The two capacitor paradox or capacitor paradox is a paradox, or counterintuitive thought experiment, in electric circuit theory.  The thought experiment is usually described as follows:
Two identical capacitors are connected in parallel with an open switch between them.  One of the capacitors is charged with a voltage of , the other is uncharged.  When the switch is closed, some of the charge  on the first capacitor flows into the second, reducing the voltage on the first and increasing the voltage on the second.  When a steady state is reached and the current goes to zero, the voltage on the two capacitors must be equal since they are connected together.  Since they both have the same capacitance  the charge will be divided equally between the capacitors so each capacitor will have a charge of  and a voltage of .  At the beginning of the experiment the total initial energy  in the circuit is the energy stored in the charged capacitor:

At the end of the experiment the final energy  is equal to the sum of the energy in the two capacitors

Thus the final energy  is equal to half of the initial energy .  Where did the other half of the initial energy go?

Solutions
This problem has been discussed in electronics literature at least as far back as 1955.  Unlike some other paradoxes in science, this paradox is not due to the underlying physics, but to the limitations of the 'ideal circuit' conventions used in circuit theory.  The description specified above is not physically realizable if the circuit is assumed to be made of ideal circuit elements, as is usual in circuit theory.   If the wires connecting the two capacitors, the switch, and the capacitors themselves are idealized as having no electrical resistance or inductance as is usual, then closing the switch would connect points at different voltage with a perfect conductor,  causing an infinite current to flow.  Therefore a solution requires that one or more of the 'ideal' characteristics of the elements in the circuit be relaxed, which was not specified in the above description.  The solution differs depending on which of the assumptions about the actual characteristics of the circuit elements is abandoned:
If the connecting wires are assumed to have any nonzero resistance at all, it is an RC circuit, and the current will decrease exponentially to zero.  Since none of the original charge is lost, the final state of the capacitors will be as described above, with half the initial voltage on each capacitor. Since in this state the two capacitors together are left with half the energy,  regardless of the amount of resistance half of the initial energy will be dissipated as heat in the wire resistance.
If the wires are assumed to have inductance but no resistance, the current will not be infinite, but the circuit does not have any energy dissipating components, so it will not settle to a steady state, as assumed in the description. It will constitute an LC circuit with no damping, so the charge will oscillate perpetually back and forth between the two capacitors; the voltage on the two capacitors and the current will vary sinusoidally.  None of the initial energy will be lost, at any point the sum of the energy in the two capacitors and the energy stored in the magnetic field around the wires will equal the initial energy.
If the connecting wires, in addition to having inductance and no resistance, are assumed to have a nonzero length, the oscillating circuit will act as an antenna and lose energy by radiating electromagnetic waves (radio waves).   The effect of this energy loss is exactly the same as if there were a resistance called the radiation resistance in the circuit, so the circuit will be equivalent to an RLC circuit.   The oscillating current in the wires will be an exponentially decaying sinusoid.  Since none of the original charge is lost, the final state of the capacitors will be as in the case of the resistor, with half the initial voltage on each.  Since in this state the capacitors contain half the initial energy, the missing half of the energy will have been radiated away by the electromagnetic waves.
If in addition to resistance and inductance the wires have nonzero length and act as an antenna, the total energy loss will be the same, but will be divided between the radiated electromagnetic waves and heat dissipated in the resistance.
Various additional solutions have been devised, based on more detailed assumptions about the characteristics of the components.

Alternate versions
There are several alternate versions of the paradox.  One is the original circuit with the two capacitors initially charged with equal and opposite voltages  and .  Another equivalent version is a single charged capacitor short circuited by a perfect conductor.  In these cases in the final state the entire charge has been neutralized, the final voltage on the capacitors is zero, so the entire initial energy has vanished.  The solutions to where the energy went are similar to those described in the previous section.

References

Electrical circuits
Capacitors
Physical paradoxes
Thought experiments in physics

Two capacitor paradox


Richard Lloyd Hoover (December 11, 1925 – April 12, 1981) was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Braves during the 1952 season. Listed at , 170 lb., he batted and threw left-handed.

Career
Born in Columbus, Ohio, the 17-year-old Dick Hoover was signed by the New York Giants as an amateur free agent prior to the start of the 1943 season. He was assigned to the Appalachian League, where he finished 11–1 to lead the league in winning percentage (.917) while helping lead the Bristol Twins to a 74–35 pennant-winning record. But his baseball career was interrupted in 1944 after he entered service in the United States Navy during World War II.

Following his discharge in 1946, Hoover was part of successive transactions between the Giants, Cubs and Pirates organizations, playing for six different teams in a span of three years. Before the 1949 season, Hoover was sent by the Giants along with Gary Gearhart and cash consideration to the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association in exchange for Davey Williams. By then, the Crackers were a Class AA affiliate of the Boston Braves, a period during which they won more games than any other league team.

Hoover had two solid years with the Crackers, after going 11–11 with a 3.97 ERA in 1949 and 16–7, 3.35 in 1950. He was promoted to Triple A Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association in 1951, ending with a 5–4 record and a 3.14 ERA in 27 games, basically as a middle reliever and spot starter.

Hoover opened 1952 with the Boston Braves, pitching for them from April 16 through April 23. He made two relief appearances, allowing four runs on eight hits and three walks while striking out one batter in  innings of work. He did not have a decision, but gained notoriety by serving up the home run ball hit by future Hall of Famer Hoyt Wilhelm in his first Major League at bat. It would be the only homer Wilhelm would hit in his 20-year major league career.

Following his brief stint in the majors, Hoover returned to Milwaukee for the rest of the 1952 season. He went 10–5 while leading the pitching staff with a 2.60 ERA. He finished his career with Triple A Columbus Jets in 1955. His career highlight came on August 14, when he hurled a no-hitter against the Richmond Virginians.

In an 11-season, minors career Hoover posted an 89–72 record and a 3.44 ERA in 313 pitching appearances.

After baseball retirement in 1955, Hoover worked as a police sergeant in his native Columbus. He died in a traffic collision in Lake Placid, Florida at the age of 55 years, while making a vacation trip.

See also
1952 Boston Braves season

Sources

Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Braves players
Albany Senators players
Atlanta Crackers players
Bristol Twins players
Columbus Jets players
Jersey City Giants players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Nashville Vols players
Toledo Sox players
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Columbus, Ohio
Road incident deaths in Florida
American police officers
1925 births
1981 deaths

Dick Hoover (baseball)


Heartland Community College is a public community college with campuses in Normal, Lincoln, and Pontiac, Illinois.

History
The state of Illinois is divided into community college districts.  Students desiring to attend a community college in Illinois have a lower tuition rate if they attend the community college for the district in which they live.  Prior to 1991, the entire state of Illinois was covered by community college districts except a portion of central Illinois centered on Bloomington.  Students living in this non-districted area were in the unique situation of being allowed the choice of attending any of the surrounding four districts' community colleges.

This situation changed in 1990 when Heartland Community College was established, with its first "campus" located in the Landmark Mall in the city of Normal, and a second location opened in Bloomington's Towanda Plaza in 1992. The college moved to its current campus in north Normal in 2000, and closed the last building in the strip mall in 2007.

Heartland's first president was Jonathan Astroth, who served from 1991 to 2010. He was succeeded by Allen Goben and, later, Rob Widmer.  Upon Widmer's retirement in 2018, Keith Cornille assumed the mantle.

Campus
Heartland Community College consists currently of seven buildings on the main campus in Normal. Three of the original buildings are connected by walkways on the second floor that cross over Community College Drive. The other four buildings were additions after the initial permanent campus was opened in 2000.

Approaching the campus from the east, the first of the buildings is the CCB, or Community Commons Building. This building is where new students may register for classes, speak to an Academic Advisor, access their student records, and receive other information. This building also houses the Financial Aid department and the Human Resources department. Directly connected to this building by way of the walkway on the second floor is the SCB, or Student Commons Building.

The SCB houses the Campus Café, student bookstore, library, security desk, and IT department. The SCB is also home to Project Rise, Heartland's Student Support Services Trio program. The SCB is aligned perpendicular to the CCB and the third main building, the ICB, or Instructional Commons Building.

The ICB is connected to the north end of the SCB's second floor by a walkway, and is actually twice as long from end to end as either the SCB or CCB, and has an open meeting area in the middle of its length on the first floor. It houses department offices. This is also home to many classrooms.

ICN, or Instructional Commons North, sits between the ICB and the WDC and houses mostly classrooms and a few departmental offices.

WDC, or Workforce Development Center, was the first new addition to the permanent campus. This building was erected in 2007 at the north end of the campus grounds, and opened for classes that fall. It is intended to be a "green" building, with heating and cooling being provided by geothermal energy and other eco-friendly technology. Standing over three stories tall, including the fourth floor maintenance area, it is the tallest building on campus, and is where the vast majority of technology-focused classes are held.

The Astroth Community Education Building, or ACEC, houses many meeting rooms, a campus auditorium seating more than 400, and the Challenger Learning Center (CLC. The Challenger Learning Center is one of several such centers located around the world that use space exploration as a way to teach students valuable STEM skills. The CLC can also be used for team-building.

The Fitness and Recreation Center (FRC) houses an aerobics studio, a gymnasium, a walking/jogging track, locker rooms with showers and towel service and a training room. There are also several classrooms in the building as well as the office for the athletic department.

The Child Development Lab (CDL) is a lab school for children ages six weeks to five years and a facility that provides opportunities for early childhood students needing first-hand experience working with young children.

Transportation
The main campus of Heartland Community College is served by Connect Transit. The Yellow route provides bus service between campus, uptown Normal, and other destinations.

Sports
Heartland's sports teams are known as the Hawks.  The Hawks compete in soccer (men's and women's), baseball, and softball. The Hawks joined the Mid-West Athletic Conference (MWAC) as part of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA).

Nate Metzger - current associate head baseball coach at Wright State University. Metzger was named the first director of athletics and head baseball coach at Heartland Community College, building the athletic department and baseball program from the ground up (2006–2016). Metzger was a four-time NJCCA Region Coach of the Year assisting 124 of 138 student-athletes continue their baseball and academic careers at four-year universities, with 25 players moving on to professional baseball and 89 going on to Division I programs.

Heartland posted a 414–106 record with a .800 winning percentage and averaged 46 wins per year under Metzger, while being nationally ranked each year and reaching the NJCAA Division II World Series three times, including a third-place finish in 2012 and a fourth-place finish in 2013. The Hawks held a #1 national ranking in 2011, 2012, and 2013.

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Bloomington–Normal
Community colleges in Illinois
Universities and colleges established in 1991
Lincoln, Illinois
Education in Logan County, Illinois
Education in Livingston County, Illinois
1991 establishments in Illinois
NJCAA athletics

Heartland Community College


Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 – 194 BC) was a 3rd century BC Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer. He was head of the Library of Alexandria from 240  until his death: this was the most important library of the ancient world.

According to the Suda, his contemporaries nicknamed him Beta, (the second letter of the Greek alphabet), because he was the second best in the world in almost any field. Eratosthenes was a friend of Archimedes, who also lived and worked in Alexandria. Archimedes was the greatest mathematician and inventor of the age, so perhaps the Beta nickname was not unjust.

The works Eratosthenes wrote are known to us only indirectly: the great Library was destroyed, and no copies survived. Strabo (~63BC–24AD) wrote about geography in antiquity. He tells us that the works of Eratosthenes were On the measurement of the Earth and Geographica.

Eratosthenes made several remarkable discoveries and inventions. He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth (with remarkable accuracy), and he invented a system of latitude and longitude. He calculated the tilt of the earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy); he may also have accurately calculated the distance from the earth to the sun and invented the leap day. He created a map of the world based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Eratosthenes was also the founder of scientific chronology; he wanted to fix the dates of the chief literary and political events from the conquest of Troy.

Measuring the Earth's circumference

Eratosthenes measured the circumference of the Earth without leaving Egypt. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon at the Syene on the Tropic of Cancer, the sun would appear at the directly overhead. He also knew, from measurement, that in Alexandria, the angle of elevation of the sun would be 1/50 of a full circle (7°12') south of the zenith at the same time.

Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene he concluded that the distance from Alexandria to Syene must be 1/50 of the total circumference of the Earth (360 degrees). His estimated distance between the cities was 5000 stadia () by estimating the time that he had taken to travel from Syene to Alexandria by camel. He rounded the result to a final value of 700 stadia per degree, which implies a circumference of 250,000 stadia. The exact size of the stadion he used is frequently argued. The common Attic stadium was about , which would imply a circumference of , which is  different from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth (). The method is an early application of trigonometry in the measurement science of geodesy.

Other discoveries and inventions

The sieve of Eratosthenes
In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους) is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer. It works efficiently for the smaller primes (below 10 million).
The sieve was described and attributed to Eratosthenes in the Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus.

Other
Eratosthenes went further and computed the tilt of the Earth's axis to within a degree. This is the tilt which is the main cause of the annual climate cycle of spring, summer, autumn, winter. He also deduced the length of the year as 365¼ days. He suggested that calendars should have a leap day every fourth year, an idea taken up two centuries later by Julius Caesar.

References

276 BC births
194 BC deaths
Greek geographers
Ancient mathematicians
Ancient Greek astronomers

Eratosthenes


John Sheldon (born January 1887) was an English footballer who played for Liverpool during the early part of the 20th century.

Life and playing career
Sheldon was born in Clay Cross, Derbyshire, England, and played for Nuneaton and Manchester United before being signed by the Liverpool manager Tom Watson in November 1913. Sheldon made his Liverpool debut on 29 November 1913 in the 2–1 First Division win over Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield. He scored his first goal the following month on 6 December at Villa Park in a 2–1 defeat to Aston Villa. The winger went on to miss only three games for the remainder of the 1913/14 season which included the whole of the FA Cup run when Liverpool reached their first final on 25 April 1914. The game was the last final held at the Crystal Palace ground and the first time to be played in front of a reigning monarch, George V. Burnley won 1–0 and it was another 51 years before Liverpool won the FA Cup.

Sheldon had a decent 1914/15 season finishing second on Liverpool's appearance list and third on the goalscoring list. That season however, he became notorious for his part in the 1915 British football betting scandal, of which he was found to be the ringleader. He was banned – initially for life – along with the other players involved in the match fixing plot, but shortly afterward the start of the First World War saw the suspension of league football anyway. At the end of the war his ban was lifted, and he returned to Liverpool where the following two years were much like those before the war, with Sheldon only missing 12 games during this period.

Sheldon was forced into early retirement due to injury. His final game for Liverpool was on 16 April 1921 in a league match against Derby County, the game finishing 1–1.

Career details
 Manchester United F.C. (1910–1913) 26 appearances, 1 goal – Division 1 winner (1910/11)
 Liverpool F.C. (1913–1921) 147 appearances, 20 goals – FA Cup runners-up medal (1914)

See also
 1915 British football betting scandal

External links
Player profile at LFChistory.net

1887 births
Footballers from Chesterfield
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Everton F.C. wartime guest players
Middlesex Regiment soldiers
Sportspeople involved in betting scandals
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
20th-century British Army personnel

Jackie Sheldon


Maname the tale about sarcasm of love

This is the first drama of Prof.Ediriweera Sarachchandra. Some philosophers pointed out that this literary text was written by Sarachchandra due to the melancholic feeling he got when his first wife left him.This drama was adopted from the jathaka tale " Chulla dannuddara " .In this drama the protagonist Dannuddara ( prince Maname ) and his wife princess Maname went to the jungle to reach prince's palace.They sang about the beauty of nature and love by the song " Premayen mana ranjitha ".But then the black character or antagonist " king of weddas ( indigenous) saw princess Maname and fell in love.He ordered the prince to go while keeping his wife.But at last they fought for love .At a moment both swords fell near to the princess .This is the moment that the mind of the audience is covered with curiosity. But this capricious woman gave the sword to the wedda king.So Maname prince was killed.But at last king of weddas left her as he felt suspicious that one day she will also do this to him like to prince Maname. Hence this is a critical play which shows about sarcasm of love.But this story felt to the hearts of thousands of Sri Lankan by this play  "Maname ".

ඒකට මට හිනා හිනා


Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity. This property led to its extensive use in "crystal" gramophone (phono) pick-ups, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th century. Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more. Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions.

It has been used medicinally as a laxative. It has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors. It is an ingredient of Fehling's solution (reagent for reducing sugars). It is used in electroplating, in electronics and piezoelectricity, and as a combustion accelerator in cigarette paper (similar to an oxidizer in pyrotechnics).

In organic synthesis, it is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions, particularly for reactions in which an aluminium-based hydride reagent was used. Sodium Potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry.

It is a common precipitant in protein crystallography and is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration. This ingredient maintains cupric ions in solution at an alkaline pH.

Preparation

The starting material is tartar with a minimum tartaric acid content 68 %. This is first dissolved in water or in the mother liquor of a previous batch. It is then basified with hot saturated sodium hydroxide solution to pH 8, decolorized with activated charcoal, and chemically purified before being filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 42 °Bé at 100 °C, and passed to granulators in which Seignette's salt crystallizes on slow cooling. The salt is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation, accompanied by washing of the granules, and is dried in a rotary furnace and sieved before packaging. Commercially marketed grain sizes range from 2000 μm to < 250 μm (powder).

Larger crystals of Rochelle salt have been grown under conditions of reduced gravity and convection on board Skylab .
Rochelle salt crystals will begin to dehydrate when the relative humidity drops to about 30% and will begin to dissolve at relative humidities above 84%.

Piezoelectricity

In 1824, Sir David Brewster demonstrated piezoelectric effects using Rochelle salts, which led to him naming the effect pyroelectricity.

In 1919, Alexander McLean Nicolson worked with Rochelle salt developing audio related inventions like microphones and speakers at Bell Labs.

References

Potassium compounds
Organic sodium salts
Piezoelectric materials
Ferroelectric materials
Tartrates
Food acidity regulators
Food antioxidants
Double salts
E-number additives

Potassium sodium tartrate


Thomas Egan (November 1, 1874 – April 20, 1919) was an American politician and organized crime figure involved in bootlegging and illegal gambling in St. Louis, Missouri.  Egan was the namesake of the infamous Egan's Rats.

The son of an Irish-American saloonkeeper, Egan was born and raised in Kerry Patch, then known as the riverfront Irish ghetto of St. Louis. With some of his childhood pals, he began running with a local gang of thugs, known as the Ashley Street Gang. Egan's best friend, Thomas "Snake" Kinney, was a local street tough and Democratic politician. During an ill-fated burglary attempt on October 17, 1894, Egan was shot through the face by a policeman. Tom survived but was left with an ugly scar on his jaw. Throughout the years, his stock in the gang climbed. By 1904, when Snake Kinney was elected to the Missouri State Senate, Tom Egan had taken over leadership of the street gang.

On the night of January 15, 1907, Tom Egan shot one of his longtime enemies, Willie Gagel, to death in the Jolly Five Club. While his men were booked at the police station, the desk sergeant snarled that they were all a bunch of "rats", thereby giving the Egan Gang their famous moniker; Egan's Rats. Acquitted of Gagel's murder, Egan was soon confronted by one of his top men, James "Kid" Wilson, whom he suspected was having an affair with his wife Nellie. Egan shot Wilson dead on October 22, 1907 and was eventually acquitted.

Serving as both a city constable and leader of the St. Louis Democratic City Committee, Egan was one of the most powerful gangsters in all the Midwest by the time of the death of his brother-in-law Tom Kinney on May 15, 1912.

That same year, Egan gave an interview to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, in which he flaunted his power and clout in the underworld. In one famous sentence, Egan boasted, "...we don't shoot unless we know who is present," sounding eerily like Bugsy Siegel saying forty years later, "We only kill each other."
Knowing that the up-and-coming Prohibition movement would become the law of the land, Tom Egan set up a liquor smuggling network as early as the mid-1910s.

In January 1916, Egan's saloon headquarters at Broadway and Carr streets was padlocked by police after one of the original Egan's Rats, William "Skippy" Rohan, was shot dead on the premises. Despite this, Tom Egan remained on top of the St. Louis underworld until he was diagnosed with Bright's Disease in late 1918. Egan died at the age of 44 on April 20, 1919. Tom's younger brother William took over leadership of the Egan's Rats.

References

Further reading
Waugh, Daniel. Egan's Rats: The Untold Story of the Gang that ruled Prohibition-era St. Louis Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007.

1874 births
1919 deaths
American crime bosses
Politicians from St. Louis
American gangsters of Irish descent
American gangsters
Gangsters from St. Louis

Thomas Egan (gangster)


In ancient Roman religion, Mutunus Tutunus or Mutinus Titinus was a phallic marriage deity, in some respects equated with Priapus. His shrine was located on the Velian Hill, supposedly since the founding of Rome, until the 1st century BC.

During preliminary marriage rites, Roman brides are supposed to have straddled the phallus of Mutunus to prepare themselves for intercourse, according to Church Fathers who interpreted this act as an obscene loss of virginity. The Christian apologist Arnobius says that Roman matrons were taken for a ride (inequitare) on Tutunus's "awful phallus" with its "immense shameful parts", but other sources specify that it is brides who learned through the ritual not to be embarrassed by sex: "Tutinus, upon whose shameful lap sit brides, so that the god seems to sample their shame before the fact." The 2nd-century grammarian Festus is the only classical Latin source to take note of the god, and the characterization of the rite by Christian sources is likely to be hostile or biased.

Etymology
Unlike Priapus, who is depicted in human form with an outsized erection, Mutunus seems to have been embodied purely by the phallus, like the fascinus or the mysterious begetter of Servius Tullius. The god's name is related to two infrequently recorded slang words for penis in Latin, mūtō (or muttō) and mūtōnium. "Mutto" was also used as a cognomen, the third of the three elements of a Roman man's name. Lucilius offers the earliest recorded instance of both forms: at laeva lacrimas muttoni absterget amica ("A girlfriend wipes away Mutto's tears — his left hand, that is"), and the derivative mūtōnium. Mūtōnium may have replaced the earlier form, as it appears later among the graffiti of Pompeii. Horace has a dialogue with his muttō: "What do you want? Surely you're not demanding a grand consul's granddaughter as a cunt?" Both Lucilius and Horace thus personify the muttō. Mutūniātus, used by Martial and in the Corpus Priapeorum, describes a "well-endowed" male.

Both parts of the name Mūtūnus Tūtūnus are reduplicative, Tītīnus perhaps from tītus, another slang word for "penis."

It is also possible, if not probable, that Latin "mut" was a vowelized loan derivative of the consonantal Egyptian word MT for 'phallus, male, man' in the adjacent hieroglyph, considering that Egyptian scribes did not vowelize MT, and that Budge added an /e/ to MT in his dictionary to make it pronounceable.

Cult
The shrine of Mutunus Tutunus on the Velia has not been located. According to Festus, it was destroyed to make a private bath for the pontifex and Augustan supporter Domitius Calvinus, even though it was revered as among the most ancient landmarks.

This uprooting raises the question of why Calvinus was permitted to displace such a venerable shrine. The Church Fathers associate Mutunus with groupings of other deities that are assumed to be based on the lost theological works of Varro. Through examining these connections, Robert Palmer concluded that the old cult of Mutunus was merged with that of Father Liber, who was variously identified with or shared attributes with Jupiter, Bacchus, and Lampsacene Priapus. Palmer further conjectured that it was Mutunus, in the form of Liber, to whom Julius Caesar made sacrifice on the day of his assassination, receiving the ill omens that the conspirator Decimus Brutus urged him to ignore. Caesar had previously celebrated his victory at the Battle of Munda on the Liberalia, or festival of Liber held March 17, and he visited the house of the pontifex Calvinus on the Ides of March, near the archaic shrine of Mutunus-Liber. In Palmer's view, the evident ill favor of the god gave Augustus license to reform the cult during his program of religious revivalism that often disguised radical innovations. The god was then Hellenized as Bacchus Lyaeus.

Palmer concurred with numismatists who regard a denarius minted by Quintus Titius, moneyer ca. 90–88 BC, as picturing an aged and bearded Mutunus on its obverse. The winged diadem is a reference to the Priapus of Lampsacus and to the winged phallus as a common motif in Roman decorative arts, which can also serve as an apotropaic charm against the evil eye. Another issue by Titius pictures an ivy-crowned Bacchus, with both denarii having a virtually identical Pegasus on the reverse. Michael Crawford finds "no good grounds" for identifying this figure as Mutunus, but Palmer points to the shared iconography of the Bacchus–Liber–Priapus figure and the associative etymology of the gens name Titius. A titus ("penis") with wings was a visual pun, since the word also referred to a type of bird. Varro seems to have associated Titinus with the Titii, in an etymological collocation that included Titus Tatius, the royal Sabine contemporary of Romulus; the Curia Titia; or the tribus of the Titienses, one of the three original tribes of Rome.

See also
 List of Roman fertility deities

References

Fertility gods
Roman gods
Sexuality in ancient Rome
Marriage in ancient Rome

Mutunus Tutunus


Lake Montebello is a reservoir located near Mayfield and Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello in Northeast Baltimore City in central Maryland.  The lake was excavated and constructed in 1881, and nearby Montebello Filtration Plants 1 and 2 were completed in 1915 and 1928, respectively.  The lake contains approximately  of water, with a maximum storage of . Today, the lake continues to act as a settling basin for what goes on in the filtration plant. A 1.3 mile bike and walking path lines the lake and are used as a recreational area for the surrounding community.

History
In 1854, the nearby Herring Run stream on the northeast corner from the old city limits at Boundary Avenue (now North Avenue) of 1818 to 1888) and flowing southeastward into Back River and then Chesapeake Bay in Baltimore County, was identified as a possible source of drinking water for the rapidly expanding pre-American Civil War City of Baltimore. The lake was excavated and constructed between 1875 and 1881, and on September 29, 1881, the lake reached its full height/depth of 163′ feet.  Construction of a tunnel to the northwest connecting Loch Raven Reservoir (also then under construction)  with the new Lake Montebello was also completed in 1881.  Three decades later, in 1910, chlorination of the water supply was instituted, followed by construction of a water filtration plant complex at the Montebello site. Montebello Filtration Plant 1, situated on the east side of Hillen Road, which began operation in 1915 after a two-year construction period. Called one of the "biggest and most important undertakings in the history of the city" by Robert L. Clemmitt, the city's acting water engineer and president of the water board, the filtration plant's creation was the turning point for healthy drinking water in the city and metropolitan area of central Maryland and set a nation-wide standard for progressive Baltimore.

In later decades, engineer Abel Wolman (1892-1989), of the Baltimore City Department of Public Works, a graduate of The Baltimore City College (public high school) and The Johns Hopkins University became world famous as a pioneering expert in the scientific fields of public water systems safety and sewage treatment. Later the city's first Municipal Office Building downtown on Holliday Street, adjacent to the Baltimore City Hall was renamed in 1986 for him.

In 1918-1919, in the Third Major City Annexation Act of surrounding territory in then rural Baltimore County on the west, north and east sides of the city and to the south from Anne Arundel County greatly enlarging the City. This additional land with growing population and its following urban development spurred the construction of subsequent Montebello Plant 2, which began operation in 1928. Other major expansion construction projects occurring during the first half of the 20th century included construction of the Montebello-Druid Lake conduit and Prettyboy Dam (1933), construction of the Gunpowder-Montebello Tunnel (1941), and construction of the Patapsco-Montebello Tunnel (1950). Since World War II, the tremendous growth of the Baltimore Metropolitan region in central Maryland now extending into outer counties of Carroll, Harford, and Howard Counties with a wider service area "beyond the Beltway" (1958-1972) of interstate highways and the suburbanization communities surrounding the central city put an additional strain and pressure on the public water supply and sewage treatment systems now met by several public works departments led by the city and additional counties for a region-wide master plan of services.

Today

The original indoor filter tanks housed in the 1915 era red brick buildings of Italian Renaissance style architecture with tile roofs remain in use today. Kurt Kocher, a public works spokesman, said the two Lake Montebello filtration plants likely will remain in use into the 2020s, when officials hope to bring a new plant on line in Fullerton, a suburb, northeast of the city in Baltimore County. When that facility opens, public works department city officials could either retire or refurbish the older Montebello plant.  Efforts by Mayfield Improvement Association, Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello neighborhoods, Ednor Gardens-Lakeside, Northwood and other nearby community associations continue to support the natural beauty surrounding the lake and medians around pedestrian paths along the perimeter of the lake.

References

Montebello
Buildings and structures in Baltimore

Lake Montebello


The Wolf of Gubbio was a wolf who, according to the Fioretti di San Francesco, terrorized the Umbrian city of Gubbio until he was tamed by St. Francis of Assisi acting on behalf of God. The story is one of many in Christian narrative that depicts saints exerting influence over animals and nature, a motif common to hagiography.

Story
During the period around 1220 when Francis was living in Gubbio, a fierce wolf appeared in the country and began attacking livestock. Soon he graduated to direct assaults on humans, and not long after began to dine upon them exclusively. He was known for lingering outside of the city gates in wait for anyone foolish enough to venture beyond them alone. No weapon was capable of hurting him, and all who attempted to destroy him were devoured. Eventually mere sight of him caused the entire city to raise alarm and the public refused to go outside the walls for any reason. It was at this point, when Gubbio was under siege, that Francis announced he was going to take leave and meet the wolf. He was advised against this more than once but, irrespective of the warnings, made the sign of the cross and went beyond the gates with a small group of followers in tow. When he neared the wolf's lair, the crowd held back at a safe distance, and close enough to witness what transpired.

The wolf, having seen the group approach, rushed at Francis with his jaws open. Again Francis made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to cease his attacks in the name of God. The wolf trotted to him docilely and lay at his feet, putting his head in Francis' hands. Francis then spoke:

"Brother wolf, thou hast done much evil in this land, destroying and killing the creatures of God without his permission; yea, not animals only hast thou destroyed, but thou hast even dared to devour men, made after the image of God; for which thing thou art worthy of being hanged like a robber and a murderer. All men cry out against thee, the dogs pursue thee, and all the inhabitants of this city are thy enemies; but I will make peace between them and thee, O brother wolf, if so be thou no more offend them, and they shall forgive thee all thy past offences, and neither men nor dogs shall pursue thee any more."

The wolf bowed its head and submitted to Francis, completely at his mercy.

"As thou art willing to make this peace, I promise thee that thou shalt be fed every day by the inhabitants of this land so long as thou shalt live among them; thou shalt no longer suffer hunger, as it is hunger which has made thee do so much evil; but if I obtain all this for thee, thou must promise, on thy side, never again to attack any animal or any human being; dost thou make this promise?"

In agreement, the wolf placed one of his forepaws in Francis' outstretched hand, and the oath was made. Francis commanded the wolf to return with him to Gubbio. At this sight, the men who had followed him through the walls were utterly astonished and spread the news; soon the whole city knew of the miracle. The townsfolk gathered in the city marketplace to await Francis and his companion, and were shocked to see the ferocious wolf behaving as though his pet. When Francis reached the marketplace, he offered the assembled crowd an impromptu sermon with the tame wolf at his feet. He is quoted as saying: "How much we ought to dread the jaws of hell, if the jaws of so small an animal as a wolf can make a whole city tremble through fear?" With the sermon ended, Francis renewed his pact with the wolf publicly, assuring him that the people of Gubbio would feed him from their very doors if he ceased his predations. Once more the wolf placed his paw in Francis' hand.

Aftermath

Thereafter, Gubbio venerated Francis and he received great praise from its citizens. Many of them were convinced by the miracle and offered their thanks to God, going on to be converted. This episode in the Fioretti is concluded with a note that the wolf lived for a further two years at Gubbio, going from home to home for sustenance and honoring the provisions of his agreement with Francis. At the wolf's death the city was saddened, for though he had slain so many, he was a symbol of the sanctity of Francis and the power of God.

According to tradition, Gubbio gave the wolf an honorable burial and later built the Church of Saint Francis of the Peace at the site. During renovations in 1872, the skeleton of a large wolf, apparently several centuries old, was found under a slab near the church wall and reburied inside. Legend holds that the church of the Vittorina was built on the spot where Francis met the wolf.

In 1913, the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío published Los motivos del lobo ("The wolf's reasons"), which modifies the story and subverts its moral by having the townspeople start to mock and abuse the wolf until it returns to its savage ways.

See also
 Christian literature
 Christian mysticism
 Christianization
 List of saints
 List of wolves
 Middle Ages
 Order of Friars Minor
 Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology

References

Gubbio
Gubbio, Wolf of
History of Catholicism in Italy
Gubbio
Franciscan spirituality
Italian folklore
Animals in Christianity
1220s in Europe
1220s deaths

Wolf of Gubbio


Claypool Hill is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. The population was 1,776 at the 2010 census, which was up from the 1,719 reported in 2000. Claypool is part of the Bluefield WV-VA micropolitan area which has a population of 107,578.

Geography
Claypool Hill is located at  (37.062842, −81.756355).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10.1 km2), all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,719 people, 710 households, and 565 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 442.3 people per square mile (170.6/km2). There were 760 housing units at an average density of 195.5/sq mi (75.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.95% White, 0.06% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population.

There were 710 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.0% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.74.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 33.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,382, and the median income for a family was $42,321. Males had a median income of $30,878 versus $21,493 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,588. About 9.5% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.

References

Census-designated places in Tazewell County, Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia

Claypool Hill, Virginia


KLED (93.3 FM) is a Gillette, Wyoming, United States, radio station that plays country music from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, focusing on "the innovators and artists from county music's Golden Age". The station runs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The radio station went on the air March 28, 2012.

The station was planned by owner Legend Communications of Wyoming, LLC, as part of its Basin Radio Network, and serves the Gillette area. They started the station under a construction permit to serve Antelope Valley-Crestview, Wyoming, United States.

References

External links

LED
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2012

KLED


Dekema Records is a record label that first achieved notice in the 1990s for releasing the EP "Stripped" by the seminal grunge rock group the Fire Ants. Dekema used  music producer Jack Endino to record the band at Word of Mouth studios in 1992. Endino is best known for producing "Bleach" by Nirvana and his work with Sub Pop artists such as Mudhoney and Soundgarden.

The Fire Ants were a "super group" that formed during the big major label-signing era of Seattle bands. Members of the band included Brian and Kevin Wood (brothers of Andrew Wood, formerly of Mother Love Bone), Chad Channing (formerly of Nirvana) and Dan McDonald (former bassist for Native Messiah and Strait Face). Prior to the Fire Ants, Kevin and Andrew Wood both performed in the band Malfunkshun.

In 2015, "Stripped" was remastered by Jack Endino and released as a Deluxe Edition with an additional nine demo tracks included.

Label history
Dekema Records was founded by Edward Dekema in 1991 and based out of Woodinville, WA, a suburb of Seattle. Ed was the executive producer for the early 1990s releases by the Fire Ants, Moonshine and Johnnie Bravo. In addition to working with Jack Endino, the label also released recordings produced by Marty Jourard, formerly of the 1980s new wave group the Motels.

Artists
 Fire Ants
 Moonshine
 Johnnie Bravo
 Garden Blue
 Chloride Productions
 Shawn Deena
 The Medicine
 Honeycomb
 DJ Dr. K

See also
 List of record labels

References

The Internet Nirvana Fan Club
Rolling Stone, "Former Nirvana Drummer Steps Out"
Kevin Wood interview
Jack Endino production discography

External links
Jack Endino

American record labels
Record labels established in 1991
Alternative rock record labels
1991 establishments in Virginia

Dekema Records


3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during fasting. Normally, through a process called fatty acid oxidation, several enzymes work in a step-wise fashion to metabolize fats and convert them to energy. People with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency have inadequate levels of an enzyme required for a step that metabolizes groups of fats called medium chain fatty acids and short chain fatty acids; for this reason this disorder is sometimes called medium- and short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (M/SCHAD) deficiency.

Signs and symptoms
Typically, initial signs and symptoms of this disorder occur during infancy or early childhood and can include poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, liver problems, and hyperinsulinism (high levels of insulin). Insulin controls the amount of sugar that moves from the blood into cells for conversion to energy. Individuals with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency are also at risk for complications such as seizures, life-threatening heart and breathing problems, coma, and sudden unexpected death.

Problems related to 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency can be triggered by periods of fasting or by illnesses such as viral infections. This disorder is sometimes mistaken for Reye syndrome, a severe disorder that may develop in children while they appear to be recovering from viral infections such as chicken pox or flu. Most cases of Reye syndrome are associated with the use of aspirin during these viral infections.

Genetics
Mutations in the HADH gene lead to inadequate levels of an enzyme called 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Medium-chain and short-chain fatty acids cannot be metabolized and processed properly without sufficient levels of this enzyme. As a result, these fatty acids are not converted to energy, which can lead to characteristic features of this disorder, such as lethargy and hypoglycemia. Medium-chain and short-chain fatty acids or partially metabolized fatty acids may build up in tissues and damage the liver, heart, and muscles, causing more serious complications.

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder each carry one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.

Diagnosis

Treatment

See also
Inborn error of lipid metabolism

References

External links

Fatty-acid metabolism disorders


Béla Szende de Keresztes (born as Béla Frummer on 4 May 1823, Lugoj – 18 August 1882) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Defence from 15 December 1872 until his death.

As a soldier he took part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. After the defeat of the revolution he dealt with farming on his possession of Gavosdia.

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 he worked for the Ministry of Defence as an advisor. József Szlávy appointed him as Minister of Defence, that position Szende kept until the end of his life.

References
 Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

1823 births
1882 deaths
People from Lugoj
Defence ministers of Hungary

Béla Szende


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Serbia face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Serbia, and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is banned in areas such as employment, education, media, and the provision of goods and services, amongst others. Nevertheless, households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples.

In May 2014, Amnesty International identified Serbia as one of a number of countries where there is a marked lack of will to tackle homophobia and transphobia, noting that public authorities had repeatedly banned pride marches on the basis of violent threats from homophobic groups. They had also failed to protect LGBT individuals and organizations from discrimination, including verbal and social media threats and physical attacks. The Belgrade Pride successfully took place in September 2014 in Belgrade. Since then, successful pride parades have been held every year, with local mayors and some government ministers regularly attending. In 2021, the association ILGA-Europe ranked Serbia 23rd in terms of LGBT rights out of 49 observed European countries.

In June 2017, Ana Brnabić became the Prime Minister of Serbia, as the first woman and first openly gay person to hold the office, and the second female LGBT head of government overall (after Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir of Iceland). She was also the first Serbian Prime Minister to attend a pride parade.

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity

Revolutionary Serbia (1804–1813)
Although religious laws existed prohibiting same-sex love and relationships, expressions were common in both Orthodox Christian and Islamic society. The primary expression of same-sex love for Orthodox Christians were brotherhood unions known as "Pobratimstvo" (Adelphopoiesis). The early nineteenth century saw a time of relative turmoil for Serbia, with sporadic periods of stability. In 1804, Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire following two uprisings. Karađorđe's Criminal Code (Карађорђев криминални законик) was subsequently promulgated by the Serbian Jurisprudential Council (Praviteljstvujušči sovjet serbski) sometime in late spring or early summer 1807, and remained in force until 7 October 1813, when the Ottoman Empire re-gained control of Serbia. The Code penalised certain issues related to marital life and sexuality (such as forced marriage, rape, separation/divorce without the approval of a clerical court, and infanticide). It did not, however, mention same-sex sexual activity; and so homosexuality became effectively legal for a period of six years.

Principality of Serbia (1815–1882)
In 1858, the Ottoman Empire, of which Serbia was nominally a vassal, legalized same-sex sexual intercourse.

However, the progressive reforms introduced by Prince Alexander Karađorđević and Prince Mihailo were overturned when Miloš Obrenović returned to power. In the first post-medieval Criminal Code of the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males became punishable by from 6 months' to 4 years' imprisonment. Like in many other countries' legal documents of the time, lesbian sexuality was ignored and not mentioned.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)
In 1918, Serbia became a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. At first, the new state effectively inherited the different laws that applied to the different territories that joined together (often contradictory). Eventually, the new Yugoslav Criminal Code of 1929 banned "lewdness against the order of nature" (anal intercourse) between both heterosexuals and homosexuals.

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992)

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia restricted the offence in 1959 to only apply to homosexual anal intercourse, and the maximum sentence was reduced from 2 to 1 year's imprisonment.

In 1977, same-sex sexual intercourse was legalized in the Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, while male same-sex sexual intercourse remained illegal in the rest of the Socialist Republic of Serbia (including the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo). In 1990, Vojvodina was reincorporated into the legal system of Serbia, and male homosexuality once again become a criminal offence.

FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)
In 1994, male homosexual sexual intercourse was officially decriminalised in the Republic of Serbia, a part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The age of consent was set at 18 years for anal intercourse between males and 14 for other sexual practices. An equal age of consent of 14 was later introduced on 1 January 2006, regardless of sexual orientation or gender.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

While same-sex couples have never been recognized by law, the new Serbian Constitution adopted in November 2006, explicitly defines marriage as being between a man and a woman (Article 62). However, other forms of recognition, such as civil unions or domestic partnerships, are not explicitly mentioned nor prohibited.

In June 2019, plans were announced to legalise domestic partnerships between same-sex couples by amending the Civil Code. Same-sex couples would be able to enjoy several legal rights, including joint property and alimony. They would not be granted inheritance or adoption rights, nor undergo surrogacy arrangements. The legislation remains pending. In July 2019, a lesbian couple, Jelena Dubovic and Sunčica Kopunović, from the northern city of Novi Sad, attempted to register a civil partnership at the municipal registrar's office, but were turned away. They filed a lawsuit, though legal experts believe it is unlikely that they will win the case.

In November 2020, Minister for Human and Minority Rights and Social Dialogue Gordana Čomić announced that the Law on same-sex partnerships will be in parliament in the first half of 2021. The draft law was presented for public consultation in February 2021.

Adoption and parenting
Same-sex couples cannot legally adopt. In early 2019, the Serbian Ministry of Health imposed a ban on those with a "history of homosexual relations during the last five years" from donating reproductive cells for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilisation.

On 23 April 2021, the Ministry of Health deleted the provision which determines the donor of reproductive cells for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilisation cannot be a person with a "history" of homosexual relations.

Discrimination protections
Until 2002, Serbia had no legal protections specifically aimed at LGBT rights.

In 2002, the National Assembly approved the Broadcasting Law (, Zakon o radiodifuziji) which prohibits Serbian broadcasting agencies from spreading information encouraging discrimination, hate and violence based on sexual orientation (among other categories).

In 2005, through a change in the Labor Law (, Zakon o radu), discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment was banned. That same year, Parliament approved the Law on Higher Education (, Zakon o visokom obrazovanju), which guarantees equal rights regardless of sexual orientation in those institutions (among other categories).

On 26 March 2009, Parliament approved a unified anti-discrimination law, known as the Anti-Discrimination Act of 2009 (, Zakon o zabrani diskiminacije), which prohibits, among other categories, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and transgender status in all areas. The law specifically defines discrimination as follows:

On 5 July 2011, the Parliament approved a youth law, prohibiting discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation. The law regulates measures and activities undertaken by local governments at improving the social status of youth and creating conditions for addressing their needs and interests.

Laws against anti-LGBT speech
Since 2003, there has been legislation (part of the Information Law (, Zakon o javnom informisanju)) specifically in place to counter verbal discrimination based on sexual orientation within the media. The same prohibition formed part of the Broadcasting Act adopted in 2002; however, it was never effectively observed, with the Radio Emitters Agency (an independent government agency) having failed to take any action against offenders. More widely, the Anti-Discrimination Law of 2009 prohibits hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation across wider Serbia society. With the adoption of the new amendments to the Anti-Discrimination Law in 2021, sex characteristics were included as a basis for prohibition of discrimination which makes Serbia the second country in the region to do so.

Hate crime laws
On 24 December 2012, the Serbian Parliament approved changes to the Penal Code to introduce the concept of a "hate crime", including on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The first conviction under the law came in 2018.

Gender identity and expression
On 28 July 2011, the Parliament approved a change in the Health Insurance Law (, Zakon o zdravstvenom osiguranju), based on which sex change surgeries became partially covered by the statewide basic medical insurance plan, beginning in 2012.

In 2012, The New York Times proclaimed Belgrade as a hub for sex reassignment surgery, as prices for such procedures are far lower than in neighbouring and Western countries.

Before 2019, transgender people in Serbia were allowed to change their legal gender only after having undergone sex reassignment surgery. Since 2019, it has been possible to change legal gender with a confirmation from a psychiatrist and an endocrinologist after a year of hormone replacement therapy, without undergoing any surgical procedure. Government-financed health insurance covers up to 65% of the surgery, while the remainder is financed by the patient. According to Jovanka Todorović, a program coordinator at Gayten-LGBT, about 80% of Serbian transgender people are not willing to go through surgery. Some choose to have hormone replacement therapy, which is not financed by health insurance. In addition, a reported 90% of LGBT individuals in Serbia argue that medical institutions are not adequately responding to their needs.

Military service
In 2010, the Serbian Army agreed that gay and bisexual men and women may openly serve in the professional army, but that news was not broadcast widely across media.

LGBT rights movement

Organizations
Many LGBT organizations have been founded in Serbia, especially in Belgrade and Novi Sad, though also in Niš, Kragujevac, Subotica, Šabac and Zrenjanin.

The first known LGBT organization in Serbia, Arkadija, was founded in 1990 in Belgrade. It shut down in 1995. That same year, Labris was established. Over the years, Labris has become one of Serbia's most prominent LGBT advocacy groups, regularly meeting with local government officials to discuss discrimination and violence prevention, raising awareness of LGBT rights through educational campaigns and public events, and campaigning for increased legal rights for same-sex couples.

Other groups include Gayten LGBT, founded in 2000 in Belgrade, Gay Straight Alliance (Gej Strejt Alijansa), based in Belgrade, Association Duga (Asocijacija Duga), based in Šabac and the region, and Belgrade Pride (Beograd Prajd), established in 2011.

LGBT Vojvodina, Novi Sad Lesbian Organization, and LGBT Novi Sad are among several groups working in the northern region of Serbia, Vojvodina.

GOOSI, based in Belgrade, advocates on behalf and campaigns in favor of LGBT people with disabilities.

Online communities and news portals, sorted by founding date, descending
1998: Gay-Serbia.com
2001: Adriatic LGBT Activism, formerly known as Yugoslavian LGBT Activism
2001: GayEcho, formerly known as Queeria
2008: GayRomeo, version in Serbian
2011: Optimist LGBT magazine
2012: Szerbiai Magyar LMBT Csoport, the Hungarian LGBT community in Serbia
2012: Gay Serbia Guide

Social conditions

Gays and lesbians continue to face discrimination and harassment in Serbia. The majority of Serbian people retain strong attitudes against homosexuality. There have been numerous instances of violent gay-bashing, the most extreme during the first Belgrade Gay Pride in 2001.

Several pride events have had to be cancelled. Pride Day celebrations in Belgrade in 2004, and another in Novi Sad in 2007, were cancelled because of the inability to provide adequate safety against violence due to resource constraints. The 2009 Belgrade Pride was also cancelled for similar reasons, as police could not guarantee the safety of the participants. The Second Belgrade Pride parade went ahead on 10 October 2010, with the participation of around a thousand people. However, it was met with violent reaction culminating in the Belgrade anti-gay riot attended by 6,000 anti-gay protesters and extreme nationalist group members.

Official medical textbooks that classify homosexuality under "sexual deviations and disorders" were in circulation and widely used. After several requests to do so, the Serbian Medical Society finally stated that same-sex orientation is not a disease in an official letter to Labris, a Serbian LGBT organization, in 2008. Homosexuality has been removed from the official list of diseases since 1997, when Serbia started applying ICD-10.

The protection of LGBT people in Serbia is further complicated by the existence of various nationalist and neo-Nazi associations like "Obraz", "1389" and "Stormfront", which are supported by some right-wing political parties. These groups have, on several occasions, made their threats to LGBT people publicly known though the media, and the police are increasingly reacting to deter such threats publicly.

The development of LGBT rights and culture in Serbia is supported by LGBT sites such as GayEcho and Gay-Serbia and the oldest Adriatic LGBT Activism mailing list in the region.

2016–present
In August 2016, Ana Brnabić was appointed Minister of Public Administration and Local State Governments, becoming the first openly lesbian minister in Serbia. In June 2017, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić appointed Brnabić to be the Prime Minister. She was sworn in on 29 June 2017. Her appointment received criticism and opposition from both left-wing and right-wing groups. Left-wing groups accused Brnabić of being a "puppet" to the President and that her sexual orientation would serve as a cover-up for human rights abuses. Right-groups opposed her nomination because of her sexual orientation.

In 2017, a prominent Serbian LGBT activist, Boban Stojanović, received asylum in Canada after documenting approximately 1,000 different pages of violence directed at him and his partner. In an interview in April 2018, Stojanović's partner said the violence put a lot of pressure on them, compelling the couple to leave Serbia.

In September 2017, Prime Minister Brnabić took part in the pride parade in Belgrade. At the event, Brnabić said:

In February 2019, Milica Đurđić, Brnabić's partner, gave birth to a son named Igor. According to Agence France-Presse, "Ana Brnabić is one of the first prime ministers whose partner has given birth while in office... and the first in the world in a same-sex couple".

On 17 May 2019, on the occasion of International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia, several hundred people gathered in the center of Novi Sad for what was described as the northern Serbian city's first gay pride rally. The event was organized by the local nongovernmental group, Exit, with the support of city officials.

Asylum recognition
In 2019, asylum was granted to a young Iranian gay man on the basis of his sexual orientation.

Public opinion
According to the Commissioner for the Protection of Equality, research carried out in 2012 showed that 48% of Serbs believed that homosexuality is an illness.

According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 59% of Serbians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 24% disagreed. Additionally, 64% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. 21% said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while 55% disagreed. As for transgender people, 63% agreed that they should have the same rights, 65% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination and 51% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender. Additionally, a majority of Serbians would accept an LGBT neighbour.

According to 2018 data from the Equal Rights Association, 26 percent of the country's population would cease contact with a person if they learned that person was LGBT, 38 percent of population believed that homosexuality was a disease, 48 percent of parents would seek medical treatment for their LGBT child, 70 percent opposed the right of an LGBT person to inherit the property of their deceased partner, and 90 percent opposed child adoption by LGBT person.

According to 2017 data from the research conducted by Centre E8, 44.0% of females agree that same-sex marriage should be legal (14.8% totally agree and 29.2% agree) while 38.2% oppose (15.0% totally oppose and 23.2 oppose). At the same time, 32.6% of male respondents agree that same-sex marriage should be legal (12.8% totally agree and 19.6% agree) while 50.8% oppose (26.2% totally oppose and 24.6% oppose).

According to 2021 data by Civil Rights Defenders, while support for same-sex marriage remains low (26%), when broken down into individual rights anticipated to be regulated by the Law on Same Sex Union, there is widespread support for each right (59%-73%). 80% of citizens believe LGBTI+ persons should have at least some rights anticipated to be regulated by the Law on Same Sex Union, the second highest among all Western Balkan countries (after Montenegro, which adopted legislation on same-sex registered partnerships in 2020). In the case of almost every right, support is significantly higher among younger (18-29) and University-educated respondents from Belgrade and Vojvodina. Attitudes towards almost all issues related to the LGBTI+ community have remarkably improved in Serbia over the past 5 years. While improvements have been noted, the research shows homophobia is still prevalent on several major accounts across society, such as that 57% believe homosexuality is a disease.
Over 2/3 of responds believe peaceful Pride marches should be allowed to take place in Belgrade.

Summary table

See also

Human rights in Serbia
The Parade (film)
LGBT rights in Europe
LGBT history in Serbia

References

Further reading

 Rhodes-Kubiak, Robert (2015). Activist Citizenship and the LGBT Movement in Serbia: Belonging, Critical Engagement, and Transformation

External links

Human rights in Serbia

LGBT rights in Serbia