EF Education–TIBCO–SVB is a women's professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing. The team's main sponsors are TIBCO Software, Silicon Valley Bank and EF Education First. The owner is Linda Jackson, a former professional cyclist.

Team history
Team EF Education–TIBCO–SVB is the longest running women's professional cycling team in North America and traces its roots back to the Palo Alto Bicycles Women's (PABW) team. The team was created by Stanford MBA and investment banker, Linda Jackson. Jackson left investment banking in the early 90s to pursue her dream of becoming an Olympian. After becoming Canada's National Champion in 1995, Jackson was selected to represent Canada in the time trial and road race at the 1996 Atlanta Games. She went on to win the bronze medal at the 1996 World Championship Road Race in Lugano, Switzerland and accumulated numerous Canadian national championship titles in the road race and time trial. Cycling gave Jackson so much personally, that when she retired from the sport, she knew she wanted to help other women pursue their cycling aspirations.

Jackson became involved with PABW on a coaching basis in 2004, directed the team in 2005 and then added TIBCO as a sponsor in 2005 in order to help the team grow from a local racing team to a national-level team. Racing as PABW powered by TIBCO in 2006, the team finished the year ranked 36th overall in North America, up from 60th overall the year before. The following year, Jackson added Silicon Valley Bank as a sponsor. Jackson also created the Silicon Valley Cycling Foundation; a 501c3 formed to help develop promising female cyclists into top international competitors. The team soon rose to the top of the North American peloton and then began an expansion into International racing.

In 2008, the Team won both the National Road Race and Criterium (Brooke Miller) and was ranked 4th overall in North America. In 2009, the team became the top team in North America, won the National Road Race (Meredith Miller) and was named Team of the Year by VeloNews. In 2010, the team expanded to racing in Europe. In 2012, Team TIBCO won the National Road Race for the third time in five years with Megan Guarnier. In 2013 and 2014 the team repeated as the top team in North America. In 2015 Silicon Valley Bank became a co-title sponsor and the team added significantly more international events to its race calendar.

In 2017, the Team added four more National Championships to its tally with both Íngrid Drexel (Mexico) and Nicolle Bruderer (Guatemala) scoring double wins in the road race and time trial. 2018 started off with yet another national championship win; this time with new recruit Shannon Malseed winning the Australia National championship road race. In 2019, the team won the Australian national road race championship again, this time with new recruit Sarah Gigante. In 2020, Gigante won another national championship title, this time winning the Australian national time trial championships.

In 2022, the team joined the UCI Women's World Tour and became known as EF Education–TIBCO–SVB. During that season, Emma Langley secured overall victory in the 2022 Joe Martin Stage Race after winning the stage 3 time trial, and the team successfully defending the jersey through the final day's criterium stage.

In 2023, Alison Jackson won Paris–Roubaix Femmes in a sprint finish after the break stayed away from the chasing pack - with the team describing the win as the biggest in their history.

At the end of 2023 both SVB and TIBCO will stop their sponsorship. EF Education announced a new women's team (EF Education-Cannondale), however it is unclear if any riders or staff would move to the new team. Veronica Ewers was announced as signing for the new EF Education-Cannondale team.

Team roster

Major wins

2008
 United States National Road Race Championships, Brooke Miller
2009
 United States National Road Race Championships, Meredith Miller
2010
Sprints classification Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin, Brooke Miller
Stage 4 Cascade Cycling Classic, Jo Kiesanowski
Stage 2 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche, Ruth Corset
Gloucester Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
Providence Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
Iowa City Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
Iowa City Cyclo-cross, Amanda Miller
2011
Overall UCI Track World Cup (Beijing) Omnium, Tara Whitten
Individual Pursuit, Tara Whitten
Overall Giro della Toscana Int. Femminile – Memorial Michela Fanini, Megan Guarnier
Iowa City Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
Iowa City Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
Los Angeles Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
Los Angeles Cyclo-cross, Meredith Miller
2012
Prologue The Exergy Tour, Tara Whitten
2013
Overall Joe Martin Stage Race, Claudia Häusler
Prologue, Claudia Häusler
Stage 6 Nature Valley Grand Prix, Claudia Häusler
Stage 1 Cascade Cycling Classic, Claudia Häusler
Chrono Gatineau, Shelley Olds
Madison Cup (Points race), Rushlee Buchanan
Challenge International sur piste (Points race), Jasmin Glaesser
Challenge International sur piste (Scratch), Rushlee Buchanan
Overall Giro della Toscana Int. Femminile – Memorial Michela Fanini, Claudia Häusler
Saint Louis Cyclo-cross, Amanda Miller
2014
Tour of America's Dairyland – Giro d'Grafton, Samantha Schneider
Overall Cascade Cycling Classic, Lauren Stephens
Mountains classification, Andrea Dvorak
Prologue, Stages 1 & 2, Lauren Stephens
Stage 3, Kristabel Doebel-Hickok
Stage 4, Jo Kiesanowski
2015
Stage 4 (ITT) Tour Femenino de San Luis, Lauren Stephens
 Mountains classification Women's Tour of New Zealand, Joanne Hogan
 Overall Joe Martin Stage Race, Lauren Stephens
Stage 1 (ITT), Lauren Stephens
Stage 3 (ITT) Tour of the Gila, Lauren Stephens
 Points classification Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska, Lauren Stephens
Stage 5, Kristabel Doebel-Hickok
Stage 2 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche, Lauren Stephens
Stage 5 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche, Kristabel Doebel-Hickok
2016
Stage 4 (ITT) Tour Femenino de San Luis, Lauren Stephens
Stage 4 Joe Martin Stage Race, Lauren Stephens
2017
Stage 2 Tour of the Gila, Lex Albrecht
Chrono Gatineau, Lauren Stephens
Winston-Salem Cycling Classic, Lauren Stephens
Stage 2 Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen, Lex Albrecht
Stage 4 (ITT) Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen, Lauren Stephens
 Combativity award Stage 5 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche, Lex Albrecht
2018
Stage 5 Redlands Bicycle Classic, Emma Grant
Stage 3 Valley of the Sun Stage Race, Kendall Ryan
Stage 1 Tour of California, Kendall Ryan
Overall Armed Forces Association Cycling Classic, Kendall Ryan
Clarendon Cup, Kendall Ryan
2019
Stage 2 Joe Martin Stage Race, Shannon Malseed
 Overall Tour of the Gila, Brodie Chapman
Stages 1 & 5, Brodie Chapman
White Spot / Delta Road Race, Alison Jackson
Stage 2 Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska, Brodie Chapman
Stage 2 Women's Tour of Scotland, Alison Jackson
2020
Overall Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche, Lauren Stephens
Points classification, Lauren Stephens
Stage 4, Kristen Faulkner
2021
Stage 1 Ladies Tour of Norway, Kristen Faulkner
Stages 2 & 3 (ITT) Joe Martin Stage Race, Emma Langley
2022
 Mountains classification Tour of the Gila Kristabel Doebel-Hickok
Team classification
Stages 1 & 3 (ITT), Kristabel Doebel-Hickok
Stage 2 Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs, Veronica Ewers
 Overall 2022 Joe Martin Stage Race, Emma Langley
Stage 3 (ITT), Emma Langley
Clasica Femenina Navarra, Veronica Ewers
2023
1st Paris–Roubaix Femmes, Alison Jackson

National and world champions

2008
 USA Road Race, Brooke Miller
2009
 USA Road Race, Meredith Miller
2010
 Australia Road Race, Ruth Corset
2011
 World Track (Omnium), Tara Whitten
 Canada Track (Omnium), Tara Whitten
2012
 USA Road Race, Megan Guarnier
 USA Track (Pursuit), Lauren Hall
2015
 USA Criterium, Kendall Ryan
2017
 Mexican Road Race, Íngrid Drexel
 Mexican Time Trial, Íngrid Drexel
 Guatemala Time Trial, Nicolle Bruderer
 Guatemala Road Race, Nicolle Bruderer
2018
 Australia Road Race, Shannon Malseed
 Guatemala Time Trial, Nicolle Bruderer
 Mexican Time Trial, Íngrid Drexel
 Oceania Road Race, Sharlotte Lucas
2019
 Oceania Road Race, Sharlotte Lucas
2020
 Australia Time Trial, Sarah Gigante
2021
 Australia Time Trial, Sarah Gigante
 USA Road Race, Lauren Stephens
 USA Cyclo-cross, Clara Honsinger
2022
 Israel Time Trial, Omer Shapira
 Israel Road Race, Omer Shapira
 USA Road Race, Emma Langley

2023
 Canada Road Race, Alison Jackson

References

External links

UCI Women's Teams
Cycling teams based in the United States
Women's sports clubs and teams in the United States
Cycling teams established in 2006
2006 establishments in California

EF Education–Tibco–SVB


Deacon Shem Drowne (December 4, 1683 – January 13, 1774) was a colonial coppersmith and tinplate worker in Boston, Massachusetts, and was America's first documented weathervane maker. He is most famous for the grasshopper weathervane atop of Faneuil Hall, well known as a symbol of Boston.

Background
He was born near Sturgeon Creek in what is now Eliot, York County, Maine. He was the third son of Leonard Drowne, a shipbuilder who came from Penryn, Cornwall, to what was then part of Kittery in Massachusetts. Leonard helped organize and build the first Baptist Church in Maine in 1682. During King William's War many Maine towns were raided and English settlements were massacred by the Wabanaki Indians in conjunction with the French. In 1696, 28 members of the Baptist Church moved to Charleston, South Carolina, and established the first Baptist church there. The Drownes moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1699 due to the ongoing war and violence.

Shem married Katherine Clark on September 18, 1712, in Boston. Katherine was the daughter of Capt. Timothy Clark and sister of Boston brazier and pewterer, Jonas Clark.

Shem's older brother Solomon was the grandfather of Revolutionary War Surgeon Solomon Drowne. In 1721, he was made a deacon of the  First Baptist Church of Boston.

Simeon Drowne, Shem's younger brother, was the fourth son of Leonard Drowne. Born April 8, 1686, and died in Boston on August 2, 1734. Buried in Copps Hill Cemetery in Boston. He was a shipwright. It is believed that he created the framework for Shem's Grasshopper weathervane.

Life
Shem was a coppersmith with a shop on Ann Street (now North Street) in the North End. He was baptized in the First Baptist Church of Boston in 1713 along with the future pastor of that church. In May 1721, he was elected a Deacon of the church and served this position until his death in 1774.

Career: pioneering metalworker and North America's first weathervane maker
According to the colonial diarist Thomas Newell, Shem Drowne "was the first tin plate worker that ever came to Boston, New England." He worked as a tin plate worker and a coppersmith. He is on lists of colonial silversmiths as a result of a silver beaker marked "SD," tentatively attributed to him. However, antiquarian Francis Hill Bigelow wrote "the attribution to Shem Drowne of Boston is probably erroneous. There seems to be no evidence that Drowne was a silversmith". This corresponds with Suffolk County deeds which lists Drowne's occupation as tinplate worker. Drowne's nephew, his sister-in-law's child Timothy Parrott, was a Boston silversmith. His grand-nephews, Samuel Drowne and  Benjamin Drown, and Samuel's sons, Thomas Pickering Drown and Daniel P. Drown, were all notable practicing silversmiths from Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

In 1716, he created America's first authenticated weathervane, a gilded American Indian archer, for the cupola of Providence House in Boston, which in 1716 became the official residence of the royal governor. In 1721 he created a rooster weathervane (also known as the weathercock) for the New Brick Church on Hanover St,  the vane is now on First Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1740 he made the  copper swallow-tailed banner weathervane that is now atop Old North Church in Boston.

The Grasshopper Weathervane

His most famous work is the weathervane on top of Faneuil Hall. Commissioned by Peter Faneuil in 1742, it was designed to complement the grasshopper weathervane atop the Royal Exchange in the City of London, and help symbolize the new building as the capital of finance in the New World. The grasshopper is copper gilded with gold leaf with glass eyes. The vane fell off the building during the earthquake of 1755 which shook Boston. He and his son Thomas repaired it and remounted it.

In 1768 Thomas placed a note labeled "food for the grasshopper" in the belly of the grasshopper. It read:

The weathervane is the only part of Faneuil Hall which remains totally unmodified from the original 1742 structure. In 1805, Charles Bulfinch expanded the building and moved the cupola from the middle of the building to the front. In 1974 the vane was stolen but recovered in less than a week.

Drowne's Wooden Image
Nathaniel Hawthorne credited Shem Drowne for being the inspiration for his retelling of Pygmalion (mythology), Drowne's Wooden Image, in his collection of shorts in Mosses from an Old Manse. His short story, first published in 1844, recasts "Deacon Drowne" as a woodcarver who made trade signs and wooden figures for various shops and a notable statue of Admiral Edward Vernon in Boston. In the story "Deacon Drowne" is approached by a ship-captain to produce a figurehead for his brig, claiming "nothing like the brig ever swam the ocean, so I am determined she shall have such a figurehead as old Neptune never saw in his life" and giving secret instructions for its completion. During the story, Drowne is visited by contemporary Bostonian artist John Singleton Copley who is impressed by his craftsmanship and inquires about his unfinished work and returns daily to check on the progress of the figurehead.  There is no evidence that the real Shem Drowne did any carving, but the story clearly references him as the creator of the American Indian Archer weathervane.

The Drowne claim of the Pemaquid Patent
In 1631, the Plymouth Council for New England granted two merchants from Bristol, England, Robert Aldsworth and Gyles Elbridge,  near what would become Bristol, Maine in a document known as the Pemaquid Patent. Gyles survived Aldworth and passed it to his son John, who in turn passed it to his brother Thomas. In 1650, Thomas Elbridge mortgaged Monhegan Island and Damariscove Island to Richard Russell, and sold half the Patent's land, half of his furniture, and half of his cattle for £200 to Paul White. In 1653, White and Elbridge conveyed the entire Moiety title to Russell and Nicholas Davidson, who in turn became sole owner of the patents from Russell in 1657. Elbridge continued to live in Pemaquid (Bristol) and called himself the "Merchant of Pemaquid" After the Second Anglo-Dutch War the Duke of York claimed the land as his under a royal charter.

Drowne's wife Katherine Clark, was a partial heir to the Davidson claim of the Pemaquid Patents, and Drowne acquired power of attorney from the other heirs. What became known as the "Drowne Claim" encompassed Bristol, Bremen, Damariscotta, and parts of Newcastle and Nobleboro. Other claims of the time included the "Brown Right" and the "Tappen Right." Starting in the 1730s, Drowne filed a number of depositions in order to gain control of the Drowne Claim.

On June 12, 1746, he bought Monhegan Island and its surrounding islands for £10, 13 shillings. His son later sold the island for £160. He died in 1774 and his estate bequested £6, 13s, 4d to the First Baptist Church of Boston.

In popular culture
Shem Drowne is mentioned in the video game Fallout 4, and the grasshopper weathervane atop Faneuil Hall and the note Thomas placed within are central to the sidequest "The Gilded Grasshopper", in which the player is tasked with finding Shem Drowne's grave to recover his treasure and a unique weapon.

References

External links
 A History of the Faneuil Hall Grasshopper
 A Brief History of Weather Vanes
 Weather Vane Trivia
 Deacon Shem Drown
 The Drowne Silversmiths of Portsmouth
 Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Drowne's Wooden Image"

1683 births
1774 deaths
People from Eliot, Maine
People from colonial Boston
American people of English descent
American silversmiths
American coppersmiths
Burials in Boston
Massachusetts colonial-era clergy

Shem Drowne


Hanhart is a Swiss-German watch company that was established by Johann A. Hanhart in Diessenhofen, Switzerland, in 1882. Today, it makes Bicompax chronographs and stopwatches.

History
On 1 July 1882, the Swiss watchmaker Johann A. Hanhart opened a watch shop in Diessenhofen, in north-eastern Switzerland. In 1902, he relocated his business to Schwenningen, southern Germany. In 1924, Hanhart launched his first stopwatch, and a short time later, the product range was extended to include pocket watches and wristwatches. From 1932 onwards, following the death of his father, Wilhelm Julius Hanhart concentrated on manufacturing raw movements. In 1938, the first single-button chronograph with the "Calibre 40" entered series production, pilot's chronographs following in 1939. In the following years, Hanhart concentrated on the production of time-measuring instruments.

Today, Hanhart produces its instrument watches and stopwatches in its workshops in Gütenbach, southern Germany. The registered offices of the brand are in Diessenhofen, Switzerland.

References

External links
 (in French) La montre oubliée de Steve McQueen rééditée Le Figaro
 (in French) Réédition du fameux chrono 417 de Steve McQueen

Further reading
 Schmid, Hans Heinrich: Lexikon der Deutschen Uhrenindustrie 1850 - 1980. Villingen-Schwenningen: Förderkreis Lebendiges Uhrenindustriemuseum e.V., 2005, . (German)

Watch brands

Hanhart


In computer science, a data type is the combination of a value range with permissible operations.
Datatype is frequently shortened to type.

Programming
Data types in programming allow the programmer to perform operations on a datum.
Every datum has an associated data type.

In the Pascal programming language, the data 42 has the data type integer.
 The data type integer has a certain range of allowed values. For example, on an 8-bit computer, this range includes all whole numbers between -127 and 127. The value 1337, however, is not an allowed integer value.
 Furthermore, the data type integer allows certain operations: The operation + can take two integer dates and calculates their combined sum. There are many more operations. All those operations characterize the data type integer.
A data type forms a unit:
Together, the specific permissible range and legal operations are referred to as a "concrete data type."
When a programmer or the compiler reads the word integer in the source code, they automatically understand which values and operations are allowed.

Availability

High-level
Data types are an abstract concept.
This concept primarily appears in high-level programming languages.
Virtually all high-level programming language explicitly include the notion of data type.
Common basic data types may include:
 integers
 Boolean values
 characters (individual letters) and strings
 a subset of real numbers

Usually, these and other basic data types can be combined to custom data types using structure concepts like:
 arrays
 sets
 records

Low-level
The notion of data types as presented above is unknown in assembly language, a low-level programming language.
All computers know integer number values.
Modern computers also know real numbers in binary.
But there is no rigid enforcement of proper "data type" use.
Assembly language does not prevent using an integer as if it were a real number.
This is intentional, because assembly language is the basis of all (high-level) programming languages.

Yet, the processor's machine code sets the limits.
Usually, the only "data types" are:
 register names
 memory addresses
 immediate values
All of which may be further differentiated by their size, how many Bytes each of those occupies, or—in the case of memory address—how many Bytes the referenced object occupies.

Related pages
 File format: describes how to read or write a computer file (legal operations) and what this file may contain (permissible value range)
 variable: variables in computer programming frequently require a data type

Sources

Computer science

Data type


The Scottish Gas Board was a state-owned utility providing gas for light and heat to industries and homes in Scotland. The Board was established on 1 May 1949, and dissolved in 1973 when it became a region of the British Gas Corporation.

Problems arising from nationalising part of the British gas industry
The first chairman of the board was Sir Andrew Clow who established the headquarters at 25 Drumsheugh Gardens and 12 Rothesay Terrace Edinburgh. He served until 30 April 1956. In the last of his quarterly letters to his senior management, he reflected on the experience of centralising the control of over two hundred independent undertakings. The remainder of the article is abstracted from that letter and includes explanatory remarks.

Functions of gas undertakings
Each undertaking performed the functions of coal gas production and distribution through underground pipes to domestic, commercial and industrial customers, sales promotion, finance, etc. Some works were too small to remain viable and one at Wigton was closed. Studies were conducted to establish whether previously rival works could be integrated, both managerially and physically by linking their distribution systems.

Ownership of Scottish gas undertakings
Most of the larger gas undertakings had been owned by local authorities and employed many expert and talented engineers. However the same authorities were also owners of electricity generating and supply companies (the main rivals of the gas industry); the local authorities had felt no need to promote competition.

Post-war issues
Immediately after World War II there was a chronic shortage of pipes (for mains replacement and extension to new customers), and other materials. Most gas pipes were made of cast iron and often leaked at the joints. Actual 'unaccounted for gas' (loss through leakage and other losses) was estimated as being as much as 25%. Refurbishment and replacement of pipes was a priority, for safety reasons. Little preventive work was carried out; distribution engineering was usually initiated by the detection of a leak.

Many gas works had not been adequately maintained, the price of coal and of coke oven gas was rising, contractors were in short supply and the Scottish rating system at that time was such that 'profits might prove as damaging as losses'.

Cost-based pricing
Regarding gas tariffs, the chairman wrote "we must keep the allocation of charges between customers fairly close to our estimate of their individual costs and we do not have the freedom of private companies to discriminate between customers whose conditions are similar." This was a reference to the notion that pricing of state-owned produce should reflect cost as accurately as possible (a cost-plus pricing model). This was in very sharp contrast to the free-market concept of charging 'what the market will bear' i.e. the highest price that still enables sufficient competitive advantage to retain that customer, thus capturing all the consumer surplus.

Losing market share
Gas was losing share of the industrial market in Scotland because of falling oil prices. One of the largest refinery sites in the country was located almost at the centre of the industrial belt.

Domestic customers were becoming ever more sensitive to the price of gas as electric heating, in various forms, became relatively cheaper.

New house building after the war was on an unprecedented scale on mainly green-field sites beyond the reach of gas mains. Government rules about return on investment often made mains extension impossible, again to the detriment of suppliers of gas versus electricity.

Personnel problems
While the chairman was confident about the technical expertise of the staff he had inherited, he recognised that, unlike the previous owners, it was necessary to promote gas sales by 'educational advertisement and display, canvassing and salesmanship' and by making 'more contact with domestic customers, local authorities and various personalities'. The industry had, hitherto, been managed mainly by professional engineers, whose aim was to produce and distribute gas as cheaply as possible, bearing in mind that, in the interest of safety, demand had to be met at all times.

Managerial priorities
A failure to supply for any reason had dire consequences. Not only might it entail prosecution for breach of statutory responsibilities, but restoration of supply required, and still requires, every home to be visited to ensure that all gas taps are turned off (including the main supply to the premises). The procedure then requires pipes to be purged to ensure that any explosive mixture of gas and air is removed before the main is pressurised again. Finally, every household had to be visited again to ensure safe restoration of supply.

Consequently, the engineer manager was more concerned about ensuring continuity of supply and with balancing supply with demand on an hourly basis. The notion that in addition to performing his delicate task, he would have to 'sell' gas by making personal contact with potential customers was unusual.

The chairman admitted that "the great amount of work that re-organisation has involved has also had some effect, especially in the bigger places, in leaving Managers too little time to move around and to have frequent and close contact with others at work, whether they are stokers or typists, or mainlayers or meter readers in whatever capacity they serve". Customer contact not mentioned.

Industrial relations
The chairman remarked on the good relations the Board had with the trade unions and, although he welcomed increasing wages, he deplored the fact that wage negotiations were conducted at national level (by the Gas Council) and that wage awards were "above what the cost of living and our (Scottish) position justified."  He regretted that he had to mark his departure with a concomitant rise in gas prices.

Last thoughts
The chairman concluded his account by remarking that "... a first class plant, first class gas and coke, a first class office and showroom, a first class financial system are all admirable. But these and many more gadgets in the machine will be of little value unless those using them add to their professional competence a sense of vocation and an anxiety to brighten up what Wordsworth calls 'the still, sad music of humanity.'"

Undertakings in Scotland vested at nationalisation
The Board took over the following local authority and privately owned gas production and supply utilities:

 Aberdeen Corporation (County of the City of Aberdeen)
 Aberlady and Gullane Gas Company
 Airdrie Burgh Corporation
 Alloa Burgh Corporation
 Alyth Gas Light Company
 Arbroath Burgh Corporation
 Ardrossan Burgh Corporation
 Auchinleck Gas Light Company
 Auchterarder Gas Light Company
 Auchtermuchty Gas Company
 Ayr Gas Company
 Ayton Gas Company
 Banchory Gas Light Company
 Banff and Macduff District Gas Company
 Barrhead Gas Company
 Beith Gas Light Company
 Blairgowrie Gas Light Company
 Bo'ness Gas Light Company
 Bridge of Weir Gas Company
 Broxburn Gas Company
 Buckhaven and Leven Gas Commissioners
 Burntisland Burgh Corporation
 Busby and District Gas Company
 Callander Gas Company
 Campbeltown Burgh Corporation
 Cardenden Gas Company
 Carnoustie Burgh Corporation
 Castle-Douglas Gas Company
 Catrine Gas Company
 Coatbridge Burgh Gas Company
 Coldstream Gas Company
 Coltness Iron Company
 Coupar Angus Gas Company
 Cove and Kilcreggan Burgh Corporation
 Cowdenbeath Gas Company
 Crieff Gas-Light Company
 Cullen District Gas Company
 Cumnock Gas Company
 Cupar Gas Company
 Dalbeattie Gas Light Company
 Dalkeith Gas Light Company
 Dalry Gas Light Company
 Darvel Burgh Corporation
 Denny and Dunipace Burgh Corporation
 Dingwall Burgh Corporation
 Dollar Gas Company
 Doune Burgh Corporation
 Dumbarton Burgh Corporation
 Dumfries Burgh Corporation
 Dunbar Burgh Corporation
 Dunblane Gas Company
 Dundee Corporation (County of the City of Dundee)
 Dunfermline Burgh Corporation
 Dunlop Gas Light Company
 Dunning Gas Company
 Dunoon Burgh Corporation
 Duns Gas Company
 Earlston Gas Company
 East Linton Gas Light Company
 Edinburgh Corporation (County of the City of Edinburgh)
 Elgin Burgh Corporation
 Eyemouth Gas Company
 F. B. Keillor (trading as Comrie Gas Light Company)
 Falkirk Burgh Corporation
 Falkland Gas Undertaker
 Fauldhouse Gas Company
 Forfar Burgh Corporation
 Forres Gas Light Company
 Fraserburgh Burgh Corporation
 Galashiels Gas Company
 Galston Gas Company
 Glasgow Corporation (County of the City of Glasgow)
 Gourock Burgh Corporation
 Grangemouth Burgh Corporation
 Greenock Burgh Corporation
 Haddington Gas Company
 Hamilton Burgh Corporation
 Hawick Gas Company Ltd.
 Helensburgh Burgh Corporation
 Innerleithen Gas Light Company
 Inverbervie Burgh Corporation
 Inverness Burgh Corporation
 Inverurie Gas Company
 Jedburgh Gas Company
 Johnstone Burgh Corporation
 Keith Gas Company
 Kelty Gas Company
 Kettle and District Gas Company
 Kilmarnock Burgh Corporation
 Kilsyth Burgh Corporation
 Kilwinning Gas Company
 Kinghorn Gas-Light Company
 Kinross and Milnathorf Gas Light Company
 Kirkcaldy Burgh Corporation
 Kirkconnel Gas Company
 Kirkcudbright Burgh Corporation
 Kirkintilloch Burgh Corporation
 Kirkwall Burgh Corporation
 Lanark Burgh Corporation
 Lanarkshire County Council
 Largs Burgh Corporation
 Lasswade and Bonnyrigg Gas Light Company
 Laurencekirk Lighting Society Limited
 Leslie Gas Company
 Loanhead Gas Company
 Lochgelly Gas Company
 Lochwinnoch Gas Light Company
 Lockerbie Burgh Corporation
 Melrose Gas Company
 Millport Burgh Corporation
 Moffat Gas Light Company
 Monifieth Burgh Corporation
 Montrose Gas Company
 Motherwell and Wishaw Burgh Corporation
 Muirkirk Gas-Light Company
 Musselburgh Gas Company
 Newburgh Gas Company
 Newmilns and Greenholm Burgh Corporation
 Newport Burgh Corporation
 Newton-on-Ayr Gas Company
 North Berwick Burgh Corporation
 Oban & District Gas Company
 Oldmeldrum Burgh Corporation
 Paisley Burgh Corporation
 Peebles Burgh Corporation
 Penicuik and District Gas Company
 Perth Burgh Corporation
 Peterhead Burgh Corporation
 Pitlochry New Gas Light Company
 Polmont District Gas Company
 Port Glasgow Burgh Corporation
 Renfrew Burgh Corporation
 Rothesay Burgh Corporation
 Sanquhar Burgh Corporation
 Selkirk Gas Company
 St Andrews Gas Company
 Stirling Gas Light Company
 Stornoway Gas Light Company
 Stranraer Gas Company
 Stromness Burgh Corporation
 Tain Burgh Corporation
 Tayport Burgh Corporation
 The Aberfeldy Gas Light Company
 The Annan Gas Company
 The Armadale Gas Company
 The Bathgate Gas Company
 The Biggar Gas Company
 The Brechin Gas Company
 The Buckie Gas Light Company
 The Carluke Gas Company
 The Girvan Gas Company
 The Gorebridge Gas Light Company
 The Huntly Gas Company
 The Inverkeithing Gas Light Company
 The Irvine & District Gas Company
 The Kelso Gas Company
 The Kennoway and Largo Gas Company
 The Kilmacolm Gas Company
 The Kirriemuir Gas Company
 The Langholm Gas and Electricity Supply Company
 The Lerwick Gas Company
 The Lesmahagow Gas Light Company
 The Linlithgow Gas Company
 The Markinch Gas Light Company
 The Maybole Gas Light Company
 The Nairn Gas Light Company
 The Neilston Gas Light Company
 The New Cumnock Gas Company
 The Newton-Stewart Gas Company
 The Prestonpans and District Gas Company
 The Saltcoats Gas Company
 The Skelmorlie and Wemyss Bay Gas and Electric Supply Company
 The Stane and Dykehead Gas Company
 The Stevenston Gas Company
 The Stewarton Gas Company
 The Stonehaven Gas Company
 The Strathaven Gas Company
 The Strathmiglo Gas Company
 The Thurso and North of Scotland Gas Corporation
 The trustees of the late R. G. E. Wemyss
 The Turriff Gas Company
 Tranent Gas Company
 Troon Burgh Corporation
 Vale of Leven Gas Company
 W. & J. Knox Limited
 W. Watson (trading as Lauder Gas Company)
 West Calder Gas Company
 West Kilbride Gas Light Company
 Wick Gas Company
 Wigtown Burgh Corporation

External links
 The Gas (Allocation of Undertakings to Area Boards and Gas Council) Order, 1949 (1949 No. 742)
 Letter from Sir Andrew Clow to senior managers on his retirement 28 April 1956.

1949 establishments in Scotland
1973 disestablishments in Scotland
Government agencies established in 1949
Government agencies disestablished in 1973
Defunct organisations based in Scotland
Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom
Government of Scotland
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The x704 is a microprocessor that implements the 32-bit version of the PowerPC instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Exponential Technology. The microprocessor was notable for its high clock frequency (for the time, circa 1997) in the range of 400 to 533 MHz, its use of bipolar transistors for logic and CMOS circuits for memory, and its failure to see use in an Apple Macintosh, the opposite of what industry observers such as Microprocessor Report expected. Exponential Technology eventually failed as a result of the x704's lack of success, but some of its former employees founded Intrinsity, a start-up that developed a high clock frequency MIPS implementation, FastMATH.

The x704 is a superscalar microprocessor that issues up to three instructions per cycle to an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), floating-point unit (FPU) and branch unit. To realize the short cycle times, the caches were kept small, limiting its performance. There are three levels of cache. The first consisted of separate 2 KB instruction and data caches. These are direct-mapped. The L2 cache is on-die and is 32 KB in size. It is eight-way set set-associative. The L3 cache is larger, supporting capacities of 512 KB to 2 MB, and is located externally. The x704 contained 2.7 million transistors, of which 0.7 million were bipolar transistors and 2.0 million were metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), and measured 15 mm by 10 mm (150 mm2). It was fabricated in a 0.5 µm BiCMOS process with six levels of interconnect. It uses 3.6 and 2.1 V power supplies and dissipates less than 85 W at 533 MHz. The x704 is packaged in a 356-ball ball grid array (BGA).

References

PowerPC microprocessors

X704


Palembang (, Palembang: Pelémbang, Jawi: ڤليمبڠ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers  on both banks of the Musi River in the eastern lowlands of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 1,729,546 (comprising 865,942 males and 863,604 females). Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra, after Medan, and the twelfth most populous city in Indonesia.

The Palembang metropolitan area has an estimated population of more than 2.7 million in 2022. It comprises parts of regencies surrounding the city, including Banyuasin, Ogan Ilir, and Ogan Komering Ilir.

Palembang was the capital of Srivijaya, a Buddhist kingdom that ruled much of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes, including the Strait of Malacca.

Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolition of the Palembang Sultanate. It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906.

Palembang was the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and the 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta. The first light rail system in Indonesia was operated in Palembang in July 2018.

The city attracted 2,011,417 tourists in 2017, including 9,850 foreign tourists. Traffic jams, floods, slums, pollution, and peatland fire are problems in Palembang.

Etymology
Some believe that the name "Palembang" is derived from the word limbang in Malay. By adding the prefix pe- which indicates a place or situation, the city's name means "a place to pan gold and diamond ores". It is said that during antiquity, the ruler ordered gold and diamond miners to pan their ores in the city for security and surveillance reasons.

Others say that the name comes from the word lembang in Malay. By adding the same prefix, the city's name means "a place where the water leaks". It also means "a place which was constantly inundated by water". It refers to the geographical features of Palembang, which is a wetland.

Some say that the name was given by four brothers who survived a shipwreck near Musi River during the Majapahit reign. It is said that on their way to a new colony in eastern Sumatra when their ship was wrecked, all belongings in the ship sunk into the sea except a broken wooden box which the survivor used as rafts. The rafts were wobbled (limbang-limbang) by the waves until they drifted ashore to a land which was later named Palimbang by them.

Palembang also has a special Chinese character rendition like several cities in Indonesia. In modern Chinese, Palembang is written as Jùgǎng ().  here is a sound-borrowing at Hokkien. Palembang is called Kū-káng () in Hokkien, meaning "Old Port";  is read as kū in certain dominant dialects of Hokkien and was thus borrowed to use in place of .

History

Srivijaya period

The Kedukan Bukit Inscription, which is dated 682 AD, is the oldest inscription found in Palembang. The inscription tells of a king who acquires magical powers and leads a large military force over water and land, setting out from Tamvan delta, arriving at a place called "Matajap," and (in the interpretation of some scholars) founding the polity of Srivijaya. The "Matajap" of the inscription is believed to be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang.

According to George Coedes, "in the second half of the 9th century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java...its centre at Palembang."

As the capital of the Srivijaya kingdom, this second oldest city in Southeast Asia has been an important trading centre in maritime Southeast Asia for more than a millennium. The kingdom flourished by controlling the international trade through the Strait of Malacca from the seventh to thirteenth century, establishing hegemony over polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Sanskrit inscriptions and Chinese travelogues report that the kingdom prospered as an intermediary in the international trade between China and India. Because of the Monsoon, or biannual seasonal wind, after getting to Srivijaya, traders from China or India had to stay there for several months waiting the direction of the wind changes, or had to go back to China or India. Thus, Srivijaya grew to be the biggest international trade centre, and not only the market, but also infrastructures for traders such as lodging and entertainment also developed. It functioned as a cultural centre as well. Yijing, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who stayed in today's Palembang and Jambi in 671, recorded that there were more than a thousand Buddhist monks and learned scholars, sponsored by the kingdom to study religion in Palembang. He also recorded that there were many "states" under the kingdom called Srivijaya (Shili Foshi).

In 990, an army from the Kingdom of Mataram in Java attacked Srivijaya. Palembang was sacked and the palace was looted. Cudamani Warmadewa, however, requested protection from China. By 1006, the invasion was finally repelled. In retaliation, Srivijaya king sent his troops to assist King Wurawari of Luaram in his revolt against Mataram. In subsequent battles, Mataram Palace was destroyed and the royal family of Mataram executed.

In 1068, King Virarajendra Chola of the Chola Dynasty of India conquered what is now Kedah from Srivijaya. Having lost many soldiers in the war and with its coffers almost empty due to the twenty-year disruption of trade, the reach of Srivijaya was diminished. Its territories began to free themselves from the suzerainty of Palembang and to establish many small kingdoms all over the former empire. Srivijaya finally declined with the military expedition by Javanese kingdoms in the thirteenth century.

Post-Srivijaya period
Prince Parameswara fled from Palembang after being crushed by Javanese forces, The city was then plagued by pirates, notably Chen Zuyi and Liang Daoming. In 1407, Chen was confronted at Palembang by the returning imperial treasure fleet under Admiral Zheng He. Zheng made the opening gambit, demanding Chen's surrender and the pirate quickly signalled agreement while preparing for a surprise pre-emptive strike. But details of his plan had been provided to Zheng by a local Chinese informant, and in the fierce battle that ensued, the Ming soldiers and Ming superior armada finally destroyed the pirate fleet and killed 5,000 of its men. Chen was captured and held for public execution in Nanjing in 1407. Peace was finally restored to the Strait of Malacca as Shi Jinqing was installed as Palembang's new ruler and incorporated into what would become a far-flung system of allies who acknowledged Ming supremacy in return for diplomatic recognition, military protection, and trading rights.

Palembang Sultanate

After the Demak Sultanate fell under Kingdom of Pajang, a Demak nobleman, Geding Suro with his followers fled to Palembang and established a new dynasty. It is from this period, that Islam became the dominant religion in Palembang. The Grand Mosque of Palembang was built in 1738 under the reign of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I Jaya Wikrama, and was completed in 1748. Settlements grew along the Musi River, with some houses built on rafts. The Sultanate legislated only citizens of Palembang could reside downstream of Seberang Ilir where the palace was located, whereas non-citizens were required to reside on the opposite bank known as Seberang Ulu.

Several local rivals, such as Banten, Jambi, and Aceh threatened the existence of the Sultanate. The Dutch East India Company established a trade post in Palembang in 1619. In 1642, the company obtained monopoly over the ports pepper trade. Tensions mounted between the Dutch and locals, peaking in 1657 when a Dutch ship was attacked in Palembang. This provided opportunity for the company to launch a punitive expedition in 1659, in which the city was burnt to the ground.

During the Napoleonic Wars in 1812, Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II repudiated British claims to suzerainty. The British responded by mounting a military expedition that captured Palembang and deposed the sultan. His younger brother, the pro-British Najamudinn, was installed onto the throne instead. The Dutch colonial government attempted to recover their influence at the court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative. An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 captured Sultan Najamudin and he was exiled to Batavia. A Dutch Army garrison was established in 1821, but Najamuddin attempted an attack and a mass poisoning of the garrison, which was intervened by the Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.

Dutch colonial period

Following the Dutch abolition of the Palembang Sultanate in 1825, Palembang become the capital of the Residency of Palembang, encompassing the territory that would become the South Sumatra province after Indonesian independence. Its first resident was Jan Izaäk van Sevenhoven.

From the late nineteenth century, with the Dutch introduction of new export crops including robusta coffee, Palembang rose as an economic centre. During the early 20th century, the development of the petroleum and rubber industries in Palembang Residency drove the city's economic growth. This saw a growth in migrants, an increase in urbanisation, and development of the socioeconomic infrastructure. Palembang became the most populous urban centre outside Java.

Japanese occupation

An oil embargo had been imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and due to its oil refineries, Palembang was a high priority objective for Japanese forces. With the area's fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered potential as a military base area, to both the Allies and the Japanese.

The main battle occurred during 13–16 February 1942. While the Allied planes were attacking Japanese shipping on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chutai, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped Teishin Shudan (Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield. At the same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98th Sentai dropped supplies for paratroopers. The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64th Sentai. As many as 180 men from the Japanese 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more than 90 men came down west of the refineries at Plaju.

Although the Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, they managed to gain undamaged possession of the Plaju oil refinery. However, the second oil refinery in Sungai Gerong was demolished by the Allies. A counter-attack by Landstorm troops and anti-aircraft gunners from Prabumulih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses. The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to the refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze. Two hours after the first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield.

As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra, the remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport ship Otawa Maru was sunk. Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft. However, on the afternoon of 15 February, all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where a major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of 16 February 1942. Other personnel were evacuated via Oosthaven (now Bandar Lampung) by ships to Java or India.

The Japanese managed to restore production at both main refineries, and these petroleum products were significant in their war effort. Despite Allied air raids, production was largely maintained. The city was defended from air attacks by the Imperial Japanese Army's Palembang Defense Unit.

In August 1944, USAAF B-29 bombers flying from India, raided the Palembang refineries in what was the longest range regular bombing mission of the war.

In January 1945, in Operation Meridian I and II, the British Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm launched two major attacks on the two refinery complexes, against determined Japanese defence. The aviation fuel output was reduced by 75% for the loss of 32 aircraft to combat and landings.

National revolution

On 8 October 1945, the Resident of South Sumatra, Adnan Kapau Gani, and Gunseibu officers raised the Indonesian flag during a ceremony. It was declared that Palembang Residency was under control of Republicans.

Palembang was occupied by the Dutch after an urban battle with Republicans on 1–5 January 1947, which is nicknamed Pertempuran Lima Hari Lima Malam (Five Days and Nights Battle). The battle ended with a ceasefire and the Republican forces retreated as far as  from Palembang.

During the occupation, the Dutch formed the federal state of South Sumatra in September 1948. After the transfer of sovereignty on 27 December 1949, South Sumatra State, along with other federal states and the Republic formed a short-lived United States of Indonesia before the states were abolished and integrated back into the form of Republic on 17 August 1950.

Old Order and New Order period
During PRRI/Permesta rebellion, the rebel faction established Dewan Garuda (Garuda Council) in South Sumatra on 15 January 1957 under Lieutenant Colonel Barlian took over the local government of South Sumatra.

In April 1962, Indonesian government started the construction of Ampera Bridge which was completed and officially opened for public on 30 September 1965 by Minister/Commander of the Army Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani on 30 September 1965, only hours before he was killed by troops belonging to the 30 September Movement. At first, the bridge was known as the Bung Karno Bridge, after the president, but following his fall, it was renamed the Ampera Bridge. A second bridge in Palembang which crosses Musi River, Musi II Bridge was built on 4 August 1992.

On 6 December 1988, Indonesia government expanded Palembang's administrative area as far as 12 kilometers from the city center, with 9 villages from Musi Banyuasin integrated into 2 new districts of Palembang and 1 village from Ogan Komering Ilir integrated into Seberang Ulu I District.

During May 1998 riots of Indonesia, Palembang was also ravaged by riots with 10 burned shops, more than a dozen burned cars, and several injured people inflicted by rioters as students marching to the Provincial People's Representative Council office of South Sumatra. Thousands of police and soldiers were put on guard at various points in the city. The Volunteer Team for Humanity (Indonesian: Tim Relawan untuk Manusia, or TRUK) reported that cases of sexual assault also took place.

Reform period

A sports complex, including Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, was built in Palebang's southern district of Jakabaring over 1998-2004. Palembang then hosted the 2004 National Games, 47 years after the games were last held outside Java and 51 years since held in Sumatra. Palembang went on to co-host the 2011 Southeast Asian Games with Jakarta. Two years later, Palembang replaced Riau province's capital Pekanbaru as host city of the 2013 Islamic Solidarity Games after Riau Governor Rusli Zainal was implicated in a corruption case. Palembang and Jakarta co-hosted the 2018 Asian Games.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2005 declared Palembang a "Water Tourism City". Further tourism promotions were launched by Yudhoyono's administration in 2008 amid criticism that souvenirs promoting local culture for the campaign were actually imported from China.

Palembang's first flyover was completed at Simpang Polda in September 2008. A second flyover, in Jakabaring, was completed in 2015. In 2010, Palembang launched its bus transit system, Transmusi. In 2015, the central government began upgrading Palembang's transportation with the construction of a light rail transit system from Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport to Jakabaring, followed by toll roads, two Musi River bridges, and two flyovers, ahead of the 2018 Asian Games. The city's main toll road commenced operation in October 2017.

Geography and climate

Geography
At , Palembang occupies 400.61 km2 of vast lowland area east of Bukit Barisan Mountains in southern Sumatra with average elevation of , approximately  from nearby coast at Bangka Strait. One of the largest rivers in Sumatra, the Musi River, runs through the city, dividing the city area into two major parts which are Seberang Ilir in the north and Seberang Ulu in the south. Palembang is also located on the confluence of two major tributaries of Musi River, which are Ogan River and Komering River. The river's water level is influenced by tidal cycle. In rainy season, many areas on the city are inundated by the river's tide.

Palembang's topography is quite different between the Seberang Ilir and Seberang Ulu areas. Seberang Ulu's topography is relatively flat. Seberang Ilir's topography is more rugged with altitude variation between .

Climate

Palembang is located in the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) zone with significant rainfall even in its driest months. The climate in Palembang is often described as a "hot, humid climate with a lot of rainfall throughout the year". The annual average temperature is around . Within this tropical climate, except for precipitation and monsoonal wind direction, the city experiences no other seasonal change throughout the year. Average rainfall annually is . During its wettest months, the city's lowlands are frequently inundated by torrential rains. However, in its driest months, many peatlands around the city dried, making them more vulnerable to wildfires, causing prolonged haze in the city. Due to the city's very low latitude, the typhoon risk of the city is nearly absent.

Neighborhoods

Palembang is roughly divided by Musi River into two major areas known as Seberang Ilir (lit. "downstream bank") in the north and Seberang Ulu (lit. "upstream bank") in the south. Seberang Ilir is the main economic and political centre in Palembang and contained a prominent portion of the city's highrises. Seberang Ulu is undergoing massive development, especially in Jakabaring, with the construction of business centre, government building, and the most notably is the construction of the city's sport complex, Jakabaring Sport City.

Administration

Government
Palembang administratively has a status as a city and has its own local government and legislative body. The executive head of Palembang is the Mayor. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralization of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities and public transportation. Current Mayor of the city is Harnojoyo, previous vice mayor who is appointed because the previous mayor, Romi Herton was impeached because of a bribery scandal during his election. Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Palembang City Regional House of Representatives, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years.

Administrative districts
Palembang consists of eighteen kecamatan (districts), each headed by a Camat. They are further divided again into 107 kelurahan (urban villages). They are listed below with their areas, their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, and the latest official estimates (as at mid 2022). The table also includes the numbers of kelurahan (urban villages) in each district, and its postal codes.

 (a) Two additional districts - Ilir Timur Tiga (East Ilir III) and Jakabaring - were established in 2017 by splitting from Ilir Timur Dua (East Ilir II) and Seberang Ulu Satu (Upper Seberang I) districts respectively; their populations at the 2010 ensus are included in the figures given for the districts from which they were cut out.

Note the affixes can be translated as: "Satu" = "One"; "Dua" = "Two"; "Tiga" = "Three"; "Timur" = "East"; "Barat" = "West".

Demography

Ethnicity and language
Palembang is an ethnically diverse city. The indigenous population in the region of Palembang are Malay people. Many of them live in traditional settlements along the Musi River bank, although there has been a recent efflux of Malay to the outer suburbs. Many people of other ethnicities from other parts of South Sumatra and beyond also live in Palembang. There are also significant Arab, Indian and Chinese communities who are inhabitants of Palembang. Arab Indonesian communities mainly live in several villages such as Kampong Al Munawwar in 13 Ulu, Kampong Assegaf in 16 Ulu, Kampong Al Habsyi in Kuto Batu, Kampong Jamalullail in 19 Ilir and Kampong Alawiyyin in Sungai Bayas, 10 Ilir. Conversely, Chinese Indonesian communities mainly live in commercial districts in Palembang although there are several traditional Chinese villages like Kampong Kapitan in 7 Ulu. And Indian in 18 Ilir.

The local language of Palembang, Musi (Baso Plembang), is considered a dialect of Malay with a significant portion being Javanese loanwords. The natives originating from other parts of South Sumatra have their own regional languages, such as Komering, Besemah, Rawas and Semendo. Chinese languages are also largely used by local Chinese communities.

Religion
Palembang officially recognizes six religious faiths, of which the most widely held is Islam. According to the 2017 data from Badan Pusat Statistik Palembang, the population of Palembang was 92.22% Muslim, 3.91% Buddhist, 2.23% Protestant, 1.49% Roman Catholic, 0.13% Hindu, and 0.02% Confucianist. Muslims in Palembang are mainly from the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam. There are several mosques with considerable heritage and historical significance, chiefly the Great Mosque of Palembang, which was built during the Palembang Sultanate era, widely regarded as the main mosque of Palembang.

Transportation

Before the operation of Ampera Bridge, there were more people in Palembang using water transportation. Large water vehicles such as river steamboat was used to transport people to and from inland. Some people also used smaller boats such as the Kajang boat, a traditional boat with simple roof to carry people and goods. Nowadays, people in Palembang prefer road transportation over water, and private transportation over public. Traffic jams often occur in some main streets, especially during rush hour. Rail and air transportation are also available in Palembang.

Road

Toll road
Since 2020, Palembang has been connected with the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road, linking it with Bakauheni to the south. As of 2022, the northwards road terminates at Palembang, although planning and construction for the road's extension to Jambi is ongoing.

Public Bus and Taxibus
Palembang operates several bus and taxibus (angkot) routes. The first angkots in Palembang were using Willys Jeep and was called "Mobil Ketek" because of its engine sound. Public buses were introduced in 1990s and served some routes from Seberang Ilir neighborhoods such as Km.12, Perumnas, Pusri, and Bukit Besar to Seberang Ulu neighborhoods which are Kertapati, Plaju, and Jakabaring. Due of aging vehicles, poor security and drivers habit, all non air-conditioned public buses are ordered to cease their services inside Palembang in 2018.

Currently, much of public bus services in Palembang is provided by Teman Bus since 2020 since previous public bus service operator in Palembang named Transmusi which had been introduced in 2010 stop its service. Teman Bus is running four routes (corridors) inside the city.

Corridor K1P : Alang-alang Lebar Bus Terminal - Ampera Bridge
Corridor K2P : Sako Bus Terminal - Palembang Icon Mall
Corridor K3P : Palembang Icon Mall - Plaju Bus Terminal
Corridor K4P : Alang-alang Lebar Bus Terminal - Talang Jambe

Teman Bus is also operating seven air-conditioned taxibus (angkot) routes as feeder to already established Palembang LRT service.

Corridor K1FP : Talang Kelapa – Asrama Haji Station - Talang Buruk
Corridor K2FP : Asrama Haji Station - Sematang Borang
Corridor K3FP : Asrama Haji Station - Talang Betutu
Corridor K4FP : Polresta Station - Perumahan OPI
Corridor K5FP : DJKA Station - Tegal Binangun - Plaju Bus Terminal
Corridor K6FP : Siti Fatimah Hospital Station - Sukawinatan
Corridor K7FP : Bukit Besar- Bumi Sriwijaya Station - Kamboja Stadium

Another public bus operator, DAMRI also operates air-conditioned public bus routes to neighboring towns such as Kayuagung, Indralaya, Pangkalan Balai, Prabumulih, and Tanjung Api-Api.

Taxicab
Palembang also has a large number of taxis. The number has been rising since the National Games 2004 and SEA Games 2011, which both were held in Palembang.

Becak and ojek
There are many becak (pedicabs) and ojek (motorcycle taxi) operated in Palembang. Becak are often found in more older settlements along Musi River than ojek which are mostly found in more recent settlements far from the river.

App-based taxi and ojek
Taxis and ojeks are available via Go-Jek and Grab. Because of protests from taxi drivers, angkot and ojek are often barred from taking passengers to/from some places, such as the airport.

Rail

Railway tracks were introduced by the Dutch in late 1800s. Railway tracks connect Palembang to provinces in southern Sumatra such as Bandar Lampung in Lampung Province, Rejang Lebong Regency in Bengkulu Province, and some main towns in South Sumatra such as Lubuklinggau, Prabumulih, Indralaya, Muara Enim, Lahat, Tebing Tinggi, Baturaja, and Martapura. The largest railway station in Palembang is Kertapati Station. There are plans to connect Palembang to other cities in Sumatra, ultimately connected existing railways in northern, western and southern Sumatra, forming Trans Sumatra Railway.

With the opening of Palembang LRT on 1 August 2018, Palembang was the first Indonesian city to have a light rail system (and rapid transit system in general), predating the opening of Jakarta LRT in 2019. There are 13 stations along the  LRT system, connecting Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport and Jakabaring Sport City.

Water

River transport
Palembang has several types of river transportation. The most traditional one is a motorboat called "perahu ketek", a wooden boat which using small engine and moves quite slow. Perahu ketek is often used especially by people who live on riverside to cross the river from one bank to another. Another type of river transportation is called "speedboat", a wooden motorboat which using more larger engine and designed to withstand the speed of the boat itself, far more faster than perahu ketek. Speedboats often used by the people outside Palembang, especially who lives in Musi River delta, to go to and from Palembang. Palembang also operates some larger riverboat for tourism activities.

Port
Currently Palembang also has two main ferry ports, Tanjung Api-api Port, located on sea-shore,  outside the city, and Boom Baru Port inside the city. These ports operate ferries to Bangka, Belitung and Batam Island. There is a plan to build deep sea port in Tanjung Api-Api.

Air
The only public airport in Palembang is Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport. This airport provides domestic routes that connect Palembang with many cities in Indonesia, especially Jakarta, but also other towns in South Sumatra, such as Lubuklinggau and Pagaralam. It also has international routes to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

Economy

As the capital of South Sumatra and one of major cities in Indonesia, Palembang's economy depends highly on trading, service, transportation, manufacturing and construction sectors. GRDP of Palembang was Rp 118.77 trillion (US$9.01 billion) in 2016. Of this, the manufacturing and construction sectors take up the largest portions with 33.17 and 18.21 percent contributions, respectively. The minimum wage for 2017 is Rp 2,484,000 per month, somewhat higher than regencies in Java although lower than that of cities such as Medan or Surabaya.

Palembang is a part of Strategic Development Area of Merak - Bakauheni - Bandar Lampung - Palembang - Tanjung Api-Api (MBBPT). To accelerate the region development, Trans-Sumatra Toll Road is being constructed to eventually give Palembang a high-speed highway access to other cities in Sumatra, including Bengkulu in the west, Jambi in the north, and Bandar Lampung in the south.

Business and industry
Palembang is the regional business centre in southern Sumatra region encompassing Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung Islands and Lampung. Several main factories and industries in Indonesia are operating in Palembang such as fertiliser factory of Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang in Sei Selayur, portland cement factory of Baturaja Portland Cement in Kertapati and oil and gas refinery of Pertamina in Plaju. Several coal mining industries in South Sumatra also transport coal to the city by freight trains and by trucks before being shipped to Java or abroad.

In Indonesia, South Sumatra is the largest producer of rubber, estimated at over 940,000 tons of production in 2016, and over 850,000 tons of rubber were exported from Palembang in the same year. In 2014, there were 14 rubber processing factories in the city employing 4,000 people with a capacity of close to a million tons annually. There is however no specified industrial parks in the city.

At least 10,683 foreign tourists and 1,896,110 domestic tourists visited the city in 2016. Several hotels are operating in Palembang, many of them are opened after the 2004 Pekan Olahraga Nasional. Culinary business in Palembang is also developing. A ton of pempek is exported from Palembang to other cities in Indonesia and abroad daily.

Markets and commercial centres
Generally, there are two types of markets in Palembang, traditional market and modern market. From 30 traditional markets in Palembang, majority of traditional markets in Palembang is managed by PD Pasar Palembang Jaya. The rest is owned by private or cooperative. Being in the central area of Palembang, 16 Ilir Market is the main traditional market in the city, while the area around the market, especially areas along Jalan Masjid Lama, Jalan Jendral Soedirman, Jalan Kolonel Atmo and Jalan Letkol Iskandar become bustling commercial centres integrated with one another. Another notable trading centre in Palembang is Cinde Market, one of the oldest market in Indonesia which was built first in 1957 with its unique mushroom pillars, then razed in 2017 to be replaced with more modern building.

Other modern commercial centers and malls are built in other parts of the city. Most of them are built in along Sekanak River corridor, including Palembang Indah Mall, Ramayana Palembang, Transmart Palembang, Palembang Icon, and Palembang Square, other notable malls such as Palembang Trade Center and OPI Mall are built in Patal Pusri and Jakabaring respectively. Two of main Indonesia retail giants, Indomaret and Alfamart also open their franchise stores in every part of the city.

Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum
From the 1930s onward the Palembang municipal Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum started to house archaeological objects from regional sites that had not jet been excavated. The curator of the Batavian Museum in Jakarta only allowed for few historic stones to be transported. The carved megalith Air Poear represents Pasemah culture in the collection of the Jakarta History Museum.

Tourism

Palembang is known as Venetië Van Andalas (Venice of Sumatra), mainly because of the topography of the city which was dominated by Musi River and its tributaries.

As a trading city since antiquity, Palembang is very heterogenous and its local culture and language is also influenced by many civilizations, most notably Chinese, Javanese, and Arabs. Several Dutch legacies in architecture can also seen in the city. The most notable landmarks in Palembang are Ampera Bridge, Musi River, Kuto Besak Fort, Kemaro Island, and Jakabaring Sport City.

Landmarks and sights

 Musi River,  long river which divides Palembang into two parts, which are Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir. It is one of the longest rivers in Sumatra. Since antiquity, the Musi River has become the heart of Palembang and South Sumatra's economy. There are some landmarks along its bank, such as Ampera Bridge, Kuto Besak Fort, Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum, Kemaro Island, 16 Ilir Market, traditional raft houses, Pertamina's oil refineries, Pupuk Sriwijaya (PUSRI) fertiliser plants, Bagus Kuning Park, Musi II Bridge, Kampong Al Munawar, etc.
 Ampera Bridge, main city landmark, is a bridge crossed over  above the Musi River which connects Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir area of Palembang.
 Great Mosque of Palembang, also known as the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Mosque, is the main mosque of Palembang located in the city centre. This mosque is built as the royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate and had undergone several renovations during Sultanate, Dutch, and Republic rule.
 Kuto Besak Fort, located on the northern bank of the Musi River adjacent to Ampera Bridge and opposite to kampong Kapitan. The fort is built by Sultanate of Palembang, one of few surviving forts built by the local and not named after any European. Tourists are only allowed to see the fort from the outside as this fort is still owned by Tentara Nasional Indonesia, specifically the Health Department of Military Area Command II/Sriwijaya (Kesehatan Daerah Militer II/Sriwijaya) and has a function as a military hospital.
 Kemaro Island, a small delta island of Musi River, located in eastern Palembang. This island houses several Chinese heritages in Palembang which are Kemaro Island Pagoda and Hok Tjiang Rio temple (福正廟). This island becomes more crowded during Chinese festivals specifically during Cap Go Meh on the final day of Chinese New Year celebrations. In front of the temple, there is a tomb which is believed to be a tomb of a legendary couple of Tan Bun An and Siti Fatimah who made this island during their death.

 Kampong Arab Al-Munawar, one of kampong in Palembang which is inhabited by Arab Indonesian descendants. This kampong is renowned by the kampong's architecture and culture which is a mixture of local Malay and Arab, especially from Hadhrami. It has been long known that any visitors should dress politely in order to visit this area.
 Kampong Kapitan, one of the oldest Chinese kampong in the city. The primary attraction is Tjoa Ham Hin's house with centuries-old furniture inside. There was also a nearby Chinese temple, which was one of the oldest in Palembang as well. Long before its existence as the Chinese settlement area, it was also called Tanggo Rajo where foreigners and newcomers from the archipelago stayed at.
 Kantor Ledeng, the mayor office of Palembang. It was originally built as a water tower during Dutch rule.
 Kambang Iwak, a pond located in Talang Semut close to Palembang mayor's residence. During Dutch rule, the area around the pond is the residence of Dutch people who works in the city, notable by European architecture on many houses around this pond and abundance of churches in this area. On the banks of this lake, there is a park and recreation arena which is always crowded by locals during weekends and holidays.
 Punti Kayu Tourism Forest, city forest located about  from the city centre with an area of  and since 1998 designated as protected forests. In this forest there is a family recreation area and a local shelter a group of monkeys: long-tail macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and monkey (Macaca nemistriana) under the Sumatran Pine wood (Pinus mercussi).
 Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park, the remnants of Sriwijaya site located on the banks of the River Musi. There is an inscription and stone relics, complex of ancient pond, artificial island and canals dated from the Srivijayan kingdom in this area. The Srivijaya Museum is located in this complex.
 Bukit Seguntang archaeological park, located in the hills west of Palembang city. One of the most major historical areas among the Malay community, it is believed that Sang Sapurba the progenitor all of the Malay Kings descended from this important hill. It is currently turned into a recreational park by the local government. The tombs of the Srivijayan royal family is also being located in the area.
 Monumen Perjuangan Rakyat / Monpera (People Struggle Monument), located in the city centre, adjacent to the Great Mosque and Ampera Bridge. Several relics during Indonesian National Revolution in South Sumatra are exhibited in this monument.
 Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum, is the former Dutch-era resident office located near the Ampera Bridge and adjacent to Kuto Besak Fort. This museum located in the former royal palace of Palembang Sultanate which was demolished after Dutch conquest of Palembang. This museum exhibits several relics and historical objects with collections spanned from Srivijaya Kingdom period to Palembang Darussalam Sultanate era.
 Museum Balaputradewa, the home of Rumah Limas featured on IDR 10000 banknote. This type of stilt house is the traditional house of the people of Palembang.
 Rumah Limas Haji Aziz, a cultural home richly adorned with various traditional South Sumatran and Palembangese woodcarving. Visitors also have the option to dressed in the local classical attire in the abode.
 Al-Qur'an Al-Akbar, the Grand Quran of Palembang, a giant complete replica of the Muslim holy book. The 5-story quran is a prominent religious site in the area.
 Dekranasda Palembang, a collection of traditional Rumah adats from each South Sumatran regencies.
 Parameswara Monument, a large sculpture to commemorate Parameswara, the Sultan of Malacca from Palembang. The monument is also erected to celebrate the unity between various southeast Asian nations and the brotherhood spirit among the Malay community,

Festivals

 Bidar race, a traditional Malay rowing tournament is biannually held in Musi River especially on 17 August (Indonesia's Independence Day) and lesserly known 17 June (Palembang Establishment Day). Several bidar rowing teams will sprint across a stretch of Musi River from 35 Ilir Port to Ampera Bridge. The race is always accompanied with a boat carnival.
 Ziarah Kubro, is a tradition held by several thousands of Muslims in Palembang before Ramadan by visiting several tombs of founding fathers, sultans and ulemas of Palembang Sultanate in Palembang.

Culture
Since antiquity, Palembang has been a major port city in Southeast Asia which absorbs neighbouring, as well as foreign, cultures and influences. Throughout its history, Palembang has attracted migrants from other regions in the archipelago, and has made this city as a heterogenous city. Although today the city had lost its function as the major port city in the archipelago, the remnants of its heyday still evident in its culture. Palembangnese people mainly adopt culture which is mainly an amalgamation of Malay and Javanese customs. Even now it can be seen in its culture and language. Word such as "wong (person)" is an example of Javanese loanword in Palembang language. Also the Javanese knight and noble honorific titles, such as Raden Mas or Raden Ayu is used by Palembang nobles, the remnant of Palembang Sultanate courtly culture. The tombs of the Islamic heritage was not different in form and style with Islamic tombs in Java.

Cuisine

Palembang cuisine is the second most well-known cuisine from Sumatra after Padang. They primarily use freshwater fish and prawn as ingredients due to the paramount role of the Musi River for the area. Spices are also generally included although not as liberal as its same-island counterpart. Malay, Indian, and Chinese culture has also influenced Palembang's culinary scene. Besides freshwater fish dishes, there are many variation of dishes, snacks, drinks, and sweets in Palembang cuisine. The most well known dishes in Palembang include pempek, tekwan, pindang patin, martabak HAR, and wide varieties of Bakmi which is a type of noodle dish. Numerous Palembang cuisines are highly influenced by Chinese culture.

Art

Textile

Palembang is mainly known for its artistic fabric, songket. This is a hand-woven silk or cotton fabrics patterned with gold or silver threads. It is a luxury product traditionally worn during ceremonial occasions as sarong, shoulder cloths or head ties and tanjak, a headdress songket. During Srivijaya rule, songkets were often used at the court. Songkets are also traditionally worn as an apparel by the Malay royal families in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula including the Palembang Sultanate. Traditionally women are the weavers of songket, however in this modern time men also are known to weave it as well. There are six main patterns in Palembang songket which are songket lepus, songket tawur, songket tretes mender, songket bungo pacik, combinated songket, and songket limar. These patterns are not only used on songkets, but also as decoration for several structures in Palembang such as underpasses, flyovers, and bridges.

Woodcarving
Palembang is also known for its woodcarving. Palembang woodcarving are heavily influenced by Chinese culture with motifs such as jasmine or lotus. Palembang woodcarving style originally is used to wardrobe that stores songket fabrics. But nowadays it is often applied to house ornaments and also to many house applicants such as wooden display cabinets, wooden beds, aquariums, photo frames, mirrors, etc.

Dance
Folk dances have been performed by Palembangnese since antiquity. The most known folk dance of Palembang is Tanggai Dance which was considered sacred in the past since it was performed as an offering to Shiva. Nowadays it was performed in a lot of important ceremonies and weddings.

Theatrical performance
On several occasions such as kenduri (communal feast), Palembangnese often hired several people to perform a traditional theatrical performance called Dulmuluk, named after its main character, Raja Abdulmuluk Jauhari. Dulmuluk was known at first as a syair which was then adapted into local theatrical performance by Palembangnese in 1910. Dulmuluk often performed during night until the dawn of the next day.

Sport

Along with Jakarta, Palembang is notable as having served as a host city of the 2018 Asian Games, the first Asian Games hold officially by two cities and the fourth host city of Asian Games in Southeast Asia after Bangkok in 1998. Palembang is also the main host of 2011 Southeast Asian Games and hosted two matches of 2007 AFC Asian Cup. Sport facilities have been built across the city since 1971 to host Pekan Olahraga Mahasiswa (POM) IX, although the city's main sport complex, Jakabaring Sport City started its construction in 1998 and expanded later in 2010. In order to keep the sport complex into frequent uses, several plans have been raised by the government to encourage more sporting events into the city, included the purchase of an association football club, Persijatim Solo F.C in 2004 which then renamed to Sriwijaya F.C. Palembang also planned to build a race track inside the complex to host a MotoGP race in the city.

Football is regarded as the most popular sport in Palembang. Sriwijaya F.C is the only active professional football club in South Sumatra and widely followed across the province, especially in Palembang as its home base. During its home matches, the stadium often flooded with fans wears yellow shirts on south stands, green shirts on north stands, and black shirts on east stands, representing three main ultras of the club. Badminton, basketball, volleyball and futsal also get some wide attention in the city. Beside Sriwijaya F.C., notable sport teams in Palembang are BSB Hangtuah (basketball) and Palembang Bank Sumsel Babel (volleyball). An Indonesian badminton player, Mohammad Ahsan and Debby Susanto is also from Palembang.

Education

According to Ministry of Education and Culture, currently there are 462 elementary schools, 243 junior high schools, 140 high schools, and 80 vocational schools in Palembang; most of them privately owned. There are 26 Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in Palembang as of 2015.

Christian schools and Buddhist achools are also privately owned and funded. Study centers are available such as GO, Primagama, BKC, Nurul Fikri, BTA, and RuangGuru's Brain Academy.

The city's universities and colleges include Sriwijaya University, Raden Fatah State Islamic University, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Muhammadiyah University of Palembang and Bina Darma University.

Other universities include Kader Bangsa, MDP, the Open University of Palembang, IBA , Indo Global Mandiri, PGRI, Tridinanti, Musi Charitas, and Indonesia Sport Polytechnic.

Twin towns – sister cities

 Zhangzhou, China (since 2002)
  Venice, Italy
 The Hague, Netherlands
  Houston, United States
  Belgorod, Russia
  Moscow Oblast, Russia
  Budapest, Hungary
  Neiva, Colombia

See also

 Musi language
 Srivijaya

References

External links

 Official website – in Indonesian

Port cities and towns in Indonesia
Provincial capitals in Indonesia
Cities in South Sumatra
Musi basin

Palembang


Banksia subpinnatifida is a species of bushy shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has more or less linear, pinnatipartite leaves with sharply-pointed teeth on the sides, golden yellow flowers in heads of about sixty, and glabrous, elliptical follicles.

Description
Banksia subpinnatifida is a bushy shrub that typically grows to a height of  but does not form a lignotuber. It has more or less linear leaves that are  long,  wide on a petiole up to  long. There are up to fifteen widely spaced teeth in the lower half of the leaf. The flowers are golden yellow and arranged in heads of between sixty and seventy, the heads often crowded on short side branches. There are linear to lance-shaped involucral bracts  long at the base of the head. The perianth is woolly-hairy,  long and the pistil  long, gently curved and glabrous. Flowering occurs from September to October and the fruit is a glabrous, elliptical follicle  long.

Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1964 by Charles Austin Gardner who gave it the name Dryandra subpinnatifida and published the description in the Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia from specimens collected by Fred Lullfitz.

In 1996, Alex George describe two varieties of Dryandra subpinnatifida in the journal Nuytsia:
 Dryandra subpinnatifida subsp. inerbis that has about sixty flowers in each head and bracts up to  long;
 Dryandra subpinnatifida subsp. subpinnatifida that has between forty and fifty flowers in each head and bracts to  long.

In 2007, Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred all the dryandras to the genus Banksia and this species became Banksia subpinnatifida and the varieties var. inerbis and subpinnatifida respectively.

Distribution and habitat
Banksia subpinnatifida is found between Pingelly and Tambellup. Variety inerbis occurs between Boddington and Broomehill, and var. subpinnatifida grows in thick scrub between Pingelly and Narrogin.

Conservation status
Banksia subpinnatifida is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife but var. inerbis is listed as "Priority Three" meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat and var. subpinnatifida as "Priority Two" meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

References

subpinnatifida
Flora of Western Australia
Plants described in 1964
Taxa named by Charles Gardner

Banksia subpinnatifida


Tamás Borsos de Ozd (Hungarian ponounciation:; Marosvásárhely, 14 June 1566 – after 1633) was a Hungarian politician and diplomat in the Principality of Transylvania, who served as mayor of Marosvásárhely (now: Târgu Mureș, Romania), then ambassador of Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania to the Ottoman Empire.

Life

He was the son of historian Sebestény Borsos. In 1597, he served as notary, from 1602 till 1604, he was the mayor (chief judge) of Marosvásárhely.

During the fights of the Long War, the old fortress of Marosvásárhely was destroyed, and did not give shelter to the inhabitants. Among many townfolk, Tamás Borsos found shelter in Kronstadt (, ), city of the Transylvanian Saxons. Seeing the city's castle, he was said to exclaim: "Oh, if only I could build just one of its bastions in Marosvásárhely, there would be no need for the people to seek refuge in the woods in case of danger". During the time of his office as chief judge he wrote several applications to the prince of Transylvania and to the Turkish sultan to request permission to construct a fortress. After obtaining the necessary approvals, the construction began in 1602. First, the damaged fortress church was restored, then the bastions and the ten-meter thick walls were built. The city's population contributed significantly to the construction of the castle and bastions as the guilds of the city undertook the construction costs and work of five out of seven bastions.

He was the representative of his hometown on the session of the Transylvanian parliament held in Dés (now: Dej, Romania) in 1603. From 1605, he was appointed judge to the High Court of the Prince of Transylvania (). In 1606, he was a member of the Transylvanian parliament, and made known to prince István Bocskay that Marosvásárhely recognised his rule.

Tamás Borsos is renowned for being one of the first Hungarian diplomats. In the years of 1613, 1618 and 1625, he was the ambassador (, ) of Transylvania to the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire, in Constantinople. He acted as a commissioner of Prince Gabriel Bethlen at peace treaties of Nagyszombat (1615) and of Gyarmat (1625). In 1630, he was the envoy of Transylvania to the Turkish vezir of Buda. He died after 1633.

His diplomatic letters written in Hungarian language to Gabriel Bethlen, prince of Transylvania, and his other manuscripts are important sources for the study of the political history of Transylvania.

Works

 Manuscripts describing the political events in Transylvania between 1584 and 1612
 Diary on his first diplomatic mission to the Sublime Porte (1614)
 Diary on his second diplomatic mission to the Sublime Porte (1618–20)
 Memoriale (diplomatic mission to the vezír of Buda in 1630)
 Vásárhelytől a Fényes Portáig ("From Vásárhely to the Sublime Porte"). Mémoires and diplomatic correspondence of Tamás Borsos, published in 1972 by Kriterion Könyvkiadó, Bucharest

References

Bibliography
Szamota István: Régi magyar utazók (Old Hungarian Travellers (Nagybecskerek, 1892).
Barts Gyula: Marosvásárhelyi Borsos Tamás élete és történeti szereplése (Life and Historical Activity of Tamás Borsos of Marosvásárhely (Kolozsvár, 1912).

1566 births
Year of death unknown
Mayors of places in Romania
People from Târgu Mureș
Hungarian diplomats
16th-century Hungarian people
17th-century Hungarian people
People from the Principality of Transylvania

Tamás Borsos


Thunderball is a 1965 British spy movie directed by Terence Young and is the 4th movie in the James Bond franchise. It stars Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, Claudine Auger, Adolfo Celi, Luciana Paluzzi, Rik Van Nutter and was distributed by United Artists. It won an Academy Award in 1966.

Tom Jones sings the title song of the movie. The original main title song to Thunderball was titled "Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang" which was also the original title of the movie, and was first sung by Shirley Bassey, and then by Dionne Warwick. However, the song was later dropped because of its length. A new shorter song was composed named "Thunderball" and the movie name was changed to that title. The song "Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang" is not in the movie, but its version sung by Warwick is in the album also named "Thunderball".

Other websites

1965 movies
1960s spy movies
James Bond movies
Movies with underwater settings
Movies directed by Terence Young
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies set in the Bahamas
Movies set in England
Movies set in London
Movies set in Paris
Movies about nuclear war and weapons
Movies about extortion
Movies about terrorism

Thunderball (movie)


The Garden of Morning Calm () is an arboretum located at the east of Seoul, in the Gapyeong district of South Korea. On 300,000 m², it houses 5,000 species of plants, some rare or endangered and attracts 600,000 tourists per year. The name of this garden reminds that Korea is often nicknamed the "country of the morning calm".
There are different festivals in this garden, especially in winter with a light festival.

Designed in 1996 by professor Han San-kyung of Sahmyook University with the ambition of spreading the Korean interpretation of beauty, it is an artistic space based on concepts of asymmetry and balance. It is divided into twenty sections. The Garden of Plants, for example, is home to about 1,000 species of flowers from all over Korea. The most popular part is Sukgeun Garden, which takes the shape of the Korean peninsula, symbolizing the desire for reunification.

References

External links
 Official website

Gapyeong County
Parks in Gyeonggi Province
Gardens in South Korea

Garden of Morning Calm


Janice McKenzie is an English actress. She has appeared in Coronation Street as Mrs Paton (2000), Family Affairs as Helen Cooper (1997-1999) and most famously as Gloria Weaver/Pollard in Emmerdale (2000-2003, 2004). She has since appeared in televised dramas such as Holby City (2005), The Royal (2006) and Doctors (2004; 2007). However, she has been most active in theatre throughout her career.

She trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and has worked in theatres throughout the UK. She has also been a teacher of English and Drama.

References

External links

British soap opera actresses
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Janice McKenzie


Erythronium taylorii is a rare species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common names Pilot Ridge fawn lily, Taylor's fawnlily, and Yosemite fawn lily. It is endemic to Tuolumne County, California, where it is known only from Pilot Ridge, a remote mountain ridge outside of Yosemite National Park. It was discovered in 1996 and described to science as E. taylori in 1997, and it is now called E. taylorii. There are at least 1000 individuals in the single known population. It occurs on shaded north-facing cliffs.

This lily grows from a bulb several centimeters wide and produces wavy-edged basal leaves up to 35 centimeters long. The green flowering stem is up to 40 centimeters tall and bears 1 to 8 showy, pendent lily flowers. Each flower has six lance-shaped tepals which may be over 4 centimeters long. They are white with bright yellow bases and fade pink with age. The six long yellow stamens are tipped with large white anthers.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

taylorii
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of Tuolumne County, California
Plants described in 1997

Erythronium taylorii


Cockburn Street is a street in Edinburgh's Old Town, created as a serpentine link from the High Street to Waverley Station in 1856. Originally named Lord Cockburn Street after the then recently-deceased Scottish lawyer, judge and literary figure Henry, Lord Cockburn who was influential in urging his fellow citizens to remain vigilant in ensuring that early-Victorian expansion, e.g. improvements such as Cockburn Street, did not irrevocably damage or obliterate the built heritage and environment. Lord Cockburn's head is carved over the entrance to 1 Cockburn Street (the former Cockburn Hotel) which now serves as offices for the Edinburgh Military Tattoo. The street contains a series of small specialist shops.

History

The street was sliced through the previous medieval pattern of closes in order to give a more gentle gradient and wider thoroughfare to Waverley Station (opened in 1846 but then only accessible via narrow and steep lanes from the Royal Mile). The truncated ends of the closes were remodelled in the Scots Baronial style from 1859 to 1864. The majority of buildings are by the firm of Peddie & Kinnear. It was originally called Lord Cockburn Street but the "Lord" was abandoned within ten years.

The street is largely 4 storeys high but is dominated by the huge rear edifice of the City Chambers, which tower 12 storeys above the street as seen from this side. Given that the building dates from 1761, this is evidence to Edinburgh's fondness for high-rise structures dating back to the 18th century.

Medieval Remnants

All closes to north and south retain the medieval street pattern.

Most closes on the south side (leading to the Royal Mile) contain remnants from the 16th century. The most impressive are Warriston Close and Advocates Close.

Closes on the north side are generally 19th century.

Notable features

One of the buildings on the north side has high level carvings of an owl and pussycat, linking to the then contemporary poem The Owl and the Pussycat by Edward Lear.

Several shops retain huge timber shutters which uniquely drop below ground level when the shops are open.

Featured in film

The doorway, roofscape and top flats of 51 Cockburn Street appear prominently in the film Hallam Foe.

Scenes for the movie Avengers: Infinity War were filmed in the street in April 2017.

The chase seen between Mark and Begbie in Trainspotting 2 includes a sequence on Cockburn Street.

References

Old Town, Edinburgh
Streets in Edinburgh
Shopping streets in Scotland
Tourist attractions in Edinburgh

Cockburn Street, Edinburgh


For the second part of his life, Charles Darwin lived in Down, Kent with his family. The family owned the house for just over 60 years (1842–1906). It was in Bromley, Kent and now it is in the London Borough of Bromley.

This is where the Origin of Species was written, and all his later books.

Later history of the house
Down House was bought in 1996 by English Heritage, with a grant from the Wellcome Trust. It was restored with funds raised by the Natural History Museum from many trusts, and from a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. It was reopened to the public in April 1998.

The room where Darwin wrote all his later books has been restored as it was in his time. The house, gardens and Darwin's workroom can be seen by visitors.

London Borough of Bromley
Charles Darwin
Houses

Down House


Linda Király (born 28 February 1983) is a Hungarian singer and songwriter. She sings both in English and in Hungarian. She is the older sister of singer Viktor Király.

Biography
Linda Király is the second eldest of four children of musician Tamás Király. Her younger brother, Viktor Király, is also a singer and appeared as a contestant on season 9 of the NBC reality singing program The Voice. She grew up in New York and has been pursuing a singing career since childhood. She moved to Hungary with her family in 1999 and became famous nationwide when she sang the title song for the movie Szerelem utolsó vérig (Love Till Last Blood). The song was written by Gábor Presser. Her next hit was "Clubsong", the main theme from the Hungarian version of Big Brother. She also played Christine in The Phantom of the Opera, and was preparing to release her debut album.

In December 2003, her first album, titled #1 was released. The album included nine songs in English, five in Hungarian, plus the hits "Szerelem utolsó vérig" and "Clubsong". She released two singles, "Holla" and "És mégis". The next songs she recorded were "Lesz-e napsugár még?", the Hungarian version from the Disney movie Home on the Range, and the 2004 summer Olympics song "Olimpiai dal", a duet with Megasztár singing contest winner László Gáspár.

In autumn 2004, Király moved to London where she was working on her first full English-language album. She got a contract with Universal Music, then moved to the United States. "Can't Let Go", her first single, on which she worked with Darkchild was released in July 2007. "Can't Let Go" currently has over 2.3 million views on YouTube.

An announced international album was never released and currently her activities remain limited to her home country.

Discography

Albums
 #1 (2003; #19 on MAHASZ Top 40 Album Chart, Hungary)

Singles
 "Szerelem utolsó vérig"
 "Clubsong" (#2 on MAHASZ Single Top 10, #7 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Holla"
 "És mégis" (#25 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Játszom, ahogyan lélegzem" (duet with Charlie) (#5 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Olimpiai dal 2004" (duet with László Gáspár) (2004) (#2 on MAHASZ Single Top 10, #11 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Can't Let Go"  (2007) (#2 on MAHASZ Single Top 10, #4 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Love Is Overrated" (2011) (#29 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Untried" (2012) (#6 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Runaway (Beautiful Tragedy)" (2013) (#6 on Top 40 Airplay)
 "Everything" (2013)

See also
 Hungarian pop

Sources

 MAHASZ.hu archive – official charts in Hungary

External links
 Official Hungarian site
 Official English site at MySpace
 Linda Kiraly fansite

1983 births
Hungarian Jews
Living people
American people of Hungarian descent
American emigrants to Hungary
Hungarian pop singers
21st-century Hungarian women singers
Singers from New York City
Musicians from Great Neck, New York
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers

Linda Király


Estádio Aniceto Moscoso, usually known as Estádio Conselheiro Galvão, is a football stadium in Madureira neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 3,314 people. The field dimensions are 101 m of length and 68 m of width. It was built in 1941.

Estádio Conselheiro Galvão is owned by Madureira Esporte Clube. The stadium is nicknamed after the street where it is located, Conselheiro Galvão Street.

History
In 1941, the works on Estádio Conselheiro Galvão were completed. The inaugural match was played on June 15 of that year, when Madureira beat Fluminense 3-1.

In 1995, the grass was reformed, and it was considered one of the best of Rio de Janeiro state at the time.

External links
Templos do Futebol
Madureira Official Website

References

Football venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Estadio Conselheiro Galvao

Estádio Conselheiro Galvão


This is a list of tortilla-based dishes and foods that use the tortilla as a primary ingredient. A tortilla is a type of soft, thin flatbread made from finely ground corn or wheat flour that comes from Mexico and Central America and traditionally cooked on a comal (cookware). Originally derived from the corn tortilla (tortilla in Spanish means "small torta", or "small cake"), a bread of maize which predates the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, the wheat flour tortilla was an innovation after wheat was brought to the New World from Spain while this region was the colony of New Spain. It is made with an unleavened, water-based dough, pressed and cooked like corn tortillas.

Tortilla-based dishes

See also

 Corn tortilla
 List of bread dishes
 List of Mexican dishes
 Mexican street food
 New Mexican cuisine
 Tortilla warmer
 Wheat tortilla

References

Tortilla-Based Dishes
!

List of tortilla-based dishes


The Nightcap Range Important Bird Area is a 157 km2 fragmented tract of land containing several protected areas of rainforest in the Nightcap Range of north-eastern New South Wales, Australia.  Some 61% of the site is included in the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area.

Description
The site consists of the Nightcap, Mount Jerusalem and Goonengerry National Parks, Snows Gully Nature Reserve and the Whian Whian State Conservation Area.  The altitude ranges from 250–933 m above sea level.  Where the soils have a rhyolitic base the vegetation is warm temperate rainforest, while areas of nutrient-rich basaltic soils support subtropical rainforest.  The annual average rainfall, of 2351 mm at an altitude of 380 m, is the highest of any region in NSW, with  average winter temperatures of 7-17 °C and summer temperatures of 17-27 °C.

Birds
The site has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it contains the largest known population of Albert's lyrebirds, as well as populations of pale-yellow robins, paradise riflebirds, green catbirds, regent bowerbirds and Australian logrunners.

References

Important Bird Areas of New South Wales
Northern Rivers

Nightcap Range Important Bird Area