The National Student Film Institute (NSFI), formerly the Los Angeles Student Film Institute (LASFI), was founded in 1978 by Brenda Norman, Dave Master, Jutti Marsh and Ralph Rogers as a festival for films made by children from kindergarten through ninth grade.  Two years later it was expanded to include the work of all high school students.  The first of what became an annual festival included approximately 350 students who entered 125 films.  By 1993, the Student Film Festival involved over two thousand students throughout the Los Angeles area, who together entered over 300 films.  The film festival was held each year at the Directors Guild Theater in Hollywood.

As demand for workshops, advice and support for teachers grew, NSFI/L.A's Board of Directors expanded the activities of the organization to include workshops for teachers, equipment loans, and support for filmmaking programs in schools.

Entertainment industry involvement
Prominent members of the film, television and animation industry came to support NSFI and its endeavors. On a corporate level involvement came from CBS, NBC, ABC, the Directors Guild, Amblin Entertainment, Warner Brothers, Universal, Lucasfilm and others. Individuals from the film, television and animation industry who would serve on the Board of Advisors (and in other capacities) were: Steve Allen, Ralph Bakshi, Ray Bradbury*, Lloyd Bridges, Charles Champlin*, Jackie Cooper*, Bill Cosby, June Foray, Sharon Gless*, Tom Hatten, Arthur Hiller*, Cal Howard, Ollie Johnston, Chuck Jones*, Fay Kanin, Kathleen Kennedy*, Walter Lantz, Jack Lemmon, Bill Littlejohn, Lynne Littman, Leonard Maltin, Delbert Mann*, Walter Matthau, Bill Melendez, Lee Mishkin, Grim Natwick*, Daphne Maxwell Reid*, Tim Reid*, Joan Rivers, George Schaefer*, Frank Thomas, Arthur Wilde and Robert Wise.

(*) indicates "Past Honorary Chairperson".  Generally one person would hold the position of Honorary Chairperson each year.

Festival Categories
 Grimmy Awards
 Elementary (Grades 1–6) Animation
 Elementary (Grades 1–6) Live Action
 Junior/Senior High School (Grades 7–12) 2-D Animation
 Junior/Senior High School (Grades 7–12) 3-D Animation
 Public Service Announcements
 Junior/Senior High School (Grades 7–12) Live Action
 Bill Scott Award

Grimmy Award
The Grimmy Award was an annual award given to individuals who had supported the institute and student filmmaking.  Generally one "Grimmy" was awarded to a luminary within the industry and one educator.  The award was named after the institute's first honorary chairperson, Grim Natwick, the creator of Betty Boop.

Bill Scott Award for a Good Story Well Told
Established in the memory of Bill Scott, a longtime advisor to the institute, the award was created to draw attention to a concern shared by Scott and the institute that writing skills were not being emphasized as much as possible.  The award acknowledges "A Good Story Well Told".  Four Bill Scott Awards were awarded each year from 1986 onward.  The judging criteria were graduated.  The four awards were awarded to the following age groups:
 Kindergarten - 2nd Grade: for a simple story: "Make an idea happen"
 3rd - 6th Grade: "For a well-told story with a beginning, middle and end"
 7th - 10th Grade: "For a well-told story that affects the audience emotionally"
 11th - 12th Grade: "For a well-told story that affects the audience and tells the story in an original and personal way"

Demise
By the mid-1990s, with the retirement of founder Brenda Norman and the job change of founder Dave Master, it became impractical for the institute and festival to continue and so were dissolved.

References

Animation film festivals in the United States
Children's film festivals in the United States
Defunct film festivals in the United States
Film competitions
Film festivals established in 1978
Short film festivals in the United States
Film festivals in Los Angeles
Student film festivals

National Student Film Institute


Rush Walker Taylor Jr. (November 3, 1934 – March 7, 2010) was a U.S. diplomat and former United States Ambassador to Togo. He was appointed to that position on April 28, 1988, and left his post on September 4, 1990.

Taylor graduated from Harvard University in 1956 and the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. He enrolled in the United States Army from 1959 to 1961.

Taylor joined the Foreign Service in 1962 served many titles; such as third secretary and vice consul to Yaoundé, Cameroon, from 1962 to 1964; staff assistant to the Ambassador, Rome, Italy, from 1965 to 1966; and vice consul, Florence, Italy,  from 1966 to 1967. He returned to Washington, D.C. in 1967 to serve on the Italian desk from 1967 to 1969; and then as staff officer for the Executive Secretariat at the Department of State from 1969 to 1970. Taylor was then named staff assistant in 1970, and special assistant to the Secretary of State in 1971. He was then assigned as principal officer at the consulate in Oporto, Portugal in 1972 to 1975, and deputy chief of mission in Nassau, Bahamas, from 1975 to 1978.

He was also in charge of the staff of the Inspector General from 1979 to 1981, and director of the Office of Press Relations for the Bureau of Public Affairs at the Department of State from 1981 to 1983; and executive director and vice chairman of the U.S. Delegation for the International Telecommunication Union High Frequency World Administrative Radio Conference, from 1983 to 1984. Since 1985 Taylor has been deputy coordinator and principal deputy director for the Bureau of International Communications and Information Policy. In 1986 he was acting as chargé d'affaires in Guinea-Bissau.

Taylor died of cancer in Arlington, Virginia, on March 7, 2010.

See also
United States Ambassador to Togo

References

1934 births
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Harvard University alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Togo
2010 deaths
United States Foreign Service personnel

Rush Walker Taylor Jr.


Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter (Five ants are more than four elephants) is a 1973–75 Swedish TV-series for children, hosted by Magnus Härenstam, Brasse Brännström and Eva Remaeus. The TV-series included songs and sketches with education about letters, numbers, positions (right, left, under, above, etc.), etc. Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter was broadcast first on 19 November 1973 on TV2 by Sveriges Television and it was also broadcast as Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar . Fem myror is available for purchase on VHS and DVD and there are also PC games. The animated number segments by Owe Gustafson were later exported to the American television series Sesame Street.

About the TV-series

Besides entertaining children, Magnus ("a pedant"), Brasse ("a slob") and Eva ("a proper person") wanted to make children interested in letters and numbers and every program (running time, ca 30 min) had 1 letter and 1 number as a theme.

The animations later in the TV-series, Monica Zetterlund and Tomas Löfdahl were voice-overs. Fem myror was produced by Bengt Linné & Lasse Haglund, the music was written by Bengt Ernryd and the lyrics were written by Magnus & Brasse. The animations were made by Owe Gustafson.

Fem myror also includes sketches, such as Brasse's fun box ("lattjo-lajban-låda"), where Brasse presents 4 animals of which 1 doesn't belong with the others and should be removed. Magnus and Eva have to guess but Brasse always thinks they're wrong; the purpose of this sketch is to teach children that one thing may have more than one property.

1977 Fem myror was broadcast as SVT's Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar. Normally julkalendern is broadcast December 1–24, but because Fem myror had one program for every letter in the Swedish alphabet, it was broadcast from 27 November and then as such, it was able to have shows for all the (then) 28 letters until December 24. (W was not considered as a separate letter until 2006, but rather as a variation of V.) 2006 Fem myror was voted 'Best children's TV-series' at Folktoppen with more than 50% of the votes.

Cast

 Magnus Härenstam as Magnus
 Brasse Brännström as Brasse
 Eva Remaeus as Eva
 Tomas Löfdahl as narrator
 Monica Zetterlund as narrator

References

Swedish children's television series
Swedish-language television shows
1977 in Swedish television
1970s Swedish television series
1973 Swedish television series debuts
1975 Swedish television series endings
1977 Swedish television series debuts
Sesame Street

Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter


Counter-Strike is a highly popular multiplayer first-person shooter game that was created by Valve Corporation. The game was initially released on November 9, 2000, for Microsoft Windows and later released for Xbox in 2003, and for OS X and Linux in 2013. The game is divided into two teams: counter-terrorists and terrorists, where players fight against each other to achieve their mission or stop the opposing team from achieving theirs.

Initially, Counter-Strike started as a mod for Valve's popular game, Half-Life. The game quickly gained traction, and in a short period of time, Valve Corporation made it into a standalone game.

Gameplay
In Counter-Strike, players complete missions to achieve objectives such as planting a bomb, rescuing hostages, or killing the VIP on the opposing team. The game's objective changes depending on the level and mission the teams are playing. The game ends when one team finishes their mission or eliminates all players on the opposing team.

At the beginning of each round, players receive money, which they can use to purchase weapons and equipment that will help them complete their mission. As players progress through the game, they can earn more money, which can be used to purchase more powerful weapons and equipment.

Counter-Strike is primarily an online game, and players connect to a server to fight against other players. The game's popularity led to the creation of several sequels, including Counter-Strike: Source and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. Counter-Strike: Global Offensive was released on August 21, 2012, and has since become one of the most played games in the world. The game's success is due to its exciting gameplay, the ability to play online with friends, and the constant updates and additions to the game, which keep players engaged and interested.

2000 video games
Shooter video games
Windows games
Xbox games
MacOS games
Linux games

Counter-Strike


A Volksschule was part of an 18th-century system of state-supported primary schools established in the Habsburg Austrian Empire. Attendance was supposed to be compulsory. However, a 1781 census found that only one fourth of the school-age children attended. At the time, this was one of the few examples of state-supported schooling.

The Volksschule still exist in Austria today, Volksschule is the Austrian equivalent to the German word Grundschule and the Swiss German word Primarschule, i.e. primary school.

Types of educational institutions
Organizations based in Austria

Volksschule


Harry Donald Lord (March 8, 1882 – August 9, 1948) was an American professional baseball player who played for the Boston Americans/Red Sox, Chicago White Sox and Buffalo Blues from 1907 to 1915.

Early life and education
Harry Lord was born in Porter, Maine, on March 8, 1882, and graduated from Bates College in 1908. Lord was 25 years old when he began to play professionally on September 25, 1907, with the Boston Americans. Harry Lord was a third baseman for eleven years (1906–1915), one in college (1905), nine in the majors (1907–1915) and two in the minors (1906–1907). His first professional engagement was at Kezar Falls, Maine. He attended Bates College, where he graduated in 1908 and pitched for the baseball team.

Professional baseball career

Eastern league
Lord broke into organized baseball at age 24, in 1906, with Worcester in the New England League and the next year moved up to Providence in the Eastern League. His performance there caught the attention of the Boston Americans and, at 26 years of age, he began playing professionally on September 25, 1907, for Boston. He played with the team for three years. On May 30, 1908, Washington Senators's Jerry Freeman's single was the only hit allowed by Boston's Cy Young. Lord had four hits to back Young's pitching. On April 21, 1909, Lord stole home on the front end of a triple steal in the bottom of the seventh, with Tris Speaker taking third and Doc Gessler taking second. The Red Sox won the game, 6-2.

On June 30, 1910, the Philadelphia Athletics held a benefit for the widow and children of Mike "Doc" Powers, who had died a few days after the team opened Shibe Park in 1909. Players from the Washington, New York and Boston AL teams took part in a six-inning game against the A's, and in pre-game contests before 12,000 fans. In one of these contests Lord was timed from home to first in 3.4 seconds.

The Red Sox (July 10, 1910 – August 9, 1910)
When on July 10, 1910, a Walter Johnson fastball broke Lord's finger, the stellar play of his substitute Clyde Engle made Lord expendable. In 1910, the Red Sox fielded ten men who had been or would become MLB managers – no other team in history as ever had more. Lord was joined in this feat by Bill Carrigan, Gavvy Cravath, Doc Gessler, Deacon McGuire, Tris Speaker, Jake Stahl, Bob Unglaub, Heinie Wagner, and Cy Young.

Chicago White Sox (August 9, 1910 – May 18, 1914)
He was traded to the Chicago White Sox on August 9, 1910, with Amby McConnell to the Chicago White Sox for Frank Smith, and Billy Purtell.

In 1911, while playing in Major League Baseball, he had 180 Hits, 103 Runs, 18 Doubles, 18 Triples, 3 Home Runs, 61 RBI and 43 Stolen Bases at (.321/.364/.433) in 141 Games.

On May 8, 1912, the White Sox beat the Washington Senators 7–6, ending Walter Johnson's five-game win streak; Johnson gave up two 2-run home runs, one to Lord in the first and another to Ping Bodie in the fifth. He played for the Pale Hose until 1914 but then got into a salary squabble with owner Charlie Comiskey.

He held out on the Sox, returning for a few games only to demand his release, and disappeared again when Comiskey turned him down.

Federal League

Buffalo Buffeds (1914–1915)
In 1915, the Buffalo Buffeds of the Federal League announced they had signed Lord. When he reported to Chicago in 1914, he was blacklisted by mutual consent of the American and National League owners.

For the 1915 season, the Buffalo team changed its name from the Buffeds to the Blues. Manager Larry Schlafly, was fired form his position June 4. He was replaced temporarily by catcher Walter Blair and then by Lord, who had joined the Blues only eight days before. Buffalo star Hal Chase and Lord were business associates and close friends. Once the managerial change was made, Chase, who had been slumping under Schafly, suddenly came to life.

He batted .328 for the remainder of the 1915 season and led the Federal League in home runs with 17. Lord and Chase took them from the cellar to sixth place with a (59-48) record.

When the Federal League folded, Lord was still blacklisted in the remaining Major Leagues. Lord played his last MLB game on September 27, 1915, at age 33.

Life after baseball
He managed several minor league teams, ending his baseball career in 1925 at age 43.

At times, Lord inspired his teammates with his hustle, earning him the White Sox captaincy; at other times, it seemed he didn't want to play. The two years he batted more than .310 (1909 and 1911), he followed with marks of .267. In 1913, he set single-season American League records for fewest chances accepted (364) and fewest assists (221) by a third baseman in 150 or more games.

After managing in the minors, he entered a number of business ventures in Portland, Maine. His hobbies were "my son and my daughter".

Death and legacy
He died at age 66 on August 9, 1948, in Hospital in Westbrook, Maine, where he had been the last four months of his life and is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Kezar Falls. Surviving him were his wife, his daughter and his son.

Overall record

Overall in MLB, he had 1,026 Hits, 509 Runs, 107 Doubles, 70 Triples, 14 Home Runs, 294 RBI and 208 Stolen Bases at (.278/.326/.356) in 972 Games.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball player-managers
 List of Bates College people
 The Boston Red Sox

References

External links

Baseball Almanac

1882 births
1948 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Bates Bobcats baseball players
Boston Americans players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Buffalo Blues players
Baseball players from Maine
Minor league baseball managers
Worcester Busters players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Lowell Grays players
Portland Duffs players
People from Oxford County, Maine
Major League Baseball player-managers
Baseball coaches from Maine

Harry Lord


Ratafia is a broad term used for two types of sweet alcoholic beverages, a flavouring essence whose taste resembles bitter almonds, later to a ratafia flavoured biscuit, a biscuit to be eaten along with ratafia, and later still, to a cherry variety.

The Oxford English Dictionary lists the word's earliest date of use as 1699.

Liqueur
Ratafia liqueurs are alcoholic beverages, originally Italian, compound liqueurs or cordials made by the maceration of ingredients such as aromatics, fruits, in pre-distilled spirits, followed by filtration and sweetening, the flavouring ingredients being merely infused in it  Ratafia may be flavored with kernels (almond, peach, apricot, or cherry), lemon peel and spices in various amounts (nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, mint, rosemary, anise, etc.), typically combined with sugar. Other flavorings can be used, such as vegetables and fresh herbs.

The liqueur is typical of the Mediterranean areas of Spain, Italy, and north-east of France (Champagne and Burgundy). In the south-central region of Italy (specifically Molise and Abruzzo) Ratafià is made exclusively with fresh cherries and Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wines.

Lazzaroni Amaretto, Luxardo Albicocca, Kahlua, Heering Original Cherry Liqueur, Alpenz Saint Elizabeth Allspice Dram, Carlshamms Flaggpunsch, Seale John D. Taylor's Velvet Falernum are Ratafia liqueurs.

The liqueur form of Ratafia is mentioned humorously in the lyrics of the song The Unfortunate Miss Bailey, written by Lou Gottlieb and released by the Kingston Trio in 1959 on their album Here We Go Again!.

Fortified wine
The second type, ratafia de Champagne, a fortified wine, is a type of mistelle, a mixture of marc (grappa) and the unfermented juice of the grape, and is the type produced in France.

D.H. Lescombes, in New Mexico, uses Moscato grapes fortified with brandy to stop the fermentation early, which keeps the residual sugar high.

Biscuit
a small macaroon flavoured with almonds− Collins English Dictionary
Ratafia biscuits are made with ratafia essence, sweet almonds, apricot kernels, rosewater, egg white, sugar. Originally made with sweet and bitter almonds, now apricot kernels. Amaretto is a ratafia liquor, thus the ratafia biscuits.

In 1727, The Compleat Housewife by Eliza Smith included a recipe for To make Ratafia Bisket, with the ingredients: bitter almonds, sugar and egg white, making it a confection that is very similar to a modern macaroon.

In 1789, The Complete Confectioner, by Frederick Nutt, a confectioner, formerly apprenticed with Domenico Negri, an Italian who opened "The Pot and Pineapple" confectionery shop at 7-8 Berkeley Square, London, founded 1757, included a recipe, "No. 29. Ratafia Biscuits":
Take half a pound of sweet almonds, and half a pound of bitter almonds, and pound them in a mortar very fine, with whites of eggs ; put three pounds of powdered sugar, mix it well with the whites of eggs, to the proper thickness into a bason ; put two or three sheets of paper on the plate you bake on ; take your knife, and the spaddle made of wood, and drop them on the paper, let them be round, and about the size of a large nutmeg ; put them in the oven, which must be quick, let them have a fine brown, and all alike, but be careful they are not burnt at bottom, else they will not come off the paper when baked ; let them be cold before you take them off.

Other uses
Ratafia essence was suggested in a BBC recipe in their 1940 publication Food Facts For The Kitchen Front, for making mock marzipan, along with soya flour, margarine and sugar.

References
Notes

Sources

Mistelle

Ratafia


Darya Yurievna Moroz (; born 1 September 1983) is a Soviet and Russian film and stage actress, Honored Artist of Russia (2015). She is a two-time winner of the Nika Award (2009, 2015). She is best known for starring in the TV series Gold Diggers.

Biography
Darya Moroz was born in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Darya grew up in a family of actors, she started acting at an early age. She made her debut at the age of three months in the movie Dear, Dearest, Beloved, Unique.... As a child, Darya engaged in artistic gymnastics, but the coach did not see in her talent gymnasts. Then there was a period of training in figure skating, and Darya even ranked second in the same competition. There were other children's interests: animation studio, painting, theatrical studio.

In the years of study at the school Daria continued to act in films, starring in five films:  The Family Man, Black Square,  Russian Ragtime. After listening to them, Daria wanted to change caused during his school years, the decision to enroll in college theater and acting at MGIMO.

By this time Georgy Daneliya invited her on a first major role in the comedy  Fortune. It was on the set of this picture Darya was determined to become an actress. For the film  Fortune  Darya was awarded a special mention of the jury of the festival Kinotavr 2000.

Darya Moroz entered the Moscow Art Theatre School, in the course of Roman Kozak and Dmitry Brusnikin. In 2003, she graduated and was accepted into the troupe of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theatre.

In 2005, she graduated from producer faculty of Higher Courses for Scriptwriters and Directors (workshop of Vladilen Arsenyev).

In 2009 she participated in the music program Two Stars on Channel One paired with Pelageya.

Personal life
First husband   Andrei  Tomashevsky (born April 20, 1972), director. They parted because of Andrei's unwillingness to have children.
Second husband   Konstantin  Bogomolov (born July 23, 1975), Russian theater director, poet. Darya and Konstantin met in 2009, when Bogomolov invited her to play the role of the rich young widow Eulampia Kupavina in his play Wolves and Sheep  based on the play of the same name by Alexander Ostrovsky in  Tabakerka  Theater. Darya was then married. The marriage was registered on May 11, 2010. On August 18, 2018, they divorced, remaining on good terms.
Daughter   Anna  Bogomolova (born September 6, 2010),  studies at a German school at the Embassy of Germany in Russia, located in Moscow, as well as at a children's music school, plays tennis.

Filmography

1984 Dear, Dearest, Beloved, Unique... as Gerochka
1991 The Family Man as Kolyvanov's daughter
1992 Black Square as Luda Merkulova
1993 Russian Ragtime as Mitya's Mitya's daughter
2000 Fortune as Masha Sorokina, bride
2000 Athens Evenings as Natasha
2001 Savage as Varya
2001 Salome (TV Series) as Katerina Bronina, Salome's sister
2002 Women's Logic (TV Movie) as Vika Korzun
2002 Kamenskaya 2 (TV Series) as Vika Ulanova
2003 Blues Theater (TV Series) as Anna Astakhova
2004 Women in A Game Without Rules (TV Mini-Series) as Masha Peredreeva
2004 Farewell Echo (TV Series) as Oksana Perfilieva
2005 The Fall of the Empire (TV Series) as  Katya
2005 Multiplying Grieve (TV Mini-Series) as Lena Ostroumova
2006 Point as Nina
2006 Nankin Landscape as Nadya, Zhen-zi
2008 Live and Remember as Nastya
2008 Thaw as Natasha
2008 The Apostle (TV Mini-Series) as Lida
2008 Brothers detectives (TV Series) as Katya Mukhina
2008 Frenchman Serge as Irina
2009 Pelagia and the White Bulldog (TV Series) as Governor's wife  Lyudmila Platonovna
2009 Jumping Bottlenose Dolphin as Maya
2009 Two Ladies in Amsterdam as Svetlana
2009 Trap (TV Mini-Series) as Vera
2010 The House of the Sun as Gerda
2010 French Doctor (TV Series) as Larissa
2011 Dostoevsky (TV Series) as Sasha Schubert, actress
2011 Black Wolves (TV Series) as Vera Samarina
2011 The Forgotten (TV Mini-Series) as Anya
2011 Do Not Cry for Me, Argentina (TV Series) as Alla
2011 'Cedar'  Pierces the Sky (TV Series) as Alla Kantorovich
2011 Fairytale.Is as Barbie
2012 Conductor as Olga
2012 No Witnesses (TV Series) as Lena
2012 Steel Butterfly as Tatiana
2012 Kraplyony (TV Series) as Veronika
2014 Department (TV Series) as Alena Ivanovna Revnivtseva, lawyer
2014  House with Lilies (TV Series) as Taisia
2014 The Long Way Home (TV Series) as Nadya
2014 Inquisitor (TV Series) as Kira Eduardovna Falk, department press secretary
2014 The Fool as Masha
2014 Hold Me (TV) as Maria Ozerova
2015 The Dawns Here Are Quiet as Maria, apartment proprietress
2015 Santa Mazaev and Zaitsev (TV Mini-Series) as Rita Zaitseva
2015 Pioneers-heroes as Katya Eliseeva
2016 Graphomaniac as Veronika
2016 Crime (TV Series) as Sasha Moskvina
2016 Collector as Ksenia (voice)
2016 When the Stars Collide as Raisa Gorbacheva
2017 Red Bracelets (TV Series) as Alyona
2019 Gold Diggers as Lena Shirokova
2023 Mira as Svetlana

References

External links

 Дарья Мороз on Facebook

1983 births
Living people
Soviet actresses
Soviet child actresses
Russian child actresses
Russian film actresses
Russian television actresses
Russian stage actresses
20th-century Russian actresses
21st-century Russian actresses
Honored Artists of the Russian Federation
Recipients of the Nika Award
Moscow Art Theatre School alumni
Actresses from Saint Petersburg

Darya Moroz


Ais kacang (), literally meaning "bean ice", also commonly known as ABC (acronym for air batu campur (), meaning "mixed ice"), is a Malaysian dessert which is common in Malaysia, Singapore (where it is called ice kachang) and Brunei.

Traditionally, an ice shaving machine is used to churn out the shaved ice used in the dessert, originally hand cranked but now more often motorised. Many Southeast Asian coffee shops, hawker centres and food courts sell this dessert.

History
Early versions of ice kachang was first known to have been prepared around the time before and after the First World War, where the costs of ice manufacturing was becoming more affordable. A earlier variant of the Singaporean dish was described as green, made from shaved ice, paired with syrups, soaked seeds and seaweed jelly and was sold mainly by street vendors. The dish underwent many different alterations and variants throughout the history of Singapore, where during the 1920s, one version of it was described as shaved ice topped with rose water, lime or liquorice. A version of the dish, known as Kachang mera, was also sold during the 1930s. By the 1940s, the version of the dish described as having "shaved ice heaped into a little mountain", topped with red beans, "a Chinese grape-like fruit", syrup, and condensed or evaporated milk, similar to how it is being prepared today, began to appear. Some earlier variants of ice kachang are no longer sold, such as the ice ball version of the desert, which was popular during the 1950s and 1960s

Preparation

Ais kacang was originally made of only shaved ice and red beans, though the number and diversity of ingredients has since expanded. Today, ais kacang generally comes in bright colors and with various fruit cocktails and dressings.

In Malaysia, variants now contain a large serving of attap chee (palm seed), red beans, sweet corn, grass jelly, roasted peanuts, and cubes of agar agar as common ingredients. Other less common ingredients include aloe vera, cendol, nata de coco, and ice cream. A final topping of evaporated milk, condensed milk, or coconut milk is drizzled over the mountain of ice along with red rose syrup and sarsi syrup. Some stalls have even introduced novelty toppings such as durian and chocolate syrup. There are also versions that shun the multi-coloured syrup and are served instead with just a drizzling of palm sugar syrup.

In Singapore, traditional ice kachang is usually made from shaved ice, packed into a mountain-like shape and consists of red beans, creamed corn, attap chee, cendol, and grass jelly, similar to the Malaysian version, and drizzled with syrups made from gula melaka, red rose syrup, and pandan syrup. The dish has evolved to include fruits such as durian, mango, toppings such as Milo, peanuts, and sago pearls among others.

See also
Shaved ice § Regions, for similar shaved ice variations around the world.
 Kakigōri: Japanese shaved ice
 Bingsu: Korean shaved ice
 Tshuah-ping: Taiwanese shaved ice
 Halo-halo: Filipino shaved ice
 Es campur and Es teler: Indonesian shaved ice
 Namkhaeng sai and O-aew: Thai shaved ice
 Grattachecca: Italian shaved ice popular in Rome.
 Hawaiian shave ice: Hawaiian shaved ice
 Piragua: Puerto Rican shaved ice

References

Bruneian cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Ice-based desserts

Ais kacang


John Fothergill (born in 1953 in Malta) is pro-vice-chancellor of City University London. He was formerly head of engineering, dean of science and pro-vice-chancellor at the University of Leicester. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the IEE, and the Institute of Physics.

He has over 120 refereed papers and over 20 postgraduate students

Early life and education
John Charles Fothergill was born in Malta. He lived in London and in Fish Hoek South Africa before settling in Iver Heath at the age of 10.  He attended Slough Grammar School (now Upton Court Grammar School) and won prizes in Music and Mathematics. He graduated from the University College of North Wales (now Bangor University) with a BSc (Hons) in Electronic Engineering (1975), an MSc in Electronic Materials and Devices (1976), and a PhD in the Dielectric Properties of Biopolymers (1980) which he studied with Profs Ron Pethig and John Lewis.

Career
He worked at the Standard Telecommunication Laboratories from 1979 to 1984 as a senior research engineer on high-voltage power cables.

In 1984, he moved to the University of Leicester as a lecturer. He was promoted to professor in 2000 and was head of the Electrical Power and Power Electronics Research Group, dean of science, pro vice-chancellor (learning and teaching), and head of the Department of Engineering.  He remains an honorary visiting professor at the University of Leicester.

In 2012, he became pro vice-chancellor (research and enterprise) at City University London.

He is a visiting professor at the Three Gorges University and Taiyuan University of Technology, China.

External References
 http://www.city.ac.uk/news/2012/apr/professor-john-fothergill-appointed-pro-vice-chancellor-at-city-university-london
 http://www2.le.ac.uk/staff/community/people/staffupdates/professor-john-fothergill
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070610121926/http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/research/groups/power/staff/fothergill.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130624071948/http://johnfothergill.co.uk/

References

1953 births
Maltese emigrants to the United Kingdom
People from Slough
People educated at Upton Court Grammar School
Alumni of Bangor University
Academics of the University of Leicester
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellow Members of the IEEE
English engineers
Living people
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Leicester

John Fothergill (engineer)


The prophetic books of the 18th-century English poet and artist William Blake are a series of lengthy, interrelated poetic works drawing upon Blake's own personal mythology. They have been described as forming "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". While Blake worked as a commercial illustrator, these books were ones that he produced, with his own engravings, as an extended and largely private project.

Overview
In these works, concluding with the epic Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion, he elaborated a personal invented mythology (mythopoeia). The mythopoeia is largely Biblical in inspiration; apart from that, it has been extensively debated for both its political and religious content.

While The French Revolution from 1791 is not illustrated and is usually excluded from the list of prophetic books, David V. Erdman contends that the separation of this work from the corpus removes a key to the symbolism used by Blake. Another work, Vala, or The Four Zoas (1797), begun while Blake was residing in Felpham, was abandoned in draft form; of this abandoning by Blake, Northrop Frye has commented that "[a]nyone who cares about poetry or painting must see in [Valas] unfinished state a major cultural disaster".

Critical reception
The prophetic books have on occasion been dismissed as lacking in good sense. This position is now rarely held by scholars of English literature, Blake having been one of the major beneficiaries of critical fashion during the twentieth century.  Northrop Frye and, following him, Harold Bloom have suggested that the difficulty of reading Blake's prophetic works can be overcome, and that the dismissive "mystical" tag applied to them is largely an obfuscation. "Mystical" as to the poetic language has been indeed the equivalent of "visionary" applied to the engravings.

Blake's prophetic books, having often been dismissed until recent times, have had a tortuous publication history, unlike his lyric poems, which have been regarded as more direct and relatively unproblematic.

The continental prophecies
The cycle of continental prophecies comprises America a Prophecy (1793), Europe a Prophecy (1794) and The Song of Los (1795), which is made up of sections Africa and Asia.

America a Prophecy is divided into a Preludium (which is part of the Orc myth) and A Prophecy, which has obvious political content devolving from the American Revolution. The first line of A Prophecy is repeated as the final line of Africa. On the other hand, Europe a Prophecy has an unnamed introductory section, a Preludium with Orc and Enitharmon, and A Prophecy with connections to the contemporary situation of wartime Europe. The Asia section of The Song of Los links onto the end of Europe a Prophecy (via the word "howl").

The books
Tiriel (c. 1789)
The Book of Thel (c. 1789)
America a Prophecy (1793)
Europe a Prophecy (1794)
Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793)
The Book of Urizen (1794)
The Book of Ahania (1795)
The Book of Los (1795)
The Song of Los (1795)
Vala, or The Four Zoas (begun 1797, unfinished; abandoned )
Milton: A Poem in Two Books (1804–1810)
Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion (1804–1820)

Notes

External links

Prophetic books
Series of books
Art by William Blake

William Blake's prophetic books


Uhlenburg is the site (Burgstall) of a lowland castle that was built in the 14th century close to the River Aller near Essel in the German state of Lower Saxony. This Late Middle Ages aristocratic seat only existed for a few decades towards the end of the 14th century and was destroyed by force in 1393/94.

Location
The castle site lies roughly a kilometre east of Essel and about 1 km north of Buchholz (Aller) in the flood plain of the Aller valley at a height of 25 m above N.N. The site is located in a loop of the river, about 250 m from the Aller itself. The former castle terrain, like the rest of the wide valley is extensively used as pasture.

Description

Uhlenburg consisted of a small inner ward and a large outer ward that adjoined its northern side. The almost square inner bailey was built on a motte with sides some 30 metres long. Today it only has a height of about 1.5 metres and a pond borders it to the south. In 2004 the banks of the pond were reinforced with stones to prevent erosion. West of the motte a rampart guards the ditch. The entire complex was surrounded by a castle ditch and it is possible that the two wards were on islands surrounded by a large area of water. On the eastern side of the motte is a flat depression on an area of 11 x 20 m. An embankment runs from here across the ditch, so it can be assumed that this was the entrance. In the pond a row of stakes was found that belonged to the old castle and could have been part of a palisade.

The terrain of the outer bailey is slightly raised above the surrounding lowland. It is roughly 100 m long and up to 40 m wide. The whole castle site is surrounding by a narrow stretch of water, which in the west and north could have been a loop in the old course of the Aller.

Archaeological excavations
It is probable that the first, apparently rather amateurish, excavations on the castle site took place in 1906. This unearthed a number of iron objects, including a chain. In 1926 excavations were carried out by a teacher and his pupil. According to the records the debris of a building was found in the area of the keep but no plan could be established. The find included pieces of brick, clay, boulders, pieces of pottery and bones. Particularly interesting was the presence of charcoal everywhere, which led to the conclusion that the castle was destroyed by a fire.

In 2001 the castle site attracted strong interest from archaeologists due to the well-preserved state of its ruins. Since then a comprehensive investigation has been carried out. This included physical inspections of the site, a magnetic survey, ground resistance measurements and aerial photography. The results showed that the earth mound of the motte conceals a layer of rubble. Wooden stakes found in the wet soil underground were submitted for dendrochronological dating and found to date from around 1370–1380. Other finds during the ground inspections were shards of pottery and pieces of roof tile. One exceptional find was the discovery of a seal stamp made of a lead-tin alloy which portrayed the coat of arms of the lords of Hademstorf as the former lords of the castle.

In spite of intensive surveying, a more recent excavation has not been carried out and is not planned. The historic monument can be reserved for future research as the conditions in the wet valley of the Aller are ideal for its preservation.

History
The owners of the castle were the lords of Hademstorf, whose family line was first mentioned in 1237. In 1372 the brothers Bruno, Johann and Heinrich were recorded as lords of Hademsdorf. Uhlenburg was mentioned in a deed dated 1394. In this, the lords of Hademsdorf complained to the Lüneburg district administrator (Landrat), that the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg  Henry I and Bernard I had destroyed Uhlenburg, an act which contravened the Lüneburg Treaty (Lüneburger Sate). Presumably the dukes were attacking the local nobility in order to extend their territory and gain control over the toll sites on the Aller. According to the deed the keep and two ladies chambers were destroyed; other buildings had been saved. In 1410, after his imprisonment, Heinrich von Hademsdorf swore an oath of truce (Urfehde) with Henry I. It is not known if the imprisonment was connected with the destruction of Uhlenburg.

Similar fortifications in the local area
Within the neighbourhood, in the valley of the Aller, there is a number of other medieval castles, some of similar design. These fortifications include those in Bierde, Ahlden (Bunkenburg), Essel (Blankenburg Castle), Hodenhagen (Hodenhagen Castle), Rethem and Grethem (Blankenhagen Castle).

Uhlenburg belongs to the group of former castles, that were researched between 2003 and 2005 by the Burgenlandschaft Aller-Leine-Tal (B.A.L.T.) project. The project was supported by the European aid programme LEADER+, because it had located castle sites in the Aller-Leine Valley area.

Literature
 Burgen im Fluss, Herausgeber: Landkreis Soltau-Fallingbostel, Bad Fallingbostel, 2005,

External links
Aerial photograph of the castle site (black and white)
Newspaper report of the castle site and the discoveries in 2003

Castles in Lower Saxony
Archaeological sites in Germany
Heidmark

Uhlenburg


Bultong  is the Ifugao name for their sport of traditional wrestling. It is often played during town and provincial fiestas. Bultong falls under the international classification of belt wrestling.

Notables

Two Ifugao bultong champions who also excelled and became famous in other combat sports are:

 Ronald Bingwaoel – former member of the Philippine sanshou team and one of Asia's best sanshou fighters in the 1990s. He also became a Universal Reality Combat Championship mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter, winning his match in URCC 2 in April 2003.
 Jason Balabal – current Philippine wrestling team member and 2009 Southeast Asian Games gold medalist in freestyle wrestling, 84 kilogram division.

Sanshou gives points for wrestling take-downs, aside from kicks and punches, but does not allow ground fighting.

References

Further reading
Barton, R. F. "Ifugao Law" University of California Publications on American Archeology and Ethnology. The Internet Archive. February 15, 1919
Sevilla III, Karlo Silverio. Interview with Erlinda Napiloy, Sports Director, Ifugao State University. Conducted in March 2007.
Sevilla III, Karlo Silverio. Interview with Jason Balabal. Conducted in December 2007.
 Sevilla III, Karlo Silverio. Interview with Melvin Sia, Bultong Photographer, January 2008.
Sevilla III, Karlo Silverio. Interview with Juan Alberto Balde, President, Wrestling Association of the Philippines. Conducted in September 1998.
Mallari, Perry Gil."FMA CORNER: Various forms of Filipino Indigenous Wrestling" FMApulse.com,November 23, 2009.http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-various-forms-filipino-indigenous-wrestling?page=1.
7."Pacific Island Traditional Wrestling." Coreeda Association of Australia. http://www.coreedaoz.com/main/page_pacific_island_traditional_wrestling.html (Accessed on December 13, 2010)
&"Belt wrestling." Olympic Council of Asia, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20100613032921/http://ocasia.org/Sports/SportsT.aspx?GSCode=125 (Accessed on January 15, 2011)

See also

 Filipino Martial Arts
 Buno
 Dumog

Philippine martial arts
Sports in Ifugao
Wrestling in the Philippines
Folk wrestling styles

Bultong


The party was formed on December 28, 1989 under the Chairmanship of Nawaz Khan Naji. The first time reorganized in July 30 1993. In 1947 at the time of Independence of Pakistan the people of the area were predominantly Shia Muslims.  However over the years the ethnic composition has been changed  as sunni Kashmiri and other Pakistanis have settled in this area leading to discontent - although Shias remain the outright majority. A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which included Gilgit-Baltistan, was 'Not Free'. In 2009 as part of Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order Act of 2009, the region was granted self-rule for the first time with an elected legislature in its history, despite protests from the Republic of India it asserts that Gilgit-Baltistan is a part of the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu which they regard it as so-called an 'integral part' of India. which illegally regards the disputed region as Indian territory.

References

B

Balawaristan National Front (Naji)


, also known as  was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi–Momoyama period. She was the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Mino Province, and the lawful wife of Oda Nobunaga, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Owari Province.

Profile
There are very few reliable historical documents about Nōhime, and little is known about her real identity. Shinchō Kōki, which is considered to be of historical value, contains only a brief description of her marriage, after which her name does not appear at all.

The exact date of her birth and death is unknown, and Minonokuni Shokyūki states that she was born in 1535.
While the first half of her life can be traced to some extent, the second half of her life is not known, nor is the date of her death, her family temple or her commandments, and various theories are mixed up.

Name
At that time, it was common for women's real names (imina) not to be made public, and it was normal for them to be addressed as 'Place of birth or Parental residence' + ' or  or '. Therefore, Nōhime's real name is not known like the majority of women of that era. Even in Shinchō Kōki, she is only mentioned as Dōsan's daughter, but no specific name is given.

The name 'Nōhime' became popular as a result of its appearance in the Edo period's books Ehon Taikōki and Bushō Kanjōki. This was only a later name meaning "Noble Lady of ". She is sometimes referred to as .

 or  are mentioned in Edo period books, but it is not certain whether these are their real names.
Kichō is only found in Minonokuni Shokyūki. The name Kochō is used in Bukō Yawa. It is also said that the characters in running form of Ki (帰) and Ko (胡) are very similar, so it is possible that one of them was miswritten when it was transcribed.

In Minonokuni Shokyūki, it is also stated that she was called  because she married into Nobunaga from Sagiyama Castle, her father's residence. This is in accordance with the above-mentioned custom of the time and makes sense.

Marriage to Nobunaga

It is not actually known when she married Nobunaga, nor is it known whether the couple were on good terms or not. As far as reliable documents show, it seems that she had no children with Nobunaga.

In fact, the date of her marriage to Nobunaga is unknown, and there is no specific date written in the Shinchō Kōki. The theory that tends to be adopted in historical fictions is that the marriage took place in the spring of 1549, when Nobunaga was 16 and Nōhime was 15 (both according to East Asian age reckoning).

In war chronicles written in the 17th century, such as Seishū Gunki and Sōkenki, it is stated that she did not have a son, so she adopted Kimyōmaru (Oda Nobutada), who was born to a side wife, as Nobunaga's legitimate son. It also states that she had a child but not a boy, so she adopted Nobutada and made him Nobunaga's heir.

Anecdotes
There are several well-known anecdotes about Nōhime in the Edo period's Ehon Taikōki and Bushō Kanjōki. The first story is when Nōhime was to marry into the Oda clan. Dōsan handed her a kaiken and told her: 'If Nobunaga is as big a fool as rumoured, stab him to death with that dagger'. Then Nōhime replied: 'I understand. But maybe then this blade will be pointed at you'. The next story is about a year after they were married. Nobunaga began to repeatedly slip out of their bedchamber every night and return a short time later, and when Nōhime questioned him, suspecting an affair, he replied, "I have set up a plot against the retainers of the Saitō clan to cause them to rebel, and I'm waiting for the smoke signal to announce that they have defeated Dōsan". Nōhime was surprised and informed her father about it, and Dōsan killed the retainers whose names were on the letter. But this was Nobunaga's ruse to get Dōsan to kill his retainers. However, all of these are merely Edo period fictions born from the image of the 'daughter of Dōsan the pit viper'.

Life
Nōhime is said to have been born to Saitō Dōsan, a Sengoku Daimyō who rose to lordship of Mino through Gekokujō, and his legal wife Omi no kata (1513-1551), who was known as 'the most beautiful woman in Mino'.
The only document describing her date of birth is Minonokuni Shokyūki, which suggests that she was born in 1535.
According to Minonokuni Shokyūki, Omi no kata was from the Akechi clan, which was the most famous family in eastern Mino, and Nōhime is said to be the only one of Dōsan's three daughters born to Omi no kata, a legal wife.
According to the Genealogy Chart and the Miyagi Family Genealogy Book of the Akechi Clan, Omi no kata was the sister of Akechi Mitsuhide's father, Akechi Mitsutsuna, which means that Nōhime and Mitsuhide were cousins. However, Mitsuhide's origin is unclear, and there are several different genealogies of him, and it is not known which one is correct or even if they are all incorrect.

Saitō Dōsan took advantage of the infighting among the Toki clan of Mino Shugo to extend his power, and became lord of the Mino province after dispossessing his lord Toki Yorinari. He then installed his eldest son, Yoshitatsu, born to his side wife Miyoshino, who had been given to him by Yorinari, as Mino Shugo, claiming that he was Yorinari's illegitimate son, in order to stabilise the unrest in the Mino territory. At that time, Oda Nobuhide of the neighbouring Owari Province, father of Oda Nobunaga, was at enmity with Saitō Dōsan, so he supported Toki Yorinari and invaded Mino. The following is from Minonokuni Shokyūki, so it cannot all be taken on faith, but it is said that Dōsan attempted to conclude a peace on the condition that Oda Nobuhide and Asakura Takakage would each marry his daughter. He pledged to Nobuhide that he would give his daughter in marriage to Nobunaga, Nobuhide's son, and to Takakage that he would make Toki Yorizumi, Takakage's nephew, Mino Shugo and give him his daughter in marriage.

In 1546, Dōsan made peace with Asakura Takakage and allowed Toki Yorinori and Toki Yorizumi to enter Mino on the condition that Yorinori would hand over his position as Shugo to Yorizumi. As a token of their friendship, he gave his daughter in marriage to Yorizumi. This daughter is said to have been Nōhime, and if it is true, Yorizumi was 23 years old and Nōhime was 12 years old, about to reach adulthood. Dōsan seized control of Mino by making Yorizumi his puppet, but a year later Yorinori and Yorizumi began preparing to raise an army against Dōsan. Dōsan, sensing this move, took the initiative and attacked, resulting in Yorinori fleeing to the Echizen Province and Yorizumi's death. At the age of only 13, Nōhime became a widow and returned to her father's castle.

Meanwhile, Dōsan fought Nobuhide several times between 1547 and 1548 but was unable to reach a settlement, and a political marriage of several years earlier was rehashed in order to make peace. Nobuhide had been on the losing end of a series of battles with Dōsan and was also beginning an all-out confrontation with Imagawa Yoshimoto, which had him on the ropes. Dōsan, who was not on good terms with his son Saitō Yoshitatsu, also wanted an alliance with Nobuhide.
According to Minonokuni Shokyūki, Nobuhide, who was prone to illness, needed Nobunaga's backing amidst the ongoing strife between the Oda clans, and urged Dōsan to fulfil his pledge.
According to Shincho Kōki, Hirate Masahide, who was Nobunaga's Moriyaku (Guardian), brokered a peace and the two were to marry. And when a peace agreement between Mino and Owari was concluded, Nōhime went to Owari to marry Nobunaga.

Then, having pacified Mino, Dōsan handed over the governorship to his heir, Yoshitatsu, in 1554 and retired. However, Dōsan disliked Yoshitatsu, the son of his concubine, and was partial to his two younger sons, who were the children of his legal wife (and the younger brother of Nōhime), so he began plotting to eventually abolish Yoshitatsu and have them succeed to his post. When Yoshinaga learnt of this, he used a feigned illness to kill his younger brothers and raised an army against Dōsan. In 1556, Dōsan was killed by Yoshitatsu in the Battle of the Nagara River.

The last recorded mention of Nōhime was that she donated a portrait of Dōsan to Jozai-ji Temple, the Saitō family's Bodaiji, after which she ceased to exist in recorded history.

Information about Nōhime after that
In the first place, the common record in historical materials about Nōhime is only about her marriage. Therefore, various speculations have been made about what happened to Nōhime afterwards.

There are four main theories about what happened to her after that.

Early death theory
The theory is that she died soon after her marriage for some reason, such as illness, because there is no information about her in historical documents describing official events of the Oda clan, which she should have attended as a legal wife.

Divorce theory
There is a theory that Nōhime was divorced in 1557 when Nobunaga's concubine Kitsuno became pregnant with Nobutada, the heir of him, and was sent back to her mother's family home, Akechi Castle. However, this is considered unlikely, as it is unlikely that a legal wife would be sent back to her parental home because she was unable to have children in an era when having side wives was permitted.

Another theory is that she was banished from the Oda clan after Dōsan's death because she was no longer of any political value and had no children.

'Died in the Honnō-ji Incident' theory

The theory is that Nōhime was killed in battle with Nobunaga at the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582. However, there is no record of her death at Honnō-ji in reliable historical sources.

Historical creations have often depicted scenes of Nōhime wielding a naginata sword alongside Nobunaga against enemy soldiers, but there is no evidence of this.

Longevity theory
Even after the mention of the marriage, a woman thought to be Nōhime appears in several records.

In historical documents by contemporaries, there is a description of Nōhime in Tokitsugu Kyoki, the diary of Kuge (the court noble) Yamashina Tokitsugu, in July 1569, which, if true, would mean that she was alive and well after Yoshitatsu's death. Yamashina introduces this as a story he heard directly from one of the leading samurai during his stay at Gifu Castle, so it is highly credible. Nobunaga enters Gifu Castle after conquering Mino and orders the widow of Saitō Yoshitatsu, who has died of illness, to give him a tea urn that belonged to Yoshitatsu. The widow claims that the tea urn was lost in the war, but Nobunaga is not convinced and presses her for more. When she tells him that she will commit suicide if he forces her to do so any further, Nobunaga is incensed by this and says, "Then you must die". His legal wife then joined the widow and said, "If you don't trust them that much, I will also commit suicide with the Saitō clan". Nobunaga as he was, he was forced to admit that he was wrong. There is also a diary entry in August of the same year, which mentions 'Nobunaga going to see his mother-in-law'. It is assumed that she was Nōhime's birth mother, Omi no kata. It is written that Nobunaga went to his mother-in-law's residence to thank her, and at this time, Nobunaga had Yamashina, with whom he had been interacting, accompany him to the gate of the residence.

Luís Fróis, a Portuguese Jesuits missionary, wrote in his History of Japan that he visited Nobunaga's palace in Gifu, saw the gardens and then visited the gold-decorated rooms of Nobunaga's queen. In 2016, excavations at the site of Nobunaga's residence actually revealed fragments of gold leaf tiles and garden remains. However, it is not proven that this queen refers to Nōhime.

There is no record of Nōhime in Azuchi Castle, and the role of Nobunaga's legal wife was played by his concubine Onabe no Kata. After the Honnō-ji Incident, it was also Onabe no Kata who fulfilled the duty of legal wife to pray for the repose of Nobunaga's soul.
However, there are descriptions of women with appellations for legal wives such as  and  who were among those fled to Hino Castle of the Gamō clan, where Nobunaga's daughter Fuyuhime married, at the time of the Honnō-ji Incident. Onabe no kata had gone to Gifu Castle at this time, and it has been suggested that these names may refer to Nōhime.

In recent years, a woman called  has been attracting attention. Azuchi dono is listed in the Oda Nobukatsu Bugenchō, which describes the distribution of the Oda family and vassal territories around 1587, created by Nobunaga's second son, Oda Nobukatsu. It has been suggested that this woman may be Nōhime. According to the description, Azuchi dono was the third of the woman listed after Nobukatsu's legal wife and his own sister, the fourth being Nobunaga's birth mother and the fifth being Nobunaga's own sister, indicating her high status in the Oda family. It was also assumed that if she was called by the name of Azuchi, Nobunaga's stronghold, she was most likely his legal wife, Nōhime.

The Myōshin-ji History compiled in the Taisho period (1912-1926) states that Lord Nobunaga's wife hosted the first anniversary of his death, which is considered to be different from the famous one hosted by Hashiba Hideyoshi, and therefore may have referred to Nōhime. The woman was buried in 1612 at Nobunaga's family temple, Daitoku-ji Sōken-in in Kyoto, and if both the woman and Azuchi-dono refer to Nōhime, she would have lived a very long life.

In fiction

 In the Samurai Warriors franchise, she is portrayed as a sultry and deadly woman who fights using assassin weapons and bombs. Her relationship with Nobunaga is portrayed as a toxic love, with her always trying to kill her husband and Nobunaga considering it a fun game. However, their relationship tends to change based on the game.
 In the Sengoku Basara game and anime series, she is depicted as a beautiful and elegant woman who is loyal to her husband, with matchlock pistols, jackhammers and guns as weapons.
 In the game Nioh, she appears as a yuki-onna. She was resurrected by the main antagonist and was killed in one-on-one battle with the main protagonist after he is dispatched to Honnō-ji temple to solve mystery behind the snow that appeared out of nowhere in middle of June. In the fight, she uses ice magic and naginata made out of ice. She reappears in the prequel Nioh 2 as the half-sister of the main protagonist Hide, and ends up dying in the Honnō-ji incident alongside her husband Nobunaga.

Notes

References

1530s births
1612 deaths
16th-century Japanese women
17th-century Japanese women
Oda clan
People of Sengoku-period Japan
Saitō clan
Women of medieval Japan
16th-century Japanese people
17th-century Japanese people

Nōhime


The Cicero Goddard Peck House is a historic house at 18 Mechanicsville Road in Hinesburg, Vermont.  Built in 1896 by a prominent town benefactor, it is a well-preserved example of Queen Anne Victorian architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Description and history
The Cicero Goddard Peck House stands in the village Hinesburg, on the south side of Mechanicsville Road just east of its junction with Vermont Route 116.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, basically L-shaped, with a main block whose gable is perpendicular to the road, and a side ell with a cross gable.  A single-story porch is set at the crook of the ell, and a polygonal three-story tower projects from the front right corner.  The exterior is finished in a combination of wooden clapboards and scallop-cut shingles, and there is a projecting single-story polygonal bay on the front facade.  The porch is supported by turned posts, and has a balustrade with square balusters.  The interior of the house retains many original period finishes and features, including pocket doors, a china cabinet in the dining room, and original moulding and floors.

The house was built in 1896 for Cicero Goddard Peck.  The Peck family was locally prominent: Peck's uncle Asahel served as Governor of Vermont, and his father Nahum was a lawyer who also served in the state legislature.  Peck himself was a prominent local dairy farmer, who helped organize a local cooperative and served in town offices.  He bequested to the town an endowment known as the Peck Estate, whose proceeds support the town's schools.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chittenden County, Vermont

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Chittenden County, Vermont
Houses completed in 1896
Houses in Chittenden County, Vermont
Hinesburg, Vermont

Cicero Goddard Peck House


Chavundraya  or Chamundaraya (Kannada Cāmuṇḍarāya, Cāvuṇḍarāya, 940–989) was an Indian Jain ruler. He served in the court of the Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad (in modern Karnataka, India). A person of many talents, in 982 he commissioned the construction of the monolithic statue of Bahubali, the Gomateshwara, at Shravanabelagola, an important place of pilgrimage for Jainism. He was a devotee of the Jain Acharya Nemichandra and Ajitasena Bhattaraka and was an influential person during the reigns of Marasimha II Satyavakya, (963–975). Rachamalla IV Satyavakya, (975–986) and Rachamalla V (Rakkasaganga), (986–999).

A courageous commander with the title Samara Paraśurāma (lit, "Battle-Rama wielding an ax"), he found time to pursue his literary interests as well and became a renowned writer in Kannada and Sanskrit. He wrote an important and existing prose piece called the Chavundaraya Purana, also known as Trishasthi Lakshana Purana, in Kannada (978) and the Cāritrasāra in Sanskrit. He patronised the famous Kannada grammarians Gunavarma and Nagavarma I and the poet Ranna whose writing Parusharama Charite may have been a eulogy of his patron. Because of his many lasting contributions, Chavundaraya is an important figure in the history of medieval Karnataka.

Origin
In his writing, he claims he was from the Brahmakshatriya Vamsa (Brahmin converted to the Kshatriya caste). The 10th century Algodu inscription of the Mysore district and the Arani inscription from the Mandya district provide more information on the family genealogy of Chavundaraya. It states that Chavundaraya was the grandson of Govindamayya who is praised for his knowledge and Dharma and was the son of Mabalayya, a subordinate of King Marasimha II. Mabalayya and his brother Isarayya are praised for their prowess in the inscription. It is believed that their political position under King Marasimha II may have led to a gradual adoption of Kshatriya status by this Brahmin family.

An inscriptional eulogy of Chavundaraya on the Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar at Shravanabelagola (which has beautiful engravings and relief representing Chavundaraya and his guru Nemichandra at the base) praises him thus,

Commander

As a commander for the Western Ganga feudatory of the Rashtrakutas, he fought many battles for their Rashtrakutas overlords, beginning in the days of the Rashtrakuta king, Khottiga Amoghavarsha. In fact, the Gangas supported the cause of the Rashtrakutas till the very end. During the last years of Rashtrakuta rule, the Gangas were also under constant threat of civil war and from invasions of the increasingly powerful Chola Dynasty. When a civil war broke out in 975, Chavundaraya supported the cause of Prince Rachamalla IV and installed him on the throne.

Chavundaraya suppressed a rebellion made by Panchaldeva Mahasamanta in 975 AD and slew Mudurachayya (who held the titles Chaladanka Ganga and Gangarabanta) in the battle of Bageyur. He thus avenged the death of his brother Nagavarma by Mudurachayya. After these battles where Chavundaraya showed his gallantry, Rachamalla IV ascended the Ganga throne. For his exploits, Chavundraya earned the titles Samara Parsurama, Vira Martanda, Ranarangasimha, Samara Dhurandhara, Vairikula Kaladanda, Bhuja Vikrama and Bhatamara.

Writings

Chavundaraya's writing, Chavundaraya Purana, is the second oldest existing work in prose style in Kannada and is a summary of the Sanskrit works, Adipurana and Uttarapurana, written by Jinasena and Gunabhadra during the rule of Rashtrakuta Amoghavarsha I. The prose work, composed in lucid Kannada, was meant mainly for the common man and avoided any reference to complicated elements of Jain doctrines and philosophy. In his writing, the influences of his predecessor Adikavi Pampa and contemporary Ranna are seen. Trishashtilakshana purana narrates the legends of twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras, twelve Chakravartis, nine Balabhadras, nine Narayanas and nine Pratinarayanas – narrations on sixty-three Jain proponents in all.

Builder
The monolith Gomateshwara statue dedicated to the Jain god, Bahubali, was commissioned by Chavundaraya and built on the Indragiri hill (also known as Vindhyagiri Hill) is a unique example of Western Ganga sculpture. Carved from fine-grained white granite, the image stands on a lotus. It has no support up to the thighs and is 60 feet tall with the face measuring 6.5 feet. With the serene expression on the face of the image, its curled hair with graceful locks, its proportional anatomy, the monolith size, and the combination of its artistry and craftsmanship have led it to be called the mightiest achievement in sculptural art in medieval Karnataka. It is the largest monolithic statue in the world. The Chavundaraya basadi also in Shravanabelagola and built on the Chandragiri Hill is credited to him by some scholars while others argue it was built by his son Jinadevana. However, by the 12th century additions to the shrine were made by a later King Gangaraja by which time tradition held that the shrine was built by Chavundaraya. However another view holds that the original shrine itself was consecrated in the 11th century and built in memory of Chavundaraya.

Notes

References

External links

Chamundaraya and Shrvanabelagola
Jaina Minister Chavundaraya by K. L. Kamat

10th-century Indian Jain writers
Military personnel from Karnataka
History of Karnataka
Kannada-language writers
940 births
989 deaths
People under the Western Ganga dynasty
People from Hassan district
10th-century Indian poets
10th-century Indian politicians
Karnataka politicians
Poets from Karnataka
Scientists from Karnataka

Chavundaraya