Dileep Nair is a Singaporean diplomat and bureaucrat, who was the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services and head of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services. In that capacity, he oversaw investigations of wrongdoings related to the United Nations in a range of countries including within the headquarters. The Oil-for-food scandal was initially investigated by Dileep Nair's office before turning it over to the investigating body headed by former United States Federal Reserve Chairman, Paul Volcker.

Nair completed a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from McGill University in Montreal in 1973. From 1974, he worked in Singapore's Housing and Development Board. And in 1979, he joined the Administrative Service, working in the Ministry of Finance. During his time in the finance ministry, he earned a master's degree in public administration from Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University in the United States.

In 1986, Nair rose to the post of Deputy Secretary at the Ministry of Trade and Industry where he was involved in the Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations, as well as with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). From 1989 to 1997, Nair was Singapore's Deputy Secretary at the Ministry of Defence. In 1997, he left the civil service to become the CEO of the Post Office Savings Bank of Singapore; the bank was acquired in 1998 by the Development Bank of Singapore and Nair stayed on as DBS's Managing Director.

Nair was appointed to a five-year term as United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services on 24 April 2000, succeeding Karl Paschke in that position. In 2000, he wanted to determine vulnerability of the United Nations' Oil-for-Food Programme for Iraq. Benon Sevan, the head of the programme, along with UN Deputy Secretary-General Louise Frechette, rejected any such investigation, claiming that it would be too expensive to be worthwhile.

In 2004, Nair was investigated for unspecified internal accusations of graft and sexual harassment against female staff. Nair relinquished his post upon expiration of his five-year contract and returned to his native Singapore on 23 April 2005. Subsequently, in May 2006, Secretary General Kofi Annan sent a letter to Nair clearing him again of all the allegations from the staff union and expressed regret at the extended period of unnecessary and unmerited public innuendo that Nair had been subjected to.

He was appointed the Singapore Consul General in the emirate of Dubai in August 2005 and served there for 6 years.  In June 2011, Nair was appointed as the Singapore Ambassador to Laos and was posted in Vientiane. After completing his term in 2013, Nair was appointed as Singapore's High Commissioner to Ghana, residing in Singapore. Nair completed his term in 2017. Nair is currently an Independent Director on three public listed companies in Singapore: Keppel Data Centre REIT, Thakral Corporation, and Singapore Reinsurance.  Nair is also on the board of the Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore and the Health Sciences Authority of Singapore.

See also
Singaporean Indians

References

External links
 UN Biography

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Singaporean diplomats
Singaporean people of Indian descent
Singaporean people of Malayali descent
Singaporean Hindus
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Consuls

Dileep Nair


Fakhreddin Ahmadi-Danesh-Ashtiani  (born 1955) is an Iranian politician and scholar and the former Minister of Education.

Being a graduate of Imperial College London, he is a Civil Engineering Professor at K. N. Toosi University of Technology and fourth proposed minister of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology by Hassan Rouhani Government. Before him, Rouhani had proposed Mahmoud Nili Ahmadabadi to the Iranian Parliament but he failed to get enough votes.
He has served in different responsibilities including deputy of Planning and Development in Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. He was proposed as Minister of Education by President Rouhani on 23 October 2016 and was approved with 157 votes.

Life and education
Danesh-Ashtiani was born in 1955 in Ahstian, Iran. in 1974 he finished high school from Alavi high school in Tehran. He finished his BA in engineering from Amirkabir university in 1980. He got his masters from the same university in 1992 and got PhD in 1997 from Imperial College London. Danesh-Ashtiani is married and has two daughters and a son. He wrote more than 50 academic articles, one book and supervised more than 40 dissertations.

Political career
Soon after the revolution, Danesh-Ashtiani joined the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. He periodically participated in war with Iraq during Iran–Iraq War. In 1986, he entered the government of Mir Hossein Mousavi. He held several official jobs until 1999. In this year, he started his 6-year term to work as vice president of planning at the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. After Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came to power in 2005, he was marginalized by new officials but in November 2014, Hassan Rouhani introduced him as proposed minister for Ministry of Science, Research and Technology to the Iranian Parliament. He was proposed as Minister of Education by President Rouhani on 23 October 2016 and was approved with 157 votes. He was announced on 25 July 2017 that he will not be in Rouhani's second cabinet.

In 1999, he was speculated as a potential Mayor of Tehran favored by Assembly of the Forces of Imam's Line.

He is an ex-member of the Islamic Iran Participation Front.

References

1955 births
Alumni of Imperial College London
Islamic Iran Participation Front politicians
Living people
Amirkabir University of Technology alumni
Academic staff of K. N. Toosi University of Technology

Fakhruddin Ahmadi Danesh-Ashtiani


The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. All mammals have it. It allows the removal of urine from the body. There is a muscle (the urethral sphincter) which controls urination.

In male mammals, the urethra is also a part of the reproductive system, because males use it as a tube for sperm during sex.

Human anatomy
In human anatomy, men have longer urethras than women. This means that women have bladder infections more often because their bladders are closer to the outside. Because the male urethra is longer and is not straight, inserting a catheter (tube to help urination) is more difficult in men.

In women, the urethra is 3-4 cm (1.5 in) long. It's opening to the outside of the body is part of the vulva (the area between a woman's legs). The female urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina. Men's urethra goes through their penis, but in women, it is not in the clitoris.

In men, the urethra is about 20 cm (8 in) long and its opening to the outside of the body is at the end of the penis.
The male urethra has three sections:
The prostatic urethra crosses the prostate gland. The vas deferens also opens into the urethra in this section.
The membranous urethra is a short section that goes through the urethral sphincter. It is 1 or 2 cm long and is the narrowest (least wide) part of the urethra.
The spongy or penile urethra goes through the penis on its lower side. This section is 15-16 cm (6 in) long and goes through the corpus spongiosum.

Medical problems
 Urethritis is an infection of the urethra. It often causes pain when urinating.
 Kidney stones that go through the urethra can cause a lot of pain.

Medical procedures
To send a tube up the urethra to help drain urine is a common type of catheterization.
To send a tube up the urethra to see the inside of the bladder is called cystoscopy.

Anatomy of the urinary system
Anatomy of the male reproductive system

Urethra


Daniel Pennac (real name Daniel Pennacchioni, born 1 December 1944 in Casablanca, Morocco) is a French writer.  He received the Prix Renaudot in 2007 for his essay Chagrin d'école.

Daniel Pennacchioni is the fourth and last son of a Corsican and Provençal family. His father was a polytechnicien who became an officer of the colonial army, reaching the rank of general at retirement and his mother, a housewife, was a self-taught reader. His childhood was spent wherever his father was stationed, in Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Algeria, Equatorial Africa), Southeast Asia (Indochina) and France (including La Colle-sur-Loup). His father's love for poetry gave him a taste for books that he quickly devoured in the family library or at school

After studying in Nice he became a teacher. He began to write for children, including his series "La Saga Malaussène", that tells the story of Benjamin Malaussène, a scapegoat, and his family in Belleville, Paris. In a 1997 piece for Le Monde, Pennac stated that Malaussène's youngest brother, Le Petit, was the son of Jerome Charyn's New York detective, Isaac Sidel.

His writing style can be humorous and imaginative as in "La Saga Malaussène", or scholarly, as exemplified by the essay "Comme un roman." His comic Débauche, written jointly with Jacques Tardi, deals with unemployment.

Literary awards
In 1990 Pennac won the "Prix du Livre Inter" for La petite marchande de prose. His 1984 novel L'œil du loup was translated into English as Eye of the Wolf by Sarah Adams – later known as Sarah Ardizzone – and published by Walker Books in 2002; Adams won the biennial British Marsh Award for Children's Literature in Translation in 2005 for that work. In 2002 he won the Grinzane Cavour Prize. In 2007 Pennac won the Prix Renaudot for Chagrin d'école. He won the "Grand Prix Metropolis bleu" in 2008 for his complete work. In 2013 he received an honorary degree in pedagogy from the University of Bologna.

Bibliography

Autobiography
Chagrin d'école Gallimard (2007),
School Blues Translator Sarah Ardizzone (née Adams), Quercus (2011),
Schoolpijn Translator Kiki Coumans, Boekerij, De (2010),
Skolas sāpes Translator Agnese Kasparova, Omnia Mea (2012),

Novels for children
 Cabot-Caboche (1982); Translated into English as Dog, Translator Sarah Adams, Illustrator Britta Teckentrup, Candlewick (2004)
 L'œil du loup (Eye of the wolf) (1984); Translator Sarah Adams, Illustrator Max Grafe, Walker (2002), , ; Illustrator Catherine Reisser, Pocket (1994),
 Kamo: L'agence Babel (1992)
 L'Évasion de Kamo
 Kamo et moi
 Kamo : L'idée du siècle

Other novels
 Père Noël (1979), with Tudor Eliad (Grasset et Fasquelle)
 Messieurs les enfants (1997)
 Le Dictateur et le hamac (2003)
English The dictator and the hammock, Random House UK, 2006,
Dutch De dictator en de hangmat, Meulenhof, 2005, , Translator Truus Boot
 Merci (2004), he has interpreted it himself at the theater

La Saga Malaussène
 Au bonheur des ogres (1985)
The Scapegoat, Translator Ian Monk, Harvill Press, 1998,
 La fée carabine (1987)
 The fairy gunmother, Translator Ian Monk, Harvill Press, 1997,
 La petite marchande de prose (1989)
Write to Kill, Translator Ian Monk, Harvill, 1999,
 Monsieur Malaussène (1995)
Monsieur Malaussène, Translator Ian Monk, Harvill, 2003
 Monsieur Malaussène au théâtre (1996)
 Des Chrétiens et des maures (1996)
 Aux fruits de la passion (1999)
Passion Fruit, Harvill, 2001,

Essays
 Le service militaire au service de qui ?, (1973) published under his real name Daniel Pennacchioni
Comme un roman, Gallimard, 1992,
Reads like a novel, Quartet Books, 1994,
The Rights of the Reader, Translator Sarah Adams, Illustrator Quentin Blake, Candlewick Press, 2008,

Illustrated books
 Les grandes vacances, (photographies) Pennac and Robert Doisneau (2002)
 La vie de famille
 Le sens de la Houppelande
 Vercors d'en haut: La réserve naturelle des hauts-plateaux
 Le grand Rex (1980)
 Némo
 Écrire

Illustrated books for children
 Sahara
 Le Tour du ciel, with the painting from Miró
 Qu'est-ce que tu attends, Marie ?, with the painting from Monet.

Comic books
 La débauche (illustrated by Tardi)
 Tête de nègre

Films on Daniel Pennac
 "Daniel Pennac, écrire, enseigner, communiquer" directed by Stéphan Bureau (Canada/2009).
 "Daniel Pennac, la Métamorphose du crabe" directed by Charles Castella for the French collection documentary Empreintes of France 5 (Docside/2009).
 Bartleby en coulisses directed by Jérémie Carboni (France Télévisions Distribution/2010).

References

External links

The Rights of the Reader - poster illustrated by Quentin Blake
Interview with Daniel Pennac in Barcelona Metropolis, Spring 2009.

1944 births
Living people
Moroccan emigrants to France
Writers from Casablanca
Côte d'Azur University alumni
French crime fiction writers
French children's writers
French comics writers
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
Prix Renaudot winners
Prix du Livre Inter winners
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
20th-century French essayists
Prix Maison de la Presse winners
French people of Corsican descent
French male novelists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
Taxi drivers

Daniel Pennac


The Adecco Group North America, based in Jacksonville, Florida, provides professional recruiting, staffing, consulting and business services to various industries in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia and Asia. For 2009, it ranked 839th on the Fortune 1000 Currently, ranked as a Fortune 500 as 441. Formerly MPS Group Inc., its brands are a subsidiary of the Swiss firm Adecco Group.

History
Adecco Group North America was founded in 1982 as Accustaff Incorporated in Jacksonville and changed its name to J, Inc. in 2002. With revenues of US$2.2 billion in 2008, the company had clients in over 200 office locations. The company sells its services (like Cosmos) to industries and governmental agencies through the following primary brands:

Adecco Group North America operates in two divisions: professional services and information technology (IT) Services.  The professional services division provides staffing and recruitment services in the disciplines of accounting and finance, law, engineering, property and health care.  This division also offers technical and engineering workforce services; places temporary and full-time employees in attorney, paralegal, legal administrative, and legal secretarial positions, as well as in accounting and finance positions.

The IT services division provides placement of IT contract consultants for IT project support and staffing, recruitment of full-time positions, project-based solutions, supplier management solutions, and onsite recruiting support for application development, systems integration and enterprise application integration.

MPS Group sponsored the MPS Group Championships, a Women's Tennis Association event held in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida in 2009 and 2010. The tournament was discontinued in 2011 due to scheduling changes for WTA Tour spring events.

On October 20, 2009, the company announced it was being acquired by Swiss company Adecco Group for US$1.3 billion in cash. Jacksonville became Adecco's center for professional staffing in North America. The merger was completed in the first quarter of 2010.

See also
 Adecco Staffing, USA

References

Human resource management consulting firms
Consulting firms established in 1992
Temporary employment agencies
Companies based in Jacksonville, Florida
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
1994 initial public offerings
2010 mergers and acquisitions

Adecco Group North America


The Internet of Battlefield Things Collaborative Research Alliance (IoBT-CRA), also known as the Internet of Battlefield Things Research on Evolving Intelligent Goal-driven Networks (IoBT REIGN), is a collaborative research alliance between government, industry, and university researchers for the purposes of developing a fundamental understanding of a dynamic, goal-driven Internet of Military Things (IoMT) known as the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT). It was first established by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to investigate the use of machine intelligence and smart technology on the battlefield, as well as strengthen the collaboration between autonomous agents and human soldiers in combat. An initial grant of $25 million was provided by ARL in October 2017 to fund the first five years of this potential 10-year research program.

The research effort is a collaboration between ARL and Carnegie Mellon University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Southern California, Georgetown University, and SRI International with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) acting as the consortium lead.

Goals
The IoBT-CRA was created as part of the U.S. Army's long-term plans to keep up with technological advances in commercial industry and better prepare for future electronic warfare against more technologically sophisticated adversaries. In light of this objective, the IoBT-CRA focuses on exploring the capabilities of intelligent battlefield systems and large-scale heterogeneous sensor networks that dynamically evolve in real-time in order to adapt to Army mission needs. Part of the CRA research is dedicated to enhancing modern intelligent sensor and actuator capacity, allowing them to be compatible with secure military-owned networks, less trustworthy civilian networks, and adversarial networks.

ARL identified six areas of research that the IoBT-CRA should strive to develop as part of its program:

 Agile Synthesis: Theoretical models and methods of autonomic complex systems that provide the capacity to enable fast and effective command over military, adversary, and civilian networks.
 Reflexes: Theoretical models and methods for structuring dynamic IoBTs that perform adaptive, autonomic, and self-aware behavior at varying ranges of scale, distribution, resource constraints, and heterogeneity.
 Intelligent Battlefield Services: Scientific theories that will help improve the fundamental run-time capabilities of IoBTs with tasks such as information collection, predictive processing, and data anomaly detection.
 Security: Methods of increasing the defenses of IoBTs such that the system is resilient to attacks and tampering from adversaries and is able to continue operating under less-than-ideal situations.
 Dependability: Fundamental models related to asset composition, system adaptation, and intelligent services that are all aimed to increase the reliability of IoBTs in largely uncertain environments.
 Experimentation: The architectural foundations for the IoBT seek to evaluate how well theories, algorithms, and technologies perform under various military-related scenarios for the purpose of addressing issues regarding scale, composability, and compatibility.

External links

 IoBT REIGN Homepage
 List of IoBT-CRA publications
 U.S. Army Research Laboratory IoBT webpage

References

Military technology
Internet of things
Digital technology

IoBT-CRA


James Alan Ferman (11 April 1930 – 24 December 2002) was an American television and theatre director. He was the Secretary (later termed Director) of the British Board of Film Classification from 1975 to 1999.

Career
Ferman started at Great Neck High School, New York in 1941. He received an English degree from Cornell University in 1951, where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. He originally went to the United Kingdom while serving in the United States Air Force stationed at Bentwaters Air Force Base. He studied at King's College, Cambridge. Before his time at the BBFC, Ferman worked on TV series such as Armchair Theatre, and after moving from ABC to ATV, Emergency Ward 10 and many documentaries. He also wrote the libretto for the musical Zuleika.

At the BBFC, Ferman oversaw extensive liberalization of censorship standards and fronted a successful campaign for the Home Office to prohibit common law private prosecutions against films, which were being used extensively during the 1970s. In the late 1980s he faced criticism by some media outlets who accused him of allowing videos to pass which they blamed for real-life violence. This led him to take caution over violent and sexually violent works, but his continued liberalization led to an anti-BBFC campaign run by the Daily Mail. He later faced criticism for refusing to allow several films from the 1970s to be released following the introduction of video censorship under the Video Recordings Act 1984 and the media outcry over "video nasties" (a collection of low-budget horror and exploitation films, often containing violence against women and said to be too violent and gory for UK release). These films, including works such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, were not without cultural value, said many cultural commentators.

Ferman was also well known for his policies on illegal weapons, which resulted in sequences involving nunchuks being removed, including in films such as Enter the Dragon starring Bruce Lee, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the Namco video game Soul Blade. One notable change in 1991's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze was after being unable to tell "the difference between a martial arts weapon and a sausage, and believing that children would be similarly bamboozled." However, under Ferman's tenure cuts to films, once comparatively routine, became exceedingly scarce. While liberal commentators complained about his refusal to release certain films, others (such as Mary Whitehouse) saw him as excessively lenient. This dichotomy was clear right up to the end of his tenure when he was criticized both for refusing to allow the release of The Exorcist on video and for permitting the uncut release of David Cronenberg's Crash (1996) in cinemas.

In 1997, Ferman clashed with new home secretary Jack Straw over policy on pornographic videos. Ferman released several hardcore pornographic films uncut after liberalizing the guidelines in 1996, suggesting that relaxation of restrictions would discourage illegal material. After Straw was appointed, Ferman failed to prevent him from forcing the BBFC to use the old, stricter guidelines on pornography, and from imposing a new president on the Board. In 1998, after these events, Ferman retired.

Death
On 24 December 2002, Ferman was admitted to the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, London, with acute pneumonia. He died later that day.

Personal life
Ferman was married to Monica Robinson and had two children, a son and a daughter

References

External links

1930 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
American emigrants to England
American television directors
American theatre directors
Artists from New York City
British censors
Cornell University alumni
Great Neck North High School alumni
United States Air Force airmen

James Ferman


Brothers of the Wind is a 2016 Austrian coming of age-drama film directed by Gerardo Olivares and Otmar Penker and starring Jean Reno, Manuel Camacho and Tobias Moretti.

Plot
In the 1960s, in an undetermined place in the Alps, an eagle couple has two hatching eggs. When both eaglets are born, their mother knows that she must only raise one as their successor. In an ensuing fight with another eagle, the eaglets' father dies when he crashes to the ground. One of the eaglets shortly falls from the nest, and his mother, due by nature to maintain the survivor, ignores the eaglet's cry for help.

Meanwhile, forester Danzer (Jean Reno) meets with a boy named Lukas (Manuel Camacho) and his father Keller (Tobias Moretti). They both live in a new house in the mountains, after the death of Maria (Eva Kuen), mother of Lukas and Keller's wife, as a result of a fire. Keller, gravely afflicted by the death of his wife, fails to live in harmony and understanding with his son, who takes refuge more and more in nature, avoiding contact with his father. As a retreat Lukas constantly goes to the remains of his old house, where he often sees the photograph of his deceased mother.

As Lukas' dog Scout is taking a walk in the forest, Lukas comes across the eaglet, and Lukas decides to raise him to full health. Lukas takes the eaglet to his old house to take care of him. Danzer also meets the eaglet, and decides to help Lukas for the affection he feels for him.

The forester tells Lukas that the food he has given the eaglet is not good. He also tells him to give sunlight to the eaglet. When a fox sneaks in and kills Keller's hens, he angrily chases Lukas. Lukas, fearful for the safety of the eaglet, goes to his family's hut. Lukas rescues the eaglet from the attacking foxes. As Lukas stays and reads his family's Bible, he comes across the story of Cain and Abel. Aptly fitting the eaglet's own story, Lukas names it Abel.

As Lukas takes care of Abel, Danzer arrives and invites Lukas to go live with him during the summer and also allows Abel to come with them. He gives Lukas a restrain to be able to catch Abel. When Lukas and Abel arrive, Lukas sees a portrait of a young boy and an eagle. Lukas catches a fish with his own hands for Abel, but Abel lets it slip away. In the meantime, Abel's mother hunts foxes and weasels for both her and her son.

As both Abel and his brother grow their new pair of wings, Lukas tries to help Abel fly. Eventually Abel starts to soar in the air. Lukas decides to spend that night in his old house. Next day, however, Abel is missing. Lukas then sees Abel fly around. Abel perches on top of a rock, but as Lukas tries to reach Abel, Abel flies away, making Lukas sad. Danzer tries to comfort Lukas by saying Abel only wants to experience the wild, but confesses he doesn't really know what will be of Abel.

Abel tries to hunt a chamois but fails. As Lukas ponders about Abel's whereabouts, he realizes the two dangers Abel will face; his father's shotgun, and Abel's own brother, whom Lukas has symbolically named Cain. After three days, Abel finally returns to Lukas. Danzer offers to help Lukas how to teach Abel to hunt. Keller, however, complains of Danzer's methods, and warns him. Regardless, they still train Abel with a makeshift method.

Lukas and Danzer get scared when they think Abel is trying to hunt Scout, but later they see Abel simply hunted a weasel. Danzer, nevertheless, tells Lukas that Abel will have to leave someday, and Lukas sadly agrees. As Lukas and Danzer take a blindfolded Abel to an unknown part of the mountains, Lukas bids a farewell to Abel. After taking the blindfold, they let Abel fly.

In winter, Abel learns to hunt and feed himself. Lukas, remembering his animal friend, later finds a small memorial that he made with a pile of rocks and one of Abel's feathers. As he awakens from sleeping, Lukas sees a wolf nearby. As Lukas runs away, he accidentally steps on a bear trap. Danzer, who happens to be nearby, scares the wolf away with his rifle and helps Lukas heal. Unfortunately, the rift between Lukas and Keller grows wider.

Danzer tells the story of the Brothers of the Wind to Lukas. Lukas wonders how the story ends. Danzer believes that even after knowing the last page they would still not know the outcome.

Lukas decides to leave Keller. Unfortunately, as he leaves, Keller finds him, and asks Lukas to light a match for him. When Keller lights the match, Lukas believes that Keller killed his mother by arson. As Lukas escapes into the mountains, Keller goes after him. Lukas searches for Abel, but a rock slide started by a fox stops Lukas from climbing the mountain. A lightning strikes nearby, knocking Lukas unconscious. Abel soars over him, and Keller wakes him up, stating he is sorry for his ill treatment. An eagle appears to be killed by the rock slide.

Two years later, Lukas and Keller walk by. Lukas says he feels Abel still lives, but Keller tells him he was the dead eagle of the rock slide. Keller then tells Lukas to stretch his arm. Flying above, Abel appears and perches on Lukas' arm. Lukas, deciding it is time to let Abel go for good, takes off a bracelet he put on Abel's foot long time ago. As Danzer watches from the distance, Abel soars into the sky. Finally, Abel and a female eagle await the arrival of a new hatch, thus continuing the circle of life.

Cast
 Jean Reno as Danzer
 Manuel Camacho as Lukas
 Tobias Moretti as Keller
 Eva Kuen as Maria

Reception
Common Sense Media said that they "Highly recommended for both its visual beauty, its respect for the natural order of life in the wild, and its inspiring coming-of-age story."

Cinemagazine gave it a 2.5 rating.

References

External links

2016 films
2010s coming-of-age drama films
2016 independent films
Austrian drama films
Austrian independent films
English-language Austrian films
Films about animals
Films about birds
Films about brothers
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about friendship
Films set in forests
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in the Alps
Nature films
2010s survival films
2010s English-language films

Brothers of the Wind


Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. These properties, such as whether a ring admits unique factorization, the behavior of ideals, and the Galois groups of fields, can resolve questions of primary importance in number theory, like the existence of solutions to Diophantine equations.

History of algebraic number theory

Diophantus
The beginnings of algebraic number theory can be traced to Diophantine equations, named after the 3rd-century Alexandrian mathematician, Diophantus, who studied them and developed methods for the solution of some kinds of Diophantine equations. A typical Diophantine problem is to find two integers x and y such that their sum, and the sum of their squares, equal two given numbers A and B, respectively:

Diophantine equations have been studied for thousands of years. For example, the solutions to the quadratic Diophantine equation  x2 + y2 = z2 are given by the Pythagorean triples, originally solved by the Babylonians (). Solutions to linear Diophantine equations, such as 26x + 65y = 13, may be found using the Euclidean algorithm (c. 5th century BC).

Diophantus' major work was the Arithmetica, of which only a portion has survived.

Fermat
Fermat's Last Theorem was first conjectured by Pierre de Fermat in 1637, famously in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica where he claimed he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin. No successful proof was published until 1995 despite the efforts of countless mathematicians during the 358 intervening years. The unsolved problem stimulated the development of algebraic number theory in the 19th century and the proof of the modularity theorem in the 20th century.

Gauss
One of the founding works of algebraic number theory, the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Latin: Arithmetical Investigations) is a textbook of number theory written in Latin by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1798 when Gauss was 21 and first published in 1801 when he was 24. In this book Gauss brings together results in number theory obtained by mathematicians such as Fermat, Euler, Lagrange and Legendre and adds important new results of his own. Before the Disquisitiones was published, number theory consisted of a collection of isolated theorems and conjectures. Gauss brought the work of his predecessors together with his own original work into a systematic framework, filled in gaps, corrected unsound proofs, and extended the subject in numerous ways.

The Disquisitiones was the starting point for the work of other nineteenth century European mathematicians including Ernst Kummer, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Richard Dedekind. Many of the annotations given by Gauss are in effect announcements of further research of his own, some of which remained unpublished. They must have appeared particularly cryptic to his contemporaries; we can now read them as containing the germs of the theories of L-functions and complex multiplication, in particular.

Dirichlet
In a couple of papers in 1838 and 1839 Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet proved the first class number formula, for quadratic forms (later refined by his student Leopold Kronecker). The formula, which Jacobi called a result "touching the utmost of human acumen", opened the way for similar results regarding more general number fields. Based on his research of the structure of the unit group of quadratic fields, he proved the Dirichlet unit theorem, a fundamental result in algebraic number theory.

He first used the pigeonhole principle, a basic counting argument, in the proof of a theorem in diophantine approximation, later named after him Dirichlet's approximation theorem. He published important contributions to Fermat's last theorem, for which he proved the cases n = 5 and n = 14, and to the biquadratic reciprocity law. The Dirichlet divisor problem, for which he found the first results, is still an unsolved problem in number theory despite later contributions by other researchers.

Dedekind
Richard Dedekind's study of Lejeune Dirichlet's work was what led him to his later study of algebraic number fields and ideals. In 1863, he published Lejeune Dirichlet's lectures on number theory as Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie ("Lectures on Number Theory") about which it has been written that:

1879 and 1894 editions of the Vorlesungen included supplements introducing the notion of an ideal, fundamental to ring theory. (The word "Ring", introduced later by Hilbert, does not appear in Dedekind's work.) Dedekind defined an ideal as a subset of a set of numbers, composed of algebraic integers that satisfy polynomial equations with integer coefficients. The concept underwent further development in the hands of Hilbert and, especially, of Emmy Noether. Ideals generalize Ernst Eduard Kummer's ideal numbers, devised as part of Kummer's 1843 attempt to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.

Hilbert
David Hilbert unified the field of algebraic number theory with his 1897 treatise Zahlbericht (literally "report on numbers"). He also resolved a significant number-theory problem formulated by Waring in 1770. As with the finiteness theorem, he used an existence proof that shows there must be solutions for the problem rather than providing a mechanism to produce the answers. He then had little more to publish on the subject; but the emergence of Hilbert modular forms in the dissertation of a student means his name is further attached to a major area.

He made a series of conjectures on class field theory. The concepts were highly influential, and his own contribution lives on in the names of the Hilbert class field and of the Hilbert symbol of local class field theory. Results were mostly proved by 1930, after work by Teiji Takagi.

Artin
Emil Artin established the Artin reciprocity law in a series of papers (1924; 1927; 1930). This law is a general theorem in number theory that forms a central part of global class field theory. The term "reciprocity law" refers to a long line of more concrete number theoretic statements which it generalized, from the quadratic reciprocity law and the reciprocity laws of Eisenstein and Kummer to Hilbert's product formula for the norm symbol. Artin's result provided a partial solution to Hilbert's ninth problem.

Modern theory
Around 1955, Japanese mathematicians Goro Shimura and Yutaka Taniyama observed a possible link between two apparently completely distinct, branches of mathematics, elliptic curves and modular forms. The resulting modularity theorem (at the time known as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture) states that every elliptic curve is modular, meaning that it can be associated with a unique modular form.

It was initially dismissed as unlikely or highly speculative, but was taken more seriously when number theorist André Weil found evidence supporting it, yet no proof; as a result the "astounding" conjecture was often known as the Taniyama–Shimura-Weil conjecture. It became a part of the Langlands program, a list of important conjectures needing proof or disproof.

From 1993 to 1994, Andrew Wiles provided a proof of the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves, which, together with Ribet's theorem, provided a proof for Fermat's Last Theorem. Almost every mathematician at the time had previously considered both Fermat's Last Theorem and the Modularity Theorem either impossible or virtually impossible to prove, even given the most cutting-edge developments. Wiles first announced his proof in June 1993 in a version that was soon recognized as having a serious gap at a key point. The proof was corrected by Wiles, partly in collaboration with Richard Taylor, and the final, widely accepted version was released in September 1994, and formally published in 1995. The proof uses many techniques from algebraic geometry and number theory, and has many ramifications in these branches of mathematics. It also uses standard constructions of modern algebraic geometry, such as the category of schemes and Iwasawa theory, and other 20th-century techniques not available to Fermat.

Basic notions

Failure of unique factorization
An important property of the ring of integers is that it satisfies the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, that every (positive) integer has a factorization into a product of prime numbers, and this factorization is unique up to the ordering of the factors. This may no longer be true in the ring of integers  of an algebraic number field .

A prime element is an element  of  such that if  divides a product , then it divides one of the factors  or . This property is closely related to primality in the integers, because any positive integer satisfying this property is either  or a prime number. However, it is strictly weaker. For example,  is not a prime number because it is negative, but it is a prime element. If factorizations into prime elements are permitted, then, even in the integers, there are alternative factorizations such as

In general, if  is a unit, meaning a number with a multiplicative inverse in , and if  is a prime element, then  is also a prime element. Numbers such as  and  are said to be associate. In the integers, the primes  and  are associate, but only one of these is positive. Requiring that prime numbers be positive selects a unique element from among a set of associated prime elements. When K is not the rational numbers, however, there is no analog of positivity. For example, in the Gaussian integers , the numbers  and  are associate because the latter is the product of the former by , but there is no way to single out one as being more canonical than the other. This leads to equations such as

which prove that in , it is not true that factorizations are unique up to the order of the factors. For this reason, one adopts the definition of unique factorization used in unique factorization domains (UFDs). In a UFD, the prime elements occurring in a factorization are only expected to be unique up to units and their ordering.

However, even with this weaker definition, many rings of integers in algebraic number fields do not admit unique factorization. There is an algebraic obstruction called the ideal class group. When the ideal class group is trivial, the ring is a UFD. When it is not, there is a distinction between a prime element and an irreducible element. An irreducible element  is an element such that if , then either  or  is a unit. These are the elements that cannot be factored any further. Every element in O admits a factorization into irreducible elements, but it may admit more than one. This is because, while all prime elements are irreducible, some irreducible elements may not be prime. For example, consider the ring . In this ring, the numbers ,  and  are irreducible. This means that the number  has two factorizations into irreducible elements,

This equation shows that  divides the product . If  were a prime element, then it would divide  or , but it does not, because all elements divisible by  are of the form . Similarly,  and  divide the product , but neither of these elements divides  itself, so neither of them are prime. As there is no sense in which the elements ,  and  can be made equivalent, unique factorization fails in . Unlike the situation with units, where uniqueness could be repaired by weakening the definition, overcoming this failure requires a new perspective.

Factorization into prime ideals
If  is an ideal in , then there is always a factorization

where each  is a prime ideal, and where this expression is unique up to the order of the factors. In particular, this is true if  is the principal ideal generated by a single element. This is the strongest sense in which the ring of integers of a general number field admits unique factorization. In the language of ring theory, it says that rings of integers are Dedekind domains.

When  is a UFD, every prime ideal is generated by a prime element. Otherwise, there are prime ideals which are not generated by prime elements. In , for instance, the ideal  is a prime ideal which cannot be generated by a single element.

Historically, the idea of factoring ideals into prime ideals was preceded by Ernst Kummer's introduction of ideal numbers. These are numbers lying in an extension field  of . This extension field is now known as the Hilbert class field. By the principal ideal theorem, every prime ideal of  generates a principal ideal of the ring of integers of . A generator of this principal ideal is called an ideal number. Kummer used these as a substitute for the failure of unique factorization in cyclotomic fields. These eventually led Richard Dedekind to introduce a forerunner of ideals and to prove unique factorization of ideals.

An ideal which is prime in the ring of integers in one number field may fail to be prime when extended to a larger number field. Consider, for example, the prime numbers. The corresponding ideals  are prime ideals of the ring . However, when this ideal is extended to the Gaussian integers to obtain , it may or may not be prime. For example, the factorization  implies that

note that because , the ideals generated by  and  are the same. A complete answer to the question of which ideals remain prime in the Gaussian integers is provided by Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. It implies that for an odd prime number ,  is a prime ideal if  and is not a prime ideal if . This, together with the observation that the ideal  is prime, provides a complete description of the prime ideals in the Gaussian integers. Generalizing this simple result to more general rings of integers is a basic problem in algebraic number theory. Class field theory accomplishes this goal when K is an abelian extension of Q (that is, a Galois extension with abelian Galois group).

Ideal class group
Unique factorization fails if and only if there are prime ideals that fail to be principal. The object which measures the failure of prime ideals to be principal is called the ideal class group. Defining the ideal class group requires enlarging the set of ideals in a ring of algebraic integers so that they admit a group structure. This is done by generalizing ideals to fractional ideals. A fractional ideal is an additive subgroup  of  which is closed under multiplication by elements of , meaning that  if . All ideals of  are also fractional ideals. If  and  are fractional ideals, then the set  of all products of an element in  and an element in  is also a fractional ideal. This operation makes the set of non-zero fractional ideals into a group. The group identity is the ideal , and the inverse of  is a (generalized) ideal quotient:

The principal fractional ideals, meaning the ones of the form  where , form a subgroup of the group of all non-zero fractional ideals. The quotient of the group of non-zero fractional ideals by this subgroup is the ideal class group. Two fractional ideals  and  represent the same element of the ideal class group if and only if there exists an element  such that . Therefore, the ideal class group makes two fractional ideals equivalent if one is as close to being principal as the other is. The ideal class group is generally denoted , , or  (with the last notation identifying it with the Picard group in algebraic geometry).

The number of elements in the class group is called the class number of K. The class number of  is 2. This means that there are only two ideal classes, the class of principal fractional ideals, and the class of a non-principal fractional ideal such as .

The ideal class group has another description in terms of divisors. These are formal objects which represent possible factorizations of numbers. The divisor group  is defined to be the free abelian group generated by the prime ideals of . There is a group homomorphism from , the non-zero elements of  up to multiplication, to . Suppose that  satisfies

Then  is defined to be the divisor

The kernel of  is the group of units in , while the cokernel is the ideal class group. In the language of homological algebra, this says that there is an exact sequence of abelian groups (written multiplicatively),

Real and complex embeddings
Some number fields, such as , can be specified as subfields of the real numbers. Others, such as , cannot. Abstractly, such a specification corresponds to a field homomorphism  or . These are called real embeddings and complex embeddings, respectively.

A real quadratic field , with , and  not a perfect square, is so-called because it admits two real embeddings but no complex embeddings. These are the field homomorphisms which send  to  and to , respectively. Dually, an imaginary quadratic field  admits no real embeddings but admits a conjugate pair of complex embeddings. One of these embeddings sends  to , while the other sends it to its complex conjugate, .

Conventionally, the number of real embeddings of  is denoted , while the number of conjugate pairs of complex embeddings is denoted . The signature of K is the pair . It is a theorem that , where  is the degree of .

Considering all embeddings at once determines a function , or equivalently
This is called the Minkowski embedding.

The subspace of the codomain fixed by complex conjugation is a real vector space of dimension  called Minkowski space. Because the Minkowski embedding is defined by field homomorphisms, multiplication of elements of  by an element  corresponds to multiplication by a diagonal matrix in the Minkowski embedding. The dot product on Minkowski space corresponds to the trace form .

The image of  under the Minkowski embedding is a -dimensional lattice. If  is a basis for this lattice, then  is the discriminant of . The discriminant is denoted  or . The covolume of the image of  is .

Places
Real and complex embeddings can be put on the same footing as prime ideals by adopting a perspective based on valuations. Consider, for example, the integers. In addition to the usual absolute value function |·| : Q → R, there are p-adic absolute value functions |·|p : Q → R, defined for each prime number p, which measure divisibility by p. Ostrowski's theorem states that these are all possible absolute value functions on Q (up to equivalence). Therefore, absolute values are a common language to describe both the real embedding of Q and the prime numbers.

A place of an algebraic number field is an equivalence class of absolute value functions on K. There are two types of places. There is a -adic absolute value for each prime ideal  of O, and, like the p-adic absolute values, it measures divisibility. These are called finite places. The other type of place is specified using a real or complex embedding of K and the standard absolute value function on R or C. These are infinite places. Because absolute values are unable to distinguish between a complex embedding and its conjugate, a complex embedding and its conjugate determine the same place. Therefore, there are  real places and  complex places. Because places encompass the primes, places are sometimes referred to as primes. When this is done, finite places are called finite primes and infinite places are called infinite primes. If  is a valuation corresponding to an absolute value, then one frequently writes  to mean that  is an infinite place and  to mean that it is a finite place.

Considering all the places of the field together produces the adele ring of the number field. The adele ring allows one to simultaneously track all the data available using absolute values. This produces significant advantages in situations where the behavior at one place can affect the behavior at other places, as in the Artin reciprocity law.

Places at infinity geometrically
There is a geometric analogy for places at infinity which holds on the function fields of curves. For example, let  and  be a smooth, projective, algebraic curve. The function field  has many absolute values, or places, and each corresponds to a point on the curve. If  is the projective completion of an affine curve  then the points in  correspond to the places at infinity. Then, the completion of  at one of these points gives an analogue of the -adics.

For example, if  then its function field is isomorphic to  where  is an indeterminant and the field  is the field of fractions of polynomials in . Then, a place  at a point  measures the order of vanishing or the order of a pole of a fraction of polynomials  at the point . For example, if , so on the affine chart  this corresponds to the point , the valuation  measures the order of vanishing of  minus the order of vanishing of  at . The function field of the completion at the place  is then  which is the field of power series in the variable , so an element is of the formfor some . For the place at infinity, this corresponds to the function field  which are power series of the form

Units
The integers have only two units,  and . Other rings of integers may admit more units. The Gaussian integers have four units, the previous two as well as . The Eisenstein integers  have six units. The integers in real quadratic number fields have infinitely many units. For example, in , every power of  is a unit, and all these powers are distinct.

In general, the group of units of , denoted , is a finitely generated abelian group. The fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups therefore implies that it is a direct sum of a torsion part and a free part. Reinterpreting this in the context of a number field, the torsion part consists of the roots of unity that lie in . This group is cyclic. The free part is described by Dirichlet's unit theorem. This theorem says that rank of the free part is . Thus, for example, the only fields for which the rank of the free part is zero are  and the imaginary quadratic fields. A more precise statement giving the structure of O× ⊗Z Q as a Galois module for the Galois group of K/Q is also possible.

The free part of the unit group can be studied using the infinite places of . Consider the function

where  varies over the infinite places of  and |·|v is the absolute value associated with . The function  is a homomorphism from  to a real vector space. It can be shown that the image of  is a lattice that spans the hyperplane defined by  The covolume of this lattice is the regulator of the number field. One of the simplifications made possible by working with the adele ring is that there is a single object, the idele class group, that describes both the quotient by this lattice and the ideal class group.

Zeta function
The Dedekind zeta function of a number field, analogous to the Riemann zeta function is an analytic object which describes the behavior of prime ideals in . When  is an abelian extension of , Dedekind zeta functions are products of Dirichlet L-functions, with there being one factor for each Dirichlet character. The trivial character corresponds to the Riemann zeta function. When  is a Galois extension, the Dedekind zeta function is the Artin L-function of the regular representation of the Galois group of , and it has a factorization in terms of irreducible Artin representations of the Galois group.

The zeta function is related to the other invariants described above by the class number formula.

Local fields

Completing a number field K at a place w gives a complete field. If the valuation is Archimedean, one obtains R or C, if it is non-Archimedean and lies over a prime p of the rationals, one obtains a finite extension  a complete, discrete valued field with finite residue field. This process simplifies the arithmetic of the field and allows the local study of problems. For example, the Kronecker–Weber theorem can be deduced easily from the analogous local statement. The philosophy behind the study of local fields is largely motivated by geometric methods. In algebraic geometry, it is common to study varieties locally at a point by localizing to a maximal ideal. Global information can then be recovered by gluing together local data. This spirit is adopted in algebraic number theory. Given a prime in the ring of algebraic integers in a number field, it is desirable to study the field locally at that prime. Therefore, one localizes the ring of algebraic integers to that prime and then completes the fraction field much in the spirit of geometry.

Major results

Finiteness of the class group
One of the classical results in algebraic number theory is that the ideal class group of an algebraic number field K is finite. This is a consequence of Minkowski's theorem since there are only finitely many Integral ideals with norm less than a fixed positive integer page 78. The order of the class group is called the class number, and is often denoted by the letter h.

Dirichlet's unit theorem

Dirichlet's unit theorem provides a description of the structure of the multiplicative group of units O× of the ring of integers O. Specifically, it states that O× is isomorphic to G × Zr, where G is the finite cyclic group consisting of all the roots of unity in O, and r = r1 + r2 − 1 (where r1 (respectively, r2) denotes the number of real embeddings (respectively, pairs of conjugate non-real embeddings) of K). In other words, O× is a finitely generated abelian group of rank r1 + r2 − 1 whose torsion consists of the roots of unity in O.

Reciprocity laws

In terms of the Legendre symbol, the law of quadratic reciprocity for positive odd primes states

A reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity.

There are several different ways to express reciprocity laws. The early reciprocity laws found in the 19th century were usually expressed in terms of a power residue symbol (p/q) generalizing the quadratic reciprocity symbol, that describes when a prime number is an nth power residue modulo another prime, and gave a relation between (p/q) and (q/p). Hilbert reformulated the reciprocity laws as saying that a product over p of Hilbert symbols (a,b/p), taking values in roots of unity, is equal to 1. Artin's reformulated reciprocity law states that the Artin symbol from ideals (or ideles) to elements of a Galois group is trivial on a certain subgroup. Several more recent generalizations express reciprocity laws using cohomology of groups or representations of adelic groups or algebraic K-groups, and their relationship with the original quadratic reciprocity law can be hard to see.

Class number formula

The class number formula relates many important invariants of a number field to a special value of its Dedekind zeta function.

Related areas
Algebraic number theory interacts with many other mathematical disciplines. It uses tools from homological algebra. Via the analogy of function fields vs. number fields, it relies on techniques and ideas from algebraic geometry. Moreover, the study of higher-dimensional schemes over Z instead of number rings is referred to as arithmetic geometry. Algebraic number theory is also used in the study of arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifolds.

See also
Class field theory
Kummer theory
Locally compact field
Tamagawa number

Notes

Further reading

Introductory texts

Intermediate texts

Graduate level texts

External links

Number theory

Algebraic number theory


Derek Adam Fleming (born 5 December 1973 in Falkirk) is a former Scottish football defender.

Fleming began his career in 1993 with stokeroo Meadowbank Thistle, where he made a total of 49 appearances before moving to Dunfermline Athletic in 1994. He has also played for Dundee, Livingston, Partick Thistle and Hamilton Academical. In the 2006–2007 season with Hamilton injury restricted him to only 19 first team appearances. He signed for Alloa Athletic under freedom of contract as manager Allan Maitland built a new squad for the 2007–08 season. He was released in May 2008.

Flea was an integral part of the Partick Thistle side that won the first division, playing both in midfield and at left back, he will be best remembered by jags fans as scoring the goal at Love Street that secured promotion to the Scottish Premier League. Flea also broke his leg in the process. Derek is now a player/coach for Linlithgow Rose.

External links

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Falkirk
Scottish men's footballers
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Livingston F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Bo'ness United F.C. players
Linlithgow Rose F.C. players
Broxburn Athletic F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Men's association football defenders

Derek Fleming


KXRX (97.1 FM) is the call sign of the radio station 97 Rock based in Pasco, Washington. The station is owned by Townsquare Media. The call letters are based on the former KXRX/Seattle—a major rock radio station active in Seattle from 1987-1994 on 96.5 FM and now known as The X KXRX, an internet only active rock station.

KXRX's relatively short tenure in the Seattle market was a momentous one, with "The X" establishing itself as one of the first major radio stations to play "grunge," a wave of popular music originating in the Pacific Northwest and soon spanning the globe.  The station helped launch the careers of groups such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains, and featured a high-profile corps of deejays that included Mike West, Robin Erickson, John Maynard, and British-born Norman B. (Batley), who introduced listeners to "Seattle Blues," a Sunday night show that drew a large and devoted following.

Bart Becker of Seattle Weekly wrote that Norman B. was "stirring up the Sunday night radio waves" and "breaking the sound barrier." Prompted by the success of "Seattle Blues," KXRX unveiled a new weekly new music show hosted by Norman B. called, "The Xtra Hour."

After seven years of "feisty, personality-oriented album rock," KXRX was sold by Shamrock Broadcasting to Alliance Broadcasting.

The call letters KXRX were at one time assigned to an AM station in San Jose, California, during the 1940s, 1950s and very early 1960s.  It played music which would be considered MOR today, artists at the time like Frank Sinatra, Patti Page, etc.  When rock music really took off in the late 1950s, KXRX later changed its format to all news, before finally going off the air.

The station runs syndicated shows The Bob & Tom Show and Loudwire.

References

External links
Official Website
Flash Stream

XRX
Walla Walla, Washington
Townsquare Media radio stations

KXRX


Filipino Chinese cuisine is a style of Filipino cuisine influenced from Chinese cuisine.

History
Filipino cuisine is influenced principally by China and Spain have been integrated with pre-colonial indigenous Filipino cooking practices.

In the Philippines, trade with China started in the 11th century, as documents show, but undocumented trade may have started as many as two centuries earlier. Trade pottery excavated in Laguna province, for example, includes pieces dating to the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - 907). Chinese traders supplied the silk sent to Mexico and Spain in the Manila galleon trade. In return, they took back products of field, forest (such as beeswax, rattan) and sea (such as, beche de mer).

Evidence of Chinese influence in Philippine food is easy to find, since the names are an obvious clue. Pansit, noodles flavored with seafood and/or meat and/or vegetables, for example, comes from the Hokkien piān-ê-si̍t ( or ), meaning something that is conveniently cooked. Modern day pansit, however, is not limited only to noodle dishes that are stir fried or sauteed, but also those shaken in hot water and flavored with a sauce (pansit luglog) or served with broth (mami, lomi). The term includes food that is not noodle shaped, but is of the same flour-water recipe, such as pansit molo (pork filled wontons in a soup).

Early Chinese traders, wishing for the food of their homeland, may have made noodles in their temporary Philippine homes, using ingredients locally available. Further adaptation would occur in the different towns and regions. Thus Malabon, a fishing town in Metro Manila, has developed the pansit Malabon, which features oyster, shrimp and squid. While in Lucban, Quezon, which is deeply inland and far from the sea has pansit Lucban or pansit habhab, which is prepared with some meat and vegetables.

With lumpia, the Chinese eggroll which now has been incorporated into Philippine cuisine, even when it was still called lumpiang Shanghai (indicating frying and a pork filling). Serving meat and/or vegetable in an edible wrapper is a Chinese technique now found in all of Southeast Asia in variations peculiar to each culture. The Filipino version has meat, fish, vegetables, heart of palm and combinations thereof, served fresh or fried or even bare.

The Chinese influence goes deep into Philippine cooking, and way beyond food names and restaurant fare. The use of soy sauce and other soybean products (tokwa, tahuri, miso, tausi, taho) is Chinese, as is the use of such vegetables as petsay (Chinese cabbage), toge (mung bean sprout), mustasa (pickled mustard greens). Many cooking implements still bear their original Chinese name, like sian-se or turner. The Filipino carajay (spelled the Spanish way) is actually the Chinese wok.

The cooking process for Chinese Filipino cuisine also derives from Chinese methods. Pesa is Hokkien for "plain boiled" () and is used only in reference to the cooking of fish, the complete term being peq+sa+hi, the last morpheme meaning fish. In Tagalog, it can mean both fish (pesang dalag) and chicken (pesang manok). As well, foods such as pata tim and pato tim refer to the braising technique () used in Chinese cooking.

Since most of the early Chinese traders and settlers in the country were from the Fujian province, it is Fujian/Hokkien food that is most widespread in influence. However, since restaurant food is often Cantonese, most of the Chinese restaurants in the country would serve both cuisines. Other styles of Chinese cuisine are available though in the minority.

When the Spaniards came, the food influences they brought were from both Spain and Mexico, as it was through the vice-royalty of New Spain that the Philippines were governed. When restaurants were established in the 19th century, Chinese food became a staple of the panciterias (noodle houses), with the food given Spanish names. "Comida China" (the Spanish term for "Chinese food") includes arroz caldo (rice and chicken gruel), and morisqueta tostada (fried rice).

Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine

 Batchoy ()
 Hopia ()
 Kiampong () - a variant of fried rice.
 Kikiam ()
 Kwapau () (cuapao)
 Lomi ()
 Lumpia () - a derivative of popiah
 Machang () - a derivative of zongzi
 Maki mi () - pork, beef or fish in a thick cornstarch-based soup
 Mami () - a noodle soup purportedly invented or popularized by Ma Mon Luk
 Pancit ()
 Siomai ()
 Siopao ()
 Taho ()
Goto () - rice porridge with ox tripe
Pork Tito ()
Bicho-Bicho () / Shakoy () - youtiao
Tikoy ()

References

Chinese fusion cuisine
Philippine fusion cuisine
Chinese cuisine outside China
Chinese-Filipino culture

Filipino Chinese cuisine


Moxie Sozo is a Boulder, Colorado-based design and advertising agency founded in 1999.

Awards and recognition

Computer Arts Magazine UK named Moxie Sozo "Studio of the Month" and has included the agency in other areas of its publication to provide advice and guidance for other firms. Moxie Sozo's packaging design awards were featured in Choi's Gallery, a bi-monthly publication dedicated to reviewing graphics. Moxie Sozo's creative design efforts for Jade Monk Beverage Co., Left Hand Brewing Co. and LEAP Organics were all recipients of the "Best Packaging Design" award in Choi's Gallery for 2011.

Environmental initiatives

Moxie Sozo's operations, including all business travel, are 100% carbon neutral. Their carbon offset supports the non-profit organization Clean Air-Cool Planet. Their zero-waste operations program is operated, monitored and audited by Eco-Cycle.

The Hurricane Poster Project and The Haiti Poster Project
In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, Steiner organized a group of international designers and artists to create The Hurricane Poster Project. Designers from all over the world were asked to make and submit posters that could be then sold online to raise money for the victims and the Red Cross. More than 180 different limited-edition series of posters were produced, raising more than US$50,000. In 2007, Leif Steiner was awarded the Circle of Humanitarians Award, the American Red Cross's highest honor.

Three days after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Leif Steiner of Moxie Sozo and Josh Higgins organized The Haiti Poster Project, a collaboration of 350 designers from 17 countries. The project gained worldwide media attention within days of launching, and the effort has raised thousands of dollars for victims of the earthquake. As a result of this effort, Steiner – along with Lead Designer and Pentagram (design studio) Partner Harry Pearce and Photographer Richard Foster – won the D&AD Professional Award for his contributions to the Haiti disaster relief.

See also
Sustainable advertising

References

External links
Moxie Sozo website

Advertising agencies of the United States

Moxie Sozo


Frederic C. Hamilton (September 25, 1927 – September 30, 2016) was the chairman of The Hamilton Companies LLC, a loosely connected group of companies focused on oil production, real estate holdings and educational institutions.

Frederic C. Hamilton founded Hamilton Oil Corporation in the late 1960s. He built it into an international oil company as well as a domestic gas company, both of which he merged into a major integrated oil company in the mid-1980s. At the time of his death Hamilton was the Chairman of The Hamilton Companies, which is active in venture capital, private equity, oil and gas, real estate, mortgage lending, securities and acquisitions operations.

Fred Hamilton was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame by Junior Achievement-Rocky Mountain and the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce in 2010.

Early life
Hamilton was born in Columbus, Ohio, but spent much of his childhood in Springfield, Illinois. He was educated at Millbrook and Lawrenceville Schools and Babson College. He also served in the United States Air Force. Hamilton began his career as a roughneck and roustabout in the oil fields of Texas.

Oil exploration
Hamilton has been referred to as having been one of the United States's oil pioneers. In 1950, he started Hamilton Brothers Drilling Company along with his brother Ferris, in Dallas, Texas with a $5,000 loan from their mother. Their success enabled them to expand into oil and gas exploration with a partnership known as Hamilton Brothers. In 1962, this became Hamilton Brothers Oil Company and the company moved to Denver. Hamilton's family have resided in Denver for more than 50 years.

In the early '70s, Hamilton Brothers was the first company to find and produce oil in the North Sea. They drilled the first well in the East China Sea and later the first in the Barents Sea, offshore Russia. They also developed and used the first floating production system in the world.

Philanthropy
Hamilton served as the Chairman Emeritus of the Denver Art Museum (DAM) Board of Trustees. He served as the DAM's Vice Chairman beginning in 1984, became Chairman of the Board of Trustees in 1994 and acted as Co-Chairman with J. Landis (Lanny) Martin from July 2011 to January 2013. He guided the museum through several major milestones, most notably the planning, financing and construction of the Frederic C. Hamilton Building, designed by Daniel Libeskind. It first opened to the public in October 2006. Additionally, Hamilton led two major endowment campaigns for the DAM during his tenure, growing those assets to more than $100 million. He also helped lead the fundraising effort to complete the $110 million expansion project. In recognition of his long-time support, the museum named its 146,000-square-foot expansion, the Frederic C. Hamilton Building. Hamilton was a member of the Trustees Council of the National Gallery of Art, an alumni member of the Smithsonian Institution Board of Directors, on the Board of Trustees of the Denver Area Council Boy Scouts of America and President of the Graland Country Day School Foundation Board.

He established endowed chairs in endocrinology, macular degeneration and skin cancer research at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and created endowments at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College for research and for clinical scholars.

Hamilton was a lifetime trustee at Graland Country Day School where several buildings bear his name, including the Frederic C. Hamilton Gymnasium  and classroom buildings named Hamilton West and Hamilton East. With Scott Reiman, he also funded a large portion of the Hamilton-Reiman Building which houses Graland's library and performing arts theater.

Hamilton's past corporate directorships include: Chairman, Tejas Gas Corporation; Director, BHP Petroleum; Celanese Corporation; First National Bancorporation; Gates Learjet; IntraWest Financial Corporation; ITT Corporation; International Mining Corporation; United States Tmst Co.; Norwest Corporation; Permian Corporation; Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken International Corporation; United Banks of Colorado and Volvo International Board.

Notable endowments
2003 Frederic C Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum
Endocrinology Chair at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Newman Center, University of Denver.
Ritchie Center, University of Denver.
American Federation of Arts
Denver Children's Hospital

References

Babson College alumni
Businesspeople from Columbus, Ohio
Businesspeople from Denver
People from Springfield, Illinois
American businesspeople in the oil industry
2016 deaths
1927 births
20th-century American businesspeople

Frederic C. Hamilton


Paolo Pulici (; born 27 April 1950) is an Italian football manager and former footballer who played as a striker. With 172 goals in all competitions, he is the all-time record goalscorer for Torino.

He had several nicknames: amongst the most famous were Pupi and the one created for him by the journalist Gianni Brera, Puliciclone (a pun on his family name, Pulici, and Ciclone, Italian for "cyclone").
Plus, he shared with his teammate Francesco Graziani the collective nickname I gemelli del gol (Italian for "The Twins of Goal").
At international level, he represented Italy at two FIFA World Cups, first in 1974, and subsequently in 1978, where he helped the team to a fourth-place finish. Since 1990 he has taught the game of football at Sportiva Tritium 1908 in Trezzo sull'Adda, at the football school that bears his name.

In 2014, he was inducted into the Torino FC Hall of Fame; he was the first player to ever be elected and was included in the "Forwards" category.

Club career

Pulici was born on 27 April 1950 in Roncello, small town at the time in the Province of Milan (now Province of Monza).
Initially courted by Internazionale, he was ultimately rejected as the club believed his left-foot only shooting could not match that of their striker Sandro Mazzola. Torino acquired from Legnano in 1967 and the then coach, Edmondo Fabbri, launched him as a starter in the 1968–69 season as a starter in Torino-Cagliari (0–0). In his first four seasons at Torino (three as starter), he played in 79 league games, but only scored nine goals due to technical shortcomings and his lack of composure in front of goal.

In 1972 the coach Gustavo Giagnoni excluded Pulici from the starting lineup for a period of two months, devoting him to technical refinement with the help of the coaches of the youth team. In 1972–73 he emerged as the top scorer in Serie A with 17 goals along with Gianni Rivera and Giuseppe Savoldi. He repeated this feat in 1974–75 (18 goals) and in 1975–76, when he scored 21 goals in the season won by Torino, played in tandem with strike-partner Francesco Graziani. The pair were nicknamed "i gemelli del gol" ("the goal twins"): Pulici's goal was decisive in the final round of the season against A.C. Cesena.

He played with Torino for 14 seasons, disputed 437 official games and scored 172 goals between league and cup competitions. In addition to the Scudetto won in 1975–76, he finished 2nd place in the league in 1976–77 and won a Coppa Italia trophy in 1971.

In subsequent years his number of goals diminished, with a minimum of three goals in the 1979–80 season, which coincided with the departure of Torino head coach Luigi Radice. In 1982, he was allowed to leave Torino for free, moving to Udinese; after a season in Friuli, he went to Fiorentina, with whom he ended his playing career.

International career

Pulici made his full international debut on 30 March 1973, in a 5–0 win over Luxembourg in a World Cup qualifier in Genoa. His first goals were a brace on 30 December 1975 in a 3–2 friendly win over Greece in Florence, his seventh cap. He then scored in his subsequent two matches, against Portugal and the United States.

In total, he played 19 matches and scored 5 goals for the Italy national football team. He made the squad for two World Cups (1974 and 1978), but did not enter the field of play in either tournament. Internationally, Pulici played in 19 games and scored 5 goals; often deployed in tandem with Graziani. Failing to repeat the performance offered at Torino, he was often replaced by Roberto Bettega.

Managerial career
After retiring, he joined the technical staff of Piacenza as assistant coach, after the Emilian club contacted him to resume athletic activities. From 1986 to 1988 he was at the side of coach Battista Rota, while in the season 1988–89 he reclaimed the role of assistant coach from Enrico Catuzzi and later Attilio Perotti.

Style of play
A prolific, tenacious, and opportunistic right-footed forward, Pulici was also adept at using his left foot. A fast, dynamic, and physically strong player, he was particularly gifted in the air and was known for his ability to score acrobatic goals; he was also an accomplished penalty kick taker.

Honours
Torino
Serie A: 1975–76
Coppa Italia: 1970–71

Individual
Capocannoniere: 1972–73 (17 goals), 1974–75 (18 goals), 1975–76 (21 goals)
Torino FC Hall of Fame: 2014

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Italy men's international footballers
1974 FIFA World Cup players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Torino FC players
Udinese Calcio players
ACF Fiorentina players
AC Legnano players
Serie A players
Serie C players
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Milan
Men's association football forwards

Paolo Pulici


Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester (c. 1090 – 31 October 1147) (alias Robert Rufus, Robert de Caen (Latinised to Robertus de Cadomo), Robert Consul) was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England. He was the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, and her chief military supporter during the civil war known as The Anarchy, in which she vied with Stephen of Blois for the throne of England.

Early life
Robert was probably the eldest of Henry's many illegitimate children. He was born before his father's accession to the English throne, either during the reign of his grandfather William the Conqueror or his uncle William Rufus. He is sometimes and erroneously designated as a son of Nest, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, last king of Deheubarth, although his mother has been identified as a member of "the Gay or Gayt family of north Oxfordshire", possibly a daughter of Rainald Gay (fl. 1086) of Hampton Gay and Northbrook Gay in Oxfordshire. Rainald had known issue, Robert Gay of Hampton (died c. 1138) and Stephen Gay of Northbrook (died after 1154). A number of Oxfordshire women feature as the mothers of Robert's siblings.

Robert may have been a native of Caen or he may have been only the Constable and Governor of that city, jure uxoris.

Robert's father had contracted him in marriage to Mabel FitzRobert, daughter and heir of Robert Fitzhamon, but the marriage was not solemnized until June 1119 at Lisieux. His wife brought him the substantial honours of Gloucester in England and Glamorgan in Wales, and the honours of Sainte-Scholasse-sur-Sarthe and Évrecy in Normandy, as well as Creully.  After the White Ship disaster late in 1120, and probably because of this marriage, in 1121 or 1122 his father created him Earl of Gloucester. He commissioned the translation of Welsh historical sources which the subject lent to Walter Espec of Helmsley and he , in turned, lent to others.

Earl of Gloucester
In either 1121 or 1122, his father created him the 1st Earl of Gloucester. Robert became powerful in both the countries of Normandy and England with this act, as Caen may have remained his principal seat.

Robert possessed many castles and land through grants made to him by his father, King Henry. He was the keeper of Gloucester Castle, Canterbury Castle, and fortresses of Bristol, Leeds, and Dover. Bristol Castle was Robert's principal seat in England and he constructed additions to its exterior fortifications and rebuilt the interior. Robert held Gloucester Castle in right of his earldom, however, after Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford was created earl, Miles became the constable of it under Robert, his liege-lord, as Florence of Worcester called him.

There is evidence in the contemporary source, the Gesta Stephani, that Robert was proposed by some as a candidate for the throne, after his father's death, but his illegitimacy ruled him out:

This suggestion cannot have led to any idea that he and Stephen were rivals for the Crown, as Geoffrey of Monmouth in 1136 referred to Robert as one of the 'pillars' of the new King's rule.

For the first five years after the death of his father, Henry I, and usurpation of power by Stephen in 1135, Robert seems to have been an inactive spectator of the struggle between Stephen and Matilda.

In June 1138, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou persuaded Robert to join the party opposing King Stephen through prayers and promises given to Robert when Geoffrey entered Normandy. It is said that when the hostilities first began, Robert acted with "great prudence, and still held aloof," but that his hostility to Stephen was not disguised. Thus, while Robert sided in June 1138 with the party opposing Stephen's rule was a great change in the power dynamics in England, it may not have been quite as unexpected as some scholars make it out to be, as "his hostility to Stephen was scarcely disguised."

In 1139, Robert, along with Guy de Sablé and several others, took Matilda to England. On August 31, 1139, they landed in England and were received at Arundel castle by their step-mother Adeliza, the queen-dowager. Matilda was given leave from King Stephen to pass through England under safe conduct.  Robert hosted Matilda after her arrival in England at Bristol Castle and led her forces against Stephen.

Robert commanded the empress's forces during the Battle of Lincoln, during which Robert's son-in-law Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester commanded his own forces for the empress.

The capture of King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141 gave Empress Matilda the upper hand in her battle for the throne, but by alienating the citizens of London she failed to be crowned Queen. Robert imprisoned Stephen in Bristol. Her forces were defeated at the Rout of Winchester on 14 September 1141, and Robert of Gloucester was captured nearby at Stockbridge.

Without the Earl of Gloucester, the party of Matilda was powerless, so the two prisoners, King Stephen and Robert of Gloucester, were then exchanged. But by freeing Stephen, Empress Matilda had given up her best chance of becoming queen. She would later return to France, where she died in 1167, though her son succeeded Stephen as King Henry II in 1154.

With the success of Stephen in England, Robert and Matilda returned to Normandy, where the earl recruited fresh levies. He soon crossed the channel again, taking with him his nephew, Henry, then ten years old. Robert was devoted to the education of his young charge and taught him English habits and culture. Following their crossing of the channel, Robert went to Wareham, Dorsetshire and sent Henry to Somersetshire, where he was received by friends of his mother, Matilda.

The civil war continued on without much success, with alternate triumphs and defeats for three more years. However, it came to a quiet close in 1147 when Robert died and the queen and her son, now deprived of Gloucester's protection, returned to Normandy.

Robert of Gloucester died in 1147 at Bristol Castle, where he had previously imprisoned King Stephen, and was buried at St James' Priory, Bristol, which he had founded in 1129.

Family

Robert and his wife Mabel FitzRobert married in 1119, and they had seven children:
William FitzRobert (c.1121 – 1183): succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Gloucester
Roger FitzRobert (c. 1123 – 1179): Bishop of Worcester
Hamon FitzRobert, knight (c. 1124 – 1159): killed at the siege of Toulouse.
Richard FitzRobert, Lord of Creully (c. 1125 – 1175): succeeded his mother as Sire de Creully.
Matilda FitzRobert (c. 1126 – 1189): married in 1143 Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester.
Mabel FitzRobert: married Aubrey de Vere
Philip FitzRobert, Lord of Cricklade (c. 1130 – 1148)
He also had four illegitimate children:
Richard FitzRobert (died 1142): Bishop of Bayeux [mother: Isabel de Douvres, sister of Richard de Douvres, bishop of Bayeux (1107–1133)]
Robert FitzRobert (died 1170): Castellan of Gloucester, married in 1147 Hawise de Reviers (daughter of Baldwin de Reviers, 1st Earl of Devon and his first wife Adelisa), had daughter Mabel FitzRobert (married firstly Jordan de Chambernon and secondly William de Soliers)
Mabel FitzRobert: married Gruffud, Lord of Senghenydd, son of Ifor Bach.
Thomas FitzRobert

In popular culture
Robert of Gloucester is a figure in many of the novels by Ellis Peters in the Cadfael Chronicles (written between 1977 and 1994) where he is seen as a strong moderating force to his half-sister (see Saint Peter's Fair). His efforts to gain the crown for his sister by capturing King Stephen and her own actions in London are part of the plot in The Pilgrim of Hate. His capture by Stephen's wife Queen Mathilda is in the background of the plot of An Excellent Mystery. The exchange of the imprisoned Robert for the imprisoned Stephen is in the background of the plot of The Raven in the Foregate. Robert's travels to persuade his brother-in-law to aid Empress Maud militarily in England is in the background of the novel The Rose Rent. His return to England when Empress Maud is trapped in Oxford Castle figures in The Hermit of Eyton Forest.

Robert's return to England with his young nephew Henry, years later the king succeeding Stephen, is in the background of the plot of The Confession of Brother Haluin, as the battles begin anew with Robert's military guidance. Robert's success in the Battle of Wilton (1143) leads to the death of a fictional character, part of the plot of The Potter's Field. In the last novel, he is a father who can disagree with and then forgive his son Philip (see the last novel, Brother Cadfael's Penance). In that last novel, Brother Cadfael speculates on the possibly different path for England if the first son of old King Henry, the illegitimate Robert of Gloucester, had been recognised and accepted. In Wales of that era, a son was not illegitimate if recognized by his father, and to many in the novels, Robert of Gloucester seemed the best of the contenders to succeed his father.

Robert is also a central character in Sharon Penman's 1995 novel When Christ and His Saints Slept. He was also central in the struggle during The Anarchy as portrayed in Ken Follet's 1989 novel The Pillars of the Earth and in the 2010 mini-series of the same name.

See also
 Kenfig Castle – an important 12th-century motte and bailey for controlling the Norman lands in South Wales
The Anarchy

Citations

Further reading
J. Bradbury, Stephen and Matilda: The Civil War of 1139–53 (Stroud, 1996)
D. Crouch, "Robert of Gloucester's Mother and Sexual Politics in Norman Oxfordshire", Historical Research, 72 (1999) 323–332.
D. Crouch, "Robert, earl of Gloucester and the daughter of Zelophehad," Journal of Medieval History, 11 (1985), 227–43.
D. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–1154 (London, 2000).
C. Given-Wilson & A. Curteis. The Royal Bastards of Medieval England (London, 1984)
The Personnel of the Norman Cathedrals during the Ducal Period, 911–1204, ed. David S. Spear (London, 2006)
Earldom of Gloucester Charters, ed. R.B. Patterson (Oxford, 1973)
R. B. Patterson, "William of Malmesbury's Robert of Gloucester: a re-evaluation of the Historia Novella," American Historical Review, 70 (1965), 983–97.
R. B. Patterson. 2019. The Earl, the Kings, and the Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen. Oxford University Press

K. Thompson, "Affairs of State: the illegitimate children of Henry I," Journal of Medieval History, 29 (2003), 129–151.
W. M. M. Picken, "The Descent of the Devon Family of Willington from Robert Earl of Gloucester" in A Medieval Cornish Miscellany, Ed. O.J. Padel. (Phillimore, 2000)

1090s births
1147 deaths
11th-century English people
12th-century English nobility
People from Bristol
Illegitimate children of Henry I of England
People of The Anarchy
Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
Sons of kings
Burials at St James' Priory, Bristol
Anglo-Normans
Lords of Glamorgan

Year of birth uncertain

Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester


Miss Venezuela 1984 was the 31st Miss Venezuela pageant, was held in Caraballeda, Vargas state, Venezuela, on May 11, 1984, after weeks of events.  The winner of the pageant was Carmen María Montiel, Miss Zulia.

The pageant was broadcast live on Venevision from the Macuto Sheraton Hotel in Caraballeda, Vargas state. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, outgoing titleholder Paola Ruggeri, crowned Carmen María Montiel of Zulia as the new Miss Venezuela.

Results

Placements
Miss Venezuela 1984 – Carmen María Montiel (Miss Zulia)

The runners-up were:
1st runner-up – Astrid Carolina Herrera (Miss Miranda)
2nd runner-up – Miriam Leyderman (Miss Nueva Esparta)
3rd runner-up – Carla Mariani (Miss Carabobo)
4th runner-up – Mirla Ochoa † (Miss Delta Amacuro)
5th runner-up – Maria Teresa Ambrosino (Miss Barinas)
6th runner-up – Carolina Cristancho (Miss Aragua)
7th runner-up – Ana Rosa Abad (Miss Apure)

Special awards
 Miss Photogenic (voted by press reporters) – Astrid Carolina Herrera (Miss Miranda)
 Miss Congeniality – Consuelo Borges (Miss Amazonas)
 Miss Elegance – Maria Alejandra Castro Egui (Miss Guárico)
 Miss Amity – Maribel Aguilar (Miss Mérida)

Contestants
The Miss Venezuela 1984 delegates are:

 Miss Amazonas – Consuelo Borges Hernández
 Miss Anzoátegui – Mariela Salma Caminiti
 Miss Apure – Ana Rosa Abad Perdomo
 Miss Aragua – Annette Carolina Cristancho Gruber
 Miss Barinas – María Teresa Ambrosino D'Amico
 Miss Bolívar – Petra María -Mery- Muñoz Ojeda
 Miss Carabobo – Carla Mariani Casentini
 Miss Cojedes – Yurby Josefina Bolaños
 Miss Delta Amacuro – Mirla Rociel Ochoa Silva†
 Miss Departamento Vargas – Martha Alida Salas Contreras
 Miss Distrito Federal – Antoinette Medina González
  Miss Falcón – Mary Loly Alba
 Miss Guárico – Maria Alejandra Castro Egui
 Miss Lara – Esther Querales Pérez
 Miss Mérida – Maribel Aguilar Meza
 Miss Miranda  – Astrid Carolina Herrera Irazábal
 Miss Monagas – Maria de los Ángeles Morales Pavía
 Miss Nueva Esparta – Miriam Leyderman Eppel
 Miss Portuguesa – Mercedes Mercedes†
 Miss Sucre – Morelia Chávez González
 Miss Táchira – María Alejandra Niño Berti†
 Miss Yaracuy – Irene Dajdaj Firgau
 Miss Zulia – Carmen María Montiel Avila

External links
Miss Venezuela official website

1984 beauty pageants
1984 in Venezuela

Miss Venezuela 1984