Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist. Her first novel, The Bluest Eye, was published in 1970. The critically acclaimed Song of Solomon (1977) brought her national attention and won the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 1988, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for Beloved (1987); she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.

Born and raised in Lorain, Ohio, Morrison graduated from Howard University in 1953 with a B.A. in English. She earned a master's degree in American Literature from Cornell University in 1955. In 1957 she returned to Howard University, was married, and had two children before divorcing in 1964. Morrison became the first black female editor in fiction at Random House in New York City in the late 1960s. She developed her own reputation as an author in the 1970s and '80s. Her novel Beloved was made into a film in 1998. Morrison's works are praised for addressing the harsh consequences of racism in the United States and the Black American experience.

The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities, in 1996. She was honored with the National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters the same year. President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on May 29, 2012. She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction in 2016. Morrison was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2020.

Early years
Toni Morrison was born Chloe Ardelia Wofford, the second of four children from a working-class, Black family, in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford. Her mother was born in Greenville, Alabama, and moved north with her family as a child. She was a homemaker and a devout member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. George Wofford grew up in Cartersville, Georgia. When Wofford was about 15 years old, a group of White people lynched two African-American businessmen who lived on his street. Morrison later said: "He never told us that he'd seen bodies. But he had seen them. And that was too traumatic, I think, for him." Soon after the lynching, George Wofford moved to the racially integrated town of Lorain, Ohio, in the hope of escaping racism and securing gainful employment in Ohio's burgeoning industrial economy. He worked odd jobs and as a welder for U.S. Steel. Traumatized by his experiences of racism, in a 2015 interview Morrison said her father hated Whites so much he would not let them in the house.

When Morrison was about two years old, her family's landlord set fire to the house in which they lived, while they were home, because her parents could not afford to pay rent. Her family responded to what she called this "bizarre form of evil" by laughing at the landlord rather than falling into despair. Morrison later said her family's response demonstrated how to keep your integrity and claim your own life in the face of acts of such "monumental crudeness".

Morrison's parents instilled in her a sense of heritage and language through telling traditional African-American folktales, ghost stories, and singing songs. She read frequently as a child; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy.

Morrison became a Catholic at the age of 12 and took the baptismal name Anthony (after Anthony of Padua), which led to her nickname, Toni. Attending Lorain High School, she was on the debate team, the yearbook staff, and in the drama club.

Career

Adulthood, Howard and Cornell years, and editing career: 1949–1975
In 1949, she enrolled at Howard University in Washington, D.C., seeking the company of fellow black intellectuals. Initially a student in the drama program at Howard, she studied theatre with celebrated drama teachers Anne Cooke Reid and Owen Dodson.  It was while at Howard that she encountered racially segregated restaurants and buses for the first time. She graduated in 1953 with a B.A. in English and went on to earn a Master of Arts from Cornell University in 1955. Her master's thesis was titled "Virginia Woolf's and William Faulkner's treatment of the alienated". She taught English, first at Texas Southern University in Houston from 1955 to 1957, and then at Howard University for the next seven years. While teaching at Howard, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. Their first son was born in 1961 and she was pregnant with their second son when she and Harold divorced in 1964.

After her divorce and the birth of her son Slade in 1965, Morrison began working as an editor for L. W. Singer, a textbook division of publisher Random House, in Syracuse, New York. Two years later, she transferred to Random House in New York City, where she became their first black woman senior editor in the fiction department.

In that capacity, Morrison played a vital role in bringing Black literature into the mainstream. One of the first books she worked on was the groundbreaking Contemporary African Literature (1972), a collection that included work by Nigerian writers Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, and South African playwright Athol Fugard. She fostered a new generation of Afro-American writers, including poet and novelist Toni Cade Bambara, radical activist Angela Davis, Black Panther Huey Newton and novelist Gayl Jones, whose writing Morrison discovered. She also brought to publication the 1975 autobiography of the outspoken boxing champion Muhammad Ali, The Greatest: My Own Story. In addition, she published and promoted the work of Henry Dumas, a little-known novelist and poet who in 1968 had been shot to death by a transit officer in the New York City Subway.

Among other books that Morrison developed and edited is The Black Book (1974), an anthology of photographs, illustrations, essays, and documents of Black life in the United States from the time of slavery to the 1920s. Random House had been uncertain about the project but its publication met with a good reception. Alvin Beam reviewed the anthology for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, writing: "Editors, like novelists, have brain childrenbooks they think up and bring to life without putting their own names on the title page. Mrs. Morrison has one of these in the stores now, and magazines and newsletters in the publishing trade are ecstatic, saying it will go like hotcakes."

First writings and teaching, 1970–1986
Morrison had begun writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard University who met to discuss their work. She attended one meeting with a short story about a Black girl who longed to have blue eyes. Morrison later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye, getting up every morning at 4 am to write, while raising two children on her own.

The Bluest Eye was published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston in 1970, when Morrison was aged 39. It was favorably reviewed in The New York Times by John Leonard, who praised Morrison's writing style as being "a prose so precise, so faithful to speech and so charged with pain and wonder that the novel becomes poetry ... But The Bluest Eye is also history, sociology, folklore, nightmare and music." The novel did not sell well at first, but the City University of New York put The Bluest Eye on its reading list for its new Black studies department, as did other colleges, which boosted sales. The book also brought Morrison to the attention of the acclaimed editor Robert Gottlieb at Knopf, an imprint of the publisher Random House. Gottlieb later edited most of Morrison's novels.

In 1975, Morrison's second novel Sula (1973), about a friendship between two Black women, was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, from birth to adulthood, as he discovers his heritage. This novel brought her national acclaim, being a main selection of the Book of the Month Club, the first novel by a Black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940. Song of Solomon also won the National Book Critics Circle Award.

At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded Morrison its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction.

Morrison gave her next novel, Tar Baby (1981), a contemporary setting. In it, a looks-obsessed fashion model, Jadine, falls in love with Son, a penniless drifter who feels at ease with being Black.

Resigning from Random House in 1983, Morrison left publishing to devote more time to writing, while living in a converted boathouse on the Hudson River in Nyack, New York. She taught English at two branches of the State University of New York (SUNY) and at Rutgers University's New Brunswick campus. In 1984, she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, SUNY.

Morrison's first play, Dreaming Emmett, is about the 1955 murder by white men of Black teenager Emmett Till. The play was commissioned by the New York State Writers Institute at the State University of New York at Albany, where she was teaching at the time. It was produced in 1986 by Capital Repertory Theatre and directed by Gilbert Moses. Morrison was also a visiting professor at Bard College from 1986 to 1988.

Beloved trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998

In 1987, Morrison published her most celebrated novel, Beloved. It was inspired by the true story of an enslaved African-American woman, Margaret Garner, whose story Morrison had discovered when compiling The Black Book. Garner had escaped slavery but was pursued by slave hunters. Facing a return to slavery, Garner killed her two-year-old daughter but was captured before she could kill herself. Morrison's novel imagines the dead baby returning as a ghost, Beloved, to haunt her mother and family.

Beloved was a critical success and a bestseller for 25 weeks. The New York Times book reviewer Michiko Kakutani wrote that the scene of the mother killing her baby is "so brutal and disturbing that it appears to warp time before and after into a single unwavering line of fate". Canadian writer Margaret Atwood wrote in a review for The New York Times, "Ms. Morrison's versatility and technical and emotional range appear to know no bounds. If there were any doubts about her stature as a pre-eminent American novelist, of her own or any other generation, Beloved will put them to rest."

Some critics panned Beloved. African-American conservative social critic Stanley Crouch, for instance, complained in his review in The New Republic that the novel "reads largely like a melodrama lashed to the structural conceits of the miniseries", and that Morrison "perpetually interrupts her narrative with maudlin ideological commercials".

Despite overall high acclaim, Beloved failed to win the prestigious National Book Award or the National Book Critics Circle Award. Forty-eight Black critics and writers, among them Maya Angelou, protested the omission in a statement that The New York Times published on January 24, 1988. "Despite the international stature of Toni Morrison, she has yet to receive the national recognition that her five major works of fiction entirely deserve", they wrote. Two months later, Beloved won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It also won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award.

Beloved is the first of three novels about love and African-American history, sometimes called the Beloved Trilogy. Morrison said they are intended to be read together, explaining: "The conceptual connection is the search for the beloved – the part of the self that is you, and loves you, and is always there for you." The second novel in the trilogy, Jazz, came out in 1992. Told in language that imitates the rhythms of jazz music, the novel is about a love triangle during the Harlem Renaissance in New York City. According to Lyn Innes, "Morrison sought to change not just the content and audience for her fiction; her desire was to create stories which could be lingered over and relished, not 'consumed and gobbled as fast food', and at the same time to ensure that these stories and their characters had a strong historical and cultural base."

In 1992 she also published her first book of literary criticism, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992), an examination of the African-American presence in White American literature. (In 2016, Time magazine noted that Playing in the Dark was among Morrison's most-assigned texts on U.S. college campuses, together with several of her novels and her 1993 Nobel Prize lecture.)  According to Lyn Innes, "Her 1990 series of Massey lectures at Harvard were published as Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992), and explore the construction of a "non-white Africanist presence and personae" in the works of Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, Cather and Hemingway, arguing that "all of us are bereft when criticism remains too polite or too fearful to notice a disrupting darkness before its eyes".

Before the third novel of the Beloved Trilogy was published, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. The citation praised her as an author "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality". She was the first Black woman of any nationality to win the prize. In her acceptance speech, Morrison said: "We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives."

In her Nobel lecture, Morrison talked about the power of storytelling. To make her point, she told a story. She spoke about a blind, old, Black woman who is approached by a group of young people. They demand of her, "Is there no context for our lives? No song, no literature, no poem full of vitamins, no history connected to experience that you can pass along to help us start strong? ... Think of our lives and tell us your particularized world. Make up a story."

In 1996, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for "distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities". Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations", began with the aphorism: "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future. Morrison was also honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, which is awarded to a writer "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work".

The third novel of her Beloved Trilogy, Paradise, about citizens of an all-Black town, came out in 1997. The following year, Morrison was on the cover of Time magazine, making her only the second female writer of fiction and second Black writer of fiction to appear on what was perhaps the most significant U.S. magazine cover of the era.

Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect"
Also in 1998, the movie adaptation of Beloved was released, directed by Jonathan Demme and co-produced by Oprah Winfrey, who had spent ten years bringing it to the screen. Winfrey also stars as the main character, Sethe, alongside Danny Glover as Sethe's lover, Paul D, and Thandiwe Newton as Beloved.

The movie flopped at the box office. A review in The Economist opined that "most audiences are not eager to endure nearly three hours of a cerebral film with an original storyline featuring supernatural themes, murder, rape, and slavery". Film critic Janet Maslin, in her New York Times review "No Peace from a Brutal Legacy", called it a "transfixing, deeply felt adaptation of Toni Morrison's novel. ... Its linchpin is of course Oprah Winfrey, who had the clout and foresight to bring 'Beloved' to the screen and has the dramatic presence to hold it together." Film critic Roger Ebert suggested that Beloved was not a genre ghost story but the supernatural was used to explore deeper issues and the non-linear structure of Morrison's story had a purpose.

In 1996, television talk-show host Oprah Winfrey selected Song of Solomon for her newly launched Book Club, which became a popular feature on her Oprah Winfrey Show. An average of 13 million viewers watched the show's book club segments. As a result, when Winfrey selected Morrison's earliest novel The Bluest Eye in 2000, it sold another 800,000 paperback copies. John Young wrote in the African American Review in 2001 that Morrison's career experienced the boost of "The Oprah Effect, ... enabling Morrison to reach a broad, popular audience."

Winfrey selected a total of four of Morrison's novels over six years, giving Morrison's novels a bigger sales boost than they got from her Nobel Prize win in 1993. The novelist also appeared three times on Winfrey's show. Winfrey said, "For all those who asked the question 'Toni Morrison again?'... I say with certainty there would have been no Oprah's Book Club if this woman had not chosen to share her love of words with the world." Morrison called the book club a "reading revolution".

Early 21st century
Morrison continued to explore different art forms, such as providing texts for original scores of classical music. She collaborated with André Previn on the song cycle Honey and Rue, which premiered with Kathleen Battle in January 1992, and on Four Songs, premiered at Carnegie Hall with Sylvia McNair in November 1994. Both Sweet Talk: Four Songs on Text and Spirits In the Well (1997) were written for Jessye Norman with music by Richard Danielpour, and, alongside Maya Angelou and Clarissa Pinkola Estés, Morrison provided the text for composer Judith Weir's woman.life.song commissioned by Carnegie Hall for Jessye Norman, which premiered in April 2000.

Morrison returned to Margaret Garner's life story, the basis of her novel Beloved, to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner. Completed in 2002, with music by Richard Danielpour, the opera was premièred on May 7, 2005, at the Detroit Opera House with Denyce Graves in the title role.

Love, Morrison's first novel since Paradise, came out in 2003. In 2004, she put together a children's book called Remember to mark the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared racially segregated public schools to be unconstitutional.

From 1997 to 2003, Morrison was an Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.

In June 2005, the University of Oxford awarded Morrison an honorary Doctor of Letters degree.

In the spring 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best work of American fiction published in the previous 25 years, as chosen by a selection of prominent writers, literary critics, and editors. In his essay about the choice, "In Search of the Best", critic A. O. Scott said: "Any other outcome would have been startling since Morrison's novel has inserted itself into the American canon more completely than any of its potential rivals. With remarkable speed, 'Beloved' has, less than 20 years after its publication, become a staple of the college literary curriculum, which is to say a classic. This triumph is commensurate with its ambition since it was Morrison's intention in writing it precisely to expand the range of classic American literature, to enter, as a living Black woman, the company of dead White males like Faulkner, Melville, Hawthorne and Twain."

In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home", about which The New York Times said: "In tapping her own African-American culture, Ms. Morrison is eager to credit 'foreigners' with enriching the countries where they settle."

Morrison's novel A Mercy, released in 2008, is set in the Virginia colonies of 1682. Diane Johnson, in her review in Vanity Fair, called A Mercy "a poetic, visionary, mesmerizing tale that captures, in the cradle of our present problems and strains, the natal curse put on us back then by the Indian tribes, Africans, Dutch, Portuguese, and English competing to get their footing in the New World against a hostile landscape and the essentially tragic nature of human experience."

Princeton years
From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison held the Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University. She said she did not think much of modern fiction writers who reference their own lives instead of inventing new material, and she used to tell her creative writing students, "I don't want to hear about your little life, OK?" Similarly, she chose not to write about her own life in a memoir or autobiography.

Though based in the Creative Writing Program at Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she conceived and developed the Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together students with writers and performing artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration.

Inspired by her curatorship at the Louvre Museum, Morrison returned to Princeton in the fall 2008 to lead a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home".

On November 17, 2017, Princeton University dedicated Morrison Hall (a building previously called West College) in her honor.

Final years: 2010–2019
In May 2010, Morrison appeared at PEN World Voices for a conversation with Marlene van Niekerk and Kwame Anthony Appiah about South African literature and specifically van Niekerk's 2004 novel Agaat.

Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who was a painter and a musician. Slade died of pancreatic cancer on December 22, 2010, aged 45, when Morrison's novel Home (2012) was half-completed.

In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Rutgers University–New Brunswick. During the commencement ceremony, she delivered a speech on the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth".

In 2011, Morrison worked with opera director Peter Sellars and Malian singer-songwriter Rokia Traoré on Desdemona, taking a fresh look at William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello. The trio focused on the relationship between Othello's wife Desdemona and her African nursemaid, Barbary, who is only briefly referenced in Shakespeare. The play, a mix of words, music and song, premiered in Vienna in 2011.

Morrison had stopped working on her latest novel when her son died in 2010, later explaining, "I stopped writing until I began to think, He would be really put out if he thought that he had caused me to stop. 'Please, Mom, I'm dead, could you keep going ...?

She completed Home and dedicated it to her son Slade. Published in 2012, it is the story of a Korean War veteran in the segregated United States of the 1950s who tries to save his sister from brutal medical experiments at the hands of a white doctor.

In August 2012, Oberlin College became the home base of the Toni Morrison Society, an international literary society founded in 1993, dedicated to scholarly research of Morrison's work.

Morrison's eleventh novel, God Help the Child, was published in 2015. It follows Bride, an executive in the fashion and beauty industry whose mother tormented her as a child for being dark-skinned, a trauma that has continued to dog Bride.

Morrison was a member of the editorial advisory board of The Nation, a magazine started in 1865 by Northern abolitionists.

Personal life
While teaching at Howard University from 1957 to 1964, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. She took his last name and became known as Toni Morrison. Their first son, Harold Ford, was born in 1961. She was pregnant when she and Harold divorced in 1964. Her second son, Slade Kevin, was born in 1965.

Morrison began working as an editor for L.W. Singer Company, a textbook division of Random House in Syracuse, New York. She moved with her sons as her career took her to different positions in different places.

Her son Slade Morrison died of pancreatic cancer on December 22, 2010, when Morrison was halfway through writing her novel Home. She stopped work on the novel for a year or two before completing it; that novel was published in 2012.

Death and memorial
Morrison died at Montefiore Medical Center in The Bronx, New York City, on August 5, 2019, from complications of pneumonia. She was 88 years old.

A memorial tribute was held on November 21, 2019, at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Morrison was eulogized by, among others, Oprah Winfrey, Angela Davis, Michael Ondaatje, David Remnick, Fran Lebowitz, Ta-Nehisi Coates, and Edwidge Danticat.  The jazz saxophonist David Murray performed a musical tribute.

Politics, literary reception, and legacy

Politics

Morrison spoke openly about American politics and race relations.

In writing about the 1998 impeachment of Bill Clinton, she claimed that since Whitewater, Bill Clinton was being mistreated in the same way Black people often are:

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% |Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than any actual black person who could ever be elected in our children's lifetime. After all, Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.}}
The phrase "our first Black president" was adopted as a positive by Bill Clinton supporters. When the Congressional Black Caucus honored the former president at its dinner in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made us think for a while we had elected the first black president".

In the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, Morrison stated to Time magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race." In the Democratic primary contest for the 2008 presidential race, Morrison endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton, though expressing admiration and respect for the latter. When he won, Morrison said she felt like an American for the first time. She said, "I felt very powerfully patriotic when I went to the inauguration of Barack Obama. I felt like a kid."

In April 2015, speaking of the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner and Walter Scott – three unarmed Black men killed by white police officers – Morrison said: "People keep saying, 'We need to have a conversation about race.' This is the conversation. I want to see a cop shoot a white unarmed teenager in the back. And I want to see a white man convicted for raping a Black woman. Then when you ask me, 'Is it over?', I will say yes."

After the 2016 election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, Morrison wrote an essay, "Mourning for Whiteness", published in the November 21, 2016 issue of The New Yorker. In it she argues that white Americans are so afraid of losing privileges afforded them by their race that white voters elected Trump, whom she described as being "endorsed by the Ku Klux Klan", in order to keep the idea of white supremacy alive.

 Relationship to feminism
Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison did not identify her works as feminist. When asked in a 1998 interview, "Why distance oneself from feminism?" she replied: "In order to be as free as I possibly can, in my own imagination, I can't take positions that are closed. Everything I've ever done, in the writing world, has been to expand articulation, rather than to close it, to open doors, sometimes, not even closing the book – leaving the endings open for reinterpretation, revisitation, a little ambiguity." She went on to state that she thought it "off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."

In 2012, she responded to a question about the difference between black and white feminists in the 1970s. "Womanists is what black feminists used to call themselves", she explained. "They were not the same thing. And also the relationship with men. Historically, black women have always sheltered their men because they were out there, and they were the ones that were most likely to be killed."

W. S. Kottiswari writes in Postmodern Feminist Writers (2008) that Morrison exemplifies characteristics of "postmodern feminism" by "altering Euro-American dichotomies by rewriting a history written by mainstream historians" and by her usage of shifting narration in Beloved and Paradise. Kottiswari states: "Instead of western logocentric abstractions, Morrison prefers the powerful vivid language of women of color ... She is essentially postmodern since her approach to myth and folklore is re-visionist."

 National Memorial for Peace and Justice

The National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, includes writing by Morrison. Visitors can see her quote after they have walked through the section commemorating individual victims of lynching.

 Papers
The Toni Morrison Papers are part of the permanent library collections of Princeton University, where they are held in the Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.Skemer, Don, "Toni Morrison Papers open to students, scholars at Princeton University Library", Princeton University, June 8, 2016. Morrison's decision to offer her papers to Princeton instead of to her alma mater Howard University was criticized by some within the historically black colleges and universities community.

Opening in February 2023, an exhibition titled Toni Morrison: Sites of Memory, which was curated from her archives at Princeton University, commemorated the 30th anniversary of her winning the Nobel Prize. Running from the week after her birthday until June 4, the exhibition featured rare manuscripts, correspondence between Morrison and others, and unfinished projects, taking its name was from a 1995 essay by Morrison in which she spoke of a "journey to a site to see what remains were left behind and to reconstruct the world that these remains imply."

 Day and halls

In 2019, a resolution was passed in her hometown of Lorain, Ohio, to designate February 18, her birthday, as Toni Morrison Day. Additional legislation was introduced to also proclaim that date as "Toni Morrison Day" throughout the State of Ohio.Joseph, Soraya (September 6, 2019), "Toni Morrison's birthday recognized as 'Toni Morrison Day' in her hometown", TheGrio. The legislation, HB 325, was passed by the Ohio House of Representatives on December 2, 2020, and signed into law by Governor Mike DeWine on December 21.

In 2021, Cornell University opened Toni Morrison Hall, a 178,869 square-foot residence hall and Morrison Dining in 2022, an adjacent dining hall designed by ikon.5 Architects.

 Documentary films
Morrison was interviewed by Margaret Busby in London for a 1988 documentary film by Sindamani Bridglal, entitled Identifiable Qualities, shown on Channel 4."Videos on Literature and Philosophy: Literature in English, U.S.". Rutgers University Libraries.

Morrison was the subject of a film titled Imagine – Toni Morrison Remembers, directed by Jill Nicholls and shown on BBC One television on July 15, 2015, in which Morrison talked to Alan Yentob about her life and work.

In 2016, Oberlin College received a grant to complete a documentary film begun in 2014, The Foreigner's Home, about Morrison's intellectual and artistic vision, explored in the context of the 2006 exhibition she guest-curated at the Louvre. The film's executive producer was Jonathan Demme. It was directed by Oberlin College Cinema Studies faculty Geoff Pingree and Rian Brown, and incorporates footage shot by Morrison's first-born son Harold Ford Morrison, who also consulted on the film.

In 2019, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders' documentary Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. People featured in the film include Morrison, Angela Davis, Oprah Winfrey, Sonia Sanchez, and Walter Mosley, among others.

 Awards
 1975: Ohioana Book Award for Sula 1977: National Book Critics Circle Award for Song of Solomon 1977: American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award
 1982: Ohio Women's Hall of Fame inductee
 1986: New York State Governor's Arts Award
 1988: Robert F. Kennedy Book Award
 1988: Helmerich Award
 1988: American Book Award for Beloved 1988: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Race Relations for Beloved 1988: Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Beloved 1988: Frederic G. Melcher Book Award for Beloved 1988: Honorary Doctor of Laws at University of Pennsylvania
 1989: Honorary Doctor of Letters at Harvard University
 1993: Nobel Prize in Literature
 1993: Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris
 1994: Condorcet Medal, Paris
 1994: Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature
 1996: Jefferson Lecture
 1996: National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters
 1997: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Gustavus Adolphus College.
 1998: Audie Award for Narration by the Author for Sula 2000: National Humanities Medal
 2002: 100 Greatest African Americans, list by Molefi Kete Asante
 2005: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 2005: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from University of Oxford
 2008: New Jersey Hall of Fame inductee
 2009: Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement
 2010: Officier de la Légion d'Honneur
 2010: Institute for Arts and Humanities Medal for Distinguished Contributions to the Arts and Humanities from the Pennsylvania State University
 2011: Library of Congress Creative Achievement Award for Fiction
 2011: Honorary Doctor of Letters at Rutgers University Graduation Commencement
 2011: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of GenevaToni Morrison's "Intervention" , Dies Academicus 2011, Université de Genève, October 14, 2011.
 2012: Presidential Medal of Freedom
 2013: The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal awarded by Vanderbilt University
 2013: Honorary Doctorate of Literature awarded by Princeton University
 2013: PEN Oakland – Josephine Miles Literary Award for Home 2013: Writer in Residence at the American Academy in Rome
 2014: Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award given by the National Book Critics CircleDove, Rita, "Sandrof Award: Rita Dove's Homage to Toni Morrison", National Book Critics Circle, March 15, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
 2016: PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction
 2016: The Charles Eliot Norton Professorship in Poetry (The Norton Lectures), Harvard University
 2016: The Edward MacDowell Medal, awarded by the MacDowell Colony
 2018: The Thomas Jefferson Medal, awarded by The American Philosophical Society
 2020: National Women's Hall of Fame inductee
 2020: Designation of "Toni Morrison Day" in Ohio, to be celebrated annually on her birthday, February 18
 2021: Featured on "Cleveland is the Reason" mural in downtown Cleveland (with other notable Cleveland area figures)
 2023: Featured on a USPS Forever stamp, designed by art director Ethel Kessler with photography by Deborah Feingold

 Nomination Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper? The Lion or the Mouse? Poppy or the Snake? was a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children nominee in 2008.

 Bibliography
 Novels

 Children's books (with Slade Morrison)
 The Big Box (1999). .
 The Book of Mean People (2002). .
 Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004). .
 Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper?, The Lion or the Mouse?, Poppy or the Snake? (2007). .
 Peeny Butter Fudge (2009). .
 Little Cloud and Lady Wind (2010). .
 Please, Louise (2014). .
 A Toni Morrison Treasury: The Big Box; The Ant or the Grasshopper?; The Lion or the Mouse?; Poppy or the Snake?; Peeny Butter Fudge; The Tortoise or the Hare; Little Cloud and Lady Wind; Please, Louise (2023). .

 Short fiction
 "Recitatif" (1983) A hardback book version, with an introduction by Zadie Smith, was published in February 2022 (US: Knopf; UK: Chatto & Windus).

 Plays
 N'Orleans: The Storyville Musical (aka New Orleans) (performed 1982) with Donald McKayle
 Dreaming Emmett (performed 1986)
 Desdemona (first performed May 15, 2011, in Vienna)

 Poetry
 Five Poems (2002, limited edition book with illustrations by Kara Walker)

 Libretto
 Margaret Garner (first performed May 2005)

 Non-fiction
 Foreword, The Black Photographers Annual Volume 1, edited by Joe Crawford (1973),
 Foreword and Preface, The Black Book edited by Harris, Levitt, Furman and Smith. Random House (1974),
 Foreword, Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. Pantheon Books (1992),
 Co-editor, Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case (1997),
 Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004),
 Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992, 2007),
 What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction, edited by Carolyn C. Denard (2008),
 Editor (2009), Burn This Book: PEN Writers Speak Out on the Power of the Word,
 The Origin of Others – The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, Harvard University Press (2017),
 Goodness and the Literary Imagination: Harvard Divinity School's 95th Ingersoll Lecture: With Essays on Morrison's Moral and Religious Vision. Edited by David Carrasco, Stephanie Paulsell, and Mara Willard. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (2019)
 The Source of Self-Regard: Essays, Speeches, Meditations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (2019), . UK edition published as Mouth Full of Blood: Essays, Speeches, Meditations, London: Chatto & Windus (2019),

 Articles
 "Introduction." Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. [1885] The Oxford Mark Twain, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. xxxii–xli.

 See also

 American literature
 African-American literature
 List of black Nobel laureates
 List of female Nobel laureates

 Notes

 References

 External links

 "Toni Morrison: Beloved". From the Bookworm'' archives, August 15, 2019.
 Bookworm  Interviews (Audio) with Michael Silverblatt

 Toni Morrison at Random House Australia

 Toni Morrison's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
 Toni Morrison Papers at Princeton University Library Special Collections
 Toni Morrison "Reading the Writing: A Conversation with Toni Morrison" (Cornell University video, March 7, 2013)
 Toni Morrison Society based at Oberlin College

1931 births
2019 deaths
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American academics
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American essayists
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century American academics
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Magic realism writers
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Writers from Ohio
Writers from Syracuse, New York
National Arts Club Medal of Honor Recipients

Toni Morrison


The FSView & Florida Flambeau is a for-profit newspaper owned by the Gannett Company that covers the on-campus events, happenings, and trends of the Florida State University as well as concerts, museum and art exhibits, movies, literature and poetry readings, and other events from the larger Tallahassee community. In early August 2006, the FSView made national news as being the first privately owned, college-oriented newspaper to be bought by a major newspaper chain.

History

The first issue of the Florida Flambeau, the school newspaper for Florida State University (then called the Florida State College for Women) was published on January 23, 1915. Lucile Freeman Yates of Tallahassee suggested the name of the newspaper, Flambeau, which comes from the word torch. The Flambeau dealt with the history and development of the college as well as matters on the local and global scales, as evidenced by the content of its second issue on January 30, 1915.

Ruby Leach, the newspaper's first editor, informed Milton Smith, editor of the Tallahassee Democrat, that there was not enough news about the Florida State College for Women in the paper. After this conversion she was hired to write two columns per week on campus activities, at $0.50 per column. Realizing that there was enough going on around campus to put out its own newspaper, President Conradi presented this idea to the students, and from there the Florida Flambeau was born. Faculty sponsors were responsible for supervising and evaluating all student publications, including the Flambeau. In the beginning the staff cautiously worded its editorials and rarely published commentaries. Dr. William George Dodd, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and also head of the Department of English, reviewed each edition before it was printed. After about a year in publication, editorials began occasionally voicing opinions contrary to university regulations but consistent with common sense.

The Flambeau continued in this tradition until 1971, when it became independent from the university. Then, in 1992, its main rival, the privately owned FSView, challenged the Flambeau'''s audience. Many students, angered by what they considered to be biased reporting, spoke out against the Flambeau. From these protests a group of students decided to begin their own "non-biased" newspaper, and started the FSView. FSU alumnus and Seminole Boosters Executive Director Charlie Barnes created the idea for the name, short for the Florida State View. The FSView co-founded by John Piemonte, who handled ad sales and administrative functions and John Webb who handled editorial/publishing and technical areas came as an alternative to the Flambeau, which had come under criticism by some university and student leaders as being harshly critical of Greek life in fraternities and sororities. Rich Templin, the Florida State University Student Senate President in the mid-1990s, had this to say to The Chronicle of Higher Education about the emergence of the FSView:

"It was a coordinated campaign to eliminate the one critical voice on campus."

Templin continued to speak to the Chronicle, though the article did not quote him verbatim:

The Flambeau was run out of business by the Greek organizations and other student leaders, along with university administrators, who hoped to do away with its investigative reporting and critical coverage, [Templin said].

Due to financial difficulties, in January of 1998 the Florida Flambeau stopped printing. Six months later, the FSView purchased the Florida Flambeau in order to save the publications 83-year-old history and name, and the two combined to become officially known as the FSView & Florida Flambeau.

On August 3, 2006, it was reported that Gannett, the owner of USA Today and the local Tallahassee paper, Tallahassee Democrat, had acquired the FSView & Florida Flambeau, although, according to the deal, the college paper would remain "student-run".

In 2014, during the Strozier Library shooting, FSView & Florida Flambeau reporters were amongst the first on-scene and led coverage of the event.

Current operations

The FSView & Florida Flambeau publishes weekly on Mondays during fall and spring semesters following Florida State University's academic calendar. (No issues are released during summer, spring or winter breaks, for example.)

Editorial content within the FSView & Florida Flambeau conforms to loose Associated Press Stylebook standards, with limited variation.

The current circulation estimate of the paper is around 25,000. According to the Florida Press Association, the FSView must have been between 10,000–29,999 in 2006 to win one of its classified awards (see "Awards and Honors" section below).

The FSView & Florida Flambeau is an affiliate of UWIRE, which distributes and promotes its content to their network.

 Sections
News: Offers breaking news coverage within and around FSU's campus and also covers events of importance to the larger Tallahassee community.

Arts & Culture: Provides coverage of music, pop culture, and food throughout the community.

Views: FSU student opinions and editorials on news, politics, movies, and music.

Sports: Coverage of Seminole athletics, including football, soccer, baseball, basketball, and more.

Awards and honors

The FSView & Florida Flambeau is the winner of the following awards:

2006 Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award
2006 Florida Press Association Classified Award for Best Real Estate Classified Ad/Rental – Color or Black & White
2012 Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award
2014 Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award
2015 Associated Collegiate Press Honorable Mention, Multimedia Feature (Drew MacFarlane and Perry Kostidakis)
 2016 Best College Publication (Second Place)
 2016 Best Newspaper Design (Devin Lowery, Six for Six: FSU-Miami Commemorative Poster) 2016 Best Coverage of Race and Minorities (Third Place) (Emily Clemons and David Walker
 2016 College Journalist of the Year (Perry Kostidakis)
 2016 Associated Collegiate Press 8th Place, Multimedia Feature (The weird, wonderful world of Okeechobee) (Perry Kostidakis, Emil Aceto, Carlo Cavaluzzi)
 2017 Best Opinion Column (Emily Clemons)
 2017 Best Coverage of LGBT Issues (Emily Clemons)
 2017 Best Coverage of Race and Minorities (Brianna Milord, Emily Clemons, Perry Kostidakis)

 Editors-in-Chief

Past Editors-in-Chief of the FSView & Florida Flambeau'' include:

1962-63: Lana Murray
1963-66: Erik L. Collins
1966-67: David Nelson
1968-69: George Waas
1969: Sam Miller
1970: Sheila Snow
1971: David Lee McMullen
1972: Hamp Carruth
1996-97: Christine Parkinson
1998-99: Jon Udren
1999-00: Tom Harlan
2000-01: Cathy Heller
2001-02: Pete Cataldo
2002-03: Jesse Bratter
2010-11: Adam Clement
2012-13: Emily Ostermeyer
2013-14: Brendan Bures*
2014-15: Setareh Baig
2015-16: David Walker
2016-17: Perry Kostidakis
2017 (Summer): Daniel McAuliffe
2017-18: Katherine Lutz
2018-19: Alfonso Flores
2019-20: Zachary Bethel
2020-21: Jensen Kervern
2021-22: Thomas Martinez
2022-present: Ella Hechlik

See also

 List of student newspapers in the United States of America
 List of Gannett Company assets

Notes

External links
 FSView & Florida Flambeau

Florida State University
Student newspapers published in Florida
1915 establishments in Florida
Newspapers established in 1915

FSView & Florida Flambeau


Margaret McDougall is a former Scottish Labour Party politician.  She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the West Scotland region from 2011 to 2016.

She previously represented the Kilwinning South ward on North Ayrshire Council and stood for election to the Scottish Parliament on the Labour list for the South of Scotland region in the 2007 election.

McDougall was elected to the Scottish Parliament in 2011 to represent the West of Scotland region, as the Labour Party returned three members from the list. She did not seek re-election in 2016.

McDougall was the victim of a robbery in Irvine, North Ayrshire in January 2014 in which she suffered broken fingers on both hands.

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Scottish Labour councillors
Councillors in Ayrshire
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Women councillors in Scotland

Margaret McDougall


Kirsty Jane Gallacher (born 20 January 1976) is a British television presenter and model. She began her career at Sky Sports News in 1998 and hosted Kirsty's Home Videos, RI:SE and Simply the Best before returning to Sky Sports News from 2011–2018. From June 2021 until December 2021, Gallacher co-presented The Great British Breakfast on the news channel GB News.

Early life
The daughter of Bernard Gallacher, a professional golfer and Ryder Cup captain, and Lesley Gallacher, Kirsty Gallacher was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. When her father got the job of professional at Wentworth Golf Club, they moved south to Virginia Water, England, when she was 18 months old. Gallacher and her younger brother and sister were raised on the Wentworth Estate, where their close neighbours included Bruce Forsyth. She was educated at Coworth Flexlands and  St George's School in Ascot, Berkshire.

Career
Approached by Mark Sharman, then deputy head of sport at Sky, at a Ryder Cup dinner, she began working as a production assistant in 1996, before moving on to the position of editorial assistant on Sky Sports.

She got her presenting break on Sky Sports News in 1998, and since then has been associated with many other sports shows such as 90 Minutes, Soccer Extra, Kirsty and Phil (on BBC Radio 5 Live) and Soccer AM.

From 2000 until 2004, Gallacher hosted the Sky One show Kirsty's Home Videos, a satellite equivalent of ITV's You've Been Framed! in which viewers send in home videos to be screened. In 2002, she presented the morning show RI:SE, and in 2004 began the show Simply the Best. Gallacher presented the All Star Cup on Sky1 in 2005 and on ITV in 2006. She has made guest appearances on They Think It's All Over and A Question of Sport. Gallacher presented Ant vs Dec – the popular strand on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway.

In 2005, Gallacher won the third series of the popular Channel 4 reality television series The Games. She then presented the following years alongside Jamie Theakston. In December 2005, she released a DVD entitled Body Sculpt with Kirsty Gallacher in which she shows a variety of workouts. In July 2006, she co-presented the BBC reality TV show Only Fools on Horses.

In 2008, Gallacher presented the new version of Gladiators on Sky One alongside Ian Wright. She did not return for the second series.

On 30 August 2008, Gallacher appeared on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? with Duncan Bannatyne.

She has also guest presented GMTV with Lorraine in August 2010 for two weeks and Lorraine on ITV Breakfast.

In May 2011, Gallacher returned to Sky Sports to present for Sky Sports News.

On 27 August 2015, it was confirmed that Gallacher would be taking part in the 2015 series of Strictly Come Dancing. On 5 September 2015, it was announced Gallacher would be paired with professional dancer Brendan Cole for the series. The couple were eliminated on week 6; finishing eleventh.

In May 2018, it was announced Gallacher was leaving Sky Sports.

On 29 March 2021, it was announced that Gallacher would be joining GB News to present a breakfast programme on the channel. Gallacher left GB News in December 2021 after discovering she had a benign tumour in her inner ear canal which was causing Tinnitus and she said that the early starts for the news channel were exacerbating her symptoms.

On 3 April 2021, she hosted for the first time on Smooth Radio, starting at 4:00 pm BST.

Awards and nominations
Gallacher was nominated for Best Newcomer at the Royal Television Society Television Sports Awards in 1998. She won Satellite/Digital TV Personality at the 2002 Television and Radio Industries Club Awards, and Kirsty's Home Videos won her the following year's Satellite/Digital Programme award in 2003. She also won a "Platinum Award" for Best Entertainment Programme at the 2002 Houston International Film Festival.

Personal life
Gallacher is the cousin of golfer Stephen Gallacher. At the end of February 2013 she was named patron of Hibernian Women.

Gallacher married rugby player Paul Sampson in 2010, with whom she has two sons. The couple split in 2015.

Her sister Laura Gallacher is married to Russell Brand.

In April 2023, Gallacher completed the London Marathon in 5 hours, 35 minutes and 35 seconds; she last ran the race in 2019.

References

External links

Kirsty Gallacher at M&C Saatchi Merlin
Kirsty Gallacher at TV Newsroom
Kirsty Gallacher at Smooth Radio

1976 births
Living people
Television personalities from Edinburgh
People educated at St. George's School, Ascot
Anglo-Scots
British journalists
British television presenters
British sports broadcasters
English people of Scottish descent
Scottish people of Irish descent
British people of Irish descent
People from Virginia Water
Alumni of the London College of Fashion
GB News newsreaders and journalists
Gladiators (2008 British TV series)

Kirsty Gallacher


Pad thai is a stir-fried rice noodle dish that is commonly eaten in Thailand. It can also be spelled phad thai, pad Thai, or phad Thai. The word literally means 'Thai stir fry'. The rice noodles are often fried with bean sprouts, eggs, peanuts, and other vegetables. Other ingredients may also be added, such as pork, chicken, beef, shrimp, and tofu. People often add salt, pepper, lime juice, and other ingredients to the dish as well.

Southeast Asian food
Thai food
Noodles

Pad thai


San Biagio is a romanesque-gothic style Roman Catholic church. It was erected during the 14th century in the town of Montecatini Val di Cecina, province of Pisa, in the region of Tuscany, Italy.

History
The church was erected in 1356 under the patronage of Ugolino Guducci and Ciullo Barletti. It was consecrated in 1361. In 1421 the parish church of Gabbreto, then in ruins, was transferred along with its baptistry to San Biagio. The bell tower was built between 1463 and 1467. In addition the choir was frescoed by an anonymous Sienese painter commissioned by Nicola Nieri of Montecatini.

Between 1514 and 1576, construction of canon's quarters led to sealing of the original facade. Flanking the main altar are two marble angels, called , attributed to Mino da Fiesole. In the niches above the choir are two terracotta statues by the studio of Della Robbia, depicting Saints Blaise and Sebastian.

In 1787, with the deconsecration of the Oratory of Camporciano, the statue of the  was moved here.

References

Churches completed in 1361
14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Romanesque architecture in Tuscany
Churches in the province of Pisa

San Biagio, Montecatini Val di Cecina


KYFG 88.9 FM is an Omaha, Nebraska area radio station featuring Bible based programming from the Bible Broadcasting Network.

In 2009, the then-KVSS purchased KBZR 102.7 FM from Chapin Enterprises of Lincoln, NE for $4.5 million. On June 1, 2009, KVSS moved the signal from Lincoln to Gretna, renting space on a tower owned by TV station KPTM. (Jim Carroll, executive director of KVSS)

On August 24, 2009 KYFG began broadcasting programming from the Bible Broadcasting Network.

References

External links

YFG
YFG
Bible Broadcasting Network

KYFG


Jeffrey Lee Eppinger (born ca 1960) is an American computer scientist, entrepreneur and Professor of the Practice at the Carnegie Mellon University,  School of Computer Science.

Eppinger was a co-founder of Transarc Corporation, which was bought by IBM in 1994.

Eppinger was a student at Carnegie Mellon University where he earned a Bachelor of Science in 1982, a Master of Science in 1987, and a PhD in Computer Science in 1988. His advisors were Alfred Spector and Richard Rashid.

At Carnegie Mellon, Eppinger's dissertation demonstrated the integration of the Mach Operating System's virtual memory with the Camelot Transaction System.  This recoverable virtual memory concept was subsequently used to implement the Coda File System.

In 1983, Eppinger won the George E. Forsythe Award for his research in binary search trees.
 Eppinger had made empirical studies of their behaviour under random deletions and insertions.

References

External links
 Jeff Eppinger's Home

1960s births
Living people
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni

Jeff Eppinger


Anchises (; ) was a member of the royal family of Troy in Greek and Roman legend. He was said to have been the son of King Capys of Dardania and Themiste, daughter of Ilus, who was son of Tros. He is most famous as the father of Aeneas and for his treatment in Virgil's Aeneid. Anchises' brother was Acoetes, father of the priest Laocoön.

He was a mortal lover of the goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman goddess Venus). Zeus made her fall in love with Anchises while he was herding sheep at the foot of Mount Ida. One version is that Aphrodite pretended to be a Phrygian princess and seduced him, only to later reveal herself and inform him that they would have a son named Aeneas; Aphrodite had warned Anchises that if he told anyone about her being the mother of his child, Zeus would strike him down with his thunderbolt. He did not heed her warning and was struck with a thunderbolt, which in different versions either blinds him or kills him. The principal early narrative of Aphrodite's seduction of Anchises and the birth of Aeneas is the Homeric Hymn (5) to Aphrodite. According to the Bibliotheca, Anchises and Aphrodite had another son, Lyrus, who died childless. He later had a mortal wife named Eriopis, according to the scholiasts, and he is credited with other children beside Aeneas and Lyrus. Homer, in the Iliad, mentions a daughter named Hippodamia, their eldest ("the darling of her father and mother"), who married her cousin Alcathous.

After the defeat of Troy in the Trojan War, the elderly Anchises was carried from the burning city by his son Aeneas, accompanied by Aeneas' wife Creusa, who died in the escape attempt, and small son Ascanius. The subject is depicted in several paintings, including a famous version by Federico Barocci in the Galleria Borghese in Rome. The rescue is also mentioned in a speech in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar when Cassius attempts to persuade Brutus to murder Caesar. Anchises himself died and was buried in Sicily many years later. Aeneas later visited Hades and saw his father again in the Elysian Fields.

Homer's Iliad mentions another Anchises, a wealthy native of Sicyon in Greece and father of Echepolus.

The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite

The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite details how Aphrodite seduced Anchises. It begins by describing how only the three virgin goddesses (Athena, Artemis, and Hestia) are immune to Aphrodite's powers. She has made gods and goddesses fall in love with mortals. Not even Zeus was able to escape her powers and to put her in her place, he caused her to lust after the handsome mortal Anchises.

Aphrodite first happens upon Anchises on the hills of Mount Ida, where he is grazing his cattle. Anchises is described as having the beauty of an immortal. Aphrodite goes to Cyprus and bathes. Then she returns to the Troad disguised as a mortal, and finds Anchises alone in a hut. When Anchises first sees Aphrodite, he is convinced that she is a goddess, a grace, or a nymph. She convinces him that she is a Phrygian princess and that Hermes brought her there to marry Anchises. Anchises is overcome with desire for her and declares that he must have her immediately, and the two of them make love.

After they have sex, Aphrodite puts Anchises into a deep sleep and dresses herself. When she is finished dressing, she wakes him up and reveals herself to him. When Anchises realizes her identity he is terrified and full of regret and says that no good comes from sleeping with a goddess. Aphrodite comforts him by telling him that she will bear him a son by the name of Aeneas, who will be respected among the Trojans and whose offspring will prosper. To further comfort Anchises she goes on to tell him about two relationships: the relationship between Zeus and Ganymede and the relationship between Eos and Tithonus. Both relationships are between an immortal and a mortal who survives the relationship. She then details how their son will be raised by nymphs until he is five years old, at which time she will bring Aeneas to him. Then she leaves, warning him not to reveal that she is the mother of his child or Zeus will smite him.

Anchises in the Aeneid
The Aeneid by Virgil describes the journey of Aeneas after the fall of Troy. Anchises, the father of Aeneas, is a character in the epic. Even though Anchises is dead for most of the epic, he still makes multiple appearances in it, oftentimes to advise Aeneas.

Book 2

Anchises' first major appearance comes in Book 2. He is mentioned while Aeneas is telling Dido about the fall of Troy. During the fall of Troy, Aeneas makes his way home to save Anchises, his wife Creusa, and his son Ascanius. At first Anchises refuses to go with Aeneas and tells Aeneas to leave without him. Aeneas refuses to leave Anchises and declares that they will all die in Troy. Creusa argues with Aeneas over his decision and while they are arguing a painless flame appears on Ascanius' head. Anchises notices this and prays to Jupiter for a sign that they must leave. Just then they hear thunder and see a falling star. This convinces Anchises to go willingly with Aeneas. Aeneas carries Anchises on his back, Anchises carries their household gods, and Ascanius walks beside his father as they all flee Troy. Creusa was following behind them but is killed during the escape. As they leave Troy they meet up with other fleeing Trojans.

Book 3
Anchises is mentioned in Book 3 while Aeneas continues his tale of how the Trojans came to be in Carthage. Anchises serves as a leader and advisor for the fleeing Trojans. After leaving Troy, the refugees make their way to Thrace and then to Delos. In Delos, Apollo tells them that they must make their new home in the original home of their ancestors. Anchises misinterprets this to mean Crete, so the Trojans head for Crete. There they establish a city, but they are soon overwhelmed by a plague. Anchises instructs Aeneas to seek out the Delian oracle. Before Aeneas does, he is visited in his dreams by their household gods who inform him that they are in the wrong place and must go to Italy. Aeneas tells Anchises of this dream. Anchises realizes that Apollo must have meant for them to establish a home in Italy, and so the Trojans head toward Italy. Italy is far away, and the Trojans must make many stops. Anchises dies in Sicily before the Trojans make it to Italy.

Book 5
Anchises is mentioned in Book 5 after the Trojans leave Carthage. Storms force them to stop in Sicily, and Aeneas recalls that it has been a year since his father died, who had been buried with great honor. Aeneas declares for a festival to be held in honor of the deceased Anchises. Rituals are performed and sacrifices made at the tomb of Anchises. On the ninth day, Aeneas holds funeral games for his father that consist of a boat race, foot race, mock battle, boxing, and archery.  After the funeral games, the Trojan women who have grown tired of traveling set fire to the ships. Even though most ships are saved by Jupiter, Aeneas loses heart and contemplates staying in Sicily. The ghost of Anchises appears, telling Aeneas that he was sent by the god Jupiter who saved the ships. He encourages Aeneas to continue his journey, informing him that he should leave the weary Trojans in Sicily and take the strongest with him to Italy. Anchises also instructs Aeneas to visit him in the underworld. Aeneas follows Anchises' advice and leaves Sicily, but before departing, he establishes that Anchises' tomb should be attended to by a priest and it should be designated a tract of woodland.

Book 6
Anchises is mentioned in Book 6 when Aeneas voyages to the underworld. When Aeneas finds his father in the underworld, they have a tearful reunion. Aeneas tries to hug Anchises, yet he is unable. Aeneas then observes swarms of people gathered around a river. He asks his father about the river and those surrounding it. Anchises replies that the people are his future descendants and that the river is called Lethe. He expands that after suffering and being cleansed in the underworld, souls that are meant to be reincarnated go to the river Lethe to forget their memories so that they can be reincarnated. Anchises then shows Aeneas some of his descendants and discusses their deeds. He first mentions his son Silvius who will be born from Aeneas and Lavinia but after Aeneas is dead. Anchises then tells him of Romulus who is descended from Silvius, a member of the Caesarian line descended from Ascanius. He further describes that the Romans will prosper. Aeneas sees Marcellus and asks Anchises about his identity. Anchises states that he is Marcellus, who will hold great promise for the Romans but die too young and thus cause them great grief. Finally, Anchises leads Aeneas through the gates of horn and ivory and out of the underworld. This is the last major appearance of Anchises.

Anchises in Metamorphoses

Anchises makes a few brief appearances in Ovid's Metamorphoses. He is first mentioned in Book 9. After youth was restored to Iolaus by Hebe, other gods and goddesses ask that it also be restored to their loved ones (9.418-450). Venus asks that youth be restored to Anchises (9.424-425).

Anchises is mentioned again in Book 13 during the story of the daughters of Anius. The story begins by briefly describing that Aeneas, Anchises, Ascanius, and other Trojan refugees fled Troy, traveled to Antandros, then to Thrace, and finally arrived in Delos (13.623-631). Once in Delos, Anchises asks Anius, the king and a priest of Apollo, about his children (13.639-642). Anius describes that his daughters received the ability to transform that which they touched into grain, wine, and olive oil, but this gift only caused them misery as the Greeks kidnapped them so to take advantage of their powers (13.651-659). His daughters asked to be freed, and thus they were turned into white doves (13.667-674).

Anchises is briefly mentioned a couple of times in Book 14. First, a part reads, "And fleeing that new city in the sands, Aeneas once again returned to Eryx, the royal residence of his true friend Acestes; here, at Anchises' tomb he honored his father with gift offerings" (14.82-84). This makes reference to the funeral games Aeneas held for his deceased father Anchises in Book 5 of the Aeneid. The second time mention reads, "Aeneas did as he was told and saw the underworld's formidable resources and his ancestral spirits and the shade of that great-spirited and venerable man, [his] father Anchises" (14.116-118). This makes reference to the journey that Aeneas undergoes into the underworld where he meets with the specter of his late father Anchises in Book 6 of the Aeneid.

Family tree

See also
The Golden Bough (mythology)
Mount Ida

Notes

Sources
Homeric Hymns. Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite.
Homer. Iliad II, 819–21; V, 260–73; XX, 215–40.
Virgil. Aeneid.
Bibliotheca III, xii, 2, Epitome V, 21.
Ovid. Metamorphoses XIII, 623–42; XIV, 82–119.
 Rose, H.J. (1924). Anchises and Aphrodite. The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1. (Jan., 1924), pp. 11–16.

References

 Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. . Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links

Trojans
Consorts of Aphrodite
Princes in Greek mythology
Kings in Greek mythology
Characters in the Aeneid
Deeds of Zeus
Blind royalty and nobility
Deeds of Aphrodite
Mythological blind people

Anchises


Bucktown is a historic, unincorporated village within South Coventry Township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located at the intersection of Route 23 and Route 100, it is home to the Owen J. Roberts School District's main campus, where both the Owen J. Roberts Middle School and the Owen J. Roberts High School are located.

Much like the other surrounding villages in Northern Chester County, Bucktown contains a rich sense of historical architecture dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries. The crossroads features a bustling commercial scene that includes a gas station, two banks, a church, several restaurants, a car dealership, auto mechanic, and hair salon.

A large dairy farm named Ridglea Farms used to exist just next to Bucktown. The farm consisted of a dairy store, restaurant and farm. However, in the year 2000, the land that was farmed by Lester High for many years was sold to the development company Realan Properties,  who built a large-scale development. The plans included 161 homes as well as an assisted living facility.

Bucktown took its name from Buck Tavern, which stood upon one of the corners beginning in 1790. In 1883, it had only six houses and a hotel.

References

Unincorporated communities in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania

Bucktown, Pennsylvania


Basil of Ani or Basil Pahlavuni (; died 13 November 1113 AD) was Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia from 1105 to 1113, and nephew of Gregory II.

Catholicos Gregory II had moved to Tarsus, far from the center of Armenian civilization for the past many centuries, so the eastern Armenians considered themselves without a pontiff. Gregory had previously visited Ani and set up his nephew Parsegh as bishop there, and so later they gained Gregory's sanction to elect Parsegh their pontiff. Around this time two other rivals named themselves pontiff of their own regions: Theodorus and one named Paul in Marash. There was much enmity between them and much confusion among the people. Paul saw this and decided to relinquish his seat and retire to his convent, at which time the nation at large recognized Gregory II alone as pontiff, with Parsegh as his deputy. In 1087 Parsegh deposed Theodorus and settled at Edessa.

In 1103, after many requests, Gregory II finally accepted the invitation of
Basilius the Crafty, lord of Marash and Kesoun, to move his residence to Rapan, near Kesoun, to spend his last years. Gregory II took with him his wards Gregory III of Cilicia and Nerses IV the Graceful, in whom he recognized future greatness. He entrusted the two boys to the care of his nephew and deputy Parsegh and his host Basilius, and stated that on his death Parsegh should be made Catholicos to be followed by Gregory.

Parsegh succeeded Gregory II two years later, in 1105. Parsegh had his seat sometimes in the Red Convent in the desert of Shughr and sometimes in the city of Edessa. He saw to the education of Gregory and Nerses, and soon ordained Gregory a priest.

During this period the Persians invaded Cilicia but were defeated by the forces of Basilius. Two years later though Cilicia was once again invaded, this time by Scythians. In 1111, they attacked the fortress of Zovk, held by Gregory and Nerses's father Apirat Pahlavi, grandson of Gregorius Magistratus, who was killed.

Parsegh died in the Red Convent after being pontiff for thirty-one years, eight of those as sole ruler of the Armenian Church. Based on Gregory II's wishes, Gregory the son of Apirat was elected Catholicos at the Red Convent, only twenty years old.

Catholicoi of Armenia
Catholicoi of Cilicia
Armenian Apostolic Christians
1113 deaths
Year of birth unknown
12th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops

Parsegh of Cilicia


"Lågsus" is a song performed by Danish hip-hop group Specktors, released as the second single from their second studio album Kadavermarch (2012). It was released on 9 July 2012 as a digital download in Denmark on iTunes. The song features vocals from Danish pop, dance and R&B singer and songwriter Medina. The song peaked at number 1 on the Danish Singles Chart.

Track listing

Chart performance

Release history

References

2012 singles
2012 songs
EMI Records singles

Lågsus


The Belleville railway station in Belleville, Ontario, Canada is served by Via Rail trains running  from Toronto to Ottawa and Montreal. The station is staffed, with ticket sales, vending machines, telephones, washrooms, and wheelchair access to the station and trains.

History

1856 Grand Trunk station

Built from bluish-grey Trenton limestone in 1856 by Thomas Brassey for Canadian National Railway predecessor Grand Trunk Railway, the station was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973 and protected under the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act since 1992.

It is the oldest of multiple buildings which were once part of Belleville's GTR station yard, a facility which employed 100 by 1864 and included one of the first three GTR locomotive shops. A new locomotive shop was built in 1867, increasing capacity to 24 engines. GTR cutbacks in December 1876 led to a violent labour dispute on December 29 which stopped all trains; the Queen's Own Rifles militia deployed from Toronto on January 2, 1877 to end the strike. A new round house was built in 1912 to accommodate 42 engines, with a wheel shed and machine shop adjacent. With over a thousand people at its peak, the railway became Belleville's largest local employer.

The 220 Station Street waiting room, a mid-size "Second Class Wayside Station" at the October 27, 1856 inception of the Grand Trunk mainline, served until the adjacent modern station building opened on March 20, 2012. While this building has always served only passengers, with telegraphy and freight located in other buildings, much of the original interior was lost due to 1987 and earlier renovations. Just east of the main station building, a freight shed stored VIA's baggage carts; its basement was home to The Belleville Model Railroad Club

While three original stations from the 1850s Grand Trunk line remain in active use at Georgetown, Port Hope and Napanee, all are small single-storey "Type C" stations (typically five curved arches for windows and doors on the sides and two at each end). Belleville is a larger station ("Type B", six arches) and the last intact original station on the line to have been expanded with a second storey. A similar Outer Station existed at Kingston, but was abandoned in the 1970s and is now in ruins.

1911 Canadian Northern / Canadian Pacific station
CN's historic Grand Trunk station was once one of two active passenger terminals in the city. The Canadian Pacific Railway used a former 1911 Canadian Northern Railway station on Church Street to handle Ottawa-Toronto traffic until 1966; that building was demolished in 1976.

2012 Via Rail station
On November 10, 2010, Via Rail unveiled a design for a modern $18 million station building which would be wheelchair accessible with space to accommodate expanded track lines. Built at 250 Station Street, adjacent to the historic station, the new facility accepted its first passengers on March 20, 2012. MP Daryl Kramp officially opened the station on September 12, 2012.

The original station is marked with a Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque; as of 2012, the city and local groups are looking for new uses for the old station.

Services
Belleville station is served by most trains on Via Rail's Toronto-Ottawa and Toronto-Montreal routes, though a small number of express trains pass through the station without stopping.

As of October 2023 the station is served by 6 to 8 trains per day toward Ottawa, and 4 to 5 trains per day toward Montreal and 9 to 11 trains per day toward Toronto.

See also

 List of designated heritage railway stations of Canada

References

External links

Rail transport in Belleville, Ontario
Via Rail stations in Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1856
Railway stations in Hastings County, Ontario
Canadian National Railway stations in Ontario
Designated heritage railway stations in Ontario

Belleville station (Ontario)


Marc-René de Voyer, Marquis de Paulmy and marquis d'Argenson (4 November 16528 May 1721) was a French politician.

Biography
D'Argenson was born in Venice on 4 November 1652, where his father, also Marc-René, was ambassador. According to tradition, he was declared a godson of the Venetian Republic which accounted for the name Marc (Saint Mark being the patron saint of Venice).

D'Argenson became avocat in 1669, and lieutenant-general in the sénéchaussée of Angoulême (1679). After the death of Colbert, who disliked his family, he went to Paris and married Marguerite Lefèvre de Caomartin, a kinswoman of the comptroller-general Pontchartrain. This was the beginning of his fortunes. He became successively maître des requêtes (1694), member of the conseil des prises (prize court) (1695), procureur-général of the commission of inquest into false titles of nobility (1696).

In 1697 d'Argenson became lieutenant-general of police. This office, which had previously been filled by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, was very important. It not only gave him the control of the police, but also the supervision of the corporations, printing press, and provisioning of Paris. All contraventions of the police regulations came under his jurisdiction, and his authority was arbitrary and absolute. Fortunately, he had, in Saint-Simon's phrase:

During the twenty-one years that d'Argenson exercised the office of lieutenant-general of police, he was a party to every private and state secret; in fact, he had a share in every event of any importance in the history of Paris. He was the familiar friend of Louis XIV, who delighted in scandalous police reports; he was patronized by the Philippe, Duke of Orleans; he was supported by the Jesuits at court; and he was feared by all.

D'Argenson organized the supply of food in Paris during the severe winter of 1709, and endeavoured, but with little success, to run to earth the libellers of the government. He directed the destruction of the Jansenist monastery of Port Royal (1709), a proceeding which provoked many protests and pamphlets. In 1716 he was created an honorary member of the Académie des Sciences and, in 1718, a member of the French Academy.

Under the Régence, the Chambre de Justice, assembled to inquire into the malpractices of the financiers, suspected d'Argenson and arrested his clerks, but dared not lay the blame on him. On 28 January 1718 he voluntarily resigned the office of lieutenant-general of police for those of keeper of the seals—in the place of the chancellor d'Aguesseau—and president of the council of finance. He was appointed by the regent to suppress the resistance of the parlements and to reorganize the finances, and was in great measure responsible for permitting John Law to apply his financial system, though he soon quarrelled with Law and intrigued to bring about his downfall.
The regent (the Duke of Orleans) threw the blame for the outcome of Law's schemes (see the Mississippi Bubble) on d'Argenson, who was forced to resign his position in the council of finance (January 1720). By way of compensation he was created inspector-general of the police of the whole kingdom, but had to resign his office of keeper of the seals (June 1720). He died on 8 May 1721, the people of Paris throwing taunts and stones at his coffin and accusing him of having ruined the kingdom.

Family
Argenson had two sons, René-Louis and Marc-Pierre.

Notes

References

 Endnotes:
See the contemporary memoirs, especially those of Saint-Simon (de Boislisle's ed.), Dangeau and Math. Marais
Barbier's Journal

External links
  Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson at GeneaNet

1652 births
1721 deaths
Lieutenant generals of police of Paris
Marquesses of Argenson
18th-century French people
17th-century French people
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French Ministers of Finance

Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)


Pekowi was the name of one of the five divisions (or bands) of the Shawnee, a Native American people, during the 18th century. The other four divisions were the Chalahgawtha, Mekoche, Kispoko, and Hathawekela.  Together these divisions formed the loose confederacy that was the Shawnee tribe.

All five Shawnee division names have been spelled in a great variety of ways. Variations of the name "Pekowi" are reflected in many place names in the United States, including Piqua, Pickawillany, Pickaway, and Pequea.

Traditionally, Shawnee ritual leaders came from the Pekowi patrilineal division.

From 1737 to about 1750 the Pekowi were led by Peter Chartier (born Pierre Chartier), a fur trader of Pekowi and French colonial parentage. He was recognized as a leader and rose to be chief of the band. Through his mother's line, Chartier was the grandson of chief Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa. In 1710 he married his cousin, Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa and they had three children: two sons and a daughter.

Chartier opposed the sale of rum in Shawnee communities in Pennsylvania, and this brought him into conflict with other traders and the provincial governor, Patrick Gordon. Shawnee and other Native American chiefs had long complained about the sale of alcohol, and had given the colonial government a list of traders they wanted banned because of their actions.

In 1745 Chartier accepted a French commission and left Pennsylvania, leading some 400 members of the Pekowi to Lower Shawneetown. They moved on to modern Kentucky, where they founded the community of Eskippakithiki. Pekowi warriors led by Chartier fought on the side of the French against the English at the Battle of Fort Necessity in 1754 during the French and Indian War.

The Peckuwe and Kispoko divisions of the Shawnee Tribe lived in the Shawnee village of Peckuwe, which was located at  near modern Springfield, Ohio, until the Battle of Piqua, August 8, 1780, during the American Revolutionary War.

The Piqua Sept of the Ohio Shawnee Tribe have placed a traditional cedar pole in commemoration of their history here. It is located "on the southern edge of the George Rogers Clark Historical Park, in the lowlands in front of the park's 'Hertzler House.'"

References

Further reading
Don Greene, Shawnee Heritage II: Selected Lineages of Notable Shawnee (Lulu.com: Fantasy ePublications, 2008), Lulu.com: Fantasy ePublications, 2008; pp. 44-45 and 70. (Self-published,  per Wiki MOS cannot be used as RS)

Shawnee history
Native American tribes in Ohio

Pekowi


Takehito Koyasu (子安 武人 Koyasu Takehito) (born May 5, 1967) is a Japanese voice actor and singer.

When he dubs hentai, he uses the pseudonym of Hayato Jumonji.

He is the voices for Dio Brando in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure and Shigeru Aoba in Neon Genesis Evangelion.

1967 births
Living people
Japanese voice actors

Takehito Koyasu


The ARMAT missile is a development of the Anglo-French Martel anti-radar missile. The Martel was further developed by British Aerospace to give the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile, while Britain adopted ALARM for their new ARM missile. France instead adopted the Exocet as their anti-ship missile in the 1970s, and used the ARMAT as new anti-radar weapon. This missile is unusually slow and huge when compared to western anti-radar missiles, reflecting the original anti-ship task of the ancestor, the AS.37/AJ.168 Martel.

ARMAT is not well known in details. It is a two-stage solid propelled missile, highly subsonic, with a range up to 120 km. The warhead weighs 150 kg with proximity fuse and delayed impact. The ARMAT was operational since 1984. It was used as main, if not exclusive anti-radar weapon by French aviation, employed by SEPECAT Jaguars against Libyans during Operation Epervier. It was also used by Iraqi aviation against Iranian defences.

ARMAT is used on Mirage F.1, Mirage 2000 and some other French aircraft, but not with the new Dassault Rafale. An improved product, the MARS, was proposed in 1988. In early 1990s it seems that the basic ARMAT was upgraded with better electronic systems.

References

Notes
 Friedman, Norman. The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems 1997–98. Annapolis, Naval Institute Press, 1997. .
 Richardson, Doug. "World Missile Directory". Flight International, 1 October 1988, pp. 33–71.

External links
Ancile
Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS

Anti-radiation missiles of France
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Air-to-surface missiles of the Cold War
Air-to-surface missiles of France

ARMAT


The House in Montevideo () is a 1951 West German comedy film directed by Curt Goetz and Valérie von Martens and starring Goetz, von Martens, Albert Florath and Lia Eibenschütz. It is an adaptation of Goetz's 1945 comic play The House in Montevideo. Goetz and von Martens had frequently played the lead parts on the stage. The play was later adapted into another film of the same title in 1963.

It was shot at the Göttingen Studios and on location at Cuxhaven and the Uruguayan capital Montevideo. The film's sets were designed by the art director Emil Hasler.

Cast
Curt Goetz as Professor Traugott Nägler
Valérie von Martens as Marianne Nägler
Albert Florath as Pastor Riesling
Lia Eibenschütz as Madame de la Rocco
John Mylong as Anwalt
Ruth Niehaus as Atlanta Nägler
Eckart Dux as Herbert Kraft
Rudolf Reiff as Bürgermeister
Ingeborg Körner as Carmencita
Lope Rica as Belinda
Andrea Perkams as Marta
Günther Vogt as Parsifal Nägler
J. von Felbert as Lohengrin

Bibliography
 Bergfelder, Tim & Bock, Hans-Michael. The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopedia of German. Berghahn Books, 2009.
 Fenner, Angelica. Race Under Reconstruction in German Cinema: Robert Stemmle's Toxi''. University of Toronto Press, 2011.

External links

1951 films
1951 comedy films
German comedy films
West German films
1950s German-language films
German films based on plays
Films based on works by Curt Goetz
Films set in Montevideo
Films directed by Curt Goetz
German black-and-white films
1950s German films
Films shot at Göttingen Studios

The House in Montevideo (1951 film)