Hampstead Heath is an ancient heath in London, spanning . This grassy public space sits astride a sandy ridge, one of the highest points in London, running from Hampstead to Highgate, which rests on a band of London Clay. The heath is rambling and hilly, embracing ponds, recent and ancient woodlands, a lido, playgrounds, and a training track, and it adjoins the former stately home of Kenwood House and its estate. The south-east part of the heath is Parliament Hill, from which the view over London is protected by law.

Running along its eastern perimeter is a chain of ponds – including three open-air public swimming pools – which were originally reservoirs for drinking water from the River Fleet. The heath is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation, and part of Kenwood is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Lakeside concerts are held there in summer. The heath is managed by the City of London Corporation, and lies mostly within the London Borough of Camden with the adjoining Hampstead Heath Extension and Golders Hill Park in the London Borough of Barnet.

History

Early history
Documentary evidence of Hampstead Heath dates from 986, when Ethelred the Unready granted five hides of land at "Hemstede" to the Abbot of Westminster. This same land is later recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by the monastery of St. Peter's at Westminster Abbey, and by then is known as the "Manor of Hampstead". Westminster held the land until 1133 when control of part of the manor was released to Richard de Balta; then during Henry II's reign the whole of the manor became privately owned by Alexander de Barentyn, the King's butler.

19th century battles

In 1767, the Manor of Hampstead and the estate which went with it came into the possession of the Wilson family following the marriage of General Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, sixth baronet, to Jane Weller, niece and heir of the Revd. John Maryon. The estate consisted of , being mainly farmland to the west and north west of the village and including the Heath.

In 1821 Sir Thomas Maryon Wilson, eighth baronet, inherited the estate from  his father. The construction of the Finchley Road through Hampstead promised to open up the land for development, but under the terms of his father's will, Sir Thomas could neither sell any of the land nor grant leases on it for periods greater than 21 years, thus making it unsuitable for building.

In 1829 Sir Thomas tried to circumvent the will by promoting a bill in Parliament which would have allowed him to grant leases of up to 99 years. This was a straightforward  procedure and would normally have been passed without difficulty. But because the bill included a provision to build on the Heath, it attracted considerable opposition. This came partly from individuals who held certain rights under the ancient system of copyhold, and also from influential figures who valued the Heath as a natural asset and a place of recreation. The bill was passed by the House of Lords but was rejected by the House of Commons.

In 1830 Sir Thomas lodged a second bill. This specifically excluded the Heath from development, but it did not exclude the  East Park Estate which lay between the eastern part of the Heath and Lord Mansfield's estate at Kenwood and Parliament Hill Fields. This bill also attracted opposition, on the grounds that if building was allowed on the East Park Estate, the East Heath would be surrounded by houses and its natural beauty would be lost. This bill also failed.

Sir Thomas was to spend most of the rest of his life trying to obtain permission to grant leases for building. The matter became a cause célèbre, with the opposition being led by such influential figures as John Gurney Hoare and Lord Mansfield.

Although unable to grant leases for building, there was nothing to prevent Sir Thomas from undertaking his own building work. In the mid 1840s, he drew up plans to build 28 villas on the East Park Estate. Work was started on an access road, a wall and a gamekeeper's hut, remnants of which still survive. However, because of  landslips and problems of water penetration, attempts to build a viaduct to carry the road failed and the entire project was abandoned.

In 1869 Sir Thomas died and the estate passed to his brother, Sir John Maryon Wilson. By now there was considerable pressure for public ownership of the Heath. This was led by the Commons Preservation Society, which had been formed in 1865 with the specific aim of protecting common land. In 1866 the Hampstead Heath Protection Fund Committee was formed, a forerunner of the Heath & Hampstead Society which still campaigns to protect the Heath.

In 1870 the Metropolitan Board of Works agreed to buy the Heath on behalf of the public at a cost of £45,000 plus £2,000 for legal fees. The Board also agreed to compensate the copyholders for the loss of their rights. In 1871 the Hampstead Heath Act was passed, stating that it would be "of great advantage to the inhabitants of the Metropolis if the Heath were always kept unenclosed and unbuilt on, its natural aspect and state being as far as may be preserved."

Pressure then grew to purchase the East Park Estate and the  Parliament Hill Fields, but no funds were available for this. A public fund-raising campaign was launched, led by the philanthropist Baroness Burdett-Coutts and the campaigner Octavia Hill. This succeeded in raising the required £300,000, and in 1899 the East Park Estate and Parliament Hill Fields were added to the Heath.

Later developments

The Heath was further extended in 1898 with the purchase of Golders Hill Park for £38,000 from the estate of Sir Thomas Spencer Wells.  In 1904, following a campaign led by Henrietta Barnett, Wyldes Farm was purchased from Eton College; this too was added to the Heath in what is  now known as the Heath Extension. (The rest of Wyldes Farm was purchased by Henrietta Barnett to found the Hampstead Garden Suburb.) Another fund-raising campaign, this one led by Sir Arthur Crosfield, enabled part of Kenwood to be purchased, and this was added to the Heath in 1922. Finally, Kenwood House and its adjacent ground were incorporated into the Heath in 1928 following a bequest by their owner, the Earl of Iveagh.

From 1808 to 1814 Hampstead Heath hosted a station in the shutter telegraph chain which connected the Admiralty in London to its naval ships in the port of Great Yarmouth.

The City of London Corporation has managed the heath since 1989. Before that it was managed by the GLC and before that by the London County Council (LCC).

In 2021, Quiet Parks International, a non-profit organisation whose aim is to identify locations around the world that remain free from human-made noise for at least brief periods, gave Hampstead Heath "Urban Quiet Park" status.

Geography
The heath sits astride a sandy ridge that rests on a band of London clay. It runs from east to west, its highest point being . As the sand was easily penetrated by rainwater which was then held by the clay, a landscape of swampy hollows, springs and man-made excavations was created. Hampstead Heath contains the largest single area of common land in Greater London, with  of protected commons.

Public transport near the heath includes London Overground railway stations Hampstead Heath and Gospel Oak. For London Underground stations, Hampstead and Belsize Park are to the south; Golders Green to the north-west; Highgate and Archway to the east. Buses serve several roads around the heath.

Areas of the heath
The heath's  include a number of distinct areas.

Whitestone, Highgate and Hampstead Ponds

Hampstead Heath has over 25 ponds; most of these are in two distinct areas: the Highgate Ponds and the Hampstead Ponds.

Whitestone Pond
Whitestone Pond is a roughly triangular pond, centrally located on the heath's south side and north-northwest of Queen Mary's House (formerly a care home and before that a maternity hospital), across busy Heath Street (A502). Originally a small dew pond called the Horse Pond, it was renamed after a waypoint stone and is artificially fed.  It has an exposed location, closely surrounded by roads, which limits its recreational use. It is the heath's best known body of water, and many people's introduction to Hampstead Heath's ponds.

Highgate Ponds

Highgate Ponds are a series of eight former reservoirs, on the heath's east (Highgate) side, and were originally dug in the 17th and 18th centuries. They include two single-sex swimming pools (the men's and ladies' bathing ponds), a model boating pond, and two ponds which serve as wildlife reserves: the Stock Pond and the Bird Sanctuary Pond. Fishing is allowed in some of the ponds, although this is threatened by proposals to modify the dams.

The ponds are the result of the 1777 damming of Hampstead Brook (one of the Fleet River's sources), by the Hampstead Water Company, which was formed in 1692 to meet London's growing water demands.

"Boudicca's Mound", near the present men's bathing pond, is a tumulus where, according to local legend, Queen Boudicca (Boadicea) was buried after she and 10,000 Iceni warriors were defeated at Battle Bridge. However, historical drawings and paintings of the area show no mound other than a 17th-century windmill.

Hampstead Ponds

The Hampstead Ponds are three ponds in the heath's south-west corner, towards South End Green. Hampstead Pond #3 is the mixed bathing pond, where both sexes may swim.

Pond maintenance
In 2004 the City of London Corporation, rejected a proposal by the Hampstead Heath Winter Swimming Club to allow "early-morning, self-regulated swimming in the mixed sex pond on Hampstead Heath"; the Corporation argued that it risked legal action by the Health and Safety Executive if it allowed such swimming, since the Executive had refused to give assurances to the Corporation that it would not be prosecuted under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The swimmers successfully challenged this in the High Court, which in 2005 ruled that members of the swimming club had the right to swim at their own risk, and that the  would not be liable under the Act for injuries as a result.

In January 2011 the City of London announced a scheme which it said would improve the safety of the dams, to guard against damage that might result from a very large, but rare storm hitting London. The proposed engineering modifications of the dams were aimed at ensuring that three dams complied with the 1975 Reservoir Act. With the passage of the 2010 Flood and Water Management Act the City of London was advised that all the dams on the heath would need to comply with the reservoir safety regulations. The proposed works in 2011 included recommendations to improve the water quality of the lake, which had suffered from algae blooms. The proposals for the pond dams were extensively modified in 2012–2014. The proposals were challenged by a consortium of groups and societies collectively called "Dam Nonsense". However, with the dam project being now completed, many locals have begun to accept the changes as wildlife begins to soften the border between the artificial and the natural in this area.

Caen Wood Towers
To the north east of the heath is a derelict site within the conservation area comprising the grounds and mansion of the former Caen Wood Towers (renamed Athlone House in 1972). This historic building, currently in disrepair, was built in 1872 for Edward Brooke, aniline dye manufacturer (architect, Edward Salomons). In 1942 the building was taken for war service by the Royal Air Force and was used to house the RAF Intelligence School, although the 'official' line was that it was a convalescence hospital. The Operational Record (Form 540) of RAF Station Highgate (currently in the National Archives, Kew) was declassified in the late 1990s and shows the true role of this building in wartime service. The building sustained 2 near misses from V-1 flying bombs in late 1944, causing damage and injuries to staff. The RAF Intelligence School remained in Caen Wood Towers until 1948, when the building was handed over to the Ministry of Health. It was then used as a hospital and finally a post-operative recovery lodge, before falling into disrepair in the 1980s. The NHS sold off this part of their estate in 2004 to a private businessman who is currently redeveloping much of the site; however the House and its gardens fall within the conservation area of Hampstead Heath.

Parliament Hill Fields

Parliament Hill Fields lies on the south and east of the heath; it officially became part of the heath in 1888. It contains various sporting facilities including an athletics track, tennis courts and Parliament Hill Lido. Parliament Hill itself is considered by some to be the focal point of the heath, with the highest part of it known to some as "Kite Hill" due to its popularity with kite flyers. The hill is  high and is notable for its excellent views of the London skyline. The skyscrapers of Canary Wharf and the City of London can be seen, along with St Paul's Cathedral and other landmarks, all in one panorama, parts of which are protected views.
The main staff yards for the management of the heath are located at Parliament Hill Fields.

In the south-east of the heath, on the southern slopes of Parliament Hill, is the Gospel Oak Lido open air swimming pool, with a running track and fitness area to its north.

Parliament Hill Fields was successfully defended from development in the late 19th Century by Octavia Hill and the Commons Preservation Society.

Kenwood

The area to the north of the heath is the Kenwood Estate and House – a total area of  which is maintained by English Heritage. This became part of the heath when it was bequeathed to the nation by Lord Iveagh on his death in 1927, and opened to the public in 1928. The original house dates from the early 17th century. The orangery was added in about 1700.

Hampstead Heath Woods

One third of the Kenwood estate (Ken Wood and North Wood) is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, designated by Natural England.

The Vale of Health
The Vale of Health is a hamlet accessed by a lane from East Heath Road; it is surrounded entirely by the heath. In 1714, one Samuel Hatch, a harness maker, built a workshop and was granted some land. By 1720, he had a cottage at what was subsequently called Hatch's or Hatchett's Bottom.  A new name, considered given in deliberate attempt to change the image of a developing location, the Vale of Health, was recorded in 1801.

Extension
The Extension is an open space to the north-west of the main heath. It does not share the history of common and heathland of the rest of the heath. Instead it was created out of farmland, largely due to the efforts of Henrietta Barnett who went on to found Hampstead Garden Suburb. Its farmland origins can still be seen in the form of old field boundaries, hedgerows and trees.

Golders Hill Park

Golders Hill Park is a formal park adjoining the West Heath. It occupies the site of a large house that was bombed during World War II. It has an expanse of grass, with a formal flower garden, a duck pond and a separate water garden that leads to a separate area for deer, near a recently renovated small zoo. The zoo has donkeys, maras, ring-tailed lemurs, ring-tailed coatis, white-cheeked turacos and European eagle-owls, among other animals. There are also tennis courts, a butterfly house and a putting green.

Unlike the rest of the heath, Golders Hill Park is fenced in, and is closed at night.

Site of Special Scientific Interest

Ken Wood and North Wood are a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest called Hampstead Heath Woods, designated by Natural England.

Constabulary

The heath is policed by the Hampstead Heath Constabulary, part of the City of London Corporation. Its 12 constables act as parks police and they are:  From their inauguration until 24 May 2018 some constables worked with general purpose police dogs, all licensed to NPCC/Home Office standards. They have been responsible for patrolling the Heath since 1992.

Activities
The heath is home to a range of activities, including 16 different sports. It is used by walkers, runners, swimmers and kite-flyers.  Running events include the weekly parkrun and the annual Race for Life in aid of Cancer Research UK. Until February 2007 Kenwood held a series of popular lakeside concerts.

Facilities include an athletics track, a pétanque pitch, a volleyball court and eight separate children's play areas, including an adventure playground.

Swimming takes place all year round in two of the three natural swimming ponds: the men's pond which opened in the 1890s, and the ladies' pond which opened in 1925. The mixed pond is only open from May to September, though it is the oldest, having been in use since the 1860s.

The West Heath is regarded as a night-time gay cruising ground. George Michael revealed that he cruised on the heath, an activity he then parodied on the Extras Christmas Special.

In popular culture
While living in London, Karl Marx and his family went to the heath regularly, as their favourite outing.

John Atkinson Grimshaw, Victorian-era painter, painted an elaborate night-time scene of Hampstead Hill in oils. Hampstead Heath also provided the backdrop for the opening scene in Victorian writer Wilkie Collins' novel The Woman in White.

Bram Stoker's novel Dracula is partly set on Hampstead Heath, in scenes when the undead Lucy abducts children playing on the heath.

Hampstead Heath forms part of the location for G. K. Chesterton's fictional story "The Blue Cross" from The Innocence of Father Brown.
The Heath is mentioned in Ralph Vaughan Williams' Symphony no. 2 'A London Symphony' with the subtitle 'Hampstead Heath on an August Bank Holiday'.

The photos used for the cover of The Kinks LP The Kinks Are The Village Green Preservation Society were taken on the heath in August 1968. In some photographs, Kenwood House is visible in the background.

Notting Hill (1999) featured scenes shot at the heath, located primarily around Kenwood House, where Julia Roberts' character was filming a movie.

In 2005, Giancarlo Neri's sculpture The Writer, a 9-metre-tall table and chair, was exhibited on Hampstead Heath.

The film Scenes of a Sexual Nature (2006) was shot entirely on Hampstead Heath.

Colin Wilson slept rough (in a sleeping bag) on Hampstead Heath to save money when he was working on his first novel, Ritual in the Dark.

In John le Carré's novel Smiley's People, the heath is the murder scene of General Vladimir, a pivotal event that leads to the downfall of George Smiley's nemesis Karla.

Hampstead is a 2017 film directed by Joel Hopkins about Harry Hallowes, who claimed squatter's rights on a corner of the heath on which he lived in a make-shift camp.

Gallery
Panorama of London from Kenwood (after completion of the Gherkin in 2003 but before the building of the Heron Tower in 2009–10).

See also

List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London
Camden parks and open spaces
Barnet parks and open spaces
Nature reserves in Barnet

References

Bibliography

External links

 The official Hampstead Heath pages on the City of London website
 Hampstead Heath map
 Comprehensive and detailed website for Hampstead Heath
 History of Hampstead Heath

Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Camden
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Camden
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barnet
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Barnet
Parks and open spaces of the City of London Corporation
Hills of London
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in London
Highest points of English counties
Hampstead
Common land in London
Highgate
Heaths of the United Kingdom

Hampstead Heath


Traycho Kostov Dzhunev (; 17 June 1897, Sofia – 16 December 1949) was a Bulgarian politician, former President of the Council of Ministers and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party.

Traicho Kostov, at the age of 52, was sentenced to death by the Bulgarian Supreme Court. He was tried together with ten others in Sofia from 7 December till 14 December 1949. Two days later he was executed. Kostov was the leading figure of the Bulgarian Communist Party.

Dismissal, trial and execution
On 31 March 1949 Kostov was dismissed from his post of acting President of the Council of Ministers and President of the Economic-Financial Committee of the Council of Ministers. Fifteen days later he was appointed Director of the Bulgarian National Library in Sofia. At a plenum of the Central Committee held on 11 and 12 June 1949, Vasil Kolarov delivered an indictment of Kostov's anti-Party activity.

Kostov was accused of tolerating and spreading anti-Soviet sentiment in the Party because of his nationalistic deviation, of using anti-Party methods in the Party and Government leadership and trying to kindle a factional struggle in the Party, of attempting to cause mistrust in the Communist Party and the Party leader, Georgi Dimitrov. Kostov was dismissed from the Central Committee, expelled from the Party and deprived of his seat in the National Assembly. He was arrested on 20 June 1949.

In December 1949, together with Traicho Kostov, 10 other prominent Communists were tried. Kostov was sentenced to death on the grounds that he had organized the headquarters of an underground organization aiming to overthrow the government by violence, had committed actions aiming at the worsening of the friendly relations between Bulgaria and the Soviet Union and the other people's democracies, had placed himself under the orders of the British, American and Yugoslav intelligence services for espionage, that while fulfilling state duties and instructions before foreign governments he had deliberately performed his services and carried out his instructions to the detriment of the state and he had committed acts aiming at the disorganization of the national economy and the supply system of the country and that he had close political connections with Tito, who had broken with Stalin. Kostov repudiated his written confession and the trial proceeded in his absence.

A further indictment was Kostov's outspoken criticism of the USSR's economic practices in Eastern Europe. At the time, the USSR was buying Bulgarian tobacco at an incredibly low price and then flooding the world market with it - at prices which undercut Bulgaria (G. and N. Swain, 2003). Another example of this type is Polish coal. The other 10 accused prominent Communists, among them ministers and high Party officials, received life imprisonment, 15 or 12 years sentences.

Kostov's trial was followed in 1950 and 1951 by several other trials against his adherents. During the preparation of these staged trials most inhuman types of interrogation methods were used and more than 30 prominent Communists were sentenced to long term imprisonment.

The start of open de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union led to a reassessment of the Kostovite trials. On 11 April 1956, at a Sofia City Communist Party meeting it was stated that: a harmful consequence of the personality cult had been the infringement of the laws, as a result of which innocent people were unjustly accused and sentenced.

The accusations contained in the indictment and in other materials presented at the Traicho Kostov trial and at other trials that followed, in which those sentenced were unjustly accused of espionage, sabotage and criminal relations with Yugoslav state organisations and leaders, were dismissed as being fabricated and not true. All those detained because of these trials had been set free. A commission of the Central Committee had been entrusted with checking the materials on the trials, so that all innocently accused would be rehabilitated.

A decision of the Central Committee, published on 19 September 1956, approved the statements and the conclusions of the commission which had reviewed the Kostov trial and the trials connected with it.  It also legally rehabilitated and restored party membership to all those convicted in the trials.  Kostov himself was posthumously rehabilitated and readmitted to the party.

The legal annulment of the sentences had been made by the Bulgarian Supreme Court on 6 November 1956. This decision of the Court was not made public in the Bulgarian press.

List of defendants
 Traicho Kostov Djunev (1897), President of the Council of Ministers, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party (executed)
 Ivan Stefanov Hadzhimateev (1899), Minister of Finance (life imprisonment)
 Nikola Pavlov Kolev (1906), Deputy Minister of Construction (life imprisonment)
 Nikola Nachev Petkov (1905), Assistant President of the State Committee for Economic and Financial Affairs (life imprisonment)
 Boris Andonov Hristov (1912), commercial representative in the USSR (15 years)
 Tsonyu Stefanov Tsonchev (1898), Governor of the Bulgarian National Bank (15 years)
 Ivan Slavov Gevrenov (1884), Director of the United Rubber Industry (life imprisonment)
 Ivan Georgiev Tutev (1902), Director of the Department of Foreign Trade (life imprisonment)
 Blagoi Ivanov Hadzhipanzov (1911), counselor of the Yugoslav Embassy (15 years)
 Vasil Atanassov Ivanovski (1906), instructor at the Department of Agitation and Propaganda (12 years)
 Iliya Ivanov Bayaltsaliev (1911), political leader at the United Construction Industry (10 years)

References in popular culture
The trial of Kostov is mentioned in passing in chapter 3 of In the First Circle by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, as a "crude judicial farce" followed by a "sham recantation, allegedly written by Kostov," which Lev Rubin is ashamed to mention to his German fellow-prisoners on Christmas Eve when they ask him for information on recent events in the news.

See also
 Slánský trial
 László Rajk
 Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu

References

Notes

Bibliography
 The Trial of Traicho Kostov and his Group, edited by Anton Koev, Sofia 1949
 Eastern Europe Since 1945, 3rd Edition, G. and N. Swain, Palgrave Macmillan

External links

 Georgi Markov on popular hate towards Kostov during his trial

Deputy prime ministers of Bulgaria
Government ministers of Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Bulgarian Communist Party politicians
Bulgarian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1897 births
1949 deaths
Executed politicians
Executed Bulgarian people
People executed by the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Bulgarian Comintern people

Traicho Kostov


Stepan Tverdislavich () (died August 16, 1243), the son of Tverdislav, was a Novgorodian posadnik in 1230–43.

After 1220 Stepan merged into the Novgorodian political struggle. He showed himself as an adherent of the alliance with Vladimir-Suzdal princes, considering them helpful against Germans and Swedes. In 1230 Stepan arranged a coup to be elected posadnik. He managed to smooth the rivalry between the boyar factions, which facilitated Novgorodian victories over external enemies in 1234, 1240 and 1242.

Notes

Posadniks of Novgorod
1243 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Stepan Tverdislavich


Carlos Luis Fallas Sibaja (January 21, 1909 – May 7, 1966), also known as Calufa (from the initial syllables of his first, middle and last name), was a Costa Rican author and communist political activist.

Born in Alajuela to a single mother, Fallas completed only the first two years of secondary schooling before moving to Limón, on the Atlantic coast, where he worked in the banana plantations of the United Fruit Company.  Finding conditions there intolerable, he returned to Alajuela at the age of 22 and found work as a shoemaker.

Fallas became active in the organized labor movement and in the Communist Party of Costa Rica.  After a bloody clash between striking workers and the police, a judge sentenced him in 1933 one year of banishment in the Atlantic coast.  There, Fallas became the leader of the 15,000-strong banana workers' strike of 1934.  In 1942, Fallas was elected city council representative and in 1944 he became a national congressman.  He fought in the Costa Rican Civil War of 1948 on the side of the government forces, to which the communists were then allied.

As an author he is best known for his novels Mamita Yunai (1940), which denounced the harsh condition endured by workers for the United Fruit Company and which is referenced in Pablo Neruda's Canto General, and for Marcos Ramírez (1952), a humorous bildungsroman about the life of a Costa Rican boy in the early 20th century, taken largely from Fallas's own life.  Other works include Gentes y gentecillas (1947), and Mi madrina (1954).

Despite his brief formal schooling and relatively meager output, Fallas is one of the most widely read Costa Rican authors.  In 1962 he was awarded the William Faulkner Foundation's Ibero-American Novel Prize for Marcos Ramírez.  He received the Magón Prize, Costa Rica's highest recognition for cultural work, shortly before his death from kidney cancer at the age of 57. The Costa Rican Congress posthumously declared him Benemérito de la Patria ("Deserving Citizen," the highest distinction that the government can extend) in 1977.

Works
 "Barreteros y otros cuentos" 1987
 "Mamita Yunai" Novel,1941.
 "Marcos Ramírez" Novel, 1952.
 "Mi madrina" Novel, 1954.
 "Gentes y gentecillas" Novel, 1947.
 "Cuenta Braña: un mecánico comunista en la Europa nazi"

References
Biography from Espíritu del 48 (in Spanish)
William Faulkner's Ibero-American Novel Project by Deborah Cohn

External links
Gentes y gentecillas
Mi madrina
Mamita Yunai

1909 births
1966 deaths
People from Alajuela
Costa Rican people of Spanish descent
People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica) politicians
Costa Rican male short story writers
Costa Rican short story writers
Costa Rican male writers
Marxist writers
People of the Costa Rican Civil War
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from cancer in Costa Rica
Place of death missing

Carlos Luis Fallas


Antal Freiherr von Lehár (born Antal Lehár; 21 February 1876 – 12 November 1962; known sometimes as Baron Antal Lehár) was an Austrian officer of Hungarian descent, who reached the pinnacle of his service after World War I when he supported the former Emperor Charles I of Austria's attempts to retake the throne of Hungary. His brother was composer Ferenc Lehár.

Early life
Lehár was born in Ödenburg (now Sopron), Austria-Hungary, as the younger son of a bandmaster in the Infantry Regiment No. 50 of the Austro-Hungarian Army. He attended schools in Preßburg (Pozsony, today Bratislava), Prague and Vienna. He entered cadet school in Vienna to become a professional officer, finishing in 1893 top of his class. Following a posting to his father's regiment, he was promoted Leutnant in 1894 and Oberleutnant in 1898. Between 1897 and 1899 Lehár attended the "Kriegsschule (war college) in Vienna, after which he was attached to the general staff and served in a number of training positions until World War I.

World War I
Following the outbreak of World War I, Lehár, now with the rank of Major, was put in command of the 2nd battalion of the Honvéd-Landsturm Infantry Regiment No. 13, which he led in September 1914 during battles at Chodel south of Lublin. His battalion was part of the Army group "Kummer" and served next to the unit of General Viktor Dankl. For his conduct there, Lehár would later be decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (see below). While still fighting near Lublin, Lehár was severely wounded.

After leaving hospital he was reassigned to the War ministry in Vienna and in September 1915 he served in the Tyrolean Defence Command. Following promotion to Oberstleutnant in September 1915, Lehár returned to fighting, this time on the Italian front. There he commanded the Heeresgruppe "Lehar" in the Etschtal-Rovereto sector of the Italian front, which consisted of Tyrolese Standschützen and Bosniaks. In June 1916 he was transferred back to the technical Military committee and became head of the department for infantry and cavalry weapons. Assignments to the Eastern front and to the office of Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza followed. Later he was transferred to the newly raised Infantry Regiment 106 and commanded this unit in the battles on the Piave. He served in the Infantry Regiment 106 until the end of the war. In May 1918 he was promoted to Oberst and received the Golden Bravery Medal for Officers.

In August 1918 Lehár was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa in recognition of his services during the battles at Chodel south of Lublin in September 1914. In accordance with the statutes of this order, Lehár became a baron in his country's nobility and was thereafter styled "Freiherr von Lehár", while his brother Franz remained a commoner.

At the conclusion of hostilities of World War I, Lehár was able to move his regiment, without any casualties or desertion, back to Steinamanger (now Szombathely, Hungary).

Hungary
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Oberst Anton Freiherr von Lehár decided to remain in Hungary and to fight again for the monarchy, in several roles and at various theatres of war. He played an important role in the counterrevolution in Hungary. In August 1919 he became the military commander of Western Hungary and was promoted to Major General by Regent Miklós Horthy.

When the former King Charles IV tried to return to the Hungarian throne, Lehár joined his troops, but the mission failed. While the former monarch was transported into exile, Lehár escaped from Hungary and fled through Czechoslovakia to Germany where he hid with friends of his brother.

Life as a businessman
When the political turmoil had calmed down, Anton's brother Franz Lehár organized for the former general a job as director of the Society of Authors, Composers and Music Publishers in Berlin in 1926. With the rise of the National Socialist Party, Freiherr von Lehár was, as a dedicated Austrian-Hungarian monarchist, soon considered suspect. When the National Socialists assumed power in 1933 (Machtergreifung), he had to leave Berlin.

Back in Vienna, Lehár founded the Chodel Music Publishing Company, but after it did not prosper, he decided to hand over the business to his brother in 1935. He then moved to the countryside, becoming a farmer in Theresienfeld near Wiener Neustadt in Lower Austria. When Germany occupied Austria in March 1938 (Anschluss), Lehár was ordered to move to Vienna, where the Gestapo could keep a closer eye on him and his wife for much of World War II. After Franz Lehár's death in October 1948, the former general became the administrator of his estate and spent the rest of his life guarding the rights and promoting the popularity of his brother's music.

Anton Freiherr von Lehár died in Vienna in 1962, aged 86.

References

Sources

External links

1876 births
1962 deaths
People from Sopron
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Businesspeople from Austria-Hungary
Hungarian monarchists
Nobility of Austria-Hungary
Hungarian nobility
Hungarian-German people
Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa

Antal Lehár


"Thanksgiving of Horror" is the 8th episode of the 31st season of The Simpsons. It was first shown on television on the Fox network on November 24, 2019. The episode is a Thanksgiving themed spin-off of the Treehouse of Horror series. This is the last episode to have Russi Taylor because she died on July 26, 2019. She was a voice actor for characters like Martin Prince, Sherri and Terri, and Üter Zörker.

Plot

Marge gets on a stage and talks about how scary the Thanksgiving holiday is. She then introduces the three segments.

A-Gobble-Ypto

This part of the episode is a parody of Apocalypto. The Simpson family and other characters are shown as turkeys and some are shown as Pilgrims. The Pilgrims capture Homer and many other turkeys. Bart gets away from the Pilgrims. Most of the turkeys are killed, but people start to panic when Grandpa runs around without his head. During the confusion, Bart saves Homer and they get back to their family. Marge lays an egg, but they are found by Chief Wiggum, a Pilgrim. A bear kills Wiggum and the egg hatches to show Maggie. The family finds some Pilgrims eating a turkey dinner. Homer says that times will be dark for them as Thanksgiving becomes a new human tradition.

The Fourth Thursday After Tomorrow

This part of the episode is a parody of the Black Mirror special "White Christmas". Homer wants to help Marge with Thanksgiving cooking for dinner, so Homer orders an A.I. with Marge's memories. Marge gets jealous when the A.I. can run the family better than her, so she wants to get rid of the A.I. after Thanksgiving. The A.I. cooks a big meal for dinner, which Marge says she cooked it, and tries to escape to the internet. Marge almost stops her, but the A.I. uses Maggie to help her. The A.I. tells the guests at the dinner party that she cooked the dinner, which makes everyone disappointed and leave the dinner party. Homer tries to make Marge feel better, but he accidentally shows himself as a robot. The A.I. is free and visits places around the internet, starting with Etsy.

The Last Thanksgiving

This part of the episode is a parody of the movies Alien and Life. The kids are on a spaceship, years after the Earth was destroyed. They become awake from hibernation to work before they land on another planet. Bart and Milhouse want to create a Thanksgiving dinner, but they only find a can of cranberry sauce. Bart puts the can in a cloning machine. The cranberry sauce turns alive and starts eating bones. Soon, every kid in the spaceship is dead, except for Bart, Lisa, Milhouse, and Martin. Martin traps them in a room and gets killed by the monster. Milhouse tries to make the monster calm down, but it throws him around. Bart and Lisa trick the monster into letting go of Milhouse and putting it in a large can. They then release the can into space, where it lands on the new planet. Aliens from the planet turn the monster into food, where the Simpson family and the aliens celebrate the First Thanksgiving.

The end credits show a Bart Simpson balloon from the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.

Reception

Dennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a score of B and says "'Thanksgiving of Horror' represents the show's writers tossing out a 'Why not?' non-canonical scary story do-over. And, oddly enough, I'm fine with it, especially since this second, Thanksgiving-themed horror outing is scarier, meaner, grosser, and all-around better than this year's original." Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 out of 5 starts and says "The installment doesn't quite measure up to the classic "Treehouse of Horror" episodes, the show overall has undergone a loss of edge since becoming more streamlined. But it is a very good entry for the season."

On February 1, 2020, Dan Vebber won the Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 72nd Writers Guild of America Awards for writing the episode.

References

Other websites

2019 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 31) episodes
Thanksgiving television episodes
Treehouse of Horror

Thanksgiving of Horror


In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that establishes the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Complaints are pleadings that must be written carefully to properly state the facts and legal basis for the claim. Usually this requires the help of an attorney.

In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called the state, the People or the Crown (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment.

References

Legal terms

Complaint


Danger is a lack of safety and may refer to:

Places
 Danger Cave, an archaeological site in Utah
 Danger Island, Great Chagos Bank, Indian Ocean
 Danger Island, alternate name of Pukapuka Atoll in the Cook Islands, Pacific Ocean
 Danger Islands, Antarctica
 Danger Point, a coastal feature and cliff face in Devon, England
 Point Danger (Portland), Victoria, Australia
 Point Danger (Torquay), Victoria, Australia
 Point Danger (Tweed Heads), on the border of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia

People
 Danger (musician) (born 1984), stage name of French electronic musician Franck Rivoire
 Danger Quintana (born 1994), Cuban former volleyball player
 Danger, South African musician in the kwaito group Big Nuz

Films and television
 Danger (TV series), a 1950s live drama anthology TV series
 Danger (2003 film), a 2003 Bangladeshi film featuring Shakib Khan
 Danger (2005 film), a 2005 film written and directed by Krishna Vamsi starring Allari Naresh
 Danger, a 2005 film written by Ajay Sastry
 "Danger", a Series D episode of the television series QI (2006)

Music

Groups and labels
 Danger Danger, an American hard rock band

Albums
 Danger (album), a 2009 album by P-Square
 Danger Danger (album), a 1989 self-titled album
 Danger! (EP), an EP by The Sound of Arrows

Songs
 "Danger" (The Motels song), 1980
 "Danger" (Sharon O'Neill song), 1983
 "Danger" (The Flirts song), 1983
 "Danger" (AC/DC song), 1985
 "Danger" (Blahzay Blahzay song), 1993
 "Danger" (Erykah Badu song), 2003
 "Danger" (Katie Underwood song), 2003
 "Danger" (Migos and Marshmello song), 2017
 "Danger (Been So Long)" by Mystikal, 2000
 "Danger (Spider)", a 2023 song by Offset and JID
 "Danger" by Hilary Duff from Dignity, 2007
 "Danger" by Third Eye Blind from Out of the Vein
 "Danger", by Woo!ah! from Joy, 2022

Literature
 Danger (comics), the physical manifestation of X-Men's self-aware Danger Room software
 "Danger!" (short story), a 1914 story by Arthur Conan Doyle

Companies
 Danger (company), a Microsoft subsidiary which made cellular telephones
 High Voltage Software, an American video game developer
 Nebraska Danger, an Indoor Football League team based in Grand Island, Nebraska

See also
 Danger Island (disambiguation)
 Dangerous (disambiguation)
 Dangers (disambiguation)
 Point Danger (disambiguation)

Danger


Professor David Abramson FIEEE FACM FTSE FACS is an Australian computer scientist. He has been Director of the Research Computing Centre at the University of Queensland, Australia, since 2012. He has been involved in computer architecture and high performance computing research since 1979.

Abramson was elevated to Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for "contributions to software tools for high performance, parallel, and distributed computing".

In 2010 whilst Professor of Computer Science at Monash University, he was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE). He is also a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (FACM), and a Fellow of the Australian Computer Society (FACS).

Prior to taking a position at Monash in 1997, he held positions at Griffith University, CSIRO and RMIT.

Abramson has a Bachelor of Science (Honours), a Doctor of Philosophy, and a Doctor of Science, all from Monash University.

In 2019 the Pearcey Foundation elevated him to the Pearcey Hall of Fame and awarded him the 2019 Pearcey Medal.

In 2021, he was awarded the ACM/IEEE Ken Kennedy Award for "innovation in parallel and distributed computing tools with broad applications, as well as leadership contributions to professional service, creating international technical communities, and mentoring."

References

Fellow Members of the IEEE
Living people
Australian computer scientists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Year of birth missing (living people)

David Abramson


Matthew Francis Holt (May 28, 1977 – April 15, 2017) was an American singer, formerly of alternative/nu metal band Nothingface and Kingdom of Snakes.

Biography
Matt Holt was raised in the suburbs of Gaithersburg, Maryland, and Germantown, Maryland, north of Washington, D.C. During high school he met Tommy Sickles through mutual friends. Holt, Sickles, and two other friends formed the band Ingredient 17, in which he played guitar and sang. After playing a show with a band known as Nothingface, the two bands became familiar with one another.

Holt died in his Frederick, Maryland, home on April 15, 2017, at the age of 39 after years of battling an undisclosed degenerative illness.

Career

Early years
Ingredient 17 were recording in Nothingface bassist Bill Gaal's studio when Nothingface's vocalist, David Gabbard, left the band citing musical differences. One day Holt came in to record a song for Ingredient 17, and the band members of Nothingface liked his voice, so they "took" him from his band and got their new singer, Holt, says Tom Maxwell from the forums.

Nothingface
After releasing four studio albums – Pacifier, An Audio Guide to Everyday Atrocity, Violence, and Skeletons – Nothingface disbanded on February 10, 2004. Shortly after, Holt joined a band called Kingdom of Snakes, formed by Bill Gaal, former bass player of Nothingface. Holt later left the band to pursue other musical routes.

In December 2005, Nothingface released new music on their website, which revealed that Holt, Maxwell and Sickles had been working together for a while. Joined by Danzig's bass player, Jerry Montano (who played with the band for a while in 2000 after Bill Gaal temporarily left the band), Nothingface began preparing a fifth studio album.

On May 24, 2008, it was announced through Blabbermouth.net as well as the band's Myspace page that original members Bill Gaal and Chris Houck (percussion) had rejoined Nothingface. Two days later they released Nothingface in remastered form (released in vinyl at first, the digital download for the entire album came later on April 30, 2009.) This was their very first effort before Pacifier.

In February 2009, Nothingface reunited in a studio in Baltimore, Maryland. Over the course of a few weeks, they recorded instrumentals for three new songs. Later, Holt entered the studio to lay down vocals for one of the new tracks: "One Thousand Lies".

On August 13, 2009, Maxwell announced he was leaving Nothingface and stated that Holt had not produced material. Hours later Gaal confirmed that the group had split up.

References

External links

American heavy metal singers
Nu metal singers
Nothingface members
Alternative metal musicians
People from Gaithersburg, Maryland
People from Germantown, Maryland
1977 births
2017 deaths

Matt Holt


Gilia clokeyi is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Clokey's gilia. It is native to the south-western United States from California to Colorado, where it grows in desert and other habitat.

The herb produces an erect stem up to 17 centimeters tall often coated in cobwebby fibers on the lower parts and glandular hairs above. The lobed leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and are located in a basal rosette at ground level and also on the lower part of the stem.

The top of the stem branches into an inflorescence bearing tiny flowers on thin pedicels. The flower has a pouchlike calyx of sepals made up of ribs with membranous tissue between. The corolla emerges from the calyx, its narrow tubular throat yellow and white spotted and its face white and blue spotted or streaked.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

clokeyi
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the California desert regions
North American desert flora
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Gilia clokeyi


A ball is a round object (usually spherical, but can sometimes be ovoid) with several uses. It is used in ball games, where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used for simpler activities, such as catch or juggling. Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in engineering applications to provide very low friction bearings, known as ball bearings. Black-powder weapons use stone and metal balls as projectiles.

Although many types of balls are today made from rubber, this form was unknown outside the Americas until after the voyages of Columbus. The Spanish were the first Europeans to see the bouncing rubber balls (although solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials.

As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" may refer to or describe spherical or near-spherical objects.

"Ball" is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., armadillos and human beings curl up into a ball, making a fist into a ball.

Etymology
The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in  in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal (inflected as ball-e, -es, in turn from Old Norse böllr (pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z (whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic *ballon (weak masculine), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic *ballôn (weak feminine). No Old English representative of any of these is known. (The answering forms in Old English would have been beallu, -a, -e—compare bealluc, ballock.) If ball- was native in Germanic, it may have been a cognate with the Latin foll-is in sense of a "thing blown up or inflated." In the later Middle English spelling balle the word coincided graphically with the French balle "ball" and "bale" which has hence been erroneously assumed to be its source. French balle (but not boule) is assumed to be of Germanic origin, itself, however. In Ancient Greek the word πάλλα (palla) for "ball" is attested besides the word σφαίρα (sfaíra), sphere.

History

A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. A rolling object appeals not only to a human baby, but to a kitten and a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments.  In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.

Ancient Greeks
Among the ancient Greeks, games with balls (σφαῖραι) were regarded as a useful subsidiary to the more violent athletic exercises, as a means of keeping the body supple, and rendering it graceful, but were generally left to boys and girls. Of regular rules for the playing of ball games, little trace remains, if there were any such. The names in Greek for various forms, which have come down to us in such works as the Ὀνομαστικόν of Julius Pollux, imply little or nothing of such; thus, ἀπόρραξις (aporraxis) only means the putting of the ball on the ground with the open hand, οὐρανία (ourania), the flinging of the ball in the air to be caught by two or more players; φαινίνδα (phaininda) would seem to be a game of catch played by two or more, where feinting is used as a test of quickness and skill. Pollux (i. x. 104) mentions a game called episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), which has often been looked on as the origin of football. It seems to have been played by two sides, arranged in lines; how far there was any form of "goal" seems uncertain. It was impossible to produce a ball that was perfectly spherical; children usually made their own balls by inflating pig's bladders and heating them in the ashes of a fire to make them rounder, although Plato (fl. 420s BC – 340s BC) described "balls which have leather coverings in twelve pieces".

Ancient Romans
Among the Romans, ball games were looked upon as an adjunct to the bath, and were graduated to the age and health of the bathers, and usually a place (sphaeristerium) was set apart for them in the baths (thermae). There appear to have been three types or sizes of ball, the pila, or small ball, used in catching games, the paganica, a heavy ball stuffed with feathers, and the follis, a leather ball filled with air, the largest of the three. This was struck from player to player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as trigon, played by three players standing in the form of a triangle, and played with the follis, and also one known as harpastum, which seems to imply a "scrimmage" among several players for the ball. These games are known to us through the Romans, though the names are Greek.

Modern ball games
The various modern games played with a ball or balls and subject to rules are treated under their various names, such as polo, cricket, football, etc.

Physics
In sports, many modern balls are pressurized. Some are pressurized at the factory (e.g. tennis, squash (sport)) and others are pressurized by users (e.g. volleyball, basketball, football). Almost all pressurized balls gradually leak air. If the ball is factory pressurized, there is usually a rule about whether the ball retains sufficient pressure to remain playable.  Depressurized balls lack bounce and are often termed "dead". In extreme cases a dead ball becomes flaccid. If the ball is pressured on use, there are generally rules about how the ball is pressurized before the match, and when (or whether) the ball can be repressurized or replaced.

Due to the ideal gas law, ball pressure is a function of temperature, generally tracking ambient conditions. Softer balls that are struck hard (especially squash balls) increase in temperature due to inelastic collision.

In outdoor sports, wet balls play differently than dry balls. In indoor sports, balls may become damp due to hand sweat. Any form of humidity or dampness will affect a ball's surface friction, which will alter a player's ability to impart spin on the ball. The action required to apply spin to a ball is governed by the physics of angular momentum. Spinning balls travelling through air (technically a fluid) will experience the Magnus effect, which can produce lateral deflections in addition to the normal up-down curvature induced by a combination of wind resistance and gravity.

Round balls

Prolate spheroid balls
Several sports use a ball in the shape of a prolate spheroid:

See also
 Ball (mathematics)
 Buckminster Fullerene "Bucky balls"
 Football (ball)
 Hockey puck, can also spin, bounce, and roll
 Kickball
 Marbles
 Penny floater
 Prisoner Ball
 Shuttlecock
 Super Ball

References

External links

Ball


William Wemple (November 3, 1912 – February 25, 2002) was an American lawyer.

Biography
Wemple was born in New York City on November 3, 1912.  He attended the Wardlaw School 1924-28, and then the Loomis School, graduating in 1930.  He then attended Harvard College, receiving his A.B. in 1934.  During his time in college, he was captain of the Harvard soccer team in 1933.  He then enrolled in Columbia Law School and received his LL.B. in 1937.  He was admitted to the bar of New York State in 1938.

In August 1937, Wemple joined the New York law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore.  He worked there until April 1942.

During World War II, Wemple served in the United States Department of the Navy's Office of General Counsel (DON-OGC) beginning in April 1942.  He began as Assistant Counsel of the Bureau of Aeronautics, then became Counsel of the Bureau.  He was then promoted to Assistant General Counsel of the Navy, and finally, from July 27, 1946 to August 23, 1946, he was General Counsel of the Navy.  During his time at DON-OGC, Wemple also served in the United States Navy Reserve, becoming a Lieutenant in January 1943 and then a Lieutenant Commander in September 1943.  He was released from the Navy Reserve.

Upon leaving the Department of the Navy in 1946, Wemple became a partner at Root, Ballantine, Harlan, Bushby, & Palmer (the predecessor firm of Dewey Ballantine).

References

 Robert T. Swaine, The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, Vol. I (1948), p. 149.
 William Wemple's obituary

1912 births
2002 deaths
General Counsels of the United States Navy
Lawyers from New York City
Military personnel from New York City
Harvard College alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Cravath, Swaine & Moore people
20th-century American lawyers
Wardlaw-Hartridge School alumni
Loomis Chaffee School alumni

William Wemple (lawyer, born 1912)


Series 80 (formerly Crystal) is a mobile software platform introduced in 2000 that uses Symbian. It was made by Nokia for their enterprise and professional level smartphones. All devices that use it have a screen resolution of 640×200 pixels and a full QWERTY keyboard. The large size of the screens are used to good effect, but software has to be developed specifically for it and the market for it was relatively small.

The last Series 80 device is the Nokia 9300i, announced in 2005 and shipped in 2006. The last Communicator, the Nokia E90 Communicator, released in 2007, uses S60 3rd Edition instead of Series 80.

Features
 Support for editing popular office documents
 Full QWERTY keyboard
 Integrated mouse for navigation
 SSL/TLS support
 Full web browser based on Opera
 VPN support

Devices

S80 v1.0:
 June 2001 — Nokia 9210 Communicator
 June 2001 — Nokia 9290 Communicator (American variant of Nokia 9210 Communicator)
 May 2002 — Nokia 9210i Communicator (improved version of Nokia 9210 Communicator)

S80 v2.0:
 February 2005 — Nokia 9500 Communicator
 July 2005 — Nokia 9300 (not branded as "Communicator")
 March 2006 — Nokia 9300i (improved version of Nokia 9300; not branded as "Communicator")

Games
 Doom port for S80
 SCUMM emulator for S80 (allows you to play games like Monkey Island, etc.)

References

Mobile phones

Series 80 (software platform)


Yassmin Abdel-Magied is an Australian writer, social advocate, and an engineer. She helps women, youth, and ethnic minorities develop their communities. At 16 years old, Abdel-Magied created Youth Without Borders, an organization that provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities.

Biography
Abdel-Magied was born on March 3, 1991 in Sudan and moved to Australia with her parents just before she turned two years old
She received the Dean's Excellence Scholarship from the University of Queensland. In 2011, she graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering
In 2012, Abdel-Magied started working on oil and gas rigs as a field engineer (Measurement and Logging While Drilling specialist). In 2014, she moved to Perth, Australia to work as a drilling engineer on offshore rigs.

Achievements-
Abdel-Magied has served on multiple boards and councils, including the boards of the Queensland Museum, the Australian Multicultural Council, the Queensland Design Council, United Nations Youth Australia and others. She currently sits on the board of ChildFund Australia, the Council of Australian-Arab Relations and OurWatch.

In December 2014, Abdel-Magied presented her first TED Talk about implicit bias. She published her first book, Yassmin's Story, in 2016 with Random House.

Awards
In 2007, Abdel-Magied received the Young Australian Muslim of the Year award. In 2010 she received the Young Queenslander of the Year award, in 2011 she was a finalist for the Queensland Young Australian of the Year Award. She was the winner of the Youth Leader category in the 2012 Australian Financial Review and Westpac 100 Women of Influence Awards and the youngest woman on the list. In 2015, Abdel-Magied was one of the finalists in Young Australian of the Year, being named Queensland Young Australian of the Year.

Youth Without Borders
Abdel-Magied founded Youth Without Borders  in 2007 and has been the chair of the organization since its establishment. The organization provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities. One of the projects is a library for children and youth on a motorcycle. This motorcycle travels to villages that do not have access to libraries in Indonesia.

References

1991 births
Living people
Australian activists
Australian engineers
Muslims
Mechanical engineers

Yassmin Abdel-Magied


George Smith (March 6, 1852 – July 24, 1930) was a Scottish-born lawyer and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Oxford North in the House of Commons of Canada from 1905 to 1908 as a Liberal.

He was born in Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, the son of John Douglas Smith and Margaret Paton. Smith was educated at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall. In 1893, he married Dr. Emily Janet Irvine (1858–1932). Smith was connected with the Crown Bank of Woodstock. He was elected to the House of Commons in a 1905 by-election held following the death of James Sutherland. Smith did not run for reelection in 1908.

Authored, pseudonymously ["Clyde" Smith], The Amishmen, 1912, Toronto. Publisher, William Briggs.

The story is used as a means to convey Smith's social, political and spiritual outlook; a radical liberal, vehemently anti-war, a prototypical environmentalist, a believer in immigration, autonomous, voluntary cooperation, justice, linguistic equality and champion of women's equality and labor, among other things.

Speculation: It is likely his views were a cause for concern to the (Liberal) Laurier government. He was, however, elected by the people, and, so, was in all likelihood sinecured to a Judgeship (in Woodstock, Ontario), in an effort to silence him; thus he wrote his book under a transparent nom-de-plume.

References

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
1852 births
1930 deaths
British emigrants to Canada

George Smith (Ontario politician)


Vincent Brümmer (30 December 1932 – 30 March 2021) was a South African-born Christian theologian who worked for most of his career in the Netherlands. From 1967 to 1997 he was the Professor of Philosophy of Religion at the University of Utrecht.

Brummer was born in Stellenbosch. He held degrees from Stellenbosch University, Harvard, and Utrecht University, also working as a research assistant at the University of Oxford for a year (1961-1962). On 27 May 1994 Brümmer received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University, Sweden. In 1998, he received an honorary doctorate in divinity from Durham University.

Brümmer died on 30 March 2021, aged 88.

Further reading
 Brümmer on meaning and the Christian faith: collected writings of Vincent Brümmer. Vincent Brümmer, Ed. John R. Hinnells. Ashgate Publishing, 2006. .
 Christian faith and philosophical theology: essays in honour of Vincent Brümmer presented on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his professorship in the philosophy of religion in the University of Utrecht. Eds. Gijsbert van den Brink, Luco J. van den Brom, Marcel Sarot. Kok Pharos Pub. House, 1992. .
 Theology and Philosophical Inquiry: an Introduction. Vincent Brümmer. Westminster John Knox, 1982. .
 Speaking of a Personal God: an Essay in Philosophical Theology. Vincent Brümmer. Cambridge University Press, 1992. .
 The Model of Love: a Study in Philosophical Theology. Vincent Brümmer. Cambridge University Press, 1993. .
 Atonement, Christology and the Trinity: Making Sense of Christian Doctrine. Vincent Brümmer. Ashgate Publishing, 2005. .
 What are we doing when we pray? a Philosophical Inquiry. Vincent Brümmer. (1st published SCM, 1984). Ashgate Publishing, 2008. .
 Interpreting the Universe as Creation: a Dialogue of Science and Religion. Vincent Brümmer. Kok Pharos Pub. House, 1991. .
 Transcendental Criticism and Christian Philosophy: a Presentation and evaluation of Herman Dooyeweerd's "philosophy of the cosmonomic idea" (University Utrecht, Ph.D. thesis, 1961)

References

Brümmer's Worldcat identity
Brümmer's bio

1932 births
2021 deaths
South African philosophers
Philosophers of religion
Academic staff of Utrecht University
People from Stellenbosch
Harvard University alumni
Utrecht University alumni
South African expatriates in the Netherlands
Afrikaner people

Vincent Brümmer


John III, Lord of Werle (nicknamed John van Ruoden; born: before 1300; died: between 1 April and 28 August 1352) was Lord of Werle-Goldberg from 1316 until his death.  He was the son of Nicholas II and Rixa of Denmark.

After the death of his father, Nicholas II, in 1316, it was decided to divide Werle.  John III. took control over the part Werle-Goldberg and his uncle John II took over Werle-Güstrow.  John III built himself a castle in Goldberg.  King Christopher II of Denmark promised John and Lord Henry II of Mecklenburg on 4 May 1326 that he would invest them with Rügen.  However, he had earlier promised the principality to Pomerania.  This led to a war, the Rügen War of Succession.  Under the Peace of Brudersdorf, Pomerania was allowed to keep Rügen, but had to pay Mecklenburg  in compensation.

From 1350, he left the business of government to his son and co-ruler Nicholas IV.  On 1 April 1352, he was already terminally ill.  He died later that year.  He was probably buried in Malchow Abbey.

Marriage and issue
John III married in 1317 with Mechtild (died: ), the daughter of Duke Otto I, Duke of Pomerania.  They had three children:
 John (died 1341)
 Nicholas IV, Lord of Werle-Goldberg
 Mechtild (died 1361), married with Count Otto I of Schwerin

After Mechtild's death, John III married Richaris and had two more daughters:
 Sophia (died 1384), married with Albert II of Lindow-Ruppin
 Rixa, became prioress of Dobbertin Abbey in 1392

External links
 Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg
 Biographical information at emecklenburg.de

House of Mecklenburg
Lords of Werle
13th-century births
Year of birth uncertain
1352 deaths

John III of Werle


The lieutenant governors of the U.S. state of Minnesota is the second highest office holder in the state of Minnesota. They are in the second line of succession in the event the Governor of Minnesota is unable to serve or dies in office. The two are elected on the same ballot in the general election.

Beginning with the 1962 election, the term of the lieutenant governor increased from two to four years. Before the 1974 election, governors and lieutenant governors were elected on separate ballots.

Other websites
Minnesota Lieutenant Governors 1858- Minnesota Legislative Reference Library.
MHS.org's list

Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota


Donovan Michael Sullivan (; 29 October 1916 – 28 September 2013) was a Canadian-born British art historian and collector, and one of the major Western pioneers in the field of modern Chinese art history and criticism.

Sullivan was born in Toronto, Ontario, and moved to England at the age of three. He was the youngest of five children of Alan Sullivan (pen name Sinclair Murray), a Canadian mining engineer turned novelist and his wife Elisabeth (née Hees). Sullivan was a graduate of Rugby School and graduated from the University of Cambridge in architecture in 1939. He was in China from 1940 to 1946 with the International and Chinese Red Cross followed by teaching and doing museum work in Chengdu, where he met and married Wu Huan (Khoan), a biologist who gave up her career to work with him.

He received a PhD from Harvard University (1952) and a post-doctoral Bollingen Fellowship. He subsequently taught in the University of Singapore, and returned to London in the 1960s to teach at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Then he became Christensen Professor of Chinese art in the Department of Art at Stanford University from 1966 to 1984, before moving to the University of Oxford as a Fellow by Special Election at St Catherine's College, Oxford. He lived in Oxford, England. He was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford for 1973–74.

Sullivan was a major art collector who owned more than 400 works of art, including paintings by Chinese masters Qi Baishi, Zhang Daqian, and Wu Guanzhong. His was one of the world's most significant collections of modern Chinese art. He bequeathed his collection to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, which has a gallery dedicated to Sullivan and his wife Khoan.

Selected publications

 Symbols of Eternity, Oxford University Press, 1979,

 ; University of California Press, 1984,  (revised edn of A Short History of Chinese Art, 1967)

Reviews
"Review: A Great Leap Forward for Modern Chinese Art History? Recent Publications in China and the United States-A Review Article", Ralph C. Croizier, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Aug., 1998), pp. 786–793

References

1916 births
2013 deaths
Academics of SOAS University of London
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
British art collectors
British art historians
British expatriates in China
Canadian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Chinese art
Fellows of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Harvard University alumni
Historians of East Asian art
People associated with the University of Singapore
People educated at Rugby School
People from Toronto
Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford)
Stanford University Department of Art and Art History faculty
Sullivan
Chinese art collectors

Michael Sullivan (art historian)


Jackson Stewart (born June 30, 1980 in Santa Clara, California) is an American former road racing cyclist, who last rode for the BMC Racing Team.

Multifaceted
Jackson started racing in his early teens and developed as a rider as part of the Los Gatos Bicycle Racing Club's junior program and through racing at the Hellyer Park Velodrome in San Jose, California. While still an under-23 (Espoir) rider Jackson raced for a season in Italy. He is unique to have competed at a high level in events on the road, track, and cyclocross. In recent years  he has focused on road racing exclusively and is known as a solid all-around rider and fast finisher.

Velodrome
On the velodrome Jackson was the 2003 National Madison Champion with partner Erik Saunders.

Road Racer
At the end of the 2006 season, he was selected to represent USA at the 2006 Road World Championships. In 2008 Jackson competed at the Tour of Qatar amongst numerous UCI Pro-Tour level teams and has also competed in the famed Paris-Roubaix classic for the BMC Pro Cycling Team. Domestically, Jackson won the Redlands criterium in 2009.

Education
Away from cycling, he earned his degree in Business Management from San Jose State University.

Achievements

2003
1st U.S. National Track Championships – Madison
5th U.S. National Cyclo Cross Championships
1st Superweek Downers Ave. Criterium
2nd Tour De Toona Stage 4
United States World Cyclo-Cross Championship Team Member
2004
5th U.S. National Cyclo Cross Championships
1st Infineon Raceway Criterium
12th Tour of Georgia Stage 2
12th Tour of Georgia Stage 7
1st Santa Nella Road Race
1st Tower District Criterium
United States World Cyclo-Cross Championship Team Member
2005
1st Cat's Hill Criterium
1st Burlingame Criterium
7th USPRO Criterium
2006
United States World Road Race Championship Team Member
1st Commerce Bank Triple Crown – Lancaster
1st Pacific Bank Criterium
2nd Garret Lemire Ojai Criterium
2nd McClane Criterium
2nd Fitchburg Longsjo Classic Stage 4
2nd Bank of America Criterium
4th Sea Otter Circuit Race
5th Nature Valley Grand Prix Stage 3
6th Raleigh Criterium
7th Fitchburg Longslo Classic Overall
8th Tour of California Stage 4
9th Redlands Classic Stage 4
9th Athens Twilight Criterium
10th Chris Thater Criterium
Tour of California Stage 1 – Aggressive Rider Jersey
2007
1st TTT Giro Della Friuli Venezia Stage 4
2nd Mt. Hamilton Road Race
5th Nevada City Classic
2008
1st Cherry Pie Criterium
1st Watsonville Criterium
Tour of California Stage 1 – KOM Jersey
Tour of California Stage 1 – Aggressive Rider Jersey
2009
Competed in the 2009 Paris-Roubaix
1st Cat's Hill Criterium
1st Redlands Classic Stage 3
1st San Jose Criterium
1st Snelling Road Race
4th Elk Grove Stage 1
4th Elk Grove Stage Race Overall
4th MERCO Criterium
6th Cascade Classic Stage 4
15th Tour of Picardie Stg. 3

External links

1980 births
Living people
American male cyclists

Jackson Stewart (cyclist)


"Down" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American television crime drama series Breaking Bad. It was written by Sam Catlin and directed by John Dahl.

Plot

Walter White and Jesse Pinkman meet at a gas station to discuss their next move. Walt says he needs time to reassure his family after his "fugue state" before he can cook again, and gives Jesse $600. The next morning, Walt cheerily makes breakfast, clearly disturbing Skyler White and Walter White Jr.; Skyler abruptly leaves the house and does not return until much later, not telling Walt where she has been. Meanwhile, Jesse meets with an attorney and his parents, who tell him that they found the meth lab in his basement and are evicting him from his aunt's house. They tell him he has 72 hours to leave, but the next morning Jesse's mother arrives with workmen who take everything in the house to storage. Jesse at first tries to convince his mother that he can change, then angrily tells her that he earned the house by taking care of his cancer-stricken aunt while his mother did nothing. She loses her temper and slaps him.

Hoping to reconnect with his son, Walt offers to give Walt Jr. a driving lesson while Skyler is out again. Walt Jr. shows his skill at driving, but Walt notices that he is using both feet to work the pedals due to his cerebral palsy. When Walt tries to get him to only use the right foot, Walt Jr. gets upset and accidentally hits a safety cone. Jesse searches for a place to stay, but all of his friends turn him away. While Jesse is making a call at the gas station, his motorcycle and all his remaining possessions are stolen. Dejected, Jesse breaks into the lot where his RV is being kept, but accidentally falls through a Port-a-Potty, drenching himself in waste. He sleeps in his RV, only able to breathe through a gas mask. The next morning, Clovis, the lot owner, finds him and demands the money he is owed, plus extra for repairs to the RV and the Port-a-Potty. Having no cash, Jesse begs for time to pay him back, but Clovis kicks him out and plans to sell his meth-cooking equipment. Jesse breaks back into the lot, steals his RV, and escapes by driving through the locked gate.

While Walt Jr. is at school, Walt tries to have a conversation with Skyler. He apologizes for how he has been acting lately, but Skyler is still convinced he is hiding something and storms out when he won't tell her what it is. Walt follows her out and sees the RV parked near his house. He confronts Jesse over making contact, and Jesse tells him he only wants his half of the money they've made and will disappear. Walt angrily states that he has done all the work while Jesse has done nothing, ranting that Jesse is a "pathetic junkie" who is too stupid to follow simple instructions. This causes Jesse to lose his temper and attack him, but he stops himself from beating Walt. Walt brings Jesse inside and gives him his half of the earnings, and then offers him breakfast. Meanwhile, back at the gas station, Skyler gets into her car and takes out a cigarette and lighter. She hesitates, as she is silently judged by someone in a nearby car, but starts smoking.

Production

The episode was written by Sam Catlin and directed by John Dahl. This was the only episode Dahl directed in the entire series. It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 29, 2009.

Critical reception
Seth Amitin, writing for IGN, gave the episode an 8.9/10. Amitin praised Anna Gunn's performance. Donna Bowman, of The A.V. Club, gave the episode an A−.

In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Down" 53rd out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.

Notes

References

External links
 "Down" at the official Breaking Bad site

2009 American television episodes
Breaking Bad (season 2) episodes
Television episodes directed by John Dahl

Down (Breaking Bad)


"Protect Ya Neck" is the debut single by American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan, originally released in December 1992, through Wu-Tang Records and later re-released May 3, 1993 through Loud Records. The song appears on the group's debut studio album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers). It was produced by RZA and features eight of the original nine Wu-Tang members.

Background and composition
"Protect Ya Neck", along with "Tearz", were the first tracks recorded by the Wu-Tang Clan, released independently by the group as a 12-inch single in December 1992. "Protect Ya Neck" is a free-associative and braggadocious battle rap and was the first Wu-Tang song bringing together the original four members and four others (excluding Masta Killa, who had not yet joined). The single was originally released by Wu-Tang Records backed with the B-side "After the Laughter Comes Tears". After it created an underground buzz, Wu-Tang Clan signed with Loud Records and re-released it in 1993, with "Method Man" as the B-side, which sold 10,000 copies.

The album version of the song (even explicit versions of the album) is edited to scratch out all profanity, save for use of the word "nigga".  The song was originally recorded over a different beat and the verses in a different order before producer RZA decided to rearrange them and change the beat. The person who calls into a radio station at the start of the song was from an interview Wu-Tang Clan did on Washington, D.C. radio station WPGC. Different segments of the same interview are placed at different parts of their first album, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers).

Rapper Grand Daddy I.U. noted the swipe that GZA took at him on the song. Prior to the formation of the Wu-Tang Clan, GZA was originally known as The Genius – who, along with Grand Daddy I.U. – was signed to Cold Chillin' Records. GZA's verse was directed at his former label for lack of promotion over his debut Words from the Genius in favor of the former's debut album Smooth Assassin. Aside from the swipes at his former label, GZA also took a few swipes at I.U., to which I.U. discussed in 2006:

I was wearing the suit and tie shit back then on some old time gangster shit. He had that other shit like, 'Girl come do me.' I guess they wasn't feeling that shit so they chose to push me harder than they pushed him. That ain't my fault what the fuck are you mad at me for? So you know how that shit is. He ain't gonna come to my face and say nothing so later on he put that shit in his little rhyme or whatever throwing a subliminal jab. That shit is neither here nor there.

"Protect Ya Neck" is featured on greatest hits compilations such as The RZA Hits, Disciples of the 36 Chambers and Legend of the Wu-Tang Clan, which contains the original, uncensored version known as the "Bloody Version". In 2000, Wu-Tang Clan would release a sequel on their third album The W, called "Protect Ya Neck (The Jump Off)", which also features Cappadonna and Masta Killa in place of the then-incarcerated Ol' Dirty Bastard.

"Protect Ya Neck" has been featured in video games True Crime: New York City, Skate 2, and WWE 2K22. The chime that opens the song is from the kung-fu movie Executioners from Shaolin.

The "Protect Ya Neck / Method Man" single made The Source's 100 Best Singles list. In September 2010 Pitchfork Media included the song at number 5 on their Top 200 Tracks of the 90s.

It has also been featured in the final episode of superhero web television series The Defenders'' during a fight scene between all four Defenders and The Hand.

Music video
The music video features each Wu-Tang member in black and white rapping individually with their entourage in the background. As each rapper starts his verse, their rap aliases are shown on the screen. Many of these aliases are spelled incorrectly or never used on official releases such as GZA being shown as "The Jizah" or Inspectah Deck as "Inspektah Deck". In the video, occasionally clips of Wu-Tang as a full group in color are flashed for a couple seconds. It features a cameo appearance from a then-unknown Cappadonna during Raekwon and Method Man's scenes.

Track listing

Wu-Tang Records release

Loud Records release

Personnel
Credits adapted from single's label.

Production
Prince Rakeem – production, mixing, arranging

Additional personnel
Robert Diggs – executive production
Oli Grant – executive production
Dennis Coles – executive production
Mitchell Diggs – executive production

References

Wu-Tang Clan songs
1992 debut singles
1992 songs
2000 singles
Song recordings produced by RZA
Songs written by Method Man
Songs written by Raekwon
Songs written by Ghostface Killah

Protect Ya Neck


John Francis ("Frank") Tuohy, (2 May 1925 – 11 April 1999) was an English writer and academic. Born in Uckfield, Sussex, he attended Stowe School and went on to read Moral Sciences and English at King's College, Cambridge. On completion of his studies, he worked in numerous academic posts under the auspices of the British Council. This included postings in Finland, Brazil and Poland. In the 1950s, in the British Council School of São Paulo, Brazil, he ran a memorable course on The War Poets (WWI), introducing Stephen Spender and his contemporaries. His posting in Poland provided his inspiration for his 1965 novel The Ice Saints. The book received considerable critical acclaim and was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Tuohy died in Shepton Mallet, Somerset in 1999 at a time when he was working on the uncompleted manuscript for a new novel following many years of writer's block.

Awards and distinctions
Katherine Mansfield-Menton Prize (1959)
James Tait Black Memorial Prize (1964)
Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (1965)
Fellow, Royal Society of Literature (1965)
E. M. Forster Award (1972)
Heinemann Award (1979)

Works
The Admiral and the Nuns with Other Stories. London, Macmillan, 1962; New York, Scribner, 1963.
The Animal Game. London, Macmillan, and New York, Scribner, 1957.
The Warm Nights of January. London, Macmillan, 1960.
The Ice Saints. London, Macmillan, and New York, Scribner, 1964.
Fingers in the Door. London, Macmillan, and New York, Scribner, 1970.
Live Bait and Other Stories. London, Macmillan, 1978; New York, Holt Rinehart, 1979.
The Collected Stories. London, Macmillan, and New York, HoltRinehart, 1984.

External links
 Obituary in The Independent

1925 births
1999 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
English academics
English short story writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
People educated at Stowe School
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
20th-century English novelists
20th-century British short story writers

Frank Tuohy


Richard de Lincoln was a medieval Anglo-Norman prelate. Although of English origin, he was a royal clerk in the administration of King William of Scotland. With royal support, he was elected Bishop of Moray on 1 March 1187 and was consecrated at St Andrews on 15 March by Bishop Hugh. His appointment during the rebellion of Donald MacWilliam in the north was to a dilapidated diocese.  Only after MacWilliam's defeat in July could Bishop Richard begin the strengthening of his see.   His episcopate marked an increase in royal patronage directed at the diocese of Moray. He witnessed many charters during his episcopate. He died in 1203, and was succeeded by Bricius de Douglas.

References
 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
 Fawcett, Richard & Oram, Richard, Elgin Cathedral and the Diocese of Moray, Historic Scotland (Edinburgh, 2014),
 Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1924)
 Watt, D.E.R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

12th-century births
1203 deaths
Bishops of Moray
12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops

Richard de Lincoln


George Cameron (c. 1768 20 June 1823) was an English hairdresser and songwriter from Tyneside.

Life
He was born c. 1768, possibly on Tyneside.

Very little is known of Cameron's life, except that at some stage he worked as a hairdresser, with a business in the Cloth Market, Newcastle upon Tyne.

Around this time period, Napoleon had gathered his armies and was threatening Britain and all over the country volunteer regiments (a sort of Home Guard) were being recruited.  Cameron served as a sergeant in one such regiment formed to defend Newcastle upon Tyne.

Cameron wrote his first (and what appears to be his only) song "The Pitman's Revenge (against Bonaparte)" during this period, c. 1804.  He first performed the song at a meeting of his regiment at the Three Indian Kings on Newcastle's Quayside, and despite being met with much approval this appears to have been the only song he wrote.

He died, age 55, on 20 June 1823 and is buried in St. Nicholas' Churchyard.

Notes on the song
According to the 1872 edition of Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs and Readings, Cameron's daughter reported that the writer first performed the song at a meeting of his regiment at the Three Indian Kings on Newcastle's Quayside, and that the song was later borrowed by a friend, who, unbeknown to the writer, arranged for it to be published. The story was added to in the 1891 edition when a report from Cameron's grandson showed that on the first printing by Bell, a whole line had been missed and in various other printings the author's name had either been omitted or erroneously given as John Shield. These errors were corrected in the 1891 edition.

See also
Geordie dialect words

References

External links
Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside songs
Farne Folk Archives

Date of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
1768 births
1823 deaths
18th-century composers
18th-century British male musicians
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
19th-century composers
19th-century English writers
British hairdressers
Burials in Northumberland
English male songwriters
Musicians from Newcastle upon Tyne
19th-century British male musicians

George Cameron (songwriter)


For a general discussion of mental capacity, see Intelligence

Mental capacity in law is a term used to describe a person's ability to make decisions for themselves and to understand what those decisions will mean for them.

Sometimes, people who are unwell, such as those with illnesses which affect their memory (Alzheimer's disease or Dementia), those with learning difficulties, or who have mental health problems, may find themselves in a position where their ability to make decisions for themselves is questioned.  This may be because they do not understand that what they are doing is not good for them; they do not realise that it might make them ill or get them into trouble.

People can also lack capacity if they are unable to communicate in any way; for example, if they're in a coma or if they have severe brain damage.  In this case, it may be necessary for someone else, such as an advocate or a Judge to make decisions for them by making a court order.

In some countries, like the United Kingdom, laws exist which tell those working with people whose capacity might be in doubt, what they must do and how to decide if someone is capable of making their own decisions.  In the UK, this law is called the Mental Capacity Act (2005).  It lists 5 rules which must be used as a guide; in simple terms, they are:

 You must presume a person has capacity, unless it can be proved otherwise.
 Whenever you can, help a person to make their own decisions.
 Just because a person makes a bad decision, it doesn't mean they can't make decisions.
 If you have to make a decision for someone who doesn't have capacity, it must be what's best for them.
 Any treatment or care for someone without capacity, should not take away their rights and freedom anymore than it needs to.

This law also allows people who have capacity, to pick someone else to make their decisions for them, in the case that they can't do it themselves.

Supposing a person is unable to make decisions for themselves, what happens then? In the UK (and many other countries) there is a legal framework to make sure no-one takes advantage of the said person. It often consists of a physician or psychiatrist dealing with the person in question, a solicitor representing the person, and a solicitor representing the "public interest" (the state). Meetings are held at agreed times, say once every three months. The purpose is to make sure that decisions taken are in the person's interest.

References

Mental health law
Intelligence

Mental capacity


Rosetta is an American post-metal band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania incorporating elements of post-hardcore, shoegazing, drone, post-rock, avant-garde and ambient, with influences as diverse as Neurosis and Isis, My Bloody Valentine, Frodus, and Stars of the Lid. The band somewhat humorously self-describes its music as "metal for astronauts", and its members are very interested in astronomy and space travel.

Biography
Rosetta's members were all acquaintances in high school, and had played in various bands until they decided to play a last minute gig on August 20, 2003, after only three practice sessions, and improvised the entire show. Following this, they proceeded to write more songs, play more shows, and eventually record a four-song demo album, which picked up interest from Translation Loss Records. The band's name does not come from the Rosetta Stone.

Their debut album, The Galilean Satellites, featured two separate hour-long discs (one of more metal-oriented music, and one of ambience) that synchronize together. Although originally intended to be one disc of metal tracks sandwiched by ambient ones, the band had enough material to cover two discs.

The band's second release, Project Mercury, a split with Balboa, was released April 24, 2007. After a full United States tour in July, the band's second full-length album, entitled Wake/Lift, was released on October 2, again through Translation Loss. The release of Wake/Lift was accompanied by selected United States touring and followed by a June 2008 Australian tour.

Rosetta's third full-length album, named A Determinism of Morality, was released on May 25, 2010, and was followed in the summer by the band's first full U.S. tour in three years.  In October, the band released a split LP with Philadelphia band Restorations, on Cavity Records, featuring a previously unreleased track which had been recorded in December 2007.

In 2012 the band announced their return to Europe in July, followed by their second Australia tour. The tour was accompanied by a split release with touring partners City Of Ships, released by Australian independent label Bird's Robe Records.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Galilean Satellites (Translation Loss, 2005)
 Wake/Lift (Translation Loss, 2007)
 A Determinism of Morality (Translation Loss, 2010)
 The Anaesthete (self released, 2013)
 Quintessential Ephemera (self released, 2015)
 Utopioid (self released, 2017)

EPs
 The Cleansing Undertones of Wake/Lift (Translation Loss, 2007)
 Flies to Flame (Translation Loss, 2014)
Sower of Wind (self released, 2019)
Terra Sola (self released, 2019)

Soundtrack
 Rosetta: Audio/Visual Original Score  (self released, 2015)

Splits
 Project Mercury with Balboa (Level Plane, 2007)
 Three way split with Year of No Light and East of the Wall (Translation Loss, 2009)
 Split with Restorations (Cavity Records, 2010)
 Junius / Rosetta with Junius (Translation Loss Records / The Mylene Sheath, 2011)
 City of Ships / Rosetta (Bird's Robe Records, July 2012)

Compilations
 A Dead-Ender's Reunion (self released, 2016)

Demos
 Demo (self-released, 2004)

Members
 Michael Armine – lead vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, samples, effects (2003–present)
 David Grossman – bass guitar, backing vocals (2003–present)
 Bruce McMurtrie Jr. – drums (2003–present)
 J. Matthew Weed – guitar, violin, piano, backing vocals (2003–present)
 Eric Jernigan – guitar, backing vocals (2014–present)

References

External links

 Rosetta at Twitter
 Translation Loss Records
 Rosetta at AllMusic Guide

Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in Pennsylvania
Heavy metal musical groups from Pennsylvania
Rock music groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Philadelphia
American post-metal musical groups
American sludge metal musical groups
American space rock musical groups
American post-rock groups
American musical quintets

Rosetta (band)


The GI Rights Network is coalition of nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations that provide free and confidential information to United States military servicemembers, veterans, and their families. Most of the counseling provided by the Network is done via phone through the GI Rights Hotline 877-447-4487. The Network also provides email counseling and some live in-person counseling in places where offices exist. The Network also maintains a website with easy access to information about discharges, military regulations, GI rights, and other organizations; most information is available in both English and Spanish.

GI Rights Hotline

The Network provides free, confidential, non-directive counseling to callers, with a particular focus on discharges and grievances.  Hotline counselors come from a variety of backgrounds and include veterans, mental health workers and attorneys.  Counselors provide information and options as opposed to "legal advice"  or "medical advice".  Sometimes counselors assist callers in finding civilian medical providers or civilian attorneys.

History

The Network began in 1994 as a coalition of several organizations which were already providing military counseling independently. The founding members saw benefit in combining resources and services to advertise one nationwide toll free number for counseling which was collectively staffed by the member organizations.

In the fall of 2006, the Network member groups incorporated the GI Rights Network as an educational non-profit organization. The Network member organizations adopted bylaws and elected a board of directors in 2009.

In the news

In Harper's Magazine March 2005 Kathy Dobie's cover story "AWOL in America" cites the GI Rights Network as "a national referral and counseling service for military personnel," and uses its counselors as sources for the story.  "On August 23, 2004, I interviewed Robert Dove, a burly, bearded Quaker, in the Boston offices of the American Friends Service Committee, one of the groups involved with the hot line. Dove told me of getting frantic calls from the parents of recruits, and of recruits who are so appalled by basic training that they "can't eat, they literally vomit every time they put a spoon to their mouths, they're having nightmares and wetting their beds."

In a Chicago Public Radio Interview "Going AWOL – A Hotline that Helps GIs Consider Their Options," (12-12-06) GI Rights counselor, Steve Woolford, explains the reasons why many servicemen and women go AWOL from military service.

In her second place Hearst Journalism Award Winning features piece "Sincere Disapproval" author Leah Lohse references the GI Rights Network for its expertise in dealing with conscientious objection.  The story gives a view into the beliefs and struggles of one particular conscientious objector.

A USA Today story on 4/1/2009, "Army investigating unfit soldiers sent to war," cited The GI Rights Hotline for assisting servicemembers who were being deployed with disabilities and other medical problems.

[Army Sgt. Jesse] Raymo said he and others had exhausted their efforts to complain to supervisors and felt their only recourse was working with the GI Rights Hotline to draft a petition outlining their claims of mistreatment to send to members of Congress. He said more than 200 signatures have been gathered, most of them from civilians, and another petition signing event is being planned.

GI Rights counselor, Bill Galvin, was interviewed in an NPR story about National Guard members who are objecting to being assigned to police demonstrations.

Network membership

Members and associate members of the Network include (this list includes groups who do not get "routed" calls from the Network but do provide other essential services to the Network as a whole):

 Humboldt Committee for Conscientious Objectors (Arcata, CA)
 Military Law Task Force of the National Lawyers Guild
 Bay Area GI Rights [BAGIR] (San Francisco, CA)
 Center on Conscience & War (CCW)
 Quaker House Of Fayetteville, NC
 Flint Hills GI Rights Hotline (Manhattan, KS)

See also
 List of anti-war organizations

References

1994 establishments in the United States
Conscientious objection organizations
Organizations established in 1994
Peace organizations based in the United States
United States military support organizations
Veterans' affairs in the United States

GI Rights Network