Ticketmaster Entertainment, LLC is an American ticket sales and distribution company based in Beverly Hills, California with operations in many countries around the world. In 2010, it merged with Live Nation under the name Live Nation Entertainment.

The company's ticket sales are fulfilled digitally or at its two main fulfillment centers located in Charleston, West Virginia, and Pharr, Texas for both primary and secondary markets. Ticketmaster's clients include venues, artists and promoters. Clients control their events and set ticket prices, and Ticketmaster sells tickets that the clients make available to them. Ticketmaster also owns and operates TicketWeb, a ticketing website geared  towards independent venues.

Ticketmaster is subject to numerous controversies and lawsuits, alleging violations of various laws. The platform charges a fee on tickets purchased and resold on the platform. The fees from ticket sales can account for a large percentage of overall ticket costs and have received scrutiny from regulators, customers, and musicians for its fees. The company has also faced scrutiny from the United States Department of Justice for retaliation against venues violating its 2010 10-year consent decree from the Live Nation merger, which has been extended an additional five years from 2020 through 2025.

Following the widespread criticism of the company's handling of the pre-sale of Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour in November 2022, the Department of Justice began a formal investigation into Live Nation Entertainment on the grounds of monopoly, antitrust law and consumer rights violations. The U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee examined the merger with a hearing in January 2023.

History
Ticketmaster was founded in Phoenix, Arizona in 1976 by college staffers Peter Gadwa and Albert Leffler, Gordon Gunn III, as well as businessman Jerry Nelson. The company originally licensed computer programs and sold hardware for ticketing systems. Its first ticketed concert was Electric Light Orchestra, held at the University of New Mexico.

In 1982, Fred Rosen was appointed CEO of Ticketmaster and moved the company to Los Angeles to be closer to the live entertainment industry. The move enabled the company to build contracts with many well-known venues including the LA Forum. Rosen drove investment into the company and led the switch to computerized ticketing. By 1985 the company had operations in the U.S., Canada and Europe. Under Rosen, the company moved into publishing and set up a travel agency and acquired rival Ticketron in 1991, making it the market leader.

In November 1993, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen acquired an 80% stake for more than $325 million.

InterActiveCorp years
In 1998, USA Networks Inc., later named InterActiveCorp (IAC), purchased a majority stake in Ticketmaster. That same year, the company merged with CitySearch and was renamed Ticketmaster Online-CitySearch. In May 2000, Ticketmaster Online-CitySearch acquired TicketWeb Inc., a ticket vendor that sold tickets online and over the phone. In 2003, IAC repurchased the remaining Ticketmaster stock that it had previously sold off.

In September 2006, Ticketmaster President Sean Moriarty told NPR that Ticketmaster had lobbied several states to enact laws that would limit the ticket resale market to authorized companies. Economists worried these laws would harm competition, but Moriarty expressed the need to reduce corrupt scalpers and counterfeit tickets.

In January 2008, Ticketmaster acquired Paciolan Inc., a developer of ticketing system applications and hosted ticketing systems, after litigation over the potential breach of antitrust laws. Also in January, Ticketmaster acquired the UK-based secondary ticket marketplace, Getmein.com. And finally, in that same January, Ticketmaster acquired TicketsNow, a ticket reseller in the United States, for $265 million.

IAC spun off Ticketmaster as its own company in the summer of 2008. Later in 2008, Ticketmaster acquired Front Line Management, an artist management firm that worked with artists such as Aerosmith, Christina Aguilera and Jimmy Buffett. Front Line CEO Irving Azoff became CEO of the new company, which was renamed Ticketmaster Entertainment.

Live Nation merger
In February 2009, Ticketmaster entered into an agreement to merge with event promoter Live Nation to form Live Nation Entertainment. The deal was cleared by the U.S. Justice Department in January 2010 under the condition that the company sell Paciolan to Comcast Spectacor or another firm, and license its software to Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), its biggest competitor. The new company, which would be called Live Nation Entertainment, would also be subject to provisions for 10 years that prevented it from retaliating against venues that partnered with competing ticketing firms. This consent decree was extended in 2020 by an additional five years, and that the company acted in violation of the terms of the 2010 agreement. Live Nation CEO Michael Rapino was named CEO of the new company.

One year after merging, Live Nation settled a previous class action lawsuit against Ticketmaster which alleged that the company had misled plaintiffs in its descriptions of delivery and processing fees.

Growth and acquisitions
In 2015, Ticketmaster acquired Front Gate Tickets, a music festival ticketing service that provided services for festivals including Lollapalooza and Austin City Limits. The same year, the company acquired Universe, a DIY ticketing platform. In 2017, TicketWeb, Ticketmaster's self-service ticketing platform, acquired Strobe Labs, a marketing platform that allows users to market to fans through social media. In 2018, Ticketmaster acquired UPGRADED, a company which converts physical tickets into digital ones, utilising blockchain.

Products and services

Ticketmaster sells tickets that its clients make available to them. In 2009, Ticketmaster released a digital ticketing system that required customers to prove their identity prior to purchase. The company believed this would help circumvent brokers and scalpers.

In 2016, Ticketmaster released a statement in favor of the Better Online Ticket Sales Act (BOTS Act), which banned the use of ticket bots to buy large amounts of tickets online and resell them at inflated prices. The following year, the company filed a lawsuit against the ticket broker Prestige Entertainment after the company used bots to buy more than 30,000 tickets to the Broadway play "Hamilton".

The company reported nearly 500 million tickets sold for 400,000 events in 2018.

In November 2020, Ticketmaster announced it will check the COVID-19 vaccination status of ticket buyers before issuing passes when live events return in 2021. Fans that either failed to verify their vaccination status or tested positive would be denied access to the event.

Pricing
The face value of Ticketmaster tickets is determined by the artist or client. In addition to the face value price, venues and Ticketmaster add fees to pay for their services.

Typically, fees added to a ticket's face value have included:

Facility charge – Charge added by the venue.
Delivery fee – Charges added dependent on the ticket delivery method and credit card processing fees.
Service fee – Sum of charges added based on the "agreement with each client (artists)" and the order processing fee. Ticketmaster "may earn a profit on the order processing fee".

As the Los Angeles Times has explained, "the 'service fee' is intentionally kept separate from the list price for two reasons: to make the base price of a ticket appear more affordable, and to create the impression that only Ticketmaster pockets that fee."  In other words, "Ticketmaster is effectively paid to be a punching bag" for consumer frustration with opaque add-on fees, and then some of the fees find their way back to the artist or venue. Utilizing such subterfuge to extract additional revenue from fans without arousing direct backlash towards themselves has become increasingly important for artists. The collapse of record album sales after the year 2000 means that as of the 2020s, 95 percent of artist income comes from concert tours.

Fee amounts vary between events and are dependent on the venue, available delivery methods, and preferences of the artist. Some economists and activist groups have claimed that high ticket prices are due to a lack of competition within the music industry.

In 2013, the jam band The String Cheese Incident gave fans money to purchase 400 tickets to one of its shows in order to resell them on its own site with fewer fees. The band said they were protesting Ticketmaster's ticket fees, while Ticketmaster argued that the band was taking revenue from venues and promoters.

As of 2016, ticket resale was Ticketmaster's fastest growing business.

In 2022, Ticketmaster was experimenting with a demand-based, dynamic pricing which would vary the ticket price based upon demand. The new system is touted to give artists a higher share of the revenues that would otherwise be coming through resale ticket sales.

Criticism and controversies

Anti-competition claims
In May 1994, the grunge band Pearl Jam filed a complaint with the U.S. Department of Justice claiming Ticketmaster had cut the group out of venue bookings in a dispute over fees. The investigation was closed without action in 1995, though the Justice Department stated it would continue to monitor the developments in the ticket industry. Chuck Philips, a reporter who covered the issue, was told by sources close to the case that the investigation was closed due to a combination of a shortage of resources and the case being difficult and having uncertain prospects.

In a 2009 article by the CBC, Ticketmaster argued that legislation was needed in Ontario to protect fans from scalpers and unauthorized ticket brokers saying, "You and I both know there is a thriving ticket-broker industry ... so the law is really a fiction ... We very strongly feel the law needs to be modernized to reflect the reality of internet commerce. By keeping a price cap in place, you're really just driving the [resale] business into the shadows." That same year, musician Bruce Springsteen complained of a conflict of interest between Ticketmaster and TicketsNow after fans were directed to TicketsNow once tickets to his concert sold out on Ticketmaster.com. Irving Azoff, Ticketmaster CEO at the time, released an apology and stated that the TicketsNow link would no longer be shown for Springsteen's concerts. In 2018, the United States Department of Justice began reviewing complaints by AEG that claimed the company had engaged in anti-competitive practices. As of April 2018, the Department of Justice had not released comments on its investigation.

In 2020, the Department of Justice fined Ticketmaster $3 million for violating a consent decree resulting from the Live Nation merger. The consent decree is extended through 2025 and is required to enforce its own compliance with the decree with a penalty of $1 million for any future violations.

Rewards program monthly fees
In May 2013, Ticketmaster agreed to pay up to $23 million for enrolling customers into a rewards program that charged $9 per month. Ticketmaster made $85 million in fees, from customers who took about eight months on average to cancel their enrollment in the program. 1.12 million customers were eligible to claim up to a $30 refund.

Secret partnership with scalpers
Ticketmaster secretly partners with scalpers to drive up prices for consumers. Economists characterize the secondary market in tickets as socially wasteful rent-seeking. In the mid-2000s, Ticketmaster engaged in primary market auctions that reduced the rents involved in secondary market scalping – however, Ticketmaster ended these primary market auctions, opting instead to enter into the secondary market.

In September 2018, the Toronto Star reported that Ticketmaster was not enforcing ticket limit rules on its resale platform, TradeDesk. Ticketmaster denied the allegations, saying it would examine its resale policies on TradeDesk, and that it "never allows ticket scalpers to buy tickets ahead of fans." One month later, a group of customers filed a class action lawsuit against Ticketmaster.

In July 2019, a report by Billboard revealed a strategy by Live Nation, Ticketmaster's parent company, to secretly bypass placing certain tickets for sale on the primary market and instead, place them directly on resale sites "without giving fans a chance to buy them through normal channels at face value." The company acknowledged it has "facilitated the quiet transfer of concert tickets directly into the hands of resellers through the years, though only at the request of the artists involved."

Data breach
In June 2018, Ticketmaster notified 40,000 U.K. customers that it had identified a hack caused by malicious software on a third-party customer support product it contracted. The company stated that customers who bought tickets between February and June 2018 may have had data compromised.

Deceptive pricing
A class action lawsuit was filed against Ticketmaster in 2003, alleging that it did not fully disclose UPS and order processing fees added to tickets sold online. The case settlement was approved in 2015 and Ticketmaster issued vouchers and discount codes to fans who purchased tickets online between 1999 and 2013. In a related case, Ticketmaster filed suit against its liability insurance carrier, Illinois Union Insurance Company, a subsidiary of ACE Limited, in 2010 for failing to aid in its defense in the 2003 suit.

In June 2019, Canada's Competition Bureau fined Ticketmaster $4.5 million dollars ($3.44 million US dollars) as part of a settlement after it was discovered that Ticketmaster "topped advertised costs by more than 20% -- and sometimes as much as 65%." In addition to the required payment, Ticketmaster signed a consent agreement to ensure its advertising policies abide by Canadian law.

Competitor computer hacking
In December 2020, Ticketmaster "entered into a plea agreement with federal prosecutors" and agreed to pay a $10 million fine after being charged with illegally accessing computer systems of a competitor. According to FBI Assistant Director-in-Charge Williams Sweeney, "Ticketmaster used stolen information to gain an advantage over its competition, and then promoted the employees who broke the law." The allegations were first reported in 2017 when a former CrowdSurge top executive hired by Ticketmaster hacked into his former employer's database.

Dynamic pricing and "platinum" tickets
Ticketmaster and Live Nation has faced backlash for their dynamic pricing system and "platinum" tickets when tickets for Bruce Springsteen's and Blink-182's 2023 tours went on sale in July and October 2022 respectively, which saw fans of both acts criticize prices for random seats across the venue going for hundreds or thousands of dollars during pre-sales or right when tickets went on sale for the general public. In March 2023, Robert Smith criticized the model and announced that the Cure would not be allowing Ticketmaster to sell dynamically-priced or platinum tickets for the band's upcoming North American tour. Smith priced tickets for the Cure's concerts for as low as $20, but Ticketmaster charged fees that equalled more than the price of the base ticket. After Smith expressed his outrage, Ticketmaster refunded a portion of the fees to the purchasers.

Taylor Swift tour pre-sale crash

On November 15, 2022, the first day of pre-sale of tickets to verified fans for the US leg of the Eras Tour (2023) by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, Ticketmaster's official website crashed following "historically unprecedented demand with millions showing up", halting the pre-sale. In less than an hour of availability, the ticketing platform's servers were "unable to answer", with users "either completely logged out or in a queue 2,000-plus people strong that appeared frozen." Ticketmaster immediately published a statement saying they are working to fix the issues "as the site was unprepared to accommodate the sheer force of hundreds of thousands of Swift fans", and subsequently reported that "hundreds of thousands of tickets" had already been sold and rescheduled the remaining onsales to a different time, including the Capital One onsale to November 16.

Fans and customers online widely criticized Ticketmaster for a flawed ticketing model that obstructed them from purchasing tickets. The word "Ticketmaster" was trending number one worldwide on various social media platforms such as Twitter and TikTok. Several US lawmakers took notice of the issue. US congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez tweeted that Ticketmaster is a monopoly and that it must be unmerged from Live Nation Entertainment. Congressman Bill Pascrel, who had previously petitioned US Attorney General Merrick Garland in support of "strong antitrust enforcement by the Biden Administration" and criticized the merger of Ticketmaster and Live Nation, stated that he attempted to purchase tickets but was placed on the waitlist. The Tennessee Attorney General, Jonathan Skrmetti, began an investigation into "consumer complaints about chaos during the presale of tickets" to the tour. He said in a press conference on November 16 that "a lack of competition [for Ticketmaster] has led to a poor experience and higher prices for consumers." Following investigations initiated by the Tennessee Attorney General and the North Carolina Attorney General on the grounds of consumer rights violations, the federal Department of Justice began an investigation into Live Nation Entertainment and Ticketmaster on November 18.

Swift released a statement on November 18, 2022, via her Instagram story; she asserted that she is protective of her fans and wanted to assure a quality experience for them, but found it difficult to "trust an outside entity with these relationships and loyalties". She said that she was "not going to make excuses for anyone because we asked [Ticketmaster], multiple times, if they could handle this kind of demand and we were assured they could." She concluded that she is taking the necessary measures to resolve the issue and resume the sale.

In December, a group of Swift's fans, called "Swifties," filed a lawsuit against Ticketmaster and its parent company Live Nation, accusing them of fraud, anti-trust violations, and price-fixing. In the lawsuit, fans demanded $2,500 for each violation, which could potentially amount to several million in total.

Cloned and invalid tickets in Bad Bunny concert
On December 9, 2022, the day of Bad Bunny's first concert of his World's Hottest Tour in Mexico City, an unprecedented number of tickets were cancelled, affecting a considerable group of concertgoers, whose tickets were confiscated and destroyed. Because of this, Ticketmaster received a great amount of criticism because many of the attendees who were denied entry were accused of having counterfeit or cloned tickets, even though those attendees presented proof of payment or their ticket had not even been previously scanned. The procurator of Office of the Federal Prosecutor for the Consumer, described on Twitter that the agency had already requested a report from Ticketmaster Mexico on what happened at the Estadio Azteca and asked affected consumers to formalize their complaints under the terms of the law. Due to the criticism, Ticketmaster Mexico released a statement through their social networks apologizing and saying that "the inconveniences in the accesses were a consequence of the presentation of an unprecedented number of fake tickets, which caused an out of the ordinary agglomeration of people and an intermittent operation of our system". They also offered refunds for the full cost of the tickets. However, PROFECO ordered that those affected not only be refunded the full cost of the ticket, but an additional 20%.

United States Senate committee hearing
On January 24, 2023, a three-hour hearing by the Senate judiciary committee, titled "That's the Ticket: Promoting Competition and Protecting Consumers in Live Entertainment", to analyze "the long-simmering dissatisfaction over the 2010 consent decree governing the merger of Ticketmaster and Live Nation", was held at 10:00 am EST in the Hart Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. The hearing was telecast live. Various media outlets reported that both the Democrat and Republican senators "grilled" Ticketmaster's representative, Joe Berchtold, the company's chief financial officer. The senators questioned Berchtold over Ticketmaster's monopolistic practices, policies, ticket costs, lack of transparency, lack of defense against bots, and insensitivity to music artists. Berchtold, despite apologizing for the debacle, denied accusations of monopoly and fraud, but accepted that "there are several things we could have done better—including staggering the sales over a longer period of time and doing a better job setting fan expectations for getting tickets" and continued to blame "industrial-scale ticket scalping" and "unprecedented number of bots" in Swift's tour debacle. The witnesses prosecuting Ticketmaster included Jerry Mickelson, the president of JAM Creative Productions; and Jack Groetzinger, co-founder of SeatGeek. Live Nation cited several letters of support within its testimony, including one from American country singer Garth Brooks. Free Britney America, a D.C. organization that was part of the Free Britney movement, protested outside the U.S. Capitol during the hearing "in support of ending Ticketmaster-Live Nation's monopoly over the live event and ticketing industry."

Drake and Zach Bryan tours controversies
On December 26, 2022, American country singer Zach Bryan criticized Ticketmaster for his Burn Burn Burn tour (2023) and listed out non-transferrable tickets to stop scalpers. He went on to release a live album, entitled All My Homies Hate Ticketmaster.

In March 2023, fans of Canadian rapper Drake also filed a class action lawsuit against Ticketmaster in the Superior Court of Quebec, alleging intentional deception and fraud. Plaintiffs claimed that the on-sale for the It's All a Blur Tour, a co-headlining concert tour by Drake and 21 Savage, "intentionally misleads consumers for [Ticketmaster's] own financial gain" by concealing information about additional show dates to drive demand and ticket prices. The suit seeks $300 in punitive damages per customer and compensatory damages covering the difference between the "Official Platinum" ticket prices and the regular cost for the seats.

Eurovision 2023 on-sale crash
For the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool in May 2023, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the host broadcaster BBC partnered with Ticketmaster. Prior to the ticket booking platform going live, many users complained that the Ticketmaster website had crashed with a 500 error. Tickets for the contest's final sold out in 36 minutes, with the remaining available shows selling out around an hour later. Following this, tickets were available on third-party resale platforms such as Viagogo, with a general admission standing ticket for the final, originally priced at , being sold for up to .

Coronation Concert Tickets controversies
Ticketmaster was heavily criticised for their handling of the tickets for Coronation Concert of Charles III and Camilla. After two rounds of ticket balloting remaining spare tickets were sent out to people who originally put their name down. Thousands of email sent out to people stating "Congratulations, you have been successful in the ballot for a pair of standing tickets". The email also said "You will have until 12:00 on 27th April to claim your tickets. If you do not claim your tickets by this date then they will be re-allocated", as a result many people had already booked hotels or the day off work in anticipation that they had already gotten the tickets. Ticketmaster has been criticised and the email labeled "misleading".

Partners
Ticketmaster has partnerships with venues, professional sports leagues and teams, college and universities, musical acts and theatre tours and target corporation in the United States and internationally. Ticketmaster has partnered with musical acts such as Taylor Swift, and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra, and theatre productions such as Hamilton and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.

Ticketmaster has been the ticketing provider for the National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 2008, Ticketmaster entered into an agreement with the National Football League (NFL) to manage its resale market on NFL TicketExchange. Ticketmaster also works with wrestling promotions World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) (1994) and All Elite Wrestling  (AEW) (2019)

In 2017, Ticketmaster announced it would open the TicketExchange platform to allow the sale and validation of tickets on third-party websites, including StubHub. Ticketmaster has also partnered with the United States Tennis Association, Tennis Canada, and the PGA Tour.

See also
 Live Nation Entertainment
 Jerry Seltzer
 Ticket resale
 Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.
 Monopoly

References

External links
Scam Alert: Entertainment Rewards and Ticketmaster – Consumerist

Ticket sales companies

Monopolies
Online retailers of the United States
Entertainment companies based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
West Hollywood, California
Entertainment companies established in 1976
Retail companies established in 1976
1976 establishments in California
2010 mergers and acquisitions

Ticketmaster


Georgia–Italy relations are foreign relations between Georgia and Italy. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992. Georgia has an embassy in Rome. Italy has an embassy in Tbilisi. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

During the 2008 South Ossetia war, the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini said "We cannot create an anti-Russia coalition in Europe, and on this point we are close to Putin's position" he also stressed that Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi was a close ally of Prime Minister Vladimir Putin of Russia. On 8 August, the Italian Government issued a statement reporting that "In close coordination with its European Union and Atlantic partners, the Italian Government is following the crisis situation that has developed in South Ossetia with grave concern" and that "Italy calls on all parties to bring an immediate end to the violence and reach a lasting cessation of hostilities. It strongly encourages a resumption of negotiations for a political solution to the problem with due respect for Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity". Later, on 10 August, after contacts with the US Secretary of State, the French Foreign Minister and the Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs reiterated this invitation. In an 11 August interview with the La Stampa newspaper, the Italian Foreign Ministry reported about the direct involvement of Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy: "Sarkozy phoned Putin in his capacity as current President of the European Union, and 10 minutes later he phoned Berlusconi. 'Silvio, you speak to Vladimir too', he said, 'explain that we're not anti-Russian and we all want Moscow to be close to the EU'. In his conversation with Berlusconi, Putin reiterated his position: that Russia had every right to intervene in Georgia", and made a reference about an eventual deployment of Italian troops: "If, after his meetings in Tbilisi and Moscow, Kouchner submits a proposal to the European Council of Foreign Ministers on Wednesday, and it's approved, we'll take it into consideration. There are a lot of 'ifs', and we'd need in any case to redistribute our forces, which are finite, by redeploying them from other international missions. Humanitarian aid for South Ossetia, on the other hand, is ready as of now".

See also
 Foreign relations of Georgia
 Foreign relations of Italy

External links
  Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Italy
  Georgian embassy in Rome
 Italian embassy in Tbilisi

References

Italy
Bilateral relations of Italy

Georgia–Italy relations


Microsporum canis is a pathogenic, asexual fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that infects the upper, dead layers of skin on domesticated cats, and occasionally dogs and humans. The species has a worldwide distribution.

Taxonomy and evolution
Microsporum canis reproduces by means of two conidial forms, large, spindle-shaped, multicelled macroconidia and small, single-celled microconidia. First records of M. canis date to 1902. Evolutionary studies have established that M. canis, like the very closely related sibling species M. distortum and M. equinum, is a genetic clone derived from the sexually reproducing species, Arthroderma otae. Members of Ascomycota often possess conspicuous asexual and sexual forms that can coexist in time and space. Microsporum canis exemplifies a common situation in ascomycetous fungi in which, over time, one mating type strain has undergone habitat divergence from the other and established a self-sustaining reproductive population that consists only of the asexual form. It is hypothesized that asexual lineage of Microsporum canis evolved as a result of host-specific interactions, changes in ecological niche, as well as, geographic isolation of + and – mating types of Arthroderma otae, hence making it difficult to sustain sexual reproduction. Early domestication of animals, such as cats and dogs, in Africa led to a later evolution of host-specific fungus, Microsporum canis, which is commonly associated with loose fur animals. Nearly all reported isolates of Microsporum canis represent the "–" mating strain of A. otae. Together with two closely related taxa, M. ferrugineum and M. audouinii, the clade is thought to have an African center of origin.

Morphology

Colony morphology
Microsporum canis forms a white, coarsely fluffy spreading colony with a distinctive "hairy" or "feathery" texture. On the underside of the growth medium, a characteristic deep yellow pigment develops due to the metabolites secreted by the fungus. The intensity of this yellow pigmentation peak on the 6th day of colony growth and fades gradually making the identification of older colonies difficult. Some strains of M. canis fail to produce yellow pigment altogether, exhibit abnormally slow colony growth and form undeveloped macroconidia. Cultivation on polished rice tends to reestablish the typical growth morphology and is helpful for identification.

Microscopic morphology
Microsporum canis reproduces asexually by forming macroconidia that are asymmetrical, spindle-shaped and have cell walls that are thick and coarsely roughened. The interior portion of each macroconidium is typically divided into six or more compartments separated by broad cross-walls. Microsporum canis also produces microconidia that resemble those of many other dermatophytes and thus are not a useful diagnostic feature.

Identification
Microsporum canis produces infections of scalp and body sites, creating highly inflammatory lesions associated with hair loss. Infection by this species can often be detected clinically using Wood's lamp, which causes infected tissues to fluoresce bright green Fluorescence is attributed to metabolite pteridine, which is produced by the fungus in actively growing hairs. Infected hairs remain fluorescent for prolonged periods of time (over the years), even after the death of the fungus. Despite the frequent use of Wood's lamp in the clinical evaluation of ringworm infections, diagnosis of M. canis requires the performance of additional tests given the potential for false positives. Culture of the fungus is most commonly used to evaluate morphological and physiological parameters of growth, and confirm the identity of the agent. Growth of the fungus on Sabouraud's agar (4% glucose), Mycosel or rice medium characteristically yields the bright yellow pigment. Microscopic examination of the growth can show the presence of the typical, warted and spindle-shaped macroconidia, confirming the identity of the isolate as M. canis. The In vitro hair perforation test, commonly used to differentiate many dermatophytes, is not particularly useful for this species as it reveals the formation of "pegs" that penetrate into hair shafts - a characteristic shared widely among many zoophilic species. Genetic analyses can be useful to establish the identity of atypical strains of M. canis; however the highly characteristic appearance of this species generally obviates the need for this more sophisticated method.

Most M. canis infections are caused by the "-" mating strain of its sexual progenitor, Arthroderma otae.

Microsporum canis has no specific growth factor or nutrition requirements, hence it grows well on most commercially available media. In addition, M. canis exhibits rapid colony growth at 25 °C. Two growth media that help distinguish M. canis from other Microsporum spp. (notably the morphologically similar species, M. audouinii) - specifically polished rice and potato dextrose agar. On potato dextrose agar, M. canis produces a lemon-yellow pigment that is easily visualized, due to the presence of aerial hyphae, while on the polished rice, most isolates (even atypical strains) produce yellow pigment.

Pathophysiology
It is considered a zoophilic dermatophyte, given that it typically colonizes the outer surface of animal's body. Hence, animals, cats and dogs are believed to be the population hosts of this fungus, while humans are occasional hosts, in which the fungus can induce secondary infections. Microsporum canis has been identified as a causal agent of a ringworm infection in pets, tinea capitis and tinea corporis in humans, children in particular.

Microsporum canis is among the most common dermatophytes associated with tinea capitis and tinea corporis. Unlike some dermatophyte species, M. canis typically does not cause large epidemics. Humans become infected as a result of direct or indirect contact with infected pets. Microsporum canis generally invades hair and skin; however, some nail infections have been reported. When hair shafts are infected, M. canis causes an ectothrix-type infection where the fungus envelopes the exterior of the hair shaft without the formation of internal spores. This colonization of the hair shaft causes it to become unsheathed, resulting in characteristic round or oval non-inflammatory lesions the develop on the scalp. Infection triggers an acute leukocytic reaction in subcutaneous tissues, which gradually becomes highly inflammatory and leads to hair loss, in the case of tinea capitis.

Diagnosis
Typically, infections caused by M. canis are associated with alopecia in the case of tinea capitis, while ringworm infections in pets produce characteristic inflammatory lesions, which may or may not result in hair loss. This species has a propensity to cause subclinical infections in some animal species, particularly long-haired cats are frequent reservoirs of infection. Isolation of the fungus from brushed pet hair can aid in detection of either an actively growing fungus or a passive carriage of fungal hyphae or arthroconidia. In asymptomatic cases it is highly recommended to perform both Wood's lamp examination and microscopic analyses of suspected areas. In the case of transient carriers, lack of clinical manifestations is accompanied with low number of M. canis colonies, number of which declines upon re-testing.

Treatment
Microsporum canis infections can be easily managed by topical antifungal agents; however severe cases may necessitate systemic therapy with griseofulvin, itraconazole or terbinafine. Treatment of human cases also requires the identification and elimination of the infectious reservoir, which typically involves the investigation and treatment of colonized animals and the elimination of infected bedding and other environmental reservoirs.

Habitat
Despite its species name ("canis" implies dogs), the natural host of M. canis is the domestic cat. However this species can colonize dogs and horses as well. In all cases, it resides on the skin and fur. Microsporum canis may also persist as dormant spores in the environment for prolonged periods.

Geographic distribution
Microsporum canis species have a worldwide distribution. Extremely high occurrence has been reported in Iran, while lower incidence is associated with England and Scandinavian countries, as well as South American countries. Microsporum canis is uncommon in some parts of US and Europe, and is completely absent from equatorial Africa.

References

Arthrodermataceae
Fungi described in 1900
Parasitic fungi

Microsporum canis


Leon Francis Riley Sr. (August 20, 1906 – September 13, 1970) was an American professional baseball player who became a manager in the minor leagues. During a playing career that stretched from 1927 to 1942 and 1944 to 1949, Riley appeared in 2,267 minor league games for 21 different teams, with a brief trial with the 1944 Philadelphia Phillies during the World War II manpower shortage. He was the father of Lee and Pat Riley.

Biography
Born in Princeton, Nebraska, Riley was an outfielder and first baseman who stood  (185 cm) tall, weighed 185 pounds (83.9 kg), batted left-handed, and threw right-handed. Although he reached the top minor-league level in 116 games for the Rochester Red Wings (1932) and Baltimore Orioles (1939) of the Class AA International League, he spent most of his playing career in the Class A Western League, leading that loop in triples with 27 in 1929.

In 1937, Riley became the playing manager with the Beatrice Blues in the Class D Nebraska State League. The Blues finished well below .500 that year, but Riley won the NSL batting title with a .372 batting average. In 1938, the Blues posted a winning mark and Riley repeated as batting champ with a .365 average, while also leading the NSL in runs batted in. He would manage for 11 seasons (1937–38; 1940–41; 1945–51) in the minor leagues, including stints in the farm systems of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Phillies. Riley led the Class C Canadian–American League in home runs with 32 in 1941 and the Class D Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League (PONY League) with 13 in 1945, when he was 39 years old.

Over his long minor-league playing career, Riley batted .314 with 2,418 hits and 248 home runs. In April 1944, at age 37, Riley appeared in four games for the Phillies, with 12 at bats, one hit (a double), and one RBI — for a career MLB batting average of .083. As a manager, he led the Schenectady Blue Jays to the 1947 Can-Am League championship.

Leon Riley died in Schenectady, New York, aged 64, in 1970.

References
Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 1997 edition. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America.
Johnson, Lloyd, ed., The Minor League Register. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 1994.

External links

1906 births
1970 deaths
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from Nebraska
Beatrice Blues players
Bradford Blue Wings players
Davenport Blue Sox players
Elmira Pioneers players
Elmira Red Wings players
Houston Buffaloes players
Huntington Red Birds players
Knoxville Smokies players
Lincoln Links players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Memphis Chickasaws players
Minor league baseball managers
Omaha Packers players
Oneonta Indians players
Ottumwa Packers players
People from Lancaster County, Nebraska
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pueblo Braves players
Rochester Red Wings players
Rome Colonels players
Schenectady Blue Jays players
Sportspeople from Schenectady, New York
Terre Haute Phillies players
Utica Blue Sox players
Wilmington Blue Rocks (1940–1952) players

Leon Riley


Hartswood Films is a British television production company founded by Beryl Vertue in 1979. They have also produced dramas such as Jekyll, as well as documentaries, and the 1990s ITV/BBC sitcom Men Behaving Badly.

In 2009, Hartswood opened a production office in Cardiff, which works alongside BBC Wales' "drama village" in Cardiff Bay. The company's first Cardiff-based production is Sherlock, co-created by Steven Moffat.

See also
Television series by Hartswood Films

References

External links
Official website

Television production companies of the United Kingdom

Hartswood Films


Centigrade is a 2007 thriller short film starring Colin Cunningham, Daniel Brodsky, and Bernhard Lachkovics about a man trapped in a trailer.  It won Leo Awards and awards at Method Fest Independent Film Festival and Cinequest Film Festival.  The producers are working to turn the short into a feature film.

Plot
A Man (Colin Cunningham) awakens one morning with a hangover to discover that he has been taken hostage aboard his old, run down trailer which is being towed down the highway by a mysterious black truck; he desperately tries to find a way out of the sealed vehicle before he burns inside.
Colin Cunningham describes the movie as follows: "Centigrade, in a nutshell, is about a guy who lives in an old dilapidated, busted-up trailer. There's no wheels on it. It's just laying dead in the weeds. [The owner] does a bad thing, and he wakes up in the morning and [the trailer is] rolling down the highway. It's being towed by a big, black pickup truck.  The doors won't open and the windows won't break and he can't get out. That's essentially what it's about. It's about a man trapped."

Production
The part of the main character was originally to go to another actor, but difficulties forced Cunningham to take the part himself.  The script was written 17 years ago; Madison Graie suggested to Cunningham that they apply for the Directors Guild of Canada's "Kickstart Program" to make Fahrenheit (Centigrade'''s original title).  The pair won one of the five Kickstart awards and used the $20,000 CAD prize to make the film.

Due to signing with Shorts International, Centigrade will be available on iTunes, the first Canadian live action short to appear there. Cunningham and Graie are working on turning Centigrade into a feature film.

Cast

Colin Cunningham as Man
Daniel Brodsky as Boy
Ron Sauvé as Man in Other Trailer
Bernhard Lachkovics as Black Truck Driver
Derrick Garland as Burgundy Truck Driver
Fulvio Cecere as Trailer Graveyard
Mark Rickerby as Trailer Graveyard
Madison Graie as Trailer Graveyard
Sterling Wong as Boy Double

Awards
Wins
2008: Cinequest Film Festival Award for Best Narrative Short Film (Madison Graie)
2008: Leo Award for Best Short Drama (Madison Graie, Derrick Garland)
2008: Leo Award for Best Direction in a Short Drama (Colin Cunningham)
2008: Leo Award for Best Performance by a Male in a Short Drama (Colin Cunningham)
2008: Leo Award for Best Make-Up in a Short Drama (Jayne Dancose)
2008: Leo Award for Best Overall Sound in a Short Drama (Real Gauvreau)
2008: Method Fest Independent Film Festival Award for Best actor in a Short Film (Colin Cunningham)Centigrade'''s Award for Best Narrative Short at Cinequest Film Festival qualifies it to be nominated for an Oscar.

Nominations
2008: Leo Award for Best Cinematography in a Short Drama (Kevin Hall)
2008: Leo Award for Best Picture Editing in a Short Drama (Jonathan Eric Tyrrell)
2008: Method Fest Independent Film Festival Award for Best Short Film
2008: Vancouver International Film Festival Award for Best Emerging Director (Colin Cunningham)

Official Selections
2008: Cannes Short Film Corner
2008: Jackson Hole Film Festival
2008: Palm Springs International Film Festival
2008: Santa Barbara International Film Festival

References

External links

2007 films
2007 horror films
Canadian drama short films
2007 short films
Canadian horror thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films

Centigrade (2007 film)


Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States, composed of the neighborhoods of Ocean Bluff, Brant Rock, Fieldston, and Rexhame in the town of Marshfield. The population of the CDP was 4,970 at the 2010 census.

History
Brant Rock and Ocean Bluff were originally inhabited by Native Americans, including members of the Wampanoag tribe of the Algonquian peoples. Native American artifacts have been found extensively in the area. The main road through the area, known today as Ocean Street, is a Native American road, likely very ancient. The area at the end of Brant Rock village, known as Blackman's Point, was a Native American campground.

In the 1630s, the government of the Pilgrim settlers at Plymouth began to give out land grants in the area.

The Ocean Bluff area was first granted to the governor of the Pilgrims. It was known by about 1638 as "Governor's Island." Later on in the 17th century, it became known as "Winter's Island". Christopher Winter was later tried in Plymouth Court for the crime of fathering his own grandchild. Eventually, his daughter married a man named John Hewitt, and he became the owner of Winter's Island. For many generations the area was known as Hewitt's Island, or Hewitt's Point. However, today most residents refer to the area as "Ocean Bluff."

Brant Rock was originally known as "Branch's Island." The name "Brant Rock" eventually came into use, because of the huge rock outcropping along the beach on which brant geese would tend to rest. From the 17th century through the late 19th century, the area was primarily used for salt marsh haying, cattle grazing, and for fishing and fowling. In the late 19th century, the area became populated by large summer resort hotels and tourist shops.

Hewitt's Island and Branch's Island were sometimes referred to as the "Spectacle Islands", because together the islands looked like a pair of spectacles or eyeglasses. After the Green Harbor Dyke was built following the Civil War, the tidal salt marshes in the area dried up. The Spectacle Islands were no longer surrounded by water from the tidal flooding of the marshes, and ceased to constitute "islands".

In January 1906, Reginald Fessenden achieved the first two-way transatlantic radiotelegraph transmission, exchanging Morse code messages between his stations in Brant Rock and Machrihanish, Scotland. (Marconi had only achieved one-way transmissions prior to his date). On Christmas Eve, December 24, 1906, Fessenden transmitted from Brant Rock Station the first audio radio broadcast of music and entertainment in history. Radio operators on ships in the Atlantic heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing the song "O Holy Night" on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.

Geography
Ocean Bluff and Brant Rock are located at  (42.101561, -70.660787), and are part of the town of Marshfield.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 11.3 km2 (4.4 mi2), of which 5.3 km2 (2.0 mi2) is land and 6.0 km2 (2.3 mi2) is water, a total of 53.09%.

Ocean Bluff (02065) and Brant Rock (02020) contain five public beaches: Sunrise Beach, Ocean Bluff Beach, Brant Rock Beach, Blackman's Point, and Bluefish Cove. All of these beaches, as well as the rest of the Marshfield seashore from Green Harbor village to Rexhame village, were once known by the name of "Marshfield Beach". In 1832, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts ruled in the case of Briggs Thomas v. Inhabitants of Marshfield, 13 Pickering 240, that Rexhame Beach as well as all of the rest of "Marshfield Beach" was a "common," open for use by all members of the public.

During the summer time, especially along Sunrise Beach and Ocean Bluff, skim boarding and surfing are very popular.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,100 people, 2,004 households, and 1,320 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 960.5/km2 (2,489.5/mi2). There were 2,657 housing units at an average density of 500.4/km2 (1,297.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.35% White, 0.29% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population.

There were 2,004 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,840, and the median income for a family was $60,552. Males had a median income of $42,388 versus $35,902 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,292. About 3.1% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

Popular culture
The climax of the 2018 film The Equalizer 2 starring Denzel Washington unfolds on Brant Rock. The protagonist Robert McCall is a Defense Intelligence Agency operative, and the only reprised role in Mr. Washington's storied career.

References

Census-designated places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts

Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts


The 205th Division () was created in January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 19th Brigade, 7th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its origin could be traced to 9th Independent Brigade of Jizhong Military District formed in July 1947.

The division was a part of 69th Corps. Under the flag of 205th it took part in battles during the Chinese civil war.

The division was then composed of:
613th Infantry Regiment;
614th Infantry Regiment;
615th Infantry Regiment.

In March 1949, along with the disbandment of 69th Corps, the division exchanged all its personnel with 206th Division, and absorbed personnel from the disbanding 207th Division. Since then the division was put under direct control of Huabei Military Region.

In September 1950, the division was inactivated and re-organized as Air Defense Command of Huabei Military Region.

References

中国人民解放军各步兵师沿革,http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a3f74a990101cp1q.html

Infantry divisions of the People's Liberation Army
Military units and formations established in 1949
Military units and formations disestablished in 1950

205th Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)


Possessing the Secret of Joy is a 1992 novel by Alice Walker.

Plot summary

It tells the story of Tashi, an African woman and a minor character in Walker's earlier novel The Color Purple. Now in the US she comes from Olinka, Alice Walker's fictional African nation where female genital mutilation is practiced. Tashi marries an American man named Adam then leaves Olinka because of the war. Tashi chooses to go back to Olinka to undergo circumcison because she is a woman torn between two cultures, Olinkan and Western. Instead of feeling free from not having the procedure done as a child, she feels bothered by it. She wants to honor her Olinkan roots and has the operation in her teen years, although it is usually performed on female children. Tashi later sees several psychiatrists because she goes crazy due to the trauma she has suffered before finding the strength to act. The novel is told in many different voices, which are the characters in the novel.
The novel explores what it means to have one's gender culturally defined and emphasizes that, according to Walker, "Torture is not culture."

Characters

Tashi "Evelyn" Johnson- The main protagonist of the novel. She is haunted by her experiences as a child and on the run from her memories, especially the act of female circumcision that she underwent as a young adult rather than a young child like other children following the tradition of her village. The novel delves into her struggles recuperating emotionally and physically from the circumcision as she is enveloped in revelations about the underlying meaning of her culture. Once she has the procedure done things go downhill pretty quickly and Tashi goes mad.

Adam Johnson- The son of Celie from The Color Purple, he is Tashi's lovingly supportive husband. Adam watches Tashi's downward spiral into darkness with the miserable frustration of being incapable of helping her. His intensely powerful insecurity and fear causes him to indulge in a merely comforting affair with his longtime friend, the French feminist, Lissete. As a result of their extramarital union, their son, Pierre is born. Adam is heartbroken as his affair pushes Tashi further away, and must face the consequences of his actions.

Benny Johnson- Tashi and Adam's adult son; Benny has an intellectual disability as a result of his brain being damaged during his birth, which was complicated because of Tashi's infibulation. Benny's limited abilities make Tashi increasingly depressed because she blames her circumcised vulva for Benny's agonizing journey from her womb. Benny is very curious about the world and is willing to study about it in order to keep up conversations with his parents.

Lisette- Adam's lover and mother of Pierre, Adam's second son.

Dura- Tashi's older sister that bled to death in childhood due to the ritual circumcision. Tashi comes to view Dura's death as a murder, and repeatedly emphasizes that Dura has been "screaming in her ears" since her death.

M'Lissa- Tsunga of the tribe into which M'Lissa was born. The tsunga performs circumcisions (e.g. excision and infibulation) on the girls of the tribe. M'Lissa performed the circumcision on Dura that caused her to bleed to death.

Carl Gustav Jung- Jung appears as the therapist of Tashi, the novel's protagonist. He is usually called "Mzee" but is identified by Alice Walker in the afterword.

References

1992 American novels
Novels by Alice Walker
Womanist novels
Feminist novels
Cultural depictions of Carl Jung
Works about female genital mutilation
African-American novels

Possessing the Secret of Joy


Arnold Peralta (29 March 1989 – 10 December 2015) was a Honduran football player. He played as a defensive midfielder for C.D.S. Vida, Rangers F.C. and Olimpia. He also played for the Honduras national football team. He represented Honduras in seven FIFA World Cup qualification games.

Peralta was shot dead sixteen times by an unknown gunman on 10 December 2015 in his hometown of La Ceiba, aged 26.

References

2015 deaths
1989 births
2012 Summer Olympics
Honduran footballers
Murdered sportspeople
Murders by firearm

Arnold Peralta


Role-Based Collaboration (RBC) represents an emerging research area.

RBC is an approach that can be used to integrate the theory of roles into Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) systems and other computer-based systems. It consists of a set of concepts, principles, mechanisms and methods. RBC presents challenges and benefits not found in traditional CSCW systems. This research will bring exciting improvements to the development and application of CSCW systems and methodologies of collaboration.

Even though we proposed RBC from the point of view of CSCW, we could expand RBC to more fields. RBC can be divided into two categories: special RBC and general RBC. Special RBC means role-based CSCW or HCI. To perform better system analysis, design, implementation, application and evaluations, it is hoped to apply role theory to CSCW or Human Computer Interaction (HCI) systems. Therefore, the gap can be bridged between their developers and the sociologists who are more concerned with the usability of CSCW systems. General RBC is to extend special RBC to the areas such as software engineering, social psychology, organization, management, and artificial intelligence (AI). General RBC considers not only supporting cooperation among people (CSCW) with computers but also that among the components of a system and between people and machines

See also
 Role-playing game
 Commons-based peer production
 Enterprise social networking

References

Human–computer interaction

Role-based collaboration


Paul Ongili Owino (born 10 October 1989), also known as Babu Owino, is a Kenyan politician and member of parliament for Embakasi East Constituency. He gained media recognition as the chairperson of Students Organisation of Nairobi University (SONU).

Early life and education
From 1995 to 2002, Owino attended Kisumu Township Primary School. From 2003 to 2006 he joined Kisumu Boys' Secondary School.

In 2008, he joined the University of Nairobi for a bachelor's degree in Actuarial Science and graduated with First Class Honors in 2012. In 2013, he went back to Nairobi University (UoN) to pursue a degree in Law.

Political career
In 2011 he was elected as the chairperson of the Student Organisation of Nairobi University (SONU).

On 31 August 2017, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Embakasi East Constituency.He is a Lifetime member of the ODM Party.

Personal life
Paul Ongili Owino (Babu Owino) is a husband to Frida Muthoni with whom they have two daughters. Babu also has another child (a son) from a previous relationship with an unnamed woman. In total, Babu Owino has three biological children.

Controversy

Attempted murder
In January 2020, Owino was arrested for shooting an unarmed nightclub DJ in the neck at close range while at B-Club, a popular nightclub in the Kilimani area in Nairobi. Owino was charged with attempted murder. He was jailed for 7 days and is currently out on bail pending completion of the case. According to Owino, he acted in self defence after he was provoked. A video of the shooting was published by several media, leading the DCI to announce that his office will charge him with attempted murder because it was clear he intended to kill the man. In the video, Babu is seen shooting Felix Orinda, also known as DJ Evolve, and dragging his body out of the night club with other unidentified persons.

In December 2021, Owino reportedly entered a civil agreement with the victim out of capital crimes of attempted murder he committed against the victim of the shooting including purchase of cars, a house and hospital bills and a series of payments to the victim. Owino attracted criticism for being drafted into the next government by continuing a never ending pattern of impunity where a number of politicians engage in capital crimes of murder, rape and even convicted of corruption crimes and are conveniently left unpunished because of corruption and impunity in Kenya, then later commit the same crimes against other members of the public.

Babu joins a string of elected Kenyan politicians with criminal records that have their criminal records mysteriously end for them to be conveniently allowed to pay out of crimes. In 2017, Starehe MP Jaguar, was also convicted of killing two people by vehicular manslaughter, he was fined ksh 40,000 and barred from driving for one year.

The courts have been criticised for minimising inconveniences to Owino owing to bizarre legal, sometimes unconstitutional but politically convenient provisions such as enabling bail payment of attempted murder in installments, accommodations not offered to ordinary Kenyans because of political patronage of impunity and corruption. The magistrate's ruling was also criticised for allowing restorative justice to the victim, in a capital offence (a responsibility of the state independent of restoration to the victim) without first getting punishment that would deter Owino from repeating the same crimes as an elected official against other members of the public.

Hate speech, threats and insults
In September 2021, Owino was accused of making threatening phone calls, sending threatening messages and intimidating journalists. According to several media in Kenya, in September 2017, Owino was arrested for verbally insulting Kenya's President Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta. Multiple leaders across the political divide in Kenya called for stern legal action to be taken against him for abusing freedom of speech by making blatantly disparaging remarks against the president. He was arrested and charged with hate speech in Nairobi.

Assaults
Owino has numerous times been reported for physically assaulting several people in Kenya, including fellow legislators, parking attendants, night guards among many others. Some of the incidents have included videos published by various media with him openly physically confronting persons who differ with him about anything. In September 2017 Owino was arrested and charged for assaulting and causing grievous body harm to a voter. In January 2018 Owino was arrested for assaulting a parking attendant together with his aides in Westlands, Nairobi for allegedly refusing to pay parking fees. Owino denied the allegations despite a video showing the parking attendant being assaulted. In November 2018 Owino was involved in a bare knuckle physical fight over differing political positions with fellow legislator, Starehe Constituency MP Jaguar within parliament buildings.

References

External links
 parliament.go.ke

1989 births
Luo people
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
University of Nairobi alumni
Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Members of the 12th Parliament of Kenya
Members of the 13th Parliament of Kenya

Babu Owino


Samuel Alphonsius Stritch (August 17, 1887 – May 27, 1958) was an American Cardinal prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1940 to 1958 and as pro-prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Propagation of the Faith from March 1958 until his death two months later. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Pius XII in 1946.

Early life and education
Samuel Stritch was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to Garret (Gerard) (1839–1896) and Katherine (née O'Malley) Stritch. His mother immigrated to the United States from Ireland with her parents at a young age, and settled in Louisville, Kentucky, where the family ran a boarding house. His father was born in Ballyheigue, Kerry but came to Louisville from Dublin in 1879, boarded with the O'Malleys, and married Katherine in 1880. Garret later worked as the manager of Sycamore Mills, a subsidiary of DuPont, in Nashville. The second youngest of eight children, Samuel had two brothers and five sisters and they attended the Church of the Assumption.

Considered something of a child prodigy, he finished grammar school at age 10 and high school at 14. In 1901, he entered St. Gregory's Preparatory Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1903. Bishop Thomas Sebastian Byrne then sent Stritch to study at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum De Propaganda Fide in Rome, where he resided at the Pontifical North American College. He later earned his doctorates in philosophy and in theology. While in Rome, he also befriended Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII.

Priesthood
Stritch was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Pietro Respighi on May 21, 1910, at the Lateran Basilica. At age 22, he was below the age requirement for ordination but was granted a dispensation by Pope Pius X, who said, "[Stritch] is young in years but old in intelligence. Let him be ordained."

Upon returning to the United States, he did pastoral work in the Diocese of Nashville. He served as pastor of St. Patrick's Church in Memphis from 1911 to 1913, whence he became private secretary to Bishop Byrne. Stritch was named diocesan chancellor in March 1917, and a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on May 10, 1921.

Episcopal career

Bishop of Toledo
On August 10, 1921, Stritch was appointed the second Bishop of Toledo, Ohio, by Pope Benedict XV. He received his episcopal consecration on the following November 30 from Archbishop Henry K. Moeller, with Bishops John Baptist Morris and Thomas Edmund Molloy serving as co-consecrators. At age 34, he was the youngest bishop in the United States at the time.

During his tenure in Toledo, Stritch established Mary Manse College in 1922 and incorporated the diocesan Catholic Charities in 1923. He also oversaw the beginning of the construction of Holy Rosary Cathedral, whose cornerstone was laid by János Cardinal Csernoch in 1926.

While in Toledo Stritch presided at the confirmation of Danny Thomas. Stritch would mentor Thomas throughout his life and urge him to locate St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis.

Archbishop of Milwaukee
Following the death of Sebastian Gebhard Messmer, Stritch was named the fifth archbishop of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on August 26, 1930. He suffered from periods of depression early in his tenure, but joined nationwide feelings of optimism with the 1932 election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Stritch was active in providing support to the victims of the Great Depression. It was because of the Depression that he refused to restore either the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist, which was heavily damaged by a fire in 1935, or St. Francis Seminary.

Stritch was an advocate for Catholic Action and the Catholic Youth Organization. An opponent of the controversial Rev. Charles Coughlin, he once wrote a letter to a Milwaukee rabbi in which, making an implicit reference to Coughlin, the archbishop rebuked those who "gain and hold a popular audience, degrade themselves and abuse the trust reposed in them by misquoting, half-quoting, and actually insinuating half-truths." In November 1939, he was elected chairman of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the predecessor of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. He also served as vice-chancellor of the Extension Society.

Archbishop of Chicago
Despite Stritch's protests, Pope Pius XII appointed him the fourth archbishop of Chicago, Illinois, on December 27, 1939. Succeeding the late Cardinal George Mundelein, Stritch was formally installed on January 3, 1940. He was the personal choice of Apostolic Delegate Amleto Giovanni Cicognani for the post, although President Roosevelt was reputed to have wanted Bishop Bernard James Sheil instead.

Pius XII created him Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura in the consistory of February 18, 1946. As archbishop, Stritch oversaw the establishment of the first American chapter of the organization Opus Dei, the launching of the Christian Family Movement, and an outreach to the Puerto Rican community.

On July 21, 1952, he delivered the invocation at the opening session of the 1952 Democratic National Convention, saying "Today we face a crisis as grave as that of Valley Forge."  He asked for Divine protection against "the aggression of those within and without of Godless enslaving political systems and of those who wittingly or unwittingly seek to take away our freedoms by their advocacy of materialism and Godless humanism."

In July 1954, he issued a pastoral letter exhorting Illinois Catholics to abstain from the assembly of the World Council of Churches at Evanston, writing, "The Catholic Church does not...enter into any organization in which the delegates of many sects sit down in council or conference as equals...She does not allow her children to engage in any activity...based on the false assumption that Roman Catholics, too, are still searching for the truth of Christ," to the dismay of several Protestant and ecumenical figures. However, earlier in 1943, Stritch attended a peace program held by Protestant, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Jewish leaders.

Pro-Prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of Faith
On March 1, 1958, he was appointed pro-prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of Faith, thus becoming the first American to head a dicastery of the Roman Curia. As pro-prefect, Stritch directed the Church's missionary efforts.

Death
In May 1958, a blood clot required the Cardinal's right arm to be amputated above the elbow. Following the operation, he suffered a stroke on May 19, and died eight days later, at age 70.

After lying in state at the North American College and the Cathedral of the Holy Name in Chicago, he was interred in the Bishops' Mausoleum at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois, on June 3.

Family
Entertainer Elaine Stritch was his first cousin once removed.

Legacy
Cardinal Stritch University in Milwaukee was named for him, as are Cardinal Stritch High School in Oregon, Ohio, a former junior and senior high school in Keokuk, Iowa, the Stritch School of Medicine at Loyola University Chicago, and Knights of Columbus 4th Degree Assembly, Samuel Cardinal Stritch Assembly #205.

See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links
Official site of the Holy See

1887 births
1958 deaths
21st-century American cardinals
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
Roman Catholic archbishops of Chicago
Roman Catholic archbishops of Milwaukee
Burials at the Bishop's Mausoleum, Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)
Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII
Catholics from Tennessee
Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
Religious leaders from Chicago
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
Roman Catholic bishops of Toledo
Religious leaders from Nashville, Tennessee

Samuel Stritch


Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi () is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film, directed by Manivannan. The film stars Sathyaraj, Prabhu, Nadhiya and Sudha Chandran. It was released on 27 February 1987. The film was remade in Telugu as Chinnodu Peddodu and in Kannada as Ramanna Shamanna.

Plot
Chinna Thambi and Periya Thambi are brothers who work in a spinning mill in Booluvampatii, on the outskirts of Coimbatore district. They live with their widowed grandmother. Though the brothers quarrel often, they are always together and love each other. Suddenly, their mother's younger brother visits them after 20 years. Both brothers fall in love with their rich uncle's daughter Kavitha and try to woo her. But Kavitha's parents deny the alliance as the brothers are neither rich nor educated. Kavitha and her family are sent out of the village by the brother's mother due to this refusal. She also prohibits her sons to visit that uncle's family on any personal cause.

Well educated and beautiful, Kavitha is initially arranged to marry a wealthy man, Mohankumar, who happens to be the heir of a rich Garments company in Tirupur, where the brothers work. Hence both of them go to Chennai to work in the wedding. On the wedding eve, Kavitha's parents meet with a big accident while on the way to the marriage hall. On his deathbed, Kavitha's father mentions about the debts he is in and both of kavitha's parents pass away. All of her properties are sold off to repay the debt and the wedding is called off as Kavitha has become poor. The brothers console and take Kavitha back to their village and she begins to appreciate their simple lifestyle, and starts to live with her cousins and her aunt. Both brothers again try to woo Kavitha. Periya Thambi even works as sandalwood-cutter to buy luxuries for Kavitha, which she rejects as private Sandalwood felling is illegal. Periya Thambi is arrested by the local police and their mother dies due to heart-attack. Periya Thambi serves a 3-month term and is released, and starts to work in a mill. Eventually, Kavitha falls in love with the honest Chinna Thambi, meanwhile Periya Thambi happens to rescue a widow Thayamma from dire straits, and falls for her.

The mill owner tries to get Kavitha as his concubine and is beaten black and blue by the brothers. Chinna Thambi is jailed for 1 month as a consequence. Periya Thambi arranges for their wedding on the day of Chinna's release, and also Thayamma's family accepts for her remarriage. But on the day of the wedding, Kavitha is kidnapped by the mill owner's son and the local landlord. Periya Thambi goes to rescue her and see the owner's son attempting to rape Kavitha. Hence he beats all of them and kills both the mill owner's son and the local landlord. This is not revealed to Kavitha and Chinna Thambi and their wedding goes on successfully. Police come to arrest Periya Thambi and he marries Thayamma and immediately surrenders to police. He is given a 10-year sentence and he completes the term. after he returns, he sees his house developed and his wife waiting. As he starts to consummate his marriage, he hears a sound and finds that only then, his brother has also decided to consummate his marriage with Kavitha. All is well.

Cast
 Sathyaraj as Periya Thambi
 Prabhu as Chinna Thambi
 Nadhiya as Kavitha
 Sudha Chandran as Thayamma
 Gandhimathi as 'Alamalakari' Alamelu
 Vijayan as Aarusamy
 Nizhalgal Ravi as Murali
 T. S. Raghavendra as Shanmugam
 Varalakshmi as Lakshmi
 Usilamani as Hotel Owner Ramasamy
 Pasi Narayanan as Esakki
 Meesai Murugesan as Kumarasamy Gounder
 John Amirtharaj as Kuttyappan

Soundtrack
The entire album was composed by Gangai Amaran, except for the song "Oru Kathal Enbathu" composed by his brother Ilaiyaraaja.

Reception
N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "Imaginative camera work by A. Sabapathy, competent editing by Gowthaman and appropriate music by Gangai Amaran enhance the value of the film". Jayamanmadhan of Kalki wrote it would have been nice if the excitement at the beginning has lasted till the end but still the makers have mixed fighting, villainy and sentiment without making squirm in your seat till the end which itself a huge success.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1987 films
1987 romantic comedy films
Films directed by Manivannan
Films scored by Gangai Amaran
Indian romantic comedy films
Tamil films remade in other languages
Films about brothers

Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi


Testing Positive 4 the Funk is the fourth installment of the George Clinton Family Series collection. The album was released in 1993 by P-Vine Records in Japan, and then was released later in the same year by AEM Records in the United States and Sequel Records in the U.K. This collection is noted for the inclusion of tracks such as a re-recording of "Live Up (To What She Thinks)" which was originally recorded by the soul quartet, The Fantastic Four. The track marked the debut of P-Funk vocalist Glenn Goins.

As with all of the Family Series CD's, the last track features George Clinton supplying background information of all of the songs featured on the CD.

Track Listing and Personnel

Live Up (To What She Thinks of Me)
Artist: Parliament (1975)  Producer: George Clinton
Drums: Tiki Fulwood
Bass: Bootsy Collins
Guitar: Michael Hampton, Gary Shider
Keyboard: Bernie Worrell
Background Vocals: Brandy (Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent)
Horns: Horny Horns
Vocals: Parliament, Glen Goins

Secrets
Artist: Sidney Barnes (1980)  Producer: Sidney Barnes
Drums: Kenny Colton
Bass: Donny Sterling
Guitar: Michael Hampton, Tony Thomas
Keyboard: Nestro Wilson
Vocals: Sidney Barnes

She Never Do's Things
Artist: Trey Lewd (1978)  Producer: Garry Shider
Drums: Tony Davis
Bass: Stevie Pannall
Guitar: Gary Shider, Andre Williams
Keyboard: David Spradley
Background Vocals: Brides, Parlet, Funkadelic, Parliament

Take My Love
Artist: Brides of Funkenstein (1977)  Producer: George Clinton
Drums: Tiki Fulwood
Bass: Bill Nelson
Guitar: Gary Cooper
Keyboard: Bernie Worrell
Vocals: Lynn Mabry, Dawn Silva

Just For Play
Artist: Brides of Funkenstein (1980)  Producer: Ron Ford, George Clinton
Drums: Kenny Colton
Bass: Jimmy Ali
Guitar: Jerome Ali
Keyboard: Nestro Wilson
Vocals: Brides

Off The Wall
Artist: Jessica Cleaves (1978)  Producer: Walter Morrison
All Instruments: Walter "Junie" Morrison
Vocals: Jessica Cleaves
Background Vocals: Junie Morrison

Get It On
Artist: Jimmy G (1981)  Producer: Ron Ford
Drums: Dean Ragland
Bass: Jimmy Giles
Guitar: Ron Ford
Keyboard: David Lee Chong

Triune
Artist: Junie Morrison (1978)  Producer: Walter Morrison
All Instruments: Walter "Junie" Morrison
Vocals: Junie Morrison

Superstar Madness
Artist: Muruga and The Soda Jerks (1980)  Producer: Robert Dennis
Drums: Muruga
Percussion: Muruga
Bass: Sly Stone
Bells: Louie Kabbabie
Guitar: Pat Larose, Muruga
Keyboard: Muruga
Vocals: Muruga, Shock-T

I Angle
Artist: Funkadelic (1980)  Producer: Ron Ford, George Clinton
Drums: Bootsy Collins
Bass: Ron Ford
Guitar: Tony Thomas, Eddie Hazel
Keyboard: David Lee Chong

Twenty Bucks
Artist: Brides of Funkenstein (1980)  Producer: Ron Dunbar
Strings/Horns: Wade Marcus

To Care
Artist: Four Tops (1978)  Producer: Ron Dunbar
Drums: Jerry Jones
Bass: Rodrick Chandler
Guitar: Eddie Willis
Keyboard: Rudi Robinson

Comin' Down From Your Love
Artist: Dick Savannah and Dwarf (1981)  Producer: Garry Shider
Drums: Merle
Bass: Pete Madary
Lead Guitar: Mike Finn
Guitar: Nick Savannah
Vocals: Brides, Dwarf

Interview (Testing Positive 4 the Funk)
George Clinton

George Clinton (funk musician) albums
1993 albums

Testing Positive 4 the Funk


Jana Beňová (born 1974) is a Slovakian poet and novelist. She studied at the Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts in Bratislava, graduating with a degree in dramaturgy in 1998. She wrote for a number of local publications, including Dotyky, Fragment and Slovenské Pohľady. She also worked for the daily newspaper SME under a pseudonym. At present, she works at the Theatre Institute in Bratislava.

Her first book of poems Svetloplachý  came out in 1993, followed by further collections Lonochod and Nehota. She wrote a novel called Parker (2001), and a collection of short stories, Dvanásť poviedok a Ján Med (2003). In 2008, she published Plán odprevádzania (Seeing People Off), subtitled Café Hyena. This book won the EU Prize for Literature. She has written another novel called Preč! Preč! (Get off! Get off!)

In 2012, she participated in the International Writing Program's Fall Residency at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA.

References

1974 births
Slovak women poets
Slovak novelists
Living people
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century poets
20th-century Slovak women writers
20th-century Slovak writers
Slovak women novelists
21st-century Slovak women writers
21st-century Slovak writers

Jana Beňová


Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") is the name given to a number of human fossil remains that are older than fossils of Neanderthals.  Homo heidelbergensis is abbreviated H. heidelbergensis.

Scientists are not sure whether these remains are from a distinct species. They are fragments (small pieces of bones), and most cannot be dated exactly. In the older texts they were simply called archaic humans or "early Homo sapiens."

There have been relatively well-defined remains of Homo erectus found in Africa from very early in human history.  There have also been well-defined remains of Homo neanderthalensis found in Europe from later in history.  Some scholars use the terms "archaic humans," "early Homo sapiens," or Homo heidelbergensis to describe remains that seem to come from between these two periods in history.  Some authors use it for all early species of Homo, including Neanderthals.

Discovery
In 1907, an archaeologist found a fossil of a lower jaw in Mauer, near Heidelberg, Germany.  Some scientists thought this lower jaw was so different from any other species that it belonged to an undiscovered species.  They named this species Homo heidelbergensis.

Later, archaeologists found remains in Arago, France, and Petralona, Greece, that they said were from Homo heidelbergensis. The best evidence found for these hominids is from between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago. The stone tools used by H. heidelbergensis were very similar to the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus.

Homo heidelbergensis may be the direct ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Homo sapiens.  Some experts believe that "Rhodesian Man," found in Africa, belongs to the group Homo heidelbergensis.

Interpretations
Homo antecessor and H. heidelbergensis may have had the same ancestor: Homo ergaster from Africa.  Mostly, H. ergaster was not very different from H. heidelbergensis.  However, H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case.  On average, their skulls had a volume of 1100 – 1400 cm³ of space inside.  (The average modern human has 1350 cm³ of space inside his or her skull.)  H. heidelbergensis also had more advanced tools and behavior than H. ergaster.  For these reasons, H. heidelbergensis has been classified as a separate species.

H. heidelbergensis was taller and more muscular than modern humans.  Male heidelbergensis averaged about  tall and .  Females averaged  and .

They were good hunters
Cut marks on wild deer, elephants, rhinos, and horses show that H. heidelbergensis hunted, killed, and butchered these animals. Some of these animals weighed as much as 700 kg (1,500 lb) or more.

During this era, now-extinct wild animals like mammoths, European lions, and Irish elk lived on the European continent.

They may have buried their dead
Recent findings in Atapuerca suggest that H. heidelbergensis may have been the first species of the Homo genus to bury their dead.  However, scientists still argue over whether this is true.

Some experts believe that H. heidelbergensis, like its descendant H. neanderthalensis, learned a primitive form of language.

Scientists have not found any forms of art or sophisticated artifacts made by H. heidelbergensis, other than stone tools. However, archaeologists have found red ochre, a mineral that can be used to create a red pigment which can be used as a paint.  They found this possible paint at Terra Amata excavations in the south of France.

Modern finds

Boxgrove Man
In 1994, British scientists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone just a few miles away from the English Channel.  They found the bone with hundreds of ancient hand axes, at the Boxgrove Quarry site. A partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old.

The discoverers believe these remains are from H. heidelbergensis.  However, some other scientists believe the remains are from early H. neanderthalensis. Before a discovery at Gran Dolina, Boxgrove was the site of the earliest hominin remains in Europe.

The tibia had been chewed by a large carnivore.  This suggests two possibilities.  The individual may have been killed by a lion or wolf.  He also may have died of some other cause, and his unburied corpse may have been scavenged after his death.

Sima de los Huesos
Beginning in 1992, a Spanish team has located more than 5,500 human bones that are at least 350,000 years old in the Sima de los Huesos site.  This site is in the Sierra de Atapuerca, in northern Spain. The pit contains fossils of perhaps 28 individuals, together with remains of Ursus deningeri, other carnivores, and a biface called Excalibur.  Some scientists think that this Acheulean axe, made of red quartzite, was some kind of ritual offering for a funeral.  If so, it would be the earliest known evidence of a funerary practice.

Ninety percent of all known H. heidelbergensis remains have come from this site. The fossil pit bones include:
A complete cranium (skull 5), nicknamed Miguelón, and pieces of other skulls, such as skull 4, nicknamed Agamenón, and skull 6, nicknamed Rui (from El Cid, a local hero).
A complete pelvis (pelvis 1), nicknamed Elvis, in remembrance of Elvis Presley.
Mandibles, teeth, and many postcranial bones (like femurs, hand and foot bones, vertebrae, and ribs)
Indeed, nearby sites contain the only known and controversial Homo antecessor fossils.

Suffolk, England
In 2005, teeth and flint tools from the water vole Mimomys savini, which is used to date other species, were found in the cliffs at Pakefield near Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. This suggests that hominins existed in England 700,000 years ago.  These hominims may have been a cross between H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis.<ref name="nature1">Parfitt S. et al 2005. 'The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe'. Nature'''' 438 1008-1012.</ref>Parfitt S. et al 2006. '700,000 years old: found in Pakefield' , British Archaeology. Retrieved 2008-12-24.Tools unlock secrets of early man, BBC news website, 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2011-04-15.

 References

Other websites

 Homo heidelbergensis'' – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

Hominins

Homo heidelbergensis


Antonella Ponziani (born 29 February 1964) is an Italian actress.

Born in Rome, she attended the academy Mimo Teatro Movimento, under the guidance of Lidia Biondi.  She debuted in 1986, in Salvatore Samperi's La Bonne, and appeared in Federico Fellini's Intervista (1987) and as Donald Pleasence's daughter in Ruggero Deodato's 1988 giallo film Phantom of Death.

In 1992 Antonella Ponziani won a Silver Ribbon for Best Actress and a David di Donatello in the same category for the film Verso Sud. She appeared in the 1994 comedy Dear Goddamned Friends, and won a Ciak d'oro for Best Supporting Actress in 1996 for her performance in Ferie d'Agosto by Paolo Virzì.

In 1999 she debuted as director and screenwriter with the comedy film L'ultimo Mundial, in which she also appeared as an actress.

References

External links

Italian film actresses
1964 births
Actresses from Rome
Italian television actresses
Living people
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Ciak d'oro winners
20th-century Italian actresses
21st-century Italian actresses

Antonella Ponziani


Junior Pelesasa (born 17 October 1980 in New Zealand) is an Australian rugby union footballer who currently plays for Agen. He plays as a centre.

Career
Pelesasa moved to Australia from New Zealand at the age of 16. He has represented Australia Schoolboys, Australia Under 21s and Australia A. He spent two years playing for the Brisbane Broncos rugby league team after which he left Rugby league and joined Rugby Union playing for the Queensland provincial side before being drafted into the Queensland Reds Super 12 side where he played 33 matches for them. In 2006 he moved to a new Super Rugby franchise known as the Western Force. He played 5 matches for his new team during the 2006 season in which they finished last in the 2006 Super 14 competition.

References

External links
Western Force profile

1980 births
Australian rugby union players
Australian sportspeople of Samoan descent
Queensland Reds players
Western Force players
Rugby union centres
Living people
People educated at Onehunga High School
Rugby union players from Dunedin

Junior Pelesasa


Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies (HAFS) is a private boarding school in Yongin City, South Korea. It was founded by the city council and the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies through working together. HAFS was established on 9 October 2004. The school has around 113 workers and approximately 1050 students. The school is well known for its school uniform which is designed by André Kim, a famous designer in S. Korea.

The school ground includes three classroom buildings named Pioneer Hall, Dream Hall, and Challenge Hall respectively and two dormitory buildings named Ace Hall. All students have to live in the dormitory throughout the school years.

There are 5 language departments, which are often referred to as "majors": English, French, German, Chinese, and Japanese. Classes 1 - 3 are English majors; class 4, French major; class 5, German major; classes 6 - 8, Chinese majors; classes 9 - 10, Japanese majors. There are approximately 35 students per class. The English majors are often referred to as the International Department and the French, German, Chinese and Japanese majors, or the Eurasian Majors as the Domestic Department.

Schools in South Korea
2004 establishments in Asia

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies


Alexis Galanos (Greeκ: Αλέξης Γαλανός, 30 August 1940 – 15 July 2019) was a Greek Cypriot politician. He was President of the House of Representatives of Cyprus from 1991 to 1996. He studied Economics at King's College, Cambridge and Law at Inner Temple.

Political career

He was one of the founders of the Democratic Party (DIKO) and served the party from many positions. He was DIKO's Secretary General from 1989 until 1990 and its Vice-President from 1990 until 1996. He was also an elected member of the House of Representatives from 1976 until 1999.
In 1991 the majority of the members of the House of Representatives elected him as President. In 1998, he announced his decision to resign as a member of DIKO because he disagreed with Spyros Kyprianou's decision to support Giorgos Iakovou in the 1998 presidential election and in 1999 he resigned as a member of the House of Representatives as well.
In 1998 he created the Eurodemocratic Renewal Party (Komma Evrodimokratikis Ananeosis, KEA), and was its first president. Alexis was a candidate in the 1998 presidential elections and gained 16,003 votes (4.04%). In the 2003 presidential election, he supported Tassos Papadopoulos. He was also a candidate for the 2004 European Parliament elections with DIKO but failed to be elected.

Mayor-in-exile of Famagusta

Alexis was, at the time of his death, the mayor-in-exile of the city of Famagusta, a position to which he was elected on 17 December 2006.

Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Cyprus

Alexis Galanos was suggested to be appointed Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Cyprus by the Central Bank of Cyprus but was eventually disqualified for legal reasons.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
People from Famagusta
Democratic Party (Cyprus) politicians
Presidents of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)

Alexis Galanos


WPCK (104.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Denmark, Wisconsin and serving Green Bay.  The station is owned and operated by Educational Media Foundation. WPCK's transmitter is located off Finger Road in Montpelier.

History
The station was previously known in the 1970s and 1980s as Top 40 station WKAU-FM (licensed to Kaukauna), but became oldies-formatted WKFX by 1990.  In an eleven–station channel swap, including moving Sheboygan's 97.7 frequency to Lomira, the frequency landed east of Green Bay.  In 1997, an ownership change saw the station become WPCK, simulcasting its Oshkosh sister station WPKR ("Packer Country", never licensed or sanctioned by the NFL team).  Both stations would eventually be acquired by Cumulus Media, who would break off the simulcast in November 2003, with WPCK keeping a country format but adopting its own identity, "Kicks 104.9."  In 2009, Clear Channel Communications would acquire WPCK and four other Green Bay area stations owned by Cumulus as part of an ownership swap for two Ohio stations that went from Clear Channel to Cumulus; Cumulus, as part of the deal, continued to operate WPCK; in August 2013, Clear Channel reached a deal to sell its Green Bay stations back to Cumulus. The sale was consummated on December 31, 2013 at a price of $17,636,643.

In June 2011, WPCK would reunite with WPKR in a simulcast, branded as "99.5 and 104.9 The Wolf," incorporating new and existing elements from both stations.  The "Wolf" branding would give way on May 24, 2013 to the new branding of "Nash FM, 99.5 and 104.9;" WPCK and WPKR were two of six Cumulus country stations to adopt the "Nash FM" branding that day, part of Cumulus' plan to nationally expand its multimedia "Nash FM" country branding, which was launched earlier in 2013 at its New York City station, WNSH.  Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy protection in early 2018.

On March 27, 2018, WPCK and three other Cumulus stations (WTOD/Toledo, OH, KJMO/Jefferson City, MO, and WNUQ/Albany, GA) were placed into the Cumulus Reorganization Divestiture Trust for a future sale.  KJMO's sister station KZJF's license was surrendered by Cumulus prior to the trust receiving the assets. Shortly after this, the simulcast between WPCK and WPKR was broken. While both stations retained the country format and "Nash FM" branding, the stations began airing separate programming and separate airstaffs.

On October 17, 2019, Cumulus announced it would sell WPCK to the Educational Media Foundation, the owner of the K-Love and Air1 CCM networks, for $512,000. EMF already owns WPFF (90.5) in the market, which carries K-Love; the acquisition of WPCK would possibly allow both networks over-the-air distribution in Green Bay. The station would be converted to a non-commercial educational station as part of the transaction.

Ahead of the closure of the sale to EMF, WPCK dropped the country format on November 1 at Midnight, and began stunting with Christmas music as "Christmas 104.9". The stunt lasted until just before Midnight on December 31, 2019, when Andy Williams' "It's The Most Wonderful Time of the Year" led into Carrie Underwood's rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" and a farewell message advising listeners to turn to WPKR before going silent.

On January 8, 2020, WPCK returned to the air with EMF's "K-Love" Contemporary Christian format. It is unknown if EMF has plans to convert WPFF to Air1 and move its market translators to carrying programming among the two networks.

References

External links

Denmark, Wisconsin
PCK
Educational Media Foundation radio stations
K-Love radio stations
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States

WPCK


Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri (1788–1851) was a Spanish military man and administrator.  Born in Beriáin in Navarre, he distinguished himself as a cadet during the War of Spanish Independence. He was married to Josefa de Erice, later Condesa de Chiva y Vizcondesa de Oráa.

Biography
He later fought in the First Carlist War on the government side, leading a column as colonel. He became a general in 1834 and field marshal in 1836. He participated in the battles of Arquijas, Mendaza and Luchana. He showed great skill and judgment in these battles, and his involvement at Arquijas was critical. Vicente Blasco Ibáñez has written:

One has to recognize that in the battle at Arquijas, the victory would have been the Carlists' had it not been for the skill and daring of Oraá, who knew how to extricate himself from a dire situation, as General Córdova had shown lamentable irresolution retreating from the battlefield before hostilities had ceased.

He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 14 February 1841 to 17 June 1843. He put down two rebellions in the Philippines, led by Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) and Sergeant Irineo Samaniego, respectively.

He returned to Spain and served as a senator. He died at his natal town. His works include Memoria histórica de la conducta militar y política del General Oráa (Madrid 1851).

References

External links
 Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri

1788 births
1851 deaths
People from Cuenca de Pamplona
Spanish generals
Captains General of the Philippines
Military personnel of the First Carlist War
Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from the Kingdom of Navarre
19th-century Spanish military personnel

Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri