The Cystic Fibrosis Trust (stylised as Cystic Fibrosis) is a UK-based national charity founded in 1964, dealing with all aspects of cystic fibrosis (CF). It funds research to treat and cure CF and aims to ensure appropriate clinical care and support for people with cystic fibrosis.

Objectives
Its objectives are:

 To fund medical and scientific research into effective treatments and the development of a cure for cystic fibrosis;
 To ensure appropriate clinical care for those with cystic fibrosis;
 To provide information, advice, support and, where appropriate, financial assistance to anyone affected by cystic fibrosis.

Research
The aim of the Cystic Fibrosis Trust research is to understand, treat and cure cystic fibrosis.  The Cystic Fibrosis Trust is the major funder of medical and scientific CF research in the UK.  The Trust's research falls into two main categories:

Gene therapy – The Trust currently invests over £3 million a year in a programme of research into gene therapy, in order to make it a clinical reality in the foreseeable future.  Gene therapy aims to add a healthy copy of the faulty CF gene to the lung.  The Cystic Fibrosis Trust has brought together over 40 of the UK's leading scientists to drive this research forward through the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium.  The scientists have developed a product which they plan to take to clinical trials in 2008.  These trials will cost an additional £4.7 million.
Medical and Scientific research – The Trust supports research aimed at treating and curing the symptoms of CF and improving the lives of those with the condition.  The Trust currently spends around £1 million a year on this non-gene therapy research.

Clinical care
Cystic fibrosis is a complex disease requiring considerable specialist treatment.  In the last fifteen years, the Trust has helped to set up and staff 45 specialist CF treatment centres throughout the UK.  Since 1997, the Cystic Fibrosis Trust has invested over £10 million in the NHS to improve clinical care for the 8,000 people in the UK with CF; helping fund doctors, nurses and multidisciplinary teams.

The Cystic Fibrosis Trust sets the national standard on clinical care; provides and funds a UK CF Clinical Database; and measures levels of service provision.  The Trust's Expert Patient Advisers (who all have CF) work with health providers and government to influence and improve the care of those with CF across the UK.

Information, advice and support
The Cystic Fibrosis Trust provides a confidential, 9–5 Monday to Friday helpline service for advice and support on all aspects of cystic fibrosis.  The Trust also offers information and advice to those affected, along with their families and friends, schools and employers and anyone interested in cystic fibrosis.  The Trust also advise families on benefits and, where appropriate, provides financial assistance and welfare grants.

Community support
The Cystic Fibrosis Trust receives donations and support from local communities.  In addition to the contributions, fundraising efforts have been undertaken by UK artist Jenny Wicks in 2009 with her photographic art exhibition, short documentary and book titled Root Ginger.  The exhibition describes the recessive gene inheritance pattern that causes ginger, or red, hair – the same inheritance pattern that causes cystic fibrosis. A portion of the proceeds from the exhibition and book sales will go to the Cystic Fibrosis Trust.

See also
 List of cystic fibrosis organizations
 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
 Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

References

External links
 The Cystic Fibrosis Trust
 UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium

Health charities in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1964
Cystic fibrosis organizations
Rare disease organizations

Cystic Fibrosis Trust


The coat o airms o Chile dates frae 1834 an wis designed bi the Inglis airtist Charles Wood Taylor. It is made up bi a figurative backgrund dividit in twa equal pairts: the tap ane is blue an the bottom, red. A five pointit white starn is in the centre o the shield. This backgrund is supportit in ane side bi a condor, the maist significant bird o prey frae the Andes, an in the ither, bi a huemul, the maist singular an rare mammal o the Chilean territory. Baith ainimals hae in thair heids the navy's gowden croun, seembol o the heroic deeds o the Chilean Navy in the Paceefic Ocean.

The coat o airms is crouned bi a three feathered crest; each feather bearin ane colour: blue, white an reid. This crest wis a seembol o distinction that umwhile Presidents o the Republic uised tae wear on thair hats.

Unnerneath the coat o airms an on the ellaboratit pedestal, thare is a white baund wi the motto: "Por la Razón o la Fuerza" ("Bi reason or bi force").

This emblem is the last o a series o variations due tae diverse circumstances an unnerstaundins.

The first Coat o airms

The first Coat o airms wis established durin the office o Preses José Miguel Carrera, in 1812. It wis designed ower an oval in which centre wis depictit a column representin the Tree o Freedom. On tap o this column wis a terrestrial globe; ower the globe, a lance an a palm leaf crossed an ower thir twa, a starn.

Staundin, on baith sides o the fixture, wis the figure o a woman an a man, baith indigenous. On tap o aathing wis written, in Laitin, "Post Tenebras Lux" ("Efter the Daurkness, Licht") an at the bottom, "Aut Consilio Aut Ense" ("Bi Cooncil or bi Sword").

In 1817 twa new Coats o airms emerged, baith variations o this last ane, but did no last lang.

Transitory coat o airms

Twa years later, on 23 September 1819, a new project for a coat o airms wis approved in the Senate. It wis a daurk blue field, wi a column staundin on a white marble pedestal in the middle. On tap o this column, the new American warld wi the wird "Freedom" ower it. Abuin this sign, a five pointit starn, representin the Province o Santiago. Twa seemilar starns, representin Concepción an Coquimbo, wur at each side o the column.

This combination o elements wis surroondit bi twa sma branches o laurel wi thair buds tied wi a tricolor ribbon. Aroond this ribbon, the whole aromory o the kintra wis depictit in strict order: cavalry, infantry, dragons, artillery an bombardiers.

Tae complete the Coat o airms, an indigenous man held it wi his haunds ower his heid, while sittin on an American cayman wi ane fuit restin on the Horn o Plenty. The cayman haed, in its jaws, the Lion o Castile, whose croun laid fallen on ane side an wis hauldin the ripped Spainyie banner wi its front paws.

Freemit airtins
Sobre los verdaderos simbolos patrios de Chile simbolospatrios.cl
Gallery of Chilean coats of arms

Chile
Naitional seembols o Chile

Coat o airms o Chile


Kornigou are cakes baked in the shape of antlers to commemorate the god of winter shedding his "cuckold" horns as he returns to his kingdom in the Otherworld. This tradition is typically upheld in Celtic households in Brittany and is enacted during Samhain (Halloween). It is a distinctly Pagan tradition which continues to this day.

The kornigou cake was made by the ancient Celts, over 2000 years ago. It is traditionally made of fruit and spices.

References

Additional reading

French cakes
French cuisine
Breton cuisine

Kornigou


Brit Sandaune (born 5 June 1972) is a Norwegian footballer and pre-school teacher. She is originally from the rural area of Skatval in the municipality of Stjørdal, Nord-Trøndelag, and is educated in economy and administration. Brit is today settled in Trondheim with her cohabitant Roy Nilsen.

Football
Brit Sandaune has (per 2001) won six league championships and seven Norwegian national championship (with Trondheims-Ørn SK) in women's soccer.  She is an Olympic Gold and Bronze medallist.

Sandaune played 120 international matches for Norway, scoring nine goals.  With the Norway team she went to the Olympic Games in 1996 in Atlanta, winning Bronze.  Four years later at the Sydney Olympics she won Gold with the Norwegian team. In July 2002 Brit reached 100 matches played for the A-team. She got the Fair Play prize in woman soccer in 2000.

At club level Sandaune played a record 507 matches for Trondheims-Ørn, winning the Norwegian cup competition eight times and the Toppserien league seven times between 1993 and 2003.

External links
 Profile on Tronheim-Ørn

Norwegian women's footballers
1972 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Norway
FIFA Women's Century Club
Olympic medalists in football
Toppserien players
SK Trondheims-Ørn players
Norway women's international footballers
Women's association football players not categorized by position
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup players

Brit Sandaune


The Tudek Site is an archaeological site located near State College in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States.  Used as a stone quarry by prehistoric Native Americans ten thousand years ago, it has been recognized as a prime candidate for prehistoric preservation.

Location
Located in College Township west of the community of Houserville, the site lies in rolling hills along Orchard Road.  Before white settlement of the Nittany Valley, areas such as the Tudek Site were typically occupied by hardwood forests, but the site has been cultivated since the nineteenth century.  Recent decades have seen increasing development in the Houserville vicinity and a consequent reduction in agriculture.

Excavation
In 1978, an archaeological survey conducted by Pennsylvania State University identified multiple sites along and above Slab Cabin Run, including the Tudek Site; it was named for Bob Tudek, a graduate student who discovered it.  Among the sites in the vicinity of the Tudek Site is the Houserville Site, where stone quarried at Tudek was worked.  With the pressure of anticipated highway construction through the site, an archaeological investigation at the site began in May 1980; its findings included a wide range of types of jasper of a type known as "Bald Eagle Jasper."  Two months later, a more detailed excavation commenced; it revealed a very high concentration of approximately 350 artifacts per cubic meter.  Tudek has been dated to the Early and Middle Archaic periods, or approximately 8000 to 3500 BC.  While no dateable projectile points and stone tools were found at the site, the Houserville Site has been so dated by the presence of such artifacts, and it is believed that the two sites were used contemporaneously.  It is believed that the yellow Bald Eagle Jasper was mined and heated at Tudek before being transported to Houserville, approximately  to the east.

Conclusions
Post-excavation analysis of Tudek and Houserville has concluded that the sites were typically occupied by transient groups primarily engaged in recovering and processing Bald Eagle Jasper.  The Tudek and Houserville sites were clearly used for different purposes: while a wide range of tools and flakes was discovered at Houserville, such objects were noticeably absent from Tudek.  The presence of these objects has been understood to indicate that the Archaic peoples who used the quarries would remain at Tudek only long enough to mine their jasper before returning to their campsites at Houserville.  Little processing was carried out at Tudek; the objects produced were rough stone blocks, ready for shaping elsewhere.

Pennsylvania State University archaeologists have concluded that the information gathered from the Tudek Site is key to understanding central Pennsylvania's Archaic period.  Objects made of Bald Eagle Jasper have been discovered at many locations in the region; consequently, the identification of the source of this type of stone may clarify the nature of the area's trade routes.  Moreover, access to these sites may enable archaeologists to understand better the limitations of Bald Eagle Jasper and the reasons for its abandonment by later cultures.  Finally, as cultural changes typically accompanied advances in lithic technology in early Native American societies, the evidence provided by the Houserville Site may clarify the development of Early and Middle Archaic society in central Pennsylvania.

In 1982, the Tudek Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its archaeological value.  Four years later, the Houserville Site was accorded a similar status.

See also
List of Native American archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania

References

Further reading
Schindler, D., et al.  "Aboriginal Thermal Alteration of a Central Pennsylvania Jasper: Analytical and Behavioral Implications."  American Antiquity, 1980.
-----.  "The Heat Treating of Jasper: Analytical and Behaviour Implications."  American Antiquity, 1981.

1978 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Archaic period in North America
Geography of Centre County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania State University
Quarries in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Centre County, Pennsylvania

Tudek Site


Azabache (Spanish: "jet (lignite)") is the third studio album by Spanish singer Marta Sánchez. This was released in 1997. On this album more producers were involved (Andres Levin, Nile Rodgers, Camus Celli, Robyn Smith and Stephen Budd) along with longtime musical partner Christian De Walden. They created a rock oriented album, instead of the pop music Marta recorded for her first and second albums. Critical reactions were mostly positive. The first single "Moja Mi Corazón", features guitar player Slash and was produced by Nile Rodgers. The album yielded five singles: "Negro Azabache", "Algo Tienes", "Ya Ves" and "Amor Perdido". While promoting this album, Marta recorded along with opera singer Andrea Bocelli the song "Vivo por Ella", which became a worldwide smash hit and was later included on the international pressings of "Azabache". The majority of the tracks were recorded in English (as usual for any Marta Sanchez album) and were released under the title One Step Closer.

Track listing

Spanish version: Azabache

English version: One Step Closer

Personnel
For the tracks "Moja Mi Corazón" and "Lampara Mágica"
 Producers: Andres Levin, Nile Rodgers and Camus Celli
 Acoustic guitar: Raúl Conte
 Lead guitar: Slash
 Guitars: Nile Rodgers
 Bass: Andy Hess
 Keyboards and percussions: C-n-A
 Recorded at Le Crib Svuga Svuga & Right Track Studios by Gary Tole
 Mixed at Right Track Studios by C-n-A and Nile Rodgers
 Photography: J.M. Ferratier
 Stylist: Beatriz Alvarez
 Design: Pedro Delgado

For the tracks "Negro Azabache" and "Ya Ves"
 Producers: Robyn Smith and Stephen Budd
 Keyboards programming: Robyn Smith
 Rap ("Ya Ves"): Sarjant D
 Sax: "Snake" Davis
 Guitar: Albert Rutland

For the rest of the tracks
 Producers: Christian De Walden and Max DiCarlo
 Co-Producer and engineer: Walter Clissen
 Recorder and mixer: Walter Clissen and Jeff Griffin
 Drums: John Robinson
 Bass: Bob Glaub
 Acoustic piano: Randy Waldman
 Guitars: John Hannah and Max DiCarlo
 Keyboards and synthesizers: Max DiCarlo
 Percussion: Efrain Toro
 Sax: Doug Norwine
 Background vocals: Thania Sanchez, Gisa Vatchy, Bambi Jones and Brandy Jones

Chart performance

1997 albums
Marta Sánchez albums
Mercury Records albums
Albums produced by Nile Rodgers

Azabache


The heist film or caper film is a subgenre of crime films and the caper story, focused on the planning, execution, and aftermath of a significant robbery.

One of the early defining heist films was The Asphalt Jungle (1950), which Film Genre 2000 wrote "almost single-handedly popularized the genre for mainstream cinema". It featured robbers whose personal failings ultimately led to the failure of their robbery. Similar films using this formula were Armored Car Robbery (1950), The Killing (1956), and The Getaway (1972). By the 1990s, heist films began to "experiment and play with these conventions," incorporating elements such as comedy into their stories.

Characteristics of the genre
While there is no unanimous agreement on what constitutes a heist film, there are some common characteristics that most films in the genre share.

The most basic is that films in the genre tend to follow the planning, execution and aftermath of one large robbery. While there can be smaller crimes leading up to the major crime, this major crime is the centerpiece of the film and is the event which informs much of the film's plot. As a result of this, heist films tend to focus on the process of the crime, often planned in great detail. Followed by extended exposition of the heist itself.

The genre is also distinct for almost exclusively following those committing the crime rather than whoever is trying to stop them. This often leads to the viewer building some form of sympathy or respect for the criminals. Another common characteristic is the assembling of a team to complete the heist,  with each member contributing a unique skill or trait needed to complete the job.

Over time filmmakers have taken these characteristics and changed them to create interesting plays on the genre. For example, Reservoir Dogs (1992) skips the planning and execution of the heist, choosing instead to focus exclusively on the aftermath. Another example of this is The Italian Job (1969), which shows the planning and execution of the heist but doesn't fully show the aftermath.

Other tropes of the genre include the failure of the heist due to some trait or fate of the criminals involved. Among them is one of the participants getting injured during the heist, or betraying the others during or after it. This trend started as a result of the initial films in the genre being made in Hollywood during the Motion Picture Production Code, which prohibited criminals from getting away with their crime. While this has changed since the disappearance of the code, the trope of failed heists still remains. One of the most dynamic examples is Reservoir Dogs, which focuses solely on trying to figure out which of their group members betrayed them after a failed heist. Another popular trope is  "one last job", whereby a criminal looking to quit the life enlists the team to do one last heist so they will have money for the rest of their days. This can be seen in early films such as The Asphalt Jungle (1950) as well as more recent like Heat (1995).

History
While elements of the heist film can be seen in movies as early as The Great Train Robbery (1903), the genre didn't become fully fledged until the late 1940s and the early 1950s. The film widely agreed upon as the first to do so is John Huston's 1950 The Asphalt Jungle, starring Sterling Hayden and Sam Jaffee (with Marilyn Monroe in a supporting role). It contains many of the heist hallmarks, focusing from the criminal's perspective on the elaborate planning, flawed execution, and calamitous aftermath of a single heist. It also devotes a large amount of time to the recruiting of variously skilled criminals to form a team.

Two earlier films that some consider prior examples of the genre, and others just key to its development, are Criss Cross (1949) and The Killers (1946). While these do follow the planning, execution, and aftermath of a single heist from the criminals' perspective, some critics argue that they devote too much time to the planning and aftermath of the crime and too little to the actual job. All of these films are also notable for having elements which are indebted to film noir, including their moody, expressionistic black and white cinematography and dark fatalistic tone. As a result, scholars such as Daryl Lee refer to such examples as "noir heists". Anne Billson of the BBC cites Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai (1954) as an influence on the "assembling the team" trope that later became a common characteristic of heist films.

The period between 1955 - 1975 is considered by scholars to be the most productive for the heist genre. It began with American filmmakers continuing the noir heist trend in films like 5 Against the House (1955) and The Killing (1956). The '50s also saw the release of the first international heist films. Notably, a handful made in France were influenced by and responding to the American style. Two notable examples  are Rififi (1955), which is known for its detailed 30 minute heist sequence, and Bob Le Flambeur (1956), known for an ending which plays with the conventions of the genre. The 1950s also marked the beginning of British heist film, including The Lavender Hill Mob (1951) and The Lady Killers (1955), pictures which introduced comedy to the genre. A notable Italian heist film from this period is Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958), a parody of the genre.

In the 1960s heist stories became more mainstream, with glossier and higher-budget heist films which moved away from the fatalism and darkness present in the earlier noir heists. Two examples of this from the early 1960s are the British film The League of Gentlemen (1960) and the American film Seven Thieves (1960). Despite having conventional heist plots about gathering together a group to commit a heist, both films balance comedy and drama, unlike the darkness of the earlier noir heist films. The mainstream shift as well as a growing cultural interest in travel led to a wave of glossy heist films involving exotic international locals, such as Topkapi (1964) and How to Steal a Million (1966). In France Rififi spawned a number of lower-budget crime films which often used Rififi as part of their title. These include films such as Rififi in Tokyo (1963) and Du rififi à Paname (1966). As the decade continued, the French also began to produce more glossy heist films which served as star vehicles for big names of the time, such as Any Number Can Win (1963) starring Alain Delon and Greed in the Sun (1964) starring Jean-Paul Belmondo. The most celebrated French heist films of this time where directed by Jean-Pierre Melville, whose heist film Le Cercle Rouge (1970) is often regarded as one of the greatest heist movies of all time. This expansion of the genre in the 1960s also led to remakes of older heist movies, with an early example being Cairo (1963), which is a remake of The Asphalt Jungle. In 1968, the motion picture production code was abolished, paving the way for a number of heist films that didn't shy away from portraying graphic violence. This included films like Charley Varrick (1973) and The Getaway (1972).

The period between 1975 and the early 1990s is considered a low point for productivity in the heist genre. While some were made, such as Thief (1981) and a remake of Big Deal on Madonna Street called Crackers (1984), some critics do not consider them as meaningful developments of the genre. The 1990s would see the return of the heist film, with a number creating new interest. While picures like John Woo's Once a Thief (1991) and Steven Soderbergh's Out of Sight (1998) would bring some attention to the genre, the three returned the genre to prominence were Reservoir Dogs (1992), Heat (1995) and The Usual Suspects (1995).

This led to a large output of heist films throughout the 2000s. These range from British efforts like Snatch (2000) and Sexy Beast (2000) to kids' films like Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009) to popular Hollywood films like Inside Man (2006) and remakes of heist classics like The Italian Job (2003). Some of the most popular heist films of this era are the remake of Ocean's 11 (2001) and its sequels Oceans 12 (2004) and Oceans 13 (2007), which remain so today.

List of heist films

References

Further reading

Film genres

Heist film


Everything Before Us is a 2015 Canadian–American romantic drama film, directed by Philip Wang and Wesley Chan and produced by Christine Chen, Chris Dinh, and Preston Clay Reed. The film marks the first feature film of Wong Fu Productions. It stars Aaron Yoo, Brittany Ishibashi, Brandon Soo Hoo, Victoria Park, Randall Park, Joanna Sotomura, Chris Riedell, and Ki Hong Lee.

The film is set in the near future, where the Department of Emotional Integrity (D.E.I.) oversees all romantic relationships by issuing publicly-accessible 'relationship score' that keep individuals accountable for their everyday choices. The film follows the stories of Ben and Sara, an older couple who must revisit their past with the D.E.I., and Seth and Haley, a younger couple entering their first registered and long-distance relationship with the D.E.I.

Plot
In the near future, the Department of Emotional Integrity (D.E.I.) issues relationship scores that affect the standings of everyone in society.

Ben is denied a job at Origin, a design company, due to a low relationship score. His ex-girlfriend, Sara, meanwhile, secures a business loan for a new cafe due to her high relationship score. Ben's friend, Henry, convinces Ben to make an appointment at the D.E.I. with Sara to boost his score. At the D.E.I., Ben and Sara clash due to their conflicting recounts of their past relationship. However, they reconcile and each sign off on 50-50 responsibility. This boosts Ben's score to land the job as a designer at Origin. Meanwhile, Seth and Haley are heading to different colleges in California, with Haley going to San Francisco and Seth staying in Los Angeles. They register their long-distance relationship with the recurring D.E.I. agent, Randall.

At his new job, Ben begins a relationship with a co-worker, Anna. When Ben visits Sara's cafe's soft opening, Ben offers to paint a mural to fill an empty spot on the wall. While working on the mural late at night, Ben and Sara have a few drinks to take a break. Ben kisses Sara, who seems receptive at first, but quickly realizes the mistake and runs out. When Anna discovers the kiss, she threatens to terminate her relationship with Ben.

Though Seth constantly visits Haley at her college, their relationship begins to fall apart starting when she ditches Seth to go out with her friends. Seth also applies to transfer to the same college as Haley without consulting her, which makes her unhappy as she feels he is not allowing her to be independent and that he is holding her back from a true college experience. Later on, Seth catches her at a party thrown by a fraternity known for inappropriate sexual relationships. Their relationship worsens even further when Seth finds that Haley has been keeping potential plans to study abroad in London from him.

Two men from the D.E.I. visit Sara's cafe to investigate a fraudulent relationship with her friend Jeremy, which she used to boost her relationship score after her breakup with Ben. Sara loses her cafe as the investigation reveals the fraud and drastically lowers her relationship score. Ben also loses his job at Origin due to a bad score after breaking up with Anna.

As Seth is on his way to the airport to visit Haley, Haley breaks up with him over the phone due to his pushiness and not involving her in his decisions. Seth and Ben both visit the D.E.I. Ben urges Seth to end his relationship in a way to make his love forever. Seth terminates his relationship with Haley, unexpectedly taking 100% of the fault for the relationship termination.

Ben is audited and recorded to aid the investigation into Sara's fraudulent relationship. Randall then goes against policy and gives Sara a recording of Ben's testimony that prevented further damage to her relationship score. She listens to his honest testimony of love for her and rebuttal of the D.E.I., arguing that love and relationships are not supposed to be easy, despite the D.E.I.'s mission to make the process smooth and simple. When Sara visits what was her cafe, she finds Ben finishing the mural. Ben and Sara start over on the mural, painting a pair of sails. Seth and Haley are shown starting their new lives independent from each other, with Haley starting school in London and Seth moving to San Francisco.

In a mid-credits scene, Henry and his wife, Sandy, take out a loan for a bakery, presumably on behalf of Sara.

Cast
 Aaron Yoo as Ben
 Brittany Ishibashi as Sara
 Brandon Soo Hoo as Seth
 Victoria Park as Haley
 Randall Park as Randall
 Joanna Sotomura as Anna
 Chris Riedell as Henry
 Ki Hong Lee as Jay
 Katie Savoy as Sandy
 Lia Marie Johnson as Tiff
 Stephen A. Chang as Jeremy
 Emanuel Boria as Paul
 Parvesh Cheena as Eric

Production
Wong Fu Productions used the Indiegogo platform to crowdfund the money needed to produce the film. The fundraising campaign lasted one month. The original goal of $250,000 was exceeded to reach $350,000 worth of donations from over 6,500 individual donors.

Release
A teaser trailer for the film was released on 9 April 2015, on Wong Fu Productions' YouTube channel. The second trailer was also released on the channel on 4 June 2015, the same day as the movie's release. Wong Fu also held a screening tour across the United States to promote the movie. Other YouTube channels such as Time and ISAtv indirectly promoted the movie by offering behind-the-scenes glimpses at the movie's production.

The premiere of Everything Before Us was held at the Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival. Since the official release, a digital copy of the movie was made available on Vimeo to either buy or rent for streaming. A physical DVD bundled with the official movie poster was also made available for purchase through the movie's official website.

References

External links

2015 films
2015 romantic drama films
American independent films
American romantic drama films
Asian-American drama films
Canadian independent films
Canadian romantic drama films
Films about Chinese Americans
Crowdfunded films
English-language Canadian films
Films about Korean Americans
National Film Board of Canada films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s Canadian films

Everything Before Us


Ascot is a large village in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire. It is most famous as the location of Ascot Racecourse, which hosts the Royal Ascot meeting. Ascot Racecourse was founded in 1711 by Queen Anne, with the first race, 'Her Majesty's Plate' running in August of that year.

The name Ascot is Anglo-Saxon and derives from East-Cote meaning the Eastern Cottage, probably a reference to being east of the royal estate at Easthampstead. Ascot has always been the western portion of Sunninghill parish (now called Sunninghill and Ascot) and, for most of its history, largely consisted of dangerous heathland frequented by highwaymen.

Ascot has 20% more Higher and Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional households than the national average. Ascot has a higher rate of home ownership, either outright or via a mortgage than the national average, which suggests that Ascot is a relatively affluent area. The population of Ascot as a whole, is older than the national average. The population of Ascot is also older than the average, making Ascot an older persons location.

References

Villages in Berkshire

Ascot, Berkshire


Gia Cristine Mantegna (born Gina Cristine Mantegna; April 17, 1990) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Devin Levin on the ABC sitcom The Middle.

Personal life
While growing up Mantegna was a trained gymnast and ballerina. She plays piano and saxophone and is a skilled singer.
Gia's older sister, Mia, works as a makeup artist. Mia was diagnosed with autism as a toddler, but her parents took the advice of a teacher and put her in a regular school, which helped her develop important social skills.

Career
Mantegna made her acting debut at age 13 in the 2003 film Uncle Nino, alongside Anne Archer, Trevor Morgan and her father, Joe Mantegna. She later appeared in 13 Going on 30. In 2006, Mantegna portrayed the character of Grace Conrad in Warner Brothers' winter feature, Unaccompanied Minors. She was cast as one of the main roles in an American television pilot show Murder Book for Fox. She starred in The Neighbor alongside Matthew Modine, Michele Laroque and Ed Quinn.

She turned 18 in 2008, and decided to change her professional name to Gia.

In 2008, Mantegna made a guest appearance in the Season 3 episode, for television show Criminal Minds, in which her father stars, wherein she portrayed an abducted teen named Lindsey Vaughn, who witnesses her best friend's death. She also appeared on The Secret Life of the American Teenager in a recurring role as Patty Mary.

In 2010, Mantegna starred in the independent feature And Soon the Darkness.  She also appeared in the TeenNick television series Gigantic.

On December 9, 2010, Mantegna was announced as the 2011 Miss Golden Globe for the 68th Annual Golden Globe Award Ceremony.

In 2011, Mantegna starred in the found footage feature Apartment 143 and  in the independent romantic comedy,  Getting That Girl.  In addition to film roles,  she played recurring characters on The Middle and Under the Dome.

In 2017, Mantegna reprised her Criminal Minds guest starring role "Lindsey Vaughn", now operating as a drug cartel hit woman.

Filmography

Film

Television

Web

References

External links

American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American people of Italian descent
Living people
Actresses from Manhattan
21st-century American actresses
1990 births

Gia Mantegna


Agni () is a 2004 Bengali action drama thriller film written & directed by Swapan Saha and produced by Mukul Sarkar. The film features actors Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rachana Banerjee in the lead roles. Music of the film has been composed by Ashok Bhadra

Plot
The film is about an honest police officer, Agni (Prosenjit Chatterjee), whom terrorists are trying to murder but end up killing a number of school children in a school bus. The police officers are very worried about the rising crime rate, and they vow to curb their attempts. Agni is given the charge. Agni, while trying to save people from a terrorist attack in a shopping complex, rescues Tina (Neelanjana), who falls in love with him. She later discovers that he is married to Chandrani (Rachana Banerjee) and even has a son Apu (Master Anshu). However, this does not deter her love for him. She keeps on finding ways to go to Agni's house. She also becomes friendly with Apu. One day she takes Apu with her from school without Chandrani's permission. Apu studies in a school owned by Dr. Sayol (Tapas Paul), who does not have a child.
Meanwhile, Agni succeeds in catching members Pamela and Peter of the terrorist gang. During this time, Agni's son is locked up by the principal of his school, who is thought to be kidnapped. Agni tries his best to find his son but fails. The principal then releases Apu, who is then taken care of by Anu. Meanwhile, the political agents come and kidnap Apu murdering Anu. Agni then agrees to release Pamela and Peter in return for his son. He is asked to go to the airport and place a briefcase laden with bombs. He fights with the gangsters and finally rescues his son. At last, the politician is also put behind bars.

Cast
 Prosenjit Chatterjee
 Rachana Banerjee
 Abhishek Chatterjee
 Tapas Paul
 Locket Chatterjee
 Rajesh Sharma
 Nilanjana Sengupta
 Sonali Chowdhury
 Dulal Lahiri
 Bodhisattwa Majumdar

Soundtrack

References

External links

2004 films
Bengali-language Indian films
2000s Bengali-language films
Films directed by Swapan Saha
Indian action thriller films
Indian action drama films
Films about terrorism in India
2004 action drama films
2004 action thriller films
Indian police films

Agni (2004 film)


The Swedish Social Democratic Party, formally the Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party ( ; S/SAP), usually referred to as The Social Democrats ( ), is a social-democratic and democratic socialist political party in Sweden. Founded in 1889, the SAP is the country's oldest and currently largest party.

From the mid-1930s to the 1980s, the Social Democratic Party won more than 40% of the vote. From 1932 to 1976, the SAP was continuously in government. From 1982 to 2022, the party was in government with the exception of the periods 1991–1994 and 2006–2014. Since 2022, the party has been out of government. It participates in elections as "The Workers' Party – The Social Democrats" ( ). The first female PM in Swedish history, Magdalena Andersson, is a member of the Social Democratic Party.

History
Founded in 1889 as a member of the Second International, a split occurred in 1917 when the left socialists split from the Social Democrats to form the Swedish Social Democratic Left Party (later the Communist Party of Sweden and now the Left Party). The symbol of the SAP is traditionally a red rose which is believed to have been Fredrik Ström's idea. The words of honour as recorded by the 2001 party programme are "freedom, equality, and solidarity". The party had influences from Marxism in its early days, but these were gradually removed in the years leading up to the split in 1917. Between 1923 and 1940, the party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International.

Swedish social democracy rose due to the extension of suffrage to the working class and the organizing of trade unions and other civic associations. Unlike in many other European countries, the Swedish socialist left was able to form a stable majority coalition during the early 20th century. Early on, in large part due to the leadership of Hjalmar Branting, the Swedish socialists adopted a flexible and pragmatic understanding of Marxism. They were also willing to form cross-class coalitions with liberals and farmers. Political scientist Sheri Berman also credits the Swedish Social Democratic success during the interwar years to the party's adoption of Keynesianism during the Great Depression (which she contrasts with the Social Democratic Party of Germany's reluctance towards Keynesian policies during the same time and the German Social Democrats' subsequent decline).

In 2007, the Social Democrats elected Mona Sahlin as their first female party leader. On 7 December 2009, the Social Democrats launched a political and electoral coalition with the Greens and the Left Party known as the Red–Greens. The parties contested the 2010 election on a joint manifesto, but lost the election to the incumbent centre-right coalition, The Alliance. On 26 November 2010, the Red–Green alliance was dissolved. The party is a member of the Progressive Alliance, the Party of European Socialists and SAMAK. The party was a member of the Socialist International until March 2017.

Party organisation and voter base
Currently, the SAP has about 100,000 members, with about 2,540 local party associations and 500 workplace associations. It has been the largest party in the Riksdag since 1914. The member base is diverse, but it prominently features organized blue-collar workers and public sector employees. The party has a close, historical relationship with the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO). As a corporatist organ, it has also formed policy in compromise mediation with employers' associations (primarily the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise and its predecessors) as well as trade unions.

Organisations within the Swedish Social Democratic movement include:
 The National Federation of Social Democratic Women in Sweden (S-kvinnor) organizes women.
 The Swedish Social Democratic Youth League organizes youth.
 The Social Democratic Students of Sweden organizes university students.
 The Religious Social Democrats of Sweden organizes all members with religious beliefs.
 The LGBT Social Democrats of Sweden ( ) organizes LGBT-people.

The SAP had its golden age during the mid-1930s to mid-1980s when in half of all general elections it received between 44.6% and 46.2% (averaging 45.3%) of the votes, making it one of the most successful parties in the history of the liberal-democratic world.

In two of the general elections in 1940 and 1968, it got more than 50% of the votes, although both cases had special circumstances. In 1940, all established Swedish parties, except for the Communist Party of Sweden (SKP), participated in a coalition government due to the pressures of the Second World War, and it led to voters most likely wanting one party to be in majority to give a parliament that could not be hung. In 1944, the tides of the war had turned and the Allied nations looked to win, giving voters more confidence in voting by preference and explaining the more normal electoral result of 46.6%. The previously-excluded SKP also achieved a result of 10.3% in this election. In 1968, the established Communists, most likely due to bad press about the Soviets overtaking of Czechoslovakia (Prague Spring), got a historically bad result of 3% of the votes while the SAP enjoyed 50.1% and an absolute majority in parliament. Only in a fairly brief period between the elections of 1973 to 1979 did the SAP get below the normal interval of 44.6% to 46.2%, instead scoring an average of 43.2%, losing in 1976 (the first time in 44 years) and again just barely in 1979. However, the Social Democrats won back power in 1982 with a normal result of 45.6%.

The voter base consists of a diverse swathe of people throughout Swedish society, although it is particularly strong amongst organised blue-collar workers.

Decline since 2006
In the 2006 Swedish general election, the SAP received the smallest share of votes (34.99%) ever in a Swedish general election with universal suffrage, resulting in the loss of office to the opposition, the centre-right coalition Alliance for Sweden. Among the support that the SAP lost was the vote of pensioners (down 10% from 2002) and blue-collar trade unionists (down 5%). The combined SAP and Left Party vote of citizens with non-Nordic foreign backgrounds sank from 73% in 2002 to 48% in 2006. Stockholm County typically votes for the centre-right parties and only 23% of Stockholm City residents voted for the SAP in 2006.

From 2006 to 2014, the SAP lost two consecutive terms to the centre-right Alliance due to the centrist liberal attitudes of then-Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt attracting some of the SAP voters. In 2010, 2014 and 2018, the vote share of SAP dramatically declined, with some of these votes being lost to the right-wing populist Sweden Democrats.

In the 2018 Swedish general election, the Social Democrats' vote share fell to 28.3 percent, its lowest level of support since 1908.

In the 2022 Swedish general election, Social Democrats remained Sweden's largest party with 30.3% of the vote, however the right bloc won a slim majority in parliament.

Electoral history

Statistical changes in voter base
Based on the Sveriges Television's exit polls.

Riksdag
In the 1890s, the Social Democrats usually stood on the same ticket as the Liberals.

European Parliament

Ideology, political impact and history

The party's first chapter in its statutes says "the intention of the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party is the struggle towards Democratic Socialism", i.e. a society with a democratic economy based on the socialist principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need". Since the party held power of office for a majority of terms after its founding in 1889 through 2003, the ideology and policies of the SAP have had strong influence on Swedish politics. The Swedish social democratic ideology is partially an outgrowth of the strong and well-organized 1880s and 1890s working class emancipation, temperance and religious folkrörelser (folk movements), by which peasant and workers' organizations penetrated state structures early on and paved the way for electoral politics. In this way, Swedish social-democratic ideology is inflected by a socialist tradition foregrounding widespread and individual human development.

In 1967, Gunnar Adler-Karlsson confidently likened the social democratic project to the successful social democratic effort to divest the king of all power but formal grandeur: "Without dangerous and disruptive internal fights. ... After a few decades they [the capitalists] will then remain, perhaps formally as kings, but in reality as naked symbols of a passed and inferior development state."

The Social Democrats are strong supporters of egalitarianism and maintain a strong opposition to discrimination and racism. The party supports social welfare provision, paid for by progressive taxation. The party also supports a social corporatist economy involving the institutionalization of a social partnership system between capital and labour economic interest groups, with government oversight to resolve disputes between the two factions. Concerning constitutional issues, the Social Democrats advocate the abolition of monarchy.

Liberalism

Liberalism has also strongly infused social-democratic ideology. Liberalism has oriented social democratic goals to security. Tage Erlander, prime minister from 1946 to 1969, described security as "too big a problem for the individual to solve with only his own power". Up to the 1980s, when neoliberalism began to provide an alternative, aggressively pro-capitalist model for ensuring social quiescence, the SAP was able to secure capital's co-operation by convincing capital that it shared the goals of increasing economic growth and reducing social friction. For many Social Democrats, Marxism is loosely held to be valuable for its emphasis on changing the world for a more just, better future. In 1889, Hjalmar Branting, leader of the SAP from its founding to his death in 1925, asserted: "I believe that one benefits the workers so much more by forcing through reforms which alleviate and strengthen their position, than by saying that only a revolution can help them".

Some observers have argued that this liberal aspect has hardened into increasingly neoliberal ideology and policies, gradually maximizing the latitude of powerful market actors. Certainly, neoclassical economists have been firmly nudging the Social Democratic Party into capitulating to most of capital's traditional preferences and prerogatives which they term "modern industrial relations". Both socialist and liberal aspects of the party were influenced by the dual sympathies of early leader Hjalmar Branting and manifest in the party's first actions, namely reducing the work day to eight hours and establishing the franchise for working-class people.

While some commentators have seen the party lose focus with the rise of SAP neoliberal study groups, the Swedish Social Democratic Party has for many years appealed to Swedes as innovative, capable and worthy of running the state. The Social Democrats became one of the most successful political parties in the world, with some structural advantages in addition to their auspicious birth within vibrant folkrörelser. At the close of the 19th century, liberals and socialists had to band together to augment establishment democracy which was at that point embarrassingly behind in Sweden and they could point to formal democratic advances elsewhere to motivate political action. In addition to being small, Sweden was a semi-peripheral country at the beginning of the 20th century, considered unimportant to competing global political factions, so it was permitted more independence while soon the existence of communist and capitalist superpowers allowed social democracy to flourish in the geo-political interstices. The SAP has the resource of sharing ideas and experiences and working with its sister parties throughout the Nordic countries. Sweden could also borrow and innovate upon ideas from English-language economists which was an advantage for the Social Democrats in the Great Depression, but more advantageous for the bourgeois parties in the 1980s and afterward.

Revisionism

Among the social movement tactics of the Swedish Social Democratic Party in the 20th century was its redefinition of "socialization" from "common ownership of the means of production" to increasing "democratic influence over the economy". Starting out in a socialist-liberal coalition fighting for the vote, the Swedish Social Democrats defined socialism as the development of democracy—political and economic. On that basis, they could form coalitions, innovate and govern where other European social democratic parties became crippled and crumbled under right-wing regimes. The Swedish Social Democrats could count the middle class among their solidaristic working class constituency by recognizing the middle class as "economically dependent", "working people", or among the "progressive citizens", rather than as sub-capitalists. The Social Democratic congress of 1932 established that "[t]he party does not aim to support and help [one] working class at the expense of the others". In fact, with social democratic policies that refrained from supporting inefficient and low-profit businesses in favor of cultivating higher-quality working conditions as well as a strong commitment to public education, the middle class in Sweden became so large that the capitalist class has remained concentrated. Not only did the SAP fuse the growing middle class into their constituency, they also ingeniously forged periodic coalitions with small-scale farmers (as members of the "exploited classes") to great strategic effect. The SAP version of socialist ideology allowed them to maintain a prescient view of the working class. The party's 1932 election manifesto asserted that "[the SAP] does not question whether those who have become capitalism's victims are industrial workers, farmers, agricultural laborers, forestry workers, store clerks, civil servants or intellectuals".

While the SAP has worked more or less constructively with more radical left-wing parties in Sweden, the Social Democrats have borrowed from socialists some of their discourse and decreasingly the socialist understanding of the structurally compromised position of labor under capitalism. Even more creatively, the Social Democrats commandeered selected, transcendental images from such nationalists as Rudolf Kjellen in 1912, very effectively undercutting fascism's appeal in Sweden. In this way, Per Albin Hansson declared that "there is no more patriotic party than the [SAP since] the most patriotic act is to create a land in which all feel at home", famously igniting Swedes' innermost longing for transcendence with the 1928 idea of the Folkhem, or the People's Home. The Social Democratic Party promoted Folkhemmet as a socialist home at a point in which the party turned its back on class struggle and the policy tool of nationalization. Hansson soothed that "[t]he expansion of the party to a people's party does not mean and must not mean a watering down of socialist demands". He further stated:

The basis of the home is community and togetherness. The good home does not recognize any privileged or neglected members, nor any favorite or stepchildren. In the good home there is equality, consideration, co-operation, and helpfulness. Applied to the great people's and citizens' home this would mean the breaking down of all the social and economic barriers that now separate citizens into the privileged and the neglected, into the rulers and the dependents, into the rich and the poor, the propertied and the impoverished, the plunderers and the plundered. Swedish society is not yet the people's home. There is a formal equality, equality of political rights, but from a social perspective, the class society remains, and from an economic perspective the dictatorship of the few prevails.

Social democracy
The Social Democratic Party is generally recognized as the main architect of the progressive taxation, fair trade, low-unemployment, active labor market policies (ALMP)-based Swedish welfare state that was developed in the years after World War II. Sweden emerged sound from the Great Depression with a brief, successful "Keynesianism-before Keynes" economic program advocated by Ernst Wigforss, a prominent Social Democrat who educated himself in economics by studying the work of the British radical Liberal economists. The social democratic labor market policies, or ALMPs, were developed in the 1940s and 1950s by LO (Landsorganisationen i Sverige, the blue-collar union federation) economists Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner. The Rehn-Meidner model featured the centralized system of wage bargaining that aimed to both set wages at a just level and promote business efficiency and productivity. With the pre-1983 cooperation of capital and labor federations that bargained independently of the state, the state determined that wages would be higher than the market would set in firms that were inefficient or uncompetitive and lower than the market would set in firms that were highly productive and competitive. Workers were compensated with state-sponsored retraining and relocating. At the same time, the state reformed wages to the goal of "equal pay for equal work", eliminated unemployment ("the reserve army of labor") as a disciplinary device and kept incomes consistently rising while taxing progressively and pooling social wealth to deliver services through local governments. Social Democratic policy has traditionally emphasized a state spending structure, whereby public services are supplied via local government as opposed to emphasizing social insurance program transfers.

These social democratic policies have had international influence. The early Swedish red–green coalition encouraged Nordic-networked socialists in the state of Minnesota to dedicate efforts to building a similarly potent labor-farmer alliance that put the socialists in the governorship, ran model innovative statewide anti-racism programs in the early years of the 20th century and enabled federal forest managers in Minnesota to practice a precocious ecological-socialism before Democratic Party reformers appropriated the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party infrastructure to the liberal Democratic Party in 1944.

Under the Social Democrats' administration, Sweden retained neutrality as a foreign policy guideline during the wars of the 20th century, including the Cold War. Neutrality preserved the Swedish economy and boosted Sweden's economic competitiveness in the first half of the 20th century as other European countries' economies were devastated by war. Under Olof Palme's Social Democratic leadership, Sweden further aggravated the hostility of United States political conservatives when Palme openly denounced American aggression in Vietnam. President Richard Nixon suspended diplomatic ties with the social democratic country. In 2003, top-ranking Social Democratic Party politician Anna Lindh—who criticized the American-led invasion of Iraq as well as both Israeli and Palestinian atrocities and who was the lead figure promoting the European Union in Sweden—was assassinated in public in Stockholm. As Lindh was to succeed Göran Persson in the party leadership, her death was deeply disruptive to the party as well as to the campaign to promote the adoption of the EMU (euro) in Sweden. The neutrality policy has changed with the contemporary ascendance of the centre-right coalition and Sweden has committed troops to support the United States and United Kingdom's interventions in Afghanistan.

From Rehn–Meidner to neoliberalism
Because the Rehn–Meidner model allowed capitalists owning very productive and efficient firms to retain excess profits at the expense of the firms' workers, thus exacerbating inequality, workers in these firms began to agitate for a share of the profits in the 1970s, just as women working in the state sector began to assert pressure for better wages. Meidner established a study committee that came up with a 1976 proposal that entailed transferring the excess profits into investment funds controlled by the workers in the efficient firms, with the intention that firms would create further employment and pay more workers higher wages, rather than increasing the wealth of company owners and managers. Capitalists immediately distinguished this proposal as socialism, and launched an unprecedented opposition—including calling off the class compromise established in the 1938 Saltsjöbaden Agreement.

The 1980s were a very turbulent time in Sweden that initiated the occasional decline of Social Democratic Party rule. In the 1980s, pillars of Swedish industry were massively restructured. Shipbuilding was discontinued, wood pulp was integrated into modernized paper production, the steel industry was concentrated and specialized and mechanical engineering was digitalized. In 1986, Olof Palme, one of the Social Democratic Party's strongest champions of democracy and egalitarianism, was assassinated. Swedish capital was increasingly moving Swedish investment into other European countries as the European Union coalesced and a hegemonic consensus was forming among the elite financial community while progressive taxation and pro-egalitarian redistribution became economic heresy. A leading proponent of capital's cause at the time, Social Democrat Finance Minister Kjell-Olof Feldt reminisced in an interview: "The negative inheritance I received from my predecessor Gunnar Sträng (Minister of Finance, 1955–1976) was a strongly progressive tax system with high marginal taxes. This was supposed to bring about a just and equal society. But I eventually came to the opinion that it simply didn't work out that way. Progressive taxes created instead a society of wranglers, cheaters, peculiar manipulations, false ambitions and new injustices. It took me at least a decade to get a part of the party to see this". With the capitalist confederation's defection from the 1938 Saltsjöbaden Agreement and Swedish capital investing in other European countries rather than Sweden as well as the global rise of neoliberal political-economic hegemony, the Social Democratic Party backed away from the progressive Meidner reform.

The economic crisis in the 1990s has been widely cited in the Anglo-American press as a social democratic failure, but it is important to note not only did profit rates begin to fall worldwide after the 1960s, this period also saw neoliberal ascendance in Social Democratic ideology and policies as well as the rise of bourgeois coalition rule in place of the Social Democrats. 1980s Social Democratic neoliberal measures—such as depressing and deregulating the currency to prop up Swedish exports during the economic restructuring transition, dropping corporate taxation and taxation on high income-earners and switching from anti-unemployment policies to anti-inflationary policies—were exacerbated by international recession, unchecked currency speculation and a Moderate Party government led by Carl Bildt (1991–1994), creating the fiscal crisis of the early 1990s. According to Cerra and Saxena (2005) almost all of the fall in the substantial GDP per capita lead over the OECD average that Sweden enjoyed through the 1960-1990 period can be attributed to the Swedish financial crisis, and there is no evidence for a substantial negative growth impact from egalitarian policies as in the 'Eurosclerosis' hypothesis. The financial crisis can in turn be explained by policy errors. For example in the late 1980's high inflation interacted with the tax code to produce negative real interest rates and an investment boom. However in 1990-1991 the highly trade exposed Swedish economy was impacted by the global downturn, but the commitment to the fixed exchange rate now required a rapid shift to high real interest rates in order to defend the peg, collapsing asset markets and fixed investment. The household savings rate rose appreciably, exacerbated by fears of welfare state retrenchment, exacerbating the fall in aggregate demand. Unemployment rose rapidly, and the banking sector went into crisis as the nonperforming rate rose sharply, prompting a large bailout program. According to Cerra and Saxena, the deep recession had large and permanent negative effects on Swedish GDP, which is consistent with other research suggesting that financial crisis can have extremely persistent effects.

When the Social Democrats returned to power in 1994, they responded to the fiscal crisis by stabilizing the currency—and by reducing the welfare state and privatizing public services and goods as governments did in many countries influenced by Milton Friedman, the Chicago School of political and economic thought and the neoliberal movement. Social Democratic Party leaders—including Göran Persson, Mona Sahlin and Anna Lindh—promoted European Union (EU) membership and the Swedish referendum passed by 52–48% in favor of joining the EU on 14 August 1994. Liberal leader Lars Leijonborg at his 2007 retirement could recall the 1990s as a golden age of liberalism in which the Social Democrats were under the expanding influence of the Liberals and its partners in the centre-right political coalition. Leijonborg recounted neoliberal victories such as the growth of private schooling and the proliferation of private, for-profit radio and television. It has been argued that the Swedish Social Democrats' Third Way pension reforms have been more successful than those enacted by the German Social Democrats.

21st century
In the 21st century, many of the aspects of the social-democratic welfare state continued to function at a high level, due in no small part to the high rate of unionization in Sweden, the independence of unions in wage-setting and the exemplary competency of the feminized public sector workforce as well as widespread public support. The Social Democrats initiated studies on the effects of the neoliberal changes and the picture that emerged from those findings allowed the party to reduce many tax expenditures, slightly increase taxes on high income-earners and significantly reduce taxes on food. The Social Democratic Finance Minister increased spending on child support and continued to pay down the public debt. By 1998, the Swedish macro-economy recovered from the 1980s industrial restructuring and the currency policy excesses. At the turn of the 21st century, Sweden has a well-regarded, generally robust economy and the average quality of life after government transfers is very high, inequality is low (the Gini coefficient is .28) and social mobility is high (compared to the affluent Anglo-American and Central European countries).

The Social Democratic Party pursues environmentalist and feminist policies which promote healthful and humane conditions. Feminist policies formed and implemented by the Social Democratic Party along with the Green Party and the Left Party (which made an arrangement with the Social Democrats to support the government while not forming a coalition), include paid maternity and paternity leave, high employment for women in the public sector, combining flexible work with living wages and benefits, providing public support for women in their traditional responsibilities for care giving and policies to stimulate women's political participation and leadership. Reviewing policies and institutional practices for their impact on women had become common in social democratic governance.

The Social Democratic Party was defeated in 2006 by the centre-right Alliance for Sweden coalition which according to research from the Department of Government at Uppsala University can be largely traced to the SAP government's poor handling of the two major natural disasters that struck the Swedish political landscape at the turn of the new year of 2004 and 2005. These disasters are known as the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami and the 2005 Storm Gudrun (Erwin). In particular, the Centre Party was very successful in its opposition against the SAP on the issue of the party's poor crisis response to these disasters. Mona Sahlin succeeded Göran Persson as party leader in 2007, becoming the party's first female party leader. Prior to the 2010 Swedish general election, the Social Democratic Party formed a cooperation with the Green Party and the Left Party culminating in the Red–Green alliance. The cooperation was dissolved following another defeat in 2010, throwing the party in to its longest period in opposition since before 1936. Sahlin announced her resignation following the 2010 defeat and she was succeeded by Håkan Juholt in 2011. Initially, his leadership gave a rise in the opinion polls before being involved in a scandal surrounding benefits from parliament which after a period culminated in his resignation. Sahlin and Juholt become the first party leaders since Claes Tholin, who was party leader 1896–1907, to not become Prime Ministers.

Stefan Löfven, elected by the party board, succeeded Juholt as party leader. Löfven led the Social Democratic Party into the 2014 European Parliament election which resulted in the party's worst electoral results at national level since universal suffrage was introduced in 1921. He then led the party into the 2014 Swedish general election which resulted in the party's second worst election result to the Riksdag since universal suffrage was introduced in 1921. With a hung parliament, Löfven formed a minority coalition government with the Green Party. On 2 October 2014, the Riksdag approved Löfven to become the country's Prime Minister and he took office on 3 October 2014 alongside his Cabinet. The Social Democratic Party and the Green Party voted in favour of Löfvén becoming Prime Minister while the Left Party, a close ally of the SAP, abstained. The oppositional Alliance-parties also abstained while the Sweden Democrats voted against.

In the 2018 Swedish general election, the Social Democrats' vote share fell to 28.3 percent, its lowest level of support since 1911. Nevertheless, a Social Democrat and Green Party coalition government was formed in January 2019. Relying on support of the Centre Party and the Liberals, it is one of the weakest governments in Swedish history.

In August 2021, Prime Minister Stefan Lofven announced his resignation and finance minister Magdalena Andersson was elected as the new head of Sweden's ruling Social Democrats in November 2021. On 30 November 2021, Magdalena Andersson became Sweden's first female prime minister. She formed a minority government made up of only her Social Democrats. Her plan for forming a new coalition government with the Green Party was unsuccessful because her budget proposal failed to pass.

On 18 October 2022, conservative leader Ulf Kristersson became new Prime Minister to succeed Magdalena Andersson, meaning the Social Democratic Party, although still Sweden's largest party, was in the opposition.

Party leaders

See also

 Arbetarnas bildningsförbund
 Aktuellt i Politiken
 Elections in Sweden
 Government of Sweden
 List of political parties in Sweden
 Parliament of Sweden
 Politics of Sweden
 Prime Minister of Sweden
 Welfare in Sweden

Literature

 Therborn, Göran & Kjellberg, Anders & Marklund, Staffan & Öhlund, Ulf (1978) "Sweden Before and After Social Democracy: A First Overview", Acta Sociologica 1978 – supplement, pp. 37–58.
 Therborn, Göran (1984) "The Coming of Swedish Social Democracy", in E. Collotti (ed.) Il movimiento operaio tra le due guerre, Milano: Annali della Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli 1983/84, pp. 527–593.

References

External links

 Socialdemokraterna
 United States Department of State – Sweden
 The Swedish Labor Movement Archive and Library (Arbetarrorelsens Arkiv och Bibliotek)

1889 establishments in Sweden
Labour movement in Sweden
Members of the Labour and Socialist International
Party of European Socialists member parties
Political parties established in 1889
Progressive Alliance
Feminist parties
Second International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Socialist International

Swedish Social Democratic Party


Solomon Joseph Solomon  (16 September 1860 – 27 July 1927) was a British painter, a founding member of the New English Art Club and member of the Royal Academy.

Solomon's family was Jewish, and his sister, Lily Delissa Joseph (née Solomon), was also a painter. He made an important contribution to the development of camouflage in the First World War, working in particular on tree observation posts and arguing tirelessly for camouflage netting.

Biography

Born in London in 1860, Solomon studied at various art schools, sequentially, Heatherley School of Fine Art, the Royal Academy Schools, the Munich Academy, and École des Beaux-Arts (under Alexandre Cabanel). Solomon also studied separately under Rev. S. Singer. He exhibited his first works as early as 1881, and showed at the Royal Academy, the New Gallery, and the Society of British Artists. In 1886, he became one of the founding members of the New English Art Club. In 1896, he became an associate of the Royal Academy, with full membership following in 1906, one of the few Jewish painters to do so. He joined, and became president of, the Society of British Artists in 1919. In 1921 "Col. S.J. Solomon, R.A., P.R.B.A." was listed as one of the early members of the newly formed Society of Graphic Art.

Solomon died on 27 July 1927, he is buried at Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery in London.

Art

Solomon's painting was grounded in his influence from his teacher Alexandre Cabanel, but was also influenced by Frederic Leighton and Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Solomon painted mainly portraits to earn a living, but also painted dramatic, theatrical scenes from mythology and the bible on large canvasses.   These scenes include some of his more popular paintings. In 1897 he painted a mural for the Royal Exchange, London Charles I demanding the Five Members at the Guildhall, 1641–42. One of Solomon's most popular works was Samson (1887), depicting a scene from the biblical story of Samson and Delilah. This painting was praised for its use of multiple male nudes in active poses. Samson is one of few Solomon paintings on regular display, at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. Some other Solomon paintings that have received significant attention include Ajax and Cassandra (1886) and The Birth of Love (1896).

Solomon became well known as an innovative portrait artist by the time he painted Mrs Patrick Campbell as 'Paula Tanqueray'''  (1894), her role in Arthur Wing Pinero's The Second Mrs Tanqueray, and went on to paint a number of portraits of well-known people, including the architect Sir Aston Webb, and later in life, the royals King George V, Queen Mary, and Prince Edward (later King Edward VIII). Solomon was also in demand as a book illustrator, particularly adventure books. In 1914, Solomon authored The Practice of Oil Painting and Drawing.

Camouflage

During World War I, Solomon was a pioneer of camouflage techniques. Having originally signed-up at the start of the war as a private in The Artists Rifles, a Territorial Force regiment, he promoted his ideas on camouflage, initially in the press and then directly to senior army officers.

In December 1915, General Herbert Plumer arranged for Solomon to visit the front lines and investigate techniques in use by the French. His ideas were accepted, and he was asked to set up a team to start the production of camouflage materials in France. On 31 December 1915, General Douglas Haig, Commander-in-chief of the British forces in France, instructed that Solomon be given the temporary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel to enable him to carry out his new duties.

The new unit's first task was the design of armoured observation posts disguised as trees, following the pioneering work of the French Section de Camouflage led by Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola. The first British tree observation post was put up on 22 March 1916. Solomon was effective at the artistic and technical tasks of designing trees and nets, but not as a commander. He was replaced in March 1916, instead becoming a technical advisor, a role that suited him better. In May 1916, he was sent to England to help develop tank camouflage. Solomon doubted that tanks could be effectively camouflaged since they cast a large shadow. Instead, he argued for the use of camouflage netting, with which he gradually became obsessed, claiming that the Germans were hiding huge armies under immense nets. Camouflage netting was at first considered unimportant by the army; it was not manufactured in large quantities until 1917. Eventually, in 1920, he published a book, Strategic Camouflage'', arguing this case, to critical derision in England but with some support from German newspapers.

In December 1916, Solomon established a camouflage school in Hyde Park which was eventually taken over by the army.

Family life
Solomon's daughter, Iris, was married to Ewen Montagu, one of the "brains" behind Operation Mincemeat in World War Two. Solomon was an uncle of the American playwright Moss Hart.

See also
 Simeon Solomon - Pre-Raphaelite painter

References

Bibliography

External links

 THE PRACTICE OF OIL PAINTING AND OF DRAWING AS ASSOCIATED WITH IT
 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1860 births
1927 deaths
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Alumni of the Heatherley School of Fine Art
Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools
British alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Camoufleurs
Deception
English Jews
English male painters
Jewish painters
Painters from London
Royal Academicians
Royal Engineers officers
Sibling artists
Members of the Royal Society of British Artists
Burials at Willesden Jewish Cemetery
English illustrators
British illustrators
British children's book illustrators
English children's book illustrators
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists

Solomon Joseph Solomon


David Howland Bergamini (11 October 1928 – 3 September 1983, in Tokyo) was an American author who wrote books on 20th-century history and popular science, notably mathematics.

Bergamini was interned as an Allied civilian in a Japanese concentration camp in the Philippines with his mother and father, John Van Wie Bergamini, an architect who worked for the American Episcopal Mission in China, Japan, the Philippines and Africa, and younger sister for the duration of World War II.

From 1949 to 1951 Bergamini studied at Merton College, Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship. In 1951 he joined Time as a reporter; in 1961 he was appointed Assistant Editor of Life magazine.

According to Professor Charles Sheldon of the University of Cambridge, his 1971 book on Japan's Imperial Conspiracy "is a polemic which, to our knowledge, contradicts all previous scholarly work.... Specialists on Japan have unanimously demolished Bergamini's thesis and his pretensions to careful scholarship.

Partial bibliography
 The Fleet in the Window (a novel published in 1961)
 The Universe (Life Nature Library) (1962; revised 1966, 1967)
 Mathematics (Life Science Library) (1963)
 Australia, Its Land and Wildlife (1964)
 The Scientist (Life Science Library) (1965)
 Japan's Imperial Conspiracy (1971),
 Venus Development (a novel published in 1976)

References

1928 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American science writers
American historical novelists
American war novelists
Dartmouth College alumni
20th-century American historians
American male novelists
American male non-fiction writers
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford

David Bergamini


John James McGrath (October 8, 1919 – November 6, 1955) was an American racecar driver. McGrath died in an accident at Bobby Ball Memorial, he lost control of his car at Turn 3, crashed and flipped, dying instantly.

Biography
McGrath was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in South Pasadena, California.

A major player in the "mighty midgets" at Los Angeles's Gilmore Speedway in the late 1940s, McGrath won the first CRA (California Roadster Association) championship in 1946 and was dubbed "King of the Hot Rods".  His efforts, along with those of friend and teammate Manuel Ayulo, helped establish track roadsters as viable race cars. The west coast roadsters evolved into sprint cars in the early 1950s.

Major wins at the AAA national level included the 1951 Syracuse and Langhorne 100 mile races, the 1952 Syracuse 100, and the 1953 Milwaukee 200. He finished the 1952 and 1953 AAA championship seasons in second place, and led the first 44 laps of the 1954 Indianapolis 500.

McGrath's storied 26-lap duel with Bill Vukovich in the ill-fated 1955 Indianapolis 500 ended when the magneto on his Hinckle Special Kurtis 500C's Offenhauser (Meyer-Drake) engine failed on lap 54. Fellow Californian and two-time Indy winner Vukovich died three laps later in a chain-reaction crash while in the lead.

The "Splendid Splinter" himself was killed in the final AAA dirt-track race of the 1955 season, the Bobby Ball Memorial at the one-mile dirt oval at the Arizona State Fairgrounds in Phoenix, Arizona.

Complete AAA Championship Car results

Indy 500 results

McGrath's starting positions from 1951 to 1955 represent the best 5-year starting position streak in the Roadster Era.
McGrath was the fastest overall qualifier of the Roadster Era.
Although McGrath twice posted the fastest qualifying speed, he started from the pole only once when he was the first driver ever to crack the 140-mile-per-hour mark. That was in 1954, with Jimmy Daywalt and 1958 Indy 500 winner Jimmy Bryan to his right. In 1955, he started on the outside of the first row behind pole-day qualifiers Jerry Hoyt and Tony Bettenhausen.

World Championship career summary
The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. Jack McGrath participated in 6 World Championship races. He started on the pole once, set 1 fastest lap, and finished on the podium twice. He accumulated a total of 9 championship points.

Sources
Ludvigsen, K.: Indy Cars of the 1950s; Hudson, Wisconsin: Iconografix, 2000.
Popely, R.; Riggs, L. S.: Indianapolis 500 Chronicles; Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, 1998.
Scalzo, J.: City of Speed: Los Angeles and the Rise of American Racing; St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2007.
Vintage section of the Open Wheel Racers 3 website.

References

External links

1919 births
1955 deaths
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 polesitters
Racing drivers from Los Angeles
Racing drivers who died while racing
Sports deaths in Arizona
AAA Championship Car drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
Carrera Panamericana drivers

Jack McGrath (racing driver)


In the Hartree–Fock method of quantum mechanics, the Fock matrix is a matrix approximating the single-electron energy operator of a given quantum system in a given set of basis vectors.
It is most often formed in computational chemistry when attempting to solve the Roothaan equations for an atomic or molecular system. The Fock matrix is actually an approximation to the true Hamiltonian operator of the quantum system. It includes the effects of electron-electron repulsion only in an average way. Because the Fock operator is a one-electron operator, it does not include the electron correlation energy.

The Fock matrix is defined by the Fock operator.  In its general form the Fock operator writes:

Where  i runs over the total N spin orbitals. In the closed-shell case, it can be simplified by considering only the spatial orbitals. Noting that the  terms are duplicated and the exchange terms are null between different spins.
For the restricted case which assumes closed-shell orbitals and single-
determinantal wavefunctions, the Fock operator for the i-th electron is given by:

where:

 is the Fock operator for the i-th electron in the system,

 is the one-electron Hamiltonian for the i-th electron,

 is the number of electrons and  is the number of occupied orbitals in the closed-shell system,

 is the Coulomb operator, defining the repulsive force between the j-th and i-th electrons in the system,

 is the exchange operator, defining the quantum effect produced by exchanging two electrons.

The Coulomb operator is multiplied by two since there are two electrons in each occupied orbital. The exchange operator is not multiplied by two since it has a non-zero result only for electrons which have the same spin as the i-th electron.

For systems with unpaired electrons there are many choices of Fock matrices.

See also
Hartree–Fock method
Unrestricted Hartree–Fock
Restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock

References

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Quantum chemistry
Matrices

Fock matrix


Riccardo Fabbriconi (born 10 February 2003), known professionally as Blanco, is an Italian singer, rapper and songwriter. He rose to prominence in 2021 with the hits "La canzone nostra" and "Mi fai impazzire", which topped the Italian Singles Chart. He later released his debut album Blu celeste, driven by the singles "Notti in bianco", "Paraocchi" and the title track. In 2022, he won the 72nd Sanremo Music Festival alongside Mahmood with the song "Brividi", with which the duo represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, finishing in sixth place.

Early life
Riccardo Fabbriconi was born in Brescia on 10 February 2003, to a father from Rome and a mother from Lombardy, and raised in Calvagese della Riviera, a small town on Lake Garda. He spent most of his childhood between his hometown, Brescia and Desenzano del Garda, where he attended school. During childhood, his father introduced him to artists such as Lucio Battisti, Lucio Dalla and Pino Daniele, and he also enjoyed most pop radio; growing up, he was involved in the Italian hip hop scene.

Career

2020–2021: "Mi fai impazzire" and Blu celeste
In June 2020, he released on SoundCloud his EP Quarantine Paranoid, thanks to which he was noticed and signed by Universal and Island Records. He subsequently released his debut single "Belladonna (Adieu)", followed by his second single "Notti in bianco", which became a sleeper hit in the summer of 2021, peaking at number two on FIMI's singles chart. On 8 January 2021, Blanco, Mace and Salmo released the collaborative single "La canzone nostra". It became Blanco's first single to peak at number one on FIMI's singles chart and was certified quintuple platinum, having sold 350,000 copies.

On 26 February 2021, Blanco released his single "Paraocchi", which also reached the top ten of FIMI's singles chart. On 18 June 2021, he released the hit single "Mi fai impazzire" in collaboration with Sfera Ebbasta; it peaked at number one on FIMI's singles chart for eight consecutive weeks and was certified sextuple platinum, having sold 420,000 copies.

On 10 September 2021, Blanco released his debut studio album Blu celeste, containing nine original tracks produced by Michelangelo, as well as the previously published singles "Notti in bianco", "Ladro di fiori" and "Paraocchi". The album, which debuted atop FIMI's album chart, was certified as a gold record a week after its release, having sold 250,000 album-equivalent units, and as a platinum record the following week. Simultaneously, the lead single of the same name debuted at number one on FIMI's singles chart and Blanco's songs occupied the entire top ten; furthermore, all twelve tracks included in the album appeared concomitantly on the chart. In November 2021, the track "Finché non mi seppelliscono" was selected as a radio single.

2022–present: Sanremo, Eurovision Song Contest and Innamorato
In December 2021, RAI announced that Mahmood and Blanco would be participating together in the Sanremo Music Festival 2022 with the song "Brividi". They won the competition with over fifty percent of the vote and subsequently confirmed their participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 as Italy's representatives. Critics commented how for the first time in the history of the festival a performance put on the same level homosexual and heterosexual love. "Brividi" recorded over 3.3 million streams in 24 hours, becoming the most-streamed song in a single day on Spotify in Italy. It debuted at number one on FIMI's singles chart and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Global 200.

On 3 April 2022, Blanco embarked on the Blu celeste Tour, consisting of two legs and 27 shows, which concluded on 17 September 2022 in Milan. Blanco was chosen by the Italian Episcopal Conference (CEI) to introduce Pope Francis's meeting at Piazza San Pietro on 18 April 2022. He performed "Blu celeste" accompanied by Michelangelo. The choice was criticized by the bishop of Ventimiglia, Monsignor , who thought the message expressed through Blanco's performance was "not suitable to a Catholic context"; however, a representative of the CEI, Don Michele Falabretti, replied to the concerns and restated the decision to invite Blanco to the event. In May 2022, Blanco and Mahmood participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 held in Turin and finished in sixth place. In June 2022, he released "Nostalgia", his first single after Sanremo and the Eurovision, which peaked at number two on FIMI's singles chart and was certified triple platinum by FIMI.

Blanco released "L'isola delle rose", the first single from his second studio album, Innamorato, on 27 January 2023. Blanco performed the song as a guest during the first night of the Sanremo Music Festival 2023, but in-ear monitoring issues made him unable to hear himself while he was singing. He then proceeded to cause damage to the rose garden set on stage, for which he was booed by the audience at the end of his performance. He later apologized. Innamorato was released on 14 April 2023.

Artistry
Blanco was originally described as a rapper and trapper, although he always rejected any labels, saying that "music should always and exclusively be listened without giving too many definitions". After the release of his debut album, critics found pop, punk, rock and funk influences in Blanco's music. Rolling Stone Italia defined him as "genreless". Claudio Cabona of Rockol commented on how Blanco is capable of mixing rap with a "nihilistic punk attitude". La Repubblica described him as "the new face of the post-trap". While talking about his way of delivering his lyrics, heavily inspired by his personal experiences, Blanco said: "I don't sing, I shout with the heart". Among his inspirations, Blanco named several Italian singer-songwriters including Adriano Celentano, Domenico Modugno, Luigi Tenco, Franco Battiato and Gino Paoli.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Guest appearances

Other charted songs

Videography

Tours
 Blu celeste Tour (2022)

Awards and nominations

References

2003 births
Living people
21st-century Italian male singers
Italian rappers
Sanremo Music Festival winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2022
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Italy
Island Records artists
Universal Music Group artists
People from Brescia

Blanco (singer)


In the Battle of Melitene in 1100, a Crusader force led by Bohemond I of Antioch was defeated in Melitene in eastern Anatolia by Danishmend Turks commanded by Gazi Gümüshtigin.

After acquiring the Principality of Antioch in 1098, Bohemond allied himself with the Armenians of Cilicia.  When Gabriel of Melitene and his Armenian garrison came under attack from the Danishmend state to their north, Bohemond marched to their relief with a Frankish force.

Malik Ghazi's Danishmends ambushed the expedition and "most of the Crusaders were killed." Bohemond was captured along with Richard of Salerno. Among the dead were the Armenian bishops of Marash and Antioch. Bohemond was held for ransom until 1103, and his rescue became the object of one column of the ill-fated Crusade of 1101.

This battle ended the string of victories enjoyed by the participants of the First Crusade. Baldwin, Count of Edessa and later king of Jerusalem, successfully relieved Melitene afterward. However, while the Crusaders were negotiating the ransom of Bohemond, the Danishmends seized the town in 1103 and executed Gabriel of Melitene.

References
 Eggenberger, David. An Encyclopedia of Battles. New York: Dover Publications, 1985.

Footnotes

Melitene
Battles involving the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia
Conflicts in 1100
1100 in Asia
12th century in the Seljuk Empire
1100s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Battle of Melitene


Scotty Finds a Home is a 1935 reel animated cartoon directed by Burt Gillett and produced for RKO Radio Pictures, which was later re-released by Walter O. Gutlohn Inc.

Plot
A young anthropomorphic kitten wants a pet. He happens to find a Scottish Terrier with no owner and takes him in. When the dog, now named "Scotty" tracks mud into the house, the kitten's grandmother says that her grandson cannot keep him. Scotty is thrown out of the house. After some time, a transient bulldog is walking by as the kitten's grandmother puts a pie in the window sill to cool. He barges into the house and terrorizes the family, demanding they feed him. Scotty rushes back to the house and saves the family; Grandma decides that they can keep him after all.

References

External links

1930s American animated films
1930s English-language films
1935 animated films
1935 short films
American animated short films
Animated films about cats
Animated films about dogs
Films directed by Burt Gillett
RKO Pictures animated short films
RKO Pictures short films

Scotty Finds a Home


QVC is a multinational group that represents shopping at home. The name QVC means Quality, Value and Convenience.

The group are a television network that runs 24 hours a day and seven days per week. Celebrities on QVC have included Rachael Ray, Susan Lucci and Joan Rivers. This network specializes primarily in fashion, shoes and clothing. QVC serves almost 235 million customers in six countries. It was founded by Joseph Segel.

References

American television networks

QVC


The Franks Site is a large archaeological site in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio.  Located atop bluffs overlooking the Vermilion River in northwestern Lorain County, it lies in the city of Vermilion close to the river's mouth in Lake Erie.  The site was once inhabited by people of the Erie tribe before their destruction, and archaeological investigations have yielded enough information to make it exceptionally valuable for learning about its erstwhile inhabitants.

Location
The Franks Site lies midway between Mill Hollow, where the river makes a very sharp bend, and central Vermilion; it sits by the edge of a bluff overlooking a smaller yet still significant river bend.  A road traverses the site, dividing it into two distinct sections, while a third section is demarcated by its distance from the other two.  Much of the area consists simply of campsites, but the community cemetery is massive, occupying the entire third section and nearly half of the other two.  The southern portion of the site is marked by curving earthworks atop the bluff's edge.  Had the site been excavated sooner after the coming of civilization, it might have produced yet richer findings; many burials were destroyed on the Franks farm in digging cellars for farm buildings, as well as by crews constructing the present road through the farm.

Excavations
Raymond C. Vietzen led an excavation of the Franks Site in 1941, finding skeletons and artifacts such as pottery.  The burials were of divers forms: Vietzen reported the presence both of extended and flexed burials, for some bodies had been placed lengthwise, while others' legs had been drawn up to the chest in a crouching position.  The possibility of the two representing two different phases was considered, but this was easily disproven as many parts of the cemetery included skeletons of both sorts that had plainly been buried at the same time.  Many adult female skeletons were buried together with exceptionally tiny infant skeletons, suggesting that many women died in childbirth and that it was customary to bury mother and child together.

Pottery from the site bears many similarities to pottery from other Erie sites.  Common features on Franks pottery include lines incised and impressed with antlers, narrow lines incised with smaller tools, and rounded and thumbnail-shaped depressions.  The pottery rims were particularly important for decorations; many of the rims were expanded in order to give them collared appearances, as well as serving to reinforce their strength and to facilitate handling.  Many of the decorated rims were crimped with impressions of bits of wood or bone, while others bore notches or scalloped impressions.  Animal bones were common throughout, with numerous fish skeletons from species such as the sheepshead and the garfish, and excavations also revealed numerous features such as postmolds and rubbish pits.  The sheer size of the site and apparent number of inhabitants prompted Vietzen to declare that it "may truly be called an Erie City as it is far too vast to be simply classed as a village".  He dated some of the artifacts at the site to circa AD 1650, just a few years before the date in which The Jesuit Relations notes the destruction of the Eries by Iroquois warriors.

Moes Site
Just south of the Franks Site is a smaller site, the Moes Site, which appears to be closely related to the Franks Site.  Like Franks, Moes included a cemetery, although its smaller size meant that only ten burials (most of them infants) were found during Vietzen's excavation; hundreds of potsherds, identical to those of Franks, proved much more valuable.  Located at the very edge of a river bluff, the site was named for landowner Isaac Moes; Vietzen reported that the site also included a burial mound from which Moes and his family had excavated many skeletons and artifacts, including a fine birdstone.

Preservation
After excavating the Franks Site, Vietzen published multiple books in which the Franks Site was extensively covered, and he established a museum in Amherst in which some of the site's artifacts were displayed.  The site itself has experienced the influence of historic preservation: it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in late 1975 under the name of "Morris-Franks Site", qualifying because of its archaeological significance.  It was the first of four Lorain County archaeological sites to be added to the Register, along with the Burrell Fort, the Burrell Orchard Site, and the Eiden Prehistoric District.

References

Archaeological sites in Ohio
Cemeteries in Ohio
Geography of Lorain County, Ohio
Mounds in Ohio

Franks Site


Saadullah Khan Umarzai (1880-1948) was a Pashtun political figure from the NWFP region of British India and active in the Muslim demand for a separate state of Pakistan.

After his graduation from government college Lahore he appeared for ICS and was later appointed as the City magistrate Peshawar. He was later promoted to the post of District Judge. Being a close associate of Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Saadullah Khan was entrusted the Task of gathering donations from the Muslim Rajas and Maharajas of India for the acquisition of land for the Islamia College Peshawar.

Sadullah Khan was later nominated as Honorary secretary of the College. A Hostel in the premises of the college has been named in his memory "Saadullah Khan Hostel". After his retirement as the Deputy Commissioner Peshawar he joined the Quaid and the Muslim league for the creation of Pakistan. He was a prominent activist subletting his title of "Khan Bahadur" to the British. As a friend of Maulana Fazal e Wahid of Turangzai he gave financial and moral help when Maulana Sahib fled the British to take refuge in the former Tribal Area of Mommand agency.

When he was the District Judge for Peshawar his relations with the Governor NWFP Metcalf were very  strained over the Chowk e Yadgar incident. He did not want the British Indian Army to handle the turbulent situation.  He wanted the police force to handle the situation.

As a District Judge he would conclude the matter through arbitration. Apparently  Metcalf had panicked.

1880 births
1948 deaths
Indian judges
People of British India
Pakistan Movement

Sadullah Khan Umarzai


A planctus ("plaint") is a lament or dirge, a song or poem expressing grief or mourning. It became a popular literary form in the Middle Ages, when they were written in Latin and in the vernacular (e.g., the planh of the troubadours). The most common planctus is to mourn the death of a famous person, but a number of other varieties have been identified by Peter Dronke. The earliest known example, the Planctus de obitu Karoli, was composed around 814, on the death of Charlemagne.

Other planctus from the ninth century include vernacular laments in a woman's voice, Germanic songs of exile and journeying, and planctus on biblical or classical themes (like the Latin Planctus cygni, which is possibly derived from Germanic models). The earliest examples of music for planctus are found in tenth-century manuscripts associated with the Abbey of Saint Martial of Limoges. From the twelfth century Dronke identifies a growing number of laments of the Virgin Mary (called a planctus Mariae) and complaintes d'amour (complaints of love) in the courtly love tradition. From the mid-thirteenth century survives an early Catalan Marian lament, Augats, seyós qui credets Déu lo Payre, and around 1300 the Lamentations of Mary were composed in Old Hungarian. The Mongol invasion of Europe drew a planctus from an anonymous monk in the entourage of Béla IV of Hungary, the Planctus destructionis regni Hungariae per Tartaros (1242).

References

Notes

Medieval literature
Medieval music genres

Planctus