A high-occupancy vehicle lane (also known as an HOV lane, carpool lane, diamond lane, 2+ lane, and transit lane or T2 or T3 lanes) is a restricted traffic lane reserved for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver and at least one passenger, including carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. These restrictions may be only imposed during peak travel times or may apply at all times. There are different types of lanes: temporary or permanent lanes with concrete barriers, two-directional or reversible lanes, and exclusive, concurrent, or contraflow lanes working in peak periods. The normal minimum occupancy level is two or three occupants. Many jurisdictions exempt other vehicles, including motorcycles, charter buses, emergency and law enforcement vehicles, low-emission and other green vehicles, and/or single-occupancy vehicles paying a toll. HOV lanes are normally introduced to increase average vehicle occupancy and persons traveling with the goal of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution.

History

United States

The introduction of HOV lanes in the United States progressed slowly during the 1970s and early 1980s. Major growth occurred from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s. The first freeway HOV lane in the United States was implemented in the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in Northern Virginia, between Washington, DC, and the Capital Beltway, and was opened in 1969 as a bus-only lane. The busway was opened in December 1973 to carpools with four or more occupants, becoming the first instance in which buses and carpools officially shared a HOV lane over a considerable distance.

In 2005, the two lanes of this HOV 3+ facility carried during the morning peak hour (6:30 am to 9:30 am) a total of 31,700 people in 8,600 vehicles (3.7 persons/veh), while the three or four general-purpose lanes carried 23,500 people in 21,300 vehicles (1.1 persons/veh). Average travel time in the HOV facility was 29 minutes, and 64 minutes in the general traffic lanes. As of 2012, the I-95/I-395 HOV facility is  long, extends from Washington, D.C., to Dumfries, Virginia, and has two reversible lanes separated from the regular lanes by barriers, with access through elevated on- and off-ramps. Three or more people in a vehicle (HOV 3+) are required to travel on the facility during rush hours on weekdays.

The second freeway HOV facility was the contraflow bus lane on the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County, New Jersey, opened in 1970.  According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Lincoln Tunnel XBL is the country's HOV facility with the highest number of peak hour persons among HOV facilities with utilization data available, with 23,500 persons in the morning peak, and 62,000 passengers during the four-hour morning peak.

The first permanent HOV facility in California was the bypass lane at the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge toll plaza, opened to the public in April 1970. The El Monte Busway (I-10 / San Bernardino Freeway) in Los Angeles was initially only available for buses when it opened in 1973. Three-person carpools were allowed to use the bus lane for three months in 1974 due to a strike by bus operators, and then permanently at a 3+ HOV from 1976. It is one of the most efficient HOV facilities in North America and was converted into a high-occupancy toll lane operation in 2013 to allow low-occupancy vehicles to bid for excess capacity on the lane in the Metro ExpressLanes project.

Beginning in the 1970s, the Urban Mass Transportation Administration recognized the advantages of exclusive bus lanes and encouraged their funding. In the 1970s the FHWA began to allow state highway agencies to spend federal funds on HOV lanes. As a result of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, interest in ridesharing picked up, and states began experimenting with HOV lanes. In order to reduce crude oil consumption, the 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act mandated maximum speed limits of  on public highways and became the first instance when the U.S. federal government provided funding for ridesharing and states were allowed to spend their highway funds on rideshare demonstration projects. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assistance Act made funding for rideshare initiatives permanent.

Also during the early 1970s, ridesharing was recommended for the first time as a tool to mitigate air quality problems. The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) substantial authority to regulate air quality attainment. A final control plan for the Los Angeles Basin was issued in 1973, and one of its main provisions was a two-phase conversion of  of freeway and arterial roadway lanes to bus/carpool lanes and the development of a regional computerized carpool matching system. However, it took until 1985 before any HOV project was constructed in Los Angeles County, and by 1993 there were only  of HOV lanes countywide.

A significant policy shift took place in October 1990, when a memorandum from the FHWA administrator stated that "FHWA strongly supports the objective of HOV preferential facilities and encourages the proper application of HOV technology." Regional administrators were directed to promote HOV lanes and related facilities. Also in the early 1990s, two laws reinforced the U.S. commitment to HOV lane construction. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 included HOV lanes as one of the transportation control measures that could be included in state implementation plans to attain federal air quality standards. The 1990 amendments also deny the administrator of the EPA the authority to block FHWA from funding 24-hour HOV lanes as part of the sanctions for a state's failure to comply with the Clean Air Act, if the secretary of transportation wishes to approve the FHWA funds.

On the other hand, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 encouraged the construction of HOV lanes, which were made eligible for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds in regions not attaining federal air quality standards. CMAQ funds may be spent on new HOV lane construction, even if the HOV designation holds only at peak travel times or in the peak direction. ISTEA also provided that under the Interstate Maintenance Program, only HOV projects would receive the 90% federal matching ratio formerly available for the addition of general purpose lanes. ISTEA, in addition, permitted state authorities to define a high occupancy vehicle as having a minimum of two occupants (HOV 2+).

As of 2009, California was the state with the most HOV facilities in the country, with 88, followed by Minnesota with 83 facilities, Washington with 41, Texas with 35, and Virginia with 21. By 2006, HOV lanes in California were operating at two-thirds of their capacity, and these HOV facilities carried on average 2,518 persons per hour during peak hours, substantially more people than the congested general-traffic lanes.

As of October 2016, the longest continuous HOV facility in the U.S. is on I-15 in Utah, extending approximately  from Layton to Spanish Fork with a single HOV lane in each direction for a total of  of HOV lanes.  While the Utah facility is the longest, the I-495 Capital Beltway in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area extends  but has two HOV lanes in each direction for a total of  of HOV lanes.

On October 24, 2023, Michigan opened its first-ever HOV lanes on I-75 as part of a freeway modernization project in Oakland County, Michigan from South Boulevard in Bloomfield Township, Michigan to 12 Mile Road in Madison Heights, Michigan. One lane in both directions is restricted to HOV use from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. and from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. Monday through Friday, while all other drivers regardless of the number of occupants in their vehicle can freely use the lanes outside of those hours.

Canada

The first HOV facilities in Canada were opened in Greater Vancouver and Toronto in the early 1990s, followed shortly by facilities in Ottawa, Gatineau, Montreal, and later Calgary. As of 2010 there were about  of highway HOV lanes in 11 locations in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, and over  of arterial HOV lanes in 24 locations in Greater Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, and Gatineau. The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) in 2006 estimated that commuters in Toronto using the HOV facilities on Highways 403 and 404 were saving 14–17 minutes per trip compared to their travel time before the HOV lanes opened. The MTO also estimated that almost 40% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 eastbound in the morning peak hour, compared to 14% in 2003, and 37% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 westbound in the afternoon peak hour, compared to 22% in 2003. The average rush hour speed on the HOV lanes is , compared to  in general-traffic lanes on Highway 403.
Temporary HOV lanes were added to selections of 400-series highways in the Greater Toronto Area for the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games.

Europe

As of 2012, there are a few HOV lanes in operation in Europe. The main reason for this is that, in general, European cities have better public transport services and fewer high-capacity multi-lane urban motorways than do the U.S. and Canada. However, at around 1.3 persons per vehicle, average car occupancy is relatively low in most European cities. The emphasis in Europe has been on providing bus lanes and on-street bus priority measures.

The first HOV lane in Europe was opened in the Netherlands in October 1993 and operated until August 1994. Its facility was a  barrier-separated HOV 3+ on the A1 near Amsterdam. The facility did not attract enough users to overcome public criticism and was converted to a reversible lane open to general traffic after the judge in a legal test case ruled that Dutch traffic law lacked the concept of a car pool and thus that the principle of equality was violated.

Spain was the next European country to introduce HOV lanes (), when median reversible Bus-VAO lanes were opened in Madrid's A-6 in 1995. This facility is Europe's oldest HOV facility that is still in operation.

The first HOV facility in the United Kingdom opened in Leeds in 1998. The facility was implemented on A647 road near Leeds as an experimental scheme, but it became permanent. The HOV facility is  long and operates as a HOV 2+ facility.

A  HOV 3+ facility opened in Linz, Austria, in 1999.

The first HOV lane in Norway was implemented in May 2001 as an HOV 3+ on Elgeseter Street, an undivided four-lane arterial road in Trondheim. This facility was followed by HOV lanes in Oslo and Kristiansand.

New Zealand and Australia

The first HOV lane (known as a Transit Lane T2 or T3) in Australia opened in February 1992, located on the Eastern Freeway in Melbourne travelling inbound. In May 2005, T2 Transit lanes were opened on Hoddle Street in Melbourne. As of 2012, there were also T2 and T3 facilities in Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane.

In Auckland, New Zealand, there are several short HOV 2+ and 3+ lanes throughout the region, commonly known as T2 and T3 lanes.  There is a T2 transit lane in Tamaki Drive, in a short stretch between Okahu Bay Reserve and downtown Auckland. There are also T2 priority lanes on Auckland's Northern, Southern, Northwestern, and Southwestern Motorways. These priority lanes are left-side on-ramp lanes heading towards the motorway, where vehicles with two or more people can bypass the ramp meter signal. Priority lanes can also be used by trucks, buses, and motorcycles, and the priority lanes can be used by carpoolers at any time. Eleven lanes were opened to electric vehicles in a one-year trial from September 2017. There are also several short T2 and T3 facilities in North Shore City operating during rush hours.

Indonesia

In Jakarta, HOV 3+ is known as "Three in One" (Tiga dalam satu) and was first implemented by governor Sutiyoso. HOV 3+ is implemented on weekdays in existing roads of Sisingamangaraja Road (fast and slow lane), Jalan Jenderal Sudirman (fast and slow lane), Jalan M.H. Thamrin (fast and slow lane), Medan Merdeka Barat Road, Majapahit Road, and sections of Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. The policy was originally implemented only between 7:00 am and 10:00 am. Since the introduction of Jakarta's bus rapid transit in December 2003, the policy was extended to 7:00 am – 10:00 am and 4:00 pm – 7:00 pm. In September 2004, the evening time was changed to 4:30 pm – 7:00 pm. Car jockeys are paid by drivers to ride on vehicles, so that those vehicles would bypass the three in one restriction. On August 30, 2016, an odd–even rationing (ganjil-genap) system began to replace "3-in-1" rule, after a successful trial. Odd plate numbers can enter former "3-in-1" areas on odd days and even plate numbers on even ones.

China
In Shenzhen, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Binhai Avenue since 25 April 2016. The policy was then extended to 7:30 am – 9:30 am and 5:30 pm – 9:30 pm.

In Chengdu, from January 23, 2017, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Kehua Road South, Kehua Road Middle, and Tianfu Avenue Section 1 and 2, during 7:00 am-9: 00 am and 5:00 pm-7: 00 pm.

In Dalian, an expressway (Northeast Expressway, or Dongbei Expressway) linking old town and new town had one lane in both outbound and inbound directions set to HOV 2+. Starting from September 20, 2017, commuters can opt to drive in HOV lane on Northeast Expressway during the morning peak hours of 06:30-08:30, and evening peak hours of 16:30-19:00. A fine of  CNY100 (about USD15) will be enforced for first violators. For a second violation, the fine will double.

Design and operations

HOV lanes may be either a single traffic lane within the main roadway with distinctive markings or a separate roadway with one or more traffic lanes either parallel to the general lanes or grade-separated, above or below the general lanes. For example, Interstate 110 in California has four HOV lanes on an upper deck.

HOV bypass lanes to allow carpool traffic and police to bypass areas of regular congestion in many places and an HOV lane may operate as a reversible lane, working in the direction of the dominant traffic flow in both the morning and the afternoon. All lanes of a  section of the Interstate 66 in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., are treated as an HOV during the rush hour in the primary direction of flow.

The traffic speed differential between HOV and general-purpose lanes creates a potentially dangerous situation if the HOV lanes are not separated by a barrier. A Texas Transportation Institute study found that HOV lanes lacking barrier separations caused a 50% increase in injury crashes.

Variants

Business access and transit lane

A business access and transit (BAT) lane is a type of HOV lane that allows for all traffic to enter the lane for a short distance in order to access other streets and business entrances.

High-occupancy toll lane

Because some HOV lanes were not utilized to their full capacity, users of low- or single-occupancy vehicles may be permitted to use an HOV lane if they pay a toll. This scheme is known as high-occupancy toll lane (or HOT lanes), and it has been introduced mainly in the United States. The first practical implementation was California's formerly private toll 91 Express Lanes, in Orange County, California, in 1995, followed in 1996 by Interstate 15 north of San Diego. According to the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, by 2012 there were 294 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes and 163 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes under construction in the United States.

Solo drivers are permitted to use the HOV lanes upon payment of a fee that varies based on demand. Tolls change throughout the day according to real-time traffic conditions, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to maintain good journey times.

Proponents claim that all motorists benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument applies only to projects that increase the total number of lanes. Proponents also claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ridesharing. There has been controversy over this concept, and HOT schemes have been called "Lexus" lanes, as critics see this new pricing scheme as a perk for the rich.

HOT tolls are collected by staffed toll booths, automatic number plate recognition, or electronic toll collection systems. Some systems use RFID transmitters to monitor entry and exiting of the lane and charge drivers depending on demand. Typically, tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increase, a policy known as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.

Qualifying vehicles

Qualification for HOV status varies by scheme, but the following vehicles may be included:
 Private cars and taxis with a minimum number of human occupants (often two or three), including babies of any age (but only after birth).
 Single-occupant green vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and battery electric vehicles
 Motorcycles - motorcycles are allowed via federal United States HOV lane law (Title 23, Section 166). They can use HOV lanes in Ontario even if they only have a single passenger.
 Buses designed to transport sixteen or more passengers, including the driver
 Public utility vehicles when responding to emergency calls
 Bicycles
 Police are allowed to use the HOV lanes in Ontario.

New York City HOV lane codes prior to 2008 did not allow motorcycles leading to ticketing of motorcycle drivers and complaints from the American Motorcyclist Association, but have since been revised to comply with the federal regulations listed above.

In some jurisdictions such as Ontario, Canada, taxicabs and airport limousines are allowed to use HOV lanes even when no passenger is present because that vehicle "will be able return to duty faster after dropping off a fare or arrive sooner to pick up a fare, thereby moving more people to their destinations in fewer vehicles".

In Virginia, the San Francisco Bay Area, Houston, and other HOV lane locations, commuters form sluglines where drivers pick up one or more passengers from a designated "casual carpool" or "slug lines" to drive on HOV lanes; the driver pulls over near the sluglines and shouts out their destination, and people in the line going to that destination enter the car on a first-come, first-served basis.

Compliance, enforcement, and avoidance

Fines are usually imposed on drivers of non-qualifying vehicles who use the lanes.

Following the introduction of HOVs, some drivers placed inflatable dolls in the passenger seat, a practice that persists today, even though it is now illegal. Cameras that can distinguish between humans and mannequins or dolls were tested in the United Kingdom in 2005.

In the United States, law enforcement officials have documented a variety of methods used by drivers in attempts to circumvent HOV occupancy rules:
Placing store mannequins, blow-up dolls, kickboxing dummies, or cardboard cut-outs in the passenger seat;
Taping styrofoam wig stands with wigs or balloons with faces drawn on them to the passenger seat headrest;
Buckling the passenger-side seat belt and pretending to talk to someone reclining in that seat;
Tinting the front windshield and/or lowering the passenger side visor in an effort to obstruct the view into the passenger seat;
Covering an empty infant seat with a blanket and/or placing a doll in it;
Strapping dogs, cats, or other pets into the passenger seat.

In early 2006, an Arizona woman asserted that she had been improperly ticketed for using the HOV lane because the unborn child she was carrying in her womb justified her use of the lane, while noting that Arizona traffic laws do not define what constitutes a person. However, a judge subsequently ruled that to qualify as an "individual" under Arizona traffic laws, the individual must occupy a "separate and distinct" space in a vehicle. Likewise, in California, in order to use HOV lanes, there must be two (or, if posted, three) separate individuals occupying seats in a vehicle, and an unborn child does not count towards this requirement.

In 2009 and 2010 it was found that non-compliance rates on HOV lanes in Brisbane, Australia, were approaching 90%. Enhanced enforcement led to increased compliance, average bus journey times dropped by about 19%, and total person throughput increased by 12%.

In February 2010, a 61-year-old woman tried to pass off a life-sized mannequin as a passenger in order to use the HOV lane in New York State. A police officer on a routine HOV patrol became suspicious when he noticed that the so-called passenger was wearing sunglasses and using the visor on a cloudy morning. When the officer approached the vehicle, he discovered that the "passenger" was, in fact, a mannequin wearing lipstick, designer shades, a full-length wig, and a blue sweater. The driver was issued a traffic ticket for using the HOV lane without a human passenger, which carries a fine of $135 in 2010 and two points on a driver's license.

In January 2013, a motorist tried to claim that the Articles of Incorporation of his business, which had been placed unbuckled on the passenger's seat, constituted a person, citing the principle of corporate personhood and California's state Vehicle Code, which defines a person as "natural persons and corporations". This argument was rejected in traffic court, where the presiding judge commented, "Common sense says carrying a sheaf of papers in the front seat does not relieve traffic congestion."

In March 2015, a motorist tried to use a cardboard cutout of actor Jonathan Goldsmith to access an HOV lane in Fife, Washington. The officer noted that other drivers had used sleeping bags in earlier attempts to access the HOV lane.

In July 2022, a pregnant woman in Texas argued that her fetus counted as a passenger for the purpose of using the HOV lane following the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision and Texas law subsequently considering fetuses people.

Effectiveness
According to 2009 data from the U.S. census, 76% drive to work alone and only 10% rideshare. For suburban commuters working in a city, the solo driving rate is 82%.

Some underused HOV lanes in several states have been converted to high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT), which offer solo drivers access to HOV lanes after paying a toll.

HOV lanes are also an effective way to manage traffic after natural disasters, as seen in New York City after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. At the time Mayor Bloomberg banned passenger cars with fewer than three occupants from entering Manhattan. The restriction affected all bridges and tunnels entering the city except the George Washington Bridge.

Criticism
Critics have argued that HOV lanes are underused. It is unclear whether HOV lanes are sufficiently used to compensate for delays in the other mixed-use lanes.

The situations have caused social problems in Indonesia, where some people become "car jockey", people who make their living by offering drivers to fill their car in order to meet the occupancy limit. Reportedly, the situation caused people stay in unemployment for doing so, increased congestion, and let parents profit from their babies.
web|url = TN Report = Comprehensive analysis on the conversion of existing HOV Lanes to HOT Lanes in Tennessee |website =  Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT)|date = 2023| last = Chimba |first = Deo}}</ref>

Gallery

See also
 Bus rapid transit

 Local-express lanes

 Toll road
 Transportation Demand Management

Notes and references

External links

  Frequently Asked HOV Questions, Federal Highway Administration
 High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada, Transport Canada
  HOV Priority, TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
 California Eligible Vehicle List – Single occupant carpool lane stickers, California Air Resources Board.
 Information on how to map HOV facilities within OpenStreetMap
 HOV lanes mapping based on data from OpenStreetMap.
 Deal lowers tolls on I-85 HOT lanes
 VARIABLE PRICING:San Diego's I-15 HOT Lanes Mainstreamed Article about first variable price toll lane (1998)
 [https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/tdot/long-range-planning/research/final-reports/res2021-final-reports/RES2021-01-HOT%20Study%20FINAL%20REPORT%20Approved.pdf Comprehensive analysis on the conversion of existing HOV Lanes to HOT Lanes in Tennessee, by Deo Chimba and Janey Camp.

Road traffic management
Road infrastructure
Sustainable transport

High-occupancy vehicle lane


Timothy Neal Christopher Ireland (born March 14, 1953) is a former professional baseball player. He played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals, appearing in 11 games in 1981 and 1982. He has also managed 12 seasons at various levels of the minor leagues.

Ireland was originally selected in the 25th round of the 1973 Major League Baseball draft by the Montreal Expos. He was released by Montreal in April 1975, and over the next four seasons was under contract to five different organizations, ending up with the Royals in May 1977. He spent four more seasons with the Royals organization before making it to the majors in 1981, when he played four games at first base without coming to bat. He did score one run that season as a pinch runner. In 1982 he played in 7 additional games, including a pair of starts in right field, going 1-for-7 at the plate. In December, he was released. He then played two seasons for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp in Japan, and for the Fort Myers Sun Sox in the Senior Professional Baseball Association in 1989.

After his playing career, he managed the Salinas Spurs in the California League in 1989. He then managed from 1992 until 1997 in the Milwaukee Brewers farm system, winning league titles with the Stockton Ports in the California League in 1992 and with the El Paso Diablos in the Texas League in 1994.

He spent the next three seasons as a scout for the Colorado Rockies, mostly in the Pacific Rim, signing Chin-hui Tsao among other players. In 2001, he returned to minor league managing with the independent Sonoma County Crushers. The following season, he was hired by the Texas Rangers, and managed in their system until 2004, when he won another league title with the Frisco RoughRiders of the Texas League.

In 2005, the Rangers made Ireland their minor league baserunning coordinator. In 2006, he started the season as manager of the Oklahoma RedHawks, but was replaced after 33 games by Mike Boulanger.

Sources
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan winter league)

1953 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball people in Taiwan
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball players from Oakland, California
Chabot College alumni
Chabot Gladiators baseball players
Colorado Rockies scouts
Fort Myers Sun Sox players
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Jacksonville Suns players
Jamestown Expos players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball right fielders
Miami Marlins (FSL) players
Miami Orioles players
Minor league baseball managers
Nippon Professional Baseball second basemen
Nippon Professional Baseball shortstops
Nippon Professional Baseball third basemen
Omaha Royals players
Pompano Beach Cubs players
Québec Carnavals players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Trois-Rivières Aigles players
Vancouver Canadians players
West Palm Beach Expos players

Tim Ireland


Tenzing Peak is the name which has been proposed by the Government of Nepal for a  peak in the Himalayas in honour of Tenzing Norgay, who made the first ascent of Everest with Edmund Hillary in 1953. It is also known variously as Ngojumba Kang, Ngozumpa Kang and Ngojumba Ri.

In September 2013 a government panel recommended that two mountains on the ridge between Cho Oyu and Gyachung Kang be called Hillary Peak and Tenzing Peak as part of a batch of new summits that would be opened to climbers in 2014. It is in fact a satellite peak of Cho Oyu.

It was first climbed on 24 April 1965 by Naomi Uemura and Pemba Tenzing as part of a Japanese expedition from the Alpine Club of Meiji University.

References

Mountains of the Himalayas
Mountains of Koshi Province
Tenzing Norgay
Seven-thousanders of the Himalayas

Tenzing Peak


Aphonopelma eutylenum, commonly called California ebony tarantula, is a species of spider in the family Theraphosidae, found in the United States (California).

Description

The body of the California ebony tarantula comes in various brown tones, ranging from light beige to dark brown and ebony colors. Adult females can reach a legspan of up to 13 cm (5 inches) and live up to 25 years of age. The male reaches maturity after 8–12 years and leave its burrow after that in search for a mate. After spending all its energy on finding a suitable partner, he will die of exhaustion after around 6 months after reaching adulthood.

References

eutylenum
Spiders of the United States
Spiders described in 1940

Aphonopelma eutylenum


The Selgovae were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, who lived in what is now the Borders. Their capital was on the North Eildon hill, near the current town of Melrose. This was a large hillfort covering an area of about 40 acres. It is believed that there were about 2500 people living in the fort. The Selgovae left the fort in 79 AD when the Roman army invaded the area. There are other Selgovae hillforts at Caidemuir Hill (near Peebles), Dreva Craig (near Broughton), Rubers Law (near Hawick), Whiteside Hill (near Romannobridge), Abory Hill (near Abington), Cow Castle (near Coulter), Quothquan Law (near Thankerton), Bodsberry Hill (near Crawford) and at Crawford. At Tamshiell Rigg there is evidence of a walled settlement. The Roman forts at Birrens, Netherby and Bewcastle were all built in Selgovae lands, north of Hadrian's Wall.

In the second century, the Selgovae are said to be one of the four kingdoms of ancient Scotland. By the end of the fourth century, the area had been taken over by Coel Hen and his kingdom of North Britain.

References

History of Scotland

Selgovae


Ko Kuei Chen (; 26 February 1898 – 12 December 1988) was a Chinese-American scientist who led pharmacological research at Eli Lilly and Company for 34 years. He is known for his work with ephedrine, cyanide poisoning therapy, and toad venom steroids. He was elected an inaugural member of Academia Sinica in 1948 and awarded the Remington Medal in 1965 for excellence in pharmacy.

Career
Chen was born in 1898 in Jinze, Jiangsu, now a town in Shanghai. After studying at Tsinghua College in Beijing, he moved to the United States in 1918 to further his education, earning a BS in 1920 and a PhD in 1923 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In 1923 he returned to China to work with CF Schmidt at Peking Union Medical College studying the effects of ephedrine. Upon finishing this appointment, he returned to the States to complete his studies with an MD from Johns Hopkins University in 1927. He continued working at Johns Hopkins for a couple of years before accepting an offer in 1929 from Eli Lilly and Company to be the Director of Pharmacological Research. He held this position until his retirement in 1963. During this time, he also accepted a part-time faculty appointment from the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1937. Upon leaving Eli Lilly, he became full-time faculty and taught until 1968.

Research
K. K. Chen was mostly known for bringing ephedrine to the western world. He developed his own isolation procedure from the Chinese herb Ma Huang (ephedra sinica). Its medicinal value was long known in China as a remedy for asthma. Further research showed its value in treating hay fever and whooping cough. Other studies that may be credited to him include the successful treatment of cyanide poisoning with nitrite-thiosulfate therapy, structure-activity relationship of over 400 cardiac glycosides and toad venom steroids, heptatotoxic action of Senecio alkaloids, and synthetic analgesic drugs of the methadone series.

Personal life
Education was always an important factor in his life, learning the teachings of Confucius at a young age. He furthered his English with the debate team while at the University of Wisconsin and played the tuba with the ROTC. He graduated there in 1920 with Phi Beta Kappa honors and finished his PhD in 1923. In order to help his ailing mother, he returned to China, continued his research, and taught classes at Peking Union Medical College. There he met Amy Ling, his future wife. They courted for several years and got married in 1929 after returning to the states. Upon Chen's hiring at Eli Lilly and Company, they settled down in Indianapolis, IN. Amy was a noted scientist herself and co-authored over 150 articles with her husband. Chen also had a keen interest in Chinese art and helped Eli Lilly amass a substantial collection which was eventually donated to the Indianapolis Museum of Art. His favorite sport was baseball. After his retirement in 1968, they moved to San Francisco until his death in 1988. He currently rests next to Amy in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, MO.

Honors and recognition
 1920 Phi Beta Kappa, Univ Wisconsin
 1927 China Foundation Prize
 1946 Honorary Sc.D., Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science
 1948 Academician, Academia Sinica, Republic of China
 1952 Honorary Sc.D., Univ Wisconsin
 1952 President, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
 1956 State Dept Delegate, 1st General Assembly of Intl Union of Physiological Sciences, Brussels
 1963 KK Chen Fellowship & Award established, Indiana University School of Medicine
 1965 Remington Honor Medal
 1966 AMA Distinguished Service Award
 1971 Honorary Sc.D., Indiana-Purdue University
 1972 President, International Union of Pharmacology
 1974 Scientific Award, Chinese-American Medical Society
 1987 KK Chen Auditorium dedicated, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
 2006 KK Chen Memorial Exhibit dedicated, Eli Lilly and Company

References

External links
 American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
 Eli Lilly and Company
 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
 Indiana School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology

1898 births
1988 deaths
American pharmacologists
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Indiana University faculty
Members of Academia Sinica
Scientists from Shanghai
Academic staff of Peking Union Medical College
Chinese pharmacologists
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Eli Lilly and Company people
Tsinghua University alumni
20th-century American chemists

K. K. Chen


Old lady Shapoklyak () is a popular villain from a story about Gena the Crocodile written by Russian writer Eduard Uspensky. Her first appearance in the movie was in the animated film Gena the Crocodile (1969) by Roman Kachanov (Soyuzmultfilm studio).

She appears as an old woman, wearing an outdated hat and carrying a purse, in which she carries her pet rat Lariska. Her name is the word for the hat she wears, borrowed from the French chapeau claque, an obsolete spring-loaded top hat, which sounds funny to the Russian ear. In the film Cheburashka Goes to School (1983) she admits that she has not received secondary education and is sent to school together with Cheburashka.

External links

Shapoklyak at Animator.ru

Soviet animation
Animated characters
Fictional con artists

Shapoklyak


was a Japanese leprologist and director of the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium (1914–1931) and the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien (1931–1957). He had been at the frontier of leprosy policy of Japan. He was given the Order of Cultural Merits (1951) and Damien-Dutton Award (1961). He has been the cause of admiration from one side, and the target of criticism from the other.

Life

Early life
He was born in Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1876 and studied medicine at a private doctor's office in Yamaguchi city. He went up to Tokyo in 1894 and studied medicine at a doctor's office and passed the First Stage Doctors' Practice Examination in 1895. Later he studied at a Private school Saisei Gakusha. He passed the final qualification examination in 1896. He then studied pathology at the University of Tokyo for two years. In 1897, he worked at the Tokyo Metropolitan Yoikuen Hospital where he met leprosy patients. In 1899, he isolated leprosy patients within the hospital and created a ward  "Kaishun Ward", named after Kaishun Hospital of Kumamoto. This was the first case of leprosy care in Japanese public hospitals. Later he lectured many times on the need of public leprosy policy.

Tama Zenshoen Hospital
In 1909, he became the chief doctor at the newly established Tama Zenshoen Hospital and then in 1914 he became the director of the hospital. He made a world trip to study leprosy abroad.

National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien
Following the examples of Hawaii and the Philippines, remote islands were considered as possible sites of sanatoriums, and a national sanatorium was established in the Inland Sea of Okayama Prefecture, and he became the first director in 1931.

Criticisms
He started vasectomy in order to cope with the children born of patients. Originally, it was due to difficulties to bring up the children within the hospital, and later, the worsening of leprosy in pregnancy. The Interior Ministry was consulted, but did not give any response. Later he was bitterly criticized.
Kensuke Mitsuda was also known as a strict segregationalist and in 1951 he testified at the Japanese Upper House that all Hansen's disease patients be hospitalized. Although the value of Promin was being established later, he did not change his principle and contributed to the 1953 leprosy prevention law, which retained the principle of segregation.
His testimony on November 8, 1951. "The statistics of the Ministry of Welfare say that 2000 patients are not in the sanatoriums, but there may be more patients. The patients out of the sanatoriums should be hospitalized, and many patients refuse our requests. Familial infection continues if forced hospitalization is not introduced. Handcuffs may be necessary, but intellectuals do not enter sanatoriums with excuses. The law should be powerful." On October 2, 1952. "On on the testimony last year, I did not have enough time for preparation. There was no time. The people I want to hospitalize with power are exceptionally violent patients. I am afraid of familial infection."

Pathology
As a leprologist, he was essentially a pathologist. He first discovered the coexistence of tuberculosis and leprosy in a lymph node. The number of autopsies he conducted is the largest in the world, when the cases performed later were added.

Immunology
Although he did not regard himself an immunologist, his discovery of the lepromin test is his most important achievement. It proved very useful in the classification of leprosy. However, the original idea was to distinguish leprosy patients and persons with normal blood, and he invented a skin test using the killed bacilli, the original Mitsuda reaction. He reported it at the 3rd International Leprosy Congress in 1923 but received little attention. Mitsuda stored the necessary materials in a refrigerator and tried to persuade many doctors who came under him to study them, and finally found Fumio Hayashi. The Mitsuda Test was at last completed by Fumio Hayashi.

Importance of the Mitsuda (lepromin) Reaction

The importance of the Mitsuda (lepromin) reaction may be confirmed by the fact that it is the axis of the Ridley-Jopling classification of leprosy. Four papers related to the Mitsuda reaction in the Year Book of Dermatology follow.
Histologic study of the Mitsuda reaction in patients with lepromatous leprosy and its prognostic value in bacteriologically negative cases. Oscar Reyes. Med cutanea 3:1139,1968.
Comparison in leprosy patients of Fernandez and Mitsuda reactions using human and armadillo antigens: double-blind study. Millar JW, Gannon C, Chan CSP. Int J Lepr 43:226-233, 1975.
The Mitsuda lepromin reaction in long-term treated lepromatous leprosy. Waters MFR, Ridley DS, Lucas SB. Lepr Rev 61,347-352,1990.
Lepromin skin testing in the classification of Hansen's disease in the United States.  Krotoski WA, et al. Am J Med Scie 305:18-24,1993.

Representative Papers of Mitsuda
His name Mitsuda K is omitted
On the lymphadenitis leprosa, Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi, 13, 1899
Pathological changes in the peripheral nerves and blood vessels, Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi 14,15,1900
On the lymphnode affected with leprosy and tuberculosis, Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi 15,9,1901
On the leprosy of internal organs, Nihon Rengo Igakkaishi 1902
Pathological changes in the blood vessels and their significance, Nihon Igaku 15,1906
Pathological changes in the central nervous system in leprosy, Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 6,6 and 7, 1906
On the serum reactions in leprosy, Jpn J Dermatol Urol 11,7,1910
On the therapeutic value of Gynocardia ( Chaulmoogra) oil in leprosy, Jpn J Dermatol Urol 12,12,1912
On the value of skin reaction with emulsion of leproma, Jpn J Dermatol Urol 19,8,1919 (The first paper leading to the Mitsuda reaction)
On the relation between tattoo and Mycobacterium leprae, Jpn J Dermatol Urol 27,8,1927
Coexistence of leprosy and scabies, Nihon Kohshuuhokenkyoukai Zasshi, 10,11,1934
On the Langhans giant cell in leprosy and the stellate body in nodular leprosy, Int J Lepr 3,3,1935
A study of 150 autopsies on cases of leprosy, Int J Lepr 5,1,1937
On alopecia leprosa, Int J Lepr 5,3,1937
On the classification of leprosy, Repura 15,2,1943
Treatment of leprosy with cepharanthin, Nihon Igaku 3389,1944
The southernmore, the milder leprosy becomes, Repura 15,3,1944
Pathological studies of leprosy treated with Promin, Repura 20,5,1951
Atlas of leprosy (book), 1952

Notes

References
Masao Ota(Mokutaro Kinoshita)
Kaishun Byoshitsu(Kaishun Ward) Mitsuda K. Asahi Shimbunsha, 1950 (In Japanese).

Japanese leprologists
1876 births
1964 deaths
Japanese healthcare managers
19th-century Japanese physicians
20th-century Japanese physicians
Japanese pathologists
University of Tokyo alumni
Japanese dermatologists

Kensuke Mitsuda


Marwari Bhojnalaya is a popular name among Marwari-style purely vegetarian restaurants in many cities in India. They are all independently owned. The term "marwari" implies that it is intended for Marwari merchants, who are strictly vegetarian and prefer relatively simple (which can be eaten daily) and inexpensive food. They are however popular among all vegetarians. The term "bhojanalaya" practically always implies simple and inexpensive vegetarian cuisine. Restaurants named "Jain Bhojanalaya" or "Vaishanva Dhaba" are also vegetarian. Note that restaurants are often called "hotel" in India. Some of them used to offer traditional seating on wooden patiyas on the floor, but the custom is no longer popular and tables and chairs are now more common.

Cuisine
In spite of the name, the food served is not necessarily Rajasthan style. For example, Dal-bati meals and dishes such as gatte ki kadhi which are quite popular in Rajasthan, are often not served, or served only on special occasion. Rich and festive Rajasthani food can be found in special restaurants such as Chokhi-dhani chain. The food is generally served in stainless steel thalis (platters). Often onions are served only on request, because many Marwaris and Jains do not eat onions.

See also
 Vaishnava
 List of vegetarian restaurants
 Vegetarianism in India

References

Rajasthani cuisine
Vegetarian restaurants in India
Marwar

Marwari Bhojnalaya


Humita (from Quechua humint'a) is a Native South American dish that dates back to pre-Hispanic times. A traditional food from the Andes, it can be found in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. It consists of fresh choclo (Peruvian maize) pounded to a paste, wrapped in a fresh corn husk, and slowly steamed or boiled in a pot of water. In Bolivia, it is known as huminta and in Brazil as pamonha. Humitas are similar to Mexican uchepos, or tamales colados, which are also made with fresh corn; but they are only superficially similar to tamales, which are made with nixtamalized corn (masa).

In Argentina

In Argentina, humitas are prepared with fresh corn, sautéed onions, pumpkin, and some spices, depending on the region or taste. The dough is wrapped in corn husks and boiled or it is cooked in a big pan and served in bowls. It is also common to add some diced cheese to the dough, typically queso fresco. They can be found in restaurants and markets in Jujuy,Tucumán, Salta, and other provinces of the north of Argentina.

In Chile
Humitas in Chile are prepared with fresh corn, onion, basil, and butter or lard. They are wrapped in corn husks and baked or boiled. They may contain ají verde (green chili pepper). The humitas are tied with thread or twine to keep them together while cooking. They can be made savory, sweet, or sweet and sour, and served with added sugar, chili pepper, salt, tomato, olives, paprika, etc. In Chile, humitas are traceable back to the 19th century.

In Ecuador
Ecuadorian humitas are prepared with fresh ground corn and onions, eggs, pork fat and spices that vary from region to region, and also by each family's tradition. The dough is wrapped in a corn husk, but is steamed rather than baked or boiled. Ecuadorian humitas may also contain cheese. This dish is so traditional in Ecuador that they have developed special pots just for cooking humitas. Ecuadorian humitas can be salty or sweet. It is common to fry them in a pan just before eating.

In Peru and Bolivia
In the central Andes region, humitas are prepared with fresh corn combined with lard and salt and queso fresco for a savory dish or with fresh corn with lard, sugar, cinnamon and raisins for a sweet dish. Savory humitas may also be prepared with anise. These are typically very rare in other parts of South America.

These humitas are prepared with corn wrapped in corn husks and can be cooked in boiling water, placed in a pachamanca oven, or steamed. They can be wrapped in several ways.

One of the earliest references to huminta in Peru was written by the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas, which he published in Lisbon in 1609. In talking about huminta, he describes his own memories of consuming it while he was living in Peru between 1539 and 1560. From this, it can be deduced that huminta was already being prepared in Peru during this time.

See also

 Binaki
 Hallacas
 Pamonhas
 Pasteles
 Sarmales

References

External links

Latin American cuisine
Mexican cuisine
Native American cuisine
Guatemalan cuisine
Ecuadorian cuisine
Chilean cuisine
Peruvian cuisine
Bolivian cuisine
Argentine cuisine
Maize dishes

Humita


Alexander Pechtold (born 16 December 1965) is a retired Dutch politician and art historian. He is a member of Democrats 66.

Pechtold studied Archaeology and History of Dutch Art at Leiden University, and obtained a Master of Arts degree. Pechtold worked as an auctioneer in The Hague from July 1992 until June 1996 and as an Alderman in Leiden from June 1996 until October 2003. Pechtold served as Chairman of the Democrats 66 from 16 November 2002 until 31 March 2005. In September 2003 Pechtold was nominated as the next Mayor of Wageningen taking office on 1 October 2003. Pechtold was appointed as Minister without Portfolio for the Interior in the Cabinet Balkenende II following a cabinet reshuffle taking office on 31 March 2005. After Party Leader Boris Dittrich announced he was stepping down, Pechtold announced his candidacy and was elected as his successor on 24 June 2006. The Cabinet fell just a year later, and he resigned on 3 July 2006.

For the election of 2006 Pechtold served as Lijsttrekker (top candidate) and was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives and became Parliamentary leader on 30 November 2006. For the elections of 2010, 2012 and 2017 Pechtold served again as Lijsttrekker and following a successful cabinet formation in 2017 with the Conservative-Liberals and the Christian-Democrats formed the Cabinet Rutte III with Pechtold opting to remain as Parliamentary leader. In October 2018 Pechtold unexpectedly announced his retirement from national politics and stepped down as Leader and Parliamentary leader on 10 October 2018.

Early life
Alexander Pechtold was born on 16 December 1965 in Delft in the Dutch province of South Holland. Pechtold and his elder brother Roland Pechtold grew up in the village of Rhoon. He went to a Lyceum in Rotterdam. Pechtold studied art history and archaeology with a specialization in 17th-century painting at Leiden University, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts degree in 1996. During that time Pechtold obtained certification as an auctioneer, and worked for the Van Stockum's Veilingen during his studies.

Politics

Party chair
Pechtold became a member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party in 1989. He was elected as a Municipal councillor in Leiden in 1994, and became an alderman in 1996. On 16 November 2002 he was elected as Chairman of the D66. Pechtold was tasked with reforming the party after its disastrous results in the general election of 2002, and preparing for the upcoming election of 2003.

Mayor of Wageningen
On 1 October 2003, Pechtold was appointed Mayor of Wageningen; he remained Chairman of the D66.

Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations
Thom de Graaf, the D66 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations in the Second Balkenende cabinet, resigned on 23 March 2005 after the introduction of democratically elected mayors had been rejected in the Senate. The proposal was especially important; it had become a symbol of the government reform that the D66 had wanted since the party's creation. Pechtold was asked to succeed him as Minister. Pechtold resigned as Chairman and Mayor the same day that he took office as the new Minister for  Government Reform and Kingdom Relations, on 31 March 2005.

On 29 June 2006 the D66 retracted its support for the Second Balkenende cabinet. The next day, Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende offered the resignation of the full cabinet to Queen Beatrix. Pechtold resigned as Minister for Government Reform and Kingdom Relations on 3 July 2006. His fellow D66 cabinet member Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs, resigned on 7 July 2006.

House of Representatives
Pechtold was elected the Leader of the D66 on 24 June 2006 in the leadership election of 2006, defeating Lousewies van der Laan, the party's Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives. Van der Laan had only a few months earlier succeeded Boris Dittrich, who had resigned as party leader and parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives on 3 February 2006.

In 2007 the parliamentarian press chose Pechtold with 31% of the votes as the "Dutch politician of the year 2007".

For the Dutch general election of 2006 Pechtold became lijsttrekker (top candidate) and the Democrats 66 lost three seats and became an opposition party. For the Dutch general election of 2010, Pechtold again as Lijsttrekker won ten seats but the Democrats 66 remained an opposition party. With the following Dutch general election of 2012, Pechtold again as lijsttrekker won two seats with the Democrats 66 again remaining an opposition party.

During the Fourth Balkenende cabinet administration Pechtold served as government opposition leader. After the Dutch elections of 2010, the D66 won seven-seats in the House of Representatives which journalists claimed was due to Pechtolds leadership during the Fourth Balkenende cabinet time. After the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation the D66 again remained in opposition. In 2012, Pechtold published Henk, Ingrid, & Alexander, which ostensibly aimed to break through the populism that has dominated Dutch politics in the previous decade, "Henk" and "Ingrid" being the generic names proposed by Geert Wilders and other Party for Freedom politicians to represent the average Dutch couple, by engaging everyday people in conversation. The book was panned in de Volkskrant as a "cheap PR-stunt without any value to it."

During a debate with Mark Rutte in 2010, Pechtold championed the cause of social liberalism, noting that the government "needs to offer services where fairness is more important than efficiency, such as education and healthcare," while accusing Rutte of pursuing policies that hurt the most vulnerable in Dutch society.

After the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014, Pechtold explicitly voiced his support for economic expediency over ethical correctness by stating: "We are a small country, dependent on our exports, and unlike the United States, we cannot always react from our moral high grounds."

In December 2017, it was revealed that Pechtold received an apartment valued at 135,000 euros from Serge Marcoux, a former Canadian ambassador, that was not listed on the gift register of the House of Representatives, with Pechtold justifying the lack of report by saying that he knew Marcoux from outside politics and that the apartment was a private gift which did not fall under the purview of the register.

On October 6, 2018, Pechtold announced his resignation as D66 leader and from the parliament. As chairman of the parliamentary party, Pechtold was succeeded by Rob Jetten on 9 October.

Post-politics
Pechtold retired from active politics at just 52 and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and serves on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government. In October 2019 Pechtold was appointed as Director-General of the  (CBR).

References

External links

Official
  Drs. A. (Alexander) Pechtold Parlement & Politiek

1965 births
Living people
Aldermen of Leiden
Chairmen of the Democrats 66
Democrats 66 politicians
Dutch auctioneers
Dutch agnostics
Dutch republicans
Art collectors from The Hague
Dutch art historians
Leaders of the Democrats 66
Leiden University alumni
Mayors of Wageningen
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Ministers of Kingdom Relations of the Netherlands
Ministers without portfolio of the Netherlands
Municipal councillors of Leiden
People from Albrandswaard
Politicians from Delft
People from Wageningen
Scholars of Dutch art
Scholars of Netherlandish art
20th-century Dutch historians
20th-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch civil servants
21st-century Dutch historians
21st-century Dutch politicians

Alexander Pechtold


Went the Day Well? is a 1942 British war film adapted from a story by Graham Greene and directed by Alberto Cavalcanti. It was produced by Michael Balcon of Ealing Studios and served as unofficial propaganda for the war effort. The film shows a Southern English village taken over by German paratroopers, reflecting the greatest potential nightmare for the British public of the time, although the threat of German invasion had largely receded by that point. The film is notable for its unusually frank, for the time, depiction of ruthless violence.

Plot
The story is told in flashback by Charles Sims. During the Second World War, a group of seemingly authentic British soldiers arrive in the small, fictitious English village of Bramley End. It is the Whitsun weekend, life is even quieter than usual, and there is almost no road traffic. At first, they are welcomed by the villagers, until doubts set in about their true purpose and identity. After they are revealed to be German soldiers intended to form the vanguard of an invasion of Britain, they round up the residents and hold them captive in the local church. The Reverend Ashton is shot dead while sounding the church bell in alarm. To reach the outside world, many of the villagers take action. Such plans include writing a message on an egg and giving it with five others to the local paper boy Johnnie Wade for his mother; they are crushed when Mrs Fraser's cousin Maude runs over the dropped package with her car. Members of the local Home Guard are ambushed and shot dead by the Germans.

Mrs Fraser puts a note in Maude's pocket, but she idly uses it to wedge her noisy car window; her dog, Edward, chews it to shreds after it blows onto the back seat. Mrs Collins, the postmistress, manages to kill a German with a hatchet and tries to telephone for help, but the young women on the telephone exchange see her light and decide that she can wait. Mrs Collins is killed by a German soldier who walks into the shop and sees her handiwork. One of the women finally picks up the phone but there is no response. The captive civilians attempt to warn the local Home Guard, but are betrayed by the village squire Oliver Wilsford, who is revealed to be a German collaborator. He stabs village constable Ted Garbett to death as he attempts to escape through the churchyard.

A young boy, George Truscott, escapes from the manor house. Meeting with poacher Bill Purvis in the woods, Purvis advises him on how best to raise the alarm. He creates a diversion to draw attention away from George, but is shot dead whilst doing so. George is wounded in the leg, but manages to alert the British Army after limping to a nearby village and being taken in by the Drews. British soldiers arrive and are helped by some of the villagers, including Ivy Dorking and Peggy Pryde of the Women's Land Army, who have managed to escape, barricade their position, and arm themselves with captured German weapons. The women kill some of the Germans after a short battle. Wilsford is shot dead by the vicar's daughter, Nora, who discovers his treachery as he attempts to let the remaining Germans into the barricaded house. During the battle, many of the villagers who left to fight are wounded or killed; Mrs Fraser dies after saving the children from a hand grenade, smothering the explosion. The British troops arrive at Bramley End, finishing off the remaining Germans. Sims shows the Germans' grave in the churchyard and explains proudly "Yes, that's the only bit of England they got".

Cast

 Leslie Banks as Oliver Wilsford, the treacherous squire
 C. V. France as the Reverend Ashton, the vicar
 Valerie Taylor as Nora Ashton, the vicar's daughter
 Marie Lohr as Mrs Fraser
 Basil Sydney as Kommandant Ortler, alias Major Hammond
 David Farrar as Lt. Jung, alias Lt. Maxwell
 Harry Fowler as George Truscott
 Elizabeth Allan as Peggy Pryde (a Land Army Girl)
 Frank Lawton as Tom Sturry
 Thora Hird as Ivy Dawking (a Land Army Girl)
 Muriel George as Mrs Collins, the postmistress
 Patricia Hayes as Daisy
 Mervyn Johns as Charles Sims
 Norman Pierce as Jim Sturry
 Kathleen Boutall as Mrs Sturry
 Hilda Bayley as Cousin Maude
 Edward Rigby as Bill Purvis, the poacher
 Ellis Irving as Harry Drew
 Irene Arnold as Mrs Drew
 Norman Shelley as Bob Owen
 Grace Arnold as Mrs Owen
 Philippa Hiatt as Mrs Bates
 Lillian Ellias as Bridget
 Gerald Moore as Johnnie Wade
 Charles Paton as Harry Brown
 Josephine Middleton as Mrs Carter
 Anthony Pilbeam as Ted Garbett
 Arthur Ridley as Father Owen
 Mavis Villiers as Violet
 Josie Welsford as June
 John Slater as German sergeant
 James Donald as German corporal
 Men of the Gloucestershire Regiment

Production

Writing
The film was based on a short story by the author Graham Greene entitled "The Lieutenant Died Last". The film's title is based on an epitaph written by the classical scholar John Maxwell Edmonds. It originally appeared in The Times on 6 February 1918 entitled "Four Epitaphs".

"Went the day well" also appeared in an unidentified newspaper cutting in a scrapbook now held in the RAF Museum (AC97/127/50), and in a collection of First World War poems collated by Vivien Noakes.

Casting
This was the first significant role of Thora Hird's career, and one of the last for C. V. France.

Filming
Exterior scenes were shot on location in the village of Turville in Buckinghamshire.

It was once known as They Came in Khaki.

Reception
The film reinforced the message that civilians should be vigilant against fifth columnists and that "careless talk costs lives". By the time the film was released the threat of invasion had subsided somewhat but it was still seen as an effective piece of propaganda and its reputation has grown over the years. It has been noted that by opening and closing in a predicted future where not only had the war been won but a (fictitious) full-scale German invasion of Britain defeated and by presenting a scenario where all echelons of British society unite for the common good (the lady of the manor sacrifices herself without hesitation, for example), the film's message was morale-boosting and positive rather than scaremongering. Anthony Quinn, a film critic for The Independent on Sunday, commented in 2010, "It subtly captures an immemorial quality of English rural life—the church, the local gossip, the sense of community—and that streak of native 'pluck' that people believed would see off Hitler".

Legacy
In 2005 it was named as one of the "100 Greatest War Films" in a poll by Britain's Channel 4. The 1975 book, The Eagle Has Landed and the later film use some of the same ideas. In July 2010, StudioCanal and the British Film Institute National Archive released a restoration of the Went the Day Well? to significant critical acclaim. Tom Huddleston of Time Out termed it "jawdroppingly subversive. Cavalcanti establishes, with loving care and the occasional wry wink, the ultimate bucolic English scene, then takes an almost sadistic delight in tearing it to bloody shreds in an orgy of shockingly blunt, matter-of-fact violence". When the restored film opened at Film Forum in New York City in 2011, A. O. Scott of The New York Times called it "undeservedly forgotten... [H]ome-front propaganda has rarely seemed so cutthroat or so cunning".

Home media
The film was released on a Manufactured-on-Demand DVD on 9 July 2015. It was released on Blu-ray in July 2011 by Vintage Classics and subsequently in a set called "Their Finest Hour: 5 British WWII Classics" in March 2020.

See also
 Operation Sea Lion, Germany's planned invasion of Britain in 1940
 The Eagle Has Landed (1975), a novel by Jack Higgins with a similar premise
 The Eagle Has Landed (film), 1976 film adaptation of Higgins' book
 The House at Sea's End (Ruth Galloway,#3), 2010 novel by Elly Griffiths, dealing with a crime that occurred during the time of this film and that may be related to the events the film described

References

Sources
 Houston, Penelope. Went the Day Well? London: BFI, 1992,

External links

1942 films
1942 war films
British alternative history films
British black-and-white films
British war films
British World War II propaganda films
Ealing Studios films
Fictional invasions of England
Films about World War II alternate histories
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Graham Greene
Films directed by Alberto Cavalcanti
Films produced by Michael Balcon
Films scored by William Walton
Films set in 1942
Films set in England
Films set on the United Kingdom home front during World War II
Films shot in England

Went the Day Well?


The 1936 Bundaberg distillery fire was a disaster in Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia.

The fire

In the early evening of 21 November 1936 the Bundaberg Rum Distillery was struck by lightning. The resulting explosion caused a raging inferno within minutes, as the contents of the rum vats fed the flames. There were 63 vats of rum and spirits each containing 10,000 gallons.  This spectacular fire drew a large crowd of spectators and police cordoned off the area due to the intense heat. The glow from the flames could be seen as far away as Childers and Gin Gin. By midnight the flames were brought under control but the building itself was in ruins.

The aftermath
The damage was estimated to have been approximately £200,000. No deaths or injuries were reported. The fire also had a devastating effect on the wildlife in the adjacent Burnett River with thousands of dead fish washed up on the river bank including sharks, cod, salmon and barramundi. The general manager of the distillery, which was owned by the Millaquin Sugar Company stated it was "one of the biggest fires in the history of the State".

Recovery
Although it took three years the distillery was rebuilt and is currently operating on the same site today.

Legacy
The State Library of Queensland holds some of the original correspondence and financial records for the Bundaberg Distilling Co. Ltd relating to the 1936 fire.

See also

History of Queensland

References

External links

 Bundaberg Rum – 1936 Bundaberg Rum Distillery
 Bundaberg Distilling Company

1930s fires in Oceania
1936 fires
Bundaberg
Disasters in Queensland
Fires in Australia
1936 in Australia
Industrial fires and explosions in Australia
1930s in Queensland
1936 disasters in Australia

1936 Bundaberg distillery fire


[[Image:CherryRipe1879 by John Everett Millais.jpg|thumb|300px|The Graphics chromolithograph of Cherry Ripe (1879) by John Everett Millais (1829–96)]]Cherry Ripe''' is an English song with words by poet Robert Herrick (1591–1674) and music by Charles Edward Horn (1786–1849).

It contains the refrain,
Cherry ripe, cherry ripe,
Ripe I cry,
Full and fair ones
Come and buy.
Cherry ripe, cherry ripe,
Ripe I cry,
Full and fair ones
Come and buy.

An earlier poem by Thomas Campion (1567–1620) used the same title Cherry Ripe, and has other similarities. It is thought that the refrain originated as a trader's street cry.

The song's title has been used in other contexts on a number of occasions since and its tune has also been appropriated for other uses. The song was popular in the 19th century and at the time of World War I.

Alternative lyrics

During the late 1800s, an alternative version of the song briefly appeared. The lyrics were as follows

Cherry Ripe, Cherry Ripe
Ripe I cry
Full and fair ones
Till I die
Cherry ripe, Cherry ripe
Mouse and I
River's where we're
Till you die

In popular culture
The song is mentioned in the 1889 farcical novel The Wrong Box, written by Robert Louis Stevenson and his stepson Lloyd Osbourne, in a passage discussing the ubiquity of the penny whistle in late 19th century England, as one of two songs every player of that instrument invariably blows.
The song "Cherry Ripe" is a recurring theme in John Buchan's World War I spy novel Mr Standfast (1919). It identifies Mary Lamington, a young intelligence officer, who falls in love, mutually, with the hero of the novel, General Richard Hannay.
The song is mentioned in Dylan Thomas's 1955 A Child's Christmas in Wales.
The song is mentioned in Book Two, Chapter 16 of George Eliot's 1871 Middlemarch.
Several characters of Iris Murdoch's Booker-prize winning novel The Sea, the Sea (1978), sing "Cherry Ripe" as they land into a party mood.
It is sung by Maud Chapman (played by Hilda Bayley) in the 1942 film, Went the Day Well?.
In the classic 1957 British horror film Night of the Demon (released as Curse of the Demon in North America) the medium uses this song to attain a trance.
It is heard in the 1958 film Smiley Gets a Gun, sung by Ruth Cracknell's character, Mrs Gaspen.
In the 1960 film Bottoms Up it is sung by the character Professor Dinwiddie, who mistakes a public chastisement for a sing-along.
It also featured in the opening episode of the 2007 BBC drama "Lilies", sung by the character May Moss at a gentleman's club.
It was heard in the 1982 musical comedy film Victor Victoria, sung by Julie Andrews at her character's unsuccessful audition at a nightclub.
The song is sung by Alice in the opening sequence in the 1999 television movie Alice in Wonderland.
It gave its name to the numbers station of the same name, in which the tune was played as a call sign.

Paintings

In 1879 it was adopted by John Everett Millais as the title of his immensely popular painting depicting a young girl with cherries. It was based loosely on Joshua Reynolds's portrait of Penelope Boothby. Millais had his niece Lucinda Ruby pose for the portrait only a matter of days before the girl was killed under the arches of London Bridge station. The painting was reproduced in colour as a chromolithograph by the newspaper The Graphic'' as a gift with its Christmas edition. The image vastly increased the newspaper's sales.
A painting by Walter Osborne (1859–1903) of a cherry seller in Ulster also used the title.

See also
 Street cries

Notes

English folk songs
Street cries
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown

Cherry Ripe (song)


Gustav Johannes Wied (6 March 1858 – 24 October 1914) was a Danish writer. He was generally known as a satirical critic of society in his time and he deliberately used his writing talents to expose the establishment, bourgeoisie and ruling class. The government had him imprisoned for 14 days in 1882 for a short story published in a newspaper. Wied wrote novels, short stories, poems and plays (including several satyr plays).

Biography
Gustav Wied was born in Branderslev near Nakskov as the fifth of eleven children by Carl August Wied and Catha Wied.

His best-known work is the novel Livsens Ondskab (1899), depicting life in a small provincial Danish town. The story revolves around customs official Knagsted, a red-bearded satyrical Diogenes, who openly ridicules the hypocrisy of the snobbish bourgeois inhabitants, and Emanual Thomsen, a tragic struggler, trying to obtain the funds needed to regain his ancestral farm. In the sequel Knagsted (1902), Wied let Knagsted comment on the contemporary fashionable society in the Bohemian spa resort of Karlsbad in Karlovy Vary.

Wied eventually lost popularity and fell ill, suffering from severe stomach aches. Badly affected by his condition and despondent, he committed suicide with an overdose of potassium cyanide in 1914. The Gustav Wied Society was established in 1938 with the purpose of publicizing knowledge about Gustav Wied and his literary legacy.

Bibliography
Gustav Wied was very productive. Among his most notable works are:
 En Hjemkomst (play), 1889
 Silhuetter (short stories), 1891
 En Bryllupsnat (play), 1892
 Barnlige Sjæle (short stories), 1893
 Ungdomshistorier , 1895
 Slægten, 1898 (made into a film in 1978)
 Livsens ondskab, 1899 (made into a television series in 1971, first broadcast in 1972)
 Thummelumsen (play), 1901
 Skærmydsler, 1901
 Den gamle Pavillon (play), 1902
 Knagsted, 1902
 Dansemus (play), 1905
 Fædrene æde druer, 1908 (made into the film Sort høst in 1993)
 Circus Mundi (stories), 1909
 Kærlighed, Fire Idyller (play), 1909
 Ærtehalm (play), 1909
 Pastor Sørensen og Co., 1913
 Imellem Slagene (stories and a play), 1914
 Digt og virkelighed (recollections), 1914

English translations:

 Two Satyrical Dramas, (1999)

Films
Many of Wieds stories and plays have been filmed, two in his own lifetime, both black and white silent movies. The first was "Kærlighed og Selvmord" (Love and Suicide), released in 1911. It is a pantomime, following his own manuscript but with unknown director. The second film "Das Feuer" (The Fire) was produced in Germany and released on 4 May 1914, the same year Wied committed suicide. It is an adapted screenplay written by Karl Freund after one of Wied's novels. After his death, the first Wied-related film "Thummelumsen " was released in 1941, an adapted screenplay of his 1901 play by the same name. Most of the posthumous films has been Danish TV productions, but a few of them was produced in Sweden and Finland.

The latest Wied-film was "Sort høst" (Black harvest), a cinema film released in 1993. It is an adapted screenplay drama of Wied's "Fædrene Æde Druer" from 1908, produced by film director Anders Refn.

See also
 Kastellet (Roskilde)

References

Literature

External links

1858 births
1914 deaths
1914 suicides
19th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Danish memoirists
19th-century male writers
20th-century Danish memoirists
Danish prisoners and detainees
People from Lolland Municipality
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Drug-related suicides in Denmark
Danish male novelists
Danish male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Danish novelists

Gustav Wied


Self-censorship is the act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by film producers, film directors, publishers, news anchors, journalists, musicians, and other kinds of authors including individuals who use social media.

Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees freedom of speech from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."

The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself, has a long history.

Reasons for self-censorship

Psychological
People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging.  People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs.

According to a 2019 German survey on self-censorship conducted by the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. Only 17% of respondents express themselves freely on the Internet.

Religious affiliation is a topic in which many occupational fields and areas may be a source of self-censorship. One particular area is psychology. From the origins of psychology, the field has frequently viewed religion with distrust. Psychologists and therapists often refrain from claiming to be part of any religion believing in the possibility that any expressions of any devout faith may be viewed as markers for mental illness or distress. A 2013 survey from the American Psychological Association (APA) found that "relative to the general population, psychologists were more than twice likely to claim no religion, three times more likely to describe religion as unimportant in their lives, and five times more likely to deny belief in God."

Regarding a religious movement it is more common among fundamentalist believers like Wahhabism, Islamism, Calvinism, and Hasidic Judaism.

Economic
Self-censorship can also occur in order to conform to the expectations of the market. For example, the editor of a periodical may consciously or unconsciously avoid topics that will anger advertisers, customers, or the owners in order to protect their livelihood either directly (i.e., fear of losing their job) or indirectly (e.g., a belief that a book will be more profitable if it does not contain offensive material). This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as soft censorship.

Legal
In authoritarian countries, creators of artworks may remove material that their government might find controversial for fear of sanction by their governments.

Taste and decency
Taste and decency are other areas in which questions are often raised regarding self-censorship. Art or journalism involving images or footage of murder, terrorism, war and massacres may cause complaints as to the purpose to which they are put. Curators and editors will frequently censor these images to avoid charges of prurience, shock tactics or invasion of privacy. Concepts like political correctness and spiral of silence have been found to contribute to the existence of self-censorship.

Products intended for children and youthful audiences, such as young adult literature, can be affected by self-censorship in this context.

When the director of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art was interviewed regarding his decision to whitewash an antiwar mural showing dollar-draped military coffins, he speculated that the mural would have offended the community in which it was placed.  He then added that "there were zero complaints, because I took care of it right away,".

As a form of preference falsification
Self-censorship is a form of preference falsification, though the concepts are not identical.  Self-censorship is a passive act. It amounts to the suppression of potentially objectionable beliefs, opinions, and preferences. Thus, it amounts to self-silencing; it is an act of passivity. Preference falsification is the misrepresentation of one's preferences under perceived social pressures. It is often performative, as it can involve the active manipulation of one's preferences to impress an audience or avoid its wrath.

For an illustration, consider a discussion on a controversial subject. We are among the participants. If we keep quiet, that is self-censorship. Insofar as our silence conveys agreement with a position that we actually dislike, our self-censorship amounts also to preference falsification. If instead of keeping quiet, we speak up during the discussion in favor of position A, when we actually favor B, that is preference falsification but not self-censorship. In pretending to like A, we have gone beyond self-censorship. We have deliberately projected a contrived opinion.

In a nutshell, preference falsification is the broader concept. Whereas all self-censorship falsifies a preference through the signals it sends, preference falsification need not take the form of self-censorship.

In media

Journalists often censor themselves due to threats against them or their interests from another party, editorial instructions from their supervisor[s], perceived conflicts of interest with a media organization's economic sponsors, advertisers or shareholders, etc.). Self-censorship of journalists is most pervasive in societies where governments have official media censorship policies and where journalists will be jailed, fined, or simply lose their job if they do not follow the censorship rules. Organizations such as Media Matters for America, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, Democracy Now! and the American Civil Liberties Union have raised concerns about news broadcasting stations, particularly Fox News, censoring their own content to be less controversial when reporting on certain types of issues such as the War on Terror.

In their book Manufacturing Consent (1988), Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman argue that corporate ownership of news media very strongly encourages systematic self-censorship owing to market forces. In this argument, even with supposedly liberal media, bias and (often unconscious) self-censorship is evident in the selection and omission of news stories, and the framing of acceptable discussion, in line with the interests of the corporations owning those media.

The journalists have actively sought censorship advice from military authorities in order to prevent the inadvertent revelation of military secrets. In 2009, The New York Times succeeded in suppressing news of a reporter's abduction by militants in Afghanistan for seven months until his escape from captivity in order to "reduce danger to the reporter and other hostages".

Journalists have sometimes self-censored publications of news stories out of concern for the safety of people involved. Jean Pelletier, the Washington D.C. correspondent for the Montreal La Presse newspaper, uncovered a covert attempt by the Canadian government to smuggle US diplomats out of Iran during the Iranian hostage crisis before the "Canadian Caper" had reached its conclusion. In order to preserve the safety of those involved, he refused to allow the paper to publish the story until the hostages had left Iran, despite the considerable news value to the paper and writer.

Self-censorship by journalists has been described as a form of a survival strategy, allowing journalists to report on some issues rather than going too far and risking a more complete crackdown by the authorities, resulting in even less independent reporting.

In science

Self-censorship is found in the world of academia in a number of contexts. Self-censorship in scientific publications that have been criticized as politically motivated include scientists under the Third Reich withholding findings that disagreed with the commonly held beliefs in differences between races, or the refusal of these scientists under Hitler to support General Relativity (which got the reputation as "Jewish science"). More recently, certain scientists have withheld their findings related to climate changes caused by pollution and to endangered species.

Professor Heinz Klatt argues that hate laws, speech codes, cowardice, and political correctness have resulted in an intellectually repressive atmosphere in modern-day academic circles, with widespread self-censorship on topics like homosexuality, (learning) disabilities, Islam, and genetic differences between human races and sexes.

Risks from scientific publications

In the early days of atomic physics, it was realized that discoveries regarding nuclear fission and the chain reaction might be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes - on the one hand, such discoveries could have important applications for medicine and energy production, however on the other hand, they might also lead to the production of unprecedented weapons of mass destruction. Leo Szilard argues that if dangerous discoveries were kept secret, the development and use of such weapons might be avoided. Similarly, findings in the field of medicine and biotechnology could facilitate production of biological weapons of mass destruction. In 2003 members of the Journal Editors and Authors Group, 32 leading journal editors, perceived the threat from biological warfare as sufficiently high to warrant a system of self-censorship on the public dissemination of certain aspects of their community's research. The statement agreed on declared:
We recognize that the prospect of bioterrorism has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information... We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise...[O]n occasions an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits... the paper should be modified, or not be published...

By region

Africa
Self-censorship has been found to affect journalists in a number of less-democratic African states, such as Ethiopia, Uganda and Zambia.

Central Asia
Widespread practice of self-censorship has been described as significantly detrimental to the development of independent journalism in Central Asia.

China

In China, the media and citizens have to go to even greater extents to censor much of the material that they would post online. Many companies have been shut down by government because of the content that they have published. Nearly 10,000 social media accounts in October 2018 were shut down that published entertainment and celebrity news. As well as 370 different streaming apps that were pulled off of the app stores for non-compliance. Due to these high numbers of government interference, the companies and networks that publish on the internet are now employing people and utilizing sophisticated programs to find videos and pictures that are offensive to remove before the government can get them in trouble.

Self-censorship by Western companies trying to appease Chinese authorities has also affected the quality of content available to the citizens in other countries. It increasingly affects video games, including those by Western developers who want to sell their products to Chinese gamers as well.

Colombia
Self-censorship has been found to affect Colombian journalism.

Europe
Examples of self-censorship have been found in a number of European countries in different contexts.

European Union officials have been accused of self-censorship on topics deemed sensitive by China, in order to avoid diplomatic rifts between China and EU.

Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in recent years in Europe. Journalists and whistleblowers have experienced physical and psychological intimidation and threats. Self-censorship is one of the major consequences of such circumstances.

A study published in 2017 by the Council of Europe found that in the period 2014-2016 that 40% of journalists involved in the survey experienced some kind of unwarranted interference, in particular psychological violence, including slandering and smear campaigning, cyberbullying. Other forms of unwarranted interference include intimidation by interest groups, threats with force, intimidation by political groups, targeted surveillance, intimidation by the police, etc. In terms of geography, cases of physical assault were more common in the South Caucasus, followed by Turkey, but were present in other regions as well.

Indonesia
In the early 2010s, self-censorship was studied in the context of professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists.

Palestine
Self-censorship was found in Israeli media during the Second Lebanon War. It has also been found to affect a number of debates related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Pakistan
Self-censorship practices have been studied in the context of the Pakistani media in 2000s.

Russia
Self-censorship existed in Russia for a long time. After a brief relaxation following the fall of communism in the 1990s, self-censorship once again became a quite frequent practice in Russia after 2000's government take-overs and consolidation of media, further deepened after 2014-2015 laws on 'undesirable organisations'.

Turkey
Self-censorship has increased in Turkey as press freedoms declined under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government in the late 2000s. Affected areas include among others the discussion of the Armenian genocide.

United States

According to AmeriSpeak survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.

See also
 Bradley effect
 Chinese censorship abroad
 Euphemism
 Hawthorne effect
Information hazard
 List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks
 Media bias
 Newspeak
 OB marker
 Overton window
 Opinion corridor
 Preference falsification
 Political correctness
 Social-desirability bias
 Thought suppression

References

External links

Conformity
Political correctness

Self-censorship


RTÉ News on Two was a late-night news programme that aired each Monday to Thursday on Irish public television channel RTÉ Two between 2 November 1978 and 18 September 2014. The transmission time of this programme varied each night, but it generally aired between 22:45 and 23:30. Until 4 January 2013, the programme was broadcast every Monday to Thursday, lasting 22 minutes, reducing to ten minutes after this date. A world weather forecast followed each broadcast.

RTÉ News on Two took a different agenda to other RTÉ News and Current Affairs programmes. Its content was customised for a younger audience, and presenters and journalists tend to use more informal language on the programme. From 2 October 2006 the bulletin was presented by Eileen Whelan, following the departure of Anthony Murnane, who was with the programme from the beginning. Eamonn Falvey edited the programme from 2 April 2007 until December 2009. Gareth O'Connor was the programme editor until 2010. It was mainly presented by Eileen Whelan, Aengus Mac Grianna and Una O'Hagan.

From 5 March 2007 until 18 September 2014, RTÉ News on Two was streamed live on the internet and archive shows are available to view through the RTÉ website. For the duration of the 2011 general election campaign, RTÉ News on Two in its regular format was only aired on Thursday night, with a reformatted programme, The Eleventh Hour, airing Monday-Wednesday (with a short RTÉ News on Two extended summary airing beforehand).

History
The programme began as Newsnight in 1978 and was usually the last programme of the day during RTÉ 2's first ten years on the air. It was largely an international news service with reports from BBC News, ITN, ABC News, CBS News and other American networks.

On 3 October 1988, RTÉ 2 relaunched as Network 2, and their news programme was relaunched as Network News. It was a regular RTÉ News bulletin but the new name reflected the new name of the channel it was broadcast on.

In 1997, as part of RTÉ's revamp of Network 2 as "N2", the programme was completely changed and renamed News 2. News 2 was presented by Sharon Ní Bheoláin (who had presented Nuacht RTÉ for a number of years) and Anthony Murnane. Both presenters would present alternating weeks, with another presenter for the sports news. Unlike RTÉ News on RTÉ One, News 2 was presented from a green screen studio, the presenters sat on high stools, the main news presenter would sit on the right with the sports presenter on the left at different desks.

In 2003, RTÉ began another rebranding exercise and choose to highlight what channels they own, hence N2 was relaunched as RTÉ N2 (however continuity referred to the channel as RTÉ Network 2). The RTÉ Network 2 news programme was restored to the regular RTÉ News look and branding (as RTÉ News on Two), and now broadcasts from the regular RTÉ News studio, but many of the innovations of News 2 and the younger agenda remain. For example, the presenter usually stands to introduce the first story.

The series was replaced by two early evening bulletins called News Feed on 22 September 2014, which ran until January 2017.

For a period of time a live late-night news programme aired on both RTÉ One and RTÉ News Now on Friday nights between September and May after The Late Late Show.

There are no morning or late night news bulletins on any RTÉ channel.

See also
Other RTÉ News and Current Affairs programmes include:

 RTÉ News: One O'Clock
 RTÉ News: Six One
 RTÉ News: Nine O'Clock

References

External links
RTÉ News on Two at RTÉ.ie

1978 Irish television series debuts
1970s Irish television series
1980s Irish television series
1990s Irish television series
2000s Irish television series
2010s Irish television series
Irish television news shows
RTÉ News and Current Affairs
RTÉ original programming

zh:RTÉ新聞二台

RTÉ News on Two


A monolith is a geological feature. It is a massive stone or rock.

Erosion usually causes the geological formations, which are often made of very hard and solid igneous or metamorphic rock.

In other words, a monolith is what's left after most of an original rock or mountain is worn away.

Other websites
 Regarding Uluru/Ayers Rock and earlier representations of it as the largest monolith: GA.gov.au, ABC.net.au, Wayoutback.com.au

Geological formations

Monolith


The Statue of Liberty is a trick play in American football named after, and resembling, the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World).

Execution of the play
Although many variations of the play exist, the most common involves the quarterback taking the snap from the center, dropping back, and gripping the ball with two hands as if he were to throw. He then places the ball behind his back with his non-throwing hand, while pretending to throw to one side of the field with his other hand. While his arm is still in motion during the fake throw, he hands the ball off behind his back to a running back or a wide receiver in motion, who runs the football to the opposite side of the field. The objective is to trick the defense out of position, leaving them unable to catch up with the runner as he moves in the direction opposite to the fake.

The play is named after the positioning of the quarterback as he hands the ball off. If done correctly, he should have one hand in the air and the other at his side, resembling the pose of the Statue of Liberty. When executed properly, the Statue of Liberty is a deceptive and high-yardage play. However, the coordination of motions required is difficult, and failure may lead to a fumble, sack, or lost yardage. Additionally, disciplined defenses may be able to spot the fake.

History of the play
Amos Alonzo Stagg was the first to call the play, and Stagg credited Clarence Herschberger with being the first player to run the play.  The play was made popular by Fielding H. Yost during his tenure as head coach of the football team at the University of Michigan.

This play was also a part of the offensive repertoire of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams teams of the mid-1970s under coach Chuck Knox.

Notable examples
The Northwestern Wildcats employed a direct-snap variant of this play in the 1949 Rose Bowl to run for a 45-yard touchdown in the final minutes of the game, defeating the heavily favored California Golden Bears, 20–14.

The Baltimore Colts ran a version of the play in December 1970. Led by 37-year-old quarterback Johnny Unitas, the Colts beat the Oakland Raiders in the 1970 AFC Championship game, 27–17.

In a regular-season matchup against the Michigan Wolverines in 2007, Oregon Ducks quarterback Dennis Dixon faked a Statue of Liberty to running back Jonathan Stewart (somewhat like a bootleg) and then ran for a touchdown almost unseen.

The 2007 Fiesta Bowl featured a widely reported and frequently replayed use of the play, executed by Jared Zabransky and Ian Johnson of the Boise State Broncos against the Oklahoma Sooners. The play, known as "Statue Left" by the Broncos and run from a trips shotgun set, clinched Boise State a two-point conversion for the overtime victory. This bowl game is referred to as one of the closest and most exciting college football games of all time, due in part to the do-or-die nature of this play.

Oklahoma saw another Statue of Liberty play in their September 6, 2008, game against the Cincinnati Bearcats. Bearcats quarterback Dustin Grutza handed off to John Goebel, but the Sooners stopped Goebel for only a short gain.

Boise State executed the same play described above nearly eight years later—once against the Wyoming Cowboys, and also while facing the Arizona Wildcats in the Fiesta Bowl. Both plays resulted in touchdowns for Jay Ajayi.

The New England Patriots employed an unusual variant of the play in their 2007 NFL divisional playoff game against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Strictly speaking, the play, which the Patriots called "Double Pop," was actually a reverse Statue of Liberty play, in that the run, not the pass, was the fake element. Center Dan Koppen faked a direct snap to Patriots running back Kevin Faulk, causing the defense to move to stop the run; meanwhile, Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, who received the football, faked an over-the-head snap, and held the Statue of Liberty pose with his back to the defense before turning around and throwing a touchdown pass to wide receiver Wes Welker in the back of the end zone.

In the 2023 NFL Wildcard playoff round, the New York Giants used a Statue of Liberty play in their 31–24 victory against the Minnesota Vikings.

In popular culture
The execution of the Statue of Liberty play was detailed in The Brady Bunch television series in the 1973 episode "QuarterBack Sneak".

In the 1995 Simpsons Halloween episode "Treehouse of Horror VI" during Bart's dream of winning the Super Bowl, Krusty the Clown calls the play but alters its design to a normal forward pass.

See also

American football strategy
Flea flicker
Fumblerooski
Hook and lateral

References

External links
 Boise state statue of liberty play to win the 2007 fiesta bowl via YouTube

American football plays
Statue of Liberty

Statue of Liberty play


The by-election held in Mid Ulster on 11 August 1955 was called as a result of a vote in the British parliament on 18 July 1955 which voted 197 votes to 63 to nullify the result of the previous 1955 UK General Election in the constituency. At that election, Sinn Féin candidate Tom Mitchell took the seat.

In the by-election, Mitchell managed to retain the seat with an increase in the number of votes.

In the aftermath of the election, the defeated Unionist candidate successfully lodged a petition to have Mitchell, a convicted felon, removed as Member of Parliament (MP). The seat was subsequently given to Charles Beattie. However, as Beattie was at the time of his appointment a member of an appeals tribunal, considered "offices of profit under the Crown", the British House of Commons ruled that this disqualified him from the office of MP.

This led to the 1956 Mid Ulster by-election.

External links
A Vision of Britain Through Time (Constituency elector numbers)

References

1955 elections in the United Kingdom
20th century in County Londonderry
20th century in County Tyrone
August 1955 events in the United Kingdom
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in County Londonderry constituencies
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in County Tyrone constituencies
1955 elections in Northern Ireland

1955 Mid Ulster by-election


Nihad Sirees (born 1950) is a Syrian writer. He was born in Aleppo, and studied engineering at university. He emerged as a fiction writer in the 1980s, and till date has written novels, plays, and scripts for TV dramas. Among his notable works are the historical novel The North Winds and the popular TV series The Silk Market, which has been translated for screening in English, Persian and German. He also wrote a TV series about the Lebanese writer Kahlil Gibran. His novel The Silence and the Roar was banned in Syria, and has been translated into German, French and English. His second novel States of Passion, translated by Max Weiss, was published by Pushkin Press in 2018.

In the wake of the Arab Spring, Sirees was targeted for heightened surveillance by the Assad regime, as a result of which he went into exile in 2012. Initially going to Egypt, he now lives in Berlin, Germany.

References

External links
Official website

1950 births
Syrian writers
Refugees and displaced people in fiction
Living people

Nihad Sirees