Joseph Anthony Kuhel (June 25, 1906 – February 26, 1984) was an American professional baseball player and manager. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he was a first baseman who played in the Major Leagues from 1930 to 1947, primarily for the Washington Senators, where he played 11 of his 18 seasons. He also played for the Chicago White Sox for seven seasons (1938–1943, 1946–1947). He batted and threw left-handed, stood  tall and weighed . Following his playing career, Kuhel managed the Senators (1948–49). In an 18-season career, Kuhel was a .277 hitter with 131 home runs and 1,049 RBI in 2,104 games played. Defensively, he posted a career .992 fielding percentage.

Kuhel was the best defensive first baseman in the American League during the 1930s, but also was an inconsistent player who struggled with injuries most of his career. Hampered by playing in Griffith Stadium most of his career, his power numbers were never as good as they may have been in a more favorable  park for long-ball hitters.

Career
Kuhel started his major league career with the Washington in 1930 and replaced Joe Judge on a regular basis a year later. He appeared in 139 games, batting .269 with eight home runs and 85 RBI. In the Senators' pennant year of , Kuhel hit 11 home runs with 107 RBIs and posted career-highs in batting average (.322) and hits (194). He also led AL first basemen with 1,498 putouts.

Kuhel seemed headed to another solid season in 1934, hitting .289 with three homers in 63 games, but he suffered a broken ankle in July and was out for the remainder of the season. He was healthy in 1935, hitting .261 with 74 RBIs in 151 games. His most productive season came in 1936, when he hit .321 with 16 home runs and set career-highs in doubles (42), RBIs (118) and slugging percentage (.502), while stealing 15 bases and struck out just 30 times. He finished sixth in the American League MVP Award voting tied with Vern Kennedy, behind Lou Gehrig, Luke Appling, Earl Averill, Charlie Gehringer and Bill Dickey, and over Joe DiMaggio, Tommy Bridges, Hal Trosky and Jimmie Foxx.

After his stellar season, Kuhel slumped in 1937, batting .283 but with low numbers in home runs, RBIs and slugging (6, 61, .400). Before the 1938 season he was traded to the Chicago White Sox for slugger Zeke Bonura in a swap of first basemen. In the more forgiving Comiskey Park, Kuhel hit for more power, averaging 18 home runs from 1939 to 1941, and tying Bonura's franchise record with 27 homers in 1940. But after struggling to .249, four homers, 52 RBIs in 1942, and .213, 5, 46 in 1943, Kuhel was let go by Chicago.

Before the 1944 season Kuhel returned to Washington. He hit .282 in his first two seasons back in a Senators' uniform, but when Mickey Vernon returned from World War II in 1946, Kuhel was expendable and was sold back to the White Sox in the midseason. After three pinch-hit appearances in 1947 he retired as a player to manage a White Sox farm team, the Class C Hot Springs Bathers.

Then, in 1948 Kuhel was brought back to Washington to manage the Senators. In two seasons, he had a 106–201 (.345) record that produced seventh- and eighth-place finishes. After being fired, he managed the Kansas City Blues in the American Association.

Kuhel died in Kansas City, Kansas, at the age of 77.

See also
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

External links
Joe Kuhel - Baseball Biography and Highlights
The Baseball Page
Baseball Reference

1906 births
1984 deaths
American people of Slovenian descent
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from Cleveland
Chicago White Sox players
Hot Springs Bathers players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Lincoln Links players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Minor league baseball managers
Springfield Senators players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) managers
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players

Joe Kuhel


Lincoln Park is a neighborhood in Warwick, Rhode Island.  It was established early in the twentieth century.

Most of Lincoln Park's houses were built roughly between then and the mid-twentieth century.  The old Lincoln Park School (1909, Angell & Swift) still stands in the center of the neighborhood, at 175 Massachusetts Avenue.  It is now used as apartments.  Lincoln Park is dominated by the Lincoln Park Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery established in 1906 by Chesed Shel Emes.  The most architecturally significant building in the neighborhood is the small chapel in the cemetery.

Part of the neighborhood was demolished in the 1960s for an extension of I-95, which forms the neighborhood's northern boundary.  North of it is Norwood. Most of the streets are named for the states.  It is about 0.4 miles north of Airport Road, and 0.7 miles north of Hillsgrove.  Post Road, the main route through Lincoln Park, is lines with businesses.

References

Warwick, Rhode Island
Neighborhoods in Rhode Island

Lincoln Park, Rhode Island


Alma mater (; : almae matres) is an allegorical Latin phrase used to proclaim a school that a person has attended or, more usually, from which one has graduated.

Alma mater is also a honorific title for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. Later, in Catholicism, it became a title of Mary, mother of Jesus.

The term entered academic use when the University of Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088 and world's oldest university in continuous operation, adopted the motto Alma Mater Studiorum ("nurturing mother of studies").

The term is related to alumnus, literally meaning a "nursling" or "one who is nourished", that frequently is used for a graduate.

Etymology

Although alma (nourishing) was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. In the Oxford Latin Dictionary, the phrase is attributed to Lucretius in his De rerum natura where he used the term as an epithet to describe an earth goddess:
Denique caelesti sumus omnes semine oriundi
omnibus ille idem pater est, unde alma liquentis
umoris guttas mater cum terra recepit (2.991–993)
We are all sprung from that celestial seed,
all of us have same father, from whom earth,
the nourishing mother, receives drops of liquid moisture

After the fall of Rome, the term came into Christian liturgical usage in association with Mary, mother of Jesus. "Alma Redemptoris Mater" is a well-known eleventh century antiphon devoted to Mary.

The earliest documented use of the term to refer to a university in an English-speaking country is in 1600, when the University of Cambridge printer, John Legate, began using an emblem for the university press. The first-known appearance of the device is on the title-page of a book by William Perkins, A Golden Chain, where the Latin phrase Alma Mater Cantabrigia ("nourishing mother Cambridge") is inscribed on a pedestal bearing a nude, lactating woman wearing a mural crown.

In English etymological reference works, often the first university-related usage is cited as 1710, when an academic mother figure is mentioned in a remembrance of Henry More by Richard Ward.

Special use

Many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The Latin name of the University of Bologna,  (nourishing mother of studies), refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. Other European universities, such as the Alma Mater Lipsiensis in Leipzig, Germany, or Alma Mater Jagiellonica, Poland, have used the expression similarly in conjunction with geographical or foundational characteristics. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, an international university founded by the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2010, uses the term as its official name.

In the United States, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the "Alma Mater of the Nation" because of its ties to the founding of the country.

At Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the main student government is known as the Alma Mater Society.

Monuments
Modern sculptures of Alma Mater are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses. In 1901, a bronze statue of Alma Mater by Daniel Chester French was installed of steps of Columbia University's Low Library. A similar sculpture, cast in 1919 by Mario Korbel, sits on the main entrance steps at the University of Havana.

Later statues include  Lorado Taft's Alma Mater at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Supporters of Washington University commissioned Cyrus Dallin for a sculpture for its affiliate Mary Institute in 1925.

An altarpiece mural in Yale University's Sterling Memorial Library, painted in 1932 by Eugene Savage, depicts the Alma Mater as a bearer of light and truth, standing in the midst of the personified arts and sciences.

References

External links

 Alma Mater Europaea website

School terminology
Latin words and phrases
Academic terminology

Alma mater


Fra Guglielmo Agnelli OP (c. 1238–1313) was an Italian sculptor and architect, born in Pisa.

Biography
Agnelli was a pupil of the well-known sculptor Nicola Pisano, who modelled on classical Greek and Roman ideas.

Agnelli was born and there joined the Dominican Order in 1257, as a lay brother. He was soon engaged in work on the convent of the brethren at Pisa and built the campanile of the Badia a Settimo, near Florence.

His best work is the series of marble reliefs executed, in collaboration with Pisano, for the famous tomb of St Dominic in the church of that Saint at Bologna. The figures on the funeral urn, in mezzo-rilievo, are about two feet high. Agnelli's work on the posterior face of the tomb deals with six Dominican legends: the Blessed Reginald smitten by a distemper; the Virgin Mary healing a sick man and selecting the habit for the Friars Preachers; the same man freed from a terrible temptation by holding St Dominic's hands; Pope Honorius III having his vision of St Dominic supporting the falling Lateran Basilica; Honorius examining the Dominican rule, and his solemn approbation of it. This work afforded little scope to Agnelli's imaginative powers, but its masterly execution raised his esteem to second only to his master, Nicola Pisano. On the other hand, the figures show some of the characteristic stiffness and lack of finish in the extremities of the time. They are also crowded. Agnelli and Nicola also embellished the upper cornice of the urn with acanthus leaves and birds.

In 1293, Agnelli worked at Orvieto Cathedral. Though his share in the sculptures of this edifice is not fully established, the bas-reliefs are attributed to him. The length of time he spent at Orvieto is also unknown. In 1304, he was engaged in works of sculpture and architecture in his native Pisa, and was called upon to adorn the facade of the Church of San Michele di Borgo with historical bas-reliefs. These labours, together with his work on other parts of that church, and the construction of a pulpit, engaged him for the remaining nine years of his life. Vincenzo Marchese describes Agnelli as not only the foremost among the Dominican sculptors, but also "among the grandest Italian sculptors, far excelling all contemporaries. Arnolfo, Giovanni Pisano, and his master excepted".

References

Architects from Tuscany
Sculptors from Tuscany
1238 births
1313 deaths
Artists from Pisa
13th-century Italian architects
14th-century Italian architects
13th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
14th-century Italian sculptors
Catholic sculptors

Guglielmo Agnelli


This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. Other websites to reports, news articles and other sources of information may also be found below.

Published works
 Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins (2006) Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener, Princeton N.J.,
 de Waal, Alex (1989) Famine that Kills: Darfur, Sudan, Oxford University Press, USA, (Revised 2005)
 Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal (2006) Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, Zed Books, London,
 Johnson, Douglas H. (2003) The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars, Indiana University Press,
 Prunier, Gérard (2005) Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Cornell University Press,
 Steidle, Brian and Steidle Wallace, Gretchen (2007) The Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to the Genocide in Darfur , PublicAffairs,

Overviews and updating news aggregators
 "Sudan", UN News Centre
 Darfur Information Center of the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center
 Sudan page  of the United States Agency for International Development
 Darfur conflict at Discourse DB
 Darfur Crisis at NewsCloud

From mainstream media
 "In Depth - Sudan: A Nation Divided" by BBC News
 "Special Report: Sudan" by Guardian Unlimited
 "The Darfur Crisis" by The NewsHour, Public Broadcasting Service
 "Full Coverage: Sudan"  from Yahoo! News

From advocacy organizations
 "Sudan: Crisis in Darfur" , Amnesty International reports
 The Darfur Conflict , Crimes of War Project
 Crisis in Darfur , International Crisis Group
 "Darfur News Briefs" , weekly by the Genocide Intervention Network
 "Crisis in Darfur" , Human Rights Watch

On specialized topics
 "Darfur" - Legal News Archive from JURIST
 Aggregated information on media censorship in Sudan  from the International Freedom of Expression Exchange
 Sudan  on Diplomacy Monitor

Reports and news articles (chronological)
 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting  Video Reports on the Conflict in Darfur

 Darfur: "too many people killed for no reason." , Amnesty International, 3 February 2004
 "Darfur Rising: Sudan's New Crisis" , International Crisis Group, 25 March 2004
 Notes from Natsios: Sudan's Growing Crisis (PDF) , USAID newsletter FrontLines, April-May 2004 issue
 Alex de Waal, "Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap", London Review of Books, August 5, 2004
 Mikael Nabati, "The U.N. Responds to the Crisis in Darfur: Security Council Resolution 1556", ASIL Insight 142, American Society of International Law, August 2004
 Genocide in Sudan , Parliamentary Brief, UK, August 2004
 Documenting Atrocities in Darfur, United States Department of State, September 2004
 Alex de Waal, "Tragedy in Darfur" , Boston Review, October/November 2004
 "Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General" on reliefweb.int, 25 January 2005
 Alex Cobham, Causes of Conflicts in Sudan, Testing the Black Book , January 2005
 Paul Reynolds, "Sudan atrocities strain US relations", BBC News, 1 February 2005
 "Darfur: no peace without justice" , Darfur Relief and Documentation Center (DRDC) , 21 February 2005
 "ICC given Darfur suspect names", Al Jazeera, 5 April 2005
 Darfur: Counting the Deaths - Mortality Estimates from Multiple Survey Data , Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 26 May 2005
 Jane Wells, "Witness to Darfur" five-part series, The Huffington Post, June 2005
 "UN refused access to Darfur to investigate atrocities", BBC News, 13 December 2005
 Dorina Bekoe, "Overcoming Obstacles to Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur" , US Institute of Peace, January 2006
 "The Best Hope for Peace in Darfur" , panel discussion recorded at the New York Society for Ethical Culture (RAM and MP3 formats), April 19, 2006
 "Crisis Zone: Darfur, Sudan", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 24 May 2006
 Darfur Report , African Holocaust, June 2006
 "Darfur's Fragile Peace Agreement" , International Crisis Group, 20 June 2006
 Alex de Waal, "Darfur's fragile peace", opendemocracy.net, 5 July 2006
 Gérard Prunier, "Darfur's Sudan problem", opendemocracy.net, 15 September 2006 (in response to de Waal's article)
 Jonah Fisher, "Cracks emerge in Darfur peace deal", BBC News From Our Correspondent, 29 July 2006
 Paul Reynolds, "Despair over Darfur", BBC News, 6 September 2006
 "A Tale of Two Genocides: The Failed U.S. Response to Rwanda and Darfur" , Africa Action, 9 September 2006
 "SUDAN: Rebel fragmentation hampers Darfur peace", IRIN, 11 September 2006
 Jonah Fisher, "No end in sight to Darfur troubles", BBC News, 18 September 2006
 "Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur" , Minority Rights Group, September 2006
 Karen Allen, "Q&A: Your questions about Darfur", BBC News, 13 October 2006
 "Searching for Jacob" , 60 Minutes, 22 October 2006
 "Our Choice, Too: On the Edge in Darfur " (video) from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, 2006
 "Q&A on the Darfur conflict", BBC News, updated 27 February 2007

Advocacy organizations and websites (alphabetical)

 Aegis Trust
 Protect Darfur  campaign website
 American Jewish World Service
 Darfur Action Campaign  website
 Bystanders to Genocide  website
 Canadian Students For Darfur, website
 Damanga: Coalition for Freedom and Democracy, website
 Darfur Relief and Documentation Center
 Darfur Foundation, website
 The Darfur Wall, website
 Darfur is Dying, website
 David Blaine
 Dunk for Darfur campaign
 The Darfur Store
 Genocide Intervention Network, website
 Darfur Scorecard  campaign
 Sudan Divestment Task Force website
 Globe for Darfur
 Sound the Alarm  campaign
 Blue Hat  campaign
 HAeD - Hatzilu et Amei Darfur (Save the Nations of Darfur)  website
 Help Darfur Now
 Hold Your Breath for Darfur
 Human Rights First
 HOPE (Help Organize a Peace Envoy) for Darfur campaign
 Operation Sudan
 Res Publica (Organization)
 DarfurGenocide.org
 Save Darfur Coalition, website
 Sauver Le Darfour, SLD,An European Anti-Genocide Coalition, website
 STAND: A Student Anti-Genocide Coalition, website
 Time to Protect  campaign
 DarfurFast campaign
 Project:Darfur inc,
 STAND Canada
 SudanActivism.com
 Support American Intervention Now (SAIN)  in Darfur
 Committee on Conscience Alert - Sudan:Darfur Overview
 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee
 Drumbeat for Darfur  campaign

Humanitarian and emergency relief work
 Humanitarian Information Center for Darfur, United Nations
 "Who's Working: Sudan", List of aid organizations from ReliefWeb, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
 "Darfur Without Delay" (with video) about AmeriCares efforts in Darfur
 Emergency Feeding in Darfur , slideshow by Samaritan's Purse
 Safer Access Statement on State of Humanitarian Security in Darfur A Collective Response on Darfur is Needed

Blogs, podcasts and websites of individuals
 Coalition for Darfur blog
 Jan Pronk, Weblog of the UN special envoy to Sudan
 Eric Reeves, Sudan Research, Analysis, and Advocacy
 Ryan Spencer Reed, photojournalist's website with images of Darfur
 Sleepless in Sudan. Uncensored, direct from a dazed & confused aid worker in Darfur, Sudan, blog, closed on 1 February 2006
 "Voices on Genocide Prevention" , podcasts from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (not specific to Darfur)
 Voice of Sudan blog
 Stop Genocide Now Daily video feeds from the Darfur/Chad border

Maps
 Darfur Humanitarian Emergency: Satellite Imagery
 Sudan Maps from the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, includes both maps and USAID imagery

Parties to the conflict
 "The Situation in the Darfur Region of Sudan" , African Union
 Sudan Embassy in the US
 Sudan Justice and Equality Movement
 African Union Mission in Sudan, the peacekeeping force currently in Darfur

Darfur conflict

Darfur conflict bibliography


Walter Braunfels (; 19 December 1882 – 19 March 1954) was a German composer, pianist, and music educator.

Life

Walter Braunfels was born in Frankfurt. His first music teacher was his mother, the great-niece of the composer Louis Spohr. He continued his piano studies in Frankfurt at the Hoch Conservatory with James Kwast.

Braunfels studied law and economics at the university in Munich until after a performance of Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde he decided on music. He went to Vienna in 1902 to study with the pianist and teacher Theodor Leschetizky. He then returned to Munich to study composition with Felix Mottl and Ludwig Thuille. In February 1918 he was wounded at the front and in June 1918 on his return to Frankfurt converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, composing his Te Deum of 1920–21 "not as music for musicians but as a personal expression of faith".

He achieved early success with the melodious opera Die Vögel (The Birds, 1920), such that Adolf Hitler, not realising that Braunfels was half-Jewish, in 1923 invited Braunfels to write an anthem for the Nazi Party, which Braunfels "indignantly turned down".

Braunfels performed as a professional pianist for many years. In 1949 he played Beethoven's Diabelli Variations on a radio broadcast.} At his farewell concert as pianist on 19 January 1952, he played Bach's D major Toccata, Beethoven's piano sonata no. 32 op. 111 and the arrangement of the Organ Fantasy and Fugue in G minor by Liszt.

Braunfels was invited by Konrad Adenauer, then mayor of Cologne, to serve as the first director (and founder together with Hermann Abendroth) of the Cologne Academy of Music (Hochschule für Musik Köln) from 1925 to 1933, and again from 1945 to 1950. With the rise of the Nazis to power he was dismissed, and listed as being half-Jewish in the Nazi list of musicians composing what the regime called degenerate music. He retired from public life during the Hitler years but continued to compose. The war passed peacefully for Braunfels and his wife, though his three sons were conscripted into the Wehrmacht. After World War II, he returned to public life and on 12 October 1945 again became director, and in 1948 president, of the Cologne Academy of Music and further enhanced his reputation as a music educator with high ideals.

Work as composer
Walter Braunfels was well known as a composer between the two World Wars but fell into oblivion after his death. There is now something of a renaissance of interest in his works. His opera Die Vögel, based on the play The Birds by Aristophanes, was recorded by Decca in 1996 and has been successfully revived (for example, by the Los Angeles Opera in 2009). In 2014 Die Vögel was staged at Theater Osnabrück and Der Traum ein Leben at Oper Bonn.

Braunfels's music is in the German classical-romantic tradition. His Phantastische Erscheinungen eines Themas von Hector Berlioz is a giant set of variations. "Structurally the work has something in common with Strauss' Don Quixote—on LSD", noted David Hurwitz of ClassicsToday. "The orchestral technique also is quite similar, recognizably German school, with luscious writing for violins and horns, occasional outbursts of extreme virtuosity all around, and a discerning but minimal use of additional percussion."

Braunfels composed music in a number of different genres, not only operas, but also songs, choral works and orchestral, chamber and piano pieces.

Compositions

Operas
 Prinzessin Brambilla Op. 12 (after E. T. A. Hoffmann) (1909)
 Ulenspiegel (1913)
 Die Vögel Op. 30 (after Aristophanes) (1913–19)
 Don Gil von den grünen Hosen, Op. 35 (1924) – based on Tirso de Molina's Don Gil of the Green Breeches
 Der gläserne Berg, Op. 39 (1929) – a Christmas fairy tale
 Galathea, Op. 40 (1929) in 1 act
 Verkündigung, Op. 50 (after Paul Claudel) (composed 1933–35, premièred NWDR Television 1948)
 L'Annonce faite à Marie, reconstruction of the French version after Paul Claudel (2013, not premièred)
 Der Traum ein Leben, Op. 51 (1937)
 Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna, Op. 57 (1939–1943, premièred Stockholm 2001)
 Tanzspiel Der Zauberlehrling after the poem by Goethe, Op. 71 composed as a Ballade for television (1954). "In the television studios of Hamburg-Lokstedt there was the premiere of Der Zauberlehrling during February to music by Professor Walter Braunfels in charge of the NWDR Television."

Oratorios

 Offenbarung Johannis – Revelation of John Op. 17 (1919)
 Te Deum Op. 32 (1920–21)
 Große Messe, Op. 37 (1923–26)
 Passionskantate, Op. 54 (1936–43)
 Das Spiel von der Auferstehung des Herrn – Resurrection play, Op. 72 (1954) after the Alsfelder Passionsspiel, arranged by Hans Reinhart

Selected other works
 Variations on an Old French Children's Song, Op. 15 (1909)
 Ariels Gesang, Op. 18 (1910, after Shakespeare's The Tempest)
 Serenade, Op. 20 (1910)
 Piano Concerto, Op 21 (1912)
 Phantastiche Erscheinungen eines Themas von Hector Berlioz (Fantastic Appearances of a Theme by Hector Berlioz), Op. 25 (1914–17)
 Don Juan Variations for Orchestra, Op. 34 (1924)
 Prelude and Fugue for large orchestra, Op. 36 (1922–35)
 Organ Concerto, Op. 38 (1927)
 Two Choruses for Male Choir, Op. 41 (1925)
 Schottische Fantasie for Viola and Orchestra, Op. 47 (1933)
 Die Gott minnende Seele Song Cycle, Op. 53 (1936)
 The Death of Cleopatra, Op. 59 (1944) Scene for Soprano and Orchestra
 Music (Sinfonia Concertante) for Violin Solo, Viola Solo, 2 Horns and String Orchestra, Op. 68 (1948)
 Sinfonia brevis in F minor, Op. 69 (1948)
 Hebriden-Tänze for Piano & Orchestra, Op. 70 (1951)
 "Der Tod fürs Vaterland", ode by Friedrich Hölderlin, Op. 27 (1916–1918)

Chamber works and solo
 String Quartet No. 1 in A minor, Op. 60 (1944)
 String Quartet No. 2 in F Major, Op. 61 (1944)
 String Quintet in F sharp minor, Op. 63 (1944)
 String Quartet No. 3, Op. 67 (1947)

References

Sources

Further reading
 Jung-Kaiser, Ute. 1980. Walter Braunfels (1882–1954). Studien zur Musikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts 58. Regensburg: Bosse.
 Tommasini, Anthony. 13 April 2009. "Even High Above Those Clouds, You Can Never Escape From the Gods". The New York Times (accessed 19 April 2009).

External links

 "Walter Braunfels", short biography by Michael Custodis, Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit (in German)
 "Silenced Voice, Heard Again" by Matthew Gurewitsch, The New York Times, 7 January 2011

1882 births
1954 deaths
German people of Jewish descent
Musicians from Frankfurt
Musicians from Hesse-Nassau
German male classical composers
German Romantic composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Jewish classical composers
German classical pianists
German male classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln
Hoch Conservatory alumni
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century German male musicians
20th-century German composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists

Walter Braunfels


They Called Her Babylon is an album by British folk rock band Steeleye Span. The title track deals with the Siege of Lathom House in 1644, during the English Civil War, during which Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby, held out for four months against Parliamentarian efforts to take the house.

The album, the band's 18th studio album, was released in 2004. The album is perhaps most noteworthy for the return of Maddy Prior, the band's most central member, who had departed the band in 1996. Returning with Prior was her husband, Rick Kemp, who had not performed with the band since its 12th album, although both Prior and Kemp had performed on Present--The Very Best of Steeleye Span, an album that re-recorded versions of songs from earlier albums.  Gay Woods, who had replaced Prior for two albums, departed at the same time. New to the band with this album was guitarist Ken Nicol, while drummer Liam Genockey, who had played on Time, returned.  Longtime violinist Peter Knight rounded out the group.

Highlights of the album include 'Van Diemen's Land', a song about poaching and deportation to what would eventually be called Tasmania; 'Heir of Linne', a classic ballad of riches lost and regained, and 'Child Owlet', another traditional ballad whose gruesomeness is underlined by Prior's powerful vocals. The album also contains the band's shortest song ever, a 40-second version of 'Bede's Death Song', an early medieval poem attributed to the 8th century monk.

In the original version of 'Van Diemen's Land', the narrator is a man, but Prior reworked the lyrics to make the narrator a woman

The album received very mixed reviews. Some critics saw it as a return to form after several less-satisfying albums, and attributed the band's revival to Prior's return. Others saw the album as representing a continuing decline of the band, attributing it to the aging of the band's core members, and noting that Prior's voice, while still strong and effective on songs like 'Van Dieman's Land' and 'Child Owlet', does not seem to have its top range any more.

Personnel
Steeleye Span
Maddy Prior - vocals
Rick Kemp - vocals, bass
Peter Knight - vocals, violin, Octave violin, keyboards
Ken Nicol - vocals, guitar
Liam Genockey - drums

Track listing
 "Van Diemen's Land", the historic name for Tasmania
 "Samain" named for the Samhain festival
 "Heir of Linne"
 "Bride's Farewell"
 "They Called Her Babylon"
 "Mantle of Green"
 "Bede's Death Song"
 "Diversus and Lazarus"
 "Si Begh Si Mohr"
 "Child Owlet"
 "What's the Life of a Man?"

References

2004 albums
Steeleye Span albums

They Called Her Babylon


Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), known by his stage name  Jay-Z, is an American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur. Known for his involvement in the creative and commercial success of numerous artists, he was named the greatest rapper of all time by Billboard and Vibe in 2023. He is the founder and chairman of entertainment company Roc Nation, and was the president and chief executive officer of Def Jam Recordings from 2004 to 2007.

Born and raised in New York City, Jay-Z began his musical career in the late 1980s; he co-founded the record label Roc-A-Fella Records in 1994 and released his debut studio album Reasonable Doubt in 1996, which was met with critical praise. He has went on to release twelve additional albums to further critical acclaim and commercial success, including The Blueprint (2001), The Black Album (2003), American Gangster (2007), and 4:44 (2017). He released the collaborative albums Watch the Throne with Kanye West in 2011 and Everything Is Love with his wife Beyoncé in 2018. Jay-Z holds the record for the most number-one albums (14) of any solo artist on the Billboard 200.

Through his business ventures, Jay-Z became the first hip-hop billionaire in 2019. In 1999, he founded Rocawear, a clothing retailer. In 2003, he founded 40/40 Club, a luxury bar chain. Both businesses grew to multi-million-dollar corporations, enabling him to launch Roc Nation, a multi-disciplinary entertainment agency in 2008. In 2015, he acquired the technology company Aspiro and led the expansion of Tidal, the company's media streaming service. As of , he is the wealthiest musical artist in the world with a net worth of US$2.5 billion.

One of the world's best-selling music artists with 140 million records sold, Jay-Z has won 24 Grammy Awards, the tenth-most of all time and most awarded for any hip hop artist jointly with Kanye West. He has been awarded the NAACP's President's Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Sports Emmy Award, been nominated for a Tony Award. Ranked by Billboard and Rolling Stone as one of the 100 greatest artists of all time, Jay-Z was the first rapper to be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the first solo living rapper inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013.

Early life and education
Shawn Corey Carter was born on December 4, 1969, in Brooklyn, New York City. He was raised in Marcy Houses, a public housing project in Brooklyn's Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood. His father, Adnis Reeves, abandoned the family, and Jay-Z and his three older siblings were raised by his mother, Gloria Carter. Reeves later met and reconciled with Jay-Z prior to his father's death in 2003. Jay-Z claims in his lyrics that in 1982, at age 12, he shot his older brother in the shoulder for stealing his jewelry.

He attended Eli Whitney High School and George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, both in Brooklyn, and then Trenton Central High School in Trenton, New Jersey. He did not graduate, dropping out during his sophomore year at Trenton Central High School. According to his interviews and lyrics, he sold crack cocaine and was shot at three times during this period. His former friend was sentenced to prison for possessing drugs and weapons.

According to his mother, Jay-Z used to wake up his siblings at night banging out drum patterns on the kitchen table. She bought him a boombox for his birthday, sparking his interest in music, and he began freestyling and writing lyrics. Known as "Jazzy" around the neighborhood, he later adopted the stage name "Jay-Z" in homage to his mentor Jaz-O.

Career
Jay-Z can be briefly heard on several of Jaz-O's early recordings in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including "H. P. Gets Busy", "The Originators" and "Hawaiian Sophie". Jay-Z became embroiled in several battles with rapper LL Cool J in the early 1990s. He first became known to a wide audience on the posse cut "Show and Prove" on the 1994 Big Daddy Kane album Daddy's Home. Jay-Z has been referred to as Big Daddy Kane's hype man during this period, although Kane explains that he did not fill the traditional hype man role, and was instead basically making cameo appearances on stage. "When I would leave the stage to go change outfits, I would bring out Jay-Z and Positive K and let them freestyle until I came back to the stage."

According to his second verse on "99 Problems", released in 2003, Jay-Z was allegedly stopped by an NYPD detective in 1994 while en route to I-95, possibly for a search of drugs in his car. Detection dogs were called, but another police car had passed; Jay-Z was let go soon after. Jay-Z appeared on a popular song by Big L, "Da Graveyard", and on Mic Geronimo's "Time to Build", which also featured early appearances by his former Murder Inc. colleagues Ja Rule and DMX in 1995. His first official rap single was "In My Lifetime", which was released with an accompanying music video in 1995. An unreleased music video was also produced for the B-side "I Can't Get with That."

1995–2000: Reasonable Doubt, In My Lifetime, Vol. 1, Vol. 2..., Vol. 3..., and The Dynasty
With no major label to give him a record deal, Jay-Z sold burned CDs out of his car, and with Damon "Dame" Dash and Kareem "Biggs" Burke, created Roc-A-Fella Records as an independent label in 1995. After striking a distribution deal with Priority, Jay-Z released his 1996 debut album Reasonable Doubt with beats from acclaimed producers such as DJ Premier and Super DJ Clark Kent and an appearance by The Notorious B.I.G. The album reached number 23 on the Billboard 200, and was generally favored by critics. This album would later be included in Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time as No. 248 and eventually reach platinum status. After reaching a new label distribution deal with Def Jam in 1997, Jay-Z released his follow-up In My Lifetime, Vol. 1. Featuring production by Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, DJ Premier, and Ski, it earned platinum status in the United States.

In 1998, Jay-Z released Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life which spawned the biggest hit of his career at the time, "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)". He relied more on flow and wordplay, and he continued with his penchant for mining beats from the popular producers of the day such as Swizz Beatz, an upstart in-house producer for Ruff Ryders, and Timbaland. Other producers included DJ Premier, Erick Sermon, The 45 King, and Kid Capri. Charting hits from this album included "Can I Get A...", featuring Ja Rule and Amil, and "Nigga What, Nigga Who", featuring Amil and Jaz-O. Vol. 2 would eventually become Jay-Z's most commercially successful album; it was certified 5× Platinum in the United States and has to date sold over five million copies. The album went on to win a Grammy Award, although Jay-Z boycotted the ceremony protesting DMX's failure to garner a Grammy nomination and the academy's decision to not broadcast urban music categories.
In 1999, Jay-Z collaborated with Mariah Carey on "Heartbreaker", a song from her seventh album, Rainbow. The song became Jay-Z's first chart-topper in the US, spending two weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. In that same year, Jay-Z released Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter. The album proved successful and sold over 3 million copies. Vol. 3s most successful single was "Big Pimpin", featuring UGK.

In 2000, Jay-Z released The Dynasty: Roc La Familia, which was originally intended to become a compilation album for Roc-A-Fella artists but Def Jam turned into a Jay-Z album. The album helped to introduce newcomer producers The Neptunes, Just Blaze, Kanye West, and Bink, which have all gone on to achieve notable success. This is also the first album where Jay-Z utilizes a more soulful sound than his previous albums. The Dynasty sold over two million units in the U.S. alone.

2001–2002: Feud with Nas, The Blueprint and The Blueprint2
In 2001, Jay-Z spoke out against Prodigy after he took an issue with a Jay-Z line from "Money, Cash, Hoes" that he felt alluded disparagingly to Mobb Deep and Prodigy's dispute with Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, and Death Row Records. He later performed the song "Takeover", at Summer Jam 2001, which initially attacked Prodigy and revealed photos of Prodigy dressed like Michael Jackson. A line at the end of "Takeover" referred to Nas, who criticized him on "We Will Survive". Nas responded with a diss track called "Ether" and Jay-Z straightaway added a verse to "Takeover" which dissed Nas and would start a feud between the two rappers. The feud had ended by 2005, Jay-Z stated Mark Pitts had helped them settle the feud.

On September 11, 2001, Jay-Z released his sixth studio album, The Blueprint, which received a five-mic review from hip-hop magazine The Source. Written in just two days, the album sold more than 427,000 copies, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and reached 2× Platinum status in the U.S. Eminem featured on the album, producing and rapping on the song "Renegade". Four tracks were produced by Kanye West. The Blueprint includes the songs "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)", "Girls, Girls, Girls", "Jigga That Nigga", and "Song Cry". , the album had sold 2.7 million copies worldwide. In 2019, The Blueprint was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

In October 2001, Jay-Z pleaded guilty to aggravated assault for stabbing record producer Lance Rivera at the Kit Kat Klub in New York City in 1999. For this second-degree felony, Jay-Z was sentenced to three years probation.

In 2002, Jay-Z released his seventh studio album The Blueprint2: The Gift & The Curse, a double album. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one, selling over 3 million units in the U.S. alone and surpassing The Blueprint. It was later reissued in a single-disc version, The Blueprint 2.1, which retained half of the tracks from the original. The album spawned two hit singles, "Excuse Me Miss" and "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which features Jay-Z's wife, Beyoncé. The album also contained the tracks "A Dream", featuring Faith Evans and the late The Notorious B.I.G..

2003–2005: The Black Album and initial retirement

After visiting the south of France, Jay-Z announced work on his eighth studio album The Black Album at the opening of the 40/40 Club. He worked with several producers including Just Blaze, The Neptunes, Kanye West, Timbaland, Eminem, DJ Quik, 9th Wonder, The Buchanans, and Rick Rubin. Notable songs on the album included "What More Can I Say", "Dirt Off Your Shoulder", "Change Clothes", and "99 Problems". The Black Album has sold more than 3 million copies in the U.S. Jay-Z collaborated with R. Kelly and released a collaborative studio album, The Best of Both Worlds.

On November 25, 2003, Jay-Z held a concert—billed as a "retirement party" at Madison Square Garden in New York City, which would later be the focus of his film Fade to Black. All proceeds went to charity. Other performers included collaborators like the Roots (in the form of his backing band), Missy Elliott, Memphis Bleek, Beanie Siegel, Freeway, Mary J. Blige, Beyoncé, Twista, Ghostface Killah, Foxy Brown, Pharrell Williams and R. Kelly with special appearances by Voletta Wallace and Afeni Shakur, the mothers of The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur, respectively. While Jay-Z had attested to a retirement from making new studio albums, various side projects and appearances soon followed. Included in these were a greatest hits record, as well as the release and tour of Unfinished Business, the second collaborative album between Jay-Z and R. Kelly.

In 2004, Jay-Z collaborated with rock group Linkin Park, in which they released their collaborative remix EP Collision Course, which featured mashups of both artists' songs, as well as a concert DVD. The album's only single, "Numb/Encore", went on to win a Grammy for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, and was performed with Linkin Park live at the Grammys, with a special appearance by Paul McCartney, who added verses from the song "Yesterday". The EP sold over 1 million copies in the U.S. Jay-Z was the executive producer of The Rising Tied, the debut album of Fort Minor, the hip hop side project of Linkin Park rapper Mike Shinoda. Jay-Z also planned to retire in 2004.

Later in 2004, Jay-Z was named president of Def Jam Records, which led to Jay-Z, Dash and Biggs selling their remaining interests in Roc-A-Fella Records and Jay-Z taking control of both of the companies. Reportedly this major industry move was prompted by disagreements between Jay-Z and Dash as to what direction Roc-A-Fella could undertake. The publicized split between Jay-Z, Dash, and Biggs led to the former partners sending jabs at each other in interviews.

2005–2007: Kingdom Come and American Gangster

On October 27, 2005, Jay-Z headlined New York's Power 105.1 annual concert, Powerhouse. The concert was entitled the "I Declare War" concert leading to intense speculation in the weeks preceding the event on whom exactly Jay-Z would declare war. As he had previously "declared war" on other artists taking lyrical shots at him at other events, many believed that the Powerhouse show would represent an all-out assault by Jay-Z upon his rivals. The theme of the concert was Jay-Z's position as president and CEO of Def Jam, complete with an on-stage mock-up of the Oval Office. Many artists made appearances such as the old roster of Roc-A-Fella records artists, as well as Ne-Yo, Teairra Marí, T.I., Young Jeezy, Akon, Kanye West, Paul Wall, The LOX, and Diddy.

At the conclusion of the concert, Jay-Z put many arguments to rest to the surprise of hip hop fans. The most significant development in this show was closure to the infamous hip hop rivalry between Jay-Z and Nas. The two former rivals shook hands and shared the stage together to perform Jay-Z's "Dead Presidents" blended with Nas's song "The World is Yours".

Jay-Z returned with his comeback album on November 21, 2006, titled Kingdom Come. Jay-Z's comeback single, "Show Me What You Got", was leaked on the Internet in early October 2006, scheduled to be released later on that month, received heavy air-play after its leak, causing the FBI to step in and investigate. Jay-Z worked with video director Hype Williams, and the single's video was directed by F. Gary Gray. The album features production from Just Blaze, Pharrell, Kanye West, Dr. Dre and Coldplay's Chris Martin (single entitled "Beach Chair"). The first week saw 680,000 sales of the CD, which Entertainment Weekly said was "the highest single-week total in Jay's decade long career". This album has sold 2 million copies in the U.S.

Jay-Z released his tenth album entitled American Gangster on November 6, 2007. After viewing the Ridley Scott film of the same name, Jay-Z was heavily inspired to create a new "concept" album that depicts his experiences as a street-hustler.
The album is not the film's official soundtrack, although it was distributed by Def Jam.
Jay-Z's American Gangster depicts his life in correlation to the movie American Gangster. At the start of the album's first single, "Blue Magic", Jay-Z offers a dealer's manifesto while making references to political figures of the late 1980s with the lyric: "Blame Reagan for making me to into a monster, blame Oliver North and Iran-Contra, I ran contraband that they sponsored, before this rhymin' stuff we was in concert." Also notable about the "Blue Magic" music video was Jay-Z flashing €500 notes; Harvard Business School professor Rawi Abdelal called this a "turning point in American pop culture's response to globalization." The album has sold 1 million copies in the U.S. On January 1, 2008, Jay-Z resigned as president of Def Jam.

2008–2011: The Blueprint 3 and Watch the Throne

In winter 2008, it was announced that Jay-Z would become the first major hip hop artist to headline Britain's Glastonbury Festival. Tickets sold out quickly. Former headliner Noel Gallagher of Oasis condemned the festival organizers for choosing Jay-Z to headline a traditionally guitar-driven festival. "I'm sorry, but Jay-Z?" Gallagher asked, swearing. "No chance. Glastonbury has a tradition of, kind of, guitar music, do you know what I mean? And even when they throw the odd curve balls in on a Sunday night—you go, 'Kylie Minogue? I don't know about that', do you know what I mean?—but I'm not having hip hop at Glastonbury, no way, no, no. It's wrong." As controversy mounted, Jay-Z replied, "We don't play guitars, Noel, but hip hop has put in its work like any other form of music. This headline show is just a natural progression. Rap music is still evolving. We have to respect each other's genre of music and move forward." Jay-Z opened his Glastonbury set with a tongue-in-cheek cover of Oasis's iconic song "Wonderwall", and went on to deliver a performance heralded as a successful response to pre-festival criticism.

He also headlined many other summer festivals in 2008, including Roskilde Festival in Denmark, Hove Festival in Norway and O2 Wireless Festival in London. During Kanye West's concert of August 6, 2008, at Madison Square Garden, Jay-Z came out to perform a new song and he and West proclaimed that it was to be on The Blueprint 3. On May 21, 2009, Jay-Z announced he would be parting ways with Def Jam, and had struck a multi-million-dollar deal to sign with Live Nation, with whom he would start his Roc Nation imprint which would serve as a record label, talent/management agency, and music publishing company and also partnered with production team Stargate to start a record label called StarRoc. Jay-Z's 11th studio album The Blueprint 3 was originally to be released on September 11, 2009, but was instead released in North America on September 8, 2009, due to increasing anticipation. Its international release followed on September 14. It is his 11th album to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and has surpassed Elvis Presley's previous record, making him the current solo-artist record holder. On October 9, 2009, Jay-Z kicked off his tour for The Blueprint 3, during which he supported his new album in North America. In a Shave Magazine review of his performance at Rexall Place in Edmonton, Jake Tomlinson expressed that "It was the type of smooth performance you would expect from the hip-hop superstar." The review gave this performance 4 stars. His North American tour continued until November 22, 2009. At his concert on November 8, 2009, at UCLA's Pauley Pavilion, Rihanna joined him on stage and performed "Hard" for the first time, then performed "Run This Town" with Jay-Z. Among his success, Jay-Z has ventured into producing Broadway shows. Along with Jada Pinkett Smith and Will Smith, Jay-Z helped produce the play Fela!, a musical celebrating the work of the late Nigerian star Fela Kuti. Jay-Z said he was inspired by the power of Kuti's work and his life story, which resulted in his interest to help produce the musical. Fela! is a story about an African pioneer and political activist who made his first moves on the scene during the 1970s.

On January 23, 2010, Jay-Z released a track, "Stranded (Haiti Mon Amour)", with Rihanna, and U2's Bono and The Edge, as well as performing it at the Hope For Haiti Now telethon. In June 2010, Eminem and Jay-Z announced they would perform together in a pair of concerts in Detroit and New York. The event was dubbed The Home & Home Tour. The first two concerts rapidly sold out, prompting the scheduling of an additional show at each venue. Jay-Z was the supporting act for U2 on the Australian and New Zealand leg of their U2 360° Tour, beginning in Auckland, New Zealand, in November 2010, followed by Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth in December. Jay-Z also appeared on stage during U2 performances of "Sunday Bloody Sunday", and in Auckland also on a five-track EP entitled Watch the Throne, although it was later revealed by West that the project had become a full-length LP. Recording sessions for the album took place at various recording locations and began in November 2010. The first single released for the project was "H•A•M". The track was co-produced by Lex Luger and West himself. The track ended up being on the deluxe edition of the album. The follow-up to that was the second single "Otis", which premiered on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 radio show, and was later released to the iTunes Store eleven days later. The song's existence, along with several other tracks from the album, was confirmed during a listening session hosted by Jay-Z. The album was first released on the iTunes Store, five days prior to its being released in physical format, a strategy Jay-Z later said was used to block an internet leak. It debuted at No. 1 on the iTunes Store in 23 countries. It also broke Coldplay's record for most albums sold in one week on the online retailer, selling 290,000 copies on iTunes alone. It held that record until Lil Wayne's Tha Carter IV was released twenty-one days later, selling 10,000 copies more. It debuted on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at No. 1, selling 436,000 copies in its first week. The album received generally positive reviews. Jay-Z and West later gave a surprise performance of "Otis" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

2012–2016: Magna Carta Holy Grail and other ventures

Jay-Z collaborated with M.I.A on her single "XXXO", which achieved a fair level of success and went on to become remixed by several producers worldwide. In May 2012, Jay-Z and former Philadelphia mayor Michael A. Nutter announced Jay-Z as the curator and the headliner for the first annual "Budweiser Made in America" festival at Fairmount Park in Philadelphia on September 1 and 2, 2012. The performance was produced by Live Nation and assembled an eclectic lineup of "rock, hip hop, R&B, Latin music and dance" musicians. Jay-Z and Rihanna were the two main headlining acts for BBC Radio 1's 2012 Hackney Weekend music festival on June 23 to 24. Jay-Z opened his set with an appearance from Rihanna, they performed "Run this Town". On September 6, "Clique" was released, a single from the album "Cruel Summer", by GOOD Music. Kanye West and Big Sean starred alongside Jay-Z on the track. Jay-Z took the subway to his sold-out show at The Barclays Center on October 6, 2012. On November 12, 2012, Coldplay announced that they will be playing with Jay-Z at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn on December 31.

On September 23, 2010, Q-Tip confirmed working on Jay-Z's follow-up album to The Blueprint 3, saying the album was to hit stores by spring 2011. In May 2012 it was reported that Jay-Z would work on new music with Roc Nation producer Jahlil Beats. Beats told XXL magazine: "Me and Jay-Z been going back and forth. He picked a couple of my joints that he's working on. I don't even wanna say too much about Jay, but we definitely working on some stuff. I haven't even sent him a bunch of beats. I sent him my favorite stuff. He hit me right back like, 'Yo, I'ma go in on this,' or, 'I like this.'" The album has been named one of the most anticipated albums of 2013 by Complex Magazine, MTV, and XXL. Production will come from Jahlil Beats, Kanye West, Rick Rubin, Swizz Beatz, Timbaland, and Pharrell Williams. Jay-Z also made an appearance on Justin Timberlake's comeback single "Suit & Tie" from his third studio album The 20/20 Experience, the song itself was produced by both Jay-Z and Timberlake's mutual friend, Timbaland. Timberlake and Jay-Z embarked on the co-headlining Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour. During the fifth game of the 2013 NBA Finals, Carter announced his twelfth studio album, Magna Carta Holy Grail, and was released on July 4, 2013. Not long after, Jay-Z confirmed that the hyphen in his stage name would be left out and officially stylized in all capital letters. Magna Carta Holy Grail debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 528,000 copies in its first week, which bypassed its predicted debut in the range of 350,000 to 400,000.
In December 2013, it was announced that Jay-Z had received nine nominations at the 2014 Grammy Awards, more than any other artist. Jay-Z appeared on his wife Beyoncé's self-titled fifth studio album, Beyoncé, with a feature on the song "Drunk in Love". They performed this song together at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards opening. The song and its accompanying album would later win three Grammy Awards including Best R&B Performance at the 2015 ceremony.

In 2016, he won a lawsuit for the song "Made in America" with Kanye West featuring Frank Ocean against Joel McDonald.

2017–present: 4:44 and Everything Is Love

In early June 2017, posters were displayed in New York City and Los Angeles, and banner ads were placed on the Internet promoting a Tidal-related project titled 4:44. A teaser ad was aired during the NBA Finals on June 7 featuring actors Mahershala Ali, Lupita Nyong'o and Danny Glover in a one-minute video, ending in "4:44 – 6.30.17, Exclusively on Tidal". On June 18, the project was confirmed to be a new Jay-Z album, and a clip featuring a song titled "Adnis" was posted on Sprint's YouTube page.

4:44 was released through Roc Nation and Universal Music Group, as an exclusive to Sprint and Tidal customers. The album is the first in a planned series of music exclusives from the Sprint–Tidal partnership. For a short time, on July 2, the album was made available for free digital download in Tidal's site. A physical edition was released on July 7, including three additional tracks. On the same day, the album was made available to other streaming platforms, such as Apple Music, Google Play Music and Amazon Music.

The album received widespread acclaim from critics, who praised its emotional and personal content. On July 5, the album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), in recognition of one million copies purchased by Sprint and offered to consumers as free downloads. It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making it Jay-Z's 13th consecutive studio album to top the chart. The album spawned two singles, the title track "4:44" and "Bam", as well as several music videos, directed by a variety of high-profile collaborators. The album received a Grammy Award nomination for Album of the Year, while the title track was nominated for Song of the Year and "The Story of O.J." was nominated for Record of the Year at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.

On June 6, 2018, Jay-Z and Beyoncé kicked-off the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff, United Kingdom. Ten days later, at their final London performance, the pair unveiled Everything Is Love, their much-awaited joint studio album, credited under the name The Carters. The pair also released the video for the album's lead single, "Apeshit", on Beyoncé's official YouTube channel. The song won two awards from eight nominations at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards.

In 2021, Jay-Z was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with fellow rapper LL Cool J. He also appeared on the song "Jail" on Kanye West's 2021 album Donda, which went on to win Grammy Award for Best Rap Song at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards and on the song "Love All" from Drake's 2021 album Certified Lover Boy.

In 2022, his first feature was a collaboration with fellow rapper Pusha T, "Neck & Wrist" featuring Pharrell Williams from Pusha T's album, It's Almost Dry. His feature was succeeded by a four-minute guest appearance on DJ Khaled's album title track, "God Did". He also was awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live), as a producer for the Super Bowl LVI halftime show.

Musical style

Influences
Jay-Z says his earliest exposure to music was through his parents' record collection, which was mostly of soul artists such as Marvin Gaye and Donny Hathaway. He says "I grew up around music, listening to all types of people... I'm into music that has soul in it, whether it be rap, R&B, pop music, whatever. As long as I can feel their soul through the wax, that's what I really listen to." He often uses excerpts from these artists as samples in his work, particularly in the Kanye West productions included on The Blueprint.

Rapping technique
Royce da 5'9" and Fredro Starr of Onyx both describe Jay-Z's emphasis on flow in the book How to Rap—Starr says that Jay-Z is "a master of the flow—he can flow fast, he can flow slow". The book describes how Jay-Z uses 'rests' to provide structure to a verse and how he uses 'partial linking' to add more rhymes to a verse. Jay-Z's early style is described by Vibe as "a distinctly Das EFX-type, stiggety style" on his 12" single "Can't Get With That", referring to the fast rhythms and vocal delivery of the group Das EFX. He is also known to write lyrics in his head, as described by Pusha T of Clipse in How to Rap, a style popular with many MCs such as The Notorious B.I.G., Everlast, Bobby Creekwater and Guerilla Black. Shock G of Digital Underground describes Jay-Z's live performance style, saying he "rarely breaks a sweat, and instead uses smoothness and clever wordplay to keep the audience interested and entertained". Jay-Z's fast rapping technique, also known as the "triplet rhyme", was developed during his early years of creating music with former mentor Jaz-O.

Business career
Jay-Z has also established himself as a successful entrepreneur with a business empire spanning a variety of industries from clothing lines, beverages, real estate, sport teams, and record labels. In an interview, he stated that "my brands are an extension of me. They're close to me. It's not like running GM, where there's no emotional attachment."

Rocawear
Jay-Z and Damon Dash are the founders of the urban clothing brand Rocawear. Rocawear has clothing lines and accessories for men, women and children. The line was taken over by Jay-Z in early 2006 following a falling out with Dash. In March 2007, Jay-Z sold the rights to the Rocawear brand to Iconix Brand Group for $204 million. He retains his stake in the company and continues to oversee the marketing, licensing and product development.

Reebok
Jay-Z became the first rapper in Reebok's history to endorse the company's footwear, signing a three-year endorsement deal. He later appeared in a 2003 Reebok collection advertising his S. Carter Collection. Later that year, he and frenemy 50 Cent appeared in a commercial to promote their S. Carter and G-Unit footwears for the company, with a Just Blaze-produced song made for it.

In 2006, Jay-Z's deal with Reebok expired with no renewal.

Alcoholic beverages
In 2014, Jay-Z invested $200 million in Armand de Brignac champagne—owned at the time by Sovereign Brands, a New York–based wine and spirits company—for a 100 percent stake, making it the second alcoholic product acquisition in his financial investment portfolio. The brand is known for its popularity with high-profile artists as being the gold bottles often referred to in media. His ties to the company date back to 2006, and he received millions of dollars per year for his association with Armand de Brignac before he bought the entire company.

Jay-Z serves as co-brand director for Budweiser Select and collaborates with the company on strategic marketing programs and creative ad development. He provides direction on brand programs and ads that appear on TV, radio, print, and high-profile events.

Technology
In March 2015, Jay-Z completed the $56 million acquisition of Aspiro, a Norwegian media technology company that operates the subscription-based music streaming service Tidal, which has been in operation since October 2014. The music service was acquired through his company Project Panther Bidco Ltd. (an entity indirectly owned by Jay-Z's S. Carter Enterprises a company holding interests in leading international music, media and entertainment companies). The music service combines audio and music videos with curated editorial. The main idea of the service is to bring major revenue streams back to the music artists themselves as the idea of an artist-owned streaming platform was stated as to "restore the value to music by launching a service owned by artists." Jay-Z currently is a major shareholder in the company.

In July 2015, Carter made a significant investment to JetSmarter, an app helping people book private executive plane flights. The app was built by Sergey Petrossov.

Music industry
From 2005 to 2008 Jay-Z was president of Def Jam Recordings. Under Jay-Z's leadership, Def Jam launched the successful careers of contemporary R&B singers Rihanna and Ne-Yo. At the end of 2007, after he released American Gangster, Jay-Z decided not to renew his contract as the president and CEO of Def Jam in order to start his new Live Nation venture, Roc Nation.

In April 2011, it was reported that Jay-Z had outbid executives at Universal Music and Jive Records to acquire independent record label Block Starz Music.

Sporting business
For a decade (2003–2013), Jay-Z enjoyed his role as a part-owner of the Brooklyn Nets NBA team, having paid a reported $1 million for his share, which declined in value to $350,000 in April 2013, based on Forbes magazine's valuation of the team. He encouraged the team's relocation to Brooklyn's Barclays Center (from New Jersey) in the 2012–2013 season, at which point the team took on the Brooklyn Nets moniker.

On April 18, 2013, Jay-Z officially announced through his Life + Times website in a press release that he would be relinquishing his ownership in the Brooklyn Nets. The shares were eventually sold to singer, rapper, actor and entrepreneur Will Pan, making Pan the first American of Taiwanese descent to own a U.S. professional sports franchise. Jay-Z's cited Pan's athletic background (he was a team captain of his high school basketball team and played in college), his multitude of musical styles, his influence in the Taiwanese American community, and his business acumen and portfolio (including being the founder and chief executive of software company Camigo Media and a co-founder of streetwear boutique N.P.C [New Project Center]), as reasons why his bid was successful.

In September 2013, his stake in Barclays Center was sold for $1.5 million.

On April 2, 2013, ESPN reported Jay-Z's plans to launch his own sports agency, Roc Nation Sports, with a focus on the representation of various professional athletes. The sport management group is a partnership with Creative Artists Agency.  In conjunction with the agency's launch, New York Yankees's second baseman Robinson Canó left agent Scott Boras to sign with the company. ESPN also mentioned that Jay-Z himself was planning to be a certified sports agent, first in baseball and eventually in basketball and football. In order to represent clients in basketball, he would have to give up his small share of the Brooklyn Nets.

In October 2005, he was reported in English media as considering buying a stake of Arsenal F.C., an English soccer team. Through his conglomerate company Gain Global Investments Network LLC, he had an interest estimated between 2 and 7% in the Aqueduct Entertainment Group (AEG) consortium, which in January 2010 was awarded a contract to operate a 4,500-slot-machine racino at the Aqueduct Race Track. Jay-Z became interested in the project after New York Governor David Paterson who awarded the contract said there had to be an affirmative action component to the ownership. Jay-Z was initially approached by casino mogul Steve Wynn, who was also bidding on the contract. On March 9, 2010, Jay-Z and Flake withdrew from the project, and Paterson recused himself from further involvement.

Media
On April 5, 2011, Jay-Z launched the popular culture and lifestyle online magazine Life + Times. It features content that showcases his high-end tastes in clothing, appliances, and cars. The site design is aesthetically aimed at the upwardly mobile young male demographic, with sports and music-related posts accompanying those about fashion and design. Among the music content is the Decoded series, originating from Jay-Z's memoir of the same name and featuring a select rapper deciphering their own lyrics.

In January 2015, after being contacted by the webzine, the DJ and radio host Funkmaster Flex revealed that he had been contacted in 2013 for a story about a digital app he made at the time, but alleged that the information was instead used to help launch the Magna Carta Samsung app for the release of Jay-Z's album of the same name. "But I was good with that. I ate that. Everybody's out here hustling", Flex reasoned to Vibe.

In 2016, he signed a two-year exclusive film and TV Deal with Weinstein Company and with the deal gives them first-look options to create scripted and unscripted TV projects and film projects, and those projects were in works. As part of his deal with Weinstein company, he produced a documentary series on the life of Kalief Browder who was imprisoned for three years and committed suicide upon his release. He also addressed racial profiling and police brutality in a conscious manner.

Other ventures
Jay-Z also co-owns the 40/40 Club, an upscale sports bar that started in New York City, and has since expanded to Atlantic City and Chicago. In 2008, the 40/40 Club in Las Vegas was closed down and bought back by the hotel after attendance steadily declined. In 2005, Jay-Z became an investor in Carol's Daughter, a line of beauty products, including products for hair, skin, and hands.

In 2010, he announced plans to expand his 40/40 Club sports bar chain into as many as 20 airports, joining his Roc Nation business partners, husband and wife Juan and Desiree Perez, in a deal with Delaware North.

On November 16, 2010, Jay-Z published a memoir entitled Decoded. The memoir was co-signed by Dream Hampton.

Parlux fragrances sued Jay-Z for $18 million for the failure of his cologne, Gold. They claim the cologne's failure is due to Jay-Z not doing social media posts and interviews about the cologne. Parlux claims they projected selling $15 million the first year, and $35 million the second, and subsequent years after the launch. The fragrance sold $14 million the first year and $6.1 million the second. Parlux lost money on the venture and have had constant returns of unsold inventory.

Jay-Z collaborated with Cohiba to launch his own cigars.

In August 2020, Jay-Z's Roc Nation partnered with Brooklyn's Long Island University to establish the Roc Nation School of Music, Sports & Entertainment.

In November 2020, it was announced that Jay-Z would be join TPCO Holding Corp., a newly formed cannabis products company, in the role of "Chief Visionary Officer".

On December 5, 2022, Jay-Z and the Roc Nation announced their partnership with Caesars Entertainment to build and operate a casino property at Times Square.

Personal life

In 2002, Jay-Z and singer Beyoncé collaborated on the song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde". He also appeared on Beyoncé's hit single, "Crazy in Love" the following year, as well as the song "That's How You Like It" from her debut album Dangerously in Love (2003). On her second album, B'Day, he made appearances on the hits "Déjà Vu" and "Upgrade U". In the video for the latter song, she comically imitates his appearance. They kept a low profile while dating, and were married on April 4, 2008, in a private ceremony in Tribeca, New York City. Their relationship became a matter of public record on April 22, 2008, although Beyoncé did not publicly debut her US$5 million Lorraine Schwartz-designed wedding ring until the Fashion Rocks concert on September 5, 2008. They purchased an US$88 million home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles in 2017. They generally avoid discussing their relationship, and Beyoncé has stated her belief that this has helped them, while Jay-Z agreed in a People article that they do not "play with [their] relationship".

In 2006, Beyoncé and Jay-Z were listed as the most powerful couple for Time magazine's 100 most influential people. In January 2009, Forbes ranked them as Hollywood's top-earning couple, with a combined total of $162 million. They made it to the top of the list the following year, with a combined total of US$122 million between June 2008 and June 2009.

At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Beyoncé revealed that she was pregnant with their first child. Their daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, was born at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital on January 7, 2012. Jay-Z released "Glory", a song dedicated to Blue Ivy, through his Life+Times website on January 9, 2012. The song, produced by the Neptunes detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyoncé had suffered. Blue Ivy's cries were included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited on the song as "B.I.C"; she became the youngest person in Billboard history (at two days old) have a chart entry when "Glory" debuted at No. 74 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

On June 18, 2017, Beyoncé's father Mathew Knowles confirmed that she had given birth to twins with Jay-Z, a daughter named Rumi and a son named Sir.

In 2023, the couple bought 27712 Pacific Coast Highway, a house in Malibu, California designed by the architect Tadao Ando, for US$200 million. The purchase established a record for the most expensive residence sold in the state's history.

Legal issues
On December 2, 1999, Jay-Z, who had come to believe that record executive Lance "Un" Rivera was behind the bootlegging of Vol. 3..., allegedly stabbed him at the Kit Kat Klub, a now-defunct night club in Times Square, New York City, during a release party for Q-Tip's album Amplified. Jay-Z's associates at the party were accused of causing a commotion within the club, which Jay-Z allegedly used as cover while he stabbed Rivera in the stomach with a  blade. He surrendered to police the following evening and was placed under arrest, although he was soon released on $50,000 bail. When he was indicted in Manhattan Criminal Court in late January 2000, he pleaded not guilty; he and his lawyers contended that they had witnesses and videotapes proving he had been nowhere near Rivera during the incident. Nevertheless, he later pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and accepted a three-year probation sentence.

Jay-Z later addressed the case in his 2010 book Decoded:

Philanthropy

During his first retirement from music, Jay-Z became involved in philanthropy. In 2003, along with his mother, Jay-Z founded the Shawn Carter Foundation, which assists eligible students facing socio-economic hardships attend and get through college. In August 2006, he met with Kofi Annan, then Secretary-General of the United Nations at the organization's New York City headquarters, where he pledged to use his upcoming world tour to raise awareness of the global water shortage, a challenge he learned about following a visit to Africa by Bono, the lead singer of U2. The effort took place in partnership with the UN, as well as MTV, which produced a documentary entitled Diary of Jay-Z: Water for Life, first airing in November 2006. Along with Sean "Diddy" Combs, Jay-Z pledged $1 million to the American Red Cross's relief effort after Hurricane Katrina. Jay-Z supported Kanye West after West's outburst against President George W. Bush during a live Katrina charity telethon. He also addressed the Katrina disaster and the federal government's response in his one-verse song "Minority Report".

Jay-Z has said that "the greatest form of giving is anonymous to anonymous". In 2013, author dream hampton, who co-wrote Jay-Z's book Decoded, revealed that Jay-Z had established a trust fund for Sean Bell's children.

Jay-Z donated to bail out protestors arrested during 2015 activism against police brutality.

In March 2020, Jay-Z donated $1 million through the Shawn Carter Foundation to aid in relief during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York. In April 2020, along with Meek Mill, he donated over 100,000 face masks to U.S. prisons to assist in protecting prison inmates from COVID-19.

Political involvement

In 2006, Jay-Z appeared with Russell Simmons in a public service announcement denouncing racism and anti-Semitism, sponsored by the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding. In 2008, Jay-Z was  involved in the 2008 United States presidential election, supporting enhanced voter participation. He supported the 2008 presidential candidacy of Barack Obama and performed voter-drive concerts financed by the Democrats' campaign. He also became acquainted with Obama, who in June 2008 said, "Every time I talk to Jay-Z, who is a brilliant talent and a good guy, I enjoy how he thinks. That's somebody who is going to start branching out and can help shape attitudes in a real positive way."

During the 2010 mid-term elections, Jay-Z appeared with other artists in a HeadCount advertisement, urging voters, especially younger ones, to register and vote. In May 2012, Jay-Z endorsed President Obama's support of same-sex marriage and participated in his re-election campaign.

Musician and civil rights activist Harry Belafonte has been critical of Jay-Z and Beyoncé in their safe political stances, saying that they "have turned their back on social responsibility" He also voiced that the hip-hop mogul likely would never have come out in support of gay marriage had President Obama not first taken the initiative.

In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Jay-Z and Beyoncé appeared at a Hillary Clinton rally in Cleveland. Clinton praised Jay-Z for addressing racism, oppression, and the criminal justice system. He described Donald Trump as a "superbug" and condemned remarks he perceived as racist, but later said that Trump's rhetoric forced people to come together and address difficult issues such as white privilege.

Discography

Studio albums

 Reasonable Doubt (1996)
 In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (1997)
 Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life (1998)
 Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter (1999)
 The Dynasty: Roc La Familia (2000)
 The Blueprint (2001)
 The Blueprint2: The Gift & the Curse (2002)
 The Black Album (2003)
 Kingdom Come (2006)
 American Gangster (2007)
 The Blueprint 3 (2009)
 Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013)
 4:44 (2017)

Collaborative albums

The Best of Both Worlds with R. Kelly (2002)
Unfinished Business with R. Kelly (2004)
Watch the Throne with Kanye West (2011)
Everything Is Love with Beyoncé (as the Carters) (2018)

Filmography
 Streets Is Watching (1998)
 Backstage (2000)
 State Property (2002)
 Paper Soldiers (2002)
 Paid in Full (2002, producer)
 Fade to Black (2004)
 The Great Gatsby (2013, executive producer)
 Made in America (2013, documentary)
 Annie (2014, producer)
 Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story (2018, executive producer)
 Teddy (2023, executive producer)

Tours

Headlining
 Reasonable Doubt Tour (1996)
 Hard Knock Life Tour (1999)
 Blueprint Lounge Tour (2001)
 Hangar Tour (2006)
 American Gangster Live (2007)
 Jay-Z Fall Tour/Blueprint 3 Tour (2009–2010)
 Magna Carter World Tour (2013–14)
 4:44 Tour (2017)

Co-headlining
 Rock the Mic  (2003)
 Best of Both Worlds Tour  (2004)
 Heart of the City Tour  (2008)
 Jay-Z & Ciara Live  (2009)
 The Home & Home Tour  (2010)
 Watch the Throne Tour  (2011–12)
 Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour  (2013)
 On the Run Tour  (2014)
 On the Run II Tour  (2018)

Supporting
 No Way Out Tour  (1997)
 Projekt Revolution 2008 Europe  (2008)
 Viva la Vida Tour  (2008)
 U2 360° Tour  (2009–11)

Books
 Decoded by Jay-Z (2010: Spiegel & Grau, 336 pages), . Part memoir and part a collection of Jay-Z lyrics with the stories behind them.

Awards and nominations

In 2006, he was installed as the Sarkin Waka of Kwara in Nigeria.

See also
 List of artists who reached number one in the United States
List of best-selling music artists
 List of largest music deals
 Murder Inc.
 The Carters
 The Throne

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

1969 births
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American memoirists
21st-century American rappers
African-American billionaires
21st-century African-American businesspeople
African-American fashion designers
African-American film producers
African-American investors
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American memoirists
African-American non-fiction writers
African-American record producers
African-American songwriters
African-American sports executives and administrators
African-American television producers
American billionaires
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American chairpersons of corporations
American chief executives in the media industry
American consulting businesspeople
American cosmetics businesspeople
American drink industry businesspeople
American drug traffickers
American fashion businesspeople
American fashion designers
American film producers
American hip hop record producers
American investors
American male non-fiction writers
American marketing businesspeople
American music industry executives
American music managers
American music publishers (people)
American nonprofit businesspeople
American people convicted of assault
American philanthropists
American real estate businesspeople
American retail chief executives
American sports agents
American sports executives and administrators
American talent agents
Beyoncé
Brit Award winners
Brooklyn Nets executives
Brooklyn Nets owners
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople in software
Grammy Award winners for rap music
Living people
MTV Europe Music Award winners
MTV Video Music Award winners
Murder Inc. (rap group) members
Musicians from Brooklyn
Nightclub owners
People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
People from Scarsdale, New York
Priority Records artists
Rappers from Brooklyn
Record producers from New York (state)
Roc-A-Fella Records artists
Roc Nation artists
Shoe designers
Songwriters from New York (state)
Sports Emmy Award winners
Television producers from New York City
Third Man Records artists
Trenton Central High School alumni
Video game producers
Writers from Brooklyn
East Coast hip hop musicians
Hardcore hip hop artists
Pop rappers
Def Jam Recordings artists
Hype men

Jay-Z


The makiwara () is a padded striking post used as a training tool in various styles of traditional karate. It is thought to be uniquely Okinawan in origin. The makiwara is one form of hojo undō, a method of supplementary conditioning used by Okinawan martial artists.

Use
The makiwara is used by karate practitioners to practice strikes in much the same way as a boxer uses a heavy bag. The makiwara develops one's striking ability by letting them experience resistance to punches, kicks and other strikes. A poor punch will bounce off the makiwara if the body is not in a position to support the energy generated by the strike. It also develops targeting, and focus, which is the ability to penetrate the target (i.e., opponent) to varying degrees of force.

The makiwara is very versatile, and can accommodate practice of open/closed hand strikes, kicks, knee strikes and elbow strikes. Okinawan methods emphasize striking from different angles.
Most sources recommend a regimen of hitting the makiwara 50–100 times per day, with each hand. It is especially important to train the weaker side of the body as hard as, or harder than the dominant side. It is important to note that one should not use the makiwara so much that it causes them harm.  Like all good training, there should be no lasting damage.

A round elongated makiwara, traditionally made from rice straw bound with rope, is used by practitioners of kyūdō, Japanese archery.  This makiwara is placed on a stand so that it is near shoulder height, and is used for close range practice from about 5–8 feet away.  The archer is practically unable to miss the target from that range, affording the kyūdō practitioner the opportunity to practice his form, without thought for the target.

Construction
Historically, the most common type consists of a single  post driven into the ground, so that it is approximately shoulder height. The post is tapered from the bottom to a thickness of 1 cm at the top. Traditionally, a pad of rice straw (巻 maki "roll" + 藁 wara "straw") was bound to the top with rope to form a striking surface.

More modern variations of the standing makiwara use a metal or other base; or in some cases a concreted recess into the floor of the dojo. These bases may be constructed to affix the makiwara with through bolts; or capture the makiwara in a clamping action. Today the pad is less often made of straw, and more likely to be leather; often with a layer of rubber, duct tape or other tape over foam rubber; and in some cases black palm rope is used. Modern materials may last longer outdoors.

Soft makiwara construction and use
Soft makiwara are the type of makiwara that beginners use, but they are still essential for daily speed training for both beginners and experts alike.  Soft makiwara are often positioned at a greater angle from vertical and an average punch will straighten the makiwara to a vertical position.

Stiff makiwara construction and use
After the user is well conditioned from using the soft makiwara, they often add additional training on  the stiff makiwara to work on power training.  The stiff makiwara is constructed by positioning the wood at a small angle from vertical.  The average training punch to push the makiwara to a vertical position, or 90 degrees from the ground.

Types of makiwara

Standing Makiwara

Shuri makiwara
The shuri makiwara is a flat board, measured to be as high as the instructor's breast bone.  This makiwara is used when punching from a short stance.

Naha makiwara
The naha makiwara is also a flat board, but measured to be as high as the instructor's solar plexus.  This makiwara is used traditionally by Goju Ryu practitioners, who train in a deep stance(Shiko dachi).Goju Ryu students are far more likely to use sanchin dachi in using the makiwara. The common makiwara in the Jundokan dojo in Naha, of Eiichi Miyazato are closer to shoulder height.

Ude makiwara
The ude makiwara differs in that it is round on all sides.  This allows for the practitioner to use a variety of strikes and kicks on the makiwara, that could not be used on flat boards.

Hand Held Makiwara
Many martial artists use portable or hand held makiwara. Some are pocket sized, some may be mounted temporarily (in a Okinawa Taxi for instance). These makiwara are usually held in one hand and struck with the other. These makiwara allows the practitioner to condition other parts of the hand such as shuto, nukite (finger tips). This provides the capability of hand conditioning and training outside the dojo.

See also

Wolff's law (a possible explanation why bones strengthen with daily makiwara use)
Stress fracture
Boxer's fracture
Mu ren zhuang

References

External links
Detailed instructions on how to build a makiwara and makiwara pad
More detailed instructions on how to make one
Makiwara construction & Technique
(Wayback Machine copy)
Makiwara Guide : Makiwara Training: The Time Honoured Way to Develop Fight-Ending Power

Karate
Martial arts equipment
Okinawan karate

Makiwara


Bud Boogie Beach was a small water park located on Mud Island in Memphis, Tennessee. It opened in 1987 and closed in 1997.

Bud Boogie Beach included a beach, concession stands, a New Orleans-style restaurant and several games including Water basketball and water volleyball.  The park featured live music concerts, which included many local musicians.

It was open from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend each year.

Other attractions included two-person peddle boats and a kiddie area.

History
The Mud Island Park was constructed with a scaled model of the entire Mississippi River that runs the length of the park.  At the end of the scaled version is replica of the Gulf of Mexico.  Originally designed as an area in which patrons could ride manual paddle boats, the success of the Adventure River waterpark led Mud Island officials to convert the Gulf area into a small waterpark.

Corporate sponsor
Budweiser was the primary sponsor of the park and purchased the right to name the park Bud Boogie Beach.

Closing
Bud Boogie Beach was closed due to a variety of reasons.  The swimming area was far from the parking area, making the carrying of beach bags and floats difficult; the area was not built as a swimming pool, so the mixing of chlorine was done manually and was uneven.

The Mud Island River Park and museum are still open.  Bud Boogie Beach is the only closed attraction at the park.

References

1987 establishments in Tennessee
1997 disestablishments in Tennessee
Defunct amusement parks in Tennessee

Landmarks in Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Memphis, Tennessee
Water parks in Tennessee

Bud Boogie Beach


Daswanth or Dasavant (d. 1584) was a Mughal-era painter in the service of Akbar.

He was a Hindu, probably of humble origin and was trained by the Persian master painter Khwāja ʿAbd al-Ṣamad. Of the large number of painters who worked in the imperial atelier, Daswanth and Basāvan were documented by name.

Daswanth played the leading part in the illustration of the Jaipur originating family of folk tales called Razm-nāmeh, which is the Persian name for the Indian epic known as the Mahabharata.

A miniature in the Cleveland Museum of Art's manuscript copy of the Ṭūṭī-nāmeh ("Parrot Book") has also been attributed to him.

Daswanth also illustrated one miniature in 'Tarikh-i-khandan-i-Timuriya' of Patna with other Artist Jagjiwan kalan.
Of unstable mind, he killed himself in a fit of madness.

References

16th-century births
16th-century Indian painters
1584 deaths
Painters from the Mughal Empire

Daswanth


Ivan Krastev (, born 1965 in Lukovit, Bulgaria), is a political scientist, the chairman of the Centre for Liberal Strategies in Sofia, permanent fellow at the IWM (Institute of Human Sciences) in Vienna, and 2013-4-17 Richard von Weizsäcker fellow at the Robert Bosch Stiftung in Berlin.

He is a founding board member of the European Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the board of trustees of the International Crisis Group and is a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times.

From 2004 to 2006 Krastev was executive director of the International Commission on the Balkans chaired by the former Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato. He was Editor-in-Chief of the Bulgarian Edition of Foreign Policy and was a member of the Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London (2005-2011).  Since 2016, he serves as a director/trustee of the School of Civic Education in London , which forms part of an association of schools of political studies, under the auspices of the Directorate General of Democracy ("DGII") of the Council of Europe

His books in English include Shifting Obsessions: Three Essays on the Politics of Anticorruption (CEU Press, 2004), The Anti-American Century, co-edited with Alan McPherson, (CEU Press, 2007), In Mistrust We Trust: Can Democracy Survive When We Don't Trust Our Leaders, (TED Books, 2013), Democracy Disrupted. The Politics of Global Protest (UPenn Press, May 2014) and After Europe (UPenn Press, 2017). He is a co-author with Stephen Holmes of the book The Light that Failed on East European politics.

Bibliography
 Shifting Obsessions: Three Essays on the Politics of Anticorruption, CEU Press, 2004.
 The Anti-American Century, Alan McPherson and Ivan Krastev (eds.), CEU Press, 2007.
 Europe's Democracy Paradox, The American Interest, March/April 2012.
 In Mistrust We Trust: Can Democracy Survive When We Don't Trust Our Leaders?, TED books, 3 January 2013
 Democracy Disrupted, Penn University Press, 2014
 After Europe, Penn University Press, 2017
 The Light that Failed: A Reckoning, co-authored with Stephen Holmes, Penguin, 2019
 Is It Tomorrow Yet?: Paradoxes of the Pandemic, 2020, Allen Lane, , (96 pages)

References

External links
 Ivan Krastev TED talk

 A full list of Ivan Krastev publications

1965 births
Living people
People from Lukovit
Bulgarian political scientists
Foreign policy writers
Populism scholars

Ivan Krastev


Cisgender (often shortened to cis; sometimes cissexual) is a term used to describe a person whose gender identity corresponds to their sex assigned at birth. The word cisgender is the antonym of transgender. The prefix cis- is Latin and means on this side of. The term cisgender was coined in 1994 and entered into dictionaries starting in 2015 as a result of changes in social discourse about gender. The term has been and continues to be controversial and subject to critique.

Related concepts are cisnormativity (the presumption that cisgender identity is preferred or normal) and cissexism (bias or prejudice favoring cisgender people).

Etymology

The term cisgender has its origin in the Latin-derived prefix cis-, meaning 'on this side of', which is the opposite of trans-, meaning 'across from' or 'on the other side of'. This usage can be seen in the cis–trans distinction in chemistry, the cis and trans sides of the Golgi apparatus in cellular biology, the ancient Roman term Cisalpine Gaul (i.e. 'Gaul on this side of the Alps'), and Cisjordan (as distinguished from Transjordan). In cisgender, cis- describes the alignment of gender identity with assigned sex.

History and usage of the term

Marquis Bey states that "proto-cisgender discourse" arose in German in 1914, when Ernst Burchard introduced the cis/trans distinction to sexology by contrasting "cisvestitismus, or a type of inclination to wear gender-conforming clothing, [...] with transvestitismus, or cross-dressing." German sexologist Volkmar Sigusch stated in 1998 that he coined the term cissexual ( in German) in his two-part 1991 article "" ("Transsexuals and our nosomorphic view").

Coinage

The term cisgender itself was coined in English in 1994 in a Usenet newsgroup about transgender topics as Dana Defosse, then a graduate student, sought a way to refer to non-transgender people that avoided marginalizing transgender people or implying that transgender people were an other. Correspondingly, some trans activists argued that using terms such as man or woman to mean cis man or cis woman reinforced cisnormativity, and that instead using the prefix cis similarly to trans would counteract the cisnormative connotations within language.

Academic use

Medical academics use the term and have recognized its importance in transgender studies since the 1990s. After the terms cisgender and cissexual were used in a 2006 article in the Journal of Lesbian Studies and Serano's 2007 book Whipping Girl, the former gained further popularity among English-speaking activists and scholars. Cisgender was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2015, defined as "designating a person whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to him or her at birth (in contrast with transgender)". Perspectives on History states that since this inclusion, the term has increasingly become common usage.

Social media

In February 2014, Facebook began offering "custom" gender options, allowing users to identify with one or more gender-related terms from a selected list, including cis, cisgender, and others.

Definitions

Sociologists Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook define cisgender as a label for "individuals who have a match between the gender they were assigned at birth, their bodies, and their personal identity". A number of derivatives of the terms cisgender and cissexual include cis male for "male assigned male at birth", cis female for "female assigned female at birth", analogously cis man and cis woman, and cissexism and cissexual assumption or cisnormativity (akin to heteronormativity). EliR. Green wrote in 2006, "cisgendered is used [instead of the more popular gender normative] to refer to people who do not identify with a gender diverse experience, without enforcing existence of a normative gender expression".

Julia Serano has defined cissexual as "people who are not transsexual and who have only ever experienced their mental and physical sexes as being aligned", while cisgender is a slightly narrower term for those who do not identify as transgender (a larger cultural category than the more clinical transsexual). For Jessica Cadwallader, cissexual is "a way of drawing attention to the unmarked norm, against which trans is identified, in which a person feels that their gender identity matches their body/sex".

Serano also uses the related term cissexism, "which is the belief that transsexuals' identified genders are inferior to, or less authentic than, those of cissexuals". In 2010, the term cisgender privilege appeared in academic literature, defined as the "set of unearned advantages that individuals who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth accrue solely due to having a cisgender identity".

Critiques

, use of the term cisgender has been considered controversial.

While intended to be a positive descriptor to distinguish between trans and non-trans identity, the term has been met with criticisms in more recent years.

From feminism and gender studies

Krista Scott-Dixon wrote in 2009 that she preferred "the term non-trans to other options such as cissexual/cisgendered", saying non-trans is clearer to average people.

Women's and gender studies scholar Mimi Marinucci writes that some consider the 'cisgender–transgender' binary distinction to be as dangerous or self-defeating as the masculine–feminine gender binary because it lumps people who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) together (over-simplistically, in her view) with a heteronormative class of people in an opposition with transgender people; she says that characterizing LGB individuals together with heterosexual, non-trans people may problematically suggest that LGB individuals, unlike transgender individuals, "experience no mismatch between their own gender identity and gender expression and cultural expectations regarding gender identity and expression".

Gender studies professor Chris Freeman criticizes the term, describing it as "clunky, unhelpful and maybe even regressive" and saying it "createsor re-createsa gender binary".

From intersex organizations

Intersex people are born with atypical physical sex characteristics that can complicate initial sex assignment and lead to involuntary or coercive medical treatment. The term cisgender "can get confusing" in relation to people with intersex conditions, although some intersex people use the term according to the Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth Inter/Act project.

Hida Viloria of Intersex Campaign for Equality notes that, as a person born with an intersex body who has a non-binary sense of gender identity that "matches" their body, they are both cisgender and gender non-conforming, presumably opposites according to cisgender definition, and that this evidences the term's basis on a binary sex model that does not account for intersex people's existence. Viloria also critiques the fact that the term sex assigned at birth is used in one of cisgender definitions without noting that babies are assigned male or female regardless of intersex status in most of the world, stating that doing so obfuscates the birth of intersex babies and frames gender identity within a binary male/female sex model that fails to account for both the existence of natally congruent gender non-conforming gender identities, and gender-based discrimination against intersex people based on natal sex characteristics rather than on gender identity or expression, such as "normalizing" infant genital surgeries.

Responses

Three decades later, in a personal essay, Defosse said she did not intend the word as an insult. She says she does not believe the word cisgender "caused problemsit only revealed them."

See also
 Endosex
 Feminist views on transgender topics
 Gender taxonomy
 List of transgender-related topics
 Womyn-born womyn

References

Further reading
 Gorton R., Buth J., and Spade D. Medical Therapy and Health Maintenance for Transgender Men: A Guide for Health Care Providers . Lyon-Martin Women's Health Services. San Francisco, CA. 2005.

External links

 Gender and Sexuality Center FAQ, University of Texas at Austin Division of Diversity and Community Engagement
 The Queer Community Has to Stop Being Transphobic: Realizing My Cisgender Privilege, Todd Clayton, The Huffington Post, February 27, 2013
 Researching Early Uses of "Cisgender", Avery Dame, American Historical Association Today, May 22, 2017

Gender identity
Linguistic controversies
Transgender
1990s neologisms
1994 neologisms

Cisgender