishop, the first Bishop of Maitland, New South Wales, Australia
 James Murray (vicar apostolic of Cooktown) (1847–1914), Roman Catholic bishop in Cooktown, Queensland, Australia
 James Albert Murray (1932–2020), American Roman Catholic bishop

Other fields
 James Murray (architect) (died 1634), Scottish architect
 James Murray (lexicographer) (1837–1915), Scottish lexicographer and editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
 James Murray, 2nd Earl of Annandale (died 1658), an Earl of Annandale
 Several Murray baronets, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
 James Murray (loyalist) (1713–1781), loyalist in North Carolina and Boston prior to the American Revolution
 James Boyles Murray (1789–1866), businessman in New York
 James Wolfe Murray, Lord Cringletie (1759–1836), Scottish lawyer
 Jim Murray (trade unionist) (died 2007), British trade union leader
 Jim Murray (whisky writer) (born 1957), English whisky writer
 James Erskine Murray (1810–1844), lawyer, author, and adventurer in Borneo

See also
 James A. Murray (disambiguation)
 Murray (surname)

James Murray


Alcmene ALK-meen is a person mentioned in Greek mythology. She is not a goddess, for Alcmene was mortal. She was the daughter of King Elektryon of Mycenae and his wife Anaxo. She was the wife of Amphitryon. She is the mother of Heracles HERR-uh-klees and Iphicles.

Once when Amphitryon was not at home, the god Zeus, seduced Alcmene in the form of Amphitryon. Alcmene gave birth to Heracles, who was the son of Zeus, and Iphicles, who was the son of Amphitryon. Zeus wanted to kill her for yet another unknown reason of godlore, but Heracles, one day old, saved her.

People in Greek mythology

Alkmene


The Bryce Canyon National Park Scenic Trails Historic District is a historic trail system in the central part of Bryce Canyon National Park in southwestern Garfield County, Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Description
The trail system that was developed to allow day hikers to view or to descend into National Park's  natural amphitheater of eroded limestone hoodoos from the developed portion of the park on the rim of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Five trails are included in the NRHP district: the Navajo Loop Trail, the Queen's Garden Trail, the Fairyland Trail, the Peekaboo Loop Trail, and the Rim Trail. Mainly built between 1917 and 1935, these trails intersect to create a continuous network of trails. Portions of the trails were constructed by Civilian Conservation Corps labor from CCC Camp NP-3.

The Navajo Loop Trail closely follows its original alignment, leading to the "Wall Street" section of the amphitheater. The Queen's Garden Trail covers the area between Sunrise and Sunset Points, leading to the Queen Victoria rock formation. The trail includes two tunnels.  The Peekaboo Loop Trail is about  long, starting at Bryce Point. The eastern portion of the loop enters Peekaboo Canyon, then crosses to Bryce Canyon, then back into the Peekaboo Canyon drainage along the base of the Wall of Windows formation. The trail returns through a tunnel. The Fairyland Trail is about  long, running through Fairyland and Campbell canyons. The Rim Trail follows the edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau for  between Fairyland Point and Bryce Point. Portions of especially heavy use have asphalt paving.

The Under-the-Rim Trail and the Riggs Spring Fire Trail connect to the day-hike trail system to provide access to the park's backcountry. Both are separately listed on the NRHP.

The Bryce Canyon trail system was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995.

History
Early trail construction focused on the area adjacent to the Bryce Canyon Lodge between Sunrise Point and Sunset Point. It is believed that what is now the Navajo Loop Trail incorporates sections from 1917, immediately after the National Park Service took over administration from the U.S. Forest Service, and may include some earlier USFS-built paths. The Queen's Garden Trail, the Navajo Trail and the Peekaboo Loop Trail were completed about 1929, most for foot traffic, with horse and foot traffic for the Peekaboo trail. This trail featured a spring with a horse trough and water fountain. Additional connecting trails were built at this time. The remainder of the trails in the district were completed between 1929 and 1935. Portions of the Rim Trail and the Fairyland Trail were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1934-35.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Bryce Canyon National Park
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Garfield County, Utah

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Bryce Canyon National Park
Civilian Conservation Corps in Utah
Geography of Garfield County, Utah
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Garfield County, Utah


Masters of True Crime: Chilling Stories of Murder and the Macabre is a true crime anthology edited by American crime writer R. Barri Flowers. It was released by Prometheus Books in July 2012.

Details
The book includes 17 true-crime short stories by what True Crime Zine called "some of the best authors of the genre." Contributing authors include: Burl Barer, Carol Anne Davis, Phyllis Gobbell, Laura James, Douglas E. Jones, Camille Kimball, Amanda Lamb, Lee Lofland, Michele McPhee, Katherine Ramsland, Linda Rosencrance, Harold Schechter, Cathy Scott, Robert Scott, Patricia Springer, and Ronald J. Watkins. Flowers also contributed a chapter to the anthology, about murders committed in the 1970s by former MSU graduate student Donald Miller, the university's only known serial killer.

Reception
In fall 2012, upon the book's release, Michigan State University's alumni magazine profiled the editor, a graduate of MSU. Masters of True Crime was included in BookTalk.org's Featured Book Suggestions list.

The Big Thrill magazine in July 2012 interviewed the editor and reviewed the book. Crime Magazine included it in its September 2012 "Book 'Em Vol. 36" issue.

In November 2012, San Francisco Book Review wrote, "In this book, attorneys, reporters, professors, cops, and true crime writers describe exploding bombs, missing persons, cold cases, domestic homicides, organized crime, escaped convicts, kids gone wrong, a dead Girl Scout, and even a psychopathic Russian Countess."

References

External links
Prometheus Books' book page
Portland Book Review
Amazon book page
MSU Alumni Buzz – R. Barri Flowers: Master of True Crime

American non-fiction books
Non-fiction crime books
2012 non-fiction books
Prometheus Books books

Masters of True Crime


Cornwall Furnace is located near Cedar Bluff, Alabama in Cherokee County. It was built by the Noble Brothers to supply iron products to the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

Site
The furnace is roughly pyramidal in shape,  square at the base,  square at the top, and  tall. It is built of large hematite blocks quarried from Dirt Cellar Mountain and brought the  to the site by ox cart.  A half-mile (.8 km) long mill race was constructed from the Chattooga River through a tunnel under a hill to power a water wheel which provided the air blast to operate the furnace. A bridge, no longer extant, spanned from the hillside to the top of the stack, where iron ore was loaded into the furnace. A gristmill and sawmill were also located on the site.

History
James Noble, Sr., and his five sons began operating the Noble Brothers foundry in Rome, Georgia, in 1855. In 1862 the Confederate States of America commissioned the company to build two new furnaces, in exchange for cannons, caissons, and other products.  Construction of the furnace began shortly thereafter, involving an estimated 1,000 Confederate soldiers and slaves from nearby plantations.

The furnace went into production in either late 1862 or early 1863. Charcoal was produced on nearby farms and plantations to fire the furnace, and water power from the Chattooga River was used to power the blast. The pig iron ingots manufactured at the furnace were sent to the Noble Brothers' foundry in Rome for the manufacture of war materials. The furnace was knocked out of production for the remainder of the war by Union troops in 1864.

It was put back into operation after the war in 1867, but was blown out permanently in 1874. Evangelist Samuel Porter Jones worked at the furnace some time after the Civil War operating an ox cart. The property changed hands several times over the next 100 years.

Preservation
Cornwall Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 1975 the furnace and surrounding  were acquired by the Cherokee County Commission with the aid of the Alabama Historical Commission and the Cherokee County Historical Society. The commission developed the site into a park, which was inaugurated in 1977.  It is part of the Civil War Discovery Trail.

References

Further reading
 Col. Robert N. Mann, Cherokee County Heritage (1976).
 James R. Bennett, Tannehill and the Growth of the Alabama Iron Industry (1999).

National Register of Historic Places in Cherokee County, Alabama
Buildings and structures in Cherokee County, Alabama
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Ironworks and steel mills in Alabama
Industrial buildings completed in 1862
1862 establishments in Alabama

Cornwall Furnace (Cedar Bluff, Alabama)


Kao Chun-ming (; 6 June 1929 – 14 February 2019) was a minister of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT). He was born in Tainan.

He was the General Secretary of the PCT from 1970 to 1989, during which period he became a  political prisoner for helping participants in the Kaohsiung Incident (1979). He was sentenced for 7 years in prison, and served his sentence from 1980 to 1984.

In 2000, Kao Chun-ming was appointed a Senior Advisor to the Office of the President. In 2006 he supported the then-president Chen against his former comrade Shih, who led a movement for a forced resignation of Chen called 'Million Voices Against Corruption, President Chen Must Go'.

Kao died on 14 February 2019 from liver failure at the age of 89.

References

1929 births
2019 deaths
Taiwanese activists
Presbyterian ministers
Taiwanese religious leaders

Chun-Ming Kao


Anson Carter (born June 6, 1974) is a Canadian retired ice hockey right winger. He played for the Washington Capitals, Boston Bruins, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, Los Angeles Kings, Vancouver Canucks, Columbus Blue Jackets, and the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the HC Lugano of the National League A (NLA). He was born in Toronto, Ontario, and he grew up in Scarborough, Ontario.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Carter played 4 years of college hockey with the Michigan State University Spartans. During his time with the Spartans, Carter was named to the CCHA First All-Star Team in 1994 and 1995, the Second All-Star Team in 1996, and the NCAA West Second All-American Team in 1995.

He was drafted 220th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. On April 3, 1996, the Nordiques' successor, the Colorado Avalanche, traded him to the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut in the 1996–97 NHL season and he split his time between the Capitals and their AHL-affiliate, the Portland Pirates.

On March 1, 1997, the Capitals traded Carter along with Jim Carey, Jason Allison and their 3rd round choice (Lee Goren) in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft to the Boston Bruins in exchange for the Bill Ranford, Adam Oates and Rick Tocchet. After he spent parts of 4 seasons with the Bruins, they traded him along with Boston's 1st (Aleš Hemský) and 2nd (Doug Lynch) round choices in 2001 NHL Entry Draft to the Edmonton Oilers for Bill Guerin and one of their first round picks (Shaone Morrisonn). During his second season with the Oilers, Carter was able to record career-highs in assists (32) and points (60).

The Oilers traded Carter along with Aleš Píša to the New York Rangers in exchange for Radek Dvořák and Cory Cross on March 11, 2003.

After the 2002–03 NHL season ended, Carter was chosen to play Team Canada in the 2003 World Championships. After 14 minutes into the first overtime of the gold medal game against Sweden, Carter scored on Swedish goaltender Mikael Tellqvist with a wraparound goal. The goal was challenged for several minutes before the replays confirmed that Tellqvist had stopped the puck behind the goal line. The win gave Canada their first World Championship win in five years.

Carter played half a season with the Rangers. On January 23, 2004, the Rangers traded Carter back to the Capitals in exchange for Jaromír Jágr. His second stint with the Capitals only lasted for 19 games before he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings for Jared Aulin on March 8, 2004. He only played 15 games for the Kings.

After he became an unrestricted free agent, Carter signed a one-year deal with the Vancouver Canucks on August 16, 2005. During his time with the Canucks, Carter played on the second offensive line with identical twins Henrik and Daniel Sedin, where the trio were known informally as the "Brothers Line". He also set a career high in goals with 33, leading the team, and he earned the Canucks' Most Exciting Player Award. Carter and the Canucks had a contract dispute and he did not resign with them.

On September 13, 2006, Carter signed a one-year contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets. He played 1 season with the Blue Jackets. Columbus traded Carter to the Carolina Hurricanes for Carolina's fifth-round pick (Tomáš Kubalík) in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft on February 23, 2007.

Carter rejoined the Edmonton Oilers on a try-out basis during their training camp in September 2007. He played one exhibition game with them before he was released on October 2, 2007. Carter decided to travel to Switzerland and signed with HC Lugano of the National League A (NLA). Carter retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2008.

Carter founded Big Up Entertainment, a record label that specializes in hip hop music in March 2005.

References

Other websites

1974 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Los Angeles Kings players
Living people
New York Rangers players
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals players

Anson Carter


William Baxter (1650–1723) was a Welsh scholar.

Life
He was born at Lanhigan in Shropshire, son of a brother of Richard Baxter. When he went to Harrow School at the late age of eighteen, he could neither read nor understand one word of any language but Welsh. He soon, however, acquired much classical learning.

He carried on an extensive correspondence with all the prominent men of his generation. His profession was that of a schoolmaster, first in a boarding school at Tottenham High Cross (Middlesex), and later as master of the Mercers' School, London, where he remained for upwards of twenty years. He died 31 May 1723.

Works
His first publication was an advanced Latin grammar, called , 1679.

He made his most significant mark by his Anacreon, published in 1695, and which included two odes by Sappho. Later opinion pronounced it over-bold in its readings. It was reprinted in 1710, and Joshua Barnes charged Baxter with borrowing largely in the second edition from his own edition of Anacreon of 1705, but Barnes afterwards retracted the charge. In 1701 appeared Baxter's  Horace, which J. M. Gesner made the basis of his edition, published in 1752 and also in 1772. Baxter's edition was republished in 1725 and in 1798. Robert Lowth pronounced it 'the best edition of Horace ever yet delivered to the world.' In 1788 Zeunius incorporated in an edition of Horace all Baxter's and Gesner's notes. Baxter's Horace includes abuse of Richard Bentley.

In 1719 he published his dictionary of British antiquities under the title of Glossarium Antiquitatum Britannicarum, sive Syllabus Etymologicus Antiquitatum Veteris Britanniae atque Iberniae temporibus Romanorum. This work was republished by Moses Williams. The same editor brought out Baxter's fragmentary posthumous work, his glossary of Roman antiquities, under the title of Reliquiae Baxterianae, sive W. Baxteri Opera Posthuma. It went only through the letter A. There is a life of the author written by himself accompanying it. He had prepared an edition of Juvenal with commentary and notes; but, in spite of Moses Williams's proposals, it never appeared.

Baxter from the outset pursued physiological studies and other subsidiary investigations, in the 'Philosophical Transactions' and Archaeologia. He was 'one of the hands' in the translation of Plutarch's Morals (1718).

Notes

References

External links

1650 births
1723 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Welsh classical scholars
Welsh antiquarians
17th-century Welsh historians
18th-century Welsh historians

William Baxter (scholar)


Gennaro Sardo (born 8 May 1979) is a former Italian footballer who played as a right back.

Career

Early career
Sardo started his professional career in 1997 when he played for Palmese. In 1998, he moved on loan to Giugliano. He played 16 total games with the club. He would then return to Palmese. In all he managed 3 goals in a total of 25 starts for Palmese. In 1999, Sardo transferred to Sant'Anastasia. In the next two seasons Sardo played 30 games and scored 3 goals. In 2001, he again transferred clubs, this time he moved to Terzigno. At the club he again scored 3 goals, but this time in just 26 appearances.

Salernitana and Avellino
Sardo moved to Salernitana in 2002. During his single season with the Salerno based club, he made a total of 17 appearances. He moved to nearby rivals Avellino next season. In his season with Avellino, Sardo greatly impressed, appearing 41 times and scoring a single goal.

Piacenza
In 2004, Sardo moved north to play for Serie B side Piacenza. Over the next two seasons where he totaled 64 appearances and even scored two goals. He was sought after by many clubs following his spell with Piacenza and in 2006, he was sold to newly promoted Serie A side Catania.

Catania
Sardo officially transferred to newly promoted Catania in August 2006, and made 12 starts in 17 league appearances in his first season with the club, under then-coach Pasquale Marino. Sardo remained with the club for the 2007–2008 Serie A campaign, and broke into the starting line-up under Silvio Baldini. During the course of the season, the right full back made 22 league appearances for the rossazzurri, and also scored his first goal for the club. For the 2008–09 season, Sardo remained as one of the regular starters under Walter Zenga, and made 12 starts in 14 league appearances.

But following the purchase of right back Alessandro Potenza from Genoa, Sardo was sent on loan to Chievo on 31 January 2009 along with teammate Giuseppe Colucci, who found playing time very limited in Sicily.

Chievo
At Chievo he just played 7 matches as the club had Nicolas Frey, On 1 July 2009, Sardo returned to Catania. He took part in Catania's pre-season and being re-included into Catania's Starting XI, Sardo was chosen to start the Serie A opening game under coach Gianluca Atzori, and a Coppa Italia match a week before.

However, on the final day of the transfer market (31 August), Catania announced that Sardo would move back to Chievo again on loan. The loan was a part exchange deal that saw Chievo left back Giovanni Marchese, move in the opposite direction also on loan. Following the move, Sardo broke into Domenico Di Carlo's starting line-up and was one of the stand-out performers in Chievo's season, notably scoring against Juventus where he scored a scorcher in the 33rd minute to put Chievo ahead in the Serie A clash, while he also poured a load of trouble versus his owners, Catania, in a 1–1 draw. Sardo went on to make 22 league appearances for the Verona based club, scoring 3 goals and shared the right-back role with Nicolas Frey but sometimes featured at right wing-back role when Frey was used as one of the 3 central defender in 4–3–3 formation and even replaced midfielder Michele Marcolini in 2–0 won Fiorentina on 25 April in 3–5–2 formation. On 28 June 2010, both club excised the rights to sign Sardo and Marchese permanently. he signed a 3-year contract.

References

External links
 Profile at  La Gazzett adello Sport (2007–08)
 Profile at La Gazzett adello Sport (2006–07)
Profile at aic.football.it

1979 births
Living people
Men's association football fullbacks
Italian men's footballers
Catania FC players
Piacenza Calcio 1919 players
US Avellino 1912 players
US Salernitana 1919 players
AC ChievoVerona players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Giugliano Calcio 1928 players
Footballers from the Province of Naples

Gennaro Sardo


Little, Big: or, The Fairies' Parliament is a contemporary fantasy novel by John Crowley, published in 1981. It won the World Fantasy Award in 1982.

Plot

Turn-of-the-century American architect John Drinkwater begins to suspect that within this world there lies another (and within that, another and another ad infinitum, each larger than the world that contains it). Towards the center is the realm of the fairies, which his wife, the Englishwoman Violet Bramble, can see and talk with. Drinkwater gathers his thoughts into an ever-evolving book entitled The Architecture of Country Houses, which goes through at least six ever longer and more mystical editions.

Somewhere around the start of the 20th century, Drinkwater designs and builds a house called Edgewood north of New York City.  It is a composite of many styles, each built over and across the others, supposedly as a ″sampler″ for customers thinking about employing Drinkwater's firm. It has the effect of disorienting visitors and somehow protecting the family, and it proves to be a door leading to the outer realm of Faerie.

At the beginning of the story, well after the deaths of Drinkwater and his wife, their great-granddaughter Daily Alice falls in love with and marries a stranger, ″Smoky″ Barnable. Alice has only briefly met Smoky at the home of her City cousin George Mouse.  Smoky gradually realizes that Alice and her sister Sophie claimed to see fairies when they were younger and that they and their family see their history as ″the Tale″.

In a flashback, it is shown that many of the residents of the area surrounding Edgewood (typically belonging to families with names like Wood, Dale,  or Meadows) are descended from John and Violet's son August, who struck a bargain with the fairies that granted him a power over women's hearts matched by their own power over his.

The family ages. Alice and Smoky have three daughters, Tacey, Lily and Lucy, and a son, Auberon. Sophie has an affair with Smoky, which she reveals when she becomes pregnant.  She gives birth to a daughter, Lilac, whose father she says is Smoky but in fact is George Mouse. Lilac is stolen by the fairies and replaced with a changeling.

Alice and Sophie's great-aunt Nora Cloud regularly consults an ancient set of tarot cards to find out about such mundane matters as the weather or how soon a visitor will be arriving at the house. Smoky's instructions for his journey to Edgewood to marry Alice were based on one of Nora's card readings. Sophie learns how to use them from Aunt Cloud.

The story moves forward to Auberon as a young man venturing to ″the City″ (Manhattan), where he stays in George Mouse's gigantic ruinous compound of Old Law tenements, which Mouse has converted into a farmstead. The City is near collapse and rife with crime and poverty. Auberon and a striking and vivacious young Puerto Rican woman named Sylvie fall in love and live together.

Sylvie is lured away into Faerie. Inconsolable, Auberon takes to drink.

At this juncture, Russell Eigenblick, a charismatic and secretive politician, rises in popularity and becomes the President of the United States. He advocates civil war, but against what or who is unclear. He is opposed by a covert group of wealthy businessmen and politicians called the Noisy Bridge Rod and Gun Club. They are working with the mage Ariel Hawksquill, a distant relation of the Drinkwater family. Hawksquill divines that Eigenblick is the re-awakened Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and that he has been called from sleep to protect Faerie. Although he has not realized it, his enemy is humanity, which has unknowingly driven the fairies deeper and deeper into hiding. She announces this to the Club, but the members have decided to proceed without her. She becomes Eigenblick's adviser.

Hawksquill meets Auberon and teaches him architecture-based techniques of the art of memory. She recognizes that the cards he mentions are the pack that Eigenblick seeks, as they were made to foretell his return, and she induces him to tell her how to get to Edgewood. In return she gives him her key to a private park (designed by his great-great-grandfather), where he practices the art of memory on his time with Sylvie.

He sinks further into alcoholism. After a drunken sexual encounter with Sylvie's brother Bruno, which Auberon considers a degradation, he lives on the streets.  Eventually Lilac appears to him and persuades him to begin a recovery.  He moves back into George Mouse's farm and becomes the writer for a soap opera, taking much of his material from his grandfather ″Doc″ Drinkwater's animal stories for children and his mother's letters with stories of her extended family.

Hawksquill goes to Edgewood, where she steals Sophie's tarot cards, recognizing that they are somehow the map describing the route into Faerie. She returns to the City and tries to stop Eigenblick. But it is too late: Eigenblick has her killed, and though he shortly thereafter disappears, the country has fallen into a low-key civil war.

The fairies, who can see the future but remember little of the past, understand the peril they are in but forget why, and they prepare to go deeper into the realms of Faerie; however, this cannot happen unless the extended family of the Drinkwaters comes to the mysterious ″Fairies' Parliament″. Lilac visits Sophie and Daily Alice, and Auberon and George, summoning them to that event.

Alice leaves first to find or create the way to Faerie. On Midsummer's Day, the rest of the family assembles at Edgewood (including Auberon and George, who return from the City through a fantasy landscape). At the last minute, Smoky – who never really believed in Faerie – chooses not to go, instead devoting himself to finishing the repair of Edgewood′s old orrery, which drew energy from the stars to power the home. He succeeds, and is persuaded by Sophie to accompany the family, but he dies of a heart attack before he leaves the borders of Edgewood. The remaining family members walk into the new realm and take the fairies' place, Smoky's funeral turns into Auberon and Sylvie's wedding, and thus the Tale is finally completed.

The book ends with a description of the empty Edgewood as it decays and returns to nature. Since for a long time it has lights permanently shining though electricity is scarce in the rest of the country, the house becomes a legend.

Characters
Evan S. "Smoky" Barnable – One of the novel's protagonists, whose marriage to the Drinkwater family is prophesied long before it occurs. He succeeds the first Auberon (below) as a schoolteacher.
Alice Dale Drinkwater, known as Daily Alice – Smoky's wife, Sophie's sister and Auberon's mother. She is likewise assured of her destiny from a young age by Nora Cloud.
Auberon Barnable (the second Auberon) – Smoky's son, and the second protagonist, who eventually leaves for the city to seek a destiny distinct from Edgewood and the interconnected Drinkwater clan.
Sylvie – A Stateside Puerto Rican worker at George Mouse's farm. She was George's lover but breaks up with him just as Auberon arrives. She can see the brownie who works at the farm and thinks of her as his queen. Her and her brother's stories carry extended references to Lewis Carroll's Sylvie and Bruno.
Sophie Drinkwater – Alice's sister. After Alice's departure, she leads the walk to Faerie.
Lilac (surname not used) – Sophie's daughter, ostensibly by Smoky but actually by George Mouse. After being stolen by the fairies, she occasionally appears to Auberon, but no one else sees her till near the end of the story.
Violet Bramble – Ancestor of the Drinkwater clan. As a young unmarried woman in England, she is found to be pregnant by an unknown partner shortly after her father becomes active in the Theosophical Society. At one of their meetings she meets the first John Drinkwater She later moves to America and marries him. Violet frequently goes to meet the fairies both from her father's home in England and from Edgewood. She is the first to use the magical tarot cards to see the future.
John Drinkwater (the first John Drinkwater), architect and later author of The Architecture of Country Houses. He is fascinated by what his wife tells him about the fairies she sees.
John Storm ″Doc″ Drinkwater (the second John Drinkwater) – August Drinkwater's son with Amy Meadows; Alice and Sophie's father. He can understand the speech of animals and writes children's books that are a fictional version of the stories of Thornton Burgess.
August Drinkwater – Violet Bramble′s son, who enters into a pact with fairies, giving him power to make women fall in love with him, in exchange for his theft of Violet Bramble′s cards, which he returns to the fairies. His power over each girl he seduces is based on his love for her, which drives him to desperation, and he attempts to drown himself in a pond, but is transformed into a trout trapped in the pond. As "Grandfather Trout" he can speak and serves as a conduit for the Drinkwaters to communicate with Faerie. After his transformation, the tarot cards are returned to the Drinkwaters, but subtly altered. Many of the later residents of the five nearby small towns are his illegitimate descendants. At the very end of the Tale the leader of the fairies tells him he will be restored to human form when one of his loves, Amy Meadows, now elderly, comes to his pond and speaks to him.
Auberon Drinkwater (the first Auberon) – Alice's eccentric great-uncle, the son (by Oliver Hawksquill) who Violet was pregnant with when she met John Drinkwater. He cannot see or communicate with fairies, but attempts to record them, with variable success, by photographing them with his nieces Alice and Sophie as ″mediums″ of a sort, reminiscent of the Cottingley Fairies and of photos of children taken by Lewis Carroll. He is the teacher of the school for the children of the Edgewood area and spends his life in pursuit of concrete evidence of fairies, and in analysis of his findings.
George Mouse – Smoky's friend who introduces Smoky to his cousins, the Drinkwater family.
Ariel Hawksquill – A powerful magician who studies the rise of Russell Eigenblick. Granddaughter of Violet Bramble's first lover, Oliver Hawksquill.
Russell Eigenblick – The despotic president of the United States, late in the history of the family. He is the former Holy Roman Emperor, awakened from 800 years' sleep.
Aunt Nora Cloud, widow of Henry Cloud, expert card reader and one of the family′s chief oracles.

Literary significance
Harold Bloom included this work in his book The Western Canon, calling it "A neglected masterpiece. The closest achievement we have to the Alice stories of Lewis Carroll." Bloom also recorded that, based on their correspondence, poet James Merrill "loved the book."

Thomas M. Disch described Little, Big as "the best fantasy novel ever. Period." Ursula K. Le Guin wrote that Little, Big is "a book that all by itself calls for a redefinition of fantasy." In Modern Fantasy: The 100 Best Novels, David Pringle described the book as "a work of architectonic sublimity" and wrote that "the author plays with masterly skill on the emotional nerves of awe, rapture, mystery and enchantment." Paul Di Filippo said, "It is hard to imagine a more satisfying work, both on an artistic and an emotional level".

A number of readers and critics have described Little, Big as magical realism, perhaps in an attempt to defend it from being categorized as a work belonging to the sometimes maligned field of genre fiction. However, the novel fits the classic description of low fantasy. Some list it among the early works of urban fantasy or at least as a "classic" part of the movement that developed into it.

Awards and nominations
 Winner of the World Fantasy Award, 1982
 Nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel, 1981
 Nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, 1982
 Nominated for the British Science Fiction Association Award, 1982
 Nominated for the Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, 1982

Release details

1981, USA, Bantam Books, , Pub date Sep 1981, trade paperback (black). Simultaneously published in Canada.
1982, UK, Victor Gollancz, , Pub date May 1982, hardcover (white dust jacket).
1982, UK, Victor Gollancz, , Pub date May 1982, trade paperback (white).
1983, UK, Methuen, , Pub date 1983, mass market paperback.
1983, USA, Bantam Books, , Pub date Oct 1983, mass market paperback. Yvonne Gilbert (front cover illustrator).
1986, UK, Methuen, , Pub date Nov 1986, mass market paperback.
1987, USA, Bantam Books, , Pub date Apr 1987, mass market paperback.
1990, USA, Bantam Books, , Pub date Nov 1990, mass market paperback. Tom Canty (front cover illustrator).
1994, USA, Bantam, , Pub date Sep 1994, hardcover. Gary A. Lippincott (illustrator).
1997, USA, Easton Press Masterpieces of Fantasy, hardcover.
1997, USA, Bantam /Science Fiction Book Club, , Pub date Aug 1997, hardcover. Gary A. Lippincott (illustrator).
2000, UK, Orion Books, , Pub date May 2000, trade paperback, volume 5 of the Fantasy Masterworks series.
2002, USA, Harper Perennial, , pub. date Mar 2002, trade paperback.
2006, USA, Harper Perennial Modern Classics, , Pub date Oct 2006, trade paperback.
2011, USA, Blackstone Audio,  (CD) and  (MP3-CD), pub. date 15 Dec 2011, audiobook. Read by the author, from the "Author's Preferred Text" created for the Incunabula edition.
2022, USA, Incunabula,  (trade edition),  (numbered edition),  (lettered edition). Hardcover, nominally the 25th-anniversary edition with an afterword by Harold Bloom. Illustrations by Peter Milton.

Notes

External links

 Little, Big at Worlds Without End

1981 American novels
American fantasy novels
Novels by John Crowley
Metafictional novels
Novels about fairies and sprites
American magic realism novels
1981 fantasy novels
World Fantasy Award for Best Novel-winning works
Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

Little, Big


Little Stainton is a village in the borough of Darlington and the ceremonial county of
County Durham, England.  It is a township in the parish of Bishopton, County Durham, situated a few miles west of Stockton-on-Tees. From the Census 2011 the population of Little Stainton has included that of Great Stainton and was 193.  It is a hamlet, consisting of houses and farms that have no local service facilities. On one side of the street, a stream—Bishopton Beck—runs along the bottom of the gardens.

History

It is rumoured that the last witch in England was to be hanged in Little Stainton.

For much of its history Little Stainton was part of the parish of Bishopston. This means that it did not have its own parish church and instead the inhabitants would have journeyed to Bishopston to attend religious services. In the medieval period (1066 to 1540) Little Stainton was larger than it is now. The sites of some of the buildings can still be seen as earthworks. Although, the remains are excellent, some were destroyed in 1991–2. Archaeologists recorded some medieval pottery on the site after the ploughing. In the area around Manor Farm a number of fragments of 10th and 11th century pottery have also been discovered. These suggest that the village probably had an Anglo-Saxon origin; a possibility also reflected in its name: 'Stainton' means 'stoney farm' in Old English.

Sadly little else is known about the history of this area. In the post-medieval period it remained mainly an agricultural area although in the 19th century there was a large brick and tile works

Until around 1960, Little Stainton consisted of a group of individual farms, to which was added a set of four council houses with agricultural dwelling restrictions. In the late 1980s, planning permission was granted for a series of private dwellings that have transformed Little Stainton into a rural agglomeration of dwellings, within which the farms now constitute a minority. Although much of the land around the dwellings is owned by the farms, many of the private dwellings have a substantial amount of land, ranging from  to about .

References

External links

Villages in County Durham
Places in the Borough of Darlington
Places in the Tees Valley

Little Stainton


Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and author. His works frequently address the topics of globalization and capitalism. He became publicly known for his award-winning debut documentary Roger & Me, a scathing look at the downfall of the automotive industry in 1980s Detroit.

Moore followed up and won the 2002 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for Bowling for Columbine, which examines the causes of the Columbine High School massacre and the overall gun culture in the United States. He directed and produced Fahrenheit 9/11, a critical look at the early presidency of George W. Bush and the War on Terror, which earned $119,194,771 to become the highest-grossing documentary at the American box office of all time. The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2004 Cannes film festival, and was subject to intense controversy. His documentary Sicko examines health care in the United States, and is one of the top ten highest-grossing documentaries . In September 2008, he released his first free film on the Internet, Slacker Uprising, which documents his personal quest to encourage Americans to vote in presidential elections. He has written and starred in TV Nation, a satirical news-magazine television series, and The Awful Truth, a satirical show. In 2018, he released his latest film, Fahrenheit 11/9, a documentary about the 2016 United States presidential election and the presidency of Donald Trump. He was executive producer of Planet of the Humans (2019), a documentary about the environmental movement.

Moore's works criticize topics such as globalization, big business, assault weapon ownership, Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump, the Iraq War, the American health care system, and capitalism overall. In 2005, Time named Moore one of the world's 100 most influential people. Critics have labeled him a propagandist and his films propaganda.

Early life
Michael Francis Moore was born outside Flint, Michigan, and raised in Davison by parents Helene Veronica (née Wall) (1921–2002), a secretary, and Francis Richard "Frank" Moore, (1921–2014) an automotive assembly-line worker. At that time, the city of Flint was home to many General Motors factories, where his parents and grandfather worked. His uncle LaVerne was one of the founders of the United Automobile Workers labor union and participated in the Flint sit-down strike.

Moore was brought up in a traditional Catholic home, and has Irish, and smaller amounts of Scottish and English, ancestry. Some of his ancestors were Quakers.

Moore attended the parochial St. John's Elementary School, in John the Evangelist Parish, for primary school, and later attended St. Paul's Seminary in Saginaw, Michigan, for a year. He then attended Davison High School, where he was active in both drama and debate, graduating in 1972. As a member of the Boy Scouts of America, he achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.

At the age of 18, he was elected to the Davison school board. At the time he was the youngest person elected to office in the U.S., as the minimum age to hold public office had just been lowered to 18.

Career

Journalism
Moore left the University of Michigan–Flint following his first year of school (where he wrote for the student newspaper The Michigan Times). At 22 he founded the alternative newspaper Free to Be..., later renamed The Flint Voice (Burton, Michigan 1977-1982), later renamed to The Michigan Voice (Burton, Michigan 1983-1986) as it expanded to cover the entire state.

Harry Chapin is credited with being the reason the bi-weekly newspaper was able to launch, by performing benefit concerts and donating the money to Moore. Moore crept backstage after a concert to Chapin's dressing room and convinced him to do a benefit concert. Chapin subsequently did a concert in Flint every year.

In 1986, The Michigan Voice was shut down by the investors and Moore moved to California.

After four months at Mother Jones in 1986, Moore was fired in early September. Matt Labash of The Weekly Standard reported this was for refusing to print an article by Paul Berman that was critical of the Sandinista human rights record in Nicaragua. Moore refused to run the article, believing it to be inaccurate. Speaking on the matter, Moore stated, "The article was flatly wrong and the worst kind of patronizing bullshit. You would scarcely know from it that the United States had been at war with Nicaragua for the last five years." Chairman of the Foundation for National Progress (which owns Mother Jones) Adam Hochschild said that Moore was fired due to performing poorly at his job. According to The New York Times, senior staff members felt that Moore was "rigidly ideological".

Moore believes that Mother Jones fired him because of the publisher's refusal to allow him to cover a story on the GM plant closings in his hometown of Flint, Michigan. Moore responded by putting laid-off GM worker Ben Hamper, who also wrote for the same magazine at the time, on the magazine's cover. This act led to his termination. Moore sued for wrongful dismissal, and settled out of court for $58,000, providing him with some of the seed money, with other fund raising efforts, including bingo games, for his first film, Roger & Me. Moore worked for Ralph Nader as the editor of a newsletter after being fired by Mother Jones, which provided further financial support during this period.

Directing, producing and screenwriting

Roger & Me
The 1989 film Roger & Me was Moore's first documentary about what happened to Flint, Michigan, after General Motors closed its factories and opened new ones in Mexico where the workers were paid lower wages than their American counterparts. The "Roger" referred to in the title is Roger B. Smith, then CEO and President of General Motors.

Harlan Jacobson, editor of Film Comment magazine, said that Moore muddled the chronology in Roger & Me to make it seem that events that took place before G.M.'s layoffs were a consequence of them. Critic Roger Ebert defended Moore's handling of the timeline as an artistic and stylistic choice that had less to do with his credibility as a filmmaker and more to do with the flexibility of film as a medium to express a satiric viewpoint.

Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint
Moore made a follow-up 23-minute documentary film, Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint, that aired on PBS in 1992. It is based on Roger & Me. The film's title refers to Rhonda Britton, a Flint, Michigan resident featured in both the 1989 and 1992 films, who sells rabbits as either pets or meat.

Canadian Bacon
Moore's 1995 satirical film Canadian Bacon features a fictional U.S. president (played by Alan Alda) engineering a fake war with Canada in order to boost his popularity. The film is also one of the last featuring Canadian actor John Candy. Some commentators in the media felt the film was influenced by the Stanley Kubrick film Dr. Strangelove.

The Big One
Moore's 1997 film The Big One documents the tour publicizing Moore's book Downsize This! Random Threats from an Unarmed American, in which he criticizes mass layoffs despite record corporate profits. Among others, he targets Nike for outsourcing shoe production to Indonesia.

Bowling for Columbine
His documentary Bowling for Columbine, released in 2002, probes the culture of guns and violence in the United States, taking, as a starting point, the Columbine High School massacre of 1999. Bowling for Columbine won the Anniversary Prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and France's César Award as the Best Foreign Film. In the United States, it won the 2002 Academy Award for Documentary Feature. It also enjoyed great commercial and critical success for a film of its type, and has since gone on to be considered one of the greatest documentary films of all-time. At the time of Columbines release, it was the highest-grossing mainstream-released documentary (a record now held by Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11).

Shortly after winning the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for Bowling for Columbine, Moore spoke out against U.S. President George W. Bush and the Iraq War, which had just started three days prior. He further criticized the president by stating, "We live in a time where we have fictitious election results that elects a fictitious president. We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons." The speech was received with a cacophony of boos, applause, and standing ovations from the audience at the theater. Moments after the speech concluded, in order to lighten the mood, host Martin joked, "The Teamsters are helping Michael Moore into the trunk of his limo."

Fahrenheit 9/11
Moore's film, Fahrenheit 9/11, released in 2004, examines America in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, particularly the record of the George W. Bush Administration and alleged links between the families of George W. Bush and Osama bin Laden.  Fahrenheit was awarded the Palme d'Or, the top honor at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.  It was the first documentary film to win the prize since 1956's The Silent World.

Moore later announced that Fahrenheit 9/11 would not be in consideration for the 2005 Academy Award for Documentary Feature, but instead for the Academy Award for Best Picture. He stated he wanted the movie to be seen by a few million more people via television broadcasting prior to Election Day.  According to Moore, "Academy rules forbid the airing of a documentary on television within nine months of its theatrical release", and since the November 2 election was fewer than nine months after the film's release, Fahrenheit 9/11  would have been disqualified for the Documentary Oscar. Regardless, it did not receive an Oscar nomination for Best Picture.

The title of the film alludes to the classic book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, about a future totalitarian state in which books are banned, and any books found are burned by firemen.  According to the novel, paper begins to burn at . The pre-release subtitle of Moore's film continues the allusion: "The temperature at which freedom burns."

As of August 2012, Fahrenheit 9/11 is the highest-grossing documentary of all time, taking in over US$200 million worldwide, including United States box office revenue of almost US$120 million.  In February 2011, Moore sued producers Bob and Harvey Weinstein for US$2.7 million in unpaid profits from the film, claiming they used "Hollywood accounting tricks" to avoid paying him the money. In February 2012, Moore and the Weinsteins informed the court that they had settled their dispute.

Sicko

Moore directed the 2007 film, Sicko, about the American health care system, focusing particularly on the managed-care and pharmaceutical industries. At least four major pharmaceutical companies—Pfizer, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, and GlaxoSmithKline—ordered their employees not to grant any interviews or assist Moore. According to Moore in a letter on his website, "roads that often surprise us and lead us to new ideas—and challenge us to reconsider the ones we began with have caused some minor delays." The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 19, 2007, receiving a lengthy standing ovation, and was released in the U.S. and Canada on June 29, 2007. The film is currently ranked the twelfth highest grossing documentary of all time and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature.

Captain Mike Across America and Slacker Uprising
Moore takes a look at the politics of college students in what he calls "Bush Administration America" with Captain Mike Across America, which was shot during Moore's 62-city college campus tour in the months leading up to the 2004 presidential election. The film debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2007. It was later re-edited by Moore into Slacker Uprising and released for free on the internet on September 23, 2008.

Capitalism: A Love Story
Released on September 23, 2009, Capitalism: A Love Story looks at the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the U.S. economy during the transition between the outgoing Bush Administration and the incoming Obama Administration.  Addressing a press conference at its release, Moore said, "Democracy is not a spectator sport, it's a participatory event. If we don't participate in it, it ceases to be a democracy. So Obama will rise or fall based not so much on what he does but on what we do to support him."

Where to Invade Next
Where to Invade Next examines the benefits of progressive social policies in various countries. The film had its premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. Godfrey Cheshire, writing for Roger Ebert.com, wrote that "Moore's surprising and extraordinarily winning Where to Invade Next will almost surely cast his detractors at Fox News and similar sinkholes into consternation".

Michael Moore in TrumpLand
In Michael Moore in TrumpLand, Moore talks about the 2016 Presidential Election Campaigns. It is a solo performance showing Moore on stage speaking to a seated audience. The film consists of Moore's opinions of the candidates and highlights the Democratic National Candidate Hillary Clinton's strengths and also features a lengthy section on how the Republican National Candidate Donald Trump could win. It was filmed in Wilmington, Ohio, at the Murphy Theatre over the course of two nights in October 2016. The film premiered just eleven days after it was shot at the IFC Center in New York City.

Fahrenheit 11/9
In May 2017, it was announced that Moore had reunited with Harvey Weinstein to direct his new film about Donald Trump, titled Fahrenheit 11/9, which was released in approximately 1,500 theaters in the United States and Canada on September 21, 2018. Sexual assault allegations against Weinstein prompted Moore to revoke the plan to work with The Weinstein Company, which stalled production.

The title refers to the day when Donald Trump officially became President-elect of the United States. In a column for Variety responding to the film's low opening weekend, "How Michael Moore Lost His Audience," sympathetic film critic Owen Gleiberman wrote "He's like an aging rock star putting out albums that simply don't mean as much to those who were, and are, his core fans".  According to Glenn Greenwald, "what he's trying is of unparalleled importance, not to take the cheap route of exclusively denouncing Trump, but to take the more complicated, challenging, and productive route of understanding who and what created the climate in which Trump could thrive."

Planet of the Humans

Michael Moore was executive producer of the documentary, Planet of the Humans, which was directed by Jeff Gibbs and released on July 31, 2019. The film makes the argument that, since the first Earth Day, the condition of the planet has worsened, and questions whether mainstream approaches adopted by industry to mitigate climate change, entail environmental impacts whose costs are comparable to or even possibly outweigh the benefits. The film received criticism from a number of climate change experts and activists who disputed its claims, and the accuracy of figures cited in the film, and suggested that the film could play into the hands of the fossil fuel industry.

Michael Moore, Jeff Gibbs, and co-producer Ozzie Zehner responded to the critics on an episode of Rising.

Writing

Moore has written and co-written eight non-fiction books, mostly on similar subject matter to his documentaries. Stupid White Men (2001) is ostensibly a critique of American domestic and foreign policy but, by Moore's own admission, is also "a book of political humor". Dude, Where's My Country? (2003), is an examination of the Bush family's relationships with Saudi royalty, the Bin Laden family, and the energy industry, and a call-to-action for liberals in the 2004 election. Several of his works have made bestseller lists.

Acting
Moore has dabbled in acting, following a supporting role in Lucky Numbers (2000) playing the cousin of Lisa Kudrow's character, who agrees to be part of the scheme concocted by John Travolta's character. He also had a cameo in his Canadian Bacon as an anti-Canada activist. In 1999, he did a cameo in EDtv as one of the panel members. In 2004, he did a cameo, as a news journalist, in The Fever, starring Vanessa Redgrave in the lead.

Television
Between 1994 and 1995, he directed and hosted the BBC television series TV Nation, which followed the format of news magazine shows but covered topics they avoid. The series aired on BBC2 in the UK. The series was also aired in the US on NBC in 1994 for 9 episodes and again for 8 episodes on Fox in 1995.

His other major series was The Awful Truth, which satirized actions by big corporations and politicians. It aired on the UK's Channel 4, and the Bravo network in the US, in 1999 and 2000. Moore won the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award in Arts and Entertainment for being the executive producer and host of The Awful Truth, where he was also described as "muckraker, author and documentary filmmaker".

Another 1999 series, Michael Moore Live, was aired in the UK only on Channel 4, though it was broadcast from New York. This show had a similar format to The Awful Truth, but also incorporated phone-ins and a live stunt each week.

In 2017, Moore planned to return to prime time network television on Turner/TNT in late 2017 or early 2018 with a program called "Michael Moore Live from the Apocalypse". In February 2019, however, the network announced the show would not be produced.

Music videos

Moore has directed several music videos, including two for Rage Against the Machine for songs from The Battle of Los Angeles: "Sleep Now in the Fire" and "Testify". He was threatened with arrest during the shooting of "Sleep Now in the Fire", which was filmed on Wall Street; and subsequently the city of New York City denied the band permission to play there, even though the band and Moore had secured a federal permit to perform.

Moore also directed the videos for R.E.M. single "All the Way to Reno (You're Gonna Be a Star)" in 2001 and the System of a Down song "Boom!".

Appearances in other documentaries
 He appeared in The Drugging of Our Children, a 2005 documentary about over-prescription of psychiatric medication to children and teenagers, directed by Gary Null, a proponent of alternative medicine. In the film Moore agrees with Gary Null that Ritalin and other similar drugs are over-prescribed, saying that they are seen as a "pacifier".
 He appeared on fellow Flint natives Grand Funk Railroad's episode of Behind the Music.
 He appeared as an off-camera interviewer in Blood in the Face, a 1991 documentary about white supremacy groups. At the center of the film is a neo-Nazi gathering in Michigan.
 Moore appeared in the 2001 documovie The Party's Over discussing Democrats and Republicans.
 He appeared in The Yes Men, a 2003 documentary about two men who pose as the World Trade Organization. He appears during a segment concerning working conditions in Mexico and Latin America.
 Moore was interviewed for the 2004 documentary, The Corporation. One of his highlighted quotes was: "The problem is the profit motive: for corporations, there's no such thing as enough."
 He appeared in the 2006 documentary I'm Going to Tell You a Secret, which chronicles Madonna's 2004 Re-Invention World Tour. Moore attended her show in New York City at Madison Square Garden.
 He appeared briefly in the 2016 documentary Cameraperson, directed by Kirsten Johnson, who was one of his camera operators in Fahrenheit 9/11

Theater
Moore's Broadway debut, The Terms of My Surrender, an anti-Trump dramatic monologue, premiered on August 10, 2017, at the Belasco Theatre. Donald Trump tweeted his dislike for the show and falsely claimed that it closed early. In the first week the production earned $456,195 in sales and $367,634 in the final week, altogether grossing $4.2 million, falling short of its potential gross. It lasted 13 weeks with 96 performances until October 2017, grossing 49% of its potential. Fox News gave it a negative review, in line with Trump's comments. The show was unenthusiastically praised by The Guardian, which said he only wanted to "preach to the choir". A spokesman for "The Terms of My Surrender" suggested that the production might have a in San Francisco in early 2018, which didn't materialize.

Honorary degree
He was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humanities from Michigan State University in Fall 2014.

Political views

Although Moore has been known for his political activism, he rejects the label as redundant in a democracy: "I and you and everyone else has to be a political activist. If we're not politically active, it ceases to be a democracy." According to John Flesher of the Associated Press, Moore is known for his "fiery left-wing populism", and publications such as the Socialist Worker Online have hailed him as the "new Tom Paine". In a speech, he said that socialism is democracy and Christianity. However, he later said that economic philosophies from the past were not apt enough to describe today's realities.

Moore was a high-profile guest at both the 2004 Democratic National Convention and the 2004 Republican National Convention, chronicling his impressions in USA Today. He was criticized in a speech by Republican Senator John McCain as "a disingenuous film-maker". Moore laughed and waved as Republican attendees jeered, later chanting "four more years". Moore gestured an L with his index finger and thumb at the crowd, which translates into "loser".

During September and October 2004, Moore spoke at universities and colleges in swing states during his "Slacker Uprising Tour". The tour gave away ramen and underwear to students who promised to vote. One stop during the tour was Utah Valley State College. A fight for his right to speak resulted in massive public debates and a media blitz, eventually resulting in a lawsuit against the college and the resignation of at least one member of the college's student government. The Utah event was chronicled in the documentary film This Divided State.

Moore urged Ralph Nader not to run in 2004 so as not to split the left vote. On Real Time with Bill Maher, Moore and Bill Maher knelt before Nader to plead with him to stay out of the race.

Moore drew attention in 2004 when he used the term "deserter" to describe then president George W. Bush while introducing Retired Army Gen. Wesley K. Clark at a Democratic presidential debate in New Hampshire. Noting that Clark had been a champion debater at West Point, Moore told a laughing crowd, "I know what you're thinking. I want to see that debate" between Clark and Bush – "the general versus the deserter". Moore said he was referring to published reports in several media outlets including The Boston Globe which had reported that "there is strong evidence that Bush performed no military service as required when he moved from Houston to Alabama to work on a U.S. Senate campaign from May to November 1972."

In 2007, Moore became a contributing journalist at OpEdNews, and by May 2014, had authored over 70 articles published on their website. Moore was an active supporter of the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City and spoke with the OWS protesters on September 26, 2011. On October 29, 2011, he spoke at the Occupy Oakland protest site to express his support.

Moore praised Django Unchained, tweeting that the movie "is one of the best film satires ever. A rare American movie on slavery and the origins of our sick racist history."

Moore's 2011 claims that "Four hundred obscenely wealthy individuals, 400 little Mubaraks – most of whom benefited in some way from the multi-trillion-dollar taxpayer bailout of 2008 – now have more cash, stock and property than the assets of 155 million Americans combined" and that these 400 Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined" was found to be true by PolitiFact and others.

After Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez died in March 2013, Moore praised him for "eliminating 75 percent of extreme poverty" while "[providing] free health and education for all".

2000 presidential election
Moore supported Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election. Moore was critical of Al Gore and George W. Bush. Moore criticizes Gore for the loss of thousands of jobs during his time as vice president, voting to confirm Antonin Scalia, proposing more funding for the Pentagon, and proposing to expand the War on Drugs. Moore reportedly told Bush "Your possible victory on Tuesday is a threat to our national security". Moore also called Bush "a banal, despicable, and corrupt human being".

Barack Obama
On April 21, 2008, Moore endorsed Barack Obama for president, stating that Hillary Clinton's recent actions had been "disgusting". Moore criticized the 2011 military intervention in Libya. After the US troops launched 110 Tomahawk missiles at military targets in Libya, Moore suggested that President Barack Obama should return his Nobel Peace Prize and tweeted in his official Twitter account, "May I suggest a 50-mile evacuation zone around Obama's Nobel Peace Prize?"

In an op-ed piece for The New York Times published on December 31, 2013, Moore assessed the Affordable Care Act, calling it "awful" and adding that "Obamacare's rocky start ... is a result of one fatal flaw: The Affordable Care Act is a pro-insurance-industry plan implemented by a president who knew in his heart that a single-payer, Medicare-for-all model was the true way to go." Despite his strong critique, however, Moore wrote that he still considers the plan a "godsend" because it provides a start "to get what we deserve: universal quality health care."

2016 Presidential election
In December 2015, Moore announced his support for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2016 United States presidential election. Moore called Sanders a "force to contend with". In January 2016, he officially endorsed Bernie Sanders for president. He also described democratic socialism as "a true democracy where everyone has a seat at the table, everyone has a voice, not just the rich". After Sanders lost the 2016 primaries, Moore urged Americans to vote for Clinton while also correctly predicting that Trump would win the election because the post-industrial Midwestern states would vote for Trump. After Trump was elected, Moore called Trump a "Russian traitor", saying his presidency had "no legitimacy".

In October 2016, Moore criticized Julian Assange and WikiLeaks for publishing leaks from the DNC's emails, saying: "I think WikiLeaks and I think Assange, they're essentially anarchists and they know, just like a lot of people voting for Trump know, that he's their human Molotov cocktail and they want to blow up the system. It's an anarchic move."

In November 2016, right after Donald Trump was elected President of the United States, and inspired by Bertram Gross's 1980 book, Friendly Fascism, Moore reportedly stated: "The next wave of fascists will not come with cattle cars and concentration camps, but they'll come with a smiley face and maybe a TV show ... That's how the 21st-century fascists will essentially take over." On November 12, 2016, Moore participated in a NYC anti-Trump rally which was later (in 2018) alleged to have been organized by Russians who were indicted by Robert Mueller for meddling in the 2016 election.

Donald Trump

Moore started the website TrumpiLeaks in May 2017, to encourage whistleblowers to provide information about Donald Trump. Moore was inspired to create the site after witnessing the firings by Trump of three law enforcement officials, specifically: United States Attorney Preet Bharara, former acting United States Attorney General Sally Yates, and former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation James Comey. Moore posted a message to his personal website, explaining the motivation of the new venture and that he wanted any information related to: "crimes, breaches of public trust and misconduct committed by Donald J. Trump and his associates". He asserted, "Trump thinks he's above the law". Moore stated it was his view that Trump had engaged in obstruction of justice, falsehoods to the United States citizenry, promoted violent behavior, and violated the Constitution of the United States.

In March 2018, Moore criticized the "corporate media", saying "You turn on the TV, and it's 'Russia, Russia, Russia!' These are all shiny keys to distract us. We should know about the West Virginia strike. What an inspiration that would be. But they don't show this".

In April 2018, Moore taunted Trump by ironically asking him why he had not already fired Robert Mueller. After the Russia–United States summit of July 2018, Moore called for Trump's impeachment, saying "Congress needs no more proof than Trump's admission yesterday that he sides with Putin to impeach and remove him."

Moore compared Trump to Nazi Germany's dictator Adolf Hitler. On August 10, 2019, Moore tweeted: "I guess they think a country dumb enough to elect Trump is stupid enough to believe Jeffrey Epstein committed suicide."

In October 2019, he announced his political endorsement of Bernie Sanders in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. After Sanders lost the primaries, Moore urged Sanders supporters to vote for Joe Biden in the general election.

Personal life
Moore met Kathleen Glynn, at the Flint Voice, and they married on October 19, 1991. He filed for divorce on June 17, 2013. On July 22, 2014, the divorce was finalized.

Moore was raised a Catholic but disagrees with traditional church teaching on subjects such as abortion and same-sex marriage. In an interview with The A.V. Club, when asked if there was a God, he stated, "Yes, there is. I don't know how you define that, but yeah."

Following the Columbine High School massacre, Moore acquired a lifetime membership to the National Rifle Association of America (NRA). Moore said that he initially intended to become the NRA's president to dismantle the organization, but he soon dismissed the plan as too difficult. Gun rights supporters such as Dave Kopel said there was no chance of that happening; David T. Hardy and Jason Clarke wrote that Moore failed to discover that the NRA selects a president not by membership vote but by a vote of the board of directors.

In 2005, Time named Moore one of the world's 100 most influential people. Later in 2005, Moore founded the Traverse City Film Festival held annually in Traverse City, Michigan. In 2009, he co-founded the Traverse City Comedy Festival, also held annually in Traverse City, where Moore helped to spearhead the renovation of the historic downtown State Theater.

Criticism

Critics, such as Christopher Hitchens, have called Moore a propagandist and have labelled his films as propaganda.

In 2009, Moore faced criticism for using non-union workers to produce his film Capitalism: A Love Story.

After his 2014 divorce, Moore was reported to have nine homes and a net worth of $50 million, leading to accusations of hypocrisy due to his anti-capitalist views.

Work

Filmography

Works

 2012 (Audible: 2011): Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life (audiobook, read by Michael Moore), Grand Central Publishing,

Video shorts
 Rage Against the Machine: Sleep Now in the Fire (2000)
 Rage Against the Machine: Testify (2000)
 R.E.M.: All the Way to Reno (You're Gonna Be a Star) (2001)
 In View: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 (2003)
 System of a Down: Boom! (2003)

Television series
 TV Nation (1994)
 The Awful Truth (1999)
 Michael Moore Live (1999)

Podcasting
 RUMBLE with Michael Moore (2019–present)

References

Further reading
 Benson, Thomas W., and Snee, Brian J. (eds.): Michael Moore and the Rhetoric of Documentary. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015. .

External links

 Michael Moore at The Huffington Post

 Rumble with Michael Moore

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Activists from Michigan
American anti-capitalists
American alternative journalists
American anti–Iraq War activists
American autobiographers
American documentary filmmakers
American health activists
American male film actors
American male non-fiction writers
American podcasters
American music video directors
American opinion journalists
American people of Canadian descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American political activists
American political commentators
American political writers
American socialists
Anti-consumerists
Anti-corporate activists
Anti-globalization activists
Articles containing video clips
Catholic socialists
César Award winners
Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
Film directors from Michigan
HuffPost writers and columnists
Male actors from Michigan
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America from Michigan
Michigan socialists
Michigan Democrats
People from Davison, Michigan
People from Traverse City, Michigan
Primetime Emmy Award winners
School board members in Michigan
Theatre owners
University of Michigan–Flint alumni
Writers from Flint, Michigan
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Postmodernist filmmakers

Michael Moore


A depressogen is a substance that causes or can cause depression, usually as a side effect. They are the functional opposites of antidepressants.

Examples of drugs commonly associated with depressogenic effects include ethanol, some anticonvulsants such as the barbiturates (e.g. phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam), vigabatrin, and topiramate, corticosteroids like  dexamethasone and prednisone, cytokines like interferon-α and interleukin-2, certain antihypertensives such as amiodarone, clonidine, methyldopa, reserpine, and tetrabenazine (used as an antipsychotic/antihyperkinetic), and agents with antiandrogen, antiestrogen, and/or anti-neurosteroid activities such as GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprorelin, goserelin), anastrozole (an aromatase inhibitor), finasteride (a 5α-reductase inhibitor), and clomiphene (a SERM), as well as others including flunarizine, mefloquine, and efavirenz. Another notable agent is rimonabant, a cannabinoid receptor antagonist marketed as an anti-obesity agent which was withdrawn shortly after its introduction due to the incidence of severe psychiatric side effects associated with its use including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation.

Examples of endogenous compounds that have been implicated in stress and depression include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), cytokines (e.g., interferon-α, interleukin-2), tachykinins (e.g., substance P), glucocorticoids  (e.g., cortisol, cortisone), and dynorphin.

See also
 Anxiogenic
 Euphoriant

References

Depressogens
Psychoactive drugs

Depressogen


Pandit Shri Krishna Sharma was an Arya Samaj preacher who came to Fiji in 1926 from Rajkot, India. He was a gifted public speaker and singer of religious songs. He provided impetus to the Arya Samaj movement in Fiji. Under his influence Arya Samaj schools and temples were established in Fiji. He was responsible for the establishment of the Hindu Maha Sabha for the purpose of uniting all Hindus in Fiji. He advocated shuddhi (reconversion to Hinduism) and this caused conflict with Muslims and Christians in Fiji.

Sharma also started a monthly Hindi language newspaper called the Vedic Sandesh.

He returned to India in 1929 and the Government of Fiji refused permission for him to return to Fiji.

In 1956, he returned to Fiji to participate in the Golden Jubilee of the Arya Samaj in Fiji. He founded the D.A.V. College in Suva and an Arya temple in Nadi.

See also
Arya Samaj in Fiji

References

Indian emigrants to Fiji
Indian Hindu missionaries
Arya Samajis in Fiji
Hindu missionaries
Fijian Hindus

Shri Krishna Sharma


The General Federation of Women's Clubs Headquarters, also known as the Miles Mansion, is a social clubhouse headquarters in Washington, D.C.  Built as a private residence in 1875, it has served as the headquarters of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) since 1922.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for its association with the federation, which serves as an umbrella organization for women's clubs, a social movement dating to the mid-19th century.  Tours of the headquarters, available by appointment, provide information about the activities of the GFWC and several historic rooms, including the 1734 entryway, the Julia Ward Howe Drawing Room, the dining room, music room and the GFWC International President's office.  The headquarters also features changing exhibits of art, photographs and artifacts from its collections.

Description and building history
The GFWC headquarters is located southeast of Dupont Circle, on the south side of N Street between St. Matthew's Court and 17th Street.  It is a four-story masonry structure, built out of ashlar stone in a Renaissance Revival style.  The entrance is in a slightly raised basement level, sheltered by a splayed glass and iron marquee with supporting ironwork brackets.  The main floor windows are elongated, with paired casement windows topped by transoms, and keystoned lintels.  A polygonal bay projects from the first two floors on the left, and a shallower rectangular one projects to the right of the entrance; both are topped by lower balustrades.  The interior has been adapted for the GFWC's use, but retains some original finishes.

The house was built in 1875 by Rear Admiral William Radford, at a time when the Dupont Circle area was being developed as a fashionable residential neighborhood.  In 1895 he sold the house to the state of Massachusetts, which gave it to General Nelson A. Miles in recognition for his military service. It was next owned by John Jay White, a big-game hunter who traveled with Theodore Roosevelt, and who commissioned the murals by Albert Herter that adorn some of its walls.  In 1922 the house was purchased by the GFWC for use as its headquarters, a role it continues to play today.

The GFWC represents the culmination of smaller-scale women's organizations that sprang up in the 19th century, generally to improve the conditions for working and single women.  It was the first nationwide organization of this type, enabling a broader scope of influence by these local and regional organizations.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
National Register of Historic Places listings in the upper NW Quadrant of Washington, D.C.

References

External links
General Federation of Women's Clubs web site

National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Dupont Circle
Renaissance Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.
Historic house museums in Washington, D.C.
Women's museums in the United States
Women's club buildings
Women in Washington, D.C.


The term middlebrow describes middlebrow art, which is easily accessible art, usually popular literature, and middlebrow people who use the arts to acquire the social capital of "culture and class" and thus a good reputation. First used in the British satire magazine Punch in 1925, the term middlebrow is the intellectual, intermediary brow between the highbrow and the lowbrow forms of culture; the terms highbrow and lowbrow are borrowed from the pseudoscience of phrenology.

Modernism
In the mid 20th century, the term middlebrow became a pejorative usage in the modernist cultural criticism written by Dwight Macdonald, Virginia Woolf, and Russell Lynes, which pejorative usage placed popular culture at the margin of mainstream culture in favour of high culture. Culturally, the middlebrow sensibility appears as a forced and ineffective attempt at cultural and intellectual achievement by way of popular literature that emphasises emotional and sentimental connections, rather than intellectualism and an appreciation of literary innovation. In contrast, the philosophy of postmodernism readily perceives the cultural advantages of the perspective of the middlebrow person who is aware of and likes high culture, but effectively balances the aesthetic demands of high art with the cultural demands daily life in the world.<ref>Cardiff, David. Mass Middlebrow Laughter' Media, Culture and Society 10 (1988), 41-60</ref>

 Virginia Woolf
In 1941, Virginia Woolf derided the middlebrow mentality in an un-posted letter to the editor of the New Statesman & Nation, concerning a radio broadcast that attacked the highbrows of British society as people intellectually detached from everyday life. The letter-to-the-editor was posthumously published in the essay collection The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942).

As a social critic, Woolf criticizes middlebrows as petty purveyors of highbrow culture for their own shallow benefit. Rather than select and read books for their intrinsic cultural value, middlebrow people select and read books they are told are the best books to read: "We highbrows read what we like and do what we like and praise what we like." Middlebrows are concerned with appearances, with how their social activities makes them appear to the community, unlike the highbrows, the avant-garde men and women who act according to their commitment to the beauty and forms of art, and to values and integrity. Likewise, a lowbrow person is devoted to a singular interest, a person "of thoroughbred vitality who rides his body in pursuit of a living at a gallop across life"; and, therefore, the lowbrow are equally worthy of reverence, as they, too, are living for what they intrinsically know as valuable.

Instead of such social and intellectual freedom, the middlebrows are betwixt and between, people whom Woolf characterises as "in pursuit of no single object, neither Art itself nor life itself, but both mixed indistinguishably, and rather nastily, with money, fame, power, or prestige." The middlebrow value system rewards quick gains through books already designated as 'Classic literature' and as  'Great literature', but never of their own choosing, because "to buy living art requires living taste." The critic Woolf concludes that the middlebrow class are culturally meretricious — a human condition less demanding than personal authenticity.

Highbrow, Lowbrow, Middlebrow
In the essay "Highbrow, Lowbrow, Middlebrow" (1949), Russell Lynes satirized Virginia Woolf's highbrow scorn for middlebrow people voiced in her editorial letter. Quoting Woolf and other highbrows, such as art critic Clement Greenberg, Lynes said that the subtle distinctions that Woolf found significant among the levels of brows were just a means of upholding an artificial cultural superiority over the popular culture consumed by the middlebrow and the lowbrow strata of society. Lyne specifically criticised Woolf's claim that the consumer products used by a person identified his and her socio-cultural stratum in society; in the letter, Woolf identified consumer products that, in her opinion, identified the user as a middlebrow person.

Lynes then distinguished the sub-levels of the intellectual brow and divided the middlebrow into the upper-middlebrow and the lower-middlebrow. The upper-middlebrow patronage of the arts makes possible the cultural activities of the highbrow stratum, such as museums, symphonic orchestras, opera companies, and publishing houses, which are administrated by members of the upper-middlebrow stratum. The lower middlebrow use the arts as a means of self-improvement (personal and professional) because they are "hell-bent on improving their minds, as well as their fortunes." Members of the lower-middlebrow stratum also live the simple, easy life offered in advertisements wherein "lower middlebrow-ism" was "a world that smells of soap." Lynes concludes that Woolf's social-class opinions as an intellectual delineate an intellectually perfect world without middlebrow people.

Later, in a Life magazine article, Lynes distinguished among the right foods and the right furniture, the right clothes and the right arts for lowbrow people, for middlebrow people, and for highbrow people. In American culture, Lynes' explanation of the sociologic particulars of social capital and the distinctions of social class provoked much social insecurity among Americans, as they worried about how their favourite things determined their actual social class and cultural stratum.

Priestley's defence
As an intellectual, J. B. Priestley sought to create a positive cultural space for the concept of the middlebrow, which would be characterised by earnestness, friendliness, and ethical concern; and couched his defence of the middlebrow in terms of radio stations, praising the BBC Home Service for cosiness and plainness, a cultural space midway between the Light Programme and the Third Programme, "between the raucous lowbrows and the lisping highbrows [there] is a fine gap, meant for the middle or broadbrows . . . our homely fashion".

In the struggles and competitions among the intelligentsia for the attention of readers and to generate cultural capital, Virginia Woolf responded to Priestly's defence of the middlebrow by dubbing  the BBC Home Service as "Betwixt and Between Company".

Masscult and Midcult
Dwight Macdonald's critique of middlebrow culture, "Masscult and Midcult" (1960), associated the modern industrial drive, away from specialization and the folk, with creating mass-market arts that render men, women, and children into anonymous consumers of the arts. In the U.S., highbrow culture is associated with specialization for the connoisseurs, while lowbrow culture entails authentic folk products made for specific communities, such as the working class. Masscult (mass culture) copies and manipulates both the high and the low traditions, with factory-created products, made without innovation or care, expressly for the market, "to please the crowd by any means", thereby creating an American society in which "a pluralistic culture cannot exist", wherein the rule is cultural homogeneity.

In contrast, Midcult (middle culture) came about with middlebrow culture, and dangerously copies and adulterates high culture, by way of "a tepid ooze of Midcult", which threatens high culture, with dramaturgy, literature, and architecture, such as Our Town (1938), The Old Man and the Sea (1952), and American collegiate gothic architecture.

The Middlebrow "pretends to respect the standards of High Culture, while, in fact, it waters them down and vulgarizes them." Macdonald recommended a separation of the brows, so that "the few who care about good writing, painting, music, architecture, philosophy, etc. have their High Culture, and don't fuzz up the distinction with the Midcult."

Marketed middlebrow
Oprah's Book Club  and the Book-of-the-Month Club are middlebrow products marketed to deliver the classical and highbrow literature to the middle class. The middlebrow nature of Oprah's Book Club was highlighted when the novelist Jonathan Franzen, after his 2001 book The Corrections (0000) was selected as Oprah's book-of-the-month. Franzen publicly complained that the selection was inconsistent with his place in "the high art literary tradition" as distinct from "entertaining books," though Franzen never used the term "middlebrow" during the kerfuffle and later claimed to not know what it meant. In a 1996 essay in Harper's Magazine, Franzen lamented book clubs for "treating literature like a cruciferous vegetable that could be choked down only with a spoonful of socializing.''

In A Feeling for Books (1997), a history of the Book-of-the-Month Club, from its establishment in 1926 to the 1980s, before being entirely commercialised, Janice Radway said that middlebrow culture is not just a simulacrum of highbrow taste, but, instead, have distinctly defined themselves in defiance of avant-garde high culture.

Contemporary middlebrowSlate Magazine suggests that the late 2000s and early 2010s could potentially be considered the "golden age of middlebrow art"—pointing to television shows Breaking Bad, Mad Men, The Sopranos and The Wire and novels Freedom, The Marriage Plot and A Visit from the Goon Squad. Slate also defines the films of Aaron Sorkin as middlebrow. Some argue that Slate itself is middlebrow journalism.

In a March 2012 article for Jewish Ideas Daily, Peodair Leihy described the work of poet and songwriter Leonard Cohen as "a kind of pop—upper-middle-brow to lower-high-brow, to be sure, but pop nonetheless." This aesthetic was further theorized in an essay from November that year for The American Scholar that saw William Deresiewicz propose the addition of "upper middle brow," a culture falling between masscult and midcult. He defined it as, "infinitely subtler than Midcult. It is post- rather than pre-ironic, its sentimentality hidden by a veil of cool. It is edgy, clever, knowing, stylish, and formally inventive."

In The New Yorker, Macy Halford characterizes Harper's Magazine and The New Yorker'' itself as "often [being] viewed as prime examples of the middlebrow: both magazines are devoted to the high but also to making it accessible to many; to bringing ideas that might remain trapped in ivory towers and academic books, or in high-art (or film or theatre) scenes, into the pages of a relatively inexpensive periodical that can be bought at bookstores and newsstands across the country (and now on the Internet)." She also notes the internet's effect on the middlebrow debate: "Internet is forcing us to rethink (again) what "middlebrow" means: in an era when the highest is as accessible as the lowest—accessible in the sense that both are only a click away ... —we actually have to think anew about how to walk that middle line." Halford describes Wikipedia: "...Wiki is itself a kind of middlebrow product" and links to this middlebrow entry "because it actually provides a smart summary."

See also

References

Further reading

1920s neologisms
Culture
History of subcultures
Middle class culture
Popular culture
Social class subcultures

Middlebrow


Carlos Horacio García Palermo (born 2 December 1953) is an Argentine-Italian chess grandmaster.

Born in La Plata, at the beginning of his career he defeated Robert James Fischer in a simultaneous display in 1970.

In 1982, he beat then reigning World Chess Champion and number one player of the world, Anatoly Karpov at the prestigious international Clarin tournament, held in Mar del Plata (Jan Timman won). Garcia Palermo is the only Argentine player to have beat a reigning world champion under classic time controls.

He took 2nd-3rd in Rubinstein Memorial at Polanica-Zdrój 1985. He won or shared first place at Bayamo 1983, Capablanca Memorial tournaments in Havana 1985, Havana 1986, and Camaguey 1987, Forli 1988, Canete 1994, La Plata 1998, and Faxinal 2002. In 2004 he took part in the FIDE World Championship, where he was knocked out in the first round by Ye Jiangchuan.

García Palermo represented Argentina in the World Team Chess Championship at Lucerne 1985, and played three times in the Chess Olympiad: for Argentina at Dubai 1986, and for Italy at Manila 1992, Turin 2006.

He was awarded the titles of International Master in 1981 and Grandmaster in 1985.

References

External links

Carlos Garcia Palermo chess games at 365Chess.com

1953 births
Living people
Argentine chess players
Italian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from La Plata

Carlos Garcia Palermo