Lassie is a fictional female Rough Collie dog and is featured in a 1938 short story by Eric Knight that was later expanded to a 1940 full-length novel, Lassie Come-Home. Knight's portrayal of Lassie bears some features in common with another fictional female collie of the same name, featured in the British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half Brothers". In "The Half Brothers", Lassie is loved only by her young master and guides the adults back to where two boys are lost in a snowstorm.

Knight's novel was filmed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1943 as Lassie Come Home, with a dog named Pal playing Lassie. Pal then appeared with the stage name "Lassie" in six other MGM feature films through 1951. Pal's owner and trainer, Rudd Weatherwax, then acquired the Lassie name and trademark from MGM and appeared with Pal (as "Lassie") at rodeos, fairs, and similar events across America in the early 1950s. In 1954, the long-running Emmy-winning television series Lassie debuted and, over the next 19 years, a succession of Pal's descendants appeared on the series. The "Lassie" character has appeared in radio, television, film, toys, comic books, animated series, juvenile novels, and other media. Pal's descendants continue to play Lassie today.

History

Elizabeth Gaskell short story
An early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half-brothers".  In the story, Lassie is described as a female collie with "intelligent, apprehensive eyes" who rescues two half-brothers who are lost and dying in the snow.  When the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassie's master, ties a handkerchief around Lassie's neck and sends her home.  Lassie arrives home, and leads the search party to the boys.  When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half-brother is saved.  Thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie and, at the same time, defined the "Lassie saves the day" storyline that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales.

World War I incident
According to writer Nigel Clarke in the "Shipwreck Guide to Dorset and South Devon", the original Lassie that inspired so many films and television episodes was a rough-haired crossbreed who saved the life of a sailor during World War I.

Half collie, Lassie was owned by the landlord of the Pilot Boat, a pub in the port of Lyme Regis. On New Year's Day in 1915 the Royal Navy battleship  was torpedoed by a German submarine off Start Point in South Devon, with the loss of more than 500 men. In a storm that followed the accident, a life raft containing bodies was blown along the coast to Lyme Regis. In helping to deal with the crisis, the local pub in Lyme Regis, called the Pilot Boat, offered its cellar as a mortuary.

When the bodies had been laid out on the stone floor, Lassie, a crossbred collie owned by the pub owner, found her way down amongst the bodies, and she began to lick the face of one of the victims, Able Seaman John Cowan. She stayed beside him for more than half an hour, nuzzling him and keeping him warm with her fur. To everyone's astonishment, Cowan eventually stirred. He was taken to hospital and went on to make a full recovery. He visited Lassie again when he returned to thank all who saved his life.

When the officers heard the story of Lassie and what she did to rescue Cowan, they told it again and again to any reporter who would listen as it was inspirational and heart-warming. Hollywood got hold of the story, and so a star was born.

Eric Knight short story and novel
The fictional character of Lassie was created by English author Eric Knight in Lassie Come-Home, first published as a short story in The Saturday Evening Post in 1938 and later as a full-length novel in 1940. Set in the Depression-era England, the novel depicts the lengthy journey a rough collie makes to be reunited with her young Yorkshire master after her family is forced to sell her for money.

Movies and television
In 1943, the novel was adapted into a feature film, Lassie Come Home, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) that starred Roddy McDowall and Elizabeth Taylor.  The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response.  MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled Son of Lassie (1945), starring Peter Lawford and June Lockhart, and Courage of Lassie with Elizabeth Taylor. A radio series, Lassie Radio Show, was also created, airing until 1949.

Between 1954-1973, the television series Lassie was broadcast, with Lassie initially residing on a farm with a young male master. In the eleventh season, it changed to U.S. Forest Service rangers as her companions, then the collie was on her own for a season before ending the series with Lassie residing at a ranch for orphaned children. The long-running series was the recipient of two Emmy Awards before it was canceled in 1973.  Lassie won several PATSY Awards (an award for animal actors). A second series followed in the 1980s. In 1997, Canadian production company Cinar Inc. produced a new Lassie television series for the Animal Planet network in the U.S. and YTV in Canada. It ran until 1999.

In 2005, a remake of the original Lassie Come Home movie was produced in the United Kingdom. Starring Peter O'Toole and Samantha Morton, Lassie was released in 2006.

Additionally, two animated TV series featuring the canine were produced. The first was Lassie's Rescue Rangers, created by Filmation Associates, which aired on ABC from 1973 to 1975. Nearly four decades later, a new animated series titled The New Adventures of Lassie was co-produced by Superprod and Classic Media, in which Lassie was owned by the Parker family and lived in a national park. The series was primarily a traditionally animated (2D hand-drawn animated) TV series, though it also used some CGI animation. It was first seen in the United States starting in 2020 via the CBS All Access streaming service, then carried over to successor service Paramount+.

Lassie continues to make personal and TV show appearances as well as marketing a line of pet food and a current pet care TV show, Lassie's Pet Vet on PBS stations in the United States. Lassie is one of only four animals (and one of very few fictional characters, such as Mickey Mouse, Kermit the Frog,  and Bugs Bunny) to be awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—the others being silent-film stars Rin Tin Tin, Uggie and Strongheart. In 2005, the show business journal Variety named Lassie one of the "100 Icons of the Century"—the only animal star on the list.

Media

Art
Lassie is featured in Our Nation's 200th Birthday, The Telephone's 100th Birthday (1976) by Stanley Meltzoff for Bell System.

Films

List of films

Box office performance

Radio

Television

Video games

Books
 Lassie Come-Home
 Lassie: The Prize
 Forest Ranger Handbook
 Lassie: A Boy's Best Friend & Buried Treasure
 Lassie: Party Nightmare & Water Watchdog
 Lassie: Skateboard Stunt & Danger Zone

 Seafarer Books
 Lassie and the Lost Little Sheep
 Lassie's Forest Adventure

 Whitman Cozy-Corner
 Lassie: Rescue in the Storm

 Whitman Novels
 Lassie and the Mystery of Blackberry Bog
 Lassie and the Secret of the Summer
 Lassie: Forbidden Valley
 Lassie: Treasure Hunter by Charles S. Strong
 Lassie: the Wild Mountain Trail
 Lassie and the Mystery of Bristlecone Pine
 Lassie and the Secret of the Smelter's Cave
 Lassie: Lost in the Snow
 Lassie: Trouble at Panter's Lake

 Big Little Books
 Lassie: Adventure in Alaska
 Lassie and the Shabby Sheik
 Lassie: Old One Eye Golden Books
 The Adventures of Lassie
 Lassie and Her Day in the Sun
 Lassie and Her Friends
 Lassie and the Big Clean-Up Day
 Lassie and the Daring Rescue
 Lassie and the Lost Explorer
 Lassie Shows the Way
 Lassie: The Great Escape

 Tell-a-Tale Books
 Hooray for Lassie!
 Lassie and the Cub Scout
 Lassie and the Deer Mystery
 Lassie and the Firefighters
 Lassie and the Kittens
 Lassie Finds a Friend
 Lassie's Brave Adventure
 Lassie: The Busy Morning

 Tip-Top Books
 Lassie: The Sandbar Rescue

 Wonder Books
 Lassie's Long Trip

 Marian Bray
 Lassie to the Rescue
 Lassie: Hayloft Hideout
 Lassie Under the Big Top
 Lassie: Treasure at Eagle Mountain
 Lassie: Danger at Echo Cliffs

 The New Lassie
 The Puppy Problem
 Digging Up Danger
 The Big Blowup
 Water Watchdog
 Skateboard Dare
 Dangerous Party

See also
 Rough Collie
 Bessy, a Belgian comic strip inspired by the success of "Lassie" and which also featured a collie.
 John English
 Rin Tin Tin
 List of fictional dogs
 List of individual dogs

References

External links

 Lassieweb.org, a comprehensive site about every facet of Lassie lore

Fictional dogs
Dog actors
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Drama television characters
Literary characters introduced in 1940
American film series
Film series introduced in 1943
Mass media franchises

Lassie


A lighter is a tool that can produce a flame, on demand. It is made of a plastic or metal container, which contains a flammable liquid or gas. There is also a means of producing the flame, and extinguishing it, when it is no longer needed.

One of the first lighters was developed by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. The lighter was produced until around 1880. The lighter was named Döbereiner's lamp.

There is often an electric cigarette lighter in cars. When the lighter button is pushed in, a metal heating element is connected to the car's 12 volt electricity supply, and it heats up to a high temperature. The lighter is then removed from the socket and the element is used to light the tip of a cigarette. The socket that the lighter goes in can also be used to power mobile phones and other electronics, and the term "cigarette lighter" is now commonly used to refer to this type of connector even when not being used to light a cigarette.

Related pages
 match

References

Light
Heat

Lighter


Michelle McKormick (born November 28, 1964) is a Grand Rapids, Michigan based talk radio personality.  She is the former co-host of Mouth 2 Mouth on WOOD (AM) with Scott Winters.

McKormick is a 1985 graduate of Central Michigan University. She began her radio career at WGRD in 1984 and held a variety of positions there, including music director. She was part of GRD's morning show during the 1980s along with Denny Schaefer. She left GRD in the 1990s and did radio at WKXW in Trenton, New Jersey.

She returned to Grand Rapids in 1997 to work at WVTI-FM, now WMAX. She stayed until 2002 when she made her way to Detroit to work at WKRK with Gregg Henson. She was fired in 2006 and eventually returned to Grand Rapids. She began working at Clear Channel Communications owned WOOD-AM to cover for Winters and Rick Beckett when they were on vacation. She replaced Beckett after his untimely death in 2009.

On November 5, 2010, WOOD AM announced the cancellation of Mouth 2 Mouth. Both McKormick and Winters were fired from Clear Channel.

References

1964 births
Radio personalities from Michigan
Living people

Michelle McKormick


Mundolingua is a museum situated in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. Its purpose is to present information, objects and documents relating to language, linguistic diversity and linguistics to the general public.

History
The concept of the museum was launched in 2010 by Mark Oremland, a New Zealander who studied linguistics at Paris Descartes University and who wanted to make this field accessible to the widest possible public. Between 2010, and 2013, the documentary resources were collected, and the pedagogical material was designed. In 2013, a team of craftspeople, computer specialists, students, professors and translators worked on building, organizing and presenting this material in the different spaces of the museum.,,

The museum was inaugurated on 11 October 2013, by Jean-Pierre Lecoq, mayor of the 6th arrondissement.

Collections
Split into two levels (ground floor and basement), the museum presents its information via touchscreens accompanied by recordings (headphones), along with games and objects that illustrate the various subjects.,

Ground floor

Language
The first section deals with language in general – things that apply to all languages: the particularities of human language in contrast with animal communication, double articulation and the vocal apparatus.,

Amongst the various objects on the ground floor there is a large head that shows the vocal apparatus, on which the visitor can, by pressing chosen phonetic characters, listen to the corresponding sound and see the physical place of articulation lit up.

Learning

The second room is dedicated to the acquisition of one's own language(s) (mother tongue), learning foreign languages and language difficulties (stuttering, etc.). There is a small library, and in the booth of a reconstructed language lab one can listen to recordings of 1700 different languages.

Basement
The basement is a vaulted cellar of approximately , divided into three sections.

Languages: Past and Present
This section is dedicated to the diversity of languages, their evolution and their alphabets.,

On the ceiling, there are 3D tree models showing the generally accepted genealogies of the major language families (Indo-European, Amerindian, Altaic, Chamito-Semitic, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, etc.). There is also a globe showing the geographic distribution of these language families.

Visuals and audios explain the different ways in which languages evolve and influence one another, along with the idea of language policies.,

There is also a life-sized facsimile of the Rosetta Stone, made by the British Museum.

A large scale model of the braille alphabet enables one to read a phrase in braille.

Playing with language
The section that follows is a fun area devoted to codes, slangs, humour, invented languages, proverbs and other games with language.

In addition to the visual and audio information, there are board games in different languages (including a giant Scrabble board), as well as an Enigma machine (coding machine used in the Second World War).

New Technologies and Linguistics
The 5th and last section is dedicated to the history of the science of linguistics from the ancient Greeks to Chomsky, along with an alcove on new technologies connected with language, such as machine translation and speech recognition.

One can find a variety of machines used in the transmission or recording of language: a telex, a microfiche reader and a typewriter with both normal and phonetic alphabet keyboards.

Activities
The museum has two levels of visit plans for school groups, including questionnaires to fill out and a workshop; a visit plan for children; and another for blind visitors. There are also thematic evenings, including lectures and debates.,

Notes and references

External links
 Official website

Museums in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 6th arrondissement of Paris
Science museums in France
History of linguistics
Language museums
Museums established in 2013
2013 establishments in France

Mundolingua


Samhold was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Gjøvik in Oppland county. From 1920 to 1945 it was named Vestopland, and from 1965 to 1984 Samhold/Velgeren.

It started on 1 January 1885, by Johan Enger who felt that the existing Liberal Party organ Gjøviks Blad was too conservative. It was sold to bookprinter C. F. Hansen in 1912, and then to the Norwegian Agrarian Association in 1920. Enger died in 1925 after a period of illness.

Under ownership of the Agrarian Association, the newspaper was merged with Gjøviks Blad to form Vestopland, signalizing its geographic anchor in the region Vest-Oppland. The allegiance shifted from Liberal to Agrarian, and under editor-in-chief Torstein Lange, formerly with Gjøviks Blad, it became increasingly Nazi-friendly. It was thus allowed to continue publishing during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. After the occupation, which ended together with World War II in 1945, the entire staff save for journalist Erling Espeland were indicted for treason.

Erling Espeland was promoted to editor after the war. The newspaper had been stopped on 8 May 1945, and resumed from 20 June 1945 without the thoroughly compromised name Vestopland. The name Samhold was instead taken back. In October 1965 it incorporated Liberal competitor Velgeren, and had the name Samhold/Velgeren until 1984. The newspaper went bankrupt in 1991, but continued until its final issue on 2 September 1998.

References

1885 establishments in Norway
1998 disestablishments in Norway
Centre Party (Norway) newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Gjøvik
Liberal Party (Norway) newspapers
Norwegian-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1885
Publications disestablished in 1998

Samhold


Marl is an earthy material rich in carbonate minerals, clays, and silt. When hardened into rock, it becomes marlstone. It is created in marine or freshwater environments. Usually it is found through the activities of algae.

Marl makes up the lower part of the cliffs of Dover. The Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and the United Kingdom. Marl is also a common sediment in post-glacial lakes. An example of this would be the marl ponds of the northeastern United States.

Sedimentary rocks

Marl


{{Infobox weapon|
|name=Galil
|image=Galil.jpg
|caption=  An IMI Galil
|origin=
|type=Assault rifle

|is_ranged=yes

|service= 1972–present
|used_by=See Users
|wars=Lebanon Conflict, War in Somalia (1992–1993), South African Border War, Operation Enduring Freedom/ISAF – Afghanistan, Iraq War, Insurgency in the Philippines, Guatemalan insurgency,Bosnian War, Colombian Armed Conflict

|designer=Yisrael Galili, Yaacov Lior
|design_date=
|manufacturer=Israel Military Industries (IMI), Bernardelli, Indumil, Ka Pa Sa State Factories
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=

|weight=
|length=
|part_length=

|cartridge= 5.56x45mm NATO  7.62x51mm NATO
|action=Gas-operated, rotating bolt
|rate=630–750 rounds/min
|velocity=
|max_range=
|feed=5.56mm: 35, 50, 65-round removable box magazine 7.62mm: 25-round box magazine
|sights=
}}

The Galil is a family of Israeli small arms. They were designed by Yisrael Galil and Yaacov Lior in the late 1960s. They were made by Israel Military Industries Ltd (now Israel Weapon Industries Ltd) of Ramat HaSharon.

History
The Galil's design is supposed to make it work well in warm weather. It was designed from the Finnish RK 62. The RK 62 itself was designed from the Soviet AK-47 assault rifle. It was chosen as the winner of a competition for the Israel Defense Forces. This competition included many other designs. Some of these were the M16A1, Stoner 63, AK-47 and HK33. The Galil was officially brought into service in 1972. It replaced the FN FAL.

Design

Features

The Galil is fired by a small hammer. It has a trigger mechanism which was designed from the trigger used in the American M1 Garand. The rifle's fire has three positions: "R" (First letter of "repeating", which is a British word for semi-automatic fire); the middle position, "A", gives fully automatic fire; and pushing the lever fully forward turns on the safety so that the weapon can not be fired.

The weapon is made with a plastic hand guard and pistol grip. The rifle can be used with a sound suppressor. A suppressor makes the weapon quieter. The weapon has a bottle opener and wire cutter built into the bipod. The bottle opener was built in to stop damage to magazines. This was because the magazines were being used to open bottles. Wire cutters were built in to reduce the time that IDF troops took to cut down wire fences. This is because there are many wire fences in rural areas of Israel.

Barrel
The barrel has a flash suppressor. It can be used to launch rifle grenades or attach a bayonet. It is possible to attach the M7 bayonet to the Galil.

Feeding
The Galil gets its ammunition from a curved, steel box magazine. It can hold 35 rounds. There is a special colour-coded 12-round magazine which is used for blanks. The magazine is put into the gun in a similar way to the AK group. A special attachment can allow the Galil to use STANAG magazines.

Types of Galil

AR
The AR is the normal rifle version. It has a plastic handguard. The handguard can take a lot of damage before breaking.  The stock of the AR can fold (to the right side).

SAR
The SAR carbine type of the AR has a shorter barrel (332 mm, 13.07in). Because the barrel is shorter, the mechanisms inside the barrel are also smaller.

ARM
The ARM version is a light machine gun. It has a handle to carry the weapon, a bipod which folds and a larger handguard. The handguard is made from wood. The wooden handguard stays cool when the weapon is being fired fully automatically. The bipod can be used as a wire cutter. The back of the handguard can be used to open bottles. This was put in to stop soldiers opening bottles with the magazines, as this damaged them.

MAR
MAR stands for Micro Galil. It is a smaller version of the SAR. It weighs 2.98 kg without a magazine. The MAR gets its ammunition from a 35-round magazine. Two of these can be attached to make reloading quicker. The MAR has the same rate of fire (630-750 rounds per minute) as other 5.56 mm Galil models. An optional magazine adapter inserted inside the magazine well allows the use of standard 20 and 30-round M16 magazines. The MAR has four settings: "S"—weapon can not fire, "A"—automatic fire, "B"—3-round burst, "R"—semi-automatic fire. The MAR can have many different sights attached to it. The MAR can also be given with plastic magazines (instead of steel magazines). These weigh 0.164 kg. They can also be given with more space around the trigger so that soldiers wearing gloves can fire it.

Other types

Some other types of Galil are:
 Magal: This is a version of the Galil MAR. It is for use with police forces. It fires .30 Carbine rounds.
 Golan: A civilian version with a new-production milled semi automatic receiver built in the United States with all other components original IMI Galil production parts.
 Galil ACE: The Galil ACE is a new group of Galils. They were designed by a Colombian company called Indumil. There are three versions of ACE: Micro, SAR and AR. It can have all its parts removed without using any tools.

Users

 : Standard issue rifle. Produced under license by Indumil. Also adopted the Galil ACE rifle by the middle of 2010, produced by Indumil.

 : Uses 5.56mm versions of the Galil AR, SAR, ARM and the 7.62mm Galil Sniper.
 : Uses GALATZ sniper and Micro-Galil assault rifles
 : 3,000 ACE

 : Komando Pasukan Katak (Kopaska) tactical diver group and Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) special forces group.
 : Israel Defense Forces and Knesset Guard.

 : Secretaría de Seguridad Pública.

 : 5.56mm AR and ARM versions used by the Portuguese Army airborne infantry.

 : Standard assault rifle of the South African National Defence Force. Made under a license in a changed form as the R4 by Denel Land Systems.

References

More reading

Other websites

 Video of an IMI Galil being fired
 Israel Weapon Industries – manufacturer's page
 Operator's Manual
 Israeli-Weapons.com
 Galil 5.56 mm AR/ARM/SAR manual
 Buddy Hinton collection
 Galil rifle information
 Modern Firearms
 REMTEK
 Golani Sporter, Guns Magazine July 2007

Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Military of Israel
1969 establishments
7.62 mm rifles
Automatic rifles
Battle rifles
Light machine guns

IMI Galil


The siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC. Alexander, who had no navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with Alexander, who would not oblige them. Eventually, the Persian fleet sailed to Halicarnassus, in order to establish a new defense. Ada of Caria, the former queen of Halicarnassus, had been driven from her throne by her younger brother Pixodarus of Caria. When Pixodarus died, Persian King Darius had appointed Orontobates satrap of Caria, which included Halicarnassus in its jurisdiction. On the arrival of Alexander in 334 BC, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrendered the fortress to him.

Orontobates and Memnon of Rhodes entrenched themselves in Halicarnassus. Alexander had sent spies to meet with dissidents inside the city, who had promised to open the gates and allow Alexander to enter. When his spies arrived, however, the dissidents were nowhere to be found. A small battle resulted, and Alexander's army managed to break through the city walls. Memnon, however, now deployed his catapults, and Alexander's army fell back. Memnon then deployed his infantry, and shortly before Alexander would have received his first defeat, his infantry managed to break through the city walls, surprising the Persian forces. Memnon, realizing the city was lost, set fire to it and withdrew with his army. Strong winds caused the fire to destroy much of the city.

Alexander committed the government of Caria to Ada; and she, in turn, formally adopted Alexander as her son, ensuring that the rule of Caria passed unconditionally to him upon her eventual death. During her husband's tenure as satrap, Ada had been loved by the people of Caria. By putting Ada, who felt very favorably towards Alexander, on the throne, he ensured that the government of Caria, as well as its people, remained loyal to him.

Sources
Cartledge, Paul. Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past. Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press, 2004 (hardcover, ); London: PanMacmillan, 2004 (hardcover, ); New York: Vintage, 2005 (paperback, ).

Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus
334 BC
History of Muğla Province
330s BC conflicts
Bodrum
Halicarnassus

Siege of Halicarnassus


The  is the highest national order of Turkmenistan. It can only be awarded to the current president, and only once in the president's tenure, for "outstanding achievements in domestic and foreign policies." The order was created for Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow by Turkmenistan's rubberstamp parliament in 2007, and Berdimuhamedow was subsequently made the first ever recipient on his 50th birthday.

References

External links
 Description and image of the order

Orders, decorations, and medals of Turkmenistan

Watan Order


1378 (km) is a first-person shooter multiplayer video game developed by Jens M. Stober, a student at the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design. In his game, Stober had reused some code and gameplay principles of "Frontiers", a game by the artist group gold extra, on which he had also worked as a map designer. The title refers to the length in kilometres of the Inner German border between East and West Germany from 1949 to 1990, then known as the "death strip". It allows players, up to 16 people at the same time, to take the role of either East Germans trying to cross the border or East German border guards shooting anyone attempting to do so. The game was scheduled to be officially released on October 3 (the anniversary of German reunification) 2010, but was delayed due to its controversy. The game was released in December 2010 following "a public discussion with distinguished guests" at the Karlsruhe University, and will have an age rating of 18+. The director of the Berlin Wall Foundation, Axel Klausmeier, denounced the game as "tasteless" as well as "a slap in the face of victims' families", and claimed that there was nothing to be learned from the game. On the other hand, Adam Rafinski, a lecturer at the Karlsruhe University who supported the game concept, claimed that it is a serious game not to play just as a pastime and players can take a history lesson from it.

References

External links
Official site

2010 video games
Cold War video games
Video games developed in Germany
Video games set in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games set in East Germany

1378 (km)


Hair-Raising Hare is a Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on May 25, 1946. It was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Tedd Pierce. It stars Bugs Bunny and features the first appearance of Chuck Jones' orange monster character "Gossamer".

Plot
One dark night, Bugs Bunny pokes up out of his rabbit hole, dressed in a nightshirt and holding a candle, and tells the audience, "Did you ever have the feeling you were being watched?" In fact, he is being watched by an evil scientist (a caricature of Peter Lorre) who is planning to catch a rabbit to provide dinner for his large, hairy, orange sneaker-wearing monster (Gossamer).

The scientist lures Bugs to his castle via a shapely robotic female rabbit, with a large wind-up key in the back, and accompanied by "Oh, You Beautiful Doll". Once Bugs gets to the castle and begins kissing the mechanical rabbit on the hand, the robot malfunctions and breaks into pieces. Bugs faces the audience and says, "That's the trouble with some dames... kiss 'em and they fly apart!"

Bugs heads for the door, but the scientist persuades him to stay and meet another "little friend". When it becomes clear that this "friend" is a ferocious beast, Bugs vigorously shakes the scientist's hand "Goodbye!" and launches into a schtick where he packs luggage for a vacation trip, accompanied by a very brassy rendition of "California, Here I Come". Just before bolting for the door, he tells the scientist, "And don't think this hasn't been a little slice of heaven...'cause it hasn't!" He then bolts for the door. The scientist releases Gossamer who chases Bugs.

Bugs hides behind a door that Gossamer is trying to break through, and he cries out, "Is there a doctor in the house?" A silhouette, seemingly from the theater audience, stands up and offers, "I'm a doctor." Bugs suddenly relaxes, starts munching a carrot, and asks, "What's up, Doc?", just before Gossamer breaks through and the chase resumes.

Bugs Bunny and Gossamer pass by a mirror; Gossamer looks at the mirror, then his reflection runs away screaming; Gossamer looks at the audience and shrugs. Bugs acts as a lamp; he dances to "Shuffle Off to Buffalo" and taunts Gossamer by calling "Hey, Frankenstein!". Bugs and Gossamer keep running until a door on the floor opens and a rock falls into the empty space. While Bugs is tip-toe-ing backwards and praying, he bumps into Gossamer. He comes up with an idea and gives him a manicure. He puts the monster's fingers into the water to have his fingernails cut, but it contains two mousetraps. The monster yelps in pain, and then sobs.

Bugs twice thinks he has escaped.  The first time, the monster is hiding behind a picture frame and Bugs apparently was not aware until he poked Gossamer in the eye. The second time, Gossamer is following Bugs behind a wall until Bugs marks where he previously was and smashes the mark with a giant mallet when Gossamer appears behind it.  The wall crumbles and a barely-conscious Gossamer quickly follows. The third time, Gossamer is in a knight's armor, holding an axe above his head.  He gets hit by Bugs Bunny in his locomotive-style knight-riding horse, causing him to hit the wall to turn into a can called "Canned Monster". However, as Bugs saunters off toward the exit, singing to himself, Gossamer gets the bunny in his clutches. Bugs repeats his opening line, "Did you ever have the feeling you were being watched?", and Gossamer's expression changes from anger to anxiety. Bugs points to the audience. Gossamer shrieks, "People!" and runs away screaming, breaking through a series of walls, leaving his cartoon outline in all of them.

Having "re-re-disposed of the monster", Bugs is about to "exit stage right", when the female robo-rabbit re-appears, intact, and again accompanied by "Oh, You Beautiful Doll". Bugs snickers, "Mechanical!" Then the robot smooches him on the cheek, leaving a lipstick mark on the smitten bunny, who says, "Well, so it's mechanical!" He assumes a robot-like gait (with his tail magically rotating like the robot's wind-up key) and follows her off the screen.

Reception
Animation director J. J. Sedelmaier writes, "It's interesting to see how different Bugs' character is in this film, from, say, the cool and calm Bugs in Rabbit Seasoning (1952). He's much more the Groucho Marx type in this short; in fact, I doubt you'll find another cartoon in which he does the Groucho walk more than here. The other unique aspect that has always grabbed me about this particular cartoon is the design of the monster. Where do his hands and arms go when we don't see them? Why the sneakers? It's this sort of stuff that reminds me why I love good cartoons: You don't care about this stuff. You just enjoy it."

Cast
Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Gossamer and Scientist

Notes
This is the first short to use the 1946-47 rings, evident from blue rings, one red ring, and red background.

This was the final appearance of Chuck Jones' Bugs Bunny design, as starting with his next Bugs Bunny cartoon (A Feather in His Hare), he would use Robert McKimson's design for the character.

After, many Bugs cartoon titles that substituted "hare" for "hair" in a punny way, this title includes both words, as homophones.

The "Is there a doctor in the house?" gag is an old one, for example in Horse Feathers where a player is injured; Groucho asks if there is a doctor in the stands; and when a doctor responds, Groucho asks, "How are you enjoying the game, Doc?"

Gossamer's next appearance was in ("Water, Water Every Hare").  But, rather than merely feeding him to the monster, the "Mad Scientist" needs Bugs Bunny's brain for a giant robot.

Home media
Hair-Raising Hare is available in several issues of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD box sets. It has been released independently on Disc 3 of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1. The short also appears in its entirety in the documentary Bugs Bunny: Superstar Part 2, which is available as a special feature on Disc 2 of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4. It can also be found in What's Up, Doc: A Salute to Bugs Bunny part 2 as a Special Feature on Looney Tunes Golden Collection Volume 3, disc 3, as well as disc 1 of The Essential Bugs Bunny.
Hair-Raising Hare is also featured on side 8 of the LaserDisc release "The Golden Age of Looney Tunes: Volume 1".
Hair-Raising Hare is also available as a special feature on the DVD Bugs Bunny's Howl-oween Special.
Hair-Raising Hare is also available on Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3.

Sources

See also
Water, Water Every Hare
List of Bugs Bunny cartoons

References

External links
(

1946 films
1946 short films
1946 animated films
1940s monster movies
Merrie Melodies short films
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Mad scientist films
Cultural depictions of Peter Lorre
American monster movies
Bugs Bunny films
1940s Warner Bros. animated short films
Animated films set in castles
Animated films about robots

Hair-Raising Hare


Wiebe Draijer (born 27 August 1965) is a Dutch engineer, civil servant and management consultant who served as Chairman of the Social and Economic Council from 2012 to 2014. Since 1 October 2014, he has been CEO of the Rabobank.

Youth and education
Born and growing up in Enschede, Draijer wanted to be a reporter, but an uncle advised him to complete a professional study before trying his hand at journalism. Following this advice Draijer studied mechanical engineering at the Delft University of Technology from 1983 to 1989. During his time as a student he also worked as a freelance reporter for NRC Handelsblad. From 1987 to 1989 he completed a traineeship and a year as a researcher at Philips Research Laboratories.

Career

McKinsey & Company
Having completed his university education, he joined McKinsey & Company as a fellow. Augmenting his earlier education with an MBA at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, he was promoted to country managing partner for the Netherlands in 2004 and for the Benelux in 2006.

During his career at McKinsey, Draijer held several highly visible positions in Dutch society. Among others he was Chairman of the Stichting Toekomstbeeld der Techniek (of which he is still a member of the board), member of the supervisory board of the Kröller-Müller Museum, member of the advisory board for Champs on Stage (an organisation focusing on reducing high school dropout), member of the advisory board for World Press Photo, member of the Innovatieplatform (a government advisory board to stimulate the Dutch knowledge economy) and member of the Education Innovation Network. He was also a founding member of 21minuten.nl (now De Nationale Dialoog), a website focused on generating public debate on political issues as well as more active citizenship.

Social Economic Council
On 19 June 2012 Henk Kamp, Minister of Social Affairs and Employment, nominated Draijer to succeed Alexander Rinnooy Kan as Chairman of the Social and Economic Council (SER) per 1 September 2012. The SER endorsed the nomination on 21 June 2012; his appointment was validated by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in July. On 1 July 2014 Draijer left the SER and started to work for the Rabobank. On 10 September 2014 he was succeeded by Mariëtte Hamer.

Rabobank
He was appointed Chairman of the Managing Board of Rabobank on 1 October 2014. He is also a member of the Board of the Dutch Banking Association and a member of the Board of the European Association of Cooperative Banks (EACB).

References

External links
 Wiebe Draijer at ser.nl (in Dutch)
 Wiebe Draijer at Rabobank.nl (CV in Pdf format)

1965 births
Living people
Chairmen of the Social and Economic Council
Dutch chief executives in the finance industry
Dutch corporate directors
Delft University of Technology alumni
INSEAD alumni
People from Enschede
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
21st-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch engineers
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
21st-century Dutch businesspeople

Wiebe Draijer


Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord is a strategy action role-playing video game developed and published by TaleWorlds Entertainment, and co-published by Prime Matter. It is a prequel to Mount & Blade: Warband, a stand-alone expansion for the 2008 game Mount & Blade. Bannerlord takes place 210 years before its predecessor, with a setting inspired by the Migration Period. Bannerlord was announced in 2012. A Steam page for the game was created in late 2015; the following year, TaleWorlds began releasing weekly developer diaries detailing elements of the game. An early access version of the game was released on March 27, 2020 and quickly became the largest launch of the year on Steam, achieving nearly 250,000 concurrent players on Steam. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on October 25, 2022.

Gameplay

Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord is a strategy/action role-playing game. The fundamental gameplay premise is the same as previous entries in the series: the player builds up a party of soldiers and performs quests on an overhead campaign map, with battles being played out on battlefields that allow the player to personally engage in combat alongside their troops. Bannerlord, however, includes significant improvements to numerous elements of gameplay.

Sieges in Bannerlord are intended to be more strategic than they were in Warband. The player may construct a variety of different siege engines and strategically position them before the battle begins in order to target certain sections of the enemy fortifications. On the overhead campaign map, the player can choose to bombard the walls, possibly creating breaches that can be used once the battle begins. To discourage prolonged bombardments on the battle map, only the merlons, gatehouses, and siege engines are destructible during the actual battle. The design of the defending castles and cities is intended to be biased in favor of the defenders; for example, murder holes are often located at key chokepoints, allowing the defenders to slaughter large numbers of the attackers before they can breach the gates.

Bannerlord features numerous improvements to the relationships between characters. The player is able to use a more advanced dialogue system to try to persuade non-player characters to do things that they want. While conversing with a character, the player needs to fill up a progress bar by successfully pushing their arguments; if the bar is filled, the character will give in to the player. If the character does not give in to charm alone, the player can employ the game's bartering system to try to bribe the character; this system is also used for regular transactions between the player and merchants. If the player repeatedly fails to persuade the character, a deal may become impossible and the relationship between them may be negatively affected. The persuasion system can also be used to court and marry characters. While Warband allowed characters to marry, the player may also have children with their spouse in Bannerlord. If the player character dies, one of their children can inherit their soldiers and fiefs and become the new player character.

Bannerlord, like Warband, has a multiplayer component that allows players to engage in combat with each other across a variety of maps and game modes. As in Warband, the multiplayer of Bannerlord is restricted to battles and is separate from the campaign, although the developers have expressed interest in adding multiplayer to the campaign through post-release downloadable content. Bannerlord utilizes a class system that allows players to choose what type of soldier they want to play as. Classes are divided into three categories: infantry, ranged, and cavalry. Each class has positive and negative elements that are influenced by the positive and negative elements of their faction in general. Players select classes using a point system, which replaces the money system of Warband.

Story

Setting
Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord is set on the fictional continent of Calradia, 173 years before Mount & Blade: Warband, during the decline of the Calradic Empire and the formation of the predecessors of the factions that appear in Warband. The downfall of the Calradic Empire is analogous to the fall of the Roman Empire during the Migration Period and the formation of the Middle Eastern, North African, and European realms of the Early Middle Ages. The armour, clothes, weapons, and architecture of each faction are inspired by their real-world counterparts from 600 to 1100 A.D.

Factions
Bannerlord includes eight major factions or kingdoms, each composed of several clans and competing minor factions with their own goals. The Calradic Empire, based on Greece, Rome, and Byzantium, once owned a massive amount of Calradia, but has since been weakened by invasions from other peoples and the onset of a three-way civil war. The Northern Calradic faction believes that the senate should choose the emperor, the Southern Calradic faction believes that the widow of the most recent emperor should become the empress, and the Western Calradic faction believes that the military should choose the emperor. The Calradic factions all use a balance of heavy cavalry (including cataphracts), spearmen, and archers. The Vlandians are a feudal people that specialize in heavy cavalry; they are based on western European medieval kingdoms, particularly the Normans, Vandals and Goths. The Sturgians, located in the northern forests, specialize in infantry and are primarily inspired by the Vikings and Rus'. The Aserai of the southern desert are adept at both cavalry and infantry tactics and are based on the pre-Islamic Arabs. The Khuzaits, a nomadic people who inhabit the eastern steppe and specialize in mounted archery, are based upon the Huns, Pannonian Avars, Göktürks, Kipchaks, Khazars and Mongols. The Battanians inhabit the central woodlands of Calradia and are based on the Celts; they specialize in ambushes and guerilla warfare.

Development
In September 2012, TaleWorlds Entertainment announced that the game was in development and released a teaser trailer for it.

The game's graphics have been significantly improved from its predecessor, Mount & Blade: Warband, having better shading and higher detail models. The character animations are created utilizing motion capture technology and the facial animations were updated to improve upon the portrayal of emotions.

In March 2016, about 40 minutes of gameplay were shown at the PC Gamer Weekender event. In October of that year, TaleWorlds made a Bannerlord Steam page.

In June 2017, 13 minutes of gameplay were shown at E3 2017. That same year, TaleWorlds began releasing developer diaries on a weekly basis. These diaries give information about different aspects of the game. Previously, diaries had only been released a few times a year.

At Gamescom 2018, TaleWorlds presented a playable demo of the game and released a new trailer.

In a developer diary in 2019, TaleWorlds confirmed that they intend to have a closed beta for Bannerlord at some point in the future. However, no information about when the beta might take place was given.

On August 20, 2019, TaleWorlds published a trailer announcing plans for the release of an early access version of the game in March 2020. The game released in early access on March 27, 2020. Prime Matter, publisher and division of Plaion, signed an agreement with TaleWorlds to publish Bannerlord especially for physical copies on consoles. Bannerlord was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on October 25, 2022.

Reception
On its early access release, Bannerlord became the largest launch of the year to that point on Steam, achieving more than 170,000 concurrent players. Whilst still in early access, Chris Bratt, writing for Eurogamer, gave the game a largely positive review in an article entitled "Bannerlord is janky as hell, but I absolutely love it". He writes that "Bannerlord may not be finished and I suspect it won't be finished for a long time to come. It can be repetitive and unfair, many of its systems aren't up to scratch just yet and it's not uncommon to see the game crash or for you to run into some bizarre bug along the way. But at the same time, despite all of that, it is so much bloody fun." Fraser Brown for PC Gamer shares similar sentiments in an article subheaded "It's not finished, it's still janky, but it's brilliant all the same."

In a review for Kotaku, Ethan Gach echoes the incomplete, yet enjoyable gameplay. He writes: "The action is clunky, the world is ugly ... and since it's an early access game, it's still far from fully fleshed out. And yet after spending several hours with the game I've been thoroughly won over by it." IGN also gave the game a largely positive review. In their article, Leana Hafer writes that "for an early access game, it's ambitious and reasonably well-polished, even if it still has a long way to go."

References

External links

TaleWorlds games
Action role-playing video games
2022 video games
Early access video games
Strategy video games
Windows games
Open-world video games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Prime Matter games
Multiplayer online games
Video games developed in Turkey
Video game prequels
Video games set in castles
Xbox One games
Xbox Series X and Series S games

Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord


Ofakim (), (lit. "horizons")  is a ceety in soothren Israel, 20 kilometers wast o Beersheba. It wis foondit as a development toun on Aprile 19, 1955. In 2008, Ofakim haed a population o 24,800. The mayor is Zvika Greengold.

History

Ofakim wis established as a regional center for the rural communities in the aurie. The early residents wir Jewish immigrants frae North Africae an Indie.

Demographics

In 2001, the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 99.7% Jewish an ither non-Arab, wi nae significant Arab population. There wur 11,200 males an 11,800 females – 41.8% 19 years o age or younger, 14.5% atween 20 an 29, 18.5% atween 30 an 44, 12.5% frae 45 tae 59, 3.6% frae 60 tae 64, an 9.1% 65 years o age or aulder. The population growth rate in 2001 wis 0.6%.

Aboot 30 percent o the residents are ultra-Orthodox, mony o them newly observant. Anither 30 percent are immigrants, maistly frae the umwhile Soviet Union. The rest are descendants o the foondin generation, immigrants frae North Africae an Indie who arrived in the toun in the 1950s an 1960s. Ofakim an aa haes a sma community o Ethiopian Jews.

Economy
In 2000, there wur 5,655 salaried wirkers an 300 sel-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried wirker wis NIS 3,728, a real chynge o 7.5% ower the course o 2000. Salaried males haed a mean monthly wage o NIS 4,761 (a real chynge o 10.1%) versus NIS 2,744 for females (a real chynge of 2.2%). The mean income for the sel-employed wis 4,776. There wur 526 fowk receivin unemployment benefits an 3,538 receivin an income supplement.

As in ither development touns, the industrial sector haes historically played an important pairt in Ofakim's economy, but less so than in maist ither development touns. In 1972, 32% o the salaried wirkers (754 fowk) wur in this sector, an in 1983—924 fowk (23%). Durin this period, the textile industries consistently employed bi far the maist wirkers, rangin frae 72% (1982–83) tae 82% (1972). The Of–Ar (short for Ofakim–Argentinae) textile factory wis a major employer.

Education
There are 19 schuils an 4,704 students in the ceety – 13 elementary schuils (3,079 students), an 8 heich schuils (1,625 students). 43.3% o 12t grade students wur entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001.

Sports
Ane o Israel's 14 tennis centers is locatit in Ofakim. It opened in 1990 an haes sax courts. The ceety an aa haes a soccer stadium.

Development plans

A train station opened in 2010 wi a caur pairk for 1,000 caurs, an an auld industrial biggin is being convertit intae an airt museum. The Nahal Shomriya cyclin route aroond Ofakim wis inauguratit in 2010. The 60-centimeter-wide single route winds through 1,500 dunams (approx 375 acres) in Ofakim Forest, passin through Nahal Shomriya an Nahal Patish, an loopin aroond aicht local moshavim.

References

Freemit airtins
Go south, young men (and women), Haaretz

Ceeties in Israel
Development touns

Ofakim


Yechel Gagnon (born 1973) is a Canadian mixed media artist. She is known for her signature style of carved plywood bas reliefs. She creates large scale public art projects and exhibits nationally and internationally.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, Gagnon received a Master of Fine Arts at Concordia University in Montreal and also studied at the Ontario College of Art and Design (OCAD University) in Toronto.

Her works have been exhibited in more than twenty solo exhibitions and over fifty group shows in commercial galleries, artist-run centres and museums across Canada, in the United States and France, including an exhibition at the McMaster Museum of Art in 2004. Her major public artworks include commissions from the Bishop's University, Théâtre La Licorne (Montreal), College Jean-de-Brebeuf and the University of Montreal, among others. Her works are represented in public, corporate and private collections and widely collected. She has received grants from the Canada Council for the Arts and Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec.

In 2019, Yechel Gagnon received the Créatrice de l'année en Montérégie Award given by 'Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec'.

Yechel Gagnon lives in Montreal.

Sources
 Yechel Gagnon : Palimpsest, 2004, McMaster Museum of Art, 64 pages, 23 colour reproductions, 10.5 x 8 inches, softcover. Includes bibliographical references.
 Yechel Gagnon, 2002, 32 pages, 20 colour reproductions. 9.5 x 6.5 inches, softcover.

External links
Yechel Gagnon
Yechel Gagnon at International Sculpture Center
Yechel Gagnon at New Zones Gallery
Yechel Gagnon at Cynthia Reeves Gallery

References

1973 births
Living people
Canadian contemporary artists

Yechel Gagnon


Common names: Trans-Pecos copperhead, western copperhead

Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster was formerly a venomous pit viper subspecies found in the Trans-Pecos region of the United States in western Texas, and northeastern Mexico. However, recent taxonomic changes do not recognize the Trans-Pecos copperhead (A. c. pictigaster) as a valid taxon.

New Taxonomy
The Trans-Pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster)  was once classified as a subspecies of the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix). However, DNA based studies published in 2008 and 2015, revealed no significant genetic difference between the Trans-Pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster) and the broad-banded copperhead, (Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus). The two subspecies were synonymized and elevated to full species, with the oldest published name, Agkistrodon laticinctus, having priority. The resulting taxonomy does not recognize the Trans-Pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster) as a valid taxon. Several subsequent reviews and species accounts have followed and supported the revised taxonomy. Information on this snake can be found in the Agkistrodon laticinctus article.

Description
This subspecies is typically a light tan in color, with darker brown, wide crossbands. Their actual color varies by locality, varying from a red-brown, to a gray-brown. The species can be difficult to distinguish from the broad-banded copperhead, A. c. laticinctus. The only notable physical difference between the subspecies is that the Trans-Pecos copperhead tends to have an elaborately patterned underside, often being an irregular, white and black pattern whereas the broad-banded tends to be plain white, only have minimal patterning, or have elongated random blotching instead of a distinct pattern. The subspecies intergrade where their ranges overlap, further confusing identification. It is easily distinguished from other subspecies of copperhead, in that other species typically have banding that narrows at the spine, creating hourglass shapes, whereas A. c. pictigaster has bands that do not narrow at the spine. They grow to approximately 20-36 inches (50–90 cm) in length. As juveniles, all species of Agkistrodon have a bright green-yellow color to their tail tip believed to be used as a lure to attract prey items to approach within striking range. The color fades to a grey or brown at about a year of age.

Behavior
Like all A. contortrix subspecies, A. c. pictigaster is a nocturnal ambush predator. Their diet consists of primarily lizards, frogs, and rodents. Their choice of habitat is the driest among the copperhead subspecies, preferring rocky, lightly vegetated, canyon areas. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to a litter of up to 8 young in the early fall.

Venom
Like most pit viper species, A. contortrix has a hemotoxic venom, which is delivered through hinged, hollow fangs set in the front of their jaw. The fangs work like hypodermic needles, injecting the venom in a single, quick striking motion. Copperhead venom is not considered to be life-threatening to an otherwise healthy adult, but it can cause localized swelling, necrosis, and severe pain. Any bite from a venomous snake should be considered serious and medical treatment sought. There is no antivenin specifically manufactured for copperheads, but CroFab, which makes use of the venom from the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), can be used in cases of a severe envenomation.

References

External links

 Agkistrodon contortrix at University of Texas. Accessed 7 December 2007.
 Trans-Pecos Copperhead at WhoZoo. Accessed 7 December 2007.

contortrix pictigaster
Reptiles of the United States

Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster


A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office), is the head of state. Monarchs usually rule until they die or pass down (when a monarch resigns it is called abdication). Most monarchies are hereditary, but some are elected. The most famous elected monarch is the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Some well known titles for monarchs are King, Queen, Emperor, Empress, Czar, Kaiser, Shah, Emir, Khan and Sultan.

In less formal societies, the leader was often chosen by fighting. That was the way of warrior societies like the Zulu. Kings of England and Scotland were sometimes decided by battle. Warfare has been very frequent between human societies. "Wars of succession" is the general term for warfare caused by two or more individuals claiming the right of successor to a dead or deposed monarch.

Many people who study government think a country should not have a monarchy. They argue that rulers ought to be elected, or that monarchs are often corrupt.  Aristotle's "Politics" compares the different forms of government which a state may have. He claims monarchy to be one of the worst regimes because one leader may be easily corrupted, even if they were selected as the most wise and deserving ruler of an entire group.

Many people in countries such as the UK want to keep their royal family as they have remained a traditional icon and source of income for the country. However, in the UK their influence in the rule of the country is very small, leaving government to the governing political party elected by the people. This is because in a constitutional monarchy the monarch has only the power of head of state.

History

Monarchy is one of the oldest kinds of government. Most historians agree that the first monarchies were tribes or small groups of people who decided to let a war-chief or other leader pass on their office to their children. This created a dynasty. Over time, the rules for deciding who got to become the next monarch became more complicated. Primogeniture is usually the oldest son or, in some countries, daughter, becomes the next monarch when the old one dies. Akkad and Sumer were the first recorded monarchies.

Kings and other kinds of monarchs have ruled for many thousands of years; for example, many kings are mentioned in the Bible and in ancient historical records. Three of the oldest countries with monarchs that still hold office are the United Kingdom, which has had the same British Royal Family for nearly 1,000 years, Denmark where the royal line has remained unbroken for almost 1,200 years, and Japan, which has records showing a line of Emperors dating back even farther.

Many monarchs today perform mostly the ceremonial jobs of a head of state, while the head of government, who is usually elected, passes and enforces laws. It is also very important  in other parts of the country.

Kinds of Monarchical Powers

Absolute monarchy

In an absolute monarchy the monarch is the only source of all laws.  The monarch has total power to make any law just by deciding it.  Any other institution in the country cannot make laws that affect the monarch, unless the monarch decides to allow it. Sometimes the monarch is also the head of the state religion and makes religious laws also. All land and property in the country can be taken or given away by the monarch at any time for any reason. The army and navy is under the personal control of the monarch and can be used for any purpose at any time. The monarch can also pick who gets to be the next monarch and can change the rules at any time. There is usually no elected government or Parliament, and if there is one, it has no real power. This kind of government is very rare today.  The people do not have a lot of power in it.

Countries that are examples of an absolute monarchy are Vatican City, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Swaziland.

Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that is usually a democracy and has a constitution, with the monarch as head of state.  Either the monarch has to obey the laws like everyone else, or there are special laws that say what the monarch can and cannot do.  The monarch usually can not decide their special laws on their own.  There may be laws about whom the monarch's children can marry, for example, that are passed by the Parliament.  For example, in the Netherlands, if a member of the royal family marries without the permission of Parliament, they cannot become king or queen themselves.  The army and navy may swear an oath to the monarch, but the real control is given to the elected government.  There are laws about property and the order of succession (who gets to be the next monarch) that can only be changed by the elected government.  Usually the monarch must sign laws into effect, but is required to follow the will of the elected government.

A constitutional monarchy usually has separation of powers, and the monarch often has only ceremonial duties, such as representing the country while traveling or acting as a symbol for the whole country (not for a particular political party). Constitutional monarchs usually do not vote, even when it is legal for them to do so. Voting would mean that they picked a side in political arguments and then could not claim to represent everyone in the country. Some constitutional monarchies give the power to veto laws to the monarch, but in most countries where this is the case it is a power that is very rarely used. In countries where the monarch can dismiss or appoint governments, this is usually only done to make sure that the democratic process is respected, without taking sides in politics. Appointments to public office made by constitutional monarchs are generally approved by the democratically elected government beforehand.

Examples of Constitutional monarchies are the United Kingdom, most members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia, The Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Japan and Spain. Thailand has a monarch who sometimes take part in politics to influence the government unlike in other constitutional monarchies, but he/she still is subject to law.

Succession
Today, there are three basic forms how to choose a new monarch, after the death of the old one; or because the old monarch left power:
 There is an order of succession. Usually, someone from the same family will be the new monarch
 A number of people elect the new monarch
 The old monarch has appointed someone who will become the next monarch
Of these three, the order of succession is the most common case.

Elective monarchy

While most monarchies are hereditary (meaning that the title passes on through inheritance), there have been cases where a monarch has been elected. This was especially common in the Holy Roman Empire, where the Emperor and many other rulers within the empire were elected to the position.

Countries, where the monarchs are elected include Malaysia, Samoa, Cambodia, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, and Vatican City.

Related pages
 Head of state
 Hereditary monarchy
 Personal union

References

Other websites
 Monarch -Citizendium

Monarchy


Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo was a ruler of the kingdom of Kongo in the period following the Kongo Civil War. He was a member of the House of Kimpanzu and may have been supported in his claim for the throne by partisans in Soyo. He took the throne in November 1665 in the first of a series of power grabs for the throne of the kingdom.

Overthrow and exile
The House of Kinlaza, which had held the throne of Kongo for the last three decades, acted swiftly to remove their rivals from power. King Afonso II was deposed only a month into his term in December 1665. In place of Afonso II, the Kinlaza put Álvaro VII in power. The deposed king was forced to flee into the mountains of Nkondo where he ruled in opposition to the Kinlaza partisans in Kongo. He ruled Nkondo until his death in 1669.

See also
List of Manikongo of Kongo
Kingdom of Kongo
House of Kimpanzu
House of Kinlaza

17th-century births
1669 deaths
Manikongo of Kongo
17th-century monarchs in Africa

Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo


John C. Arbeznik (born June 13, 1957) is a former American football player. He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1976 to 1979 and was a first-team All-Big Ten Conference offensive guard in both 1978 and 1979.

University of Michigan
A native of University Heights, Ohio, Arbeznik attended Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland before enrolling at the University of Michigan in 1975. He played college football as an offensive guard for Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1976 to 1979. At six feet, three inches, and 240 pounds, Arbeznik won a spot in the starting lineup in 1977, but missed most of the season after sustaining a knee injury.  He returned the following year and started nine games at left guard for the 1978 Michigan Wolverines football team that compiled a 10–2 record and was ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll. He was the offensive captain, and a 12-game starter at left guard, for the 1979 Michigan Wolverines football team that compiled an 8–4 record. He was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten Conference offensive guard in both 1978 and 1979.

Professional football and broadcast career
Arbeznik was signed as a free agent by the New Orleans Saints in 1980 and cut at the end of August 1980.  He was then signed by the New York Jets in February 1981.

In the fall of 1981, he became an analyst on broadcasts of Michigan football games on WTOD radio in Toledo, Ohio, while also working in a management training program for Procter & Gamble.

He was inducted into the Saint Ignatius High School Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997.

References

1957 births
Living people
American football offensive guards
Michigan Wolverines football players
Players of American football from Cleveland
People from University Heights, Ohio
Players of American football from Cuyahoga County, Ohio

John Arbeznik


Brian Christopher Deese (born February 17, 1978) is an American economic and political advisor who was the 13th director of the National Economic Council, serving under President Joe Biden.

He previously served as a senior advisor to President Barack Obama. Earlier in the Obama administration, Deese served as the deputy director and acting director of the Office of Management and Budget. Deese also served as deputy director of the National Economic Council. Deese served as the Global Head of Sustainable Investing at BlackRock.

Early life and education
Deese was born in Belmont, Massachusetts. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Middlebury College in 2000 and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 2009. In 2002, Deese was named a finalist for the Rhodes Scholarship, though he was not ultimately selected.

Career
Deese worked as a junior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and as a research assistant at the Center for Global Development, hired by founder Nancy Birdsall, according to The New York Times, where he co-authored the book Delivering on Debt Relief. Later he worked as a senior policy analyst for economic policy at the Center for American Progress, under Gene Sperling.

Clinton and Obama 2008 presidential campaigns
After the Center for American Progress, Deese joined Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign as her economic policy director. After Clinton was defeated in the primaries, Deese went to work as an economic advisor to the Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign.

Following the 2008 presidential election, he served as a member of the Economic Policy Working Group for the presidential transition.

Obama administration

National Economic Council
At the start of the Obama presidency, Deese was appointed as a special assistant to the president for economic policy, serving in the National Economic Council (NEC). According to The New York Times, he emerged as "one of the most influential voices" on the auto industry, and specifically the Chrysler and GM bailout. Deese argued against the government letting Chrysler liquidate based on a concern around the impact on industrial communities across the mid-west.

In 2011, Deese was named deputy director of the NEC. In this role, he coordinated policy development for the White House on taxes, financial regulation, housing, clean energy, manufacturing, and the automotive industry. According to The New Republic, he was among Washington's "most powerful, least famous people".

Office of Management and Budget
Deese was named deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget in the summer of 2013. He briefly served as the acting director in summer 2014, between the departure of Sylvia Mathews Burwell and the appointment of Shaun Donovan.

Senior Advisor to the President
Following the departure of John Podesta, Deese took over his brief on climate and energy. Unlike Podesta, who served as Counselor to the President, Deese was promoted to the position of Senior Advisor to the President. In this position, Deese played an influential role in negotiating the Paris Climate Agreement in December 2015 working to secure climate agreements with China, India, Brazil, and other countries. Deese also chaired the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate in 2015 and 2016. Deese spearheaded the administration's effort to ratify the Paris Agreement and to reach a global agreement to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) through the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Deese also oversaw the Obama administration's efforts to protect more land and water than any previous president, including the largest protected marine monument in the world. In November that year, President Obama explained that Deese "engineered the Paris Agreement, the [Hydrofluorocarbons] Agreement, the Aviation Agreement, [and] may have helped save the planet."

Along with Katie Beirne Fallon, Deese helped to negotiate the 2015 Bipartisan Budget Act, which replaced the budget sequestration and increased federal spending by $80 billion over two years. In February 2016, the President tapped Deese to oversee the Supreme Court nomination process, which led to the President's nomination of Chief Judge Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016.

BlackRock

As Global Head of Sustainable Investing from October 2017 until December 2020, Deese led BlackRock's Sustainable Investing Team which "is focused on identifying drivers of long-term return associated with environmental, social and governance issues." In an interview with The Weather Channel, Deese was asked about BlackRock's "heavy investments" in the fossil fuel industry. Deese said that BlackRock's role is to provide clients with "more choices and more options" in investments and "this is not just about excluding entire industries or entire classes of companies, but it's also about getting to understand, again, which of these companies is better positioned for the transition."

During this time his salary was at least $2.3 million, with the possibility that through BlackRock's restricted stock plan, Deese could have made an additional $2.4 million.

Biden administration
On December 3, 2020, President-elect Biden appointed Deese as Assistant to the President and Director of the National Economic Council. In this role, Deese coordinates international and domestic economic policy for the administration. Deese has been a principal architect of the Biden economic agenda, including the American Rescue Plan, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act.

At the NEC, Deese was the first and last person Biden consulted on economic issues and was a driving force behind the President's domestic policy legacy. According to Biden, "Brian has a unique ability to translate complex policy challenges into concrete actions that improve the lives of American people." Deese is also credited with assembling the most diverse staff in terms of race and gender in the council's history.

Deese served as a central figure in congressional negotiations leading up to the passage of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Between the spring and fall of 2021, Brian Deese, Steve Ricchetti, and Louisa Terrell were frequent visitors to Capitol Hill, brokering policy conversations and building a coalition of support among Senate Democrats and Republicans.

In April 2022, Deese laid out the case behind the administration's pursuit of a modern industrial strategy, stating: "The question should move from 'why should we pursue an industrial strategy?' to 'how do we pursue one successfully?'" In October 2022, Deese described a modern American industrial strategy as "the best antidote to [the] risk of lower productivity and lower economic capacity in the years ahead," citing the need for strategic, long-term investments in high-return sectors, where public capital helps reduce price pressures, taps into growing global demand, and increases the country's export competitiveness. Deese worked closely with Secretary Gina Raimondo to design and advocate for the CHIPS and Science Act, viewing it as an essential component to the President's industrial strategy. Upon passage, Deese was directed by President Biden to co-chair the new law's 16-member implementation council.

Deese also served as President Biden's primary policy negotiator for key climate, health, and tax reform measures passed in the Inflation Reduction Act. Deese was particularly involved in landing the clean energy and climate provisions, visiting West Virginia with Senator Manchin in March 2022. After going zip-lining with the senator near the New River Gorge, Deese took to Twitter to extoll the state. "Coal and energy communities helped make America what it is, the strongest economy in the world and the global leader of democracy," Deese wrote. "Nobody should forget that, and President Biden certainly doesn't." Deese later participated in the final bill negotiations, conducted in secret, between Senators Manchin and Schumer in July 2022. Environmentalist Fred Krupp described Deese as "indispensable in crafting and negotiating the most important climate law in U.S. history." Beyond IRA passage, Deese developed a reputation for weaving climate action into the fabric of White House economic policymaking.

As NEC director, Deese prioritized competition policy as a way to counter decades of growing corporate concentration in the economy. He pushed to establish the first-ever White House Competition Council, which he chairs, and has spoken publicly on the need to increase entrepreneurship and reduce barriers to entry in key U.S. industries.

In February 2023, it was announced that Deese would be leaving his position. Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Lael Brainard was selected as his replacement.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

In July 2023, Brian Deese was appointed the Institute Innovation Fellow at MIT. Deese's role as Fellow includes research and development of strategies to address climate change and promote sustainable economic growth. His extensive experience in government policy will provide practical insights into academic research. MIT anticipates his arrival will foster a productive nexus between policy-making and technological innovation, vital for addressing the global climate crisis. Deese's tenure will commence in the summer of 2023.

References

External links

 "Brian Deese, Senior Advisor." The White House.

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1978 births
Living people
Biden administration personnel
BlackRock people
Center for American Progress people
Deputy Directors for Management of the Office of Management and Budget
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
Middlebury College alumni
People from Belmont, Massachusetts
Obama administration cabinet members
Obama administration personnel
Senior Advisors to the President of the United States
United States presidential advisors
Yale Law School alumni

Brian Deese


Savadi  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Athani taluk of Belgaum district. Located on the banks of the Krishna river, also called Uttaravahini - which flows northwards at Savadi, most of the population here is largely dependent on agriculture for its sustenance. Animals domesticated are buffaloes, goats, dogs, horse, bullocks, sheep and fowl. Historically being a belt of Jowar cultivation, with the recent irrigation projects near the village, from the past two decades, the chief crop has been sugarcane. Savadi is closely located to many sugar industries of the Krishna basin, and is part of the major supplier belt of sugarcane in Athani Taluk, and consequently Belgaum district.

History
Savadi is one of those place in South India, that traces back its history to the Neolithic age. Earliest painted pottery has been found in the tract between Savadi and Satti. In the Krishna basin, wheel-turned grey and red-wares are found, but only in small numbers. The painted pottery was painted in black, and in some cases thin white colour was used. The painted motifs included a variety of designs and animals like fish, stork, dog, peacock, deer, etc. Designs were also engraved in relievo.

Unwritten lore says that Savadi was the hermitage of a sage named Saudagnya, who performed his penance here; hence the name.

The village mosque stands tall and strong from the era of the Adil Shahi of Bijapur. The Gopalakrishna temple, that lies close to the river bank, is an ancient temple built in the (Kalyana)Chalukyan style of architecture.  The presiding deity of the temple is Lord Gopalakrishna also known as Venugopal. It is a typical  Trikuteshwar style temple housing two magnificent Shiva Lingas. More relics of the same temple can be found embedded in the steps of the ghats connecting to the riverbank to the village. Minor temples on the ghat and the Uttareshwara temple that lies in the river bed and becomes visible only in the dry summers, are also vital clues to the history of the region.

Robbery and restoration of the Gopalakrishna idol
In the year 2000, some anti social elements dug at the base of the Shiva Lingas and stole the Gopalakrishna idol. Later on, the stolen idol was discovered near Shiraguppi village(on the other side of the river). The idol has since been placed in the Vithoba temple of the village for worship. Subsequently, though some Government officials have visited this long neglected ancient temple, including those from the archaeological department, no concrete measures have been taken to restore this monument of historic and cultural importance. The entire surrounding of the magnificent temple is covered by uncontrolled growth of trees and dirt. However, Shri. Sharad Savadi whose forefathers were the Archaks of the temple is doing whatever is possible within his means for the upkeep and maintenance of this temple and for the day today Pooja of Gopalkrishna idol.

Demographics and People
 India census, Savadi had a population of 6515 with 3349 males and 3166 females.

Savadi is a hamlet with a harmonious co-existence of various communities. The annual fairs of the Sanganabasaweshwar Mutt, the Alab celebrated by Muslims, the week-long mud and milk festival of Lord Hanuman are all part and partial of Savadi's culture. The folk songs sung on these occasions are some of the rarest folklore of this region, and have consistently lacked government's attention. The annual fair in Darga, a neighbouring hamlet, consisting of about 50 houses,
commemorating the death anniversary of a sufi saint, is by far the most happening event of the year for the locals. The Dasara celebration where there is a generous exchange of sweets, and wishing of good luck among every villager deserves special mention. The chief language spoken is Kannada.

With no good schools in Savadi, the kids travel to nearby places for their schooling. Being located remotely, Savadi lacks banks and basic healthcare facilities. Every Thursday is the village bazaar.

See also
 Belgaum
 Districts of Karnataka

References

External links
 http://Belgaum.nic.in/

Villages in Belagavi district

Savadi, Belgaum


Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok is a marked foot trail created in June 2008 in Białystok, Poland, by a group of students and doctorate candidates, who participate as volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.

One of the goals of the project was to generate social capital by engaging cooperation between local institutions and social groups. Project included: planning the trail, publicizing an informative booklet and map in printed and electronic version, building an interactive website of the project, marking the trail sites and opening the trail to the public with a walk around the city, publicizing teacher's materials.

Trail sites

Cytron Palace (today's Historical Museum) – Tobacco Factory of Faiwel Janowski – Shmuel Synagogue – Jewish Female Gymnasium of Zinaida Chwoles – Białystok Palace Theatre – Jewish Hospital (now Maternity Hospital) – Białystok Trylling Palace – Zygmunt August Gymnasium (now Sigismund Augustus High School) – Sholem Aleichem Library – TOZ Sanatorium – The Hebrew Gymnasium (now Municipal Hospital) – Mansion (ul. Sienkiewicza 26A) – Apollo Cinema – Mansion (ul. Sienkiewicza 26A; now State Theatre Academy) – Gymnasium of Jozef Zeligman, Jozef Lebenhaft and Jakub Dereczynski – Gilarino Miniature Theatre – Mansions of Isaac Zabludowski – Linas Chailim Charity Association – House of the Zamenhof Family – Monument to Ludwik Zamenhof – Yitzhak Malmed Plaque – Druskin Gymnasium – The Heroes of the Ghetto Uprising Monument – Cytron Synagogue (now Art Gallery of the Slendzinskis) – Warynskiego Street – The Modern Cinema – House of the Jakub Szapiro Family – Nowik Palace in Białystok – Tarbut (today Maria Grzegorzewska Craft School) – Jewish Craft School (now The Faculty of Physics at The University of Białystok) – The Barbican Mission (today's Syrena cinema) – Białystok-Chanajki Quarter – Piaski Quarter – Rabbinical Cemetery (today's Central Park in Białystok) – Piaskower Synagogue – The Monument of the Great Synagogue – The City Hall – The Jewish Cemetery (Wschodnia street) – and the Cholera cemetery in Białystok.

People connected with Jewish heritage of Białystok

During the trail planning, organizers chose personages significant in the city's history city history: artists, activists, politicians, scientists and Righteous among the Nations.
 Zygmunt Białostocki – composer, pianist
 Zygmunt Bobowski – painter, member of the artists' group Czapka Frygijska
 Wiktor Bubryk – dramatic director, manager of theatre of miniatures "Gilarino"
 Roza Bursztejn (Rosa Raisa) – operatic singer
 Izaak Celnikier – painter
 Józef Chazanowicz – doctor, Zionist activist, founder of National Library of Israel
 Molli Chwat – painter
 Zinaida Chwolesowa – foundress of female high school
 Szmuel Cytron – the manufacturer, founder of synagogue, original owner of palace near Warszawska 37
 Szymon Datner – historian
 Dawid Druskin – the founder of high school
 Michał Duniec – painter, member of the bialystokers artists' group Forma-Farba-Faktura
 Osip Dymow – dramatist
 Nachum Edelman – painter, member of the bialystokers artists' group Forma-Farba-Faktura
 Leo Fink – the manufacturer, activist of Jewish organizations in Australia
 Ester Gessen – the journalist, translator, author of the memoirs "Drogi, ktorych nie wybieramy"
 Chajka Grossman – fighter of the Białystok ghetto, Israeli politician
 Natan Gutman – painter
 Zbigniew Antoni Huzarski – Righteous among the Nations
 Fajwel Janowski – manufacturer
 Kalman Kaplansky – politician, human rights activist
 Boris Kaufman – movie operator, documentarian, Oscar laureate
 Józef Kerszman – ophthalmologist, social worker
 Gustaw Kerszman – microbiologist, geneticist
 Chaim Jakub Lipszyc – sculptor, painter
 Maxim Litvinov – Soviet diplomat
 Juliusz Krajewski – painter, member of the artists' group Czapka Frygijska
 Helena Malarewicz-Krajewska – painter, one of the first representatives of socialist realism
 Icchok Malmed – a hero of Białystok ghetto
 Zajnwel Messner – sculptor
 Hersz Mersik – creator of Białystok ghetto archive
 Szmuel Mohylewer – rabbi, founder of school and credit company
 Sonia Najman (Nora Ney) – actress
 Chaim Nowik – manufacturer, original owner of  palace near Lipowa 35
 Felicja Raszkin-Nowak – writer, survivor of the Białystok ghetto
 Bencjon Rabinowicz – painter
 Oskar Rozanecki – painter
 Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of an oral polio vaccine
 Czesław Sadowski – painter, member of the Białystok artists' group Forma-Farba-Faktura
 Simon Segal – painter, graphic artist, designer of fabrics
 Menasze i Efraim Seidenbeutel – painters
 Hayyim Selig Slonimski – astronomer, inventor, grandfather of writer Antoni Słonimski
 Yitzhak Shamir – Prime Minister of Israel
 Jakub Szapiro – journalist, popularizer of Esperanto, founder of Ludwik Zamenhofs Association of Esperantists in Białystok
 Mordechaj Tenenbaum – leader of Białystok Ghetto Uprising
 Helena i Chaim Tryllingowie – the manufacturers, original owners of palace near Warszawska 7
 Ichiel Tynowicki – painter, member of the Białystok artists' group Forma-Farba-Faktura
 Max Weber – painter
 Izaak Zabłudowski – tradesman, philanthropist
 Ludwik Zamenhof – inventor of Esperanto
 Józef Zeligman – founder of multicultural high school
  – the organizer of Habima Theatre, which had become the Jewish National Theater in Tel Aviv
 Henryk Złotkowski – Righteous Among the Nations

References

External links

 Official website (polish and english version)
 View over Jewish Cemetery in Białystok from the drone

History of Białystok
Jewish Polish history
Jews and Judaism in Białystok
Tourist attractions in Podlaskie Voivodeship
Urban heritage trails
2008 establishments in Poland

Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok


Murray Dry is an American political scientist specializing in American constitutional law, American political thought, political philosophy, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, federalism, separation of powers, and the American founding.

Dry helped compile The Complete Anti-Federalist with his former teacher Herbert Storing. He is currently the Charles A. Dana Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, having earned his BA, MA, and Ph.D at the University of Chicago, where he studied under Storing and Leo Strauss, among others. For the 2009–2010 academic year, he was a visiting professor at Yeshiva University. His current area of research is in the constitutionality of same-sex marriage, and he recently published a book on that subject.

Murray Dry has taught many leading scholars of American government, political philosophy, and law, among them Suzanna Sherry (Vanderbilt University Law School), Dan Kahan (Yale Law School), James Stoner (Louisiana State University), Peter Minowitz (Santa Clara University), Paul O. Carrese (United States Air Force Academy), Ayse Zarakol (Washington and Lee University), James Morone (Brown University), Barry Sullivan (Loyola University), Giorgi Areshidze (Claremont McKenna College), Nicholas Sambanis (University of Pennsylvania), Odysseus Makridis (Fairleigh Dickinson University), and Victor Abundis (Academic of Classics) (Park Hill High School)

Also among his former students are former Governor of Vermont Jim Douglas, Congressman Frank Pallone, former Congresswoman Barbara Comstock, and former White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer.

Works
 (2004)
 (1981)
 (2006)

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Political science educators
Middlebury College faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Chicago alumni
American political scientists

Murray Dry


Alfons Vilhelm Robert Rebane, known simply as Alfons Rebane (24 June 1908 – 8 March 1976) was an Estonian military commander. He was the most highly decorated Estonian military officer during World War II, serving in various Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS units of Nazi Germany.

After World War II Rebane joined the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) where he played a key role in assisting the armed resistance to Soviet rule in Estonia and other Baltic countries. He led the Estonian portion of MI6's Operation Jungle well into the 1950s.

In 1961, Rebane retired from the British intelligence services and moved to Germany, where he stayed until his death in Augsburg in 1976. The 1999 reburial of Rebane in Estonia with state honors triggered a number of controversies.

Early life
Rebane was born in Valga in southern Estonia, then part of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. In 1920 Rebane, son of a railway official, attended the Russian secondary school in Narva. From 1926 to 1929 he attended Tartu University and graduated from the Estonian Military Academy with first class honours. He served as an infantry officer on the armoured train "Captain Irv" of the 1st Armored Train Regiment as a second lieutenant in 1929. Married in 1931 to Agnia Soomets, they had one daughter Tiiu who died soon afterwards. On Estonian Independence Day on 24 February 1933, Rebane was promoted to first lieutenant. From 1935 to 1939 he served as junior instructor in the Defence League Viljandi County Territorial Regiment, between 1939 and 1940 in the Lääne County Territorial Regiment. From January to June 1940 Rebane was the Commandant of Lihula.

World War II

Rebane served as an officer in the Estonian Army until Soviet troops occupied the country in 1940. The Soviets disbanded and absorbed most of the Estonian Armed Forces and arrested and executed the entire Estonian high command. Many junior officers, such as Rebane, were dismissed due to their lack of "political reliability" and were liable to be deported. For a while, Rebane worked in construction, then fled into the forests when the Soviets began mass deportations in 1941. He established and led an anti-Soviet Forest Brothers unit in Virumaa (Northern Estonia) in May 1941.

After Germany had taken control of Estonia, Rebane joined the German Wehrmacht where he served in its combat formations in Northwestern Russia, subsequently becoming the captain of the 184th Security Battalion, then major of the Estonian 658th Eastern Battalion. In February 1944 Rebane's unit was transferred to the Narva Front and attached to the Wehrmacht's 26th Army Corps on 2 March. On 27 April 1944, the unit was released from the Wehrmacht. Rebane, after initially refusing, was forced to join the newly formed 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) of the Waffen-SS, eventually becoming colonel of the 47th Waffen-Grenadier Regiment. The Estonian division played a significant role in the Battle of Narva and the Battle of Emajõgi, holding back the Soviet re-occupation of Estonia until the Soviet Tallinn Offensive, September 1944 while suffering heavy casualties. Rebane's unit was then evacuated to Germany for refitting and saw more action on the Eastern Front in the spring of 1945. Rebane had a reputation for tactical skill. With most of the Estonian forces captured by the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia, Rebane managed to reach the British Occupation Zone with a number of his men at the end of the war. Soldiers who fought in units under his command were colloquially referred to as "fox cubs" (Rebane translates to "fox" in Estonian).

Decorations
According to Carlos Jurado, an expert on non-German units, and Nigel Thomas: Rebane was "the most decorated and probably the most talented and charismatic Baltic soldier during WWII". Rebane became one of the most decorated Estonians. During his days in the Estonian Army, he was awarded the Defence League White Cross 3rd Class and the Latvian Aizsargi Cross of Merit. In the German army he was awarded the Iron Cross first and second class, the War Merit Cross with swords second class, the Eastern Front Medal, the silver Infantry Assault Badge and the silver Ostvolk Medal for bravery. Rebane was also decorated with the silver Close Combat Clasp, awarded for hand-to-hand fighting by unsupported infantry for a total of 30 days. In February 1944 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and in April 1945 he was promoted to Waffen-Standartenführer and awarded the Knight's Cross with Oakleaves for extreme bravery on the battlefield.

Post war
In 1947 Rebane moved to England and joined the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) as the Estonian expert at the Intelligence School in London. There he played a key role in assisting the armed resistance to the Soviet rule in Estonia and other Baltic countries. He led the Estonian portion of MI6's Operation Jungle well into the 1950s. In 1961, Rebane retired from the British intelligence services and moved to Germany, where stayed until his death in Augsburg in 1976.

Legacy

In 1977,  and Beate Klarsfeld alleged Rebane was a war criminal. According to a 2005 report published by the Estonian State Commission on the Examination of the Policies of Repression, investigations conducted by the KGB after World War II found no documents confirming the accusation against Rebane and his "army unit".

The return and reburial of Rebane's ashes with military honours at a national cemetery in 1999 in Estonia sparked a controversy. The American Jewish Congress protested that the reburial served as an "indication that fascist ideology is recognized in Estonia". A tombstone to Rebane, unofficially erected in 2004 but unveiled before Pärnumaa District Parliamentarian and former Foreign Minister Trivimi Velliste, was protested by Russia's Chief Rabbi, Berl Lazar and the Russian Jewish Congress.

The Estonian authorities assert that the Estonian Waffen-SS units engaged solely in combat operations at the front to defend Estonia's independence and had nothing to do with punitive operations in the territories occupied by the Nazi Germany. According to the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves "We are witnesses to the information war against Estonia which already reminds of an ideological aggression". According to the editor of Virumaa Teataja newspaper Rein Sikk: "Alfons Rebane was a good soldier according to our historians. He was never convicted of war crimes and [the allegations] are just a political game to try to show that Estonia has lots of fascists."

In June 2018, a plaque commemorating Rebane was unveiled on the wall of a private building in Mustla where he had lived. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs protested the unveiling.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (9 April 1943)
 1st Class (9 November 1943)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 23 February 1944 as Major and commander of the Estonian voluntary battalion 658
 875th Oak Leaves on 9 May 1945 as Obersturmbannführer and commander of Waffen-Grenadier-Regiment of the SS 46

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Thomas, Dr. Nigel (2002). Germany's Eastern Front Allies (2): Baltic Forces. Osprey Publishing. .
 Windrow, Martin (1992). The Waffen SS. Osprey Publishing. .

1908 births
1976 deaths
People from Valga, Estonia
People from Kreis Walk
Estonian military officers
SS-Standartenführer
University of Tartu alumni
Estonian Waffen-SS personnel
MI6 personnel
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Burials at Metsakalmistu
Deaths from cancer in Germany

Alfons Rebane