Gorden James Tallis (born 27 July 1973), also known by the nickname of "Raging Bull" for his on-field aggression, is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. A Queensland State of Origin and Australian international representative second-row forward, he captained both these teams as well as the Brisbane Broncos with whom he won the 1997, 1998 and 2000 Grand Finals, after starting his career with the St. George Dragons in Sydney. At the peak of his career Tallis was considered as the best  forward in the world and in 2008 was named in an Indigenous Australian rugby league team of the century. He is currently a commentator and pundit for the Fox Sports network. He served as a National Rugby League board member and was a member of the board of directors for the North Queensland Cowboys. Tallis also worked on the coaching staff of the South Sydney Rabbitohs.

Background
Tallis is of Tongan and Indigenous descent. Tallis' father Wally played rugby league briefly for Leigh in the 1960s. Gorden Tallis was born in Townsville, North Queensland on 27 July 1973. There he played for the Centrals Tigers club.

Professional playing career

St George Dragons
Tallis moved to Sydney to make his first grade debut in the Winfield Cup premiership for St. George on 29 August, 1992, aged . In 1992 Tallis played for NSW City under 19s and NSW Under 19s. He was a reserve in St George's 1993 grand final loss to Brisbane. Tallis was used to bad effect off the interchange bench during the 1994 season and also made his representative debut for the Queensland side in the final two State of Origin series games that year. In 1995 he was included in the Tongan squad for the 1995 World Cup but had to withdraw due to injury.

When the proposed Super League competition was put on hold in 1995, Tallis offered to buy out the final year of his contract with St George in order to join the Broncos.  The Dragons declined the offer however, and subsequent court action held him to his original contract.  Having already signed a Super League contract to play with Brisbane, the fiery North Queenslander caused controversy when he was the only player who chose to sit out the 1996 season rather than play a final year with St George. After having made 54 appearances for the Dragons, he left Sydney.

Brisbane Broncos

Tallis returned to the game with the Broncos for the 1997 Super League season and was the most dominant forward in the competition, which culminated in Brisbane's crushing 26–8 win over the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the Telstra Cup grand final. In addition to representing Queensland in the Super League Tri-series competition, he made his international debut in the 1997 post season's Super League Test series against Great Britain, playing at second-row forward in all three matches.

In 1998 Tallis returned to St. George for the first time since his acrimonious split with the Saints and was pelted with garbage and insults and was loudly booed every time he touched the ball before his try secured a 30–18 victory. Brisbane went on to capture another premiership with Tallis scoring a try and winning the prestigious Clive Churchill Medal as the best and fairest player on-field in the club's 38–12 1998 NRL grand final win over the Canterbury Bulldogs. Tallis made his Australian Kangaroos Test debut in the second match of the Trans-Tasman series.

He continued his great personal form when chosen for the ANZAC Test in 1999 and spearheaded Queensland's State of Origin campaign in a historic tied series. However, the season ended with Brisbane's failure to defend its premiership and Tallis was ruled out of October's Tri-Nations competition because of injury.

2000 saw him score a try in Australia's 52–0 thrashing of New Zealand in the ANZAC Test, but after being sent off in the opening State of Origin match for verbally abusing referee Bill Harrigan, Tallis suffered the ignominy of a whitewash defeat (his public admission that the 'dead' third match of the series should be cancelled was a momentary lapse in judgment that may have indirectly contributed to the Blues' 56–16 win). If Tallis' stature as the most dominant forward in the game wasn't secure following Brisbane's 14–6 win over the Roosters in the 2000 NRL grand final, his four tries in Australia's 82–0 humiliation of Papua New Guinea before the 2000 World Cup, and his selection as Australian captain for the match against Russia (which resulted in a record 110–4 victory) did.  In 2000, Tallis also received the Australian Sports Medal. Following Australia's World Cup victory, Tallis and teammate Shane Webcke wrote an open letter to players appealing for an end to scandalous behaviour amongst footballers which had been tarnishing the sport.

Captaincy
Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership, the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000's Super League V Champions, St Helens R.F.C. for the 2001 World Club Challenge, with newly appointed captain Tallis playing at second-row forward in Brisbane's loss. Tallis captained a rookie Queensland team in the 34–16 win over New South Wales in the opening match of the 2001 State of Origin series and was named man-of-the-match. Soon after, he suffered a career-threatening neck injury in a club match against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles which revealed a spinal condition that required corrective surgery. While Tallis' season was over (despite the smokescreen of his naming on the Broncos' interchange bench for the club's preliminary final) he made a strong return to football in 2002. It was in the deciding match of the 2002 State of Origin series that Gorden Tallis performed a famous tackle on Blues fullback, Brett Hodgson, dragging him several metres and eventually tossing him out of the field of play like a rag-doll. Tallis' reaction later of giving the one-finger salute to a section of the crowd, right behind the northern try-line where Dane Carlaw's series-tying try was scored, became a major after-match talking point. Tallis gained some sympathy when it was revealed that he was objecting to an offensive sign about his mother. But many again raised questions about his capacity to captain Australia with debate raging over the choice between Tallis or Andrew Johns to succeed Brad Fittler. Days later Johns was chosen to lead the Kangaroos in the July Test against Great Britain. Tallis scored a try in Australia's 64–10 win in that match and was later named Test leader (in Johns' absence) for the one-off Test against New Zealand in October, which Australia also won 32–24.

In January 2003, Tallis' book Raging Bull was published. His ancestry and ethnicity has been the subject of many questions much to the bemusement of Tallis. In his book, Tallis addresses these questions;

"People ask me about my ethnic background. Newspapers pick me in their "fantasy" Indigenous and Aboriginal sides. To tell the honest truth, I haven't worried too much about it. An auntie of mine did some research and she found that my great-grandfather came from North Western Ambrym in Vanuatu and my great-grandmother was from Loh Island in the Torres Strait. All we were ever told in my family was that we were Australians. My dad was born in Townsville and his dad was born in Bowen, so that makes us Australian and we're proud of it. I have played in one Indigenous side though, the Redfern All Blacks, who won the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander tournament in 1992. That was some side. We had Choc Mundine who was about 17, Tricky Trindall who was 25, and Wes Patten who was 19. People might have read a bit into me playing in that tournament but to me it was just a chance to play some footy with my mates."

At the end of 2003, Tallis, who was expected to lead Australia on the 2003 Kangaroo tour announced his retirement from representative football, but continued playing with the Broncos.  In 2004 he started to feel more affected by his neck injury and took heed of the warning signs his body was emitting.  He played his last official match in the 2004 semi-final for the Brisbane Broncos, fittingly in his hometown of Townsville, against the Cowboys, which the Broncos lost.  At the time of his retirement, he held the Broncos' club record of most career tries for a forward.

During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included Tallis.

In 2010 Tallis was inducted into the Broncos official Hall of Fame.

Career Stats

NSWRL/ARL/Super League/NRL

Representative

Accolades
Clive Churchill Medal: 1998

Dally M Second Rower Of The Year: 1999

Indigenous Team of the Century: 2008

NRL Team of the 1990s: 2003

Post-football career
In 2005 Tallis was appointed as one of News Ltd's members on the NRL board, replacing John Brass but stood down from the role in 2008, amid speculation that he will join the coaching staff of Catalans Dragons. He was a director on the board of the North Queensland Cowboys, a role he had to relinquish when he joined the South Sydney Rabbitohs as a forwards coach. He was brought in by Russell Crowe to add his knowledge and aggression to the team. Tallis commentates games for Fox Sports, as well as providing written columns for newspapers.  Tallis has made his views on fighting clear on the Fox Sports broadcasts of Rugby League, stating that if a fight erupts, "he would run in, you would run in, we would all run in, because it's your mate getting bashed".

During the 2010 NRL season after it was announced that South Sydney Rabbitohs head coach John Lang would be retiring, incoming replacement coach Michael Maguire from the Wigan Warriors announced that Tallis' services as forwards coach were no longer required.

In 2016, Tallis was immortalised with a Gord-e-moji emoji keyboard, in the same vein as his contemporary Kim Kardashian's "Kimoji". The app was developed for iOS by Devotion Digital in Sydney, with plans to roll out an Android version later in 2016.

In 2018, Tallis was inducted into the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame.

In August 2019, Tallis called for the NRL to relocate Sydney teams and called crowds at Sydney games as "Embarrassing".  Tallis went on to say "Could the NRL put in some key performance indicators to move one of the Sydney teams?, It's got to go on fans," he said. "It's got to go on filling a stadium. It's got to go on people wanting to watch you, coming through the gate to pay to watch your brand, your style of football, Roosters are on top of the table and count their fans with a fork to get their numbers up, There's nothing worse when you watch a game of footy and there's no one there, you get embarrassed".

References

External links

Gorden Tallis at Global Speakers & Entertainers
Gorden Tallis FootySocial Profile
 Gorden Tallis at stateoforigin.com.au
 Tallis calls it quits – ABC Sport
 Pressure Mounts on Tallis – article at smh.com.au
Gorden Tallis at nqsports.com.au
Gorden Tallis Hosting 2011 State of Origin Corporate Packages with EP Marketing
Gorden Tallis as Ambassador of Jobs in Central Queensland

1973 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team captains
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian sportspeople of Tongan descent
Australian people of Vanuatuan descent
Australian rugby league administrators
Australian rugby league commentators
Australian rugby league players
Brisbane Broncos captains
Brisbane Broncos players
Clive Churchill Medal winners
Fox Sports (Australian TV network) people
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin captains
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Rugby league players from Townsville
Rugby league second-rows
St. George Dragons players

Gorden Tallis


Jacques Bazin, marquis de Bezons (November 14, 1646 – May 22, 1733) was a French Field Marshal and Councillor of State.

He was the son of lawyer and politician Claude Bazin de Bezons and brother of Armand, Archbishop of Rouen and Archbishop of Bordeaux,

In his youth, he participated in the Siege of Candia and the Franco-Dutch War, where he was severely injured in the Battle of Seneffe. Promoted to brigadier in 1688, he commanded the reserve corps during the Battle of Steinkerque and the Battle of Neerwinden (1693).

In the War of the Spanish Succession, he fought in 1701 in Germany and then as Lieutenant-General in Italy, where he participated in the Battle of Chiari, Battle of Luzzara and the sieges of Governolo, Vercelli and Ivrea.
In 1708, he moved to Spain and fought in the successful Siege of Tortosa (1708). Named Marshal in 1709, he was unable to prevent Guido Starhemberg from taking Balaguer. In 1711, together with Henry d'Harcourt, he was made commander of the French Army in Germany. In the Rhine campaign (1713) his troops besieged and took Landau.

For his services during the war, he was awarded the cordon bleu of the Order of the Holy Spirit, and in Spain the Order of the Golden Fleece. After the death of Louis XIV, he became a member of the Council of State.

See also
 Marshals of France

Sources
 Gustave Chaix d'Est-Ange, Dictionnaire des familles françaises anciennes ou notables à la fin du XIXme siecle, Volume 3, C. Hérissey, 1904.
 Louis de La Roque, Catalogue historique des généraux français, Desaide, 1896.
 Madame de Sévigné, , Blaise, 1820

17th-century French nobility
1646 births
1733 deaths
Marshals of France
French army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
18th-century French nobility

Jacques Bazin de Bezons


Torii Kiyomoto (; 1645–1702) was a kabuki actor from Osaka and painter of billboards and other kabuki advertisements; the founder of the Torii school of artists, he painted in an early form of what came to be known as the ukiyo-e style. Onstage, he went by the name Torii Shōshichi.

Moving to Edo in 1687 with his son Shōbei, he made his home very close to the entertainment district. He was unsuccessful onstage, like many other Osaka actors who tried to adapt to the Edo acting styles and audience preferences, so he turned to focus exclusively on painting advertisements and billboards for the kabuki theater. Soon eclipsed by Shōbei, who took the name Torii Kiyonobu in his artistic career, the pair established a school of painting which strongly influenced that of the emerging ukiyo-e, and which monopolized the painting of kabuki signboards through the Edo period and into the 20th century.

None of his work is known to survive today.

References
 Hickman, Money (1993). Enduring Alliance: The Torii Line of Ukiyo-e Artists and Their Work for the Kabuki Theatre. Fenway Court, 1992. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
 Lane, Richard. (1978).  Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ;  OCLC 5246796

Ukiyo-e artists
Kabuki actors
1645 births
1702 deaths
Torii school
People from Osaka
Male actors from Osaka

Torii Kiyomoto


Robert Brown (19 March 1923 – 15 January 2020) was a Scottish international football player and manager. He played as a goalkeeper for Queen's Park, Rangers and Falkirk and made five international appearances for Scotland. He managed St Johnstone at club level and the Scotland national team from 1967 to 1971. Brown was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in 2015.

Playing career

Club
Brown was born in Anderson Drive, Denny, Stirlingshire. He made his debut as a goalkeeper for Queen's Park in 1939, when he was still attending school. After leaving school, Brown attended Jordanhill College with the intention of becoming a physical education teacher. He went on to establish himself as the first-choice goalkeeper for Queen's Park in the next two seasons, but like many others at this time, his football career was interrupted by the Second World War. Brown joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy, and he initially trained to be a navigator on a Fairey Swordfish torpedo plane. He was then transferred to the Navy's physical training department, where he worked as an instructor. This posting allowed him to play as a guest in the wartime leagues for Portsmouth, Chester, Chelsea and Plymouth Argyle. Brown considered himself fortunate, as five of the six Jordanhill students who had joined the Fleet Air Arm with him died during the war. He continued his teaching studies at Portsmouth College. In his last season with Queen's Park, in 1945–46, he shared the goalkeeper's jersey with another future Scottish international Ronnie Simpson. It was Brown who was selected to play as the club won a rare trophy, the Glasgow Cup, during that campaign. Due to the wartime conditions he made no official Scottish Football League or Scottish Cup appearances in his time with the Spiders, but did play 105 times for the first team.

At the end of the 1945–46 season Brown left Queen's Park for Rangers, where he played for ten years. During his time at Ibrox he played on a part-time basis while working as a teacher. Brown won three Scottish league championships, three Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups, including a domestic treble in 1948–49. He played in 296 matches in the three major competitions for Rangers, including 179 in succession, and also won the wartime 1946 Victory Cup and another two Glasgow Cups. Brown's status as a part-time player subsequently caused difficulty with the Rangers manager Bill Struth, who wanted Brown to leave teaching and play football full-time. He was replaced by George Niven as first-choice goalkeeper in 1952, and only made a few appearances before leaving Rangers in 1956. Brown then moved to Falkirk, where he played for two years before he retired from playing.

International
Brown played in five wartime internationals for Scotland, with his first appearance coming at Villa Park in February 1945. His strong club form was rewarded with a full international call up and, in January 1946, he made his Scotland debut in a Victory International friendly against Belgium; this was the first of five full international appearances for Brown, who remains the last amateur player to earn a full cap for Scotland and also the last to do so while a Queen's Park player. He also appeared eight times for the Scottish League between 1949 and 1952 while with Rangers.

Managerial career
After retiring as a player and leaving his teaching job in 1958, Brown became manager of St Johnstone. The Perth club had finished 11th in the old Second Division in the 1957–58 season. Brown guided them to 6th place in his first season, and then promotion as champions in 1960. Saints were relegated in 1962, but Brown stayed on as manager and won promotion back to the top division in 1963 before stabilising them as a top-division club, finishing in mid-table in the next few seasons. In total he managed 393 games for St Johnstone.

Brown became the first full-time Scotland manager in 1967. He was also the first manager to be given full authority to pick the team, which had previously been controlled by a Scottish Football Association committee. His first international match as manager was a 3–2 victory over the 1966 world champions England at Wembley, which led to Scots declaring themselves as "unofficial world champions". This game also saw Brown give his goalkeeping understudy from his Queen's Park days, Ronnie Simpson, his international debut at the age of 36. Brown continued as Scotland manager until 1971, but often found his squads depleted by club demands and results suffered accordingly. He won nine of 28 games played, and the team did not qualify for either the 1968 European Championships or the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Brown's only active involvement in football after leaving the Scotland job was to scout for Plymouth Argyle.

Later life
After finishing with Scotland in 1971 he turned to his business interests outside football. Brown and his wife Ruth settled in Helensburgh, where they ran a gift and coffee shop. Ruth died in 1983, aged 59, due to blood cancer. In 2017 Brown was retired and still lived in Helensburgh. He was inducted into the Rangers FC Hall of Fame and into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in 2015. Brown was featured in Episode 4 A Better World of the BBC Two documentary Britain's Greatest Generation broadcast in May 2015.

Brown died of natural causes on 15 January 2020 at the age of 96. He was survived by three daughters, Carolyn, Alison and Gillian.

Managerial statistics

References

External links

BBC Radio Scotland 35 minute interview with Bobby Brown

1923 births
2020 deaths
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish football managers
Queen's Park F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. wartime guest players
Chester City F.C. wartime guest players
Chelsea F.C. wartime guest players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. wartime guest players
Rangers F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
St Johnstone F.C. managers
Scotland men's international footballers
Scotland national football team managers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Falkirk (council area)
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Football League representative players
Scottish Football League managers
Scotland men's wartime international footballers
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
Plymouth Argyle F.C. non-playing staff
Association football scouts
People from Denny, Falkirk

Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1923)


Latin pop is a type of popular music that originated in Spanish-speaking countries. Latin pop songs are songs recorded in an up-tempo form. These songs are usually recorded in Spanish. Latin pop songs that have a lot of airplay can peak in Billboard charts such as the Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Pop Songs, Latin Pop Airplay and the Tropical/Salsa Songs charts.

Music genres

Latin pop


Bashkortostan () is a leading Bashkir-language newspaper published in Ufa, named after the republic of Bashkortostan within the Russian Federation. It provides a wide coverage of the social, political and cultural events in the region.

The paper is published five times a week (except Sundays and Mondays). Its circulation of 33,000 is the largest among all Bashkir language printed publications.

The newspaper was started in June 1917 in Orenburg under the name «Башҡорт иттифаҡы бюроһының мөхбире» (Herald of the Bashkir regional bureau); in July same year it changed its name to «Башҡорт» (Bashkir). In 1919 it merged with another Bashkir-language paper called «Башҡортостан» (founded in 1918) and changed its name to «Башҡортостан хәбәрҙәре» (The Bulletin of Bashkortostan). For the first time after the merger, the editors' office was located in Sterlitamak, moving to Ufa in 1922.

In its early days, the newspaper was bilingual (Bashkir-Tatar). In 1924 it became monolingual.
In 1929, it was converted into a daily format. In 1937, it changed its name to «Qьđьl Başqortostan» (The Red Bashkortostan), in 1951 to «Совет Башҡортостаны» (Soviet Bashkortostan). Starting with 1990, the paper carries its current name.

In the 1920s and the 1930s, Bashkortostan played a large role in establishing the standard Bashkir language as it is known today.

See also
 Shagit Hudayberdin, editorial board member

References
 Official website  (Bashkir language)
 Article on the newspaper in Bashklortostan Encyclopedia  (Russian language)

Newspapers published in Russia
Newspapers established in 1917
Ufa
Politics of Bashkortostan
Bashkir-language mass media

Bashkortostan (newspaper)


Deltasonic  is a British record label based in Liverpool, England. Previously joint ventured with Sony Music, it is now totally independent. It was formed by Alan Wills, the former drummer with Liverpool bands Shack and Top, and associated with the 'cosmic Scouse' and 'scallydelica' music scenes.

History
Aiming to be like Mo'Wax, Wills started his first label EVA in January 2000, primarily to release material by Joe Fearon a.k.a. Paracruzar. However,  after three promo-only releases on clear 10-inch vinyl, including the first release by 'Mountaineers' (credited on the record as 'The Sandpeople'), he decided to move on to new areas and, with the help of his partner Ann Heston and consultancy from Simon Duffy (Tri Tone), he started a new label called Deltasonic Records. The name is an amalgamation of two ideas, as Wills explains: "I predominantly wanted it to be a guitar label and the guitars we liked are rooted in the blues, so Delta, and Sonic is from Sonic Youth, just the coolest band name ever."

The discovery of the Coral gave Wills the impetus to bring his idea of a new guitar-band label to life by starting Deltasonic. Wills told HitQuarters that: "It was always the aim to release them through Deltasonic, and it was always their aim to be on Deltasonic ... Most people wouldn't have understood the Coral at that point."

The label originally had a joint venture deal with Sony, with the major record company owning 49% of Deltasonic and using its network to distribute and market it releases worldwide. The partnership was a gamble for Sony that was motivated by chairman Rob Stringer and president Muff Winwood's love of the label's roster, and their belief that guitar music was on the rise.

The first single released was by the Coral. Other bands later signed to the label include Mountaineers (who later moved on to Mute records), the Zutons, the Dead 60's, the Little Flames, the Rascals, the Basement, Candie Payne, and their first long-term signing from outside Liverpool, the Longcut followed by the Suzukis.

Deltasonic is also a publishing company, and had success in 2009 with Miles Kane, and the Last Shadow Puppets' #1 album, The Age of the Understatement.

As a fully independent record label, Deltasonic's first album release for 2010 was by the Suzukis.

In May 2014, Alan Wills was killed in a cycling accident at the age of 52. The label however, would still continue.

Deltasonic has continued and focuses on managing and developing new artists. With Ann Heston at the helm assisted by a team of young upcoming managers, and Joe Fearon as A&R consultant, Deltasonic re-emerged as one of the key independent UK labels and one of the few who develop young artists from ground level. 2015 saw the release of the debut album from The Little Flames and a series of reissues from the Deltasonic catalogue including the Dead 60s, Candie Payne, and the Basement. 2016 had releases from the latest Deltasonic artists; the Vryll Society, Hidden Charms, Psycho Comedy, and Tom Low.

Artists
Danny Connors
The Basement
The Dead 60s
Candie Payne
The Coral
The Little Flames
The Longcut
The Rascals
Sunstack Jones
The Sand Band
The Suzukis
The Tigerpicks
The Zutons
The Dirty Rivers
Hidden Charms
The Vryll Society
Tom Low
Psycho Comedy

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official site
 Official Myspace page
 Interview with founder Alan Wills, HitQuarters May 2004

British record labels
Record labels established in 2000
Music in Liverpool
Indie rock record labels
Alternative rock record labels

Deltasonic


Chambers Biographical Dictionary provides concise descriptions of over 18,000 notable figures from Britain and the rest of the world. It was first published in 1897.

The publishers, Chambers Harrap, who were formerly based in Edinburgh, claim their Biographical Dictionary is the most comprehensive and authoritative single-volume biographical dictionary available, covering entries in such areas as sport, science, music, art, literature, politics, television, and film. The 1990 reprint is published by University Press, Cambridge.

Editions
The 5th edition, published in 1990, was edited by Magnus Magnusson.

The centenary edition of 1997 () was edited by Melanie Parry and the revised edition () was edited by J. O. Thorne and T. C. Collocott. The centenary edition contained well over 17,500 alphabetically arranged articles describing the nationality, occupation, and achievements of each person, as well as 250 panels which focus on a wide variety of individuals regarded as being particularly important, influential, and interesting. Sources are given and there are thousands of suggestions for further reading.

The 9th edition was published in 2011 and has biographies of over 18,000 people, most consisting of about a dozen lines in a two-column page layout. Some, however, run to 50 lines or more, while Shakespeare covers two pages. Entries typically consist of place of birth, a summary on education or career, and achievements or publications. A single reference source is usually given.

References

Bibliography
Chambers, ed., Joan Bakewell, introduction: Chambers Biographical Dictionary, 9th edition, 2011, Chambers, 1,278 pages. .

1897 books
British biographical dictionaries
Scottish non-fiction literature
Series of books

Chambers Biographical Dictionary


Myrmeciites is an extinct form genus of bulldog ants in the subfamily Myrmeciinae of the family Formicidae, which contains three described species and two fossils not placed beyond the genus level. Described in 2006 from Ypresian stage (Early Eocene) deposits, all three of the described species and one unplaced fossil are from British Columbia, Canada, while the second unplaced fossil is from Washington State, USA. These ants were large, with the largest specimens collected reaching . The behaviour of these ants would have been similar to extant Myrmeciinae ants, such as solitary foraging, nesting either in the soil or trees, and leaving no pheromone trail to food sources. Due to the poor preservation of these ants, their phylogenetic position among Myrmeciinae is unclear, and no type species has been designated. These ants are classified as incertae sedis in Myrmeciinae, but some writers have classified it as incertae sedis within the insect order Hymenoptera. This reclassification, however, has not been accepted; instead, Myrmeciites remains in Myrmeciinae.

History and classification
Fossils of Myrmeciites were first studied and described by Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  They published their 2006 description of the form genus (which is a collection of species formally described but cannot be identified to genus level) in an Annals of the Entomological Society of America journal article. The genus name is a combination of the ant subfamily name "Myrmeciinae" and the Latin suffix "ites", meaning "having the nature of", which is commonly used in the naming of fossil taxa. Its phylogenetic position within Myrmeciinae is unclear, due to the incomplete and poor preservation of the collected specimens. The paper that described the form genus included the description of three species, including Myrmeciites herculeanus, Myrmeciites(?) goliath, and Myrmeciites(?) tabanifluviensis.

Archibald and colleagues classified Myrmeciites as incertae sedis (Latin for "of uncertain placement") within the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae, as the specimens are too poorly preserved to be assigned to any tribe. However, in a 2008 paper, Cesare Baroni Urbani of the University of Basel, Switzerland, classified Myrmeciites as incertae sedis within the insect order Hymenoptera (which comprises the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants) because the critical characters used to identify Myrmeciinae ants, or even the family Formicidae cannot be carried out on Myrmeciites. Despite these comments, a 2012 report by Russian palaeoentomologist Gennady M. Dlussky does not make any comment in regard to Baroni Urbani's views; instead, he accepts the classification of Archibald and colleagues.

Description
Archibald, Cover, and Moreau erected the form genus as an encompassing category for all fossil ants which, while belonging to the subfamily Myrmeciinae, lack details needed for placement in other described genera. This may be due to preservation quality or positioning of the individual ant resulting in obscured details.  As Myrmeciites is a form genus it does not have a designated type species per the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

M. herculeanus
M. herculeanus was described from a single side of a compression fossil found at the Middle Ypresian McAbee Fossil Beds, Kamloops Group, near Cache Creek, British Columbia. The incomplete specimen numbered UCCIPR L-18 F-974, is currently preserved in the paleontology collections housed at the Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia. Archibald, Cover, and Moreau coined the specific epithet "herculeanus" from the Latin name "Hercules" in reference to the notably sturdy and large morphology of the type specimen, and after the divine hero Heracles in Greek mythology, who was the son of Zeus and Alcmene. The species is discernible from the other species of Myrmeciinae by its notably larger size, the worker caste ant is estimated at over  in life. Its size is comparable to ants in the genus Ypresiomyrma. The shape of the petiole, a narrow waist that is located between the mesosoma and gaster is distinct from other species and is similar in structure to the genus Prionomyrmex though the shape and size of the mandibles are distinct. Overall, M. herculeanus was assigned to Myrmeciinae due to its mandible length, despite them being poorly preserved, and due to the appearance of its petiole and propodeum. The legs are long in comparison to its body length, and the gaster is robust. It is unknown if the species had a sting, due to the preservation of the specimen. The size of the single known worker is larger than any of the studied queens; as Myrmeciinae queens are slightly larger than the other castes in a species, this indicates M. herculeanus is most likely a distinct species. Due to the incomplete nature of the type specimen, the species was placed in Myrmeciites.

M.(?) goliath
The second species described from the McAbee Fossil Beds is M.(?) goliath and as with M. herculeanus, it is known from one specimen, though both the part and counterpart are known for M.(?) goliath. The holotype is housed in the Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, collections as UCCIPR L-18 F-999 and UCCIPRL-18 F-1000 for each side respectively. The species name "goliath" was chosen by Archibald, Cover and Moreau in reference to the mythological Goliath, due to the notable size of the ant. The holotype specimen is a partial worker or queen which is incomplete, with a notable portion of the gaster missing. The species can be separated from other ants by the large size, the holotype approaching . The only other Eocene ants in this size range are members of the genus Titanomyrma, that were formerly placed in Formicium.  M.(?) goliath is distinguishable from Titanomyrma by the shape and structure of the antennae and length of the legs, which are notably shorter in Titanomyrma. The head is very round and flattened, compound eyes are present and the mandibles are small, less than half the length of the head. The head is also small in proportion to the mesosoma. The legs are large and long, and a poorly preserved petiole is known. Most of the specimen is preserved in fine detail, but some characters are so poorly preserved that the exact placement of M.(?) goliath within Myrmeciinae cannot be confirmed. Only future fossils that are better preserved can clarify the position of M.(?) goliath.

M.(?) tabanifluviensis
Unlike the other described Myrmeciites species, M.(?) tabanifluviensis is the only species not from the McAbee Fossil Beds. The holotype, currently deposited in the Courtenay and District Museum paleontology collections as 2003.2.10 CDM 034 was recovered from the "Horsefly shale", part of an unnamed formation, outcropping near the town of Horsefly, British Columbia. The specimen is incomplete with both the head and portions of the mesosoma and gaster missing. The adult had an estimated length in life of over . The right portions of the legs are well preserved while the left legs are missing with two metatibia spurs, one of which is long and the other is short and narrow. Due to the incomplete nature of the specimen and position of the preserved portions, the gender is not identifiable, though the presence of wings indicates it to be a reproductive adult. The small size of the specimen, with a fore-wing length of approximately , separates this species from other members of the British Columbia Myrmeciinae. The type locality for the species, near the Horsefly River, was the basis for Archibald, Cover and Moreau choosing the specific epithet tabanifluviensis, combined with the horsefly genus name Tabanus, the Latin word fluvius meaning "river" and the sufix -ensis meaning "origin" or "place". The justification of placing this ant in Myrmeciites is due to incomplete preservation.

Unplaced specimens
Two additional specimens were placed within the form genus but not into a specific species. The Courtenay and District Museum  specimen 2003.2.9 CDM 03 a&b is a  long partial male recovered from the Falkland site, near Falkland, British Columbia. The generally robust nature of the specimen excludes it from the genus Avitomyrmex, but the details needed for placement between the genera Ypresiomyrma and Macabeemyrma are not present. The Stonerose Interpretive Center specimen "SR 05-03-01" is a possible queen or worker which would have been an estimated  long in life. Due to the lateral preservation of the specimen, most characters for placing the specimen into one of the defined species are obscured or absent. The specimen was recovered from outcrops of the Klondike Mountain Formation north west of Republic, Washington.

Ecology
Archibald and colleagues suggested that the behavioural habits for Myrmeciites ants, like that of other extinct Myrmeciinae taxa, may have been similar to its extant relatives. Workers would forage onto trees or vegetation to capture arthropod prey or to feed on nectar, soiling either in the ground or in the trees, making them an arboreal nesting insect. Like other Myrmeciine ants, Myrmeciites most likely did not lay pheromone trails or recruit nestmates to food sources; these ants may have been solitary foragers, relying on their eyes to hunt for prey and for navigational purposes. The nuptial flight of M. (?) tabanifluviensis probably occurred during the late spring or summer, as in extant relatives.

References

Cited text

External links

Myrmeciites at the AntWiki – Bringing Ants to the World
Myrmeciites at AntCat

Myrmeciinae
Ypresian insects
Fossil taxa described in 2006
†
Fossil ant genera
Prehistoric insects of North America
Klondike Mountain Formation
Horsefly Shales
Tranquille Formation

Myrmeciites


The wild yak (Bos mutus) is a large, wild bovine native to the Himalayas. It is the ancestor of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens).

Taxonomy

The ancestor of the wild and domestic yak is thought to have diverged from Bos primigenius at a point between one and five million years ago. The wild yak is now normally treated as a separate species from the domestic yak (Bos grunniens).

Description
The wild yak is among the largest extant bovid species. Adults stand about  tall at the shoulder, and weigh . The head and body length is , not counting the tail of . The females are about one-third the weight and are about 30% smaller in their linear dimensions when compared to bull wild yaks. Domesticated yaks are somewhat smaller.

They are heavily built animals with a bulky frame, sturdy legs, and rounded cloven hooves. To protect against the cold, the udder in females and the scrotum in males are small, and covered in a layer of hair. Females have four teats. Both sexes have long shaggy hair, with a dense woolly undercoat over the chest, flanks, and thighs for insulation against the cold. In males especially, this undercoat may form a long "skirt" that can reach the ground. The tail is long and horse-like, rather than tufted like the tails of cattle or bison. The coat is typically black or dark brown, covering most of the body, with a grey muzzle (although some wild golden-brown individuals have been reported). Wild yaks with gold coloured hair are known as the wild golden yak (). They are considered an endangered subspecies in China, with an estimated population of 170 left in the wild.

Two morphological types have been identified, so-called Qilian and Kunlun.

Distribution and habitat
Wild yaks once ranged up to southern Siberia to the east of Lake Baikal, but became extinct in Russia around the 17th century. Today, wild yaks are found primarily in northern Tibet and western Qinghai, with some populations extending into the southernmost parts of Xinjiang, and into Ladakh in India. Small, isolated populations of wild yak are also found farther afield, primarily in western Tibet and eastern Qinghai. In historic times, wild yaks were also found in Bhutan, but they are now considered extinct there.

The primary habitat of wild yaks consists of treeless uplands between , dominated by mountains and plateaus. They are most commonly found in alpine tundra with a relatively thick carpet of grasses and sedges rather than the more barren steppe country.

The wild yak was thought to be regionally extinct in Nepal in the 1970s, but was rediscovered in Humla in 2014. This discovery later made the species to be painted on Nepal's currency.

Behaviour and ecology

The diet of wild yaks consists largely of grasses and sedges, such as Carex, Stipa, and Kobresia. They also eat a smaller amount of herbs, winterfat shrubs, and mosses, and have even been reported to eat lichen. Historically, the main natural predator of the wild yak has been the Himalayan wolf, but Himalayan black bears, Himalayan brown bears and snow leopards have also been reported as predators in some areas, likely of young or infirm wild yaks.

Thubten Jigme Norbu, the elder brother of the 14th Dalai Lama, reported on his journey from Kumbum in Amdo to Lhasa in 1950:

Wild yaks are herd animals. Herds can contain several hundred individuals, although many are much smaller. Herds consist primarily of females and their young, with a smaller number of adult males. On average female yaks graze 100m higher than males. Females with young tend to choose grazing ground on high, steep slopes. The remaining males are either solitary, or found in much smaller groups, averaging around six individuals. Groups move into lower altitude ranges during the winter. Although wild yaks can become aggressive when defending young, or during the rut, they generally avoid humans, and may flee for great distances if approached.

Reproduction

Wild yaks mate in summer and give birth to a single calf the following spring. Females typically only give birth every other year.

Conservation
The wild yak is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It was previously classified as Endangered, but was downlisted in 1996 based on the estimated rate of population decline and current population sizes. The latest assessment in 2008 suggested a total population of no more than 10,000 mature individuals.

The wild yak is experiencing threats applied by several sources. Poaching, including commercial poaching, has remained the most serious threat; males are particularly impacted because of their more solitary habits. Disturbance by and interbreeding with livestock herds is also common. This may include the transmission of cattle-borne diseases, although no direct evidence of this has yet been found. Conflicts with herders themselves, as in preventive and retaliatory killings for abduction of domestic yaks by wild herds, also occur but appear to be relatively rare. Recent protection from poaching particularly appears to have stabilized or even increased population sizes in several areas, leading to the IUCN downlisting in 2008. In both China and India, the species is officially protected; in China it is present in a number of large nature reserves.

Impact on humans
The wild yak is a reservoir for zoonotic diseases of both bacterial and viral origins. Such bacterial diseases include anthrax, botulism, tetanus, and tuberculosis.

References

External links

ARKive – images and movies of the wild yak (Bos grunniens)
AnimalInfo.Org: Animal Info – Wild Yak

Mammals described in 1883
Mammals of Nepal
Mammals of India
Mammals of China
Bovines
Extant Zanclean first appearances
Yaks
Taxa named by Nikolay Przhevalsky

Wild yak


Hu Chunhua (; born April 1963) is a Chinese politician born in Hubei Province.

In 1979, Hu was admitted to Beijing University. He graduated from Beijing University in 1983. After graduation, Hu volunteered to work in Tibet autonomous region. During 1988 ~ 1992 he worked in Tibet, Hu Jingtao was the local Communist Party chief. In 1997, he left Tibet and worked as leader in Communist Youth League of China.

In 2001, Hu Chunhua returned back to Tibet. This time he worked there as senior party and government official. After 5 years of rich experience, in December 2006, he was promoted to the chief of Communist Youth League of China in Beijing.

In March 2008, Hu was appointed as deputy party chief of CPC in Hebei province; and nominated to be the candidate of provincial governor. In April, he was appointed as Hebei governor; and officially elected as governor in January 2009.

In November 2009, Hu was appointed as CPC party chief on Inner Mongolia autonomous region.

In November 2012, Hu was promoted to the powerful Communist Party's Politburo. He was assigned the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong province, the province's top political office. Hu and another Communist Party's Politburo member Sun Zhengcai Hu were seen as promising candidates in the 'sixth generation' of Chinese leadership. However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the traditional power transfer rule. While Hu was not as unfortunate as Sun who was charged and sentenced (in 2018) due to corruption, he failed to enter the leadership core of CPC - the Politburo Standing Committee.

References

1963 births
Living people
Chinese communists
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Politicians from Hubei

Hu Chunhua


Low frequency (LF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 30–300 kHz. Since its wavelengths range from 10–1 km, respectively, it is also known as the kilometre band or kilometre wave.

LF radio waves exhibit low signal attenuation, making them suitable for long-distance communications. In Europe and areas of Northern Africa and Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for AM broadcasting as the "longwave" band. In the western hemisphere, its main use is for aircraft beacon, navigation (LORAN), information, and weather systems. A number of time signal broadcasts also use this band.  The main mode of transmission used in this band is ground waves, in which LF radio waves travel just above the Earth's surface, following the terrain.  LF ground waves can travel over hills, and can travel beyond the horizon, up to several hundred kilometers from the transmitter.

Propagation

Because of their long wavelength, low frequency radio waves can diffract over obstacles like mountain ranges and travel beyond the horizon, following the contour of the Earth. This mode of propagation, called ground wave, is the main mode in the LF band.  Ground waves must be vertically polarized (the electric field is vertical while the magnetic field is horizontal), so vertical monopole antennas are used for transmitting.  The transmission distance is limited by the absorption of ground waves in the Earth.  The attenuation of signal strength with distance is lower than at higher frequencies, low frequency ground waves can be received up to  from the transmitting antenna.

Low frequency waves can also occasionally travel long distances by reflecting from the ionosphere (the actual mechanism is one of refraction), although this method, called skywave or "skip" propagation, is not as common as at higher frequencies. Reflection occurs at the ionospheric E layer or F layers. Skywave signals can be detected at distances exceeding  from the transmitting antenna.

Uses

Radio broadcasting

AM broadcasting is authorized in the longwave band on frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 kHz in Europe and parts of Asia.

Standard time signals

In Europe and Japan, many low-cost consumer devices have since the late 1980s contained radio clocks with an LF receiver for these signals. Since these frequencies propagate by ground wave only, the precision of time signals is not affected by varying propagation paths between the transmitter, the ionosphere, and the receiver. In the United States, such devices became feasible for the mass market only after the output power of WWVB was increased in 1997 and 1999.

Military

Radio signals below 50 kHz are capable of penetrating ocean depths to approximately 200 metres, the longer the wavelength, the deeper. The British, German, Indian, Russian, Swedish, United States and possibly other navies communicate with submarines on these frequencies.

In addition, Royal Navy nuclear submarines carrying ballistic missiles are allegedly under standing orders to monitor the BBC Radio 4 transmission on 198 kHz in waters near the UK. It is rumoured that they are to construe a sudden halt in transmission, particularly of the morning news programme Today, as an indicator that the UK is under attack, whereafter their sealed orders take effect.

The United States has four LF stations maintaining contact with its submarine force: Aguada, Puerto Rico, Keflavik, Iceland, Awase, Okinawa, and Sigonella, Italy, using AN/FRT-95 solid state transmitters.

In the U.S., the Ground Wave Emergency Network or GWEN operated between 150 and 175 kHz, until replaced by satellite communications systems in 1999. GWEN was a land based military radio communications system which could survive and continue to operate even in the case of a nuclear attack.

Experimental and amateur
The 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) made a worldwide amateur radio allocation in this band. An international 2.1 kHz allocation, the 2200 meter band (135.7 kHz to 137.8 kHz), is available to amateur radio operators in several countries in Europe, New Zealand, Canada, USA, and French overseas dependencies.

The world record distance for a two-way contact is over 10,000 km from near Vladivostok to New Zealand. As well as conventional Morse code many operators use very slow computer-controlled Morse code (QRSS) or specialized digital communications modes.

The UK allocated a 2.8 kHz sliver of spectrum from 71.6 kHz to 74.4 kHz beginning in April 1996 to UK amateurs who applied for a Notice of Variation to use the band on a noninterference basis with a maximum output power of 1 Watt ERP. This was withdrawn on 30 June 2003 after a number of extensions in favor of the European-harmonized 136 kHz band. Very slow Morse Code from G3AQC in the UK was received  away, across the Atlantic Ocean, by W1TAG in the US on 21-22 November 2001 on 72.401 kHz.

In the United States, there is an exemption within FCC Part 15 regulations permitting unlicensed transmissions in the frequency range of 160 to 190 kHz. Longwave radio hobbyists refer to this as the 'LowFER' band, and experimenters, and their transmitters are called 'LowFERs'. This frequency range between 160 kHz and 190 kHz is also referred to as the 1750-meter band. Requirements from 47CFR15.217 and 47CFR15.206 include:
 The total input power to the final radio frequency stage (exclusive of filament or heater power) shall not exceed one watt.
 The total length of the transmission line, antenna, and ground lead (if used) shall not exceed 15 meters.
 All emissions below 160 kHz or above 190 kHz shall be attenuated at least 20 dB below the level of the unmodulated carrier.
 As an alternative to these requirements, a field strength of 2400/F(kHz) microvolts/meter (measured at a distance of 300 meters) may be used (as described in 47CFR15.209).
 In all cases, operation may not cause harmful interference to licensed services.
Many experimenters in this band are amateur radio operators.

Meteorological information broadcasts

A regular service transmitting RTTY marine meteorological information in SYNOP code on LF is the German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst or DWD). The DWD operates station DDH47 on 147.3 kHz using standard ITA-2 alphabet with a transmission speed of 50 baud and FSK modulation with 85 Hz shift.

Radio navigation signals

In parts of the world where there is no longwave broadcasting service, Non-directional beacons used for aeronavigation operate on 190–300 kHz (and beyond into the MW band). In Europe, Asia and Africa, the NDB allocation starts on 283.5 kHz.

The LORAN-C radio navigation system operated on 100 kHz.

In the past, the Decca Navigator System operated between 70 kHz and 129 kHz. The last Decca chains were closed down in 2000.

Differential GPS telemetry transmitters operate between 283.5 and 325 kHz.

The commercial "Datatrak" radio navigation system operates on a number of frequencies, varying by country, between 120 and 148 kHz.

Other applications
Some radio frequency identification (RFID) tags utilize LF. These tags are commonly known as LFIDs or LowFIDs (Low Frequency Identification). The LF RFID tags are near field devices.

Antennas

Since the ground waves used in this band require vertical polarization, vertical antennas are used for transmission. Mast radiators are most common, either insulated from the ground and fed at the bottom, or occasionally fed through guy-wires. T-antennas and inverted L-antennas are used when antenna height is an issue. Due to the long wavelengths in the band, nearly all LF antennas are electrically short, shorter than one quarter of the radiated wavelength, so their low radiation resistance makes them inefficient, requiring very low resistance grounds and conductors to avoid dissipating transmitter power. These electrically short antennas need loading coils at the base of the antenna to bring them into resonance. Many antenna types, such as the umbrella antenna and L- and T-antenna, use capacitive top-loading (a "top hat"), in the form of a network of horizontal wires attached to the top of the vertical radiator. The capacitance improves the efficiency of the antenna by increasing the current, without increasing its height.

The height of antennas differ by usage. For some non-directional beacons (NDBs) the height can be as low as 10 meters, while for more powerful navigation transmitters such as DECCA, masts with a height around 100 meters are used. T-antennas have a height between 50 and 200 meters, while mast aerials are usually taller than 150 meters.

The height of mast antennas for LORAN-C is around 190 meters for transmitters with radiated power below 500 kW, and around 400 meters for transmitters greater than 1,000 kilowatts. The main type of LORAN-C antenna is insulated from ground.

LF (longwave) broadcasting stations use mast antennas with heights of more than 150 meters or T-aerials. The mast antennas can be ground-fed insulated masts or upper-fed grounded masts. It is also possible to use cage antennas on grounded masts.

For broadcasting stations, directional antennas are often required. They consist of multiple masts, which often have the same height. Some longwave antennas consist of multiple mast antennas arranged in a circle with or without a mast antenna in the center. Such antennas focus the transmitted power toward ground and give a large zone of fade-free reception. This type of antenna is rarely used, because they are very expensive and require much space and because fading occurs on longwave much more rarely than in the medium wave range. One antenna of this kind was used by transmitter Orlunda in Sweden.

For reception, long wire antennas are used, or more often ferrite loop antennas because of their small size. Amateur radio operators have achieved good LF reception using active antennas with a short whip.

LF transmitting antennas for high power transmitters require large amounts of space, and have been the cause of controversy in Europe and the United States due to concerns about possible health hazards associated with human exposure to radio waves.

See also
Longwave
LowFER
2200-meter band
Time signal
Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN)
WGU-20

Passive RFID

References

Further reading
 Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)".
 IK1QFK Home Page.

Radio spectrum

Low frequency


Survey methodology is "the study of survey methods".
As a field of applied statistics concentrating on human-research surveys, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys. Survey methodology targets instruments or procedures that ask one or more questions that may or may not be answered.

Researchers carry out statistical surveys with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population being studied; such inferences depend strongly on the survey questions used.  Polls about public opinion, public-health surveys, market-research surveys, government surveys and censuses all exemplify quantitative research that uses survey methodology to answer questions about a  population. Although censuses do not include a "sample", they do include other aspects of survey methodology, like questionnaires, interviewers, and non-response follow-up techniques. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of public-information and research fields, such as marketing research, psychology, health-care provision and sociology.

Overview
A single survey is made of at least a sample (or full population in the case of a census), a method of data collection (e.g., a questionnaire) and individual questions or items that become data that can be analyzed statistically. A single survey may focus on different types of topics such as preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate), opinions (e.g., should abortion be legal?), behavior (smoking and alcohol use), or factual information (e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since survey research is almost always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the sample with respect to a target population of interest to the researcher. That target population can range from the general population of a given country to specific groups of people within that country, to a membership list of a professional organization, or list of students enrolled in a school system  (see also sampling (statistics) and survey sampling). The persons replying to a survey are called respondents, and depending on the questions asked their answers may represent themselves as individuals, their households, employers, or other organization they represent.

Survey methodology as a scientific field seeks to identify principles about the sample design, data collection instruments, statistical adjustment of data, and data processing, and final data analysis that can create systematic and random survey errors. Survey errors are sometimes analyzed in connection with survey cost. Cost constraints are sometimes framed as improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession, meaning that some professionals in the field focus on survey errors empirically and others design surveys to reduce them. For survey designers, the task involves making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it.

The most important methodological challenges of a survey methodologist include making decisions on how to:
 Identify and select potential sample members.
 Contact sampled individuals and collect data from those who are hard to reach (or reluctant to respond)
 Evaluate and test questions.
 Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses.
 Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved).
 Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency.
 Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors.
 Complement survey data with new data sources (if appropriate)

Selecting samples

The sample is chosen from the sampling frame, which consists of a list of all members of the population of interest. The goal of a survey is not to describe the sample, but the larger population. This generalizing ability is dependent on the representativeness of the sample, as stated above. Each member of the population is termed an element. There are frequent difficulties one encounters while choosing a representative sample. One common error that results is selection bias. Selection bias results when the procedures used to select a sample result in over representation or under representation of some significant aspect of the population. For instance, if the population of interest consists of 75% females, and 25% males, and the sample consists of 40% females and 60% males, females are under represented while males are overrepresented. In order to minimize selection biases, stratified random sampling is often used. This is when the population is divided into sub-populations called strata, and random samples are drawn from each of the strata, or elements are drawn for the sample on a proportional basis.

Modes of data collection

There are several ways of administering a survey. The choice between administration modes is influenced by several factors, including
 costs,
 coverage of the target population,
 flexibility of asking questions,
 respondents' willingness to participate and
 response accuracy.
Different methods create mode effects that change how respondents answer, and different methods have different advantages. The most common modes of administration can be summarized as:

Telephone
Mail (post)
Online surveys
Mobile surveys
Personal in-home surveys
Personal mall or street intercept survey
Mixed modes

Research designs
There are several different designs, or overall structures, that can be used in survey research. The three general types are cross-sectional, successive independent samples, and longitudinal studies.

Cross-sectional studies
In cross-sectional studies, a sample (or samples) is drawn from the relevant population and studied once. A cross-sectional study describes characteristics of that population at one time, but cannot give any insight as to the causes of population characteristics because it is a predictive, correlational design.

Successive independent samples studies
A successive independent samples design draws multiple random samples from a population at one or more times.  This design can study changes within a population, but not changes within individuals because the same individuals are not surveyed more than once. Such studies cannot, therefore, identify the causes of change over time necessarily. For successive independent samples designs to be effective, the samples must be drawn from the same population, and must be equally representative of it. If the samples are not comparable, the changes between samples may be due to demographic characteristics rather than time. In addition, the questions must be asked in the same way so that responses can be compared directly.

Longitudinal studies
Longitudinal studies take measure of the same random sample at multiple time points.  Unlike with a successive independent samples design, this design measures the differences in individual participants' responses over time. This means that a researcher can potentially assess the reasons for response changes by assessing the differences in respondents' experiences. Longitudinal studies are the easiest way to assess the effect of a naturally occurring event, such as divorce that cannot be tested experimentally.

However, longitudinal studies are both expensive and difficult to do. It is harder to find a sample that will commit to a months- or years-long study than a 15-minute interview, and participants frequently leave the study before the final assessment. In addition, such studies sometimes require data collection to be confidential or anonymous, which creates additional difficulty in linking participants' responses over time. One potential solution is the use of a self-generated identification code (SGIC). These codes usually are created from elements like 'month of birth' and 'first letter of the mother's middle name.' Some recent anonymous SGIC approaches have also attempted to minimize use of personalized data even further, instead using questions like 'name of your first pet.  Depending on the approach used, the ability to match some portion of the sample can be lost.

In addition, the overall attrition of participants is not random, so samples can become less representative with successive assessments. To account for this, a researcher can compare the respondents who left the survey to those that did not, to see if they are statistically different populations. Respondents may also try to be self-consistent in spite of changes to survey answers.

Questionnaires

Questionnaires are the most commonly used tool in survey research. However, the results of a particular survey are worthless if the questionnaire is written inadequately. Questionnaires should produce valid and reliable demographic variable measures and should yield valid and reliable individual disparities that self-report scales generate.

Questionnaires as tools
A variable category that is often measured in survey research are demographic variables, which are used to depict the characteristics of the people surveyed in the sample. Demographic variables include such measures as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, race, and age. Surveys often assess the preferences and attitudes of individuals, and many employ self-report scales to measure people's opinions and judgements about different items presented on a scale. Self-report scales are also used to examine the disparities among people on scale items. These self-report scales, which are usually presented in questionnaire form, are one of the most used instruments in psychology, and thus it is important that the measures be constructed carefully, while also being reliable and valid.

Reliability and validity of self-report measures
Reliable measures of self-report are defined by their consistency. Thus, a reliable self-report measure produces consistent results every time it is executed. A test's reliability can be measured a few ways. First, one can calculate a test-retest reliability. A test-retest reliability entails conducting the same questionnaire to a large sample at two different times. For the questionnaire to be considered reliable, people in the sample do not have to score identically on each test, but rather their position in the score distribution should be similar for both the test and the retest. Self-report measures will generally be more reliable when they have many items measuring a construct. Furthermore, measurements will be more reliable when the factor being measured has greater variability among the individuals in the sample that are being tested. Finally, there will be greater reliability when instructions for the completion of the questionnaire are clear and when there are limited distractions in the testing environment. Contrastingly, a questionnaire is valid if what it measures is what it had originally planned to measure. Construct validity of a measure is the degree to which it measures the theoretical construct that it was originally supposed to measure.

Composing a questionnaire

Six steps can be employed to construct a questionnaire that will produce reliable and valid results. First, one must decide what kind of information should be collected. Second, one must decide how to conduct the questionnaire. Thirdly, one must construct a first draft of the questionnaire. Fourth, the questionnaire should be revised. Next, the questionnaire should be pretested. Finally, the questionnaire should be edited and the procedures for its use should be specified.

Guidelines for the effective wording of questions
The way that a question is phrased can have a large impact on how a research participant will answer the question. Thus, survey researchers must be conscious of their wording when writing survey questions. It is important for researchers to keep in mind that different individuals, cultures, and subcultures can interpret certain words and phrases differently from one another. There are two different types of questions that survey researchers use when writing a questionnaire: free response questions and closed questions. Free response questions are open-ended, whereas closed questions are usually multiple choice. Free response questions are beneficial because they allow the responder greater flexibility, but they are also very difficult to record and score, requiring extensive coding. Contrastingly, closed questions can be scored and coded more easily, but they diminish expressivity and spontaneity of the responder. In general, the vocabulary of the questions should be very simple and direct, and most should be less than twenty words.  Each question should be edited for "readability" and should avoid leading or loaded questions. Finally, if multiple items are being used to measure one construct, the wording of some of the items should be worded in the opposite direction to evade response bias.

A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards, or analysed using more qualitative methods.

Order of questions
Survey researchers should carefully construct the order of questions in a questionnaire. For questionnaires that are self-administered, the most interesting questions should be at the beginning of the questionnaire to catch the respondent's attention, while demographic questions should be near the end. Contrastingly, if a survey is being administered over the telephone or in person, demographic questions should be administered at the beginning of the interview to boost the respondent's confidence. Another reason to be mindful of question order may cause a survey response effect in which one question may affect how people respond to subsequent questions as a result of priming.

Translating a questionnaire
Translation is crucial to collecting comparable survey data. Questionnaires are translated from a source language into one or more target languages, such as translating from English into Spanish and German. Best practice includes parallel translation, team discussions, and pretesting with real-life people. It is not a mechanical word placement process. The model TRAPD - Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and Documentation - originally developed for the European Social Surveys, is now "widely used in the global survey research community, although not always labeled as such or implemented in its complete form". For example, sociolinguistics provides a theoretical framework for questionnaire translation and complements TRAPD. This approach states that for the questionnaire translation to achieve the equivalent communicative effect as the source language, the translation must be linguistically appropriate while incorporating the social practices and cultural norms of the target language.

Nonresponse reduction
The following ways have been recommended for reducing nonresponse in telephone and face-to-face surveys:
 Advance letter. A short letter is sent in advance to inform the sampled respondents about the upcoming survey. The style of the letter should be personalized but not overdone. First, it announces that a phone call will be made, or an interviewer wants to make an appointment to do the survey face-to-face. Second, the research topic will be described.  Last, it allows both an expression of the surveyor's appreciation of cooperation and an opening to ask questions on the survey.
 Training. The interviewers are thoroughly trained in how to ask respondents questions, how to work with computers and making schedules for callbacks to respondents who were not reached.
 Short introduction. The interviewer should always start with a short introduction about him or herself. She/he should give her name, the institute she is working for, the length of the interview and goal of the interview. Also it can be useful to make clear that you are not selling anything: this has been shown to lead to a slightly higher responding rate.
 Respondent-friendly survey questionnaire. The questions asked must be clear, non-offensive and easy to respond to for the subjects under study.

Brevity is also often cited as increasing response rate.  A 1996 literature review found mixed evidence to support this claim for both written and verbal surveys, concluding that other factors may often be more important.
A 2010 study looking at 100,000 online surveys found response rate dropped by about 3% at 10 questions and about 6% at 20 questions, with drop-off slowing (for example, only 10% reduction at 40 questions).
Other studies showed that quality of response degraded toward the end of long surveys.

Some researchers have also discussed the recipient's role or profession as a potential factor affecting how nonresponse is managed. For example, faxes are not commonly used to distribute surveys, but in a recent study were sometimes preferred by pharmacists, since they frequently receive faxed prescriptions at work but may not always have access to a generally-addressed piece of mail.

Interviewer effects
Survey methodologists have devoted much effort to determining the extent to which interviewee responses are affected by physical characteristics of the interviewer. Main interviewer traits that have been demonstrated to influence survey responses are race, gender,
and relative body weight (BMI).
These interviewer effects are particularly operant when questions are related to the interviewer trait. Hence, race of interviewer has been shown to affect responses to measures regarding racial attitudes,
interviewer sex responses to questions involving gender issues,
and interviewer BMI answers to eating and dieting-related questions.
While interviewer effects have been investigated mainly for face-to-face surveys, they have also been shown to exist for interview modes with no visual contact, such as telephone surveys and in video-enhanced web surveys. The explanation typically provided for interviewer effects is social desirability bias: survey participants may attempt to project a positive self-image in an effort to conform to the norms they attribute to the interviewer asking questions. Interviewer effects are one example survey response effects.

The role of big data
Since 2018, survey methodologists have started to examine how big data can complement survey methodology to allow researchers and practitioners to improve the production of survey statistics and its quality. Big data has low cost per data point, applies analysis techniques via machine learning and data mining, and includes diverse and new data sources, e.g., registers, social media, apps, and other forms digital data. To date, there have been three Big Data Meets Survey Science (BigSurv) conferences in 2018, 2020, and 2023, a special issue in the Social Science Computer Review, a special issue in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, and a special issue in EP J Data Science, and a book called Big Data Meets Social Sciences edited by six Fellows of the American Statistical Association.

See also

 Survey data collection
 Data Documentation Initiative
 Enterprise feedback management (EFM)
 Likert scale
 Official statistics
 Paid survey
 Quantitative marketing research
 Questionnaire construction
 Ratio estimator
 Social research
 Total survey error

References

Further reading
 Abramson, J. J. and Abramson, Z. H. (1999). Survey Methods in Community Medicine: Epidemiological Research, Programme Evaluation, Clinical Trials (5th edition). London: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier Health Sciences
 Adèr, H. J., Mellenbergh, G. J., and Hand, D. J. (2008). Advising on research methods: A consultant's companion. Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
 Andres, Lesley (2012). "Designing and Doing Survey Research". London: Sage.
 Dillman, D.A. (1978) Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method. New York: Wiley.
 Engel. U., Jann, B., Lynn, P., Scherpenzeel, A. and Sturgis, P. (2014). Improving Survey Methods: Lessons from Recent Research. New York: Routledge.
 Groves, R.M. (1989). Survey Errors and Survey Costs  Wiley.
 Griffith, James. (2014) "Survey Research in Military Settings." in Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies edited by Joseph Soeters, Patricia Shields and Sebastiaan Rietjens.pp. 179–193. New York: Routledge.
 Leung, Wai-Ching (2001) "Conducting a Survey", in Student BMJ, (British Medical Journal, Student Edition), May 2001
 Ornstein, M.D. (1998).  "Survey Research."  Current Sociology 46(4): iii-136.
 Prince, S. a, Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M., Hardt, J., Connor Gorber, S., & Tremblay, M. (2008). A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 56. http://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-56
 Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2006). Research Methods in Psychology (Seventh Edition ed.). McGraw–Hill Higher Education.  (pp. 143–192)
 Singh, S. (2003). Advanced Sampling Theory with Applications: How Michael Selected Amy. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
 Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan.(2014). Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies New York: Routledge.

 Shackman, G. What is Program Evaluation? A Beginners Guide 2018

External links

Psychometrics
Quantitative research
Product testing

Survey methodology


The British School in Tokyo (BST; ブリティシュ・スクール・イン東京 Buritishu Sukūru in Tōkyō) is an international school in central Tokyo with over 1,100 students from over 65 nationalities. BST takes students aged 3–18 that have been rated in all eight areas examined by the Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI). A third of BST students are neither British nor Japanese and there are no entry requirements other than fluency in English. The curriculum follows the National Curriculum.

The school is based on two sites with students aged 3–8 based at the Shibuya campus and students aged 9–18 based at the Showa campus at Showa Women's University.

History
Established as a trust in 1988 to meet the needs of parents who wished their children to receive a British style education in Tokyo, BST was officially opened by Margaret Thatcher in September 1989 with just 63 students and rapidly expanded.  By 1993 there were 200 students in the entire school.

The existing site could no longer accommodate the growing demand for places and a modern building with improved facilities (the current BST Shibuya site) was opened in Shibuya on 14 May 1998 for over 300 children aged three to eleven. In 2000 the School opened a second site at the municipal Shibuya Elementary School (SES) to accommodate a small number of older students up to age thirteen; the Upper School. In 2003 SES was demolished and the Upper School had to be moved to another municipal facility on the far side of Shibuya Station, the Owada Junior High School. The School continued to attract strong interest, though facilities, particularly for the Upper School, were less than ideal.

To address the issue of inadequate facilities, part of the school was moved in August 2006 to newly renovated accommodation on the campus of the Showa Women's University, located 10 minutes bus ride away to the west of Shibuya station. The original site, BST Shibuya, now accommodates 350 Nursery to Year 3 pupils in refurbished facilities suited to the needs of this age group. The Showa campus underwent construction during the summer of 2017 to accommodate for the rising number of students joining the school, adding new classrooms, libraries, study areas and more. BST Showa offers educational provision from Year 4 to 13 for over 620 students with extra-curriculars, such as sports fixtures and music clubs. Key Stages 4 and 5 include IGCSE, A-Levels, AQA BAC and the International Duke of Edinburgh Award.

Locations

BST has two campuses: Nursery through Year 3 attend the Shibuya Campus in the Shibuya area of Shibuya Ward, and students in Year 4 through Year 13 attend the Showa Campus in Building 5 of Showa Women's University in Setagaya Ward.

The Showa campus opened on 28 August 2006.

Showa campus facilities

Not owning its own land on Showa campus, BST has had to rent out gyms, fields and halls from Showa Women's University and Temple University, both of which are located on the same campus and are in close proximity of one another. The main indoor sports facilities of BST showa are the Old gym (owned by Showa), the West gym (owned by Temple university), and the New gym (owned by Showa). The main outdoor sports facilities of BST showa are the Astro (big field outside school building), Leo ground (field mainly used by BST), and South Ground (mainly used by BST). Hall/Performance facilities of BST showa are Hitomi hall (seats 1000+), Green hall (slightly smaller, seats 500+), and other halls either on Showa territory or Temple university territory. As of 2021, BST showa used the pool which is located in the basement of a Temple university building, and is also under the west gym (mentioned above). However, before 2019, the specified pool was under construction, meaning the school had to create a contract with the pool of a nearby gym (approximately 500m away), where students would travel to have their swimming lessons and swim team practices.

Curriculum
Throughout the whole school, BST offers a large range of subjects, including English (Language and Literature), Numeracy, Sciences, ICT, Wellbeing, History, Geography, Art, Drama, Photography, Economics, Business Studies, Music and Physical Education, all of which are offered at IGCSE and A Level. In addition, two Modern Foreign Languages are offered – Japanese from Nursery and French from Year 3. Spanish is also offered for IGCSE and A Level.

Accreditation
BST is accredited by the Council of British International Schools (COBIS) and has been inspected by ISI. It is also a member of Kanto Plains Schools Association and the Japan Council of International Schools (JCIS).

Sports

BST offers a range of competitive and recreational sport, with morning or after-school clubs available throughout the school year. Some of these sports include, but are not limited to:
 Volleyball
 Netball
 Futsal
 Football
 Hockey
 Swimming
 Athletics
 Cricket
 Basketball
 Badminton
 Fitness
 Yoga

ECA's (Extra-curricular activities)

ECA's form a crucial part of BST student life and are led by teachers from many year groups. The clubs vary for different age groups/key stages.
The following are secondary clubs, as of December 2021:

 Strategy games club
 Philosophy discussion club
 Diversity and inclusion club
 Science ambassador club
 Geography club
 DJ and Music production club
 Debating club
 Chess and Shogi club
 Rock 'n' Roll/Live club
 Science fiction club
 Tai Chi club
 STEP maths club
 NHK learning Japanese
 Nrich maths for Y7 and Y8
 Model United Nations club
 Art sustainable fashion workshop

See also

Britons in Japan
Japan–United Kingdom relations
British Embassy, Tokyo
Japanese international schools in the United Kingdom:
 Japanese School in London
 Rikkyo School in England
 Teikyo School United Kingdom
 Defunct: Gyosei International School UK

References

External links

International schools in Tokyo
High schools in Tokyo
Tokyo
Japan–United Kingdom relations
Educational institutions established in 1989
1989 establishments in Japan
Setagaya
Shibuya

The British School in Tokyo


Vera Mischenko is a Russian attorney. She introduced the concept of public interest environmental law in Russia and in 1991 co-founded Ecojuris, Russia's first public interest law firm. She was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2000.

Campaigning
As a lawyer and environmental activist Mischenko's main focus and interest regards oil and gas industry which threatens the balance of marine ecosystems in the area of Caspian and Black Sea on the Russian border. Due to her broad legal expertise and engagement in NGOs activities, she intends to educate people about the hazards of oil development and wildlife exploitation in Russia.  Together with a group of Ecojuris Institute lawyers, Mischenko established a number of  national and international non-governmental organisations  concerned with offshore preservation as well as she held a seminar in which Russian and American lawyers and NGO activist participated. It took place in St. Petersburg.

Ecojuris Organisation
In the early 1990s, Mischenko was involved in the first environmental movements in Russia and succeeded to bring the cases of environmental injustice and damage to court. In order to do that she founded Ecojuris which was later registered under the name  Ecojuris Institute of Environmental Law (1996, Moscow), the first Russian  non-governmental  environmental organisation (NGO) of a group of attorneys. She has been the president of Ecojuris since 1994. The organisation has stood for citizen's rights on environmental issues in order to protect people's health and wildlife conservation. The objectives of Ecojuris is to call for, initiate, and propose as well as draft legislation on the issues concerning the environment and human rights movements in Russia.

References

Russian environmentalists
Russian women environmentalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Goldman Environmental Prize awardees

Vera Mischenko


is a Japanese manga artist best known for Aishiteruze Baby. Maki debuted in 1999 with Love Service! in Ribon Original magazine. She also has a pet dog named Leo and her profile in the Aishiteruze Baby comic says her hobby is "...blowing soap bubbles" and that one of her skills is "...passing quickly through a crowd of people". She has a sister, Mochida Aki, which she made manga with such as, Zen Zen.

On July 3, 2019, Maki announced that she has retired from the manga industry and that she will keep her Instagram account active until March 17, 2020. Her final manga series was Kirameki no Lion Boy which ran from 2016 to 2019.

Works
14R — Collection of short stories, containing:
14R
Mahiru ni Kakedasu
Watakushi-sama
Koi o Hajimeru Bokutachi ni
Daily News
Aishiteruze Baby (7 volumes)
Atashi wa Bambi (3 volumes) — Also includes:
Kokoro Kirari (vol.1)
Aiko de Jo (vol.2)
Kiite Kiite Ouji (vol.3)
Survival (vol.3)
Kareki ni Koi o Sakasemasu — Collection of short stories, containing:
Kareki ni Koi o Sakasemasu
Heavy Crash!!
Juicy Game
Love Service!
Sora Sora — Also includes:
Koishiterururu
Star Blacks (2 volumes)
Taranta Ranta (2 volumes)
Yamamoto Zenjirou to Moushimasu (5 volumes)
Aishitenai
 Shouri no Akuma
Zen Zen
Green Boy & Blue Girl
Romantica Clock (10 volumes)
Kirameki no Lion Boy (9 volumes)

References

External links
 Ribon Waku-Waku Station Ribon Official website

1981 births
Living people
Manga artists from Kagoshima Prefecture

Yōko Maki (artist)


Harry Clayton Richards (March 24, 1908 - January 11, 1980) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey and the first president of the Jockeys' Guild. Hall of Fame jockey Eddie Arcaro said Richards: "was strong in character and who maintained a steady belief in our organization [Jockeys' Guild]. Incidentally, he was one of the greatest riders of my time, the first switch-hitter in our business and the one from whom I copied switch-hitting."

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Richards began riding professionally in 1924. During his career he rode for prominent owners such as Walter Jeffords, George Widener and  William duPont, Jr. In 1937 he rode duPont's colt Rosemont to victory in the Santa Anita Handicap, defeating Seabiscuit, a scene used in the 2003 motion picture Seabiscuit in which Richards was portrayed by jockey Corey Black.

In 1936, Harry Richards rode Jeome Louchheim's colt Pompoon to victory in the richest and most prestigious race for juveniles, the  Futurity Stakes at Belmont Park. Pompoon was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt honors. In 1937, he rode Pompoon to a second-place finish in the Kentucky Derby to War Admiral, finishing a length and a half back.

Among his other top grade horses, Richards was the regular jockey for George Widener's future Hall of Fame inductee  Eight Thirty on whom he won the 1939 Travers Stakes, the 1940 Suburban Handicap and in his final year as a jockey, the Metropolitan Handicap.

In 1940, Harry Richards was a founding member of the Jockeys' Guild and served as the organization's first president.

Retired from riding, Harry Richards owned and trained horses for several years. He and his wife Daisy were living in Solana Beach, California when he died at age seventy-two in January 1980.

References

1908 births
1980 deaths
American jockeys
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
American trade union leaders
People from Solana Beach, California

Harry C. Richards


The Donggyeongi, also called daeng gyeon (댕견) or Donggyeong gae (동경개), is a naturally bob-tailed dog breed that originated in Korea.  It is an endangered breed of some 600 dogs in total and has been protected as a natural heritage in South Korea since 2012 (Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea, number 540).

Etymology
Donggyeong (동경, 東京) was the name of the capital city of Shilla, a medieval Korean dynasty. Today, the city is known as Gyeongju.

Appearance
The Donggyeongi has a very short or no tail, which is a prominent characteristic distinguished from other dog breeds in Korea. The Donggyeongi's facial features are similar to those of another dog type, the Korean Jindo, which is also a natural heritage dog in South Korea.

History
DNA analysis indicates that the Donggyeongi and the Korean Jindo were separated from a common ancestor about 900 years ago.

The feature of Donggyeongi was mentioned in old records such as Donggyeong Jabgi 《동경잡기(東京雜記)》(1845), Jeungbomunhyunbigo 《증보문헌비고(增補文獻備考)》(1770), and was also found in the clay dog dolls from the sixth century excavated around Gyeongju.

In the past, there was a large population of Donggyeongi in Gyeongju, but the dogs were slaughtered during the Japanese colonial era (1910-1945). There is an allegation that they might have been killed due to their similarity to 'Komainu', the dog figures kept in Japanese royal palaces or shrines. During the period, the number of dogs such as the Donggyeongi, the Jindo, and the Sapsali decreased as they were slaughtered in mass to use their skins for winter coats.

Even after the Korean liberation in 1945, the situation in Donggyeongi was not good. The dogs were despised by the general public: their lack of tails was regarded as bringing bad luck, or the dogs were mistaken as deformed. The number of Donggyeongi drastically decreased as a result. Hybridization with other breeds worsened the situation. Later misunderstanding on their tail shape was resolved, breed preservation efforts started, and the dogs were designated as national heritage.

See also
 Old English Sheepdog
 Korean Jindo
 Sapsali
 Nureongi

References

External links

Spitz breeds
Dog breeds originating in Korea
Rare dog breeds

Donggyeongi


Brett Smith (born June 8, 1992) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Wyoming. He attended Leslie Middle School in Salem, Oregon from 2004 to 07 and later graduated from West Salem High School in 2011.

High school career
During his senior year, Smith completed 65.7% of his passes for 2,146 yards and 27 touchdowns with five interceptions. He rushed for 855 yards on only 115 carries for 22 rushing touchdowns. He was named the  First-team All-state for class 6A. In 2010, he was the Gatorade Football Player of the Year. He was ranked number 8 in all of the state of Oregon.

College career
Smith attended the University of Wyoming from 2011 to 2013. During his career, he started 35 games, throwing for 8,834 yards with 76 touchdowns and 28 interceptions. He also rushed for 1,529 yards with 20 touchdowns.

During his freshman year, he averaged 256.3 yards in total offense per game. He was ranked number 2 in the Mountain West (MW) and ranked 33 in the NCAA. He was ranked fourth in the MW and 61st in the nation on passing yards, with 201.7 passing yards a game. He had a 124.6 passer rating, with that he was ranked 4th in the MW for passing efficiency. He had two receptions for 17 yards and one touchdown. He had 2 tackles for the year. He was first-team All-American freshman.

In his sophomore year, he finished the season with 174 pass attempts and no interceptions; this was the second-best mark in MW history. He finished second in the MW Conference and 16th nationally in total offense yards, with 308.5 yards per game. He placed 21st in passing yards per game, with 284 yards. He averaged 13.8 yards per complete pass. He completed sixty percent of his passes, and threw for 27 touchdowns with only 6 interceptions. He was named Mountain West Conference player of the week three times. He sustained one reception for 10 yards, and only one tackle. During this year he was nominated for the Manning Award.

In his junior year, he was one of the top returning quarterbacks in the nation and was a leading All-American candidate in 2013. He was ranked among the top 25 quarterbacks in the NCAA in multiple categories. Smith entered the 2014 NFL Draft after his junior season.

Wyoming football records
 Career Offensive Yards: 10,390 (2011–2013)
 Career Touchdowns: 97 (2011–2013)
 Career Passing Touchdowns: 76 (2011–2013)
 Most Total Yards in a Game: 640 (November 23, 2013, against Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football) (Also a Mountain West Conference record)

Professional career
Leading up to the 2014 NFL Draft, the NFL.com scouts gave him a rating of a 5.1. His main strength were considered to be his good sized hands, a vertical jump of 10'8", his speed for being a quarterback, and being a team captain for two years. His weaknesses included; his size (6'1"), throwing off balance, wobbly throws, and he needed to adapt patience to be able to play at the pro level. He was projected to be a seventh round pick. In the actual 2014 NFL Draft, he went undrafted.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Shortly after the draft concluded, Smith was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to compete with Mike Kafka, Alex Tanney and Mike Glennon for the backup position behind Josh McCown. This reunited him with college teammate Robert Herron, who was drafted in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft. It also reunited him with quarterbacks coach Marcus Arroyo who recruited Smith to Wyoming. He was cut on May 21, 2014.

Toronto Argonauts
On July 21, 2014, Smith was signed by the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, where he was the team's fifth-string quarterback. He was later released on September 6, 2014, along with fellow quarterback Casey Pachall.

San Jose SaberCats
On October 27, 2014, Smith was assigned to the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League.

Saskatchewan Roughriders
On March 12, 2015, Smith was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League. Smith began the 2015 CFL season as the #3 QB on the depth chart, however, after injuries to starter Darian Durant and backup Kevin Glenn, Smith became the starting quarterback for the Roughriders (at which time their record was 0–5). Brett made his first CFL start against the Edmonton Eskimos on July 31, 2015. Smith would finish the season having completed 142 of 224 pass attempts (63.4%) for 1,822 yards with 15 touchdowns and 9 interceptions. Smith entered the 2016 season as the number two quarterback on the roster behind Darian Durant. Nevertheless, following a poor preseason campaign he was released by the Riders on June 19, 2016.

Ottawa Redblacks
On July 4, 2016, Smith was signed to a practice roster agreement with the Ottawa Redblacks (CFL). Smith did not make an appearance with the Redblacks in his lone season with the club, and was let go prior to the Redblacks winning the 104th Grey Cup.

Edmonton Eskimos
On January 27, 2017, Smith signed with the Edmonton Eskimos (CFL). He was released during training camp on June 4, 2017.

References

External links
Ottawa Redblacks bio
Wyoming Cowboys bio

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Salem, Oregon
Players of American football from Oregon
American football quarterbacks
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Wyoming Cowboys football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Toronto Argonauts players
San Jose SaberCats players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Ottawa Redblacks players
Edmonton Elks players

Brett Smith