A soil conditioner is a product which is added to soil to improve the soil's physical qualities, usually its fertility (ability to provide nutrition for plants) and sometimes its mechanics. In general usage, the term "soil conditioner" is often thought of as a subset of the category soil amendments (or soil improvement, soil condition), which more often is understood to include a wide range of fertilizers and non-organic materials. In the context of construction soil conditioning is also called soil stabilization.

Soil conditioners can be used to improve poor soils, or to rebuild soils which have been damaged by improper soil management. They can make poor soils more usable, and can be used to maintain soils in peak condition.

Composition
A wide variety of materials have been described as soil conditioners due to their ability to improve soil quality. Some examples include biochar, bone meal, blood meal, coffee grounds, compost, compost tea, coir, manure, straw, peat, sphagnum moss, vermiculite, sulfur, lime, hydroabsorbant polymers,  and biosolids.

Many soil conditioners come in the form of certified organic products, for people concerned with maintaining organic crops or organic gardens. Soil conditioners of almost every description are readily available from online stores or local nurseries as well as garden supply stores.

Polyacrylamides
Polyacrylamides have been widely investigated as soil conditioners. They  were introduced as "linear soil conditioner" in the 1950s by Monsanto Company under the trade name Krilium. The soil conditioning technology was presented at a symposium on "Improvement of Soil Structure" held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 29, 1951. The technology was strongly documented and was published in the June 1952 issue of the journal Soil Science, volume 73, June 1952 that was dedicated to polymeric soil conditioners. The original formulation of polyacrylamide soil conditioners was difficult to use because it contained calcium which cross-linked the linear polymer under field conditions. Krilium was abandoned by Monsanto. Water-soluble soil conditioners offer the following benefits:

 increase pore space in soils containing clay
 increase water infiltration into soils containing clay
 prevent soil crusting
 stop erosion and water runoff
 make friable soil that is easy to cultivate
 make soil dry quicker after rain or irrigation, so that the soil can be worked sooner

Consequently, these translate into

 stronger, larger plants with more extensive root system
 earlier seed emergence and crop maturity
 more efficient water utilization
 easier weed removal
 more response to fertilizers and to new crop varieties
 less plant diseases related to poor soil aeration
 decreased energy requirement for tillage

The cross-linked forms of polyacrylamide, which strongly retain water, are often used for horticultural and agricultural under trade names such as Broadleaf P4 and Swell-Gel. In addition to use on farm lands, these polymers are used at construction sites for erosion control, in order to protect the water quality of nearby rivers and streams. As an nonionic monomer it can be co-polymerize with anionic for example Acrylic acid and cationic monomer such as diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) and resulted co-polymer that can have different compatibility in different applications.

Polyacrylamide is also used in some potting soil. Another use of polyacrylamide is as a chemical intermediate in the production of N-methylol acrylamide and N-butoxyacrylamide.

Purpose

Soil structure
The most common use of soil conditioners is to improve soil structure. Soils tend to become compacted over time.  Soil compaction impedes root growth, decreasing the ability of plants to take up nutrients and water. Soil conditioners can add more loft and texture to keep the soil loose.

Soil nutrients
For centuries people have been adding things to poor soils to improve their ability to support healthy plant growth. Some of these materials, such as compost, clay and peat, are still used extensively today. Many soil amendments also add nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen, as well as beneficial bacteria.

Additional nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, may be augmented by amendments as well. This enriches the soil, allowing plants to grow bigger and stronger.

Cation exchange
Soil amendments can also greatly increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils. Soils act as the storehouses of plant nutrients. The relative ability of soils to store one particular group of nutrients, the cations. The most common soil cations are calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, hydrogen, and sodium.

The total number of cations a soil can hold, its total negative charge, is the soil's cation exchange capacity. The higher the CEC, the higher the negative charge and the more cations that can be held and exchanged with plant roots, providing them with the nutrition they require.

Water retention

Soil conditioners may be used to improve water retention in dry, coarse soils which are not holding water well. The addition of organic material for instance can greatly improve the water retention abilities of sandy soils and they can be added to adjust the pH of the soil to meet the needs of specific plants or to make highly acidic or alkaline soils more usable. The possibility of using other materials to assume the role of composts and clays in improving the soil was investigated on a scientific basis earlier in the 20th century, and the term soil conditioning was coined. The criteria by which such materials are judged most often remains their cost-effectiveness, their ability to increase soil moisture for longer periods, stimulate microbiological activity, increase nutrient levels and improve plant survival rates.

The first synthetic soil conditioners were introduced in the 1950s, when the chemical hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile was the most used. Because of their ability to absorb several hundred times their own weight in water, polyacrylamides and polymethacrylates (also known as hydroabsorbent polymers, superabsorbent polymers or hydrogels) were tested in agriculture, horticulture and landscaping beginning in the 1960s.

Interest disappeared when experiments proved them to be phytotoxic due to their high acrylamide monomer residue. Although manufacturing advances later brought the monomer concentration down below the toxic level, scientific literature shows few successes in utilizing these polymers for increasing plant quality or survival. The appearance of a new generation of potentially effective tools in the early 1980s, including hydroabsorbent polymers and copolymers from the propenamide and propenamide-propenoate families, opened new perspectives.

Soil stabilization

In the context of construction there are some soil improvement techniques that are intended to improve the effective strength and resistance of very soft soils, for example when excavating deep tunnels for underground subway or tunnel construction. The soil stabilization technique of low pressure chemical permeation grouting has also been used for high rise foundation underpinning as an alternative to pile foundations at a residential development over the East River landfill. Pressure grouting can be difficult to apply correctly at sites with waste materials or heterogeneous and coarse soils.

Application
Soil conditioners may be applied in a number of ways. Some are worked into the soil with a tiller before planting. Others are applied after planting, or periodically during the growing season. Soil testing should be performed prior to applying a soil conditioner to learn more about the composition and structure of the soil. This testing will determine which conditioners will be more appropriate for the available conditions.

Ecological concerns
While adding a soil conditioner to crops or a garden can seem like a great way to get healthier plants, over-application of some amendments can cause ecological problems. For example, salts, nitrogen, metals and other nutrients that are present in many soil amendments are not productive when added in excess, and can actually be detrimental to plant health. (See fertilizer burn.) Runoff of excess nutrients into waterways also occurs, which is harmful to the water quality and, through it, the environment.

References

See also

 Agricultural soil science
 Agroecology
 Biodynamic agriculture
 Certified Naturally Grown
 Compost
 Industrial agriculture
 Organic farming by country
 Organic Farming Digest
 Organic food
 Organic movement
 Permaculture
 Polymer soil stabilization
 Seasonal food
 Soil science
 Sustainable agriculture
 Wildculture
 Plant nutrition

Related lists
 List of composting systems
 List of environment topics
 List of sustainable agriculture topics
 List of organic gardening and farming topics

Agricultural soil science
Organic farming
Physiological plant disorders
Soil improvers

Soil conditioner


The Grigna is a mountain massif in the province of Lecco,  Lombardy, northern Italy, with an elevation of . It is part of the Bergamo Alps, and it has two peaks, Grignone or Grigna settentrionale, the higher, and the lower Grignetta or Grigna meridionale (2,177 m).

Geography and climbing routes
To the southwest, the Grigna massif descends precipitously toward an arm of Lake Como known as 'Ramo di Lecco' (The Branch of Lecco). To the east, the mountain rises gently through fields and forested land into Valsassina. The northern side of the mountain, which is known for its many caves and crevices, leads to Passo del Cainallo and the town of Esino Lario.

The easiest route to the Grignone peak is from the southeast starting at the town of Ballabio in Valsassina. Farther up the valley is Pasturo, another traditional trailhead for the ascent. The mountain's relative isolation affords it panoramic views of Alps toward the north and on clear days, the Milan cathedral can be seen to the southwest.

The Rifugio Brioschi (a mountain hut with food and accommodations) sits on the Grignone peak and is open most of the year. There are other shelters lower down on the massif, including Rifugio Bietti, Rifugio Arnaldo Bogani, Rifugio Pialeral, and Rifugio Rosalba.

Every year in September, Grigna hosts a Skyrunning event known as the "Trofeo Scaccabarozzi", which starts and finishes in Pasturo. The route passes over Grigna Meridionale and Grigna Settrionale and covers a distance of 43 km.

Sergio "Gigi" Sala from Casatenovo was the first person to reach the summit using only his hands and without any protections  in 1988.

References

External links
 Official website of the Grigna Regional Park

Mountains of Lombardy
Mountains of the Alps

Grigna


Paul Joseph Hendricks (born 18 March 1956) is an Auxiliary Roman Catholic bishop of the Archdiocese of Southwark and Titular Bishop of Diocese of Ross.

Early life
Paul Hendricks was born in 1956 in Beckenham, Kent. He attended Corpus Christi College, Oxford, gaining in 1977 a degree in Physics. After working at the GEC Hirst Research Centre in Wembley, he began his studies for the priesthood at the Venerable English College, Rome in 1979, and was ordained priest in 1984 by Archbishop Michael Bowen. Fr. Hendricks served as curate at St Boniface Church in Tooting from 1984 to 1989, before becoming a lecturer in philosophy in 1989 at the Provincial Seminary of St John at Wonersh. He also served as Bursar of the Seminary until his appointment as Parish Priest of Our Lady of Sorrows, Peckham in 1999.

Episcopal career (2006-present)
On 14 February 2006, Father Hendricks was ordained to the episcopate with Father Patrick Lynch at St George's Cathedral, Southwark, by Archbishop Kevin MacDonald, Archbishop of Southwark. He was appointed Titular Bishop of Rosemarkie by Pope Benedict XVI, and given pastoral responsibility for the South-West London area of the Archdiocese by Archbishop MacDonald.  Since July 2022, Bishop Hendricks has oversight of the Kent Pastoral Area of the archdiocese, at the request of Archbishop John Wilson.

References
 Webpage of the Archdiocese of Southwark relating to Bishop Hendricks, retrieved 8 May 2008.
 Catholic Hierarchy information website, retrieved 8 May 2008.

1956 births
Living people
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
People from Beckenham
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in England

Paul Hendricks


The 2020 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 3, just like the national election. In this election, incumbent Republican president Donald Trump of New York and Vice-President Mike Pence of Indiana, ran against the Democratic candidates: former Vice-President Joe Biden of Delaware, and running mate Senator Kamala Harris of California. Harris was both the first Asian-American and African-American nominated for vice president by one of the major parties. Mississippi has a total of 6 electoral votes in the Electoral College (there are 538 altogether). Although Biden and Harris won nationally with 306 electoral votes, Mississippi went Republican, giving Donald Trump 57.6% of the vote (756, 764 raw votes) compared to 41.1% of the vote for Joe Biden (539,398 raw votes).  This means Trump got all 6 electoral votes. Although Biden improved on Hillary Clinton's performance four years previously, he still lost the state. Mississippi has not supported a Democrat for president since 1976.

References

2020 United States presidential election
2020s in Mississippi


Maria Margaretha la Fargue (1738–1813), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.

La Fargue was born as the daughter of the notary and orangist pamphletist Jean Thomas la Fargue (c. 1700–1774) and Charlotte Constantia van Nieuwland (1703–1785). Her father was a fleeing Huguenot. She had four older brothers. She learned to draw and paint from her brothers Paulus Constantijn la Fargue (1729–1782) and Jacob Elias la Fargue (1735–1776?), who were probably autodidacts. Maria la Fargue is best known for her cityscapes, genre paintings and prints.

Together with her brothers she worked in a family studio where they produced prints and illustrations for books. For example, she made prints for the Haagsche princelyke and koninglyke almanach of 1788. After the studio went bankrupt, La Fargue started giving drawing lessons. However, it became more and more difficult for her to make ends meet, until she became dependent on the dispensation of the Church. She died at the age of 75 in the hospital and refugee home on the Lange Beestenmarkt.

References

External links

 Maria Margaretha la Fargue on Artnet
 Maria Margaretha la Fargue on Mutual Art

1738 births
1813 deaths
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch women artists
Artists from The Hague
Dutch women painters

Maria Margaretha la Fargue


Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia.

He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki. In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals. He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada. In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California.

In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia. He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps. He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney. He went back to London in 1843. He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association. He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society. He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869. He died from cancer in 1873. He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave.

A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki. It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.

References

1797 births
1873 deaths

Explorers
Exploration of Australia
Polish scientists

Paul Strzelecki


Sir Frederick Evelyn, 3rd Baronet (1734 – 1 April 1812) was a British aristocrat.

He was born in 1734, the only son of Sir John Evelyn, 2nd Baronet, and served in Elliot's Light Horse at the battle of Minden in 1759, during the Seven Years' War. He succeeded his father to the baronetcy created for his grandfather, Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet of Wotton, on 11 June 1767, inheriting Wotton House, Surrey.

He was a member of the Jockey Club, and married on 8 August 1769, at St Marylebone, Mary Turton, daughter and heiress of William Turton of Staffordshire. They had no children and on his death, aged 78, the baronetcy was inherited by his cousin once removed John Evelyn, and his estates passed to his widow. She died on 12 November 1817, in her 72nd year. They were both buried at Wotton, Surrey. She devised the Wotton and Sayes Court estates to another John Evelyn, her husband's fifth cousin, who, like her husband, was sixth in descent from George Evelyn (died 1603, aged 77), of Kingston upon Thames, Long Ditton, Godstone and Wotton, all in Surrey.

References

1734 births
1812 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
15th The King's Hussars officers

Frederick Evelyn


Ivanna () is a 1959 Soviet anti-religious drama film directed by Viktor Ivchenko. It was seen by 30.2 million viewers in the USSR.

Plot
The film is set in the year 1940. Ivanna Stavnichaya, the daughter of Greek Catholic priest Theodos, goes to Lviv University, which opened after the establishment of Soviet power. However, the secretary of the admission committee, a hidden nationalist, declares to the girl that she was not accepted because of "social origin". Ivanna accuses the Soviet authorities of injustice, while in fact her fiancé, the fanatical Greek Catholic Roman Hereta, hid from her the truth about the call to study which came from the university. Upset Ivanna asks for help from Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky, head of the Greek Catholic church in Ukraine, and he advises Ivanna to go to the monastery.

The Second World War begins, the Germans enter Lviv. Ivanna sees the ministers of the church cooperating with the invaders, blessing the massacre of partisans, Jews and civilians. Ivanna's girlfriend, Julia, joins up the girl with the partisans. Ivanna enters their detachment, but the Ukrainian Greek Catholics learn about this and begin hunting for the young partisan ... Ivanna's life ends tragically - the German invaders arrest her and after cruel torture execute her.

Cast
 Inna Burduchenko as Ivanna
 Anatoly Motornyi as Theodosius Stavnycyi
 Dana Kruk as Yulya, a friend of Ivanna
 Did Panas as Panas Stepanovych Holub
 Evgeny Ponomarenko as comrade Taras Sadakly
 Vladimir Goncharov as captain Zhurzhenko
 Vladimir Arkushenko as Mykola Andriovych Zubar, senior lieutenant of the NKVD
 Anatoly Yurchenko as Oleksa Gavrylyshyn
 Lev Olevsky as Émile Léger, French musician
 Dmitry Stepovoi as metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky
 Olga Nozhkina as abbess
 Georgi Polinsky as Dasko
 Alexander Korotkevich as "railwayman"
 Vladimir Dalsky as oberfuhrer Alfred Dietz
 Vyacheslav Voronin as Roman Gereta, the fiancé of Ivanna
 Boris Mirus as Dmytro Andriovych Kablak, Secretary of the Admission Committee
 Vasily Fushchych as Zenon Verhola
Maria Kapnist as nun

Anathema
The film, released in 1960 in Catholic Poland, was anathematized by Pope John XXIII.

References

External links

1959 films
Soviet drama films
1959 drama films
Dovzhenko Film Studios films
Films critical of Christianity and Christians

Ivanna (1959 film)


Riga Motor Museum () is the biggest antique vehicle museum in the Baltic countries, located in Riga, Latvia. The museum is a state agency operating under the Republic of Latvia Ministry of Transport. Since 1992, the museum is a member of International Association of Transport and Communication Museums (IATM–ICOM), since 1994 a member of Latvian Museum Association, since 2002 – a member of Latvian Transport Development and Education Association. The museum is located at 6 Sergeja Eizenšteina Street in the Mežciems neighbourhood of Riga. The museum also features a café and a sports club.

The museum was founded in 1989 on an initiative from Latvia Antique Automobile club (AAK). The building was designed by the Latgyprogorstroy architect Viktors Valgums. Since 1992 it is a state museum.

In 2013 the museum closed for reconstruction works. All vehicles were moved to temporary museum location in Rāmava. In 2 July 2016 the museum opened after reconstruction for everyone.

Exhibits
The museum consists of three floors, each with a different theme. The ground floor starts with the history of the automobile, before progressing through the history of cars in the early twentieth century and the manufacture of cars in Latvia. The first floor focuses on motorsports, cars of cultural significance and the soviet car industry, including a collection of soviet state cars that were used to transport soviet leaders safely and luxuriously. The basement contains a range of trucks and special purposes vehicles, including firetrucks, ambulances and other early special vehicles.

One of the most significant exhibits in the museum is a replica of the 1938 Auto Union racing car Type C/D. The original car was saved from cutting into scrap by Viktors Kulbergs, president of Antique Automobile Club of Latvia but then exchanged for a replica from Crostwaite & Gardiner and Roach Manufacturing after negotiations with Audi AG in 1995. Original 1938 car can now be admired in Audi's museum mobile in Ingolstadt.

Gallery

References

External links

Automotive museums
Museums in Riga
Transport museums in Latvia
1989 establishments in Latvia

Riga Motor Museum


Pasquino or Pasquin (Latin: Pasquillus) is the name used by Romans since the early modern period to describe a battered Hellenistic-style statue perhaps dating to the third century BC, which was unearthed in the Parione district of Rome in the fifteenth century. It is located in a piazza of the same name on the northwest corner of the Palazzo Braschi (Museo di Roma); near the site where it was unearthed.

The statue is known as the first of the talking statues of Rome, because of the tradition of attaching anonymous criticisms to its base. The satirical literary form pasquinade (or "pasquil") takes its name from this tradition.

The actual subject of the sculpture is Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus, and the subject, or the composition applied to other figures as in the Sperlonga sculptures, occurs a number of times in classical sculpture, where it is now known as a "Pasquino group". The actual identification of the sculptural subject was made in the eighteenth century by the antiquarian Ennio Quirino Visconti, who identified it as the torso of Menelaus supporting the dying Patroclus; the more famous of two Medici versions of this is in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, Italy. The Pasquino is more recently characterized as a Hellenistic sculpture of the third century BC, or a Roman copy.

History

The statue's fame dates to the early sixteenth century, when Cardinal Oliviero Carafa draped the marble torso of the statue in a toga and decorated it with Latin epigrams on the occasion of the Feast of Saint Mark.

The Cardinal's actions led to a custom of criticizing the pope or his government by the writing of satirical poems in broad Roman dialect—called "pasquinades", from the Italian pasquinate—and attaching them to the Pasquino. Thus Pasquino became the first "talking statue" of Rome. He spoke out about the people's dissatisfaction, denounced injustice, and assaulted misgovernment by members of the Church. From this tradition are derived the English-language terms pasquinade and pasquil, which refer to an anonymous lampoon in verse or prose.

Etymological origins

The origin of the name, "Pasquino", remains obscure. By the mid-sixteenth century it was reported that the name "Pasquino" derived from a nearby tailor who was renowned for his wit and intellect; speculation had it that his legacy was carried on through the statue, in "the honor and everlasting remembrance of the poor tailor".

Tradition of wit
Before long, other statues appeared on the scene, forming a kind of public salon or academy, the  "Congress of the Wits" (Congresso degli Arguti), with Pasquino always the leader, and the sculptures that Romans called Marphurius, Abbot Luigi, Il Facchino, Madama Lucrezia, and Il Babbuino as his outspoken colleagues. The cartelli (translated as posters, placards, boards; probably the equivalent of pamphlet) on which the epigrams were written were quickly passed around, and copies were made, too numerous to suppress. These poems were collected and published annually by the Roman printer Giacomo Mazzocchi as early as 1509, as Carmina apposita Pasquino, and became well known all over Europe.

The lampooning tradition was ancient among Romans. For a first-century versified lampoon, see Domus Aurea.

See also
The Scior Carera in Milan

Notes

References

"The Statue of Pasquino"
Roberto Piperno, "The talking statues of Rome"

Hellenistic-style Roman sculptures
Renaissance Rome
Italian satire
Italian political satire
Talking statues of Rome
Rome R. VI Parione
Sculptures of men in Italy
1500s archaeological discoveries

Pasquino


The Three Peaks Challenge is a challenge (a hard task or job) which involves climbing three British mountains (a peak is the top of a mountain) in less than 24 hours. The three mountains are the highest of each of the three countries in the island of Great Britain.

 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland (1344 m)
 Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales (1085 m)
 Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England (978 m)

Each year many people attempt (try) to do the challenge to raise money for charity. They do this by getting their friends and family to sponsor them (give them money). Many people do not do the challenge for charity. They do it simply because they enjoy walking in the mountains and they want to try something hard. These people usually do it in small groups. Some of them will do the walking, and others will do the driving and the cooking for them. Some people have completed the challenge very quickly. The record is fifteen hours.

Reasons why some people do not like the challenge

Recently, the challenge has become more popular. People who live near the mountains often do not like having cars around in the middle of the night. Conservation groups blame people doing the challenge for dropping litter and damaging the landscape. Some people park their cars in inconsiderate places. Thousands of people attempt the challenge each year. Supporters of the challenge say that only a few people cause these problems, and most behave well.

The usual route

Most attempts are made in the summer, because the days are long and the weather is good. In the winter it is dark for most of the day and can be very cold. The weather up the mountains can change very quickly, and some people die in blizzards (storms of snow) in the winter. Most people who attempt the challenge use the same route, because it is the easiest way of doing the challenge in 24 hours.

They start with Ben Nevis at about five o'clock. It takes about three hours to climb this mountain, so they reach the summit (the top) at about eight o'clock, and return to the bottom at about ten o'clock. In the summer it is still light in Britain at this time. If people start climbing Ben Nevis too early they will arrive at Scafell Pike too early the next morning and it will still be dark. It is important to be quick at the bottom of the mountains. There is not much time so food is usually prepared by others waiting at the bottom. When the climbers arrive they usually leave immediately and eat while they are on the road.

The next mountain is Scafell Pike, in the Lake District of northern England. The journey between Ben Nevis and Scafell Pike is longer than the journey between Scafell Pike and Snowdon. This is why it is done at night, when it is too dark to climb. The journey takes six or seven hours, and the walkers usually go to sleep. The next morning they arrive at Scafell Pike at about half past four. In the summer it is light by this time. Scafell Pike is not as high as the other mountains, but is harder.

If it is climbed quickly enough and the walkers do not get lost they can return to the bottom by about nine o'clock. It takes several hours to get to Snowdon in Wales. The walkers are usually very tired and worried that there is not enough time. If they arrive at the bottom of Snowdon at half past one in the afternoon they can climb it in two hours. This leaves them an hour and a half to get back to the bottom. If they were too slow on the other mountains or the journeys in between they might have to run!

You need to be quite fit to do the challenge in 24 hours, but people who are young and active, and people who are used to hillwalking, can do it. Compared to some mountains in the world, all the mountains in Britain are small. If the weather is bad or the drivers are slow it is very hard.

Other websites
A BBC report about the problems of the challenge
A popular guide to the challenge

Mountain climbing

Three Peaks Challenge


Yishan (Manchu:  I Šan; 13 June 1790 – 30 June 1878), courtesy name Jingxuan, was a Manchu lesser noble and official of the Qing dynasty. He is best known for his failure to defend Guangzhou (Canton) from British forces during the First Opium War, and for signing the treaties of Kulja and Aigun with the Russian Empire in 1851 and 1858 respectively.

Life
Yishan was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, towards the end of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. He was a great-great-grandson of Yunti, the Kangxi Emperor's 14th son and the first in line in the Prince Xun peerage. His great-grandfather, Hongchun (弘春; 1703–1739), once held the title of a junwang (second-rank prince) as "Prince Tai of the Second Rank" (多羅泰郡王). His family was under the Bordered Blue Banner of the Eight Banners.

In 1821, after the Daoguang Emperor came to the throne, Yishan, then a fourth-grade noble was recruited to serve as a third-class imperial guard (三等侍衛) in the Forbidden City. He helped them train recurits Between 1821 and 1838, he held the following appointments, among others:  (領隊大臣) of Da'erbahatai (塔爾巴哈台; an administrative region in present-day Xinjiang); deputy dutong (都統; commander) of the Bordered Blue Banner Han Forces;  (參贊大臣) of Ili (伊犁; an area within Xinjiang). In 1838, he was appointed as General of Ili to govern and maintain security in the area known as Dzungaria. He was recalled back to the capital, Beijing, two years later.

In 1841, when the First Opium War broke out, the Daoguang Emperor dismissed Qishan from his position as Imperial Commissioner overseeing military affairs in Guangdong Province, and appointed Yishan as "Jingni General" (靖逆將軍) to replace Qishan. Yishan distrusted the local people in Guangdong Province and strengthened defences against them instead of against the British. He recruited inexperienced fresh recruits from Fujian Province to serve in the Qing military instead of seasoned soldiers. Besides, he also spent his time partying with the officers. On 21 May 1841, Yishan ordered his troops to launch a sneak attack on the British at night, but the attack failed. The British captured all the artillery positions outside Guangzhou (Canton). The Qing forces retreated into the city and did not dare to engage the British. Chaos broke out in Guangzhou when the volunteer militias from Nanhai and Hunan started fighting over supplies. On 26 May, Yishan surrendered to the British and signed the Treaty of Guangzhou with Charles Elliot. During his time in Canton Yishan repeatedly sent lies and misinformation to the Daoguang emperor, making it seem that the Qing forces were stronger than the British.

In late 1842, Yishan was detained by the Imperial Clan Court to await trial for his failure to defend Guangzhou. However, he was released in mid-1843 and promoted to second class imperial guard (二等侍衛) and acting banshi dachen (辦事大臣) of Khotan (an area within Xinjiang). In 1845, he was appointed to serve as General of Ili for a second term. In 1847, he was awarded the rank of a first class zhenguo jiangjun, the fourth-lowest tier in the Qing dynasty's hierarchy of noble ranks.

In mid-1851, Ivan Zakharov started negotiations with Yishan and Buyantai (布彥泰) at Ili to open up Kulja and Chuguchak to Sino–Russian trade. The Russians wanted the new treaty to be based on the earlier Treaty of Kyakhta (1727). Yishan agreed to almost all the Russian terms, except for trade in Kashgar. On 6 August 1851, the Russian and Qing Empires signed the Treaty of Kulja. In 1855, Yishan was reassigned to serve as General of Heilongjiang (黑龍江將軍) to oversee Heilongjiang Province.

During the Second Opium War (1857–1860), Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky approached Yishan and offered to provide Russian assistance to the Qing Empire against the British and French, in return for redefining the Sino–Russian border along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. The Russians also put up a display of their military power by firing artillery shells along the Amur River. Yishan was terrified but did not want to retaliate for fear of starting another war. In May 1858, the Russians and Yishan signed the Treaty of Aigun, which transferred the lands between the Stanovoy Range and Amur River to the Russian Empire. The Xianfeng Emperor was enraged by the territorial losses to the Russians, so he dismissed Yishan from his office as General of Heilongjiang, despite the latter's attempts to explain himself. In 1860, the Russians intervened in the Convention of Beijing (which ended the Second Opium War), and forced the Qing Empire to recognize the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun and further cede its territories east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin, to them. This became known as the Amur Annexation. Meanwhile, Yishan returned to Beijing to await further orders but was soon back into service.

Yishan died of illness in Beijing in 1878. He was survived by at least two sons, including his second son Zaizhuo (載鷟).

See also
 Yunti, Prince Xun
 Prince Xun (恂)
 Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

References

Qing dynasty generals
Qing dynasty diplomats
Manchu politicians
Imperial Clan of Qing dynasty
Aisin Gioro
1878 deaths
1790 births
Manchu Bordered Blue Bannermen
People of the First Opium War
Military personnel of the Second Opium War
Prince Tai
Prince Xun (恂)

Yishan (official)


The Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Combination Depot is a historic building located in Decorah, Iowa, United States.  After the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, later the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, choose a different route for their north–south mainline, community leaders convinced them to build a spur to Decorah.  This would open the town to larger markets to ship the products produced there.  The tracks were completed in 1869, and a boxcar served as the first depot.  That same year this single-story, wood-frame structure with Greek Revival features was completed south of the central business district.  It served as a combination depot, servicing both passengers and freight.  After the arrival of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1884 the Milwaukee Road started to plan a new passenger depot in Decorah.  It was completed on the east end of the main commercial street in 1888.  When it opened, this building continued to serve as a freight depot.  Over the years its platforms were shortened, and sometime between the 1930s and the 1950s, the southwest end of the building was shortened.  The Milwaukee Road abandoned the depot in 1971, and the tracks that flanked the building were removed the same year.  The former depot itself was renovated for non-railroad use.  This is believed to be a rare extant example of a wooden combination depot in Iowa.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

References

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1869
Former railway stations in Iowa
Decorah
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Winneshiek County, Iowa
Decorah, Iowa
Greek Revival architecture in Iowa
1869 establishments in Iowa
Transportation buildings and structures in Winneshiek County, Iowa
Railway freight houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1971

Decorah station


Leslie Ernest Lye (November 18, 1924 – July 21, 2009) was a Canadian actor, comedian, writer, radio personality and announcer and voice artist. He was an original cast member and played numerous roles on the children's program You Can't Do That on Television. He had a television and radio career spanning over half a century.

Early life
Lye was born in Toronto, Ontario and after high school, served a stint in the Canadian Armed Forces, he attended the University of Toronto, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree, and then enrolled in Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts.

Radio career
In 1948, he moved to Ottawa, to join Frank Ryan's CFRA talkback team. As a radio announcer, Lye worked with the station's popular groups and was also in demand as an emcee at their many live appearances. After heading back to Toronto to work for a short time at CKEY, he returned to Ottawa and CFRA with his alter ego, Abercrombie. Lye worked with comedian and impersonator Rich Little at the station, and in 1963, they made a comedy album together, called My Fellow Canadians.

Television
Lye turned to the new medium of television in 1958. His first job, as a co-host on the talk show Contact, lasted three years.

In 1961, CJOH-TV went on the air with Lye as a freelance writer and performer. Meanwhile, local entertainer Bill Luxton was busy with several shows, including a morning magazine. Forming what would become a long-lasting partnership, Lye soon began creating comic characters for Bill to interview on his morning show.

When puppeteer John Conway decided to give up hosting the CJOH kids show Cartoonerville in 1966, the station's programmers asked Lye and Luxton to team up and take over. Uncle Willy & Floyd was born. Over the years, such personalities as Klea Scott, Bruno Gerussi and Margaret Trudeau would drop by for surprise guest appearances.  It ran for 22 years in syndication across Canada, and remains the longest-running Canadian syndicated television show in history.

Lye was a regular character and played multiple roles in the Canadian 1979 sketch comedy TV show Whatever Turns You On, and also appeared in 1983 Nickelodeon production UFO Kidnapped as character Sam Smythe and the Nickelodeon 1985 sketch comedy Turkey Television

In addition to Luxton, Lye worked with Don Harron, Ruth Buzzi and Orson Bean, and  worked for the CBC, CTV and Global television networks.
Lye is prominently featured in the 2004 independent documentary, You Can't Do That on Film, directed by David Dillehunt.

You Can't Do That on Television
Lye eventually gained international acclaim appearing on You Can't Do That on Television. The Canadian children's show, which was wildly popular in the United States and a staple on Nickelodeon's programming line-up, enjoyed a ten season run from 3 February 1979 to 25 May 1990. Lye, along with Abby Hagyard (who joined the cast in 1982) and Ruth Buzzi, was one of only three adults to ever appear on the show (though Christine McGlade was an adult in her later seasons). As a result, Lye played all the adult male characters, and was the only cast member to appear for the entire series run. His characters included the following:
 Ross Ewich, the show's stage director
 Lance Prevert, a slovenly, drunken, corrupt Canadian senator and father
 Barth, the owner and chef of the worst burger joint ever
 Blip, a greedy arcade owner
 Snake Eyes, a bus driver who always drives his bus into a wall or off a cliff
 Mr. Schidtler, a pompous and sarcastic school teacher with a vague resemblance to Adolf Hitler
 Unnamed school principal, who frequently imposed copying copious numbers of pages from extra-thick books as punishment for minor infractions
 Nasti, the Dungeon Master, a German jailer who is often seen chaining people in a dungeon
 El Capitano, a Latin American military officer in command of a firing squad
 Unnamed doctor/dentist, who has the same glasses, mustache, cigar, and wry sense of humor as Groucho Marx
 Opening and Closing Announcer, "...will not be shown at this time, in its place..."; "You Can't Do That on Television has been a ... production."

Lye's castmates described him as "a legend", an "unsung hero", and "a hoot even when he wasn't on the set".

Animation
In animation, he guest-starred as Samaritan Sneer on an episode of The Raccoons, "Going It Alone!", and appeared as Professor Coldheart in the first two television specials based on the Care Bears franchise, The Care Bears in the Land Without Feelings and The Care Bears Battle the Freeze Machine. In 1987, he became the voice of Quellor on The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin. Lye also did several different voices on Dennis the Menace for DiC Entertainment as well as supplying voices on three TV specials for Atkinson Film-Arts The Legend of Hiawatha, Babar and Father Christmas and Rumpelstiltskin.

Lifetime achievement
In 2003, Lye and Luxton were honored with lifetime achievement awards from the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA), for their work on Willy & Floyd. Lye continued to work as an active member of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and was writing a book of his memoirs at the time of his death.

In September 2019, the City of Ottawa commemorated Lye in a naming ceremony, which reopened one of the theatres in Centrepointe as the Les Lye Studio Theatre.

Death
Lye died in Ottawa, Ontario, after a decade of type-2 diabetes on July 21, 2009. Lye had previously suffered a mild heart attack in 2002. He was survived by his wife of 60 years, Jonni Lye, and his three children, Brett, Daralyn, and Emily.

References

External links

1924 births
2009 deaths
Canadian children's television personalities
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian sketch comedians
Deaths from diabetes
Male actors from Ottawa
Male actors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni

Les Lye


McCormick Distilling Company is a distillery and alcoholic beverage importing company in Weston, Missouri. Established by Ben Holladay in 1856, the distillery has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest distillery west of the Mississippi River that is still operating at its original location.

History
The area for the distillery was chosen for the natural limestone springs that ran underground. After establishing the Holladay Distillery in 1856, Benjamin J. Holladay went on to great fame and fortune as the "Stagecoach King", running the stagecoach lines from Missouri to the West Coast that later became the Wells Fargo Express, and ultimately acquiring the Pony Express as well. He was a serial entrepreneur who owned saloons, hotels, and silver mines, and by 1864, he was the largest individual employer in the United States.  In 1860, Holladay turned the distillery over to his brother, Major David Holladay, who then ran the distillery until his death in 1894. His son-in-law, Thomas Barton, operated the distillery until it was sold to George Shawhan and became the Shawhan Distillery in 1900. During the period of Prohibition in the United States, the company remained open by bottling its previously distilled whisky for medicinal purposes. The distillery was sold to Isadore Singer in 1936, and was renamed as the Old Weston Distillery. Singer then purchased the McCormick brand name from a neighboring plant at Waldron, Missouri, and renamed the distillery McCormick Distilling Company in 1942. In 1950, the company was purchased by Cloud Cray of Midwest Grain Products.

Business partners Ed Pechar and Mike Griesser purchased the company in 1992. Under Pechar and Griesser's ownership and management, McCormick Distilling expanded from 35 employees in 1992 to 186 employees in 2006. Griesser died in November, 2004. As of 2020, McCormick Distilling remains a privately held corporation owned by company chairman Ed Pechar, the estate of Mike Griesser, and a small group of employee partners who comprise the board of directors.

Products

McCormick Vodka: According to the company, McCormick Vodka is the #2 selling American vodka in the world. McCormick Vodka is also available in a variety of flavors including Apple, Watermelon, Raspberry, Grape, Sweet Tea, Blueberry, Cherry, Citrus, Orange and Peach.
McCormick Gin
McCormick Old Style Whiskey
McCormick American Blended Whiskey
McCormick Caribbean Rum
McCormick Scotch
Platte Valley Corn Whiskey
Triple Crown Whiskey
Holladay White Dog
Ke-Ke Key Lime Cream Liqueur
360 Vodka - the world's first "eco-friendly" vodka that offers a classic 80 proof and a variety of flavored expressions including 360 Lime, 360 Huckleberry, 360 Watermelon, 360 Mango, 360 Red Raspberry, 360 Pineapple, 360 Red Delicious Apple, 360 Madagascar Vanilla, 360 Grape, 360 Mandarin Orange, 360 Sorrento Lemon, 360 Bing Cherry, 360 Georgia Peach, 360 Double Chocolate, and 360 KC Barbeque.
Broker's Gin
Five Farms Irish Cream
McCormick Irish Cream
Hussong's Tequila - Four different tequila products including: Reposado, Platinum, Silver, and Anejo
Tarantula Azul
Tequila Rose Strawberry Flavored Cream Liqueur
Montego Bay Rum

Awards
360 Vodka has received awards for taste and innovation including the 2009 gold medal and 2008 bronze medal for best vodka at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition; a gold medal from the Beverage Testing institute (2010), gold medal from the Los Angeles Wine and Spirits competition (2009) and a platinum medal from the SIP awards (2010) for 360 Double Chocolate.

McCormick's Irish Cream won the 2003 gold medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition and was voted the #1 Irish cream beverage by the Beverage Testing Institute.
Hussong's won the 2006 Gold medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Championship.

Green initiatives
In November 2007, the McCormick Distillery implemented a number of business practices that are asserted to be sustainable and environmentally friendly. An internal committee called the "Green Group" was established to improve environmental performance, increase operating efficiencies and energy savings, and heighten employee awareness and conservation. In the first year of the new green initiatives, 167 tons of material was recycled, with a participation rate of 88% among employees. To solidify the company's environmental commitment, McCormick Distilling partnered with the Environmental Protection Agency and Renewable Choice Energy.
Some of the environmental initiatives implemented at the distillery include:
On-site air pumps for car tires so that employees can maintain their vehicles' optimum fuel efficiency
On-site recycling
Preferred parking spaces reserved for employees who drive hybrid and/or electric vehicles to work

360 Vodka
As part of the company's green initiative, 360 Vodka was marketed as "the Planet's first eco-friendly vodka". 360 Vodka is bottled using 85% recycled glass, 100% recycled paper and water-based UV inks. The grains used are grown less than 95 miles from the distillery to minimize the fossil-fuel consumption associated with transporting the grain. Consumers are allowed to return the bottle's swing-top closure to the company to be recycled, and for every top recycled, McCormick Distilling donates $1.00 to Global Green USA.

Forest 360
"Forest 360" is a campaign to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gasses that lead to global warming. With the assistance of the Missouri Department of Conservation, McCormick Distilling planted more than 200 indigenous trees on 40 acres of land surrounding the distillery and has invited business partners to do the same. Official participants of "Forest 360" include the Republic National Distributing Company, MGP ingredients, Hovey Williams I.P Law, J.B Thome and Co. Inc., Young's Market Company, Binder-Edelstein Company, Southern Wine and Spirits of Colorado, Fast Ireland Spirits.

Marketing
The company created and posted a series of cocktail how-to videos, distributed through social media networks like Facebook and YouTube.
In 2011, the 360 Vodka Virtual bartender application was launched to promote the concept of creating green cocktails.

Collectible decanters
McCormick Distilling has produced a series of decanters which are sought after by collectors. Produced between 1968 and 1987, at least 175 decanters were released in collections, the most popular of which were forty different decanters featuring Elvis Presley at every phase in his career.

Decanter series
Automotive and Transportation
Bicentennial series
Birds
Bulls
Confederate series
Elvis series
Entertainer series
Frontiersman series
Great Americans series
Gunfighter series
Jugs
Lamp series
Pirate series
Shrine series
Sports and sports mascots
Warrior series
King Arthur series
 Miscellaneous.

1996 Export investigation

From 1996 to 1999, the company sold nearly five million gallons of disguised grain alcohol to a freight forwarder operated by a Russian immigrant for eventual smuggling into Russia. The shipper was suspected of having ties to some of the most powerful mob clans in Russia. Other distillers, brokers, and shippers around the United States were also reported to have been under investigation by U.S. authorities. McCormick was charged and pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of making a false entry in regulatory documents, in which it identified the alcohol as non-drinkable products such as industrial cleaning solutions (thereby evading tax duties), and it agreed to pay $2 million in penalties and $1 million in reparations paid to the government of Ukraine, and accepted a one-week suspension of its license.

See also

List of historic whisky distilleries

References

Footnotes
2000 to present; began international sales for McCormick portfolio in the Asia Pacific.

Endnotes

External links
Official web site
https://www.youtube.com/watch/v=c2v1nkqPQXo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uV7nd489kCk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDCLnhZr0so
http://www.polarice.com/
http://www.vodka360.com/
http://www.wisers.ca/
http://www.mccormickdistilling.com/tartequila/#
http://www.tequilarose.com/

Distilleries in Missouri
Whiskies of the United States
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Food and drink companies established in 1856
Companies based in Missouri
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Platte County, Missouri
Food and drink companies based in Missouri
American vodkas
Distilleries on the National Register of Historic Places

McCormick Distilling Company


Jeanne Angèle Desirée Yvonne Joulain (22 July 1920 – 1 February 2010) was a French organist, concertist and music educator.

Biography
Born in Amiens, Joulain's first contact with music was made thanks to her musician parents. Her father, a teacher in Paris, played the violin and her mother was a piano teacher. So it's only natural that she should start playing the piano with her mother. In 1934, after a decisive meeting with the great pianist Raoul Koczalski, Jeanne Joulain entered the conservatory of Amiens. During her studies, she followed the classes of solfeggio, piano (class of Maurice Coze), cello (class of Mario Camerini, pupil of Paul Bazelaire), chamber music, orchestra, harmony, counterpoint, musical composition (classes of Pierre Camus, the director, himself a pupil of composition of Charles-Marie Widor, and organ when the class was created in 1936 (class of Colette Ponchel, one of the last pupils of Louis Vierne) where she won the first prizes. It was during this period that her pedagogical activity began, as she had to make several replacements for teachers of music theory, piano, cello, harmony and organ.

In 1938, the grand organ of Amiens Cathedral was restored. After the inauguration concert given by Marcel Dupré, a small orchestra was formed to accompany Salvation. Jeanne Joulain was a member of this orchestra as a cellist and it was on this occasion that she was introduced to Marcel Dupré by Pierre Camus, the director of the conservatory.

In 1943, after her first training at the Conservatoire d'Amiens, her desire to go further prompted her to enrol at the École César Franck, where she perfected in the same disciplines and obtained diplomas of piano (class of Jean Batalla), cello (class of Edwige Bergeron-Brachet), organ (class of Édouard Souberbielle and Abel Decaux) after two years. In addition, she won the diploma of musical composition (class of Guy de Lioncourt) after five years.

In 1945, Jeanne Joulain decided to write to Marcel Dupré with the intention of taking private lessons. The latter, after having assessed her level, offered to prepare her to enter the conservatory. For two years, she attended the "petit cours" in Meudon and in 1947 she passed the entrance exam for the Conservatoire de Paris. where she obtained the First prize of organ and musical improvisation in 1952 (class of Marcel Dupré).

In 1950, she won the competitions to be able to teach and began teaching in February 1951 at the Conservatoire de Lille. In October 1952 at that of Roubaix, which she left for the conservatory of Douai from 1960 to 1970. Her teaching activities ceased in 1982.

In the long list of people who have attended her courses were
Michel Alabau (organist in charge of the Saint-Séverin church in Paris), René Courdent (organist in charge of churches  and Notre-Dame des Anges of Tourcoing), Patrick Delabre (titular organist of the Cathedral Notre-Dame de Chartres), Yves Devernay (titular organist of Notre-Dame de Paris), Jérôme Faucheur (titular organist of the churches of Bondues and Wambrechies and organ teacher in Comines and Hazebrouck), Marie-Agnès Grall-Menet (titular organist of the grand organ of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet church in Paris), Philippe Lefèbvre (titular organist of Notre-Dame de Paris), Jean-Philippe Mesnier (successor of Jeanne Joulain as organ teacher at the Douai Conservatory (1970-2000), titular organist of the Saint-Pierre de Douai collegiate church), Marguerite Spillaert (honorary organist of the Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul church in Lille) etc.

She was titular organist of the Sainte Jeanne d'Arc church in Amiens, of the Mutin-Cavaillé-Coll of the Collégiate church Saint-Pierre of Douai and finally of the Delmotte of the Saint-Maurice church in Lille.

She has given numerous recitals in France (including in Chartres Cathedral, Saint-Sulpice, Notre-Dame de Paris, Bordeaux, Béziers, Toulon, Belley, and abroad (Altenberg, Mons, Brussels, Tournai, St Brice and Tournai Cathedral, St. Patrick's Cathedral in New-York city, and St Paul's Cathedral in London.

In addition to her teaching and concert work, she was a correspondent for the Musique-Sacrée magazine L'Organiste. She also participated in numerous juries of competitions for organ classes.

Jeanne Joulain died in Lille on 1 February 2010 at the age of 89. Many fellow organists were present at her funeral in Lille, during which the organ was played by Jean Guillou.

Works
Jeanne Joulain is the author of pieces for solo organ, voice and piano, voice and orchestra and various instrumental ensembles.

In addition, she has made several reconstructions of improvisations on the organ by Pierre Cochereau.

1936–1943: 9 mélodies pour chant et piano: Mon âme a son secret (Félix Arvers), Soir d'été (Albert Samain), Le jardin mouillé (Henri de Régnier), La mer (Henri de Régnier), La lune blanche (Paul Verlaine), La légende des Perce-neige (Jeanne Paruit), Vierge sainte (Abbé Perreyve), Promenade sur l'eau (André Theuriet) and Le page d'automne (Janette de Neaux); unpublished
 O, la splendeur de notre joie: mélodie for voice and piano (Émile Verhaeren); unpublished
1937: Les peupliers: mélodie for voice and piano (Rosemonde Gérard); unpublished
1938: Cantabile: piece for organ; unpublished
1938-1943 La source: mélodie for voice and piano or orchestra (anonymous); unpublished
1939: Thème et variation (on the name of Pierre Camus): piece for organ; unpublished
1940-1943 Chanson bengalie: mélodie for voice and piano or orchestra (Rabindranath Tagore); unpublished
1941: Variation sur un thème breton: piece for organ; unpublished
1941: Prélude: piece for organ; unpublished
1942: Communion: piece for organ; unpublished
1942: O vent fou!: mélodie for voice and piano (Rabindranath Tagore); unpublished
1942: Domine non sum dignus: motet with 4 mixed voices, unpublished
1942: Factus es repente: motet with 4 mixed voices; unpublished
1943–1944 Lamento: piece for organ or orchestra; unpublished
1944: Berceuse: mélodie for voice and piano (Maurice de Noisay); unpublished
1942-1945: Cantantibus organis: motet with 3 mixed voices, organ and accompaniment for strings; unpublished
1943-1945 Ave verum corpus: motet with 3 mixed voices and accompaniment for strings; unpublished
1943: Sarabande et gigue: piece for piano; unpublished
1943: Trois heures chez Lafleur: Patoisante musical fantasy for soloists, choir and orchestra (lyrics by Camille Dupetit); unpublished
1944: Le chant du coq: musical comedy in 1 act for soloist and orchestra (lyrics by André Schneider); unpublished
1944: Le rêve d'une mère: choreographic poem for chamber orchestra (lyrics by Jean Dubillet); unpublished
1945: Air de Ruth: excerpt from the 2nd song of "Booz" for soprano and piano (lyrics by André Schneider); unpublished
1946: Booz: biblical cantata in 5 songs for 4 soloists, choir and orchestra (lyrics by André Schneider); unpublished
1945: Antigone: orchestral suite, stage music for a performance of Antigone by Jean Anouilh: Prologue, Le crime d'Antigone, La justice des hommes, La colère de Créon, La plainte des vieillards thébains, La justice des dieux; unpublished
1946: Booz: biblical cantata in 5 songs for 4 soloists, choir and orchestra (lyrics by André Schneider); unpublished
1947: Symphonie concertante for organ and orchestra in 3 mouvements; unpublished
1951: Trois préludes: for piano in G major, B flat major and D minor, unpublished
1953: Variation sur "Jesu dulcis memoria": piece for organ;  "L'organiste", magazine Musique Sacrée
1954-1956: Trois pièces pour une Messe en l'honneur de la Sainte Vierge: Entrée - Offertoire - Communion: pieces for organ; "L'organiste", magazine Musique Sacrée
1958: Communion pour une Messe en l'honneur de la Sainte Vierge: piece for organ; "L'organiste", magazine Musique Sacrée
1958: Noël Flamand: piece for organ 1) series Orgue et Liturgie issue 40 2) Édition Chantraine, Tournai in 1994
1959: Final on "Ave Maris Stella" pour une Messe en l'honneur de la Sainte Vierge: piece for organ; "L'organiste", magazine Musique Sacrée
1959: Prélude à l'Introït pour la fête des Rameaux Hosanna Filio David; series Orgue et Liturgie issue 47
1961: Paraphrase pour la fête de la Toussaint "Justorum animae in manu Dei sunt": piece for organ; series Orgue et Liturgie issue 52
1962: In memoriam Louis Vierne: piece for organ; 1)L'organiste, magazine Musique Sacrée 2) Édition Chantraine, Tournai en 1995
1963: Communion pour tous les temps "Adoro Te": piece for organ; series Orgue et Liturgie issue 62
1972: Introduction and Dance (for the inauguration of an 18th century Tannenberg piano found in Lititz, Pennsylvania.): for piano, unpublished
1988: Canzona a 12 by Giovanni Gabrieli: adaptation for 2 organs; unpublished
1988: Canzona noni toni by Giovanni Gabrieli (Sacrae symphoniae Venice 1597): adaptation for 2 organs; unpublished
1988: Trois versets de Vêpres (4th - 6th - 7th) improvised by Pierre Cochereau: reconstitution for organ; Éditions Chantraine, Tournai in 1997
1988: Fugue du "Triptyque symphonique" improvised by Pierre Cochereau after the disc FY 059/60 recorded in Notre-Dame de Paris in 1977: reconstitution for organ; unpublished
1988: Pièce d'orgue; unpublished, (1st part) of the Prelude and Fugue on Antoine Drizenko's name)
1988: Treize improvisations sur les versets de Vêpres by Pierre Cochereau: reconstitution for organ, Éditions Chantraine, Tournai in 1997; Éditions Butz, St Augustin in 2008
 1988–1991 Prélude et fugue (on the name of Antoine Drizenko): piece for orgue, Édition Chantraine, Tournai in 1997
 Elevation on "Victimae Pascali" : piece for organ; series "Orgue et Liturgie" issue 57
 Postlude (on the name of Allan Remsen): piece for organ; series Orgue et Liturgie, issue 70
1990: Neuf pièces improvisées en forme de Suite française de Pierre Cochereau: reconstitution d'après le disque FY 059 enregistré aux grandes orgues de Notre Dame de Paris in March–June 1977, Édition Chantraine, Tournai in 1994
1991: Patchwork: piece for 2 organs; unpublished
1992: Cortège: piece for trumpet and organ; unpublished
1993: La Lucchesina (1601) by G. Guami (1540-1611): adaptation for 2 organs, unpublished
1993: Prélude en la mineur: for piano; unpublished
1995: Boite à musique: piece for piano, unpublished
1996: Messe en Mi "à la mémoire de Maurice Duruflé": for countertenor and organ; unpublished
1997: Trio: for piano, horn and flute; unpublished

Awards
1952 - First prize of organ of the conservatoire de Paris.

Bibliography
Entretien avec Jeanne Joulain; Norbert Dufourcq; L'Orgue, issue 206 (1988/II)
Pour l'amour de la Musique. Jeanne Joulain. Repères biographiques Étienne Delahaye; L'Orgue, issue 290 (2010/II)

References

External links
 Jeanne Joulain's obituary on La Voix du Nord (4 February 2010)
 Jeanne Joulain on Symétrie
 Jeanne Joulain on Éditions Chantraine
 Jeanne Joulain on France Orgue

1920 births
2010 deaths
People from Amiens
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French classical organists
Women organists
French music educators
French women music educators
20th-century classical musicians

Jeanne Joulain


The Meeting between Abraham and Melchizedek is a 1616-17 painting by Peter Paul Rubens, showing the meeting between Abraham and Melchizedek as recounted in the Genesis 14. It measures 204 cm by 250 cm and is now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen.

The painting's origins are unknown. It belonged to the Du Bois family when, at the end of 1749, it was bought for William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel by an art dealer in Antwerp for 6,000 florins. From that date onwards it was considered as a pendant to The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero in the inventory of the Kassel gallery. Both paintings were confiscated in 1806 by Vivant Denon and sent to Paris. Meeting was retained for the museum at Caen in 1811. After the fall of Napoleon, the Elector of Hesse sent a delegation in 1815 to recover it, though Élouis (curator of the Caen museum) pretended to be unable to find it. The Germans left disappointed, but continued trying to reclaim the painting until 1830.

References

Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
1617 paintings
Paintings depicting Abraham
Melchizedek
Paintings in Caen

The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (Rubens)


Celina is an unincorporated community in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located 18 miles west of Cook at the junction of State Highway 1 (MN 1) and Saint Louis County Highway 5 (CR 5).

The boundary line between Saint Louis, Itasca, and Koochiching counties is near Celina.

The communities of Greaney, Bear River, and Togo are nearby.

References

 Official State of Minnesota Highway Map – 2011/2012 edition

Unincorporated communities in Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in St. Louis County, Minnesota

Celina, Minnesota


Wormwood Scrubs, known locally as The Scrubs (or simply Scrubs), is an open space in Old Oak Common located in the north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. It is the largest open space in the borough, at , and one of the largest areas of common in London. The eastern part, known as Little Wormwood Scrubs, is cut off by Scrubs Lane and the West London line railway. It has been an open public space since the Wormwood Scrubs Act 1879.

The southern edge of the Scrubs is the site of two locally important institutions. At the western end is HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, built between 1875 and 1891 by convict labour. To the east of the prison is the Hammersmith Hospital campus, which includes the relocated Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital.

Within the area are several sports facilities, including the Linford Christie Stadium, tens of football pitches, and a pony centre. Queens Park Rangers Football Club played on Wormwood Scrubs between 1893 and 1896.

History

The area is first mentioned in 1189 as Wormhold Scrubs, the area was cleared woodland used for pasture for the cattle and pigs of the local manor. In 1801, the northern section was cut off by the building of the Paddington Arm of the Grand Junction Canal. In 1812 an area of  known as Wormholt Scrubs was leased by the War Office from the Manor of Fulham. This was in order to exercise cavalry horses, which until then had been exercised in Hyde Park, Belgrave Square and Regent's Park – then known as St. Marylebone's Park. This common land became known as Wormwood Scrubs. The London and Birmingham Railway removed a section north of the canal in 1837, followed by the Great Western line removing a section to the south of the canal in 1838. 1844 saw the Birmingham, Bristol and Thames Junction Railway slice off a sizable section of the eastern half, becoming The Little Scrubs. In 1872, the manorial rights were purchased under the Military Forces Localisation Act 1872 with a view to creating a military exercise ground.
The Wormwood Scrubs Act 1879, which aimed to create a "metropolitan exercising ground" for the military and to provide the Scrubs for "the perpetual use by the inhabitants of the metropolis for exercise and recreation". Under this Act, the military were empowered to expel civilians from the area whenever they were training, but they allowed civilians free use of it when they were not. To ensure that it was kept as open land for all to enjoy, the act banned the military from building any permanent structures other than rifle butts, one of which survives today as a wall in the Linford Christie Stadium. 1873 saw the purchase of the southern part of the Scrubs for the building of Wormwood Scrubs Prison, and in 1889 an area adjacent to the prison for the building of Hammersmith hospital.

In 1908, the Olympic Marathon route from Windsor Castle to the Olympic Stadium at White City went across the Scrubs. In 1910 Wormwood Scrubs became part of aviation history when a pioneer airship took flight from an improvised landing ground; The Daily Mail Airship Garage was built shortly afterwards—the site is now occupied by the Linford Christie Stadium. In 1914 all air-related activities on the Scrubs passed to the authority of the Admiralty, and there are records in the National Archives at Kew of a base here called Wormwood Scrubs Naval Air Station. The airship shed was used to train RNAS armoured car crews. It remained as an emergency landing ground until the 1930s. In 1939 with the onset of World War II, Wormwood Scrubs again played host to an innovative military department—the Chief Cable Censorship Department, an outstation of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park.

It was served by St. Quintin Park and Wormwood Scrubs railway station on the West London Line. On 3rd Oct 1940 it was struck by an incendiary bomb and destroyed by fire.

The prison is located just yards from the scene of the Massacre of Braybrook Street in 1966, in which three policemen were shot dead by three armed men after stopping their suspicious car.

In 1986 local birdwatcher Lester Holloway set up a campaign to save Scrubs Wood, the area of railway land along the north side of Wormwood Scrubs, from destruction as part of plans by the then British Rail to build cleaning depots (see North Pole depot) to service Channel Tunnel trains. Holloway and his campaign petitioned the House of Lords, supported by the then MP for Fulham Nick Raynsford, and won concessions. The existing nature reserve includes an area known as 'Lester's Embankment'. The campaign attracted considerable national publicity in 1987, and even a musical.

Finances
The Wormwood Scrubs Charitable Trust, a charity set up under the Act of Parliament to manage this public space "for the exercise and recreation of the inhabitants of the metropolis", receives a substantial income stream from the lease to Hammersmith Hospital of a car park on its southern boundary. Other sources of income from the space include the rental of sports fields, advertising billboards, and two public car parks. The accounting for costs and revenues of the charity has been a matter of debate between the council, currently the charity's sole trustee, and the Friends of Wormwood Scrubs.

Local Nature Reserve

Areas of Wormwood Scrubs are a Local Nature Reserve. These areas include Braybrook Woods, Martin Bell's Wood and the Central Woodland Copse. Habitats include woodland (plantation), scrub and grassland. Animals include common lizards, over 100 species of bird and 20 species of butterfly. This site is currently being managed by the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in collaboration with Groundwork UK.

Conservation efforts
Conservation work  being carried out in Wormwood Scrubs by Groundwork London has been a subject of controversy among users of the Scrubs. The primary goal is to connect each patch of the Local Nature Reserve within the grounds by a wildlife corridor in the form of low hedges and trees. Ultimately, it is claimed that this will benefit biodiversity in the park and create better foraging routes for bats such as the common pipistrelle.

Habitats for the local common lizards are also being changed, e.g. by the removal of scrub to create basking areas. This work includes planting trees, and it is feared that this could jeopardise the open nature of the common. The bulk of the work is currently being undertaken by volunteers for Groundwork London, a government quasi non-governmental organisation funded largely through a levy on landfill.

Points to note
Nearby places:
 White City, London
 Kensal Green
 North Kensington
 Braybrook Street
 Old Oak Common Train Maintenance Depot

Nearest tube stations:
 East Acton tube station
 North Acton tube station
 White City tube station

Notes

External links

Notes on Wormwood Scrubs

Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Local nature reserves in Greater London
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Common land in London

Wormwood Scrubs


Francisco Javier Ramírez Acuña (Jamay, Jalisco, April 22, 1952) is a Mexican politician who belongs to the National Action Party. He has been Municipal President of Guadalajara, Governor of Jalisco from 2001 to 2006 and from December 1, 2006, to January 2008 he served as Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of President Felipe Calderón.

Political career
Francisco Ramírez Acuña studied at University of Guadalajara, joined the PAN in 1969, and has been a youth leader, member of the state committee, candidate to federal office, and local representative to the Municipal President of Zapopan.

He was a Deputy of Congress for Jalisco twice, and upon joining the government of Jalisco, the governor Alberto Cárdenas Jiménez named him director of the SISTECOZOME, the corporation of collective PAN to mayor of Guadalajara, where he was victorious and held office from 1998 to 2000, when he left to be a candidate for Governor of Jalisco.

In the 2000 elections, he competed against the candidate of the PRI, Jorge Arana Arana, winning by a reduced margin, and was inaugurated on March 1, 2001.

During his time in office as a very unpopular governor of Jalisco, the summit of heads of state and of government of Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union took place in Guadalajara, in May 2004. During the summit, violent demonstrations of groups -  altermundistas  - occurred in Guadalajara. The destruction of urban property and business took place, including paint splattered in the oldest colonial temples of the city.  In response to these attacks against the summit, the police, responding with riot teams, repressed these demonstrations. According to several versions of the event, there were violations of human rights, which have been accused by Amnesty International and by the National Commission of Human Rights of Mexico (which is linked - according to some, among them business interests - with antagonistic political groups and the secretary of government). The governor of Jalisco was accused of making decisions that resulted in unwarranted arrests, wounds, and cases of torture against the participants in the demonstrations:  "They only took into account the statements in support of globalization, without listening to the motives of the public security forces", assured Ramírez Mints.

The top organizations from the private sector celebrated Acuña's appointment to the Secretary of the Interior of Mexico.

They requested that he be permitted to leave office from the governorship of Jalisco three months before finishing his term, so as to be appointed Secretary of Interior by newly elected Mexican President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa. This would be one of the most controversial appointments to Calderon's cabinet, due to the previously mentioned incident, and also others that had taken place, such as the rejection by the Institutional Revolutionary Party of its appointment to Secretary of Government, and alleged interference in the electoral process by attacking opposing candidates.

According to Javier Oliva, the representative of the PRI before the IFE, Francisco Ramírez Acuña "accused the candidate of the PRI in Jalisco, Arturo Zamora Jiménez (who was opposed to Acuña, and a friend of the Secretary of Government), of crimes", in the 2006 elections.
Among those promoting the accusations of former candidate Arturo Zamora Jiménez were those alienated by former governor Ramírez Acuña, as the national leader of his party, who did not ask him its opinion and regarding the negative campaign (fits to emphasize was given in the two main edicts this behavior)

On January 16, 2008, Ramírez Acuña resigned as Secretary of the Interior.

In September 2009 he assumed a Proportional Representation deputy for the LXI Legislature, in which he lasted until February 2012.

On April 25, 2012, he was named by the Senate Ambassador of Mexico in Spain and Andorra.

See also
 Governor of Jalisco
 List of mayors of Guadalajara

References

External links
 Secretary of Interior site
 Résumé: The Résumé of the governor in the Governor of Jalisco website
 The biography of Francisco Javier Ramírez Acuña in the PAN official website

1952 births
Living people
Governors of Jalisco
University of Guadalajara alumni
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Municipal presidents of Guadalajara, Jalisco
Members of the Congress of Jalisco
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Mexican Secretaries of the Interior
Ambassadors of Mexico to Spain
Ambassadors of Mexico to Andorra
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians

Francisco Javier Ramírez Acuña


The Godfather Part II is a 1974 American crime movie. The director and producer of the movie is Francis Ford Coppola. The movie stars Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, Diane Keaton and Robert Duvall. The story is partly based on The Godfather, a 1969 book by Mario Puzo.

The Godfather Part II is the second movie in the Godfather trilogy. It is a sequel and also a prequel to The Godfather (1972). It has two plots, one focusing on Vito Corleone, and the other on his son Michael. The next movie, The Godfather Part III, was released in 1990.

The movie has very positive reviews from critics. Like the first movie in the series, The Godfather Part II won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Release dates

References

Other websites

1974 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
1970s English-language movies
American gangster movies
Italian-language movies
Mafia
Movies based on books
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in California
Movies set in Cuba
Movies set in the 1950s
Prequel movies
Sequel movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola

The Godfather Part II


Noel Pearson, a native of Dublin, is a film and theatrical producer.

Film credits
Pearson's film credits include My Left Foot, which received five Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), and won Oscars for Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and Best Supporting Actress (Brenda Fricker). The film also won other awards in Europe including a Donatello and a BAFTA. He also produced The Field, Frankie Starlight, Gold in the Streets, and Dancing at Lughnasa. Another film, Lulu, based on the life of iconic actress Louise Brooks was planned but apparently never materialized.

Stage productions on Broadway
Pearson has produced numerous plays in Ireland, Britain, and the United States. His Broadway productions include Dancing at Lughnasa (a Tony Award winner, by Brian Friel),
Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (by Frank McGuinness) and An Inspector Calls (a Tony Award winner, by J.B. Priestley).

External links

 Bio
 Sonypictures site
 Shane Ross article in the Irish Independent - Sunday October 21 2007

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Film people from Dublin (city)
Irish film producers
People from Crumlin, Dublin

Noel Pearson (producer)


The Cirque of the Towers is located in the Wind River Range Wyoming, U.S., part of which is in the Bridger Wilderness in Bridger-Teton National Forest, while the remainder is in the Popo Agie Wilderness in Shoshone National Forest. Located in the southern section of the Wind River Range (or "Winds" for short), the cirque is a very popular destination for technical rock climbers. Climber Orrin Bonney gave the area its current name in 1941 after his survey of the cirque. Prior to this, few if any visitors had ventured into the cirque due to the remote location. The cirque is an almost circular hole or valley carved by a glacier that retreated over 8,000 years ago. As is true with the rest of the Winds, the mountains are composed almost entirely of granite. The Continental Divide spans the crest of the main peaks.

The towers average  lower in altitude than the highest mountains in the northern Winds, with Lizard Head Peak () being the tallest. Other individual mountains in the cirque include Shark's Nose, Warbonnet, Warrior Peak, Wolfs Head and Pingora Peak. There are hundreds of routes to choose from in difficulties ranging from 5.1 to 5.11a and since the mountains are composed primarily of granite rock, there is good anchoring. These climbs include two featured in Steck and Roper's Fifty Classic Climbs of North America the Northeast Face of Pingora (IV, 5.9) and the East Ridge of the Wolf's Head (III, 5.6).

For both the climber and backpacker, access to the cirque from the west from Pinedale, Wyoming requires a  drive, partly paved and partly gravel, to the Big Sandy trailhead. There is a small National Forest campground at the trailhead. An  hike beginning at  above sea level is relatively level the first  and becomes very steep the last mile (1.6 km) and ascends to Jackass Pass at , crossing the continental divide. From there one must descend a steep half mile (800 m) to Lonesome Lake, which is one of four lakes in the cirque. Expect the trail to be busy in July and August as the cirque is the most popular hiking and climbing destination in the Wind River Range. Lonesome Lake was the first lake in the Wind River Range whose water was deemed unfit for consumption due to human waste and consequently, no camping is permitted within a quarter mile (400 m) of the lake. The granitic rocks allow poor filtration of ground water and the ability of many alpine lakes to cleanse themselves is often poorer than one might find at lower altitudes.

Hazards

Encountering bears is a concern in the Wind River Range. There are other concerns as well, including bugs, wildfires, adverse snow conditions and nighttime cold temperatures.

Importantly, there have been notable incidents, including accidental deaths, due to falls from steep cliffs (a misstep could be fatal in this class 4/5 terrain) and due to falling rocks, over the years, including 1993, 2007 (involving an experienced NOLS leader), 2015 and 2018. Other incidents include a seriously injured backpacker being airlifted near SquareTop Mountain in 2005, and a fatal hiker incident (from an apparent accidental fall) in 2006 that involved state search and rescue. The U.S. Forest Service does not offer updated aggregated records on the official number of fatalities in the Wind River Range.

References

External links

Cirques of the United States
Landforms of Fremont County, Wyoming
Shoshone National Forest
Landforms of Sublette County, Wyoming

Cirque of the Towers


Jerome Vincent Collins (born August 18, 1982) is a former American football tight end. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Notre Dame.

Early years
Jerome attended Wheaton Warrenville South High School from 1996 to 2000.  He was on the undefeated 1998 Illinois (IHSA) football championship team for division 6-A, which at the time was the most populated division of Illinois high schools.  Jerome played high school football with former University of Illinois quarterback Jon Beutjer and Northwestern University wide receiver Jon Schweighardt.  Collins received special mention on Champaign News-Gazette All-state team. He was a three-year starter who helped his team to state titles as a sophomore and junior followed by an 8-3 mark in 1999. He caught 35 passes for 450 yards and five touchdowns as a senior in 1999 and made 31 catches for 702 yards and eight touchdowns as junior. Collins averaged 11.6 points and 6.8 rebounds as a senior in basketball and earned All-league honors and ran the second leg on the 1999 state championship 4x100 relay.

College career
Collins moved to tight end for his final season at Notre Dame. He appeared in twelve games, but did not start any games while catching six passes for 67 yards (11.2 avg). He was involved in two blocked punts and totaled 4 tackles (3 solos) on special teams action. Collins played in 10 games at defensive end and linebacker for the Irish in 2003 and also contributed on special teams. He finished the season with nine tackles (seven solos) and one tackle for a loss. In 2002, he played in 11 games as a reserve at outside linebacker.  As a sophomore in 2001 Collins played in three games as a reserve at outside linebacker and made one tackle. In 2000, he did not see action after changing positions from wide receiver to outside linebacker during the 2000 season.

Professional career

St. Louis Rams
Collins was the 144th pick of the 2005 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams from the University of Notre Dame. He was on the Rams practice squad and also the 53-man roster (playing three games) before being released.

Dallas Cowboys
After he was released from the Rams the Cowboys signed Collins to be on their practice squad.

Indianapolis Colts
He signed with the Colts on October 4, 2006.  He was placed on injured reserve after injuring his Achilles tendon during practice in December 2006.  On February 23, 2007, the Colts released Collins.

New York Giants
He was signed to the New York Giants practice squad prior to the week 1 game against the Cowboys and was signed to the active roster after week 15.  He has been on back to back Super Bowl winning rosters with the Colts and Giants, although he had not appeared in a game for either team.  He was released by the Giants on August 30, 2008, during final cuts.

References

External links
Indianapolis Colts bio
New York Giants bio

1982 births
Living people
Players of American football from Columbus, Georgia
African-American players of American football
American football tight ends
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
St. Louis Rams players
Dallas Cowboys players
Indianapolis Colts players
New York Giants players
Players of American football from DuPage County, Illinois
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Jerome Collins


Germinal is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. Often considered Zola's masterpiece and one of the most significant novels in the French tradition, the novel – an uncompromisingly harsh and realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s – has been published and translated in over one hundred countries. It has also inspired five film adaptations and two television productions.

Germinal was written between April 1884 and January 1885. It was first serialized between November 1884 and February 1885 in the periodical Gil Blas, then in March 1885 published as a book.

The title () refers to the name of a month of the French Republican Calendar, a spring month. Germen is a Latin word which means "seed"; the novel describes the hope for a better future that seeds amongst the miners. As the final lines of the novel read:

Plot summary

The novel's central character is Étienne Lantier, previously seen in L'Assommoir (1877), and originally to have been the central character in Zola's "murder on the trains" thriller La Bête humaine (1890) before the overwhelmingly positive reaction to Germinal persuaded him otherwise. The young migrant worker arrives at the forbidding coal mining town of Montsou in the bleak area of the far north of France to earn a living as a miner. Sacked from his previous job on the railways for assaulting a superior, Étienne befriends the veteran miner Maheu, who finds him somewhere to stay and gets him a job pushing the carts down the pit.

Étienne is portrayed as a hard-working idealist but also a naïve youth; Zola's genetic theories come into play as Étienne is presumed to have inherited his Macquart ancestors' traits of hotheaded impulsiveness and an addictive personality capable of exploding into rage under the influence of drink or strong passions. Zola keeps his theorizing in the background and Étienne's motivations are much more natural as a result. He embraces socialist principles, reading large amounts of working class movement literature and fraternizing with Souvarine, a Russian anarchist and political émigré who has also come to Montsou to seek a living in the pits, and Rasseneur, a pub owner. Étienne's simplistic understanding of socialist politics and their rousing effect on him are very reminiscent of the rebel Silvère in the first novel in the cycle, La Fortune des Rougon (1871).

While this is going on, Étienne also falls for Maheu's daughter Catherine, also employed pushing carts in the mines, and he is drawn into the relationship between her and her brutish lover Chaval, a prototype for the character of Buteau in Zola's later novel La Terre (1887). The complex tangle of the miners' lives is played out against a backdrop of severe poverty and oppression, as their working and living conditions continue to worsen throughout the novel; eventually, pushed to breaking point, the miners decide to strike and Étienne, now a respected member of the community and recognized as a political idealist, becomes the leader of the movement. While the anarchist Souvarine preaches violent action, the miners and their families hold back, their poverty becoming ever more disastrous, until they are sparked into a ferocious riot, the violence of which is described in explicit terms by Zola, as well as providing some of the novelist's best and most evocative crowd scenes. The rioters are eventually confronted by police and the army that repress the revolt in a violent and unforgettable episode. Disillusioned, the miners go back to work, blaming Étienne for the failure of the strike; then, Souvarine sabotages the entrance shaft of one of the Montsou pits, trapping Étienne, Catherine and Chaval at the bottom. The ensuing drama and the long wait for rescue are among some of Zola's best scenes, and the novel draws to a dramatic close. After Chaval is killed by Étienne, Catherine and Étienne are finally able to be lovers before Catherine dies in his arms. Étienne is eventually rescued and fired but he goes on to live in Paris with Pluchart, an organizer for the International.

Historical context

The title, Germinal, is drawn from the springtime seventh month of the French Revolutionary Calendar and is meant to evoke imagery of germination, new growth and fertility. Accordingly, Zola ends the novel on a note of hope and one that has provided inspiration to socialist and reformist causes of all kinds throughout the years since its first publication:

By the time of Zola's death, the novel had come to be recognized as his undisputed masterpiece. At his funeral crowds of workers gathered, cheering the cortège with shouts of "Germinal! Germinal!". Since then the book has come to symbolize working class causes and to this day retains a special place in French mining-town folklore.

Zola was always very proud of Germinal and was always keen to defend its accuracy against accusations of hyperbole and exaggeration (from the conservatives) or of slander against the working classes (from the socialists). His research had been typically thorough, especially the parts involving lengthy observational visits to northern French mining towns in 1884, such as witnessing the after-effects of a crippling miners' strike first-hand at Anzin or actually going down a working coal pit at Denain. The mine scenes are especially vivid and haunting as a result. Tom Wolfe described one incident from Zola's research:
In 1884 Zola went down into the mines at Anzin to do the documentation for what was to become the novel Germinal. Posing as a secretary for a member of the French Chamber of Deputies, he descended into the pits wearing his city clothes, his frock coat, high stiff collar, and high stiff hat (this appeals to me for reasons I won't delay you with), and carrying a notebook and pen. One day Zola and the miners who were serving as his guides were 150 feet below the ground when Zola noticed an enormous workhorse, a Percheron, pulling a sled piled with coal through a tunnel. Zola asked, "How do you get that animal in and out of the mine every day?" At first the miners thought he was joking. Then they realized he was serious, and one of them said, "Mr. Zola, don't you understand? That horse comes down here once, when he's a colt, barely more than a foal, and still able to fit into the buckets that bring us down here. That horse grows up down here. He grows blind down here after a year or two, from the lack of light. He hauls coal down here until he can't haul it anymore, and then he dies down here, and his bones are buried down here." When Zola transfers this revelation from the pages of his documentation notebook to the pages of Germinal, it makes the hair on your arms stand on end. You realize, without the need of amplification, that the horse is the miners themselves, who descend below the face of the earth as children and dig coal down in the pit until they can dig no more and then are buried, often literally, down there.

A sensation upon original publication, it is now by far the best-selling of Zola's novels, both in France and internationally. A number of modern translations are currently in print and widely available.

Adaptations
The novel has been filmed a number of times, including:
 The Strike (1904), directed by Ferdinand Zecca.
 Au Pays Noir, (1905), directed by Ferdinand Zecca and Lucien Nonguet.
 Germinal (1913), directed by Albert Capellani, starring Henry Krauss
 Germinal (1963), directed by Yves Allégret, starring Jean Sorel, , Claude Brasseur and Bernard Blier.
 Germinal (1970), a BBC five-part serial with Mark Jones and  Rosemary Leach
 Germinal (1993), a large-scale production directed by Claude Berri and starring Gérard Depardieu and Miou-Miou, at that time the most expensive feature film ever made in France. Much of Berri's film was shot on location in the Lens and Valenciennes regions of northern France, and the extensive unemployment and poverty the cast and crew still witnessed there led to the formation of a society, "Germinal l'association", headed by Depardieu, to alleviate the suffering caused by crippling unemployment in the départements comprising the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

Tributes
 Les Enfants de Germinal. (The children of Germinal). - text by Cavanna, images by Robert Doisneau. Hoëbeke Editions. Paris. 1993
 KFC Germinal Ekeren, a Belgian football club took its name after the novel.
 Disco Elysium, (2019) is a Role Playing Video Game featuring a dispute and unsolved murder between the stevedoring Labor movement and the private company who works with them. The creators ZA/UM have cited Germinal as a source of major inspiration. This game won the 2019 BAFTA game awards for best narrative, soundtrack, and debut game from a company.

References

External links

 , English translation by Havelock Ellis (1894) (other formats)

 Germinal, audio version

1885 French novels
Novels by Émile Zola
Books of Les Rougon-Macquart
French philosophical novels
French novels adapted into films
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Gil Blas (periodical)
Fiction set in the 1860s
Novels set in 19th-century France
Mining in France
Novels about mining
Fiction about mining

Germinal (novel)


Martin McGaughey (born 31 August 1960) is a Northern Irish retired footballer who played as a striker.

Having spent most of his career at Linfield, he was noted for his scoring ability, being nicknamed 'Buckets'.

Club career
McGaughey was born in Moneyreagh. Having signed as a youth with Linfield F.C. in 1977, he made his first-team debut midway through 1980–81, finishing his first season with 14 goals in all competitions, including a brace in the County Antrim Shield final against Glentoran FC (4–1).

In 1984–85, McGaughey finished second in the European Golden Shoe race to FC Porto's Fernando Gomes, scoring 34 league goals in 26 matches (57 overall) and failing to add more as his season was cut short due to a severe knee injury. In the team's campaign in the European Cup, he helped it reach the second round, where he scored twice in a 3–3 home draw to Panathinaikos FC (4–5 aggregate exit); subsequently, he was named the Ulster Footballer of the Year.

Although he received a lot of interest from 'larger' clubs – notably England's Barnsley – McGaughey never left the country, and finished his career with a season at Ards FC, retiring in 1994 due to recurrent physical problems. He netted 317 competitive goals for Linfield in 533 appearances, also being team and league top scorer in 1983–84 (15 goals), 1987–88 (18) and 1989–90 (19), and helped the side to six national championships and one domestic cup.

International career
McGaughey won one cap for Northern Ireland, replacing legendary Norman Whiteside in a friendly against Israel in October 1984.

References

External links
NIFG profile and bio

1960 births
Living people
Association footballers from County Down
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Men's association football forwards
NIFL Premiership players
Linfield F.C. players
Ards F.C. players
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Ulster Footballers of the Year
Northern Ireland Football Writers' Association Players of the Year

Martin McGaughey