The vow of enclosure is a religious vow taken by some Poor Clares in addition to the three religious vows of obedience, poverty and chastity.

Description
When a Poor Clare takes this vow, she may not leave the monastery except for doctor's appointments, civil duties, or emergencies. The sisters known as "extern sisters" do not take this vow in order to be able to handle some of the community's needs outside the papal enclosure.

The Poor Clares constitute the second branch of the Franciscan Order, founded in the thirteenth century by St. Clare under the inspiration of St. Francis of Assisi.

References

Poor Clares
1212 establishments in Europe
Enclosure
Living arrangements

Vow of Enclosure


is a Japanese master of Seidokaikan karate and founder of the K-1 fighting circuit, a widely televised international martial arts competition combining Muay Thai, karate, sanshou, taekwondo, kenpo, boxing, and kickboxing. His karate training began with Kyokushin karate, but he formed his own karate organization in 1980, began promoting televised karate competitions, and started staging K-1 events in 1993.

Early life
Ishii was born on June 10, 1953, in Uwajima, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. He is one of three siblings. As a boy, he was interested in sumo and baseball, and was also introduced to gymnastics. While Ishii was in junior high school, a book by Masatoshi Nakayama sparked his interest in Shotokan karate, but a Sonny Chiba film later inspired him to pursue training in Kyokushin karate.

Karate career
Ishii began training in Kyokushin karate under Hideyuki Ashihara, who was then a senior instructor in Kyokushin's International Karate Organization (IKO). By the time he was 16 years old, he had established a local Kyokushin dojo (training hall) under his instructor's supervision. Six years later, in 1975, he opened a Kyokushin dojo in Osaka, and this was a very successful venture.

When Ashihara left the IKO a few years later, Ishii followed, but then left Ashihara's organization after only a few months. He founded his own organization, Seidokaikan Karate, in 1980. Ishii's organization had dojo in the Kansai region. Within the next two years, he was promoting televised full-contact karate tournaments. In 1983, Ishii became the first Chairman of the newly formed All Japan Budo Promotion Association. Seidokaikan's reputation grew as Ishii's students, such as Masaaki Satake, Toshiyuki Yanagisawa, and Toshiyuki Atokawa, earned tournament victories.

K-1 promotional career
Following almost a decade of development, Ishii staged the inaugural K-1 tournament in Yoyogi Hall, Tokyo, in April 1993. According to The Japan Times, the "K" element came from kakutogi (a Japanese collective noun for combat techniques) and the "1" element came from the competition's single weight division and the champion's unique position (given the single weight division). According to Black Belt magazine, Ishii said that he chose the "K" element since it was the first letter in the names of karate, kickboxing, kung fu, kempo, and many other combative arts. K-1's official website states that the "K" element also stands for "King."

Over the next ten years, the K-1 competition expanded to 24 events each year, across Japan, Europe, and North America. In January 2003, Black Belt magazine named Ishii as its Man of the Year for 2002. Together with late K-1 fighter Andy Hug (1964–2000), Ishii supported the production of Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie (where he voiced the character of Fei-Long in the original Japanese audio) by creating fight scenes that utilized real-life combat techniques. In the PlayStation video game titled K-1 Revenge, he also appears as the fighting boss "Master Ishii", whose character can be unlocked in the video game when completing the single player mode for the first time.

See also
 Sadaharu Tanikawa
 Pierre Andurand
 Chatri Sityodtong
 Simon Rutz
 Eduard Irimia

References

External links
 Seidokaikan Karate
 K-1 Official Website
 Ishii's Message
 IKF K-1 NEWS SITE

1953 births
Living people
Japanese male karateka
Seidokaikan practitioners
Karate coaches
Martial arts school founders
K-1 executives
People from Uwajima, Ehime
Sportspeople from Ehime Prefecture
Kyokushin kaikan practitioners
Ashihara kaikan practitioners
Japanese people convicted of tax crimes

Kazuyoshi Ishii


Şaban Erden who was born in Kırklareli in 1949, is the Deputy Secretary General of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality.

After the high school education at Kabataş Erkek Lisesi (Kabataş Erkek Lisesi), he graduated from the Civil Engineering Faculty of Istanbul Technical University (İTÜ) in 1972 with a Master of Science degree in Civil Engineering. He worked at the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement at Bandırma District Directorate as a Control Engineer during the construction of Bandirma Harbour. He completed his military service in 1974 and 1975. Afterwards, he worked for Azot Sanayii A.Ş., TÜGSAŞ A.Ş., Türkiye Milk Industry Company (SEK) and for the Prime Ministry Housing Development Administration (TOKİ). On 5.5.1994, while he was working at Gebze Institute of Technology as the Construction Works and Technical Department Director, he was assigned to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality as the Director of the Department of Construction. Erden then became the Director at the Department of Projects in April 2001, and was appointed as Deputy Secretary General responsible from development activities in June 2002. Later, in February 2007, he was assigned as the Deputy Secretary General responsible for projects. Mr.Erden has three sons: İbrahim, Fatih and Salih. He speaks Turkish, Bosnian and French. He is a member of the board of trustees at International University of Sarajevo (IUS).

See also
 Kadir Topbaş

External links
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
International University of Sarajevo

1949 births
Living people
People from Kırklareli
Istanbul Technical University alumni
Date of birth missing (living people)
Kabataş Erkek Lisesi alumni

Şaban Erden


Titus Calpurnius Siculus was a Roman bucolic poet. Eleven eclogues have been handed down to us under his name, of which the last four, from metrical considerations and express manuscript testimony, are now generally attributed to Nemesianus, who lived in the time of the emperor Carus and his sons (latter half of the 3rd century). The separate authorship of the eclogues of Calpurnius and Nemesianus was established by Haupt.

Controversy over date

There is no doubt that Calpurnius's eclogues post-date Virgil's eclogues, as Calpurnius is heavily indebted, and frequently alludes to Virgil. However, the period in which Calpurnius was active has been debated and there is no overriding consensus.
Edward Gibbon placed him in the reign of Carus (282283 AD).  In the late nineteenth century, Haupt asserted that Calpurnius wrote during the reign of Nero (5468 AD).

Evidence put forward for this Neronian dating includes the fact that, in Calpurnius's eclogues I, IV, and VII, the emperor is described as a handsome youth, like Mars and Apollo, whose accession marks the beginning of a new golden age, prognosticated by the appearance of a comet, which is argued to be the same that appeared some time before the death of Claudius; he exhibits splendid games in the amphitheatre (probably the wooden amphitheatre erected by Nero in 57); and in the words  (i.45) there is a reference to the speech delivered in Greek by Nero on behalf of the Ilienses (Suetonius, Nero, 7; Tacitus, Annals, xii.58), from whom the Julii derived their family.

In 1978 it was argued that Calpurnius was active in the reign of Severus (193211 AD). Arguments for such later dating of Calpurnius's work are based on internal stylistic, metrical and lexical grounds – including what are considered by some to be allusions in Calpurnius's poetry to Flavian-era literature. There has been subsequent disagreement among scholars as to the date of Calpurnius's poetry, with some arguing for a Neronian Date, others for a later date.

Life

Nothing is known of the life of Calpurnius with any certainty. Some scholars have argued that Calpurnius is represented, in his poetry, by the character of  Corydon and have attempted to draw conclusions about Calpurnius's life from the life of Corydon portrayed in the eclogues.

From this it is deduced that Calpurnius was in poor circumstances and was on the point of emigrating to Spain, when a patron (represented in the poems by a certain Meliboeus) came to his aid. Through his influence Calpurnius apparently secured a post at Rome. The poet's patron, has been variously identified with Columella, Seneca the philosopher, and Gaius Calpurnius Piso. Although the sphere of Meliboeus's literary activity (as indicated in Eclogue iv.53) suits none of these, what is known of Calpurnius Piso fits in well with what is said of Meliboeus by the poet, who speaks of his generosity, his intimacy with the emperor, and his interest in tragic poetry. His claim is further supported by the poem De Laude Pisonis (ed. C.F. Weber, 1859) which has come down to us without the name of the author, but which there is considerable reason for attributing to Calpurnius, the other main contender being Lucan.

Eclogues

The eclogues are a collection of Latin poetry attributed to Calpurnius Siculus. Of his models the chief is Virgil, of whom (under the name of Tityrus) he speaks with great enthusiasm; he is also indebted to Ovid and Theocritus.

Laus Pisonis and Einsiedeln Eclogues
The Laus Pisonis exhibits a striking similarity with Calpurnius's eclogues in metre, language, and subject-matter. The author of the Laus is young, of respectable family and desirous of gaining the favour of Piso as his Maecenas. Further, the similarity between the two names can hardly be accidental; it is suggested that the poet may have been adopted by the courtier, or that he was the son of a freedman of Piso. The attitude of the author of the Laus towards the subject of the panegyricus seems to show less intimacy than the relations between Corydon and Meliboeus in the eclogues, and there is internal evidence that the Laus was written during the reign of Claudius (Teuffel-Schwabe, Hist. of Rom. Lit. 306,6).

Mention may here be made of the fragments of two short hexameter poems known as the Einsiedeln Eclogues, which share similarities with the poetry of Calpurnius.

Notes

References

Further reading
 H. E. Butler, Post-Augustan Poetry (Oxford, 1909), pp. 150 foll.
 Franz Skutsch in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopädie, iii.I (1897).
 Thomas K. Hubbard, The Pipes of Pan (Ann Arbor 1998) pp. 150 foll.

1st-century Romans
1st-century Roman poets
Ancient Roman poets
Siculus, Titus

Titus Calpurnius Siculus


Hemopericardium refers to blood in the pericardial sac of the heart. It is clinically similar to a pericardial effusion, and, depending on the volume and rapidity with which it develops, may cause cardiac tamponade.

The condition can be caused by full-thickness necrosis (death) of the myocardium (heart muscle) after myocardial infarction, chest trauma, and by over-prescription of anticoagulants. Other causes include ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva and other aneurysms of the aortic arch.

Hemopericardium can be diagnosed with a chest X-ray or a chest ultrasound, and is most commonly treated with pericardiocentesis.  While hemopericardium itself is not deadly, it can lead to cardiac tamponade, a condition that is fatal if left untreated.

Symptoms and signs

Symptoms of hemopericardium often include difficulty breathing, abnormally rapid breathing, and fatigue, each of which can be a sign of a serious medical condition not limited to hemopericardium. In many cases, patients also report feeling chest pressure and have an abnormally elevated heart rate.

Cause

Hemopericardium has been reported to result from various afflictions including chest trauma, free wall rupture after a myocardial infarction, bleeding into the pericardial sac following a type A aortic dissection, and as a complication of invasive cardiac procedures. Acute leukemia has also been reported as a cause of the condition. Several cases of hemopericardium have also been reported as a side-effect of anticoagulants. Patients should be made aware of this fact when prescribed these drugs.

Mechanism

Hemopericardium is a condition that affects the cardiovascular system. It typically begins with blood accumulating in the pericardial sac posterior to the heart, and eventually expands to surround the entire heart. The fluid build-up then causes pressure within the pericardial sac to increase. If the pressure becomes greater than the intracardiac pressure of the heart, compression of the adjacent cardiac chambers can occur.  This compression, called cardiac tamponade, is often associated with hemopericardium and can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Early signs of this compression include right atrial inversion during ventricular systole followed by diastolic compression of the right ventricular outflow tract.

There have also been cases reported in which hemopericardium was noted as an initial manifestation of essential thrombocythemia.

Diagnosis

Hemopericardium can be diagnosed using echocardiography, a cardiac ultrasound. Chest X-rays are also often taken when hemopericardium is suspected and would reveal an enlarged heart.  Other observable signs include rapid heart rate, jugular venous distension, low blood pressure, and pulsus paradoxus.

Treatment

When discovered, hemopericardium is usually treated by pericardiocentesis, a procedure wherein a needle is used to remove the fluid from the pericardial sac. This procedure typically utilizes an 8-cm, 18-gauge needle that is inserted between the xiphoid process and the left costal margin until it enters the pericardial sac, when it can then be used to drain the fluid from the sac.  A catheter is often left in the pericardium to continue draining any remaining fluid after the initial procedure. The catheter can be removed when the hemopericardium no longer persists.  The underlying causes of the condition, such as over-prescription of anticoagulants, must be addressed as well so that the hemopericardium does not return.

While hemopericardium itself is not fatal, it may lead to cardiac tamponade, which can be deadly if not treated promptly.  One study found that cardiac tamponade was fatal in 13.3% of cases in which it was not caused by a malignant disease.

Research

Studies have shown that hemopericardium can occur spontaneously in people with essential thrombocythemia, although this is relatively rare.  It is a more common occurrence in patients who have been over-prescribed anticoagulants. Regardless of the underlying cause of the hemopericardium, pericardiocentesis has shown to be the best treatment method for the condition.

References

External links

Chest trauma
Pericardial disorders

Hemopericardium


Thejas is a Malayalam language Indian online news website and formerly a newspaper that was established in 2006. It was initially a morning newspaper published from Calicut. Owned by Intermedia Publishing, a private limited company in the same city, it is the mouthpiece of the Popular Front of India. The eponymous magazine was the centre of a controversy in 2011 for its pro-bin Laden and pro-Taliban stance. The paper closed down in 2018, leaving only the online edition and the magazine.

History
Thejas started publishing from Calicut (Kozhikode) on the Indian republic day on 26 January 2006. Within a short span of three months it started another edition from Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) followed by the third edition from Kochi within another three months. Also Kannur edition started in 2008 as part of the expansion. In December 2009, it started its Kottayam edition. It also started an online edition and an e-paper. Thejas started its Gulf editions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam in March 2011. The fourth Gulf Edition started in Doha on 17 May 2012.
The fifth Gulf Edition of Thejas was launched in Bahrain on 27 September 2012 by Akhbar Al Khaleej editor-in-chief Anwar Abdulrahman at a ceremony held in Manama.

In October 2018 Thejas decided to close its print edition and become an online newspaper; the last printed edition was published on 31 December 2018. The magazine by the same name however continued operation and is still in print. The management cited the dwindling revenues from advertisements and increasing debts as the reason for closing the print edition.

Controversies

In 2010, the Communist government in Kerala denied Thejas any advertisements, citing intelligence inputs about the nature of the paper's coverage and its alleged attempts to create religious discord in the state. The Congress-led UPA government at the Centre followed suit, citing similar reasons.

The 2011 May edition of their magazine called Osama bin laden a 'martyr' after he was killed by the US army.

In October 2013, the district administration of Kozhikode issued a show-cause notice to the newspaper for spreading anti-national reports and why the publication should not be stopped. In March 2014, Kerala Police registered a case against Thejas and some other media organizations, in response to a petition accusing of insulting religious sentiments.

References

Malayalam-language newspapers
Companies based in Kozhikode
2006 establishments in Kerala
Asian news websites
Indian news websites
Mass media in Kerala
Newspapers published in Kerala
Daily newspapers published in India
Newspapers established in 2006

Thejas


The BFW M.26 was a single-engined cantilever-winged monoplane light airliner built in Germany in 1930.  There were no sales and only one was built.

Design and development
The BFW M.26 was a light civil aircraft, designed to carry two to three passengers in an enclosed cabin. The pilot's position was also enclosed.  It was a high cantilever-winged monoplane in the style of Messerschmitt's earlier three-cabin aircraft, the successful  BFW M.18 and BFW M.20, and the commercially unsuccessful BFW M.24, though smaller than any of them.  A typical Messerschmitt square section fuselage narrowed steadily to the tail with its very angular fin and rudder.  The latter was cut away at the base to allow for the movement of the single-piece elevator.   The main undercarriage was of the split-axle type.

The M.26 was powered by a 100 hp (45 kW) Siemens Sh 11 radial engine, mounted uncowled with the seven cylinder heads protruding for cooling.  It drove a two-bladed propeller.

The aircraft first flew in 1930, but no production ensued and only one M.26 was built.  A version with a 175 hp (130 kW) Wright Whirlwind was considered under the designation M.30, but not built.

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

1930s German civil aircraft
BFW aircraft

BFW M.26


The Mercedes-AMG GT is a series of 2-door grand tourers produced by German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-AMG. The car was introduced on 9 September 2014 and was officially unveiled to the public in October 2014 at the Paris Motor Show. While not directly replacing the SLS AMG (competing in a different segment), it is the second sports car developed entirely in-house by Mercedes-AMG. The Mercedes-AMG GT went on sale in two variants (GT and GT S) in March 2015, while a GT3 racing variant of the car was introduced in 2015. A high performance variant called the GT R was introduced in 2016. A GT4 racing variant, targeted at semi-professional drivers and based on the GT R variant, was introduced in 2017. In 2021, a new variant called the AMG GT Black Series was released. All variants are assembled at the Mercedes-Benz plant in Sindelfingen, Germany.

On 28 October 2021, Mercedes-Benz announced the new Mercedes-AMG R232 SL-Class as the direct successor for the roadster version. The coupe version will be redesigned on the same platform as  the 2023 Mercedes AMG SL, but will retain the name AMG GT.

First generation (C190/R190)

The interior of the Mercedes-AMG GT was previewed on 16 April 2014. The car made its debut on 9 September 2014 and was officially unveiled to the public in October 2014 at the Paris Motor Show. The GT's exterior design was kept similar to that of the preceding SLS AMG, with wide wheel arches, lower bodywork, and fastback sloping roofline of the SLS AMG, but using conventional forward-opening doors instead of the iconic gullwing style pioneered by the 300 SL in the 1950s.

The vehicle structure is made up of 93% aluminium, with the front module base made up of magnesium. The exterior lead designer was Mark Fetherston, whose previous works include the W176 A-Class, the CLA-Class, and SLS AMG. The interior, designed by Jan Kaul, features a large centre console and decorative elements in a leather and carbon polymer design. The trunk offers room for a medium-sized suitcase.

Two engine power output options were offered: the GT, with , and the GT S with . The GT generates  of torque, and the GT S generates  of torque.

Shortly after its introduction, Mercedes-AMG CEO at the time, Tobias Moers promised a Black Series variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT. The new high performance variant was called the AMG GT R.

2017 facelift

The Mercedes-AMG family was given a facelift in 2017, along with the introduction of the GT C roadster variant and the Edition 50 model, which is a limited-edition derivative of the GT C variant. The key improvements made as part of the facelift include increased power output from the M178 engine for the GT and GT S variants (10 kW and 9 kW respectively) and the inclusion of the 'Panamericana' grille from the GT3, GT4 and GT R variants as standard equipment for all variants.

Specifications and performance

The GT uses a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, with the engine positioned inside of the vehicle's wheelbase. The spaceframe chassis and body are made out of aluminium alloys, while the trunk lid is made of steel and the hood is made of magnesium. The suspension system is a double wishbone unit at the front and rear, with forged aluminium wishbones and hub carriers.

The car is powered by a 4.0-litre M178 twin-turbocharged V8 engine. The engine is in "hot inside V" configuration—with exhaust manifolds and turbochargers inside the cylinder banks to reduce turbo lag—and uses dry-sump lubrication. Power is sent to the rear wheels through a seven-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT dual-clutch transmission; the GT S variant employs an electronically controlled mechanical limited-slip differential. In a road test executed by Car and Driver, the GT S accelerated from 0– in 3.0 seconds, completed the quarter mile in 11.2 seconds and attained a top speed of .

Variants

F1 Safety Car

The GT S was the Formula 1 safety car for the 2015, 2016 and 2017 seasons, having made its debut in that role at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix. The GT R was used as F1's safety car from 2018 to 2022. Since 2022, the GT R was replaced by the Black Series.

Mercedes-AMG GT (2015–2021)
The GT is the entry level variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT family. The M178 engine in this variant is tuned to an output of  and  of torque, with the key differences between this and its more expensive siblings being a mechanical limited-slip differential, an absorbent glass mat battery, the lack of the "Race Mode" setting in the AMG Dynamic Select adaptive drivetrain system, the lack of the AMG Ride Control adaptive suspensive system, and a passive AMG Sport Exhaust System. Keyless-Go is also an optional feature, as opposed to standard equipment. The GT is equipped with 19-inch wheels at the front and rear.

Mercedes-AMG GT S (2015–2020)

The GT S is a more highly equipped variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT. The M178 engine in this variant is tuned to an output of  and  of torque. The key mechanical differences the GT S gains over the GT include an electronically controlled limited-slip differential, "Race Mode" and "Race Start" mode settings in the AMG Dynamic Select adaptive drivetrain system, AMG Ride Control adaptive suspensive system, an AMG Performance Exhaust System with dynamic flaps, and a lithium-ion battery. Keyless-Go is standard equipment, as is a staggered set of wheels (19-inch at the front, 20-inch at the rear).

Mercedes-AMG GT C (2017–2021)
The GT C is a performance oriented variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT. The M178 engine in this variant is tuned to an output of  and  of torque. While the GT C retains the key mechanical differences the GT S gains over the GT, it also has a wider body () and active rear steering, which the GT S does not have (even as options). In the United States, the Lane Tracking and AMG Dynamic Plus option packages are standard equipment on the GT C.

A limited-edition model, the Edition 50, was released as part of the debut of the GT C variant at the 2017 Detroit Auto Show. The Edition 50 features: a choice of two shades of matte paint known as designo Graphite Grey Magno and designo Cashmere White Magno; black chrome exterior trim, headlight surrounds and forged / cross-spoke wheels; a two-tone silver pearl or black against grey quilted-leather interior which features a micro-suede wrapped steering wheel; and, "Edition 50" and "1 of 500" lettering on the steering wheel bezel and 12 o'clock mark in silver pearl. In the United States, the Edition 50 is limited in production to 50 coupes and 50 roadsters. Globally, the Edition 50 is limited to 500 units, which explains the "1 of 500" on the steering wheel.

Mercedes-AMG GT R (2017–2021)

The GT R is a high-performance variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT and was introduced at the Goodwood Festival of Speed on 24 June 2016. The M178 engine in this variant is tuned to an output of  at 6,250 rpm and  of torque at 5,500 rpm. The GT R accelerates from 0 to  in 3.6 seconds and has a claimed top speed of .

While the GT R retains the key mechanical differences the GT C gains over the GT S, it also gains manually adjustable coilover springs (in conjunction with the AMG Ride Control suspension of the base models), an active underbody fairing, a manually adjustable rear wing, and a 9-mode AMG Traction Control system. As befitting of a high-performance variant, the GT R loses Keyless-Go, the integrated garage-door opener, the heated and power-folding side mirrors, the auto-dimming interior and exterior mirrors and reverts to the basic light-weight 4-speaker audio system that the GT comes with, but these features can still be added as options.

When it was launched, the GT R had several cosmetic changes compared with the standard car, notably the vertical slats in the front grille, an adjustable rear wing, new front air intakes and new front and rear diffusers. The styling of the GT R is more comparable to that of the AMG GT3 race car. However, the base GT variant gained several of these cosmetic changes as part of a mild facelift in the 2017 model year. The GT R went on sale in November 2016, with deliveries beginning in 2017. For the 2018 Formula One World Championship, the GT R became the official Formula 1 safety car. During the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix, the Safety Car ran a red livery rather than the traditional silver to commemorate Scuderia Ferrari's 1,000th Grand Prix start. For the 2021 F1 season, the GT R Safety Car permanently wears a red livery (along with the Mercedes F1 Team's sponsor CrowdStrike) rather than the traditional silver to increase the chances of drivers seeing the Safety Car in poor visibility. It will also share the role with the Aston Martin Vantage.

It completed a lap of the Nürburgring Nordschleife track in 7:10.92, in a test conducted by German magazine Sport Auto. making it the 5th fastest lap time for a road-legal production vehicle around the track at the time.

A roadster version was introduced in March 2019 and would be limited to 750 units. It was discontinued in 2021 when the Black Edition was released which it replaced.

Mercedes-AMG GT R Pro (2019–2020)

Mercedes-AMG introduced the GT R Pro at the 2018 Los Angeles Auto Show. The GT R Pro is a more track focused variant of the AMG GT line up and based on the GT R. This variant would be limited for 750 units worldwide with a starting price tag of USD $200,645. The GT R Pro retains all key mechanical differences of the GT R gains over the GT C with other minor upgrades, the GT R Pro uses the same engine and power output of the GT R, which is rated at  at 6,250 rpm and  of torque at 5,500 rpm. And retains the same 0 to  time 3.6 seconds and the top speed of .

New upgrades includes, new manually adjustable coil-over suspension setup, lightweight anti-roll bars, electronically controlled dynamic engine and transmission mounts, GT R's optional carbon-fiber roof and carbon ceramic brakes were became standard, new carbon-fibre bucket seats, lightweight forged wheels 19-inch on front and 20-inch on rear which were exclusive for the GT R Pro, same Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 semi-slick tires which were also used in the GT R, new carbon-fibre braced active aerodynamic front splitter and canards, new front fenders with GT3 inspired vents, new rear diffuser with canards, new side skirts, updated rear wing with a small gurney for increase downforce while reducing weight.

Interior upgrades includes, a 10.25-inch digital instrument binnacle and infotainment system, a Burmester surround sound system, keyless go and parking assist. On exterior, new racing stripes offered in Gloss Light Green when combined with the Selenite Gray Magno color exterior, or stripes in Matte Dark Gray with all other exterior colors. The unique accent stripes can also offered for the GT R Pro.

For the GT R Pro, Mercedes-AMG also offered a optional track package which adds a full steel roll-cage, four-point harnesses and a 2 kg fire extinguisher. With all these upgrades curb weight has been reduced by , and with track package equipped  of weight reduced over the GT R.

In November 2018, Mercedes-AMG conducted a test at Nürburgring Nordschleife for the new GT R Pro, and the car completed a lap time, driven by Maro Engel, set a lap time of 7:04.632 minutes around the track. Making it the 8th fastest lap time for a road-legal production vehicle around the track at the time.

Mercedes-AMG GT and GT C Roadster (2017–2021)

The GT and GT C roadsters are the roadster versions of the GT and GT C coupés, and were announced shortly after the introduction of the GT R variant. Both variants made their debut at the 2016 Paris Motor Show. The GT and GT C roadsters utilise the active air management system found on the GT R variant to help with cooling and airflow performance. The GT C roadster retains the wider bodywork of the GT C coupé, and the GT roadster has a slightly higher first and lower seventh gear with a longer final drive compared to the GT coupé. The GT and GT C roadsters feature a three-layer fabric roof built around an aluminum, magnesium and steel structure, available in black, red or beige, and which can open and close in 11 seconds up to speeds of . The GT C roadster, like the GT C coupé, has a limited "Edition 50" model, celebrating AMG's 50 years of existence.

2021 Mercedes-AMG GT Dark Night Edition
Mercedes-AMG official announced that its AMG GT Black Series and AMG GT Dark night officially listed special edition models, Mercedes-AMG GT models launched a total of 2, The prices are USD $576,612 and $229,594.

Mercedes-AMG GT Black Series (2021-2023)

The GT Black Series is a high-performance variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT and was officially revealed on Mercedes-AMG's YouTube channel on 9 July 2020. The M178 engine in this variant is tuned to an output of  at 6,700–6,900 rpm and  of torque at 2,000–6,000 rpm. Referred to as the M178 LS2, the engine has a slightly higher redline at 7,200 rpm compared to the GT R's 7,000 rpm, and uses a flat-plane crankshaft instead of a cross-plane crankshaft, turning out in different firing order. Additionally, the M178 LS2 uses a larger compressor wheel, resulting in an increase in boost from the GT R's . The GT Black Series accelerates from 0 to  in 3.2 seconds though it was tested at 3.0 seconds and has a claimed top speed of .

The suspension is unique, with a carbon-fibre anti-roll bar with two adjustment settings for the front axle, and an iron anti-roll bar with three adjustment settings for the rear axle. Like previous Black Series vehicles, the camber is manually adjustable for both the front and rear axles. Handling has been improved with carbon-fibre panels at the front and rear, as well as carbon-ceramic brake rotors and Black Series specific brake pads. The wing has an active aero flap, and contributes to a total maximum downforce of more than  at . The Michelin Pilot Cup 2 R tires are specific to the car, and are available in M01A soft and M02 hard compounds.

Carbon-fibre is used extensively for most of the body, including the hood, roof, hatch and underbody. The exterior gains an enlarged grille, based on the Mercedes-AMG GT3, large air outlets on the hood, manually adjustable front splitter, and upgraded rear wing as part of a major aerodynamic kit. The interior features standard AMG performance bucket seats, and uses microfiber for the steering wheel, door and instrument panels.

On 4 November 2020, The Mercedes-AMG GT Black Series recorded a lap time of 6:43.616 with driver Maro Engel behind the wheel at the Nürburgring Nordschleife, making it the fastest lap time ever recorded for a road-legal production vehicle around the track at the time.

Mercedes-AMG GT Track Series (2023–present)

Mercedes-AMG GT3 Edition 55 (2023–present)
Only 5 units of the Mercedes-AMG GT3 Edition 55 were sold, each costing €625,000.

Second generation (C192)

The second generation AMG GT was unveiled on 19 August 2023, at Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance in America. It will use the same platform as the new SL and will only be offered as a coupe. It is bigger and heavier than its predecessor, will have all-wheel drive and a nine-speed automatic transmission, as well as a 2+2 cabin setup. At the beginning of sales, there will be two V8 models, the 469 hp GT55, and the 577 hp GT63, while the E-performance plug-in hybrid will follow later.

Motorsport

In March 2015, Mercedes-AMG presented the AMG GT3, a race version of the GT, at the Geneva Motor Show, which employs the M159  V8 naturally aspirated engine also used in the SLS AMG GT3. It consists largely of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer to decrease the vehicle's weight to under  to comply with FIA regulations for races.
In 2016, AKKA ASP, Black Falcon, HTP Motorsport and Zakspeed compete in the Blancpain Endurance Series. Zakspeed also competes in the ADAC GT Masters. They claimed a 1-2-3-4 and 6 at the 24 Hours Nürburgring.

In the 2016 Super GT GT300 class, the AMG GT3s made their Super GT debut with Goodsmile Racing with Team UKYO, the number 11 GAINER team, LEON Racing, and Rn-sports opting to use the AMG GT3s in favor of the SLS AMG GT3s that they used in the previous season. Two Mercedes customer teams, R'Qs Motor Sports and Arnage Racing, opted to continue using the SLS AMG GT3s. Both of them would switch to AMG GT3s during the 2018 season, switching from SLS AMG GT3 and Ferrari 488 GT3 respectively.

New Zealand born driver Craig Baird gave the new AMG GT3 its first race win anywhere when he took out race 1 of round 2 of the 2016 Australian GT Championship at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit on 17 March 2016. The round was held as a support race to the 2016 Australian Grand Prix.

Riley Technologies entered two customer AMG GT3s in the 2017 IMSA SportsCar Championship GTD class. One of the teams cars finished 3rd in class and 20th outright at the 2017 24 Hours of Daytona before going on to win the GTD class and finish 16th outright in the 2017 12 Hours of Sebring.

A GT4 version of the Mercedes-AMG GT was presented at the 2017 24 Hours of Spa. This customer racing car is based on the GT R road version and it made its debut in the ROWE 6 Stunden ADAC Ruhr-Pokal-Rennen race, the fifth round of the 2017 VLN season.

As of June 2019, a total of 130 GT3 cars were sold.

An updated version of the GT3 was introduced at the 24 Hours of Nürburgring in June 2019 for the 2020 season of the FIA GT3 race. New technologies include an automatic data logger and analysis system, a function to automatically start the engine when the car is lowered from its in-built air jacks along with new brake and traction control systems. The design was also updated in line with the design of the new design update of the AMG GT road car with the changes being the new headlamps and the grille with the latter providing better protection for the radiator. The front splitter and rear wing were tweaked in order for faster adjustments. The car uses the same 6.2-litre V8 engine as the previous model rather than the 4.0-litre V8 engine of the road car it's the engineers stating the user friendliness and reliability of the engine as the main factor of its retention.

Production and sales

Official US Sales figures for 2019, 2020 and 2021 also include the X290 GT 4-door coupe.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Cars introduced in 2014
Coupés
Grand tourers
GT
Roadsters
Sports racing cars
Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Vehicles with four-wheel steering
2020s cars

Mercedes-AMG GT


Alexander Ypsilantis ( Alexandros Ypsilantis, ; 1726 – 13 January 1807) was a Greek Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1774 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788. He bears the same name as, but should not be confused with, his grandson, the Greek War of Independence hero of the early 19th century. The Ypsilantis were a prominent family of Phanariotes.

Reign
In 1774, as a diplomat in service to the Porte, Ypsilanti took part in the signing of the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji with Russia; a year later, he was rewarded for this and other services by being appointed Dragoman of the Porte. Still in 1775, he was awarded the throne of Wallachia. This could only happen as the Russian troops were ending their occupation of Bucharest, begun in 1771. The throne had been vacant throughout this period, a hiatus provoked by Emanuel Giani Ruset's agreement with Catherine II at the start of the war.

As principal acts of his reign in Wallachia, Ypsilanti enforced a series of reforms. Several laws are grouped in the Pravilniceasca condică, called "Syntagmation nomikon" in its Greek version (roughly: "The Code of Byzantine customary laws"). Issued in 1780, the Code sought to amend fiscal, administrative, judicial and political flaws. During his judicial reform, Ipsilanti created civil courts in each Wallachian county. What was in fact a radical redefinition of legal boundaries had to make occasional reference to Byzantine norms (the traditional laws in the two Principalities), due to resistance from conservative boyars in the Assembly (the Sfat). Most notably, the new laws tried to impose salaries for public offices, a measure intended to reduce fiscal burdens on the taxed social categories (that had been supposed to provide revenues for the fiscal agents, usually boyars, in an economy in which land ownership had become less of an asset than holding office) and ensure a more professional administrative structure.

Ypsilanti's reigns coincide with a critical moment in Ottoman history. In August 1787, Russia resumed hostilities (see Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)), and the Porte faced a large-scale invasion of its Danubian territories as the Habsburg Empire joined the fighting (9 February 1788). A secondary effect of this event was the granting of military command over Turkish troops in the region to Ypsilanti: the gesture is also significant as a temporary re-shaping of status in the relations between Prince and Sultan for the context of Phanariote rule.

Sources suggest that Ypsilanti was considering an alliance with Austria, and had been negotiating with emissaries of Emperor Joseph II. However, as the Austrians occupied Iaşi in April, all contacts ceased and the Prince was kept in custody in Brno up to the signing of the peace treaty at Sistowa (autumn of 1791).

See also
 Constantine Ypsilantis – son
 Alexander Ypsilantis – grandson
 Demetrios Ypsilantis – grandson

References

Sources
 Vlad Georgescu, Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369–1878), Munich, 1987
 Mustafa A. Mehmet, Documente turcești privind istoria României, vol. III, Bucharest, 1983
 Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient și Occident – Țările Române la începutul epocii moderne, Editura Humanitas, Bucharest, 2007

1725 births
1805 deaths
Diplomats from Istanbul
Constantinopolitan Greeks
Alexander
Dragomans of the Porte
Monarchs of Moldavia
Princes of Wallachia
18th-century translators

Alexander Ypsilantis (1725–1805)


The 2012–13 Logan Cup was a first-class cricket competition held in Zimbabwe from 30 September 2012 to 7 March 2013. The tournament was won by the Matabeleland Tuskers, who claimed their third consecutive title. The format of the competition was unchanged from the previous season, with five sides playing each other twice in a round-robin format.

Richmond Mutumbami of the Southern Rocks finished the competition as the leading run-scorer, accumulating 686 runs. The leading wicket-taker was Ed Rainsford of the Mid West Rhinos, who took 38 wickets.

Points table

External links
 Series home at ESPN Cricinfo

References

Logan Cup
Logan Cup
Logan Cup
Logan Cup

2012–13 Logan Cup


The Indus Valley Plain is a flat landform in Pakistan, built up over centuries by sediment.It uses many resources from theIndus river. Most of it is in the Punjab province.

The plain is the western part of the Northern Plain in Pakistan formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. It is extensively farmed for wheat, rice sugarcane and Cotton. The high plain of the Indus Plain is also called Pothohar Plateau and is located near the foothills of Himalayas (e.g. Margalla Hills). The deserts in the Indus plain of Pakistan are Thal desert, Indus Valley desert, Thar Desert and Cholistan desert. The River Indus and its tributaries drain the Indus Plain throughout most of Punjab and the central part of Sindh.

The northern part is known as the Upper Indus Plain. By Panjnad the five main tributaries of the Indus (including the Beas which joins Sutlej in India) have all joined together.After the Sutlej joins the Chenab at Panjnad the river is itself called the Panjnad. The River Panjnad flows for a further 72 kilometres before joining the Indus near Mithankot.

The general slope of the plain towards the sea is gentle, with an average gradient (rate of change) of one metre to five kilometres. Below Mithankot in Sindh ,the Indus flows as a gigantic river till it meets the Arabian Sea. This part of the plain is known as the Lower Indus Plain.

References

Geography of Pakistan
Plains

Indus Valley Plain


Paul David Tonko ( ; born June 18, 1949) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for  since 2013. He represented the 21st congressional district from 2009 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Tonko has been called a staunch progressive. After the 2020 redistricting cycle and effective for the 118th Congress, the 20th district will include all of Albany County, Saratoga County and Schenectady County, as well as part of Rensselaer County.

From 1983 to 2007, Tonko represented the 105th district in the New York State Assembly. He was appointed to serve as president and CEO of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority from 2007 until his resignation in April 2008. Soon afterward, he declared his candidacy for Congress, and was elected in November 2008.

Tonko is the ranking member of the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Environment, Manufacturing, and Critical Materials in the 118th Congress. Since 2013, he has been the highest-ranking Democrat on the panel, which authorizes, oversees and investigates the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Early life, education and early career
Tonko is a lifelong resident of Amsterdam, New York, near Schenectady, and is of primarily Polish descent. He graduated from Amsterdam's Wilbur H. Lynch High School in 1967, and received a degree in mechanical and industrial engineering from Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York in 1971.

An engineer for the New York Public Service Commission, Tonko became active in local politics in the early 1970s and successfully ran for the Montgomery County Board of Supervisors. He was a member of the board from 1976 to 1983, and the board's chairman from 1981 to 1983. Tonko was the youngest person in county history to be elected to the board of supervisors.

New York State Assembly (1983–2007)
In January 1983, Assemblywoman Gail S. Shaffer resigned her 105th district seat to take office as Secretary of State of New York. The Democratic Party, as well as the Liberal Party, nominated Tonko to contest an April 12 special election for the seat against former Schoharie County Clerk Eugene Hallock, the Republican and Conservative nominee. Tonko defeated Hallock in a close race. Tonko was reelected 13 times, serving in the Assembly until 2007.

While in the Assembly, Tonko served as chair of the Energy Committee from 1992 until his departure from the Assembly in 2007. He was also a member of standing committees on Agriculture, Transportation and Education, where he was the original sponsor and a chief proponent of the College Tuition Savings Program that was signed into law in 1997.

Tonko sponsored Timothy's Law, a 2006 law that requires health insurers to cover mental health treatment. He also sponsored the Northeast Dairy Compact, and chaired the Legislative Commission on Rural Resources,

Tonko resigned his Assembly seat in June 2007 to become President and CEO of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.

U.S. House of Representatives (2009–present)

Elections

2008

On April 25, 2008, Tonko stepped down from his position at the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority after ten-term Democratic Congressman Michael McNulty announced his upcoming retirement from Congress. He subsequently entered the race to succeed McNulty in the 21st district. Tonko won the Democratic primary on September 9, defeating four other candidates.

In the November 4 general election, Tonko defeated Republican Schenectady County Legislator James Buhrmaster by a decisive margin. According to the Times Union, "Tonko's name recognition ... accomplishment in the Legislature, such as the passage of mental health parity legislation, and his record" contributed to his win. He had effectively clinched a seat in Congress in the primary; the 21st had long been the only safe Democratic district in the state outside the New York City, Buffalo and Rochester areas.

2010–present
Tonko ran for reelection on the Democratic, Working Families and Independence Party lines. He was challenged by Republican and Conservative Party nominee Ted Danz, a former United States Navy Reservist and small business owner in the cooling and heating business. Tonko raised almost $980,000, and spent almost $780,000 on his campaign; Danz raised about $44,000 and spent about $42,000 on his campaign. The New York Times rated the seat "Solid Democratic", with a "99.8%" to "100% chance" that Tonko would win. The major issues in the 2010 race were Tonko's votes for Obamacare, the Stimulus Package (ARRA), and the Energy Bill. The Albany Times Union endorsed Tonko, citing "a way of thinking and speaking like the engineer that he once was" and his support of the economic stimulus bill and health care bills. Tonko won the November 2 general election, 124,889 votes to 85,752.

Redistricting saw Tonko's district renumbered the 20th district. It lost much of its more rural territory to the west. To make up for the loss in population, it was pushed further into Saratoga County. The new 20th was no less Democratic than the old 21st, and Tonko defeated Bob Dieterich in 2012, Jim Fischer in 2014, and Joe Vitollo in 2016 and 2018. He defeated Liz Joy in 2020 and 2022.

Tenure
Tonko was one of the 19 most liberal House members, according to the National Journal, for 2011.

When he entered Congress, Tonko said he wanted to focus on the issue he said he knows best—energy policy. He sponsored a bill to create an $800 million research program in wind energy technologies, which would benefit GE in his district. He also wanted to create a research program to improve the efficiency of gas turbines used in power generation systems that convert heat into energy. In 2010, Tonko got a provision in a House-passed bill, following the BP disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, to prevent future spills and help small businesses in spill research. In 2011, he sponsored an amendment seeking to protect the Environmental Protection Agency's authority to regulate carbon emissions.

Tonko praised the 2011 State of the Union address, saying, "the President set out a bold agenda for our nation, an agenda that will focus on growing our economy, growing jobs, and growing opportunity for the middle class". He has also often warned of the threat that Obamacare's repeal would pose to small businesses, young people, and seniors.

Tonko has worked to raise awareness about the region's waterways, chiefly the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, and the effects of flooding after Hurricane Irene. Seeking a comprehensive flood mitigation and economic development strategy, Tonko introduced the Hudson-Mohawk Basin Act in 2012.

Tonko became a prominent opponent of the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2015, citing American trade deficits and the use of child labor by at least four countries that had already signed the pact as among his reasons for opposing the deal.

In 2017, Tonko was one of three Catholic politicians whom Bishop Edward Bernard Scharfenberger of Albany publicly rebuked for participating in a rally supporting Planned Parenthood.

In January 2019, Tonko—a member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee—was named chair of that committee's Subcommittee on the Environment and Climate Change.

On October 1, 2020, Tonko co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan's offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, denounced Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and criticized "false equivalence between Armenia and Azerbaijan, even as the latter threatens war and refuses to agree to monitoring along the line of contact."

In 2022, Tonko was instrumental in passing provisions contained in the CHIPS and Science Act (PL 117-167) into law.

Syria
In 2023, Tonko was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H. Con. Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.

Committee assignments
Committee on Energy and Commerce
Subcommittee on Environment, Manufacturing and Critical Materials (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Energy, Climate and Grid Security
Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
Committee on Science, Space & Technology

Caucus memberships
Tonko is a member of more than 65 House caucuses. Below is a small sample of his memberships:
Congressional Progressive Caucus
Congressional Addiction, Treatment and Recovery Caucus (Vice Chair)
Bicameral Congressional Caucus on Parkinson's Disease
Bipartisan Congressional Task Force on Alzheimer's disease
Congressional Army Caucus
Congressional Arts Caucus
Congressional Biomass Caucus
Heritage Corridor Caucus
Congressional Safe Climate Caucus
Congressional Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Equality Caucus
Congressional Mental Health Caucus
Congressional Voting Rights Caucus
House Manufacturing Caucus
House Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus
House Baltic Caucus
Medicare for All Caucus
Blue Collar Caucus

See also
Energy law

References

External links

Congressman Paul D. Tonko official U.S. House website
Paul Tonko for Congress

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1949 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American Roman Catholics
American politicians of Polish descent
Catholic politicians from New York (state)
Clarkson University alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Living people
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Amsterdam, New York
Catholics from New York (state)

Paul Tonko


"Whatever It Takes" is a song by British singer-songwriter Leona Lewis from her debut studio album, Spirit (2007). Lewis co-wrote it with Tony Reyes and Novel; the latter also co-produced it with Dallas Austin. It was the first song to be written for Spirit and one of only two songs on the album to involve Lewis in the writing process. It is a gospel-pop-influenced track. The song garnered a mixed response from music critics; it was praised for its upbeat instrumentation but criticised for lacking any "kick". Upon the release of Spirit, the song debuted at number 61 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download sales. Lewis has performed the song at the 2010 Rock in Rio and on her debut concert tour, The Labyrinth. It was later included on the subsequent DVD release called The Labyrinth Tour: Live from the O2.

Recording and production
Co-written by Lewis with Novel and Tony Reyes, "Whatever It Takes" was recorded at DARP Studios and Doppler Studios, both located in Atlanta, Georgia and at Battery Studios in New York City, by Carlton Lynn. Lynn was assisted in the recording process by Lloyd Cooper (at Doppler Studios) and Tim Sturges (at Battery Studios). It was also mixed by Lynn at DARP Studios; Josh Houghkirk served as the assistant mixer. The song was produced by Novel and Dallas Austin. A variety of instrumentalists were enlisted for the production of "Whatever It Takes": Eddie Horst was the string arranger, while Kenn Wagner, Olga Shiptko, Amy Chang and William Pu performed violins, Karen Freer and Daniel Laufer provided cello and co-writer Reyes played the guitar. Stephen Lowman and Stephen Ferrera performed drums, while Novel played the keyboard. "Whatever It Takes" makes use of a choir, which consists of Tawatha Agee, Vanesse Thomas, Cindy Mizelle, Michelle Cobbs, Robin Clark, "Bibi" Straughn, Tammy Lucas, Billy Porter, Bennie Diggs and Fonzi Thornton; Thornton was enlisted as the vocal contractor. Lewis provides background vocals on the track, and the production process was overseen by Kimberly L. Smith. As she introduced the track before performing it on her debut concert tour The Labyrinth (2010), Lewis revealed that "Whatever It Takes" was the first song to be written for Spirit.

Composition and critical reception
"Whatever It Takes" is an upbeat, midtempo gospel-pop song which lasts for a duration of . The song was composed in the key of E♭ major using common time at 96 beats per minute. Lewis' vocal range spans over two octaves from low note of B♭3 to the high note of B♭5. The song garnered a mixed response from music critics. Nate Chinen for The New York Times was complimentary of "Whatever It Takes", writing that it is an "upbeat anthem." Nick Levine was for Digital Spy wrote "'Whatever It Takes' is anchored by a rhythm track that wouldn't shame a boy-racer cruising through Harlem in his pimped-up ride." However, he noted that "Whatever It Takes" and "Best You Never Had" were Spirits only uptempo moments, and that Lewis tries to emulate her contemporaries too closely. Kitty Empire for The Guardian was critical of the song, writing that "Not even Dallas Austin – who has worked with Sugababes – can make 'Whatever It Takes' any fun."

Live performances
Lewis performed "Whatever It Takes" at the Rock in Rio festival held in Lisbon on 22 May 2010. It was also included as the fourth song on the set list of The Labyrinth. It was later included on the DVD release of the tour, called The Labyrinth Tour: Live from the O2. Lewis performed the song in the first section of the set list, along with "Brave" as the opener, "Don't Let Me Down", "Better in Time" and "Take a Bow". The set was decorated in the style of a castle; acrobats performed as they were hanging from the ceiling on large pieces of fabric while Lewis wore a gold sequined dress and thigh-high boots.

Track listing
Spirit standard/deluxe edition
 "Whatever It Takes" –

Spirit United States standard/deluxe version
 "Whatever It Takes" –

The Labyrinth Tour: Live from the O2
 "Whatever It Takes" (Live from the 02) –

Credits and personnel
Recording
Recorded at DARP Studios, Atlanta, GA; Doppler Studios, Atlanta, GA; Battery Studios, NYC.
Mixed at DARP Studios, Atlanta, GA.

Personnel

Songwriting – Novel Stevenson, Tony Reyes, Leona Lewis
Production – Novel, Dallas Austin
Vocal recording – Carlton Lynn
Assistant vocal recording – Lloyd Cooper (at Doppler Studios), Tim Sturges (at Battery Studios)
Mixing – Carlton Lynn
Assistant mixing – Josh Houghkirk
String arrangement – Eddie Horst
Violins – Kenn Wagner, Olga Shiptko, Amy Chang, William Pu
Cello – Karen Freer, Daniel Laufer

Guitars – Tony Reyes
Drums – Stephen Lowman, Stephen Ferrera
Keyboards and programming – Novel
Choir – Tawatha Agee, Vanesse Thomas, Cindy Mizelle, Michelle Cobbs, Robin Clark, "Bibi" Straughn, Tammy Lucas, Billy Porter, Bennie Diggs, Fonzi Thornton
Vocal contraction – Fonzi Thornton
Background vocals – Leona Lewis
Project coordinator – Kimberly L. Smith

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Spirit.

Charts
Upon the release of Spirit, "Whatever It Takes" debuted at number 61 on the strength of digital download sales in the chart issue released on 24 November 2007.

References

2007 songs
2000s ballads
Leona Lewis songs
Pop ballads
Songs written by Leona Lewis
Songs written by Novel (musician)
Songs written by Tony Reyes

Whatever It Takes (Leona Lewis song)


The Timor Plate is a microplate in Southeast Asia carrying the island of Timor and surrounding islands. The Australian Plate is subducting under the southern edge of the plate, while a small divergent boundary is located on the eastern edge. Another convergent boundary exists with the Banda Sea Plate to the north, and to the west is a transform boundary.

See also

References

Tectonic plates
Geology of Indonesia
Geology of the Pacific Ocean

Timor Plate


Christian Dietrich Grabbe (11 December 1801 – 12 September 1836) was a German dramatist of the Vormärz era. He wrote many historical plays conceiving a disillusioned and pessimistic world view, with some shrill scenes. Heinrich Heine saw him as one of Germany's foremost dramatists, calling him "a drunken Shakespeare" and Sigmund Freud described Grabbe as "an original and rather peculiar poet."

Life
Born in Detmold,  the son of a prison officer, he began to write plays in the age of sixteen, while attending the Gymnasium. A scholarship awarded by Princess Pauline enabled him to study law at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin, where he became acquainted with Heinrich Heine. After graduating in 1823, he unsuccessfully applied as a theatre director.

Grabbe returned to Detmold, he passed the final Staatsexamen and tried to find an employment as a legal officer, though also to no avail. Finally in 1826 he was appointed to act as a military legal advisor, initially without remuneration. From 1831 he increasingly suffered from alcoholism. After his fiancée turned away from him, he married his beloved Louise Christina Clostermeier in 1833, but the marriage quickly turned out to be unhappy. The next year Grabbe quit and left Detmold for Frankfurt, where he also fell out with his publisher.

He proceeded to Düsseldorf, where he temporarily worked at the Altes Theater with Karl Leberecht Immermann. Grabbe returned to Detmold in 1836 as a broken man, his wife filed for divorce. He died from general paresis in the same year.

Legacy
With Georg Büchner, Grabbe was one of the principal German dramatists of his time. His debut Herzog Theodor von Gothland overtaxed contemporary critics by its all-pervasive nihilism. Influenced by Shakespeare and the Sturm und Drang movement, his plays were very ambitious, with crowd scenes and rapid scene changes that challenged the technical capacity of the theaters of the time. He resolved the strict forms of the classical drama in a loose series of scenes that were a precursor of the realist drama. His plays Napoleon oder Die hundert Tage or Hannibal reveal a realistic, heterogeneous concept of history.

After his death, he was at first forgotten, but his work was rediscovered by the Naturalist and Expressionist dramatists. He was honored by the Nazis as a great national poet, based on occasional antisemitic statements (particularly in Aschenbrödel), and on his nationalistic portrayal of German history, like Die Hermannsschlacht on the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. In the 1930s, numerous streets were named after him.

The city of Detmold awards the Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe Prize for new dramatic literature since 1994 in association with the Grabbe-Gesellschaft literary society and the Landesverband Lippe municipal association.

Works

 Herzog Theodor von Gothland, tragedy (1822); first performance 1892, Vienna
 Scherz, Satire, Ironie und tiefere Bedeutung, comedy, (1822/27); first performance 1907, Munich
 Nannette und Maria, melodrama (1823); first performance 1914, Kettwig (Essen)
 Marius und Sulla, fragment (1823–27); first performance 1936, Detmold
 Über die Shakspearo-Manie, theatre mémoire (1827)
 Don Juan und Faust, tragedy (1828), first performance 1829, Detmold
 Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossa, drama (1829), part I of the Hohenstaufen cycle; first performance 1875, Schwerin
 Kaiser Heinrich VI., drama (1829), part II of the Hohenstaufen cycle; first performance 1875, Schwerin
 Etwas über den Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe, literary mémoire (1830); partly published in 1835
 Napoleon oder Die hundert Tage, drama (1831); first performance 1895, Frankfurt
 Kosciuzko, drama fragment (1835); first performance 1941, Gelsenkirchen
 Aschenbrödel, comedy (1829/35); first performance 1937, Detmold
 Hannibal, tragedy (1835); first performance 1918, Munich
 Der Cid, libretto of a planned opera by Norbert Burgmüller (1835); first performance 2002, Isen
 Die Hermannsschlacht, drama (1835–36); first performance 1936, Detmold

References

External links

1801 births
1836 deaths
People from Detmold
People from the Principality of Lippe
Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia
German male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German male writers

Christian Dietrich Grabbe


The Northern Illinois-Iowa Conference (NIIC) was a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division III level. The conference was formed in 1969. Member institutions were located in the Midwestern United States in the states of Illinois and Iowa. After the 2005–06 academic year, the NIIC merged with the Lake Michigan Conference to form a new league called the Northern Athletics Conference (now known as the Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference).

Member schools

Final members

Notes

Former members

Notes

References

Defunct NCAA Division III conferences

Sports organizations established in 1969

Northern Illinois-Iowa Conference


Rudolph Reti, also Réti (; November 27, 1885 – February 7, 1957), was a musical analyst, composer and pianist. He was the older brother of the  chess master Richard Réti, but unlike his brother, Reti did not write his surname with an acute accent on the 'e'.

Biography
Reti was born in Užice in the Kingdom of Serbia and studied music theory, musicology and piano in Vienna. Among his teachers was the pianist Eduard Steuermann, an eminent champion of Schoenberg and a supporter of modern music. Reti was in contact with Schoenberg at the time of that composer's earliest atonal works, and in 1911 gave the first performance of his Drei Klavierstücke Op.11.

Reti's compositions have not remained in the repertoire, but he was an active composer and received a number of high-profile performances.  At the end of the first International Festival of Modern Music in Salzburg, in 1922, his 'Six Songs' were performed alongside Schoenberg's Second Quartet; three years later, at the 3rd ISCM Festival in Prague, his Concertino for Piano and Orchestra shared a programme with Martinu's 'Half-Time' and Vaughan Williams's 'A Pastoral Symphony'.  In 1938, his David and Goliath Suite was performed by Eduard van Beinum and the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra. In 1948, Jean Sahlmark was the soloist in her husband's First Piano Concerto. Reti's output also includes several volumes of piano pieces and songs, an opera (Ivan and the Drum), as well as symphonic and choral music.

Between 1930 and 1938 Reti was chief music critic for the Austrian newspaper Das Echo. Together with the composer and musicologist Egon Wellesz, he was involved in establishing the International Festival of Modern Music, and founded the International Society for Contemporary Music in 1922. In 1939 Reti emigrated to the United States and later became an American citizen. He became a member of the American Musicological Society, and came to hold a fellowship at Yale. From 1943 he was married to the pianist, teacher, musicologist and editor Jean Sahlmark, who helped prepare for publication his two posthumous books.  He died in Montclair, New Jersey.

Reti is best remembered today for his distinctive method of musical analysis, which he claimed revealed the 'thematic process' in music. His approach did not concern itself, however, with tracing the obvious thematic and motivic 'developments' displayed on the musical 'surface', but rather sought to demonstrate the way in which surface thematic variety is underpinned by a less apparent unity. For Reti, "the different movements of a classical symphony are built from one identical thought", [TPM, p. 13] and the composer "strives toward homogeneity in the inner essence but at the same time towards variety in the outer appearance. Therefore he changes the surface but maintains the substance of his shapes." [TPM, p. 13]

Reti's way of showing 'maintained substance' would usually involve constructing a music example which juxtaposed a number of contrasting themes; the 'homogeneity in the inner essence' was represented by the notes printed at full size; the 'variety in the outer appearance' would be relegated to small type. In focusing on shared features and hidden similarities in shape and contour, the tonal or harmonic significance of the various 'significant' notes in the themes would usually be ignored. So too would rhythm—with the result that Reti's method focuses on relatively abstract 'pitch cells' rather than rhythmically defined 'motifs'.  In addition to admitting inversional and retrograde relationships between cells, Reti also introduced the process of 'interversion', in which the notes of a cell would be re-ordered.

Reti's analytical procedure is best understood concurrently to the work of other contemporary German analysts of the time such as Schenker and Schoenberg. Like Schenker, and Schoenberg, Reti's analysis of musical works was primarily motivic, tracing the evolution of a musical work from a melodic kernel. The preoccupation the three aforementioned theorists had with such procedure stems from a metaphysical belief that the works of the "great masters" (as exemplified in the First Viennese School) were unified thematically often, from a single idea. The metaphysical basis of this idea was the fact that such unity, was thought to be a metaphor for the unity of God's creation. Thus in Reti's analysis the "thematic process" is explored, in Schenker the analysis takes the form of a reductionist procedure, and in Schoenberg the unity of a musical work from a "Grundgestalt" (basic shape) is asserted.

Reti's method, which is to be seen in the context of early-20th-century musicology, has been criticized by the music theorist Nicholas Cook, who regards Reti as having been over-concerned with proving the validity of his method, at the expense of producing convincing analyses of individual works.

Writings
 'Salzburg - Verheißung und Gefahr', 23. Eine Wiener Musikzeitschrift, Reprint, Nummer 15/16 (1935)
 The Thematic Process in Music (US 1951; UK 1961). .
 'The Role of Duothematicism in the Evolution of Sonata Form', Music Review, Volume XVII Number 2 (1956)
 Tonality, Atonality, Pantonality: A study of some trends in twentieth century music (1958). .
 Thematic Patterns in Sonatas of Beethoven (ed. Deryck Cooke; Faber, 1967)

Bibliography
 Cook, Nicholas (1987), A Guide to Musical Analysis, Oxford: OUP

References

1885 births
1957 deaths
People from Užice
Serbian Jews
American people of Serbian-Jewish descent
American people of Serbian descent
American music theorists
Serbian classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Immigrants to Austria-Hungary
Expatriates from the Kingdom of Serbia
People from the Kingdom of Serbia
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century classical pianists
Austrian emigrants to the United States

Rudolph Reti


Herman Toll (March 15, 1907July 26, 1967) was an American politician who served Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1967. A member of the Democratic Party, he supported the civil rights movement, and sponsored legislation to create several federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Urban Affairs and Housing.

Life and career
Born in Bohuslav, a city about  southeast of Kyiv in the Russian Empire (now in Ukraine), Toll immigrated with his family to the United States around 1910. He graduated from Temple University School of Law in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania without a college degree (not a requirement at the time); he started practicing law in 1930. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Prison Society, Philadelphia Housing Association, B'nai B'rith and the board of directors of the Crusader Savings & Loan Association. In 1950 he was elected to the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives, where he served as vice chairman of the Judiciary Committee and helped secure passage of the first Fair Employment Practices law in the state. He was re-elected in 1952, 1954 and 1956.

Tenure
Rep. Toll was elected in 1958 as a Democrat to the United States Congress, becoming the first Jewish representative of the sixth Congressional district of Pennsylvania. He was re-elected three times—the final two times to represent the fourth Congressional district—and served until shortly before his death in 1967. In his first term he was named a member of the House Judiciary Committee as well as of its Subcommittee on Immigration and Nationality. Toward the end of his third term Rep. Toll was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, better known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. Unable to campaign aggressively, he nevertheless easily won a fourth term; due to illness he would serve in absentia without making an appearance in the House. He was not a candidate for re-election in 1966 and he died the following year at the age of 60.

A supporter of civil rights during his time in Congress, Rep. Toll exchanged at least one letter with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In Rep. Toll's February 19, 1964 reply he promises that he will "continue to work for the strongest possible Civil Rights legislation at the earliest possible date."

Contemporaries described Rep. Toll as intelligent, articulate, hard-working and passionate about politics, though his personality was not naturally outgoing. A short biography by Milton Friedman in The Canadian Jewish Chronicle, which appeared  in 1959 shortly after he won a seat to Congress, said he possessed "the quick, Talmudic mind of his grandfather, a learned rabbi." In a 1997 interview, his son Gilbert recalled that his father "was rarely home...Even when he was home he sometimes would have meetings there. I think he took my brother and me fishing once and to one ballgame. Politics was his life." It wasn't unusual for Rep. Toll to take meetings during his commute on the train between Philadelphia and Washington.

Legislation

During his time in the U.S. Congress Rep. Toll sponsored legislation to create the following federal agencies:
 Federal Recreation Services
 Youth Conservation Corps
 Department of Urban Affairs and Housing
 US disarmament agency for world peace

Family history

Herman Toll was the son of Mechel (Max), a plaster contractor, and Rifkah (Rebecca). For most of his life he was a member of Temple Judea in Philadelphia. On his death Herman Toll was survived by his wife, the former Rose Ornstein (d. 1997),  who served in the Pennsylvania State Legislature from 1970 to 1974. They had two sons, Sheldon and Gilbert, both of whom became attorneys. He was also survived by a brother, Albert Toll, whose two sons Robert (Bob) and Bruce followed their father into the real estate business as Toll Brothers.

See also
 List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

Sources

 The Political Graveyard

1907 births
1967 deaths
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
People from Bohuslav
Politicians from Philadelphia
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American Jews

Herman Toll


Navidad may refer to:
 Nochebuena or Navidad, Christmas Eve in Spanish

Places
 Navidad, Chile, a commune in Cardenal Caro Province, O'Higgins Region, Chile
 Navidad Formation, a geological formation in Chile
 La Navidad, a settlement in what is now Haiti
 Barra de Navidad, town in the Mexican state of Jalisco
 Navidad Lake, Bolivian lake
 Navidad Bank, submerged bank in the Atlantic Ocean
 Navidad River, coastal river in the U.S. state of Texas
 Navidad mine, a large silver mine in Argentina

People with the surname
 Patricia Navidad (born 1973), Mexican singer and actress

Film
 Navidad, 2009 film by Sebastián Lelio

Music
 Navidad, oratorio by Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes
 Navidad (Jaci Velasquez album) (2001), Spanish Christmas album by Jaci Velasquez
 Navidad (Lara & Reyes album) (2000), album released by Lara & Reyes
 Navidad (Rojo EP) (2006), Christmas music EP by the Mexican Christian rock band Rojo
 Navidades, a 2006 album by Luis Miguel
 "Navidad", a 1989 song by José Luis Perales

Other uses
 Navidad virus, a mass-mailing worm program or virus

See also
 Nativity (disambiguation)
 Feliz Navidad (disambiguation)

Navidad


Mister Mxyzptlk ( , ), sometimes called Mxy, is a fictional impish character who appears in DC Comics' Superman comic books, sometimes as a supervillain and other times as an antihero.

Mr. Mxyzptlk was created to appear in Superman #30 (September / October 1944), in the story "The Mysterious Mr. Mxyzptlk", by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Ira Yarborough.

He is usually presented as a trickster, in the classical mythological sense, in that he possesses reality warping powers with which he enjoys tormenting Superman in a cartoonish way. In most of his appearances in DC Comics, he can be stopped only by tricking him into saying or spelling his own name backwards (Kltpzyxm - "kel-tip-zix-um"), which will return him to his home in the 5th dimension and keep him there for a minimum of ninety days. However, this specific limitation of the character has been eliminated since the Crisis on Infinite Earths reboot, upon which the character leaves only when he willingly agrees to do so after meeting some conditions he sets, such as having Superman succeed in getting Mxyzptlk to paint his own face blue.

The character appeared in live-action by Howie Mandel in the 1993 television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. The character renamed Mikhail Mxyzptlk also appeared in the television series Smallville played by Trent Ford. Mxyzptlk appears in the television series Supergirl played by Peter Gadiot in the second season and by Thomas Lennon in the fifth season.

In 2009, Mister Mxyzptlk was ranked as IGN's 76th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

References

DC Comics characters

Mister Mxyzptlk


Ladder toss is a lawn game played by throwing bolas (two balls connected by a string) onto a ladder.

History
A "ball and ladder game" was patented in 2002 by Pennsylvanian Robert G. Reid, a postman who had played the game with his family for decades before deciding to file for patent in November, 1999. The game is reported as having been played on Escapees campgrounds in the United States in the late 1990s. Some origin stories speculate that the bola is a stand-in for a live snake, which cowboys in the western United States or caballeros in Mexico would throw at fences or branches for points.

Reid sold his patent to Ladder Golf LLC, recorded in the patent office in March 2005, and the company began manufacturing the game commercially. The company sponsored a tournament in San Diego in April, 2005, featuring 32 teams.

Etymology
Being a relatively new and grassroots game, it goes by many names. Some of these names are "Läderbölen" (English: "Ladder Ball"), "Bälle auf der Linie" (English: "Balls on the Line"), "Lasso Golf", "North Dakota Golf", "Norwegian Golf", "Dangle Ball", "Balls on Bars", "Hillbilly Golf", "Testicle Toss", "Balls-a-Danglin" and many others. There is also a patented version of the game called Ladder Golf.

Rules

The items needed to play are two ladders and a set of three bolas per team.

Scoring

Each ladder has three rungs, each rung scoring a different point value. One common method of scoring is to have the rungs be one, two and three points. In one variety the top is worth 1, middle is 2, and bottom is 3. Points are tallied at the end of each round, after all teams have thrown their bolas. The bolas suspended on the ladder score the points for that rung, often with the goal of getting at least 21 points to win.

The most common variety of scoring would be 1pt for the bottom rung, 2pts for the middle, 3pts for the top, and a bola on each of the rungs scores an automatic 10pts.  This makes the game move faster, but is just as hard. If the ball bounces off the ground and lands on a bar it does not count as a point.

There are a few optional ways to earn or lose points:

A "tight dangle bonus" is when the balls can no longer be wrapped around the horizontal rods. This is worth an additional point to each tight dangle.
A "springboard bonus" occurs when the balls launch back in the direction they were thrown.  A springboard bonus is worth one additional point.
Points are cancelled where the bolas of the opponent land on the same rung. For example, if Player A throws onto the middle rung he or she scores 2 points, but when the opponent lands on that same rung, the scores cancel, netting to 0. Points only cancel on the same rung. Player A could have two bolas wrapped on the bottom rung (1pt) and Player B one bola wrapped on the middle rung (2pts), assuming no other bolas stuck, the net score would be 2 - 2 for that round of play. This optional play makes the game more competitive and the game may last longer.

English scoring is 3pts for the top rung, 1pt for the middle, and 1pt for you & 1pt off the opponent for the bottom. Players race to 21, but if you go above 21 you are 'bust' and nothing is added to your score that round. There are 5 bonus pts for a full house (a bola on each of the rungs) and 3 bonus pts for a triple (three bola on one rung). There are also optional rules for bonus points including a 'knocker' (the balls of the bola hitting each other), a 'banger' (the balls of the bola hitting the rack), a 'dropper' (the bola landing on a rung then dropping to a lower rung) and a 'grounder' (hitting the ground before the rungs). The bonus points can be combined, for example with a 'knock-dropper' scoring two bonus points. Other named shots include a 'twiddler' (multiple spins around the rung) and a 'gapper' (going through a gap clean).

Construction
The balls on the bolas are often golf balls, but may be any uniform weight. They are sometimes plastic balls, tennis balls, rubber balls or a monkey's fist knot. Teams are distinguished by having their own color. For example, Team One may have three bolas with blue string, Team Two may have red string and Team Three may have purple string. Also, the teams may have different colors of balls. Ladder toss may be played with two people (one person per team) or up to six people (three teams of two people).

The rungs may be plastic pipe, wood or other materials.  Construction of the game is relatively easy and can be put together with the following:
16' – ¾" PVC pipe
2 – ¾" PVC elbow joints
6 – ¾" PVC "T" joints
12' – 3/8" nylon rope
12 – balls (six each of two different colors)
4 – ¾" PVC end caps (optional)

Irrigation (white) PVC pipe is commonly used but electrical (grey) PVC conduit may be preferable, at increased cost, as it contains UV inhibitors to prevent the PVC from getting brittle from sunlight exposure.  Alternatively, painting (white) PVC pipe would also protect them from UV; be sure to use a paint intended for plastics and sanding with 220 grit will help with adhesion.

The game is often played while tailgating at sporting events. There may be various rule sets used.

See also
Cornhole
Horseshoes
Tejo (sport)

References

External links
Description from the Somerset (PA) Daily American
Article from the Mankato Free Press
Instructions from "momtastic.com"

Games of physical skill
Lawn games
Throwing games

Ladder toss


Caulophryne jordani, commonly known as the fanfin angler, is a species of fanfin, a type of anglerfish. The fish is primarily found in the bathyal zone at depths ranging from . It has many unusual tentacles with lights attached.

In 2016, the reproduction of this species was observed and captured on video at around  deep in waters around the Azores. This was the first ever recorded video of a sexually united pair of deep sea anglerfish.

References

Caulophrynidae
Deep sea fish
Fish described in 1896
Taxa named by George Brown Goode
Taxa named by Tarleton Hoffman Bean

Caulophryne jordani


The C-Thru Ruler Company is an American maker of measuring devices and specialized products for drafting, designing and drawing. The company was formed in 1939 in Bloomfield, Connecticut, by Jennie R. Zachs, a schoolteacher, who saw the need for transparent measuring tools such as rulers, triangles, curves and protractors.

During the 1990s, the company expanded into the paper crafting and scrapbooking fields under the Little Yellow Bicycle and Déjà Views brands.

In June 2012, Acme United Corporation bought the ruler, lettering and drafting portions of C-Thru Ruler. The scrap booking part of the business, continues to be managed by the Zachs family under the Little Yellow Bicycle Inc. name.

History

Jennie Zachs
Jennie R. Zachs, born in 1898, was the daughter of Benjamin and Julia Zachs who emigrated from Russia to the United States in the early 1900s. She graduated from high school in Hartford, CT. A few years later, she graduated from college and became a schoolteacher.

While teaching, she developed the idea that when students would be able to see through their rulers, it would make the tool much more useful in the classroom. As a result, Ms. Zachs started the development of two transparent rulers made out of plastic.

In 1939, she founded C-Thru Ruler Company in Bloomfield, Connecticut and designed a whole family of transparent measuring tools like rulers, triangles, curves and protractors. Shortly after, she engaged a supplier to mill the tools out of plastic sheet and began to attend different trade shows and conventions for blue printers and art materials dealers to sell the products. She noticed that the transparent measuring tools could effectively replace wood and metal measuring devices for many applications in drafting, designing and drawing.

1940–1969
Only one year after founding the company, Jennie Zachs took in two partners to handle the expansion of C-Thru. Edward Zachs, her brother, joined C-Thru and Anna Zachs, her sister, became an investor.  On October 14, 1946, C-Thru Ruler Company was formally incorporated in Connecticut.

In 1957, Edward's son, Ted also started working at the Company. The following years, sales representatives were hired and the products line was significantly expanded through a distribution arrangement with Letraset, a manufacturer of dry transfer, rub on lettering and lettering tapes.

1970–1989
In 1970, Letraset decided to start selling its own line of transparent tools. In response thereto, C-Thru acquired a small manufacturer of dry transfer lettering products and started offering its own line of vinyl lettering. One year later, Ted Zachs bought out the other family members and became the sole shareholder of C-Thru.

In 1983, Jed Zachs, the son of Ted, joined the business and in 1985 another small acquisition was completed, which expanded the line of adhesive backed vinyl letters and stencils for signage purposes.

1990–2012
In 1993, Ross Zachs, Ted Zachs' younger son also became part of the company. Jed oversaw manufacturing and related operations, while Ross played a key role in the creative and marketing sides of the business.

The following year, C-Thru's owners saw that scrapbooking was growing rapidly and decided to enter that market with a line of stencils, templates and rulers. In the same year, it also created the Deja Views brand and began to sell to hobby and craft dealers, primarily small independent stores and a few chains, including Michaels, which only had a handful of stores at that time.

To expand the design and paper crafting business, a new brand called Little Yellow Bicycle was launched in 2008 with a differentiated line for independent retailers.

In June 2012, the non-scrapbooking part of the business was sold to Acme United Corporation. Acme United purchased the inventory, tooling, brands, and other intellectual property for approximately $1.47 million. In 2011, revenues for the C-Thru Ruler part of the business reached about $2.7 million.

The Zachs family continued to focus on the design and paper crafting business under the Little Yellow Bicycle Inc. name with Ted Zachs as president.

C-Thru Ruler as Acme United Brand
After the acquisition, the C-Thru products were gradually integrated into Acme United's Westcott product family, which mainly consists of rulers, scissors and other school and office products. So, the identity of C-Thru in most cases has become Westcott.

References

External links
 Acme United Corp. Website
 Westcott Website
 Little Yellow Bicycle Website
 Letraset Website

Companies based in Connecticut
Mathematical tools
Tool manufacturing companies of the United States

C-Thru Ruler


Beveridge is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway,  north of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 1,192 people living in Beveridge and the local area.

Early history
Beveridge was named after Scottish sheep farmer Andrew Beveridge who built the Hunters' Tryste Inn in 1845. The Inn still serves as a hotel, as well as post office and general store.

Ned Kelly
The town is known as the birthplace of bushranger Ned Kelly. He lived there as a small boy. His birth details aren't known, but he was probably born at his grandfather, James Quinn's farm. A cottage where the Kelly family lived for a short time is still standing today, located on Kelly Street. It is recorded that John Kelly built this house in about 1859 when Ned was about five years old. Dan Kelly and Kate Kelly were born in the house. The Primary School is a bluestone building once a church where the Kelly family prayed. Sitting on a hillside, this gothic style building was built between 1857 and 1862. The sacristy and chancel were added in 1877.

Mount Fraser
Near Beveridge is Mt Fraser, an extinct volcanic cone.  It last erupted about 1 million years ago. It is about 120 metres in height above the surrounding land. From this spot the explorers Hume and Hovell first saw Port Phillip Bay on 14 December 1824. A quarry  now operates at the side of the hill.

References

Bill Denheld 'Where was Ned Kelly Born?'

Ned Kelly

Beveridge, Victoria


The Gabe Dixon Band was a three-piece band that was formed in the fall of 1998 at the University of Miami. The band played piano-driven rock and was named after Gabe Dixon, the lead vocalist and pianist of the band. After the band broke up in 2010, Dixon has continued as a solo artist.

Members
 Gabe Dixon – vocals, keyboards, melodica (1998-2010)
 Jano Rix – drums (1998-2010)
 Winston Harrison – bass guitar (1998–2009)
 Chandler Webber - saxophone (1998–2004)
 Chris Young - guitar (1998)

Career
In 1999, the band worked with producer/engineer Eddie Kramer to independently release their debut album, More Than It Would Seem. Upon graduation from the University of Miami, they relocated to New York City and were signed to Reprise by David Kahne. They released their major label debut, On a Rolling Ball, in 2002. Three years later, they released the Live at World Cafe EP, which featured the song "All Will Be Well," which was featured in promos for the NBC show Conviction.

Prior to the release of On a Rolling Ball, Dixon played keyboards and sang backing vocals on Paul McCartney's 2001 album, "Driving Rain." Dixon also performed live with McCartney at the Concert For New York City, a September 11 fundraiser. McCartney offered Dixon the opportunity to join his world tour, but Dixon declined the position to focus on the production of On a Rolling Ball.

The band played piano-driven rock akin to Ben Folds Five, albeit with a more serious tone. Billy Joel, Jackson Browne and early Elton John influenced the band's stylized vocal and piano rhythms.

Following the Live at World Cafe EP, the band signed with Fantasy Records and released The Gabe Dixon Band,  in August 2008. In its initial days of release, it received praise from the music press and fellow artists. The band toured the United States from Aug 2008 through Nov 2008 with native New Yorker turned Canadian resident, newcomer Justin Nozuka.

Several tracks from the album received moderate media attention. "Find My Way" was the opening track to the film The Proposal (2009) starring Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds. "All Will Be Well" was featured in the fourth season of the television show Parks and Recreation. And "Till You're Gone" was used in Bose store displays.

Solo projects
As of 2010, Gabe Dixon is a solo artist. He released his first solo album, One Spark, on August 23, 2011 on Concord Bicycle Music. The album is produced by Marshall Altman and features a duet with Alison Krauss entitled "Even the Rain." Madi Diaz and James Walsh also lend their voices to the songs "Burn for You" and "I Can See You Shine" respectively.

On April 8, 2016, Dixon released his sophomore solo album, Turns to Gold on his own label, Rolling Ball Records. The album is produced by Paul Moak and features a duet with Natalie Prass entitled "The Way to Love Me".

Discography

As a Band
 More Than It Would Seem (1999)
 Included former band member Chandler Webber on saxophone
 On a Rolling Ball (2002)
 Included former band member Chandler Webber on saxophone
 Produced by David Kahne
 Live at World Cafe (2005)
 Mixed by Dan Wilson (ex-Semisonic lead singer/songwriter)
 The Gabe Dixon Band (2008)
 Produced by Neal Cappellino & The Gabe Dixon Band

Gabe Dixon Solo Discography
 One Spark (2011)
 Produced by Marshall Altman
 Turns To Gold (2016)
 Produced by Paul Moak
 Includes former band member Jano Rix on drums

References

External links
 Gabe Dixon Band
 Gabe Dixon Band collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Rock music groups from Florida
Jam bands

The Gabe Dixon Band


Wilfred J. Corrigan is a British engineer and entrepreneur, known for founding and running LSI Logic Corp. He was the chairman and chief executive of LSI for over two decades until 2005, during the earlier part of which he made vital contributions to the company. He was the founder and served twice as chairman of the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). Wilf is a veteran of Fairchild Semiconductor.

He was born in Liverpool, England, as the son of a dock worker, graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the Imperial College of Science before starting his career at Motorola Semiconductor.  He later joined Fairchild Semiconductor, rising through the ranks to eventually become president and CEO for five years.  He left Fairchild in 1979 after selling the then ailing company to Schlumberger, an oilfield services firm.

As the founder of LSI Logic, Corrigan pioneered modern-day gate array, standard-cell application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), system-on-a-chip and platform ASIC businesses. Before founding LSI Logic, Corrigan spearheaded the growth of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation as chairman, president, and chief executive officer and earlier as its vice president and general manager of its Semiconductor Division. Corrigan is also an inventor and holds two U.S. patents related to field-effect device manufacturing and gas etching.

He is a recipient of the SIA's Robert N. Noyce Award, Semico Research's Bellwether Award and the Silicon Valley Leadership Group's Lifetime Achievement Award. He also is a member of the board of directors of the Semiconductor Industry Association, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Imperial College London and London's City and Guild Institute and a driving force in the establishment of the World Semiconductor Council.

External links
 Bio and photo, IEEE Robert N. Noyce Medal Recipient, 2005

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British electrical engineers
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering

Wilfred Corrigan


The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse was established in 2001 to improve the availability, capacity and effectiveness of drug treatment.

It was set up as a special health authority within the National Health Service and its role was to deliver the ambitions of the 1999 Drug Strategy, and its 2002 update, for a much-expanded drug treatment system with quicker access.

The agency itself did not provide treatment, but worked in partnership with local commissioners and treatment providers to improve the quality of services, promote evidence-based practice and improve the skills of the drug treatment workforce. It also monitored the performance of the drug treatment sector through the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS).

After reviewing all its arm's-length bodies in July 2010, the government decided it would cease to exist as a statutory organization. Its key functions transferred to Public Health England on 1 April 2013.

References

External links
Official website (now archived)

2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
2001 in British politics
Addiction organisations in the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 2001
Government agencies disestablished in 2013
NHS special health authorities
Toxicology in the United Kingdom


The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition is a 2003 compilation video game for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It includes four games from the The Legend of Zelda series as well as some bonus content.

History
In Japan, the Collector's Edition was available from the Club Nintendo catalog for 500 points. From March 18 to April 30, 2004, it was available for 150 points in combination with Four Swords Adventures.

In North America, it was bundled with the Nintendo GameCube. The collection could also be obtained by subscribing or renewing a subscription to Nintendo Power, or by registering a GameCube and two or more of a selection of four games (Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, Mario Party 5, Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, and 1080° Avalanche).

In Europe, the game was initially part of the Nintendo GameCube Mario Kart: Double Dash!! Limited Edition Pak, a bundle which also included a GameCube, controller, and Mario Kart: Double Dash!!. The collection was also made available via Club Nintendo for 4,500 stars, but only 1,000 copies were distributed in this way.

In the United Kingdom, the Collector's Edition was available to GameCube owners who mailed Nintendo proof of purchase of one of several selected GameCube games, including The Wind Waker, F-Zero GX, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, 1080° Avalanche, Mario Party 5, and Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem. Consumers could also send proof of purchase of two titles from the Player's Choice range to receive the game.

In the Netherlands the game was available as a gift for new subscribers to the now defunct Dutch gaming magazine [N]Gamer in mid to late 2004.

In Australia, the game was available as a bonus for purchasing two of six select games. In order to receive the collection, consumers had to send a form with personal details completed, the original receipts of the purchase of two of the qualifying games, and the barcode of both games. The promotion ran from March 19, 2004 to June 14, 2004. Eligible games were Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour, 1080° Avalanche, Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, Pokémon Channel, Tak and the Power of Juju, and Kirby Air Ride. The promotion was initially only going to run until May 31, 2004, but was later extended.

Game List

 The Legend of Zelda
 Zelda II: The Adventure of Link
 The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
 The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask
 And a 20 minute playable demo for The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker

Bonus Content
The bonus content includes several promotional videos (A.E. The Wind Waker special movie)  and The Legend of Zelda retrospective.

Problems

Although the game mentions "sound irregularities" on the disc as a result of emulating Majora's Mask on the GameCube, no mention is made of the game freezing. This is a common issue encountered less often when not using the rumble function. The framerate of the Collector's Edition version of Majora's Mask is also lower than the 20 FPS framerate of the original game. The problems could be caused due to the game's reliance on the Expansion Pack. Majora's Mask also presents a high number of graphical issues, such as the blur effect commonly used during cutscenes either not disappear or not loading entirely. As Ocarina of Time does not use the Expansion Pack used by Majora's Mask, less problems occur. It, however, does experience some minor emulation issues, such as lens flares and other special effects not appearing. Both games also experience another issue. Under normal circumstances, opening the inventory menu will capture the screen and add it to memory before opening the menu so it can appear on top of the game screen. Emulators have difficulty adding this image to the memory, thus, the game will appear to freeze for a couple of seconds before the menu opens up. While this image is being removed from memory as the menu is closed, the game also freezes for a short time.

Nintendo GameCube games
The Legend of Zelda games
Compilation video games
2003 video games
Adventure games
Action video games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Video games developed in Japan