Pupunahue is a coal mine and hamlet in Los Ríos Region near the towns of Máfil and Los Lagos. The coal beds exploited in Pupunahue belong to the Pupunahue Beds. Geologically the sedimentary rocks of the Pupunahue Beds containing coal lie in Pupunahue Basin, a sub-basin of the larger Pupunahue-Mulpún Neogene Carboniferous Basin. The coals of Pupunahue deposited during the Oligo-Miocene in an environment with moderate marine influence and certainly less marine influence than for the nearby Catamutún coals. In 2016 it was announced that the closed Pupunahue mine would become a national heritage site.

See also

The Jackal of Pupunahue
Coal mining in Chile
History of mining in Chile

Notes

References

Coal mines in Chile
Geography of Los Ríos Region
Mines in Los Ríos Region
Populated places in Valdivia Province
Underground mines in Chile
Former mines in Chile

Pupunahue


Brian Russell De Palma (born September 11, 1940) is an American film director and screenwriter. With a career spanning over 50 years, he is best known for work in the suspense, crime and psychological thriller genres. His films include mainstream box office hits such as Carrie (1976), Dressed to Kill (1980), Scarface (1983), The Untouchables (1987), and Mission: Impossible (1996), as well as cult favorites such as Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), Blow Out (1981), Casualties of War (1989), and Carlito's Way (1993).

De Palma was a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors. His direction often makes use of quotations from other films or cinematic styles, and bears the influence of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Michelangelo Antonioni. His work has been criticized for its violence and sexual content but has also been championed by American critics such as Roger Ebert and Pauline Kael.

Early life and education
De Palma was born on September 11, 1940, in Newark, New Jersey, the youngest of three boys. His Italian-American parents were Vivienne DePalma (née Muti), and Anthony DePalma, an orthopedic surgeon who was the son of immigrants from Alberona, Province of Foggia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire, and attended various Protestant and Quaker schools, eventually graduating from Friends' Central School. He had a poor relationship with his father, and would secretly follow him to record his adulterous behavior; this would eventually inspire the teenage character played by Keith Gordon in De Palma's 1980 film Dressed to Kill. When he was in high school, he built computers. He won a regional science-fair prize for a project titled "An Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations".

Enrolled at Columbia University as a physics student, De Palma became enraptured with the filmmaking process after viewing Citizen Kane and Vertigo. After receiving his undergraduate degree in 1962, De Palma enrolled at the newly coed Sarah Lawrence College as a graduate student in their theater department, earning an M.A. in the discipline in 1964 and becoming one of the first male students among a female population. Once there, influences as various as drama teacher Wilford Leach, the Maysles brothers, Michelangelo Antonioni, Jean-Luc Godard, Andy Warhol, and Alfred Hitchcock impressed upon De Palma the many styles and themes that would shape his own cinema in the coming decades.

Career

1963–1976: Rise to prominence
An early association with a young Robert De Niro resulted in The Wedding Party. The film, which was co-directed with Leach and producer Cynthia Munroe, had been shot in 1963 but remained unreleased until 1969, when De Palma's star had risen sufficiently within the Greenwich Village filmmaking scene. De Niro was unknown at the time; the credits mistakenly display his name as "Robert ". The film is noteworthy for its invocation of silent film techniques and an insistence on the jump-cut for effect. De Palma followed this style with various small films for the NAACP and the Treasury Department.

During the 1960s, De Palma began making a living producing documentary films, notably The Responsive Eye, a 1966 movie about The Responsive Eye op-art exhibit curated by William Seitz for MOMA in 1965. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis from 1969, De Palma described the film as "very good and very successful. It's distributed by Pathe Contemporary and makes lots of money. I shot it in four hours, with synched sound. I had two other guys shooting people's reactions to the paintings, and the paintings themselves."

Dionysus in '69 (1969) was De Palma's other major documentary from this period. The film records the Performance Group's performance of Euripides' The Bacchae, starring, amongst others, De Palma regular William Finley. The play is noted for breaking traditional barriers between performers and audience. The film's most striking quality is its extensive use of the split-screen. De Palma recalls that he was "floored" by this performance upon first sight, and in 1973 recounts how he "began to try and figure out a way to capture it on film. I came up with the idea of split-screen, to be able to show the actual audience involvement, to trace the life of the audience and that of the play as they merge in and out of each other."

De Palma's most significant features from this decade are Greetings (1968) and Hi, Mom! (1970). Both films star Robert De Niro and espouse a leftist revolutionary viewpoint common to the era in which they were released. Greetings was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award. His other major film from this period is the slasher comedy Murder a la Mod. Each of these films experiments with narrative and intertextuality, reflecting De Palma's stated intention to become the "American Godard" while integrating several of the themes which permeated Hitchcock's work.

In 1970, De Palma left New York for Hollywood at age thirty to make Get to Know Your Rabbit (1972), starring Orson Welles and Tommy Smothers. Making the film was a crushing experience for De Palma, as Smothers did not like many of De Palma's ideas. Here he made several small, studio and independently-released films that included stand-outs Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), and Obsession (1976).

1976–1979: Breakthrough
In November 1976, De Palma released a film adaptation of the 1974 novel Carrie by Stephen King. Though some see the psychic thriller as De Palma's bid for a blockbuster, the project was in fact small, underfunded by United Artists, and well under the cultural radar during the early months of production, as the source novel had yet to climb the bestseller list. De Palma gravitated toward the project and changed crucial plot elements based upon his own predilections, not the saleability of the novel. The cast was young and relatively new, though Sissy Spacek and John Travolta had gained attention for previous work in, respectively, film and episodic sitcoms. Carrie became De Palma's first genuine box-office success, garnering Spacek and Piper Laurie Oscar nominations for their performances. Pre-production for the film had coincided with the casting process for George Lucas's Star Wars, and many of the actors cast in De Palma's film had been earmarked as contenders for Lucas's movie, and vice versa. The "shock ending" finale is effective even while it upholds horror-film convention, its suspense sequences are buttressed by teen comedy tropes, and its use of split-screen, split-diopter and slow motion shots tell the story visually rather than through dialogue. As for Lucas' project, De Palma complained in an early viewing of Star Wars that the opening text crawl was poorly written and volunteered to help edit the text to a more concise and engaging form.

The financial and critical success of Carrie allowed De Palma to pursue more personal material. The Demolished Man was a novel that had fascinated De Palma since the late 1950s and appealed to his background in mathematics and avant-garde storytelling. Its unconventional unfolding of plot (exemplified in its mathematical layout of dialogue) and its stress on perception have analogs in De Palma's filmmaking. He sought to adapt it numerous times, though the project would carry a substantial price tag, and has yet to appear on-screen (Steven Spielberg's 2002 adaptation of Philip K. Dick's Minority Report bears striking similarities to De Palma's visual style and some of the themes of The Demolished Man). The result of his experience with adapting The Demolished Man was the 1978 science fiction psychic thriller film The Fury, starring Kirk Douglas, Carrie Snodgress, John Cassavetes and Amy Irving. The film was admired by Jean-Luc Godard, who featured a clip in his mammoth Histoire(s) du cinéma, and Pauline Kael, who championed both The Fury and De Palma. The film boasted a larger budget than Carrie, though the consensus view at the time was that De Palma was repeating himself, with diminishing returns. As a film, it retains De Palma's considerable visual flair, but points more toward his work in mainstream entertainments such as Mission: Impossible, the thematic complex thriller for which he is now better known.

1980–1996: Established career
The 1980s were marked by some of De Palma's best known films including the erotic psychological thriller Dressed to Kill (1980) starring Michael Caine, and Angie Dickinson. Although the film received critical admiration, it also received criticism and controversy for its negative depiction of the transgender community. The following year he directed the neo-noir mystery thriller Blow Out (1981) starring John Travolta, Nancy Allen, and John Lithgow. The film received critical acclaim. The New Yorker film critic Pauline Kael praised the director writing, "De Palma has sprung to the place that Robert Altman achieved with films such as McCabe & Mrs. Miller and Nashville and that Francis Ford Coppola reached with The Godfather films—that is, to the place where genre is transcended and what we're moved by is an artist's vision...it's a great movie. Travolta and Allen are radiant performers". De Palma then directed crime film Scarface (1983) starring Al Pacino and Michelle Pfeiffer with a screenplay by Oliver Stone. The film received mixed reviews with its negative depictions of ethnic stereotypes, as well as its violence and profanity. It has since been re-evaluated and became a cult classic. The following year he made another neo-noir erotic thriller, Body Double (1984), starring Craig Wasson and Melanie Griffith. The film also received mixed reviews but has since had a reassessment and found acclaim. De palma directed the music video for Bruce Springsteen's single "Dancing in the Dark" the same year.

In 1987, De Palma directed the crime film The Untouchables loosely based off the book of the same name, adapted by David Mamet. The film stars Kevin Costner, Andy Garcia, Robert De Niro, and Sean Connery, the later of whom won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film. It received critical acclaim and box-office success. De Palma's Vietnam War film
Casualties of War (1989) won critical praise but performed poorly in theatres and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) was a notorious failure with both critics and audiences. De Palma then had subsequent successes with Raising Cain (1992) and Carlito's Way (1993) with Mission: Impossible (1996) becoming his highest grossing film and starting a successful franchise.

1998–present: Career slump
De Palma's work after Mission: Impossible has been less well received. His ensuing films Snake Eyes (1998), Mission to Mars (2000), and Femme Fatale (2002) all failed at the box office and received generally poor reviews, though Femme Fatale has since been revived in the eyes of many film critics and became a cult classic.  His 2006 adaptation of The Black Dahlia was also unsuccessful and is currently the last movie De Palma has directed with backing from Hollywood.

A political controversy erupted over the portrayal of US soldiers in De Palma's 2007 film Redacted. Loosely based on the 2006 Mahmudiyah killings by American soldiers in Iraq, the film echoes themes that appeared in Casualties of War. Redacted received a limited release in the United States and grossed less than $1 million against a $5 million budget.

De Palma's output has slowed since the release of Redacted, with subsequent projects often falling into development hell, due mostly to creative differences. In 2012, his film Passion starring Rachel McAdams and Noomi Rapace was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival but received mixed reviews and was financially unsuccessful.

De Palma's next project was the thriller Domino (2019), released two years after the film began production. It received generally negative reviews and was released direct-to-VOD in the United States, grossing less than half a million dollars internationally. De Palma has also expressed dissatisfaction with both the production of the film and the final result; "I never experienced such a horrible movie set."

In 2018, De Palma published his debut novel in France, Les serpents sont-ils nécessaires? (English translation: Are Snakes Necessary?), co-written with Susan Lehman. It was published in the U.S. in 2020. De Palma and Lehman also wrote a second book, currently unpublished, called Terry, based on one of De Palma's passion projects about a French film production making an adaptation of Thérèse Raquin.

Trademarks and style

Themes
De Palma's films can fall into two categories, his psychological thrillers (Sisters, Body Double, Obsession, Dressed to Kill, Blow Out, Raising Cain) and his mainly commercial films (Scarface, The Untouchables, Carlito's Way, and Mission: Impossible). He has often produced "De Palma" films one after the other before going on to direct a different genre, but would always return to his familiar territory. Because of the subject matter and graphic violence of some of De Palma's films, such as Dressed to Kill, Scarface and Body Double, they are often at the center of controversy with the Motion Picture Association of America, film critics and the viewing public.

De Palma frequently quotes and references other directors' work. Michelangelo Antonioni's Blowup and Francis Ford Coppola's The Conversation plots were used for the basis of Blow Out. The Untouchables finale shoot out in the train station is a clear borrowing from the Odessa Steps sequence in Sergei Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin. The main plot from Rear Window was used for Body Double, while it also used elements of Vertigo. Vertigo was also the basis for Obsession. Dressed to Kill was a note-for-note homage to Hitchcock's Psycho, including such moments as the surprise death of the lead actress and the exposition scene by the psychiatrist at the end.

Camera shots
Film critics have often noted De Palma's penchant for unusual camera angles and compositions. He often frames characters against the background using a canted angle shot. Split-screen techniques have been used to show two separate events happening simultaneously. To emphasize the dramatic impact of a certain scene De Palma has employed a 360-degree camera pan. Slow sweeping, panning and tracking shots are often used throughout his films, often through precisely-choreographed long takes lasting for minutes without cutting. Split focus shots, often referred to as "di-opt", are used by De Palma to emphasize the foreground person/object while simultaneously keeping a background person/object in focus. Slow-motion is frequently used in his films to increase suspense.

Personal life
De Palma has been married and divorced three times, to actress Nancy Allen (1979–1983), producer Gale Anne Hurd (1991–1993), and Darnell Gregorio (1995–1997). He has one daughter from his marriage to Hurd, Lolita de Palma, born in 1991, and one daughter from his marriage to Gregorio, Piper De Palma, born in 1996. He resides in Manhattan, New York.

Reception and legacy
De Palma is often cited as a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors, a distinct pedigree who either emerged from film schools or are overtly cine-literate. His contemporaries include Martin Scorsese, Paul Schrader, John Milius, George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg, John Carpenter, and Ridley Scott. His artistry in directing and use of cinematography and suspense in several of his films has often been compared to the work of Alfred Hitchcock. Psychologists have been intrigued by De Palma's fascination with pathology, by the aberrant behavior aroused in characters who find themselves manipulated by others.

De Palma has encouraged and fostered the filmmaking careers of directors such as Mark Romanek and Keith Gordon, the latter of whom collaborated with him twice as an actor, both in 1980's Home Movies and Dressed to Kill. Filmmakers influenced by De Palma include Terrence Malick, Quentin Tarantino, Ronny Yu, Don Mancini, Nacho Vigalondo, and Jack Thomas Smith. During an interview with De Palma, Quentin Tarantino said that Blow Out is one of his all-time favorite films, and that after watching Scarface he knew how to make his own film. John Travolta's performance as Jack Terry in Blow Out even resulted in Tarantino casting him as Vincent Vega in his 1994 film Pulp Fiction, which would go on to reinvigorate Travolta's then-declining career. Tarantino also placed Carrie at number eight in a list of his favorite films.

Critics who frequently admire De Palma's work include Pauline Kael and Roger Ebert. Kael wrote in her review of Blow Out, "At forty, Brian De Palma has more than twenty years of moviemaking behind him, and he has been growing better and better. Each time a new film of his opens, everything he has done before seems to have been preparation for it." In his review of Femme Fatale, Roger Ebert wrote about the director: "De Palma deserves more honor as a director. Consider also these titles: Sisters, Blow Out, The Fury, Dressed to Kill, Carrie, Scarface, Wise Guys, Casualties of War, Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible. Yes, there are a few failures along the way (Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, The Bonfire of the Vanities), but look at the range here, and reflect that these movies contain treasure for those who admire the craft as well as the story, who sense the glee with which De Palma manipulates images and characters for the simple joy of being good at it. It's not just that he sometimes works in the style of Hitchcock, but that he has the nerve to."

The influential French film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma has placed five of De Palma's films (Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible, Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, and Redacted) on their annual top ten list, with Redacted placing first on the 2008 list. The magazine also listed Carlito's Way as the greatest film of the 1990s.

Julie Salamon has written that critics have accused De Palma of being "a perverse misogynist", to which De Palma has responded with, "I'm always attacked for having an erotic, sexist approach chopping up women, putting women in peril. I'm making suspense movies! What else is going to happen to them?"

His films have also been interpreted as feminist and examined for their perceived queer affinities. In Film Comment "Queer and Now and Then" column on Femme Fatale, film critic Michael Koresky writes that "De Palma's films radiate an undeniable queer energy" and notes the "intense appeal" De Palma's films have for gay critics. In her book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, Linda Ruth Williams writes that "De Palma understood the cinematic potency of dangerous fucking, perhaps earlier than his feminist detractors".

Robin Wood considered Sisters an overtly feminist film, writing that "one can define the monster of Sisters as women's liberation; adding only that the film follows the time-honored horror film tradition of making the monster emerge as the most sympathetic character and its emotional center." Pauline Kael's review of Casualties of War, "A Wounded Apparition", describes the film as "feminist" and notes that "De Palma was always involved in examining (and sometimes satirizing) victimization, but he was often accused of being a victimizer". Helen Grace, in a piece for Lola, writes that upon seeing Dressed to Kill amidst calls for a boycott from feminist groups Women Against Violence Against Women and Women Against Pornography, that the film "seemed to say more about masculine anxiety than about the fears that women were expressing in relation to the film".

David Thomson wrote in his entry for De Palma, "There is a self-conscious cunning in De Palma's work, ready to control everything except his own cruelty and indifference." Matt Zoller Seitz objected to this characterisation, writing that there are films from the director which can be seen as "straightforwardly empathetic and/or moralistic".

His life and career in his own words was the subject of the 2015 documentary De Palma, directed by Noah Baumbach and Jake Paltrow.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Bibliography

References
 Citations

 General and cited sources
 Thomson, David (October 26, 2010). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film: Fifth Edition, Completely Updated and Expanded (hardcover ed.). Knopf. .
 Salamon, Julie (1991). Devil's Candy: The Bonfire of the Vanities Goes to Hollywood (hardcover ed.). Houghton. .

 Further reading
 Bliss, Michael (1986). Brian De Palma. Scarecrow.
 Blumenfeld, Samuel; Vachaud, Laurent (2001). Brian De Palma. Calmann-Levy.
 Dworkin, Susan (1984). Double De Palma: A Film Study with Brian De Palma. Newmarket.

External links

 Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
 Photos and discussion around the director
 Literature on Brian De Palma
 Brian De Palma bibliography (via UC Berkeley)

1940 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
Action film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American writers of Italian descent
Columbia University alumni
English-language film directors
Film directors from New Jersey
Film producers from New Jersey
Friends' Central School alumni
Giallo film directors
Horror film directors
Living people
People of Apulian descent
Postmodernist filmmakers
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Venice Best Director Silver Lion winners
Writers from Newark, New Jersey

Brian De Palma


Cheating happens when someone breaks rules or lies.

Exams
Cheating can be done in many ways. Some students cheat on a test by copying someone else's answers and writing secret notes. This can get them kicked out of school.

Sports
People who break the rules of a game are cheating. For example, if someone holds the ball when playing soccer, they are cheating. Another form of cheating in sport is using performance-enhancing drugs; Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong are examples of sportspeople who used drugs to cheat.

Relationships
When someone is in a relationship with another person and they kiss, date or have sex with someone else, they are cheating on the person they are in a relationship with - unless they are in an open relationship. This is called infidelity. If the two people are married, and one has sex with somebody else, it is called adultery.

Laws
Local and national governments have laws. If someone breaks the law, they can be punished. If someone cheats in a way that is not illegal, they cannot be punished by law. Some common punishments include jail and fines.

Regulations
Organizations, such as schools, can have rules. Rules are not laws, but people can still be punished for breaking a rule.

In games

The first cheat in video games was thought to be the "Konami Code", a code Konami used to test a game that was too hard for them to do alone. See cheat code for more on cheating in video games.

Sometimes, even if the game creators do not provide cheat codes, it is possible to cheating with some 3rd party software. Game cheats create unfairness in online games and often cheating players' accounts are banned.

References

Adultery
Sociology

Cheating


A proxy auto-config (PAC) file defines how web browsers and other user agents can automatically choose the appropriate proxy server (access method) for fetching a given URL.

A PAC file contains a JavaScript functionFindProxyForURL(url, host). This function returns a string with one or more access method specifications. These specifications cause the user agent to use a particular proxy server or to connect directly.

Multiple specifications provide a fallback when a proxy fails to respond. The browser fetches this PAC file before requesting other URLs. The URL of the PAC file is either configured manually or determined automatically by the Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol.

Context
Modern web browsers implement several levels of automation; users can choose the level that is appropriate to their needs. The following methods are commonly implemented:

 Automatic proxy selection: Specify a host-name and a port number to be used for all URLs. Most browsers allow you to specify a list of domains (such as localhost) that will bypass this proxy.
 Proxy auto-configuration (PAC): Specify the URL for a PAC file with a JavaScript function that determines the appropriate proxy for each URL. This method is more suitable for laptop users who need several different proxy configurations, or complex corporate setups with many different proxies.
 Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol (WPAD): Let the browser guess the location of the PAC file through DHCP and DNS lookups.

History
The Proxy auto-config file format was originally designed by Netscape in 1996 for the Netscape Navigator 2.0 and is a text file that defines at least one JavaScript function.

The PAC File
By convention, the PAC file is normally named proxy.pac. The WPAD standard uses wpad.dat.  The  file is expected to contain at least one function:

 , with two arguments and return value in specific format:

 *  is the URL of the object
 *  is the host-name derived from that URL. Syntactically it is the same string as between :// and the first : or / after that.
 *   is a string of signatures in the following format (see examples below):
   returnValue = type host,":",port,[{ ";",returnValue }];
  type        = "DIRECT" | "PROXY" | "SOCKS" | "HTTP" | "HTTPS" | "SOCKS4" | "SOCKS5"
  host        = UTF16String       (* ECMA262-compatible UTF16 string *)
  port        = UTF16String       (* Digits *)

To use it, a PAC file is published to a HTTP server, and client user agents are instructed to use it, either by entering the URL in the proxy connection settings of the browser or through the use of the WPAD protocol. The URL may also reference a local file as for example: file:///etc/proxy.pac.

Even though most clients will process the script regardless of the MIME type returned in the HTTP reply, for the sake of completeness and to maximize compatibility, the HTTP server should be configured to declare the MIME type of this file to be either application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig or application/x-javascript-config.

There is little evidence to favor the use of one MIME type over the other. It would be, however, reasonable to assume that application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig will be supported in more clients than application/x-javascript-config as it was defined in the original Netscape specification, the latter type coming into use more recently.

Example
A very simple example of a PAC file is:
function FindProxyForURL (url, host) {
  return 'PROXY proxy.example.com:8080; DIRECT';
}

This function instructs the browser to retrieve all pages through the proxy on port 8080 of the server proxy.example.com. Should this proxy fail to respond, the browser contacts the Web-site directly, without using a proxy. The latter may fail if firewalls, or other intermediary network devices, reject requests from sources other than the proxy—a common configuration in corporate networks.

A more complicated example demonstrates some available JavaScript functions to be used in the FindProxyForURL function:

function FindProxyForURL (url, host) {
  // our local URLs from the domains below example.com don't need a proxy:
  if (shExpMatch(host, '*.example.com')) {
    return 'DIRECT';
  }

  // URLs within this network are accessed through
  // port 8080 on fastproxy.example.com:
  if (isInNet(host, '10.0.0.0', '255.255.248.0')) {
    return 'PROXY fastproxy.example.com:8080';
  }

  // All other requests go through port 8080 of proxy.example.com.
  // should that fail to respond, go directly to the WWW:
  return 'PROXY proxy.example.com:8080; DIRECT';
}

By default, the PROXY keyword means that a proxy corresponding to the protocol of the original request, be it http, https, or ftp, is used. Other supported keyword and proxy types include:

 SOCKS Use a SOCKS proxy.
 HTTP, HTTPS Introduced in more recent versions of Firefox. Specifies an HTTP(S) proxy.
 SOCKS4, SOCKS5 Introduced in more recent versions of Firefox. Specifies the SOCKS protocol version. https://www.example.com/proxy.pac

Limitations

PAC Character-Encoding
The encoding of PAC scripts is generally unspecified, and different browsers and network stacks have different rules for how PAC scripts may be encoded.  In general, wholly ASCII PAC scripts will work with any browser or network stack.  Mozilla Firefox 66 and later additionally supports PAC scripts encoded as UTF-8.

DnsResolve
The function dnsResolve (and similar other functions) performs a DNS lookup that can block the browser for a long time if the DNS server does not respond.

myIpAddress
The myIpAddress function has often been reported to give incorrect or unusable results, e.g. 127.0.0.1, the IP address of the localhost.
It may help to remove on the system's host file (e.g. /etc/hosts on Linux) any lines referring to the machine host-name, while the line 127.0.0.1 localhost can, and should, stay.

Security
In 2013, researchers began warning about the security risks of proxy auto-config. The threat involves using a PAC, discovered automatically by the system, to redirect the victim's browser traffic to an attacker-controlled server instead.

Another issue with pac-file is that the typical implementation involve clear text http retrieval, which does not include any security features such as code signing or web certificates. Attackers can perform man-in-the-middle attacks easily.

Old Microsoft problems
Caching of proxy auto-configuration results by domain name in Microsoft's Internet Explorer 5.5 or newer limits the flexibility of the PAC standard. In effect, you can choose the proxy based on the domain name, but not on the path of the URL. Alternatively, you need to disable caching of proxy auto-configuration results by editing the registry, a process described by de Boyne Pollard (listed in further reading).

It is recommended to always use IP addresses instead of host domain names in the isInNet function for compatibility with other Windows components which make use of the Internet Explorer PAC configuration, such as .NET 2.0 Framework. For example,
if (isInNet(host, dnsResolve(sampledomain), '255.255.248.0')) {} // .NET 2.0 will resolve proxy properly

if (isInNet(host, sampledomain, '255.255.248.0')) {} // .NET 2.0 will not resolve proxy properly
The current convention is to fail over to direct connection when a PAC file is unavailable.

Shortly after switching between network configurations (e.g. when entering or leaving a VPN), dnsResolve may give outdated results due to DNS caching.

For instance, Firefox usually keeps 20 domain entries cached for 60 seconds. This may be configured via the network.dnsCacheEntries and network.dnsCacheExpiration configuration variables. Flushing the system's DNS cache may also help, which can be achieved e.g. in Linux with sudo service dns-clean start or in Windows with ipconfig /flushdns.

On Internet Explorer 9, isInNet('localHostName', 'second.ip', '255.255.255.255') returns true and can be used as a workaround.

The myIpAddress function assumes that the device has a single IPv4 address. The results are undefined if the device has more than one IPv4 address or has IPv6 addresses.

Others
Further limitations are related to the JavaScript engine on the local machine.

Advanced functionality
More advanced PAC files can reduce load on proxies, perform load balancing, fail over, or even black/white listing before the request is sent through the network.
One can return multiple proxies:

return 'PROXY proxy1.example.com:80; PROXY proxy2.example.com:8080';

The above will try proxy1 first and if unavailable it will then try proxy2.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Web browsers

JavaScript
Computer files

Proxy auto-config


Sheldon Gershon "Shelly" Yakus (born November 1945) is an American music engineer and mixer. Formerly chief engineer and vice president of A&M Records, he was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999. Yakus is referenced at the end of one of Tom Petty's songs "What're You Doin' In My Life?"  As of 2014, Yakus was chief engineer of AfterMaster Audio Labs and Recording Studios, a recording firm he co-founded with Larry Ryckman, who is its CEO. Yakus is also vice president of Studio One Media, Inc.

Biography
Yakus has engineered recordings for many performers, including John Lennon, the Ramones, U2, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Van Morrison, Alice Cooper, the Band, Blue Öyster Cult, Dire Straits, Amy Grant, Don Henley, Madonna, Stevie Nicks, The Pointer Sisters, Raspberries, Lou Reed, Bob Seger, Patti Smith, Suzanne Vega, Warren Zevon, Cutting Crew, Star Radio, Elliott Murphy and Joan Armatrading. He acted as assistant engineer (1967–1969) for recordings by Dionne Warwick, Peter, Paul & Mary, Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons, Count Basie & His Orchestra, and Frank Sinatra.

Family
Yakus is the son of songwriter Milton Yakus, known for composing "Old Cape Cod".  Milton, with his brother, Herbert, owned Ace Recording Studios in Boston where Shelly worked in the 1960s before moving on to A & R Recording in New York.

References

External links
www.shellyyakus.info

American audio engineers
Living people
1945 births

Shelly Yakus


Stroker McGurk is a cartoon character created by Tom Medley, featured in Hot Rod and Rod & Custom.

Medley's famed creation debuted in the third issue of Hot Rod, and continued in the magazine until 1955. He would reappear briefly in 1964 and 1965,  and occasionally in Rod & Custom in the 1980s.

Stroker (as he was always known) drove a trademark 1929 Ford roadster in most of his appearances, but also innovated a number of things later copied by real-life racers, including multiple-engine dragsters, traction bars, and  parachutes.

Notes

Humor comics

Comics characters introduced in 1948
1948 comics debuts
Drag racing

Stroker McGurk


Magloire, better known as Saint Magloire of Dol, is a Breton saint. Little reliable information is known of Magloire as the earliest written sources appeared three centuries after his death. These sources claim that he was a monk from Wales who became the Bishop of Dol-de-Bretagne in Brittany during the 6th century, and ended his life on the island of Sark, where he was abbot of a monastery.

Biography
Although unlikely to contain any reliable biographic information concerning Magloire, the Vita Sancti Maglorii presents a narrative of his life. According to the text, Magloire was born in the early 6th century to Afrelia and Umbrafel, the aunt and uncle of Samson of Dol. As a child, he studied at Cor Tewdws under the tutelage of St. Illtud. After his ordination, he was made abbot of a Lanmeurian monastery where he governed for 52 years. Afterwards, he journeyed to Brittany with his cousin Samson, who became the archbishop of Dol. After Samson's death, Magloire succeeded him as his chosen successor to the archbishopric, although, having received instructions from a visiting angel, he soon resigned his post to Budoc and withdrew to the island of Sark, where he established a community of 62 monks. According to Butler's dating, he died around 575, but since the hagiography gives no dates, such statements are highly approximate.

Miracles
The Vita Sancti Maglorii attributes several miracles to St. Magloire, and claims that he acquired large swaths of land as a result of these miracles. It argues that Count Loisescon, whose illness was miraculously cured by Magloire, gave him a sixth of all his wealth. It also argues that Nivo, the owner of Guernsey, asked for Magloire's help to cure his daughter who was deaf and intellectually disabled. Magloire was supposedly granted a third of Guernsey for doing so.

One of the most well-known and detailed stories about Magloire concerns his rescue of a group of children. The children were playing in an abandoned wreck on the beach below the monastery when a sudden violent storm swept them out to sea. Magloire is said to have swum out to sea when he heard their cries and saved them and their boat, steering it to the safety of the shore before vanishing.

Other tales include records that he travelled to the island of Jersey and destroyed a dragon, that he resurrected a drowned fisherman of Sark, and that he led the islanders to fight off an anachronistic fleet of Vikings (these may have been proto-Norse raiders).
A legend is also told that Magloire had trouble keeping a vow to drink neither wine nor ale, and to fast from all food twice a week. After his struggles, an angelic visitation released him from his vow.

Posthumous miracles of St. Magloire are also included in the surviving texts. After his death, Sark was attacked again by Vikings, who sacked the monastery and killed the monks. When seven of the Vikings attempted to open St. Magloire's tomb, they were blinded, and many of the others turned and began to kill each other.

Veneration
During the reign of Nominoe (846–851), the body of Magloire was stolen by the monks of Lehon Abbey. He was revered by the monks as their primary saint, and it seems likely that the majority of his hagiography was written there in the late 9th century. With an increase in Viking raids in the early 10th century, his relics were transported to Paris by the monks, where Hugh the Great granted them land to establish a new monastery. In 1572, Catherine de' Medici decided to use the site as a home for a group of Benedictine monks who had been expelled from their abbey of Saint-Magloire. In 1620, the seminary of the Oratorians under Pierre de Bérulle—the first seminary in France—replaced the Benedictines. It was known as the seminary of Saint-Magloire. The relics of St. Magloire and his disciples were transferred to the hospital at the site of the Église Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, which became a monastery. The relics were buried secretly during the French Revolution and were found in 1835, during the installation of a new high altar. St Magloire is one of the four saints surrounding the image of Christon the Pulpit of the Town Church in Guernsey,  the others being St Martin, St Peter and St Samson of Dol.

Hagiography
Vita Sancti Maglorii, a work of uncertain provenance written in Latin, details almost all of the knowledge of Maglorius. Folklorist  (1874–1924) called the work a masterpiece of ancient Breton literature. Scholars place its composition between the late 9th century and the mid-10th century. There is also the Translatio Parisios, which recounts the flight of Lehonese monks to Paris in the 10th century, and is the primary source for the foundation of their monastery in Paris. The Vita is untranslated, but is accessible in the Acta Sanctorum series.

Feast day
Magloire is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church on 24 October.

References

Sources
Peter Doyle (1996), Butler's Lives of the Saints, pp. 170–1
 Joseph-Claude Poulin (2009), L'hagiographies bretonne du haut Moyen Age, pp. 199–234

 French Roman Catholic saints
 Bishops of Dol
575 deaths
 Year of birth unknown
 Medieval Breton saints
 Medieval Welsh saints
6th-century Breton people
Angelic visionaries

Magloire


The Pied Cow Coffeehouse, or simply the Pied Cow, was a coffeehouse and hookah lounge in Portland, Oregon's Sunnyside neighborhood, in the United States. The restaurant had an "eclectic" interior decor and, in addition to coffee drinks and hookah, served fondue, desserts, mezze platters, and wine. It was known for being reportedly haunted by a woman named Lydia and had received generally positive reviews. The Pied Cow appeared in Robyn Miller's 2013 film The Immortal Augustus Gladstone, which also featured a cameo appearance by restaurant owner Jimmy Chen, and on the artwork for Kyle Craft's 2018 album Full Circle Nightmare. The restaurant closed in 2023, and the Victorian house was listed for sale.

Description
The Pied Cow was a coffeehouse and hookah lounge along Belmont Street, housed in a reportedly haunted Victorian house in southeast Portland's Sunnyside neighborhood. The menu included coffee-based drinks, cheese fondue, mezze platters, hummus, desserts, beer, wine, tea, and hookah. Menus displayed quotes by Friedrich Nietzsche. The interior was "eclectically decorated" and had a "cluttered altar dedicated to everyone from Nick Cave to Buddha". Dylan Jefferies and Delaney White of the Daily Vanguard called the Pied Cow "whimsical", writing that "numerous Victorian paintings and eclectic items adorn the walls, and a staircase is built up like a kind of altar, with various flowers, silks and dolls ornamenting every step".

According to Thrillist, the restaurant's patio was covered during winter months and the lawn was used during the summer months. The exterior had tall hedges and trees, as well as benches, plastic chairs, and "mismatched" lawn furniture. The large white tent used for outdoor dining was illuminated by heat lamps and Christmas lights. In 2014, a writer for The Columbian said the Pied Cow had a "varied clientele". In 2012, Willamette Week John Locanthi said the establishment did not serve people under the age of 21. In contrast, in 2019 the paper said, "Anyone who grew up in Portland, especially in Southeast, knows the Pied Cow as a place to go to before turning 21."

History
Before the Pied Cow, the house was occupied by a "lively" restaurant called Buttertoes. The restaurant was opened by three sisters in 1979 and continued operating into the early 1990s. The walls had murals of fairies and mermaids. In 1996, Jennifer "Jenny" Joyce painted Keep on the Sunnyside, a ten-panel mural celebrating the "history and character" of the neighborhood, along SE 30th Avenue at Belmont. One of the panels depicts the house and the Thaddeus Fisher House. Faded over time by multiple cleanings and neglect, the mural was repainted by the Portland Street Art Alliance, which supports muralists and other street artists, with Joyce's permission in 2018.

Robyn Miller's 2013 mockumentary film The Immortal Augustus Gladstone about a "150-year-old epileptic vampire with gay tendencies" was set in Portland and filmed in part at the Pied Cow. The restaurant's owner, Jimmy Chen, made a cameo appearance. Described as "strangely poetic" by The Washington Post, the film won Best Picture at the Oregon Independent Film Festival. The photograph used as artwork for Kyle Craft's 2018 album Full Circle Nightmare was taken at the Pied Cow. Additionally, the restaurant served as a set for the music video to Craft's song "Heartbreak Junky".

In September 2023, the business announced plans to close. The house was listed for $1.5 million, and interior decorations were put up for sale. Chen attributed the closure to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reported haunting

The building, which has housed Buttertoes and the Pied Cow, is reportedly haunted by a "kind and gentle" woman named Lydia, who "made items fall off shelves in the kitchen on a regular basis". In 2017, The Oregonian Grant Butler said the house "looks like the perfect setting for a ghost story" and wrote, "What gained [Buttertoes] notoriety was its reputation for being haunted by a ghost named Aunt Lydia." Jefferies and White described the apparition in more detail: The owners of Buttertoes hired a psychic who determined there was "a spirit was present in the home". A waitress reportedly resigned from the restaurant "after feeling so uncomfortable while closing by herself", according to Jefferies and White. In 2009, a server who had worked for Pied Cow for three years described a sink where she had felt "creeped out", saying, "I've semi-frequently had the feeling of seeing someone come down the stairs and go into the office." In 2013, employee Zachary Schauer recalled seeing Lydia after a long shift and said, "I just didn't give a shit and went upstairs. Several different people have seen her, and nothing really crazy has happened. It's a pretty typical young Catholic girl in a white dress kind of deal."

In a 2009 overview of Portland's reportedly haunted sites, Chen "declined to comment on the restaurant's alleged haunting. But in the kitchen, the wait staff buzzes with talk of the creepy basement." Jefferies and White said the Pied Cow "certainly plays up the haunted vibe" and wrote in 2019, "Many believe that the Ghost of Aunt Lydia still haunts the quirky Victorian house, and patrons of the Pied Cow still keep an eye out for her while sipping mint tea and smoking ornate hookahs."

Reception

In 2009, the Portland Mercury described the Pied Cow as a "pie shop/hookah bar/dispensary of all-around-delicious eats". Portland Monthly has said, "If you're looking for an unusual coffee house experience, this place is it. Walking into the Pied Cow is like stepping into your great-grandmother's parlor, complete with 19th century furniture and an array of wall art. Adding to the quirk, there's hookah on the patio and solid marionberry pie." In his 2012 book, Peaceful Places Portland, Paul Gerald wrote:

In his 2012 guide to local hookah establishments, John Locanthi of Willamette Week said the Pied Cow was dog-friendly and had "a more limited selection of flavors, mostly offering single fruit flavors". Furthermore, he opined, "The tranquil courtyard is the perfect spot to take a date. Mellow music, elegant wooden benches and delicious snacks are the perfect accompaniments to a warm summer evening." Jennifer Gilroy recommended the Pied Cow for hookah in her 2015 overview of smoking options in Portland. In her article on the "best secret nooks and hidey-holes in Portland cafes", the newspaper's Shannon Gormley called the restaurant "a goth's approximation of an Old World cafe" and wrote in 2017, "Since the Pied Cow doubles as a late-night hookah bar, it's rarely crowded during regular coffee-shop hours, which makes the tiny tables pushed up against large windows perfect loner havens... [T]he tent houses a few tables, but during off hours, you're most likely to have it all to yourself." In 2018, Lauren Yoshiko recommend the pecan pie "on the back patio (hookah optional), where there is often a very friendly neighborhood cat awaiting your attention".

A writer for The Columbian found the wait staff friendly and opined in 2014, "On a warm summer evening, the ample outdoor seating of Pied Cow under light-strung trees is just chill." Thrillist called the Pied Cow "a Portland classic" and said the exterior landscaping will make you "feel like you're dining in your own private garden". Zagat gave the Pied Cow ratings of 4.6 for food, 4.5 for decor, and 4.0 for service, each on a scale of 5. The guide said, "Beautiful meets bohemian at this Sunnyside coffeehouse set in a grand Victorian, where regulars fall in love with the exquisite desserts and other sweet and savory nosh plates; the romantic patio doubles as a hookah garden, and while it can get crowded, it's still a date-worthy choice, especially on summer nights."

See also

 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States
 List of defunct restaurants of the United States
 List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States

References

External links

 J. C. Havely House, 1893, at the Portland Street Art Alliance

 The Pied Cow Coffeehouse at Zomato

2023 disestablishments in Oregon
Coffee in Portland, Oregon
Coffeehouses and cafés in Oregon
Defunct restaurants in Portland, Oregon
Reportedly haunted locations in Portland, Oregon
Restaurants disestablished during the COVID-19 pandemic
Restaurants disestablished in 2023
Sunnyside, Portland, Oregon

Pied Cow Coffeehouse


Liquor Licence Board of Ontario was the regulatory agency responsible for issuing liquor permits and regulating the sale, service and consumption of alcoholic beverages to promote moderation and responsible use in Ontario. The agency was in operation from 1947 to 1998.

History

Prior to the LLBO, the LCBO was the temporary agency responsible for issuing individual and vendor alcohol permits in the province following the end of prohibition in 1927. From 1916 to 1927, alcohol was banned in the province of Ontario under the Ontario Temperance Act.

Established in 1947 under the Liquor Licence Act, which permitted alcohol to be sold and consumed in public taverns for the first time since the First World War, the agency is not to be mistaken with the Liquor Control Board of Ontario, an alcohol retailer.

Evolution of LLBO
The LLBO was replaced by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario in 1998 under the Alcohol and Gaming Regulation and Public Protection Act passed in 1996.

The LLBO name lives on in signage and advertising for many eateries and entertainment establishments, including some opened well after the board's dissolution, which display the name to indicate the location is legally licensed to serve alcohol, whereas the initialism for its successor, the AGCO, is rarely used for this purpose.

References

Canadian provincial alcohol departments and agencies
Defunct Ontario government departments and agencies
1947 establishments in Ontario
1998 disestablishments in Ontario
Alcohol in Ontario

Liquor Licence Board of Ontario


Edward Avedisian (June 15, 1936 – August 17, 2007) was an American abstract painter who came into prominence during the 1960s. His work was initially associated with Color field painting and in the late 1960s with Lyrical Abstraction.

Early career
He studied art at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. By the late 1950s he moved to New York City. Between 1958 and 1963 Avedisian had six solo shows in New York. In 1958 he initially showed at the Hansa Gallery, then he had three shows at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery and in 1962 and 1963 at the Robert Elkon Gallery. He continued to show at the Robert Elkon Gallery almost every year until 1975.

During the 1960s his work was broadly visible in the contemporary art world. One of his paintings appeared on the cover of Artforum, in 1969, his work was included in the 1965 Op Art The Responsive Eye exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and in four annuals at the Whitney Museum of American Art. His paintings were widely sought after by collectors and acquired by major museums in New York and elsewhere.

Collections
Museum of Modern Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Whitney Museum of American Art, Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut,
The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield, Connecticut, Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Pasadena Art Museum, The Chrysler Museum, Provincetown, MA, the Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, NY, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, The Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, The Stamford Museum & Nature Center  Stamford, CT, The Art Museum of South Texas Corpus Christi, TX.

He has also been exhibited in galleries, such as the Anita Shapolsky Gallery and the Berry Campbell Gallery in New York City.

Recent years
In 1996 Avedisian showed his paintings from the 1960s at the Mitchell Algus Gallery, then in SoHo. His last show, dominated by recent landscapes, was in 2003 at the Algus gallery, now in Chelsea.

Edward Avedisian's only marriage ended in divorce. His partner, Judson Baldwin, died in 2006. Avedisian died from unspecified causes following a period of declining health at his home in Philmont, New York, aged 71.

Avedisian was survived by his son, Joseph, of Brooklyn, New York, and a grandson.

References

External links

20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Modern painters
People from Columbia County, New York
Artists from Lowell, Massachusetts
American people of Armenian descent
American gay artists
1936 births
2007 deaths
American LGBT painters
Gay painters
LGBT people from Massachusetts
20th-century American LGBT people
20th-century American male artists

Edward Avedisian


Hannah Tan (born October 25, 1981, in Penang), also known as Hannah T or Hannah Sarah Tan, is a Malaysian singer-songwriter, actress, model and television personality. She is half-Chinese and half-Kelabit

Music career
On Tan's debut music album, Crossing Bridges, she collaborated with composers/writers Jorgen Elofsson, Phil Thornalley, Andrew Fromm and Chris Rojas. The album also contained three songs Tan personally wrote and composed. In 2007, she appeared on the Live Earth stage at Live and Loud KL 2007 before acts such as Elliott Yamin, Shaggy and Whitney Houston.

Her Malaysian single "Angel" was the first from a new album to be released at the end of 2010.

In October 2009 she became the first Malaysian to venture into the commercial Japanese entertainment scene with the signing of a multimillion-dollar recording contract to Tokyo-based Fillmore Far East Inc group. Her 2-year contract will see the release of a Japanese debut Single in August 2010.

Acting career
In January 2008, she made her debut into the Malay entertainment scene by playing the lead role in the Malay tele-movie Bezanya Cinta.

Hannah was invited in October 2008 by film director Afdlin Shauki to play the lead female role as an undercover interpol agent in his My Spy.

Honors and charity work
At the same time, her 2009 I'll Be Home For Christmas Christmas saw the largest gift collection in a day for the underprivileged children in local orphanages around the Klang Valley, totaling up to more than 650 gifts worth over RM15,000. For the concert, Hannah invited friends from the industry to perform and be part of the community service event.

Sony Pictures appointed Hannah as the first ambassador for Animax Asia in November 2007.

References

External links
 Official site

1981 births
Living people
Kelabit people
Malaysian women pop singers
Malaysian television personalities
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Malaysian Christians
People from Penang
21st-century Malaysian women singers

Hannah Tan


Beautiful Joe is a story about a mongrel dog named Joe. It was written by Margaret Marshall Saunders under the name Marshall Saunders, and published in 1893. It won a Humane Society competition. The book was a bestseller and directed public interest to animal cruelty. Joe was a real dog, brutally abused by his owner. He was rescued and his story told as an autobiography. Saunders wrote a sequel called Beautiful Joe's Paradise.

In 1934, Saunders was given Canada's highest civilian award at the time, Commander of the British Empire or C.B.E. In 1963, the official Beautiful Joe Park was named in Meaford, Ontario, next to the house where Beautiful Joe was rehabilitated. A Beautiful Joe Heritage Society was formed in 1994 to preserve Joe's legacy and establish a museum.

References

Other websites
Beautiful Joe Heritage Society
Beautiful Joe Park, Meaford
Ontario historical plaque - Beautiful Joe
Beautiful Joe: An Autobiography Philadelphia: The Griffith and Rowland Press, 1893, at A Celebration of Women Writers

Beautiful Joe (1893), with an introduction by Hezekiah Butterworth. Illustrated. From Internet Archive, a scanned book.

Fiction books
Books about dogs
1893 books
Canadian literature

Beautiful Joe


Carlos Pinto Coelho (18 April 194415 December 2010) was a Portuguese journalist, writer, photographer and media personality.

Life and career
Carlos Pinto Coelho was born in Lisbon and lived until he was 19 in Portuguese Mozambique, African Portuguese colony. In 1963 he returned to Portugal to study law at Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon.

He made his debut in journalism in January 1968 as a reporter in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias. He was drafted as a second lieutenant of the Portuguese Army and served in the Portuguese Colonial War in the war in Mozambique (1970/1973). After the Carnation Revolution in 1975 he was one of the founders of the daily newspaper Jornal Novo as head of international news desk. Until 1977 he also worked on the editorial staff of the ANI news agency, on the editorial staff of the weekly news magazine Vida Mundial and was one of the Portuguese correspondents for Radio Deutsche Welle. In 1982 he became executive director of Mais news magazine.

At RTP – Radiotelevisão Portuguesa Portuguese public television he was deputy head of News (1977), chief editor of the daily news program Informação/2 (1978), director of Programs (1986/1989) and director of International Relations and African Cooperation (1989/1991). He was the author and host of the award-winning daily cultural newscast "Acontece" (1994–2003).

Radio
Editor and host of programs at radios TSF, Rádio Comercial, RDP/ Antena 1, TDM/Rádio Macau, and from October 1998 until his death, the weekly Program "Agora Acontece" broadcast across 92 local radio stations in continental Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Macau and Spanish Extremadura.

Teaching
Lecturer at the Institut for High Military Studies( 1988–1992). Professor of journalism at ETIC (Lisbon) and at the Politecnical Institut of Tomar (2003–2006).

He was a member of the Opinion Council at RDP- Portuguese public radio, of the Board of the Portuguese Society of Authors and of the National Board of Portuguese Historical Discoveries.

Other assignments
1986–1987 – Member of the Board of the European consortium of television stations Europa TV – Hilversum, Holland.
1989–1992: Coordinator for the Meeting of Portuguese-speaking Television Stations: Lisbon – São Paulo/ Rio de Janeiro – Sal (Cape Verde). *1990: President elect of the East-West Committee of the International University of Radio and Television (URTI- Paris).
1991: President elect of the North-South Committee URTI.
1977–1992: Representative for RTP on the Committees of Information and Programs of EBU (European Broadcasting Union), URTNA (Union of African National Radios and Televisions), OTI (Organization of Iberian-American Television Stations) and the Prize for Script-writing Prix Genève-Europe.
He was the Representative of Portugal's Ministry of Culture at the Meeting of the Iberian Television Stations (Mexico, 2005).
He was Member of the Jury of the International Film Festivals of Troia (1986), Fantasporto (1987), Cinanima (1996) and at the Portuguese Film Board ICCAM-2006.

He became a Comendador of the Order of Infante Dom Henrique in 2000, Officier of the French "Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", and received the "Bordalo" award for Television (Casa de Imprensa – 1995) and the Grand Prize "Gazeta" (Portuguese Press Club – 1997) and the Career Award/Manuel Pinto de Azevedo Jr. (Oporto's newspaper O Primeiro de Janeiro- 2002). He has the Gold Medal of the City of Amadora.

Published books
A Meu Ver (Pégaso, 1992)
Do Tamanho do Mundo (co-autoria – Ataegina, 1998)
De Tanto Olhar (Campo das Letras, 2002)
A Meu Ver (2ª edição corrigida e aumentada – ASA, 2006)
Assim Acontece – 30 Entrevistas Sobre Tudo... E o Resto (Texto Editores, 2007).
Vozes anoitecidas – Audiobook

Photography
Since 1981 his photographic works went public on 49 solo exhibitions and 7 collective exhibitions, in Portugal, Madeira, Spain, Finland and Mozambique.

References

External links

1944 births
2010 deaths
Portuguese journalists
Male journalists
Portuguese male writers
Writers from Lisbon

Carlos Pinto Coelho


Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (), commonly known as KUET, formerly BIT Khulna, is a  public technological university located in Khulna, Bangladesh. It emphasizes education and research in engineering and technology. It was founded in 1967 as an engineering college before gradually converting into a university.

Academics

Academic structure
The academic division of KUET is organized in 20 departments under three faculties. Sixteen departments offer undergraduate courses. Among the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management ( IEM ) provides an Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) degree to the undergraduate students.
 Faculty of Civil Engineering
 Department of Civil Engineering ( CE )
 Department of Urban and Regional Planning ( URP )
 Department of Building Engineering & Construction Management ( BECM )
 Department of Architecture (ARCH)
 Department of Mathematics ( MATH )
 Department of Chemistry ( CH )
 Department of Physics ( PH )
 Department of Humanities ( HUM )
 Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering ( EEE )
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering ( CSE )
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering ( ECE )
 Department of Biomedical Engineering ( BME )
 Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 Department of Mechanical Engineering ( ME )
 Department of Industrial Engineering and Management ( IEM )
 Department of Leather Engineering ( LE )
 Department of Textile Engineering ( TE )
 Department of Energy Science and Engineering ( ESE )
 Department of Chemical Engineering ( ChE )
 Department of Mechatronics Engineering ( MTE)

Number of students

Institutes
There are three institutes at KUET for advanced research:
 Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT, KUET).
 Institute of Disaster Management (IDM, KUET).
 Institute of Environment and Power Technology (IEPT, KUET).

KUET journals and research bulletins
 Journal of Engineering Science

KUET in World University Rankings
KUET has ranked in a number of reputed University rankings. The 2023 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 110 in Southern Asia, 451-500 in Asia and 1201-1400  in the world. The 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the university 401-500 in the asia, 1201-1500 in the world, and 801-1000 in Engineering subject ranking.

Achievements
34 teachers from different faculties of KUET have been ranked among world's best scientists  in the AD Scientific index published in October 2021.

List of vice-chancellors
 Dr. Muhammed Alamgir (2010~2018)
 Professor Dr. Quazi Sazzad Hossain (2018~2022)
 Dr. Mihir Ronjon Halder (2022~Present)

Admissions

The admission process in KUET is highly competitive. Each year it opens about 1005 seats for undergraduate programs. About 10,000 applicants are invited to appear on an admission test. This preliminary filtration is done based on H.S.C. grade points in physics, chemistry, mathematics and English. The admission test is standardized to evaluate student ability to understand concepts of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and English language. Admission is offered to successful applicants on a merit basis, based on their scores in the admission test.

Students are admitted to a specific undergraduate academic program specializing in any of the 16 engineering tracks (e.g., CSE, EEE, ME, ECE, CE, IEM, BECM, TE, LE, URP, BME, Arch, ESE, MSE, ChE, MTE). Students may not change their track (major) once a few weeks of classes are passed.

Admission is open to mainly to Bangladeshi nationals. There are 5 reserved seats for "small ethnic group" students who have to undergo the same admission process. A few seats are also open to international students. The international admission process is separate from local admissions

Campus

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) is at Fulbarigate, the northwest part of Khulna City (the third-largest south-western divisional city in Bangladesh). The campus is about 15 kilometers from the zero point of Khulna City.

The KUET campus covers 117 acres. It is divided into four functional zones: residential zone for students; residential zone for faculty and staff; academic zone for academic buildings and workshops; and cultural-cum-social and recreational zone for students. Being square in shape, the third zone is midway between the two residential zones to reduce walking distances.

The main academic building accommodates the teaching and research facilities. Each department is a separate entity with a courtyard around, and all the departments constitute an integrated complex. Heavy engineering laboratories are on the ground floor or other separate workshops. Light laboratories, classrooms and project rooms are on the upper floors. Separate offices for every member of the teaching staff are next to his/her laboratory.

Library
KUET central library runs in two sections: the General Library and the Reference Library. The General Library provides in-house reading and short-time borrowing of books and other reference material. The Reference Library provides an in-place reading.

The General Library system has 50,635 books, journals and periodicals. A library automation project to modernize and to improve administrative control over the collection of books, journals, proceedings, theses, etc. has recently been completed under Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project. Moreover, the library is enriched every year by collecting recent books and journals.

Besides the general library system, each academic department maintains a rent-based library from which students can borrow textbooks at a nominal rate for the semester. Recently, KUET library has entered into a full automation system.

Medical center

The on-campus, two-storied KUET Medical Center provides primary and basic health care facilities to its students free of charge. 8 full-time MBBS doctors, 2 nurses, 1 Medical Technologist, and 2 staff provide the care. For specialized consultation on complicated cases, medical center refers the patients to specialists through ambulance.

Transportation
For the convenience of the students, faculties, officers, and staff KUET operates its own Shuttle Bus Service between Khulna City and the campus. On weekends special services are also provided for meeting the weekend recreational and other needs.

Central computer center
The central computer center (CCC) of KUET was established in 1988 under the supervision of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering with six IBM desktop computers donated by BEXIMCO. To provide a fully integrated set of information support to the teaching, research and administrative functions, in 2006 it became us on independent center of KUET in a newly decorated building under the supervision of a nominated chairman from the university.

The CCC has served over the years as the hub for computer-related services in the campus with the commissioning of the university-wide network.

It has strong IT infrastructure with around 256 Mbit/s broadband line from BTCL and BdREN with 1 Mbit/s from other ISP as backup for Internet facility, routers for routing, a firewall for internet security, five high configuration server as mails server, proxy server, database server, seven midlevel configuration of workstations for other servers and backup server, a core switch, several manageable and unmanageable switches for intranet connectivity. It is planned to increase the bandwidth and to expand and renovate the optical backbone network including student halls of residence and teacher residential area secure access of the academic and research materials very soon.

Recently KUET has started a WiFi network in its Director of Student Welfare (DSW) and CCC arena for students and at the departments of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE) and Electronics, Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), Communication Engineering (ECE) for teachers.

Student life

Halls of residence

There are seven residential halls (one female, six male). The administrative heads of a hall are its provost and assistant provosts. Usually, the halls have a single provost and one or more assistant provosts.

The residential halls provide facilities for the students, for example, hall library, prayer room, TV and recreational room including daily newspapers and magazines, etc. Generally, four students live in a room except for the two-seat rooms in Amar Ekushey Hall arranged for graduate students. These halls have dining rooms (Amar Ekushey Hall has two dining rooms) where monthly prepaid lunch and dinner are offered to the students.
 Bangabandhu Shiekh Mujibur Rahman Hall (named after founding leader of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman)
 Amar Ekushey Hall (named in memory of martyrs of the Language Movement )
 Fazlul Haque Hall (named after the 1st Prime Minister of Bengal- Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq)
 Lalan Shah Hall (named after the Lalon Fokir, Lalon)
 Khan Jahan Ali Hall (named after Muslim Sufi Saint, Khan Jahan Ali)
 Dr. M.A. Rahsid Hall (named after M. A. Rashid, the first vice-chancellor of BUET)
 Rokeya Hall (named after Begum Rokeya Social activist, writer, Muslim feminist)

Sports facilities
KUET has a large playground at the eastern periphery of the main academic campus. It is used as venue of annual athletics competition of the university as well as cricket, football competitions. Students can access the facility all year round. KUET has tennis court in the main academic area. It also has a gymnasium near halls of residence where students can do gymnastics.

Scholarship
KUET Excellence Scholarship
Erasmus Mundus Scholarship
Arif Ahmed Scholarship
KUETian@Qatar Scholarship
Dr. Naseem Uddin Scholarship
Dr. Ramiz Uddin Mollah Scholarship
KCC FSM Scholarship Programme
Scholarship for PhD students from "Prime Minister's Research and Higher Education Fund"
Scholarships from Indian Government 2019
New Zealand Commonwealth Scholarship, 2019
Teaching Assistantship or Fellowship

Notable alumni
 Quazi Sazzad Hossain, former Vice-Chancellor of Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
 Ahsan Choudhuri, Professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering, University of Texas at El Paso
 Eklas Hossain, Associate Professor at Boise State University
 Saifuddin Faruk, Senior Research Associate, University of Cambridge

Gallery

See also
 List of universities in Bangladesh
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology

References

Educational institutions established in 1969
Technological institutes of Bangladesh
Public engineering universities of Bangladesh
1969 establishments in East Pakistan
Education in Khulna
Organisations based in Khulna
Engineering universities and colleges in Bangladesh
Educational institutions of Khulna District
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology


Satya N. Nandan, CF, CBE (July 10, 1936 – February 25, 2020), was a diplomat and lawyer from Fiji specializing in ocean affairs, was Chairman of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, where he served a two-year term commencing 1 January 2009.
Previously, he was the first Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority, a position he held for three consecutive four-year terms from March 1996 until December 2008.

Ambassador Nandan was a Fiji Indian who held a law degree from the University of London and was a Barrister-at-Law of Lincoln's Inn, England. He was also a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Fiji. He was a representative of Fiji at the United Nations (1970–76 and 1993–95) and was Fiji's Ambassador to the European Union, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (1976-1980). He served as Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Fiji.

Accomplishments
Ambassador Nandan has had an extensive career in international relations, both as representative of his country and head of several intergovernmental bodies. Some of his numerous positions include:
Representative of Fiji to United Nations committees on decolonization, disarmament, legal and political matters.
Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Law of the Sea (1983-1992).
Chairman of the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1993–95).
Chairman of the Multilateral High Level Conference, which negotiated the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (1997-2000).
President of the meeting of the States Parties to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1994-1996).
Head of the Fiji delegation to the Seabed Committee of the United Nations (1970-1973) and to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1973-1982).
Chairman of UNCLOS working groups on the Exclusive Economic Zone, delimitation of maritime boundaries and the high seas (1975).
Chairman of Negotiating Group 4 of the Conference, which dealt with the participation by landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States in the exploitation of the living resources of the neighbouring exclusive economic zones.
Chairman of an UNCLOS group on production policy relating to deep seabed mining.
Chairman of the Group of 77 developing States (1978-1979).
Chairman of the Committee of Ambassadors of the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) to the European Economic Community (EEC) in Brussels. He participated in the negotiations for Lome I, II and III Conventions between the ACP Group of States and the EEC.
General Editor and Co-Author of the Law of the Sea Commentary series ("Virginia Commentary"), published by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy of the University of Virginia School of Law.
Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the United Nations International School in New York (1996-2001).
Distinguished Senior Fellow, Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law.
Distinguished Visitor and Speaker, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore (March–April 2015).

Awards
Ambassador Nandan was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) by Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (2012), an honorary Doctorate by the University of the South Pacific (1996) and an honorary Doctor of Laws by the Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada (1995). He was accorded the rank of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1978 and was awarded Fiji's highest honour, Companion of the Order of Fiji (CF), in 1997. He was honoured with the award of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany by the President of Germany (1996). He was married and has one son.

References

External sources
 Satya N. Nandan: Biographical Note. International Seabed Authority, Press Release SB/10/14, 2 June 2004.
 Curriculum Vitae

1936 births
2020 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Fijian Hindus
Permanent Representatives of Fiji to the United Nations
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Companions of the Order of Fiji
Ambassadors of Fiji to the European Union
Ambassadors of Fiji to Belgium
Ambassadors of Fiji to France
Ambassadors of Fiji to Italy
Ambassadors of Fiji to Luxembourg
Ambassadors of Fiji to the Netherlands
International Seabed Authority people
20th-century Fijian lawyers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Fijian people of Indian descent

Satya Nandan


Hamide Akbayir (born 10 May 1959 in Frac, Tunceli Province, Turkey) is a German politician and member of the Left North Rhine-Westphalia, a state chapter of the Left Party of Germany.

Life
Hamide Akbayir has lived in Germany since 1972 and completed her Fachabitur (a kind of Abitur that prepares students for Fachhochschule) in 1977. In 1980 she graduated as a Chemical Technician, and since then, she has worked for the Institute of Biochemistry at the University of Cologne.

She was a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens from 1993 until 1997, and in 1998 she joined the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS). From 1998 until 2004 she belonged to the Foreigner Advisory Board of the city of Cologne. In 2007 she became a member of the state party governing body for the Left in North Rhine-Westphalia.

During the 2010 North Rhine-Westphalia election, she stood as a candidate of the Left in a local electoral district of Hagen, and as a result of the election, she entered the state parliament as part of the party list. Her political priorities concerned women's equality, environmental protection, and peace. In the 2012 election her party did not win any seats.

Hamide Akbayir is the chairperson of the Kurdish organization Yekkom in Germany.

Works

 (in German, with Monika Morres): "Backgrounds of Immigration and Flight with examples from Kurdish Women" (Hintergründe von Migration und Flucht am Beispiel der Kurd(inn)en). Published in: Immigration in a Globalizing World (Zuwanderung im Zeichen der Globalisierung), Ed. Christoph Butterwegge and Gudrun Hentges, 2000 ()

External links
 Hamide Akbayir Personal Homepage
 Hamide Akbyir in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Tunceli Province
Alliance 90/The Greens politicians
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
The Left (Germany) politicians
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
21st-century German women politicians

Hamide Akbayir


The Giant's Causeway  is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns. The formation is a result of an ancient volcanic eruption. It is in County Antrim on the northeast coast of Northern Ireland. It is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was named a National Nature Reserve in 1987 by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the Giant's Causeway was named as the fourth greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom.

The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven and eight sides. The tallest are about 12 metres (36 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres thick in places.

The Giant's Causeway is today owned and managed by the National Trust. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern Ireland.

Geological significance
The Giant's Causeway and Fingal's Cave are part of the same volcanic eruption. They were separated by the plate tectonics movements which happened when the supercontinent Pangaea broke up.

During the Palaeogene period, some 50 to 60 million years ago, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity. Highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form a large scale lava plateau. As the lava cooled rapidly, contraction occurred. The size of the columns is mostly determined by the speed at which lava from a volcanic eruption cools. The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau which formed during the Paleogene period. Parts of this plateau can be found in the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Norway, as well as at Fingal's Cave.

Related pages
Causeway
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

County Antrim
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Igneous rocks
National Trust properties

Giant's Causeway


Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912. It corresponded roughly to the northern parts of modern-day Libya in historic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. It was initially established as an Ottoman province ruled by a pasha (governor) in Tripoli who was appointed from Constantinople, though in practice it was semi-autonomous due to the power of the local Janissaries. From 1711 to 1835, the Karamanli dynasty ruled the province as a de facto hereditary monarchy while remaining under nominal Ottoman suzerainty. In 1835, the Ottomans reestablished direct control over the region until its annexation by Italy in 1912.

Like the Ottoman regencies in Tunis and Algiers, the Regency of Tripoli was a major base for the privateering activities of the North African corsairs, who also provided revenues for Tripoli. A remnant of the centuries of Turkish rule is the presence of a population of Turkish origin, and those of partial Turkish origin, the Kouloughlis.

History

Ottoman conquest
By the beginning of the 16th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for unchecked bands of pirates. The Spaniards occupied Tripoli in 1510, but the Spaniards were more concerned with controlling the port than with the inconveniences of administering a colony. In 1530 the city, along with Malta and Gozo, was ceded by Charles I of Spain to the Knights of St John as compensation for their recent expulsion from the island of Rhodes at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Christian rule lasted then until 1551, when Tripoli was besieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admirals Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis. Declared as Bey and later Pasha of Tripoli, Turgut Reis submitted the tribes of the interior and several cities like Misrata, Zuwara, Gharyan, and Gafsa in the next decade. These efforts contributed to cement the foundations of a statal structure in what is today Libya, but control from Constantinople remained loose at best, much like in the rest of the Barbary Coast of North Africa.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. After 1565, administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a Pasha directly appointed by the Sultan in Constantinople. The sultan supported the pasha with a corps of janissaries who he was dependent upon, which was in turn divided into a number of companies under the command of a junior officer or bey. The janissaries quickly became the dominant force in Ottoman Libya and also was in charge of collecting taxes, however Barbary corsairs were the ones who steadily provided income to Tripoli from privateering activities. As a self-governing military guild answerable only to their own laws and protected by a divan (a council of senior officers who advised the pasha), the janissaries soon reduced the pasha to a largely ceremonial role.

In 1611, the local chiefs of the area conducted a coup d'état and successfully appointed Suleiman Safar, their own leader, as dey (local chief). As a result, his successors continually held the title and even occasionally identified as pasha.

Karamanli dynasty and the Barbary Wars

During the 18th century, Ottoman power waned in North Africa, with the sultans ending the practice of sending pashas to Tripoli, Algiers and Tunis. The title of pasha began to assume its hereditary status.

In 1711, Ahmed Karamanli, an Ottoman cavalry officer and son of a Turkish officer and Libyan woman, seized power and founded the Karamanli dynasty, which would last 124 years. The 1790–95 Tripolitanian civil war occurred in those years.

In May 1801, Pasha Yusuf Karamanli demanded from the United States an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which it had paid since 1796 for the protection of their commerce and enslavement of crews by barbary pirates when the Treaty of Tripoli was signed. The demand was refused by third American President Thomas Jefferson, an American naval force was sent and blockaded Tripoli, and the desultory First Barbary War dragged on from 1801 until 3 June 1805. The Regency of Tripoli was defeated by the newly revived United States Navy.

The Second Barbary War (1815, also known as the Algerian War) was the second of the two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Turks' North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States.

On 5 September 1817, Yusuf Karamanli invited the leaders of the Libyan tribe of Al-Jawazi to his castle in Benghazi, following a dispute regarding tribute and an uprising against his rule. Consequently, the Pasha ordered the execution of all attendees, and chased down the other tribe members, which resulted in the massacre of at least 10,000 people, who eventually sought refuge in neighboring countries, especially Egypt. This was known as the Al-Jawazi massacre.

Reassertion of Ottoman authority
In 1835 the government of Sultan Mahmud II took advantage of local disturbances to reassert their direct authority. As decentralized Ottoman power had resulted in the virtual independence of Egypt as well as Tripoli, the coast and desert lying between them relapsed to anarchy, even after direct Ottoman control was resumed in Tripoli. The indigenous Senusiyya (or Sanusi) Movement, led by Islamic cleric Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi, called on the countryside to resist Ottoman rule. The Grand Senussi established his headquarters in the oasis town of Jaghbub while his ikhwan (brothers) set up zawiyas (religious colleges or monasteries) across North Africa and brought some stability to regions not known for their submission to central authority. In line with the expressed instruction of the Grand Sanusi, these gains were made largely without any coercion.

It was one of the first Ottoman provinces to be reclassified from an eyalet to a vilayet after an administrative reform in 1865, and by 1867 it had been reformed into the Tripolitania Vilayet.

The Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II twice sent his aide-de-camp Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed to meet Sheikh Sanusi to cultivate positive relations and counter the West European scramble for Africa.

The highpoint of the Sanusi influence came in the 1880s under the Grand Senussi's son, Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Sanusi. With 146 lodges spanning the entire Sahara, he moved the Senussi capital to Kufra.

Over a 75‑year period, the Ottoman Turks provided 33 governors and Libya remained part of the empire until Italy invaded for the second time in 1911.

Italo-Turkish War

The Italo-Turkish War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy from September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912.

As a result of this conflict, the Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy.  These provinces together formed what became known as Libya.

Administrative divisions

By the 19th century, the province of Tripoli, known officially as Tarablus al-Gharb ('Tripoli of the West') was organized into five sanjaks (districts):
 Sanjak of Tarablus al-Gharb (Tripoli)
 Sanjak of Khums
 Sanjak of Jabal al-Garb
 Sanjak of Fezzan
 Sanjak of Benghazi (Cyrenaica)
These district names were reported by James Henry Skene in 1851 and five districts of the same name existed after the reforms of the 1860s that transformed the province officially into a vilayet (or  in Arabic). Among these, Cyrenaica was made an independent sanjak in 1863 that was directly dependent on Istanbul, then it was assigned to Tripoli's supervision in 1871, and finally it was attached to Istanbul again in 1888.

Gallery

See also
Karamanli dynasty
 Pasha of Tripoli
 Treaty of Tripoli
 Turgut Reis

References

External links

Tripolitania
1551 establishments in Africa
1911 disestablishments in Africa
Barbary Coast

de:Vilâyet Tripolitanien#top
es:Trípoli otomana#top

Ottoman Tripolitania


John T. Shelby (born February 23, 1958) is a former center fielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played from 1981 to 1991. He began his career as a member of the Baltimore Orioles before later playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Detroit Tigers. Shelby was a member of two World Series–winning teams: the 1983 Orioles and the 1988 Dodgers. His nickname was "T-Bone" because of his slight frame. He currently is a coach in the Atlanta Braves minor league system.

Early life
Shelby was born in Lexington, Kentucky, on February 23, 1958. In 1976, he graduated from Henry Clay High School in Lexington, where he played baseball (as a shortstop) and basketball and was an all-area performer. After high school, he played one year of baseball at Columbia State Community College in Columbia, Tennessee.

Baseball career

Playing career

In the January 1977 amateur draft, Shelby was a first–round pick (20th overall) of the Baltimore Orioles. He made his professional debut that year for the Bluefield Orioles of the Appalachian League, batting .256 with 21 RBI in 60 games.

When Shelby was traded to the Dodgers during the 1987 season, the team was so desperate for a center fielder that he was rushed into uniform and into his first game. There was not even time to put his name on the back of his uniform, so he played the entire game without his name stitched onto his uniform. During Game 4 of the 1988 National League Championship Series, he drew a crucial walk off Dwight Gooden in the top of the ninth inning, allowing Mike Scioscia to come up and hit a game-tying home run, paving the way for the game-winning home run by Kirk Gibson in the top of the twelfth inning.

On June 3, 1989, he batted 0-for-10 in a 22–inning game against the Houston Astros.

After the Dodgers released Shelby on June 2, 1990, he was signed eleven days later by the Detroit Tigers. He became a free agent following the season, but the Tigers re–signed him on November 26. He was released for good by the Tigers on August 13, 1991.

In 1992, Shelby's final season as a professional baseball player, he appeared in 127 games for the Pawtucket Red Sox, the Class AAA affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. He tallied 17 home runs and 64 RBI, but managed only a .205 batting average.

Coaching career
He was the hitting coach for the Albuquerque Isotopes, the AAA affiliate of the Colorado Rockies.  In addition to managing several minor league teams, he has also served as a coach for the Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, and Milwaukee Brewers. He was hired as a roving minor league instructor with the Atlanta Braves for the 2017 season.

Personal life
His oldest son, John Shelby III, is a former player in Major League Baseball and now a coach in the farm system of the Boston Red Sox. His second-oldest son, Jeremy Shelby, played one season in the Baltimore Orioles' farm system. His fourth-oldest son, JaVon Shelby, played for the University of Kentucky Wildcats baseball team and was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in 2016 amateur draft.  His nephew Josh Harrison is a major league player.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Major League Baseball center fielders
Baltimore Orioles players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Detroit Tigers players
Baseball players from Lexington, Kentucky
African-American baseball players
African-American baseball coaches
Los Angeles Dodgers coaches
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Milwaukee Brewers coaches
San Antonio Missions managers
Bluefield Orioles players
Miami Orioles players
Charlotte O's players
Rochester Red Wings players
Albuquerque Dukes players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

John Shelby


The Four Feathers is a 2002 war drama film directed by Shekhar Kapur and starring Heath Ledger, Wes Bentley, Djimon Hounsou and Kate Hudson. Set during the British Army's Gordon Relief Expedition (late 1884 to early 1885) in Sudan, well after the formation of Mahdiyya, it tells the story of a young man accused of cowardice. This film, with altered plot events, is the latest in a long line of cinematic adaptations of the 1902 novel The Four Feathers by A.E.W. Mason. Other versions of the story have been set in the 1890s, with different battle events.

Plot
Harry Faversham, a young British officer completing his training, celebrates his engagement to Ethne Eustace, in a ball with his fellow officers and father. When the Colonel announces that the regiment is being dispatched to Egyptian-ruled Sudan to rescue the British General Charles "Chinese" Gordon, young Faversham has serious reservations about going to war, and resigns his commission. Harry's father disowns him. Perceiving his resignation as cowardice, three of his friends and his fiancée each give him a white feather, the symbol of cowardice. Ethne breaks off their engagement.

Harry learns that his best friend Jack and his former regiment have come under attack by rebels. Undertaking the perilous journey into the Sudan alone, he strikes up an alliance with Abou Fatma, a mercenary warrior. Harry disguises himself as an Arab. Harry and Abou Fatma follow a group of army workers he believes to be spies of self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, and reach the garrison of Abu-Klea, which they realise has been overrun. Harry begs Abou Fatma to warn his friends that their destination is under siege and an attack is likely.

The regiment stops its march to bury a group of British killed by the Mahdi. Abou Fatma is captured by Egyptian soldiers; believing he is an enemy scout, they bring him before the British officers. He tells the British that he has been sent by a British officer to warn them of the Mahdi's attack. He says that Muslims always bury their dead and that of the enemy, but that these bodies have been left to keep the British occupied. Faversham's comrades are worried, but ultimately they disregard Abou Fatma's warnings and he is flogged as a suspected spy.

The British and Egyptian troops are not prepared for battle. The Mahdi rebels attack with spearmen, riflemen and cavalry, while the British forces form a defensive square. Firing volley after volley, the British repel the initial Mahdi assault just as they spot British cavalry reinforcements in their distinctive red uniforms. A force of skirmishers is sent to pursue the retreating Sudanese, but they are ambushed by Mahdi rebels and forced to fight on foot. Soon the British discover that the cavalry who they thought were reinforcements are Sudanese disguised in British uniforms. Among them is Faversham. The British square reorganises and fires a few volleys, in the process killing several skirmishers who have not yet returned to the square, including Edward Castleton, who had earlier given Harry a feather. Jack attempts to rescue Castleton in the process but is blinded when his rifle misfires. The British issue an order for retreat.

Harry finds Jack during the battle and protects him after he was blinded. Harry finds letters from Ethne to Jack, but cares for his friend without identifying himself. Never knowing his rescuer, Jack is transported to England. He asks Ethne to marry him, but she does not answer and discusses it with Harry's father.

Tom, another officer, arrives to tell Jack that Harry had visited him in Sudan. During the encounter, Harry confirms that he had sent Abou to alert the British of the Mahdi attack, and is bitter that his friends ignored the warning. Abou tells Harry that he believes Trench lives on in the notorious Mahdi prison of Omdurman. Upon learning this, Harry says he is determined to rescue him. Abou advises Harry against this venture, which is all but certain to lead to his death. Undeterred, Harry allows himself to be captured and imprisoned at Omdurman.

In the prison, Harry finds Trench. They suffer greatly as they are starved and subjected to hard labor. After a failed escape attempt, they concede the hopelessness of their situation. Later Abou rescues Harry and Trench by giving them a poison to fake their deaths. A suspicious guard follows the removal of the bodies, along with three other guards. Harry and Abou kill the four. Abou returns to the desert, and Harry escorts Trench back to Britain. Harry is acknowledged by his father and Ethne reclaims her feather, as Harry has proven his bravery. She has become engaged to Jack.

Jack learns that Harry was his rescuer when he happens to touch his face; he releases Ethne from their engagement. After a ceremony of remembrance, Harry and Ethne hold hands and are engaged again.

Cast
 Heath Ledger as Harry Faversham
 Wes Bentley as Jack Durrance
 Djimon Hounsou as Abou Fatma
 Kate Hudson as Ethne Eustace
 Rupert Penry-Jones as Tom Willoughby
 Kris Marshall as Edward Castleton
 Michael Sheen as William Trench
 Alex Jennings as Colonel Hamilton
 James Cosmo as Colonel Sutch
 Angela Douglas as Aunt Mary
 Tim Pigott-Smith as General Faversham
 Lucy Gordon as Isabelle
 James Hillier as Drunken Corporal

Production
Three supporting artists were injured in an accident on set during filming in Greenwich.

Release
The film opened in North American cinemas on 20 September 2002 and grossed $6,857,879 in its opening weekend, making number 5 at the US box office. The Four Feathers ended up making $29.8 million worldwide, failing to bring back its $35 million budget.

In 2003, it was issued as a Special Collector's edition on DVD.

Reception
The Four Feathers received mixed reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 42% approval rating, based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's consensus reads, "Though beautiful to look at, The Four Feathers lacks epic excitement and suffers from an ambivalent viewpoint." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

See also
 The Four Feathers book (1902)
 The Four Feathers (1939)
 Storm Over the Nile (1955)
 Khartoum, a 1966 film dealing with the events leading up to General Gordon's death
 Highclere Castle

Footnotes

References

External links

Films based on The Four Feathers
2002 films
2000s action drama films
2000s adventure films
2000s historical romance films
2002 romantic drama films
2000s war drama films
American historical romance films
American war drama films
British action drama films
British historical romance films
British romantic drama films
British war drama films
Films about friendship
Films scored by James Horner
Films directed by Shekhar Kapur
Films set in the 1880s
Films shot in Morocco
Films with screenplays by Hossein Amini
Films with screenplays by Bruce Joel Rubin
Miramax films
Paramount Pictures films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films
Films about the British Army

The Four Feathers (2002 film)