Chic-a-Go-Go is a public-access television cable television children's dance show that airs on Chicago Access Network Television (CAN-TV). The show bills itself as "Chicago's Dance Show for Kids of All Ages".

Show description

The show invites members of the public to participate in tapings at CAN-TV studios.  A typical episode features dancing to prerecorded music, as well as musical guests lip syncing to their own songs. Each show is hosted by Jake Austen, who portrays Ratso, a teenage puppet rat, and Mia Park as human sidekick Miss Mia.

Among the show's regular features are the "El Train Line" (based on [[Soul Train|Soul Train'''s]] "Soul Train Line"), the "Fantasy Dance" (which features dancers in front of a green screen), and videotaped interviews with guests.

History and influences
Austen got the idea for the show when he published a story in his magazine Roctober about Kiddie-a-Go-Go, an all-kids dance show produced in Chicago between 1963 and 1970. Austen and Stewart met the show's creators, Jack and Elaine Mulqueen, and were inspired to complete a certification course that would allow them to use the facilities of Chicago Access Corporation. They shot the first episodes of the show in March 1996.

In addition to Kiddie-a-Go-Go, the show is influenced by well-known dance shows such as Soul Train, American Bandstand, and Solid Gold.

In the 2004 movie The Big Bounce, Morgan Freeman's character is seen watching the show.

See alsoSoul TrainAmerican BandstandSolid GoldPancake MountainYo Gabba Gabba!''

References

External links

 Chic-a-Go-Go site
 Chic-a-Go-Go YouTube channel

Dance television shows
Local music television shows in the United States
American public access television shows
1996 American television series debuts
1990s American children's television series
2000s American children's television series
Chicago television shows
American television shows featuring puppetry

Chic-a-Go-Go


Monie Ralph Captan (born May 28, 1962) is the former foreign minister of Liberia from 1996 until 2003, former of Presidential Affairs 1996. During most of that time he served under President Charles Taylor. Captan's mother was a native of Liberia and his father was Lebanese. Before serving as foreign minister, he was a local businessman, owner of an independent Liberian newspaper and a professor at the University of Liberia. During the Liberian Civil War, his newspaper expressed views which sometimes came across as being sympathetic to Charles Taylor and his National Patriot Front of Liberia (NPFL). When Taylor won the elections, he was subsequently named foreign minister. He is one of several Liberian elites who were not members of Taylor's NPFL to be appointed to high level positions. During the Liberian Civil war he resided in Monrovia which was never controlled by the NPFL. Currently, Executive Chairman Comium Liberia. Captan who was overwhelmingly elected with over 70% of the votes on March 16, 2010 as President of the Liberia Chamber of Commerce.

References

1962 births
Living people
Foreign Ministers of Liberia
Academic staff of the University of Liberia
Politicians from Monrovia
Liberian people of Lebanese descent

Monie Captan


Mike Ross is an American sculptor known for large scale public art projects.

Works

Ross' best known work, Big Rig Jig, consisted of two modified tanker trucks attached to each other vertically in an S shape, with a truss installed in the tanks that allowed people to climb inside.  The piece was built at American Steel, an art fabrication shop in Oakland, California.  It was commissioned by the Black Rock City, LLC for Burning Man in 2007, and was considered one of the highlights of the event.  It toured to the Coachella Music Festival in 2008, and featured at Dismaland in 2015. Ross described the work as a commentary on America's unsustainable oil economy.

In 2008 Ross was hired by Sound Transit, Seattle, Washington's light rail agency, to design a sculpture for the Capitol Hill station of its University Link project.  Ross' design, titled Jet Kiss, featuring two fighter jets sliced and rearranged to appear as if they are kissing, created some controversy among members of the local community who objected to its use of military aircraft.

In 2006 Ross and Nicole Whelan created Colorfield, an interactive outdoor installation for Sculpture Key West.

Life and education
Ross is a graduate of Stanford University.

References

External links

21st-century American sculptors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American sculptors

Mike Ross (artist)


Robert Alexander Scott (29 October 1913 – 1962) was an English football goalkeeper, who spent most of his career with Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Career
Scott began his career as a groundsman at his hometown club Liverpool, but was unable to break into the first team. He left in search of playing opportunities at Burnley in 1933 and spent three seasons with the Clarets.

In February 1936 he moved to Wolverhampton Wanderers for £1,250, and quickly became first choice at Molineux, making his debut on 8 February 1936 in a goalless draw with Derby County. Scott gained an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1939 as the club lost the FA Cup final to Portsmouth. He also twice finished a runner-up in the league (in 1937–38 and 1938–39).

The outbreak of World War II saw the suspension of league football. Scott still managed to play 85 times for Wolves in Wartime and turned out as a guest for both Aston Villa and Southport in friendlies, while also serving as a policeman.

However, the resumption of league football saw the end of Scott's time with Wolves, as they opted for Bert Williams to take over as first choice goalkeeper. Scott moved onto Crewe Alexandra in August 1947, playing two seasons in the Second Division before retiring from the game.

After ending his football career, he ran a general store in Wolverhampton and later served in the local police force before his death in 1962.

References

1913 births
1962 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Burnley F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Footballers from Liverpool

Alex Scott (footballer, born 1913)


Fanene Leifi Pita Maivia (born Fanene Pita Anderson; April 6, 1937 – June 13, 1982), better known as Peter Maivia, was a Samoan-American professional wrestler, actor and stunt coordinator. Maivia was the grandfather of Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson via adoption, and was also part of the famous Anoa'i family via blood brother pact. He was also a promoter for the National Wrestling Alliance in Hawaii.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1960–1964)
Maivia made his debut in 1960 at the age of 23. He worked for NWA Hawaii, and in other places including France, and the United Kingdom.

New Zealand and Australia (1964–1968)
After spending his first twenty years in American Samoa, Maivia moved to New Zealand. He began competing, wrestling not as The High Chief, but as Prince Peter Maivia. Athletic, naturally talented and quick to learn, Maivia received training in New Zealand, under the watchful eye of local wrestler and promoter Steve Rickard.

Both in and out of the ring, Rickard taught the young Samoan a great deal about professional wrestling, and under his guidance, Maivia developed at an amazing rate. On August 3, 1964, after less than a year in the business, the rookie sensation stunned New Zealand by defeating Rickard to win the prestigious New Zealand Heavyweight Championship. The title victory was impressive, however Maivia's reign was extremely short, and he held the championship for just three days, dropping the championship back to Rickard on August 6, 1964. The point had been made though, and from that point onward, Maivia enjoyed main-event status in the NWA's New Zealand territory.

Later in 1964, Maivia followed up his previous success by winning the NWA Australasian Heavyweight Championship. Maivia became the new Australasian champion by defeating Kangaroo Kennedy, and he carried the belt for four years before finally losing it to Steve Rickard in 1968. After developing his repertoire and ring skills in New Zealand, Maivia slowly began to branch out and take bookings in larger promotions, with success invariably following the popular islander.

Various promotions (1968–1977)
Maivia continued working mainly in Hawaii during most of his career. In 1968 he worked for International Wrestling Enterprise in Japan. From 1969 to 1975 he worked in NWA San Francisco, NWA Hollywood, WCCW, Houston Wrestling, and the AWA winning many championships in the process.

World Wide Wrestling Federation (1977–1981)

He joined the World Wide Wrestling Federation in mid-1977. He was one of the company's biggest stars, working matches with many top wrestlers such as Superstar Billy Graham, Ivan Putski and Bob Backlund. He turned heel for the first time in his career in 1978 on Backlund in a match against Spiros Arion and Victor Rivera. During his tenure in the WWWF, he also competed in Hawaii, Japan, Toronto, Detroit, San Francisco, Los Angeles and New Zealand. He left the WWWF, which had now been renamed to the WWF, in 1981.

Later career (1981–1982)
After leaving the WWF, Maivia returned to California and won the NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship. He wrestled in his last match in Hawaii in February 1982 defeating Victor Rivera in a singles match. He retired on February 11, 1982, due to his battle with cancer.

Personal life
Maivia, also known as the Flyinʻ Hawaiian, was of the Ali'i lineage of Malietoa. Maivia's traditional Samoan tattoos, which covered his abdomen and legs, were a symbol of his High Chief status. According to Superstar Billy Graham, they were completed in three days. His wife Ofelia Fuataga, more commonly known as Lia Maivia, was one of the first female professional wrestling promoters. He also adopted Lia's daughter Ata.

Maivia disapproved of his daughter's relationship with Rocky Johnson because he was a wrestler. The duo married despite Maivia's disapproval. His two sons, Jarrod Holbrook and Peter Jr., are also wrestlers; mostly wrestling in Hawaii and West Coast based promotions.

Maivia was the blood brother of Amituanai Anoa'i, the father of the Wild Samoans (Afa and Sika), and thus the Anoa'i family regard the Maivia family as part of their own family.

Maivia was also an actor, appearing in the fifth James Bond film, You Only Live Twice, where he played a driver who transports a disguised Bond to Osato headquarters. His character also fights Bond, is hit with a sofa, wields a katana, and is put down when a statue is broken on his head. He was also the film's stunt fight co-ordinator.

Death
In 1981, Maivia was diagnosed with inoperable cancer, having reportedly ignored symptoms along with his friends and family's admonitions to see a doctor. He died on June 13, 1982, at the age of 45.

Maivia was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, along with his son-in-law Rocky Johnson, in 2008 by his grandson Dwayne Johnson; with the award being accepted on his behalf by his daughter Ata Maivia-Johnson.

Legacy
In the 2016 Disney animated film, Moana, the character design of Maui was derived from photographs of Peter Maivia, according to interviews with his grandson, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, who voices Maui in the film.

Filmography
You Only Live Twice (1967) - Dodge driver

Championships and accomplishments
50th State Big Time Wrestling
NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Jim Hady (1), Billy White Wolf (1), and Sam Steamboat (2)
NWA All-Star Pro Wrestling
NWA Australasian Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Big Time Wrestling
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA Hollywood Wrestling
NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA "Beat the Champ" Television Championship (2 times)
NWA New Zealand
NWA New Zealand British Empire Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA San Francisco
NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (San Francisco version) (2 times)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (San Francisco version) (1 time) - with Ray Stevens
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2016
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)

See also

 List of premature professional wrestling deaths

Notes

References

External links

1937 births
1982 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
American people of Samoan descent
American professional wrestlers of Samoan descent
American Samoan male professional wrestlers
Anoa'i family
Deaths from cancer in Hawaii
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
NWA "Beat the Champ" Television Champions
NWA Americas Heavyweight Champions
PWF United States Heavyweight Champions
NWA Texas Heavyweight Champions
NWA United States Heavyweight Champions (San Francisco version)

Peter Maivia


A vortex is a dynamic phenomenon of fluids.

Vortex could also mean:

In amusement:
 Vortex (California's Great America), a stand-up roller coaster at California's Great America in Santa Clara, California, United States
 Vortex (Canada's Wonderland), a suspended roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
 Vortex (Carowinds), a stand-up roller coaster at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Vortex (Kings Island), a steel roller coaster at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States

In fiction:
 Cindy Vortex, a fictional character on the TV series The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and movie Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
 Time vortex (Doctor Who), the space-time vortex in the Doctor Who television series
 Vortex (novel), a 1991 war novel by Larry Bond and Patrick Larkin
 Vortex (Transformers), a member of the Combaticons from Transformers who transforms into a helicopter
 Vortex life form, a fictional extraterrestrial species of the Ecco the Dolphin video game series

In gaming:
 Vortex (game), several games
 Vortex Software, a defunct video game developer

In music:
 ICS Vortex, a Norwegian metal singer and bassist
 Vortex (album), a remix album by Collide
 Vortex I: A Biodegradable Festival of Life, a state sponsored music festival held in 1970 in Estacada, Oregon
 Vortex Jazz Club, a London venue that primarily features live jazz music but will occasionally have intriguing programmes of other music

In science and technology:
 Aureal Vortex, the PC audio accelerator chipset which powered such sound cards as the Monster Sound MX300
 Vortex (satellite), a class of United States Reconnaissance satellites
 Caltex Vortex, a brand of 95 and 98 octane unleaded fuels from Caltex
 Vorticity, a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics

In television:
 Vortex (DS9 episode), a first-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 Vortex (Smallville episode), the first episode in Season 2 of Smallville
 Vortex (YTV), a programming block produced by YTV and hosted by Paula Lemyre

In other fields:
 Subaru Vortex, a sporty coupe sold from 1985 to 1991 by Subaru

Vortex (disambiguation)


Aeronwy Bryn Thomas-Ellis (3 March 1943 – 27 July 2009)
was the second child of the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.

Born in London, where her parents lived at the time, she was named for the River Aeron. In 1949, the family moved to the Boat House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, Wales.
After her father's death in 1953, she and her mother went to Rome, later moving to Sicily.
She learnt Italian and became a translator of Italian poetry. She was also known as an ambassador for her father's work, and as a patron of the Dylan Thomas Society.
Visiting professor in schools and universities in the U.K. and abroad, in the late '90s  she was very popular with the students of Giuseppe Perotti School in Torino, Italy,  for her "creative writing" courses.
In 2007 she became President of IMMAGINE&POESIA (Image and Poetry), the international artistic literary movement founded at Teatro Alfa, Torino, Italy.

Aeronwy Thomas died in 2009 in New Malden London, aged 66.

Works (selection)
 Later than Laugharne  (Celtion, 1976)
 Christmas in the Boathouse (2003)
 A daughter remembers Dylan (Merton Books, 2006) - an expanded version of the booklet Christmas and Other Memories
 I Colori Delle Parole (Rotaract, 2007) -  includes poems by Aeronwy Thomas and paintings by Gianpiero Actis (in Italian and English)
 Burning Bridges (Cross-Cultural Communications, Merrick, New York, 2008)
 Shadows and Shades - Selected Poems (Poetry Monthly Press, 2009)
 My Father's Places (Constable, 2009)

References

1943 births
2009 deaths
Welsh writers
Welsh poets
British translators

Aeronwy Thomas


A.S.D. Città di Gallipoli is an Italian association football club, based in Gallipoli, Apulia.

History

AC Gallipoli
The club was founded in 1999 as Associazione Calcio Gallipoli to represent the town of Gallipoli from the province of Lecce. The club quickly rose up the Italian football system, being one of the two who were promoted from Eccellenza Apulia in 2003–04.

After gaining a promotion during their first ever season in Serie D, the club changed its name to Gallipoli Calcio in 2005. Gallipoli then completed it by winning a third consecutive promotion to Serie C1, and making their absolute debut in the Italian third-highest level in the 2006–07 season, which ended in a mid-table place. Former Serie A star Dario Bonetti was then chosen as new boss for the 2007–08 season; he was however sacked later following disagreements with the board, in spite of impressive performances which gave the team a third place in the table. The club ultimately ended the season in ninth place, well below their initial expectations. Former AS Roma playing hero Giuseppe Giannini was successively appointed as new head coach for Gallipoli's 2008–09 campaign, which ended in triumph, as the giallorossi won a historic first promotion to Serie B as league winners in the final week.

In July 2009, the club's future was put in doubt when President of the club, oil businessman and Senator Vincenzo Barba, announced that the club was up for sale at no cost. In addition, their home stadium (Stadio Antonio Bianco) was declared unfit as Serie B venue, so the club will be forced to play home games at the Via del Mare in Lecce. The situation seriously hampered their preparations for their first season in Serie B and the club was forced to play with its under-19 squad for their Coppa Italia second round match versus Lumezzane in which they were soundly beaten in a 6–0 defeat. With only two weeks before the start of the league, only four first team players were still under contract and no pre-season training camp was organized and no head coach was appointed yet.

On 11 August 2009 an Udine-based company called "D'Odorico Group" took over the club from Barba, putting an end to weeks of speculation regarding the future of the club. The new owner confirmed Giannini as coach. Despite being underdogs, Gallipoli managed to earn 28 points, thus ending the first half of the season in 11th place, but the situation crumbled in the second leg. Giannini resigned on 22 March 2010 after the club regularly failed to pay salaries to its players. After a two-game tenure under youth team coach Giovanni De Pasquale, former Triestina, Torino and Treviso boss Ezio Rossi was appointed. The change did not have any effect, as Gallipoli were relegated back to the third tier on 16 May 2010. The club had severe financial issues, and this caused at first the inability to request the admission to the Italian third tier (30 June 2010). The club owed Luca Pasqualin of P.D.P. srl for agent fee of €12,000 for signing Piergiuseppe Maritato and upheld by Tribunale Nazionale di Arbitrato per lo Sport of CONI.

Then, in July 2010, a court in Lecce declared the club bankrupt.

ASD Gallipoli Football 1909
A new club called A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 was founded on 13 July 2010. Its goal is entering Promozione, the 2nd tier of amatorial Italian football. The first season (2010–2011) finished with Gallipoli that reached the 3° place in graduatory, and then they lose the play-off to be promoted in Eccellenza Apulia. Gallipoli finished 3rd Group B of Promozione Apulia and again lost promotion play-offs. But the club admitted to Eccellenza Apulia later. Gallipoli finished 7th in 2012–13 season. Finally Gallipoli won Eccellenza Apulia in 2013–14 season and promoted to Group H of Serie D. After two seasons in Italian Serie D and after many societary changes, the team downgrades again in Eccellenza Apulia in 2015–16 and stay for the following seven seasons.

ASD Città di Gallipoli
In the 2022-23 Eccellenza Apulia group B a double representation of the city of Gallipoli is scheduled for the very first time, with the participation of Gallipoli Football 1909 and of a new team, called ASD Città di Gallipoli, promoted after victorious campaign in Promozione Apulia in the previous season. At the end of the season, Gallipoli Football 1909 transfer their title to San Pietro Vernotico and ASD Città di Gallipoli become the only team representing the city of Gallipoli in the fifth level of Italian football. Meanwhile, ASD Città di Gallipoli win the group B and the national play-offs and get promoted to Serie D.

Honours
Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 1
 Winners: 2008–09

Supercoppa di Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 1
 Winners: 2009

Serie C2: 1
 Winners: 2005–06

Coppa Italia Serie C: 1
 Winners: 2005–06

Serie D:
 Promoted: 2004–05

Eccellenza Apulia: 2
 Winners: 2003–04, 2013–14

References

Football clubs in Apulia
Gallipoli, Apulia
Association football clubs established in 1999
Serie B clubs
Serie C clubs
Serie D clubs
Eccellenza
Promozione
1999 establishments in Italy
2010 establishments in Italy
Phoenix clubs (association football)
Coppa Italia Serie C winning clubs
ASD Città di Gallipoli

ASD Città di Gallipoli


Sukonnaya Sloboda () is a station on the Kazan Metro. Opened as part of the first stage of the system on 27 August 2005, the station is built to a typical pillar bi-span sub-surface design, with two parallel rows of 14 concrete pillars.

Designed by architects A. Mustafin, T. Ksenofontova and N. Muravyova, the station's theme features on Kazan's history as part of Tsardom of Russia, with three-tone colour gamma (white, beige and brown respectively Bottichino marble, and Krutinsky and Dzhiltau-Nadezhda granites) and carefully selected decorations, complete with its setting under the historic cotton merchant row (Sloboda), on the path of the old Nogay track to the Golden Horde.

The Baroque influences of the 17th century are seen on the walls of the station where the three-tone marble is filled with two sets of pilasters, one in shape of a set of windows (with dark meshes and white frames) and the other in shape of an epaulet. The pillars themselves are faced with the three-tone marble and granite combination. Every second pillar also has a hinged lamp and a wooden bench.

The platform floor is laid with polished granite of different tones arranged in a geometrical ornament artwork. The ceiling is a monolithic concrete, with deep cessons that are covered with matted white glass which forms the main lighting of the station.

The station contains two vestibules underground vestibules, the northern one offering an exit to the  Peterburgskaya Street, whilst the southern one is located near the intersection between Peterburgskaya and Esperanto street. In perspective it has been suggested to create a set of subways on the intersection. The interior aesthetics of both vestibules repeat that of the station.

External links
Description @ KazanMetro.by.ru

Kazan Metro
Railway stations in Russia opened in 2005
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Sukonnaya Sloboda (Kazan Metro)


Gregg Karukas (born 1956) is a smooth jazz pianist from Maryland who first gained notice in Washington, D.C., then moved to Los Angeles in 1983. He backed Melissa Manchester before he co-founded the Rippingtons in 1985.

He experimented with drums, guitar, trumpet, and keyboards as a child, but it was not until his teens that he pursued music professionally as a pianist, having played with the Bowie High School Starliners big band. When he was sixteen, he owned one of the first Minimoog synthesizers.

Karukas spent five years with Tim Eyermann in the band East Coast Offering. After moving to Los Angeles, he worked with Shelby Flint, David Benoit, Richard Elliot, Grant Geissman, Dave Koz, Ronnie Laws, and Melissa Manchester. He was a member of the Rippingtons when they recorded their first album, Moonlighting, in November 1985. He has worked as a sideman with Larry Carlton, Jeffrey Osborne, George Duke, Rick Braun, Brenda Russell, Craig Chaquico, Boney James, and Peter White.

Karukas has received multiple Best Keyboardist nominations at the Oasis and National Smooth Jazz Awards. He has collaborated with Brazilian composer Dori Caymmi and Ricardo Silveira. He produced, arranged, engineered, and co-wrote two albums with Omar Akram, whose Echoes of Love won the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album in 2013.

He owns and distributes most of his music on his label, Nightowl Records .

Studio albums

References

External links

1956 births
20th-century American pianists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American people of Greek descent
Living people
Musicians from Baltimore
Smooth jazz pianists
The Rippingtons members
Jazz musicians from Maryland
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Gregg Karukas


Forest Song (, ) is a 1963 Soviet fantasy film directed by  Viktor Ivchenko.

Plot
There is a guy and a girl who are reading the book "The Forest Song" by Lesya Ukrainka on the river bank. Reading transfers them to Polesia where the action of the drama takes place.

The mythological characters and people meet in the magic wood. The music of the nozzle which is played by a country guy Lukash awakens the forest girl Mavka from a dream. They fall in love. Mavka leaves the forest kingdom and goes to people because of Lukash. Lukash's mother treats Mavka with hostility. She insists on Lukash's marriage the widow Kilin and it causes a very intolerable pain to Mavka. But she is taken away "By the one who sits in the rock ". Leshy damns Lukash for his unfaithfulness and turns him into a wolf.

After Lukash's uncle death he flounces in the wood, and his shout returns Mavka from the drowsiness. She forgives Lukash, and that becomes a man again.

Hoping to meet Lukash Mavka comes to his house where meets Kilina, and that damns her. Mavka turns into a weeping willow. Lukash comes back home, and Kilina's son asks him to play a pipe. Lukash plays the melody which made acquaintance with Mavka. The pipe plays Mavka's voice, and Kilina makes Lukash to cut down a willow. After Lukash's refusal Kilina tries to make it herself. Perelesnik saves Mavka.

Lukash goes to the wood where meets Mavka's wraith. The memories of spring and love in an autumn night cover with the snow. Lukash sits still under the birch … The girl reads the final words of the book on the seashore, stroking the guy's head.

Cast
 Raisa Nedashkovskaya as Mavka
 Volodymy Sydorchuk as Lukash
 Petro Vesklyarov as Uncle Lev
 Volodymyr Rudin as Spirit of the Forest
 Valery Kvitka as Forest Fire
 Varvara Maslyuchenko (Hubenko) as Lukash's Mother
 Raisa Pyrozhenko as Kylyna
 Raisa Doroshenko as Water Nymph
 Ada Rogovtseva as Meadow Nymph (as A. Rogovtseva)
 Leonid Marchenko as Kutz (as L. Marchenko)

See also
The Forest Song
Lesya Ukrainka

External links

1963 films
Soviet fantasy films
Films directed by Viktor Ivchenko
Films based on works by Lesya Ukrainka

Forest Song


A mathematical function is called continuous if, roughly said, a small change in the input only causes a small change in the output. If this is not the case, the function is discontinuous.  Functions defined on the real numbers, with one input and one output variable, will show as an uninterrupted line (or curve). They can be drawn without lifting the pen off of the page. The definition given above was made by Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Karl Weierstraß gave another definition of continuity: Imagine a function f, defined on the real numbers. At the point  the function will have the value . If the function is continuous at , then for every value of  no matter how small it is, there is a value of , so that , means that . We can put this another way, given a point close to  (called x), the absolute value of the difference between the two values of the function can be made increasingly small, if the point x is close enough to .

There are also special forms of continuous, such as Lipschitz-continuous. A function is Lipschitz-continuous if there is a  with  for all x,y ∈ (a,b).

A basic way to know if a function is continuous is to use a pencil or your finger. Then, start at the left of the function. Then, move your finger along the path of the function. If you ever need to lift your finger or pencil to keep following the function, then you know it is not continuous. This is because, by lifting your finger, you have "jumped" from one section of the function to another. That means you made a very small movement but the function changed very much. This is what the first sentence of this article is talking about.

Related pages
Calculus
Chaos theory

References

Mathematical analysis
Calculus

Continuous function


XII (Howitzer) Brigade  (12th (Howitzer) Brigade) was a unit of Britain's Royal Field Artillery from 1900 until 1920, seeing service during the Second Boer War as mounted infantry. In World War I it served with 6th Divisional Artillery on the Aisne and during the Race to the Sea, later in the Ypres Salient. In 1916 it was broken up and reformed as a field gun brigade in home defence. Demobilised after the Armistice, it was quickly reformed, but was absorbed into another brigade in 1920.

Origin
Traditionally, the basic unit of the Royal Artillery (RA) has always been the battery. Although batteries were organised into 'battalions', these were purely administrative groupings. Between 1859 and 1900, independent batteries were brigaded together into geographic groups termed at different times 'brigades', 'divisions' or 'brigade divisions' (though the titles had no connection with the field formations of the same names). The Second Boer War saw brigade divisions of three batteries established as a permanent unit type of the Royal Field Artillery, under the command of a lieutenant-colonel and comparable with an infantry battalion or cavalry regiment; they were redesignated simply brigades in 1903. One such new unit was XII Brigade Division, formed in March 1900 as its constituent batteries were sent to South Africa for service against the Boers. Commanded by Lt-Col John Barker and equipped with BL 5-inch howitzers, it had the following organisation:
 43rd (Howitzer) Battery
 86th (Howitzer) Battery
 87th (Howitzer) Battery
 12th Brigade Division Ammunition Column

Second Boer War
On the outbreak of the war in 1899, 43rd (H) Bty had been at Shorncliffe, 86th (H) Bty at Newcastle upon Tyne and 87th (H) Bty at Seaforth. They were sent to South Africa in early 1900 to reinforce the troops already there for the projected advance. At first the batteries remained independent and the brigade-division was not concentrated. On 14 April the British commander, Lord Roberts, allocated 43rd and 87th (H) Btys to the Corps Artillery of his main army at Bloemfontein while 86th (H) Bty was with the Corps Artillery of Sir Redvers Buller's Natal Army, On 24 April 87th (H) Bty joined Sir Ian Hamilton's force that had just captured the waterworks outside Bloemfontein, and by 5 June Roberts had marched from Bloemfontein to capture Johannesberg and Pretoria.

With the loss of the main Boer cities, the period of pitched battles was ending and the Boers adopted Guerrilla warfare. Increasingly, artillery brigades and batteries were broken up as the British employed mobile columns often with only a pair of guns, or even single guns. The RFA lieutenant-colonels became district or column commanders and the ammunition columns formed local depots of men, guns, horses and ammunition for the sections in the field. For example, two howitzers of 43rd Bty accompanied Sir Archibald Hunter's column in September 1900 as he endeavoured to trap Christiaan de Wet's forces in the Doornberg area. Sir Henry Hildyard employed a larger concentration of artillery, including two howitzers of 86th (H) Bty, to bombard Boer positions when he forced the Winderhoogte defile on 10 September. In November two howitzers of 86th (H) Bty were guarding the railway in the Dundee Sub-district of the Johannesburg–Durban Line. At the end of November De Wet was trapped between the Orange and Caledon rivers, but the rain stopped and he got away once the Caledon became fordable pursued by three columns, including one commanded by Lt-Col Barker with a section of his 86th (H) Bty. The columns were often in sight of their prey, but only rarely got into artillery range and he disappeared into the mountains.

In January 1901 De Wet prepared to invade Cape Colony from the Doornberg, and the British columns were reorganised to prevent him. Part of 43rd (H) Bty was with White's column (incorporatimg part of Barker's column) in Maj-Gen Bruce Hamilton's force, while two howitzers of 86th (H) Bty were with Pilcher's column in Maj-Gen Charles Knox's force. When De Wet slipped between Hamilton and Knox's forces, Knox pursued while Hamilton was moved south by railway to forestall him. De Wet also avoided this block, and the British columns reorganised for what became known as the 'Great De Wet Hunt'. Hamilton and Knox were on the Orange River near Bethulie, and two howitzers of 43rd (H) Bty were with Hickman's newly organised column in reserve near Naauwpoort. This combination again failed to stop De Wet and Knox set off in pursuit. However, De Wet's incursion into Cape Colony failed to raise a rebellion there, and he had to return to Orange Free State where he disappeared again, having lost his wagons and guns. The Great Hunt was called off in late February.

Simultaneously, single howitzers of 87th (H) Bty accompanied the columns of Colonels Edmund Allenby and William Pulteney operating against Gen Louis Botha in Eastern Transvaal from 28 January. Next day the two columns combined to turn the Boers off their position on Boschman's Kop. They followed up and found the Boers in position with some artillery, forcing them out on 1 and 2 February. The British columns then converged on Ermelo, with Pulteney advancing directly up the road. Although Botha was prevented from invading Natal, the columns were too scattered to stop his commandos escaping. Pulteney found Ermelo deserted, and Allenby was held up by a resolute Boer rearguard.

A new series of concentric drives began in Northwestern Free State in July 1901, with one howitzer of 43rd (H) Bty marching with Col W.H. Williams' column (Col Barker was commanding one of the 'Stop columns', based on Winburg, which he had fortified). The columns pursued Generals Koos de la Rey and Jan Kemp through the winter, but often the guns were held up by thick bush, which provided cover for the Boers.

Mounted Rifles
By the end of 1901 artillery had become almost irrelevant in the mobile guerrilla warfare then prevailing, but the British forces had a desperate need for more mounted troops. One solution was to convert artillery units into mounted infantry, known as the Royal Artillery Mounted Rifles, riding battery horses. The whole of XII (H) Brigade Division, under Maj C.D. Guinness of 86th (H) Bty, combined with VIII Brigade Division to form Colonel James Dunlop's Column about 750 strong. The RAMR assembled at Pretoria and took the field for the first time during the 'New Model Drives' that rounded up hundreds of Boers in January–February 1902. Dunlop's RAMR served with Col the Hon Julian Byng's column in northeastern Orange Free State.

Before the drive by parallel columns began, Byng's column had been positioned near Reitz to watch Boer movements, prevent any hostile groups coming together, and to find Commandant Mears and the remaining Boer artillery. On 1 February De Wet ordered a rendezvous with Mears, but Byng was between them, posted on the banks of the Liebenbergsvlei River. Attempting to cross, Mears was driven back with the loss of his artillery. On 5 February the British columns began the 'Drive' with a cordon of mounted men at intervals of 10 yards pushing towards the blockhouse line along the railway, 50 miles ahead. The drive took three days and two nights, and stringent precautions were taken to prevent any Boers slipping back through the cordon at night. The first drive was only partly successful: De Wet broke through the blockhouse line with several hundred Boers. But a second drive immediately followed to clear the next area of the Free State. On the night of 23 February at Langverwagt, De Wet attempted to force a break in the cordon with a picked force of Boers, to allow the convoy of wagons carrying the Free State government and civilians to escape northwards. In the confusion, Commandant Jan Meyer with the Harrismith Commando lost their bearings and ran into the section of the line held by Dunlop's gunners. They were repulsed with losses, and fled south. Again, De Wet got away with a hard core of Boers and some of the civilians, but hundreds were caught in the closing net and forced to surrender, including Meyer and over 570 Harrismith men. The drives continued, Col Barker now commanding a group of six small columns, and in May the Boers finally surrendered, signing the Treaty of Vereeniging.

Postwar
After the end of the war XII (H) Brigade returned to Newcastle, now under the command of Brevet Colonel F. Waldron, later of Bt-Col A.S. Pratt. During 1905 it moved to the Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich, coming under the command of Lt-Col J.B. Langley, and by 1909 it had gone to Aldershot. During 1910 the brigade moved to Deepcut Barracks near Farnborough, Hampshire, and Lt-Col W.A. Robinson took command, followed by Lt-Col W.T. Furse during 1912. By the end of 1913 the brigade had crossed to Ireland.

By the outbreak of World War I, the howitzer batteries were each equipped with six 4.5-inch howitzers. Ammunition columns were only formed when a brigade was mobilised for active service. As part of the Haldane reforms in 1908 the men of the former Artillery Militia units of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) joined the part-time Special Reserve as the Royal Field Reserve Artillery. Their wartime role was to form brigade ammunition columns (BACs) for the RFA.

World War I

Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in Europe in August 1914, XII (H) Brigade was stationed in Ireland, under the command of Lt-Col G. Humphreys, with the following dispositions:
 Brigade HQ at Clonmel
 43rd (H) Bty at Fethard
 86th (H) Bty at Clonmel
 87th (H) Bty at Kilkenny
 XII (H) BAC mobilising at Curragh Camp

Under the mobilisation scheme, a number of units in Ireland including XII (H) Bde were assigned to 6th Division of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), which would serve on the Western Front. XII (H) Brigade received the order to mobilise on 5 August, and on 15 August it moved to Queenstown where the batteries boarded SS Cymric bound for Liverpool. On arrival in England it joined 6th Division concentrated in camps around Cambridge and took part in divisional training. Then on 7 September it entrained for Southampton, the port of embarkation for France. 43rd and 86th (H) Btys boarded the transport Kingstonian, 87th (H) Bty on SS Cornishman, while the BAC went on Cornishman and SS Bellerophon.

Western Front
The brigade disembarked at St-Nazaire on 10 September, and entrained for the front. By 13 September, 6th Division had concentrated at Coulommiers, east of Paris, and next day it moved up to join the BEF, which was attacking on the Aisne.

Aisne

6th Division joined III Corps and was initially split up to reinforce the already hard-pressed formations of that corps and I Corps. XII (H) Bde was detached to 5th Division, and after dark on 16 September its batteries 'came into action' near La Pavillon Farm, where they dug in their guns overnight. They opened fire the following day, shelling the dominating village of Chivres and setting it on fire. The brigade's guns fired very little on the morning of 18 September and at noon it was transferred to 4th Division, moving to Venizel where it could observe enemy trenches on the Vregny Plateau. Next day the batteries registered their howitzers on these trenches with the help of an observation aircraft. Aerial observation was already proving its value in the hilly ground along the Aisne: on 21 September 43rd (H) Bty shelled a position where a 'Zeppelin' (probably an observation balloon) was reported to be inflating. Next day Brigade HQ was shot up by a German aircraft. I Corps' HQ also began to exert more control over the artillery, a battery of XII (H) Bde coming under a group that could rapidly switch fire from one point to another of the corps' front. Little happened on 4th Division's front for the next few days, and late on 25 September the brigade was ordered to reconnoitre alternative positions along the river from which it could bring fire to bear on enemy artillery around Pont Rouge; the brigade commander chose positions at Le Moncel. On 26 September 87th (H) Bty was ordered to fire in support of a French attack on trenches by Perriere Farm, but the observation aircraft could not locate the target and the attack was delayed un til 30 September. The fighting of the First Battle of the Aisne was dying down and the front was settling down into Trench warfare. 4th Division continued holding its line, and XII (H) Bde moved sections of howitzers to different positions to bring enemy trenches along the Maubeuge road under fire. 87th (H) Battery shelled a haystack by the road that the Germans were using as an observation post (OP), and the brigade silenced an enemy howitzer battery.

The Race to the Sea then got under way, and the BEF moved north to prevent the German forces outflanking the Allies. XII (H) Brigade reverted to the command of 6th Divisional Artillery (6th DA) on 2 October, and entrained at Longueil-Sainte-Marie on 9–10 October. On arrival at Saint-Omer the brigade was immediately reorganised by 6th DA: 43rd (H) Bty went to XXIV Bde in exchange for 112th Bty, and 87th (H) Bty exchanged with 72nd Bty of XXXVIII Bde. 72nd and 112th Batteries were both equipped with 18-pounder field guns rather than howitzers. XII (H) BAC had to exchange some of its 4.5-inch ammunition waggons for 18-pounder and small arms ammunition waggons.

Armentières

The Germans were advancing between Armentières and La Bassée in an attempt to turn the Allied flank, and as soon as it detrained III Corps advanced via Hazebrouck to meet them. The artillery started off, leaving the infantry to be brought up by French motor buses. On 13 October, 6th Division found the Germans entrenched across their front along the line of the Méterenbecque stream. Their line ran along a low ridge and the town of Méteren, against which III Corps launched an attack at 14.00. launching the Battle of Armentières. XII Brigade came into action north-east of Strazeele, supporting 17th Infantry Brigade. The hazy weather made observation difficult but XII Bde claimed that it was able to provide good support by using forward observation officers (FOOs). The batteries prepared to support a resumption of the attack next morning, but the FOO of 43rd (H) Bty reported that the enemy had vacated their positions during the night. The brigade was ordered up to support 19th Infantry Brigade, marching through Bailleul in heavy rain and halting on the Lille road where it was held up by a traffic jam. The gunners bivouacked in Bailleul that night. Part of 72nd Bty stood by for action as III Corps continued its advance on 15 October, and the brigade was about to return to billets in Bailleul when 6th Division was ordered to secure the bridges over the River Lys at Sailly that evening. XII Brigade advanced beyond Steenwerck and then went into cold and wet bivouacs that night and the whole of the next day.

III Corps began a general advance on 17 October, encountering little opposition as it entered Armentières, and 6th DA moved up through Fleurbaix before going into billets at Bac St Maur. Next day it supported 16th Infantry Brigade, with 86th (H) Bty coming into action at Bois-Grenier. The German resistance had now hardened, and on 19 October 86th (H) and 112nd Btys supported 16th Bde's infantry who were holding a line south of Chateau de Flandres, 72nd Bty coming up from reserve later in the day. Over the coming days the batteries engaged various targets, principally parties of German infantry entrenching their positions. On 20 October the Germans made determined attempts to break through the positions of 1st Battalion Buffs at the chateau, but were halted by effective fire brought down by XII Bde's FOOs. However, the Germans made more progress elsewhere and 6th Division had to give ground. It held its positions around Bois-Grenier for the rest of the month, the artillery giving good support. On 23 October XII Bde drove off some German batteries coming into action near Ennetières church, causing considerable losses.

After the Battle of Armentières died down on 2 November, 6th Division as part of III Corps continued to hold the front in this sector. XII Brigade disposed its batteries such that one section of each was in action at any one time. On 5 November 86th (H) Bty was detached to 4th Division to replace units sent north for the fighting round Messines; it returned on 8 November. There was some firing at enemy-held farms and trenches, and some enemy shelling received in reply, but shortage of ammunition often kept the field artillery inactive through the winter. XII Brigade went into reserve and overhauled its guns in early December, returning to its old positions on 9 December. Despite the shortages of ammunition, XII Bde supported an attack by the neighbouring 7th Division on 18 December. German counter-battery (CB) fire forced 72nd Bty to shift from its positions in January 1915. 6th DA carried out bombardments of German barbed wire and defences on 10 March 1915 as a demonstration to draw attention away from the attack at Neuve Chapelle.

Spring 1915
In February 86th (H) Bty was relieved in the line by an ad hoc four-gun battery under Maj Woodside made up from one section each from 43rd and 87th (H) Btys. 86th (H) Battery and a section of the BAC were attached to the newly arrived 28th Division from 2 to 23 February, and on their return 'Woodside's Battery' left the brigade. On 18 April Lt-Col Humphreys and half the brigade HQ staff were detached to 4th Divisional Artillery at Le Bizet to organise a howitzer group including 87th (H) Bty and Woodside's (now St Clair's) Bty. This was engaged in the Second Battle of Ypres, but was broken up on 29 April and the HQ detachment returned. The rest of the brigade fired regular registration shots and occasionally bombarded a German position, but was otherwise unengaged.

By the spring of 1915, most divisional artilleries in the BEF had a howitzer brigades of just two batteries, and on 18 May 86th (H) Bty was transferred to 127th (H) Bde in 4th DA. 72nd and 112th 18-pounder batteries left to rejoin their original brigades on 27 May, and 43rd and 87th (H) Btys returned to XII (H) Bde. Lieutenant-Col Humphreys was promoted to Brigadier-General and took over as Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA), of 6th Division. Major H.M. Davson joined XII (H) Bde as its new commander, and was later promoted to Lt-Col. The reformed brigade then marched to take over gun positions near Poperinge, with Bde HQ near Vlamertinge.

Hooge

The brigade's new positions were within the Ypres Salient, where 6th Division had been transferred to VI Corps. On 28 July XII Bde HQ moved into Reigersburg Chateau north-wets of Ypres and made arrangements to cover the front of 14th (Light) Division which was fighting at Hooge. 43rd (H) Battery was positioned near the chateau, two guns of 87th (H) Bty at Poitijze and the rest of the battery east of the canal in the northern outskirts of Ypres. From 1 August these batteries carried out daily pre-dawn bombardments of the enemy trenches round Hooge. Although 43rd (H) Bty was firing at a range of , it was able accurately to place shells on German trenches only  from the British positions. The Salient was a particularly dangerous sector, and 87th (H) Bty lost 10 per cent of its strength as casualties during preparations for this battle, mainly among signallers repairing telephone wires to the observation post (OPs). On 2–4 August, 6th Division quietly and unnoticed relieved 14th (L) Division in the line and prepared to make a set-piece attack to recover the lost ground, while neighbouring divisions carried out diversions. Brigadier-Gen Humphreys drew up a careful artillery plan for the attack. On 9 August the brigade carried out a bombardment from 02.45 to 03.15 (indistinguishable from the usual morning 'hate' of preceding days) and the infantry launched their attack at daybreak, having deployed in No man's land close up to the falling shells. 16th and 18th Brigades made a concentric attack and went through the outer defences almost immediately, joining up at Hooge Crater where there was hand-to-hand fighting. Having fired Lyddite high explosive shells in the preliminary bombardment, 87th (H) Bty switched to Shrapnel shell and was able to break up enemy counter-attacks, its fire directed by the battery commander from an OP high up in the tower of the ruined Ypres Cathedral.

After this successful attack there was only desultory firing for the rest of August, and Bde HQ and in September half the sections at a time could be rested in reserve at Watou. On 2 October Brigade HQ took over control of the guns again, with 4th Siege Bty, RGA, under command as well as 87th (H) Bty, which had one gun at La Brique, two at Reigersburg, and three in 'the Hedge'. 43rd (H) Bty relieved 87th (H) Bty in the second half of the month. Much of the work now consisted of improving positions for the coming winter. On 22–3 November the whole brigade withdrew to Watou, and then moved to billets at Lederzeele for overhauls and inspections. On 16 December the two batteries returned to the front, temporarily under the command of the RFA brigades in place. Then on 23 December XII Bde HQ moved up and next day took over a concentrated group of howitzer batteries that could carry out retaliatory bombardments, which was first called upon on 31 December.

There was little change in the new year. At the end of January 1916 XII Bde HQ handed over 43rd and 87th (H) Btys to the other two RFA brigades in line, and moved back to Houtkerque to take charge of the waggon lines for all 10 batteries of 6th DA. Between the nights of 12/13 and 19/20 March the sections of 43rd and 87th (H) Btys were relieved by the divisional artillery of Guards Division and joined Bde HQ and the BAC in a move to Arnèke, where they overhauled equipment and carried out training. On 19 and 20 April XII Bde relieved a brigade of 20th (Light) Division in the north of the Ypres Salient, with Bde HQ at Elverdinge. Here Lt-Col Davson took command of the 'Left Group' of 6th DA's batteries, including 43rd (H) Bty and the whole of XXIV Bde, while 87th (H) Bty joined 'Right Group'. The front was very active, and 6th DA immediately supported an operation on 21 April to recapture trenches at Willow Walk. Two days later the Germans shelled the Elverdinge area and 43rd (H) Bty suffered a number of casualties. The Germans registered their guns again on 24 April and repeated the heavy bombardment of 6th DA's gun and BAC positions around Elverdinge and Poperinge on 26 April, while 6th DA fired retaliatory bombardments. The enemy shelling started a number of fires in the billets and gun positions. These exchanges of fire continued until the end of the month.

Disbandment
In May 1916, the artillery of infantry divisions were reorganised; the pure howitzer brigades were disbanded, and their batteries attached individually to field brigades, to produce mixed brigades of three field batteries and one howitzer battery. XII (H) Brigade was broken up among the other RFA brigades of 6th Division on 12 May:
 43rd (H) Bty (less one section) to XXIV Bde
 87th (H) Bty (less one section) to II Bde
 D (H) Bty (formed from one section from each of the other batteries and the personnel of XII Bde HQ) to XXXVII Bde
 XII (H) BAC absorbed into 6th Divisional Ammunition Column

Home defence
XII Brigade, RFA, was reformed in the UK on 26 November 1917 and assigned to 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division, a 2nd Line Territorial Force (TF) formation whose divisional artillery had been sent to the Mesopotamian Front. The brigade was reformed from former Provisional (home service) TF batteries:

 1203rd (Lowland) Bty
 1204th (Northumberland) Bty
 1207th (Home Counties) Bty
 D (H) Bty

That winter 67th (2nd HC) Division was deployed in Eastern England, with the field artillery between Colchester and Ipswich. It maintained these stations for the rest of the war.

Post-Armistice
After the Armistice with Germany 67th (2nd HC) Division and its units were progressively demobilised, the artillery beginning disbandment in March 1919.

As a unit of the Regular Army, XII Brigade, RFA, was soon reformed. During 1919 a cadre from the disbanded LIX Brigade, RFA, (a Kitchener's Army unit formerly with 11th (Northern) Division) reformed the brigade at Deepcut, the former A/59, B/59 and C/59 batteries being redesignated 157th, 158th and 159th Btys. In addition, 429th (H) Bty, RFA, (which had been converted from No 77 Company, Royal Garrison Artillery, in 1918 and served in 15th Indian Division in Mesopotamia.) joined and became 160th (H) Bty, absorbing D (H)/59 Bty.

However, postwar retrenchment of the Regular Army continued, and a number of units underwent mergers. On 23 March 1920 12th Bde was broken up: Brigade HQ merged into HQ 19th Brigade, RFA, 157th, 158th and 159th Btys were disbanded, and 160th (H) Bty transferred to 13th Brigade, RFA.

The existing XL Bde was then renumbered XII Bde and served under that designation through the interwar years. In 1938 it became 12th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, and served in the defence of Malta during World War II before being converted into a medium artillery regiment under a different designation.

Footnotes

Notes

References

 L.S. Amery (ed), The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899–1902, London: Sampson Low, Marston, 7 Vols 1900–09.
 Maj A.F. Becke, History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-38-X.
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26), London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 4: The Army Council, GHQs, Armies, and Corps 1914–1918, London: HM Stationery Office, 1944/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-43-6.
 Lt-Col H.M. Davson, The History of the 35th Division in the Great War, London: Sifton Praed, 1926/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-84342-643-9.
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1914, Vol I, 3rd Edn, London: Macmillan,1933/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-01-9/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-611-3
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1914, Vol II, London: Macmillan, 1925/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 1-870423-55-0/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-612-0.
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds and Capt G.C. Wynne, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1915, Vol I, London: Macmillan, 1927/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 1-870423-87-9/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-718-3.
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1915, Vol II, London: Macmillan, 1928/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 0-89839-219-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-719-0.
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-02-7/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-615-1.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988, ISBN 1-870114-05-1.
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
 Hart's Annual Army List.
 Maj-Gen Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery, from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Vol II, (1889–1914), London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-845740-43-6.
 Maj-Gen Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery, from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Vol III, Campaigns (1860–1914), London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1940/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-845740-44-3.
 Rayne Kruger, Goodbye Dolly Gray, London: Cassell 1959/Pan 1974, ISBN 0-330-23861-2.
 Lt-Col M.E.S. Lawes, Battery Records of the Royal Artillery, 1859–1877, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1970.
 Maj-Gen Sir Frederick Maurice, History of the War in South Africa, London: Hurst & Blackett, 4 Vols, 1906–10.

External sources
 Anglo-Boer War
 Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail

Royal Field Artillery brigades
Military units and formations established in 1900
Military units and formations of the Second Boer War
Artillery units and formations of World War I
Military units and formations disestablished in 1920

12th (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery


Space pirates are a type of stock character from science fiction. A take on the traditional seafaring pirates of history or the fictional air pirates of the 19th century, space pirates travel through outer space. Where traditional pirates target sailing ships, space pirates serve a similar role in sci-fi media: they capture and plunder spacecraft for cargo, loot and occasionally steal spacecraft, and kill or enslave the crewmembers and passengers.

In science fiction

The archetype evolved from the air pirate trope popular from the turn of the century until the 1920s. By the 1930s, space pirates were recurring villains in the Buck Rogers comic strip. However, their dress and speech may vary; it may correspond to the particular author's vision of the future, rather than their seafaring precursors. On the other hand, space pirates may be modeled after stereotypical sea pirates. They may be humans who originate from Earth or a specific race of aliens. Space pirates are common in space opera and soft science fiction, including within Japanese anime narratives and erotica.

1920s to the 1960s
In 1925, Hugo Gernsback's science fiction novel, Ralph 124C 41+ featured a space pirate as a character. The book centers around a love story between the protagonist, Ralph and a civil scientist, with a space pirate from Mars also "vying for her affections," part of the scientific speculation of the novel itself. Around the same time, author Henry Edward Warner, who composed his poems which were assembled in a 1929 book, Songs of the Craft, began writing various poems, including some about the "so-called space pirate."
Six years later, in November 1935, Stanley G. Weinbaum's novella, The Red Peri appeared in the science fiction magazine Astounding Stories. In the novel, the primary character, Peri, is a space pirate who has a base on the Moon. The novel was praised for imaginative backgrounds, although its romance was considered to be at the level of "shopgirl pulps," and writing which leaves "much to be desired," David Bowman's helmetless spacewalk in 2001: A Space Odyssey was inspired by Frank Keene's escape from the pirate base in the novel. Following this, in 1940, Jack Williamson's story Hindsight, a space opera, included a character named Astrarch. He was a space pirate and dictator of the solar system, with the story focusing on an attempt by those on Earth to break free of his shackles.

The 1950s brought with it a blossoming of science fiction, including a focus on computers, space travel, and outer space in general. This included Murray Leinster's novel, The Pirates of Zan, which included a "space pirate much like his typical maritime counterpart in appearance." Alfred Bester said that it wasn't until Astounding Stories was rescued from an "abyss of space pirates, mad scientists" that he was able to go back to the publication.

By 1969 there was a turn to outer space on television, with heroes changing from cowboys to "Space-Pirate-Cowboys." One year after Turner patented his game, Stanislaw Lem published The Cyberiad, a book in which two constructors named Trurl and Klapaucius are "captured by a space pirate who pillages and hoards information." In order to be freed from him, they build something which interprets "the movement of air molecules as information" and the pirate underestimates how much information is within the movement, and he is buried in a "mountain of paper filled with useless information." Later in the 1960s, six episodes of the sixth season of the live-action television show Doctor Who featured a gang of space pirates, with the galaxy being described as spanned by a game between those who enforce the law and pirates like Dervish and Caven who will "apparently stop at nothing to continue their lucrative racket."

1970s to the 1990s
In the 1977 film Star Wars, the character Han Solo, who helps Luke Skywalker on his journey, is often described as a space pirate, being a smuggler and a rogue who will flee conflict despite his bravado. The same year, Leiji Matsumoto created the iconic manga series Space Pirate Captain Harlock. The character of Captain Harlock is a "mysterious space pirate captain" fighting to protect the world, which some saw as an homage to samurais, and the stories would inspire many other characters in the years to come. Some said that
Captain Harlock "set the template for anime's "space pirate" archetype." In 1978, Daniel C. Dennett proposed a philosophical question where a viewer would have to answer three questions correctly in order to "save the world from a space pirate." The following year, the first book in Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series featured space pirates. In the story, Ford Prefect, a main character, explains that the trade routes between the center of the galaxy and outer areas were disrupted in the past by space pirates, but that they were "wiped out in the Dordellis wars," with freighter ships equipped with huge space ships thereafter. Adams also wrote a tale of space piracy in his 1978 Doctor Who serial The Pirate Planet, where pirates move a hollow planet through space.

The 1980s also brought Captain Zargon, a space pirate, and a representation of "space-age warfare," part of the Action Man toy series released by Hasbro. 1984 brought various stories including space pirates. John Steakley's novel Armor, an homage to Starship Troopers, a novel by Robert A. Heinlein published in 1959, introduces a proagonist named Felix. In the 1990 sequel, Vampires$, Jack Crow, an antihero is introduced, who is a " legendary space pirate" which may have been the "source for Johnny Depp's Jack Sparrow." The same year that Armor was published, the film, The Ice Pirates was first shown in U.S. theaters. Apart from the film being noteworthy for its cheeky, obviously cut-rate production values, mid-eighties "color-blind casting", sexual frankness, and near-deliberately slack "sitcom" direction, the film included space pirates. TCM described the film as about two space pirates being dragooned "into helping a princess find her father." The first video game in the long-running Metroid series was released in 1986. Its alien space pirate antagonists, the lizard-like Kraid and the draconic Ridley, as well as their leader, the biocomputer Mother Brain, would go on to feature in numerous future games as the nemeses of protagonist Samus Aran. The same year, Lois McMaster Bujold's novel The Warrior's Apprentice was published. The book's main character, Miles Vorkosigan, is an antihero, aristocrat, soldier, and space pirate, beginning in this novel and continuing in the Vorkosigan Saga series.

The 1990s brought various space pirates. The 1994 game Super Metroid continued the space pirate theme, having Samus chase after Ridley and his pirates. In addition, the Stephen R. Donaldson novels, This Day All Gods Die (1997) and Forbidden Knowledge (1992) include a space pirate by the name of Nick Succorso. This portrayal was criticized by the fact that Succorso may have raped the protagonist, Morn, in the latter novel, depending on how one defines the term, rape.

2000s to the 2010s

The early 2000s had many space pirates as well. The anime series, FLCL, the first series which aired between 2000 and 2001, focused on the story of a carefree female rockstar who wants to "save a space pirate" from an industrial corporation with the help of main character, Nandaba Naoto. In 2002, the video game Zathura would feature space pirates as some challenges that the protagonists need to overcome. More directly, in the game Metroid Prime, which came out the same year, there is a space pirate research facility, space pirates doing "biological experiments" on creatures, natural resources, and themselves, and the pirates having an interest in mystical liquid energy. The game also includes a research area led by space pirates, monsters bred by the same pirates that try to attack the player, and the pirates threatening to destroy precious artifacts. It would later be made into a film titled Zathura: A Space Adventure. In 2005, the film, Serenity featured a space pirate named Captain Malcolm Reynolds, who said that he "aim[s] to misbehave." He would be described by some as "good at heart" and a romantic figure. Following this, in 2009, Chris Wooding would publish a novel, Retribution Falls which some described as a "space/pirate fantasy" and a space racing game named Hooping which features pirate ships which can fire on the player with lasers, cannons, fireballs, or other projectiles.

In the 2011 novel, The Martian, adapted as a 2015 motion picture, botanist Mark Watney declares he is the first "space pirate." This garnered some discussion, with various scholars debating whether he is a space pirate, asking if his actions constitute piracy. One scholar, Christian J. Robson, stated that like in Andy Weir's Artemis, maritime law applies in space, allowing for Watney to make this claim, and argued that space law would also apply in this novel. The line about space piracy was retained in the 2015 film.
The Martian was not alone in this. In 2014, a game named Quing's Quest VII premiered. The game itself pitted the player and their lover/advisor, a genderfluid "Social Justice Pirate" named Nero against forces named Misogynerds that destroyed their planet. In The Expanse novel and TV series, space piracy is seen as a big issue with multiple organizations forming to fight off the pirates.

The later 2010s had their share of space pirates. In 2016, a reviewer in The Catholic Library World reviewed Leslie Staub's children's novel, Time for Earth School, Dewey Dew, which included a space pirate. The story's main character, Niko, asked his cousin to come for a ride in his spaceship, but before this can happen, a female space pirate whisks her away, as he tries to get find her, complete with various illustrations to "capture the mood of the story." Also that year, Michael J. Martinez, who authored the Daedalus series, which involves pirates in space and Mars, was interviewed. He said he was excited by the "notion of putting a sailing ship in space" after seeing the 2002 animated film, Treasure Planet, which features space pirates, but was disappointed. The idea was invigorated when he saw the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, wondering what the notion of sailing ships in space, with a Napoleonic era setting in the Solar System, would be like. Also that year, two other stories featuring space pirates premiered. Specifically, Nicolette Barischoff's story, "Pirate Songs" included a disabled space pirate with a glass eye named Margo who uses a high-tech chair for mobility, and The Waves Project, a webcomic, features a space pirate named Beck, who finds himself in the seedy underground of Aezerea, an "Earth-like moon." The following year, the 2017 film, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, featured Han Solo, who is described as a "grizzled" and "underdog" space pirate with his fellow pirate, Chewbacca, and the Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 film featured scenes with a blue-skinned space pirate named Yondu. A science fiction novel titled Barbary Station came out the same year, focusing on space pirates. The next year brought the film, Solo: A Star Wars Story to theaters. One of the film's characters, Val, was compared to a space pirate as she engages in heists and criminal activity. In March of the following year, a comic series titled Astro Hustle, described as a "sexy space pirate romp," began its four-issue mini-series. Accompanying this was the publication of Alastair Reynolds's novel Shadow Captain with the main character, Fura, taking in some of the personality of a ruthless space pirate, Bosa Sennen, from the previous novel, returning from his ship. This was the sequel to his 2016 novel, Revenger, the latter which features an "attack by horrifyingly sadistic pirate": Sennen. It was also described as a "swashbuckling thriller" and an "emotionally raw trilogy about a space pirate crew looking for collapsed planets." Roy McBride, main character of the film Ad Astra, fights with space pirates on the Moon before traveling to Mars. The film's screenplay mentions "mining pirates" and "pirate activity."

2020 to present
In 2020, various stories and narratives featured space pirates. In the young adult novel, Aphotic by D. R. Mattox, a main character, Ko, is shipped off onto a "self-driving, unmanned pirate ship" en route to a training camp.
The Korean science fiction film Space Sweepers has a main cast of space pirates who discover a humanoid robot created as a weapon of mass destruction. This includes Captain Jang, a "mysterious ex-space pirate." L. Neil Smith's 2020 novel Henry Martyn focuses on pirates in space, specifically protagonist Henry Martyn, who tutors another to become a pirate and take up his name.

In February 2021, CBR called Hondo Ohnaka, who had appeared in Star Wars: The Clone Wars leading a group of pirates, a "lovable space pirate and smuggler," who mentors one of the protagonists of Star Wars Rebels, Ezra, with the crew of his ship reluctantly accepting him as an ally. While Hyenas, a first-person shooter revolving around space pirates who steal pop-culture relics from wealthy Martian colonists, was planned for release in 2023, it was cancelled by Sega due to a lack of confidence in its profitability.

In the real world
Some have considered the idea of space pirates operating in the Solar System, with the possibility of a space-based economy, asteroid mining, debates over Extraterrestrial real estate and other space law questions. In 2018, Michael Viets proposed adding "space piracy" into the lexicon of international law and in 2019, legal scholars Alex Ramsey and Jessica Ramsey asked what would be "responsible actors" in space, saying they would not include those who are "some form of a space pirate," adding that the United States would determine the "responsible" parties in space. In May 2019, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz spoke in a congressional hearing, stating that "pirates threaten the open seas, and the same is possible in space", and defending the creation of the Space Force.

In 2019, American entrepreneur Nova Spivack declared he was the "first space pirate" for smuggling tardigrades to the Moon on board an Arch Mission Foundation lander without informing the Israeli launch company SpaceIL. Items have been taken into space without permission since the mid 1960s.

List of space pirate media

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Work || Years || Medium || Description
|-
| The Red Peri|| 1935 || Novella || Peri is the novel's protagonist and space pirate who has a base on the Moon. Additionally, some said that "the background is imaginative, but the romance is on the level of the shopgirl pulps, and the writing leaves much to be desired," with David Bowman's helmetless spacewalk in 2001: A Space Odyssey inspired by Frank Keene's escape from the pirate base the novel.
|-
| Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids|| 1953 || Novel || Juvenile science fiction penned by Isaac Asimov.
|-
| The Space Pirates|| 1969 || Television serial || A Doctor Who serial starring the Second Doctor. The TARDIS materializes in the midst of a pitched battle between space pirates and the Army Space Corps. The pirates dismantle space beacons for their scrap value of a rare material.
|-
| "The Pirates of Orion"|| 1974 || Television episode || An episode of Star Trek: The Animated Series, the crew of the USS Enterprise are threatened by a band of space pirates. In the episode, these Orions are shown to be ruthless pirates, As such, some recommended this episode for featuring the trio of characters Kirk, Spock, and Bones of The Original Series. Later, the Orion Syndicate was mentioned in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, but no actual Orions were seen, only members of other species.
|-
| The Pirate Planet|| 1978 || Television serial || A Doctor Who serial starring the Fourth Doctor, written by The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy creator Douglas Adams. A band of space pirates use their own planet to drain the life force of other planets by materializing around them, the Captain has a giant robot parrot.
|-
| The Ice Pirates || 1984 || Film || Space pirates raid cargo vessels carrying ice, in a system where water is scarce.
|-
| Metroid series|| 1986–present || Video game || Space pirates are the series' primary enemies.
|-
| Space Quest III: The Pirates of Pestulon||1989|| Video game || Roger visits a variety of locations, including a fast food restaurant called Monolith Burger and a desert planet called Phleebhut. At the latter, he encounters trouble, as Arnoid the Annihilator (an Arnold Schwarzenegger-like android terminator) persecutes him for not paying for a whistle acquired in Space Quest II. From the information he picks up there and at Monolith Burger, Roger eventually uncovers the sinister activities of a video game company known as ScumSoft, run by the "Pirates of Pestulon".
|-
| Planet Pirates series|| 1990–1991 || Novel || Trilogy of novels by Anne McCaffrey.
|-
| Sol Bianca|| 1990-1991 || Original video animation || The name of the 1990 OVA is also the name of the ship that serves as both the home and the interstellar headquarters for an all-female band of notorious pirates. Thanks to a stowaway who hides aboard their ship following one of their raids, they learn of the ultimate treasure: the Gnosis (pronounced "G'Nohsis" in dialogue), an artifact reputedly from old Earth itself. The second OVA, in 1991, centers around the crew encountering pirates "with a grudge," and their ship is "hit by a missile containing a virus. A single video game was released based on the series for the PC Engine CD-ROM² on June 29, 1990 by NCS exclusively in Japan. It's a role-playing video game. It featured the ship's crew from Sol Bianca and offered seven episodes.
|-
| Path of the Fury|| 1992 || Novel || Written by David Weber, after a woman's family is slain by space pirates she is possessed by a Fury and seeks revenge.
|-
| Wing Commander: Privateer|| 1993 || Video game || A space pirate computer game based in the Wing Commander universe. A television series based on Privateer was planned to debut sometime in 1997. An unofficial fan remake entitled Wing Commander: Privateer - Gemini Gold was made using the Vega Strike engine and released in 2005.
|-
| Space Pirates|| 1992 || Video game || The player assumes the role of a star ranger (as in all American Laser Games releases except Who Shot Johnny Rock?, the player character's name is not given, and he is referred to throughout the game as "Star Ranger") who picks up and responds to a transmission by Ursula Skye, the commander of a starship called Colonial Star One. The SOS call lets the star ranger know that the ship has been invaded by an evil group called the Black Brigade, led by Captain Talon. As the entire colony on board the ship is in danger, the player answers the distress call. Following a short target practice tutorial, consisting of shooting at fast-moving asteroids, the player heads out to the Black Dragon to defeat the space pirates. Some praised the game for "mindless fun", liking the game's futuristic setting, saying that the imaginative characters and scenery make the game much more visually appealing and atmospheric than most full motion video games. Others complained that American Laser Games' usage of the same basic format for all their games was becoming tiresome, but acknowledged that the game had good quality video and enjoyable acting and gameplay. They scored it two out of five stars, deeming it "entertaining enough, in a brain-dead sort of way".
|-
| Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie || 1995 || Film || The antagonists of the film are space pirates who are involved in mass kidnappings of children on behalf of Queen Badiane, who intends to use the power of their dreams to absorb the Earth into her Black Dream Hole.
|-
| Outlaw Star|| 1997–present || Manga, Television series || Gene Starwind and Jim Hawkins are machine repairmen who meet Hilda, a space outlaw, and through clashes with others like her, they end up "on the run with her and the cargo" that the outlaws want.
|-
| Independence War || 1998 || Video game || Pirates and terrorists are the target of the player in this space combat game. Followed by Independence War 2: Edge of Chaos in 2001.
|-
| Space Pirate{{efn|Not to be confused with the 1992 arcade game by American Laser of the same name, the 1994 DOS game also with the same name, or || 2011–Present || Online/in-browser Video game || In this video game, the player has to kill all the space pirates attacking you by "placing towers" in different locations.
|-
| Rayman 2: The Great Escape|| 1999 || Video game || Platform game where robo-pirates from deep space have invaded Rayman's world and broken its heart into a thousand pieces of energy.
|-
| Sol Bianca: The Legacy|| 1999–2000 || Television miniseries || In this six-episode mini-series, a group of five pirates travel across the galaxy, chased by the "army of the entire solar system."
|-
| Treasure Planet|| 2002 || Film || Disney animated space opera version of the novel Treasure Island, the cast try to locate the treasure hoard of space pirate Captain Flint.
|-
| Rogue Galaxy|| 2005 || Video game || When the game begins, the storyline follows a linear path, but at a certain point, the game world opens up, and the player is free to move from planet to planet using the pirate ship, Dorgenark. When Jaster learns they are space pirates working for the legendary Dorgengoa, he decides to join, maintaining the ruse that he is Desert Claw.
|-
| Galactic North|| 2006 || Short story || This story starts in the year 2303, when Captain Irravel Veda of the lighthugger Hirondelle, her second-in-command Markarian, and some fraction of their Ultranaut crew are ambushed by pirates while engaged in an unexpected repair stopover in a cloud of rocks and cometary matter in the charted but uninhabited star system Luyten 726-8. She briefly considers activating the "Greenfly" terraforming Von Neumann machines being transported on board, which she believes would easily be able to swarm and dismantle the pirate vessel and probably aid in repair as well. She rejects this option, however, and their ship is captured by the infamous terroristic pirate Run Seven. She is tortured to reveal the codes to the security protecting her ship's cargo – twenty thousand colonists' cryopreserved bodies – but refuses due to intense psychological conditioning that makes her view the cargo as her children and do anything to protect them. Pirates also appear in the short story, "Weather," as the shipmaster, Inigo, finds a girl on a pirate ship.
|-
| Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction|| 2007 || Video game || The main character, Ratchet, fights through hordes of robotic Space Pirates led by Captain Romulus Slag. This game is followed by Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty, where Ratchet again fights the Space Pirates.
|-
| Space Pirates || 2007-2008 || Children's television series || A TV series that was aired on The BBC's CBeebies Channel between 2007 and 2008. The show is primarily aimed at children aged from four to six years old, although the show is designed to reach all ages and "bring the whole family together to explore a diverse range of musical performances."
|-
| Miniskirt Space Pirates/Bodacious Space Pirates|| 2008–present|| Light novel/ Television series || In the far future where space travel is the norm, Marika Kato, born and raised in the Tau Ceti planet Morningstar, is the newly recruited teenage captain of the space pirate ship Bentenmaru, inheriting the title from her deceased father. Apart from the anime series, she appears in the manga series of the same name, and the 2014 film, Bodacious Space Pirates: Abyss of Hyperspace. Other pirates in the show included Marika's mother, once known as "Blaster Ririka" and wife of Gonzaemon Kato (otherwise known as Captain Ironbeard), Captain Kenjo Kurihara of the Barbaroosa, helmsman Shane McDougal of the Barbaroosa, Quartz Christie of the Grand Cross, The Legendary Chef who runs the Pirate's Nest, heir to the Barbaroosa (Chiaki Kurihara), and those on the crew of the Bentenmaru. These include Misa Grandwood, Kane McDougal, Hyakume, Coorie, Schnitzer, San-Daime, and Luca.
|-
| Fallout 3: Mothership Zeta|| 2009 || Video game || In this side-quest for Fallout 3, the Vault Dweller is abducted by aliens and must form a space pirate crew with fellow survivors, like Sally, in order to seize control of the flying saucer, steal advanced alien equipment, and teleport back to the Wastes.
|-
| Space Pirates and Zombies (S.P.A.Z.) || 2011-2012 || Video game. || S.P.A.Z. is an open-world game which allows players to choose which tasks to undertake during play. Players can take the role of space pirates "looking to explore the universe, expand their fleet, and make a buck or two in the process," as the player builds up their pirate fleet, allowing them to "negotiate feuding factions and eventually take on the zombie horde."
|-
| Chronicle: Unit Eight || 2020 || Video game || This game on Steam was released which challenges players to take down a fleet of space pirates.
|-
|The Mechanisms|2010-2020
|Band
|A "band of immortal space pirates, roaming the universe on the Starship Aurora". Nine members at their peak, all with one or more mechanical body parts- made by the vampire Doctor Carmilla, who they eventually threw out of an airlock- the Mechanisms tell stories of the people they've met through their eons in the stars; often science fiction or steampunk reworkings of mythologies or classic works. They have a penchant for violence and crime- a police officer notes that first mate Jonny d'Ville has "literally committed every crime we have a name for". Their final album, Death to the Mechanisms, marks their end, both in and out of character.
|}

See also
 Outlaw (stock character)
 Space Cowboy (disambiguation)
 Space marine
 Space Western
 List of fictional pirates
 The Five Gold Bands''
 Pirates in popular culture
 List of pirate films

Notes

References

External links
 How to become a space pirate in Business Insider
 Christian Powell, "Cancer Spaceship," 2013

Fictional pirates
Science fiction characters

Stock characters

Space pirate


Michael Christopher Luckhurst (born March 31, 1958) is an English retired American football placekicker.  One of the earliest British-born players in NFL history, he played his entire professional career with the Atlanta Falcons.

Early life
Luckhurst was born on March 31, 1958, in Redbourn, Hertfordshire. He attended St Columba's College, St Albans in his home county (an academy equivalent to elementary plus high school in the USA).  He then attended Balls Park teacher college in Hertford.  As an exchange student to St. Cloud State University in Minnesota he decided to try out for the football team as part of a thesis project, and was soon impressing the coaches with 60+ yard field goals.  Eventually he landed at the University of California at Berkeley, where he starred in rugby as well as American football.

Luckhurst was a full back and key player in leading the Cal Golden Bears to their first national collegiate rugby title in 1980, making 14 of 17 penalty kicks and 18 of 19 conversions during the season. He was the MVP in title game against the Air Force Academy, when he scored on two penalty kicks and a drop kick, accounting for 9 of Cal's 15 points in their come-from-behind win.  Also according to an opponent in the championship game, "On several occasions he chased down one of our kicks and just before being tackled by our wing, kicked the ball backward over his head about 30 meters and into touch. Really frustrating."

In football, he scored 60 points in each of his two seasons 1979 and 1980.  He also held the record for the longest field goal in California history for many years, a 54-yard boot against Oregon State in 1979.

NFL career
Luckhurst joined the Atlanta Falcons in 1981 as an undrafted free agent.  His first professional field goal was in the exhibition Hall of Fame game against the Cleveland Browns in August 1981.  Eventually he beat out Tim Mazzetti, who himself was a successful former free agent.  Luckhurst went on to make  the Professional Football Writer's all-rookie team. He remained with the team until the 1987 NFL season. Luckhurst scored a rushing touchdown on a fake field goal for the team in their January 1983 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings, the only rushing attempt of his career. At the time of his retirement, Luckhurst was the team's all-time leading scorer with 558 points.

Retirement
After his playing days, Luckhurst became the face of American Football coverage on Channel 4 in his native UK between 1987 and 1991. Conversely, he was also an analyst for the American TV station TNT during its coverage of the 1990 World Cup.

On 26 October 2014, Luckhurst was part of the ceremonial coin toss at Wembley Stadium as the Atlanta Falcons faced the Detroit Lions in an International Series game.

References

Living people
1958 births
People from Redbourn
English players of American football
American football placekickers
California Golden Bears football players
Atlanta Falcons players
Association football commentators
People educated at St Columba's College, St Albans
Footballers who switched code
St. Cloud State University alumni

Mick Luckhurst


Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (; 26 September 1526 – 11 June 1569) was member of the Wittelsbach family of the Counts Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1532. With the support of his regent, his uncle Rupert (later made the Count of Veldenz), Wolfgang introduced the Reformation to Zweibrücken in 1537.

Biography
He was the only son of Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of William I, Landgrave of Hesse. His father died in 1532, so the regency of Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to Louis' younger brother Rupert until 1543. In 1557 Wolfgang received the territory of Palatinate-Neuburg in accordance with the Contract of Heidelberg. In 1548 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V occupied his Protestant territories and reintroduced Catholic practices. Wolfgang regained his territories in 1552.  Despite the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 several ecclesiastical states in Germany were secularised in 1557, a few of which Wolfgang obtained. In 1566 he served as a cavalry officer in the Turkish Wars.

In 1569 he came to the aid of French Huguenots with 14,000 mercenaries during the Third of the French Wars of Religion (his intervention was financed in part by Queen Elizabeth I of England).  He invaded Burgundy, but was killed in the conflict.

He was buried in Meisenheim.

Succession
When the young Wolfgang's father died, his uncle Rupert had served as the child's regent. In 1543, when Wolfgang reached majority and took on the responsibility of office, he enacted the Marburg Contract, giving Rupert the County of Veldenz.

After his death, Wolfgang's remaining land was split among his five sons who then created three branches:
Philip Louis (House of Palatinate-Neuburg), John (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken) and Charles (House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld). Otto Henry and Frederick had no surviving sons.

The House of Palatinate-Neuburg inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1685 and by its cadet branch Palatinate-Sulzbach also Bavaria in 1777.
The House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld then inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate and Bavaria in 1799.
The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy in Sweden from 1654 onwards through its cadet branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg.

Family and children
He was married in 1545 to Anna of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. They had the following children:
 Countess Palatine Christine (1546 – 1619).
 Philipp Ludwig of Pfalz-Neuburg (1547–1614), married Anna of Cleves (1552–1632), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.  Their grandson was Philip William, Elector Palatine.
 John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1550–1604), married his sister-in-law Magdalene (1553–1633), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.  Their grandson was Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
 Countess Palatine Dorothea Agnes (1551–1552).
 Countess Palatine Elisabeth (1553–1554).
 Countess Palatine Anna (1554–1576).
 Countess Palatine Elisabeth (1555–1625).
 Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1556–1604), married Dorothea Maria of Württemberg.
 Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (1557–1597), married Katharina Sophie of Legnica.
 Countess Palatine Barbara (1559 – 1618), married on 7 November 1591 Gottfried, Count of Oettingen-Oettingen.
 Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1560–1600), married Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg and became ancestor to the line of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and the Dukes in Bavaria and later Kings of Bavaria.
 Countess Palatine Maria Elisabeth (1561–1629), married in 1585 Emich XII, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg.
 Countess Palatine Susanna (1564–1565).

Ancestors

References
 Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon

External links
 Die Genealogie der Wittelsbacher

Wolfgang of Zweibrücken
Wolfgang of Zweibrücken
Counts Palatine of Neuburg
Counts Palatine of Sulzbach
House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
House of Wittelsbach
Military personnel killed in action
Christians of the Crusades
Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken
People of the French Wars of Religion
Burials in Rhineland-Palatinate
People from Zweibrücken
Military personnel from Rhineland-Palatinate

Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken