The Life of Hope is a novel by Paul Quarrington, published in 1985 by Doubleday Canada. It is part of an unofficial trilogy with Quarrington's later novels King Leary and Logan in Overtime; although none of the novels centre on the same protagonists, they all feature some background interrelationships of character and setting.

The novel's central character, essentially an authorial self-insertion, is a novelist named Paul who is suffering from writer's block after the publication of his baseball-themed novel Home Game. Attending a writer's retreat in the small Southern Ontario town of Hope, he learns about the town's history as a free love and nudist commune established by an expatriate American cult leader named Joseph Benton Hope, which reignites his creativity as he begins to write a fictionalized account of the town's establishment.

The novel was a shortlisted finalist for the Stephen Leacock Award in 1986.

References

1985 Canadian novels
Novels by Paul Quarrington
Novels set in Ontario
Doubleday Canada books

The Life of Hope


Elizabeth Anderton (born 28 May 1938 in London) is a retired British ballet dancer and director. After graduating from the Sadler's Wells School, in 1955 she joined the Sadler's Wells Opera Ballet. From 1957 to 1974 she worked at the Royal Ballet, becoming soloist in 1958 and principal in 1961. In 1976 she became involved with London Festival Ballet, first as teacher and guest dancer and later as assistant artistic director (1979–83 and 1984–90). She returned to the Royal Ballet in the 1990s.

Anderton's roles include Cranko's Sweeney Todd (1959), Ashton's The Two Pigeons (1961), Tudor's Knight Errant (1968), and Nureyev's Romeo and Juliet (1977). She also played the Queen in the 1988 TV Movie Natalya Makarova's Swan Lake.

References

1938 births
Dancers of The Royal Ballet
British ballerinas
Living people

Elizabeth Anderton


Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (3 December 1742 – 21 June 1814) was a Welsh naval officer and colonial governor.

Naval career
Gower, aged 13, joined the Royal Navy in 1755 under the patronage of his uncle, Captain John Donkley. He was present at the Battle of Quiberon Bay under Admiral Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke and served under Byron's command on  from 1764 to 1766. He was promoted to lieutenant, serving with distinction under Commander Philip Carteret from 1766 to 1769. He then served in the Falkland Islands, West Indies, Mediterranean, the East and Newfoundland until 1792, when he declined a baronetcy and was knighted.

In 1792, Gower was named Commander of the first British diplomatic mission to imperial China and sailed in the 64-gun HMS Lion. This expedition was headed by Lord George Macartney. They were also accompanied by East Indiaman Hindostan, chartered from the East India Company for the mission.  Although the Macartney Embassy returned to London without obtaining any concession from China, the mission could have been termed a success because it brought back detailed observations. Gower had planned a secret visit to Japan, the Philippines and Celebes while Macartney was in China but was frustrated by adverse weather conditions and lack of essential medical supplies.

George Staunton, Secretary to the Embassy, was charged with producing the official account of the expedition after their return. This multi-volume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from the papers of Commander Gower. Sir Joseph Banks, the President of the Royal Society, was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.

Soon after returning from China, Gower, in HMS Triumph (1764) (74) played an important role in Cornwallis's Retreat when the small squadron under Vice-Admiral Sir William Cornwallis escaped from a French fleet of superior numbers. Cornwallis later wrote The steady conduct of the Triumph was admirable – Sir Erasmus Gower treated the scattered fire of the Enemy with the utmost contempt, and by firing single well directed Guns, the Enemy's Ships were deterred from approaching.

During the devastating Spithead and Nore mutinies in 1797 Gower was given command a fleet in the upper Thames River to oppose the more than 10,000 strong mutineers it was thought would move up river from the Nore and attack London. At the end of the mutiny he sat on the courts martial which tried over 400 men.

Admiral and commodore-governor
Gower was promoted rear-admiral of the white in February 1799 and hoisted his flag in HMS Princess Royal in the Channel Fleet and Ireland, with his protege David Atkins as flag captain.

In 1804, he was promoted to vice-admiral of the white and appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland.

Gower Street in St. John's is named in his honour. In late 1804, Gower sent the hired cutter Queen Charlotte, under a Lieutenant Morrison, to Labrador to investigate reports of an influx of American fishing boats. As a result of the report, the Admiralty decided to station a sloop in the fishing waters to chase off the Americans.

Noted as a meticulous administrator, he was promoted to admiral of the white in 1810 and died at his home near Hambledon, Hampshire in 1814.

His recent biographer has claimed – No other contemporary officer approached his accumulated experience.

See also
 Governors of Newfoundland
 List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador

Notes

References
 Barrow, John. (1807).  Some Account of the Public Life, and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings, of the Earl of Macartney, 2 vols. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies.
 Bates, Ian M (2017) Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814) Pomona Sage Old Books
 Cranmer-Byng, J. L. "Lord Macartney's Embassy to Peking in 1793." Journal of Oriental Studies. Vol. 4, Nos. 1,2 (1957–58): 117–187.
 Esherick, Joseph W. "Cherishing Sources from Afar." Modern China Vol. 24, No. 2 (1998): 135–61.
 Hevia, James Louis. (1995).  Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793. Durham: Duke University Press.
 Peyrefitte, Alain. (1992). The Immobile Empire (Jon Rotschild, translator). New York: Alfred A. Knopf/Random House.  [https://archive.org/details/immobileempire00peyr   Internet Archive]
 Peyrefitte, Allain. (1990). Images de l'Empire immobile ou le choc des mondes. Récit historique. Paris: Fayard.  (paper)
 Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and Documents.  London : John Murray. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." ]
 Rockhill, William Woodville.  "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr., 1897), pp. 427–442.
 Rockhill, William Woodville.  "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul., 1897), pp. 627–643.
 Staunton, George Leonard. (1797).  An  Authentic Account of and Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China, 3 vols. London: G. Nichol.

External links

Biography at Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador
Biography web page A comprehensive biography Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower 1742–1814'' was published in 2017.

1742 births
1814 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Governors of Newfoundland Colony
Welsh naval officers
Knights Bachelor

Erasmus Gower


Inside Sport is a weekly sports magazine programme produced by BBC Sport, presented by Gabby Logan.

The programme is transmitted twice a week, with an extended edition broadcast at Sunday lunch-time. Inside Sport combines mainstream sporting issues with topics that may not be widely known to the sporting public, such as injured soldiers training to become Paralympic athletes. The show also runs documentary features, following the daily routine of high-profile sportsmen. These have included Kevin Pietersen, Arsène Wenger, Andy Murray, Ricky Hatton, Owen Hargreaves and Dwain Chambers. Regular studio guests include Tony Livesey, Des Kelly, Jonathan Pearce and Steve Bunce.

There are also versions of Inside Sport for BBC World News and the BBC News channel.

External links

BBC Television shows
British sports television series
2007 British television series debuts

Inside Sport (TV series)


Oeceoclades rauhii is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus Oeceoclades that is endemic to northern Madagascar. It was first described by the German botanist Karlheinz Senghas in 1973 as Eulophidium rauhii and then transferred to the genus Oeceoclades in 1976 by Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor. It was named in honor of Werner Rauh who, along with Karlheinz, collected the type specimen from just south of Anivorano Nord. Garay and Taylor noted that O. rauhii is closely related to O. boinensis, but it has a labellum with four lobes of equal size and linear-lanceolate sepals and petals.

References

rauhii
Orchids of Madagascar
Endemic flora of Madagascar
Plants described in 1973

Oeceoclades rauhii


In barbershop music, a tag is a dramatic variation put in the last section of the song.  It is roughly analogous to a coda in classical music.

Tags are characterized by heightening the dramatic tension of the song, frequently including a hanger or sustained note against which the other singers carry the rhythm.  In addition, good tags can be sung as short, stand-alone works.  Tags may be soft and tender or characterized by loud, "paint-peeling", ringing chords.

References

External links
 BarbershopTags.com
 DNS Tags.com

Barbershop music
Musical terminology

Tag (barbershop music)


HAL  may refer to:

Aviation
 Halali Airport (IATA airport code: HAL) Halali, Oshikoto, Namibia
 Hawaiian Airlines (ICAO airline code: HAL)
 HAL Airport, Bangalore, India
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited an Indian aerospace manufacturer of fighter aircraft and helicopters

Businesses
 HAL Allergy, a Dutch pharmaceutical company
 HAL Computer Systems, a defunct computer manufacturer
 HAL Laboratory, a Japanese video game developer
 Halliburton's New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol
 Hamburg America Line, a shipping company
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, an Indian aerospace manufacturer of fighter aircraft and helicopters
 Hindustan Antibiotics Limited, an Indian public sector pharmaceutical manufacturer
 Holland America Line, a cruise ship operator
 HAL FM, or CHNS-FM, a classic rock station in Halifax, Nova Scotia

Computing
 Hardware abstraction layer, a layer of software that hides hardware differences from higher level programs
 HAL (software), an implementation of a hardware abstraction layer for Unix-like systems
 HAL/S, the computer language used to program the Space Shuttle's computers
 HAL, a Lotus Development Corporation product released in 1986
 Hackers at Large, a Dutch hackers and security conference
 Hypertext Application Language, a standard convention for defining hypermedia such as links to external resources within JSON or XML code

Entertainment
 HAL 9000, a fictional computer in the Space Odyssey series
 Hal (Japanese band), a Japanese pop band
 Hal (Irish band), an Irish rock band
 H.A.L. (G.I. Joe), a fictional weapon in the G.I. Joe universe

Other
 HAL (automobile), a car built in Cleveland 1916-1918
 HAL (gene), which encodes the enzyme histidine ammonia-lyase
 HAL (open archive) (Hyper Articles en Ligne), a French online research open archive
 HAL (robot) (Hybrid Assistive Limb), a powered exoskeleton suit
 Het Amsterdams Lyceum, a Dutch secondary school
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC, a football club in Bangalore, India
 Hyperspace Analogue to Language, a semantic memory model
 Hyundai A-League, an Australian professional association football league

See also
 Hal (disambiguation)
 Hot air leveling, surface finish in printed circuit boards manufacturing

HAL


Noltea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants. The single species, Noltea africana (commonly known as the soap bush or soap dogwood), is a small, bushy tree of about 4 metres that is endemic to the southern Cape of South Africa, where it grows beside rivers and in pockets of afro-montane forest. It has small, white, mildly fragrant flowers and when it grows larger it assumes a willow shape, with slightly weeping branches. The leaves are long and serrated and the young growth is purple in colour.

The foliage of the "soap bush" can be used to produce a soapy lather for cleaning, and this tree also conveniently tends to grow near lakes and rivers.

References

Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae genera
Monotypic Rosales genera
Afromontane flora
Trees of South Africa
Saponaceous plants

Noltea


Sir Frederick Archibald Warner  (2 May 1918 – 30 September 1995) was a British diplomat and businessman. At the end of his career he was a Conservative Party politician, serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1979 to 1984.

Education
Warner was educated at Wixenford School, Wokingham, and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. He then went to Magdalen College, Oxford, and also studied at the University of Sheffield.

Diplomatic service
After service in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, Warner joined the Foreign Office in February 1946 as an Assistant Principal. Within a few months he had transferred to the Diplomatic Service as a Second Secretary. In 1950 Warner was promoted to First Secretary and posted to the British Embassy in Moscow.

Warner returned to a London posting at the end of 1951. He was working in the private office of Hector McNeil with Guy Burgess at the time of Burgess' defection to the Soviet Union; Burgess' wayward behaviour at the time later led to accusations that Warner should have raised concerns about him. These accusations stalled Warner's career briefly: he remained in London for five years before in 1956 he was made acting Chargé d'affaires at the embassy in Rangoon, Burma. From 1958 he was transferred to Athens, Greece. In 1960 Warner was made Head of the South-East Asia Department of the Foreign Office.

Advancement
From 1964 to 1965, Warner was transferred to the Imperial Defence College where he learned more about the relationship between defence and foreign policy. He was made Ambassador to Laos from 1965 to 1967, and then served as Minister to NATO throughout 1968. A brief return to London as Under-Secretary of State at the (newly merged) Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1969 was followed by the role of Ambassador and Deputy Permanent United Kingdom Representative to the United Nations.

Ambassadorship
Warner married for the first time in New York City in 1971, Simone Georgina de Ferranti (Née Nangle), who gave him a stepdaughter and two sons of his own, one of whom is TV chef Valentine Warner. At the end of that year he was named as Ambassador to Japan and learned Japanese at the University of Sheffield. He made the arrangements for the visit of Edward Heath to Japan, the first such visit by a sitting British Prime Minister. Despite Warner's unstuffiness (which ruffled some feathers among the Japanese civil servants who expected more formality), he became popular and was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 1st Class.

At the end of his posting Warner hoped for a top flight post, conceivably even as Ambassador to Paris or to Washington. He was disappointed when others were named to these posts, and Warner retired from the Diplomatic Service in 1975, reasoning that it would be easier for him to start a second career as early as possible.

Business career
He then went into business, becoming a business consultant and Director of Globalstar Telecommunications Ltd. He later picked up directorships of the Mercantile and General Reinsurance Company Ltd, Chloride Group Ltd, Guinness Peat Group, Loral International Inc., and Vicarello SpA. He settled in Somerset and became Chairman of the Wessex Region of the National Trust from 1976 to 1978.

European Parliament
At the 1979 elections to the European Parliament, Warner was elected as a Conservative MEP for Somerset. He specialised in international affairs, successfully urging the European Commission to help fund Afghan refugees and bemoaning the Iranian government's failure to respect diplomatic immunity in the Iran hostage crisis. He helped draw up the European policy in the Conservative manifesto for the 1983 general election.

Standing down at the 1984 election, Warner co-authored a pamphlet that November calling for the United Kingdom to become a full member of the European Monetary System. He was Chairman of the Overseas Committee of the Confederation of British Industry from 1985 to 1988, and in 1991 published a book titled "Anglo-Japanese Financial Relations".

References

Who was Who.
Obituary, The Times, 2 October 1995.
Obituary, The Independent, 3 October 1995.

1918 births
1995 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People educated at Wixenford School
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Japan
MEPs for England 1979–1984
20th-century British diplomats
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies

Frederick Warner (diplomat)


Poá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The water extracted from Fonte Áurea, or the Golden Fountain, is sold throughout Brazil. The population is 118,349 (2020 est.) in an area of 17.26 km².

Poá is one of eleven municipalities considered spa towns (Estancia Hidromineral) by the state of São Paulo, fulfilling certain prerequisites set by state law. This status ensures that these municipalities more money from the state to promote regional tourism and beyond that the city acquired the right to add the title "Estancia Hidromineral" to its name, a term which is designated by both the municipal expedient as the official state references. Poá's economy is mainly service-focused, since the installation of polluting industries has been banned since 1970, the year it became a spa town. Territory-wise, is one of the smallest municipalities in the state of São Paulo (only bigger than Aguas de São Pedro and São Caetano do Sul). Verticalization in the city center is discouraged to preserve the small-town atmosphere of the city, with narrow streets and the preservation of several old buildings. The council is not the richest in the region, but still outperforms its neighbors in several social indicators, thus signaling that the economic growth of Poá is more equal and sustainable than in other cities, and that its population has a better quality of life due to public facilities (schools, parks and health units). In indexes like the human development index, the child development index and the index of development of basic education, Poá surpasses all municipalities. In 2007 it was considered one of the safest cities of São Paulo, specifically the 5th, behind only São Caetano do Sul, Barueri, Caieiras and Mogi das Cruzes.

Geography

Climate
The climate of the city and across the metropolitan region of São Paulo, is subtropical. Little hot and rainy summer. Mild winters and sub. The average annual temperature is around 18C °, the coldest month is July (average of 14 °C) and the warmest is February (average of 22 °C). Annual rainfall is around 1400 mm.

Demographics
 Urban area: 15,7 km ²
 Rural area: 03 km ²
 Infant mortality to 1 (per thousand): 14.0
 Life expectancy (years): 71.06
 Fertility rate (children per woman): 2.25
 Literacy: 94.31%
 Human Development Index: 0.806
 Human Development Index – Income: 0.726
 Human Development Index-M Longevity: 0.768
 Human Development Index-M Education: 0.925

Tourism
Poá has a strong vocation for tourism, although this sector of the economy still is not the main activity of the municipality. Because of the lack of investment, the city hardly explores this market.

An example of a tourist attraction, is the municipal spa Vicente Leporace, located in front of the
Fonte Aúrea, which was opened in 1970 as a condition for the council to receive the title of hidromineral and tourist resort. After being used for 30 years, it was deactivated at the beginning of the decade, because the mayor at the time, Eduardo Carlos Felippe, felt that there was no need to have a spa in the city.  Since then the site is used as a physiotherapy center.

EXPOÁ

Because there are a lot of orchids existing in Poá and throughout the Upper Tietê, because of the favorable climate for the cultivation of the plant, in 1970 the Exhibition of Orchids and Ornamental Plants of Poá, better known as EXPOÁ, was established with the goal "to increase tourism in the city, as well as to provide a tribute to nature". The exhibition is recognized by the State Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the São Paulo State Government and since 1976 is part of the National Calendar of the Brazilian Institute of Tourism (formerly Embratur), linked to the Ministry of Tourism. It is held every year in September. From 1983 to 1993 the Expo was held at the Municipal Gymnasium Sports Americo Franco at Golden Village, and is currently held in the Event Square Lucilia Felippe Gomes, receiving approximately 300,000 visitors per year.

Education, sport and culture

There are several schools located in the city, municipal, state, private and run by nongovernmental organizations. Among these is the unit of SESI, located in the Village Perracini the Napes - Center for Educational Support Specialist - which makes the inclusion of rooms in the normal classroom of students with various types of disabilities, located in Golden Village, which is ETEC and administered by the city of Poá - Poá State Technical College - which began its activities in the second half of 2009 and was inaugurated on 5 October that year. The deployment of ETEC was a partnership of municipal and state governments, where it invested R $1.5 million. They are offered technical courses and the school regularly. At the time of its inauguration, the building of ETEC Poá was considered by the Paula Souza Center, "one of the best network." The average candidate ETEC of Poá in 2009 was 6.1 applicants per vacancy.

In Poá, there are several locations available to the population, which were built from emancipation. The gym hall for example, located in Golden Village, started construction on January 25, 1957, by the state government.
There are several sports associations legally registered in Poá. Three clubs, meanwhile, stands out for their ancient foundation and participation within the community: Esporte Clube XI Paulista, Poaense Athletic Association, Sports Club Concordia Poaense, and other associations like the Rotary Club and the Lyons Club offer free courses in rhythmic gymnastics, futsal, beach volleyball, capoeira, boxing, volleyball, basketball, judo, karate, and handball, among others, in their own municipal gymnasium and sports groups installed in neighborhoods such as those in towns and Julia Varela and St. Joseph's Garden.

Sports competitions are held sporadically in the various fields in the city, as in the neighborhoods Teresa Palma, Jardim América, Garden St. Helena, Juliet Villa, Villa Giulia, in the New Forest Poá, Vila Monteiro, Calmon Viana, together with companies neighborhood friends. Also occur capoeiristas meetings, the challenge of beach volleyball, indoor soccer battle, and streetball, among others. The skate park built in 2000, is installed next to the viaduct at the Centre, is open to the public and receives championships annually.
Poá also has cultural spaces like the Public Library, Cultural Center and Municipal Museum Taiguara House Station. The squares within the existing neighborhoods and in the central region are also leisure facilities. The squares of the Bible and Events, for example, function as parks, as have recreational equipment such as playgrounds, restrooms and security.
The Carnival is also a very traditional activity in the city, where there are parades of samba schools for over thirty years. Poá currently has ten active samba schools, among which we mention: the New Academic Poá, Empire Village Vampré, Clover Gold, Ultima Hora, Jau Village, and Villa Julia, among others.

Economy

In 2010, the Index of consumption potential of the inhabitants of Poá should consume R $1.4 billion. According to Target CPI, with a rate of 0.06408, Poá contributes six cents to every $100.00 spent in Brazil. This places the municipality in the 74th position in the state ranking. The city has 32,623 households and 31,813 cars caught on. Poaense each urban area in the city should consume R $12,459.76 in 2010.

Social stratification
Data for 2010:
Class Total Number of households consumed in the city
The (per capita income above R $6,550.00 / month) 1441 households (4.5%) 18.9%
B (per capita income between U.S. $2012.00 per month to R $6,549.00 / month) 11 313 households (35.1%) 49.1%
C (per capita income between R $726.00 per month to R $2,011.00 / month) 14 853 households (46.1%) 27.5%
D (per capita income between R $484.00 per month to R $276.00 / month) 4336 households (13.5%) 4.1%
E (per capita income below R $276.00 / month) 230 households (0.7%) 0.4%
100% Total 32 623 households.

Sectors of the economy
The economic sector of Poá has several activities:
Industrial: After he received the title of office hidromineral, was prohibited the installation of polluting industries in the municipality, that in the 1970s, and those that existed have been given to move to a more rigid environmental legislation, to help preserve the groundwater in the city. The change resulted in the departure of some industries, but even so Poá houses large industries, among the nearly 200 installed on its territory. Highlights for the manufacturer of refractory Ibar (Brazilian Industry of Refractory items) which was installed in Poá five years before the emancipation of the municipality, the maker of electrical cables Inducabos, and the Brazilian subsidiary of the multinational Aunde, which produces automotive fabrics. Together, Ibar and Aunde occupy nearly half the area of Calmon Viana. The district that was formed between the two industries was renamed Vila Ibar.

Shopping: The main shopping streets of the city are street March 26 and July 9 Avenue that is in the center, housing most of the banks and "anchor stores" of the city. There are other commercial corridors such as Lucas Nogueira Garcez Avenue and Avenida Getulio Vargas, among others. It is estimated that there are approximately 2,000 commercial premises.
Services: It is the sector of the economy that is more present in the city. There are various tax incentive laws and among them, and that attracts companies of its kind, is to reduce the tax on services (ISS), which has a much lower rate than in most towns. While its neighbor St. Paul (a city that focuses more on services company in Brazil), charge rate of 5% for most service activities, in Poá charge rate of 2%. are more than 20,000 service providers, among which we highlight the holding company of Banco Safra (Safra Leasing, located in the center) and Banco Itau (Itau Administradora Consortia and Itaucard Bank, both located in Vila das Acacias - also in the central region) and the subsidiary company of São Paulo TMKT telemarketing, (installed in Calmon Viana).

There is also horticultural activity in rural areas little is left of the city after the dispute of territory with Suzano in the 1950s and 1960s. Tourism began to be promoted now, in the early 2000s (decade). Yet the main event done in the city, the Expo comes to attract 350,000 people in seven days.

Composition of GDP
2006 data:
Sector of the economy GDP (US$)
Agriculture  545 000
Industry  392 085 000
Services  950 716 000
Taxes  602 681 000
Total  1,946,027,000

References

Municipalities in São Paulo (state)

Poá


William A. Barnhill (November 26, 1889 – December 7, 1987) was an American photographer best known for his work in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina in the early 1900s.  His love of hiking and photography took him to the mountains of western North Carolina between 1914 and 1917. The photographs he took during those trips have been featured in American Heritage and Life magazines, as well as in the collections of the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the Pack Memorial Public Library of Asheville, North Carolina, and various college libraries.
During World War I, as a Lieutenant in the US Army he commanded a photographic section in the 91st Aero Squadron.
Some of his photographs from the war were used in the New York Times during the war.
He worked as a commercial photographer in Asheville and Cleveland after the war.

References

External links
 Library of Congress Barnhill photographs of pioneer life in western North Carolina, 1914-1917
 New York Public Library - Romana Javitz Collection MFZ (Barnhill) 93-6189; Views of pottery making and sorghum molasses making, ca. 1900s, in North Carolina, cityscapes of Cleveland, Ohio and landscapes of a covered bridge near Mechanicsville, Ohio, ca. 1930s, and landscapes of the Delaware & Raritan Canal in Pennsylvania, ca. 1910. [graphic]
 Asheville--the mountains, the people : an historical photographic collection / edited by Edward Epstein, John Toms, and Peter Vari of the Asheville-Buncombe Library System. Featuring photograph by William A. Barnhill and others
 Life Magazine Oct 16, 1970 A two-page spread of Barnhill's photograph of an Appalachian family carding, spinning, and weaving wool
 American Heritage February 1969 Richard M. Ketchum, "Appalachia 1914," American Heritage 20 (Feb. 1969): 26-41, 85.
 Search Pack Memorial Library Collection for Images by Barnhill
 Photos by William A. Barnhill
 Byways of Cleveland (1939), a collection of 61 photographs by Barnhill available on the Cleveland Public Library Digital Gallery

Appalachian studies
American photographers

William A. Barnhill


Double Jeopardy is a 1999 American German Canadian crime thriller movie directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Ashley Judd, Tommy Lee Jones, Bruce Greenwood, Annabeth Gish, Roma Maffia, Jay Brazeau, Michael Gaston, Brian Croucher. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Other websites

1999 crime movies
1999 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
German crime movies
German thriller movies
Canadian crime movies
Canadian thriller movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Bruce Beresford
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about miscarriage of justice
Movies set in Washington (state)
Movies set in the San Francisco Bay Area

Double Jeopardy (1999 movie)


Juan Clemente Zenea was a Cuban writer born in Bayamo, Granma, on February 24, 1832. He is recognised as having been a great influence on Cuban literature for reintroducing Romanticism, marking a new age in Hispano-American poetry.

In 1845 he enrolled in José de la Luz y Caballero's college, where his inclinations towards literature first appeared. In 1846 he published his first poems in "La Prensa", a newspaper based in Havana for which he became a writer in 1849.

From this point on the number of his works grew considerably. For example, he published "La mujer ¿Es un ángel? ¡No es un ángel! ¿Si será o no será?" in collaboration with José Fornaris and Rafael Otero. He wrote "Almendares" together with Idelfonso Estrada Zenea and collaborated on "La voz del pueblo".

In 1852 he had to emigrate to New Orleans, USA. While there he collaborated on "El correo de Louisiana", "El Independiente" and "Faro de Cuba", carrying out a strong campaign against the Spanish government. Later he moved to New York, where he worked for "El Filibustero", "La Verdad" and "El Cubano". He was condemned to death in Havana in 1853 because of his activities against the Spanish government, but was pardoned due to the general amnesty and was able to return to Cuba the following year. From then on he worked in José de la Luz y Caballero's college as an English teacher. In general he has produced a wide range of works and has received various awards. Some of his poems are included in "El laúd del desterrado" and an uncountable number of his articles appeared in contemporary Cuban and Spanish publications, such as "La Chamarreta", "El Siglo", "Revista del pueblo de Cuba", "Ofrenda al Bazar", "Álbum cubano de lo bueno y lo bello", "La Piragua", "Brisas de Cuba", "Floresta Cubana" and "Guirnalda Cubana", as well as the Spanish magazines "La América" and "La Ilustración Republicana Federal". He founded and directed the "Revista Habanera".

In 1865 he returned to New York to collaborate on the "Revista del Nuevo Mundo". He then moved to Mexico to work on the publication "Diario Oficial". At the beginning of the 1868 war in Cuba he returned to the United States to support the cause, but every expedition in which he took part ended in failure. He managed to reach Cuba secretly in 1870, and after a meeting with Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, leader of the rebellion, he was imprisoned by Spanish troops while trying to return to the United States and shot to death in 1871.

Published works
 1855 Poesías
 1859 Lejos de la patria. Memorias de un joven poeta
 1860 Cantos de la tarde
 1861 Sobre la literatura de Estados Unidos

Well-known poems
 En un álbum
 Fidelia
 A una golondrina
 Diario de un mártir
 Ausencia
 En Greenwood
 Nocturno
 Las sombras
 Retorno
 Oriente y Ocaso
 Diario de un mártir

19th-century Cuban poets
Cuban male poets
1832 births
1871 deaths
19th-century male writers

Juan Clemente Zenea


The Octagon House, also known as the Colonel John Tayloe III House, is a house located at 1799 New York Avenue, Northwest in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was built in 1799 for John Tayloe III, the wealthiest planter in the country, at the behest of his new family member, George Washington. In September 1814, after the British destroyed the White House during the War of 1812, for six months the Octagon House served as the residence of United States president James Madison and first lady Dolley Madison. It is one of only five houses to serve as the presidential residence in the history of the United States of America, and one of only three (along with the White House and Blair House) that still stand.

John Tayloe III was born at Mount Airy – which he later inherited – the colonial estate built by his father, John Tayloe II on the north bank of the Rappahannock River across from Tappahannock, Virginia. By this time, it was the centerpiece of a roughly 60,000 acre department of interdependent plantation farms known as the Mount Airy department, located approximately one hundred miles south of Washington, D.C., in Richmond County, Virginia. He was educated at Eton College and Cambridge University in England, served in the Virginia state legislature, and ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1800.

John Tayloe III married Ann Ogle, daughter of Benjamin Ogle and granddaughter to Samuel Ogle of Ogle Hall Annapolis, Maryland, in 1792 at her family's country home Belair Mansion. Ann was only a year younger than her husband. Tayloe was reputed to be the richest Virginian planter of his time, and built the house in Washington at the suggestion of George Washington on land purchased from Gustavus W. Scott or Benjamin Stoddert, first Secretary of the Navy. The Octagon was originally constructed to be a winter residence for the Tayloe family, but they lived in the house year-round from 1818 to 1855. The Octagon property originally included a number of outbuildings, including a smokehouse, laundry, stables, carriage house, slave quarters, and an ice house (the only surviving outbuilding). The Tayloes were involved in shipbuilding, horse breeding and racing, and owned several iron foundries—they were fairly diversified for a plantation family. The Tayloes owned hundreds of slaves, and had between 12 and 18 who worked at the Octagon.

History

John Tayloe III
John and Anne (Ogle) Tayloe were considering Philadelphia as a place to build a town house, since Baltimore and Philadelphia were the nearest metropolitan centers to Mount Airy. George Washington – whose half-brother Augustine Washington Jr.'s son, Capt William Augustine Washington married Tayloe's sister, Sarah 'Sally' Tayloe, on May 11, 1799 – found out and persuaded the Tayloes to build their house in the new capital city in an outlying section. The plan was to establish a node of development to stimulate fill-in growth. Col. Tayloe had been considering building his new home in Philadelphia under the expert hands of architect Benjamin Latrobe. Instead he chose the primitive wilds of the new federal city and the architect Dr. William Thornton, the man who designed the new United States Capitol and the help of James Hoban winner of the White House design contest. Col. Tayloe went with the wishes of George Washington.

On April 19, 1797, Tayloe paid $1,000 (~$ in ) to Gustavus W. Scott for lot 8 in Square 170, at the corner of New York Avenue and 18th Street NW, as laid out in a plan of the District of Columbia by Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant and surveyed by Andrew Ellicott. Scott was one of the 1st purchasers of lots in the newly platted capital. The lot was in open country west of the partly built President's House, about 1 mi. from Georgetown, and about .5 mi. NE of Hamburgh, which was absorbed into the new city plan. During this time he established the Washington Jockey Club's on a mile track which extended from the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street and Jackson Place, crossing Seventeenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to Twentieth Street with Charles Carnan Ridgely, the current site of the Eisenhower Executive Office Building.

On April 19, 1799, Dr. William Thornton wrote to George Washington, "Mr. J. Tayloe, of Virginia, has contracted to build a house in the City near the President's Square of $13,000 value." Thoronton was a self-trained architect who had won the United States Capitol competition. His first problem was to plan a house that would fit the lot, the south side of which was cut away on the bias by the diagonal of New York Ave. If the house were built to face either of the bordering streets, it would be at an ungainly angle in relation to the other street, and outbuildings and wells had to be fitted in also. He dealt with the problem by relating the house equally to both streets, which put the two walls at a 70 degree angle from each other. The house actually has 6 sides, but was called "The Octagon" by the Tayloes. It had closets on every floor, an innovative feature for its time. The house is well built of brick trimmed with Aquia Creek sandstone. The lot is triangular and fenced in by a high brick wall. The kitchen, stable and outhouses are built of brick and accommodated a large number of both servants and horses. The interior is elaborately finished, the doors of the first story being of mahogany. All the work in the circular vestibule coincides with the circumference of the tower, the doors, sash and glass being made on the circle. The parlor mantle is made of a fine cement composition painted white. The remains of gold leaf show in some of the relieved portions. Leading into the back hall and dining-room are two secret doors in which the wash-boards, chair-boards, etc. run across the door, being ingeniously cut some distance from the actual door, no key holes, hinges or openings showing on the blind side. The knobs and shutter-buttons are of brass and evidently of a special pattern.

The Tayloes had 15 children, 13 of whom survived to adulthood (2 died in infancy: Anne, born and died in 1800, and Lloyd, born 1815, died 1816). The children were all born between 1793 and 1815. The oldest son, John Tayloe IV, served in the US Navy during the War of 1812 aboard the . His early death in 1824 was possibly connected to wounds received during the war. His parents provided for his wife and child after his death. Edward Thornton Tayloe, George Plater Tayloe and Henry Augustine Tayloe were all born at the Octagon.

The War of 1812 and temporary presidential residence
John Tayloe III was a Federalist, and not terribly supportive of President James Madison and the war with England that began in 1812, but he was active in the Virginia militia and commanded a regiment of DC cavalry. When the British marched into Washington in August 1814, there was a French flag flying outside the Octagon. Ann Ogle Tayloe had offered the house to the French consul, in the hopes of sparing the house from destruction at the hands of the British, and he was occupying the house when the British arrived in the city. The house probably would have been spared even if it hadn't been effectively a "diplomatic residence", since the British were under strict orders not to damage private property. When First Lady Dolley Madison fled the city as the British approached, she sent her pet parrot to the French consulate at the Octagon for safekeeping.

President James Madison and his wife, Dolley moved into the Octagon on September 8, 1814, after the burning of the White House by the British. President Madison ratified the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, in the upstairs study at the Octagon on February 17, 1815. The Tayloes received $500 in rent for the Madisons' 6-month residency at the Octagon.

1815-1960s
While a resident of Washington, Tayloe helped found and organize St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square in 1814, served as a trustee in 1816 during its construction and upon completion served on the vestry and donated to the parish a communion service of silver, which Bishop William Meade, in his work on the old Churches of Virginia, says had been purchased by Col. Tayloe at a sale of the effects of the Lunenburg Parish Church in Richmond County, VA., to prevent its desecration for secular use.

Killian K. Van Rensselaer, American lawyer and Federalist politician who served in the United States Congress as a Representative from the state of New York dined at The Octagon House. "Another invitation recalls one of General Washington's closest friends, whom he persuaded to become a resident of Washington in its infancy, and who built the spacious mansion on the corner of New York Ave and Eighteenth Street, which is one of the surviving relics of the primitive city, not having been destroyed by the British in 1814 - Col. Tayloe: "Mr. Tayloe requests the favor of Mr. Van Rensselaer to dine with him on Sat next at 4 o'clock. The favour of an answer is requested. Wed 9th feb.""

John Tayloe III died in 1828 while staying at the Octagon. Ann Ogle Tayloe lived in the Octagon until her death in 1855. Both John and Ann were buried at Mount Airy. After Ann's death, the Tayloe children began renting out the house. It was rented to a girls' school in the 1860s, and the Federal government in the 1870s, when it served as office space for the Hydrographic Office of the U.S. Navy. By the 1880s, the house was occupied by 10 families, probably one living in each room, tenement-apartment-style. The residents were probably mostly workers in the factories that populated Foggy Bottom. In 1898, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) selected the Octagon to be their new national headquarters. They rented the building for 4 years, and then purchased it outright in 1902. The Octagon would continue to serve as AIA's headquarters until the construction of the current headquarters building in the 1960s.

Museum
The Octagon opened as a museum in 1970. The museum was restored to its 1817–18 era appearance in the early 1990s—the wall colors and room configurations seen today are representative of that time period. The museum was administered by the American Architectural Foundation from 1970 to 2011/2012 (though the museum was closed from 2007 through 2013). The museum is administered by the American Institute of Architects Foundation, and offers self-guided tours, permanent and changing exhibitions, public programming, and guided tours by appointment.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

The museum is currently owned and operated by the Architects Foundation and is open to the public Friday and Saturday 11am-4pm. The space hosts various public programs, educational tours, rotating exhibits, and special events.

Architectural details
The three-story brick house, adapted to an irregular-shaped lot, displays a dramatic break with the traditional, late Georgian and early Federal house planning that preceded it. The Octagon achieves a zenith in Federal architecture in the United States, through a plan which combines a circle, two rectangles, and a triangle, and through the elegance and restraint of the interior and exterior decoration. The Coade stone, stoves, other decorative elements, and furniture were imported from England. The construction materials, such as bricks, timber, iron, and Aquia Creek sandstone were all manufactured locally.

The reason behind the naming of the six-sided building as the Octagon is unknown. Though the main room is a circle, one possibility is that it resembled octagonal rooms common in England, which were also circles but called octagon salons because they were constructed of eight walls and then plastered heavily in the corners to make a circle. Another explanation is that the eight angles formed by the odd shape of the six walls are an old definition of an octagon.

Alleged haunting

The Octagon House is purported to be one of the most haunted homes in D.C.  Apparitions and the presence of otherworldly forces have reportedly been seen and felt in many places at The Octagon, including on the spiral staircase, the second floor landing, the third floor landing, the third floor bedroom, and the garden area in the rear. Among the eyewitnesses have been members of the public, curators, and other employees hired by the museum .

There are many variations of ghost stories that feature the Octagon House in Washington, D.C. As one of the oldest buildings in the city, it lends itself nicely as a setting for historical, spooky, and macabre tales. The stories recorded here are merely a presentation of a few of the reported experiences and legends that have evolved over the past 200 years, and should not be taken as historical fact.

Bells
The oldest of the Octagon's ghost legends is that of the mysterious ringing of the servant's call bells, just one of the legends linked to the African American slaves who once lived there. When the house held bells to summon servants, the spirits of the dead slaves would announce their presence by ringing these bells loudly. The ghostly bell ringing is believed to have first occurred in the mid-1800s.

Virginia Tayloe Lewis, a granddaughter of John Tayloe III, grew up in the house and recorded this family memory in an unpublished manuscript: "The bells rang for a long time after my Grandfather Tayloe's death, and every one said that the house was haunted; the wires were cut and still they rang… Our dining room servant would come upstairs to ask if anyone rang the bell, and no one had."

An account by Marian Gouverneur, wife of Samuel Laurence Gouverneur Jr. (the first American consul in Foo Chow, China), tells the story of General George D. Ramsay, Chief of Ordnance for the United States Army and commander of the Washington Arsenal in Washington, D.C., and his experience with the bells: "I have been told by the daughters of General George D. Ramsay that upon one occasion their father was requested by Colonel John Tayloe… to remain at the Octagon overnight, when we was obliged to be absent, as a protection to his daughters… While the members of the family were at the evening meal, the bells in the house began to ring violently. General Ramsay immediately arose from the table to investigate, but failed to unravel the mystery. The butler, in a state of great alarm, rushed into the dining-room and declared that it was the work of an unseen hand. As they continued to ring, General Ramsay held the rope which controlled the bells, but, it is said, they were not silenced."

By 1874 the bell legend was well established. Mary Clemmer Ames wrote about it: "It is an authenticated fact, that every night at the same hour, all the bells would ring at once. One gentleman, dining with Colonel Tayloe, when this mysterious ringing began, being an unbeliever in mysteries, and a very powerful man, jumped up and caught the bell wires in his hand, but only to be lifted bodily from the floor, while he was unsuccessful in stopping the ringing. Some declare that it was discovered, after a time, that rats were the ghosts who rung the bells; others, that the cause was never discovered, and that finally the family, to secure peace, were compelled to take the bells down and hang them in different fashion. Among other remedies, had been previously tried that of exorcism, but the prayers of the priest who had been summoned availed nought."

The servants' bells are no longer in the house and there are no reports of their continuing to ring today.

Dolley Madison

There are a number of ghostly legends at the Octagon that deal with its early history as a gathering place for the elite of Washington. Dolley Madison is prominent in these legends because she was well known as a hostess during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. She is a very popular ghost in Washington, D.C., and is said to haunt several buildings around town. Dolley and James Madison resided in the Octagon House from September 1814 through March 1815, after the White House was burned by the British.

According to the legends, ghostly receptions are held by Dolley Madison, who is supposedly most often seen in the front hall and drawing room, and the smell of lilacs is noticeable whenever her ghost is present.

Colonel Tayloe's daughters
By far the most intricate and popular of the legends connected with the Octagon is that of the deaths of the Tayloes' daughters. Variations of the legend are so well developed and circulated, that visitors to the house are often thoroughly convinced that they are based on fact. In reality, there is no documentation to support any of them.

The legend, which made its first appearance in a 1908 article run by the Minneapolis Tribune, has appeared on TV shows, and in numerous ghost books, and usually follows a story-line similar to this:

Two of Colonel Tayloe's daughters are said to haunt The Octagon. The first allegedly died before the War of 1812. Colonel Tayloe and his daughter quarreled on the second floor landing over the girl's relationship with a British officer stationed in the city. When the daughter turned in anger to go down the stairs, she fell down the stairs (or over the railing; stories differ) and died. Her specter is allegedly seen crumpled at the bottom of the steps or on the stairs near the second floor landing, and sometimes exhibits itself as the light of a candle moving up the staircase. The other death, stories claim, occurred in 1817 or shortly thereafter. Another of Colonel Tayloe's daughters eloped with a young man, incurring her father's wrath. When she returned home to reconcile with her father, they argued on the third-floor landing. This daughter, too, fell to her death down the stairs (or over the railing), and her shade is alleged to haunt the third floor landing and stairs between the second and third floors.

There is no historical evidence to support these stories. Nothing about the ghosts of the daughters appears before 1908, and none of the Tayloes' daughters died in the Octagon. Of the Tayloes' seven daughters, only three died before the age of 30. Of those, one died in 1800 at the age of one month (Ann Tayloe) and never lived in the Octagon. Rebecca Plater Tayloe died in 1815 at the age of 18, but at that time the Octagon was being rented by President Madison, and the Tayloe family was staying at their Mount Airy Plantation in Richmond County, VA. Sources state that the Tayloe family was "grief stricken by the loss through illness of their eighteen year old daughter Rebecca Plater while at Mount Airy". The next youngest of their surviving daughters to die was Elizabeth Mary Tayloe, who died in 1832 at the age of 26. She died in Washington, D.C., but not at the Octagon House. At the time of her death her father had been dead for four years and she had been married to her husband, Robert Wormeley Carter II, for some time. The four remaining daughters all died over the age of 38. For a complete list of the births and deaths of the Tayloe children, see the John Tayloe III page.

Other reports of ghostly activity
The Octagon was firmly established as a haunted house by 1888, when, it is reported, twelve men decided to spend a night in the house in order to expel the ghosts or prove the legends wrong. A first-hand account was printed in a local newspaper, and this was subsequently quoted or paraphrased in articles printed in 1892, 1934, 1941, 1950, and 1969.
"The hours wore quietly on. The party were dispersed from garret to cellar. At the hour of midnight, as I and two others were crossing the threshold of a room on the second floor, three feminine shrieks rose from the center of the room. Aghast we stood. From all quarters the party rushed… Too brave to desert, yet cowards at heart, we watched the gray light of morning dawn, and each man of us thanked God his night among ghosts was past. After those screams our band was closely knit together… collectively we listened through the waning hours of night to the clanking of sabers and tramping of footfalls."

Museum superintendent Alric H. Clay claimed that in the 1960s spirits would often turn on the lights and open The Octagon's doors late at night.

In the late 1940s, a doctor who had made a house call to the Octagon had a strange encounter on the stairway. Caretaker James Cyprus had summoned the physician for his ailing wife. The doctor was preparing to leave when he mustered up enough courage to ask Cyprus if there was a costume party going on that evening. When Cyprus told him that there wasn't, the doctor looked perplexed and told him of encountering a man on the stairs just a few moments before who had been dressed in a military uniform of the early 1800s.

A gambler shot to death in the home's third-floor bedroom in the late 19th century has been reportedly seen in the room in which he died. A 1912 newspaper article related the story of a man who had stayed for a month in a room in the Octagon which he claimed was visited nightly by the spirit of a man who was killed over a card game held in the room.

There are numerous reports of occurrences in the Octagon that were supposedly caused by the household ghosts. The sound of rustling silk is said to be heard on the main staircase, the hanging lamp in the main hallway allegedly swings by itself, there is a spot at the foot of the main staircase that some people feel they are forced to avoid, and one curator is reported to have found the "tiptoeing tracks of human feet in the undisturbed dust of the top floor landing".

See also
 Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House, the Tayloe mansion built on Lafayette Square
 Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, buildier of said house on Lafayette Square
 List of National Historic Landmarks in the District of Columbia
 List of octagon houses
 List of octagonal buildings and structures in the United States
 List of the oldest buildings in Washington, D.C.
 Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia
 John Tayloe III
 William Thornton
 Architecture of Washington, D.C.

References

Further reading

External links

Octagon House – American Institute of Architects
 National Park Service – Octagon House

1799 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Federal architecture in Washington, D.C.
Foggy Bottom
Historic American Buildings Survey in Washington, D.C.
Historic house museums in Washington, D.C.
Homes of United States Founding Fathers
Houses completed in 1799
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
James Madison
National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
Octagon houses in the United States
Presidential residences in the United States
Reportedly haunted locations in Washington, D.C.
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Tayloe family of Virginia
Tayloe family residences
White House

The Octagon House


Princeton is the northern terminus of the Princeton Branch commuter rail service operated by NJ Transit (NJT), and is located on the Princeton University campus in Princeton, New Jersey. At the branch's southern end at Princeton Junction, connections are available to NJT's Northeast Corridor Line and peak-hour Amtrak trains. The shuttle train between the two stations is known as the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B", for "Princeton Junction and Back". Now running  along a single track, it is the shortest scheduled commuter rail line in the United States. Initial studies have been conducted to add a bus transitway along the Dinky right-of-way as part of a proposed bus rapid transit system.

Service on the Princeton Branch was suspended from October 14, 2018 through May 11, 2019, replaced by shuttle buses, as part of NJT's systemwide service reductions during the installation and testing of positive train control.

Plans to relocate Princeton station 460 ft (140 m) south, proposed by the university in 2006 and approved by NJT and the Princeton Regional Planning Board, were met with opposition from some commuters, residents, alumni, and transportation advocates. The historic 1918 train station closed permanently on August 23, 2013. Approximately 1,200 ft (370 m) to the southeast, a temporary station operated from August 26, 2013 through November 9, 2014, accompanied by various bus routes shuttling among the old station, the temporary station, and Princeton Junction. The new permanent Princeton station, designed by architect Rick Joy, opened on November 17, 2014, with construction continuing on a complex of arts and dining buildings in the surrounding area.

History

The original 1865 location of Princeton station, in what became the university's Blair Courtyard,  south of Nassau Street, was replaced by the 1918 station, built on a site  further south. The historic 1918 station was constructed when the branch was part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) under the direction of architect-engineer Alexander C. Shand, who had also overseen construction of the now-demolished Philadelphia Broad Street Station. Designed in the Collegiate Gothic style, the 1918 Princeton station contained a stone station house, a stone freight house, and a canopy-covered platform. The station has been owned by several different parties since the PRR era: Penn Central (1968–1976), Conrail (1976–June 1984), New Jersey Department of Transportation, New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (to October 1984), and Princeton University. It was listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource.

Relocation controversy
In 2006, Princeton University announced its intention to construct a new arts center, calling for the replacement of the 1918 station house, the shortening of the trackage right-of-way, and the creation of a new terminus  to the south. Rail advocates opposed the relocation, fearing that access to the new station would be less convenient, resulting in decreased ridership that could "threaten the train's existence." The proposal prompted protest from residents, students, faculty and alumni, and led to the creation of the organization Save the Dinky.

In October 2010, the Princeton Regional Planning Board passed a resolution supporting the continuation of train service. On October 3, 2011, Save the Dinky and four local residents filed suit against the university and NJT to stop the move. Meanwhile, the borough, township, and university prepared a memo of understanding in which the school promised to fund a transit study and provide other benefits in exchange for rezoning for the combined arts/transit project.

The station house has been the property of the university since 1984, when it purchased it from NJT, with guarantees of public use. That year it was listed on the state historic register (ID#1742) and in a thematic survey for the National Register of Historic Places. In 2012, NJT requested abandonment of that public use from the state Historic Preservation Office. Save the Dinky contended that the move would breach the original agreement when the property was transferred, would cause inconvenience, and would be poor planning. The university considered it to be a necessary improvement for redevelopment of the neighborhood.

In December 2012, the Regional Planning Board gave approval for the project to proceed. In June 2013, NJT approved a property transfer agreement with the university, involving three parcels around the station and the proposed arts center. The U.S. Surface Transportation Board declined a petition to review the planned move. The New Jersey court system dismissed the 2011 lawsuit in December 2013, and a related appeal in March 2014, and a follow-up petition in July 2014, and a challenge against the Regional Planning Board in January 2015, and two further appeals in February 2016. , weekday ridership was down 20 percent from 2012, the last full year of the old station.

Dinky Transitway
The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission and New Jersey Transit have conducted studies to develop the Central New Jersey Route 1 Bus Rapid Transit Project. Parts of the proposals call for the construction of a "Dinky Transitway" along the Princeton Branch right-of-way, which would incorporate the rail service and add exclusive bus lanes and a greenway for bicycle and pedestrian traffic. In 2011, NJT indicated that moving the station would not be detrimental to its planning.

In April 2012, the university submitted a revised plan for the arts and transit center, calling for the extension of the station's freight house onto the right-of-way for possible use as a restaurant. The Regional Planning Board introduced an ordinance requiring the land be preserved for a transportation right-of-way that could eventually extend farther into the central business district at Nassau Street. According to the university, ownership of the trackage would have to change hands in order for the extended transitway to be implemented. Approvals were subsequently issued for converting the station house and the expanded freight house into a pair of restaurants, preserving two original ticket windows for kitchen views, and using the wooden arrival/departure boards as overhead menus.

Notes

References

External links

 Princeton Junction and Princeton stations (USA RailGuide – TrainWeb)

NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Princeton University buildings
Stations on the Princeton Branch
Railway stations in Mercer County, New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1918
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Mercer County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Railway stations in New Jersey at university and college campuses
Historic district contributing properties in Mercer County, New Jersey
Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations

Princeton station (NJ Transit)


Archway Cookies is an American cookie manufacturer, founded in 1936 in Battle Creek, Michigan. Since December 2008, it has been a subsidiary of Lance Inc., a snack food company, which in turn merged with Snyder's of Hanover to form Snyder's-Lance. Archway is best known for its variations of oatmeal cookies.

History

Swanson Home Style Cookies
In 1936, Harold and Ruth Swanson began baking soft oatmeal cookies and doughnuts in their home's garage in Battle Creek. By the late 1940s, they had discontinued baking doughnuts to focus on cookies. They had 15 different varieties of cookies by 1949. In the 1950s they licensed their cookie recipes and began selling baking franchises in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Canada.

Change of name to Archway Cookies and expansion
The Swansons changed their company name in 1954 to avoid trademark confusion with C.A. Swanson and Sons, which had just begun the national roll-out of their frozen meal line. Archway was chosen for the company's new name, taking its name from the arch motif featured as a part of the original Swanson cookie packaging. The company's licensing agreements continued to grow, with 33 bakeries packaging and marketing Archway cookies, usually within their own states.

Archway's flagship varieties were Oatmeal, Date-Filled Oatmeal, Frosty Lemon, Molasses and Pecan Ice Box, with Oatmeal varieties accounting for 30 percent of product sales. The company emphasized its homemade and fresh approach to baking cookies, and often used the term 'Archway Homestyle Cookies'. Most varieties were packaged in two stacks of six large cookies and wrapped in clear cellophane with a freshness code printed on the front label. Many varieties, such as Ruth's Golden Oatmeal, were 'state fair winning' recipes, selected from entries to company-sponsored baking competitions. Archway's product line quickly expanded to several dozen varieties, including Peanut Jumble, Rocky Road, Mississippi Mud Cake, Fudge Nut Bar, German Chocolate, Black Walnut Ice Box, Date Nut Bar, Iced Spice, New Orleans Cake, Pineapple Filled, Sour Cream, Soft Sugar, and Cookie Jar Hermit.

Development of the National Brand
In 1962, Archway was sold to bakery employee (and Swanson son-in-law) George Markham, who bought back several of the franchises over the next two years, rolling the production into two corporate cookie-manufacturing plants in Ohio and Iowa. This marked the beginning of the development of Archway Cookies as a cohesive national brand as well as a period of rapid growth for the company.

In 1983, Markham sold Archway Cookies, Incorporated to Thomas F. Olin (vice president of Ohio bakery operations) and Eugene McKay (vice president of corporate office), with Olin taking the position of chairman of the board and McKay named as president. Going forward, one of the primary goals of the parent company (Archway Cookies, Inc.) was to establish a more consistent national brand, in order to meet the merchandising, pricing, and promotional requirements of newly emerging national retail grocery chains. This was achieved in part by gaining tighter control of product and pricing. Cooperative marketing agreements were made with a handful of franchises while others were purchased and rolled into the national corporate structure. These changes enabled Archway to participate in national retail promotions and gain stronger shelf position with emerging super-store grocery operators, such as Walmart and Target. In addition, Archway Cookies, Inc. began to implement national marketing positioning strategies with the development of television, radio, and print campaigns such as 'Big Cookie Time', 'The Good Food Cookie', and 'Cookies For Kids' (charity fund-raiser for Children's Miracle Network hospitals).

Another factor in Archway's accelerated sales growth was the popularity of the Archway Holiday Cookie line, which eventually expanded to more than 23 varieties, including Nutty Nougat, Pfeffernüsse, Almond Crescents, Coconut Macaroons, Wedding Cake, and Bells, Trees and Stars. By the late 1980s, Archway had become the largest manufacturer of holiday cookies in the world. Retail stores would often feature promotional Archway 'Cookie House' displays, built with hundreds or thousands of packages of holiday cookies. By the early 1990s, holiday cookies represented more than ten percent of total brand cookie sales.

Product Developments - 'The Good Food Cookie'
Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, Archway began to take advantage of the 'healthful' nature of their cookies, focusing on natural ingredients, no preservatives, and no saturated fat. A strategic key to this was that Archway delivered its product using DSD (Direct Store Delivery) distributors, and was able to manage the product on the shelf more effectively than warehoused cookies. Most Archway varieties had a shelf life of six to eight weeks, enabling the cookies to stay soft and fresh. Archway Cookies, Inc developed a marketing theme, trademarking the phrase 'The Good Food Cookie' to exploit these competitive advantages with consumers and the retail trade. Commensurate with the development of low and non-fat ingredient technologies, Archway introduced a successful 'fat-free' line of cookies and gingersnaps. As a result, Archway Cookies had become a favorite of health-conscious cookie-eaters across the country, driving low-fat and fat-free sales increases of more than 170 percent in 1994.

The company achieved annual unit and dollar sales increases every year between 1990 and 1998, and the brand doubled national retail market share; it expanded from three percent to six percent (IRI and Neilsen), establishing Archway as the third-largest retail cookie brand in the United States. The company also maintained its position as the number one oatmeal and holiday cookie brand in the United States; number two in fat free, fruit filled and gingersnap share, ranking behind Nabisco and Keebler. By the late 1990s, Archway brand sales were exceeding 125,000,000 packages per year.

Changes in ownership - Specialty Foods Corporation / Parmalat / Catterton Partners
On October 30, 1996, Archway Chairman Thomas Olin died suddenly, eventually precipitating the sale of Archway Cookies, Incorporated in 1998 to Specialty Foods Corporation. SFC was concentrating on their baking business and bought Archway Cookies along with San Diego Bread Company for more than US$100+ million. This purchase by SFC occurred in conjunction with its purchase of the Mother's Cookies brand and continued an ongoing trend of consolidation within the industry.

In 2000, Specialty sold the Mother's and Archway brands to Parmalat Finanziaria, a division of Parmalat, for a reported US$250 million. In 2005, Parmalat (plagued by scandals and bankruptcy unrelated to Archway) sold — for an undisclosed amount — what was by then called Archway & Mother's Cookie Co. to Catterton Partners, a private-equity firm specializing in leveraged buyouts, recapitalizations and growth capital investments in middle-market companies. Catterton, in turn, hired Insight Holdings to manage the company, but three Catterton executives were appointed to Archway's board of directors. Former Archway employees claim that Insight largely managed the company through telephone and videoconference calls. Archway had a bank line of credit from Wachovia, a financial-services company, that was dependent on certain financial targets being met. In order to meet these targets and to obtain cash from Wachovia, Archway engaged in an alleged fraud. Specifically, it allegedly began to report bogus sales numbers by booking "virtual sales" which were, in fact, non-existent. Throughout the year (2005) cookie sales began to drop with sales falling to US$152 million. Archway's outside auditors, Ernst & Young, threatened to issue a going-concern qualification on Archway's financial statements.

A series of lawsuits have since been filed against Catterton, Insight Holdings, Archway, and various executives and former executives of each of these companies. In one of the lawsuits, Catterton is accused by a group of creditors that the alleged accounting fraud continued for as long as it did because of the "control, participation and acquiescence" of Catterton.

Lance buys the Archway brand
In December 2008, Lance won the bankruptcy auction for Archway Cookies. Lance reopened the plant in Ashland, Ohio, and Archway again began producing cookies. Following its acquisition of Archway, Lance trimmed Archway's product line from nearly 100 to 21. Archway still manufactures its popular varieties of oatmeal cookies and several of the popular products exclusive to Mother's Cookies prior to their merger, including frosted Animal crackers.

References

External links
 Official website (archived, 6 Apr 2016)

Food and drink companies established in 1936
Bakeries of the United States
Snack food manufacturers of the United States
Brand name cookies
Companies based in Charlotte, North Carolina
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008
Lance Inc. brands
1936 establishments in Michigan

Archway Cookies


HMS Grimsby was a sloop of the British Royal Navy, the lead ship of her class.  Grimsby was built in the 1930s, entering service in 1934. Serving most of her pre-war service at Hong Kong, Grimsby was deployed on convoy escort duties along the East coast of the Britain and in the Mediterranean Sea during the Second World War, and was sunk by dive bombers off Tobruk on 25 May 1941.

Construction and design
On 1 November 1933, the British Admiralty placed orders with Devonport Dockyard for two sloops, Grimsby and , the first of a new class named after Grimsby that was eventually to number eight ships built for the Royal Navy, four for the Royal Australian Navy and one for the Royal Indian Marine. The , while based on the previous , was intended to be a more capable escort vessel than previous sloops, and carried a more powerful armament.

Grimsby was  long overall, with a beam of  and a draught of  at deep load. Displacement was  standard, and  full load. The ship was powered by two geared steam turbines driving two shafts, fed by two Admiralty 3-drum boilers. This machinery produced  and could propel the ship to a speed of . The ship had a range of  at .

Two 4.7 in (120 mm) Mark IX guns were mounted fore and aft on the ship's centreline. As the 4.7 inch guns were low-angle guns, not suited to anti-aircraft use, a single QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun was mounted in "B" position. Four 3-pounder saluting guns and eight machine guns completed the ship's gun armament. The ship could be fitted for minesweeping or minelaying (for which the aft 4.7 inch gun was removed) as well as escort duties. The ship had a crew of 103 officers and men.

Grimsby was laid down on 23 January 1933, launched on 19 July that year and completed on 17 May 1934.

Service
Following commissioning and workup, Grimsby was deployed to the China Station, being based at Kong Kong, carrying out patrols along the coast of China seeking to deter piracy. Grimsby remained on the China station until 1939, her regular duties being punctuated by periodic dockings at Hong Kong or Singapore for refit and repair. Grimsby, along with the cruiser  and the American cruiser , were present at Tsingtao in Eastern China on 10 January 1938, when the city was occupied by Japanese forces. Grimsby underwent a more major refit at Singapore between February and July 1939, after which she was transferred to the East Indies Station, which was responsible for operations in the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Red Sea.

Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Grimsby returned to the United Kingdom, joining the Rosyth Escort Force, and escorting convoys on the East coast of the United Kingdom, mainly between the Firth of Forth and the Thames Estuary. Grimsby was refitted at Leith in April 1940, and was then sent overseas, joining the Red Sea Escort Force at the end of May 1940, escorting convoys between Aden and Suez through to March 1941.

At the end of March, Grimsby transferred to the Mediterranean, carrying out convoy escort duties, including escorting troop convoys to Greece. Germany invaded Greece on 8 April, and soon managed to overwhelm the Greek and British Commonwealth forces, with the British deciding to evacuate mainland Greece on 21 April. The evacuation operation, known as Operation Demon was carried out by naval forces under the command of Vice-Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell, including Grimsby. On 26 April, the British steamer Scottish Price was damaged by German bombers, and Grimsby, along with the destroyer , towed Scottish Prince to Suda Bay, Crete on 27 April. Grimsby and the netlayer  then towed the damaged transport  from Kissamo Bay, Crete to Alexandria.

On 25 May 1941, Grimsby and the trawler  were escorting the tanker  to besieged Tobruk. It was customary for the RAF to provide fighter cover for such convoys along the North African coast, but this was not provided on that day, and seven Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers of the Italian 239a Squadriglia attacked the convoy, sinking Hekla and damaging Grimsby. A second attack by Ju 87s of the German I/StG 1 later in the day sank Grimsby, killing eleven of Grimsbys crew at the cost of one Ju 87 shot down.

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

Grimsby-class sloops
1933 ships
Maritime incidents in May 1941
Military history of Grimsby
Ships sunk by German aircraft
Ships sunk by Italian aircraft
World War II sloops of the United Kingdom

HMS Grimsby (U16)


Karl Ludvig Erlingsøn Bugge (7 April 1902 – 29 January 1981) was a Norwegian civil servant.

Personal life
He was born in Kristiania as a son of civil servant Erling Bugge (1867–1957) and Signe Bugge (1867–1941). This was the Mandal lineage of the Bugge family. He was a nephew of priest Christian August Bugge, Supreme Court Justice Geirulf Bugge and ship-owner Jens Andreas Hjorth Bugge, and a first cousin of barrister Heuch Bugge and art historian Anders Ragnar Bugge.

In 1925 he married Anne Beate Evang, a sister of Karl Evang.

Career
He finished his secondary education in 1920, and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.jur. degree in 1924. He served as a deputy judge from 1925 to 1927, then as a secretary in Riksskattestyret. He was promoted to office manager in 1935, subdiretor in 1946 and ultimately served as director of the Norwegian Tax Administration (Tax Director) from 1948 to 1969.

He was also a noted academic in tax law, publishing Om beskatning av aksjeselskaper (1933; reissued three times), Skatterett I (1946) and Engangsskatten i praksis (1946). He also took over, from Jens Edvard Thomle, the editing of the Norwegian tax laws with commentaries. From 1956 he cooperated with Bj. Skreiberg. He died in 1981.

References

1902 births
1981 deaths
Civil servants from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian legal scholars
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters

Karl Ludvig Bugge


Alexander Parkinson Singleton (5 August 1914 – 22 March 1999) was an English first-class cricketer. An all-rounder, he was a right-handed opening batsman and Right-arm orthodox spin bowler. He played for Worcestershire, captaining the side in 1946, and also captained Oxford University and Rhodesia. In all he scored 4,700 runs and took 240 wickets in first-class cricket.

Born in Repton, Derbyshire, Singleton attended Shrewsbury School, captaining the school cricket team. He then went to Oxford, and won a blue three times. In 1934 he claimed what was to remain his career-best innings return of 6–44 against HDG Leveson-Gower's XI at Reigate. He also made his Worcestershire debut in 1934, playing for both county and university for several seasons, and in the last of these (1937) he captained the university side and was selected by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) to tour Canada.

He then played for Worcestershire (as an amateur) and while teaching at Repton School. Singleton later recalled that in Worcestershire's match against the Australians in 1938 he just failed to hold on to a catch at leg slip that would have dismissed Bradman for nought: in the event he went on to score 258!

In Worcestershire's final game before the outbreak of war, Singleton made the first of his four centuries, hitting an unbeaten 102 against Nottinghamshire, and when county cricket resumed in 1946, Singleton was made captain of Worcestershire, and enjoyed the most productive summer of his career: he scored 1,773 runs in first-class cricket at an average of 34.09, as well as taking 43 wickets at 28.23. He made three centuries and ten half centuries, his best being 164 in a nine-wicket victory over Warwickshire in late June.

Whilst serving with the Royal Air Force in Rhodesia during the war, Singleton had met his wife Polly; they married in 1941 and had five children: three sons and two daughters. After the end of the 1946 English season they emigrated to Rhodesia permanently, and although he concentrated on farming, he played nine times for the Rhodesian side between 1946–47 and 1949–50, once again being appointed as captain.

After he had retired from playing, Singleton spent nearly twenty years (1964–1983) teaching at Peterhouse Boys' School in Marondera, and in 1985 he and his wife emigrated again, this time to Australia where they settled in Wagga Wagga. Singleton was not a fan of modern one-day cricket – what he called "the pyjama game" - and believed that it had had an adverse effect on Test cricket itself. He continued to follow cricket via television until he was afflicted with Alzheimer's disease, and died in Wagga Wagga at the age of 84.

Singleton also played league football.  His brother Michael played three times for Worcestershire in 1946.

External links

English cricketers
White Rhodesian people
Worcestershire cricketers
Worcestershire cricket captains
Oxford University cricketers
Rhodesia cricketers
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
1914 births
1999 deaths
Free Foresters cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

Sandy Singleton


The Lone Wolf is a 1917 American silent drama film based on the 1914 novel The Lone Wolf by Louis Joseph Vance. Starring Bert Lytell and Hazel Dawn, it was adapted for the screen by George Edwardes-Hall and produced and directed by Herbert Brenon. No prints of the film are known to survive, so it is currently classified as lost.

Synopsis
Burke is a master crook who adopts a young boy (Marcel) after the boy saves him from being arrested by the police. Burke then teaches the youngster how to be a crook, and after he becomes a master in the profession, he changes his name and works as Michael Lanyard. The Paris police give him the moniker of "The Lone Wolf", due to his unique work in the profession. However, a gang of criminals (The Pack) has taken notice of his clever work, and tell him that unless he joins their gang, they will destroy him. Lucy is an undercover agent posing as a crook to infiltrate the gang, and goes on to help the Wolf escape the gang via a plane to England. The Pack follows them, but are killed in a plane crash. After the gang is killed, "The Wolf" swears he will go straight and he eventually marries Lucy.

Cast
Hazel Dawn as Lucy Shannon
Bert Lytell as Michael Lanyard (The Lone Wolf)
Cornish Beck as Marcel
Stephen Grattan as Burke
Alfred Hickman as Eckstrom
Ben Graham as Thibault
Robert Fisher as Bannon
William Riley Hatch as De Moriban
Joseph Chailles as Popinot
William E. Shay as Werthheimer
Edward Abeles as Ducroy
Florence Ashbrooke as  Madame Troyon
Juliet Brenon as Thibault's maid

Background

The character The Lone Wolf was a popular crime figure in theaters from 1917 to 1949, and was featured in at least twenty-four films. The character was initially developed by Vance in his 1914 novel of the same name. Selznick later purchased the rights from Vance for his 1917 film. Bert Lytell was the first actor to play the role, but Warren William who appeared in nine films featuring the character from 1939 to 1943, was arguably the most closely associated with the role. In 1946 Gerald Mohr followed William as the Wolf for three films through 1948; additionally the Mutual Radio Network broadcast a radio series with Gerald Mohr as the title character, which aired for about six months. In 1954, a television series was created based on Vance's character with Louis Hayward playing the title role. The series was in syndication for one season with 39 episodes produced. The show was also sometimes titled Streets of Danger.

Reviews and reception
Joseph L. Kelley, film critic for Motion Picture News, gave The Lone Wolf high marks, describing it as "a most remarkable production, bristling with tense moments, strong action, human incidents and powerful drama". Kelley also praised Lytell's performance, stating that he "moves with the agility and pep of a Fairbanks", while Hazel Dawn is noted as being "average" in her performance. A review in The New York Clipper, said the film "is a criterion in intense melodrama of the most advanced style. Its embellishments, refinements and polish is the last word in modern picture plays". The Clipper also reported that the film had "gone over heavier than any big feature shown in New York within the last year", and that Selznick had received a big advance demand for the film throughout the country.

References

External links

1917 films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Selznick Pictures films
1917 crime drama films
The Lone Wolf films
1910s American films
Silent American crime drama films

The Lone Wolf (1917 film)


The Astra Chamber Music Society is a concert organisation for choral music and contemporary performance, based in Melbourne, Australia and under the musical direction of John McCaughey.

Astra presents an annual series of concerts featuring the Astra Choir. The concerts present new and original work from all musical periods, ranging from medieval tropes and Vietnamese work songs through recent European and American music to newly commissioned Australian compositions. Each Astra program is planned as an event that engages the audience with the stimulus of contrasting materials, extending from the sound of voices to combinations with instruments, electro-acoustics, text and theatre.

Astra also publishes CD recordings of the work of the Astra Choir and associated artists. It also has a continuing project to publish scores of the works of the influential Australian composer, performer and educator Keith Humble.

History
Astra was formed in 1951 as an orchestra of women musicians under the direction of Madame Asta Flack, a violinist and conductor who had migrated to Australia from Lithuania.

In 1958, George Logie-Smith became Musical Director, extending the orchestra to include men and a larger wind section and founding the Astra Choir. Over a period of 20 years, he developed links with Australian composers as well as giving performance of choral and chamber orchestral repertoire rarely heard at that time (for example the Bach Passions, Stravinsky's Les Noces, and works by Bartok, Britten, Penderecki et al.)

Since John McCaughey became Musical Director in 1978, the Astra Choir has provided the principal focus of concerts, joined by many of Australia's leading contemporary instrumental performers as guests.

Robert Smallwood was Director of Astra in the period 1983-4, and other guest directors (Joan Pollock, Graeme Leak, Kenneth Gaburo, Sue Healey, Anne Thompson, William Henderson and Allan Walker) have extended the Choir's work into the domains of film, dance and improvisation.

Since 1978, Astra has performed over 1280 individual works by about 430 composers (170 of them Australian) in almost 70 different venues throughout Melbourne and regional Victoria.

Funding

Astra is funded by the Australia Council for the Arts, Arts Victoria, the William Angliss Trust, Diana Gibson and a number of private benefactors.

Awards

Astra's contribution to musical and performing life in Australia has been recognised by numerous awards and commissions including:

 Sidney Myer Performing Arts Award 1987
 Australian Music Centre's 1998 National Award for the Best Australian Composition (for Lawrence Whiffin's 'Murchitt - a Daydream'),
 Australian Music Centre's 2000 National and Victorian Awards for Outstanding Contribution to Australian Music to Astra's Director, John McCaughey

References

Australian choirs
Music organisations based in Australia
Sheet music publishing companies
Music publishing companies of Australia
Musical groups established in 1951
1951 establishments in Australia

Astra Chamber Music Society


Daylesford is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range, within the Shire of Hepburn,  and about 108 kilometres north-west of Melbourne. The town was first settled in 1852 as a gold-mining town. There were 2,548 people living in Daylesford in 2016.

The area around the town, including Hepburn Springs to the north, is known for its natural spring mineral spas. Over 80 per cent of Australia's sparkling mineral water is found in this area.

Daylesford is one of Australia's few spa towns. Many people visit for the spas, as well as the restaurants and galleries. It is also the filming location for the third season of The Saddle Club.

The area was the home of the Djadja Wurrung Aborigines. Farmers began to move into the district in 1838. In 1848, Irish immigrant John Egan took up land on the future town site then known as Wombat Flat. He and a party of searchers found gold in 1851 on land now covered by Lake Daylesford. This started a local gold rush. More gold was found around the area. The town site was surveyed and founded in 1852. At first the town was called Wombat, and later renamed Daylesford.

In 1859 there were 3400 people digging for gold. The post office opened on 1 February 1858  and a telegraph office was opened in August 1859. Daylesford was declared a municipality in 1859 and a borough in the early 1860s.

By the 1860s all the alluvial gold had been found. Large mines were built to get the gold that was found underground in the quartz reefs. Mining continued until the 1930s. In later years Daylesford became associated as being a fashionable spa resort, this ended during the Great Depression. In the 1990s it became fashionable again.

The Daylesford Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1990.

Climate
Daylesford is  above sea level. It has a cooler, wetter climate than Melbourne. Summer (January–February) temperatures range from . July temperatures are cold, ranging from about  to . Annual precipitation, occasionally falling as snow, averages about . In some years, rainfall has been as low as  to over  in other years.

Economy

The Daylesford-Hepburn Springs area, has 65 mineral springs. This is more than 80 per cent of Australia's known mineral water springs. As a result, there are a number of spa developments including Hepburn Bathhouse & Spa, Mineral Spa at Peppers Springs Retreat and Salus Spa, Lake House. The town holds a number of annual events, including the ChillOut Festival in March each year, the largest gay and lesbian festival in rural and regional Australia; the Harvest Week Festival; the lavender festival; and the Hepburn Springs Swiss Italian Festival celebrating the town's Swiss-Italian heritage.

Major industries in the economy of Daylesford today are healthcare, accommodation and food, and retail trade.

The town has several primary schools and one public secondary school, Daylesford Secondary College. The secondary college began as a mining school in 1890. Other schools include Daylesford Primary School, St. Michael's Primary School, and Daylesford Dharma School.

Transport

The Midland Highway runs directly through the town. It links to Castlemaine in the north and Ballarat in the south-west.

The railway to the town closed in 1978. The railway layout at Daylesford station was unusual in that the lines from Creswick and Carlsruhe both entered the station from the same end. The Daylesford Spa Country Railway currently operates a Sunday tourist service to Musk and Bullarto along the line towards Carlsruhe.

Sport
The town has an Australian Rules football team which plays in the Central Highlands Football League.
There is also the Daylesford and Hepburn United Soccer Club also known as the Saints .The Saints have won four league titles in their 20-year history along with two cup finals.

Notable people
 David Bromley - (born 1960), artist, worked in Daylesford
 Karl von Möller - Movie director and cinematographer (15 Daly Street until 2012)

 Michael Leunig - Cartoonist
 Eugene von Guerard - Painter
 (captain) John Stuart Hepburn - early pastoralist and landholder
 John Egan - early pastoralist and landholder
 Joseph Furphy - Novelist
 George Raymond Johnson - Architect (designed the Daylesford Town Hall)
 David Allison - Politician
 Keith Bradbury - Politician
 Peter Corrigan - Architect
 Josh Cowan - AFL football
 Bessie Lee Cowie - Social reformer
 Charlie Foletta - VFL football
 Jack Gervasoni - VFL football
 Chris Grant - AFL football
 Lynda Heaven - Politician
 Merv Hobbs - VFL football
 Samuel Johnson - Actor
 Peter Loney - Politician
 Cecily Maude O'Connell - Trade unionist and religious social worker
 Charlie Pannam (footballer, born 1874) - Football
 Ambrose McCarthy Patterson - Painter and printmaker
 Alfred Cecil Rowlandson - Publisher
 Edward Russell - Trade unionist
 Jack Stevens - Major General (Australian Army)
 Abigail Wehrung - Basketball
 Carl Willis - VFL football and cricket
 Sir Charles Hotham - State governor
 Ferdinand von Mueller - Botanist

Gallery

References

Sources
 Daylesford Advocate, Mercury, Express, Mercury-Express. 1859-1870

Other websites

Towns in Victoria (Australia)

Daylesford, Victoria