Sheffield Forgemasters is a heavy engineering firm located in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The company specialises in the production of large bespoke steel castings and forgings, as well as standard rolls, ingots and bars. The company was nationalised in July 2021, becoming wholly owned by the UK's Ministry of Defence.

History

Origins
Sheffield Forgemasters traces its origins to a 1750s blacksmith forge, and then Naylor Vickers and Co. founded by George Naylor and Edward Vickers, the predecessor of Vickers Limited. Vickers built the River Don Works in 1865. In 1983, the River Don Works, then part of state-owned British Steel, merged with Firth Brown Steels to create Sheffield Forgemasters.

Early years
In the 1980s, Forgemasters manufactured components for the Iraqi Project Babylon "supergun", which it had believed were for a petrochemical refinery. The British investigation exonerated the company's directors, and the incident became known as the Supergun affair.

In 1998, the company was divided and sold to American companies. Allegheny Teledyne bought the aerospace business. Atchison Casting Corp bought the River Don and Rolls businesses, which retained the Sheffield Forgemasters name. Forgemasters was threatened with liquidation in 2002. Atchison went bankrupt in 2003 and was acquired by KPS. In 2005, Graham Honeyman led a successful effort to buy Forgemasters; Honeyman became the company's chief executive and majority shareholder.

Forgemasters experienced a work stoppage from severe flooding in the summer of 2007 when the works were inundated by the River Don. Three weeks after the event, repairs were ahead of schedule and the works were approaching full production.

Civil nuclear market
In the late-2000s, Forgemasters made a failed attempt to acquire a 15,000 tonne forging press for manufacturing ultra-large civil nuclear components. In March 2010, the company had secured £140 million in funding over two years, including an £80 million loan from the British government. Plans to acquire the press were ultimately suspended. The government loan was cancelled in June 2010 with a change of government. Forgemasters declined to apply for a new loan in 2011 as foreign competitors were building such presses, and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster had caused uncertainty in the civil nuclear market.

Financial difficulties
Forgemasters suffered as the British steel industry declined in the early 2010s. It reported its first operating loss, of £9.4 million, since separating from Atchison in the 14 months leading to December 2014. In January 2016, the company announced plans to reduce its workforce from 800 to 700. The company's financial health attracted attention due to its involvement in Britain's nuclear submarine programme.

In 2016, Forgemasters obtained a £30 million loan from US bank Wells Fargo. The loan was underwritten by nuclear submarine contractors BAE Systems, Babcock International and Rolls-Royce Marine Power, in an arrangement negotiated by the British Ministry of Defence (MoD); the intervention forestalled Chinese investment and control in the company. In March 2018, the arrangement was due to expire in July 2019; Sky News reported that the underwriters were seeking a replacement to Honeyman, possibly as a precondition for renewal. In July 2018, Honeyman was replaced as chief executive by David Bond from BAE Systems.

Nationalisaton
In December 2020, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Forgemasters were in preliminary talks for the nationalisation of the company. In July 2021, the UK government announced that the MoD had launched an offer to take over the company for £2.56 million, and intended to invest a further £400 million over the next decade to support defence outputs. Investment will include a new heavy forge line and flood alleviation measures. The current senior management will run the company with two new non-executive directors.

Capabilities
The company specialises in forged and cast steel components for the defence, engineering, nuclear, offshore, petrochemical and steel processing industries worldwide.

The company has the American Society of Mechanical Engineers N-stamp accreditation for critical nuclear components, having produced major components for the s and the civil nuclear industry, including Sizewell B, the UK's only pressurised water reactor.

Sheffield Forgemasters currently has the capacity for pouring the largest single casting (570 tonnes) in Europe.  The two forging presses in use can exert a pressure of 4,500 tonnes and 10,000 tonnes on a billet of steel.  The 4,500 tonne press was installed in 2010 to replace a 1,500 tonne press which dated back to 1897 and was originally steam powered, and after several upgrades became hydraulically operated.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies established in 1805
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Sheffield
Steel companies of the United Kingdom
1805 establishments in England
British companies established in 1805
Government-owned companies of England

Sheffield Forgemasters


English law, also called common law, is the legal system of England and Wales. It is generally divided into criminal law and civil law. It spread to many parts of the former British Empire including Australia, Canada (except Quebec which uses civil law), the United States (except Louisiana which uses civil law) and New Zealand, and many other countries. There are about 80 countries worldwide that use mainly common law systems. About 150 countries use the civil law system.

English law is unique in that it is based on applying legal precedent  to present and future decisions made by judges. A judge must follow past legal decisions made by higher courts but not necessarily those made by lower courts. English law is not based on a constitution and there is no codification of laws. However, there are unofficial publications that provide organized lists of current laws. Parliament has the power to create laws which are automatically considered valid and may not be reviewed by the courts. Only Parliament has the power to change a law.

History

Written in about 602, the Law of Æthelberht (Athelbert of Kent) is the oldest example of Anglo-Saxon law, or of law in any Germanic language. Anglo-Saxon law was based on Ancient Germanic law which was a system of laws based on kinship. The kinship group was responsible for the acts of their members as well as for their protection. Wrongs against another were paid by Weregild, a value placed on every person and piece of property. By the 10th century these had changed into a system of hundreds. No longer based on kinship, they organized themselves to protect others in the hundred and to enforce the laws. A hundredsmann was in charge of a hundred and was responsible to see that all disputes were settled.

In 1066, the Norman conquest of England brought with it many changes in the law. While much of Anglo-Saxon law was kept, new laws were added over time by the Normans. Before the Norman invasion, most laws in England were local laws and enforced by local courts. Royal courts were introduced They did not take over local laws right away, but did so over a period of time. The royal courts took the best of the local laws and used them throughout England. This established English common law, or a system of laws common to the entire country. By this time a second court system developed known as equity and administered by the Court of Chancery. Equity addressed situations not covered by common law. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.

The 18th century legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote a four-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England which for the first time provided a complete overview of English law. Originally published 1765–1769, it has since been republished many times. Used well into the 19th century, his Commentaries were the main instruction tool in learning the law in both England and America. Abraham Lincoln read Blackstone's Commentaries as part of teaching himself the law.

The jury system
The jury system probably came to England just after the Norman conquest. At first, jurors acted as witnesses in court. But over time, certainly by the reign of Henry II of England, they became the trier of fact in a court case. Juries began to deliberate the evidence provided by the parties in a dispute. Over time, jurors were told less and less about a case before a trial and learned what they needed to make a decision in court.

Application to Wales
Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction in the United Kingdom. The old laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts. This brought Wales into legal conformity with England. Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation included Wales. This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967. The jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as "England and Wales". Although Wales has a degree of political autonomy, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. Even so, the Welsh legal system remains English common law. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland. It did not stop being a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended. A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom. The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts.

Sources of English law
In England, there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows:

 European Union law (a primacy challenged by Britain's Brexit)
 Legislation (primary and secondary)
 The case law rules of common law and equity, derived from precedent decisions
Parliamentary conventions
General customs
Books of authority

Related pages
 Adversarial system
 Canon law
 Civil law
 Common law
 Constitutional law
 Inquisitorial system
 International law
 Maritime law
 Roman law
 Salic law
 Scots law
 Welsh law

References

Other websites
 The Legal System part 1; YouTube
 Lecture 1 Part 2 : What is the Common Law?; YouTube

Legal terms
English law

English law


A collateral adjective is an adjective whose word origin is different from the noun it represents. English has many collateral adjectives from French, Latin, and Greek because many English words come from those languages. For example, the adjectives for the native English words "horse" and "moon" are "equine" and "lunar". "Equine" comes from the Latin "equus", and "lunar" comes from the Latin "luna" and so  the study of horses is called "equine science", and the calendar for the moon is called the "lunar calendar".

Some nouns have both collateral and derived adjectives, whose origin is the same as the nouns that they represent. For example, "father" has the adjective "fatherly", from "fathe", but it also has the collateral adjective "paternal". from the Latin word "pater", which also means "father".

Parts of speech

Collateral adjective


The Minjur Desalination Plant is a reverse osmosis, water desalination plant at Kattupalli village, a northern suburb of Chennai, India, on the coast of the Bay of Bengal that supplies water to the city of Chennai. Built on a 60-acre site, it is the largest desalination plant in India. Construction works were carried out by the Indian company IVRCL and the Spanish company Abengoa, under the direction of the Project Manager Fernando Portillo Vallés and the Construction Manager Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Velasco, who returned to Europe after the inauguration of the plant to work on renewable energy projects. Originally scheduled to be operational by January 2009, the work on the plant was delayed due to Cyclone Nisha in October 2008, which damaged a portion of the completed marine works and destroyed the cofferdam meant for the installation of transition pipes. The trial runs were completed in June 2010 and the plant was opened in July 2010. Water from the plant will be utilised chiefly for industrial purposes such as the Ennore Port and North Chennai Thermal Power Station. However, during droughts, water from the plant will be supplied to the public, serving an estimated population of 1,000,000.

Water scarcity in the city
Being a city that depends extensively on ground water, replenished by an average annual rainfall of 1,276 mm, Chennai experiences a chronic water problem. The city receives about 985 Million-Liters-per-Day (MLD) of water from ground and surface water sources, against the demand of 1,200 MLD. Due to an increased usage of groundwater, underground aquifers are being depleted at a rapid rate. By 2031, the demand is expected to increase to about 2,700 MLD.

To alleviate the freshwater problems, the state government decided to implement desalination of sea water. Initially, a 100 MLD plant was planned at Minjur, followed by another plant with equal capacity at Nemmeli. A third plant with a capacity of 200 MLD has been planned at Pattipulam, south of Nemmeli to address the overall supply deficit of 400 MLD.

Chennai Water Desalination Limited
Chennai Water Desalination Ltd. (CWDL) is a special purpose vehicle of IVRCL Infrastructure & Projects Ltd. and Befesa Agua of Spain, created in 2005 to design, build, own and operate the seawater desalination plant for the Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). In September 2005, the CMWSSB signed a bulk water purchase agreement with CWDL to purchase water from the plant at a cost of  48.66/m3 (US$1.03/m3). The water to industries is sold at a rate of  60/m3 (US$1.27/m3). At the end of the 25-year agreement, the plant will be transferred to the state government.

With an installed capacity to produce 100 million liters of drinking water per day, it is the largest such plant in India. Commercial operations began on 25 July 2010, and average production has been 90 MLD.

Operations
Reverse osmosis (RO) technology is employed at the plant to desalinate the sea water, which contains up to 6.4 ppm aluminium and about 50 NTU of turbidity. Energy recovery units help increase the efficiency of the system by recovering kinetic energy from the brine solution and transferring the same to the desalinated water that has passed through the osmotic membrane.

Pre-treatment of the raw sea water includes coagulation-flocculation, gravity, and pressure filtration. The filtered water is then pumped to the plant where it undergoes various preliminary treatments before being passed through the RO trains. The water is then forced through the RO membranes at high pressure. The membranes retain the salts and pass on the desalinated water to the next stage, namely, the post-treatment process. The treated water is then flavoured and stored in a 20 MLD underground water tank, from where it is pumped to the Red Hills reservoir and then released into the city grid.

The RO technology of the plant produces 100 MLD of desalinated water from 273 MLD of sea water.

Components
The plant consists of 8,600 sea water reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, 248 pressure vessels, 115 pressure exchangers, 5 high-pressure pumps, 16 pressure filter vessels, electrical, automation and control systems and 1,200 m of HDPE pipelines of 1,600 mm diameter. The CMWSSB laid a 33 km pipeline at a cost of  930 million (US$20 million) to carry the treated fresh water from Minjur to Red Hills. The project also included infrastructure for the collection of seawater, including a 110 kV/22 kV sub-station built by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board for uninterrupted power supply to the desalination plant. Before construction of the plant, studies were also conducted on the environmental impact on the livelihoods of fishermen and other communities and the impact of high saline discharge on the fisheries and turtle nesting.

Seawater intake system
A reinforced concrete cylindrical intake well of 5 m diameter and 4 m height has been installed nearly 600 m from the shore at a depth of 9 m. A stainless steel screen sits atop the well. The sea water intake pipeline enters the well at the bottom. The HDPE pipeline is 1,600 mm in diameter. It was welded using butt fusion welding machines on the shore before being floated out to the sea and being sunk along the required alignment. The pipeline empties the water into a sea water intake sump on the shore where 3 vertical turbine pumps of variable discharge up to a maximum of 4,000 cum/hr each are used to pump water into the plant. The average intake flow is 9,000 to 10,000 cum/hr, and the average product water output of the plant is about 4,000 cum/hr. The system is designed to work as a self-priming suction for sea water intake.

The plant also has 5 additional intake lines of 560 mm OD as a stand-by intake system. These pipelines have a separate pump house where centrifugal pumps of discharge up to a maximum of 1,500 cum/hr each have been installed. The marine works subcontract (involving laying of the intake pipelines, intake structures and outfall pipeline) was executed by Flowline Systems Pvt Ltd.

Cost
Chennai Metrowater purchases water from the plant for  48.66 per kilolitre of water in accordance with the bulk water purchase agreement with Chennai Water Desalination Limited, a special purpose vehicle promoted by IVRCL. The tariff is high compared to the plant at Nemmeli since the company that has set up the plant also has to add in capital and operations costs. As of 2019, the plant caters to 1 million residents in North Chennai.

See also
 Nemmeli Seawater Desalination Plant
 Reverse osmosis plant
 Water management in Chennai

References

Desalination plants in India
Companies based in Chennai
2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Indian companies established in 2010

Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant


Moss Side is an inner-city area of Manchester, England, about 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of the city centre, and a ward of the city council.  20,745 lived there at the 2021 census. Moss Side is next to Hulme to the north, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Rusholme and Fallowfield to the east, Whalley Range to the south, and Old Trafford to the west.

Moss Side is close to Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan universities. Manchester City played at Maine Road in Moss Side between 1923 and 2003.

The population in 1801 was 151 but because of the Industrial Revolution by 1901 this had increased to 26,677.  Lots of red brick terraced houses were built.  Many people came from other countries to live there, firstly from Ireland and later from the Caribbean. There were riots in 1981. The area had a bad reputation for gang warfare and drug dealing.  More recently many Somali people came to live there. As the universities have grown more students are living there.

 There is a long history of brewing, since the 19th century.  The Royal Brewery started in 1875 and is now owned by Heineken for the production of Foster's Lager. Hydes Brewery on Moss Lane West was built in 1861 but closed in 2012.

Suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst was born in Moss Side and writer Anthony Burgess lived there as a child. Frederick Engels lived in Moss Side for part of his time in Manchester (1842-1844).

References

Districts of Manchester

Moss Side


The Last Kiss is a 2006 American romantic comedy-drama film which is based on the 2001 Italian film L'ultimo bacio, directed by Gabriele Muccino. The plot revolves around a young couple and their friends struggling with adulthood and issues of relationships and commitment.  The film stars Zach Braff, Jacinda Barrett, Casey Affleck and Rachel Bilson. The screenplay was written by Paul Haggis, and directed by Tony Goldwyn.

Much of The Last Kiss was filmed in and around Madison, Wisconsin.  As with Garden State, Braff was involved with the film's soundtrack. The first teaser trailer was released on Braff's official website in mid-June 2006. The movie received mixed to negative reviews, with criticism for its undeveloped plot, writing, and characters. However, it received praise for the cast performances.

Plot
Michael and his live-in girlfriend Jenna appear to have the perfect relationship. Jenna is ten weeks pregnant, and her parents are pressuring the pair to get married, but Jenna claims that Michael's work pressures and her working on her dissertation render it an inopportune time for marriage. The real reason, unbeknownst to anyone, is that Michael feels trapped and scared. Although he considers Jenna an ideal companion, Michael is having second thoughts.

In a chance encounter at a wedding, Michael meets Kim, to whom he confides about his relationship. Kim guesses he is about to break up with Jenna and becomes flirtatious. While Michael is intrigued by Kim's youthfulness, openness, and spirit, he does not succumb to temptation. The two part ways with Kim telling Michael where she attends school (the University of Wisconsin–Madison) and when and where she usually hangs out.

Michael eventually seeks her out at the Memorial Union but tells Kim he was in the area only because of a client meeting. Kim senses his romantic interest and, while Michael drives her home, invites him to a party. Michael accepts. Back in the office, Michael constructs an excuse to be away from Jenna on the night of the party. He asks Chris, his friend and co-worker, to cover for him in case Jenna calls. Chris suspects Michael has met another woman and wishes to avoid becoming involved, as Chris himself has just left his wife; he knows first hand how painful a breakup can be. Michael denies the existence of another woman and merely says he will "be with an old college friend."

After the party with Kim—who Michael says makes him "feel ten years younger"—the two kiss several times, preceding Kim inviting Michael to her dorm for the night. Guilt over cheating on Jenna prevails over temptation, however, and he refuses. Unfortunately for Michael, the father of their mutual friend Izzy dies that night. Several friends and acquaintances, including Jenna and Chris, go to Izzy's home with their condolences. There, Jenna realizes Michael had not been, as he claimed, with Chris. Jenna confronts Chris but Chris refuses to answer her questions, which only fuels Jenna's suspicions that Michael has indeed gone astray.

When Michael arrives home that night, Jenna becomes confrontational;  Michael at first denies he was out with Kim, but eventually admits he had seen another woman. Although he points out he did not sleep with her and that the outing meant nothing, Jenna is too enraged to believe him and kicks him out of the house, threatening him with a chef's knife.

Alone, depressed, and desperate, Michael receives a call from Kim. Kim apologizes for being demanding earlier and asks him to come over for conversation only. Michael agrees. Upon arrival, the pair immediately have sex. The next morning, Michael tries sneaking away without waking Kim but notices once he gets out the door that he left his keys behind. Upon his return, Kim demands to know why he had not said goodbye. Michael tells her simply that he did not want to wake her, as he had to be at work early. Kim takes the missing keys out of her pocket and returns them after Michael promises to call her.

At work, Michael plans on leaving early to seek out Jenna. On his way out, Kim visits his office unannounced, wanting to give him a mix CD. Michael confides that Jenna is pregnant and that he still loves her. He apologizes to Kim for not telling her earlier, and leaves in search of Jenna.

Michael pulls up to Jenna's parents' home, and Jenna's father Stephen gives him a stern lecture about commitment and adulthood and offers advice on winning Jenna's forgiveness. He urges Michael to be completely honest and never stop trying. Equipped with his wisdom, Michael goes into Jenna's room. On the verge of reconciliation, Jenna asks if he was telling the truth about not having had sex with Kim. Michael says he was telling the truth (at the time)—but as a result of Stephen's advice he confesses he went back later that night. Despite Michael's pleas that he was just being honest, Jenna nonetheless becomes outraged and inconsolable, storming out of the house and back to their apartment.

Michael follows her back and finds himself locked out. He stakes out on the front porch until Jenna agrees to talk. Both day and night, wet and dry, Michael remains at the front door with many neighbors taking notice and some even providing beverages to him. Stephen even proceeds to drive by in his car and notices Michael, who sees him. A proud smile develops on his face as he drives off, acknowledging that Michael has taken his advice seriously. Slowly, she begins to relent, first tossing out a blanket during a cold evening, then dropping off a sandwich the next day. During the evening of what would have been his third night on the porch, Jenna breaks her silence and speaks to Michael through the closed door. She compares the painful "last romantic kiss" to her grandmother's death. She says it was a kiss with very painful feeling, and she laments about mourning the loss of the romantic relationship like the loss of someone's life. Later that evening, Jenna opens the door and Michael goes inside.

Cast
Zach Braff as Michael
Jacinda Barrett as Jenna
Casey Affleck as Chris
Rachel Bilson as Kim
Michael Weston as Izzy
Eric Christian Olsen as Kenny
Marley Shelton as Arianna
Lauren Lee Smith as Lisa
Harold Ramis as Professor Bowler
Blythe Danner as Anna
Tom Wilkinson as Stephen
Danny Wells as Izzy's Uncle

Release
The Last Kiss premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.  The film grossed $11.6 million in the United States and Canada and $4.2 million in other markets (including $2,508,416 in the United Kingdom) for a combined worldwide theatrical gross of $15.9 million.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, 46% of 130 surveyed critics gave the film a favorable review; the average rating is 5.7/10.  The site's consensus reads: "You'll either find The Last Kiss to be a phony bore or a refreshing take about young 20-somethings at the crossroads between their carefree lifestyle and responsibility. Zach Braff and the rest of the appealing cast make the case for the latter." The film also received an average score of 57/100 at Metacritic based on 27 critic reviews.

It received a "Two Thumbs Up" rating on the television show Ebert & Roeper (with guest critic and actress Aisha Tyler sitting in for Roger Ebert).

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was released on September 4, 2006, on Lakeshore Records.

"Chocolate" by Snow Patrol
"Star Mile" by Joshua Radin
"Pain Killer" by Turin Brakes
"Warning Sign" by Coldplay
"Ride" by Cary Brothers
"El Salvador" by Athlete
"Hide and Seek" by Imogen Heap
"Reason Why" by Rachael Yamagata
"Hold You in My Arms" by Ray LaMontagne
"Prophecy" by Remy Zero
"Paper Bag" by Fiona Apple
"Today's the Day" by Aimee Mann
"Arms of a Woman" by Amos Lee
"Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk (Reprise)" by Rufus Wainwright
"Paperweight" by Schuyler Fisk and Joshua Radin

References

External links

 Last Kiss Trailer

2006 films
2006 romantic comedy-drama films
American remakes of Italian films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Adultery in films
Films shot in Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison
DreamWorks Pictures films
Lakeshore Entertainment films
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Tony Goldwyn
Films produced by Tom Rosenberg
Films produced by Gary Lucchesi
Films scored by Michael Penn
Films with screenplays by Paul Haggis
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Last Kiss (2006 film)


The 168th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1951, to March 20, 1952, during the ninth and tenth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.

Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.

At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the American Labor Party, the Socialist Workers Party, and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of "Industrial Government Party") also nominated tickets.

Elections
The New York state election, 1950, was held on November 7. Governor Thomas E. Dewey (Rep.) was re-elected. New York State Comptroller Frank C. Moore (Rep.) was elected lieutenant governor. Of the other three statewide elective offices up for election, two were carried by the Republicans. The Democratic/Liberal incumbent U.S. Senator Herbert H. Lehman defeated his Republican challenger lieutenant governor Joe R. Hanley. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Republicans 2,820,000; Democrats 1,981,000; Liberals 266,000; American Labor 222,000; Socialist Workers 13,000; and Industrial Government 7,000.

Five of the seven women members of the previous legislature—Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem.), of Brooklyn; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons; and Maude E. Ten Eyck (Rep.), of Manhattan—were re-elected.

The New York state election, 1951, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Four vacancies in the Assembly were filled.

Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 174th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1951; and adjourned on March 16.

Oswald D. Heck (Rep.) was re-elected Speaker.

Arthur H. Wicks (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.

The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 6, 1951, to enact the re-apportionment of congressional seats according to the 1950 U.S. census.

The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 175th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1952; and adjourned on March 20.

State Senate

Districts

Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Frank S. McCullough changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Orlo M. Brees was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.

Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."

Employees
 Secretary: William S. King

State Assembly

Assemblymen

Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."

Employees
 Clerk: Ansley B. Borkowski
 Sergeant-at-Arms: Herbert A. Bartholomew

Notes

Sources
 Members of the New York Senate (1950s) at Political Graveyard
 Members of the New York Assembly (1950s) at Political Graveyard

168
1951 in New York (state)
1952 in New York (state)
1951 U.S. legislative sessions
1952 U.S. legislative sessions

168th New York State Legislature


James H. (Harry) Humphrey (February 26, 1911 – July 11, 2008) was an educator and leader in the field of physical education.

Education
Humphrey earned a bachelor's degree from Denison University, and continued his education at Case Western Reserve University, where he earned a master's degree. He later earned a doctorate from Boston University.

Career
Humphrey served as Director of Health and Physical Education for Bedford, Ohio City Schools. From 1943 to 1945, he took a leave of absence to serve as a physical training officer in the U.S. Naval Reserve. In 1951, he became Assistant Professor of Health and Physical Education at Michigan State University, holding the position for two years. In 1953, he joined the faculty of the University of Maryland and became a full professor in 1956.

Contributions
Humphrey wrote many textbooks, children's books, articles, and research reports in the field of physical education. He served as Research Editor of the Journal of School Health and as Director of the Institute on Research Design and Techniques in School and College Health Education. Humphrey's research was focused in the area of child education through motor activity. He argued that children tend to learn more readily when learning is associated with activity. Through his research, he developed the AMAV Technique, a procedure for teaching reading through movement. The AMAV Technique is widely used to assist children with reading difficulties.

External links
Finding Aid for the James H. Humphrey Publications at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro
An Anthology of Stress: Selected Works of James H. Humphrey
Anthology of Stress Revisited: Selected Works of James H. Humphrey
James H. Humphrey's obituary

20th-century American educators
1911 births
2008 deaths

James H. Humphrey


Ashby de la Zouch, sometimes hyphenated as Ashby-de-la-Zouch, () and shortened locally to Ashby, is a market town and civil parish in the North West Leicestershire district of Leicestershire, England. The town is near to the Derbyshire and Staffordshire borders. Its 2001 census population of 11,410 rose to 12,370 in 2011. The castle in the town was an important fort in the 15th–17th centuries. In the 19th century the town's main industries were ribbon manufacture, coal mining, and brickmaking.

The civil parish includes the hamlets of Shellbrook to the west and Boundary to the north-west. Swadlincote, Burton upon Trent, Melbourne and Coalville are within , with Derby  due north. Ashby lies at the heart of The National Forest, about  south of the Peak District National Park, on the A42 between Tamworth and Nottingham. In 2018, Ashby Market Street was named "Best Shopping Experience", and in 2019 it made the final of the rising-star category for UK high streets.

History

The town was known as Ashby in 1086. This is a word of Anglo-Danish origin, meaning "Ash-tree farm" or "Ash-tree settlement". The Norman French name extension dates from the years after the Norman conquest of England, when Ashby became a possession of the La Zouche family during the reign of Henry III.

Ashby de la Zouch Castle was built in the 12th century. The town and castle came into the possession of the Hastings family in 1464 and William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings enhanced its fortifications from 1473. In the English Civil War, the town was one of the Cavaliers' chief garrisons under the control of Colonel Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough and commander of the North Midlands Army. When the town fell after a long siege in March 1646, it was counted a great relief to the surrounding towns and villages.

Many of the buildings in Market Street, the town's main thoroughfare, are timber framed. Most of this structure is hidden by later brick facades. The Bull's Head public house retains its original Elizabethan half-timbering, although most of this was plastered over some years ago and can no longer be seen from the street. A short distance further down Market Street is a shop, currently occupied as a LOROS Charity Shop, which retains its original Elizabethan timbers in full street view. Regency buildings are also standing in this street. Bath Street has a row of Classical-style houses called Rawdon Terrace, dating from the time of the 1820s, when the town was a spa destination.

Notable buildings

Churches

St Helen's Church is Ashby's original Anglican parish church. It is a late 15th-century Perpendicular Gothic building. The outer aisles were designed by J. P. St. Aubyn and added in 1878. St. Helen's contains notable memorials to various members of the Hastings family and other notables. It also holds a rare 300-year-old finger pillory.

Holy Trinity Church is a Gothic Revival building designed by H. I. Stevens in the Early English Gothic style and built in 1838–40. It has galleries supported by iron columns. The chancel was added in 1866 and the ironwork chancel screen in 1891.

The Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Lourdes was designed by F. A. Walters and built in 1908–15 at the expense of the 15th Duke of Norfolk. It is neo-Norman, with three apses and a tower at the southeast corner.

The Congregational Church was built in 1825 in a neoclassical style with Tuscan columns. There is also a Christadelphian meeting hall in the town.

Ivanhoe Baths

The Ivanhoe Baths was an 1822 Neo-Grecian building with a Doric façade  long. Unused, it was derelict by 1960, and was demolished in 1962. Mineworkers discovered a copious saline spring when working coal at Moira Colliery,  west of the town, in 1805. Here developers built the Moira Baths, with a large hotel nearby for travellers. After a few years, however, it was decided to convey the water to Ashby, where the Ivanhoe Baths were built. The Royal Hotel, originally called the Hastings Hotel, was built in 1826 to accommodate visitors to the growing spa. It has a Doric porte-cochère and additional Doric columns in its hall inside. The hotel closed in February 2018.

Water tower
The Grade II-listed, 19th-century water tower, located in the town's cemetery on Moira Road, has been converted into a dwelling. The conversion was controversial since it involved a number of modern additions to the building.

Loudoun Monument
In 1879, Baron Donington, the widowed husband of Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun, had the Loudoun monument erected to her memory in Ashby. The octagonal monument by Sir George Gilbert Scott is based on the Eleanor crosses and is a Listed building. It is located at the junction of Bath and South Streets, opposite the Roman Catholic church.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch Town Hall

Ashby-de-la-Zouch Town Hall, which was built at the same time as the market hall to its rear, dates to 1857.

Education
The town has two secondary schools:

Ashby School, previously Ashby Grammar School, is for 11–18-year-olds. It was founded in 1567. The town formerly had two other endowed boys' schools founded in the 18th century.

Ivanhoe School, previously Ivanhoe College, is for 11 to 16-year-olds. It was founded in 1954. It is named after the historical novel Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott, which he set in the area of the castle. In Scott's novel the town hosts an important archery competition held by Prince John, in which Robin Hood competes and wins.

Manor House School was an independent day school in the centre of Ashby for boys and girls aged four to 16. The school was located between St Helen's Church and the ruins of Ashby's historic castle. Pupils travelled to the school from a wide area. The school entered into administration on 13 December 2018.

Business
In the 19th century Ashby's main industry was leather working. There was also a cotton textile factory and a glue factory. Ashby was surrounded by coalmines but was never a coalmining town itself. By far the largest employer in the town today is United Biscuits, providing about 2,000 jobs at its distribution centre, which stores its products and transports them nationwide, and its KP Snacks factory in Smisby Road. The firm formerly had a larger presence in Ashby. McVitie's biscuit factory on Smisby Road closed in 2004 with the loss of 900 jobs.

Other employers in Ashby include Tesco, Ashfield Commercial & Medical Services, Timeline Communications, Eduteq Limited and TAC UK Ltd, a firm of energy consultants. Standard Soap Ltd, a significant industrial employer within Ashby-de-la-Zouch since 1928, closed in early 2012, resulting in the loss of 155 jobs. The town has a concentration of high-tech employers. The video game software house Ultimate Play the Game, was based in Ashby. Now called Rare, it has moved to Manor Park near Twycross.

Recreation

Ashby United Community Football Club is a community club for juniors and seniors of all ages. They play across multiple divisions across all of their Junior and Senior teams and are seen as leading the way in community inclusion when it comes to football and sports in the town.

Willesley Park Golf Course is set in rolling countryside, partly in parkland and partly on heathland, covering 230 acres of gentle undulating countryside. The course was opened for play in April 1921. The first hole is played along an avenue of lime trees which once flanked the old coach road from the old Norman castle in the town to the now demolished Willesley Hall.

Ashby Hastings Cricket Club was founded before 1831. Its ground, the Bath Grounds in the centre of Ashby, hosts Leicestershire CCC 2nd XI matches each year. The club runs three Saturday League sides, all of which play in the Everard's Leicestershire County Cricket League. The 1st XI play in the Premier Division, the highest level of club cricket available in Leicestershire, the 2nd XI play in Division 4 and the 3rd XI play in Division 8. The club also run a Midweek XI who play in the Premier Division of the Loughborough Cricket Association League and a Sunday XI who play friendly cricket. The club's Junior Section includes sides at Under 15, Under 13, Under 11 and Under 10 age groups. A second club, Ashby Town Cricket Club was formed in 1945.

Ashby RFC has its grounds in Nottingham Road. It plays in the League Midland 3 East (North). It also has mini and junior sections for girls and boys from age four, as well as seniors and seconds side and an O2 Touch team for players of all ages and both genders.

The town also has a bridge club (Ashby Bridge Club), and a hockey club (Ashby Hockey Club)

A greyhound racing track, was opened on 3 April 1931. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. Racing was held on Tuesday and Saturday evenings and distances included 200, 350, 550 and 525 yards. The date of closure is thought to be around 1935.

Transport
The town was to be served by Ashby Canal from 1804 but the canal never reached Ashby, as it was constructed only to the village of Moira. The town was served by the Leicester–Burton upon Trent line of the Midland Railway and had its own station. After the canal was abandoned in stages between 1944 and 1966, British Railways withdrew the passenger service and closed Ashby de la Zouch railway station in September 1964. The railway remains open for freight. There were also connections to both the Melbourne Line and Ashby and Nuneaton Joint Railway connecting the town with the towns of Melbourne, Market Bosworth, Hinckley and Nuneaton as well as the city of Derby, but these lines closed between the 1950s and 1980s. Both of the lines now form footpaths with some of the old stations still present but others demolished.

In the 1990s BR planned to restore passenger services between Leicester and Burton as the second phase of its Ivanhoe Line project. However, after the privatisation of British Rail in 1995, this phase of the project was shelved. In 2009 the Association of Train Operating Companies published a £49-million proposal to restore passenger services to the line, which would include reopening a station at Ashby.

The nearest railway station is ,  away. The fastest train to London in the mornings and evenings is from Tamworth (12 miles from Ashby) to Euston at 1hr 2mins average non-stop at peak hours.

The A50 Leicester to Stoke-on-Trent road and the A453 Birmingham to Nottingham road used to pass through the town centre. The heavy traffic, which previously travelled through the town, has been greatly relieved by the A42 and A511 bypasses, which replace the A453 and A50, respectively.

Bus routes provide an hourly direct service to Burton-upon-Trent, Coalville, East Midlands Airport, Leicester and Swadlincote (Diamond East Midlands 9 and 19, and Arriva Midlands 29, 29A and X29). The National Express coach network is available in Leicester, which has a daily direct service to London.

East Midlands Airport is  north-east of Ashby. It provides flights to and from other parts of the UK and Europe. For International travellers Birmingham Airport is 26 miles away (c. 30 mins) and provides international flights.

Media
Television signals can only be received from the Sutton Coldfield TV transmitter which broadcast programmes from Birmingham. However, BBC East Midlands and ITV Central are also received through cable and satellite television such as Freesat and Sky.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Leicester, Smooth East Midlands, Capital Midlands, Gem, Greatest Hits Radio Midlands, and Hermitage FM, a community based station.

Local newspapers are Ashby Nub News and Leicester Mercury.

Culture
Every May, Ashby holds an arts festival sponsored by the district council. This features local artists, musicians, songwriters, poets, performers, and story tellers. The multiple sites around the town host exhibitions, musical performances, workshops and talks, and the town centre is decorated with flags and an outdoor gallery.

Ashby Statutes, a travelling funfair, is held every September. Instituted by Royal Statute, it was originally a hiring fair, where domestic servants and farmworkers would be hired for the year. During the fair in the 21st century, Market Street, the main road through the town (the former A50 trunk road), is closed for nearly a week. The traffic is diverted along narrower roads either side of Market Street. Locals call this event "The Statutes".

A song "Ashby de la Zouch (Castle Abbey)", written by Al Hoffman, Milton Drake and Jerry Livingston, was recorded by the Merry Macs in 1946 on Decca No. 18811. It includes the lines "If you wanna smooch and be happy as a pooch, go to Ashby de la Zouch by the sea." (Ashby-de-la-Zouch is close to the centre of England, almost as far from the sea as is possible.) In April 1946 the American jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus recorded a tune called "Ashby de la Zouch" with his band. The title or choice of song could have been an acknowledgement of guitarist Irving Ashby, who took part in the recording. Ashby-de-la-Zouch is twinned with Pithiviers in north-central France.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch is mentioned in Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott as "the lists at Ashby", suggesting that jousting may once have taken place in the town (lists being the barriers through which the respective steeds charge during a joust). The same phrase is used in the original computer game Defender of the Crown, which apparently drew inspiration from Scott's novel.

Notable people

Robin Beanland (born 1968), video game music composer, musician and Ivor Novello Award winner.
Mark Chadbourn (born 1960), author and screenwriter, was born in Ashby de la Zouch Cottage Hospital and still lives in the area.
Frederick Bailey Deeming (1853–1892), serial killer and Jack The Ripper suspect
Steven Gale (born 1956), vocalist with rock band Fred Zeppelin, lives in Ashby de la Zouch
Anthony Gilby (c. 1510–1585), Puritan sage
James Green (born 1944), crime and non-fiction author, lived in the area in the 1970s and 1980s.
Joseph Hall (1574–1656), satirist and bishop, was born in Ashby de la Zouch.
Frank Abney Hastings (1794–1828), British naval officer and Philhellene
Annie Haynes (1864–1929), mystery author
Russell Hoult (born 1972), footballer, was born in Ashby and still lives locally (at Coleorton).
Lara Jones (1975–2010), children's author, was born in Ashby.
Grant Kirkhope (born 1962), video game music composer and musician
Niall Mackenzie (born 1961), Grand Prix motorcycle racer, is now retired in Ashby.
James Martin (1933–2013), an IT consultant and author, was born in Ashby de la Zouch.
Dolly Shepherd (1887–1983), aviator, made her return to parachuting from balloons in a display at Ashby, after recovering from a near-fatal accident.
Tim and Chris Stamper (living), brothers who were video game programmers, were known for founding the Ultimate Play the Game and Rareware companies.
Paul Taylor (born 1964), England cricketer, was born in the town.
Bernard Vann (1887–1918), taught at Ashby School, before entering the priesthood and then winning a VC, an MC and a Croix de Guerre as an army officer in the First World War.
Roger Williamson (1948–1973), Formula One driver, born in Ashby de la Zouch.
Alastair Yates (1952–2018), former presenter on BBC News and BBC World News, went to Manor House School, Ashby; his farming family still live in the town.
Young Knives, band formed in Ashby
Michael Wakelam (1955–2020), molecular biologist, director of the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, England.

In popular culture
Adrian Mole, a fictional diarist created by writer Sue Townsend, was from Leicester and moved to Ashby de la Zouch during his lifetime.
Harry Flashman, Sir Harry Paget Flashman VC, KCB, KCIE is a fictional character created by Thomas Hughes (1822–1896) in the semi-autobiographical Tom Brown's School Days (1857) and later developed by George MacDonald Fraser (1925–2008). Sir Harry, after his inglorious career, retired to his country home, Gandamack Lodge, in Ashby, there to write his memoirs, known to the public as The Flashman Papers.
Ashby de la Zouch is often mentioned by Guz Khan in his show Man Like Mobeen, where some characters who "go on holiday to Ashby de la Zouch" mistakenly say it is in Spain rather than Leicestershire.

Location
Neighbouring communities include Lount, Normanton le Heath, Smisby, Packington, Donisthorpe, Oakthorpe, Moira, Measham and Coleorton.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

There is a very in-depth record of the town written in a book by W. Scott in 1907 entitled "The History of Ashby-de-la-Zouch", and printed by a local Printer called George Brown.  It includes many excellent images.

External links

AshbyTown.org Community website for Ashby de la Zouch helping to promote the town and its businesses
AshbyOnline.co.uk The Online Guide to Ashby de la Zouch and Surrounding Area
A Little Bit About Ashby de la Zouch  (includes words of the song Ashby de la Zouch by the sea)

Market towns in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Leicestershire
Towns in Leicestershire
North West Leicestershire District

Ashby-de-la-Zouch


Middleware is a computing component that sits between other components and can usually be described as 'software glue', mediating between pieces of software.

There is a lot of ambiguity around the specifics of what middleware is. The term is used differently in different sub fields of computing and even ambiguously within some of those sub fields. It's one of those terms which should probably be agreed upon by actors involved, before it is used in any consequential situation.

An example usage of the term: Messaging Middleware
One of the latter uses of the term might be qualified as Messaging Middleware - message brokers and queues - and can be part of:

 distributed data processing such as found in cloud data pipeline services or Apache Spark clusters, or;
 to allow for the communication between services within a microservices architecture, event-driven architecture or Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).

Middleware


Anant Atmaram Kanekar (1905–1980) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India.

He was born in Bombay on 2 December 1905.

Education and career
Kanekar finished his high school studies in 1923 at Chikitsak Samuha Shirolkar High School in Girgaon, Mumbai. After receiving from Mumbai University a bachelor's degree and a law degree in 1927 and 1929, respectively, Kanekar practiced law for about four years.

Through publication of a collection of his poems in 1933 and a collection of his short personal essays the next year, Kanekar had established himself by 1935 as a successful writer. Leaving the legal profession in 1935, he worked during the next five years as an editor of, first, weekly Chitra (चित्रा) and then weekly Asha (आशा).

In 1941, he joined Khalsa College in Mumbai, and moved on to Siddarth College in the same city five years later, both in a professorial capacity. He stayed at the latter college as a professor for many years.

Literary work

Poetry
 Chandarat (चांदरात) (collection); 1933

Short personal essays
 Pikali Pane (पिकली पाने)

Travelogues
 Dhukyatun Lal Taryakade (धुक्यातून लाल तार्याकडे) (concerning 1937 travels through Europe and the Soviet Union)
 Amachi Mati, Amache Akash (आमची माती, आमचे आकाश) (concerning 1949 travels through northern regions of India)
 Nile Dongar, Tambdi Mati (निळे डोंगर, तांबडी माती) (concerning 1950 travels through southern regions of India)
 Khadak Kortat Aakash (खडक कोरतात आकाश)

Short stories
 Jagatya Chhaya (जागत्या छाया) (collection)
 Wijechi Wel (विजेची वेल) (collection)

Movie dialogs
 Manus (माणूस); 1939
 Adami (आदमी) (Hindi version of Manus); 1939

Plays
In 1933, in collaboration with four littérateurs interested like him in promoting stage plays, Kanekar co-founded Natya Manvantar (नाट्यमन्वंतर). The organization successfully presented for some years several stage performances. Kanekar wrote a few of the plays --Nishikantachi Nawari (निशिकांताची नवरी) is one of them—and also performed in a few plays.
He also translated the play " DOLL'S HOUSE" by Ibsen as "GHARKUL" which was probably best transformation of original.

Honors
Kanekar presided over Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan in Aurangabad in 1957.

Mumbai University holds a series of lectures in his memory.

References

External links
 A note about Kanekar's travelogue Dhukyatun Lal Taryakade

Kanekar, Anant Atmaram
1905 births
1980 deaths
Writers from Mumbai
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian essayists
20th-century Indian short story writers
Indian travel writers
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Poets from Maharashtra
Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra
Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan

Anant Kanekar


Michael J. Moran (c. 1794 – 3 April 1846), popularly known as Zozimus , was an Irish street rhymer. He was a resident of Dublin and also known as the "Blind Bard of the Liberties" and the "Last of the Gleemen".

Biography
Michael J. Moran was born about 1794 in Faddle Alley off the Blackpitts in Dublin's Liberties and lived in Dublin all his life. At two weeks old he was blinded by illness. He developed an astounding memory for verse and made his living reciting poems, many of which he had composed himself, in his own lively style. He was described by songwriter P.J. McCall as the last gleeman of the Pale.

Many of his rhymes had religious themes; others were political or recounted current events. He is said to have worn "a long, coarse, dark, frieze coat with a cape, the lower parts of the skirts being scalloped, an old soft, greasy, brown beaver hat, corduroy trousers and Francis Street brogues, and he carried a long blackthorn stick secured to his wrist with a strap."

He performed all over Dublin including at Essex Bridge, Wood Quay, Church Street, Dame Street, Capel Street, Sackville Street, Grafton Street, Henry Street, and Conciliation Hall. He began each oration with the verse:

Ye sons and daughters of Erin,
Gather round poor Zozimus, yer friend;
Listen boys, until yez hear
My charming song so dear.

In his last few years, his voice grew weak, costing him his means of livelihood. He ended up feeble and bedridden and he died on 3 April 1846 at his lodgings in 15 Patrick Street, aged around 52, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery two days later on Palm Sunday. He had feared grave robbers, who were busy in Dublin at the time.  In one of his narrative songs, he begged his long-established companion, "Stony Pockets":

Oh Stony, Stony
Don't let the Sack-'Em-Ups get me
Send round the hat
And buy me a grave.

Zozimus was buried in Glasnevin's Prospect Cemetery which was guarded day and night. His grave remained unmarked until the late 1960s, when the band The Dublin City Ramblers erected a tombstone in his memory. His grave is in the "Poor Ground" of the cemetery, at the co-ordinates AG 30 South; it is not far from Daniel O'Connell's monument.

His epitaph reads:

My burying place is of no concern to me,
In the O'Connell circle let it be,
As to my funeral, all pomp is vain,
Illustrious people does prefer it plain."

Nickname
Moran's nickname derived from a poem written by Anthony Coyle, Bishop of Raphoe about Saint Mary of Egypt. According to legend, she had followed pilgrims to Jerusalem with the intent of seducing them, then, turning penitent on finding herself prevented from entering the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by a supernatural force, she fled to the desert and spent the remainder of her life in solitary penance. When she was at the point of death, God sent Zosimas of Palestine to hear her confession and give her Holy Communion, and a lion to dig her grave. The poem has the intolerable cadence of the eighteenth century, but was so popular, and so often called for, that Moran was soon nicknamed "Zozimus", and by that name is remembered.

Works
Some of Zozimus's rhymes survive as songs, such as Saint Patrick was a Gentleman

Saint Patrick was a gentleman, He came of decent people, In Dublin town he built a church, And upon't put a steeple.

as well as The Twangman, Ye Men of Sweet Liberties Hall and The Finding of Moses.

In Praise of Potheen

O long life to the man who invented potheen -
Sure the Pope ought to make him a martyr -
If myself was this moment Victoria, the Queen,
I'd drink nothing but whiskey and wather.

The Song of Zozimus
Gather round me bois, will yez
Gather round me
And hear what I have to say,
Before ould Sally brings me
My bread and jug of tay.
I live in Faddle Alley,
Off Blackpitts near the Coombe;
With my poor wife called Sally,
In a narrow, dirty room.
Gather round me, and stop yer noise,
Gather round me till my tale is told;
Gather round me, ye girls and ye boys,
Till I tell yez stories of the days of old;
Gather round me, all ye ladies fair,
And ye gentlemen of renown;
Listen, listen, and to me repair,
Whilst I sing of beauteous Dublin town.

Legacy
A private art gallery in Dublin – Gallery Zozimus – is named after him.
Zozimus Bar, a cocktail bar in Dublin, is also named for him.
The magazine Zozimus, 1870–72
Zoz, or the Irish Charivari, 1876–79
A New York collection of stories The Zozimus Papers (1889)
A 2007 compendium of Irish comic poetry Ireland's Other Poetry: Anonymous to Zozimus. Several of Zozimus's poems were included.

References

Biographical and other texts
Yeats, WB (1893) "Zozimus, Michael Moran, the Last of the Gleemen" in:  Yeats's 'Celtic Twilight printed prev. as "The Last Gleeman" from The National ObserverGulielmus, Dubliniensis Humoriensis (1976) Memoir of the Great Original Zozimus (Michael Moran) the Celebrated Dublin Street Rhymer and Reciter, with His Songs, Sayings and Recitations;  facsimile ed. (Carraig chapbooks) Blackrock (Co. Dublin): Carraig Books  (original ed.: Dublin: M'Glashan & Gill, 1871)
 Boylan, Henry (1978) "Michael Moran (Zozimus)" in: A Dictionary of Irish Biography. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
 Harte, Frank (1978) Songs of Dublin. Dublin: Gilbert
 Uíbh Eachach, Vivian (1990) Zozimus agus a Chairde ('Zozimus and his Friends'). [Dublin?]: An Gúm (retold for children)
 Zimmerman, Georges Denis (2002) Songs of Irish Rebellion: Irish Political Street Ballads and Rebel Songs, 1780–1900. Dublin: Four Courts Press
 Jackson, John Wyse & Hector McDonnell (2007) Ireland's Other Poetry: Anonymous to Zozimus''. Lilliput Press
 O Meara, Liam: Zozimus, The Life and Works of Michael Moran, Riposte Books

External links
The Last Gleeman in GoogleBooks

1790s births
1846 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Irish male poets
People from County Dublin
19th-century Irish poets
19th-century male writers

Zozimus


Joan Bocher (died 2 May 1550 in Smithfield, London) was an English Anabaptist burned at the stake for heresy during the English Reformation in the reign of Edward VI. She has also been known as Joan Boucher or Butcher, or as Joan Knell or Joan of Kent.

Life
Bocher's origins are unclear, but it is known that families named Bocher and Knell lived in the area round Romney Marsh. She was associated with Anabaptists in Kent, some of them immigrants who had fled persecution in the low countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg). In the 1530s and 1540s she was "much in favour in reforming circles" in Canterbury.

Her first conflict with church and state came after she spoke against the sacrament of the altar, but she was released from imprisonment by a commissary of Thomas Cranmer and Christopher Nevinson. This leniency was held against Nevinson when he was charged in 1543 with involvement in the Prebendaries' Plot.

Bocher developed an interest in Anabaptist ideas, and took up the idea of Christ's celestial flesh, "not incarnate of the Virgin Mary". She was arrested as a heretic in 1548 and convicted in April 1549. Then followed a year's imprisonment during which various well-known religious figures were enlisted to try to persuade her to recant. She was unmoved, and Cranmer was involved in bringing her to the stake on 2 May 1550, though accounts of him forcing Edward VI to sanction this—with Edward "driven to pen the mandates", as Wordsworth put it—may be inaccurate. John Foxe approached royal chaplain John Rogers to intervene to save Joan, but Rogers refused with the comment that burning was "sufficiently mild" for a crime as grave as heresy. Rogers himself was later burnt during the Marian persecutions.

Anecdotes
Some well-known stories about Bocher were first recounted by Robert Parsons in 1599: for instance, Joan's friendship with Anne Askew and her involvement in smuggling Tyndale's New Testament into England, and into the royal court under her skirts. According to Parsons in A temperate ward-word, he had learned these things from someone who had been present at her trial.

See also
 List of people burned as heretics

References

External links
 Boucher, Joan (d. 1550) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
 J. Newton Brown Memorials of Baptist Martyrs (1854)
 Anabaptists

1550 deaths
People from the City of London
People executed for heresy
Executed British people
People executed under Edward VI of England
English Anabaptist martyrs
English Anabaptists
Executed English women
Year of birth unknown
16th-century Protestants
16th-century English women
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning

Joan Bocher


Camilo Pessanha (1867-1926) was a Portuguese poet. He is regarded as the most important representative of symbolism in Portuguese literature.

Biography
Camilo de Almeida Pessanha was born in Coimbra on 7 September 1867. His parents were Francisco António de Almeida Pessanha and Maria do Espírito Santo Duarte Nunes Pereira. He studied law at the university of Coimbra. After finishing his studies he went to Macao, a Portuguese town in China. He worked as a teacher there. Pessanha became interested in Chinese culture. He learned Chinese. He died in Macao on 1 March 1926. His death may have been caused by the poet's opium habit.

Works
Camilo Pessanha is the author of only one poetic book. It is named Clépsidra and was published in 1922. He also wrote some books about Chinese culture. He collected some works of art in China. He translated some classic Chinese poems, too. Pessanha's works influenced Fernando Pessoa's poetry. He wrote chiefly sonnets.

References

Bibliography
 Ricardo Germano, Ronaldo Souza, O Simbolismo em Portugal: uma leitura de Camilo Pessanha.

Other websites
 Camilo Pessanha's poems
 Camilo Pessanha's Clepsidra at Gutenberg Project.

1867 births
1926 deaths
Portuguese poets

Camilo Pessanha


RD-270 (, Rocket Engine 270, 8D420) was a single-chamber liquid-bipropellant rocket engine designed by Energomash (USSR) in 1960–1970. It was to be used on the first stages of proposed heavy-lift UR-700 and UR-900 rocket families, as well as on the N1. It has the highest thrust among single-chamber engines of the USSR, 640 metric tons at the surface of Earth. The propellants used are unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The chamber pressure was among the highest considered, being about 26 MPa. This was achieved by applying full-flow staged combustion cycle for all the incoming mass of fuel, which is turned into a gas and passes through a couple of turbines before being burned in the combustion chamber. This allowed the engine to achieve a specific impulse of  at the Earth's surface.

The engine testing was underway when the decision was made to cancel the program. Development was stopped with all other work on corresponding rocket projects on 11 December 1970.

History
The development of RD-270 started on 26 June 1962. Preliminary investigations and development of the engine and its further production were performed under the guidance of Valentin Glushko and finished in 1967. It became the most powerful engine in the world to date that used high-boiling propellant. During 1967–1969, several test firings were performed with experimental engines that were adapted to work at sea level and had a short nozzle. In total, 27 test firings were performed with 22 engines, three engines were tested twice, and one of them was tested three times. All works stopped later together with corresponding activities on the UR-700 project.

The RD 270 was also considered for the R-56 rocket (although never formally adopted) until work on the design stopped in June 1964.

During development, Glushko studied the use of pentaborane "zip" propellants in a modified RD-270M engine. This would have created immense toxicity problems but increased the specific impulse of the engine by .

Design
The engine throttle range was 95–105%, the thrust vector control range was ±12° (project R-56) and ±8° for UR-700 rocket family. The oxidizer-to-fuel ratio was 2.67 and can be changed by up to 7%.

To achieve such a high specific impulse and pressure in combustion chamber as RD-270 has, two circuits of full-flow staged combustion cycle were applied. The pair of turbines with preburners turns the fuel into the gaseous form and circulates all of the fuel components. One of the turbines uses the fuel-rich gas to power a fuel pump, another one uses the oxidizer-rich gas to power the oxidizer pump. As a result, the main combustion chamber (MCC) burns only generator gas. The engine controller regulates the functions of the two independent fuel and oxidizer circuits.

With the purpose to cool MCC it has layered wall structure with four internal belts of slots. Some parts of nozzles are covered by zirconium dioxide for thermal protection.

See also
 Rocket engine
 Staged combustion cycle
 RD-253 engine for "Universal Rocket" family.
 RD-170 comparable Russian RP-1/LOX engine with four combustion chambers.
 F-1 comparable RP-1/LOX engine.
 Raptor comparable methane engine.
 Proton rocket - successor of one of universal rocket series.
 N1 ("Carrier #1") - alternative rocket for Soviet lunar projects.

References

External links
 Article title

Rocket engines of the Soviet Union
Rocket engines using hypergolic propellant
Rocket engines using full flow staged combustion cycle
Energomash rocket engines

RD-270


Emperor Ninkō (16 March 1800 – 21 February 1846) was the 120th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846. His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito became the next Emperor upon Ninkō's death in 1846.

1800 births
1846 deaths
Emperors of Japan

Emperor Ninkō


Morgan Mounds (16 VM 9) is an important archaeological site of the Coastal Coles Creek culture, built and occupied by Native Americans from 700 to 1000 CE on Pecan Island in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. Of the 45 recorded Coastal Coles Creek sites in the Petite Anse region, it is the only one with ceremonial substructure mounds. These indicate that it was possibly the center of a local chiefdom.

Description
The site is located on the only significant high ground in the marshy area, Pecan Island, a bifurcated backridge of alluvial deposits known as a "chenier". The geologic feature formed about 4000 to 6000 years ago when the shifting of the Mississippi delta stranded ancient beaches. The area was a rich environment with abundant marine resources from brackish and freshwater marshes and woodland resources from the forests on the cheniers (named by the early French settlers for the oak trees or "chênes" that grew on them). Much of the indigenous local population did not live permanently at the Morgan site in prehistoric times, but in scattered hamlets and homesteads, often identified by the shell middens left behind at the edges of lakes and streams. The site originally included four ceremonial platform mounds arranged around the four sides of a central rectangular plaza.

The mounds themselves were built in stages over an extended period, with gaps in between construction phases. These stages included a pre-mound midden, indicating people were living at the site before the construction of mounds. Later residents raised a mound over this area, and built a separate structure at its summit. This earthwork construction was a sophisticated engineering feat, using the loose and gritty sand and crushed shell material of the chenier, mixed with the scooped-up topsoil of the midden, to construct a stable rectangular embankment. This embankment was then filled in with more of the loose chenier material of sand and crushed shell. The use of the embankment created structures stable enough to last more than 1000 years without collapsing. The mound was overlain with a protective cap of silty, gray clay taken from a local bayou.

At a later date, a second building episode enlarged and raised the mound higher, with the eventual height of Mound 1 reaching more than . Another structure was built on the new summit. The structure at the summit was a  in diameter circular building, with many interior partitions and a large central hearth. The building was constructed of wooden posts set into the mound summit surface and covered with a layer of daub or clay, creating a relatively permanent structure. Multiple post holes at the site suggest the structures may have been rebuilt more than once.

Inhabitants

The inhabitants of the Morgan Mounds seem to have been an anomaly in the area. Before the building of Morgan, starting in about 700 CE, the local population were thinly scattered hunter-gatherers, who did not build large settlements or ceremonial mounds like their northern neighbors of the Troyville culture (400 to 700 CE) of the same time period. Ceramic analysis indicates that while they were a part of Coles Creek tradition during the Coastal Coles Creek period, these people traded with and were more influenced by the peoples of the Weeden Island cultures of the Gulf Coast and Florida panhandle than they were by the Coles Creek of northern Louisiana and Mississippi.

Excavations at the site have found ceramic workshops and examples of elite pottery and other goods. Examination of midden deposits on the mound summits and flanks and elsewhere at the site indicates that those who lived on top of the mounds enjoyed more and better food resources than the people who did not live atop the mounds, further indicating their elite status. Based on his excavations at the site in 1986, Dr. Ian Brown has speculated that the sudden appearance of substructure mound building, new pottery styles, and a burgeoning elite class may have signaled a population intrusion or, at the very least, an inspiration from outside the area, although this has not yet been confirmed.

Excavations
The first archaeological investigations of the site were in 1926, undertaken by Henry B. Collins, Jr., assistant entomologist for the Smithsonian Institution. He found several different varieties of pottery at the site, as well as human burials, some of which showed signs of artificial cranial deformation with pronounced fronto-occipital flattening of the skull. The southernmost mound, Mound 4, was leveled in the mid-1950s during the construction of LA 82. The site was next surveyed in 1979 by Dr. Ian Brown and Richard S. Fuller, Jr. for the Lower Mississippi Survey undertaken by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. After plans for leveling of some of the mounds by the landowner in 1985, and the subsequent discovery of the "Morgan effigy" in Mound 2 fill dirt, emergency salvage archaeology was undertaken at the site in 1986 by Brown, Richard Fuller, and Diane Fuller.

Morgan effigy
A carved deer antler figure known as the "Morgan effigy" was found in fill dirt taken by the landowner in 1985 from one of the mounds. The artistic stylization of the small sculpture shows it to have been a human death figure. The presence of bones in the same fill dirt means it may have been interred with a prominent member of the community. It is the only known Coles Creek culture artwork to be found that is not made from ceramic. The effigy is part of a permanent display at the Alliance Center in nearby downtown Abbeville, Louisiana. A drawing of it is used as the logo for the Vermilion Historical Society.

Nearby sites
Other smaller non-mound sites in the area have also produced material from the Coastal Coles Creek period. Investigations in 1946 by Robert Wauchope at the Little Pecan Island Site (16 CM 43), near Grand Chenier, Louisiana in Cameron Parish, produced ceramic chronologies dating to between 800-1100 CE. A number of flexed burials were also found at the site.

See also
 Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds
 Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley

References

External links
  Historical Images : Vermilion Historical Society : Morgan Effigy

Acadiana
Archaeological sites of the Coles Creek culture
Mounds in Louisiana
Geography of Vermilion Parish, Louisiana

Morgan Mounds