Approximately 5 million of the 17 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two thirds of the population older than 15 years participates in sports weekly.

Football is the most popular sport in the Netherlands, with field hockey and volleyball as the second and third most popular team sports. Speed skating, cycling, tennis and golf are the four most widely played individual sports.<ref name="sport"> sport.nl (Figures are from 2005) </=177  Fitplein]</ref> A number of native Dutch sports are also practiced, such as fierljeppen (Polsstokverspringen), beugelen, kaatsen, klootschieten, kolven and korfball.

Organization of sports began at the beginning  of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 230 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 95 medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

An influential figure in Dutch sport was Pim Mulier. In 1879 he founded the first rugby and football club in the Netherlands, he was involved in forming the first tennis club in 1884, established the predecessor of the Royal Dutch Football Association five years later, and introduced field hockey in 1896. He also introduced bandy. His hometown Haarlem and the English Bury Fen Bandy Club played the first international match.

Team sports

Football

The Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) is the largest sports federation in the country with 1,076,759 players (in 2005). According to the KNVB's website, it has over 1. 2 Million members as of 2016. The organization came into being on December 19, 1899, and was one of the founding members of FIFA (the world Football Association) in 1904.

Dutch football teams won three Olympic bronze medals in 1908, 1912 and 1920. Other successes came in the 1970s, when the national team played in the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cup finals, losing to the tournament's host on both occasions. In the same period, Dutch league sides Ajax and Feyenoord won European Cups from 1970 to 1973. In 1988, the national team won the only international title so far at the European Championships. PSV won the European Cup that year too. Ajax won the European Cup again in 1995.

Despite their wealth of individual talent, the Dutch national men team have only been able to claim one trophy in their entire history. This came at the UEFA Euro 1988 in which they defeated the Soviet Union to claim the coveted Henri Delaunay Trophy. In 2017 the Dutch national woman team equalized this result when they beat Denmark, claiming their European title on home ground.

Many Dutch football players have gained international fame, such as Johan Cruyff, Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Dennis Bergkamp, Patrick Kluivert, Ruud van Nistelrooy, Clarence Seedorf, Wesley Sneijder, Arjen Robben, Robin van Persie and Frenkie de Jong. Rinus Michels was named Coach of the Century by FIFA in 1999. Additional football notoriety came with the Dutch team's participation in the 2010 World Cup finals, in which they lost to Spain, giving Spain its first World Cup title. In June 2019 the Netherlands reached their 6th major final, where they lost to Portugal in the UEFA Nations League final. A month later the national woman team reached their first World Cup Final against USA.

Football stadiums Johan Cruyff Arena and De Kuip have UEFA's 5-star rating, enabling them to host finals of the UEFA Champions League and the European Championship.

Baseball

The Royal Dutch Baseball Federation was established on March 12, 1912. They merged with the softball federation to form the Royal Dutch Baseball and Softball Federation in 1971 In 2008 there were over 24,000 players active at one of the 184 clubs in the country.

The Netherlands boasts the most successful national baseball team in Europe, winning the European Baseball Championship 20 times and frequently representing the continent in international competitions such as the World Baseball Classic and Baseball World Cup. There is a domestic professional baseball league whose best team, Neptunus of Rotterdam, regularly contends for the European club championship, including five consecutive titles from 2000 to 2004.

Baseball is especially popular on the island of Curaçao. In 2005, the Pabao Little League Champions of Willemstad advanced all the way to the championship game in the Little League World Series. Former New York Yankees outfielder Andruw Jones, now of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan's Pacific League, is arguably the most successful and popular baseball player to emerge from Curaçao, and in 2006 was a member of the Netherlands national team that participated in the inaugural World Baseball Classic. Jair Jurrjens, pitcher for the Atlanta Braves, became the first pitcher from Curaçao to pitch in the major leagues. John Houseman became the first Dutch-born player in the Major Leagues when he made his debut for the Chicago Colts in 1894. Bert Blyleven was an All-Star, a two-time World Series champion and was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011.

In 2009, the Netherlands twice upset the Dominican Republic in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. The Dominican Republic's entire roster played in Major League Baseball (MLB), while the Netherlands only had one player on an MLB roster. The Dominican teams' combined salary total in the MLB was about $84 million, while the Netherlands totals for $400,000. The Dominican Republic were highly favoured but in its first game against the Dominican, the Dutch won 3–2. The Dominican Republic won its next game against Panama to set up a rematch against the Netherlands. The Dutch stunned the Dominicans again and won 2–1 in extra innings. At the 2013 World Baseball Classic the Netherlands performed even better. With a mix of experienced veterans and talented youngsters they progressed through the preliminary rounds to the semi-final, where the team lost to the Dominican Republic. The team again reached the semifinals at the 2017 World Baseball Classic, but again fell one game shy of the championship, losing this time to Puerto Rico.

Field hockey

The Royal Dutch Hockey Federation was formed on October 8, 1898 and is, with 185,923 members (in 2005), the fifth largest sports federation. Hoofdklasse hockey is the country's primary hockey competition since 1970, which is contested by 12 clubs (in both the male and female league).

The Netherlands women's national field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history, having won the title six times. At the 2012 London Olympics the women's team made it to the final and went on to beat Argentina. The Dutch male hockey team has won the world cup three times and Olympic gold on two occasions. Several Dutch hockey league clubs have won the European Cup.

Korfball

Korfball is a mixed gender or only female ball sport, with similarities to netball and basketball. It is played by two teams of eight players with four females and four males in each team or with eight female players in each team. The objective is to throw a ball through a bottomless basket that is mounted on a  high pole. Mixed gender korfball is more generally played in the north of the Netherlands, while all female korfball is generally played in the south of the Netherlands.
The sport was invented by Dutch schoolteacher Nico Broekhuysen in 1902. In the Netherlands, there are around 580 clubs and over 100,000 people playing korfball. The sport is also very popular in Belgium and Taiwan, and is played in 54 other countries.
The Dutch korfball union is called Koninklijk Nederlands Korfbalverbond (KNKV).

Basketball
Basketball is also a popular sport in the Netherlands. The national team had its most successful time during the 1980s. At the 1983 European Basketball Championship the team finished in the final four and qualified to the 1986 FIBA World Championship where the Dutch left behind strong competition such as Team Australia and Team Germany. During that time, the Dutch had its strong players in Jelle Esveldt and a young Rik Smits. Smits later became an NBA All-Star and emerged as the Dutch basketball-icon for years to come.

Since 2000, basketball in the Netherlands went through some revival and has been home to several National Basketball Association (NBA) players, including Francisco Elson and Dan Gadzuric.

Handball
While the men's national handball team has only qualified for the World Championship once and also once for the European Championship and never for the Olympic Games, the women's team have been more successful, with a gold medal at the 2019 World Women's Handball Championship as the best result.

Volleyball
Volleyball is the third most participated team sport in the country. Founded on September 6, 1947, the Dutch Volleyball Federation is with 128,693 players (in 2005) the ninth largest sports association. The A-League is the highest division in which eight men's and women's teams compete for the national championships.

The national men's team is the most successful exponent, winning the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the gold medal four years later in Atlanta. The biggest success of the women's national team was winning the European Championship in 1995 and the World Grand Prix in 2007

The Netherlands featured national teams in beach volleyball that competed at the women's and men's section at the 2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.

Cricket

The Royal Dutch Cricket Federation was formed in 1883. In 2021 the federation had 5000 members, which indicates that cricket is a minority sport in the Netherland yet still growing.  The premier division is called the Topklasse, in which ten teams compete for the national championships.

The Netherlands national cricket team qualified for the cricket World Cup on five occasions; 1996, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2023. The country has been considered one of the stronger associate in the world and in Europe alongside Scotland. Netherlands is ranked within the top 15 teams in the world and has co-hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup in 1999.

Most recently at the 2009 World Twenty20 in England, the Dutch team made a name for themselves by their victory over hosts, England, in the opening match of the tournament. Though they failed to qualify for the Super Eight stage afterward, their win against England,  considered one of the biggest wins in Dutch cricket history. Recently the Dutch have managed to beat two time world champions West Indies in the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qaulifiers Zimbabwe 2023 considered ones of the biggest upsets in Cricket history due to it eventually leading to the West Indies not being able to qualify for the World Cup in India 2023.
de Grooth leads Netherlands to famous win | England v Netherlands, ICC World Twenty20, Lord's Report | Cricket News | ESPN Cricinfo. Cricinfo.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-18.</ref> has been recognized as a major step forward in cricket development in the Netherlands and among associate nations.

Rugby union

Rugby union is also played in the Netherlands. The first rugby club was HFC, established on September 15, 1879 by the 14-year-old Pim Mulier, who first encountered the sport in 1870. However HFC switched to association football in 1883. The Delftsche Studenten Rugby Club was the first official rugby club on September 24, 1918. The Dutch Rugby Federation was founded on September 7, 1920 but ceased to exist in 1923 due to a lack of clubs. They reorganized on October 1, 1932, six months after the Netherlands national rugby union team played their first match against Belgium. The Dutch Rugby Federation has grown from 8,000 registered players in 2007 to 15,000 players in 2019.

Bandy
In terms of licensed athletes, bandy is the second biggest winter sport in the world.

Bandy was introduced to the Netherlands in the 1890s and enjoyed some following for a couple of decades before ice hockey took over as the most popular winter team sport in the 1920s. However, bandy lived on in the Netherlands, and in the 1970s, it got a more organised form again. Bandy Bond Nederland became the first non-founding member of Federation of International Bandy in 1973. The national team plays in Division B of the World Championships.

Lacrosse
For the first time, the Netherlands will feature a national team at the 2022 Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships.

Individual sports

Ice skating

The Royal Dutch Skating Federation was formed on September 17, 1882. With 161,673 members they are the seventh largest sports federation (in 2005).

Speed skating
The first official known speed skating competition ever for women was held in Leeuwarden from 1 to 2 February 1805 and was won by Trijntje Pieters Westra.

After a successful period around 1900, with Jaap Eden and Coen de Koning as World Champions, Dutch speed skating successes became numerous in the 1960s. Champions Kees Verkerk and Ard Schenk were immensely popular, causing a real speed skating hype in the country. Successes continue up to today, with the likes of Yvonne van Gennip (3 Olympic gold medals in 1988), Rintje Ritsma (4-time World
Allround Champion), Jochem Uytdehaage (2 Olympic gold medals in 2002), Marianne Timmer (3 Olympic gold medals in 1998 and 2006), Ireen Wüst (5 Olympic golds in 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 6 World Allround Speed Skating Championships) and Sven Kramer (4 Olympic gold medals in 2010, 2014, 2018 and 9 World Allround Championships). The Dutch speed skaters' performance at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they won 8 out of 12 events, 23 out of 36 medals, including 4 clean sweeps, is the most dominant performance in a single sport in Olympic history. Thialf Stadium in Heerenveen was the second indoor 400m speed skating oval in the world, the first to host an international championship and remains a world-class facility today.
Dutch speed skaters have won 77 world single distance championships (since 1996).

Figure skating
Sjoukje Dijkstra is the most successful Dutch figure skater, winning the World Championships three times, the European Championships five times and two Olympic medals. Her Olympic gold in 1964 in Innsbruck was the first time an athlete from the Netherlands won gold at an Olympic Winter Games. Dianne de Leeuw won the silver medal in figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Cycling

The Royal Dutch Cycling Union was instituted on January 26, 1928. Two Dutch road racing cyclists have won the Tour de France: Jan Janssen and Joop Zoetemelk. In 2017, Tom Dumoulin won the Giro d'Italia, becoming the first Dutchman to win the race and the first Dutch Grand Tour winner since Zoetemelk's Tour win in 1980. Eight Dutchmen have been World Champion on the road (Theo Middelkamp (1947), Jan Janssen (1964), Harm Ottenbros (1969), Hennie Kuiper (1975), Gerrie Knetemann (1978), Jan Raas (1979), Joop Zoetemelk (1985) and Mathieu van der Poel (2023)), but only one Dutchman has won the time trial World Championship Tom Dumoulin (2017). Eight women have been road race World Champions (Keetie van Oosten-Hage (1968, 1976), Tineke Fopma (1975), Petra de Bruijn (1979), Leontien van Moorsel (1991, 1993), Marianne Vos (2006, 2012, 2013), Chantal Blaak (2017), Anna van der Breggen (2018, 2020) and Annemiek van Vleuten (2019, 2022)) and four have been World Champions in the time trial (Leontien van Moorsel (1998, 1999), Ellen van Dijk (2013, 2021, 2022), Annemiek van Vleuten (2017, 2018) and Anna van der Breggen (2020)). At the Olympic Games the Netherlands has won 23 gold medals in cycling (ten in road cycling, 11 in track cycling and one each in mountain biking and BMX). Only three countries have won more gold cycling medals at the Olympics. Erik Dekker won the 2001 Cycling World Cup. Mathieu van der Poel is a three-time world champion in cyclo-cross and Dutch women have won more medals than any other country at the cyclo-cross World championships.

Tennis
The Royal Dutch Tennis Federation was founded on June 5, 1899 and is, with 709,277 members (in 2005), the second largest sports federation in the Netherlands.

One of the most successful tennis players was Tom Okker, nicknamed The Flying Dutchman who was ranked among the world's top 10 singles players for seven consecutive years from 1968 through 1974, reaching a career high of World No. 3 in 1969. Betty Stöve reached the ladies' singles final at Wimbledon in 1977 and won 10 Grand Slam titles in women's doubles and mixed doubles between 1972 and 1981.
Also noticeable is Richard Krajicek, who won Wimbledon in 1996, and the Paul Haarhuis/Jacco Eltingh doubles team, which won five Grand Slam titles and two world championships. Esther Vergeer is a four-time Paralympics tennis champion.

Netherlands is home to several tennis tournaments, including The ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, one of the best visited indoor tournaments in the world.

Athletics
The Royal Dutch Athletics Federation came into existence on April 28, 1901 and is, with 108,934 members (in 2005), the 13th largest sports federation.

Most successful competitor was Fanny Blankers-Koen, who won four gold medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics. In 1999, she was voted "Female Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations. Other notable athletes include Nelli Cooman, Elly van Hulst, Rens Blom, Henk Evers, Tinus Osendarp, Chris Berger, Tollien Schuurman, Ellen van Langen, Ria Stalman, Gerard Nijboer, Rutger Smith, Maria Gommers, Bertha Brouwer, Lien Gisolf, Dafne Schippers, Sifan Hassan and Femke Bol.

Equestrianism
The Royal Dutch Equestrian Federation in its present form was founded after a fusion on January 1, 2002. It is the sixth largest sports federation in the country, with 180,023 members in 2005. Numerous Dutch horseback riders have become world and Olympic champions in their field, including Charles Pahud de Mortanges, Anky van Grunsven, Jos Lansink, Piet Raymakers, Jeroen Dubbeldam and Gerco Schröder.

Golf

Joost Luiten has won four tournaments in the European Tour, also he has represented Europe at the 2013 Seve Trophy and 2014 EurAsia Cup. Meanwhile, Christel Boeljon has four wins in the Ladies European Tour and represented Europe at the 2011 Solheim Cup.

The national professional golf tournaments in the Netherlands are the KLM Open (European Tour), Dutch Ladies Open (Ladies European Tour) and Dutch Senior Open (European Senior Tour).

Rowing

Swimming
Formed on August 14, 1888, The Royal Dutch Swimming Federation has 148,599 members and is the eight largest sports federation. Famous competitors include Rie Mastenbroek, who won the gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in the 100 m freestyle, 400 m and 4 × 100 m freestyle. Recent champions include triple Olympic gold medalists Pieter van den Hoogenband and Ranomi Kromowidjojo, four-time Olympic champion Inge de Bruijn, and the current world record holder of the 50 metres freestyle, Marleen Veldhuis.

Judo
The Dutch Judo Federation in its current form was instituted on September 15, 1979. Anton Geesink was the first non-Japanese competitor to become World Champion in Judo in 1961. Other notable judoka include Angelique Seriese, Wim Ruska, Dennis van der Geest and Mark Huizinga.

Kickboxing
Jan Plas, who learned kickboxing from Kenji Kurosaki, brought kickboxing to the Netherlands in 1978 where he founded Mejiro Gym and the NKBB (The Dutch Kickboxing Association). Ever since its inception in 1993, Dutch kickboxers have dominated the K-1 scene, causing "Wimbledon effects", with two record holding title champions Ernesto Hoost and Semmy Schilt, other world champions and contenders include Peter Aerts, Remy Bonjasky, Andy Souwer, Albert Kraus, Rob Kaman, Ramon Dekkers, Alistair Overeem, Badr Hari, Rico Verhoeven and many more world champion. The Netherlands are considered as the best country in the world for kickboxing.

Walking
Walking on a defined route as part of an organised event is a popular activity in the Netherlands. The main national walking organisation is the Royal Dutch Walking Association (Koninklijke Wandel Bond Nederland, or KWBN), which is affiliated to the Dutch Olympic Committee/Dutch Sports Federation. KWBN affiliated groups organise over 1,500 events a year, attracting an estimated 500,000 participants.  This includes the annual Nijmegen Four Day Marches, which has nearly 50,000 participants from around the world.  Although these events are non-competitive, the KWBN promote walking as a sport, in order to "contribute to a healthier, fitter and more vital Netherlands".

Other notable athletes
 Jan Lammers is a former Formula One driver, who won the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Jaguar in 1988.
 Jan de Rooy is a rally truck driver, with his TurboTwin DAF racing truck he won the truck category of the Dakar Rally in 1987 and also finished 11th overall.
 Hans Stacey is a rally car driver. Won in 2007 the Dakar Rally for trucks with his MAN truck.
 Raymond van Barneveld is a professional darts player. He was ranked number one in the world from January 2008 to June 2008. He has won five world championships, four in the now-defunct British Darts Organisation and one in the Professional Darts Corporation.
 Auto racing driver Arie Luyendyk is a two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500, in 1990 and 1997.
 Rower Nico Rienks was awarded the prestigious Thomas Keller Medal by the International Rowing Federation in 2004.
 Basketball player Rik Smits was selected for the NBA All-Star Game in 1998, and helped the Indiana Pacers reach their only NBA final in 2000.
 Michael van Gerwen is a professional darts player. He was the number-one ranked darts player in the world from 2014 to 2021, and was the 2014, 2017 & 2019 PDC World Darts Champion.
 Ryan Ten Doeschate is a cricket player who has the highest batting average in ODI Cricket. In January 2011, ten Doeschate was signed by Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League 2011 Auction, becoming the first Associate player to win an IPL contract. In 2012, he also became the first and till date the only Dutchman to win the Indian Premier League with KKR.
 Max Verstappen is a Formula One driver. Having made his debut in 2015 at the age of 17, he holds the record for being the youngest driver to have entered a Formula One race. In 2016, he took his first win at the Spanish Grand Prix, making him both the youngest driver and first Dutch driver to win a Formula One race. In 2021, he won the Formula One drivers' championship, the first Dutch driver to do so. He won the drivers' championship again in 2022 and 2023. Max's father, Jos Verstappen, was a Formula One driver from 1994 to 2003.
 Vivianne Miedema is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for FA WSL club Arsenal and the Netherlands women's national football team. She has scored more goals at international level for the Netherlands than any other player, across both the women's and men's teams.
 Rinus VeeKay, whose full name is Rinus van Kalmthout, is a driver in the IndyCar Series.

See also
Netherlands at the Olympics
The Dutch Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year

References

External links
NL Planet – Sport in the Netherlands

Sport in the Netherlands


Jalore District is a district of Rajasthan state in western India. The city of Jalore is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district has an area of  (3.11 percent of Rajasthan's area), and a population of 1,828,730 (2011 census), with a population density of 136 persons per square kilometre.

History

In ancient times Jalore was known as Jabalipura - named after the Hindu saint Jabali. The town was also known as Suvarngiri or Songir, the Golden Mount, on which the fort stands. It was a flourishing town in the 8th century, and according to some historical sources, in the 8th-9th centuries, one branch of the pratihara empire ruled at Jablipur (Jalore). Raja Man Pratihar was ruling Bhinmal in Jalore when Parmara Emperor Vakpati Munja (972-990 CE) invaded the region — after this conquest he divided these conquered territories among his Parmara princes - his son Aranyaraj Parmar was granted Abu region, his son and his nephew Chandan Parmar,Dharnivarah Parmar was given Jalore region. This ended almost 250 years Pratihar rule over Bhinmal.
Raja Man Pratihar's son Dewalsimha Pratihar was a contemporary of Abu's Raja Mahipal Parmar (1000-1014 CE). Raja Devalsimha made many attempts to free his country or to re-establish Pratihar hold onto Bhinmal but in vain .Finally he settled for the territories in Southwest of Bhinmal, comprising four hills - Dodasa, Nadwana,Kala-Pahad and Sundha. He made Lohiyana (present Jaswantpura) his capital. Hence this subclan became Dewal Pratihars. Gradually their jagir included 52 villages in and around modern Jalore district. The Dewals participated in Jalore's Chauhan Kanhaddeo's resistance against Allauddin Khilji. Thakur Dhawalsimha Dewal of Lohiyana supplied manpower to Maharana Pratap and married his daughter to the Maharana, in return Maharana gave him the title of "Rana" which has stayed with them till this day

In the 10th century, Jalore was ruled by the Paramaras. In 1181, Kirtipala, the youngest son of Alhana, the Chahamana ruler of Nadol, captured Jalore from the Paramaras and founded the Jalore line of Chauhans. His son Samarasimha succeeded him in 1182. Samarasimha was succeeded by Udayasimha, who expanded the kingdom by recapturing Nadol and Mandor from the Turks. During Udayasimha's reign, Jalore was a tributary of the Delhi Sultanate. Udayasimha was succeeded by Chachigadeva and Samantasimha. Samantasimha was succeeded by his son Kanhadadeva.

During the reign of Kanhadadeva, Jalor was attacked and captured in 1311 by the Delhi's Turkic Sultan Alauddin Khalji. Kanhadadeva and his son Viramadeva died defending Jalore.

Rathore rulers of Ratlam used the Jalore fort to safe-keep their treasure.

In the Middle Time nearly 1690 Royal Family Of Jalore  Yadu Chandravanshi Bhati Rajput Of Jaisalmer came Jalore and make make their kingdom. They are also known as Nathji, Thakaro by the local people of Ummedabad. Jalore is a second capital of them the first capital was Jodhpur still chhatri of bhati sardar from royal family of Jalore ancestors exists. They ruled whole Jalore, Jodhpur in their time after Mughals they had only Ummedabad.

The Turkic rulers of Palanpur State of Gujarat briefly ruled Jalore in the 16th century and it became part of the Mughal Empire. It was restored to Marwar in 1704, and remained part of the kingdom until shortly after Indian Independence in 1947.

There are 12 Math (Big Hindu monasteries) and 13 Takiya (Masjid).

Jalore is known as the "Cradle of the Marwari horse" - an indigenous horse breed famed for its beauty, endurance and loyalty to the horsemen who fought interminable wars on horseback.

Geography

The district is bounded on the northwest by Barmer District, on the northeast by Pali District, on the southeast by Sirohi District, and by Banaskantha District of Gujarat state on the southwest. The total area of the district is . The altitude is 268 m, latitude is 25.22 N and longitude is 72.58 E.

Physiographically, the district is oblong in shape, extending up to Rann of Kutch (Gujarat). The region is generally plain but for some scattered thickly wooded hills in the north and some hillocks in the centre. The eastern portion of the district is rocky while the western tract is a roughly plain dotted with Sand dunes & sand ridges. In respect of its geological formation, most part of district is formed of fourth century modern century deposits. These deposits can be seen in Grid pattern formed by sand (Balu), new alluvial and old alluvial Soils. In Bhinmal Teshil's South Eastern part of Jaswantpur, highest mountains of the district are situated. the highest peak is Sundha (991 meters, 3252 feet).Luni River is the main river in the district with its tributaries Jawai, Khari, Sukri, Bandi, and Sagi.  All the rivers are seasonal.

Administrative set-up
There are sub-units Ahore, Sayala, Bishangarh, Jalore, Jaswantpura, Bhadrajun and Bhinmal. Ramsin is  the only sub-tehsil.

Now 3 Municipalities are situated at Jalore, Bishangarh and Bhinmal.

The major towns and villages of the Jalore district are Sayala, Vodha, Ramsin, Daspan, Bagra, Juni Bali, Bishangarh, Ummedabad, and Megalva.

There are 767 revenue villages in the district grouped under 264 Gram Panchayat villages.

Political
Jalore-Sirohi is a joint parliamentary constituency. Buta Singh won three times from this parliamentary constituency. There are five legislative assembly areas namely Jalore, Ahore, Bhinmal, Raniwara, and Sanchore. At this time, the member of parliament for Jalore-Sirohi is Devji M. Patel of BJP.

Economy

The economy of district is mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The oilseeds specially mustard oil seed is predominant crop. Wheat, bajra, kharif pulses, barley, jowar and in very huge quantity of fleawort.

Of late some mineral based industries are set up based on mineral available from local mines. The main minerals produced are: Gypsum, limestone, bajari, murram, granite, and graded fluorite.

There is no large and medium size industry in the district. The main small scale industries are :granite slabs and tiles, marble cutting and polishing, mustard seed crushing, skimmed milk powder, butter and ghee, handloom cloth, leather shoes (mojari). There are four industrial areas in the district.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Jalore one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the twelve districts in Rajasthan currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Infrastructure

Electricity
There are two sub grid stations of 220 KV at Jalore and Bhinmal. The district receives power from Dewari grid station in Udaipur District. Almost all villages of the district are electrified.

A small area is irrigated from water of Jawai dam. The main source of irrigation continues to be wells. Over exploitation of ground water has meant that farmers have to dig deeper. Sanchore tehsil is getting water from Narmada Canal project.

Transport
National Highway no 15 (Bhatinda-Kandla) passes through the district. The total road length in the district is about .

The district is connected by broad gauge railway line of North Western Railway. Samadari-Bhildi branch line passes through the district connecting Jalore and Bhinmal towns. There are 15 railway stations and  of railway line in the district. The nearest airport is Jodhpur. There is also an air strip at village Noon about  from Jalore town.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Jalore district has a population of 1,828,730, roughly equal to the nation of Kosovo or the US state of Nebraska. This gives it a ranking of 260th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.31%. Jalor has a sex ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 55.58%. 8.30% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.53% and 9.77% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 census, 62.42% of the population spoke Marwari, 35.78% Rajasthani and 1.01% Hindi as their first language.

Climate
The minimum and maximum temperatures of the district are 4 degrees and 50 degrees Celsius respectively. The average rainfall is 412 mm. The climate of district is dry and with extremes.

Wildlife

Indian Wild Ass, a rare member of Indian Wildlife seems to be increasing in numbers and extending its range from Little Rann of Kutch in the neighbouring Indian State of Gujarat, where the world's last population of this subspecies had got confined to in recent years, and has gradually started moving out and colonising Greater Rann of Kutch also extending into the neighbouring State of Rajasthan in the bordering villages in Jalore district bordering the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat and in Khejariali and its neighbourhood where a 60 km2 area was transferred to the Rajasthan Forest Department by the revenue authorities in 2007. At this place Rebaris (camel and sheep breeders) live in the Prosopis juliflora jungles in the company of chinkaras, hyenas, common fox, desert cat and wolf etc.

Flora:
The hillocks and ridges in the area under discussion are characterised by khair (Acacia Katechu); thar (Euphabia Nerrifolia) and babuls. The plains are vegetated by Aawal (Casia auriculate) akra, kiker (Acacia arabica).  The oilseeds specially mustard oil seed is predominant crop. Wheat, bajra, kharif pulses, barley, jowar and in very huge quantity of fleawort. However, due to the scanty presence of water most of the cultivated land remains barren. Also presence of aeolian sand makes it tough for agricultural growth due its high permeability. Extensive growth of cactuses of various types is found in this area.

See also

 Thar Desert
 Tharparkar

References

External links

 Jalore

Districts of Rajasthan
Districts in Jodhpur division
Thar Desert

Jalore district


Emma Waller (1815 – 28 February 1899) was an English actress who achieved fame in America.

Baptised Emma Weeden, January 1815 at St George Hanover Square, London, England, a daughter of William and Sarah Weeden.
The Weeden family included Emma's brother William, and her two sisters Jemima Thomasina and Sarah. Their father was groom and stable master for Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth. They grew up on the Windsor estates in Leicester and Tardebigge, Worcester, receiving a good education and becoming proficient with horses.

Following the death of The Earl of Plymouth in 1833, the Weeden's returned to London where William became the proprietor of a fast coach service between London and Brighton.

Emma Weeden married Robert Fullerton at Brighton on 2 February 1839, at which time she was already describing herself as a "Proprietor of Music". Her husband died and on 6 December 1850.
Emma had a son to a visiting American Theatrical actor who went by the stage name Daniel Waller. His real name was Daniel Waller Wilmarth. Their son was named Henry Tuthill Waller Wilmarth.
Emma had been pursuing her music career under the stage name "Miss Eardley" (her mother's maiden name). A favorable review appears in the Berkshire Chronicle of 24 November 1849. She soon progressed to being a regular performer at Madame Vestris' Royal Lyceum Theatre in London. The Lyceum was known for extravaganzas featuring the peculiarities of burlesque and something of the pantomime, mixed up with a dash of seriousness, and not a little satirical humour.

Emma and Daniel married on 29 April 1851 in St Marks, Old Street, Middlesex.

Daniel and Emma Waller travelled to the United States in 1851. Daniel played Hamlet and other tragic roles in New York soon after their arrival. Emma's American stage début was as lead in a grand concert at the Jenny Lind Theatre, San Francisco, on 6 May 1852. She was received well and became a popular performer. For much of 1852 The Waller Troupe, which included a young Edwin Booth, toured the northern Californian mining towns on horseback. They sailed thence for Australia, where at Melbourne Mrs. Waller acted Lady Macbeth. Returning to London, Mrs. Waller made her début at the Drury Lane on 15 September 1856, as Pauline in Bulwer-Lytton's The Lady of Lyons. In the diaries of E. L. Blanchard he notes that "as Pauline—she lacked vigour, but was gentle and graceful" (Scott and Howard, post, I, 164). If his judgment is correct, she must have grown appreciably in physical and intellectual intensity, for she became one of the leading emotional actresses on the American stage.

Towards the end of 1857 the Wallers returned to the United States, where they thereafter remained. Mrs. Waller made her début at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia on 19 October 1857, as Ophelia to the Hamlet of Mr. Waller. On the second and third nights of that engagement she acted successively Pauline and Lady Macbeth. She was described as "of stately presence, neither slender nor stout in person, and had an interesting and expressive face" (New York Dramatic Mirror, post, p. 17). The same spectator adds that she acted Lady Macbeth with an "intensity of . . . passion" that was "almost painful." Her first appearance in New York was on 5 April 1858, as Marina to her husband's Ferdinand in a new version of John Webster's tragedy, The Duchess of Malfi.

Thereafter she starred for some twenty years throughout the country, often with Mr. Waller as her principal associate. Among her most conspicuous characters being Queen Margaret in Richard III and Queen Katharine in Henry VIII (both in support of Edwin Booth), Meg Merrilies in Guy Mannering, Nelly Brady in Edmund Falconer's The Peep O'Day, and Julia in Sheridan Knowles's The Hunchback. Though Mrs. Waller was accused of imitating the Meg Merrilies of Charlotte Cushman, she had never seen her in the part, and her Meg was an original assumption of that character. "The weird dignity of her bearing," wrote William Winter, "was impressive beyond words; there were moments, indeed, when she seemed to be a soul inspired by communion with beings of another world" (post, p. 196). She was also one of a number of actresses who seemed to take pleasure in impersonating male Shakespearean characters, among the most noteworthy of these being her interpretations of Hamlet and Iago. She closed her career as an actress in 1878 as Hester Stanhope in a modern play entitled An Open Verdict. Afterwards, like many other actors and actresses, she gave public readings from Shakespeare and other dramatists, her last noteworthy public appearance being made at Chickering Hall in New York on 1 December 1881.

Mr. Waller died in 1882 and for some years thereafter she taught elocution in New York. Ill health finally compelled her to abandon all active professional work, and she lived in complete retirement at the home of her son in New York, where she died.

References

 UK birth and marriage records. Will of Sarah Weeden 1864.
 Edwin Booth: A Biography and Performance History.
 J. N. Ireland, Records of the N. Y. Stage, vol. II (1867)
 T. A. Brown, History of the American Stage (1870) and A History of the N. Y. Stage (3 vols., 1903)
 G. C. D. Odell, Annals of the N. Y. Stage, vols. VI–VII (1931)
 Clement Scott and Cecil Howard, The Life and Reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard (2 vols., 1891)
 Obituaries in N. Y. Tribune, 2 Mar. 1899, Boston Transcript, 11 Mar., and N. Y. Dramatic Mirror, 11 Mar..

 Winter, The Wallet of Time, vol. I (New York, 1913)

1819 births
1899 deaths
19th-century British actresses
British stage actresses
British expatriate actresses in the United States
English stage actresses
Actresses from New York City
19th-century English actresses
19th-century English people

Emma Waller


Fundación Azteca is a Mexican non-profit organization that promotes social responsibility founded in 1997 and owned by Grupo Salinas.

It attempts to match social needs with organizations or individual willing to commit to satisfy them. Its chief executive officer (CEO) is Esteban Moctezuma, former cabinet member during the presidency of Ernesto Zedillo.

Fundación Azteca has organized education, health, environment and sports programs. I has also collaborated with other organizations, private companies and individuals as a medium of awareness of their projects.

This organization is registered with manosalaobra.org, a registry of more than 450 non-profit social organizations. Fundación Azteca has awarded 12,900 scholarships for low-income secondary and high school students through its educational project Plantel Azteca.

Programs

Juguetón
More than 13 million toys have also be given to children through the annual Juguetón ("Toy marathon").

A Quien Corresponda
The TV Azteca show A Quien Corresponda ("To Whom It May concern") its part of the effort by Fundación Azteca of assistance to the community.

Rompiendo el Silencio
The campaign Rompiendo el Silencio ("Breaking the silence") has assisted more than 300 children by providing them with hearing aids and costly cochlear implants throughout the country.

Awards
 Vienna Civil Society Award by the United Nations for its efforts in the prevention of drug use with the campaign Vive Sin Drogas.

External links
Official site
Vienna Civil Society Award by the United Nations, presented by Kofi Annan
Official site of manosalaobra.org

Grupo Salinas
Foundations based in Mexico
Organizations established in 1997

Fundación Azteca


The King of Legend (; literally King Geunchogo) is a 2010 South Korean historical drama based on King Geunchogo of Baekje. Besides historical information from Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, it was also inspired by a novel written by Lee Munyeol, a renowned Korean writer. The drama aired on KBS1 in Korea, and internationally through KBS World.

Synopsis
The drama tells the story of a warrior King of Baekje. Under his reign, the kingdom experienced its glory days, with military conquests that saw him controlling most of the Korean peninsula and a subsequent enhancement of Baekje's political power that was the greatest height of Baekje's power. The initial video references 2010 Seoul at the site of Pungnaptoseong then flashes back 1,700 years to Hanseong, Baekje ("Bakchi" as referred to in the English subtitles) in which the subject declares to make a new kingdom on that land near the West Sea. Yeogu, the ousted Prince, is banished to a life of selling salt to suppress any fears that he, being the second son, could attempt to take over the throne. The film about Yeogu's return to the kingdom displays many epic war scenes with Goguryeo, who feels the kingdom was stolen from him and deceives Baekje.

This King is not Gwanggaeto but Baekje's King Geunchogo, who seized and ruled a Chinese region at least 60 years ahead of Gwanggaeto.

Cast
 Kam Woo-sung as Prince Buyeo Gu (Later as 13th Eoraha of Baekje, Geunchogo of Baekje)
 Kim Ji-soo as Buyeo Hwa
 Lee Jong-won as King Sayu or Gogugwon of Goguryeo (16th king of Goguryeo)
 Lee Ji-hoon as Hae Gun (Jwapyeong Hae Nyeong's Son)
 Ahn Jae-mo as Jin Seung (Jwapyeong Jin Jeong's Son)
 Lee Se-eun as Wi Hongran (Wi Birang's sister)
 Yoon Seung-won as King Biryu of Baekje (Geunchogo's father, 11th Eoraha of Baekje)
 Seo In-seok as Heukganggong Sahul (King Biryu's father)
 Choi Myung-gil as Haebi Hae Sosul (Biryu's 1st queen; Also known as Wanwoldang, Buyeo Chan's mother)
 Kim Do-yeon as Jinbi Jin Saha (Biryu's 2nd queen; also known as Sosukdang, Buyeo Gu's mother)
 Lee Jong-soo as Buyeo Chan (Crown Prince of Baekje)
 Lee Byung-wook as Buyeo Hwi (Wisagun Army Division Commander)
 Kim Tae-hoon as Buyeo San
 Han Jin-hee as King Gye (known as Buyeo Jun, son of 10th Eoraha of Baekje, King Bunseo, head of Wiryegung faction. Later proclaimed as the 12th Eoraha of Baekje)
 Ahn Shin-woo  as Buyeo Min
 Choi Ji-na as Seok Rahae (Buyeo Min's wife)
 Hwang Dong-Joo as Buyeo Mun
 Kim Bo-mi as So-Haebi (Buyeo jun's wife)
 Jung Woong-in as Wi Birang (Leader of Danbeomhoe; grandson of King Mayeo of Former Dongbuyeo (East Buyeo) Kingdom)
 Kang Sung-jin as Payun (Buyeo Gu's men)
 Kim Hyo-won  as Jwapyeong Jin Jeong (Leader of the Jin Clan)
 Kim Gi-bok as Jwapyeong Hae Nyeong (Leader of Hae Clan)
 Kim Hyeong-il as Jin Godo (Wisagun Division General)
 Jung Ui-Kap as Bu Gantae (Leader of Malgal Tribe)
 Kim Eung-soo as Jobul (Prime Minister of Goguryeo)
 Jeon Byung-ok as  General Ko Naja (Goguyreo Army Commander)
 Park Chul-ho as Ko Chisu (Goguryeo Army General)
 Won Seok-Yeon  as Sou (Goguryeo Minister)
 Kim Joo-young as Onjo (1st Eoraha of Baekje)
 Lee Deok-hwa as King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (Go Jumong, 1st king of Goguryeo)
 Jung Ae-ri as Soseono (King Dongmyeongseong's 2nd consort, later founder of Baekje)
 Park Jung-woo as Yuri (later known as 2nd king of Goguryeo)
 Han Jung-soo as Bok Gugeom (Buyeo Gu's men. Later known as Mok Nageumja)
 Uhm Kyung-wan as Naman
 Jeon Gwang-jin as Sagi (Son of the late Dalsol Sa Chungseon)
 Hahm Eun-jung as Jin Ai (Jin Godo's daughter)
 Qri as Princess Buyeo Jin
 Lee In as Ajikai
 Park Geon-il as Soekkop (later known as Geungusu, 14th Eoraha of Baekje)
 Jung Hong-chae as Dugo (jamwa General, appointed as one of the Generals in the Baekje Army, and later known as Mok Gohae)
Jin Sung as Sosurim of Goguryeo
Jung Yoon-seok as young Go Gu-bu

Production notes
 Ungniha River (욱리하; 郁里河), mentioned in the drama is now known as Hangang River (한강;漢江) in Seoul.
 Hansan (한산,閑山)  is also one of the former names of Seoul,after Wiryeseong (위례성; 慰禮城-Baekje era),Hanyang (한양; 漢陽,-Goryeo era),Hanseong (한성; 漢城,-Joseon era),and Gyeongseong (경성; 京城,Japanese colonial era).
 The Seven-Branched Sword (칠지도, 七支刀, Chiljido in Korean), (七支刀, 七枝刀, shichishitō or nanatsusaya no tachi in Japanese) marks the friendly relationship between the Baekje Kingdom and Japan, during his reign.
 The title of the Kings in this drama differs, as Kings of Baekje were known as 'Eoraha', while Goguryeo is known as 'Taewang' (태왕,太王).
When he reclaimed  the throne of Baekje upon the death of King Gye in 346, it marks the end of the alternating kingship of two lines, and sealed the permanent ascendancy of the descendants of 5th Eoraha, King Chogo over those of 8th Eoraha, King Goi. It was reflected in his reign name,Geunchogo. The ascendancy lasted until the 31st and last the Eoraha of Baekje, King Uija when he surrendered when Baekje was conquered by Silla-Tang forces in 660.
 King Sayu, or Gogugwon of Goguryeo would be later killed by Geunchogo's son, Crown Prince Geungusu (later as 14th Eoraha of Baekje) when the Baekje Army captured Goguryeo's capital of Nampyeongyangseong (South Pyeongyang Fortress;present-day Pyongyang, North Korea).

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Korean Broadcasting System television dramas
2010 South Korean television series debuts
2011 South Korean television series endings
Television series by KBS Media
Korean-language television shows
Television series set in Baekje
Television shows based on South Korean novels
South Korean historical television series

The King of Legend


Arnica cernua is a species of arnica known by the common name serpentine arnica. It is native to the Klamath Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon, where it is a member of the serpentine soils flora.

This is a perennial herb growing one or more green to purplish stems up to about 30 centimeters tall. There are 3 or 4 pairs of leaves on long petioles. The blade is oval to spade-shaped and may be several centimeters long. The inflorescence contains one or more hairy, glandular, daisylike flower heads, each with a center of yellowish disc florets and a fringe of yellow ray florets which approach 3 centimeters in maximum length.

The fruit is a cylindrical achene about 7 millimeters long which is covered in stiff hairs and has a white pappus at one end.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

cernua
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Plants described in 1900
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Arnica cernua


The Greater London Council (GLC) was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.

Creation
The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.

Abolition

Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government.  He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.

By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs.

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.

Replacement

After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city.

Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly.  The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".

References

Local government in London
1965 establishments in England
1986 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s disestablishments in England

Greater London Council


Borophagus is an extinct genus of the Canidae family, endemic to North America. The species were similar in appearance to modern-day hyenas, and weighed between  and . There are eight known species that lived from around 12 million years ago to about 2 million years ago.

Canids

Borophagus


Eternal youth is the concept of immortality free of aging.

It can also refer to:
 Eternal Youth (Future Bible Heroes album), 2002
 Eternal Youth (Rolo Tomassi album), 2011
 Eternal Youth, an 1886 novel by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch
 Eternal Youth, official name of the statue Golden Boy, atop the Manitoba Legislative Building
 Eternal Youth, a thoroughbred horse, winner of the 1968 Hill Stakes
 "No. 29 (Eternal Youth)", a song from the 1971 album Smash Your Head Against the Wall by John Entwistle
 "Eternal Youth", a 1990 episode of Peter Pan and the Pirates
 "Eternal Youth" (Batman: The Animated Series), a 1992 episode of Batman: the Animated Series

See also
 Indefinite lifespan
 Tír na nÓg, the Land of Eternal Youth in Irish mythology

Eternal youth (disambiguation)


Theresa Lardi Awuni (born 2 January 1979) is a Ghanaian politician who is a member of the National Democratic Congress.  She is the member of parliament for the Okaikwei North Constituency in the Greater Accra region of Ghana.

Early life and education
She hails from Winkongo in the Upper East Region. She obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Project Management from the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration in 2018.

Career
She worked at the National Disaster Management Organization of Ghana as a principal disaster control officer and at Langdi Enterprise (as proprietress).

Politics
Awuni is a former Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration TEIN Women's Commissioner.  TEIN (Tertiary Education Institutions Network) is the tertiary wing of the National Democratic Congress.

She is also a three-time Constituency Women's Organizer of Okaikwei North Constituency.

In August 2019, she contested for the National Democratic Congress primaries for Okaikwei North Constituency and won as the candidate to present the party in the December 2020 Elections. Awuni won by 342 votes out of a total of 866 ballots cast while her other contenders Richard Kwarshie Kudjordjie, Abdul Nasiru Abass and Malik Adama had 220 votes, 179 votes and 12 votes respectively.

She was elected member of parliament for the Okaikwei North Constituency in December 2020.She contested against the incumbent member of parliament Fuseini Issah of the New Patriotic Party and won after polling 29,281 votes representing 51.07% against his 27,242 votes representing 47.52%. She is one of the 40 women representing their respective constituencies in the 8th Parliament from 7 January 2021.

She is a member of the Subsidiary Legislation Committee and the Trade, Industry and Tourism Committee within the Ghanaian Parliament.

Personal life
Awuni is a devout Christian.

References

National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
21st-century Ghanaian women politicians
Living people
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025
1979 births
Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration alumni

Theresa Lardi Awuni


Jim Jorgensen (born 1948 in Racine, Wisconsin) is a serial entrepreneur. He has started over 25 enterprises since getting his MBA at Stanford Graduate School of Business at the age of 24. Jorgensen's industry selection for these new enterprises has been wide, running from retail to manufacturing, from Internet to mail order, and from oil exploration to insurance. Some of the entities remained small, while two of them reached market caps in excess of $1 billion.

Entrepreneurial history

1970s and 1980s
Jorgensen earned his CPA certificate while working at KPMG before and during his time as a graduate student. (Hoffman 2006) His first start in entrepreneurialism was to form the first New Enterprise Club at Stanford with classmate Rene "Ron" Sutton (the club later became the Stanford Entrepreneur Club).

During his second year of graduate school, Jorgensen met Billie Jean King and her husband Larry. (Hoffman 2006) Jorgensen's sports entrepreneurship started while still attending school. One of his first projects was to help negotiate the Battle of the Sexes (the tennis extravaganza between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs) with sports and entertainment mogul Jerry Perenchio. The event became the most watched tennis event in history. Also at this time he helped in the formation of a new professional sports league, World Team Tennis (Hoffman 2006)

Over the next five years, Jorgensen formed several new ventures with Billie Jean and Larry King, including:

Future Inc – a sports agency (Jorgensen was a co-founder and the CEO). An early entry in female sports representation, Future Inc.'s clients included; Billie Jean, Chris Evert, Rosie Casals and golfers Sandra Palmer and Jane Blalock. It was eventually sold to Mark McCormack's IMG (Hoffman 2006)

King Enterprises – an international sports company. (Jorgensen was a co-founder and the CEO).  Within three years, company created numerous tennis tournaments on and off the Women's Tennis Association tour and around the world. By 1976, the company was the world's largest promoter of professional tennis events, with the most events and the most attendance. Tournament cities included; London, San Francisco, Tokyo, Los Angeles, Osaka, Monterrey, Atlanta, Stuttgart, and Tampa. In 1976, as promoter of the Atlanta WTA tournament, Jorgensen made the decision to invite transsexual Renée Richards to her first WTA event where she beat Rosie Casals in the opening round. (Hoffman 2006)

Inspired by Billie Jean's friendship with Elton John, the company tried music concerts with Ray Charles and Sergio Mendes and Brasil '66. (hoffman 2006) The company also created the event and television series, Women's Superstars with ABC and IMG.

Soviet Union National Team – an entry in World Team Tennis in 1977. (Jorgensen was a co-founder and the President). The team played 44 matches in 33 cities in 65 days. Its stars were Olga Morozova and Alex Metreveli – The other owners of the team were Los Angeles Lakers owner Jerry Buss and commodity trader and New York Sets owner Sol Berg. The team's most colorful event was held in Plains, Georgia and was hosted by Lillian Carter and Billy Carter, the mother and brother of then President Jimmy Carter. It was held on a tennis court the team built for the occasion near Miss Lillian's home and subsequently donated to the city of Plains. (Hoffman 1977)

Women's Sports Foundation – a foundation to foster the involvement of girls and women in sports participation. (Jorgensen was a co-founder and President) Jorgensen served as a Trustee for 15 years. He recruited Eva Auchincloss as  executive director, and the board of trustees was expanded to include influential persons like Donna de Varona, Peggy Fleming, Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz. Currently, the Women's Sports Foundation is one of the most influential organizations in women's sports.

WomenSports magazine –  the first magazine dedicated to women in sports. (Jorgensen was a co-founder and the President).The magazine was launched as a 16-page insert in Glamour magazine with Billie Jean King on the cover. The magazine was started in 1974 and sold to Redbook's publisher in 1976, having reached a monthly circulation of 200,000. During that brief two-year period, the magazine got help from Ms. Magazine publisher Gloria Steinem and singer Helen Reddy. Notable employees included editor Rosalie Wright (became the editor of Sunset), writer Anne Lamott (now a serial book author) and intern Sally Ride (who became America's first female astronaut). (Hoffman 2006)

Women's Professional Softball League – the first professional softball league. (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Joan Joyce, Dennis Murphy (WHL and WTT) and Billie Jean King). The league struggled for four years before folding.

In 1978, Jorgensen moved to Los Angeles to head up a television production company and shortly thereafter went back to starting companies. Some of these were:

Jorgensen & Company – a celebrity business management company. (Jorgensen was the founder and senior partner) – Clients included; actors, Sharon Stone, Teri Hatcher, Lily Tomlin, Sharon Gless, Judge Reinhold, Shawn Weatherly (Miss Universe and Baywatch) and Tracy Scoggins – writers Douglas Adams (Hitchhiker's Guide to the Universe) John Hughes (Home Alone, Planes, Trains and Automobiles, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, The Breakfast Club), Ronald Shusett (Alien, Total Recall), Dan O'Bannon, Diane English (Murphy Brown) and Jane Wagner (The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe), – directors Tobe Hooper (Poltergeist), William Dear (Harry and the Hendersons), and Gary Sherman (Vice Squad), – celebrity PR executive Pat Kingsley and Senator Alan Cranston. (Hoffman 2006)

Western Equity – a real estate development and investment company (Jorgensen was a co- founder and general partner with Dr. David Schoenstadt). (Hoffman 2006) The company developed several historic rehabilitations in Chicago and Kansas City as well as developing commercial and warehouse facilities in the Midwest.

Ronnie's Ranch – a restaurant in Los Angeles. (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Ronnie Burns, son of George Burns and Gracie Allen, and film editor Robert Estrin. It was last of three different restaurants Jorgensen tried over the years, all of which failed.)

All American Indoor Sports – a chain of indoor sports malls. (Jorgensen was a so-founder with Ron Matsch and Dr, David Schoenstadt.) The company built indoor sports malls in the Midwest. The malls featured sports like; soccer, basketball, baseball, gymnastics, dance, and hockey with restaurants and stores to service participants and fans.

Bedrock Capital Management – a registered investment advisor and asset allocation fund. (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Stanford classmate, Jerry Tomanek). (Hoffman 2006) The company has grown to more than $300 million under management. Bedrock Capital was acquired by United Capital Financial Advisors in January 2015.

Preferred Physicians Mutual Risk Retention Group – a medical malpractice insurance company. Jorgensen was a co-founder with Dr. David Schoenstadt. (Hoffman 2006) The company specializes in malpractice insurance solely for anesthesiologists.

1990s and 2000s

Discovery Zone  – an indoor active play center for children. (Jorgensen was a co-founder and the CEO.) The company grew from one store opened in January 1990 to almost 500 stores within 5 years. In 1993, Discovery Zone completed an IPO with a NASDAQ listed stock. The market value of the company rose quickly to $1.2 billion. In 1995, under control of Wayne Huizenga and Don Flynn who also controlled Blockbuster Video, the company's operations were merged with Blockbuster's parent company Viacom. (Hoffman 2006)

Challenger Sports – a sports training company. (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Ron Matsch). (Hoffman 2006) Headquartered in Lenexa, Kansas, the company is a leading soccer training company.

AllAdvantage – an Internet infomediary community (Jorgensen was a co-founder and the CEO with co-founders Carl Anderson, Johannes Pohle and Oliver Brock). The company had a meteoric rise and fall within a two-year period. Launched on March 30, 1999, within 12 months the company had:

 13 million members
 raised $175,000,000 in venture capital
 earned over $30 million in advertising sales
 distributed over $100 million in cash distributions to its members
 hired 850 employees, established 35 worldwide offices on four continents
 established the world's first Chief Privacy Officer
 filed an S-1 in February 2000 lead by Frank Quattrone of Credit Suisse First Boston at a valuation of $1.4 billion

On April 2, 2000, AllAdvantage held a first anniversary event at Jorgensen's Stanford campus home. The Democratic Party celebrated the company's anniversary with a fund raising dinner on Jorgensen's tented tennis court. The keynote speaker was President Bill Clinton and music provided by Grateful Dead members Mickey Hart and Bob Weir. (Hoffman 2006) Political attendees included Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, Representatives Patrick Kennedy, Zoe Lofgren, Bob Menendez, Ellen Tauscher, Nancy Pelosi, Charlie Rangel, Anna Eshoo, Martin Frost, Barbara Lee, Tom Lantos, Cal Dooley, David Wu, Mike Honda and California Governor Gray Davis. Other attendees included: the President's daughter, Chelsea Clinton; venture capitalist John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins; financier Frank Quattrone; winemaker Ernest Gallo; Oracle founder Larry Ellison; Intuit CEO Steve Bennett; Eric Schmidt (Chairman of Google); pioneering Chief Privacy Officer Ray Everett; VP and General Counsel, David Johnson; HR VP Jan Daniel; eBay CFO Gary Bengier, Microsoft Chief Strategist Craig Mundie, Dr. Dean Ornish, PayPal founder Elon Musk, and Overstock.com founder and CEO Patrick Byrne. This event marked the high point of AllAdvantage. The NASDAQ continued its slide from its peak three weeks earlier, causing the company's IPO to stop. The company eventually closed its consumer service in January 2001. (Hoffman 2006)

Morgen Group – a management consulting firm that specializes in advising startups and new projects for larger corporations. (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Johannes Pohle).

Discover Walks – a travel company headquartered in Paris (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Alex Gourevitch, Bertrand d'Aleman, and Thomas Ferre). The company runs tour operations in Paris, San Francisco, Rome, London, Barcelona, Madrid, Prague, Lisbon and St. Petersburg, Russia.

TrueArtists – largest international organization of certified tattoo artists (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Danny Jorgensen, Rob Wagner, and James Wachira). The company runs the annual Tattoo Awards and certifies tattoo artists for quality workmanship around the world.

RebelsMarket – largest internet marketplace for counterculture fashion and merchandise (Jorgensen was a co-founder with James Wachira and Rob Wagner). Company's internet following is led by its 1,300,000 Facebook page

bUnited – in stealth pre-launch, it was billed as The Consumer Revolution (Jorgensen was a co-founder with Johannes Pohle and Ozan Taner).

Books – under the author name of Jay Knight, Jorgensen has written two books; Nothing Ventured published in 2007 and The Happy Class published in 2014. The Happy Class book is shown on Facebook with 150,000 fans.

References

Sources
Stanford Graduate School of Business
"Battle of the Sexes - 30 years on"
Women's Professional Softball League
money
SEC
President Bill Clinton

Sources
Greg Hoffman, The Art of World Team Tennis, San Francisco Book Company, 1977
Greg Hoffman, The Two Million Dollar Cough, The AllAdvantage Story, Kendall/Carson Press 2006
Kim Chapin, Billie Jean, Harper, 1974
AllAdvantage.com : an Internet infomediary

External links
Bedrock Capital Management
Women's Sports Foundation
Morgen Group
Challenger Sports
Preferred Physicians Mutual Insurance
All American Indoor Sports
Capata and Co.

American businesspeople
1948 births
Living people
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni

Jim Jorgensen


Greasy Truckers Live at Dingwalls Dance Hall is a 1973 live double album by various artists recorded at an October 1973 Greasy Truckers concert at the Dingwalls Dance Hall at Camden Lock in Camden Town, London. The concert featured four bands, Camel, Henry Cow, Global Village Trucking Company and Gong, and was recorded with Virgin Records' "Manor Mobile" recording truck.

Notwithstanding its title, not all the tracks on the album are from the Dingwalls Dance Hall concert. Due to delays in starting the event and a 2am curfew, Henry Cow's set (billed last) was curtailed to 10 minutes, and their contribution here was recorded a week later at Virgin's Manor Studio. An outtake from this session, "Bellycan" was released on the first (re-mixed) CD-release of their album, Legend. The first Gong track was recorded at an open-air festival at Tabarka, Tunisia in June 1973, and the second was recorded live at Sheffield City Hall in Sheffield, England in October 1973.

Greasy Truckers was "a loose organisation of individuals whose ideals were based on those of the Diggers in San Francisco, recycling money into worthwhile causes." This album was the second in a series of two albums recorded at concerts in London organised by Greasy Truckers, the first being Greasy Truckers Party (1972), released via United Artists. All proceeds from the concert and LP sales went to Greasy Truckers.

Track listing
Side one: Camel (19:10)
"God of Light Revisited (parts one, two & three)" (Bardens)
Side two: Henry Cow (21:30)
"Off the Map"
"Solo Piano" (Hodgkinson)
"Trio" (Hodgkinson, Cutler, Frith)
"Cafe Royal" (solo guitar) (Frith)
"Keeping Warm in Winter" (Frith, Greaves)
"Sweet Heart of Mine" (Henry Cow)
Side three: Global Village Trucking Company (23:05)
"Look Into Me"
"Earl Stonham (The Gunslinger)"
"You're a Floozy Madame Karma (But I Love Your Lowdown Ways)"
"Everybody Needs a Good Friend"
Side four: Gong (20:15)
"General Flash of the United Hallucinations"
"Part 32 Floating Anarchy"

Personnel

Camel
Peter Bardens – organ, vocals
Doug Ferguson – bass guitar
Andrew Latimer – guitar, vocals
Andy Ward – drums

Henry Cow
Chris Cutler – drums, vocals
Fred Frith – guitar, violin, vocals
John Greaves – bass guitar, piano, vocals
Tim Hodgkinson – piano, organ, clarinet, alto saxophone, vocals
Geoff Leigh – tenor and soprano saxophone, flute, clarinet, recorder

Global Village Trucking Company
Jon Owen – vocals, 12-string guitar
John McKenzie – bass guitar
Mike Medora – guitar
Jimmy Lascelles – organ, piano
Simon Stewart-Richardson – drums

Gong
Daevid Allen ("Dingo Virgin") – local vocals, glissando guitar
Steve Hillage ("Stevie Hillside-Village") – kundali guitar, submarine spiral
Gilli Smyth ("Shakti Yoni") – "away at the Bananamoon Observatory keeping the bulge warm and studying new spells"
Mike Howlett ("Mr T Being") – fingerbass
Tim Blake ("Hi T Moonweed") – Cynthia size A, crystal machine
Didier Malherbe ("Bloomdido Bad De Grass") – saxophone, gnomophone
Pierre Moerlen ("Pierre De Strasbourg") – drums, overdrive

The album was mixed and produced at Island Records' Basing Street Studios by Richard G Elen, later a magazine editor, noted alternative technology guru and green activist among other occupations alongside that of sound engineer/producer. His name appeared wrongly as "Elan" on the cover.

Sources: Discogs, liner notes.

Re-issues
The Henry Cow tracks on this album were re-issued on the CD release of their Concerts album.
The Camel tracks on this album were re-issued on their 2000 "official bootleg" CD Gods of Light '73-'75.
The second Gong track was included on the "Live In Sheffield" CD on Mantra Records.

References

External links

Greasy Truckers Live at Dingwall's Dance Hall. Camel memorabilia.
Greasy Truckers Party & Live at Dingwalls Dance Hall

1973 live albums
Split albums
Various artists albums
Camel (band) live albums
Gong (band) live albums
Caroline Records live albums


Bartram's Garden is a 50-acre public garden and National Historic Landmark in Southwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, situated on the banks of the Tidal Schuylkill River. Founded in 1728 by botanist John Bartram (1699–1777), it is the oldest botanical garden to survive in North America. The Garden is operated by the non-profit John Bartram Association in coordination with Philadelphia Parks and Recreation.

Bartram's Garden has the only recreational access to the Tidal Schuylkill River and its wetlands. Its trails make up segments of the East Coast Greenway.
The garden acts as an outdoor classroom for learning about the plants and history of Southwest Philadelphia. The John Bowman Bartram Special Collections Library contains an extensive collection of documents and materials related to the history of the Garden, the history of Philadelphia, and the development of the field of botany. The garden also serves as a venue for art.

The garden
Colonial American botanist John Bartram founded the garden on his farm in Kingsessing, west of the Schuylkill River and miles outside and south of the what were then the borders of Philadelphia. He built its stone house between 1728 and 1731, added a kitchen around 1740, and installed a Palladian-inspired, carved facade between 1758 and 1770. The house still stands, as does his original garden (circa 1728) and greenhouse (1760). Three generations of the Bartram family continued the garden as the premier collection of North American plant species in the world. They sold it in 1850.

The current collection contains a wide variety of native and exotic species of herbaceous and woody plants. Most were listed in the Bartrams' 1783 broadside Catalogue of American Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants and subsequent editions.

The garden contains three notable trees:
 Franklinia alatamaha (Franklin Tree): William and John Bartram, Jr. encountered a small grove of this tree on October 1, 1765 while camping by Georgia's Altamaha River. William eventually brought seeds to the Garden, where they were planted in 1777. The species, named in honor of John Bartram's friend Benjamin Franklin, was last seen in the wild in 1803. All Franklinia growing today are descended from those propagated and distributed by the Bartrams. They are credited with having saved it from extinction. There are a number of Franklinia on site at Bartram's Garden; the largest is located in the Common Flower Garden to the east of the Bartram House.
 Cladrastis kentukea (Yellowwood): A notably old tree, possibly collected by French plant explorer André Michaux in Tennessee in 1796 and later sent to William Bartram. This specimen is located by the Kitchen Garden to the east of the Bartram House; there is another large, though younger, specimen slightly further east.
 Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo): This male ginkgo is believed to be the oldest ginkgo tree in North America, as the last of three original ginkgoes introduced in 1785 to the United States from China, via London. It is located to the east of the Bartram Barn.

Landscape history

Bartram's Garden is the oldest botanic garden to survive in the United States. John Bartram (1699–1777), well-known in colonial American as a botanist, explorer, and plant collector, established the garden in September 1728 after purchasing a  farm in Kingsessing Township, Philadelphia County for personal use.

With his lifelong devotion to plants, he developed it as a systematic collection. Increasingly he devoted himself to exploration, discovering new specimens and North American species, making substantial scientific achievements. John Bartram engaged in extensive  exchanges of both plant materials and information with other botanists and operated a flourishing business based around transatlantic trade in plants. By the mid-eighteenth century, Bartram's Garden had "the most varied collection of North American plants in the world."

Following the American Revolution and John Bartram's death in 1777, Bartram's sons William Bartram (1739–1823) and John Bartram Jr. (1743–1812) continued the family's international trade in plants. They expanded both the botanic garden and the plant nursery. William became a respected naturalist, artist, and author using the garden to train the next generation of explorers and natural scientists. While Philadelphia operated as the temporary capital of the new nation, prominent visitors to the garden included members of the Continental Congress of 1784 and President George Washington in 1787. Manasseh Cutler, an amateur botanist from Massachusetts, gave a detailed account of his visit to the garden in 1787.
William Bartram's travel book, published in 1791, recorded his explorations in the South. Considered a classic in American nature writing, an edition was published as recently as 1998.

After the death of John Bartram Jr. in 1812, his daughter Ann Bartram Carr (1779–1858) took over the farm and business, along with her husband Colonel Robert Carr (1778–1866) and later their son John Bartram Carr (1804–1839).  They continued the international commercial trade in native plants of North America, shipping as many as 2,000 species of plants worldwide.  Domestic demand also increased under their management, and they established an additional specimen garden to the west of the Bartram House to showcase popular new flowering plants. Ann Bartram Carr was the first of the Bartrams to open the garden to the public, planting a half-circle 1-acre garden for the enjoyment of the public, a green oasis in an increasingly industrial world.

In 1850, financial difficulties resulted in the family selling the historic garden to Andrew M. Eastwick (1811–1879), as a private park for his estate. Following Eastwick's  death in 1879, botanist Thomas Meehan (1826–1901) organized a campaign in Philadelphia to preserve the garden.  Charles S. Sargent of Boston, Massachusetts, who worked at the Arnold Arboretum, helped to organize a national campaign for funds.
The City of Philadelphia assumed control of the site in 1891, protecting it as a city park. The John Bartram Association was formally organized in 1893, to oversee preservation and presentation of the garden, house, and outbuildings. The garden was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

Sadly, in the interim between 1879 and 1891, the garden was left wanting in terms of care and interpretation. Many of the plants were stolen, died, or damaged. Despite the disappearance of a number of subsidiary physical elements in the landscape, the rectilinear framework that John Bartram designed and laid out in the eighteenth century can still be recognized.

The John Bowman Bartram Special Collections Library contains a vast collection of documents and materials related to the history of the Garden.  A small number of examples in the garden's plant collection  date from the Bartram family occupancy; however, documentation for what was once in cultivation is rich. This has supported efforts such as restoration of the Ann Bartram Carr Garden, a 19th-century semi-circular specimen garden to the west of the Bartram House. This area of the gardens was reopened in 2016.

In 2011, four acres along the Garden's southern border were established as the Sankofa Community Farm at Bartram's Garden, an African Diaspora-focused crop farm.

Bartram's Garden's long existence as a living botanical space, its focus on native plants, and its resonance with the surrounding area's history make it an unparalleled site for presenting and interpreting eighteenth- and nineteenth-century botanic and agricultural studies, the development of the field of botany, the plant and seed business in North American, the lives of John Bartram and his family, and domestic life in Philadelphia.

Rambo's Rock

Rambo's Rock was a large boulder on the eastern edge of the Schuylkill River, directly across from Bartram's Garden, just south of Grays Ferry on the plantation of Swedish immigrants Peter and Brita Rambo. The rock has disappeared and been replaced with a wharf.

Representation in popular culture
Diana Gabaldon's novel Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014), chapter 24, features the garden as the setting for the reunion of the two main protagonists. This is one of the series known as the Outlander novels.

See also

Schuylkill River Trail
Bartram Village
D. Landreth Seed Company
List of parks in Philadelphia
List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southwest Philadelphia

References

External links

 Finding aid to the John Bartram Association, records relating to its foundation and early organization at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries

Historic house museums in Philadelphia
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Parks in Philadelphia
Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
1728 establishments in Pennsylvania
Botanical gardens in Pennsylvania
Natural history of the United States
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Pennsylvania
Southwest Philadelphia

Bartram's Garden


Tutu is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus Coriaria (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
Coriaria angustissima
Coriaria arborea
Coriaria lurida
Coriaria plumosa
Coriaria pteridoides
Coriaria sarmentosa

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (rimu). The resulting jelly (rehia) was then fermented.

Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (Scolypopa australis) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.

References

Cucurbitales
Plants of New Zealand

Tutu (plant)


Northern bluefin tuna are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world's fishes.

Origin
Their name comes from the Latin: Thunnus Thynnus

Appearance

The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.

Feeding habits
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.

Catching areas
The following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world.

 40% North-West Pacific
 19% North-East Atlantic
 6% North-West Atlantic
 35% Mediterranean

References

Scombriformes

Northern bluefin tuna


The New Toun is a central aurie o Edinburgh, the caipital o Scotland.  It is aften conseidert tae be a maisterpiece o ceety plannin, an is a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid. It wis biggit in stages atween 1765 an aroond 1850, an retains hintle o the oreeginal neo-classical an Georgian period airchitectur.

Its maist famous street is Princes Street, facin Edinburgh Castle an the Auld Toun athort the geographical depression o the umwhile Nor Loch. The Auld an New Touns wis designate a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid thegither in 1995.

Preparin the grund

Oreeginal plans tae creaut a New Toun in Edinburgh date back tae a general concept conseidert bi Keeng James VII an II in the late 17t century.

The deceision tae bigg a New Toun wis taen bi the ceety faithers, efter owercroudin inside the Auld Toun ceety waws reakit breakin pynt an fur tae prevene an exodus o walthy ceetizens frae the ceety tae Lunnon. The Age o Enlichtenment haed arrived in Edinburgh, an the ootdatit ceety fabric didnae suit the modren thinkers wha bidit thare. Lord Provost George Drummond succeedit in stendin the boondary o the Ryal Burgh tae encompass the fields norlins o the Nor Loch, the hivily pollutit body o watter whilk occupee'd the strath immediately norlins o the ceety. A scheme tae dreep the Loch wis put intae action, awtho the process wisna fou complete till 1817. Crossin pynts wis biggit fur tae access the new land; the North Bridge in 1772, an the Earthen Mound, whilk began as a tip fur material excavate durin construction o the New Toun. The Mound, as it is kent the day, reached its present proportions in the 1830s.

As the successive stages o the New Toun wis developpit, the rich muivit northwart frae crampit tenements in narrae closes intae grand Georgian hames on wide roads. Housomeivver, the puir remained in the Auld Toun.

The First New Toun
A design competeetion wis held in Januar 1766 tae fynd a suitably modren layoot for the new suburb. It wis wan bi 26 year auld James Craig, wha, follaein the naitural contours o the laund, proponed a semple axial grid, wi a principal througang alang the rig linkin twa gairden squares. Twa ither main roads wis locatit doun the brae norlins an soothlins wi twa minor streets atween. Several mews aff the minor streets providit stable lanes fur the lairge hames. Completin the grid is three north-sooth cross streets.

Craig's oreeginal design haed been fur a centralisin diagonal layoot, reflectin a new era o ceevic Hanoverian Breetish patriotism bi echoin the design o the Union Banner. Whiles simpler, the revised design reflectit the same speirit in the names o its streets an ceevic spaces.

Street names

The principal street wis namit George Street, efter the keeng at the time, George III. Queen Street wis tae be locatit norlins, namit efter his wife, an St. Giles Street tae the sooth, efter the ceety's patron saunt. St. Andrew's Square and St. George's Square wis the names chuisen tae represent the union o Scotland an Ingland. The idea wis continued wi the smawer Thistle Street (for Scotland's naitional emblem) atween George Street an Queen Street, an Rose Street (for Ingland's emblem) atween George Street an Princes Street.

Keeng George rejectit the name St. Giles Street, St Giles bein the patron saunt o lepers an the name o a slum aurie or 'rookery' on the edge o the Ceety o Lunnon. It wis tharefore renamit Princes Street efter his sons. The name o St. George's Square wis chyngit tae Charlotte Square, efter the Queen, tae avoid confuision wi the existin George Square on the Auld Toun's Sooth Side. Thistle Street's wastmaist blocks wis renamit Hill Street an Young Street, garrin Thistle Street hauf the lenth o Rose Street. The three streets completin the grid, Castle, Frederick an Hanover Streets, wis named efter the view o the castle, Keeng George's faither Frederick, an the name o the ryal faimily respectively.

Development
Craig's proponins hit further problems whan development began. Initially the exposit new steid wis unpopular, leadin tae a £20 premium bein affert tae the first builder on steid. This wis receivit bi John Young wha biggit Thistle Court, the first biggins in the New Toun, at Thistle Street's east end in 1767. Insteid o biggin as a terrace as envisagit, he biggit a sma courtyard. Douts wis owercome suin eneuch, an further construction stairtit in the east wi St. Andrew Square.

Craig haed proponed that George Street be terminate bi twa lairge kirks, situatit athin ilka square. Sir Lawrence Dundas, the laundawner, decidit tae bigg his ain hame here, an commissioned a design frae Sir William Chambers. The ootcomin Palladian mansion, completit in 1774, is nou the heidquairters o the Royal Bank of Scotland. St. Andra's Kirk haed tae be biggit on a steid on George Street. The lack o a visual termination at this street end wis remeedit in 1823 wi William Burn's monument tae Henry Dundas.

The first New Toun wis complete in 1820, wi the completion o Charlotte Square. This wis biggit tae a design bi Robert Adam, an wis the anerlie airchitecturally unifee'd section o the New Toun. Adam producit a design for St. George's Kirk an aw, awtho his design wis supersedit bi that of Robert Reid. The biggin, nou kent as West Register House, nou houses pairt o the National Archives of Scotland. Charlotte Square's north side featurs Bute House — umwhile the offeecial residence o the Secretary o State for Scotland. Syne devolution's introduction intae Scotland, Bute House is the offeecial residence o the First Meenister o Scotland.

Redevelopment

The New Toun wis envisagit as a purely residential suburb. In the Seicont New Toun, tounhooses generally occupee'd the east-wast streets, wi tenements alang the north-sooth streets. Shops wis oreeginally generally restricted tae the lawer floors o the wider north-sooth streets. The lairger hooses haed service mews runnin ahint an parallel tae thair terraces. In the First New Toun this paitren wis less rigid, an it haed few planned commercial grund floors.

It didnae tak lang fur the commercial potential o the steid tae be realisit. Shops wis suin appent on Princes Street, an durin the 19t century the majority o the tounhooses on that street wur replacit wi lairger commercial biggins. Occasional piecemeal redevelopment continues tae this day, tho maist o Queen Street an Thistle Street, an lairge sections o George Street, Hanover, Frederick an Castle Streets, are still lined wi thair oreeginal late 18t century biggins.  Vera lairge sections o the Seicont New Toun, biggit frae the early 19t century is still exactly as biggit an aw.

Later addeetions

Efter 1800, the success o the first New Toun led tae grander schemes. The 'Northren New Toun' aimit tae extend Edinburgh frae the North o Queen Street Gardens aw the wey till the Watter o Leith, wi extensions tae the East an Wast.  Thir developments teuk place maistly atween 1800-1830.  Initial designs follaeed the oreeginal grid orientation o Craig's First New Toun, wi entire streets bein biggit as ane construction. Biggin continued on an extendit Hanover Street, here namit Dundas Street, amaist 1 km tae the Watter o Leith at Canonmills. Braid streets an grand squares wis laid oot tae aither side. The Picardy Place extension (includin Broughton Street, Union Street an East London Street) wis maistly feenisht bi 1809.  Tae the Wast o the oreeginal New Toun, Shandwick Place, an extension o Princes Street, wis stairtit in 1805.  Development o Melville Street an the aurie North o Shandwick Place follaeed in 1825.  The Gayfield Estate (Gayfield Square) extension wis designed in 1807 an frae aroond 1813 the New Toun gradually replacit an developit the aulder veelage o Stockbridge. The Painter Henry Raeburn bocht the Deanhough estate in the Northwast o the New Toun an stairtit development in 1813 wi Ann Street namit efter his wife. In 1822 the Earl o Moray, haed plans drawn up tae develop his estates (includin Moray Place) in the Northwest o the New Toun slopin doun tae the Watter o Leith an aw.

Fur tae stend the New Toun eastart, the Lord Provost, Sir John Marjoribanks, succeedit in gettin the elegant Regent Bridge biggit. It wis complete in 1819. The brig spanned a deep ravine wi narrae inconvenient streets an made access tae Calton Hill hintle easier an greeable frae Princes Street. Edinburgh Toun Cooncil organisit a competeetion for plans tae develop the Eastren New Toun but the result wis inconclusive.  Hinderly, designs bi the Airchitect William Henry Playfair wis uised tae develop Calton Hill an Edinburgh's Eastren New Toun frae 1820 forrit. Playfair's designs wis intendit tae creaut a New Toun even mair magnificent than Craig's. Regent Terrace, Calton Terrace an Royal Terrace wur biggit but the developments norlins o Lunnon Road wis niver fully completit.  On the Sooth side o Calton Hill, various monuments wis erectit as weel as the Old Royal High School in Greek revival style.

A few modest developments in Canonmills wis stairtit in the 1820s but nane wis complete at that time.  Fur several decades, the tannage operations o at Silvermills inhibitit development in the immediate vicinity. Frae the 1830s forrit, development slawed but follaein the completion in 1831 o Thomas Telford's Dean Bridge, the Dean Estate haed some developments biggit. Thir includit the Dean Orphanage (nou the Dean Gallery), Daniel Stewart's College, streets tae the northeast o Queensferry Street (in the 1850s), Buckingham Terrace (in 1860) an Learmonth Terrace (in 1873). Plans tae develop the Moray Estate wur drawn up in 1822 an maist steids wur sauld bi 1836, awtho some biggins wur no biggit till 1855.

In the 19t century, Edinburgh's seicont railwey, the Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway, biggit a tunnel unner the New Toun tae link Scotland Street wi Canal Street (later absorbit intae Waverley Station). Efter its closur, the tunnel wis uised tae growe puddock-stuils, an durin Warld War II as an air raid shelter.

Principal losses

Gien the great continuity o the biggit form in the New Toun it is quicker tae leet wha little haes gane, rather than muse on the numerous streets which are unchyngit.

Bellevue House bi Robert Adam, whilk became the Excise or Custom House, wis biggit in 1775, afore the New Toun raxt the aurie, in whit is nou Drummond Place Gardens. Great Keeng Street an Lunnon Street in the Northren or Seicont New Toun wis aligned on this biggin but it wis demolisht in the 1840s due tae the Scotland Street railwey tunnel construction ablo.

Lost streets include the anes in the St James Square aurie, demolisht in the 1960s tae mak wey fur the St James Shopping Centre an offices fur the Scottish Office. This wis demolisht lairgely on the basis o bein slums, but this generally wisnae defined on a structural basis.

Forby demolished as slums wis Jamaica Street bewast the Seicont New Toun.

Cultur

The New Toun is hame tae the National Gallery of Scotland an the Royal Scottish Academy, locatit on The Mound. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery is on Queen Street. Ither notable biggins includes the Assembly Rooms on George Street, the Balmoral Hotel (umwhile cried the North British Hotel, efter a railwey company) wi its laundmerk clock touer abuin Waverley Station, an the Scott Monument.

The Cockburn Association (Edinburgh Civic Trust) is prominent in campaignin tae preserve the airchitectural integrity o the New Toun.

Shoppin
The New Toun conteens Edinburgh's main shoppin streets. Princes Street is hame tae mony chain shops, as weel as Jenners depairtment store, an Edinburgh institution. George Street, ance the financial centre, nou haes numerous modren bars, mony occupyin umwhile bankin haws, while the new Multrees Walk on St. Andrew's Square is hame tae Harvey Nichols an ither designer shops. The St. James Centre, at the east end o the New Toun, is an indoor maw completit in 1970. Aften conseidert an wanwalcome addition tae New Toun airchitectur, it includes a lairge John Lewis branch. Forby, bi the Waverley Railway Station lees the Princes Mall, whilk conteens mony heich street stores.

See an aw
 Warld Heritage Steids in Scotland

References

Further readin
Davey, Andy et al. The Care and Conservation of Georgian Houses: A maintenance manual for Edinburgh New Town. 4t edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Architecture, 1995. ISBN 0-7506-1860-4

Freemit airtins
UNESCO World Heritage Site Inscription
http://www.aboutscotland.com/edin/newtown.html

Auries o Edinburgh

New Toun, Edinburgh


A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy.

See also
 Helper dependent virus

 Virophage

References

Virology

Helper virus