The Main Propulsion Test Article (MPTA-098) was built by Rockwell International as a testbed for the definitive propulsion and fuel delivery systems for the U.S. Space Shuttle Program.

Description

Never intended for actual spaceflight, the MPTA consisted of the internal structure of a Space Shuttle orbiter aft-fuselage, a truss structure that simulated the basic structure and shape of an orbiter mid-fuselage and a complete Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) assembly, including all main propulsion system plumbing and the associated electrical systems. Later, the very different STA (Structural Test Article) was converted into a flightworthy orbiter, re-designated OV-099, and christened Challenger.  Rockwell and NASA thus retroactively re-designated the MPTA as MPTA-098, though it was never christened with a name. A Space Shuttle External Tank, commonly referred to as MPTA-ET, was built to be used in conjunction with MPTA-098 for structural tests of the Space Shuttle Main Engines prior to construction of flyable craft. It rolled off the assembly line on September 9, 1977 at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana, and was then transported to the National Space Technology Laboratories in southern Mississippi (now known as Stennis Space Center) where it was used in the static test firing of the Shuttle's cluster of three main engines.

History

On June 24, 1977, MPTA-098 was delivered by Rockwell International to the National Space Technology Laboratory (NSTL), in Hancock County, Mississippi, where it was mated with MPTA-ET, mounted in a launch orientation and used for static engine tests. On July 2, 1979, MPTA-098 suffered major structural damage due to a fractured fuel valve on Space Shuttle Main Engine number 2002. The fracture allowed hydrogen to leak into the enclosed aft compartment, raising the pressure to beyond the structural capability of the heat shield supports, severely damaging the structure. After extensive repairs were completed, testing resumed in September, but on November 4, a high-pressure oxidizer turbopump failed 9.7 seconds into a scheduled 510-second test. Finally, on December 17, 1979, a complete static firing was accomplished that included all three Space Shuttle Main Engines running at up to 100 percent of rated thrust for 554 seconds, exceeding the predicted maximum time that the SSMEs would burn during an operational shuttle launch.

The preliminary flight certification (PFC) program, which would clear the way for the SSMEs to be flown aboard manned vehicles, began in early 1980. A number of setbacks, including an overheating high-pressure turbopump that shut down an engine 4.6 seconds into a 544-second test on April 16, 1980, in July, the burn-through of a hydrogen preburner cancelled a 581-second test after 105 seconds and the structural failure of a flight-rated nozzle shut down a November 1980 test after 20 seconds, slowed progress dramatically. These failures led to a number of critical changes to the SSMEs and their associated systems. In June 1980, due to the number of changes in the SSME design since the SSME installation on Columbia, the three flight-rated SSMEs (numbers 2005, 2006 and 2007) which had performed successful individual 520-second mission demonstration test firings on the NSTL SSME test stand in early 1979, were removed from OV-102, shipped to NSTL, and  successfully recertified. The engines were then shipped back to Kennedy Space Center and reinstalled on Columbia. On January 17, 1981, with less than three months remaining before the scheduled STS-1 launch date, MPTA-098 successfully demonstrated a 625-second firing that included simulated abort profiles, completing the final PFC test and allowing the SSME design to be fully certified for flight, clearing the way for the launch of STS-1 on April 12, 1981.

From 1981 until 1988, the MPTA-098 and MPTA-ET remained in-situ on the NSTL test stand, unused. In late 1988, the Essex Corporation used the thrust structure of the MPTA as the basis for an engineering development model for the proposed Shuttle-C launch vehicle. The model was used by NASA and Boeing at Kennedy Space Center and the Marshall Space Flight Center to conduct fit-checks and manufacturing engineering studies. The Shuttle-C program was cancelled by the United States Congress in 1990 and the model was disassembled. Today, the Main Propulsion Test Article, without truss work, is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Visitor Information Center for NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, alongside the External Tank, which is mounted under the refurbished Pathfinder orbiter simulator and has two Advanced Solid Rocket Booster casings to produce a complete Space Shuttle stack.

Timeline

Construction
 07/26/72 Contract award
 07/17/74 Start of long-lead fabrication
 06/24/75 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
 01/23/76 Truss on dock at Rockwell Downey
 03/17/76 Complete premate at Downey and delivered to Palmdale
 05/03/76 Complete proof load test setup at Palmdale
 06/29/76 Move truss assembly from Palmdale Building 294 to 295
 07/08/76 MPTA-098 on dock at Downey
 07/12/76 Start of Final Assembly
 07/24/76 Complete MPTA-098 proof load test
 05/27/77 Completed Final Assembly, Transport to Seal Beach
 06/03/77 Transport from Seal Beach to NSTL
 06/24/77 Arrival at NSTL for static firing
 09/10/77 Arrival of MPTA-ET at NSTL

Test firings
 04/21/78 1st static firing (2.5 sec)
 05/19/78 2nd static firing (15 sec)
 06/15/78 3rd static firing (50 sec)
 07/07/78 4th static firing (100 sec)
 05/04/79 5th static firing flight nozzles (1.5 sec)
 06/12/79 5th static firing flight nozzles (54 sec)
 10/24/79 6th static firing flight nozzles (scrubbed)
 11/04/79 6th static firing flight nozzles (10 sec cutoff)
 12/17/79 6th static firing non-flight (554 sec)
 02/28/80 7th static firing non-flight (555 sec)
 03/28/80 8th static firing non-flight (539 sec)
 04/16/80 9th static firing non-flight (4.6 sec cutoff)
 05/30/80 9th static firing non-flight (565 sec cutoff)
 07/12/80 10th static firing flight nozzles (105 sec shutdown)
 11/03/80 11th static firing flight nozzles (20 sec shutdown)
 12/04/80 11th static firing non-flight (591 sec)
 01/17/81 12th static firing flight nozzles (625 sec)

See also
 Boilerplate
 Space Shuttle main engine

Further reading

References

Space Shuttle program
Space Shuttle tourist attractions
U.S. Space & Rocket Center

Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article


On 19 October 2006, the Royal Institution of Great Britain named the 1975 short story collection The Periodic Table, by Primo Levi, the best science book ever.  After taking nominations from many scientists in various disciplines, authors, and other notable people (such as the Archbishop of Canterbury), the Royal Institution compiled a shortlist of books for consideration.  This shortlist was presented to the public at an event held at Imperial College and the audience voted to determine which book was "the best."

List of books

Shortlist
 The Periodic Table (1975) by Primo Levi (winner)
 King Solomon's Ring (1949) by Konrad Lorenz
 Arcadia (1993) by Tom Stoppard
 The Selfish Gene (1976) by Richard Dawkins

Other nominees
 The Double Helix by James Watson
 The Life of Galileo by Bertolt Brecht
 Pluto's Republic by Peter Medawar
 The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin
 The Blank Slate by Steven Pinker
 A Leg to Stand On by Oliver Sacks
 Consciousness Explained by Daniel Dennett
 Shadows of the Mind by Roger Penrose
 On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
 Invention by Norbert Wiener
 Gödel, Escher, Bach by Douglas Hofstadter
 Mathematics, Form and Function by Saunders Mac Lane
 A Mathematician's Apology by G.H. Hardy
 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat by Oliver Sacks
 How to Build a Time Machine by Paul Davies
 Mason & Dixon by Thomas Pynchon
 Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! by Richard Feynman
 The Strategy of Conflict by Thomas Schelling
 The Microbe Hunters by Paul de Kruif

References

External links

British literary awards
Awards established in 2006
Awards disestablished in 2006
Science writing awards
Top book lists

Best science book ever


The Washington Nationals of 1884 were a short-lived baseball team in the American Association.  They won 12 games and lost 51.  Their home games were played at Athletic Park in Washington, D.C.  They were also known as the Washington Statesmen.

The Nationals were managed for all but one game by former player Holly Hollingshead.  John Bickerton managed their final game on August 2, 1884, a loss to the New York Metropolitans.  Their top hitter was shortstop Frank Fennelly, who went 75-for-257, a batting average of .292.  By far their best pitcher was Bob Barr, who was 9-23 with an ERA of 3.46.

This team should not be confused with the other 1884 Washington Nationals franchise, a different team which played in the Union Association during its only year of operation.

In 1891, the AA had another team in Washington, which moved to the National League in 1892.

See also
1884 Washington Nationals season

References

External links
Baseball Reference Team Index

American Association (1882–1891) baseball teams
Defunct baseball teams in Washington, D.C.
Baseball teams disestablished in 1884
Baseball teams established in 1884

Washington Nationals (American Association)


Mbói Tu'i is one of the seven legendary monsters of Guaraní mythology. He is the second son of Tau and Kerana.

Name
Mbói Tu'i literally translates to "snake-parrot" which describes this creature's appearance.

Myths
Mbói Tu'i has the form of an enormous serpent with a huge parrot head and a huge beak. He also has a red, forked tongue the color of blood. His skin is scaly and streaked. Feathers cover his head. He has a harmful look that frightens everyone who has the bad luck to be found with him. He patrols the swamps and protects amphibian life.  He enjoys the humidity and flowers. He lets out an incredible powerful and terrible squawk which can be heard from very far off and which instills terror in all who hear it. He is considered the protector of aquatic animals and the wetlands.

See also
Basilisco Chilote
The Legend of Iguassu Falls: The Folklore, Mystery and Beauty C.W. Peters - the legend of how Iguassu was formed by the Serpentine God of the river - Mboi

References

COLMAN, Narciso R. (Rosicrán): Ñande Ypy Kuéra ("Nuestros antepasados"), 1929

Guaraní legendary creatures
Guaraní deities
Sea and river gods
Legendary serpents
Legendary birds
Mythological hybrids

Mbói Tu'ĩ


Paul Antony Mullassery (born 15 January 1960) is the 14th Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon. His Lordship also served as Judicial Vicar since 2013 and the Vicar General of the Diocese since 2017 as well as the Judicial Vicar of the Diocese. He was ordained as the Bishop of Quilon on 3 June 2018 at Fatima Mata National College ground with many Bishops attending the function. He would be a celebrant in the mass on 24 February 2019 which would mark the start of the canonization process of Bishop Jerome. M. Fernandez.

Early life and education
His Lordship Bishop Mullassery was born in Kaithakkodi in Kanjiracodu on 15 January 1960, to Margareta and Anthony Gabriel. His father was a qualified veterinary Vaidyar, also popular in the locality as "Kala vaidyar".  He completed his primary education in Kanjirakode at St. Margaret LP school, and high school in Trinity Lyceum School, Kollam. He joined St. Raphael minor seminary, Kollam in 1969 and studied philosophy and theology in Saint Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Alwaye, graduating in 1978. He completed his doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Urbaniana University, Rome. He was ordained a priest on 22 December 1984 for the diocese of Quilon.

References

External links

People from Kollam district
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India
1960 births
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Living people

Paul Antony Mullassery


Hans Rudolf Künsch (born October 17, 1951) is a Swiss mathematician and statistician based in Zürich, where he has been a professor with the Seminar für Statistik since 1983 at the ETH Zurich.

Education and career
Künsch studied mathematics at ETH Zürich Künsch worked as a research student at the University of Tokyo with a scholarship grant from the Japanese government. After completing his PhD at ETH Zürich, with a dissertation project under Hans Föllmer and Frank Hampel on Reellwertige Zufallsfelder auf einem Gitter: Interpolationsprobleme, Variationsprinzip und statistische Analyse, he returned to research work in Japan, at the University of Tokyo and the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. Since 1983 he has held various academic positions with his alma mater ETH Zürich.

From 2007 to 2009, Künsch was the Chair of ETH Zürich's Department of Mathematics. He was a co-editor of the leading journal Annals of Statistics during the 1998–2000 period and has served on the Council of the worldwide organisation Institute of Mathematical Statistics. Künsch retired in 2014.

Research
Künsch's main research areas are spatial statistics and random fields (geostatistics, parameter estimation for Gibbs fields, image analysis, space-time models); time series analysis (long range dependence, bootstrap methods for dependent data, general state-space models); and robust statistics and statistical model selection. Among his most frequently cited contributions is the Annals of Statistics 1989 article on bootstrapping and jackknifing in stationary time series.

References

External links
 Künsch's home page
 Seminar für Statistik with the ETH
 Department of Mathematics at the ETH

1951 births
Living people
Swiss statisticians
20th-century Swiss mathematicians
21st-century Swiss  mathematicians
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Annals of Statistics editors
Spatial statisticians
Mathematical statisticians
ETH Zurich alumni

Hans-Rudolf Künsch


Trifles is a one-act play by Susan Glaspell. She wrote a short story "A Jury of Her Peers". She adapted the story from the play a year after its debut. It was first shown to the public by the Provincetown Players at the Wharf Theatre in Provincetown, Massachusetts on August 8, 1916. In the original play, Glaspell played the role of one of the characters, Mrs. Hale. It frequently appears in American literature textbooks.

Background
The play is about the murder of John Hossack. Glaspell reported on the murder while she was working as a news journalist for the Des Moines Daily News. People thought that Hossack's wife, Margaret, killed her husband. However, Margaret argued that someone had entered the house and killed John with an axe. She was found out to be guilty, but Susan Glaspell could not forget about the accident.

Feminist drama
Trifles is an example of early feminist drama. There are two female characters: Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale. They had the ability to sympathize with the victim's wife, Minnie. Therefore, they could find the evidence against her while the men could not find the evidence because of their cold, emotionless search of material facts. The female characters find the body of a canary. Its neck was twisted and it was killed in the same way as John Wright, who was the dead husband. They can find out from the evidence that Minnie was the murderer, and they appear to empathize with her situation. Clearly, the wife is symbolized by the caged bird, a common symbol of women's roles in society. The plot ends with the two women hiding the evidence against Minnie.

The male characters have prejudice. They believed that they can discover nothing important in areas of the house where Minnie spent most time. Because of their prejudice, they overlook important clues that are "trifles" to them, while women concern about the clues. Male characters search the barn and the bedroom, places where men have power, rather than the kitchen, the only place where a woman would be powerful. One important line, spoken by the sheriff, says of the kitchen "Nothing here but kitchen things." The main reason of their failure of finding the evidence is that they ignored the importance of woman's life and did not want to enter the "woman's sphere". The most important evidence, the dead canary that the two women find, was hidden in Minnie's sewing basket.

After they find the evidence, the two women face the moral dilemma of telling the men about the motive or protecting Minnie because they see Minnie as a victim. Their choice raises questions about solidarity among women, the meaning of justice, and the role of women in society as a source of justice.

Symbolism
As the women note, Minnie used to sing before she married John Wright. Martha thinks that Minnie could not sing or do anything that makes her happy because of her husband. Martha also thinks that Minnie's spirit was dead when she got married. The writer symbolizes it in the strangling of her songbird companion.

Minnie is similar to her kitchen and sewing things. The cold weather freezes and breaks her preserve jars. That symbolizes the cold environment of her home breaking her spirit. In addition, the coldness cause the characters to fail to empathize each other.

The male characters are clear symbols of "law" and cold rationality, while the women are intuitive. They raise questions of the value of rational thought.

Modern Theater
One thing unique in this play is that the main "players" in the murder, Minnie (the murderer) and John Wright (the murdered) never appear on stage. Other characters describe their lives and personalities.

Characters
 George Henderson, the County Attorney (originally played by Michael Hulgan)
 Henry Peters, Sheriff (originally played by Robert Conville)
 Lewis Hale, A neighboring farmer (originally played by George Cram Cook)
 Mrs. Peters, the Sheriff's wife (originally played by Alice Hall)
 Mrs. Hale (originally played by Susan Glaspell, and later by Kim Base)
• John Wright, the murdered Husband in the beginning of the Play
• Minnie Wright, main focus of the play and suspect of her husband's murder
American plays
1916 works
20th-century plays

Trifles


The Crusaders (, also known as Škripari) were a Croatian pro-Ustashe anti-communist guerrilla army. Their activities started after the capitulation of the Independent State of Croatia genocidal regime in May 1945, towards the end of World War II. The Crusaders' activities ended in 1950.

During World War II
The leadership of the Independent State of Croatia was preparing for the impending major battles against the Yugoslav Partisans who were in 1944 reinforced by the Red Army. They wanted to establish a front on the Varaždin-Koprivnica-Sisak-Petrinja-Karlovac line. They also wanted to establish a guerrilla army that would fight behind the front lines. This guerrilla force would also, if necessary, fight the British, Americans, and Soviets. During the penultimate meeting of the Main Ustaše Headquarters, it was discussed whether a guerrilla army should be created, and if so, how this army would fight. A plan for moving the Croatian Army through Bosnia was already accepted when Ante Pavelić ordered the army's retreat through Slovenia towards Austria (at the time in the British occupation zone).

Preparations for guerilla warfare began in 1943 when the Germans formed the Jagdverbände. These formations used the same tactics as the guerrillas who fought against them. Staff jobs, that is planning, logistic, technical work and training were performed by German army experts, while the Ustaše provided the manpower. The guerilla units were named S-Units (S Skupine). Due to Italian capitulation the plan was implemented in 1944, and in 1945 the plan included the whole of what was then Croatian territory. Croatian guerilla actions against Yugoslav Partisans were not notable during the war, but they influenced post-war guerilla combat. Notable people who worked with the S-Units were Vjekoslav Luburić, Ljubo Miloš and Dinko Šakić.

Regardless, the majority of the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia and a large number of Ustaše members retreated towards the Austrian and Italian borders.

After the reestablishment of Yugoslavia
Soldiers who returned from abroad in mid-1945 acted in unorganized, small groups, which provided a foundation for future guerrilla forces.

Crusaders in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina were mostly former personnel of the Armed Forces of the NDH, mostly Ustaše, but also Croatian Home Guard, members of the former Croatian legionnaire divisions of the Wehrmacht and non-military Ustaše members.

Croatian historian Zdravko Dizdar describes the Crusaders mostly as soldiers and other individuals associated with the NDH army who went underground for fear of their lives, because the Partisans had engaged significant OZNA resources in tracking them down, which led to either their summary executions, judicial executions, or long prison sentences. Any known associates of eliminated Crusaders, mostly their relatives, were also often targeted by the Partisan military and political apparatus.

Despite the name, the Crusaders were not a religious movement. Religion was a banner that they used to distinguish themselves from atheist communists. Most supporters of the Crusaders were Catholic but there were also many Muslim members, including the Crusader commander in Sarajevo, Hasan Biber. They also stated that the Yugoslav partisans were a Serbian anti-Croat movement. There was also support for the Crusaders in anti-Communist emigrant communities, especially in Spain, Argentina, Canada, the United States, and West Germany.

The Yugoslav Department of State Security (UDBA) blamed the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS, also called Mačekovci) and the Catholic clergy for the creation of the Crusaders. The UDBA claimed that the name "Crusaders" was coined in June 1945, when remaining elements of the Croatian Armed Forces and the clerical part of the HSS joined. The UDBA states that remains of Ustaše bandits under wing of a Pastoral Letter took the name "Crusaders". The Crusaders' insignia was the Croatian Coat of Arms with the white cross, or the Ustaše sign with the "U" replaced with a white cross. Their flag was the Croatian tricolor with the slogan "For Croatia and Christ Against Communists" ("Za Hrvatsku i Krista protiv komunista") on one side, and "In this sign thou shalt conquer" ("U ovom ćeš znaku pobijediti") on the other. The Croatian guerrillas were called various names: Crusaders (križari), Cavers (Špiljari), Škripari, Kamišari (cavers), Jamari (cavers), Šumnjaci (forest people), even White Partisans (bijeli partizani). The name "Crusaders" was used universally, while the other names were used regionally.

Activities

In the summer of 1945 after their complete dispersion, the Crusaders started to organise, connect and form strongholds. The main Crusader force was in southern Dalmatia, but there was also a strong presence in Banija, in areas around Karlovac, in Lika and in northern Dalmatia. Crusaders engaged in large scale actions in those areas.

Crusader tactics included the assassination of Yugoslav Communist officials, Communist Party members and Yugoslav soldiers; disarming of Yugoslav soldiers and police; robbing of the supporters of the communist government, attacks on collectives, the destruction of state property and the disruption of transport.

The new communist government in Yugoslavia started to focus on the Crusaders in July 1945. They feared the possibility that this group could bring the return of the "60,000 Ustaše who are waiting from Venice to Trieste". The Yugoslav government declared an amnesty in August and September 1945. Large number of Crusaders responded. This amnesty was extended to everyone except Ustaše, members of the Cossack Cavalry Corps, supporters of Dimitrije Ljotić (ljotićevci), NDH officers who commanded units of battalion size or larger, informers, members of the Kulturbund and all those who had escaped Yugoslavia.

Violent methods had priority. Formation of warrant section was common, they would block the terrain to form ambushes. The Yugoslav Department for the Protection of the People (OZNA) installed special groups dressed as Crusaders and agents into Crusader units. Installed OZNA members would bring Crusader groups with their groups (other installed OZNA groups). Crusaders were offered amnesty if they assisted in detection, capture and killing of their comrades. According to varied testimony, those guarantees were not honoured. In 1946 and 1947, OZNA started to act in concert with local inhabitants. Many Crusaders were summarily executed as an example to others. Those who were tried were sentenced to long imprisonment, while leaders of Crusader groups were punished with death. The most dramatic conviction was the deportation of the family of some Crusaders and their sympathizers, or entire villages. The places where OZNA moved them were mostly Adriatic islands. Members of Crusader families were also confined in prisons or camps.

The coordinated activities of OZNA, The Corps of People's Defence of Yugoslavia (KNOJ) and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in winter of 1945/46 large number of Crusaders who enlisted fugitives from prisons and camps was destroyed. In 1946, Crusaders became stronger in northern Croatia, while in south their power was decreasing. The Yugoslav authorities were torn between wishing to eliminate the Crusaders and their refusal to admit that they were forced to take the Crusaders seriously. In the press and on radio, the Crusaders were almost never mentioned. They were only mentioned during the trials of Crusaders or trial of Alojzije Stepinac. In March 1946 the leader of the Chetniks, Draža Mihailović was captured. In July of the same year, president of the Government of the People's Republic of Croatia, Vladimir Bakarić stated that they would destroy the guerrillas within a month if the Crusaders weren't helped by Austria and Italy.

During 1946 the Crusaders launched a few large attacks. One took place on the Velebit mountain where 10 JNA soldiers were killed. This attack is considered the most successful Crusader attack. Against this, 840 Crusaders was killed in this year and only 540 remained in service in Croatia.

The Yugoslav government invested great efforts to renew residential buildings and communications. Communist Party organisations, charged to prevent the spread of defeatism and demoralisation, still reported conflicts between Croats and Serbs. Communists were worried about the small number of Croats in the Communist Party. During the first three years of its rule, the Communist Party eliminated all possible opposition and their opponents' leaders were imprisoned.

By 1947, almost every Crusader group was destroyed and 836 Crusaders were killed or captured. In that year Crusaders killed 38 people, of whom 5 were soldiers, and wounded 14 people, of whom 2 were soldiers. Crusaders recruitment was between 10 and 15. About 2,000 of the most active collaborators of the Crusaders were captured. Ustashas in exiles in Austria and Italy spread exaggerated reports on numbers and activities of crusaders. Conditions in Croatia in mid 1947 was described in reports by Ustaše Officers Ljubo Miloš and Ante Vrban. They illegally entered Yugoslavia from Austria with the intent to unite Crusader groups. They reported of "overwhelming support for them for the population and that Croatia and Croatian emigration will soon lead to separate worlds if nothing was done". However, UDBA soon captured both Vrban and Miloš and used them to lure senior officers and politicians back in the country by sending false information, so they can arrest them.

At the beginning of July 1948 no guerilla group was mentioned in Yugoslav records. Information that there were still 67 guerrilla soldiers was ignored since most of them were inactive. In one document it was reported that in 1948, 243 Crusaders were killed, captured or surrendered. Without the support of the people, the Crusaders were demoralized and surrendered. The survivors turned to crime. Communist leaders continued to equate the HSS and the Catholic clergy with the Crusaders. The British Ambassador reported that the number of guerilla personnel had decreased to a few hundred in February 1950.

Though there was an attempt at founding a new Crusader group in 1952 near Našice, it was clear that their existence as an active movement was at its end. Eventually, remaining members of the Crusaders either surrendered or went into hiding, some remaining underground as long as the mid 1960s.  With the end of the Crusaders, the last sign of armed Ustaše resistance to Communism in Croatia vanished..

The leader of the Crusaders was a former Croatian general, Vjekoslav Luburić, and possibly also Rafael Boban.

Although the Communist government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, especially through the Department for the Protection of the People (OZNA) Department of State Security (UDBA) fought against the Crusaders and their sympathizers mercilessly, some level of armed resistance to the Yugoslav communist regime by Croatian nationalists continued long after the end of WWII. Activities included individual actions but also more complex attacks like the 1972 introduction of the Bugojno group as well as attacks abroad like the 1971 Yugoslav Embassy shooting at Sweden and the subsequent hijacking of Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130.

See also
 Anti-Soviet partisans
 Forest Brothers

References

Sources

Further reading

External links
 Križari na gospićkom području 1945. – 1950.

Ustaše
Guerrilla organizations
Anti-communist resistance movements in Eastern Europe
Anti-communist organizations
Neo-fascist organizations
Croatian nationalist organizations

Crusaders (guerrilla)


The Official Journal of the Republic of Chile () is Chile's government gazette – a means of publication of laws, decrees, and other legal regulations issued by state bodies.

It was created by decree of President Aníbal Pinto on 15 November 1876. Its first issue was published on 1 March 1877. The Official Journal appears Monday through Saturday, except holidays.

History
The Official Journal replaced El Araucano, which had been the official government gazette from 1830 to 1876. It was created on the initiative of Interior Minister José Victorino Lastarria, who wanted a formal means of regulating the publication of official documents.

The first director of the National Press was Ricardo Becerra. In his early years, he continued to publish editorial columns as in the Journals predecessor, but subsequently focused on official documents (laws, decrees, etc.) only. In 1880 Becerra was replaced by Guillermo Blest Gana, who was succeeded by Alcibiades Roldán (1884–1891), Carlos Emeterio Cerda (1891–1912) and Honorario Henriquez Perez (1912–1926).

In late 1890 and early 1891, editorial columns reappeared, apparently written by the President José Manuel Balmaceda or members of his government. After 1891, this practice disappeared completely. Taking advantage of this situation, an opposition newspaper named Official Journal of the True Government () was published.  The Revolutionary Junta of Iquique also began publishing an Official Bulletin in May 1891. Its production ended in November when Santiago was occupied by congressional forces which were victorious in the Civil War of 1891.

On 19 April 2016, the Interior Ministry published a decree amending the organization and operation of the Official Journal. This also eliminated its printed version and legally validated its digital edition. As of 17 August, copies are only printed for archival and reference purposes – for the Official Journal itself, the National Library, the , the Supreme Court, and the National Archives.

Administration
The Official Journal was originally published by the National Press. Its administration was privatized in 1926. However, due to unsatisfactory performance, it was transferred to Empresa Periodística La Nación S.A. (publisher of La Nación) in 1931. The latter was directly responsible for editing and printing beginning in 1934.

On 27 August 2013, administration of the Official Journal passed to the Chilean Ministry of the Interior and its central office moved to 511 Dr. Torres Boonen St., in the commune of Providencia.

Content
The Official Journal publishes various standards, such as laws, decrees with the force of law, decrees and resolutions of various bodies and public services, ordinances, agreements of the courts, and agreements of the Central Bank.

Legal publications, such as notices of misplacement of documents, change of name, presumed death, bankruptcies, and warning notifications are included.

The Official Journal also publishes calls for public bids, extracts from the deeds of incorporation, minutes of annual general meetings, and balance sheets of the Central Bank.

References

External links

1876 establishments in Chile
Chile
Government of Chile
Newspapers published in Chile
Online newspapers with defunct print editions
Publications established in 1876
Spanish-language newspapers

Diario Oficial de la República de Chile


The Delian League was founded in 478 BC. It was an association of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The League had a many cities: at various times between 150 and 330.

The League was led by Athens to continue fighting the Persian Empire. The Greeks had won the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

The League's modern name comes from its official meeting place, the island of Delos, where congresses were held in the temple. The treasury stood there, until Pericles moved it to Athens in 454 BC.

Soon after the League was set up, Athens began to use the League's funds for its own purposes. This led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful members of the League. By 431 BC,  the League presented a threat to Sparta. This, and Athens's heavy-handed control of the League, started the Peloponnesian War. The League was dissolved after the war's end in 404 BC by the order of Lysander, the Spartan commander.

References

5th-century establishments
5th-century disestablishments
Ancient Greek cities

Delian League


Lower Plenty is an Australian rules football club in Montmorency, Victoria, currently competing in the Northern Football League.

History
The Lower Plenty Football Club located 18 km north-east of Melbourne in the suburb of Montmorency. The club's home ground is the upper oval at Para Road Reserve, adjacent to the Montmorency Football Club home ground.

The club wore a brown and gold vertical striped guernsey and were known as the Hawks before changing to a gold and maroon guernsey and becoming the Bears due to a clash with existing Second Division Club Heidelberg West.

Founded in 1961 as the Diamond Valley Churches Football Club the club was affiliated with the Metropolitan Churches League. When the league folded in 1970, the club became Diamond Valley United and joined the Eastern Suburban Churches Football Association.

In 1983, the club transferred to the Panton Hill Football League before returning to the ESCFA in 1986

The club played seasons 1993 & 1994 in the Southern Football League before settling into the Second Division of the Diamond Valley Football League in 1995.

Winning the 1999 Second Division premiership the club was promoted to First Division, where the club survived for a few seasons before falling back to Second Division.

In the 2010 Northern Football League Second Division Grand Final played at Preston City Oval on 11 September the club was beaten by Whittlesea 9.3.57 to 9.17.71.

In the 2011 Northern Football League Second Division Grand Final played at Preston City Oval on 17 September the club defeated Epping 12.14.86 to 4.10.34 and promotion to
the Northern Football League First Division in 2012.

In 2012, Lower Plenty competed in Division One for the first time since 2005. They lost around half of their 2011 Premiership players and were tipped to finish last and be relegated back to Division Two. In the final round of the 2012 season, Lower Plenty sat on the bottom of the ladder. They played Whittlesea, who were second bottom, and needed to win by 29 points or more to make up the 3% needed to finish 9th on the ladder. They won by 37 points, thus securing a spot in Division One for 2013 while condemning Whittlesea to Division Two.

In 2018 Lower Plenty beat Eltham after the siren in the grand final to earn promotion from Division 2. In 2019 they will again compete in Division 1.

Premierships

Northern Football League (Formerly Diamond Valley Football League)

Seniors
Second Division: 1999, 2011, 2018

Reserves
Second Division: 2011

Thirds
Second Division: 1997, 1999, 2011

Eastern Suburban Churches Football League

Seniors
1986

Jumper
The club originally wore Brown and Gold vertical stripes but changed to Maroon and Gold due to a clash with Heidelberg West. After changing the jumper again to be more like the Brisbane Bears (who hadn't merged yet), the club decided to wear a Maroon strip with a White outlined, Yellow V. In 2002 the club changed the jumper again to a custom strip with a Gold top and Maroon bottom separated by a Navy and White bear outline. In 2009 the club changed back to the previous Brisbane Bears jumper to be the same as their alignment club Research Junior Football Club

External links
 Official club website
 Footypedia history of Lower Plenty FC

Australian rules football clubs established in 1961
Northern Football League (Australia) clubs
1961 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Banyule

Lower Plenty Football Club


William Martley (4 January 1824 – 6 February 1874) was the locomotive superintendent of the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) in England from 1860 until his death.

Biography
William was born in Ballyfallon, in County Meath, Ireland, in 1824. In 1841 he was articled to Daniel Gooch at the Swindon Works of the Great Western Railway, and in 1847 became locomotive superintendent of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway. He soon moved to the South Devon Railway, and then, in 1850, became locomotive superintendent of the South Wales Railway, based at Newport. In 1860 he moved to the London Chatham and Dover Railway, where he was the first locomotive superintendent. He became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1867, but died in office in February 1874.

London Chatham & Dover Railway
During his period at the LCDR Martley established the Longhedge Railway Works (Battersea) 1860–1862 and used it for the construction of new locomotives, and the Stewarts Lane motive power depot.

Locomotives
According to D.L. Bradley, Martley's locomotives were "neat and attractive with a special charm of their own. In service they proved hard-working, reliable and above all, durable." His classes included 0-4-2 and 2-4-0 tank engines  and 2-4-0 tender locomotives.

References

External links
 steamindex.com
 Biography at gracesguide.co.uk

1824 births
1874 deaths
English railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
People from County Meath

William Martley


Armando Ghitalla (June 1, 1925 – 14 December 2001) was an American orchestral trumpeter. He studied at the Juilliard School, and performed in the New York City Opera, the New York City Ballet, and the Houston Symphony. He was a member of the Boston Symphony Orchestra for 28 years, and served as principal trumpet (succeeding Roger Voisin) for fifteen. He was also active as a soloist, and was the first trumpeter to record the Trumpet Concerto in E by Johann Nepomuk Hummel.

Ghitalla was born in Alpha, Illinois, and his family moved to Knoxville, Illinois, shortly after he was born. At age 8, he decided he wanted to play the trumpet. He graduated from Knoxville High School in 1942 and enrolled at Illinois Wesleyan University. He entered the U.S. Navy a year later. He played trumpet in a Navy dance band and never went overseas. After the war, he used the G.I. Bill to enroll in Juilliard School of Music in New York City.

He served on the faculties of Boston University, the New England Conservatory, the Hartt School of Music at the University of Hartford, the Tanglewood Music Center and the University of Michigan. At the time of his death, he was on the faculty of the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University.

A CD of his final recordings was released by Bridge Records in August 2007. It includes concertos by William P. Perry, Amilcare Ponchielli, Johann Melchior Molter and Oskar Böhme.

Mr. Ghitalla was a great mentor to many trumpeters including Rolf Smedvig, Wynton Marsalis, Raymond Mase and countless others. Mr. Ghitalla's characteristic way of single tonguing was called "anchor tonguing" and was very similar to the tonguing style called "K Tongue Modified" by Claude Gordon and used by Herbert L. Clarke.

Armando Ghitalla also tutored the Jazz and rock trumpeter Bill Chase.

References

External links
International Trumpet Guild — Ghitalla Obituary

American trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Juilliard School alumni
Boston University faculty
New England Conservatory faculty
University of Hartford Hartt School faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Rice University faculty
2001 deaths
1925 births
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians

Armando Ghitalla


Although Tuʻutanga married a Tuʻi Tonga, it is not sure it was ʻUluakimata or an earlier or later king. In any case most likely she was not a principal wife but merely one of the concubines. Paku would grow up to become the fisherman of the Tuʻi Tonga, and his offspring is the Fakafānua chiefly line.

Tuʻutangahunuhunu/en


William H. Mann (born William Isaiah Erlichman; December 20, 1968) is a Grammy-nominated American songwriter, record producer and founder of independent music publishing company Green & Bloom/Topline, as well as chairman of management firm Manncom. In 2021, alongside partner Benton James, he launched Proof Of Concept, a talent development and creative media services firm. Later that same year, in partnership with Warner Music Group's ADA Worldwide, Mann and James announced the launch of joint venture label, icons+giants.

Over a 25-year period, Mann has written songs and/or produced records for an array of artists, including P!nk, Backstreet Boys, Kelly Rowland, and Jessica Simpson.

Since writing his first top 10 hit in the UK for EMI in 1995 with "3 Is Family" by Dana Dawson, Mann has achieved several Top 40 hits around the world (including several Top 10s and number 1s), with cumulative album sales of over 110 million.

Early life and education
Mann was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as the youngest of three children. Born to middle class parents, Mann lived with his mother in Philadelphia's inner city after his parents' divorce. From early childhood, he began experimenting with songwriting and taught himself guitar, piano, bass, harmonica, baritone horn, and flute. By age 12, Mann had put together several bands with other young local musicians, including musicians such as Steven Wolf, Clayton Sears and Adam Dorn (a.k.a. Mocean Worker).

Mann attended the Philadelphia High School for the Creative & Performing Arts (CAPA) for Vocal Music, alongside members of Boyz II Men, The Roots, Christian McBride and Joey DeFrancesco, receiving his diploma in three years. Three years after high school, in 1989, he received his bachelor's degree from Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts.

Career

Artist
Mann began his professional career by living in a car for nearly two years as a traveling musician. After stops in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami and London, Mann landed in New York, where a chance encounter with producer Ric Wake, put together by songwriter/performer Gregg Wattenberg, saw Wake introduce Mann to then A&M Records label head, Al Cafaro; Mann was ultimately signed to Wake for publishing, to Wake's production company, and to Wake's imprint DV8 Records, distributed by A&M.

The deal led to two solo releases: 1996's Billy Mann and 1998's Earthbound. Inspired by the loss of his first wife Rema Hort Mann, to stomach cancer nine months after they were married, Earthbound was co-produced by Mann and David Kershenbaum and featured co-writes with and an appearance by early mentor Carole King.

Songwriter
Mann has written songs for artists across a number of genres including pop, rock, dance, R&B, reggae, house and country. Self-publishing his own catalog, he also has publishing credits with Sony/ATV, Warner/Chappell, Verse and BMG Chrysalis. Mann's songwriting collaborators have included artists such as Carole King, Rudy Perez, Burt Bacharach, Desmond Child, Graham Lyle and Walter Afanasieff, as well as new producer/songwriters like Christian Medice, David Spencer and Supah Mario.
Of particular note is Mann's long-standing collaboration with P!nk, another Philadelphia native, who was introduced to Mann in 2002 by her then co-manager Craig Logan. They since have co-written such songs as "God Is a DJ", "Stupid Girls", "Dear Mr. President", "Nobody Knows", "I'm Not Dead", "Crystal Ball", "Glitter in the Air", "Bridge of Light", "The Truth About Love" and "Beam Me Up". They have twice been nominated for Grammy Awards, for "Stupid Girls" and "The Truth About Love".  In 2017, Mann co-wrote and produced "I Am Here" on P!nk's million selling album Beautiful Trauma.  Variety profiled the long-standing partnership between the artist and Mann just after the album's release. P!nk and Mann continued their catalog of songs in 2019 on the #1 platinum Hurts 2B Human with "The Last Song Of Your Life."

Record producer
About.com named Mann one of the Top 10 Producers of 2006. In addition to some of the artists listed above, he has worked in a production capacity with such Grammy-winning producer legends as Peter Asher, Walter Afanasieff, David Foster and James Stroud.

Production and writing credits include
P!nk: Try This, I'm Not Dead, Funhouse, Greatest Hits… So Far, The Truth About Love, Beautiful Trauma, Hurts 2B Human, All I Know So Far
Cher: Closer to the Truth
Celine Dion: Let's Talk About Love
Josh Groban: Closer
Backstreet Boys: Never Gone, Unbreakable
Michael Bolton: Only a Woman Like You
Teddy Geiger: Step Ladder, Underage Thinking, Snow Blankets the Night
Ricky Martin: Life
Martina McBride: Emotions
Robyn: My Truth
Kelly Rowland: Simply Deep, Ms. Kelly
Jonas Bros: It's About Time
Hall & Oates: Do It for Love
Jessica Simpson: Irresistible, In This Skin
Joss Stone: Introducing Joss Stone
Take That: Beautiful World
Paul van Dyk: Out There and Back
Amanda Marshall: Everybody's Got a Story
Seeed: Seeed
Frida Gold: Liebe Ist Meine Religion
Natalie Imbruglia: Male
Jennifer Brown: Vera
Grover Washington Jr., Soulful Strut
Boyzone, A Different Beat
Helene Fischer, Helene Fischer
Draco Rosa, Mad Love
Jacob Whitesides, A Piece Of Me, Faces On Film, Why?
Art Garfunkel, Everything Waits To Be Noticed
Brian Litrell, Welcome Home You
Oh Honey, Sincerely Yours
John Legend, Love In The Future
Tiziano Ferro, El Amore Es Una Cosa Simpl, Breathe Gentle
Dixie D'Amelio, Be Happy
Alex Aiono, Unloving You, The Gospel At 23
Delta Goodrem Mistaken Identity (Delta Goodrem album), Last Night On Earth,  Title Track

Show Producer
In the summer of 2021, Mann collaborated with Benton James along with Rainmaker Holding Group's Clay Pecorin, Russell Geyser, Jason Halio, and Zak Tanjeloff to create Song House Live, a reality show that brought musical influencers/social media creators together in a luxury house in upstate New York for eight weeks as they create content and record music in a bid to win a record deal with Capitol Music Group. The experience was live streamed on multiple cameras throughout the property. At the end of the competition, Tyler Brash was announced as the winner. In addition to Song House Live, Mann is a Consulting Producer of The D'Amelio Show which was released on HULU in September 2021.

Podcast
During the Covid-19 pandemic, a father of four, Mann noticed one of his kids really struggling with attending school via Zoom particularly when teacher feedback came back with challenges. Without the community of a classroom, moments of failure or self-doubt were done in isolation and were tough and Mann noticed a similar phenomenon with artists and business partners.  Subsequently, a podcast about failure was born and the premise was simple: Can we get successful artists and celebrities to speak openly about their own failures and self-doubt and how did those moments transform them?  On April 26, 2022, Warner Music Group launched their in-house podcast network, Interval Presents, and announced Billy Mann's podcast was coming.

Mann's podcast "Yeah, I F*cked That Up" launched on July, 11 2023. Notable guests on the show include Kelly Rowland, Steven Van Zandt, Renée Elise Goldsberry, and more. Drawing inspiration from one of his kids who really struggles with failure, Mann invites his guests to peel back the veneer of success and reveal the humanity beneath. From legendary musicians to top CEOs, the stories of failure, f*ck-ups and redemption inspire, enlighten, and entertain.

Entrepreneur
In 2001, Mann founded Stealth Entertainment in New York City's garment district. The one-man studio grew into a team of a half dozen executives who went on to develop multi-platinum, award-winning and chart-topping artists, songwriters, producers and mixing engineers like Andy Zulla, Christopher Rojas, Teddy Geiger, Esmee Denters and Pete Wallace. Mann is widely known for discovering Oscar-winning actor Emma Stone, Teddy Geiger, Jacob Whitesides and Charli D'Amelio as well as sister Dixie D'Amelio, among others.

In addition to developing talent, Stealth built partnerships with organizations like Seventeen Magazine, Columbia Records, SonyBMG Special Projects, Target, Levi's and other brands on behalf of the company and its roster. Stealth was acquired as part of Mann's later move to EMI.

As a consultant, Mann has worked with Zomba Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Pictures Television, Warner-Chappell, Red Bull Media House, BMG Chrysalis, Bliss Legal and BMG International. He has also been featured as a guest music commentator on The Today Show

He is an advisor on Scenebot Stage and sits on the investor board of Angel Ventures, Mexico.

Executive
In November 2007, Mann joined EMI Music as creative advisor and a member of the operating board. Soon after, he was appointed chief creative officer.

His years with the company saw the development of some of EMI's most successful international artists and partnerships, including David Guetta, Pablo Alboran, Helene Fischer, Bebe, Juan Luis Guerra, Tiziano Ferro, Robyn, Panda, Paty Cantu, Belinda, Wind Up and Movic. Additionally, he helped develop artist management initiatives in several countries (including Spain, Germany, Italy and the United States) in order to expand the way EMI developed talent. Throughout his EMI tenure, Mann also acted as the non-executive chairman for Stealth Entertainment, which in its latter years focused primarily on songwriter/producer management.

During EMI's most turbulent period, Mann worked under four CEOs in a mere three years, and carried on through each regime change. EMI's final CEO Roger Faxon announced Mann's departure from the company.

In January 2011, Mann was named president of creative, BMG North America, overseeing the creative staff in New York, Los Angeles, and Nashville in managing the roster integration of recently acquired companies, and leading efforts to attract, develop, and sign new content.

At the end of 2011, Mann founded Manncom Creative Partners, a talent and services company alongside a publishing venture with BMG, Green & Bloom/Topline. In 2013, BMG extended its investment in Green & Bloom. In 2019, Green & Bloom/Topline has celebrated a series of successes with lovelytheband, Supah Mario, Flawless, Dani Poppitt and others.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
American country songwriters
American male songwriters
American rock songwriters
Record producers from New York (state)
Record producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from New York (state)
Sony Music Publishing artists
Songwriters from New York (state)
Songwriters from Pennsylvania

Billy Mann


Gladiator is a 2000 Anglo-American historical action movie directed by Ridley Scott and produced by Douglas Wick, David Franzoni and Branko Lustig. It stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Richard Harris, Connie Nielsen, Djimon Hounsou and Oliver Reed. It won five Academy Awards.

Plot
Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix) takes power after he murders his father, Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris), the great stoical philosopher, and strips rank from Maximus (Russell Crowe), one of the favored generals of Marcus Aurelius. Maximus then becomes a slave and has to fight to the death in the gladiator arenas, while he plans his revenge on Commodus for murdering his wife and son.

Other websites

2000 action movies
2000 drama movies
2000s historical movies
2000s epic movies
American action movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
BAFTA Award winners
British action movies
British drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies set in Rome
Movies about revenge
Movies about slavery
Incest in movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Golden Globe Award winners

Gladiator (movie)


Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire, England, was formerly an Augustinian priory. Converted to a domestic home following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, it is now best known as the ancestral home of Lord Byron.

Monastic foundation
The priory of St. Mary of Newstead, a house of Augustinian Canons, was founded by King Henry II of England about the year 1170, as one of many penances he paid following the murder of Thomas Becket. Contrary to its current name, Newstead was never an abbey: it was a priory.

In the late 13th century, the priory was rebuilt and extended. It was extended again in the 15th century, when the Dorter, Great Hall and Prior's Lodgings were added. The priory was designed to be home to at least 13 monks, although there appear to have been only 12 (including the Prior) at the time of the dissolution.

The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1534 gave the clear annual value of this priory as £167 16s. 11½d. The considerable deductions included 20s. given to the poor on Maundy Thursday in commemoration of Henry II, the founder, and a portion of food and drink similar to that of a canon given to some poor person every day, valued at 60s. a year.

Despite the annual value of Newstead being clearly below the £200 assigned as the limit for the suppression of the lesser monasteries, this priory obtained the doubtful privilege of exemption, on payment to the Crown of the heavy fine of £233 6s. 8d in 1537.

The surrender of the house was accomplished on 21 July 1539. The signatures attached were those of John Blake, prior, Richard Kychun, sub-prior, John Bredon, cellarer, and nine other canons, Robert Sisson, John Derfelde, William Dotton, William Bathley, Christopher Motheram, Geoffrey Acryth, Richard Hardwyke, Henry Tingker, and Leonard Alynson.

The prior obtained a pension of £26 13s. 4d., the sub-prior £6, and the rest of the ten canons who signed the surrender sums varying from £5 6s. 8d. to £3 6s. 8d.

The lake was dredged in the late eighteenth century and the lectern, thrown into the Abbey fishpond by the monks to save it during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, was discovered. In 1805 it was given by Archdeacon Kaye to Southwell Minster where it still resides.

Priors of Newstead

 Eustace, 1216
 Richard, 1216
 Robert, 1234
 William (late cellarer), 1241
 William, 1267
 John de Lexinton, resigned 1288
 Richard de Hallam, 1288
 Richard de Grange, 1293
 William de Thurgarton, 1324
 Hugh de Colingham, 1349
 William de Colingham, resigned 1356
 John de Wylesthorp, resigned 1366
 William de Allerton, 1366
 John de Hucknall, 1406
 William Bakewell, 1417
 Thomas Carleton, resigned 1424
 Robert Cutwolfe, resigned 1424
 William Misterton, 1455
 John Durham, 1461
 Thomas Gunthorp, 1467
 William Sandale, 1504
 John Blake, 1526

Country house

Sir John Byron of Colwick in Nottinghamshire was granted Newstead Abbey by Henry VIII of England on 26 May 1540 and started its conversion into a country house. He was succeeded by his son Sir John Byron  of Clayton Hall. Many additions were made to the original building. The 13th century ecclesiastical buildings were largely ruined during the dissolution of the monasteries. It then passed to John Byron, an MP and Royalist commander, who was created a baron in 1643. He died childless in France and ownership transferred to his brother Richard Byron. Richard's son William was a minor poet and was succeeded in 1695 by his son William Byron, 4th Baron Byron. Early in the 18th century, the 4th Lord Byron landscaped the gardens extensively, and amassed a hugely admired collection of artistic masterpieces.

During the ownership of William, 5th Baron Byron, the Abbey suffered a downturn in fortunes. As a young man, William lavished money on the estate, building picturesque Gothic follies and staging glamorous mock navy battles on the lake. Continuing to take out loans and pursue his pleasures of horse-racing, gambling, and going to the theatre, he found himself financially reliant on a scheme of marrying off his only surviving son and heir to a wealthy heiress. The plan fell apart when his heir eloped with his cousin Juliana Byron, daughter of William's brother John Byron.

Though late 18th-century gossip attested that he ruined the estate, felled trees, and killed deer while hellbent on revenge, this is not the case – he simply had no money to pay his debts, and stripped the Abbey and estate of its artistic treasures, furniture, and even its trees, to quickly raise cash. Though he made thousands of pounds it was not enough to pay back the loans he had been taking out since his thirties, and there was no hope of restoring the Abbey to its former glory.

As well as outliving all four of his children William also outlived his only grandson, who was killed by cannon fire in 1794 while fighting in Corsica at the age of 22. The 5th Lord died on 21 May 1798, at the age of 75. Later, 19th-century myths attest that on his death, the great numbers of crickets he kept at Newstead left the estate in swarms. The title and Newstead Abbey were then left to his great-nephew, George Gordon Byron, then aged 10, who became the 6th Baron Byron and later the famous and notorious poet.

Lord Byron
The young Lord Byron soon arrived at Newstead and was greatly impressed by the estate. The scale of the estate contributed to Byron's extravagant taste and sense of his own importance. However, yearly income had fallen to just £800 and many repairs were needed. He and his mother soon moved to the nearby town of Southwell and neither lived permanently at Newstead for any extended period. His view of the decayed Newstead became one of the romantic ruin, a metaphor for his family's fall:

 Thro' thy battlements, Newstead, the hollow winds whistle;
Thou, the hall of my fathers, art gone to decay.

The estate was leased to the 23-year-old Henry Edward Yelverton, 19th Baron Grey de Ruthyn, from January 1803. The lease was for £50 a year for the Abbey and Park for five years, until Byron came of age. Byron stayed for some time in 1803 with Lord Grey, before they fell out badly.

In 1808, Lord Grey left at the end of his lease and Byron returned to live at Newstead and began extensive and expensive renovations. His works were mainly decorative, however, rather than structural, so that rain and damp obscured his changes within just a few years.

Byron had a beloved Newfoundland dog named Boatswain, who died of rabies in 1808. Boatswain was buried at Newstead Abbey and has a monument larger than his master's. The inscription, from Byron's poem Epitaph to a Dog, has become one of his best-known works:

Byron had wanted to be buried with Boatswain, although he would ultimately be buried in the family vault at the nearby Church of St Mary Magdalene, Hucknall.

He was determined to stay at Newstead—"Newstead and I stand or fall together"—and he hoped to raise a mortgage on the property, but his advisor John Hanson urged a sale. This would be a preoccupation for many years and was certainly not resolved when Byron left for his Mediterranean travels in 1809. Upon his return to England in 1811, Byron stayed in London, not returning to see his mother who had been living in Newstead. She died, leaving him distraught at his own negligence of her. He lived again at the Abbey for a time but was soon drawn to life in London.

For the next few years, Byron made several attempts to sell the Abbey. It was put up at auction in 1812 but failed to reach a satisfactory price. A buyer was found, however, who offered £140,000, which was accepted. By spring 1813, though, the buyer, Thomas Claughton, had only paid £5,000 of the agreed down-payment. Byron was in debt and had continued to spend money on the expectation that the house would be sold. Negotiations began to degenerate and Byron accused Claughton of robbing the wine cellar. By August 1814, it was clear that the sale had fallen through, and Claughton forfeited what he had paid of the deposit. Byron was now without settled financial means and proposed marriage to the heiress Anne Isabella Milbanke. Claughton did return with new proposals involving a reduced price and further delays. Byron turned him down.

Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration Lines Suggested on Visiting Newstead Abbey accompanies an engraving of Newstead Abbey after a painting by Thomas Allom (Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839). This poem is mainly a reflection on Byron and what it means to be a poet. Miss Landon may have visited Newstead Abbey on one of her visits to her uncle in Aberford, Yorkshire.

Later owners

Colonel Thomas Wildman

In July 1815, Newstead was once again put up for auction but failed to reach its reserve, bought in at 95,000 guineas. It was only during Byron's exile in Italy, in 1818, that a buyer was found. Thomas Wildman, who had been at Harrow School with Byron and was heir to Jamaican plantations, paid £94,500, easing Byron's financial troubles considerably.

Wildman too spent a great deal of money on the Abbey and its contents, restoring it to some greatness. The architect John Shaw Sr. designed new parts of the abbey for Wildman.

William Frederick Webb
 In 1861, William Frederick Webb, African explorer, bought the Abbey from Wildman's widow. People including David Livingstone, Abdullah Susi, James Chuma and Jacob Wainwright all visited the Abbey at different times during the period Webb lived there. Under Webb, the chapel was redecorated, but the rest of the house remained largely unaltered. After his death in 1899, the estate passed to each of his surviving children and finally to his grandson Charles Ian Fraser. Fraser sold Newstead to local philanthropist Sir Julien Cahn, who presented it to Nottingham Corporation in 1931.

Today
The Abbey is owned by Nottingham City Council and houses a museum containing Byron memorabilia. It plays host to weddings and other events.

See also
Grade I listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Listed buildings in Newstead, Nottinghamshire

References

Further reading
Newstead Priory cartulary 1344, and other archives; translated by Violet W. Walker ; edited by Duncan Gray. Thoroton Society, 1940
Emily Brand, The Fall of the House of Byron (John Murray, 2020)

External links

Newstead Abbey Homepage
Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey by Washington Irving, from Project Gutenberg

1170s establishments in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Grade I listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Country houses in Nottinghamshire
Monasteries in Nottinghamshire
Augustinian monasteries in England
Lord Byron
Historic house museums in Nottinghamshire
Biographical museums in Nottinghamshire
Gardens in Nottinghamshire
Literary museums in England
Grade I listed museum buildings
Grade I listed houses
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation

Newstead Abbey


Keokuk's Reserve was a parcel of land in the present-day U.S. state of Iowa that was retained by the Sauk and Fox tribes in 1832 in the aftermath of the Black Hawk War. The tribes stayed on the reservation only until 1836 when the land was ceded to the United States, and the Native Americans were moved to a new reservation.

Treaty terms
The terms of the treaty that ended the Black Hawk War resulted in the United States' gaining a large section of present-day Iowa known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Keokuk's Reserve was carved out of this cession.  The treaty stipulated that the reserve include Keokuk's Village, about  from the Mississippi River, as well as equal portions of land on either side of the Iowa River.

The reserve was a  area along either side of the Iowa River. The boundary crossed the Iowa River and extended to the southeast where it terminated beyond Keokuk's Village. The land surrounding the reserve was ceded to the United States by Fox and Sauk tribes as part of the Black Hawk Purchase.

Life on the reservation
After the attrition of the Black Hawk War, the Sauk and Fox peoples were forced onto Keokuk's Reservation per the treaty they signed following the war.  From the beginning, the reservation was depleted of game and poor in resources.  Keokuk's leadership declined as he increasingly consumed alcohol.

Between 1833 and 1845 the Sauk and Fox population decreased more than 50 percent, from more than 6,000 to about 1,200 from each tribe. The community continued to decline as alcohol gained a stronger hold among the peoples. Political discord also tore the groups apart.

Cession to the United States
On September 28, 1836 a new treaty was signed which ceded all of the land within Keokuk's Reserve to the United States government. The treaty was signed near Davenport, Iowa and attended by Henry Dodge, and more than 1,000 chiefs and braves, including the aged Black Hawk, from the Sauk and Fox nations.  The treaty text states that the reasoning behind the Sauk and Foxe's decision to cede the land was to "(obtain) additional means of support, and to pay their just creditors".

The result for the Sauk and Fox living within Keokuk's Reserve was that they were removed to another reservation along the Des Moines River. An Indian Agency was established on that reservation at the present-day location of Agency, Iowa. In addition, the treaty stipulated payment to Sauk and Fox of US$30,000 in June 1837 and $10,000 per year for ten succeeding years. The treaty also made other stipulations including a $1,000 payment to the widow of Felix St. Vrain and about $48,000 for the Sauk and Fox to settle their debts.

After their removal to the new reservation along the Des Moines, Joseph M. Street, agent to the Winnebago, was appointed agent to the Sauk and Fox. A farmhouse was erected as well as two mills; one of the mills was destroyed by flood but the other remained for several years. Keokuk and two other chiefs, Wapello and Appanoose, tended farm fields on the reservation. According to the 1882 History of Western Iowa, Its Settlement and Growth, much of the community began to suffer from "dissipation" (drunkenness), including Keokuk.

References

Black Hawk War
Former American Indian reservations
Native American history of Iowa
Former populated places in Iowa
Aboriginal title in the United States
1832 establishments in the United States
Sac and Fox

Keokuk's Reserve


Nicholas Deshawn Marshall Sr. (born June 30, 1992) is an American football cornerback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL), following the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football at Auburn as a quarterback and was the Tigers' starter from 2013 to 2014. He also played for the New York Jets.

Early years
Marshall was born in Pineview, Georgia, the son of Phillip Marshall and Shalena Cliett, and attended high school at Wilcox County High School in Rochelle, Georgia. He was a three-sport star in basketball, football and track. He was named the boys basketball AP Class A player of the year twice. In football, he led Wilcox County to the Class A championship as a junior, while passing for 2,956 yards and 32 touchdowns. He was named the Class A Offensive Player of the Year as well as a part of the PrepStar All-American team, SuperPrep All-Dixie team, and Atlanta Journal-Constitution "Super 11" team. As a freshman, he joined the school's track & field team, and with only two weeks of training, he qualified for the state finals in the high jump by leaping 1.78 meters (5-10) at the Region 2A Boys Meet. At the Georgia Class A State Meet, he finished fifth in the high jump, recording a career-best leap of 1.93 meters (6-4). After that meet, he never competed in track again.

Marshall decided on going to the University of Georgia for college because he was offered the opportunity to play both basketball and football.

College career
Marshall began his college career in 2011 as a cornerback for the University of Georgia.
Marshall and two teammates were dismissed from the team for an unspecified "violation of team rules."

Marshall transferred to Garden City Community College where he was the starting quarterback in 2012 and led the team to a 7–4 record while scoring 37 touchdowns (19 rushing, 18 passing), passing for 3,142 yards, and becoming the team's leading rusher with 1,095 yards. After one season with Garden City Community College, Marshall then transferred to Auburn with the hope of playing quarterback.

Starting quarterback for Auburn

In August 2013, Marshall was named starting quarterback for Auburn. This came after a heated four-man race for the position in head coach Gus Malzahn's newly installed offense which saw 2012 starting quarterback Kiehl Frazier transfer to safety on the defensive side of the ball.

Marshall was instrumental in Auburn's turnaround from a 3–9 season in 2012 to beginning the 2013 season 9–1 while beating the Ole Miss Rebels, then ranked #24 in the AP Poll and #7 Texas A&M Aggies.

On November 16, 2013, Marshall was the quarterback behind a play known as "The Prayer at Jordan-Hare" when he threw a 73-yard Hail Mary touchdown pass to Ricardo Louis on a 4th-and-18 with 36 seconds left to defeat the Georgia Bulldogs.

On November 30, 2013, Marshall threw the game-tying touchdown pass with 32 seconds remaining in the epic 2013 Iron Bowl to even the score 28–28. Auburn won the game on a 109-yard touchdown return from an Alabama missed field goal. The team later went on to win the SEC Championship, and earned a berth in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game and lost.

He was later named a Maxwell Award semifinalist and received the Pat Sullivan Award. Marshall was a Heisman Trophy candidate and finished 14th in voting.

After his time at Auburn, he decided to enter the 2015 NFL Draft.

Statistics

Professional career

Pre-draft

Although he was invited to the 2015 Senior Bowl as a quarterback, Marshall announced during the week that he would move to cornerback in his attempt for an NFL career.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Marshall was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a free-agent after going undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft He played primarily on special teams including returning kickoffs for most of the season but saw his role on defense increase the last four weeks of the season. He started his first NFL game Week 17 against the Houston Texans. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Jaguars. He was signed to the Jaguars' practice squad the next day.

New York Jets
On October 12, 2016, Marshall was signed by the Jets off of the Jaguars' practice squad.

On April 14, 2017, Marshall was suspended four games for testing positive on performance-enhancing drugs. Marshall was waived by the Jets on May 4, 2017.

Arizona Rattlers
On November 2, 2017, Marshall was signed to the Arizona Rattlers of the Indoor Football League, alongside his brother, defensive back Antonio Marshall. However, both brothers departed the team before the 2018 season began, with Nick signing in the CFL.

Saskatchewan Roughriders
In April 2018, Marshall signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). After the preseason, Marshall was named a starter at cornerback for the 2018 season. In Week 1 against the Toronto Argonauts, Marshall recorded an interception for a touchdown for the game-winning points in the 27–19 victory, but was subsequently placed on the six-game injured list following a broken finger. Marshall recorded another 'pick-six' in addition to a rushing touchdown in the Riders Week 10 win over the Calgary Stampeders. Marshall has subsequently been used as a situational rusher on short yardage and goal-line plays, recording 18 rushes for 48 yards and 7 touchdowns. In 13 games, Marshall finished the regular season with 26 tackles, 3 interceptions (two of which were returned for scores), and one forced fumble. The 2019 Roughriders finished in first place for the West Division, and under new head coach Craig Dickenson, Marshall relinquished rushing duties, resulting in an improved year as a defensive back; in 17 games played, Marshall recorded 39 tackles and five interceptions, one of which was taken back for a score.

Marshall signed a one-year contract extension with the Roughriders on December 22, 2020.

References

External links
Auburn Tigers bio
Georgia Bulldogs bio

1992 births
Living people
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
American football quarterbacks
American football cornerbacks
Canadian football defensive backs
American players of Canadian football
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Garden City Broncbusters football players
Auburn Tigers football players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
New York Jets players
People from Wilcox County, Georgia
Arizona Rattlers players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players

Nick Marshall


Fair Phyllis (also Fair Phyllis I saw, Fair Phyllis I saw sitting all alone) is an English madrigal by John Farmer. The music is polyphonic and was published in 1599. The madrigal contains four voices and uses occasional imitation. It also alternates between triple and duple beat subdivisions of the beat in different parts of the work.

This is an English madrigal. Farmer uses clever word painting. For example, in the opening line "Fair Phyllis I saw sitting all alone", Farmer had only the soprano sing since she was all alone. In the next line "Feeding her flock near to the mountain side", all the voices sang since it was her flock. Additionally, the second phase, which begins with "Up and down he wandered" and ends with "then they fell a-kissing" repeats, causing the elision "kissing up and down."

The madrigal featured in the episode Death in Chorus of the British detective drama Midsomer Murders.

Story
The song describes a person who saw a young shepherdess sitting alone feeding her sheep near a mountain.  The other shepherds did not know where she was at the time. Her lover, Amyntas, goes looking for her and wanders through the hills. Eventually, he finds her, and when he does, they fall down and start kissing. The lyrics have a humorous ribald twist with the words "up and down he wandered". The first time it refers to the hide-and-seek game. The second time it refers to the kissing. "oh then they fell a kissing, up and down he wandered".

Lyrics
Fair Phyllis I saw sitting all alone
Feeding her flock near to the mountainside.
The shepherds knew not,
They knew not whither she was gone,
But after her lover, Amyntas hied,
Up and down he wandered
whilst she was missing;
When he found her,
O then they fell a-kissing.

note: 'hied' is a form of the archaic verb 'hie' which means 'to hasten or hurry';
see The Oxford Book of English Madrigals for text and full score.

External links

English madrigals

Fair Phyllis


Golden Beach is a small settlement situated on the Ninety Mile Beach in Gippsland Victoria. The beaches there offer long distances for walking and fishing, but are not patrolled. It has kangaroos on the golf course, a playground near the shops and a lookout deck near the ocean beach. There are many nearby wildlife reserves which are sanctuaries for water birds and other species. Seaspray and Loch Sport are nearby settlements which are slightly more developed with eating places and a caravan park.

Pastoralist William Letts purchased the land from the state government and it become known as Letts' beach. In the late 1940s, a developer changed the name from Letts' Beach to the more appealing Paradise Beach and Golden Beach. In the early 1950s the area was promoted as the "Surfers Paradise of Victoria".
In 2011 the were 330 persons within the twin towns of Golden Beach and Paradise Beach.

In 2020 Wellington Shire Council decided to compulsorily acquire the last 750 undeveloped lots along a "Surfers Paradise of Victoria". Between 1955 and 1969, developers lured thousands of mostly migrants from Melbourne to buy the blocks between Paradise Beach and The Honeysuckles. The subdivision of 11,800 small blocks, should never have been sold off in the first place because most of the land is in flood-prone areas.

References

External links

Coastal towns in Victoria (state)
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Wellington

Golden Beach, Victoria


Catherine E. Richardson is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and narrator from the Chicago suburbs in Illinois.  She is the lead singer for the band Jefferson Starship and her own Cathy Richardson Band, and has performed the Janis Joplin parts for Joplin's former band Big Brother and the Holding Company.

Biography
Richardson grew up in west suburban Burr Ridge, Illinois, and graduated from Hinsdale Central High School in Hinsdale, Illinois. Before starting her music career, Richardson worked as an auto mechanic and as a cashier at her father's gas station. She started her music career full-time in 1990. She was introduced to Jim Peterik who mentored her and helped with her first two albums. She has also co-written songs with Peterik, and is a fairly frequent guest in his all-star World Stage concerts.

Richardson appeared as a guest on Noggin's puppet series Jack's Big Music Show. In the pilot episode, she played the voice of one of the main characters.

The Cathy Richardson Band was voted Best Local Band in the Chicago Tribune readers poll of 1999 and best in WFLD's "Best & Worst of Chicago" viewer poll in November 2000.

She portrayed Janis Joplin in the 2001 original off-Broadway run of Love, Janis and much of the touring performances.  She also sang Janis' vocal parts for Big Brother and the Holding Company during many of their recent live shows.

In 2004, Richardson and art director Bill Dolan were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Recording Package for the Cathy Richardson Band album The Road to Bliss.

In 2008, Richardson became the new vocalist for San Francisco band Jefferson Starship and appears on the 2008 release Jefferson's Tree of Liberty and as vocalist with Jefferson Starship on PBS's 2011 60s Pop, Rock & Soul television show, performing "White Rabbit" and "Somebody to Love".

Discography

Studio albums

 Moon, Not Banana (1993) Jessica Records
 Fools on a Tandem (1995) Jessica Records
 Snake Camp (1998) Bloody Nurse Records
 Buzzzed (2001) Bloody Nurse Records
 The Road to Bliss (2003) Cash Rich Records
 Delusions of Grandeur (2006) Cash Rich Records

Live album

 All Excess... Live @ The Park West (1996) Jessica Records

Compilation albums featuring tracks by Cathy Richardson

 Songs of Janis Joplin: Blues Down Deep (1997) House of Blues Records (song "Try Just a Little Bit Harder")
 Jim Peterik and World Stage (2000) Jim Peterik and Cathy Richardson (songs "Diamonds For Stones" and "From Here To Hereafter")
 Sweet Emotion: Songs of Aerosmith (2001) (song "Last Child")
 Here Come the Irish (2003) Written by John Scully and Jim Tullio, vocals by Cathy Richardson (Cathy is featured on the song "Here Come the Irish")
 Judgement Day, Songs of Robert Johnson (2004) (song "Preachin' Blues (Up Jumped the Devil)")
 Folksongs of Illinois, Vol. 4 (2011) (Cathy is featured on the Woody Guthrie song "Old Chy-Car-Go")

Download Only Single

 What I Am (2015) Chance Music (available through ITunes)

Side project albums and guest appearances

The Juleps
Cathy Richardson along with members of The Insiders
 Kickbutt City, USA (1998)

Joel Hoekstra
 Undefined (vocals on track "Spank Me") (2000)

Jefferson Starship
 Jefferson's Tree of Liberty (2008)
 Air Play (2011)
 Mother of the Sun (2020)

Macrodots
 The Other Side (2010)
 Macrodots Two (2015)

References

External links

Living people
Singers from Illinois
American women singers
American actresses
People from Burr Ridge, Illinois
Place of birth missing (living people)
Jefferson Starship members
Big Brother and the Holding Company members
21st-century American women

Cathy Richardson


The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development was an Australian Government department that existed between September 2013 and December 2017. Matters dealt with by the department included: infrastructure planning and coordination; transport safety; land transport; civil aviation and airports; maritime transport including shipping; administration of Australian territories; constitutional development of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory; regional programs; regional development; local government matters; and regional policy.

The head of the department was the secretary of the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, who reported to the minister for Infrastructure and Transport, the minister for Regional Development and the minister for Territories, Local Government and Major Projects.

The department was headquartered in the Canberra central business district at Infrastructure House and the neighbouring building to Infrastructure House.

Operational activities
In an administrative arrangements order made on 18 September 2013, the functions of the department were broadly classified into the following matters:

Infrastructure planning and co-ordination
Transport safety, including investigations
Land transport
Civil aviation and airports
Transport security
Maritime transport including shipping
Major projects office, including facilitation and implementation of all non-Defence development projects
Administration of the Jervis Bay Territory, the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Territory of Christmas Island, the Coral Sea Islands Territory, the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and of Commonwealth responsibilities on Norfolk Island
Constitutional development of the Northern Territory
Constitutional development of the Australian Capital Territory
Delivery of regional and territory specific services and programmes
Planning and land management in the Australian Capital Territory
Regional development
Matters relating to local government
Regional policy and co-ordination

Prominent business units

Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics
The Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE) within the department provides economic analysis, research and statistics on infrastructure, transport and regional development issues to inform Australian Government policy development and wider community understanding. BITRE employs around 30 staff, including statisticians, economists and policy analysts. BITRE was first established in 1970 as the Bureau of Transport Economics by the Cabinet.

Office of Transport Security
The Office of Transport Security (OTS), a business division within the department, was the Australian Government's preventive security regulator for the aviation and maritime sectors, and its primary adviser on transport security. The OTS head office was in Canberra, and regional offices were situated in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth.

Structure and staff
The department was administered by a senior executive, comprising a secretary and several deputy secretaries.

The secretary between 2009 and 2017 was Mike Mrdak. Steven Kennedy was appointed the department's secretary in September 2017.

The department had a staff of around 994 people (estimate for 2013–14), of which around 836 were employed in Canberra and 15 were based overseas. Staff were employed as part of the Australian Public Service under the Public Service Act 1999. The workforce of the department had a reasonably even gender distribution (54% male, 46% female), but at more senior levels this ratio decreases. Around two-thirds of the department held a bachelor's degree or higher.

The department worked closely with several Australian Government agencies within its portfolio, including:
 the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB);
 the Australian Rail Track Corporation;
 Airservices Australia;
 the Australian Maritime Safety Authority;
 the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA); and
 the National Transport Commission.

Budget and finance

In the department's 2013–14 budget statements, expenses were categorised as either departmental or administered expenses. Departmental expenses were those within the control of the relevant agency, whereas administered expenses were those administered on behalf of the Government. Expenses could be broken down as follows:

Audit of expenditures
The department's financial statements were audited by the Australian National Audit Office.

History
The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development was formed by way of an Administrative Arrangements Order issued on 18 September 2013, and replaced the majority of the functions previously performed by the former Department of Infrastructure and Transport and some of the functions previously performed by the former Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport; with the exception of the arts functions that were transferred to the Attorney-General's Department and the sports functions that were assumed by the Department of Health and Ageing.

The department was superseded by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities on 20 December 2017, which in turn was superseded by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications on 5 December 2019.

References

Australia, Infrastructure and Transport
2013 establishments in Australia
2017 disestablishments in Australia
Infrastructure and Regional Development


David Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is an English movie composer.

Credits
His credits include scoring
five James Bond films
Stargate (1994)
Independence Day(1996)
Godzilla (1998)
 the television series Little Britain
Sherlock.
Arnold also scored the BBC / Amazon Prime series Good Omens (2019) adapted by Neil Gaiman from his book Good Omens, written with Terry Pratchett.

Awards
For Independence Day he had a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television. For Sherlock he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative Arts Emmy for the score of "His Last Vow", the final episode in the third series. Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.

Influences
Arnold stated composers like Ennio Morricone, Nino Rota, Bernard Herrmann, Lalo Schifrin, John Barry, Angelo Badalamenti and Jerry Goldsmith as influences.

1962 births
Living people
English composers
Movie score composers

David Arnold


René Joseph Quinton (1866–1925) was a French biologist, aviation pioneer and decorated World War I soldier.

In his biology career, he developed a treatment based on seawater injections that he called sérum de Quinton, which has been abandoned by medicine.

An aviation pioneer, he was vice-president of the Ligue Aéronautique de France and a proponent of the development of aviation in France.

During World War I, he rose through the ranks to end the war as Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, with multiple awards and decorations from France and Allies.

Early life

Quinton was born on 15 December 1866, in Chaumes-en-Brie (Seine-et-Marne) France. His father, Paul Edouart Quinton was a medical doctor. His mother, Marie Pauline Elisabeth Amyot, had no profession. He attended secondary school at the Collège Chaptal, in Paris.

As a young adult, Quinton was interested in literature; he read and wrote poetry and started writing a novel. He was influenced by Flaubert's work and his writing endeavors were described as perfectionist and meticulous by his friends. According to his friend Armand Charpentier, Quinton's wealthy situation allowed him to spend a lot of time in the pursuit of writing perfection, but after 10 years of writing, and not completing any project, his interests turned to biology.

He decided to enter the Collège de France as an assistant at the Laboratoire de Physiologie pathologique. His passion lay in the study of the origins of life: for Quinton, the sea was the matrix of life, a theory on which he would base the remainder of his career in biology.

Quinton also had an interest in aviation. At the Collège de France, he met French physiologist Étienne-Jules Marey, who was working on the study of flight, and rapidly became his disciple and friend.

Biology

Quinton's interest in the origins of life and seawater as the matrix of life led him to theorize his Loi de constance and to create sérum de Quinton.

Loi de Constance

Quinton posited a Loi de constance (Law of constancy) that opposed, on some points, Darwin's theory of evolution. In his Loi de constance, he hypothesized that nature repeats rather than evolves. In this Loi, Quinton included the following sub categories: constance marine (marine constancy), constance osmotique (osmotic constancy) and constance thermique (thermal constancy). He reported his findings in the only book he would ever publish: L'eau de mer, milieu organique, in 1904.

The publication provoked disagreements and was met with resistance, nonetheless, it was the basis for therapeutic applications that Quinton would begin in the following years.

Today, Quinton's book is published as part of the French cultural heritage, but its content is considered antiquated and the views it describes not valid.

Sérum de Quinton

Quinton's theories led him to conclude "that Seawater is the "vital liquid" of all living beings and the means of curing all kinds of disease". He imagined subcutaneous seawater injections as a therapeutic treatment.

In 1907, Quinton patented the sérum de Quinton (Quinton serum). He described it as seawater harvested from the Atlantic, in specific areas where he considered the water "pure" and with special precautions. The harvest was then immediately transported to Paris where it was sterilized without boiling or chemical products, brought to a specific saline concentration, and stored in vials. With this patented technique, the serum was comparable, according to Quinton, to blood. As such, it could be used to treat the following conditions: enteritis, constipation, diarrhea, colitis, newborn gastroenteritis, lactose intolerance, athrepsia, and skin conditions. It was also presented as a prenatal treatment to prevent the future baby(ies) from developing tuberculosis, syphilis or malaria, and to help expecting mothers with nausea.

He proceeded to open and fund Parisian dispensaries, reserved for destitute patients, to treat, at no charge, these conditions.

These treatments were reported, at the time, to be very successful and with no side effects. However, they have since been abandoned by medicine and removed from the Vidal dictionary, the French dictionary that catalogs medications and dietary supplements. Today, Quinton serum continues to be sold by Quinton Laboratory as personal and hygiene products, not medicine, in the form of drinkable vials or nasal sprays.

The dog experiments

Some experiments of René Quinton, to support his theory that seawater can be used as a substitute for blood, are the dog experiments. In his 1897 experiments, Quinton reported the following. He removed the totality of a dog's blood and replaced it with sterilized seawater. The dog developed an infection and fever, but went on to recuperate within 5 days, and was still alive 5 years later. Quinton concluded that his purified seawater formula could be used as a substitute for blood transfusion. Harriett Hall challenges the study: "There is a huge body of established scientific knowledge that would have to be overthrown before we could accept that an animal's entire blood volume could be replaced with saline without resulting in death. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and this century-old report doesn't even meet the standards of ordinary peer-reviewed published evidence."

Aviation

Another area of interest for René Quinton was aviation.

In 1908, inspired by other countries offering rewards to creators of aircraft, as well as France's success in ballooning, René Quinton, along with Archdeacon and others, founded the Ligue Nationale Aérienne, of which he was president. His goal was to set up a yearly subscription that would generate enough money to offer a prize to the first French creator to invent an ideal aircraft. The league's role was to encourage and promote enthusiasm for aviation, with the hope that France would become a leader in the field. Quinton also lobbied for the development of aircraft as an important way to spot injured soldiers and bring them to safety for care.

Quinton was president of the league for 4 years after which he left for the war. When he returned, Quinton drew back from this project, focusing on sérum de Quinton instead. He facilitated the fusion of his league with l'Association Genérale Aéronautique and the Comité National de l'Aviation Militaire; these 3 societies combined to form the Ligue Aéronautique de France, with General Bailly as president, and Reymond and Quinton as vice-presidents.

A meeting took place in Biskra, where several aviators presented their creations. A second meeting was planned, but Quinton died unexpectedly before then.

World War I

When World War I broke out, Quinton was not required to go to combat due to his age. Nonetheless, according to Georges Houard, Quinton's strong patriotism and love of France compelled him to go to war.

At the beginning of the war, in 1914, he fought as capitaine d'artillerie de réserve. Throughout the war, his fellows and superiors described him as brave, composed and eager; Foch wrote the following about Quinton: "Officer of the rarest intrepidity, for whom it is impossible to resume the acts of bravery. Continues to show the best example of composure, energy and drive." He rose through the ranks to end the war as Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, with multiple decorations.

Battlefronts

René Quinton fought on the following battlefronts during World War I:

Injuries

During the war, Quinton suffered 8 injuries, including receiving a shrapnel to the nape, multiple head and face contusions, and injuries and frostbite to the feet.

Military titles and awards

For his war efforts, René Quinton received the following titles and awards from the French military:
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, on 20 July 1916
 Officier de la Légion d'honneur, on 10 July 1917
 Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, on 16 June 1920
 Croix de guerre, 5 Palms and 2 Stars

Quinton was also recognized in Allied countries. On 26 November 1914, he was named Chevalier de l'Ordre de Léopold in Belgium, and in 1916 he received the Croix de guerre from Belgium too. He received the Distinguished Service Cross from the United Kingdom on 27 August 1917 and on 5 March 1919 from the United States.

Death

Quinton passed away unexpectedly on 9 July 1925, from a sudden onset heart condition; he was 58 years old.

On his deathbed, he identified as a soldier: he told his comrades, while saying his final goodbyes, "and that is why I insisted to die in my soldier's garments". He was with his cousin Lucien Corpechot when he passed.

He was buried in his family vault in Loches-sur-Ource (Aube).

A statue commemorating Quinton was erected in his birth town of Chaumes-en-Brie in 1931. It featured a bronze statue sculpted by Paul Dardé. However, in 1941, the statue was removed and melted by the German army. Today, only the base of the statue remains and can be seen in its original location in the Champ de foire of Chaumes-en-Brie.

Bibliography

During his lifetime, Quinton published his findings in biology in the following book, which is currently published as a historical heritage book, as the contents are considered out of date: L'eau de mer milieu organique: constance du milieu marin originel, comme milieu vital des cellules (1904).

Some of his written words were also compiled in the following book about war: Maximes sur la guerre (1930).

References

1925 deaths
1866 births
19th-century French scientists
Commanders of the Legion of Honour

René Quinton