Bojan Jambrošić (born 28 September 1985, in Čakovec, SFR Yugoslavia), is a Croatian pop singer who in 2009 won the first season of talent show Hrvatska traži zvijezdu, the Croatian version of Idol series.  After his win, he was signed to Dallas Records. The same year, he released his debut album Bolji od ljubavi. He also took a part in season 5 of Ples sa zvijezdama, the Croatian version of Dancing with the Stars aired on HRT1. His partner was Martina Bastić. They finished third overall in 8 dancing couples. He sang the theme song for TV series Ruža vjetrova, until the show stopped using it in the 160th episode of season 1.

Beginnings
Bojan Jambrošić started to sing while just 10 years old at a children's festival in his hometown Čakovec, later singing at music competitions like MEF (Čakovec), Darfest (Daruvar), Bonofest (Vukovar), Centrum Mundi (Ludbreg) and others. Then he joined a pop rock band composition Larva, that gained some fame through the song "Nebo", winning a music competition. His music genres included pop, rock, spiritual music and even opera (notably singing with Evelin Novak).

Hrvatska traži zvijezdu
Bojan Jambrošić auditioned for Hrvatska traži zvijezdu (the Croatian Idol) in Zagreb, and was one of 100 candidates chosen and reached the Top 14. In the final he sang "Dužna si" from Jacques Houdek in Croatian, "You Raise Me Up" in English from Josh Groban and the winner song "Ne govori da me znaš" and was declared winner. The final was on 18 June 2009, a closely fought race with the other finalist Zoran Mišić. The margin was minimal as Bojan received 50.1% of the public vote. After win, he was signed with Dallas Records, run by the program jury Goran Lisica-Fox.

Career after win
Immediately after the win, he gave a concert in his hometown Čakovec. In November 2009, Bojan released his first studio album Bolji od ljubavi ("Better than love" in Croatian) which was commercially successful and was awarded with a golden record. His debut single was the winning song "Ne govori da me znaš" ("Don't say that you know me"), followed by "Preko ruba vremena" ("Over the edge of time") and "U našoj maloj sobi" ("In our little room").

Since summer 2010 Bojan is involved in a campaign of Croatian animal friends called "Budite bolji od okrutnosti", which is supporting cosmetics that haven't been tested on animals.

He also sang the theme of Ruža vjetrova ("Windrose"), a 2011 soap opera on Croatian television RTL Televizija that became commercially his most successful single to date.

Bojan has recorded his second album with Ante Pecotić, one of Croatia's leading songwriters and producers. He was attending CMC Festival 2012 with his song "Obećajem" ("I promise") taking place on 15 June 2012 in Vodice.

Since November 2011 Bojan is also playing the role of "Willard" in the Croatian version of Footloose. Furthermore, he took over the role of "Marius" in "Jadnici", the Croatian version of "Les Misérables" with so far two shows in Varaždin (September 2013) and Split (July 2014) along with other Croatian popstars, such as Pamela Ramljak, Kim Verson or Max Hozić.

His second album Zapisano u zvijezdama has been released in August 2013, while the first single release "Na dobroj strani ljubavi" ranked for a couple of weeks among the Top5 of the official Croatian music charts, published by IHG.

In June 2014 returned to "CMC Music Festival" with his song "Obećana ljubav".

In Ples sa zvijezdama
Bojan Jambrošić partnered with Martina Bastić in season five of Ples sa zvijezdama, the Croatian version of Dancing with the Stars. The scores were:
Day 1 (Cha cha cha): 20 points (of possible 30)
Day 2 (Quickstep): 26 points (of possible 20)
Day 3 (Jive): 34 points (of possible 40)
Day 4 (Paso doble): 31 points (of possible 40)
Day 5 (Samba / Viennese waltz): 25 + 6 = 31 points
Quarter finals (Rumba / Tango): 29 + 32 = 61 points
Semi-finals: 34 + 32 = 64 points (eliminated finished 3rd)

Discography

Albums
2009: Bolji od ljubavi
2013: Zapisano U Zvijezdama

Singles
2009: "Ne govori da me znaš"
2009: "Preko ruba vremena"
2010: "U našoj maloj sobi"
2010: "Sasvim sam"
2011: "Sve oko nje"
2011: "Ruža Vjetrova"
2011: "Sretan Božić"
2012: "Obećajem"
2013: "Na dobroj strani ljubavi"
2013: "Hajdemo zajedno"
2014: "Obećana ljubav"

References

External links

21st-century Croatian male singers
Idols (TV series) winners
1985 births
Living people

Bojan Jambrošić


Usora is left tributary of the Bosnia in central Bosnia. The total length of the river Usora – from sources below the top of the mountain Očauš to the mouth above the Doboj  is about 82 kilometers. The town of Teslić, through which it flows, bears the  local name Velika Usora (Great Usora), since under the city at a place called Sastavci meets with his same named, but a lot less left tributary Mala Usora (Little Usora). It  also comes from the mountain masiff Uzlomac – Borja – Očauš below it in smaller distances rises more Bosnia river and their tributaries, as well as the basin Vrbanja river and Ukrina. In its upper reaches, the river makes a wide loop around Borja, from its southwest to northeast slopes.

Great Usora created by merging Gomjenice and Brkića stream. Small Usora springs below (south) of the main road M-4 (Banja Luka – Matuzići, some 10 km west of Pribinić). Before Sastavci locality, right tributary to it are: Mišića rijeka, Great Ostružnja, Inova , Miljkovača, Velika rijeka (Great river), Brezna  and smaller streams, as well as left: Rankovića rijeka, and Gračanica.

In much of the flow Ukrina is flooding  river but the increasingly frequent flooding causes significant damages.

In the early Bosnian history Usora belonged to  gold-bearing river, and it is believed that this is still in its upper course along with the many large and small tributaries and streams. Obvious hydro-energy potential Usora is permanently unused, and fish stocks almost negligible, especially if one takes into account the centuries-old discharging untreated waste industrial water Chemical Distillation of wood in Teslić.

Related pages
Uzlomac

References

Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Usora (river)


Lifting the Bandstand is a live album by Cecil Taylor recorded during the Tampere Jazz Happening in Tampere, Finland, on October 30, 1998, and released in 2021 by Fundacja Słuchaj!. On the album, Taylor is joined by saxophonist Harri Sjöström, cellist Tristan Honsinger, bassist Teppo Hauta-aho, and drummer Paul Lovens. The album consists of a single group improvisation.

The album title comes from a phrase attributed to Thelonious Monk. According to Steve Lacy, who played with both Monk and Taylor, Monk would tell his musicians "Let's lift the bandstand." Lacy recalled: "That's magic, man, when the bandstand levitates. I didn't know how to do it but I knew what he was talking about. Old dreams but they're still valid." After the concert at which the album was recorded, Lacy, who was in attendance, went backstage and remarked "You guys really lifted the bandstand," thus inadvertently providing the title of the disc. (Lift the Bandstand is also the name of a video documentary about Lacy.)

Reception

In a review for All About Jazz, Mark Corroto wrote: "The Tampere concert begins with vocalizations from Taylor and Honsinger before the quintet detonates into some energetic improvisations. The sound never devolves into the chaos of din as pieces and parts flow to the surface and connect. After the exuberance of the opening—as well as the body of this concert, the final fifteen minutes evolve into the spoils. Poetry and operatic phrasings emerge, not from exhaustion but resolution. While this is indeed a Cecil Taylor recording, it was created not from intensive rehearsals and practice, nor was it preplanned. The quintet lifts the bandstand with all hands on deck."

Writing for Dusted Magazine, Derek Taylor commented: "Absent are any of Taylor's elaborate preparatory charts or schematics. Missing, too, are the crucibles of his exhaustive and demanding rehearsals. Instead, it's simply five men taking the stage with the semblance of a clean slate between them. Taylor's vocalizations and the diffused contributions of his colleagues occupy the opening minutes. Ritual must be invoked and observed... once Taylor plants himself firmly at the piano stool flanked by scraping strings, the music turns into a turbulent, extended series of cloudbursts. Figurative thunder, lightning and torrential rain all leap to mind in the glorious tempest that follows... Dancing about architecture seems an actual equivalent when attaching written description to records like this one. Better to abandon language altogether and just let the music speak."

In an article for Point of Departure, Stuart Broomer stated: "Lovens is a different presence than Taylor's diverse American drumming partners: his drums sound essentially loose and thick with a bright metal tumult above, the combination mysteriously emphasizing a special relationship. Taylor and Lovens merge into a compound voice, a kind of unitary assemblage, while at the same time creating complex rhythms with a disruptive, fractured quality... there's an episode of Honsinger bowing and Hauta-Aho playing pizzicato when the two seem to merge into a single bass-baritone string instrument. There are stunning passages with Sjöström peppering notes into Taylor's cascading runs, punctuating them and pointing out how appropriate the soprano is to Taylor's music and why Jimmy Lyons had always worked his alto's upper register so effectively. There are also times when the density thins to high-speed whispers, but while Taylor is active there remains that sense of the atom smasher, the point at which music becomes physics, all the tones multiplying and extending out towards infinity."

Stephen Griffith of The Free Jazz Collective remarked: "The interplay among all the subgroups is never less than interesting as Taylor emphasizes the importance of having distinctly individual approaches as being key to group success... This recording does more than just fill in a previous vacuum; it adds a new chapter. Listeners interested in learning about the full scope of his music are advised to partake of this."

Track listing

 "Desperados" – 1:15:33

Recorded live during the Tampere Jazz Happening in Tampere, Finland, on October 30, 1998.

Personnel
Cecil Taylor – piano
Harri Sjöström – soprano saxophone
Tristan Honsinger – cello
Teppo Hauta-aho – bass
Paul Lovens – drums

References

Cecil Taylor live albums
2021 live albums
Fundacja Słuchaj! live albums

Lifting the Bandstand


The Kelly Keen coyote fatal attack is the only known fatal coyote attack on a child, as well as the only known fatal coyote attack on a human ever confirmed in the United States. On August 26, 1981, three-year-old Los Angeles resident Kelly Lynn Keen was dragged off her property and fatally wounded by an urban coyote before being rescued by her father. The event is also notable for its aftermath, in which large numbers of coyotes were killed and two animal rights activists provoked an uproar by claiming that her parents, not the coyote, had killed her.

Attack
On August 26, 1981, a three-year-old girl named Kelly Keen was left alone while her mother Cathy did some daily chores. Kelly was watching educational television programs in the living room of the family's home in the Chevy Chase Canyon Neighborhood of Glendale, California, but she let herself out the front door and stepped into the driveway, where she encountered an urban coyote. The coyote took Kelly in its mouth and ran off, dragging her through the street. Her father, Robert, quickly came running, chased the coyote off, and rushed Kelly to the Glendale Adventist Medical Center, where she was in surgery for four hours before she died. The cause of death was determined to be a broken neck and blood loss as a direct result of the coyote attack. She is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.

Aftermath

Government reaction
Following Keen's death, the Los Angeles Animal Regulation Commission developed the first serious urban coyote management program, including 80 days of leghold trapping and shooting within a 0.5-mile (0.8-km) radius of the attack site, during which county personnel trapped and shot 55 coyotes.

Accusations by animal rights activists
In 2004, former child actress and animal rights activist Pamelyn Ferdin attended a Glendale City Council meeting to oppose a proposal to cull urban coyotes. Ferdin addressed the Council wearing a shirt covered in fake blood, urging the city not to kill coyotes. She mentioned the Kelly Keen attack, and argued that rather than having been killed by a coyote, Keen had been the victim of child abuse. She claimed that medical records indicated that the child died of a ruptured spleen, which could only have come from blunt trauma, not an animal bite. Fellow animal rights activist Michael Bell went further, claiming that, after digging around in hospital records, he discovered discrepancies and missing documents. He stated that the coyote story was a cover-up for how the child really died. Kelly's parents, Robert and Cathy Keen, watched the meeting live on cable and, upon hearing Bell's statement, raced to the Glendale City hall to respond to the allegations. They recounted the event to the council, and showed the death certificate, which listed the cause of the child's injuries as "mauled by a coyote".

Ferdin's stance remained unchanged; "I stand by my beliefs that a coyote did not kill [Kelly Keen]." Councilman Frank Quintero stated: "What the activists said at the dais was cruel and absolutely uninformed ... Knowing the mother, it broke my heart that they would do that to her. When they were making the accusations, I was considering stopping them."

Similar attacks

USDA and California State University researchers have confirmed at least thirty-five incidents in the state in which "the possibility of serious or fatal injury seems likely if the child had not been rescued" from coyotes.

See also

 Death of Azaria Chamberlain
 Death of Kenton Joel Carnegie
 Death of Diane Whipple
 Death of Taylor Mitchell
 Animal attacks

References

Accidental deaths in California
Canid attacks
Deaths by person in California
Deaths due to animal attacks in the United States
Deaths due to coyote attacks
Glendale, California
History of Los Angeles County, California
1981 in California

Kelly Keen coyote attack


Alan James Hollinghurst  (born 26 May 1954) is an English novelist, poet, short story writer and translator. He won the 1989 Somerset Maugham Award, the 1994 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2004 Booker Prize.

Early life and education
Hollinghurst was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, only child of bank manager James Hollinghurst, who served in the RAF in the Second World War, and his wife, Elizabeth. He attended Dorset's Canford School.

He studied English at Magdalen College, Oxford, receiving a BA in 1975 and MLitt in 1979. His thesis was on works by three gay writers: Firbank, Forster and Hartley. He house-shared with future poet laureate Andrew Motion at Oxford, and was awarded poetry's Newdigate Prize, a year before Motion. In the late 1970s he lectured at Magdalen, then at Somerville and Corpus Christi. In 1981 he lectured at UCL, and in 1982 joined The Times Literary Supplement, serving as deputy editor: 1985–90.

Writing
Hollinghurst discussed his early life and literary influences at length in a rare interview at home in London, published in The James White Review in 1997–98.

He won the 2004 Booker Prize for The Line of Beauty. His next novel, The Stranger's Child, made the 2011 Booker Prize longlist.

List of works

Poetry
Isherwood is at Santa Monica (Sycamore Broadsheet 22: two poems, hand-printed on a single folded sheet), Oxford: Sycamore Press 1975
Poetry Introduction 4 (ten poems: "Over the Wall", "Nightfall", "Survey", "Christmas Day at Home", "The Drowned Field", "Alonso", "Isherwood is at Santa Monica", "Ben Dancing at Wayland's Smithy", "Convalescence in Lower Largo", "The Well"), Faber and Faber, 1978
Confidential Chats with Boys, Oxford: Sycamore Press 1982 (based on the book Confidential Chats with Boys by William Lee Howard, MD., 1911, Sydney, Australia)
"Mud" (London Review of Books, Vol. 4, No. 19, 21 October 1982)

Short stories
A Thieving Boy (Firebird 2: Writing Today, Penguin, 1983)
Sharps and Flats (Granta 43, 1993), was incorporated into Hollinghurst's second novel, The Folding Star
Highlights (Granta 100, 2007)

Novels

The Swimming-Pool Library, 1988
The Folding Star, 1994
The Spell, 1998
The Line of Beauty, 2004
The Stranger's Child, 2011
The Sparsholt Affair, 2017

Translations
Bajazet by Jean Racine, Chatto & Windus, 1991
Bérénice and Bajazet by Jean Racine, Faber and Faber, 2012

As editor
New Writing 4 (with A. S. Byatt), 1995
A. E. Housman: poems selected by Alan Hollinghurst, Faber and Faber, 2001

Foreword
Three Novels by Ronald Firbank, 2000

Awards and honours
1974: Newdigate Prize
1989: Somerset Maugham Award, for The Swimming Pool Library
1994: James Tait Black Memorial Prize, for The Folding Star
2004: Booker Prize, for The Line of Beauty
2011: Booker Prize, longlist for The Stranger's Child
2011: Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achievement from Publishing Triangle

Personal life
Hollinghurst is gay and lives in London. Although he now lives with his partner Paul Mendez, Hollinghurst previously said: "I'm not at all easy to live with. I wish I could integrate writing into ordinary social life, but I don't seem to be able to. I could when I started [writing]. I suppose I had more energy then. Now I have to isolate myself for long periods."

References

External links
 An Interview at the Oxonian Review
  includes a "Critical Perspective" section
 Alan Hollinghurst at The New York Review of Books
 Alan Hollinghust Profile in The Guardian
 2011 radio interview at The Bat Segundo Show

1954 births
Living people
Academics of University College London
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Booker Prize winners
English gay writers
English LGBT novelists
English LGBT poets
English male non-fiction writers
English male novelists
English male poets
English male short story writers
English translators
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Lambda Literary Award for Debut Fiction winners
Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction winners
People educated at Canford School
People from Stroud
Stonewall Book Award winners
20th-century British short story writers
20th-century British translators
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English LGBT people
21st-century British novelists
21st-century British short story writers
21st-century British translators
21st-century English male writers
21st-century English LGBT people
University of Houston faculty

Alan Hollinghurst


Jean Papineau-Couture,  (November 12, 1916August 11, 2000) was a Canadian composer and academic.

Born in Montreal, Papineau-Couture is the grandson of conductor and composer Guillaume Couture. As a child he studied piano with his mother. He first studied privately in Montreal with Gabriel Cusson before entering the Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf where he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1937. He then attended the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where he received a Bachelor of Music in 1941. He studied with Nadia Boulanger at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Returning to Quebec, Papineau-Couture's teaching career started in 1946 when he joined the faculty of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal where he stayed until 1962. He also taught in the Faculty of Music at the Université de Montréal. He was named vice-dean in 1967 and dean from 1968 until 1973. His students included François Morel, Pierre Rolland, and Jeannine Vanier.

In 1962 Papineau-Couture was awarded the Calixa-Lavallée Award. In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1993. In 1989, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. Papineau-Couture received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement in 1994 for his contribution to classical music.

References

External links

Jean Papineau-Couture at The Canadian Encyclopedia

20th-century Canadian composers
1916 births
2000 deaths
Academics from Montreal
Canadian male composers
Canadian music academics
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Companions of the Order of Canada
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Longy School of Music of Bard College alumni
Musicians from Montreal
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
Prix Denise-Pelletier winners
Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
20th-century musicologists
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Governor General's Award winners

Jean Papineau-Couture


Lunar Knights, known in Japan as  and abbreviated Boktai DS, is an action role-playing video game, the fourth title in the Boktai series of video games developed by Kojima Productions and announced at E3 2006.

The game was revamped to remove the necessity of using the real-life solar sensor due to player troubles; however, it still retains the functionality if any of the Game Boy Advance Boktai cartridges are inserted.

As some gameplay features are exclusive to Japan, the original names of the characters are used in such instances.

Gameplay

Lunar Knights revolves around two characters: Lucian and Aaron. Lucian is a vampire hunter, wielding various dark melee weapons. He is also imbued with the power of darkness, and can change into a vampire after he builds up a Trance (shortened to TRC in-game) meter by fusing with his Terrennial, Nero, which allows him to absorb life out of his foes. Aaron is an apprentice sharpshooter, and uses a variety of Solar Guns to deal damage to his undead foes. Unlike Lucian, Aaron has light powers, and can temporarily become an avatar of the sun when needed by fusing with his Terrennial, Toasty. The player increases the two characters' levels by killing enemies, and their weapons may be upgraded with various parts, allowing more abilities to be used with that weapon.

The ultimate goal in Lunar Knights is to destroy a number of boss vampire enemies, in which the basic mission is to defeat each of them in their respective dungeons, either by exploiting their elemental weakness or using Trance. Once this is accomplished, the boss is launched into space using the Casket Rocket, Laplace; the player then enters a minigame consisting of three parts. The Casket Rocket is controlled from a third-person perspective with the stylus. By moving the stylus, Laplace moves, and tapping the screen causes it to fire lasers. After these three segments have ended, there is a short video segment in which the defeated boss is purified with the intense solar radiation in the stratosphere, made possible by the Interstellar Satellite Sunflower.

As more bosses are defeated, the player is able to gain access to different elements through terrennials. There are four different terrennials available besides Nero (Dark) and Toasty (Sol): Ursula (Flame), Tove (Earth), Alexander (Cloud), and Ezra (Frost). With each acquired terrennial comes a different climate for the player to manipulate. This can be done by going to Sheridan's Mansion and selecting 'Change Climate' to change the default weather. Certain parts of dungeons, which often hold new items and weapons, are inaccessible unless the player changes the weather. Special high-priced items are dropped by enemies or objects under certain climate conditions.

The game relies on an in-game weather control system, known as the paraSOL. It has a thermometer, and measures humidity and wind speed. The weather is generated from the game itself, not from the local outside environment. There are five types of weather: balmy subtropical, tropical rainforest, humid continental, arid desert and frigid arctic.

The Trance meter is built up as the player lands blows on their enemies. When it is full, the player can use the powers of one of their Terrennials to launch into an extra powerful attack that affects multiple enemies. The transformations mentioned above are two of these attacks, but some are more magical in orientation, and often revolve around interaction with the touch screen.

Burst attacks are Trance moves performed by terrennials other than Toasty and Nero. When a Burst attack is used, the weather will change accordingly. Terrennials are the physical manefestiations of the elements that accompany the characters, with fire, ice, wind, and earth represented. In addition, the sun has a terrennial as does darkness. Furthermore, there is a null-elemental Terrenial only available in the Japanese version - War Rock, whose details are described below in the Crossover section. When these terrennials are equipped, the player can use TRC powers, and they will add their elemental attacks to weapon strikes, at the cost of some energy. Each element is directly vulnerable to its polar opposite, and resistant to itself. For example, if the player strikes an ice-aligned monster with fire equipped, extra damage will be dealt, but if ice is equipped, less than normal damage will be dealt.

W-Gate slot
The player is able to use the Game Boy Advance Boktai games' sun sensor to play Lunar Knights like the original Boktai games. This option gives the player more of an advantage: slotting a GBA game into the DS' W-Gate allows the player to use extra sunlight by adding the detected sun strength to the amount produced by the in-game weather system (the extra sunlight appear as green blocks in the game's sensor bar) for a certain amount of time. It also enables the player to play in sunlight regardless of the in-game world's weather.

Depending on which game is introduced into the W-Gate, the Solar Sensor will cause different effects in Lunar Knights:
Solar Sensor Version 1: By inserting Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand in the GBA Slot, the standby character will fill his ENE (Energy),
Solar Sensor Version 2: By inserting Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django in the GBA Slot, the standby character will fill his LIFE,
Solar Sensor Version 3: By inserting Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata in the GBA Slot, the standby character will fill his TRC (Trance) meter.

Regardless of the game inserted, the Solar Station will also be charged depending on how much sunlight hits the sensor.

Blowing into the Nintendo DS's microphone will cause the character to whistle, drawing attention to enemies. This serves to replace the wall tapping of earlier games in the Boktai series. Whistling also has the function of using a terrennial's special technique, which can only be used when the terrennial is glowing; this happens during affiliated climate or time of day.

Setting
Lunar Knights producer Kensuke Yoshitomi confirmed in a 1Up.com interview that the game takes place in the same world as Boktai, but at a different time period with new characters, and is not a direct sequel to Boktai. He stated that the many versions of Princess Zelda and Link throughout The Legend of Zelda series are a good representation of this.

Plot
The game begins with two men talking about the nearby vampire's ability to control flame. Lucian, the Lunar Knight overhears them, and sets out to obtain the whereabouts of the Duke, the leader of the Dark Tribe vampires. Later in the level, Lucian encounters Bea, a solar gunslinger attempting to free the prisoners of the mansion. Lucian realizes the strength of the vampire, and must upgrade his weapon by taking it to Professor Sheridan. After a confusing moment with the Professor's maid, Lucian barges his way in.

Returning to the Mansion, Lucian refuses to help Bea free the prisoners, claiming they would not even try to fight back against enemies. Lucian blocks a bolt from the vampire meant for Bea. After defeating and purifying the vampire, he obtains the power of the flame terrenial Ursula. He also discovers that to reach the Duke, he must collect the other three main terrenials.

The guild is attacked and Aaron, the Solar Knight, is told to warn the other members. When he escapes, Aaron sees a girl on an opposite rooftop being chased by undead. Aaron fires his gun and destroys the undead. Aaron obtains the power of Toasty, the Solar Terrenial. Later on, two vampires known as the Poes attack Aaron, however Ernest; the Leader of the Guild, and Kay; his apprentice distract them and Aaron must gather the last of the members. Aaron fights the Goat Chimera and Bea appears to assist Ernest and Kay.

Aaron is worried about Ernest and Kay. Bea reappears and tells them the vampires are hiding in the sewer. Bea calls Lucian, and while Lucian refuses to let Aaron come along, Bea ignores him. When they arrive at the end, The Poes reveal that they have packed the gunslingers on a train for the vampire tower. After defeating and purifying the Poes, Lucian and Aaron obtain Alexander and Tove, terrenials of Wind and Earth. They must now infiltrate the train station. Arriving near the end, Kay reveals that Ernest distracted the guards. Lucian finds the Duke and attacks him, but he teleports away. The player boards the train and begins to make their way across the train. On the way across, a pink orb flies by the player, and a conversation with the mystery immortal known as Polidori begins with Stoker. The player defeats and purifies the vampire known as Baron Stoker.

Lucian and Aaron fight their way into the city, and eventually reach the Dark Castle. Before entering, Polidori appears to them, explaining he is an emissary from space on behalf of the immortals. Lucian and Aaron travel through the castle, and discover that the enemy pilot they encounter in space during purification levels is Perrault, Nero's other half. The terennials question their goals and wonder if their battle is right, eventually deciding that the humans are smart enough to save their world, the duo find themselves in the throne room. After defeating the Duke, Polidori absorbs him, informing the duo that the ParaSol was really the Planet Eater, a planet-destroying weapon.

Lucian and Aaron make their way through the Planet Eater up to Polidori. After beating him, Polidori flees into space, where in a 4-Part battle, he is destroyed. Perrault rescues Lucian and Aaron and the credits roll.

There is a postgame bonus level named Vamberry, a 100 floor tower. At the end of it, Lucian and Aaron defeat the resurrected Polidori. During the levels, the two discover that Dumas has also been remade by Perrault. Polidori's aims are questioned by Lucian, who accuses him of being only a copy of the real Polidori. He states that he understands the aims of the real immortal. The Knights defeat Polidori, and Dumas appears to tell them that the Immortals will arrive to stop the renegade Earth. He tells them that Humans and Vampires may have to become allies. Dumas leaves, and Lucian declares he will never work with Vampires, even against the immortals. The scene ends with Aaron unsure Lucian will hold to that promise.

Regional differences
Boktai DS, the Japanese version of Lunar Knights, continued the crossover-promotion the series had with Capcom's Mega Man franchise since Boktai 2. Django and Sabata fight Ox Fire, one of the enemy FM-ians from the original Mega Man Star Force, as a hidden boss. If they are successful in defeating him, War Rock can assist them as a seventh terrennial.  Players can also obtain exclusive items by transferring game data from Mega Man Star Force into Boktai DS.

Reception

The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one nine, one eight, one seven, and one eight for a total of 32 out of 40.

Notes

References

External links
Official website

2006 video games
Boktai
Fictional knights in video games
Konami games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Role-playing video games
Science fantasy video games
Studio 4°C
Video games about vampires
Video games developed in Japan
Video games produced by Hideo Kojima
Video games set in castles

Lunar Knights


Václav Vonášek (born 1980) is a Czech classical bassoonist.

He began to study the bassoon at the Conservatory in Plzeň (teachers Ladislav Šmídl and Matouš Křiváček). He went on to study at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (František Herman and Jiří Seidl). He gained yearlong scholarship to study at the Royal College of Music in London where he studied with Andrea de Flammineis and Martin Gatt.

Vaclav Vonasek is the founder and member of the Prague Bassoon Band, he has collaborated with his wife, violinist Jana Vonášková-Nováková and Barocco sempre giovane ensemble. From 2006–2016 he was a member of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra. Since March 2016 he is contrabassoonist of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Prizes
 2002 Czech-Slovak competition Talent of The Year 2002, sponsored by LLP Group
 2004 International Double Reed Society Competition – 1st Prize
 2005 For outstanding studying results, he was awarded the Price of Czech Ministry for Education and he won International Bassoon Competition in Łódź in Poland
 2008 ARD Competition in Munich – 3rd Prize
 2009 Prague Spring International Music Competition – 1st Prize

References

External links
 Václav Vonášek – fagot | Česká filharmonie
 Václav Vonášek, Contra Bassoon | Berliner Philharmoniker

1980 births
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague alumni
Czech classical bassoonists
Czech classical musicians
Living people

Václav Vonášek


Anastasios Christopoulos (; 1805 – 1854) was a lawyer and a Greek revolutionary leader of the Greek War of Independence.

Biography
Christopoulos was born in Andritsaina, the son of Christos Christopoulos. He is considered the patriarch of the renowned Christopoulos family, whose members became actively involved in Greek politics. Christopoulos studied law and philosophy in Constantinople (now Istanbul), as well as in Pisa, and resided in Bucharest for several years. At the beginning of the Greek Revolution, he joined the Sacred Band, but was later captured. After his release, he moved to Iaşi, where he remained until 1828. He later returned to the newly established independent Greek State.

In Greece, he worked as a judge at the islands of Andros, Spetses, Kea and Aigina. Subsequently, he headed to Athens where he became a first instance court judge, a judge in the court of appeals and a first instance court president. He also wrote a Greek language grammar textbook.

He died in 1854. He was the brother of Tzannetos Christopoulos, a commander-in-chief of the Greek Revolution.

1805 births
1854 deaths
People from Andritsaina
Greek people of the Greek War of Independence
Members of Sacred Band (1821)

Anastasios Christopoulos


The Nitrian Desert is a desert region in northwestern Egypt, lying between Alexandria and Cairo west of the Nile Delta. It is known for its history of Christian monasticism.

There were three monastic centres in the Nitrian Desert in Late Antiquity. Around 330, Macarius the Egyptian established a monastic colony in the Wadi El Natrun (Scetis), far from cultivable land. In the 330s, Saint Amun founded Nitria, only  southeast of Alexandria, using the rules of Saint Anthony. He founded a second centre, Kellia, on Anthony's suggestion, deeper into the desert. Kellia has been the object of scientific excavations. Only Scetis in the Wadi El Natrun remains a monastic site today.

See also
Desert Fathers
Abba Or
Desert of Mount Athos

References

Deserts of Egypt

Nitrian Desert


Krishnachandra Roy (Bengali: রাজা কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র রায়, 1710-1783) was the king of Nadia. His role in the history of Bengali literature, Bengali culture and Bengali Hindu society is unforgettable. Nadia is considered as the best man of the royal family. He was a scholar, educated in Sanskrit and Persian, and a musician. Krishnachandra, an intensely conservative king, was the patron of the proverbial geniuses of Bengal, such as Ramprasad Sen of Shaktapadavali, Bharat Chandra Raigunakar, the author of the Annadamangal poem, and the humorous Gopal Bhar. Annadamangal Kavya was composed in his royal court. The world famous pottery of Krishnanagar was started on his initiative.

Krishnachandra Roy was a man of strategy. When Nawab Sirajuddaula clashed with the British, he sided with the British. He was captured during the reign of the next Nawab Mir Qasim. He was released due to the intervention of the English. The Company Government conferred the title of Maharaja on him for his loyalty.

Significant achievement
His achievement is the worship of Jagadhatri in Bengal and the introduction of Shaktras in Navadvipa. According to legend, Krishnachandra was imprisoned in 1754 for failing to pay taxes to Nawab Alivardi Khan of Bengal. The time was near Durgotsab. When the fort festival was almost over when he was finally released from the Nawab's prison, on his way back to Krishnanagar, the king realized that it was Vijaya Dashami. The king fell asleep in the boat and there he saw in a dream that a purple quadrilateral virgin goddess was telling him to worship her on the Shuklanabami date of the next month of Kartik. As a result, Jagadhatri Puja was introduced. The following year, Jagadhatri Puja was introduced in Chandannagar by his friend Indranarayan Chowdhury. Also, Maharaja Krishnachandra initiated the worship of the idol of Malopara Baroari Jagadhatri (Mother Jaleshwari).

Indian royalty
People from West Bengal
1710 births
1783 deaths

Krishnachandra Roy


Phosphosilicate glass, commonly referred to by the acronym PSG, is a silicate glass commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedingly higher metal or conducting layers, due to its effect in gettering alkali ions.  Another common type  of phosphosilicate glass is borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG).

Soda-lime phosphosilicate glasses also form the basis for bioactive glasses (e.g. Bioglass), a family of materials which chemically convert to mineralised bone (hydroxy-carbonate-apatite) in physiological fluid.

Bismuth doped phosphosilicate glasses are being explored for use as the active gain medium in fiber lasers for fiber-optic communication.

See also
 Wafer (electronics)

References

Glass compositions
Semiconductor device fabrication

Phosphosilicate glass


During most of  the American Civil War the Florida city of St. Augustine was under Union control.  Its Confederate history was exceedingly brief. One Union general and one Confederate general were natives of the Ancient City.  Many officers on both sides (including Union General William T. Sherman and Confederate General Braxton Bragg) had previous military experience in St. Augustine, particularly during the Second Seminole War.  The city's historic (and endangered) Sea Wall was built  in the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s by West Point engineers who went on to design military fortifications for both sides in the Civil War.  Many black Union soldiers either came from St. Augustine, or settled there after the war, providing a leadership cadre for the community known as Lincolnville that was established in 1866.  Many of the city's old cemeteries feature the distinctive marble tombstones marked "USCT"United States Colored Troops.

Florida state militia took the fort at St. Augustine from a small U. S. Army garrison (one soldier) on January 7, 1861. Three days later the state of Florida seceded from the United States. Union troops reoccupied the city on March 11, 1862, putting St. Augustine under Union control. The city was never retaken by Confederate forces.

Early war
After the assault on Harper's Ferry by abolitionist John Brown in 1859, St. Augustine Examiner owner Matthias Andreu devised the motto "Equality in the Union and Nothing Else", feeding a sense of mistrust towards the federal government that the paper promised could lead to war between the states.  Once Abraham Lincoln was elected United States president solely by Northern states (not a single vote for Lincoln was recorded in the entire state of Florida), Andreu saw no hope in the south remaining with the north, and promoted secession, lest "violent abolitionists" incite slaves to riot.

On January 7, 1861, roughly 125 militiamen, including 25 from the town of Fernandina, came to capture Fort Marion, a coquina fort built by the Spanish between 1672 and 1695.  The lone United States army sergeant guarding the fort gave the Southerners the keys after demanding, and receiving, a receipt from the Confederacy. Most of the forts cannons were then removed and sent to locations deemed more strategically important. This included four cannon sent to Fernandina and four to the mouth of the St. Johns River, with others being sent elsewhere, leaving only five cannon to defend St. Augustine.

When news reached St. Augustine on January 12, 1861, that Florida had seceded, the city celebrated with ceremonial flag raisings, church bells, and musket volleys, followed that night by torchlight parade and bonfires.  The following Lent saw greater passion in following the restrictions than previous years.  Meanwhile, the Examiner led an effort to proclaim anything that spoke against secession as treasonous.   Initial support for the war waned when taxes were increased for the war effort and revenues derived from the new tourist trade came to a standstill.

Several ships that served as blockade runners also used St. Augustine as a port. These ships included the Garibaldi, the St. Mary's, and the Jefferson Davis, which had captured several prizes until it ran aground in St. Augustine Harbor in mid-August, 1861.

Although situated 150 miles away, the residents of St. Augustine heard of the Battle of Port Royal on November 7, 1861.  Troops on a Union ship just upwind from the battle saw flashes of light, but often heard nothing.

The majority of Confederate forces from St. Augustine consisted of a company called the St. Augustine Blues.  When they left the city in March 1862 their number ranged between eighty and a hundred men.  As part of the Third Florida Regiment, they lost many of their men at the Battle of Perryville in Kentucky in October 1862.  By the time of the Battle of Murfreesboro, only ten of the original Blues remained.  At the war's end in 1865, only eight were officially captured.  However, only seventeen were confirmed killed during the war. The city produced at least one other Confederate unit, the St. Augustine Rifles.

Fort Marion and St. Augustine were seized by Union Marines and sailors landing unopposed on March 11, 1862.  The  and  were spotted entering the bay on March 9 by the occupying Confederate forces.  Knowing they could not adequately defend the city, the Confederate forces withdrew on March 10 at 10 pm. Federal control was limited to the town itself. After several woodcutters were ambushed outside of town, the garrison resorted to chopping down most of the fences, old frame homes, and trees in town to make firewood.

After capturing St. Augustine, the Federals established a post office to resume regular communication with the North. They also imported a supply of small denomination U.S. currency, which was used to replace the "wretched paper currency of the rebellion."

Late war

Other notable contributions to the Confederate war effort were at least three generals: Edmund Kirby-Smith, Francis A. Shoup and William Wing Loring, although only Kirby-Smith was born there. During the war, St. Augustinian Stephen Vincent Benet, grandfather of American author Stephen Vincent Benét, continued to serve in the U.S. Army as an instructor at West Point with the rank of captain, eventually rising to the rank of Brigadier General. His younger brother James served in the Confederate Army—one of many examples of families divided in their loyalty during the war. Edmund Jackson Davis, while born in St. Augustine, moved to Galveston, Texas, as a child. After the war began, he crossed over to Mexico where he raised the 1st Texas Cavalry (USA), served as its colonel, and was later promoted to Brigadier General of U.S. Volunteers. In 1869, he was elected governor of Texas and served as such for four years.

Unlike nearby Jacksonville, which had four separate control changes, the Confederates did not attempt retaking St. Augustine. Confederate general Robert E. Lee, well familiar with the area after having charted the coastline years before, said that the city "serves only as an invitation for an attack". Union forces strengthened the fort during the war, in case of attack. A heavy presence of U.S. Army forces would remain through Reconstruction and until the end of the Spanish–American War, always as an important part of the local economy and social life. Many Union soldiers settled permanently in St. Augustine and intermarried with local families. Several served as mayors of the city. Lieutenant Foster, a Union officer, married Miss Sanchez, from a family of Confederate firebrands, and their son, General J. Clifford R. Foster, served as Adjutant General of Florida for most of the first quarter of the twentieth century.

Union forces enjoyed the city. The Seventh New Hampshire Volunteers' historian said that living in St. Augustine was good for the health of his fellow soldiers, and regretted when ordered to leave the city. Another benefit from the Union presence was that Sam A. Cooley, an official photographer of the U.S. Army's Department of the South, undertook the first major effort to take pictures of many of the city's buildings, which proved valuable a century later when efforts were made to restore many of St. Augustine's historic buildings. Among the interesting Union soldiers to serve in St. Augustine were Joseph Hawley, later governor and senator from Connecticut, Francis Wayland Parker, pioneer of progressive education in the United States, Joseph C. Abbott, later senator from North Carolina, and Anthony Comstock, who became one of the nation's most notorious bookburner and anti-pornography crusader.

Thanks to the general deprivations of war as well as, specifically, the Union blockade, many of St. Augustine's citizens suffered from a lack of food and some were on the verge of starvation. After the arrival of the Union army, even Confederate sympathizers, including Mrs. Joseph Lee Smith, mother of General Kirby-Smith, traded with the Federals for food.

On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation came into effect for slaves in areas still under Confederate control. A bell and marker on the grounds of Old St. Augustine Village celebrates the event, and for many generations, Emancipation Day, on January 1, was a major celebration in the black community of the Ancient City.

On March 9, 1863, a small skirmish occurred when 80 Confederate troops attacked an advanced picket guard just north of St. Augustine. They were driven off by 120 men from the 7th New Hampshire Infantry.

Post-war

For many decades after the war, St. Augustine had two chapters of the Grand Army of the Republic—one black and one white.  In the Flagler era, two prominent Union generals, John McAllister Schofield and Martin D. Hardin retired, sequentially,  to the same house at 20 Valencia Street.  Saved by public protest from a demolition attempt by Flagler College in the 1980s, the building has come to be known as "The Union Generals House."  Hardin, a protégé of Abraham Lincoln, was one of the last surviving generals on either side when he died in St. Augustine on December 12, 1923.  He is buried at the U.S. National Cemetery on Marine Street under a large cross, and a marker on the La Leche Chapel on the grounds of the Mission of Nombre de Dios notes that the building was restored in General Hardin's honor by his widow.

Footnotes

References

Further reading
 Taylor, Paul. Discovering the Civil War in Florida: A Reader and Guide (2nd edition). Sarasota, Fl. Pineapple Press, 2012.

Florida in the American Civil War
St. Augustine, Florida

St. Augustine in the American Civil War


Arnulph Henry Reginald Mallock, FRS (12 March 1851 – 26 June 1933) was a British scientific instrument designer and experimentalist.

He was born in Cheriton Bishop, Devon the son of the Revd. William and Margaret (née Froude) Mallock. His father was Rector of Cheriton Bishop. He was educated at home and then from the age of 11 to 16 at a school in Harlow, Essex. After a further period of private tutoring he went up to St Edmund's Hall, Oxford.

After a few years assisting his uncle, William Froude, a naval architect, to build the first ship test tank he went to work for four months with Lord Rayleigh as an experimental assistant.

His interests and projects were manifold. The military and the Railway Companies constantly sought his help. Amongst many other commissions he designed equipment to measure earth tremors caused by railways, slight movements in St Paul's cathedral and several bridges. He was a civilian member of the Ordnance Committee and tackled many problems of ballistics and the design of ordnance.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903. His candidature citation read: "Consulting Engineer. An original investigator and experimentalist in various branches of physical science, who has invented and improved many instruments of high scientific value. Author of the following papers: 'Measurement of a Body under Strain' (Proc Roy Soc, No 197, 1879); 'Action of Cutting Tools' (ibid No 217, 1881); 'Shape of Drilled Holes' (ibid, No 226, 1883); 'Viscosity of water' (ibid, vol 45, 1888); 'Properties of Indian Rubber' (ibid, vol 46, 1889); 'Young's Modulus for Crystals' (ibid, vol 49, 1891); 'Instability of Distended Tubes' (ibid); 'Insect Sight' (ibid, vol 55, 1893). Experiments on 'Fluid Viscosity' (Phil Trans, vol 187(A), 1896). Also of Papers published in Reports, Brit Assoc; Trans Inst Nav Arch; and other Scientific Journals, &c."  A supplementary citation read: "The skill and insight exhibited by Mr Mallock in work done for the Vibration Committee appointed about two years ago by the Board of Trade was acknowledged in highly laudatory terms in the Report of the Committee.  In 1907, he published a paper on what would later be known as the von Karman vortex street.  He served on the Council of the Royal Society from 1910-1912.

In 1904 he married Helena Maria Caroline Finlay of Castle Toward. After his death his widow presented the Royal Society with the sextant that had belonged to Brunel

References

1851 births
1933 deaths
People from Teignbridge (district)
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers

Arnulph Mallock


Max Reinhardt (30 November 1915 – 19 November 2002) was a British publisher. He published Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, George Bernard Shaw and Graham Greene.

Biography
Max Reinhardt was born on 30 November 1915 in Istanbul to Austrian parents. He attended an English High School in Istanbul. His parents set up an import and export business in London which he headed. After the Second World War he took a course in international relations at the London School of Economics. During a bridge game, he met A. S. Frere, who inspired him to change his import and export business into a publishing house. Reinhardt then bought HFL Publishers, a company that published Accounting textbooks.

Max Reinhardt's first author was George Bernard Shaw, who reissued his romantic correspondence with the actress Ellen Terry. In 1957, Reinhardt and a banker partner bought the Bodley Head publishing house, where Reinhardt built a strong editing team, naming Graham Greene as director. Greene published his own novels there. They also published Alistair Cooke, Maurice Sendak, William Trevor and Eric Ambler. Bodley Head was purchased by Random House, and both Reinhardt and Greene resigned. Reinhardt kept ownership of HFL, renaming it Reinhardt Books which was later bought by Viking Press.

He died on 19 November 2002.

References

Further reading
Lambert, J W,. and Ratcliffe, M., 1987: The Bodley Head 1887-1987. The Bodley Head: London.

External links
 The Independent: obituary

1915 births
2002 deaths
Publishers (people) from London
20th-century English businesspeople
Turkish emigrants to the United Kingdom

Max Reinhardt (publisher)


Erick Francisco Casas Ruiz  (born October 4, 1970) is a Mexican professional wrestler currently working under the ring name Heavy Metal for AAA. He is the son of referee Pepe Casas and part of the Casas wrestling family; the brother of Negro Casas and Felino.

Professional wrestling career

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Erick Casas started his professional career wrestling as Canelo Casas for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). As Canelo Casas he, along with Mr. Cid, was able to win the Naucalpan Tag Team Championship.  He also won the Mexican National Welterweight Championship defeating Ciclon Ramirez in 1990.

Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide / AAA
Erick Casas left CMLL when he decided to go to the newly created promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, later known simply as AAA, in 1992. He changed his gimmick to Heavy Metal where he was a rudo and had a rock-star look which was based on heavy metal music. His first victory as Heavy Metal was the Mexican National Welterweight Championship, when he defeated Rey Misterio Jr. in 1993. He retained his title against Rey Misterio twice and El Hijo Del Santo. Santo and Metal would rival over Santo's WWA Welterweight Championship and over Metal's Mexican National Welterweight Champion. Both wrestlers would put both of their titles on the line in the same match where winner takes all. Heavy Metal lost his title to Santo in the fall of 1993 when both of them put both of their titles on the line. After the loss of the title, Metal turned into a tecnico. He formed a team with Latin Lover where both of them feuded with Rocco Valente, Tony Arce and Vulcano. Rocco Valente and Tony Arce were the Mexican National Tag Team Champions at the time. Heavy Metal and Latin Lover had a shot for the title and won the title in 1994. After Metal and Lover won the title, Arce challenged Metal in a luchas de apuestas (bet match) match which Metal accepted. The match took place just two weeks after Metal and Lover won the title. Metal was able to beat Arce and so Arce hair was shaved.

On November 6, 1994, the event When Worlds Collide Metal teamed with Rey Misterio Jr. and Latin Lover to face Fuerza Guerrera, Madonna's Boyfriend, and Psicosis in a tradition lucha libre six-man tag match. The final saw that Fuerza Guerrera making Heavy Metal submit. Fuerza Guerrera and his son Juventud Guerrera later started a feud with Heavy Metal and Latin Lover over their tag title. Heavy Metal and Latin Lover lost the tag title to them in late 1994. The teams later had a rematch in 1995 but Metal turned on his partner when he turned rudo again. The duo as a team ended after that. Later in 1995 Metal became a tecnico again. In early 1996, AAA announce that they were creating a new championship call AAA Americas Trios Champion, there was a tournament held for it too with a block A and block B. Heavy Metal teamed with Latin Lover and Winners for the block A tournament. The team was able to beat El Mexicano, Torero and Tornado on the first round. In the semi-final, the team defeated Blue Demon Jr., Principe Zafiro and Volador. In the finals, the team lost to Los Villanos (Villano III, Villano IV and Villano V).  Heavy Metal teamed with Latin Lover and Cien Caras and making Caras the leader of the team on block B. On the first round they beat Frisbee, La Parka, and Rey Misterio Jr. On the next round they defeated Killer, Vegas, and Yeti. In the semi-finals they beat Cibernetico, Jerry Estrada, and Pierroth. In the finals the team was close to win but lost to Los Villanos (Villano III, Villano IV and Villano V).

Heavy Metal later appeared in the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) because of AAA and WWF having a free exchange talent agreement. His first appearance was at the Royal Rumble where he teamed with Jerry Estrada and Fuerza Guerrera to face Héctor Garza, Perro Aguayo, and El Canek. The results saw Perro Aguayo pinned Heavy Metal for the win. In 1997 at the event of Rey de Reyes, Heavy Metal participated in the first ever Rey de Reyes tournament. Heavy Metal defeated Blue Demon Jr., Maniaco and May Flowers to qualify for the final. In the final, Metal was close to winning but lost to Latin Lover, making him the first winner of the Rey de Reyes. Heavy Metal was later involved in a Lucha De Apuestas match at Triplemanía. Heavy Metal teamed with Leon Negro and defeated the teams of Latin Lover and Perro Aguayo Jr., Jerry Estrada and El Picudo and May Flowers and Halcón Dorado Jr. Halcón Dorado Jr. got his hair shaved off when he got pinned by Leon Negro. AAA later had another Triplemania event in 1997 this time Heavy Metal was feuding with Sangre Chicana. At the event, Chicana defeated Metal by disqualification. In the fall AAA had a new event called Verano de Escandalo. Heavy Metal was in a Steel Cage Elimination Luchas de Apuestas Match teaming with Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo Jr. against Sangre Chicana, El Picudo and El Cobarde. The final saw El Cobarde getting his head shaved. By winter, AAA had another new event called Guerra de Titanes. Heavy Metal was involved in a Steel Cage Luchas de Apuestas "hair vs. hair" match which also included Perro Aguayo Jr., El Picudo, and Sangre Chicana. Perro Aguayo beat El Picudo making him getting his head shaved.

By 1998, Metal's feud with Sangre Chicana hadn't ended yet this time in a Lucha De Apuestas at the Rey de Reyes event. Heavy Metal won and Sangre Chicana's hair got shaved off. Heavy Metal then started a feud with masked shoot-style wrestler Kick Boxer. At the Triplemania main event, Heavy Metal faced Kick Boxer but lost the match. At the Verano de Escandalo event, Metal teamed with Blue Demon Jr. to face Abismo Negro and Kick Boxer in a Steel Cage Match. Heavy Metal and Blue Demon Jr. defeated Abismo Negro and Kick Boxer. At the Guerra de Titanes event, Heavy Metal would team with Octagón to face Pentagón and Kick Boxer in a Steel Cage Match which they won. In 1999, Metal was still feuding with Kick Boxer. This time Kick Boxer had an ally name Thai Boxer. At the 1999 Rey de Reyes event, Antonio Silva, Carlos Gutierrez, Kick Boxer and Thai Boxer defeated Heavy Metal, La Parka Jr., Mascara Sagrada Jr. and Perro Aguayo Jr. in a Steel Cage Match. By the time of Triplemania, Metal's brother El Felino was there to ally with Heavy Metal. El Felino and Heavy Metal both feuded with Kick Boxer and Thai Boxer and had a Luchas de Apuestas "Hair vs. Hair" match where Heavy Metal and El Felino defended their dad's hair while Kick Boxer and Thai Boxer defended El Tirante's hair at Triplemania. They won making their opponents referee El Tirantes hair shaved off. At the Verano de Escandalo event, Heavy Metal and Octagón together against Jaque Mate and Kick Boxer in a Steel Cage Match Luchas de Apuestas "loser loses mask or hair" match. Kick Boxer was unmasked due to his loss. After Kick Boxer lost his mask, the rivalry didn't end just yet. The event Guerra de Titanes, Heavy Metal teamed with Perro Aguayo Jr. to beat Abidies Irison and Kick Boxer. Thus this finally ended their heated rivalry.

In 2000, Heavy Metal turned back into a rudo. Heavy Metal started to feud with Cibernetico over his AAA Campeón de Campeones Champion. In 2001 Heavy Metal defeated Cibernetico in a Steel Cage Match for the AAA Campeón de Campeones Championship. Two months later, Cibernetico regained the title. In 2002, Triplemania event saw Heavy Metal beat El Brazo, Electroshock, El Oriental, May Flowers, and Sangre Chicana in a Luchas de Apuestas "Hair vs. Hair" where each wrestler represented a referee. Sangre Chicana lost the match which results that El Tirantes get his head shaved. In 2003, Triplemania event saw Heavy Metal beat Pirata Morgan, El Texano and Sangre Chicana in a Luchas de Apuestas "Hair vs. Hair". As a result, Pirata Morgan had his head shaved since he was pinned by Heavy Metal.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Heavy Metal went to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) because AAA's working agreement with the company and also to replace Juventud Guerrera's place for the America's X-Cup. Along with Abismo Negro, Mr. Águila and Hector Garza, "Team Mexico" was successful in winning the America's X-Cup. They later retained it against Team Canada as well. After the America's X-cup was over, Heavy Metal returned to AAA.

Return to AAA
After TNA, Heavy Metal returned to AAA. Since his return, he turned back into a tecnico. At the Verano de Escandalo event, Heavy Metal, El Intocable, El Zorro, beat Histeria, and Psicosis II and Mosco de la Merced II in a Steel Cage Match where the last man in the cage would lose his hair or his mask. Mosco de la Merced II was unmasked due to his loss. Heavy Metal later left AAA in late 2004.

International Wrestling Revolution Group
Heavy Metal and his brothers including Negro Casas and El Felino went to International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) in 2005. The duo teamed and was able to capture the IWRG Intercontinental Trios Champion by defeating Black Tiger, Pantera II, Pentagon Black. The team lost the titles to Scorpio Jr., Veneno, and Cerebro Negro in early 2006. Heavy Metal defeated Scorpio Jr. for the IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion in 2005 but later lost back to him in late 2005.

Return to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Erick Casas return to CMLL in 2005. Erick Casas remained under his Heavy Metal gimmick even though he had never been Heavy Metal in CMLL in the past. Heavy Metal participated in the Leyenda de Azul tournament in 2005. In the Leyenda de Azul first round he lost to Rey Bucanero. In the Torneo Gran Alternativa 2006, Heavy Metal was a veteran; teaming with El Texano Jr. In the quarter-final, the duo lost to Loco Max and Rey Bucanero. Heavy Metal participated in the Leyenda de Azul 2006. In the First Round, he lost to Black Warrior. In 2007, Heavy Metal teamed with Super Nova for the Torneo Gran Alternativa. In the first round, the team lost to the winners of that night La Sombra and Místico. In 2008, Heavy Metal lost his hair to Toscano in a Lucha de Apuesta. This was the first time Heavy Metal has lost in a Lucha de Apuesta match as Heavy Metal.

Return to AAA
At AAA's show in Mexico City, an event competing directly against CMLL's major event Homenaje a Dos Leyendas, Heavy Metal made surprising return to AAA, attacking Konnan and joining forces with Cibernético in his fight against Konnan's La Legión Extranjera faction. After a four-month break due to an injury, Heavy Metal returned to AAA on February 4, 2011, and entered a Best of Five Hair vs. Hair series with Electroshock, with whom he had feuded prior to his injury. The fifth match of the series, a Two Out of Three Falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes and ended with Heavy Metal defeating Electroshock, after a guitar shot, for his hair. After the match both Heavy Metal and Electroshock were attacked by members of La Sociedad, bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Electroshock, Heavy Metal and Joe Líder defeated Silver King, Último Gladiador and Chessman in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. On March 31, 2013, Heavy Metal teamed up with Danny Casas to represent the Casas family in IWRG's La Guerra de Familias ("War of the Families") tournament. The team lost to Los Junior Dinamitas (Cien Caras Jr. and Hijo de Máscara Año 2000)  in the first round. On June 16 at Triplemanía XXI, Heavy Metal defeated Chessman to become the number one contender to the AAA Mega Championship. He received his title shot later that same event, but was defeated by the defending champion, El Texano Jr.

Personal life
Erick Casas is the son of referee Pepe Casas and the brother of Negro Casas and Felino.

Championships and accomplishments
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración / AAA
AAA Campeón de Campeones Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Latin Lover
Mexican National Welterweight Championship (2 times)
International Wrestling Revolution Group
IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship (1 time) – with Negro Casas and El Felino
Rock y Lucha Championship (1 time, current)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #174 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1995
PWI ranked him #178 of the Top 500 Singles Wrestlers of the "PWI Years"
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
America's X Cup (2004) – with Mr. Águila, Juventud Guerrera, Abismo Negro, and Héctor Garza
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Association
WWA Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Other titles
Naucalpan Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mr. Cid

Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

References

General sources – Championship Information

Specific

External links
AAA profile
The Luchadores: Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal Lucha Libre

1970 births
Living people
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Mexico City
Mexican National Tag Team Champions
Mexican National Welterweight Champions
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Champions
UWA World Light Heavyweight Champions
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Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed proprietary NoSQL database offered by Amazon.com as part of the Amazon Web Services portfolio. DynamoDB offers a fast persistent Key-Value Datastore with built-in support for replication, autoscaling, encryption at rest, and on-demand backup among other features.

Background
Werner Vogels, CTO at Amazon.com, provided a motivation for the project in his 2012 announcement. Amazon began as a decentralized network of services. Originally, services had direct access to each other's databases. When this became a bottleneck on engineering operations, services moved away from this direct access pattern in favor of public-facing APIs. Still, third-party relational database management systems struggled to handle Amazon's client base. This culminated during the 2004 holiday season, when several technologies failed under high traffic.

Engineers were normalizing these relational systems to reduce data redundancy, a design that optimizes for storage. The sacrifice: they stored a given "item" of data (e.g., the information pertaining to a product in a product database) over several relations, and it takes time to assemble disjoint parts for a query. Many of Amazon's services demanded mostly primary-key reads on their data, and with speed a top priority, putting these pieces together was extremely taxing.

Content with compromising storage efficiency, Amazon's response was Dynamo: a highly available key–value store built for internal use. Dynamo, it seemed, was everything their engineers needed, but adoption lagged. Amazon's developers opted for "just works" design patterns with S3 and SimpleDB. While these systems had noticeable design flaws, they did not demand the overhead of provisioning hardware and scaling and re-partitioning data. Amazon's next iteration of NoSQL technology, DynamoDB, automated these database management operations.

Overview
In DynamoDB, data is stored in Tables as items, and can be queried using indices. Items consist of a number of attributes which can belong to a number of data types, and are required to have a Key that is expected to be unique across the Table.

DynamoDB Tables
A DynamoDB Table is a logical grouping of items, which represent the data stored in this Table. Given the NoSQL nature of DynamoDB, the Tables do not require that all items in a Table conform to some predefined schema.

DynamoDB Items
An Item in a DynamoDB is a set of attributes that can be uniquely identified in a Table. An Attribute is an atomic data entity that in itself is a Key-Value pair. The Key is always of String type, while the value can be of one of multiple data types.

An Item is uniquely identified in a Table using a subset of its attributes called Keys.

Keys In DynamoDB
A Primary Key is a set of attributes that uniquely identifies items in a DynamoDB Table. Creation of a DynamoDB Table requires definition of a Primary Key. Each item in a DynamoDB Table is required to have all of the attributes that constitute the Primary Key, and no two items in a Table can have the same Primary Key. Primary Keys in Dynamo DB can consist of either one or two attributes.

When a Primary Key is made up of only one attribute, it is called a Partition Key. Partition Keys determine the physical location of the associated item. In this case, no two items in a table can have the same Partition Key.

When a Primary Key is made up of two attributes, the first one is called a "Partition Key" and the second is called a "Sort Key". As before, the Partition Key decides the physical Location of Data, but the Sort Key then decides the relative logical position of associated item's record inside that physical location. In this case, two items in a Table can have the same Partition Key, but no two items in a partition can have the same Sort Key. In other words, a given combination of Partition Key and Sort Key is guaranteed to have at most one item associated with it in a DynamoDB Table.

DynamoDB Data Types
DynamoDB supports numerical, String, Boolean, Document, and Set Data Types.

DynamoDB Indices
Primary Key of a Table is the Default or Primary Index of a DynamoDB Table.

In addition, a DynamoDB Table can have Secondary Indices. A Secondary Index is defined on an attribute that is different from Partition Key or Sort Key as the Primary Index.

When a Secondary Index has same Partition Key as Primary Index but a different Sort Key, it is called as the Local Secondary Index.

When Primary Index and Secondary Index have different Partition Key, the Secondary index is known as the Global Secondary Index.

Development considerations

Syntax
DynamoDB uses JSON for its syntax because of its ubiquity. The create table action demands just three arguments: TableName, KeySchema––a list containing a partition key and an optional sort key––and AttributeDefinitions––a list of attributes to be defined which must at least contain definitions for the attributes used as partition and sort keys. Whereas relational databases offer robust query languages, DynamoDB offers just Put, Get, Update, and Delete operations. Put requests contain the TableName attribute and an Item attribute, which consists of all the attributes and values the item has. An Update request follows the same syntax. Similarly, to get or delete an item, simply specify a TableName and Key.

System architecture

Data structures
DynamoDB uses hashing and B-trees to manage data. Upon entry, data is first distributed into different partitions by hashing on the partition key. Each partition can store up to 10GB of data and handle by default 1,000 write capacity units (WCU) and 3,000 read capacity units (RCU). One RCU represents one strongly consistent read per second or two eventually consistent reads per second for items up to 4KB in size. One WCU represents one write per second for an item up to 1KB in size.

To prevent data loss, DynamoDB features a two-tier backup system of replication and long-term storage. Each partition features three nodes, each of which contains a copy of that partition's data. Each node also contains two data structures: a B tree used to locate items, and a replication log that notes all changes made to the node. DynamoDB periodically takes snapshots of these two data structures and stores them for a month in S3 so that engineers can perform point-in-time restores of their databases.

Within each partition, one of the three nodes is designated the "leader node". All write operations travel first through the leader node before propagating, which makes writes consistent in DynamoDB. To maintain its status, the leader sends a "heartbeat" to each other node every 1.5 seconds. Should another node stop receiving heartbeats, it can initiate a new leader election. DynamoDB uses the Paxos algorithm to elect leaders.

Amazon engineers originally avoided Dynamo due to engineering overheads like provisioning and managing partitions and nodes. In response, the DynamoDB team built a service it calls AutoAdmin to manage a database. AutoAdmin replaces a node when it stops responding by copying data from another node. When a partition exceeds any of its three thresholds (RCU, WCU, or 10GB), AutoAdmin will automatically add additional partitions to further segment the data.

Just like indexing systems in the relational model, DynamoDB demands that any updates to a table be reflected in each of the table's indices. DynamoDB handles this using a service it calls the "log propagator", which subscribes to the replication logs in each node and sends additional Put, Update, and Delete requests to indices as necessary. Because indices result in substantial performance hits for write requests, DynamoDB allows a user at most five of them on any given table.

Query execution
Suppose that a DynamoDB user issues a write operation (a Put, Update, or Delete). While a typical relational system would convert the SQL query to relational algebra and run optimization algorithms, DynamoDB skips both processes and gets right to work. The request arrives at the DynamoDB request router, which authenticates––"Is the request coming from where/whom it claims to be?"––and checks for authorization––"Does the user submitting the request have the requisite permissions?" Assuming these checks pass, the system hashes the request's partition key to arrive in the appropriate partition. There are three nodes within, each with a copy of the partition's data. The system first writes to the leader node, then writes to a second node, then sends a "success" message, and finally continues propagating to the third node. Writes are consistent because they always travel first through the leader node.

Finally, the log propagator propagates the change to all indices. For each index, it grabs that index's primary key value from the item, then performs the same write on that index without log propagation. If the operation is an Update to a preexisting item, the updated attribute may serve as a primary key for an index, and thus the B tree for that index must update as well. B trees only handle insert, delete, and read operations, so in practice, when the log propagator receives an Update operation, it issues both a Delete operation and a Put operation to all indices.

Now suppose that a DynamoDB user issues a Get operation. The request router proceeds as before with authentication and authorization. Next, as above, we hash our partition key to arrive in the appropriate hash. Now, we encounter a problem: with three nodes in eventual consistency with one another, how can we decide which to investigate? DynamoDB offers the user two options when issuing a read: consistent and eventually consistent. A consistent read visits the leader node. But the consistency-availability trade-off rears its head again here: in read-heavy systems, always reading from the leader can overwhelm a single node and reduce availability.

The second option, an eventually consistent read, selects a random node. In practice, this is where DynamoDB trades consistency for availability. If we take this route, what are the odds of an inconsistency? We'd need a write operation to return "success" and begin propagating to the third node, but not finish. We'd also need our Get to target this third node. This means a 1-in-3 chance of inconsistency within the write operation's propagation window. How long is this window? Any number of catastrophes could cause a node to fall behind, but in the vast majority of cases, the third node is up-to-date within milliseconds of the leader.

Performance

DynamoDB exposes performance metrics that help users provision it correctly and keep applications using DynamoDB running smoothly:
 Requests and throttling
Errors: ProvisionedThroughputExceededException,ConditionalCheckFailedException,Internal Server Error(HTTP 500)
 Metrics related to Global Secondary Index creation

These metrics can be tracked using the AWS Management Console, using the AWS command-line interface, or a monitoring tool integrating with Amazon CloudWatch.

Language bindings
Languages and frameworks with a DynamoDB binding include Java, JavaScript, Node.js, Go, C# .NET, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Haskell, Erlang, Django, and Grails.

Code examples

HTTP API
Against HTTP API, query items:POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: dynamodb.<region>.<domain>;
Accept-Encoding: identity
Content-Length: <PayloadSizeBytes>
User-Agent: <UserAgentString>
Content-Type: application/x-amz-json-1.0
Authorization: AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=<Credential>, SignedHeaders=<Headers>, Signature=<Signature>
X-Amz-Date: <Date>
X-Amz-Target: DynamoDB_20120810.Query

{
    "TableName": "Reply",
    "IndexName": "PostedBy-Index",
    "Limit": 3,
    "ConsistentRead": true,
    "ProjectionExpression": "Id, PostedBy, ReplyDateTime",
    "KeyConditionExpression": "Id = :v1 AND PostedBy BETWEEN :v2a AND :v2b",
    "ExpressionAttributeValues": {
        ":v1": {"S": "Amazon DynamoDB#DynamoDB Thread 1"},
        ":v2a": {"S": "User A"},
        ":v2b": {"S": "User C"}
    },
    "ReturnConsumedCapacity": "TOTAL"
}Sample response:HTTP/1.1 200 OK
x-amzn-RequestId: <RequestId>
x-amz-crc32: <Checksum>
Content-Type: application/x-amz-json-1.0
Content-Length: <PayloadSizeBytes>
Date: <Date>
 {
    "ConsumedCapacity": {
        "CapacityUnits": 1,
        "TableName": "Reply"
    },
    "Count": 2,
    "Items": [
        {
            "ReplyDateTime": {"S": "2015-02-18T20:27:36.165Z"},
            "PostedBy": {"S": "User A"},
            "Id": {"S": "Amazon DynamoDB#DynamoDB Thread 1"}
        },
        {
            "ReplyDateTime": {"S": "2015-02-25T20:27:36.165Z"},
            "PostedBy": {"S": "User B"},
            "Id": {"S": "Amazon DynamoDB#DynamoDB Thread 1"}
        }
    ],
    "ScannedCount": 2
}

Go

GetItem in Go:getItemInput := &dynamodb.GetItemInput{
	TableName: aws.String("happy-marketer"),
	Key: map[string]*dynamodb.AttributeValue{
		"pk": {
			S: aws.String("project"),
		},
		"sk": {
			S: aws.String(email + " " + name),
		},
	},
}
getItemOutput, err := dynamodbClient.GetItem(getItemInput)DeleteItem in Go:deleteItemInput := &dynamodb.DeleteItemInput{
	TableName: aws.String("happy-marketer"),
	Key: map[string]*dynamodb.AttributeValue{
		"pk": {
			S: aws.String("project"),
		},
		"sk": {
			S: aws.String(email + " " + name),
		},
	},
}

_, err := dynamodbClient.DeleteItem(deleteItemInput)
if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}UpdateItem in Go using Expression Builder:update := expression.Set(
	expression.Name(name),
	expression.Value(value),
)

expr, err := expression.NewBuilder().WithUpdate(update).Build()
if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}

updateItemInput := &dynamodb.UpdateItemInput{
	TableName: aws.String(tableName),
	Key: map[string]*dynamodb.AttributeValue{
		"pk": {
			S: aws.String("project"),
		},
		"sk": {
			S: aws.String("mySortKeyValue"),
		},
	},
	UpdateExpression:          expr.Update(),
	ExpressionAttributeNames:  expr.Names(),
	ExpressionAttributeValues: expr.Values(),
}
fmt.Printf("updateItemInput: %#v\n", updateItemInput)

_, err = dynamodbClient.UpdateItem(updateItemInput)
if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}

See also
Amazon Aurora
Amazon DocumentDB
Amazon Redshift
Amazon Relational Database Service
Comparison of relational database management systems

References

External links

Video: AWS re:Invent 2019: [REPEAT 1] Amazon DynamoDB deep dive: Advanced design patterns (DAT403-R1)

DynamoDB
Cloud storage
Distributed data stores
Structured storage
NoSQL
Cloud databases
Computer-related introductions in 2012
Key-value databases

Amazon DynamoDB


HMS Hyacinth was an 18-gun ship-sloop of the Cormorant class in the Royal Navy, launched in 1806 at Great Yarmouth. In 1810 she was reclassed as a 20-gun Post-ship (but without being re-armed). She was again re-rated as 24 guns in 1817. Hyacinth took part in some notable actions on the coast of Spain, one of which earned qualified in 1817 for the Naval General Service Medal. She was broken up in 1820.

Service
Hyacinth was commissioned in October 1806 under Commander John Davie.

On 21 April 1807 Hyacinth captured the  Frau Justina. Then on 15 August 1807 Hyacinth, under Commander John Davie, captured the Zeenymph. That same day Hyacinth was in company with Forrester and Flora when Flora captured the fishing vessels Hoop, Nepthun and Hoffnung. Nine days later Hyacinth and Vestal were in company with Flora when Flora captured the St. Sylvester.

Hyacinth then sailed for South America on 15 February 1808. In August 1809, Commander John Carter took command while Hyacinth was still in South America. She returned to Britain and spent the period May through July 1811 in Portsmouth undergoing maintenance. At some point in 1812 the Admiralty re-rated Hyacinth as a post ship, and Captain Thomas Ussher took command of her.

Attack on the Brave and the Napoleon
In the spring of 1812 Hyacinth received the task of stopping several fast vessels that were operating as privateers from Malaga, all under the command of "Barbastro". Unfortunately, Hyacinth was not fast enough to catch the privateers and although Usher disguised her as a merchantman, this ruse too failed. Usher then assembled a small squadron consisting of Goshawk, Resolute and Gunboat No. 16 to attack the privateers in their base.

On the evening of 29 April, Usher sent in his squadron's boats carrying a cutting out party. Hyacinth'''s gig and pinnace with Usher, Lieutenant Thomas Hastings and 26 men, attacked a battery of fifteen 24-pounder guns. Her barge, with Lieutenant Francis Spilsbury and John Elgar, purser, and 24 men attacked a second battery of four 24-pounder guns opposite the first. Commander Lilburne of Goshawk, with 40 men in Lieutenant Cull's gunboat, attacked the chief privateer ship Brave (or Braave, alias Sebastiani). The remaining boats, under Lieutenant Keenan, attacked the other privateers.

Usher and his party went in ahead and took possession of their target battery in less than five minutes. He fired a rocket that was the signal for the gunboat and the other boats to come in. Midshipman Pierce and 12 men then boarded and captured the Brave despite facing 33 crew men who had remained aboard after Barbastro and the bulk of his crew had jumped overboard. Lilburne followed the plan by attacking the remaining privateer vessels. To assist the attack, Usher turned the guns in the battery that he had captured around and fired on the castle of Gibralfaro; the British kept up the cannonade until they had exhausted the available ammunition.

When the British sought to withdraw, soldiers from the French 57th. regiment lined the mole, firing their muskets as the prize crews brought out their prizes. The castle too fired at the withdrawing British with its cannons. Then the wind died away, which slowed the withdrawal; it was at this time that Lilburne was mortally wounded. The French fire forced the British to leave behind most of the vessels they had captured. Before they did so, they damaged them as much as they could.

The British were able to bring out Brave and Napoleon (alias Diaboloten), both of 10 guns. The boarding party also retrieved an eagle that Napoleon had presented to Barbastro and that he had left on Brave. The attack had a heavy cost for the British. The gunboat sank during her return passage to Gibraltar and in all, the British lost 15 men killed and 53 wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issue of the Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "Malaga 29 May 1812" for this action.

Other action on the coast of Granada
In May 1812, Hyacinth and  and  supported Spanish guerrillas on the coast of Granada, against the French. On 24 May with Hyacinth and Termagant, Basilisk took a French privateer of two guns, and a brass cannon. Prize money for the "capture of a brass gun and the destruction of a French privateer, name unknown" was payable in March 1836.Hyacinth destroyed the castle at Nerja on 25 May. The British squadron then supported a guerrilla offensive against Almunecar. The British destroyed a privateer of two guns and 40 men under the castle. They the fired on the castle, creating breaches in its walls. The French then retreated to Grenada after having spiked the castle's guns, which consisted of two brass 24-pounders, six iron 18-pounders, a 6-pounder, and a howitzer. The French also left behind a number of deserters, Flemish and German draftees, who had long looked for an opportunity to quit their involuntary service.

In June 1812 Captain William Hamillton was appointed to command Hyacinth. When the War of 1812 broke out, the British captured several American ships in the Mediterranean. Hyacinth shared with , , ,  and Tuscan in the American droits for Phoenix, Margaret, Allegany and Tyger, captured on 8 August 1812 at Gibraltar after the arrival of the news of the outbreak of the War of 1812.

Ten days later, Hyacinth and  were in sight when the letter of marque Sir Alexander Ball captured the American ship Grace Ann Green. Nine days after that, Hyacinth and  captured the Eliza.

Hamillton's temporary successor in November was Captain John Lampen Manley. In January 1813 Alexander Sharpe replaced Manley.

FateHyacinth remained in the Mediterranean until 1815. Later, in 1817, she sailed to Brazil. Hyacinth was broken up in December 1820.

Notes

Citations

References
Brett, Edwin John (1871) Brett's illustrated naval history of Great Britain, from the earliest period to the present time: a reliable record of the maritime rise and progress of England''. (Publishing Off.)

Cormorant-class ship-sloops
Ships built in England
1806 ships

HMS Hyacinth (1806)


A modal verb is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, necessity, possibility or advice. Modal verbs generally accompany the  base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content. In English, the modal verbs commonly used are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, ought to, used to and dare.

Function
A modal verbs have a wide variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality:
epistemic modality, concerned with  the theoretical possibility of propositions being true or not true (including likelihood and certainty)
deontic modality, concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty)
dynamic modality, which may be distinguished from deontic modality in that, with dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are internal – the subject's own ability or willingness to act

The following  sentences illustrate epistemic and deontic uses of the English modal verb must:
epistemic: You must be starving. ("I think it is almost a certainty that you are starving.")
deontic: You must leave now. ("You are required to leave now.")
An ambiguous case is You must speak Spanish. The primary meaning would be the deontic meaning ("You are required to speak Spanish.") but this may be intended epistemically ("It is surely the case that you speak Spanish").
Epistemic modals can be analyzed as raising verbs, while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs.

Epistemic usages of modals tend to develop from deontic usages. For example, the inferred certainty sense of English must developed after the strong obligation sense; the probabilistic sense of should developed after the weak obligation sense; and the possibility senses of may and can developed later than the permission or ability sense. Two typical sequences of evolution of modal meanings are:
internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability) → permission and epistemic possibility
obligation → probability

English

The following table lists modal verbs of standard English (some English modal auxiliary verbs, and some lexical verbs) and various senses in which they are used:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Modal verb !! Epistemic sense || Deontic sense || Dynamic sense

|-
| can || That can indeed hinder. || You can, if you are allowed. || She can really sing.
|-
| could || That could happen soon. || – || He could swim when he was young.
|-
| may || That may be a problem. || May I stay? || –
|-
| might || The weather might improve.               || Might I help you? || –
|-
| must || It must be hot outside. || Sam must go to school. || –
|-
| shall || This shall not be viewed kindly. || You shall not pass. || –
|-
| should || That should be surprising. || You should stop that. || –
|-
| will || She will try to lie. || – || –
|-
| would || Nothing would accomplish that. || – || –
|-
|ought
|That ought to be correct.
|You ought to be kind.
|–
|-
|need
|–
|I need to leave.
|He needs to run fast to catch the bus.
|-
|have
|That has to be Lee at the door.
|I have to go.
|–
|-
|require
|–
|You're required to leave.
|–
|-
|oblige
|–
|You're obliged to come.
|–
|-
|assume
|I assume that's Lee.
|–
|–
|-
|manage
|–
|–
|She managed to do it.
|-
|strive
|–
|–
|I strive to be kind.
|-
|etc.
|}

In other languages

Hawaiian Pidgin

Hawaiian Pidgin is a creole language most of whose vocabulary, but not grammar, is drawn from English.  As is generally the case with creole languages, it is an isolating language and modality is typically indicated by the use of invariant pre-verbal auxiliaries. The invariance of the modal auxiliaries to person, number, and tense makes them analogous to modal auxiliaries in English. However, as in most creoles the main verbs are also invariant; the auxiliaries are distinguished by their use in combination with (followed by) a main verb.

There are various preverbal modal auxiliaries: Kaen "can", laik "want to", gata "have got to", haeftu "have to", baeta "had better", sapostu "am/is/are supposed to".  Unlike in Germanic languages, tense markers are used, albeit infrequently, before modals: Gon kaen kam "is going to be able to come".  Waz "was" can indicate past tense before the future/volitional marker gon and the modal sapostu: Ai waz gon lift weits "I was gonna lift weights"; Ai waz sapostu go "I was supposed to go".

Hawaiian

Hawaiian, like the Polynesian languages generally, is an isolating language, so its verbal grammar exclusively relies on unconjugated verbs. Thus, as with creoles, there is no real distinction between modal auxiliaries and lexically modal main verbs that are followed by another main verb. Hawaiian has an imperative indicated by e + verb (or in the negative by mai + verb). Some examples of the treatment of modality are as follows: Pono conveys obligation/necessity as in He pono i nā kamali'i a pau e maka'ala, "It's right for children all to beware", "All children should/must beware"; ability is conveyed by hiki as in Ua hiki i keia kamali'i ke heluhelu "Has enabled to this child to read", "This child can read".

French

French, like some other Romance languages, does not have a grammatically distinct class of modal auxiliary verbs and expresses modality using lexical verbs followed by infinitives: for example, pouvoir "to be able" (Je peux aller, "I can go"), devoir "to have an obligation" (Je dois aller, "I must go"), and vouloir "to want" (Je veux aller "I want to go").

Italian

Modal verbs in Italian form a distinct class (verbi modali or verbi servili). They can be easily recognized by the fact that they are the only group of verbs that does not have a fixed auxiliary verb for forming the perfect, but they can inherit it from the verb they accompany – Italian can have two different auxiliary verbs for forming the perfect, avere ("to have"), and essere ("to be"). There are in total four modal verbs in Italian: potere ("can"), volere ("want"), dovere ("must"), sapere ("to be able to"). Modal verbs in Italian are the only group of verbs allowed to follow this particular behavior. When they do not accompany other verbs, they all use avere ("to have") as a helping verb for forming the perfect.

For example, the helping verb for the perfect of potere ("can") is avere ("have"), as in ho potuto (lit. "I-have been-able","I could"); nevertheless, when used together with a verb that has as auxiliary essere ("be"), potere inherits the auxiliary of the second verb. For example: ho visitato il castello (lit. "I-have visited the castle") / ho potuto visitare il castello (lit. "I-have been-able to-visit the castle","I could visit the castle"); but sono scappato (lit. "I-am escaped", "I have escaped") / sono potuto scappare (lit. "I-am been-able to-escape", "I could escape").

Note that, like in other Romance languages, there is no distinction between an infinitive and a bare infinitive in Italian, hence modal verbs are not the only group of verbs that accompanies an infinitive (where in English instead there would be the form with "to" – see for example Ho preferito scappare ("I have preferred  to escape"). Thus, while in English a modal verb can be easily recognized by the sole presence of a bare infinitive, there is no easy way to distinguish the four traditional Italian modal verbs from other verbs, except the fact that the former are the only verbs that do not have a fixed auxiliary verb for the perfect. For this reason some grammars consider also the verbs osare ("to dare to"), preferire ("to prefer to"), desiderare ("to desire to"), solere ("to use to") as modal verbs, despite these always use avere as auxiliary verb for the perfect.

Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese is an isolating language without inflections. As in English, modality can be indicated either lexically, with main verbs such as yào "want" followed by another main verb, or with auxiliary verbs. In Mandarin the auxiliary verbs have six properties that distinguish them from main verbs:

They must co-occur with a verb (or an understood verb).
They cannot be accompanied by aspect markers.
They cannot be modified by intensifiers such as "very".
They cannot be nominalized (used in phrases meaning, for example, "one who can")
They cannot occur before the subject.
They cannot take a direct object.

The complete list of  modal auxiliary verbs consists of
three meaning "should",
four meaning "be able to",
two meaning "have permission to",
one meaning "dare",
one meaning "be willing to",
four meaning "must" or "ought to", and
one meaning "will" or "know how to".

Spanish
Spanish, like French, uses fully conjugated verbs followed by infinitives. For example, poder "to be able" (Puedo andar, "I can walk"), deber "to have an obligation" (Debo andar, "I must walk"), and querer "to want" (Quiero andar "I want to walk").

The correct use of andar in these examples would be reflexive. "Puedo andar" means "I can walk", "Puedo irme" means "I can leave" or "I can take myself off/away". The same applies to the other examples.

See also
 English auxiliaries and contractions
 German modal particle
 Grammatical mood
 Modal logic
 Modal word

References

Modalverben

Bibliography
 The Syntactic Evolution of Modal Verbs in the History of English
 Walter W. Skeat, The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology (1993), Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
{Expand section|date=May 2008}

External links
 German Modal Verbs A grammar lesson covering the German modal verbs
  Modal Verbs
 Modal Verb Tutorial
 Wikiversity:Explication of modalities

Verb
Verb types
Philosophy of language

Modal verb