Mustang is a military slang term used in the United States Armed Forces to refer to a commissioned officer who began their career as an enlisted service member. A mustang officer is not a temporary or brevet promotion but is a commissioned officer that receives the same pay and command responsibilities as all other commissioned officers.

Mustang officers are generally older than their peers-in-grade who have been commissioned from one of the service academies (such as the United States Merchant Marine Academy, United States Military Academy, United States Air Force Academy, United States Naval Academy, or United States Coast Guard Academy), Officer Candidate School, or the Reserve Officer Training Corps.

History

The term "mustang" refers to the mustang horse, a feral animal and not a thoroughbred, which is captured and tamed.

The original definition of mustang was a military officer who had earned a battlefield commission; they were especially prevalent during World War II and the Korean War. Notable examples include Audie Murphy (World War II) and David Hackworth (Korean War). During the Vietnam War, some army warrant officer pilots were offered a direct commission to 2nd or 1st Lieutenant, while usually being younger than 25 at the time of commission. Department of Defense military pay tables authorize approximately ten percent pay premiums for officers in grades O-1, O-2 and O-3 who have credit for over four years of enlisted or warrant officer service before commissioning (Grades O-1E, O-2E, O-3E).

A mustang is characterized by former enlisted service before transitioning to officer rank. As a slang term, there is no official U.S. Government definition or set of criteria to determine which officers can properly be called a mustang. By the end of World War II, it was understood across the armed forces that a Mustang was an officer with service in the enlisted ranks before commissioning.

By Branch

A United States Navy or United States Marine Corps mustang officer can be a chief warrant officer, a limited duty officer, a staff corps officer, a restricted line officer or an unrestricted line officer, depending on the particular situation.

Notable mustangs

American mustang officers

19th century
Samuel Chamberlain (1829–1908) – Dragoon sergeant of the Mexican War who re-enlisted in 1861 and eventually became a brevet general.
Patrick Cleburne (1828–1864) – British army corporal who later became a Confederate general.
Johnny Clem (1851–1937) – Enlisted in the US Civil War as a drummer boy in the Union Army and retired as a US Army general in 1917.
Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877) – He began his career in the Confederate States Army as a private in the cavalry and was commissioned colonel in 1861, eventually becoming a lieutenant general.
Christian Fleetwood (1840–1915) – USCT sergeant and Medal of Honor recipient, later became a major in the District of Columbia National Guard.
Galusha Pennypacker (1841/1844–1916). Initially a Union Army quartermaster sergeant in 1861. Promoted to major general in 1865.
Mirabeau B. Lamar (1798–1859) – Enlisted as a private during the Texas Revolution and received a battlefield commission as a colonel and command of the Texian cavalry immediately before the Battle of San Jacinto. Lamar would later serve as the Texas Secretary of War and be elected president.
William McKinley (1843–1901) – Enlisted as a private in the Union Army in 1861; promoted to the rank of sergeant. Received a battlefield commission for bravery under fire at the Battle of Antietam; mustered out of the army as a major. Subsequently, they became the 25th president of the United States.
John Murphy (born c.1820, date of death unknown) – Irish sergeant who deserted the US army during the Mexican War and received a commission in the San Patricios Battalion of the Mexican Army.
Winfield Scott (1786–1865) – Enlisted as a militia cavalry corporal in 1807 and commissioned as a captain in the Regular Army in 1808. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1814, aged 27, and eventually became a major general (and brevet lieutenant general).

20th and 21st centuries

 Ellis E. Austin Joined the U.S. Navy in 1941 as an aviation electronics technician. Promoted to Chief Warrant Officer 1956 (Mustang) and advanced to Commander as a Bombardier/Navigator on the A6-A Intruder (Attack Squadron VA-42) flying off the Kitty Hawk in 1966. Shot down over North Vietnam on April 21, 1966. Still Missing in Action. Awarded the Purple Heart in 1966, The Distinguished Flying Cross, The Bronze Star, and Navy Commendation Medal with "V" for heroic achievement. He joined the Caterpillar Club when he was ejected from his disabled AJ Savage aircraft in 1956.
 John F. Aiso (1909–1987) - Already a practicing lawyer, he was drafted in the Army in 1941 and assigned to menial jobs. Recruited by Army Intelligence to teach Japanese, but due to a prohibition of Japanese Americans being commissioned, was discharged and hired as a War Department Civilian at the Military Intelligence Service Language School. It took the intervention of Gen Clayton Bissell to demand a direct commission for Aiso to Major, the highest-ranking Japanese-American during the war.
Jeremy Boorda (1939–1996) – Rose from the USN enlisted ranks to become a four-star admiral and Chief of Naval Operations. He committed suicide in 1996 while serving as CNO.
Ernest C. Brace (1931–2014) – Enlisted in the United States Marine Corps as a radio/radar technician in 1947, earned a commission as a Marine pilot, and flew more than 100 missions during the Korean War before being court-martialed.
 Gregory R. Bryant (Born 1950) - Enlisted in the United States Navy in 1970 and was selected for the Naval Enlisted Scientific Education Program. Following the selection, Gregory studied at the University of New Mexico, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering magna cum laude with distinction. Gregory's first position was Engineering staff for Admiral Hyman G. Rickover at the Division of Naval Reactors. Subsequently, he served many positions at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, including Senior Nuclear Ship Superintendent, Non-Nuclear Ship Superintendent, and Assistant Nuclear Repair Officer. He would then travel to Mare Island Naval Shipyard to serve as Type Desk Officer, Planning and Estimating Superintendent, Nuclear Repair Officer, and Nuclear Production Manager for his tour there. Gregory would then serve on the  as Repair Officer at Apra Harbor, Guam. In 1994, Gregory transferred to Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, where he served as the Engineering and Planning Officer and would later hold the position of  Operations Officer. Following such a tour, in 1998 became commander of the Engineering Duty Officer School in Port Hueneme, California. In 1999, Gregory became the commander of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Following that position, in 2002, Gregory was selected for promotion to Flag Officer. RDML Bryant would then report to Chief of Naval Operations office as Deputy Director Fleet Readiness Division (N43B). Following his position, his final position would become Deputy Chief of Staff for Fleet Maintenance the U.S. Pacific Fleet. In 2005, Gregory retired after 35 years of military service. His awards include but are not limited to the Legion of Merit and four Meritorious Service Medals.
John Francis Burnes (birth name: Martin Maher) (1883–1918) – Enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1904, achieved the rank of Sgt. Major by 1916, appointed a Marine Gunner on 24 March 1917, was promoted to Captain (temporary service) on 3 June 1917, wounded in WWI during the Battle of Belleau Wood, and died soon after. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, and the Silver Star citation. The destroyer  was named for him. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Dale Dye (born 1944) – Retired USMC captain. Awarded Bronze Star and three Purple Hearts during the Vietnam War.
John William Finn (1909–2010) – Enlisted in the Navy in July 1926, shortly before his seventeenth birthday. Promoted to chief petty officer in 1935 after only nine years of active duty.  Awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay during the attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1942 Finn was commissioned and served as a limited-duty officer with the rank of ensign. In 1947 he reverted to his enlisted rank of chief petty officer, eventually becoming a lieutenant with Bombing Squadron VB-102 and aboard the USS Hancock (CV-19). Retired from the Navy as a lieutenant in September 1956.
Robin Fontes – Enlisted in the United States Army Reserve in 1981, earned a commission from West Point in 1986, and was promoted to major general in 2017.
John W. Foss (born 1933) – Enlisted in Minnesota National Guard at 16 and then Regular Army upon graduation from high school. Served as an infantry private. Accepted to United States Military Academy Preparatory School and then United States Military Academy, graduating in 1956. Served two combat tours in the Vietnam War and eventually became commanding general United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Retired as a four-star general in 1991.
Wesley L. Fox (1931–2017) – Retired USMC colonel who rose from the ranks of private to first sergeant to colonel. Awarded Medal of Honor, Bronze Star (with Combat V), and four Purple Hearts during the Vietnam War.
Tommy Franks (born 1945) – Enlisted in 1965 as a cryptologic analyst; selected to attend the Artillery and Missile Officer Candidate School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1967, rising to four-star general. Franks was the U.S. general leading the attack on the Taliban in Afghanistan in response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in 2001.
Harry K. Fukuhara (1920–2015) - Sent to a internment camp at the outbreak of WWII. Enlisted with the Military Intelligence Service in the Pacific, earning a battlefield commission for his bravery. Inducted into the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame and honored by the naming of the 500th Military Intelligence Brigade HQ at Schofield Barracks as "Fukuhara Hall."
Tulsi Gabbard (born 1981) – Currently, a lieutenant colonel in a California unit of the U.S. Army Reserves, previously a major in the Hawaii Army National Guard and a member of Congress representing Hawaii's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Enlisted as a Medical Specialist with the 29th Infantry Brigade Support Battalion of the Hawaii Army National Guard, serving a 12-month deployment in Iraq in 2004. Commissioned as an officer in March 2007, deploying to Iraq for a second tour of duty with the 29th Brigade Special Troops Battalion of the Hawaii Army National Guard as the Military Police Platoon Leader. In January 2019, she began a campaign for U.S. President.
Jim Gant (born c.1965) - US Army sergeant during the First Gulf War and captain during the American Afghan War.
Alfred M. Gray, Jr. (born 1928) – Retired United States Marine Corps general who served as the 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1987 to 1991. Served as an enlisted Marine sergeant before becoming a Mustang.
David Hackworth (1930–2005) – Korean War and Vietnam War veteran. Retired in 1971 with the rank of colonel.
Courtney Hodges (1887–1966) – Enlisted as a private in the US Army in 1906, was commissioned and served in both World War I and World War II, during which he commanded First US Army, retired in 1949 as a general.
Daniel Inouye (1924–2012) - Enlisted in the segregated Japanese-American 442nd RCT in WWII, earning a battlefield commission for his bravery.  Elected to the US Senate in 1962, he served for almost 50 years as a strong supporter of the military with chairmanships in the influential Senate Intelligence & Appropriations committees. Countless military assets & installations have since been named in his honor. After reviewing military records in the 1990s, Inouye was decorated with the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Italian Campaign. The original MOH recommendation had been lost but was discovered during a search of military records of ethnic minorities who had served in World War II.
Young-Oak Kim (1919–2005) - Drafted into the Army in 1941, served a year as an enlisted engineer before being selected for the Infantry Officer Candidate School. Served as a staff officer with the 442nd RCT in WWII. He became the first minority officer to command an Army battalion in combat in Korea and an instructor at the Army Command and General Staff College.
Jonny Kim (born 1984) - After enlisting with the United States Navy in 2002 as a seaman recruit, Kim graduated BUD/S class 247 and was assigned to SEAL Team 3 with the rating Special Warfare Operator. He deployed twice to the Middle East and participated in over 100 combat missions as a combat medic, sniper, navigator, and point man. Kim served with PO2s Marc Alan Lee and Michael A. Monsoor during his SEAL tenure. Kim was accepted for commissioning in 2009; when he graduated from the University of San Diego in 2012 and left the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps, Kim entered the Medical Corps. Jonny Kim then received a Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School and completed astronaut flight training in 2020 as part of the Artemis program. Kim is a recipient of a Silver Star, Bronze Star Medal (with Combat "V"), the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal (with Combat "V"), and Combat Action Ribbon. As of January 2020, he was on active duty with the Navy Reserve as a lieutenant. According to Jocko Willink, Kim's Silver Star was awarded for rescuing multiple wounded Iraqi soldiers in the face of enemy fire.
George E. R. Kinnear II (1928–2015) – Enlisted as a Seaman Recruit in the US Navy in 1945, was commissioned as an Ensign in 1948, served as a Naval Aviator in Korea and Vietnam and as commander of NAS Miramar ("Top Gun"), and retired as a four-star admiral in 1982.
Carwood Lipton (1920–2001) – World War II veteran who was a member of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division. He enlisted as a private and eventually received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant. His story was featured in the Band of Brothers and was portrayed in the miniseries adaptation by Donnie Wahlberg.
James Mattis (born 1950) – Retired USMC general, a former Secretary of Defense. Enlisted in the USMC in 1969 and was commissioned a second lieutenant through Naval ROTC on January 1, 1972.
Audie Murphy (1925–1971) – The most decorated US soldier of World War II, Staff Sergeant Murphy received a battlefield commission in France in 1944; subsequently became an actor. Received the Medal of Honor and later held a major's commission in the US National Guard.
Peter J. Ortiz (1913–1988) – Enlisted in the French Foreign Legion, receiving a field commission. Enlisted commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps in 1942. Retired as a colonel in the USMCR.
Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller (1898–1971) – Enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1918 and received a commission in 1924.  Retired as a lieutenant general.  He was awarded the Navy Cross five times, the second person in history to be awarded as much.
John Shalikashvili (1936–2011) – Drafted in the Army in 1958; applied to and accepted in Officer Candidate School the following year. He went on to become a four-star general and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1993–1997) and retired in 1997.
Clarence A. Shoop (1907–1968) – Enlisted in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard in 1927, earned a commission in the Army Air Corps as a pilot, and retired from the United States Air Force as a major general.
Larry O. Spencer (born 1954)– Enlisted in the United States Air Force in 1971, subsequently earned a commission as a second lieutenant in 1980 through the Officer Training School and later became the 37th Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. Retired as a four-star general in 2015.
Jeff Struecker (born 1969) – Retired US Army major. He served as an enlisted man in Panama and Somalia before attending and graduating from seminary and being commissioned as a pastor in the army. Portrayed by Brian Van Holt in the film Black Hawk Down (2001).
John William Vessey, Jr. (1922–2016) – Enlisted in the Minnesota National Guard in 1939 at the age of 16; received a battlefield commission at the WWII battle of Anzio and fought in the Korean and Vietnam wars, rising to a four-star general in 1976 and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1982.
Larry D. Welch (born 1934) – Enlisted in the Kansas National Guard in 1951; later enlisted in the USAF and rose to become Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. Retired as a four-star general in 1990.
Chuck Yeager (1923–2020) – Enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1941 and began as an aircraft mechanic. He soon entered pilot training and served as a flight officer upon receiving his wings.  He later earned a commission as a second lieutenant. He was a noted combat pilot during World War II and as a test pilot during the postwar era, including being the first to successfully exceed the speed of sound. Retired from the U.S. Air Force as a brigadier general in 1975.
Richard J. Tallman (born 1925-1972) - Enlisted in 1943 as a Private first class in the 42nd Infantry Division. After the Battle of the Bulge, was field commissioned to 2nd Lieutenant. After the war, he went to West Point and became a 1st Lieutenant. He got company commander in the Korean War and had four tours in Vietnam before he got killed in 1972 as a brigadier commander.

Non-American mustang officers

British Empire
Idi Amin – British army cook during the 1940s, later one of the first native commissioned officers in the Ugandan army.
Adrian Carton de Wiart – Joined British cavalry as an enlisted man during the Second Boer War. Commissioned as a lieutenant in 1901 and later served as a general during World War I and II.
John Crocker – Enlisted as a private soldier in the British Army in 1915; temporary second lieutenant in the Machine Gun Corps on 26 January 1917; left army, but rejoined the Middlesex Regiment 1920. Rose to General in WWII.
George Croil – Joined the Gordon Highlanders as a pvt in 1914. Air Marshal with the Canadian Air Force during World War II.
Moshe Dayan – Enlisted in British Army during World War II and served as an Israeli general in all three of the Arab Israeli Wars.
Henry Kelly VC – Promoted from sergeant major to lieutenant in 1915, later fought in the Irish Civil War and Spanish Civil War.
Enoch Powell – Joined the British Army in 1939 as a private in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, ending the war as a brigadier.
John Quilliam was conscripted into the Royal Navy in 1794, promoted to midshipman in 1797, and retired in 1817 with the rank of captain.
Arnold Ridley, best known for playing Private Godfrey in Dad's Army, rose from private to captain during World War I and also served with the British Army and Home Guard during World War II.
William "Wully" Robertson. Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS – the professional head of the British Army) during the First World War. The first, and to date only, British soldier to rise from private to field marshal.
Jan Smuts, a South African World War I and World War II general, began his military career as a corporal in a commando before the Boer War.
Israel Tal enlisted in the British army during World War II and became an Israeli general in the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War.
Charles Upham -NZEF soldier that started World War II as a private, rose to the rank of Captain, and went on to become the only combat soldier awarded a Bar to the Victoria Cross.

France
Pierre Augereau – Served as an enlisted man in numerous European armies, including the French, before the French Revolution; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (aka King Charles XIV John) – Served in the Régiment Royal–La Marine for a decade; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon, and later was elected Crown Prince of Sweden, he died as the King of Sweden and King of Norway.
Jean-Baptiste Bessières – Enlisted in the Constitutional Guard and served in the army during the French Revolutionary Wars; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan – Enlisted in the French Army when he was 15 years old and fought in the American War of Independence; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Jean Lannes – Served as Sergeant-Major of a volunteer battalion during the French Revolutionary Wars; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Jacques MacDonald – Served as an enlisted man in the Irish Legion and Dutch service before receiving a commission in the French Army; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
André Masséna – Served as an enlisted soldier in the Royal Italian Regiment of the French Army for 14 years; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey – Enlisted twice as a kid but was quickly dismissed when his father intervened; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Michel Ney – Served 5 years as an enlisted cavalryman; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Nicolas Oudinot – Had served 3 years as an enlisted soldier; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr – Briefly served as an enlisted soldier before being elected as an officer in a volunteer unit during the French Revolutionary Wars; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Nicholas Savin – Cavalry NCO during the French Revolutionary Wars, promoted to lieutenant under Napoleon. Died in 1894 at the claimed age of 126.
Jean-de-Dieu Soult – Enlisted in the French Army as a teenager and served for several years before receiving a commission; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Louis-Gabriel Suchet – Served as cavalryman in the National Guard before receiving a commission; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno – Had already retired after ten years of enlisted service; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.
Marcel Bigeard – Incorporated in 1936, came back sergeant in 1940, participated in World War II, the First Indochina War, and the Algerian War; ended his career as Lieutenant General

Russia
Pavel Ivanovich Batov – Russian Imperial Guard during World War I, Red Army commander during the Russian Civil War, Spanish Civil War, Winter War, and Great Patriotic War.
Ivan Bogdanov – NCO in the Tsarist Army and Red Army commander during the Russian Civil War and Great Patriotic War. Killed in action in 1942.
Semyon Budyonny – NCO in the Tsarist army, decorated multiple times during World War I, commander of the 1st Cavalry Army of the Red Army in the Civil War, Marshal of the Soviet Union from 1935 to his death in 1973.
Vasily Chapaev – NCO in the Tsarist army and three times decorated with the Order of St. George in World War I, joined the Bolsheviks in 1917 to become one of the first "Red Commanders." Noted for his bravery, he was killed in action in the Ural River in 1919 and has been since immortalized as a hero in both the Soviet Union and Russian Federation.
Pavel Dybenko – Promoted to naval NCO in the Baltic Fleet in 1912. He participated in the October Revolution in Petrograd, fought in the Civil War, and reached the rank of Army General and military district commander in the Red Army. He was executed in Stalin's purges in 1938.
Vasily Gordov – Junior sergeant in 1915–17. He commanded the Stalingrad Front in 1942 during the early stages of the Battle of Stalingrad. Took part in the Battle of Berlin and the Prague Offensive in 1945.
Andrei Grechko - Enlisted as a cavalryman in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, rose from divisional to army commander during the Great Patriotic War, promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955, and served as Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union during the Brezhnev era until he died in 1976.
Grigory Kulik – Promoted to senior Feuerwerker (artillery NCO) in 1915 and decorated many times for bravery in World War I, joined the Red Army after the Revolution and became a Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1940, taking part in the Great Patriotic War.
Mikhail Lashevich – Senior NCO in the Imperial Army, was wounded twice in World War I. In the Civil War, he held command positions in various Red armies, then went to Harbin to serve as deputy chairman of the Chinese Eastern Railway (1926–1928).
Rodion Malinovsky - Corporal of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I and a Red Army drill instructor during the Russian Civil War, republican staff officer during the Spanish Civil War, rose from major-general to Marshal of the Soviet Union during course of the Great Patriotic War, and finally serving as Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union from 1957 until he died in 1967.
Lev Mekhlis – Bombardier in the 2nd Grenadier Artillery Regiment (1911), Feuerwerker (Senior Artillery NCO) in 1917, joined the Red Army in 1918, Colonel-General from 1939, member of the Stavka and head of the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.
Romuald Muklevich – Petty officer in the Baltic Fleet from 1912, took part in the Storming of the Winter Palace in October 1917, rose to become an admiral and the commander-in-chief of the Soviet Navy 1926–31, commissar for shipbuilding industry 1934–36, deputy minister for the defense industries 1936–37. They were killed in Stalin's purges in 1938.
Konstantin Rokossovsky – Tsarist cavalry NCO until 1917, then served in the Red Army until arrested and imprisoned during Stalin's purge. Reinstated as a major general in the Red Army in 1940, they rose to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1944 during the Great Patriotic War. Transferred to the Polish People's Army as a Marshal of Poland and Minister of National Defense after the war in 1949, dismissed by Władysław Gomułka and sent back to the Soviet Union in October 1956, and finally retiring in 1962.
Prokofy Romanenko was promoted from sergeant to praporschik before the October Revolution, and later joined the Red Army.
Andrey Yeryomenko – In 1914, he took part in the capture of Przemysl and was promoted to NCO. Joined the Bolsheviks in the Civil War, he was a proponent of mechanized warfare and earned the nickname "Russian Guderian". In 1941–45 he commanded many fronts, including the Stalingrad Front, during the main phase of the Battle of Stalingrad.
Matvei Zakharov - Volunteered in the Bolshevik Red Guards and participated in the storming of the Winter Palace during the October Revolution, commanded an artillery battery in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, rose from army-level to front-level staff officer during the Great Patriotic War, promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955 and served as Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces and principal of the K.E. Voroshilov General Staff Academy from 1960 to 1971.
Georgy Zhukov – NCO in the Tsarist army in World War, Order of St. George, Marshal of the Soviet Union from 1941, and Defence Minister during and after the Great Patriotic War.
Andrei Zhdanov – NCO in the 139th Infantry Regiment (1916–1917), member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Stalin's inner circle in the 1930s, Colonel-General of the Red Army and head of the defense of Leningrad in the Great Patriotic War.
Dmitry Zhloba – Studied as a military engineer and became a Tsarist NCO in 1917. Joined the Bolsheviks in Moscow and took part in storming the Kremlin. In 1918 he led the famous "Steel Division" of 15,000 men to a legendary 800-kilometer march in sixteen days from Nevinnomysskaya to Tsaritsyn, falling on the rear of Pyotr Krasnov's besieging White Army to relieve the Bolshevik garrison during the Battle of Tsaritsyn.

Germany
Nazi panzer ace Franz Bake was a lance corporal during the First World War. At the outbreak of World War II, he was a lieutenant colonel.
Oskar Dirlewanger, an infamous war criminal, rapist, and pedophile, was an enlisted machine gunner during World War I and a colonel with the Waffen SS during World War II.
Sepp Dietrich was a sergeant during World War I and a general in the SS during World War II.
Hugo Gutmann, the commanding officer of Adolf Hitler during World War I, was promoted from Feldwebel to lieutenant in 1915.
Adolf Heusinger enlisted in 1914, was promoted to lieutenant in 1917, and later became a general in the Nazi Wehrmacht and West German Bundeswehr.
Ernst Jünger was promoted from private to lieutenant during World War I and became a Wehrmacht captain during World War II.
Erich Kastner, the last German World War I veteran, enlisted as a private in 1918 and was promoted to major during World War II.
Günther Rall began his career as a sergeant in the Nazi Luftwaffe, and became a general in the West German Air Force after the war.
Hans Sommer was promoted from staff sergeant to lieutenant in the Waffen SS, and after the war, became a Stasi officer.
Willi Stoph was an unteroffizier in the Wehrmacht, and a general in the East German Army.

Poland
Menachem Begin was a corporal in Wladyslaw Anders' Free Polish Army during World War II, and an Irgun commander during the 1947–1949 Palestine war.
David Ben-Gurion joined the British Jewish Legion during World War I, and led the Israeli Defence Force during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Wladyslaw Bortnowski was an NCO in the Polish legion during World War I, and a Polish Army general during the September Campaign.
Yitzhak Sadeh enlisted in the Tsarist army during World War I and was an Israeli general during the First Arab-Israeli War.
Karol Świerczewski enlisted in the Soviet Red Army as rank-and-file soldier fighting in the Russian Civil War, served as a brigadier in the International Brigades under the nom de guerre General Walter during the Spanish Civil War, returned to the Soviet Union as a major-general in 1940, and finally promoted to general of the department in 1943 with his transfer to the Polish People's Army during World War II.
Samuel Willenberg enlisted in the Polish army at the age of 16, became a sergeant in the Resistance and was promoted to lieutenant in the Polish People's Army after the war.

Netherlands
Wiebbe Hayes – Promoted from sergeant to lieutenant for defeating the Batavia mutiny.

See also
Seaman to Admiral - 21
Major (France)

References

External links
Official US NAVY CWO/LDO Community Manager Page
Air Force Officer Accession & Training Schools (AFOATS), enlisted commissioning Opportunities
U.S. Naval Academy Admissions Steps
USAF Academy admissions website
Nurse Corps Force Management, USAF NECP
Marine Corps Mustang Association

American military personnel
Military slang and jargon

Mustang (military officer)


A nickel–zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery. It is similar to the nickel cadmium battery but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V. Large nickel–zinc battery systems have been known for over 100 years. Since 2000, development of a stabilized zinc electrode system has made this technology competitive with other commercially available rechargeable battery systems. Cells in "AA" and "AAA" sizes are available. Nickel–zinc batteries are not as toxic as nickel–cadmium batteries, and they are less of a fire risk than lithium–ion batteries. The energy density is higher than nickel–cadmium, but not quite as high as lithium–ion.

Batteries

Nickel–zinc battery


Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Expressing an interest in music from an early age, Knowles had several temporary stints as a backup dancer for Destiny's Child, which featured her elder sister, Beyoncé Knowles, among its members, before signing with her father Mathew Knowles's Music World Entertainment label. At age 16, Knowles released her first studio album Solo Star (2002). She also appeared in the films Johnson Family Vacation (2004), and Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006).

In 2007, Knowles began to record music again. Heavily influenced by Motown girl groups, her second studio album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams (2008) deviated from the pop-oriented music of her debut to Motown-inspired sounds from the 60's and 70's. It peaked at number nine on the US Billboard 200 and received positive reviews from critics. She followed this up with the 1980s pop and R&B-inspired extended play True (2012) on Terrible Records and her imprint Saint Records. Her third studio album, A Seat at the Table (2016) was released to widespread critical acclaim and became her first number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single, "Cranes in the Sky" won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance. Her fourth studio album, When I Get Home, was released in March 2019 to further critical acclaim.

Knowles says that her first passion is songwriting. Frequently compared by the media to her sister Beyoncé, Knowles has claimed that they have different aspirations and are musically different. She has been ranked by Billboard as the 100th most successful dance artist of all time, and in 2017 was honored with the "Impact Award" at the Billboard Women in Music event. Her other ventures include an endorsement deal with Rimmel London and a line of hip-hop-oriented merchandise for young children.

Knowles has also ventured into performance art, working in several international museums and exhibitions, such as the Elbphilharmonie, the Venice Art Biennale and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 2022, Knowles became the third woman and first African American to compose a score for the New York City Ballet.

Early life
Solange Piaget Knowles was born on June 24, 1986, in Houston, Texas, to Mathew and Tina Knowles. Her older sister is singer Beyoncé Knowles. Her father, originally from Alabama, is African American, and her mother, originally from Texas, is an African American of Louisiana Creole heritage. Her maternal grandparents are Lumis Beyincé and Agnéz Deréon, a seamstress. She is also a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Knowles was raised Catholic until the age of four, when her family became members of a Methodist church. As a child, she studied dance and theater. At the age of five, she made her singing debut at Six Flags AstroWorld, a theme park in Houston. She began writing songs at the age of nine. At 13, she decided to pursue recording, but her parents initially advised her to wait. During Destiny's Child's opening stint for Christina Aguilera's 2000 tour, Knowles temporarily replaced member Kelly Rowland after she broke her toes backstage during a costume change. At the age of 15, Knowles replaced a departed dancer and performed with the group on tour.

Career

2001–2003: Early career and Solo Star
Managed by her father Mathew, Knowles first ventured into the music business in 2001 as the lead singer, backed by Destiny's Child, on the title theme song for the animated television series The Proud Family. She also was a featured performer on "Hey Goldmember" for the soundtrack to the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember, as well as a backup singer on the track "Little Drummer Boy" on Destiny's Child's 2001 holiday album 8 Days of Christmas. In 2002, she was featured on Lil' Romeo's second studio album Game Time, singing portions of Luther Vandross-penned "So Amazing" on the single "True Love", and on Kelly Rowland's debut solo album Simply Deep, for which she also wrote the tracks "Simply Deep", "Beyond Imagination" and "Obsession". In 2001 she appeared as Lil' Bow Wow's date in the music video for his single "Puppy Love". She also made an appearance on The Master of Disguise soundtrack and made cameos in Play's video for "M.A.S.T.E.R. (Part II)" featuring Lil' Fizz.

In 2002, she lent her voice for the character Chanel, the cousin of the protagonist Penny Proud, in an episode of the animated television series The Proud Family. In June 2003, Mathew Knowles excitedly announced that he was considering adding Knowles to Destiny's Child when the group reunited in 2004, thus turning them into a quartet for the first time since short-lived member Farrah Franklin left in 2000. Mathew Knowles said he was testing the reactions, and, judging by what he had heard, "it seems like a good idea". Later in August, however, Beyoncé said it was only a rumor and Destiny's Child would remain a trio. Rowland added, "She's a solo star," name-dropping Knowles's debut album.

At the age of 14, Knowles started working on her debut album Solo Star, which involved American producers such as Jermaine Dupri, the Neptunes, Linda Perry and Timbaland among others. She then recorded the album under her father's Music World Entertainment label with Columbia Records. The album is primarily uptempo R&B, although Knowles said there are pop, rock, reggae and hip hop influences. Knowles co-wrote and co-produced some of the 15 tracks in the album, including its lead single, "Feelin' You (Part II)". The song failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100, but reached number three on both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart. Solo Star was released on January 21, 2003, in the United States, where it debuted at number 49 on the Billboard 200 and reached number 23 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Solo Star had a mixed critical reception: William Ruhlmann of AllMusic called it a "state-of-the-art contemporary R&B album", but deemed Knowles "lost somewhere in the mix". By mid-2008, the album had sold 112,000 copies domestically according to Nielsen SoundScan.

2004–2008: Films and Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams

After the release of her debut album, Knowles began acting in films, followed by a career break to start a family. In 2004, she guest starred in an episode titled "The Catch" on the sitcom One on One. Knowles appeared as a teenager in the 2004 comedy film Johnson Family Vacation, starring alongside American actors Cedric the Entertainer, Vanessa Williams and Bow Wow. She provided a song, "Freedom", a collaboration with the Houston-based funk-jazz band Drop Trio, for its soundtrack. Although the reviews were generally negative, Knowles earned praise from Variety, which opined that she "is nearly as dazzling as big sister Beyoncé and does little more than smile winningly in her first bigscreen outing."
In 2006, she starred as a cheerleading captain in the film Bring It On: All or Nothing, the third installment of the Bring It On series, alongside American actress and singer Hayden Panettiere. What little critical reaction the low-budget, direct-to-DVD movie got was negative, and Knowles was described as an "affordable young starlet". Knowles uses her full name for acting, rather than just the first name she uses when singing; for Bring It On: All or Nothing, she was billed as Solange Knowles-Smith, reflecting her married state at the time.

While she was married, her family moved to Idaho, and, while staying there, she resumed writing songs including the singles "Get Me Bodied" and "Upgrade U" from her sister's second solo album, B'Day. Knowles earned the R&B and Hip-Hop Song accolade for "Get Me Bodied" at the 2008 ASCAP Awards. During this time, she had also written songs for Destiny's Child, and members Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams. In 2004, while pregnant with her son, she made a cameo appearance in Destiny's Child's music video for "Soldier".

After her divorce, Knowles returned to Houston to begin working on her second album. In 2007, Knowles renewed her management, signing a record deal with Geffen and a publishing deal with EMI. Knowles finished working on her second studio album in 2008 and titled the project Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams. It includes production by CeeLo Green, Soulshock & Karlin and Mark Ronson as well as an appearance by Bilal. A collection of 1960s and 1970s influenced songs, it is seen as a departure from her pop-oriented debut, with what Billboard called "more of a modern twist on hip-hop and R&B flecked with tinges of blues and jazz". The album was released on August 26, 2008, in the United States. By December 2008, the album had sold over 114,000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album was positively received by critics, with Ian Griffin of The Guardian considering it far better than her debut. The album's lead single, "I Decided", was released in April 2008, and reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart; Rolling Stone labelled it her breakthrough single. In support of the album, Knowles began the Solange Presents Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams Tour in Britain in November 2008.

Knowles announced via her blog that she would be releasing a series of mixtapes to coincide with the album. The first mixtape, I Can't Get Clearance..., includes the leaked track "Fuck the Industry (Signed Sincerely)". On this record, Knowles expressed her views on the current state of the music industry. The lyrics to the song name check some major artists such as Mary J. Blige, Ashanti, Keyshia Cole, and Beyoncé, although she made a point of stating that it does not have "a negative light to any of [them]". The mixtape was never released, but Knowles released "Fuck the Industry (Signed Sincerely)" as a single in 2010.

2009–2014: True EP and Saint Records

In an interview with MTV in 2009, Knowles revealed that she was determining the type of sound for the follow-up to Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams. During this time, Knowles also parted ways with the Interscope-Geffen-A&M record label group. She would now release her third studio album independently. Early in 2010, Knowles traveled to Australia to work with Australian rock band Midnight Juggernauts on her third studio album. Knowles had planned to release the album in summer as revealed on her official Twitter account in 2009. She also confirmed on Twitter that she rented a house in Santa Barbara, California to get into a certain state of mind while writing and making music. On May 7, 2010, Knowles made a guest appearance on the popular children's show, Yo Gabba Gabba! for a "Mothers Day Special" where she performed an original song called "Momma Loves Baby".

In an interview with Vibe on July 7, 2010, Knowles said she suffered "a little bit of a breakdown" while recording her new album: "I literally gave up my sanity for a while to do this record. [...] We literally were waking up in the morning and just making music all day and all night. [...] It just started to wear on me in so many different ways. I started having these crazy panic attacks." Knowles explained how she made sacrifices "mentally, emotionally and financially", and continued, "It's more than an album to me. It's a transitional time in my life." Regarding the musical direction of the album, she said the inspiration came from new wave and stated, "This is a dance record, but the lyrics can get pretty dark at times."

In September 2012, Knowles released a teaser video for "Losing You", which was announced as the lead single from the EP True. This release marked Knowles's first release as a signee of the independent label Terrible Records. The video was shot in Cape Town, South Africa in early September 2012. Knowles revealed in an interview that her mother Tina had paid for Knowles and her friends to fly out and record the video as her birthday gift. On October 24, 2012, Knowles held a listening party in New York City for her EP True, released for digital download on iTunes on November 27, 2012. The CD and vinyl was made available on January 8, 2013. Following the EP's release, Solange appeared on the cover of The Fader magazine's 84th issue.

On May 14, 2013, Knowles announced that she had launched her own record label named Saint Records, which she would be using to release her third full-length album and future music projects distributed through Sony. Saint Records was established to focus on not-yet mainstream hip-hop and R&B artists. She also collaborated with the Lonely Island on the song "Semicolon", which was showcased as part of YouTube's Comedy Week and is featured on the group's album, The Wack Album. On November 11, 2013, Knowles's record label released its first compilation album, Saint Heron.

2015–present: A Seat at the Table, and When I Get Home

On May 15, 2015, Knowles performed "Rise" for the first time at an HBO-sponsored event, which was inspired by police killings of Michael Brown and Freddie Gray, and the subsequent protests in Ferguson and Baltimore. In July 2015, Knowles announced that her third studio album was nearly complete. On her thirtieth birthday, June 24, 2016, she stated that she had completed A Seat at the Table three days before her birthday, on June 21. The album was released on September 30, 2016, to universal critical acclaim. It became her first number-one album in the United States. This made her and Beyoncé the first sisters to have both had US number-one albums in a calendar year. On October 3, 2016, Knowles released music videos for the songs "Don't Touch My Hair" and "Cranes in the Sky", both co-directed by herself and Alan Ferguson.

In June 2017, Knowles performed at the Glastonbury Festival; her performance earned a perfect five-star review from Patrick Smith of The Daily Telegraph, who deemed her "an artist to be cherished" and the performance itself "fantastic theatre." In December 2017, Knowles directed the video for the song "The Weekend" by SZA. In 2019, Solange performed at the Bonnaroo Music Festival, the Parklife festival, the Lovebox Festival, and the Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival. On March 1, she released her fourth studio album, When I Get Home. She previously teased the album by posting two video snippets on her Instagram and Twitter as well as a personal web page on the African-American social networking site BlackPlanet. Stereo Williams of The Daily Beast deemed the album a confirmation that Knowles "is one of the most talented singer-songwriters of her generation."

Artistry

Music and influences

On her debut album, Knowles had no control over which kinds of music to produce, stating that "when you're 14, everyone else is older and more seasoned and you trust their decisions". She was more concerned with pleasing her record label by submitting to their desires.

Her musical influences were better expressed on Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams, when she considered herself mature and was able to write and produce songs as she wished, without worrying about the expectations of others. Knowles's lyrics tackle relationships, world issues, and deceased friends, with her second album focusing on events in her life, such as marriage, divorce, and parenthood. The album touched upon a variety of genres including pop-soul, psychedelic soul, electronica, and R&B.

Knowles's debut extended play True is a new wave album with Knowles stating, "This is a dance record, but the lyrics can get pretty dark at times." Knowles described the EP as "eclectic with 1980s references and African percussion influences." Sonically the extended play is influenced by the keyboard sounds and beats of early 1980s pop and R&B music. The EP was recorded in five cities including Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, Houston, New York, and on the German Autobahn. Her 2016 album, A Seat at The Table, discusses themes such as "black womanhood," "Southern culture and glory," and "what it means to be free and not free all at once."

Performance art and ballet
Outside her work of being a singer-songwriter, Knowles has also ventured into performance art. In an interview with Surface magazine, she said "I'm not at all interested in entertainment. I'm really interested in energy exchange between the viewer and the performer. One way to do that is to make an inclusive experience through style, through energy, through space." She has put on subsequent performance art pieces throughout the world, including Witness! at the Elbphilharmonie, Metatronia (Metatron's Cube) at the Hammer Museum and Bridge-s at the Getty Museum. In November 2019, Knowles directed and composed the art and music performance In Past Pupils and Smiles at the Venice Art Biennale. In August 2022, the New York City Ballet announced that Knowles would compose a score for the Fall Fashion Gala the following September, becoming the third woman and first African American to serve in that role for the company.

Public image

Knowles has always been compared by the media to her sister, Beyoncé, whom she considers one of her role models. She has expressed her opinion of the comparison in the lyrics to "God Given Name": "I'm not her and never will be" – which was purposely set as the opening track of Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams to show their differences. In his review for the album, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone magazine referred to the lyrics as a declaration of independence. Beyoncé was unwilling to bring her sister into the recording industry, reasoning that it "involves a lot of pressure". Knowles countered by saying, "It's good to have her advice, but we really have different goals". In her self-titled album, Beyoncé credits Knowles with the lyric "my sister told me I should speak my mind", as she acknowledges the impact her family has made on her life.

Knowles has been described as a fashion icon. Her knack for bold colors, mixed prints, and retro styles, as well as her knack for glamorous, fashion-forward looks in her music videography and public appearances, has become integral to her current image. She has been photographed wearing Alexander Wang, Alexander McQueen, and Chanel. The music video for her 2012 single "Losing You" featured a heavy demonstration of the contemporary sartorial movement throughout Africa, La Sape.

Similarly, her decision to grow her natural hair initially generated strong reactions from the public. In a cover interview with Toyin Ojih Odutola for Cultured Magazine, Knowles addressed her shift to minimalist fashion and the response she received from the public, "This idea that black women could not be minimalist, we could not be subtle— we have to be big, we have to be loud, we have to be an explosive presence."

At the 2017 Glamour Women of the Year awards, Knowles wore a yellow Jean-Paul Gaultier couture gown, with a blonde afro, and was named a Woman of the Year.

Knowles is an activist for the Black Lives Matter movement. After the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, Knowles released a statement posing the following questions: "Where can we be safe? Where can we be free? Where can we be black?" In July 2016, she marched in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in protest of the shooting of Alton Sterling; she also criticized police presence during the march.

Other ventures
In 2007, Knowles began promoting Baby Jamz, a hip hop-styled toy line for pre-schoolers. It was inspired by her son, who is fond of hip hop music. She is the executive producer of the CD, composed of updated hip hop inspired nursery rhymes, which is featured in all of the toys.

In 2008, Knowles was named as ambassador for Giorgio Armani's younger diffusion line, Armani Jeans. Armani said Knowles epitomizes the style, which is a "vision of a young, independent, casual lifestyle with a strong and cool, fashion sensibility".

In 2009, Knowles was featured in Ocean Pacific's "Summer of Music" and "OPen Campus" ad campaigns.

In 2010, Knowles worked on the award-winning children's television series Yo Gabba Gabba!. She performed an original song "Momma Loves Baby" in the special episode titled "Baby". She also sang "Momma Loves Baby" live when the show toured the Dallas–Fort Worth area.

In 2011, Knowles, Alejandra Ramos Munoz and Zooey Deschanel were announced as the new faces of Rimmel London. At the time, Knowles was also the face of Carol's Daughter. She stepped down from this position in 2012, amid criticism of her natural hair.

In 2013, Knowles was named art director and creative consultant at Puma. In this role, she curated four women's shoe collections: "Girls of Blaze" (2014), "Wild Wonder" (2014), "Behind the Baazar" (2014) and "Word to the Woman" (2015).

In 2017, Knowles became the face of a Calvin Klein campaign.

In 2018, Knowles received the artist of the year award from the Harvard Foundation. She became the face of Mercedes-Benz's campaign #WEWONDER and Helmut Lang's fashion campaign. She also began a collaboration for interior design with IKEA.

In 2020, Knowles was the recipient of the inaugural Lena Horne Prize.

In 2022, Knowles was the star of LOUIS XIII's "Believe in Time" campaign. She was also honored with the 2022 NYU Global Trailblazer Award.

In 2023, Knowles designed a glassware collection, in collaboration with glassblower Jason McDonald.

House of Deréon
Knowles and sister Beyoncé modeled for their family's clothing line, House of Deréon, named after their grandmother, Agnéz Deréon. She also helped launch Deréon, a junior apparel collection and sister line to House of Deréon. Both sisters modeled for Deréon, and were featured in most of Deréon's marketing campaigns. Together they were featured in a "Got Milk?" campaign ad, wearing House of Deréon.

Saint Heron
In 2013, Knowles launched the digital platform Saint Heron as a music and cultural hub to amplify Black artistry. In May 2021, Saint Heron expanded into a multidisciplinary institution, which includes a studio, creative agency, library, and art gallery. Saint Heron's official website debuted a dossier, with plans of highlighting both "literary and visual retrospectives of radical family and artist lineages." Each dossier installation will be live on the site for seven to ten days, the first recounting the story of Saint Heron, in Knowles's own words.

Personal life

Relationships
Knowles married Daniel Smith in the Bahamas in February 2004, when she was 17 and he was 19. On October 18, 2004, Knowles gave birth to a son. After their son's birth, the family moved to Moscow, Idaho, where Knowles's husband continued studying in college. The two divorced in 2007, after which Knowles split her time between her residences in Los Angeles and Houston, Texas. She and her son relocated to Brooklyn in 2011, and to New Orleans, Louisiana in 2013.

Knowles married music video director Alan Ferguson at the Marigny Opera House in New Orleans on November 16, 2014. The couple separated in 2019.

That same year, Knowles began dating experimental jazz artist Gio Escobar from the band Standing on the Corner, with whom she had previously collaborated on her studio album When I Get Home. Knowles publicly acknowledged the relationship on Instagram in November 2020.

Elevator attack video
On May 12, 2014, TMZ released security video footage of Knowles appearing to physically attack her brother-in-law, Jay-Z, and being restrained by a security guard in an elevator at The Standard, High Line in Manhattan. The video went viral, receiving a significant amount of media attention from news organizations and gossip columnists, with many wondering what led to the violent confrontation. The infamous moment was mentioned in monologues on late night talk shows such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The matter was also spoofed on television shows including Saturday Night Live and Family Guy. Knowles, Jay-Z, and Beyoncé called the occurrence an "unfortunate incident" and stated that the family "has worked through it." Knowles later clarified that she and her family were "all good."

Discography

 Solo Star (2002)
 Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams (2008)
 A Seat at the Table (2016)
 When I Get Home (2019)

Tours
Headlining
Solo Star Tour (2003)
The Art of Love Tour (2008)
Solange Presents Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams Tour (2008)
True Promo Tour (2012)
Orion's Rise (2017)
Supporting
Simply Deeper Tour (2003)
The Justified World Tour (2003-2004)

Filmography

Film

Television

Achievements

At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards (2017), Knowles won her first Grammy Award, for Best R&B Performance for her song "Cranes in the Sky", the lead and only single from her third album, A Seat at the Table (2016), which was Knowles's first Grammy Award nomination. In 2017, she also won a Glamour Award for Woman of the Year, and became the first winner of the Billboard Women in Music Impact Award. Knowles has won several other awards including a BET Award, a Soul Train Music Award, and a Webby Award.

References

External links

1986 births
21st-century African-American women singers
Actresses from Houston
African-American actresses
African-American businesspeople
African-American choreographers
American choreographers
African-American fashion designers
African-American female dancers
African-American female models
African-American women singer-songwriters
African-American record producers
American businesspeople in retailing
American contemporary R&B singers
American cosmetics businesspeople
American fashion businesspeople
American women hip hop musicians
American film actresses
American funk singers
American hip hop record producers
American hip hop singers
American music video directors
American neo soul singers
American people of Creole descent
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American toy industry businesspeople
American women bloggers
American women in business
American women in electronic music
American women fashion designers
American women record producers
Beyoncé
Businesspeople from Texas
Columbia Records artists
Dance-pop musicians
Destiny's Child
Geffen Records artists
Interscope Records artists
Living people
Louisiana Creole people
Music video codirectors
Singers from Houston
Record producers from Louisiana
Record producers from Texas
Solange Knowles
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Sony BMG artists
Women hip hop record producers
American fashion designers

Solange Knowles


Susanne Hanna Ursula Klatten (née Quandt, born 28 April 1962) is a German billionaire heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of January 2022, her net worth was estimated at US$23.4 billion, and the richest woman in Germany and the 50th richest person in the world according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.

Education
Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, West Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD Business School in Lausanne specialising in advertising.

She gained further business experience in London with Dresdner Bank, the Munich branch of management consultants McKinsey and the bank Bankhaus Reuschel & Co.

She has often worked under the name Susanne Kant.

Investments
On her father's death she inherited his 50.1% stake in pharmaceutical and chemicals manufacturer Altana. She sits on Altana's supervisory board and helped transform it into a world-class corporation in the German DAX list of 30 top companies. In 2006 Altana AG sold its pharmaceutical activities to Nycomed for €4.5 billion, leaving only its speciality chemicals business. The €4.5 billion was distributed to shareholders as a dividend. Altana maintained its stock exchange listing and Klatten remained its majority shareholder.
In 2009, she bought almost all shares she did not already own in Altana. Altana and SKion, which are both wholly owned by Susanne Klatten, are shareholder of Landa Digital Printing with together 46% since 2018. Landa Digital Printing is a company of the Israeli entrepreneur and inventor Benny Landa in the field of digital printing and nanotechnology.

Her father also left her a 12.50% stake in BMW, but following the death of her mother in 2015, her stake in BMW is now 19.2%. She was appointed to the supervisory board of BMW with her brother Stefan Quandt in 1997.

German graphite maker SGL Carbon said on 16 March 2009 that Klatten owns options to raise her stake in SGL from 8% to almost a quarter of the shares but no more than that.

Quandt family activities during WWII
The Hanns Joachim Friedrichs Award winning documentary film The Silence of the Quandts by the German public broadcaster ARD described in October 2007 the role of the Quandt family businesses during the Second World War. The family's Nazi past was not well known, but the documentary film revealed this to a wide audience and confronted the Quandts about the use of slave labourers in the family's factories during World War II. As a result, five days after the showing, four family members announced, on behalf of the entire Quandt family, their intention to fund a research project in which a historian would examine the family's activities during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship. The independent 1,200-page study researched and compiled by Bonn historian, Joachim Scholtyseck, that was released in 2011 concluded: "The Quandts were linked inseparably with the crimes of the Nazis". , no compensation, apology or even memorial at the site of one of their factories, have been permitted. BMW was not implicated in the report.

Personal life
Police prevented an attempt to kidnap her and her mother Johanna Quandt in 1978.

Susanne met Jan Klatten while she was doing an internship with BMW in Regensburg, where he worked as an engineer. It is reported that during this time, she called herself Kant and did not tell him who she was until they were sure about each other, but Klatten himself denies the story. They married in 1990 in Kitzbühel and live in Munich. They have three children. The couple separated in 2018. She has been a member of the University Council of the Technical University of Munich since 2005. In 2007 she was awarded the Bayerischer Verdienstorden, the Bavarian Order of Merit. She is one of the biggest donors of the centre-right political party, the Christian Democratic Union.

In 2007 Klatten was blackmailed by Helg "Russak" Sgarbi, a 44-year-old Swiss national who threatened to release materials depicting the two having an affair. Sgarbi, who was charged with similar blackmail schemes against multiple women, was arrested in January 2009 and brought to court in Germany, where he was sentenced to six years in jail. His accomplice, the Italian hotel owner Ernano Barretta who allegedly filmed Sgarbi and Klatten with hidden cameras, was also arrested and was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison.

See also
 List of female billionaires

References

External links

 Biography and news by Beth Shaw, rightpundits.com, 9 March 2009

1962 births
Living people
People from Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
German people of Dutch descent
Alumni of the University of Buckingham
Female billionaires
German billionaires
Businesspeople from Hesse
20th-century German businesswomen
20th-century German businesspeople
Susanne
Directors of BMW
McKinsey & Company people
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
International Institute for Management Development alumni
21st-century German businesswomen
21st-century German businesspeople

Susanne Klatten


Candy is a 1968 sex comedy movie. The movie is a series of pornographic stories related to high school students.

Ewa Aulin plays Candy. Ringo Starr plays Emanuel. Walter Matthau and Marlon Brando are also in the movie.

Candy was released in December 1968. The reviews were mostly positive. Its box office intake was good.

Other websites

1968 comedy movies
1960s English-language movies
American sex comedy movies
French comedy movies
Italian comedy movies

Candy (1968 movie)


Złocieniec  (; ) is a town in northwestern Poland. Located in West Pomeranian Voivodeship's Drawsko County since 1999, it was previously a part of Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998). The population of Złocieniec is around 12,000 - it is therefore the biggest town in the county (powiat).

History
The official town webpage states that between the 7th and 6th century BC the area of the town was the site of a village and that the area of Western Pomerania was settled by Slavs in the 6th-8th centuries. The area was part of Poland during the reign of the first Polish rulers Mieszko I and Bolesław I the Brave. In the 13th century it was the northernmost area of the Duchy of Greater Poland, a province of fragmented Poland. When the town rights were granted it's highly probable that among German inhabitants of the town were also Slavs from Budów and Strzebłów-villages that were disbanded. Town rights were granted by the brothers von Wedel on 13 December 1333. From 1373 Złocieniec was one of the northernmost towns of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (or Czech Lands), ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków. Poland was to buy and re-incorporate Złocieniec and its surroundings, but eventually the Luxembourgs sold the city to the Teutonic Order. During the Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35) Złocieniec rebelled against the Order to join Poland and recognized the Polish King as rightful ruler, but after the Peace of Brześć Kujawski, the town, after receiving a guarantee of impunity for siding with Poland, returned to the rule of the Teutonic Knights, although, as it turned out, for a short time - only until 1454.

In 1668 the town was almost completely destroyed by a fire. In the 18th century it became part of Prussia and subsequently it was part of Germany from 1871 to 1945. During the era of Nazi Germany the Ordensburg Krössinsee was built near the town in 1934. The SA attacked the Jewish population here during Kristallnacht, later, during the Second World War a forced labour camp was established near the town, from which 31 Poles managed to escape. During World War II, in view of the inevitable defeat of Nazi Germany, on March 2, 1945, the evacuation of people who were unable to fight was ordered. On March 5, the town was captured by the First Polish Army. After World War II the town was handed over to Poland by the Allies per the Potsdam Conference, with Poles being transferred from the East while remaining Germans were expelled to the west. On May 13, 1945 the first transport of Poles expelled from former Eastern Poland, annexed by the Soviet Union, arrived to Złocieniec from the Baranowicze region.

Population statistics

 1666: 990
 1880: 4,009
 1925: 5,529
 1939: 8,623
 1950: 7,550
 1960: 8,400
 1970: 10,200
 1975: 11,500
 1980: 12,000
 1990: 18,000
 2000: 22,000
 2005: 28,000

International relations

Złocieniec is twinned with:

Notable residents
 Caspar Brülow (1585–1627) scholar and dramatist
 Otto Neitzel (1852–1920) a composer and pianist, music writer, journalist and lecturer
 Ullrich Haupt (1887–1931), actor
 Rudolf Katz (1895–1961), German politician and judge
 Mariusz Rumak (born 1977), Polish football manager
Krzysztof Myszkowski (born 1963), Polish musician, lead vocalist of Stare Dobre Małżeństwo

References

External links

Cities and towns in West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Drawsko County
Holocaust locations in Poland

Złocieniec


Central Avenue, in Albany, New York, is an 18 km stretch in Albany County, of the 26 km Albany-Schenectady Turnpike, which runs from Lark Street in the city of Albany, westward through the towns of Colonie, New York and Niskayuna, New York, to the city of Schenectady, New York. In the city of Albany it is called Central Avenue, in Colonie it is known as Central Avenue or Albany Schenectady Road, and in Schenectady County (Niskayuna and Schenectady) it is called State Street. The entire route is also called Route 5.

History
Albany, on the Hudson River, and Schenectady, on the Mohawk River, are anchor points on the Mohawk Valley transportation route between the Atlantic Ocean and points west of the mountains which span North America from Georgia to Maine. Albany is the farthest north an ocean ship can sail up the Hudson, and Schenectady is the easternmost point of navigation on the Mohawk (due to Cohoes Falls). Connecting these two points with an overland route has always been of primary importance in both trade and travel.

Originally, there was a footpath and canoe portage used by Indians called the Iroquois Trail. Around 1660, the Dutch cleared a road between the two cities, called King's Highway, which still exists in places as King's Road in Albany and Albany Street in Schenectady. In 1797 a new, perfectly straight and very wide thoroughfare was created called the Albany-Schenectady Turnpike (later, Albany-Schenectady Road, at the turn of the 20th century). This was the major way to travel, and for trade to ship, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes region, including all points in between along the Mohawk River, before the opening of the Erie Canal (1825) and the Albany and Schenectady Railroad (1831).

Central Avenue has, since then, been the main thoroughfare for commerce in the City of Albany. Originally the street was called "The Bowery." (Dutch settlers named it "Bouwerie" meaning "road to the farm"). The name Bowery dropped out of favor due to a negative connotation from the Bowery in New York City. On July 15, 1867, the City of Albany, N.Y. Common Council eliminated the name Bowery and named it Central Avenue.

Management
The Central Avenue corridor is currently managed by a Business Improvement District called the Central District Management Association, Inc.

Chinatown
A Chinatown () is located around Central Avenue in the downtown district with 303 Central Avenue being the location of the Chinatown mall.  According to Tsui in her book, Albany's Chinatown is classified as a "commercial Chinatown" with Las Vegas, Atlanta, and Orlando cited as examples in this category.  Since its establishment around 2009 according to some sources, the Chinatown has been a "work in progress".

The city of Albany has around 989 Chinese, about 1.2% of its population, according to the 2010 U.S. Census data with a total Asian population of around 3,000.  The first Chinese to arrive in Albany was not well documented until the first Chinese business was registered in 1877 located at 668 Broadway.  From 1886 to the 1920s, Albany's Chinese population grew, where the number of Chinese laundromats grew from 9 to about 24.  Like the rest of the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small.  It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City.  Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street.  Later on, the famous "Oriental Occidental Restaurant" opened at 44 State Street but closed and is now the "... site of Jack's Oyster House."

Albany's history until the 21st century showed a lack of reputation as a cultural hub, that in 1982, then-New York City Mayor Ed Koch derided Albany as "a city without a good Chinese restaurant."  However, due to the flourishing nanotechnology and high-technology sectors, the city will be getting a new Chinatown by early 2013 to service the metropolitan area's growing Chinese community, to be located at 303 Central Avenue, featuring a teahouse and a variety of Asian stores, according to an article from Biz Journals.  This Chinatown will supposedly be a "work in progress".

See also
New York State Route 5

References

External links
central Avenue
City of Albany
Central Avenue Blog

Streets in Albany, New York
Transportation in Albany, New York

Central Avenue (Albany, New York)


The Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA; ) is the Argentine federal agency in charge of orientating, controlling, addressing and performing scientific and technical research and studies in the Antarctic.

Known as Argentine Antarctica () the country claimed a sector as part of its national territory consisting of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole, is delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel. Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands.

This sector overlaps with Chilean and British claims but, under the Antarctic Treaty System, there are no attempts by Argentina or any other country to actually enforce territorial claims in Antarctica.

History

Exploration prior to the IAA

José María Sobral, who is considered in Argentina the father of the Argentine Antarctica and a national hero, began exploration at the end of 1901. In 1903, the Argentine Navy corvette ARA Uruguay commanded by Captain de Corbeta (Lieutenant commander) Julián Irízar successfully rescued the Swedish expedition team of  Otto Nordenskjöld. In 1904 the Argentine permanent presence in Antarctica began with the opening of Orcadas Base on Laurie Island. Argentina was the only nation to have an Antarctic base for 40 years until the British built a base on the same islands.

On April 1, 1940, the first radio communication by radio hams was made between Orcadas Base (LSX) and Buenos Aires (LU 7 ET).

On February 7, 1942, an amphibious Stearman aircraft embarked on the ARA 1 de Mayo cargo ship made the first Argentine flight over Antarctica.

On December 13, 1947, an Argentine Naval Aviation Douglas DC-4 piloted by Comodoro Gregorio Portillo flew  over the Antarctic Circle in a 15 hours and 30 minutes flight.

Formation

On 17 April 1951, Hernán Pujato founds the Instituto Antartico Argentino, by Decree Nº 7338. In 1953 the San Martín Base started operations, and Jubany base opened two years later.

In 1958 the United States handed over the Ellsworth Station located in the Weddell Sea.
In 1965 the Argentine military conducted a land military manoeuvre known as Operación 90 in order to reach the South Pole.

In the winter of 1968 at the request by the British embassy in Buenos Aires, an Argentine Navy Douglas DC-4 successfully delivered medical supplies to the British base EFE where one of its members, James K. Portwirie, was through a medical emergency. However, after a few days, Portwirie's situation worsened, making a rescue necessary. An Argentine Air Force aircraft attempted to reach the base but crashed without casualties. On August 9, in the middle of the Antarctic winter, the Argentine Navy icebreaker ARA General San Martín was sent to rescue Portwirie. The operation was successful, gaining the thanks of the British Antarctic Survey: ''an internal campaign like this was never attempted before in Antarctic History''.

Marambio Base was founded in 1969, currently the most important Argentine base on the Antarctica. In 1975 the Esperanza Base was built, and in 1979 the General Belgrano II.
In 1978, the first Antarctic baby, Emilio Palma, was born in the Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base.

IAA in the 21st Century
In 2002, the Argentine Navy mounted an internal operation sending the icebreaker ARA Almirante Irizar to rescue the trapped supply vessel Magdalena Oldendorff. Even though Irízar failed to break the Oldendorff free, she managed to move it to a safe position and re-supply the ship with food, medicines and medical personnel until the ice melted and the ship could return to open sea.

In 2003, under the Decree Nº 207/2003 issued by the Executive Power of Argentina, the Instituto Antártico Argentino became a part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

On the 2009 summer campaign, the Argentine Air Force operated the Teniente Matienzo Base only with women for three months  although there was an emergency link available with the Bell 212s helicopters stationed at Marambio Base

On 2010 a wind turbine designed and built by Argentine government company CITEDEF was installed on Marambio Base

On 2011, three heavy lift helicopters were deployed in the Base Marambio: two Mil Mi 17 helicopters (bought in the same year), and the remaining Chinook from the Argentine Air Force.

Mission

According to the principles of its creation, the Instituto Antártico Argentino participates with its scientific, technical and administrative staff, in a wide range of national and international programmes for a better understanding of the Antarctic.
Scientists are trained and deployed on Argentine bases for researching on different fields of science, including Atmosphere, Biology, Oceanography, Weather, Chemistry, Ozone Layer, Global warming and .

Objectives  and projects
IAA research projects cover different areas:
Atmospheric Sciences
Biological Sciences
Earth Sciences
Marine Sciences
Environmental management
Environmental chemistry
Social Sciences and Humanities

To carry out these objectives, the Institute trains and prepares specialists who can perform in these areas.

Research areas are decided on the basis of Antarctic issues that are discussed in international forums. Among the topics to which the research is devoted are: global

warming, the thinning of the ozone layer and the study of how it is affected by the use of some gases such as , fluorides, and bromides.

The IAA has a structure divided into six areas:

 Life Sciences Area
 Earth Sciences Area
 Area of Physical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences
 Scientific Coordination Area
 Social Sciences, Communication and Difussion Area
 Administration area

See also
Viviana Alder

References

 Argentine Antarctica History
 ARA San Martin Icebreaker

External links

Argentine Antarctica
Antarctic agencies
Argentina and the Antarctic
Antarctic research
1951 establishments in Argentina
Government agencies established in 1951

Instituto Antártico Argentino


I barbieri di Sicilia ("The Barbers of Sicily") is a 1967 Italian war-comedy film written and directed by Marcello Ciorciolini starring the comic duo Franco and Ciccio.

Plot
Franco Lo Persico is a barber for men, while his cousin Ciccio Lo Persico is a hairdresser for women. Both are in love with Rosina Giovinazzo, niece of the ugly aunt Donna Maruzza.

In the Sicilian village of Santa Rosalia, the Americans are about to land and the Germans send Colonel Otto von Kraus. He wants to make believe that he is there to rest with his wife, but instead is accompanied by two important chemists, Stulz and Ebner, to stop the landing of the Americans.

The Americans send an officer to the country to destroy the plans of the Germans. This in town is presented as Stefano Minasi, nephew of the priest Don Liborio. The village boss Don Calogero Milazzo makes him work in Ciccio's hairdressing shop as an assistant. Through a transmitter hidden in the parish confessional, Stefano lets the Americans know when the time is right to land in Sicily. When Franco and Ciccio arrive, for their skill, they receive a prize of 10 000 dollars, with which they will open a Coiffeur pour dames together with the barber, all in a single shop. Eventually Steve Minasi marries Rosalia, removing the beautiful Sicilian girl in front of Franco and Ciccio's eyes.

Cast
Franco Franchi as Franco Lo Persico
Ciccio Ingrassia as  Ciccio Lo Persico
Daniela Giordano as  Rosina
Carlo Hintermann as  Colonel Von Krauss
Giorgia Moll as  Helga Von Krauss
Mario Maranzana as  Don Calogero Milazzo
Jean Valmont as  Captain Steve Minasi
Enzo Andronico as  Podestà
Ignazio Spalla as  Turi the farmer
Adriana Facchetti as  Donna Maruzza
Franco Pesce as Don Liborio

References

External links

1960s buddy comedy films
Italian World War II films
Italian buddy comedy films
Films directed by Marcello Ciorciolini
Films scored by Piero Umiliani
1967 comedy films
1967 films
1960s Italian films
Italian war comedy films

I barbieri di Sicilia


Visitor from the Future (, Gostya iz budushchego lit Guest from the future) is a five-part Soviet children's science fiction television miniseries, made at Gorky Film Studio, first aired in 1985. It is based on the 1978 novel One Hundred Years Ahead (, Sto let tomu vperyod) by Kir Bulychov.

The series starred Natalya Guseva as Alisa Selezneva, a girl from the future that travels to the present and Aleksei Fomkin as Kolya Gerasimov, a boy, who lives in the year 1984 and travels to the year 2084.

The series was highly popular in the Soviet Union. It is still periodically reran in former Soviet nations, as well as other countries.

Plot

Part 1

Two schoolboys, Young Pioneers Kolya Gerasyimov and Fima Korolyov, follow a mysterious strange lady to an abandoned house. When they enter the house, they find no trace of the stranger, but in the empty basement Kolya discovers a secret door that leads to a room with a technical device in it. Curious Kolya starts pressing some buttons and activates the device that "transfers" him to another place. We learn that this place is the institute of time research. Employees return from time travels to different periods and deliver artifacts that are inventoried by Werther, an android who holds a secret crush on the stranger whose name is Polina. Kolya sneaks around the corridors but is eventually caught by Werther, who starts inventorying him, assuming that he was brought in by Polina. It is at this point that Kolya learns that he has travelled through time to the year 2084. Werther considers putting him in the museum, but then decides to send him back in time in order to cover up what he thinks to be Polina's mistake. Kolya persuades him to let him catch some sights of the future first. On his exploration, Kolya learns about teletransportation, humanoid aliens, antigravity and space flight. He also makes contact with a grandpa Pavel, a 130-year-old man who is intrigued by his 1980s school uniform.

Part 2

Having reached the space port, Kolya unsuccessfully tries to get a ticket for an interplanetary flight. However, by joining a group of pupils who escort their project satellite to the launch, he manages to enter the transit area. There he witnesses how two service workers are stunned and then impersonated by two shape-shifting aliens that have emerged from a crate. Back in the waiting hall, Kolya meets grandpa Pavel again (who turns out to be Polina's future father-in-law) and tells about what he just saw, but the old man dismisses it as child's fantasies. Grandpa Pavel introduces Kolya to Prof. Seleznyov, director of the interplanetary zoo. Kolya spots the shape-shifters again. They lure grandpa Pavel away from the group, stun and impersonate him. The fake grandpa Pavel introduces the other shape-shifter, who is now turned into a short man in a colourful costume to Prof. Seleznyov as a fellow scientist form another planet. The "scientist" shows conspicuous interest in a device called "myelophone", a mind-reading box. Seleznyov mentions that the device is with his daughter Alisa Seleznyova in the interplanetary zoo. Kolya spots and awakens the real grandpa Pavel who tells him that the aliens are space pirates and that Alisa is in danger, yet he is too weak to go with Kolya to help Alisa. He asks Kolya to find Alisa. In the zoo, the pirates in new disguise steal the myelophone from Alisa who tries to read animal minds. However, with the help of a man and his talking goat named Napoleon, Kolya can recover the device and temporarily escapes from the pirates in an air chase. He returns to the institute. While Kolya activates the time machine, Werther sacrifices himself trying to stop the pirates. Once they beat Werther, the space pirates use the machine to follow Kolya into the past. Meanwhile, Alisa, chasing the pirates, has reached the institute and uses the time machine as well. In the 20th century, Kolya escapes while Alisa, not accustomed to 20th-century traffic, runs into a car. Kolya and Fima discuss what to do with the myelophone. The pirates install themselves in the abandoned house and wait.

Part 3

Alisa is in hospital, recovering after the accident and faking amnesia in order to hide her origin. However, she talks about dolphin languages and exotic fruits. Her roommate Yulya thinks she just makes up those stories but likes her anyway. In the night, Kolya and Fima enter the basement of the abandoned house but the entrance to the time machine is blocked. On their way back out they barely evade the pirates. Alisa finds out that Yulya attends the same school as Kolya (whom she never saw but whose data she got from the talking goat). She confesses to Yulya that she is from the future and that Kolya has taken something from her. They are interrupted by the shape-shifters posing as the doctor and "Alisa's father". When they cannot find the myelophone, the pirates leave. At dawn the girls run away from the hospital to Yulya's place. When they meet Fima, Yulya introduces Alisa to him as a friend from far away. Alisa tells Yulya that now Kolya is in danger because he has the myelophone. Yulya has their escape covered up by her grandmother. Meanwhile, the boys are turning more and more paranoid and start acting like in spy movies. Fima has correctly guessed that Alisa is the Alisa from the future. One pirate comes too late to take Alisa from the hospital but manages to retrieve Yulya's address. Yulya's grandmother arranges for Alisa to be temporarily schooled in Yulya's school in order to find the right Kolya (as there are three and Alisa does not know his family name). She also brushes off the pirate who comes to ask for the girls. The pirates decide to surveil both Yulya's place and her school.

Part 4

Alisa is admitted to school, excels in English class and also receives letters from classmates. Fima, triumphant that his predictions have come true so far, wonders whether Alisa will try to eliminate Kolya as witness if he gives her the myelophone. He explains to Kolya the danger of creating alternative timelines by using knowledge from the future. The pirates and the girls spot each other in a pedestrian precinct. A chase ensues but a neighbour with a big dog scares away the pirate. In class, the girls start interrogating the three Kolyas. The right Kolya is scared but is saved by Fima distracting the girls with a story of being in love. In a park, Kolya hides from a pirate. At home, the girls wonder why none of the Kolyas seemed to be the right one. Later the pirates observe the children during sports. Alisa exceeds in long jump, sparking interest not only in the pirates but also in a talent scout. The pirates decide to kidnap Alisa but the girls see their reflection in a shop window. They run away but are stopped by the talent scout who demands to see more of Alisa's abilities. When the girls finally arrive home, they find themselves sieged by the pirates. They disguise as an adult to leave the house on the next morning. In the park, the pirates approach one of the Kolyas but he annoys them by being overly talkative. They trick another classmate into showing them the school's back entrance. Meanwhile, Kolya has picked up the myelophone from home and sneaks it in Yulya's schoolbag. A pirate enters the class disguised as teacher and calls out Alisa to check her schoolbag. When the real teacher encounters her copy, she drops unconscious. Kolya confesses to Alisa that he is the one who took the myelophone and runs away, distracting the pirates' attention from Alisa. After a long chase, Kolya is caught, stunned and taken away. A witness is frightened into silence.

Part 5

Alisa has run after the pirates and Kolya but has lost their track. The witness leads her in the wrong direction. The other children arrive to help searching, as Yulya has told them Alisa's secret. They worry that Kolya may be tortured in order to reveal where he keeps the myelophone. Fima believes that the device is still at Kolya's place and runs there in order to pick it up before the pirates arrive. The other children search the building where Alisa lost Kolya's track. In the abandoned house, the pirates start interrogating Kolya. Meanwhile, Yulya reaches for a snack in her schoolbag and discovers the myelophone. The children use it to scan the remaining flats in the building. Alisa spots the witness and uses the myelophone on him. His thoughts tell that two men carried an unconscious boy to the abandoned house. The children approach the house and are noticed by the pirates who also realise that Alisa carries the myelophone. As Kolya has fallen unconscious from the torture, the pirates assume his shape. One distracts most children, the other lures Alisa into the house. While she cares for Kolya, the pirate takes the myelophone. However, the talent scout has also entered the house. When the pirate threatens her, she throws him out of the window. The other pirate takes the myelophone from him and tries to leave him behind in the 20th century. However, the access to the time machine is still blocked. The children rush in but one pirate fires his blaster, forcing the children to retreat. The door to the time machine opens and Polina enters in order to arrest the pirates. They fire on her as well but she is protected by a force field and paralyses them. Alisa says goodbye and tells the children what they are going to become in the future. While she enters the secret chamber and the door closes, we hear the song "Wonderful Far-away".

Cast
 Natalya Guseva as Alisa Seleznyova
 Aleksei Fomkin as Kolya Gerasimov
 Maryana Ionesyan as Yulya Gribkova
 Ilya Naumov as Fima Korolyov
 Vyacheslav Nevinny as Veselchak U (lit. Jolly Man U)
 Mikhail Kononov as Krys (lit. Tom-rat)
 Georgi Burkov as Alik Borisovich (doctor)
 Yevgeni Gerasimov as Robot Werther
 Valentina Talyzina as Mariya Pavlovna
 Natalya Varley as Marta Erastovna
 Lyudmila Arinina as Yulya's Granny
 Yelena Metyolkina as Polina
 Vladimir Nosik as old man Pavel
 Yuri Grigoryev as Professor Seleznyov
 Mariya Sternikova as Shurochka
 Andrei Gradov as Ishutin
 Igor Yasulovich as Electron Ivanovich, KosmoZoo employee
 Inna Churkina as schoolgirl

Company & Channels

Soundtrack
Wonderful Far-away (Prekrasnoe dalyoko) - Theme song

The song was performed by the Big Children's Choir as the theme song for the series, it was composed by Yevgeny Krylatov with words by Yuri Entin (Sample (YouTube)). The song's popularity soon separated from the miniseries, and it became iconic in its own right; it was widely performed by various choirs and sung in everyday life. It was one of the BCC's big 1980s hit songs, and was covered by the Soviet musical trio Meridian within months of the series finale at the request of its composer, this cover version in the style of the bard movement of the early 80s would also be a sensation, being featured in the 1985 Pesnya goda festival finals.

Cultural influence
 Many Soviet schoolboys fell in love with Alisa Selezneva played by Natalya Guseva, who had got a lot of letters from fans. This phenomenon was called as "Alisomania" (Алисомания) and had a large scale.
 Popular in early 2000s Russian dance group Гости из Будущего (Gosti iz budushchego; Guests from the Future) got their name from the film title.

References

External links

Films based on works by Kir Bulychov
Films based on science fiction novels
1985 in the Soviet Union
1980s Soviet television series
1980s television miniseries
Soviet television miniseries
Soviet children's television series
Soviet time travel television series
Gorky Film Studio films
Television series set in 1984
Television series set in the 2080s
Films about time travel

Guest from the Future


WDVE (102.5 FM) is a classic rock music-formatted radio station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States at 102.5 MHz.  It is often referred to by Pittsburghers as simply "DVE". Its studios and offices are located on Abele Rd. in Bridgeville next to I-79, along with its sister stations. The former studios in Green Tree still features WDVE's branding on the building. Its transmitter is located on Pittsburgh's North Side. Since 2006, the station has been the highest-rated radio station in the Pittsburgh market, surpassing longtime market leader KDKA. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, and (along with WBGG) serves as the flagship radio station of the Pittsburgh Steelers radio network.

WDVE is designated a superpower station by the Federal Communications Commission. The station's effective radiated power of 55,000 watts exceeds the maximum limit set by the FCC for a Class B FM radio station.

WDVE uses HD Radio and broadcasts a sports format on its HD2 subchannel branded as Steelers Nation Radio.

History

The station has aired rock music since 1969, when it was owned by ABC. Previously, it was known as KQV-FM and simulcasted then-sister station KQV. The new programming was a tape service of a freeform rock format entitled "Love", created by ABC official Allen Shaw designed specifically for airing on the 7 FM stations owned by ABC. Shaw changed the format from the automated "Love" format to live Freeform AOR in 1970. The station's current call letters were chosen in December 1970 at the height of the "hippie" era.

"WDVE" was derived from the word "Wonderful Dove", the bird of peace, though the station has never had an easy listening, Christian contemporary music, or soft rock format which would soon be more associated with future "Dove"-branded stations like Tampa's WDUV, or WDVV in Wilmington, North Carolina.

In the fall of 1971, Shaw, along with ABC Radio programming executive Bob Henaberry, replaced the freeform rock programming with the very first AOR format, playing only the best cuts from the best selling rock albums with minimal disc jockey talk. WDVE was the most successful FM radio station in Pittsburgh throughout the 1970s. In early print marketing, the phrase Rock 'N' Stereo! Pittsburgh's Pure Rock WDVE 102½ FM, The Radio Station, was set in white text against a black oval background surrounded by vivid rainbow like colors. Years later, the logo was rendered in white and yellow with red accents against a black background, generally using the slogan 102.5 WDVE Rocks.

Starting in the 1980s, the station started playing the Beat Farmers song Happy Boy every Friday around 3 p.m. at the start of the afternoon drive time shift to signal the end of the work week and the start of the weekend.  On Fridays at noon, they air a recording of the band KISS saying; "Hey yinz guys! It's FRIDAY!!", immediately followed by "Rock and Roll All Nite".

Radio personality and WEBN alum Maxwell Slater "Max" Logan (Ben Bornstein), formerly heard on WMMS, WNCX in Cleveland and now on WLUP-FM in Chicago as host of The Maxwell Show, spent time at WDVE in the mid-1990s.

In addition to its status as flagship station of the Steelers, WDVE served for years as the flagship station of the Pittsburgh Penguins (until 2006 when sister station WXDX-FM became the Penguins' flagship), promoting itself with such oddities as a young Jaromír Jágr reading the morning weather forecast in heavily accented English during his suspension from the NHL.

Because of the station having a largely male audience, the station refers to fellow iHeartMedia stations WXDX-FM and WPGB as "brother" stations as opposed to the more commonly used term "sister" station, since WXDX-FM also has a predominantly male audience and all three have younger listeners. In recent years, the station's format has gradually drifted towards classic rock, with current releases rarely incorporated into the playlist. Pittsburgh had been without a full-time classic rock station since the flip of WRRK to adult hits, even though iHeartMedia considers the station as a classic rocker; however, since 2016, WDVE has added more newer rock tracks that were not being played on co-owned WXDX, with the station gradually shifting to a more mainstream rock direction.

Currently, the station air staff consists of morning show host Randy Baumann, morning News Reader and Saturday morning host Val Porter, morning sportscaster Mike Prisuta, morning show comedian Bill Crawford, mid-day host Michele Michaels, afternoon and weekend host Chad Tyson, evening host Russ "Whip" Rose, and weekend hosts Frank Cindrich and Eric Taylor. To fill out the rest of their schedule, the station uses iHeartMedia's Premium Choice service, which provides additional weekend and overnight dayparts hosted by air talent from across the country. The station was one of the few iHeartRadio stations not affected by the company's mass layoffs in January 2020.

Morning Show

As of January 2012 Randy Baumann and the DVE Morning Show airs on weekdays from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m..  The rest of the morning show team are newsreader Val Porter, sportscaster Mike Prisuta, and comedian Bill Crawford.  The show features a variety of comedy skits, musical parodies, and music.

Prior to hosting solo, Baumann was teamed with Jim Krenn starting in early 2000.  Prior to that, Krenn had been on with Scott Paulsen, who along with "News Goddess" Lauri Githens had hosted the morning show from 1986-1988 (after "Little Jimmy" Roach and "Big Steve" Hansen of "The DVE Morning Alternative" were not offered a new contract after their 1980-1986 stint).

On January 18, 2010, the morning show returned to the air without Randy Baumann and used the name "DVE Morning Show" (rather than "Jim and Randy and the DVE Morning Show").  Randy Baumann's contract had expired at the beginning of 2010 and he returned to the airwaves on February 17, 2010 after contract negotiations had been settled. The show resumed its previous title "Jim and Randy and the DVE Morning Show".

On December 31, 2011, iHeartMedia (then known as Clear Channel Communications) announced that Jim Krenn would no longer be part of the DVE Morning show but would still be employed at the station. According to a statement made by Dennis Lamme, President and Market Manager of Clear Channel Media & Entertainment-Pittsburgh, "We are currently in discussion with Jim about his role with the station moving forward.".  They are again using the name "DVE Morning Show".  Krenn's official departure from Clear Channel was announced on January 19, 2012.  As of February 23, 2012, WDVE has branded the morning show "Randy Baumann and the DVE Morning Show".

Other media
Staff at WDVE provided voices for the segment Action League Now! on Nickelodeon's KaBlam!.
An extra in the 1986 movie Gung Ho wore a WDVE t-shirt on-screen. The movie, starring Coraopolis native Michael Keaton, was largely shot in Beaver County, just a short drive up Interstate 376 from WDVE's studios.
Bumper stickers for the station appear in the Mark Wahlberg movie, Rock Star, set in Pittsburgh.

WDVE HD2
WDVE broadcasts on its HD2 subchannel dates back to 2006, when the subchannel launched a format focusing on Blues music. In August 2011, HD2 became a 24-hour channel devoted to Steelers coverage, billed as "Steelers Nation Radio."

References

External links
WDVE official website

List of "grandfathered" FM radio stations in the U.S.

DVE
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1962
Taft Broadcasting
IHeartMedia radio stations

WDVE