Louis of Burgundy (1297 – 2 August 1316) was a member of the Capetian House of Burgundy who ruled the Principality of Achaea and claimed the defunct Kingdom of Thessalonica.

Louis was a younger son of Duke Robert II of Burgundy and Agnes of France. In 1313, he took part in a complex marriage pact designed to secure control by the Angevins and the Burgundians over Frankish Greece. On 31 July 1313 he married Matilda of Hainaut, heir-general of William II Villehardouin, to whom Philip I of Taranto gave the Principality of Achaea in fief. Louis ceded his claims on the family lands in Burgundy to his elder brother, Duke Hugh V of Burgundy, who in turn ceded to Louis the claim to the Kingdom of Thessalonica, which had been sold to their family in 1266. He subsequently did homage to Philip of Taranto, who was suzerain of Achaea and nominally also Thessalonica as titular Latin emperor, and agreed to assist in a campaign to recapture the Latin Empire.

Matilda and Louis arrived separately in Achaea, she sailing directly from Marseille to Navarino with 1,000 troops, while Louis came by way of Venice, where he was soliciting aid from the Republic. Ferdinand of Majorca, who also claimed the principality jure uxoris (his wife Isabelle de Sabran was descended from the younger daughter of William II Villehardouin), had landed there in 1315 and taken to Glarentza. Matilda arrived late in 1315, and several barons, including the count [John I of Cephalonia, returned to her allegiance. However, her army was beaten by Ferdinand and his Catalans on 22 February 1316 at Picotin. About this time, Louis arrived, making an unsuccessful attempt to capture the castle of Chalandritsa. Ferdinand sent for aid from the Kingdom of Majorca and the Catalan Company, but neither arrived in time to prevent his death and defeat by Louis at the Battle of Manolada on 5 July 1316. Four weeks later, Louis died. The Chronicle of the Morea attributes his death to a fever, while the Catalan Declaratio summaria states that he was poisoned by Count John of Cephalonia. His death left Achaea in an unsettled state, with his brother Odo, his widow, and the Angevins all attempting to gain it.

References

Burgundy, Louis of
Burgundy, Louis of
House of Burgundy
Titular kings of Thessalonica
Louis
14th-century people from the Principality of Achaea

Louis of Burgundy


Aggy may be a diminutive form of the given names Agnetha, Agamemnon, Agata, Agatha, Agnes or Aigerim. It may also be a diminutive form of a family name that begins with 'Ag-'. See also Aggie. Aggy may refer to being agitated, an abbreviation word made my Blasted.

Aggy may refer to:

People
 Aggy, a character from 19th century historical novel The Pioneers
 Aggy, a character from 2005 children's movie Nanny McPhee
 Aggy Hobbs, 'privileged slave' and mistress of Armistead Burwell; mother of Elizabeth Keckly, White House seamstress
 Aggy Read, Australian croquet champion and film director associated with Ubu Films
 Agyness Deyn, English model
 Gabriel Agbonlahor, a footballer for Aston Villa and England

Places
 Aggy Ridge, formally known as Aonach Eagach, a ridge in the Scottish highlands
 Ogof Agen Allwedd, a Welsh cave system

Other uses
Aggy, slang for "aggressive" or "agitated"
The Aggy, a hairstyle designed by Sam McKnight for model Agyness Deyn
Yandina Airport (ICAO code AGGY)

See also
 Agey, a commune in Côte-d'Or, Bourgogne, France
 AGG (disambiguation)
 Agge (disambiguation)
 Saint Aggei, Wycliffe's spelling of Mar Aggai, the second Bishop of Edessa, Mesopotamia
 Aggey (disambiguation)
 Aggi (disambiguation)
 Aggie (disambiguation)
 Agi (disambiguation)
 Agii (disambiguation)
 Agy, a commune in the Basse-Normandie région of France

Aggy


Kalyazin () is a town and the administrative center of Kalyazinsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River,  northeast of Tver, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:

History
A sloboda (a settlement for people relieved from paying taxes) appeared on the site of modern Kalyazin in the 12th century. Its importance grew significantly with the foundation of the Makaryevsky Monastery on the opposite bank of the Volga in the 15th century. This abbey used to be the most conspicuous landmark of Kalyazin and comprised numerous buildings of historic interest, including a refectory from 1525. The name of the town originates from certain Kolyaga, a land proprietor in the 15th century.

In the 18th century, the area was included into Moscow Governorate. In 1775, Kalyazin was granted town rights and Kalyazinsky Uyezd was established. It was a part of newly established Tver Viceroyalty. In 1796, the Viceroyalty was abolished and transformed into Tver Governorate. Kalyazinsky Uyezd was abolished, but in 1803, it was re-established. On May 30, 1922, Kalyazinsky Uyezd was abolished and merged into Kashinsky Uyezd. On October 3, 1927, Kashinsky Uyezd itself was abolished and split between Bezhetsky and Kimrsky Uyezds.

On August 12, 1929, Tver Governorate was abolished, with its territory transferred to Moscow Oblast. Uyezds were abolished as well, and Kalyazinsky District, with the administrative center in Kalyazin, was established within Kimry Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935, Kalinin Oblast was established, and Kalyazinsky District was transferred to it.

In 1940, the monastery and most of the old town were submerged under water during the construction of the Uglich Hydroelectric Station, which created the Uglich Reservoir. After that, the town was effectively relocated to a new, higher spot.

On February 13, 1963, during the abortive Khrushchev's administrative reform, Kalyazinsky District was merged into Kimrsky District, but on March 4, 1964 it was re-established. In July 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast.

On November 19, 2001, a chartered IRS Aero Ilyushin Il-18 airplane crashed in Kalyazin, killing all twenty-seven on board. On August 26, 2010, dozens of Central Asian guest workers were deported from the town after mass clashes with the locals. Their construction site jobs were given to locals instead.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kalyazin serves as the administrative center of Kalyazinsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Kalyazinsky District as Kalyazin Urban Settlement. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Kalyazinsky Municipal District.

Economy

Industry
Two factories in Kalyazin—one producing oil extraction equipment and another one manufacturing some parts of MiG airplanes—are responsible for 42% of the total industrial production of the district. Chemical, food, leather, and textile industry are present as well.

Transportation

Kalyazin is connected by train to Moscow (Savyolovsky railway station), Kashin, Uglich, Rybinsk, Sonkovo, Savyolovo.

Kalyazin is connected by roads with Sergiyev Posad, Uglich, and with Tver and Kimry via Kashin. There are local roads as well. There is bus traffic originating from Kalyazin.

The Volga is navigable; however, there is no passenger navigation.

Culture and recreation

Kalyazin contains sixteen cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally twenty-two objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The town landmark is the Kalyazin Bell Tower, submerged by the Uglich Reservoir and located only partially above the water level. Other federal monuments include the ensemble of administrative buildings and living houses in the center of the town, and the Ascension and the Epiphany Churches.

The Kalyazinsky District Museum is located in Kalyazin.

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Official website of Kalyazin
Kalyazin Business Directory
History of Kalyazin
Photos of Kalyazin

Cities and towns in Tver Oblast
Populated places on the Volga
Kalyazinsky Uyezd
Submerged places
Golden Ring of Russia

Kalyazin


Jean-Ovide Decroly (Ronse, 23 July 1871 – Uccle, 10 September 1932) was a Belgian teacher and psychologist.

He studied medicine at the University of Ghent, with half a year at the University of Berlin where he studied the action of toxins and antitoxins on general nutrition in 1898. He later worked with (mentally) handicapped children at the neurological clinic in Brussels.

Decroly founded The Hermitage School in 1907. He was a freemason, and a member of the lodge Les Amis Philanthropes of the Grand Orient of Belgium in Brussels. Nowadays the "Ecole Decroly" (based in Uccle, Brussels, a school reaching from kindergarten to baccalaureate) is following his pedagogical approach.

The Decroly plan
The "Decroly plan" lays ground rules for social adaptation of a biological organism, in the concrete case, children. It concludes that schooling is needed for children to meet their "biosocial needs".  Followers of Decroly have gone on to create and start schools that primarily focus on these "biosocial needs", and better augment the student's educational experience.  These visionary teachers include such people as Yomila Aguirre, Fannael Harrison and Catherine Gavin, who have founded prestigious schools such as Out-of-Door Academy.

Quotes
 To educate in its fullest sense is to create conditions in which the child can live - and is led by these conditions led to live-as fully as possible through each succeeding stage of his development, meeting and solving in his own experience the problems of each stage as it comes, and so gaining the power to meet and to solve the problems that await him in further stages. Such conditions it is for a school to provide. (Decroly cited by J.H. Badley, Dr. Ovide Decroly  ed. Albert Decordier, Amicale Rijksbasisonderwijs, Ronse, Belgium)

External links

Biography
Ecoledecroly in Uccle (Brussels)
Ovide Decroly, A hero of education, Van Gorp

19th-century Belgian educators
20th-century Belgian educators
Belgian educational theorists
1871 births
1932 deaths
Belgian psychologists
People from Ronse

Ovide Decroly


A Measure of the National Assembly for Wales (informally, an Assembly Measure) is primary legislation in Wales that is a category lower than an Act of Parliament. In the case of contemporary Welsh law, the difference with Acts is that the competence to pass Measures is subject to 'LCOs' or Legislative Competence Order, which transfers powers to the Assembly by amending Schedule 5 of the Government of Wales Act 2006.

It was a lower form of primary legislation as it did not contain a large bulk of powers compared to the power to make acts. In Wales each Assembly Measure had to be accompanied with a Matter which was transferred using the Legislative Competence Order (LCO) system. Each Assembly Measure, like an Act of Parliament, had to have made provision for a matter within the remit of the legislative competency of the Assembly.

Following a referendum held in 2011, the assembly gained powers to make primary legislation, then known as Acts of the Assembly. These powers came into force after the 2011 assembly elections and the assembly is no longer able to pass Measures. Existing measures will remain valid unless repealed by the assembly in the future. Following the Assembly becoming the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) in May 2020, these acts are now referred to as an Act of Senedd Cymru.

How an Assembly Measure was made

Consideration by the Assembly
Similar to Acts, Assembly Measures face the same style and level of scrutiny. There were around four stages where the proposed legislation was scrutinised. The first stage is the agreement of the principles of the Assembly Measure, which means the first approval of the legislation for it to be scrutinised, then it will have to be scrutinized at committee level, where a committee of Assembly Members can debate and add more to the Measure which is then accompanied with debates in 'plenary', which would be required to approve the amendments.

Once everything above has been completed, the Assembly can then start the final scrutinising before the Assembly Measure gets passed and becomes law. As in other legislative systems, some laws will fail, or be withdrawn.

Royal Approval
Assembly Measures, like all other types of legislation, will have to be approved by a head of state, that head of state being Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. After the Assembly Measure is passed by the National Assembly for Wales (now Senedd) the Measure will have to be taken to the Queen in Council who approves the Measure via an Order in Council. The approval would later be added to the Assembly Measure as proof of the approval. The approving order in council is not approved by both Houses of Parliament like the Orders in Council conferring power to the Assembly.

Who could propose Assembly Measures
Like in any legislature, the National Assembly for Wales members can propose Assembly Measures. The name for an Assembly Measure proposed by a person not in the Welsh Assembly Government will be called a "Members Proposed Assembly Measure"  Meanwhile, according to the same source there will also be "Government Proposed Assembly Measures" and "Emergency Proposed Assembly Measures".  The First Welsh Legislative Counsel, a new post which commenced April 2007, working within the Office of the First Welsh Legislative Counsel, part of the Legal Services Department of the Welsh Assembly Government has responsibility for the drafting of the Welsh Assembly Government's legislative programme following the implementation of the Government of Wales Act 2006. Professor Thomas Glyn Watkin is the first person to be appointed to this post.

Enacting formula
Assembly measures begin with the following enacting formula:

English: "This Measure, passed by the National Assembly for Wales on [Date] and approved by His Majesty in Council on [Date], enacts the following provisions:-"
Welsh: "Mae'r Mesur hwn, a basiwyd gan Gynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ar [Dyddiad] ac a gymeradwywyd gan Ei Mawrhydi yn ei Chyngor ar [Dyddiad], yn deddfu'r darpariaethau a ganlyn:-"

Subjects of Measures
Part 4 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 gives the Senedd legislative competence in the following 20 "Subjects" outlined on schedule 7 of that act in relation to Measures. (The Senedd does not have competence with respect to all aspects of these subjects.) Since the Assembly gained the competence to pass Acts, these have not been used, but they still apply in relation to previously passed Measures.
 Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development
 Ancient monuments and historic buildings
 Culture
 Economic development
 Education and training
 Environment
 Fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety
 Food
 Health and health services
 Highways and transport
 Housing
 Local government
 Public administration
 Social welfare
 Sport and recreation
 Tourism
 Town and country planning
 Water and flood defence
 Welsh language

See also
NHS Redress (Wales) Measure 2008: an instance of Assembly Measures
List of Acts and Measures of Senedd Cymru
Act of Senedd Cymru

References

External links
Schedule 5 of the Government of Wales Act 2006, which is where each Measure receives its provisions from.

Government of Wales
Welsh laws
Statutory law


Gladstone is a small town in South Australia about 200 km north of Adelaide. In 2006 the population was 629.

It is in the middle of a farming area that grows wheat and raises sheep, but Gladstone is important because it has lots of very big buildings to store wheat, barley, durum wheat, peas, faba beans and fiesta beans. All together, these buildings store the biggest amount of grains in the Southern Hemisphere in a place not by the sea.

Railways

The railways are important to Gladstone so the grains can be moved to the sea and put on ships. The nearest place where this happens is Port Pirie.

The railways are also important to move the grains to the big cities in Australia. Gladstone is on the biggest railway line in Australia that goes between Sydney in the east and Perth in the west. Railway lines also go south to Adelaide, and north to other small towns. Now, all of the railway lines are  4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) apart. This is called standard gauge. Before 1970, the railway lines going north were  3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) apart (narrow gauge), and the railway lines going south were 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) apart (broad gauge). All three "gauges" joined together in Gladstone. Look at the photo to see this. This is very rare. Before 1970, there were only three places in the whole world where this happened.

Towns in South Australia

Gladstone, South Australia


Punta San Carlos is a small fishing village on the west coast of the state of Baja California just off Highway 1, about 80 km
south of El Rosario on a dirt track. It is part of the Municipio of Ensenada.  The area has become a popular Windsurfing and Kitesurfing destination.

References

Cities in Ensenada Municipality

Punta San Carlos


The Earth Charter Initiative is the collective name for the global network of people, organizations, and institutions who participate in promoting the Earth Charter, and in implementing its principles in practice. The Initiative is a broad-based, voluntary, civil society effort, but participants include leading international institutions, national government agencies, university associations, NGOs, cities, faith groups, and many well-known leaders in sustainable development.

Mission and goals
The stated mission of the Earth Charter Initiative is to promote the transition to sustainable ways of living and a global society founded on a shared ethical framework that includes respect and care for the community of life, ecological integrity, universal human rights, respect for diversity, economic justice, democracy, and a culture of peace.

Goals
To raise awareness worldwide of the Earth Charter and to promote understanding of its inclusive ethical vision.
To seek recognition and endorsement of the Earth Charter by individuals, organizations, and the United Nations.
To promote the use of the Earth Charter as an ethical guide and the implementation of its principles by civil society, business, and government.
To encourage and support the educational use of the Earth Charter in schools, universities, religious communities, local communities, and many other settings.
To promote recognition and use of the Earth Charter as a soft law document.

Strategic objectives
 To promote development of a global network of Earth Charter supporters and activists with the collaboration of advisors, affiliates, partner organizations, and task forces.
 To create and disseminate high quality communications and educational materials to different target groups that will reach millions of people.
 To translate key Earth Charter materials in all major languages of the world.
 To set up Earth Charter websites in all countries in partnership with key individuals and organizations.
 To promote the Earth Charter vision in key local, national and international events and engage individuals and organizations in applying it in their areas of activity.
 To position the Earth Charter in relation to important international initiatives and processes so that its ethical framework can be used as a guide in efforts to address urgent challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, the Millennium Development Goals, food security, and conflict resolution.
 To undertake training programmes to facilitate the uptake and application of the Earth Charter in different sectors.
 To develop the guidance and instruments to help organizations, businesses, and local communities use the Earth Charter to assess progress toward sustainable development.

Organization
A formal network of affiliates, partners, and youth groups helps to promote the Earth Charter around the world. Many of these representatives are based in prominent national-level organizations and institutions.

The Initiative is served and coordinated by Earth Charter International, which is composed by an Executive Office called the ECI Secretariat, and by the ECI Council.  The Secretariat is composed by a very small staff, and it is based at the University for Peace campus in San José, Costa Rica. The Council is equivalent to a Board, they meet once a year and provide strategic guidance to the Secretariat and the EC Initiative.

Earth Charter Youth Program
The Earth Charter Youth program is a network of youth NGOs and young activists who share a common interest in sustainable development and the Earth Charter. Severn Cullis-Suzuki from Vancouver, Canada was nominated as youth representative in the Earth Charter Commission, which oversaw the drafting process. At the age of 17, Severn participated in the Earth Summit of 1997 and made sure that concerns of young people were taken seriously in the process of drafting the Earth Charter. She contributed to the inclusion of principle 12c in the final version of the Earth Charter which stresses the need to: "Honor and support the young people of our communities, enabling them to fulfill their essential role in creating sustainable societies." The launch of the Earth Charter Youth program was inspired by this ethical principle. Today there are two youth representatives on the Earth Charter International Council.

See also

 Earth Day
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

References

External links
 Official website
 The Earth Charter in Action blog

Environmental organizations based in Costa Rica
International environmental organizations
International sustainable development

Earth Charter Initiative


Scream (formerly known as It's A Scream) was a student-oriented pub chain in the United Kingdom owned by the Stonegate Pub Company. The chain began in October 1995.

History

The pub chain was set up by brewers Bass, who called it, It's a Scream. The pubs were all within relatively short walking distance of a university.

Bass's retail arm became Mitchells & Butlers in April 2003.

Scream was disposed of by Mitchells and Butlers on 20 August 2010, along with around 300 other Mitchells and Butlers pubs for £373m to Stonegate (owned by TDR Capital).

Theme
Scream pubs were aimed at the student market, and mostly found near to universities. They claimed to be 'the number one choice of students'. Its chief competitor was Varsity, owned at the time by the Barracuda Group, although Varsity had a more mainstream market – often concentrating on football matches on Sky Sports and located closer to town centres. Varsity became part of Stonegate in 2013.

The original name came from the 1893 painting The Scream, by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, which is a popular poster image with many students. The painting was formerly shown on some pub signs of the former It's A Scream chain.

The pubs each had individual items, for example a giant monkey mural (Horn in Hand), a talking moose's head (White Harte, Bristol), an aardvark costume (The Aardvark, Coventry) or a large painting of a Phoenix (The Phoenix, Coventry) and their own sign relating to their name. Some went further, such as the Dry Dock in Leeds and Leicester which were built inside an old grounded ship.

Scream pubs had a loyalty card scheme known as The Yellow Card. It was available to students annually for £1 (originally free) and entitled them to discounts on selected food and drink. In November 2006, selected Scream Pubs had been chosen to run a trial wherein they did not sell Yellow Cards.

With the introduction of the new Scottish Licensing Laws on 1 September 2009, Yellow Cards purchased in Scream pubs in Scotland would not be valid until 72 hours after purchase.

In the Summer of 2003, Scream introduced the "Yellow Card For Life" – costing £5, with the promise that it will never expire.

Former locations
There were 50 Scream pubs spread around the UK when Stonegate took over the chain, with the vast majority being in towns and cities with a significant student population.

 Scotland
 Aberdeen (2)
The Bobbin
Triplekirks
 Dundee (1)
The Nether Inn
 Edinburgh (1)
The Tron
 Glasgow (3)
The Ark
The Hall
Curlers

 North-East
 Middlesbrough (3)
The Southfield
The Camel's Hump
The Crown
 Durham
The New Inn

 Yorkshire
 Huddersfield (1)
The Warehouse
 Hull (2)
Piper Club
The Haworth Arms
 Leeds (2)
The Dry Dock
The Library
 Sheffield (2)
The Cavendish
The Globe
 York (1)
The Keystones
 Bradford (1)
Delius
 Grimsby (1)
The Wheatsheaf

 North-West
 Lancaster (2)
Keystones
The Friary
 Liverpool (2)
The Brookhouse
The Hope and Anchor
 Manchester (2)
The Footage
The Pub/Zoo
 Preston (2)
Roper Hall
The Adelphi

 East Midlands
 Derby (1)
The Friary
 Leicester (4)
POLAR BEAR
The Dry Dock
The Loaded Dog
Soar Point
 Loughborough (1)
The Phantom
 Northampton (1)
The Penny Whistle
 Nottingham (1)
The Horn in Hand

 West Midlands
 Birmingham (3)
The Bristol Pear
The Gosta Green
The Hare of the Dog
 Coventry (2)
The Aardvark
The Phoenix
 Leamington Spa (1)
Robbins Well
 Wolverhampton (1)
The Royal London

 East of England
 Southend-on-Sea (1)
The Alex
 London (1)
The Auctioneer

 South-East
 Canterbury (1)
The Penny Theatre
 Oxford (1)
The City Arms
 Reading (2)
Pavlovs Dog
Upin Arms

 Southampton (1)
The Avondale

 South-West
 Bristol (2)
The Cider Press (previously The Rising Sun)
The White Harte
 Bournemouth (1)
The Inferno
 Cheltenham (1)
The Pulpit
 Plymouth (1)
The Roundabout

 Wales
 Bangor (1)
The Old Glan
 Cardiff (2)
The George
The Woodville
Gassy Jacks

 Treforest (1)
The Knott Inn

Closures
One of the first scream bars to close was "The India Arms" in Portsmouth during the early 2000s, the pub was sold to Enterprise Inns where it currently trades as "The Italian Bar and Grill". Another scream bar in Portsmouth, The Registry closed at the end of March 2010.  It was renamed The Kraken Wakes as part of an ongoing partnership between independent pub operator Fiveeightzero and the owner, Mitchells & Butlers. It opened at the end of April 2010 following a refurbishment. The new name was short lived, as the establishment reverted to the original name of The Registry in March 2011. However, It closed once again on 1 June 2014 and was converted into student halls of residence, which opened in September 2015.

'The Queen of Hearts' and 'The Cheshire Cat' in Fallowfield, Manchester, were never sold by Mitchells and Butlers in late 2010. They still operated as Scream Pub, but all branding had to be removed. As of 15 April 2011, The pub has been sold to Hydes Pub Company, and is now a Hydes pub.

'Robinskis' in Fallowfield was taken over by Stonegate in late 2010. Due to various disputes within the company regarding profits and poor management remained for sale from its purchase by Stonegate until 6 May 2011, when the pub was finally sold to an independent owner, and was reopened as Nayaab Indian Restaurant.

Scream had 67 pubs under its name at the time of Sale. Stonegate bought 62 of these pubs. The other five stayed under Michells and Butlers until they were sold on to other buyers. Since Stonegate have taken over, the following 14 pubs have been sold by Stonegate:

 The Junction in Harrow
 The Kinston Mill in Kingston upon Thames
 The Robbins Well in Leamington Spa
 The Quayside in Lincoln
 The Park in Luton
 Robinskis in Manchester
 The Phoenix in Manchester
 The Queen of Hearts and The Cheshire Cat in Manchester
 The Lot in Richmond

Common Room

Starting with the Southfield, Stonegate began converting existing Scream sites to a new 'Common Room' brand, rather than branding each site as a uniform segment, instead brands each site individually. The sites focus more on casual dining and an emerging interest in craft beer. Typically sites having converted to the new brand saw an increase in sales of roughly 60%, with success based on a change to multiple visits by customers during the day.

References

External links

 Stonegate Pub Company

British companies established in 1995
Companies based in Luton
Companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Restaurants established in 1995
Pub chains
Stonegate Pub Company
Student culture

Scream Pubs


Ivan Efimovich Orlov (Russian: Иван Ефимович Орлов; Galich, Kostroma Oblast,  – Moscow, after 1936 ) was a Russian philosopher, a forerunner of relevant and other substructural logics, and an industrial chemist. The date of his death is unknown, but is most likely between 1936 and 1937.

Education and Scientific Career
Orlov studied at the Natural Sciences Faculty of Moscow University. His academic career began in 1916, when he published several papers related to the method of inductive reasoning and the notion of inductive proof. For 7 years beginning 1916, he published no scientific work, presumably because of the political turmoil of the era. In the 1920s, he taught in the newly established Communist Academy, and was an officer at the Chemical Institute.

In 1923 Orlov resumed his academic activity, becoming very productive. Most of his papers were published in leading Soviet ideological journals, where he waxed polemical in the manner typical of that place and time. Orlov's work bore on the philosophy of mathematics and logic, specifically on the so-called dialectical logic, Marxist in nature. He wrote on the theory of probability, psychology, theory of music, and on chemical engineering.

Logic
Analyzing the development of the natural sciences, he sought to uncover their specific "logic." According to Orlov, the laws of thought should be treated as formal rules, bounded by the laws of identity and contradiction. (When Orlov wrote this, the invention of natural deduction, the sequent calculus, and the semantic tableaux all lay in the future.) We must seek the semantic relation between antecedent and consequent. The main "contradiction of logic" manifests itself in the linkage of premise and corollary, and requires a logic different from the traditional one. If we insist that a corollary be a necessary condition of the premises then, according to Orlov, we necessarily arrive at a non-Aristotelian logic, dialectical in nature.

The Logic of Compatibility Propositions
Orlov proposed a logic of just this type in his work "The Logic of Compatibility of Propositions" published in 1928 in a Soviet mathematical journal. This paper analysed the problem of compatibility (noncompatibility) of propositions through the interpretative prism of an implication procedure. He also foresaw the translation of systems with intuitionistic negation into S4 modal logic with classical negation.

Orlov's work was very little known for a long time, because his publications, all in Russian, were almost totally unknown outside of the Soviet Union. It is only with the post-World War II rise of what have come to be known as substructural logics (Restall 2000) that Orlov's pioneering role has gradually emerged. Substructural logics, a category including intuitionistic, relevant, linear logics, etc., can be obtained by restricting the natural deduction ("structural") rules for classical logic. For example, relevant logic does not employ the structural rule of weakening (also called the rule of monotonicity), and this rule is unlike the other structural rules (Dosen).

Orlov believed in a mechanistic reduction of the laws of nature. He castigated the set theory of Georg Cantor, the theory of relativity (he believed in the existence of aether), and the heliobiology of A. Chizhevsky.

Industrial Chemistry
Around 1928, Orlov ceased publishing logical and philosophical work, turning to industrial chemistry, specifically the production of bromine and iodine, and in translating German works on chemistry into Russian.

References

Further reading
 Orlov, I. E., 1925. The Logic of the Natural Sciences. Moscow-Leningrad. (in Russian).
 ------, 1928, "The Logic of Compatibility of Propositions" in Matematicheskii Sbornik 35 (3-4): 263-86 (in Russian).
 Bazhanov, V. A., 2003, "The Scholar and the 'Wolfhound Era': The Fate of Ivan E. Orlov's Ideas in Logic, Philosophy, and Science," Science in Context 16 (4): 535-50.
 Došen, K., 1992, "The First Axiomatization of Relevant Logic," Journal of Philosophical Logic 21: 339-56.
 Došen, K., 1993, "A Historical Introduction to Substructural Logics" in Substructural Logics, eds. Schroeder-Heister P., and Došen K. Oxford Univ. Press: 1-36.
 Restall, Greg, 2000. Substructural Logics. Routledge.
 Stelzner, Werner, 2002. Compatibility and relevance: Bolzano and Orlov, Logic and Logical Philosophy 10: 137-171.

1886 births
1936 deaths
People from Kostroma
Philosophers from the Russian Empire
Soviet philosophers

Ivan Orlov (philosopher)


The Emerald is a mixed-use 40-story skyscraper in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The tower includes 262 luxury condominiums, retail space, and amenity spaces on outdoor terraces. It began construction in July 2017 and was completed in October 2020.

History

The site, at the southwest corner of 2nd Avenue and Stewart Street, was home to the two-story Ames Building (also known as the MJA Building) from 1914 to 2017. Atlanta-based real estate developers Wood Partners filed plans to develop a  residential tower at the site in March 2014, while property owner Principal Global Investors submitted the Ames Building for landmark status. The Landmarks Preservation Board rejected landmark status for the Ames Building in August, allowing for it to be demolished for the new tower. Wood Partners and Hewitt Architects submitted an initial design plan to the city in December, proposing that the tower's upper 24 stories cantilever over the adjacent Broadacres Building.

After a series of design review meetings in 2015, the number of residential units in the building was reduced from 230 to 177, and the number of parking spaces was increased and split between underground and above-grade levels. The project and property was sold to a Chinese developer, Create World America, for $17.1 million in June 2016, with plans to convert the residential units into condominiums. A revised design with 266 condominiums, additional retail space, and reduced, underground-only parking was unveiled in January 2017, along with the building's name, "The Emerald", inspired by Seattle's nickname of the "Emerald City".

Construction of The Emerald began in July 2017 and it was topped out two years later. It was originally scheduled to be complete by March 2020, but was pushed back to September due to the COVID-19 pandemic. , 25 percent of units at The Emerald had been reserved by buyers. The building was completed in October 2020.

Design

The Emerald is 40 stories tall, consisting of a two-story glass podium with  of retail space and 38 stories of condominiums. The building's 262 condominiums include one-, two-, and three-bedroom units that range from . The upper floors include 22 penthouse units that cost between $2 million and $10.5 million for a  unit. The upper 23 floors cantilever  over the adjacent Broadacres Building, expanding the floorplate from  at street level to . Two amenity areas, located on the rooftop and on the third floor, include a fitness center, pet spa, yoga studio, and outdoor balconies with views of Pike Place Market and the Olympic Mountains. Residents also have access to a fleet of on-demand Tesla electric cars through a smartphone app. The Emerald has 62 parking stalls, the lowest stalls-per-unit ratio of any new residential building in Downtown Seattle, and has 20 additional spaces leased from the adjacent Thompson Hotel.

References

Residential buildings completed in 2020
Residential skyscrapers in Seattle
2020 establishments in Washington (state)

The Emerald (building)