I Dreamed a Dream is a jukebox musical with the book co-written by Alan McHugh and Elaine C. Smith and produced by Michael Harrison. It is based on the life of Susan Boyle and her 2010 autobiography, The Woman I Was Born to Be.  The score features songs recorded by Boyle, hymns, traditional songs and popular songs, mostly from the 1960s to the 1980s.

The show premiered on 27 March 2012 at the Theatre Royal in Newcastle, directed by Ed Curtis and choreographed by Nick Winston. Smith stars as Susan Boyle, and Boyle herself sings two songs at the end of most performances. It has received generally favourable reviews.  The production's tour of the UK and Ireland continued through much of 2012.

Synopsis

Act I
Susan muses to the audience about childhood dreams ("I Dreamed a Dream").  The adult Susan, as narrator, explains that she is a shy, sometimes awkward person who doesn't know what to say to others.  But she means to tell her "fairy tale" story.  It starts  the birth of a baby girl, in Scotland  1 April 1961, an April Fool's Day baby.  A doctor tells her parents, Bridie and Patrick Boyle, that the baby may suffer from brain damage due to deprivation of oxygen, telling them not to expect too much from her.  Bridie and Pat are worried yet hopeful ("Joy is in the Child").

Couples celebrate Susan's first communion ("Welcome to My World").  Guests sing ("Paper Roses" and "The Wild Rover"), but everyone is looking forward to Patrick Boyle singing his signature song, "Scarlet Ribbons", which he dedicates to Susan.  He is able to "stop a room"  his singing, and Susan hopes someday to do the same.  Susan's singing talent is discovered at school by the music teacher.  But she suffers bullying and a beating by classmates ("The Four Marys").  Her friend John drives away the bullies.  Years later, parents in tow, Susan meets John again at a parish dance, where he invites an incredulous Susan, who has never had a boyfriend, to dance with him ("Beautiful Sunday", "Knock Three Times", "Una Paloma Blanca").  Their comic, awkward efforts eventually turn dreamily romantic ("Perfect Day").

Susan goes to The Happy Valley pub's karaoke night, presided over by an Elvis-imitating compere who fancies himself the best singer around ("Something Tells Me"). Several regulars attempt to impress ("Crazy" and "Heartbreak Hotel"), and Susan's old school friend Lorraine persuades her to try.  Susan tentatively sings "Someone To Watch Over Me".  When she spots John, her confidence increases, and Susan "stops the room". The jealous compere foreshadows subsequent criticisms, saying that while Susan can sing, the only reason the pub crowd reacted as they did was because they weren't expecting it, and felt they owed her an apology for thinking she was a daftie.

Their romance budding, Susan and John talk on the phone playfully, but it ends suddenly when Susan's father slams down the phone set and tells her that she isn't ready for a boyfriend.  Susan is depressed and lost ("At Seventeen"), not knowing how to go on  her life; the only role she knows for a Blackburn girl, marriage and having kids, is taken away from her.  She decides that since singing is the only thing she's good at, she should take lessons, and goes to see voice teacher Fred O'Neil.  He signs her up for the Miner's Welfare competition, and Susan wins the £1000 prize ("Daydream Believer").

Patrick Boyle becomes ill and dies.  Grieving, Bridie and Susan express their farewells to Patrick (Medley: "How Great Thou Art", "The Prayer" and "Scarlet Ribbons").  Susan's sister Kathleen dies unexpectedly from an asthma attack. Susan now must take care of her elderly mother.  Bridie urges Susan to get on  her life, to make something of her singing.  She is hopeful for Susan and inspires Susan to be hopeful too ("This Will Be the Year"). Then Bridie dies.  Susan is despondent, alone for the first time in her life ("Return").

Act II
Susan reminds the audience that this is a fairy tale.  Susan sees an ad for a national talent contest. At Britain's Got Talent auditions, Susan is almost turned away as she signs in. She meets her fellow audition hopefuls, a collection of clowns, blue-wigged tap dancers and musicians of several sorts ("Stuck in the Middle with You"). Susan waits as they succeed or fail, and then it is her turn.  Onstage, mic in hand, Susan answers the sceptical judges' questions. She sings "I Dreamed a Dream" and is astonished but ecstatic to hear the huge crowd's standing ovation.

Susan goes home to twelve weeks of waiting, not allowed to tell anyone about her success.  As the broadcast time approaches, Susan tries unsuccessfully to get the priest, the crossing guard, and a neighbour to be sure to watch the show Saturday night without telling them why. Lorraine watches the broadcast of Susan's audition with her, and both are caught off-guard by her sudden popularity as her YouTube video goes viral, spreading Susan's fame worldwide. The media hounds Susan and goads her into outbursts of profanity to write about in their papers, with headlines like "Hairy Angel, Never Been Kissed" ("Mad World").  Then come the broadcasts of the semi-final and final, where after seventeen agonising seconds an exhausted Susan hears that she finished as runner-up to the Diversity dance troupe.  Susan feels desolate, convinced that losing means any chance for a singing career is gone ("End of the World").

While she is hospitalised, Andy Stephens speaks to her about starting her career as a singer, but she won't listen to him ("Don't Dream It's Over"). Her mother appears to scold her for giving in to depression and not keeping her promise to make something of herself.  Lorraine and Andy call on Susan at home, but Susan doesn't remember meeting Andy. He offers to be her manager, taking care of everything she needs. Susan is afraid of singing in front of people, but Andy tells her that she won't have to, because she'll be in the studio making an album.  Susan is happier than she's ever been as she sets to work to record her album ("Wild Horses").

The album becomes the fastest-selling debut album in British history and races to number one on both sides of the Atlantic.  Susan goes to New York to promote it, to appear in Rockefeller Plaza before an audience of a thousand people. She is terrified, screaming and crying, telling Andy that she cannot sing in front of all those people. When Andy replies that if this is what live performing does to her, then it's not worth it, Susan realises that she has a choice.  She wants to sing and doesn't want to go back to her old life; her mother would be in a rage if she didn't go on. Susan conquers her fear and goes on ("Up to the Mountain").  Her journey is not over.

Principal roles and original cast
The principal roles and original tour cast are as follows:
Susan Boyle – Elaine C. Smith
Bridie, Susan's mum – Karen Mann
Patrick, Susan's dad – James Paterson
Lorraine, her childhood friend – Ashleigh Gray
Andy Stephens, her manager – Jeffrey Harmer
Mrs Johnstone, her teacher – Liz Ewing
John, her boyfriend – Gordon Cooper
Fred O'Neil, her voice teacher – David Haydn
Doctor – Alan McHugh
Various roles – Andy Gray

Special guest: Susan Boyle

Musical numbers

Act One
"I Dreamed a Dream" – Company
"Joy is in the Child" (by Dave Anderson) – Susan's mother and father
"Welcome to My World" – Communion guests
"Paper Roses" – Communion guest
"The Wild Rover" – Communion guest
"Scarlet Ribbons" – Susan's father
"The Four Marys" (traditional Scottish ballad) – School bullies (Alice Yeoman and Sophie Price)
"Beautiful Sunday" (by Daniel Boone and Rod McQueen) – Parish dance
"Knock Three Times" – Parish dance
"Una Paloma Blanca" – Parish dance
"Perfect Day" – Romantic dance for Susan and John
"Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)" (by Cilla Black) – Pub MC
"Crazy" – karaoke singer
"Heartbreak Hotel" – karaoke singer
"Someone to Watch Over Me" – Susan
"At Seventeen" – Susan
"Daydream Believer" – The miners and Susan
Medley and counterpoint: "How Great Thou Art" – Susan's mother; "The Prayer" – Susan; and "Scarlet Ribbons" – Susan's father
"This Will Be the Year" (from Someone to Watch Over Me) –  Susan and her mother
"Return" (from Someone to Watch Over Me) – Susan

Act Two
"I Dreamed a Dream" – Company
"Stuck in the Middle with You" – Auditioners
"I Dreamed a Dream" – Susan
"Mad World" – The press
"End of the World" – Susan
"Don't Dream It's Over" – In the hospital
"Wild Horses" – Susan
"Up to the Mountain" – Susan

Epilogue
"I Dreamed a Dream" – Susan Boyle
"Who I Was Born to Be" (from I Dreamed a Dream) – Susan Boyle

Critical reception
The musical received generally positive reviews following its opening in Newcastle.  Dominic Cavendish in The Daily Telegraph wrote in his 5-star review: "The overall shape of the show is hard to fault, and in matching the gutsy good humour of its heroine without stooping to hagiography, this is a delight that deserves to go far, and fast, as she has done." John Dixon's 5-star review in WhatsOnStage.com concluded: "The scene where Susan's father ... dies is one of the most emotional I have seen on stage, while those backstage at the auditions for BGT are nothing short of inspirational. This production is a standalone show that should still play to audiences long after Elaine C Smith and Susan Boyle have left. ... There is no doubting I Dreamed A Dream is one of the musical events of the year."

Neil Norman, in the Daily Express, also gave a 5-star review, writing: "The script is terrific, with proper acknowledgement of the envy Boyle's success sparked in others, the toll it took on her health both mental and physical and her initial treatment by the savage apostates of the press. Smith is astonishingly good as Boyle, not impersonating her so much as capturing her essence, and she is supported by an amazingly versatile cast, among whom James Paterson stands out as Boyle's father.  A hugely uplifting evening." Libby Purves in The Times gave the musical a 4-star review, writing: "Kennedy Aitchinson's cunning arrangements and Ed Curtis' deft direction use juke-boxery better than I have ever seen." Lisa Verrico added a 4-star review in The Sunday Times, writing: "A simple set suits the gutsy, glitz-free production.  There is a lovely symmetry to the script." Joyce McMillan, in her 4-star review for The Scotsman, called the show: "A vigorous, thoughtful and inspiring tribute."

The Guardian also gave a 3-star review. Alun Palmer in the Daily Mirror was one of few dissenting voices, writing, "only an exuberant working of "Stuck in the Middle With You" ... adds a level of humour and polish to what is rather leaden fare.  At times it was like a very long Morecambe and Wise musical interlude. ...  Smith ... promises a sprinkling of fairy dust on the story but what we get is a dumper truck's worth.  No cliché is left unturned and no mention is made of Simon Cowell, which is curious to say the least." In the ChronicleLive, however, Gordon Barr wrote: "If you are lucky enough to have Susan perform at the end of the show, it is the icing on an already delicious and multi-layered cake!"

Boyle said she was initially upset by the show, because she was "not used to it", but she later found it "clever and amusing".

Film adaptation
Fox Searchlight Pictures have bought life rights to Susan Boyle along with rights to the musical I Dreamed a Dream. They plan to develop a film version of the musical creating a sensitive biopic.

References

External links
Official website
Review in The Telegraph and Argus, 10 April 2012
Review in The Observer, 1 April 2012

2012 musicals
Jukebox musicals
Susan Boyle
British musicals
Musicals inspired by real-life events
Biographical musicals
Cultural depictions of Scottish women
Cultural depictions of pop musicians

I Dreamed a Dream (musical)


Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam is a regional political party formed by Tamil film actor Vijayakanth in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, along the lines of the regional Dravidian political parties. He announced the party's formation on 14 September 2005 at Madurai. The party head office is in Koyambedu, Chennai.This party contested in all 234 seats in the Tamil Nadu state assembly election in May 2006 with Vijayakanth contesting in Vridhachalam constituency. The party polled almost 30 lakh votes . All the candidates of the DMDK, with exception of Vijayakanth, lost the elections in 2006. The party won 29 seats in the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election and became the opposition party with Vijayakanth as the Leader of the Opposition.

Reference

Political parties in Tamil Nadu
2005 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in India

Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam


Our Mother's House is a 1967 British drama thriller film directed by Jack Clayton. It nominally stars Dirk Bogarde (who only appears in the film's second half) and principally features a cast of seven juvenile actors, including Pamela Franklin, Phoebe Nicholls and Mark Lester, with popular British actress Yootha Joyce in a supporting role. The screenplay was written by Jeremy Brooks and Haya Harareet, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Julian Gloag.

Plot
The seven Hook children, whose ages range from five to fourteen, live in a dilapidated Victorian house in suburban London. The older children help to care for their invalid single mother, whose chronic illness has led to her to convert to fundamentalist religion and refuse all medical help. When their mother dies suddenly, the children realise that they may be split up and sent to orphanages, so they decide to conceal their mother's death and carry on with their daily routine as if she were still alive. They secretly bury their mother in the back yard at night, and convert the garden shed into a shrine to her, where they periodically hold seances to communicate with her spirit.

The eldest child, Elsa, takes charge. The children make excuses for their mother's absence to their neighbours and teachers, claiming that the doctor has sent her to the seaside for her health, and they  dismiss their abrasive housekeeper, Mrs Quayle. The children realise they can support themselves after Elsa discovers that younger brother Jiminee can convincingly forge their mother's signature, enabling them to cash the trust fund cheques that arrive for her each month, and they also discover that their mother has left over £400 in her savings account.

Some of the children suggest contacting their estranged father, but the idea is rejected by Elsa, who has been indoctrinated with her mother's bitter contempt for her shiftless ex-husband. When oldest brother Hubert discovers that Elsa knows their father's contact address (a letter arrives which Elsa tears up in front of Hubert), Hubert suggests that they get in touch with him, hoping he will help them. Elsa dismisses the idea and throws the address away, but when she leaves the room Hubert recovers it. For the next six months, the children carry on an outwardly normal life, although conflict arises when Gerty innocently takes a ride on a stranger's motorbike.

Horrified by Gerty's contact with an outsider, Diana 'consults' their mother's spirit. The siblings denounce Gerty as a 'harlot' and they punish her by taking away the precious comb their mother had given her, and cutting off her long hair. Soon after, Gerty falls ill, and although Diana follows their mother's practice and refuses to get  a doctor, Gerty eventually recovers.

The children's secret world begins to change when Jiminee brings home Louis, a friend from his school, and allows him to hide there. Soon their teacher arrives, demanding to search the house and retrieve the missing boy, but the situation is defused by the unexpected arrival of their father, Charlie. He immediately moves in, and Hubert admits that he had secretly written to Charlie, asking him to come. The family adjusts to the new domestic situation, with Charlie taking them on outings, and even buying a new car. Most of the children (especially Diana) come to trust and love him, although Elsa remains deeply suspicious of him.

The children's idyllic world begins to crumble after Charlie has a chance encounter on a bus with Mrs Quayle. She soon reappears at the house, demanding to know what has happened to Mrs Hook, but she is placated by Charlie. She inveigles her way back into the home, and she and Charlie soon begin a relationship. As time passes Charlie reverts to form, spending freely, drinking heavily, and entertaining 'loose women' in the house. Learning of Jiminee's ability to forge their mother's signature, Charlie convinces him to sign documents without his siblings' knowledge, and he further alienates the children when he dismantles their garden shrine. Matters come to a head when an estate agent and a couple let themselves in to inspect the house. Although Diana still refuses to see the truth, Elsa and Gerty correctly deduce that Charlie intends to sell the house, and after searching his room they discover that he has squandered virtually all of their mother's savings.

When Charlie arrives home that night, the children demand an explanation. He at first tries to cover for himself but, confronted by the implacable Elsa, he reveals all, and furiously denounces their mother – he explains that she had led a dissolute life before she fell ill and turned to religion, that the children are in fact the illegitimate offspring of her many adulterous liaisons, and that none of them are his own. He further reveals that he now controls the property, having used Jiminee to unwittingly forge their mother's signature and sign over the title deed for himself. When he callously declares that he despises the children, and that he intends to sell the house and put them all into care, Diana snaps and kills him with a poker.

The children briefly debate whether or not to bury Charlie in the garden and carry on as before, but they finally accept the gravity of their situation. As the film ends, the children leave the house for the last time and walk off into the dark to turn themselves in to the authorities.

Cast

 Dirk Bogarde as Charlie Hook
 The Children
 Margaret Brooks as Elsa
 Pamela Franklin as Diana
 Louis Sheldon Williams as Hubert
 John Gugolka as Dunstan
 Mark Lester as Jiminee
 Sarah Nicholls as Gerty
 Gustav Henry as Willy
 Parnum Wallace as Louis, the Children's Guest
 Yootha Joyce as Mrs. Quayle
 Claire Davidson as Miss Bailey
 Anthony Nicholls as Mr. Halbert
 Annette Carell as Mother
 Gerald Sim as Bank Clerk
 Edina Ronay as Doreen
 Diana Ashley as Charlie's Girl friend
 Garfield Morgan as Mr. Moley
 Faith Kent as Woman client
 John Arnatt as Man client
 Jack Silk as Motorcyclist

Production and casting
Julian Gloag's novel was brought to Clayton's attention by his close friend, Canadian novelist Mordecai Richler, and according to biographer Neil Sinyard, Clayton found it "instantly fascinating". A 1966 letter from Gloag to Clayton suggests that 20th Century Fox was interested in producing a film adaptation and that Eleanor Perry had written a script, but it was acquired for Clayton by MGM and Filmways executive Martin Ransohoff. Clayton commissioned Jeremy Brooks (then literary manager of the Royal Shakespeare Company) to write the script, but he found Brooks' adaptation too long and too close to its source, so he brought in his wife, the noted Israeli-born actress and writer Haya Harareet, who "tightened the structure and particularly changed the ending to make it more thematically consistent and psychologically consistent than in the novel".

Richard Burton was the first choice to play Charlie, but it was thought that his fee would push the budget too high, so Bogarde was cast in the role. The juvenile cast was led by Pamela Franklin, who had worked with Clayton (as Flora, one of the possessed siblings) in The Innocents. Yootha Joyce had worked with Clayton in an acclaimed cameo role in Clayton's The Pumpkin Eater (1964).

Our Mother's House is the second in a loose trilogy of films in which Clayton explored themes of the occult and of children in isolated situations who are threatened by evil. He most famously essayed these subjects in The Innocents, his acclaimed adaptation of Henry James' "The Turn of the Screw", and he returned to it in the 1980s with his screen adaptation of Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983).

In his 1975 memoir, Dirk Bogarde recounted his experience with the production in glowing terms:

"On my first morning in the gloomy house in Croydon I was in a bit of a funk. Eight pairs of eyes, ranging from five to fourteen, gazed at me solemnly. Not a smile, no welcoming grin even. In the little caravan in the scrubby front garden which I had been given to change in there was a jam jar stuffed with privet and some wilting Michaelmas daisies. Under it was a note.
'Let's hope you're as good as you're cracked up to be. You'd better be. Sincerely, The Children.'
"I loved every second of the film, which was one of the happiest I have ever made."

Our Mother's House was also the second of five collaborations between Clayton and noted French composer Georges Delerue, who had written the score for Clayton's The Pumpkin Eater (1964). 16 years after making Our Mother's House, Clayton and Delerue reunited for Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983), but that production was troubled, with the studio (Disney) forcing Clayton to replace Delerue's original music (which was considered too dark) with a new score by James Horner. Delerue composed the music for Clayton's last two projects: The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1987) and the TV movie Memento Mori (1992).

Critical reception
Reviewing the film on its U.S. release in November 1967, Roger Ebert  gave it a -star rating. He described the film as "one of the most suspenseful of recent years...It isn't phony "who goes there?" suspense but suspense based on real personalities trapped in an impossible situation". Ebert also particularly praised the performances of the juvenile cast:

"The use of children in movies is a hazardous business, if only because the little monsters walk away with the whole enterprise: plot, atmosphere, everything...Occasionally, however, a director succeeds in beating the little prodigies into submission and wringing restrained performances from them, and when this happens, the result can be memorable. Peter Brooks did it with his castaways in "Lord of the Flies"; Lee Thompson did it with Hayley Mills in "Tiger Bay"; and now Jack Clayton has done it superbly in Our Mother's House...(he)...directs with firm restraint. Bogarde turns in a competent performance not quite up to his best, but it really isn't his picture anyway. It belongs to the kids, and they are very real kids."

In the April 2014 edition of the BFI's Sight & Sound, Pasquale Iannone's article titled "Age of Innocence" examines the history of children in films, writing:

"Having talked about the tension, the push and pull between the worlds of adult and child, what happens when the child is left alone, when there are no rules left to break? In Jack Clayton's Our Mother's House (1967), a family of seven children decide not to report their mother's death from illness for fear of being sent to an orphanage. Instead, they bury their mother in the garden of their large family home and continue life as normal. Clayton charts the full gamut of childhood emotion – carefree and playful one minute, unforgivingly cruel the next – in what remains one of the most sorely underappreciated portraits of the vicissitudes of childhood."

Awards
 Dirk Bogarde earned one of his six BAFTA Best Actor nominations for his performance in the film,
 The film was nominated for the Golden Lion for Best Picture at the 1967 Venice Film Festival.

References

External links

 Our Mother's House at the British Film Institute

1967 films
1960s thriller films
British thriller films
Films scored by Georges Delerue
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Jack Clayton
Films set in London
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1967 drama films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

Our Mother's House


Zhang Peilun () (1848–1903) was a Chinese government official of the late Qing dynasty, who served as a naval commander during the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885).

Early life
Zhang Peilun was born in Hangzhou on November 24, 1848. His father, Zhang Yintang (張印塘, 1797–1854), was a mid-level government official who died when Zhang Peilun was only a child, which left the family in genteel poverty. Zhang was, by all reports, a bright and studious child. After passing the provincial imperial examination at age 23 and the metropolitan one at 24, he came under the tutelage of Li Hongzao and quickly rose to prominence.

Political Views
Zhang was one of the foremost members of the so-called Purist Party (清流黨) led by Zhang Zhidong, an extremist group which urged resistance to French encroachment in north Vietnam in the early 1880s, even at the cost of war with France, in opposition to the more moderate stance advocated by Li Hongzhang and his supporters.

Battle of Fuzhou
Shortly before the outbreak of the Sino-French War, Zhang was appointed imperial commissioner, with responsibility for the defense of Fujian province.  His Fujian Fleet was defeated and almost annihilated by the French Far East Squadron, under the command of Admiral Amédée Courbet, at the Battle of Fuzhou (23 August 1884).

Zhang had made no serious attempt to coordinate the resistance of the Fujian fleet, and was demoted by the Empress Dowager Cixi on 19 September 1884 and replaced as Fujian defense commissioner by the veteran general Zuo Zongtang. He was then exiled to serve as a soldier in Zhangjiakou, a rural town in Northeast China.

Return from exile
After returning to Beijing/Tianjin in 1888, Zhang managed to find work as a secretary/scribe for his former political enemy, Li Hongzhang. Reportedly, Li was so impressed with Zhang that he encouraged his eldest daughter, Li Ju'ou (李菊藕, 1866–1912), marry to Zhang, despite the couple's disparate ages and opposition from Li Ju'ou's mother.

Nonetheless, Li Hongzhang still refused to help Zhang enter public life again and Zhang devoted himself to his literary ambitions instead. He and his family moved to Nanjing after the wedding and Zhang, with the help of his wife, began editing the various works that he had begun writing while in exile. The couple eventually co-wrote a cookbook and a martial arts novel.

In 1903, Zhang died in Nanjing at the age of 56 due to an unspecified liver disease. His wife died nine years later and they were buried together. Their graves were exhumed and desecrated during the Cultural Revolution five decades later.

Family
Zhang married a total of three times and had three sons and a daughter.

He and his first wife, Zhu Zhixiang (朱芷薌, d.1879) had two sons together, Zhang Zhicang (張志滄, who died young) and Zhang Zhiqian (張志潛, b. circa 1879).

After the death of his first wife, he eventually remarried, but his second wife, Bian Cuiyu (邊粹玉, d.1886), died while he was in exile.

In 1888, he married Li Ju'ou. His third marriage was reportedly a happy one and produced a son and a daughter, Zhang Zhiyi (張志沂, 1896–1953) and Zhang Maoyuan (張茂淵, 1898–1991).

Zhang Zhiyi's daughter (and Zhang Peilun's granddaughter), Eileen Chang, is one of the most famous Chinese writers of the 20th century.

Notes

External links
 豐才嗇遇的張佩綸 (in Chinese)

References

 Chere, L., The Diplomacy of the Sino-French War (1883–1885): Global Complications of an Undeclared War (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1988)
 Eastman, L., Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy (Stanford, 1984)
 Lung Chang [龍章], Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng [越南與中法戰爭, Vietnam and the Sino-French War] (Taipei, 1993)

1848 births
1903 deaths
Qing dynasty admirals
Politicians from Tangshan
People of the Sino-French War
Generals from Hebei
Ministers of Zongli Yamen

Zhang Peilun


Waterford is a village located on and around St. Paul Street in North Smithfield, Rhode Island and Blackstone, Massachusetts.  The Blackstone River and Branch River converge just south of the village.

Waterford was developed in 1824 by Welcome Farnum, a Yankee entrepreneur, who purchased land, built a dam on the Branch River, and constructed the first textile mill called Red Mill.  He named the village Waterford because many of the Irish workers in his mill came from Waterford, Ireland.  The last mills in the area were constructed mid-nineteenth century. Waterford is home to St. Paul's Church (1851), originally served a largely Irish population, and sits on the Rhode Island/Massachusetts border. Adjacent to the church is the church school and many businesses.

See also
Farnum's Gate Historic District, encompassing part of the Massachusetts side of the village

External links and references
Walter Nebiker, The History of North Smithfield (Somersworth, NH: New England History Press, 1976).

Villages in Providence County, Rhode Island
Villages in Rhode Island
Villages in Massachusetts
Villages in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Blackstone, Massachusetts

Waterford, Rhode Island


Ernest L. Martin (April 20, 1932 – January 2002) was a meteorologist, minister in the Worldwide Church of God and author on Biblical topics. He is best known for his controversial works on the Star of Bethlehem and the location of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Background
Martin was born in Meeker, Oklahoma. He attended grade and high school in Exeter, California, and graduated from the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, California, which specialized in meteorology. From 1950 to 1954, he was a member of the United States Air Force which sent him to the University of New Mexico to further his education in meteorology, and following this he became a weather forecaster in Greenland. He spent another year at Lowry AFB working in research and development for High Altitude studies in Denver, Colorado.

Ministry and teaching
During 1955, Martin became a supporter of the ministry of Herbert W. Armstrong and the Radio Church of God (later known as the Worldwide Church of God). He attended Ambassador College at Pasadena, California, in 1958 and later transferred to the campus in Bricket Wood, England. He was ordained as a minister of the Radio Church of God in 1959 and continued with his studies at Ambassador College to finally earn an unaccredited Ph.D. in education in 1966. From 1960 to 1972, he taught history, theology and elementary meteorology at the Ambassador College campus in Bricket Wood where he became Dean of Faculty.

Between 1969 and 1973, Ambassador College entered into an alliance with Hebrew University in Israel which had been negotiated by Martin. This undertaking commenced a five-year archaeological program with students from Ambassador College working on Dr. Benjamin Mazar's excavation near the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. During this period, Martin supervised 450 participating college students during summer months. The partnership was mentioned in a Time magazine article.

Following the closure of the Ambassador College campus in England, Martin became Chairman of the Department of Theology at Ambassador College in Pasadena, California, in 1973. In the following year, he severed his membership in the Worldwide Church of God. In 1974, he created the Foundation for Biblical Research in Pasadena where he remained as chairman until 1985. In the same year, he founded Associates for Scriptural Knowledge and became a member of various other societies.

Author
In 1974, Martin wrote the first of five editions of The Tithing Dilemma of which over 100,000 copies were sold. It was this work which triggered the first of many major schisms within the Worldwide Church of God.

Martin proposed a recalculation of the birth of Jesus in his books The Birth of Christ Recalculated (1978) and The Star that Astonished the World (1996). He argued that the "Star of Bethlehem" was the planet Jupiter, called Zedeq ("Righteousness") in Hebrew, leading the wise men to Jesus in Bethlehem on December 25, 2 BCE, coinciding with the Jewish Festival of Hanukkah that year. Martin argued that the birth of Jesus happened on the evening of September 11, 3 BCE, which corresponds to Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year on the first of Tishri on the Jewish calendar.

In his 1999 book The Temples that Jerusalem Forgot, Martin argued that the Haram al-Sharif is not the location of the last Temple. This was significant given his relationship with Herbert W. Armstrong whose editorial in The Plain Truth magazine was cited by Denis Michael Rohan as a reason for setting fire to the Al Aqsa mosque during the 1960s.

The basis of this work began with Martin's first visit to Jerusalem in 1961 when he first met Benjamin Mazar and later his son Ory Mazar, who informed him of his belief that the Temples of Solomon and Zerubbabel were located on the Ophel mound to the north of the original Mount Zion on the southeast ridge. In a 1996 draft report to support this theory, Martin wrote, "I was then under the impression that Simon the Hasmonean (along with Herod a century later) moved the Temple from the Ophel mound to the Dome of the Rock area." However, after studying the words of Josephus concerning the Temple of Herod the Great, which was reported to be in the same general area of the former Temples, he then read the account of Eleazar who led the final contingent of Jewish resistance to the Romans at Masada which stated that the Roman fortress was the only structure left by 73 C.E.. "With this key in mind, I came to the conclusion in 1997 that all the Temples were indeed located on the Ophel mound over the area of the Gihon Spring." From these conclusions, Martin produced his book in which he asserted that the Temples of Jerusalem were located over the Gihon Spring and not over the Dome of the Rock. He wrote, "What has been  amazing to me is the vast amount of Jewish, Muslim, and Christian records that remain available from the first to the sixteenth centuries that clearly vindicate the conclusions that I have reached in this book of research."

His other works are Restoring the Original Bible (1984), Secrets of Golgotha (1987), 101 Bible Secrets (1991), The Biblical Manual (1985) and The Essentials of New Testament Doctrine (1999).

Notes

External links
 Martin's books online
Ernest L. Martin biography
Temple Mount location controversy
Associates Online

1932 births
2002 deaths
People from Meeker, Oklahoma
People from Exeter, California
United States Air Force airmen
Church of God (Armstrong)
College of the Sequoias alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
American meteorologists
Biblical archaeologists
20th-century American archaeologists
Historians from California

Ernest L. Martin


Child's Play (also known colloquially as Chucky) is an American horror comedy media franchise created by Don Mancini. The films mainly focus on Chucky (voiced by Brad Dourif in the original films and television series, and Mark Hamill in the reboot with Brad Dourif partially voicing the character in the reboot), a notorious serial killer who frequently escapes death by performing a voodoo ritual to transfer his soul into a "Good Guy" doll. The original film, Child's Play, was released on November 9, 1988. The film has spawned seven sequels, a television series, a remake, comic books, a video game, and tie-in merchandise. The first, second, and fourth films were box office successes with all of the films earning over $182 million worldwide. Including revenues from sales of videos, DVDs, VOD and merchandise, the franchise has generated over $250 million. It also won a Saturn Award for Best Horror Franchise.

Cult of Chucky, was released in October 2017. The television series titled Chucky began airing on October 12, 2021, on Syfy and USA Network.

Several short films have been made featuring the Chucky character: on the DVD release of Seed of Chucky, a short film entitled Chucky's Vacation Slides, set after the shooting of the film, was included, and a series of short films inserting Chucky into the events of other horror films entitled Chucky Invades was released in the run-up to the release of Curse of Chucky. On television, Chucky has appeared in commercials and also on Saturday Night Live, with a separate voice actor voicing the character. Chucky appeared in a pre-taped segment during an October 1998 episode of World Championship Wrestling's Monday Nitro program as a heel, taunting wrestler Rick Steiner who was a face at the time and promoting Bride of Chucky. He later appeared on WWE's NXT program for the special "Halloween Havoc" episodes in October 2021 and 2022, in which Chucky served as a host to announce several of the matches. These appearances were to promote the Chucky TV series.

Films

Child's Play (1988)

Directed by Tom Holland from a story by Holland, John Lafia, and Don Mancini, Child's Play was released on November 9, 1988. It was the first film in the series and the only film (not counting the 2019 reboot) to be distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists before the franchise was sold to Universal Pictures. The film starred Catherine Hicks, Chris Sarandon, Brad Dourif, and Alex Vincent in his first film performance.

Gunned down by Detective Mike Norris, dying murderer Charles Lee Ray uses voodoo magic to put his soul inside a doll named Chucky—which Karen Barclay buys for her young son, Andy. When Chucky kills Andy's babysitter, the boy realizes the doll is alive and tries to warn people, but he's institutionalized. Now Karen must convince the detective of the murderous doll's intentions, before Andy becomes Chucky's next victim.

Child's Play 2 (1990)

Directed by John Lafia, from a story by Don Mancini, and released on November 9, 1990, Child's Play 2 is the second film in the series and the first film produced by Universal Pictures. The film sees Alex Vincent and Brad Dourif reprise their respective roles as Andy Barclay and the voice of Chucky, while Christine Elise plays Andy's foster sister, Kyle.

Two years after serial killer Charles Lee Ray inserted his soul into a Chucky doll, a toy company attempts to re-create the doll, bringing Ray back in the process. The possessed doll, intent on claiming a human body, kills his way toward former owner Andy, who now lives in a foster home. Andy's foster sister, Kyle, tries to protect him, but his foster parents believe Andy is just a troubled kid—and Chucky's murderous path continues.

Child's Play 3 (1991)

Directed by Jack Bender from a story by Don Mancini and released on August 30, 1991, Child's Play 3 is the third and last film in the series to be titled Child's Play, as all future installments would later use the title Chucky (prior to the 2019 reboot). The film saw Justin Whalin (replacing Alex Vincent) as Andy Barclay, while Perrey Reeves and Jeremy Sylvers play new characters Kristin De Silva and Ronald Tyler. Brad Dourif reprised his role as the voice of Chucky, becoming the only actor to appear in all films.

It's been years since Chucky, the doll with the soul and the voice of a psychopathic killer, was apparently destroyed at a doll factory. Now Chucky's manufacturer is remaking the same line of toys with the old, still haunted materials. This resurrects Chucky, who goes after Andy, his former owner, who now attends military school. Chucky slashes his way through a string of grotesque murders as Andy tries to stop the homicidal doll and the spirit within it.

Bride of Chucky (1998)

Directed by Ronny Yu from a story by Don Mancini and released on October 16, 1998, Bride of Chucky is the fourth film in the franchise, and the first film to be titled Chucky. The film once again sees Brad Dourif reprising his role of Chucky, while Jennifer Tilly, Nick Stabile, and Katherine Heigl play new characters.  Unlike the first three films, this film focuses almost entirely on the titular dolls.

After being cut apart in the previous film, killer doll Chucky is resurrected by Tiffany, his ex-girlfriend. Following an argument, Chucky kills Tiffany, transferring her soul into a bride doll. To find the magical amulet that can restore them both to human form, Chucky and Tiffany arrange to be driven to New Jersey by Jesse and Jade, a teenage couple who are unaware that their cargo is alive.

Seed of Chucky (2004)

Directed and written by Don Mancini and released on November 11, 2004, Seed of Chucky is the fifth installment of the series and the second film not to be distributed by Universal Pictures. The film stars Brad Dourif, reprising his role as Chucky, Jennifer Tilly, reprising her role as Tiffany Valentine, while also playing a fictional version of herself, and Billy Boyd as their child, Glen/Glenda.

Gentle Glen is a ventriloquist's dummy, the offspring of evil dolls Chucky and Tiffany, both of whom are now deceased. When the orphaned Glen hears that a film is being made about his parents, he goes to Hollywood and resurrects them in an attempt to get to know them better. He is horrified when his parents embark on a new killing spree, and Chucky is equally horrified that his son has no taste for evil.

Curse of Chucky (2013)

Directed and written by Don Mancini and released on October 8, 2013, Curse of Chucky is the sixth film in the series, and the first direct-to-video installment. It stars Brad Dourif, reprising the role from previous films, while his daughter, Fiona Dourif, plays new character Nica Pierce.

Looking for revenge, Chucky the killer doll infiltrates and terrorizes the family of a woman, her sister, and her young niece.

Cult of Chucky (2017)

Directed and written by Don Mancini, and released on October 3, 2017, Cult of Chucky is the seventh installment and the second direct-to-video film in the franchise. It stars Brad Dourif, Jennifer Tilly, Alex Vincent, and Fiona Dourif, all reprising the roles from previous films in the franchise.

Chucky returns to terrorize his human victim, Nica, who is confined to an asylum for the criminally insane. Meanwhile, the killer doll has some scores to settle with his old enemies, with the help of his former wife.

Child's Play (2019)

Directed by Lars Klevberg, Child's Play (2019) is a remake and reboot of the original film. It is the first and only film to not feature longtime Chucky actor Brad Dourif. It stars Aubrey Plaza, Gabriel Bateman, and Mark Hamill playing new versions of characters from the original film. In this film, Chucky is not a doll possessed by a serial killer but instead an AI-powered Buddi doll.

After moving to a new city, young Andy Barclay receives a special present from his mother—a seemingly innocent Buddi doll that becomes his best friend. When the doll suddenly takes on a life of its own, Andy unites with other neighborhood children to stop the sinister toy from wreaking havoc.

Future
In October 2017, Don Mancini stated that he intends to have Glen and Glenda from Seed of Chucky return in a future film, and acknowledged that most references to that character had been cut from Cult of Chucky. Child's Play television series continuation Chucky was released in October 2021 and Mancini said that following the TV show, feature films will continue to be developed in the future.

In an interview with Bloody Disgusting, Mancini discussed the potential of a Child's Play film set on a train, as well as revealing plans for a crossover film with the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise, tentatively referred to as Child's Play on Elm Street.

I would like to do Freddy and Chucky, just because I think they would be a fun double act. I'm more really interested in the characters. My pitch for Freddy vs. Chucky is Child's Play on Elm Street. Chucky ends up in some kid's house on Elm Street, and Chucky and Freddy inevitably meet in the dreamscape. Chucky sleeps. Why not? Chucky sleeps, Chucky dreams. And they have this admiration for each other. But they realize quickly that Elm Street isn't big enough for the two of them, so in a riff on Dirty Rotten Scoundrels they have a contest: who can kill the most teenagers before the sun comes up?

Mancini confirmed his intent to make the crossover film, describing it as "cool and doable", saying that the film would be titled Child's Play on Elm Street and that he was in discussion with New Line Cinema about the film. The foundation for a crossover film was previously laid in Bride of Chucky, in which Freddy Krueger's bladed glove had appeared in the Lockport police evidence depository at the beginning of the film.

Television

Chucky (2021–present)

A television series adaptation, titled Chucky, was released on October 12, 2021, with involvement from franchise creator Don Mancini and producer David Kirschner. The show aired on Syfy and USA Network and shares continuity with the original film series, and is a continuation of that story. Mancini stated that besides the TV series, feature films will still continue to be developed. Brad Dourif returned to voice Charles Lee "Chucky" Ray. Executive producers of the series include David Kirschner and Nick Antosca. Mancini directed and wrote the first episode.

In addition to Brad Dourif, Jennifer Tilly reprised her roles, as both herself and as Tiffany Valentine in the series. Fiona Dourif reprises her roles as Nica and Chucky. Billy Boyd as Glen and Glenda, Alex Vincent and Christine Elise McCarthy reprised their roles as Andy Barclay and Kyle.  Other cast members include Zackary Arthur, Teo Briones, Alyvia Alyn Lind, Björgvin Arnarson, Devon Sawa, Lexa Doig and Barbara Alyn Woods.

Short films

Chucky's Vacation Slides (2005)
On the home media DVD and Blu-ray release of Seed of Chucky in 2005, a short film entitled Chucky's Vacation Slides was included in the special features. The short, set after the shooting of Seed of Chucky, follows the movie stars Chucky, Tiffany, and Glen after having returned from a family vacation. While browsing through their photographs of their vacation on a slide projector, Tiffany notices various corpses in the background of certain photographs, realizing that Chucky has been killing people again. Tiffany leaves, with a distraught and sickened Glen, while Chucky continues to view the photographs. After a delivery man arrives with a pizza, Chucky leads him to his garage and kills him off-screen. Brad Dourif, Jennifer Tilly and Billy Boyd all reprise their roles from the films.

Chucky Invades (2013)
Leading up to the DVD release of Curse of Chucky in 2013, a series of short film videos were released. The clips showed Chucky interrupting the events of several other horror films. Brad Dourif and Edan Gross reprised their roles as Chucky and the Good Guys Doll, respectively.
 The first clip, Chucky invades Psycho, has Chucky using a stepladder to kill Marion Crane in the shower; he is then discovered by Norman Bates. Janet Leigh and Anthony Perkins appear in archival footage.
 The second clip, Chucky invades The Purge, has Chucky invading the Sandin family's home. Ethan Hawke, Lena Headey, Adelaide Kane and Max Burkholder appear in archival footage. The film is designed in the form of a trailer for a film.
 The third clip, Chucky invades Mama, follows Chucky as he hides under the bed of Victoria Desange before attacking her. Jessica Chastain and Isabelle Nélisse appear in archival footage.
 The fourth clip, Chucky invades Drag Me to Hell, follows Chucky attacking Christine Brown in her car. Alison Lohman appears in archival footage.

Cast and crew

Principal cast

Crew

Reception

Box office performance
The Child's Play series, when compared to the other top-grossing American horror series—A Nightmare on Elm Street, Halloween, Friday the 13th, Saw, Scream, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre—and adjusting for 2023 inflation, is last in box office performance at $305.2 million.

Halloween is the highest-grossing horror series in the United States at approximately $1.09 billion. Next in line is Friday the 13th at $908.4 million, followed by the Nightmare on Elm Street series with $793.5 million. The Scream film series is in fourth place with $779.5 million, followed by the Saw series with $688.3 million, and 'The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $459.7 million.

Critical and public response

Controversies
The following crimes have been associated with the Child's Play films:

In December 1992, four people who tortured and killed 16-year-old Suzanne Capper were said to be influenced by one of the Child's Play films. During the torturing of the girl, the perpetrators taunted her by playing her a song, ("Hi, I'm Chucky (Wanna Play?)") by 150 Volts, featuring samples from the film Child's Play.

In 1993, two youths who abducted and murdered a toddler named James Bulger were said to have been influenced by the film Child's Play 3. The supposed link between the murder and the film was denied by film censor James Ferman.

According to a relative of two boys aged 10 and 12 who brutally attacked a nine-year-old and 11-year-old boy in Edlington, South Yorkshire in April 2009, the attackers watched horror movies, including Chucky films, from the age of about six or seven.

Elena Lobacheva, a Russian serial killer arrested in 2015, was reportedly obsessed with the film Bride of Chucky, which she cited as being an inspiration for the murders that she and her gang committed throughout Moscow.

In August 2019, billboards and posters promoting the 2019 Child's Play reboot were pulled in New Zealand after a complaint was submitted to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) for being inappropriate. The complaint was made mostly with concern for the region of Canterbury, claiming the advertisements are potentially traumatizing among children by reminding them of that region's high suicide rates, the various earthquakes that occurred, and the Christchurch mosque shootings. The ad depicted Chucky with red glowing eyes and a knife, the latter being intentionally obscured by the title. The poster was deemed not to cause any harm among the population, but the ASA concluded it would be frightening for children.

Music
Joe Renzetti composed the first Child's Play, followed by Graeme Revell, who composed the soundtrack for Child's Play 2 and Bride of Chucky. John D'Andrea and Cory Lerios wrote the score for Child's Play 3, while Pino Donaggio composed Seed of Chucky. Joseph LoDuca composed the score for Curse of Chucky, Cult of Chucky, and Chucky.

Other media

Comics

Innovation Publishing
Beginning in 1992, Innovation Publishing released the first comic books based on the films, in the form of a three-issue adaptation of Child's Play 2. It was later collected in a trade paperback. The success of the adaptation led to a monthly series of new stories starting in 1991. The series, titled Child's Play: The Series, ended in 1992 after only five issues. This was followed by a three-issue adaptation of Child's Play 3.

Devil's Due Publishing
In 2007, Devil's Due Publishing obtained the license to publish Child's Play comics and released a one-shot crossover with Hack/Slash titled Hack/Slash vs. Chucky which takes place after the events of the Seed of Chucky film. This was followed by a four-issue series called Chucky. A second volume began in early 2009 but ceased publication after only one issue.

Video game

Slimstown Studios made an endless runner video game titled Chucky: Slash & Dash. The game was released on iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch and Android devices. It is the result of an agreement with Universal Partnerships & Licensing to develop and publish the first officially licensed smartphone and tablet Child's Play video game. The gameplay is actually inspired by the second film's climax.

In the game, Chucky is stuck in a never-ending nightmare in which he's endlessly running through the factory that produces Good Guys dolls. Players control Chucky while sprinting through the factory floor, the catwalks, the warehouse, or even outside, and need to avoid conveyor belts, forklifts, acid pools, barrels and other obstacles. Chucky can also eliminate security guards patrolling the factory using his classic knife or other more outlandish weapons like a cleaver, screwdriver, or hatchet. As they play, gamers collect batteries that can be used to purchase in-game items or power-ups, such as a double battery bonus, a fast start, or extra lives that can extend a run after dying.

Universal theme park attractions
Since 1992, Chucky has starred in his own shows at Universal's Halloween Horror Nights, entitled, Chucky's In-Your-Face Insults and Chucky's Insult Emporium.

In 2009, the climax of Child's Play 3 received its own maze, entitled Chucky's Fun House. Curse of Chucky has also received its own Scarezone in the 2013 lineup. In 2017, Chucky was the host of the Hollywood event's Terror Tram, joining Freddy, Jason, and Leatherface in terrorizing guests as a promotion for the then-new Cult of Chucky film. The following year, he featured in his own Scarezone at the Orlando event. In 2023, Chucky received a Haunted House based off the television series.

See also
 Killer toy
 Haunted doll

Notes

References

Universal Pictures franchises
American supernatural horror films
Horror film franchises
Mass media franchises introduced in 1988

Child's Play (franchise)


Peter Ferdinando is a British character actor, known for his varied performances.

He has collaborated extensively with director and cousin Gerard Johnson, playing the title role in the critically acclaimed Tony and the lead role in their more recent film together, the award-winning Hyena.

He played the King Pin Spencer in David Mackenzie's prison drama Starred Up.

He also regularly collaborates with British filmmaker Ben Wheatley, having played Jacob in A Field in England, The Half-Face Man in "Deep Breath", the first episode of series 8 of Doctor Who, and Paul in Wheatley's High-Rise.

More recent work includes Tommy's Honour with Peter Mullan, directed by Jason Connery, Ghost in the Shell, with Scarlett Johansson and Juliet Binoche, directed by Rupert Sanders, and Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, with Jude Law. In 2017, he starred in Woody Harrelson's experimental, live film directorial debut Lost In London alongside Owen Wilson, Willie Nelson and Woody Harrelson.

Peter lives in London. He is also cousin of Matt Johnson, an English singer-songwriter best known as the vocalist and only constant member of his band, The The.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

21st-century British male actors
British male film actors
British male television actors
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century births
Living people

Peter Ferdinando


Northeast Iowa Community College (NICC) is a public community college with two main campuses in Iowa, one in Calmar and one in Peosta. The college serves the Iowa counties of Allamakee, Chickasaw, Clayton, Fayette, Howard, Winneshiek, Dubuque, and Delaware counties. It also includes sections of Bremer, Buchanan, Jones, Jackson, and Mitchell counties. NICC also has a satellite campus in downtown Dubuque.

Originally, the school was known as Northeast Iowa Technical Institute (NITI). The school became a community college in 1988 and was renamed. The school is authorized by the Iowa Board of Education to award the Associate in Arts, Associate in Science, and Associate in Applied Science degrees as well as the GED. It offers programs in a number of vocational fields, as well as transfer programs for students wishing to continue their education at four-year institutions. The school had worked with the University of Dubuque to provide a transfer option for students looking to transfer to four-year programs. The Peosta Campus houses the National Education Center for Agricultural Safety (NECAS), a nationally accredited agricultural training center.

As part of a three-day Midwestern bus tour, President Barack Obama traveled to the college with members of his cabinet to host the White House Rural Economic Forum on August 16, 2011. The college also hosted President Donald Trump for an economic roundtable in July 2018.

References

External links

Education in Winneshiek County, Iowa
Education in Dubuque County, Iowa
Community colleges in Iowa

Northeast Iowa Community College


Jose Ma. Panganiban y Enverga (February 1, 1863 – August 19, 1890) was a Filipino propagandist, linguist, and essayist. He is one of the main writers and contributors for La Solidaridad, writing under the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P."

Early life
Jose Ma. Panganiban was born on February 1, 1863, in Bangkal Phase II, Mambulao (a town which was subsequently renamed after him). He was the eldest of the three sons of Vicente Panganiban, originally from Hagonoy, Bulacan, and Juana Enverga, a native of Mauban, Quezon.

Panganiban developed his interest in reading at an early age from reading the cartilla, caton and catecismo taught by his mother. Once, his mother found him under a tree, sleeping beside a copy of Don Quixote, the book of Cervantes.

Since his mother died when he was a little boy, Panganiban grew up in the care of his father, the clerk of court in Daet, the capital town of the province. His father sent him to the Holy Rosary Seminary (El Seminario del Santissimo Rosario) of Nueva Caceres (now Naga City, Camarines Sur) and became the protégé of the seminary rector Fr. Santoja. He earned the praises of his teachers because of his aptitude to easily absorb his lessons. At 12, he mastered Latin and Spanish and at 15, the Classics and Natural Sciences.

He was good at writing and was articulate in expressing his ideas. Because of this, the Spanish Governor-General who happened to be visiting the province and heard him speak during a school program commended him. In April 1878, he wrote A Nuestro Obispo in honor of Bishop Francisco Gainza who was on a visit to Mambulao. Unknown to many of his fellow Bicolanos was Panganiban's superior academic credentials as a student at the seminary with grades of sobresaliente (excellent) in all subjects.

Father Santoja became instrumental for Panganiban's studies in Manila. The priest recommended him to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he obtained his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1883. Wanting to become a medical practitioner, he took up medical courses at the University of Santo Tomas and at the same time taking vocational courses in agriculture at Letran so that in 1885, he received the title of Agricultural Expert. While at the University in 1887, he wrote Anatomia de Regines which was recognized as one of his brilliant literary works. His papers on general pathology, therapeutics and surgical anatomy was also awarded prizes.

An anthology of his works was gathered by Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, rector of University of Santo Tomas, and sent to be exhibited at the 1887 Exposicion General de Filipinas in Madrid.

Activities for the Propaganda Movement

In May 1888, Panganiban sailed for Spain and continued his medical studies at the University of Barcelona, Spain, where he met other Filipino propagandists agitating for reforms in the colony. He joined reformist groups such as the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina and La Solidaridad because he believed in instituting reforms in the Philippines, and used the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P."

On April 25, 1889 Panganiban signed a petition addressed to the Spanish Minister of Colonies, requesting Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. While in Spain, he learned other languages including German, Italian, and French, adding to the Spanish and Latin that he learned during his student days in the seminary of Nueva Caceres (Naga City, Camarines Sur). He was able to translate into Spanish the book of German author Carl Julius Weber entitled: Die Religio und Die Religionen (Religion and Other Religions).

Being one of the writers of the La Solidaridad, he called the attention of the Spaniards on the freedom of the press and criticized the educational system in the Philippines. His works were recognized by Jose Rizal who even said "He was a true orator, of easy and energetic words, vigorous in concepts and of practical and transcendental ideas". Among the articles he published were "El Pensamiento",
"La Universidad de Manila: Su Plan de Estudio", and "Los Nuevos Ayuntamientos de Filipinas". He continued to write poems and short stories, including "Ang Lupang Tinubuan", "Noches en Mambulao", "Sa
Aking buhay", "Bahia de Mambulao", "La Mejerde Oro", "Amor mio", "Clarita Perez" and "Kandeng".

Death

Panganiban contracted tuberculosis and apologized to Rizal that he could not help further in the movement. He confided in Rizal that, "If I only have the strength I had before, I will work with you unto the bitter end". It is a measure of Panganiban's patriotism and his dedication to the cause that despite the rigors of poverty and the ravages of tuberculosis, he persisted till the end in the struggle of reforms.

On August 19, 1890, he died in his boarding house at No. 2 Rambla de Canaletas, Barcelona. He was buried in grave No. 2043 of the Southwest Cemetery of Barcelona. His grave has the epitaph: Here lies the avenger of the honor of the Filipinos, written by Graciano Lopez Jaena."

The Filipino propagandists in Europe mourned Panganiban's death. Jose Rizal eulogized Panganiban as an "excellent companion of labor and difficulty... endowed with uncommon talent, with privileged intelligence, and with indefatigable industry, (he) was one of the sacred, legitimate hopes of his unfortunate country.... What should be grieved at is the thought that he died without finishing the noble mission which his exceptional faculties had destined for him."

Dr. Domingo Abella, a historian, located the remains of his province mate in Spain and brought them back to the Philippines. His remains now lie inside the pedestal of the Jose Ma. Panganiban Monument, installed by the National Historical Institute at Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte.

Legacy

The town of Mambulao, Camarines Norte, was renamed to Jose Panganiban in honor of its native son by Act No. 4155 issued on 1 December 1934.
Panganiban Drive (formerly Calle de Legaspi), Naga City- one of Naga City's main avenue at the very heart of the city connecting Elias Angeles Street (formerly Calle Real), and Pan Philippine Highway
President Emilio Aguinaldo cited the country's appreciation of Panganiban's patriotic labors in his opening address at the Congress assembled at Malolos City, Bulacan on September 15, 1898, he (Pres. Aguinaldo) invoked the spirits of the departed heroes of the Fatherland, saying:
Illustrious spirits of Rizal, Lopez Jaena, of Marcelo del Pilar! August shades of Burgos, Pelaez and PANGANIBAN! Warlike geniuses of Aguinaldo (Crispulo-O.), and Tirona, of Natividad and Evangelista! Arise a moment from your unknown graves!

Monuments
Jose Maria Panganiban monument in front of Hagonoy Central School (gabaldon) Hagonoy, Bulacan, However, it was transferred elsewhere when the said school was demolished.

Jose Maria Panganiban Monument - at Naga Central School 1, Naga City, Camarines Sur.
Jose Maria Panganiban Monument - a bronze statue (9 ft. tall) installed on February 1, 1985, by the National Historical Institute in his home town Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte, which contains the remains.
Jose Maria Panganiban Monuments - at the lobby of Provincial Capitol and at the Provincial Capitol Grounds, Daet, Camarines Norte

Notes

References

La Solidaridad, Madrid, Spain. September 30, 1890 Edition
Osias, Camilo. Jose Rizal: His Life and Times. Manila: Oscol Educational Publishers, 1948
Quirino, Carlos. Who's Who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.
Manuel, E. Arsenio. Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume 1. QC. Filipinos, 1955.
Zaide, Gregorio F. Great Filipinos in History. Manila: Verde Bookstore, 1970.
Zaide, Gregorio F. The Philippine Revolution. Manila
Zaide, Gregorio F. Jose Rizal: life, works and writings of a genius, writer, scientist and national hero. 2nd edition. Quezon City: All-Nations publishing Co., Inc. c2007
Ponce, Mariano "Jose Maria Panganiban y Enverga." La Solidaridad, Sept 30 1890.
Jose Panganiban Municipal Planning and Development Office Archives
Jose Panganiban Municipal Annual Yearbook

External links

National Historical Commission of the Philippines - Historic Preservation Division Accessed 2 December 2012
National Historical Commission of the Philippines Accessed 1 December 2012
National Historical Institute biography of Jose Ma. Panganiban Accessed 5 September 2009

1863 births
1890 deaths
19th-century essayists
19th-century linguists
19th-century Filipino people
19th-century Filipino writers
19th-century Spanish writers
19th-century male writers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Anti-Spanish sentiment
Bicolano people
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
Filipino emigrants to Spain
Filipino essayists
Filipino expatriates in Spain
Filipino journalists
Filipino propagandists
Filipino writers
Filipino writers of bilingual works
Filipino Roman Catholics
Linguists from the Philippines
People from Camarines Norte
People from the Spanish colonial Philippines
Spanish-language writers of the Philippines
Tagalog people
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Tuberculosis deaths in Spain
People from the Spanish East Indies

José María Panganiban


Camp Hyder was a US Army installation in Arizona, functioning as a subcamp of the Desert Training Center in Riverside County, California. The main headquarters for the Desert Training Center was Camp Young, this is where General Patton's 3rd Armored Division was stationed. Camp Hyder is  miles south of Hyder, Arizona. The camp was just north of the Gila River. Camp Hyder is  miles east of Yuma, Arizona, near Camp Horn. Camp Hyder was built at the site of an old 1890s military base. Trained at Camp Hyder, in 1943, for six months was the 77th Infantry Division from April 1943 to September 1943. Then the 104th Infantry Division moved in for training. Unlike the other camps, no large tank activity was done.  The camp was built by The 369th Engineer Regiment. Camp Hyder had its own rail station at which most troops arrived. The train station at Sentinel, Arizona south of the camp was also used.  Over 13,000 troops were trained at Camp Horn and Camp Hyder.

Camp Hyder was built in August 1942. The Desert Training Center was built to prepare troops to do battle in North Africa to fight the Nazis during World War II.  At the camp's railway station were two large stone columns marking the entrance to the camp. Near the camp in Agua Caliente, Arizona the army built the Agua Caliente natural hot spring for the troops to use, this in on the land of the Agua Caliente Ranch.  When completed the camp had shower buildings, latrines, outdoor theater, wooden tent frames, two 10,000-gallon water storage tanks and a water treatment plant. The camp had many firing ranges for .30- and .50-caliber machine guns, as well as artillery. The camp also taught the use of anti-tank mines. The army used live-fire exercises and warning signs are still on the site. The camp was closed in May 1944.

Dateland Air Force Auxiliary Field

To the SouthWest of Camp Hyder was the Dateland Air Force Auxiliary Field, named after the  Dateland, Arizona road stop. The air landing strip was used to support the camp's training activities.  The runway was from use for small planes, like the L-4 Piper Aircraft so the vast training grounds could be watched from the air. The runway was long enough for the large planes to use in training exercises also.  The United States Army Air Forces opened on 1 January 1943. It was also used for Air Forces training by the 3037th Army Air Force Base Unit. The landing strip was under the direction of the Yuma Army Airfield, Arizona.

Markers
Marker at the site reads:
 Camps Hyder & Horn were established 10 miles north of Dateland in the fall of 1943. They were 2 of 15 desert camps built to harden and train United States Troops for service in World War II. The Desert Training Center was a simulated theater of operations that included portions of California, Arizona, and Nevada. The camps were Bouse, Clipper, Coxcomb, Desert Center, Essex, Goffs, Granite, Horn, Hyder, Ibis, Iron Mountain, Laguna, Pilot Knob, Rice, and Young, as well as Rice Army Airfield. A total of 13 infantry and 7 armored divisions plus numerous smaller units were trained in this harsh environment. The training center was in operation for 2 years and was closed early in 1944 when the last units were shipped overseas. During this brief period over a million American soldiers were trained for combat. Units stationed at Hyder and Horn were the 77th, 81st and 104th Infantry Divisions. This monument is dedicated to all the soldiers that served here and especially to those who gave their lives to end the Holocaust & defeat the Armed Forces of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan.  Erected 2002 by Lost Dutchman, Billy Holcomb, John P Squibob, Queho Posse, Peter Lebeck and Matt Warner Chapters, of E Clampus Vitus and Dateland Elementary School. (Marker Number 110.)

Marker at the Dateland Air Force Auxiliary Field site reads:
 Datelan Army Air Field was established here January 1, 1943. The site was chosen due to the availability of water and the adjacent location of the Yuma Gunnery Range. Construction was completed June 1, 1943. Dateland AAF was a sub-base of Yuma Army Air Field, which was the location of the Army advanced flying school. Colfred, Stovall, and Wellton Gunnery Ranges were also established nearby. The base was originally designed for single-engine gunnery training, but was converted to twin-engine gunnery school in September 1943. The post was garrisoned on July 8, 1943. In addition to security and maintenance of the base, the troops provided services for several flying organizations. Among these were Mather Army Air Field, which based 60 B-25J gun ships here from December 25, 1943 to January 20, 1944, logging a total of 11,000 hours of flight training. This monument is dedicated to all the soldiers and airmen that served here, especially those that gave their lives in training and in the skies above Europe, Asia, and the Pacific as they defeated the Axis powers. Holcomb, John P. Squibob, Queho Posse, Peter Lebeck and Matt Warner Chapters of E Clampus Vitus and Dateland Elementary School. (Marker Number 111.)

See also
 Camp Laguna AZ
 Camp Bouse AZ
 Camp Coxcomb
 Camp Granite
 Camp Iron Mountain
 Camp Ibis

External links
 Training Center Boogie – Song by John Malcolm Penn, song about : Desert training camps

References

Closed training facilities of the United States Army
Military facilities in Arizona

Camp Hyder


Chloris ("Khloris" or Χλωρίς, from "Khloros" or χλωρός, meaning "greenish-yellow," "pale green," "pale," or "fresh") refers to several figures in Greek mythology. Some stories refer to different characters. Others refer to the same Chloris, but have different details.

Chloris (Nymph)
Chloris was a Nymph. She represented spring, flowers and new growth. Her Roman equivalent was the goddess Flora. She was kidnapped by and later married Zephyr.

Chloris (Meliboea)
Meliboea was one of Niobe and Amphion's fourteen children, and the only one not killed when Artemis and Apollo killed the children as revenge. Meliboea was so scared by this that she turned permanently pale. She changed her name to Chloris ("pale one").

She later married Neleus and became queen in Pylos.

Chloris (Mother of Mopsus)
Chloris married the seer Ampyx (son of Elatus). She had a child called Mopsus, who also became a famous seer and later joined the Argonauts.

Related pages

Greek mythology

Chloris


School supply stores sell teaching resources for parents, teachers and homeschoolers.  These stores frequently carry a wide selection of educational materials and decorations for classroom teachers such as books pencils pens and many other supplies.  A teacher store or learning store is often a member of the National School Supply and Equipment Association.

References

Campus services

School supply store


A disk partition is a section of a data storage device (such as a hard disk). A disk partition can have one of several formats, such as NTFS (found on Windows) to ext4 (found on Linux). Disk partitions start at one number and end at another. These numbers are addresses in the hard drive. The address points to one byte and ends at another on the disk.

Different partition tables allow for different amounts of partitions on a given device. Master Boot Record (MBR) has a maximum of 4 partitions. GUID Partition Table (GPT) has a maximum of 128 partitions.

Partitions can be edited by using a partition editor.

Software
Systems

Disk partition


Edmond Debeaumarché (15 December 1906 – 28 March 1959) was a French postal worker who joined the French Resistance during World War II. For his service Debeaumarché was highly decorated. In 1960 Debeaumarché received the posthumous distinction of being depicted on a postage stamp in the series Heroes of the Resistance.

Biography
Debeaumarché was born on 15 December 1906 in Dijon, and first wanted to become a pilot, but his eyesight was too weak and he joined the French postal service, PTT. He was mobilized in September 1939 as a sergeant in the French Air Force and after June 1940 joined the French Resistance.

Debeaumarché was in charge of the transportation of mail, a position he used to smuggle mail for the resistance. From the summer of 1943 on, he was on the staff of the Action-PTT,  a clandestine organisation within the French postal service, and worked with Ernest Pruvost, its national leader, and directly under Simone Michel-Lévy, establishing postal communications with London. When Michel-Levy was arrested in November 1943, Debeaumarché took over as head of the Action-PTT. Traveling throughout France he created networks of resistance, and organized the sabotage of the enemy's telecommunications (the plans Potard and Violet—the latter involved cutting telephone cables before D-Day). In addition, he managed to procure the codebooks of the three secret codes used by Joseph Darnand and the Milice and used them to decipher copies of telegrams obtained from the central telegraph office in Paris. The deciphered texts were then passed on to Allied intelligence.

He was arrested on 3 August 1944 at the Gare Montparnasse, and questioned harshly by the Gestapo at the Rue des Saussaies. He lost consciousness under the beatings but did not divulge any names; he was subsequently held at Fresnes Prison. Debeaumarché was one of the so-called "77,000" (named for the prisoners' numbers, between 76,000 and 78,000), Fresnes prisoners who were transported by train from Pantin to Buchenwald on 15 August 1944. He was moved to the underground factory of Mittelbau-Dora which produced V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets, and posing as an electrical engineer was put to work in the manufacture of the V-1. Maurice Naegelé, a Kapo in the tunnel assembly section, gained the trust of Debeaumarché by relating details of the resistance movement in France. In fact Naegelé had been an agent of the Gestapo, before his deportation. Naegelé denounced Debeaumarché to SS-Oberscharführer Sander, head of surveillance at Mittelbau-Dora. Debeaumarché was arrested with others (including Naegelé) on the night of 3–4 November 1944. They were taken to the Niedersachswerfen SD headquarters, where Naegelé  attempted to beat confessions out of the other prisoners. Debeaumarché was sentenced to death on 11 November 1944, but the sentence was not carried out. Instead Debeaumarché was held in solitary confinement, accused of anti-Nazi plotting. In April 1945 he was moved to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated during the advance of Allied troops on 15 April 1945 and repatriated to France. On 1 May 1945 he marched down the Champs-Élysées alongside fellow Buchenwald-captive Pierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral.

After the war, he was a member of the Provisional Consultative Assembly and had a number of high administrative functions with the PTT. He served as president of the Union Nationale des Associations de Déportés, Internés et Familles de disparus. He died on 28 March 1959 in Suresnes, and was honored with a service in Les Invalides; his remains were buried in Dijon.

Honours and awards

French
Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur – 1957
Order of Liberation
War Cross 1939–1945 with Palm and Silver Star

Foreign
Medal of Freedom (United States)
Officer of the Order of the Crown with distinction (Belgium)
War Cross 1940-1945 with distinction (Belgium)

References

1906 births
1959 deaths
People from Dijon
Members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly
French military personnel of World War II
French Resistance members
French torture victims
Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp survivors
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
Companions of the Liberation
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Resistance Medal

Edmond Debeaumarché


Freshwater swamp forests, or flooded forests, are forests which are inundated with freshwater, either permanently or seasonally. They normally occur along the lower reaches of rivers and around freshwater lakes. Freshwater swamp forests are found in a range of climate zones, from boreal through temperate and subtropical to tropical.

Globally, freshwater swamp forests are found in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America, with the majority occurring in the Amazon basin. In Southeast Asia, they are found all over the region, frequently close to major rivers like the Mekong, Chao Phraya, and Irrawaddy in Thailand and Myanmar, as well as numerous smaller systems like the Sedili rivers in Johor.Although freshwater swamp forests are frequently found in wet climates, they can also be found in areas that are seasonally drier, such as west New Guinea and east Java.

Freshwater swamp forests are a relatively understudied forest type in Southeast Asia, primarily because they are difficult to access and can harbor diseases spread by insects.

In the Amazon Basin of Brazil, a seasonally flooded forest is known as a várzea, and refers to a whitewater-inundated forest. Igapó refers to blackwater-inundated forest.

Mangrove and peat swamp forests, for example, have a tendency to draw more attention than other wetland habitats. Peat swamp forests are swamp forests where waterlogged soils prevent woody debris from fully decomposing, which over time creates a thick layer of acidic peat.

A freshwater swamp forest is a type of wetland ecosystem characterized by its unique hydrology and vegetation. These forests are typically found in low-lying areas, riverbanks, and floodplains where there is a consistent supply of freshwater.

A forest that is frequently flooded with relatively fresh water rich in minerals is referred to as a freshwater swamp forest. Since tropical freshwater swamp forests are a subset of tropical rainforests, they share a number of environmental traits with other tropical rainforest formations.

Beyond these shared characteristics, however, the environment in freshwater swamp forests and other tropical rain forest formations can vary greatly. In inland, freshwater swamp forests, flooding is typically sporadic, irregular, or seasonal. The depth of the water also varies greatly, from a few centimeters to several meters. These physical factors affect the ecology of freshwater swamp forests, either singly or in combination.

Rain, rivers, and groundwater are all sources of water for freshwater swamp forests, whereas rain is the only source of water for peat swamp forests.The hue of the water in the freshwater swamp forest is typically an indication of the quantities of plant materials present in the water and soil.

Contrary to ombrotrophic swamp forests, which only absorb nutrients from rain, freshwater swamp forest soils are relatively nutrient-rich.  In freshwater swamp forests, rain and changes in the water table result in the following deposition of nutrients and alluvial soils. Due to the nutrient-rich soils of freshwater swamp forests, wetland rice farming and oil palm plantations have become very prevalent in agriculture.

Hydrology
Within aquatic ecosystems, geomorphological, biological, and biogeomorphological processes and functions are significantly influenced by the flow of water.Flow significantly affects the geomorphology, affecting the spatial and temporal benthic community structure.Freshwater swamp forests are permanently or seasonally inundated by freshwater, with water levels that fluctuate throughout the year. They are often associated with slow-moving or meandering rivers, oxbow lakes, and other water bodies.Macroinvertebrate assemblages were significantly influenced by hydrological connectivity, with highly connected water bodies exhibiting more macroinvertebrate diversity than isolated water bodies, which tended to have less diverse assemblages and were predominated by a small number of taxa. Similar impacts have been seen in tropical ecosystems where flooding during the wet or monsoon season has led to an increase in migratory species proportions and changes in community assemblages. On a smaller scale, modifications to the flow regime that result in changes to the physical environment can boost habitat variety and, as a result, boost species diversity. Additionally, a highly varied environment might provide as a haven for species during times of stress like flooding or drought. Freshwater swamp forests contain soft, unstable, and anoxic soil due to their waterlogged condition, which may have influenced the evolution of unique root adaptations in these trees that resemble those seen in a real mangrove forest.

Flora
The vegetation in freshwater swamp forests is adapted to survive in waterlogged conditions. Common tree species include various types of mangroves, palms, and hardwood trees like mahogany and ebony. The tree canopy tends to be dense and can create a shaded environment beneath.

Biodiversity
Freshwater swamp forests are rich in biodiversity and provide habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species. They support numerous aquatic species, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Birds are also abundant in these ecosystems. The flooded conditions can make these areas particularly important for fish breeding and spawning.Fires of various intensities were used in southern Sumatra to burn down the swamp forest to make way for agriculture. There, a rich and complex environment was reduced to a habitat made up of uniform stands of fire-resistant Melaleuca L. species thickets as a result of widespread and frequent fires. Furthermore, improper management of these ecosystems through massive logging and agricultural conversion has resulted in serious deterioration and loss of ecological and biological diversity.

Adaptations
Many plants in freshwater swamp forests have special adaptations to cope with waterlogged soils, such as pneumatophores (aerial roots) in mangroves for oxygen exchange. Some animals have adapted to life in these wet environments, like amphibians with permeable skin that can absorb oxygen from water.

Ecosystem Services
Freshwater swamp forests offer a variety of ecosystem services. They act as natural buffers against flooding by absorbing excess water during heavy rains. They also filter water, helping to improve water quality by trapping sediments and pollutants. These forests are crucial for carbon sequestration, playing a role in mitigating climate change.

Human Use
Local communities often rely on freshwater swamp forests for resources such as timber, non-timber forest products (e.g., fruits, honey), and fish. Traditional agriculture may take place in the drier, elevated areas around the swamp forest. However, unsustainable logging and land conversion can threaten these ecosystems.

Conservation
Freshwater swamp forests are globally important and often designated as protected areas or Ramsar wetlands due to their ecological significance. Conservation efforts aim to protect these ecosystems from degradation and promote sustainable land use practices.

Threats
Freshwater swamp forests are vulnerable to habitat destruction and degradation due to urbanization, agriculture, logging, and drainage for development. Climate change, including rising sea levels, can further threaten these ecosystems by altering water levels and salinity.

Freshwater swamp forest ecoregions

Afrotropic
 Eastern Congolian swamp forests (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 Niger Delta swamp forests (Nigeria)
 Western Congolian swamp forests (Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo).

Australasia
 Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea)
 Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea)

South and SE Asia

 Borneo peat swamp forests (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia)
 Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests (Thailand)
 Irrawaddy freshwater swamp forests (Myanmar)
 Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests (Malaysia, Thailand)
 Ratargul Swamp Forest (Bangladesh)
 Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests in Bangladesh and India
 Red River freshwater swamp forests (Vietnam)
 Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests (Indonesia)
 Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests (Cambodia, Vietnam)
 Wathurana freshwater swamp forest (Sri Lanka)
 Myristica swamp (India)
 Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary (India)

Neotropic
 Cantão igapó forest (Brazil)
 Gurupa várzea (Brazil)
 Iquitos várzea (Bolivia, Brazil, Peru)
 Marajó várzea (Brazil)
 Monte Alegre várzea (Brazil)
 Orinoco Delta swamp forests (Guyana, Venezuela)
 Pantanos de Centla (Mexico)
 Paramaribo swamp forests (Guyana, Suriname)
 Purus várzea (Brazil)

See also

 Coniferous swamp forest
 Mangrove swamp (saltwater swamp)

References

Swamps
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Freshwater swamp forest


Jacques de Chabannes (ca. 1400-1453) was a French nobleman and military commander during the reign of King Charles VII. The elder brother of Antoine de Chabannes, he is most notable for his significant role at the Battle of Castillon in 1453.

Life

Jacques was the second son of Robert de Chabannes and Alix de Bort, and became the 's senior member following the death of his brother Etienne at the Battle of Cravant in July 1423. He successfully served John I, Duke of Bourbon and became his seneschal in 1428. He took part in the Siege of Orléans where Joan of Arc triumphed in 1429, and in the Siege of Compiègne where she was captured in 1430. In 1431 he bought the domain of La Palice from the Duke of Bourbon for 6,000 gold écus. In 1436 Charles VII made him Captain of Vincennes.

In 1440 he participated in the feudal revolt against Charles VII known as the Praguerie and subsequently lost his post as Seneschal of Toulouse, which he had been given in 1438, but was back in royal favor by the mid-1440s. In 1451 the king awarded him the lordship of Curton and its dependencies, southwest of Bordeaux, which he had confiscated from Louis II de Beaumont-Bressuire.

During the 1451 campaign he also took part in retaking Blaye, Bourg, Fronsac and Bayonne from the English. On 17 July 1453 he was instrumental in the decisive French victory at the Battle of Castillon, which effectively marked the end of the Hundred Years' War. He fell ill during that campaign, however, and died at Curton on 25 October 1453. His younger brother Antoine de Chabannes, who in the meantime had become one of France's prominent military leaders, inherited the command of his company of soldiers.

On 30 May 1429 he married Anne de Launay, who died childless the next year. On 4 October 1432 he married Anne de Lavieu de Feugerolles. They had two sons, from which stem the two subsequent branches of the Chabannes family, respectively named after the two castles acquired by Jacques: the lords of Chabannes de La Palice from Geoffroy (ca. 1433-1500), and lords of Curton from Gilbert (ca. 1439-1495).

He was buried according to his will at the Franciscans' convent in nearby Rions.

Notes

French nobility
Hundred Years' War
Year of birth uncertain
1453 deaths

Jacques de Chabannes


The Adventures of Pinocchio () is a story by Carlo Collodi. It was first published as a serial in a children's magazine between 1881-1883. The serial ended tragically with the death of Pinocchio. It was published as a book in 1883 with black and white illustrations by Enrico Mazzanti. Pinocchio tells the story of a puppet named Pinocchio who wants to become a real boy. The book has been adapted to movies.

References
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 384–5.
n a forest Geppetto, a young boy, Italian woodcarver Geppetto carves a heart into a pine tree, expressing his secret love for a woman named Leona. When he leaves, lightning strikes the tree, imbuing the heart with magic. Years later, an older Geppetto finds the remains of the tree and carves a marionette out of it, naming him Pinocchio. Due to the heart's magic, Pinocchio comes to life, referring to Geppetto as his father. Pinocchio chases a pigeon outside, meeting Leona, and then a pair of thieves, Volpe and Felinet, who work for Lorenzini, a sinister theater director and puppet master, informing him of Pinocchio's existence and sentience. Lorenzini tries to purchase Pinocchio, but Geppetto refuses to sell his son.

Pinocchio climbs out of a window and wanders into town, joining a group of boys in school. He gets into a fight with the rowdy Lampwick, and when he lies about it, his nose grows longer, and he is kicked out of the class. In bitterness, Pinocchio ends up causing damage to a local bakery, and Geppetto is arrested as a result. Pinocchio flees home, meeting a talking cricket, Pepe, who tells Pinocchio to behave in order to become a real boy. The next day, Pinocchio and Geppetto are put on trial. Unless Geppetto pays a fine, he will be imprisoned. Lorenzini enters, offering to pay off the debt if Pinocchio is given over to him. Geppetto reluctantly agrees after being reminded of his poor state.

Pinocchio becomes the star of Lorenzini's shows and is given gold coins as payment. However, Pepe helps him discover that he is ultimately unloved by Lorenzini. Pinocchio rescues several of Geppetto's puppets from being deliberately burnt, unintentionally setting Lorenzini's theater alight. He then leaps into a river and flees to the forest, where he decides to live. Felinet and Volpe find him, swindling him out of his coins. Pinocchio spots a stage coach passing by carrying Lampwick and other boys, travelling to Terra Magica, a hidden funfair for boys to do as they please. Meanwhile, Geppetto and Leona have been tracking down Pinocchio. Losing track of him, Geppetto rows out to sea upon finding Pinocchio's hat on a beach.

In the funfair, Pinocchio, Lampwick, and other boys go on a roller-coaster, but drinking the water of Terra Magica turns them into donkeys, symbolizing their bad behavior by turning them into "jackasses". The funfair turns out to belong to Lorenzini, who sells the donkeys off to circuses and farms. Pinocchio has Lampwick kick Lorenzini into the cursed water, transforming him into a demonic sea monster. The boys and donkeys flee the funfair, Pinocchio reuniting with Leona at the beach, and he sets out to find his father at sea. Pinocchio and Pepe are consumed by a giant sea monster which they recognize as the now feral Lorenzini, reuniting with Geppetto inside his stomach. From the strong smell of rotten chili peppers, they try to escape up Lorenzini's throat, Pinocchio lying to extend his nose and make the passage larger, causing his nose to break. Lorenzini starts to choke, breaching the ocean top, spitting Geppetto and Pinocchio out in the process.

On land, Pinocchio and Geppetto embrace. Pinocchio's tears flow, the tears landing on the heart carving, the same magic force from before transforming him into a real boy. The two embrace once more over the miracle. Pepe congratulates Pinocchio before leaving, wanting to rest from the whole ordeal, but promising they will see each other again soon. On the way home, Pinocchio runs into Felinet and Volpe, whom he tricks them into going to Terra Magica and drinking the cursed water there; and are later revealed to have transformed into a real cat and a fox, which results in them getting corralled by a farmer and kept as pets, where they later witness Pinocchio in town. The donkeys transform back into boys by reforming. Geppetto and Leona marry, and Pinocchio gives his father a log he found to carve into a girlfriend.

Cast
Martin Landau as Geppetto, a young boy  impoverished puppet maker who accidentally gives Pinocchio life after carving him from an enchanted log. He is initially reluctant to accept the puppet as his son, but warms up to him once he loses him.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Pinocchio, the eponymous character and main protagonist of the film. He seeks to learn about right and wrong so that one day he will become a real boy. He was puppeteered by Mak Wilson, Robert Tygner, Michelan Sisti, Bruce Lanoil, William Todd-Jones, and Ian Tregonning.
David Doyle as the voice of Pepe, a talking cricket who serves as Pinocchio's spiritual conscience. In the trailer, Wallace Shawn was cast as Pepe until the role was recast to Doyle. This was Doyle's final performance before his death in 1997 next year.
Geneviève Bujold as Leona, a friend of Geppetto's who Geppetto is secretly in love with, a love which is actually mutual, despite her having previously married his late brother. She serves as the Blue Fairy's stand-in in the film.
Udo Kier as Lorenzini, an original character created for the film. He is an amalgamation of Mangiafuoco, The Coachman and The Terrible Dogfish. His fondness for chili peppers, which give him his somewhat fiery breath, is a homage to Mangiafuoco.
Bebe Neuwirth as Felinet, a scheming con artist always looking for the next profit. Her name is an Italian world for "Cat". She and Volpe are based on the Fox and the Cat from the original novel.
Rob Schneider as Volpe, Felinet's dimwitted partner. His name is the Italian word for "Fox". He and Felinet are based on the Fox and the Cat from the original novel.
Corey Carrier as Lampwick. Unlike in the novel and the 1940 Disney version, Lampwick truly becomes Pinocchio's best friend, and affectionately calls him "Woody" even after they have both become real boys.
Dawn French as the Baker's Wife. Though she does more damage to her shop than Pinocchio, she sways the court judge to rule in her favour.
Richard Claxton as Saleo, Lampwick's companion and friend who kicks Pinocchio in class at school. He is turned into a donkey, along with Lampwick and another boy (Joe Swash), after drinking cursed water on Terra Magica's roller coaster and eventually returns to normal along with all of the other changed boys by reforming in the end.
John Sessions as the Professor, an irritable teacher who Pinocchio inadvertently annoys while attending one of his classes.
Jerry Hadley as the Judge, a court official who threatens to send Geppetto to a debtors' prison for Pinocchio's irresponsible behavior.
Jean-Claude Dreyfus as the Foreman
Development
Nearly ten years before the film was eventually made, Director Steve Barron and Jim Henson were considering the idea of a live-action version of Pinocchio. They approached Disney with this idea, but Disney turned down the project. Years later, producer Lawrence Mortorff President of Kushner Locke sent Barron a script for a film based on the Carlo Collodi novel. The project then finally got off the ground.

1883 books
Children's books
Italian literature

The Adventures of Pinocchio


Battenberg cake is a light sponge cake. It is long, square faced cake, covered in marzipan.

When cut in open one can see four more squares alternately coloured pink and yellow. These coloured sections are made by dyeing half of the cake mixture pink, and half yellow, then cutting each resultant sponge into two long, uniform cuboids, and joining them together with apricot jam, to form one cake. Established variations are for coconut flavouring to the sponge cake and lemon curd or raspberry jam in place of apricot jam.

The cake was probably named in honour of the marriage, in 1884, of Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine Queen Victoria's granddaughter  to Prince Louis of Battenberg, with the four squares representing the four Battenberg princes: Louis, Alexander, Henry and Francis Joseph.

References

Other websites

A recipe for Battenberg cake

Cakes

Battenberg cake


Cartoon Network is a Pakistani cable and satellite television channel operated by Warner Bros. Discovery. It was launched on 2 April 2004, dedicating itself to Pakistani viewers.

History
On 1 October 2011, Cartoon Network Pakistan changed its logo a second time along with the other Asia Pacific feeds, joining the 'CN' squares into a perfect rectangle. The channel also premiered The Amazing World of Gumball on the same day. Cartoon Network, along with all other foreign television channels, was temporarily suspended in Bangladesh on 2 October 2021, for not broadcasting clean feed according to a policy passed in 2006.

Criticism and controversy
In 2005,  PEMRA issued an order regarding the ban of several channels because they were airing programmes in Hindi as they were dubbed in India. Later, Cartoon Network switched to English versions.

In 2010, PEMRA again issued a notice against the channels, Cartoon Network's Pakistan feed. Once again, the issue was the Hindi dubbed shows on its schedule. The ban stayed and was not lifted till the end of July 2011.

References

Children's television channels in Pakistan
2004 establishments in Pakistan

Cartoon Network (Pakistani TV channel)