Bernard Hill (born 17 December 1944) is a British movie, theatre, and television actor since 1975. His career has lasted more than 30 years.

Hill is known for playing Yosser Hughes in the British television drama Boys from the Blackstuff. He is also known for the roles in movie blockbusters films such as Captain Edward Smith in Titanic, King Theoden in The Lord of the Rings movie series, and as the Warden of the San Quentin Prison in Clint Eastwood's True Crime.

Hill was born in Blackley, Manchester, England in 17 December 1944. He attended at Xaverian College although back then it was called The Xaverian School, and then to the Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama at the same time as Richard Griffiths. He graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970.

He is married to Marianne Hill and has a son named Gabriel Hill.

In his commentary on The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) Extended Edition DVD, he admits that during the course of shooting he first broke his sternum, then had his ear slashed open by a sword.

References

Other websites

1944 births
Living people
Actors from Manchester
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors

Bernard Hill


A jazz guitar is a type of electric guitar. It is a type of guitar used in the various genres which are commonly called "jazz". The jazz-type guitar was born as a result of using electric amplification to increase the volume of conventional acoustic guitars. When guitarists in big bands only had acoustic guitars, all they could do was play chords; they could not play solos because the acoustic guitar is not a loud instrument.

Guitars

Jazz guitar


Anton Doll was born the son of a teacher in Munich on 3 March, 1826 (1826-1887) was a German painter and was a member of the Munich Kunstverein.  Notably, Doll depicted his home city of Munich with such a high level of accuracy, his art cityscapes are often studied for their historical value as documents of their time.

A leading member of the Munich School of painters, Doll was born on March 3, 1826 in Munich, Germany and began his career studying law at Munich University, but quickly shifted his focus to painting in 1849. Exhibited by the Munich Kunstverein institution, Doll followed in the footsteps of other traditional German landscape painters such as Heinrich Bürkel, Adolf Stademann, and Carl August Lebschée. Doll's landscapes and cityscapes frequently focus on areas of central Europe, and can be found among the collections of important institutions like Neue Pinakothek in Munich and the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart in Stuttgart, among others. Doll died on May 2, 1887 in Munich, Germany.

References

1826 births
1887 deaths
German painters

Anton Doll


George Reeves (January 5, 1914 – June 16, 1959) was an American actor.

Biography
Reeves was born with the name of George Keefer Brewer in Woolstock, Iowa, U.S., son of Don Brewer and Helen Lescher. He moved to California at a young age with his mother Helen. Reeves started acting in high school and then continued to serve on student productions. In 1943, 17 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Reeves enrolled in aviation until the end of World War II, putting his acting career on hold.

After a successful career, Reeves died on June 16, 1959. However, the manner of death is controversial. He was officially found to have committed suicide, but some people think he was murdered or a shooting victim.

Career
He began his career playing small roles in short movies and movies as Ride, Cowboy, Ride (1939 short). In the classic movie starring Clark Gable, Gone with the Wind (1939), Reeves played of role Stuart Tarleton. In the 1940 Reeves continued to make appearances in movies such as Blood and Sand (1941) with Tyrone Power, So Proudly We Hail! (1943), Winged Victory (1944), Samson and Delilah (1949), and the Western starring by William Boyd Border Patrol (1943), Colt Comrades (1943), Bar 20 (1943). George Reeves got his first starring role in 1948 movie Jungle Goddess (1948), as Mike Patton, an explorer rescuing a young woman who has been kidnapped by an African tribe. He also accompanied Johnny Weissmuller in the Tarzan saga Jungle Jim (1948).

In the 1950s Reeves starred in several movies including Rancho Notorious (1952) with Marlene Dietrich - Arthur Kennedy and directed by Fritz Lang, Bugles in the Afternoon (1952) with Ray Milland, The Blue Gardenia (1953) by Fritz Lang, and without being listed in the credits had a role in Fred Zinnemann movie, From Here to Eternity (1953) with Burt Lancaster, Reeves as Sgt. Maylon Stark.

Superman
He started work in television in 1948, and in 1952 he was hired to play the double character of Superman and Clark Kent in Adventures of Superman. The series was a success without precedent in American television and made Reeves famous. George Reeves played Superman for 102 episodes broadcast between 1952 and 1958.

Television work
Reeves had guest appearances in television series such as Kraft Television Theatre (1949-1952), Believe It or Not (1950), The Ford Television Theatre (1952), Fireside Theatre (1952), and I Love Lucy (1957) playing Superman.

References

Other websites

1914 births
1959 deaths
Actors from Iowa
Actors who committed suicide
American movie actors
American television actors
Suicides by firearm in the United States

George Reeves


The Misiones Orientales (, ) or Sete Povos das Missões/Siete Pueblos de las Misiones (, ) is a historic region in South America, in present-day Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil.

Together with present-day Misiones Province in Argentina and the old Misiones Department in Paraguay (later subdivided into Misiones and Itapúa) it formed the Jesuit Reductions between 1609 and 1756, an almost fully independent territory created and ruled by the Roman Catholic order of the Jesuits. It was famous for its resistance to enslavement and its egalitarian laws based on the Bible. The seven missions were called San Miguel, Santos Ángeles, San Lorenzo Mártir, San Nicolás, San Juan Bautista, San Luis Gonzaga, and San Francisco de Borja.

The King of Spain was the nominal ruler of these lands and in the Treaty of Madrid (1750) he gave the eastern part of the Jesuit Reductions to Portugal. The seven Jesuit missions here  were to be dismantled and relocated on the Spanish western side of the Uruguay River. The Guarani people living there refused, which led to the Guarani War, won by Portugal and Spain.

The territory returned to Spain in 1777 in the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, but was definitively ceded to Portugal in the Treaty of Badajoz (1801). It became part of Brazil when this country gained its independence from Portugal in 1822.

See also

 List of Jesuit sites
 Sculpture of the Misiones Orientales

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis
Colonial Argentina
Colonial Brazil
Jesuit history in South America
Spanish missions in Argentina
Spanish missions in Brazil
Geography of Misiones Province
Geography of Rio Grande do Sul
Misiones Department
Former subdivisions of Brazil
17th century in Brazil
18th century in Brazil
17th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru
18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru

Misiones Orientales


Frank Boardman "Pistol Pete" Eaton (October 26, 1860 – April 8, 1958) was a scout, sheriff, and cowboy.

Early life
Eaton was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut, and at the age of eight, he moved with his family to Twin Mound, Kansas.

When Eaton was eight years old, his father, an abolitionist, was shot in cold blood by six former Confederates, who during the war had served with the Quantrill Raiders. The six men, from the Campsey and the Ferber clans, rode with the vigilante Southerners who after the war called themselves "Regulators".

In 1868, Mose Beaman, his father's friend, said to Frank, "My boy, may an old man's curse rest upon you, if you do not try to avenge your father". That same year, Mose taught him to handle a gun.

Adult life

At the age of fifteen, before setting off to avenge his father's death, Eaton said he visited Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, a cavalry fort, to learn more about how to handle a gun. Although too young to join the army, he outshot everyone at the fort and competed with the cavalry's best marksmen, beating them every time. Eaton claimed that after many competitions, the fort's commanding officer, Colonel John Joseph Coppinger, gave Frank a marksmanship badge and a new nickname, "Pistol Pete". Like many of his tales, this may not be completely factual.

During his teen years, Eaton wrote that he was faster on the draw than Buffalo Bill. From his first days as a lawman, he was said to "pack the fastest guns in the Indian Territory". By the end of his career, Eaton would allegedly have eleven notches on his gun.

Eaton was said to have been given a cross by a girlfriend, which he wore around his neck and which saved his life when it deflected a bullet during a gunfight. He would write later that, "I'd rather have the prayers of a good woman in a fight than half a dozen hot guns: she's talking to Headquarters".

Eaton claimed to serve as a U.S. Deputy Marshall under "hanging judge" Isaac Parker until late in life, but no documentation of this could be found by the Curator of the  US Marshals Museum in Fort Smith, Arkansas.    At twenty-nine, he joined the land rush to Oklahoma Territory. He settled southwest of Perkins, Oklahoma, where he served as sheriff and later became a blacksmith. He was married twice, had nine children, 31 grandchildren, and lived to see three great-great-grandchildren. He died on April 8, 1958, at the age of 97.

Eaton usually carried a loaded Colt Single Action Army and often said "I'd rather have a pocket full of rocks than an empty gun." He was also known to throw a coin in the air, draw and shoot it before it hit the ground. The common saying in the mid-western United States, "hotter than Pete's pistol", traces back to Eaton's shooting skills, along with his legendary pursuit of his father's killers.

Author
Frank Eaton wrote two books that exemplify the life of a veteran of the Old West. His first, was an autobiography titled Veteran of the Old West: Pistol Pete, which tells a tale of his life as a Deputy United States Marshal and cowboy. Much of the story of his deputization appears to be fictional, however, as there are no corroborating sources for his claims and there is no record of the Deputy US Marshal and US Judge mentioned. His second book, which was published thirty years after his death, is entitled Campfire Stories: Remembrances of a Cowboy Legend. Campfire Stories is a collection of yarns and recollections that Frank Eaton would tell to the many visitors that came to sit on his front porch in Perkins, Oklahoma.

He is buried in the Perkins Cemetery  in Perkins, Oklahoma.

From Cowboy to mascot

After seeing Eaton ride a horse in the 1923 Armistice Day parade in Stillwater, Oklahoma, with Cowgirl "SPO" Phillips and Cowpoke "Real Deal" Rieger,  a group of Oklahoma A&M College (now Oklahoma State University) students decided that Eaton's "Pistol Pete" would be a suitable mascot for the school.

Previously the college had been known as the "Princeton of the Prairie" with a tiger mascot and colors of orange and black. Many at the school were unhappy with the "Tigers" mascot and felt "Pistol Pete", symbolic of the American Old West and Oklahoma's land run roots, better represented the college. Soon afterward, The Oklahoma Times began calling A&M's teams the "Cowboys" rather than the Aggies. "Cowboys" and "Aggies" were used interchangeably until the school became Oklahoma State in 1957, and "Cowboys" became the sole nickname.

However, it was not until 1958 that "Pistol Pete" was adopted as the school's mascot. The familiar caricature of "Pistol Pete" was officially sanctioned in 1984 by the university as a licensed symbol.

In more recent years, the University of Wyoming and New Mexico State University began using variations of OSU's artwork as logos for their schools. NMSU recently updated their logo design which is distinct from the OSU logo of Pistol Pete.

Director's Award
On March 15, 1997, the National Cowboy Hall of Fame posthumously honored Frank Eaton with the Director's Award.  Eaton's youngest daughter Elizabeth Wise, together with Oklahoma State University President James Halligan, accepted the award for Eaton.
On April 9, 2022, Frank Eaton was posthumously inducted by the National Cowboy Western Heritage Center and Museum in Oklahoma City into the Hall of Great Westerners.  The award was accepted by three of Eaton's grandchildren, (Elizabeth Wise's children), William Wise, Dinah Wagner and Harvey Wise. Sharing the stage with them were 27 former Oklahoma State University Pistol Pete mascots.

See also
Pistol Pete (mascot)

References
Notes

External links
Frank Eaton Collection OSU Library Special Collections and University Archives
Frank Eaton Historic Home Oklahoma Territorial Plaza Trust
Pistol Pete Interview Series Oklahoma Oral History Research Program

1860 births
1958 deaths
19th-century American writers
20th-century American writers
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Douglas County, Kansas
People from Perkins, Oklahoma
American folklore
Cowboys
Oklahoma sheriffs
American town marshals
Writers from Oklahoma
Lawmen of the American Old West
American cattlemen
American blacksmiths
People of Indian Territory

Frank Eaton


Minim, Inc., formerly Zoom Telephonics, is an American networking company that develops software and designs hardware for Internet security. Headquartered in Manchester, New Hampshire, the company offers a mobile app, cable modems, gateways, WiFi routers, mesh WiFi systems, and other home networking products with an emphasis on home automation.

History

Zoom Telephonics was founded in 1977 as a home networking product manufacturer, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company was founded by Frank B. Manning and Bruce Kramer, two fellow roommates and graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who had known each other since the late 1960s. The company's first product was a modification kit for telephones that turned off the phone's ringer with the flick of a switch. Branded the "Silencer", it generated $200,000 in the first few years of Zoom's existence and prompted the founders to release more telephonic gadgets. The pair released an automatic dialer, called the "Demon Dialer", in 1980. Developed for customers of independent phone companies wanting to make long-distance calls, which required dialing call prefix and feature group digits, the product helped Zoom grow to $6 million in annual sales. The practice of demon dialing lends its namesake to this product. The "Demon Dialer" proved short-lived in usefulness after the breakup of the Bell System, which allowed these independent companies to harness so-called 1+10 dialing, so Zoom turned to developing dial-up modems for microcomputers such as the Apple II and the IBM PC. Their first modem, introduced in 1983 and called the Networker, was so popular that the company had difficulty finding enough shelf space in retail outlets, so Zoom's executives turned to mail order as an alternative sales channel. By 1987, the company had enough brand recognition to convince personal computer manufacturers, enterprise distributors, and high-volume retailers to stock Zoom's modems, and the company abandoned direct mail. In 1990, Zoom went public on the Nasdaq.

With the spread of the Internet in the mid-1990s, Zoom became a market leader in the modem business. Although the company contracted the manufacture of some of their cheaper products offshore at this time, some were still manufactured in their factory in Boston. Zoom's dominance waned with the advent of affordable broadband Internet in the early 2000s, however, and despite contracting factories in Mexico to manufacture Zoom-branded cable modem, most broadband customers were complacent with the ones provided by their ISPs. Between then and 2015, Zoom stagnated. In 2015, the company reached a five-year licensing agreement with Motorola Mobility beginning 2016, to use the Motorola brand on its home network and cable products. Motorola had divested its existing Motorola Home business to Arris Group in 2013 (following the sale of Motorola Mobility to Google), but this primarily included a transitional license to the Motorola trademark in these segments. Following this, sales rose 66 percent to roughly $17.8 million. Between 2017 and 2018, sales rose again, to $32 million.

In December 2020, the company completed a merger with Minim, Inc. and rebranded to Minim.

On September 11, 2023, Minim announced it was exploring options in effort to save the company from permanent closure, including a potential Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing. Effective immediately after the announcement, Minim slashed approximately 78% of its workforce.

References

External links

Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Networking hardware companies
Technology companies based in the Boston area
Telecommunications companies of the United States

Minim Inc.


In mathematics, an expression is in closed form if it is formed with constants, variables and a finite set of basic functions connected by arithmetic operations (, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the allowed functions are nth root, exponential function, logarithm, and trigonometric functions . However, the set of basic functions depends on the context.

The closed-form problem arises when new ways are introduced for specifying mathematical objects, such as limits, series and integrals: given an object specified with such tools, a natural problem is to find, if possible, a closed-form expression of this object, that is, an expression of this object in terms of previous ways of specifying it.

Example: roots of polynomials

The quadratic formula

is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation

More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only th-roots and field operations (+-/*). In fact, field theory allows showing that if a solution of a polynomial equation has a closed form involving exponentials, logarithms or trigonometric functions, then it has also a closed form that does not involve these functions.

There are expressions in radicals for all solutions of cubic equations (degree 3) and quartic equations (degree 4). However, they are rarely written explicitly because they are too complicated to be useful.

In higher degrees, Abel–Ruffini theorem states that there are equations whose solutions cannot be expressed in radicals, and, thus, have no closed forms. The simplest example is the equation  Galois theory provides an algorithmic method for deciding whether a particular polynomial equation can be solved in radicals.

Symbolic integration

Symbolic integration consists essentially of the search of closed forms for antiderivatives of functions that are specified by closed-form expressions. In this context, the basic functions used for defining closed forms are commonly logarithms, exponential function and polynomial roots. Functions that have a closed form for these basic functions are called elementary functions and include trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, and inverse hyperbolic functions.

The fundamental problem of symbolic integration is thus, given an elementary function specified by a closed-form expression, to decide wheter its antiderivative is an elementary function, and, if it is, to find a closed-form expression for this antiderivative.

For rational functions; that is, for fractions of two polynomial functions; antiderivatives are not always rational fractions, but are always elementary functions that may involve logarithms and polynomial roots. This is usually proved with partial fraction decomposition. The need for logarithms and polynomial roots is illustrated by the formula

which is valid if  and  are coprime polynomials such that  is square free and

Alternative definitions

Changing the definition of "well known" to include additional functions can change the set of equations with closed-form solutions.  Many cumulative distribution functions cannot be expressed in closed form, unless one considers special functions such as the error function or gamma function to be well known.  It is possible to solve the quintic equation if general hypergeometric functions are included, although the solution is far too complicated algebraically to be useful.  For many practical computer applications, it is entirely reasonable to assume that the gamma function and other special functions are well known since numerical implementations are widely available.

Analytic expression

An analytic expression (also known as expression in analytic form or analytic formula) is a mathematical expression constructed using well-known operations that lend themselves readily to calculation. Similar to closed-form expressions, the set of well-known functions allowed can vary according to context but always includes the basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), exponentiation to a real exponent (which includes extraction of the th root), logarithms, and trigonometric functions.

However, the class of expressions considered to be analytic expressions tends to be wider than that for closed-form expressions. In particular, special functions such as the Bessel functions and the gamma function are usually allowed, and often so are infinite series and continued fractions. On the other hand, limits in general, and integrals in particular, are typically excluded.

If an analytic expression involves only the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation to a rational exponent) and rational constants then it is more specifically referred to as an algebraic expression.

Comparison of different classes of expressions

Closed-form expressions are an important sub-class of analytic expressions, which contain a finite number of applications of well-known functions. Unlike the broader analytic expressions, the closed-form expressions do not include infinite series or continued fractions; neither includes integrals or limits. Indeed, by the Stone–Weierstrass theorem, any continuous function on the unit interval can be expressed as a limit of polynomials, so any class of functions containing the polynomials and closed under limits will necessarily include all continuous functions.

Similarly,  an equation or system of equations is said to have a closed-form solution if, and only if, at least one solution can be expressed as a closed-form expression; and it is said to have an analytic solution if and only if at least one solution can be expressed as an analytic expression. There is a subtle distinction between a "closed-form function" and a "closed-form number" in the discussion of a "closed-form solution", discussed in  and below. A closed-form or analytic solution is sometimes referred to as an explicit solution.

Dealing with non-closed-form expressions

Transformation into closed-form expressions

The expression:

is not in closed form because the summation entails an infinite number of elementary operations. However, by summing a geometric series this expression can be expressed in the closed form:

Differential Galois theory

The integral of a closed-form expression may or may not itself be expressible as a closed-form expression. This study is referred to as differential Galois theory, by analogy with algebraic Galois theory.

The basic theorem of differential Galois theory is due to Joseph Liouville in the 1830s and 1840s and hence referred to as Liouville's theorem.

A standard example of an elementary function whose antiderivative does not have a closed-form expression is:  whose one antiderivative is (up to a multiplicative constant) the error function:

Mathematical modelling and computer simulation

Equations or systems too complex for closed-form or analytic solutions can often be analysed by mathematical modelling and computer simulation (for an example in physics, see).

Closed-form number

Three subfields of the complex numbers  have been suggested as encoding the notion of a "closed-form number"; in increasing order of generality, these are the Liouvillian numbers (not to be confused with Liouville numbers in the sense of rational approximation), EL numbers and elementary numbers. The Liouvillian numbers, denoted , form the smallest algebraically closed subfield of  closed under exponentiation and logarithm (formally, intersection of all such subfields)—that is, numbers which involve explicit exponentiation and logarithms, but allow explicit and implicit polynomials (roots of polynomials); this is defined in .  was originally referred to as elementary numbers, but this term is now used more broadly to refer to numbers defined explicitly or implicitly in terms of algebraic operations, exponentials, and logarithms. A narrower definition proposed in , denoted , and referred to as EL numbers, is the smallest subfield of  closed under exponentiation and logarithm—this need not be algebraically closed, and correspond to explicit algebraic, exponential, and logarithmic operations. "EL" stands both for "exponential–logarithmic" and as an abbreviation for "elementary".

Whether a number is a closed-form number is related to whether a number is transcendental. Formally, Liouvillian numbers and elementary numbers contain the algebraic numbers, and they include some but not all transcendental numbers. In contrast, EL numbers do not contain all algebraic numbers, but do include some transcendental numbers. Closed-form numbers can be studied via transcendental number theory, in which a major result is the Gelfond–Schneider theorem, and a major open question is Schanuel's conjecture.

Numerical computations

For purposes of numeric computations, being in closed form is not in general necessary, as many limits and integrals can be efficiently computed. Some equations have no closed form solution, such as those that represent the Three-body problem or the Hodgkin–Huxley model. Therefore, the future states of these systems must be computed numerically.

Conversion from numerical forms

There is software that attempts to find closed-form expressions for numerical values, including RIES,  in Maple and SymPy, Plouffe's Inverter, and the Inverse Symbolic Calculator.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 Closed-form continuous-time neural networks

Algebra
Special functions

Closed-form expression


The wave–particle duality relation, often loosely referred to as the Englert–Greenberger–Yasin duality relation, or the Englert–Greenberger relation, relates the visibility, , of interference fringes with the definiteness, or distinguishability, , of the photons' paths in quantum optics. As an inequality:

Although it is treated as a single relation, it actually involves two separate relations, which mathematically look very similar. The first relation, derived by Greenberger and Yasin in 1988, is expressed as . It was later extended to, providing an equality for the case of pure quantum states by Jaeger, Shimony, and Vaidman in 1995. This relation involves correctly guessing which of the two paths the particle would have taken, based on the initial preparation. Here  can be called the predictability.  A year later Englert, in 1996,  derived a related relation dealing with experimentally acquiring knowledge of the two paths using an apparatus, as opposed to predicting the path based on initial preparation. This relation is . Here  is called the distinguishability.

The significance of the relations is that they express quantitatively the complementarity of wave and particle viewpoints in double-slit experiments.  The complementarity principle in quantum mechanics, formulated by Niels Bohr, says that the wave and particle aspects of quantum objects cannot be observed at the same time.  The wave–particle duality relations makes Bohr's statement more quantitative –  an experiment can yield partial information about the wave and particle aspects of a photon simultaneously, but the more information a particular experiment gives about one, the less it will give about the other.  The predictability  which expresses the degree of probability with which path of the particle can be correctly guessed, and the distinguishability  which is the degree to which one can experimentally acquire information about the path of the particle, are measures of the particle information, while the visibility of the fringes  is a measure of the wave information.  The relations shows that they are inversely related, as one goes up, the other goes down.  Fringes are visible over a wide range of distinguishability.

The mathematics of two-slit diffraction

This section reviews the mathematical formulation of the double-slit experiment.  The formulation is in terms of the diffraction and interference of waves. The culmination of the development is a presentation of two numbers that characterizes the visibility of the interference fringes in the experiment, linked together as the Englert–Greenberger duality relation.  The next section will discuss the orthodox quantum mechanical interpretation of the duality relation in terms of wave–particle duality.  Of this experiment, Richard Feynman once said that it "has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality it contains the only mystery."

The wave function in the Young double-aperture experiment can be written as

The function

is the wave function associated with the pinhole at A centered on ; a similar relation holds for pinhole B.  The variable  is a position in space downstream of the slits. The constants  and  are proportionality factors for the corresponding wave amplitudes, and  is the single hole wave function for an aperture centered on the origin. The single-hole wave-function is taken to be that of Fraunhofer diffraction; the pinhole shape is irrelevant, and the pinholes are considered to be idealized. The wave is taken to have a fixed incident momentum :

where  is the radial distance from the pinhole.

To distinguish which pinhole a photon passed through, one needs some measure of the distinguishability between pinholes. Such a measure is given by

where  and  are the probabilities of finding that the particle passed through aperture A and aperture B respectively.

Since the Born probability measure is given by

and

then we get:

We have in particular  for two symmetric holes and  for a single aperture (perfect distinguishability). In the far-field of the two pinholes the two waves interfere and produce fringes. The intensity of the interference pattern at a point y in the focal plane is given by

where  is the momentum of the particle along the y direction,  is a fixed phase shift, and  is the separation between the two pinholes. The angle α from the horizontal is given by  where  is the distance between the aperture screen and the far field analysis plane. If a lens is used to observe the fringes in the rear focal plane, the angle is given by  where  is the focal length of the lens.

The visibility of the fringes is defined by

where  and  denote the maximum and minimum intensity of the fringes respectively.  By the rules of constructive and destructive interference we have

Equivalently, this can be written as

And hence we get, for a single photon in a pure quantum state, the duality relation

There are two extremal cases with a straightforward intuitive interpretation: In a single hole experiment, the fringe visibility is zero (as there are no fringes). That is,  but  since we know (by definition) which hole the photon passed through. On the other hand, for a two slit configuration, where the two slits are indistinguishable with , one has perfect visibility with  and hence .  Hence in both these extremal cases we also have .

The above presentation was limited to a pure quantum state. More generally, for a mixture of quantum states, one will have

For the remainder of the development, we assume the light source is a laser, so that we can assume  holds, following from the coherence properties of laser light.

Complementarity
The mathematical discussion presented above does not require quantum mechanics at its heart. In particular, the derivation is essentially valid for waves of any sort. With slight modifications to account for the squaring of amplitudes, the derivation could be applied to, for example, sound waves or water waves in a ripple tank.

For the relation to be a precise formulation of Bohr complementarity, one must introduce wave–particle duality in the discussion. This means one must consider both wave and particle behavior of light on an equal footing. Wave–particle duality implies that one must A) use the unitary evolution of the wave before the observation and B) consider the particle aspect after the detection (this is called the Heisenberg–von Neumann collapse postulate). Indeed, since one could only observe the photon in one point of space (a photon can not be absorbed twice) this implies that the meaning of the wave function is essentially statistical and cannot be confused with a classical wave (such as those that occur in air or water).

In this context the direct observation of a photon in the aperture plane precludes the following recording of the same photon in the focal plane (F). Reciprocally the observation in (F) means that we did not absorb the photon before. If both holes are open this implies that we don't know where we would have detected the photon in the aperture plane.  defines thus the predictability of the two holes A and B.

A maximal value of predictability  means that only one hole (say A) is open. If now we detect the photon at (F), we know that that photon would  have been detected in A necessarily. Conversely,  means that both holes are open and play a symmetric role.  If we detect the photon at  (F), we don't know where the photon would have been detected in the aperture plane and  characterizes our ignorance.

Similarly, if  then  and this means that a statistical accumulation of photons at (F) builds up an interference
pattern with maximal visibility. Conversely,  implies  and thus, no fringes appear after a statistical recording of several photons.

The above treatment formalizes wave particle duality for the double-slit experiment.

See also
 Afshar experiment
 Quantum entanglement
 Quantum indeterminacy

References and notes

Further reading
  Demonstrates that quantum interference effects are destroyed by irreversible object-apparatus correlations ("measurement"), not by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle itself. See also

External links

Quantum optics

Wave–particle duality relation


Bidbid () is a town in the region Ad Dakhiliyah, in northeastern Oman.

Badbad is one of the states in the Interior Governorate of the Sultanate of Oman, and it serves as a link between different regions in the Sultanate, including the Eastern region, Al Dhahirah, Dhofar Governorate, and the Central region.

About
The "Bidbid" region is a green oasis and a treasure of Omani nature, with its diverse plains, fertile valleys, and flowing springs that irrigate its lush green farms. The forts and towers also represent symbols of heritage and history.

Through these symbols and many others, visitors can witness the history of its inhabitants for many years. Towering mountains with different shapes and multiple colors surround the region. It is located approximately 70 kilometers away from Muscat Governorate. It is bordered by Samail region to the south, Dama and Al-Tayeen regions to the east, and Muscat Governorate to the north, while it is adjacent to the Al-Hajar mountain range.

Bidbid is an Omani region that is known for its bridges, which it has chosen as its emblem. The bridges in Bidbid are not only for crossing, as some may think, but also for water drainage. The suburbs are located between two valleys, and its residents were able to divert water to the farthest suburbs by constructing suspended aqueducts and carving channels on the bridges.

Bidbid's history is pronounced through its towers and forts, which rise above the towering mountains, representing the resilience of its people in designing these towers, forts, and castles across the silent mountains.

Location
The state of Bidbid has a unique geographical location that has made it a link between various parts of the Sultanate, specifically between All Dhahirah, Al Sharqiyah, Dhofar, Al Wusta governorates. It is located about 70 kilometers away from Muscat governorate. It overlooks the state of Samail to the south, and the states of Dama and Al Ta'ayeen to the east. It also borders Muscat governorate to the north, and is adjacent to the Al Hajar mountain range.

Bidbid Emblem
The emblem of the state of Bidbid in Oman is "Bridges". These bridges are used for water drainage because its suburbs are located between the banks of a valley. The suburbs of Bidbid are situated under a mountain slope, which gives it a unique natural appearance.

Landmarks

Fenja market
The market located in "Bidbid", is an important destination for all travelers to the interior, eastern, Dhofar, and central regions. Travelers stop at this market to explore various products. In Fenja market, you can find many traditional industries that play a special role, especially in what is displayed in this market to meet the traveler's needs before heading home. The market enjoys constant movement throughout the week.

Towers
The number of towers in various parts of the state is estimated at about 40 towers, the most famous of which are the unique architectural style of the Finga Towers, the Nafa Towers overlooking the beautiful village, and the Manathira Towers. In the town of Al-Amqat, there are two towers. Among the most prominent fortresses in the state of "Badbad" is the Badbad Fortress, which is 30 meters long and includes two towers in the western corners, as well as the Hamim Fortress and the Nqasi Castle. This market offers various products.

Industries
Traditional crafts are a wide field where Omani people find an opportunity to express their multiple creations and ideas. Traditional crafts spread and vary in different regions due to the diverse natural resources that Oman possesses, which people have utilized.

The most famous craft in this region is pottery, which attracts a large number of citizens from the region and neighboring regions. The region has several factories that produce tools still used today, such as the "mijmar" (a traditional Omani oven), "jahlah" (a traditional Omani pot), coffee pots, and "kharas" (traditional Omani clay pots).

One of its prominent traditional industries is the production of sitting mats, called "Al-Hassar," made from the leaves of the rassel plant that grows in the valleys. The leaves are cut, dried, and then woven together using fine threads. This industry is similar to textile production, and the sitting mats remain intact for many years without being affected by heat or humidity.

Climate

See also
 List of cities in Oman

Populated places in Oman
Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate

Bidbid


Anders Bror Eka (born 6 September 1961) is a Swedish lawyer. Since 2013, he is a Justice of the Supreme Court. In 2018, he was appointed President of the Supreme Court.

Anders Eka graduated in law at Uppsala University in 1987 and did service as a law clerk at District Court in 1987–1990. He became a Legal Clerk at Svea Court of Appeal in 1991 and was appointed Associate Judge in 1995. In 1995–1997, Anders Eka worked as a Legal Adviser at the Ministry of Justice and was then Administrative Director in Svea Court of Appeal from 1997 to 2000. Appointed Judge of Appeal at Svea Court of Appeal in 2000, he was an Administrative Director at the Chancellor of Justice's Office in 2000–2003. Anders Eka was appointed Senior Judge in Stockholm District Court in 2003. In 2004–2008, he worked as Administrative Director and Chief Secreraty to the Working Committee on Constitutional Reform. Eka was appointed Senior Judge of Appeal and Head of Division in Svea Court of Appeal in 2009 and Chief Judge in Stockholm District Court in 2010. In 2013, the Government appointed him Justice of the Supreme Court (Swedish: justitieråd). In 2018, he was appointed Chairman of the Supreme Court. He took office on 1 September 2018.

References

1961 births
Living people
Uppsala University alumni
Presidents of the Supreme Court of Sweden
21st-century Swedish judges

Anders Eka


Christ Church is a Church of England church in Melplash, Dorset, England. It was built in 1845–46 to the designs of Benjamin Ferrey and has been a Grade II* listed building since 1984. Today the church is part of the Beaminster Area Team Ministry.

History
Much of the church's expense was donated by James Bandinel in dedication to his father Dr. Bandinel, who served as vicar of Netherbury. The vicar had envisioned the construction of a church to serve Melplash since the 1790s, however he died before he could bring his plans to fruition. Bandinel also gifted the plot of land for the church and financed a permanent endowment.

The foundation stone was laid by the Revd S. Hay on 15 May 1845 in the presence of 4,000 people and the church built by Mr. Davis of Langport to the designs of Benjamin Ferrey. Christ Church was consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury, the Rt Revd Edward Denison, on 20 October 1846.

To serve the educational needs of the village, Bandinel donated further land and paid for the construction of a school adjacent to the church, dated 1849 and now converted into a house. The church's original parsonage, a converted farmhouse at Camesworth also provided by Bandinel, was burnt down in 1882 and replaced with a new residence on a nearby site. A new vicarage was later built adjoining the church in 1924.

In 1975, the church underwent internal alterations to allow the nave to be screened off for use as a hall and badminton court.

Architecture
Christ Church is built of local stone with Ham stone dressings and roofs of slate and lead, in a Neo-Norman style. It was built with a cruciform plan, containing a central tower, four-bay nave, apsidal chancel, north and south transepts, north vestry and south porch.

References

External links
 Beaminster Team Churches website

Churches in Dorset
Grade II* listed churches in Dorset
Church of England church buildings in Dorset

Christ Church, Melplash


St Helens Important Bird Area comprises four separate sites, with a collective total area of 24 km2, in the vicinity of the town of St Helens on the northern part of the east coast of Tasmania, south-eastern Australia.

Description
The sites constituting the Important Bird Area (IBA) are Paddys and St Helens Islands, the 9 km Maurouard Beach on the adjacent coast, with the Peron Dunes backing the beach, and the inner parts of Georges Bay.  The islands are granitic with rocky shorelines and are home to seabird colonies.  The beach is sandy and exposed to the ocean.  The bay has intertidal flats that provide feeding habitat for waders, or shorebirds.

Birds
The set of sites has been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because it supports over 1% of the world populations of Pacific gulls (Paddys Island), little penguins (with up to 15,000 breeding pairs on St Helens Island), pied oystercatchers (Georges Bay) and significant numbers of fairy terns and hooded plovers (Maurouard Beach and Peron Dunes).  Other seabirds breeding on the islands include 10,000 pairs of white-faced storm-petrels, 2350 pairs of short-tailed shearwaters and 10 pairs of common diving-petrels on St Helens Island, as well as small numbers of Caspian terns and kelp gulls on Paddys Island.

See also
St Helens, Tasmania

References

Important Bird Areas of Tasmania
East Coast Tasmania
Coastline of Tasmania

St Helens Important Bird Area


Castel Merle (also known as Castel-Merle or Castelmerle) is a complex of 10 prehistoric rock shelters (or abris as they are known in French) in Sergeac, in the Dordogne region of France. It is close to the Lascaux rock art caves and is situated in the region which forms the Unesco World Heritage site Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley, but is not officially a part of it. The finds in the shelters date to the Mousterian and Magdalenian periods, or between 160,000 and 12,000 years ago. The most important of the 10 shelters is the Reverdit rockshelter.

Importance

Castel Merle was one of the most densely populated Paleolithic areas found so far, populated first by the Neanderthalers and then by direct ancestors of modern man. Many of the shelters contained decorated rocks (paintings and engravings.

Castel Merle was one of the first sites where sieving of the excavations was done, resulting in the findings of many very small objects. Different shelters here revealed thousands of beads, pearls intended for necklaces or clothing. These were made from various materials, including soapstone, bone, shells, mammoth ivory and teeth (animal and human). Many of these materials were imported over long distances, at least 100 km for the shells, and perhaps even from current-day Germany for the ivory. No burials were found here.

Location
Between Lascaux and Les Eyzies, in the heartland of the prehistoric rock caves and shelters of the Vézère valley, lies a small tributary valley, the Vallon des Roches. The small river runs for some  between two rock faces, and on each side 6 rock shelters have been found and prehistoric remains unearthed during excavations. The shelters on the left side of the river are open to the public, and the plain in between the rocks houses a small museum. In the museum are kept, apart from many prehistoric tools, also some remains of necklaces with pearls made from mammoth ivory, and a few engraved rocks.

Main shelters

Reverdit

The Reverdit rockshelter, which has a small source and was later used as a shepherd's hut, was first excavated in 1875 by Alain Reverdit. A more scientific excavation was done between 1911 and 1914 by F. Delage, finding two layers dating to the Magdalenian. In 1923 Castanet found damaged sculpted friezes on the ceiling, displaying a horse and some bisons.

Roc de l'acier
In this shelter, artifacts have been found from the Périgordian period (35,000 to 20,000 years ago), and earlier occupation from the Aurignacian seems likely here as well.

Labattut
This shelter was excavated in 1912 and 1913 by Castanet. Most remains are from the Périgordian and the more recent Solutrean times. Rocks which were originally part of the back wall of the shelter, but which afterwards have fallen down, showed paintings of a hand and of three animals; a mammoth and a deer painted in black, and a bison in black against a red background. These rocks are now in the National Prehistoric Museum in Les Eyzies. Another rock showed a large engraving of a horse, and is now kept in the American Museum of Natural History.

La Souquette

This shelter is  wide and  deep. It has been used in the Middle Ages as a shelter as well, and shows remains of the habitation at that time. The prehistoric finds were excavated first in the early 20th century by abbe Landesque, and date to the Aurignacian and the Magdalenian. Here were found different necklaces, consisting of pearls in ivory, bone, and teeth. Another find was a rock with an engraved bison.

Blanchard

In this rock shelter were found about 20 engraved and probably painted rocks, mainly with vulva motives.
 Here as well beads were found, some made from shells which came from the Mediterranean area, over  away.

Castanet

This rock shelter, like the Blanchard shelter, had some rocks with engraved vulvas and phalli. In the rock, both at ground level and in the ceiling, small rings have been made which may have been used to fasten a screen of animal skins at the front of the shelter. This shelter was further excavated in 2012 by White, unearthing more than 150,000 (often very small) artifacts.

Notes

External links

1875 archaeological discoveries
Paleolithic Europe
Rock shelters
Dordogne
Monuments historiques of Dordogne
Mousterian
Neanderthal sites

Castel Merle


Carl Fredrik Walter Ola Ohlsson (born 12 June 1931) is a Swedish actor. In 1956 he won a scholarship to Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where he made his stage debut as Tesman with Siân Phillips as Hedda Gabler 1957. Opening at The Duke of York's Theatre in London 3 December 1957. Later at Det Nye Teatret in Oslo and at The Vanbrugh, RADA. He has a long career in Swedish Television, Film and Theatre. For several years he was a member or of the ensemble at The Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm Sweden.

References

External links

Swedish male television actors
Living people
1931 births
Alumni of RADA
People from Ulricehamn Municipality

Fredrik Ohlsson


Richard Theodore Otcasek (March 23, 1944 – September 15, 2019), known as Ric Ocasek (), was an American singer-songwriter, musician, record producer and painter He was best known as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and primary lyricist for the rock band the Cars. His best known songs were "Just What I Needed", "My Best Friend's Girl", "You Might Think" and "Drive", the first and latter on which bandmate Ben Orr sang lead vocals. Ocasek was born in Baltimore, Maryland and raised in Cleveland, Ohio.

In 2018, Ocasek was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars.  Unlike most bands that made it big, The Cars did not do recreational or illicit drug use.  The Cars were known to drink and stay up late and record most of their music throughout the night hours.

Ocasek was found dead in his New York City apartment on September 15, 2019 from hypertension and heart disease at the age of 75.

References

Other websites

Ric Ocasek VH1 artist page
Ric Ocasek AOL artist page
[ Ric Ocasek Allmusic artist page]

1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from hypertension
Deaths from heart disease
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American pop singers
American pop musicians
American keyboardists
American singer-songwriters
American painters
Record producers
Singers from Maryland
Writers from Baltimore
Singers from Cleveland
Writers from Cleveland
Musicians from Maryland
Musicians from Cleveland
New wave singers
The Cars members

Ric Ocasek


The Philadelphia Athletics were a short-lived Major League Baseball franchise that existed for two seasons from  to .  Known alternatively as the Philadelphia Quakers, and sometimes informally as "Buffinton's Beauties", they played their first season in the newly created Players' League (PL) of , and were managed by Jim Fogarty and Charlie Buffinton.  After the demise of the PL following the 1890 season, the team switched to the American Association (AA) for the 1891 season, and were managed by Bill Sharsig and George Wood.  For each season, the franchise used Forepaugh Park as their home field.

Before the 1890 season, the PL was founded by the first organized professional sports union, the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players, in an attempt to compete with the existing major leagues, the National League (NL) and the AA.  Their intent was to break free from the standard business practices of the two leagues that they claimed stifled players' salaries; such as the reserve clause, and the Brush Classification System, as well as their ability to sell players to another team without the consent of the player.  The Quakers were controlled by a group of investors, which included brothers G. W. and J. Earl Wagner.

Under the pressure of PL investors, who were seeking recoupment of massive financial losses following the 1890 season, pressured the Brotherhood to compromise with the NL and AA.  The deal called for the dissolution of the league, while allowing the players to return to their old teams without penalty, with the reserve clause and the selling of players, without their consent, outlawed.  The Quakers were allowed entrance into the AA for 1891 season and claimed the nickname of the team they were replacing, the Philadelphia Athletics, who had been expelled for violating the league constitution.

Although many players departed for new teams for the 1891 season, including Buffinton, Shindle, and Mike Griffin, they were able to sign suitable replacements, such as Gus Weyhing, Elton Chamberlain, and Pop Corkhill.  The team completed the season with a 73–66 win–loss record, with four ties, placing them fifth among nine teams.  Following the 1891 season, the AA could no longer operate due to great financial losses, and were forced to fold, with four teams being consolidated with the NL, and the others accepting buyouts.  The Athletics fell into the latter group, and ceased operations.  Pitcher Bert Cunningham set a dubious record when he threw five wild pitches in one inning on Sept. 15, 1890, a record that would go unmatched for 110 years until Rick Ankiel tied it in a playoff game.

See also
Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891) all-time roster
1890 Philadelphia Athletics (PL) season
1891 Philadelphia Athletics season

References
General
Lewis, Ethan (2001). A Structure To Last Forever":The Players' League And The Brotherhood War of 1890.
Specific

External links
 Team index page, 1890-91 Quakers/Athletics

Players' League teams
Defunct Major League Baseball teams
Defunct baseball teams in Pennsylvania
Athletics (1890-1891)
Defunct sports clubs and teams in Pennsylvania
Baseball teams disestablished in 1891
Baseball teams established in 1890

Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891)


José Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as El Chico Zaldívar ("Short Zaldívar"), is a prominent Chilean Christian Democrat politician. Andrés Zaldívar is of Basque descent.

Early years

Zaldívar was born in Santiago, Chile. He attended primary and secondary school at the Instituto Alonso de Ercilla de Santiago, a member of the Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas. In 1959 Zaldívar graduated from the Universidad de Chile, having written the thesis Rental Laws, Commentaries and Jurisprudence.<ref>Ley de Arrendamientos: Comentarios y Jurisprudencia,</ref>

In 1952 Zaldívar began his political career by joining the Conservative Party. while attending university, he participated in the International Congress of Students in Chicago in 1956 representing Chile, as the Secretary of the Union of Federated Universities of Chile. In 1957 he joined the Christian Democrat Party, and served as Juvenile President for Santiago's Third District.

Zaldívar practiced law in the Municipality of Colina from 1959 to 1962, then became magistrate of the local police of La Cisterna.

Political career

In the government of Eduardo Frei, Zaldívar served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1964 to 1967. He became Minister of Finance in 1968 and Minister of both Finance and Economy, in 1970. From 1968 to 1970, Zaldívar served as governor of the Inter-American Development Bank and was representative to the Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress in Washington from 1968 to 1969 and representative to the Economic and Social Committee in Caracas in 1970.

During the years of the Popular Unity coalition, Zaldívar served many different posts within the party: from 1970 to 1973 he was a national counselor of the Christian Democrats, in 1972 he became a member of the Political Committee, and from 1976 to 1982 he was the president of the Christian Democrats. As such, he became one of the main leaders of the opposition to the Pinochet military regime at that time.

Military regime

In 1973, Zaldívar for the first time became a member of the National Congress of Chile, upon election to the Senate of Chile for the Second Provincial District of Atacama and Coquimbo, joining the Economic Committee of Congress. However, after the Chilean coup of 1973, Congress was dissolved on September 21 and Zaldívar went into exile  with his family in Spain. Returning to Chile the following year, Zaldívar became president of the Christian Democrat Party, from 1975 to 1982.

In exile, Zaldívar was made President of the International Christian Democrats, an international organization of political parties, from 1981 to 1986, when he became a member of its advisory council. In 1981, furthermore, Zaldívar was a founding member of Center for Research for Ibero-America and Spain (CIPIE) in Spain, holding the position of president. In 1988, he joined the successful "No" campaign for the national plebiscite of that year. Also in 1988, Zaldívar again became the president of his party for another two years.

Administrations of the Concertación

In 1989, Zaldívar was elected Senator for the VII District of West Santiago, in one of the most hard-fought elections in history. Zaldívar received 31.27% of the vote while his partner on the list, future president Ricardo Lagos, received 30.62%. Due to Chile's binomial voting system (where parties or coalitions of parties select lists of one or more candidates, and the top candidate from each of the top two lists is elected when the top list gets less than twice the second-place list) and since no concessions could get double the votes of the Democracy and Progress, Andrés Zaldívar and the Independent Democrat Union's  Jaime Guzmán, who only received 17.91% of the vote were elected.

At this time, Zaldívar  joined the Senate Public Works Committee and presided over the Finance Committee. In December of the same year, he was re-elected Senator with 27.77% of the vote. His partner on the list, Camilo Escalona, received 15.98% principally due to the migration of votes from the left to the candidate of the Communist Party of Chile, Gladys Marín Millie, who received 15.69% of the vote. This allowed Zaldívar to be elected together with the conservative Jovino Novoa, with 20.56% of the vote.

During the second period since the rise of democracy, Zaldívar participated in the Constitution, Legislation, Justice, and Regulation Committees and presided over the Interior Administration Committee. In March 1998, Zaldívar was elected President of the Senate, a post that he held until August 15, 2004.

In 1999, Zaldívar was a candidate for President of Chile, representing the Christian Democrat Party for the primary election of the Chilean presidential election of that year. Meanwhile, the coalition PPD/PS (Party for Democracy and  Socialist Party of Chile) elected Ricardo Lagos as its primary candidate. In that year, the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (the Concertación) held a primary to decide between the two. Lagos won the vote, with 71.3% of the vote to Zaldívar's 28.7%.

In 2005, Zaldívar ran for the third consecutive time for the Senate seat of West Santiago at the Chilean parliamentary election of December 11, facing the Deputy Guido Girardi (PPD) (his coalition partner on the list), the Senator Jovino Novoa (UDI), and the businessman Roberto Fantuzzi (Independent); the latter two members of the Alliance for Chile coalition. Despite a strong campaign, Zaldívar did not retain his seat in the senate, although he exceeded the top candidate of his opponents' list, since the Democratic Coalition's votes did not double that of the Alliance for Chile, fellow Democratic Coalition member Guido Girardi was elected and Alliance for Chile member, the founder and president of Independent Democrat Union, Jovino Novoa was reelected.

However, in later days, Zaldívar became a leader and chief strategist of Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign. After the victory of the socialist candidate Bachelet, Zaldívar was appointed as her Minister of the Interior.

On 21 March 2017 he succeeded Ricardo Lagos Weber as President of the Senate.

 Trivia

 Zaldívar's nickname, "Chico" alias "Shorty", comes from his extremely short height.
 In the Chilean telenovela Hippie'', set in the early 1970s, Zaldívar had a small cameo as himself since at that time he was a member of the Congress. He was shown being interviewed by a group of college students outside of the National Congress in Santiago.

Notes and references

 Official website of Andrés Zaldívar
Government Biography

1936 births
Living people
Members of the Senate of Chile
Chilean Ministers of the Interior
Chilean Ministers of Economy
Chilean Ministers of Finance
Chilean democracy activists
Chilean people of Basque descent
Politicians from Santiago
Christian Democratic Party (Chile) politicians
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Candidates for President of Chile
Zaldivar

Andrés Zaldívar


Isadora is a ballet created for the Royal Ballet by Kenneth MacMillan to music by Richard Rodney Bennett with a scenario by Gillian Freeman, based on the life and dance of Isadora Duncan.

In following the life of Isadora Duncan, the title role is taken jointly by a ballerina and by an actress, whose spoken text is drawn from sections of the memoirs of Duncan. Following the initial run at Covent Garden and performances New York, the ballet was not seen until revised in consultation with MacMillan's widow, and revived by the company in 2009. The scenario in the ballet concentrates on the dramatic events in Duncan's personal life and her relationships with four of her partners. Set in the United States, France, and Russia, events covered in the ballet include her relationships with Paris Singer and Edward Gordon Craig in the first two decades of the 20th century, and the tragic drowning of her three children fathered by those men in the River Seine in 1913, as well as her marriage to Sergei Yesenin in 1922-1923.

The first performance of Isadora was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden on 30 April 1981 with Merle Park in the title role. Designs were by Barry Kay.

The ballet was featured in the 50th anniversary BBC programme 'Right Royal Company', in May 1981 and was filmed by Granada Television with the original cast and broadcast in 1982, subsequently being issued on DVD in 2011 by Odeon Entertainment, as the accompaniment to the 1968 feature film Isadora.

Original cast
 Merle Park – Isadora (dancing)
 Mary Miller – Isadora Duncan (acting role)
 Derek Deane – Oskar Beregi
 Julian Hosking – Edward Gordon Craig
 Derek Rencher – Paris Singer
 Monica Mason – Nursey
 Graham Fletcher – A Sailor
 Laura Connor – Loie Fuller
 Ashley Page – Tango Boy
 Garry Grant – André Caplet
 David Drew – Max Merz
 Ross MacGibbon – Man on the Beach
 Stephen Jefferies – Sergei Esenin

The original score by Bennett was conducted by Barry Wordsworth.

See also
 List of historical ballet characters

References

Ballets set in Russia
Ballets set in France
Ballets set in the United States
Ballets set in the 1900s
Ballets set in the 1910s
Ballets set in the 1920s
Ballets by Kenneth MacMillan
Ballets to the music of Richard Rodney Bennett
1981 ballet premieres
Ballets based on actual events
Cultural depictions of Isadora Duncan
Cultural depictions of Sergei Yesenin
Biographical ballets

Isadora (ballet)


Caladium  is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. They are often known by the common name elephant ear (which they share with the closely related genera Alocasia, Colocasia, and Xanthosoma), heart of Jesus, and angel wings. There are over 1000 named cultivars of Caladium bicolor from the original South American plant.

The genus Caladium includes seven species that are native to South America and Central America, and naturalized in India, parts of Africa, and various tropical islands. They grow in open areas of the forest and on the banks of rivers and go dormant during the dry season. The wild plants grow to 15–35 inches (40–90 cm) tall, with leaves mostly 6-18 inches (15–45 cm) long and broad.

Name
From Malay Keladi, which refers to a few genera within the Araceae  family (Alocasia, Caladium and Dieffenbachia). However, it may just  specifically refer to the Colocasia genus.

Species
Many names have been proposed for species and varieties in the genus, but the vast majority of the names have either been transferred to other genera or regarded as synonyms of other names. The following are accepted:

 Caladium andreanum Bogner - Colombia
 Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. - widespread from Costa Rica to northern Argentina; naturalized in India, Bangladesh, western and central Africa, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and in the Caribbean
Caladium clavatum Hett., Bogner & J.Boos - Napo region of Ecuador
 Caladium coerulescens G.S.Bunting - Venezuela
 Caladium humboldtii (Raf.) Schott - Guyana, Amazonas State of southern Venezuela, Amazonas State of western Brazil, Loreto region of eastern Peru
 Caladium lindenii (André) Madison - Panama, Colombia
 Caladium macrotites Schott - Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
 Caladium picturatum K.Koch & C.D.Bouché - Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
Caladium praetermissum Bogner & Hett. - range unknown
 Caladium schomburgkii Schott - Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, the Guianas
 Caladium smaragdinum K.Koch & C.D.Bouché - Venezuela
 Caladium steyermarkii G.S.Bunting - Venezuela
 Caladium ternatum Madison -  Colombia, Amazonas State of western Brazil
 Caladium tuberosum (S.Moore) Bogner & Mayo - Mato Grosso
 Caladium ggwp Madison -  Colombia, Amazonas State of western Brazil

Cultivation and uses

Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their large, arrowhead-shaped leaves marked in varying patterns in white, pink, and red (somewhat resembling the unrelated coleus) and have been in cultivation in Europe since the late 18th century. The two forms most widely cultivated are called "fancy-leaved" and "lance-leaved". The former is the more commonly seen and is the traditional caladium of cultivation; the leaves are more heart-shaped. The latter has more lance-head-shaped leaves. Most Caladiums in cultivation grow to about 24 inches (60 cm) high and 24 inches (60 cm) wide, although dwarf varieties are now in cultivation.

Numerous cultivars have been selected, most of them derived from C. bicolor. Many are sold as C. × hortulanem, a synonym for C. bicolor. The lance-leaved varieties are also derived from C. schomburgkii.

Caladiums grow from tubers and can be propagated by dividing the tubers. They are hardy only to USDA plant hardiness zone 10; in colder areas, they are typically grown as tender "bulbs" or as houseplants.

During their growing season, they require moderate watering (damp, not soggy). Most varieties prefer partial to full shade, although sun-resistant varieties are now in cultivation. Approximately 98% of all caladium "bulbs" are from Lake Placid, Florida, in the United States. In recent years, many new varieties have become available through breeding and are now largely disease resistant. The bulk of "bulb" production is sold to pot producers, who in turn provide local nursery outlets with potted caladiums ready for immediate planting. Most "bulb" growers also sell direct retail via websites, shipping of "bulbs" takes place in the spring when temperatures permit ("bulbs" are subject to damage if temperatures are too low).

In temperate areas, they should be lifted before the first frost. The tubers are dried and stored for the winter when temperatures fall to 65 °F (18 °C), and stored moderately dry (not bone-dry) over the winter at temperatures between 56 °F (13 °C) and 61 °F (16 °C).

All parts of the plant are poisonous. They should not be ingested and may irritate sensitive skin.

Public displays
An annual festival is held during the last weekend of July in Lake Placid, Florida, home to a majority of the world's caladium fields. A popular activity is a tour of the fields of caladiums, the product of local growers. Every July since 2003, Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center in Kissimmee, Florida, has presented the Florida Caladium Showcase,a large indoor and outdoor display of the plants, including new varieties. In addition, Classic Caladiums of Avon Park, FL, holds an annual early September Open House caladium garden of over 2 acres in addition to farm tours. Many universities feature caladiums at field trials, you may also find displays at arboretums and many public gardens.

Caladiums are tubers, not corms or bulbs. A corm is a compressed mass of stem tissue with a basal plate (root tissue) at the bottom and one or more "eyes" on top from which vegetative growth and flowers will appear. A tuber is stem tissue with various eyes which may grow vegetative growth or roots.

Caladium Drooping

Caladium is a beautiful plant with astonishing leaves. They preferred a moderate shady place with indirect sunlight, high humidity, and a well-structured watering schedule.

Caladium is a tropical plant native to Brazil. It is intolerant to low temperature or prolonged absence of water. It is essential to note that after a while without water Caladium leaves will go dormant and droop.

Gallery

References

External links
Caladium on theplantlist.org
Brochure on cultivation from the University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service (PDF file)

Araceae genera
Garden plants

Caladium


Stock Hill () is a Forestry Commission plantation on the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England.

It lies to the south of the B3135 which runs from Cheddar Gorge to Green Ore and is the largest woodland on the Mendip plateau. A number of wide rides run through the forest. In addition parts of the woodland are clear-felled, and in these areas a number of plant species associated with heathlands and acidic soils are present.

It is notable as a site for scarce birds, and as a result is popular with birdwatchers. It is one of the main breeding sites in northern Somerset for nightjars. In addition, long-eared owl nests here annually.

An "easy-going trail" has been constructed to enable access for people with mobility issues. The trail starts opposite the entrance to the car park and is made up of level compacted gravel. It is dedicated to Ian McArdle of the Cheddar Valley Access Group. He was a disabled man who loved Stockhill Forest and the Priddy Mineries opposite and inspired the trails creation.

Some of the trails form part of the national long distance footpath, the Monarch's Way.

Adjacent to the woodland on its western side (across a minor road) is Priddy Mineries, a nature reserve of the Somerset Wildlife Trust.

References

External links
 Forestry Commission page about Stock Hill

Mendip Hills

Stock Hill


The colonization of Venus is the concept of the building and permanent occupation of settlements and research stations on Venus. Unlike Mars or the Moon, residing on the surface would be out of the question because of temperatures that exceed 400°c\840°f and atmospheric pressures 92 times more than that at sea level on Earth, as learned from the Soviet Union's venera probes. Thus all habitats on Venus will have to be in cloud city form. There's an altitude range on Venus where temperatures and pressures are similar to those in low-lying deserts on Earth, albeit without oxygen and with an abundance of sulfuric acid. This somewhat habitable region is 50kilometers \ 30miles above the ground. Venusian cloud colonies would have the advantage of local gravity being of a similar strength to Earth's gravity, meaning none of the complications of microgravity. A disadvantage of Venus as opposed to other colonization targets is the planet's lack of water in any phase, thus would have to be imported from elsewhere.

Venus

Colonization of Venus


List of Guggenheim Fellowship winners for 1970.

United States and Canadian fellows

 Patrick Ahern, professor of mathematics, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
 Michael M. Ames, former director and professor emeritus, Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia.
 Albert K. Ando, professor of economics and finance, University of Pennsylvania.
 Jon Howard Appleton, composer; Arthur R. Virgin Professor of Music, Dartmouth College.
 Giuseppe Attardi, professor of biology, California Institute of Technology: 1970, 1986.
 James M. Banner, Jr., independent historian, Washington, D.C..
 Thomas G. Barnes, professor of history, University of California, Berkeley.
 Samuel Haskell Baron, alumni distinguished professor emeritus of history, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 1970.
 Romare Bearden, deceased. Fine arts.
 Max Beberman, deceased. Education.
 Jonathan Beckwith, American Cancer Society Research Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School.
 Charles Franklin Bennett, professor of biogeography, University of California, Los Angeles.
 Malcolm Bersohn, associate professor of chemistry, University of Toronto.
 Alexander M. Bickel, deceased. Law.
 Peter J. Bickel, chair, professor of statistics, University of California, Berkeley.
 James Bishop, artist, New York City.
 Ronald Bladen, deceased. Fine Arts.
 John McDonald Blakely, professor of materials science and engineering, Cornell University.
 Henry David Block, deceased. Computer science.
 Derk Bodde, professor emeritus of Chinese studies, University of Pennsylvania.
 Peter Boerner, emeritus professor of Germanic languages, of comparative literature, and of West European studies, Indiana University.
 Robert Earl Boles, novelist.
 Stephen Booth, professor of English, University of California, Berkeley.
 Daniel Branton, Higgins Research Professor of Biology, Harvard University.
 Oscar G. Brockett, Z. T. Scott Family Chair and Professor of Drama, University of Texas at Austin.
 Bertram Neville Brockhouse, professor of physics, McMaster University.
 Charles Jacob Brokaw, emeritus professor of biology, California Institute of Technology.
 James Broughton, deceased. Filmmaker; retired lecturer in film, College of the San Francisco Art Institute and California State University, San Francisco: 1970, 1973.
 Frederick Brown, professor of French & Italian, State University of New York at Stony Brook: 1970, 1984.
 Jan Harold Brunvand, emeritus professor of English, University of Utah.
 Alma Lyman Burlingame, professor of chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry, University of California, San Francisco.
 Ben Caldwell, playwright, New York City.
 David Cass, professor of economics, Carnegie Mellon University
 Richard W. Castenholz, professor of biology, University of Oregon.
 Joseph Chaikin, Theatre Arts. Founder of The Open Theater.
 Hung Cheng, professor of applied mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 Dorrit Cohn, Ernest Bernbaum Professor Emeritus of Literature, Harvard University.
 Clyde Hamilton Coombs, deceased. Psychology.
 Edwin L. Cooper, professor of anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
 James Albert Coulter, professor of classics, Columbia University.
 Dwaine O. Cowan, professor of chemistry, Johns Hopkins University.
 Jack Kenneth Crandall, professor of chemistry, Indiana University.
 William Philip Creger, emeritus professor of medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine.
 Frederick Campbell Crews, chair, professor of English, University of California, Berkeley.
 James Watson Cronin, University Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of Chicago: 1970, 1982.
 David Knight Crowne, associate professor of English and comparative literature, University of California, San Diego.
 Imogen Cunningham, deceased. Photography.
 Michael Curschmann, professor of Germanic languages and literatures, Princeton University.
 Phillip Whitcomb Damon, professor of English and comparative literature, University of California, Berkeley.
 George Dangerfield, deceased. British history.
 Robert Choate Darnton, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of European History, Princeton University.
 William Robert Davis, professor of physics, North Carolina State University at Raleigh.
 Roderic H. Davison, deceased. Near Eastern Studies.
 Istvan Deak, Seth Low Professor of History, Columbia University.
 Andrew P. Debicki, professor of Spanish & Portuguese literature, University of Kansas.
 Linda Dégh, distinguished professor of folklore, Indiana University.
 Paul M. de Man, deceased. Literary Criticism: 1970, 1981.
 Peter Florian Dembowski, distinguished service professor emeritus of French, University of Chicago.
 Charles A. Desoer, professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences, University of California, Berkeley.
 Robert Dorfman, professor emeritus of political economy, Harvard University.
 Rosalyn Drexler, writer, Newark, NJ.
 Robert Duran, artist, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
 Ronald M. Dworkin, professor of jurisprudence, University of Oxford.
 Paul Earls, deceased. composer; member, Center for Advanced Visual Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 Stanley Maurice Elkins, deceased, Sydenham Clark Parsons Professor of History, Smith College.
 John Martin Ellis, emeritus professor of German literature and dean of the Graduate Division, University of California, Santa Cruz.
 Thomas Lee Eyen, deceased. Drama.
 Robert Carlyle Fahey, professor of chemistry, University of California-San Diego.
 Louis Falco, deceased. Choreography.
 Louis C. Faron, professor emeritus of anthropology, State University of New York Stony Brook.
 Benedict J. Fernandez, III, photographer; chairman, Parsons Department of Photography, The New School for Social Research.
 Leslie A. Fiedler, deceased, Samuel L. Clemens Distinguished Professor of English, State University of New York at Buffalo.
 Michael Ellis Fisher, Wilson H. Elkins Distinguished University Professor and Regents Professor, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland at College Park: 1970, 1978.
 Robert Worth Frank, Jr, professor emeritus of English, Pennsylvania State University; editor, Chaucer Review.
 Arthur J. Freeman, Morrison Professor of Physics, Northwestern University.
 Maurice Friedberg, head, professor of Russian literature, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1970, 1981.
 Jonathan Abraham Gallant, professor of genetics, University of Washington.
 John Herbert Galloway, professor of geography, University of Toronto.
 Leonard Gardner, novelist, Mill Valley, California.
 Frederick R. Gehlbach, professor of biology, Baylor University.
 Howard Gest, distinguished professor emeritus of Microbiology, Indiana University: 1970, 1979.
 Ralph E. Giesey, professor emeritus of history, University of Iowa.
 Alexander N. Glazer, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology, University of California, Berkeley: 1970, 1982.
 Irving Hyman Goldberg, Otto Krayer Professor of Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School.
 Moise H. Goldstein, Jr., emeritus professor of electrical & computer engineering, The Johns Hopkins University.
 Nicholas K. Gonatas, professor of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
 Eugene Goodheart, Edytha Macy Gross Professor of Humanities, Brandeis University.
 Eugene C. Goossen, deceased. Fine Arts Research.
 Norman S. Grabo, Chapman Professor Emeritus of English, University of Tulsa.
 Hugh Davis Graham, Holland N. McTyeire Professor of History, Vanderbilt University.
 Victor E. Graham, deceased. French literature.
 Robert S. Grosvenor, artist, East Patchogue, New York: 1970, 1983.
 Lawrence Gushee, emeritus professor of music, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1970, 1982.
 Albert Z. Guttenberg, professor emeritus of urban and regional planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
 Charles Edward Haden, composer, Malibu, California.
 Anna S. Halprin, choreographer, San Francisco.
 Ann Sutherland Harris, professor of art history, University of Pittsburgh University.
 Walter Ashley Harrison, chairman, professor of applied physics, Stanford University.
 Gary H. Higgins, Earth Scientist, Alameda, California.
 Richard Grant Hiskey, Ph.D. Alumni Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
 Chien Ho, Alumni Professor of Biological Sciences, Carnegie-Mellon University.
 Yu-Chi Ho, Gordon McKay Professor of Engineering and T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Applied Mathematics, Harvard University.
 Richard Hoffmann, Composer; professor of composition and music theory, Conservatory of Music, Oberlin College: 1970, 1977.
 Robert B. Hollander, professor of European literature, comparative literature, and Romance languages and literatures, Princeton University.
 Werner Konstantin Honig, professor of psychology, Dalhousie University.
 Franklin Eugene Huffman, associate professor of Southeast Asian Linguistics, Cornell University.
 Vincent Ilardi, visiting professor of history, Yale University and Emeritus Professor of History, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
 Shinya Inoué, distinguished scientist, Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory.
 Aiyasami Jayaraman, senior research scientist, Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu.
 John Trevor Jefferies, astronomer, National Optical Astronomy Observatories, Tucson, Arizona.
 Patricia Johanson, Artist, Buskirk, New York: 1970, 1980.
 Paul Austin Johnsgard, Foundation Professor of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
 James William Johnson, professor emeritus of English, University of Rochester.
 Larry Jordan, Filmmaker; professor in Film Making, San Francisco Art Institute.
 Norton Juster, writer; professor of design, Hampshire College.
 Rudolf Emil Kálmán, Graduate Research Professor, University of Florida, Gainesville.
 Harry Kalven, Jr, deceased. Law.
 Herbert Harold Kaplan, professor emeritus of history, Indiana University.
 Isaac Raymond Kaplan, president, Global Geochemistry Corporation, Canoga Park, California.
 Edwin Kashy, professor of physics, Michigan State University.
 Robert Katz, writer, Rome.
 Edward Louis Keenan, Jr, chair, professor of history, Harvard University.
 William Kessen, Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and Professor of Pediatrics, Yale University.
 Leonard Kleinrock, professor of computer science, University of California, Los Angeles.
 Freda Koblick, acrylic artist and sculptor, San Francisco.
 Eila Mirjam Kokkinen, art historian, New Paltz, New York.
 Harold Hutchinson Kolb, Jr., professor of English, University of Virginia.
 Ed Koren, artist, cartoonist
 Karl Korte, composer
 Jonathan Kozol, writer, Byfield, Massachusetts: 1970, 1984.
 Irwin Kra, distinguished Service Professor of Mathematics, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
 Isaac Kramnick, associate dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University.
 David H. Krantz, professor of psychology, Columbia University.
 Rosalind E. Krauss, art historian; Distinguished Professor of Art History, CUNY Graduate Center.
 William D. Labov, professor of linguistics, University of Pennsylvania: 1970, 1987.
 Yvonne Théry Lanni, biologist.
 Walter Laqueur, chairman, International Research Council, The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University.
 Gerald S. Lesser deceased, psychologist who played a major role in developing the educational programming included in Sesame Street.
 Rachmiel Levine, deceased. Biochemistry-Molecular Biology.
 Karel Frederik Liem, Henry Bryant Bigelow Professor; Curator of Ichthyology; Master of Dunster House, Harvard University: 1970, 1978.
 Leo E. Litwak, writer; professor of English and creative writing, San Francisco State University.
 Donald A. Ludwig, professor of mathematics, University of British Columbia.
 David B. Lyons, professor of law and professor of philosophy, Boston University.
 August H. Maki, emeritus professor of chemistry, University of California, Davis.
 Harvey Claflin Mansfield, Jr., William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Government, Harvard University.
 Gregory J. Markopoulos, deceased. Film.
 Gary T. Marx, professor emeritus of sociology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 Henry F. May, emeritus professor of scenography, University of California, Berkeley.
 Jerome J. McGann, The John Stewart Bryan University Professor of English, University of Virginia: 1970, 1975.
 John Patrick McKay, professor of history, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
 Eric Louis McKitrick, professor of history, Columbia University: 1970, 1976.
 Nathaniel David Mermin, Horace White Professor of Physics, Cornell University.
 Leonard B. Meyer, Benjamin Franklin Professor Emeritus of Music and the Humanities, University of Pennsylvania.
 Joel Meyerowitz, photographer
 Leonard Michaels, writer; professor of English, University of California, Berkeley.
 Jacob Mincer, Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor Emeritus of Economics, Columbia University.
 Charles Mitchell, professor emeritus, History of Art, Bryn Mawr College.
 Masao Miyoshi, Hajime Mori Professor of Japanese, English and Comparative Literature, University of California, San Diego: 1970, 1975.
 Perry B. Molinoff, vice president, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut.
 Robert K. Mortimer, emeritus professor of medical physics, University of California, Berkeley.
 Jurgen Moser, deceased. Mathematics.
 Leonard Muscatine, emeritus professor of biology, University of California, Los Angeles.
 Alexander Nadas, pediatric cardiologist at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
 June C. Nash, distinguished professor emeritus of Anthropology, City College, City University of New York.
 Robert McCorkle Netting, deceased. Anthropology.
 Gerald Nichols, Artist; chairman, professor of painting, University of the Arts, Philadelphia.
 Yvonne Noble, Scholar, Canterbury, Kent, England. Married name: Davies, Yvonne Noble.
 M. Frank Norman, professor of psychology, University of Pennsylvania.
 Simon Ottenberg, professor emeritus of anthropology, University of Washington.
 Tod Papageorge, photographer; professor of photography, Yale University: 1970, 1977.
 Carlo Pedretti, professor of art, University of California, Los Angeles.
 Noel Perrin, writer; adjunct professor of environmental, Dartmouth College: 1970, 1985.
 Irving Petlin, deceased. Artist, New York City.
 John Charles Polanyi, university professor of chemistry, University of Toronto: 1970, 1979.
 Arthur M. Poskanzer, physical chemist, nuclear physicist
 Richard Lionel Predmore, deceased. Spanish.
 William Austin Pryor, Thomas and David Boyd Professor and director, Biodynamics Institute, Louisiana State University.
 Norman Rabkin, professor emeritus of English, University of California, Berkeley.
 Dale B. J. Randall, emeritus professor of English, Duke University.
 David Reck, Composer; professor of music, Amherst College.
 James Donald Reed, poet, Hopewell, New Jersey.
 John R. Reed, professor of English, Wayne State University: 1970, 1983.
 Nicholas Rescher, university professor of philosophy, University of Pittsburgh.
 Ronald Ribman, playwright, El Dorado Hills, California.
 John J. Richetti, A. M. Rosenthal Professor of English, University of Pennsylvania.
 James M. Robinson, Arthur Letts, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Religion and Emeritus Director, Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont Graduate School.
 Paul Arnold Robinson, Allen D. Christensen Professor of History, Stanford University.
 William Pitt Root, poet; associate professor of English, University of Montana.
 Hugo Rossi, dean, College of Science, University of Utah.
 Robert I. Rotberg, professor of government, Harvard University.
 Dale F. Rudd, Slichter Professor Emeritus of Engineering Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
 Raphael Rudnik, writer, Brooklyn, New York.
 Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, professor of political Science, University of Chicago.
 Michel Rybalka, professor emeritus of French and comparative literature, Washington University.
 Shôichirô Sakai, emeritus professor of mathematics, Nihon University, Tokyo.
 Bunji Sakita, distinguished professor of physics, City College, City University of New York.
 Paul S. Sanasardo, choreographer, artistic director – Modern Dance Artists, Fly Creek, New York.
 Robert LeRoy Sani, professor of chemical engineering, University of Colorado.
 Harry N. Scheiber, professor of law; chairman, Jurispridence and Social Policy Program, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law: 1970, 1988.
 Drew Schwartz, professor emeritus of genetics, Indiana University.
 Julian Schwinger, deceased. Physics.
 Marlan Orvil Scully, Herschel Burgess Chair, and Distinguished Professor of Physics, Texas A & M University.
 Paul Siddall Seaver, professor of history, Stanford University.
 Hinrich Claassen Seeba, professor of German, University of California, Berkeley.
 Eli Enoch Sercarz, professor of immunology, University of California, Los Angeles: 1970, 1977.
 Goro Shimura, professor of mathematics, Princeton University.
 Michell J. Sienko, deceased. Chemistry.
 Allan Silver, associate professor of sociology, Columbia University.
 Theodore R. Sizer, deceased. Education.
 Robert Anthony Sklar, deceased. Professor of Cinema, New York University.
 Dwight Moody Smith, Jr., George Washington Ivey Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Duke University.
 Edward Aaron Smuckler, deceased. Medicine.
 Nicholas Sperakis, artist, New York City.
 George Robert Stark, associate director of research, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London.
 George Steiner, Extraordinary Fellow, Churchill College, Cambridge, England.
 Melvin Ernest Stern, distinguished research professor of oceanography, Florida State University.
 Peter S. Stevens, architect, Arlington, Massachusetts.
 John A. D. Stockdale, artist, Knoxville, Tennessee.
 Mildred Chick Strand, filmmaker; professor of film, Occidental.
 Charles C. Sweeley, professor of biochemistry, Michigan State University.
 Keith Breden Taylor, professor emeritus of gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
 Georg Bernhard Tennyson, emeritus professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles.
 H. S. Thayer, professor of philosophy, City College, City University of New York.
 John Theios, emeritus professor of psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
 William A. Tiller, professor emeritus of materials science and engineering, Stanford University
 Walasse Ting, artist, New York City.
 Anne Truitt, artist, Washington, D.C.
 Jack Tworkov, deceased. Fine arts–painting.
 Abraham L. Udovitch, Khedouri A. Zilkha Professor of Jewish Civilization in the Near East; chair, professor of near Eastern Studies, Princeton University.
 Sim Van der Ryn, professor of architecture, University of California, Berkeley.
 Marshall Waingrow, professor emeritus of English, Claremont Graduate School.
 Donald F. Wallach, professor of physiology, Tufts University.
 David Ward, chancellor, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
 Richard Alan Wasserstrom, Presidential Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of California, Santa Cruz.
 Gregorio Weber, deceased. Biochemistry.
 Johannes Weertman, professor of geophysics and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science, Northwestern University.
 Charles Weiner, professor of the History of Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 Samuel B. Weiss, deceased. Biochemistry.
 David Weiss-Halivni, professor of religion, Columbia University. Appointed as Weiss, David. Pseudonym: Halivni, David.
 Martin Lawrence Weitzman, Ernest E. Monrad Professor of Economics, Harvard University.
 Minor White, professor of photography, MIT.
 Aaron Bernard Wildavsky, deceased: Political Science.
 Forman Arthur Williams, Presidential Chair Professor of Energy and Combustion Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California.
 Joel Roudolph Williamson, Lineberger Professor in the Humanities, University of North Carolina ar Chapel Hill.
 Christopher Wilmarth, deceased. Fine Arts: 1970, 1983.
 James Quinn Wilson, James Collins Professor of Management and Public Policy, University of California, Los Angeles.
 James R. Wiseman, professor of archaeology and department chairman, Boston University.
 Hannah Marie Wormington, deceased. Anthropology and cultural studies.
 Tai Tsun Wu, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics, Harvard University.
 Henry William Wyld, Jr., professor of physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
 Clifton K. Yearley, professor emeritus of history, State University of New York at Buffalo.
 Jose Yglesias, deceased. General non-fiction: 1970, 1976.
 Robert Hollander, deceased. Professor of Italian literature, Princeton University.

See also
Guggenheim Fellowship

References

External links
Guggenheim Fellows for 1970

1970
1970 awards

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1970


Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds) is an art installation created by contemporary artist and political activist Ai Weiwei. It was first exhibited at the Tate Modern art gallery in London from 12 October 2010 to 2 May 2011. The work consisted of one hundred million individually hand-crafted porcelain sunflower seeds which filled the gallery's 1,000 square metre Turbine Hall to depth of ten centimetres.

Viewers were originally able to interact and walk across the sunflower seeds, but after the Tate Modern Museum feared that the dust emitted from the installation could be harmful, they fenced it off. Smaller collections of the seeds have been exhibited  in twelve exhibitions from 2009–2013 in museums and galleries across the world.

Background
Ai Weiwei is a conceptual artist in China. Towards the later 20th century, he led societal movements challenging the Chinese Communist Party. Ai has felt the presence and pressures of the society that the Chinese government has imposed on the peoples, and that is generated into his artwork. "From a very young age I started to sense that an individual has to set an example in society", he has said. "Your own acts and behaviour tell the world who you are and at the same time what kind of society you think it should be."

Process
This massive art installation includes over 100 million porcelain sunflower seeds that cover a 1,000 square metre floor with a depth of 10cm in the Tate Modern's Turbine Hall. The entire artwork weighs around 150 tons. Each seed went through a 30 step procedure, hand painted and fired at 1,300 degrees. This process required more than 1,600 workers over a span of two and a half years in Jingdezhen, a town known as the "Porcelain Capital", and has produced the imperial porcelain for over a thousand years. Ai began the process two-and-a-half years before its exhibition at the Tate Modern.

Influence and context

Sunflower seeds were a common theme in the Chinese Communist Party's political propaganda during Ai's childhood. Leader Mao Zedong would often represent himself as the sun, and the people of China as seeds on sunflowers in artworks. Ai also explains that when he was growing up, even the poorest families in China could share the seeds as a treat. The seeds represent optimism during difficult times.

Interpretation
When looking at the seeds up close in Tate Modern's Turbine Hall, picking out each unique seed proves to be an easy task. However, when standing farther back once each of the 100 million seeds is deposited in a neat and orderly fashion, altogether a sense of expanse and immenseness is felt by the viewers. The millions of individually created seeds spread across such a wide space are meant to symbolize the vastness of China, and its uniform and precise order. An individual seed is instantly lost among the millions, symbolizing the conformity and censorship of the Chinese Communist Party. The combination of all the seeds represent that together, the people of China can stand up and overthrow the Chinese Communist Party.

Most of Ai's artworks and projects carry this theme of making the Chinese Government's faults transparent to the rest of the world, as well as encouraging freedom of expression and strength to act. Along with this, the seeds represent China's growing mass production stemming from the consumerist culture, particularly that in the Western world, upon which Chinese exporters rely. The sculpture directly challenges the "Made in China" mantra that China is known for, considering the labor-intensive and traditional method used to create the work. The work triggered inquiries from the viewers of the piece about their society and the effects of consumerism.

Exhibition

Visitors to the Turbine Hall were initially allowed to walk over the work and encouraged to interact with the piece, but fears over the quantities of ceramic dust raised from the seeds soon caused the work to be roped off. Will Gompertz lamented the decision and stated: "Standing or kneeling at the rim will be a bit like looking at an empty picture frame instead of one that actually has a picture in it."

Another interactive element of the piece was the installation of booths with video cameras around the work which enabled visitors to ask questions to Ai, and he replied online.

Reception

Andrew Graham-Dixon noted that in Communist propaganda sunflowers turned towards the face of Mao, but "Ai Weiwei's multitude of seeds face and follow no one. They form a fragmented world, something atomised, smashed to rubble. And maybe that's what they're truly meant to portend: the fall of China's old guard, the dismantling of the totalitarian system, which will take place as surely as every tide will always turn." He considered the work to be "a melancholy piece".

Richard Dorment called it a masterpiece, and Adrian Searle was also positive, saying it was "audacious, subtle, unexpected but inevitable," and transcended similar minimal works like Wolfgang Laib's pollen fields, Richard Long's stones or Antony Gormley's fields of human figures. He praised Ai as the "best artist to have appeared since the Cultural Revolution in China." Art Asia Pacific said the work was "meticulous, beautiful, sparse, suggestive, even emotional, but it was not prescriptive".

Auctions and further exhibitions
An initial auction in early 2011 at Sotheby's in London for 100 kg of the seeds fetched US$559,394,
a further sale at Sotheby's New York in 2012 reached US$782,000. In 2012 The Tate acquired approximately 8 million seeds weighing 10tonnes which had been displayed by the gallery as a cone five metres in diameter and one and a half metres tall.

See also
 List of works by Ai Weiwei

Notes and references

References
 About Ai Weiwei's Sunflower Seeds. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2017, from http://www.aiweiweiseeds.com/about-ai-weiweis-sunflower-seeds
Debin, M. L. (n.d.). Subversive Seeds. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/global-contemporary/a/sseeds-ai-weiwei
http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/unilever-series-ai-weiwei/interpretation-text

External links

Ai Weiwei
Installation art works
Tate galleries
2008 in art

Sunflower Seeds (artwork)