The Punjabi Mexican American community, the majority of which is localized to Yuba City, California, is a distinctive ethnicity holding its roots in a migration pattern that occurred almost a century ago. The first meeting of these cultures occurred in the Imperial and Central Valleys in 1907, near the largest irrigation system in the Western Hemisphere.

Punjabi immigration

For decades in the early 20th century, Punjabi farming families sent their sons out of Punjab to earn money. Intending to return to the Indian state of Punjab, only a handful of men brought their wives and families. In the United States, however, due to changed immigration laws it was not possible for the families of Punjabi workers to join them. Beyond this, poor wages and working conditions convinced the Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.

Mexican immigration

Almost one million Mexican immigrants began entering America in the 1910s, shortly after the Mexican Revolution, with a large percentage arriving in families. A small number of these families picked cotton in fields farmed by Punjabi men. The Punjabi men are thought to have chosen women of Mexican ancestry for many reasons. Mexican women were considered brown, as were the Punjabi men; interracial marriage bans in California prevented Punjabis from marrying Black or White women but allowed them to marry Mexican women. Mexican women, much like the women of Punjab, covered their heads and bodies to protect themselves from the blazing sun while working in the fields. Mexicans and Punjabis shared a rural way of life, with similar types of food and family values, and thus maintained a similar material and social culture. Mexicans and Indians shared an initially lower class status in American society.

Intermarriage
Punjabi men married Mexican women laborers and there were eventually almost four hundred of these biethnic couples clustered in California's agricultural valleys. Although the majority of these intermarriages happened in northern-central California in the Central Valley, in areas such as Yuba City, Stockton, or Sacramento, Punjabi-Mexican marriages occurred as far away as New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, or El Paso, Texas. Husbands and wives spoke to each other in rudimentary English or Spanish. The men tended to be older, in their late thirties or forties, and the women in their early twenties. Punjabi men learned Spanish to communicate with Mexican agricultural laborers and to speak to their wives. Some Punjabi men adopted Spanish names or nicknames: Miguel for Maghar, Andrés for Inder, and Mondo for Mohammed.

The aspects of Punjabi culture fathers transmitted to their wives and children included that of food and funerary practices. Cooking in the home drew from both Mexican and Punjabi cuisines and the men taught their wives to cook chicken curry, roti, and various vegetable curries. For example, the Rasul family in Yuba City ran the El Ranchero restaurant, the only Mexican restaurant in California (before closing in 1993) that featured chicken curry and roti. Another important retention of Punjabi culture was the disposition of the body upon death. The Hindus and Sikhs insisted upon cremation, then uncommon in North America, and Muslims carried out orthodox burial ceremonies for each other (though the plots in which they are buried in rural California have since been misnamed "Hindu plots"). The wives were buried in the Mexican Catholic section of local cemeteries, as were the children.

Notable people
 Mike Mohamed (b. 1988), American football linebacker

See also

 Indian immigration to Mexico
 Asian Latin Americans

References

Further reading

External links
Article on Punjabi-Mexicans

Asian-American–Hispanic and Latino American relations
Indian-American culture in California
Mexican-American culture in California
Chicano
Indian diaspora in the United States
Pakistani diaspora in the United States
Indian American
Mexican American
Pakistani-American history
Central Valley (California)
Mexican

Punjabi Mexican Americans


Coffee rock is the common name for the rock-like formations of indurated sands that were formed from ancient river sediments of the Pleistocene age.

Coffee rock has been exposed by coastal weathering process on the beaches of Broadwater and Bundjalung National Parks in New South Wales, Australia. In addition, exposures can be seen in North Queensland, Australia at Kurrimine Beach, and in South East Queensland on K'gari and at the entry to Coonowrin Lake, Caloundra.

Exposed Coffee Rock on the beaches K'gari is more likely the beds of old lakes in the sand dunes when the sea level was lower. In places it is peat-like and embedded with wood ranging from small twigs to large tree trunks up to 1200mm in diameter, with some evidence of fire on the wood before being assembled.

References
 National Parks and Wildlife Service NSW: Broadwater National Park, Bundjalung National Park and Iluka Nature Reserve - Plan of Management. Sydney, August 1997.

Sandstone in Australia
Geology of Queensland
Pleistocene

Coffee rock


The Great Migrations of the Serbs (), also known as the Great Exoduses of the Serbs were two migrations of Serbs from various territories under the rule of the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of Hungary under the Habsburg monarchy.

The First Great Migration occurred during the Habsburg-Ottoman War (1683–1699) under Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević as a result of the Habsburg retreat and the Ottoman reoccupation of southern Serbian regions, which were temporarily held by the Habsburgs between 1688 and 1690.

The Second Great Migration took place during the Habsburg-Ottoman War (1737–1739), under the Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanović, also parallel with the Habsburg withdrawal from Serbian regions; between 1718 and 1739, these regions were known as the Kingdom of Serbia.

The masses of earlier migrations from the Ottoman Empire are considered ethnically Serb, and those of the First Great Migration nationally Serb. The First Great Migration brought about the definitive indicator of Serbianness, Orthodox Christianity and its leader, the patriarch.

Background
In 1683, the Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna, but was routed by an allied army that included the Holy Roman Empire led by the Habsburgs. The imperial forces, among whom Prince Eugene of Savoy was rapidly becoming prominent, followed up the victory with others, notably one near Mohács in 1687 and another at Zenta in 1697, and in January 1699, the sultan signed the treaty of Karlowitz by which he admitted the sovereign rights of the house of Habsburg over nearly the whole of Hungary (including Serbs in Vojvodina). As the Habsburg forces retreated, they withdrew 37,000 Serb families under Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. In 1690 and 1691 Emperor Leopold I had conceived through a number of edicts (Privileges) the autonomy of Serbs in his Empire, which would last and develop for more than two centuries until its abolition in 1912. Before the conclusion of the war, however, Leopold had taken measures to strengthen his hold upon this country. In 1687, the Hungarian diet in Pressburg (now Bratislava) changed the constitution, the right of the Habsburgs to succeed to the throne without election was admitted and the emperor's elder son Joseph I was crowned hereditary king of Hungary.

Some Serbian historians, citing a document issued by Emperor Leopold I in 1690, claim that the masses were "invited" to come to Hungary. The original text in Latin shows that Serbs were actually advised to rise up against the Ottomans and "not to desert" their ancestral lands.

First migration

During the Austro-Turkish war (1683–1699) relations between Muslims and Christians in the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire were extremely radicalized. Following the decisive Ottoman victory in 1690 Kačanik battle in modern day Kosovo, local Orthodox Christian population was exposed to brutal reprisals of Tatars and Bosnian Muslims in Ottoman forces which indiscriminately burned villages and randomly killed or enslaved people irrespective of age, class or gender. As a result of the lost rebellion and suppression, Serbian Christians and their church leaders, headed by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III sided with the Austrians in 1689. They settled mainly in the southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. The most important cities and places they settled are Szentendre, Buda, Mohács, Pécs, Szeged, Baja, Tokaj, Oradea, Debrecen, Kecskemét, Szatmár. According to Malcolm, largest number of refugees were from the Nis region, Morava Valley and Belgrade area. Albanian Catholics and Muslims were also part of the exodus.

In 1690, Emperor Leopold I allowed the refugees gathered on the banks of the Sava and Danube in Belgrade to cross the rivers and settle in the Habsburg Monarchy. He recognized Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević as their spiritual leader. The Emperor had recognized the Patriarch as deputy-voivode (civil leader of the migrants), which over time developed into the etymology of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina (this origin of the name of Vojvodina is related to the fact that patriarch Arsenije III and subsequent religious leaders of Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy had jurisdiction over all Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy, including Serbs of Vojvodina, and that Serbs of Vojvodina accepted the idea of a separate Serbian voivodeship in this area, which they managed to create in 1848).

In 1694, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor appointed Arsenije III Čarnojević as the head of the newly established Orthodox Church in the Monarchy. The patriarchal right of succession was secured by the May Assembly of the Serbian people in Karlovci in 1848, following the proclamation of Serbian Vojvodina during the Serbian revolution in Habsburg lands 1848–1849. Serbs received privileges from the Emperor, which guaranteed them national and religious singularity, as well as a corpus of rights and freedoms in the Habsburg monarchy.

Second migration
The breakout of the Habsburg-Ottoman War (1737–1739) triggered the Second Great Migration of the Serbs. In 1737, at the very beginning of the war, Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanović sided with Habsburgs and supported the rebellion of Serbs in the region of Raška against Ottomans. During the war, Habsburg armies and the Serbian Militia failed to achieve substantial success, and subsequently were forced to retreat. By 1739, entire territory of the Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia was lost to Ottomans. During the war, large portion of the Christian population from the region of Raška and other Serbian lands migrated towards the north, following the retreat of Habsburg armies and the Serbian Militia. They settled mainly in Syrmia and neighbouring regions, within the borders of the Habsburg monarchy. Among them were also the Catholic Albanian tribe Klimente, which settled in three villages in Syrmia.

Number of migrants
Sources provide different data regarding the number of people in the first migration, referring to the group led by Patriarch Arsenije III:
 According to Noel Malcolm, two statements from Arsenije survive. In 1690 he wrote "more than 30,000 souls", and six years later he wrote that it was "more than 40,000 souls". Malcolm also cites Cardinal Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch's statement from 1703 of more than 60,000 people led by the Patriarch from Belgrade to the Kingdom of Hungary, a figure Malcolm claims Kollonich may have been inclined to exaggerate. According to Noel Malcolm, data that state that 37,000 families participated in this migration derive from a single source: a Serbian monastic chronicle which was written many years after the event and contains several other errors.
 37,000 families into Habsburg Monarchy, according to a manuscript at Šišatovac monastery written by monk Stefan of Ravanica 28 years after the first wave.
 37,000 families, according to a book by Pavle Julinac, printed in 1765.
 37,000 families led by the Patriarch, according to Jovan Rajić, published in 1794–1795.
 37,000 families led by the Patriarch, according to Johann Engel, published 1801.
Mikael Antolović studied articles by Ilarion Ruvarac who claimed that between 70,000 and 80,000 refugees left Kosovo during the migration, while the Serbian public claimed that it was more than half a million, and that the majority fled due to "fear of Ottoman vengeance".
 Émile Picot concluded that it was 35,000 to 40,000 families, between 400,000 and 500,000 people. "It is a constant tradition that this population is counted by families, not by heads" also insisting that these were large extended families (see Zadruga).
 The Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences, supports the figure of 37,000 families.
 Tatjana Popović, cites as many as 60,000 Serbian migrant families for the First Serbian migration alone.
 At least 30,000 people, according to Stevan K. Pavlowitch.
 20,000–30,000 people, according to "Teatri europei".
 According to Sima Ćirković, the figure of 40,000 people is an exaggeration. He says that there is no testimony other than those of the Patriarch for a more reliable estimate.
Other historians state that only a few thousand refugees left during this time.

Aftermath
Serbs from these migrations settled in the southern parts of Hungary (though as far in the north as the town of Szentendre, in which they formed the majority of the population in the 18th century, but to smaller extent also in the town of Komárom) and Croatia.

The large Serb migrations from Balkans to the Pannonian plain started in the 14th century and lasted until the end of the 18th century. The great migrations from 1690 and 1737–1739 were the largest ones and were important reason for issuing the privileges that regulated the status of Serbs within Habsburg Monarchy. The Serbs that in these migrations settled in Vojvodina, Slavonia and the parts belonging to the Military Frontier increased (partly) the existing Serb population in these regions and made the Serbs an important political factor in the Habsburg monarchy over time.

The masses of earlier migrations from the Ottoman Empire are considered ethnically Serb, while those of the First Great Migration nationally Serb. The First Great Migration brought the definitive indicator of Serbianness, Orthodox Christianity and its leader, the patriarch.

Modern analysis
The narrative about the migration is part of the Serbian identity narratives. It is a national-religious myth with a heroic theme. Frederic Anscombe suggests that it, "together with other narratives of the Kosovo myth, form the basis of Serbian nationalism and have fueled the conflicts". According to Anscombe, the Great Migration reconciles romantic national history with late modern reality, portraying Albanians of Kosovo as descendants of Ottoman-sponsored transplants who settled after the expulsion of the Serb population and supposedly took over the control of the territory, thus replaying of a "second Battle of Kosovo" and continual struggle for freedom. Frederick Anscombe further concludes that there is no evidence for this, and that western and parts of central Kosovo were treated as Ottoman Albania before Habsburg invasion in 1690. Malcolm and Elsie state that various migrations took place because of the War of the Holy League (1683–1699), when thousands of refugees found shelter on the new Habsburg border. Malcolm suggests that most of the Serb refugees did not come from Kosovo and that Arsenije never led an exodus from Kosovo as his departure had been extremely hasty. He notes that Toma Raspasani, who had barely escaped the Turks from Western Kosovo during the Austrian retreat, wrote himself later that "Nobody was able to get out". Malcolm contends that Arsenije had been in Montenegro and then fled to Belgrade, a stronghold still under Austrian control, and which became a natural destination for many Serb refugees from all Serb lands. Those who gathered there included people from parts of Kosovo (Mainly Eastern Kosovo) who had been able to escape the Ottoman incursion but most refugees were probably from other areas. Among the refugees that moved to Austrian-dominated territories at the time also included a substantial number of Albanians, Orthodox and Catholics.

Emil Saggau states that the modern adaptation and popularisation of the migration retrieves inspiration from Vuk Karadžić and Petar II Petrović-Njegoš's writings, and that prior to this, it had not yet become a component of Serb national identity. According to Maroš Melichárek, the migration has also been depicted with Serbian national symbolism. The famous painting by Paja Jovanović, commissioned in 1896 by Patriarch Georgije Branković was compared with notable painting by Emanuel Leutze Washington Crossing the Delaware. The depiction and symbolism of Great Serbian migration is still very strong and up-to-date. Melichárek mentions that other comparisons were made of the Great Migrations, such as to the Great Retreat and a photo of Serbs fleeing from Republika Srpska Krajina.

Malcolm believes that the historical evidence does not support a sudden mass exodus of Serbs out of Kosovo in 1690. If the Serb population was depleted in 1690, it looks as if it must have been replaced by inflows of Serbs from other areas. Such flows did happen and from many different areas. There was also a migration of Albanians from the Malsi but these were slow, long-term processes rather than involving sudden urge of population into a vacuum. Considering Albanians were a significant part of the population before 1690 and that Albanian majority was not achieved until mid 19th century, a mass exodus of Serbs out of Kosovo in 1690 seems unlikely. In 1689 in Kosovo, both Muslim Albanians and Serbs rose up against the Ottoman Empire led by the Albanian Archbishop Pjeter Bogdani and Toma Raspasani.

It was after the migration of 1690, that the Ottomans first encouraged the migration of Albanians into Kosovo. The larger, eastern part of Kosovo remained overwhelmingly Serb Orthodox, with a Catholic Albanian, and later Muslim Albanian, presence growing from the west by the 16th century. The urban economy began to decline along with the output from the mines, yet Albanian highlander stockbreeders continued to migrate such that Kosovo would attain an Albanian majority by the end of 18th century. The topic of the Great Migrations is a source of disputes between some Serbian and Albanian historians, with each side having its viewpoint, including doubtful Serbian claims of no prior Albanian presence, and doubtful Albanian claims of a larger prior presence. Additionally, Albanians claim descent from the Illyrians, who had inhabited ancient Dardania. Albanians were present in Kosovo before the Ottoman period, and it has been suggested that a part of the Albanian population there were present as Illyrians before the Slavs came to the Balkans. It is likely that Albanians in Kosovo before the Ottoman period were, if not the majority, an important minority. At the time of King Lazar in the 14th century, and at the beginning of the Ottoman period in 1455, the region had "an overwhelming Slavic (Serbian) majority", but significant Albanian migration in the early sixteenth century resulted by mid-century in a sizable Albanian population in parts of western Kosovo. According to Malcolm, a major part of the Albanian demographic growth was the expansion of an indigenous Albanian population within Kosovo itself.  Ottoman official documents and reports by Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century show that before the Habsburg invasion of 1689–1690 and the Great Migrations of the Serbs, at least western and central Kosovo were treated as part of Ottoman Albania, and had a large Albanian population. Thus, the Albanian tribesmen that moved from turbulent mountains of Shkodra to western and central Kosovo after 1670, merely moved to other parts of Ottoman Albania. István Deák from the University of Colombia states that Serbs, who were somewhat better educated than the Albanians, were willing to move away in search of better economic opportunities, which helped demographic changes in the territory of Kosovo throughout the centuries.

See also
 Rascians
 New Serbia (historical province)
 Slavo-Serbia
 Serbian historiography

References

Sources

 </ref>

External links

Ottoman Serbia
Serbia under Habsburg rule
Vojvodina under Habsburg rule
17th century in Serbia
18th century in Serbia
Forced migrations in Europe
Serbs from the Ottoman Empire
Habsburg Serbs
Great Turkish War
Historical migrations

Great Migrations of the Serbs


Deep Creek is a former unincorporated town of the former Norfolk County (extinct) which since 1963 has been located in the independent city of Chesapeake in the South Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia. Deep Creek is located on the original route of U.S. Highway 17 (also known as the Ocean Highway), on a section now designated as U.S. Route 17 Business, and has been largely bypassed by modern highway improvements.

History
Deep Creek was a small settlement on the edge of the Great Dismal Swamp. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the unincorporated town was a busy stage-coach stop on the road between Norfolk and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Until lumbering of the swamp was discontinued, it was the principal shipping point for the vast Dismal Swamp lumbering enterprises.

The northern portion of the Dismal Swamp Canal connects with the Southern Branch Elizabeth River at Deep Creek. Paralleling U.S. 17, the historic canal is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and has been designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. The Dismal Swamp Canal is now recognized as part of the National Underground Railroad and along with the Great Dismal Swamp, is noted as a former sanctuary for escaping slaves seeking freedom.

Modern times
In modern times, Deep Creek is a suburban community which retains some of its original rural character. This combination at Deep Creek of old and new is typical of the City of Chesapeake in general, which contains both large suburban commercial and residential areas in its northern portion, and vast area of undeveloped forests and wetlands along its southern perimeter, in addition to including a substantial portion of the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge.

See also
 Chesapeake, Virginia
 Political subdivisions of Virginia#Boroughs

References

Boroughs of Chesapeake, Virginia
Chesapeake, Virginia communities
Populated places on the Underground Railroad
Great Dismal Swamp

Deep Creek, Virginia


Bujantai (Manchu: ; ) (died 1618)  was a Jurchen beile (chieftain) of the Ula tribal confederation.

Bujantai was descended from Nacibulu (納奇卜祿), the ancestor of the Nara lineages of Ula and Hada.
Tradition spoke of Nacibulu as having attracted the attention of some Mongols who desired to make him subservient to them. When the Mongols attempted to capture him, however, he successfully subdued them, and when they shouted to inquire his name he responded with a defiant challenge, "Nara". In this manner the important Nara clan is supposed to have received its name. Nacibulu settled near modern Jilin on the Sungari river, which was often called simply the Ula, or "the river". There he became a successful hunter and trapper who attracted many followers. Several generations later, two brothers among his descendants, Kesina (克什納) and Gudui Juyan (古對珠延), became the ancestors of the Hada and Ula branches of the Nara clan. Buyan (布延), grandson of Gudui juyan, fortified the settlement on the Sungari and named himself beile of the Ula tribe. Two of his grandsons were Mantai (滿泰) and Bujantai, both of whom would succeed to the position of beile of the Ula.

The Yehe tribe under the beile Bujai (布齋,布戒) and Narimbulu assembled the various groups in the Hūlun alliance, along with some Khorchin Mongols, to oppose the rising power of Nurhaci. Bujantai led the Ula contingent, but was taken prisoner by Nurhaci when the confederation was defeated at Mt. Gure in October 1593. Nurhaci refrained from killing Bujantai and after holding him for three years as a retainer sent him back under escort to the Ula. The Ula beile Mantai, and his son having recently been executed by their tribesmen, Bujantai was released by Nurhaci, established as beile in his brother's place and as tributary to the lord of the Jianzhou, Nurhaci. In order to cement ties with Nurhaci, he sent a sister as wife to Nurhaci's brother, Šurhaci, and in 1597 joined the Yehe and other tribes in a formal truce with Nurhaci. Two years Bujantai would receive a daughter of Šurhaci as a wife, and in 1601 he arranged the marriage of his niece, the future Empress Xiao Lie Wu to Nurhaci. Two years later after unsuccessful attempts to secure a daughter of the Mongol, Minggan 明安, chief of the Borjigit tribe, he requested another wife from Nurhaci and was given a second daughter of Šurhaci.

Even though these matrimonial ties existed between the Ula and Nurhaci, a war broke out in 1607 between Nurhaci and the Ula in which the latter were defeated with the loss of some towns. Bujantai then promised Nurhaci that if he was given another wife then a truce would be called for. Nurhaci then sent one of his own daughters to him and this would secured a peace between the two for four years. In 1612 Bujantai tried to bribe the Yehe beile, Bujai, into giving him for a wife a daughter who had been promised to Nurhaci. He also subjected Nurhaci's daughter whom he had married to indignity by "shooting whistling arrows at her". Enraged by these acts, Nurhaci took personal command of an expedition which completely defeated the Ula tribe in 1613. Bujantai fled to the Yehe under the beile Gintaisi who gave him refuge. He died before the Yehe tribe also fell into Nurhaci's hands.

Family
Father: Bugan (布干)
Consorts and issues:
Wife, of the Aisin Gioro clan, personal name Eshitai (額實泰), daughter of Surhaci
Wife, of the Aisin Gioro clan, personal name E'enzhe (額恩哲), daughter of Surhaci
Wife, of the Aisin Gioro clan, Princess Mukushen (穆庫什), daughter of Nurhaci
Mordaja  (茂墨尔)
Gaduhun (噶都浑)
Hongkuang (洪匡)
Unknown:
Dalamu (達拉穆), first son
Seven sons
Lady Ulanara
married Dudu, first son of Cuyen and had issue (6 sons and 1 daughter)
Lady Ulanara
married Šoto, son of Daisan (貝勒 碩託; d. 1643), second son

References

 Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). The Manchus. Wiley-Blackwell.

Jurchen chieftains
Ulanara clan

Bujantai


Bahram Alivandi (1928 – 21 May 2012) was an Iranian-born Modern artist living in Vienna, Austria. He is known primarily for his paintings, which typically depict stories from Persian mythology and literature, and express oriental mysticism. He has also produced a number of wall tapestries that, like his works on canvas, demonstrate his own instantly recognisable visual language.

1928 births
2012 deaths
Iranian painters
Austrian painters

Bahram Alivandi


A compiled language is a programming language whose implementations are typically compilers (translators that generate machine code from source code), and not interpreters (step-by-step executors of source code, where no pre-runtime translation takes place).

The term is somewhat vague. In principle, any language can be implemented with a compiler or with an interpreter. A combination of both solutions is also common: a compiler can translate the source code into some intermediate form (often called p-code or bytecode), which is then passed to an interpreter which executes it.

Advantages and disadvantages

Programs compiled into native code at compile time tend to be faster than those translated at runtime due to the translation process's overhead. Newer technologies such as just-in-time compilation, and general improvements in the translation process are starting to narrow this gap, though. Mixed solutions using bytecode tend toward intermediate efficiency.

Low-level programming languages are typically compiled, especially when efficiency is the main concern, rather than cross-platform support. For such languages, there are more one-to-one correspondences between the programmed code and the hardware operations performed by machine code, making it easier for programmers to control the use of central processing unit (CPU) and memory in fine detail.

With some effort, it is always possible to write compilers even for traditionally interpreted languages. For example, Common Lisp can be compiled to Java bytecode (then interpreted by the Java virtual machine), C code (then compiled to native machine code), or directly to native code. Programming languages that support multiple compiling targets give developers more control to choose either execution speed or cross-platform compatibility or usage.

Languages
Some languages that are commonly considered to be compiled:

Tools
ANTLR
Lex
Flex
GNU bison
Yacc

See also
Compiler
List of compiled languages
Interpreter (computing)
Scripting language

References

External links

 Official Website for Gully Bet

Programming language classification

Compiled language


Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science is a book written in 1983 by William Broad and Nicholas Wade. The book is asks questions about of some beliefs about what science is and the method used by scientists to do science.  The authors shows examples that have to do with how scientific research is done.  It talks about making up results and making up of whole experiments.

References

1983 books
Science books

Betrayers of the Truth


Daniel Kroffat (born June 14, 1945) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Stampede Wrestling in the 1960s and 1970s, where he invented the ladder match.

Professional wrestling career

Stampede Wrestling
Kroffat was discovered by Earl Maynard, a professional wrestler and former Mr. Universe, while working as a lifeguard in Vancouver, British Columbia. Maynard began training Kroffat before recommending Stu Hart as a trainer. Kroffat and his wife moved to Calgary, Alberta, where Kroffat trained and debuted in Hart's Stampede Wrestling promotion. Wrestling as "Cowboy" Dan Kroffat, he formed a tag team with Bill Cody and won the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship in the summer of 1971. In July 1972, Kroffat won his first Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship by defeating Tor Kamata. Kroffat and Kamata wrestled several times, and Kroffat designed a new match type for one of the encounters. A bag of money was hung from the ceiling and the two competitors fought to retrieve the bag by climbing a stepladder. The idea caught on, and subsequent matches saw Kroffat's title belt replace the money, with the stipulation that the first wrestler to retrieve the belt would be champion. The idea of a ladder match has been used ever since, as Bret Hart helped popularize the stipulation in the World Wrestling Federation (now World Wrestling Entertainment).

Over the next two years, he held both championships several times. He won the tag team title twice while teaming with Lennie Hurst and combined with Cody to win the title belts for the fourth and final time. Kroffat also engaged in a feud with Archie Gouldie in Stampede Wrestling. The pair traded the North American Heavyweight Title back and forth in a series of matches. Kroffat defeated Gouldie to win the belt in 1973, but Gouldie later regained the title. Still in that same year, Kroffat won the title back from Gouldie to begin his third reign as champion. He then feuded with Gil Hayes, who beat him to win the title. Kroffat regained the belt from Hayes but was unable to win it back after dropping it to him again.

National Wrestling Alliance
Kroffat also enjoyed success outside Stampede Wrestling. In a match that took place in Vancouver, he won the NWA United National Championship while wrestling as King Krow in 1972. He also won the Vancouver version of the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship twice in 1974, teaming with Leo Madril and Wayne Bridges.

Later career
Back in Stampede Wrestling, Kroffat defeated his old rival Gouldie to regain the North American Heavyweight Championship. Once again, however, Gouldie won the title back later in the series of matches. He won the belt for the final time by defeating Killer Tim Brooks. After winning the belt, Kroffat retired from professional wrestling and vacated the championship. He continued to wrestle occasionally, however, until retiring for good in 1985.

Retirement
After leaving wrestling in 1985, Kroffat opened Daniel's Auto Wholesale Centre, a used car dealership. After bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease, was discovered in an Albertan cow in 2003, the United States stopped importing Canadian cattle. Due to the problems this created in the Albertan cattle industry, Kroffat led a campaign to reopen the border, gathering signatures on a petition and pressuring the Canadian federal government to help with the cause.

After Kroffat's retirement, professional wrestler Philip Lafon, who was a fan of Kroffat's, took on the ring name Dan Kroffat in his honor.

Championships and accomplishments
Canadian Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2016
Cauliflower Alley Club
Men's Wrestling Award (2011)
NWA All-Star Wrestling
NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (2 times) - with Leo Madril (1) and Wayne Bridges (1)
NWA United National Championship (1 time)
Stampede Wrestling
NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (4 times) - with Bill Cody (2) and Lennie Hurst (2)
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Bobby Jaggers

References

External links

1945 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Vancouver
Professional wrestling executives
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions
Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Champions
NWA United National Champions

Dan Kroffat


The England Kabaddi Federation UK is the governing body for kabaddi in the United Kingdom. It also governs the UK Kabaddi league. The UK Kabaddi league hosts 18 Kabaddi clubs. It also plays host to 13 Kabaddi tournaments and 1 international Kabaddi Cup, 2013 UK Kabaddi Cup. Players compete in the league from the United Kingdom, India, Pakistan, Canada and the United States.

Clubs

1. Singh Sabha London East Sports Club Barking

2. Coventry Asian Sports Federation

3. Guru Arjan Dev Gurdawara Derby Kabaddi Club

4. Erith & Woolwitch Kabaddi Club

5. Guru Nanak Kabaddi Club Gravesend

6. Hayes Kabaddi Club

7. Guru Nanak Sports Club Hull & London

8. Leicester Kabaddi Club

9. Medway Kabaddi Club

10. Singh Sabha Kabaddi Club Slough

11. GNG Kabaddi Club Smethwick

12. Singh Sabha Sports Club Southall

13. Telford Kabaddi Club

14. Sikh Temple Kabaddi Club Wallsal

15. Punjab United Kabaddi Club Wolverhampton

16. Sikh Temple Kabaddi Club Wolverhampton

17. Hounslow Kabaddi Club

18. Swansea Kabaddi Club

Famous England Players
 Manga Mithapuria is a Kabaddi superstar raider who competes nationally for England
 Jeeti Kooner is a Kabaddi superstar stopper who competes nationally for England. He won best stopper at the 2013 Canada World Kabaddi Cup.

References
http://kabaddiuk.com/

Kabaddi in the United Kingdom

England Kabaddi Federation UK


Rotherslade is a small stretch of sandy beach at the eastern end of Langland Bay in the south Gower Peninsula, Wales.  Previously known as 'Little Langland', it only exists as a separate beach at high tide.  At low tide it is continuous with Langland Bay.

Concrete structures
At the head of Rotherslade once stood a large concrete structure.  This was the site of a beach café and dance hall.  However, it was left abandoned and derelict for many years and became a major eyesore to some people.  After much discussion, including the idea of getting the Army to use explosives to demolish it, in the new millennium the structure was knocked down and replaced with concrete terracing.

On the top level of the terrace is a small café which is open for business on most days of the year, as well as public toilets. The cliff path from the Mumbles to Langland Bay and Caswell runs directly outside the café, which also has an outside seating area overlooking the beach.

Beach huts
Above the concrete terrace are a number of rows of privately owned beach huts, which are located on another concrete terrace structure.

Road access
The beach is serviced by Rotherslade Road which runs from the busy, multi-junction, Langland Corner and has a number of large houses and maisonettes on its eastern side, but only a small hotel and a few houses at the top end on its western side. The road has never seen its own bus service, mainly due to the fact there is no turning space at the beach end.

Osborne Hotel
From 1892 until the final years of the 20th Century, Rotherslade hosted the Osborne Hotel. The famous Impressionist artist, Alfred Sisley, stayed in the Hotel during his honeymoon in 1897. While there, he painted at least eleven views around the Bay. These included two views of Langland Bay, and six views of Rotherslade Bay from different angles, some in stormy or misty weather. He also made three views of the large rock (Storr Rock, then known as Donkey Rock) close to the entrance to the Tor Cave. His painting of 'Donkey Rock in the Evening' now belongs to the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff.

During the 20th century the hotel was often frequented by visiting rugby and cricket teams playing at the St. Helens ground in nearby Swansea. The hotel fell on hard times and after it lay derelict for a short period, it was demolished in 2003. It was replaced by a large complex of luxury apartments, known as 'The Osborne Apartments', that were completed in 2006. A public right-of-way has been maintained from Rotherslade Road, on new steel staging and steps to emerge on the sharp bend in Langland Bay Road.

Tor Cave
The construction of the Osborne Hotel gave rise to the discovery of Rother's Tor Cave. In 1892, numerous prehistoric finds, including a mammoth's tooth, were found here and, like most of the other finds from Gower caves, are kept on public display in Swansea Museum. Rother's Tor Cave was filled in and sealed to secure the foundations of the hotel.

References

External links
The Gower Information Centre: Rotherslade
The Swansea Museum

Gower Peninsula
Beaches of Swansea

Rotherslade


Victor Marlborough Silvester OBE (25 February 1900 – 14 August 1978) was a English dancer, author, musician and dance band leader whose records sold 75 million copies from the 1930s through to the 1980s. He was a significant figure in the development of ballroom dance during the first half of the 20th century. Victor married Dorothy Newton in 1922, a few days after winning the World Ballroom Dancing Championship.

Silvester was born in Wembley, Middlesex. He died in France.

After World War II, his orchestra and his weekly television programme, Victor Silvester's Dancing Club, kept him in the public eye.  His 1927 textbook, Modern Ballroom Dancing, was an immediate bestseller and has remained in print through many editions, the last issued in 2005. He wrote ten other books, including his autobiography.

References

1900 births
1978 deaths
Dance music
English autobiographers
English dancers
Musicians from Middlesex

Victor Silvester


Mikio Hasemoto (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941.

Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Hasemoto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.  With his squad leader, he destroyed an enemy force despite having to run through heavy fire twice to retrieve new weapons

The words of Hasemoto's citation explain:
Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov

1916 births
1943 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II

Mikio Hasemoto


Rashid El Daif (Arabic: رشيد الضعيف) (or Rasheed Al-Daif, Rachid El-Daïf, Rachid Al-Daif) (born 6 August 1945) is a Lebanese poet, novelist and intellectual writing in Arabic. He has been translated into 14 languages, including but not limited to French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Italian, Greek, Japanese and Vietnamese.

In addition to being one of the most translated Arabic writers, he has been referred to as "the Arab world's answer to Italo Calvino or Umberto Eco".

Early life and education

Rashid El Daif was born into a Christian Maronite family of eight children
in Zgharta, Lebanon in 1945.
He studied in his village until high school. Then, he transferred to a government high school in Tripoli, Lebanon which only offered a philosophy degree, despite his penchant for science. After finishing high school, in 1965, he enrolled at the Lebanese University in Beirut in the Department of Arabic Letters. He became well-trained in classical Arabic literature and went to France in 1971 to continue his education.

While in France, he received Ph.D. in Modern Letters (Doctorat in Lettres Modernes) from University of Paris III, known as Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3 on the theory of modern criticism applied to Unshūdat almaṭar, a collection of poems by Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, which was supervised by the distinguished Arabist André Miquel.

From 1972 to 1974, he worked as a teacher of Arabic for foreigners at University of Paris III.

In 1978, he received a Master of Advanced Studies, known in French as a Diplôme d'études approfondies, in linguistics at the University of Paris V, commonly known as "the Sorbonne" in preparation for a second doctoral thesis on diglossia in the Arab countries.

Background and awards

From 1974 to 2008, El Daif worked as an assistant professor at the Lebanese University in the Department of Arabic language and literature. He was a visiting professor at the University of Toulouse, France in 1999. From 2008 to 2013, he was an adjunct professor at the Lebanese American University (LAU). Since 2012, he has served a professor of Arabic creative writing at The American University of Beirut (AUB).

El Daif has received dozens of invitations to speak about his novels from all over the world including in the Netherlands, Japan, Germany, France, the United States.

El-Daif's work has attracted numerous critical books and articles including by Samira Aghacy, Stefan G. Meyer, Ken Seigneurie, Assaad Khairallah, Paul Starkey, Mona Takieddine Amyuni, Edgar Weber and others. Several university dissertations have also been written on El Daif's novels. El Daif has also gone on to supervise the publication of at least five novels from his students and in 2018 edited and published a collection of his student's work titled tahīya' li-dawī ḥaḍurī (Get Ready for the Rumble of my Presence).

Work

Allied with the progressive Lebanese left and in particular with the Communist Party, in the 70s, he campaigned resolutely for the Palestinian cause. During the war years, he took refuge on the west side of Beirut, where he has resided since. In 1979, he witnessed the Mossad assassination of Ali Hassan Salameh which took place in front of the building he was living in and could have lost his life. The experience is documented in his novel fusha mustahadafa bayn al nas wa al-nom.

During his engagement with Marxism, he saw himself and his friends as "makers" of history. Yet, he was quickly disappointed. By the end of 1978, Lebanese had already retreated into the divisions of ideological camps, and he left and isolated himself. He reached the conclusion that this chaotic reality cannot be seized by means of any of the political or philosophical grand narratives.

As El Daif explains in a 2007 interview with Rita Sakr: "When Marxism failed as a theoretical tool for systematically interpreting the world, I lost my belief in all such systems of thought and sought refuge in writing. I felt that the world cannot be explained but it can only be told. I realized that only literature can tell the world."

His 1995 novel Azizi as-sayyid Kawabata, translated in English by Paul Starkey, is often taught as a seminal text on Lebanon's civil war. In the introduction of the translation, Margaret Drabble writes "It enlarges our understanding and deserves to take its place with other memorable accounts of the courage and complexities of civil war, such as Orwell's Homage to Catalonia." Drabble further pays tribute to her long-standing friendship to El Daif and his ex-wife in her contribution to the 2006 book Lebanon, Lebanon.

In 2003, El Daif visited Germany for six weeks under the auspices of the prestigious Berlin-Based "West-Eastern Divan" which initiated an author exchange between El Daif from Beirut and Joachim Helfer from Berlin. Two books resulted from the encounter: El Daif's Awdat al-almani ila rushdih (The German's Return to His Senses, 2005) and Helfer's response Die Verschwulung der Welt (The Queering of the World, 2006). Both texts caused a heated debate at the time of their publication.

A decade later, in 2015, their candid exchange in English translation was published with additional critical essays under the title What Makes A Man? Sex Talk between Beirut and Berlin.

Over the span of three decades, el Daif's prolific oeuvre has encompassed the Lebanese civil war (extensively), marital relations and sexual violence, homosexuality, anti-black racism, historical fiction including on the Arab Nahda and Jurji Zaydan and two autobiographies. Since 2019, Rachid el Daif's work has focused on Classical Arabic heritage, mythology and fairytales. He has published two novels on the subject.

Bibliography

Novels

 1982, Unsi yalhu ma'a rita: kitab al-baligin, (Unsi is Playing with Rita: A Book for Adults), al-Mu'assasa l-Jami'iyya li-l-dirasat wa-l-nasr, Beirut.
 1983, Al-Mustabidd, (The Tyrant), Dar ab'ad, Beirut. Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes Books, 2001.
 1986, Fusha mustahdafa bayna l-nu'as wa-l-nawm, Mukhtarat, Beirut.  Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes Books 2001.
Translated into French by Luc Barbulesco and Philippe Cardinal under the title Passage au Crepuscule, Actes Sud, 1992.
Also translated into English by Nirvana Tannuki under the title Passage to Dusk, Austin: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin, 2001.
 1987, Ahlu z-zill, (Dwellers of the Shade), Mukhtarat, Beirut. Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes Books 2001.
Translated into French under the title L'Insolence Du Serpent...ou les creatures de l'ombre by Edgard Weber. AMAM , Toulouse, 1997.
 1989, Taqaniyyaatu l-bu's, Technicalities of Wretchedness, Mukhtarat, Beirut. Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes Books 2001.
 1991, Ghaflat al-Turab, A Lapse of the Earth, Mukhtarat, Beirut. Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes Books 2001
 1995, Azizi as-sayyid Kawabata, Mukhtarat, Beirut. Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes Books 2001
 Translated into the following eight European languages: English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Swedish, Polish, and Dutch.
German translation: Hartmut Fahndrich, Lieber Herr Kawabata. Basel, Lenos 1998.
English Translation:  Paul Starkey, Dear Mr. Kawabata. London: Quartet Books, 1999; reprinted by Interlink Books, U.S.A., 2000.
Polish Translation, Ewa-Machut-Mendecka, Kochany Panie Kawabato, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, 1998
 1997, Nahiyat al-bara'a, al-Masar, Beirut.
Translated into English under the title This Side of Innocence by Paula Haydar. Interlink Books, 2001.
 1998, Lernin Inglish, (Learning English), al-Nahar, Beirut. Reprint: Riad El-Rayyes, Beirut, 2005.
Translated into French under the title Learning English by Yves Gonzalez-Quijano. Paris:  Actes Sud, September 2001.
 2001, Tistifil Meryl Streep (Meryl Streep Can Suit Herself), Riad El-Rayyes Books, Beirut.
 Translated into Italian under the title E CHI SE NE FREGA DI MERYL STREEP by Palma D'Amico. Rome: Jouvence, 2003.
 Also translated into French under the title Qu'elle au Diable Meryl Streep by Edgard Weber. Paris: Actes-Sud, 2004
Also translated into Greek. Athens: Kedros, 2006.
 Also translated into English under the title Who's Afraid of Meryl Streep? by Paula Haydar and Nadine Sinno. Austin: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin, 2014.
 2002, Insay  as-Sayyara, (Forget About The Car), Riad El-Rayyes Books, Beirut.
 Translated into French under the title Fais Voir Tes Jambes Leila by Yves Gonzalez-Quijano. Paris: Actes-Sud, September 2006.
 2005, Mabad Yanjah Fi Baghdad (Mabad Succeeds in Baghdad), Riad El-Rayyes Books, Beirut.
 2005, Awdatu l'almani 'ila rushdihi (The German Returns To His Senses), Riad El-Rayyes Books, Beirut.

Poetry
 1979, Hina halla al-sayf 'ala l-sayf, (When the Sword Replaced the Sun)
Translated by J.D. Bencheikh as L'Eté au Tranchant de l'Épée Le Sycmore, Paris.
 1980, La shay'a yafuqu l-wasf, (Nothing is Above Description), Mansurat lubnan al-gadid, Beirut.
 1992, Ayyu thalgin yahbut bi-salam, (What Snow ever Falls in Peace), Mukhtarat, Beirut.

Film
 A film entitled Passage Au Crepuscule based upon the novel of the same title was directed by Swiss director Simon Edelstein and released in Geneva in 2000.
 A film entitled Zennar An Nar based upon the novel of the title Al Mustabid directed by the Lebanese director Bahij Hojeij in 2004

Theatre
 A play entitled Qu'elle Aille au diable Meryl Streep'' based upon the novel of the same title was written by the Algerian French scenarist Mohammad Qacimi, and produced by Nidal Achqar, in Arabic and French.

External links
 Rachid Al-Daif's website
Rachid Daiif on Ehden Family Tree Website

References

1945 births
Lebanese novelists
Living people
Writers from Beirut
Academic staff of Lebanese University
Lebanese University alumni
Lebanese male writers
Male novelists
20th-century novelists
21st-century novelists
People from Zgharta
Lebanese Maronites
20th-century Lebanese writers
21st-century Lebanese writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers

Rashid Al-Daif


Shi Ren ( 200s–220), courtesy name Junyi, was an official serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty.

Life
Shi Ren was from Guangyang Commandery (廣陽郡), which is located southwest of present-day Daxing District, Beijing. He served at Gong'an County in Jing Province as a subordinate of the general Guan Yu, who was appointed by the warlord Liu Bei to guard Jing Province. Following a dispute with Guan Yu, Shi Ren and Mi Fang defected to the warlord Sun Quan when Guan Yu was away at the Battle of Fancheng. Shi Ren and Mi Fang allowed Sun Quan's forces to overrun Jing Province, leading to Guan Yu's defeat and death.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shi Ren is referred to Fu Shiren (傅士仁). Despite this misspelling, his role is relatively consistent with history. In the novel, before the Battle of Fancheng, Guan Yu appoints Mi Fang and Fu Shiren as the commanders of the vanguard force, but that night they carelessly allow a fire to break out in the camp. Guan Yu wants to execute them for their negligence, but spares them after Fei Shi pleads on their behalf. He then orders them to be flogged and reassigned to guard Nan Commandery and Gong'an County respectively while he is away at Fancheng.

During the invasion of Jing Province, Lü Meng sends Yu Fan, a childhood friend of Fu Shiren, to persuade Fu Shiren to surrender. Fu Shiren agrees to surrender after reading a letter from Yu Fan. After that, Lü Meng sends Fu Shiren to convince Mi Fang to surrender as well. Although Mi Fang is initially reluctant to do so, he defects to the enemy as well after he hears that a threat from Guan Yu to execute him if he fails to deliver supplies to the frontline in time.

Fu Shiren and Mi Fang appear in the novel again before the Battle of Yiling. They overhear a plot to kill them, so they assassinate Ma Zhong (馬忠), who captured Guan Yu in an ambush, and bring his head along when attempting to return to Liu Bei's side. However, Liu Bei refuses to accept them and orders Guan Xing (Guan Yu's son) to execute them for betraying his father.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

2nd-century births
Year of death unknown
Government officials under Sun Quan
Government officials under Liu Bei

Shi Ren


Arturo M. Giovannitti (; 1884–1959) was an Italian-American union leader, socialist political activist, and poet. He is best remembered as one of the principal organizers of the 1912 Lawrence textile strike and as a defendant in a celebrated trial caused by that event.

Early life
Arturo Giovannitti was born January 7, 1884, in Ripabottoni in what is now the Province of Campobasso, Italy, at the time part of the Abruzzi but now part of Molise. He immigrated to Canada in 1900 and, after working in a coal mine and railroad crew, began preaching in a Presbyterian mission. He soon came to the United States, where he studied at Union Theological Seminary. Although he did not graduate, he ran rescue missions for Italians in Brooklyn and Pittsburgh. He also began writing for the weekly newspaper of the Italian Socialist Federation. In 1911, he became the newspaper's editor.

Political career
On January 1, 1912, in accordance with a new state law, the textile mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts, posted new rules limiting the hours of workers to 54 a week, down from the previous 56. It soon became clear that the employers had no intention of adjusting wage rates upwards to make up for the lost work time, and a strike ensued.

On January 12, 1912, the Italian-language branch of the Industrial Workers of the World Local 20 decided to send to New York City for Joe Ettor, the organization's top Italian-language leader, to come to Lawrence and lead the strike.  Within a few days, Ettor called his friend Giovannitti to Lawrence to coordinate relief efforts. Giovannitti soon began speaking to Italians. His most noted address was his "Sermon on the Common," which modified Jesus's Beatitudes to decidedly less passive stances, such as "Blessed are the rebels, for they shall reconquer the earth."

On January 29, a striker, Anna LoPizzo, was shot and killed during a police crackdown on an unruly mob. Although Ettor and Giovannitti were three miles from the scene, both were arrested and imprisoned, along with one other striker, on the charge of inciting a riot leading to the loss of life.

While in jail, Giovannitti wrote many poems. By the time of the trial, that fall, several were published in leading journals, bringing him widespread fame. Giovannitti's poem "The Walker," in which he recounted the tormented footsteps of a prisoner, brought him comparisons to Walt Whitman and Oscar Wilde.

The imprisonment of Ettor and Giovannitti became a cause célèbre, attracting nationwide attention and inspiring activists who called for the guaranteeing of free speech. Workers from across the US contributed to the Ettor-Giovannitti Defense Fund, which eventually totaled $50,000.

The trial of Ettor, Giovannitti, and the co-defendant accused of actually firing the shot that killed the picketer, began on September 30, 1912, in Salem, Massachusetts, before Judge Joseph F. Quinn. As was the custom in capital cases in Massachusetts, the three defendants were kept in an open metal cage in the courtroom. The trial received coverage throughout North America and Europe. Prosecution witnesses quoted from speeches by Ettor and Giovannitti. Ettor: "This town won't be very happy in two days. Something is going to happen... keep the gun shops busy...." Giovannitti (to strikers): "Prowl around like wild animals looking for the blood of the scabs." Yet defense witnesses testified without contradiction that Ettor and Giovannitti were miles away from the scene of the murder while Joseph Caruso, the third defendant in the case, was at home eating supper at the time of the killing.

Giovannitti and Ettor both delivered closing statements at the end of the two-month trial. Giovannitti's speech brought many in the gallery to tears. Though he began by noting it was "the first time in my life that I speak publicly in your wonderful language," he soon spoke eloquently about his love of life:

I am twenty-nine years old. I have a woman that loves me and that I love. I have a mother and father that are waiting for me. I have an ideal that is dearer to me than can be expressed or understood. And life has so many allurements and it is so nice and bright and so wonderful that I feel the passion of living in my heart.

Yet if allowed to go free, he added,

Let me tell you that the first strike that breaks again in this Commonwealth or any other place in America where the work and the help and the intelligence of Joseph J. Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti will be needed and necessary, there we shall go again regardless of any fear and any threat. We shall return again to our humble efforts, obscure, humble, unknown, misunderstood -- soldiers of this mighty army of the working class of the world, which out of the shadows and the darkness of the past is striving towards the destined goal which is the emancipation of human kind, which is the establishment of love and brotherhood and justice for every man and every woman in this earth.

All three defendants were acquitted, on November 26, 1912.

Subsequent activism
In the wake of the trial, Giovannitti published his first book of poems, Arrows in the Gale, in 1914. In an introduction to the book, Helen Keller wrote: "Giovannitti is, like Shelley, a poet of revolt against the cruelty, the poverty, the ignorance which too many of us accept."  But Giovannitti, following ten months in prison, avoided involvement in volatile strikes. Instead, he devoted himself to poetry, editing radical journals and protesting World War I, which claimed two of his brothers.

In 1916, he participated in Percy MacKaye's production of Caliban by the Yellow Sands, translating it into Italian. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, he appeared at various workers' rallies, charming crowds with his Vandyke beard and flowery Italian and English.

Death
In 1950, Giovannitti was stricken by paralysis in both legs. He remained bedridden until his death in the Bronx, in 1959.

Giovannitti's papers, including a typescript play called The Alpha and the Omega (In Memory of a very Rich Holy Man), are housed at the University of Minnesota.

Works
 Ettor and Giovannitti Before the Jury at Salem, Massachusetts, November 23, 1912. With Joseph J. Ettor. Chicago: Industrial Workers of the World, n.d. [1912].
 Address of the Defendant Arthuro M. Giovannitti to Jury. Salem Court House, November 23, 1912. Boston: Boston School of Social Science, 1912. —reissued with new title, 1913.
 Arrows in the Gale. Introduction by Helen Keller. Riverside, CT: Hillacre Bookhouse, 1914.
 The Cage. Riverside, CT: Hillacre, 1914.
 Come era nel principio (tenebre rosse): Dramma in 3 atti. Brooklyn: Italian IWW Publishing Bureau, 1918.
 "Communism on Trial,"  in The Red Ruby: Address to the Jury by Benjamin Gitlow. [New York]: Communist Labor Party, n.d. [1920]; pp. 14–15.
 Eugenio V. Debs: Apostolo del socialismo. With Girolamo Valenti. Chicago: Italian Labor Publishing Co., n.d. [c. 1920].
 Parole e sangue. New York: Labor Press, 1938.
 Quando canta il gallo. Chicago, E. Clemente, 1957.
 Collected Poems. Chicago, E. Clemente, 1962.

Translator:
 Émile Pouget, Sabotage. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1913.

See also
 Virgilia D'Andrea
 Lawrence textile strike

Notes

Further reading
 Bruce Watson, Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream, New York, NY, Viking [2005]
 William D. Haywood, Speech of William D. Haywood on the Case of Ettor and Giovannitti, Cooper Union, New York. Lawrence, MA: Ettor-Giovannitti Defense Committee, n.d. [1912].
 Francesco Medici, Arturo Giovannitti, anima migrante - The Walker / Il Camminatore, «incroci», XXII, 44, luglio-dicembre 2021, pp. 7-25.

External links
The Walker (Poem & further links) at the Stan Iverson Memorial Library
Quale Press

1884 births
1974 deaths
American people of Italian descent
American socialists
Italian socialists
Industrial Workers of the World leaders
People from the Province of Campobasso
Italian emigrants to the United States

Arturo Giovannitti


Casper H. M. Petersen (often spelled Peterson) (March 14, 1826July 16, 1906) was an American schoolteacher, businessman and farmer from New Holstein, Wisconsin, who spent four non-consecutive terms as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Calumet County, Wisconsin.

Background
Peterson was born in Mielberg (a hamlet southwest of Jagel), in the Duchy of Schleswig, on March 14, 1826; was educated at the Teachers' Seminary at Tondern, Schleswig, and worked as a schoolteacher for five years. Peterson joined the military service of Schleswig-Holstein from 1848 to 1851, participating in the First Schleswig War against Denmark.

He came to the United States in 1851, and first settled in Milwaukee, where he was a teacher and organist in the first Lutheran school of that city. He moved to Chicago in 1852 and worked as a clerk; and to Racine in 1855, where he tried his hand as a merchant; and to New Holstein in 1861, where he became a farmer. He was chairman of the town for a member of years and president of the Calumet County Mutual Fire Insurance Co.

Legislative service
Peterson was first a member of the assembly from Calumet County in 1868 (succeeding Randolph Needham of the National Union (Republican) party) and was assigned to the standing committee on roads, bridges and ferries. He was re-elected for the 1869 session, and switched to the committees on the assessment and collection of taxes, and on legislative expenditures

He was not a candidate for re-election, and was succeeded by fellow Democrat and former Assemblyman James Robinson. He was elected again in 1872, succeeding Democrat William Dick, with 880 votes to 855 for Republican John Merrill, and was assigned to the committee on lumber and manufacturing. He was not a candidate for re-election, and the seat was taken by independent candidate Thomas Lynch (who became a Democrat after the election, and would later become a Congressman).

He was once more elected assemblyman in 1880 for a two-year term, receiving 2,037 votes against 1,015 votes for C. W. Thurston (Rep.), and 121 votes for Greenback J. Hayward Haight, who had formerly held the seat (the incumbent, Democrat J. W. Parkinson, was not a candidate). He was assigned to the standing committee on ways and means. He was not a candidate for re-election in 1882, and was succeeded by Republican Adolph Moeller, a fellow Schleswig-Holstein veteran of the First Schleswig War against Denmark. He ran as a candidate for the National Democratic Party in 1896.

Personal life
He moved to Plymouth, Wisconsin in 1892. During the first four or five years of his residence there he was secretary and treasurer of the Schwartz Mfg. Co., after which he retired.

Petersen married for the first time in Schleswig. His first wife died in 1854; from this union two daughters survived. In 1859, while living in Racine, he married Auguste Bodenstab. He died at home on July 16, 1906 after a few weeks' illness, the second wife survived him, along with three sons of that marriage (two daughters had died in infancy). He was buried in the New Holstein City Cemetery.

References

External links

1826 births
1906 deaths
19th-century organists
Farmers from Wisconsin
American organists
American male organists
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
German schoolteachers
Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People from New Holstein, Wisconsin
People from Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
People from Plymouth, Wisconsin
19th-century American male musicians
19th-century American politicians

Casper Petersen


Anōshazād (Middle Persian), known in the Shahnameh as Nōshzād (), was a Sasanian prince who was the leader of a revolt in southwestern province of Khuzistan in the 540s. He was the oldest son of king Khosrow I (r. 531-579), while his mother was a Christian and the daughter of the judge (dadwar) of Ray.

Etymology
Anōshazād is a Middle Persian name meaning "son of the immortal". Nōshzād () is the New Persian form, whilst the Greek form of the name is Anasozados.

Biography

According to several sources, Anushzad was sometime before his revolt imprisoned in Gundeshapur by his father. According to Dinavari and Ferdowsi, it was because he had converted to Christianity. However, this is unlikely since neither Procopius nor Ibn al-Athir calls him a Christian; according to Procopius, Anushzad was imprisoned for seducing some of his father's wives, while Ibn al-Athir states that he was imprisoned because he was suspected of being a crypto-Manichaean.

According to Dinavari, while Khosrow I was campaigning in Syria against the Byzantines, he fell ill at Emesa—according to Nöldeke, however, Khosrow never reached the city and instead returned to his capital, Ctesiphon. He further states that Anushzad had spread false rumours of Khosrow having a deadly sickness. Anushzad thereafter raised an army, which consisted of prisoners and Christians from Hormizd-Ardashir and Gundeshapur. However, according to Nöldeke, Fariburz most likely didn't manage to get support from a large number of Christians, which he tried to do so by stating that his mother was a Christian. Nevertheless, he managed to capture Ahvaz and seize its riches.

Burzin, who was Khosrow's vice-regent at Ctesiphon, shortly sent an army under Fariburz to besiege Gundeshapur, and informed Khosrow of the revolt. Khosrow thereafter ordered him bring Anushzad back alive if possible, and to kill all the nobles participating in his revolt, but not the ordinary people. The revolt of Anushzad was eventually suppressed, while he was captured and taken to Ctesiphon, where he was blinded.

References

Sources

6th-century Iranian people
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Sasanian princes
Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire
6th-century births
6th-century deaths
Khosrow I

Anoshazad


The Port of Hull is a major sea port in the city of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The port is located on the River Humber which leads to the North Sea. Around one million passengers use the port to get to Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Zeebrugge, Belgium. The port is used for the import of timber in the United Kingdom. The port has its own goods railway which is used to transport cargo inland.

Docks

Former docks
The remaining docks are only the larger ones in the East of the city. Until the 1960s there were some in the city centre such as Humber Dock which became Hull Marina and Junction Dock which is now the site of Princes Quay shopping centre. The Old Dock was filled in and is now Queens Gardens, St Andrews Dock was closed off and silted up (some of it is now a retail park), the Victoria Dock closed in the 1980s and is now a housing estate, the Railway Dock closed in the 1960s and was later used as an extension to the Hull Marina.

Existing docks
The Albert and William Wright Dock is still used for cargo. The fishing industry has also been moved there. The Alexandra Dock closed in the 1980s but soon reopened. It is now also used for cargo. The King George and Queen Elizabeth Docks are used for passengers.

East Riding of Yorkshire
Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom

Port of Hull


Education Action Groups were set up at most New Zealand university campuses during the 1990s as a vehicle for direct action against user pays reforms to tertiary education. Most EAGs were semi-independent of their students' associations, but were mostly funded and worked closely with associations to help achieve their shared aims and policies of free quality education for all. EAGs and associations demanded a return to zero tertiary fees and a universal student living allowance.

At their height in the early to mid '90s national annual training and large student protests were organised (including bus trips of students from all around the country converging at parliament) culminating in the rolling occupations of several university registry buildings in 1996. Education regularly featured in the top 3 voters' concerns in election years during the 1990s.

Since 2001 the only active Education Action Group is at Victoria University (most active after introduction of Fee Maxima policy in 2003). At other students' associations it has become more common for student executives to try to run campaigns.

Students' Associations associated with EAGs
 New Zealand Union of Students' Associations
 Victoria University of Wellington Students' Association
 Otago University Students' Association
 Massey University Students' Association
 Auckland University Students' Association
 University of Canterbury Students' Association
 Otago Polytechnic Students' Association

External links
 Students and the Education Factory (A history of Education Action Groups, written by two participants)

Advocacy groups
Students' associations in New Zealand
Youth empowerment organizations

Education Action Group


කුමාර (; Sanskrit: कुमार) යනු හින්දු , බෞද්ධ පොදු පුද්ගල නාමයකි.middle name, or a family name found in Soth Asia, Mainly in India, sri lanka, Nepal though not specific to any caste or community. It is a generic title which variously means son, boy, prince, chaste. It is the 8th most common family name in the world. It is more common in Northern India and the most common family name in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Haryana, Delhi, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.

ඉතිහාසය
The origin of kumar can be traced back to early development of Hinduism and its origin in India. The first usage of Kumar was for the Four Kumāras, the four sons of Brahma from the Puranic texts of Hinduism named Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, and Sanat.

In Skanda Purana, the largest Mahapurana, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts, the text is devoted mainly to the leelas of Kartikeya, son of Shiva and Parvati. "Kumar" is used to refer Kartikeya.

Notable people

First name

 Kumar Basnet, (born 1943) Nepalese folk singer
 Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir, Nepalese Buddhist monk
 Colonel Kumar Lama, Nepalese military officer
 Kumar Gaurav, Indian film actor
 Kumar Pradhan, Nepalese scholar
 Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji, cricketer who played for England
 Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji, AKA K. S. Ranjitsinhji, Indian prince, maharaja and Test cricketer
 Kumar Sangakkara, Sri Lankan cricketer and a former captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team
 Kumar Sanu, Indian Bollywood playback singer
 Kumar Vishwas, Hindi-language performance poet
 Kumar Dharmasena, Sri Lankan cricketer , International cricket umpire

Middle name

 Ajith Kumar Siriwardena, Sri Lankan Briton professor of hepato-pancreatico-biliary surgery
 Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri, a leading physicist
 Amrit Kumar Bohara, Nepalese politician
 Anil Kumar Jha, (born 1969) Nepalese politician
 Anjani Kumar Sharma, Nepalese surgeon
 Arjun Kumar Basnet, (born 1975) Nepalese marathon runner
 General Arunkumar Vaidya, the former Chief of Indian Army
 Bijay Kumar Gachchhadar, Nepalese politician
 Devendra Kumar Joshi, the Indian Chief of Naval Staff
 Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay, a Bengali singer, composer and producer
 Inder Kumar Gujral, an Indian politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of India
 Keshav Kumar Budhathoki, Nepali politician
 Madhav Kumar Nepal, Former Prime Minister of Nepal
 Pawan Kumar Chamling, an Sikkimese politician who served as the 5th Chief Minister of Sikkim
 Pradip Kumar Rai known as Byakul Maila, Nepalese poet
 Prem Kumar Dhumal, chief minister of Indian state
 Roop Kumar Rathod, an Indian playback singer and music director
 Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya, Nepalese diplomat
 Shiv Kumar Batalvi, a Punjabi language poet
 Sunil Kumar Yadav, Nepalese politician
 Suniti Kumar Chatterji, an Indian linguist, educationist and litterateur
 Tej Kumar Shrestha, Nepalese zoologist
 Vijay Kumar Pandey, Nepalese journalist
 Vijay Kumar Singh, Indian politician and a retired four star general in the Indian Army
 Vinod Kumar Shukla, modern Hindi writer

Last name

 Aanchal Kumar, Indian model and actress
 Ajith Kumar, an Indian film actor who works mainly in Tamil cinema
 Akhil Kumar, an Indian boxer who has won several international and national boxing awards
 Akshay Kumar, stage name of Indian-Canadian film actor, producer and martial artist, Rajiv Bhatia
 Amit Kumar, Indian film playback singer, actor, and director
 Amitava Kumar, Indian writer, journalist, professor
 Anand Kumar, Indian mathematician
 Anil Kumar, businessman, consultant
 Ashok Kumar, AKA Dadamoni in Bengali, Indian film actor
 Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Indian pace bowler
 Darshan Kumar, Indian actor
 Dilip Kumar, one of The Greatest Indian (Bollywood)film actor known as the 'Tragedy King' and a former Member of Parliament
 Girish Kumar, Indian film actor
 G. V. Prakash Kumar, Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer
 Gulshan Kumar, T-Series music label owner
 Indra Kumar, an Indian film director and producer
 Jitender Kumar (flyweight boxer), an Indian flyweight boxer
 Kishore Kumar, Indian film playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter and scriptwriter
 Manoj Kumar (boxer), Indian boxer who won a gold medal in the light welterweight division at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
 Manoj Kumar, an award-winning Indian actor and director in the Bollywood
 Meira Kumar, an Indian politician and a five time Member of Parliament
 Nirmalya Kumar, professor and businessman
 Nish Kumar, British comedian
 Nitish Kumar, Indian politician
 Pawan Kumar, several people, including:
 Pawan Kumar (director), Indian film director, actor, producer, and screenwriter
 Pawan Kumar (wrestler), Indian wrestler
 Praveen Kumar, Indian medium-pace swing bowler
 Raaj Kumar, Indian film actor
 Ritu Kumar, Indian fashion designer
 Sanjay Kumar, former CEO of Computer Associates
 Shashi Kumar, or Shashikumar, Indian actor and politician
 Srini Kumar, Indian Entrepreneur and publisher, founder of unamerican.com
 Sushil Kumar, several people, including:
 Sushil Kumar (scholar), Gandhian scholar
 Sushil Kumar (wrestler), Indian World Champion wrestler
 Tulsi Kumar, an Indian playback singer for Bollywood films
 Uttam Kumar, The Greatest actor of Indian (Bengali) cinema and contemporary of Dilip Kumar, the Bollywood legend
 Uttar Kumar, famous actor in north India
 Venkatesh Kumar, Hindustani vocalist.
 Vijay Kumar (sport shooter), Indian champion shooter, Olympic 2012 silver medalist
 Vinay Kumar, Indian cricket player
 Vinay Kumar (pathologist), the Alice Hogge & Arthur Baer Professor of Pathology at the University of Chicago

other
in Sri Lanka title "Kumar" writing as a "Kumara"

See also

Notes

කුමාර


Anna Rubin (born 1946) is an American composer of electroacoustic and instrumental music.

Biography
Anna Rubin studied with composers Mel Powell, Earle Brown, Pauline Oliveros, and Paul Lansky, and graduated with a doctorate in composition from Princeton University. After completing her studies, she taught composition at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music at Oberlin College. She also taught at Lafayette College and in 2002 took a teaching position at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

Rubin is a member of the American Music Center, is a co-founder of the Independent Composers Association of LA, serves on the editorial board of Perspectives of New Music, and has served as president of the International Alliance for Women in Music.

Rubin is the author of professional articles on the work of composer Francis Dhomont.

Honors and awards
Two awards, Maryland State Arts Council
Fellow, National Orchestral Association
Delta Ensemble Gaudeamus Prize for De Nacht: Lament for Malcolm X, 1984
Jury prize, Aether Festival #1 - International Radio Art/Radio Station KUNM, Albuquerque, NM, for Family Stories: Sophie, Sally, with Laurie Hollander

Selected works
Rubin composes for chamber ensembles, orchestra, chorus, digital audio and live electronics. Selected works include:

Crying the Laughing and Golden for tape (1982–1983)
De Nacht: Lament for Malcolm X (1984)
Hiding Faces, Open Faces for viola, electronic soundtrack and video (1988)
Viola a Tre for 3 violas (1988)
Remembering for mezzo-soprano, piano and tape (1989)
Seachanges for viola da gamba and tape (1996)
Family Stories: Sophie, Sally (1998)

References

External links
Home page
UMBC Faculty page
I Resound Press

1946 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
American music educators
American women music educators
Jewish classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
Electroacoustic music composers
Princeton University alumni
Oberlin College faculty
Lafayette College faculty
University of Maryland, Baltimore County faculty
American women in electronic music
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century women composers
American women academics
21st-century American women

Anna Rubin


The Museum of Toys and Automata (in Catalan language Museu de Joguets i Autòmats) was a museum of toys and automata located in Verdú, in central Catalonia, Spain. It opened in 2004, and in 2013 it closed and the building was converted to an art gallery.

The museum was founded by local man Manel Mayoral, who had built up an extensive collection of antique toys and novelties. It was housed at an old house known as "Cal Jan" in Verdú's main square, over three floors and more than 2000 square meters, half of that in a modern extension.

Cal Jan was built in the 15th century, as were all the other buildings on the same street, and became an important house of Verdú. The lintels of the first floor balconies are an example of early 17th century architecture. In fact, there is an inscription on the façade dating from 1695, which is the year the house was reconstructed. In 1999, the building's conversion to a museum was started, and it was extended and extensively remodelled.

References

Museums established in 2004
Toy museums in Catalonia
Children's museums in Spain
Museum of Toys and Automata
Amusement museums

Museum of Toys and Automata


Wanda Ventham (born 5 August 1935) is an English actress with many roles on British television since beginning her career in the 1950s.

She played Colonel Virginia Lake in the 1970s science-fiction television series UFO and had a recurring role as Cassandra Trotter's mother Pamela Parry in the sitcom Only Fools and Horses between 1989 and 1992. Her many other television appearances include The Sweeney, The Avengers, The Saint, Doctor Who, The Gentle Touch, Heartbeat and Holby City, and she appeared in two Carry On films.

In April 2014, People magazine featured her in its "Most Beautiful People in the World" edition.

Early life
Ventham was born in Brighton on 5 August 1935, the daughter of Gladys Frances (née Holtham) and Frederick Howard Ventham. Originally aspiring to become an artist, she attended art school for a year whilst working as a scenic painter for the Connaught Theatre in Worthing, West Sussex, during her school holidays. The exposure to professional theatre prompted her to leave art school and pursue a career in acting. She trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, as a contemporary of Judi Dench, graduating in 1956.

Career
Ventham's first film role was in My Teenage Daughter (1956), with Dame Anna Neagle and Sylvia Syms. She also appeared as a debutante in 1962 with a ten-second talking role in the Norman Wisdom film On the Beat and in 1963 as a nurse in the Norman Wisdom film A Stitch in Time – both were uncredited.

She also appeared in Carry On Cleo (1964) and Carry On Up the Khyber (1968). She starred alongside Mark Burns in the mystery film Death Is a Woman (1966). Her best-known role was on television as Col. Virginia Lake, second-in-command to Commander Ed Straker (Ed Bishop), in the cult series UFO.

Ventham's numerous other TV credits include regular roles in Heartbeat as Fiona Weston, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates as Margaret Balshaw, and The Rag Trade as Shirley. She also played a love interest for Arthur Daley in Minder, Susan's mother in Coupling, and Deborah's mother in Men Behaving Badly. She starred opposite Ian Hendry in the 15-part BBC series The Lotus Eaters (1972–73), and made a guest appearance on the BBC Two sketch show Rutland Weekend Television (Se1Ep5). She was in an episode of Danger Man, and the series Patrick McGoohan completed immediately afterwards – the allegorical spy series The Prisoner – as well as the sitcoms Executive Stress and Next of Kin, and the sketch show The Two Ronnies.

She has appeared in Doctor Who on three occasions over three decades; as Jean Rock in The Faceless Ones (1967), as Thea Ransome in Image of the Fendahl (1977) and as Faroon in Time and the Rani (1987). Her appearance in Image of the Fendahl was opposite Denis Lill, with whom she would later act when they were cast as Pamela and Alan Parry in the sitcom Only Fools and Horses (1989–1992).

In 2014, she and her husband Timothy Carlton appeared in the BBC adaptation of Sherlock as the parents of Sherlock Holmes, who is played by their son Benedict Cumberbatch. Ventham appeared in Holby City as Sheilagh Chiltern, the grandmother of Lofty Chiltern.

Personal life
Ventham married her first husband James Tabernacle in 1957 and they had one daughter, Tracy. They divorced on 12 November 1974. She met actor Timothy Carlton in 1970 while filming sequences for the drama series A Family at War and they have been married since April 1976. The couple appeared together in the second series of BBC drama The Lotus Eaters in 1973, and in the third and fourth series of BBC's Sherlock in 2014 and 2017, where they played the title character's parents, with their son, actor Benedict Cumberbatch starring in the title role of Holmes.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

References

External links

Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Brighton
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
Cumberbatch family
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
1935 births

Wanda Ventham


James Mikely Mantell Posey Jr. (born January 13, 1977) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played the small forward position for the Denver Nuggets, the Memphis Grizzlies, the Miami Heat, the Boston Celtics, the New Orleans Hornets, and the Indiana Pacers. Posey won NBA championships as a member of the 2006 Miami Heat and the 2008 Boston Celtics.

College career
After attending High School in Twinsburg, Ohio, Posey came to Xavier University in the 1995–96 season, but under Prop 48 rules, was ineligible, so sat out his freshman year. Posey ranks 16th on Xavier's all-time scoring list with 1,455 points and 10th on Xavier's all-time rebounding list with 801. Posey led XU in rebounding in each of his three seasons as a Musketeer. Posey earned a long list of honors while at Xavier, including the 1998 Atlantic 10 Championship "Most Outstanding Player" Award in helping XU win its first-ever A-10 Tournament Championship. Posey earned the A-10's "Sixth Man Award" twice and was named 1999 A-10 First Team and 1999 A-10 Defensive Player of the Year. He did all of that while not being a consistent starter in the Xavier lineup, almost always coming off the bench and Posey became well sought after from several sports agents such as Bill Duffy, Andy Miller, Craig McKenzie and Mark Bartelstein. With their permission Posey allowed his interviews to be held in front of the media of the Cincinnati Enquirer.

Professional career

Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)
Posey was selected out of Xavier University by the Denver Nuggets with the 18th pick of the 1999 NBA draft. His rookie season, Posey averaged 8.2 points and 3.9 rebounds per game en route to being named to the all-rookie second team.

On December 22, 2001, Posey scored a then career-high 33 points during a 105-101 loss to the Golden State Warriors.

In total, Posey played a little over three seasons with the team.

Houston Rockets (2002–2003)
Posey was sent to the Houston Rockets in a three-team deal also involving the Philadelphia 76ers on December 18, 2002.

Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2005)
After finishing the season with the Rockets, Posey signed with the Memphis Grizzlies as a free agent in the 2003 off-season.

On March 29, 2004, Posey scored a career-high 38 points, including making a three-point shot to force a second overtime, during a 136-133 win against the Atlanta Hawks.

Miami Heat (2005–2007)
On August 2, 2005, Posey was involved in the largest trade in NBA history, which involved 13 players and five different teams. Through this trade, the Miami Heat acquired point guard Jason Williams, forward Antoine Walker, shooting guard Andre Emmett, and the draft rights to Roberto Dueñas. The Memphis Grizzlies received shooting guard Eddie Jones, and point guard Raül López. Boston, who dealt Walker to the Heat, received a package that included Qyntel Woods, the draft rights to Albert Miralles, two second-round draft picks, and cash. The Boston Celtics also picked up Curtis Borchardt. Utah was able to acquire center Greg Ostertag, and the New Orleans Hornets acquired small forward Rasual Butler and shooting guard Kirk Snyder. Posey averaged 7.8 points and 4.8 rebounds per game in 2005–06.

After that somewhat disappointing regular season with Miami, Posey performed much better in the playoffs than expected. He had been a starter during the regular season, but head coach Pat Riley made the change of having Posey come off the bench for the playoffs. As the Heat's sixth man, Posey was able to average 11.8 points per game on 48.8% shooting against Miami's first-round opponent, the Chicago Bulls. Against Miami's second-round opponent, the New Jersey Nets, Posey was forced to play defense, particularly guarding Vince Carter or Richard Jefferson. Although Posey's scoring dropped, his defense was said to have been the key to the Heat's advancement into the conference finals.

Posey again had to focus on defense against Miami's third-round opponent, the Detroit Pistons, particularly guarding Richard Hamilton, Tayshaun Prince, and even sometimes Chauncey Billups or Rasheed Wallace. Posey's defense was able to take the pressure off of Miami's scorers like Dwyane Wade, Jason Williams and Antoine Walker so that they could focus on their strengths on the offensive end.

In the 2006 NBA Finals against the Dallas Mavericks, Posey was a key factor on both ends of the court. Defensively, he, along with Udonis Haslem, provided tough defense on the Mavericks All-Star, Dirk Nowitzki.  He also guarded Josh Howard, who had caused problems for Miami when Antoine Walker was guarding him. On the offensive end, Posey played a huge role in knocking down shots as a result of Miami's All-Stars, Wade and Shaquille O'Neal, being double-teamed and needing to pass the ball. In Game 4 of the Finals, Posey was very impressive in Miami's blowout, scoring 15 points and grabbing 10 rebounds. In Game 6, Posey hit a huge shot to give Miami an 87–81 advantage with four minutes remaining; Miami would win the game 95–92. Posey averaged 7.3 points and 6 rebounds in the Finals.

On July 1, 2006, Posey exercised his $6.4 million contract option, opting not to become a free agent. He only played in 4 playoff games in the 2006–07 season, because the Heat were eliminated in the first round.

Boston Celtics (2007–2008)

On August 25, 2007, Posey signed with the Boston Celtics, adding to their revamped roster, including newcomers Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen. Terms of the deal were roughly $6.67 million over 2 years, with the second year being Posey's option.  In the 2008 NBA Finals, Posey would win his second NBA championship, once again helping his team with tough defense and timely baskets at crunch time. On June 30, 2008, in a widely anticipated move, Posey opted out of the second and final year of his contract with the Celtics and became an unrestricted free agent, but had stated that he wanted to return to the Celtics on a new contract.

New Orleans Hornets (2008–2010)
On July 16, 2008, Posey signed with the New Orleans Hornets, accepting a four-year deal worth about $25 million.

Indiana Pacers (2010–2011)
On August 11, 2010, New Orleans sent Posey, along with Darren Collison, to the Pacers in a four-team, five-player trade with the New Jersey Nets and the Houston Rockets.  On December 12, 2011, Posey was amnestied by the Pacers.

Coaching career
In September 2013, Posey was hired by the Canton Charge as an assistant coach for the 2013–14 season.

On August 19, 2014, Posey was hired by the Cleveland Cavaliers as an assistant coach for the 2014–15 season. In his second season with the Cavaliers, the team earned the 2016 NBA Finals Championship over the 73-win Golden State Warriors.

On July 26, 2022, Posey was hired by the Washington Wizards as an assistant coach.

Media career
James Posey currently has a weekly Podcast titled "The Posecast" on the Basketballnews.com Podcast Network where he's joined by his former teammates and people from around the NBA. He also writes weekly articles for the site focused on the NBA.

Controversies

Incidents against Chicago Bulls
As a member of the Miami Heat, Posey had been involved in several controversial incidents with the Chicago Bulls.
In Game 3 of the Chicago Bulls – Miami Heat first round match Kirk Hinrich was moving down the court when Posey hit Hinrich with a hard shoulder block knocking Hinrich down to the floor, was called for a Flagrant-2 Foul, and was ejected from the game. When asked about the shot to Hinrich, Posey responded, "I was just trying to get back on defense and cut the ball off." "He didn't see me and that's how collisions happen. That's all it was."  When asked if he thought Posey was looking for trouble, Hinrich said, "I don't know. Maybe he was. I guess he just wanted to make a hard foul. Sometimes that's part of the game." The shot would also lead to Posey getting suspended for 1 game.

In the season opener of the 2006–07 NBA season, Posey was involved with another incident with Bulls rookie Tyrus Thomas, who was going for the rebound, was hit in the face by Posey which led to Thomas having his nose broken and missing a few games, and having to wear a protective mask for multiple games.

In this, his third incident with the Bulls at the United Center, Posey was ejected from the game with 7:16 remaining in the fourth quarter on December 27, 2006. Luol Deng, who attempted a layup, was fouled by Posey in mid-air. Deng fell hard on his wrist, which he had had surgery on just a year earlier, but it was not broken. Posey was called for a flagrant-2 foul and ejected. Posey was suspended for 1 game as a result of his infraction.

Personal life
Posey has one son, Jace Posey, who is a guard/small forward at Strake Jesuit High School in Houston, Texas, a 4-star recruit of the Class of 2023 and committed to play college basketball at TCU.

In March 2008, Posey's girlfriend gave birth to daughter, Sai Aleke, in the Washington, D.C. area.

On April 9, 2007, Posey was arrested on a DUI charge and was taken to Dade County Jail. However, Posey continued playing with the Heat and coach Pat Riley stated he would support Posey.

Posey was suspended for the opener of the 2007–08 season by NBA commissioner David Stern after his no contest plea to reckless driving stemming from the DUI incident.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Denver
| 81 || 77 || 25.3 || .429 || .373 || .800 || 3.9 || 1.8 || 1.2 || .4 || 8.2
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Denver
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"|82* || 27.5 || .412 || .300 || .816 || 5.3 || 2.0 || 1.1 || .5 || 8.1
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Denver
| 73 || 63 || 30.7 || .376 || .283 || .793 || 5.9 || 2.5 || 1.6 || .5 || 10.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Denver
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 25* || 24 || 34.9 || .373 || .273 || .843 || 5.8 || 3.1 || 1.2 || .2 || 14.1
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Houston
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 58* || 47 || 28.4 || .439 || .326 || .826 || 4.8 || 1.8 || 1.3 || .2 || 9.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Memphis
| 82 || 82 || 29.9 || .478 || .386 || .830 || 4.9 || 1.5 || 1.7 || .5 || 13.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Memphis
| 50 || 18 || 27.6 || .357 || .309 || .865 || 4.4 || 1.8 || 1.0 || .5 || 8.1
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| align="left" | Miami
| 67 || 63 || 28.6 || .403 || .403 || .787 || 4.8 || 1.3 || .8 || .3 || 7.2
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Miami
| 71 || 19 || 27.0 || .431 || .375 || .827 || 5.0 || 1.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 7.7
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| align="left" | Boston
| 74 || 2 || 24.6 || .418 || .380 || .809 || 4.4 || 1.5 || 1.0 || .3 || 7.4
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | New Orleans
| 75 || 0 || 28.5 || .412 || .369 || .822 || 4.8 || 1.1 || .8 || .3 || 8.9
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | New Orleans
| 77 || 2 || 22.5 || .365 || .335 || .825 || 4.3 || 1.5 || .5 || .2 || 5.2
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Indiana
| 49 || 0 || 17.1 || .336 || .316 || .733 || 3.0 || .7 || .5 || .1 || 4.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 864 || 479 || 26.9 || .410 || .349 || .820 || 4.7 || 1.6 || 1.1 || .3 || 8.6

Playoffs

|-
| align="left" | 2004
| align="left" | Memphis
| 4 || 4 || 32.5 || .405 || .167 || .905 || 5.5 || 1.0 || 2.3 || .5 || 12.5
|-
| align="left" | 2005
| align="left" | Memphis
| 4 || 0 || 25.0 || .440 || .467 || .769 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .5 || .3 || 9.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2006†
| align="left" | Miami
| 22 || 1 || 27.5 || .430 || .422 || .730 || 5.7 || .9 || .8 || .1 || 7.3
|-
| align="left" | 2007
| align="left" | Miami
| 4 || 1 || 34.8 || .385 || .316 || 1.000 || 7.8 || 1.5 || 2.0 || 1.3 || 7.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2008†
| align="left" | Boston
| style="background:#E0CEF2; width:3em"|26 || 0 || 22.0 || .437 || .398 || .875 || 3.6 || 1.1 || 1.0 || .3 || 6.7
|-
| align="left" | 2009
| align="left" | New Orleans
| 5 || 0 || 24.6 || .375 || .263 || .846 || 6.2 || .6 || .6 || .0 || 11.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 65 || 6 || 25.7 || .421 || .387 || .831 || 4.8 || 1.0 || 1.0 || .3 || 7.9

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Cleveland
Boston Celtics players
Canton Charge coaches
Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Denver Nuggets draft picks
Denver Nuggets players
Goodwill Games medalists in basketball
Houston Rockets players
Indiana Pacers players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Miami Heat players
New Orleans Hornets players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Cleveland
Xavier Musketeers men's basketball players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

James Posey


Bayreuth (German: [ˈbaɪ̯rɔʏ̯t] or [baɪ̯ˈrɔʏ̯t]; Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bavarian: Bareid; East Franconian: Baraid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of Upper Franconia. About 74,000 people live there. Bayreuth is internationally famous for the Bayreuth Festival (), a festival for the music of Richard Wagner. Nearby bigger cities are Coburg, Bamberg, Hof and Nuremberg. Bayreuth has a university, the University of Bayreuth.

Sights
Bayreuth has a lot of sights and historical buildings which are usually visited by many tourists, especially at the time of the Bayreuth Festival. You can find sights such as the New Palace (Neues Schloss), Bayreuth Festspielhaus, Eremitage, Spitalkirche, The Old Castle, Margravial Opera House, and Wahnfried. Most of the sights have been built in the 18th century and the 19th century. The most popular sight in Bayreuth is the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which is a major opera building located north of Bayreuth.

References

Bayreuth