Orbital replacement units (or on-orbit replaceable unit) (ORUs) are key elements of the International Space Station that can be readily replaced when the unit either passes its design life or fails. ORUs are parts of the main systems and subsystems of the external elements of the ISS, none are intended to be installed inside the pressurised modules. Examples of ORUs are: pumps, storage tanks, controller boxes, antennas, and battery units. Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by the Dextre (SPDM) robotic arm. All are stored on the three external stowage platforms (ESPs) or the four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs) mounted on the Integrated Truss Structure (ITS).

Introduction

While spare parts/ORUs were routinely brought up and down during the ISS life-time via Space Shuttle resupply missions, there was a heavy emphasis once the Station was considered complete.

Several Shuttle missions were dedicated to the delivery of ORUs using support carrier structures/pallets of which some remained in the cargo bay, some that were deployed and retrieved and other pallets that were designed to be removed from the payload bay by RMS and placed onto the station.

Deployable pallet flights included STS-102 with External Stowage Platform ESP-1, STS-114 with ESP-2, STS-118 with ESP-2, STS-129 with ExPRESS Logistics Carrier ELC-1 and ELC-2, STS-133 with ELC-4 and STS-134 with ELC-3.

Other modes of ORU delivery included:

Payload bay sidewall mounted ORUs, such as BCDUs, were regularly carried and transported to the ISS via EVAs.

Also, three flights of the  Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC) which remained in the cargo bay on flights STS-102, STS-105 and STS-121; one use of the ICC-Lite on STS-122 (a shortened version of the ICC); two uses of the ICC-Vertical Light Deployable on STS-127 as ICC-VLD and STS-132 as ICC-VLD2, which were deployed and retrieved during the mission; and five uses of the Lightweight MPESS Carrier (LMC) on STS-114, STS-126, STS-128, STS-131 and STS-135, the LMC was not designed to be deployed and remained in the shuttle payload bay throughout the flight.

To date other than the Space Shuttle missions, only one other mode of transportation of ORUs was utilised by the station, the Japanese cargo vessel HTV-2 delivered an FHRC and CTC-4 via its Exposed Pallet (EP), and HTV-4 delivered a Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU) and a Utility transfer assembly (UTA).

Modes of ORU transport to the ISS

Types of ORUs
Orbital replacement units are parts of the main systems and subsystems of the external elements of the ISS. Affecting the control of the cooling system, the movement and control of the solar arrays and SARJ as well as the flow of power throughout the station from solar arrays to the heat rejection system as part of the External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS). As well as storage tanks for oxygen as part of the station Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). ORUs can be hardware such as radiators, or simply batteries or communication antennas, essentially any element that can readily be removed and replaced when required.

The replaceable modular nature of the station allows its life to be extended well beyond its initial design life, theoretically.

ORUs and robotic arms
ORUs to be handled by Dextre have attachments designed to be gripped with the ORU/Tool Changeout Mechanisms (OTCM) on the end of each arm. The H‐fixture is for massive objects and/or to stabilize Dextre, the most common is a Micro‐fixture (also known as a Micro‐square) and the Micro‐Conical Fitting is used in tight spaces.
A Modified Truncated Cone (MTC) Target is used to visually line up Dexter's arm to grab a fixture. Any ORU with a grapple fixture can be moved by the Canadarm2.

Orbital replacement unit (ORU) spares

(Weight, description and current location of the spare on the station)

Multiple spares

 Flex Hose Rotary Coupler (FHRC) weight approx. 900 lb × 1 unit each on S1 & P1 Truss. The FHRC provides the transfer of liquid ammonia across the Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint (TRRJ) between the P1 (FHRC SN1001) & S1 (FHRC SN1002) truss segments and the Heat Rejection System Radiators (HRSRs).

Three spares – ESP-2 FRAM-7 (keel side) FHRC SN1003, ESP-3 FRAM-2 (top side) FHRC SN1004, ELC-4 FRAM-5 (keel side) FHRC SN0005 delivered by HTV-2.

 Pump Module (PM) weight 780 lb x 1 unit each on S1 (current PM SN0006) & P1 (original PM SN0001 still in situ) Trusses. The PM is part of the station's complex External Active Thermal Control System (ETCS), which provides vital cooling to internal and external avionics, crew members, and payloads. The station has two independent cooling loops. The external loops use an ammonia-based coolant and the internal loops use water cooling.

Four original spares. Two unused Pump Modules remain – ELC-1 FRAM-7 (keel side) PM SN0007, ESP-2 FRAM-1 (top side) PM SN0005. Two utilised – ELC-2 FRAM-6 (keel side) PM SN0004 (Installed on ESP-2 FRAM-1 during STS-121, then removed by the Exp 24 crew to replace the failed original PM SN0002 on the S1 truss. SN0002 was returned to earth by the STS-135 crew. SN0004 replaced by PM SN0006 and moved to MT POA by Exp 38 crew in Dec. 2013. Relocated to ESP-2 FRAM-1 by ISS-41 EVA-27 in Oct. 2014. Swapped positions with SN0005 by SPDM in Mar. 2015.); ESP-3 FRAM-3 (top side) PM SN0006 (Installed on ESP-3 FRAM-3 during STS-127, swapped with failed PM SN0004 from S1 truss by Exp 38 crew Dec. 2013).

 Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA) weight 1,702 lb x 1 unit each on S1 (now ATA SN0004) & P1 (now ATA SN0002) trusses. The primary function of the ATA is to store the ammonia used by the external thermal control system (ETCS). The major components in the ATA include two ammonia storage tanks, isolation valves, heaters, and various temperature, pressure, and quantity sensors. There is one ATA per loop located on the zenith side of the Starboard 1 (Loop A) and Port 1 (Loop B) truss segments. The ATA contains two flexible, chambers incorporated into its ammonia tanks that expand as pressurized nitrogen expels liquid ammonia out of them.

Two spares – ELC-1 FRAM-9 (keel side), ELC-3 FRAM-5 (keel side)  Also note – other than these two spares, two other Shuttle missions brought up new ATAs and then returned the failed ATAs: STS-128 ATA SN0004 up/SN0002 down (P1 truss original ATA) and STS-131 SN0002 up/SN0003 down (S1 truss original ATA).

 Nitrogen Tank Assembly (NTA) weight 550 lb each × 1 unit each on S1 (now NTA SN0005) & P1 truss (now NTA SN0004). The NTA provides a high-pressure gaseous nitrogen supply to control the flow of ammonia out of the ATA.

Two spares – ELC-1 FRAM-6 (keel side) NTA SN0002 (refurbished) ELC-2 FRAM-9 (keel side) NTA SN0003 (refurbished) Also note – other than these two spares, two other Shuttle missions replaced NTAs. STS-122 delivered new NTA SN0004 and then returned the depleted P1 Truss NTA SN0003. STS-124 swapped the new NTA SN0005 from ESP-3 FRAM 2 with the depleted NTA SN0002 from the S1 Truss. The STS-126 crew returned this depleted NTA.

 High-Pressure Gas Tank Assembly (HPGTA) weight 1,240 lb x 5 units on quest. High-pressure oxygen and nitrogen gas tanks on board the ISS provide support for EVA and contingency metabolic support for the crew. This high-pressure O2 and N2 is brought to the ISS by the high-pressure gas tanks (HPGT) and is replenished by the Space Shuttle.

One spare – ELC-3 FRAM-6 (keel side), one depleted tank ELC-2 FRAM-4 (top side) Note the depleted tank was swapped with the original HPGTA launched on ELC-2 at FRAM-4.

 Cargo Transport Container (CTC) each can weigh between 1,000 and 1,300 lb A container used to transport smaller ORUs such as Remote Power Control Modules in bulk, which may also be used during EVA or by the SPDM. NASA purchased 5 CTCs for such deliveries.

Three units – CTC-3 formerly on ELC-2 FRAM-2 (top side), was later moved to ESP-2 FRAM-3 via SPDM. CTC-2 on ELC-4 FRAM-2 (keel side), CTC-5 on ELC-3 FRAM-1 (top side)

 Pitch/Roll-Joint (P/R‐J) x 2 units on the SSRMS. A Wrist joint with several degrees of freedom, designed to be replaced on orbit if required.

Two spares – ESP-3 FRAM-1 (top side), ESP-2 FRAM-5 (keel side)

 Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) weight 600 lb × 4 units on Z1 Truss (two CMGs have been replaced, one by the STS-114 crew and a second by STS-118 crew). A CMG consists of a single-piece 25-inch diameter, 220-pound stainless steel flywheel that rotates at a constant speed of 6,600 rpm and develops an angular momentum of 3,600 ft-lb-sec (4,880 N-m-s) about its spin axis. The CMGs can also be used to perform attitude maneuvers. The CMGs rely on electrical power provided by the solar powered electrical subsystem.

Two spares – ELC-1 FRAM-5 (top side) CMG SN104, ELC-2 FRAM-5 (top side) CMG SN102
Note: STS-118 crew delivered a CMG on ESP-3, swapping it for a failed unit on the ITS-Z1 truss. That failed unit was placed on ESP-2 FRAM-5 until it was returned by STS-122.[12]

 S-band Antenna Support Assembly (SASA) weight 256 lb each × 2 active units and one other spare on ISS. The SASA consists of the assembly contingency radio frequency group (RFG, or ACRFG), SASA boom and avionics wire harness.

Two spares – ELC-3 FRAM-4 (top side), ELC-3 FRAM-7 (keel side)

 Direct Current Switching Unit (DCSU) weight 218 lb x 2 units each on the 4 IEAs.  The DCSU routes battery power to the MBSU distribution bus to satisfy power demands. In addition to primary power distribution, the DCSU has the additional responsibilities of routing secondary power to components on the PV modules.

Three spares – ESP-1 FRAM-2, ESP-2 FRAM-2 (top side), ELC-2 FRAM-2 (top side)

 Battery Charge/Discharge Unit (BCDU) weight 235 lb × 6 each on each of the 4 IEAs. The BCDU is a bidirectional power converter that serves a dual function of charging the batteries during solar collection periods (isolation) and providing conditioned battery power to the primary power buses during eclipse periods.

Two spares – ESP-3 FRAM-6 (keel side), ELC-1 FRAM-4 (top side)

 Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU) weight 220 lb × 4 units on S0 Truss. The MBSUs act as the distribution hub for the EPS system. The four MBSUs on board the ISS are all located on the starboard zero (S0) truss. Each of MBSU receives primary power from two power channels and distributes it downstream to the DDCUs.

Two spares – ESP-2 FRAM-4 (top side), ESP-2 FRAM-6 (keel side). First spare launched with ESP-2 (FRAM-4) on STS-114, July 2005. Second spare launched on STS-120, October 2007, installed on ESP-2 FRAM-6. First spare swapped for failed 1A/1B MBSU by Expedition 32 crew in August 2012; the failed MBSU was initially stored on ESP-2 FRAM-4, then moved to ELC-2 FRAM-1 in January 2013. Third spare delivered by HTV-4 in August 2013, installed on ESP-2 FRAM-4. 2A/2B MBSU failed and was replaced by Dextre with third spare in May 2017. Failed 2A/2B unit was brought inside via JEM airlock in August 2017, repaired, returned to ESP-2 FRAM-4 in November 2017. 3A/3B MBSU failed in April 2019 and was replaced in May by the repaired former 2A/2B MBSU, with the 3A/3B unit stored on ESP-2 FRAM-4. Former 1A/1B unit brought inside and repaired in August 2019, then swapped into ESP-2 FRAM-4 for the former 3A/3B unit, which was brought inside in September 2019 and returned to Earth on board SpaceX CRS-19.

 Utility Transfer Assembly (UTA) a processor that allows power, signals and data to flow across the SARJ by roll rings incorporated within.

Two spares – ESP-2 FRAM-8 (keel side) ELC-4 FRAM-4 (keel side) Utility Transfer Assembly (delivered by HTV-4 EP via SPDM Aug. 2013)

 Pump Flow Control Subassembly (PFCS) weight 235 lb Each external loop contains a pump and flow control system (PFCS) which contains most of the controls and mechanical systems that drive the EATCS. There are 2 pumps per PFCS which circulate ammonia throughout the external coolant loops. There are 2 on each IEA (x4) for a total of 8 active units.

Three original spares, now two available spares – ESP-1 FRAM-1 plus 2 on ITS-P6 that were initially used by the Early External Active Thermal Control System (EEATCS). One EEATCS spare on ITS-P6 swapped out for a leaky unit on the 2B power channel during an Exp 35 EVA May 11, 2013. Other EEATCS spare developed electrical fault and was replaced by an additional spare launched on SpaceX CRS-14.

Single spares

 Mobile transporter trailing umbilical system-reel assembly (MT TUS-RA) weight 354 lbs. at ELC-2 FRAM-8 (keel side) x 1 unit on MT
The TUS reel assembly (TUS-RA) is basically a large spool much like a garden hose reel that pays out cable when the MT moves away and rolls it back up as the MT returns to the center of the truss. This is the same TUS-RA retrieved during STS-121. It was replaced and this failed unit was returned to earth and refurbished to later fly on ELC-2.

 Latching End Effector (LEE) weight 415 lbs. at ELC-1 FRAM-1 (top side) x 3 units on ISS (Two on Canadarm2 and one on Dextre (SPDM) body)
 Special-purpose dextrous manipulator (SPDM) arm at ELC-3 FRAM-2 (top side) x 2 arms on SPDM
 Heat Rejection System Radiator (HRSR) weight 2,475 lbs. at ELC-4 (top side) x 3 units each on S1 & P1 Truss
The Heat Rejection Subsystem (HRS) consists of a base, eight panels, torque panel, torque arm, an interconnected fluid system, a scissors-type deployment mechanism and a computer controlled motor/cable deployment system. Part of the station's external active thermal control system (EATCS), the HRS radiator rejects thermal energy via radiation.

 Linear Drive Unit (LDU) weight 255 lbs. at ESP-3 FRAM-4 (top side) x 1 on the MT
The LDU provides drive and stopping forces for the mobile transporter along the integrated truss structure rail.

 Space-to-Ground ANTenna (SGANT) weight 194 lbs. at ESP-3 FRAM-5 (keel side) x 2 units on Z1 Truss
 Plasma Contactor Unit (PCU) weight 350 lbs. at ELC-1 FRAM-2 (top side) x 2 units on the Truss
Plasma Contactor Unit (PCU) is used to disperse the electrical charge that builds up by providing an electrically conductive "ground path" to the plasma environment surrounding the ISS. This prevents the electrical discharges and provides a means of controlling crew shock hazard during EVA. There are two PCUs located on the ISS Zenith 1 Truss, both of which are operated during EVA.

See also
Electrical system of the International Space Station
Environmental control and life support system (ECLSS)
ExPRESS Logistics Carrier (ELCs) STS-129 ELC-1 & 2, STS-133 ELC-3, STS-134 ELC-4
External stowage platform (ESPs) STS-102 ICC & ESP-1, STS-114 ESP-2 & LMC, STS-118 ESP-3
Integrated cargo carriers (ICCs) STS-105 ICC, STS-121 ICC, STS-122 ICC-Lite, STS-126 LMC, STS-127 ICC-VLD, STS-128 LMC, STS-131 LMC, STS-132 ICC-VLD2, STS-135 LMC
Integrated Truss Structure (ITS)
Scientific research on the International Space Station

References

Components of the International Space Station
Spacecraft components

Orbital replacement unit


Halit Refiğ (5 March 1934 – 11 October 2009) was a Turkish film director, film producer, screenwriter and writer. He made around sixty films, including feature films, documentaries and TV serials. He is considered to be the pioneer of the National Cinema movement and the initiator of the production of TV serials in Turkey.

Biography
Halit Refiğ graduated from Şişli Terakki High School in 1951 and studied engineering at Robert College in Istanbul.

Refiğ directed his first films in 8mm while he served as a military reserve officer in Korea, Japan and Ceylon. He wrote articles on cinema at newspapers in 1956 and published the Sinema Dergisi magazine together with Nijat Özön. He began his career as Atıf Yılmaz's assistant in 1957 together with Yılmaz Güney. He worked as scriptwriter for Atıf Yılmaz and Memduh Ün. His directorial debut was Forbidden Love (Yasak Aşk) (1961). His 1962 film Stranger in the City was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival.

In the 1970s, with the decline in Turkish cinema, he started to work extensively for TV. In 1974, he contributed as an instructor to the first cinema education programs initiated by the Istanbul State Fine Arts Academy (the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University of today) where he started to work as lecturer in 1975. In 1975, he directed the TV series Aşk-ı Memnu (Forbidden Love) which was aired on the Turkish Radio Television, TRT. This TV serial is considered to be the first miniseries on Turkish television stations. In 1978, he wrote a script for a documentary about the life of Mimar Sinan on commission from the Mimar Sinan University. The project was not completed but the script was published.

In 1999, on commission from the then Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, he began developing a feature film project titled Devlet Ana (Mother State), to be released on the 700th anniversary of the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. The project was going to be conducted in collaboration with the Mimar Sinan University (MSU). In 2001, Refiğ stated that he will not collaborate with MSU and thus the project was not realized.

Censorship
Refiğ's 1979-81 adaptation of Kemal Tahir's novel, Yorgun Savaşçı, for TRT, where he served as an advisor, was banned from broadcast by TRT on accounts of incorporating scenes which were anti-Atatürk, anti-Turkish Independence War, and pro-Çerkes Ethem. A commission of seven people comprising three colonels, a representative of the Ministry of Interior, a representative of the press office of the Prime Minister, two TRT representatives, and Turgut Özakman, the director of the Turkish State Theatres, representing the Ministry of Culture, was formed on order from President Kenan Evren and Prime Minister Bülent Ulusu and the prints were burnt in 1983 by TRT director Macit Akman, at the furnaces of the Turkish General Staff printhouse under the supervision of the said commission. This censorship caused public controversy. A surviving copy surfaced in 1993 and the 8-episode miniseries was broadcast in its entirety on TRT.

Academic life
He lectured at the University of Wisconsin in 1976, where he directed The Intercessors, and at Denison University in Ohio in 1984, where he shot In the Wilderness with his students. He was given the title of "Honorary Professor" by Marmara University in 1997.

Death
He suffered from cholangiocarcinoma and died on 11 October 2009 in Istanbul, aged 75. He was interred in the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery two days later, following the funeral service held at Teşvikiye Mosque.

Filmography as director

  (1961)
  (1961)
 Şehirdeki Yabancı (1962)
 Gençlik Hülyaları (1962)
 Şafak Bekçileri (1963)
 Gurbet Kuşları (1964)
 Şehrazat (1964)
 Evcilik Oyunu (1964)
 İstanbul'un Kızları (1964)
 Canım Sana Feda (1965)
 Güneşe Giden Yol (1965)
  (1965)
 Kırık Hayatlar (1965)
 Erkek Ve Dişi (1966)
 Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş (1966)
 Karakolda Ayna Var (1966)
 Can Yoldaşları (1966)
 Kız Kolunda Damga Var (1967)
 Bir Türk'e Gönül Verdim (1969)
 Yaşamak Ne Güzel Şey (1969)
 Adsız Cengaver (1970)
 Sevmek Ve Ölmek Zamanı (1971)
 Ali Cengiz Oyunu (1971)
 Çöl Kartalı (1972)
 Acı Zafer (1972)
 Aşk Fırtınası (1972)
 Fatma Bacı (1972)
 Kızın Varmı Derdin Var (1973)
 Cennetin Kapısı (1973)
 Sultan Gelin (1973)
 Vurun Kahpeye (1973)
 Yedi Evlat İki Damat (1973)
 Aşk-ı Memnu (1975) (TV)
 Arabulucular (1977)
 Yaşam Kavgası (1978)
 Yorgun Savaşçı (1979) (TV)
 Leyla İle Mecnun (1982)
 O Kadın (1982)
 Beyaz Ölüm (1983)
 İhtiras Fırtınası (1983)
 Alev Alev (1984)
 Ölüm Yolu (1985)
 Paramparça (1985)
 Son Darbe (1985)
 Kıskıvrak (1986)
 Teyzem (1986)
 Yarın Ağlayacağım (1986)
 Kızımın Kanı (1987)
 Kurtar Beni (1987)
 Kızım Ve Ben (1988)
 Hanım (1988)
 Karılar Koğuşu (1989)
 İki Yabancı (1990)
 Zirvedekiler (1993) (TV)
 Köpekler Adası (1996)
 Affet Bizi Hocam (1998) (TV)
 Kerem (1999)
 Affet Beni Hocam (2000)
 Zeynep Öğretmen (2000) (TV)
 Gelinlik Kız (2000)
 Sara ile Musa (2000) (TV)
 Midasın Düşü (2000) (TV)
 Gençlik (2000)

Producer
 Yaşamak Hakkımdır 1958
 İstanbul'un Kızları 1964
 Canım Sana Feda 1965
 İki Yabancı 1990

Screenwriter

References

External links
 Biography of Halit Refiğ

Bibliography

Published screenplays
Refiğ, Halit. (2009). Puşkin Erzurumda. Dergah Yayınları, Sinema İletişim Dizisi, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit. (2009). Koca Sinan. Dergah Yayınları, Sinema İletişim Dizisi, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit. (2009). Şeytan Aldatması. Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım, Senaryo Dizisi, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit. (2009). Gazi ile Latife: Mustafa Kemal'in Yaşamından Bir Kesit. Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım, Senaryo Dizisi, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit. (2006).  Aşk ve Ölüm Senaryoları. Doğan Kitapçılık, İstanbul.

Non-fiction (memoirs, essays)
Refiğ, Halit; eds. Gültekin, D. Ali; Zileli, Irmak. (2009). Doğruyu Aradım Güzeli Sevdim. Bizim Kitaplar Yayınevi, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit; ed. Gültekin, D. Ali. (2007). Tek Umut Türkiye. Bizim Kitaplar Yayınevi, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit & Hristidis, Şengün Kılıç. (2007). Sinemada Ulusal Tavır. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit. (2002).  Doğu Batı ve Türkiye 10 Yılda Nereden Başladık? Nereye Geldik?. Ufuk Kitapları, İstanbul.
Refiğ, Halit. (2000). Gerçeğin Değişkenliği Kemal Tahir. Ufuk Kitapları, İstanbul.

Further reading
Maraşlı, Gülşah Nezaket. (2007). Bir Halit Refiğ Filmi. Elips Kitap, İstanbul.
Adiloğlu, Fatoş. (2006). Sinemada Mimari Açılımlar: Halit Refiğ Filmleri. Es Yayınları, İstanbul.
Türk, İbrahim. (2001). Halit Refiğ Düşlerden Düşüncelere Söyleşiler. Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.

1934 births
2009 deaths
Best Director Golden Orange Award winners
Burials at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in Turkey
Film people from Istanbul
People from İzmir
Robert College alumni
Turkish film directors
Turkish film producers
Turkish male screenwriters
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
20th-century Turkish screenwriters

Halit Refiğ


Walter "Rosetta" Fuller (February 15, 1910 in Dyersburg, Tennessee – April 20, 2003 in San Diego, California) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is no relation to Gil Fuller, whose birth name is also Walter.

Biography
Fuller learned mellophone as a child before settling on trumpet. He played in a traveling medicine show from age 14, then played with Sammy Stewart in the late 1920s. In 1930 he moved to Chicago and played with Irene Eadie and Her Vogue Vagabonds. He began a longtime partnership with Earl Hines in 1931, remaining with him until 1937, when he took a job with Horace Henderson's ensemble. This gig lasted only a few months, though and after a year with Henderson he returned to duty under Hines again. He left Hines again in 1940 to form his own band, playing at the Grand Terrace in Chicago and the Radio Room in Los Angeles. Among his sidemen were Rozelle Claxton, Quinn Wilson, Omer Simeon, and Gene Ammons. He led bands on the West Coast for over a decade, and played as a side trumpeter and vocalist for many years afterward.

Fuller won the nickname "Rosetta" based on his singing on the 1934 Hines recording of "Rosetta", a Hines' composition which also became the Hines' band's theme-tune.

References

Scott Yanow, "Walter Fuller". Grove Jazz online.

External links
Walter Fuller Interview NAMM Oral History Library (interview date, December 11, 2001)

1910 births
2003 deaths
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
American jazz singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century trumpeters
Burials at Greenwood Memorial Park (San Diego)
People from Dyersburg, Tennessee
Jazz musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Walter Fuller (musician)


Bernard Bergonzi FRSL (13 April 1929 – 20 September 2016) was a British literary scholar, critic, and poet. He was Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Warwick and an expert on T. S. Eliot.

He was born in London and studied at Wadham College, Oxford. He had an academic position in Manchester before moving to Warwick, and held visiting professorships at American universities.

Works

Godolphin and Other Poems (Latin Press, 1952)
Descartes and the Animals - Poems 1948-54 (1954)
The Fantasy Poets: Number 34 (Fantasy Press 1957) with Dennis Keene and Oscar Mellor
The Early H. G. Wells: A Study of The Scientific Romances (1961)
L.P.Hartley and Anthony Powell (1962) with Paul Bloomfield, British Council, Writers and Their Work #144, revised 1971 as Bergonzi on Powell
Heroes' Twilight. A Study of the Literature of the Great War (1965) revised 1980
An English Sequence (1966) poems
Innovations: Where is our Culture Going? (1968) editor, with Marshall Mcluhan, Frank Kermode, Leslie Fiedler
Great Short Works of Aldous Huxley (1969) editor
T.S.Eliot: Four Quartets (1969) editor, essays
The Situation of the Novel (1970)
"The Twentieth Century" (1970) editor, Volume 7 of the Sphere History of Literature in the English Language
Memorials (1970) poems
T. S. Eliot (1972)
The Turn of a Century - Essays on Victorian and Modern English Literature (1973)
H. G. Wells - A Collection of Critical Essays (1976) editor
Gerard Manley Hopkins (1977)
Reading the Thirties (1978)
Years (Mandeville Press 1979) poems
The Roman Persuasion (1981) novel
The Myth of Modernism and Twentieth Century Literature (1986)
A Short History of English Literature (1990) revision of Ifor Evans
Exploding English: Criticism, Theory, Culture (OUP, 1991)
Wartime and Aftermath : English Literature and Its Background, 1939-60 (OUP, 1993)
David Lodge (1995)
War Poets and Other Subjects (1999)
A Victorian Wanderer. The Life of Thomas Arnold the Younger (OUP, 2003)
A Study in Greene (OUP, 2006)

References

Carcanet Press

1929 births
2016 deaths
English literary critics
English people of Italian descent
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Academics of the University of Warwick
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
English male poets
English male non-fiction writers

Bernard Bergonzi


Fort Magruder was a  high earthen fortification straddling the road between Yorktown and  Williamsburg, Virginia, just outside the latter city (and former Virginia state capital) during the American Civil War. At the center of the Williamsburg Line, it was also referred to as Redoubt Number 6.

Fort Magruder was strategic in defending Williamsburg during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 due to its location near the junction of the two roads that led to Williamsburg from Yorktown and Lee's Mill to the east. It became a key point during the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862.

Peninsula Campaign, General Magruder
In the American Civil War, the Peninsula Campaign was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, was an amphibious turning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by moving up (west) the Virginia Peninsula from Fort Monroe at the eastern tip near the entrance to Hampton Roads to Richmond, about  away.

The Confederate Army of the Peninsula was the primary defensive force, and was commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. "Prince John" Magruder, a popular leader who had held back Union forces in the area beginning in 1861. At the time the Army of the Potomac arrived at Fort Monroe in early 1862, only Magruder's 13,000 men faced them on the Peninsula. The Confederate strategy of the early portion of the Peninsula Campaign became one of delays, providing vital time for defenses to be built outside Richmond. General Magruder had been an amateur actor, and was successful in the early stages of the Peninsula Campaign partially by using elaborate ruse tactics to appear to have a much larger force than he actually had. Stephen Sears, the author of the To The Gates of Richmond, described the demonstrations of his limited troops, which included marching back and forth behind the lines with great fanfare to appear to be a larger force, as "performances of the Prince John Players." Magruder's efforts appeared to have the desired effect, as the ever-cautious McClellan moved very slowly with his forces, which were actually substantially larger than those of the defenders. Meanwhile, a long defensive line was being built outside Richmond.

Fort Magruder, actually an elaborate but earthen fortification, was named for General Magruder. It was the keystone of the Williamsburg Line, a third cross peninsula set of works located west of the Warwick Line, the second, which was anchored by Mulberry Island, the Warwick River, and Yorktown.

Building the Williamsburg Line

The Williamsburg Line was a line of defensive fortifications across the Virginia Peninsula east of Williamsburg anchored by College Creek, a tributary of the James River, on the south and Queen's Creek, a tributary of the York River on the north. A series of 14 redoubts were built along the line, with Fort Magruder (Redoubt Number 6) at the center at a key location. The concept was surely not a new one. To defend against attacks of the Native Americans, in 1632, the people of the Virginia Colony had constructed a line of palisades across the  of land between the same two creeks, although it was slightly to the west, and also long gone by 1862. The earlier palisade had been anchored by a small fortified settlement which was named Middle Plantation. In 1699, it had been renamed Williamsburg.

Colonel Benjamin S. Ewell, leader of the 32nd Virginia Infantry had been trained as a civil engineer at the United States Military Academy at West Point and most recently serving as the President of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. He had moved to the area in 1848, and lived nearby at a farm in James City County a few miles west of the old colonial capital city.

In 1861, Colonel Ewell had formed the 32nd Virginia from several local militia units from Elizabeth City County, Warwick County, York County, and James City County. In May 1861, he was charged by General Robert E. Lee, who was the commander of Virginia's military forces at the time, with the development and construction of the Williamsburg Line.

Ewell had made little progress on the Williamsburg defenses by late June 1861, and General Magruder replaced him with then-Lt. Col. Lafayette McLaws. Soldiers and impressed slaves constructed the line to the east of Williamsburg as recommended by Captain Alfred L. Rives, an 1848 civil engineering graduate of Virginia Military Institute (VMI) who was acting chief of the Engineer Bureau at Confederate headquarters in Richmond. The series of 14 redoubts stretched across a distance of about , and were located 600 to  apart. Redoubt # 1 was located behind Quarterpath Road (which led from Williamsburg to the James River). Redoubts 11 and 14 helped form the York River (northern) end of the line.
(The site of Redoubt 12 is currently located in New Quarter Park).

Redoubt # 6, near the center of the Williamsburg Line, became known as Fort Magruder. It was shaped as an elongated pentagon, with walls  high and nine feet thick. The earthworks were protected by a dry moat nine feet deep. It mounted eight guns.

The Williamsburg Line was unfinished when the Federals began marching up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe on April 4, 1862.

Standoff at the Warwick Line
As the Peninsula Campaign developed, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston moved his army east to reinforce Magruder and meet the challenge presented by McClellan's forces. The resulting Battle of Yorktown was to last from April 5 until May 4, 1862. During this time, the Union forces were held at the Warwick Line across the peninsula from the James River to the York River.

In the early morning hours of May 4, the Confederates quietly withdrew from the Warwick Line, and, electing not to defend the Williamsburg Line, withdrew beyond it toward Richmond. The Williamsburg Line would be critical, albeit for a short time, in delaying a pursuit by the Union Army, giving the Confederates time to move west on the poor roads of the sandy Tidewater terrain. About 24 hours later, McClellan discovered the move, and troops were soon moving toward Williamsburg on the only two main roads west, the Lee's Mill and Yorktown-Williamsburg Roads, which converged about  south-east of Fort Magruder.

Battle of Williamsburg
On May 5, 1862, Fort Magruder was a major point of the first heavy conflict of the Peninsula Campaign. Nearly 32,000 Confederates and 41,000 Union fought during the Battle of Williamsburg, which is considered by military historians to have been inconclusive. The point at which the fort was built had the strategic topographical advantage of being a very narrow piece of land, bounded on the west by Tutters Neck Pond and on the east by Cubb's creek, restricting access to the town of Williamsburg beyond.

There were 3,800 Union and Confederate casualties.

Preservation

The former site of Fort Magruder is located about  east of the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg off Penniman Road, which is the James City County-York County boundary line in the immediate vicinity. A monument, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, surrounded by a small grassy area, is located on the southeast side of Penniman Road near the intersection of Queen's Creek Road. Approximately one-third of the original earthworks remain. The fenced-in site is not currently open to the public.

In early 2006, Riverside Health System donated  of the  of land that it had bought from Colonial Williamsburg along the colonial-era Quarterpath Road in 2004, to create a public park. The land, about  south of Fort Magruder (towards the James River), includes two redoubts that were part of the Williamsburg Line of defensive works, and has been named Redoubt Park.

At the former site of Redoubt 9, located in the median of Interstate 64 between exits 238 and 242 in York County, William and Mary archaeologists in 2016 unearthed a jade blue bottle less than six inches long filled with nails, next to what archaeologists believed to be the remains of a hearth or fire pit. William and Mary researchers have advanced the theory that the object may be a witch bottle, an English-origin object thought by users to lure witches or evil spirits and then trap them. Only a few such objects have been found in the United States, and this particular bottle, bearing the name of a manufacturer in eastern Pennsylvania, probably came with Union troops occupying the redoubt after the Battle of Williamsburg.

External links
 Armament, Plan & Cross Section, December 24, 1864 Jeremy Francis Gilmer Papers No 276, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

References

American Civil War forts
Virginia in the American Civil War
Protected areas of James City County, Virginia
York County in the American Civil War
American Civil War forts in Virginia
Protected areas of York County, Virginia

Fort Magruder


André Gorz (; , ; 9 February 1923 – 22 September 2007), more commonly known by his pen names Gérard Horst () and Michel Bosquet (), was an Austrian and French social philosopher and journalist and critic of work. He co-founded Le Nouvel Observateur weekly in 1964. A supporter of Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist version of Marxism after the Second World War, he became in the aftermath of the May '68 student riots more concerned with political ecology.

In the 1960s and 1970s, he was a main theorist in the New Left movement and coined the concept of non-reformist reform. His central theme was wage labour issues such as liberation from work, the just distribution of work, social alienation, and a guaranteed basic income.

Early life
Born in Vienna as Gerhart Hirsch, he was the son of a Jewish wood-salesman and a Catholic mother, who came from a cultivated background and worked as a secretary. Although his parents did not have any strong sense of national or religious identity, the rising anti-Semitism led his father to convert to Catholicism in 1930. At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, his mother sent him to an institution in Switzerland to avoid his mobilization into the Wehrmacht. Thereafter, Hirsch was a stateless person until 12 April 1957, when he became naturalized as French citizen because of Pierre Mendès-France's support. He graduated from the École polytechnique at University of Lausanne, now EPFL, in chemical engineering in 1945.

Working at first as a translator of American short stories published by a Swiss editor, he then published his first articles in a co-operative journal. In 1946, he met Jean-Paul Sartre, and they became close. Gorz was then influenced mainly by existentialism and phenomenology. He contributed to the journals Les Temps modernes (Paris), New Left Review, Technologie und Politik (Reinbek). In June 1949, he moved to Paris, where he worked first at the international secretariat of the Mouvement des , then as private secretary of a military attaché of the embassy of India. He then entered Paris-Presse as a journalist and took the pseudonym of Michel Bosquet. There, he met with Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, who in 1955 recruited him as an economist journalist for L'Express.

Alongside his journalistic activities, Gorz worked closely with Sartre and adopted an existentialist approach to Marxism, which led Gorz to emphasize the questions of alienation and of liberation in the framework of existential experience and an analysis of social systems from the viewpoint of individual experience. That intellectual framework formed the basis of his first books, Le Traître (Le Seuil, 1958, prefaced by Sartre), La Morale de l'histoire (Le Seuil, 1959) and the Fondements pour une morale (Galilée, 1977, published fifteen years later), which he signed for the first time as André Gorz, from the German name of the now-Italian city (Görz), where the eyeglasses that were given to his father by the Austrian Army had been made.

1960s–1980s
Gorz also was a main theorist in the New Left movement, inspired by the young Marx, discussions of humanism and alienation and the liberation of humanity. Gorz was also influenced by the Frankfurt School since he was a friend of Herbert Marcuse. Other friends of his included Rossana Rossanda, founder of Il Manifesto newspaper, the photographer William Klein, younger intellectuals such as Marc Kravetz or Tiennot Grumbach, and Ronald Fraser of the New Left Review.

He strongly criticised structuralism because of its criticisms of the subject and of subjectivity. He called himself a "revolutionary-reformist", a democratic socialist who wanted to see system-changing reforms. In 1961, he entered the editorial committee of Les Temps Modernes and introduced to French thought the Italian Garavini, the neo-Keynesian and communist Bruno Trentin and the anarcho-syndicalist Vittorio Foa. Imposing himself as the "intellectual leader of the 'Italian' tendency of the New Left",) he influenced activists of the UNEF students' union and the CFDT (in particular, Jean Auger, Michel Rolant and Fredo Krumnow) as a theorist of workers' self-management, which has been recently embraced by the CFDT. His term "non-reformist reform" refers to proposed programs of change that base their demands on human needs, rather than those of the current economic system.

He directly addressed himself to trade unions in Stratégie ouvrière et néocapitalisme (Le Seuil, 1964) in which he criticized capitalist economic growth and expounded on the various strategies open to trade unions. The same year, he quit L'Express, along with Serge Lafaurie, Jacques-Laurent Bost, K.S. Karol and Jean Daniel, to found Le Nouvel Observateur weekly and used the pseudonym Michel Bosquet.

Deeply affected by May 1968, Gorz saw in the events a confirmation of his existential Marxist posture, which joined the students' criticisms towards institutional and state organisations: state, school, family, firm etc. Ivan Illich's ideas on education, medicine and the abolition of wage labour then became the focus of his attention. Gorz published one of Illich's speeches in Les Temps Modernes in 1961 and met him in 1971 in Le Nouvel Observateur at the publishing of Deschooling Society (Une Société sans école). Gorz later published a summary of Illich's Tools for Conviviality (1973) under the title Libérer l'avenir (Free Future). His links with Illich was strengthened after a trip to California in 1974, and he wrote several articles for Le Nouvel Observateur to discuss Illich's thesis.

Gorz's evolution and political and philosophical stances led to some tensions with his colleagues on Les Temps Modernes for which he had assumed the chief editorial responsibilities in 1969. In April 1970, his article Destroy the University (Détruire l'Université) provoked the resignations of Jean-Bertrand Pontalis and Bernard Pingaud. Gorz also criticised a Maoist tendency that had been in the journal since 1971 and supported by Sartre. In 1974, Gorz finally resigned as editor after a disagreement on an article about the Italian autonomist group Lotta Continua. He was also forced to the periphery of Le Nouvel Observateur since he was replaced by more classically oriented economists, and he supported a campaign against nuclear industry to which EDF, the state electricity firm, replied by withdrawing advertisements from the weekly. After it refused to let him publish a special issue on the nuclear issue, he published it in the Que Choisir? consumers' magazine.

Gorz was becoming a leading figure of political ecology, with his ideas being popularised particularly by the ecologist monthly Le Sauvage, which had been founded by Alain Hervé, the founder of the French section of the Friends of the Earth. In 1975, Gorz published Ecologie et politique (Galilée, 1975), which included the essay Ecologie et liberté, "one of the foundational texts of the ecologic problematic".

Gorz was also influenced by Louis Dumont in considering Marxism and liberalism to be two versions of economist thought. Gorz then opposed hedonist individualism and utilitarianism and materialist and productivist collectivism. He supported a humanist version of ecology similar to social ecology that opposes deep ecology. Gorz's ecologism, however, remained linked to a critique of capitalism, as he called for an "ecological, social and cultural revolution that abolishes the constraints of capitalism".

1980s–2000s
A year before the election of the left's candidate, François Mitterrand, to the French presidency in 1981, Gorz published Adieux au prolétariat (Galilée, 1980 – "Farewell to the Proletariat") in which he criticized the cult of the proletarian class in Marxism. He argued that changes in science and technology had made it impossible for the working class to be the sole or even the main revolutionary agent. Although the book was not well received among the French left, it received attention from younger readers.

Soon after Sartre's death that year, Gorz left the editorial board of Les Temps Modernes. In Les Chemins du paradis (Galilée, 1983) Gorz remained critical of the Marxist orthodoxy of the time, and he used Marx's own analysis in the Grundrisse to argue for the need of the political left to embrace the liberatory potential that the increasing automation of factories and services offered as a central part of the socialist project. In 1983, he fell out with pacifist movements by refusing to oppose the deployment of Pershing II missiles by the United States in West Germany. The same year, he resigned from Le Nouvel Observateur.

In the 1990s and the 2000s, the journals Multitudes and EcoRev' published his last article in French, La fin du capitalisme a déjà commencé ("The End of Capitalism Has Already Begun"),
and Entropia published his articles.

Gorz also opposed the post-structuralism and the postmodernism of thinkers like Antonio Negri. Gorz's point of view was rooted in the thought of early Marxist humanism. Liberation from wage slavery and social alienation remained some of his goals, even in his later works.

He never became an abstract theorist since his reasoning usually concluded with proposals for how to act to make changes. In Métamorphoses du travail (Galilée, 1988 – "Metamorphosis of Labour"), Gorz argued that capitalism used personal investments from the worker that were not paid back. As such, he became an advocate of a guaranteed basic income independent from work. He made such a proposal in his book, Critique of Economic Reason in 1989 and argued:

"From the point where it takes only 1,000 hours per year or 20,000 to 30,000 hours per lifetime to create an amount of wealth equal to or greater than the amount we create at the present time in 1,600 hours per year or 40,000 to 50,000 hours in a working life, we must all be able to obtain a real income equal to or higher than our current salaries in exchange for a greatly reduced quantity of work. In practice, this means that in the future we must receive our full monthly income every month even if we work full-time only one month in every two or six months in a year or even two years out of four, so as to complete a personal, family or community project, or experiment with different lifestyles, just as we now receive our full salaries during paid holidays, training courses, possibly during periods of sabbatical leave, and so forth...".

He pointed out that in

"contrast to the guaranteed social minimum granted by the state to those unable to find regular paid work, our regular monthly income will be the normal remuneration we have earned by performing the normal amount of labour the economy requires each individual to supply. The fact that the amount of labour required is so low that work can become intermittent and constitute an activity amongst a number of others, should not be an obstacle to its being remunerated by a full monthly income throughout one's life. This income corresponds to the portion of socially produced wealth to which each individual is entitled by virtue to their participation in the social process of production. It is, however, no longer a true salary, since it is not dependent on the amount of labour supplied (in the month or year) and is not intended to remunerate individuals as workers".

Death
Gorz and his wife, Dorine, committed suicide by lethal injection together in their home in Vosnon, Aube. His wife had been diagnosed with a terminal illness, and they had already said that neither wanted to survive the other's death. Their bodies were found on 24 September 2007 by a friend.

His book Lettre à D. Histoire d'un amour (Galilée, 2006) was dedicated to his wife and was in fact a way for him to tell of his love for her.

Bibliography

Books
 La morale de l'histoire (Seuil, 1959)
 Stratégie ouvrière et néocapitalisme (Seuil, 1964)
 Socialism and Revolution (first published, Seuil, 1967, as Le socialisme difficile)
 Réforme et révolution (Seuil, 1969)
 Critique du capitalisme quotidien (Galilée, 1973)
 Critique de la division du travail (Seuil, 1973. Collective work)
 Ecology as Politics (South End Press, 1979, first published, Galilée, 1978)
 Écologie et liberté (Galilée, 1977)
 Fondements pour une morale (Galilée, 1977)
 The Traitor (1960, first published, Seuil, 1958)
 Farewell to the Working Class (1980 – Galilée, 1980, and Le Seuil, 1981, as Adieux au Prolétariat)
 Paths to Paradise (1985 – Galilée, 1983)
 Critique of Economic Reason (Verso, 1989, first published, Galilée, 1988, as Métamorphoses du travail, quête du sens)
 Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology (1994 – Galilée, 1991)
 Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-Based Society (1999, first published, Galilée 1997 as Misères du présent, richesse du possible)
 The Immaterial: Knowledge, Value and Capital (Seagull Books, 2010, first published, Galilée, 2003)
 Letter to D : A Love Letter (Polity, 2009, first published 2006 – extract on-line )
 Ecologica (Galilée, 2008)
 Le fil rouge de l'écologie. Entretiens inédits en français, Willy Gianinazzi (ed.) (Ed. de l'EHESS, 2015)
 Leur écologie et la nôtre. Anthologie d'écologie politique, Françoise Gollain & Willy Gianinazzi (eds.) (Seuil, 2020)

Essays
 Willy Gianinazzi, André Gorz: A life, London: Seagull Books, 2022.
 Finn Bowring, André Gorz and the Sartrean Legacy: Arguments for a person-centred social theory, London: MacMillan, 2000.
 Conrad Lodziak, Jeremy Tatman, André Gorz: A critical introduction, London: Pluto Press, 1997.
The Social Ideology of the Motorcar, Le Sauvage September–October 1973

Audio
 An hommage to the thought of André Gorz broadcast on France Culture: Philosophie en situations : André Gorz, philosophe d'avenir
 A portrait of André Gorz was broadcast on France Culture on 20 December 2006, on the radio show Surpris par la nuit.

Interviews
Interview with Andre Gorz (video in German), 3sat, 5 September 2007
Interview with Gorz 1983-Farewell to the Proletariat (text in English)
Entrevistas a Andre Gorz : Clarín y Michel Zlotowski, 1999. Traducción de Cristina Sardoy (in Spanish) – Les périphériques vous parlent, printemps 1998 (in French)

Documentary
 Charline Guillaume, Victor Tortora, Julien Tortora and Pierre-Jean Perrin, Letter to G., Rethinking our society with André Gorz, autoproduction.

References

External links
 Appendix to Critique of Economic Reason: Summary for Trade Union and Other Left Activists
 Reform and Revolution, Socialist Register, 1968
 « Oser l'exode » de la société de travail dans Les périphériques vous parlent n° 10, printemps 1998, pp. 43–49
 Chris Turner, André Gorz French philosopher who pioneered ideas of political ecology, The Guardian, 7 November 2007
Andre Gorz – RIP, Monthly Review
Social theorist André Gorz dies, aged 84, World Socialist
Page dedicated to André Gorz on Multitudes
« L'immatériel » d'André Gorz, by Yann Moulier-Boutang, EcoRev', 2003
Extract of an article published in March 1974 in Les Temps Modernes
Articles in the journal Streifzüge
Articles in the journal EcoRev'
Blog entry concerning the death of Andre Gorz and his wife
Finn Bowring, "The Writer's Malady: André Gorz, 1923–2007" Obituary published in Radical Philosophy (March/April 2008)
El suicidio de André Gorz y su mujer (Archived 2009-10-25) (Spanish) artículo del escritor colombiano
André Gorz and the Syndicalism in Mil neuf cent, 2008
Thinking after capitalism with André Gorz in EcoRev', autumn 2009
 Kurzarbeit, "living-dead capitalism," and the future of the left article summarizing Gorz's Paths to Paradise

1923 births
2007 suicides
Austrian economists
Writers from Vienna
Austrian philosophers
Austrian socialists
Universal basic income writers
Critics of work and the work ethic
Degrowth advocates
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne alumni
French economists
French expatriates in Switzerland
French journalists
Marxist humanists
French socialists
French male writers
Joint suicides
Political ecologists
Refusal of work
Social philosophers
Anti-consumerists
Suicides in France
20th-century Austrian journalists
20th-century French philosophers
2007 deaths
Philosophers of technology
Austrian emigrants to France

André Gorz


Valeria Vladimirovna Barsova (; Astrakhan, 13 June 1892 – Sochi, 13 December 1967), PAU, was a Russian operatic soprano, one of the leading lyric-coloratura sopranos of the first half of the 20th century in Russia.

Life and career

Valeria Barsova first studied the piano with Estonian composer Artur Kapp. She then studied singing at the Moscow Conservatory with Mazetti. In 1915, she was singing in a Moscow cabaret when she was noticed by Sergei Zimin, director of the Zimin Opera, where she made her operatic debut in 1917, as Gilda in Rigoletto. Other roles at this theatre included; Susanna in Le nozze di Figaro, Constance in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Rosina in Il barbiere di Siviglia, the four heroines of Les contes d'Hoffmann, Nedda in Pagliacci.

In 1919, she sang Rosina as a last minute replacement for prima-donna Antonina Nezhdanova, at the Hermitage Theatre in Saint Petersburg, opposite Feodor Chaliapin. She then appeared at the Stanislavski Theatre and the Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre, notably as Clairette in La fille de Madame Angot.

She finally made her debut at the Bolshoi Theatre in 1920 where she was to sing every seasons until 1948. Besides Italian and French roles such as Gilda, Violetta, Mimì, Butterfly, Juliette, Manon, she also excelled in Russian operas, notably the leading female roles in works such as Ruslan and Lyudmila, The Snow Maiden, A Life for the Tsar, Sadko, The Queen of Spades, The Golden Cockerel.

In 1929, she sang in concert in Berlin and made a tour of Poland.

After retiring from the stage, she taught at the Moscow Conservatory from 1950 until 1953. She retired in Sochi on the Black Sea, where she died at 75.

References
 "Barsowa Valeria", Operissimo.com

1892 births
1967 deaths
People from Astrakhan
People from Astrakhan Governorate
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1938–1947
Soviet women opera singers
Actresses from the Russian Empire
Russian film actresses
Russian operatic sopranos
Soviet film actresses
20th-century Russian actresses
Soviet sopranos
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

Valeria Barsova


The TCNJ Lions are the athletic teams representing The College of New Jersey (TCNJ). They are a member of the New Jersey Athletic Conference (NJAC) and compete within Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

Overview
The school fields 11 varsity sports teams for men and women each and has captured 44 team national championships, as well as more than 40 individual and relay national championships, across multiple programs. The school's two most successful are the Women's Lacrosse team with 12 NCAA Division III Championships and the Women's Field Hockey team with 11 Division III NCAA Championships, the most of any team in D-III for either sport.

The wrestling team hosts has placed in the top 20 nationally for 30 consecutive years, including 5 national championships (1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987), 5 runner-up finishes, and numerous finishes in the top 5.

TCNJ's varsity teams are the top combined first- and second-place finishers of all 424 Division III schools in the nation over more than 25 years.

In 1957, TCNJ, then known as Trenton State College, was a founding member of the NJAC (then called the New Jersey State Athletic Conference) along with five other state institutions. Since then, and after the conference allowed women's sports in 1985, the school has been a powerhouse winning the most titles in men's cross country, women's cross country, field hockey, women's tennis, women's soccer.

The track and field teams have especially dominated the NJAC since the title was first contested in 1997, winning each year in both indoor and outdoor.

In 2017–18, TCNJ captured its first NJAC cup, after claiming titles in women's cross country, field hockey, women's tennis, women's indoor track & field, and women's lacrosse, and NJAC regular season titles in softball and baseball.

Outside of varsity athletics the school also hosts 15 club sports including a men's ice hockey team that competes within the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) at Division I. The team is a member of the Northeast Collegiate Hockey League. Prior to 2022, the team competed in ACHA Division II and won championships in various conferences such as the Great Northeast Collegiate Hockey Conference (2012, 2014) and the Colonial States College Hockey Conference (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020).

Men's athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Soccer
Swimming & Diving
Tennis
Indoor and Outdoor Track & Field – considered two separate sports by the NCAA
Wrestling

Women's athletics
Basketball
Cross Country
Field Hockey
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Swimming & Diving
Tennis
Indoor and Outdoor Track & Field – considered two separate sports by the NCAA

Club sports
Baseball
Basketball (women)
Bowling
CrewCheerleading
Ice hockey
Lacrosse (men and women)
Rugby (men and women)
Soccer (men and women)
Softball
Swimming
Tennis
Ultimate frisbee
Unified sports (Special Olympics and TCNJ students)
Volleyball (men and women)

Championships

The NCAA vacated the 1992 Women's Lacrosse title due to use of an ineligible player during the tournament

List of individual TCNJ national champions

References

Sports clubs and teams in the New York metropolitan area

TCNJ Lions


Ogust is a bridge convention used by responder after his partner has made a weak-two opening bid; its purpose is to gauge the strength of the weak-two bidder's hand. Named after Harold A. Ogust from the United States, the convention is also known as the 'Blue Club response' from the bidding system developed by Benito Garozzo.

Application

After a weak-two opening bid, a forcing relay bid of 2NT by responder asks opener to describe the strength and quality of his hand. Responder usually has values worthy of an opening bid and is interested in game, although he does not guarantee trump support.

Responses

The standard responses to the Ogust convention are:

 3 shows a "minimal" hand with a "poor" suit
 3 shows a "minimal" hand with a "good" suit
 3 shows a "maximal" hand with a "poor" suit
 3 shows a "maximal" hand with a "good" suit
 3NT shows a "solid" suit (that is, AKQ of the long suit)

The definitions of "minimal" and "maximal" hands and "poor" and "good" suits are matters of partnership agreement.  Many players regard a "minimal" hand as 6-7 high card points (HCP) and a "maximal" hand as 8 or more HCP.  There's more variation in the interpretation of "poor" and "good" suits.  Partnerships that are strict in their preempts tend to regard only suits with two of the top three or three of the top five cards as "good" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may describe weaker suits as "good."

After knowing the quality of opener's hand, responder can set the contract.

Variants
There are many variants to the Ogust convention. Some partnerships reverse the meaning of 3 and 3, which is Ogust's original formula.

 3 shows a "minimal" hand with a "poor" suit
 3 shows a "maximal" hand with a "poor" suit
 3 shows a "minimal" hand with a "good" suit
 3 shows a "maximal" hand with a "good" suit

Ogust's original formula also did not include the 3NT bid showing a solid suit.

Other variants define a "poor" suit to be one of the top three honors, and a good suit to be two of the top three honors, with "solid" suit denoting AKQ, or define minimum strength to be 6-8 HCP, and maximum strength to be 9-10 HCP (Benji Acol)

References

Bridge conventions

Ogust convention


The Second Battle of Dragoon Springs was one of two skirmishes involving  Apache warriors and Confederate soldiers in Arizona. It was fought during the American Civil War on May 9, 1862, and was a response to the First Battle of Dragoon Springs in which Confederate forces were defeated. Four men were killed in the first skirmish and several heads of livestock were captured. The rebel commander Captain Sherod Hunter, ordered his foraging squad to take back the livestock from Cochise's warriors, during which five Apaches were killed. There were no Confederate casualties.

See also
 American Indian Wars
 Apache Wars

References
 Finch, L. Boyd. Confederate Pathway to the Pacific: Major Sherod Hunter and the Arizona Territory, C.S.A. Tucson, Arizona: Arizona Historical Society Press, 1996.
 Horn, Calvin P., and William S. Wallace, Editors. Confederate Victories in the Southwest: Prelude to Defeat.  Albuquerque, New Mexico: Horn and Wallace, 1961.
 Kerby, Robert Lee. The Confederate Invasion of New Mexico and Arizona, 1861–1862. Tucson, Arizona: Westernlore Press, 1958.
 Rodgers, Robert L. "The Confederate States Organized Arizona in 1862." Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 28 (1900).
 Sonnichsen, Charles Leland. Tucson: The Life and Times of an American City. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982.
 Sweeney, Edwin R. Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
 Walker, Charles S. "Confederate Government in Dona Ana County As Shown in the Records of the Probate Court, 1861–1862, New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. VI (1931), pp 253–302.

External links
 MyCivilWar: The Battle of Dragoon Springs

Battles of the American Civil War in Arizona
Battles involving the Apache
Battles involving the United States
Events in Cochise County, Arizona
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Confederate occupation of New Mexico
Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
History of United States expansionism
19th-century military history of the United States
Apache Wars
1862 in New Mexico Territory
May 1862 events

Second Battle of Dragoon Springs


M – Museum Leuven or simply M is an art museum in the inner city of Leuven, Belgium, which was officially opened in 2009. The museum has a collection of some 46,000 works, which range from late-Gothic paintings and sculptures to 16th century local artists such as Jan Rombouts the Elder and Josse van der Baren to 19th-century paintings and sculptures by various Flemish masters including Constantin Meunier, Jef Lambeaux and George Minne.

History

M – Museum Leuven continues the municipal museum operations that started in the early 19th century. In 1823, the first museum was founded on the second floor of the Leuven City Hall. About one century later, the collection was moved to the former private residence of the mayor Leopold Vander Kelen in the historic center of Leuven.  This location is now the principal exhibition space of M Museum.

Before it was opened in 2009, the M Museum building was renovated after a design by Belgian architect Stéphane Beel.  The design integrates historical features and sleek contemporary architecture around a pretty courtyard. The total area of the museum is 13,500 square meters.

In addition to its exhibition space, the museum building houses the M-café, the M-shop, an auditorium, a children's workshop, a courtyard and workshop spaces.

Permanent collection and exhibitions
M Museum manages the art collection, which is the property of the city of Leuven. This collection has grown from what originally was an 18th-century room of curiosities. Through gifts, the art collection grew into a full-fledged collection offering an overview of the art production in Leuven and Brabant from the Middle Ages to the present.

The historical collection of M has as its core paintings and objects from the late Gothic period (15th and 16th century) and a collection of 19th century paintings.  The M collection includes masterpieces by Dirk Bouts, Rogier van der Weyden, Constantin Meunier, Jef Lambeaux and others. M is also a platform for discovering contemporary art as the collection includes painting, sculpture, photography, video, film and architecture.

The museum organises many activities throughout the year such as themed exhibitions, family Sundays, children's workshops, tours, lectures, book presentations and framework of the exhibition offer.

References

External links

2009 establishments in Belgium
Museums established in 2009
Art museums and galleries in Belgium
Museums in Leuven

M – Museum Leuven


Doclea or Dioclea, also known as Docleia or Diocleia (; ; ) was an ancient Illyrian, Roman and Byzantine city, in the region of the Docleatae tribe (late Roman province of Praevalitana), now an archeological site near Podgorica in modern Montenegro.

It was an episcopal see since the late Roman period, and during the Early Middle Ages. Today, it is a titular see, both in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and in the Catholic Church (Latin Rite).

When spelled as Diocleia or Diokleia, it should not be confused with ancient Phrygian city of Diokleia in Phrygia ().

History

The town was situated ca. 3 km north from present-day Podgorica, Montenegro's capital. The Illyrian Docleatae, which were later Romanized, inhabiting the area derived their name from the city. Doclea was the largest settlement of the Docleatae, and became a municipality during the reign of Emperor Claudius, thus between year 41 and 54 AD. A large town with between 8,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, Doclea had been built to conform to the terrain. The surrounding area had a relatively high population density within a radius of 10 km due to the city's geographical position, a favorable climate, positive economic conditions and defensive site that were of great importance at that time.

Pliny the Elder mentions the cheese of Doclea as a famous Illyrian product.

After the administrative division of the Roman Empire in 297, Doclea became the capital of the new Roman province of Praevalitana, which Roman emperor Diocletian established in the imperial administrative reform of 293, splitting this southern part from the province of Dalmatia. The castle of Doclea was built as a typical Roman castrum with the purpose of controlling the road coming from Dalmatia and going to Scodra.

In the 4th and the 5th centuries, it was taken by the barbarian tribes and went into decline. At the beginning of the 5th century, it was attacked by the Germanic Visigoths. A severe earthquake destroyed it in 518. The South Slavs migrated into the land and proceeded to rebuild the settlement in the 7th century. The historical ruins of the town can be seen today.

Ecclesiastical history

Circa 400, the city became the seat of a bishopric, initially as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salona. A letter from Pope Gregory I to bishop Constanti(n?)us (circa 602) suggests it had become suffragan of the Archdiocese of Scutari.

 Around 877, the synod of Dumno (Delmitanus), elevatated it;, apparently justified as former capital of a Late Roman province Dalmatia Superior, to Metropolitan rank in chief of a Bulgarian ecclesiastical province at the expense of Scutari, but shifting Bulgarian borders made it lose the Metropolitan status again the next century
 The Byzantine Notitia Episcopatuum in the tenth century. lists it fifth among the suffragans of the Metropolitanate of Dyrrachium, in the sway of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
 It was suppressed in 927, when the city was destroyed and its last bishop John took refuge in Ragusa, of which he was soon named Archbishop.
 Allegedly from 1034 (no later than the 1062 letter from Pope Alexander II (1061–1073) to their Archbishop Peter) till circa 1100, its now hollow title was nominally united in personal union with the neighbouring, then still Archdiocese of Bar (Antivari), also in modern Montenegro, possibly mainly to justify its (later lost) Metropolitan status.

Few of its bishops are historically documented, and some sources may confound the see with Diocletiana.
 Paulus (circa 590)
 Nemesius (in 602)
 (Anonymus) (circa 877)
 Johannes = John (circa 900)

Serbian Orthodox titular see
Auxiliary bishops of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral (Serbian Orthodox Church) are given the title "Bishop of Dioclea" (). Recent holders of the title were bishops Jovan Purić (2004-2011), Kirilo Bojović (2016-2018), and Metodije Ostojić (since 2018).

Roman Catholic titular see
In 1910, the archdiocese was nominally restored as Latin titular archbishopric of the Metropolitan (highest) rank as Dioclea, renamed from 1925 (exclusively from 1933) as Doclea.

It has had the following archiepiscopal incumbents :
 Carlo Bertuzzi (Italian) (1910.05.10 – death 1914.01.04), emeritate as former Bishop of Rieti (Italy) (1889.02.11 – 1895.03.18) and Bishop of Foligno (Italy) (1895.03.18 – retired 1910.05.10)
 Henri Doulcet (French), Passionists (C.P.) (1914.03.17 – death 1916.07.27) on emeritates, formerly Bishop of Nikopol (Bulgaria) (1895.01.07 – retired 1913.03.31) and Titular Bishop of Ionopolis (1913.06.03 – resigned 1914.03.17)
 Pietro Fumasoni Biondi (1916.11.14 – 1933.03.13) (Italian) as papal diplomat and Roman Curia official : Apostolic Delegate to East India (1916.11.15 – 1919.12.06), Apostolic Delegate to Japan (1919.12.06 – 1921.06.16), Secretary of Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith (1921.06.14 – 1922.12.14), Apostolic Delegate to United States of America (1922.12.14 – 1933.03.13), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme (1933.03.16 – death 1960.07.12), Prefect of above Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith (1933.03.16 – 1960.07.12)
 Paolo Marella (1933.09.15 – 1959.12.14) (Italian) as papal diplomat and Roman Curia official : Apostolic Delegate to Japan (1933.10.30 – 1948.10.27), Apostolic Delegate to Australia, New Zealand and Oceania (1948.10.27 – 1953.04.15), Apostolic Nuncio (papal  ambassador) to France (1953.04.15 – 1959.12.14), Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to France (1959.12.14 – 1960.04.16), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Andrea delle Fratte (1960.03.31 – 1972.03.15), President of Sacred Congregation of the Reverend Basilica of St. Peter (1961.08.14 – 1967), Archpriest of Papal Basilica of St. Peter (1961.08.14 – 1983.02.08), President of Secretariat for Non-Christians (1964.05.19 – 1973.02.26), President of Reverend Fabric of St. Peter (1967 – 1983.02.08), promoted Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1972.03.15 – death 1984.10.15), Cardinal Vice-Dean of College of Cardinals (1977.12.12 – 1984.10.15)
 Egano Righi-Lambertini (Italian) (1960.07.09 – 1979.06.30), papal diplomat : Apostolic Delegate to Korea (1957.12.28 – 1960.07.09), Apostolic Nuncio to Lebanon (1960.07.09 – 1963.12.09), Apostolic Nuncio to Chile (1963.12.09 – 1967.07.08), Apostolic Nuncio to Italy (1967.07.08 – 1969.04.23), Apostolic Nuncio to France (1969.04.23 – 1979.06.30), created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana (1979.06.30 – 1990.11.26), promoted Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Via (1990.11.26 – death 2000.10.04)
 Jozef Tomko (1979.07.12 – 1985.05.25) (Slovakia), Roman Curia official : Adjunct Secretary of International Theological Commission (1969 – 1971), Undersecretary of Sacred Congregation for Bishops (1974 – 1979.07.12), Secretary General of Synod of Bishops (1979.07.12 – 1985.04.24), Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (1985.04.24 – 1985.05.27), created Cardinal-Deacon of Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola (1985.05.25 – 1996.01.29), Prefect of above Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (1985.05.27 – 2001.04.09), President of Interdicasterial Commission for Consecrated Religious (1989.03.18 – 2001.04.09), promoted Cardinal-Priest of S. Sabina (1996.01.29 – ?death ...), President of Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses (2001.10.23 – 2007.10.01), Member of Commission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion (2002.01.08 – 2008.02.24)
 Pier Luigi Celata (1985.12.12 – present)

See also
 History of Montenegro
 Docleatae
 Doracium
 List of Catholic dioceses in Montenegro
 List of ancient cities in Illyria

References

Sources

 Koprivica T. Sacral Topography of Late Antique and Early Christian Doclea (Montenegro): the First Modern Preliminary Investigation. //Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства: сб. науч. статей. Вып. 2 . Под ред. А.В.Захаровой— Санкт-Петербург: НП-Принт — 2012. —  с.314-320
 Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 277-282 & Index, p. III
 Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, Illyricum Sacrum, vol. VII, Venice 1817, pp. 1–7

Illyrian Montenegro
Geographic history of Montenegro
Tourist attractions in Podgorica
Archaeology of Illyria
Roman towns and cities in Montenegro
Former populated places in the Balkans
Cities in ancient Illyria

Doclea (Illyria)


Brookfield Village is an Oakland, California neighborhood located in East Oakland near Oakland International Airport.  The main streets are 98th Avenue and Edes Avenue.

Brookfield Village was built during World War II in response to the influx of workers needed for the war industries, on land which had been zoned for industrial uses.  It was one of the first suburban style tract house developments in Oakland.

Brookfield Village was developed by Albert Bernhardt and the Stoneon Brothers; a subdivision of over 1200 homes that featured winding, contoured streets lined with shade trees.  Its creators advertised it as "a model village on the Pacific Coast."

Damian Lillard, who is a professional NBA basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks, grew up in Brookfield Village.

See also
 Elmhurst, Oakland, California
 Sobrante Park, Oakland, California

References

Neighborhoods in Oakland, California

Brookfield Village, Oakland, California