Klarion the Witch Boy is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, having first appeared in The Demon #7 (March 1973) and was created by Jack Kirby. The character is typically portrayed as a powerful but mischievous, immature extradimensional warlock who serves as both the archenemy of Etrigan the Demon and is a reoccurring adversary for various mystic characters and teams in the DC Universe.

The character has also been adapted in media, having made appearance in animated series such as Batman: The Animated Series, Young Justice, and Justice League Action.

Fictional character biography

Kirby's Klarion
Klarion is a young practitioner of the dark arts from Witch World, an otherworldly dimension where everyone is at least somewhat knowledgeable about dark magic. The problem was, being a child, he was constantly under the direction of adults who dictated what he could and could not do with his powers, as well as what kind of sorcery he could study. Chafing under this supervision Klarion secretly used his power to open a gateway into the normal universe, and he and his cat familiar, Teekl, embarked on a journey to learn all there was to know about witchcraft, as well as cause some chaos along the way.

He soon attracts the attention of the demon Etrigan, who attempts to send him back to his own dimension several times. A rivalry sparked between the two, and their battles often came down to a competition of spellcraft. In addition to Etrigan, Klarion also crossed paths with Wonder Woman (whose then-friend and roommate Etta Candy was sent to Hell by him), the Flash, Batman, Chase, and Superboy's Ravers.

Not only could Klarion use his magic to wreak havoc, but his cat, Teekl, could assume a were-form under his direction. This granted her increased agility and strength, as well as augmenting her already ferocious personality.

David's Klarion
Klarion played a significant part in the 2000 event Young Justice: Sins of Youth, in which he became involved in a plot by the Agenda to turn the public against the metahuman community, targeting juvenile super-heroes as the weakest link in the chain. He increased distrust and confusion at a rally for young heroes, by casting a spell that turned the teenage heroes present into adults and the adult heroes observing the rally into teenagers. In this story, under writer Peter David, he began referring to himself as "Klarion... Bum, Bum, Bum... The Witch Boy", an affectation he has since ceased.

David's version of Klarion also appeared in July–June 2000's Young Justice #20- "Time Out" and #21 "Young, Just Us Too". In these issues, he expressed a feeling of loneliness after turning various villains into children during the "Sins of Youth" storyline and wished for a playmate of his own age. Li'l Lobo returned to attack Klarion and demand that Klarion return him to his normal age. A massive fight between Klarion, Lobo, and Young Justice breaks out, which Klarion seems to enjoy but in the end, Klarion still feels "incomplete". At the end of issue #21, Ariella Kent, Supergirl of the 853rd century, crash-lands in front of the Witch-Boy and the two become fast friends.

Morrison's Klarion
In 2005, a new version of Klarion starred in his own mini-series as one of the seven main characters in Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory. Morrison described this character as a return to the original Kirby version with some updates, including the return of Klarion's original overall look, and a move away from the Peter David version. The new version of Klarion is an inhabitant of an underground community known as Limbo Town, inhabited by the Puritan witch descendants of the lost population of Roanoke. Limbo Town is actually located beneath New York City's subway system. Being a rebellious sort, Klarion clashes with the controlling and pious Submissionary Judah, the religious leader and defender of the town. Klarion attempts to leave, but in doing so attracts the attention of a terrifying entity known as the Horigal.

The Horigal is severely crippled by a passing subway train driven by underground piratess, and Klarion manages to escape. In the tunnels below New York, he encounters a Witch-Man of Limbo Town called Ebeneezer Badde. Badde tries to defuse Klarion's enthusiasm for the outside world and later betrays the Witch-Boy, almost selling him into slavery. His conscience prompts him to help Klarion at the last minute but the unforgiving Witch-Boy allows Badde to be killed. Although it is not directly referenced in the story, there is speculation that Badde may in fact be Klarion's own missing father, Mordecai.

Eventually, Klarion makes it to the world above ("Blue Rafters"). There he is ensnared by the mysterious Mr. Melmoth, the Sheeda-King who spawned the Limbo Town people centuries ago with the women of the Roanoke colony. Melmoth encourages him to join a band of young super-delinquents. These children, along with Klarion, use their powers to steal an enormous digging machine from a New York museum of superheroes which, unbeknownst to Klarion, Melmoth plans to use to pillage Limbo Town.

When Teekl sees Melmoth pushing a member of the gang through a portal to 'the red place', Klarion tells the rest of the group of his evil, then abandons them.

Despite wanting to continue his adventures on the Earth's surface, Klarion returns to Limbo Town. There, the townsfolk try to burn him at the stake for blasphemy, but the arrival of Melmoth and his thugs convince the townsfolk not to do so. Klarion raises the alarm, then meets the dying Submissionary Judah, who passes on the title of Submissionary to Klarion now that all of the other Submissionaries are dead. With this comes the ability to become the Horigal (a gestalt form of the Submissionaries and their familiars), and Klarion promptly kills the thugs and cripples Melmoth, who vows to return after the Harrowing.

Afterwards, Klarion refuses his mother's offer to replace Submissionary Judah as leader of Limbo Town, saying: "I would like to be many things before I die, Mother. Today ... Today I shall be a soldier".

In Seven Soldiers #1, Klarion betrayed the fight against the Sheeda when he acquired the complete version of Croatoan, a powerful machine created by the New Gods for the New God-Neanderthal hybrid Aurakles, in the form of a pair of dice (in Sheeda tongue it is called a "Fatherbox"). He then took control of Frankenstein and had Frankenstein take him to Sheeda-Side where he now has incredible power.

Klarion also appeared in Infinite Crisis #6 along with many other members of DC's mystic community, an appearance which, according to Grant Morrison, takes place after Seven Soldiers.

Klarion appeared in January–February 2007's Robin #157–158. In this story, he encountered Robin while pursuing another inhabitant of Limbo Town to Gotham City. It appears that the previous version of Klarion and Teekl has been completely wiped from the DCU, as Robin has no memory of anyone by that name upon first meeting Klarion. Furthermore, Klarion dubs Robin a friend and hero at the end of the story. Such a wipe and re-introduction on a minor character in the DC universe is usually due to erasure for character reinvention during one of the DCU multi-verse reshaping "Crisis" storylines, e.g. Crisis on Infinite Earths and Infinite Crisis.

Morrison states in the annotations of the collected versions of Seven Soldiers that "DC continuity freaks may also see how easy it is to imagine Klarion proceeding from the finale of Seven Soldiers and heading back in time to make his first appearance in Kirby's The Demon issue #6".

Countdown
During the Countdown series, Klarion encounters Mary Marvel, who has recently been given Black Adam's powers, and is finding them hard to control. Klarion offers to help, in return for a fraction of Mary's power. This turns out to be a ruse, and Klarion attempts to absorb all of Mary's powers, but he is soundly defeated by her.

During the events of Brightest Day, Klarion is possessed by Alan Scott's Starheart power and driven insane. After wreaking havoc throughout an urban area, he is tracked down and defeated by Jade and Donna Troy.

Superman/Batman Sorcerer Kings
Klarion plays a major role in the events of the Sorcerer Kings three-issue storyline in Superman/Batman. He appears on the final page of issue #82, and in issue #83 he leads the current-timeline Batman, Doctor Occult and Detective Chimp to the "witches' road" while his future self is a member of the Justice League on a magic-controlled Earth.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.dccomics.com/comics/supermanbatman-2003/supermanbatman-82 | title=Superman/Batman #82| newspaper=DC| date=15 March 2021}} and </ref>

Batgirl (vol. 3)
Klarion's last appearance before The New 52 was in Chalk (heart) Outline, a Valentine's Day themed story in Batgirl volume 3, #18. Klarion and Stephanie Brown as Batgirl must stop Teekl's rampage, which involves a trip to Limbotown.

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Klarion made his first appearance in Teen Titans: Futures End #1 in September 2014.

He starred in his own comic book series written by Ann Nocenti and drawn by Trevor McCarthy in October 2014. The series ended after six issues.

 Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths
Klarion would later appear in a tie-in during the events of Dark Crisis, having since allied himself with Deathstroke's Dark Army and ascended into becoming a Lord of Chaos.

Powers and abilities
An extremely powerful and talented warlock, he is considered one of the most dangerous magic users in creation despite his appearance and temperament. He has a plethora of knowledge of various magic and spells, affording him nearly limitless abilities such as being able to transform himself, travel into other dimensions, energy projection, shapeshifting, telekinesis, etc. Much of these powers are tied with his witch-cat familiar, Teekl, able to have a psychic link and able to perform magic so long as Teekl is intact, who exhibits some magical powers of their own. Klarion will often bolster Teekl's natural magic with his own to lessen the chance of himself fading away, or to give them an edge in combat (such as by changing their body into a more vicious humanoid form).

Despite his grand power, Klarion is still a young adolescent who's often  characterized behaving as such; acting in an unpredictable and immature manner when situations do not pan out in his favor, even lashing out in temper-tantrums. Due to Teekl being his familiar, Klarion requires them to stay anchored to Earth's realm. While an apt spell-caster, more experienced spell-casters such as Sebastian Faust have bested him in battle.

Other versions
 Earth-11
On Earth-11, a heroic, gender-swapped incarnation of Klarion named Klarieene the Witch-Girl appears as a member of Teen Justice and student of Zatara.

 Flashpoint
In an alternate timeline depicted in Flashpoint, Klarion was recruited into the Secret Seven before he seemingly killed himself, though it is suspected that Shade, the Changing Man killed him while under the M-Vest's control.

 Batman: Lil Gotham
In Batman: Lil Gotham, Klarion tries to hire a carpenter named Jenna Duffy to build a cage for his pet demon, Etrigan, but she kicks him out since it is her day off.

In other media
Television

 Klarion the Witch Boy appears in The New Batman Adventures episode "The Demon Within", voiced by Stephen Wolfe Smith. Using a mystic branding iron that originally belonged to Morgaine le Fey, he takes control of Etrigan, but is eventually defeated and imprisoned in a crystal ball.
 Klarion the Witch Boy and Teekl appear in Young Justice, voiced by Thom Adcox-Hernandez and Dee Bradley Baker respectively. This version is a member of the Light who has a history with Vandal Savage and led the metahuman trafficking operation "Project Rutabaga".
 Klarion the Witch Boy appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Noel Fisher. This version is an enemy of the Justice League who often seeks magic artifacts to boost his own power.

Video games
 Klarion the Witch Boy appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Pablo Thiel.
 Klarion appears in Young Justice: Legacy, voiced again by Thom Adcox-Hernandez.
 Klarion the Witch Boy appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Thom Adcox-Hernandez.

Miscellaneous
 Klarion the Witch Boy appears in Cartoon Monsoon, voiced by Tara Strong.
 Klarion the Witch Boy appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us tie-in comic. He is recruited by Batman and John Constantine to help the Insurgency combat High Councilor Superman's Regime, and later killed by Sinestro while tracking Regime member Raven.
 Klarion the Witch Boy appears in Justice League Beyond''. He joins forces with several magic-users to assist the Justice League fight Brainiac.

References

External links
 Morrison's 7 Soldiers: Klarion, Comicon, September 8, 2005
 Seven Soldiers: Klarion annotations at Barbelith

2005 comics debuts
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Comics characters introduced in 1973
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics demons
DC Comics extraterrestrial supervillains
DC Comics fantasy characters
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics titles
Demon supervillains
Fictional magicians and sorcerers
Magical supervillains
Supervillains with their own comic book titles
Villains in animated television series

Klarion the Witch Boy


Daniel Dölschner (born January 9, 1976, in Frankfurt am Main) is a German poet and Haiku-writer.

Life and career
Daniel Dölschner was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1976. Growing up in Kronberg im Taunus, he studied for an eighteen-month stay in the state of Pennsylvania and a half years in Houston in the state of Texas, 1998–2003 American studies and philosophy at the Goethe University Frankfurt.

After his studies he worked as a freelance writer and Haiku poet. In 2004 his first Haiku book Die Hochhäuser im Rücken: Haiku und Senryu. The second book Neu gesehen: Haiku was published in the same year. In 2006, he was represented with his poetic texts in the love poetry anthology Die Jahreszeiten der Liebe in the Martin Werhand Verlag. In 2012 he was a haiku writer in addition to numerous other well-known German poets in the anthology Haiku hier und heute, 112 examples of German haiku poetry from the 21st century, published by Rainer Stolz and Udo Wenzel.

In 2006 the Bremer Straßenbahn AG under the direction of Dr. Joachim Tuz started a visual lyrical project called Poetry in Motion (Poesie bewegt) with many modern authors and their contemporary poems, Daniel Dölschner among them. In addition to the individual publications, Daniel Dölschners works appeared in various annual volumes, Quarterlies, Anthologies and Haiku journals.

Daniel Dölschner is a member of the German Haiku Society and works as freelance writer in Augsburg.

Publications (selection)

Books
 Die Hochhäuser im Rücken: Haiku und Senryu. Minimart-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2004, .
 Neu gesehen: Haiku. Wiesenburg-Verlag, Schweinfurt, 2004, .

Anthologies (selection)
 Haiku heute – Der Lärm des Herzens, Haiki Jahrbuch 2004, Edition Blaue Felder, Tübingen, April 2005, , P. 11
 Vierteljahresschrift der Deutschen Haiku-Gesellschaft, 18. Volume, Band 70, October 2005, P. 28
 Die Jahreszeiten der Liebe. Anthology, Martin Werhand Verlag, Melsbach 2006, .
 Haiku hier und heute. Anthology, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2012, .

See also

External links
 Website Daniel Dölschner

 Daniel Dölschner in: Hamburger Haiku Verlag
 Daniel Dölschner in: Modern Haiku
 Daniel Dölschner in: WorldCat

References

1976 births
Living people
Writers from Frankfurt
21st-century German poets
21st-century German male writers
German male poets
Haiku poets

Daniel Dölschner


Herman "Flying Dutchman" Everhardus (September 11, 1912 – July 1980) was an American football player who played halfback for the University of Michigan teams from 1931 to 1933.

 He was an All-Big Ten halfback who led the conference in scoring in 1933.  In his junior and senior seasons at Michigan, he led the team to two consecutive undefeated seasons and national championships.  While playing football at Michigan, Everhardus was a teammate and fraternity brother of future U.S. President Gerald Ford.

Biography
Everhardus was a native of Kalamazoo, Michigan, where he attended Kalamazoo Central High School.  He enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1930 and was a three-year starter at halfback for the Wolverines' football teams.  He became known as the "Flying Dutchman" while playing for Michigan.  During his junior and senior years, the Wolverines football teams won back-to-back national championships with a two-year record of 15–0–1, outscoring opponents by a combined total of 254–31.

In 1933, Everhardus was the leading scorer in the Big Ten Conference with 64 points on eight touchdowns and ten point after touchdown kicks.  He scored three touchdowns and three extra points in a 1933 game against Cornell, including a 52-yard touchdown run and an 85-yard kickoff return to open the second half.  Everhardus contributed to the Wolverines' second straight undefeated season as much with his kicking as with his running.  In a 10–6 win over Iowa in 1933, Everhardus had a 47-yard run and kicked for a field goal and extra-point.  After the Iowa game, the Associated Press reported:"Herman Everhardus, the flying Dutchman from Kalamazoo, unleashed a toe as true as a navy siege gun and Bill Renner displayed uncanny passing aim today as Michigan's powerful football team, playing in snow and ice, swept toward a fourth consecutive Big Ten championship with a hard-earned victory over Iowa."

While playing for Michigan, Everhardus was a teammate and fraternity brother of future U.S. President Gerald Ford.  When Ford tried out for the freshman football team, he needed a job to help pay his expenses.  Everhardus arranged to get Ford a job waiting tables at the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity house, where Ford later became a fraternity brother of Everhardus.

At the end of the 1933 season, Everhardus was selected as a first-team back on the All-Big Ten teams selected by the United Press and the Newspaper Editors Association (NEA).  He was also selected as a second-team All-American by the NEA and the International News Service.  In announcing the 1933 All-Big Ten team, the United Press wrote: "Everhardus was Michigan's foremost back, with his running and stellar defensive work. He kicked three field goals in crucial games and won the Illinois game with his extra point after touchdown, 7–6."  The NEA wrote the following in naming Everhardus as its first-team All-Big Ten fullback:"The fullback post is well filled by Herman Everhardus, Michigan. Although playing a halfback post, the flying Dutchman is a typical fullback. He showed he could crash tackles and the center of the line equally as well as he could run the ends or snare a pass.  Defensively, he was a Gibraltar."

Everhardus was also selected to play in both of the major post-season all-star games.  On January 1, 1934, Everhardus and Michigan teammate Chuck Bernard played for the East team in the annual East-West Shrine Game in San Francisco.  Although the East team lost, Everhardus was credited with "a phenomenal 70-yard punt ... which traveled 50 yards
from the line in the air."  And in August 1934, Everhardus was selected as a member of the College All-American team to play the annual game against the NFL champions at Soldier Field in Chicago.  The College All-Americans played the NFL champion Chicago Bears to a scoreless tie, and the Associated Press cited Everhardus as one of three college stars who "stood out on the floodlighted field."  In addition to his performance in the backfield, Everhardus gained attention for a 60-yard kick that pinned the Bears deep in their own territory late in the game.

After graduating from Michigan, Everhardus signed a contract to play professional football for the Detroit Lions, but obtained a release from the contract so that he could accept a position as an assistant football coach at Penn State.

References

1912 births
1980 deaths
American football halfbacks
Michigan Wolverines football players
Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches
Players of American football from Kalamazoo, Michigan

Herman Everhardus


Richard Dale Roth (born November 6, 1950) is an American politician currently serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, he represents the 31st Senate District, encompassing northwestern Riverside County, including the cities of Corona, Eastvale, Jurupa Valley, Moreno Valley, Norco, Perris, and Riverside.

Prior to being elected to the state senate in 2012, Roth served as a major general in the United States Air Force, and as a practicing attorney.

Early life
Roth was born on November 6, 1950, in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Ada High School (Ada, Ohio) in 1968, where he played in the band and was elected president of his junior class and the student council. He went on to Miami University (Ohio), majored in political science, minored in chemistry and enlisted in the ROTC program. After a less-than-perfect eye exam kept him from flight school, Roth set his sights on the Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG) and earned his J.D. degree from Emory University in 1974.

Air Force career
After earning admission into the JAG Corps, Roth entered active duty in the U.S. Air Force in 1975. He served various postings with the Strategic Air Command and Pacific Air Forces units in Arizona, Okinawa, Japan and California. Roth became a resident of Riverside in 1978, when he was assigned to Riverside's 22nd Bomb Wing at March Air Force Base.

Transferring from active duty to the Air Force Reserves in 1979, he served at March AFB over the next 13 years with Strategic Air Command and Military Airlift Command units. During this period, he was named Air Force Judge Advocate of the Year (1986) and California Air Force Reserve Officer of the Year (1992).

Through the 1990s and early 2000s, Roth worked as a reserve judge advocate at Air Force bases in Georgia, California, and Illinois. He also served at Headquarters Air Force Reserve Command and in the Pentagon. By 2004, he had risen to the rank of major general and served in the Pentagon as mobilization assistant to The Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Air Force, where he oversaw more than 900 Reserve judge advocates and paralegals assigned to more than 200 offices at every level of command and helped to manage the recruitment, training, utilization and deployment of Reserve legal forces worldwide.

Roth retired from the Air Force in 2007 after 32 years of service, in the grade of major general. Over the course of his career, he received numerous awards and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal and the Air Force Commendation Medal.

Civilian life
Roth engaged in the practice of labor and employment law with Riverside-based firms for over 30 years and is a member of the State Bars of California and Georgia. Prior to establishing his law practice, Roth worked as an attorney with the National Labor Relations Board. He has served as a part-time adjunct instructor in labor and employment law at the University of California, Riverside's Anderson School of Management and in the university's extension division.

Roth is a past chairman of the board for the Greater Riverside Chambers of Commerce and past president of the Monday Morning Group. He is a former member of The Raincross Club, the Riverside Community Hospital Advisory Board, the Thomas W. Wathen Foundation Board (Flabob Airport), the Riverside County Bar Association Board of Directors, the Path of Life Ministries Advisory Board, the Air Force Judge Advocate General's School Foundation Board and the La Sierra University Foundation Board.

He is also past vice chairman of the Parkview Community Hospital Board, past member of the Riverside Art Museum Board and a past trustee of the March Field Museum. He currently serves as legal advisor to the Airlift/Tanker Association and as a member of the Riverside Police Foundation. He has served as a lawyer representative to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judicial Conference.

Roth and his wife Cindy live in Riverside, California.

Election to State Senate
Roth was elected to represent the California State Senate's 31st Senate District on November 6, 2012, defeating state Assemblyman Jeff Miller. He was sworn into office in California's State Capitol in Sacramento on Monday, December 3, 2012.  The 31st Senate District, encompasses northwestern Riverside County, including the cities of Corona, Eastvale, Jurupa Valley, Moreno Valley, Norco, Perris and Riverside.

References

External links

 Official US Air Force Biography
 Join California Richard Roth

Democratic Party California state senators
Living people
1950 births
United States Air Force generals
California lawyers
Politicians from Columbus, Ohio
Lawyers from Riverside, California
21st-century American politicians
Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio
Miami University alumni
Emory University alumni

Richard Roth (politician)


Lilium bulbiferum, common names orange lily, fire lily, Jimmy's Bane, tiger lily and St. John's Lily, is a  herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.

The Latin name bulbiferum of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies.

Description
Lilium bulbiferum reaches on average  of height, with a maximum of  . The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and can reach about  of diameter. The stem is erect, the leaves are lanceolate, up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence has one to five short-haired flowers. They are hermaphroditic and scentless, have six upright tepals, the outer are slightly narrower than the inner ones. The flowers can reach 4–6 centimeters in length and are bright yellow-orange with reddish-brown dots. The stamens are erect, about half as long as the tepals, with red anthers. The style is orange,  of height. The flowering period extends from May through July.

There are two varieties, L. b. var. croceum (Chaix) Baker in the western part of the range, and L. b. var. bulbiferum in its eastern part. Only the last one always produces secondary aerial bulbs (bulbils) in the axils of the upper leaves.  These bulbils fall to the ground and mature after two to three years. When manually separated from the stem they can easily used for propagating the plant.

The dwarf plants from the Maritime Alps, formerly described as var. chaixii (Elwes) Stoker, and the large plants from the region of Naples, formerly described as var. giganteum N. Terracc., are now considered as local variants of var. croceum.

Distribution and habitat
L. bulbiferum is widely distributed in much of Europe from Spain to Finland and Ukraine. It grows in mountain meadows and on hillsides. They prefer calcareous soils in warm, sunny places, but also grow on slightly acid soils. They can be found at an altitude of  above sea level.

In culture
The orange lily has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.

Toxicity

Cats
Cats are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal; households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention. Rapid treatment with activated charcoal or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases veterinarians may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.

References

External links

bulbiferum
Flora of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Lilium bulbiferum


24 Hours is a 1931 American pre-Code romantic drama film directed by Marion Gering and starring Clive Brook, Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins and Regis Toomey. It was based on the novel Twenty-Four Hours by Louis Bromfield and the play Shattered Glass by Will D. Lengle and Lew Levenson. In the film, an alcoholic married man is accused of murdering the woman with whom he has been carrying on an affair. The title comes from the fact that the film takes place from 11 pm one night to the same time the following night.

Plot
At an evening party in New York City, the Towners mourn their failing marriage, then leave separately. The somewhat drunk Jim walks to a bar for some more liquor. Before he arrives, a man is shot to death outside the establishment; those inside hastily carry the body inside and surmise that someone named Tony is responsible. Meanwhile, Fanny is driven home by her lover, David Melbourn. On the way, she breaks up with him, telling him she realizes now that she still loves Jim. However, she plans to leave her husband, thinking she is not good enough for him.

Jim next heads to a nightclub to see his lover, star singer Rosie Duggan. He asks her if it is possible for a man to love two women, then remarks that the snow was red outside the bar. After he leaves, her ex-con husband Tony Bruzzi shows up. He wants her to take him back, but she has him thrown out, though she keeps his gun; she guesses from the red snow that Tony killed someone.

Later, she takes Jim home. He falls asleep on her chaise longue. Then Tony shows up, jealous and determined to kill Jim. She tells him that Jim is not there, but he does not believe her. When she refuses to open a locked door, they struggle and he accidentally kills her.

The next morning, Jim wakes up and finds Rosie's body. Meanwhile, Tony hides out at Mrs. Dacklehorst's place, but he is tracked down by Dave the Slapper and his gang; the man Tony shot was part of Dave's mob. Tony demands Mrs. Dacklehorst deliver or mail a letter to his gang, but she betrays him instead, and he is shot dead.

Jim is charged with Rosie's murder. When Fanny shows up at the police station, Jim tells her to divorce him so she will not get entangled in his troubles, but she refuses to do so. Fortunately, fingerprints on a liquor bottle at Rosie's place match Tony's, and Jim is released. The couple reconcile, and Jim promises to stop drinking.

Cast
 Clive Brook as Jim Towner
 Kay Francis as Fanny Towner
 Miriam Hopkins as Rosie Duggan
 Regis Toomey as Tony "Sicily" Bruzzi
 George Barbier as Hector Champion
 Adrienne Ames as Ruby Wintringham
 Minor Watson as David Melbourn
 Lucille La Verne as Mrs. Dacklehorst
 Wade Boteler as Pat Healy, a doorman, Rosie's brother
 Bob Kortman (uncredited) as Dave the Slapper
 Malcolm Waite (uncredited) as Murphy

See also
The House That Shadows Built (1931 promotional film by Paramount)

External links

1931 romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
American romantic drama films
Films based on American novels
Films based on multiple works
American films based on plays
Films based on works by Louis Bromfield
Films directed by Marion Gering
Films set in New York City
Paramount Pictures films
1931 films
1930s American films

24 Hours (1931 film)


The Kikuchi River (菊池川, Kikuchi-gawa) flows through the northern part of Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyūshū, Japan. The source of the river is Fukaba, Aso city near Mt. Aso at the height of 1041 metres and flows west through the Kikuchi Valley. It turns south near Kikusui and empties into the Shimabara Bay in the Ariake sea. Land reclamation is taking place at its mouth.

The river has a total length of 71 km. It begins at an elevation of 1041 meters and has a catchment area of 995 km2. The width of the river ranges from 24 metres to 72 metres and the current velocity and discharge varies greatly through the year, from 10 to 350 cubic metres per second.

References

External links

 (mouth)

Rivers of Kumamoto Prefecture
Rivers of Japan

Kikuchi River


Gary Stites (born July 23, 1940) is an American pop singer who enjoyed brief success in the late 1950s.

Stites is best remembered for his top 40 hit, "Lonely for You", which bore a significant sonic resemblance to the Conway Twitty song "It's Only Make Believe". The tune peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959, and a follow-up single, "Starry Eyed", peaked at No. 77 later that same year. It would hit the No. 1 spot in the UK for Michael Holliday. Stites released a full-length album on Carlton Records in 1960, but it was his only LP.

References

American country singer-songwriters
Carlton Records artists
Living people
1940 births
Place of birth missing (living people)

Gary Stites


Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, also named "l'élu de Poix" or the Sieur de Roberval, ( – 1560) was a French officer who was appointed viceroy of Canada by Francis I. He led the first French colonial attempt in the Saint Laurent valley in the first half of the 16th century with the explorer Jacques Cartier.

Family
The complexity of his origins and his family can be explained by the three known marriages of his father, Bernard de La Rocque, military and former seneschal of Carcassonne. The first marriage (1482–87) having given no descendants, the Sieur de Roberval would be the son of a second wife (between 1487 and 1499), who died in the childhood of J-F de La Rocque. His father's third marriage () to Isabeau de Popincourt (who brought Roberval's possessions to La Rocques) resulted in the birth of three half-sisters and a half-brother: Marquise, Charlotte, Marie and Jean.

Financially speaking, Roberval benefited from favorable patrimonial circumstances. In addition to the land and estate from his father's weddings, he inherited from close relatives who died childless. Its lands and lordships were scattered over three regions of the kingdom of France. The firsts in Languedoc near Carcassonne, the region of origin of the La Rocque family. The second in the Rethélois near Reims, from his father's first marriage. The latest and most famous, in Roberval in the Valois, between Compiègne, Chantilly and Senlis, where the title by which it has made history comes from.

Military career
As a soldier, La Rocque worked under the orders of Robert III de La Marck, Marshal of France and chief of the armies of Francis 1. He thus continued the family tradition of working under the orders of a Marshal of France. His membership in this regiment led him to travel, but above all to reside in the Rethélois where his garrison had its quarters. With La Marck, he joined the ranks of the king's military officers and participated in most of the conflicts of the time. He distinguished himself among others, in Pavia (1525), at the siege of Péronne in 1536 which blocked a Spanish attack towards Paris. At the end of the war of 1536-1538 he returned from Italy as a hero, but without its leader, Robert De La Marck (died in 1536) and half of his comrades who were killed in fighting with the Spaniards in 1537.

Attempt at colonizing Canada
It is probable that the Sieur de Roberval heard of the Canadian colonial project on his return to court in 1538. According to sources, he devoted himself to rebuilding his former regiment with the young son of Robert de La Mark. It remains that until 1540, François I refused all projects that could endanger his political negotiations with Charles V of Spain. But when this goodwill ceased in the fall of 1540, the French sovereign decided to increase the size of the original expedition and at the same time empty its overcrowded prisons. This first French colony will therefore include settlers, artisans and soldiers to protect the establishment from Amerindians or Spaniards and to supervise prisoners sentenced to hard labor. Jacques Cartier, unable to carry out all aspects of this mission, entrusted his organization to a lieutenant governor. The choice fell on La Rocque de Roberval, who had the advantages of being a noble soldier, leader of a man who will not back down from the enemy, an engineer in fortifications and a master of mines in France, aspects useful for the future colony. The political context also contributed to his appointment, because in 1540 the Constable of Montmorency was in disgrace at Chantilly and Admiral Philippe de Chabot was in prison for corruption. It is therefore to the La Marcks not tainted with conflicts of interest that Francis I turns to designate the applicant.

The preparations, already well advanced by Jacques Cartier, must constantly be readjusted, but things are going well. It remains that the military equipment of La Rocque, which is slow to arrive from its garrison in Champagne, gives rise to fears of a postponement of the expedition. To overcome this problem, La Rocque decided to send Cartier immediately to Canada with more than half of the fleet so that the colonial settlement would be ready when he came to join him. But when Cartier is at sea, tension escalates between France and Spain following the assassination of two French ambassadors by the Spaniards in Italy. The threatening war then encouraged La Rocque to stay in France to participate in the looming conflict. François I finally gives up starting hostilities and it is now too late to go to Canada. Roberval then decides to spend the winter on the tip of Brittany to retaliate an economic blockade of Spain by boarding ships and goods coming from Spain. La Rocque de Roberval set sail for Canada from La Rochelle the following spring, unaware that Spanish ships were sailing the Atlantic in search of them.

In Canada, Jacques Cartier, set up the colony of Charlesbourg-Royal a few kilometers upstream from Stadacona, at Cape Rouge. As planned, two forts were erected, one below by the Cap Rouge River and the other on the cliff to protect the colony from attacks from the river. During the work, Cartier took the opportunity to go back to Hochelaga, but on his return, a confrontation took place between the settlers and the Stadaconians. As a result, thirty-five settlers were killed by the Amerindians to avenge those killed or wounded by the French. After a winter, logically in a state of siege and not seeing La Rocque de Roberval coming, the sailor from Saint-Malo decides to pack up his bags with a few barrels filled with stones and minerals that he believes are precious in his holds. The Sieur de Roberval left La Rochelle on April 16, 1542, with three ships, and during a stop in Saint-John's, Cartier found himself facing the ships from La Rocque on their way to the colony. Cartier may well explain his difficulties with the Stadaconians and show the so-called precious metals and gems, Roberval has nothing to do with it and orders Cartier and his people to return to the colony. But during the night, the latter decided instead to take to sea again, thus disobeying official orders. This decision will have serious consequences for the Saint-Malo sailor.

In her Heptaméron, the sister of the King of France, Marguerite of Navarre, reports that on their way to the colony, La Rocque forced a couple to disembark on a small island. Only the woman survived and was recovered the following year. By regaining control of the colony abandoned by Cartier and his team, the Sieur de Roberval renamed several places: the river became France Prime and the colony of Charlesbourg-Royal became France-Roy, etc. The latter restored the facilities at Cap-Rouge and renewed relations with the Stadaconians who supplied the French establishment. During the long winter, about fifty settlers died of scurvy, a clear sign that neither Cartier nor the Stadaconians had explained to them the recipe for Anneda which could cure this disease. In the spring, La Rocque took advantage of the good weather to go up the river to Hochelaga with seventy soldiers and settlers in eight boats to reach the mythical place that the Amerindians call the "Kingdom of Saguenay" hoping to find the mythical Northwest Passage. There he meets the Amerindians and Roberval's men carry boats on their shoulders at the top of the first fall to study the waterways upstream. Going back downstream a little later, a boat capsized and eight people were drowned. Back in the colony, ships arrived from France with fresh supplies, but also letters from François Ist who demanded their return to France because of the war.

Return home and death
On his arrival in the fall of 1543, Roberval learned that the Spaniards and the English were marching on Paris from the east and north of the kingdom. The following spring, the king assigned to La Rocque the city of Senlis, the last stronghold north of the capital, whose fortifications had to be repaired. La Rocque puts all the inhabitants of the region to work with many of the people who returned with him to Canada. In September 1544, Charles V decided to sign peace with François I, but two days later the English seized the stronghold of Boulogne-sur-Mer and continued their advance towards the capital. Francis I finally repelled the attackers by sending an armada of 150 ships, sowing destruction along the English coasts. La Rocque de Roberval and his regiment led the attack under the orders of Admiral d'Annebault.
As one of the king's military officers, the Sieur de Roberval was involved in all such conflicts until the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559. Those who had not been killed on the battlefields paid the monetary debts they had incurred during the numerous conflicts of the first half of the 16th century, or scrounged to pay the ransom of Francis I while he was detained in Spain. Roberval lived at the expense of the army while, protected from his creditors by kings or their families (Allaire, 2013). Roberval was assassinated at the dawn of the Wars of Religion a month after the Conspiracy of Amboise (March 17, 1560), on the occasion of the burial of a colleague in the Saints-Innocents cemetery in Paris on April 18, 1560.

Posterity
Having no children, Roberval had made the necessary arrangements and left the family patrimony in the hands of his sisters. The only possession he had not officially bequeathed (the Château de Roberval) was seized and auctioned for debts incurred some 40 years previously. However, it was his nephew who bought the chateau and so it stayed in the family. From the 17th to the 18th century, the castle of Roberval passed into the hands of great wealthy families in the La Marcks movement to which La Rocque had remained faithful. In 1784, the seigneury with its castle (and its archives) was bought by the Davène family, whose descendants still own it. Despite his military fame and his involvement in the Canadian expedition, La Rocque de Roberval had difficulty entering the Pantheon of 16th-century explorers and colonizers, mainly because of his religious opinions that were anti-clerical and favorable to the Reformation. His reputation was reduced or even blackened at the time of the religious wars in France (1562–1598) and it was not until the nineteenth century that he emerged again in historiography and after the 1960s that he is mentioned in public historical literature.

In literature
Rabelais spoke of him as Robert Valbringue. His marooning of Marguerite de la Roque de Roberval, his young relative, and her rescue is recounted in novella 67 of the Heptaméron (1559) by Queen Marguerite of Navarre. André Thevet wrote on Jean-François de Roberval, including two versions of the legend of Marguerite de Roberval in Cosmographie universelle and Le Grand Insulaire et pilotage. Court poets Clément Marot and Michel d'Amboise dedicated works to him. A Protestant poem in Latin, "Robervalensis Epitaphium", is part of an anonymous collection of poems at the National Library in Paris. According to the dedication to Henry of Navarre by François Desprez, some of the costume woodcuts in Richard Breton's Recueil des Habits (Paris 1562) derive from Roberval's sketches.

References

Bibliography

Notes
 De La Roncière,  Charles Germaine Marie Bourel. (1909). Histoire de la Marine Française Plon-Nourrit; p. 477
 Gerassi-Navarro, Nina. (1999). Pirate Novels. Fictions of Nation Building in Spanish America. Duke University Press, Durham, p. 22, discussing real pirates.

 Thevet, André et al. (1986) André Thevet's North America: A Sixteenth-Century View'' McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingston, Ontario,  p. 121
 Bernard Allaire, La Rumeur Dorée: Roberval et l'Amérique, Montréal, La Presse, 2013 ()
 Bernard Allaire, "Jacques Cartier" et "J-F de La Rocque de Roberval" dans l'encyclopédie Canadienne, 2015 (online) [archive]
 Biggar, H. P., A Collection of Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval, Ottawa, PAC, 1930.
 Braudel, F. (dir.), Le monde de Jacques Cartier : l'aventure au XVIe siècle, Montréal, Libre-Expression, 1984.
 Bibaud, Michel, Histoire du Canada, sous la domination française, imprimerie Lovell et Gibson, Montréal, 1843, pp. 6, 33–35, 39–50, 58
 Morel, Emile, Jean-François de la Roque, Seigneur de Roberval, vice-roi du Canada, Paris, Leroux, 1893 (lire en ligne) [archive]
 Collard, Jean-Claude, Roberval petit roi du Vimeu - Premier vice-roi du Canada, éditions La vague verte, 2008 ()
 Laverdière, Camil, Le sieur de Roberval, Chicoutimi, les Éditions JCL. 2005, 160 pages. ()
 Thevet, André, Les singularitez de la France Antarctique…, Paris 1558.
 Lestringant, Franck. et Laborie, J-C., Histoire d'André Thevet Angoumoisin de deux voyages par lui faits aux Indes Australes et Occidentales, édition critique par, J-C, Genève, Droz, 2006.
 d'Albret de Navarre, Marguerite, L'Heptaméron, Paris, Boaistuau, (1549), 1558.
 La Roque de Roquebrune, Robert, Roberval et sa colonie canadienne au XVIe siècle, dans Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire, 1956, no 151, pp. 125–137
 Allaire, (2013), p. 20.

External links
 Jean-François de LaRocque de Roberval by Robert La Roque de Roquebrune
 Attempts at Colonization in the 16th Century''

1495 births
1560 deaths
Date of birth uncertain
16th century in Canada
16th-century Protestant martyrs
Explorers of Canada
French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
French explorers of North America
People from Carcassonne
People of New France
Roberval, Quebec

Jean-François Roberval


Antonín Kubálek (November 8, 1935January 18, 2011) was a Czech-Canadian classical pianist.

Life and career
Kubálek was born in Libkovice, Most District, Czechoslovakia and studied in Prague with Czech pianist František Maxián. He emigrated to Canada in 1968 and settled in Toronto. During his time in Canada, Kubálek performed in solo, chamber and orchestral concerts.

Antonin Kubálek's artistry and musicianship commanded respect and admiration from audiences and critics internationally.  He received three standing ovations following his performance in the Rudolfinum at the 2002 Prague Spring Festival. In November 2002, Kubálek was recognized by the Czech Music Council with a UNESCO honorary award. His exceptionally wide repertoire contained Czech and Canadian music, including contemporary pieces; but also romantic works by Chopin, Schumann, and especially Brahms, for which he is considered to be one of the foremost performers of recent times.

A respected educator, Kubálek served on the faculties of The Royal Conservatory of Music, University of Toronto, York University, the Prague Conservatory and the Prague Academy of Performing Arts. He chaired the Fred Gaviller Memorial Foundation, a Toronto organization whose mission was to sponsor debut recitals of young artists. Kubálek also served as chair of the Advisory Committee of the Kapralova Society in Toronto and participated in the first Canadian documentary on Vítězslava Kaprálová for the CBC Radio 2 in 2001. In 2003 he established an annual festival in Zlaté Hory in the Czech Republic, The International Kubalek Piano Courses, for young pianists. Among his most important pupils of that time were Richard Pohl and Birute Bizeviciute.

Kubálek was twice nominated for the Juno Award in Canada. He died in Prague after surgery for a brain tumour.

Discography
Kubálek was a best-selling international recording artist, having over a dozen CDs available at the time of his death and two dozen LP titles to his credit. His award-winning CD recordings on the Dorian Recordings label won him praise in such publications as the American Record Guide, Fanfare Magazine, CD Review, and Gramophone Magazine.

Glenn Gould made a unique contribution to this Canadian artist's career. Gould's only foray into the role of producer was inspired by Kubálek's playing: the Second Piano Sonata by Erich Wolfgang Korngold was the fruit of this singular musical union.

Notes

References
 Tomáš Knopp: Děti neklidné Evropy (Children of restless Europe), 2003, .

External links
 Official page

 Biography in Czech
 International Festival - Kubalek Piano Courses

1935 births
2011 deaths
People from Most District
Canadian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Czech pianists
Academic staff of The Royal Conservatory of Music
Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Academic staff of the Prague Conservatory
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Academic staff of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague

Antonín Kubálek


The medieval Cistercian numerals, or "ciphers" in nineteenth-century parlance, were developed by the Cistercian monastic order in the early thirteenth century at about the time that Arabic numerals were introduced to northwestern Europe. They are more compact than Arabic or Roman numerals, with a single glyph able to indicate any integer from 1 to 9,999.

Digits are based on a horizontal or vertical stave, with the position of the digit on the stave indicating its place value (units, tens, hundreds or thousands). These digits are compounded on a single stave to indicate more complex numbers. The  Cistercians eventually abandoned the system in favor of the Arabic numerals, but marginal use outside the order continued until the early twentieth century.

History
The digits and idea of forming them into ligatures were apparently based on a two-place (1–99) numeral system introduced into the Cistercian Order by John of Basingstoke, archdeacon of Leicester, who it seems based them on a twelfth-century English shorthand (ars notaria). In its earliest attestations, in the monasteries of the County of Hainaut, the Cistercian system was not used for numbers greater than 99, but it was soon expanded to four places, enabling numbers up to 9,999.

The two dozen or so surviving Cistercian manuscripts that use the system date from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, and cover an area from England to Italy, Normandy to Sweden. The numbers were not used for arithmetic, fractions or accounting, but indicated years, foliation (numbering pages), divisions of texts, the numbering of notes and other lists, indexes and concordances, arguments in Easter tables, and the lines of a staff in musical notation.

Although mostly confined to the Cistercian order, there was some usage outside it. A late-fifteenth-century Norman treatise on arithmetic used both Cistercian and Indo-Arabic numerals. In one known case, Cistercian numerals were inscribed on a physical object, indicating the calendrical, angular and other numbers on the fourteenth-century astrolabe of Berselius, which was made in French Picardy.
After the Cistercians had abandoned the system, marginal use continued outside the order. In 1533, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim included a description of these ciphers in his Three Books of Occult Philosophy.
The numerals were used by wine-gaugers in the Bruges area at least until the early eighteenth century.
In the late eighteenth century, Chevaliers de la Rose-Croix of Paris briefly adopted the numerals for mystical use, and in the early twentieth century Nazis considered using the numerals as Aryan symbolism.

The modern definitive expert on Cistercian numerals is the mathematician and historian of astronomy, David A. King.

Form
A horizontal stave was most common while the numerals were in use among the Cistercians. A vertical stave was attested only in Northern France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. However, eighteenth- and twentieth-century revivals of the system in France and Germany used a vertical stave. There is also some historical variation as to which corner of the number represented which place value. The place-values shown here were the most common among the Cistercians and the only ones used later.

Using graphic substitutes with a vertical stave, the first five digits are  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. Reversing them forms the tens,  10,  20,  30,  40,  50. Inverting them forms the hundreds,  100,  200,  300,  400,  500, and doing both forms the thousands,  1,000,  2,000,  3,000,  4,000,  5,000. Thus  (a digit 1 at each corner) is the number 1,111. (The exact forms varied by date and by monastery. For example, the digits shown here for 3 and 4 were in some manuscripts swapped with those for 7 and 8, and the 5's may be written with a lower dot ( etc.), with a short vertical stroke in place of the dot, or even with a triangle joining to the stave, which in other manuscripts indicated a 9.)

Horizontal numbers were the same, but rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise. (That is,  for 1,  for 10,  for 100—thus  for 101—and  for 1,000, as seen above.)

Omitting a digit from a corner meant a value of zero for that power of ten, but there was no digit zero. (That is, an empty stave was not defined.)

Higher numbers
When the system spread outside the order in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, numbers into the millions were enabled by compounding with the digit for "thousand". For example, a late-fifteenth century Norman treatise on arithmetic indicated 10,000 as a ligature of  "1,000" wrapped under and around  "10" (and similarly for higher numbers), and Noviomagus in 1539 wrote "million" by subscripting  "1,000" under another  "1,000". A late-thirteenth-century Cistercian doodle had differentiated horizontal digits for lower powers of ten from vertical digits for higher powers of ten, but that potentially productive convention is not known to have been exploited at the time; it could have covered numbers into the tens of millions (horizontal 100 to 103, vertical 104 to 107). A sixteenth-century mathematician used vertical digits for the traditional values, horizontal digits for millions, and rotated them a further 45° counter-clockwise for billions and another 90° for trillions, but it is not clear how the intermediate powers of ten were to be indicated and this convention was not adopted by others.

The Ciphers of the Monks
The Ciphers of the Monks: A Forgotten Number-notation of the Middle Ages, by David A. King and published in 2001, describes the Cistercian numeral system.

The book received mixed reviews. Historian Ann Moyer lauded King for re-introducing the numerical system to a larger audience, since many had forgotten about it. Mathematician Detlef Spalt claimed that King exaggerated the system's importance and made mistakes in applying the system in the book devoted to it. Moritz Wedell, however, called the book a "lucid description" and a "comprehensive review of the history of research" concerning the monks' ciphers.

Notes

References

External links

FRB Cistercian font (OTF) at GitHub. Uses the Private Use Area, since Unicode has declined to assign character codes. Font characters are segments, to be combined into the complete numerals.
Cistercian number generator at dCode. Uses digit shapes similar to the astrolabe (vertical stave, triangular 5).
L2/20-290 Background for Unicode consideration of Cistercian numerals
Cistercian Web Component for use on web pages. Includes a live updating Cistercian numeral clock.

Numeral systems

Cistercian numerals


George Morgan Govan (October 30, 1840 - April 14, 1899) was an American military officer and Democratic politician from Mississippi. He was the 27th Secretary of State of Mississippi, serving from 1886 to 1896.

Early life
George Morgan Govan was born on October 30, 1840, in Marshall County, Mississippi. He was the son of Andrew R. Govan, who was born in Holly Springs, South Carolina and member of the United States House of Representatives. He was a first lieutenant, and later, a major, for the Confederacy in the Civil War. After the war, he returned to Marshall County to farm.

Political career
He was the clerk of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1876 to 1878. In 1884, Govan was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Pike County. Govan was elected to be the Secretary of State of Mississippi as a Democrat in 1885 for the 1886–1890 term and was inaugurated on January 14, 1886. He was re-elected in 1889 and was re-inaugurated in 1890. The Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 increased his term length from four to six years, making ten years of office in total. Govan was succeeded in the office by John Logan Power on January 20, 1896.

Later life
In spring 1898, he was commissioned colonel of the First Mississippi Volunteers during the Spanish-American War. He served until later in that same year. He died in a hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, on April 14, 1899.

Personal life
Govan married Jane B. Edmondson in Elyton, Alabama, on February 26, 1865. They had three children together: Andrew R., Eliza, and John H.

References

1840 births
1899 deaths
Secretaries of State of Mississippi
People from Pike County, Mississippi
Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
United States Army colonels
Confederate States Army officers
19th-century American politicians

George M. Govan


Richard Barsam (born 8 November 1938), author and film historian, is Professor Emeritus of Film Studies at Hunter College of The City University of New York (CUNY).

Early life and education
Barsam was born in Glendale, California. He attended the University of Southern California, earning a PhD degree in English literature in 1967. Concurrently, he was encouraged by two film professors (Arthur Knight and Richard Dyer MacCann) to attend without credit film history and other courses in the USC School of Cinema (now the School of Cinematic Arts), an experience that was to influence his further academic career significantly.

Career
In 1967, he joined the faculty of Richmond College, CUNY, where initially he taught courses both in English literature and film studies, eventually specializing exclusively in the latter.

Between 1984 and 1991, he held executive management positions at CUNY, including University Dean for Faculty and Research and University Dean for Executive Search and Evaluation. Between 1991 and 1992, he served as Provost of Pratt Institute.

In 1994, he resumed his teaching career as Professor of Film Studies at Hunter College, CUNY, and retired in 2001.

Selected publications
Nonfiction Film: A Critical History, 1973 (revised and expanded edition published in 1992)
Filmguide to Triumph of the Will, 1975
Nonfiction Film Theory and Criticism, 1976
In the Dark: A Primer for the Movies, 1977
The Vision of Robert Flaherty: The Artist as Myth and Filmmaker, 1988
Nonfiction Film: A Critical History, 1973 (revised and expanded edition published in 1992)
Looking at Movies: An Introduction to Film, 2003 (sixth edition published in 2019)

Personal life
Barsam's partner of thirty-nine years was the art historian Edgar Munhall.

References

1938 births
Living people
Film theorists
American film historians
Writers from Glendale, California
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Hunter College faculty
College of Staten Island faculty
Historians from California

Richard Barsam


Ramanathaswamy Temple (Rāmanātasvāmi Kōyil) is a Hindu temple dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva located on Rameswaram island in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is also one of the twelve Jyotirlinga temples. It is one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams, where Nayanars (Saivite saints), Appar, Sundarar and Tirugnana Sambandar, have glorified the temple with their songs. The temple was expanded during the 12th century by the Pandya Dynasty, and its principal shrine's sanctum was renovated by Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan and his successor Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan, monarchs of the Jaffna kingdom. The temple has the longest corridor among all Hindu temples in India. It was built by King Muthuramalinga Sethupathiy. The temple, located in Rameswaram, is considered a holy pilgrimage site for Shaivites, Vaishnavites and Smarthas. Mythological accounts depict the presiding deity, the Lingam of Ramanathaswamy (Shiva), as having been established and worshiped by Rama, before he crossed his bridge to the present-day island of Sri Lanka. It is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites.

Legend
According to Hindu epic Ramayana, Rama, the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu, prayed to Shiva here to absolve any sins that he might have committed during his war against the demon-king Ravana in Sri Lanka. According to the Puranas (Hindu scriptures), upon the advice of sages, Rama along with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana, installed and worshipped the lingam(an iconic symbol of Shiva) here to expiate the sin of Brahmahatya incurred while killing Ravana (who was a Brahmin and son of Vishrava). To worship Shiva, Rama directed his trusted lieutenant Hanuman (avatar of Shiva himself) to bring it from Himalayas. Since it took longer to bring the lingam, Sita built a lingam made of sand from the nearby seashore, which is also believed to be the one in the sanctum of the temple. This account is well supported by the original Ramayana authored by Valmiki where it is written in Yudha Kanda. According to another version, as quoted in Adhyatma Ramayana, Rama installed the lingam before the construction of the bridge to Lanka.

History

The temple in its current form is believed to have been built during the 17th century, while Fergusson believes the small vimana in the west corridor belongs to the 11th or 12th century. The temple is said to have been sanctioned for construction by King Kizhavan Sethupathi or Raghunatha Kilavan. The contribution of the Jaffna kings of Pandya Dynasty to the temple was considerable. King Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan (1380–1410 CE) shipped stone blocks from Koneswaram temple, Trincomalee to renovate the temple's sanctum sanctorum. Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan's successor Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan (Pararacacekaran V), a trustee at Rameswaram who also oversaw structural development of this temple and the promotion of Saivite beliefs donated part of his revenue to Koneswaram. Especially to be remembered are the immense sums that were spent during the tenure of Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai towards the restoration of the Pagodas which were falling into ruins and the splendid Chockattan Mantapam or the cloistered precincts of the temple at Rameswaram that he finally completed. The rulers of Sri Lanka also contributed to the temple; Parakrama Bahu (1153–1186 CE) was involved in the construction of the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. Also, Sri Lankan king Nissanka Malla, contributed to the temple's development by making donations and sending workers.

Pappakudi a village was donated as a grant to Rameshwaram Temple and one Deva Venkala Perumal Ramanathar in (1667 CE) by Perumal Servaikaran Son of Sokkappan Servaikarar who belongs to Pandiyur. They are local Chieftain under Tirumalai Regunatha Sethupathy Thevar Rein in Ramnad Kingdom. The grant details are published by Government Press, Madras Presidency for Archeological Survey of India in 1885. Along with Pappakudi, Anandur and Urasur villages  are also donated to Rameshwaram Temple. These Villages falls under Melaimakani Seermai province of Radhanallur Division.

The temple is one of the most famous pilgrimage sites and has several historical references about it. The Maratha kings who ruled Thanjavur established chatrams or rest houses throughout Mayiladuthurai and Rameswaram between 1745 and 1837 CE and donated them to the temple.

Architecture

The primary deity of the temple is Ramanathaswamy (Shiva) in the form of lingam. There are two lingams inside the sanctum - According to tradition, one built by Rama from sand, residing as the main deity, called the Ramalingam, and the one brought by Hanuman from Kailash, called the Vishvalingam. Rama is said to have instructed that the Vishvalingam be worshipped first since it was brought by Hanuman - the tradition continues even today.

Like all ancient temples in South India, there is a high compound wall (madil) on all four sides of the temple premises measuring about 865 feet furlong from east to west and one furlong of 657 feet from north to south with huge towers (Gopurams) to the east and the west and finished gate towers to the north and south. The temple has striking long corridors in its interior, running between huge colonnades on platforms above five feet high.

The second corridor is formed by sandstone pillars, beams, and ceiling. The junction of the third corridor on the west and the paved way leading from the western gopuram to the Setumadhava shrine forms a unique structure in the form of a chess board, popularly known as Chokkattan Madapam, where the Utsava deities are adorned and kept during the Vasanthotsavam (Spring festival) and on the 6th day festival in Adi (July–August) and Masi (February–March) conducted by the Sethupathi of Ramnad.

The outer set of corridors is reputed to be the longest in the world, measuring about 6.9 m in height, 400 feet each in the east and west and about 640 feet in the north and the south. The inner corridors are about 224 feet each in the east and the west and about 352 feet each in the north and the south. Their width varies from 15.5 feet to 17 feet in the east and west about 172 feet on the north and south with width varying 14.5 feet to 17 feet. The total length of these corridors is thus 3850 feet. There are about 1212 pillars in the outer corridor. Their height is about 30 feet from the floor to the center of the roof. The main tower or rajagopuram is 53 m tall. Most pillars are carved with individual compositions.
At the beginning, Ramanathaswamy Temple was a thatched shed. The present structure was the work of many individuals spread over a number of centuries. The pride of place in the establishment of the Temple goes to the Setupatis of Ramanathapuram. In the seventeenth century, Dalavai Setupati built a portion of the main eastern Gopuram. In the late eighteenth century, the world-famous third corridor was constructed by Muthuramalinga Setupati who lived for forty-nine years and ruled between 1763 and 1795. The corridor was called "Chokkatan Mandapam". The Mukhya Pradhani (Chief Minister) was Muthuirullappa Pillai and the Chinna Pradhani (Deputy Chief Minister) was Krishna Iyengar. The Setupati's statue and those of his two Pradhanis (ministers) can be seen at the western entrance to the third corridor.

The composite columns of Virabhadra holding sword and horn are found be additions of the Vijayanagara kings during the early 1500s. Similar columns of Virabhadra are found in Adikesava Perumal Temple at Thiruvattaru, Meenakshi Temple at Madurai, Nellaiappar Temple at Tirunelveli, Kasi Viswanathar temple at Tenkasi, Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple, Soundararajaperumal temple at Thadikombu, Srivilliputhur Andal temple, Srivaikuntanathan Permual temple at Srivaikuntam, Avudayarkovil, Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple at Thirukkurungudi.

There are separate shrines for Ramanathaswamy and his consort goddess Parvathavardhini separated by a corridor. There are separate shrines for the goddess Vishalakshi, the utsava images, sayanagriha, Vishnu and Ganesha. The samadhi of the great Yogi Patanjali is said to be at this temple and there is a separate shrine for him here. There are various halls inside the temple, namely Anuppu Mandapam, Sukravara Mandapam, Setupati Mandapam, Kalyana Mandapam, and Nandi Mandapam.

Temple Tanks

There are sixty-four Tīrthas (holy water bodies) in and around the island of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India. According to Skānda Purāṇa, twenty-four of them are important. Bathing in these Tīrthas is a major aspect of the pilgrimage to Rameswaram and is considered equivalent to penance. Twenty-two of the Tīrthas are within the Rāmanāthasvāmī Temple. The number 22 indicates the 22 arrows in Rama's quiver. The first and major one is called Agni Theertham, the sea (Bay of Bengal).

Rameswaram is one of the few temples that has the distinction of being the stala, Murthy, Theertham. Ramanathaswamy Temple Theertham is very special. There are 22 theerthams in the form of a pond and a well. These 22 theerthams represent the 22 arrows of Sri Rama.

Significance today

Char Dham

The temple is one of the holiest Hindu Char Dham (four divine sites) sites comprising Badrinath, Puri, Dwarka and Rameshwaram. Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism established by Sankaracharya, who created Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer. The four monasteries lie across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadheesh Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South.  The temples are revered by the various spiritual traditions of Hinduism, such as Saivism and Vaishnavism. The Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair. There are four abodes in the Himalayas called Chota Char Dham (Chota meaning small): Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri - all of these lie at the foothills of Himalayas. The name Chota was added during the mid of 20th century to differentiate the original Char Dhams. The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime. Traditionally the trip starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circumambulation in Hindu temples.

Jyotirlinga
As per the Shiva Purana, once, Brahma (the god of creation) and Vishnu (the god of preservation) had an argument in terms of their supremacy in creation. To settle their dispute, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge and endless pillar of light called the jyotirlinga.  Vishnu and Brahma split their ways downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions.  Brahma lied that he discovered the end of the pillar in his direction, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is regarded to be the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyotirlinga shrines are believed to be the places where Shiva is said to have appeared as a fiery column of light. Originally, there were believed to have been 64 jyotirlingas, of which the present 12 are considered to be sacred to Shiva. Each of the twelve jyotirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered a different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites, the primary image is the lingam representing the stambha pillar, symbolising the infinite nature of Shiva (without beginning or end). The twelve jyotirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath at Deoghar in Jharkhand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad, Maharashtra. This temple is the southernmost of all the twelve Jyotirlingas.

In the news
The temple priests are Marathi Brahmins of Maharashtra who get Diksha from Sringeri Mutt. A shortage of priests has been reported in recent years as there are only five priests to manage the 13 shrines within the temple. The shortage is more pronounced during the 12-day Maha Shivaratri festival when the festival deities of the temple are taken in procession.

The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The temple comes under the renovation and consecration of the 630 temples planned by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu. Temple authorities had planned to renovate and widen the pathways to the 22 holy theerthams of the temple. The consecration of the temple was planned during 2013. The temple is among those offering free meals under the Free Meals Scheme of the government, which provides meals to devotees of the temple. A pilgrim house is planned by the government to extend the scheme to more pilgrims.

See also
 Tirthas of Rameswaram
 Dhanushkodi

Notes

References

External links

Hindu temples in Ramanathapuram district
Char Dham temples
Jyotirlingas
Padal Petra Stalam
Rameswaram
Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu

es:Ramanatha Swami

Ramanathaswamy Temple


Al-Asali () is a neighborhood and district of the Qadam municipality in Damascus, Syria. It had a population of 21,731 in the 2004 census. The neighborhood was built around the small al-Asali maqam (shrine), named after Shaykh Ahmad al-Asali al-Khalwati, a local Muslim holy man. The al-Asali shrine was a station in the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan, which came to an end in the early 20th century. During the caravan procession, tents were set up around the shrine to host dignitaries and pilgrims before the caravan departed the city for Mecca.

References

Neighborhoods of Damascus

Al-Asali


Sobol is an unincorporated community in southeastern Pushmataha County, Oklahoma, United States.

A United States Post Office was established here on January 21, 1911. It was named for Harry Sobol, a merchant in nearby Fort Towson.

Sobol was isolated until construction and paving of Oklahoma State Highway 3, which connects it to Rattan on the west and Broken Bow to the east.

Pine Creek Lake lies a few miles to its east. Built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control along Little River and Pine Creek, the lake is also a popular fishing spot.

Caney Mountain lies to Sobol's north and Bull Mountain is to its south. Caney Mountain Trail connects the Sobol area to Blackjack Mountain (1,243 ft.), Caney Mountain (686 ft.), Musket Mountain (1,384 ft.), Wolf Mountain (883 ft.), and East Signal Peak (1,483 ft.), in the Kiamichi Mountains.

References

Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
Unincorporated communities in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

Sobol, Oklahoma


Landers, Frary & Clark was a housewares company based in New Britain, Connecticut. The firm traced its origins to 1842, when George M. Landers and Josiah Dewey entered into a partnership named Dewey and Landers, which manufactured various metal products. Eventually, the company was reorganized as Landers, Frary & Clark in 1862. The firm produced a variety of household products and appliances, including many electric appliances. Some of Landers, Frary & Clark's most successful products included the Universal Bread Maker, the Universal Food Chopper, and the Coffee Percolator. In 1965, the majority of the Landers, Frary & Clark was taken over by the J.B. Williams Company of New York, the food chopper division was acquired by the Union Manufacturing Company, and the electrical appliance operations was purchased by General Electric.
The company manufactured a wide variety of products over the years, food scales, coffee grinders, cake mixers, bread makers, coffee pots, percolators, tableware, irons, toasters, coffee urns, vacuum cleaners, electric ranges, washing machines, blenders, electric mixers, electric heaters, dishwashers, and electric blankets. Landers, Frary & Clark also produced stainless steel bull-nose rings, vacuum bottles, window hardware, ice skates, mouse traps, can openers, corkscrews, straight razors, aluminum cookware, and thousands of other products. Many of the company's items were marketed under the brand Universal.

History
In 1842, New Britain politician and businessman George M. Landers entered into a partnership with Josiah Dewey called Dewey and Landers. The partnership manufactured metal products such as furniture casters, window springs, coat and hat hooks, and other small hardware items, typically made out of brass. Following a change of partnership in either 1852 or 1853, Levi O. Smith joined the firm, and the business was reorganized as a stock company called Landers and Smith Manufacturing. In 1862, Landers and Smith purchased of Meriden-based business Frary & Carey, resulting in James D. Frary joining the firm, Levi O. Smith retiring, and Landers and Smith reorganizing as Landers, Frary & Clark. The firm expanded into cutlery manufacturing in 1866, when the firm inaugurated its Aetna Works manufacturing facility. The Aetna Works burnt down in a fire in 1874, but was rebuilt as a larger, more modern plant following the fire.

During the early 20th century, when many households in the United States were first accessing electricity, the company launched a line of electric appliances. These products were a commercial success, and resulted in the company offering more electric household goods.

In 1965, the majority of the Landers, Frary & Clark was taken over by the J.B. Williams Company of New York, the food chopper division was acquired by the Union Manufacturing Company, and the electrical appliance operations was purchased by General Electric. The J.B. Williams Company shut down Landers, Frary & Clark's production in New Britain, while General Electric kept production in New Britain for four years after the transaction. Landers, Frary & Clark's original manufacturing complex continues to be intact, and is occupied by a mix of small industrial and office uses, whereas the company's other two plants were demolished for highway construction during the 1960s.

Products

During the 19th century, Landers, Frary & Clark produced a number of household wares, such as food scales, coffee grinders, cake mixers, bread makers, coffee pots, and percolators along with tableware.

In 1898, Landers, Frary & Clark began producing the Universal Food Chopper.

Upon the advent of electrification in the United States in the early 20th century, then-president of the company Charles Smith launched an electric percolator, iron, toaster, and coffee urn. This new line of items succeeded, resulting in the firm launching more electric appliances, such as vacuum cleaners, electric ranges, washing machines, blenders, electric mixers, electric heaters, dishwashers, and electric blankets.

During the United States' involvement in World War I, the company temporarily produced equipment for the military of the United States. Landers, Frary & Clark produced approximately 3 million canteens, 5 million trench knives, millions of mess kits, bacon cans, canteen cups, and similar metalware, as well as practically all of the sabers required by the United States Cavalry.

Some of the non-electric kitchenware assets were acquired from G.E. in 1984 by Universal Housewares, Inc./Universal Trading, Inc., who still market "Universal" meat grinders and coffee mills.

References

External links
 The Saga of Landers, Frary & Clark
 Vintage Coffee Paraphernalia
 Collectibles-General (Antiques) - Landers, Frary & Clark Universal bath scale
 Current Universal Housewares, Inc. website for some traditional products
 nbindustrial.org

New Britain, Connecticut
Kitchenware brands
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Connecticut

Landers, Frary & Clark


Canadian Living is a monthly Canadian lifestyle magazine, which publishes articles relating to food, fashion, crafts, and health and family advice.

History and profile
The magazine was created by Clem Compton-Smith and his business partner, Margaret Smeeth, in 1975, with the financial backing of Labatt's. They and a tiny staff operated out of the manse of a church in Mississauga, Ontario. Canadian Living began as a half-million circulation title sold exclusively through supermarkets; the gimmick was a split run that enabled the magazine to devote a full page in each issue to each supermarket chain that carried it.  The first issue appeared in December, 1975, and sold for 25 cents.  The cover showed a male and a female hand about to snap a wishbone; the female hand belonged to Smeeth (billed in the magazine as editor Margaret Kelly), who was at the photo session and was not impressed by the hand of the female model who had been hired for the occasion.

Compton-Smith's vision was of a Canadian-centric, general-interest magazine that would appeal to men and to women.  To that end, along with the fashion and cooking sections that later became its mainstay, Canadian Living offered travel articles, wine-making tips and a woodworking column.  While the third issue was at press, Labatt's acquired ownership of the magazine.  A new publisher, Ken Larone, was parachuted in to replace Compton-Smith, who remained on staff until late 1976.

The magazine was subsequently acquired by Telemedia, which also owned a French language counterpart, Coup de pouce. Canadian Living was acquired by Transcontinental in 2000. In 2014, the magazines were sold to the TVA Group subsidiary of Quebecor Media.

The magazine has also produced television series for broadcast on Canadian television channels such as Slice, HGTV, Food Network, and CBC Television.

Canadian Living is partnered with the Fast-moving consumer goods awards program Best New Product Awards and writes an annual feature on the winners of each year.

The circulation of Canadian Living in 2018 was 340,597 copies with a readership of 3,087,00 readers.

In 2019, a marketing firm took a survey of 17,000 Canadian shoppers, and Canadian Living was voted as the "most trusted" magazine in Canada.

References

External links
 Canadian Living

1975 establishments in Ontario
Lifestyle magazines published in Canada
Monthly magazines published in Canada
Women's magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1975
Magazines published in Toronto

Canadian Living


Vijay Seshadri (born 13 February 1954) is an American poet, essayist and literary critic based in Brooklyn.

Vijay won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, for 3 Sections.

Early life
Vijay's parents immigrated to the United States from Bangalore, India when he was five.
He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, where his father taught chemistry at Ohio State University.

Writing career
Seshadri has been an editor at The New Yorker, as well as an essayist and book reviewer in The New Yorker, The New York Times Book Review, The Threepenny Review, The American Scholar, and various literary quarterlies.
He has received grants from the New York Foundation for the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation; and area studies fellowships from Columbia University.
As a professor and chair in the undergraduate writing and MFA program at Sarah Lawrence College, he has taught courses on  'Non-Fiction Writing', 'Form and Feeling in Nonfiction Prose', 'Rational and Irrational Narrative', and 'Narrative Persuasion'.

In a 2004 interview, Seshadri discusses the creative process and his influences, in particular Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, and William Blake. He also reflects on his cultural influences including the experience of "strangeness" coming of age in Columbus, Ohio during the 1960s.

Several of Seshadri's poems have been published by the New Yorker, including: "Rereading" (2012), "Visiting Paris" (2010), and "Thought Problem" (2009).

His poems, essays, and reviews have also appeared in A Public Space, AGNI, The American Scholar, Antaeus, Bomb, Boulevard, Epiphany, Fence, Field, Lumina, The Nation, The Paris Review, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Ploughshares, Poetry, The San Diego Reader, Shenandoah, The Southwest Review, The Threepenny Review, the Times Book Review, TriQuarterly, Verse, Western Humanities Review, The Yale Review.

Anthologies which have included his work include Under 35: The New Generation of American Poets, Under the Rock Umbrella, Contours of the Heart, Staying Alive: Real Poems for Unreal Times and The Best American Poetry 1997, 2003, 2006, and 2013.

The Disappearances
Seshadri's poem "The Disappearances" deals with a "cataclysm" in "American history" and the baffling nature of loss. The poem was written in response to Seshdari's memories of John F. Kennedy's assassination, but not published until The New Yorker magazine printed it on its back page following the September 11 attacks. The New Yorker'''s poetry editor, Alice Quinn, said that the poem "...summoned up, with acute poignance, a typical American household and scene...The combination of epic sweep (including the quoted allusion to one of Emily Dickinson's Civil War masterpieces, from 1862) and piercing, evocative detail is characteristic of the contribution Seshadri has made to the American canon."

Awards
 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
 The James Laughlin Prize of the Academy of American Poets (for "The Long Meadow")
 The Paris Review's Bernard F. Conners Long Poem Prize
 2004 Guggenheim Fellow

 Bibliography

 Poetry
Collections
 Wild Kingdom Graywolf Press: Minnesota, 1996,
 The Long Meadow Graywolf Press: Minnesota, 2004, . His second book. Six of these poems were also published in the New Yorker including "The Disappearances," "North of Manhattan," and "The Long Meadow".
 New and Selected Poems'' by Harper Collins India. Includes 'Wild Kingdom', 'The Long Meadow', 'The Disappearances'.

List of poems

References

External links
 Poets.org webpage on Seshadri
 Poetry International Web page on Seshadri
 Vijay Seshadri 'The New Yorker Festival'

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American poets
American male writers of Indian descent
Columbia University alumni
Indian emigrants to the United States
The New Yorker people
Oberlin College alumni
Poets from Ohio
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Writers from Bangalore
Writers from Columbus, Ohio

Vijay Seshadri


Theodor Paleologu (; born July 15, 1973) is a Romanian historian, diplomat and politician. An independent who was formerly a member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), the People's Movement Party (PMP) and the Democratic Liberal Party (PD-L), he was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Bucharest from 2008 to 2016. Additionally, in the first Emil Boc cabinet (December 2008 to December 2009) he was Minister of Culture, Religious Affairs and Cultural Heritage.

Early life
The son of Olimpia and Alexandru Paleologu, he was born in Bucharest and completed secondary studies at the city's German High School. He then attended University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from 1992 to 1998, where he obtained undergraduate and master's degrees in philosophy. He also attended the École normale supérieure from 1996 to 2001, and from 1998 to 2001, worked on a doctorate in political sciences at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He was a lecturer at Boston College from 1999 to 2000, a visiting professor at Deep Springs College in 2003, and a research fellow at the University of Notre Dame (2001–2002), New York University (2002), Harvard University (2002–2003) and the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin (2005). He was an external lecturer at the University of Copenhagen in 2007 and 2008, and since 2003 has been assistant professor and director of the summer university at the European College of Liberal Arts in Berlin. Between 2005 and 2008, he served as Romania's ambassador to Denmark and Iceland; he resigned from the office in order to pursue his successful parliamentary campaign.

Political activity
In the Chamber, he sat on the Arts, Culture and Mass Media Committee. As minister, his top priority was the preservation of Romania's historic monuments. His ministerial term ended when he was not reappointed to a new cabinet under Boc at the end of 2009. At the 2012 local election, he ran for mayor of Bucharest's Sector 1, finishing second with 14.1% of the vote. Running in the legislative election later that year, he placed second in his district, but won another term through the redistribution mechanism specified by the electoral law. In February 2014, he followed Elena Udrea in resigning from the PD-L and joining the People's Movement Party (PMP). A year later, he entered the National Liberal Party (PNL), proclaiming that the PMP had degenerated into a "total fiasco". In June 2016, the PNL expelled him after he criticized the party leadership for its disrespect toward Save Bucharest Union leader Nicușor Dan. Paleologu ran as an independent in the December election and won some 8,000 votes, well short of the approximately 25,000 needed to secure a seat. He was the PMP candidate in the 2019 presidential election, placing fifth with 5.7% of the vote.

Presidential elections

Private life
Paleologu was married to Sarah Nassif, a French opera singer of Lebanese origin. The two are divorced and have one son, Mihail.

He wrote two books, one on Carl Schmitt (2004) and one on the year 2004 in Romanian politics (2005). In 2013, he began holding private courses on the humanities and diplomacy in his family home.

Notes

1973 births
Living people
Politicians from Bucharest
Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
People's Movement Party politicians
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian academics
Diplomats from Bucharest
21st-century Romanian historians
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Ministers of Culture
Romanian writers in French
University of Paris alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
Deep Springs College faculty
Harvard Fellows
New York University faculty
Bard College faculty

Theodor Paleologu


Gyula Horn (5 July 1932 – 19 June 2013) was a Hungarian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Hungary from 1994 to 1998. He is best known for his role in Hungary's transition to democracy and his efforts to improve relations with neighboring countries.

Horn was born on July 5, 1932, in Budapest, Hungary. He studied economics at the Budapest University of Economics. He later worked as a journalist for the Hungarian Communist Party's newspaper, Népszabadság.

Horn became involved in politics in the 1960s. He quickly rose through the ranks of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP), which governed Hungary under communism. In 1989, he played an important role in negotiating the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary and in facilitating Hungary's transition to democracy.

After the fall of communism, Horn was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister József Antall. In this role, he worked to improve relations with neighboring countries, including Romania, Slovakia, and Austria. He was also instrumental in Hungary's efforts to join NATO and the European Union.

In 1994, Horn succeeded Péter Boross as Prime Minister after his coalition won a landslide victory in the parliamentary elections. As Prime Minister, Horn continued his efforts to improve relations with neighboring countries and oversaw significant economic and social reforms.

Horn's government implemented a series of measures aimed at improving the country's fiscal position and promoting economic growth. These measures included the introduction of a flat tax system, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the creation of a modern social welfare system.

Horn's time as Prime Minister was not without controversy. His government faced criticism for its handling of social issues and for its alleged involvement in corruption scandals. Horn's government also came under fire for its response to the 1997 floods that devastated parts of Hungary.

Despite these challenges, Horn is widely regarded as an important figure in Hungary's transition to democracy and its emergence as a modern, market-oriented economy. His efforts to improve relations with neighboring countries helped to ease tensions in the region and paved the way for greater cooperation and integration.

Horn retired from politics in 2002 and returned to journalism. He died on June 26, 2013, at the age of 80. His legacy as a statesman and a champion of democracy and peace is widely recognized, both in Hungary and around the world.

Early life and education
Gyula Horn was a Hungarian politician. He was the country's Prime Minister from 1994 to 1998. He was born on July 5, 1932, in Budapest, Hungary. He grew up in a working-class family. Despite his family's financial struggles, he excelled academically and received a scholarship to attend university. Horn studied economics at Karl Marx University, where he became involved in politics and joined the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. He graduated in 1954 and began his political career shortly thereafter.

Administration and party career
Gyula Horn was a prominent member of the Hungarian Socialist Party. He had a long and successful political career. He was first elected to parliament in 1971. He served in various government positions over the years, including as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1994, he was elected as Hungary's Prime Minister and led the country through a period of economic reform and transition to a market economy. Horn was instrumental in negotiating the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary and played a key role in the country's integration into NATO and the European Union. Despite facing criticism and opposition from some quarters, Horn remained a popular and respected figure in Hungarian politics until his retirement in 2004.

His role in 1956
During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Gyula Horn played an active role as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. At the time, he was a young journalist and served as the editor-in-chief of the party's daily newspaper, Szabad Nép. Horn was sympathetic to the goals of the revolutionaries. He advocated for reforms within the party to address the concerns of the protesters. However, when Soviet forces invaded Hungary and suppressed the revolution, Horn was forced to flee the country and went into hiding. Despite his role in the party, he was not considered a leading figure in the revolution and his actions during this period did not have a significant impact on his subsequent political career.

Illness and death
In the years leading up to his death, Gyula Horn struggled with various health issues, including heart disease and lung cancer. Despite his declining health, he remained active in public life and continued to participate in political events and speak out on important issues. In 2013, he was admitted to a hospital in Budapest and had surgery to treat his lung cancer. However, his condition worsened and he died on June 19, 2013, at the age of 80. Following his death, Horn was widely mourned in Hungary and remembered as a respected statesman and a key figure in the country's transition to democracy.

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Politicians from Budapest
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Socialists

Gyula Horn


Lord Colin Campbell (9 March 1853 – 18 June 1895) was a Scottish Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1878 to 1885.

Campbell was the fifth son of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, and his wife Lady Elizabeth Georgiana, daughter of George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland. He was educated at Eton College, St Andrews University and Trinity College, Cambridge. He entered Middle Temple in 1875 and was a lieutenant in the 2nd Argyll Rifle Volunteers. He entered Parliament for Argyllshire in 1878, a seat he held until 1885. A number of Campbell's constituents became disenchanted with him, adopting a parody of a traditional song about the Campbell family: "But their aim, and their claim, which are one and the same,/Are founded in falsehoods of sand, you know./The Campbells are cunning, oho, oho .." One consequence of Campbell's unpopularity was that his brother, the Marquess of Lorne, Queen Victoria's son-in-law, who had previously been MP for Argyllshire and was seeking to return to politics after a spell as Governor-General of Canada, felt compelled to find a seat outside Scotland. He stood as Liberal candidate for Hampstead in 1885, but lost.

Campbell married Gertrude Elizabeth Blood (1857–1911), daughter of Irish landowner Edmund Maghlin Blood, in 1881. They had no children and were separated in 1884, partially because of Gertrude Blood's firm belief that Campbell had infected her with syphilis. An acrimonious legal battle followed in 1886, resulting in Gertrude's being denied a divorce. The notorious trial involved accusations of adultery from both sides, and visits by the jury to the Campbell's London home at 79 Cadogan Place to verify testimony about what the butler saw through a keyhole of Lady Colin Campbell's encounters with other men. The couple remained married until Lord Colin's death in Bombay in 1895 from syphilis.

Gertrude Elizabeth became a well-known socialite, writer and wit. She died in November 1911.

References

External links

1853 births
1895 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Younger sons of dukes
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
Colin
Deaths from syphilis

Lord Colin Campbell