Gertrude of Austria (also named Gertrude of Babenberg) (1226 – 24 April 1288) was a member of the House of Babenberg, Duchess of Mödling and later titular Duchess of Austria and Styria. She was the niece of Duke Frederick II of Austria, the last male member of the Babenberg dynasty. She was, according to the Privilegium Minus the first in line to inherit the Duchies of Austria and Styria after the death of childless Frederick, but these claims were disputed by her aunt Margaret.

Early years
Gertrude was the only child of Henry II, Duke of Mödling, by his wife Agnes, daughter of Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia. Henry of Mödling was the second son of Duke Leopold VI of Austria; in 1216, after the death of his older brother Leopold, became his father's heir.

Henry died on 26 September 1228, only twenty years old and without male issue. Two years later, on 28 July 1230, Henry's father Duke Leopold VI also died and was succeeded by Frederick II, Leopold's third son. Because Babenberg Austria was inheritable by females according to the provisions of Privilegium Minus, Gertrude disputed Frederick's ascension, claiming Austria as her inheritance as the only child of Leopold VI's eldest son. Even so, Gertrude's claim was eventually bypassed in her uncle's favor.

Despite this negative turn of events, Gertrude inherited her father's Duchy of Mödling and was placed under the guardianship of her uncle, Frederick II, who, after two unhappy marriages, remained childless. This made Gertrude the primogenitural heiress of the entire Babenberg line of Dukes of Austria and Styria.

Marriage
Complicating Frederick II's hold over Austria was his long-standing quarrel with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, during which he was placed under an imperial ban. In 1245, in a spectacular change of imperial politics, Frederick II of Austria became one of the emperor's most important allies when negotiations regarding the elevation of Vienna to a bishopric and of Austria (including Styria) to a Kingdom were initiated. One condition effecting a positive outcome was that the 19-year-old Duke's niece, Gertrude, would marry the 51-year-old Emperor who was a widower three times over. Though desirous of the union, Wenceslaus I of Bohemia nevertheless voiced his concerns given a preexisting agreement that Gertrude marry his eldest son and heir Vladislaus. Gertrude herself refused the marriage with the aged Emperor, citing his recent excommunication by the Pope. Other sources claim that she was in love with Vladislaus. After sending an army to Austria in order to pressure Duke Frederick II into agreeing to the union of Gertrude and Vladislaus, the two parties came to terms early in June 1245 in Verona. The rapid rise of Duke Frederick's political ambitions proved short-lived.

On 15 June 1246 Frederick II was killed in battle. King Wenceslaus quickly arranged the formal marriage ceremony of Gertrude and his heir, Vladislaus. Per hoc Wladislaus habebat Austriae ducatum cheered Bohemia and, supported by the rights of his wife and the prospect of inheriting the Bohemian throne, Vladislaus was quickly recognized as Duke by the Austrian aristocracy. However, shortly after their marriage, Vladislaus died on 3 January 1247.

In 1248, in order to bolster her claims, the 22-year-old Duchess married Herman VI, Margrave of Baden. The following year Gertrude gave birth to a son Frederick. In celebration of the happy event, Gertrude gave 30 people in Alland, the place of her son's birth, extended farm lands which became the foundation of the agrarian community of the Allander Urhausbesitzer. In 1250 Gertrude had a second child, a daughter, whom she named Agnes after her maternal grandmother.

Frustrated ambitions
Herman was able to maintain only minimal control in the duchies, failing ultimately to defeat the opposition of the Austrian aristocracy. As a result, Gertrude and her children fled to Meissen in Saxony and her relationship with Herman deteriorated significantly. Gertrude was suspected of poisoning Herman when he died on 4 October 1250.

Gertrude lost the favour of the curia and with it the chance to recover the Babenberg dominions of Austria and Styria when she refused to marry the brother of Count William II of Holland, Floris, who was also the favored candidate of Pope Innocent IV.

In the meantime, her aunt and competitor for the duchies of Austria and Styria, Margaret, married Ottokar of Bohemia, the second son and next heir of Wenceslaus I. The aristocracy accepted Margaret and Ottokar as the rulers of Austria. On 12 July 1252, having lost most of her support, Gertrude formed an alliance with Béla IV of Hungary and married his relative, Roman Danylovich, Prince of Halicz, a member of the Rurikid dynasty. In 1253, Gertrude gave birth to her only child from this union, Maria. However, after failing to establish himself as Duke of Austria, Roman left Gertrude and their daughter to return to Hungary. Shortly thereafter, the marriage was formally dissolved.

Eventually, in 1254, Gertrude received a portion of Styria, 400 silver marks annually, and the towns of Voitsberg and Judenburg as her residences. In 1267, as neither Gertrude nor her son Frederick forswore their claim to the duchies of Styria and Austria, King Ottokar II dispossessed them of their lands. Ottokar was largely motivated since he sought to remarry into the Hungarian royal house; he could not expect an heir with the significantly older and barren Margaret. That same year, the death of Margaret made Gertrude the only legitimate heir to the Babenberg dynasty.

Decline
On 8 September 1268, Gertrude's son Frederick, who had accompanied Conradin on his Italian expedition, was captured in Astura to the south of Anzio. Handed over to Charles of Anjou, he remained in degrading imprisonment in the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples until his public beheading in the Piazza del Mercato in Naples on 29 October. The following year, Gertrude was exiled and lost her claim to Windisch-Feistritz. Again, she found refuge with her family in Meissen.

Gertrude's other claims were ultimately lost when Rudolf I of Germany granted her duchies to his own sons in 1282. Six years later, on 24 April 1288, Gertrude died in the Poor Clare convent of Saint Afra near Seusslitz in Meissen. She was buried in this monastery.

Her daughter Agnes of Baden became her mother and brother's heir, but in 1279, renounced her rights to Baden and the Duchies of Austria and Styria. From her second marriage with Count Ulrich III of Heunburg, Agnes had five children, two sons (Frederick and Herman) and three daughters (Margaret, Elisabeth and Katharina). The sons died without heirs. The eldest daughter, Katharina, married the Styrian nobleman Ulrich of Sanneck, and their son Frederick I of Cilli eventually inherited his grandfather's estates. He founded the House of Cilli, which included Holy Roman Empress Barbara of Cilli whose daughter, Elizabeth of Luxembourg, married into the House of Habsburg.

Gertrude's youngest daughter, Maria Romanovna of Halicz, born from her third marriage, married in the second half of the 1260s with Joachim Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia between 1270 and 1272 (with short interruption) and from 1276 to 1277, and three times Master of the treasury between 1272 and 1275. He was also ispán, or head, of many counties, including Baranya and Pozsony. The couple produced only a daughter, Clara, who married Roland Borsa, who served as Voivode of Transylvania in 1282 and from 1284 to 1294; they had no children.

See also
List of Austrian consorts

References

Bibliography

External links

1226 births
1288 deaths
Babenberg
13th-century dukes of Austria
Austrian royal consorts
13th-century Austrian women
Mothers of monarchs

Gertrude of Austria


The Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King ( Cantonese: Sai Hon Nam Yuet Wong Mou Bok Mat Gun; Vietnamese: Tây Hán Nam Việt Bác Vật Quán ) houses the 2,000-year-old tomb of the Nanyue King Zhao Mo in Guangzhou.  Zhao Mo ruled from 137 BC to 122 BC, and his tomb was discovered in downtown Guangzhou in 1983.  The museum, which opened in 1988, showcases the tomb and its complete trove of artifacts.  It was named a Major National Historical Site in 1996 and is renowned for its rare assemblage of funerary artifacts representing the diffusion of cultures throughout the Lingnan region during the Han dynasty.

Layout
The mausoleum and museum complex occupies an area of .  Hidden 20 meters (65.6 feet) underground, the tomb is made up of 750 huge stones with colorful murals. The over 1,000 pieces of cultural relics, bronzeware and terra cotta ware in particular, feature the Yue Culture of Lingnan (Nanyue Culture). Represented also are traces of central Chinese culture, the Chu culture of south China, the Bashu culture of southwest China, the culture from the northern grassland, and even foreign cultures.

The mausoleum was discovered in 1983 and excavated by archaeologists Mai Yinghao and Huang Zhanyue. The museum opened in 1988. It is 20 meters under Xianggang Shan (Elephant Hill) in Guangzhou on a construction site for a hotel, and was excavated. The tomb is nearly 11 meters long and over 12 meters wide. It is divided in seven parts, with a front chamber, east and west wing rooms, the main coffin chamber, east and west side rooms, and a back storage chamber.

Artifacts

The tomb has yielded more than 1,000 burial artifacts; a chariot, more than 50 cooking implements, among which gold, silver and bronze vessels, trivets, 10 metal swords, musical instruments, such as a set of eight bronze bells, chime bells, stone chimes and a zither with its components, an armored breastplate containing 709 metal plates, shields and spears, and human sacrifices were found (15 courtiers were buried alive with him to serve him in death). It is also among the only tombs of the early Western Han period that has murals on its walls.

The tomb also excavated a unique imperial seal, belonging to that of "Emperor Wen" (Văn Đế), indicating that he styled himself emperor domestically as opposed to a king externally. The large scale of jade pendants worn by the deceased and his wives also amounts to imperial rank.

Alongside Chinese artifacts, pieces from the steppes, and Iranian and Hellenistic Central Asian regions have been found: a Persian silver box found in the tomb is the earliest imported product found to date in China. There were artifacts that were found in which belonged to the Đông Sơn culture of northern Vietnam.

A silk-jade garment made up of 2,291 pieces of jade is the spotlight of the mausoleum. It is acknowledged that jade garments with pieces connected by gold, silver, or copper are not uncommon. But this garment is unique for its jade pieces connected by silk which makes it the only one of its kind in the world. Nor are historical records available to verify other jade garments connected by silk thread. In addition, the style of buttons down the front is unique among unearthed jade garments. This silk-sewn-jade garment shows the early development of jade garments as well as development of the Nanyue culture.

Access
The museum is located at 867 Jiefang Rd. in Yuexiu District in central Guangzhou. It is accessible by bus routes 7, 29, 33, 203, 211, 273, 543, and 552, and by Metro Line 2 to the Yuexiu Park (Exit E).

See also
 List of museums in China
 Nanyue
 Triệu dynasty
 Zhao Mo
 Southward expansion of the Han dynasty

References

External links

 Museum's official site (in English)
 Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King
 Timeline - World History Documentaries, , Mysteries Of China.

Archaeological museums in China
Museums in Guangzhou
Nanyue
Mausoleums in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Guangdong
National first-grade museums of China
Yuexiu District


LASALLE College of the Arts, simply known as LASALLE, is a publicly-funded post-secondary arts institution in Singapore, and a constituent college of the University of the Arts Singapore (UAS) from 2024.

Founded in 1984, LASALLE has eight art and design schools that offer more than 30 diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in contemporary arts and design education. LASALLE's bachelor's and master's degrees are validated by Goldsmiths College, University of London, one of the leading universities in the world for arts and humanities.

Many leaders in the Singapore arts scene are linked to LASALLE, including Alan Oei as artistic director of The Substation and Eugene Tan as director of the National Gallery Singapore.

History

1984–1994
Brother Joseph McNally, the founder of LASALLE College of the Arts, was known for his outstanding educational and artistic contributions in Singapore, which he made his home in 1946. He spent almost 40 years in Singapore teaching in various affiliated schools of the De La Salle Order including St Joseph's Institution and St Patrick's Secondary School. Upon retirement, McNally  decided to follow through with his vision to elevate the arts culture in Singapore, holding the belief that the arts is instrumental to a nation.

In 1984, McNally founded LASALLE College of the Arts. Originally known as the St Patrick's Arts Centre, the institution was funded largely through McNally's own pocket, given the low priority, the Singapore government placed on the arts at that time. As an integrated arts college, the first cohort had a strength of 27 students who were offered diplomas in Painting, Ceramics, Sculpture, and Music.

In 1993, McNally's effort in securing resources finally paid off when Singapore Airlines contributed S$15 million to enhance campus facilities. The college was subsequently renamed LASALLE-SIA College of the Arts. Other financial contributors to the college include the Khoo, Lee, Shaw and Hong Leong Foundations, and Airbus Industries. In the same year, an agreement was formalised with Australia's RMIT University for its bachelor's degree in Fine Arts to be awarded to graduates of LASALLE's Fine Arts programme.

1995–2009
Following the government's plans to rejuvenate Singapore's art space, LASALLE began receiving financial support from the Ministry of Education. At LASALLE's 10th anniversary celebration in 1995, then-Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong remarked that LASALLE played an important role in developing artists and their audience in Singapore, and announced that the Singapore government would be extending financial assistance to the college by providing an estimated sum of $4 million in grants. The college also started offering degrees, designed and developed in Singapore, to support the local and regional creative industries.

2010–present
In 2010, LASALLE launched the MA Asian Art Histories programme, the first of its kind worldwide. Its focus is on Asian modern and contemporary art, where students are able to investigate recently emerged artists and movements within the geographical domain, and undertake a plethora of research subjects. In 2012, LASALLE established a partnership with Goldsmiths, University of London, to introduce 14 publicly funded undergraduate arts degree programmes. A year later, the college introduced the MA Arts Pedagogy and Practice Programme. Its most recent programmes include MA Creative Writing and MA Design, bringing its range of programmes to more than 30.

In March 2021, Minister for Education Lawrence Wong announced that Singapore's first arts university will be established in an alliance between the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts and LASALLE College of the Arts. The formation of the University of the Arts Singapore (UAS) will see both colleges under the umbrella university be given degree-awarding powers independent of their current foreign partners, where the current long-distance degrees are issued through foreign universities. Singaporeans and permanent residents enrolled in the approved degree programmes at the university of the arts will pay subsidised fees, comparable to the autonomous universities in Singapore.

Facilities

LASALLE moved to its new city campus at 1 McNally Street in 2007, and was re-branded as LASALLE College of the Arts. The Winstedt Campus opened in 2013, giving the college an additional 5,000 square metres of studio and workshop space.

McNally Campus
The McNally Campus is located in the Rochor area of Singapore, which is part of Singapore's Urban Redevelopment Authority zoning of an Arts, Culture, Learning and Entertainment hub. The campus offers 1,500 square metres of contemporary art exhibition and gallery spaces, and is also equipped with the region's first Theatre and Art Production Workshop for the construction of full-scale stage sets. It also has a variety of facilities that are accessible to students, including 10 computer labs, 6 classrooms, 3 lecture theatres, and 56 studios.

Winstedt Campus

As LASALLE's second campus, the Winstedt Campus is located near the Newton area. The campus was designed for students involved in studio-based modules, such as the visual arts, to develop and complete their semester projects. It is equipped with 14 Fine Arts, Media Arts & Design Studios, 4 Fine Arts and Design technical workshops, 7 computer labs, and 5 classrooms.

Partner institution

LASALLE is a partner institution of Goldsmiths, University of London. Goldsmiths has approved LASALLE as an appropriate tertiary institution in Singapore to offer degree programmes leading to Goldsmiths' validated awards. All degree programmes offered at LASALLE have been designed and developed by LASALLE to fulfill the needs of the creative industries in Singapore and Asia-Pacific. These programmes have been validated through a process of external peer review by Goldsmiths' College, University of London, as being of an appropriate standard and quality to lead to a Goldsmiths' award.

Schools and programmes
LASALLE has eight distinct schools offering a range of arts and design programmes.

All Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Arts (MA) programmes are offered in partnership with Goldsmiths, University of London.

School of Contemporary Music
The School of Contemporary Music has two diploma programmes: Diploma in Audio Production and Diploma in Music. The School also offers a BA(Hons) Music programme, which has five specialisations in Pop, Jazz, Classical, Composition or Electronic Music.

McNally School of Fine Arts
The School of Fine Arts involves all levels of education for Fine Arts, with contemporary research and practice-based programmes including Diploma in Fine Arts, BA(Hons) Fine Arts, and MA Fine Arts. The School offers a variety of Fine Arts disciplines, including sculpture, printmaking, drawing installation, photography, technology-based art, performance art, interdisciplinary art, and critical studies in art history and theory. The School also offers MA Asian Art Histories, which is the first MA programme worldwide to focus on Asian modern and contemporary art.

School of Dance & Theatre
The School of Dance & Theatre focuses on dance and performance. For dance, the School's programmes include Diploma in Dance and BA(Hons) Dance. The four branches of dance techniques taught by LASALLE can be categorised into Urban Dance, Jazz, ballet, and Contemporary Dance. For performance, the School's programmes include Diploma in Performance, BA(Hons) Acting, and BA(Hons) Musical Theatre. The School also offers a Diploma in Theatre Production and Management.

It is common for programmes under the School of Dance & Theatre to collaborate with other Schools, such as the Puttnam School of Film & Animation and the School of Contemporary Music.

School of Creative Industries
The School of Creative Industries offers programmes that focus on the development and expansion of creative industries. Programmes include foundation courses such as a Certificate in English Language for the Creative Arts. The School also has a BA(Hons) Arts Management programme.

Additionally, there are five postgraduate programmes, including:
 MA Arts and Cultural Management,
 MA Arts Pedagogy and Practice which is the first of its kind in the region,
 Postgraduate Diploma in Arts Pedagogy and Practice,
 MA Art Therapy,
 MA Creative Writing

School of Fashion
The School of Fashion offers one Diploma and two Honours Degree programmes. The Diploma in Fashion programme has components in Textile Design, Marketing, Styling, and Art Direction, while the BA(Hons) Fashion Design and Textiles programme, has four specialisations: Womenswear, Menswear, Creative Pattern Cutting, or Fashion Textiles. There is also a BA(Hons) Fashion Media and Industries programme, which offers two specialisations, the first comprising Fashion Journalism, Styling, Art Direction, Fashion Photography, and the second comprising Marketing and Branding, Fashion Curation, Entrepreneurship.

LASALLE holds an annual Graduate Fashion Show. In 2015, LASALLE's Graduate Fashion Show was part of Singapore Fashion Week.

School of Spatial & Product Design
The School of Spatial & Product Design offers a Diploma programme, Diploma in Interior Design, and two Honours Degree programmes, BA(Hons) Product Design and  BA(Hons) Interior Design.

Alumni often continue into design industries, such as interior design, architectural practice, furniture design, and product design.

School of Design Communication
The School of Design Communication consists of a Diploma in Design Communication programme, which involves disciplines of Graphic Design, Advertising, and Illustration. The School also has a BA(Hons) Design Communication and MA Design programmes. In 2017, the School hosted Open Studios to showcase the works of Design Communication students.

Many alumni have continued into the advertising industry like Creative Director Ang Sheng Jin of MullenLowe Profero Singapore and Art Director Sid Lim Xian Hao of DDB Singapore.

Puttnam School of Film & Animation
The Puttnam School of Film & Animation focuses on animation, broadcast media, and film.

For animation, the School has a Diploma in Animation and a BA(Hons) Animation Art programme where students can specialise in either 2D or 3D animation. These programmes also have practical components such as Acting for Animation, and Drawing Classes and Programming. Animation students often work with external partners, such as the partnership between LASALLE students and local company Presence Pictures in which students transformed their 3D videos into virtual reality.

For broadcast media, the School offers a Diploma in Broadcast Media. Students collaborate with other programmes, such as Music, Fashion, Film, Animation, Technical and Production Management, Fine Arts, and LASALLE's Media Lab.

For film, the School offers a BA(Hons) Film programme.

Scholarships
LASALLE offers multiple scholarships to eligible students. Eligible students are able to receive grants and subsidised tuition fees. LASALLE students, from Diploma, BA(Hons), and postgraduate programmes may also apply for externally sponsored scholarships.

Alumni
A Nielsen survey highlighted that nine in 10 LASALLE alumni are currently employed, happy with their jobs, and find skills taught in school relevant at work. More than 700 former LASALLE students were surveyed.

Various LASALLE alumni, also known as A-Luminaries, that are recognised as notable professionals in the arts and design industries include:
 Yu Shuxin, singer and actress, former member of THE9
 Kit Chan, singer and actress
Oon Shu An, Singaporean actress and host
 Amanda Heng, international arts practitioner
 Singapore-based contemporary art and design collective PHUNK
 Yuni Hadi, executive director of SGIFF and co-producer of Ilo Ilo
 Boo Junfeng, filmmaker
 Tay Bee Aye, multi-disciplinary visual artist
 Cynthia Delaney Suwito, Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia: The Arts 2017

While the majority of LASALLE alumni are based in Singapore, it is common for alumni to engage with countries like China, Malaysia, the United States of America, Australia, and Indonesia in their management of multi-country projects.

President's Young Talents
Inaugurated by Singapore Art Museum in 2001, the President's Young Talents recognises young artists under the age of 35. The award involves participating in the mentoring and commissioning exhibition programme. A number of LASALLE alumni were recipients of the award, including:
 Filmmaker Boo Junfeng

Controversies
In February 2016, two items that were part of the group show Fault-lines: Disparate and desperate intimacies were removed from artist Loo Zihan's installation "Queer objects: An archive for the future". This action was agreed between the staff of Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) Singapore, part of Lasalle College of the Arts, curator Wong Binghao and Loo, and was due to the nature of the objects which could be potentially considered offensive to some members of the public. The items were a penis sheath and a butt plug. The ICA Singapore, curator and artist emphasised that the decision was taken to make the exhibition accessible to all, including students of the LASALLE College of the Arts, half of whom are under 18 years old.

References

External links
 Official website
 UAS website

Rochor
Educational institutions established in 1984
Education in Singapore
1984 establishments in Singapore

LASALLE College of the Arts


Landang is a processed starch product extracted from the inner trunk of the buli or buri tree (Corypha), a type of palm native to the Philippines and other tropical countries. This tree only flowers once in its life and then dies. Landang is visually similar to shrunken, flattened sago. It is traditionally used in making binignit in the Visayas.

Preparation

The process is very similar in making sago. First, the buli palm is felled. The hard core can be reached by breaking the trunk open. The hard core is chopped into fragments that should be dried perfectly and hand crushed into powder form thereby turning it into flour. This process requires several rounds of pounding. This is then mixed with water to form the product. It can be stored for weeks or a few months.

Uses

Landang is essential in making the traditional Visayan binignit, a sweet rootcrop and banana stewed in coconut milk and brown sugar, usually eaten during the Lenten season in the Philippines when almost everyone is fasting.

Botany

Buli is a type of palm is usually found in tropical areas of South Central Asia particularly in India through the Philippines and some parts of northern Australia. It would grow on different soil types and may reach 20 meters high and would bear up to a million flowers. It is one of the largest palms. It is slow growing and doesn't want to be disturbed once planted. It would require an abundance of sunlight and much water. Like all the Corypha family, it only flowers once during maturity and dies after.

See also

 Tapioca pearl
 Agar
 Filipino cuisine
 List of Philippine desserts

References

Filipino cuisine
Food ingredients

Landang


The Dundas Cactus Festival occurs on the third weekend of August in Dundas, Ontario, Canada. The midway is opened on Wednesday and with King Street blocked off from York Road to Market Street, there is a parade on Thursday evening.

Following that, from Friday to Sunday, there are live musicians, buskers, arts & crafts, games, vendors and even some charity gambling to entertain the public.

History
The Dundas Cactus Festival began in 1976 as a festival to mark the beginning of summer.  In 1979 the festival was moved to August with local downtown merchants having sidewalk sales to coincide with it.

The name 'Dundas Cactus Festival' is inspired by the activities of Barend (Ben) Veldhuis, a Dutch immigrant who ran a large greenhouse specializing in cacti, who was the reason Dundas became known as "the cactus capital of the universe".

External links
Dundas Cactus Festival official website

Busking venues
Summer festivals
Recurring events established in 1976
Festivals in Hamilton, Ontario
Festivals established in 1976
Dundas, Ontario

Dundas Cactus Festival


Jimmy Campbell (born James Alexander Campbell-Tyrie; 5 April 1903–19 August 1967) and Reg Connelly (born Reginald John Connelly; 22 October 1895–23 September 1963) were English songwriters and music publishers.  Writing together in the 1920s and 1930s, they sometimes used the pseudonym Irving King for their song compositions, and often worked as lyricists in collaboration with other composers.   Together, they established the successful music publishing firm Campbell Connelly.

Early life and songwriting partnership
Connelly was born in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, in 1895, and Campbell in Gosforth, Northumberland, in 1903.   They had contrasting personalities: Campbell was extravagant and dismissive of financial security, while Connelly was reserved, and an astute businessman.  By 1925 they had started working together as songwriters, and wrote "Show Me the Way to Go Home". After failing to find a publisher, they formed their own publishing company in London, initially in Tottenham Court Road.  The song became a big hit in both Britain and America, reportedly selling some 2 million copies as sheet music, and was recorded by many bands from the 1920s onwards, most successfully by Vincent Lopez in 1926.

The pair moved their office to Denmark Street in 1926, and formally established the music publishing firm Campbell Connelly in 1929.  They wrote their first "standard", "If I Had You," in 1928, with composer Ted Shapiro.  The song was later recorded by Judy Garland, Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, and many others. They had further success in 1931 with "Goodnight Sweetheart," written with composer Ray Noble and recorded by Guy Lombardo, Al Bowlly and Rudy Vallee among others.

One of their most successful songs, "Try a Little Tenderness", was written with Harry M. Woods in 1932.  First recorded by Ray Noble's Mayfair Dance Orchestra, it was a hit for the Ted Lewis Orchestra, and was successfully revived by soul singer Otis Redding in 1966.  Their other compositions included the Froth Blowers' anthem, "The More We Are Together", and "I'd Rather Be a Beggar with You Than a King with Somebody Else" which was co-composed with Oliver Perry, and was recorded in 1931 by the New Mayfair Dance Orchestra with an uncredited Al Bowlly on vocals.

Later lives
Connelly continued to run the music publishing business, and in 1933 joined forces with the Gaumont-British film company to corner the market for songs presented in British films, notably those starring Jessie Matthews. The company also established deals with American companies, building the publishing business into one of the most successful in the world with 14 associated companies. Among the popular songs published by Campbell Connelly in later years were "I Left My Heart in San Francisco", "Big Spender", and "Sunny".

Campbell married actress Betty Balfour (adding Balfour to his own name by deed poll), and in 1936 sold his stake in the publishing company. He organised a tour of Australia with a dance band, but it was a commercial disaster, and Campbell returned to Britain to face a large tax bill.  After his divorce in 1941, and a period attempting to find work in Hollywood, he worked in London as a song plugger with Noel Gay, before rejoining Campbell Connelly.  In 1951, Campbell wrote "Down at the Ferryboat Inn" with Don Pelosi; it was recorded by the Beverley Sisters. However, The Times reported in 1953 that he had "treated money casually", becoming homeless and an alcoholic.  He remarried, moving with his second wife to Spain and later Tangier.

Connelly died in Poole, Dorset, in 1963, aged 67. Campbell died in London in 1967, aged 64.  The publishing house Campbell Connelly was sold to Music Sales Ltd. in 1982.

References

External links
Jimmy Campbell | Biography & History Jimmy Campbell biography

English male songwriters
British music publishers (people)

Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly


The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals formally announced by China's first Premier Zhou Enlai to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology in China. The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating China's economy in 1977, following the death of Mao Zedong, and later were among the defining features of Deng Xiaoping's tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of "Reform and Opening-up", Deng further proposed the idea of "xiaokang" or "Moderately prosperous society" in 1979.

Summary
They were introduced as early as January 1963: at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in Shanghai in January 1963, Zhou Enlai called for professionals in the sciences to realize "the Four Modernizations." In February 1963, at the National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology Work, Nie Rongzhen specifically referred to the Four Modernizations as comprising agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. The Cultural Revolution prevented and delayed implementation of the Four Modernizations for years. In 1975, in one of his last public acts, Zhou Enlai made another pitch for the Four Modernizations at the 4th National People's Congress.

After Zhou's death and Mao's soon thereafter, Hua Guofeng assumed control of the party in 1976. Hua had the leadership of the Cultural Revolution arrested. Known as the Gang of Four, their arrest marked the end of the Cultural Revolution. This event enabled the enactment of the Four Modernizations. By 1977 all entities in every sector and at every level of society were focused on implementing the Four Modernizations. One core tenet was the rejection of the previously long-held concept known as the "iron rice bowl".

The new idea was that all workers should not be paid the same, but rather, paid according to their productivity. The thinking was that in order to be a consumer society, China would need to be a producing society. In December 1978 at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Deng Xiaoping announced the official launch of the Four Modernizations, formally marking the beginning of the reform.

The science and technology modernization, although understood by Chinese leaders as being key to the transformation of industry and the economy, proved to be more of a theoretical goal than an achievable objective. This was primarily due to decades-long isolation of Chinese scientists from the international community, outmoded and outdated universities, and an overall lack of access to advanced scientific equipment, information technology, and management know-how.

Recognizing the need for technical assistance to spur this most important modernization, the Chinese Government elicited the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the fall of 1978 to scope out and provide financial resources for the implementation of an initial complement of targeted projects. The initial projects from 1979 to 1984 included the establishment of overseas on-the-job training and academic programs, set-up of information processing centers at key government units, and the development of methods to make informed decisions within the Chinese context based on market principles. The key advisor to the Chinese Government on behalf of the UNDP was Jack Fensterstock of the United States. This first technical assistance effort (CPR/79-001) by the UNDP led to the entry of large-scale multilateral funding agencies including the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.

As part of the effort to pursue the Four Modernizations, the Communist Party revived plans for the Sanxia (Three Gorges) dam, emphasizing the need to develop hydroelectric power.

Controversy
On December 5, 1978, former red guard Wei Jingsheng posted "democracy" as the Fifth Modernization on the Democracy Wall in Beijing. He was arrested a few months later and jailed for 15 years until 1993.

See also

Deng Xiaoping Theory
Xiaokang
Shenzhen speed
East-West Cultural Debate

References

Further reading

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Modernizations
Economic history of the People's Republic of China
Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
1963 neologisms

Four Modernizations


Best Friend or Best Friends may refer to:

 Someone with whom one shares the strongest type of friendship.

Film and television
 Best Friend (film), a 2020 South Korean film
 Best Friends (1982 film), a film starring Goldie Hawn and Burt Reynolds
 Best Friends (1975 film), a film by Noel Nosseck
 Best Friends, a Telugu film by Sunil Kumar Reddy
Best F(r)iends, a film starring Tommy Wiseau and Greg Sestero
"Best Friends", a Thomas & Friends season 12 episode

Literature
 Best Friends (Martin novel), part of the Main Street book series
 Best Friends (Wilson novel), a children's novel by Jacqueline Wilson
 Best Friends, a 2003 novel by Thomas Berger

Music

Albums
 Best Friends (Cleo Laine and John Williams album) (1978)
 Best Friend (Edmond Leung album) (1997)
 Best Friend (Hillsong United album) (2000)
 Best Friends?, a 2010 album by Brad

Songs
 "Best Friend" (50 Cent song) (2005)
 "Best Friend" (The Beat song) (1980)
 "Best Friend" (Brandy song) (1994)
 "Best Friend" (Foster the People song) (2014)
 "Best Friend" (Kana Nishino song) (2010)
 "Best Friend" (Saweetie song) (2021)
 "Best Friend" (Sofi Tukker song) (2017)
 "Best Friend" (Toy-Box song) (1999)
 "Best Friend" (Yelawolf song) (2015)
 "Best Friend" (Young Thug song) (2015)
 "Best Friend", by Candlebox from Lucy (1995)
 "Best Friend", by the Drums from The Drums (2010)
 "Best Friend", by Helen Reddy from I Don't Know How to Love Him (1971)
 "Best Friend", by iKON from Return (2018)
 "Best Friend", by Jason Chen (2011)
 "Best Friend", by Johnny Cash from Any Old Wind That Blows (1973)
 "Best Friend", by Kiroro (2001)
 "Best Friend", by Madonna from MDNA (2012)
 "Best Friend", by Paul McCartney & Wings from Red Rose Speedway (1973)
 "Best Friend", by Rex Orange County (2017)
 "Best Friend", by Stan Walker from All In (Stan Walker album) (2022)
 "Best Friend", by Toni Braxton from Toni Braxton (1993)
 "Best Friend (The Unicorn song)", by Margie Adam from Margie Adam. Songwriter (1976)
 "Best Friends" (Froggy Fresh song) (2012)
 "Best Friends" (Sophia Grace song) (2014)
 "Best Friends", by 5 Seconds of Summer from 5SOS5 (2022)
 "Best Friends", by Allstars from Allstars (2001)
 "Best Friends", by Ron Sexsmith from Cobblestone Runway (2002)
 "Best Friends", by The Weeknd from Dawn FM (2022)

Other uses
 Best Friend (play), a 1976 Broadway play by Michael Sawyer
 Best Friends (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling tag team
 Best Friends Animal Society, an animal welfare organization based in the United States

See also
 Best friends forever
 Best Fwends, a musical group from Texas
 Best Friend of Charleston, an early railroad locomotive
 Best of Friends (disambiguation)

Best Friend


Sammee Tong (April 21, 1901 – October 27, 1964) was an American film and television character actor. One of Tong's more notable roles was that of Peter Tong on the sitcom Bachelor Father, which aired on all three national networks from 1957 to 1962.

Early life and career
Born in San Francisco, Tong lived in Palo Alto before moving with his family to Honolulu. He graduated from Stanford University.

Tong attempted to break into acting on the stage during the Depression, forming an act called the Three Celestials that played in neighborhood theaters and was booked into the Los Angeles Orpheum. He found he could not secure acting roles because of his ethnicity. He worked in Chinese nightclubs in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, where he sang and performed comedy routines. During his nightclub years, he changed the spelling of his name to "Sammee" because he said it "looked better in print".

Career
Tong signed with Columbia Pictures, and in 1934, he made his film debut in a bit part in the comedy film The Captain Hates the Sea. In 1939 he returned to his home town as director of entertainment at the Chinese Village of San Francisco's World's Fair, and began the first Chinese radio hour on KSAN. Throughout the 1940s, he had small, usually uncredited, roles in films. He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s and took roles on television.

Tong made his television debut in 1953 in an episode of You Are There. The following year, he appeared in a recurring role as "George, the cook" in a series of television shorts which aired during The Mickey Mouse Club entitled The Adventures of Spin and Marty. In 1955, he reprised his role as George in the feature-length film Spin and Marty: The Movie. He also had a role in the sequel series The Further Adventures of Spin and Marty.

In 1957, he landed a co-starring role in the sitcom Bachelor Father, starring John Forsythe and Noreen Corcoran. In the series, Tong portrayed "Peter Tong," Bentley Gregg's (Forsythe) live-in houseboy and valet. Although he was playing a servant, Tong enjoyed the role stating, "Houseboys in movies and the theater always bow low, mutter a few sing song words and disappear, but not on this show. I get dialogue and laughs." In his Bachelor Father role, Tong was not subservient and at one point walked out because he was not paid enough. He spoke with an accent even though the actor was born in the United States.

After Bachelor Father'''s cancellation in 1962, Tong was cast as Sammy Ling in the ABC sitcom Mickey, starring Mickey Rooney. Due to low ratings, ABC was considering canceling Mickey. The network was hesitant to cancel the series due to the popularity of Tong's character who had a solid fanbase thanks to Tong's role in Bachelor Father. Tong's death effectively ended any chance for the series' survival and ABC canceled Mickey in December 1964.

Tong's final screen appearance was as "Cook" in the 1965 film Fluffy, starring Tony Randall and Shirley Jones. The film was released after Tong's death.

Death
Tong, who lived alone and never married or had children, was found dead in his Palms, Los Angeles apartment by his close friend, Ben Wong, on October 27,
1964. Tong had died from an intentional barbiturate overdose. Police found an empty bottle of sleeping pills by his body and several notes addressed to his landlady, his attorney and police. In the note addressed to police, he gave no reason why he committed suicide only stating, "I have taken my own life. No one is to blame." Tong is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

In his 1991 autobiography, Life is Too Short, Tong's co-star Mickey Rooney claimed that Tong was a heavy gambler and committed suicide over money issues. According to Rooney,
Tong became despondent and upset after learning that Mickey'' faced cancellation because he owed money to the mafia.

Filmography

References

External links

1901 births
1964 suicides
1964 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area
American male comedians
20th-century American comedians
American people of Chinese descent
American male film actors
American male television actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Drug-related suicides in California
Barbiturates-related deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers

Sammee Tong


Charles Howard McIlwain (March 15, 1871 – June 1, 1968) was an American historian and political scientist. He won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1924. He was educated at Princeton University and Harvard University and taught at both institutions, as well as the University of Oxford, Miami University, and Bowdoin College. Though he trained as a lawyer, his career was mostly academic, devoted to constitutional history. He was a member of several learned societies and served as president of the American Historical Association in 1935–1936.

Early life and career
McIlwain was born March 15, 1871, in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania. In 1894 Princeton University awarded him a bachelor's degree. He then moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he served as a clerk within a law firm while studying the law. In 1897 he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in Allegheny County.

Though McIlwain remained interested in law through his life, he quickly abandoned his legal career. In 1898 he received a master's degree from Princeton University, and began teaching Latin and history and coaching track and field at The Kiski School in Saltsburg. He left in 1901 to pursue a master's degree at Harvard University. After obtaining the degree in 1903 he began teaching history at Miami University.

Academic career
In 1905 Woodrow Wilson, then President of Princeton University, instituted a preceptorial system, a modified version of the tutorial system of Oxbridge, at Princeton. After interviewing McIlwain personally, Wilson appointed him to the inaugural group of 45 Princeton preceptors. McIlwain remained at Princeton until 1910, when he left to become the Thomas Brackett Reed Professor of History and Political Science at Bowdoin College. There he published his first book, The High Court of Parliament and Its Supremacy, which caught the attention of fellow historians and led to his appointment in 1911 as an assistant professor of history at Harvard. He was named a full professor of history and government in 1916.

McIlwain spent the rest of his academic career at Harvard, where he taught courses on the constitutional history of England and the history of political theory. In 1918 he edited a collection of political treatises and speeches of James VI and I, the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1923 he published The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation, in which he argued that the American Revolution came about because of a disagreement over the interpretation of the constitution of the United Kingdom. The following year he received the Pulitzer Prize for History for this book. In 1926 he was appointed the Eaton Professor of the Sciences of Government at Harvard. In 1932 he published another book, The Growth of Political Thought in the West. In 1934 he was named a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America. He served as President of the American Historical Association 1935–1936. He was also a member of the American Philosophical Society and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy.

In 1940 McIlwain published Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, in which he identified government power and an independent judiciary and the countervailing forces underlying constitutionalism. He also discussed the ancient Roman and English roots of United States constitutionalism. He published a revised version of this book in 1947. During 1944 McIlwain served as the George Eastman Visiting Professor at Oxford, the first person named to that post since the start of World War II. At Oxford he was a member of Balliol College. He retired from Harvard in 1946.

Later life and legacy
McIlwain received honorary doctorates from the University of Chicago in 1941 and Yale University in 1951. He corresponded with the World Federalist Movement's Committee to Frame a World Constitution in the mid-1940s. He died June 1, 1968. In 1986 a preceptorship at Princeton was established in his name. Eric Santner was the inaugural Charles H. McIlwain Preceptor.

Works
 1910 - The High Court of Parliament and Its Supremacy.
 1918 - The Political Works of James I (ed.)
 1924 - The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation.
 1932 - The Growth of Political Thought in the West: From the Greeks to the End of the Middle Ages.
 1936 - The Historian's Part in a Changing World (Presidential address to the American Historical Association)
 1940 - Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern.
 1947 -  The Historian

References

External links

 Full text of The High Court of Parliament and Its Supremacy at the Internet Archive

1871 births
1968 deaths
People from Saltsburg, Pennsylvania
Princeton University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Miami University faculty
Princeton University faculty
Bowdoin College faculty
Harvard University faculty
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
American medievalists
American political scientists
Historians of the American Revolution
Historians of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Historians from Pennsylvania

Charles Howard McIlwain


The Kaimai Tunnel is a railway tunnel through the Kaimai Range in the North Island of New Zealand. Since it was opened in 1978, it has held the title of longest tunnel, at , in New Zealand, assuming this distinction from the previous title holder, the Rimutaka Tunnel. It is part of the Kaimai Deviation, which was constructed to bypass the old route of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway through the Karangahake Gorge (part of which has been preserved as the Goldfields Railway).

History
In the first half of the 20th century, the disadvantages of the East Coast Main Trunk route through the Karangahake and Athenree gorges became starkly apparent. The capacity of the line was constrained by several factors; its length, severe grades of up to 1:50, sharp curves of up to 6 chains radius, and light 55 lb per yard rail which prohibited the use of the more powerful diesel locomotives. It was also an unreliable route, with frequent disruptions caused by slips. Easing of the ruling gradient to 1:300 allowed train weights to be increased from 530 to 900 tons for a single engine.

Proposals
Proposals to shorten the distance between Auckland and Tauranga were made as far back as the early 20th century. A line over the Kaimai Range was suggested in 1911 but was quickly dismissed as being impractical. In 1913, a 3.2 km tunnel was suggested, and in 1920 a survey was requested for a Kaimai rail route, though it would be many years before this happened.

In 1955, an investigation was made of the possibility of road and rail access to Mt. Maunganui from the Waikato including a 4 km tunnel, an idea that was enthusiastically supported by Federated Farmers, and later local news media. This led to the formation of the Kaimai Tunnel Committee.

Hopes for a timely start on such a line were dashed, when on 14 August 1958 it was announced that the project was to be deferred. A report that had been prepared on the subject stated that there was an insufficient volume of guaranteed traffic then or in the near future to justify the project at that time. Alternatives were mentioned, including a preferred 24 km route between Waharoa and Apata with a 9 km tunnel (essentially what ended up being the Kaimai Deviation). The budget for such an option was expected to be at least NZ$10.5 million. It was felt that there was still sufficient capacity on the existing line, and that the idea should be reviewed when demand required it.

Commission of Inquiry
Local interests were not satisfied with the 1958 report, and continued to prevail upon the government for action. In 1960, a deputation met with the Minister of Railways in order to impress upon him the importance of a replacement for the existing route, and as a result, a Commission of Inquiry was established in August 1962 to investigate "Improved Access by Land to the Port of Tauranga and Bay of Plenty". During the commission's hearings in October, submissions from 38 individuals and groups were heard and 261 pages of evidence submitted.

In conclusion, the commission postulated that freight traffic to the Bay of Plenty would double by 1982, a feat that was actually attained in 1966. It also made the following recommendations:
 The construction of a deviation from Waharoa to Apata through the Kaimai Range, and the closure of the Paeroa to Apata section of the East Coast Main Trunk.
 The construction of a Rotorua to Paengaroa deviation to eliminate the Mamaku Bank on the Rotorua Branch.
 An extension of the Rotorua Branch to the Waipa State Mill.

Following the publication of this report in 1963, the government authorised a survey of the whole deviation route. However, it was not until September 1964 that the project was actually approved at an estimated cost of $11,434,000. In November, construction was further delayed by six months until funding of $710,000 was finally approved in the following years budget for the 1965-1966 financial year. It was expected at the time that the project could be completed by October 1970.

In August 1962 a deviation from Wahora to Apata passing under the Kaimais was approved. Construction of the 24 km deviation, including an 8.85 km tunnel, began with the turning of the first sod on 2 October 1965. The new section was officially opened on 12 September 1978, the old route being closed next day.

Construction
At the turning-of-the-first-sod ceremony on 2 October 1965, the Minister of Works the Hon. Percy Allen (who was also the MP for the Bay of Plenty) officiated. The Chief Civil Engineer remarked at the time that the deviation would be an advantage to the whole North Island railway system, shortening the rail distance between Tauranga and Hamilton by , and the rail distance between Rotorua and Tauranga by . He expected that the construction costs could be recovered through savings on operational costs once the deviation was completed.

The work was carried out primarily by the Ministry of Works, who were responsible for the drilling of the tunnel. Various other related jobs were handled by private contractors, including the tunnel approaches and the laying of the track bed in the tunnel.

In planning for the construction of the tunnel, the possibility of using a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) was considered in 1966. Discussions were held in Australia with those that had experience with them, or had previously investigated using them, and as a result, it was felt that further investigations into the idea were justified. Rock samples were submitted to the manufacturers (Jarva Company) for an assessment of the suitability of the machines for the tunnel project. It was felt that such a machine would be able to handle the eastern end of the tunnel, but that the western end could pose problems if the rock was found to be too fractured.

The Jarva tunnelling machine was purchased and imported from the United States in 1970 at a cost of $1.4 million, a decision considered adventurous at the time as a TBM had not been used on this type of geology before. The boring head of up to 78 cutters, was driven at 6 rpm by eight  440 volt motors, plus a  motor for the hydraulics and smaller motors for conveyors and other services. The TBM cut a bore of  to  diameter, which provided for future electrification. The TBM had over  of thrust.  of rotation torque and a muck handling capacity  a minute.

Despite concerns about starting at the western portal with the TBM, it was considered to be the better option to alleviate problems with drainage that would ensue otherwise because of the 1:300 ascending grade from west to east. Also, the tunnel was to terminate at the eastern end on a viaduct over the Whatakao Stream which had yet to be built.

Construction of the tunnel started at the western end on 15 January 1969 with the excavation of the approach cutting which reached 25 m deep at the portal. A layer of alluvial material at the tunnel face meant that this section had to be excavated by hand, first as a small pilot tunnel, later being enlarged to the final size.

It was at this time that the only lives were lost on the project. A cave-in, caused by a high ground water level, resulted in the loss of four lives. The rescue operation was able to save eight other workers who were trapped with those that perished.

Tunnelling resumed after a delay of several months, and by 1971 the TBM was ready to commence work. A three-month trial period had been allocated to assess the suitability of the TBM for work at the western portal. It soon became apparent that the nature of the rock at this end of the tunnel was too fractured for efficient operation of the TBM, resulting in the cutters and fill extraction systems of the machine being continually blocked by rock. By the end of the trial period, the TBM had only advanced  and was wearing out far more quickly than was hoped, so it was decided to dismantle it and move it to the eastern portal.

Work at the western end of the tunnel continued with traditional drill and blast methods. The profile of the western end, which had been round to accommodate the TBM, was changed to a horseshoe shape to better suit conventional tunnelling procedure. By the time the tunnel was finished, around 48% of the length of the tunnel had been bored using conventional methods.

Reasonable progress was made from the eastern end of the tunnel once the TBM had been reassembled there in April 1972. Though the wear on the machine caused by its use at the western end caused some mechanical problems, progress of up to  per 8-hour shift was achieved, though this was considerably reduced in wet areas. With up to 600 m³ of water flowing through the tunnel walls, continuous pumping was required to avoid flooding.

Ducted ventilation was initially sufficient for the machine and the workers in the tunnel, but the closer the excavation got to the midway point, the more the temperature increased. To combat this, the shifts were shortened, though eventually three refrigeration plants had to be installed for the western end and one at the eastern end.

Completion
The two headings of the tunnel workings met on 4 June 1976 when two pilot tunnels were drilled through to the other side to check the alignment. Though the official hole-through ceremony had been planned for 17 June, the dignitaries had to be content with shovelling some of the rubble as the TBM had again jammed with loose rock. Mr. L. Dillon, a project supervisor, became the first person to walk the tunnel end-to-end on 21 June.

The project plan had called for lining to be done once all excavations had been completed, but deteriorating rock, especially at the western end, meant that the plan had to change. The problem was solved by pumping concrete under high pressure behind steel liners. Once this was finished, the concrete track bed was laid by the private contractor Robert McGregor and Sons of the United Kingdom. Together with British Rail, they had developed a technique for laying paved concrete track (PACT). This method was chosen rather than the traditional ballast and sleepers to reduce maintenance costs for the track inside the tunnel. The slab track extends about  beyond each end of the tunnel.

Opening

The first official train through the tunnel was the Silver Fern railcar RM 3, which departed Hamilton railway station for Tauranga on 12 September 1978. On board were various railway officials and a party of 50 disabled Waikato school children.

After a lunch stop at Matamata, Prime Minister Robert Muldoon greeted the assembled crowd and boarded the train. The next stop was Hemopo, where a crowd had assembled. They were addressed by Piako County Council Chairman Mr. Thomas, the MP for Piako Mr. Jack Luxton and the Minister of Railways the Hon. Colin McLachlan. Then the Prime Minister gave a speech and unveiled a plaque paying tribute to the four workers who had lost their lives. Finally, he cut a ribbon and declared the tunnel to be open. The train proceeded to Tauranga with the official party and minus the school children where several civic functions were held.

The project ended up running eight years over time, and over budget. The final cost was $43 million for the tunnel and $13 million for the deviation, a total of $56 million.

Approaches to the tunnel
The Kaimai Deviation is a  line between Waharoa and Apata, including several major cuttings, embankments and viaducts, while the tunnel makes up  of this distance  from the Apata end of the line. It had  of new track, including yards at Waharoa, 15 bridges and over  of earthworks and was expected to dig  of rock.

The western approach begins at Waharoa, where new marshalling yards were built, then crosses a flat area, goes under SH 27, over two  240 ft bridges (No.37, Hardings Drain and No.38, Turanga-O-Moana Stream), under Tower Road and then a  long reinforced concrete bridge (No.41) over the Waihou River. A bank of around  crosses the flood plain at the start of a 1:300 grade to and through the tunnel (though 1:324 at the western portal of the tunnel and 323 through the tunnel) crossing the Gordon-Okauia road, on Bridge 41, to a passing loop at Hemopo.

The eastern approach has two bridges over the Whatakao Stream. Bridge 42,  from the portal, is  and bridge 43,  long. The latter cost about $24,000 and rests on 4 piers. A  cutting follows, then about a mile from the tunnel portal, Works Road crosses the line, followed by a  long Wainui River bridge 45,  above the river. Then Wainui South Road goes over the track, before it rejoins the old line at Apata.

Today
Today, there are up to 22-weekday freight train movements per day through the Kaimai Tunnel, and up to 19 movements per day during the weekends. Freight transported over this route includes inter-port container traffic, timber and timber products, coal, manufactured goods, and petroleum.

Traffic on the Kaimai Deviation has been dominated by freight trains for its entire working life. Regular passenger trains to the Bay of Plenty had ceased in 1967 with the final running of a post-Taneatua Express 88 seater railcar service; the lengthy and time-consuming route that the tunnel replaced was part of the reason this railcar service had ceased to be viable. It was not until 9 December 1991 that regular service to the Bay of Plenty was re-introduced. Named the Kaimai Express after the tunnel, it ran between Auckland and Tauranga until its cancellation on 7 October 2001. For its entire existence, it was operated with Silver Fern railcars. Since the Railways Corporation relaxed its policy on private use of the national rail network in the 1980s, there have been occasional passenger excursions run on the deviation by organisations such as Mainline Steam and the Railway Enthusiasts Society.

A  peak of the Kaimai Range directly above the tunnel, previously unnamed, was named Stokes Peak in 2010 in honour of geographer Evelyn Stokes. In 2012 the name of the mountain peak reverted to being unnamed.

Geology
The tunnel runs through pumice, breccia, andesite and ignimbrite, interbedded with soft tuff. The rocks are about 3 to 5 million years old.

Soft geology and groundwater have resulted in voids under the tunnel floor. Repairs with resin were made in 2013 and 2018. Water contamination with sulphur and arsenic, leached out of the rocks, have caused maintenance problems.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Rail transport in the Bay of Plenty Region
Railway tunnels in New Zealand
Tunnels completed in 1978
1970s architecture in New Zealand
Transport buildings and structures in the Bay of Plenty Region

Kaimai Tunnel


The church of Santi Marco e Andrea a Nilo is a former Roman Catholic church, located on via Paladino #50 in central Naples, Italy. It is less than a block east of the Santa Maria Assunta dei Pignatelli church.

History
A church at the site was initially built in the 6th century and dedicated to St Andrew the Apostle. It has had diverse custodians over the centuries, from the representative of the Pope, to various monastic orders, including Byzantine monks who had fled the Eastern Roman Empire during the Iconoclastic Controversy. By the 17th century, it had been ceded to the Contraternity degli Osti e dei Tavernari (Innkeepers), who dedicated the church also to their patron, St Mark the Evangelist.

This confraternity funded a reconstruction and decoration of the church in Baroque style. The interior once held an altarpiece, now lost, by Francesco Curia, depicting St Mark and St Andrew before the Virgin. The church has a sarcophagus that putatively held the remains of Santa Candida the elder. Much of the interior frescoes have suffered damage from humidity. The confraternity abandoned the church in 1957. The church suffered damage during the earthquake of November 23, 1980, and was rebuilt under the supervision of the architect Adriano De Rose. The church is now affiliated with the Orthodox Church of the Patriarch of Bucharest.

References

Former churches in Naples
Baroque architecture in Naples
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy

Santi Marco e Andrea a Nilo


The Royal Château of Blois (, ) is a château located in the city center of Blois, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loire Valley, France. In addition to having been the residence of the Counts of Blois and some French Kings, Joan of Arc also went there by 1429 to be blessed by the Archbishop of Reims before departing with her army to drive against the English, who conquered Orléans the previous year.

The château effectively controlled the County of Blois up to 1397, then the Duchy of Orléans, and the Kingdom of France between 1498 and 1544. It comprises several buildings, whose construction began in the 13th century and ended in the 17th century. Four different architectural styles are represented within the rectangular edifice, including: some remainings of the 13th-century medieval fortress, the Louis XII Gothic-style wing, the Francis I Renaissance-style wing, and the Gaston of Orléans Classical-style wing. In total, there are 564 rooms, including 100 bedrooms with a fireplace in each, and 75 staircases (although only 23 were used frequently).

History

Counts of Blois
In 854, the Blois castle, known as Blisum castrum, was attacked by Viking cheftain Hastein. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Counts of Blois, who also owned Chartres and Champagne, joined together to rebuild the fortress. Count Theobald I raised a so-called "big tower" and by the end of the 12th century, the Counts' contributions were finished by building the St-Sauveur Collegiate Church.

The "Estates General Room" ( in French), built in the beginning of the 13th century, is one of the oldest seignoral rooms preserved in France, and is also the largest remaining civilian Gothic room of the country. This room was used as a court of justice by the Counts of Blois and again in 1576 and 1588 during so-called Estates General.

Transition to the House of Orléans
The medieval castle was given in 1397 to Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI. After Louis' assassination, his widow, Valentina Visconti, retired to the Blois Castle. It was later inherited by their son, Charles d'Orléans the poet, who was captured at Agincourt and imprisoned in England.  After 25 years as a hostage in England, Charles d'Orleans returned to his beloved Blois and partly helped rebuild the chateau as a more commodious dwelling. It became the favourite royal residence and the Kingdom's political capital under Charles' son, when Count Louis II became King Louis XII of France in 1498.

King Louis XII

At the beginning of the 16th century, King Louis XII initiated a reconstruction of the entrance of the main block and the creation of an Italian garden in terraced parterres where Victor Hugo Square stands today.

This wing, of red brick and grey stone, forms the main entrance to a proper château onwards, and features a statue of the mounted King above the entrance. Although the style is principally Gothic, as the profiles of mouldings, the lobed arches and the pinnacles attest, there are elements of Renaissance architecture present, such as a small chandelier.

King Francis I
When Francis I became King in 1515, his wife Queen Claude had him refurbish Blois with the intention of moving from the Château of Amboise to Blois. Francis initiated the construction of a new wing and created one of the period's most important libraries in the castle. After the death of his wife in 1524, he spent very little time at Blois and the massive library was moved to the royal Château of Fontainebleau. It is this library that formed the royal library and the backbone of the .

Since King Louis XII was very committed in the Italian campaigns, which imported the Renaissance movement into Blois, this wing's architecture and ornamentation are marked by Italian influence. In the middle, there is the monumental spiral staircase, covered with fine bas-relief sculptures and looking out onto the château's central court. These monumental staircases served as a draft for those of the château of Chambord, built a few years later. Behind this wing is the "Lodges Façade" ( in French), characterised by a series of disconnected niches.

King Henry III
Driven from Paris during the French Wars of Religion, King Henry III took refuge in Blois, and summoned Estates General meetings there in 1576 and 1588. On 23 December 1588, the King's arch-enemy since the Day of the Barricades, Henry I, Duke of Guise, was assassinated. The following day, the Duke's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise was also murdered within the château.

King Henry IV
After this, the castle was occupied by King Henry IV, the first Bourbon monarch. On Henry's death in 1610, it became the place of exile for his widow, Marie de' Medici, when she was expelled from the court of her son, King Louis XIII.

Duke Gaston of Orléans
In 1626, King Louis XIII gave the county and the Château of Blois to his brother and heir, Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans as a wedding gift. In 1634, Gaston embarked on building a completely new wing to the château. The task of developing this new castle was given to François Mansart. The rear of the courtyard is where Mansart began this ambitious building project with a main dwelling house. This house should have been the first building in a large-scale reconstruction project. The project was stopped in 1638 when Gaston's nephew was born, the future Louis XIV. With Louis XIV's birth, Gaston was no longer the heir and no longer eligible for financing.

This wing makes up the rear wall of the court, directly opposite the Louis XII wing. The central section is composed of three horizontal layers where the superposition of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders can be seen.

By the time of the French Revolution, the immense castle had been neglected for more than 130 years. The contents, many of its statues, royal emblems and coats of arms of the palace were removed. In a state of near-total disrepair, the Château of Blois was scheduled to be demolished but was given a reprieve as a military barracks.

Preservation as a monument
In 1840, the initiative of Prosper Mérimée placed the château on the list of historical monuments. This allowed state funds to be used in the preservation. It was restored under the direction of the architect  Félix Duban.

The château is maintained and owned by the town of Blois and has been opened to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. On view for visitors are the supposed poison cabinets of Catherine de' Medici. Most likely this room, the "Chamber of Secrets", had a much more banal purpose: exhibiting precious objects for guests.

People linked to the Château

People born in the Château
The following individuals were born inside the Château:
 Charles of Blois (in 1319);
 Louis XII (in 1462), King of France between 1498 and 1515;
 Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (in 1645), daughter of Gaston of Orléans.

People who died in the Château
The following individuals died within the Château:
 Anne of Brittany (in 1514), last Queen of Brittany, married Louis XII in 1499;
 Claude of France (in 1524), daughter of King Louis XII and Queen Anne of Brittany, married Francis I;
 Henry I of Guise (in 1588), 3rd Duke of Guise, assassinated after his participation to the Day of the Barricades;
 Louis II of Guise (in 1588), Duke of Guise's brother;
 Catherine de' Medici (in 1589), wife of King Henry II, was exiled in Blois by her son, King Henry III;
 Gaston of Orléans (in 1660), son of King Henry IV and last Count of Blois.

See also
Châteaux of the Loire Valley
Gardens of the French Renaissance
List of castles in France

References

External links

 Château de Blois - official site
 Château de Blois - The official website of France (in English)
 A gallery of over 100 high resolutions images of the Chateau de Blois taken in 2009
 High-resolution 360° Panoramas of Château de Blois | Art Atlas

1638 establishments in France
Houses completed in 1638
Blois
Blois
Ancien Régime French architecture
Historic house museums in Centre-Val de Loire
Blois
Loire Valley
Art museums and galleries in France
Museums in Loir-et-Cher
Double spiral staircases
Blois
Joan of Arc
Francis I of France
Henry III of France

Château of Blois


David Buckley (born 7 June 1976) is a British composer of film and television scores, based in Santa Monica, California.

Career
Born in London in 1976, Buckley's first involvement with film music was as a cathedral choirboy performing on Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ. He continued his musical education at the University of Cambridge. In 2006, Buckley moved to Los Angeles to collaborate on a number of Harry Gregson-Williams' scores, including Shrek, Gone Baby Gone, Flushed Away, Arthur Christmas, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and The Number 23. In addition to his work for Gregson-Williams, he has written additional music for Danny Elfman on films including American Hustle, Big Eyes and all Fifty Shades movies (including the choral piece "Bliss") and for Hans Zimmer and Rupert Gregson-Williams on Winter's Tale and Wonder Woman.

He has worked with filmmakers including Ridley and Tony Scott, Ben Affleck, Joel Schumacher, Rob Minkoff, Luc Besson & Taylor Hackford. Notable film scores include The Town, Jason Bourne, Papillon, The Forbidden Kingdom and Angel Has Fallen. He is also the composer for the critically acclaimed Scott Free-produced CBS television series The Good Wife and its spinoff The Good Fight. His music from The Good Wife was prominently featured in the 2015 David O. Russell film Joy.

Buckley was included in BAFTA's list of "Brits to Watch", is the recipient of numerous BMI Awards, and earned an Emmy Award nomination in 2017 for Outstanding Theme Music for his work on The Good Fight.

Discography

Film

Additional music

Television

Video games

References

External links

1976 births
English film score composers
English male film score composers
English television composers
Living people
Male television composers
Video game composers

David Buckley


The Boone County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Harrison, Arkansas.  It is a two-story brick structure, designed by noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson and built in 1907.  It is Georgian Revival in style, with a hip roof above a course of dentil molding, and bands of cast stone that mark the floor levels of the building.  It has a projecting gabled entry section, three bays wide, with brick pilasters separating the center entrance from the flanking windows. The gable end has a dentillated pediment, and has a bullseye window at the center.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

See also
Boone County Jail, also designed by Thompson and NRHP-listed in Harrison
National Register of Historic Places listings in Boone County, Arkansas

References

Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Colonial Revival architecture in Arkansas
Government buildings completed in 1909
Buildings and structures in Harrison, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Arkansas
Historic district contributing properties in Arkansas
1909 establishments in Arkansas

Boone County Courthouse (Arkansas)


Hanuman Tibba is the highest mountain peak in Kangra district and lies on Dhauladhar Range in Himachal Pradesh, with an altitude of  above sea level. It lies to the Northwest of Manali and to the East of Solang. To the north of Hamuman Tibba, lies the Taintuka Pass and to the south lies Manali Pass. These Passes form the district boundary between the Kangra District and Kullu District. It is a well known local peak, partly due to it resembling a steep pyramid, with its noted feature of steep vertical rise from its base camp site. Its west face has been a recent site to many attempts to climb through the "west spur", a steep, technical, sustained rocky feature often exposed to winds and gnarly ice flutings. The Diretissima through this face and the north face- overall, is still unclimbed. In a noted recent attempt by the Alpine Club of the Greater Himalayas, 4 alpinists tried climbing through this very spur, but were defeated by rotten ice conditions, high at .

Some controversy initially surrounded  Werner Merkel Roth and fellow members (Mr.A.Azer Mr. Mir. H) reports of climbing an approximately 58-metre rock shelf (VI+) at nearly , a claim which was later to be accepted when an Austrian climbing party reported and verified the same.

References

Mountains of Himachal Pradesh

Hanuman Tibba


La otra y yo, also known as The Other and Me in English, is a 1949 Argentine comedy movie. It is directed by Antonio Momplet and starring Amelia Bence, Enrique Alvarez Diosdado, Fernando Lamas, Mercedes Simone.

Other websites

1949 comedy movies
Argentine comedy movies
Movies directed by Antonio Momplet

La otra y yo


Abderrahman Ait Khamouch  (born November 9, 1986)  is a T46 Paralympic track and field athlete from Spain. He runs in 800 meter, 1,500 meter, 5,000 meter and marathon races.  He was born in Morocco, and he later moved to Spain.  He became a citizenship in August 2008. He ran for Spain at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Paralympics,  and he finished second in the 1,500 meters and third in the in the 800 meters in 2008, and finished second in the marathon in 2012.

Personal
Ait Khamouch was born on November 9, 1986 in Morocco.  He has an arm amputation.  His arm was amputated after he fell when he was a child.  The fall caused more medical problems.  He eventually got gangrene.  The doctors had to amputate his right arm at his shoulder.

When Ait Khamouch was 15 years old, he tried to enter Spain illegally three times via boats from Laayoune to the Canary Islands.  During these trips, he saw people die. On try number four, he got a boat to Fuerteventura and entered Spain in 2001.  Next, he traveled to Madrid and then to Barcelona with friends on the train.

When Ait Khamouch first got work in Barcelona, he worked at a parking lot.  He got Spanish citizenship on August 25, 2008.

Ait Khamouch wrote an autobiography in Arabic titled "The Angel with the Crooked Wing." It was translated into Spanish. He speaks Spanish, French and Arabic.

Athletics
Ait Khamouch is a Paralympic track and field athlete.  He runs in 800 meter, 1,500 meter, 5,000 meter and marathon races.  His first race was a race created French tourists in his hometown in Morocco. He won the race, and the prize of a small blue truck. After the race, he talked to the Morocco Paralympic Committee about competing in athletics, but Moroccans said no.  After he got to Spain, he took part in a race in Barcelona organized by El Corte Inglés in 2003.  He did well and people took notice.  He then raced in other races in the area.  The Athletics Federation of Catalonia and others helped Ait Khamouch get Spanish citizenship in time for him to represent Spain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.

The first athletics club Ait Khamouch belonged to in Spain was the Athletic Club Nou Barris. In 2004, he competed the Spanish Paralympic national championships where he finished first in the 800 meters. In 2005, he got a scholarship from the Spanish Paralympic Committee. In 2008, he trained at the Center for High Performance San Cugat (Barcelona). He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships. He was one of thirty-two competitors from Spain at the competition. In 2012, he got a Plan ADO €2,500 coaching scholarship.  He lost part of his Catalonian scholarship a year and a half before the London Paralympics. Ait Khamouch said the loss of the scholarship was politically motivated.  In 2012, he set a world record  at the Barcelona Marathon. He also set a qualifying time in the event for the London Paralympics at the Barcelona Marathon.  In 2012, he competed in the Barcelona half marathon and he set a personal best time.

Paralympics
Ait Khamouch competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. He finished second in the men's 1500 metres — T46 event and finished third in the men's 800 metres — T46 event. Four years later, he competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, Great Britain. There he won a finished second in the men's marathon — T46 event.  His top three finish at the 2008 Games was the first time, Paralympic or Olympic,  that some one had finished in the top three by some one from Ait Khamouch's hometown in Morocco.  His parents watched him compete on television in Morocco.

Ait Khamouch finished second at the London Paralympics in the T46 marathon event because he had a coughing fit with 400 meters left in the race. He was running with a cold.

References

2008 Summer Paralympics
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Living people
1986 births

Abderrahman Ait Khamouch


ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān (; in Greek sources , Abdelas) was an Umayyad prince, the son of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (), a general and the governor of Egypt in 705–709.

Life
Abdallah was born  or  and grew up in the Caliphate's capital, Damascus. He was a son of Caliph Abd al-Malik and one of the Caliph's  (concubines). During his youth he accompanied his father on several campaigns. He is first mentioned in the sources as leading his own campaign in 700/1, as a retaliation for the attacks of the Byzantine general Heraclius. During this expedition he captured the border fortress of Theodosiopolis and raided into Armenia Minor. In 701 he was sent, along with his uncle, Muhammad ibn Marwan, to Iraq, to aid al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in subduing the rebellion of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath. In the next year, the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates, recently conquered by Muhammad ibn Marwan, rose in a revolt that spread out over much of Armenia. In 703, Abdallah conquered Mopsuestia (al-Massisa) in Cilicia, which he refortified as the Caliphate's first major stronghold in the area, and then proceeded to subdue the Armenian revolt along with his uncle Muhammad. His father also appointed him as governor of Jund Hims, according to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, although al-Baladhuri claims that this was done by al-Walid I ().

In late 704 he was recalled from Armenia to serve as governor of Egypt, succeeding his long-serving uncle Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan. Abdallah's tenure was marked by his efforts to assert the caliphal government's control over the province after Abd al-Aziz's twenty-year tenure, which had made the province virtually his personal fief. This was done at the expense of the local elites, whom Abd al-Aziz had been careful to co-opt. Abdallah dismissed his uncle's appointees and required that government business be done in Arabic instead of Coptic. His tenure was marred by the first famine under Islamic rule and by accusations of corruption and embezzlement of public funds. He was recalled in 708/9 and his gains were confiscated by the Caliph. During his tenure, he also came into conflict with many local military leaders, especially the governor of Ifriqiya, Musa ibn Nusayr.

Nothing is known of him thereafter, except for a report by al-Ya'qubi that he was executed by crucifixion by the first Abbasid caliph, al-Saffah, at al-Hira in 749/50.

References

Sources

 .
 .

670s births
750 deaths
Umayyad people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyad governors of Egypt
Umayyad governors of Hims
8th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
People executed by crucifixion
People from Damascus
Arab generals
8th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
7th-century Arab people
8th-century Arab people

Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik


Ensete is a genus of flowering plants native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, Musaceae, and includes the false banana or enset (E. ventricosum), an economically important foodcrop in Ethiopia.

Taxonomy
The genus Ensete was first described by Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865) in his Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum of 1862 in which he created a single species, Ensete edule. However, the genus did not receive general recognition until 1947 when it was revived by E. E. Cheesman in the first of a series of papers in the Kew Bulletin on the classification of the bananas, with a total of 25 species.

Taxonomically, the genus Ensete has been reduced since Cheesman restore the taxon. Cheesman acknowledged that field study might reveal synonymy and the most recent review of the genus by Simmonds (1960) listed just six. The Plant List accepts eight species as valid.

Description
The plants of Ensete are very large herbs without branches that die after producing seeds; They have only one stem that remains short until flowering.

They have very big leaves; the lower parts of the leaves form a false stem so they look as trees. Their fruits are leathery and dry berries with few big and hard seeds.

Species

It is possible to separate Ensete into its African and Asian species.

Africa
Ensete homblei (Bequart ex De Wild.) Cheesman - SE Democratic Republic of Congo to N Zambia
Ensete livingstonianum (J.Kirk) Cheesman - Western tropical Africa to Malawi
Ensete perrieri (Claverie) Cheesman - endemic to Madagascar
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman - enset or false banana, widely cultivated as a food plant in Ethiopia

Asia
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman - widespread in Asia from India to Papua New Guinea
Ensete lasiocarpum (Franch.) Cheesman - China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma)
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman - Western Ghats of India
Ensete wilsonii (Tutcher) Cheesman - Yunnan, China, but doubtfully distinct from E. glaucum

Related pages
Musa (genus)
Plantain
Banana

Notes

References

Other websites

 IPNI Listing

Musaceae

Ensete


Carl Held (born September 19, 1931), sometimes credited as Karl Held and Christopher Held, is an American actor who has worked extensively in both American and British television.

Career
Held is best known for his role as Garth in the 1980s soap opera Falcon Crest, which he played for three seasons from 1987 to 1989.

During the fourth season (1960–1961) of Perry Mason, Held appeared as Bruce Nesbitt in the episode "The Case of the Angry Dead Man".  Later that season, he appeared as the defendant David Gideon in "The Case of the Grumbling Grandfather."  He appeared as Gideon in eight more episodes in the fifth season (1961–1962) in a "legal eagle" aspiring law student role, assisting Perry in uncovering evidence to aid Mason's clients accused of murder.

Five months after the final space launch of Project Mercury in 1963, Held played a solo astronaut in "The Man Who Was Never Born", the sixth episode of The Outer Limits.

Other TV credits include 77 Sunset Strip, The Big Valley, The Girl from U.N.C.L.E., Flipper, The Fugitive, Daktari, Star Trek, The Invaders, Mission: Impossible, The Lotus Eaters, Space: 1999, Return of the Saint, The Aphrodite Inheritance, Thriller (1975), The Incredible Hulk, Charlie's Angels, Taxi, St. Elsewhere, MacGyver, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Riptide, The Rebel and L.A. Law.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1931 births
Living people
British male television actors
American male television actors
American male soap opera actors
20th-century American male actors
Actors from New Jersey

Carl Held


Methoxsalen, sold under the brand name Oxsoralen among others, is a medication used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to ultraviolet (UVA) light from lamps or sunlight. Methoxsalen modifies the way skin cells receive the UVA radiation, allegedly clearing up the disease. Levels of individual patient PUVA exposure were originally determined using the Fitzpatrick scale. The scale was developed after patients demonstrated symptoms of phototoxicity after oral ingestion of methoxsalen followed by PUVA therapy.
Chemically, methoxsalen belongs to a class of organic natural molecules known as furanocoumarins. They consist of coumarin annulated with furan. It can also be injected and used topically.

Natural sources
In 1947, methoxsalen was isolated (under the name "ammoidin") from the plant Ammi majus, bishop's weed.

In 1970, Nielsen extracted 8-methoxypsoralen from four species of the genus Heracleum in the carrot family Apiaceae, including Heracleum mantegazzianum and Heracleum sphondylium. An additional 32 species of the genus Heracleum were found to contain 5-methoxypsoralen (bergapten) or other furanocoumarins.

Biosynthesis
The biosynthetic pathway is a combination of the shikimate pathway, which produces umbelliferone, and the mevalonate pathway.

Synthesis of umbelliferone

Umbelliferone is a phenylpropanoid and as such is synthesized from L-phenylalanine, which in turn is produced via the shikimate pathway. Phenylalanine is lysated into cinnamic acid, followed by hydroxylation by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to yield 4-coumaric acid. The 4-coumaric acid is again hydroxylated by cinnamate/coumarate 2-hydroxylase to yield 2,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid (umbellic acid) followed by a bond rotation of the unsaturated bond adjacent to the carboxylic acid group. Finally an intramolecular attack from the hydroxyl group of C2' to the carboxylic acid group closes the ring and forms the lactone umbelliferone.

Synthesis of methoxsalen

The biosynthetic route then continues with the activation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), produced via the mevalonate pathway, to form a carbo-cation via the cleavage of the diphosphates. Once activated, the enzyme umbelliferone 6-prenyltransferase catalyzes a C-alkylation between DMAPP and umbelliferone at the activated position ortho to the phenol, yielding demethylsuberosin. This is then followed by a hydroxylation catalyzed by the enzyme marmesin synthase to yield marmesin. Another hydroxylation is catalyzed by psoralen synthase to yield psoralen. A third hydroxylation by the enzyme psoralen 8-monooxygenase yields xanthotoxol which is followed by a methylation via the enzyme xanthotoxol O-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl methionine to yield methoxsalen.

Risks and side effects
Patients with high blood pressure or a history of liver problems are at risk for inflammation and irreparable damage to both liver and skin.  The eyes must be protected from UVA radiation.  Side effects include nausea, headaches, dizziness, and in rare cases insomnia.

Methoxsalen has also been classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen (known to cause cancer) but is only cancerous when combined with light - UVA radiation.

Society and culture
Author John Howard Griffin (1920–1980) used the chemical to darken his skin in order to investigate racial segregation in the American South. He wrote the book Black Like Me (1961) about his experiences.

References

External links

CYP1A2 inhibitors
CYP3A4 inhibitors
Photosensitizing agents
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Furanocoumarins
O-methylated coumarins
Catechol ethers
General cytochrome P450 inhibitors
Orphan drugs
Plant toxins

Methoxsalen


A weather vane is a device with a freely rotating pointer used to indicate the direction of the wind. Weather vanes served as simple devices for showing the direction of the wind and its speed for centuries. They were a critical tool for agriculture, travel and shipping. They serve a largely decorative function today. They have been replaced by specialized weather instruments.

To work correctly a weather vane should be at the highest point of a building. It needs to be as far away as possible from other things that might interrupt the wind. The simplest form is a horizontal arrow or other form freely rotating on a vertical rod. When the wind blows, the arrow shows the direction and speed. The earliest known weather was made by the astronomer Andronicus in 48 BC. It sat on top of the Tower of the Winds in Athens. It was between  and  long and was the shape of a head and torso of a man with the tail of a fish.

The word 'vane' comes from the Old English fana banner. This is related to the Old High German fano (cloth); from the Latin pannus (cloth or rag).

Related pages
 Windsock
 Apparent wind indicator
 List of weather instruments
 Old Father Time, a famous weather  vane at Lord's Cricket Ground, London
 Weather radar
 Weather station
 Weather balloon

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Weather vanes - making all kinds - BBC - 27th March 2016; YouTube

Ancient Greece
Weather instruments

Weather vane


The first known settlement in Estonia of hunters and fishermen is the  Bull settlement  by the Pärnu river about 11,000 years ago.

During the Bronze Age there were larger permanent settlements, some with fortifications and there was local metal working.  Long distance trade by sea was happening by the second half of the 1st millennium.

Northern Estonia belonged to Denmark in the 14th century. The cities belonged to the Hanseatic League. Richer people spoke  Low German, but people in the country spoke Estonian.

Wars swept over the country at the end of the Middle Ages:

 Livonian War (1558–1583)
 Swedish-Polish Wars (1600–1629)
 Russo-Swedish War (1656–1661)
 Northern War (1700–1721)

From 1720 to 1917  Estonia was part of the Russian Empire, but it was mostly run by Baltic Germans.  They owned most of the land and businesses, controlled the serfs, and dominated all the cities.

There was a brief independence in 1917 after the start of the  Russian revolution.  In 1918 the Red Army invaded. The Estonian War of Independence was ended in  February 1920. The Treaty of Tartu was  signed by the Republic of Estonia and the Russian SFSR.

History of Estonia


"Over Somebody Else's Shoulder" is a hit song written by Al Sherman & Al Lewis in 1934 at the end of the Tin Pan Alley era.  It was introduced by singer and bandleader, Ozzie Nelson who enjoyed great success with the song.  It was further covered by Freddy Martin and his Orchestra with the vocal performed by Elmer Feldkamp.  The original release of the song was on February 13, 1934 to coincide with Valentine's Day.  It was also covered by Eddie Cantor.  Twenty four years later, in 1958 country singer, Sonny James covered the song on his album entitled, Honey which was released by Capitol Records (Capitol T-988).

References
 Sherman, Robert B. Walt's Time: from before to beyond, Santa Clarita: Camphor Tree Publishers, 1998.

Songs written by Al Sherman
Songs written by Al Lewis (lyricist)
1934 songs
Eddie Cantor songs

Over Somebody Else's Shoulder