The Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle is a statue carved out of ivory, the tusks of elephants.

The statue was made in about 1270 in France, and was made for the cathedral (or church) named the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, France. It is 41 centimetres tall, and is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary holding the baby Jesus.

The statue is now in the Louvre museum in Paris, France.

Statues
13th-century works


The Musée international d'Art naïf Anatole Jakovsky (Eng.: Anatole Jakovsky International Museum of Naive Art) is a museum located in Nice, which displays 18-to-21st century works specialized in naive art. The museum was inaugurated on 5 March 1982.

History and description
The museum was housed in the Château Saint Hélène which was the former residence of perfumer François Coty, and is located in a large park. In 1930, his ex-wife Yvonne decide to order changes in the building by Nice architect H. Malgaud who removed the sets designed by Aaron Messiah. Her daughter Christiane Coty sold the castle to the city of Nice on 6 April 1973, and the building was eventually transformed into a museum, which opened in 1982.

The works are composed of paintings, sculptures, drawings, posters by painters such as Henri Rousseau, Séraphine Louis, Grandma Moses, O'Brady, Rimbert, Ivan and Josip Généralic, Bauchant, Vivin, Lackovic, Haddelsey, Ligabue, Vivancos, among others.

The collection come from donations of Renée and Anatole Jakovsky (to whom the museum owes its current name), and the Centre Georges Pompidou. The giant statues in the garden were created by Frédéric Lanovsky. The museum has about 20,000 visitors per year, and 600 works from 27 countries.

References

Museums in Nice
Musee International d'Art naif Anatole Jakovsky
Art museums established in 1982
1982 establishments in France


Giulia Tofana (also spelled Toffana, Tophana) (died in Rome, 1651) was an Italian professional poisoner. She sold a poison called Aqua Tofana (supposedly invented by Thofania d'Adamo, who may have been Giulia's mother) to women who wanted to murder their husbands.

Biography

Information about Giulia Tofana's background is sparse. She was thought to have been born in Palermo. Speculation by historians that she may have taken the first name of her mother as her last name (a common practice at the time) led them to believe that she was the daughter of another Palermo poisoner, Thofania d'Adamo. Thofania d'Adamo was accused of poisoning with an arsenic concoction of her own invention, Aqua Tofana, and executed on 12 July 1633.

According to one version of events, Giulia Tofana fled to Rome and set up a poisoning ring that began to sell this poison to women who wanted to escape abusive or inconvenient spouses. There may have been 6 women in this poisoning ring active in the 1650s, including Girolama Spara, who took over after Giulia's death.

Tofana's involvement in all of this is not confirmed. The only recorded evidence of poisoning activities being the executions of Thofania d'Adamo in 1633, and Girolama Spara in 1659 (claimed to be the daughter of Giulia Tofana).

Death
Historians point to Giulia Tofana dying in her sleep in 1651 with no one aware of her poisoning activities.

Confusion of her activities with other poisoners active in the area have led to tales that she died in 1659, or 1709, or 1730 with further elaboration that she took sanctuary in a convent, and continued to manufacture and distribute poison for many years until she was found out, executed, and her body thrown over the wall of the church that had provided her with sanctuary.

See also
 Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin
 Giovanna Bonanno
 List of serial killers by country
 My Last Duchess, a poem by Robert Browning

References

 Stuart, David C.  Dangerous Garden.  Frances Lincoln ltd, 2004.
 The most reliable source for the story of Toffana is Vita di Alessandro VII by Cardinal Pallavicino

1651 deaths
17th-century Italian criminals
17th-century Italian businesswomen
17th-century Italian businesspeople
Italian female serial killers
Contract killers
Poisoners
Year of birth unknown
Businesspeople in manufacturing
Weapons trade

Giulia Tofana


Bamberdele Olusegun Adebola (born 23 June 1975) is a Nigerian retired footballer. Including loans, he has played for 16 clubs in his career, with his longest spells at Crewe Alexandra, Birmingham City and Coventry City.

Early life
Born in Lagos, Lagos State, Adebola was brought up in Liverpool after arriving in England as a baby with his family; as a schoolboy, he played in the same representative sides as Robbie Fowler. When offered a YTS place by Liverpool, the team he supported, he believed that trying to progress as a fellow left-footed striker at the club at the same time as Fowler would not be a good idea. Consequently, he accepted a similar offer from Crewe Alexandra.

Club career

Crewe Alexandra
He made his first team debut in the 1992–93 season in the Third Division at the age of 17, and in the following season gained experience by playing on loan at Bangor City in the Welsh Premier League and Conference side Northwich Victoria. He made a significant impact for Crewe in 1996–97, his 16 goals proving crucial in the club's promotion to the First Division.

He soon proved himself capable of scoring goals at that level, and attracted interest from several bigger clubs. Disappointed when Crewe rejected an offer for him from West Ham United, he made it clear to the club that he wanted to leave, and reluctantly the club made him available for transfer. In February 1998, Adebola was signed by manager Trevor Francis for fellow First Division club Birmingham City for a fee of £1 million.

Birmingham City
With seven goals in the remainder of that season, and scoring in each of his first five matches (in all competitions) in 1998–99, his future at Birmingham looked bright. In his first full season he scored 13 goals, but in 1999–2000 he was less productive, fell out of favour, and at the end of the season was put on the transfer list. Las Palmas, newly promoted to La Liga, announced that they had signed him, only for the move to fall through on medical grounds.

Though remaining on the transfer list, he was restored to the first team, and his goals helped Birmingham to reach the 2001 Football League Cup Final. The manager said he kept him on the transfer list in order to provoke him into the sort of performance commensurate with his power, pace and technical ability but which his "laid-back" character might otherwise inhibit.

A serious knee injury, sustained later that season when the player slid into a goalpost, effectively marked the end of his Birmingham career. A spell on loan at Oldham Athletic towards the end of the 2001–02 season helped him back to fitness, but new manager Steve Bruce chose not to renew his contract.

Crystal Palace

In August 2002, Adebola signed a one-year contract with Crystal Palace, after impressing former manager Trevor Francis in a trial. He played one season at the club, where he proved his fitness, making 48 appearances in all competitions.

Coventry City
Again released at the end of that season, Gary McAllister took him to Coventry City, where he initially failed to find any form, finishing the season out on loan to Burnley, ironically a club that had been keen to buy him before his injury. At Burnley he scored once in three appearances, his goal coming against Watford.

Another loan spell followed, this time at Bradford City for whom he scored three goals. It was only when recalled to the Coventry side on a regular basis in 2004–05, first under Peter Reid and particularly under Micky Adams, playing with the likes of Stern John and Gary McSheffrey, that his form picked up.

Bristol City
On 30 January 2008, Adebola signed an 18-month contract with Bristol City, moving for an undisclosed fee, despite Coventry wanting to renew his deal, which was due to end in the summer. Adebola made his debut on 2 February in a 3–0 defeat away to Queens Park Rangers, and scored in just seven minutes on his home debut to help City defeat Sheffield Wednesday 2–1. His performances in the 2008–09 season, during which he scored 10 goals from 42 appearances, earned him the club's Player of the Year award. The player rejected the club's offer of a year's extension to his contract, claiming he had been offered a two-year deal elsewhere.

Nottingham Forest
It was announced on 30 June 2009 that Adebola had signed a two-year contract with Nottingham Forest. He joined them on a free transfer after rejecting a one-year deal at Bristol City. Adebola struggled to hold down a regular place in the Forest side in the 2009–10 season. He was mainly restricted to substitute appearances, finding himself below Dexter Blackstock and Robert Earnshaw in the pecking order, but he did manage to force his way into the Forest team, particularly away from home, towards the end of the season. He scored a late consolation goal for Forest in the play-off semi-final second leg against Blackpool.

Hull City

He entered contract negotiations with Hull City at the end of the 2010–11 season. On 29 June it was confirmed that Adebola signed a one-year contract. He made his debut in the first game of the season on 5 August 2011 at the KC Stadium in the 1–0 defeat to Blackpool. On 20 March 2012, Adebola joined League One club Notts County on loan for the remainder of the season. He made six league appearances and scored once, an 89th-minute equaliser in a 4–3 win away at Wycombe Wanderers.

Rochdale
On 7 August 2012, Adebola signed a one-year-deal with League Two club Rochdale. Under manager John Coleman, Adebola made 26 league appearances for Rochdale, but when Keith Hill took over as manager after the sacking of Coleman, Hill made it clear he wanted to let Adebola leave the club.

Wrexham (loan)
In February 2013, Adebola signed on loan for Conference leaders Wrexham, subject to international clearance. On 2 March, he made his debut in a 1–1 draw in a Conference match at The Racecourse against Alfreton Town. Adebola made 13 appearances for Wrexham, scoring twice, against Lincoln City and Ebbsfleet United. His last appearance for Wrexham was as an 88th-minute substitute, replacing Jay Harris, at Wembley Stadium in the Conference play-off final against Newport County. Wrexham lost 2–0, condemning them to a sixth season in non-league football. On his return to Rochdale, he was released.

Rushall Olympic
Adebola signed for non-league Rushall Olympic in August 2013.

International career
In March 1998 new Northern Ireland manager Lawrie McMenemy, on discovering Adebola to be a British citizen born abroad and therefore eligible to play for any of the home countries, selected him for his first match in charge, a friendly against Slovakia. Adebola had to withdraw due to injury, but did express an interest in playing for the country. He was also selected in Nigeria's provisional squad for the 1998 World Cup, but failed to make the cut.

Both Northern Ireland and Nigeria continued their pursuit of the player; in October 1998 McMenemy reported that Adebola was unwilling to play for Nigeria, and did not want to commit to Northern Ireland because he had his sights set on playing for England. In March 1999, McMenemy made a final abortive attempt to persuade him to play for Northern Ireland. Despite his lack of form at club level, he was still sufficiently highly rated by the Nigerian selectors to be included in the preliminary squad for the 2000 African Cup of Nations and, following talks with coach Jo Bonfrere, in the squad for a World Cup qualifier in July 2000. However, he did not accept any of these invitations.

Career statistics

Honours
Crewe Alexandra
Football League Second Division play-off final: 1996–97

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Lagos
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Men's association football forwards
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Rushall Olympic F.C. players
English Football League players
Cymru Premier players
National League (English football) players
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
English men's footballers
Naturalised association football players

Dele Adebola


Benjamin F. Holman (1930 – January 20, 2007) was a pioneering American newspaper and television reporter.

Holman was born in Columbia, South Carolina. His father died when he was four years old, and his mother moved with him and his sister to Bloomfield, New Jersey. As a young man, he hoped to combine his love for writing, music, and engineering by creating musical theater. Before he graduated from high school, however, he had decided to become a journalist.

Holman attended Lincoln University in Pennsylvania before transferring to the University of Kansas. There, he graduated first in his class with a degree in journalism. Afterward, he pursued graduate studies at the University of Chicago.

Holman worked for the Chicago Daily News and CBS News; he was one of the nation's few prominent black journalists. Afterward, Holman spent eight years working for the administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford as director of community relations, during which he helped mediate racial disputes. He was also the assistant attorney general for the Justice Department; therefore, he was the highest-ranking African-American.

In 1979, he began teaching in the journalism department of the University of Maryland, College Park. Holman helped shape the university's Philip Merrill College of Journalism, and retired in 2004. He died on January 20, 2007, of complications from emphysema and congestive heart failure at George Washington University Hospital.

References
Washington Post obituary

1930 births
2007 deaths
American male journalists
Writers from Columbia, South Carolina
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
African-American journalists
Journalists from South Carolina
People from Bloomfield, New Jersey
Journalists from New Jersey
Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni
University of Kansas alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Chicago Daily News people
CBS News people
Nixon administration personnel
Ford administration personnel
United States Assistant Attorneys General
Deaths from emphysema
20th-century American journalists

Benjamin Holman


Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) is a commodity exchange based in India. It was established in 2003 by the Government of India and is currently based in Mumbai. It is India's largest commodity derivatives exchange. The average daily turnover of commodity futures contracts increased by 26% to ₹32,424 crore during FY2019-20, as against ₹25,648 crore in FY2018-19. The total turnover of commodity futures traded on the Exchange stood at ₹83.98 lakh crore in FY2019-20. MCX offers options trading in gold and futures trading in non-ferrous metals, bullion, energy, and a number of agricultural commodities (mentha oil, cardamom, crude palm oil, cotton, and others).

MCX was among the top global commodity exchanges in terms of the number of futures contracts trade, the latest yearly data from Futures Industry Association (FIA) showed. MCX launched the MCX India Commodity Indices (MCX iCOMDEX) series on December 20, 2019, which conform to the global best practices set by the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). iCOMDEX series consists of iCOMDEX Composite, iCOMDEX Base Metals, iCOMDEX Bullion, iCOMDEX Gold, iCOMDEX Copper and iCOMDEX Crude Oil. Subsequently, MCX received regulatory approval for launch of futures contracts on MCX iCOMDEX Bullion and Base Metal indices. The exchange also set up a web-based application "ComRIS" (Commodity Receipts Information System) in order to maintain an electronic record of commodities deposited at the Exchange accredited warehouses and ensure flow of real time information from the warehouses.

SEBI issued operational guidelines for participation of Mutual Funds and Portfolio Managers in commodity derivatives in May 2019 and subsequently, approved few custodial service providers as custodians in the commodity space.

In February 2012, MCX had come out with a public issue of 6,427,378  It was the first-ever IPO by an Indian exchange and made MCX India's only publicly listed exchange.

From 28 September 2015, MCX is being regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Earlier MCX was regulated by the Forward Markets Commission (FMC), which got merged with the SEBI on 28 September 2015.

Mr Padala Subbi Reddy (Mr P S Reddy) was appointed as MD & CEO of the Company for a period of five w.e.f. May 10, 2019.  Prior to this Mr Reddy worked as managing director and CEO of Central Depository Services (CDSL).

Commodities traded include -
 Metal - Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel,  Zinc
 Bullion - Gold, Gold Mini, Gold Guinea, Gold Petal, Gold Petal ( New Delhi), Gold Global, Silver, Silver Mini, Silver Micro, Silver 1000.
 Agro Commodities - Cardamom, Cotton, Crude Palm Oil, Kapas, Mentha Oil, Castor seed, RBD Palmolien, Black Pepper.
 Energy - Crude Oil, Natural Gas.

The efforts that started in the fourth quarter of FY 2018-19 to migrate to 'Compulsory Delivery-based' contracts in all base metals were successfully completed in FY 2019-20. The launch of indigenously benchmarked deliverable futures contracts of Copper, Aluminium, Zinc, Lead and Nickel on MCX, has paved the way for the Indian market prices for metals to be discovered on an exchange platform in a transparent manner. This fulfills an important step towards development of domestic benchmarks which reflect domestic market fundamentals, while the delivery standards are in tune with international standards.

Paving the way for introduction of Options with 'commodities' as underlying, the Government of India issued a notification on October 18, 2019, which widens the scope of commodity derivatives traded in recognised exchanges. Following this, SEBI permitted stock exchanges to launch 'Option in goods' in their commodity derivatives segment, in addition to existing 'options on commodity futures'. MCX has launched Gold Mini Options with Gold Mini (100 grams) bar as the underlying, and plans to launch Silver Mini 5 Kg 'option in goods' contract soon.

In April 2022, the MCX collaborated with the Chittagong Stock Exchange, (CSE), to establish Bangladesh's first commodity exchange.

MCX also provides live feeds for all traded commodities and these are published on various websites like MoneyControl, GoldSilverReports and Economic Times.

See also
 India International Bullion Exchange
 Bombay Cotton Exchange

References

External links

Agricultural marketing in India
Commodity markets
Companies based in Mumbai
Commodity exchanges in India
Indian companies established in 2003
Commodity exchanges
2003 establishments in Maharashtra
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India

Multi Commodity Exchange


Shintom Industries Co. Ltd. was a Japanese consumer electronics company headquartered in Yokohama, Japan, first founded in 1955 and ended in 2004, after filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Shintom was engaged in the development, manufacture, and sale of mobile phone, car audio, transistor radio, videocassette recorder, measuring instrument, and medical equipment. Shintom had two factories worldwide, located both in Japan and Indonesia. Shintom first held a stake with Audiovox in 1980 as an OEM supplier for Audiovox car stereos.

Shintom was mostly well known for designing, selling, and supplying the VHS transport chassis mechanism to various Japanese VHS VCR manufacturers during the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Funai Electric (its biggest customer), Sony Corporation, Aiwa Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, Memorex Corporation, and Private Label Store Brands joined in. Operations began in 1984 when Funai ordered the chassis mechanisms from Shintom, while assembling VHS players and recorders for several OEM customer brands. This business accounted about 70% of Shintom's total revenue, since Funai was their largest customer. Shintom's original chassis mechanism was built to industrial-grade, high-reliability standards, since demand for rental video cassette players skyrocketed during the mid-1980s, although most units ended up sold for consumer use. Shintom was also credited for developing the world's first geared-driven VCR dual-idler wheel system, which eliminated the need of a rubber tire found in earlier VHS machines.

History
By 1986, Shintom began to market its own brand of VHS players/recorders lineup and other electronic devices to compete with other makes, along with industry's first 2-week, 6-event timer recording. A new North American headquarter opened in United States as Shintom West Corp. of America located in Torrance, CA. Shintom's original advertisement consisted of industrial-design, ruggedness, and simplicity without the high cost.

In 1992, without any warning, Funai canceled the contract after decided to build its own chassis-mechanism, as well as moving all VCR assemblies to China by 1993, until they made their last VCR in 2016. This sudden cancellation request by Funai permanently damaged Shintom's total revenue and investment capital, and it didn't allow sufficient time for Shintom to invest in new products. To prevent a freefall and risk going bankrupt, Shintom tried contacting Funai for several years if they could joint-merger but was denied each time, stating Funai is a family-owned, private corporation. By 1995, Sony stopped ordering Shintom's mechanism that was used for non-editing VHS VCRs, VCPs, and TV/VCR combos. Therefore, the VHS chassis mechanism business was dissolved.

During the 1990s, Shintom became the OEM manufacturer for assembled VHS VCRs, mobile phones, and car audio, while also producing measuring instrument and medical equipment for hospitals. VHS VCRs still accounted at least 50% of production business. Some brands included were Aiwa, Audiovox, Go Video, Sansui, Sony, and Toshiba. When Funai left, Toshiba became the next major customer for assembled VCRs beginning in 1993. In 1996, Shintom won the contact from Go Video for assembling dual-deck VCRs. By 2001, VHS player/recorder production was eliminated when demand for DVD players rose sharply. Shintom chose not to enter the DVD player or television manufacturing market, predicting it would be too late, but instead, Shintom turned to the cellular phone market for Audiovox.

Due to slow sales of Audiovox cellular phones and lack of resources and funds in developing new products, with existing products quickly becoming obsolete, by 2002, Shintom was seriously in big trouble. Shintom's stock was removed from the Tokyo Stock Exchange for the first time, after three years of negative net worth value. In September 2004, Shintom sued Audiovox for $2.5 million in damages for dividends that didn't pay during the Audiovox merger. Shintom never approved the merger that created the preferred shares in the first place. The Court ruled that the preferred stock may not confer dividend rights, and Audiovox won the case.

Shortly after that, in 2004, Shintom filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, after six years of huge public debt, and the company is now dissolved with all factories and offices worldwide closed and later sold. Unipres Corporation took over Shintom's head office in May 2004 at Yokohama, Japan, and it's currently the main office today.

References

Electronics companies of Japan
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

Shintom


Labrus viridis (the green wrasse) is a species of wrasse native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Portugal to Morocco, as well as through the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea.  This species is found around rocky reefs amongst the rocks or in eelgrass beds.  It can reach  in standard length, though most do not exceed .  It is one of several species called green wrasse.

Description
The green wrasse grows to about  and is a plump fish with a moderately large head. The eyes are large and the nostrils each have a double opening. The lips are thick and the mouth fairly small, with numerous large teeth. The back is slightly humped, and the belly is slightly convex. The skin is covered with large scales and is smooth and soft, being covered with mucus. The dorsal fin has 18 spines and 12 soft rays. The pectoral fins are large and the caudal fin undivided. In most individuals the colour is bright green with a blue line running along the flank, but some individuals are almost entirely black while others are spotted.

Distribution
The green wrasse is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean between Portugal and Morocco, and most of the Mediterranean Sea, although it seems to be absent from the waters of Syria, Lebanon and Israel. It is also present in the western Black Sea. Its depth range is down to about . Its typical habitat is in the vicinity of rocky reefs, especially those well-covered with seaweed, and seagrass meadows.

Ecology
The green wrasse can occur in small groups but is more often found singly or in pairs. It feeds on small fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates. It is probably a protogynous hermaphrodite, that is it starts life as a female but at some stage changes its sex to male. This means that male fish are normally larger than females. A breeding pair of fish will prepare a dish-shaped nest among vegetation, and the adhesive eggs laid by the female are guarded and cared for by the male. The age of attaining maturity is probably three years, and the fish may live for twenty years.

Status
This fish is generally uncommon. It is caught for food, including spearfishing for sport,  and the total population is in decline, especially in the western Mediterranean, with fishing being a threat in all parts of its range. Additionally, its habitat is being degraded as seagrass meadows disappear, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable".

References

External links

viridis
Fish described in 1758
Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
Fish of the Black Sea
Fish of Europe
Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
Fish of West Asia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Labrus viridis


Toussaint-Bernard Émeric-David (20 August 17552 April 1839) was a French archaeologist and writer on art.

Life
Éméric-David  was born in Aix-en-Provence. He gained a law degree at the university at Aix-en-Provence in 1775. Destined for the legal profession, and having gone in 1775 to Paris to complete his legal education, he acquired there a taste for art which influenced his whole future career. He went to Italy, where he continued his art studies. He soon returned, however, to his native village, and followed for some time the profession of an advocate; but in 1787 he succeeded his uncle Antoine David as printer to the parlement.

He was elected mayor of Aix in 1791, but as the French Revolution worsened for public officials, he moved to Paris and then briefly into hiding during the Reign of Terror. For some time to adopt a vagrant life. When danger was past he returned to Aix, sold his printing business, and engaged in general commercial pursuits; but he was not long in renouncing these also in order to devote himself exclusively to literature and art.
Paris became his new home and he resolved to be an art historian.

From 1809 to 1814, under the Empire, he represented his département in the Lower House (Corps législatif); in 1814 he voted for the downfall of Napoleon; in 1815 he retired into private life, and in 1816 he was elected a member of the Institute (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres). He died in Paris on 2 April 1839.

Works
Éméric-David was placed in 1825 on the commission appointed to continue L'Histoire littraire de la France. His principal works are Recherches sur l'art statuaire, considéré chez les anciens et les modernes (Paris, 1805), a work which obtained the prize of the institute; Choix de pièces: notices sur divers tableaux du Musée Napoléon (Paris, 1812); Suite d'études calquées et dessinées d'après cinq tableaux de Raphaël (Paris, 1818–1821), in 6 vols.; Jupiter: Recherches sur ce dieu, sur son culte, et sur les monuments qui le représentent (Paris, 1833), 2 vols., illustrated; and Vulcain (Paris, 1837).

Legacy
A street in the centre of Aix-en-Provence named in his honor.

References

Attribution:

Sources
 Biographical article at the site of Duke University's Lilly Library

1755 births
1839 deaths
Mayors of Aix-en-Provence
Aix-Marseille University alumni
19th-century French archaeologists
19th-century French historians
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male non-fiction writers

Toussaint-Bernard Émeric-David


Charles Marie Benjamin Rouget (19 August 1824 – 1904, Paris) was a French physiologist born in Gisors, Eure. He studied at the Collège Sainte-Barbe with medical training at hospitals in Paris. He was later a professor of physiology at the University of Montpellier (1860). From 1879 to 1893 he was a professor of physiology at the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.

Rouget is largely remembered for his correlation of physiology to microscopic anatomical structure. He was the first to discover the branching contractile cells on the external wall of the capillaries in amphibians, structures that are now known as "Rouget cells". Also the eponymous "Rouget's muscle" was described by him, which are circular fibers of the ciliary muscle of the eye. These fibers are sometimes called "Müller's muscle" after German anatomist Heinrich Müller (1820–1864).

References
 Charles Marie Benjamin Rouget @ Who Named It

1824 births
1904 deaths
People from Eure
French physiologists
Academic staff of the University of Montpellier

Charles Marie Benjamin Rouget


The Astrolabe Company () was a German "colonial society" (Kolonialgesellschaft) in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, which existed from 1891 to 1896. On 27 October 1891 it was founded with a capital of 2.4 million marks. Involved were Hamburg and Bremen notables and the financiers.

The director of the company was the Geheimer Kommerzienrat (councillor) Adolph von Hansemann. He also headed the New Guinea Company, from which the company first took over some tobacco plantations in Stephansort and Erima. The following year, an additional tobacco plantation was founded in Jomba, and another in 1893 in Maraga. In that year, 108,600 pounds of tobacco was exported to Europe. In addition to the tobacco growing and export, Astrolabe also shipped exotic woods and experimented with the cultivation of coconut palms, Liberian coffee and natural rubber. In 1896, the company ran tobacco and coffee plantations in Stephansort and tobacco plantations in Erima, Jomba, and Maraga.

After bad years in 1895 and 1896, the company merged again with the New Guinea Company in 1896.

In the vicinity of the Astrolabe Company stations, the evangelic Rhenish Missionary Society was also active.

Sources
Deutschland und seine Kolonien im Jahre 1896, Amtlicher Bericht über die erste deutsche Kolonial-Ausstellung. (Germany and its colonies in 1896, official report about the first German colonial exhibition.) Editor "Arbeitsausschuss der Deutschen Kolonial-Ausstellung", Berlin 1897, publisher Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen)

German New Guinea
Chartered companies
German companies established in 1891
Companies disestablished in 1896
1891 establishments in German New Guinea
1896 disestablishments in German New Guinea
1896 mergers and acquisitions

Astrolabe Company


General Sir Walter Norris Congreve,  (20 November 1862 – 28 February 1927), was a British Army officer in the Second Boer War and the First World War, and Governor of Malta from 1924 to 1927. He received the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
Walter Norris Congreve was the son of William and Fanny E. Congreve of Castle Church, Stafford. He was educated at Twyford School, Harrow School and Pembroke College, Oxford.

Early military career
Congreve was commissioned a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade on 7 February 1885 and promoted to captain on 6 December 1893.

Second Boer War
The Second Boer War started in October 1899 with a Boer offensive into the British-held Natal and Cape Colony areas. Congreve arrived in South Africa and was posted as a brigade major in the Ladysmith relief force. He was present at the Battle of Colenso when British troops commanded by Sir Redvers Buller attempted to cross the Tugela River to relieve the besieged city of Ladysmith. The Boers repelled all their attempts to cross the river, and the British were forced to retreat in one of their biggest defeats of the war.

Action at Colenso
On 15 December 1899 at the Battle of Colenso, Captain Congreve with several others, tried to save the guns of the 14th and 66th Batteries, Royal Field Artillery, when the detachments serving the guns had all become casualties or been driven from their guns. Some of the horses and drivers were sheltering in a donga (gully) about 500 yards behind the guns and the intervening space was swept with shell and rifle fire. Captain Congreve, with two other officers (Frederick Roberts and Harry Norton Schofield), and Corporal George Nurse retrieved two of the guns. All four received the VC for this action. (Roberts was the son in one of the two other father and son pairs of VC winners.) Then, although wounded himself, seeing one of the officers fall, Congreve went out with Major William Babtie, RAMC, who also received the VC for this action, and brought in the wounded man. His citation read:

Later service in South Africa
Wounded, Congreve did not take part in the actual relief of Ladysmith in February 1900, but he was back in service later that year, and served as a staff officer. He served as adjutant in a newly established colonial mounted infantry regiment which, with the leave of Lord Roberts, was named after his chief of staff, "Kitcheners Horse". Kitcheners' Horse was employed, with distinction, in the operations undertaken by Lord Roberts in February 1900 for the relief of Kimberley and his advance on Bloemfontein and later Pretoria. Lord Kitchener took over the chief command of British forces in South Africa in November 1900, and appointed Congreve his personal secretary. He was promoted to major on 21 December 1901, and on the next day received a brevet promotion as lieutenant-colonel in recognition of services in South Africa. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town on board the SS Orotava together with Lord Kitchener, and arrived at Southampton the next month. He was mentioned in a despatch by Lord Kitchener in June 1902.

Command posts in the United Kingdom
After the Boer War, Congreve held a series of command posts in Britain and Ireland. In November 1902 he joined the Staff of the 3rd Army Corps in Ireland as he was appointed Assistant Military Secretary and Aide-de-Camp to the Commander-in-Chief of the corps, the Duke of Connaught.

First World War

At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Congreve was a brigadier-general, commanding the 18th Brigade, which was on manoeuvres in Wales at the time. Although suffering from asthma, he deployed with the formation in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to France, taking part in the Battle of the Aisne.

The division was stationed near Neuve Chapelle when Congreve's men took part in the 1914 Christmas truce. In a letter written on Christmas Day itself, Brigadier-General Congreve wrote recalling how the Germans opposite his lines initiated by calling a truce earlier the same day, how one of his men got out over the parapet to meet in no man's land, and how officers and men exchanged cigars and cigarettes. Congreve admitted he was reluctant to personally witness the scene of the truce for fear he would be a prime target for German snipers.

The Somme: Delville Wood

Congreve commanded the 6th Division from May 1915 and then XIII Corps from November 1915. As commander of XIII Corps, Congreve led the battles for Longueval and Delville Wood between 14 July and 3 September 1916. The rapid advance of his corps in the southern sector of the Somme offensive had brought about a situation where the allied front was set at a right angle – the left sector facing north and the right, facing east from Delville Wood. This meant that an advance on a wide front would result in the attacking forces diverging as they advanced. In order to "straighten the line," General Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the BEF, had decided to exploit the advances which had been made by Congreve in the south by taking and holding the town of Longueval and Delville Wood. Being on fairly high ground and providing good spotting opportunities for artillery fire, an occupied Longueval would protect the right flank and allow the Allies to advance in the north and align their left with that of Congreve's XIII Corps on the right. XIII Corps succeeded in securing Delville Wood, but it was one of the bloodiest confrontations of the Somme, with both sides incurring large casualties. During the war, Congreve lost a hand in action.

Later life

Congreve continued his war service becoming General Officer Commanding VII Corps in 1918. Later Congreve rose to the rank of general and was knighted. He was General Officer Commanding the Egyptian Expeditionary Force between 1919 and 1923 and then Commander-in-Chief Southern Command between 1923 and 1924.

From 1924 to 1927, he served as the governor of Malta, where he died. At his request, he was buried at sea in the channel between the coast and Filfla Island; there is a small monument to him on the coast between Hamrija Tower and the prehistoric site of Mnajdra; the channel between Malta and Filfla is known as Congreve Channel (the official name is 'Il-Fliegu ta' Filfla').

One of the three school houses of St. Edward's College in Cottonera, Malta, a Catholic school for boys founded in 1929 is also named after Congreve. The other two being Campbell and Ducane, after General David Campbell and Sir John Philip Du Cane, all former governor-generals of Malta.

There is also a stone bearing his name above the gate to the "Scouts" HQ in Floriana, just outside the capital Valletta.

From 1903 to 1924, Congreve had a home in Shropshire at West Felton Grange. His service in the First World War is recorded, with that of his son William, in a Roll of Honour book in St Michael's Church at West Felton.

Family
Congreve married at St Jude's Church, Kensington, on 18 May 1890, Cecilia Henrietta Dolores Blount La Touche. Lady Congreve was a nurse in the First World War, and a poet and author of "The Firewood Poem".

They were the parents of Major Billy Congreve – they are one of only three father and son pairs to win a VC. Their younger son Geoffrey Cecil Congreve was created a baronet, of Congreve in the County of Stafford, in July 1927.

Victoria Cross
Congreve's Victoria Cross is on display at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum, Winchester, England.

Citations

David Harvey, Monuments to Courage, 1999
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
Ian Uys, Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War, 2000

References

External links

 Angloboerwar.com

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1862 births
1927 deaths
British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Second Boer War recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army generals of World War I
Deputy Lieutenants of Staffordshire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
British Army generals
Burials at sea
Governors and Governors-General of Malta
People educated at Harrow School
Rifle Brigade officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
People from Chatham, Kent
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
People educated at Twyford School
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Participants of the Christmas truce of 1914
Military personnel from Kent

Walter Congreve


St. Joseph Church is parish of the Roman Catholic Church in Cumberland, Rhode Island within the Diocese of Providence. It is known for its historic campus at 1303 Mendon Road, which includes a Gothic Revival style church along with two late 19th-century, clapboard-sheathed, wood-frame structures on the east side of Mendon Road. The church and its accompanying buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as St. Joseph's Church Complex.

History
St. Joseph's Parish, established in 1872 in an earlier church constructed on the present site, was, at that time, the only Roman Catholic church between Valley Falls and Woonsocket. It served an extensive parish centered on the Irish, and later French Canadian and Italian, mill laborers of nearby Ashton and Berkeley, as an important religious and social center. By 1888, the parish's growth necessitated construction of a new church, which replaced the original, although the rectory and parish hall were retained. According to the State Survey put out by the Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission in 1998, the present church is one of the finest wooden Late Victorian religious edifices in Rhode Island. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and underwent an extensive and sensitive restoration in 1995.

Architecture
The handsome, asymmetrical, twin-spired Gothic Revival St. Joseph's Church was designed around 1888-1890 by architect F.E. Page. The building has a tall, end-gable-roof, rectangular mass with a polygonal, hip-roof apse at the northeast end. One-story, shed-roof side aisles continue around the apse as an ambulatory to connect to a projecting, rectangular chapel. The three-story, shorter corner tower has paired lancet windows, battlemented string courses, louver-filled Gothic arches, and is topped by a broach spire. The four-story tower has large, traceried Gothic windows, drip molds, and is surmounted by an octagonal belfry and spire.

St. Joseph's Rectory (c. 1872) is two to three stories in height with a modified cruciform plan. It is a well-preserved example of bracketed style domestic architecture, with a wrap-around veranda and applied ornament of carved brackets and jigsaw work. The interior has been modified.

The relatively plain parish hall (c. 1872) has been removed and a modern structure has been built at the rear of the property.

Gallery

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island

References

External links

Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1888
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Cumberland, Rhode Island
Churches in Providence County, Rhode Island
French-Canadian culture in Rhode Island
Irish-American culture in Rhode Island
Italian-American culture in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island
Gothic Revival church buildings in Rhode Island
1872 establishments in Rhode Island
Religious organizations established in 1872
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

St. Joseph's Church Complex (Cumberland, Rhode Island)


Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk or NTE is a power company serving Nord-Trøndelag in Norway and owned by Nord-Trøndelag county municipality. NTE is one of the largest producers of electricity in Norway, with an annual production of 3,4 TWh per year (2013). In addition, the company is a provider of electrical installation and electrical application retailing as well as optic fiber broadband. The company has its headquarters in Steinkjer.

Operations

Power production
NTE operates 22 hydroelectric power plants, two wind farms and one bioenergy plant, totaling an annual electricity production of 3,4 TWh, about 4% of the total electricity production in Norway. The hydro plants are mostly located in Indre Namdal, Meråker, Mosvik and Verran. NTE's largest plant is the one at Tunnsjødal with an annual production of 840 GWh/year. The bioplant is located in Inderøy while the two windmill parks are located at Hundhammerfjellet and Vikna.

Power distribution
NTE owns the power grid in the entire county. Despite the market being deregulated so anyone can purchase from any supplier in the country, NTE has remained a market share of 96%. The ownership and operations of the power grid was transferred to the subsidiary NTE Nett AS in 2006.

Other operations
The company also construct a network of primarily optical fiber based broadband supplemented with ADSL to all households in Nord-Trøndelag though the subsidiary NTE Bredbånd AS.

History

On June 22, 1919, the County of Nord-Trøndelag decided to found NTE and build a hydroelectric power plant at Follafoss in Verran. In 1923, the power plant started operations. In 1938, NTE made its first acquisition of a municipal power company, Stod electrical works. NTE gradually took over the municipal companies until it owned all the companies by 1989. This was due to a national encouragement from the authorities to create larger, vertical integrated power companies, preferably owned by counties and not municipalities, through the 1970s and 80s. Nord-Trøndelag is the only county that managed to create a fully vertical integrated power company that controlled the entire power grid and all production facilities throughout the entire country, and was wholly owned by the county municipality. The last purchase was Statkrafts ownership in the powerplants in Indre Namdal in 2004. On 5 October 2009, NTE and Østfold Energi announced that they, through their 50–50% joint venture Norsk Vannkraftproduksjon had bought the power stations Siso and Laksola from Elkem for NOK 4.3 billion. The shares are distributed between 23 owner municipalities in 2018.

References

Further reading

Electric power companies of Norway
Internet service providers of Norway
County-owned companies of Norway
Companies based in Steinkjer
Energy companies established in 1923
1923 establishments in Norway

Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk


Edgerley is a historic home and residential complex located at Oakland in Livingston County, New York. The -story original house was built in 1828 and is a rare example of Tidewater architecture in upstate New York with Roman Classic massing and Greek Revival detailing. Attached to it are a stucco addition from the 1870s and a stucco addition with garage from the 1930s. Also on the property is a guest cottage known as "Box Hill", a barn constructed about 1830, and several smaller outbuildings.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1828
Houses in Livingston County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Livingston County, New York

Edgerley (Oakland, New York)


CJMT was a radio station which operated at 1420 kHz on the AM band in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada.

History
In 1953, the station's founder, J. O. Masse, submitted his initial application, for a 250-watt French-language AM station on 1450 kHz in Chicoutimi. However, the application was rejected by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which at the time regulated all broadcasting in Canada. Later that year, Masse, along with his partners G. Demers and L. Lagace, each submitted its own application for a new station, each having suggested their own frequency. However, the CBC rejected all applications, but at a later meeting, the CBC granted Masse a license for the submitted parameters, while rejecting applications from the other parties.

The station signed on as CJMT on February 28, 1954, carrying no network programming.

In 1958, CJMT relocated its frequency from 1450 kHz to 1420 kHz and increased power from 250 watts to 1,000 watts, using a single directional antenna pattern for day and night operation.

CJMT later received approval to operate a standby transmitter.

Over the years, the station went through different formats, owners and technical upgrades.

On August 23, 1994, CJMT had its licence renewed from September 1, 1994 to August 31, 1996.

Closure
On September 30, 1994, Telemedia and Radiomutuel merged their AM operations because they could no longer afford to compete with each other. As a result, they closed CJMT, along with CJMS Montreal, CJRP Quebec City, CJRS Sherbrooke, CJTR Trois-Rivières and CKCH Hull. All six stations left the air on this date and the licenses were turned in to the CRTC, which revoked the licences on November 2, 1994.

References

External links

JMT
JMT
Radio stations established in 1953
Radio stations disestablished in 1994
1953 establishments in Quebec
1994 disestablishments in Quebec
JMT
JMT

CJMT (AM)


Kathleen Sharkey (born April 30, 1990) is an American field hockey player. In 2016, she was named to the United States women's national field hockey team for the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Early life
Kathleen Sharkey was born on April 30, 1990. She grew up in Moosic, Pennsylvania with three siblings, including an older sister. Watching her older sister, Laura, play field hockey sparked Sharkey's interest in the sport. She went on to play field hockey at Wyoming Seminary.

Collegiate field hockey player
Playing as a striker for Princeton University, Sharkey set multiple all-time school field hockey records including career points (245), points in a season (85), goals in a career (107), goals in a season (38), most total goals and assists in a career (138), most goals in a game (6) and most points in a game (12). Sharkey led all of Division I women's field hockey in goals scored for 2010 and 2012. Sharkey finished her career with an average of 3.13 points per game, 7th all time. Sharkey led all of Division I women's field hockey in goals scored for 2010 and 2012.  Sharkey was named two time Ivy League offensive player of the year. She was a 2010–2011 Honda Sports Award nominee for field hockey. In 2012, Sharkey was part of the team that won Princeton field hockey's first NCAA tournament.

United States women's national field hockey player
Sharkey began training with the United States women's national field hockey team in 2011 while she was still in college. After graduating from Princeton, Sharkey moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania to continue training with the national team. As part of the U.S. team, Sharkey was reunited with Princeton teammates Julia and Katie Reinprecht and Wyoming Seminary teammate Kelsey Kolojejchick. In the summer of 2015, Sharkey broke her ankle. She returned to the team in December 2015. On July 1, 2016 Sharkey was named to the United States team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

In 2019, Sharkey was chosen as the flag bearer for the United States at the Pan American Games opening ceremonies. She was also the U.S. women's field hockey team captain for the tournament.

Personal life
Sharkey is married to professional lacrosse player Tom Schreiber. The couple have a daughter, Lillian.

References

External links

Kathleen Sharkey on Twitter

1990 births
Living people
American female field hockey players
Princeton Tigers field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for the United States
Sportspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Female field hockey forwards
Female field hockey midfielders
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games

Kathleen Sharkey


Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin (28 June 1787, Korbach, Waldeck — 23 September 1830, Brussels) was a Dutch artillery officer. He took part in several campaigns of the French Grande Armée in Dutch army units of the Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland that were attached to that army. After the United Kingdom of the Netherlands regained its independence he joined its army. He commanded, as a captain, a battery of horse artillery that played a pivotal role in the Battle of Waterloo. He died in action as a major during the Belgian Revolution of 1830.

Early career
Krahmer (he took the name Krahmer de Bichin only after 1815) originally came from the principality of Waldeck in Germany. He entered the service of the Batavian Republic as a cadet with the 2nd Artillery Battalion in January 1804. He was promoted to second lieutenant on 29 September 1806, and assigned to the first  horse battery of that bataillon. This battery was attached to the (Dutch) Armée du Nord of the Kingdom of Holland that same month and it took part in the campaign of Marshal Mortier's army corps in Swedish Pomerania in 1807.

Assigned to gen. Mihaud's first division Krahmer participated in the Battle of Friedland of 1807. After the battery ran out of ammunition, Krahmer's single 6-pdr gun alone continued firing, with ammunition supplied by a nearby French battery. For this he later received the Légion d'honneur.

Krahmer was promoted to first lieutenant on 8 August 1808. He earlier participated in the Dutch/Danish attack on Stralsund, on 31 May 1808, fighting an artillery duel to cover the infantry attack.

After Krahmer transferred to the foot artillery he was promoted to captain on 31 August 1813. He had been integrated into the French army with the rest of the Dutch army after the annexation of the Kingdom of Holland in 1810. He took part in the final German campaign of Napoleon I of France's army in 1813, was taken prisoner as part of the garrison of Dresden, and imprisoned in Hungary.

Battle of Waterloo
After his release he entered the service of the by now again independent Netherlands in the "south Netherlands" (i.e. Belgian) part of its army in 1814. He received command, in the rank of captain, of a horse artillery battery, part of the combined 7th/8th company of the horse artillery corps. This battery was manned by Belgians. The battery was attached to the First Brigade (col. Detmers) of the Third Netherlands Division (general Chassé) on the eve of the battle of Waterloo.

Initially the Third Division was placed in reserve on the right wing of the Anglo-Allied army of the Duke of Wellington. Later it was ordered forward, behind the British troops of Sir Colin Halkett's Fifth Brigade. When Chassé noticed a slackening of the firing of one of the British artillery batteries (apparently due to lack of ammunition), he ordered Krahmer's battery forward to take this battery's place. He came in line behind the hollow road, to the left of Lloyd's battery, where Cleeve's battery had been.

Now the action unfolded that is depicted in Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht's painting, entitled De rijdende artillerie komt in stelling (The horse artillery unlimbers). He immediately engaged a French battery near La Haye Sainte that was enfilading the British artillery at the time, forcing it out of position. Next the battery started pouring a murderous fire into the French Middle Guard division, cutting lanes through its columns. When next the Detmers brigade performed a bayonet attack on the French Guards, Krahmer came forward to support it under the direction of Major Van der Smissen. As a consequence the French Guards faltered and eventually broke. This was the turning point in the battle. During the action, Krahmer's battery lost 27 men dead and 21 wounded.

Later career
For his action Krahmer was given the Knight's Cross 4th class of the Military William Order on 18 July 1815. He next took part in the final campaign of the Allied army in northern France until the fall of Paris.

In the early 1820s Krahmer wrote the words for the regimental song of the Belgo-Dutch horse artillery: Nous sommes tous de francs lurons (We are all likely lads).

On 1 August 1826 Krahmer was promoted to major of horse artillery. He took part in the opening stage of the Dutch campaign to suppress the Belgian Revolution militarily in August 1830. He died in action during bloody street fighting in  Brussels, on 23 September 1830.

Notes

References
G. van Uythoven, Krahmer de Bichin, Carel Frederik
 N. Vets Heijn, "De Rijdende Artillerie komt in stelling in de slag bij Waterloo" een schilderij van J. Hoynck van Papendrecht - Legermuseum article

1787 births
1830 deaths
People from Korbach
People from the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
People of the Battle of Waterloo
Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars

Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin


Claude Aveline, pen name of Evgen Avtsine (19 July 1901 – 4 November 1992), was a writer, publisher, editor, poet and member of the French Resistance. Aveline, who was born in Paris, France, has authored numerous books and writings throughout his writing career. He was known as a versatile author, writing novels, poems, screenplays, plays, articles, sayings, and more.

Biography
He was born to Jewish parents who had fled the racial segregation they were subjected to in Russia, moved to France in 1891 and became French citizens in 1905. Avtsine studied at the prestigious Lycée Henri-IV in Paris and then in a school in Versailles to which his parents moved. In 1915, he volunteered as a medic in the First World War, then went to college in Paris, but his health deteriorated and he had to stop his studies. In 1918 - 1919 he lived near the city of Cannes in southeast France, where he began writing under the pen name Claude Aveline.

Career
In 1919, his poems were published in magazines, and he was introduced to writer Anatole France, becoming his protégé and close friend. In 1920, he returned to Paris, worked as an editor of an art journal, and accepted a request to write a book about Buddha, called "La merveilleuse légende de siddhartha gautama bouddha". In 1922, aged 21, he founded his own publishing house under the name "Chez Claude Aveline éditeur" and was subsequently called "the youngest publisher in France". and even "in the world".

After another health incident in 1923, Aveline stayed four years in a health clinic in Font-Romeu, where he met and befriended a young patient, Jean Vigo, eventually becoming a film director. Aveline would later act both as the executor of the filmmaker's estate, and as the legal guardian of Vigo's daughter after his wife's death; in 1951 Aveline founded the Prix Jean Vigo given to young film directors. He was president of the jury board for twenty-five years.
In 1932 he published the detective novel "La Double Mort de Frédéric Belot", which was a public success, and in 1936, the novel "Le Prisonnier". Le Prisonnier has been cited by Albert Camus as an influence and inspiration for his successful novel, L'Étranger. Favoring the left side of the political spectrum, he contributed to the writing of numerous communist and anti-fascist journals and publications, such as Commune and Vendredi.

During the Nazi occupation in World War II Claude Aveline joined the French Resistance. In 1952 he won the Grand Prix of the Société des gens de lettres and the Prix Italia in 1955 for his creative work in radio dramas. In 1956, Aveline asked his many artist friends to artistically illustrate, i.e. draw or paint the Portrait de l'Oiseau-Qui-N'Existe-Pas (Portrait of the bird that doesn't exist), a poem he wrote in 1950, which was subsequently translated into 55 languages. An anthology was made out of 108 portraits by artists of various backgrounds and styles such as Henri-Georges Adam, Atlan, Bertholle, Bissiere, Prassinos, Music, Singier, Vieira da Silva and Jacques Villon. In 1963 Aveline donated it to the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris where it was exposed.

His bust, made in 1967 by Ossip Zadkine, was the last sculpture created by Zadkine before his death. Aveline wrote «Je suis le dernier Zadkine» (I am the last Zadkine) in French newspaper Le Figaro, in homage to the artist.

In 1974 he began writing memoirs. He died in 1992 in Paris.

References

1901 births
1992 deaths
Writers from Paris
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French poets
French Resistance members
French crime fiction writers
20th-century French Jews
Jews in the French resistance
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
20th-century French novelists
French male poets
French male novelists
Prix Italia winners

Claude Aveline


Acropectoral syndrome is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia syndrome affecting the hands, feet, sternum, and lumbosacral spine. A recently proposed candidate gene for preaxial polydactyly is LMBR1, encoding a novel transmembrane receptor, which may be an upstream regulator of SHH. The LMBR1 gene is on human chromosome 7q36.

Presentation
Some individuals have preaxial polydactyly in the feet (unilateral in one, bilateral in 13), consisting of a small extra biphalangeal toe, in most cases with an associated rudimentary extra metatarsal, lying in a soft tissue web between the hallux and second toe. In some cases, this was accompanied by hypoplasia of the head of the first metatarsal and absence of both phalanges of the hallux.

Genetics
The cytogenetic location is 7q36 and genomic coordinates are GRCh37:147,900,000 - 159,138,663 (NCBI). Mapping of this syndrome was done by Dundar and coworkers in 2001. They showed that this phenotype was linked to a 6.4-cM region of 7q36 flanked by the EN2 gene and the marker D7S2423. Dundar and coworkers characterized and mapped acropectoral syndrome and also showed it was unrelated to acropectorovertebral syndrome. The mapping showed that the acropectoral locus was in a region where preaxial polydactyly and triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly had previously been mapped. This study was important because it expanded the range of phenotypes that are connected to this locus. Previously, preaxial polydactyly and sternal defects have been linked to ectopic expression of the gene Sonic hedgehog Shh in limbbud and lateral plate mesoderm during development in mice. Dundar and coworkers found that the LMBR1 gene links to pre axial polydactyly. This gene encodes for a new transmembrane receptor and it is proposed that this receptor is an upstream regulator of SHH.

Diagnosis

Management

Society
Three main support groups of this syndrome are the ASGA in Australia, The Association for Children with Genetic Disorders in Poland, and the Association of People of Genetic Disorders in Greece.

References

External links

Syndromes with dysmelia
Autosomal dominant disorders
Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene

Acropectoral syndrome


Hsu Hung-chi or Xu Hongji () (1934–1984) was a Taiwanese martial artist who specialized in the Neijia of xingyiquan, baguazhang and taijiquan.

Hsu was born in Taihoku, Taihoku Prefecture, in 1934 to a family of six brothers.  In school, he was very athletic and participated in swimming, soccer and judo. He began his study of Shaolin kung fu with his father at an early age.  He also learned boxing and became a skilled street fighter. After studying the external styles of shaolin for many years, he discovered the unique effectiveness of the neijia and began training with Hung I-Hsiang, a master of all three of the major Chinese internal arts, xingyiquan, baguazhang and taijiquan.

After many years of training, Hsu opened his own martial arts school.  Hsu's school used a modified version of the Tang Shou Tao (唐手道; lit. Chinese Hand Way) system developed by his teacher Hung I-hsiang.  Hsu named his school Shen Long Tang Shou Tao (神龙唐手道; lit. Spirit Dragon Chinese Hand Way). Tang Shou Tao is not a separate style of martial art, but rather a practical, step-by-step, systematic approach to learning internal martial arts and developing highly refined levels of skill.

It incorporates elements of all three of the internal arts (xingyi, bagua, taiji) as well as Shaolin kung fu and qigong. Although he incorporated elements learned from other teachers, Hsu's Tang Shou Tao curriculum was very similar to Hung's.

Hsu felt that if a person, no matter what their race or nationality, sincerely wanted to learn and was willing to work hard, then he would teach them.  In the late 1960s he began teaching American and Japanese students in Taiwan.  This led to his falling out of grace with many of his fellow Chinese, including his teacher Hung I-hsiang, even though Hsu was one of Hung's senior students at the time.

For many years, Hsu went to teach in Japan every year and several of his Japanese students opened schools there, Senga Masaki being perhaps the most well known. He had several long-term American students in Taiwan, many of which now have schools in the United States, including Vince Black, James McNeil, Mike Patterson, Harold Bellamy, Mike Bingo, John Price, Thomas Snowden, Dale Shigenaga, Charles Alsip and Pam Holder. He also had several grand students that also now have schools of their own in the United States including Steven Baugh, Tom Bisio, Anthony Franklin, Mark Kimzey, Alex Shpigel and Steve Cotter, among others. As well as great grand students including Read Wall and Danny Motta among others.

References
 Miller, Dan, Pa Kua Chang Journal, Vol. 5 no, 4

Links to Websites of Hsu Hung-Chi's Students
 Shen Lung Tang Shou Tao John Price
 Hsing-I Martial Arts Institute (Mike Patterson)
 Little Nine Heaven Kung Fu School (James McNeil)
 New York Internal Arts (Tom Bisio)
 American Tang Shou Tao Association (Dale Shigenaga)
 North American Tang Shou Tao Association (Vince Black)
 The Sin Lung Kwoon (Mike Bingo)
 Lohan School of Shaolin (Steven Baugh)
 AiBukan Dojo (Thomas Snowden)
 Saint Louis School of Xing Yi (Mark Kimzey)
 Kingdom Warrior Academy Of Martial Arts (Dr. Read Wall, DPT)

1934 births
1984 deaths
Sportspeople from Taipei

Hsu Hung-chi