Chaoyangsaurus ("Chaoyang lizard") is a marginocephalian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. It has been dated to between 150.8 and 145.5 million years ago. Chaoyangsaurus belonged to the Ceratopsia (Greek for "horned faces"). Chaoyangsaurus, like all ceratopsians, was primarily a herbivore.

Discovery and naming

In 1976, the remains of Chaoyangsaurus were found by Cheng Zhengwu at Ershijiazi, in the Chaoyang area of Liaoning Province in northeastern China. The fossil was added to a travelling exhibition.

Unlike many other dinosaurs, Chaoyangsaurus had been discussed in a number of sources before its official publication. As a result of this, several different spellings of its name have come and gone as invalid nomina nuda ("naked names", names with no formal description behind them). The first name to see print was Chaoyoungosaurus, which appeared in the guidebook to a Japanese museum exhibit, and was the result of an incorrect transliteration from the Chinese into the Latin alphabet. Zhao Xijin in 1983 also used this spelling when he first discussed the species, again lacking a description so it is technically a nomen nudum. Two years later, Zhao again used this early spelling when he assigned a type specimen and species name, Chaoyoungosaurus liaosiensis.

According to Dong Zhiming in 1992, the name Chaoyoungosaurus had been officially described in a separate paper by Zhao and Cheng in 1983, but no cite for this paper was given, and later Cheng and Zhao themselves did not treat this name as valid, perhaps because the paper had not actually been published. Dong, in his 1992 book on Chinese dinosaur faunae, also emended the name to the "correct" spelling of Chaoyangosaurus (note the extra letter "o"). However, since this renaming was not accompanied by a formal description of the dinosaur, Chaoyangosaurus must be considered a nomen nudum also.

It was not until 1999 that the dinosaur finally received an official name. Paul Sereno in 1999 used the name Chaoyangsaurus in an overview of dinosaurian evolution. Once again, that name was a nomen nudum. However, in December of that year, Cheng, Zhao, and Xu Xing published an official description using the name Chaoyangsaurus youngi, and as the first name for this genus that is not a nomen nudum, it has official priority over all other spellings that have been used. The generic name refers to Chaoyang. The specific name honours the Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian ("C. C. Young") as the founder of Chinese vertebrate paleontology.

The holotype, IGCAGS V371, has been found in a layer of the Tuchengzi Formation that was in 1999 dated to the late Tithonian. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains the lower part and braincase of the skull, the lower jaws, seven neck vertebrae, the right shoulder blade and the right humerus. It represents an adult individual. The fossil was prepared by Ding Jinzhao and Wang Haijun.

Description
In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the length of Chaoyangsaurus at one metre, the weight at six kilogrammes.

The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. The boss on the jugal bone is only weakly developed and has a smooth surface. The convex quadratojugal bone overlaps the rear of the shaft of the quadrate bone. The quadrate lacks a wide side surface, not being expanded to the front. The rear lower edge of the quadrate is convex. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is low with a flat top. The planes of the side surface and the underside of the angular bone are separated by a ridge. The last five traits were considered autapomorphies.

The skull is fourteen centimetres long. Per side, the appending lower cutting edge of the rostral bone, in life probably covered by horn, bears four crenulations. More to the rear, there are two conical premaxillary teeth, jutting out to below. The transversely flattened maxillary teeth number eight or nine, while there are eleven dentary teeth in the lower jaw for a maximal total of forty-four teeth for the head as a whole. The cheek teeth are imbricated and vertically rather long. Both inner and outer sides are covered by enamel.

Phylogeny
In 1999, Chaoyangosaurus was placed in the Ceratopsia, in a basal position. There were doubts whether it was outside or inside the Neoceratopia.

In 2006, Zhao, et al defined a Chaoyangsauridae, as the most basal ceratopian clade.

See also

 Timeline of ceratopsian research

References

Ceratopsians
Ornithischian genera
Tithonian genera
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1999
Taxa named by Xu Xing
Taxa named by Zhao Xijin
Paleontology in Liaoning

Chaoyangsaurus


This is a list of songs released for sale from the show American Idol, consisting of recordings of coronation songs by winners and runners-up of the show, live and studio recordings by contestants, songs from the American Idol CDs, as well as special singles released by the show such as those for Idol Gives Back and specially-recorded boot songs.  Songs released by Idol alumni in post-Idol career are not included here. See American Idol alumni single sales for a list of some of those releases.

In the first few seasons, songs were released as physical CD single which may contain one cover song and one original song. However, after Season 5 physical singles were no longer released, and songs were available only as digital downloads starting Season 6. The digital downloads were only available initially via American Idol official website during the season towards the end of Season 5 and all the final rounds of Season 6, but were then made available from iTunes after the Season 6 ended.  In all subsequent seasons all performances were made available in iTunes during the season and after the season has ended.

The digital songs sold during the season were not eligible to chart, and their sales figures were not released. Any number listed for those songs would be solely based on units sold after the finale.

All Hot 100 singles
The following Idol songs have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles
The following songs failed to reach the Hot 100, but managed to make the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts.

Year-End Hot 100 singles
The following songs ranked in the Year-End charts for the Billboard Hot 100.

Send-off songs
Starting Season 5, when contestants in the final rounds are eliminated, a video of their journey through the contest was shown, accompanied by a song as a send-off. The song is also commonly called the "boot song".

References

Hot 100
American Idol

List of American Idol Hot 100 singles


The Mount Baker Theatre (officially abbreviated MBT) is a 1,517-seat performing arts venue and national historic landmark in Bellingham, Washington, United States. The theater hosts professional productions and concerts as well as community performances from the north of Puget Sound. The theater's main stage is the largest theatrical venue in Washington north of Seattle's Paramount and 5th Avenue.

The Mount Baker Theatre was designed by architect Robert Reamer (who also designed Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre) in a Moorish–Spanish style. Popular legend holds that the building is haunted by a ghost named Judy. The facility is owned by the city of Bellingham and managed by the nonprofit Mount Baker Theatre organization, headed by president Gary Barnett and executive director Brad Burdick.

Facility
The Mount Baker Theatre occupies half a city block. It has three distinct facilities for concerts, live theater, films, receptions, and other events. All public facilities, except the balcony, are fully ADA accessible. Some non-public facilities, such as backstage and storage spaces, may not be accessible.

Main Theater
The main theater contains large stage facing floor and balcony seating. Using the main floor and balcony, seating capacity is 1,517 people. An orchestra pit sits five feet below the stage and can hold 25 musicians. The theater has a professional lighting and sound system, a large movie screen and projection room, and a historic pipe organ.

Encore Room
The Encore Room is a  reception hall or meeting space in the southern portion of the theater. It can accommodate 120 people in standard seating and 60-80 seated at tables. A kitchen is adjacent to the room.

Walton Theater
The Walton Theatre is named in honor of Harold and Irene Walton. It is a smaller performance space west of the main theater. There are attached restrooms and a kitchen.

Events
The Mount Baker Theatre hosts a variety events including live theater, concerts, movies, arts festivals, and comedy shows.

Architecture

History
The Mount Baker Theater was built in 1927 to provide entertainment for a growing city. It was designed by architect Robert Reamer. Originally, it held live theater and concerts. A screen was added later to show silent movies.

The theater was in a historic part of downtown. Bellingham's Carnegie library was just south of the theater. The Bellingham Tower stands tall to the theater's west. The tower was built as a luxurious hotel; it is an office building with a café at street level. At 15 stories, it is the tallest building in Bellingham and Whatcom County. The original City Hall, built in 1891, stands two blocks west of the theater and is home to the Whatcom Museum. The Bellingham Bank Building, Federal Building, and Crown Plaza are within a few blocks to the southeast.

Ghost

For decades, theater staff have reported unusual phenomena, which has led to an urban legend of a ghost. In August 2010, paranormal investigators, affiliated with the Syfy Channel's show Ghost Hunters, and psychics spent a night in the theater to find evidence of paranormal activity.

References

External links

Mount Baker Theatre Organ Society
Whatcom Symphony Orchestra

Buildings and structures in Bellingham, Washington
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Robert Reamer buildings
Moorish Revival architecture in Washington (state)
Spanish Revival architecture in Washington (state)
Theatres completed in 1927
Tourist attractions in Bellingham, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in Whatcom County, Washington
1927 establishments in Washington (state)

Mount Baker Theatre


Samuel Hammond (September 21, 1757 – September 11, 1842) was a lieutenant colonel during the American Revolutionary War, governor and leader in the Louisiana and Missouri Territories, and United States Representative from Georgia in the 8th United States Congress.

Early life
He was born in Farnham Parish in the Virginia Colony, to Elizabeth Hammond Steele and Charles Hammond; his parents were second cousins. Charles Hammond worked for the Virginia House of Delegates as a secretary. Like his son and three additional sons, Charles served during the Revolutionary War. Samuel attended the common schools.

Adult life

Virginia
Hammond served as a volunteer under Governor Dunmore against Native Americans and "distinguished himself" at the Battle of Kanawha, now more commonly known as the Battle of Point Pleasant. The battle took place on October 10, 1774.

In July 1776, Hammond fought against the Cherokee under Colonel Andrew Williamson.

During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Continental Army. In December 1776, led a company of minutemen he raised in the Battle of Great Bridge in an area since named Great Bridge, Virginia. He served several years in Pennsylvania and New Jersey with his troops from Virginia.

Carolinas
In 1779 Charles Hammond moved to South Carolina. Samuel moved with his family and served the Revolutionary War in his new home state. He was promoted to Assistant Quartermaster at the siege of Savannah. He served as member of the "council of capitulation" at Charleston and was made lieutenant colonel. He commanded troops in battle at Augusta, Blackstock's Farm, Cowpens, Eutaw Springs, Guilford Courthouse, Hanging Rock, and Kings Mountain. Shortly after the war he settled in Savannah, Georgia.

Georgia
He served during the conflict with the Creek or Muscogee peoples in the latter 1780s and early 1790s, commanding a corps of Georgia Volunteers in 1793.

Hammond was Surveyor General of Georgia in 1796.  He was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives 1796-1798 and a member of the Georgia Senate 1799 and 1800. He was elected as a Republican to the Eighth Congress and served from March 4, 1803, until February 2, 1805.

Louisiana and Missouri Territories
February 2, 1805 he became Colonel Commandant of the St. Louis District of the Louisiana Territory where he served from 1805 to 1824. He was made the first president (governor) of the Missouri Territorial Council in 1813. He was a receiver of public moneys in Missouri and president of the Bank of St. Louis.

South Carolina
Hammond moved to South Carolina in 1824 and became a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives. He then served as Surveyor General of South Carolina in 1825 and Secretary of State of South Carolina in 1831–1835.

Marriage and children
Hammond married widow Rebecca Rae in 1783 and they settled in Savannah, Georgia. Rebecca's deceased husband was Colonel John Rae of Augusta, Georgia.

Rebecca died in 1798. Then, Hammond moved to Rae's Hall Plantation. He married a second time to Eliza Amelia O'Keefe on May 5, 1802.

He had eight children.

Freemason
Samuel Hammond was also a Freemason and member of Solomon's Lodge No. 1, F. & A. M. at Savannah, Georgia.  This lodge was established by the renowned Freemason and founder of the Georgia colony, James Edward Oglethorpe, on February 21, 1734, and is now the "Oldest Continuously Operating English Constituted Lodge of Freemasons in the Western Hemisphere".

Death
He retired from public life and died in 1842 at his home, "Varello Farm," at Beech Island, South Carolina, which is on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River, near Augusta, Georgia.

He is now buried near the Hammond Cemetery at the Charles Hammond House, North Augusta, South Carolina. A memorial commemorates the heroic actions of Colonel Samuel Hammond, Colonel LeRoy Hammond, Jr., and Colonel LeRoy Hammond, Sr.

Bibliography

Further reading

Notes

References

1757 births
1842 deaths
Continental Army soldiers
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Secretaries of State of South Carolina
Virginia colonial people
People of Virginia in the American Revolution
South Carolina Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves
People from Farnham, Virginia
People from Beech Island, South Carolina

Samuel Hammond


Edward Terrance Kazak (July 18, 1920 – December 15, 1999) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a third baseman from 1948 to 1952, most prominently as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals.

After suffering serious injuries during World War II, Kazak recovered to become a Major League Baseball player where, he played in the 1949 All-Star Game as a 28-year-old rookie. Injuries prematurely ended his playing career after just five seasons. He played his final season with the Cincinnati Reds.

Baseball career
Born Edward Terrance Tkaczuk in Steubenville, Ohio, Kazak graduated from Cecil Township High School in 1938, where he played both baseball and soccer. He played sandlot baseball and played in the Georgia–Florida League for a few years, boasting a batting average of .378 in 1941 when with Albany, the team that won the Georgia-Florida pennant.

After the end of the 1942 season on October 1, Kazak entered the military and enlisted with the United States Army. He was originally stationed in Brooks Field, Texas, then joined the paratroopers in 1943. In 1944, Kazak left the United States for Europe. After the Invasion of Normandy, Kazak sustained a bayonet wound to his left arm and had his right elbow shattered by shrapnel. As a result, he spent 18 months in hospitals recovering and enduring numerous operations, including one where a plastic patch was put in place of the missing bone in his elbow. By the time he was released in December 1945, his doctors has told him to forget about baseball.

In 1946, Kazak spent the season in the South Atlantic League, playing for the Columbus Cardinals. In 1947, he played for the Omaha Cardinals of the Western League and the Rochester Red Wings of the International League. Though he has been a second baseman throughout his career, he moved to third base while playing for Rochester in 1948. By the end of the season, Kazak was promoted to the major leagues.

Kazak made his major league debut on September 29, 1948, and played in six games with 22 at bats during the 1948 season. The 1949 season was Kazak's best statistical season. In 92 games, he had a career-high batting average of .304, 6 home runs, 3 triples, and made his only All-Star appearance. In the 1949 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Kazak was the starting third baseman, and had two hits in two at-bats. However, Kazak was later injured and lost his starting job to Tommy Glaviano, becoming a pinch hitter during the 1950 season. He had 207 at-bats in 93 games during the 1950 season, and led the National League with 42 pinch hit at-bats. Kazak only played 11 games the following season, and after playing three games in 1952, he was traded along with Wally Westlake from the Cardinals to the Reds for Dick Sisler and Virgil Stallcup on May 13, 1952. However, Kazak only had one hit in 13 games as a member of the Reds, which marked the end of his Major League career.

Kazak continued to play baseball after his major league career was over. He played his last professional game at the age of 40 in 1960 while playing for Austin in the Texas League. He died in Austin, Texas on December 15, 1999.

References

External links

Eddie Kazak at Baseball Almanac

1920 births
1999 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Ohio
St. Louis Cardinals players
Cincinnati Reds players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Sportspeople from Steubenville, Ohio
Valdosta Trojans players
United States Army personnel of World War II
Omaha Cardinals players
Rochester Red Wings players
Sacramento Solons players
Austin Senators players
Seattle Rainiers players
Beaumont Exporters players
Miami Marlins (International League) players
Albany Cardinals players
Houston Buffaloes players
Columbus Cardinals players
United States Army soldiers

Eddie Kazak


Filippo Pacini (25 May 1812 – 9 July 1883) was an Italian anatomist, posthumously famous for isolating the cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae in 1854, well before Robert Koch's more widely accepted discoveries 30 years later.

Pacini was born in Pistoia, Tuscany, to Francesco, a humble cobbler, and Umiltà Dolfi, but was given a religious education in hopes that he would become a bishop.  However, in 1830, he was given a scholarship to the most venerable medical school in Pistoia.  He learned his job as a doctor and how to examine and dissect dead bodies under a microscope.

In 1831, during a dissection class, Pacini discovered small sensory organs in the nervous system which can detect pressure and vibrations.  He studied them closely from 1833 on, and first discussed them in 1835 at the Società medico-fisica in Florence, but did not publish his research ("Nuovi organi scoperti nel corpo umano") until 1840.  Within just a few years, the work was widely known in Europe and the bodies had become known as Pacinian corpuscles.

He served as an assistant to Paolo Savi in Pisa from 1840 to 1843, then began working at the Institute of Human Anatomy. He was professor of anatomy at the University of Pisa from 1844 to 1846.  In 1847, Pacini began teaching at the Lyceum in Florence, and then was named chair of General and Topographic Anatomy at the "Istituto di Studi Superiori" at the University of Florence in 1849, where he remained to the end of his career.

The Asiatic cholera pandemic of 1846-63 was the time period when Pacini made his discovery of the cholera bacillus. Cholera came to Florence in 1854 during the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63. Pacini became very interested in the disease. Immediately following the death of cholera patients, he performed an autopsy and with his microscope, conducted histological examinations of the intestinal mucosa. During such studies, Pacini discovered a comma-shaped bacillus which he described as a Vibrio. He published a paper in 1854 entitled, "Microscopical observations and pathological deductions on cholera" in which he described the organism and its relation to the disease. His microscopic slides of the organism were clearly labeled, identifying the date and nature of his investigations (see figure). But because of the prevailing belief of Italian scientists in the miasma theory of disease, the work was not noted by others until many years after his death, despite additional publications in 1865, 1866, 1871, 1876, and 1880 which identified the cause of the disease's lethality, and even proposed some effective treatments. John Snow, who disproved the miasma theory, and Robert Koch, were widely and erroneously credited with the discovery of the bacillum 30 years later. Pacini's work was repeatedly published and readily available to the international scientific community via the English translation published in The British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review, Volume 38, July 1866. Also in 1854, the Catalan Joaquim Balcells i Pascual discovered the cholera bacterium.

When Koch, a much more widely respected scientist who had previously identified the tuberculosis bacillus, presented his findings to the Cholera Commission of the Imperial Health Office in Berlin in 1884, the commission congratulated him, but also recognized Pacini's previous discovery of the bacterium.  In 1965, the international committee on nomenclature adopted the formal name Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854 to honor his work.

During his career, Pacini also published several studies on the retina of the human eye, the electric organs in electric fishes, the structure of bone, and the mechanics of respiration.

Pacini spent most of the money remaining after his scientific investigations on the long-term care of his two ailing sisters, Assunta and Maria Giustina.  He died nearly penniless in Florence on July 9, 1883, and was buried in the cemetery of the Misericordia. In 1935, his remains were transferred to the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Pistoia, along with the remains of Atto Tigri and Filippo Civinini, two other noted anatomists.

References

Italian anatomists
Italian microbiologists
1812 births
1883 deaths
People from Pistoia
Academic staff of the University of Florence
Cholera

Filippo Pacini


Kevin Lawrence Skinner (24 November 1927 – 21 July 2014) was a rugby union player from New Zealand who won 20 full caps for the All Blacks, two of them as captain. He was also a heavyweight boxer, winning the New Zealand championship in 1947.

Early life
Born in Dunedin, Skinner was educated at Christian Brothers School, Dunedin and St. Kevin's College, Oamaru where he played in the first XV in 1943 and 1944. He captained the side in the latter year. In 1945 he played senior rugby for the Dunedin Pirates as lock. As a boxer, Skinner won the Otago heavyweight championship in 1946 and won the New Zealand heavyweight title in 1947.

First-class career
In 1947, Skinner played nine matches for the Otago representative rugby union team, including the team's successful Ranfurly Shield challenge against Southland. He also played in the South Island team and represented Otago again in 1948.

Skinner played for Otago again from 1950 to 1954, and represented Counties in 1956 (from the Waiuku Club). He was in the South Island team each year from 1950 to 1953. He participated in the New Zealand trials in 1948, 1950, 1951 and 1953. He played for a combined Bay of Plenty-Thames Valley-Counties side against the Springboks in 1956.

All Blacks
Skinner was selected for the 1949 All Black tour of South Africa. He continued playing for the All Blacks and was captain in the 1952 series against Australia. However Bob Stuart (also an old boy of St. Kevin's College, Oamaru) was captain of the 1953/4 All Blacks in their tour of Great Britain and France. Skinner also went on that tour and played in 27 games including all five tests. He was one of the key players.

Skinner retired at the end of the 1954 season after equaling Maurice Brownlie's record of 61 All Black appearances but he played again for the All Blacks for the final two tests against South Africa in 1956, extending the record to 63. Both those tests were won by New Zealand.

Skinner has been described as "a skilled lineout No.2, expert rush stopper, strong scrummager and extremely mobile" and "one of the very best props New Zealand has produced." He was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.

Death
Skinner died in Auckland on 21 July 2014. Among those sending their condolences was another rugby-boxer, Sonny Bill Williams.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union players
People educated at Trinity Catholic College, Dunedin
People educated at St Kevin's College, Oamaru
Otago rugby union players
Counties Manukau rugby union players
Heavyweight boxers
Rugby union props
New Zealand male boxers
Rugby union players from Dunedin

Kevin Skinner (rugby union)


Kostis Palamas (;  – 27 February 1943) was a Greek poet who wrote the words to the Olympic Hymn. He was a central figure of the Greek literary generation of the 1880s and one of the cofounders of the so-called New Athenian School (or Palamian School, or Second Athenian School) along with Georgios Drosinis and Ioannis Polemis.

Biography
Born in Patras, in the same house as born the Italian novelist Matilde Serao, he received his primary and secondary education in Mesolonghi. In 1877 he enrolled at the School of Law, Economics and Political Sciences of the University of Athens, but he soon abandoned his studies. In the 1880s, he worked as a journalist. He published his first collection of verses, Songs of My Fatherland, in 1886.

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature on 14 occasions, but never received it.

He held an administrative post at the University of Athens between 1897 and 1926, and died during the German occupation of Greece in World War II. His funeral was a major event of the Greek resistance: the funerary poem composed and recited by fellow poet Angelos Sikelianos roused the mourners and culminated in a demonstration of 100,000 people against Nazi occupation.

Work
Palamas wrote the lyrics to the Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras. It was first performed at the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympic Games.  The Hymn was then shelved as each host city from then until the 1960 Winter Olympics commissioned an original piece for its celebration of the Games, but the version by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem in 1958 and has been performed at each celebration of the Games since the 1960 Winter Olympics.

Honors
The old administration building of the University of Athens, in central Athens, where his office was located, is now dedicated to him as the "Kostis Palamas Building" and houses the "Greek Theater Museum", as well as many temporary exhibitions.

Palamas has been informally called the "national" poet of Greece. He was an influential voice in Greek literature for more than 30 years, and greatly influenced the entire political-intellectual climate of his time. Romain Rolland considered him the greatest poet in Europe.

Works

Collections of poems
 Songs of my Fatherland (1886)
 Hymn to Athena (1889)
 Eyes of my Soul (1892)
 Iambs and Anapaests (1897)
 The Grave (1898)
 The Greetings of the Sun-born (1900)
 Ή Ασάλευτη Ζωή (The Motionless Life)(1904)
 Twelve Lays of the Gypsy (1907)
 The King's flute (1910)
 Yearnings of the Lagoon (1912)
 Satirical Exercises (1912)
 The State and Solitude (1912)
 Altars (1915)
 Extempora (1919)
 The 14 verses (1919)
 The 5 verses - The passionate secret whispers - The Wolves - Two flowers from afar (1925)
 Cowardly and Harsh verses (1928)
 The 3 Verse Cycle (1929)
 Passages and Greetings (1931)
 The Nights of Phemius (1935)
 Evening Fire (1944, posthumous edition by his son, Leander Palamas)

Prose
 Death of a Youth (novel, 1901)
 Novels (1920)

Theater
 The Thrice-noble (drama, 1903)

Criticism
Palamas was one of the most respected literary critics of his day, and instrumental in the reappraisal of the works of Andreas Kalvos, Dionysios Solomos and the "Ionian School" of poetry, Kostas Krystallis et al.

Translations
 The King's Flute, tr. T. P. Stephanides, G. C. Katsimbalis (1982) [Greek and English texts]
 The King's Flute, tr. F. Will (1967)
 The Twelve Lays of the Gypsy, tr. G. Thomson (1969)
 The Twelve Words of the Gypsy, tr. T. P. Stephanides, G. C. Katsimbalis (1974; repr. 1975)
 A Hundred Voices, tr. T. P. Stephanides, G. C. Katsimbalis (1976)
 Ruins, Grief, On The Trip You Are Taken, Rose Fragrance, tr. A. Moskios

References

External links

1859 births
1943 deaths
Writers from Patras
Modern Greek poets
Greek nationalists
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Greek dramatists and playwrights
New Athenian School
Members of the Academy of Athens (modern)
Poets from Achaea
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
19th-century Greek poets
20th-century Greek poets

Kostis Palamas


The action of 29 April 1616 took place near Euboea when a Tuscan galley force defeated a similar Turkish force.

Six Tuscan galleys, under Montauto, had left Livorno at the end of March 1616.  On 29 April, they met 6 Turkish galleys near Euboea and captured the 2 flag-galleys.  The remaining 4 fled.  The galley San Francesco was damaged and took no part.  Tuscan casualties were 32 killed and 312 wounded.

References

1616 in Italy
1616
1616
Conflicts in 1616
1616 in the Ottoman Empire
History of Euboea

Action of 29 April 1616


Immortal (French: Immortel, ad vitam) is a 2004 English language French live-action and animated science fiction film co-written and directed by Enki Bilal and starring Linda Hardy, Thomas Kretschmann, and Charlotte Rampling. It is loosely based upon Bilal's comic book La Foire aux immortels (The Carnival of Immortals).

Immortal was one of the first major films (along with Casshern and Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow) to be shot entirely on a "digital backlot", blending live actors with computer generated surroundings. The French video game studio Quantic Dream helped produce much of the cinematics.

Plot

In New York City, during the late 21st century, genetically altered humans live side by side with aliens and other beings, with the former lording over the latter and treating them as second class citizens. These beings have come to Earth as refugees via the "inclusion zone", a mysterious vortex which appeared mysteriously one day, encompassing Central Park and sealing it off. The forcefield allows the refugees to exit, but anyone who tries to enter is instantly killed.

A strange pyramid appears in the city. Within, the gods of ancient Egypt discuss their fellow god Horus and conclude that his rebellious antics are unacceptable and must be punished, sentencing him to lose his immortality and summarily be executed. They grant Horus seven days to "look upon his creation", and inform him that the only way to save himself is to reincarnate in a new body. However, the only way to do this is to find and mate with a compatible woman capable of carrying a god's child, a trait which is extremely rare.

In the city below, Jill, a young woman with blue hair and a fey countenance, is captured by agents of the all-powerful corrupt eugenics company that controls much of the government and private sector, who kidnap the alien refugees to experiment on them. She is humanoid in appearance, but not quite human; her tears are blue and stain her pure white skin, and upon being examined by the company's scientists, it is discovered that her body's cells are no more than three months old despite looking and acting like a fully grown adult. Unbeknownst to the scientists, Jill is a bioengineered being, explaining her human-like appearance and unusual paranormal abilities. One of these abilities is the aforementioned capacity to procreate with gods, but she is unaware of this, nor is she aware that she was created explicitly for this purpose. Her genome is rapidly adapting and changing into that of a regular human, with the tradeoff being that she will lose all memories of her former self once the transformation is complete. One of the scientists, Dr. Elma Turner, is fascinated by Jill's unique physiology and becomes enamored with her, subsequently helping facilitate her escape.

Elsewhere, Horus begins his search for a mate, but time is short as not only is his execution looming, but Jill herself will lose her unique ability to bear his child once she becomes fully human. He must inhabit a mortal body to perform this task, but quickly finds that anyone he tries to possess self destructs in a gruesome manner. He deduces that humankind has become incompatible due to their genetic modification, and are thus incapable of handling his godly presence within them. Desperate to find a suitable host body, Horus eventually encounters Nikopol, a political rebel condemned to thirty years of hibernation who, due to a mechanical accident, escapes his imprisonment one year early when the wall of the cryo-prison crumbles. Nikopol, having been in cryostasis for several decades, has remained unmodified, and thus is able to be a host body for Horus to inhabit, much to Nikopol's chagrin. Horus possesses Nikopol's body but fails to take full control of him, causing the two to frequently clash with one another. Nikopol, having lost his leg as a result of the prison toppling, is given a replacement by Horus which he fashioned out of some steel railway track, with the comical side effect that it is too heavy for Nikopol to move on his own when he is in control of his body. Together, the two set out to fulfill Horus's quest.

Nikopol and Horus eventually find Jill, and Horus begins to put his plan in motion by seducing her as Nikopol. Nikopol takes umbrage with this, decrying Horus's actions as sexual assault, which Horus thinks is merely a necessity and not wrong, as he is a god and therefore anything he does is, by definition, morally just. Nikopol begins to fall in love with Jill, further complicating matters.

Meanwhile, a police inspector is investigating a series of serial killings in which the bodies of seemingly random individuals appear to have been torn apart from the inside out. The victims are the remains of the previous hosts Horus tried to inhabit, and Nikopol as well as Jill become suspects. Nikopol/Horus must woo Jill while simultaneously trying to keep her safe from the eugenics corporation, as well as staying one step ahead of the police. Eventually, Horus is successful and impregnates her in the nick of time, giving Nikopol's body back and leaving a parting gift by granting him the ability to move his heavy metal leg on his own. A year later, Nikopol bumps into a now fully human Jill in Paris with her new baby, a blue falcon who Jill describes as "cheeky". She does not remember him, but the two strike up a conversation, hinting that they may one day rekindle their romance. As the film ends, the camera pans up to the pyramid ship where Horus is entombed in a sarcophagus, a glimmer of light flashing in his eyes.

Cast
 Linda Hardy as Jill Bioskop (voiced by Barbara Scaff)
 Thomas Kretschmann as Alcide Nikopol
 Charlotte Rampling as Elma Turner
 Frédéric Pierrot as John (voiced by Dominic Gould)
 Thomas M. Pollard as Horus
 Yann Collette as Froebe (voiced by Geoffrey Carey)
 Joe Sheridan as Senator Allgood
 Corinne Jaber as Lily Liang
 Olivier Achard as Checker (voiced by Geoffrey Carey)
 Jerry Di Giacomo as Jack Turner
 Derrick Brenner as Jonas

Production
In the film, Linda Hardy is dubbed by an English-speaking actress (Barbara Weber-Scaff), except for one piece of dialogue delivered in her native French.

References

External links

 Heavy Metal Magazine Fan Page

2000s English-language films
2000s French films
2004 science fiction action films
2004 science fiction films
2004 animated films
2004 computer-animated films
Animated films based on French comics
Ciby 2000 films
Dystopian films
English-language French films
Films based on Egyptian mythology
Films with live action and animation
French science fiction films
Live-action films based on comics
Quantic Dream

Immortal (2004 film)


San Francisco de Campeche (; , ), 19th c., also known simply as Campeche, is a city in Campeche Municipality in the Mexican state of Campeche, on the shore of the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. Both the seat of the municipality and the state's capital, the city had a population of 220,389 in the 2010 census, while the municipality had a population of 259,005.

The city was founded in 1540 by Spanish conquistadores as San Francisco de Campeche atop the pre-existing Maya city of Can Pech. Little trace remains of the Pre-Columbian city.

The city retains many of the old colonial Spanish city walls and fortifications which protected the city from pirates and buccaneers. The state of preservation and quality of its architecture earned it the status of a World Heritage Site in 1999. Campeche is (along with Quebec City) one of the only cities in North America with most of its historic old city walls intact. Originally, the Spaniards lived inside the walled city, while the indigeneous Maya people lived in the surrounding barrios of San Francisco, Guadalupe, and San Román. These barrios still retain their original churches; the one in Guadalupe is almost 500 years old.

History

The modern city of San Francisco de Campeche was founded in 1540 by Francisco de Montejo upon the site of Can Pech, the former capital city of a Maya chiefdom. The city of Campeche was terrorized by pirates and marauders (such as the 1633 Sack of Campeche and the 1663 Sack of Campeche) until the city constructed major fortifications. The fortifications were started in 1686 and completed in 1704.

First expedition

The Hernández de Córdoba expedition of 1517 was the first Spanish expedition to reach Campeche, and its members were among the first Europeans to set foot on the Yucatán Peninsula. The expedition left the island of Cuba on February 8 and reached Isla Mujeres and Cabo Catoche in early March. They continued westward around the peninsula. Bernal Díaz del Castillo was the only member of that expedition to write an account of these events. In his account, he wrote that on Sunday March 22, they sighted and debarked at a village on the coast. This village was Can Pech, the capital of the Maya city-state of the same name. This happened to be the day of veneration of Saint Lazarus of Bardiaboch, which is why Hernández de Córdoba baptized the place with that name.

In need of water, the Spaniards landed and supplied themselves from a well. As the Mayans approached, the Spaniards indicated by means of signs that they came in peace; the Maya chief asked them if they came from where the sun rises, mentioning the word "castilán". The Spaniards, surprised to hear this word, responded affirmatively, and the chief invited them to his city, where copal was lit. By means of signs, the Maya chief indicated to the expeditionaries that they should leave the city before the fire went out. Meanwhile, Mayan warriors were arriving at the place. Based on their recent experience at Cabo Catoche, the Spanish decided to leave. They would later encounter rough seas which caused them to lose the water they had just collected. This in turn forced them to land at Chakán Putum, where a fierce battle between Mayans and Spaniards took place.

Conquest
After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Francisco de Montejo requested permission from Charles V to conquer the Yucatán Peninsula. In 1526, the Spanish crown granted Montejo the title of "Adelantado, governor, sheriff and captain general of Yucatan". His conquest of Chakán Putum and Can Pech were part of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, which was carried out in three stages.

In the first stage (1527 to 1529), Montejo ventured along the eastern coast of the peninsula with the help of the captain Alonso Dávila, whom he had known since Cortes' expedition, but they were repelled by the Maya.

In the second stage (1530-1535), Montejo ventured into the west, where he founded "Salamanca de Campeche" in 1531. Montejo sent Alonso Dávila was sent to cross the peninsula south, where he founded "Villa Real" in Bacalar, but this position soon had to be abandoned. Montejo's son was defeated in battle at Chichén Itzá towards the end of 1534, after which the Spaniards abandoned the peninsula for five years.

In the third stage (1540-1547), Montejo arrived in Ciudad Real de Chiapa (San Cristóbal de las Casas) in 1540, where he gave instructions to Francisco Gil to be in charge of Champotón. In 1546, when the conquest of Yucatan seemed to be over, Montejo and his wife traveled to San Francisco de Campeche to meet with his son and his nephew. The Maya had organized in secret, and a great rebellion broke out on the night of 8 November 1546 (5 Cimi 19 Xul, end of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar). Montejo's son and nephew took up arms to end the rebellions the following year.

Viceroyalty period

Like most cities constructed by the Spanish conquistadors, the city of Campeche was designed in a standard military fashion based on a grid plan, with a Plaza de Armas near its center. Around this main square were located the Campeche Cathedral, the Royal Audience and the houses of the highest-ranking officials. A pillory — a column that served as a symbol of Spanish power and justice — stood in the center of the plaza. The jail, the municipal palace and the defense tower would be built soon after. The market was located around a smaller plaza.

The Spanish residents lived and worked near the main square, in the current neighborhood of San Román, while the indigenous Maya people lived in the old pre-Hispanic settlements — currently the neighborhoods of San Francisco and Siete de Agosto. The Naboríos, indigenous Mexicans who arrived with the conquistadors, occupied the San Román neighborhood, while the slaves from Africa lived in the neighborhoods of Santa Ana and Santa Lucía.

The city served as the base of operations for the conquest of the rest of Yucatán (1542–1546), beginning with the occupation of Ti'ho, an abandoned settlement of the Mayan Itza people, where the Spanish founded Mérida, the provincial capital, in 1542.

The armed conquest was followed by an ideological conquest which consisted of the indoctrination of the Maya people with European cultural ideology, particularly that of the Catholic religion. The first religious order that arrived in Campeche was that of the Franciscans, who arrived in Campeche in 1535. They were soon forced to leave due to a series of difficulties raised by both indigenous and Spanish people, but they returned in 1540. That year, they began the construction of a temple and convent dedicated to San Francisco. The Franciscans evangelized throughout the Yucatán Peninsula with no competition from other religious orders, such as the Jesuits or the Dominicans were competing for the territory from that point forward.

In 1542, the king proclaimed the calls New Laws, which established the freedom of the Indians as subjects of the Crown. Slavery was legally abolished, but would continue by other means. The parcel subject a certain number of peoples to a Spaniard, to whom they had to pay in kind (wax, cotton blankets) and labor. Those who were not entrusted were under the royal jurisdiction and received the name of "peoples of the Royal Crown." The indigenous tributaries of the  encomiendas español, continued to suffer a treatment that was practically slavery. The friars of the different religious orders present fought to defend the rights of the indigenous people, preserve their freedom and limit the abuses of the conquerors. Thanks to this, in 1547, Felipe II of Spain issued a royal identity card in favor of the personal freedom of the natives, and to make sure that their interests were fulfilled, he created a City Hall Mayor for the province of Yucatán.

Trade and piracy

Campeche's position in the Gulf of Mexico made it the main port of the Yucatan Peninsula, standing out as a point of connection with the foreigner, which allowed the economic boom and population growth. From there, from early times, the cargoes of the so-called palo de Campeche, also known as "dye stick", a native product of the region that would lead to large estates, among which are counted, Uayamón, Xanabchakán and Mucuychacán, to mention three of them, and also of salt. The port of Campeche also gained fame for its Shipyards industry.

The commercial monopoly of Spain, implemented by the House of Hiring of the Indies to their domains, which prohibited them from trading even among themselves and with other nations, led to illegal practices such as piracy. One of the measures to stop them was promulgated in 1616 by the Mayor of Yucatan Luis de Céspedes y Oviedo, which involved the creation of a license on the cutting and trade of the Campeche stick, as well Like new taxes. This first measure was insufficient and counterproductive, because far from bringing down piracy, he encouraged it. In 1629, the King of Spain Felipe IV created a  navy coast guard to protect trade, but this measure also did not give the expected results, neither did the military garrison to protect the city implanted by Mayor Centeno Maldonado. The constant pressures from other European nations and the continuing uprisings in their Dutch positions made it impossible to adopt new measures against piracy, which remained in full swing.

Among the pirates most famous that docked at Campeche are John Hawkins, Francis Drake, Laurens de Graaf, Cornelius Jol, Jacobo Jackson, Michel de Grandmont, Portuguese Bartholomew, William Parker, Jean David Nau, Edward Mansvelt, Henry Morgan, Lewis Scot, Roche Brasiliano and Jean Lafitte. On January 27, 1661, a fleet of filibusters appeared in the port of San Francisco de Campeche and, although it did not disembark, looted two well-loaded commercial frigates, which barely arrived and then quietly withdrew, without being chased, because that day there was no armed ship in the bay capable of hunting him. The head of this filibuster expedition was called Henry Morgan.

A very feared pirate in the town of Campeche was Laurens de Graaf or Lorencillo, who was Dutch and had served the king of Spain fighting filibusters. But then he also dedicated himself to piracy. In 1685 he attacked and took the town of Campeche and twenty other towns in the area. He spent two months and captured so many prisoners and stole so many jewels and pieces of silver that filled the cargo of his ship. He was chased by three Spanish frigates with cannons. The pirate dodged the attacks, threw the entire load into the sea so that the ship achieved greater speed and, with wind in favor, moved away quickly.

Another pirate was El Olonés whose real name was Jean David Nau. He committed innumerable and famous stumbling against the Spanish viceroyalty of the mainland. In a terrible storm, he lost his ship on the coast of Campeche. All the men were saved, but, arriving on land, the Spanish persecuted them by killing most of them, and also hurting the Olonés. Not knowing this how to escape, he thought about saving his life through a ploy: he took several handfuls of sand and mixing it with the blood of his own wounds he smeared his face and other parts of his body. Then, hiding with great skill among the dead, he remained motionless until the Spaniards left the field of struggle. Since they were gone, he retired to the forest, sold his wounds and took care of them until heal and then headed to the City of Campeche perfectly disguised. In the city, he spoke with certain slaves to whom he promised freedom in case they obeyed him. They accepted their promises and stealing a canoe at night, threw themselves into the sea with the Olonés.

Elevation to city status
The coat of arms held by the city of San Francisco de Campeche was granted in 1777 by the king of Spain Carlos III, being elevated from the title of villa to that of city.

Before the current shield was adopted, there was a process to constitute a shield as an officer. The first project was presented in 1772 before the possible elevation to the title of city of the town of San Francisco de Campeche, when requested by the Cabildo de Campeche in a contest for the election of shield de Armas. The first design was submitted by Juan Antonio Rexo and Peñuelas on September 24 of that year but was rejected on October 17 for not being subject to the rules of heraldry. Ramón Zazo and Ortega subsequently presented three projects; the first two were rejected but finally the third was approved in council on November 7, 1777. The shield was approved by his majesty Carlos III of Spain with the certificate of: "the City Title is granted to the town of San Francisco de Campeche."

Climate

Campeche has a tropical savanna climate, with most rain falling in the wet season from June to October.

Demographics

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 259,005.

The municipal seat, and largest settlement, is the city of San Francisco de Campeche (often shortened to Campeche). As of 2010, the city had a population of 220,389.

Aside from the municipal seat, the municipality has 564 localities.

The largest localities are, (with 2010 populations in parentheses): Lerma (8,281), Chiná (5,194), classified as urban, and Los Laureles (2,251), Alfredo V. Bonfil (2,060), Pich (1,756), Tikinmul (1,663), Imí (1,227), Hampolol (1,123), Castamay (1,101), and San Francisco Kobén (1,045), classified as rural.

Economy

The economy of San Francisco de Campeche is based primarily on the services sector: commerce, tourism, communications, public administration, public services. There are also various maquiladoras textiles installed in the city, and small and medium-sized enterprises generally associated with the exploitation of primary products, forming the secondary sector. The primary sector persists through fishing activity.

Tourism

In recent years tourism has had a strong boost in the State of Campeche. Underpinning the tourist activity the emblematic places in the capital city are:

Downtown and historic neighborhoods
The centro histórico of Campeche is a beautiful example of a fortified urban center in the viceregal baroque style. It contains many examples of Spanish Colonial architecture, and the fortifications system of Campeche is an important example of Spanish military architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries. These qualities have earned it the designation of Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Its aligned streets allow us to take a tour admiring the decoration of its houses, some of them with strong Moorish and Spanish reminiscences of the 18th century and some modifications of the 19th century. The color of its facades print a vibrant sense of life in those who visit them, each street is full of stories and legends.

The walls around part of the city are a reminder of the viceroyalty of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Religious and civil architecture are merged with civil and military architecture, as modest bastions of faith that protected the population during pirate offensives; Franciscan bulrush churches and baroque altarpieces with Solomon columns leave a mark of their strong impact during Catholic evangelization in fortified American lands such as the Villa de San Francisco de Campeche. The sobriety of its facades are imposed on the faith when the protection of its faithful was pondering.

Archaeological sites

There is the place known as Acanmul and also relatively close, the archaeological sites of Edzná and Jaina. The city can also be taken as a starting point to visit other important sites of the State of Campeche.

Edzná

The "Casa de los Itzáes", is a place where we find about twenty monumental buildings that tell us about the concentration of political, economic and religious power that occurred in pre-Columbian times.

Due to the type of soil, the valley in which it is located, is flooded in the rainy season and retains high humidity almost all year. To remedy this problem, the Maya developed an advanced system of hydraulic works: a network of canals drained the valley and the water was taken to a lagoon, which was transformed into dam through retaining walls, while other canals were used to irrigate the fields. This led to an optimum degree of moisture in the soil for intensive cultivation while the canals provided abundant fishing, and were used as communication routes and in some cases served as a defense. The plazas had a magnificent drain system and the rainwater reached artificial reservoirs called chultunes.

Edzná had numerous religious, administrative and residential buildings distributed over an area of approximately 25 square kilometers. Of particular importance on this site is the five-story building, which is built on a large platform that gives it great architectural majesty.

Jaina

The "House on the sea" is one of the most interesting places in the region due mainly to its fame as a Mayan necropolis. A little more than a thousand human burials have been explored around the site, in which extraordinary pieces of clay have been found that were possibly deposited as mortuary offerings. At the time of their discovery, these pieces helped cultivate a new appreciation of the art Mayan Culture made in mud, since its quality far exceeded what had previously been found in the area.

The Petenes

Part of the urban area of San Francisco de Campeche borders the Los Petenes Biosphere Reserve.

Curious circular forms of vegetation have been called petenes where the origin of a source of fresh water, in the middle of an area of salt water, promotes the development of plants less resistant to salt, leading to islets where flora has taken hierarchy around the origin of fresh water. It is an entire organization that allows nesting and refuge for a large number of bird and mammal species.

In the coastal mangroves of the reserve, there are innumerable natural paths that make up attractive routes, in them the sport of fishing tarpon and the observation of birds and other animal species are carried out.

The enormous natural wealth of the area, forms the ideal scenario for the development and enjoyment of various activities ecotourism.

Culture

The typical dress

Essentially composed of three pieces, the upper part has its origin in the huipil or mestizo hipil, it differs in that it is embroidered in black and with motifs inspired by the flowers of onion and pumpkin. The suit complements an overflow of Santa Maria; The skirt is of Spanish origin and reaches the ankles is made of calico or zaraza, fine printed taffeta or Spanish brocade.

Music and dances

Campechanos like music in all its forms, from romantic serenades to cheerful dances.

  'Los pregones.' Estampas costumbristas, which represent, in a very special way, several typical Campeche characters, offering merchandise that they sell in different neighborhoods and streets.
  'Las chancletitas.' The agile chacleteo.
  'The shaking.' He is the forerunner of the Loving Pichito and other zarandangas, written in 2/4 compass of live and martial movement. Keep kinship with sounds of Mayan influence.
  'The cutz. It is a turkey of beautiful plumage. According to legend, when the birds of these rainforests did their parties and danced, there was no mount turkey, which was dispossessed by nature, of its feathers. Until he was discovered by the pheasant, who invited him to the celebration, and to wrap him up, each of the attendees gave him a feather of his kind. Thus he acquired his splendid plumage. But looking so beautiful, he did not want to lose his wardrobe and fled. The pujuy, (cover roads) looks for him, stopping the flight of all the birds and in his song he says: give me back my suit, gentleman! The dancers symbolize the feathers with a ribbon of color that each one brings, and on the neck of the dancer representing the cutz, they turn them on.
  'Jarana 6x8.' Emerging with a history of the "first dairy", it is currently in the public domain; This version does not have more than forty years of dancing in Campeche. They combine their cheerful rhythm with a "'Guapacheo".
  'El Gallo.' It is an indigenous dance characteristic of the town of Lerma. It is danced on May 3, at the feast of the Holy Cross. Its purpose is to attract fertility in the fields, so they sacrifice a rooster that during the dance takes it hanging on the back, the only man who participates in it. The women are holding a jícara with corn seeds that sound like the movement of the dance steps. It is customary to wear a hat on which they place a paliacate.
  'Son del turkey.' (Seguidilla) is a short-lived zapateado, but very energetic and vivacious. It became widespread in the mid-19th century. They dance in pairs, caught by one arm of the waist, while the other is free and raised. The dance is characterized by its agility and joy.
  'La Guaranducha.' Jarana 6x8 and Habanera. You can start can jarana, but with the special mode of the tropics in the guapacheos and zapateados. Halfway through the dance, the Havana rhythm corresponding to the black influence troupe is introduced; At this time, the couples of ease come off to dance, while they chant and mark the rhythm with claps. In the end, everyone joins the dance, ending with the jarana.
  'Creole syrup.' The rattling of three churches of the port of Campeche calling for worship inspired the composition of this syrup. This syrup is one of the oldest that has news in Mexico.
  'Pichito amoroso.' It belongs to the big genus and is a Zarabanda with which the "Santaneros" began. It is one of the most cheerful tropical rhythm dances with the youthful bullanguera of Campeche. Can the arms imitates the flight of this bird that belongs to the group of thrush, so its jumps and jumps give rise to complicated figures and accompanied and beautiful auctions.
  'La Jerengoza.' Dance typical of the region that coincides with Las Randeñas, known tonadilla in the neighborhood of Santa Ana; their music is lively and strident and the dancers, with redoubled step, take wheel positions and turn making changes towards the center and outwards, or on themselves, to finish with a very colorful finish.
  'The cockroach.' Dance known as "are of trouble", its execution requires ease and grace, since its rhythm coincides with those of "choteo", "correteo" and "bailoteo", when interpreting it, the man puts his hands on the woman's shoulders, leaning a little towards her, thus imitating the cockroach shell.
  'Campechito retrechero.' Jarana that is danced to the rhythm of six by eight; of agile zapateado, where the dancers show their grace and dexterity and, as proof of this, either in the bushel or on the table, a bottle is placed on the head, and some of them, trays with glasses and bottles, same, that despite the zapateado, when performing the dance, they remain keeping a balance that causes admiration.
  'The flower of the malagueña.' This number belongs to the great survival sounds in Campeche, its genre is dotted Malagueña. It is considered as one of the oldest. It is singled out by the cadence with solos that led to unusual dance poses, with very airy and light movements. Its structure is markedly Spanish.
  'Creole syrup.' His dance dates back to the end of the 18th century and is also a strong number, has diverse choreographies and some quite complicated, but the theme is in the reproduction that the dancers do together with the Charanga, of the so-called bells of the Cathedral, its end is large and studied.
  'Campechanita Habanera.' This dance is a classic Havana or Cuban chain. It goes back to the year of 1861 and was danced in all the salons of the time; The dance opens with the salt shaker that characterizes the campechanos and concludes with a zapateado to finish off.
  'Syrup Gatuno.' Piece considered to be large classic, is a cat; its importance is that only in Campeche survives in its three versions, because it was condemned to disappear for not agreeing to the customs of its time.
  'The Fandango.' They are large classic, based in Campeche, since the 18th century, and is still in some regions. Because of its idea of disorder and hustle and bustle, it is interpreted in very lively and cheerful ways without making a couple or defining with whom you dance, all dance and zap in confusion, marking and challenging with heel strokes who is closest indifferent to the opposite sex. It retains the Spanish style very marked, it is written in three-beat measure and there is no news of its copla.
  'Cuban Arabic.' This is a short but very energetic dance, it is written in six eighths and its genre is zapateado. It is danced linked by the waist and with the free hand up, it is always done in the game of two couples or in even numbers that evolve, heel and valsean with very fast turns and running almost the entire stage, it is repeated several times, it concludes with a strong blow and displace the public, asking for applause.
  'Campechito retrechero.' It is the diminutive affectionate together with the traditional expression that means the contagious joy and the carefree limitlessness of the Campeche spirit, given name to this typical jarana. The dancers embellish themselves with their heels and infect the spectator, with the bullanguera chant of an ancient town that has managed to project a personality across seas and continents.
  'Baile del Almud.' Set of mestizo sounds that naturalized in Yucatán and Campeche, acquired the name of jarana; The skillful heel and shot at 6x8 pace make it very lucid. When running on a bushel, its beauty becomes more significant, when the music is interrupted, the dancers continue to zap, taking turns in this fate, and demonstrating their ability.

 Gastronomy

Gastronomy is one of the best in Mexico. Remembering the "Cruise Poet" Yucatecan, Campeche's deep admirer:

Among its dishes is the seafood cocktail, pickled fish, and Cazón bread. Other dishes include the Sierra Frita, the Pámpano in Verde, as well as appetizers from region such as panuchos and tamales coladas, among others.

 Pan de cazón: a stacked, casserole dish consisting of tortillas, beans and dogfish with a tomato-based habanero sauce.
 Cazón empanadas
 Aguas frescas: (horchata, Jamaica, black tea)
 Coconut shrimp
 Green branch

 Fairs and cultural events

 Bread Fair: In the month of March
 Carnival: it is celebrated in the month of February without a definite date, for more than 450 years. The oldest carnival in the country begins with the funeral walk and the burning of bad mood, represented by a rag doll.
 San Román Fair: from September 14 to 30. It begins with the descent of the Black Christ from the Church of the homonymous neighborhood.
 San Francisco Fair: held from October 4 to 19.
 International Cervantino Festival.
 Cultural Festival of the historic center: it takes place in December
 Expoindustrial

Media
 Press
 Tribuna de Campeche
 Novedades de Campeche
 Crónica de Campeche
 El Sur de Campeche
 El Expreso de Campeche
 Campeche Hoy
 La N de Campeche
 Semanario Horizonte
 La Opinión
 Por Esto!

 Television
 XHCAM-TDT ...24 ( 7.1 HD ) - Azteca 7
 24 (7.2 SD) - a+
 XHCTCA-TDT 20 ( 3.1 HD ) - Imagen Televisión
 20 (3.4 SD) - Excélsior TV
 XHAN-TDT 22 (5.1 HD) - Canal 5
 22 (9.1 SD) - NU9VE (Televisa Campeche)
 XHTMCA-TDT 27 (13.1) Telsusa Television
 XHGE-TDT 29 ( 1.1 HD ) - Azteca 13
 29 ( 1.2 SD ) - ADN 40
 XHCCA-TDT 30 (4.1 HD) - Televisión y Radio de Campeche
 XHOPCC-TDT 32 (14.1 HD) - Canal Catorce
 32 (11.1 SD) - Canal Once
 32 (22.1 SD) - Canal 22
 32 (14.2 SD) - Ingenio Tv
 32 (20.1 SD) - TV UNAM
 32 (45.1 SD) - Canal del Congreso
 XHCPA-TDT 34 (2.1 HD) - Las Estrellas

Pay TV
 Telemar
 Telesur
 Mayavisión
 TVM

 City fortifications

The city of Campeche is an example of urbanism in a baroque colonial city, with a reticular and regular plan, its urban trace, a model of colonial port cities, reflects the main role that it played as a commercial, religious and military connection point characterized by its high level of integrity and homogeneity. More than one thousand buildings with a historic value have survived as witnesses of space and temporal superimposition of several significant historic periods of Mexico.

Due to the constant attacks of both English and Dutch buccaneers and pirates such as Francis Drake, John Hawkins, Laurens de Graaf, Cornelis Jol, Jacobo Jackson, Jean Lafitte, Francisco de Grammont, Bartolomé Portugués, William Parker, Francisco Nau, Edward Mansvelt, Henry Morgan, Lewis Scot, Roche Braziliano and Michel de Grammont for almost 160 years, in 1686 the government started to fortify the city.

The French engineer Louis Bouchard de Becour was commissioned to unify all the defensive works that surrounded the city with a wall. At its completion, the wall surrounding the city of Campeche was 2,560 meters in length, forming an irregular hexagon around the main part of the city, with eight defensive bastions on the corners. These bulwarks now serve different functions:

 Santiago: Used as the Botanical Garden 'Xmuch´haltún'. Reconstructed.
 San Pedro: Former prison.
 San Francisco: Protects the Land Gate. Houses the library of the INAH.
 San Juan: Protects the Land Gate.
 Nuestra Señora de la Soledad: Also protects the Sea Gate. It is the largest one and holds the Museum of City History.
 San Carlos: Holds the City Museum. This fort was the first one built. Protects the Sea Gate.
 Santa Rosa'''.

It also contained four gates to allow access to the main quarters. The main entrances are the Puerta de la tierra ("Land Gate"), built in 1732, and the Puerta del mar'' ("Sea Gate"). The Land Gate is kept as a tourist attraction, having a light and sound show three nights each week and keeping original supplies and items from the 17th century. The other gates were Guadalupe and San Román, connecting to the outside neighborhoods.

Additionally, two main forts protected the city from two nearby hills on each side, the forts of San José el Alto (built in 1762) and San Miguel. These forts gave long-range artillery coverage and served also as look-outs. They were built before the walls of the city. The fort of San Miguel is used as a museum and houses a collection of pre-Hispanic items. The fort of San José houses a collection of boats and weapons of the period.

Twin towns – sister cities

Campeche is twinned with:

 Cartagena, Colombia
 Halifax, Canada
 Ibiza, Spain
 Laredo, United States
 Matanzas, Cuba
 Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
 Volusia County, United States

Gallery

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Official Campeche website
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática

Capitals of states of Mexico
Municipality seats in Campeche

Port cities and towns of the Mexican Gulf Coast
Ports of the Gulf of Mexico
Populated places established in 1540
1540 establishments in New Spain
1540s establishments in Mexico
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Pirate dens and locations

Campeche (city)


Edward Rowe Mores, FSA (; 24 January 1731 [OS: 13 January 1730] – 22 November 1778) was an English antiquarian and scholar, who wrote works on history and typography. He was also instrumental in the founding of The Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships (now commonly known as Equitable Life), and is credited with being the first person to use the professional title actuary in relation to insurance.

Early life and education
Edward Rowe Mores was born on 24 January 1731 [NS] at Gore Court in Tunstall near Sittingbourne in Kent. His father Edward Mores (1681–1740) was a member of the gentry, and had been rector of Tunstall for twenty years. His mother was Sarah Windsor, the daughter of a City merchant. He had one sister, Ann-Catherine.

In 1740, Mores's father died leaving a considerable inheritance, and later the same year he entered the Merchant Taylors' School in London. His mother soon remarried, to Richard Bridgman, a grocer of Whitechapel, London, who was of increasing importance in the Grocers' Company. Mores entered Queen's College, Oxford in 1746, obtaining a BA in 1750, and MA in 1753.

Antiquarianism
At Oxford, he was renowned for the range and depth of his learning and for his idiosyncrasies. He studied Latin, and spoke it almost exclusively to his daughter when she was young. Besides mathematics, he was interested in such diverse studies as heraldry and architecture. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1752, and the following year was elected a member of the society's council.

He published his first work, Nomina et insignia gentilitia nobilium equitumque sub Edoardo primo rege militantium (a study of the heraldry of the knights of Edward I), in 1749, at the age of 19 and when he was still at Oxford. He spent some years working on a projected county history of Berkshire: it remained unfinished, but the manuscript was eventually published posthumously in 1783 by Richard Gough as Collections toward a Parochial History of Berkshire. In 1754–55 he assisted his friend Andrew Ducarel (who had limited eyesight) in compiling a manuscript history of Croydon Palace and the town of Croydon for presentation to Thomas Herring, Archbishop of Canterbury: however, the work led to a virulent rift between the two when Mores discovered that he was not given due credit on the title page. This work was eventually also published in 1783.

The Equitable Society
After James Dodson's death, Mores became the leader of the group which eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. He specified that the chief official should be called the actuary, which is the earliest known reference to the position as a business concern.

Personal life and death
Mores married Susannah Bridgman (1730–1767) in 1753. She was the daughter of Richard Bridgman, Mores's stepfather. The couple had two children: a daughter, Sarah, who predeceased her father; and a son, Edward Rowe (d. 1846). Mores, who believed firmly in the superiority of Latin, spoke exclusively in Latin to his children.

Mores died on 28 November 1778 at Etlow House, Low Leyton, Essex, of a "mortification" of the leg (i.e. gangrene). He was buried with his wife (who had died eleven years earlier) in the churchyard of St Mary the Virgin, Walthamstow.

References

Further reading

External links

British actuaries
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
18th-century English mathematicians
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
1731 births
1778 deaths
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford

Edward Rowe Mores