Matthew Ball (born 26 March 1993) is a Northern Irish footballer who currently plays for Hendon, where he plays as a winger.

Ball started his career with Norwich City in 2005, and progressed through the ranks at the club to sign his first professional contract in May 2011. During the 2011–12 season, Ball was loaned out to Macclesfield Town. He was released by Norwich in June 2012, and signed for Stevenage a month later. Ball spent a month out on loan at Farnborough in March 2013. He has also represented Northern Ireland at various youth levels.

Club career

Norwich City
Ball began his career at Norwich City, joining the club at the age of twelve and progressing through the various youth ranks. He captained the academy side during the 2010–11 season, and also played regularly for the reserves, scoring eight goals in 14 matches. He was called up to the first-team in October 2010, and was named as a substitute in Norwich's 2–1 home defeat to Crystal Palace, although he did not feature. In the summer of 2011, as a second-year scholar, Ball signed his first professional contract with Norwich, a one-year deal. On offering Ball the contract, Norwich manager Paul Lambert stated – "It's a chance for him to see if he can handle playing with the professionals. Every time he has trained with us he has not let us down at all". The following season, having again played regularly for Norwich's second-string but made no first-team appearances, Ball was loaned out to League Two side Macclesfield Town in March 2012, on a one-month loan agreement. However, he did not play during the brief loan spell, and returned to Norwich to see out the remainder of the 2011–12 campaign. At the end of the season, Ball was released by Norwich, having made no first-team appearances for the club.

Stevenage
Ahead of the 2012–13 season, Ball went on trial at League One side Stevenage. It proved to be successful, and he subsequently signed for the club on 19 July 2012, joining on a two-year contract. He did not make any first-team appearances for Stevenage during the first half of the season, and, in February 2013, was loaned out to Conference South side Farnborough on a one-month deal. Ball made seven appearances during the loan spell, scoring once in Farnborough's 1–0 away win over Eastbourne Borough. He returned to Stevenage, and made his first senior appearance for the club on 20 April 2013, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 3–0 away defeat to Swindon Town.

On 17 May 2014, Ball was released by Stevenage.

Biggleswade Town
Ball signed for Biggleswade Town on 22 May 2018.

Hendon
Ball signed for Hendon in July 2020 .

International career
Ball has represented Northern Ireland at U17, U19 and U21 level.

Personal life
Ball was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. His father, Tim, also played for Stevenage, for three years from 1984 to 1987. His brother Dominic is also a footballer and is currently contracted to Queens Park Rangers.

Career statistics

A.  The "League" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in Conference South and the Football League.

References

External links

Matt Ball at NIFG

1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Welwyn Garden City
Northern Ireland men's youth international footballers
English men's footballers
English people of Northern Ireland descent
Norwich City F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Hendon F.C. players
Biggleswade Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Men's association football wingers
Footballers from Hertfordshire

Matt Ball (footballer)


Catlinite, also called pipestone, is a type of argillite (metamorphosed mudstone), usually brownish-red in color, which occurs in a matrix of Sioux Quartzite. Because it is fine-grained and easily worked, it is prized by Native Americans, primarily those of the Plains nations, for use in making ceremonial pipes, known as chanunpas or čhaŋnúŋpas in the Lakota language. Pipestone quarries are located and preserved in Pipestone National Monument outside Pipestone, Minnesota, in Pipestone County, Minnesota, and at the Pipestone River in Ontario, Canada.

Name
The term Catlinite came into use after the American painter George Catlin visited the quarries in Minnesota in 1835; but it was Philander Prescott who first wrote about the rock in 1832, noting that evidence indicated that American Indians had been using the quarries since at least as far back as 1637.

Catlinite Properties and Quarries

Minnesota catlinite is buttery smooth and can be cut with a regular hacksaw or even a knife. It comes out of the ground a pinkish color often with a cream layer protecting it from the hard quartzite. It is weaker and more subject to breaking under stress than Utah pipestone. Most catlinite deposits exist beneath the level of groundwater or are in deep enough layers where the soil is constantly moist as the iron compounds which give catlinite its red color quickly convert into iron oxides when exposed to the elements and the stone degrades and breaks down.

The red catlinite from the Pipestone, Minnesota quarries is a soft claystone bed which occurs between layers of hard Sioux Quartzite. Only hand tools are used to reach the catlinite so it takes a long time to get to it. Only enrolled Native Americans are allowed to quarry for the stone at the Pipestone National Monument, and thus it is protected from over-mining. Another quarry is located near Hayward, Wisconsin on the reservation, which the Ojibwa have used for centuries. The stone there is harder than the stone from Pipestone National Monument.

Utah pipestone has a more variable range of hard and soft forms, since it occurs as layers between deposits of harder slates. Utah pipestone is a by-product of slate mining in Delta, Utah, and several natural deposits have been mined and used for pipemaking by Native Americans in the area for millennia.

The Canadian quarry is no longer used, although there are quarries in Canada where another type of pipestone, black stone, is gleaned. The Ojibwe use both the red and black stone for their sacred pipes.

Catlinite is often used to make the hollow tubes in pipeclay triangles.

Other varieties of pipestone

A large range of pipestones exist, not just those in Minnesota, and numerous Native American tribes use a variety of materials in addition to catlinite for pipemaking.

Pipe clay
Smoking pipes molded from wet clay are different from those where the bowl is carved from solid pipestone and then fitted with a wooden stem (as is the case with Catlinite pipes).

The Eastern Band Cherokee are social smokers, and use molded clay pipes for this purpose.

In the United Kingdom, since the 17th century "pipe-clay" has meant a pale, whitish clay. The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "fine white kind of clay, which forms a ductile paste with water". It is traditionally used for all sorts of polishing and whitening purposes as well as for making tobacco pipes and pottery.

Notes

References
 Sigstad, John S. (1970) "A Field Test for Catlinite". American Antiquity 35:3. pp. 377–382.

External links
 Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse: Describes the process of making pipes from Catlinite
 Pipestone Artifacts from Upper Mississippi Valley Sites by J. T. Penman and J.N. Gundersen in the Plains Anthropologist

Native American sculpture
Native American religion
Hardstone carving
Pipestone County, Minnesota

Catlinite


Paul Gerhard Natorp (24 January 1854 – 17 August 1924) was a German philosopher and educationalist, considered one of the co-founders of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism. He was known as an authority on Plato.

Biography
Paul Natorp was born in Düsseldorf, the son of the Protestant minister Adelbert Natorp and his wife Emilie Keller. From 1871 he studied music, history, classical philology and philosophy in Berlin, Bonn and Strasbourg. He completed his doctoral dissertation in 1876 at the University of Strasbourg under the supervision of the philosopher Ernst Laas and in 1881 completed his Habilitation under the neo-Kantian Hermann Cohen. In 1885 he became extraordinary professor and in 1893 became ordinary professor in philosophy and pedagogy at Marburg University, a position he retained until his retirement in 1922. In the winter semester of 1923–24 Natorp conducted an intensive exchange of ideas with Martin Heidegger, who had been called to Marburg and whose work on Duns Scotus Natorp had read very early on.

In 1887 he married his cousin Helene Natorp; they had five children. Natorp was an ambitious composer, who wrote chiefly chamber music (including a cello sonata, a violin sonata, and a piano trio). He also wrote some 100 songs and two choral works. He conducted a correspondence with Johannes Brahms, who dissuaded him from becoming a professional composer.

He was an influence on the early work of Hans-Georg Gadamer and had a profound effect upon the thought of Edmund Husserl, the "father" of phenomenology. His students included the philosopher and historian Ernst Cassirer, the theologian Karl Barth and the author of Doctor Zhivago, Boris Pasternak.

Works
 Descartes' Erkenntnistheorie. Eine Studie zur Vorgeschichte des Kriticismus. 1882; 2014,
 Sozialpädagogik (1899)
 Logik in Leitsätzen (1904)
 Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Sozialpädagogik (3 volumes, 1907)
 Pestalozzi. Leben und Lehre (1909)
 Die logischen Grundlagen der exakten Wissenschaften (1910)
 Philosophie; ihr Problem und ihre Probleme (1911), new edition: Edition Ruprecht, Göttingen 2008 (ed. and introduction by Karl-Heinz Lembeck),
 Sozialidealismus (1920)
 Beethoven und wir (1920)
 Platos Ideenlehre (1921); transl. 2004, Platos's Theory of Ideas: An Introduction to Idealism., Academia Verlag
 Allgemeine Logik (in: Flach und Holzhey, Erkenntnistheorie und Logik im Neukantianismus, 1979)

Notes

References
 Judy Deane Saltzmann Paul Natorp's Philosophy of Religion within the Marburg Neo-Kantian Tradition (1980)
 Alexis Philonenko L'École de Marbourg : Cohen, Natorp, Cassirer (1989)
 Karl-Heinz Lembeck Platon in Marburg: Platon-Rezeption Und Philosophiegeschichtsphilosophie Bei Cohen Und Natorp (1994)
 Julien Servois Paul Natorp et la Théorie Platonicienne des Idées (2004)
 Norbert Jegelka Paul Natorp (1992)

External links
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy page by Alan Kim

1854 births
1924 deaths
19th-century essayists
19th-century German composers
19th-century German educators
19th-century German historians
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German philosophers
20th-century essayists
20th-century German composers
20th-century German educators
20th-century German historians
20th-century German male writers
20th-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
Descartes scholars
German composers
German educators
German logicians
German male essayists
German male non-fiction writers
German music historians
Historians of philosophy
Kant scholars
Kantian philosophers
Philosophers of art
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers of social science
Philosophy academics
Philosophy writers
Social philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
University of Strasbourg alumni
Writers from Düsseldorf

Paul Natorp


A fluorescent lamp is a type of electric light (lamp) that uses ultraviolet emitted by mercury vapor to excite a phosphor, which emits visible light. There are two general types, traditional fluorescent and compact fluorescent. This article is about traditional (straight tube shaped) fluorescent lamps.

The purchase price of a fluorescent lamp is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from fluorescent lamps looks different to light from incandescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness. A fluorescent lamp can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.

How it works
An electric current is applied to mercury vapor inside the tube, causing it to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. A phosphor on the walls of the tube absorbs the ultraviolet light.  This causes an electron to jump up to an orbital with a higher energy.  When the electron drops back down to its normal orbital, the phosphor re-emits its energy as visible light.

The ballast

The ballast prevents too much electricity from flowing through the tube. It also starts the lamp with a high voltage for a split second when it is switched on. The ballast is located inside the fixture in traditional fluorescent tube fixtures. In compact fluorescent bulbs the ballast is in or near the base of the bulb. There are two types of ballasts, magnetic and electronic. Magnetic ballasts have mostly fallen out of use, as they are less efficient than electronic ballasts, they cause the bulb to flicker, and they do not start instantly. Electronic ballasts were at one time more expensive than magnetic ballasts, but now the price is about the same.

Lifespan
The average rated life of a fluorescent light bulb is 8 to 15 times longer that of incandescent light bulbs. Fluorescent light bulbs typically have a rated lifespan of 7,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours.

The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature. The life of a fluorescent lamp is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently.  In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a fluorescent lamp can be reduced to "close to that of incandescent light bulbs". The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes so that this problem does not happen. If the light must be switched on and off often, Cold cathode fluorescent lamps can be used. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard lamps.

Mercury content and recycling
The mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste. The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working. During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken. If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a problem. It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.

Alternatives
Many people and businesses do not want to use fluorescent lamps due to their mercury content. Halogen, LED, and traditional incandescent bulbs are possible alternatives.

LED tubes can be installed in fluorescent tube fixtures, but sometimes an electrician needs to rewire the fixture first to remove the ballast.

Related pages
 Energy efficiency

References

Lamps

Fluorescent lamp


The Otaibah (, also spelled Otaiba, Utaybah) is one of the biggest Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula. Their distribution spans throughout Saudi Arabia, especially in Najd. and the Middle East. The Otaibah are descended from the Bedouin. They trace back to the Mudar family and belong to the Qays ʿAylān confederacy through its previous name, Hawazin.

Genealogy

Research of the lineage of northern tribes may began with Adnan (instead of Ishmael), as passed on by oral tradition. He is the common ancestor of the modern Otaibah, Annazah, Tamim, Abd al-Qays, and Quraysh  tribes. Although Adnan is at the head of the tribal genealogy, genealogists and poets typically refer to two of his descendants: his son Ma'ad (a later collective term for all north Arabian tribes) and his grandson Nizar, ancestor of Rabi'ah and Mudar.

Mudar, the son of Nizar, fathered ʿAylān al-Nās (the ancestor of Hawazin and Otaibah). The Hawazin is another tribe related to the Otaibah.

The tribe's common ancestors are Otaibah, Guzayah, Banu Jusham, Sa'd, Bakr, Hawāzin, Manṣūr, ʿIkrima, K̲h̲aṣafa, Qays ʿAylān, Mudir, Nijzar, Ma'ad and Adnan of the Ishmaelites. The tribe is primarily found in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. According to genealogy and oral tradition, the Otaibah tribe are descended from the pre-Islamic Hawazin. The Hawazin are descendants of the Qays ʿAylān (descendants of Ma'ad [son of Adnan]) or the Adnanites, descendants of the Ishmaelites (the sons of Ishmael, the elder son of Abraham). The only known copy of historian and genealogist Hisham ibn al-Kalbi's 8th-century AD The Great Ancestrywas examined then verified in 1988 by Mahmud Firdous al Adm, who found portions of the manuscript in the research of Werner Caskel, a professor at the University of Berlin and the University of Cologne during the 1940s. According to the manuscript:"Otaibah" is attributed to a standard; one of the banners that belong to the tribe of Hawazin. (The name derives from a man) and he is, Otaibah Ibn Guzayah Ibn Jusham Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin. The clans (subdivisions) of Hawazin all united under one of his descendants in an early time during the first centuries; other nations from Hawazin intertwined around him (as well). After most of the clans of Hawazin departed (resettled away) from the land of Hejaz and Najd to the (great and) wide lands of God. To the Sham (the Levant), Iraq, Egypt, the farthermost western lands (North Africa), the lands of Persia, and its surrounding Persian territories. None was left of them except those who could not leave their land and country. Those who remained, formed the largest Hawazin alliance in our present time, and it was named Otaibah.Other works by al-Kalbi include the Book of Idols and The Abundance of Kinship. According to the latter, "The descendants of Jusham Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin are Guzayah, Oday, Ouseema. The sons of Guzayah are Juda'aa, Hami, Otaibah, and Outwara." Ibn Kathir wrote in his 14th-century book, The Beginning and the End: There is no doubt that Adnan is from the lineage of Ishmeal, the only fact that  disagreed upon (or being disputed) is the number of ancestors between the two. Most of what was said (and known) is that the exact number is forty fathers between Adnan and Ishmeal, and this is (largely) based on what is written among the Christian and Jewish people, who know it from Baruch (the Israelite scribe, disciple, and secretary of Jeremah) writer of The Book of Jeremiah ... And Abu Jafar Al Tabari, and others, have concluded that the almighty God had sent to Jeremiah son of Hilkiah a revelation to go to (the King of Babylon) Nebuchadnezzar (II) and inform him that the almighty God has given him authority over the (ancient) people of Arabia (the Qedarites). God then commanded Jeremiah to take Ma'ad son of Adnan (far away from the imminent conflict) on (a horse). So that he, (Ma'ad), will not be afflicted by any resentfulness (since the victims cursed by the evils of Nebuchadnezzar were his people). (As the command stated) For I, the almighty God, will bring forth from him (Ma'ad son of Adnan) a generous prophet, and the last among prophets. Jeremiah accepted the request, and carried Ma'ad to the land (known as) the levant, where he grew among the sons of Israel; the few whom survived after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem ... The scribe who wrote the Book of Jeremiah, Baruch, transcribed the genealogy of his master (and devoted friend) to have it preserved (with the books) in the library of Jeremiah, and to save the lineage of Ma'ad (perhaps for posterity and future generations), but God only knows (the exact truth). This is the reason why Mailk (a primary scholar of prophetic traditions in the 8th century) disliked tracing the lineage to before Adnan (or attempt to name any of forefathers of Adnan, other than Ishmael himself, because no truthful or precise record exists of these ancestors, save the Book of Jeremiah).The tribes of the northern Arabian Peninsula are descended from Ishmael. They are seldom referred to as the Ishmaelites, however, but are more often described as the Qays ʿAylān. The southern tribes are descended from Qahtan, also known as Qahtanites. During the Umayyad era, a feud began between them.  Scottish historian W. Montgomery Watt wrote that "to constitute something like a political party", the tribes began to identify the people of the Arabian Peninsula as Qays ʿAylān or Qahtan. The rivalry led to open conflict during the Second Muslim Civil War (680–692).

Most Otaibah genealogy is oral tradition dating to the Middle Ages and earlier.
Muhammad's foster mother, Halimah al-Sa'diyah, was from the Banu Sa'd tribe (a subdivision of the Hawazin, the Otaibah parent tribe.

The lineage of the Otaibah tribe varies among scholars; some attribute the tribe to the sons of the Banu Sa'd ibn Hawazin, and others say that they are composed of the Banu Jusham ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin or the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah ibn Muawiyah ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin.Others said Otaiba bin Kaab bin Hawazin bin Saleh bin Shabab bin Abd al-Rahman bin Al-Haytham bin Al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Shajnah bin Jaber bin Razam bin Nasirah bin Fasiya bin Nasr bin Saad bin Bakr bin Hawazen. However, accounts agree that their lineage traces back to Hawazin, son of Mansur, son of Ikrimah, son of Khasafah, son of Qays ʿAylān, son of Mudar, son of Nizar, son of Ma'ad, son of Adnan.

History

Ottoman Empire (late 15th century to 1900)

According to Ibn Fahd al-Makki, in 1470 the Sharif of Mecca Muhammad ibn Barakat attacked Otaiba in eastern Ta'if.

During the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast to their empire. They claimed rule of the interior as their central authority waxed and waned.
In the 18th century, the Mutayr (aided by the Qahtan) began a series of wars against the Anazzah for the pastures of central Najd and forced the Anazzah north. The Mutayr and Qahtan were superseded by the Otaibah, who remain the largest tribe in central Najd.

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Otaibah and Ḥarb were counterparts in the centuries-long struggle among the Sharifs of Mecca and the ruling families of Ibn Rashid and Ibn Saud for Najd. Nineteenth- and early-20th-century Otaibah history reflects the wars in Najd and Hejaz, whose belligerents tried to enlist the tribe's support.
In 1816, the Wahhabi kingdom was defeated by the Egyptians. Their leader, Ibrahim Mohammed Ali, persuaded the Otaibah and several Anazzah tribes to assist him against Abdullah bin Saud. Between 1842 and 1872, nine powers (including the Otaibah) were at war in Najd. In 1872, Otaibah chief Muslit bin Rubayan attacked western settlements of Riyadh. Saud bin Faisal immediately made a retaliatory raid on their territory, in which he was defeated and critically wounded. In 1881 and 1882, the Otaibah plundered camps of Harb tribes who were subjects of Ibn Rashid. They unsuccessfully attacked Rashid in the summer of 1883. Members of the House of Saud joined Grand Sharif of Mecca Awn Al-Rafiq in 1897, and undertook campaigns against Ibn Rashid with Otaibah aid.

The tribal war between Otaibah and Ibn Rashid began after a comment by the Otaibah poet Mukhlad Al-Qthami  to Rashidi leader

Muhammed Ibn Abdullah at his court (translated from a nomadic dialect of Arabic): We are the Otaibah. Oh, how many warriors we've slain
Because our legions are a steady team.

Early 20th century
The Ottoman Empire continued to control most of the peninsula. However, Arabia had its own rulers: a group of tribal chiefs in Najd and its surrounding area, and the Sharif of Mecca ruled the Hejaz. The Otaibah cooperated with Al Saud of Najd, but sided with the Sharifs of Mecca (who took refuge with the tribe in times of adversity).

During World War I in 1915, Ibn Saud began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes in his territory (which included Najd and the east coast of Arabia. This was accomplished with the indoctrination of the tribes in religious ideals by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, since the nomadic Arab Bedouin (including the Otaibah) were not considered religious. In 1916, with British support, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united state. The Arab Revolt of 1916–1918 failed, but the Allied victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman control of Arabia.

ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz began to establish settlements known as al-Hid̲j̲ar (singular hid̲j̲ra ), followed by Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi of Nad̲j̲d in promoting the settlement of Saudi Arabia's people during the first quarter of the century. This was accompanied by the Ikhwan (the Brethren), a political, military, and religious movement. ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz, its founder, attempted to kindle religious enthusiasm among the rarely-pious and often-unpredictable tribes as a start for the reclamation and control of his domain.

The spread of religious enlightenment by the muṭawwiʿūn (preachers) prepared the idea of an agricultural, settled life, and the first (and most successful) settlement was established in 1912 by the Mutayr tribe. This settlement was soon followed by another by the Otaibah. Their inhabitants were members of Ikhwan. An important cause and new religious regulations, standards, and principles helped nomadic people leave their desert-dwelling culture and begin to live in groups, giving birth to a number of societies. The conflict with Āl Ras̲h̲īd of Ḥāʾil and the Sharifs in Mecca drove the process of settlement further, leading to about 130 such colonies across Arabia.

Although efforts were made to bring different tribes together in a single settlement to end feuding, most of the settlements became associated with specific tribes. According to lists compiled by Oppenheim and Caskel, the Ḥarb  had 27 settlements, the Otaibah 19, the Muṭayr 16, the Ajman 14, the Shammar nine and the Qahtan eight. The hid̲j̲ras were in Najd and on Arabia's east coast. They reached the edge of the al-Rubʿ al-K̲h̲ālī desert in the south, and the Syrian Desert in the north. In the west, they extended to the mountains of Hejaz and Asir.

Otaibah Sultan ibn Bjad and Eqab bin Mohaya enlisted in the Ikhwan movement, and were deployed by Ibn Saud against regional rivals. They led tribal forces in the occupation of Al-Hasa, Ha'il, Al-Baha, Jizan, Asir, Ta'if, Mecca, and Jeddah. This was considered a significant contribution in gaining control of the Hejaz region. After several victories, some Ikhwan factions resented policies which appeared to favor modernization and an increased number of non-Muslim foreigners in the region. Some Ikhwan members became more zealous than their founder, and turned against him.

Sultan ibn Bjad joined leaders of other tribes in revolt in December 1928; Eqab bin Mohaya led his Otaibah tribe to aid King Abdul Aziz and vanquish the threat. Eqab and his followers were not the only members of the tribe to ally with the young king the revolution was doomed when a large Otaibah faction (Roug, under the command of Omar bin Rubayan) chose loyalty to Ibn Saud.

In 1926, the inhabitants of Najd and Hejaz gave their allegiance ( bayʿa ) to ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. He accepted the title of king ( malik ) the following year and ruled the central and provincial governments, authorized by Islamic legal scholars ('ʿulamāʾ') and Sharia law. Factions of the Ikhwan tribes (particularly the Mutayr, Otaibah and Ajman) supported the preservation of their chiefdoms—including the tribes' choice of markets, raiding, and political affiliations—but were defeated in a series of battles during 1929 and 1930. Political opposition, including political parties, was subsequently forbidden. Centralization was apparent in economic change beginning in 1924, when ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz began to use taxation and pilgrimage income to build a central treasury. During this period, raids into neighbouring states were forbidden.

On 29 March 1929, the revolution was suppressed at the Battle of Sabilla. After the defeat, another battle took place between two branches of the Otaibah tribe: Barka and Roug. The rebellious Barka branch fled under Sultan ibn Bjad, one of their three leaders. He and his men were defeated and captured at D̲j̲abala by ʿUmar Ibn Rubayʿān, in command of al-Roug elements loyal to the king. Ibn Bjad was later taken prisoner. In the final crushing of the Ikhwan rebellion in 1930, some settlements were completely destroyed. The king then created the nucleus of a modern, standing army, which proved its worth in establishing peace. On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in a successful unification of a large portion of the peninsula.

Mid-20th to early 21st century
Early in the kingdom's history, a House of Supplies provided food for the people. A harsh manager was memorialized by Shammar poet Hamad Al Rukhees: Oh (my) creator bestow ease (upon me) and (let me) Certainly (our future) days will (soon) be relieved as the free (falcon) gets full out of its own claw (hard effort and work).

Late in the 20th century, King Faisal Al Saud was strongly supported by the Otaibah. When the king was crown prince (between 1953 and 1964), the Otaibah were warring with the Mutayr over land near the city of Ta'if. One spring, a committee was formed by the government to legally prohibit either tribe from occupying the land until the issue was resolved. Faisal Al Saud went to the source of the conflict to resolve it. He saw a roaming Otaibah shepherd herding sheep and camels  and asked him, "Who are you?" The shepherd replied, "I am from the Otaibah tribe". The crown prince then said, "Very good. Take these verses of mine to your people, and they will know its meaning": Oh son of Otaibah, what say him (when) his mother's cheek (the land) was being defiled (by conflict)?
In the core of all knowledge are solutions; (therefore), take this message, take it (to them).

With the poem, the crown prince emphasized that the land (their mother) was being defiled by the conflict. The shepherd said, "All right. I will take it to them, but I do not know who it is from (or who is its sender)". The crown prince replied, "The person speaking to you is Faisal Ibn Abdul Aziz". The shepherd responded, "A name significantly acknowledged and greatly praised; however, please take its response in verse": Oh, greetings to the greatest of all solutions (manifested). If (we knew) Faisal was against it (the conflict)
We (the Otaibah) would evacuate the land. Take (accept) this message, take it.
And my mother (the land) is like an elderly woman; rosy (gentle in essence), white (unspoiled) and clean is her cheek.
And (alongside) your mother (Arabia), succeeded only by the strongest of kings, take this message, take it.

The conflict ended soon afterwards. During the early 21st century, many Otaibah enlisted in Saudi Arabia's armed forces (particularly in the Saudi National Guard).

Great Mosque of Mecca siege
Otaibahs Juhayman al-Otaybi, his brother-in-law, Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani (reportedly the Mahdi) and hundreds of their followers seized the Great Mosque of Mecca on 20 November 1979. Although the rebels included Egyptians, Pakistanis and American converts, most were Saudi Otaibahs. The Grand Mosque seizure lasted until 4 December and resulted in the deaths of many civilian hostages, Saudi security personnel and most of the rebels, including Muhammad al-Qahtani. Juhayman and 67 of his fellow rebels who survived the assault were captured and publicly beheaded. Many rebels evaded capture and fled. In response to the seizure of the mosque, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud gave more power to religious conservatives and ulamas. He reportedly believed that "the solution to the religious upheaval was simple: more religion." Newspaper photographs of women were banned, followed by women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. The educational curriculum was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects such as non-Islamic history. Gender segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop", and the religious police became more assertive.

Tribal branches

The Otaibah tribe is divided into three major branches: Barga (), Rog (روق) and of them Al-Hafah (الحفاه), and Banu Saad (Sons of Saad, بنو سعد). Each branch is divided into a number of clans, and each clan is divided into families.

Notable people
Among the tribe's members are:
 Eqab bin Mohaya
 Juhayman al-Otaybi
 Dorayd bin Al Soma Al-Jashmi Al-Saadi, one of the knights of Bani Jashm bin Saad before Islam
 Sultan bin Bajad Al Otaibi, one of the leaders of the Ikhwan movement
 Husain Sirhan, saudi poet
 Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi, Saudi Arabian writer and poet
 Khalid A. Al-Falih, Minister of Investment of Saudi Arabia
 Turki bin Hamid, a Sheikh and a Knight of the Otaiba tribe

See also
Settlements of Otaibah
Tribes of Arabia
Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi
Banu Sa'd
Malik ibn Awf
Hawazin

References

Bedouin groups
Ethnic groups in the Arab world
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Otaibah
Hawazin
History of the Arabian Peninsula
History of Saudi Arabia
Semitic-speaking peoples
Tribes of Arabia
Tribes of Saudi Arabia
Tribes of the United Arab Emirates
Tribes of Kuwait

Otaibah


Armamalai Cave is known for its Indian cave paintings. It is to the west of Malayampattu village which is  from Ambur in the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu. The cave is in the protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India and it is a Tamil Nadu tourist attraction.

Information

Armamalai cave is a natural cave which was converted to a Jain temple in 8th century AD. The cave contains 8th century Jain paintings, petroglyphs, rock art and the remains of Jain saints. The mural paintings are on the roof and walls of the cave. The paintings were created by applying colours on the thin lime surface and over the thick mud surface. These paintings were made by the Jain monks who stayed in the cave during the period when their religion was flourishing in the ancient Tamil country. The paintings in the cave are applied by two techniques, Fresco and Tempera. They are similar to the paintings of Sittanavasal Cave, another ancient Jain cave in Tamil Nadu and Bagh Caves, an ancient Buddhist cave in Madhya Pradesh. The paintings in the cave are thought to be medieval cave paintings in India.

Archeologists found the rock arts in the cave in the late 1960s. Previous research at the site by Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil, who died in 1945, had found antiquities of Pallava dynasty, who ruled at that time. Jouveau-Dubreuil claimed to have discovered this cave from information he had found on the Udayendiram copper plates which had referred to a village given away by the Pallava ruler Nandivarman II that sounded like Kumaramangalam. Further enquiries enabled him to find the cave to the west of Malayampattu. The paintings explain the native stories of Jainism and also had images of Astathik Palakas, also called as protectors of eight corners and they are Agni, Vayu, Kubera, Eesanya, Indra, Yama, Niruthi and Varuna. There are petroglyphs of plants and swans depicted as well. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions are also seen on the walls of the cave. Most of the paintings and other arts in the cave have been damaged for various reasons.

References

Indian paintings
Tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu
Jain rock-cut architecture
Hills of Tamil Nadu
8th-century Jain temples
Tamil architecture
Pallava architecture

Armamalai Cave


Burton Court is a Grade II* listed English country manor house in the Parish of Eardisland, southwest of Leominster, Herefordshire, England. The manor dates to at least the 11th century and the current house to the early 14th and 18th century. It lies along the A44 road, about  south of Eardisland in the northern part of the hamlet of Lower Burton. It is now run as a Herefordshire wedding and private hire venue. Burton Court featured in Simon Jenkins's book England's Thousand Best Houses.

History
The name Burton is believed to be of Saxon origin, derived from Burh and ton, meaning "fortified dwelling place". The manor of Burton is mentioned in the Domesday Book, with the name Beuretune, where it was valued at 2 "hydes". The manor was documented during the reign of Edward III in 1331; Henry of Monmouth, later to become Henry V, possibly stationed his troops there while surveying the movements of Owain Glyndŵr, the last Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales.

The house is associated with the St. Owens (until 1427), Downtons (through marriage), Cotes, Crofts, Jervase Smith (d. 1627),
 Brewsters (mid-late 17th century until 1865), and Clowes (mid 19th and mid-20th centuries). A notable Brewster was Dr. William Brewster (fl.1665), a scholar with a considerable collection of books, now housed in Hereford Cathedral. In 1960, it was bought by Lt Cmdr Simpson and has been home to the Simpson family since.

Architecture and fittings
Burke's Guide to Country Houses: Herefordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire (1978) mentions that the house was partly rebuilt in the 18th century, probably for William Matthews. His grandson, John Matthews, commissioned James Wyatt to construct Belmont House. However, this is confusing, given that the Brewster family were known to have occupied the estate until 1865.

Burton Court contains architectural pieces from the Norman, Medieval, Regency and Victorian periods. The hall dates to the early 14th century, but much of the house remaining today was added in the 18th century. Remodeling occurred in 1808, which was followed by restorations in 1865, and also in 1912 when the architect Clough Williams-Ellis added the Tudor Revival front. The house is framed in timber.  Exterior brick work has been stuccoed.  There is a dovecote with a lantern roof. Windows of note are a two-storey bay and an elliptically shaped one. Additional exterior elements are stone mullioning, Doric pilasters, and a moulded architrave. Inside, there are purlins, an overdoor, and a cantilevered stair.

The great hall's dimensions are  long,  wide, and  in height. A railway room contains a working model railway. There are collections of ship models, natural history items, and European and Oriental costumes and curios. The furnishings are mainly of the Victoria era.

Grounds
Situated in an elevated position overlooking the Herefordshire countryside, a mile south of the River Arrow, the house was built on the site of an ancient camp. A  deep well is on the property, as well as symmetrical oak trees.

References

External links
Official site

Houses completed in the 11th century
Houses completed in the 14th century
Houses completed in the 18th century
Country houses in Herefordshire
Grade II* listed houses
Grade II* listed buildings in Herefordshire
Manor houses in England
Hotels in Herefordshire
Country house hotels

Burton Court, Eardisland


TK may refer to:

People
Tony Kanaan (born 1974), Brazilian racing driver
Tony Khan (born 1982), American businessman
Theodore K. Lawless (1892–1971), American dermatologist and philanthropist
T. K. Oommen (born 1937), Indian sociologist, author, and professor

Places
 Tehsil or taluk, an administrative division in several South Asian countries
 Tokelau (ISO 3166-1 country code)
 TK (South Korea) (Taegu–Kyŏngbuk), two administrative regions

Arts and media

Music
 TK (Peruvian rock band)
 TK Records, a record label
 Tetsuya Komuro (born 1958), also known as TK, Japanese musician and producer
 Toru Kitajima (born 1982), also known as TK from Ling Tosite Sigure, Japanese musician

Television
 Takeru "T.K." Takaishi, a character from Digimon anime
 TK, a character in Angel Beats!

Other media
 TK, a identification prefix for Imperial stormtroopers in the classic era of the Star Wars universe
 TK, the protagonist of the game Driver: Parallel Lines
 "Tk'tk'tk", a science-fiction short story by David D. Levine
 Tidens Krav, a newspaper published in Kristiansund, Norway
 Tom Kent (active 1970s–2000s), American radio DJ

Businesses
 ThyssenKrupp, a German industrial conglomerate
 Turkish Airlines (IATA code TK)
 TK Maxx, the European arm of TJ Maxx

Science and technology
 .tk, the Internet top-level domain for Tokelau
 Tk (software), a GUI toolkit
 Telecine, a process of transferring motion picture film to video
 Thymidine kinase, a protein
 Transketolase, an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the Calvin cycle
 Type 94 tankette, a vehicle of the Imperial Japanese Army
 Korovin pistol, a Russian semi-automatic pistol

Other uses
 Bangladeshi taka, a currency
 Tekken, a 2015 fighting game
 Telekinesis, an alleged psychic ability
 To come (publishing), commonly abbreviated as "TK"
 Traditional knowledge
 Turkmen language (ISO 639-1 language code)
 Transitional kindergarten, part of the California public school system
 , Postal codes in Greece

See also

 KT (disambiguation)
 T (disambiguation)
 K (disambiguation)
 TKS (disambiguation)

TK


Stanley (also known as Port Stanley or Puerto Argentino) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands. It is found on the island of East Falkland and has a population of 2,000 (2/3 of the total population of the Falkland Islands of 3,000). Stanley is the biggest settlement and only town in the Falkland Islands. Stanley was the sight of fighting in the 1982 Falklands War, where Argentinian forces captured Government House, the seat of the Falklands Government. It has an airport and a seaport. Cruise ships going through the South Atlantic often make a stop in Stanley, which has a small tourism industry to serve cruise ship passengers and others visiting the islands.

Falkland Islands

Stanley, Falkland Islands


A city of district significance (, ) is a special category of city municipalities within each of the rural raions (districts) of Ukraine's first-level of administrative divisions. These cities are subordinate to the raion authorities and derive their powers from them. The KOATUU national classification system refers to them as the third-level of the country's administrative divisions. , there are 276 cities of district significance in Ukraine.

Cities of district significance are automatically considered as "small cities", a status which is recognized by a few normative acts of the Verkhovna Rada. Ukrainian law designates these places with populations of up to 50,000. In 2008, the average population of a city of district significance was 13,400. Small cities can belong to one of several specific economic categories, often having a regional transportation significance, important local industry, or an important historical or tourist attraction.

, 63 of the 276 cities of district significance are members of the , a public organization that was registered in 2011 to recognize the common issues of small cities in general and to further promote their development.

Characteristics
Under Ukrainian law, every city of district significance automatically belongs to the category of "small cities" (, ), which is defined by the law "On the Approval of the National Program of the Development of Small Cities" dated 4 March 2005 as cities which have populations of up to 50,000. These small cities have populations of up to 50,000, and they contain a certain amount of social and industrial infrastructure within their boundaries. They have a proportionally lower rate of industrial expansion compared to cities of regional significance, however, they allow for favorable conditions for the creation of social, cultural, household, communal areas to meet the needs of its urban residents and the surrounding district countryside.

A large number of these cities are centered on important industrial enterprises, creating the need of maintaining a favorable economic climate for industry. Cities of district significance are often the administrative centers of the districts they are located in. The lives of approximately 22 million inhabitants (both urban and rural) are tied in with the socio-economic activities of small cities, which plays an important role in the development of suburbs and the Ukrainian economy.

The law "On the General Scheme of the Territorial Planning of Ukraine" is Ukraine's comprehensive general plan, which was adopted on 7 February 2002. It organizes small cities into five different categories:
 cities that are adjacent to the geographical centers of local population;
 cities with a significant recreational and health potential;
 cities with a significant natural, historical and cultural potential;
 cities that are important local centers of predominantly rural areas;
 single-function cities.

The law "On the Approval of the National Program of the Development of Small Cities" was adopted on 4 March 2005. It organizes small cities into seven economic categories:
 cities of predominantly industrial functions;
 regional transportation crossroads;
 sanatorium-resorts and recreational centers;
 historical, historical-architectural, cultural, and tourist centers;
 administrative centers of rural raions (districts);
 business centers of local importance;
 important local centers of society, cultural, communal, and other services.

Legal sphere

The Constitution of Ukraine and the 1997 law "On the Local Self-Governance in Ukraine" defines cities as independent units of administrative-territorial structures, which manage their own local self-government, economic, and financial activities. However, there is no clearly defined mechanism for designating populated places as cities of district significance under Ukrainian law. Rather, these cities are designated based on old Soviet laws such as the decree of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic "On the Resolution of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ukrainian SSR" dated 12 March 1981. The legal competence of designating populated places as cities of district significance belongs to the Ukrainian parliament subject to proposals from the executive committees of regional and city councils.

The 1981 decree stipulates that populated places are designated as cities of district significance if they have important regional industry, communal utilities, and networks of social, cultural, and business enterprises. In addition, they have to have populations of over 10,000 people, of which not less than 2/3 were workers, employees, and their families. The presidium's decrees, "On the Resolution of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ukrainian SSR" and "On the Practice of Applying the Legislation on the Order of Naming and Renaming of Administrative-Territorial Units and Populated Places of the Republic" were to have expired after the Ukrainian parliament adopted the law "On the Administrative-Territorial Composition of Ukraine". However, to this day, such a law has not been passed.

Governance

Local government in cities of district significance is delegated to their popularly elected mayoral administrations and legislative city councils, which derive their authority from the law "On the Local Self-Governance in Ukraine". These councils are local government areas that may often contain some urban-type settlements and rural localities under their jurisdiction aside from the respective cities themselves. Local elections take place nationwide every four years, and elect anywhere from 12-46 deputies, depending on the city's population.

Cities of district significance receive their funding through the rural raion state administrations they are subordinate to, amidst other sources of local revenue, as determined by the Budget Code of Ukraine. In 2015, the Association of Small Cities of Ukraine criticized the adoption of the 2015 Ukrainian budget, which they stated limited the authority of local government institutions throughout Ukraine, contrary to what was proposed by all five of the coalition parties in parliament as part of decentralization in Ukraine.

Statistics

Although not every small city is designated as a city of district significance, in 2003 there were a total of 305 such small cities, which is 3/4 of the total number of cities in Ukraine, and 13% of the total population (19% of the urban population). In 2003, 15 cities had a population of up to 5,000; 66 cities had populations between 5,000–10,000; 160 cities had populations between 10,000–20,000; 109 cities had populations between 20,000–50,000.

The locations of cities of district significance throughout Ukraine is unevenly distributed throughout Ukraine's 24 oblasts (regions) and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The number of cities of district significance varies depending on the level of urbanization in a specific region.

The region with the largest number of cities of district significance is Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine with 35 such cities, which is close to 80% of the oblast's city population. Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts also have a proportionally larger number of cities of district significance with 24 (46% of the oblast's city population) and 23 (62% of the oblast's city population), respectfully.

Half of the cities of district significance are located within just six oblasts, not to mention that 94% of all of the cities in Ternopil Oblast and 82% in Chernivtsi Oblast are designated cities of district significance. These numbers are particularly higher than those in other regions throughout Ukraine due to a lower number of larger cities that could meet the status of cities of regional significance.

Out of the 276 cities of district significance, 89 of them (32% of them) are not administrative centers of their surrounding rural raions. Only four out of 24 cities of district significance in Donetsk Oblast are administrative centers; seven out of 23 in Luhansk Oblast; three out of seven in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast; and 17 out of 35 in Lviv Oblast. Every city of district significance in Cherkasy, Khmelnytskyi, Mykolaiv, Rivne, Zhytomytr, and Zakarpattia oblasts are also administrative centers of their respective raions.

Nomenclature
A city of district significance can also be referred to as a city of district importance, depending on the translation from the original Ukrainian terminology. For the same category of cities in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine, the term for this type of urban populated place is a city of district subordination (, ).

Cities of district significance and similarly named categories date back to the forms of local government and administrative divisions of Soviet Union. In countries of the former Soviet Union, these types of cities are subject to similar characteristics and economic categories as those that are located in Ukraine. In neighboring Russia, they are referred to as cities of district significance (, ), while in Belarus, they are known as cities of district subordination (, ).

See also

 Geography of Ukraine
 City of regional significance, similar category for larger cities
 ISO 3166-2:UA
 List of cities in Ukraine, sortable list of cities by region and population
 List of places named after people (Ukraine)

References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Cities by type
District
Administrative divisions of Ukraine

City of district significance (Ukraine)


Gregory Haughton (born 10 November 1973) is a Jamaican 400 metres runner.  He won three Olympic medals, one at the 1996 Summer Olympics and two at the 2000 Summer Olympics. His personal best for the 400 m was 44.56 seconds.

He was coached by Clyde Hart, an individual who also trained world record-holder Michael Johnson. Individually, Haughton was the bronze medallist at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and won bronze medals over 400 m at the World Championships in Athletics in 1995 and 2001. He won gold medals at the 2001 Goodwill Games, 1999 Pan American Games, 1993 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics. He was twice NJCAA Champion and a three-time NCAA 400 metres champion.  He won five Jamaican national titles in his career.

As a long-standing member of Jamaica's 4×400 metres relay team, Haughton was crowned 2004 World Indoor Champion, 1998 Commonwealth Champion, 1999 Pan American Games champion. He won Olympic bronze medals in the relay in 2000 and 1996, as well as four silver medals at the World Championships.

Haughton was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame (1997), George Mason University Hall of Fame (2001), and the Carreras Sports Foundation Male Athlete of the Year (1999–2000).  In April 2011 Greg Haughton received the award from the Inter-Secondary Schools Sports Association for Outstanding Contribution to Track and Field in Jamaica.

Personal bests

Achievements

References

1973 births
Living people
Athletes from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Olympic bronze medalists for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
World Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Jamaica
Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games
20th-century Jamaican people
21st-century Jamaican people
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games

Greg Haughton


Alex Michaelis (born c. 1965, Notting Hill, London) is an architect who resides in London.

He came to attention in 2005 after designing a five bedroom subterranean house for his family in Notting Hill, London. At the same time he was giving an eco-makeover to the London home of future Prime Minister, David Cameron. In 2006 he was on the judging panel for The Observer Ethical Awards.

In 2009 Michaelis began another project, buying a derelict cottage near Penzance, Cornwall. He demolished the cottage and replaced it with a £1.5 million ultra-modern four bedroom house. They rented the house to holidaymakers for up to £5000 per week.

References

Architects from London
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
1960s births

Alex Michaelis


The House of Bruce began as the lords of Annandale. The most well known member was King Robert the Bruce. He beat the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn and became king. He died in 1329. He was succeeded by King David II, his son. He was deposed by Edward Balliol.

David II died at Edinburgh Castle at age 46. With him the House of Bruce ended.

Royal dynasties
14th century in Scotland

House of Bruce


Tanger Outlets The Walk is a 109-store open-air outlet mall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. It is the only outlet mall in Atlantic County. The mall opened in August 2003 and spans 3 city blocks, featuring a unique layout in outlet mall construction.

History
The outlet mall, which is owned by Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, spans nine city blocks at the intersections of Atlantic Avenue, Arctic, Baltic, Michigan and Arkansas Avenues. The original phase of the complex was built on the site of the Atlantic City Bus Terminal, where the original station became a Polo Ralph Lauren outlet and the new bus terminal was surrounded by the mall. The center's first two expansions are part of what was originally called the "Corridor Project", which built new lighting, roadways, parkland, and a faux lighthouse along the entrance to Atlantic City in the early 2000s. The lighthouse was torn down in 2006 to make way for Phase II which included a large Nike outlet and other stores that are located in the divider island of Missouri and Arkansas Avenue.

In 2011, a controlling interest in Phase I and II of The Walk was sold as part of a $200 million, two-property sale to Tanger Factory Outlet Centers. A document filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission said Tanger Properties Limited Partnership agreed to acquire "substantially all of the economic interests" in two outlet properties from Cordish Co. entities, which includes The Walk and another Cordish property in Ocean City, Maryland. Cordish Co. will remain the owner of Phase III until October, and will keep the right to develop Phase IV.

Phase III and IV
The outdoor mall recently completed an expansion to extend the complex across Missouri Avenue. The $15 million addition added 9 new stores and opened in April 2011 with the opening of a Hanes outlet. Adjacent to the expansion will be a new garage called Wave to serve customers of Tanger Outlets The Walk and patrons of the Atlantic City Convention Center.  The project received funding from and was built by the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority.  The Wave garage opened in February 2012 and includes street-front stores facing Mississippi Avenue.  The parking garage was expanded to include the Noyes Arts Garage in 2013, a spinoff of the Noyes Museum and Stockton College, that included both a mall-area for local artists to sell their wares as well as the African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey.

Phase IV of the project was to be called "Atlantic City Live!" and feature a mix of restaurants, live entertainment, bars and nightclubs. The original planned Phase IV expansion would have been based on the Cordish Company's other projects bearing a "-Live!" suffix, such as Kansas City Live! and Power Plant Live!.  The vacant Sun National Bank building on Atlantic and Arkansas Avenues was expected to be incorporated into the outlet district as a restaurant.  Eventually, Cordish declared that a different and less ambitious Phase IV had been completed in 2015, and that no further phases were planned.  The opening of a Bass Pro Shops store between Arctic and Atlantic Avenues along Mississippi Avenue was declared to have been the new phase 4.

See also
 Map of The Walk

References

External links
Official website
International Council of Shopping Centers: Atlantic City Outlets The Walk

Buildings and structures in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Atlantic County, New Jersey
Outlet malls in the United States
Shopping malls in New Jersey
Shopping malls established in 2003
The Cordish Companies

Tanger Outlets The Walk


Boris Spassky  (born 30 January 1937 in Leningrad), is a Soviet–French chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from late 1969 to 1972.p381

Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice more lost in playoffs (1956, 1963). He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985).

Boris won the Candidates match series in 1965 and 1968. He played for the world championship three times. Against Tigran Petrosian in 1966 he lost; against Petrosian again in 1969 (winning), and against Bobby Fischer in 1972 (losing). The match with Fischer in Reykjavik was the most publicised chess match of any time. His loss was subjected to the most rigorous scrutiny by the Soviet central committee for chess, and he was criticised for lack of adequate preparation.

The second half of his life until recently was lived in France. He has both Russian and French nationality.

Later life
On 1 October 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. On 23 September 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.

On 16 August 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. He now lives in an apartment in Moscow.

Spassky is the oldest living former world champion.

Further reading
 Cafferty, Bernard 1969. Spassky's best games. Batsford.
 Winter, Edward G. 1981. World chess champions.
 Seirawan, Yasser 1997. No regrets: Fischer-Spassky International Chess Enterprises.
 Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John 2004. Bobby Fischer Goes to War: how the Soviets lost the most extraordinary chess match of all time. Ecco.
 Garry Kasparov 2004. My great predecessors, part III. Everyman Chess.

References

Russian chess players
French chess players
1937 births
Living people
People from Saint Petersburg
Chess grandmasters
Soviet chess players

Boris Spassky


April Elizabeth Ross (born June 20, 1982) is an American beach volleyball player and three-time Olympic medalist. She won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Jennifer Kessy, a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics with Kerri Walsh Jennings, and a gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics with Alix Klineman. Ross and Kessy were also the 2009 Beach Volleyball World Champions.

Early life
Ross grew up in Newport Beach, California, where she attended Newport Harbor High School. At NHHS, in addition to lettering in track, she was a star indoor volleyball player, eventually becoming the nation's top recruit for her graduating class.  She won the Gatorade National Player of the Year award as a senior and was the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) Player of the Year in 1998 and 1999. In her senior season, she notched 624 kills and 526 digs. She played club volleyball for Orange County Volleyball Club for five years. She also played on the U.S. Junior National Team. She is  tall.

Personal life
April is the daughter of Glen and Margie Ross, and has a sister - Amy Ross. She married men's beach volleyball player Bradley Keenan in 2010. They divorced in 2018. Ross got engaged to Josh Riley in summer 2022. Ross and Riley are expecting a baby in October, 2023.

College
Ross played indoor volleyball during her collegiate career, where she attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. In her freshman season she was the Pac-10 Freshman of the Year as well as the National Freshman of the Year. Additionally, she received Pac-10 First Team honors as well as AVCA Second Team All-America honors. She helped USC to the NCAA Final Four.

As a sophomore in 2001, she was a second team All American and finished the season ranked fourth in Pac-10 in kills (3.98 kpg), sixth in points (4.52 ppg) and seventh in digs (3.04 dpg) and helped USC to the NCAA Regional Finals, when she suffered a sprained ankle during game two and was forced to leave the match.

In her final two seasons, she helped USC to back-to-back NCAA Titles. In 2002, she was named a First Team All-American and had 15 kills and 14 digs in the NCAA Championship win over Stanford, avenging their only loss of the season to the Cardinal. In 2003, she repeated as a First Team All-American, and helped USC to an undefeated season after defeating Florida in the NCAA championship match. Ross had 14 kills and 19 digs in the winning effort.

She finished her career among USC's all-time career record-holders, ranking in the top 6 in eight statistical categories, including first in points (1,430) and points per game, second in service aces (161) and service aces per game (0.38), fourth in attacks (3,859), fifth in kills (1576), kills per game (3.73) and digs (1,296) and sixth in digs per game (3.06).

In 2004, she won the Honda Sports Award as the nation's top female collegiate volleyball player.

Career

Professional career
In 2008, with her beach partner Jennifer Kessy during the Swatch FIVB World Tour 2008, they finished in third place at the ConocoPhillips Grand Slam Stavanger, second place at the Dubai Open and first place at the Phuket Thailand Open, where she was named the Most Outstanding Player. On September 7, 2008, Ross and Kessy upset the World No. 1 duo of Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh at an AVP tournament in Santa Barbara, California.  On July 4, 2009, Kessy and Ross won the FIVB World Championships in Stavanger, Norway defeating Brazilians Juliana Felisberta Silva and Larissa Franca. As of April 2012, Ross had eight AVP and nine FIVB 1st-place finishes overall, as well as over $937,813 in total prize money.

World tour 2016
Ross played, with partner Walsh Jennings, at the Long Beach, California Grand Slam, which was part of the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour.  They won the gold medal in straight sets (21–16, 21–16).

Partnering with Klineman

At the end of 2017, Ross and Alix Klineman became beach volleyball partners. Klineman and Ross won the FIVB Dela Beach Open in January 2018, which was the first tournament they played together. During the 2018 AVP Pro Beach Volleyball Tour, Klineman and Ross won four tournament events: the Austin Open, the Manhattan Beach Open, the Championships (in Chicago), and the Hawaii Invitational. In mid-October 2018, Klineman and Ross won their second FIVB tournament event, earning the gold medal over Brazil at the Yangzhou Open. They were named the AVP Team of the Year at the AVP Award Banquet that November.

In 2019, their success continued as they won the Huntington Beach and New York City Open AVP tour events, and won the FIVB Itapema Open mid-May. They also won the silver medal at the 2019 Beach Volleyball World Championships in Hamburg, Germany.

In July 2020 the two won the AVP Monster Hydro Cup and the Wilson Cup, and in August they won the AVP Champions Cup.

In August 2021, two weeks after winning gold at the Olympics, the pair won the AVP Manhattan Beach Open, their second time winning this tournament together.

Olympic career
In the 2012 London Olympics, No. 4 seed Ross and Kessy won the Silver Medal by defeating Brazil's No. 1 seed team of Juliana and Larissa in a semi-final match after dropping the first set. They lost to teammates Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh Jennings in the Gold Medal final straight sets by an identical score of 16–21.

On June 26, 2013, Ross teamed up with Walsh-Jennings to train for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Ross played as a defender behind Walsh Jennings' block. Seeded at No. 3, Ross and Walsh Jennings lost to Brazil's No. 2 seed team of Agatha and Barbara in straight sets of 20–22 and 18–21 in a semi-final match. They defeated the No. 1 seed Brazil team of Larissa and Talita in the Bronze Medal match for Ross's second Olympic medal.

On August 6, 2021, Klineman and Ross captured the gold medal in the 2020 Summer Olympics, after winning in straight sets versus Australia. In the entire tournament, they went undefeated in match play, and only lost one set throughout 7 matches. The win allowed Ross to complete the trifecta of winning an Olympic bronze, silver, and gold medal.

Awards

College

 Honda Sports Award (2004)

FIVB
 FIVB Top Rookie: 2007
 FIVB Best Offensive Player (1): 2009
 FIVB Best Hitter: 2009, 2011
 FIVB Best Server: 2011, 2012, 20152017

AVP
 AVP Rookie of the Year: 2006
 AVP Most Improved Player: 2007
 AVP Best Server: 20132017
 AVP Best Offensive Player: 2013, 2017
 AVP Most Valuable Player: 20132017
 AVP Team of the Year: 2012 (with Jennifer Kessy), 2014, 2016 (with Kerri Walsh Jennings), 2019 (with Alix Klineman).

Clubs
  Leonas de Ponce (2004–2006)
 Orange County Volleyball Club for 5 Years

References

External links

 2009 FIVB World Championship recap

1982 births
Living people
American women's volleyball players
American women's beach volleyball players
Beach volleyball defenders
Beach volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Beach volleyball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic beach volleyball players for the United States
Olympic medalists in beach volleyball
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Newport Beach, California
USC Trojans women's volleyball players
Sportspeople from Costa Mesa, California
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
FIVB World Tour award winners
Newport Harbor High School alumni
Beach volleyball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in volleyball
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in volleyball
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in volleyball
Volleyball players from California
21st-century American women

April Ross


Anima Choudhury (born 28 February 1953) is a  singer from the Indian north eastern state of Assam. Her   musical career over more than four decades has focussed on folk and modern Assamese songs. She has been awarded  local and state level musical and cultural recognitions and titles including. "Luit Kuwari", and  "Jan Dimali". Some of her most popular songs are 'Dikhou noir parore', 'Log diyar kotha asil' and 'E pran gopal'.

Supplementing her musical career, Choudhury has also led a  parallel academic life, with a Doctorate degree in history conferred by Gauhati University.

Early life

Choudhury was born on 28 February 1953 to   Dandiram Choudhury and   Hemalata Choudhury in a small village of Niz Pakowa, Nalbari Assam. Her father was a government officer posted at Nagaon for an extended period where the child was raised as the fifth child in a family of seven siblings. Her  elementary education as well as her  musical lessons started  at Nagaon. Her  household was full of musical influence and her mother began her early awareness of  traditional Assamese music . Her father was a devotee of Indian classical music who encouraged her to get professional training in Hindustani classical music.

She received her early training in music at the music school of Sushil Banerjee. In 1963, when her father was transferred to Guwahati, she started  training in classical music under   Hiren Sarma. She eventually acquired Visharad in classical music. After Sarma's death, she continued her classical training under  Damodar Bora. She also took training from   classical singer   Nirod Roy, and training in Thumri and Bhajan under  Nripen Ganguli, a classical singer of All India Radio.

Academic career

Choudhury graduated from Cotton College, Gauhati with Honors in History in 1972. She gota  Masters in Arts degree from Gauhati University in History in 1974, and a Doctorate (PhD) degree from that university in 1999 for her   thesis   on "Temples and Shrines in and around Guwahati – A Sociological and Folkloristic Exploration". Until her retirement in 2013, she was   Associate Professor and later as Head of Department of History at Chhaygaon College, Kamrup, Assam.

She has been invited to many International, national and state level seminars, and has presented research papers on several topics involving culture and music.

Musical career

In 1969,  Choudhury participated in Cotton college's inter college music competition. Her performance in the statewide event  caught the attention of   music director Ramen Baruah. In 1970   Barua offered her an opportunity as a playback singer in the Assamese film Mukuta, singing   all the female songs of the film. The  songs became chart-busters all across Assam, specially the song "E pran gopal, Patila mayare khela"   . After the success of the film, the record company HMV  invited  Choudhury to have songs and albums recorded under their label. She recorded several Assamese modern songs and Kamrupi Lokagit with HMV. She was a playback singer  in other Assamese films including Putalaghar, Prem Janame Janame, Agnibristi (VDO Film), Mor Maramere (VCD), and  Siba Mahima (VCD). She also provided playback singing for the Bengali film Tridhara in 2013, and  has given her voice for TV serials Maa Manasa, Devi, Vandanand others.

Since her childhood, she been a regular voice in All India Radio, rendering performances first in 'Akanir Mel' and then in 'Chemoniar Chora'. In 1972 she became an AIR approved artist.   Currently she is an 'A-Grade' artist of All India Radio and Doordarshan   and performs regularly for AIR and Doordarshan, and   also  invited by other private TV channels. In 1989 she represented Assam in the National program of Doordarshan organized by Cuttak Doordarshan.   She has been invited many by   Indian/Assamese organizations in the United States to perform as an ambassador of the Assamese musical heritage.

Awards and recognition

"Jaan Dimali Bota" 2016 by Jaan publication, Bamunigaon, Kamrup, Assam.  She has been honored as "Luit Kuwari" as part of the felicitation.
"Dr Upen Kakoti Sowarani Bota" 2016 by Dergaon Kendriya Rangali Bihu Utsav.
"Xangkhadhwani Sanman" 2016 by Xangkhadhwani Samajik Sanskritik Mancha Kahilipara, Guwahati.
'LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD, 2019' BY 'BASHANTAR EDIN' at Niz Pakowa, Nalbari.

On 2 February 2013, Chhaygaon College organized an inter college competition on Choudhury's modern songs where competitors across Assam from several colleges under Gauhati University   participated.   Similarly, the cultural organization Jontara Kalakendra organized a program called 'Anubhab Mor Pritir Smriti' to honor her at Bejera.

She was adjudged the best singer of Cotton College for the period 1969–70. She became the best singer of Gauhati University in the year 1973. While in the university, she was the first recipient of the 'Brajen Baruah Award' which had been instituted  by the Directorate of Youth Welfare, Gauhati University. Jontara Kalakendra.

Musical works

Following is the list of audio albums released during Choudhury's career.

Assamese modern songs
Asolore Baa
Tezimola Xare Ase
Pritir Smriti (Vol I & ll)
Smriti Anupom
Ai Tor Pujar Bedi
Hiya Jui
Madhoi Maloti
Ei Bohagote
Supohi
Ramdhenu
Kokal Bhangi Nach
Jaan
Majoni
Sapon
Nirabadhi

Folk songs
Xubash
Amol Mol
Maniki Madhuri
Surar Jinjiri
O Bandhure (Goalporia)
Ram Nam Porene Monot
Antaryami
Tupuni
Manjori
Pran Gopal
Pushpanjoli
Mohon Kanai
Bhakti Sagar
Bin Borage

Bargit
Madhura Murati
Ram Name Mukuti

Biyanaam
Anima Choudhury r Biyanam
Na Kaina
Sukanya
Ajoli Boari
Prabhati Kanya

Jyoti Sangit
Jyotir Gaan
Agnixur Volume III
Sonar Xarai

Bishnu Rabhar Geet
Agnixur Volume VI
Uti Ja Rupali Nao

Bihu
Jiyori
Patgabharu
Nayantora

References

External links
Bio on Rupaliparda

Singers from Assam
1953 births
Assamese playback singers
Assamese-language singers
20th-century Indian singers
Living people
Indian women historians
20th-century Indian historians
Indian women folk singers
Indian folk singers
20th-century Indian women singers
21st-century Indian women singers
21st-century Indian singers
Women musicians from Assam
Educators from Assam
Women educators from Assam
20th-century women writers

Anima Choudhury


John Wilke (December 12, 1954 – May 1, 2009) was an American investigative reporter and news editor in the Washington bureau of The Wall Street Journal for two decades, beginning in 1989 and lasting until his death in 2009.

Wilke was born in White Plains, New York. He earned his bachelor's degree with a double major in psychology and biology from New College in Sarasota, Florida. He earned his M.A. from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

He began his career in 1983 as an intern at The Washington Post. He joined BusinessWeek as a Washington correspondent in 1984 and became a staff writer for The Boston Globe in 1986.

In July 1989, Wilke joined the Wall Street Journals Boston bureau, covering technology. He moved to the Washington bureau in May 1995, covering economics and the Federal Reserve Bank until December 1996, when he began covering government technology policy, the Federal Trade Commission and the United States Department of Justice.

In 2006, private fraud investigator Harry Markopolos gave extensive details about the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme to Wilke, who showed interest in the story. According to Markopolos, Wilke's editors did not allow him to pursue the story.

He died in 2009 in Bethesda, Maryland.

From his obituary in the Journal: "In recent years, [Wilke] specialized in articles about deals cut by members of Congress to win special appropriations, known as earmarks, for friends, supporters and business associates back home. One of his investigations helped lead to last year's indictment of then-Rep. Rick Renzi (R., Ariz.), who is accused of receiving favors from developers and copper-mining executives in return for congressional help. Another revealed the broad range of earmarks a powerful Democrat, Rep. John Murtha, used to bring federal contracts to his Pennsylvania district."

Awards
 He won a Computer Press Association award with David Bank for his coverage of Microsoft.
 He won the Everett McKinley Dirksen (2007) prize for "distinguished coverage of Congress" for his reporting on congressional earmarks.

Death
Wilke died, aged 54, on May 1, 2009, from pancreatic cancer in Bethesda, Maryland.

References

External links
 Washington Post report of Wilke's death
  Wall Street Journal online
 UCLA site
 CJR report of Wilke's death
 JRW site, with reminiscences
 Nocera, Joe, reminiscence "In Praise of John Wilke" Executive Suite blog, The New York Times, 5/5/09. Retrieved 5/5/09.

1954 births
2009 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
New College of Florida alumni
Mass media people from Bethesda, Maryland

John Wilke


Duncan Stewart may refer to:
 Duncan Stewart (Mississippi politician) (1761–1820), lieutenant governor of Mississippi, 1817–1820
 Duncan Stewart (Uruguayan politician) (1833–1923), interim president of Uruguay in 1894
 Duncan Stewart (colonial administrator) (1904–1949), British governor of Sarawak assassinated by Rosli Dhobie in 1949
 Duncan Stewart of Ardsheal (1732–1793)
 Duncan Alexander Stewart (1850–1936), Scottish-born farmer and political figure in Manitoba, Canada
 Duncan Stewart, cardiologist and CEO of the Ottawa Health Research Institute
 Duncan Stewart (Home and Away), character in the Australian television series Home and Away
 Duncan Stewart (footballer, born 1860) (fl. 1884–1892), Scottish footballer (Dumbarton FC and Scotland)
 Duncan Stewart (footballer, born 1900) (1900–?), Scottish footballer for Sunderland
 Duncan Stewart (golfer) (born 1984), Scottish golfer
 Duncan Stewart (environmentalist) (born 1948), Irish television presenter
 Duncan Stewart (academic) (1930–1996), British academic administrator

See also

Duncan Stewart


Leutnant Josef Raesch (born June 4, 1897, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. Two of his victories were over other aces, Guy Wareing and Ernest Charles Hoy.

Biography
Josef Raesch was born in Zewen near Trier on 4 June 1897. The start of World War I sparked his enlistment into the German infantry on 4 August 1914. On 1 December 1917, he transferred from this duty to pilot's training at ''Fliegerersatz-Abteilung (Replacement Detachment) 5.

After training he was assigned to a reconnaissance unit, Flieger-Abteilung (Flier Detachment) 7, as a two-seater pilot. After seasoning there, he attended Jastaschule (Fighter pilot training), with subsequent posting to a fighter squadron. He joined Jagdstaffel 43 on 6 June 1918. In his June diary entries, he mentioned that rookie pilots posted to the squadron were given older Albatros D.IIIs or Albatros D.Vs to fly, but that newer Fokker D.VIIs were filtering into the unit. The eighth D.VII arrival is noted. Raesch inherited Otto Creutzmann's Fokker D.VII when the latter left the Jasta on 13 June. Creutzmann's insignia of a forward-thrusting pitchfork remained on the plane.

For his first aerial victory, Raesch shot down a Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a north of Hantay at 1100 hours on 27 June 1918. His diary contained a vivid description:

The Englishmen started to circle, and as soon as I had one in my sights I opened  up with a volley from both guns, whereupon the SE 5 went into a vertical climb and then slipped off into a spin, with me closely on his tail. I let him have a second burst, and I could see my tracers entering his cockpit and engine and finally had to pull away to avoid a collision. I spotted my victim some 300 meters below me....I dived and again opened up with both guns. The SE 5 went into a climb, and now I could see the machine was on fire. The machine spun towards the earth in a tower of fire and finally crashed.

On 1 July, he scored again, downing a Sopwith Camel. One week later, he shot down another SE.5a over Nieppe Wood for his third confirmed victory.

The Summer weather became so hot that the German phosphorus ammunition for machine guns would sometimes "cook off"; according to Raesch's diary, Jasta 43 lost a pilot to that catastrophe on 16 July. He also noted such ersatz war materials as iron bullets for brass, and wooden landing gear wheels being supplied.

On 25 July, he lost a combat at 1800 hours; Lieutenant Ivan Frank Hind flying SE.5a C5358 shot Raesch down in flames, using Buckingham incendiary ammunition. The bullets narrowly missed Raesch's head, but a burst of flame struck him in the face. Although having had a parachute for only the past fortnight, in one of the pioneering wartime jumps, Raesch baled out and reached ground alive but facially singed. He had to yank his chute from its container in midair to do so. Then a two-meter hole had burned the 'chute. The chute was repaired and reissued to save another pilot's life.

Raesch was temporarily relegated to piloting a Pfalz D.XII before regaining a Fokker D.VII. He had become the de facto squadron leader, as he usually led the aerial combat patrols. In August 1918, Jasta 43 was hampered by shortages of fuel and aircraft. Raesch's diary remarks that the squadron could not fly because it had no serviceable aircraft.

Raesch would not score again until 1750 hours on 28 September 1918, when he shot down a flight commander from No. 29 Squadron RAF, Ernest Charles Hoy. Flying ace Hoy survived the crash of his Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a east of Ypres, but was captured by German ground troops.

Raesch would not score again until 26 October, when he sent down a SE.5a over Velennes, France. The following day at 1030 hours, he shot down another flight commander from 29 Squadron, Captain Guy Wareing. Wareing's body and aircraft wreckage landed east of Tournai.

On 30 October 1918, Raesch was credited with his final victory, an unidentified enemy aircraft. Raesch's victory tally had reached six enemy fighter planes, plus the unknown craft. On 2 November 1918, Josef Raesch was awarded the First Class Iron Cross, to join the Second Class one awarded earlier. Nine days later, the fighting ended.

Nothing more is known of Josef Raesch, except that as late as 1967, he was known to be working as a machine tool manufacturer.

Sources of information

References

 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey, Russell Guest. Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Grub Street, 1993. , .
 Norman Franks, Greg VanWyngarden. Fokker D VII Aces of World War I., Part 1: Volume 65 of Osprey Aircraft of the Aces. Osprey Publishing, 2003. , 9781841767291.

1897 births
Year of death missing
German World War I flying aces
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Military personnel from Trier

Josef Raesch


The Flying Classroom (German: Das fliegende Klassenzimmer) is a 1933 novel for children written by the German writer Erich Kästner.

In the book Kästner took up the predominantly British genre of the school story, taking place in a boarding school,  and transferred it to an unmistakably German background.

Plot summary
The story covers the last few days of term before Christmas for the students of the Johann-Sigismund Gymnasium. The main characters are Martin, the first student of the class, Jonathan, an orphan who was adopted by a captain, Matz, Uli and Sebastian, students from the Tertia (Year 8). There is a bitter struggle between the students at the Gymnasium and another school, the Realschule (which is, with some probability, not the Realschule as known today, but an Oberrealschule, as the science -oriented, rather than humanist and focussing on classical philology, variety of the Gymnasium was then called). The so-called "Realists" steal the Gymnasium's pupils' schoolbooks containing their dictations, which the teacher's son (another classmate) was to carry home to his father. The son was also captured by the 'Realschüler'. This results in a brawl between two champions of each side - Matz and one Wawerka - and a hard-fought snow-ball fight, both of which the six friends win, although they end up being reported by a student from the Prima (Year 13) for being late back to school. As a "punishment" they are docked one afternoon's leave, which they are invited to spend with their amiable house teacher Mr Johann ("Justus") Bökh at his office (coffee and cake included) where he tells them a story about his own youth and his struggle with unreasonable prefects from the Prima.

Other parts of the plot include: the friends playing a drama called the Flying Classroom written by Johnny, their friendship with the "Nonsmoker" (a former doctor who lives in an scrapped non-smoker railway compartment and works as a pub piano player) and the Nonsmoker's own friendship with Mr Bökh, with whom the boys help to re-unite him. Uli, the smallest boy, decides at this time to attempt something which will remove his reputation as a coward. His best friend, Matz, has in the past encouraged him to try to shed it, but he is horrified when he sees Uli about to jump off a tall climbing frame using an umbrella as a parachute. Uli crashes to the ground and falls unconscious. As the boys know that the Nonsmoker used to be a doctor, they fetch him, and he allays their fears that Uli is dead. However, he has a broken leg (in the Canadian version, Uli breaks an arm instead). Upon this, the Nonsmoker re-enters the medical profession as he becomes the new school doctor.

Characters
Jonathan Trotz, or Johnny - a half-American boy cast away by his parents. He loves poetry and writing, and dreams of being a great writer one day. He wants to marry a kind-hearted woman and have children - children that he won't cast away.

Martin Thaler, or Das Dreimarkstück - a poor (in terms of family means) but bright student. His parents cannot afford to have him travel home this Christmas and it troubles him very much. Martin has a very strong sense of justice and will come out fighting with his friends although it means risking his scholarship.

Matthias Selbmann, or Matz - not very clever, but strong. He constantly craves for food and wants to be a professional boxer. The other children rely on him to smash their opponents. Matz is somewhat overprotective towards his best friend, Uli.

Uli von Simmern - the blond, small, underrated rich boy, best friend of Matz. He always tries to do his best during fighting - but usually ends up hiding in fear. Uli decides to perform an act of bravado to make the others stop poking fun at him.

Sebastian Frank - the cynical one of the five. He spends his time reading 'smart books', such as ones dealing with genetics or (Schopenhauerian) philosophy.  Although he hangs out a lot with Jonathan and the other guys, he actually has no real friends and is a lonely figure, putting up a cold mask to cover his own weaknesses.

Theodor Laban - called Der Schöne Theodor (Handsome Theo). He is Martin's prefect, busy trying to make himself look good in the eyes of the teachers.

Dr Johann Bökh, nicknamed Justus - the children's favourite teacher. He was a student of the Johann-Sigismund School and knows well how hard life in the school can be. That's why he returned to the school - to ensure that children don't have to suffer, like he did.

Dr. Robert Uthofft, nicknamed Nonsmoker - an old friend of Justus'. He was a medical doctor. When he lost his wife and child, he disappeared, and later took up residence in a trailer situated near his old school. His nickname does not relate to his not smoking (he does, very much so) but to his living in an old railway carriage, which still bears a sign that reads "Nonsmoker".

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

The Flying Classroom - film (West Germany, 1954), directed by Kurt Hoffmann, with Paul Dahlke (Justus), Paul Klinger (Nichtraucher), Bruno Hübner (Prof. Kreuzkamm).
The Flying Classroom - film (West Germany 1973), directed by Werner Jacobs, with Joachim Fuchsberger (Justus), Heinz Reincke (Nichtraucher).
  - film (Germany, 2003), directed by , with Hauke Diekamp (Jonathan Trotz), Frederick Lau (Matthias Selbmann), François Goeske (Sebastian Kreuzkamm), Hans-Broich Wuttke (Uli von Simmern), Philipp Peters-Arnolds (Martin Thaler), Nicky Kantor (Der Schöne Theo), Sebastian Koch (Nichtraucher), Piet Klocke (Professor Kreuzkamm, the principal, Sebastian's father), Ulrich Noethen (Justus). - In Wigand's film, the story and characters were altered to suit the present time. Sebastian Frank is fused with Rudi Kreuzkamm to produce 'Sebastian Kreuzkamm', a red-haired nerd, and the plot is liberally reinterpreted to include subjects such as girls or divorce.

Background, the sequel and trivia
This was the last Kästner book published before the rise of the Nazis to power. Though Nazis are not explicitly mentioned anywhere in the book, the situation of economic crisis and mass unemployment which made many German voters turn to Hitler is very evident in the book's background.

Shortly after publishing Das fliegende Klassenzimmer he had to witness how the NSDAP turned to power and how his books were burned as well as those from other dissidents.

A short sequel, in which the characters visit the Winter Olympics of 1936 (held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria) was already written under the Nazi regime and was published only many years later, having less success than the original: Zwei Schüler sind verschwunden in Das Schwein beim Friseur (The Pig at the Barbershop). In it, Kästner let his characters have a friendly encounter with visiting English boys, culminating in winning their British Gold Medal, at a time when their soon meeting each other as enemy soldiers on the battlefield was already a very real possibility.

References

External links
 German Films: The Flying Classroom
 IMDB link on Kurt Hoffman's adaptation

See also
Other European books depicting "war" between rival groups of boys
 The Paul Street Boys
 War of the Buttons

1933 German novels
Novels by Erich Kästner
German children's novels
Novels set in Germany
Christmas novels
Novels set in boarding schools
German novels adapted into films
1933 children's books
Children's books set in schools
Children's books set in Germany
Christmas children's books

The Flying Classroom


Audrey Penn is an American children's writer. She is best known for writing The Kissing Hand, a picture book featuring anthropomorphic raccoons.

Biography
Audrey Penn grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland.  Audrey Penn didn't start off her career as a writer.  Penn, in the 1970s, was a ballerina dancer dancing for the New York City Ballet, Danny Diamond Dance Theatre, Stuttgart Ballet, and the National Ballet.  Between 1973 and 1976 she was a choreographer for the US Figure Skating team for the Pan American Games and the 1976 Olympic Gymnastics Team. Penn's first book was Happy Apple Told Me.  In 1980, after developing Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Penn was too ill to continue with ballet.  Due to many painful surgeries and not being able to walk for weeks led her to write more books like Blue Out of Season and No Bones About Driftiss. Penn currently resides in Maryland with her husband and their three children.

Awards

Audrey Penn's first book written in 1975, Happy Apple Told Me, won the Midstate Library Association Award and was nominated for the Caldecott Medal Award.  Penn's second book, Blue Out of Season, won the Mid-State Library Association Award and Very Special Arts Recognition Award.  Her best known book, The Kissing Hand, was a New York Times number one best seller and won the Distinguished Achievement Award for Excellence in Educational Journalism.  In 2004, A Pocket Full of Kisses also was a New York Times number one best seller. (Retrieved from Audrey Penn's Official Website)

Books
Apple Told Me (1975)
A story about a magical adventure to the stars.
Blue Out of Season (1984)
The story is about flukes, which control the different seasons.
No Bones About Driftiss (1989)
A group of kids finds some dinosaur bones and turns them into a museum.
The Kissing Hand  (1993)
The story is about a raccoon named Chester who is afraid to go to school and wants to stay home with mom.  His mom reassures Chester that school is fun and gives him a kiss in his hand, so whenever he is feeling sad all he would have to do is put his hand to his face to feel his mom.
Sassafras (1997)
This is about a skunk that doesn't like how he's stinky and his friends make him realize that's what makes him special.
A.D.D. Not B.A.D. (2002)
Jimmy has A.D.D and the other students can't relate on why Jimmy does the things he does, so   the teacher comes up with a plan so every student knows what it feels like to have A.D.D.
Feathers and Fur  (2003)
Tuesday is a cat, and Tuesday can't wait for 11 duck eggs to hatch.  Tuesday has mixed feelings on whether to eat or greet the 11 ducks.
The Whistling Tree  (2004)
Penny is intrigued by her past, so her great-great uncle tells her about her past.
A Pocket Full of Kisses (2004)
This is a sequel to the popular hit The Kissing Hand.  Chester has a brand new baby brother, Ronny, who he wants to disappear.  How will Chester deal when he sees his mom give Ronny a kiss on the hand?
Mystery At Blackbeard's Cove  (2004)
An adventure story about four kids who gets chased into a tunnel by a scoundrel.
A Kiss Goodbye  (2007)
This book is a continuation of the Kissing Hand books.  Chester is devastated by the fact he has to move out of his den.  The tree cutters have his den in sight to cut down.  How will Chester cope leaving his good friends behind?
Blackbeard And The Sandstone Pillar Part I: When Lightning Strikes  (2007)
A chapter book about kids searching the globe for loot, which leads them to discover a sandstone in a secret island.
Blackbeard And The Sandstone Pillar Part 2:The Gift of Silence  (2007)
A continued tale about kids returning the pirate loot, and discovering that the sandstone they found has secret powers.
 Chester Raccoon and the Big Bad Bully (2008)
 The Miracle Jar: a Hanukkah Story (2008)
 Chester Raccoon and the Acorn Full of Memories (2009)
 A Bedtime Kiss for Chester Raccoon (2010)

Upcoming books
Blackbeard's Legacy: Shared/Time
Chester the Brave

References

My Biography. Audrey Penn. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
Audrey Penn - The Kissing Hand. Embracing The Child. Retrieved on 2008-03-06.

External links

Teaching activity websites
 Kinderthemes
 Kindergarten Tree House
 Teaching Heart
 The Virtual Vine
 Vicki Blackwell

American ballerinas
American children's writers
American choreographers
Living people
Writers from Maryland
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Audrey Penn


Stichelton is an English blue cheese. It is similar to Blue Stilton cheese, except that it does not use pasteurised milk or factory-produced rennet.  The name comes from a form of the name of Stilton village in the 1086 Domesday Book (Stichiltone/Sticiltone), as the name Stilton cannot legally be used for the cheese.

Randolph Hodgson of Neal's Yard Dairy and American Joe Schneider produce Stichelton in small batches in a dairy at Cuckney on the northern edge of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire. They use raw milk, rennet from calves' stomachs and hand-ladling and smoothing.

It was named one of the 5 best cheeses in the world by French chef Anne-Sophie Pic

History
Although most Stilton cheeses have been made with pasteurised milk for many years, until 1989 the Colston Bassett dairy did make one Stilton with unpasteurised milk. However, following an outbreak of food poisoning incorrectly linked to the dairy and subsequently revealed to be unfounded, they decided to end production of the unpasteurised cheese. In 1996, this decision was permanently enshrined when Stilton was awarded Protected Designation of Origin status by the EU, with one of the criteria being the use of pasteurised cows milk.

Stichelton is produced by a partnership including Randolph Hodgson who owns the specialist cheese retailer Neal's Yard Dairy, and Joe Schneider who is an American who had been a cheesemaker in the Netherlands and the UK. In late 2004 Schneider and Hodgson discussed the possibility of recreating an unpasteurised Stilton-style cheese. They eventually found premises in which to start their dairy, on the Welbeck Abbey Estate near Worksop in Nottinghamshire.

As the name Stilton could not be used, the new cheese was named Stichelton, which its makers say was based on the original name of the village of Stilton (the spelling Stichelton appears in the 13th century Lincoln Rolls). The first Stichelton cheese was produced in October 2006, reportedly from a starter culture obtained from the original producer by Hodgson's colleague, and subsequently kept alive for fifteen years.

Manufacture

Stichelton is made in a dairy, from the unpasteurised milk of Friesian-Holstein cows at Collinthwaite Farm, on the Welbeck Estate in Nottinghamshire. ForbesLife magazine described it as a "sumptuous cheese that sets a full-flavored, succulent, complex chain of sensations going in your mouth: fruity and salty, buttery, and earthy, sharp and creamy. Robin Hood never had it so good." The starter culture for the cheese is known as MT36, the original culture used in the pre-1989 unpasteurised Stiltons, and is different from the culture that is used in modern pasteurised ones. MT36 was nearly lost, but a vial of it was sent to Ray Osborne, a starter producer, who kept it alive for 18 years.

See also
 List of British cheeses

References

External links
Company website

English cheeses
Blue cheeses

Stichelton


John Gordon Ross (11 October 1891 – 7 September 1972) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Moose Jaw, Northwest Territories (now Saskatchewan), whose career included farming and ranching.

Ross, the son of Senator James Hamilton Ross, attended St. Andrew's College in Toronto, then Macdonald Agricultural College at Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec.

He was first elected to Parliament at the Moose Jaw riding in the 1925 general election and re-elected there in 1926. In the 1930 election, he was defeated by William Addison Beynon of the Conservative party. In the 1935 election, Ross won back the riding from Beynon and was re-elected in 1940. In 1945, Ross was defeated by Ross Thatcher of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.

References

External links

  Speech by J. Gordon Ross to the Empire Club on 2 November 1944.

1891 births
1972 deaths
Farmers from Saskatchewan
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
People from Moose Jaw

J. Gordon Ross