Westlaw is an online legal research service and proprietary database for lawyers and legal professionals available in over 60 countries. Information resources on Westlaw include more than 40,000 databases of case law, state and federal statutes, administrative codes, newspaper and magazine articles, public records, law journals, law reviews, treatises, legal forms and other information resources.

Most legal documents on Westlaw are indexed to the West Key Number System, which is West's master classification system of U.S. law. Westlaw supports natural language and Boolean searches. Other significant Westlaw features include KeyCite, a citation checking service, which customers use to determine whether cases or statutes are still good law, and a customizable tabbed interface that lets customers bring their most-used resources to the top. Other tabs organize Westlaw content around the specific work needs of litigators, in-house corporate practitioners, and lawyers who specialize in any of over 150 legal topics. Most customers are attorneys or law students, but other individuals can also obtain accounts.

History
Westlaw was created in 1975 by West Publishing, a company whose headquarters have been in Eagan, Minnesota, since 1992; West was acquired by the Thomson Corporation in 1996. Several of Thomson's law-related businesses outside the United States have their own Westlaw sites, and Westlaw's foreign content is available online. For instance, Westlaw Canada  from Carswell includes the Canadian Abridgment and KeyCite Canada, and Westlaw UK provides information from Sweet & Maxwell and independent law reports, case analysis and case status icons. More recently, Westlaw China was introduced, with laws and regulations, cases, digests, and status icons (similar to KeyCite flags), for the law of the People's Republic of China. Westlaw Ireland (IE) was established in 2002, covering information found in Round Hall publications as well as legislation, books, cases, current awareness and full-text articles from many of the country's notable legal journals. Westlaw is used in over 68 countries.

Westlaw is descended from QUIC/LAW, a Canadian computer-assisted legal research project operated by Queen's University from 1968 to 1973. The original name stood for "Queen's University Investigation of Computers and Law." It was directed by Hugh Lawford and Richard von Briesen, and the original code was based on an internal IBM text search project called INFORM/360. The IBM code turned out to be incomplete and required substantial modifications. In 1973, the project was commercialized in the form of a new company called QL Systems and a new product name, QL/SEARCH.  In 1976, QL Systems licensed the QL/SEARCH software to West Publishing as the original foundation for what would become Westlaw.

West's chief competitor in the legal information retrieval market is LexisNexis. (Ironically, Lawford and von Briesen sold what by then was called QuickLaw to LexisNexis in 2002.) Both Westlaw and LexisNexis started in the 1970s as dial-up services with dedicated terminals. The earliest versions used acoustic couplers or key phones; then smaller terminals with internal modems. Westlaw's terminal was known as WALT, for West Automatic Law Terminal.

Around 1989, both started offering programs for personal computers that emulated the terminals, and when Internet access became available, an Internet address (such as westlaw.com) became an alternative that could be selected within the "Communications Setup" option in the client program, instead of a dial-up number. West's program was known as Westmate. It was based on Borland C++ around 1997, and then changed to a program compiled on a Microsoft platform that incorporated portions of Internet Explorer. This was the first program to incorporate HTML; prior to that, Westmate had "jumps" indicated by triangles instead of "links." Shortly after that, both publishers started developing web browser interfaces, with Westlaw's being notable for the use of "web dialogs," emulating the piling of open books on a table. Westmate was discontinued on June 30, 2007.

West introduced WestlawNext on February 8, 2010. The main advances are that a user can start a search without first selecting a database, which is helpful because WestLaw has over 40,000 databases, and the search screen allows one to click checkboxes to select the jurisdiction and nature of material wanted. A new search algorithm, referred to as WestSearch, executes a federated search across multiple content types. Users can either enter descriptive terms or Boolean connectors and select a jurisdiction. Documents are ranked by relevance. WestlawNext also supports retrieving documents by citation, party name or KeyCite reference. An overview page enables users to see the top results per content type, or to view all results for a particular content type. Filters can also be applied to refine the result list even further. On the results page, users can also see links to related secondary sources relevant to their research. WestlawNext also provides folders for storing portions of the research selected by the user.

The classic Westlaw.com platform was retired in August 2015. WestlawNext was renamed "Thomson Reuters Westlaw", effective in February 2016.

Features

KeyCite
KeyCite is a case citator used in United States legal research that provides a list of all the authorities citing a particular case, statute, or other legal authority.

Verification of citations is necessary, because lawyers must determine whether a case has been reversed, overruled, or modified by a subsequent case before citing it in court. Further, when interpreting a statute it is necessary to examine previous judicial interpretations. The United States judiciary operates under the principle of stare decisis – a system of legal precedents – to ensure the courts deliver consistent rulings on similar legal issues, regardless of the political or social status of the parties involved. As such, legal professionals must be certain that the legal citations they use to reinforce their arguments are accurate and still "good law."

KeyCite leverages Westlaw technologies, West's attorney-authored case law headnotes and the West Key Number System to determine and immediately alert legal professionals that case law they are reviewing has been either overturned, or may have history that deems the precedential value of the opinion invalid.

KeyCite was introduced to Westlaw in 1997 and was the first citator to seriously challenge Shepard's Citations, on which American legal professionals had relied for generations. Shepard's had become such a necessary part of American legal research that the process of citation checking is still informally referred to as "Shepardizing."

In 2004, KeyCite was the most-used citation checking service in an annual survey of law firm technology use conducted by the American Bar Association.

Associated software and websites
WestCheck is software that extracts citations from a word processing document and submits them to KeyCite or to Westlaw for retrieval of full text documents. The software consists of a standalone program and word processor add-in, either of which may be used, and a web site with the same functionality.

West also provides BriefTools, which replaces West CiteLink, and provides citation checking and file retrieval services within a word processing document. Another version only inserts Westlaw links into documents.

West CiteAdvisor formats citations and creates a table of authorities. Like WestCheck, it is available online at citeadvisor.westlaw.com, or as software for a word processor.

Westlaw CourtExpress allows searching of court docket information.

Westlaw Watch allows users to manage periodic monitoring of news and other databases for topics of interest.

Westlaw WebPlus provides a web search engine with a focus on legal information sites.

The Westlaw Litigator website provides access to legal calendaring and other litigation related applications.

Westlaw Today curates legal news and email alerts written by attorneys and Reuters reporters.

Key Number System
The West Key Number System is a master classification system of U.S. law, and is claimed to be "the only recognized legal taxonomy." The West Key Number System was created by West Publishing Company and can be described as a highly detailed index of over 110,000 legal topics and sub-topics. The index serves as the backbone for legal information published by West, which appears in the company's print publications, and now on Westlaw.

The West Education Network (TWEN)

TWEN is Westlaw's online courseware that is specifically tailored for law schools. It is used as an online extension of the classroom. Teachers use it to post syllabi, PowerPoint presentations, class materials and announcements. TWEN is also used for emailing, forum posting, live chats, polling, linking to CALI Lessons and posting/submitting assignments. (In terms of this range of functionality, TWEN is similar to other educational systems such as Blackboard, marketed by Blackboard Inc.).

Law school professors occasionally use it for their classes, and it is used by librarians and career services offices. Students can also create and manage their own courses for law reviews, journals and any student organization.

Criticism and controversies

Identity theft controversy
In February 2005, after the ChoicePoint identity theft incidents became public, U.S. Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) publicized the fact that Westlaw has a database containing a large amount of private information on practically all living Americans. Besides widely available information such as addresses and phone numbers, Westlaw also includes Social Security numbers (SSNs), previous addresses, dates of birth, and other information lawyers use to do background checks on behalf of their clients. While there is no known case of identity theft involving Westlaw, the company responded to the controversy by announcing it had eliminated access to full SSNs for 85 percent of its clients who previously could retrieve this information, mostly lawyers and government agencies.

Legal disputes
In the mid-1980s, Westlaw sued LexisNexis over copyright infringement. LexisNexis's "star pagination" system, a feature that let users of either research system find the printed page of a case without looking to the actual book, was found to infringe West's copyrights by the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. After Lexis' appeals were turned down by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, the company entered into an agreement to pay West $50,000 per year to license West's pagination and text corrections. No other publisher was offered similar terms, and the terms of the agreement were kept secret until they came out during discovery in the Matthew Bender / HyperLaw v. West lawsuit.

In the mid-1990s, Alan Sugarman, who runs HyperLaw, sued West. The District Court in New York and the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that West did not have copyright on the corrections it made on opinions or on the internal pagination.

See also
 American Jurisprudence
 American Law Reports
 Black's Law Dictionary
 Corpus Juris Secundum
 HeinOnline
 LexisNexis
 Quicklaw—another major competing database
 Ravel Law
 West American Digest System
 Wexis

References

External links

 Article from Minneapolis News about the history of West Publishing and Westlaw

West (publisher)
Thomson Reuters
Online law databases
Legal research
1975 establishments

Westlaw


Frederico Barbosa (born Recife, Pernambuco on February 20, 1961) is a Brazilian poet.

Places of residence
Barbosa moved with his family to São Paulo, where he currently lives, when he was six. He lived for some time in the United States, in New Haven, Connecticut, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Austin, Texas.

Education
Barbosa began undergraduate studies in physics and Greek at the University of São Paulo, where he majored in Portuguese Language and Brazilian and Portuguese Literature. He never completed his master's program in Brazilian Literature.

Career
A literary critic at the Jornal da Tarde and Folha de S.Paulo for some years, he currently directs one of the most important cultural centers in Brazil, the Casa das Rosas - Espaço Haroldo de Campos de Poesia e Literatura.

Awards and recognition
2008 São Paulo Prize for Literature — Chosen to serve as a member of the Board of Trustees

Works
His poems have been published in various journals in Brazil. His first book, Rarefato (Editora Iluminuras, 1990), was chosen by the newspapers O Estado de S. Paulo and O Estado de Minas (Belo Horizonte) as one of the best books published in the country that year.

His second book, Nada Feito Nada (Editora Perspectiva,1993), was published by the prestigious Coleção Signos, edited by Haroldo de Campos, and was awarded the most important literary prize in the country, the Jabuti Prize.

Recently, his poems have been translated and published in anthologies in several countries, as the United States, Australia, Mexico, Spain and Colombia.

In 2000, Frederico Barbosa published Cinco Séculos de Poesia - Anthology of Classic Brazilian Poetry, (Landy Editora) and Contracorrente - poems, (Iluminuras). In 2001 Frederico Barbosa published an annotaded edition of the episodes Inês de Castro and O Velho do Restelo, from The Lusíadas, by Luís de Camões (Landy Editora) and released his fourth book of poetry, Louco no Oco sem Beiras - Anatomia da Depressão, by Ateliê Editorial.

In 2002 Frederico Barbosa published, with Claudio Daniel, an anthology of contemporary Brazilian poetry, Na Virada do Século - Poesia de Invenção no Brasil (Landy Editora) and released his fifth book of poetry, Cantar de amor entre os escombros, also by Landy. For this publishing house, he created and edits the Alguidar Collection. In 2004 he published A Consciência do Zero (Lamparina) and won his second Jabuti Prize with Brasibraseiro.

In 2016, Frederico started working at Colégio Equipe.

References

Brazilian male poets
1961 births
Living people
20th-century Brazilian poets
21st-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian male writers
21st-century Brazilian male writers

Frederico Barbosa


was a Japanese comedian and film actor, and leader of the comedy group The Drifters. His nickname was .

Life and career

1931–1962: Childhood and early career
Chōsuke Ikariya was born with the name  on November 1, 1931, in Tokyo, Japan. During the war his family moved from their home in Sumida, Tokyo to the countryside in Shizuoka. There he took up a job as a factory worker as a young man. He also took up playing the double bass, a hint at his performer nature. He got rather good, too, performing in brass bands until he got a regular job with the "Jimmie Tokita & His Mountain Playboys." It was a band that specialised in playing at G.I. bases at the time and had guitarist Takeshi Terauchi. However, during that time in his life he was one of the tallest members of the band, so he stood out. The audience often singled him out for never smiling, picking on him for amusement.

1962–1969: The Drifters
In 1962, Ikariya joined The Drifters, an aspiring pop band that featured comedy routines in its performances of rock and roll music. Members joined and quit the band over the next two years until Ikariya, still persisting, became the leader of the five-member group. The band was able to scrape by though appearing on television afterwards, with Ikariya writing most of the material for the performances.

In 1966, The Drifters opened for The Beatles at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo, although apparently Ikariya didn't see it as much of an accomplishment as opposed to just another job.

1969–1985: Hachiji dayo, Zenin Shugo
In 1969, a producer from TBS offered Ikariya and his Drifters a regular spot on a weekly show. Ikariya, once again, was skeptical, having learned a lot the hard way. But this program went on to become one of the most popular shows of its time, Hachiji dayo, Zenin Shugo!. Its low-brow humour and slapstick comedy made it popular for children, much to the dismay of parents at the time. After the show was over in 1985, Ikariya virtually left the Drifters and all members went on to pursue their own goals.

Acting career
After appearing in the 1987 Taiga drama Dokuganryu Masamune, he started his acting career in earnest.
Ikariya had won the public's adoration by then and played a variety of fatherly roles on television and in film. His part in the drama Odoru Daisōsasen, which later went on to inspire two films, though, led him to what was the peak in his career - an Academy Award.

In 1990, he appeared in the Akira Kurosawa film Dreams. Ikariya won a Japan Academy Award in 1999 for the film Odoru Daisōsasen / Bayside Shakedown.

Death
Chōsuke Ikariya died on March 20, 2004, at the age of 72 of cancer of the lymph nodes.

Awards and nominations
In 1999, Chōsuke Ikariya won the Japanese Academy Awards of Best Supporting Actor for his performance of Heihachiro Waku in the film Bayside Shakedown.

Filmography

Films

Yume wa yoru hiraku (1967) - Apache
Nani wa naku tomo zen'in shûgô!! (1967)
Tenamonya yurei dochu (1967) - Doeman Togashi
Dorifutazu desu yo! Zenshin zenshin matazenshin (1967)Dorifutazu desu yo! Totte totte torimakure (1967)
Dorifutazu desu yo! Bôken bôken mata bôken (1968)
Ii yu dana zenin shûgô!! (1969)
Miyo-chan no tame nara zen'in shûgô!! (1969) - Chôkichi
Dorifutazu desu yo! Zenin totsugeki (1969)
Dorifutazu desu yo! Tokkun tokkun mata tokkun (1969)
Onsen gerira dai shogeki (1970)
Kigeki migimuke hidari! (1970)
Kigeki kinô no teki wa kyô mo teki (1971)
Za.Dorifutazu no kamo da!! Goyo da!! (1975) - Chokichi Ikari
Seigida! Mikatada! Zeninshugo!! (1975) - Chotaro ikari
Dreams (1990) - The crying demon
My Sons (1991) - Jirō Katō
Nagareita shichinin (1997) - Kihachi Mita
Odoru daisosasen – The Movie (1998) - Heihachiro Waku
39 keihô dai sanjûkyû jô (1999) - Patient
Go-Con! Japanese Love Culture (2000) - Chef
Kawa no nagare no yō ni (2000) - Morishita
Shiawase kazoku keikaku (2000) - Yuko's father
Bayside Shakedown 2 (2003) - Heihachiro Waku
My Lover Is a Sniper: The Movie (2004) - Gantaro Endoji (final film role)

TV Dramas
Dokuganryu Masamune (1987) - Oniniwa Yoshinao
Bayside Shakedown (1997, TV Movie) - Heihachiro Waku
When the Saints Go Marching In (1998)
Yomigaeru kinrō (1999) - Mogi
Black Jack II (2000, TV Movie)
Namida o fuite (2000) - Yuichiro Murata
Shiroi Kage (2001) - Yoshizou Ishikura
Gakkō no sensei (2001) - Chochiro asakura
Psycho Doctor (2002) - Famous psychologist
Anata no tonari ni dare ka iru (2003) - Goro Kazuma
Good Luck!! (2003)

References

External links

Official Agency Page
Short online English biography of the Drifters

1931 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Japanese bass guitarists
Japanese male comedians
Comedians from Tokyo
Male actors from Tokyo
Deaths from cancer in Japan
20th-century Japanese musicians
20th-century bass guitarists
20th-century comedians
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors

Chosuke Ikariya


The houndfish (Tylosurus crocodilus) is a game fish of the family Belonidae. It is the largest member of its family, growing up to  in length and  in weight.  It is also often called the crocodile needlefish.

Description
While the houndfish has no spines, its  dorsal fin has 21–25 soft rays, and its anal fin has 19–22. They are also known to have 80–86 vertebrae. A key way of distinguishing the houndfish from other members of the genus Tylosurus is that the houndfish's teeth point anteriorly when the fish is a juvenile. The teeth of other species are straight at all ages. The houndfish also has a more stout, cylindrical body and a shorter head than other needlefishes. They have dark blue backs and silver-white sides and are plain white ventrally. A houndfish has a distinct keel on the caudal peduncle, and the caudal fin itself is deeply forked. Juvenile houndfish possess an elevated, black lobe on the posterior of their dorsal fins. The longest recorded houndfish was , and the largest recorded weight was .

Taxonomy
Two subspecies of the houndfish were recognised:

Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Péron & Lesueur 1821)
Tylosurus crocodilus fodiator Jordan & Gilbert 1882

However, Fishbase now recognises T.c. fodiator as a valid species, Tylosurus fodiator, the Mexican needlefish.

The houndfish was described as Belona crocodila by François Péron and Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1821 with the type locality given as Mauritius.

Distribution and habitat

In the Indian and Pacific Oceans, houndfish are found in the Red Sea and from the coast of South Africa, east to French Polynesia, and north to Japan, and south to New South Wales, Australia. The houndfish is replaced by the Mexican needlefish, in the eastern Pacific. Houndfish are known from New Jersey to Brazil in the west Atlantic, and in the east, they are found from Fernando Poo, Cameroon, and Liberia to Ascension Island. Houndfish can also be found near Guinea, Senegal and Cape Verde. It has been recorded in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, having moved from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal as part of the Lessepsian migration.

A pelagic animal, houndfish can be found over lagoons and seaward reefs either as individuals or small groups, where they feed mainly on smaller fishes. Houndfish lay eggs which attach themselves to objects in the water via tendrils on the surface of each egg

Relationship to humans

Houndfish are considered to be gamefish, and can be caught by use of artificial lights, in a similar manner to other needlefishes. Although houndfish are considered good to eat, and are usually sold fresh, the market for them is small because their flesh has a greenish colour similar to that of the flat needlefish. The IGFA world record stands at 4.88 kg (10 lbs 12 oz) and was caught off Goulding Cay, Bahamas in 2013 by angler Daniel John Leonard using a live pilchard as bait.

Houndfish are considered to be dangerous, and are feared by fishermen because of their size and tendency to leap out of the water, causing puncture wounds with their beaks, when frightened or attracted to the lights used to catch them. In April 2000, a woman snorkeling in the Florida Keys was severely injured when she was stabbed in the neck by a houndfish that leapt out of the water. In October, 2010 an ocean-kayaker was injured when she was struck in the back (and was treated for a collapsed lung) by the beak of a houndfish that jumped out of the water near her boat.

References

External links

Discoverlife.org
zipcodezoo
ITIS
Fishbase on T. c. crocodilus
Fisbase on T. c. fodiator
WhatsThatFish.com
Leaping fish spears kayaker off Florida Keys: 10/18/10

Tylosurus
Pantropical fish
Taxa named by François Péron
Taxa named by Charles Alexandre Lesueur
Fish described in 1821

Houndfish


Leg irons, leg cuffs or refers are restraining devices for the legs. They are like handcuffs and are usually designed and built with a longer chain that allows walking, but prevents running and kicking. Leg irons are usually put on a prisoner when he or she goes to court or works on a chain gang.

Tools

Legcuffs


Systems Engineering Laboratories (also called SEL) was a manufacturer of minicomputers in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It was one of the first 32-bit realtime computer system manufacturers. Realtime computers are used for process control and monitoring.

History
Systems Engineering Laboratories was founded and incorporated in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 1959, and were involved in the beginning of the breakout of minicomputers from 16-bit to larger architectures, with a 24-bit model in 1966.

SEL was purchased by Gould Electronics in 1981 and was operated essentially unchanged as the Gould Computer Systems Division (CSD).  The parent company was acquired by Nippon Mining in 1988, but as part of the U.S. government approval of the deal, Nippon Mining was required to divest the Gould divisions that did work for the Department of Defense, including the Computer Systems Division.  Later, in 1989, Encore Computer Corporation (about 250 employees) bought the computer division (about 2500 employees) from Nippon Mining. Parts of Encore were sold off over the years, with the last major spin-off being their Storage Products Group, sold to Sun Microsystems in 1997. This left the company consisting primarily of their real-time group (the original SEL core) and returned to this business niche after renaming themselves Encore Real Time Computing. In 2002, Compro Computer Services, Inc. (a former service competitor, and later service partner) obtained SEL/Gould/Encore real-time technological assets through its acquisition of Encore Real Time Computing, Inc., and continues support of the legacy SelBUS-based product line as far back as the 32/55 and offers an upgrade path using the Legacy Computer Replacement System (LCRS) hardware simulator. Compro Computer Services, Inc continue trading as Encore in Europe, COMPRO continues the tradition of long-term product support by offering replacement solutions (e.g., the Legacy Computer Replacement System, or LCRS) that emphasize backward-compatibility coupled with future-proofing. Gould (as well as its primary competitors MASSCOMP, Harris Computer Systems and Concurrent Computer Corporation) were driven into the ground by general purpose microprocessor Unix designs such as those by Sun and SGI.

Computer products

SEL 800 series
SEL's first computers the 810 and 840 use all silicon monolithic integrated circuits. The 810 has a 16 bit word size while the 840 has a 24 bit word size.  Core memory for both is in 4096 word increments up to 32,768 words with a 1.75 μsec machine full cycle time. They featured a complete software package for real-time applications and a FORTRAN package for off-line scientific computation. Options included external disk or drum storage and any "standard" peripheral.

The 810A and 840A are somewhat enhanced versions of the earlier models.

The 810B has a 750 nanosec full cycle time with an 8K work memory expandable to 32K.

The multiprocessing 840MP can be configured for up to three CPUs with 32k 24-bit words each and sharing a 64K core bank.  It uses the 840A software and peripherals.

SEL 32 series

In 1975, the Model 32/55 computer was introduced along with a new bus architecture called the SelBUS.
This system was one of the industry's first true 32-bit superminicomputers along with the PerkinElmer 8/32.

The bus speed was 26.6 megabytes per second, which was a record at the time of its introduction. The CPU of the 32/55 was composed of three wire-wrapped boards bolted together. The use of a bus instead of a wire-wrapped backplane simplified manufacturing, lowered costs, and made system enhancements easier. Multilayer printed circuit boards were introduced with the 32/75 about a year later, and single-board CPUs were introduced as the 32/27 shortly thereafter. Core memory was replaced by semiconductor memory.

The SEL 32 series became extremely popular in many technical markets such as aircraft simulation, oil exploration, electric power system control, and the beginnings of computer animation. Gould/SEL computers were used to animate the opening sequence for Steven Spielberg's television series Amazing Stories.

SEL 32/x7 and 6000-9000 series

In the early 1980s, SEL introduced a system based on emitter-coupled logic (ECL) technology code named the Thunderbird. Its official marketing name became the Concept series, consisting of three models: the low-end Concept 32/67, and the refrigerator-sized Concept 32/87 and 32/97.  These ran the company's proprietary MPX-32 operating system.  With the additional of virtual memory hardware, the 32/67 and 32/97 models took on the designations of Powernode 6000 and Powernode 9000, with several variants of each available.  These ran UTX-32, Gould's version of Unix based on a BSD 4.2 kernel developed by Gould's UNIX development centre in Urbana-Champaign (IL) to support multiprocessor systems.  The Powernode 9080 was a symmetrical dual processor system, with both processors having full access to memory and the I/O bus, and capable of being booted up from either processor.  It was the first such commercially available system to run any version of Unix.

The CPU for these system ballooned to about a dozen boards because of the low-density ECL chip footprint. As a result, CPUs could only be placed at each end of the SELbus, limiting computer systems to two CPUs.  It had modular cache memory that could be upgraded. The ECL circuitry consumed huge amount of current at a very low voltage; the cabinets of the larger models contained extra rack space which held stacks of 400-amp power supplies, and heavy-gauge wiring leading to the backplane.  In the mid-1990s, the RSX computer board featured RISC processing capabilities and high speed 75 ns static RAM design (essentially an all-cache design) while maintaining complete binary compatibility with existing programs.

Gould/SEL's "High Speed Data interface" or HSD was considered an industry standard in the process control industry.

Other

One of Gould's primary contributions to the real-time computing world was its "Reflective Memory" technology which allowed up to eight computers to share memory at a very high speed.

When Encore Computer acquired Gould's Computer Systems division, the new Encore switched to using Motorola 88100 series of chips and a Unix-based OS. They built a small Unix based system known as the Encore-91 which included a number of RT extensions including a "micro-MPX environment."

Encore used the real-time reflective memory design from Gould along with their 88100 based systems and Umax OS to create a line of high-density storage devices.  Known as the Infinity-90 product these acted as large SANs for Unix, Windows and Mainframe computers with data sharing capabilities. In 1997 Encore sold this product line to Sun Microsystems where it was marketed as the A7000. It was not very successful and eventually canceled by Sun. About 200 Encore employees went to Sun in this exchange.

Because of the long-life support requirements of nuclear plants and military flight simulators, there are still companies in existence today providing support and parts for Gould/SEL systems.

Software

SEL had a proprietary operating system called Real Time Monitor (RTM) which, although extremely fast, had limited user interface. It supported a console for command entry, and would support up to 16 users via the ALIM interface. When the SEL 32 systems were introduced, SEL created another operating system called MPX-32 which supported multiprocessing and multiple users. Later, in the early 1980s, SEL adopted the Unix operating system. As "Gould CSD" (Computer System Division) then introduced the UTX-32 Unix-based OS that included both BSD and System V characteristics.  At a time when there was a "religious war" between BSD and System V advocates, Gould developed this "dual universe" system that contained nearly all of the features of both BSD 4.2 and System V.4.  The user made the selection of which environment would be used by setting a few shell variables.  (However, clever programmers soon discovered that by customizing search paths, they could mix utilities, system calls and libraries from both environments.)  A special secure version, designated UTX-32S
, was one of the first Unix based systems to receive NSA's C2 security level certification.

See also
Encore Computer

References

External links
Company History

American companies established in 1959
American companies disestablished in 1981
Computer companies established in 1959
Computer companies disestablished in 1981
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies

Systems Engineering Laboratories


The probabilistic roadmap planner is a motion planning algorithm in robotics, which solves the problem of determining a path between a starting configuration of the robot and a goal configuration while avoiding collisions.

The basic idea behind PRM is to take random samples from the configuration space of the robot, testing them for whether they are in the free space, and use a local planner to attempt to connect these configurations to other nearby configurations. The starting and goal configurations are added in, and a graph search algorithm is applied to the resulting graph to determine a path between the starting and goal configurations.

The probabilistic roadmap planner consists of two phases: a construction and a query phase. In the construction phase, a roadmap (graph) is built, approximating the motions that can be made in the environment. First, a random configuration is created. Then, it is connected to some neighbors, typically either the k nearest neighbors or all neighbors less than some predetermined distance. Configurations and connections are added to the graph until the roadmap is dense enough. In the query phase, the start and goal configurations are connected to the graph, and the path is obtained by a Dijkstra's shortest path query.

Given certain relatively weak conditions on the shape of the free space, PRM is provably probabilistically complete, meaning that as the number of sampled points increases without bound, the probability that the algorithm will not find a path if one exists approaches zero.  The rate of convergence depends on certain visibility properties of the free space, where visibility is determined by the local planner.  Roughly, if each point can "see" a large fraction of the space, and also if a large fraction of each subset of the space can "see" a large fraction of its complement, then the planner will find a path quickly.

The invention of the PRM method is credited to Lydia E. Kavraki. There are many variants on the basic PRM method, some quite sophisticated, that vary the sampling strategy and connection strategy to achieve faster performance.  See e.g.  for a discussion.

References

Robot control
Automated planning and scheduling

Probabilistic roadmap


Nicky Hamlyn is a British filmmaker, artist and published author working in Structural film. He has been making films for three decades. His work explores the basic elements of the filmic experience: the relationship between film space and the film frame, between time, flicker and movement, and between light and the material image. He has contributed to Film Quarterly and has published Film Art Phenomena and Kurt Kren: Structuralist Films with Simon Payn and A.L. Rees. He was workshop organizer for the London Film-Makers' Co-op in the late 1970s.

Hamlyn graduated in fine art from the University of Reading in 1976 and is currently a professor of Experimental Film and Video at the University for the Creative Arts in Canterbury, and Lecturer in Visual Communication MA at the Royal College of Art in London. Hamlyn specialises in experimental film  and video arts and visual theory.

Screenings
Hamlyn exhibited films with a colleague, the film director and writer Andrew Kotting in 2008 at The George Rodger Gallery in Maidstone, Kent.

Screenings of his work have taken place at the Royal College of Art, London (2006) and the New York and Toronto International Film Festivals (2007).

He has had one-person shows at San Francisco Cinematheque, Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley and Double Negative, Montreal (2007).

In November 2009, Hamlyn exhibited films in Unit B9, The Powerhub. This is a former commercial vehicles factory, situated by the river Medway in Maidstone and viewable from Maidstone East railway station. He exhibited in conjunction with a number of emerging artists including the photographer artist, Sebastian Edge. The work was entitled 5-9, intended to exploit the dusk to night time light of the semi-industrial urban landscape on this part of the river. All the work was designed to be projected onto the windows of the gallery, and could be viewed from the railway footbridge opposite, as well as from inside the building.

In his most recent work, produced on an artist's residency in Toronto, Hamlyn has been concerned with exploring and trying to refine the relationship between the camera and its profilmic. All the films are silent and have been made frame by frame, in the manner of animation, and include rural and urban landscapes and domestic interiors.

References

External links
 Professor Nicky Hamlyn, University for the Creative Arts Staff Profile

British film directors
Living people
Alumni of the University of Reading
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nicky Hamlyn


Kaʻōhelelani or Kaohele was a Hawaiian chiefess in the early Kingdom of Hawaii.

Life
She was born in the District of Hāna on the island of Maui in the mid to late 18th century. Her mother was High Chiefess Kaloiokalani of the royal family of Kahikinui and Honuaula (southern Maui). Her father was Kalokuokamaile, older half-brother of Kamehameha I who later unified the Hawaiian Islands in to found the Kingdom of Hawaii; both were sons of Keōua Kalanikupuapaikalaninui.
Her father was the High Chief of Hāna, Kipahulu and Kaupo.

Her parents named her Kaʻōhelelani, and she was their only child. She was verging into maidenhood when her father died.  His people showed their affection for him by making his grave on the highest peak of their country, Kauwiki. Upon news of his death reaching his brother Kamehameha, he immediately assembled a retinue of followers and retainers to accompany his brother Kealiimaikai to bear his request to Kaloiokalani to permit her daughter Kaʻōhelelani to take up her residence at his court, and to have his brother take charge of the vast patrimonial estate until Kaʻōhelelani should reach her majority.

As Kaʻōhelelani approached maturity Kamehameha was looking for a matrimonial alliance for his niece.  As the Waimea people, under the rule of their high chief Hinai, had shown reluctance to submit to him, Kamehameha united the ruling families through an offer of the hand of his niece to Nuhi, the eldest son of Hinau. This offer was accepted and soon Kaohele was transported to her new home in Waimea.

Kamehameha was sorely disappointed in his expectations. Kaʻōhelelani became attached to her new home and family, but the anticipated peace between the two families was not realized. Possibly she felt resentment toward Kamehameha, since after he conquered Maui king Kalanikupule, he gave her former land to the chiefs who aided him.

Nuhi and Kaʻōhelelani had a daughter Kekaikuihala and then a son Gideon Peleioholani Laanui.

Family tree

References

External links

Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
House of Kalokuokamaile
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing

Kaohelelani


Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn al-Layth was amir of the Saffarid amirate from 910 until 911.

Early in 910 Muhammad's brother, the Saffarid amir al-Layth b. 'Ali, led an army west towards Fars in an effort to wrest it from its ruler, the slave commander Sebük-eri. Since both al-Layth and another brother, al-Mu'addal, were participating in the campaign, Muhammad was left behind in the capital Zarang as al-Layth's representative. The campaign ended in disaster, with al-Layth being captured and sent to the Abbasid court at Baghdad; when news of this reached Zarang in early September, Muhammad was hailed as amir in the provinces still part of the amirate. To cement his power, he imprisoned al-Mu'addal, who had managed to avoid being captured by Sebük-eri and had returned to Sistan.

Shortly after his ascension, Muhammad was forced to deal with the Samanids under Ahmad, who had recently been given a caliphal diploma for Sistan and its subordinate territories in an effort to break the power of the Saffarids once and for all. In response to Ahmad building up his forces in Herat, Muhammad raised an army himself. Due to financial constraints, much of the army consisted of peasants. He headed north to the frontier and had some minor engagements with the Samanids in March of 911. However, he was eventually defeated and the peasant contingent fled, forcing him to abandon the expedition.

At this point Muhammad was persuaded by his advisors that he needed the support of al-Mu'addal, who was still in prison. Following his release, al-Mu'addal took control of Zarang, so Muhammad headed to Bust instead. Here a revolt due to excessive taxation by Saffarid authorities had started. It was led by an Ibrahim b. Yusuf-al'Arif, who declared his loyalty to the Samanids. An advance Saffarid army had difficulty putting down the revolt until Ibrahim suddenly disappeared in battle, allowing the Saffarids to retake control of Bust.

Muhammad shortly after entered Bust, but he himself used violently oppressive methods in a desperate attempt to raise money. As a result, the citizens of Bust grew hostile to the Saffarids, and when the Samanid Ahmad arrived before the city, they helped him take it. Muhammad fled but was soon captured and brought back to Bust. In response to the request of the caliph, Ahmad sent Muhammad to Baghdad. His capture, coupled with the surrender of al-Mu'addal to another Samanid army, allowed the Samanids to briefly take over Sistan.

References
Bosworth, C.E. The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 1994.

Rulers of the Saffarid dynasty
10th-century monarchs in Asia
Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
10th-century Iranian people

Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth


Department can mean several things:

 Departmentalisation, the division of a larger organisation into parts with specific tasks
Academic department, a division of a school's faculty devoted to a particular subject
Ministry (government department), a division of a government with a specific responsibility
Department (country subdivision), a type of administrative division within a country
Departments of France
Departments of Argentina
Departments of Haiti
Fire department, an organisation that provides firefighting services
Police department, a body empowered by the state to enforce the law

Other uses
Department store, a retail store that has several departments dedicated to different types of products, such as clothing or household items

Department


Stefani (, before 1927: Καντζάς - Kantzas) is a village in the municipal unit of Louros, Preveza regional unit, Greece. In 2001 Stefani had a population of 513. Stefani is situated at the foot of steep hills, near the right bank of the river Louros. It is 4 km northeast of Louros (village), 8 km southwest of Filippiada and 25 km north of Preveza. The Greek National Road 21 (Filippiada - Preveza) passes south of the village.

History

The village was first mentioned by the historian George Finlay as the Kantza narrows: when the Souliotes were sent as aid to Peta they were attacked by the Turks there in August 1822 during the Greek War of Independence.

North the village the ruins of ancient Batia (Βάτια), which was settled by the Eleans in the 7th century BC, have been found. Geographically, it lies in the area of ancient Cassope.

In the area around Stefani flint stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic Age, a Hellenistic fortress and a Roman aqueduct of Nicopolis have been found. The Stone Age tools are preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Ioannina.

See also
List of settlements in the Preveza regional unit

References

Populated places in Preveza (regional unit)
Preveza

Stefani, Preveza


Sir Augustus Charles Gregory  (1 August 1819 – 25 June 1905) was an English-born Australian explorer and surveyor. Between 1846 and 1858 he undertook four major expeditions. He was the first Surveyor-General of Queensland. He was appointed a lifetime Member of the Queensland Legislative Council.

Early years
Augustus Charles Gregory was born at Farnsfield, Nottingham, England. He was the second of five brothers born to Joshua Gregory and Frances Churchman.  Among his brothers were Francis Thomas Gregory, who also became a noted explorer.

Joshua William Gregory, born 1815, died 20 September 1850 aged 35.
Augustus Charles Gregory, born 1 August 1819, died 1905 aged 86
Francis (Frank) Thomas Gregory, born 1821.
Henry Churcham Gregory, born 1823, died London 29 July 1903 aged 79 years
Charles Frederick Gregory, born 1825.

A. C. Gregory was educated privately by tutors and later by his mother. In 1829, the family emigrated to Western Australia on board the Lotus, arriving at the Swan River Colony only four months after its establishment.

The Gregory family were initially granted land on the left bank of the Swan River, but the soil was poor, and they later obtained two further grants, one at Maylands and another in the Upper Swan district.  For much of the 1830s, Augustus took jobs to supplement the family's income.  For a while he worked for a chemist, and later in partnership with his brother Joshua William as a contract surveyor.  In December 1841, he joined the Government Survey Office.

Explorations

In 1846, with his two brothers, F. T. Gregory and H. C. Gregory, he made his first exploration. With four horses and seven weeks' provisions they left T. N. Yule's station 60 miles northeast of Perth on 7 August 1846 and explored a considerable amount of the country to the north of Perth, returning after an absence of 47 days during which they had covered 953 miles (1534 km).

Two years later, Gregory led an expedition to examine the course of the Gascoyne River and, in particular, to look for new pasture-land. The party left on 2 September 1848, crossing the Murchison River 25 September, but the country was very dry and it became difficult to water the horses. Gregory decided to turn south again in the beginning of October, and on 6 October decided to rest the horses by the Murchison River. The party returned to Perth on 12 November after having found good pastures. Despite water supply difficulties, about 1500 miles (2414 km) were covered in a period of 10 weeks.

In 1854 while Assistant Surveyor of Western Australia, Gregory was asked to lead an expedition to the interior, from a rendezvous point at Moreton Bay near Brisbane. Gregory had his brother, H. C. Gregory, as second in command and Baron von Mueller as botanist. There were 19 men altogether, with 50 horses and 200 sheep. The party left Moreton Bay by sea on 12 August 1855, and Port Essington was sighted on 1 September. On the next day their vessel grounded on a reef and it was impossible to float off until 10 September. They proceeded to Pearce Point (Joseph Bonaparte Gulf), and at the end of the month the party reached the estuary of the Victoria River. The party split up, with one group going up the river in a schooner, while Gregory led the other over the range. It was on this trip that Gregory made contact with the Gurindji people, with his party their first ever contact with Europeans.

Gregory had secured the services of John Gilburri Fahy. Gilburri had recently been captured after living thirteen years with the Bunya Mountains aborigines. Gregory made a deal with Fahy to act as bush guide for the mission and lead him to the last known place of missing explorer Ludwig Leichhardt.  Gregory promised Fahy would receive a full pardon which he did so in 1857.

They were reunited on 20 October, establishing a camp 20 km west of today's Timber Creek. Gregory led several forays up the Victoria River and traced Sturt's Creek for 300 miles (483 km) until it disappeared in the Tanami Desert. The core team returned to the base camp in the dry season of 1856. On 2 July 1856 Gregory left an inscription on a large boab tree (so-called Gregory's Tree), indicating where he left a letter in case the expedition team should get lost. Turning east, the party explored the Elsey, Roper and Macarthur Rivers, then travelled back to Brisbane by way of the Flinders, Burdekin, Fitzroy and Burnett Rivers.  They reached Brisbane on 16 December 1856 having surveyed an extensive swath of land. In sixteen months the expedition had journeyed over 2000 miles (3219 km) by sea and 5000 (8047 km) by land.

In September 1857 Gregory was hired by the government of New South Wales to search for traces of Ludwig Leichhardt, a fellow explorer who had disappeared on an earlier expedition. A party of nine was formed with Gregory in command and his brother, C. F. Gregory, as second in command. On 24 March 1858 the expedition left Juandah near the present town of Taroom.  On 21 April a tree marked with an L was found in latitude 24 degrees 35 minutes and longitude 146 degrees 6 minutes. The Barcoo River was then followed to its junction with the Thomson. On 15 May the country was so dry the expedition turned south to save the horses. Cooper Creek was followed until it was close to the South Australian border, coming to Strzelecki Creek on 14 June. Continuing his course mostly to the south, on 26 June he decided to proceed to Adelaide, which was reached at the end of July 1858.

Later life

In 1855 Gregory became a freemason in the Sydney Samaritan Lodge in New South Wales.

Gregory was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1858.

Gregory undertook no further explorations but was appointed Surveyor General of Queensland in 1859. He later clashed with William Alcock Tully (then under-secretary for public lands and chief commissioner of crown lands); in 1875 Tully became acting surveyor-general in place of Gregory. Gregory then became a geological surveyor.

In 1862, he built by hand the now heritage-listed farmhouse Rainworth at Rosalie in Brisbane. He lived there until his death. He leased a home he had built on the Rainworth estate to surveying colleague, Walter C. Hume, which he and his family re-named "Fairseat".

On 23 December 1862, Gregory was appointed Provincial Grand Master of the England masonic Lodge in Queensland.

In 1865 Gregory, Maurice Charles O'Connell and John Douglas applied for a special grant of land to erect a Masonic Hall in Brisbane. This was granted on 15 January 1865. On 28 February 1865 Gregory was made a Royal Arch Mason in the North Australia Royal Arch Chapter.

From 1880 to his death in 1905, he served as a councillor of the Shire of Toowong and as an alderman of its successor, the Town of Toowong. He was shire president for 12 years, being 1881 to 1884, 1888 to 1890, 1895, 1898 to 1901 and town mayor in 1904.

On 10 November 1882 Gregory was made a member of the Queensland Legislative Council (a lifetime appointment). By the late 1880s he had built a summer house in Southport. With his brother, F. T. Gregory, he published their Journals of Australian Exploration in 1884.

He was interested in scientific research and was a trustee of the Queensland Museum. Early in 1895, Gregory was appointed Grand Superintendent of Royal Arch Masonry in Queensland. On 25 June 1895 he opened the District Grand Chapter.

On 6 November 1903, Gregory was knighted, being appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (Imperial) in recognition of his service as Surveyor-General and in the Queensland Legislative Council.

Gregory died on 25 June 1905 at his residence Rainworth at Rosalie, Brisbane. His body lay in state at the Masonic Hall in Alice Street where many people came to pay their respects; it was estimated that 1,400 people visited on the morning of the funeral. His funeral took place at the hall in the afternoon of 29 June 1905, after which a funeral procession of several hundred people walked along Alice Street, William Street, North Quay and the River Road (now Coronation Drive) to the Toowong Cemetery where hundreds of people were already assembled at the cemetery. Gregory was buried high on the northern slope of the hill below Governor Samuel Blackall's grave with Anglican rites conducted by his friend Rev. Thomas Jones of Indooroopilly.

After his death, his home Rainworth was rented to a number of people, including Robert Philp. His farm land was eventually subdivided and, to facilitate this, the house Rainworth was relocated to another site, now 7 Barton Street in the suburb of Bardon. The house was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

In late 1905 Brisbane artist Oscar Fristrom sculpted a bust of Gregory. In February 1906, Fristrom offered to sell the bust to the Royal Geographical Society of Queensland but the society decided not to buy it; however, they did display it at an event in June 1906. For many years the bust was displayed at Freemasons' Gregory Lodge in Cairns (Gregory being depicted wearing his Masonic regalia). In 2018, the Freemasons donated the bust to the Museum of Lands, Mapping and Surveying in Brisbane. As at 10 March 2020, the bust is at the entrance of the museum.

Recognition and legacy
Gregory has been honoured through the naming of many places in Australia, including:
 Electoral district of Gregory, Queensland
 Gregory, Queensland, a town
 Gregory, Western Australia, a town
 Gregory Highway, Queensland
 Gregory National Park, Northern Territory
 Gregory River in the Shire of Burke, Queensland
 Mount Augustus
Mount Augustus National Park, Western Australia

Several plants were named in his honour, including:
 Adansonia gregorii, known as the boab tree
Gregory's Tree, a boab inscribed by Gregory's party in 1856
 Brachychiton gregorii, known as the desert kurrajong
 Cochlospermum gregorii, a species of the Cochlospermum genus, many of which have the common name 'native kapok' or 'cotton tree'; native to the Northern Territory and Queensland.

The road name "Gregory Gardens" in his birthplace Farnsfield, Nottinghamshire, England was named after him.

His home Rainworth was the origin of the name of  Rainworth, Queensland, a suburb (now locality) in Brisbane.

See also

European exploration of Australia
List of explorers
Gilburri

References

Further reading

External links

Australian explorers
Explorers of Australia
Explorers of Western Australia
1819 births
1905 deaths
Australian geologists
Members of the Queensland Legislative Council
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Newark and Sherwood (district)
Surveyors General of Queensland
Royal Society of Queensland
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Settlers of Western Australia
19th-century Australian politicians
Fellows of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society

Augustus Charles Gregory


Seyid Azim Shirvani (; 9 July 1835, Shamakhy – 1 June 1888, Shamakhy) was an Azerbaijani poet and enlightener. He got his first religious education in Iraq. After returning to motherland he refused his spiritual dignity and opened a private school. Seyid Azim Shirvani continued Fuzûlî's traditions in his love-lyrical poems. In his satirical poems and fables Seyid Azim Shirvani ridiculed priesthood, opposed backwardness and ignorance, called to enlightenment and culture. Contemporary poets consider him their teacher.

Education and Teaching
Seyid Azim Shirvani was born in Shamakhi, in family of a clergyman. He lost his father early, and his grandfather undertook a care of him. For finishing the education he was sent to Baghdad and Egypt, where he got spiritual title of akhund. After returning to Shamakhi Seyid Azim Shirvani was interested in secular sciences, problems of education, and learnt Russian language. He didn't limit himself to knowing only Persian and Arabic languages and creativity of the eastern authors, but he was also interested in European and Russian literature, acquainted with works of Pushkin, Nekrasov and other famous poets.

Taking care of the nation's progress, its spiritual emancipation, Seyid Azim opened a Russo-Azerbaijani school in Skamakhi, where was paid attention to studying of secular sciences, and also Azerbaijani and Russian languages. He read poems of Azerbaijani poets and translations of works of such poets as Saadi, Hafiz and Khayyam to his pupils instead of Quran and rules of Sharia. He taught at this school, refusing to be a clergyman. With the lapse of time his interest to social problems, to scientific knowledge changed his attitude to serving a religion. Seeing hypocrisy and sanctimony of clergymen, he was inspired by dream to dedicate himself to creativity and enlightenment of the nation, to propaganda of science and knowledge, which called dissatisfaction and hostile attitude of clergymen. Shirvani was reputed as politically disloyal person and soon he was discharged from teaching.

Creativity
Shirvani was in charge of literary society called "Beyt-us-safa" in Shamakhi. Grouping progressively aiming intelligentsia of the city around him, he communicated with analogical societies in Baku, Guba, Shusha and Ordubad.

In a rich heritage of the poet was broadly represented the poems in genres of ghazal, rubai, garside, marsiye, and also poetic stories, fables, parables, epistles, literary works. He also wrote a literature textbook.

Selfless love, dream of meeting, burning boredom of lover, complaints about destiny are themes of Shirvani's ghazals. But following of his great ancestors, especially Fuzuli's traditions, the poet glorified not divine, but real love. Educational mind is the supreme measure of values in the creativity of Shirvani. Education should change a spiritual essence of a human,  that is why communion with humanistic values means more than race and religion.

Shirvani called Caucasian Muslims to acquire knowledge of natural sciences, refuse superstition and fanaticism, follow the road of progress and cultural renaissance ("Address to Caucasian Muslims" poem).
In connection with opening ceremony of Pushkin's monument in Moscow, in 1880, Shirvani wrote a poem to Pushkin, where he told about the great importance of poetical heritage of Russian poet for nations of East and the whole world. Decisive orientation of Shirvani to Russian culture was reflected in his creative and pedagogical activity.

Satire takes an important place in Shirvani's literary heritage, which became a leading area in Azerbaijani literature in the second half of the 19th century due to the creativity of the poet. Shirvani could be called a "fierce talent". There is something gloomy and grotesque in his stories-parables and poems, though they are finished by optimistic and moralizing ending in traditional enlightening spirit: knowledge, strong mind, humanity, reasonable rules are called to save people from cruelty, unfairness, shabby passions and stupidity. But a light coloring, democratic atmosphere of faith in humanity of Akhundov were lost.

Seyid Azim combined the best features of Akhundov's democratic government, Fuzuli and Vagif's lyric, Zakir's satire and followed their traditions. Seyid Azim's poetry is notable for variety of themes and genres. His ghazals are graceful and lyric.

His stories and fables are also heard sharply: "Bribe to the God", "Burial of a dog", "Satan", "Khan and a peasant". Satirical poetry of Shirvani paved the way for the future development of this genre, which found implementation in M.A.Sabir's creativity in the beginning of the 20th century.

References

1835 births
1888 deaths
Azerbaijani-language poets
People from Shamakhi
19th-century Azerbaijani poets
19th-century male writers

Seyid Azim Shirvani


George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American fascist activist and founder of the American Nazi Party. He later became a major figure in the Neo-Nazi movement in the United States, and his beliefs, strategies, and writings have continued to influence many white supremacists and Neo-Nazis.

Born in Bloomington, Illinois, Rockwell briefly studied philosophy at Brown University before dropping out to join the Navy. He trained as a pilot and served in World War II and the Korean War in non-combat roles, achieving the rank of Commander. Rockwell's politics grew more radical and vocal in the 1950s, and he was honorably discharged due to his views in 1960.

In politics, he regularly praised Adolf Hitler, referring to him as the "White savior of the twentieth century". He denied the Holocaust and believed that Martin Luther King Jr. was a tool for Jewish communists wanting to rule the White community. He blamed the civil rights movement on Jews, and viewed most of them as traitors. He viewed black people as a primitive, lethargic race who desired only simple pleasures and a life of irresponsibility, and supported the resettlement of all African Americans in a new African state to be funded by the U.S. government. As a supporter of racial segregation and white separatism, he agreed with and quoted many leaders of the Black separatism movement such as Elijah Muhammad and early Malcolm X. In his later years, Rockwell became increasingly aligned with other Neo-Nazi groups, leading the World Union of National Socialists.

On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed in Arlington by John Patler, a former party member expelled by Rockwell for alleged "Bolshevik leanings".

Biography

Early life
Rockwell was born in Bloomington, Illinois, the first of three children of George Lovejoy Rockwell and Claire (Schade) Rockwell. His father was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was of English and Scottish ancestry. His mother was the daughter of Augustus Schade, a German immigrant, and Corrine Boudreau, who was of Acadian French ancestry. Both parents were vaudeville comedians and actors. His parents divorced when Rockwell was six years old, and he divided his youth between his mother in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine.

Rockwell attended Atlantic City High School in Atlantic City, and applied to Harvard University when he was 17 years old. However, he was denied admission. One year later, his father enrolled him at Hebron Academy in Hebron, Maine.

In August 1938, Rockwell enrolled at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, as a philosophy major. In his sophomore year, Rockwell dropped out of Brown University and accepted a commission in the United States Navy.

Military service
Rockwell appreciated the order and discipline of the Navy, and attended flight schools in Massachusetts and Florida in 1940. When he completed his training, he served in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War in World War II. He served aboard the USS Omaha, USS Pastores, USS Wasp and USS Mobile, primarily in support, photo reconnaissance, transport and training functions. Though he never actually flew in combat, he was considered a good pilot and an efficient officer.

On April 24, 1943, Rockwell married Judith Aultman, whom he had met while attending Brown University. Aultman was a student at Pembroke College, which was the coordinate women's college of the university. The couple had three daughters: Bonnie, Nancy, and Phoebe Jean. Rockwell did not get along with his in-laws; he blamed them for not raising Judith to be "docile and compliant", his image of the perfect wife. His marriage was marred with violent arguments and on at least one occasion, he struck his wife.

After the war ended, Rockwell worked as a sign painter out of a small shop on land owned by his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. In 1946, he entered the commercial art program at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. He and his wife Judith moved to New York City so he could study at Pratt. He did well at Pratt, winning the $1,000 first prize for an advertisement he did for the American Cancer Society. However, he left Pratt before finishing his final year, and moved to Maine to found his own advertising agency.

In 1950, Rockwell was recalled to duty as a lieutenant commander at the beginning of the Korean War. He moved to San Diego with his wife and three children, where he trained pilots in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.

Privately, during his time in San Diego, Rockwell became an advocate of Adolf Hitler and a supporter of Nazism. He was influenced by Senator Joseph McCarthy's stance against communism, carmaker Henry Ford's hatred of Jews, and aviator Charles Lindbergh's stance on race. Rockwell supported General Douglas MacArthur's candidacy for president of the United States. He adopted the corncob pipe, following MacArthur's example. In 1951, he read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Hitler's manifesto Mein Kampf.

In November 1952, Rockwell was transferred to Iceland, where he became a Grumman F8F Bearcat pilot and attained the rank of commander. Because families were not permitted to be with American service personnel stationed there, his wife and children stayed with her mother in Barrington, Rhode Island. His wife filed for divorce the following year. Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavík where he met Margrét Þóra Hallgrímsson, the niece of Iceland's ambassador to the United States; they were married on October 3, 1953, by Þóra's uncle, the Bishop of Iceland. They spent their honeymoon in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler once owned the Berghof mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps. They made a "pilgrimage" to Hitler's Adlerhorst. Together they had three children: Hallgrímur, Margrét, and Evelyn Bentína. In 1957, Hallgrímsson's father went to the U.S. to take his daughter back to Iceland because he had learned that Rockwell was "one of the most active racists in the United States." She subsequently divorced Rockwell and remarried in 1963.

In September 1955 in Washington, D.C., he launched U.S. Lady, a magazine for United States servicemen's wives. The magazine incorporated Rockwell's political causes: his opposition to both racial integration and communism. The publication had financial problems and he sold the magazine. However, he still aspired to pursue a career in publishing.

Early political activities
After his move to Washington, D.C., in 1955, he gradually became radicalised until, in the words of his biographer, he was "on the farthest fringe of the right wing." In 1957–1958, Rockwell had a series of dreams that ended with him meeting Hitler.

In 1958, Rockwell met Harold Noel Arrowsmith Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who provided Rockwell with a house and printing equipment. They formed the National Committee to Free America from Jewish Domination.

On July 29, 1958, Rockwell demonstrated in front of the White House in an anti-war protest against President Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to send peacekeeping troops to the Middle East, known as Operation Blue Bat. Rockwell and his supporters specifically protested what they supposed was Jewish control of the government. In October 1958, following the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing, Rockwell's home was raided by the police.

Rockwell gained notoriety after Drew Pearson wrote an article describing how Rockwell and his followers dressed in uniforms, armed themselves with guns, and paraded at his home in Arlington County, Virginia.

American Nazi Party

In March 1959, Rockwell founded the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists (WUFENS), a name selected to denote opposition to state ownership of property. In December 1959, the organization was renamed the American Nazi Party (later the National Socialist White People's Party, NSWPP), and its headquarters was relocated to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell's home.

In 1959, he published an Animal Farm-type parody, the long-form poem and children's book The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens.

In 1960, as a result of his political activities, the Navy discharged Rockwell one year short of retirement because he was regarded as "not deployable" due to his political views. The proceedings to dismiss him were an extremely public affair. Even though he received an honorable discharge, Rockwell claimed he "had basically been thrown out of the Navy", for which he blamed the Jews.
In order to attract media attention, Rockwell held a rally on April 3, 1960, on the National Mall, where he addressed the crowd with a two-hour speech. A second rally was planned for Union Square in New York City. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. refused to grant him a permit to speak, and he appealed that decision to the New York Supreme Court. When Rockwell emerged in the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of television reporters. One of the reporters, Reese Schonfeld, interviewed Rockwell, and after Rockwell made anti-Semitic comments, a melee broke out, requiring a police convoy to escort Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell, with the aid of the American Civil Liberties Union, eventually won a permit, but it was long after the date of the planned event. Another rally was set for July 4, 1960, again on the National Mall. Rockwell and his men were confronted by a mob and a riot ensued. The police arrested Rockwell and eight party members. Rockwell demanded a trial, and instead, was committed to a psychiatric hospital for thirty days. In less than two weeks, he was released and found mentally competent to stand trial. He published a pamphlet inspired by this experience titled How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum.

On January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Party member attempted to picket the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon Theatre in Downtown Boston on Tremont Street while staying at the Hotel Touraine. After Boston Mayor John F. Collins declined to deny Rockwell the right to picket, members of the local Jewish community organized a counterdemonstration of 2,000 protestors in response on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets on the day of the premiere, which forced police to converge on the theater and force Rockwell into a police cruiser that took him to Logan International Airport where Rockwell was then boarded onto a flight to Washington, D.C.

In early 1962, Rockwell planned a rally to celebrate Hitler's birthday on April 20. In the summer, he attended a camp organized by British Neo-Nazi Colin Jordan in Gloucestershire where they organized the World Union of National Socialists. In September, he awarded one of his members a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the face.

In the 1964 United States presidential election, Rockwell ran as a write-in candidate, receiving 212 votes. He ran as an independent in the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, receiving 5,730 votes, or 1.02% of the total, finishing last among the four candidates.

In the summer of 1966, Rockwell led a counter-demonstration against King's attempt to bring an end to de facto segregation in the White Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois. He believed that King was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America. Rockwell believed that integration was a Jewish plot to rule the White community. Rockwell led the American Nazi Party in assisting the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations during the civil rights movement, in attempts to counter the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. But he soon came to believe that the Klan was stuck in the past and ineffective in helping him wage a modern racial struggle.

In 1966, after hearing the slogan "Black Power" during a debate with Black Panther Party leader Stokely Carmichael, Rockwell altered the phrase and started a call for "White Power".

In the spring of 1966, the party began publication of several pamphlets and books, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce, writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Magazine (originally National Socialist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book, Here Comes Whiteman!, where the title superhero character battles enemies modeled after racist stereotypes.

In November 1966, the American Civil Liberties Union once again represented Rockwell, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish neighborhoods during Jewish holidays.

Offices
The two-story farm house Rockwell established as his "Stormtrooper Barracks" was located at 6150 Wilson Boulevard in the Dominion Hills Historic District. It was there that the interview with Alex Haley for Playboy occurred. The house has since been razed, and the property has been incorporated into Upton Hill Regional Park. A small pavilion with picnic tables marks the house's former location. The site of the party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Arlington, Virginia, is now a hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, his successor, Matthias Koehl, relocated the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Arlington, Virginia. The small building, often misidentified today as Rockwell's former headquarters, is now a coffee shop called Sweet Science Coffee, formerly The Java Shack. Koehl moved the headquarters to New Berlin, Wisconsin, in the mid-1980s.

Record label
In the 1960s, Rockwell attempted to draw attention to his cause by starting a small record label, named Hatenanny Records. The name was based on the word "hootenanny", a term given to folk music performances. The label released a 45 RPM single by a band called Odis Cochran and the Three Bigots with the songs "Ship Those Niggers Back" and "We Is Non-Violent Niggers", and a second single by a group called the Coon Hunters: "We Don't Want No Niggers For Neighbors" backed with "Who Needs A Nigger?". They were sold mostly through mail order and at party rallies.

Hate bus
When the Freedom Riders drove their campaign for the desegregation of bus stations in the Deep South, Rockwell secured a Volkswagen van and decorated it with slogans supporting White supremacy, dubbing it the "Hate Bus" and driving it to speaking engagements and party rallies.

Black separatism
Rockwell worked with Black separatist leaders, such as Elijah Muhammad (Nation of Islam leader) and Malcolm X, since they shared the goal of racial segregation. In January 1962, Rockwell wrote to his followers that Elijah Muhammad: He also said of Elijah Muhammad "I am fully in concert with their program, and I have the highest respect for Elijah Muhammad." He referred to Elijah Muhammad as "The Black People's Hitler" and donated $20 (worth about $204 in 2022) to the Nation of Islam at their "Freedom Rally" event on June 25, 1961, at Uline Arena in Washington where he and 10–20 of his "stormtroopers" attended a speech by Malcolm X. Rockwell was a guest speaker at a Black Muslim event in the International Amphitheater in Chicago, with Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, on February 25, 1962.

Inspired by Black Muslims' use of religion to mobilize people, Rockwell sought collaboration with Christian Identity groups. On June 10, 1964, he met with and formed an alliance with Identity minister Wesley A. Swift. Rockwell used religious imagery, depicting himself as a Christ-like martyr against the Jews. Nazis found a welcome home in Swift's church and church members found a political outlet in the American Nazi Party.

Holocaust denial
Rockwell was a Holocaust denier. In an April 1966 interview for Playboy conducted by journalist Alex Haley, Rockwell stated, "I don't believe for one minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were exterminated by Hitler. It never happened." When asked in a 1965 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation if the Holocaust were true, Rockwell replied by claiming he had "incontrovertible documentary proof that that's not true."

Death
On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed while leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia, only a few yards from where he lived. John Patler, who had been expelled by Rockwell from his party in March 1967 for repeated attempts to inject Marxist ideas into party publications, was convicted of the murder in December 1967, and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He served an initial eight years in prison, and later a further six years following a parole violation. Hearing of his son's death, Rockwell's 78-year-old father said: "I am not surprised at all. I've expected it for quite some time."

Matthias Koehl, the second in command at NSWPP, moved to establish control over Rockwell's body and the assets of the NSWPP, which at the time had some 300 active members and 3,000 financial supporters. Rockwell's parents wanted a private burial in Maine, but declined to fight with the Nazis. On August 27, an NSWPP spokesman reported that federal officials had approved a military burial at Culpeper National Cemetery, Rockwell being an honorably discharged veteran. The cemetery specified that no Nazi insignia could be displayed, and when the 50 mourners violated these conditions, the entrance to the cemetery was blocked in a five-hour standoff, during which the hearse, which had been stopped on railroad tracks near the cemetery, was nearly struck by an approaching train. The next day, Rockwell's body was secretly cremated.

Legacy
Rockwell was a source of inspiration for David Duke when he was young and openly espousing neo-Nazi sentiments. As a student in high school, when Duke learned of Rockwell's murder, he reportedly said "The greatest American who ever lived has been shot down and killed." Richard B. Spencer is another admirer of Rockwell.

Matthew Heimbach said on Rockwell that he was "one of the most gifted orators of the 20th century", and Rockwell's writings and speeches were "the things that worked to bring me to National Socialism".

Two of Rockwell's associates, Matthias Koehl and William Luther Pierce, formed their own organizations. Koehl, who was Rockwell's successor, renamed the National Socialist White Peoples Party (NSWPP) the New Order in 1983 and relocated it to Wisconsin shortly thereafter. Pierce founded the National Alliance and wrote the racist dystopian novel The Turner Diaries. Several other neo-Nazi groups were formed over the years since Rockwell's death, some by his followers and other by newer generations of White supremacists. Some are now defunct.

In popular culture

In the lyrics to the Bob Dylan song "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", the narrator parodies Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson as being Communists, and claims that the only "true American" is George Lincoln Rockwell. Quoting the lyrics: "I know for a fact that he hates Commies, 'cause he picketed the movie Exodus."

For their 1972 album Not Insane or Anything You Want To, The Firesign Theatre created a fictional presidential candidate, George Papoon, running on the equally fictional ticket, the Natural Surrealist Light Peoples Party, the name taken as an apparent parody of Rockwell's own group, the National Socialist White Peoples Party.

Marlon Brando portrayed Rockwell in the television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance.

In the third season of post-World War II alternate history television show The Man in the High Castle, David Furr portrayed Rockwell as the  of North America. Nazi-ruled New York City's main airport was named Lincoln Rockwell Airport.

National Lampoon magazine ran a parody of NSWPP propaganda, under the title "Americans United to Beat the Dutch", in their April 1973 "Prejudice" issue, and another in the May 1974 "50th Anniversary" issue, which reportedly cost the magazine an advertising contract with the Dutch brewer Heineken.

A fictional version of Rockwell is featured as a supporting character in James Ellroy's 2019 novel, This Storm, which is part of The Second L.A. Quartet, Ellroy's new novels.

In the 2021 British drama series Ridley Road, Rockwell is portrayed by actor Stephen Hogan.

Publications

 How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum (1960)
 In Hoc Signo Vinces (1960)
 Rockwell Report (1961)
 This Time the World (1961)
 White Self-Hate: Master-Stroke of the Enemy (1962)
 White Power (1967)

Albums
 Nazi Rockwell: A Portrait in Sound (1973, posthumous)
 Speech at Brown University, 1966 (1966)
 Speech in the Armory, Lynchburg, Virginia, August 20, 1963 (1963)

See also
John Tyndall (far-right activist)
William Luther Pierce
List of assassinated American politicians

References

Bibliography

External links

Biography of George Lincoln Rockwell at IMDB
"Nazis In America", a commentary and review of Hate by Myrna Estep, Ph.D.
"Blast from the Past: George Lincoln Rockwell" by David Maurer in Daily Progress, August 24, 2003
George Lincoln Rockwell's FBI files, obtained under the FOIA and hosted at the Internet Archive Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

|-

|-

1918 births
1967 deaths
1967 murders in the United States
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American writers
20th-century American far-right politicians
Anti-Masonry
American advertising executives
American agnostics
American conspiracy theorists
American graphic designers
American Holocaust deniers
American magazine publishers (people)
American Nazi Party members
American people of Acadian descent
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Scottish descent
American political party founders
American segregationists
American white separatists
Antisemitism in the United States
Assassinated American politicians
Assassinated Nazis
Atlantic City High School alumni
Brown University alumni
Candidates in the 1960 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1964 United States presidential election
Christian Identity
Deaths by firearm in Virginia
Hebron Academy alumni
Male murder victims
Military personnel from Illinois
Neo-Nazi politicians in the United States
People from Bloomington, Illinois
People from Boothbay Harbor, Maine
People murdered in Virginia
Pratt Institute alumni
Sexism in the United States
Thors family
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
United States Navy officers
United States Navy pilots of World War II
Virginia Independents
Writers from Virginia
1960s assassinated politicians

George Lincoln Rockwell


No. 1 is the name of a sailing yacht which is power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from hydrogen fuel cells. It is the first ever yacht to be fuel cell-powered. The boat was certified under the Germanischer Lloyd guidelines for fuel cells on ships and boats. The yacht's debut was in August 2003 in Japan, and it is commissioned at Lake Constance (Kressbronn am Bodensee).

MTU Friedrichshafen, the company that designed the boat's power system, has said that it views a move towards fuel cell-based power systems as logical given the demand for clean, quiet energy sources in leisure craft such as yachts.

Specifications
Boat 12.26 m long, width 3.76 m, 6 kg of hydrogen in 3 hydrogen tanks at 300 bar, four 1.2 kWa PEM fuel cells, 9 gel batteries, radius of action 225 km at a speed of 8 kts on the propeller.

See also
 Hydrogen ship
 Hydrogen vehicle
 Hydrogen economy

References

Hydrogen ships

No. 1 (yacht)


The Alexander ALX500 (later known as the TransBus ALX500) is a 3-axle double-decker low-floor bus body. It was built by Alexander and then TransBus International from 1997 to 2002.

The body could be built on the Dennis Trident 3 chassis and Volvo Super Olympian chassis.

The body was mainly sold in Hong Kong but some have been imported to the United Kingdom.

Buses

Alexander ALX500


Xallarap is a variation in a gravitational lensing observation caused by the orbital motion of the source.  A more traditional and similar effect, parallax, is the variation caused by motion of the Earth around the Sun.  Since the two effects are converses of each other, this led to the name xallarap, which is parallax spelled backwards.  A survey of microlensing attributes the first use in print to Bennett in 1998, though informal usage likely preceded this.

Gravitational lensing occurs when a distant object and a massive intermediate object form a straight line as seen from Earth.  Then the gravitational field of the intermediate object bends the light from distant object, magnifying it.  When the two objects are stars, as opposed to galaxies, it is called gravitational microlensing.  The alignment must be very precise, in fact so precise that Albert Einstein concluded "there is no great chance of observing this phenomenon".  However, modern surveys such as the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) observe millions of stars each night, and see microlensing many times each year.

Since the alignment must be so precise, if the event lasts more than a few weeks, scientists can observe changes as the Earth moves around the Sun, since this movement changes the alignment.  Traditionally in astronomy, a change in view caused by the Earth's motion is called parallax, and this is the term used by researchers for this effect.  However, if the source star is part of a binary system, then it too has orbital motion, and this can modify the alignment just as the Earth's movement can.  Since both effects are caused by the effect of orbital motion on alignment, they are very closely related.  And since the effect is the same as parallax, just backwards (from the motion of the source rather than motion of the observer) it was called xallarap.  The name stuck, and is now commonly used in astronomical literature.

References

Gravitational lensing
Effects of gravitation
Parallax
1998 neologisms

Xallarap


Julius Hare RCA (23 January 1859 – 12 March 1932) was a British artist, painter of portraits and landscapes.

Born in Dublin, he was the son of Mathias Hare LLD.  He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School in England before Studied under Adolphe Yvon of Paris, and also at the West London School of Art, South Kensington, and the Heatherley School of Fine Art.  He was made an associate of the Royal Academy of Art and exhibited there.

He lived in Plas Mawr, Conwy, North Wales.

References

External links
 Art UK: Day Fades

1859 births
1932 deaths
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
19th-century British painters
British male painters
20th-century British painters
British landscape painters
British portrait painters
19th-century British male artists
20th-century British male artists

Julius Hare (artist)


Eryops  is a genus of extinct, semi-aquatic temnospondyl.

They are found mostly in the Lower Permian-aged (about 295 million years ago) red beds of Texas. Fossils are also found in New Mexico and parts of the eastern United States. Eryops also occurs in older Pennsylvanian strata of the Conemaugh Group in West Virginia

Eryops averaged a little over 1.5-2.0 meters (5–6.5 ft) long, so it was one of the largest land animals of its time.  It weighed about 90 kilograms (200 lb). It probably had few predators, although the apex predator of the time was the synapsid Dimetrodon, which was even larger. Several complete skeletons of Eryops have been found in the Lower Permian, but skull bones and teeth are the most common fossils.

Eryops was better adapted to a terrestrial environment than its ancestors. Sturdy limbs and a strong spine supported the body while out of water.

References

Temnospondyls
Fossils

Eryops


Joëlle Sabourin (born May 28, 1972) is a Canadian curler from Gatineau.

Born in Hull, Quebec, Canada, Sabourin is a five-time provincial champion for her native Quebec, earning her the right to play at five national championships (the Scotties Tournament of Hearts). In  she won as Chantal Osborne's second, in  and  as Janique Berthelot's third, and in  and  playing lead for Marie-France Larouche. Three times she played in the Scotties as an alternate: in  for Agnes Charette, in  for Ontario's Jenn Hanna and in  for Marie-France Larouche.

In 2001 Sabourin won the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship playing lead for Jean-Michel Ménard.

From 2004 to 2007, Sabourin played in Ontario for Jenn Hanna. In 2004 and 2006 she was the team's third. In 2005, when she was pregnant, Sabourin was the team's alternate. It was that season that the team lost in the 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts finals to Jennifer Jones. In 2007, Sabourin played lead and second for the team before leaving it to play for Larouche. In 2010 season Sabourin joined Chantal Osborne and now plays third stones.  Sabourin will play five major events on the curling tour, at the beginning of 2011,  with Jennifer Jones, as a replacement for Jill Officer who will be on maternity leave from September to December. Although Sabourin was initially planning to take the year off, she will also play several tour events with her Quebec team.

Teams

Women's

Mixed

References

External links

 Joelle Sabourin – Curling Canada Stats Archive

1972 births
Canadian women curlers
Curlers from Quebec
Canadian mixed curling champions
French Quebecers
Living people
Sportspeople from Gatineau
Canada Cup (curling) participants

Joëlle Sabourin


Humans Only is the fourth full-length album (1982) by the American electronic band Earthstar.  It was their third and final release for Hamburg-based Sky Records (in Germany).

Humans Only was result of a partnership between Earthstar founder Craig Wuest and Utica, New York-based guitarist and songwriter Dan Hapanowicz (credited as Daniel Happ), who replaced longtime guitarist Dennis Rea on this album. Humans Only presented a far more conventional, softer, more guitar-oriented sound than previous releases.  It is also the last album on which the Birotron, the rarest of tape loop keyboard instruments, was played by Wuest.  The two tracks with "funk" in the title aren't really funk at all, but they do reveal a more playful side to Earthstar's mainly electronic music.

The track "Indian Dances" was originally recorded in 1980, with original drummer/vibraphonist and contributing composer Daniel Zongrone, as part of the Sleeper, the Nightlifer sessions.  That album was never released, and a shorter, somewhat pared-down version was recorded for Humans Only.

Track listing
"Rainbow Dome" – 5:48
"Don't You Ever Wonder?" – 4:50
"Indian Dances" – 8:04
"One Flew Over the Ridge" – 5:28
"TV Funk" – 7:38
"Tip Toe Funk" – 13:20a. "Umbrey Flowing Lights"b. "25 Arrival Pieces"

Personnel
Craig Wuest - Synthesizers, mellotron, Birotron, Celeste, chimes, industrial box, horn keys, percussion, composer, producer, engineer, mixed by
Daniel Happ - Acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bells, chimes, percussion, composer, producer, engineer, mixed by
Andy Retscher - Bass guitar, synth bass, Birotron, engineer, mixed by
Bob Mishalanie - Drum kit
Tim Finnegan - Sounds, wood blocks
Meredith Salisbury - Vocals
Mark Rowe - Sax
Daniel Zongrone - Drums, vibraphone
Melanie Coiro - Bells
Kathy Fusco - Flute
John Leogrande - Congas
Mark Magnet Kimsinger - Rattle, voices
Anne Hacker - Flute
John Bunkfeldt - Engineer, mixed by
Bob Yeager - Engineer, mixed by

In addition, a nine piece string section appeared on the album.

References
 Discogs Discogs: Earthstar - Humans Only.  Retrieved June 30, 2008.
 Prog Archives Earthstar - Humans Only.  Retrieved June 30, 2008.
 Planet Mellotron Earthstar.  Retrieved August 20, 2007.

1982 albums
Earthstar (band) albums

Humans Only


Ivan Gerasimovich Lapikov (Russian: Иван Герасимович Лапиков; 7 July 1922 – 2 May 1993) was a Soviet and Russian actor. People's Artist of the USSR (1982).

Biography
Lapikov was born in the village of Gorny Balykley, near Tsaritsyn (now – Dubovsky District, Volgograd Oblast). He spent his childhood in Stalingrad.

In 1939, he enrolled in drama school in Kharkov, where he studied for the following two years. After the World War II began, Ivan started to work in the Gorky Drama Theater (Stalingrad). There he worked until he removed to Moscow in 1963. In Moscow Lapikov joined the Film Actor's Theater-Studio.

His first role in cinema was in the film The Reserve Player (1954). After The Chairman (1964 film) by Alexey Saltykov (1964), where the actor had played the brother of the lead character, Lapikov became famous. Later he created a whole gallery of the Russian characters: Kirill in Andrei Rublev, Lyagavy in The Brothers Karamazov, Pankrat Nazarov in Eternal Call, and many other roles.

Filmography

Awards
 Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1965)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1974)
People's Artist of the USSR (1982)
 USSR State Prize (1979)
 Lenin Komsomol Prize (1979)
 Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR - 1973

Legacy
 The Lapikov Museum, in the village of Gorny Balykley
 Memorial plaque to Ivan Lapikov at the house in Volgograd where he lived

References

External links

1922 births
1993 deaths
People from Volgograd Oblast
Russian male film actors
Soviet male film actors
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Komsomol Prize
Recipients of the Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery

Ivan Lapikov