The Battle of Honey Springs, also known as the Affair at Elk Creek, on July 17, 1863, was an American Civil War engagement and an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory.  It was the largest confrontation between Union and Confederate forces in the area that would eventually become Oklahoma. The engagement was also unique in the fact that white soldiers were the minority in both fighting forces. Native Americans made up a significant portion of each of the opposing armies and the Union force contained African-American units.

The battleground is about  northeast of what is now Checotah, Oklahoma and  south of Muskogee. It was also about  southwest of Fort Gibson.

Background

At the start of the American Civil War, the United States had abandoned the Five Civilized Tribes so for cultural and economic reasons, all of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory opted to side with the Confederate States of America who had offered them protection, economic resources and sovereignty, raising native troops under the leadership of General Douglas H. Cooper. They drove out pro-Union Creek Indian forces after a short campaign culminating in the Battle of Chustenahlah. However, by 1863, Confederate fortunes in the region had sunk. A Union campaign launched from Kansas led by Major General James G. Blunt drove Confederacy forces from the north of the region, and many of the Cherokee switched sides to support the Union. Union forces led by Colonel William A. Phillips reoccupied Fort Gibson in Indian Territory during April, threatening Confederate forces at Fort Smith. However, Phillips' supply line stretched from Fort Gibson to Fort Scott, Kansas,  to the north along the old Texas Road cattle trail. Confederate cavalry, operating from Cooper's encampment at Honey Springs, frequently harassed Fort Gibson and attacked its supply trains.

The Battle of Honey Springs was important for many reasons, among them:
The battle was the largest fought in the Indian Territory, based on numbers of troops engaged.
White soldiers were the minority in both Union and Confederate fighting forces. Native Americans made up a significant portion of each of the opposing armies and African Americans fought with the Union force.
The loss of the supplies at Honey Springs depot would likewise prove disastrous. Confederate forces, already operating on a shoe-string budget and with bad equipment, would come to increasingly rely on captured Union war material to keep up the fight.
Honey Springs was an important site along the Texas Road, a north–south artery between north Texas and Baxter Springs, Kansas or Joplin, Missouri. The side that controlled this place could control traffic along the road.
Honey Springs was a direct threat to Fort Gibson, which controlled shipping on the upper Arkansas River.

Preparations for battle

Honey Springs was a stage stop on the Texas Road before the Civil War. Its several springs provided water for men and horses. The U.S. Army equipped it with a commissary, log hospital, and numerous tents for troops. To prepare for an invasion, in 1863 the Confederate Army sent 6,000 soldiers to the spot. Provisions were supplied from Fort Smith, Boggy Depot, Fort Cobb, Fort Arbuckle, and Fort Washita. However, the Confederates failed to stop a 200-wagon Federal supply train in an engagement known as the Battle of Cabin Creek. The supply train reached Fort Gibson about the same time as General Blunt himself arrived, accompanied by more troops and artillery. Federal forces at the fort totalled only about 3,000 men.

According to his after-action report to General Schofield, Blunt arrived in the area on July 11. He found the Arkansas River was high and ordered his troops to begin building boats to ferry them across the river. During this time, he apparently contracted encephalitis, because he had to spend July 14 in bed fighting a high fever.

Believing they were numerically superior, the Confederates plotted a counteroffensive against Union forces at Fort Gibson, to be launched by Cooper's Indians and some attached Texan troops, and 3,000 soldiers of Brigadier General William Cabell's brigade, camped in Fort Smith, Arkansas, which were expected to reach Honey Springs by July 17. Cooper moved his army forward to Honey Springs, Indian Territory, an important Confederate supply depot, to rest and equip, while awaiting Cabell's brigade, marching to link up with Cooper. Union forces under General Blunt got wind of Cooper's plan however, and opted to attack him first, before Cabell arrived, which would have given the Confederates overwhelming numerical superiority.  Blunt's command included three federal Indian Home Guard Regiments recruited from all the Five Nations and the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry, with two white cavalry battalions (6th Kansas and 3rd Wisconsin), one white infantry battalion consisting of six companies of the 2nd Colorado Infantry Regiment, and two Kansas artillery batteries making the remainder.

The Union advance
Blunt's troops crossed the Arkansas River in the late afternoon of July 16. They began marching toward Honey Springs at 11 P. M., and continued through the night. They encountered a Confederate picket near Chimney Rock, a local landmark. After routing the picket, they met a Confederate scouting party north of Elk Creek. They came upon the Confederate camp on Elk Creek early in the morning on July 17. Confederate pickets saw the enemy guns in the early light and rushed to inform Cooper. After eating breakfast and resting from the march, Blunt formed his men into two brigades. One brigade, led by William A. Phillips and composed of a battalion of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry, the First and Third Regiments of Indian Home Guards, a battalion of the Second Colorado Infantry, and Capt. Henry Hopkins's (four-gun) battery of Kansas Artillery, plus two guns of Captain Edward A. Smith's battery attached to the cavalry.  The other brigade, commanded by Col. William R. Judson, consisted of the Third Wisconsin Cavalry, the Second Regiment of Indian Home Guards, and the First Kansas Colored Infantry with an estimated 700 soldiers, and the remainder of Smith's battery of Kansas Artillery.

Battle

Blunt's attack began on July 17, with desultory morning skirmishing that revealed many of the Confederate soldiers had wet gunpowder, causing numerous misfires and accidents. The main Union attack began at mid-afternoon, and the beginning of a rain squall intensified the Confederate's ammunition problems. Opposing artillerymen each eliminated one gun on the opposing side during an early artillery duel.  Then Blunt saw an opportunity, and ordered the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry to attack.  Colonel James M. Williams led the Colored Volunteer infantry forward, but the Confederates held their ground.  Williams was wounded, but his troops conducted a disciplined withdrawal and sporadic firing continued.  Afterwards, Blunt wrote
I never saw such fighting as was done by the Negro regiment....The question that negroes will fight is settled; besides they make better soldiers in every respect than any troops I have ever had under my command.
During this period the 2nd Indian Home Guards, fighting for the Union, accidentally strayed into no man's land between the Confederate and Union lines.  The Federal commanders gave the order for the Home Guards to fall back, the Confederates assumed it was an order to retreat and attacked.  The Confederates charged into an established defensive line held by the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry, which repulsed the charge.

Cooper pulled his men back towards the depot to obtain new ammunition, but the Federals continued to press his army closely.  Heavy fighting occurred when Cooper's men made a stand at a bridge over Elk Creek, roughly 1/4 of a mile south of the original position.   Union forces continued driving them back further and gradually beginning to turn Cooper's left, causing a general Confederate retreat. Cooper attempted to fight a rearguard action, making a last stand another 1/2 mile south near Honey Springs Depot.  Despite a notable half-hour stand by the Choctaw and Chickasaw regiment, the Indians and Texans were badly organized, disheartened, and in many cases due to poor powder, unarmed. Most simply continued to flee. The fighting was over by 2 p.m., four hours after it had begun.

Victorious Union forces took possession of the Honey Springs depot, burning what couldn't be immediately used, and occupying the field. Blunt trumpeted the battle as a major victory, claiming Union losses of only 76 (17 dead and 60 wounded), with enemy casualties in excess of 500, although Cooper reported only 181 Confederate casualties (134 killed or wounded and 47 taken prisoner). Cooper claimed that his enemy's forces losses were over 200.

Reasons for Union victory
The Union army, including its black and Native American forces, had a definite edge in both quantity and quality of weaponry. The Union artillery had ten 1857 12-pounder Napoleon howitzers, two 6-pound howitzers, and plenty of Springfield rifles. The Union troops also had an abundance of shot, shells and canisters.

The Confederate troops were poorly armed,                                   typically with obsolete smoothbore muskets and flintlock shotguns. Ammunition for these was primarily made with cheap Mexican gunpowder that was very susceptible to damage by rainy weather.

The terrible equipment of the Confederates, and the rain squall which ruined their powder, played a large part in the Confederate defeat, although some eyewitness sources, notably future Creek Indian chief George Washington Grayson, claimed Cooper's poor generalship was responsible for the defeat, arguing that about half the Confederate army was never even engaged.

Aftermath
After the battle, the defeated Confederates withdrew, leaving their dead comrades behind, and met up with Cabell's 3,000 man relief force about 50 miles away. General Blunt did not pursue them because his own troops and horses were very tired.  He ordered them to camp overnight at the battlefield, where they could treat the wounded and bury the dead of both sides. Blunt himself was still suffering a high fever from his bout of encephalitis. He finally had to spend the rest of the day in bed. Late the next day Blunt ordered the troops to return to Fort Gibson. Later, Cooper wrote a letter to Blunt, thanking him for burying the Confederate dead. After the war, the Union corpses were exhumed and reburied in Fort Gibson National Cemetery.

The battle was the largest ever fought in the Indian Territory, and would indeed prove to be decisive. The Oklahoma Historical Society even compared its importance to the Battle of Gettysburg. The victory opened the way for Blunt's forces to capture Fort Smith and the Arkansas River Valley all the way to the Mississippi River. The Confederates abandoned Fort Smith in August, 1863, leaving it for the Union forces to recover.  Despite the efforts of notable Confederate officers like Stand Watie, Confederate forces in the region would never regain the initiative or engage the Union army in an open, head-on battle again, instead relying almost entirely on guerrilla warfare and small-scale cavalry actions to fight the Federal Army. The loss of the supplies at Honey Springs depot would likewise prove disastrous. Confederate forces, already operating on a shoe-string budget and with bad equipment, would come to increasingly rely on captured Union war material to keep up the fight.

Opposing forces

Union

Confederate

Colonel Stand Watie was supposed to have participated in the battle, but just before it began, Cooper sent them  toward Webbers Falls as a diversion.

Battlefield today
The battlefield is located east of U.S. Highway 69 in McIntosh County, Oklahoma, between Rentiesville, and Oktaha.  It is managed by the Oklahoma Historical Society. According to the 1997 Master Plan Report, the original battlefield covered , of which the Oklahoma Historical Society owned  in 1997. The northern third is in Muskogee County and the southern two-thirds is in McIntosh County.

On August 21, 2011, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development announced a $1.9 million public-private partnership that includes the Oklahoma Historical Society, McIntosh County and an area nonprofit organization to build a  visitor's center to replace the existing facility consisting of a small trailer. A November 2011 story in the Tulsa World newspaper cites the U.S. Department of the Interior report as giving consideration of designating the Honey Springs Battlefield as a U.S. National Battlefield Park.
In 2013 the battlefield was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service.

The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved more than  of the battlefield as of mid-2023.

See also

List of battles fought in Oklahoma
List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places listings in McIntosh County, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places listings in Muskogee County, Oklahoma

Notes

References

Sources
 Epple, Jess C., "Honey Springs Depot, Elk Creek, Creek Nation, Indian Territory" 1964, reprint/revised 2002 and 2019 ()
 Mark A. Lause, Race and Radicalism in the Union Army
 National Park Battle Summary
 War in the Indian Nations 1861–1863 – extensive bibliography
 CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
 The Battle of Honey Springs: The Civil War Comes to the Indian Territory, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
 Honey Springs Battlefield Park – 1997 Master Plan Report. Hama, Karen and R. Brian Culpepper. Prepared by: The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 1997. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
Honey Springs Battlefield Park  1997 Master Plan Report – Appendix.

External links

 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Honey Springs, Battle of
 Fischer, LeRoy H.  Oklahoma Historical Society. "The Battle of Honey Springs," (1988) Retrieved February 4, 2014.
 The Battle of Honey Springs – July 17, 1863

McIntosh County, Oklahoma
Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Honey Springs
Honey Springs
Honey Springs
Honey Springs
Protected areas of McIntosh County, Oklahoma
July 1863 events
National Register of Historic Places in McIntosh County, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
American Civil War orders of battle

Battle of Honey Springs


Ghetto Gospel is the debut studio album by American rapper and singer Rod Wave. It was released on November 1, 2019, by Alamo Records and distributed by Interscope Records. It features guest appearances from Kevin Gates and Lil Durk. The former also served as executive producer during production. The album peaked at number ten on the US Billboard 200. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Ghetto Gospel was met with generally positive reviews. At Album of the Year, the album received an average score of 68 out of 100, based on two reviews.

Commercial performance
Ghetto Gospel debuted at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 chart, earning a total of 24.8 millions audio on-demand streams in its first week. In its second week, the album climbed to number ten on the chart, earning an additional 27,000 album-equivalent units, which was a 24% increase from its debut week sales. On May 20, 2020, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2019 debut albums
Rod Wave albums

Ghetto Gospel (album)


Milford Mills is an 18th-century watermill which sits on the banks of the River Barrow at Milford, County Carlow. Originally built as a flour mill and malting house, it was later employed as a hydroelectric power station.

Establishment
The first mill to sit on this site was built around 1775 by a James Conolly Esq. In the late 1780s, John Alexander, a member of Northern Irish family of Scottish extraction moved to County Carlow, purchasing lands in Ballygowan, Ballinabranna, Craanluskey, and Tomard. The mills that can be seen to this day were subsequently built under the auspices of the "Alexander & Conolly". The two mill wheels were designed by William Fairbairn of Manchester, with the wheels being 18 and 22 feet wide respectively. The mill had a turnover of £195,000 a year by the 1830s. Mr. & Mrs Hall's Ireland described the mills as "one of the most extensive and celebrated in Ireland" in 1840. The mill and the eight acres on which it sat were valued at £307 during the 1853 Griffith's Primary Valuation of Tenements. The mill exported to Manchester and Liverpool, and were shipped by barge to Waterford and Dublin. At its height in the 1860s the mill was said to have the most powerful millwheels in Britain or Ireland. In 1825, Alexander bought out James Conolly, and the mill was refurbished.

On Tuesday 4 November 1862 the flour mills were totally destroyed by fire. Smoke was seen at 11:30pm coming from the windows of the upper lofts, and was witnessed by the Milford Constabulary and raised the alarm. The fire was seen by the Carlow police a few miles away, who also mobilised to the scene along with those from Leighlinbridge and Muine Bheag. The Carlow fire brigade came to the scene under the command of sub-inspector Medlicott. Despite this the entire building was engulfed in flames, destroying the machinery and stored corn, with the first floor and six lofts collapsing. The fire was contained to the mill itself, with the nearby malt houses surviving. The wheat burnt for some time after the main fire was extinguished. The Carlow Sentinel described the mill as "a sad scene of havoc and desolation." It was hypothesised that the fire was started by sparks from the friction of the grinding stones igniting some of the corn.

The extant malting building was later used as a tannery, which was established by a leather merchant, Kennedy O'Brien, in the 1940s. The tannery processed sheepskins from around Ireland, with the leather supplying shoe factories across the country. It also exported leather and chamois to the United Kingdom and the United States. Over 100 people were employed at the tannery at its peak in the 1950s. Another fire in July 1965 gutted the structure again, closing the tannery and drawing to an end industrial activity at the site.

Electricity generation
In 1891 the mill was modified to generate electricity, in doing so Carlow became the first inland town in Ireland or Britain to receive electric power. The mill was operated by an English-based electric company Messrs Gordon and Company. The mills still generate electricity feeding into the national grid following the mills recommissioning in 1990s.

Structure
Originally the mill consisted of three large buildings, two for grinding wheat and corn and the third for malting barley. The fire in the 1860s left just the malting house extant. The main mill is an eleven-bay 7 storey structure, and has a crenellated parapet. When the building was recommissioned in the 1990s to produce electricity a concrete block turbine house was added.

In 1991, the Old Carlow Society erected a commemorative plaque at the site.

References

Buildings and structures in County Carlow
Grinding mills in the Republic of Ireland
Watermills in the Republic of Ireland

Milford Mills, County Carlow


Mark Rickland Johnson (born 28 October 1963) is a Jamaican born American former cricketer. A left-handed batsman and wicket-keeper, he played for the United States national cricket team between 2000 and 2005 and played two One Day Internationals (ODIs) in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy.

Biography

Born in Jamaica in 1963, Mark Johnson first played for the US in 2000 when he played against a combined Minor Counties team on a tour of England. He made his List A debut later in the year against Jamaica and played four matches in total in that year's Red Stripe Bowl. The following year he played in the 2001 ICC Trophy in Ontario.

He next played for the US in 2004, when he played in the ICC 6 Nations Challenge in the United Arab Emirates. He also made his first-class debut in the same year, playing in the ICC Intercontinental Cup against Canada and Bermuda. In between the two Intercontinental Cup matches he played in the Americas Championship in Bermuda. Later in the year he played his only two ODIs, against New Zealand and Australia in the ICC Champions Trophy.

He last played for the US in the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. After playing warm-up matches against the Northern Cricket Union President's XI and Namibia he played five matches in the tournament proper against the UAE, Denmark, Uganda, Bermuda and Papua New Guinea. Those five matches also represent the end of his List A career.

References

1963 births
Living people
United States One Day International cricketers
American cricketers
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
American sportspeople of Jamaican descent
Wicket-keepers

Mark Johnson (cricketer, born 1963)


The shooting deaths of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, two Black American individuals, occurred in East Cleveland, Ohio on November 29, 2012, at the conclusion of a 22-minute police chase which started in downtown Cleveland. Police claimed shots were fired at them as Russell and Williams drove by a squad car; however, this was their vehicle backfiring. Over 60 officers participated in a 23-mile police chase that ended in Russell and Williams' vehicle being surrounded. The victims had no weapon on them and police claimed they fired due to being fired at.  Thirteen police officers fired at Russell and Williams 137 times while they were in their car at a parking lot of a middle school, killing both. In May 2014, one of the officers involved, Michael Brelo, was charged with two counts of voluntary manslaughter, and was acquitted by a Cuyahoga County judge of the charges on May 23, 2015.

Five police supervisors were also charged with dereliction of duty, a misdemeanor. Their trial was set on July 27, 2015, went through various delays, with prosecutors dismissing all charges against three of the supervising officers in January 2019 while a fourth police supervisor was found not guilty in July 2019.

On January 26, 2016, it was reported that six Cleveland police officers were fired due to their connection with the car chase. Five of the six officers were reinstated in October 2017 as required by the ruling of an arbitrator.

The families of Russell and Williams filed a lawsuit against the city of Cleveland, and received a settlement of million (equivalent to $ million in ) in November 2014.

Backgrounds

Michael Brelo
Michael Brelo (born 1983–84) is an Iraq War USMC veteran. When he returned home, he became a correctional officer in Bedford Heights, Ohio. He then joined the Cleveland Police Department in 2007.

Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams
Russell (aged 43) had met Williams (aged 30) at the Bishop Cosgrove Center, where they both received free meals. He was living at the Metropolitan Ministry Center prior to his death.

Malissa Williams lived at the Norma Herr's Women Center on Payne Avenue in Cleveland.

Shooting
Russell was driving his 1979 light-blue Chevrolet Malibu and Williams was seated in the passenger seat. A plainclothes police officer spotted Russell's car in an area known for drug deals. The officer checked the license plate which uncovered nothing notable. He then pulled the car over for a turn signal violation. Russell pulled over, but the car was not searched and the officer let them go. There is camera footage showing both cars pull off. Russell proceeded to speed by two officers, they believed that they heard shots being fired. As no firearm was found in the vehicle, the sound was determined to have been caused by the car backfiring.

According to The Plain Dealer, the chase went up to speeds of 100 mph and a total of 62 police cars were involved at one point. Officers from Cleveland, East Cleveland, Bratenahl, the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Department, the Ohio State Highway Patrol, and the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority participated in the chase.

After a 22-mile chase, Russell turned into Heritage Middle School, located in East Cleveland. Police officers later said they believed they saw a firearm in the car and that Russell was planning on running them over. One officer subsequently opened fire, followed by others, killing both occupants. In the end, thirteen officers fired a total of 137 bullets into the car, with Officer Michael Brelo firing 49 of those shots. Russell was struck 23 times, and Williams was struck 24 times. No weapons were recovered from the vehicle.

Legal proceedings
On May 30, 2014, only one officer of the thirteen who fired at the car, Michael Brelo, was indicted on two counts of voluntary manslaughter in connection with the shooting. He was the only officer who continued to shoot even after the others stopped firing, and was said to have actually moved forward and jumped onto the hood of Russel's car, after which he reportedly shot approximately fifteen rounds. The two counts of voluntary manslaughter carried a maximum penalty of 22 years of prison if convicted. Five police supervisors were also indicted for dereliction of duty. According to Cuyahoga County prosecutors, Brelo stood on the hood of Russell and Williams' car and fired straight down at them through their windshield after the twelve other officers stopped firing. Prosecutors said that the actions were unreasonable and went past his duties as a police officer.

On May 23, 2015, Cuyahoga Common Pleas Judge John P. O'Donnell found Brelo not guilty of the charges. O'Donnell stated that while Brelo fired lethal shots at Russell and Williams, other officers did as well. O'Donnell also found Brelo not guilty of a lesser included charge of felonious assault, asserting that Brelo was legally justified in his use of deadly force. O'Donnell read his 35-page verdict in court, and said there was "beyond reasonable doubt" that the prosecution had to meet to get Brelo convicted.

On June 3, 2015, it was announced that an arrest warrant was filed against Brelo for an alleged assault on his twin brother, Mark R. Brelo, on May 27, in Bay Village, Ohio. The brothers turned themselves in on June 3, after Brelo's intoxicated brother had run to a neighbor's home to ask them to call 911 on his brother, Michael Brelo, by whom he was being chased and allegedly assaulted. They were released on their own recognizance.

On January 26, 2016 the six officers (Wilfredo Diaz, Brian Sabolik, Erin O'Donnell, Michael Farley, Chris Ereg and Michael Brelo) were fired from their jobs at the Cleveland Police. The Cleveland Police Patrolmen's Association said that they would work to get the six reinstated to their positions. Five of the six officers were reinstated in October 2017 as required by the ruling of an arbitrator.

Federal investigation
The U.S. Department of Justice announced on May 24, 2015, that they would open an investigation in the deaths of Russell and Williams, and would review the testimony and evidence presented at Brelo's trial. This investigation was closed in January 2017.

Trial on dereliction charge

Trial for the five police officers that Cuyahoga County charged with misdemeanor dereliction of duty was set for July 27, 2015. On July 2, 2015, the East Cleveland prosecutor filed its own dereliction of duty charges against the same five officers, and the County dismissed its charges on July 24, 2015. The officers objected to moving the trial to East Cleveland, and appealed the dismissal. In May 2016 an Ohio appeals court held that the dismissal was improper, but in April 2017 the Ohio Supreme Court reversed and left it up to the trial court judge, William Dawson, to decide where the trial would go forward. By October 2017, Judge Dawson had not yet put the case on the docket.

In March 2018, two defense attorneys reported that prosecutors had offered to drop all charges against the officers if they paid fines of $5,000 each. They declined the offer. On March 22, 2018, prosecutors filed a formal motion asking the court to set a trial date. All five officers pleaded not guilty. In July 2018, the defendants asked the court to dismiss the charges, arguing that the more than 5½ years that had passed since the 2012 shooting violated their constitutional right to a speedy trial. The court denied the motion on September 20; the defense attorneys announced their intent to appeal this ruling.

In January 2019, the prosecutors dismissed all charges against three of the five supervising officers.

In July 2019, the case concluded with the police supervisor in charge of the officers involved in the '137 shots' case not guilty. East Cleveland Municipal Court confirmed Sgt. Patricia Coleman not guilty after a 3-day long trial, ending a year-long battle. The Cleveland Division of Police continues to receive criticism from the public about the misdemeanor, claiming the actions were due to racism, as both fatalities were African-American. Only one member of the division, Officer Michael Brelo, was charged after the incident. Brelo fired 49 of the shots but was not found guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Brelo was the only officer to lose his job following the shooting.

Protests
After Brelo was acquitted, violent protests and unrest ensued in downtown Cleveland, which led to the arrests of at least 71 people as of May 25. Among those arrested were charged with felonious assault, rioting, and failure to disperse. At least 15 people were apprehended by riot police officers. The deaths of Russell and Williams were two of several killings of unarmed African Americans protested by the Black Lives Matter movement.

Lawsuit
The families of Russell and Williams filed a lawsuit against the city of Cleveland, claiming they were liable for the wrongful deaths of the two. In November 2014, Cleveland paid million (equivalent to $ million in ) to the two families, which was split evenly.

Documentary
In 2021 Netflix released the documentary 137 Shots about the shooting.

See also

 Black Lives Matter
 List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
 Death of Jonathan Sanders
 Death of Jonny Gammage
 Death of Sandra Bland
 Emmett Till
 Hands up, don't shoot
 Killing of Amadou Diallo
 Killing of Jayland Walker
 Shooting of Alton Sterling
 Shooting of Andy Lopez
 Shooting of Jeremy McDole
 Shooting of Tamir Rice

References

2012 deaths
2012 in Ohio
Deaths by firearm in Ohio
2010s in Cleveland
African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
Police brutality in the United States
African-American-related controversies
Criminal trials that ended in acquittal
Protests in the United States
Filmed killings by law enforcement
Black Lives Matter
November 2012 events in the United States
Victims of police brutality
East Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Division of Police

Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams


Notodryas vallata is a moth of the family Epermeniidae. It is known from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria.

The wingspan is 8–10 mm. The forewings are white with two bright ferruginous fasciae, mixed with black dorsally and sometimes black-edged in the disc. The first is median, inwardly oblique and the second opposite the tornus, vertical, confluent on the costa and sometimes connected in the disc. There are ferruginous streaks from the second fascia along the costa and termen to the apex, sometimes undefined or indistinct, sometimes terminating in an apical spot of black scales. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha. They tie the leaves of their host plant with silk.

References

Epermeniidae
Moths described in 1897
Moths of Australia

Notodryas vallata


An original design manufacturer is a company that designs and manufactures a product that is eventually rebranded by another firm for sale. Such companies allow the firm that owns or licenses the brand to produce products while having to engage in neither the detailed engineering work required to specify a product for manufacturing nor the organization and running of a factory. (The ODM products may be the brand owner's primary business or may be a supplement to another line of business, such as general retailing.) This is in contrast to using a contract manufacturer, where the contracting company would design the product and supply those specifications to the manufacturer.

Original design manufacturers have grown in size in recent years and, , many have the scale to handle production in-house for the products that are branded by the buying firm.

This model is especially used in international trade, where a local original design manufacturer is used to produce goods for a foreign company that sees some advantage in the transaction, such as low labor-inputs, transport links or proximity to markets. Innovative and/or patented technologies developed/owned by the original design manufacturer are another cause for this product distribution model. Original design manufacturer models are also used where local ownership-laws possibly prohibit direct ownership of assets by foreigners, allowing a local firm to produce for a brand company - either for the domestic market or for export.

This type of business is part of "outsourcing". For example: Compal Electronics makes notebook computers and monitors, and operates as a mass producer for numerous brand companies, assisted by low labor-costs, low-cost transport, and the near-commodity nature of the physical inputs (in Compal's case, computer components). , Taiwanese original design manufacturers made ninety-four percent of all notebook computers. Some companies such as Flex and Wistron are both original design manufacturers and providers of Electronics manufacturing services.

Post-2016 Nokia phones (HMD) is an example of a firm which relies on original design manufacturers. In late 2019, it switched from relying on only one original design manufacturer to multiple original design manufacturers.

Intellectual property
Original design manufacturers create their own intellectual property and are very proactive in patenting it.  Most of their patents are filed in the US, China, and Taiwan.

See also
 White label product
 Product rebranding
 Electronics manufacturing services
 Original equipment manufacturer
 Contract manufacturer

References

Brands
Design companies

Original design manufacturer


Real Lives was a British television channel owned by Sky, a division of Comcast. It used to be the sister channel of Sky Living. It was originally known as LIVINGtv2 from the channel's launch in 2004 till 2007, and then was known as Living2 from 2007 to 2009.

On 1 October 2019, Real Lives closed down and was replaced by Sky Crime.

History
The channel launched on 13 December 2004 as LIVINGtv2 on Sky Digital and Telewest.

The channel mainly showed highlights of programming from the main channel, along with extended coverage of its reality programmes, such as I'm Famous and Frightened Extra! and Most Haunted Live!. However, the channel has gained the American reality TV series, The Amazing Race. The channel has also shown more lifestyle and health related programmes such as Baby ER, Birth Stories, Downsize Me! and Wedding SOS.

Every morning from 10 am to 12 pm, there used to be a programming slot called Baby Zone, in which programmes related to pregnancy and birth were shown. Programmes included Birth Days, Maternity Ward and Babies: Special Delivery.

, most of the programmes on the channel are repeats of factual programmes that are also on Pick.

A one-hour timeshift version of the channel launched on 5 February 2009, replacing Trouble's one-hour timeshift, Trouble +1.

Living2 was rebranded as Livingit on 30 November 2009, following problems making viewers understand that the channel is not a timeshifted version of the main channel. The relaunch was accompanied by new programming under the strapline "Life's worth watching".

It was announced on 25 October 2010 that Living would be rebranded as Sky Living in early 2011 and move electronic programming guide (EPG) positions on Sky from channel 112 to 107 after Sky One and before Sky Atlantic. As part of the move, Livingit was rebranded as Sky Livingit.

Upon the launch of the now defunct drama channel ITV Encore, on 3 June 2014, it moved to EPG slot 222 on Sky, and Sky Livingit +1, whose EPG number was replaced by Sky Arts 1 HD (SD on HD viewing) moving to slot 223.

On 9 June 2015, Sky Livingit was rebranded as Real Lives, moving to slot 172 on Sky.

On 1 October 2019, Real Lives ceased broadcasting in the early hours of 6:00am and was replaced by Sky Crime, which later moved up to its current slot on Sky channel 122.

Former logos

References

External links
Sky Living at Sky.com
Press release of the launch
America's Psychic Challenge on Living2
The TV Room looks at presentation/branding on Living 2

Living TV Group channels
Sky television channels
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
English-language television stations in the United Kingdom
Television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2019
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
2019 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Real Lives (TV channel)


Lieutenant Edward Teshmaker Busk, London Electrical Engineers. RE(T) (8 March 1886 – 5 November 1914) was an English pioneer of early aircraft design, and the designer of the first full-sized efficient inherently stable aeroplane.

He was the son of Thomas Teshmaker Busk (1852–1894) and Mary Busk née Acworth (1854–1935), of Hermongers, Rudgwick, Sussex. After attaining First Class Honours in Mechanical Sciences at Cambridge in June 1912 he became Assistant Engineer at the newly formed Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough, later the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Here he devoted much of his time to the mathematics and dynamics of stable flight.

In the early years of powered flight inherent stability in an aircraft was a most important quality. Busk took his theories into the air and tried them out in practice. In 1913 this work was used in the R.E.1 (Reconnaissance Experimental), claimed as the first inherently stable aeroplane, and resulted in the development of the B.E.2c.

The remarkable feature of this design was that there was no single device that was the cause of the stability. The stability resulted from detailed design of each part of the aircraft, with due regard to its relation to, and effect on, other parts in the air. Weights and areas were so arranged that under most conditions the machine would tend to right itself.

Busk was killed on 5 November 1914 while making an experimental flight in a B.E.2 which caught fire at Laffans Plain (now Farnborough Airfield), near Aldershot, burning him to death. He was buried at Aldershot Military Cemetery with full military honours.

Frederick Lanchester wrote in 1916:

Busk's genius and his courage were recognised by the posthumous award of the Gold Medal of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, and amongst the many letters of condolence received by his mother was one from King George V.

His youngest brother, Hans Acworth Busk (b. 1894), was reported missing on 6 January 1916, last seen flying a heavy bombing aeroplane against the Turks at Gallipoli. They were both survived by their mother Mary Busk (née Acworth, 1854-1935), author of a biography of her two sons lost while flying, by sister Mary Agnes Dorothea Morse (1888–1960) and by brother Henry Gould Busk (1890–1956).

Memorials
 Busk Crescent, Farnborough.
 The Busk Memorial, R.A.E. Farnborough, a small lily pond and fountain with memorial plaque.
 Holy Trinity Church, Rudgwick.
 The Busk Studentship in Aeronautics at Cambridge University

References

 Hunsaker, Jerome C. Dynamical Stability of Aeroplanes, U. S. Navy and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Cross & Cockade International, Volume 14 - 1983, Number 3. E. T. Busk, an Irreparable Loss : Marvin L Skelton

1886 births
1914 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
English aviators
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Burials at Aldershot Military Cemetery
Accidental deaths in England
British Army personnel of World War I
Deaths from fire
People from Rudgwick
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1914

Edward Teshmaker Busk


A fishing reel is a device attached to a fishing rod used in winding and unwinding fishing line.

Modern fishing reels are designed to help in casting for distance and accuracy. Reels also retrieve line, usually with a handle. Fishing reels are traditionally used in the recreational sport of angling. They are also used in the sport of competitive casting. Reels are usually attached to a fishing rod by some means. However specialized reels are made to be mounted directly to the boat gunwales or transoms.

The first writing describing a fishing reel is from about 1100 years ago in China. Fishing reels first appeared in England around 1650 AD. By the 1760s, London tackle shops were advertising gear-retrieved reels. An American watchmaker and inventor, George W. Snyder, invented the first gear multiplying reel abut 1810.

References

Fishing
Sports equipment

Fishing reel


Anatoly Lvovich Kubatsky () (1 November 1908 – 29 December 2001) was a Soviet stage and film actor.

Life
Kubatsky was born in Moscow to parents of Polish ancestry. After studying under Yuri Zavadsky, he found acting work in various theaters throughout Moscow. From 1931 to 1942 he was an actor for Union Radio; from 1942 to 1957 he worked at the Mayakovsky Theatre; from 1957 to 1959 he worked at the Film Actors' Theater; from 1959 to 1973 he worked at the Gorky Theater.

Kubatsky was a prolific character actor, known especially for his roles as eccentric stock characters in fantasy films: robbers, kings, sorcerers, etc. His most prominent role was that of King Yagupop the 77th in Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors. He appeared in several other films by Aleksandr Rou: as the bandit chief in Jack Frost, as one of the werewolves in Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes, and as the clerk in Barbara the Fair with the Silken Hair. His final role was in Sin (1991).

He was married to Raisa Yefimovna Elpert-Halperin, a native of Odessa. Together they had one son, born in 1936. Kubatsky died in Moscow in 2001 and was buried in Pyatnitskoye Cemetery.

References

External links

1908 births
2001 deaths
Soviet male film actors
Male actors from Moscow
Soviet male stage actors
Soviet male voice actors
Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery

Anatoly Kubatsky


Jamie Davies (born 16 February 1974, in Yeovil) is a British racing driver.

Career

Single-seaters
Davies began his career competing in karting, winning the South West Championship in 1988, the British Junior Championship in 1989 and the British Junior Open Championship in 1990. He started his circuit racing career driving in the Formula Vauxhall Junior Championship in 1992, winning numerous races before moving up to the Formula Vauxhall Lotus Championship for the 1993 and 1994 seasons. Finishing runner-up in 1994 with five wins (one European round). He also won the McLaren Autosport BRDC Award in that year, which earned him a prize test with the McLaren Formula One team. He raced in the British Formula Three Championship in 1995 and 1996, winning two races and leading the championship before a different engine supplier was used by TWR halting his Championship campaign. He moved to the International Formula 3000 Championship in 1997, in which he raced for three seasons. After leading the championship with four podiums including one win during his rookie season, Davies ended the 97 Championship in fourth position. The following two seasons contained flashes of speed including podiums at Oschersleben and Monaco but never quite the repeat success of his rookie year. 1998 also saw Davies return to the McLaren Formula One team for more testing duties. Davies guest appeared in the 2000 International Formula 3000 Championship at Monaco where he qualified in fourth position and finished the race second overall.

British Touring Car Championship

He was due to race in the Snetterton rounds of the 1996 British Touring Car Championship in place of the injured Kelvin Burt at Volvo but a crash at the pre-meeting test ruled him out. He also tested a Production Class BMW 320i E46 for Edenbridge ahead of the 2002 Season but lost out on a potential race seat at the team to Norman Simon.
(https://www.carenthusiast.com/20020325_btccpreview_kf.html)

Sports cars
Davies raced for Panoz at the Daytona 24 Hours, Sebring 12 Hours and the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1998 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2001. For 2002 he moved to the British GT Championship, in which he won the GTO class. In 2003 he competed in the FIA GT Championship and also won his class at the 24 Hours of Le Mans at the wheel of a Prodrive 550 GTS Ferrari. In 2004 he finished third overall at the Sebring 12 Hours and won the Le Mans Endurance Series overall sharing an Audi R8 with Johnny Herbert. He also finished runner-up overall at the 24 Hours of Le Mans having set the fastest race lap and starting the race from Pole Position. In 2005 he raced as a Pirelli works driver guesting in the FIA GT Championship, driving at Spa and Bahrain in a Maserati MC12 GT1, setting the fastest lap in Spa and finishing runner-up overall in Bahrain, again setting the fastest race lap. In 2006, again as a Pirelli driver, he raced for Vitaphone Racing in the FIA GT Championship, driving a Maserati MC12 GT1 with several overall victories and podium finishes. In 2007, continuing with Pirelli, he raced in the series for Aston Martin Racing BMS Scuderia Italia. In 2008 he raced in the GT2 category of the series with Pirelli again, driving for Scuderia Ecosse.

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

References

External links

Official website

Living people
1974 births
Sportspeople from Yeovil
English racing drivers
EFDA Nations Cup drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
FIA GT Championship drivers
British GT Championship drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Aston Martin Racing drivers
Audi Sport drivers
David Price Racing drivers
DAMS drivers
Fortec Motorsport drivers
TOM'S drivers

Jamie Davies


C4ISRNET (previously C4ISR, or C4ISR: The Journal of Net-Centric Warfare) is a publication covering emerging issues and trends in global military transformation and network centric warfare technologies, products and services for federal government managers, defense, and industry. It is published nine times per year.

C4ISRNET was established in 2002. The magazine is published by Sightline Media Group, which was a part of Gannett Company (NYSE:GCI).
As part of the spinoff of digital and broadcasting properties in 2015, Gannett spun off these properties to Tegna.  In March 2016, Tegna sold Sightline Media Group to Regent, a Los Angeles-based private equity firm controlled by investor Michael Reinstein.
C4ISRNET'''s headquarters is in Tysons, Virginia.

The 16th annual C4ISRNET'' Conference was on May 3, 2017, at the Renaissance Arlington Capital View.

References

External links

Business magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Gannett publications
Magazines established in 2002
Magazines published in Virginia
Military magazines published in the United States
Military technology
Professional and trade magazines

C4ISRNET


The Rockport Group is an American shoe brand owned by Authentic Brands Group. Associated brands include Aravon, Dunham and Rockport, and the Rockport Cobb Hill Collection.

Founded in Marlborough, Massachusetts in 1971 by Saul L. Katz and his son, Bruce R. Katz, the company marketed walking as a healthy alternative to running. In 2023 the Rockport Group was acquired by Authentic Brands Group.

History
In 1930, Samuel Katz founded the Hubbard Shoe Company, which had its first factory in Rochester, New Hampshire; eight years later the company employed 700. In 1945, Saul Katz took control of Hubbard from his father. In the 1960s, U.S. shoe manufacturing increasingly moved to countries with lower labor costs, making it difficult for U.S. plants to stay competitive in the face of less expensive imports. Saul Katz urged Congress to aid the American shoe industry and in 1977 the Carter administration imposed quotas on shoe imports, but the controls arrived too late for Hubbard, which went out of business in 1970.

Saul Katz continued to run a surviving subsidiary spun off from Hubbard, called Highland Import. It operated out of offices in the old Diamond Shoe Company in Marlborough, Massachusetts and imported shoes from Brazil. Highland Import worked with American branded shoe companies to develop special products. One was a hand sewn heavy leather moccasin modeled after a shoe developed by Walter Dyer in Rockport, Massachusetts. When Saul Katz went to the tannery in Brazil he named the leather Rockport.

The 3,000 pairs of moccasins brought into Marlborough arrived too late for Highland's customer and so the shoes remained in the warehouse for some months. Bruce Katz then began working with his father and travelled the East Coast from Boston to Washington, DC, selling these shoes in plain white boxes to small leather shops and shoe boutiques in many small towns. The shoes carried no name until Katz learned that others were copying the shoes and calling them "Rockport type" shoes. He subsequently returned to Marlborough and started branding the shoes as "Rockport".

In 1971, Saul Katz and his son, Bruce, formed The Rockport Company from Highland Import. The company was started with $15,000 and grew by staying profitable each year. In 1986, shortly before the company was sold, Rockport's sales were reaching nearly $100 million a year, having turned a profit every year since it was founded.

In 1986, Rockport was preparing to go public when the family decided instead to sell the company to British athletic footwear giant Reebok. Bruce Katz remained as president for one year before turning over the management to a new Reebok CEO. Saul Katz stayed on as part of the management team until retiring in his 70s. Later Reebok was sold to German company Adidas.

On August 3, 2015, Berkshire Partners and New Balance Holding, Inc. completed the acquisition of The Rockport Company from the Adidas Group, and combined Rockport with Drydock Footwear, an affiliate of New Balance, to form a new company called The Rockport Group. Drydock brought with it the Aravon, Cobb Hill, and Dunham brands to the new firm. Rockport moved its headquarters from Canton to Newton, Massachusetts.

In December 2017, sources reported that Crescent Capital Group, a major creditor of The Rockport Group, acquired ownership of Rockport from Berkshire Partners.  On May 14, 2018, Rockport filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, citing a "costly and time-consuming separation" from their former owner, Adidas AG. Charlesbank Capital Partners purchased the company out of bankruptcy in July 2018; on July 23, the company's 60 brick-and-mortar retail locations were closed.

On June 14, 2023, Rockport filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy again. In August, the brand was acquired by Authentic Brands Group.

Products

Rockport is credited with popularizing walking as a healthy alternative to running. It invested heavily in design and spent lavishly on marketing to create a strong brand name and carve out a market niche. Rockport also invested in research into the biomechanics of walking to design its shoes.

Rockport's first product was the Country Walker, introduced in 1973.  On the basis of the company's subsequent RocSport shoe and those that followed, Bruce Katz is credited by the shoe industry monthly Footwear Plus with creating the "modern-day lightweight and technology-infused comfort shoe concept."

Rockport shoes of this period were designed as alternatives to athletic shoes, which were gaining in popularity as all-purpose footwear. Rockport focused on designing shoes that more closely resembled traditional styles, but sought to incorporate the lightness and comfort of running shoes. This development effort made the RocSport "perhaps the first real 'high technology shoe'", according to James A. Phills, Jr., who teaches at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and Apple University, Apple Inc.'s in-house business management school.

In 1984, Rockport sponsored an 11,600-mile walk across the country and traversing every state to promote walking as a popular form of exercise. Company-sponsored walkers participating in "Walk for the Health of It" included Robert Sweetgall, whose books helped popularize walking for exercise. Sweetgall and the other walkers wore Rockport shoes and their trek was documented in a film, Walk America! Largely as a result of the company's promotional activities, Rockport shoes became closely associated with walking.

Footnotes

External links

Reebok
Shoe companies of the United States
Shoe brands
Clothing companies established in 1971
Companies based in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Newton, Massachusetts
1971 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2018
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2023

Rockport (company)


1400 Smith Street (formerly Enron Complex) is a  tall skyscraper located in downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The building has 50 floors and is the 11th tallest building in the city. Designed by architectural firm Lloyd Jones Brewer and Associates, the building was completed in 1983. The  office tower is situated on Houston's six-mile (10 km) pedestrian and retail tunnel system that links many of the city's downtown towers. It was formerly Four Allen Center, a part of the Allen Center complex.

The building was the former headquarters of Enron, one of America's largest commodities trading companies during the 1990s and later infamous for its financial scandal in 2001. 1400 Smith Street was originally known as Four Allen Center prior to Enron relocating to Houston in 1985. Before Enron's collapse, the energy giant constructed a second, similar building across the street, connected to 1400 Smith Street by a circular skywalk.

In 2006, Brookfield Properties acquired the  Four Allen Center for $120 million. At the same time, Brookfield announced that Chevron USA signed a lease for the entire building. Brookfield held 4 Allen Center in a joint partnership with the private equity group The Blackstone Group. As of 2006, the joint venture has  of office space in Downtown Houston, making it the largest office owner in the central business district.

Beginning in 2006, Chevron leased the entirety of the building. Earlier in 2011 Brookfield Properties, the owner of the building, searched for a prospective buyer. In June 2011, Chevron bought the building from Brookfield for $340 million. Brookfield confirmed the purchase on June 24, 2011. If Chevron had not fully occupied the building, Brookfield would have put the building on the market, and Holliday Fowler Fenoglio LP would have had the listing.

See also

Architecture of Houston
List of tallest buildings in Houston
List of tallest buildings in Texas
Enron

Notes

References
Emporis
Skyscraperpage

External links
1400 Smith Street website

Skyscraper office buildings in Houston
Headquarters in the United States
Office buildings completed in 1983
Chevron Corporation
Enron

1400 Smith Street


The Way of All Flesh is a 1927 American silent drama film directed by Victor Fleming, written by Lajos Bíró, Jules Furthman, and Julian Johnson from a story by Perley Poore Sheehan. Star Emil Jannings won the first Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 1929 ceremony for his performances in this film and The Last Command,  the only year that multiple roles were considered.

It is now considered a lost film with only two fragments of the film having been found.

Plot
In the story, which opens in the early 1900s, Jannings plays August Schiller, a bank clerk in Milwaukee who is happy with both his job and his family. But when bank officials ask him to transport $1,000 in securities to Chicago, he meets a blond seductress on the train, who sees what he is carrying. She flirts with him, convinces him to buy her a bottle of champagne, and takes him to a saloon run by a crook. The next morning he awakes alone in a dilapidated bedroom, without the securities. He finds the woman, and at first pleads with her, then intimidates her to return the stolen securities. He is knocked unconscious by the saloon owner and dragged to a nearby railroad track.

As the crook strips him of everything that might lead to his identification, Schiller recovers consciousness, and in a struggle the crook is thrown into the path of an oncoming train and killed. Schiller flees, and in despair is about to take his own life, when he sees in a newspaper that he is supposedly dead, the crook's mangled body having been identified as Schiller's. The time passes to twenty years later. Schiller is aged and unkempt, employed to pick up trash in a park. He sees his own family go to a cemetery and place a wreath on his grave. Following other scenes in a Christmas snowstorm, Schiller makes his way to his former home, where he sees that the son whom he had taught to play violin is now a successful musician. He walks away, carrying in his pocket a dollar that his son has given him, not recognizing that the old tramp is his father.

The film is unrelated to Samuel Butler's novel The Way of All Flesh.

Cast
Emil Jannings as August Schiller
Belle Bennett as Mrs. Schiller
Phyllis Haver as The Temptress
Donald Keith as August Schiller, junior
Fred Kohler as The Tough
Philippe De Lacy as August Schiller, jr., as a child
Mickey McBan as Evald
Betsy Ann Hisle as Charlotte
Carmencita Johnson as Elizabeth
Gordon Thorpe as Karl
Jackie Combs as Heinrich
Dean Harrell as Evald
Anne Sheridan
Nancy Drexel
Philip Sleeman (uncredited)

Production
The film is a melodrama starring Emil Jannings, Belle Bennett, and Phyllis Haver. Jannings won the first Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in this film and his performance in The Last Command (the only year that acting Oscars were awarded for multiple performances).

Preservation status
Only two fragments survive, both from the ending, making Jannings' the only Academy Award-winning performance with no known complete copy of the film preserved. This is one of Victor Fleming's many lost silent films of the 1920s.

Disputed provenance
In her 1999 autobiography, Frederica Maas claimed that the idea for the movie had been stolen from her and her husband Ernest Maas. She said the story was based on the life of her husband's father, who similarly had abandoned his family after making horrible mistakes in his personal life. They named the script "Beefsteak Joe" and presented it to Emil Jannings. As a fellow German-American, Ernest had thought Jannings would help them get the script made into a movie. Instead they were shocked to learn that it had been stolen and produced without any credit or remuneration. The fact that it became an award-winning film only aggravated the situation.

Remake
The movie was remade in 1940 by Paramount Pictures and starred Akim Tamiroff, Gladys George, and William Henry.

References

External links

Still at lostmediawiki.com

1927 films
1927 drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Lost American drama films
Films set in Milwaukee
Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Victor Fleming
Films with screenplays by Jules Furthman
1927 lost films
1920s American films
Silent American drama films
1920s English-language films
English-language drama films

The Way of All Flesh (1927 film)


A pear drop is a British boiled sweet made from sugar and flavourings. "Old-fashioned" pear drops are a combination of half pink and half yellow in a pear-shaped drop about the size of a thumbnail, although they are more commonly found in packets containing separate yellow drops and pink drops in roughly equal proportions ("original"). The artificial flavours isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate are responsible for the characteristic flavour of pear drops: the former confers a banana flavour, the latter a pear flavour. Both esters are used in many pear- and banana-flavoured sweets. However, a natural pear-derived product from pear juice concentrate is sometimes used.

The largest pear drop in the world is housed at Stockley's Sweets in Oswaldtwistle Mills in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, England. In 2009 a survey of 4,000 adults found that pear drops were the fourteenth most popular sweet in the United Kingdom.

References

British confectionery
Candy

Pear drop


François Beaumavielle (died 1688, Paris) was a French operatic bass-baritone.

Trained in Toulouse, he was engaged at the Académie Royale de Musique in Paris by Pierre Perrin and Robert Cambert, where he created their opera Pomone in 1671.

He went on creating all the first roles within his vocal range, then known as "basse-taille", in the operas by Jean-Baptiste Lully notably; Cadmus in Cadmus et Hermione, le Temps in Atys, Jupiter in Isis, Phinée in Persée, etc.

A singer with a powerful voice and a consummate actor, he was  sometimes criticised for over-emphasis.

Sources
Le guide de l'opéra, R. Mancini & J.J. Rouvereux, (Fayard, 1986)

Operatic bass-baritones
1688 deaths
Year of birth unknown
17th-century French male opera singers
Musicians from Toulouse

François Beaumavielle


Aneesa Ahmed is a Maldivian women's rights activist who was also the first speaker(vice) of People's Majilis from 2004 to 2009.

She studied as a Humphrey Fellow at Pennsylvania State University from 1985 to 1986. She later served as Deputy Minister of Women's Affairs in Maldives, where she brought up the subject of domestic violence although it was taboo to do so. After her service in government, she founded the non-governmental organization "Hope for Women" and led sessions about gender-based violence with police, students, and others. When the national radio of the Maldives began to feature religious scholars who claimed female genital mutilation was supported by Islam, she asked the government to intervene, and talked publicly about the harm caused by female genital mutilation.

She received a 2012 International Women of Courage award. She was the second Maldivian women to receive an International Women of Courage Award.

References

Living people
Maldivian activists
21st-century Maldivian women politicians
21st-century Maldivian politicians
Maldivian women's rights activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Courage awards
Recipients of the International Women of Courage Award

Aneesa Ahmed


Pan Guang (; born June 7, 1947) is the Director of and Professor at the Shanghai Center for International Studies and Institute of European & Asian Studies at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Director of SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Studies Center in Shanghai, Dean of Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai (CJSS), and Vice Chairman of the Chinese Society of Middle East Studies.

Pan Guang was born in Shanghai and raised in Hainan province in south China. He studied at Renmin University in Beijing, and at East China Normal University in Shanghai. He holds a bachelor of political science and a Ph.D. in history. Furthermore, he is a council member of the Asia Society in the United States, Senior Advisor of the China-Eurasia Forum in the United States, Advisory Board Member of the Asia Europe Journal in Singapore and Senior Advisor on Anti-terror Affairs to the Mayor of Shanghai. In 1993 he received the James Friend Annual Memorial Award for Sino-Jewish Studies, in 1996 the Special Award for Research on Canadian Jews from China, in 2004 the Saint Petersburg-300 Medal for Contribution to China-Russia Relations awarded by President Vladimir Putin and in 2006 the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award. Furthermore, he was nominated by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan as a member of the High-Level Group for the Alliance of Civilizations in 2005.

Publications
 The Jews in China
 Open Door Policy in Asia, Africa and Latin America
 Selected Works on Arab African History
 US War on Iraq (2003)
 From Silk Road to ASEM: 2000 years of Asia-Europe Relations
 China—Central Asia-Russia Relations
 SCO and China's Role in the War on Terrorism
 Contemporary International Crises
 China's Success in the Middle East
 China's Anti-terror Strategy and China's Role in the War on Terror
 Islam and Confucianism: the Development of Chinese Islam
 Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Pacific Rim Area
 China and Post-Soviet Central Asia
 China's Energy Strategy

References

External links
Center for Jewish Studies Shanghai
Center of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Studies

Jews and Judaism in China
20th-century Chinese historians
1947 births
Living people
Historians from Shanghai
Educators from Shanghai
Renmin University of China alumni
East China Normal University alumni
Judaic scholars

Pan Guang


Akademicheskaya Dacha () is a dacha (summer house) known as the oldest and major creative base of the Union of Artists of the Russian Federation. It is located near the town of Vyshny Volochyok in Tver Province, in a picturesque location on the banks of Msta River and Lake Mstino. In a broader sense, the Akademicheskaya Dacha (or "Akademichka") refers to the entire surrounding area including villages of Bolshoy Gorodok, Maliy Gorodok, Kisharino, Terpigorevo, Valentinovka and Podol, where many Russian artists resided in the mid-second half of the 20th century.

History

The Akademicheskaya Dacha was opened on July 22, 1884, as a place of summer practice for poor students of the Imperial Academy of Arts. A plot of land with the park, house and buildings had been taken on lease by the Academy of Arts from the Ministry of Railways. It was originally named as "Vladimir and Maria shelter" in honor of Grand Duke Vladimir, president of the Imperial Academy of Arts, and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The exceptional role in Dacha's organization were the "Academic cottages" belonging to her guardian Vasily Kokorev, a major industrialist, and the owner of one of the largest collections of Russian and Western European art.

Before the October Revolution of 1917, many famous Russian artists worked on the Akademicheskaya Dacha, including Ilya Repin, Nikolay Bogdanov-Belsky, Pavel Chistyakov, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Isaac Levitan, Andrei Ryabushkin, Nicholas Roerich and Valentin Serov. After 1917 the house was given to the children for an open summer camp. Its artistic purpose was restored only in 1948. Since that time the Dacha has become one of the recognized centers of creative life in the Soviet Union and Russia. In those years here worked Russian painters Aleksei Gritsai, Vecheslav Zagonek, Dmitry Maevsky, Maya Kopitseva, Fyodor Reshetnikov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Nikolai Timkov, and many others. It is no accident, noting the role of the Akademicheskaya Dacha in preserving and promoting the traditions of Russian realistic Art, that it is called the "Russian Barbizon". The best art works of landscape and genre painting, exhibited in Art Shows of 1960s-1980s, were created primarily on the Dacha and its surroundings. Later in the 1970s-1980s, modern workshops and office buildings were built, providing year-round use of the Dacha for artistic purposes.

In 1964, the Akademicheskaya Dacha was named after the famous Russian painter Ilya Repin. In 1974, near the main pavilion a monument to Ilya Repin was erected, designed by sculptor Oleg Komov and architect Nikolai Komov, in honor of the 130th anniversary of the artist's birth. In 2004, during celebration of the 120th anniversary of the Akademicheskaya Dacha, a plaque in memory of Vasily Kokorev was open at the main pavilion building.

Academics
Russian artists who worked at the Akademicheskaya Dacha and its surroundings since the end of the 19th century:

 Ilya Repin
 Nikolay Bogdanov-Belsky
 Isaak Brodsky
 Pavel Chistyakov
 Arkhip Kuindzhi
 Isaac Levitan
 Andrei Ryabushkin
 Nicholas Roerich
 Valentin Serov
 Sergey Gerasimov
 Aleksei Gritsai
 Maya Kopitseva
 Boris Lavrenko
 Dmitry Maevsky
 Samuil Nevelshtein
 Nikolai Pozdneev
 Nikolai Timkov
 Anatoli Vasiliev
 Boris Ugarov

See also
 List of Russian artists
 List of 20th-century Russian painters
 List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 List of the Russian Landscape painters
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 Leningrad School of Painting

References

Bibliography
 Романычева И. Академическая дача. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1975.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. PP.22–24, 40-41, 93, 98-99, 117-118, 194, 202, 223, 248, 261, 312, 335, 364, 377, 388.
 Романычева И. Академическая дача. История и традиции. СПб., Петрополь, 2009.
 Академическая дача. Каталог выставки. СПб., 2009.

External links
 Bondareva N. The Academicheskaya Dacha. (Russian).

Soviet painters
Socialist realism
Socialist realist artists
1884 establishments in the Russian Empire
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Tver Oblast

Akademicheskaya Dacha


John Cassin publishes Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America.
Léon Olphe-Galliard takes part in the second congress of Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft at Gothen in Germany, where he meets Prince Lucien Bonaparte, and other scientists.
Johan August Wahlberg killed  by a wounded elephant while exploring the headwaters of the Limpopo River.
 Birds described in 1856 include kea,  Brewer's sparrow, western bronze-naped pigeon, yellow-spotted barbet, barred parakeet,
In October the red-necked nightjar occurred in Britain.
Marc Athanase Parfait Oeillet Des Murs publishes the ornithological section of Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate la Vénus in collaboration with Florent Prévost.
Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen joins the Great Trigonometric Survey of India .
Robert Swinhoe makes an "adventurous" visit to the camphor districts of Formosa
Ongoing events
John Gould The birds of Australia; Supplement 1851–69. 1 vol. 81 plates; Artists: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Lithographer: H. C. Richter
John Gould The birds of Asia; 1850-83 7 vols. 530 plates, Artists: J. Gould, H. C. Richter, W. Hart and J. Wolf; Lithographers:H. C. Richter and W. Hart

References

Bird
Birding and ornithology by year

1856 in birding and ornithology


Julien Pierre-Eugène Havet (4 April 1853 – 19 August 1893), French historian, was born at Vitry-sur-Seine, the second son of Ernest Havet.

He early showed a remarkable aptitude for learning, but had a pronounced aversion for pure rhetoric. His studies at the École des chartes (where he took first place both upon entering and leaving) and at the École des Hautes Études did much to develop his critical faculty, and the historical method taught and practiced at these establishments brought home to him the dignity of history, which thenceforth became his ruling passion.

Havet's valedictory thesis at the École des chartes, Série chronologique des gardiens et seigneurs des Îles normandes (1876), was a definitive work, slightly affected by later research. In 1878 he followed his thesis with a study called Les Cours royales dans les Îles normandes. Both works were composed entirely from the original documents at the Public Record Office in London and the archives of Jersey and Guernsey.

On the history of Merovingian institutions, Havet's conclusions were widely accepted (see La Formule N. rex Francor). Posthumously, his published and unpublished writings were collected and, with the exception of Les Cours royales des Îles normandes and Lettres de Gerbert, were published in two volumes called Questions mérovingiennes and Opuscules inédits (1896), containing important papers on diplomatics and on Carolingian and Merovingian history, as well as a large number of short monographs covering a variety of subjects.

Friends of Havet published a collection of his articles under the title Mélanges Havet (1895), pre-fixed by a bibliography of his works compiled by his friend Henri Omont.

References

1853 births
1893 deaths
People from Vitry-sur-Seine
19th-century French historians
French medievalists
University of Paris alumni
École Nationale des Chartes alumni
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French male writers

Julien Havet


Cobra Rock Boot Company (CRBC) is a leather-lace-up bootmaking business in Marfa, Texas. The business has been owned and operated by Logan Caldbeck and Colt Miller since 2011. They earned a runner-up finish in Garden & Gun magazine's Best of the South 2012 awards. The business was featured on episode 2 of the Basin PBS show Western Perspective and on a September 2014 episode of Texas Country Reporter.

The handmade lace-up boots are constructed at a rate of about one pair a week with materials sourced in the U.S. from full grain, oil-tanned cowhides, leather soles, and metal shanks held in place with lemon-wood pegs. Tools and equipment, including a Landis sole stitcher built in 1921 and a Singer topstitcher built in 1939 and found in Big Spring, Texas, come from former boot shops in the Texas Panhandle. Vintage lasts are used and the boots are hand welted. Their signature boot design, the South Highland, includes square toes modeled after a style popular in the 1940s.

Miller was raised in Borden County, Texas, (about 70 miles south of Lubbock) by a cowboy and a schoolteacher. He studied geography and financial planning at Texas Tech. He tours in the Thrift Store Cowboys country band. He started out in the bootmaking business producing cowboy boots.

References

External links
Cobra Rock Boot Company website
Video about company

Boots
Companies based in Texas
Marfa, Texas

Cobra Rock Boot Company


The General Association of General Baptists is a Baptist Christian denomination in the United States. It is affiliated with the National Association of Evangelicals and the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters are located in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, where they operate Stinson Press.

A distinct belief is the general atonement (that Christ died for all persons).

History
Though theologically similar to the General Baptists in England and early America, this body of General Baptists arose in the Midwestern United States in the 19th century through the work of Benoni Stinson (1798-1869), a United Baptist minister first in Kentucky and then in Indiana. Stinson was ordained in Kentucky in 1821, and evidently was already leaning toward or embracing Arminian theology. Shortly after he moved to Indiana, in 1822 the Wabash District Association decided to divide into two bodies, for convenience sake. Stinson's church would be in the new body, and he labored to have a statement that "the preaching that Christ tasted death for every man shall be no bar to fellowship" would be included in the articles of faith. The next fall, in 1823, the Liberty Baptist Church of Howell, Indiana was organized with 33 members, and Elder Stinson was called as pastor. Three other churches were soon organized, all in the Evansville, Indiana area. In October 1824, representatives from these four churches came together and organized the Liberty Association of General Baptists. This appears to be the first time the name "General" was officially associated with this movement. A number of General Baptist local associations were organized from 1824 to 1870. During this period, some attempts were made by the Liberty Association to correspond with the northern Free Will Baptists, but this appears to have eventually proved unsatisfactory to both parties. In 1870, a convention was called to meet with Harmony Church, Gallatin County, Illinois, with the idea of organizing a general association comprising all the annual General Baptist associations. Delegates from Liberty, Mt. Olivet and Ohio associations gathered and formed the General Association of General Baptists.

According to a denomination census released in 2023, it claimed 47,193 members and 793 churches.

The official denominational publication is The General Baptist Messenger. The General Association oversees publication of Sunday School literature, a home mission board, a foreign mission board, and the Oakland City University in Oakland City, Indiana.

References

Sources
History of the General Baptists, by Ollie Latch
History of the General Baptists, by T. A. Laslie
Baptists Around the World, by Albert W. Wardin, Jr.
Dictionary of Baptists in America, Bill J. Leonard, editor

External links

Religious organizations established in 1870
Baptist denominations in the United States
Arminian denominations
Members of the National Association of Evangelicals

General Association of General Baptists


Thomas Lyon (1741-1796), was a Scottish politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1768 and 1778.

Lyon was the third son of  Thomas Lyon, 8th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Jean Nicholson, daughter of James Nicholson of West Rainton, co. Durham. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1758 and was awarded MA in 1761. He was a Fellow of the university from 1761 to 1763.

Lyon's father had been MP for Forfar  in 1734 which was subsequently held by William Maule. In 1768 the Strathmore family put Lyon forward to take back the seat of Forfar from the Panmure family. Lyon also stood as Member of Parliament for Aberdeen Burghs.  After an exhausting struggle Panmure was returned for the Forfar and Lyon for Aberdeen Burghs. As a result, the Strathmore and Panmure families made an agreement to avoid future contests. Lyon was re-elected in MP for Aberdeen Burghs in  1774.  He married Mary Elizabeth Wren, daughter of Farren Wren of Binchester, co. Durham on 13 June 1774.

Lyon's brother John the 9th Earl died in 1776 and Lyon as sole surviving uncle and one of the guardians of the Strathmore children became deeply involved  in financial and legal business.  He succeeded his mother to the Hetton-le-Hole estate in Durham on 22 April 1778 and vacated his seat at the opening of the autumn session of 1778.  Lyon and his son John believed  there was good coal under the Hetton estate and carried out prospecting from the 1770s.  Lyon died on 13 September 1796.

References

1741 births
1796 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
Younger sons of earls
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies

Thomas Lyon (MP)


Raimondo Orsini del Balzo (also known as Raimondello;  1350–55 – 17 January 1406) was a nobleman from the Kingdom of Naples. He was Count of Soleto (1382), Prince of Taranto (1399–1406), Duke of Bari, Grand Constable of the Kingdom of Naples, Gonfalonier of the Holy Roman Church (1385, confirmed in 1399 together with the principality of Taranto). He was a member of the influential Orsini family of Rome. Although he is considered one of the most important people in the history of southern Italy, relatively little is known about his life.

Biography
Raimondo was born in Taranto, the second son of Nicola Orsini (1331–1399), 3rd Count of Nola, grand Justiciar and also Grand Chancellor of the Kingdom of Naples, and his wife Giovanna of Sabran. His paternal grandparents were Roberto Orsini di Nola (1295–1345), 2nd Count of Nola, Grand Justiciar of Naples, and the heiress Sveva Del Balzo (born in the first years of 14th century), Countess of Soleto, heiress of des Baux. The family is later known as Orsini del Balzo.

Nothing is known of his childhood and early youth, and the first mention of him dates to February 1372, describing him as a squire in the Avignon Papacy. Sveva Del Balzo died in 1375, bequeathing Soleto to Nicola on the condition that he give it to Raimondo, who would then take on the Del Balzo name. However, Nicola instead gave it to his eldest son Roberto. This forced Raimondo to seek his fortune elsewhere. According to legend, he went on a pilgrimage to the Middle East, though there is no documentary evidence of that. It is known that in February 1378, he arrived in Prussia and participated in the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, during which time he was made a knight of the Teutonic Order.

He returned to Italy in 1381, getting involved in the dispute between Louis I, Duke of Anjou, and Charles of Durazzo over which of them would succeed Joanna I of Naples after she was excommunicated for supporting Antipope Clement VII. At first he supported Louis, but switched his allegiance to Charles in 1382. In September 1384, he returned to the ranks of Louis, who died shortly afterwards, meaning that Charles became King of Naples. His reign was short-lived, however, as he too was excommunicated by Pope Urban VI. Charles retaliated by besieging the pope at Nocera, but in July 1385 Raimondo freed the pope.

Soon after this incident, Raimondo married Mary of Enghien, the Countess of Lecce. This came about because Louis, Count of Enghien (Mary's uncle) was (like Raimondo) a trusted advisor of both Louis I and his son Louis II (Louis II later became King of Naples). His position as Mary's husband and thus the dominus of the County of Lecce allowed him to reclaim Soleto from his brother, officially becoming the Count upon his father's death in 1399. Additionally, over the years, he received numerous possessions and titles, many in the Terra di Otranto region.

Meanwhile, Charles's son Ladislaus returned to reconquer Naples. Despite his many years of service to Louis's family, Raimondo knew he was allied with the losing side, and switched allegiances once more on the promise that he would be given the Principality of Taranto, which happened in April 1399. However, by 1405, Ladislaus came into conflict with Pope Innocent VII, whom he had previously supported on the condition that the pope not challenge his claim to the throne. Innocent excommunicated Ladislaus, but offered to pardon any of Louis II's supporters who came to his side, which Raimondo did, but he died soon afterwards on 17 January 1406, before Ladislaus had even learned of Raimondo's betrayal.

Raimondo is buried at the church of Santa Caterina d'Alessandria in Galatina, which he had commissioned, together with his son and heir Giovanni Antonio.

Despite having been one of the most important people in the history of southern Italy, there has been little scholarship done on Raimondo's life. One reason for this is that there are only six surviving documents from his years in the government of the Kingdom of Naples. This is likely due his being declared a nonperson by Ladislaus, resulting in the destruction of many sources that would give insight into his life.

List of titles
 Prince of Taranto
 Count of Soleto
 Dominus of the Counties of Lecce and Veglie
 Baron of Acerra, Altamura, Lavello, Locorotondo, Minervino, Trevico, and Tricase
 Duke of Bari
 Gonfalonier of the Church
 Chamberlain of the King of Naples
 Captain general of the Terra di Otranto
 Member of the Order of the Ship
In addition to the above, he was lord (both de facto and de jure) of a number of other localities. He was said to be the secondmost powerful and possibly the richest man in the Kingdom of Naples.

Family
Raimondello and Mary had the following children:

Giovanni Antonio (1386–1463), Prince of Taranto, Duke of Bari, Count of Lecce, Acerra, Soleto, Conversano, also 1443 count of Matera, 1453 Ugento.
 Maria del Balzo Orsini, married Antonio Acquaviva, 2nd Duke of Atri. Apparently childless.
 Caterina del Balzo Orsini, married  Bartolomeo (also known as Tristano) di Chiaramonte (de Clermont), Count of Copertino (1380 - c. 1432)
 Gabriele (died 1453), Count of Ugento 1434, 1st Duke of Venosa 1441, Count of Lecce, Neapolitan General and Admiral. Married 1431 Giovanna (Ippolita) Caracciolo del Sole dei Duchi di Melfi, daughter of Sergianni Caracciolo dei Duchi di Melfi, Grand Seneschal of Kingdom of Sicily, and his wife Caterina Filangieri.

Notes

References

Year of birth unknown
1406 deaths
Raimondo
Raimondo
Counts of Soleto
Counts of Lecce
Dukes of Bari
Princes of Taranto
14th-century Italian nobility
15th-century Italian nobility
Chancellors of Naples
1350 births
Golden Rose

Raimondo Orsini del Balzo, Prince of Taranto


The Agmark Rabaul Gurias are a semi professional Papua New Guinean rugby league team from Kokopo, East New Britain Province . They currently compete in the Papua New Guinea National Rugby League Competition. They play their home games at Kalabond Oval at the foot of active volcano Tavurvur. The Franchise is owned by NGIP Agmark Limited and was founded in 1991. The team has won six premierships in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2012 and 2015. The team has been a competitive team in the semi professional rugby game in Papua New Guinea over the past years and the team has developed professional rugby players who have played for the PNG Hunters like Israel Eliab, Ase Boas, Watson Boas and Wartovo Puara Jr. Former greats include Kumul strongman Lucas Solbat, Michael Marum, Normyle Eremas and  Menzie Yere.

2023 squad

See also

References

External links

Rugby league teams in Papua New Guinea
Rugby league in Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea National Rugby League

Rabaul Gurias