Slowcore, also known as sadcore, is a subgenre of indie rock and alternative rock characterised by slower tempos, minimalist instrumentation, and subdued lyrical performances.

Characteristics

Slowcore is considered a subgenre of indie rock, alternative rock, and pop. There is no definitive characterisation of the genre, however it is typically defined by slow tempos with a sombre and atmospheric approach to songwriting and composition. Slowcore articles often take influence from related genres, including dream pop, post-rock, folk, and americana. Drone and ambient music are also cited as being similar. Less frequently, slowcore songs borrow elements from other genres, including shoegaze and midwest emo.

Lyrics within slowcore are often melancholic, with the vocal performances subdued. For example, Swedish singer Stina Nordenstam has been described as slowcore because of "her sadly beautiful little-girl whisper" style of singing. In 1998, SF Weekly wrote that "The best thing about slowcore [...] is that they demand the listener pay attention. The worst thing about them is that sometimes you fall asleep by the third song".

Sadcore

Slowcore is occasionally referred to as "sadcore", and many journalists and scholars consider them to be synonymous labels for the same genre. Regardless, when they are distinguished, the differences are attributed to a heightened melancholy in the lyrics of sadcore songs.

The sadcore categorisation saw considerable use in the early 2000s. Mentions include The Washington Post calling Mark Eitzel, the lead singer of American Music Club, the "reluctant king of sadcore" in 2002 and LA Weekly calling Charlyn Marshall (stage name Cat Power) the "Queen of Sadcore" in 2003. Reviewers also used it in passing for albums such as Red House Painters' Rollercoaster (1993), Shearwater's Everybody Makes Mistakes (2002), and Low's box set A Lifetime of Temporary Relief (2004). Since then, Lana Del Rey self-described her music as "Hollywood sadcore" in an interview with Vogue in 2011. Phoebe Bridgers's music has also been called sadcore, a descriptor she dislikes: speaking to The New Zealand Herald in 2023, she said "I hate the 'sad girl' label".

Etymology
There is no definitive origin of the label "slowcore" outside of the agreement between scholars that its use began in the 1990s. Within music, the suffix "-core" infers a scene or style, originating with "hardcore". The American Dialect Society describes it more generally as a "productive suffix for aesthetic trends". "Slow" refers to the pace of the music. For "sadcore", the same applies, except "sad" refers to the emotion of the lyrics.

One claim to the origin of the label is from Alan Sparhawk of the band Low. In an interview with The Paper Crane podcast, Sparhawk said his friend had coined the term "slowcore" as a joke and that he had humorously mentioned it in one of his band's earliest shows. He says that after that show, the media picked up the term and its usage began increasing.

Reception
The "slowcore" label has been criticised by scholars and bands, calling it pejorative. Members of Low, a band often considered monumental in the growth of the genre, disliked the label: in 1998, founding member Alan Sparhawk called it "cheesy". Regardless, the label grew in popularity and in an interview with Vice in 2018, Sparhawk recognised his band as being influential in its growth.

History

Late 1980s: Stylistic origins
The sound that would become known as "slowcore" began emerging in the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a counterpoint to the rapid growth of louder rock genres like grunge. Unlike these genres, the early years of slowcore did not have a defined scene or any geographic hotspots. American Music Club are considered an early slowcore band. Releasing their debut The Restless Stranger in 1985, the band's music was slow and with characteristics akin to genres like folk and singer-songwriter. This style was echoed by other bands at the time, such as Cowboy Junkies. This style of folk- and americana-inspired music would become one of the defining styles of slowcore music.

Within the same period of time, Galaxie 500 formed and began releasing dream pop albums. Their sophomore album, On Fire (1989), strongly influenced the genre, as did the rest of their discography, although their dream pop style was not entirely indicative of how slowcore would develop. Regardless, On Fire would become the "blueprint for the minimalist construction of slowcore itself". Because of this, the band is frequently cited as one of slowcore's leading antecedents. Samuel Rosean, writing for Drowned in Sound, described them as slowcore's "most well-known progenitor", a phrase also used by Andrew Earles in his 2014 book Gimme Indie Rock: 500 Essential American Underground Rock Albums 1981-1996. Robert Rubsam, writing for Bandcamp Daily, called Galaxie 500 the "fountainhead for all that would come".

There were other early bands that formed in the 1980s that would help define slowcore, however many would not release anything until the 1990s. These include Codeine, Red House Painters, and Mazzy Star.

During this period, the label "slowcore" was not used.

1990s: Peak growth and evolution
While many of the bands that would influence the concept of slowcore existed before the 1990s, this decade is often cited as being when the genre began, as well as being its heyday. Throughout this period, the amount of bands and albums associated with the genre grew greatly, establishing its core sound and style.

In these early years, the genre was defined by bands that had a style of minimalist and prolonged instrumentation with melancholic vocal performances. Codeine, having formed in 1989, released Frigid Stars LP in 1990, which incorporated "tortured lyrics and tired vocal melodies". Codeine's music received attention over the following years, and after the release of the Barely Real extended play in 1992, the Toronto Star described it as being a "unique 'slowcore' sound". Two years after Codeine's debut, Red House Painters, having formed in 1988, released their debut: Down Colorful Hill (1992). Similar to other bands on the 4AD label, this album consisted of a select handful of demos, some of which date back to the late 1980s. The album is bleak in both lyrics and composition; this album, alongside their following albums Rollercoaster (1993) and Bridge (1993), have been described as instilling feelings of "desperation, regret, and general darkness". Earles contended that Red House Painters was the saddest band within slowcore in the early 1990s. Another early band was Bedhead, which formed in 1991 and released their debut WhatFunLifeWas in 1994. This album consisted of soft vocals and dynamic instrumentation, and the band would release two further studio albums, Beheaded (1996) and Transaction de Novo (1998), which maintained the same slow sound as their debut but deviated in technique. After this, the band disbanded and fell out of public discourse.

During this time, the sound of slowcore music depended on the location. For example, taking influence from post-rock and indie-rock was prevalent within Chicago, while the Californian scene was defined by Red House Painters and American Music Club. However, Low, out of Duluth, Minnesota, would ultimately create the genre's archetypical sound. Formed in 1993 by Alan Sparhawk and Mimi Parker, the band started by experimenting with slow and quiet rock music and in 1994, released their debut album I Could Live in Hope. This album was different from its predecessors: while it maintained stylistic similarities with other bands' sparse instrumentation, it was more difficult to categorise into other genres, like post-rock or dream pop. Due to this unique sound, Low are heralded as pioneers of the genre.

Towards the end of the decade, Duster released Stratosphere (1998). By this point, they had already released a few EPs but had failed to garner a notable reputation. The album was reviewed by Pitchfork and other zines, and the band would release one final album, Contemporary Movement (2000), before disbanding until 2018. Despite this, the band would ultimately become one of the most influential within the genre.

Another band attributed to this period of growth is Bluetile Lounge.

2000s–present: Continued expansion

Slowcore continued to grow throughout the 2000s, with artists typically amalgamating slowcore with other genres.

In 2001, Hope Sandoval of Mazzy Star and Colm Ó Cíosóig of My Bloody Valentine formed Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions and released Bavarian Fruit Bread. The band helped repopularise a more dream pop-inspired sound of slowcore reminiscent of Galaxie 500 that would see success over the coming years. In 2016, Cigarettes After Sex entered the spotlight with their single "Nothing's Gonna Hurt You Baby". The song, a dream pop and slowcore ballad, was originally released in 2012 but became viral online. Following this, the band released their self-titled debut album in 2017, described by Pitchfork as a "slowcore collection [that] borders on ambient".

In 2002, several Red House Painters members formed Sun Kil Moon. Early on, pundits noted that this band departed from the slowcore sound present in Red House Painters releases to instead opt for folk-inspired song construction. Despite this, others continued to find similarities between Sun Kil Moon's music and slowcore. The song "Duk Koo Kim" from Ghosts of the Great Highway received a write-up in Drowned in Sounds "Slowcore Week", though the author noted the song moved "slightly away from [the] slowcore movement".

Dan Barrett, a member of the post-punk band Have a Nice Life, released a self-titled album under the name Giles Corey in 2011. Giles Corey was emotive both lyrically and musically, with the production purposefully being low fidelity. Rosean noted that this was predictive of how slowcore would progress in the 21st century: departing somewhat from the essential simplicity in musical composition to instead place additional emphasis on emotional vulnerability. Rosean cited I'm Not As Good at It As You (2010) by S, formerly of indie rock band Carissa's Wierd, as another example of this. He writes: the album "[emphasises] harmony and melodic release over repetition while still maintaining [slowcore's] minimalistic style".

Since then, reviewers have labeled various artists and releases as slowcore, including singer-songwriters Nicole Dollanganger and Ethel Cain.

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading
Drowned in Sound Slowcore Week archive

External links

Alternative rock genres
American rock music genres
American styles of music

Slowcore


Miles Crispin (died 1107), also known as Miles or Milo of Wallingford, was a wealthy Norman landowner, particularly associated with Wallingford Castle in Berkshire. The Domesday Book records Miles as a major landowner with holdings in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and two other neighbouring counties as well as being Tenant-in-chief in a lengthy list of places.

Miles is believed to be a member of the Crispin family of Neaufles in Normandy: suggestions include son of William Crispin, baron of Neaufles (Neaufles-Saint-Martin or Neaufles-Auvergny), part of William the Conqueror's invading force, and a relation of Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, but this is uncertain.

Miles married Matilda, daughter of Robert D'Oyly, in 1084. While D'Oyly is generally credited with building Wallingford Castle, it has also been suggested that Miles Crispin was its first castellan of Wallingford, and owner of the lands of Wigod. Matilda later married Brien FitzCount.

During the Rebellion of 1088, Miles Crispin was a supporter of William II, and was in the army that later arrested William de Saint-Calais.

References

External links
Wallingford History Gateway
Miles Crispin at opendomesday

1107 deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire
Year of birth unknown
Holders of the Honour of Wallingford

Miles Crispin


The Turning Point is a 1952 American film noir crime film directed by William Dieterle and starring William Holden, Edmond O'Brien and Alexis Smith. It was inspired by the Kefauver Committee's hearings dealing with organized crime.

Plot
John Conroy is a Special Prosecutor, given extraordinary powers to break up the crime syndicate in a large midwestern town; his investigation will focus on Neil Eichelberger and his criminal operation.  A local journalist, Jerry McKibbon, is sympathetic to this but feels Conroy isn't experienced enough to handle the task.  Matt Conroy, John Conroy's father, is a local policeman and is assigned to be his chief investigator.

McKibbon discovers that Matt Conroy is a crooked cop who works for Eichelberger. McKibbon demands that Matt break with the mobster or he'll inform his son, John Conroy, of the duplicity.  To vindicate himself, it is decided that Matt Conroy will procure a damning file from the D.A.'s office that Eichelberger has requested, but he will retain a copy.

Even before this double-cross is exposed, Eichelberger decides to have Matt Conroy murdered in order to instill fear in his operation and show that Eichelberger is in control of the situation, since John Conroy's investigation is more serious than expected.  Matt Conroy is killed during a phony robbery, and his assassin, Monty LaRue, is immediately killed in turn.

John Conroy's investigation is systematically uncovering Eichelberger's crimes, and in anticipation of having their books subpoenaed, Eichelberger has the building housing them burned.  He has callous disregard for the people renting there, and all are killed.  An expose of Matt Conroy's murder reveals that Eichelberger had LaRue killed also.

His widow Carmelina LaRue can prove this, and contacts McKibbon in order to exact revenge, but is chased away by Eichelberger's henchmen.  Since McKibbon is the only one that can identify Carmelina LaRue, her husband's murderer, Roy Ackerman, demands that McKibbon be killed, but Eichelberger refuses.  Ackerman hires a hit man himself, and McKibbon is lured to a boxing match where he can be shot.

Meanwhile, Carmelina manages to reach John Conroy and her testimony is sufficient, along with already acquired information, to topple Eichelberger.  The hired gun shoots McKibbon, and as he lies dying, Eichelberger and his crew are arrested. McKibbon dies before John Conroy can arrive.

John Conroy's epitaph for McKibbon is something McKibbon himself has previously said: "Sometimes someone has to pay an exorbitant price to uphold the majesty of the law."

Cast
 William Holden as Jerry McKibbon
 Edmond O'Brien as John Conroy
 Alexis Smith as Amanda Waycross
 Tom Tully as Matt Conroy
 Ed Begley as Neil Eichelberger
 Danny Dayton as Roy Ackerman
 Adele Longmire as Carmelina LaRue
 Ray Teal as Clint, Police Captain
 Ted de Corsia as Eamon Harrigan
 Don Porter as Joe Silbray
 Howard Freeman as Fogel
 Neville Brand as Red
 Carolyn Jones (uncredited) as Miss Lilian Smith

Production
Several locations of historical interest in Downtown Los Angeles can be seen in this film. The original Angel's Flight funicular railway is part of one scene. The Hotel Belmont can also be seen. Other buildings that can be seen are the San Fernando Building in the Bank District and a Metropolitan Water District building at 3rd and Broadway.

Actress Carolyn Jones made her motion picture debut in the film.

Radio adaptation
The Turning Point was presented on Broadway Playhouse May 13, 1953. The 30-minute adaptation starred Dane Clark.

References

External links

1952 films
1952 crime drama films
1950s political drama films
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
American political drama films
Film noir
Films about journalists
Films about organized crime in the United States
Films directed by William Dieterle
Paramount Pictures films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

The Turning Point (1952 film)


Nichols, a historic village in southeastern Trumbull in Fairfield County, Connecticut, is named after the family who maintained a large farm in its center for almost 300 years. The Nichols Farms Historic District, which encompasses part of the village, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally home to the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation, the area was colonized by the English during the Great Migration of the 1630s as a part of the coastal settlement of Stratford. The construction of the Merritt Parkway through the village, and the subsequent closing of stores and factories, turned the village into a bedroom community in 1939. Aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky lived in three separate homes in Nichols during his active years between 1928 and 1951, when he designed, built and flew fixed-wing aircraft and put the helicopter into mass production for the first time.

Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation

The Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation is a Connecticut state-recognized tribe, descendants of the Paugussett (also Paugusset) Nation of Native Americans, who occupied much of western Connecticut prior to the arrival of Europeans. While state-recognized, they have been denied federal recognition. The tribe lives in Colchester, Connecticut, where it has a  reservation, and also has a  reservation in Nichols, which is considered to be the oldest continuing reservation in Connecticut and the smallest in the US.

History

As the first volume of Stratford land records were destroyed in 1650, early records of English settlement are not available. In 1661, the Stratford selectmen voted to allow all inhabitants the liberty of taking up a whole division of land anywhere they could find fit planting ground, as long as it was not within two miles (3 km) of the town meeting house. They were prohibited from making it their dwelling place without consent. Elder Phillip Groves, Captain William Curtiss and Lt. Joseph Judson, early landowners in Nichols, were named to a committee to lay out the land as they saw fit.
Before 1661, people were free to take up planting grounds anywhere within the township. The common land in Nichols Farms was divided and granted to individuals beginning in 1670 as a part of the three-mile or woods division and continued up to 1800.

Agriculture
Mischa Hill is located in the geographic center of Nichols. This area was first called Misha Hill or Lt. Joseph Judson's Farm in the land records. It was the first area within Trumbull to be settled due to its already cleared planting fields, fertile soil, spring-fed ponds, meadows and its close proximity to the main village, only three miles away.

Lt. Joseph Judson, Sgt. Jeremiah Judson, and John Curtiss established farms on Mischa Hill before 1658, the year they were elected freeman (Colonial) by the legislature of the Connecticut Colony. To be elected as a freeman, at this time, an individual had to own real property in his own name.

Other early landowners included; Benjamin Beach, William Beardsley, Richard Booth, Zachariah Bostick, John Brinsmaid, John Curtiss, Benjamin Curtiss, Joseph Curtiss, Captain William Curtiss, Ebenezer Curtiss, Zachariah Curtiss, Joseph Fairchild, Elder Philip Groves, Joseph Hawley (Captain), Samuel Hawley, Ephraim Hawley, John Hurd, Lt. Joseph Judson, Jeremiah Judson, Isaac Judson, Isaac Nichols, Caleb Nichols, Abraham Nichols, Samuel Uffoot and Reverend Zachariah Walker.<ref>Stratford Land Records, Vol. 2, p. 82</ref>

Religious rift
In the 1660s, Lt. Joseph Judson began a disagreement with the majority of elders in town as he and others tried to introduce the half way covenant. In 1671, Judson obtained permission from Governor John Winthrop, Jr. to remove with other families and settle a new town called Woodbury. Judson and the other Woodbury founders, either sold, gifted or abandoned their farms in Nichols.

In 1688, John Curtiss removed to Woodbury, giving his entire farm on Mischa Hill to his son Benjamin, who had married Joseph Judson's daughter. Shortly after Judson and the others had abandoned their farms in Nichols to remove to Woodbury in 1673, the area was commonly referred to as Old Farm, Old Farms and Judson's Farm's in the Stratford land records.

Abraham Nichols
Abraham Nichols is credited, by some, with being the first Englishman to settle in Trumbull around 1690 or 1700, depending on the source. It has been said that others soon followed him into the wilderness to; "establish mills, churches, and schools". Nichols landholdings were said to total as much as . However, none of these claims can be substantiated by the public land records.

According to Walter Nicholls, who wrote the History of the Nichols family in 1909, Abraham did not accompany his father to Woodbury in 1673, but remained in Trumbull to oversee the plantation. Since Abraham was only eleven in 1673 (born 1662), it is likely that he removed to Woodbury with his family, and later returned to Trumbull between 1696 and 1700 as an adult. According to the public land records, Nichols owned  of land, purchased between 1696 and 1700, of which  remains as open space today.

The last Nichols to reside on the farm was Florence, who married George Woods in 1903. Soon after their deaths in 1973 and 1972 respectively, the property was donated to the Nichols Methodist Church, as Florence and George Woods had bequeathed. The Town of Trumbull purchased the land from the church in 1974. This tract was then known as the Woods Estate, and is now the home of the Trumbull Historical Society.

Development
Nichols is named for the family that maintained a large farm in its geographic center for almost three hundred years. In May 1725, the northwest farmers of Stratford petitioned the Colony of Connecticut to form their own village. The farmers wished to call their new Parish Nichol's Farms. The legislature approved their new village in October 1725, but named the new parish Unity. Unity became a part of North Stratford in 1744 when it merged with the parish of Long Hill, Trumbull, which had been founded in 1740. When it incorporated in 1797, the Nichols village became a school and taxing district as a part of the Town of Trumbull.

Nichols Green
The Nichols Green or N.I.A. Green, is owned and maintained by a private trust called the Nichols Improvement Association, established in 1889 to beautify and improve  the village.
A memorial to those residents who fought in World Wars I and II is located on the south end of the green.
An 80' tall pine flagpole brought through the Panama Canal from Washington was erected on the green in 1932. This pine pole replaced an earlier 115' chestnut flagpole erected on July 4, 1892 that carried a 25' by 15' flag and was believed by some to be the highest flag flown in the state at the time.
Another landmark near the green is the Bunny Fountain'''. The fountain was a gift from the Peet family to the citizens of Nichols in 1895. Originally installed at the intersection of Huntington Turnpike and Shelton Road, it was moved to the Turnpike and Unity Road in 1931. In the spring of 1971, it was restored and moved to its present location. It was restored again in 1992.
An old grinding stone from the 1826 Fairchild (Paper) Mill is placed at the south end of the green. The mill was located at the Falls of the Pequonnock River beginning in 1674; the area is now called Fairchild Park and marks the Town boundary with Bridgeport.
A piece of the original 1940 Merritt Parkway bridge, which was built over Huntington Turnpike, is installed on the green. The concrete ornament is a likeness of the town of Trumbull official seal. The bridge was demolished in 1979 when the interchange was updated.

Pinewood Lake

Then called Pine Brook Country Club, Pinewood Lake is notable for having served as the summer rehearsal headquarters of the Group Theatre from New York City. Formed in 1931 by Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg, the Group Theatre and had a vision of doing socially responsible works that would raise community consciousness. It was composed of actors, directors, playwrights and producers.A Gambler's Instinct: The Story of Broadway Producer Cheryl Crawford, p. 52 The Group gathered to rehearse in the countryside every summer during the 1930s of the Great Depression. They spent the summer of 1936 at Pinewood Lake. During this time, they produced works by the most important American playwrights. Their emphasis on realistic dramas changed stage and film forever.

Nichols Avenue

The road linking the village of Nichols to Stratford center, three miles (5 km) to the south, was first called the Farm Highway, now called Nichols Avenue or (Route 108). The historic road was laid out or surveyed to the south side of Mischa Hill in Nichols on December 7, 1696. The highway was described as being completed to the south side of Mischa Hill and at Zachariah Curtiss, his land, and at Captain's Farm.

In October 1725, when the Connecticut Colony approved the Parish of Unity, they referred to the Farm Highway as Nickol's Farm's Road. The Nichols Avenue portion of Route 108 in Trumbull is the third-oldest documented highway in Connecticut, after the Mohegan Road, Connecticut Route 32 in Norwich (1670) and the King's Highway, or Boston Post Road Route 1 (1673).

Merritt Parkway
The Merritt Parkway was built directly through the center of Nichols in the late 1930s displacing a residence and the old Nichols Store, which were razed, and the Trinity Church which was moved a few hundred feet to the north. The large 5' by 6' natural stepping stone was the only item saved from the old Nichols Store and was relocated to the front of the Ephraim Hawley House. In 1979, the original Huntington Turnpike Overpass was demolished and a new bridge was built in its place when the interchange was updated. When the original 1940 overpass was demolished, the cast-iron grills that resembled a trellis with a grapevine were salvaged restored and placed as decorative items on the replacement Huntington Turnpike Underpass. The new bridge is not listed on the NRHP.

Notable people, past and present
Dick Allen ( 1939-2017), American poet and former poet laureate of the state of Connecticut.
James Beebe (1717–1785), Reverend Unity Parish from 1747 to 1785, Army Preacher in the French and Indian War and patriot.
Truman Bradley (1826–1900), American Indian from the Schaghticoke tribe.
Will Geer, (1902–78), actor and folklorist
Robert Hawley, (1729–1799), Captain local militia during American Revolutionary War.
Carolyn Hax (b. 1966), writer and columnist for The Washington Post and the author of the advice column "Tell Me About It".
Joseph Judson (1619-1690), early settler, militia officer and elected official, negotiated Long Hill Purchase from the Paugussett Indians.
Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), aviation pioneer and helicopter inventor. Ikenson page 24

Images

References

Bibliography
 Trumbull Historical Society, History of Trumbull, Dodrasquicentennial, 1797-1972, 1972
 Reverend Samuel Orcutt, History of the Old Town of Stratford, Connecticut, Fairfield Historical Society, 1886
 Dorothy M. Seely, Tales of Trumbull's Past'', Trumbull Historical Society, 1984

External links
Nichols Improvement Society
National Register of Historic Places
The USGenWeb Project, Fairfield County

Trumbull, Connecticut
History of Connecticut
Populated places established in 1725
Colonial architecture in Connecticut
Federal architecture in Connecticut
Greek Revival architecture in Connecticut
1725 establishments in Connecticut
Villages in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut

Nichols, Connecticut


Khao Lak (, ) is a series of villages, now tourist-oriented, mainly in the Takua Pa District and partly in the Thai Mueang District of Phang Nga Province, Thailand.

The name "Khao Lak" literally translated means 'Main Mountain'. This was one of the peaks used by ancient sea farers as a landmark to guide them into the safe harbor at Thaplamu. Lak mountain is one of the main peaks in the hilly small mountainous region (maximum height  in Khao Lak-Lam Ru National Park.

The tiny village of Ban Khao Lak, the original beach, Hat Khao Lak, and the bay of Khao Lak (Ao Khao Lak) actually all lie in the Lam Kaen sub-district of Thai Mueang District. However the name Khao Lak has now grown to enclose many other villages in the area, mostly on the Northern side of the mountain in the Khukkhak sub-district of Takuapa district.

Location
Khao Lak is a series of villages, now tourist-oriented, mainly in the Takua Pa District and partly in the Thai Mueang District of Phang Nga Province, Thailand. It is located on the Andaman Sea coastline, approximately 60 kilometers north of Phuket. The region is known for its tranquil beaches, lush tropical landscapes, and as a departure point for diving trips to the Similan Islands.

Distances to Other Thai Cities

Bangkok: Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, is roughly 760 kilometers north of Khao Lak. Travel options include flights to Phuket followed by a road journey, or direct buses and trains to nearby areas with connecting transportation to Khao Lak.

Phuket: Being only 60 kilometers south of Khao Lak, Phuket is easily accessible by road. Regular bus services and taxis connect these two popular tourist destinations.

Samui: The island of Samui is located approximately 300 kilometers northeast of Khao Lak. Travel between these locations typically involves a combination of road and ferry travel, or a flight from or to Samui Airport.

Krabi: Krabi is around 150 kilometers to the southeast of Khao Lak. Regular bus services, taxis, and private car hires are available for this journey.

Beaches

Beach boundaries are fluid, and vary with local prejudices, official government pronouncements, and the marketing efforts of local resorts. It is generally accepted that Khao Lak beaches include (from south to north):

 Tablamu Beach, Lam Kaen and Tablamu Navy Base
 Khao Lak Beach, south of the headland marking the southern boundary of the region
 Nang Thong Beach, in the village of Bang La On (frequently called—mistakenly—Khao Lak)
 Bang Niang, in the village of the same name some 2–3 km (1.5 to 2 miles) north of Bang La On
 Khuk Khak, in the village of the same name some 2–3 km (1.5 to 2 miles) north of Bang Niang
 Cape Pakarang, north of Khuk Khak
 Coconut Beach, north side of Cape Pakarang
 White Sand Beach, north side of Cape Pakarang
 Bang Sak, north of Cape Pakarang
 Bang Lud Beach, north of Laem Tantawan

Taken together, these beaches stretch for some  along the Andaman Sea. All beaches are public, as are all beaches in Thailand.

Economy
Since the tsunami, Khao Lak's infrastructure and economy have bounced back. Coastal resorts have been reconstructed or repaired, and new ones have been built or are in the process of being built. In 2016, there were reportedly 7,822 hotel rooms at 104 registered accommodations. Occupancy rates range from 70-90 percent during the high season period (November–March).

Over time, the economy in the Khao Lak region has evolved and changed. In the past, the tin mining played a significant role as an economic sector. Today, other industries have come to the forefront. Shrimp farms contribute to food production, while fishing continues to be a source of income. Rubber plantations provide raw materials for various products, and palm oil plantations are also an important economic factor. Additionally, fruit plantations, especially for exotic fruits like mangosteen, rambutan, and durian, have become established.

Today, tourism has become the main source of income for the region, significantly shaping Khao Lak's economic landscape. However, during the Covid pandemic, there was an increased focus on agriculture. This emphasis has helped stabilize the economy in a time of uncertainty and showcases the diversity and adaptability of the economic sectors in Khao Lak.

History
The lush area around Khao Lak was once called Takola. Artifacts dating back to 1,400 years show evidence it was a significant coastal town and trading post of the ancient Maritime Silk Route.

In 1987, over nine huts were found inside cashew nut trees of Khao Lak Resort, which are one of the most beautiful areas of forest where species of Thai wildlife are a common sight. Khao Lak was mentioned for the first time in 1988 in the second edition of Traveller Handbuch Thailand by Stefan Loose Verlag.

2004 tsunami

Khao Lak was the coastal area of Thailand hardest hit by the tsunami resulting from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.  Many people died including many foreign tourists. The final death toll was over 4,000, with local unofficial estimates topping 10,000 due to the lack of accurate government censuses and the fact that much of the migrant Burmese population was not documented nor recognized as legal residents.

Most of the coastal landscape was destroyed by the tsunami. Some replanting programmes have been initiated and a great deal has been accomplished in the rejuvenation of surrounding foliage. Studies suggesting that coastal vegetation may have helped buffer the effects of the waves have ensured that replanting and maintenance of the coastal vegetation have become a priority in the reconstruction of the landscape.
The force of the tsunami beached Thai navy boat 813 (Tor 813) almost  inland from Bang Niang Beach. It was on patrol, guarding Bhumi Jensen, a grandson of the king, as he was jet skiing in front of La Flora Resort. Despite rescue efforts, he could not be saved. His mother, Princess Ubol Ratana, and sister survived by fleeing to an upper story of La Flora. The area in which the patrol boat lies has been renovated and includes a museum dedicated to the events of 26 December.

Others among the casualties were well-known Finnish musician and TV host Aki Sirkesalo and his family, and Imre von Polgar, guitarist for the Swedish rock band, The Watermelon Men. Almost four years old at the time, a young girl was swept away at Khao Lak and remained the subject of a media-covered intensive search despite being formally identified in August 2005 as a victim. Jane Holland (nee Attenborough) the elder daughter of the film director and actor Richard Attenborough perished in the tsunami with several members of her family. The current President of Finland Sauli Niinistö and his adult son survived by clinging to a power pole. Since the 2004 tsunami, an early-warning system has been installed along the affected coastline. In April 2012, it received its most recent test following an earthquake off the coast of Sumatra. Audible warning sirens alerted the local population to the possibility of a tsunami roughly 2 hours before estimated landfall, allowing the populace to move to higher ground inland.

The 2012 film The Impossible is based on the true story of the family of María Belón, who survived the 2004 tsunami, and was also filmed in Khao Lak.

Administration
The Khao Lak region falls almost entirely within the Khuk Khak Sub-district (tambon) of the Takua Pa District (amphoe) of Phang Nga Province. The Takua Pa District is divided into eight sub-districts. The village of Ban Khao Lak does not fall within the Khuk Khak sub-district, the area commonly thought of as "Khao Lak".

Weather in Khao Lak
The weather in Khao Lak can be separated into two distinct seasons. The dry season between November and April, and the monsoon season from May to October. Khao Lak is mostly warm all year round with temperatures averaging around 28°C to 32°C.

In the dry season it is not uncommon for Khao Lak to go without rain for around six weeks at a time. This is the main tourist season when the weather is more settled. During this time the wind generally comes from the East, meaning the town is sheltered by its position on the Western side of the mountains near the coast.

In the monsoon season however the wind changes direction and comes from the West where it reflects off of the mountains and causes strong winds, waves and storm like conditions in the area.

References

External links

A detailed map of the Khao Lak area
A detailed map showing Khao Lak at the time of the 2004 tsunami
Photos of the rescue work after the tsunami
National Geographic Society: The Deadliest Tsunami in History
Discovery Travel Khao Lak - Khao Lak Weather

Beaches of Thailand
Tourist attractions in Phang Nga province
Geography of Phang Nga province
Populated places in Phang Nga province

Khao Lak


The Basilica of St Dominic (Malti: Il-Bażilika ta' San Duminku) or also known as the Basilica of Our Lady of Safe Haven and St Dominic is one of the three parish churches of Valletta, Malta. It is administered by the Dominican Order whose convent is located behind the church.

History
The land upon which the church and convent are built were given to the order by Grand Master Pierre de Monte. Girolamo Cassar was commissioned to draw up the plans. The first stone was laid on 19 April 1571. The parish was established on 2 July 1571 by a decree given by Pope Pius V, considered as the benefactor of the construction of Valletta. It was dedicated to Our Lady of Safe Haven because of the great number of sailors who used to go to the small chapel that the Dominicans had built prior to the construction of the large church in order to thank the Mother of God upon their safe return to harbour after long and dangerous sea voyages. It was also declared that the parish of St Dominic would be the principal parish church of the city.

New church
The church was closed and declared unsafe on 24 July 1780 as a consequence of earthquakes and severe storms. A new church was built on the same site of the original church some 25 years after it was closed. The church was opened and blessed on 15 May 1815. The church was elevated to the dignity of a Minor basilica on 25 March 1816. The church was finally consecrated on 15 October 1889 by Archbishop Pietro Pace. The church was robbed from its wooden altar candle holders, that are of approximate value of €2,000, only to be found on maltapark.com when they were being sold by the holder.

The church building is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.

See also

Culture of Malta
History of Malta
List of Churches in Malta
Religion in Malta

References

1571 establishments in Malta
Basilica churches in Malta
Buildings and structures in Valletta
Dominican churches in Malta
Dominican convents
Dominican Order
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
Church buildings with domes
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1815
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Malta

Basilica of St Dominic, Valletta


Rà v.t. to buy, to purchase, to redeem, to the with rope, to rot, to furnish with laths. Ó ra ìwé (He bought a book)

Rà, adj. rotten, Ẹran náà ti n rà (The
meat has started to go rotten)

Ra, v.i. to perish, to rub on, Ó fi epo ra ara (He rubbed oil on his body)

Rá, v.i. to crawl, to creep, ó rá sábẹ́ igi. (He crawled under the tree.

Rá bàbà, v.i. to flutter or hover over. Ẹyẹ náà rá bàbà lórí ilé (The bird hovered over the house)

Ràdí, v.i to replace, to buy back. Wọ́n ní kí ó ra gíláàsì mìíràn dí èyí tí ó fọ́ (He was asked to replace the glass he broke)

Ràdọ̀ bò, v.t. to shelter, to defend, to gather as a hen does to her brood, to protect. Ó ràdọ̀ bò mí (He protected me).

Ráhùn, v.i to murmur, to complain. Ó ń ráhùn (He is complaining)

Ràjò, v.i. to go on a journey, to be absent from home. Ó ti ràjò (He has gone on a journey)

Rákaràka, adv. widely spread. Ó rí rákaràka (It is widely spread)

Rákò, Rákòrò, v.i. to creep, to crawl, Ọmọ náà ń rákòrò. (The baby is crawling)

Rákórákó, Rẹ́kórẹ́kó. n. a disease of the penis. Rẹ́kórẹ́kó ń bá a jà. (He is being troubled by a disease of the penis)

Ràkọ̀ràkọ̀, adj. of a brownish red colour. Ó pọ́n ràkọ̀ràkọ̀ (It is of a brownish red colour)

Ràkunmí, ìbákasíẹ, n. camel.

Ramúramù, adv. loudly. Rìnìún náà bú ramúramù (The lion roared loudly)

Rámuràmu, adv. same as Rákaràka, which see).

Ran, v.t. to spin, to twist (as cord, etc.) Aláǹtakùn náà ń ran òwú (The spider is spinning a web)

Rán v.t. to send, to despatch, to sew cloth into dress, to be show in growing . Ó rán iyawo rẹ̀ sí mi (He sent his wife to me).

Ràn, v.i. to be infectious (as disease), to ignite (as fire) Igi náà ti ràn (The wood has ignited)

Rámdanràndan, adv. carelessly, confusedly. Ó ń rìn rándanràndan (He is walking carelessly)

Ràndánràndán, adj. pale, sallow, unhealthy. Ó rí ràndánràndán (He looks unhealthy)

Ràngàndà, adj. bright, protruding (as the eye). Ó nawọ́ sí àwọn ojú rẹ̀ ràngàndàn (He pointed to his protruding eyes)

Raníyè, v.t. to cause one to be forgetful, to infatuate. Ó ra á níyè (He made her to be forgetful)

Rán jáde, v.t. to send out, to order out. Ó ran an jáde láti lọ mú aja wọn wọlé (He sent him out to go and bring their dog inside)

Ranjú, v.t. to dilate one's eyes. Ó ranjú (He dilated his eyes)

Ranjú mọ́ v.t. to stare at one, to fix the eyes staringly at one. Ó ranjú mọ́ mi (He stared at me)

Ránletí v.t. to remind, to cause to remember or recollect, to put in mind. Ó rán mi létí ojọ́ ìdìbò (He reminded me of the date of the election)

Ràn lẹ́rù v.t. to help one to carry one's load, to assist. Ó ràn án lẹ́rù (He helped him to carry his load.

Rán lọ, v.t. see Rán

Ràn lọ́wọ́, v.t. to help, to aid, to assist, to succour. Ó ràn mí lọ́wọ́ (He helped me).

Ràn mọ́ v.t. to catch, to stick to, to attach, to hold fast. Iná ràn mọ́ ọn lẹ́wù. (He garment caught fire)

Rán pọ̀, v.t. to speak ironically to sew together. Ó rán àwọn àpò náà pọ̀ (He sew the bags together)

Ránṣẹ́ v.t. to send a message. O ránṣẹ́ sí i. (He sent a message to him)

Ránṣọ, v.i to sew cloth. Ó ránṣọ  rẹ̀. (He sew his own clothes.

Rántí, v.i to remember, to call, to mind, to recollect. Rántí láti mú ìwé náà wá (Remember to bring the book)

Rán-unran-un, n. nonsense. Ó ń sọ rán-unràn-un. (He is talling nonsense)

Ràn-ùnràn-ùn, adv. wonderingly.

Rápálá v.i. to crawl with difficulty to wriggle along. Ọmọ náà ń rápálá. (The baby was crawling with difficulty)

Rárà n. song, elegy, culugy. Ó ń sun rárà. (He is sing a ecology)

Rara, adv. loudly, vociverously, bitterly. Ó ń ké rara. (He is shouting bitterly)

Ràrá, n. dwarf, piginy. Ràrá ni (He is a dwarf )

Rara, v.t. to redeem oneself. Ó san owó láti rara rẹ (He paid money to redeem himself).

Rárá, adv. at all. Kò lọ rárá (He didn't go at all)

Ráre, v.i. to linger, to suffer a long and tedious illness without care or attention, to struggle between life and death. Wọ́n fi i sílẹ̀ kí ó máa ráre. (They left him to suffer the long illness without care)

Rárí fárí, v.i to shave the head. Ó rárí rẹ̀ (He shaved his head)

Raurau, adv. entirely, totally, altogether, comptely. Ilé náà jóná ráúráú. (The house burnt completely)

Rawọ́, v.i. to rub both hand together. O rawọ́ (He rubbed his hands together)

Re, v.i. to change or shed feathers, to moult, to fall off (as hairs or leaves) Àwọn ẹyẹ náà re ìyẹ́ wọn (The birds shed their feathers)

Ré, v.i. to go off, to spring (as a trap or snare), to skin, to snap shut. Pàkúté náà ré. (The trap snapped shut)

Re àjò, Ràjò, Rebi, v.i  to go on a journey, to go abroad. Ó re àjò (He went on a journey)

Réderède, n. foolishness, to be redundant. Ó sọ mi dib réderède (He made me to be redundant)

Rèdí. V.i to move the tail upward (as a bird sitting on a tree). tp wag the tail, tp waggle the buttocks. Ó ń rèdí. (She is waggling her buttocks)

Régérégé, adv. evenly, exactly, perfectly. Ó gún régérégé. (It is perfectly straight)

Rékọjá, v.t. to pass over, to omit, to exceed. Ó ré odò náà kọjá (He passed over the river)

Rékọjá adv.  beyond measure, exceedingly, extremely. Ó ga rékọjá àlà (He is extremenly tall)

Rékọjá àlà, adv. beyond bounds, exceedingly, extremely. Ó kúrú rékọjá àlà. (He is extremely short).

Rélọ, v.i to entice, to seduce

Ré mọ́ v.t. to be attracted to, to draw towards. Ó ré mọ́ olówó ọjà. (She was attracted to the rich man at the market)

Réré, adv. far, at a great distance. Ìlú náà wà ní ọ̀nà jínjìn réré sí ibí (The town is far from here)

Rere, adj. good, well. Ọmọ rere ni. (He is a good child)

Rere, adv. well. Ó perí mi ní rere (He wish me well)

Rere, Ire, n. good, welfare, good act. Rere gbè é (Good act benefited him)

Rérí, v.t. ó fẹ́ rérí rẹ̀ (He wants to shave the hairs of his head)

Rérí, v.i. to cease yielding fruits. Igi náà ti rérí  (The tree has stopped yielding fruits)

Reta, v.t. to pick pepper from the stem with the hand. Ó ń reta (She is picking pepper from the stem with her hands)

Retí, v.t. to hope for, to expect, to wait for. Ó ń retí wa (He is expecting us)

Réúréú  adj. short and stunted. Ó rí réúréú (He is short and stunted)

Rèyẹ́, v.i to shed feathers, to new (as a hawk) Àwọn ẹyẹ náà rèyẹ́  wọn (The birds shed their feathers)

Rẹ́, v.t. to cut, to shear, to nip, to plaster. Ó rẹ́ lé rẹ̀ (He plastered his house)

Rẹ́, v.i. to be friendly together. wọ́n rẹ́ (They are friendly together)

Rẹ, v.t. to dye, to steep in water, to soak (as clothes) in water. Ó rẹ aṣọ rẹ̀ ṣínú omi (He soaked his clothes in the water)

Rẹ̀  Possess. Pron. third pers. sing.  his, her, its.  MO rí ìwé rẹ̀. (I saw his books)

Rẹ̀ v.i to be tired, to increase. Ó rẹ̀ mí (I am tired)

Rẹgẹ, v.t. to set a trap for. Ó rẹgẹ dè é (He set a trap fro him)

Rẹgẹ, Rẹkẹ, v.i. to be on the gui vive, to be on the alert, to be on the watch, to await in angry impatient. Ó rẹgẹ dè é (He awaited him in angry impatient)

Rẹ́gí, Rẹ́gírẹ́gí, adv. evenly, equally, exactly. Agolo àti ìdérí rẹ̀ ṣe régí. (The tin and its lid fit one another exactly)

Rẹ̀yìn, v.i. to be behind, to decrease, to be flat, to go backward, to be backward. Ó rẹ̀yìn (He went backward)

Rẹ́jẹ, v.t. to cheat, to defraud. Ó rẹ́ mi jẹ (He cheated me)

Rẹ láró, v.t. to dye. Ó rẹ ẹ́ láró (He dyed it).

Rẹ́lé, v.t. to plaster house. Ó rẹ́lé rẹ̀ (He plastered his house)

Rẹlẹ̀, v.t. to go down, to humble oneself, to subside, to be low. Ó rẹlẹ̀ (It is low)

Rẹ̀ lẹ́kún, v.t. to comfort, to console. Ó rẹ̀ ẹ́ lẹ́kún (He consoled him)

Rẹ́ lórí, v.t. to poll, to prune the branches off, to top. Ó rẹ́ igi náà lórí (He pruned the branches of the tree)

Rẹ́ lórùn, v.t. to cut the neck of. Ó rẹ́ ẹ lọ́rùn (He cut his neck)

Rẹ́ lulẹ̀, ké lulẹ̀, v.t. to cut down. Ó rẹ́ igi náà lulẹ̀. (He cut the tree down)

Rẹ́mú, Rẹ́múrẹ́mú, adv. exactly. Wọ́n ṣe rémú (The fit each other exactly)

Rẹ́pọ̀, Rẹ́pọ̀ mọ́, v.t. to cleave, to combine with, to become fused together. Wọ́n rẹ́pọ̀ (They became fused together)

Rẹrẹ, adv. closely (modifying verbs of pursuing or of motion towards) Ó gbá rẹrẹ tì í (He followed him closely)

Rẹ́rìn-ín, v.i to laugh. O rẹ́rìn-ín. (He laughed)

Rẹ́rìn-ín akọ, v.i to laugh coarsely. Ó rẹ́rìn-ín akọ (He laughed coarsely)

Rẹrù, v.i. to carry load, to bear burden, to bear responsibility. Ó rẹrù. (He was carrying a load)

Rẹ sílẹ̀, v.t. to lower, to degrade. Ó rẹ̀ é sílẹ̀ (He lowered it)

Rẹ̀tẹ́, v.t to lull to sleep (as a baby)

Rẹ́úrẹ́ú, adv. entirely, completely, altogether. Ó rẹ́ ẹ rẹ́úrẹ́ú (He cut it off completely)

Rẹ̀wẹ̀sì, v.i to be dejected, to be disheartened, to be downcast. Ọkàn rẹ̀ rẹ̀wẹ̀sì (He felt dejected)

Rẹ́yin, v.t. to draw honey from the live. Ó réyin (He drew honey from the live)

Rẹ̀yìn, v.t. to diminish, to be behind. Ipa tí ó ní ti rẹ̀yìn lẹ́yìn ọjọ́ pípẹ́ (His influence has diminished over time)

Rì, v.i. to be drown, to sink. Ó rì sínú omi (He was drowned)

Rí, v.i to see, to find, to discover, to perceive. Mo rí  i (I saw it)

Rí, adv. prior to this time, at any time before, never, at no time before. Kò tíì lọ sí ibẹ̀ rí (He has never been there before)

Rí bákan náà v.i. to be alike, to be similar, to be uniform. Wọ́ rí bákan náà (The were alike)

Ribiribi, adj. important, of much consequence. Ó ṣe iṣẹ́ ribiribi (He did an important task)

Ribiti, Rubutu, adj. round, circular. Ó rí ribiti. (It is round)

Ríborìbo, adv. hither and thither, aimlessly. Máà dà á rìbárìbo. (Don't direct him aimlessly)

Rí dájú, v.i to be cure of, to be certain. Ó rí i dájú pé ó wà níbẹ̀ (He was certain that he was there)

Rídìí, v.i. to see the reason for a thing, to find out the secret about a thing, to see the end of. Ó ti rídìí ọ̀rọ̀ náà. (He has found out the secret about the matter)

Rífín, v.t. to have a contempt for to hold in contempt. Àwọn ọmọ náà rí wọn fin. (The children held them in contempt)

Rígbà, v.t. to receive, to obtain. Ó rí i gba (He was able to receive it)

Ríhe, v.t. to find, to find and pick up what is lost. Ó rí  owó he. (He found and picked up the money that was lost)

Ríjẹ, adj. well off, well-to-do, rich. Ó ríjẹ (He is rich)

Rìkíṣí, n. conspiracy, plot, intrigue. Wọ́n ń di rìkíṣí mọ ọn (They are Plotting against him)

Rín, Rẹ́rìn-ín, v.t. lo laugh. Ó rín (He laughed)

Rin, adj. damp, moist, humid. Yàrá yìí ń rin (This room is damp)

Rìn, v.i to tickle, to walk, to travel. Ó rìn lọ sí ilé. (He walked home.)

Rin, v.i. to grate (cassava), to squeeze against. Wọ́n rin ẹ̀gẹ́ (The grate cassava)

Rìn gbẹ̀rẹ́, v.i. to walk slowly or lazily. Ó ń rìn gbẹ̀rẹ́  (He is walking slowly)

Rin gbindin, v.t. to soak, to be very wet. Ó ń rin gbindin. (It is very wet)

Rìn hẹ́bẹ́hẹ́bẹ́,  v.i to waddle, to walk like the duch. Ó ń rìn  hẹ́bẹ́hẹ́bẹ́ (He is walking like a duck)

Rìnká, Rìn káàkiri, v.i. to stroll about , to roam about, to walk about. Wọn ń rìnká (They were walking about)

Rìn kiri, v.i. to rove about, to wander about. Ó ń rìn kiri (He was wandering about)

Rìn lẹ́dọ̀, v.i. to nauseate. Òórùn ẹran náà ń rìn mí lẹ́dọ̀ (The smell of the meat nauseates me)

Rìn lọ, Rin wò, Rìn yíká, v.t. to go round the boundaries of. Ó rìn yíká oko rẹ̀ (He went round the boundaries of his farm)

Rinrin, adv. very (qualifying "Wúwo", heavy) Òkúta náà wúwo rinrin (They stone is very heavy)

Rírà, adj purchasable, buying Iṣẹ́ ìwé rírà àti títà ni ó ń ṣe  (He is buying and selling books)

Rírà, adj. putrid, rotten Ẹ̀fọ́ rírà ni ó rà (She bought rotten vegetables)

Ríran, v.i. to see, to have the power of seeing the future. Ó máa ń ríran (He bhas the power of seeing the future)

Ríràn, adj. infections. Àìsàn ríran ni. (It is an infectious disease)

Oju-iwe Keji

Ríraníyè, n. stupefaction, act of stupefying

Rírànlọ́wọ́n, n. help, assistance, act of helping

Rírántí, n. remembrance, memory.

Rírẹ́pọ̀, n. friendliness

Rírẹ́rìn-ín, n laughter. Ilé tí rírẹ́rìn-ín ti pọ ni. (It is a house full of laughter)

Rírẹ̀sílẹ̀, n. humiliation

Rírì, value, worth. Ó mọ rírì ìwé tí mo fún un. (He knows the worth of the book I give to him)

Rírídìí, n. discovery,  solution

Rírìn, n. walking, manner of walking. Rírìn jẹ́ eré ìdárayá kan. (Walking is an exercise)

Rírìnkiri, n wandering about.

Rírìn síwájú, n. progress, outward movement.

Rírò, n. proposing, designing (Rírò ni ti   ènìyàn, ṣíṣe Ọlọ́run. (Man proposes, God disposes)

Rírojú, n. sadness, melancholy

Rírọ, ìrọ, n. the act of manufacturing, the act of smithing

Rírọ́pò, n. succession, occupying of another's place. Ní rírọ́pò sí orí oyè, òun ni ipò kẹ́ta. (In order of succession to the throne, he is the third)

Rírú, adj. muddy (as a river) Ó ń ṣeré nínú omi adágún rírú (He is playing in a muddy lake)

Rírù, adj. portable, act of carrying.

Rírù, n. thinness, paleness (especially after illness), becoming thin)

Rírúbọ, n. the act of sacrifice

Rírújú, n. puzzling intricacy, perplexity

Rírúmí ìrúmi, Ìrú omi, billows (as of the sea)

Rírun, n. destruction, extirpation, perishing

Rírùn,  adj. stinking, smelling (e.g. palm oil) Ó wọ yàrá rerun (He entered a stinking roon

Rírún, adj crushed, broken. Ó tẹ gíláàsì rerun mọ́lẹ̀. (He stepped on pieces of broken glass)

Rì sílẹ̀, Rì tẹ́lẹ̀ v.t. to bury in the fround. Ó rì í sílẹ̀. (He buried it in the ground)

Rí tẹ́lẹ̀, Rí tẹ́lẹ̀ rí, v.t. to foresee. Kò lè rí  bí ọjọ́ iwájú yóò ṣe rí tẹ́lẹ̀ (He could no foresee the future)

Ríwí sí, v.t. to find fault-with, to censure. Ó ríwí sí wọn (They were censured by him)

Rò, to  relate, to mediate, to think. Wọ́n rò bẹ́ẹ̀ (They thought so)

Rò, v.t to imagine, to ceive, to rove about. Ilé náà rí bí ó ṣe rò ó. (The house was as she had imagined it)

Ró, v.i. to give sound. Aago náà ró fún ìparí kíláàsì. (The bell sounded for the end of the class)

Ro, v.t. to hoe, to till, to drill. Ó ń ro oko rẹ̀ (He is hoeing his farm)

Ro, v.i. to fall down in drops, to pain severely, to ache. Gbogbo ara ló ń ro mí  (I am aching all over my body)

Rò bẹẹrẹ, v.i. to dilate, to expatiate upon, to talk too much. Ó bú u fún pé ó rò bẹẹrẹ  (He rebuked him for talking too much)

Róbótó, Roboto, adj. round, circular. Òṣùpá rí roboto. (The moon is round)

Ródóródó, Rodorodo, adj. moulded in round form, to be spherical, to be globular. Ó ń rodorodo (It is spherical)

Rogodo, adj. round, circular. Ó rí rogodo (It is round)

Ró gooro, Ró wooro, v.i. to give a sharp shrill sound, to tingle, to be very painful. Ó ń ro mí gooro. (It is very painful)

Rogún, v.i to drain into a pond or pit. OmÍ rogún sínú ihò. (Water drained into the pit)

Ròyìn, v.t. to tell news, to report, to recount news. Ó ròyìn náà fún mi (He recounted the news to me)

Rojọ́, v.i to complain, to narrate the point. Ó rojọ́ fún mi nípa ìwà rẹ̀. (He complained to me about his behaviour)

Rojú v.i to look sad or displeased to be sulky, to frown. Ó rojú. (He frowned)

Rokà, v.t. to turn or stir yam-flour in boiling water. Ó ń rokà (He is turning yam-flour in boiling water)

Rò káàkiri, v.t. to spread abroad news about a person. Ó ń ro ẹjọ́ ọmọkùnrin náà káàkíri (He is spreading abroad news about the boy)

Rò kiri, v.t. same as 'Rò káàkiri'

Rókírókí, adv. brilliantly (modifying the adj. 'Pọ́n' red) Ó pọ́n rókírókí (It is brilliantly red.)

Roko, v.i. to till the ground, to cultivate a farm. Ó ń roko  (He is tilling the ground)

Rólé, v.t. to succeed one's father as the head of the house to put on the roof of a house. A ti rólé wa. (We have put on the roofs of our house)

Rolẹ̀ v.t. the same as Roko.

Ròlù, v.t. to add together. Ó ro gbogbo wọn. Ó ro gbogbo wọn lù (He added them together)

Ròmọ́, v.t. to add to a previous amount. Ó ro owó yìí mọ́ owó yẹn (He added this money to that)

Rónà, v.t. to block the way for someone with a charm. Ó rónà fún un. (He blocked the way for him with a charm)

Ronú, v.i to think, to meditate, to be sorry. Ó ń ronú (He is thingking)

Ronú Pìwà dà v.i to repent. Ó ti ronú piwa dà. (He has repented)

Ròarẹ́, Ìrorẹ́, n pimple. Ìrorẹ́ sú bò ó lójú (His face is covered with pimples.

Rorò, adj. austere, severe, harsh, fierce. Ó ra ajá tí ó rorò (He bought a fierce dog).

Ròrò, adv. intensifying such adjectives and verbs as 'Pọ́n, 'Dan, 'Pupa, "Le". Ó pọ́n rorò (It is golden yellows)

Rọ́, v.i. to gush, to give way, to crash. Omi rọ́ jáde láti inú ọ̀pá ẹ̀rọ náà. (Water gushed out from the pipe)

Rọ, v.i. to wither, to manufacture instruments of iron, to set trop, to forge, to droop. Ó rọ  ọkọ (He forged a hoe)

Rọ̀  v.t. to urge, to constrain to press upon, to ease, to be easy. Ó rọ̀ fún mi láti ṣe. (It is easy for me to do)

Rọ̀ adj.  soft, tender. Ó rọ̀  (It is soft)

Rọbí, v.i to travail, to be in the pains of child-birth. Ó ń rọbí (She is in the pain of child-birth)

Rọ̀bu, v.t. to put under a show-burning fire, to spoil a plan, etc.

Rọ̀ dẹ̀dẹ̀, v.t. to hang over, to impend, to hang from. Ó ń rọ̀ dẹ̀dẹ̀ lórí igi (It is hanging from a tree.

Rọgun, v.t. to get men ready to attack one, to be on the alert, to be ready for war. Ó rọgun (He was ready for war)

Rọ̀gún, v.i. to lean on. Ó rọ̀gún lé e lórí. (He leaned on it)

Rọ̀gbà ká Rọ̀gbà yíká, v.t. to surround, to ecompass, to encircle. A rọ̀gbà yí ìlú náà ká (We surrounded the town)

Rọ̀gbọ̀kú, v.i. to hounge. Ó ń rọ̀gbọ̀kú (He is lounging on a chair)

Rọ̀jò, v.i to rain. Ó ròjò (It rained)

Rọ́jú, adj. to be able to endure pain or suffering, to strain every nerve. Ó ń rọ́jú jà lọ. (He strains to fight on

Rọjú  adv. tame, mild, soft, moderate, cheap. Epo ti rọjú lọ́yà. (oil is now cheap in the market)

Rọ́ kẹ́kẹ́, v.i to creak (as the door, etc.) ilẹ̀kùn náà rọ́ kẹ́kẹ́ ó sì ṣí) (The door crealed open)

Rọlẹ̀, v.i. to subside, to abate. Afẹ́fẹ́ náà ti rọlẹ̀. (The wind has abated)

Rọ̀ lójú, adv. tamely, to look as if one has a mild character. O rọ̀ lójú. (He looks as if he has a mild character)

Rọ̀ lóyè, v.t to remove from office, to deprive one of one's title, to degrade. Wọ́n ti rọ̀ ó lóyè (He  has been removed from office)

Rọ́ lù, v.t. to rush against. Ó rọ́ lù mí (He rushed against me

Rọ̀ mọ́ v.t. to ching to, to embrace. Ó rọ̀ mọ́ mi (He embraced me)

Rọ́nú, v.i to be abstemious, able to endure hunger or starvation for a long time. Ó rọ́nú (He is able to endure hunger for a long time)

Rọnú, adj. tender-hearted soft-hearted. Ó rọnú (He is tender-hearted)

Rọ́pá v.t. to fail to successd, to collapse

Rọ́pò, v.t. to take the place of another, to succeed. Òjó ti rópò Adé (Òjó has taken the place of Adé)

Rọra, v.i to be careful, to deal gentle.

Rọra  Be careful

Rọ̀rọ̀, n. mane (as of the ram, etc.) the long hair on the neck of a horse or a him. Ó fi ọwọ́ ken rọ̀rọ̀ ẹsin náà. (He touched the long hair on the neck of the horse)

Rọrùn, adj. easy convenient, comfortable. Ó rorùn  láti yanjú (It is easy to solve)

Rọ́tì, v.t. to put on one side. Ó rọ́ wọn tì (He put them on one side)

Rù, v.t. to bear, to carry, to support, to sustain, to lose flesh, to be lean. Ó rù (He is lean)

Rú v.t. to stir up, to incite, to spring up, to shoot up, to sprout, to rise (as smoke) Èéfín náà ń rú. (The smoke is rising)

Rú v.i to rise, to swell, to boil over (as hot water), to be moved with anger or grief. Ómi náà ru  sókè (The water boiled over)

Rúbọ, v.t. to make or offer sacrifice, to make an offering. Ó ń rúbọ sí òrìṣà (He is making an offering to the deity)

Rúdurùdu, n. confusion, chaos. Lẹ́yìn àsè náà, gbogbo inú ilé rí rúdurùdu (After the party, the house was in chaos)

Rúùfin v.t. to transgress, violate or
break the law. Ó rúùfin (He broke the law)

Rúgúdú, Rugudu, adj. small, round. Ó rí rúgúdú. (It is small.) Ó rí rugudu (It is round)

Rúgúdù, n. trouble, quarrel, confusion, muddle. Ó dá brúgúdù sílẹ̀ (He caused a muddle)

Rú jáde, v.i. to emerge, to pring out, to shoot out, to sprout up. Àìmoye olú ni ó rú jade láti inú ilẹ̀ (Hundreds of mushrowns sprouted out from the fround)

Rúkèrúdò, n. tumult, uproar, confusion. láti máà dá rúkùrúdò sílẹ̀, parí ìjà yẹn (To avoid confusion settle that dispute)

Rúlùú, v.i. to cause commotion, to stir up revolt in the town. Ó túlùú (He sterred up revolt in the town)

Rúlùurúlùú, n. a seditious person. Rùlùúrúlùú ni (He is a seditious person)

Rún, v.i to break into pieces, to masticate, to chew, to crush. Ó rún obì (He chewed kolanut)

Run, adj. stranght, direct level, extinct. Irú gò yẹn ti run tan (The type od snake has become extinet)

Run, v.t. to consume, to extirpate, to destroy, to annchilate, to exterminate. Wọ́n ní àwọn ohun ìjà tí wọ́n, fi lè brun gbogbo ayé (They have enough weapons to annchilate the world).

Rùn, v.t. to stink, to emit bad odour. Ó ń rùn  (It stinks)

Rún awọ v.t. to prepare leather for use, to cure leather. Ó rún awọ (He cured leather)

Rúnlẹ̀ v.i. to break into a house, to commit burglary. Ó rúnlẹ̀. (He committed burglary)

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Yorùbá-Gẹ̀ẹ́sì): R


William James "Gates" Brown (May 2, 1939 – September 27, 2013) was an American Major League Baseball left fielder who spent his entire career with the Detroit Tigers (1963–1975). He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Early life
Brown was born in 1939 in Crestline, Ohio. He attended Crestline High School and played tailback for the school's football team. Brown also played baseball in Pony League, American Legion, sandlot and high school competition. He played at the catcher position, a position his father had also played.

After his sophomore year, Brown "got in with the wrong crowd" and spent his junior year at the Boys Industrial School for juvenile offenders in Lancaster, Ohio. He returned to Crestline High for his senior year, but he was not permitted to compete in sports.

At age 18, he was arrested and convicted of burglary. He was sentenced to prison at the Ohio State Reformatory in Mansfield, Ohio, where he was confined for 22 months from 1958 to 1959. He was encouraged by a prison guard who also coached the reformatory's baseball team to join the squad as a catcher. The coach contacted several major-league teams after being impressed by Brown's batting ability. Tigers scouts Frank Skaff and Pat Mullin helped Brown get paroled a year early and signed him for US$7,000. He chose to join the Tigers despite interest from other teams such as the Chicago White Sox and Cleveland Indians. He explained, "The primary reasons I signed with Detroit is because they didn't have any black players and eventually I figured they would, plus, I had been told about the short right porch at Tiger Stadium."

Baseball career

Minor leagues
After signing with the Tigers, Brown spent four years in the team's farm system. He began his professional baseball career in 1960 with the Class C Duluth-Superior Dukes of the Northern League. In his first season, he played in the outfield, compiled a .293 batting average with 10 home runs and 68 RBIs, and was selected for the All-Star team. He also ranked among the Northern League's leaders with 13 triples (first), 30 stolen bases (second), and 105 runs scored (second). He also played winter league ball at Tampa in 1961.

In 1961, Brown was promoted to the Class-B Durham Bulls of the Carolina League. He appeared in 118 games with Durham, compiling a league-best .324 batting average with 15 home runs and 72 RBIs. He was promoted late in the season to the Class-A Knoxville Smokies of the South Atlantic League. He was selected to the All-Carolina League team, received a "Player of the Month" award in August 1961, and was named the "Most Popular Smoky". He played winter ball at Dunedin in 1962.

In 1962, he was promoted to the Class-AAA Denver Bears of the American Association. He appeared in 139 games with Denver, hitting .300 and scored 73 runs. He hit only four home runs in Denver. After the season, Brown noted that he was swinging just as hard as ever, but "the ball just didn't get up in the air for me."

He began the 1963 season with the Class-AAA Syracuse Chiefs of the International League. He hit .257 with 13 home runs and 43 RBIs in 60 games. He was described in The Post-Standard as one of "the most crowd-pleasing players ever to play for the Syracuse Chiefs.

Detroit Tigers

1963 and 1964 seasons
Brown was called up from Syracuse on June 17, 1963. Two days later, on June 19, Brown hit a pinch-hit home run deep into the right field seats at Fenway Park in Boston,  becoming the 11th American League batter to hit a home run in his first at bat. He was the third player in American League history to hit a pinch-hit home run in their first at bat. In his second appearance, he hit a clutch single to drive in the winning run in the ninth inning of a game against the Kansas City Athletics. He appeared in 55 games for the Tigers in 1963, including 12 starts in left field and the remainder as a pinch hitter.

In 1964, Brown spent his first full season in the major leagues, appearing in 123 games, including 101 games as the Tigers' starting left fielder. He compiled a .262 batting average with 43 extra-base hits. He posted career-highs in home runs (15), RBIs (54), runs (65), hits (116), doubles (22), triples (6), stolen bases (11) and at bats (426) in 123 games.

1965–1967
In 1965, Brown started 44 games at left field, but eventually lost the starting spot to 21-year-old Willie Horton who tallied 29 home runs and 104 RBIs in his first full season in the majors. He also totaled 43 RBIs in 227 at bats, an impressive average of an RBI for every 5.7 appearances.

Frustrated with the lack of playing time, Brown said early in spring training in 1966 that he wished the Tigers would let him go. Horton tallied over 100 RBIs and held the left field spot for the second straight year; Brown was limited to 33 games as the starting left fielder in 1966 and was used primarily as a pinch hitter. He compiled a .266 overall batting average but excelled with a .325 average in the pinch-hitting role.

As the 1967 got underway, Brown again expressed disappointment at his role sitting on the bench for the past two seasons. In an interview with Joe Falls, Brown said:
When I was in the minors I used to say that I'd do anything to get to the majors. Even if it meant sitting on the bench, I didn't care. But now I'm here, I've been here five years, and I guess you change in time.  Now I'm not content to sit any more. I want to play. I want to help the team, and I want to help myself. . . . I get down a lot. I guess that's only human. But I made up my mind from the very beginning that if I ever played on a team where a player caused dissension, that player would never be me.

With injuries to Horton early in the 1967 season, Brown was called on to start 17 games early in the 1967 season. However, in June, Brown dislocated a bone in his left wrist crashing into the outfield wall while trying to field a fly ball. He remained on the injured list until the final month of the season. On the season, he appeared in only 51 games, and his batting average dropped to a career-low .187 in 91 at bats.

1968 season

Brown had an outstanding season in 1968, helping the Tigers win the American League pennant and the World Series. While 1968 was called the Year of the Pitcher, Brown tallied a batting average of .370 — 140 points higher than the American League average of .230. Brown started only 17 games that season, but appeared in 49 more as a pinch hitter. He also achieved a .442 on-base percentage and a .685 slugging average and struck out only four times in 104 at bats. As a pinch hitter, Brown hit for a .450 batting average, the eighth-highest single season batting average for a pinch hitter (minimum 30 at bats) in major league history.

His pinch hits were key in leading the Tigers to the pennant. By early June, he had registered eight hits in 12 pinch at bats. He hit especially well against the rival Boston Red Sox. On April 11, he had a pinch-hit home run in the ninth inning to lead the Tigers to a 4–3 victory over the Red Sox. He hit another pinch-hit home run against the Sox on August 10. Brown's mastery of the Sox peaked in an August 11 double-header before a crowd of 49,087 at Tiger Stadium. In the first game, he hit a game-winning home run in the 14th inning to deliver a 5–4 victory. In the second game, he again had the game-winning RBI in the ninth inning.

Brown also won over fans with his "every man" charisma. On August 7, 1968, after grabbing two hot dogs from the clubhouse, Brown was ordered by manager Mayo Smith to pinch hit. He notoriously stuffed the hot dogs in his jersey to hide them from his manager. "I always wanted to get a hit every time I went to the plate. But this was one time I didn't want to get a hit. I'll be damned if I didn't smack one in the gap and I had to slide into second — head first, no less. I was safe with a double. But when I stood up, I had mustard and ketchup and smashed hot dogs and buns all over me. The fielders took one look at me, turned their backs and damned near busted a gut laughing at me. My teammates in the dugout went crazy." After fining Brown $100, Smith said, "What the hell were you doing eating on the bench in the first place?" Brown replied, "I decided to tell him the truth. I said, 'I was hungry. Besides, where else can you eat a hot dog and have the best seat in the house'"

In August 1968, Detroit Free Press columnist Joe Falls wrote:
"Gates Brown. Everybody's favorite. Anyone who has to struggle in life -- and that's just about all of us -- can relate to this guy. Because nobody has reached the top through a more trying route than Gates Brown. And nobody is happier to be here than Gates Brown.He waddles out to leftfield. That's you playing softball. He stumbles in for a fly ball, lunges and catches it at the last moment. That's you, all right. He rips a triple over the centerfielder's head and raced to third like a runaway fire hydrant. It could be the moment in the office picnic."

Los Angeles Times sportswriter Jim Murray wrote in September 1968 that Brown had "the most level swing since Joe DiMaggio and added:
He's batting .459 as a pinch hitter. He hits the "A" pitches farther than some guys hit the batting practice pitches. He strikes out so seldom that pitchers are convinced he could get wood on a cultured pearl, or a machine gun bullet."

California Angels manager Bill Rigney said: "When I think of Gates Brown, I think of loud noises and line drives. When my pitchers ask me what to do with him, I say, 'Duck'!"

Later years
In 1969, Brown's batting average dropped by more than 160 points to .204 in 100 at bats. His slump continued in 1970 as he hit .226 in 124 at bats.

From 1971 to 1973 Brown hit 33 home runs with 110 RBIs in 571 at-bats, including a .338 average in 1971 (66 for 195). He retired at the end of the 1975 season.

Brown holds the American League record for the most pinch-hit at bats in a career, with 414. In his career, Brown collected 107 pinch hits  including 16 pinch homers - both are also American League career records - and also twice led the AL in pinch hits (1968 and 1974).

In a 13-season career, Brown was a .257 hitter with 84 home runs and 322 runs batted in in 1,051 games played.

Coaching career
After retiring as a player, Brown became a scout and rookie league instructor for the Tigers. He returned to majors in 1978 as the Tigers' hitting coach. He continued in that position through the 1984 season.

Family and later life
Brown moved to Detroit in 1960. He married Detroiter Norma Jean Sterling in July 1962.

In 2009, Crestline High School renamed its baseball field as Gates Brown Field and established a scholarship fund in Brown's honor. At the time, Brown said: "You dream about something like this, but you don't ever think it's going to happen. I didn't want no fanfare when I was with the Tigers, but this is quite an honor."

Brown died of a heart attack on September 27, 2013, at a nursing home, aged 74. He had been in failing health for the last years of his life.

See also
List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their first major league at bat
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

Gates Brown

1939 births
2013 deaths
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from Ohio
Detroit Tigers coaches
Detroit Tigers players
Detroit Tigers scouts
Denver Bears players
Duluth-Superior Dukes players
Durham Bulls players
Knoxville Smokies players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball left fielders
People from Crestline, Ohio
Prisoners and detainees of Ohio
Syracuse Chiefs players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

Gates Brown


Khristo Stefanov Kabakchiev () (2 January 1878 – 6 October 1940) was a Bulgarian communist politician, revolutionary and historian.

Biography
Kabakchiev, son of a teacher, was born in Galați, Romania. While studying in Bulgaria and Geneva he encountered socialist ideas, and in 1897 he joined the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party (BWSDP). When the party split in 1903, Kabachiev followed the more radical Narrow faction of Dimitar Blagoev; from 1905 he was a member of its Central Committee, and in 1908 he was made editor of its central organ as well as elected a deputy to the National Assembly. In 1919, the party was re-organized as the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) and joined the Comintern. Kabakchiev was a BCP delegate to the Second and Fourth Congress of the Comintern, held in 1920 and 1922 respectively.

After the failed September uprising of 1923, Kabakchiev was arrested and condemned to twelve and a half years' imprisonment. He was freed by an amnesty in 1926, and left for Vienna and then the Soviet Union. There, he joined the International Control Commission (ICC) of the Comintern, which he had been elected to in absentia in 1924.

By 1928, however, Kabakchiev had been removed from the BCP's Central Committee, and he was not re-elected to the ICC at the Sixth World Congress of the Communist International held in that year. Instead, he started teaching at the International Lenin School and worked as a researcher at the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute in Moscow; he also joined the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Kabakchiev was briefly arrested in 1937 during the Great Purge, but was released the following year. After falling gravely ill, he died in Moscow in 1940.

Notes

1878 births
1940 deaths
Bulgarian Comintern people
Bulgarian Communist Party politicians
Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party politicians
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
People from Galați
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
Bulgarian emigrants to the Soviet Union

Khristo Kabakchiev


Auguste François (20 August 1857 – 4 July 1935) was a French consul first in Paraguay between 1893 and 1895 then in southern China between 1896 and 1904, first in Longzhou in Guangxi province and Kunming in Yunnan. In China, he is known as Fang Suya (方苏雅).

Kunming was then known as Yunnan-fu (云南府), and François spent time there and elsewhere in Yunnan working on obtaining a concession from the government to build the rail line from Vietnam to Kunming.

He also undertook several exploration trips on major rivers and in eastern Tibet. He extensively photographed places and people, from officials to labourers and actors. About an hour of movie footage has also survived.

In retirement, he wrote texts elucidating his images. François's work has been an invaluable means of documenting China's state palaces in the last decade of the empire. His photography is the earliest, largest and most extensive and complete collection of photographs documenting Chinese society at the end of the Qing dynasty. Armed with what was then state-of-the-art photographic and cinematic equipment, François traveled extensively throughout southern China and eventually followed the Yangtze from Yunnan to its terminus in Shanghai. His photographs are some of the earliest and most thorough photographic records of China and the motion pictures he took are thought to be the earliest motion pictures taken in China.

His photo archive is held in France by Guimet Museum and the Association Auguste François. Film archives are held by Gaumont-Pathe Archives, Cinémathèque française, SOAS, Pitt Rivers Museum and BFI.

References
 Auguste François: Yunnan, China https://vimeo.com/101076658
 L'oeil du consul - La Chine 1900 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Myv-lVKRR8
 Kunming, China 1902 (colorised) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbFG3jC2JlE
 China on Film: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/video-on-demand/china-on-film
Auguste François, Yin Xiaojun and Kunming at the end of the Qing Dynasty

External links

  Association Auguste François

Photography in China
1857 births
1935 deaths
People from Lunéville
French photographers
French sinologists
19th-century French diplomats
20th-century French diplomats
French expatriates in Paraguay
French expatriates in China

Auguste François


Clinton Moore (born 24 April 1988 in Bundaberg, Queensland) is a freestyle motocross rider from Australia. He is the current Red Bull X Fighters World Tour Champion winning the last event of the year in Abu Dhabi.

Personal life and career
Clinton Moore first started riding a dirt bike when he was a little kid, using the acres around the farm to develop his bike skills. This was when he realized he wanted to grow up to be a FMX rider. Moore originally got into the sport when his older sister's boyfriend lent him tapes of Freestyle Motocross riders.
Moore participated in X-Games 2010 in freestyle where he finished in fourth place. Moore also made his Red Bull X-Fighters debut that year in London where he finished in dead last at eighth place. In 2015 Moore made his first career win in Red Bull X Fighters where he won against Levi Sherwood 3-2 in the finals in Mexico City.

References

 http://www.redbullxfighters.com/en_US/athlete/clinton-moore Retrieved 2015-05-27.
 http://rockstarenergy.com/actionsports/fmx/clinton-moore Retrieved 2015-05-27.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150528015622/http://nitrocircus.com/riders/clinton-moore/ Retrieved 2015-05-27.

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bundaberg
Australian motocross riders
X Games athletes
Freestyle motocross riders

Clinton Moore


Telipok is a town located approximately 15 kilometres north of Kota Kinabalu, the state capital of Sabah, Malaysia. The town is within the administration of Kota Kinabalu City Hall and is a sub-district of the city. It is also part of the urban expanse of Kota Kinabalu, and of its metropolitan area. It is situated near Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, and is within 5 kilometres of the towns of Manggatal, Sepanggar, and Tuaran.

History
During World War II, Telipok is served as a military base where the Kinabalu Guerillas led by Albert Kwok actively operating to fight the Japanese.

Refugees slum

Telipok are notoriously known as one of the spots of Filipino refugees slum, where
frequent crimes such as robbery and cable theft happens. Due to the rampant crimes, there has been many proposals to repatriated all the refugees to their country or move to a border island.

References

Towns in Sabah

Telipok


Star Wars: The Interactive Video Board Game: Assault on the Death Star is a board game and accompanying VHS video tape, released by Parker Brothers in 1996. It is notable for including new scenes shot twenty years after the first Star Wars film, featuring Darth Vader walking down the halls of the original Death Star set, in a performance reprised by David Prowse, James Earl Jones, and director of photography Gilbert Taylor. The game led to the canonization of four new characters in the Star Wars universe.

Plot
Following a failed attempt by the Rebel Alliance to destroy the second Death Star, Emperor Palpatine orders Darth Vader to take command of the newly reconstructed battlestation and move it to the forest moon of Endor to be completed in secret. Shortly thereafter, he learns of a major Rebel supply base on the planet D'rinba IV and diverts its course to the planet, intending to use the battlestation's superlaser to destroy it. Intercepting this information, the Alliance assembles a team of Force-sensitive individuals to sneak on board and disable the station. However, Vader soon learns of their presence and has the station put on alert. The situation becomes a race against time for the members of the infiltration party, as they must attempt to succeed in their mission while avoiding the station's stormtrooper contingent and, late in the mission, a party member's fall to the dark side of the Force.

Gameplay
The game is intended for three to six players, is based on cards and dice, and requires the assembly of a few three-dimensional pieces. The movie plays continuously for one hour, during which the players utilize the board game, trying to reach their goal before the video ends. At various points during the video, Vader appears as an implicit warning to the players of what he is about to do. In the video, he wants to divert Death Star II to attempt to destroy another planet, while on its final destination to the forest moon of Endor so that its construction can be completed in secret.

Production
The live-action video on the VHS tape was filmed in 1996 on an original Star Wars set, twenty years after the original film. For the new scenes, Hasbro cast the reprised roles of David Prowse as Vader's body actor and James Earl Jones as Vader's voice actor. Some of the crew from A New Hope returned to shoot the scenes, including director of photography Gilbert Taylor.

Reception
Chris Bishop of Echo Station reviewed the game positively. He noted the good production value of the cinematic and game components, though at first glance finding the game to look intimidatingly complicated and bearing a lot of instructions. He noted that the story sacrificed some continuity with the movies, wherein the Death Star's superweapon would not yet be fully operational. He found that James Earl Jones's performance yielded an oddly softly spoken Darth Vader character.

Legacy
The game led to the canonization of four new characters in the Star Wars universe. This game's storyline was referenced in The Dark Forces Saga, a series of online adventure scenarios for the Star Wars RPG line published on the website of Wizards of the Coast. Written by Abel G. Peña, this series canonizes four of the VCR game's player characters as Kyle Katarn (from Star Wars: Dark Forces), Shira Brie (from the Marvel Comics Star Wars series), Corwin Shelvay and Erling Tredway (both from West End Games's Star Wars RPG material).

References

Further reading

Board games introduced in 1996
I
Licensed board games
Parker Brothers games
Video board games
Space opera board games


The Mount Lofty Ranges are a range of mountains in the Australian state of South Australia which for a small part of its length borders the east of Adelaide. The part of the range in the vicinity of Adelaide is called the Adelaide Hills and defines the eastern border of the Adelaide Plains.

Location and description
The Mount Lofty Ranges stretch from the southernmost point of the Fleurieu Peninsula at Cape Jervis northwards for over  before petering out north of Peterborough. In the vicinity of Adelaide, they separate the Adelaide Plains from the extensive plains that surround the Murray River and stretch eastwards to Victoria.

The Heysen Trail traverses almost the entire length of the ranges, crossing westwards to the Flinders Ranges near Hallett.

The mountains have a Mediterranean climate with moderate rainfall brought by south-westerly winds, hot summers and cool winters. The southern ranges are wetter (with  of rain per year) than the northern ranges ().

Southern ranges

The part of the ranges south of and including the Barossa Valley are commonly known as the South Mount Lofty Ranges, and the highest part of this section is the summit of Mount Lofty (). The part of the ranges nearest Adelaide is called the Adelaide Hills and, further north, the Barossa Range.

The ranges encompass a wide variety of land usage, including significant residential development, particularly concentrated in the foothills, suburbs of Stirling and Bridgewater, and the towns Mount Barker and Victor Harbor in particular. Several pine plantation forests exist, most significantly around Mount Crawford and Cudlee Creek in the north and Kuitpo Forest and Second Valley in the south. Several protected areas exist near Adelaide where the hills face the city in order to preserve highly sought-after residential land: Black Hill Conservation Park, Cleland National Park and Belair National Park are the largest. The other significant parks in the southern ranges are Deep Creek National Park, on the rugged southern shores of the Fleurieu Peninsula, and Para Wirra Conservation Park at the southern edge of the Barossa Valley.

There are many wineries in the ranges. Two wine regions in particular are world-renowned: the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale. Grapes are also grown in the Adelaide Hills and the Onkaparinga Valley.

Although no major mines operate in the southern ranges today, there are several large disused ones, and a myriad of small ones. An iron sulfide mine at Brukunga, northeast of Mount Barker, operated from 1955 to 1972, proving a valuable source for the production of superphosphate fertilisers vital for the postwar development of the State's outlying agricultural areas. The runoff from the mine unfortunately proved quite toxic for the local environment, and efforts have been underway since to alleviate the damage.

A small short-lived silver and lead mine in the foothills of the ranges at Glen Osmond was first opened just two years after the founding of the State in 1836: it is significant for being not only the first metal mine in the history of the State, but the first in all Australia. South Australia never experienced a nineteenth-century gold rush like those interstate, but gold was mined near both Echunga and Williamstown (in the Barossa). Other mines in the southern ranges include a nineteenth-century silver-lead mine at Talisker near Cape Jervis, which features many remaining old buildings, and the limestone mine at Rapid Bay, which ceased operations much more recently. Copper was mined at Kapunda, Truro and Kanmantoo and may be again  and a zinc (and lead, silver and gold) mine is proposed near Strathalbyn. Quarries dot the ranges, the most spectacular and massive of which are in the Adelaide foothills; they supplied much of the quartzite which is to be seen in the enduring "sandstone architecture" of early Adelaide.

Only one railway now crosses the ranges: the major Adelaide-Melbourne line, which was first constructed in the 1870s and has had only minor realignments since (the most significant of which was the boring of a new tunnel at Sleeps Hill). Passenger services used to run from the city to Bridgewater in the heart of the hills and ranges, but now stop at Belair in the foothills. A railway approaches the ranges at Willunga (although it was discontinued in the 1960s and has since been replaced by a cycling trail). The Mount Barker to Victor Harbor line (now used only for recreational purposes) largely skirts the eastern edge of the ranges. North of Adelaide, there is a railway to Angaston in the east of the Barossa Valley, and former railways to Truro and across the ranges near Eudunda to Morgan on the Murray River.

The ranges form part of the water supply for Adelaide, and there is an extensive infrastructure of reservoirs, weirs, and pipelines, on the Torrens, Onkaparinga, Little Para and Gawler River catchments. Mount Bold, South Para, Kangaroo Creek, and Millbrook reservoirs are the largest.

Northern ranges
The northern ranges, often confused with the southern Flinders Ranges, and sometimes referred to as the "Mid-North ranges" or "central hill country", stretch from hills near Kapunda in the south to arid ranges beyond Peterborough in the northeast. The highest peak in this section (and in all the Mount Lofty Ranges – despite the name) is Mount Bryan (). Other significant peaks include New Campbell Hill () and Stein Hill (), which overlooks Burra.

The northern ranges include Belvidere Range, Tothill Range and the Skilly Hills.

Mining, although totally absent today, was once a major industry in the northern ranges. The copper mine at Kapunda, just north of the Barossa, operated from 1842 to 1877 and was a major boost to the infant State's economy, but was soon overshadowed by the large workings at Burra, further north. The mine here operated from 1845 to 1877 with a few minor interruptions, and was superseded by even larger workings on the Yorke Peninsula. As testament to the volume of copper at Burra, however, the mine re-opened as an open-cut in 1971, before closing again ten years later.

The Clare Valley lies in a shallow fold of the northern Mount Lofty Ranges just southwest of Burra. It is yet another world-class wine-producing area, and is a very popular weekend tourist destination for people living in Adelaide. It is also home to the only conservation park in the northern ranges, Spring Gully.

The northern end of the ranges are home to two curiosities: a tiny township by the name of Yongala, familiar to South Australians for commonly being the coldest place in the state (being a hundred kilometres inland, and on a somewhat elevated plateau as with much of the Mid North). The other curiosity is a locality near Orroroo called "Magnetic Hill". The name stems from an optical illusion that creates the impression that a car rolls uphill.

Geomorphology

The ranges are part of the Adelaide Rift Complex. The southern ranges and slopes of Mount Lofty overlooking the Adelaide Plains have been block-faulted to form a half-graben structure. The ranges when viewed from the beach or city have a "stepped" appearance, reflected in an early name for the ranges, "The Tiers".

There are several major normal faults in the Adelaide region, trending northeast to southwest defining these blocks:

 Para Fault. This runs from Gawler in the north, through Elizabeth, before disappearing under younger alluvium in the inner northern suburbs. The scarp which this fault has formed is covered with houses in the northern suburbs (Para Hills) and the township of Gawler is nestled at its base where the South Para River emerges from the range. Closer to the city the scarp becomes less defined and is unidentifiable beyond the low hill upon which North Adelaide rests.
Eden-Burnside Fault Zone. This fault zone (composed of several different individual faults) lies at the base of the main scarp of the Adelaide Hills, separating the young Quaternary alluvium of the plains from the Proterozoic sedimentary rocks making up the ranges. It begins around One Tree Hill in the northern suburbs and extends as an escarpment of approximately  high in a slightly curving line for about  before encountering the sea at Marino. This escarpment is known as the "Hills Face Zone" and is subject to special zoning restrictions; house prices are very high, as is demand for land, owing to the magnificent views, but many in the community are concerned with maintaining green hills as a background to the plains. A number of creeks cut deep notches in the scarp; one of these, Glen Osmond Creek, provides the site for the major road east out of Adelaide, now called the South Eastern Freeway; only a handful of other major roads extend up the scarp.
Kitchener Fault. This long fault, just a little further to the east, extends from north of the Barossa Valley past the Torrens gorge to meet the Eden Fault in the vicinity of Greenhill. It is most apparent as a fault scarp around Williamstown and Kersbrook.
Clarendon Fault. Running largely parallel to the Eden-Burnside Fault, this forms the escarpment within Belair National Park, which also runs south-east to form the eastern boundary of the southern suburbs, before ending at Old Noarlunga, where the Onkaparinga River emerges from the ranges. An escarpment also extends from the northern end of this fault to form the upper 'tier' of Mount Lofty: Measdays Hill (now carved in half by a massive cutting for the SE Freeway at Crafers West) and Mount Lofty itself are at the top of this scarp.
Willunga Fault. This fault runs parallel to the Clarendon Fault, further south once more, and is the southernmost of the faults. The escarpment it lies at the base of is similarly dramatic, beginning in the Scott Creek Conservation Park and running southwest: Mount Bold Reservoir forms where the Onkaparinga River has been dammed in the middle of the escarpment. Further south, the townships of Kangarilla and Willunga nestle in gullies of the scarp, and the increasingly dramatic and bare face of "The Range", as it is known (properly Sellicks Hill Range) meets the sea at Sellicks Beach.
Bremer and Palmer Fault Zones. These faults are at the eastern edge of the Mount Lofty Ranges block, and form even more dramatic escarpments than those in the west due to the general lack of the vegetation in the countryside. The latter fault zone is the eastern edge of the metamorphosed Proterozoic rocks of the Kanmantoo group; to the east lie the younger sediments of the Murray River. Towns like Palmer, Sedan, and Cambrai, lie at the foot of the scarp.

All the fault zones are still active today, along with the rest of the ranges, and minor earthquakes are relatively common. Larger quakes in the southern ranges are fairly rare: the last to hit a major centre was the 1954 Adelaide earthquake that occurred on 1 March. It measured 5.5 on the Richter scale.

A significant aspect of the geology of the Adelaide area is a number of Tertiary marine sands deposits, many of which have been extensively quarried. One of these deposits is around the outer-northern suburb of Golden Grove; another area is around McLaren Vale.

Ecology

Flora
The natural habitat of the mountainsides is woodland of eucalyptus trees mixed with golden wattle acacia trees on the lower slopes, all with an undergrowth of shrubs and herbs. The flowers include a number of endemic orchids. Similar habitats can be found on the offshore Kangaroo Island which is included by the World Wildlife Fund in the Mount Lofty woodlands ecoregion.

Fauna
The mountains are home to a number of marsupials such as the koala, western gray kangaroo, southern brown bandicoot along with the egg laying echidna. Birds include the southern emu-wren which is endemic to the Fleurieu Peninsula. There are a number of reptiles including the endangered Adelaide pygmy blue-tongue skink.

Threats and preservation
Biodiversity losses have been severe in the ranges due to the clearance of temperate woodlands.  The hillsides have largely been cleared of woodland for fruit growing and other agriculture and the urban growth of Adelaide particularly on the lower slopes, leading to loss of habitat and local extinction of wildlife species including all species of bettong and quoll marsupials and birds including regent honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia), swift parrot (Lathamus discolor), king quail (Coturnix chinensis), brown quail (C. ypsilophora), and azure kingfisher (Alcedo azurea). Clearance and agriculture are ongoing and livestock grazing continues to cause damage to habitats while introduced cats, foxes and rabbits are a threat to habitats and wildlife. Protected areas tend to be small and fragmented.

See also

 Flinders Ranges
 McLaren Vale (wine)
 Barossa Valley (wine)

References

External links
 A look at the geological processes that have helped shape the Mount Lofty Ranges
 History of the iron sulfide mine at Brukunga
 Magnetic Hill, with photo
 Recollections of the 1954 Adelaide earthquake
 Battunga Country – Southern Mount Lofty Ranges

Mountain ranges of South Australia
Geology of South Australia
Biogeography of South Australia
IBRA subregions
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub in Australia

Mount Lofty Ranges


Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Worcester, KB ( –  March 1421/1422) was an English peer.

The only son of William de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny and Joan de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny. William Beauchamp was the fourth son of the Earl of Warwick, and he had purchased the marcher lordship of Bergavenny from the Hastings family shortly before it died out in the male line. Joan FitzAlan was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, who was executed by Richard II shortly before the latter's deposition. Joan was married to William in 1392 when she was 17 and he 55. There were certainly political dimensions as both families had been involved in the Lords Appellant and were also major landowners in the West Midlands and the Welsh Marches.

Documentation about Richard Beauchamp's life, particularly his young life, is scarce. His father died when he was 17, but he was outlived by his mother. Due to a conveyance executed by his parents and their lawyers, a few years before his father's death, the Bergavenny entail was temporarily broken. Joan Beauchamp would enjoy by jointure and survivorship rights for life to the entirety of the lordship of Bergavenny; the lordship, castle, manor, town and all lands attached to the lordship were hers for life, rather than passing to his son in full or 2/3 during his mother's life.

During her widowhood (1411–1435), Richard's mother Joan enjoyed ownership of the lordship, castle, manor, town, appurtenances and attached lands, acquired an armed, liveried following and actively sought to expand her holdings. In legal documents, she was referred to as "Domina de Bergavenny" ("domina" being Latin feminine for "lord" or "dominus" and thus carrying a stronger connotation than "lady" in English which typically implied a style, not a title"). After his majority in 1416, Richard was never summoned to parliament as the lord of Bergavenny although his father had been, and his descendants would.

On 27 July 1411, he married Lady Isabel le Despenser, daughter of Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, and great-granddaughter of Edward III. They had one child, Lady Elizabeth de Beauchamp, later 3rd Baroness Bergavenny, who married Sir Edward Neville, later 1st Baron Bergavenny. He was joint Warden of the Welsh Marches in 1415, and a captain of lances and archers in Normandy in 1418. In February 1420/1, he was created Earl of Worcester.

Worcester was mortally wounded on 18 March 1421/2 at the Siege of Meaux and died soon after. His body was taken back to England and he was buried on 25 April 1422 at Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. His daughter inherited his estates, although she didn't inherit Bergavenny until her grandmother, whose sole heir she was, died in 1435

Ancestry

References

1390s births
1420s deaths
15th-century English nobility
Earls of Worcester
Richard
Knights of the Bath
Barons Bergavenny (Peerage of England)
Lords of Glamorgan

Richard Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester