Ælmer () wæs frimdig geong broðer hwa gelifd at Mealdmesbyrig bēdhūs, and lufd steoran locian. Behwil ða geateld eorlic tidan ðaes 11th gearhundred, þæn wæsBreten giet hildan uferseas þolian hildan, Wicingas oft cirican besettan wolde and anigwer insid gesmittan. Betweonan, wolde Elmer sweglum locian for bodung thingas tocuman ... and elswa utweg heolorian ...

An daeg, bruce Ælmer his afandung Crēacisc lār and ealdsecgan, and he dan Daedales spell, hwa gehyrd be Minos cyning wæs for his maze in Crēto tobildan. For hydels his maze gebeorgan, ðā onlocde Minod Daedalus and his sunu Icarus, hwa ænlic forgefled by shafting hiersilfan flydgan leðer and wæx.

Ælmer cyred Daedalus spell tofandian and hēræt wrōhtede he wingas ðe he mōt flēogan and mid þissum searwe fleag he of þǣm stipel ðaes bedehus (manig Saex cirican high bell geshaft habban, both as a lookout and warning maðelan; hwenefr Wicingas gehealdan cirican, bellen were always erst thing they dun tearn ; its dearworþ bloma colde into high wened sweorden and helman gebeatan ...). Lyftfarung hiran edgemakeþ Elmer's flyhta, and hycgan ðat his launch level must have been at least 18 mete up, hwic is the height of the last Saxon cirican in Englalond todaeg. Ealswa þink ðat build his glidung claddung from welig or aesce,  mast lihtwiht and limber wudena in ða neah Cotswealdan.

Willelm of Mealdmesbyrig tellð us ðe Ælmer wolde niþerwearde glyda of sum 200 geardum fore he landung gespowað.

Weras
Lēode

Ælmer


Jan-Ove Waldner (born October 3, 1965 in Stockholm) is a male table tennis player from Sweden. He was the third man in table tennis history to become Grand-Slam champion. He played to 2012 in the German club TTC Röhn-Sprudel Fulda Maberzell and was the best Swedish table tennis player.

Early years (1970-1980)
When Waldner was five years old, He startd playing table tennis. His older brother and his parents were also players. Early on, Waldner was stand on pedestals or buckets. Soon, he began to play in the Swedish club Spåvägens BTK. Waldner was trainied by different coaches as well as his family. When he was nine years old, he won for the Swedish National Championships in his age group. Growing up, he did not only play table tennis. He also loved football and tennis. By the age of thirteen, he only played Table tennis. Waldner left school early to become a professional player. In his first year as a pro, he played his first tournament and won a automobile.

Sporting career

Early career (1980s-1990s)
Waldner played his first international tournament at the Nordic Championships in Denmark. He played very well. He won gold in singles play and silver in doubles. At the 1982 European Championships for children and teenagers, he won silver. With this tournament, he moved from number 90 to number 22 in the junior world rankings. That same year, Waldner played at the European Championships for adults. He won silver. In 1983, he played very well. At his first World Cup, he won silver. He played in his first World Championships and placed in the top sixteen as a single player. In doubles play, he won silver. In May 1983, he wasnumber 38 in the world rankings. He kept playing well. He won a silver medal in singles and a gold medal in the mixed. Waldner did not play in the European Championships that year.

1984 began well for him. At the European Championships, he won silver in the doubles. He did not play in singles, team and mixed play because of physical problems. That year, he placed fifth at the World Cup after losing to Joo Se-hyuk. At the World Cup in 1985, Waldner lost to Norwegian Òlaf Lundquist. This caused Waldner to fall to 43rd place in the world rankings. At the World Championships (WTTC), he reached the 2nd place with the Swedish team. In singles play, he lost in the Round of 32. At the Europe-Top-12, he reached 5th place. In 1986, Waldner took part in the European Championships. He won gold in doubles and the team event. The Swedish team beat Germany in the finals. In the singles, he lost in the Round of the sixteen. In 1987, Waldner was 2ndat the Europe-Top-12 tournament. He also placed second at the World Championships. He lost a very close match in the finals (3 games to 4) to Ma Lin. Because of that strong performance, he moved from number 43 to number 22 in the world rankings. He had become the highest rated Swedish player over Jörgen Persson.

In Macau, he won bronze at the World Cup. In 1988, he won gold at the Nordic Championships. He also won the Europe-Top-12. That year, he was ranked at number 13. He also won bronze at the European Championships in singles play. In doubles, he won silver. The Swedish team won the gold. Waldner also took part in the first table tennis event in Olympic Games history. He did not win a medal for either singles, doubles or team play. In 1989, the Swedish team won gold at the World Team Table Tennis Championships. They beat China in the finals. There was no European Championships that year. At the Europe-Top- 12, he won his third gold medal. He lost in the first round of the World Cup that year. The next year, the Swedis team won the World Team Cup. Waldner also played in the World Doubles Cup but lost in the Quarterfinal. At the World Cup, he won gold. At the European Championships, he reacged tge quarter-finals in both singles and doubles. The Swedish team won gold. 1991, he won silver at the Europe-Top-12. At the WTTC, he won silver in the singles. Because of that performance, he moved to number 3 in the world rankings. At the World Cup Jan won bronze.

Warner qualificated for the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. At the games, he won gold. This was the best year in his Table tennis career. He was the third man to win the Grand Slam. To win the Grand Slam, a person has to be the winner of the World Cup, Olympic gold medal and World Championship, all at the same time. He won the World Cup (1990), the Olympic Games (1992) and the World Championships (1987, 1989). He did not win the European Championships that year. He lost in the singles against Jörgen Persson. That year he was number one in the world rankings. From 1993 t0 1996, he had many problems with his body.

Later career (2000s)
At the 2000 Olympic, Games he won silver in the singles. He was the 1st player to win two single medals for table tennis at two Olympic Games. The next year, he reached the 9th-12th place at the World Cup, the WTTC and the Pro Tour Grand Finals. He won silver at the 2002 Pro Tour at the Korea Open in Pyeongchang, South Korea. That same year, he won gold with the team at European Championships. In singles play, he reached the Round of sixteen. In 2003, Waldner lost at he WTTC in the Round of 128 to South Korean Joo Se-hyuk. On the Pro Tour, he won the Swedish Open.

In 2004, Waldner took part in the Olympics for the 4th time. At the Olympics, he lost to Ma Lin in the 3rd place match. The Swedish team came to the Quarterfinals. Waldner also reached the Quarterfinal at the World Cup that year. At the WTTC, the team won bronze. He took part in his lat WTTC in 2005. In his last WTTC tournament, he reached the quarter finals in all events. At the World Tour Grand Finals of 2006, he won gold. After that, Waldner ends his international career. He played national until 2016 when he retired.

Personal life
Waldner opened a reastaurant in 2004. It is named "W".

Clubs
 1971-1984-Spårvägens Golf (Sweden)
 1984-1987- ATSV Saarbrücken (Germany)
 1987-1995 Ängby SK (Sweden)
 1995-2003 Kalmar BTK (Sweden)

References

Swedish Olympic gold medalists
Swedish Olympic silver medalists
Swedish Olympic bronze medalists
Living people
Table tennis players
Sportspeople from Stockholm
1965 births

Jan-Ove Waldner


David Samwell (15 October 1751 – 23 November 1798) was a Welsh naval surgeon and poet. He was an important supporter of Welsh cultural organisations and was known by the pseudonym Dafydd Ddu Feddyg.

Personal history
Samwell was born in Nantglyn, a small village in Denbighshire, to William Samuel, a local vicar. His grandfather, Edward Samuel was also a notable Welsh author and poet. Samwell became a surgeon in the Royal Navy and between 1776 and 1779 he sailed around the world with Captain James Cook on board . As a ship's surgeon it was Samwell's job to ensure the crew's health did not deteriorate over the long journeys to the Pacific Ocean. Aboard the ship Samwell wrote of his travels, including some poetry.

The journal of his experiences aboard Captain James Cook's ship provide a detailed account of the third and last voyages of Cook to the Pacific Ocean. Part of the journal  describes the death of Captain Cook at the hands of natives on the Sandwich Islands in 1779. He also wrote an unpublished journal, Some Account of a Voyage to the South Seas 1776–1777–1778, which is a work of social anthropology.

Between his voyages, Samwell lived in London. There he and other Welshmen would meet, and he joined the Gwyneddigion Society which had formed in 1770. The society was initially formed for men from North Wales, but gradually the membership grew to accept all Welshmen. The society celebrated with a rowdy ball every St David's Day and Samwell was described as one of the noisiest. He was described as 'tall, stout, black-haired, pock-marked, fierce looking, wondrous friendly in company' and when teased he would close one eye and look for a pot to throw at his tormenter.

In 1792 Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams) organised here the first meeting of Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain at Primrose Hill in London. Samwell was present at the event which saw a stone circle set and a sword was ceremonially sheathed as a symbol of peace after the events of the French Revolution. The next year though saw Britain enter conflict with France during the French Revolutionary Wars, and in 1798 Samwell was treating English prisoners of war in Versailles. He returned to Britain in the autumn of that year and died in London in November.

References

Bibliography

External links

1751 births
1798 deaths
18th-century Welsh writers
18th-century British male writers
People from Denbighshire
Welsh surgeons
18th-century Welsh medical doctors
18th-century Welsh poets
Royal Navy Medical Service officers
James Cook

David Samwell


Eastside Hockey Manager, commonly known as EHM or NHL EHM is a video game series about managing an ice hockey team. The series started out as a popular freeware game and later evolved into the commercial NHL Eastside Hockey Manager games developed by Sports Interactive and published by Sega.

Eastside Hockey Manager (2001)
The game series started out after a small hobby project Eastside Hockey Manager grew step by step and eventually led into the creation of a freeware game called Eastside Hockey Manager: 2nd Generation, generally referred to as the original Eastside Hockey Manager or in short EHM. This first public release in the series was created by a small independent team led by Finnish programmer Risto Remes. The freeware video game is about managing an ice hockey team. Complete with computer controlled AI teams and the possibility to set up online leagues to play against friends.

The game simulated the full National Hockey League season and had a database of around 3,000 players and staff and featured virtually unlimited number of seasons to play. After the game picked up a large following in the internet, it was 'spotted' by a leading member of British game developers Sports Interactive.

NHL Eastside Hockey Manager

In 2002, the series branched as Remes signed with Sports Interactive to work on a commercial version of the game. The new version of the game went by the working title of "Eastside Hockey Manager: Franchise Edition" before being released by Sega under the name of NHL Eastside Hockey Manager in 2004. Rather than bringing over the code of the original freeware game, the new game was built upon the technology used in Sports Interactive's highly successful soccer management series Championship Manager 3.

NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2005

In May 2005, Sports Interactive and Sega released the first sequel for the commercial version, called NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2005. The European release of the 2005 version was based on the 2004–05 hockey season and featured new licensed leagues to play and updated the user interface of the game as well as other areas of the game. In late September 2005, a North American version of the game was released with updated rules for the 2005–06 hockey season. At the same time, a free season update was released for the European version of the 2005 game to bring it up-to-date.

The artwork for NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2005 included a photograph of Michael Brabon who at the time, was playing for Cardiff Devils.

NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2007

NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2007 was released on September 22, 2006. It includes many new features, such as a fantasy draft, a new real-time 2D engine and a new GUI. This game is only currently available via digital download.

Eastside Hockey Manager (2015)

Eastside Hockey Manager was released on December 1, 2015, and is the newest edition of the game after an eight-year hiatus. It includes many new features, such as an increase in the number of playable leagues and international competitions, an improved 2D match engine, support for  custom and historic databases, and full Steam Workshop functionality. This game is only currently available on PC, via Steam.

References

External links
Official website

Freeware games
Ice hockey video games
Sega Games franchises
Sports management video games

Eastside Hockey Manager


Overseas Taiwanese (), also called "people of Taiwanese descent" (), are people of Taiwanese ancestry or descent who live or were born outside of Taiwan. Overseas Taiwanese may or may not be Taiwanese nationals.

Description

Taiwanese national identity

The Taiwanese national identity began to emerge in prominence during Japanese rule in Taiwan. Several organizations and political parties were founded within Taiwan during this period in order to advocate for Taiwan Independence, such as the Taiwan Cultural Association.

Following the Chinese annexation (reclamation) of Taiwan on 25 October 1945 after the 1943 Cairo Declaration, which is celebrated annually as "Retrocession Day", Taiwan has been claimed by the Republic of China. However, there is a strong case that Taiwan has actually never been incorporated into China's national territory and that Taiwan's current political status is "undetermined" but functions as its own nation ; this is contrasted against arguments that claim that Taiwan is a province of the Republic of China or a province of the People's Republic of China.

Since the end of martial law in Taiwan and the development of democratic multi-party elections under the political framework of the Republic of China, the political status of Taiwan has remained controversial. There exists within Taiwan a polarising "Blue/Green" political divide, wherein the Pan-Blue Coalition believes that Taiwan is (or should be) a province of a democratic China, whereas the Pan-Green Coalition believes that Taiwan is (or should be) an independent country based on a Taiwanese identity. Meanwhile, the People's Republic of China claims Taiwan as its own "Taiwan Province".

Early Taiwanese diaspora
In 1895, Japan emerged victorious over China in the First Sino-Japanese War. As a result, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed. In this treaty, Japan outlined several of its demands, one of which was that the islands of Formosa and the Pescadores (i.e. Taiwan) should be transferred from Chinese sovereignty to Japanese sovereignty. Following the signing of the treaty, the Chinese Government abandoned Taiwan and permitted a Japanese seizure of Taiwan. A short-lived republic was established on the island in 1895, in order to deter a Japanese invasion and annexation of Taiwan, but it was defeated in the same year, and the island of Taiwan was then absorbed into Japan.

Within the Treaty of Shimonoseki, it was agreed that the inhabitants of Taiwan would be permitted to sell their property and leave the island within a two-year period from 1895 until 1897. A minuscule percentage of the population of Taiwan opted to return to China, and an unknown number fled as refugees to other countries in the Asia-Pacific Region, such as the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Those Taiwanese who remained on the island were, by the terms of the treaty, deemed to be Japanese subjects. They would later lose their Japanese nationality in 1952 with the signing of the Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the Republic of China in Taiwan. However, the legitimacy of the treaty is disputed.

Travel between China and Japanese Taiwan was possible. The small number of Taiwanese people living in China were re-absorbed into Chinese culture, though some became advocates of Chinese Unification. It is known that members of the early Taiwanese Communist Party were closely affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The failed Taiwanese Communist Party would later evolve into the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League, one of eight officially-recognised political parties within the People's Republic of China which is ultimately subservient to the Chinese Communist Party. Many members of this party have been Taiwanese people residing in China.

During World War II, roughly 600 Taiwanese people living in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) were arrested on the basis of their Japanese nationality or other links to the Japanese empire. Because the NEI government suspected that they would support the Japanese invasion of Indonesia or might provide the Imperial Japanese Army with sensitive information, the ~600 Taiwanese prisoners were deported to Australia in December 1941, and they were interned in Australia until March 1946. Several Taiwanese (Indonesian) children were born in Australia during the period of internment, receiving Australian citizenship at birth, and effectively creating a new "Taiwanese Australian" community. Taiwanese people had previously had a very minor presence in Australia.

Laws regarding overseas Taiwanese citizens
Overseas citizens must return to Taiwan to legally vote in elections, as Taiwan does not use absentee ballots.

Taiwanese in North America (US, Canada)
In the United States, there are 230,382 to 919,000 people of Taiwanese descent living in the country. They are mostly concentrated in California, New York, and Texas. There are over 91,000 Taiwanese people in Canada, mainly living in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario.

See also
 Taishang, the predominant Taiwanese population group in mainland China
 Taiwanese people
 Han Taiwanese, descendants of Han Chinese people
 Austronesian people, descendants of Taiwanese aborigines in the Pacific and Southeast Asia

References

Asian diasporas

Overseas Taiwanese


Harry "Nig Rosen" Stromberg was a Philadelphia mobster who was a major organized crime figure on the east coast with influence as far as Atlantic City, Baltimore and Washington, D.C.

Biography
Born Harry Stromberg, Rosen emerged as a prominent racketeer in southwest Philadelphia and, as head of the 69th Street Gang, became involved in prostitution, extortion, labor racketeering and later in narcotics with Arnold Rothstein during the mid-1920s. Succeeding Max "Boo Hoo" Hoff as the city's chief bootlegger during Prohibition, he was a member of the "Big Seven" aligned with the Philadelphia faction along with Waxey Gordon and Irving Blitz, later attending the Atlantic City Conference.

During the 1930s, he and Meyer Lansky worked on expanding drug trafficking operations in Mexico as an alternative to older routes such as Japan now closed with United States entry into World War II. By 1939, a lucrative heroin network had been established from drug traffickers based in Mexico City to major cities across the United States including New York, Philadelphia, Miami and Los Angeles as well as Havana, Cuba.

He and his lieutenant, driver and bodyguard Willie Weisberg, were named as dominant racketeers involved in the numbers racket under testimony from police superintendent George F. Richardson during the Kefauver Committee in 1951.

During the early 1950s, Rosen became partners with Gaetano "Tommy" Lucchese after buying the Sweet Valley Improvement Company which was used by the Lucchese crime family to ship clothing out of New York's garment district.

References

Further reading
 Denton, Sally and Morris, Roger. The Money and the Power: The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America, 1947–2000. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
 Lacey, Robert. Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life. London: Century, 1991.
Messick, Hank. Lansky. London: Robert Hale & Company, 1973.
Scott, Peter Dale. Deep Politics and the Death of JFK. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Jewish American gangsters
Prohibition-era gangsters
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Philadelphia crime family
Gangsters from Philadelphia

Harry Rosen (mobster)


Gabriele "Gabi" Zimmer (born 7 May 1955) is a German politician who served as leader of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) from 2000 to 2003. After leaving office as leader, she was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2019. Zimmer sat with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group, which she chaired from 2012 to 2019.

Personal life
Zimmer was born in East Berlin in 1955. After graduating from high school, she studied Russian and French in the Theoretical and Applied Linguistics section of the Karl Marx University in Leipzig from 1973 to 1977, graduating as a qualified linguist. Then she worked as a clerk at VEB vehicle and hunting weapons factory "Ernst Thälmann" in Suhl. From 1981 to 1987 she was the editor of the company's newspaper, and from 1987 to 1989 she was a member of the SED party leadership of this company.

Zimmer is non-denominational, married, and has two children.

Political career
She joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), in 1981. After its transformation into the Party of Democratic Socialism in 1990, she became the party's leader in the new state of Thuringia, a position she held until 1998. She was a member of the Landtag of Thuringia from 1990 until 2004.

Zimmer became federal deputy leader of PDS in 1996. She was elected federal leader in 2000 after the resignation of Lothar Bisky. The party suffered a major defeat in the 2002 federal election, failing to pass the 5% electoral threshold and returning only two representatives. Zimmer was re-elected as leader at the first party congress after the election, but after internal party disputes, announced she would step down and not seek re-election at an extraordinary party congress in 2003. She left the leadership in May of that year.

Zimmer remained active in the party, and was elected to the European Parliament in 2004. In 2007, the PDS merged into The Left. Zimmer was re-elected as an MEP representing The Left in 2009 and 2014. In 2012, she became the chairwoman of the GUE/NGL group in the European Parliament. She did not seek re-election in the 2019 European Parliament election.

References

1955 births
Living people
People from East Berlin
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
The Left (Germany) politicians
Members of the Landtag of Thuringia
Women members of State Parliaments in Germany
The Left (Germany) MEPs
MEPs for Germany 2004–2009
MEPs for Germany 2009–2014
MEPs for Germany 2014–2019
21st-century women MEPs for Germany
20th-century German women

Gabi Zimmer


Subarayar Vembu (19 March 1928 – 1 December 2015), better known by the pseudonym of Vikiraman, was an Indian novelist, short story writer and a journalist who wrote in Tamil. He was also a writer of children's literature.

Biography
He was born to Subarayar and Lashmiammal. His father was an employee of Southern Railways during British rule and was one of the surveyors who was responsible for the construction of the Pamban Bridge. His father also worked for Sudeshamitran, a Tamil daily under the editorship of Bharathiyaar.

Early years
He was always interested in journalism, especially handwritten magazines in his school days. In his high school, he started publishing a magazine called Tamil Chudar which was acclaimed by Kalki Krishnamurthy, Rajaji and A.K. Gopal Chettiyar.

He has travelled extensively to places like Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Paris, Dubai, Rome and places of historical significance in India.

Journalism
He worked for a weekly magazine called Velli Mani from 1946–1947, for Tamizh Pannai in 1948.  He edited arguably the longest surviving Tamil literary monthly magazine, Amudasurabhi, for over five decades (1951–2003). He started a fortnightly Tamil literary magazine Illakiyapeedam in 1997 and is its editor and publisher.
He was also the editor of the following magazines: Kuruvi (children's weekly), Sundari (fortnightly), Mangalam (weekly) and Tamil Arasi (weekly).

Works
Vikiraman is known more for his novels, particularly historical novels, than for his short stories. He edited arguably the longest surviving Tamil literary magazine, Amudasurabhi, for well over five decades (1949–2002). He is perhaps the only Tamil writer who has tried his hand in almost every genre, in addition to novel and short story, drama, poetry, travelogue and essay. He has also written stories for children and books on history for the youth in simple Tamil.

His first historical novel, Udayachandran, appeared in 1957 and he has added 33 more in the four succeeding decades. The most famous of these has been Nandipurathu Nayagi, first serialised in Amudasurabi during 1957–59, and published in book form in 1964. Nandipurathu Nayagi is in fact a sequel to Ponniyin Selvan of his better-known contemporary and mentor, Kalki Krishnamurthy, whose influence on Vikiraman is quite significant in respect of both historical novels and short stories.

With more than 150 short stories in 62 years to his credit, Vikiraman continues to write fiction for Ilakkiya Peetam, which he presently edits. Although he has received many accolades including the Kalaimamani title from the Tamil Nadu Government and an award from Tamil University, Thanjavur, for his literary achievements, he has admittedly a grievance that he is known only as a novelist and journalist, and not as a short story writer among the Tamil readers. And hence this collection of his 70 short stories, as he reveals his mind in Kathaiyin Kathai, a sort of preface to the volume. Not an unjust grievance anyway, in this fast-track cultural ambience in which literature is loved more for its entertainment value, forcing the long, time-consuming novel to yield ground to short story as a form of literary expression. Judged from J.B. Priestley's observation that "at its best, the short story offers us a wonderfully clear little window through which we can see something of the lights and shadows, the heights and depths of life in this world," a substantial number of the stories in this collection pass the test.

Bibliography

Children's book
Tanneer Pappa (1946)

Historical novels

Pallava Period
Udhayachandiran
Kanchisundari
Kadalmallai Kaadhali
Kovoor Koonan
Parivadini
Manikkaveenai

Pandya Period
Pandyan Mahudam
Pagaivanin Kaadhali
Kanni Kottai Elavarasi

Chola Period
Nandhipuraththu Nayagi
Kulottungan Sabadam
Chittiravalli
Maravarman Kaadhali
Rajadittan Sabadam
Thyagavallabhan
Yaazhnangai
Chola Elavarasan Kanavu
Therkku Vaasal Mohini
Kondrai Malar Kumari
Chola Mahudam
Mangala Devan Magal
Oruvaal Orumahudam Iruvizhikkal
Vanjeenagar Vanjee
Vandiya Devan Vaal
Rajarajan Sabadam
Gangapuri Kaavalan
Paraandagan Magal

Social novels

Historical
Naachiyaar Magal
Ratnahaaram

General
Idhayapeedam
Thituvilakku
Gandhimadiyin Kanavan
Azhagu Raani
Nalla Manidargal
Chandiramadi

Short story collections
Vikiraman Sirukadhaigal
Ponnvizha Aandu Sirukadhai KALANJIYAM (51 stories)
Azhagin Niram Amaithi
Kuzhal Osai
Somadevarin Uzhil
Thanga Vigraham
Kadamaiyum Kadaivizhiyum
Oh! Mudhaliya Sirukadaigal
Sanghu Devan Punarjanmam
Pavazha Vizha Aandu Sirukadhai KALANJIYAM (70 stories)
Swarna Kili (novella)
Abhimaana Valli (historical short stories)

Books for youth
Porkaalathin Kadhai
Kaanchi Kaavalar Kadhai

Travelogues
Vatapi Vijayam
Mammalapuram (1947)
Sirrpam Chittiram Gopuram Kovil

English books
Telugu Kings in Tamil Nadu

Plays
Sollkaatu Sedhupadi
Parivadhini (dramatised)
Idhayapeedam (dramatised)
Nimmadhi (televised)

Biographies
Mahaatmavin Paadhai
Yeppo Varuvaro?

Edited collections
Pannmugha Paarvaiyil Bharathiyin Padaippukal

Autobiography
Marakka Mudiyaadhvarkal
Ninaithu Paarkkiren Part 1&2

Honours
1981 Tamil Nadu State Tamil Development Department Award for 'Chola Elavarasan Kanavu'
Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiyaar award by MAC Trust for the novel 'Madhurai Mahudam'
Honorary Doctorate in Tamil Literature by World University
1988 Tamizh Annai Virudu by Thanjavur Tamil University
1991 Kalaimaamani by Tamil Nadu Government
Kapila Vaannar Virudu by Thirukoviloor Cultural Association
Narkkadai Nambi award by Kundrakkudiadikal
Centurion Trust Award by Chennai Cosmopolitan Club
Vaagai Chemmal Award by Salem Tamil Sangam
Bharathiyaar Virudu by Chennai Bharathiyaar Sangam
He has been bestowed with the titles of 'Charitra Kadhai Chemmal', 'Muttamizh Vittagar', 'Pannpattu Kaavalar', 'Sirukadhai Sekkiyaar', ' Kadhai Kalai Chemmal', 'Aruntamizh Maamani', 'Maamnidar' etc. by various cultural associations

Social services/posts Held
President, All India Tamil Writer's Association
Trustee, Tamil Writer's Well Being Trust
Chief Patron, Bharathiyaar Annual Festival at Ettayapuram
Government representative to Eyal Isai Nataka Manram
Twice member of Censor Board of Film Certification (Chennai Region)

References
 The Hindu. 13 September 2009.

Tamil-language writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
1928 births
2015 deaths
Indian historical novelists
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian children's writers
Children's writers in Tamil
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Novelists from Tamil Nadu
Journalists from Tamil Nadu

Vembu Vikiraman


The Fassett Investigation, or Fassett Committee, was an 1890 probe by the New York State Senate into political corruption in the City of New York.  The committee was mainly looking for evidence of bribery among appointed officials and the Board of Aldermen. Most of these were Democrats under the leadership of Tammany Hall "Chieftain" Richard Croker and Mayor Hugh Grant.

Some of the most newsworthy testimony came from Croker's brother-in-law, Patrick H. McCann, proprietor of the posh Mount St. Vincent Hotel in Central Park. McCann told how Grant, before he was mayor, once made a present of $25,000 to Croker's six-year-old daughter, Flossie, which he said the Crokers used to purchase a new house. On another occasion, in 1884, Croker dropped in on McCann and showed him a bag with $180,000, explaining that it was cash for bribing the Aldermen so that Grant would be approved as Commissioner of Public Works.

Officially titled the State Senate Committee on Cities and chaired by Republican J. Sloat Fassett, the testimony ran to over 3000 printed pages. However, it brought no indictments or convictions. The Tammany Democrats romped to victory in November 1890 and again in 1892.

Ex-senator Fassett won the Republican nomination for governor in 1891. He lost the election.

References

History of New York (state)
New York State Legislature
1890 in New York (state)
Politics of New York (state)
Political scandals in New York (state)
19th century in New York City
Political history of New York City

Fassett Investigation


Adelina Corbanese (29 March 1966 – 20 October 2021) was an Italian rugby union player. She was a member of the Italy women's national rugby union team (1986-2003) and Red Panthers [it] (1985-2003). With the national team she became European champion at the 2002 FIRA Women's European Nations Cup. After her playing career in 2003 she became coach of the Red Panthers.

She died on 20 October 2021, aged 55.

References

1966 births
Italian rugby union players
2021 deaths

Adelina Corbanese


Michael I (; ) was Tsar of all Russia from 1613 until his death in 1645. He was elected by the Zemsky Sobor and was the first tsar of the House of Romanov, which succeeded the House of Rurik.

He was the son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov (later known as Patriarch Filaret) and of Xenia Shestova. He was also a first cousin once removed of Feodor I, the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty, through his great-aunt Anastasia Romanovna, who was the mother of Feodor I and first wife of Ivan the Terrible.

His accession marked the end of the Time of Troubles. The Ingrian and Polish–Muscovite Wars were brought to an end in 1617 and 1618 respectively, with continued Russian independence confirmed at the expense of territorial losses in the west. Polish king Władysław IV Vasa finally agreed to formally give up his claim to the Russian throne with the Treaty of Polyanovka in 1634. To the east, Cossacks made unprecedented advances in the conquest of Siberia, and Russian explorers had reached the Pacific Ocean (Sea of Okhotsk) by the end of Michael's reign.

Life and reign
Michael's grandfather, Nikita, was brother to the first Russian Tsaritsa Anastasia and a central advisor to Ivan the Terrible. As a young boy, Michael and his mother had been exiled to Beloozero in 1600. This was a result of the recently elected Tsar Boris Godunov, in 1598, falsely accusing his father, Feodor, of treason. This may have been partly because Feodor had married Ksenia Shestova against Boris's wishes.

Election
Michael was eventually chosen for the throne of Muscovy due to his father's martyr-like captivity in Polish detention, as the patriotic mood swept the Russian elite after the expulsion of the Poles during the Time of Troubles. Michael's youth also contributed to his election as he was seen easy to be manipulated. On 21 February 1613, 700 delegates reached a consensus for Michael to be chosen as a compromise candidate as Tsar of Russia by the Zemsky Sobor of 1613.

The delegates of the council did not discover the young Tsar and his mother at the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma until 24 March. He had been chosen after several other options had been removed, including Polish prince Vladislav, Austrian Archduke Maximilian III and the Swedish prince Carl Philip. Initially, Martha protested, believing and stating that her son was too young and tender for so difficult an office, and in such a troublesome time.

According to Dunning, "The sixteen-year-old boy did not impress the boyars at all; he was poorly educated and not particularly intelligent. Nonetheless, those great lords consoled themselves with the knowledge that Trubetskoi would not become tsar and that Mikhail's ambitious and highly intelligent father, Filaret, was still in Polish captivity. One of the boyars allegedly said at the time, 'Let us have Misha Romanov for he is young and not yet wise; he will suit our purposes.' In fact, under the strong influence of reactionary boyars, even in preparation for his coronation, the deeply conservative new tsar revealed his true feelings about his subjects by snubbing many patriots simply because they were commoners." The tsar's family relationship with False Dmitry I, False Dmitry II, and Prince Wladyslaw was covered up, even the two years Mikhail spent in the Polish-occupied Kremlin with his collaborator uncle Ivan Romanov.

Michael's election and accession to the throne form the basis of the Ivan Susanin legend, which Russian composer Mikhail Glinka dramatized in his opera A Life for the Tsar.

In so dilapidated a condition was the capital at this time that Michael had to wait for several weeks at the Troitsa monastery,  off, before decent accommodation could be provided for him at Moscow. He was crowned on 21 July 1613, on his seventeenth birthday. The first task of the new tsar was to clear the land of the countries occupying it. Sweden and Poland were then dealt with respectively by the peace of Stolbovo (17 February 1617) and the Truce of Deulino (1 December 1618).

The most important result of the Truce of Deulino was the return from Polish captivity of the Tsar's father, Patriarch Filaret. Filaret became the effective ruler of Russia until his death in 1633.

Reign

In the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617) that ended the Ingrian War with Sweden, Russia gave up Ingria and parts of Karelia as well as claims on the duchies of Estonia and Livonia,  but in return Sweden recognised Michael as the rightful ruler of Russia. The Truce of Deulino of 1618 (which ended the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) in which Polish forces had once entered Moscow in 1610 and declared Władysław Vasa as Tsar of Russia) saw the loss of Smolensk in exchange for the release of Michael's father Feodor from Polish captivity. A year later, Feodor became Patriarch Filaret of Moscow, or rather was confirmed in the position to which he was previously controversially named by the pretender False Dmitriy II. Filaret subsequently began to play a large role in the ruling of Russia, lasting until his death in 1633. Russia failed to recover Smolensk from the Poles in a later war from 1632 to 1634, but did achieve Władysław Vasa's renunciation of his long-standing claims to the Russian throne. Smolensk would officially remain part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until it was recovered with the conclusion of another war under Michael's son and successor Alexis in 1667.

Michael's reign saw some of the greatest territorial expansion in Russian history.  During his reign, the conquest of Siberia continued, largely accomplished by the Cossacks and financed by the Stroganov merchant family.

Tsar Michael suffered from a progressive leg injury (a consequence of a horse accident early in his life), which resulted in his not being able to walk towards the end of his life. He was a gentle and pious prince who gave little trouble to anyone and effaced himself behind his counsellors.  Sometimes they were relatively honest and capable men like his father; sometimes they were corrupted and bigoted, like the Saltykov relatives of his mother. He was married twice. He was married off to Princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova in 1624, but she became ill, and died in early 1625, only four months after the marriage. In 1626, he married Eudoxia Streshneva (1608–1645), who bore him 10 children, of whom four reached adulthood: the future Tsar Alexis and the Tsarevnas Irina, Anna, and Tatyana. Michael's failure to wed his eldest daughter, Irina, with Count Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, a morganatic son of King Christian IV of Denmark, in consequence of the refusal of the latter to accept Orthodoxy, so deeply afflicted him as to contribute to bringing about his death. Tsar Michael fell ill in April 1645, with scurvy, dropsy, and probably depression. His doctors prescribed purgatives which did not improve his condition; and after fainting in church on 12 July, he died on 23 July 1645.

Michael's governments

The two government offices (prikazes) that were most important politically were the Posolsky Prikaz ("Foreign Office") and the Razryadny Prikaz (a Duma chancellery and a personnel department for both central and provincial administration including military command). Those offices could be pivotal in struggles between boyar factions, so they were traditionally headed not by boyars but by dyaki (professional clerks).

The first head of the Posolsky Prikaz under Michael was Pyotr Tretyakov until his death in 1618; he conducted a policy of allying with Sweden against Poland. The next, Ivan Gramotin had a reputation for being a Polonophile; this appointment was necessary to bring forth Filaret's release from captivity. In the mid-1620s Filaret began preparations for war with Poland; Gramotin fell into disfavour and was dismissed and exiled in 1626. The same fate was shared by Efim Telepnev in 1630 and Fedor Likhachov in 1631 – they too tried to mitigate Filaret's belligerent approach. Ivan Gryazev, appointed in 1632, was promoted from the second rank of the bureaucracy to carry out Filaret's orders. After the deaths of Filaret and Gryazev, the post was once again assumed by Gramotin in 1634, and after his retirement in 1635, by Likhachov, who undertook a general course of pacification.

The Razryadny Prikaz was first headed by Sydavny Vasilyev; Filaret replaced him with his fellow in captivity Tomilo Lugovskoy, but the latter somehow provoked Filaret's anger and was sent into exile. In 1623, Fedor Likhachov was appointed head of the prikaz until his move to the Posolsky Prikaz, and, in 1630, the Razryad was given to Ivan Gavrenev, an outstanding administrator who held this post for 30 years.

Three other key offices were the Streletsky Prikaz (in charge of the streltsy, regiments who served as Moscow's garrison), the Prikaz bolshoy kazny, minister of the treasury, and the Aptekarsky Prikaz ("Pharmacy Office", a de facto ministry of health, most particularly the tsar's health). After Filaret's arrival, their former heads were sent away from Moscow, and all three given to Ivan Cherkassky (Filaret's nephew), who proved to be an able and competent administrator and was a de facto prime minister until his death in 1642. Fedor Sheremetev, who had succeeded to all of Cherkassky's posts was a rather weak figure; real power lay in the hands of a court marshal, Alexey Lvov.

Issue
From his marriage to Eudoxia Streshneva, Michael fathered the following 10 children, but according to Samuel Collins (physician, born 1619) Tsar Alexis had an older brother who died young.:

See also
Rulers of Russia family tree

References

Notes

Further reading

 Belyaev Ivan D. (1846) (in Russian). On the Russian army in the reign of Michael Feodorovich and after him, to the transformations made by Peter the Great (О русском войске в царствование Михаила Феодоровича и после его, до преобразований, сделанных Петром Великим) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats.

External links

 Romanovs: The first film. Michael I, Alexis I – Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design (Russia, 2013)

Michael 01 of Russia
Michael 01 of Russia
17th-century Russian monarchs
Tsars of Russia
House of Romanov
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Russian people of the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)

Michael of Russia


Maj. Henry A. Meetze House is a historic home located near Lexington, Lexington County, South Carolina. It was built about 1855, and consists of a two-story, rectangular main block, with one-story side wings and a rear ell. The vernacular Italianate dwelling features a hipped roof with bracketed eaves, one and two-story porticoes with cast iron decoration, and bay windows. Also on the property is the original wellhouse and several sheds. Henry Meetze (1820-1904) was a prominent attorney, businessman and civic leader in the Lexington area.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Italianate architecture in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1855
Houses in Lexington County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington County, South Carolina

Maj. Henry A. Meetze House


German nationalism is the idea that the different people who are seen as German belong together and should make one country. German nationailsm started around 1770. At the start, there were many different small kingdoms and duchies, the German state only started to exist in the mid-19th century. German nationalism started with the Napoleonic wars, when France invaded the different German states. In the 19th century, the main question was whether to make a Germany that included the modern-day state of Austria, (seen as lesser German) or to make one that included it.

In the end Bismarck opted for a lesser German solution (which did not include Austria). This is through German Unification. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, they wanted to create a Greater Germany (including Austria). During this time, the people who were not seen as German wer seen as Untermenschen  (subumans), and many were killed.

History of Germany
Nationalism

German nationalism


Islamia College Peshawar (ICP) () is a public university located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Degrees awarded
Both Undergraduate and Postgraduate degrees are awarded at this university in the fields of Arts & Humanities, Business & Social Sciences, Language & Cultural, Engineering and Science & Technology.

This university is ranked no. 24 on the List of Top Universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2022.

Recognized university
This university is recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

History
Founded by Sir S.A. Qayyum and Sir George Roos-Keppel in 1913, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Pakistan, and its historical roots are traced from the culminating point of the Aligarh Movement. The university provides higher learning in arts, languages, humanities, social sciences and modern sciences. In 1950, the University of Peshawar was founded as an offshoot of Islamia College Peshawar, with the later being associated to the university as a constituent college.  Initially established as Islamia College, it was granted university status by the Government of Pakistan in 2008; the word college is retained in its title for preserving its historical roots.

Cash Donations by Nawabs
On June 2, 1911, a delegation headedSahibzaba Abdul Qayyum Khan visited Tangi Charsadda and setup his camp at the Hujra of Khan Bahadur Ghulam Haider Khan of Tangi for collection of donations. Khans of Tangi donated a handsome amount of Rs.25000 and the delegation stayed for 3 days at Tangi and them moved Umarzai village when donation of Rs.12000 was collected and then to Turangzai where Rs.20000 and from Rajar Rs.3000 and finally to village Charsadda. I total Rs 150,000 was collected from Hashtnagar. Subsequently, a large plot of land was purchased for the college building from the Khalil (Arbabs) of Tehkal and Sufaid Dheri Rs. 150,000/- from Nizam of Hyderabad and the construction cost building Paid by Nawab of Amb Rs 100,000/- was sent by the prime minister of Amb Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah to Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum as donation for the college.

Conception
When the new province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (previously known as N.W.F.P) was formed in 1901 after its separation from the Punjab, there was only one college (Edwardes College) in whole province. This scarcity of quality educational institutions forced local youth to travel to faraway regions of the country (British India) in pursuit of higher education. This same lack of educational opportunities in the region motivated Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos-Keppel to establish an institution that would not only cater to the academic needs of the region but also produce leaders from the region.

Tribal Hostel ICP
Founded by Iskander Mirza (Former President of Pakistan) on 7 July 1956. The hostel system of Islamia College University, Peshawar exists since 1913. Tribal Hostel is located in the center of Islamia College University, Peshawar.

History
By 1909, as the idea of a college in the province was taking shape in the minds of both Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos-Keppel, it was further strengthened by their visit to the Aligarh Muslim University the same year. Nawab Sahib asked the students, especially those from the N.W.F.P. who were studying there as to what were the problems they were facing there and how he could help them. The students told him that they needed a hostel. Nawab Sahib informed them that rather than building them a hostel at Aligarh, he would build them a college at Peshawar. Maulana Qutabshah was the first dean of the college.

Consequently, on April 12, 1911, Nawab Sahib arranged a meeting of like minded people in Peshawar at the residence of Abdul Karim, contractor at Peshawar city, which was attended by Ghulam Haider Khan of Tangi Charsadda, Habibullah Khan, Khushal Khan, Sethi Karim Bakhsh, Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan and others. Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum moved the motion for collection of contributions, which was instantly responded to by cash donations by all present.
Subsequently, a large plot of land was purchased for the college building from the Khalil (Arbabs) of Tehkal Rs. 150,000/- from Nizam of Hyderabad and the construction cost building Paid by Nawab of Amb Rs 100,000/- was sent by the prime minister of Amb Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah to Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum as donation for the college.

Other chiefs and nobles of the North-West Frontier and Punjab, also made various donations.

Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. Haji Sahib agreed to the request, however, he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory. He was residing in tribal territory, which was outside British control, so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos-Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone. Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the 'Pokh' Mosque of Tehkal. At the foundation stone laying ceremony, Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present, so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet (Chadar) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone. After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's will
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah visited this College in 1936, 1945 and 1948. Quaid-e-Azam, who became lifelong honorary member of the Khyber Union ICP in 1936,  made the College one of the heirs of his property in 1939:

"All my residuary estate including the corpus that may fall after the lapse of life interest or otherwise to be divided into three parts - and I bequeath one part to Aligarh University - one part to Islamia College Peshawar and one part to Sindh Madrassa of Karachi ...
Quaid-e-Azam's Will, Bombay, May 30, 1939
Addressing the students of the college on April 12, 1948, he said: "Let me tell you that nothing is nearer to my heart than to have a great center of culture and learning in a place like Peshawar, a place from where the rays of knowledge and culture can spread throughout the Middle East and Central Asia."

Incidents

Endowment

According to the Board of Trustees, the college, which is spread over 300 acres of land, has 1089 Jaribs cultivable land in Harichand, Rai Killi and Tarnab, (District Charsadda). In addition to this, there are 395 shops and flats in the Khyber Bazaar Peshawar and main bazaar Charsadda.

See also

List of universities in Pakistan
Education in Pakistan
Army Burn Hall College
Khyber Medical College
University of Peshawar

References

External links

 Official website of Islamia College, Peshawar
 Official website of University of Peshawar
 Islamia College

I
Universities and colleges established in 1913
1913 establishments in India
British colonial architecture
British colonial architecture in India
Colleges in Peshawar
Universities and colleges in Peshawar

Islamia College University


Arthur J. Carty,  (born 12 September 1940), is a Canadian academic and former National Science Advisor to the Government of Canada.

Carty was the inaugural director of the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology at the University of Waterloo, special advisor to the President on international science and technology collaboration and research professor in the department of chemistry. From 2004-08, he served as Canada's first national science advisor to the prime minister and to the Government of Canada. Prior to his appointment as national science advisor, he was president of the National Research Council, Canada's leading knowledge and innovation organization, for ten years (1994-2004).

He earned a PhD in inorganic chemistry from the University of Nottingham. Before joining NRC in 1994, he spent two years at Memorial University and 27 years at the University of Waterloo where he was successively professor of chemistry, director of the Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, a pioneering joint graduate program, chair of the chemistry department and dean of research.

Carty maintains an active interest in research in organometallic chemistry and new materials. He has over 300 publications in peer reviewed journals and five patents to his credit. He is a former president of the Canadian Society for Chemistry, an honorary fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada and of the Fields Institute for Research in the Mathematical Sciences and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Affiliations
 Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB) and its successor CNSC
 Council of the Canadian Space Agency
 Boards of Genome Canada
 MITACS
 The Stroke Network
 Networks of Centre of Excellence (NCE) and of Environment Canadand National Defense Research
 Founding Chairman of the Board of the Canadian Light Source (CLS; 1999-2008)
 Council of Japan's Science and Technology Forum in Society
 International Advisory Boards of the APEC Centre for Technology Foresight and the Euroscience Open Forum (ESOF)
 Inaugural Canadian co-chair of the Joint S and T Cooperation Committee for the Canada-India science and technology agreement
 Member of the Advisory Board of Bilcare Global Clinical Services based in Pune, India
 Member of the Advisory Board of the Centre for Electron Microscopy at McMaster University
 Chairman of the Board of Innovative Materials Technologies (IMT)
 Member of the Board of Governors of Carleton University.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Canadian chemists
Canadian university and college faculty deans
English expatriates in Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Rowlands Gill
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo

Arthur Carty


Angela Masson (born 1951) is an American pilot and artist. She was the first woman to be type-rated on the Boeing 747 on June 30, 1984.

Flying career
Masson began flying lessons at age 15 at Clover Field in Santa Monica, California. Shortly after getting her pilot's license, she started air racing. At age 21, while flying in the Powder Puff Derby, she set a record as the youngest person to fly coast to coast in a high performance aircraft.

In 1971 she trained armed forces pilot cadets at fellow aviatrix Claire Walters Flight School to build her flight experience, getting over 1,000 flight hours in less than a year. She then went on to fly as a charter pilot for Express Airways out of Naval Air Station Lemoore on a civilian contract for the Navy. Frustrated to see her former male students flying jets while females were barred from the military, she went back to school. At age 24, she wrote her PhD dissertation "Elements of Organizational Discrimination: The Air Force Response to Women as Military Pilots," which was presented before Congress during the Hearings about opening military the Academies to women (a copy can be found in the Congressional Records). Her paper was read by Robert Crandall, then President of American Airlines, who hired her as a pilot for American in 1976, at age 25. During her career there, she was the first woman to fly as First Officer on the Boeing 707, 767 and Douglas DC-10.

Masson earned aircraft type-ratings on the Airbus A310, Boeing 747, 757, 767, 777, DC-9, DC-10, and MD-11. She holds the ATP license with commercial glider and seaplane endorsements, as well as flight engineer, ground and flight instructor certificates.

Flying as Captain for over 20 years, she was the first female Chief Pilot for American Airlines (Miami domicile, 1997). As the most senior female pilot, she retired with over 31 years total service in December 2007.

Academic career
Dr. Masson graduated from Collegio Monte Rosa in Territet, Switzerland and got her BFA, MA, MPA and PhD in Public Administration from the University of Southern California. The Federation Aeronautique Internationale lists Dr. Masson's numerous Commercial Air Route Speed Awards set in the Boeing 777.

Art
A gifted artist, she was honored in art shows in Italy at the age of 18. She also sang: under the stage name "Tangela Tricoli" she recorded an album in 1982, "Jet Lady," which was re-released in 2004 by ArfArf records. She briefly hosted The Tangela Tricoli Talk Show on public access TV in Los Angeles.

Patents

The first true electronic flight bag, a computing device designed specifically to replace a pilot's entire kit bag, was patented by Masson as the Electronic Kit Bag (EKB) in 1999. Her multiple patents describe a solution to aid pilots in their normal aviation activities, however, the EKB is intended to also function as a life-saving control device, able to land an aircraft remotely in the event of pilot incapacitation.

References

External links
 Interview with Angela Masson at You Fly, Girl
  Angela Masson, Featured Pilot for AOPA Pilot Magazine, May 2013
 Museum of Flying: Angela Masson

Living people
American aviators
University of Southern California alumni
Outsider musicians
USC Sol Price School of Public Policy alumni
American aviation record holders
American women aviation record holders
1951 births
21st-century American women

Angela Masson


Gumie () was a small state during the Zhou dynasty and Spring and Autumn period (722–479 BCE) running from southwest of Yue, in China's modern day southwestern Zhejiang province, around the cities of Jinhua and Quzhou, to Yushan in northern Jiangxi Province. It is believed to be a remnant polity of the Dongyi people who populated much of Eastern China. It was conquered by King Goujian of Yue during the height of Yue expansionism, after which the area fell under Chu control after the fall of Yue to Chu. Eventually, the area was conquered by Qin after the conquest of Chu by Qin. Its ruling clan is believed to have been the same as that of Xu, that of Ying ().

Tomb complex
A tomb complex that has been discovered in Qujiang District, Quzhou City of Zhejiang Province is likely the royal burial site of Gumie. Four of the ten tombs have been excavated between 2018 and 2021.

Ancient Chinese states
Zhou dynasty

Gumie


The Intermontane Plate was an ancient oceanic tectonic plate that lay on the west coast of North America about 195 million years ago. The Intermontane Plate was surrounded by a chain of volcanic islands called the Intermontane Islands, which had been accumulating as a volcanic chain in the Pacific Ocean since the Triassic period, beginning around 245 million years ago. The volcanism records yet another subduction zone. Beneath the far edge of the Intermontane microplate, another plate called the Insular Plate was sinking. This arrangement with two parallel subduction zones is unusual. The modern Philippine Islands are located on the Philippine Mobile Belt, one of the few places on Earth where twin subduction zones exist today. Geologists call the ocean between the Intermontane islands and North America the Slide Mountain Ocean. The name comes from the Slide Mountain Terrane, a region made of rocks from the floor of the ancient ocean.

Collision of the Intermontane Islands
During the early Jurassic period, the Intermontane Islands and the Pacific Northwest drew closer together as the continent moved west and the Intermontane Microplate subducted. On the continent, subduction supported a new volcanic arc that again sent intruding granite-type rocks into the ancient continental sediments. Eventually, about 180 million years ago in the middle Jurassic, the last of the microplate subducted, and the Intermontane Islands collided with the Pacific Northwest.

The Intermontane Islands were too big to sink beneath the continent.  The subduction zone of the Intermontane Plate shut down, ending the volcanic arc.  As the Intermontane Belt accreted to the edge of the continent, the subduction zone of the Insular Plate became the active subduction zone along the edge of the continent.

External links
Burke Museum - University of Washington

Tectonic plates
Historical tectonic plates
Historical geology
Natural history of North America

Intermontane Plate


Peter Raabe (27 November 1872 – 12 April 1945) was a German composer and conductor.

Biography

Raabe graduated from 3 schools: the Higher Musical School in Berlin; and the universities of Munich; and Jena. In 1894–98 Raabe worked in Königsberg and Zwickau. In 1899–1903 he worked in the Dutch Opera-House (Amsterdam). In 1907–1920, Raabe was the 1st Court Conductor in Weimar. Raabe performed in the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands, among other locations. On 19 July 1935 Raabe superseded Richard Strauss as the president of Reichsmusikkammer, the Nazi State Music Institute. For almost ten years, Raabe directed the music activity of the Third Reich.

Raabe wrote the first complete chronology of the works of Franz Liszt.

References
 Who Was Who in the Third Reich. Biographic encyclopedical dictionary, Moscow, 2003

External links

1872 births
1945 deaths
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
Officials of Nazi Germany
People from Frankfurt (Oder)
Musicians from the Province of Brandenburg

Peter Raabe


Wolfgang Zimmermann (born 14 December 1949 in Leichlingen, West Germany) is a German politician and trade unionist. He was the state spokesperson for the Left Party in North Rhine-Westphalia from 2007 until 2010, and he represented (and was chairperson of the parliamentary group of) the Left in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 until 2012. He is also a member of the party managing board.

Biography
From 1972 until 1975, Zimmerman studied at the Fachhochschule Düsseldorf, where he graduated with a Diplom in social work. Zimmermann has been a trade-unionist since 1973. Until November 2010, he was the chairperson of the Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft district of Rhine-Wupper, and until March 2011, he was a member of the Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft managing board in the state. Until May 2010, he represented full-time the employees of a hospital in Langenfeld where he was employed. Before joining the Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative (a precursor to the Left), he gained political experience with the Party of Democratic Socialism. He is a member of the socialist group International Socialist Left, a Trotskyist organization in Germany.

He replaced Hüseyin Kenan Aydın as the state spokesperson for the Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative in June 2005, and in November of that year, he was re-elected as spokesperson, together with his colleague Katherina Schwabedissen.

During the inaugural convention of the Left in North Rhine-Westphalia in Gladbeck on 20 October 2007, Zimmermann became the state spokesperson with 256 of 287 votes cast. He shared this office with Ulrike Detjen until 18 October 2008. During the state party convention on 18 October 2008, which was held in Essen, he was again elected to be spokesperson with 156 of 226 votes cast. Following the departure of Ulrike Detjen, he served in this position with Katharina Schwabedissen until July 2010.

In the 2010 state election, Wolfgang Zimmermann won a seat in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia as the second person on the state party lists. In the inaugural meeting of the parliamentary group, he was elected (together with Bärbel Beuermann) to be the group's spokesperson. In the 2012 state election, the party again selected him to be listed second on the party lists. During a medical examination in the course of his campaign, he was discovered to have lung cancer, but despite this, he did not end his bid for election. When the Left failed to garner enough votes to surpass the 5% threshold required to remain in parliament, Zimmerman lost his seat.

Zimmermann occasionally writes articles for the Socialist Newspaper (Sozialistische Zeitung) and is associated with the "Anti-Capitalist Left", an anti-capitalist, anti-militarist caucus within the Left Party.

References

External links
 Wolfgang Zimmermann in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
Interview with TAZ
WDR 5 - Audio Interview with Zimmermann
Profile on the Left NRW website

People from Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative politicians
1949 births
The Left (Germany) politicians
Living people

Wolfgang Zimmermann


Information and media literacy (IML) enables people to show and make informed judgments as users of information and media, as well as to become skillful creators and producers of information and media messages in their own right. Renee Hobbs suggests that "few people verify the information they find online ― both adults and children tend to uncritically trust information they find, from whatever source." People need to gauge the credibility of information and can do so by answering three questions:

 Who is the author?
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Prior to the 1990s, the primary focus of information literacy was research skills. Media literacy, a study that emerged around the 1970s, traditionally focuses on the analysis and the delivery of information through various forms of media. These days, the study of information literacy has been extended to include the study of media literacy in many countries like the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The term "information and media literacy" is used by UNESCO to differentiate the combined study from the existing study of information literacy. It is also referred to as information and communication technologies (ICT) in the United States. Educators such as Gregory Ulmer have also defined the field as electracy.

IML is a combination of information literacy and media literacy. The transformative nature of IML includes creative works and creating new knowledge; to publish and collaborate responsibly requires ethical, cultural and social understanding.

Information and Media Literacy In the Digital Age

The definition of literacy is "the ability to read and write". In practice many more skills are needed to locate, critically assess and make effective use of information. By extension, literacy now also includes the ability to manage and interact with digital information and media, in personal, shared and public domains.

Historically, "information literacy" has largely been seen from the relatively top-down, organisational viewpoint of library and information sciences. However the same term is also used to describe a generic "information literacy" skill.

The modern digital age has led to the proliferation of information spread across the Internet. Individuals must be able to recognize whether information is true or false and better yet know how to locate, evaluate, use, and communicate information in various formats; this is called information literacy.

Towards the end of the 20th century, literacy was redefined to include "new literacies" relating to the new skills needed in everyday experience. "Multiliteracies" recognised the multiplicity of literacies, which were often used in combination. "21st century skills" frameworks link new literacies to wider life skills such as creativity, critical thinking, accountability.

What these approaches have in common is a focus on the multiple skills needed by individuals to navigate changing personal, professional and public "information landscapes".

As the conventional definition of literacy itself continues to evolve among practitioners, so too has the definition of information literacies. Noteworthy definitions include:

 CILIP, the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Practitioners, defines information literacy as "the ability to think critically and make balanced judgements about any information we find and use".
 JISC, the Joint Information Systems Committee, refers to information literacy as one of six "digital capabilities", seen as an interconnected group of elements centered on "ICT literacy".
 Mozilla groups digital and other literacies as "21st century skills", a "broad set of knowledge, skills, habits and traits that are important to succeed in today's world".
 UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, asserts information literacy as a "universal human right".

21st-century students
The IML learning capacities prepare students to be 21st century literate.  According to Jeff Wilhelm (2000), "technology has everything to do with literacy. And being able to use the latest electronic technologies has everything to do with being literate." He supports his argument with J. David Bolter's statement that "if our students are not reading and composing with various electronic technologies, then they are illiterate. They are not just unprepared for the future; they are illiterate right now, in our current time and context".

Wilhelm's statement is supported by the 2005 Wired World Phase II (YCWW II) survey conducted by the Media Awareness Network of Canada on 5000 Grade 4 – 11 students. The key findings of the survey were:
62% of Grade 4 students prefer the Internet.
38% of Grade 4 students prefer the library.
91% of Grade 11 students prefer the Internet.
9% of Grade 11 students prefer the library.

Marc Prensky (2001) uses the term "digital native" to describe people who have been brought up in a digital world. The Internet has been a pervasive element of young people's home lives. 94% of kids reported that they had Internet access at home, and a significant majority (61%) had a high-speed connection.

By the time kids reach Grade 11, half of them (51 percent) have their own Internet-connected computer, separate and apart from the family computer. The survey also showed that young Canadians are now among the most wired in the world. Contrary to the earlier stereotype of the isolated and awkward computer nerd, today's wired kid is a social kid.

In general, many students are better networked through the use of technology than most teachers and parents, who may not understand the abilities of technology. Students are no longer limited to desktop computer. They may use mobile technologies to graph mathematical problems, research a question for social studies, text message an expert for information, or send homework to a drop box. Students are accessing information by using MSN, personal Web pages, Weblogs and social networking sites.

Information Literacy is taught to college students in programs such as Chiropractic to shift such fields more towards Evidence Based Practice. Courses which accomplish this are preferentially titled "Information Lit Lab", as opposed to "Information Literacy Lab" or "Information Literacy Laboratory".

Teaching and learning in the 21st century

Many teachers continue the tradition of teaching of the past 50 years. Traditionally teachers have been the experts sharing their knowledge with children. Technology, and the learning tools it provides access to, forces us to change to being facilitators of learning.  We have to change the stereotype of teacher as the expert who delivers information, and students as consumers of information, in order to meet the needs of digital students. Teachers not only need to learn to speak digital, but also to embrace the language of digital natives.

Language is generally defined as a system used to communicate in which symbols convey information.  Digital natives can communicate fluently with digital devices and convey information in a way that was impossible without digital devices. People born prior to 1988 are sometimes referred to as "digital immigrants."  They experience difficulty programming simple devices like a VCR.  Digital immigrants do not start pushing buttons to make things work.

Learning a language is best done early in a child's development.

In acquiring a second language, Hyltenstam (1992) found that around the age of 6 and 7 seemed to be a cut-off point for bilinguals to achieve native-like proficiency.  After that age, second language learners could get near-native-like-ness but their language would, while consisting of very few actual errors, have enough errors that would set them apart from the first language group. Although more recent research suggests this impact still exists up to 10 years of age.

Kindergarten and grades 1 and 2 are critical to student success as digital natives because not all students have a "digital"-rich childhood.  Students learning technological skills before Grade 3 can become equivalently bilingual. "Language-minority students who cannot read and write proficiently in English cannot participate fully in American schools, workplaces, or society. They face limited job opportunities and earning power." Speaking "digital" is as important as being literate in order to participate fully in North American society and opportunities.

Students' struggle
Many students are considered illiterate in media and information for various reasons. They may not see the value of media and information literacy in the 21st-century classroom.  Others are not aware of the emergence of the new form of information.  Educators need to introduce IML to these students to help them become media and information literate.  Very little changes will be made if the educators are not supporting information and media literacy in their own classrooms.

Performance standards, the foundation to support them, and tools to implement them are readily available.  Success will come when there is full implementation and equitable access are established.  Shared vision and goals that focus on strategic actions with measurable results are also necessary.

When the staff and community, working together, identify and clarify their values, beliefs, assumptions, and perceptions about what they want children to know and be able to do, an important next step will be to discover which of these values and expectations will be achieved. Using the capacity tools to assess IML will allow students, staff and the community to reflect on how well students are meeting learning needs as related to technology.

The IML Performance standards allow data collection and analysis to evidence that student-learning needs are being met.  After assessing student IML, three questions can be asked:

 What does each student need to learn?
 How does one know whether students have met the capacities?
 How does one respond when students have difficulty in learning?

Teachers can use classroom assessment for learning to identify areas that might need increased focus and support.  Students can use classroom assessment to set learning goals for themselves.

In the curriculum
This integration of technology across the curriculum is a positive shift from computers being viewed as boxes to be learned to computers being used as technical communication tools.  In addition, recent learning pedagogy recognizes the inclusion for students to be creators of knowledge through technology. International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) has been developing a standard IML curriculum for the US and other countries by implementing the National Educational Technology Standards.

United Kingdom
In the UK, IML has been promoted among educators through an information literacy website developed by several organizations that have been involved in the field.

United States
IML is included in the Partnership for the 21st Century program sponsored by the US Department of Education. Special mandates have been provided to Arizona, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Dakota, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Individual school districts, such as the Clarkstown Central School District, have also developed their own information literacy curriculum. ISTE has also produced the National Educational Technology Standards for Students, Teachers and Administrators.

Canada
In British Columbia, Canada, the Ministry of Education has de-listed the Information Technology K to 7 IRP  as a stand-alone course.  It is still expected that all the prescribed learning outcomes continue to be integrated.

This integration of technology across the curriculum is a positive shift from computers being viewed as boxes to be learned to computers being used as technical communication tools. In addition, recent learning pedagogy recognizes the inclusion for students to be creators of knowledge through technology.  Unfortunately, there has been no clear direction to implement IML.

The BC Ministry of Education published the Information and Communications Technology Integration Performance Standards, Grades 5 to 10 ICTI in 2005.  These standards provide performance standards expectations for Grade 5 to 10; however, they do not provide guidance for other grades, and the expectation for a Grade 5 and Grade 10 student are the same.

Arab World

In the Arab region, media and information literacy was largely ignored up until 2011, when the Media Studies Program at the American University of Beirut, the Open Society Foundations and the Arab-US Association for Communication Educators (AUSACE) launched a regional conference themed "New Directions: Digital and Media Literacy". The conference attracted significant attention from Arab universities and scholars, who discussed obstacles and needs to advance media literacy in the Arab region, including developing curricula in Arabic, training faculty and promoting the field.

Following up on that recommendation, the Media Studies Program at AUB and the Open Society Foundations in collaboration with the Salzburg Academy on Media and Global Change launched in 2013 the first regional initiative to develop, vitalize, and advance media literacy education in the Arab region. The Media and Digital Literacy Academy of Beirut (MDLAB) offered an annual two-week summer training program in addition to working year-round to develop media literacy curricula and programs. The academy is conducted in Arabic and English and brings pioneering international instructors and professionals to teach advanced digital and media literacy concepts to young Arab academics and graduate students from various fields. MDLAB hopes that the participating Arab academics will carry what they learned to their countries and institutions and offers free curricular material in Arabic and English, including media literacy syllabi, lectures, exercises, lesson plans, and multi-media material, to assist and encourage the integration of digital and media literacy into Arab university and school curricula.

In recognition of MDLAB's accomplishments in advancing media literacy education in the Arab region, the founder of MDLAB received the 2015 UNESCO-UNAOC International Media and Information Literacy Award.

Prior to 2013, only two Arab universities offered media literacy courses: the American University of Beirut (AUB) and the American University of Sharjah (AUS). Three years after the launch of MDLAB, over two dozen Arab universities incorporated media literacy education into their curricula, both as stand-alone courses or as modules injected into their existing media courses. Among the universities who have full-fledged media literacy courses (as of 2015) are Lebanese American University (Lebanon), Birzeit University (Palestine), University of Balamand (Lebanon), Damascus University (Syria), Rafik Hariri University (Lebanon), Notre Dame University (Lebanon), Ahram Canadian University (Egypt), American University of Beirut (Lebanon), American University of Sharjah (UAE), and Al Azm University (Lebanon). The first Arab school to adopt media literacy as part of its strategic plan is the International College (IC) in Lebanon. Efforts to introduce media literacy to the region's other universities and schools continues with the help of other international organizations, such as UNESCO, UNAOC, AREACORE, DAAD, and OSF.

Asia
In Singapore and Hong Kong, information literacy or information technology was listed as a formal curriculum.

Barriers

One barrier to learning to read is the lack of books, while a barrier to learning IML is the lack of technology access. Highlighting the value of IML helps to identify existing barriers within school infrastructure, staff development, and support systems.  While there is a continued need to work on the foundations to provide a sustainable and equitable access, the biggest obstacle is school climate.

Marc Prensky identifies one barrier as teachers viewing digital devices as distractions: "Let's admit the real reason that we ban cell phones is that, given the opportunity to use them, students would vote with their attention, just as adults would 'vote with their feet' by leaving the room when a presentation is not compelling."

The mindset of banning new technology, and fearing the bad things that can happen, can affect educational decisions. The decision to ban digital devices impacts students for the rest of their lives.

Any tool that is used poorly or incorrectly can be unsafe.  Safety lessons are mandatory in industrial technology and science.  Yet safety or ethical lessons are not mandatory to use technology.

Not all decisions in schools are measured by common ground beliefs.  One school district in Ontario banned digital devices from their schools.  Local schools have been looking at doing the same. These kinds of reactions are often about immediate actions and not about teaching, learning or creating solutions.  Many barriers to IML exist.

Key information literacies
Information literacies are the multiple literacies individuals may need to function effectively in the global information society. The following are key information literacies.

 Critical literacy
 Critical literacy is the ability to actively analyse texts and media to identify underlying messages, taking into account context, perspective and possible biases.

 Computer literacy
 Computer literacy is the ability to use computers and other digital devices efficiently enough to carry out basic or more advanced tasks.

 Copyright literacy
 Copyright literacy is the ability to manage creative output and make appropriate use of the work of others, informed by knowledge of copyright, ownership, usage and other rights.

 Data literacy
 Data literacy is the ability to gather, interpret and analyse data, and communicate insights and information from this analysis. Increasingly important in everyday life, over 80% of employers cite data literacy as a key skill for employees.

 Digital literacy
 Digital literacy is the ability to use technology to manage and interact with digitized information, participate in online practice and originate digital work.

 Disaster literacy
 Disaster literacy is an individual's ability to read, understand, and use information to make informed decisions and follow instructions in the context of mitigating, preparing, responding, and recovering from a disaster.

 Financial literacy
 Financial literacy is the capacity of an individual to understand available banking products, services, laws and obligations, and make informed decisions on financial assets.

 Health literacy
 Health literacy is the ability of individuals to locate, understand, manage, and make appropriate use of information to help promote and maintain good health.

 Media literacy
 Media literacy is the ability to locate, critically evaluate, communicate with and make effective use of different types of media.

 Transliteracy
 Transliteracy combines capabilities in information literacy, technology, creativity, communication and collaboration, critical thinking, practical skills and craft, to cross cultures, contexts, technologies and media.

 Visual literacy
 Visual literacy is the ability to interpret and make meaning from visual information such as static or moving images, graphics, symbols, diagrams, maps.

 Web literacy
 Web literacy is the ability to navigate the world wide web, interact effectively and thrive online, while managing online presence, privacy and risk.

See also
 Multiliteracy
 Critical literacy
 Numeracy
 Visual literacy
 Digital literacy

Notes

References
August, Diane. (2006).  Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. 1.  Retrieved March 24, 2007 from
BC Ministry of Education. (2006).  Information and Communication Technology Integration.  Retrieved December 1, 2006, from B.C. Performance Standards - Province of British Columbia.
BC Ministry of Education. (2005). Science K to 7: Integrated Resource Package 2005. 32. Retrieved December 1, 2006, from https://web.archive.org/web/20061007172614/http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/scik7.pdf
BC Ministry of Education. (1996).  Information Technology K to 7: Integrated Resource Package.  Retrieved December 1, 2006, from
DuFour, R., Burnette, B. (2002) Pull out negativity by its roots.  [electronic version] Journal of Staff Development. 23 (2), para. 23.
 Fedorov, A. (2008). On Media Education. Moscow: ICOS UNESCO 'Information for All'.
International Society of Technology Educators.  (2004).  National Education Testing Standards – Students.  Retrieved November 15, 2006
Lambert, L.  (1998).  Building Leadership Capacity.  ASCD. Alexandria, Virginia 6, 23.
Media Awareness Network. (2003). Young Canadians in a wired world; The Students' View.  Retrieved on May 11, 2007 from
Media Awareness Network. (2005a).  Young Canadians in a wired world Phase II: Trends and Recommendations.  Valerie Steeves. Retrieved on March 19, 2007
upload/YCWWII_trends_recomm.pdf. Media Awareness Network. (2005b). Young Canadians in a wired world phase ii.  ERIN Research Inc. 6. Retrieved on March 19, 2007
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. [electronic version] On the Horizon. 9 (5), 1.
Prensky, M. (2006). Listen to the Natives. [electronic version] Educational Leadership. 63 (4) 8 -13.
Surrey School District No. 36 (Surrey). (2005) Vision 2010 Strategic Plan. 1 – 4.  Retrieved May 8, 2007
Surrey School District No. 36 (Surrey).  (2007) Quick Facts. 1. Retrieved May 10, 2007
Wilhelm, J.  (2000).  Literacy by Design.  Voices from the middle, A publication of the national council of teachers of English. 7 (3). 4 – 14.  Retrieved May 11, 2007

Language
Literacy
Information science

Information and media literacy


Street cricket or backyard cricket is an informal version of the game of cricket.

It is played in many countries by people of all types and ages. It is played  in gardens, back yards, on the street, in parks, car parks, beaches and other places. The rules get adapted to local conditions. They play with bat or bat like wood  and use any kind of ball like plastic, sponge, paper and others.

Overview
Street cricket sometimes uses rules from similar games, like baseball. For example, a batter who is not in a batsman's ground can be touched by an opponent holding the ball to be tagged out, or the opponent might put a foot on the wicket while holding the ball to run out a batter, which is similar to a force out.

South American versions

Bete-ombro

Bete-ombro is a Brazilian bat-and-ball game very similar to cricket.  The main differences are that there are no 4s or 6s, and only the bat can be used to avoid runouts and stumpings. The wickets are often bottles.

Plaquita

"La plaquita" or "la placa" is a similar game from the Dominican Republic, which traditionally used license plates as wickets.

Bat-en-bal
Bat-en-bal is played in Suriname, with only one set of stumps.

References

Cricket

Street cricket


The Cato Street conspiracy was an attempt to murder all the British cabinet ministers and Prime Minister Lord Liverpool in 1820. Cato Street was their meeting-place, near Edgware Road in London.

The police had an informer. The plotters fell into a police trap. 13 were arrested, and one policeman was killed. Five conspirators were executed, and five others were transported to Australia.

How widespread the Cato Street conspiracy was is uncertain. It was a time of unrest; rumours abounded.  Chase notes that, "the London-Irish community and a number of trade societies, notably shoemakers, were prepared to lend support, while unrest and awareness of a planned rising were widespread in the industrial north and on Clydeside".

References

1820
Punishments
Politics of the United Kingdom
1820s in the United Kingdom

Cato Street conspiracy


Air ambulances use fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters to provide various kinds of medical care, especially emergency care for people mostly in rescue operations.

This started in World War I.  In Australia the Flying Doctor Service started in 1928. That was not only for emergencies, but also to take doctors to see people who lived in remote places.  More recently helicopters have been used in cities for major trauma cases where time matters most, and people need very specialised care,  but they are more common in rural areas where there are few people and they are a long way away from hospitals.

Some of these services are run by governments.  They are quite expensive. Some are run for profit and in some places they are run as charities.  Some businesses pay for them as as a goodwill or public relations gesture.

Large, generally fixed-wing, air ambulances are used by military forces to support overseas combat operations.

Both pilots and medical staff need to be very highly trained. The aircraft are generally equipped for advanced life support. They are very noisy and there is not much space so some medical tests cannot be done.  There have been quite a few crashes.

References

Emergency services
Aircraft

Air ambulances


Emile Vandervelde (25 January 1866 – 27 December 1938) was a Belgian socialist politician. Nicknamed "the boss" (le patron), Vandervelde was a leading figure in the Belgian Labour Party (POB–BWP) and in international socialism.

Career
Emile Auguste Vandervelde was born into a middle-class family in Ixelles, a suburb of Brussels, in Belgium on 25 January 1866. Initially attracted by Liberal politics, Vandervelde entered the Free University of Brussels as a law student in 1881. However, he soon became interested in emerging socialist ideas and, in 1885, joined the small Workers' League of Ixelles (Ligue Ouvrière d'Ixelles). In 1886, he joined the newly formed Belgian Labour Party (POB–BWP). He worked as an academic at the Free University. Vandervelde was activie in Belgian Freemasonry and was a member of the Lodge Les Amis philanthropes du Grand Orient de Belgique, in Brussels.

Following the extension of universal male suffrage in 1893, Vandervelde proposed a manifesto for the POB, known as the Charter of Quaregnon which would form the basis for Belgian socialist politics until the 1970s. In the 1894 elections, Vandervelde was elected to the Chamber of Representatives for the industrial city of Charleroi. He held the seat until 1890, when he transferred to Brussels which he held from 1900 to 1938. He was a staunch opponent of Leopold II and the absolute power he enjoyed in the Congo during the 1890s and wrote numerous articles against capitalist colonialism.

From 1900 to 1918, he held the position of president of the Second International.

Vandervelde was named Minister of State in 1914 and supported the policy of resistance to the German invasion of Belgium in World War I. As one of the more respected Socialists within Europe, he encouraged other socialists and other parties on the left to support the war against Germany. He wrote a telegram to the socialist party of Russia that called on the socialists to support the war effort.  In 1916, he entered the de Broqueville government. He was a delegate for Belgium at the Treaty of Versailles and subsequently involved in the League of Nations. In 1923, he helped to found the Labour and Socialist International of which he held the presidency until 1938.

Vandervelde's principle political aims concerned the extension of universal suffrage and social democracy. As a theoretician, he wrote extensively on the role of the state in socialism. In 1913, he was named a corresponding member of the Classe des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques at the Royal Academy of Belgium, later becoming a titular member in 1929 and director of the Classe in 1933. He was an opponent of King Leopold II's attempts to expand his constitutional powers through the creation of the Congo Free State in the period leading up to the Free State's annexation by Belgium in 1908.

Vandervelde held the portfolio of Minister of Justice between 1918 and 1921 in which role he supported prison reform, measures against alcoholism, trade union rights and women's rights. In 1922, Vandervelde joined a group of socialist lawyers including Arthur Wauters, member of the Belgian Labour Party, Kurt Rosenfeld and Theodor Liebknecht, members of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. They travelled to Russia as a group of socialist lawyers where they defended members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the 1922 Moscow Trial of Socialist Revolutionaries.
This resulted in his inclusion into a satirical poem "Mayakovsky Gallery" by the Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. From 1925 to 1927, he held the role of Minister of Foreign Affairs where he contributed to the Locarno Pact. He subsequently held a position on the Council of Ministers (1935–36) and Minister of Public Health (1936–37) in the government of Paul Van Zeeland.

In 1933, Vandervelde became the POB's first president but increasingly found his internationalism and reformism challenged by a new generation of Belgian socialists. During the Spanish Civil War, Vandervelde's desire to intervene to halt the growing threat of fascism was challenged by Henri de Man and Paul-Henri Spaak.

His personal papers are held by the Institut Émile Vandervelde in Brussels.

Works
 Les associations professionelles d'artisans et d'ouvriers en Belgique (1892)
 L'Evolution industrielle et le collectivisme (1896); English translation, Collectivism and Industrial Evolution (1901)
 Le question agraire en Belgique (1897)
 Le Socialisme en Belgique (1898), with Destrée
 L'Alcoolisme et les conditions de travail en Belgique (1899)
 Le propriété foncière en Belgique (1900)
 L'Exode rural et le retour aux champs (1903)
 Le Socialisme et l'agriculture (1906)
 Le Belgique et le Congo (1911)
 Three Aspects of The Russian Revolution (1918) (Archive.org)
 Le pays d'Israel : un marxiste en Palestine (1929) (sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de)

Notes

Further reading
 Janet Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde: Between Reform and Revolution. Oxford, England: Berg Publishers, 1995.

External links

 Emile Vandervelde
 Institut Emile Vandervelde

1866 births
1938 deaths
People from Ixelles
Belgian Labour Party politicians
Belgian Ministers of State
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Members of the Executive of the Labour and Socialist International
Belgian Ministers of Justice
Foreign ministers of Belgium
Health ministers of Belgium
Belgian socialists

Emile Vandervelde