Silas Moore Stilwell, Sr. (June 6, 1800 – May 16, 1881) was an American lawyer and politician.

Biography
He was born on June 6, 1800, in New York City to Stephen Stilwell, who had fought in the American Revolutionary War and opened a glass factory in 1804 in Woodstock, New York.

Silas was educated at Woodstock Free Academy until 1812, then, after his father's bankruptcy, he went to New York City and began to work.

In 1814, he engaged in surveying in the west, and then settled in Tennessee. In 1822, he was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. Afterwards he removed to Virginia, and was Clerk of Tazewell County and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He was admitted to the bar in 1824.

He returned to New York in 1828, and was a member from New York County of the New York State Assembly from 1830 to 1833. In 1830, he proposed "An act to abolish imprisonment for debt and to punish fraudulent debtors" in the Assembly, which was enacted on April 26, 1831, and became known as the Stilwell Act.

In 1834, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Whig ticket with William H. Seward, but they were defeated. He was an alderman in New York City in 1835, and chosen chairman of the Board of Aldermen. In this year, the political parties were equally divided, and as he had the casting vote on all appointments he became popularly known as "King Caucus". He was acting mayor at the time of the Great Fire of New York in 1835.

He was married Caroline Norseworthy (1820-?) around 1840, and one of their children was Silas Moore Stilwell, Jr. (1854–1891), a lawyer in New York City.

He was United States Marshal for the Southern District of New York during President John Tyler's administration from 1841 to 1845. At this time he was sent on a special mission to The Hague to negotiate a loan for the U.S. government. At the end of his term he resumed the practice of law.

He was the author of the National Banking Act in 1863.

He wrote on questions of finance, many of his articles appeared in the New York Herald from 1860 to 1872, under the pen-name of "Jonathan Oldbuck".

He died on May 16, 1881, in New York City.

Works
A System of Credit for a Republic and Plan of a Bank for the State of New York (1838).
A System of National Finance - Notes Explanatory of Mr. Chase's Plan of National Finance (Washington, D.C, 1861)
National Finances: a Philosophical Examination of Credit (1866)

References

Political Graveyard (name given as Stillwell)
His son's death notice, in NYT on December 23, 1891
Cover view of A System of National Finance
The New York Civil List, compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (page 307; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) (name given as Stillwell)

1800 births
1881 deaths
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Members of the New York State Assembly
Politicians from New York City
People from Tazewell County, Virginia
United States Marshals
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from New York City
19th-century American lawyers

Silas M. Stilwell


Telugu Americans are citizens of the United States of America who belong to the Telugu ethnic group. The vast majority of Telugu Americans trace their ancestry to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, but also from other neighbouring states including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Maharashtra, etc. Most of the Telugus that have migrated during 20th century were from the Krishna and Godavari delta regions of the Madras Presidency. During the 21st century , after the dot-com boom, Telugus from all regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana started migrating in high numbers.

Immigration to United States
In 2000, the Telugu population in the U.S. numbered around 87,543. By 2010, the number surged to 222,977 then 415,414 by 2017 and was 644,700 by 2020. The rise in Telugu population is attributed to the increasing representation of South Indian diaspora in technological field specially after Y2K. Brookings Institution Report revealed that Telugu states sent over 26,000 students between 2008 and 2012, most pursuing degrees in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM fields).

Demographics
Telugu people now constitute one of the largest groups of Indian Americans. The majority of Telugu Americans live in metropolitan areas with significant economic importance in STEM fields, industries in which many Telugus and other South Indian groups participate in. These areas include the San Francisco Bay Area, central New Jersey, Texas Triangle, Chicago, Seattle, the Delaware Valley and Northern Virginia and the Baltimore metropolitan area, with smaller but significant populations throughout the country in major metropolitan and micropolitan areas of almost every state. Other metropolitan areas with growing numbers of Telugu Americans include those in Greater Boston, Kansas City, Metro Detroit, Greater Cleveland, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul.

Religion
The vast majority of Telugu Americans are Hindu, with a considerable who are Christian, and even smaller numbers who practice Islam.

Language

The Telugu community in the United States is largely bilingual. A recent study by the US-based Center for Immigration Studies has shown Telugu as the fastest growing language in United States which has grown by 86% in the last seven years. During the 2020 United States elections, the Telugu language was first listed on voter registration and ballot boxes in select locales.

The U.S. states with the largest percentage of Telugu speakers are:

 New Jersey (0.35%)
 Delaware (0.25%)
 Virginia (0.25%)
 Connecticut (0.18%)
 Illinois (0.17%)
 Texas (0.16%)
 California (0.15%)
 Maryland (0.15%)
 Georgia (0.14%)
 New Hampshire (0.13%)
 Washington (0.13%)
 Massachusetts (0.13%)
 Kansas (0.13%)
 Michigan (0.12%)
 Minnesota (0.11%)
 North Carolina (0.10%)
 Arizona (0.10%)
 Pennsylvania (0.09%)
 Ohio (0.07%)

Notable Telugu Americans

Government, politics, and philanthropy
Upendra J. Chivukula - Democratic politician who currently serves as a Commissioner on the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities after serving more than 12 years in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he had been the Deputy Speaker
Narayana Kocherlakota - Economist, former president of Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Kris Kolluri - New Jersey Commissioner of Transportation
Aruna Miller - Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates representing District 15 in Montgomery County, Maryland
Sashi Reddy - Entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and philanthropist
Vinai Thummalapally - Executive Chairman of Red Fort Strategies, U.S. ambassador to Belize (2009 - 2013)

Medicine, science, and technology
C. R. Rao - A living legend and doyen of statistics. One of the top statisticians the world has ever seen.
Satya Nadella - CEO of Microsoft
Raj Reddy - Computer scientist, founder of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, winner of Turing Award
Vijaya Gadde - Business executive and former global lead of legal, policy, and trust at Twitter
Yellapragada Subbarao -  Indian biochemist who discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate as an energy source in the cell
Neeli Bendapudi - President of Penn State University, former President of University of Louisville
Ravi V. Bellamkonda - Vinik Dean of Engineering at Duke University's Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering
Dabeeru C. Rao - Director of the Division of Biostatistics at Washington University School of Medicine
G. S. Maddala - Mathematician and economist best known for work in the field of econometrics
J. N. Reddy - Professor and holder of the Oscar S. Wyatt Endowed Chair in Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University
Satya N. Atluri - Professor of mechanical & aerospace engineering at University of California, Irvine
Balamurali Ambati - American ophthalmologist, educator, and researcher. On May 19, 1995, he entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's youngest doctor.
Vamsi K. Mootha -  Physician-scientist, investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and professor of Systems Biology and of Medicine at Harvard Medical School
Rao Remala - First Indian employee at Microsoft
E. Premkumar Reddy - Molecular biologist/Molecular oncology. Director of Experimental Cancer Therapeutics program and Professor in the Departments of Oncological Sciences and Structural and Chemical Biology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
V. Mohan Reddy - Pediatric cardiothoracic surgeon at Stanford University
Seshagiri Mallampati - Anesthesiologist who invented the Mallampati score for measuring the ease of endotracheal intubation
Mathukumalli Vidyasagar - Control theorist
Dattatreyudu Nori - Vice Chairman of the Radiation Oncologist Department at The New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City
Sirisha Bandla - Second India-born woman to go to space through Virgin Galactic Unity 22 mission
Ramani Durvasula - Clinical psychologist and professor of psychology at California State University, Los Angeles. Her practice and research deals with narcissism and its impact on relationships and society as a whole.

Activism, arts, literature, and media
Samina Ali, Author, feminist, and activist
Vijaya Lakshmi Emani, Social activist, posthumously awarded Presidential Citizens Medal
Saagar Enjeti, Co-host of Breaking Points and The Hill
Uma Pemmaraju, Anchor and host on the Fox News Channel cable network
Aneesh Chaganty, Film director
Siddharth Katragadda, Screenwriter, film director, poet, writer, and painter
Ashok Kondabolu, DJ, rapper, former member of hip-hop group Das Racist
Hari Kondabolu, Stand-up comedian
Aparna Nancherla, Comedian, actress, and voice actor of Hollyhock on Netflix show BoJack Horseman
Rushi Kota, Actor
Sarayu Rao, Actress
Ajay Naidu, Actor
Varun Sandesh, Actor
Adivi Sesh, Actor, director, and writer
Akash Vukoti, TV personality
Raja Kumari, Singer
Vivek Maddala, Emmy-winning composer, recording artist and engineer
Nina Davuluri, Miss America 2014
Pratima Yarlagadda, Miss Indiana and finalist in Miss USA (1999)
Shobu Yarlagadda, Environmental engineer and film producer
Sreeleela, Actress
Harini Logan, TV personality
Sravya Annappareddy, Girl Scout who donated cookies and personalized greeting cards to frontline COVID-19 workers during the pandemic
Danny Pudi, Comedian and actor

Sports
Laxmi Poruri, Tennis player
Kumar Rocker, Baseball player

Social issues
Telugu Americans have suffered from hate crimes in America. The most notable of these incidents was the 2017 Olathe, Kansas shooting, in which a white supremacist, Adam Purinton, harassed two Telugu immigrants, Srinivas Kuchibhotla and Alok Madasani, under the pretense that Kuchibhotla and Madasani were Iranians or illegal immigrants; later shooting them, killing Kuchibhotla and wounding Madasani as well as Ian Grillot, a white American who had come to the defense of Kuchibhotla and Madasani. A victim of the 2023 Allen, Texas outlet mall shooting, Aishwarya Thatikonda, was a Telugu immigrant from Hyderabad who had moved to Dallas.

References

Further reading

Asian-American society
Telugu
South Asian American
America

Telugu Americans


Ignacio Rivera Bunye (born April 19, 1945) is a Filipino public official who retired in 2014 as Monetary Board Member of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, a post he held since July 3, 2008. Prior to his appointment as monetary board member, he served as the Press Secretary, acting Executive Secretary under Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Congressman, and Mayor of Muntinlupa. He recently rejoined the Bank of the Philippine Islands as Independent Director.

Early life
Ignacio R. Bunye was born April 19, 1945, to Dr. Alfredo M. Bunye, Sr. and Sofia V. Rivera, a pre-war movie actress with the screen name Gloria Imperial whose younger sister Mila del Sol was also a movie darling of her time.

He took his early education at Itaas Elementary School and his secondary at Muntinlupa National High School where he graduated valedictorian. He took up Bachelor of Arts at Ateneo de Manila University and graduated in 1964 and Bachelor of Law in 1969. He also holds a Masters in Management degree from the Asian Institute of Management.

He worked at the Filipinas Foundation Inc. as Assistant Corporate Secretary from 1970 to 1975, Assistant Vice President of BPI Investment Corporation from 1976 to 1983 and Assistant Vice President for Corporate Banking and Treasury at the Bank of the Philippine Islands from 1983 to 1985.

Atty. Ignacio R. Bunye was a working student. He was a news reporter for the Philippine Daily Star from 1967 to 1969, for the DZMT News from 1965 to 1967 and a war correspondent in South Vietnam. As a DZMT reporter, he covered the Vietnam War and wrote a documentary entitled "The Other War," a first-person account of the activities of the Philippine Civic Action Group in Tay Ninh, South Vietnam. At the Daily Star, he wrote a number of articles, including a four-part series entitled "War Vignettes," a first-person account of events immediately after the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam in 1968.

He has been inducted as a member of the Manila Overseas Press Club. He is also a lifetime member of the National Press Club.

As well as being a lawyer by profession, Bunye has served in various executive positions at the Ayala Group of Companies, including as Assistant Vice President of the Ayala Investment and Development Corporation and the Bank of the Philippine Islands.

Mayor of Muntinlupa
When Corazon Aquino assumed presidency after the People Power Revolution in 1986, Bunye was designated Officer-in-Charge (OIC) of the then-municipality of Muntinlupa.

He was elected as Mayor of Muntinlupa from 1988 to 1998. As mayor, Bunye also served in a concurrent capacity as Chairman of the then Metropolitan Manila Authority from 1991 to 1992. The Metropolitan Manila Authority is the forerunner of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.

In 1995, Bunye was again reelected as Mayor of Muntinlupa for his last three-year term. During his 12-year stewardship, Muntinlupa metamorphosed from a fifth-class municipality into a highly urbanized city. Adopting proven corporate practices that he gained from working in the private sector, Bunye initiated the computeratization of Muntinlupa, streamlined operations and cut red tape, thus making Muntinlupa the business-friendly community that it is today. During his watch, Muntinlupa was consistently ranked by the Department of Finance as number one in Metro Manila in terms of realty tax collection efficiency.

He founded the Muntinlupa Polytechnic College, the city's public college, which has since been converted into the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. He upgraded the public health centers and also established the city cemetery for Muntinlupa's poor.

Toward the end of his term as Mayor, Bunye laid the foundation for the establishment of the Ospital ng Muntinlupa through the acquisition of a five-hectare lot within Filinvest Corporate City, which is also the site of the future Civic Center Complex.

House of Representatives
Barred by law from seeking a fourth consecutive term as Mayor, Bunye ran for Congress in 1998 and became the first Congressman from the newly created lone district of Muntinlupa.

In Congress, Bunye continued to champion the cause of local governments, especially in providing them with greater fiscal autonomy.

Originally a member of the minority, Bunye was one of the fiscalizers of the 11th Congress. With the change of leadership toward the end of the 11th Congress, he became the Senior Deputy Majority Floor Leader of House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.

Cabinet Member
Bunye had served as Press Secretary from July 16, 2002, to January 19, 2003, before he formally assumed the post of Presidential Spokesperson on January 20, 2003.

On August 24, 2004, he was again appointed as Press Secretary this time concurrently as Spokesperson. He was designated as Acting Executive Secretary from October 21–30, 2007, during which time he signed the papers pardoning former President Joseph Estrada. He also briefly held the position of Presidential Adviser on Political Affairs before assuming his position at the Monetary Board.

Bunye writes weekly columns for the Manila Bulletin, Tempo, People's Tonight, Sun Star, BusinessWeek Mindanao and Filipino Reporter. He authored a book entitled "Central Banking For Every Juan and Maria". He is a recipient of the Asian Institute of Management Honor and Prestige Award, Bangko Sentral Service Excellence Medal, Gran Orden de Isabela Catolica, and Order of Lakandula (Rank of Bayani).

Personal life
Bunye is married to Miraflor T. Oca, a pediatrician. She passed away on June 24, 2023. They have three children.

References

External links
Speaking Out
The Monetary Board
Cabinet revamp jokes
SC dismisses poll protest vs Bunye
Ignacio Bunye quotes
Profile and history of Metropolitan Manila Government
The 11th Congress

1945 births
Living people
Arroyo administration cabinet members
Asian Institute of Management alumni
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Chairpersons of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
Corazon Aquino administration personnel
Executive Secretaries of the Philippines
Filipino bankers
Filipino civil servants
Lakas–CMD politicians
Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians
Mayors of Muntinlupa
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Muntinlupa
People from Quiapo, Manila
Presidential spokespersons (Philippines)
Secretaries of the Presidential Communications Operations Office

Ignacio Bunye


CD133 antigen, also known as prominin-1, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the PROM1 gene. It is a member of pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins, which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. When embedded in the cell membrane, the membrane topology of prominin-1 is such that the N-terminus extends into the extracellular space and the C-terminus resides in the intracellular compartment. The protein consists of five transmembrane segments, with the first and second segments and the third and fourth segments connected by intracellular loops while the second and third as well as fourth and fifth transmembrane segments are connected by extracellular loops. While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed that it acts as an organizer of cell membrane topology.

Tissue distribution

CD133 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, glioblastoma, neuronal and glial stem cells, various pediatric brain tumors, as well as adult kidney, mammary glands, trachea, salivary glands, uterus, placenta, digestive tract, testes, and some other cell types.

Clinical significance

Today CD133 is the most commonly used marker for isolation of cancer stem cell (CSC) population from different tumors, mainly from various gliomas and carcinomas. Initial studies that showed ability of CD133-positive population to efficiently propagate tumor when injected into immune-compromised mice firstly were performed on brain tumors.  However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations. CD133+ melanoma cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC and play a critical role in recurrence. Moreover, CD133+ melanoma cells are immunogenic and can be used as an antimelanoma vaccination. In mice the vaccination with CD133+ melanoma cells mediated strong anti-tumor activity that resulted in the eradication of parental melanoma cells. In addition, it has also been shown that CD133+ melanoma cells preferentially express the RNA helicase DDX3X . As DDX3X also is an immunogenic protein, the same anti-melanoma vaccination strategy can be employed to give therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.

See also
 Stargardt disease

References

Further reading

External links
  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview

Molecular biology

CD133


USS Sanderling (AM-37) was an  acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Sanderling, Minesweeper No. 37, was laid down on 27 May 1918 at the Tebo Yacht Basin by the Todd Shipbuilding Co., New York City; launched on 2 September 1918; and commissioned on 4 December 1918.

World War I mine clearance
Commissioned after the end of World War I, Sanderling conducted exercises and performed miscellaneous towing operations out of Tompkinsville, New York, through January and February 1919. In March, she proceeded to Boston, Massachusetts, whence she sailed on 14 April for the Orkney Islands to join in the postwar sweeping operations to clear the North Sea for peacetime shipping.

On the 29th, the day she arrived at Kirkwall, the first sweeping operation in the American-laid fields began. Experimental in nature, that sweep disposed of only 221 mines and put hardly a dent in the barrage which had been stretched from Orkney to Norway to stop German submarine traffic from going into the Atlantic Ocean. The six following sweeps used different methods, improved equipment, and more ships — including Sanderling. These modified operations proved to be more productive.

During the third operation, in June, Sanderling and , operating together, located a sunken U-boat. The submarine, probably , fouled their sweep gear, almost stopping the two ships, and sent oil to the surface. Sweeping operations were soon resumed and continued more "routinely," if hazardously, for Sanderling until the sixth operation in August and early September. Influenza struck the mine force as it worked the eastern end of the barrage. Soon thereafter, Sanderling was damaged by an upper level countermine. Repairs, however, were effected quickly, and the ship was ready to return to sea as the final clearance sweeps were conducted.

Return to East Coast operations
By 1 October, the North Sea Mine Barrage, originally a concentration of over 70,000 British and American mines, had been swept; and Sanderling headed home. Moving south, then west, she returned to Tompkinsville, New York on 19 November. On the 25th, the North Sea Mine Force was disbanded, and Sanderling proceeded to Charleston, South Carolina for an extended overhaul.

West Coast operations
Designated AM-37 on 17 July 1920, she departed the South Carolina coast on 3 August; moved up to Norfolk, Virginia; and on the 31st sailed for California. She conducted exercises en route; arrived at San Diego, California on 28 October; and remained in Californian waters until January 1921. She then proceeded west, arriving on the 21st at her new home port, Pearl Harbor.

Deactivation and accidental sinking
Sanderling remained active only until 11 May, when she was placed in reduced commission. A year later, on 2 May 1922, she was decommissioned and berthed with the reserve fleet at Pearl Harbor. On 26 June 1937, while still in reserve, the minesweeper accidentally sank. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register, effective on the day of her loss.

References

External links

uboat.net - USS Sanderling

Lapwing-class minesweepers
Ships built in New York City
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in 1937
1918 ships
World War I minesweepers of the United States

USS Sanderling (AM-37)


Guillermo del Toro's Pinnochio (also known as simply just Pinnochio) is an upcoming stop-motion animated musical fantasy film. It is directed by by Guillermo del Toro and Mark Gustafson. It is based on Gris Grimly's design from his 2002 edition of the 1883 Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. The film marks the animated feature film directorial debut of del Toro. It stars the voices of Ewan McGregor, David Bradley, Gregory Mann, Finn Wolfhard, Cate Blanchett, John Turturro, Ron Perlman, Tim Blake Nelson, Burn Gorman, Christoph Waltz, Tilda Swinton. It has a screenplay by del Toro, Gris Grimly, Patrick McHale and Matthew Robbins and a story by del Toro and Robbins. Daniel Radcliffe is the movie's executive producer.

Produced by The Jim Henson Company and ShadowMachine in co-production with Necropia Entertainment, Pinocchio was announced by Del Toro in 2008 and originally scheduled to be released in 2013 or 2014, but the project went into development hell. In January 2017, McHale was announced to co-write the script, but in November 2017, the production was suspended as no studios were willing to provide financing. The production was revived the following year after being acquired by Netflix. It is set to be released in December 2022.

Plot
A dark, twisted retelling of the famous Carlo Collodi fairytale about a wooden puppet who comes to life and dreams of becoming a real boy takes place in 1930s Fascist Italy. When Pinocchio comes to life, he turns out not to be a nice boy, causing mischief and playing mean tricks. But at its core, Pinocchio is "a story of love and disobedience as Pinocchio struggles to live up to his father's expectations."

Voice cast
 Gregory Mann as Pinocchio
 Ewan McGregor as Sebastian J. Cricket
 David Bradley as Master Geppetto
 Finn Wolfhard as Lampwick/Lucignolo
 Cate Blanchett as Sprezzatura the Monkey
 John Turturro as Master Cherry
 Ron Perlman as Mangiafuoco
 Tim Blake Nelson as the Coachman
 Burn Gorman as the Carabiniere
 Christoph Waltz as the Fox
 Tilda Swinton as the Fairy with Turquoise Hair

References

BAFTA Award winning movies
2020s family movies
2022 fantasy movies
2020s musical movies
Netflix movies
American family movies
American fantasy movies
American musical movies
Mexican movies
French family movies
French fantasy movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Guillermo del Toro

Guillermo del Toro's Pinnochio


McMurdo Sound, a sound in Antarctica, is the southernmost navigable body of water in the world, located approximately  from the South Pole.

Captain James Clark Ross discovered the sound in February 1841 and named it after Lieutenant Archibald McMurdo of HMS Terror. Today, the sound serves as a resupply route for cargo ships and airplanes that land on floating ice airstrips near McMurdo Station.

Physical characteristics

Boundary and extents
The sound extends approximately 55 kilometres (34 mi) in length and width and opens into the larger Ross Sea to the north. To the south, the sound is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf cavity, to the west lies the Royal Society Range, and to the east is Ross Island. McMurdo Sound is separated from the McMurdo Ice Shelf (part of the Ross Ice Shelf) by the Haskell Strait. Winter Quarters Bay lies at the south end of the Sound and is the southernmost port on Earth.

Navigability
While the sound is navigable, it contains a significant amount of drift ice, especially along the shoreline of Winter Quarters Bay. The pack ice that girdles the shoreline at Winter Quarters Bay and elsewhere in the sound presents a considerable obstacle to surface ships. Vessels require ice-strengthened hulls and often have to rely upon escort by icebreakers. Less than 10 percent of McMurdo Sound's shoreline is free of ice.

McMurdo Sound during austral winter presents a large expanse of surface ice. During summer, ships approaching McMurdo Sound are often blocked by various concentrations of first-year ice, fast ice (connected to the shoreline), and hard multi-year ice. Subsequently, icebreakers are required for maritime resupply missions to McMurdo Station.

Ross Island is the southernmost piece of land in Antarctica that is accessible by ship. In addition, the harbor at McMurdo's Winter Quarters Bay is the world's southernmost seaport (Department of Geography, Texas A&M University). The access by ships depends upon favorable ice conditions.

Tourism is increasingly popular in other parts of Antarctica but remains limited in McMurdo Sound due to the extreme sea conditions.

Temperatures
Cold circumpolar currents of the Southern Ocean reduce the flow of warm South Pacific or South Atlantic waters reaching McMurdo Sound and other Antarctic coastal waters. McMurdo Sound experiences katabatic winds from the Antarctic polar plateau. McMurdo Sound freezes over with sea ice about  thick during the winter. During the austral summer when the pack ice breaks up, wind and currents may push the ice northward into the Ross Sea, stirring up cold bottom currents that spill into the ocean basins. Temperatures during the winter months at McMurdo Station have dropped as low as . December and January are the warmest months, with average highs at .

Effects of wind

Polar winds are a driving force behind weather systems arising from three surface zones that converge at McMurdo Sound: the polar plateau and the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf, and the Ross Sea. These surface zones create a range of dynamic weather systems. Cold, heavy air descending rapidly from the polar plateau at elevations of  or more spawns fierce katabatic winds. These dry winds can reach hurricane force when they reach the Antarctic coast. Wind instruments recorded Antarctica's highest wind velocity at the coastal station Dumont d'Urville in July 1972 at  (Australian Government Antarctic Division).

Prevailing winds into McMurdo Sound shoot between mountain passes and other land formations, producing blizzards known locally as "Herbies". Such blizzards can occur any time of year. Residents of McMurdo Station and Scott Base have dubbed the nearby White Island and Black Island as Herbie Alley due to winds that funnel blizzards between the islands (Field Manual for the U.S. Antarctic Program).

Overall the continent's extremely cold air does not hold enough moisture for significant snowfall. The water is equivalent to annual snowfall on Ross Island averages only . Snowfall in Antarctica's interior is far less at . Snow seldom accumulates on the McMurdo Dry Valleys on the western shores of McMurdo Sound.

McMurdo Sound provides an important component in Antarctica's global effects upon climate. A key factor is the polar winds that can drive the sound's pack ice into the Ross Sea summer or winter. Frigid katabatic winds rake subsequently exposed water, causing sea ice to form. Freezing surface water excludes salt from the water below; leaving behind heavy, cold water that sinks to the ocean floor. This process repeats along Antarctica's coastal areas, spreading cold sea water into Earth's ocean basins.

According to an interview with climatologist Gerd Wendler, published in the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Sun, one could dive to the ocean floor anywhere in the world and encounter water from the coast of Antarctica. "Seventy-five percent of all the bottom water, wherever you are, comes from Antarctica."

Temperatures
Average mean sea-level temp: .
Monthly mean range:  in January to  in August.
Stormiest months: February and October.

Wildlife

A rich sea life thrives under the barren expanse of McMurdo Sound's ice pack. Frigid waters that would kill much other fish in the world sustain the Antarctic notothenioid, a bony "ice fish" related to walleyes and perch. Cactus sponges, globe sponges, starfish, sea urchins, and sea anemones are also present. Large sea spiders inhabit the deeps of the sound and feed on sea anemones. Antarctic krill flourish in the upper depths of the waters

Antarctic penguins, emperor penguins, and Adélie penguins live in and around the sound. The Weddell seal, leopard seal, and crabeater seal have been spotted, as well as Orcas.

Strategic importance
McMurdo Sound's role as a strategic waterway dates back to early 20th century Antarctic exploration. British explorers Ernest Shackleton and Robert Scott built bases on the sound's shoreline for their overland expeditions to the South Pole.

McMurdo Sound's logistic importance continues today. Aircraft transporting cargo and passengers land upon frozen runways at Williams Field on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Moreover, the annual sealift of a cargo ship and fuel tanker rely upon the sound as a supply route to the continent's largest base, the United States' McMurdo Station. Both the U.S. base and New Zealand's nearby Scott Base are on the southern tip of Ross Island.

Iceberg B-15A

In March 2000, the  long Iceberg B-15, the largest ever seen at the time, broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems: Cooperative Research Center) and then suddenly broke up on 27 October 2005.

Research based upon measurements retrieved from a seismometer previously placed on B-15 indicated that ocean swells caused by an earthquake  away in the Gulf of Alaska caused the breakup, according to a report by the U.S. National Public Radio. Wind and sea currents shifted the smaller, but still massive Iceberg B-15A towards McMurdo Sound. B-15A's girth temporarily blocked the outflow of pack ice from McMurdo Sound.

Iceberg B-15A's grounding at the mouth of McMurdo Sound also blocked the path for thousands of penguins to reach their food source in open water. Moreover, pack ice built up behind the iceberg in the Ross Sea creating a nearly  frozen barrier that blocked two cargo ships en route to supply McMurdo Station, according to the National Science Foundation.

The icebreakers USCGC Polar Star and the Russian Krasin were required to open a ship channel through ice up to  thick. The last leg of the channel followed a route along the eastern shoreline of McMurdo Sound adjacent to Ross Island. The icebreakers escorted the tanker USNS Paul Buck to McMurdo Station's ice pier in late January. The freighter MV American Tern followed on 3 February.

Similar pack ice blocked a National Geographic expedition aboard the  Braveheart from reaching B-15A. However, expedition divers were able to explore the underwater world of another grounded tabular iceberg. They encountered a surprising environment of fish and other sea life secreted within a deep iceberg crevasse. Discoveries included starfish, crabs, and ice fish. The latter were found to have burrowed thumb-sized holes into the ice.

The expedition reported witnessing an iceberg exploding. Shards of ice erupted into the air as if a bomb went off only hours after divers surfaced and after the Braveheart moved away from the iceberg (National Geographic).

Pollution
More than 50 years of continuous operation of the United States and New Zealand bases on Ross Island have left pockets of severe pollution in McMurdo Sound. Until 1981, McMurdo Station residents simply towed their garbage out to the sea ice and let nature take its course. The garbage sank to the sea floor when the ice broke up in the spring, according to news reports.

A 2001 survey of the seabed near McMurdo revealed 15 vehicles, 26 shipping containers, and 603 fuel drums, as well as some 1,000 miscellaneous items dumped on an area of some . Findings by scuba divers were reported in the State of the Environment Report, a New Zealand sponsored study.

The study by the government agency Antarctica New Zealand revealed that decades of pumping thousands of gallons of raw sewage from 1,200 summer residents into the sound had fouled Winter Quarters Bay. The pollution ended in 2003 when a $5 million waste treatment plant went online. Other documented bay water contaminants include leakage from an open dump at the station. The dump introduced heavy metals, petroleum compounds, and chemicals into the water.

A study by the Australian Institute of Marine Science found that anti-fouling paints on the hulls of icebreakers are polluting McMurdo Sound. Such paints kill algae, barnacles, and other marine life that adhere to ship hulls. Scientists found that samples taken from the ocean floor contained high levels of tributyltin (TBT), a component of the anti-fouling paints. "The levels are close to the maximum you will find anywhere, apart from ship grounding sites", said Andrew Negri of the institute.

Ships, aircraft, and land-based operations in McMurdo Sound all present hazards of oil spills or fuel leaks. For instance, in 2003, the build-up of two years of difficult ice conditions blocked the U.S. tanker MV Richard G. Matthiesen from reaching the harbor at McMurdo Station, despite the assistance of icebreakers. Instead shore workers rigged a temporary  fuel line over the ice pack to discharge the ship's cargo. The ship pumped more than  of fuel to storage facilities at McMurdo.

Officials balance the potential for fuel spills inherent in such operations against the critical need to keep McMurdo Station supplied with oil. A fuel tank spill in an unrelated onshore incident in 2003 spilled roughly  of Diesel fuel at a helicopter pad at McMurdo Station. The 1989 grounding of the Argentinean ship Bahía Paraíso and subsequent spillage of  of oil into the sea near the Antarctic Peninsula showed the environmental hazards inherent in supply missions to Antarctica.

Zoologist Clive Evans from Auckland University described McMurdo's harbor as "one of the most polluted harbors in the world in terms of oil", according to a 2004 article by the New Zealand Herald.

Cleanup efforts
Modern operations in McMurdo Sound have sparked surface cleanup efforts, recycling, and exporting trash and other contaminants by ship. The U.S. National Science Foundation began a 5-year, $30-million cleanup program in 1989, according to Reuters News Agency. The concentrated effort targeted the open dump at McMurdo. By 2003, the U.S. Antarctic Program reported recycling approximately 70% of its wastes, according to Australia's Herald Sun.

The 1989 cleanup included workers testing hundreds of barrels at the dump site, mostly full of fuels and human waste, for identification before they are loaded onto a freighter for exportation. The precedent for exporting wastes began in 1971. The United States shipped out tons of radiation-contaminated soil after officials shut down a small nuclear power plant.

Tourism

Antarctica's extreme remoteness and hazardous travel conditions limit Antarctica tourism to an expensive niche industry largely centered on the Antarctic Peninsula. The number of seaborne tourists grew fourfold during the 1990s, reaching more than 14,000 by 2000, up from 2,500 ten years earlier. More than 46,000 airborne and seaborne tourists visited Antarctica during the 2007–2008 season, according to the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO).

This confederation of tour operators reports that only 5% of Antarctic tourists visit the Ross Sea area, which encompasses McMurdo Sound. Tourists congregate on the ice-free coastal zones during summer near the Antarctic Peninsula. The peninsula's wildlife, soaring mountains, and dramatic seascapes have drawn commercial visitors since the late 1950s, when Argentina and Chile operated cruises to the South Shetland Islands.

Tourists flights began in 1957, when a Pan American Boeing 377 Stratocruiser made the first civilian flight to Antarctica. Commercial flights landed at McMurdo Sound and the South Pole in the 1960s. Routine overflights from Australia and New Zealand took place between 1977 and 1980, transporting more than 11,000 passengers, according to Antarctica New Zealand, which manages Scott Base. One such flight, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Erebus on the eastern shores of McMurdo Sound. The crash high on the slopes of the active volcano took the lives of all 257 people aboard the aircraft.

In 1969 the MS Explorer brought seagoing tourists to Antarctica (British Antarctic Survey). The cruise's founder, Lars-Eric Lindblad, coupled expeditionary cruising with education. He is quoted as saying, "You can't protect what you don't know" (IAATO). In the decades since then, ships engaged in Antarctic sightseeing cruises have grown in size and number.

Infrequent Antarctic cruises have included passenger vessels carrying up to 960 tourists (IAATO). Such vessels may conduct so-called "drive-by" cruises, with no landings made ashore.

The Russian icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov (above right) has conducted voyages to the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea regions since 1992. High-latitude cruises in dense pack ice are only achievable during the austral summer season, November into March. In 1997, the vessel Kapitan Khlebnikov claimed the distinction of being the first ship to circumnavigate Antarctica with passengers (Quark Expeditions). Passengers aboard the icebreaker make landings aboard Zodiac inflatable boats to explore remote beaches. Their itinerary may also include stops at Ross Island's historic explorer huts at Discovery Point near McMurdo Station or Cape Royds (Antarctica New Zealand). Additionally, the Russian icebreaker extends the reach of tourism by launching helicopter trips from its decks, including visits to sites such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys and areas noted for wildlife viewing.

The 'Spirit of Enderby has been conducting cruises to the Ross Sea region for many years, including McMurdo Sound. Although the Enderby has an ice-strengthened hull, the ship is not an icebreaker. The Enderby sports Zodiac inflatable boats, a hovercraft for Antarctica voyages, and all-terrain vehicles for over ice or overland travel. Land-based tourism in Antarctica, however, continues to be rare. Antarctica lacks a permanent land-based tourism facility, despite the annual surge in the number of visitors.

The International Association of Tour Operators (IAATO) has established voluntary standards to discourage tourists from disrupting wildlife. Nonetheless, large ships, carrying more than 400 passengers, may spend up to 12 hours transporting tourists to and from breeding sites. Such large-ship operations expose wildlife to humans far longer than smaller vessels.

Prominent features

 Beaufort Island – This small island at the northern entrance to McMurdo Sound is a protected area due to its site as a penguin rookery.
 Black Island – This island is west of nearby White Island and is about  from McMurdo Station. An unmanned telecommunications base is here.
 Cape Royds – This is a protected area with the most southerly Adélie penguin colony (Antarctica New Zealand). The site features an expedition hut built by Ernest Shackleton and his crew of the Nimrod in 1907 on western shore of Ross Island.
 Discovery Point – Also called Hut Point, this location overlooking Winter Quarters Bay is the site of the expedition hut built by the British Antarctic Expedition(1901–04) led by Robert Falcon Scott.
 Glacier Ice Tongues – The Erebus Ice Tongue projects  from the coastline and reaches up to  in height. Ice flowing rapidly from the glacier at the base of Mount Erebus forms the ice structure. MacKay Glacier Tongue is across the sound to the northwest at Granite Harbor.
 McMurdo Dry Valleys – This row of valleys on the western shore are so named because of their extremely low humidity and their lack of snow or ice cover.
 McMurdo Ice Shelf – This floating ice shelf forms the southern boundary of McMurdo Sound and is itself part of the larger Ross Ice Shelf.
 Mount Discovery – This isolated volcanic cone on the western shore of McMurdo Sound reaches  in height.
 Mount Erebus – This mountain is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. (Antarctic Connection). The mountain reaches  in height and is on Ross Island.
 Ross Island – This island features four principal volcanoes: Mount Erebus, Mount Terror, Mount Bird, and Mount Terra Nova. The United States and New Zealand scientific bases are on the southern end of the island.
 Royal Society Range – This volcanic range is part of the Transantarctic Mountains, one of the world's longest mountain chains (Antarctic Connection). The Royal Society Range is on McMurdo Sound's southwestern shore.
 White Island – The McMurdo Ice Shelf encircles White Island, which is visible from Scott Base. A perennial tidal crack in the ice permits Weddell seals to live at the island year round. (Texas A&M University at Galveston LABB)

Gallery

See also
Erebus Ice Tongue
Marble Point
McMurdo Station
Ross Sea
Scott Base
Williams Field
Winter Quarters Bay
Sea ice
Iceberg

Notes

References

A Special Place, Australian Government Antarctic Division.
Antarctic Connection.
Antarctica New Zealand Information Sheet.
Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems: Cooperative Research Center
The Aster Project.
British Antarctic Survey.
Clarke, Peter; On the Ice, Rand McNally & Company 1966.
Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States December 2006.
Field Manual for the U.S. Antarctic Program.
First Ever Voyages, Quark Expeditions.
Fresh Fish, Not Frozen, Origins: Antarctica. Scientific Journeys from McMurdo to the Pole.
Frozen continent: Time to clean up the ice, New Zealand Herald. January 6, 2004.
Historical Development of McMurdo Station, Antarctica, an Environmental Perspective, Department of Geography, Texas A&M University; Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M; Uniondale High School, Uniondale New York.
Ice Bomb Goes Off. National Geographic.
Icebreakers Clear Channel into McMurdo Station. February 3, 2005.
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operations (IAAT0).
Laboratory for Applied Biotelemetry & Biotechnology.
Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No. 121. Antarctica New Zealand.
MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS REGION, TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, National Science Foundation
McMurdo Station Weather (USA Today).
NASA's Earth Observatory.
NewsRx.com
National Public Radio
Paint polluting Antarctic, Herald Sun; Melbourne, Australia. May 21, 2004.
Runaway Iceberg, Reed Business Information, UK; April 16, 2005.
U.S., Russian icebreakers open path to Antarctic base. USA Today; February 6, 2005.
The Guardian
U.S. Antarctic Base at McMurdo Sound a Dump, Reuters News Agency. December 29, 1991.
Understanding polar weather, USA Today. May 20, 2005.
Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound.
U.S. Antarctic Program.
Where the Wind Blows, Anatarctic Sun. January 28, 2001.
Why is Antarctica so cold?, Antarctic Connection.

Further reading

External links
Antarctica New Zealand.
Antarctic Photo Library.
Antarctic Sun.
Australian Government Antarctic Division.
British Antarctic Survey.
International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators.
International Ice Patrol Student Section.
National Science Foundation.
New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust.

Sounds of Antarctica
Bodies of water of the Ross Dependency

McMurdo Sound


Mercy Myles  is a Ghanaian international footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Ghana women's national football team.  She was part of the team at the 2011 All-Africa Games scoring a goal in the semi-final against Algeria and at the 2014 African Women's Championship.  Myles has participated in the FIFA U17 World Cup and two U20 World Cups, serving as team captain in two. Following a successful youth career, Myles went on to represent the Ghana Senior Women's National Team where she served as interim captain. Currently, Myles plays for St. Francis Xavier University in Canada where she has been a two-time U SPORTS All-Canadian selection and team MVP. At the club level, she played for Reformers Ladies in Ghana and currently represents Highland FC at the senior club level in Canada.

International goals

References

1992 births
Living people
Ghanaian women's footballers
Ghana women's international footballers
People from Greater Accra Region
Women's association football defenders

Mercy Myles


In the Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration (more formally, The Declaration of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia and the Russian Federation), signed 2 November 2008 in the Meyendorf Castle in Moscow Oblast, the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia stated their intention to "contribute to a healthier situation in the South Caucasus and the establishment of regional stability and security through a political settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on the basis of the principles and norms of international law and adopted in the framework of decisions and documents".

It reaffirmed the importance of continuing the mediation efforts of the OSCE Minsk Group in the light of the Madrid document dated 29 November 2007, and subsequent discussions.

The parties reached an agreement that "reach a peaceful settlement that must be accompanied by a legally binding international guarantees all its aspects and stages".

According to the Russian co-chair of the OSCE Minsk Group, Yuri Merzlyakov, the main value of the declaration is that it was the first since 1994, agreed to in the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, and concluded "directly between the two conflicting parties".

References

External links
 Text of declaration

First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Treaties concluded in 2008
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Russia
2008 in Russia
2008 in Azerbaijan
2008 in Armenia
November 2008 events in Asia

Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration


Behavioral operations management (often called behavioral operations) examines and takes into consideration human behaviors and emotions when facing complex decision problems. It relates to the behavioral aspects of the use of operations research and operations management. In particular, it focuses on understanding behavior in, with and beyond models. The general purpose is to make better use and improve the use of operations theories and practice, so that the benefits received from the potential improvements to operations approaches in practice, that arise from recent findings in behavioral sciences, are realized. Behavioral operations approaches have heavily influenced supply chain management research among others.

Overview
Operations management involves a wide range of problem–solving skills aiming to help individuals or organizations to make more rational decisions as well as improving their efficiency. However, operations management often assumes that agents involved in the process or operating system, such as employees, consumers and suppliers, make fully rational decisions. Their decisions are not affected by their emotions as well as their surroundings and that they are able to react and distinguish between different types of information. In reality, this is not always true; human behavior has an important role in decision making and worker motivation, and therefore should be considered in the study of operations. This has led to the rise of behavioral operations management, which is defined as the study of impacts that human behavior has on operations, design and business interactions in different organizations. Behavioral operations management aims to understand the decision making of managers and tries to make improvements to the supply chain using the insight obtained. Behavioral operations management includes knowledge from a number of fields, such as economics, behavioral science, psychology and other social sciences. Traditional operations management and behavioral operations management have a common intellectual goal, aiming to make differences in operations outcomes, such as flexibility, efficiency and productivity.

Theoretical influence
Humans have limitations in their ability to collect and react to relevant information. When a decision or conclusion has to be made through complex information, human decision-makers often fail to comply with normative decision theories. Moreover, a person's lifestyle, social interactions and collective behaviors have a clear influence on their decisions.

Cognitive psychology
This is a relatively new branch of psychology which focuses on humans' ability to make decisions, solve problems, learning, attention, memory and forgetting. These are only a few of the practical applications of this science, to some extent it is also related to motivation and emotion. Cognitive psychology is interested in what is happening within the mind when new information is received, how people respond to this information, and how this response affects their behavior and emotions. Cognitive psychology is considered to be one of the dominant theoretical force in behavioral science.

Social psychology

People often react and behave differently when they are put into different social situations. The aim of social psychology is to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviors. It questions or provides an insight of how human behavior relies on the physical environment. Social psychology theories attempt to explain why there are competition between individuals, why it is often the case that individuals or organisations seek to protect and maintain their status, and why it has been observed that individuals and organisations are willing to sacrifice efficiency to achieve their goal of staying at a higher hierarchical position. In addition to status, social psychology also includes people's behavior towards goal setting, feedback and controls, interdependence, and reciprocity.

Organizational behavior
The use of psychology in behavioral operations research links to the idea of judging the relationship between people's mental health and wellbeing and their behavior at work. Psychology experts often set up indicators to evaluate how an employee's surroundings, such as working environment and noise, can affect their productivity. Organizational behavior is the study of ways people react or behave when they are organized in groups. The purpose of these studies is to improve business productivity, trying to create a more efficient business organization. Organizational behavior theories are applied towards human resource trying to maximize the output from individual group members. The study of organization behavior can be broken down into different sections, including personality, job satisfaction and reward management, leadership, authority, power and politics.

Main streams of research
There are four main streams of research that can be considered a part of behavior operations research. These give us an idea of the weakness of the current operations research model and the effectiveness of behavioral operations research in predicting human decisions and reactions when facing different situations.

Socio-technical view of technology management
Physical technologies can be defined as a socio-technology system, which consists of humans, human activity, spaces, artifacts, tools, and communications media. This theory suggests that social interaction at the workplace is determined by the technology and techniques used at work. Therefore, a change in technology used at work can lead to unexpected consequences. This may include differences in motivation.

Human factor engineering
Human factor engineering can be applied to improve workplaces, working systems and products aiming to reduce human errors during operations as well as improving human efficiency, productivity and operational performance. It often involves improvements of large machineries to reduce accidents during work. It is believed that behavior operations research can be related to human factor engineering as systematic errors, which happens very often technology and different machineries, can affect people's decision making and their interaction with the operating system.

The bullwhip effect
The bullwhip effect happens along the supply chain as the result of information asymmetry between the organisations involved. The classic scenario is a sudden increase in customer demand as shown in the figure to the right. The sudden demand hike depletes the retailer's stock resulting in lost sales. To avoid this happen in the future, the retailer does not only increase its next order to the wholesaler by the additional customer demand observed in this period, but by a little bit more just to be safe. That is because the retailer knows it takes time for the wholesaler to deliver the larger order. This fear of losing out in future sales is the behavioral component of the inventory problem causing the bullwhip effect. Faced with an unexpectedly larger order by the retailer, the wholesaler will forward an even larger order to the manufacturer. The manufacturer in turn makes a non-reversible decision to increase its production level even more in the nearer future. However, because of the delay in information flow from customers to manufactures, the latter is not aware for several order periods that its production level actually exceeds customer demand considerably. The result of the bullwhip effect in this classic application is an excessive amount of stock held by retailers, wholesalers and manufacturer. The more tiers a supply chain has, the larger the magnitude of the bullwhip effect becomes.

System dynamics models in operations contexts
System dynamics models in operations contexts focuses on the importance of how components in a system interact with each other as well as providing an overview of the processes that takes place within the system. Behavioral operations research often benefits from the development of comprehensive systems models as they are able to analyse and provide an insight of the operational system. This allows the study of behavioral operations to understand how people in these settings or work conditions think about the context in which they operate. In an operations system, it often involves levers for managers to manipulate the components involved in the system. The uses of these levers are determined by human behaviors and these behaviors include feelings of stress and fear.

Related problems

Newsvendor problem
The newsvendor model (or newsboy or single-period or perishable) is a mathematical model used in operations management and applied economics to determine optimal level products or services to keep in stock when the demand is unknown. This model is also known as the newsvendor problem by analogy with the situation faced by a newspaper vendor who must make on time stocking decision of how many copies of newspaper to keep in stock when facing uncertain demand. If the newspaper vendor stocks too much, these newspaper may end up worthless by the end of the day as they are no longer up-to-date. However, if the newspaper vendor stocks too little, he misses the opportunity to make more profit and suffers loss of goodwill.

Assignment problem
The assignment problem is a complex optimization problem. The problem involves number of agents and a number of tasks. The purpose is to assign each agent with a task. All agents are expected or aimed to be allocated in a way that will maximize productivity and efficiency and minimize the total cost of the assignment.

Secretary problem
The secretary problem can also be called the optimal stopping theory. It focuses heavily on applied probability, statistics and decision theory. The idea behind the secretary problem is that to make the best decisions when there is a pool of different options, other options are unknown, details of other options will only be given if the currently existing option is given up. The problem comes down to the idea of optimal strategy, maximizing the probability of selecting the best option.

See also
 Outline of management

References

Decision theory
Operations research
Human resource management

Behavioral operations management


Brun (Latin Bruno; born around 975, died  around 1010), was Count in the Derlingau, the Nordthüringgau, the Hastfalagau, the Salzgau, the Gau Gretinge, and the Gau Mulbeze, with Brunswick as his residence. Brun was a member of the Brunones dynasty.

Brun's father is assumed to have been Count Liudolf (died 993). In 1002, Brun married Gisela of Swabia, who later became wife of the Emperor. Their oldest son was Liudolf (about 1003–1038).

In 990, Brun was a member of the Saxon army that supported Mieszko I, Duke of Poland, against Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, in Silesia. Brun participated in the election for King of the Romans of 1002 (after the death of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor) as a candidate and elector. When his own candidacy failed, he supported Herman II, Duke of Swabia, whose daughter he married in the same year.

Notes

References

 Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon, Appelhans 2006,

10th-century births
11th-century deaths
Counts of Brunswick
Brunonids

Brun I, Count of Brunswick


Wolfgang Prinz (born 24 September 1942) is a German cognitive psychologist. He is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany, and an internationally recognized expert in experimental psychology, cognitive psychology and philosophy of mind. He is the founder of the common coding theory between perception and action that has a significant impact in cognitive neuroscience and social cognition.

Background
Wolfgang Prinz studied Psychology, Philosophy and Zoology at the University of Münster (Germany) from 1962 to 1966, and was awarded a doctorate from the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, in 1970. Prinz was a director of the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research Munich, Germany, from 1990 to 2004. Since 2004 he has been a director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.

Memberships in Research Councils and Societies
Academia Europaea; German Academy of Natural Scientist Leopoldina, Halle (Saale), Germany; Scientific
Advisory Board of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF), University of Bielefeld, Germany; Advisory
Board of the Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany; Honorary
Member of the European Society of Psychology (ESCoP); Psychonomic Society; German Society of
Psychology (DGPs).

Academic achievements
Prinz is the father of the common coding theory. This theory claims parity between perception and action. Its core assumption is that actions are coded in terms of the perceivable effects (i.e., the distal perceptual events) they should generate Performing a movement leaves behind a bidirectional association between the motor pattern it has generated by and the sensory effects that it produces.  Such an association can then be used backwards to retrieve a movement by anticipating its effects.  These perception/action codes are also accessible during action observation (for an historical account of the ideo-motor principle, see Observation of an action should activate action representations to the degree that the perceived and the represented action are similar.  Such a claim suggests that we represent observed, executed and imagined actions in a commensurate manner and makes specific predictions regarding the nature of action and perceptual representations.  First, representations for observed and executed actions should rely on a shared neural substrate.  Second, a common cognitive system predicts interference effects when action and perception attempt to access shared representations simultaneously.  Third, such a system predicts facilitation of action based on directly prior perception and vice versa.

The common coding theory has received strong support from a variety of empirical studies in developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science and neurophysiology. This theory is at the core of what has been called Motor cognition.
In neuroscience, evidence for the common coding theory ranges from electrophysiological recordings in monkeys in which mirror neurons in the ventral premotor and posterior parietal cortices fire both during goal-directed actions and observation of the same actions performed by another individual, to functional neuroimaging experiments in humans which indicate that the neural circuits involved in action execution partly overlap with those activated when actions are observed.

Selected works
 Meltzoff, A. & Prinz, W. (2002). "The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution and Brain Bases." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Schütz-Bosbach, S., & Prinz, W. (2007). "Perceptual resonance: Action-induced modulation of perception." Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 349–355.
 Prinz, W. (2006). "Free will as a social institution." In S. Pockett, W. P. Banks, & S. Gallagher (Eds.), Does consciousness cause behavior? (pp. 257–276). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
 Bosbach, S., Cole, J., Prinz, W., & Knoblich, G. (2005). "Inferring another's expectation from action: The role of peripheral sensation." Nature Neuroscience, 8(10), 1295–1297.
 Drost, U. C., Rieger, M., Brass, M., Gunter, T. C., & Prinz, W. (2005). "When hearing turns into playing: Movement induction by auditory stimuli in pianists." The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 58A(8), 1376–1389.
 Prinz, W. (2012). Open minds: The social making of agency and intentionality. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
 Prinz, W., Beisert, M., & Herwig, A. (Eds.). (2013). Action science: Foundations of an emerging discipline. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

See also
 Experimental psychology
 Social cognition
 Motor cognition
 Sense of agency
 Imitation
 Philosophy

References

External links
 Max-Planck Institute
 Wolfgang Prinz web page

Max Planck Society people
Living people
Cognitive psychologists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
German neuroscientists
1942 births
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Max Planck Institute directors
University of Münster alumni

Wolfgang Prinz


The Angrez () is a 2005 Indian Hyderabadi-language comedy film directed by Kuntaa Nikkil. In this film, the word "Angrez" refers to Englanders and non-resident Indians. The film was a trend-setter at that time, as it was one of the first to effectively and humorously, often resorting to the slapstick kind, portray the dialect of the Old City, Hyderabad and the Hyderabadi tongue. The film also portrays the fascination for American materialism, the hype around the IT industry and the lifestyle and culture it has spawned.

Plot
The movie revolves around three sets of people.
 The Angrez – Two guys who come from the United States to serve in a call center company.
 Ismail 'Bhai' & gang – A bunch of locals from the Old City Area
 Mama a.k.a. Annaa & gang – Local gangsters

Two NRI persons, Pranay and Rochak, come to Hyderabad to take up jobs in their friend's company and settle in Hyderabad. Based in the old city, Ismail bhai (Dheer Charan Srivastav) and the gang meet up near Charminar and start their daily routine with gossips, babble and talks of bravery. Ismail bhai is apparently the gang leader and his gang comprises Saleem 'Pheku' (Mast Ali) - a habitual liar, Jahangir – a self claimed hardcore gangster, Gafoor and Chaus who all follow Ismail Bhai throughout the film.

While visiting the old city, Pranay and Rochak meet Ismail's gang at a hotel in the old city. Ismail's gang gets into a spat with Pranay and Rochak. Rochak and Pranay are guided to safety by their guide as they are chased by the Ismail bhai gang. While Pranay and Rochak are engaged in love affairs in their office, Ismail bhai and his gang keeps planning a strategy to seek their revenge.

Meanwhile, Ramesh, Pranay's cousin (who is also their butler) colludes with Mama, the typical gangster of the Hyderabadi underworld, to kidnap Pranay for ransom. Mama and his goons take up the assignment and the plan is set in motion.

Ismail Bhai is still enraged as he believes that the harmless spat is now a matter worth dying for and is a matter of his Izzat (honour). On the other side of the town, Mama and his gang enter the residence of the NRIs, at the same time the Ismail bhai gang after sniffing out their whereabouts go into the NRI's house at night to seek their revenge and restore Ismail bhai's image. Mama and gang mistakenly kidnap Rochak. Ismail Bhai and gang return from their mission failing as usual. Rochak finds out the mastermind behind the kidnapping and bribes the guard and warns Pranai of his cousin's intentions.

Ismail Bhai and Mama gang have a brush against each other. Pranay and Rochak succeed in making the two gangs fight against each other and manage their escape. As Mama and his gang is nabbed by the Hyderabad Police, Ismail bhai and gang returns to Charminar after being heavily assaulted by Mama and his goons. And life, in Hyderabadi style, goes on as usual for the Ismail Bhai's gang.

Cast

Production
The director and writer of the movie, Kuntaa Nikkil, who also played the lead character 'Pranai' in the film, had already worked as an assistant director in the United States. He had worked on the script for 'The Angrez' for over two years. He met numerous people, investigated the culture of NRI's living in Hyderabad, and learned about the working conditions in call centres. To understand the culture of the old city he would secretly capture the expressions of people from the old city. When a half-hour promo was shot on DV camera nobody was willing to produce the movie. Then Sreedhar Rao stepped forward and decided to produce the movie since he felt that the movie had highlighted the core culture of the city.

Reception

Release
The movie was released initially only in four theatres in Hyderabad, but later on it was released in many theatres in Hyderabad and CDs/DVDs were released only after it completed 25 weeks by Hyderabad-based home video company Shalimar Video. The producer petitioned the Department of Tourism to promote the film to raise interest in the Hyderabad area.
The directors and producers believe that this movie covers the entire Hyderabadi culture, right from bonalu to baraat, from biryani to the pub life. The five-minute rap song 'Hyderabadi Biryani' was shot in 77 different locations of Hyderabad like the Chudi Bazaar, Taramati Baradari and Tank Bund. The producers had to do a lot of running about since there were only a few takers. Released with just two prints, the film gradually headed for the fifth week and then was all set for a country wide opening. The film created a record by running to packed houses in a single theatre for over 25 weeks. And made a record sale of 5 million copies at the launch of VCD and DVD by Hyderabad-based home video company Shalimar Video.

Impact on the movie industry
Though the movie failed to attract the mainstream film industry, it started off the infectious trend of making comedy movies based on the Hyderabadi culture. In a matter of a year and a half, there were about a half a dozen releases, like Kal ka Nawab, Hyderabad Nawaabs, Aadab Hyderabad, Hungama in Dubai among others. But none of them quite succeeded in creating the effect and the charm of the original, though these movies were popular among the Old City residents. The success of The Angrez can be attributed to the spontaneity of the humour whereas in the movies that followed, the humour looks forced. The film not only gained popularity in Andhra Pradesh and the other parts of India but also among the large diaspora in the Middle-East and the US, attributed to the Internet and availability of original as well as unlicensed DVDs. With unauthorized DVDs being released in huge numbers, several raids were conducted and lakhs of illicit copies were recovered.

Sequel
A sequel to the movie The Angrez 2 was released in the year 2015

See also
List of Hyderabadi-language films

References

External links

2005 films
Indian comedy films
2000s Hindi-language films
Films set in Hyderabad, India
2005 comedy films
English-language Indian films

The Angrez


Avicennism is a school of Islamic philosophy which was established by Avicenna. He developed his philosophy throughout the course of his life after being deeply moved and concerned by the Metaphysics of Aristotle and studying it for over a year. According to Henry Corbin and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, there are two kinds of Avicennism: Islamic Avicennism, and Latin Avicennism. According to Nasr, the Latin Avicennism was based on the former philosophical works of Avicenna. This school followed the Peripatetic school of philosophy and tried to describe the structure of reality with a rational system of thinking. In the twelfth century AD, it became influential in Europe, particularly in Oxford and Paris, and affected some notable philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus. While the Latin Avicennism was weak in comparison with Latin Averroism, according to Étienne Gilson there was an "Avicennising Augustinism". On the other hand, Islamic Avicennism is based on his later works which is known as "The Oriental Philosophy" (حکمت المشرقیین). Therefore, philosophy in the Eastern Islamic civilization became close to gnosis and tried to provide a vision of a spiritual universe. This approach paved the road for the Iranian school of Illuminationism (حکمت الاشراق) by Suhrawardi.

Corbin referred to divergences between Iranian Avicennism and Latin Avicennism and showed that one can see three different schools in Avicennism, which he called Avicennising Augustinism, Latin Avicennism and Iranian Avicennism.

Several Mu'tazilites were contemporaries of Avicenna, while the philosophical programme of Avicenna and his students was criticised by the Muʿtazilī Ḥanafī scholar Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 1141), who argued that philosophy in the Greek tradition would be used to justify false beliefs and dilute the prophetic character of Islam. He put forward Christianity as an example of a prophetic religion corrupted by Greek abstract thought.

See also
Contemporary Islamic philosophy
Eastern philosophy
Iranian philosophy
Islamic philosophy

Footnotes

References

Avicenna
Aristotelianism
Islamic philosophical schools
Iranian philosophy
Persian philosophy

Avicennism


Clinical neurophysiology is a medical specialty that studies the central and peripheral nervous systems through the recording of bioelectrical activity, whether spontaneous or stimulated. It encompasses both research regarding the pathophysiology along with clinical methods used to diagnose diseases involving both central and peripheral nervous systems.
Examinations in the clinical neurophysiology field are not limited to tests conducted in a laboratory. It is thought of as an extension of a neurologic consultation. Tests that are conducted are concerned with measuring the electrical functions of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves in the limbs and muscles. It can give the precise definition of site, the type and degree of the lesion, along with revealing the abnormalities that are in question. Due to these abilities, clinical neurophysiology is used to mainly help diagnose diseases rather than treat them.

In some countries it is a part of neurology or psychiatry, for example the United States and Germany. In other countries it is an autonomous specialty, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden and Norway.

Hospitals that have neurologists and neurosurgeons tend to house clinical neurophysiology departments. Usually these tend to be larger hospitals that are able to employ more specialized staff units. In hospitals that possess clinical neurophysiology facilities, the major diagnostic modalities employed include:
 Electromyography  and nerve conduction studies: These diagnostic tests of the peripheral nervous system are especially useful in evaluating diseases of the muscles, nerves, and nerve roots. The basis of these tests is recording electrical activity of the muscles and the passage of electric signal along the nerves in the limbs. The disorders of nerve and muscle can either be acute (which means they rather come quickly), or have a slow developing nature. An online tool that allows the interactive exploration of these neurophysiological methods and of symptoms to which they are related can be found here.
 Electroencephalography: Diagnostic test of thalamocortical rhythms (brain waves), useful in evaluating seizures and various abnormalities of the central nervous system. This is done by hooking up electrodes on the surface of the scalp to record currents from the cerebral cortex.
 Evoked potentials: Diagnostic test evaluating specific tracts of the central and peripheral nervous system.  May include visual, auditory, or somatosensory evoked potentials. These record the electrical responses of the brain and spinal cord to the stimulation of the senses.
 Polysomnography: A type of sleep study employed to diagnose disorders associated with abnormal sleep behavior
 Intraoperative monitoring, Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring:

In the United States
The pathway to becoming a clinical neurophysiologist in the U.S. includes completing an undergraduate degree, medical school, and postgraduate medical education, usually in neurology.  Following the completion of an accredited residency program, clinicians may choose to enter a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology.  Programs may expose their fellows to the broad spectrum of electrodiagnostic neurophysiologic studies, or may focus on a single area such as EEG or electrodiagnostic medicine.  Clinical neurophysiology fellowships are generally 1–2 years in duration and may lead to board certification in one or more subspecialty areas.

In the United Kingdom
There are two healthcare professionals who typically perform neurophysiological investigations in the UK. These are medical staff trained in clinical neurophysiology, and clinical physiologists who undertake four years of practical training whilst undertaking an honours degree. Physiologists perform the majority of EEGs, evoked potentials and a portion of the nerve conduction studies. They are then clinically reported either by the physiology staff or the medical staff. Their professional organisations are the British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology and the Association of Neurophysiological Scientists

Relationship to electrodiagnostic medicine
Electrodiagnostic medicine is a subset of clinical neurophysiology. Electrodiagnostic medicine focuses only on the peripheral nervous system and not the central nervous system. Whereas a clinical neurophysiologist is trained to perform all the following studies EEG, intraoperative monitoring, nerve conduction studies, EMG and evoked potentials, and electrodiagnostic physician focuses mainly on nerve conduction studies, needle EMG, and evoked potentials.   The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology provides certification examination in clinical neurophysiology.  The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine provides certification in EDX medicines. The American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies in electroencephalography (EEG), Evoked Potentials (EP), Polysomnography (PSG), Epilepsy Monitoring, and Neurologic Intraoperative Monitoring (NIOM). In the US physicians typically specialize in EEG or EDX medicine but not both.

Neurophysiologists in hospitals

Hospitals that have neurologists and neurosurgeons tend to house clinical neurophysiology departments. Usually these tend to be larger hospitals that are able to employ more specialized staff units.
Clinical neurophysiologists are responsible for analyzing and writing reports on tests that take place within the department. They must also interpret the results that they receive and convey this information to the doctor that referred the patient to the particular neurophysiologist. Many tests involve carrying out an EMG to read the evoked potential recordings. Nerve conduction recordings are extremely common as well.

References

External links
 American Academy of Neurology
 American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine
 United Neurodiagnostic Professionals of America
 Clinical Neurophysiology
 Initial Qualification in the Subspecialty of Clinical Neurophysiology, from the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
 Neuromuscular disease center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
 Cleveland Clinic Online Medical Reference
 ILAE Task Force on Classification
 Tele EMG
 EMG The Expert
 Neurofisiologia Universidad de Montevideo
 Accredited Educational Program for Electroneurodiagnostic Technologist
 Perineuro, web de Neurofisiología Clínica
 Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, web del Servicio de Neurofisiología Clínica

Organizations
 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
 American Academy of Clinical Neurophysiology
 British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology
 Norwegian Society for Clinical Neurophysiology
 Dutch Society for Clinical Neurophysiology
 Italian Society for Clinical Neurophysiology
 Mexican Society for Clinical Neurophysiology
 Sociedad Española de Neurofisiología Clínica
 American Academy of Neurology
 Czech Society for Clinical Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology

Clinical neurophysiology


Acacia mangium is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, Papua, and the eastern Maluku Islands. Common names include black wattle, hickory wattle, mangium, and forest mangrove.  Its uses include environmental management and wood.

It was first described in 1806 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow, who described it as living in the Moluccas.

Cultivation
Acacia mangium grows up to , often with a straight trunk.  A. mangium has about 142,000 seeds/kg. To break down dormancy mature seed requires pre-germination treatments such as mechanical scarification (scratching the surface) or boiling water. This treatment leads to a fast germination and typically exceeds 75%.
Like many other legumes, it is able to fix nitrogen in the soil. A. mangium is a popular species for forest plantation and used more and more also for agroforestry projects. In mixed cultures, plants can profit of the shadow from A. mangium and the nitrogen fixation
A. mangium will tolerate low fertility soils with impeded drainage, but prefers fertile sites with good drainage. Soil depth and topographic position can influence yields. With respect to distance from the equator, there are significant differences in performance under cultivation. A mean annual height increase of about 3 to 4 m is usual near the equator. In areas further from the equator growth is slower.

Uses

Timber

Acacia mangium trees produce sapwood and heartwood. The heartwood's colour is brownish yellow shimmery and medium textured. Because the timber is extremely heavy, hard, very strong, tough, and not liable to warp and crack badly it is used for furniture, doors and window frames. The glossy and smooth surface finish after polishing leads also to a potential for making export-oriented parquet flooring tiles and artifacts.

Pulp and paper

A. mangium has been recognized as an excellent source of short cellulose fibers for papermaking. It is grown in plantations in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia.

Soil management and ecological restoration

Because Acacia mangium trees increase the turnover rate of nitrogen in the topsoil, it can improve the nitrogen availability in soils in mixed cultures. Due to the fact that it is a very fast growing tree it develops an intensive rooting system, particularly in low fertility soils. This helps to recover degraded tropical lands
The tree is widely used in Goa, India in the mining industry for rehabilitation of waste dumps as it is a drought-resistant species and binds sterile mine waste consisting of lateritic strata. In Colombia, it has been used for restoring wasteland created by open-pit gold mining.

Chemistry
The gum contains 5.4% ash, 0.98% N, 1.49% methoxyl, and by calculation, 32.2% uronic acid. The sugar composition after hydrolysis: 9.0% 4-0-methylglucuronic acid, 23.2% glucuronic acid, 56% galactose, 10% arabinose, and 2% rhamnose.

Gallery

References

mangium
Trees of the Maluku Islands
Trees of New Guinea
Trees of Australia
Fabales of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Willdenow
Plants described in 1806

Acacia mangium


Ajay Kumar Singh (born 2 March 1970) is an Indian politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh of India. He represents the Harraiya (Assembly constituency) in the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Early life and education
Singh was born 2 March 1970 in Basti district of Uttar Pradesh to father Narendra Bahadur Singh. He received MBA and LLB degrees from University of Lucknow. On 3 February 2003, he married Sunita Singh, with whom he has a son and a daughter. Singh is an Advocate by profession.

Political career
Singh started his career in politics in 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (2017) elections, he contested from Harraiya (Assembly constituency) against Raj Kishor Singh, who is regular three time MLA from this constituency and Cabinet minister in Akhilesh Yadav ministry. However he defeated Samajwadi Party candidate Raj Kishor Singh by a margin of 30,106 votes.

Posts held

References

Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Living people
People from Basti district
1970 births
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027

Ajay Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)


The Vice-President of Zambia is the second highest position in the executive branch of the Republic of Zambia. The Vice-President was previously appointed by the President before the amendment of the Constitution in 2016. Under the amended Constitution, when a sitting President dies, resigns or is removed from office, the Vice-President automatically assumes the presidency, unlike when the Constitution demanded holding of presidential by-election within 90 days. This is so because now every presidential candidate shall pick a running mate for Vice-President and the two will share the vote meaning voting for a President is an automatic vote for the Vice-President.

The Vice-President also heads the Office of the Vice-President, a government ministry.

Vice-Presidents of Zambia (1964–present)

Political parties

References

Zambia

1964 establishments in Africa
1991 establishments in Africa

Vice-President of Zambia


The Indian National Theatre (INT) is a theatre organisation and troupe founded in 1943 and based in Mumbai, India. Although performing predominantly Gujarati theatre, the troupe has also produced a number of plays in other Indian languages. In addition to theatre productions, the troupe also carries theatre education, training and research activities.

History

In 1940, on the 50th birthday of Dhansukhlal Mehta, Chandravadan Mehta and his troupe improvised a revue performance named Ranglila. The performance featured elements from Bhattnu Bhopalu (Bhatt's Hypocrisy) by Navalram Pandya, Nawabni Mulakat (Nawab's Visit) by Ramanbhai Neelkanth, Ashok Parsi Hato (Ashok Was Parsi) by Jyotindra Dave and Narmad by Chandravadan Mehta. Such performances, although initially improvised, gradually evolved into organised theatrical activities. In 1944, the Indian National Theatre (INT) was founded in Bombay (now Mumbai), with Damubhai Jhaveri as its first General Secretary. Other members associated with the founding included Mansukh Joshi, Gautam Joshi, Naran Mistry and Chandravadan Bhatt with D. G. Vyas providing guidance.

In 1942, members of socialist youth groups who supported the Quit India Movement sought to use the fledgling theatre scene as a tool for public education, resulting in arrests and imprisonment.

Early performances by the theatre were of ballets or dance-dramas, such as Kalbhairav and Bhukh (Hunger), written by Avinash Vyas
and directed by Yogendra Desai. The troupe used two lorries for a stage and to travel around Bombay Province. Apart from Gujarati theatre, the troupe also performed at least one Marathi play. In 1947, Shanti Bardhan directed a dance-drama of Discovery of India, based on the book of the same name by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, at which he was also present and drew his appreciation, on the occasion of the Asian Relations Conference. Other big productions during this period included Narsaiyo on Narsinh Mehta, Meera on Mirabai and Amrapali.

In 1949, the INT began performing Gujarati plays such as Lagnani Bedi (Fetters of Marriage), a Gujarati adaptation of Acharya Atre's Marathi play of the same name, directed by Chadravadan Bhatt. This play also saw the first pre-sale of tickets. It was followed by a mystery play Snehna Jher (Poison of Love) in which different scenes were simultaneously performed on a partitioned stage. One of the founding members of the INT, Naran Mistry, also directed a number of successful plays. Productions in other Indian languages, such as the Parsi Mota Dilna Mota Bava (Parsi Man with Big Heart) and Shirinbainu Shantiniketan (Shirinbai's Shantiniketan) also began, as well as one-act plays by Firoze Antia, Chalo Jher Pao (Get Me Poison), Bairini Bala (Trouble of Wife).  During this time, Firoze Antia, Madhukar Randeria, Anjani Desai, Shankarprasad Desai, Devyani Desai, Vrajlal Parekh, Vanlata Mehta, Nilanjana Mehta and Niharika Divetia became associated with the INT. The INT celebrated the centenary of Gujarati theatre later that year with plays.

Other notable productions included Dekh teri Bambai, Gujarati playsJesal Toral, Moti Verana Chowkma (Pearls Scattered in the Yard), and Santu Rangeeli (Enchanting Santu), and Marathi plays Batatyachi Chal (Potato Chawl) by P. L. Deshpande as well as Kanyadan and Kondu by Vijay Tendulkar. The INT also produced Gujarati children's plays on Chhako Mako and Bakor Patel.

The English productions department of the INT produced W. Somerset Maugham's The Sacred Flame directed by Adi Marzban as well as several other plays.

From 1950 to 1960, the INT organised Rasgarba competitions, which started a tradition of folk performances from Saurashta and Gujarat in Mumbai. The theatre also organised the All India Folk-dance Festival in 1955 and since 1974, has been organising Intercollege Theatre Competitions (later in an association with Gujarat Samachar).

Contemporary activities
The INT produces commercial, art, and folk theatre, does research on folk theatre, and trains actors and directors, and has built facilities in Gujarat and Maharashtra for these activities.

The impresario department of the INT performs plays overseas in collaboration with the Indian Council of Cultural Relations.

The INT performs throughout India in theatres as well as nontraditional venues, and uses no scenery. Productions focus on issues of social justice, and rely on pantomime and dialogue.

References

Gujarati theatre
Theatrical organisations in India
Arts organizations established in 1944
Culture of Maharashtra
Gujarati culture
Theatres in Mumbai
Hindi theatre
National theatres
1944 establishments in India

Indian National Theatre


Until 1 January 2007 Vissenbjerg municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Funen County on the island of Funen in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 47 km², and had a total population of 6,096 (2005).  Its last mayor was Lene Due Andersen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party.

The municipality's main city and the site of its municipal council was the town of Vissenbjerg.

The municipality was formed in 1970 from Vissenbjerg parish.

Vissenbjerg municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with Assens, Glamsbjerg, Haarby Tommerup, and Aarup municipalities to form  the new Assens municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 513 km² and a total population of 41,201 (2005).  The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.

External links
 Assens municipality's official website (Danish only)

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark

Vissenbjerg Municipality


Infanta Sofía of Spain (Sofía de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz; born 29 April 2007) is a member of the Spanish royal family. She is the younger daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia and, as such, Sofía is second in the line of succession to the Spanish throne behind her sister, Leonor, Princess of Asturias.

Sofía was born at the Ruber International Hospital in Madrid during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King Juan Carlos I. She has received the same education as her sister, being educated at the Santa María de los Rosales School and, in 2023, she started an International Baccalaureate at the UWC Atlantic College in Wales, United Kingdom.

Early life and family
Infanta Sofía was born on 29 April 2007 at 16:50 (CET) at the Ruber International Hospital in Madrid by means of a caesarean section, two days after due date. Like her elder sister, her birth was announced by the royal family to the press via SMS. It was announced that her umbilical cord stem cells would be sent to a European private bank in Belgium and to a Spanish public one. The parents, then the Prince and Princess of Asturias, did the same with Leonor's cells: they were taken to a private center in Arizona, which caused controversy in Spain.

Sofía was named after her paternal grandmother, Queen Sofía. She was christened on 15 July by the Archbishop of Madrid, Antonio María Rouco Varela, in the gardens of the Palacio de la Zarzuela. Her godparents are Paloma Rocasolano (her maternal grandmother) and Konstantin, Prince of Vidin. Like her sister, she was given one name, with the additional name of  (of All the Saints), at her christening, a Bourbon tradition.

She received her First Communion on 17 May 2017 at the parish Asunción de Nuestra Señora, and was accompanied by her parents, her older sister, her grandparents, her maternal great-grandmother Menchu Álvarez del Valle, her step-grandmother Ana Togores, and her godfather Konstantin-Assen of Bulgaria, Prince of Vidin. On 23 May 2023, she received the sacrament of confirmation.

Education
Like her older sister, in 2009 Sofía started her education at the Escuela Infantil Guardia Real, the daycare for the children of the Spanish Royal Guard. On 13 September 2010, she began her first year of primary school at the Santa María de los Rosales School in Madrid. In August 2023, she began studying a 2-year International Baccalaureate program at the UWC Atlantic College in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.

Activities

As Infanta of Spain, it is very common to see her in official events with her parents and sister, such us the opening of Parliament, the National Day parade or the Princess of Asturias Award and Princess of Girona Award ceremonies. At the age of 3, she attended her first event, an official reception at the Royal Palace on the occasion of the victory of the Spanish national football team in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

While her sister was studying abroad, she took center stage by accompanying her parents to different events, such as the 2021 and 2022 National Day parades or the 2023 Copa del Rey final.

On 16 July 2022, she accompanied her sister Leonor in her first international trip. Both royals traveled alone to support the Spanish women's national football team, which was playing for a place in the quarterfinals of the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 against Denmark.

In late August 2023, she travelled with her mother, Queen Letizia, to Australia to see the final of the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup between Spain and England. The Queen and the Infanta delivered the trophy to the World Champions, Spain, and celebrated with them on the pitch. Indirectly, this drew criticism to the British royal family for their absence from the event.

Title and style
Since her birth, Sofía has been an Infanta of Spain, with the style of Royal Highness. Although with the same dignity and status as a prince, Sofia does not hold the title of princess, because in Spain only the heir to the Crown is allowed to carry that title.

Sofía's full title is: Her Royal Highness Sofía de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz, Infanta of Spain.

See also

 Princess of Asturias Awards
 Politics of Spain

References

External links

 Official website

2007 births
Living people
House of Bourbon (Spain)
Felipe VI of Spain
Nobility from Madrid
Royal children
Spanish infantas
Daughters of kings
People educated at Atlantic College
People educated at a United World College

Infanta Sofía of Spain


In continuum mechanics, Eshelby's inclusion problem refers to a set of problems involving ellipsoidal elastic inclusions in an infinite elastic body.  Analytical solutions to these problems were first devised by John D. Eshelby in 1957.

Eshelby started with a thought experiment on the possible stress, strain, and displacement fields in a linear elastic body containing an inclusion.  In particular, he considered the situation in which the inclusion has undergone a transformation (such as twinning or localized thermal expansion) but its change in shape and size are restricted because of the surrounding material.  In that situation, the inclusion and the surrounding material remains in a stressed state. Also the strain states in the body and the inclusion are potentially inhomogeneous and complicated.

Eshelby found that the resulting elastic field can be found using a "sequence of imaginary cutting, straining and welding operations."  Eshelby's finding that the strain and stress field inside the ellipsoidal inclusion is uniform and has a closed-form solution, regardless of the material properties and initial transformation strain (also called the eigenstrain), has spawned a large amount of work in the mechanics of composites.

The results find their applications in the effective medium theory for heterogeneous elastic materials.

Notes

Bibliography

See also
 Micromechanics

Continuum mechanics
Elasticity (physics)
Thought experiments in physics

Eshelby's inclusion