A landslide victory is when one candidate or political party in an election receives a lot more votes or seats than their opponent.

An example of a landslide victory is when Ronald Reagan won the 1984 United States presidential election by winning 49 out of the 50 states. Other examples include when Tony Blair and his Labour Party won the United Kingdom general elections of 1997 and 2001 and when Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the presidency by nearly 13,000,000 votes in the 2018 Mexican general election.

References

Other websites
 Landslide Definition in Politics

Elections

Landslide victory


Pedro Michel López (born April 28, 1984) is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox (2005) and the Cincinnati Reds (2007).

Professional career

Chicago White Sox
As a 16-year-old in , López was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Chicago White Sox. In , López was sent to the Arizona White Sox in the Arizona League, a rookie-level professional baseball league. López batted .312, going 62 for 199 in 50 games. He also stole 12 bases and scored 26 runs. López was sent to the Appalachian League, another rookie-level professional baseball league, in , where he played for the Bristol White Sox. He upped his batting average to .319, playing in 63 games, knocking in 83 hits, and stealing 22 bases while scoring 42 runs. In , López was sent to the South Atlantic League, a Single-A league, where he played for the Kannapolis Intimidators. He hit .264 in 109 games with 40 runs scored and 24 stolen bases. At that point, López was promoted to high-A ball with the Winston-Salem Warthogs in the Carolina League. He played only 4 games with the team, and batted 3 for 13. López stayed with the Warthogs in  and showed vast improvement in his hitting. He played in 111 games, racking up 124 hits, scoring 62 runs, and stealing 12 bases. Towards the end of the season, López was promoted to Double-A with the Birmingham Barons in the Southern League. He played the remaining 7 games of the season there and went 5–23 in his first taste of Double-A ball. For the  season, López started again with the Barons and struggled a bit with his hitting, only batting a .238. Regardless of his performance, scouts saw his potential as he was only 21 years of age and playing in Double-A ball. He was promoted to the Charlotte Knights in the International League. He batted .202, getting 38 hits in 188 at bats. Soon after, López was promoted to the big leagues. López made his major league debut on May 1, 2005, and played in two games for the Chicago White Sox. He went 2–7 in with a run scored and 2 RBI. López began the  season with the Charlotte Knights, the White Sox Triple-A affiliate, but was later released by the team.

Cincinnati Reds
On May 21, 2007, he was picked up off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds. He was sent to the Red's Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Bats. On July 8, 2007, he was called up to the Reds and made his Reds debut on July 14, going 0–3 against the New York Mets.

Post-majors
On October 26, , the Toronto Blue Jays claimed him off waivers. He became a free agent at the end of the  season. Lopez signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates on January 6, 2009. He signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on January 13, . Lopez played the 2012 season with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

References

External links

Louisville Bats profile

1984 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Arizona League White Sox players
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Birmingham Barons players
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Bristol White Sox players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Dominican Republic baseball coaches
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic national baseball team people
Dominican Republic sportspeople in doping cases
Estrellas Orientales players
Harrisburg Senators players
Indianapolis Indians players
Kannapolis Intimidators players
Leones del Escogido players
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball shortstops
Mesa Solar Sox players
Mexican League baseball shortstops
Mexican League baseball third basemen
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Peoria Saguaros players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Trois-Rivières Aigles players
Winston-Salem Warthogs players
Pan American Games competitors for the Dominican Republic
People from Moca, Dominican Republic

Pedro López (baseball)


Maasvlakte Light is an inactive lighthouse in Maasvlakte, an industrial area in the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands.  At a height of  it is the twelfth-tallest "traditional lighthouse" in the world, as well as the second-tallest concrete lighthouse in the world, and the tallest Dutch lighthouse.

The lighthouse is located behind the dunes and sea dike protecting Europoort, on the south side of the mouth of the Maas. It marks the entrance to the Nieuwe Waterweg.

The light was first lit on September 19, 1974. The lens were transferred from the old Hoek van Holland High Light (the old rear range light) which was decommissioned in 1974. The light was deactivated on October 31, 2008, due to changes in the harbour reducing its usefulness. The radar antenna is still in service.

The tower has 295 steps.

The site is accessible, but the tower is closed to the public.

See also

 List of tallest lighthouses in the world
 List of lighthouses in the Netherlands

References

Lighthouses in South Holland
Lighthouses completed in 1974
1974 establishments in the Netherlands
Towers in Rotterdam
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands

Maasvlakte Light


Edward Van Buren Regan (May 14, 1930 – October 18, 2014) was an American politician and public figure from New York State. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Regan's political career began on the Buffalo Common Council. He rose to prominence as the third Erie County Executive during the 1970s. Regan then became New York State Comptroller, and served in that role for nearly 15 years. He appeared on the Republican ticket in five statewide elections, more than any politician in the history of New York. From 2000 to 2004, Regan was president of Baruch College of the City University of New York, where he also served as a professor.

Life
Born in Plainfield, New Jersey to William and Allison (née Van Buren) Regan, Edward Van Buren Regan was raised in Utica, New York.  He attended Nichols School, a prep school in Buffalo, New York, graduating in 1947.

He graduated an economics major in the Hobart Class of 1952 at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He served in the United States Navy as an intelligence officer from 1952 to 1953, then returned to Buffalo to help run his family's liquor business. He graduated cum laude from University at Buffalo Law School in 1964.

Prior to becoming Comptroller, Regan served as County Executive of Erie County. He also served as a councilman in Buffalo. In 1970, he was defeated by the incumbent Comptroller Arthur Levitt Sr., but was elected New York State Comptroller in 1978, and re-elected in 1982, 1986 and 1990. He remained in office until May 7, 1993 when he resigned. He was succeeded by Carl McCall who was elected by the New York State Legislature to fill the unexpired term. In 1988, Regan was investigated by law enforcement officials after the disclosure of a memo written by members of his staff, one of which pointedly said of campaign contributors that "Those who give will get." He denied any impropriety.

Regan was briefly a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of New York in 1982, but withdrew from the race. Regan was Chairman of the Municipal Assistance Corporation for New York City in the 1990s. The corporation was set up in the 1970s to assist with the financial recovery of New York City following the city's fiscal crisis and near bankruptcy.

In the early 1990s, Regan served as a member of the US Competitiveness Policy Council and ably led its efforts on Corporation Governance. After leaving the comptroller's office, Regan served as a board member of numerous business and nonprofit organizations. He was President of Baruch College in New York from 2000-04.

After retiring from the Baruch presidency, Regan became a professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He served as a trustee of the Financial Accounting Foundation and was a consultant to the Chairman of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) on matters of the convergence of GAAP with international accounting standards. For several months in 2005 and 2006, he served as the first chairman of the Erie County Fiscal Stability Authority, which was set up by the state in order to oversee the county's finances and make recommendations to the county government on financial affairs. The authority, considered a "soft" control board, was created in response to the Erie County fiscal crisis of 2005.

In January 2007, he served on the search committee for a new State Comptroller, following the resignation of Comptroller Alan Hevesi. The other search committee members were former State Comptroller Carl McCall and former New York City Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin. The committee recommended New York City Finance Commissioner Martha Stark, Nassau County Comptroller Howard Weizman and businessman William Mulrow to the State Legislature for consideration, but the Legislature elected Thomas DiNapoli instead.

Regan was a faculty member at the City University of New York (CUNY), holding the title of "Distinguished Professor" at Baruch College and the Graduate Center, and also teaching at the Macaulay Honors College on the civic and economic issues affecting New York City. He was a consultant to the chairman of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) working on a project with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to create a global set of high-quality financial reporting standards. He was active in many civic organizations such as the Council on Foreign Relations, the Committee for Economic Development and the New York Economic Club.

Death
On October 18, 2014, Regan died at a hospital in Greenwich, Connecticut at the age of 84. At the time of his death he had Alzheimer's disease and lived in a retirement home in Rye, New York.

Political campaigns

1970 NYS Republican ticket
Governor: Nelson Rockefeller
Lieutenant Governor: Malcolm Wilson
Comptroller: Edward Regan
Attorney General: Louis Lefkowitz
U.S. Senate: Charles Goodell

1978 NYS Republican ticket
Governor: Perry B. Duryea Jr.
Lieutenant Governor: Bruce Caputo
Comptroller: Edward Regan
Attorney General: Michael Roth

1982 NYS Republican ticket
Governor: Lewis Lehrman
Lieutenant Governor: James L. Emery
Comptroller: Edward Regan
Attorney General: Frances Sclafani
U.S. Senate: Florence Sullivan

1986 NYS Republican ticket
Governor: Andrew O'Rourke
Lieutenant Governor: E. Michael Kavanagh
Comptroller: Edward Regan
Attorney General: Peter T. King
U.S. Senate: Alfonse D'Amato

1990 NYS Republican ticket
Governor: Pierre Rinfret
Lieutenant Governor: George Yancey
Comptroller: Edward Regan
Attorney General: Bernard C. Smith

References

Sources
The campaign finance controversy, in NYT on March 9, 1989
His resignation from Baruch, in The Ticker on February 2, 2004
His resignation announced, in the New York Times on February 19, 1993

See also
Edward Regan Obituary

1930 births
2014 deaths

New York State Comptrollers
Politicians from Utica, New York
Presidents of Baruch College
New York (state) Republicans
Erie County Executives
Buffalo Common Council members
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni

Edward Regan


Huang Gun () is a character featured within the famed classic Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi.

Huang Gun is the father of Prince Huang Feihu and has guarded the Demarcation Pass for many a year. During the time of Huang Feihu's escape from the capital and his arrival at Demarcation Pass, Huang Gun would coldly scold his child for his betrayal. In time, Radiance would duel it out with the angry Huang Gun while Huang Feihu made his escape. Following a furthered battle with Radiance, Huang Gun would later be tricked by Huang Feihu's generals and be forced to tag along with his son. Huang Gun would thus stand his ground throughout the conflict with Yu Hua and Han Glory. Following the assistance of Nezha at certain points in time and Huang Feihu's arrival within Phoenix City, Huang Gun would remain there as a high ranked commander.

References
 Investiture of the Gods chapter 32 - 33

Investiture of the Gods characters

Huang Gun


The Bhaati Gate is one of the 12 old gates of Lahore's walled city, now in Pakistan. It dates from Mughal times.

Origins and sights
The Bhaati Gate was named after the Bhatti tribe of Rajputs who used to live here in large numbers. It also has an old bazaar, or market called Bazaar i Hakiman (Bazaar of the Doctors) where traditional doctors or medical experts, used to help sick people. Another famous place here is the Fakir Khana Museum, made by the Fakir Family.

Literary importance
For a long time, the Bhaati Gate area was also the 'literary home' to many famous writers, living here. These included Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad (a student of Mirza Ghalib), Pakistan's national poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Hakim Ahmad Shuja, Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj, Agha Hashr and others.

Bhaati area also has many other old buildings and shops etc., that are of interest to tourists.

References

Mughal architecture
Buildings and structures in Lahore

Bhaati Gate


Antoni Świadek (1909–1945) was a Polish priest from Bydgoszcz. He died in the Dachau concentration camp and was beatified by the Catholic Church.  He is one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II.

Biography

He was born on March 27, 1909, in Pobiedziska, in Poznań. He was the son of Władysław, a wheelwright, and Władysława née Mieleszyński. He attended the gymnasium in Kępno, where in 1928 he passed the secondary school leaving examination. He was active in the Marian Sodality and in scouting.

Immediately after graduating from high school, he came to the seminary in Poznań , where on June 10, 1933, he was ordained a priest. In July 1933 he became vicar of the parish church in Bydgoszcz and remained there until his arrest in 1942. He was also appointed a scout and military chaplain. In 1937, he was assigned as a substitute to the affiliate church of St. Stanisław Bishop in Bydgoszcz on the outskirts of Siernieczek.

After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, he volunteered as a chaplain to one of the Polish units and remained with them until their defeat. Then he worked in a hospital for Polish prisoners of war until he returned to Bydgoszcz .

During the German occupation of Poland, he tried to carry out pastoral activity. Contrary to the prohibitions of the Nazi authorities that all liturgical rites be celebrated in German, he often used Polish during services and funerals. He heard confessions in Polish and secretly prepared children for First Holy Communion. He looked after the poor and met young people he knew from his previous work in organizations, especially in scouts.

This activity did not escape the Germans' attention. Denounced by one of the residents of the district, whose confessions he had heard in Polish, in the summer of 1942 he was arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned in Bydgoszcz prison. In October 1942, he was taken to the Dachau concentration camp, where he was given the number 37193. Shortly after his arrival, he fell ill with typhoid fever, from which he recovered.

As a priest, he was particularly brutally treated and forced to work hard. He worked in Bekleidungslager commandos, later on plantations, and finally in the camp transport commando. At the beginning of January 1945 he fell ill with typhus. This disease became the cause of his death, which occurred on January 25, 1945. His body was thrown into the so-called Totenkammer, and then buried in a mass grave outside the camp near the village of Deutenhofen.

Beatification

In 1991, Świadek was included in a group of 108 Polish martyrs during World War II being considered for  beatification. On June 13, 1999, he was beatified in Warsaw by Pope John Paul II. His liturgical memorial is on January 21 .

In the church of St. Stanisław Bishop in Bydgoszcz, there is a commemorative plaque, placed in 1948. At that time, an attempt was also made to rename the neighboring street (Kapliczna) in his honour but this was not accepted by the public authorities. In the church of St. Archangel Michael in Pobiedziska there is a marble commemorative plaque with his image.

See also
List of Nazi-German concentration camps
The Holocaust in Poland
World War II casualties of Poland

References

1909 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Polish Roman Catholic priests
108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
Polish beatified people
Polish people who died in Dachau concentration camp
20th-century Christian martyrs
People from Pobiedziska

Antoni Świadek


Distant Land () is a 2010 television film directed by Niklas Holmgren and Anders Hazelius. The screen play is also written by Niklas Holmgren and Anders Hazelius. The film takes place on Fårö, an island north of Gotland in the Baltic Sea, in Sweden. Principal photography took place on Fårö and in a studio in Fårösund, Sweden. Fårö is the island where several of Ingmar Bergmans most noted motion pictures was filmed. The film was shot during August, 2008. The film premiered in 2010 in Sweden.

Plot
The film picture two women's sojourn at Fårö. Elisabeth is fleeing from her life in Stockholm because of a family tragedy, to take care of a cabin village. She finds a 13-year-old boy on the beach whom she hides in her house. The actress Cecilia is with a film crew on the island. She mismanage her work and jeopardize her part. She meets 17-year-old Christoffer who turns everything upside down. On the island both women are confronted with their lives and have to face difficult choices.

Cast
Jonatan Blode
Liv Enqvist
Joakim Jurell
Adam Lundgren
Joel Lützow
Franciska Löfgren
Ulla-Britt Norrman
Camilla Nyberg Waller
Peter Schildt
Emma Swenninger
Annika Wallin Öberg

References

External links

2010 television films
2010 films
Swedish television films
2010s Swedish-language films
2010s Swedish films

Distant Land


Torn Curtain is a 1966 American spy political thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. Written by Brian Moore, the film is set in the Cold War. It is about an American scientist who appears to defect behind the Iron Curtain to East Germany.

Plot
In 1965, Michael Armstrong, a US physicist and rocket scientist, is traveling to a conference in Copenhagen with his assistant and fiancée, Sarah Sherman. Armstrong receives a radiogram to pick up a book in Copenhagen; it contains a message which says, "Contact  in case of emergency." He tells Sherman he is going to Stockholm, but she discovers he is flying to East Berlin and follows him. When they land, he is welcomed by representatives of the East German government. Sherman realizes that Armstrong has defected, and is appalled that, given the circumstances of the Cold War, if she stays with him, she will likely never see her home or family again.

Armstrong visits a contact, a "farmer", where it is revealed that his defection is in fact a ruse to gain the confidence of the East German scientific establishment, in order to learn how much their chief scientist Gustav Lindt and by extension, the Soviet Union, knows about anti-missile systems.

Armstrong has made preparations to return to the West via an escape network, known as . However, he was followed to the farm by his appointed chaperone, Hermann Gromek, an East German security officer. Gromek realizes what  is and that Armstrong is a double agent, and as Gromek is calling the police, a tortuous struggle commences that ends with Gromek being killed by Armstrong and the farmer's wife. Gromek and his motorcycle are buried on the land. The taxicab driver who drove Armstrong to the farm, however, sees Gromek's picture in the newspaper and reports him to the police.

Visiting the physics faculty of Karl Marx University in Leipzig the next day, Armstrong's interview with the scientists ends abruptly when he is questioned by security officials about the missing Gromek. The faculty try to interrogate Sherman about her knowledge of the American "Gamma Five" anti-missile program, but she refuses to cooperate and runs from the room, even though she has agreed to defect to East Germany. Armstrong catches up with her and secretly confides his actual motives, and asks her to go along with the ruse.

Armstrong finally goads Professor Lindt into revealing his anti-missile equations in a fit of pique over what Lindt believes are Armstrong's mathematical mistakes. When Lindt hears over the university's loudspeaker system that Armstrong and Sherman are being sought for questioning, he realizes that he has given up his secrets while learning nothing in return. Armstrong and Sherman escape from the school with the help of the university clinic physician Dr. Koska.

The couple travel to East Berlin, pursued by the Stasi, in a decoy bus operated by the  network, led by Mr. Jacobi. Roadblocks, highway robbery by Soviet Army deserters, and bunching with the "real" bus result in the police becoming aware of the deception, and everyone aboard is forced to flee. While looking for the Friedrichstraße post office, the two encounter the exiled Polish countess Kuczynska, who leads them to the post office in hopes of being sponsored for a US visa. When they are spotted, Kuczynska trips the pursuing guard and allows Armstrong and Sherman to escape to their next destination.

Two men approach them on the pavement, one of whom is the "farmer". He gives them tickets to the ballet as part of a plan to smuggle them to Sweden that evening inside the ballet troupe's luggage. While attending the ballet and waiting to be picked up, they are spotted and reported to the police by the lead ballerina, who flew to East Berlin on the same airplane as Armstrong.

Armstrong and Sherman escape through the crowd by shouting "fire". They are hidden inside two hampers of costumes and ferried across the Baltic Sea to Sweden on an East German freighter. The ballerina, desperate to reveal the fugitives' hiding place due to subterfuge by a deckhand member of , identifies the wrong hampers, which are shot up by a guard with a machine gun while dangling over the pier, but Armstrong and Sherman have already escaped by jumping overboard and swimming to the Swedish dock.

Cast

Production

Background
By the time  Torn Curtain, his fiftieth film, was conceived, Hitchcock was the most famous film director in Hollywood, having already reached the pinnacle of commercial success six years before with Psycho (1960). Audiences eagerly anticipated his next film. To find a gripping plot, Hitchcock turned towards the spy thriller genre, which was greatly in fashion since the early 1960s  with the success of the James Bond series starting in 1962 with Dr. No. Hitchcock had already found success in that genre many times, most recently in 1959 with North by Northwest.

The idea behind Torn Curtain came from the defection of British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean to the Soviet Union in 1951. Hitchcock was particularly intrigued about Maclean's life in the Soviet Union and about Melinda Marling, Maclean's wife, who followed her husband behind the Iron Curtain a year later with the couple's three children. With these facts as a starting point Hitchcock created a plot line involving an American nuclear physicist, Professor Michael Armstrong, defecting to East Germany. Against his will, the physicist is followed to East Berlin by his fiancée and assistant, who decides to remain loyal to him regardless of his intentions. The twist of the story is that Professor Armstrong is in fact a member of a secret spy ring and he has defected only with the idea of stealing a formula from an East German scientist.

Writing
In autumn 1964, Hitchcock offered to let Vladimir Nabokov, the author of Lolita, who had successfully helped adapt his own novel to a well-regarded film directed by Stanley Kubrick in 1962, write the script. Although intrigued, Nabokov declined the project, feeling that he knew very little about a political thriller.

As the original focus of the plot was on the female lead, the spy's girlfriend, the script was commissioned early in 1965 to Irish-Canadian writer Brian Moore, who was known for successfully tackling female characters. His well-regarded first novel, Judith Hearne, centers on an alcoholic Belfast spinster. In addition to this, Moore had adapted his own novel The Luck of Ginger Coffey into a film the previous year. Moore moved to Hollywood to work on the script. His five-page synopsis, completed on 26 March 1965, already contained two key scenes of the film: Torn Curtain'''s opening aboard a cruise steamer in the Norwegian fjords, and the brutal killing of undercover agent Gromek by the American scientist and a farm woman. Moore's final draft, completed by June 21, pleased neither Hitchcock nor Universal. It lacked the humor and sparkle characteristic of a Hitchcock film. On his part, Moore complained that Hitchcock had "no concept of character" and that he had "a profound ignorance of human motivation". Brian Moore's own dissatisfaction with the project was reflected in his novel Fergus (1970), which features Bernard Boweri, an unsympathetic character based on Hitchcock.

To polish the dialogue and improve the script, Hitchcock hired British authors Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, known for their screenplays for Whistle Down the Wind (1961), A Kind of Loving (1962), and Billy Liar (1963), the latter based on the novel by Waterhouse. They worked rewriting some dialogue, on a day-by-day basis, as the film was shot. However, their contribution was restricted by the director's resistance to change and concern for detail. His notes to them were like these: "Scene 88. We should eliminate the floor concierge. My information is that they do not have these in East Berlin;
Scene 127 C. I would like to discuss the place where the sausage is carved; On Scene 139, where we had someone describing the Julie Andrews character as beautiful... do you think beautiful is perhaps too much, and cannot we say lovely instead?"

Submitted to arbitration, the Writers Guild gave sole script credits to Brian Moore.

Casting
Hitchcock had to compromise in his casting choices. Initially, he wanted Eva Marie Saint, the blonde star of North by Northwest,  for the female lead. Hitchcock also spoke in 1965 to Cary Grant about appearing in the film, only to learn that Grant intended to make just one more film and then retire.
Hitchcock had wanted English actress Samantha Eggar for the lead female role.
Universal Pictures executives insisted on famous stars being cast for the leads.  Paul Newman and Julie Andrews were imposed on Hitchcock by Lew Wasserman, the studio executive, rather than being his real choices. The director felt that the stars were ill-suited to their roles, while their salaries of $750,000 took a big part of the film's $5 million budget.
At the time Julie Andrews was Hollywood's biggest star after the back-to-back successes of her films Mary Poppins (1964)  and The Sound of Music (1965). As she was much in demand, Andrews was available for only a short period of time, and that meant the production of the film was rushed, although Hitchcock was not yet satisfied with the script.

Hitchcock surrounded Newman and Andrews with colorful supporting actors: Lila Kedrova, fresh from winning an Academy Award for Zorba the Greek,  as the eccentric and flamboyantly dressed Countess Kuczynska who helps Armstrong and Sherman in their escape in return for their sponsoring her to go to America; Tamara Toumanova as the haughty prima ballerina whose limelight Armstrong steals when he arrives in East Berlin; Ludwig Donath as the crotchety professor Lindt, eager  to cut the chat and get down to business; and Wolfgang Kieling as the sinister Hermann Gromek, the gum-chewing personal guide the East German authorities provide to shadow Armstrong's every move.

Filming
Hitchcock initially wanted to shoot the film entirely on location in the Eastern Bloc but could not because he refused to give East German officials a copy of his screen play. Moore later said that Hitchcock probably could have secured filming permits in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland if he had tried harder. Principal photography of the film began on 18 October 1965, on Stage 18 at the Universal back lot in Los Angeles. The shooting schedule lasted three months, including a two-week hiatus while Paul Newman recuperated from a chin infection. Filming was completed in mid-February 1966.

Although unexcited about his leading actress, Hitchcock was always very polite with Julie Andrews. About her experience making the film Andrews commented: "I did not have to act in Torn Curtain. I merely went along for the ride. I don't feel that  the part demanded much of me, other than to look glamorous, which Mr Hitchcock can always arrange better than anyone. I did have reservations about this film, but I wasn't agonized by it. The kick of it was working for Hitchcock. That's what I did it for, and that's what I got out of it."

The working relationship between Hitchcock and Newman was problematic. Newman came from a different generation of actors from the likes of Cary Grant and James Stewart. He questioned Hitchcock about the script and the characterization throughout filming. Hitchcock later said he found Newman's manner and approach unacceptable and disrespectful. Newman insisted that he meant no disrespect toward Hitchcock, and once said, "I think Hitch and I could have really hit it off, but the script kept getting in the way." When Newman, a Method actor, consulted Hitchcock about his character's motivations, the director replied: "motivation is your salary." Furthermore, as Hitchcock discovered, the expected onscreen chemistry between Newman and Andrews failed to materialize.

Unsatisfied with the actors cast in the leads, Hitchcock shifted the point of view of the plot from the defecting scientist's wife to the American amateur spy and he centered his attention in the colorful international actors who played supporting roles in the film. Lila Kedrova was Hitchcock's favorite among the cast; he ate lunch with her several times during filming and invited her home for dinners with his wife. Although the length of the film was shortened in post-production, Hitchcock left intact Countess Kuczynska's scenes in the final film.

The film's climax in a theater was filmed on Sound Stage 28 at Universal Studios. Stage 28 was also used in the 1925 and 1943 versions of The Phantom of the Opera with Lon Chaney, Sr., 41 years earlier. The set was demolished in 2014.

Perhaps the best-known scene is the fight to the death between Armstrong and Gromek, a gruesome, prolonged struggle. In conversation with François Truffaut, Hitchcock said that he included the scene to show the audience how difficult it can be to kill a man, because a number of spy thrillers at the time made killing look effortless.

Alfred Hitchcock's cameo is a signature occurrence in most of his films. In Torn Curtain he can be seen (eight minutes into the film) sitting in the lobby of the Hotel d'Angleterre holding a baby. The music playing at this point is an adaptation of Funeral March of a Marionette, the theme for Alfred Hitchcock Presents.

Steven Spielberg told James Lipton on Inside the Actors Studio that as a young man he sneaked onto the soundstage to observe the filming, and remained for 45 minutes before an assistant producer asked him to leave.

The production occurred during the 1965 Watts race riots, leaving Kieling disgusted with American society. As a result, after the film was released he defected to East Germany in real life, calling the United States "the most dangerous enemy of humanity in the world today" and guilty of "crimes against the Negro and the people of Vietnam."

Music
The film had two scores. The first was written by Bernard Herrmann, a recurrent contributor to Hitchcock's work. Hitchcock and Universal asked Herrmann for a pop-and-jazz-influenced soundtrack, and even hoped Herrmann might write a song for lead actress Julie Andrews to perform. However, the score Herrmann provided was not what Hitchcock and the studio wanted, and his revisions failed to satisfy them. Hitchcock and Herrmann ended their long-time collaboration and John Addison was approached to write the score.

Although the Addison score was issued commercially in 1966 (and has been re-released), the Herrmann score has been re-recorded and reissued several times, eclipsing that by Addison in terms of available versions. Recordings of Herrmann's original studio sessions exist, and have circulated online. Elmer Bernstein made the first commercial recording of the score with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra on Warner Brothers Records in 1978. Esa-Pekka Salonen recorded a suite from the film as part of a Herrmann album with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1996. Joel McNeely subsequently recorded an expanded version with the National Philharmonic Orchestra for Varese Sarabande Records in 2010.

In the climactic scene involving the ballet at the East Berlin theatre, the music was excerpted from Tchaikovsky's Francesca da Rimini.

Release
RatingTorn Curtain was released without any rating on 14 July 1966 (see original 1966 movie poster above). However, the film was given an "R" (for "Restricted") under the MPAA film rating system that took effect November 1, 1968. It was ultimately re-rated PG in 1984.

Reception
After its premiere in 1966, the film was criticized, especially in terms of its production technology, as being old-fashioned. The film was nevertheless a minor hit for Hitchcock, making $7 million in the United States alone. The film ranked 8th on Cahiers du Cinéma's Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1966.

The film earned poor reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film "a pathetically undistinguished spy picture, and the obvious reason is that the script is a collection of what Mr. Hitchcock most eschews—clichés." Penelope Houston, writing for Sight & Sound, commented: "What went wrong here, one suspects, was something basic in the story line."  The reviewer in Variety said: "Some good plot ideas are marred by routine dialogue, and a too relaxed pace contributed to a dull overlength," adding "Hitchcock freshens up his bag of tricks in a good potpourri which becomes a bit stale though a noticeable lack of zip and pacing." "Awful," "preposterous," and "irritating slack," concluded Renata Adler in The New Yorker. The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Up until about the point at which the plot makes itself clear, Torn Curtain is as good as anything Hitchcock has ever done in his other forty-nine (or is it fifty-one?) films ... The let-down comes with the verdant studio hillock that was surely never meant to fool anyone, and after this the film drops like a stone, without impetus, without imagination, without interest."

Richard Schickel, writing in Life, concluded: "Hitchcock is tired to the point where what once seemed highly personal style is now repetitions of past triumphs."

Writing in Punch, Richard Mallet asserted: "The film as a whole may be a bit diffuse... but it has some brilliant scenes, it's pleasing to the eye, and it is continuously entertaining." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post also liked the film, writing that "Hitchcock has given us several sequences that will prove memorable." He singled out Countess Kuzynska's search for a sponsor for her escape to the United States as a sequence that stood as "a short story in itself. It could be shown independently of the rest of the film, a gripping vignette with a beginning, a middle and an end."Torn Curtain holds a 65% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews with an average rating of 6.4/10.

See also
 List of American films of 1966

References

Sources
 Busby, Brian. Character Parts: Who's Really Who in CanLit. Knopf, Toronto, 2003. .
 Dassanowsky, Robert. "'Ceci n'est pas une Allemagne': On the Treachery of Images and the Deconstruction of Hitchcock's Thriller in Torn Curtain." Hitchcock and the Cold War: New Essays on the Espionage Films, 1956-1969. Ed. Walter Raubicheck. Pace University Press, New York. 2018.
 Maxford, Howard. The A - Z of Hitchcock: The Ultimate Reference Guide, B.T Batsford, London, 2002.
 McGilligan, Patrick. Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light. Regan Books, New York, 2003.
 Perry, George. The Complete Phantom of the Opera''. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1987. .

External links

1966 films
1960s political thriller films
1960s spy thriller films
American political thriller films
American spy thriller films
Cold War spy films
Films directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Films produced by Alfred Hitchcock
Films scored by John Addison
Films set in 1965
Films set in Berlin
Films set in Copenhagen
Films set in Norway
Films set in the Baltic Sea
Films shot in Denmark
Universal Pictures films
Works by Brian Moore (novelist)
Films set in East Germany
Films set in Leipzig
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Torn Curtain


Michael Lockett Garrett (born April 12, 1944) is a former American football player who won the Heisman Trophy in 1965 as a halfback for the USC Trojans. Garrett played professional football for eight seasons with the Kansas City Chiefs and San Diego Chargers. From 1993 until 2010 he was the athletic director at the University of Southern California (USC). Garrett became the athletic director at California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA) in 2015.

Early life
Garrett graduated from Roosevelt High School in Los Angeles, California.  He was a resident of Maravilla housing projects.

College career
A two time All-American, Garrett set numerous NCAA, Pac-8 Conference and USC records in his career by amassing a then unheard of 3,221 yards and scored 30 touchdowns. Garrett also led the nation in rushing in 1965 with 267 carries for 1,440 yards. He also caught 36 passes, returned 43 punts, returned 30 kickoffs and threw 6 passes. Two of his passes went for touchdowns.  Garrett was awarded the 1965 W. J. Voit Memorial Trophy as the outstanding football player on the Pacific Coast. He won the Heisman Trophy after the 1965 regular season. In 1985, he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Garrett signaled the dawn of the "Tailback U" era, where USC produced a stream of top tailbacks included Heisman winners O. J. Simpson (1968), Charles White (1979) and Marcus Allen (1981), as well as Heisman runners-up Anthony Davis (1974) and Ricky Bell (1976).

Garrett was a brother of the Alpha Kappa Chapter of the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity while a student at USC.  He is a member of The Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C. National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll.

Professional career
Garrett went on to play in the American Football League (AFL) with Kansas City Chiefs from 1966 to 1969 and in 1970 as the Chiefs moved to the National Football League in 1970.  He was traded to the San Diego Chargers and remained with them until 1973.

Garrett was a two-time AFL All-Star. in 1966 and 1967.  He played in the first  AFL–NFL World Championship Game, now referred to as Super Bowl I,  with the Chiefs after the 1966 season. He contributed 17 rushing yards, three receptions for 28 yards, and two kickoff returns for 43 yards in their loss.  Garrett won a World Championship ring with the Chiefs in Super Bowl IV, the last AFL–NFL World Championship Game before the AFL–NFL merger, when the AFL's Chiefs beat the NFL's Vikings, 23–7. Garrett was the top rusher of Super Bowl IV with 11 carries for 39 yards and a touchdown, also catching two passes for 25 yards and returning a kickoff for 18 yards. His touchdown came on head coach Hank Stram's iconic 65 Toss Power Trap play call. In his eight professional football seasons, Garrett rushed for 5,481 yards, caught 238 passes for 2,010 yards, returned 14 kickoffs for 323 yards, and returned 39 punts for 235 yards. Overall, Garrett gained a total of 8,049 yards and scored 49 touchdowns (35 rushing, 13 receiving, 1 punt return).

Garrett also was drafted three times by professional baseball teams. He was selected in the 41st round of the 1965 MLB Draft by the Pittsburgh Pirates and by the Los Angeles Dodgers twice, in the fourth round of the 1966 MLB Draft and the 35th round of the 1970 MLB Draft.

After professional football
After his professional football career, Mike Garrett earned a Juris Doctor from Western State University College of Law in 1986, but never took the bar exam.  He was the director of business development for the Great Western Forum, worked in the district attorney's office in San Diego and worked in various management positions.  He also did color commentary for USC football telecasts.

In January 1993, Garrett returned to USC to become its sixth athletic director. He came under fire when he hired the heavily criticized Pete Carroll as head football coach in 2001, but was vindicated when USC returned to status as a dominant football power. In 2005, he allowed safety Darnell Bing who was at USC at the time to wear his retired number 20 for his senior season.  In 2010, the USC football program was hit with severe NCAA sanctions, and USC self-imposed sanctions on its basketball program, in the wake of allegations about violations involving former USC stars Reggie Bush and O. J. Mayo.  These sanctions have been criticized by some NCAA football writers, including ESPN's Ted Miller, who wrote, "It's become an accepted fact among informed college football observers that the NCAA sanctions against USC were a travesty of justice, and the NCAA's refusal to revisit that travesty are a massive act of cowardice on the part of the organization."  On July 20, 2010, USC's incoming president, Max Nikias, announced major changes in the athletic department, including Garrett's replacement (effective August 3, 2010) by businessman and former USC quarterback Pat Haden.

In June 2013, Garrett became athletic director at the historically black college, Langston University, an NAIA school in Langston, Oklahoma. He resigned that position less than two years later. He is a board member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy, which is named after Ronnie Lott and is awarded annually to college football's Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year.

Garrett retired from the position of Executive Director of the Athletics Department at California State University, Los Angeles in 2016.

See also
 List of American Football League players
 List of college football yearly rushing leaders

References

External links
  Langston profile

1944 births
Living people
American football halfbacks
American football running backs
American Football League players
Kansas City Chiefs players
San Diego Chargers players
USC Trojans athletic directors
USC Trojans football players
Langston Lions athletic directors
All-American college football players
American Football League All-Star players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Heisman Trophy winners
Western State University College of Law alumni
Players of American football from Los Angeles

Mike Garrett


In set theory an open set is a set where all elements have the same properties. Simply put, an open set is a set that does not include its edges or endpoints. For each point in the set, you can make a bubble around that point, such that all points in the bubble are also in the set.

On the other hand, a closed set includes all its edges or endpoints. A set that includes some of its edges or endpoints is neither open nor closed.

An open set is very similar to an open interval.

Examples
The set (0,1) is open. If we choose a very small value, there will always be a small bubble which are all in the set (0,1).

If we choose a very small value h ∈ (0,1), we can make a bubble , in which all the values are in (0,1).

However, [0,1] is closed. If we choose the value 0, and choose a very small value k, 0-k ∉ [0,1], which means that it's closed.

References

Set theory
Topology

Open set


The National Forestry and Wood-Technology University of Ukraine is a Ukrainian university in Lviv.

History

Austro-Hungarian period
Establishing of forestry education in western Ukraine had a long prehistory. In 1807, Galychian foresters appealed to the Government   with a request to open a secondary forestry educational establishment. In 1812, the project of creation of a department and professional studios at Lviv University was submitted for consideration. In 1852, a Forestry Section began to operate at the Galychina Economic Society, and soon in 1874 the Galychina Forestry Society appeared. On 24 October 1874, the Regional School of Forestry began training of specialists in Lviv. In 1908, the Regional School of Forestry was given a status of a higher educational establishment.

Period of Poland's rule
Reorganization of educational establishments took place after the defeat of the Western-Ukrainian People Republic in Polish domination times. Higher Forestry School was joined with the Agrarian Academy and Agrarian-Forestry Faculty of Lviv Polytechnic University was established. In 1921–1926, Ukrainian underground University with Forestry (later on Forestry-Agrarian) Faculty within its structure operated in Lviv.

Period of German occupation
In 1941–1944 only professional forestry courses on the basis of Lviv Polytechnic University functioned.

Period of the Ukrainian SSR
On 15 January 1945, a resolution of the USSR Government concerning the foundation of the Lviv Forestry Institute was adopted. On 6 November 1954, the Forestry-Melioration Faculty of the Lviv Agrarian Institute was joined with the Forestry Faculty of the Forestry University. In 1988, the Lviv Forestry Institute was named after the prominent scientist and academician Petro S. Pohrebnyak .

Independent Ukraine
On 17 June 1993, the Forestry Institute was successfully accredited; it received a state license for educational activity at the fourth educational-qualifying level. By resolution of Ukraine's Cabinet of 13 August 1993, No. 646, the Ukrainian State Forestry University was founded on the basis of the Petro Pohrebnyak Lviv Forestry Institute. On 16 May 2005, the university was given "national" status.

Campuses and buildings
The university is accommodated in nine academic buildings, one of them being an architectural monument. Residence halls are located on the university area. All the academic buildings and residence halls together make up the university campus. Library users are served in two lending and three reading halls. The library is located in a separate building and also two more departments are located in other university buildings. The Internet access is provided in every university building.

Institutes and faculties
At present, the university comprises the Institute of Ecological Economics, six faculties: Faculty of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Engineering and Mechanics, Faculty of Woodworking Technology, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Corresponding Studies and Post-Diploma Training, the Research Department, the Scientific Technical Library, the Small Forest Academy, Lviv Technological College, Transcarpathian Forestry College, the State Botanical Garden, the natural reserve "Rostochya", the Stradch Educational Forestry Enterprise, the Educational and Consulting Centre in Khust (Transcarpathian region), the Carpathian and Polissya Research Forest Ecology Laboratories, three educational and research ecological centres, a sport-and-recreation centre on the Black Sea coast and a number of other institutions.

Honorary doctors
Helmut Kohl, Leonid Rudnytsky, Hans Essmann, Noel Lust, Davide Pettenella, Hansjurgen Doss, Ditrich Blumenwitz.

Prominent graduates
 Ivan Hrunyansky – Minister of Forestry and Carpentry (1965–1986)
 Yaroslav Khoma (1974–) – professional footballer
 Roman Kozak (1957–) – presidential candidate in 2004
 Atena Pashko (1931–2012) – chemical engineer, poet, social activist
 Yuriy Ruf (1980–2022) – poet and reservist
 Mykola Shershun – Head of the State Forestry Committee (2010)
 Roman Shpek (1954–) – Minister of the Economy (1993–5); Vice-premier of Ukraine for Economic Issues (1995–6), Head of the Permanent Representative Office of Ukraine at the European Union (2002–7)
 Yuriy Tunytsya – NAS academician, Doctor of Economics, professor, member of the official delegation of Ukraine at the 63d session of the UN General Assembly (2008), member of the official delegation of Ukraine at the UN Conference on sustainable development issues (2012), originator of the World Environmental Constitution

Awards and reputation
According to UNESCO TOP-2000 of Ukraine in 2012 the university was ranked 32

References

External links

 Official website

Forestry education
Universities and colleges in Lviv
Buildings and structures in Lviv
National universities in Ukraine
1874 establishments in Ukraine
Institutions with the title of National in Ukraine

Ukrainian National Forestry University


Operation Carpetbagger was a World War II operation to provide aerial supply of weapons and other matériel to resistance fighters in France, Italy and the Low Countries by the U.S. Army Air Forces that began on 4 January 1944.

History
In late 1943, the 22d Antisubmarine Squadron of the Eighth Air Force was disbanded at RAF Alconbury and its aircraft used to form the 36th and 406th Bombardment Squadrons under the 482nd bomb group. After some shuffling of commands, these two squadrons were placed under the provisional 801st Bomb Group at RAF Harrington at the beginning of 1944 and the first "Carpetbagger" missions were carried out by this unit under the control of General "Wild Bill" Donovan's Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

In April 1944, the group moved to RAF Harrington (Station 179), a more secluded and thus more secure airbase. A month later, in advance of the expected invasion of Europe, it was expanded to four squadrons to increase its capabilities and to pick up workload from RAF Bomber Command; the two new squadrons were the 788th and 850th Bombardment Squadrons.

The Group had already adopted the nickname of "Carpetbaggers" from its original operational codename. In August 1944, the group dropped the "Provisional" status and absorbed the names of the 492d Bombardment Group from RAF North Pickenham, which had stood down after severe losses in its initial operations but stayed at Harrington; its squadrons became the 856th, 857th, 858th and 859th Bomb Squadrons. From January 1944 to the end of the war, the Group, in liaison with the British Special Operations Executive and later the Special Forces Headquarters (SFHQ) in London, dropped spies and supplies to the resistance forces of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway.

During a hiatus in operations from mid-September 1944 to the end of 1944, the Group ferried gasoline to depots on the Continent for two weeks to supply advancing Allied armies, then three squadrons went into training for night bombing operations, whilst the 856th participated in the return of Allied airmen on the Continent who had either evaded capture or had walked out of Switzerland after that country relaxed its internment practices. This exercise was carried out mostly in Douglas C-47 Skytrains assigned to the group originally for insertion operations during the previous summer.

In December 1944, the 859th was sent on Detached Service with the Fifteenth Air Force in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations with the 2641st Special Group (Provisional) at Brindisi, Italy. The 856th Bomb Squadron, after completing the personnel recovery mission, resumed Carpetbagger operations on a limited basis during the bad weather of the winter of 1945, while the remaining two squadrons (the 857th and 858th) participated in medium altitude bombing from late December 1944 through March 1945.

In the spring of 1945, Carpetbagger operations resumed but not to the extent of the previous year. The 857th was detached and sent to RAF Bassingbourn (91st Bomb Group) at the end of March 1945, while the 856th and 858th dropped small numbers of agents and sabotage teams into the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Germany. Operations came to an end at Harrington at the end of April 1945, though a few special OSS missions, such as returning dignitaries to formerly occupied countries, carried on until the Group disbanded and returned to the United States in early July 1945.

Operations
The B-24 Liberator bombers used for the flights were modified by removing the belly turret, nose guns and any equipment unnecessary for the mission, such as oxygen equipment, in order to lighten them and provide more cargo space and speed. The rear guns were kept as protection from night fighters. Agents and crated supplies were dropped by parachute through the opening left by removal of the belly turret. In addition, supplies were loaded into containers designed to fit inside the bomb-bay and released from there by the existing equipment. Targets were given by exact longitudes and latitudes, thus making precise navigation imperative.

All flights were made on moonlit nights so that visual navigation could be made by using rivers, lakes, railroad tracks, and towns as check points. The pilot, copilot, and bombardier all had maps to aid them in keeping track of their location, whilst the navigator kept position by dead reckoning, with all four of these officers staying in close interphone contact.

All flights were individual, each navigator choosing his route in consultation with the pilot. On flights to French targets the aircraft crossed the coast at around  to avoid light anti-aircraft fire, dropping to  or so to avoid night fighters once inland and to make it possible to verify location, assuring that checkpoints on the ground corresponded exactly to the area being looked at in the cockpit and nose of the aircraft. Limited visibility at higher altitude would make this more difficult if not impossible. Since drops were made at  at the pilot's discretion, being already at such a height made the drops more efficient.

When only a few miles from the target area all available eyes began searching for the drop area, which would usually be identified by three high powered flashlights placed in a row, with a fourth at a 90 degree angle to indicate the direction of the drop. Coming towards the target, the aircraft slowed to between  and dropped to an altitude of , higher in hilly country: agents were dropped first, with supplies on a second drop. Often, pilots had to fly several miles farther into enemy territory after completing their drops to disguise the actual drop location should any enemy observers recognize the aircraft's turning point as the drop location. In some cases multiple drops in isolated areas were made at different intervals and bonfires would be used as drop indicators instead of flashlights. In rare cases air to ground oral radio contact would be made, these being of great importance.

After the war
The group has been generally recognized as the ancestor of today's Air Force Special Operations.

External links
 The Harrington Museum
 Operation Carpetbagger Fact Sheet – U.S. Air Force Museum
 Carpetbagger Photographic Archives & Historical Research Center

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign
World War II resistance movements

Operation Carpetbagger


Jesús Balmori y Rivera (January 10, 1887 – May 23, 1948) was a Filipino Spanish language journalist, playwright, and poet.

Biography
Jesús Balmori y Rivera was born in Ermita, Manila, on 10 January 1887. He studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán and the University of Santo Tomás, where he excelled in Literature. He was married to Dolores Rodríguez. Joaquín Balmori y Rivera, a pioneer labor leader and the foremost organiser of labour unions in their Philippines, was his brother.

In his early years, Balmori was already gathering literary honors and prizes for poetry. In a Rizal Day contest, his three poems, each bearing a different pen name, won the first, second, third prizes. Later, he figured in friendly poetical jousts, known as Balagtasan (in reference to Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtás), with other well-known poets n Spanish of his time, notably Manuel Bernabé of Parañaque and the Ilonggo Flavio Zaragosa Cano, emerging triumphant each time.

Before the war, under the pseudonym "Batikuling", Balmori wrote a column called "Vida Manileña" for La Vanguardia, a daily afternoon newspaper. It was a trenchant critique of society's power elite, showcasing his gift for irony and satirical humor, as well as serious verses. After the war, he wrote a similar column, "Vida Filipina", for the Voz de Manila. However, the number of Spanish-speaking readers was already diminishing by that time.

It was his work as a lyric poet, however, on which his fame and reputation rested.

Literary works
In 1904, when he was 17, he published his first book of verses, Rimas Malayas; it was noted for its spiritual and nationalistic themes. A second volume containing his satirical verses, El Libro de mis Vidas Manileñas, came out in 1928.

In 1908, his poem "Gloria" was adjudged first prized winner in a contest sponsored by the newspaper El Renacimiento. In 1920, another poem, "A Nuestro Señor Don Quijote de la Mancha", received the major award in a contest promoted by Casas de España. He reached the pinnacle of his success as a poet in November 1938 when his Mi Casa de Nipa, a collection of his best poems, gave him the first prize in the national literary contests held under the auspices of the Commonwealth Government, as a part of its third anniversary celebration.

Critics began to notice his literary skills more when he joined a contest sponsored by El Renacimiento in commemoration of Rizal Day. Three of his poems won. These were "Specs", "Vae Victis" (Woe to the Victor), and "Himno A Rizal" (Hymn to Rizal).

In 1940, his Mi Choza de Nipa (My Nipa Hut), another volume of poetry, won grand prize in a contest sponsored by the US-sponsored Commonwealth Government.

He wrote three novels: Bancarrota de Almas (Failure of the Soul), Se Deshojó la Flor (I Tear The Pages Out of The Flower), and Pájaros de Fuego (Birds of Fire) which was completed during the Japanese occupation. The themes of these novels revolved around the issues of sensuality, the privacy of morality, the existence of God, and man's limitations in society. He also wrote three-act dramas, which were performed to the capacity crowd at the Manila Grand Opera House: Compañados de Gloria, Las de Sungkit en Malacañang, Doña Juana LA Oca, Flor del Carmelo, and Hidra.

In 1926, he and Bernabé were awarded the Premio Zóbel for his contributions to Philippine literature.

Balmori also collaborated with periodicals such as El Renacimiento, El Debate and La Voz de Manila.

As ambassador
Balmori was sent abroad as Philippine Ambassador of Goodwill to Spain, Mexico, South America, and Japan. In Spain, Generalissimo Francisco Franco decorated him with the Cross of the Falangistas.

Death
He was travelling in Mexico when he suffered partial paralysis. He died of throat cancer on 23 May 1948, shortly after writing his last poem, "A Cristo" (To Christ), which he dedicated to his wife. At the time of his death, he was a presidential technical assistant and a member of the Philippine Historical Research Committee.

References

Bibliography

 80 Años del Premio Zóbel by Lourdes Brillantes, Instituto Cervantes y Fundación Santiago, Manila, 2001

External links

 Spanish letters in Philippine literature

1887 births
1948 deaths
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
 Filipino dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Filipino lawyers
 Filipino male poets
 People from Ermita
 Writers from Manila
 Spanish-language writers of the Philippines
20th-century Filipino poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
 University of Santo Tomas alumni
 Spanish-language poets
20th-century male writers

Jesús Balmori


Twerking (; possibly from 'to work') is a type of dance that emerged out of the bounce music scene of New Orleans in 1990, which has a broader origin among other types of booty dancing found among the African diaspora that derives from Bantu-speaking Africans of Central Africa. Individually performed chiefly but not exclusively by women, performers dance to popular music in a sexually provocative manner involving throwing or thrusting their hips back or shaking their buttocks, often in a low squatting stance. Twerking is part of a larger set of characteristic moves unique to the New Orleans style of hip-hop known as "bounce". Moves include "mixing", "exercising", the "bend over", the "shoulder hustle", "clapping", "booty clapping", "booty poppin", "the sleeper" and "the wild wood"—all recognized as booty shaking or bounce. Twerking is one among other types of choreographic gestures within bounce.

As a tradition shaped by local aid and pleasure clubs, block parties and second lines, the dance was central to "a historical situating of sissy bounce—bounce music as performed by artists from the New Orleans African-American community that [led to] a meteoric rise in popularity post-."  In the 1990s, twerking had widespread appeal in black party culture throughout the hip-hop/rap region known as The Dirty South, including New Orleans, Memphis, Virginia Beach, Miami, Atlanta, and Houston. In 2013, it became the top "what is" search on the Google search engine following pop artist Miley Cyrus performing the dance at the MTV Video Music Awards.

Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary defines an 18th-century use of the word as a blend of "twist" and "jerk" (or "twitch"), which was reported by the BBC in conjunction with the black cultural context, but this seems to be an erroneous connection or a false cognate.

The Oxford Dictionaries blog states, "the most likely theory is that it is an alteration of work, because that word has a history of being used in similar ways, with dancers being encouraged to "work it". Local bounce practitioners attribute the term to a contraction of "to work" ("t'work"; or, spelled as it's pronounced, "twerk").

The earliest use of the word is unclear, but according to Tyler Vendetti, "Twerk has technically been around since the 1820s, first appearing in the form twirk. The word is said to have originated from the inner-city of New Orleans and was used frequently in New Orleans bounce music by rappers and DJ hosting block parties in the housing projects. On record, the 1993 song "Do the Jubilee All" by DJ Jubilee - which contains the lyrics "Twerk baby, twerk baby, twerk, twerk, twerk" - has been cited as its earliest use. However, a possible earlier use is in Funkadelic's 1979 song (Not Just) Knee Deep, which contains the lyrics "It didn't twerk, no" (often misquoted as "It didn't work, no") at 1 minutes 20 seconds.

The word became popular in the 2000s, when it was used by Atlanta rapper Lil Jon and The East Side Boyz. A Google Trends search reveals that interest in the word "twerk" arose in November 2011.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines twerking as dancing "in a sexually provocative manner, using thrusting movements of the bottom and hips while in a low, squatting stance". Merriam-Webster gives the definition as a "sexually suggestive dancing characterized by rapid, repeated hip thrusts and shaking of the buttocks especially while squatting".

The Oxford English Dictionary's definition of the term may fuel the stigma around twerking as a sexual and provocative dance.

Origin

Pérez (2015) states:

Booty dances have threatened the status quo by emphasizing group membership, the free movement of forceful Black bodies, and Afro-Diasporic counter-narratives. The Colombian mapalé, or baile negro, is a case in point. Mapalé recalls the fish tail dances of the North American plantation; Davila writes that 'the fish's movements after they are captured resemble [the dance's] pelvic and midriff contractions to the beat of the drum' (Davila 2009, 120). 'The only dance that was permitted during times of Spanish rule', mapalé became associated with rebellion through its liberatory insistence on the body's value as a vector for the transmission of ancestral knowledge (Davila 2009, 120). 'Where dance on a social level was criminalized, in Mapalé, it continues to be an indestructible force of Afro-Colombian identity within the fabric of the Atlantic Coast' (Davila 2009, 134). The batuque, with its 'artificial rotations and contortions of the hip' was officially suppressed, as were candombe and the bongo (quoted in Röhrig Assunção 2003, 167). The consensus is that such dances cognate to twerk – as indicated by their names and presence among Bantu-language-speaking slaves – are Central African in origin. A number of scholars well versed in the matter have arrived at Kubik's conclusion: 'motional emphasis on the pelvis, buttocks, etc., especially pelvis thrusts or circular pelvis movements described in United States jazz dance history as "Congo grind" are always suspect of a Congo/Angola background' (Kubik 1979, 20).

Precursors

Pérez (2015) states:

The historically proximate precursors to twerk are as seldom cited as its analogues. Twerk emerged from earlier movement styles, like 'the up-and-back hip-swinging bowed-legged movements of a dance called the Tootsie Roll' and p[ussy]-popping (Gaunt 2006, 285). As Miller notes, 'it is likely that P-Popping constitutes an expression of what Chadwick Hansen identified in the late 1960s as "a long tradition of erotic shaking dances in America", which "have clearly been continuous within the Negro community"' (Miller 2012, 98). Some of the earliest footage of such moves may be seen in clips of the legendary Joséphine Baker. Picart writes, '[Baker biographer Phyllis] Rose conjectures that Baker's frenzied improvisational "stomach dance" was probably derived from moves related to the belly dance: the Shake, the Shimmy, the Mess Around – all of which were popular with New York Black jazz dancers in 1920s' (Picart 2013, 58). Other 'serpentine' dances that presaged twerk are the Georgia crawl and 'the sensuous grind' called ballin' the jack, both with their heyday in the nineteen-teens (Gaunt 2012, 108; George-Graves 2009, 59; Oliver 1999, 107–108). In the same period, 'From Florida came the Swamp Shimmy, in which vigorous undulations of body, hips, and limbs made up for lack of forward movement' (Oliver 1960, 149). The historical record indicates that dances like twerk date to the antebellum period in the American South. Enslaved people performed sinuous snake hip and fish tail dances on plantations during festivals and special gatherings, such as celebratory dinners. Perhaps tellingly, like the snake hip movement, twerk can serve as an 'embellishment' or 'an independent dance in its own right' (Hazzard-Gordon 1990, 123).

Twerk dance

In 1990, the introduction of bounce music into the New Orleans music scene brought along the dance of twerking. In 1992, Panama singer Renato recorded the videoclip "El más sensual" (the most sexy), a reggae song with the twerking dance.

The diffusion of the dance phenomenon began earlier via local parties and eventually strip clubs often associated with mainstream rap music and video production aired by video cable television shows that featured rap music and R&B music. Popular video-sharing platforms such as YouTube amplified interest since the advent of digital social media.

Twerking can also be seen in Destiny's Child's 2001 video Bootylicious, in 2003 Beyoncé's video Crazy in Love and in Eminem's 2005 in Ass Like That video.

Rise to national attention
Twerking first received national recognition in the United States in the early 2000s, when the song "Whistle While You Twurk" (2000), by Southern hip hop duo Ying Yang Twins, peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs component chart. It was later referenced in their later track "Say I Yi Yi" (2002), in which the lyrics "she got her hands up on her knees and her elbows on her thighs / she like to twerk and that's for certain I can tell that she fly" are heard. The chorus of Silkk the Shocker's 2001 song "That's Cool" features the line "Somebody that's off the chain / who could twerk that thang."

Girl group Destiny's Child was the first mainstream artist to use the word in a song in their song "Jumpin' Jumpin'". In 2005 Beyoncé use the word and dance on her song and video "Check on It".

In 2013, the dance became a viral sensation beyond black culture. Miley Cyrus used the dance in a video that was uploaded first on Facebook and then YouTube in March. Though twerking began trending as a web search in November 2011, and despite its origins in the bounce culture of New Orleans in the late 1980s, the word twerk would be added to the Oxford Dictionary Online and attributed to Cyrus following her appearance at the MTV VMA Awards in August 2013. It became the number one "what is" Google search that year as those outside the culture questioned the popularity of the dance. The word was a runner-up to "selfie" in the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013.

Billboard charts
In 2006, the song "Pop, Lock & Drop It", by American rapper Huey, reached number six on the US Billboard Hot 100. Also in 2006, the hit single "SexyBack", by American pop singer Justin Timberlake, featuring Timbaland, from the former's second studio album Futuresex/Lovesounds, featured Timbaland rapping the lyrics "Let me see what you're twerking with / Go ahead, be gone with it, Look at those hips".

The 2012 single "Bandz a Make Her Dance" by Juicy J contains the lyric "Start twerking when she hear her song", while French Montana questions the ability of a girl to twerk by asking "What you twerkin' with?" in his 2012 single "Pop That" featuring fellow rappers Drake, Lil Wayne and Rick Ross. The aforementioned songs, along with "Express Yourself" by Nicky Da B and Diplo, "made twerking the most popular dance move since the Dougie". In 2014, "Anaconda" by Nicki Minaj peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, which references twerking many times.

In November 2018, the City Girls released a song called "Twerk" featuring Cardi B which peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 29. The lyrics to the song ("Twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk with her") is self-explanatory as to how the City Girls wanted to grab the attention of their female audience. The music video has over 200 million views on YouTube as of June 2022.

In the media
Vanessa Z. Schneider twerks as one of her automatic fire animations in the 2003 third-person shooter P.N.03.

In 2011, the Twerk Team, a group of female dancers from Atlanta who have posted several videos of themselves twerking on YouTube, were mentioned during the song "Round of Applause" by Waka Flocka Flame featuring Drake, in the line "Bounce that ass, shake that ass like the Twerk Team". Australian rapper Iggy Azalea has incorporated twerking into her live shows since 2011. In July 2012, during the Workaholics episode "The Lord's Force", Anders Holm says "Let's just, uh, put on some twerk videos or something, right?".

In March 2013, American pop singer Miley Cyrus posted a video on Facebook which featured her performing a twerking routine while wearing a unicorn suit, to the 2011 single "Wop" by J. Dash. The popularity of the video, along with parodies and responses made by fans, influenced the song's re-emergence on the Billboard Hot 100. Miley Cyrus's "Wop" video would go to become viral. By April 9, 2013, copies of the video had amassed over 4 million views on YouTube. Also in March 2013, Mollie King, an English singer-songwriter and lead vocalist of British-Irish girl group The Saturdays, was seen twerking when her bandmate Rochelle Humes uploaded the footage on YouTube. American actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens was also seen twerking in March on American late-night talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In September 2013, Hudgens was later seen twerking, this time to the song "Bubble Butt", during her performance at Bootsy Bellows in West Hollywood, with her girl group YLA. Hudgens was again seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning. American actress and singer Ashley Tisdale can also be seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.

On July 9, 2013, a video was posted on the Twitter-owned video sharing service Vine entitled "Twerk Team", which featured a group of five women provocatively twerking to "Don't Drop That Thun Thun". The clip was shared by users over 100,000 times, and users created their own responses and parodies featuring the song, collected under the hashtags "#dontdropthat" and "#thunthun". The viral popularity of the Vine clips led to an unexpected increase in sales for the song; prior to the posting of the "Twerk Team" clip, only 4,000 copies of the song had been sold; in the following weeks, sales went up to 34,000, then to over 72,000. By late July, "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" had reached #5 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart, and it eventually peaked at #35 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

Both "Wop" and "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" have been cited as examples of how viral and user-created videos can bring renewed interest to songs; Spin writer Jordan Sargent considered "Wop" to be rap music's "Harlem Shake moment", but not a meme to the same extent as it. In April 2013, American rapper Danny Brown released the song "Express Yourself", inspired by music producer Diplo's song of the same name. The song, produced by Trampy, features a fast-paced electronic beat and is a composition about the popular dance craze twerking. Brown dedicated the song "to all the ladies that like to turn up and have fun," in which he raps "Toes on the wall and her ass in the air / And she twerk that thing like she ain't have a care".

In the music video for Barbadian singer Rihanna's single "Pour It Up", which was released in May 2013, the singer can be seen twerking. In June 2013, American rapper Busta Rhymes released a Jamaican dancehall-inspired single titled "Twerk It", featuring Nicki Minaj, who has been featured on several other "twerking songs", including "Shakin' It 4 Daddy" by Robin Thicke, "Dance (A$$)" by Big Sean and "Clappers" by Wale. Minaj can be seen twerking in all four of the aforementioned songs' respective music videos. Minaj can also be seen twerking in the music videos for American rapper Nelly's single "Get Like Me" and American singer Ciara's single "I'm Out". In August 2013, the song "Twerk", by Lil Twist, featuring pop singers Miley Cyrus and Justin Bieber, was leaked online.

On July 14, 2013, Showtime broadcast Season 1 Episode 3 of the series Ray Donovan, entitled "Twerk", in which actor Jon Voight's character enters a college library and pays a student to give up his computer terminal so that he can watch online videos of women twerking. A YouTube video of the scene has more than 38,000views.

In August 2013, Juicy J announced via Twitter that he would give out a $50,000 scholarship for the girl who can twerk the best. The competition is inspired by the track "Scholarship" on his third album Stay Trippy, which contains the lyric "Keep twerking baby, might earn you a scholarship." In early September 2013, a video titled "Worst Twerk Fail EVER - Girl Catches Fire!", began circulating around online; the video went on to become viral with over 9 million views, and received media coverage. The following week, American comedian and television host Jimmy Kimmel revealed the video was a hoax that he and his team had devised, on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. In April 2014, the video won the Webby Award for best viral clip of the year.

Also in September, "Twerk" from the MTV VMA show was named the Top Television Word of the Year (Teleword) of the 2012–2013 TV season by the Global Language Monitor. In October 2013, American actress Beth Behrs, of American television sitcom 2 Broke Girls, was seen twerking on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Behrs was later seen twerking to the 1992 hit "Baby Got Back", in January 2014, during the 40th annual awards ceremony of the People's Choice Awards, which she hosted alongside her co-star Kat Dennings. The fifth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, which aired November 13, 2013 and was titled "The End of Twerk", revolved around the twerking phenomenon. The seventh episode of the second season of the American reality television series Bad Girls All-Star Battle, which aired February 25, 2014 and was titled "Twerk It Out", featured the contestants twerking as fast as possible with pedometers on their back.

In August 2013, American recording artist Miley Cyrus, generated controversy following a sexually provocative performance during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, in which Cyrus twerked during a medley of her track "We Can't Stop", "Blurred Lines" and "Give It 2 U" by Robin Thicke. Cyrus also received criticism for "stealing" African American culture, also known as cultural appropriation.

In August 2014, American recording artist Taylor Swift, featured twerking in the music video to her single "Shake It Off". This caused some controversy with American rapper Earl Sweatshirt saying that the video was "perpetuating stereotypes".

In October 2017, Valerie Dixon who was 27 years old, was arrested in Lake County, Florida, because she was twerking and speaking foul language in front of a school bus. Other arrests in Florida for electric twerking in public include the video blogger Carmel Kitten and two unnamed Canadian tourists.

See also

 African-American dance
 Belly dance
 Cordax
 Daggering
 Erotic dance
 Grinding (dance)
 Malayah
 Mapouka
 Moulding of Cockle-bread
 'ote'a
 Pelvic thrust
 Sandungueo
 Soukous
 Surra de Bunda
 Tamure
 'upa'upa

References

External links

Let's Talk About The Female MCs Who Shaped Hip-Hop
A Brief History of Twerking

2010s fads and trends
African-American dance
Afro-Caribbean culture
Afro–Latin American culture
Culture of New Orleans
Hip hop dance
Novelty and fad dances
Internet memes
Articles containing video clips
Partial squatting position
Buttocks
African-American culture

Twerking


Oberstenfeld () is a municipality in the district of Ludwigsburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is located about 40 km north of Stuttgart.

Geography
Oberstenfeld is located in the upper Bottwar river valley. It lies in the northeast of the district of Ludwigsburg. In the north it borders to the Löwenstein Hills, in the west there are the hills Forstberg and Wunnenstein covered by vineyards.

Neighboring towns
The closest neighboring towns are Beilstein to the north and Großbottwar to the south.

Incorporated villages
The villages Gronau (located northeast of Oberstenfeld) and Prevorst (located about five kilometers northeast in the Löwensteiner Berge hills) are incorporated.

Prevorst is an exclave located between the Heilbronn district and the Rems-Murr district. With an elevation of 482m it is the highest location of the Ludwigsburg district.

Transport

Road links
The motorway Autobahn A81 (Zürich – Singen – Würzburg – Hamburg) is nearby and reachable within minutes.

Public transport
The Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart (VVS) operates bus stops in Oberstenfeld and its incorporated villages which connects them to the larger metropolitan area Stuttgart. Northwards, when crossing the border to the Heilbronn district, starting in the neighboring town of Beilstein, the buses are operated by the Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr (HNV), giving access to the city of Heilbronn.

History
Oberstenfeld originated in the 7th or 8th century, and belonged to the Lichtenberg castle residing above the town.

The Oberstenfeld nunnery  was founded in 1016 CE, its patronage was taken over in 1357 CE when the count of Lichtenberg sold the town to the dukes of Württemberg. In 1540 CE it adopted the reformation but remained a part of the Imperial Knights until 1803 CE when it was taken in by the duchy of Württemberg.

The community Prevorst as well as the Lichtenberg castle were taken over by the dukes of Württemberg from the count of Lichtenberg in 1357 CE, (A few years before in (1350 CE) they had acquired Gronau from the Margraves of Baden, and from this time Prevorst belonged to Gronau).

The three villages were conjointly assigned to the de:Oberamt Marbach since 1810 CE. In 1938 CE Oberstenfeld was allotted to the Ludwigsburg district while Gronau and Prevorst became a part of the Heilbronn district. On January 1, 1972, Gronau and Prevorst changed the district and were assigned to Oberstenfeld.

Politics

Municipal council

The outcome of the municipal council elections on June 13. 2004 was:
 FBWV 31,9% (−0,9): 6 seats (=)
 CDU 28,1% (−0,4): 6 seats (=)
 SPD 23,9% (+1,6): 5 seats (+1)
 OBLO 16,0% (−0,4): 3 seats (=)

State institutions

Education
The Lichtenbergschule in Oberstenfeld is an elementary school and a Hauptschule with Werkrealschule. There are six Kindergartens.

Public institutions

Religion
There are one Roman Catholic and three Protestant churches as well as one mosque.

Culture and attractions

Sights

Located on top of a hill, amidst idyllic vineyards, the town is guarded by the Lichtenberg castle.

The Romanesque Peterskirche (Peter's church) is situated on a hill, about one kilometer north of downtown Oberstenfeld. Built in the mid 11th century, it is a relict of a lost precursor commune. The choir was arched over  and the church's inside was painted with frescos in the 13th century. Some of those frescos are still present today. The church was nearly forgotten and unused for a long time. However, it is used for protestant and occasionally also for Roman Catholic services since it was restored between 1973 and 1976.

The Cyriakuskirche (Cyriakus' church), located in Gronau, is second eldest church of the municipality. Its choirtower  is a relict of the Gothic first building phase in the 13th and 14th century. It was rebuilt and extended in 1599.

The collegiate church (German: "Stiftskirche") St. Johannes der Täufer (St. John the Baptist), located downtown Oberstenfeld, is one of the state's  most important Romanesque churches. The nave was built about 1220, the choirtower about 1230 CE. It is open to the public May to October on Sundays between 11 am and 1 pm. Guided tours are available for value.

Nearby is the Dorfkirche (community church), which was built in the 9th century as Galluskapelle (Gallus' chapel). It became the prayer room of the market town community  in contradiction to the collegiate church which was reserved for the canonesses. After heavy damage in 1693 it was newly built in 1738. The porch in the north is decorated with the coat of arms of the municipality, which can also be found on the weather vane.

In the centre are a few restored baroque timbered framed houses. Among them are:
 the town hall, built single-story in 1698 and got two more stories attached in 1840
 the timber-framed house in the Großbottwerer Straße 14, built in 1700
 the bakery which is the former :de:Pfrundhaus built in 1702, originally used as dwelling for the canonesses. It is also the birthplace of the democrat Johannes Nefflen
 the winemaker's house (Winzerhaus) in Berggasse 2, built in 1737
 the cooper's house (Küferhaus) in the Küfergasse 15, built in 1726
A few minutes walk south of the old centre is the former train station of the Bottwarbahn.

Economy
Oberstenfeld has several medium-sized businesses as well as bigger employers like Werzalit or Hoerbiger.

Twin towns
In September 2005 Italian Town of Verbicaro in the Province of Cosenza became a sister city. Many of the citizens of Italian descent have roots in this town in Calabria. A sign at the town's entrance was installed as a reminder of the town twinning.

References

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Ludwigsburg (district)
Württemberg

Oberstenfeld


Thomas Watson is a co-founder and former Vice Chairman of the Omnicom Group, Inc. and consults for Omnicom on management education and leadership development as Dean Emeritus of Omnicom University, Residency and Diversity programs.

Education
Watson is a graduate of Delaware Valley College (now Delaware Valley University) and Hofstra University's Frank G. Zarb School of Business (MBA). He also received an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Delaware Valley College.

Career
Watson began his business career in 1958 in sales with Abbott Laboratories. From 1960-1963, he worked for Merck & Co. in marketing and started his advertising career with Interpublic's Erwin Wasey Agency in account management in 1963-1965. This was followed by a year with the Robert A. Becker advertising agency, before joining BBDO in 1966.

In 1986, he assisted in development of BBDO's network agency strategy, created the Network Training Program to implement the strategy and was a member of the "4101" team that created Omnicom in 1986. He has managed several OMC pro bono initiatives with Omnicom companies for the Jackie Robinson Foundation, In Roads and the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health.

In 1994 he developed the Senior Management Program (SMP) for Diversified Agency Services, the largest division of Omnicom. In 2000 he expanded the SMP to include senior managers of all divisions of the company, creating "Omnicom University".

In 1999, he initiated a company global study on Employee Relationship Management and its impact on profitability, and subsequently published in David Maister's 2001 book Practice What You Preach. He wrote "People Make Profits" for Advertising Age (4/28/03) on this work. He also contributed work on "the Organization Brain" concept and organization learning at Omnicom in the 2003 book The Value Profit Chain.

Watson retired from Omnicom January 2005 and continued to run the Omnicom University as Dean in 2005.

In 2006, he created the Watson Executive in Residence and Scholars Program at Delaware Valley College. He serves as Chairman of the President's Advisory Council.

He is co-manager of Two Bare Arms Productions, LLC and is the Executive Producer on "Mixed Signals": a short film shown at the Palm Springs International Film Festival, the Judee Wales CD "Love Life" and her music videos "My Other Half" and "Goldfinger".

References

Delaware Valley University alumni
Hofstra University alumni
American advertising executives
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)

Thomas W. Watson


A Pinto horse is a spotted horse. They are not a breed, but a coat color. In fact, any horse breed can be a Pinto as long as they have patches of white or another color. Pintos are often confused with Paints, a horse breed. They look very similar. The difference is that a Paint is a breed, and a Pinto is a coat color that can be on any breed, including Paints.

History
Pintos are so old that they were found in tombs in Ancient Egypt dating back to 4 B.C.  In the 16th century Cortez brought thousands to the New World. Some of them were set free, and Native Americans caught them. The Native Americans liked them for their toughness and their color. Their color blended in with the environment and made a natural camouflage. They were known to make great war horses. Their name came from the Spanish word pintado, which means "painted".

Color
Pintos have pink skin, blue eyes, and white or multicolored hooves.  They can be either a white horse with colored patches, or a colored horse with white patches. It has been said that no two Pintos are exactly alike.

Patterns
Pintos have 3 different patterns:
Tobiano: The Tobiano is the most common. They are white, with large colored spots that often overlap.
Overo: A colored horse with jagged white markings.
Tovero: A Tovero is a mix of Tobiano and Overo.

Type
Pintos come in 4 different types:
Stock: A Western horse, usually a Quarter Horse or a Paint
Hunter: An English horse, usually a Thoroughbred or a European Warmblood
Pleasure: Usually an Arabian, Andalusian, or a Morgan
Saddle: A gaited horse, usually a Saddlebred, Hackney, or a Tennessee Walker

Size
Pintos come in 4 different sizes:
Miniature: usually about 34 inches.
Miniature B: usually about 34-38 inches.
Pony: usually about 38-56 inches.
Horse: 56 inches and up.

Related pages
Horse

References

Horses

Pinto horse


Yang Shen (; 1488–1559) was a poet in the Chinese Ming dynasty. His courtesy name was Yongxiu (); his art names included Sheng'an (), Bonan Shanren () and Diannan Shushi ().

Yang Shen was the son of Yang Tinghe and originally lived in Chengdu, Sichuan province. He there married Huang E, who was known for her own scholarship and became a poet.

As a result of the Great Rites Controversy of 1524, he was reduced to the status of commoner and exiled to Yunnan, where he spent over 30 years. His wife went to his family's house in Chengdu and took care of financial matters, the household and the raising of Yang family children, and only occasionally had time to visit him.

Yang Shen was well received by the Yunnanese literati and produced a substantial amount of writing inspired by the nature and culture of that province. Particularly well known are the Linjiangxian or The Immortals by the River () (later employed by Luo Guanzhong as the introductory poem to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms), and his essay Roaming atop Diancang Mountain (, Diancang Shan Zhi), inspired by a 1530 trip. He and his wife exchanged poems and letters. Some of the poems under her name might have been written by him as a parody on himself. In those, she admonishes him for his irresponsible lifestyle, while she has to take care of his family matters.

See also

 Wu Qiuyan

References
6. Jonathan Chaves, The Columbia Book of Later Chinese Poetry, Columbia University Press, 1986.

1488 births
1559 deaths
Ming dynasty poets
Ming dynasty government officials
Writers from Chengdu
Politicians from Chengdu
Poets from Sichuan
Deified Chinese people
16th-century antiquarians

Yang Shen


Narcisse J. "Buddy" Christian (1895? - 1958?) was an American jazz banjoist, guitarist, and pianist.

Christian worked professionally as a pianist starting in the early 1910s. He played in New Orleans with Peter Bocage in 1912-1913 and with King Oliver at Lala's Cafe in the middle of the decade. Around 1920 he moved to New York City, where he began playing banjo in addition to piano. He played with Lucille Hegamin, June Clark, and the Red Onion Jazz Babies, and played in the studio on Clarence Williams's sessions, including Eva Taylor and the Blue Five (with Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet). He can also be heard on Bessie Smith recordings made in 1923.

In 1926, he recorded under his own name, and continued working as a session musician for recordings with Charles Matson, New Orleans Willie Jackson, and blues musicians. He and Fred Jennings played in a banjo duo in 1929. After 1930 Christian left active performance.

References
"Buddy Christian". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld.

External links
 Buddy Christian recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz guitarists
American jazz banjoists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
American male guitarists
American male jazz musicians

Buddy Christian


Rospigg is a person from Roslagen. The name origins from the old Swedish word "rosbyggiar" - inhabitant in Roden. The word has thus nothing to do with the word "pigg" which is the Swedish word for "quill".

Rospigg is also an alternative name for the boat type "Roslagsskuta".

The word is also used in the name for the speedway team "Rospiggarna" in Hallstavik.

Linguists and historians consider that "Rospigg" might be related to the name of the Medieval Rus' people, Swedes who settled in what are now Russia and Ukraine and from whose name the names "Russia" and "Russian" developed.

References

Geographic history of Sweden
Swedish words and phrases
Uppland

Rospigg


"The Story of the Three Bears" is a literary fairy tale. It was written by Robert Southey and first published in 1837 in a collection of his essays and stories. Southey's story is about an ugly old woman who enters the house of three bachelor bears during their absence. She eats their food, breaks a chair, and sleeps in a bed. She runs away when discovered. In time, the three bachelor bears became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. The old woman became a little girl called Goldilocks. The story supports several interpretations. It has been adapted to animated movies, a live action movie, and a short opera.

Story
Three male bears"a Little, Small, Wee Bear ... a Middle-sized Bear ... and a Great, Huge Bear" live in a house in the woods. They each have a porridge pot, a chair, and a bed. One morning, they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools. A little old woman"an impudent, bad old Woman"enters the house during the bears' absence. She eats the little bear's porridge, breaks his little chair, and falls asleep in his little bed. The bears come home, and discover the old woman asleep. She wakes, sees the bears, jumps out the window, and fall to her deathnever to be seen again.

Origin
"The Story of the Three Bears" was written by English writer Robert Southey. It was published in 1837 his 4-volume collection of essays and stories called The Doctor. Southey probably heard a version of the story as a boy from his uncle William Tyler. It was this version that was probably the basis for the story Southey  included in The Doctor. It is unknown where or how his uncle learned the story. Southey had known the story for a long time before he published it. He had been telling it to family and friends since 1813.

A very similar version of the story predates Southey's published one of 1837. In 1831, a lady named Eleanor Mure wrote the story in rhyming verse for her nephew's fourth birthday. In both Southey's and Mure's versions, the character who enters the bears' house is an ugly old woman. The two versions differ only in some small details: Southey's bears have porridge, for example, while Mure's bears have milk.

The same year Southey published the story, a rhyming version was written by William Nicol. Southey wrote on 3 July 1837 that he had received Nicol's version. He liked it. He thought it would bring the story more attention from children. Nicol's version was published in 1841 with illustrations.

Some think the story of the three bears resembles parts of "Snow White", or a story from Norway about a princess and three princes dressed in bear skins.  Charles Dickens included a story about goblins in his 1865 novel Our Mutual Friend that also resembles "The Three Bears". A story called "Scrapefoot" may be the original for "The Three Bears". This story has a fox (not a human) as the intruder in the bears' house.

Goldilocks
About 12 years after Southey's story was published, writer Joseph Cundall changed the old woman into a little girl in his book Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children. Cundall made this change because there were many children's books about old women at the time. Once the little girl entered the story, she stayed there. She was known over the years as Silverhair, Silverlocks, Goldenlocks, and other names. She finally became Goldilocks sometime in the early 20th century.

In time, the three male bears of Southey's original became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. What was once a scary little story about a nosy, ugly old woman and three male bears became a cozy little story about a nosy, pretty little girl and a family of bears. In versions of the story from the Victorian Era, Southey's "[T]here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out, and down came her's, plump upon the ground" was changed to read "and down she came" instead. All mention of the human "bottom" was wiped out.

Interpretations

In The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales (2002), Harvard professor Maria Tatar writes that the story is sometimes regarded as a cautionary tale. It warns children about the dangers of wandering off into unknown places. She points out that the story is often presented today as one about what is "just right" for oneself. In earlier times however, the story was about interfering with someone else's property.

In The Uses of Enchantment (1976), child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim discusses Goldilock's struggle to grow beyond her Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems. The story does not encourage children to solve the problems of growing up, Bettelheim writes, and does not end with the traditional "happily ever after" promise for those who solve their Oedipal issues.  He believes the tale does not allow the child reader to gain emotional maturity.

Tatar writes, "[Bettelheim's] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales, that is, in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child. While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes "Cinderella" does, it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just 'trying out' things that do not belong to you."

The story supports a Freudian anal stage interpretation. In ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations" (1977), Professor Emeritus of the University of California, David Alan C. Elms makes such an interpretation and points to the story's emphasis upon orderlinessone of the character traits Freud associated with the anal stage of human developmentas compelling evidence. Elms traces the story's anality to Southey and to his dirt-obsessed aunt who passed her obsession on to him in "somewhat milder form".

Adaptations
The Walt Disney and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios have both made animated movies about the Three BearsDisney in 1922 and MGM in 1939. Coronet Films made a short live action movie in 1958 that had real bears and a real child playing the characters. Faerie Tale Theatre made a television version in 1984. It stars Tatum O'Neal as Goldilocks.

Kurt Schwertsik wrote a 35-minute opera called Roald Dahl's Goldilocks. Baby Bear is accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks. The tables are turned when the defense shows that the bears have had a lot of touble because of that "brazen little crook" Goldilocks. The was first presented in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.

Notes

References

Other websites

 "The Story of the Three Bears", versified by George Nicol, 2nd edition, 1839

Fairy tales

The Story of the Three Bears