Owariki or Owa rigi (formerly Santa Catalina) is an island in Solomon Islands; it is located in Makira-Ulawa Province.

Description
This small coral island is 2.8 km long and 2 km wide. It is located off the eastern end of Makira (San Cristobal) Island, separated from it by a 7.5 km wide strait, and just south of slightly larger Owaraha (Santa Ana) Island. The sound between Owaraha and Owariki is only 2.5 km wide.

The inhabitants of Owariki speak the Owa language. They share the same culture with the people on Owaraha and on the eastern end of Makira.

History
First recorded sighting by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña on 4 July 1568. More precisely the sighting and also landing in Owariki was due to a local voyage done by a small boat, in the accounts the brigantine Santiago, commanded by Francisco Muñoz Rico and having Hernán Gallego as pilot. They charted it as Santa Catalina.

Owariki was visited, along with neighboring Owaraha, by the Austrian anthropologist and photographer Hugo Bernatzik in 1932. Bernatzik carefully documented daily life among the island people and published an ethnography a few years later.

References

External links

Islands of the Solomon Islands

Owariki


The Church on the Hill is a historic church building at 169 Main Street in Lenox, Massachusetts.  Built in 1805, it is one of a small number of surviving Federal period churches in the region.  Its congregation, gathered in 1769, belongs to the United Church of Christ, and its offices are located at 55 Main Street.  The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Architecture and building history
The church is located on a rise at the northern end of Lenox village, on the west side of Main Street.  It stands on a parcel  in size that includes the town's first cemetery.  It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior.  A gabled entry vestibule projects from the center of the main (south-facing) facade, with the entrance at its center, flanked by pilasters and topped by a gabled pediment.  Above the entrance are a Palladian window and a dentillated gable.  The building corners have fluted pilasters.  A tower rises astride the main block and the vestibule projections, with a square clock-faced stage topped by an open octagonal belfry with paneled pilastered supports.  Above the belfry is an octagonal paneled stage which is crowned by a cupola, finial, and cross.

The meetinghouse was built in 1805 by architect and builder Benjamin D. Goodrich of Richmond, based on designs by Asher Benjamin and Charles Bulfinch. It was dedicated on January 1, 1806. Its total cost was $6,619.00 including furnishings. The building was erected on land near the town's first meetinghouse (built 1770), which it replaced.

The current pastor is the Rev. Elizabeth (Liz) R. Goodman.

A painting of the church, by American Impressionist Clark G Voorhees, is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

Ministers
 1770-1793 Rev. Samuel Munson
 1795-1846 Rev. Samuel Shepard, D.D.
 1846-1854 Rev. Henry Neill
 1854-1859 Rev. Edmund K. Alden
 1860-1865 Rev. Reuben S. Kendall
 1872-1873 Rev. Samuel H. Tolman
 1874-1880 Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst
 1880-1889 Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary
 1890-1898 Rev. Edward Day
 1899-1904 Rev. Frederick Lynch
 1904-1907 Rev. Clayton J. Potter

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

References
 Centennial Anniversary of the Dedication of the Old Church on the Hill, Lenox, Massachusetts, June 12, 1906

External links
Church on the Hill, Lenox

United Church of Christ churches in Massachusetts
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Churches in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lenox, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

Church on the Hill (Lenox, Massachusetts)


"Rock Me on the Water" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Jackson Browne, released as the second single from his 1972 debut album, Jackson Browne, following the No. 7 success of Browne's debut single, "Doctor, My Eyes". Browne's version reached No. 48 on Billboard's September 23, 1972, Hot 100 chart, spending nine weeks on that chart after debuting at No. 73 on August 5, 1972. It was also released as a single in Canada, Germany and Japan, and as a promotional single in the United Kingdom.

Origin
William Ruhlmann of AllMusic wrote that Browne was performing the song as early as autumn 1970. "In the songs he was writing shortly before his recording debut in 1972, Jackson Browne continually alluded to apocalyptic events, but never more explicitly than in 'Rock Me...'," he wrote. Browne is documented as saying that the song, with its reference to the "sisters of the sun," pays homage to his real-life sisters.

Browne addressed the gospel and religious issues in the song, saying that "it's not about religion, it's about society." The song is meant to employ gospel language, but, he said, he turns "it around 180 degrees... If you heard even three seconds of it, you would say, 'well, that's gospel,' but you have to have an idea in a gospel song, and if it's not going to be Jesus, then it must at least be salvation. If I say 'when my life is over, I'm going to stand before the father, but the sisters of the sun are going to rock me on the water now' is like a way of, lovingly, and in a friendly way, refuting the traditional and conventional messages of redemption having to do with the straight and narrow... I staked a lot on that song, because it was a combining of that social awareness and paying attention to what's going on around, with the inner search for spiritual meaning."

Like much of the album from which it came, the song is presented simply, with only Craig Doerge (piano), Russ Kunkel (drums), and Lee Sklar (bass) playing, along with David Crosby's harmony vocals.

The original single from 1972 and the version on Browne's self-titled album are actually two different performances of the song. The single includes additional background vocals, congas, and electric guitar performed by Danny "Kootch" Kortchmar. It omits the piano break between the first chorus and second verse, adds a short introduction, and is played at a slightly faster tempo. The timing discrepancy is not due to an edit of the album version. As of 2021, the single has not been released on an album or CD.

Reception
Bud Scoppa, in his March 1972 review of the Jackson Browne debut album, stated that "Rock Me..." would make an excellent single and that the song's "lilting gospel-like movement" showed a Van Morrison influence.  Record World called it a "can't miss single."

Bruce Springsteen referenced the song in his speech upon the induction of Browne into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 saying: "Listen to the chord changes of 'Rock Me on the Water' and 'Before the Deluge', it's gospel through and through."

Cover versions
Browne did a version of the song with country singer Kathy Mattea for the Red Hot + Country AIDS/HIV awareness benefit album released in 1994.
 Johnny Rivers – Home Grown, 1971.
 Brewer & Shipley – Shake Off the Demon, 1971.
 Linda Ronstadt – Linda Ronstadt, 1972. Her single release predated Browne's own single release of his version of the song by five months, although her version of it only reached No. 85 on the Billboard Hot 100.  Record World called her version "irresistible."
 Diane Schuur – Deedles, 1984 (debut album).
 John Hall (of Orleans) – Rock Me on the Water, 2005.

Chart history
Linda Ronstadt

Jackson Browne

References

1972 songs
1972 singles
Jackson Browne songs
Songs written by Jackson Browne
Asylum Records singles

Rock Me on the Water


António, Prior of Crato (; 153126 August 1595), sometimes called "The Determined", "The Fighter", "The Independentist" or "The Resistant", was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal who claimed the Portuguese throne during the 1580 dynastic crisis. According to some historians, he was King of Portugal for 33 days in 1580. Philip II of Spain prevailed in the succession struggle, but António claimed the throne until 1583. He was a disciple of Bartholomew of Braga.

Early life
António was born in Lisbon, the illegitimate son of Prince Luis, Duke of Beja (1506–1555) and Violante Gomes (some sources argue that his parents were later married, perhaps at Évora).  His mother may have been of Sephardic Jewish extraction, as many Portuguese sources maintain, or possibly of "new Christian" (a forced convert of Jewish or Muslim origin) extraction. At least one source says she was a member of the minor Portuguese nobility, the daughter of Pedro Gomes from Évora. She died a nun at Santarém on 16 July 1568.

António was educated in Coimbra, and he was placed in the Order of St. John. He received the wealthy priory of Crato as a benefice. In 1571, he was named governor of the Portuguese fortification at Tangiers in Morocco.

Nonetheless, little is known of his life until 1578. In that year, he accompanied King Sebastian of Portugal (1557–1578) in his invasion of Morocco, and he was taken prisoner by the Moors at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the same battle where the young king was slain. António is said to have secured his release on easy terms by concocting a fiction. He was asked the meaning of the cross of St. John that he wore on his doublet, and he replied that it was the sign of a small benefice which he held from the Pope, something he would lose if he were not back in Portugal by 1 January 1579. His captor, believing him to be a poor man, allowed his release upon payment of a small ransom.

Claimant

While António was a prisoner in Morocco, his uncle Henry, the cardinal archbishop of Évora and only surviving brother of King John III of Portugal (1521–1557), was proclaimed the new monarch. The cardinal was the last legitimate Portuguese male representative of the royal line, he was old and, as a Cardinal and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, unable to have legitimate children. Consequently, the succession became the one overwhelming issue of this short reign.

According to the Portuguese cognatic custom of primogeniture, where males are given precedence, the oldest living male child of the king is proclaimed the legitimate successor. On the death of King Sebastião in Morocco, the line of King John III, eldest son of King Manuel I, was extinguished. Manuel's next son, the Duke of Beja, had had only António as a son, due to whose illegitimacy the throne had passed to Manuel's third son, Henry. Manuel had had three more children with issue - the Duke of Guimarães, who had two surviving daughters married, respectively, to the Duke of Braganza and the Duke of Parma; the Infanta Isabella, married to Charles V, mother of Philip II; and, the Infanta Beatrix, married to the Duke of Savoy.

The succession was contested by a number of claimants, only three of whom are of note. Philip II of Spain had the strongest claim, both as the eldest grandson of King Manuel I by his eldest daughter, Isabella, and through his deceased wife, the Infanta Maria Manuela, eldest daughter of King John III, who had been Heir Presumptive to the Portuguese throne from her birth until 1535. His claim was also backed-up by his position of power, access to an army and a ready availability of gold. His cousin, Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, was also a granddaughter of Manuel I, by her father the Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, and was by this time the only legitimate Portuguese member of the royal family. Although both had strong claims to the throne, neither was ideal - Philip was effectively Spanish and Catherine was a woman - although these characteristics posed no legal limitation in and of themselves. Conversely, António as a bastard son of a Portuguese Prince had no legal claim to the throne. Cardinal Henry was torn between the two former claimants, dismissing António, albeit tending towards Philip II given the latter's assurances that Portugal would retain formal independence as well as autonomous administration of both its European territory and its empire.

In January 1580, the Portuguese Cortes were assembled in Almeirim to decide the question of the succession. Unfortunately, old Cardinal-King Henry died without having designated a successor.  The regency of the kingdom was then assumed by a governing junta composed of five members, with the Cortes increasingly leaning towards Philip II, given Catherine's limited support, particularly following her uncle's death. Paradoxically, it would be her grandson, King John IV of Portugal, who would restore full Portuguese independence from the Habsburg monarchs 60 years later.

António endeavoured to prove that his father and mother were married after his birth, but no evidence of the alleged marriage was ever presented, and relied upon popular hostility to a Spanish ruler to present himself as an alternative candidate to King Philip II.  Although his claim was not supported by two of the three arms of the cortes (the nobility and the church), who supported either Catherine or, increasingly, Philip, his support was drawn instead from the lower clergy (such as Anthony of Sienna), the peasantry, and artisans. He compared the situation to the 1383-1385 Crisis, pushing for an election of the king by the Cortes as for the Master of Aviz (John), illegitimate son of King Peter I of Portugal, who claimed his rights to the throne that ended in victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota and in the Cortes of Coimbra in 1385. The question of illegitimacy in 1580, however, was viewed very differently from 200 years earlier, underlined by the precedent of the Duke of Coimbra, only surviving son of King John II.

Philip ensured the success of his claim to the Portuguese crown by threatening to use his significant military power, buying support with gold from the Americas, and by convincing the Cortes of the future benefits to a struggling Portuguese economy from the personal union of the two crowns, while maintaining Portugal's independence.

King
On 19 July 1580, António was acclaimed King of Portugal in Santarém by his supporters, followed by popular acclamation in Lisbon and other towns. This was the excuse Philip II required to push his army into Portugal. Antonio was never formally acclaimed by the Cortes and governed in Continental Portugal for only 20 days. António and his supporters were decisively defeated in the Battle of Alcântara by the Spanish Habsburg armies led by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba on 25 August.

He then attempted to rule Portugal from the island of Terceira, in the archipelago of the Azores, where he established an opposition government that lasted until 1583, and where he even minted coin — a typical act of sovereignty and royalty. His rule was recognized only in the Azores where his supporters, such as Ciprião de Figueiredo and Violante de Canto, were able to organize a resistance. Meanwhile, on the continent and in the Madeira Islands, power was exercised by Philip II, who was officially recognized as king the following year in the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar.

Exile
In early 1581, António fled to France carrying the Portuguese Crown Jewels, including many valuable diamonds.  He was well received by Catherine de' Medici, who also had a claim to the Crown of Portugal.  She looked upon him as a convenient instrument to be used against Philip II. By promising to cede the Portuguese colony of Brazil to her and the sale of some of his jewels, António secured support to fit out a fleet.

As the Habsburgs had not yet occupied the Azores, he sailed for them with a number of French adventurers under Philip Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France, but was utterly defeated at sea by the Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz at the Battle of Ponta Delgada, off the coast of the island of São Miguel between 25–26 July 1582. He then returned to France and lived for a time in Rueil near Paris: fear of assassins, employed by Philip II, drove António from one refuge to another until he finally went to England.

Queen Elizabeth I of England favoured him for much the same reasons as Catherine de' Medici did. In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, he accompanied an English expedition, under the command of Francis Drake and John Norreys, to the coast of Spain and Portugal. The force consisted partly of the queen's ships, and partly of privateers who joined in search of booty. António, with all the credulity of an exile, believed that his presence would provoke a general rising against Philip II. However, none took place and the expedition was a costly failure.

Later life
António soon fell into poverty. His remaining diamonds were disposed of by degrees. The last and finest was acquired by Nicholas Harlai, Seigneur de Sancy, from whom it was purchased by Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully. It was later included among the jewels of the crown of France. During his last days, António lived as a private gentleman on a small pension given by King Henry IV of France. He died in Paris on 26 August 1595, and was buried in the middle of the choir of the convent church of the Franciscan Observantists (Cordeliers). The church was demolished in 1811. He left nine illegitimate sons by three different women. In addition to papers which he published to defend his claims, António was the author of the Panegyrus Alphonsi Lusitanorum Regis (Coimbra 1550), and of a cento of the Psalms, Psalmi Confessionales (Paris 1592), which was translated into English under the title of The Royal Penitent by Francis Chamberleyn (London 1659), and into German as Heilige Betrachtungen (Marburg, 1677).

Ancestry

Descendants
António left several children – all born from gallant adventures, as he never married. Celibacy was, in fact, one of the obligations of the Knights Hospitaller.

See also
 War of the Portuguese Succession
 1580 Portuguese succession crisis

References
Notes

Sources
 António is frequently mentioned in French, English, and Spanish state papers of the time. A life of him, attributed to Gomes Vasconcellos de Figueiredo, was published in a French translation by Mme de Sainctonge in Amsterdam (1696). A modern account of him, Un prétendant portugais au XVI siècle, by M. Fournier (Paris, 1852), is based on authentic sources. See also Dom Antonio Prior de Crato-notas de bibliographia, by J. de Araújo (Lisbon, 1897).

External links
Documentos relativos ao período do domínio castelhano da Coroa Portuguesa após a morte de D. Sebastião, 1601, at the National Library of Portugal
Soliloquios em que hum peccador arrependido fala com Deos: disposiçoes para bem se confessar, & industrias para bem morrer, Lisboa, 1653, at the National Library of Portugal

House of Aviz
1531 births
1595 deaths
Nobility from Lisbon
Portuguese exiles
16th-century Portuguese monarchs
University of Coimbra alumni
16th-century Portuguese Roman Catholic priests
Portuguese Christian monks
Governors of Tangier
People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Portuguese male writers

António, Prior of Crato


The English rock group the Beatles toured the United States and Canada between 19 August and 20 September 1964. The 32 concerts comprised the second stage of a world tour that started with the band's tour of Europe, Hong Kong, and Australia and finished with their UK Autumn tour. The shows in the United States were a return to the country after their brief February 1964 tour.

Background
Following the Beatles' two week appearance in the United States in February 1964, the band became the most well known group in America. In the six months that followed, the band achieved seventeen Top 40 singles, including six number ones. Their US-only LPs A Hard Day's Night and Something New topped the charts for nine weeks. Their first film, A Hard Day's Night, earned $1.3 million () in its first week. Fans in the United States excitedly anticipated a country-wide tour.

On 11 and 14 August, the Beatles began recording sessions for what would become Beatles for Sale, their fourth studio album. They recorded four songs: "Baby's in Black", "I'm a Loser", "Leave My Kitten Alone" and "Mr. Moonlight". After these recordings, they departed London on 18 August at noon. After two brief stops in Winnipeg and Los Angeles, the group arrived at San Francisco International Airport on 19 August at 6:25 pm, greeted by 9,000 fans.

Repertoire, tour personnel and equipment
Supporting acts for the tour included the Bill Black Combo, the Exciters, the Righteous Brothers, Jackie DeShannon, Larry Lee and the Leesures (Las Vegas only) and Clarence "Frogman" Henry. For their concert repertoire, the Beatles chose only released songs, placing emphasis on ones where the recorded arrangement could be easily reproduced in live performance.

During shows George Harrison switched between his Gretsch Country Gentleman and Rickenbacker 12-string guitars, though he would sometimes play a different guitar than was used on the original studio recording. The Beatles used new 100-watt amplifiers for all their shows, though their sound was still consistently drowned out by the sound of screaming fans.

Journalist Larry Kane of WFUN in Miami joined the Beatles on their tour. Then 20 years old, Kane sent a letter to Beatles manager Brian Epstein requesting a one-time interview. Epstein responded by inviting him to travel with the group as part of the press party. Kane speculated that Epstein included him because he thought he was a well-known American personality that owned several radio stations.

United States and Canada

The tour encompassed 32 shows in 25 cities over 31 days. Most shows quickly sold-out, and attendance ranged from 4,000 (New York City) to 28,000 (Baltimore). For each show, the Beatles earned $50,000 minimum (), earning over a million dollars across the entire tour.

Intense screaming and rabid fans characterized shows across the tour. Mobbing crowds necessitated enhanced security measures, including decoy limousines and unlikely transportation for the Beatles, such as delivery vans and ambulances. Variety reported that at the show in Vancouver, 160 girls were treated for injuries and distress after thousands of fans charged at the security barriers in front of the stage. At shows in Cleveland and Kansas City fans broke past police lines to climb onto the stage. In both cases calm was only restored after Beatles press officer Derek Taylor threatened to cancel the rest of the concert.

In Montreal a newspaper reported that Ringo Starr had been threatened. Starr later speculated it was due to antisemitism and an incorrect assumption that he was Jewish. In light of the threat, the Beatles left immediately after their Montreal show for Jacksonville, Florida. Due to Hurricane Dora, their flight diverted to Key West, landing at 3:30 am on 9 September. At their hotel, Paul McCartney and John Lennon drank and talked emotionally late into the night.

Hollywood Bowl

During their first US visit, Capitol Records planned to record the Beatles' performance on 12 February 1964 at Carnegie Hall, New York City in order to make a live album for US release. The recording did not happen because the American Federation of Musicians refused to grant permission. When the Beatles returned to the US, Capitol still hoped to record and again requested permission of the Federation, this time receiving it. Martin and Capitol's Voyle Gilmore recorded the Beatles performing at the Hollywood Bowl on 23 August 1964. Executives rejected the recording for release due to its poor sound quality. Martin explained the audience's screaming was "like putting a microphone at the end of a 747 jet". The recording remained unreleased until the 1977 album The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl where it is mixed together with two August 1965 performances.

New York and meeting Bob Dylan
While the Beatles stayed at Hotel Delmonico in New York City, New York Post writer Al Aronowitz introduced Bob Dylan to them on 28 August. The Beatles initially offered Dylan amphetamine pills but he said he preferred "cheap wine". Dylan suggested they instead smoke marijuana, something the Beatles had only tried a few times before. Starr, not knowing he was supposed to share it, smoked the entire marijuana joint himself. After rolling and smoking another joint, the Beatles laughed continuously while Dylan answered the constantly ringing telephone in the band's hotel suite saying, "This is Beatlemania here." McCartney became convinced he had discovered the meaning of life and asked Beatles roadie Mal Evans to write down his thoughts. McCartney recalls reading the paper the next morning with it saying "There are Seven Levels".

Lennon recalled the meeting in 1970: "When I met Dylan I was quite dumbfounded. I'm pretty much a fan type myself, in a way; I stopped being a 'fan' when I started doing it myself. I never went collecting people's autographs or any of that jive. But if I dig somebody, I really dig them." Dylan recalled in 1971: "I just kept it to myself that I really dug them. Everybody else thought they were for the teenyboppers, that they were gonna pass right away. But it was obvious to me that they had staying power."

Jacksonville and segregation concerns

The Beatles experienced difficulty in leaving the George Washington Hotel in Jacksonville. Around two dozen police officers escorted the group past 500 fans. It took 15 minutes for the group to travel the 25 feet from the hotel elevator to their waiting limousine.

In July 1964, US President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act prohibiting discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin". The Beatles, opposed to racial segregation, remained concerned that their upcoming Jacksonville, Florida show could still be segregated. On 6 September – a week before the show – they issued a press statement saying, "We will not appear unless Negroes are allowed to sit anywhere". The following day Jacksonville's daily paper, The Florida Times-Union, released an editorial disparaging the Beatles. Entitled "Beatlemania Is A Mark Of A Frenetic Era", the piece described the group as "a passing fad, whose appearance on the scene was perfectly timed and fitted to the mores, morals and ideals of a fast-paced, troubled time." Though the editorial did not mention segregation, Beatles writer Bill DeMain interprets it as arguing that the Beatles were not intelligent enough to comment on social issues.

The Beatles performed at Gator Bowl Stadium on 11 September after receiving assurance from the promoter that the audience would not be segregated. Barry Miles writes that there were never plans to segregate the show. The Beatles initially refused to go on stage until newsreel and television cameramen were forced from the arena.

Kansas City

During the tour, millionaire Charlie Finley, owner of the Kansas City Athletics baseball team, offered the Beatles a large sum to perform an extra show in Kansas City. With few days off, the Beatles rejected the initial offer, accepting only after it increased to $150,000 (equivalent to $ million in ), a higher figure than any American artist had ever received for a single show.

On 17 September, the Beatles played in Kansas City's Municipal Stadium to around 20,000 spectators, roughly half the stadium's capacity. Breaking with their trend of only playing released material, they covered "Kansas City"/"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" to what Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn writes was "an especially uproarious reception". The Thursday night show was a net loss for Finley, though he explained afterwards, "I don't consider it any loss at all. The Beatles were brought here for the enjoyment of the children in this area and watching them last night they had complete enjoyment."

Return to New York
The Beatles performed a charity concert in New York City on 20 September. Titled "An Evening With The Beatles", the show aided the United Cerebral Palsy of New York City and Retarded Infants Services.

Legacy

Writer June Skinner Sawyers describes the tour as "the first major rock-and-roll concert tour in the history of popular music".

In response to Larry Kane asking if there was anything he cherished about the tour, Lennon replied: "Well, just the whole thing. It's been fantastic. We will probably never do another tour like it. It could never be the same as this one and it's probably something we will remember the rest of our days. It's just been marvelous."

The Beatles returned to North America in 1965 and 1966.

Set list
According to Walter Everett (lead singers appear in parentheses):
"Twist and Shout" (abbreviated) (John Lennon) or "I Saw Her Standing There" (Paul McCartney)
"You Can't Do That" (Lennon)
"All My Loving" (McCartney)
"She Loves You" (Lennon and McCartney)
"Things We Said Today" (abbreviated) (McCartney)
"Roll Over Beethoven" (George Harrison)
"Can't Buy Me Love" (McCartney)
"If I Fell" (Lennon)
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" (Lennon and McCartney)
"Boys" (Ringo Starr)
"A Hard Day's Night" (Lennon with McCartney)
"Long Tall Sally" (McCartney) or "Twist and Shout" (Lennon)

During one of the 19 August Daly City shows, the Beatles added "Till There Was You" (McCartney). On 17 September in Kansas City, they played "Kansas City"/"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" (McCartney).

Tour dates
According to Mark Lewisohn and Walter Everett:

See also
 List of the Beatles' live performances

Notes

References

Sources

1964 concert tours
1964 North America
Concert tours of Canada
Concert tours of the United States
1964 in the United States
August 1964 events in Canada
September 1964 events in Canada
August 1964 events in the United States
September 1964 events in the United States

The Beatles' 1964 North American tour


Emanuel Schäfer (20 April 1900 – 4 December 1974) was a high-ranking SS functionary (SS-Oberführer) and a protégé of Reinhard Heydrich in Nazi Germany.

Born in 1900, Schäfer served in World War I. Post-war, he participated in far-right Freikorps groups such as the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt and from 1925 to 1928, Der Stahlhelm (The Steel helmet).

Schäfer joined the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA) in 1933. He was an active member of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the SS security service, in 1933, and entered the SS in September 1936.

During World War II, Schäfer was head of the Nazi security police in Serbia. Between January and May 1942, Schäfer supervised the murder by gassing of around 7,300 Jews from the Semlin camp across the Sava river from Belgrade. A Saurer gas van was used to kill the 7,300. A further 1,200 Jews died as a result of the camp's harsh conditions, or from executions. The van was used for the last time on 10 May 1942. In May 1942, Schäfer sent a cable to the Reich Security Main Office boasting "with pride" that "Belgrade was the only great city in Europe that was free of Jews."

After the war, Schäfer was briefly detained by U.S. occupation authorities. In February 1951, he was arrested by West German authorities for his Gestapo and SD membership. On 20 June 1951, Schäfer was sentenced to 21 months in prison by a denazification court. He was released from prison in February 1953. Schäfer was then re-arrested for his involvement in mass murder as an Einsatzkommando. On 20 June 1953, Schäfer was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison for over 5000 counts of being an accessory to murder and two counts of being an accessory to manslaughter. He was released from prison early in 1956. Schäfer died in 1974.

References

1900 births
1974 deaths
People from Hlučín
20th-century Freikorps personnel
German Army personnel of World War I
Nazi Party officials
SS-Oberführer
Nazis convicted of war crimes
People from the Province of Silesia
Holocaust perpetrators in Yugoslavia
Sturmabteilung personnel
Einsatzgruppen personnel
Serbia in World War II
Jewish Serbian history
German police chiefs
German police officers convicted of crimes
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
Prisoners and detainees of Germany

Emanuel Schäfer


Richard David Ruthven (born March 27, 1951) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher from  through  for the Philadelphia Phillies, Atlanta Braves, and Chicago Cubs. The two-time National League All-Star player was a member of the  world champion Philadelphia Phillies team, as well as a member of the  National League Eastern Division champion Chicago Cubs.

Major league career

Draft and early Philly years
Ruthven was born in Sacramento, California and attended Irvington High School in Fremont, California. He was selected out of high school by the Baltimore Orioles in the 20th round (469th overall) of the 1969 Major League Baseball draft, but opted to enroll at Fresno State. The Philadelphia Phillies drafted him in the secondary phase of the 1st round of the 1973 Major League Baseball draft. Ruthven made his major league debut with the Phillies on April 17, 1973 at the age of 22. He was described as looking "like a young Lee Marvin" by Ron Fimrite in the April 30, 1973 issue of Sports Illustrated.

In his rookie season of 1973, Ruthven pitched 25 games, starting 23.  He finished the season 6-9 with a 4.21 earned run average for a team that finished in last place in the National League Eastern Division with a 71-91 record.

In 1974, Ruthven started 35 games and pitched over 200 innings for the first time (212).  He had a record of 9-13 with a 4.02 earned run average, as the Phillies improved their overall record to 80-82, good enough for third place.  He also set his career record for strikeouts with 153.

In 1975, injuries limited Ruthven to 11 games and seven starts.  He went 2-2 with a 4.20 earned run average.

Atlanta Braves
Ruthven was traded twice within a span of three days in December 1975. First to the Chicago White Sox with Alan Bannister and Roy Thomas for Jim Kaat and Mike Buskey on December 10. Then to the Atlanta Braves with Ken Henderson and Dan Osborn for Ralph Garr and Larvell Blanks two days later on December 12.

With the Braves, Ruthven had a solid 1976 season, being named to the National League All-Star team for the first time. He was the only Braves player selected to the All-Star Game that year, although NL manager Sparky Anderson never brought him in to pitch. On June 20, he threw a four-hit shutout in a 5-0 victory over the Chicago Cubs. He faded in the latter part of the season, finishing the season 14-17 with a 4.19 earned run average in 36 starts. The 17 losses and 36 starts were both career highs, however, the Braves finished last in the National League Western Division, going 70-92.

Ruthven won three games to start the 1977 season, but suffered a torn ankle tendon after that and was out of action over two months, then after coming off the disabled list, lost eight straight games. He finished the year with 25 games (23 starts).  Even though his earned run average did not change much (rising to 4.23), Ruthven finished with only a 7-13 record for a Braves team that lost 101 games.

Return to the Phillies
"I guess I have something to prove this year," Ruthven said, after a start on April 19, 1978. "Still, I could pitch very well and not have a good record, as I did last year. It would be nice if I could pitch back to 1976." He started with only a 2-6 record for the Braves, though his earned run average had improved some (4.10), when he was re-acquired by the Phillies on June 15.  For Ruthven, the Phillies sent popular relief pitcher Gene Garber to Atlanta.  Ruthven was stellar with the Phillies, going 13-5 from June 15 to the end of the regular season, with a 2.99 earned run average.  For the entire season, Ruthven's record was 15-11 with a 3.38 earned run average.  His contributions helped the Phillies win 90 games and capture the Eastern Division title, the team's third division title in a row.  He pitched one game against the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1978 National League Championship Series, losing Game 2 of a series the Phillies lost in four games.

1979 started great for Ruthven, who sprinted out to a 6-0 record and a 1.65 earned run average as of May 9.  Unfortunately, injuries would again plague Ruthven for the rest of the season as he would win only one more game through the last of the season, finishing 7-5 with a 4.27 average.  Injuries hit other Phillies pitchers, and the three-time division champs fell to fourth place in the National League East, 14 games behind the eventual World Champion Pittsburgh Pirates.

His best season may have been in 1980, a year he did not make the All-Star team.  He finished the season with a career-high 17 wins, and had a 3.55 earned run average in 33 games started.  Ironically, even though he started every game during the season, Ruthven came in as a relief pitcher in the pivotal 5th game of the National League Championship Series, pitching two shutout innings to earn the victory in the 10th inning, capping a Phillies comeback in a game in which the team faced a 5-2 deficit in the 8th inning against Nolan Ryan.  Ruthven pitched the third game of the 1980 World Series, won by the Royals, without a decision.  The Phillies won that Series in six games.

Ruthven charged from the gate in 1981, compiling an 8-3 record before the 1981 baseball strike began on June 12. He was the Phillies' representative to the Major League Baseball Players Association.  Because of his record, Ruthven was named to the National League All-Star team for the second time.  Play resumed on August 10; Ruthven told reporters, "I played catch a little bit during the strike. I don't think I'm that far away. But I've never stopped in the middle of the season, just like anyone else, and I really don't know how long it will take" to get back to form. He struggled for the remainder of the season, going 4-4 the rest of the way.  For the season, Ruthven finished 12-7 with a high 5.15 earned run average.  Because of the strike, major league baseball split the 1981 season, and two teams from each division made an extra round of playoffs.  The Phillies "won" the first-half title, though lost the 1981 National League Division Series to the Montreal Expos in five games, with Ruthven losing Game 2 to the Expos.

In 1982, Ruthven pitched in 33 games (31 starts), accumulating more than 200 innings (204.1) for the fifth time, and his record was 11-11 with an earned run average of 3.79.  The Phillies finished second in the division, three games behind the eventual World Champion St. Louis Cardinals.

Traded to Cubs and retirement
1983 started out terribly for Ruthven, starting out the season with a 1-3 record and a 5.61 earned run average for the Phillies. He was dealt along with Bill Johnson from the Phillies to the Cubs for Willie Hernández on May 22. While the Phillies won the National League pennant that season, the Cubs would finish fifth with a 71-91 record, 19 games behind the Phillies.  Ruthven pitched better for the Cubs, going 12-9 with a 4.10 earned run average.  1983 was the last season in which Ruthven won ten or more games.

In 1984, Ruthven began a downward slide in his effectiveness. He started the season as the opening day starter for the Cubs, winning on April 3 against the San Francisco Giants. Even though the Cubs would win the division with 96 victories, Ruthven would win only six games against ten losses, compiled in 23 games (22 starts). His earned run average also ballooned, rising to 5.04.  It was his lowest win total since 1975.  Ruthven did not appear in the 1984 National League Championship Series, which the Cubs lost in five games to the San Diego Padres.

In 1985, the Cubs slid to 77-84, and Ruthven slid to fifth in their starting rotation. He only made fifteen starts and five relief appearances. The team tried to trade him for Tommy John of the California Angels, but the Angels decided not to make the trade, not wanting to pay Ruthven $400,000 in deferred salary. He finished with a 4-7 record, with a 4.53 earned run average.

In 1986, Ruthven lost his starting spot in the Cubs' rotation.  He finished up making only six relief appearances, and his earned run average had risen to 5.06. He appeared in his final major league game on May 1, 1986 at the age of 35. He was released by the Cubs five days later on May 6, ending his major league career.

Career statistics
In a fourteen-season major league career, Ruthven posted a 123-127 record with 1,145 strikeouts and a 4.14 ERA in 2,109 innings pitched, including 17 shutouts and 61 complete games.

He is the father of retired professional soccer player Tyler Ruthven. He is also the brother-in-law of former MLB infielder / outfielder and former baseball television broadcaster Tommy Hutton.

References

External links

1951 births
National League All-Stars
Atlanta Braves players
Chicago Cubs players
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Sportspeople from Fremont, California
Baseball players from Alameda County, California
Baseball players from Sacramento, California
Toledo Mud Hens players
Lodi Crushers players
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players
All-American college baseball players

Dick Ruthven


The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA) was founded by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama on reaching McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh, India in exile from Tibet in August 1959. It was then called  Tibetan Music, Dance and Drama Society, which was one of the first institutes set up by the Dalai Lama, and was established to preserve Tibetan artistic heritage, especially opera, dance, and music.

Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA) has been registered as a Society under The Societies Registration Act, 1860 of the Government of India. The institute is a part of the Department of Religion and Culture of Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) and functions as a semi-autonomous body.

Tibet has been celebrated as the Ocean of Songs and Dances (Glu gar gyi rgya mtsho) for hundreds of years. Dance and music have always been integral to the Tibetan culture and are considered to be one of the key components of the traditional "five minor sciences" (Rik ne Chungwa Nga).
By keeping the Tibetan artistic traditions alive and sharing them with the world, TIPA aims to preserve the cultural identity of Tibetans. Students who are interested in the performing arts are trained in the fundamentals of Tibetan music and dance, including an undiluted and comprehensive transmission of traditional folk dance from the three Tibetan provinces of U-Tsang (Central Tibet), Dotoe (Kham), and Domed (Amdo).

Members of this creative and vibrant institute, which is based on the foothills of the Himalayas in McLeod Ganj, Dharamsala of Himachal Pradesh, include instructors, artists, administrative staff, craftsmen, and students who live on the premises of the institute. More than 450 professionals graduated from TIPA and have scattered across the world and many of them work as dance & music teachers in various Tibetan schools and settlements in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and across the world including Europe and North America.

Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA) also carries forward the tradition of Ache Lhamo or Tibetan Opera, which was started by Yogi Thangtong Gyalpo in the 14th century in mid-southern Tibet. The institute, under the tutelage of various masters, has maintained an undiluted tradition of Kyormulung (Sukyi Nyima, Pema Woebar, and Drowa Sangmo), Chungpa (Prince Norsang), and Monru Ponsang (Dhepa Tenpa). It is mandatory for all professional artists recruited by TIPA to take mandatory lessons on various traditions of Ache Lhamo. These highly trained and polished students serve as cultural ambassadors of the Tibetan diaspora after becoming fluent in various folk music traditions from different regions of Tibet. The annual 10-day Shoton Festival organized by TIPA attracts people from all over the world. TIPA holds an annual folk opera festival preferably in March or April where almost 11 Opera troops across India and Nepal would participate in the festival which attracts major tourists who are introduced to the core of Tibetan culture.

The performances at the Shoton Festival include singing and dancing by artists in elaborate costumes which are designed in-house at the Handicrafts Centre of the institute.

Aims & Objectives
 To preserve and promote the age-old folk music, opera and dance tradition of Tibet
 To provide performing arts training to young Tibetans
 To work as a traditional Tibetan musical reference centre for students and academics
 To safeguard and showcase ancient costumes of Tibet
 To research and archive old songs and music
 To produce cultural performance videos to promote Tibetan culture

Facilities
 Auditorium
 Conference Hall
 Banquet Hall
 Open-Air Stage
 Recording Studio
 Cultural Show
 Sound and Lighting

Festival
 Shoton Festival
 Yarkyi Festival

Ngawang N Nornang - Founding Director ( 1959 - 1963)
Phuntsok Namgyal Dumkhang (1965-1968)
Thupten Samdup (1976-19??)
Jamyang Norbu (1981-1985)
Tsering Wangyal (19??-19??)
Ngodup Tsering (1991-1995)
Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar (1994-2000)
 Sonam Tashi (Acho Danny)
 Kalsang Yudon Dagpo (2003-2007)
Wangchuk phasur     ( 2007- 2010 )
 Sonam Choephel Shosur (2010-2012)
 Tsering Yangkyi (2012-2014)
 Wangdu Tsering Pesur (2014-2018)
 Ngawang Yonten (2018-2020)
 Sonam Chophel (Acting) (2020-2021)
 Tsering Chonzom ( 2021-2021)
 Ngawang Choephel (2021-)

Notable alumni
Namgyal Lhamo
Tsering Dorjee
Jayang Choende Jack
Tashi Sharzur Techung
Sonam phuntsok (Opera master)
Lobsang samten ( Artiste director)

See also
 Norbulingka Institute

References

External links
 Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts

Dharamshala
Tibetan Buddhist art and culture
Arts organizations established in 1959
Dance schools in India
India–Tibet relations
Tibetan diaspora in India
Buildings and structures in Dharamshala

Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts


The SS Park Victory was a Victory-class cargo ship built during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding program. The ship was operated by the Seas Shipping Company. The ship launched on April 21, 1945, near the end of the war.

The ship was named in honor of Park College (now Park University), one of 150 educational institutions that had Victory ships named after them. Park College was selected as a training center for the V-12 Navy College Training Program from 1943 to 1945. This partnership between the Navy and Park College may have led to the naming of a ship in the college's honor. In reciprocation, Park College donated $300 to buy 120 books for the library aboard the Park Victory. The launching ceremony on April 21, 1945 was attended by several Park alumni.

In 1946 the SS Park Victory was converted to livestock carrier, manned by sea cowboys. The Park Victory loaded up with 485 horses and 322 heifers and steamed out of Baltimore on October 25, 1945. She arrived in Trieste, Italy and unloaded the livestock. The livestock were then transported by train and trucks to Yugoslavia.

From 1945 to 1947 the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the Brethren Service Committee of the Church of the Brethren sent livestock to war-torn countries. These "seagoing cowboys" made about 360 trips on 73 different ships. The Heifers for Relief project was started by the Church of the Brethren started in 1942, in 1953 this became Heifer International program. The SS Carroll Victory was also one of these ships, known as a cowboy ship, as she moved livestock across the Atlantic Ocean. The SS  Park Victory moved horses, heifers, and mules also a few chicks, rabbits, and goats.

SS Park Victory sank near Utö in the outer Archipelago Sea on Christmas night, about 02.15 AM local time (UTC+2), December 25, 1947 after running aground on rocks when the anchor failed in a storm. The rock opened a hole in the engine room and a boiler explosion followed. The ship sank just off of the Utö Lighthouse, at about  The Master of the ship, Allen Zepp, initially lost his license when a Coast Guard examiner said that Zepp failed to maintain an adequate anchor watch. The decision was overturned on appeal.

Thirty-eight crew members of total of 48 survived the ordeal. The survivors underwent severe hardship, as the winter storm brought with it up to three feet of snow, through which the survivors had to make their way after having been brought ashore, many of them bare foot.

The Park Victory sinking was the first exposure of the Utö pilot and lighthouse crew community to contemporary American culture. The interracial relations on Park Victory shocked them and sparked legends that were shared for decades.

The 38 survivors along with 2 bodies left Utö island on December 26 and headed back to the United States. After the crew returned home, the helpful islanders were sent coffee and sugar to thank the people who brought them to the shore and took them to shelter in their homes. The villagers sold the gift sugar and coffee, which was scarce just after the war, and with the money, they went on to order a special commemorative silver candle holder that holds 10 candles. On the candle holder are engraved the names of crew members who perished in the accident. Every Christmas Eve, the candles are lit in the Utö church chapel in memory of the accident and the lives that were lost that night. The U.S. government publicly acknowledged its appreciation to the community of Utö for the rescue, housing and food give to the survivors, thank you letters are framed hung on the wall of the chapel in the lighthouse.

See also
 List of Victory ships
 Liberty ship
 Type C1 ship
 Type C2 ship
 Type C3 ship

References

Sources
Sawyer, L.A. and W.H. Mitchell. Victory ships and tankers: The history of the 'Victory' type cargo ships and of the tankers built in the United States of America during World War II, Cornell Maritime Press, 1974, 0-87033-182-5.
United States Maritime Commission:
Victory Cargo Ships

Victory ships
1945 ships
Ships built in Richmond, California
United States Merchant Marine
World War II merchant ships of the United States

SS Park Victory


Lisa Jewell (born 19 July 1968) is a British author of popular fiction. Her books include Ralph's Party, Thirtynothing, After The Party (a sequel to Ralph's Party), and later Then She Was Gone, The Family Upstairs, Invisible Girl and The Night She Disappeared. Her latest book None of This is True was published in July 2023.

Life
Jewell was born in London and educated at St. Michael's Catholic Grammar School in Finchley, north London, leaving school after one day in the sixth form to do an art foundation course at Barnet College followed by a diploma in fashion illustration at Epsom School of Art & Design.

She worked in fashion retail for several years, namely Warehouse and Thomas Pink.

After being made redundant, Jewell accepted a challenge from her friend, Yasmin Boland, to write three chapters of a novel in exchange for dinner at her favourite restaurant. Those three chapters were eventually developed into Jewell's debut novel Ralph's Party, which then became the UK's bestselling debut novel in 1999.

In 2008 she was awarded the Melissa Nathan Award For Comedy Romance for her novel 31 Dream Street.

She currently lives in Swiss Cottage, London with her husband Jascha, and daughters Amelie Mae (born 2003) and Evie Scarlett (born 2007).

Bibliography

Novels
 Ralph's Party (1999)
 Thirtynothing (2000)
 One Hit Wonder (2001)
 A Friend of the Family (2004)
 Vince and Joy (2005)
 31 Dream Street (2007)
 Roommates Wanted (2008) – alternative title for 31 Dream Street
 The Truth About Melody Browne (2009)
 After The Party  (2010)
 The Making of Us  (2011)
 Before I Met You  (2012)
 The House We Grew Up In (2013)
 The Third Wife (2014)
 The Girls (aka The Girls in the Garden) (2015)
 I Found You (2016)
 Then She Was Gone (2017)
 Watching You (2018)
 The Family Upstairs (2019)
 Invisible Girl (2020)
 The Night She Disappeared (2021)
 The Family Remains (2022)
 None of This is True (2023)

References

External links
 Lisa Jewell's official Facebook Page
 Lisa Jewell's Twitter profile
 Lisa Jewell official site

1968 births
English women novelists
British chick lit writers
Living people
People from Finchley
People educated at St. Michael's Catholic Grammar School
Writers from London

Lisa Jewell


The Holden Monaro was a sports car created by Holden. It was produced between 1968 and 1977 and again between 2001 and 2006. The Monaro was named after a region of New South Wales.

The 1968 Monaro came in 7 different models, ranging from a straight-six cylinder engine up to a V8 engine. The Monaro had eight different models over two generations.
The HK, HT and HG, were first generation models. It was also sold in South Africa as the Chevrolet SS. The HQ, HJ, HX, HX Limited Edition and HZ GTS form the second generation.

The 2001 Monaro came in two models over four years, with both platforms being based Holden Commodore that was produced at the time. It came with a 3.8-litre supercharged V6 engine or a 5.7-litre V8 engine. It was also sold in the United States as the Pontiac GTO and in England as the Vauxhall Monaro. It was also modified by Holden Special Vehicles and sold as the HSV Coupé.

Automobiles
Holden

Holden Monaro


The Bagby Hot Springs are natural hot springs in the Mount Hood National Forest, about  southeast of Portland, Oregon, United States and about  east of Salem, Oregon. The springs are within the Cascade Mountains in a heavily forested area at elevation 2280 ft (695 m).  They are just outside the boundary of Bull of the Woods Wilderness area.

History
Bagby Hot Springs were used by Native Americans for hundreds of years.  The springs are named after Bob Bagby, a prospector and hunter who found the site in 1880.

The United States Forest Service built a small guard station next to the hot springs in 1913. The Bagby Guard Station was used to house Forest Service fire patrol crews during summer fire season. In 1974, the Forest Service built a new guard station. The original cabin was closed but was left standing. In 2006, the original guard cabin was renovated. Today, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, but not open to the public.

A bathhouse was constructed at the hot springs in the 1920s. A fire took place in 1979 and burned the original wooden structures to the ground. It was caused by when bathers placing unattended candles in the old wooden structure. It had become a popular spot for vandals and all-night drinking parties. The Friends of Bagby, a group of local volunteers rebuilt the structures. The volunteer group Friends of Bagby (FOB) formed in 1981 to rebuild the bathhouses. Between 1983 and 1986, the Forest Service and FOB joined forces to build three new bathhouses at Bagby. A conflict among the leadership of FOB led to a rift within the group in the late 1990s, and the Forest Service terminated its contract with the group in summer 2001. In 2011/2012 Bagby was handed over to a concessionaire to run/operate, hence the $5 per person soaking fee. The facilities are scheduled to reopen sometime in 2023.

Hot springs
Three major springs and several minor outlets make up Bagby Hot Springs. The largest spring flows 24 gallons (91 liters) per minute at 138 degrees Fahrenheit (59 degrees Celsius). The two secondary springs produce 15 gallons (57 liters) per minute at 136 °F (58 °C) and 3 gallons (11 liters) per minute at 120 °F (49 °C). Water from the Bagby springs is rich with minerals. Chemical analysis oshows the following elements are present: silica 80 parts per million, sodium 51 parts per million, sulfate 45 parts per million, carbonate 36 parts per million, chloride 13 parts per million, calcium 3.4 parts per million, hydroxide 1 parts per million, potassium 1 parts per million, fluoride 0.8 parts per million, magnesium 0.1 parts per million, arsenic 0.01 parts per million, lithium 0.026 parts per million, strontium 0.014 parts per million, and nickel 0.004 parts per million.

Facilities
Prior to the closure, Bagby Hot Springs were open 8AM to 10PM daily with a $5 per person fee to soak. Visitors could buy a bracelet with cash in the parking lot or pay with cash or credit/debit card in the store at the Ripplebrook Ranger Station. Camping is not permitted at the hot springs or along the trail to Bagby. Alcohol is prohibited at the site. Nudity is allowed only in the private baths, not in the open areas around the bathhouses. Local law enforcement officers periodically visit Bagby to ensure a positive atmosphere at the springs. The waiting time for a soaking tub varies depends on the number of people visiting the springs at a given time. Summer weekends and holidays can be quite busy.

There are three bath houses at the site. The main bathhouse has five cedar log tubs each in a private room. The lower bathhouse has three small two-person Japanese-style yellow pine soaking tubs and a large round tub on an open deck. The upper bathhouse is about  from the other two. It has one large round tub on an open deck.

Access
There is no road to Bagby Hot Springs, so visitors must hike a  trail from a Forest Service parking area. It is a relatively easy hike, with only a  gain in elevation. The trail is maintained by the Forest Service and volunteers from the Northwest Forest Conservancy.

See also
 Breitenbush Hot Springs, hot springs and resort not far from Bagby
 Old Joy, a 2006 road movie, wherein the final destination is Bagby Hot Springs
List of hot springs in the United States

References

External links

Bagby Hot Springs from Northwest Forest Conservancy
Bagby Current Conditions from Mt. Hood National Forest, Clackamas River Ranger District

Hot springs of Oregon
Bodies of water of Clackamas County, Oregon
Mount Hood National Forest

Bagby Hot Springs


The gens Flavia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Its members are first mentioned during the last three centuries of the Republic.  The first of the Flavii to achieve prominence was Marcus Flavius, tribune of the plebs in 327 and 323 BC; however, no Flavius attained the consulship until Gaius Flavius Fimbria in 104 BC. The gens became illustrious during the first century AD, when the family of the Flavii Sabini claimed the imperial dignity.

Under the Empire, the number of persons bearing this nomen becomes very large, perhaps due to the great number of freedmen under the Flavian dynasty of emperors.  It was a common practice for freedmen to assume the nomina of their patrons, and so countless persons who obtained the Roman franchise under the Flavian emperors adopted the name Flavius, which was then handed down to their descendants. Freedmen under the Constantinian dynasty, whose members were also called Flavius, also adopted it, as did individuals who entered government service during their rule, often replacing their original nomina with the dynastic Flavius.

The vast majority of persons named Flavius during the later Empire could not have been descended from the Flavia gens; and indeed, the distinction between nomina and cognomina was all but lost, so that in many cases one cannot even determine with certainty whether it is a nomen or a cognomen. However, because it is impossible to determine which of these persons used Flavius as a gentile name, they have been listed below.

Origin
The Flavii of the Republic claimed Sabine ancestry, and may have been related to the Flavii who lived at Reate during the first century AD, from whom the emperor Vespasian descended; but the gentilicium is also found in other parts of Italy, such as Etruria and Lucania.  The nomen Flavius is of Latin origin, and is derived from the surname Flavus, used by a number of gentes, and meaning "golden" or "golden-brown".  It probably referred to the blond hair possessed by an early member of the family.

Later use
During the later period of the Empire, the name Flavius frequently descended from one emperor to another, beginning with Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine the Great.  The name became so ubiquitous that it was sometimes treated as a praenomen, to the extent of being regularly abbreviated Fl., and it is even described as a praenomen in some sources, although it was never truly used as a personal name, and from the time of Honorius it appears chiefly in letters. It once again became a regular part of the nomenclature of the eastern emperors from Justinian I through the reign of Constantine IV, and appearing as late as the reign of Leo VI in the tenth century. After the name fell into disuse among the Byzantine emperors, it was used as a title of legitimacy among the barbarian rulers of former Roman provinces, such as Visigothic Spain and the kings of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of the Lombards.

From the fourth century AD onwards, the name is widespread among non-emperors as a mark of dignity. It is widespread in epigraphy from Germania. In Egypt, where the evidence is best, it was part of the full name of all Imperial officials, all provincial officials, the highest civic officials, and most soldiers. This usage appears shortly after Constantine gained control of the province in 324 AD. Between 287 and 326 AD, Egyptians had used Valerius (the nomen of Constantine's predecessors) in a similar way.  People not entitled to "Flavius" bore the nomen Aurelius or no nomen. Initially, people sometimes used the name Flavius alongside another nomen that they were entitled to (e.g. Julius, Aelius), but these other nomina died out over the fifth century.  In the fourth century, the name was not inherited by children or wives of the "Flavius", but from the fifth century higher-ranking holders sometimes passed the name to their descendants. After the Arab conquest of Egypt in 646, the use of "Flavius" was less consistent and after some time it died out.

In modern use, Flavius is a personal name, and widely used in romance languages, including Italian and Spanish Flavio (fem. Flavia), French Flavien (fem. Flavie), Portuguese Flávio (fem. Flávia), and Romanian Flavius or Flaviu (fem. Flavia).

Praenomina
The early Flavii used the praenomina Marcus, Quintus, Gaius, and Lucius.  Of these, only Gaius and Lucius are known from the family of the Fimbriae.  The name Gnaeus occurs once, but as the son of a freedman of the family, and thus does not seem to be representative of the gens.  The Flavii Sabini appear to have restricted themselves to the praenomen Titus alone, and distinguished their sons by the use of different surnames, usually by giving the younger sons surnames derived from their maternal ancestors.

Branches and cognomina
The Flavii of the Republic used the cognomina Fimbria, Gallus, Lucanus, and Pusio.  Only the Fimbriae, whose surname refers to a fringe or border, represented a distinct family.  Gallus and Lucanus belong to a class of surnames derived from places of origin or association, referring to Gaul and Lucania, respectively, although Gallus, a very common surname, could also refer to a cockerel.  Pusio was originally a nickname indicating a little boy, and would have been bestowed on someone small or youthful.

The Flavii Sabini, whose surname indicates Sabine ancestry, rose to prominence under the Empire. They were descended from Titus Flavius Petro, a soldier from Reate who fought under Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.  Within two generations they had attained such respectability that two of his grandsons held the consulship in consecutive years, AD 51 and 52; the younger of these marched to Rome at the head of an army in the year of the four emperors, AD 69, and claimed the imperial dignity as the emperor Vespasian. However, within less than thirty years, the family was largely destroyed through the workings of Vespasian's son, the emperor Domitian.  The Flavii Titiani may be descended from the Flavii Sabini through the consul Titus Flavius Clemens, a nephew of Vespasian; the first of this branch, Titus Flavius Titianus, who was governor of Egypt from AD 126 to 133, may have been his son.

A family of the Flavii bearing the surname Valens lived at Hatria, and from there migrated to Rome in imperial times, where two of them served as prefects of different cohorts.

Members

 Marcus Flavius, tribune of the plebs in BC 327 and 323.
 Gnaeus Flavius, the son of a freedman, he was secretary to Appius Claudius Caecus, and served as aedile in 304 BC.
 Flavius, or Flavius Lucanus, a Lucanian, who went over to Mago during the Second Punic War, and delivered the proconsul Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, in return for the promise that the Lucanians should be free and retain their own constitution.
 Quintus Flavius, an augur who, according to Valerius Maximus, was accused by the aedile Gaius Valerius (perhaps the same who was curule aedile in BC 199).  When fourteen tribes had already voted against Flavius, who again asserted his innocence, Valerius declared that he did not care whether the man was guilty or innocent, provided he secured his punishment; and the people, indignant at such conduct, acquitted Flavius.
 Quintus Flavius, of Tarquinii, murdered the slave Panurgus, who belonged to Gaius Fannius Chaereas, and who was to be trained as an actor by Quintus Roscius, the celebrated comedian.
 Lucius Flavius, an eques, who gave evidence against Verres in BC 70.  He probably lived in Sicily, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits.  He appears to be the same Lucius Flavius who is mentioned as procurator (that is, the agent or steward) of Gaius Matrinius in Sicily.
 Gaius Flavius, brother of Lucius, and likewise an eques, whom Cicero recommended in BC 46 to Manius Acilius, praetor of Sicily, as an intimate friend of Cicero's late son-in-law, Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi.
 Gaius Flavius Pusio, is mentioned by Cicero as one of the equites who opposed the tribune Marcus Drusus.
 Lucius Flavius, praetor in BC 58, and a supporter of Pompeius.  He was plebeian tribune in 60 BC and failed in passing a land reform programme for Pompey's veterans.  He was also a friend of both Cicero and Caesar, and may have been the same Flavius whom Caesar entrusted with one legion and the province of Sicily in BC 49.
 Gaius Flavius, an eques of Asta, a Roman colony in Spain.  He and other equites, who had belonged to the party of Pompeius, went over to Caesar in BC 45.  It is uncertain whether he is the same Gaius Flavius who is mentioned among the enemies of Octavian, and who was put to death in BC 40, after the taking of Perusia.
 Gaius Flavius, a friend of Brutus, whom he accompanied to Philippi in the capacity of praefectus fabrum.  Flavius fell in the Battle of Philippi, and Brutus lamented over his death.
 Flavius Gallus, a military tribune serving under Marcus Antonius in his unfortunate campaign against the Parthians in BC 36.  During Antonius' retreat, Gallus made an inconsiderate attack upon the enemy, for which he paid with his life.

Flavii Fimbriae
 Gaius Flavius Fimbria, the father of Gaius Flavius Fimbria, the consul of 104 BC.
 Gaius Flavius C. f. Fimbria, consul in 104 BC; acquitted of extortion, despite significant evidence.  With other consulars, took up arms against the revolt of Saturninus in 100.  A clever jurist and powerful orator, his reputation had faded by Cicero's time, when his speeches were scarcely to be found.
 Gaius Flavius C. f. C. n. Fimbria, a violent partisan of Gaius Marius, at whose funeral he tried to kill Quintus Mucius Scaevola, the Pontifex Maximus.  Sent to Asia in an expedition against Mithridates and Sulla, Fimbria led a mutiny against the consul Valerius Flaccus, whom he murdered, taking command of the army.  With much savagery, he subdued much of Asia, but when his men went over to Sulla, he took his own life.
 Flavius C. f. C. n. Fimbria, brother of Gaius, was likewise in the service of the Marian party in the war against Sulla, 82 BC, and was legate to Gaius Norbanus.  He and other officers of the party of Carbo were invited to a banquet by Publius Albinovanus, and then treacherously murdered.
 Lucius Flavius Fimbria, consul suffectus in AD 71, during the months of July and August.

Flavii Sabini

 Titus Flavius Petro, grandfather of the emperor Vespasian, was a native of the municipium of Reate, and served as a centurion in the army of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus at the Battle of Pharsalus, 48 BC.
 Titus Flavius T. f. Sabinus, father of Vespasian, was one of the farmers of the tax of the quadragesima in Asia, which he collected with so much fairness that many cities erected statues to his honour with the inscription, καλως τελωνησαντι. He afterwards carried on business as a money-lender among the Helvetii, and died in their country.
 Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Sabinus, the elder brother of Vespasian, was consul suffectus in AD 52, and praefectus urbi for most of Nero's reign. The emperor Vitellius offered to surrender the empire into his hands until the arrival of Vespasian, but the soldiers of each refused this arrangement, and Sabinus was murdered by Vitellius' troops, despite the emperor's attempts to save him.
 Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Vespasianus, the emperor Vespasian, was consul suffectus in AD 51, and proconsul in Africa and Judaea under Nero. He became emperor in AD 69, on the death of Vitellius, and reigned until his death in 79.
 Flavia Domitilla, otherwise known as Domitilla the Elder, the wife of Vespasian.
 Titus Flavius (T. f. T. n.) Sabinus, consul suffectus in AD 69, was probably a nephew of the emperor Vespasian. He was one of the generals appointed by the emperor Otho to oppose the forces of Vitellius, but after Otho's death, he submitted to the conqueror, and caused his troops in the north of Italy to submit to the generals of Vitellius.
 Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Sabinus, son of the consul of 52, and nephew of Vespasian, he was consul with his cousin, the emperor Domitian, in AD 82, but afterwards slain by the emperor on the pretext that the herald proclaiming his consulship had called him Imperator instead of consul.
 Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Clemens, son of the consul of 52, and nephew of Vespasian, he was consul with his cousin, the emperor Domitian, in AD 95. Although the emperor had intended Clemens' sons to succeed him in the empire, and renamed them Vespasian and Domitian, he had his cousin put to death during his consulship, according to Cassius Dio on a charge of atheism, implying that he had become a Christian.
 Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Vespasianus, the emperor Titus, reigned from AD 79 to 81.
 Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Domitianus, the emperor Domitian, emperor from AD 81 to 96.
 Flavia Domitilla, otherwise known as Domitilla the Younger, the daughter of Vespasian.
 Julia Flavia, daughter of the emperor Titus; she married her cousin, Titus Flavius Sabinus, consul in AD 82. He was murdered by Julia's uncle, the emperor Domitian, who then took his niece for a mistress.
 Flavia Domitilla, daughter of Domitilla the Younger, and granddaughter of Vespasian; she married her cousin, Titus Flavius Clemens, consul in AD 95. He was murdered by Domitilla's uncle, the emperor Domitian, and Domitilla was exiled.

Flavii Titiani
 Titus Flavius Titianus, governor of Egypt from AD 126 to 133.
 Titus Flavius Titianus, governor of Egypt from AD 164 to 167.
 Titiana, mother of Flavia Titiana, the wife of Pertinax.
 Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, consul suffectus , and proconsul in Asia, 186.  His daughter, Flavia Titiana, married the future emperor Pertinax, and Sulpicianus served as praefectus urbi under Pertinax and Didius Julianus.  He was put to death by Septimius Severus in 197.
 Titus Flavius Titianus, consul suffectus circa AD 200; he was probably the same Titus Flavius Titianus who was procurator of Alexandria under Caracalla, and who was put to death by Theocritus, .
 Flavia Titiana, the wife of Pertinax, and Roman empress in AD 193.
 Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus, consul in AD 301.

Flavii Apri
 Marcus Flavius Aper, consul in AD 130.
 Marcus Flavius M. f. Aper, consul in 176.
 Titus Flavius Aper Commodianus, legate of Germania Inferior in 222–223, and consul in an unknown year.
 Lucius Flavius Aper,  of Pannonia Inferior in the second half of the 3rd century. He may be identified with Aper, praetorian prefect and father-in-law of the emperor Numerian, whose death he allegedly and unsuccessfully tried to conceal, and was thereupon slain by Diocletian.

Others
 Flavius Scaevinus, a senator of dissolute life, took part in the conspiracy of Piso against Nero. It was through Milichus, the freedman of Scaevinus, that the conspiracy was discovered by Nero.  Milichus was liberally rewarded by the emperor, and Scaevinus put to death.
 Subrius Flavus, called Flavius in some manuscripts, tribune of the praetorian guard, and an active agent in the conspiracy against Nero, after the discovery of which he was put to death.
 Lucius Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, consul in AD 81.  He had been governor of Judaea from 73 to 81, and led the Roman forces at the siege of Masada, which fell in 74.
 Titus Flavius Josephus, a historian of Jewish origin, who was captured by the future emperor Vespasian after the siege of Iotapata.  He was spared execution, and eventually found favour with Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, adopting the name Titus Flavius in honour of his patrons.
 Titus Flavius Hyrcanus, the third son of Josephus.
 Titus Flavius Justus, the fourth son of Josephus.
 Titus Flavius Simonides Agrippa, the fifth son of Josephus.
 Lucius Flavius Arrianus, called by the Athenians the young Xenophon, a historian of the second century.  He was Greek, but received the Roman franchise and the right to hold high office from the emperor Hadrian in AD 124, whence he adopted the name Lucius Flavius.  He held the consulship in AD 146.
 Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria, one of the early Church fathers, lived from the middle of the second century to the second decade of the third century.  He may have been born at Athens.  His relationship to the other Flavii, or to Titus Flavius Clemens, the consul of AD 95, who may have been a convert to Christianity, is unknown; Clement's parents are thought to have been well-to-do pagans.  Given the large number of persons who adopted the nomen Flavius during this period, his name could be coincidental.
 Flavius Caper, a Roman grammarian of uncertain date; he may have lived in the second century.
 Flavius Flavianus, equestrian governor of Mauretania Tingitana AD 153.
 Flavius Calvisius, apparently the same as Gaius Calvisius Statianus, the governor of Egypt under Marcus Aurelius, took part in the revolt of Avidius Cassius, but was treated by the emperor with great leniency, and was only banished to an island.
 Titus Flavius Piso, governor of Egypt circa AD 181.
 Titus Flavius Genialis, praetorian prefect with Tullius Crispinus in AD 193.
 Flavius Heracleo, the commander of the Roman soldiers in Mesopotamia in the reign of Alexander Severus, was slain by his own troops.
 Flavius Maternianus, Praefectus urbi under Caracalla, was either put to death or treated with great indignity by Macrinus, AD 217.
 Lucius Flavius Philostratus, author of the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, is called Flavius by Tzetzes in Βιος Σοφιστων (Lives of the Sophists), must have lived during the third century.
 Flavius Ingenianus, governor of Mauretania Tingitana in the later third century.
 Flavius Scribonianus, a Roman noble of consular and senatorial rank who was a steward in charge of running the Olympic Games. His name was inscribed on a discus found at Olympia, evidently dating from AD 241.
 Flavius Vopiscus of Syracuse, one of the six scriptores of the Historia Augusta, whose name is prefixed to the biographies of Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, the Four Tyrants (Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus, and Bonosus), Carus, Numerianus, and Carinus.  Modern scholarship has called Vopiscus' authorship, and even his existence, into question.
 Flavia, otherwise known as Saint Flavia, venerated along with Placidus and several others, and said to have been martyred under the emperor Diocletian, or in other accounts by pirates.
 Quintus Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus Mavortius, consul in AD 355.
 Flavius Eusebius, consul in AD 337. He was the father of Eusebius and Hypatius who served as consuls in AD 359, and probably also the empress Eusebia, wife of Constantius II.
 Flavius Eusebius, consul in AD 359, together with his brother, Hypatius. Falsely accused of treason in 371, he was soon recalled.
 Flavius Hypatius, consul in AD 359, together with his brother, Eusebius. He was praetorian prefect of Italy and Illyricum from 382 to 383.
 Eusebia, wife of the emperor Constantius II.
 Flavius Martinus, a vicarius, or deputy administrator, of Britannia during the middle fourth century.
 Flavius Mallius Theodorus, consul in AD 399, and a contemporary of Augustine of Hippo, who dedicated to him his work, De Vita Beata.
 Flavius Avianus, the author of a collection of forty-two Aesopic fables in Latin elegiac verse, dedicated to a certain Theodosius, who is addressed as a man of great learning and highly cultivated mind.
 Flavius Stilicho, a Roman general under the emperors Theodosius and Honorius; he dealt several crushing defeats to Alaric, king of the Visigoths. Edward Gibbon called him "the last of the Roman generals."
 Flavius Felix, consul in AD 428, and a leading figure under Valentinian III and Theodosius II.  In 430, he and his wife were accused of plotting against Aëtius, who had him put to death.
 Flavius Aëtius, a Roman general under the emperor Valentinian III, who helped maintain imperial authority in Italy, Spain and Gaul.  He defeated Chlodion, king of the Franks, and with the help of Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, defeated Attila the Hun at the Catalaunian Plains in AD 451.  He was consul in 432, 437, and 446, but in 454 the suspicious emperor slew him with his own hand.
 Flavius Felix, an African who flourished towards the close of the fifth century, the author of five short pieces in the Latin Anthology.
 Flavius Belisarius, a Byzantine general under the emperor Justinian; he reconquered much of the western empire, and was consul sine collega in AD 535.
Flavius Paulus, a 7th-century Roman general in Visigothic Spain

Constantinian dynasty

 Flavius Valerius Constantius "Chlorus", emperor from AD 305 to 306, and the father of Constantine the Great.
 Flavia Julia Helena, the first wife of Constantius Chlorus, and mother of the emperor Constantine.
 Flavia Maximiana Theodora, probably the daughter of Afranius Hannibalianus, and stepdaughter of Maximian; she was the second wife of Constantius Chlorus.
 Flavius Valerius Constantinus, otherwise known as Constantine the Great, emperor from AD 306 to 337.
 (Flavius) Julius Constantius, eldest son of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, and brother of Constantine.  He was named consul in AD 335, but put to death following the emperor's death in 337.  His sons, Constantius Gallus and Julian, were spared, and would eventually be named heirs by their cousin, Constantius II, who had married their sister.
 Flavius Dalmatius, son of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, and brother of Constantine; styled the "censor" from AD 333, but was slain following the death of Constantine.
 Flavius Hannibalianus, son of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, was granted the title Nobilissimus, but perished in the massacre of the Flavian dynasty following the death of his brother, Constantine.
 Flavia Julia Constantia, daughter of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, and sister of Constantine, was given by him in marriage to his colleague, the emperor Licinius.
 Flavia Maxima Fausta, daughter of Maximian, and second wife of Constantine; she was put to death in AD 326, shortly after the execution of her stepson, Crispus.  The reasons are unclear, but rumors circulated of an affair between the empress and her stepson, or of a false allegation against Crispus by his stepmother, leading to his death.
 Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, served his father in the war against Licinius, but was put to death in unclear circumstances in AD 326.
 Flavia Valeria Constantina, the elder daughter of Constantine and Fausta, she was given in marriage first to her cousin Hannibalianus, and following his death in the dynastic purge of AD 337, to her cousin Constantius Gallus. She died in 354.
 Flavia Julia Helena, the younger daughter of Constantine and Fausta, she was given in marriage to her cousin, Julian, the future emperor.  The couple was childless, and Helena suffered several miscarriages, which rumor blamed on the machinations of the empress Eusebia.
 Flavius Claudius Constantinus, son of Constantine, and emperor with his brothers Constantius and Constans from AD 337 to 340.
 Flavius Julius Constantius, son of Constantine, and emperor with his brothers Constantinus and Constans from AD 337 to 361.
 Flavius Julius Constans, son of Constantine, and emperor with his brothers Constantinus and Constantius from AD 337 to 350.
 Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus, named Caesar by his cousin, Constantius II, in AD 351, but put to death in 354.
 Flavius Claudius Julianus, emperor from AD 361 to 363.
 Flavius Dalmatius, son of Dalmatius the censor, and nephew of Constantine; he was proclaimed Caesar in 335, but slain by his soldiers following Constantine's death in 337.
 Flavius Hannibalianus, son of Dalmatius the censor, and nephew of Constantine, who probably intended to place him at the head of a campaign against the Sassanid Empire, but this plan ended with the emperor's death in AD 337, and Hannibalianus was slain in the turmoil that followed.
 Flavius Nepotianus, son of Eutropia, and nephew of Constantine, in AD 350 he revolted against Magnentius, but his small force, composed of ordinary citizens and gladiators, was quickly defeated by Magnentius' magister officiorum, Marcellinus.  Nepotianus and his mother were put to death.
 Constantia, daughter of Constantius II, and wife of the emperor Gratian.
 Anastasia, daughter of Hannibalianus and Constantina.

Later emperors
Flavius Magnus Magnentius, an usurper who revolted against the emperor Constans, and was proclaimed emperor in AD 350.  After his defeat by Constantius II in 353, he fell on his sword.
Flavius Jovianus, emperor from AD 363 to 364.
Flavius Valentinianus, or Valentinian the Great, emperor from AD 364 to 375.  He associated his brother, Valens, with him in the empire, giving Valens the eastern provinces, while he retained the west.
Flavius Valens, the brother of Valentinian I, emperor of the east from AD 364 to 378.
Flavius Gratianus, the elder son of Valentinian I, emperor of the west with his brother, Valentinian II, from AD 375 to 383.
Flavius Valentinianus, or Valentinian II, the younger son of Valentinian I, emperor of the west with his brother, Gratian, from AD 375 to 383, with Magnus Maximus from 383 to 388, then sole emperor of the west until his death in 392.
Flavius Theodosius, or Theodosius the Great, emperor of the east from AD 379 to 392, and sole emperor from 392 to 395.
Flavius Magnus Maximus, commander of the Roman army in Britain, he claimed the throne of the western empire on the death of Gratian, and was recognized as co-emperor with Valentinian II until his defeat by Theodosius in 388.
Flavius Victor, the son of Magnus Maximus, who appointed him co-emperor in AD 384.  He was put to death by Theodosius following his father's defeat in 388.
Flavius Eugenius, elevated by Arbogast to the western empire following the death of Valentinian II in AD 392; he was defeated and killed by Theodosius in 394.
Flavius Honorius, the younger son of Theodosius; emperor of the west from AD 395 to 423.
Flavius Arcadius, son of Theodosius; emperor of the east from AD 395 to 408
Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus, or Justinian, nephew of Justin I, and emperor from AD 527 to 565.
Flavius Justinus, the nephew of Justinian, emperor from AD 565 to 574.
Flavius Tiberius Constantinus, emperor from AD 574 to 582.
Flavius Mauricius Tiberius, or Maurice, emperor from AD 582 to 602.
Flavius Phocas, emperor from AD 602 to 610.
Flavius Heraclius, emperor from AD 610 to 641.

Flavii in fiction
 The character Flavius in Shakespeare's play, Julius Caesar, is based on Lucius Caesetius Flavus, a member of the Caesetia gens.
Flavius Maximus, a character in the Star Trek episode "Bread and Circuses."
Chancellor (later President) Flavia is a fictional Time Lady in Doctor Who, played by Dinah Sheridan.
Flavius, a slave of and friend the title character in Anne Rice's Novel "Pandora", part of The Vampire Chronicles.
Flavius, part of Katniss Everdeen's prep team along with Venia and Octavia in the Hunger Games books.
Flavia Gemina, the main character in Caroline Lawrence's novels The Roman Mysteries.
Flavius Metallus, a member of Caesar's staff in Assassin's Creed Origins.

Flavianus
Flavianus is the adjectival form of the name and was used as a cognomen. It is sometimes anglicized as Flavian.

Flavian legions
Some Roman legions were called Flavia, as they had been levied by the Flavian emperors:

 Legio IV Flavia Felix
 Legio XVI Flavia Firma
 Legio I Flavia Constantia
 Legio I Flavia Gallicana Constantia
 Legio I Flavia Martis
 Legio I Flavia Pacis
 Legio I Flavia Theodosiana
 Legio II Flavia Constantia
 Legio II Flavia Virtutis
 Legio III Flavia Salutis

See also

 People named Flavianus or Flavian
 List of Roman gentes

References

Bibliography

 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, In Verrem, Pro Cluentio, Pro Quinto Roscio Comoedo.
 Pseudo-Brutus, Epistulae ad Ciceronem.
 Gaius Julius Caesar (attributed), De Bello Hispaniensis (On the War in Spain).
 Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus (On the Lives of Famous Men).
 Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
 Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
 Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Milone (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Milone).
 Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, Historiae.
 Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch), Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
 Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
 Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War), Bellum Hannibalicum (The War with Hannibal).
 Lucius Cassius Dio (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
 Herodianus, Tes Meta Marcon Basileas Istoria (History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius).
 Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana.
 Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History).
 Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (St. Jerome), De Viris Illustribus (On Famous Men).
 Augustine of Hippo, De Vita Beata (On the Blessed Life).
 Pieter Burmann, Anthologia Latina (Latin Anthology), ed. Wernsdorf, (1759–1778).
 Real Academia de la Historia, Memorias de La Real Academia de la Historia, vol. 2 (1796).
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
 Carl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal (ed.), Jus Graeco-Romanum, part III, T. O. Weigel, Leipzig (1857).
 Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Johann Jakob Herzog and Philip Schaff, eds., Funk & Wagnalls, New York (1882–1884).
 René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).

 George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
 Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).
 F.W. Bussell, The Roman Empire: Essays on the Constitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.), vol. I, Longmans, Green, and Co., London (1910).
 Luigi Sorricchio, Hatria, Tipografia del Senato, Rome (1911).
 T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
 D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963).
  Available online.
 Guido Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p" (List of the Prefects of Egypt from 30 BC to AD 299), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 17 (1975).
 Gerhard Rösch, Onoma Basileias: Studien zum offiziellen Gebrauch der Kaisertitel in spätantiker und frühbyzantinischer Zeit, Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1978), .
 Paul A. Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
 Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994).
 J.E.H. Spaul, "Governors of Tingitana", in Antiquités Africaines, vol. 30 (1994).
 John C. Traupman, The New College Latin & English Dictionary, Bantam Books, New York (1995).
 Peter Weiß, "Neue Militärdiplome", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 117 (1997).
 Noel Lenski, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A. D., University of California Press, Berkeley (2002).
 Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Neue Militärdiplome für die Truppen der mauretanischen Provinzen", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 153 (2005).
 Paul Christesen "Imagining Olympia: Hippias of Elis and the First Olympic Victor List", in A Tall Order: Writing the Social History of the Ancient World, Jean-Jacques Aubert, Zsuzsanna Várhelyi, eds., Walter de Gruyter (2012), pp. 319–356.

Roman gentes

Flavia gens


SPITBOL (Speedy Implementation of SNOBOL) is a compiled implementation of the SNOBOL4 programming language. Originally targeted for the IBM System/360 and System/370 family of computers, it has now been ported to most major microprocessors including the SPARC. It was created by Robert Dewar and Ken Belcher, who were then at the Illinois Institute of Technology.

Prior to the development of SPITBOL, SNOBOL4 was thought to be slow, memory-intensive, and impossible to compile due to its dynamic nature. While delayed binding prevents everything from being determined at compile time, SPITBOL adopts various strategies for making decisions as early as possible. Recent versions of the SPITBOL compiler are available. Since 2001 the source code for the original SPITBOL 360 compiler has been made available under the GNU General Public License.

MACRO SPITBOL is an implementation of SPITBOL written in the 1970s by Robert Dewar and Anthony P. McCann. MACRO SPITBOL is coded in MINIMAL, an assembly language for an abstract machine. The instruction set is carefully defined to allow some latitude in its implementation, so that hardware operations favorable to string processing can be exploited.

An implementation of MINIMAL that was designed for interpretation on microcomputers was done by translating MINIMAL into MICRAL using a translator that was itself implemented in SPITBOL. The MICRAL version of MACRO SPITBOL, together with the MICRAL interpreter ran in under 40K bytes. This extreme object code compression of MICRAL is achieved using a set of machine code macro substitutions that minimizes the space required for the object code and macro table. The complexity of known algorithms for an optimal solution to this problem are high, but efficient heuristics attain near-optimal results.

The source code for MACRO SPITBOL was released under the GNU General Public License on April 17, 2009.

References

Compilers
Pattern matching programming languages
SNOBOL programming language family

SPITBOL


Abdul Jabar Sabet (; 1945 – 26 January 2023) was an Afghan politician.
In May 2006 Hamid Karzai appointed him Attorney General of Afghanistan.

Life and career
Sabet was an ethnic Pashtun. He was a long time aide to former Afghan Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. After leaving Afghanistan, he worked in the U.S. for Voice of America.

After living in Montreal, Sabet returned to Afghanistan to work for a human rights organization, before being appointed special adviser at the Interior Ministry. He was promoted to Attorney General in May 2006. Sources close to the President Hamid Karzai say that Sabet was promoted with U.S. support in exchange for giving positive comments about the Guantanamo Bay detention facility.
He has however been critical of the Guantanamo release policy.
A series of articles on former Guantanamo captives, published by the McClatchy News Service, quoted Sabet commenting that the release of Guantanamo captives seemed to be divorced from the captives' role in the Taliban, and to be focussed largely on whether the captives complied with the camp rules.

In April 2007, Sabet launched a violent raid on Tolo TV (the country's largest private TV chain) for what he thought was a "distorted" report on his comments regarding the country's judicial system. Seven journalists from the TV station were taken to his office by force without warrants and severely beaten.

Accusation of corruption and breaking the law

On 17 April 2006, Sabet launched a raid on the country's most popular TV Channel Tolo TV. The raid ended with detention and questioning of Tolo TV staff and journalists for broadcasting a news clip about Sabet. The raid was fiercely protested and announced as illegal by the law-makers, the UN office UNAMA and independent journalists.

Following the raid, TOLO TV launched a formal complaint against Sabet and Co. "The complaint identifies at least 11 potential breaches of the law by Mr Sabet ... [and others], [for] the potential crimes ...of the utmost seriousness and directly affect issue of rule of law and sustainability of democracy in Afghanistan, especially given that they may be perpetrated by a person holding the highest operational legal position in Afghanistan."" Among others Tolo TV's complaint requested the "immediate suspension of Mr Sabet and his co-workers implicated in the incident, including the Commander of District 10 Police pending the finalisation of investigations.  The results of this complaint remain unknown.

On 8 June 2007 Sabit reported that he was beaten in a revenge attack.
Sabit said that General Din Mohammad Jurat was behind the attack, which he characterized as a failed kidnap attempt.  The Voice of America reported:

Despite Sabet's claims of being a champion of the anti-corruption fight, the Head of Afghanistan's Department of Corruption and Bribery, Izzatullah Wasifi, accused Sabet of corruption; he specifically said "...I am aware of many cases of [corruption] involving Attorney General [Sabet]." (Izzatullah Wasifi, 14, April 2008) It is worth noting, however, that Wasifi himself has been widely accused of corruption, by both Afghans and international observers, and spent several years in a U.S. prison after a conviction on drug charges.

On 8 May 2008, the Toronto Star devoted an article to Sabet's anti-corruption efforts.
He told Toronto Star reporters that although he had arrested 300 Afghan officials on corruption charges in recent months he said he had been unable to keep even one of them behind bars.

Presidential ambitions

On 17 July 2008, Hamid Karzai dismissed Sabet.
His dismissal was reported to be triggered by Sabet's presidential ambitions.

In January 2009 an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included
on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan Presidential election. He was one of 38 candidates in the election and preliminary results placed him 18th.

References

1945 births
2023 deaths
Government ministers of Afghanistan
Attorneys General of Afghanistan
Pashtun politicians

Abdul Jabar Sabet