Cité Libre was an influential political journal published in Quebec, Canada, through the 1950s and 1960s. Co-founded in 1950 by editor and future Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau, the publication served as an organ of opposition to the conservative government of Maurice Duplessis.

The journal published contributions by intellectuals such as Trudeau, Gérard Pelletier, René Lévesque, Pierre Vallières and other intellectuals and activists. In doing so, the journal gained a reputation for its radical viewpoints at a time when anti-Duplessis views were difficult to get into print. The journal was anti-clerical and often criticised the strong influence that the Roman Catholic Church then had in Quebec. It also favoured civil liberties, as shown by its opposition to such measures as the Padlock Law (adopted by Duplessis in 1937) and its support of the Asbestos Strike. Editor Trudeau helped form the Rassemblement, a group devoted to turning the public against Duplessis. This group, combined with Cité Libre, helped foster the intellectualism that revived the Quebec Liberal Party, which defeated the Union Nationale in 1960. Many of the themes raised by Cité Libre found fruition during Quebec's Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. A number of the journal's contributors went on to take leading parts in that movement. As the 1960s progressed, Quebec society became divided between Quebec nationalists and sovereigntists such as Lévesque and Vallières and Canadian federalists such as Trudeau and Pelletier. This caused a rift among the journal's board members, ultimately leading to the magazine's evolution into a federalist journal. As well, the journal abandoned its earlier interest in socialist ideas and became more and more liberal in orientation. The division among Quebec's left, as well as the entry of a number of Cité Libre figures into electoral politics, led to the journal's demise in 1966.

Cité Libre was revived in July 1991 to help promote Canadian national unity in Quebec and combat the perceived (pro-Quebec nationalist) "political unanimism" in the province. In this era, the editorship of the magazine was taken over by academics Max Nemni and Monique Nemni. In 1998, an English-language version (also under the name Cité Libre) was launched; unlike most other bilingual publications, both the French and English versions were identical in their respective content.

Publication ceased (both in French and English) in 2000, officially because of the magazine's perception that separatism was defeated.

Cité Libre was further revived in mid-March 2008, in response to what they saw as the destruction of the progressive traditions of the Liberal Party of Canada under the leadership of Stéphane Dion. For the founders, this included Dion's tacit endorsement of the Security and Prosperity Partnership North American Union (SPP-NAU) agenda.

References

External links
 Encarta: Pierre Trudeau (Archived 2009-10-31)

1950 establishments in Quebec
1966 disestablishments in Quebec
1991 establishments in Quebec
2000 disestablishments in Quebec
Cultural magazines published in Canada
Defunct political magazines published in Canada
French-language magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1950
Magazines disestablished in 1966
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines disestablished in 2000
Magazines published in Montreal
Political history of Quebec

Cité Libre


The Conners is an American television sitcom. The show is a spin-off of the American television sitcom Roseanne. The show follows the title family, the Conners.

The Conners are a working-class family. They work hard to get by on a limited household income. They're forced to face the daily struggles in their home in the fictional town of Lanford, Illinois.

The series stars John Goodman, Sara Gilbert, Lecy Goranson, Laurie Metcalf and Emma Kenney. Almost all continue their roles from the TV series Roseanne.

Development on a spin-off began when the series Roseanne was canceled in May 2018. The show was canceled when actress Roseanne Barr made racist remarks on Twitter that month.

The Conners airs at tge same time that the previous show, Roseanne, had been scheduled to air during the 2018–19 television season. It airs at 8:00 pm Eastern Time and 7:00 pm Central Time.

The show's first season began on October 26, 2018 on the ABC network.

References

American sitcoms
2018 establishments in the United States
English-language television programs

The Conners


Ann Sidney (born 27 March 1944) is a British actress, TV host and beauty queen who won the 1964 Miss World contest representing the United Kingdom.

Early life
Sidney moved to Poole when very young. She went to Martin Road School in Parkstone and then Martin Kemp-Welch secondary school, which later became St Aldhelm's Academy, leaving school at the age of 15. At first she took an apprenticeship in hairdressing, working in salons in Bournemouth, but then decided that she would rather be a model.

Miss World
Sidney became the second woman from her country to win the title, after Rosemarie Frankland had won the title in 1961. The pageant was held in London, United Kingdom on 12 November 1964. It was watched on TV by a reported 27.2 million people in the UK alone. During her reign as Miss World, she travelled around the world five times and joined Bob Hope on his USO tour of Asia.

Career
After relinquishing the Miss World title, Sidney had many acting roles on TV, including The Avengers and Are You Being Served?, and in films, including the spy thriller Sebastian (1968) with Dirk Bogarde and Susannah York, and the Donald Cammell/Nicolas Roeg film Performance (1970) with James Fox and Mick Jagger, as well as forming a touring cabaret act. In 1967 she appeared in the long-running West End farce Not Now, Darling opposite Donald Sinden and Bernard Cribbins.

Sidney has appeared in numerous stage musicals such as Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris and as Maria von Trapp in the Sound of Music. She has also appeared in several Christmas pantomimes in the UK, such as Prince Charming in Cinderella with Brian Conley and as Dick in Dick Whittington with Les Dawson. She also spent six years as a lead singer at the MGM Grand Las Vegas.

In December 1970, Sidney married actor Rod McLennan and moved to Australia. She featured in several Australian television programs, including the comedy series Birds In The Bush (1972), the war drama Spyforce and later co-hosted an Australian version of the game show, The Better Sex (1978).

Personal life
Both before and during her reign as Miss World, Sidney was dating Bruce Forsyth, who at the time was married to Penny Calvert.

In December 1970 Sidney married actor Rod McLennan and moved to Australia; The couple divorced in 1972. In 2005 Sidney married her fifth husband, the West End producer Duncan Weldon. He died in 2019.

References

External links

Living people
1944 births
English female models
Miss World 1964 delegates
Miss World winners
People from Poole
English beauty pageant winners
20th-century English women
20th-century English people

Ann Sidney


William Crozier (1893 – 1930) was a Scottish landscape painter.

Born in Edinburgh, Crozier studied at Edinburgh College of Art and was a fellow student and friendly with William Geissler, William Gillies, Anne Redpath, Adam Bruce Thomson and William MacTaggart. These artists are all associated with The Edinburgh School.

Assisted by a Carnegie travelling scholarship, together with Geissler and Gillies, Crozier studied under the cubist painter André Lhote in Paris in 1923. In 1924 the three talented young painters pursued their journey to Italy, where Crozier was particularly taken by the bright sunlight and resultant deep shadows, a quality which he later sought to capture in his work. This aspect of his painting and the cubist influences are evident in his 1927 painting,  Edinburgh (from Salisbury Crags). The buildings are represented as simple geometric blocks with intense contrast between the sunlit facades and heavily shaded sides.

Crozier suffered from haemophilia and was affected by ill health for most of his life. He died aged only 37 after a fall in his studio. An exhibition of his work was given at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh in 1995

External links
 William Crozier at the National Gallery of Scotland
 William Crozier (1893-1930) Publication of the National Galleries of Scotland for the Exhibition at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh. 11 May - 9 July 1995. By Ann Simpson. Pale Green Press.

References

1893 births
1930 deaths
Scottish landscape painters
Cubist artists
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Painters from Edinburgh
Scottish watercolourists
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
20th-century Scottish male artists
Guthrie Award winners

William Crozier (Scottish artist)


The Afflicted are a punk band (also considered a skate punk band) based in San Francisco, California. They were active from 1982 to 1988, consisting of Dan Rancid (lead vocals and lyrics), Barry Wilder (guitar), Frankie John Lennon (bass), and Daryl Bach (drums).  They gained popularity with a cult classic, "Here Come the Cops" (produced by Daniel Levitin) that was featured on the International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation, a hardcore punk collection released by R Radical Records.  They released an LP in 1985, also produced by Levitin, Good News About Mental Health, on Infrasonic Records.  The LP featured 11 songs including an updated version of "Here Come the Cops," and covers of Led Zeppelin's "Rock and Roll" and The Velvet Underground's  "Sweet Jane", the latter of which reached the Top 10 for several weeks in 1986 on radio station KUSF.  The album was named one of the Top 10 Records of 1985 by GQ Magazine.  The group were featured for a short-time as recurring characters in the comic books series Nexus, beginning with issue 40 (January 1988). The Band Reunited for Spikefest in 2008 and are planning to tour in 2010.

The original/earliest lineup consisted of Dan Rancid (vocals), Casey Beer (guitar), Matt the Brat (bass) and Darrel Ick (drums). "Here Come the Cops" originated from these four.

External links
The Afflicted at Myspace

Punk rock groups from California
Musical groups from San Francisco

The Afflicted (American band)


Walter of Hereford (also known as Walter of Dore) was a twelfth- and thirteenth-century Abbot of Vale Royal Abbey in Cheshire. He was Abbot from around 1294 to approximately 1307. His abbacy occurred at a time of tribulation for the abbey, mostly due to poor relations with the local populace.

Walter is in portrayed (perhaps unsurprisingly) in his Abbey's later chronicler in superlatives. He is described as "greatly venerable in life and always and everywhere devoted to God and the Blessed Virgin Mary" and as
A man of most beautiful appearance, as regards externals...and in good works also he fought a good fight for Christ, for he used a hair shirt to conquer the flesh, and by this discipline subdued it to the spirit. He rarely or never ate meat.

A chronicle of Vale Royal Abbey—probably written in the 1330s—states that the early abbots were under almost continual assault from a disgruntled populace. Abbot Walter spent much of his tenure defending the rights and prerogatives of his house (even, in 1302, securing the rights to all the dead wood on the ground within Peak Forest and at the same time petitioning parliament for the payment of arrears needed to pay for the ongoing works at the Abbey). The Abbey were granted the rights to hold a five-day long market and fair at their Kirkham manor in 1287. This was disputed by a member of the local gentry, Sir Theobald Butler, who claimed the hereditary grant of the church at Kirkham (and therefore all the associated rights and rents)  from the time of King Richard I. Walter also requested that the King inform the Justices of the Eyre to aid the Abbey in its enforcement of its previous royal charters and successfully proved his Abbey's rights to the Kirkham fair and market before a commission of Quo Warranto. Abbot Walter also, for good measure, obtained from Otton de Grandson—the English Ambassador to St Peter's—Papal confirmation that the advowson of Kirkham was vale Royal's in perpetuity. As Peter Coss has said, however, even "the Abbey's own chronicler cast some doubt on the justice" of the original grant. Abbot Walter was also able to hold back an armed force that tried to force its way through the Abbey precinct.

Abbot Walter continued to maintain the Abbey's claim to villeinage over the local tenantry as his predecessors had, for example in 1307, when one Richard Payne declared himself to be a freeman, and not a nativi of the Abbot as feudal lord. He also robustly defended his house against the King's own local Justiciar (whom the Abbey's chronicler labels a "tyrant")

A mention of Walter in the Calendar of Fine Rolls confirms him to have been still living in November 1311, but as being by now a former Abbot.

See also

 Dispute between Darnhall and Vale Royal Abbey

Notes

References

Bibliography

13th-century English people
Abbots of Vale Royal Abbey

Walter of Hereford, Abbot of Vale Royal


Horizon Pictures (GB) Ltd was a film production company founded in the United Kingdom by the Austrian-born American film producer Sam Spiegel and John Huston in 1947. The company produced The African Queen, starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn, in 1951, after which Huston left the company.

It later produced the David Lean films The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962), both of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Other productions included The Night of the Generals (1967), The Swimmer (1968) and Nicholas and Alexandra (1971).

Film production companies of the United Kingdom
John Huston

Horizon Pictures


Ferdinand Daučík (also known as Fernando Daucik; 30 May 1910 – 14 November 1986) was a Slovak football player and manager. Daučík was the manager of several La Liga clubs, most notably Barcelona, Atlético Bilbao, Atlético Madrid and Real Zaragoza. During his career, he managed La Liga clubs in 488 matches, won three La Liga titles and won the Copa del Generalísimo on five occasions and won three La Liga/Copa doubles. He died in Alcalá de Henares.

Playing career
Daučík played as a defender for 1. ČsŠK Bratislava, Slavia Prague and the Czechoslovakia national team. He was only the third Slovak player ever to play for Czechoslovakia. He was part of the squad at both the 1934 and 1938 FIFA World Cups, and although he didn't play in the 1934 tournament, he was the only Slovak to play in the 1938 competition.

Management career
Daučík coached ŠK Bratislava between 1942 and 1946 and again in 1948. In 1948, he coached Czechoslovakia for two matches. He arrived in Spain as coach of Hungaria, a team made up of refugees fleeing the various Communist regimes of Eastern Europe. The team included his brother-in-law, Ladislao Kubala, who had married Daučík's sister, Anna Viola Daučík, in 1947. Hungaria played a series of friendlies against Madrid Select XI, a Spain XI and Español and during these matches, Kubala was spotted by Josep Samitier, then chief scout at Barcelona. Kubala was offered a contract and as part of the deal, Daučík became Barcelona coach in 1950.

CF Barcelona
Daučík coached Barcelona during one of the club's most successful periods. As well as Nicolae Simatoc–Kubala, the team also included Juan Zambudio Velasco, Antoni Ramallets and Joan Segarra. During his four seasons in charge, the club won two consecutive La Liga/Copa del Generalísimo doubles in 1952 and 1953. In 1952, Barcelona won five different trophies, including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa Latina and the Copa Eva Duarte. His contract ended in 1954 and after clashing with some players, he left the club.

Athletic Bilbao
Daučík subsequently joined Athletic Bilbao, where he won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1955 and his third Liga/Copa del Generalísimo double in 1956. Then with a squad that included Agustín Gaínza, Armando Merodio and Jesús Garay, Daučík then led Atlético to the quarter-finals of the European Cup in 1957. En route to the final, they eliminated Porto and Honvéd before losing 6–5 on aggregate to Manchester United.

Atlético Madrid
The 1957–58 season saw Daučík take charge of Atlético Madrid and lead them to second place in La Liga. This resulted in Atlético qualifying for the 1958–59 seasons European Cup since the winners, Real Madrid, were also the reigning European champions. Inspired by Vavá and Enrique Collar, Atlético reached the semi-finals after beating Drumcondra FC, CSKA Sofia and Schalke 04. In the semi-finals, they met Real Madrid, who won the first leg 2–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano. If away goals had counted double, Atlético would have progressed to the final. However, the tie went to a replay and Real won 2–1 in Zaragoza.

Later years
Daučík remained in demand as a manager throughout his career. After leaving Atlético Madrid in 1959, he had a spell at Porto during the 1959–60 season. He then spent two years at Real Betis between 1960 and 1962. While there, he gave a La Liga debut to his son Yanko Daucik. Daučík then had a season each with Real Murcia and Sevilla before he joined Real Zaragoza in 1966. He took over Real towards the end of the 1965–66 season, leading them to victory in the Copa del Generalísimo final when they beat Atlético Bilbao 2–0. They also reached the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final, but after beating Barcelona 1–0 in the home-leg, Real eventually lost 4–3 on aggregate.

In 1967, Daučík moved to Canada to coach the Toronto Falcons of the National Professional Soccer League. This proved to be something of a family reunion as he was joined at the club by his son Yanko, son-in-law Ladislao Kubala and grandson Branko Kubala. After returning to Spain, he had spells at Elche, Espanyol and Colonia Moscardó, among others.
A book about him, "Útek na lavičku Barcelony" (Escape to the Bench of Barcelona), was published in 2017 by Slovak football writer Mojmír Staško.

References

External links

 Daucik at www.fcbarcelona.com
 Athletic Bilbao manager profile

1910 births
1986 deaths
People from Šahy
Footballers from the Nitra Region
SK Slavia Prague players
ŠK Slovan Bratislava players
ŠK Slovan Bratislava managers
La Liga managers
Daucik, Fernando
Athletic Bilbao managers
Atlético Madrid managers
Real Betis managers
FC Porto managers
Sevilla FC managers
Real Zaragoza managers
Elche CF managers
Real Murcia CF managers
RCD Espanyol managers
Cádiz CF managers
UE Sant Andreu managers
Levante UD managers
Czechoslovak men's footballers
Slovak men's footballers
Czechoslovak football managers
Slovak football managers
Czechoslovakia national football team managers
1934 FIFA World Cup players
1938 FIFA World Cup players
Czechoslovakia men's international footballers
Slovakia men's international footballers
Dual men's international footballers
Czechoslovak refugees
National Professional Soccer League (1967) coaches
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
Expatriate football managers in Portugal
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate soccer coaches in Canada
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Men's association football defenders

Ferdinand Daučík


Diego de Cáceres y Ovando was a Spanish nobleman.

Life
Diego de Cáceres y Ovando, first-born son of Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando, 1st Señor of the Manor House del Alcázar Viejo, and first wife Isabel Flores de las Varillas, a distant relative of Hernán Cortés, was the 2nd Señor of the House de las Cigüeñas, at the Plaza de San Mateo of Cáceres, in which he succeeded in 1487, Corregidor of Valladolid, Comendador-Mayor of Alcántara, in which conventual church he was interred.

He married Doña Francisca de Mendoza y Vera, daughter of Don Juan de Vera and wife Juana de Sandoval y Mendoza. Among other children they had, second born, Juan de Vera y de Mendoza, el Viejo.

Sources
Cunha, Fernando de Castro Pereira Mouzinho de Albuquerque e (1906–1998), Instrumentário Genealógico - Linhagens Milenárias. MCMXCV, p. 311

Spanish untitled nobility
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of death unknown

Diego de Cáceres y Ovando


The Melobar Guitar was invented by Walt Smith.  Patented in the late 1960s it was a combination of a steel guitar and a standard guitar using a standard guitar body and twisting the neck of the guitar up at a 45 degree angle so a player could play over the top of the neck in the traditional steel guitar method.

Origins
Tuned to open Chords, Smith endeavored to bring steel guitar up to the level of his classical piano teaching and purchased the first mechanical pitch changing patent but was cheated out of the design the next year. Giving up on mechanical devices he then spent the rest of his life trying to accomplish a tuning that would give a player the ability to do major/9ths/7ths/4ths/6ths and minor chords with a flat pick. His intent was to make it easier for beginners to play guitar without the difficult left hand manipulations but the idea did not catch on.

Professionals, however, such as Rusty Young with Poco, David Lindley, Arlen Roth, Steve Fishel, Roy Clark, Troy Klontz with Brooks and Dunn, Jeff Peterson with Clint Black, Howard Leesea of Heart, Brian Jones with the early Rolling Stones (later Rolling Stones videos as well), Patrick Arbuthnot of British country rockers The Rockingbirds, Jimmy Page and many many others used the Melobar as an open tuning lead instrument putting it on stage for the last thirty years.

Walt had five sons; four of which were involved in the business. John Selby Smith who was able to get Melobars built for Walt by Semi Mosley of Mosrite some early exposure with Pat Boone and Rusty Young, Steven Sherman Smith who was involved with the Rosac and Metal body models, Doug Smith a player and musician. Ted Smith the fifth son took over Melobar at Walt's death and started Smith Family Music taking the Melobar concept back to its roots with Lap Steel Guitars and the Melobro (Resonator Dobro type instrument made of fiberglass with internal wood baffles). Walt's grandson Marc Smith worked with Ted in construction for several years taking the company to the third generation.

Decline
Ted managed the company for 12 years before retiring to follow other interest and Black Canyon Guitars tried to continue the building but full production was never reached again.

Media coverage
The Melobar Company history is available in books by Tom Wheeler American Guitars and several national guitar magazine articles The Melobar Story March Guitar Player magazine and a tribute at the time of Walt's death Melobar's Basement Genius Guitar Player Magazine Sept. 1991 and the book Lap Steel Guitars.

External links
There is more history and a list of instruments built available at www.melobarted.blogspot.com

Guitars

Melobar guitar


A tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels. Tunnels are excavated through hard rock, wet or dry soil, or sand, each of which requires specialized technology.

Tunnel boring machines are an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods and "hand mining".

TBMs limit the disturbance to the surrounding ground and produce a smooth tunnel wall. This reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and is suitable for use in urban areas. TBMs are expensive to construct, and larger ones are challenging to transport. These fixed costs become less significant for longer tunnels.

TBM-bored tunnel cross-sections range from  (micro-TBMs) to  to date. Narrower tunnels are typically bored using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. TBM tunnels are typically circular in cross-section although they may be u-shaped, horseshoes, square or rectangular.

Tunneling speeds increase over time. The first TBM peaked at 4 meters/week. This increased to 16 m/wk 4 decades later. By the end of the 19th century speeds had reached over 30 m/wk. 21st century rock TBMs can excavate over 700 m/wk, while soil tunneling machines can exceed 200 m/wk. Speed generally declines as tunnel size increases.

History

1800s
The first successful tunnelling shield was developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel to excavate the Thames Tunnel in 1825. However, this was only the invention of the shield concept and did not involve the construction of a complete tunnel boring machine, the digging still having to be accomplished by the then standard excavation methods.

The first boring machine reported to have been built was Henri Maus's Mountain Slicer. Commissioned by the King of Sardinia in 1845 to dig the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy through the Alps, Maus had it built in 1846 in an arms factory near Turin. It consisted of more than 100 percussion drills mounted in the front of a locomotive-sized machine, mechanically power-driven from the entrance of the tunnel. The Revolutions of 1848 affected the funding, and the tunnel was not completed until 10 years later, by using less innovative and less expensive methods such as pneumatic drills.

In the United States, the first boring machine to have been built was used in 1853 during the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in northwest Massachusetts. Made of cast iron, it was known as Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine, after inventor Charles Wilson. It drilled  into the rock before breaking down. (The tunnel was eventually completed more than 20 years later, and as with the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, by using less ambitious methods.) Wilson's machine anticipated modern TBMs in the sense that it employed cutting discs, like those of a disc harrow, which were attached to the rotating head of the machine. In contrast to traditional chiseling or drilling and blasting, this innovative method of removing rock relied on simple metal wheels to apply a transient high pressure that fractured the rock.

In 1853, the American Ebenezer Talbot also patented a TBM that employed Wilson's cutting discs, although they were mounted on rotating arms, which in turn were mounted on a rotating plate. In the 1870s, John D. Brunton of England built a machine employing cutting discs that were mounted eccentrically on rotating plates, which in turn were mounted eccentrically on a rotating plate, so that the cutting discs would travel over almost all of the rock face that was to be removed.

The first TBM that tunneled a substantial distance was invented in 1863 and improved in 1875 by British Army officer Major Frederick Edward Blackett Beaumont (1833–1895); Beaumont's machine was further improved in 1880 by British Army officer Major Thomas English (1843–1935). In 1875, the French National Assembly approved the construction of a tunnel under the English Channel and the British Parliament supported a trial run using English's TBM. Its cutting head consisted of a conical drill bit behind which were a pair of opposing arms on which were mounted cutting discs. From June 1882 to March 1883, the machine tunneled, through chalk, a total of 1,840 m (6,036 ft). A French engineer, Alexandre Lavalley, who was also a Suez Canal contractor, used a similar machine to drill 1,669 m (5,476 ft) from Sangatte on the French side. However, despite this success, the cross-Channel tunnel project was abandoned in 1883 after the British military raised fears that the tunnel might be used as an invasion route. Nevertheless, in 1883, this TBM was used to bore a railway ventilation tunnel —  in diameter and 6,750 feet (2 km) long — between Birkenhead and Liverpool, England, through sandstone under the Mersey River.

The Hudson River Tunnel was constructed from 1889-1904 using a Greathead shield TBM. The project used air compressed to 35 psi to  reduce cave-ins. However, many workers died via cave-in or decompression sickness.

1900s
During the late 19th and early 20th century, inventors continued to design, build, and test TBMs for tunnels for railroads, subways, sewers, water supplies, etc. TBMs employing rotating arrays of drills or hammers were patented. TBMs that resembled giant hole saws were proposed. Other TBMs consisted of a rotating drum with metal tines on its outer surface, or a rotating circular plate covered with teeth, or revolving belts covered with metal teeth. However, these TBMs proved expensive, cumbersome, and unable to excavate hard rock; interest in TBMs therefore declined. Nevertheless, TBM development continued in potash and coal mines, where the rock was softer.

A TBM with a bore diameter of  was manufactured by The Robbins Company for Canada's Niagara Tunnel Project. The machine was used to bore a hydroelectric tunnel beneath Niagara Falls. The machine was named "Big Becky" in reference to the Sir Adam Beck hydroelectric dams to which it tunnelled to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel.

2000s

An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of  was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017.

Two TBMs supplied by CREG excavated two tunnels for Kuala Lumpur's Rapid Transit with a boring diameter of 6,67m. The medium was water saturated sandy mudstone, schistose mudstone, highly weathered mudstone as well as alluvium. It achieved a maximum advance rate of more than 345m/month.The world's largest hard rock TBM, known as Martina, was built by Herrenknecht AG. Its excavation diameter was , total length ; excavation area of , thrust value 39,485 t, total weight 4,500 tons, total installed capacity 18 MW. Its yearly energy consumption was about 62 GWh. It is owned and operated by the Italian construction company Toto S.p.A. Costruzioni Generali (Toto Group) for the Sparvo gallery of the Italian Motorway Pass A1 ("Variante di Valico A1"), near Florence. The same company built the world's largest-diameter slurry TBM, excavation diameter of , owned and operated by the French construction company Dragages Hong Kong (Bouygues' subsidiary) for the Tuen Mun Chek Lap Kok link in Hong Kong.

Types
TBMs typically consist of a rotating cutting wheel in front, called a cutter head, followed by a main bearing, a thrust system, a system to remove excavated material (muck), and support mechanisms. Machines vary with site geology, amount of ground water present, and other factors.

Rock boring machines differ from earth boring machines in the way they cut the tunnel, the way they provide traction to support the boring activity, and in the way they support the newly formed tunnels walls.

Tunnel wall types

Concrete lining

Shielded TBMs are typically used to excavate tunnels in soil. They erect concrete segments behind the TBM to support the tunnel walls.

The machine stabilizes itself in the tunnel with hydraulic cylinders that press against the shield, allowing the TBM to apply pressure at the tunnel face.

Main Beam
Main Beam machines do not install concrete segments behind the cutter head. Instead, the rock is held up using ground support methods such as ring beams, rock bolts, shotcrete, steel straps, ring steel and wire mesh.

Shield types

Depending on the stability of the local geology, the newly formed walls of the tunnel often need to be supported immediately after being dug to avoid collapse, before any permanent support or lining has been constructed.  Many TBMs are equipped with one more more cylindrical shields following behind the cutter head to support the walls until permanent tunnel support is constructed further along the machine.  The stability of the walls also influences the method by which the TBM anchors itself in place so that it can apply force to the cutting head. This in turn determines whether the machine can bore and advance simultaneously, or whether these are done in alternating modes.

Open/Gripper
Gripper TBMs are used in rock tunnels. They forgo the use of a shield and instead push directly against the unreinforced sides of the tunnel.

Machines such as a Wirth machine can be moved only while ungripped. Other machines can move continuously. At the end of a Wirth boring cycle, legs drop to the ground, the grippers are retracted, and the machine advances. The grippers then reengage and the rear legs lift for the next cycle.

Single shield

A single-shield TBM has a single cylindrical shield after the cutting head.  A permanent concrete lining is constructed immediately after the shield, and the TBM pushes off the lining to apply force to the cutter head.  Because this pushing cannot be done while a next ring of lining is being constructed, the single-shield TBM operates in alternating cutting and lining modes.

Double shield

Double Shield (or telescopic shield) TBMs have a leading shield that advances with the cutting head and a trailing shield that acts as a gripper.  The two shields can move axially relative to each other (i.e., telescopically) over a limited distance.  The gripper shield anchors the TBM so that pressure can be applied to the cutter head while simultaneously the concrete lining is being constructed.

Tunnel-face support methods

In hard rock with minimal ground water, the area around the cutter head of a TBM can be unpressurized, as the exposed rock face can support itself.  In weaker soil, or when there is significant ground water, pressure must be applied to the face of the tunnel to prevent collapse and/or the infiltration of ground water into the machine.

Earth Pressure Balance

Earth pressure balance (EPB) machines are used in soft ground with less than 7 bar of pressure. It uses muck to maintain pressure at the tunnel face. The muck (or spoil) is admitted into the TBM via a screw conveyor.  By adjusting the rate of extraction of muck and the advance rate of the TBM, the pressure at the face of the TBM can be controlled without the use of slurry. Additives such as bentonite, polymers and foam can be injected ahead of the face to stabilize the ground. Such additives can separately be injected in the cutter head and extraction screw to ensure that the muck is sufficiently cohesive to maintain pressure and restrict water flow.

Like some other TBM types, EPB's use thrust cylinders to advance by pushing against concrete segments. The cutter head uses a combination of tungsten carbide cutting bits, carbide disc cutters, drag picks and/or hard rock disc cutters.

EPB has allowed soft, wet, or unstable ground to be tunneled with a speed and safety not previously possible. The Channel Tunnel, the Thames Water Ring Main, sections of the London Underground, and most new metro tunnels completed in the last 20 years worldwide were excavated using this method.  EPB has historically competed with the slurry shield method (see below), where the slurry is used to stabilize the tunnel face and transport spoil to the surface.  EPB TBMs are mostly used in finer ground (such as clay) while slurry TBMs are mostly used for coarser ground (such a gravel).

Slurry shield

Slurry shield machines can be used in soft ground with high water pressure or where granular ground conditions (sands and gravels) do not allow a plug to form in the screw. The cutter head is filled with pressurised slurry, typically made of bentonite clay that applies hydrostatic pressure to the face. The slurry mixes with the muck before it is pumped to a slurry separation plant, usually outside the tunnel.

Slurry separation plants use multi-stage filtration systems that separate spoil from slurry to allow reuse. The degree to which slurry can be 'cleaned' depends on the relative particle sizes of the muck. Slurry TBMs are not suitable for silts and clays as the particle sizes of the spoil are less than that of the bentonite. In this case, water is removed from the slurry leaving a clay cake, which may be polluted.

A caisson system is sometimes placed at the cutting head to allow workers to operate the machine, although air pressure may reach elevated levels in the caisson, requiring workers to be medically cleared as "fit to dive" and able to operate pressure locks.

Open face soft ground
Open face soft ground TBMs rely on the excavated ground to briefly stand without support. They are suitable for use in ground with a strength of up to ~10 MPa with low water inflows. They can bore tunnels with cross-section in excess of 10 metres. A backactor arm or cutter head bore to within 150 mm of the edge of the shield. After a boring cycle, the shield is jacked forward to begin a new cycle. Ground support is provided by precast concrete, or occasionally spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) segments that are bolted or supported until a support ring has been added. The final segment, called the key, is wedge-shaped, and expands the ring until it is tight against the ground.

Tunnel size

TBMs range diameter from one metre to more than 17 metres. Micro tunnel shield TBMs are used to construct small tunnels, and is a smaller equivalent to a general tunnelling shield and generally bore tunnels of , too small for operators to walk in.

Backup systems
Behind all types of tunnel boring machines, in the finished part of the tunnel, are trailing support decks known as the backup system, whose mechanisms can include conveyors or other systems for muck removal; slurry pipelines (if applicable); control rooms; electrical, dust-removal and ventilation systems; and mechanisms for transport of pre-cast segments.

Urban tunnelling and near-surface tunnelling

Urban tunnelling has the special requirement that the surface remain undisturbed, and that ground subsidence be avoided. The normal method of doing this in soft ground is to maintain soil pressures during and after construction.

TBMs with positive face control, such as earth pressure balance (EPB) and slurry shield (SS), are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if ground conditions are well documented. When tunnelling in urban environments, other tunnels, existing utility lines and deep foundations must be considered, and the project must accommodate measures to mitigate any detrimental effects to other infrastructure.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

British inventions
19th-century inventions

Tunnel boring machine


On 28 June 1857, two trains collided just east of Lewisham railway station in London, killing 11 and injuring 30 more.
The 14-carriage 9:15pm from Strood, which was running 15 minutes late, pulled up 200 yards short of Lewisham station at a red signal. The guard took a red lamp to the rear of the train to warn the 9:30 train following. When he heard the approaching train he ran towards it blowing his whistle and waving the lamp. It appears that he was not seen by the driver and the standing train was struck at a speed of around , destroying the brake van and rear carriage.

A telegraph system was in place which should have prevented the second train from leaving the preceding  station until the leading train had cleared Lewisham, using a system of signal bells being rung in the signal boxes. The signals sent and received were recorded in registers kept in the signal boxes: the investigation determined that the line-clear signal had not been sent by the Lewisham signal box, despite being recorded in the Blackheath book.
The driver and fireman of the second train and the Blackheath signalman were charged with "neglect of duty causing the deaths of 11 persons".

References

Sources
The Times 1857 :
30 June page 5 "Frightful Accident on the North Kent Railway"
9 July page 12 "The Fatal Accident on the North Kent Railway"

Railway accidents in 1857
1857 in England
Railway accidents and incidents in London
Transport in the London Borough of Lewisham
History of the London Borough of Lewisham
Accidents and incidents involving South Eastern Railway (UK)
June 1857 events
Train collisions in England
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error
1857 disasters in the United Kingdom

1857 Lewisham rail crash


In differential geometry, a Riemannian manifold or Riemannian space , so called after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, is a real, smooth manifold M equipped with a positive-definite inner product gp on the tangent space TpM at each point p.

The family gp of inner products is called a Riemannian metric (or Riemannian metric tensor). Riemannian geometry is the study of Riemannian manifolds.

A common convention is to take g to be smooth, which means that for any smooth coordinate chart  on M, the n2 functions

are smooth functions. These functions are commonly designated as .

With further restrictions on the , one could also consider Lipschitz Riemannian metrics or measurable Riemannian metrics, among many other possibilities.

A Riemannian metric (tensor) makes it possible to define several geometric notions on a Riemannian manifold, such as angle at an intersection, length of a curve, area of a surface and higher-dimensional analogues (volume, etc.), extrinsic curvature of submanifolds, and intrinsic curvature of the manifold itself.

Introduction
In 1828, Carl Friedrich Gauss proved his Theorema Egregium ("remarkable theorem" in Latin), establishing an important property of surfaces. Informally, the theorem says that the curvature of a surface can be determined entirely by measuring distances along paths on the surface. That is, curvature does not depend on how the surface might be embedded in 3-dimensional space. See Differential geometry of surfaces. Bernhard Riemann extended Gauss's theory to higher-dimensional spaces called manifolds in a way that also allows distances and angles to be measured and the notion of curvature to be defined, again in a way that is intrinsic to the manifold and not dependent upon its embedding in higher-dimensional spaces. Albert Einstein used the theory of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds (a generalization of Riemannian manifolds) to develop his general theory of relativity. In particular, his equations for gravitation are constraints on the curvature of spacetime.

Definition
The tangent bundle of a smooth manifold  assigns to each point  of  a vector space  called the tangent space of  at  A Riemannian metric (by its definition) assigns to each  a positive-definite inner product  along with which comes a norm  defined by  The smooth manifold  endowed with this metric  is a Riemannian manifold, denoted .

When given a system of smooth local coordinates on  given by  real-valued functions  the vectors

form a basis of the vector space  for any  Relative to this basis, one can define metric tensor "components" at each point  by

One could consider these as  individual functions  or as a single  matrix-valued function on  note that the "Riemannian" assumption says that it is valued in the subset consisting of symmetric positive-definite matrices.

In terms of tensor algebra, the metric tensor can be written in terms of the dual basis  of the cotangent bundle as

Isometries
If  and  are two Riemannian manifolds, with  a diffeomorphism, then  is called an isometry if  i.e. if

for all  and

One says that a map  not assumed to be a diffeomorphism, is a local isometry if every  has an open neighborhood  such that  is an isometry (and thus a diffeomorphism).

Regularity of a Riemannian metric
One says that the Riemannian metric  is continuous if  are continuous when given any smooth coordinate chart  One says that  is smooth if these functions are smooth when given any smooth coordinate chart. One could also consider many other types of Riemannian metrics in this spirit.

In most expository accounts of Riemannian geometry, the metrics are always taken to be smooth. However, there can be important reasons to consider metrics which are less smooth. Riemannian metrics produced by methods of geometric analysis, in particular, can be less than smooth. See for instance (Gromov 1999) and (Shi and Tam 2002).

Overview
Examples of Riemannian manifolds will be discussed below. A famous theorem of John Nash states that, given any smooth Riemannian manifold  there is a (usually large) number  and an embedding  such that the pullback by  of the standard Riemannian metric on  is  Informally, the entire structure of a smooth Riemannian manifold can be encoded by a diffeomorphism to a certain embedded submanifold of some Euclidean space. In this sense, it is arguable that nothing can be gained from the consideration of abstract smooth manifolds and their Riemannian metrics. However, there are many natural smooth Riemannian manifolds, such as the set of rotations of three-dimensional space and the hyperbolic space, of which any representation as a submanifold of Euclidean space will fail to represent their remarkable symmetries and properties as clearly as their abstract presentations do.

Examples

Euclidean space
Let  denote the standard coordinates on  Then define  by

Phrased differently: relative to the standard coordinates, the local representation  is given by the constant value

This is clearly a Riemannian metric, and is called the standard Riemannian structure on  It is also referred to as Euclidean space of dimension n and gijcan is also called the (canonical) Euclidean metric.

Embedded submanifolds
Let  be a Riemannian manifold and let  be an embedded submanifold of  which is at least  Then the restriction of g to vectors tangent along N defines a Riemannian metric over N.

 For example, consider  which is a smooth embedded submanifold of the Euclidean space with its standard metric. The Riemannian metric this induces on  is called the standard metric or canonical metric on
 There are many similar examples. For example, every ellipsoid in  has a natural Riemannian metric. The graph of a smooth function  is an embedded submanifold, and so has a natural Riemannian metric as well.

Immersions
Let  be a Riemannian manifold and let  be a differentiable map. Then one may consider the pullback of  via , which is a symmetric 2-tensor on  defined by

where  is the pushforward of  by

In this setting, generally  will not be a Riemannian metric on  since it is not positive-definite. For instance, if  is constant, then  is zero. In fact,  is a Riemannian metric if and only if  is an immersion, meaning that the linear map  is injective for each
 An important example occurs when  is not simply-connected, so that there is a covering map  This is an immersion, and so the universal cover of any Riemannian manifold automatically inherits a Riemannian metric. More generally, but by the same principle, any covering space of a Riemannian manifold inherits a Riemannian metric.
 Also, an immersed submanifold of a Riemannian manifold inherits a Riemannian metric.

Product metrics
Let  and  be two Riemannian manifolds, and consider the cartesian product  with the usual product smooth structure. The Riemannian metrics  and  naturally put a Riemannian metric  on  which can be described in a few ways.
 Considering the decomposition  one may define

 Let  be a smooth coordinate chart on  and let  be a smooth coordinate chart on  Then  is a smooth coordinate chart on  For convenience let  denote the collection of positive-definite symmetric  real matrices. Denote the coordinate representation of  relative to  by  and denote the coordinate representation of  relative to  by  Then the local coordinate representation of  relative to  is  given by

A standard example is to consider the n-torus  define as the n-fold product  If one gives each copy of  its standard Riemannian metric, considering  as an embedded submanifold (as above), then one can consider the product Riemannian metric on  It is called a flat torus.

Convex combinations of metrics
Let  and  be two Riemannian metrics on  Then, for any number

is also a Riemannian metric on  More generally, if  and  are any two positive numbers, then  is another Riemannian metric.

Every smooth manifold has a Riemannian metric
This is a fundamental result. Although much of the basic theory of Riemannian metrics can be developed by only using that a smooth manifold is locally Euclidean, for this result it is necessary to include in the definition of "smooth manifold" that it is Hausdorff and paracompact. The reason is that the proof makes use of a partition of unity.

The metric space structure of continuous connected Riemannian manifolds

The length of piecewise continuously-differentiable curves
If  is differentiable, then it assigns to each  a vector  in the vector space  the size of which can be measured by the norm  So  defines a nonnegative function on the interval  The length is defined as the integral of this function; however, as presented here, there is no reason to expect this function to be integrable. It is typical to suppose g to be continuous and  to be continuously differentiable, so that the function to be integrated is nonnegative and continuous, and hence the length of

is well-defined. This definition can easily be extended to define the length of any piecewise-continuously differentiable curve.

In many instances, such as in defining the Riemann curvature tensor, it is necessary to require that g has more regularity than mere continuity; this will be discussed elsewhere. For now, continuity of g will be enough to use the length defined above in order to endow M with the structure of a metric space, provided that it is connected.

The metric space structure
Precisely, define  by

It is mostly straightforward to check the well-definedness of the function  its symmetry property  its reflexivity property  and the triangle inequality  although there are some minor technical complications (such as verifying that any two points can be connected by a piecewise-differentiable path). It is more fundamental to understand that  ensures  and hence that  satisfies all of the axioms of a metric.

The observation that underlies the above proof, about comparison between lengths measured by g and Euclidean lengths measured in a smooth coordinate chart, also verifies that the metric space topology of  coincides with the original topological space structure of

Although the length of a curve is given by an explicit formula, it is generally impossible to write out the distance function  by any explicit means. In fact, if  is compact then, even when g is smooth, there always exist points where  is non-differentiable, and it can be remarkably difficult to even determine the location or nature of these points, even in seemingly simple cases such as when  is an ellipsoid.

Geodesics
As in the previous section, let  be a connected and continuous Riemannian manifold; consider the associated metric space  Relative to this metric space structure, one says that a path  is a unit-speed geodesic if for every  there exists an interval  which contains  and such that

Informally, one may say that one is asking for  to locally 'stretch itself out' as much as it can, subject to the (informally considered) unit-speed constraint. The idea is that if  is (piecewise) continuously differentiable and  for all  then one automatically has  by applying the triangle inequality to a Riemann sum approximation of the integral defining the length of  So the unit-speed geodesic condition as given above is requiring  and  to be as far from one another as possible. The fact that we are only looking for curves to locally stretch themselves out is reflected by the first two examples given below; the global shape of  may force even the most innocuous geodesics to bend back and intersect themselves.
 Consider the case that  is the circle  with its standard Riemannian metric, and  is given by  Recall that  is measured by the lengths of curves along , not by the straight-line paths in the plane. This example also exhibits the necessity of selecting out the subinterval  since the curve  repeats back on itself in a particularly natural way.
 Likewise, if  is the round sphere  with its standard Riemannian metric, then a unit-speed path along an equatorial circle will be a geodesic. A unit-speed path along the other latitudinal circles will not be geodesic.
 Consider the case that  is  with its standard Riemannian metric. Then a unit-speed line such as  is a geodesic but the curve  from the first example above is not.
Note that unit-speed geodesics, as defined here, are by necessity continuous, and in fact Lipschitz, but they are not necessarily differentiable or piecewise differentiable.

The Hopf–Rinow theorem
As above, let  be a connected and continuous Riemannian manifold. The Hopf–Rinow theorem, in this setting, says that (Gromov 1999)
 if the metric space  is complete (i.e. every -Cauchy sequence converges) then
 every closed and bounded subset of  is compact.
 given any  there is a unit-speed geodesic  from  to  such that  for all
The essence of the proof is that once the first half is established, one may directly apply the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, in the context of the compact metric space  to a sequence of piecewise continuously-differentiable unit-speed curves from  to  whose lengths approximate  The resulting subsequential limit is the desired geodesic.

The assumed completeness of  is important. For example, consider the case that  is the punctured plane  with its standard Riemannian metric, and one takes  and  There is no unit-speed geodesic from one to the other.

The diameter
Let  be a connected and continuous Riemannian manifold. As with any metric space, one can define the diameter of  to be

The Hopf–Rinow theorem shows that if  is complete and has finite diameter, then it is compact. Conversely, if  is compact, then the function  has a maximum, since it is a continuous function on a compact metric space. This proves the following statement:
 If  is complete, then it is compact if and only if it has finite diameter.
This is not the case without the completeness assumption; for counterexamples one could consider any open bounded subset of a Euclidean space with the standard Riemannian metric.

Note that, more generally, and with the same one-line proof, every compact metric space has finite diameter. However the following statement is false: "If a metric space is complete and has finite diameter, then it is compact." For an example of a complete and non-compact metric space of finite diameter, consider

with the uniform metric

So, although all of the terms in the above corollary of the Hopf–Rinow theorem involve only the metric space structure of  it is important that the metric is induced from a Riemannian structure.

Riemannian metrics

Geodesic completeness
A Riemannian manifold M is geodesically complete if for all , the exponential map expp is defined for all , i.e. if any geodesic γ(t) starting from p is defined for all values of the parameter .  The Hopf–Rinow theorem asserts that M is geodesically complete if and only if it is complete as a metric space.

If M is complete, then M is non-extendable in the sense that it is not isometric to an open proper submanifold of any other Riemannian manifold.  The converse is not true, however: there exist non-extendable manifolds that are not complete.

Infinite-dimensional manifolds
The statements and theorems above are for finite-dimensional manifolds—manifolds whose charts map to open subsets of  These can be extended, to a certain degree, to infinite-dimensional manifolds; that is, manifolds that are modeled after a topological vector space; for example, Fréchet, Banach and Hilbert manifolds.

Definitions
Riemannian metrics are defined in a way similar to the finite-dimensional case. However there is a distinction between two types of Riemannian metrics:
 A weak Riemannian metric on  is a smooth function  such that for any  the restriction  is an inner product on
 A strong Riemannian metric on  is a weak Riemannian metric, such that  induces the topology on  Note that if  is not a Hilbert manifold then  cannot be a strong metric.

Examples
 If  is a Hilbert space, then for any  one can identify  with  By setting for all   one obtains a strong Riemannian metric.
 Let  be a compact Riemannian manifold and denote by  its diffeomorphism group. It is a smooth manifold (see here) and in fact, a Lie group. Its tangent bundle at the identity is the set of smooth vector fields on  Let  be a volume form on  Then one can define  the  weak Riemannian metric, on  Let   Then for  and define  The  weak Riemannian metric on  induces vanishing geodesic distance, see Michor and Mumford (2005).

The metric space structure
Length of curves is defined in a way similar to the finite-dimensional case. The function  is defined in the same manner and is called the geodesic distance. In the finite-dimensional case, the proof that this function is a metric uses the existence of a pre-compact open set around any point. In the infinite case, open sets are no longer pre-compact and so this statement may fail.
 If  is a strong Riemannian metric on , then  separates points (hence is a metric) and induces the original topology.
 If  is a weak Riemannian metric but not strong,  may fail to separate points or even be degenerate.
For an example of the latter, see Valentino and Daniele (2019).

The Hopf–Rinow theorem
In the case of strong Riemannian metrics, a part of the finite-dimensional Hopf–Rinow still works.

Theorem: Let  be a strong Riemannian manifold. Then metric completeness (in the metric ) implies geodesic completeness (geodesics exist for all time). Proof can be found in (Lang 1999, Chapter VII, Section 6). The other statements of the finite-dimensional case may fail.
An example can be found here.

If  is a weak Riemannian metric, then no notion of completeness implies the other in general.

See also

 Riemannian geometry
 Finsler manifold
 Sub-Riemannian manifold
 Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
 Metric tensor
 Hermitian manifold
 Space (mathematics)
 Wave maps equation

References

External links

Riemannian geometry

Riemannian manifold


Thomas Christopher Greene (born 1968) is an American novelist and college president. His sixth novel, The Perfect Liar, was published by St. Martin's Press in January 2019. His fiction has been translated into thirteen languages and has found a worldwide following. He is best known for the international bestseller, The Headmaster's Wife, which both Library Journal and Publishers Weekly called "brilliant."

Early life and education
Greene was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Richard and Dolores Greene, the sixth of seven children. He was educated in Worcester public schools and then Suffield Academy in Suffield, Connecticut. He earned his BA in English from Hobart College in Geneva, New York, where he was the Milton Haight Turk Scholar. His MFA in Writing is from the former Vermont College. His brother, David, is the current president of Colby College in Waterville, Me.

Career
Since 1993, Tom has lived and worked in central Vermont. He is the founder and founding president emeritus of Vermont College of Fine Arts (VCFA), a graduate fine-arts college in Montpelier, Vermont, with degrees in visual art, writing, writing for children and young adults, graphic design, music composition, film, writing & publishing, and art & design education. Greene served as President from 2007 to 2020.

Prior to founding VCFA, Greene had a long career as a higher education administrator, working as a member of the leadership team at Norwich University, as an admissions and marketing professional, as the director of public affairs for two universities, as a professor of writing and literature, and as the director of a graduate program.[2] He has also worked as an oyster shucker, delivered pizza, on the line in a staple factory, and as a deputy press secretary for a presidential campaign.[3]

Works
 Mirror Lake (Simon & Schuster, 2003)
 I'll Never Be Long Gone (HarperCollins, 2005)
 Envious Moon (HarperCollins, 2007)
 The Headmaster's Wife (Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press, 2014)
 If I Forget You (Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press, 2016)
The Perfect Liar (St. Martin's Press), 2019
 ''Notes from the Porch: Tiny True Stories to Make You Feel Better about the World (Rootstock Publishing, 2024)

References

External links
Author's website
Vermont College of Fine Arts

1968 births
Living people
Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts
21st-century American novelists
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
Vermont College of Fine Arts alumni
Vermont College of Fine Arts faculty
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Massachusetts
Novelists from Vermont

Thomas Christopher Greene


Lake Massasecum is a  water body located in Merrimack County in central New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Bradford.  Outflow from the lake travels via the Warner River to the Contoocook River and then the Merrimack River.

The lake is classified as a warmwater fishery, with observed species including smallmouth and largemouth bass, black crappie, chain pickerel, and horned pout.

In the past decade there has been an increase in Myriophyllum (more commonly known as "milfoil") in the lake, and local residents have been trying to stop its spread.

See also

List of lakes in New Hampshire

References

Lakes of Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Lakes of New Hampshire

Lake Massasecum


The Scientific Alliance is a UK-based  organization that claims to promote open-minded debate on scientific matters and science policy, including biotechnology, genetically modified food, energy and climate change. Its stated aim is to "bring together both scientists and non-scientists committed to rational discussion and debate on the challenges facing the environment today." In the scientific literature it is regarded as "a UK-based lobby group which challenges the scientific consensus on climate change".

The group was created in 2001 by quarryman Robert Durward, director of the British Aggregates Association, and political consultant Mark Adams of the public relations firm Foresight Communications. The Scotsman newspaper has reported that on contacting the Alliance to ask about Durward's role, 'after some uncertainty, the switchboard it shares with a number of other firms denied any knowledge of Mr Durward's existence. Matthew Drinkwater, the one person responding to calls to its offices, could also be contacted by ringing the offices of Foresight Communications.' Foresight Communications is a PR firm established by Mark Adams in January 2001. As well as The Scientific Alliance, its client list includes the British Aggregates Association and the New Party (formerly known as the "Peoples Alliance" (sic)) which was also established by Durward and Adams.

Bob May of the Royal Society has criticized the Scientific Alliance for holding a forum for groups involved in climate change denial and for its links to the George C. Marshall Institute, saying that the "climate change denial lobby" had a "poisonous" influence on the media. In December 2004 the organization published a joint report with the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, a thinktank that has received $715,000 in funding from the U.S. oil company, ExxonMobil. The Alliance's director, Martin Livermore, wrote that "The Scientific Alliance has never received money from ExxonMobil" and according to the Alliance, "donations are only accepted without conditions and afford no influence over [the group's] policy".

In 2006, when Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth was put on the British school curriculum,  the Scientific Alliance took the Labour government to court for "indoctrinating" pupils.

A High Court judge eventually ruled the film should still be shown but the accompanying teaching notes watered down to weaken the claimed link between climate change and extreme weather.

See also
Media coverage of climate change

References

External links
 The Scientific Alliance
 Profile at SourceWatch
 The alliance of science, The Guardian
 Hard Rockers, The Guardian

Climate change denial
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 2001
Organizations of environmentalism skeptics and critics

Scientific Alliance


Diwan Bahadur Sir Narasimha Gopalaswami Ayyangar  (31 March 1882 – 10 February 1953) was an Indian civil servant and statesman, who served as the Prime Minister of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and later a minister in the first cabinet of independent India. He was a member of the drafting committee of the Constitution of India, the leader of the Rajya Sabha, a 'minister without portfolio' looking after Kashmir Affairs, and the Minister for Railways.

In his Kashmir Affairs role, he represented India at the United Nations Security Council and later drafted the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir.

Early life and education
Gopalaswami Ayyangar was born on 31 March 1882 in Tanjore District Madras Presidency. He studied at the Wesley School, and at the Presidency and Law Colleges in Madras, whereafter, for a short period in 1904, he was an Assistant Professor in Pachaiyappa's College.

Career
In 1905, Ayyangar joined the Madras Civil Service. He served as a Deputy Collector till 1919, and was promoted Collector and District Magistrate in 1920. He was the Registrar-General of Panchayats and Inspector of Local Boards for seven years from 1921. During this time many villages panchayats were organized in the districts of Ramnad and Guntur. Then for three years, he was Collector and District Magistrate in Anantapur. Following that he was Inspector of Municipal Councils and Local Boards till 1932. Mr. Ayyangar served as Secretary to Government in the Public Works Department from 1932 to 1934. Finally, he served as a member of the Board of Revenue until 1937. The second phase of his career was devoted to politics. He was Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1937-1943 and was appointed Council of State from 1943-1947. During that time he was Chairman of the Committee for the Indianisation of Army. From 1947-1948 he served as Minister without Portfolio in the first cabinet under Jawaharlal Nehru. This was followed by his sojourn as Minister of Railways and Transport from 1948-1952, and finally, he served as Defence Minister from 1952-1953.

Prime Minister of Kashmir (1937-1943)

Ayyangar's political career gained prominence during his tenure as Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1937–43).

Government of India

Constituent Assembly of India
In 1946, Ayyangar was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India, which convened in December 1946 with Jawaharlal Nehru as its president. Ayyangar was appointed to the seven-member Drafting Committee that formulated the Indian Constitution.

Kashmir affairs
Soon after the accession of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, Nehru appointed Ayyangar as a cabinet minister without portfolio and asked him to look after Kashmir affairs, while Nehru himself held the overall charge for Kashmir. The move caused frictions with the home minister Vallabhbhai Patel, who should have normally been responsible for Kashmir along with all other princely states.

Ayyangar led the delegation representing India in the United Nations over the Kashmir dispute in 1948. In 1952, Prime Minister Nehru appointed him as India's representative in the ongoing negotiations and discussions about Kashmir at the Geneva talks.

Ayyangar was the chief drafter of Article 370 which granted local autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Minister of Railways and Transport
During his tenure as Minister for Railways and Transport from 1948–52, the railways experienced considerable growth and expansion in services and equipment. He was the main architect in the regrouping of the Indian Railways into six zonal systems - Central, Eastern, Northern, North-eastern, Southern, and Western. Under his leadership, the operation of the railways was smooth and productive. The railway budget also reported surplus earnings at this time.

Reorganization of Government
In 1949, he presented his report on the "Reorganization of the Government Machinery" in an effort to streamline government services and maintain efficiency in the public sphere. He recommended the establishment of four standing committees, and, as a result of this report, the Defence Committee, the Economic Committee, the Parliamentary and Legal Affairs Committee, and the Administrative Organization Committee were formed by the Union government.

Death
Ayyangar died in Madras at the age of 71 on 10 February 1953, and was survived by his wife, a son, G. Parthasarathy, who was then Assistant Editor of The Hindu, and a daughter.

Honors
A distinguished administrator and a civil servant, Ayyangar held seven titles until 1947 including the title of Diwan Bahadur, the highest title awarded by a British viceroy. Other titles conferred on him by the British government were a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1935 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours list, a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) in the 1937 Coronation Honours list and a knighthood in 1941 New Year Honours list.

References

External links

Indian Tamil people
Indian civil servants
Members of the Constituent Assembly of India
Indian Knights Bachelor
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
People of the Kashmir conflict
1882 births
1953 deaths
Politicians from Chennai
Permanent Representatives of India to the United Nations
Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
Dewan Bahadurs
Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Railway Ministers of India
Defence Ministers of India
Members of the Cabinet of India

N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar


The Greensboro Monarchs were a professional ice hockey team based in Greensboro, North Carolina. The Monarchs joined the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) as an expansion franchise prior to the start of the 1989–90 season and surrendered the franchise back to the league when the Monarchs ownership obtained an expansion franchise in the American Hockey League (AHL) at the conclusion of the 1994–95 ECHL season.

History
The Monarchs played in the ECHL from 1989 until 1995, reaching the playoffs in every season. They won the Riley Cup league championship in their inaugural season, beating the Winston-Salem Thunderbirds four games to one. Goalie Wade Flaherty was named playoff MVP.  The Monarchs also reached the Riley Cup Finals in 1991 and 1995.

With some of the owners voting to enter the higher level American Hockey League, the franchise was canceled by the ECHL.  The ownership renamed the new franchise the Carolina Monarchs and played in the AHL for the 1995–96 season before their lease was revoked by the Greensboro Coliseum when the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League (NHL) moved temporarily to Greensboro and became the Carolina Hurricanes. The Hurricanes then moved into their new arena and permanent home in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Season-by-season results
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL = Shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes.

Defunct ECHL teams
Ice hockey teams in North Carolina
Sports in Greensboro, North Carolina
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1989
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1995
Anaheim Ducks minor league affiliates

Greensboro Monarchs


A Youth Inclusion Support Panel (abbreviated YISP) is a British arm of local government.  YISPs aim to address anti-social behaviour and offending by young people aged 8–13, though some local authorities extend the age range as high as 17.

Each YISP is a multi-disciplinary, inter-agency, voluntary service.  A young person who is identified to be "at risk" of offending will be offered the chance to appear before the panel.  The panel will be an ad hoc collection of professionals chosen to meet the young person's needs; typically their parents, teachers, youth workers, social workers, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) workers, or other relevant people will be involved.  They will form a plan aimed at helping the young person with their behaviour, channeling them into constructive activities, and reducing the risk of offending.  Other support such as anger management or parenting classes may also be offered.

In most areas, parents or carers who are concerned about their child's behaviour can refer directly to a YISP via their local council.  There is no charge.

YISPs were originally piloted in April 2003, and following the successful pilot there were (as of March 2009) 122 YISPs in the UK.

References
Youth Inclusion and Support Panels: Preventing Crime and Antisocial Behaviour?, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Centre for Family Studies.  .

Youth in the United Kingdom
Local government in the United Kingdom

Youth Inclusion Support Panel


An electron microprobe (EMP), also known as an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) or electron micro probe analyzer (EMPA), is an analytical tool used to non-destructively determine the chemical composition of small volumes of solid materials. It works similarly to a scanning electron microscope: the sample is bombarded with an electron beam, emitting x-rays at wavelengths characteristic to the elements being analyzed. This enables the abundances of elements present within small sample volumes (typically 10-30 cubic micrometers or less) to be determined, when a conventional accelerating voltage of 15-20 kV is used. The concentrations of elements from lithium to plutonium may be measured at levels as low as 100 parts per million (ppm), material dependent, although with care, levels below 10 ppm are possible. The ability to quantify lithium by EPMA became a reality in 2008.

History
The electron microprobe (electron probe microanalyzer) developed from two technologies: electron microscopy — using a focused high energy electron beam to impact a target material, and X-ray spectroscopy — identification of the photons scattered from the electron beam impact, with the energy/wavelength of the photons characteristic of the atoms excited by the incident electrons. Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll are associated with the prototype electron microscope in 1931. Henry Moseley was involved in the discovery of the direct relationship between the wavelength of X-rays and the identity of the atom from which it originated.

There have been at several historical threads to electron beam microanalysis. One was developed by James Hillier and Richard Baker at RCA. In the early 1940s, they built an electron microprobe, combining an electron microscope and an energy loss spectrometer. A patent application was filed in 1944. Electron energy loss spectroscopy is very good for light element analysis and they obtained spectra of C-Kα, N-Kα and O-Kα radiation. In 1947, Hiller patented the concept of using an electron beam to produce analytical X-rays, but never constructed a working model. His design proposed using Bragg diffraction from a flat crystal to select specific X-ray wavelengths and a photographic plate as a detector. However, RCA had no interest in commercializing this invention.

A second thread developed in France in the late 1940s. In 1948–1950, Raimond Castaing, supervised by André Guinier, built the first electron "microsonde électronique" (electron microprobe) at ONERA. This microprobe produced an electron beam diameter of 1-3 μm with a beam current of ~10 nanoamperes (nA) and used a Geiger counter to detect the X-rays produced from the sample. However, the Geiger counter could not distinguish X-rays produced from specific elements and in 1950, Castaing added a quartz crystal between the sample and the detector to permit wavelength discrimination. He also added an optical microscope to view the point of beam impact. The resulting microprobe was described in Castaing's 1951 PhD Thesis, translated into English by Pol Duwez and David Wittry, in which he laid the foundations of the theory and application of quantitative analysis by electron microprobe, establishing the theoretical framework for the matrix corrections of absorption and fluorescence effects. Castaing (1921-1999) is considered the father of electron microprobe analysis.

The 1950s was a decade of great interest in electron beam X-ray microanalysis, following Castaing's presentations at the First European Microscopy Conference in Delft in 1949 and then at the National Bureau of Standards conference on Electron Physics in Washington, DC, in 1951, as well as at other conferences in the early to mid-1950s. Many researchers, mainly material scientists, developed their own experimental electron microprobes, sometimes starting from scratch, but many times using surplus electron microscopes.

One of the organizers of the Delft 1949 Electron Microscopy conference was Vernon Ellis Cosslett at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, a center of research on electron microscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy with Charles Oatley as well as X-ray microscopy with Bill Nixon. Peter Duncumb combined all three technologies and developed a scanning electron X-ray microanalyzer for his PhD thesis (1957), which was commercialized as the Cambridge MicroScan.

Pol Duwez, a Belgian material scientist who fled the Nazis and settled at the California Institute of Technology and collaborated with Jesse DuMond, encountered André Guinier on a train in Europe in 1952, where he learned of Castaing's new instrument and the suggestion that Caltech build a similar instrument. David Wittry was hired to build such an instrument as his PhD thesis, which he completed in 1957. It became the prototype for the ARL EMX electron microprobe.

During the late 1950s and early 1960s there were over a dozen other laboratories in North America, the United Kingdom, Europe, Japan and the USSR developing electron beam X-ray microanalyzers.

The first commercial electron microprobe, the "MS85" was produced by CAMECA (France) in 1956.. It was soon followed in the early-mid 1960s by microprobes from other companies; however, all companies except CAMECA , JEOL and Shimadzu Corporation went out of business. In addition, many researchers build electron microprobes in their labs. Significant subsequent improvements and modifications to microprobes included scanning the electron beam to make X-ray maps (1960), the addition of solid state EDS detectors (1968) and the development of synthetic multilayer diffracting crystals for analysis of light elements (1984). Later, CAMECA pioneered manufacturing a shielded electron microprobe for nuclear applications. Several advances in CAMECA instruments in recent decades expanded the range of applications on metallurgy, electronics, geology, mineralogy, nuclear plants, trace elements, and dentistry.

Operation
A beam of electrons is fired at a sample. The beam causes each element in the sample to emit X-rays at a characteristic frequency; the X-rays can then be detected by the electron microprobe. The size and current density of the electron beam determines the trade-off between resolution and scan time and/or analysis time.

Detailed description
Low-energy electrons are produced from a tungsten filament, a lanthanum hexaboride crystal cathode or a field emission electron source and accelerated by a positively biased anode plate to 3 to 30 thousand electron volts (keV). The anode plate has central aperture and electrons that pass through it are collimated and focused by a series of magnetic lenses and apertures. The resulting electron beam (approximately 5 nm to 10 μm diameter) may be rastered across the sample or used in spot mode to produce excitation of various effects in the sample. Among these effects are: phonon excitation (heat), cathodoluminescence (visible light fluorescence), continuum X-ray radiation (bremsstrahlung), characteristic X-ray radiation, secondary electrons (plasmon production), backscattered electron production, and Auger electron production.

When the beam electrons (and scattered electrons from the sample) interact with bound electrons in the innermost electron shells of the atoms of the various elements in the sample, they can scatter the bound electrons from the electron shell producing a vacancy in that shell (ionization of the atom). This vacancy is unstable and must be filled by an electron from either a higher energy bound shell in the atom (producing another vacancy which is in turn filled by electrons from yet higher energy bound shells) or by unbound electrons of low energy. The difference in binding energy between the electron shell in which the vacancy was produced and the shell from which the electron comes to fill the vacancy is emitted as a photon. The energy of the photon is in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. As the electron structure of each element is unique, the series X-ray line energies produced by vacancies in the innermost shells is characteristic of that element, although lines from different elements may overlap. As the innermost shells are involved, the X-ray line energies are generally not affected by chemical effects produced by bonding between elements in compounds except in low atomic number (Z) elements ( B, C, N, O and F for Kalpha and Al to Cl for Kbeta) where line energies may be shifted as a result of the involvement of the electron shell from which vacancies are filled in chemical bonding.

The characteristic X-rays are used for chemical analysis. Specific X-ray wavelengths or energies are selected and counted, either by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) or energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). WDS utilizes Bragg diffraction from crystals to select X-ray wavelengths of interest and direct them to gas-flow or sealed proportional detectors. In contrast, EDS uses a solid state semiconductor detector to accumulate X-rays of all wavelengths produced from the sample. While EDS yields more information and typically requires a much shorter counting time, WDS is generally more precise with lower limits of detection due to its superior X-ray peak resolution and greater peak to background ratio.

Chemical composition is determined by comparing the intensities of characteristic X-rays from the sample with intensities from standards of known composition. Counts from the sample must be corrected for matrix effects (depth of production of the X-rays, absorption and secondary fluorescence) to yield quantitative chemical compositions. The resulting chemical data is gathered in textural context. Variations in chemical composition within a material (zoning), such as a mineral grain or metal, can be readily determined.

Volume from which chemical information is gathered (volume of X-rays generated) is 0.3 – 3 cubic micrometers.

Limitations
 WDS cannot determine elements below number 3 (lithium). This restrictis WDS when analyzing geologically important elements such as H, Li, and Be.
 Despite the improved spectral resolution of elemental peaks, some peaks exhibit significant overlap that causes analytical challenges (e.g., VKα and TiKβ). WDS analyses are unable to distinguish the valence states of elements (e.g. Fe2+ vs. Fe3+) which must be obtained by other techniques such as Mössbauer spectroscopy or electron energy loss spectroscopy.
 Element isotopes cannot be determined by WDS, but are most commonly obtained with a mass spectrometer.

Applications

Materials science and engineering

The technique is commonly used for analyzing the chemical composition of metals, alloys, ceramics, and glasses. It is particularly useful for assessing the composition of individual particles or grains and chemical changes on the scale of a few micrometres to millimeters. The electron microprobe is widely used for research, quality control, and failure analysis.

Mineralogy and petrology
This technique is most commonly used by mineralogists and petrologists. Most rocks are aggregates of small mineral grains. These grains may preserve chemical information acquired during their formation and subsequent alteration. This information may illuminate geologic processes such as crystallization, lithification, volcanism, metamorphism, orogenic events (mountain building), and plate tectonics. This technique is also used for the study of extraterrestrial rocks (meteorites), and provides chemical data which is vital to understanding the evolution of the planets, asteroids, and comets.

The change in elemental composition from the center (also known as core) to the edge (or rim) of a mineral can yield information about the history of the crystal's formation, including the temperature, pressure, and chemistry of the surrounding medium. Quartz crystals, for example, incorporate a small, but measurable amount of titanium into their structure as a function of temperature, pressure, and the amount of titanium available in their environment. Changes in these parameters are recorded by titanium as the crystal grows.

Paleontology

In exceptionally preserved fossils, such as those of the Burgess shale, soft parts of organisms may be preserved. Since these fossils are often compressed into a planar film, it can be difficult to distinguish the features: a famous example is the triangular extensions in Opabinia, which were interpreted as either legs or extensions of the gut. Elemental mapping showed that their composition was similar to the gut, favoring that interpretation. Because of the thinness of carbon films, only low voltages (5-15 kV) can be used on them.

Meteorite analysis
The chemical composition of meteorites can be analyzed quite accurately using EPMA. This can reveal much about the conditions that existed in the early Solar System.

Online tutorials
 Jim Wittke's class notes at Northern Arizona University
 John Fournelle's class notes at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
 John Donovan's class notes at the University of Oregon

See also
Electron microscope
Electron spectroscopy

References

Further reading

External links

Electron Probe Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem - web page of a lab describing their modern EPMA

X-rays
Microscopes
Analytical chemistry
Scientific techniques

ko:전자 현미경

Electron microprobe


The Gayer-Anderson Museum is an art museum located in Cairo, Egypt. It is situated adjacent to the Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun in the Sayyida Zeinab neighborhood. The building takes its name from Major Robert Grenville Gayer-Anderson Pasha, who resided in the house between 1935 and 1942 with special permission from the Egyptian Government. The museum is noted for being one of examples of 17th-century domestic architecture left in Cairo, and also for its collection of furniture, carpets, curio, and other objects.

Gayer-Anderson Pasha
Robert Grenville Gayer-Anderson joined the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1904 and was later transferred to the Egyptian Army in 1907.  He was then promoted to become a Major in 1914 and during the same year, he became Assistant Adjutant-General for recruiting in the Egyptian Army. In 1919, he retired from the army to become the Senior Inspector in the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior, and he later became the Oriental Secretary to the British Residency in Cairo. He retired in 1924 but continued to live in Egypt, expanding his interests in Egyptology and Oriental Studies.

History
Bayt al-Kritliyya is considered to be one of the remarkable examples of Muslim domestic architecture in Cairo. It dates back to the Mamluk Period (1040 AH/1631 AD) and it was built by Hagg Mohamed Salem Galmam el- Gazzar. The museum consists of two houses built using the outer wall of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun as support.  The larger house, located to the east (the outermost side in relation to the mosque) was built in 1632 AD (1041 AH) by Hajj Mohammad ibn al-Hajj Salem ibn Galman al-Gazzar. It later came into the possession of a wealthy Muslim woman from Crete, and the home became popularly known as Beit al-Kritliyya, or "House of the Cretan Woman." The second house, to the west (the innermost side in relation to the mosque) was built in 1540 AD (947 AH) by Abdel-Qader al-Haddad.  It later became known as "Beit Amna bint Salim," after its last owner.  The two houses were joined by a bridge at the third floor level at an unknown point, and are both collectively known as Bayt al-Kritliyya.

The construction of private homes against the outer wall of a mosque was common practice. In 1928 the Egyptian government began to clear the homes, many of which were in very poor condition, away from the mosque as part of a plan to make important Islamic monuments more accessible.  The Committee for the Conservation of Arab Monuments objected to the demolition of Bayt al-Kritliyya, however, on the grounds that the home was  well preserved. The home was kept intact, and repairs were made to the side walls to strengthen them after the neighboring houses were torn down.

In 1935, Major Gayer-Anderson, a retired collector and self-described Orientalist, was granted permission to reside in the house, which had just been restored.  Gayer-Anderson oversaw the installation of electricity and plumbing, and the restoration of fountains, pavements, and other parts of the interior of the home.  He populated the building with his personal collection of art, furnishings, and carpets, and he built a sailing boat he used to collect these antiques from all over Egypt, it was docked on the Nile not far from the house.  In 1942, Gayer-Anderson was forced by ill health to leave Egypt, and he gave the contents of the house to the Egyptian government. King Farouk gave him the title of Pasha in return.  Gayer-Anderson died in England in 1945, and is buried in Lavenham, Suffolk.

The James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me was partially shot in the museum, in the ceremonial reception hall and the rooftop terrace.

Apartments

Subdivisions of a Mohamedan House (Haramlik and Salamlik)
The house is divided into two halves, the Haramlik, or the family residence, and the Salamlik, also known as the guest-house.

The house has five main entrances; one for ladies, a sebil, an entrance through the garden and two doors of honour.

The Haramlik

Only the master and other family members such as the wives and children had access to this side of the house. Also, close friends were allowed.

The Courtyard
The courtyard's floor is made of marble and the windows of the Haramlik open onto it. A stairway leading to the Haramlik is also present in the courtyard. Other remarkable objects include the Bats' Well, also known as Bier el- watawit and is about fifteen meters deep.

The Maq'ad or Loggia
The Maq'ad is a reception room, which in this case, is open air. There are brass bowls dating back to some time between the fourteenth and seventeenth century. Another common feature in Mamluk houses was the "Durkah", a pathway from a door to another. It is where guests would put their shoes before reaching a divan.

Qa'a or Reception Room
This is the main apartment in the Haramlik. Marble tables are present. Fruits, flowers and drinks were also part of the tradition of this room. Also, there is a part of the "holy carpet", also known as Kiswa, in green silk, and it was a gift given by Lewa Yehia Pasha.

Service Room
This room is well known for its dresses and cupboards; which were designed by Anderson Pasha and were modeled after Turkish examples.

The Khazna or Safe- Room
The Khazna was placed between the men's and women's apartments and it was where coffee was being made. Nowadays, it is used to display miniature Persian paintings.

The Harem
This is a very large room and is supported by four columns. Also, there are windows on all four sides of the room.

There are some Persian cupboards from a palace in Teheran and each cupboard holds a different collection.

A Secret Chamber or Makhba
It is placed above the magic well and was used as a hiding place for people or objects, if they were breaking the law or trying to escape.

The Main Stairs
Stairways were not a familiar feature in Islamic architecture. In fact, they were only used in houses. On the main stair walls, a series of Persian Kashan, also known as velvet prayer-hangings, are hung.

Reading and Writing Rooms
The Reading room was quite small and had a window-seat. It has shelves, inspired by Islamic designs.  The walls are decorated with Chinese Flower paintings on rice paper.

The Writing Room now serves as an office for the museum's curator but it also serves as a study room. It could be used by people looking for travel books specifically. For that reason, the room is furnished with long tables and benches. Also, the walls have pictures and ancient examples of Egyptian drawings and writings.

The Roof Garden
Bayt al-Kritliyya's flat roof has been turned into a roof garden, and is enclosed with mashrabias. These designs are of Coptic origin and they reflect Christian symbols such as the cross. This is considered to be quite rare since the only other examples of Christian mashrabias are found in the Coptic Museum, as well as in some ancient houses in Old Cairo.

The Persian Room

The objects present in this room are from the later Persian or Shah Abbas period, except for the bed, which originates from Egypt, and a replica of an Egyptian couch with bulls feet.

The Byzantine or Bridge Room
This is a bridge which links the Haramlik to the Salamlik. However, it is nowadays used to portray the few Christian objects present in the house.

The Ancient Egyptian Room
Originally, this was Gayer Anderson Pasha's study room and it still contains some Ancient Egyptian objects. Some of the objects worth noticing include Egypt's map, engraved on an ostrich egg, a black and gold mummy case, dating back to the eighteenth century BC and a bronze Ancient Egyptian cat, with gold earrings.

The Mohamed Ali Room
This is an Ottoman apartment with green and gold decorated walls. All objects and furniture present in the room are from the Rococo period. A piece of furniture worth noting would be the throne chair, which dates back to one of the earlier Khedives, maybe Ismail Pasha.  Also, two portraits and a mechanical singing bird in a cage are present in this room. The singing bird is a Harem toy from Istanbul, and was brought by the founder's brother.

The Damascus Room
This late seventeenth century room was built by the Committee for the Preservation of Arab Monuments in 1937 and was brought from Damascus by Gayer- Anderson Pasha. The whole room is made of wood, reflecting great beauty and charm. On three sides of the room are three windows (edit), while on the fourth, is the cupboard doors. The ceiling is also worthy of notice as it is inscribed with a poem, which is praising the Prophet.  Other remarkable objects in this room include a collection of different colored and designed candlesticks, spread around the room.

Legends of the house
A number of legends are associated with the Bayt al-Kritliyya, and the sailing Boat(dahabeya)named La Marée, which were collected by Gayer-Anderson and, published as Legends of the House of the Cretan Woman (see sources).

Among the legends are:

 The house was built on the remnants of an ancient mountain called Gebel Yashkur, the "Hill of Thanksgiving."  It is believed that this is where Noah's Ark came to rest after the Deluge described in both the Bible and Qur'an, and that the last of the floodwater was drained through the well in the courtyard of the house; this legend inspired him to build a sailing boat on the Nile in front of the house in old Cairo to which he gave a French name ( La Marée  ) meaning "the tide"
 Moses was spoken to by God on this spot;
 The house and the Dahabeya ( La Marée )" his own sailing Boat on the Nile " were protected by a shaykh, Haroun al-Husseini, who is buried under one of the corners of the house.
He is said to have blinded three men who attempted to rob the house, who stumbled around the house for three days and nights until they were finally caught;
 The well in the house is said to possess miraculous qualities - for example, a lover gazing into the water would see the face of his or her sweetheart instead of his/her own reflection.

Visitor information
The museum is run by the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

The Gayer-Anderson Museum is located adjacent to the Mosque of Ibn Tulun off of 'Abd al-Magid al-Labban (Al-Salbiyya) Street in Sayyida Zeinab, Cairo.  It is most conveniently reached by taxi.  The nearest station on the Cairo Metro, the Sayyida Zeinab station, is approximately 1 km to the west.

As of January 2020, entrance fees were  for foreign adults,  for foreign students, and  for Egyptian nationals. A camera ticket costs an additional .

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in Egypt

References

Works cited

Further reading

 R.G. "John" Gayer-Anderson Pasha. Legends of the House of the Cretan Woman.  Cairo and New York: American University in Cairo Press, 2001.
 Nicholas Warner. Guide to the Gayer-Anderson Museum, Cairo. Cairo: Press of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, 2003.

Houses in Egypt
Museums in Cairo
Biographical museums in Egypt
Art museums and galleries in Egypt
History museums in Egypt
Architecture museums
Decorative arts museums
Historic house museums in Egypt
Medieval Cairo

Gayer-Anderson Museum