Bounce TV  is an American digital multicast television network owned by Katz Broadcasting, a subsidiary of E. W. Scripps Company. Promoted as "the first 24/7 digital multicast broadcast network created to target African Americans", the channel features a mix of original and acquired programming geared toward African Americans between 25 and 54 years of age. The network is network affiliate with terrestrial television and television station in many media markets through digital subchannel. It is also available on the digital cable tiers of select cable providers at the discretion of local affiliates, as well as on Dish Network and DirecTV.

History
The network was founded on April 5, 2011. The founding group and initial ownership team included Martin Luther King III; former mayor of Atlanta, Georgia and ambassador of the United States to the United Nations Andrew Young and his son Andrew "Bo" Young III; and Rob Hardy and Will Packer, co-founders of Rainforest Films, a top African-American production company. Spearheading the network's creation were former Turner Broadcasting System executives Jonathan Katz and Ryan Glover with the pair having previously worked together with Tyler Perry to produce a number of high-order African-American sitcoms for TBS. Currently, Glover is president of Bounce TV and Katz is Chief Operating Officer. The "Bounce TV" name was chosen as a branding avenue to signify that the network is "going somewhere with energy".

The network formally launched on September 26, 2011 at 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone, with the 1978 musical film The Wiz as its inaugural broadcast followed by A Raisin in the Sun with Do the Right Thing in primetime. The movie in primetime on the second day was Spike Lee's School Daze. This would be followed two days later with its first sports telecast, Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association football.

The network added its first acquired sitcoms in January 2015, when it acquired the rights to four series. On Friday, January 29, 2016, Bounce broadcast the 24th Annual Trumpet Awards, which honored history-making individuals. The network started producing its first primetime news magazine, Ed Gordon, in late June 2016 for a Tuesday, September 13, 2016 premiere.

On October 2, 2017, E. W. Scripps Company purchased Bounce TV along with Katz Broadcasting's three other networks. A list of 2019 Nielsen Media Research ratings published by Variety indicated that Bounce averaged 275,000 viewers in prime time, down 1% from the 2018 average.

Bounce and sister channel Grit TV were added to DirecTV on Sept 1st, 2022.

Programming

Bounce TV features programming geared toward an African-American audience that skews older than the demographic that its cable competitor BET primarily targets (adults between the ages of 25 and 54, compared to BET's target demographic of youths and adults ages 12 to 34). Bounce TV's programming primarily features a mix of acquired series and feature films. The network added its first acquired sitcoms in January 2015, when it acquired the rights to four series through deals with Warner Bros. Television Studios (The Parent 'Hood and Roc), The Carsey–Warner Company (A Different World), CBS Television Distribution/Big Ticket Entertainment (Judge Joe Brown), 20th Television (The Hughleys) and Trifecta Entertainment & Media (Judge Faith). The 1990s CBS series Cosby was immediately removed from Bounce's schedule on July 7, 2015 after Bill Cosby's past admissions about his sexual assault allegations were publicized.

Unlike most digital multicast services (particularly with the January 2015 shutdown of Localish, which mainly carried first-run content), Bounce TV also carries original programming. The network added originally-produced inspirational and music programming, documentaries, and specials to its lineup in 2012, beginning with the broadcast television premiere of the documentary Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Historical Perspective on January 16, 2012, in observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Bounce TV's first original weekly series debuted on June 18, 2012, with the series premieres of the sitcom Family Time and the stand-up comedy series Uptown Comic.

In addition, shortly before its launch, Bounce TV reached an agreement with the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (a league that includes several historically black colleges and universities) to acquire the television rights to broadcast its American football and basketball games; the telecasts were produced by Urban Sports Entertainment Group. The first sports broadcast on Bounce TV aired on September 28, 2011, a college football game between Bowie State University and Virginia Union University. Bounce's HBCU-centered sports programming expanded in 2013. Sports programming on the network ceased prior to the 2014 season (with Aspire acquiring the rights to some of the HBCU football telecasts).

On May 7, 2015, Bounce TV announced that they would be airing live boxing events from Premier Boxing Champions under the title: PBC: The Next Round.

On March 6, 2016, the debut of the primetime soap Saints & Sinners took in 1.3 million viewers, making it Bounce TV's most-watched program to date.

Current programming

Original
Bounce Celebrates Black History
Dying to Be Famous
Mann & Wife
Off the Chain2
Saints & Sinners (Drama)2
Trumpet Awards
Sitcoms
Act Your Age
Johnson
Finding Happy

Syndicated
America's Black Forum
A Different World
Black and Blue
Black College Quiz
Couples Court with the Cutlers
Everybody Hates Chris
In the Heat of the Night
The Game
Hot Bench
The Jennifer Hudson Show
Karamo
Lauren Lake's Paternity Court
Law & Order
OJ25
NCIS: New Orleans
Personal Injury Court
Scandal
Sherri
Tamron Hall
With Drawn Arms

Upcoming programming

Original
Secrets of the Salon (Third Quarter 2021)

Syndicated

Former programming

Original
Ed Gordon
Family Time
In the Cut
My Crazy Roommate
Grown Folks
One Love
Last Call

Syndicated
B. Smith with Style
The Bernie Mac Show
Catch 21
The Cosby Show
Cosby
Forgive or Forget
Greenleaf
Half & Half
The Hughleys
Judge Faith
Judge Hatchett
Judge Joe Brown
Living Single
Moesha
One on One
The Newlywed Game
Nick Cannon
The Parent 'Hood
The Real (day-after repeats)
Roc
Soul Train
The Wendy Williams Show (day-after repeats)
Without a Trace

Affiliates

As of December 2014, Bounce TV has current or pending affiliation agreements with television stations in 43 media markets encompassing 22 states and the Washington, D.C., covering 73% of all households of at least one television set in the United States and 90% of African-American households. The network encourages its affiliates to carry local news programming in place of regular programming on the Bounce-affiliated subchannel, as a way to attract additional viewers to that subchannel and serve the local market. Affiliates also broadcast local public affairs programs, political specials, and college football and basketball games played by predominantly black schools. In Bounce TV's Home city Atlanta, ABC affiliate WSB-TV (channel 2), owned by Cox Media Group, is the Atlanta affiliate for Bounce TV.

Before its launch, Bounce TV actively sought affiliation agreements with various television station owners to make the network widely available throughout the United States. The network launched with clearance rate of, at minimum, 32% of overall American television households, in part due to affiliation agreements with stations owned by Raycom Media, Meredith Corporation, LIN Media, and Media General.

In November 2011, Bounce TV reached a groupwide affiliation deal with Fox Television Stations to carry the network on the subchannels of its MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station in markets such as New York City (WWOR-TV) and Los Angeles (KCOP-TV). The deal, which marked Fox Television Station's first multicasting arrangement, put Bounce TV over its earlier stated goal of reaching at least 50% of overall U.S. television households.

In December 2012, the network signed a multi-station agreement with Spanish language broadcaster Univision Communications to carry its programming on seven of its Univision and UniMás owned-and-operated television stations (besides being the company's first multicasting agreement, it was also Univision Television Group's first affiliation deal involving an English language network). As part of an extension of this agreement in March 2014, Bounce TV will move its affiliation in five markets where it had existing affiliation deals with Fox at the time of the deal (New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas, Orlando, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona) to stations owned by Univision in 2015. The Fox deal ended after the 2015 launch of game show channel Buzzr, with Bounce then moving in full to Univision stations after that point.

On June 15, 2016, Katz Broadcasting (whose president and CEO Jonathan Katz is COO of Bounce TV) signed an agreement with Nexstar Broadcasting Group that would bring Bounce TV to 15 new markets, as part of a massive rollout also involving Katz's three networks Escape, Laff, and Grit. In 2019, Raycom merged with Gray Television, which will maintain their Bounce affiliations as-is.

Following Scripps' acquisition of Ion Media on January 7, 2021, Scripps began to wind down the Univision deal, and Bounce TV was moved off those stations to Ion Media stations at the start of March, though it remains on a Univision station in markets were Scripps or Ion do not operate stations.

Bounce Media

Bounce Media operates Bounce TV and is owned by its founding group plus Raycom Media and Al Haymon. With share staff and some owners, Katz Broadcasting is an affiliate company.1

Originally, Bounce Media sold the network to affiliated TV stations via ad split but by October 2015 had moved to a carriage fee in exchange for the network get the ad inventory due to greater inventory with stations adding a third or fourth subchannel.1 Bounce used direct response advertising as a meter of viewers before switching to Nielsen rating C-3 a few years before 2015.3

Bounce launched a companion SVOD service, Brown Sugar by November 17, 2016. Brown Sugar features '70s-era blaxploitation films. The service has access to start to a total of 111 films including Blacula,  Cleopatra Jones, Foxy Brown, The Mack,  Super Fly, and Shaft.

On August 1, 2017, E. W. Scripps announced the purchase of Bounce and Katz Broadcasting, which operates Bounce and owns three networks, for $292 million, acquiring the other 95% of the company. Bounce will remain based out of Marietta, Georgia and retain Jonathan Katz as head. The purchase was completed on October 2, 2017.

Brown Sugar

Brown Sugar is a video on demand service owned by Bounce Media, LLC. A companion to the main Bounce network, Brown Sugar was launched on November 17, 2016.

The service features '70s-era blaxploitation films via app, the web and Chromecast. The service has access to over 111 films including Blacula,  Cleopatra Jones, Foxy Brown, The Mack,  Super Fly, and Shaft. On Friday, August 4, 2017, Brown Sugar launched on Roku; boxing matches and in-season original Bounce series have since been added.

See also

 BET – an American basic cable and satellite channel a part of the Paramount Media Networks, currently owned by Paramount Global, which launched in 1980 as the first television network devoted to programming targeting African-Americans
 BET Her – spinoff network specifically targeting African-American women
 TV One – an American digital cable and satellite channel owned by Urban One
 Cleo TV – spinoff network specifically targeting African-American women
 Aspire – an American digital cable and satellite channel owned by Magic Johnson

References

External links

E. W. Scripps Company
Television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 2011
English-language television stations in the United States
African-American television
African-American television networks
2011 establishments in the United States

Bounce TV


Clifford Everett "Bud" Shank Jr. (May 27, 1926 – April 2, 2009) was an American alto saxophonist and flautist. He rose to prominence in the early 1950s playing lead alto and flute in Stan Kenton's Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra and throughout the decade worked in various small jazz combos. He spent the 1960s as a first-call studio musician in Hollywood. In the 1970s and 1980s, he performed regularly with the L. A. Four. Shank ultimately abandoned the flute to focus exclusively on playing jazz on the alto saxophone. He also recorded on tenor and baritone sax. His most famous recording is probably the version of "Harlem Nocturne" used as the theme song in Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer. He is also well known for the alto flute solo on the song "California Dreamin'" recorded by The Mamas & the Papas in 1965.

Biography
Bud Shank was born in Dayton, Ohio, United States. He began playing the clarinet in Vandalia, Ohio, but switched to saxophone before attending the University of North Carolina. While at UNC, Shank was initiated into the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. In 1946, he worked with Charlie Barnet before moving on to Kenton and the West coast jazz scene. He also had a strong interest in what might now be termed world music, playing Brazilian-influenced jazz with Laurindo Almeida in 1953 and 1954. In 1958, he became the first American jazz musician to record in Italy, with an Italian jazz orchestra conducted by Ezio Leoni (aka Len Mercer), paving the way for Chet Baker and others who would follow Shank's tracks recording in Milan with Maestro Leoni. In 1958 and 1960, Shank provided the soundtracks for two Bruce Brown surf movies: Slippery When Wet and Barefoot Adventure. His world music collaborations continued in 1962, fusing jazz with Indian traditions in collaboration with Indian composer and sitar player Ravi Shankar.

In 1974, Shank joined with Ray Brown, Shelly Manne (replaced by Jeff Hamilton after 1977), and Laurindo Almeida to form the group the L.A. Four, who recorded and toured extensively through 1982. Shank helped to popularize both Latin-flavored and chamber jazz music, and as a musician's musician also performed with orchestras as diverse as the Royal Philharmonic, the New American Orchestra, the Gerald Wilson Big Band, Stan Kenton's Neophonic Orchestra, and Duke Ellington.

In 2005, he formed the Bud Shank Big Band in Los Angeles to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Stan Kenton's Neophonic Orchestra.

A documentary film about Shank, Bud Shank: Against the Tide (Portrait of a Jazz Legend), was produced and directed by Graham Carter and released by Jazzed Media as a DVD (with a companion CD) in 2008. The film has been awarded four indie film awards including an Aurora Awards Gold.

Shank died on April 2, 2009, of a pulmonary embolism at his home in Tucson, Arizona, one day after returning from San Diego, California, where he was recording a new album.

Discography

References

External links

Interview at All About Jazz
Bud Shank, encyclopedia entry at Jazz.com

1926 births
2009 deaths
American jazz alto saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz flautists
Big band saxophonists
Cool jazz flautists
Cool jazz saxophonists
Jazz alto saxophonists
Mainstream jazz saxophonists
West Coast jazz saxophonists
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Musicians from Dayton, Ohio
Concord Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The L.A. Four (band) members
20th-century flautists

Bud Shank


Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Chinese: 上海交通大學 / 上海交通大学, Pinyin Shànghǎi Jiāotōng Dàxué) , sometimes called Shanghai Transport University is a public university in Shanghai, China. It was founded in 1896. It is a founding member of the C9 League, which groups a number of public universities in China.  When it was founded in 1896, it was called Nanyang Public School (南洋公學; Nányáng Gōngxué). It has gone through a number of transformations, and has its current name since 1959.  The university has over 40,000 students, and about 2,700 international students.

Jiaotong translates as 'traffic', perhaps 'connection'. The word can be found in many university names, and is often unttanslated. Today, ther university is known for making the Academic Ranking of World Universities, which is also known as Shanghai rating.

Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
Shanghai

Shanghai Jiao Tong University


The Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences (), also known as the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, is a member-based organization and the national voice for researchers in the humanities and social sciences in Canada. Formed in 1996 through a merger of the Social Science Federation of Canada and the Canadian Federation for the Humanities, it is a non-profit charitable organization that represents more than 85,000 researchers in 81 scholarly associations, 80 universities and colleges, and 6 affiliates across the country.

Purpose

Through its activities, the federation strives to support and advance Canada's research in the humanities and social sciences, which are important for social, cultural and economic understanding and addressing the most pressing public policy issues of today.

Research in the humanities and social sciences allows innovation in all areas to flourish. A better understanding of social, cultural and political issues ensures more effective technological innovation, medical discovery and economic growth.

The federation:
 represents and convenes one of the biggest research communities in Canada;
 hosts the biggest multidisciplinary gathering of scholars in North America;
 supports the publication of 150 scholarly books per year;
 awards scholarly book prizes each year;
 runs a series of lectures on Parliament Hill to bring humanities and social science research to policy makers;
 addresses professional matters, including equity issues;
 undertakes research projects to help advance Canada's humanities and social science fields.

The federation is a non-profit, charitable organization, governed by an executive committee and board of directors made up of scholars from its member groups with a permanent secretariat based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

The federation's work is sustained by membership fees, revenue from its annual Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences, project funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and other government bodies, and through the support of colleagues, institutional donors and other individuals through the Canadian Endowment for the Humanities and Social Sciences.

Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences

Originally established in 1930 as the Learned Societies Conference, and later renamed the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences in 1996, this congress is the largest annual academic gathering in Canada and its multidisciplinary character marks it as unique in the world. Since its beginning, it has been an important meeting place for new and established academics and researchers working in such diverse areas as anthropology, bibliotherapy, communication and disability studies, English language and literature, French language and literature, geography, the history and philosophy of science, international development, Jacques Maritain studies, political science, social work, theatre research, Ukrainian studies, women's studies and many more. Congress is currently organized by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences.

In 2014, from May 24 to May 31, approximately 8,000+ attendees representing 75 scholarly associations gathered at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, from all over North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia to present their research and to debate some of the most important social and cultural questions of the day.

In 2020 Congress was held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario from May 30 to June 5.

Congress 2023 was hosted by York University in Toronto. With over 10,300 attendees and 67 participating associations, Congress 2023 was one of the biggest scholarly events in Canadian history.

Big Thinking

Formerly known as Breakfast on the Hill, the federation's Big Thinking lecture series lets leading researchers offer fresh ideas to Canada's parliamentarians. Perhaps more than any other program or lecture series, this one demonstrates the critical link between publicly funded research and policy development.

Launched in 1994, the Big Thinking series has featured more than 50 humanists and social scientists presenting their findings to thousands of key members in the Ottawa policy community. Held up to six times a year on Parliament Hill, Big Thinking lectures are delivered when the House and Senate are in session. The talks are high-profile opportunities to introduce evidence from current research on the most pressing public policy issues

Awards to Scholarly Publications Program

The Awards to Scholarly Publications Program (ASPP) is a key activity of the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Formerly known as the Aid to Scholarly Publications Program, the ASPP is a competitive funding program designed to assist with the publication of scholarly books on topics in the humanities and social sciences.

Through this program, the federation tangibly supports research dissemination and encourages excellence in humanities and social science scholarship.

Under the program's mandate to support books of advanced scholarship in the humanities and social sciences that make an important contribution to knowledge, the ASPP has supported the publication of over 6,000 books that have helped to enrich the social, cultural and intellectual life of Canada and the world.

Each year, the ASPP offers 180 Publication Grants of $8,000 and five Translation Grants of $12,000, contributing 1.5 million dollars to the dissemination of Canadian research.

The federation gratefully acknowledges the funding of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

Canada Prizes

The Canada Prizes are awarded annually to the best scholarly books in the humanities and social sciences that have received funding from the ASPP. The Canada Prizes are awarded to books that make an exceptional contribution to scholarship, are engagingly written, and enrich the social, cultural and intellectual life of Canada. Each winner receives $2,500.

In 2014, the Canada Prizes were awarded to the following books:
 Canada Prize in the Humanities (English): Sandra Djwa, Journey With No Maps: A Life of P.K. Page, published by McGill-Queen's University Press
 Canada Prize in the Humanities (French): Pierre Anctil, Jacob-Isaac Segal, 1896–1954 : Un poète yiddish de Montréal et son milieu, published by Presses de l'Université Laval
 Canada Prize in the Social Sciences (English): David E. Smith, Across the Aisle: Opposition in Canadian Politics, published by University of Toronto Press
 Canada Prize in the Social Sciences (French): Hugues Théorêt, Les chemises bleues : Adrien Arcand, journaliste antisémite canadien-français, published by Éditions du Septentrion

Presidents

 1996–1998 Chad Gaffield
 1998–2000 Louise Forsyth
 2000–2002 Patricia Clements
 2002–2004 Doug Owram
 2004–2006 Don Fisher
 2006–2008 Noreen Golfman
 2008–2009 Nathalie Des Rosiers
 2009–2011 Noreen Golfman
 2011–2013 Graham Carr
 2013–2015 Antonia Maioni
 2015–2017 Stephen Toope
 2017–2019 Guy Laforest
 2019–present Patrizia Albanese

Executive Directors

 1996–1998 Marcel Lauzière
 1998–2001 Louise Robert
 2001–2006 Paul Ledwell
 2006–2009 Jody Ciufo
 2009–2016 Jean-Marc Mangin
 2016–2017 Christine Tausig Ford (interim)
 2017–present Gabriel Miller

References

External links

Learned societies of Canada
Supraorganizations


William Peter Van Ness (February 13, 1778–September 6, 1826) was a United States federal judge.

Early Life and education
Van Ness was born in Ghent, New York. He is the son of Judge Peter Van Ness (1734– 1804), a lawyer and farmer. The home and land were later purchased by Martin Van Buren, who renamed the estate Lindenwald.  Peter Van Ness is buried on the Lindenwald estate.

William Van Ness's brothers included U.S. Representative and Washington, D.C. mayor John Peter Van Ness and Vermont governor Cornelius Peter Van Ness.

William Van Ness attended Washington Seminary and graduated from Columbia College in 1797.

After graduating from college William Van Ness read law in the office of Edward Livingston, attaining acceptance to the bar in 1800.

Early Career
William Van Ness practiced law in New York City, Albany, and Hudson from 1800 to 1812.

Van Ness, a friend of Aaron Burr, was an active participant in the 1800 presidential campaign as a vocal supporter of the Democratic-Republican candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

In 1801 Van Ness served as a Delegate to the New York Constitutional Convention, which was called to amend the state constitution of 1777.

Martin Van Buren completed his legal studies in Van Ness's office in 1802 and became an attorney in Columbia County, New York.

In July, 1804 William Van Ness served as Aaron Burr's second in Burr's duel with Alexander Hamilton, and was present when Burr killed Hamilton.

Judicial career
On May 25, 1812, Van Ness was nominated by President James Madison to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of New York.  He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 26, 1812, and received his commission on May 27, 1812. On April 9, 1814, he was reassigned by operation of law to the newly subdivided United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Career as an author
Van Ness was the author of several political and judicial works, including: Examination of Charges against Aaron Burr (1803); The Laws of New York, with Notes, (with John Woodworth), (2 vols. 1813); Reports of Two Cases in the Prize Court for New York District (1814); and Concise Narrative of Gen. Jackson's First Invasion of Florida (1826).

Death and burial
Van Ness served on the bench until his death in New York City.  He was buried in Brooklyn's Greenwood Cemetery.

Other websites

References

American judges
1778 births
1826 deaths
People from New York (state)
Martin Van Buren

William Peter Van Ness


See also Serua (disambiguation)
Serua is one of Fiji's fourteen Provinces. Its 830 square kilometers occupy the southernmost areas of Viti Levu, being one of 8 provinces based on Fiji's largest island. It had a population of 15,461 at the 2007 census.

According to a report by David Wilkinson an interpreter and advisor to Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore, 1st, Governor of Fiji, the region was one of the least stable regions of Fiji before cession in 1874. It led to the secession of the western part of the province into the neighbouring province of Nadroga-Navosa in 1916.

Serua is part of the Burebasaga confederacy. The traditional head of the province is titled the Vunivalu of Korolevu and is based on the tiny island of Serua (to which the province is named after) just off the coast of the province.

Serua includes Nuku District and three non-contiguous pieces of Serua District,Deuba and Batiwai  all separated by Nuku.

The province is governed by a Provincial Council, chaired by Taito Nakalevu based in the nearest township of Navua.

Prominent people from Serua includes former executive of Telecom Fiji Limited (TFL) Taito Tabaleka,former Fiji government consultant Pio Tabaiwalu, Kele Leawere, Waisea Nayacalevu, England International Joe Cokanasiga, netball players Matila WaqanidrolaVilimaina Davu and Former member of Senate, Former Minister of Primary Industries, former Minister of Defense and Immigration Joketani Cokanasiga.

Places of interest in the province include the Pacific Novitiate at Lomeri Pacific Harbour and Deuba beach.

References

Sources
Population Censuses and Surveys

Serua
Serua

Serua Province


In computer networking, Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) is a set of enhancements to twisted-pair, twinaxial, backplane, and optical fiber Ethernet physical-layer variants that reduce power consumption during periods of low data activity.  The intention is to reduce power consumption by 50% or more, while retaining full compatibility with existing equipment.

The  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), through the IEEE 802.3az task force, developed the standard. The first study group had its call for interest in November 2006, and the official standards task force was authorized in May 2007. The IEEE ratified the final standard in September 2010. Some companies introduced technology to reduce the power required for Ethernet before the standard was ratified, using the name Green Ethernet.

Some energy-efficient switch integrated circuits were developed before the IEEE 802.3az Energy-Efficient Ethernet standard was finalized.

Potential savings

In 2005, all the network interface controllers in the United States (in computers, switches, and routers) used an estimated 5.3 terawatt-hours of electricity.  According to a researcher at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Energy-Efficient Ethernet can potentially save an estimated  a year in energy costs in the U.S. Most of the savings would come from homes () and offices (), and the remaining  from data centers.

Concepts
The power reduction is accomplished in a few ways. In Fast Ethernet and faster links, constant and significant energy is used by the physical layer as transmitters are active regardless of whether data is being sent. If they could be put into sleep mode when no data is being sent, that energy could be saved. When the controlling software or firmware decides that no data needs to be sent, it can issue a low-power idle (LPI) request to the Ethernet controller physical layer PHY. The PHY will then send LPI symbols for a specified time onto the link, and then disable its transmitter. Refresh signals are sent periodically to maintain link signaling integrity. When there is data to transmit, a normal IDLE signal is sent for a predetermined period of time. The data link is considered to be always operational, as the receive signal circuit remains active even when the transmit path is in sleep mode.

Green Ethernet
Green Ethernet technology was a superset of the 802.3az standard.  In addition to the link load power savings of Energy-Efficient Ethernet, Green Ethernet works in one of two ways. First, it detects link status, allowing each port on the switch to power down into a standby mode when a connected device, such as a computer, is not active. Second, it detects cable length and adjusts the power used for transmission accordingly. Standard switches provide enough power to send a signal up to . However, this is often unnecessary in the SOHO environment, where  of cabling are typical between rooms. Moreover, small data centers can also benefit from this approach since the majority of cabling is confined to a single room with a few meters of cabling among servers and switches. In addition to the pure power saving benefits of Green Ethernet, backing off the transmit power on shorter cable runs reduces alien crosstalk, and improves the overall performance of the cabling system.

Green Ethernet also encompasses the use of more efficient circuitry in Ethernet chips, and the use of offload engines on Ethernet interface cards intended for network servers. In April 2008, the term was used for switches, and, in July 2008, used with wireless routers which featured user-selectable off periods for Wi-Fi to further reduce energy consumption.

Projected power savings of up to 80 percent were predicted using Green Ethernet switches, translating into a longer product life due to reduced heat dissipation.

See also
 Autonomous peripheral operation
 Green computing
 One Watt Initiative
 Power over Ethernet (PoE)

References

External links

 IEEE P802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet Task Force
   Blog for Energy-Efficient Ethernet techniques and news analyses, circa 2009.

IEEE 802
Ethernet
Energy conservation
Computers and the environment

Energy-Efficient Ethernet


The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1745 (19 Geo. 2. c. 1) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain passed on 18 October 1745, and formally repealed in 1867. It made various provisions for arresting and imprisoning those suspected of treason during the Second Jacobite Rising. The Act was continued in force by a second Act of the same title (19 Geo. 2. c. 17) and by a third act the next year (20 Geo. 2. c. 1) before expiring.

The Act provided that those suspected of high treason could be detained without bail until 19 April 1746; their horses could be seized and the owners charged for their keeping. Members of Parliament were exempt from the Act unless the consent of their House was given. For the duration of the Act, the Scottish act preventing wrongful imprisonment was suspended.

The Act remained in force until 19 April 1746, when it was renewed, and was formally repealed as obsolete by the Statute Law Revision Act 1867.

References

The statutes at large from the 15th to the 20th year of King George III [vol. XVIII]; Charles Bathurst, London. 1765.
Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993.

Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1745
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Habeas corpus

Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1745


Anomatic Corporation manufactures aluminum products, and is a manufacturer of large-quantity aluminum parts for cosmetic companies' packaging including Revlon, Maybelline, Estee Lauder and Mary Kay.

History
Since 1965, Anomatic has been manufacturing items ranging from consumer products such as MP3 players, cookware, and baseball bats to industrial applications such as heat sinks and aerospace/aviation components.

Product lines
The company produces anodized aluminum packaging for the personal care, makeup, fragrance, automotive, pharmaceutical, health and beauty industries for clients as well as industrial applications.  It is headquartered in New Albany, Ohio with additional US manufacturing locations in Newark, Ohio, Blacklick, Ohio, Naugatuck, Connecticut, and an international facility in Suzhou, China.  Anomatic's services include package design, rapid 3D prototyping, metal forming, anodizing, decorating, assembly, and metallization.

Specializing in high-volume runs, Anomatic is known as the "color experts" for its highly-consistent anodizing process and color matching capabilities. Now vertically-integrated, Anomatic has reinvested to add multiple additional decorative technologies as well as metallization in-house, making the company one of the only metallizing manufacturers in the US to supply the cosmetics industry.

Environmental policies
Anomatic is committed to being environmentally responsible. The company has implemented a sustainability plan to reduce energy, waste, water and air pollution as well as recycle and reuse materials. In 2010, Anomatic announced the formation of the Sustainability and Environmental Operations Group which works to expand the company's sustainable and green operations through Lean, Six Sigma and GMP. The company opened its LEED-certified facility in New Albany, Ohio within the International Personal Care and Beauty Campus and moved its headquarters there.

References

External links
 Official website

Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Manufacturing companies established in 1966
1966 establishments in Ohio

Anomatic


Alceste Campriani (11 February 1848 – 1933) was an Italian painter noted for his landscapes, especially of the Neapolitan countryside.

Life and career

He was born in Terni from a noble family. His father's political attachment to the cause of Italy prompted his arrest by Papal officers. This led to economic difficulties for the Campriani family. He was enrolled in the Naples Institute of Fine arts, but he proved recalcitrant to academic discipline, and abandoned the institute to paint on his own. After a few years of near destitution, he was about to abandon an artistic career altogether, when he garnered a prize for composition awarded by the institute. He befriended Giuseppe De Nittis, who introduced him to the Goupil Gallery, who went on to market over one hundred of his works to England, France, Belgium, and the Americas.

During the early 1860s, he joined the group of artists known as the School of Resina (or in Italy known as the Republica di Portici), founded by Marco de Gregorio, Giuseppe De Nittis, and Federigo Rossano were also soon working. He and other artists including Raffaele Belliazzi, Antonio Leto and Edoardo Dalbono joined sometime after the group's formation in 1860–61. Working in the Neapolitan countryside, members of this group were isolated from other art groups or movements and tended to focus on Morellism and folklore painting. His paintings mixed genre and landscape, focusing on the traditions and countryside of Campania. Like Filippo Palizzi, he often painted children and animals in pastoral pursuits.

At the 1880 Exhibition in Turin, he exhibited Il Ritorno dal Santuario di Montevergine, which gained him much praise. Among his other works are Il ritorno dal mercato, Tra Foggia e Manfredonia, Il mercato dei cavalli, La partita a bocce, Caccia con la civetta, Spiaggia delle Sirene, Il venditore di polli, I bagnanti a Napoli, Colloquio, Jardin d'acclimation, Autunno sul Vesuvio exhibited in Florence in 1896, Ritorno dal pascolo exhibited in Turin in 1898, Scirocco sull costiera d'Amalfi, Tramonto in Danimarca, Pastorale, Mattino exhibited in Milan in 1898, and Primavera exhibited in Rome in 1895.

Campriani died in 1933 in Lucca.

Gallery

References

1848 births
1933 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Italian genre painters
Painters from Naples
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Alceste Campriani


Rudolf Haym (5 October 1821 – 27 August 1901) was a German philosopher.

He was born in Grünberg in Prussia (now Zielona Góra, Poland), and died in St. Anton (Arlberg). He studied philosophy and theology at Halle and Berlin.

He was a member of the National Assembly at Frankfurt in 1848, and wrote an account of the proceedings from the standpoint of the Right Centre. From 1851 he lectured in literature and philosophy at the University of Halle, and became professor in 1860.

His writings are biographical and critical, devoted mainly to German philosophy and literature. In 1870 he published a history of the Romantic school. He also wrote biographies of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1856), Hegel (1857), Schopenhauer (1864), Herder (1877–1885) and Max Duncker (1890). In 1901 he published Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben ("Recollections from My Life").

Attribution

1821 births
1901 deaths
People from Zielona Góra
People from the Province of Silesia
19th-century philosophers
19th-century German people
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German philosophers

Rudolf Haym


D.E. 7th is a 1982 album by Welsh rock musician Dave Edmunds. The album was Edmunds' first project for Arista Records (in the UK) and Columbia Records (in the US), following a five-year stay with the Swan Song label.

Besides the label switches, D.E. 7th marked another big change for Edmunds; his band Rockpile had broken up the previous year, forcing him to assemble a whole new group of musicians for the album. The new band coalesced around guitarist Mickey Gee and bassist John David (both of whom had played with Edmunds in Love Sculpture), veteran pub rock pianist Geraint Watkins, and drummer Dave Charles. This group, who'd already recorded an album together as Geraint Watkins and the Dominators, would record and tour with Edmunds throughout the rest of the 1980s.

D.E. 7th would reach #60 on the UK album charts and #46 on the Billboard 200, becoming his highest-charting solo album ever in the United States. The album's sales were helped by the inclusion of a previously unreleased Bruce Springsteen song, "From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come)" (Springsteen's version, an outtake from his 1980 album The River, would remain unreleased until 2003). In his 2005 book The Ties That Bind, author Gary Graff explains:

When (Edmunds) went to see Springsteen perform at Wembley Arena (in 1981), he expected a good show but not necessarily a new song to record. "I was backstage in the hospitality area after the gig," Edmunds remembered, "and one of his crew of road managers tapped me on the shoulder and said, 'Bruce wants to meet you.' I went back and had this great talk with him, and he played me this song and said, 'I'd like you to do this, if you like it.' He said he'd send me the tape, which he did."

Edmunds' recording of "From Small Things" reached #28 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and later appeared on his 2004 "best of" collection (also entitled From Small Things). One other D.E. 7th track was selected for that collection: a cover of Brian Hyland's 1962 top-30 hit "Warmed Over Kisses (Left Over Love)". Edmunds transformed the song, originally a countrypolitan waltz, into an uptempo bluegrass romp.

Edmunds told the New Musical Express at the time that he had happened across pianist Liam Grundy playing in a bar quite by chance and upon hearing the heartfelt ballad "One More Night" invited Grundy to the studio a couple of days later to record it.

Track listing
 "From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come)" (Bruce Springsteen) – 3:30
 "Me And The Boys" (Terry Adams) – 3:04
 "Bail You Out" (Chris Rees) – 2:28
 "Generation Rumble" (Graham Lyle) – 3:36
 "Other Guys Girls" (Christopher Gent) – 2:47
 "Warmed Over Kisses (Left Over Love)" (Gary Geld, Peter Udell) – 3:03
 "Deep In The Heart Of Texas" (Geraint Watkins) – 2:36
 "Louisiana Man" (Doug Kershaw) – 3:41
 "Paula Meet Jeanne" (Jude Cole) – 2:40
 "One More Night" (Liam Grundy) – 3:56
 "Dear Dad" (Chuck Berry) – 1:51

Personnel

Musicians

Dave Edmunds – guitar, bass, keyboards, vocal
Dave Charles – drums
John David – bass
Geraint Watkins – piano, keyboards
Bobby Irwin – drums (tracks 4, 6, 9)
Dave Peacock – banjo (track 6), bass (tracks 4, 6)
John Earle – baritone & tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 9)
Dick Hanson – trumpet (tracks 1, 7)
Mickey Gee – guitar (track 8)
Albert Lee – guitar (track 9)
Liam Grundy – piano (track 10)
Neil King – trumpet (track 9)

Technical
Dave Edmunds – producer
Carey Taylor – engineer
Aldo Bocca – engineer
Lynn Goldsmith – photography

References

Dave Edmunds albums
Arista Records albums
Columbia Records albums
1982 albums
Albums produced by Dave Edmunds

D.E. 7th


In algebraic geometry, Sumihiro's theorem, introduced by , states that a normal algebraic variety with an action of a torus can be covered by torus-invariant affine open subsets.

The "normality" in the hypothesis cannot be relaxed. The hypothesis that the group acting on the variety is a torus can also not be relaxed.

Notes

References
.

External links

Theorems in algebraic geometry

Sumihiro's theorem


The  occurred between pro-Imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces during the Boshin War in Japan. The battle started on 27 January 1868 (or fourth year of Keiō, first month, 3rd day, according to the lunar calendar), when the forces of the shogunate and the allied forces of Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clashed near Fushimi, Kyoto. The battle lasted for four days, ending in a decisive defeat for the shogunate.

Background
On 4 January 1868, the restoration of imperial rule was formally proclaimed. Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu had earlier resigned his authority to the emperor, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" imperial orders. The Tokugawa shogunate had ended. However, while Yoshinobu's resignation created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. Moreover, the Tokugawa family remained a prominent force in the evolving political order, a prospect hard-liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable.

Although the majority of fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji's consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa, Saigō Takamori physically threatened members of the assembly into ordering the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands.

Although he initially agreed to the court's demands, on 17 January 1868, Yoshinobu declared "that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the restoration and called on the court to rescind it." On 24 January, after considerable provocation by Satsuma's rōnin in Edo, Yoshinobu, from his base at Osaka Castle decided to prepare an attack on Kyōto, ostensibly to dislodge the Satsuma and Chōshū elements dominating the court and "freeing" young Emperor Meiji from their influence.

Prelude
The battle started when shogunate forces moved in the direction of Kyoto to deliver a letter from Yoshinobu, warning the Emperor of the intrigues plotted by Satsuma and the court nobles who supported it, such as Iwakura Tomomi.

The 15,000-strong shogunal army outnumbered the Satsuma–Chōshū army by 3 to 1, and consisted mostly of men from the Kuwana and Aizu Domains, reinforced by Shinsengumi irregulars. Although some of its members were mercenaries, others, such as the Denshūtai, had received training from French military advisers. Some of the men deployed in the front lines were armed in archaic fashion, with pikes and swords. For example, the troops of Aizu had a combination of modern soldiers and samurai, as did the troops of Satsuma to a lesser degree. The Bakufu had almost fully equipped troops and Chōshū troops were the most modern and organized of all. According to historian Conrad Totman: "In terms of army organization and weaponry, the four main protagonists probably rank in this order: Chōshū was best; Bakufu infantry was next; Satsuma was next; and Aizu and most liege vassal forces were last."

There was no clearly defined intent to fight on the part of the shogunate troops, attested by the many empty rifles of the men in the vanguard. Motivation and leadership on the part of the shogunate also seems to have been lacking.

Although the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were outnumbered, they were fully modernized with Armstrong howitzers, Minié rifles and one Gatling gun. The shogunate forces had been slightly lagging in term of equipment, although a core elite force had been recently trained by the French military mission to Japan (1867–68). The Shogun also relied on troops supplied by allied domains, which were not necessarily as advanced in terms of military equipment and methods, making up an army that had both modern and outdated elements.

The Royal Navy, generally supportive of Satsuma and Chōshū, maintained a fleet lying at anchor in Osaka harbour, a factor of uncertainty which led to the shogunate maintaining the garrison at Osaka with a significant part of its army in reserve rather than commit them to the offensive in Kyōto. This foreign naval presence was related to the protection orders for the foreign settlements at Hyōgo (modern Kobe), and the very recent opening of the ports of Hyōgo and Ōsaka by decree to foreign trade three weeks earlier on 1 January 1868. Tokugawa Yoshinobu was in bed with a severe chill, and could not participate directly in the operations.

Events of 27 January
On 27 January 1868 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, based at Osaka Castle, south of Kyoto, started to move his troops north to Kyoto, through two main roads, one being the Toba road (鳥羽街道), and the other the Fushimi road (伏見街道). Altogether about 13,000 troops were moving forward, although they were widely spread out, leaving about 8,500 for the action at Toba–Fushimi. The overall commander (rikugun bugyō) of the operation was Takenaka Shigekata.

Toba encounter

The shogunate forces move in the direction of Toba under the command of Vice-Commander Ōkubo Tadayuki, making a total of 2,000 to 2,500 troops. At around 17:00, the shogunate vanguard, made up largely of about 400 men of the Mimawarigumi, armed with pikes and some firearms, under Sasaki Tadasaburo, approached a Satsuma-manned barrier post at the Koeda Bridge (小枝橋), Toba (located in what is now part of Minami-ku, Kyoto). They were followed by two infantry battalions (歩兵), rifles empty as they did not expect a fight, under Tokuyama Kōtarō, and further south by eight companies from Kuwana with four cannons. Some Matsuyama and Takamatsu troops and a few others were also participating, but Bakufu cavalry and artillery seem to have been absent. In front of them were about 900 entrenched troops from Satsuma, with four cannons.

After denying the shogunate force permission to pass peacefully, the Satsuma force opened fire from the flank, the first shots of the Boshin War. A Satsuma shell exploded on a gun carriage next to the horse of shogunal commander Takigawa Tomotaka, causing the horse to throw Takigawa and bolt. The startled horse ran wild, throwing the shogunate column into panic and disarray. The Satsuma attack was forceful and quickly sent the shogunate troops in disarray and retreat.

Sasaki ordered his men to charge the Satsuma gunners, but since the Mimawarigumi was armed only with spears and swords, his men were killed en masse. However, the Kuwana forces and a unit under Kubota Shigeaki held their ground, making the skirmish rage on inconclusively. The Shogunate troops set fire to various houses as they retreated, but that allowed Satsuma snipers to aim more easily. The situation stabilized during the night, as troops from Kuwana arrived in reinforcement.

The Toba battlefield has been transformed into a public park, Tobarikyūato-kōen (鳥羽離宮跡公園), which contains a monument to the battle. It is located just between the Koeda Bridge, where the Satsuma forces were stationed, and the Jōnangū Temple (城南宮), where the Imperial forces had their headquarters.

Fushimi encounter

On the same day, Satsuma–Chōshū forces further to the southeast at Fushimi also inconclusively engaged Shogunal forces in their area. The Satsuma–Chōshū forces started firing on the Shogunal forces when they heard the firing of cannons from the area of Toba. The Shogunal forces were composed of Bakufu troops, Shinsengumi and Aizu troops.

A violent encounter took place for the control of Bungo Bridge (豊後橋).

Events of 28 January

On 28 January, Iwakura Tomomi gave Saigō Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi orders obtained from Emperor Meiji proclaiming Tokugawa Yoshinobu and his followers to be enemies of the court, authorizing their suppression by military force, and granting use of the Imperial brocade banners. These brocade banners were prepared beforehand, having been made by Ōkubo Toshimichi a few months previously, and stored in Chōshū domain and in the Satsuma Kyoto residence until an appropriate opportunity presented itself.

In addition, Imperial Prince Yoshiaki, a young man of 22, who had lived as a Buddhist monk at the monzeki temple of Ninna-ji was named nominal commander in chief of the army. Although the Prince had no military experience, this nomination effectively transformed the Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance forces into an Imperial army (kangun), which proved to be a powerful tool of psychological warfare, sending shogunal forces into confusion and disarray, since anyone who fired on the army would automatically become a traitor to the emperor.

The Bakufu forces that had been to Toba retreated and regrouped with other Bakufu troops at Tominomori (), where they set up their command base.

Meanwhile, the Battle of Awa took place that same day on the nearby Inland Sea. It was the first naval battle between modern fleets in Japan, and ended with a small shogunal victory over a Satsuma fleet, but was insignificant to the unfolding of the land battle.

Takasegawa encounter

The forces which had been to Fushimi, consisting in Aizu troops, Shinsengumi and Yūgekitai () guerilla troops were again attacked at Takasegawa () and Ujigawa () on the morning of the 28th by the troops of Satsuma and Chōshū, and were forced to retreat in the direction of Yodo Castle after a bitter fight.

Events of 29 January

Tominomori encounter

The Shogunal forces which had regrouped at Tominomori () were attacked by the forces of Satsuma in the morning. Around noon, the Imperial brocade banner appeared from behind the Satsuma–Chōshū lines. At first, neither side recognized the strange banner. Messengers had to be sent to both sides to explain what it was. Shogunal forces were thrown into confusion and Satsuma-Chōshū forces, their morale boosted, drew swords and charged the shogunal lines. The shogunal forces attempted to counter-attack, but were forced to retreat in disarray. In the afternoon, the Shogunal forces had once again to retreat to the area of Nōsho (), in the direction of the Yodo Castle.

Shogunal forces attempted to regroup at Yodo Castle, but were refused admission, as the daimyō of Yodo Domain had decided to defect to the Imperial side on the appearance of the Imperial banner and defeat of the Shogunal forces. The daimyō of Yodo maintained his gates closed despite the supplication of the retreating army, thus denying them a major means of defense, forcing them to flee as far as Osaka castle. The daimyō of strategically located Tsu Domain followed two days later.

Events of 30 January

The retreating shogunal troops were progressively streaming into Osaka Castle.

At Osaka Castle, Tokugawa Yoshinobu gathered his advisors and military leaders to plan strategy and, to boost morale, advised that he would personally take to the field as commander of bakufu forces. That evening however, he slipped away from Osaka Castle accompanied by the daimyōs of Aizu and Kuwana to escape back to Edo on the shogunate warship Kaiyō Maru.

As Kaiyō Maru had not arrived, he took refuge for the night on an American warship, , anchored in Osaka Bay. Kaiyō Maru arrived the following day.

When the remnants of his forces learned that the shōgun had abandoned them, they departed Osaka Castle, which was later surrendered to Imperial forces without resistance. Yoshinobu later claimed that he had been disturbed by the Imperial approval given to the actions of Satsuma and Chōshū, and, once the brocade banner had appeared, he had lost all will to fight.

French advisors Jules Brunet and Cazeneuve, who were present at the battle, left Osaka and returned to Edo on 12 January, together with Enomoto Takeaki on board the Fujiyama. Enomoto brought with him various documents and a treasure of 180,000 ryō. They arrived in Edo on 14 January.

Aftermath

The effects of the Battle of Toba–Fushimi were out of proportion to its small scale. The prestige and morale of the Tokugawa bakufu was seriously weakened, and many daimyōs who had remained neutral now declared in favor of the Emperor and offered military support to prove their new loyalties. Even more significantly, the ill-conceived attempt by Tokugawa Yoshinobu to regain control silenced elements within the new imperial government who favored a peaceful resolution to the conflict.

Osaka Castle, an important symbol of Tokugawa hegemony over western Japan, fell to Imperial forces. The victory set a course for a military settlement rather than a political compromise.

See also
 Firearms of Japan

Notes

References

References
 Fukushima Hiroshi. Bakumatsu Ishin: Yume no Ato Kikō. Tokyo: Kyōiku Shoseki, 1990.

 .
 Yamakawa Kenjirō. Hōshu Aizu Byakkōtai Jūkyūshi-den. Aizu-Wakamatsu: Aizu Chōrei Gikai, 1926.
 Yamakawa Kenjirō. Aizu Boshin Senshi. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1933.

External links

 National Archives of Japan: Boshinshoyo Kinki oyobi Gunki Shinzu, precise reproduction of Imperial Standard and the colors used by Government Army at Battle of Toba–Fushimi

Battles involving Japan
1868 in Japan
Battles of the Boshin War
Conflicts in 1868
January 1868 events
History of Kyoto

Battle of Toba–Fushimi


Cornelius Canis (also de Hondt, d'Hondt) (between 1500 and 1510 – 15 February 1562) was a Franco-Flemish composer, singer, and choir director of the Renaissance, active for much of his life in the Grande Chapelle, the imperial Habsburg music establishment during the reign of Emperor Charles V.  He brought the compositional style of the mid-16th century Franco-Flemish school, with its elaborate imitative polyphony, together with the lightness and clarity of the Parisian chanson, and he was one of the few composers of the time to write chansons in both the French and Franco-Flemish idioms.

Life

No specific records have survived documenting his early life.  He was most likely from Ghent, since a surviving letter indicates that his parents lived there, and the earliest records of his career show that he was the singing-master and teacher of the choirboys at the Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-op-de-rade confraternity, part of the Church of St. John in Ghent.  He may have been part of a large musical family, since other musicians named d'Hondt, de Hondt, and Canis were active in Ghent, Kortrijk, and other places with connections to the imperial chapel during the 16th century.

In 1542, he was given the responsibility of taking four choirboys from the Low Countries to Spain, the principal seat of power of Charles V, who by then was Holy Roman Emperor.  This trip is his first documented association with the imperial chapel, the Grande Chapelle.  Canis's exact position in the chapel in the early 1540s has not been determined, but his reputation was good and continued to rise.  During this period the musicians of the chapel rarely stayed in one place for long:  they often traveled with the emperor, going to Italy, the Low Countries, or Austria as the occasion demanded.  Court documents show that Canis went to places such as Utrecht and Augsburg, and was a frequent recipient of honors.

Eventually Canis became maistre des enfans (master of the choirboys) of the chapel, succeeding Nicolas Gombert.  Gombert had been removed from the post around 1540, convicted of molesting one of the boys in his care, and sent to hard labor in the galleys.  During this period the chapel was reorganized, and the position of maître de chapelle (overall music director) was merged with that of maistre des enfans, so Canis succeeded both Gombert and Thomas Crecquillon, the previous music director.  Other musicians associated with the Spanish Habsburg chapel at that time included Nicolas Payen and organist Jean Lestainnier.  Canis's music began to appear in prominent publications, such as those by Antonio Gardano and Pierre Attaingnant; most of his music dates from the years 1542 to 1558, the period of his greatest activity at the imperial court.  Not all was published, and some survives in manuscript copies which were made in either Germany or the Low Countries.

Honors accumulated for Canis:  he received royal prebends, pensions, an apostolic favor, and he was made abbot of two separate places:  Notre Dame in Middelburg and Floresse in Liège.  In 1555 he retired, probably because his employer and patron Charles V was about to abdicate; Canis's retirement occurred exactly one month before Charles gave over his powers in the Netherlands to Philip II (15 October 1555). However, this was not the end of his musical career.  He became a chaplain and canon in Kortrijk, at St. Maarten and Onze Lieve Vrouwkerk respectively.  He died on 15 February 1562 in Prague, which at that time was also within the Habsburg domains.

Music and influence

Canis wrote both sacred and secular vocal music.  No specifically instrumental music has survived, and he may not have written any.

A considerable body of music by Canis has survived, including two masses, 35 motets, and 31 chansons.  The works list has grown in recent decades:  three of the motets and two chansons are recent discoveries. All of his works are for from three to six voices.  The two masses, Missa Pastores loquebantur and Missa super Salve celeberrima are both for six voices, while the motets and chansons all vary from three to six.

Canis's motets are written in the manner of the post-Josquin generation of Franco-Flemish composers, using a wide variety of contrapuntal procedures carried out with considerable skill.  Imitation is often pervasive, and may be either strict or free; the time interval separating successive voices in imitation may be either very short or long.  Canis also strove for contrast by varying his contrapuntal procedures in successive sections of the same composition, and by writing melodic lines which varied from short to wide-ranging.

Contrasting with the elaborate polyphonic procedures he used in his sacred music, Canis's chansons show a mix of both Netherlandish polyphony and French, particularly Parisian, simplicity.  During the 1540s and 1550s there were two general types of chansons being composed:  the Parisian, by composers such as Clément Janequin and Claudin de Sermisy, which tended to be homophonic and written in short phrases, with only brief periods of imitation; and the Franco-Flemish, which was more polyphonic and imitative:  the Franco-Flemish chansons were akin to the sacred music by the same composers.  Canis used some features of the Parisian chanson, including homophony, short rhythmic units, and cadential formulae, grafting them onto an otherwise polyphonic fabric.

Some of Canis's chansons use a cantus-firmus technique, in which Canis takes a line or two of music from a pre-existing chanson, including examples by Janequin, Claudin de Sermisy, and Gombert, and reworks it in a contrapuntal texture much different from the original, but using the same words.

Canis and musica reservata

The exact meaning of the phrase musica reservata has been debated by musicologists for decades, since the contemporary mentions of the term are ambiguous and contradictory.  Current consensus among music scholars is that the term refers to an innovative practice which began around the middle of the 16th century, both in composition and in performance, involving 'affect' in text-setting and possibly chromaticism; that it was not a wide movement; and that it was principally a kind of music intended for connoisseurs. Cornelius Canis is one of the composers mentioned as not writing in the style of musica reservata.  Shortly before Canis's departure from the imperial chapel, the Bavarian ambassador to Charles V wrote a letter to his employer, Duke Albrecht V, in which he seems to use the term in a wide sense, meaning roughly "a musical style which is new":  "musica reservata will become even more fashionable now than before, [after Nicolas Payen succeeds Cornelius Canis for the position], since Canis was not able to reconcile himself to it."  He therefore considered Canis to be a composer in a conservative style. The date of this letter, 28 April 1555, is shortly before Orlande de Lassus joined the musical establishment of Albrecht V in Munich; Lassus was then, and remains now, the most famous practitioner of musica reservata.

Works, editions and recordings
 10 chansons on Tota Vita. Egidius Kwartet (Et'Cetera)
 Missa Pastores loquebantur on Leiden Choirbooks III Egidius Kwartet (Et'Cetera)

Notes

References

 Albert Dunning, "Musica reservata", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 12 August 2007), (subscription access)
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998.

External links

1500s births
1562 deaths
Musicians of the Habsburg Netherlands
Chanson composers
16th-century Franco-Flemish composers
Musicians from Ghent
Renaissance composers

Cornelius Canis


West Thames College is a medium-sized college of further and higher education in West London, England. It was formed in 1976, originally named Hounslow Borough College, having gained its current name in 1993. The college has two campuses in the London Borough of Hounslow: a main campus in Isleworth and a smaller Skills Centre in Feltham. As of 2014 there were over 5,200 enrolled students at the college. The college offers a wide range of A Levels and specialist vocational courses up to higher education level: BTECs, NVQs, City & Guilds, Foundation Degrees and HNDs.

Isleworth Campus

The main college campus in Isleworth includes the Grade II listed Spring Grove House – once the home of 18th century botanist and explorer Sir Joseph Banks – and modern buildings such as the Millennium Building (built 1999, refurbished 2008 and extended 2010), the Atrium Building (opened 2010) and the Sir Joseph Banks Building (opened 2011).

Facilities include the new 140-seat Endeavour Theatre; performance, dance and rehearsal studios; a professional Media and Music Centre with TV studio, recording and editing suites; hair and beauty salons which are open to the public; specialist makeup studios; sports and fitness centre with full-sized sports hall, gym and outdoor pitches; art and design studios; a Learning Resource Centre on three storeys with drop-in IT suites and extensive library; engineering workshops and science laboratories. There are also modern leisure facilities for students including spacious common rooms and cafes.

Feltham Campus
The Feltham Skills Centre was officially opened in 2003 by future Prime Minister Gordon Brown, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. Around 650 students study practical vocational skills and training at the Skills Centre, including catering, plumbing, brickwork, painting and decorating, electrical installation, engineering, carpentry and motor vehicle maintenance.

History
Spring Grove House, a Grade II listed building which forms part of the college's Isleworth campus, was the main country residence of Sir Joseph Banks from 1779 to his death in 1820 (he purchased the freehold in 1808). Banks carried out scientific experiments in the grounds of the house and Queen Charlotte visited Banks and his wife there in 1813.

The first recorded house on the site was built around 1645. Elisha Biscoe bought this house in 1754, demolished it and built Spring Grove House. After Biscoe's death, his son leased the house to Banks.

Spring Grove House was substantially rebuilt and extended by its later owners, Henry Pownall in the mid 19th century and Andrew Pears in the late 19th century. It is an excellent example of late Victorian architecture and interior design, with a fine Georgian room as an added bonus. The ground floor rooms of the building were sensitively restored and redecorated in 2011.

In 1922 the house was purchased by Middlesex County Council. It opened in that year as the new site of Hounslow Polytechnic (renamed Spring Grove Polytechnic) which had been established in 1892 and had used premises in Hanworth Road. The following year Spring Grove Secondary School moved to the house, sharing the building with the Polytechnic who offered almost entirely evening classes.

In 1946 Spring Grove Secondary School became Spring Grove Grammar School. It moved to new premises in Lampton in 1959 and Spring Grove House was taken over by Isleworth Polytechnic as a full-time college. Following the merger of Isleworth and Chiswick polytechnics, the college became Hounslow Borough College in 1976. In 1993 the college acquired incorporated status and was renamed West Thames College.

Spring Grove House is open to the public one Saturday every September as part of Open House London.

Honours
West Thames College also gained national Beacon Awards for Equality and Diversity in 2008 and 2009.

The college has a reputation for its creative arts courses, especially specialist makeup. Students have won the International Makeup Artist Trade Show (IMATS) 5 times.

Notable alumni
Anne-Marie Duff, actress (Shameless, Nowhere Boy, The Virgin Queen)
Freddie Mercury, lead vocalist of Queen, studied at the college when it was known as Isleworth Polytechnic
Rufus Sewell, actor (Zen, Pillars of the Earth)
Martin Hancock, actor (Defiance, Coronation Street, Holby City)
Celena Cherry, lead singer with the Honeyz
Mark Morriss and Scott Morriss of the Bluetones

References

External links
  West Thames College official site
 Ofsted Inspection reports

Further education colleges in London
Education in the London Borough of Hounslow
Isleworth

West Thames College


Francisco Bilbao Barquín (; 19 January 1823 – 9 February 1865) was a Chilean writer, philosopher and liberal politician.

Early life
Francisco Bilbao Barquin was born in Santiago on 9 January 1823 to Rafael Bilbao Beyne and Argentina Mercedes Barquín. His father, an opponent of Diego Portales, was exiled to Lima, Peru in 1829. In Peru he studied astronomy, sciences and music, and also practiced swimming and gymnastics. He returned to Santiago in 1839 and studied at the Instituto Nacional, taking courses including public law, constitutional law, Latin and philosophy, although he did not earn a degree. His teachers included Andrés Bello and José Victorino Lastarria.

Political career and thought

In 1844 he published his controversial article "The Chilean Sociability" ("La sociabilidad chilena"), which was condemned by Chilean authorities as "blasphemous and immoral, though not subversive." He moved to Paris in 1845, and was there during the 1848 uprising in Paris. He returned to Chile in 1850, the year he also founded the Society of Equality. In 1851 he led an unsuccessful insurrection against the government of Manuel Montt, after which he again had to move to Peru. He never returned to Chile.

In Lima, he joined Peruvian political life. In May 1855 he had to leave the country after being persecuted for criticizing the clergy. He went back to Europe, settling in Paris and Belgium.

In 1857, he returned to the Americas, specifically Argentina. He died in Buenos Aires in 1865, aged 42.

He was one of the first to advocate for the concept of Latin America, referring to South America, formulating the concept "as a direct echo of French anti-Pan-Slavism," in wake of the U.S.-Mexican War (1846–48), in which Mexico lost much of its northern territory to the U.S. and U.S. intervention in Nicaragua.  The idea of Latin America was to contest "'Yankee' individualism." For Bilbao, "Latin America" was not a geographical concept, since he excluded Brazil, then a monarchy with a black slave economy, and also Paraguay. He also excluded Mexico from his conception, since it had an entangled relationship with the United States, and in his view seemed united only in its opposition to the U.S.  Bilbao's thinking on democracy rejected delegated representation (such as a congress or parliament), and "thus advocated a sort of direct and constant self-representation in a Catholic community."  Bilbao opposed the Chilean war against the Araucanian or Mapuche peoples in southern Chile, who had never been conquered during the colonial era, with Bilbao supporting their autonomy.

Bilbao conceived of the Americas as having two main cultural contours. "America, in its two-fold nature as Saxon and Latin, witnesses not the contradiction of ideas, as in Europe, but the exclusivity of ideas.  America has crippled harmony. Harmony is individualism and sociability. The North embodies individualism; the South, sociability. The Saxon-Yankee is Protestant and federal; the Spanish American is Catholic and a centralizer... the Yankee is the centrifugal force; the American from the South is the centripetal force. Both are necessary for order to exist."

Works
"La sociabilidad chilena" in El Crepúsculo, June 1844
América en peligro. 1862
El evangelio americano 1864
Obras completas de Francisco Bilbao. Vol. 1. Buenos Aires, 1866.

See also
Latin America

References

Further reading
Donoso, Armando. "El pensamiento vivo de Bilbao." Santiago de Chile, Nascimiento (1940).
Lipp, Solomon. Three Chilean Thinkers, chapter 1. 1975.
Tenorio-Trillo, Mauricio. Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2017.
Varona, Alberto J. Francisco Bilbao, revolucionario de América. 1973.

1823 births
1865 deaths
Liberal Party (Chile, 1849) politicians
Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera alumni
People of the 1851 Chilean Revolution
Politicians from Santiago

Francisco Bilbao


Guns N' Roses is a popular American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles, California, USA. The five original members of the band were Axl Rose (lead vocals), Slash (lead guitar, backing vocals), Izzy Stradlin (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals), and Steven Adler (drums). The band's most known songs are Welcome to the Jungle, Paradise City, Sweet Child O'Mine, Patience, Live and Let Die, November Rain", Knockin' on Heaven's Door, Don't Cry, and Civil War.

The music they made was different from the rock music that was popular in the 1980s. They played harder rock music. It was also closer to traditional rock. Because of this, many music fans became interested in Guns N'Roses. Guns N'Roses was created in Los Angeles in June, 1985. By singer W. Axl Rose, guitarists Tracii Guns and Izzy Stradlin, bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner. Axl's old band was named Hollywood Rose, and Tracii's old band was named L.A. Guns. They joined the two names and got the name Guns N' Roses.

In 1985, Guns N' Roses went to Seattle to perform. Tracii Guns and Rob Gardner couldn't attend the show. Axl called guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler, who were his friends. He asked them for help. They agreed, and became permanent members. On the way back to Los Angeles, the five members wrote the lyrics for 'Welcome to the Jungle' which became one of their most famous songs. Then in 1990, drummer Steven Adler got fired from the band because of his drug abuse. He was replaced by The Cult drummer Matt Sorum.

In November 1991, Gilby Clarke replaced Izzy on rhythm guitar. Gilby then left the band in October 1994 and was replaced by Axl's childhood friend Paul "Huge" Tobias.

Slash left the band in October 1996.

In April 1997, Matt got fired from the band due to fighting between him and Paul.

In August 1997, Nine Inch Nails' Robin Finck replaced Slash on lead guitar, while Duff also left Guns N' Roses.

In 1998, Josh Freese replaced Matt on drums on March, The Replacements' Tommy Stinson replaced Duff on bass on May, while Chris Pitman joined the band as a second keyboardist alongside Dizzy on October.

Robin left Guns N' Roses to rejoin Nine Inch Nails in August 1999.In 2000, Buckethead and Bryan "Brain" Mantia joined the band on March, with Buckethead replacing Robin, Brain replacing Josh. Robin then rejoined Guns N' Roses on October.

In July 2002, Richard Fortus (who was previously member of Love Spit Love and The Psychedelic Furs) joined Guns N' Roses, replacing Paul. Slash, Duff and Matt were in Velvet Revolver with Stone Temple Pilots frontman Scott Weiland and Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner, until Scott died.

Buckethead left the band in March 2004. Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal then replaced Buckethead in May 2006. In October 2006, Frank Ferrer now joined the band, replacing Brain. In March 2009, Sixx:A.M.'s DJ Ashba joined Guns N' Roses, replacing Robin who returned to Nine Inch Nails. In June 2014, Tommy and Bumblefoot left Guns N' Roses. Bumblefoot now became a member of Art of Anarchy and Sons of Apollo. Ashba left the band in July 2015.

Since parting ways with the Appetite for Destruction lineup, Axl has remained a constant member and many lineups have changed since. The last studio album the band released was Chinese Democracy (2008), which had been delayed for over 10 years, to mixed reactions. In 2016, Slash and Duff rejoined the band, along with the band's first female member, Melissa Reese, who replaced Chris.

Band members

 Current lineup

 Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, percussion (1985–present)
 Duff McKagan – bass, backing and occasional lead vocals (1985–1997, 2016–present)
 Slash – lead and occasional rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1985–1996, 2016–present)
 Dizzy Reed – keyboards, piano, percussion, backing vocals (1990–present)
 Richard Fortus – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing vocals (2002–present)
 Frank Ferrer – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (2006–present)
 Melissa Reese – keyboards, synthesizers, sub-bass, programming, backing vocals (2016–present)

Former
 Tracii Guns – lead guitar, backing vocals (1985)
 Izzy Stradlin – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing and occasional lead vocals (1985–1991)
 Ole Beich – bass (1985; died 1991)
 Rob Gardner – drums, backing vocals (1985)
 Steven Adler – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1985–1990)
 Matt Sorum – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1990–1997)
 Gilby Clarke – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing vocals (1991–1994)
 Paul "Huge" Tobias – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing vocals (1994–2002)
 Robin Finck – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals, occasional keyboards (1997–1999, 2000–2008)
 Josh Freese – drums, percussion (1998–2000)
 Tommy Stinson – bass, backing and occasional lead vocals (1998–2014)
 Chris Pitman – keyboards, synthesizers, sub-bass, programming, percussion, backing vocals (1998–2016)
 Buckethead – lead and rhythm guitars (2000–2004)
 Brain – drums, percussion (2000–2006)
 Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal – lead and rhythm guitars, backing and occasional lead vocals (2006–2014)
 DJ Ashba – lead and rhythm guitars (2009–2015)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 Appetite for Destruction (1987)
 G N' R Lies (1988)
 Use Your Illusion I (1991)
 Use Your Illusion II (1991)
 "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993)
 Chinese Democracy (2008)

Live album
 Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Compilation albums
 Use Your Illusion (1998)
 Greatest Hits'' (2004)

References

Other websites
 LAGUNS - (COVER BAND) - forums, videos, chat, photos

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Glam metal bands

Guns N' Roses


John Gill (23 November 1697 – 14 October 1771) was an English Baptist pastor, biblical scholar, and theologian who held to a firm Calvinistic soteriology. Born in Kettering, Northamptonshire, he attended Kettering Grammar School where he mastered the Latin classics and learned Greek by age 11. He continued self-study in everything from logic to Hebrew, his love for the latter remaining throughout his life.

Early life and education

At the age of about 12, Gill heard a sermon from his pastor, William Wallis, on the text, "And the  God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?" (). The message stayed with Gill and eventually led to his conversion. It was not until seven years later that he made a public profession of faith.

Pastoral work
His first pastoral work was as an intern assisting John Davis at Higham Ferrers in 1718 at age 21. He became pastor at the Strict Baptist church at Goat Yard Chapel, Horsleydown, Southwark in 1719. His pastorate lasted 51 years. In 1757 his congregation needed larger premises and moved to a Carter Lane, St. Olave's Street, Southwark. This Baptist church was once pastored by Benjamin Keach and would later become the New Park Street Chapel and then the Metropolitan Tabernacle pastored by Charles Spurgeon.

During Gill's ministry, the church strongly supported the preaching of George Whitefield at nearby Kennington Common.

Various works
In 1748, Gill was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Aberdeen. He was a profound scholar and a prolific author. His most important works are:
 The Doctrine of the Trinity Stated and Vindicated (London, 1731)
 The Cause of God and Truth  (4 parts, 1735–38), a retort to Daniel Whitby's Five Points
 An Exposition of the New Testament (3 vols., 1746–48), which with his Exposition of the Old Testament (6 vols., 1748–63) forms his magnum opus
 A Collection of Sermons and Tracts
 A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points, and Accents (1767)
 A Body of Doctrinal Divinity (1767)
 A Body of Practical Divinity (1770).

Gill also edited and re-published the works of the 'antinomian' theologian Tobias Crisp. He wrote a
preface to the Hymns of Richard Davis and edited John Skepp's book titled 'Divine Energy'. He signed the prefatory "epistle to the reader" of Herman Witsius' 'Oeconomy of the Covenants' together with John Brine.

Significance
John Gill was the first major writing Baptist theologian, his work retaining influence into the 21st century. Gill's relationship with hyper-Calvinism in English Baptist life is a matter of debate. Peter Toon has argued that Gill was himself a hyper-Calvinist, which would make Gill the father of Baptist hyper-Calvinism. However, Tom Nettles and Timothy George have argued that Gill was not a hyper-Calvinist.  Gill's works are still highly regarded by Primitive Baptists and related groups.

See also
  Hyper-Calvinism
  Primitive Baptist

References

Sources
 Daniel, Curt. Hyper-Calvinism and John Gill. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 1983.
 Ella, George (1995). John Gill and the Cause of God and Truth. Eggleston, England: Go-Publications.
  First published by Baptist Quarterly, October, 1995.

 Murray, Iain H. Spurgeon v. Hyper-Calvinism: The Battle for Gospel Preaching. Banner of Truth, 2000.

 Oliver, Robert W. History of the English Calvinistic Baptists: 1771–1892. Banner of Truth, 2006.
 Peter Toon, The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689-1765. London: The Olive Tree, 1967.
 Rippon, John (1838). Brief Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Reverend John Gill. Reprint: Hess Publications, 1998.

External links

 The Cause of God and Truth by John Gill (1738)
 The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689–1765 by Peter Toon.
  The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689–1765 by Peter Toon (1967)
  John Gill's Exposition of the Old and New Testaments—his magnum opus
  The John Gill Archive—containing most of Gill's published works, including many sermons and tracts, The Cause of God and Truth, A Body of Doctrinal Divinity, and A Body of Practical Divinity, and Solomon's Song.
  Christ alone exalted, in the perfection and encouragement of the saints, notwithstanding sins and trials : being the complete works of Tobias Crisp ... containing fifty-two sermons, on several select texts of Scripture ... Volume 1 of 2. (1832, 7th ed.)  John Gill edition.  Downloadable PDF which may be read online.
  Christ alone exalted, in the perfection and encouragement of the saints, notwithstanding sins and trials : being the complete works of Tobias Crisp ... containing fifty-two sermons, on several select texts of Scripture ... Volume 2 of 2. (1832, 7th ed.)  John Gill edition.  Downloadable PDF which may be read online.

1697 births
1771 deaths
18th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
18th-century Christian biblical scholars
18th-century English Baptist ministers
Baptist biblical scholars
Baptist writers
Bible commentators
Burials at Bunhill Fields
Calvinist and Reformed biblical scholars
Calvinist and Reformed writers
Christian Hebraists
Christian soteriologists
English Baptist theologians
English biblical scholars
English Calvinist and Reformed theologians
English male non-fiction writers
Hyper-Calvinism
People from Kettering

John Gill (theologian)


The Bad Guys is a 2022 American computer-animated heist crime comedy film based on the children's book series of the same name. It is produced by Dreamworks Animation, distributed by Universal Pictures, and directed by directed by Pierre Perifel (in his feature directorial debut) from a screenplay by Etan Cohen and Hilary. It stars the voices of Sam Rockwell, Marc Maron, Craig Robinson, Anthony Ramos, Awkwafina, Richard Ayoade, Zazie Beetz, Lilly Singh, and Alex Borstein. Aaron Blabey, the author of The Bad Guys series, serves as an executive producer of the film.

The Bad Guys had its world premiere at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles on April 12, 2022. It began its theatrical release in several international markets, starting on March 16, 2022 in Israel. It was later released in the United States on April 22 and received positive reviews from critics.

Plot
A group of criminal animals, consisting of Mr. Wolf, Mr. Snake, Ms. Tarantula, Mr. Shark, and Mr. Piranha, attempt to do good deeds in order to avoid prison time, while a new villain emerges.

Voice cast

 Sam Rockwell as Mr. Wolf, a pickpocket gray wolf and the leader of the "Bad Guys" gang.
 Marc Maron as Mr. Snake, a sarcastic safe-cracking Eastern brown snake and Mr. Wolf's second-in-command and best friend.
 Anthony Ramos as Mr. Piranha, a Bolivian red-bellied piranha, the short-fused "muscle", and the youngest of the gang.
 Craig Robinson as Mr. Shark, a childish and sensitive master-of-disguise great white shark.
 Awkwafina as Ms. Tarantula, a sharp-tongued, equally sarcastic expert hacking redknee tarantula also known as "Webs" or "Mata Hairy".
 Richard Ayoade as Prof. Rupert Marmalade IV, a pompous guinea pig philanthropist who suggests that Mr. Wolf's group start doing "good deeds" while having a villainous agenda of his own.
 Barbara Goodson as an old woman that Mr. Wolf intended to pickpocket, she was revealed as an android built by Marmalade.
 Zazie Beetz as Diane Foxington / "The Crimson Paw", a red fox governor, later revealed to be a former lady thief and Mr. Wolf's love interest and other best friend.
 Lilly Singh as Tiffany Fluffit, a local news reporter.
 Alex Borstein as Misty Luggins, the hot-tempered human chief of police.
 Dina Morrone as:
 Museum Announcer
 Diane Foxington's A.I. Assistant.
 Michael Godere as:
 Delivery Driver
 Museum Guest #1
 Kelly Cooney as:
 Prison Guard #1
 Gala Guest #1
 Walt Dohrn as:
 Scientist
 Gala Guest #3
 David P. Smith as:
 Prison Guard #2
 Gala Guest #2
 Protestor
 John Venzon as:
 Museum Guest #2
 Panicked Cop
 Jesse Averna as Prison Guard #3

Sequel
In April 2022, after the film was released, Perifel said that he would love to do a sequel.

References

2022 movies

The Bad Guys


Stavros Kostopoulos (, 14 September 1900 – 23 June 1968) was a Greek banker and politician.

Biography
He was born in Kalamata and he was the son of the banker Ioannis Kostopoulos. He attended the 1st Gymnasium in Kalamata. He studied law at the University of Athens and Political Sciences at the University of Paris, where he received his doctorate degree. He dealt with the banking industry, in which the family already had developed significant activity.

He was a member (1937-1951) and President (1951-1953) of the board of the Commercial Credit Bank. In 1951, he took over the direction of the National Bank of Greece, a position he held until 1953, when he was replaced by Kostis Iliaskos because of his disagreement on the merger of the Athens Bank with the National Bank.

Political career
In 1928, he was elected for the first time member of the parliament (MP) representing Messenia and was reelected in several elections until 1936. In the elections of 1946, he was reelected for the Liberal Party, gathering 2.491 votes. Overall, he was elected eleven times as MP. Having already come into conflict with Andreas Papandreou, during the Apostasia of 1965, he was among the first members of the Centre Union to leave the party and became Minister of National Defence in the Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas government.

He was also Minister of Finance in the governments of Sophoklis Venizelos (August, September & November 1950), Minister of National Economy (1932 & 1947) in the governments of Eleftherios Venizelos and Dimitrios Maximos, Foreign Minister (1964-1965) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister without Portfolio in the government of Sofoklis Venizelos, Interior Minister (1963) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister of Defence (1965-1966) in the governments of Novas, Ilias Tsirimokos and Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Minister of Merchant Marine (1950) in the government of Plastiras, Minister of Supply and Distribution (1948) in Themistoklis Sofoulis' government and Coordinating Minister (1950) again under Sophoklis Venizelos.

He died on June 23, 1968 in Athens, aged 67.

References

 Αντώνης Μακρυδημήτρης, «Οι υπουργοί των εξωτερικών της Ελλάδας 1829-2000», εκδ.Καστανιώτης, Athens 2000, p. 103

1900 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Kalamata
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Greek MPs 1928–1932
Greek MPs 1932–1933
Greek MPs 1933–1935
Greek MPs 1935–1936
Greek MPs 1946–1950
Liberal Party (Greece) politicians
Centre Union politicians
Ministers of National Defence of Greece
Finance ministers of Greece
Foreign ministers of Greece
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
Greek bankers
Greek expatriates in France

Stavros Kostopoulos


Dubbing is the procedure of removing the comb, wattles and sometimes earlobes of poultry. Removing the wattles is sometimes called "dewattling".

Procedure
To perform dubbing, the tissues are first disinfected and, if available, an anesthetic is applied to limit pain. Sterile scissors or dubbing shears are used to cut the tissues off, and a styptic, an astringent chemical that reduces bleeding, is applied. The wounds are left uncovered. Some recommend dubbing should be done on day-old chicks whilst others advise waiting until the bird's comb is more developed.

Benefits
Dubbing is sometimes performed to limit damage caused by injury or frostbite. Dubbing for some breeds has become a tradition and is required for some birds to meet breed-specifications. Other reasons include removing combs which have become so large they prevent the bird from taking food into its mouth or making the head so heavy it sinks into the bird's chest.

In the US, the National Chicken Council (2003) listed dubbing of cockerels as one of the acceptable procedures that may cause short-term stress but which are necessary for the long-term welfare of the flock. Dubbing is also performed to prevent injuries from other birds or while being kept in pens.

Criticism
In practice, an anesthetic is rarely used during dubbing and as a consequence, the RSPCA Australia is opposed to dubbing on poultry intended to be exhibited at shows, and describes the practice as a cause of pain and distress. The comb and wattles function in thermoregulation; blood circulating from the comb and the wattles helps the bird lose heat during hot weather. The comb is also used in mate-assessment in some poultry species. Dubbing would interfere with both these functions of the comb and wattles.

In commercial laying hens, those dubbed at hatching exhibit few effects on egg production, but the older the birds are when dubbed, the greater the negative effects of dubbing.

In the UK, the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) concludes "that removal of the comb offers no welfare advantages to offset the disturbance caused by the procedure and believe the practice should be phased out." The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) writes: "Removal of the comb offers few, if any, welfare advantages in comparison with the disturbance and pain likely to be caused and should be avoided." The Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 (Schedule 3 Amendment) Order 1988 (SI 1988 No. 526) permits only a veterinary surgeon to remove the combs of a domestic fowl which has reached the age of 72 hours.

In New Zealand, the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee stated in 2002 they were "working towards a strategy to prevent this practice."

In 2010, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed scientific evidence and concluded "that no mutilation with an effect on welfare as severe as those resulting from cutting off toes or dubbing the comb should be carried out unless justified by evidence for a substantial and unavoidable level of poor welfare in the birds themselves and other birds."

See also
 Debeaking/beak trimming
 Fighting cock
 Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals

References

Poultry farming
Bird health
Animal welfare
Cruelty to animals
Poultry

Dubbing (poultry)


The Imperial Valley Press (originally known as the Imperial Press) is a daily newspaper printed outside of the Imperial Valley, California. It was owned by Schurz Communications of South Bend, Indiana from 1965 to 2015. It is owned by Imperial Valley Media; shareholders include Rhode Island Suburban Newspapers.

The Imperial Valley Press features local news from all communities of the Imperial Valley and the Mexicali, Baja California area, as well as San Diego County and portions of southwestern Arizona. The newspaper focuses on local news, sports and opinion pieces. Perhaps one of the best-read features of the paper is its "Probe" column, which solicits reader participation and then attempts to answer questions and address other concerns.

History
The Imperial Press debuted on April 20, 1901, under editor and manager Henry C. Reed. Appearing each Saturday, it served the recently founded community of Imperial, California, then part of San Diego County. The addition of the tagline, "Water is king—here is its Kingdom," to the masthead in June signified an ongoing concern of both the paper and its readership: the availability of water within agricultural areas of southeast California. Within its first year, the Imperial Press merged with a Los Angeles monthly publication called the Imperial Farmer to become the Imperial Press and Farmer on November 2, 1901, with new editor and manager Edgar F. Howe at the helm. Though returning to its original title, the Imperial Press, on March 28, 1903, the focus on water remained. While noting the availability of water in the Imperial Valley, Howe worried that the water rights for "most of the country rests on a basis of speculation as to what the national government will do in the coming years."

In March 1906, the paper moved to nearby El Centro where, under the leadership of editor and publisher Felix G. Havens, it expanded both its potential readership and its title, becoming the Imperial Valley Press and the Imperial Press on March 3, 1906. Though no longer claiming the value of water within its masthead, the paper continued to argue for water rights, "advocating prompt and decisive action to give the Reclamation Service the power to control the entire water sheds of the rivers of the arid land states." Of particular concern were private interests controlling access to the Colorado River. The importance of such issues to local politics increased with the founding of Imperial County on August 7, 1907. The paper, its title now shortened to the Imperial Valley Press, strayed from its normal weekly publishing schedule to put out a number of "Extra" editions in late July 1907. These extras addressed the upcoming elections that would establish the county seat along with the potential candidates to fill the new offices. Following the excitement surrounding the establishment of Imperial County, the Imperial Valley Press returned to its Saturday publishing date until September 30, 1911, when the paper officially became a daily. The Imperial Valley Press continues to be published today, including an online edition.

On Sept. 13, 2023, the paper announced it would transition to mail delivery effective Oct. 3. As a result, the weekend edition will be delivered on Saturdays instead of Sundays.

Other publications
The Imperial Valley Press publishes Adelante Valle a Spanish-language weekly.

References

External links
 Imperial Valley Press
 Imperial Valley Press at Schurz Communications
 California Digital Newspaper Collection

Daily newspapers published in California
1901 establishments in California
El Centro, California

Imperial Valley Press