The California wildfires of October 2007 are more than 20 wildfires until November 9, 2007 burning in Southern California, making over 1,000,000 people have to leave their homes, breaking at least 1,500 homes and buildings and moving in on at least 56,000 more.
At least  of land have burned between Santa Barbara County and the Mexican border. Officials have said that they fear the fire could become even more deadly than the 2003 Cedar Fire, said to be the worst on ever.  The number and strength of the fires have tired the firefighters, with one department saying the "lack of resources [is] hindering suppression efforts."

The fires have killed six people and have hurt at least 16 firefighters and 25 others.

California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires burned. President Bush has declared an emergency is in the State of California and ordered Federal aid to help State and local efforts.

An event that helped the fires is the drought hapenning in Southern California.  The fires have been strengthened by the strangely strong Santa Ana winds.  The winds are believed to have broken power lines, creating some of the fires. One fire was because of arson; one was started by an flipped-over semi-truck.  Why the other fires are happening it not yet known.  Winds are not expected to get better until October 25 2007.

Fires

San Diego County
San Diego County is where the two biggest fires are, the Witch Fire near the northeastern edge of the city of San Diego, and the Harris fire southeast of San Diego.  The Witch fire forced Interstate 15 to be closed, and the Harris fire burns near the border with Mexico.

As of the night of October 22, 2007, at least 5,000 homes were in danger.  About 500,000 people have to leave, the largest evacuation in the area's history. Evacuees were meeting at the Del Mar Fairgrounds, Qualcomm Stadium and other places in the county.  Officials think that 10,000 were meeting at Qualcomm.  Other than food, blankets and water, volunteers gave toys to children, massages, and a live rock and roll band showe.  Many schools and business were closed.  The only burn unit in the county, the UCSD Medical Center in Hillcrest was operated on an overflow basis.  The unit, which has 18 beds, had gotten 16 fire victims and several patients with injuries not due to the blazes.

Info on the fires right now is from the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, although the chaotic nature of the fires meant not all information was available.  As of October 23 at 11:34 a.m. PST:

Witch Fire
The Witch Fire, also known as the Witch Creek Fire, is the largest of the fires.  Approximately 6,800 structures are in danger, including 5,000 homes.   Hundreds of thousands of people living there are being told of evacuations through the Reverse 911 system.  This evacuation comes almost exactly four years after the Cedar Fire of 2003.

The fire started near Santa Ysabel and quickly spread to Ramona, Rancho Bernardo, Poway and Escondido. From there the fire jumped over the Interstate 15 and kept moving west, causing bad damage in the upscale areas of Lake Hodges, 4S Ranch, Del Dios, Harmony Grove and Rancho Santa Fe.

Heavy Santa Ana winds have been pushing the fires west near the coast.  San Diego County Sheriff William B. Kolendar said that the Witch Creek Fire could be "well in excess of Cedar Fire of 2003". Officials have also said that the fire could reach the coastline; people living in Solana Beach were told to be ready to evacuate.

All residents south of Del Dios Highway, north of Sorrento Valley Road, west of Interstate 15, and east of Interstate 5 were told to evacuate.  By 9:30pm October 22, 2007 a dispatch from the city of Del Mar's web site stated "For your safety, we are strongly advising that all Del Mar residents evacuate." Evacuations were also ordered for Scripps Ranch neighborhood, mostly "Everything south of Scripps Poway Parkway, north of MCAS Miramar, east of Interstate 15, and west of Highway 67".  The Mesa Grande Indian reservation was evacuated from the Witch Fire. Residents of the Barona Indian Reservation have been told to leave if they wish, but the evacuation is not a must. The casino on the reservation is closed. At about 01:00 on 23 October, fire happened near the southern end of Wild Cat Canyon, where many houses were broken and people killed in the Cedar Fire. Residents of Wild Cat Canyon and Muth Valley were told to evacuate, and the road was closed.

Evacuation sites include Qualcomm Stadium, Escondido High School, Poway High School, Mira Mesa Senior High School, Ramona High School, Del Mar Fairgrounds.

Adding to the evacuations, many major roads have been closed around the fire.  On October 22, 2007, the California Highway Patrol closed Interstate 15 in both ways between state Route 78 and state Route 56.

Harris Fire
The Harris Fire started at Harris Ranch Road near Potrero.  As of October 23 the fire was moving towards eastern Chula Vista. Many places have been evacuated, with evacuation centers set up at a nearby high school and community center.

Other fires

 Camp Pendleton Fires
Two different Marine Corps Base fires were reported at about 1:00 p.m. on October 23.  The Camp Margarita Fire is at 33 Area behind the Marine Corps Air Station.  The Las Pulgas Fire is located at 43 Area near Basilone Road. Evacuations have been ordered.

 Coronado Hills Fire
The Coronado Hills Fire burned south of Cal State San Marcos.

 McCoy Fire
The McCoy fire has burned in the Cleveland National Forest.

 Poomacha Fire
The fire started at about 3:13 a.m. on October 23 as a structure fire on the La Jolla Indian Reservation and has then moved itself onto Palomar Mountain. It is running in the same way as the Rice Fire. With firefighters worried that the Rice Fire and Poomacha fire will meet in the Del Dios Canyon, firefighters have left the area and people living there have to leave.

 Rice Fire
The Rice Fire is burning in the Rice Canyon near Fallbrook, moving towards Rainbow Heights, and Santa Marguerita and Sandy Creek drainages.
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Los Angeles and Ventura counties
As of 12:20 a.m. PST on October 23, the US Forest Service was thinking the Ranch, Buckweed, and Magic fires would meet into a single huge  fire within 2 days.
Current data on the fires has been provided by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, although the chaotic nature of the fires meant not all information was available. As of October 23 at 11:34 a.m. PST:

 Buckweed Fire

As of 23 October 2007 the Buckweed fire in Agua Dulce and the Santa Clarita community of Canyon Country has burned in northeastern parts of the county.  The communities of Santa Clarita, Leona Valley, Green Valley, Acton, Agua Dulce, and Mint Canyon are in danger.  At least 925 firefighters are fighting the fire. Over 15,000 people and 5,500 homes have been evacuated.

 Canyon Fire
The Canyon Fire has burned close to Malibu, California, mostly in Malibu Canyon. 600 residences, 200 commercial buildings, and 100 outbuildings are in danger, and 500 homes have been evacuated.

 Magic Fire
The Magic Fire started near The Old Road at Magic Mountain Parkway. Flames crept a few yards from West Ranch High School and a many houses being made in Stevenson Ranch, but were pushed away. The fire is believed to have been caused accidentally by welders at a construction site.

 October Fire
The October Fire burned a small area in Santa Clarita, burning several homes in the Canyon Breeze Mobile Home Park.

 Ranch Fire
Since 20 October 2007, the Ranch fire has burned  on the Los Angeles-Ventura county line, in the Angeles and Los Padres national forests. The fire is going around the Ventura County community of Piru and also threatens the communities of Fillmore, Ventura and Ojai. Three homes have been destroyed, and 500 residences are in the fire's path. As of 7:00 a.m. local time, the fire was 10% under control. Evacuations have been recommended in all of Piru and parts of Fillmore. Highway 126 is closed between Main Street and Chiquita Canyon Road in Piru. Angeles National Forest officials are closing the whole forest, starting October 23.

Orange County

 Santiago Fire
The Santiago Fire began shortly before 5:55pm on October 21, 2007 in the foothills north of Irvine and east of the city of Orange in Orange County. Fire officials have said that the source of the fire is arson; the fire was said to have been started in three different spots.  The fire has burned over  and is 30% contained.  Strong winds have stopped people from fighting the fire and forced a dozen firefighters to seek emergency shelter under tents after the fire moved at them.  Two homes, one mobile home, and one outbuilding have been destroyed.  Several other buildings damaged, and four firefighters were a bit hurt from the fire.  Damage estimates put the fire's cost at $5.5 million.

San Bernardino County
Current data on the fires has been provided by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, although the chaotic nature of the fires meant not all information was available.  As of October 23 at 11:34 a.m. PST:

 Slide or Green Valley Lake Fire
The Slide Fire has burned at Green Valley Lake, west of Lake Arrowhead.  The Green Valley Lake, Arrow Bear, and Running Springs communities are under evacuation.  Reports indicate water pressure in local systems was lost and conditions were too harsh for fighters to continue efforts in some areas. The fire has burned a camp owned by the Boy Scouts of America's local council, the California Inland Empire Council, called "Camp Helendade."  Helendade was originally given to the council in 1960 to replace another camp that had been burned.

 Grass Valley Fire
The Grass Valley Fire is burning just north of Lake Arrowhead.  An online appeal from firefighters near the blaze at Lake Arrowhead showed that resources were spread thin:
"Immediate threat to 100 structures and possible threat to thousands ... Multiple downed power lines. IC (Incident Command) asking for resources from anywhere ... Lack of resources hindering suppression efforts. Unable to fly aircraft. All local engines are depleted."

 Martin Fire
The fire began near Martin Ranch Road and Meyers Road.

 Walker Fire
This fire was in the Ontario, California area.  It damaged several buildings.

 Devore and Glen Helen Fires or Cajon Fire
Together the fires made it a must to close Interstate 15 in the Cajon Pass. One fire was started by an flipped-over semi-truck. This fire has burned 250 acres. It is currently 50 percent under control. 107 firefighters are assigned to this fire.
 Little Mountain Fire
The Little Mountain fire threatens several homes and other structures.

Santa Barbara County

 Sedgewick Fire
The Sedgewick Fire was the farthest north of the October 2007 California wildfires.  It started around 6:00 a.m. PST on October 21, 2007 from a falling power line.  The fire burned a total of  near Los Olivos.  Approximately 2000 people were affected and 800 homes threatened before the fire was all under control around 5:00 p.m. on October 22.

Riverside County

 Roca Fire
The Roca fire began at 3:52 p.m. on October 21 in Aguanga, and burned  east of Temecula.  The fire was 100% contained on October 22.  One home was destroyed and one injury was reported from the fire.

 Rosa Fire
The Rosa fire began at 11:00 p.m. on October 22 in western Temecula and has burned .  There are people who have to leave and closed roads in this area.  The fire is 50% under control; 100% expected by October 24 at 6 p.m.

Wind and weather

The fires are occurring in a very dry area and they are being exacerbated by seasonal winds called the Santa Ana winds.  The San Diego Union Tribune reported, "Santa Ana winds blowing up to 60 mph combined with temperatures into the 90s to create in the worst possible fire conditions."

Southern California is in the midst of an unusual drought; in Los Angeles, California, with only 3.21 in (82 mm) of precipitation in the entire 2006-2007 rain season, it is the driest year on record, receiving less rain than Death Valley in a normal year.

The Santa Ana winds  are warm, dry winds that characteristically appear in Southern California and Northern Baja California weather during autumn and early winter.  Santa Anas are a type of föhn wind, the result of air pressure buildup in the high-altitude Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. This high energy wind spills out of the Great Basin and is pulled by gravity into the surrounding lowlands. The air circulates clockwise around the high pressure area bringing winds from the east and northeast to Southern California (the reverse of the westerly winds characteristic of the latitude).  The air heats up due to adiabatic heating while being compressed during its descent. While the air has already been dried by orographic lift prior to reaching the Great Basin, the relative humidity of the air declines rapidly as it descends and warms in its final stages as it passes over the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges.

The air is then forced down the mountain slopes out towards the Pacific coast; the air mass is further heated by compression as it drops in altitude before reaching the Los Angeles Basin, western San Diego County and Tijuana (Baja California) at typical speeds of 35 knots. The southern California coastal region gets some of its hottest weather of the year during autumn while Santa Ana winds are blowing. During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts and the humidity plummets to less than 15%.

As the Santa Ana winds are channeled through the mountain passes they can approach hurricane force. The combination of wind, heat, and dryness turns the chaparral into explosive fuel for the infamous wildfires the region is known for. Wildfires fanned by Santa Ana winds burned 721,791 acres (2,921 km²) in two weeks during October 2003.

As of October 22, the high wind conditions were expected to continue to hamper firefighting for three additional days.

At around 12:30 PM, officials believed that some of the fires have began generating their own winds, similar to the Oakland Firestorm of 1991.

Impact

On October 21, the Harris Fire damaged and disabled the Southwest Power Link, a 500,000-volt power line from Arizona to San Diego. Power outages were reported in Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and other counties on October 22 to 333,500 Southern California Edison customers, most being restored within 24 hours. The power outage also affected the areas of Ojai, Oxnard, Simi Valley, Santa Clarita, Thousand Oaks, Rialto, Fontana, San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Mira Loma, Hesperia, Corona, Bloomington, Irvine, Calimesa and Rubidoux. This outage also caused 230 people to be without power in Malibu. The California Independent System Operator Corp, or California ISO, declared an energy transmission emergency in southern California on October 23, due to wildfires affecting the lines. 500,000-, 230,000- and 138,000-volt lines were disabled in San Diego, and some lines in other areas were also disabled. 24,992 lost power, due to lack of power from the power grid.

The San Diego Community College District on October 22, 2007 initially closed Miramar College, followed by Mesa College and selected Continuing Education sites in the northern area of the District.  Effective at 3:00 p.m. the same day all colleges, campuses and sites of the San Diego Community College District were closed and would remain so through at least October 23, 2007.  Students and faculty were urged to seek an update on possible closures on October 23 after 5:00pm local time.  Numerous other schools, businesses and universities have closed as well, including California State University, San Marcos, San Diego State University, UC San Diego, the University of San Diego and the San Diego Wild Animal Park.  Classes for Tuesday, October 23 have been canceled for all of San Diego Unified School District and Sweetwater Union High School District as well as all other districts in the county and all schools in the municipalities of Tijuana, Tecate and Rosarito, located across the border in Baja California, Mexico.

In the Santa Clarita area, classes and events were cancelled at College of the Canyons and CalArts; local public schools were cancelled as well.  All public schools were closed in Malibu, and there were some school closings in Orange County, Ventura County and San Bernardino County.

By mid-morning on October 22, 2007, thousands of evacuees were taking shelter in Qualcomm Stadium and other locations throughout San Diego.  On the afternoon of October 22, 2007, the Marines were evacuating some planes from Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to other military bases in California and Arizona.  The San Diego Wild Animal Park moved some animals to the on-site animal hospital for their protection.

As of October 22 2007, with Qualcomm Stadium still hosting evacuees, the San Diego State University football team was still planning to host their Saturday game against BYU in the stadium.  Some players and coaches have been affected by evacuations.  Numerous San Diego area high schools canceled games and practices at least through October 242007.  With many players from the San Diego Chargers affected by evacuations, the team has moved practices to Arizona and they may move their upcoming game there as well.

Response

Government agencies and volunteers worked together to mitigate the effects of the fires. According to the state of California's Consolidated Response web page, "There are 17 active fires in Southern California.  The priority for fighting fires as of 1930 on October 21 is the Buckweed, Witch, Harris, Canyon, Ranch, Santiago, and Sedgewick Fires."

With many businesses and schools closed, some people used their time off to help others.  Officials estimated that 10,000 people were gathered at Qualcomm stadium, the largest shelter point in San Diego.  Besides food, blankets and water, volunteers provided toys for children, massages, and a live rock and roll band performance.  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opened ten of its churches as temporary shelters and, at the request of the mayor of San Diego, delivered two truckloads of blankets and processed food to evacuees in Qualcomm Stadium.

The Salvation Army The Salvation Army USA Western Territory: Southern California Fires: The Salvation Army Helps First Responders, Evacuees is providing food, water and comfort to firefighters, police and others affected by the blaze.

The Navy and Marines were also helping in San Diego.  Six crews from the Navy's Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 85 based at Naval Air Station North Island have been assigned to battle the Witch Creek fire.  They fly MH-60 Seahawk helicopters which have a 420-gallon water bucket and they are the only local Navy teams trained to fight fires from the air. Marine Corps Air Station Miramar has contributed several aircraft as well as fire fighting trucks to operations based in Ramona.

California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires burned.  President George W. Bush declared a federal disaster for the seven counties and scheduled a Thursday, October 25, 2007 visit to the region.

References

Other websites

 CNN updates
 Los Angeles Times Breaking News
 SanDiego.gov Emergency Fire Information
 Google map showing fire locations and information on their size and containment
 Google map with detailed information relevant to San Diego
 SignOnSanDiego fire blog
 Fire maps
 State of California Consolidated Report on Fires
 The San Bernardino Sun and Inland Valley Daily Bulletin fire blog
 The San Bernardino Sun's Fire Updates
 KPBS updates via Twitter

2007 in California
2000s disasters in the United States
Natural disasters in the United States
Fires in California
2007 disasters

October 2007 California wildfires


A Kiss in the Dreamhouse is the fifth studio album by British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. It was released on 5 November 1982 by Polydor Records. The record marked a change of musical direction, as the group used strings for the first time and experimented in the studio. Guitarist John McGeoch played more instruments, including recorder and piano. For Julian Marszalek of The Quietus, the release proved the Banshees to be "one of the great British psychedelic bands."

Both a critical and commercial success, A Kiss in the Dreamhouse peaked at No. 11 on the UK Albums Chart. A 180g vinyl LP reissue of the album, remastered from the original ¼" tapes and cut half-speed at Abbey Road Studios by Miles Showell, was released in September 2018.

In April 2023, a clear and gold marbled vinyl edition was released for Record Store Day via several independent stores and websites.

Background, production and music
The band held back from writing after the success of 1981's Juju. During the spring of 1982, they went on tour in Scandinavia with three tracks completed: "Cascade", "Painted Bird" and "Green Fingers". When they returned to the studio in July, the group embarked on a week of improvisation sparked off by a tape-looped section of the orchestral version of "Fireworks", a non-album single they had released in May. Other numbers followed easily. Siouxsie didn't want to use synthesizers for the arrangements:"Fireworks" indicated the direction we wanted for the album. We wanted strings... John [McGeoch] wanted a machine but Steven [Severin] and I said it had to be real strings. They give a real, earthy, rich sound. You could hear the strings spitting and breathing and wheezing. Me and Steve have always wanted our music to be performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. We've always thought our songs would suit orchestration. Real strings have a very physical sound".

A Kiss in the Dreamhouse was the first album on which the Banshees really exploited the possibilities of the studio. They allowed themselves to be inspired by sounds. Engineer Mike Hedges, who was interested in vocals, put different effects on Siouxsie's voice and multi-layered it. Hedges also encouraged them to fiddle with effects; if the band came up with something off-the-wall, he'd want to top it.

According to the band, A Kiss in the Dreamhouse was probably their most experimental work. The album contains recorders, chimes, tubular bells, loops and many vocal overdubs. Consequence of Sound described the album as the band's "own form of neo-psychedelic rock."

The personal dynamics associated with the period in which A Kiss in the Dreamhouse was recorded were often less than healthy. The band's recently fired manager and Siouxsie's former partner, Nils Stevenson, had become obsessive in response to her developing relationship with Budgie. The band spent long hours in the studio, fuelled by drink and drugs. According to Uncut writer Garry Mulholland, the "stunningly beautiful music" of Dreamhouse was "a product of addiction, stress, old, sick love and new, dangerous love, money woes and a darkness that would eventually claim three lives".

Title and artwork

The title of the album came to Severin after watching a programme about Hollywood prostitutes in the 1940s who had cosmetic surgery to look like stars, so they could get more clients. The "Dreamhouse" was a brothel in Los Angeles that actually existed where people could meet perfect replicas of the stars of the time, women like Mae West.

The quote in the inner sleeve, "Nellie the Elephant packed his trunk and said goodbye to the circus", referred to longtime former manager Stevenson (nicknamed "Nellie"), who was fired before the recording of the album.

The album's artwork was inspired by the paintings of Gustav Klimt. As the Banshees achieved the richness they desired, they wanted "a really colourful sleeve with lots of gold and deep colours because we felt the music was very rich".

Critical reception

The UK music press was unanimous in its praise for the album on its release. NME'''s Richard Cook considered it innovative: "A Kiss in the Dreamhouse is a feat of imagination scarcely ever recorded. It's breathtaking. Somehow, a bold assurance of intention has met with a hunger for experimenting with sound to expand an already formidable group of songs into pure, open-minded ambiguity. The flesh of the song will balloon out or contort into unimaginable patterns; indecipherable echoes volley between the walls of the recording; glassy, splintered tones pierce the luxuriant sheen of the mix. Repeated listens trick the sense of balance; tremendous risks are taken." Cook finished his review by saying, "I promise. This music will take your breath away." Another journalist of the NME Paul Du Noyer wrote that A Kiss in the Dreamhouse was "a real departure from rock tradition" and "maybe even their best [album]".Melody Maker's Steve Sutherland also welcomed the new musical direction: "The Banshees achieve an awesome, effective new pop without so much as a theory or qualm. Dreamhouse is an intoxicating achievement". Critic David Cleary of AllMusic would later describe the single "Slowdive" as "a violin-colored dance beat number", with "a catchy melodic hook away from being the real thing", and positively assessed the album, saying, "This fine platter is well worth purchasing".

In 2006, music historian Garry Mulholland included it in his book Fear of Music about the 261 greatest albums since 1976.

In their 2009 review of the reissued album, The Quietus wrote: "The result was their most colourful and – ahem – kaleidoscopic collection yet". Critic Julian Marszalek commented that the album's music is "fundamentally pop, yet unafraid to revel in a quirkiness born of altered states. A deliberate shift from the overt darkness of its predecessor, Juju". Marszalek qualified the work of guitarist McGeoch as "a seamless beauty", and wrote that "Siouxsie's voice achieves a sense of strength and maturity". The journalist concluded the review by noting that "Siouxsie and the Banshees weren't afraid to stretch themselves. Here was a band that dared to challenge itself as much as their listeners".

 Legacy
Several bands later covered and sampled songs from this album. LCD Soundsystem released a version of "Slowdive" as the B-side to their single "Disco Infiltrator"; it was also included on their Introns compilation in 2006. The Beta Band sampled the live Nocturne version of "Painted Bird" on their track "Liquid Bird", issued on their 2003 album Heroes to Zeros.

 Track listing

Personnel

Siouxsie and the Banshees
 Siouxsie Sioux – vocals, bells on "Obsession", production
 Steven Severin – bass guitar, six-string bass guitar on "Slowdive", organ on "Painted Bird", production
 John McGeoch –  guitar, keyboards on "Cocoon", "Circle" and "Cascade", recorder on "Green Fingers", production
 Budgie – drums, percussion, harmonica on "Slowdive", production

 Additional personnel
 Caroline Lavelle – cello on "Obsession"
 Alison Briggs – cello on "Obsession"
 Anne Stephenson – violin on "Obsession" and "Slowdive"
 Virginia Hewes – violin on "Obsession" and "Slowdive"

 Production and artwork
 Mike Hedges – engineering
 Rocking Russian – sleeve design
 Michael Kostiff – sleeve photography and set

Charts

Certifications

References

Sources

 Mulholland, Garry. A Kiss in the Dreamhouse,  Uncut, November 2012, pp 16–21
 Paytress, Mark. Siouxsie & the Banshees: The Authorised Biography''. Sanctuary, 2003.

Siouxsie and the Banshees albums
1982 albums
Polydor Records albums
Geffen Records albums

A Kiss in the Dreamhouse


Adam Osborne (March 6, 1939 – March 18, 2003) was a British American author, software publisher, and computer designer who founded several companies in the United States and elsewhere. He introduced the Osborne 1, the first commercially successful portable computer.

Early life
Osborne was born to British parents in Bangkok, Thailand on March 6, 1939. His father, Arthur Osborne, was a teacher of eastern religion and philosophy and a lecturer in English at Chulalongkorn University. All members of the family were fluent in the Tamil language. He spent World War II in Tiruvannamalai,southern India, with his mother. There they were frequent visitors to Sri Ramana Maharshi's Ashram  He attended Presentation Convent School in Kodaikanal until Class 6. In 1950, the Osborne family moved back to England. From the age of 11, he was educated at a Catholic boarding school in Warwickshire but from 1954 to 1957 was a pupil at the grammar school Leamington College for Boys, where he played chess. He graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Birmingham in 1961, and received his PhD from the University of Delaware in 1968. It was while living in the United States that he learned to write computer code. He obtained a position as a chemical engineer with Shell Oil, in California, but was dismissed.

Publishing
Osborne was a pioneer in the computer book field, founding a company in 1972 that specialized in easy-to-read computer manuals. By 1977, Osborne & Associates had 40 titles in its catalogue. In 1979, it was bought by McGraw-Hill and continued as an imprint of McGraw-Hill, "McGraw-Hill/Osborne". He also wrote several books. One of them, An Introduction To Microcomputers, sold 300,000 copies.

Computers

Osborne was known to frequent the Homebrew Computer Club's meetings around 1975. He created the first commercially available portable computer, the Osborne 1, released in April 1981. It weighed 24.5 pounds (12 kg), cost US$1795—just over half the cost of a computer from other manufacturers with comparable features—and ran the popular CP/M 2.2 operating system. It was designed to fit under an airline seat. At its peak, Osborne Computer Corporation shipped 10,000 units of "Osborne 1" per month. Osborne was one of the first personal computing pioneers to understand fully that there was a wide market of buyers who were not computing hobbyists: the Osborne 1 included word processing and spreadsheet software. This was at a time when IBM would not bundle hardware and software with their PCs, selling separately the operating systems, monitors, and even cables for the monitor.

Adam Osborne's experience in the computer industry gave his new company credibility. Osborne Computer Corporation advertisements compared Adam Osborne's influence on the personal computer market to Henry Ford's influence on transportation. It is said that in 1983, Osborne bragged about two advanced new computers his company was developing. These statements destroyed consumer demand for the Osborne 1, and the resulting inventory glut forced Osborne Computer to file for bankruptcy on September 13, 1983. This phenomenon, a pre-announcement of a new product causing a catastrophic collapse in demand for older ones, became known as the Osborne effect, but according to some new sources, the real reasons for Osborne Computer's bankruptcy were management errors and insufficient cash flow.

Hypergrowth
After Osborne Computer's collapse, Adam Osborne wrote a best-selling memoir of his experience, Hypergrowth: The Rise and Fall of the Osborne Computer Corporation, with John C. Dvorak, which was published in 1984.

Software

In 1984, Osborne founded Paperback Software International Ltd., a company that specialized in inexpensive computer software. Its advertisements featured Osborne himself, arguing that if telephone companies applied the same logic to their pricing as software companies, a telephone would cost $600. One of its products was VP-Planner, an inexpensive clone of Lotus 1-2-3, which led to legal action. In 1987, Lotus sued Paperback Software. As a result of the lawsuit, consumer confidence waned for Paperback Software, and its revenues dropped 80% by 1989, preventing the firm from getting venture capital for expansion. In February 1990, the case went to court and on June 28, the court ruled that Paperback Software's product, by copying Lotus 1-2-3's look and feel menu interface, violated Lotus's copyright. Osborne stepped down from Paperback Software the same year. Paperback's database application, VP-Info continued to sell well for many more years, and acquired a second life as Sharkbase.

His final venture, in 1992, was to found the company Noetics Software, to work on artificial intelligence.

Personal life and death

Osborne was a member of Mensa. He married – and divorced – twice, firstly in the mid-1960s, to Cynthia Geddes, an American, and later to Barbara Burdick (Zelnick). Osborne had three children. Both former wives and all his children survived him.

In 1992, Osborne returned to India in declining health, suffering from a brain disorder that triggered frequent minor strokes. He died in his sleep on March 18, 2003, in Kodaikanal, India, aged 64.

References

External links
 Adam Osborne, pioneer of PCs for people: dead at 64
 The Register – Portable computer pioneer Adam Osborne dies
 The Computer Chronicles (broadcast in 1984) – Adam Osborne is interviewed by Stewart Cheifet and Gary Kildall

1939 births
2003 deaths
Computer hardware engineers
English emigrants to India
English emigrants to the United States
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
British Hindus
20th-century British businesspeople
University of Delaware alumni
Mensans
British technology writers

Adam Osborne


Lawrence A. Oxley (1887–1973) was one among 45 prominent black community leaders appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to what was called his Black Cabinet, positions in numerous executive agencies and to serve as advisers during his administration. He served with the federal government until 1957. As the Director of the Division of Work among Negroes (1925-1934) in North Carolina, the first state office of its kind, he created programs which other states used as models.

Early life and education
Lawrence A. Oxley was born in 1887 in Massachusetts and attended public schools in Boston and Cambridge, also studying at Harvard. He served with the US Army during World War I, earning the rank of lieutenant.

Career
After working in field community service positions in Ohio, West Virginia and other states, in 1925, Oxley was appointed in North Carolina as Director of the new Division of Work Among Negroes, a branch of the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare. The division was "the first of its kind in the nation" and due to Oxely's success in developing programs, it became a model for other states.

Oxley studied the lives and social conditions of African Americans; and developed self-help initiatives. He promoted social welfare programs that addressed issues of job readiness and social functioning. He emphasized the need to strengthen community efforts with funding and professionally trained social workers, a relatively new profession that developed in the late 19th and early 20th century. Oxley was a strong advocate for unemployment assistance, despite North Carolina's reluctance to extend such relief to the black community. In addition, he improved hospital care and prison reform, as well as encouraging the development of statewide services available to blacks in Appalachia, such as an orthopedic hospital.

During this period, Oxley also taught for a few years as an instructor at St. Augustine's College, a historically black college (HBCU) in the capital of Raleigh, North Carolina. Oxley used his affiliation with the Bishop Tuttle School of School Work to build collaboration between the College and the Division of Work. He supported the education of black social workers and helped them find positions in state and local governments. (Branch, 1992)  By 1934, when Oxley left the state for federal service, African-American social workers were in public agencies in 40 counties.

In 1934, Oxley was appointed to the US Department of Labor, one of 45 prominent black community leaders selected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration for positions in the federal government in Washington, DC. In addition to working on programs in their respective areas in executive agencies, the appointees served as unofficial advisers to the president on issues dealing New Deal programs and their impact on African-American communities during the Great Depression. Oxley worked on programs to improve employment opportunities for African Americans. In 1937, he published "Government Employment and Negro Youth", an article encouraging use of the U.S. Employment Services opportunities. By publishing in a widely read journal, Oxley used an existing network to distribute information about government programs.

Oxley continued to serve with the federal government until 1957, acting as an advocate for the elderly.  His work was an example of combining scholarship and practice. While leading efforts in state and federal government to change approaches to welfare, he published articles and reports about issues in the black community. He was a pioneer in social work and state government's providing  social welfare. He was considered "one of the most influential state welfare leaders of his time".

Personal
He joined Omega Psi Phi, the first African-American fraternity founded at a historically black college. (It was founded at Howard University.)  He was elected as its Grand Basileus (1932-1935).

References

External links
"Accomplishments of Beta Phi Brothers", Beta Phi Chapter, Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc.

Further reading
John L. Bell, "Lawrence Augusta Oxley: The Beginnings of Social Work among Blacks in North Carolina Counties", Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association, 4 (1991)

1887 births
1973 deaths
American civil rights activists
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
American trade union leaders
American social workers
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
Black Cabinet
United States Army personnel of World War I
African Americans in World War I
African-American United States Army personnel

Lawrence A. Oxley


Louise cake or Louise slice is a baked New Zealand sweet dish that consists of raspberry jam and coconut-flavoured meringue on a shortbread base.

It has been suggested that the cake was created to celebrate the wedding of Princess Louise (one of Queen Victoria's daughters) in 1871. A recipe for Louise cake was shared in the Otago Witness newspaper in October 1927.

In her 2022 bilingual cookbook Whānaukai: Feel-good baking to share aroha and feed hungry tummies, Auckland baker and former Whakaata Māori  presenter, Naomi Toilalo, translated Louise cake into te reo Māori as Keke Rahipere Me Te Kokonati (raspberry and coconut cake).

Recipe

The base of Louise cake is shortbread, made from eggs, sugar, butter and flour. The shortbread layer is topped with raspberry jam, followed by a layer of meringue with coconut mixed into it. Although not traditional, some bakers nowadays decorate the cake with raspberries, either fresh or crushed freeze-dried. Other modern variations on the recipe replace the layer of raspberry jam with plum or kiwifruit jam, stewed rhubarb or lemon curd.

References

New Zealand cuisine
New Zealand desserts

Louise cake


Sir Alan Charles Laurence Whistler   (21 January 1912 – 19 December 2000) was a British glass engraver and poet. He was both the first President of the British Guild of Glass Engravers and the first recipient of the King's Gold Medal for Poetry.

Early life
Whistler was a son of builder and estate agent Henry Whistler and Helen Frances Mary, daughter of Rev. Charles Slegg Ward, vicar of Wootton St Lawrence in Hampshire, whose wife, Jessy, was granddaughter of the goldsmith and silversmith Paul Storr. He was educated at Stowe School.

Career
In 1935, Whistler became the first recipient of the King's Gold Medal for Poetry. Verse works of his included 'The Emperor Heart' ; 'Four Walls'; 'Armed October and other Poems'; and 'In Time of Suspense', in 1940, published by William Heinemann. He also wrote a biography, 'Sir John Vanbrugh, Architect and Dramatist'. However, he began engraving to supplement his income, and later largely turned away from verse.

He engraved on goblets and bowls blown to his own designs, and (increasingly, as he became more celebrated) on large-scale panels and windows for churches and private houses. He also engraved on three-sided prisms, some of them designed to revolve on a small turntable so that the prism's internal reflections completed the image. The best-known of these was done as a memorial to his elder brother, Rex Whistler.

His early works include a casket for the Queen Mother, and a hinged glass triptych to hold her daily schedule. Other engravings of his can be found, for example, in Salisbury, where his family lived during part of his childhood, including a pair of memorial panels with quotations by T. S. Eliot, and the Rex Prism in the Morning Chapel, both in Salisbury Cathedral; at the Ashmolean Museum; at Balliol College, Oxford where he was an undergraduate, and St Hugh's College, Oxford, where he also designed the Swan Gates leading from the college grounds onto Canterbury Road; at Stowe House in Stowe, Buckinghamshire; at the village church of St Nicholas at Moreton, Dorset, where every window was engraved by him over about 30 years; and in the Corning Museum of Glass (USA).

In 1947, Whistler created one of the wedding gifts for Princess Elizabeth, a glass goblet engraved with the words of a 1613 poem by Thomas Campion, written for the marriage of Elizabeth of Bohemia, daughter of James I.

Honours
Whistler's many honours included an OBE in the 1955 New Years Honours List and a CBE in the 1973 Queen's Birthday Honours List. In the 2000 Queen's Birthday Honours List, not long before his death at the age of 88, he was created a Knight Bachelor.

In 1975, he became the first President of the newly founded British Guild of Glass Engravers.

Personal life
In 1939, Whistler married the actress Jill Furse. Their son, Simon (1940–2005) was a musician and also a notable glass engraver. Jill died in 1944, of blood poisoning, soon after giving birth to a daughter Caroline; Laurence's brother, Rex Whistler, died the same year. In 1950, he married Jill's younger sister, Theresa (1927–2007), and they had two children Daniel and Frances; the marriage was later dissolved. In 1987, he married a third time to Carol Dawson, but was divorced in 1991.  For much of his life he lived at Little Place, Silver Street, Lyme Regis, Dorset.

References
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Whistler, Sir (Alan Charles) Laurence (1912–2000), glass engraver, writer, and architectural historian, by Robin Ravilious
The Initials in the Heart. Michael Russell Publishing Ltd. (June 2000)
Point Engraving on Glass (The Decorative Arts Library). Walker Books Ltd. (September 1997),
The Laughter and the Urn: The Life of Rex Whistler. Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd (January 1986)
The Image on the Glass. Cupid Press (1975),
Stowe: Guide to the Gardens. E. N. Hillier & Sons, 3rd (further revised) edition (January 1, 1974)

1912 births
2000 deaths
English engravers
Glass engravers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
20th-century English poets
English male poets
20th-century English male writers
English biographers
Male biographers
British glass artists
20th-century engravers
People educated at Stowe School

Laurence Whistler


The Barter Network is a commercial trading network of companies in the United States founded in 2006 by Bergenske Enterprises, Inc. of which G. Jason Bergenske, President and CEO owns 100% of the corporation's shares. The Barter Network has grown to over 700 companies. These companies trade among each other using a medium of exchange called a trade dollar.

Operation
Upon joining the TBN network, members agree to accept TBN Trade Dollars, instead of USD legal tender, when they sell to another TBN member. The trade dollars are electronically (via telephone or internet) transferred by the seller from the buyer's trade dollar account. TBN members also agree to sell their goods and services on par with their cash everyday selling price.

History

The Barter Network originally opened its doors in 2006 in Sanford, Florida just outside Orlando. In November 2007 they outgrew their offices and moved to Winter Park, Florida.

Corporate governance
G. Jason Bergenske, Chief Executive Officer

Growth

Their trade volume for 2006 was $786K
Their trade volume for 2007 was $1.06 million in 2007.
Their trade volume for 2008 was $1.8 million, an increase of 58% over $1.06 million in 2007.
Their trade volume for 2009 was $2.7 million
Their trade volume for 2010 was $4.2 million

Media Interests
NEWS ARTICLE: A bartering boom has hit Central Florida as Orlando-area businesses try to survive in today's economy using The Barter Network system.

ON TELEVISION: A bartering boom has hit Central Florida as Orlando-area businesses try to survive in today's economy using The Barter Network system.

Tax implications
In the United States, it is generally not possible to avoid income taxes by bartering one's services. According to the IRS, "The fair market value of goods and services exchanged must be included in the income of both parties." The barter in many cases must be reported on Form 1099-B and Schedule C.

Industry associations
 International Drive Chamber of Commerce.
 Central Florida International Chamber of Commerce
 World Connect Chamber of Commerce

See also
 List of international trade topics
 Local currency
 Local Exchange Trading System
 Natural economy
 Private currency

References

External links
 The Barter Network
 International Reciprocal Trade Association
 National Association of Trade Exchanges

Banking in the United States
Banking organizations
Organizations based in Florida
Organizations established in 2006
Winter Park, Florida

The Barter Network


Jacques were a British alternative rock band, formed as a side project by Anthony Reynolds and Matthew Scott, singer and guitarist with Jack. They released two albums and several EPs between 1997 and 2001.

History
Their first album, How to Make Love Volume 1, produced by Momus and recorded in seven days, was released in 1997 to mixed and extreme reviews. The band, at this point consisting of Reynolds, Scott and violinist Ruth Gottlieb (who would also play on Jack's The Jazz Age) played shows in the UK and Paris in support of the album.

Their rapid-fire approach to recording continued with the Five Finger Discount EP, a collaboration with poet Kirk Lane, recorded over Christmas 1997.

Second album To Stars, recorded in 1999 and released the following year, featured a more expansive sound and was received more warmly by critics. Produced by former U2 engineer Rob Kirwaun, it featured contributions by Bryan Mills of the Divine Comedy, among others.

A mooted third album, Happiness, was abandoned when the band were dropped by their record label, Setanta.

They went on to release a pair of EPs in 2001 for the Spanish Acaruela label, but have been inactive since.

Discography

Albums
 How to Make Love Volume 1 (Setanta, 1997)
 To Stars (Setanta, 2000)

Singles / EPs
 "Five Finger Discount" (I Records, 1997)
 Faster Than Beauty EP (Mistemacbari, 1999)
 "Blue Party" (Setanta, 2000)
 Roses for Ashes EP (Acaruela, 2001)
 Romantic EP (Acaruela, 2001)

References

Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
English alternative rock groups

Jacques (band)


The carob is a species of flowering evergreen tree  in the pea family, Fabaceae. Its  scientific name is Ceratonia siliqua L.

It is widely grown for its edible pods, and as an ornamental tree in gardens. The ripe, dried pod is often ground to carob powder, which is used to replace cocoa powder. Carob bars, an alternative to chocolate bars, are often available in health-food stores.

Names
The tree is known in English as carob tree, St John's-bread or locust bean (not to be confused with the African locust bean).

The word carob, used commonly for the fruit, comes from Middle French carobe (modern ), which borrowed it from Arabic  (kharrūb, "locust bean pod").

Common names in some other languages are:
 , caroubier

 , caroba

Ceratonia siliqua, the scientific name of the carob tree given by Carolus Linnaeus to this plant, comes from the Greek kerátiοn κεράτιον 'fruit of the carob (from keras κέρας 'horn'), and Latin siliqua "pod, carob".

The carat, a unit of mass for gemstones, and of purity for gold, takes its name, indirectly, from the Greek word for a carob seed, kerátion.

Description

The carob tree grows up to  tall. The crown (the upper part of tree)  is broad and semispherical, supported by a thick trunk with brown rough bark and solid and firm branches. Leaves are  long, alternate and compound.

Most carob trees are dioecious (with separate male an female plants) but some are hermaphrodite. The male trees do not produce fruit. The trees blossom in autumn. The flowers are small and in an inflorescence axis in racemes like catkins; the pollination is by both wind and insects.

The fruit is a legume (also known as a pod). The pods take a full year to develop and ripen. The sweet ripe pods eventually fall to the ground and are eaten by various mammals (goats, sheep, cows), and so the hard seeds are dispersed.

Where it grows
The carob tree is native to the Cyprus island, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey.

It is generally found within 30-45°N and 30-40°S and from sea level to an altitude of .

It has been introduced into regions with a similar Mediterranean climate.

Uses

Food

Carob eaten by humans is the dried (and sometimes roasted) pod. The pod have 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) within a sweet thick pulp substance.

Carob is mildly sweet and is used in powdered, chip, or syrup form as an ingredient in cakes and cookies, and as a substitute for chocolate. Carob bars are widely available in health food stores. A traditional sweet, eaten during Lent and Good Friday, is also made from carob pods in Malta.

Carob pod meal is used as an energy-rich feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, though its high tannin content may limit its use.

Syrup, drinks
In Cyprus, carob syrup is known as Cyprus's black gold, and is widely exported. In Malta, a syrup (ġulepp tal-ħarrub) is made out of carob pods. Carob syrup is also used in Crete as a natural sweetener, and is considered a natural source of calcium. It contains three times more calcium than milk. It is also rich in iron, phosphorus, and natural fibers (Due to its strong taste, it can be found mixed with orange or chocolate).

Carob juice drinks are traditionally drunk during the Islamic month of Ramadan. Crushed pods may be used to make a beverage; compote, liqueur, and syrup are made from carob in Turkey, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. Several studies suggest that carob may aid in treating diarrhea in infants.

Ornamental
C. siliqua is widely planted in the horticultural as an ornamental plant for planting in Mediterranean climate and other temperate regions around the world, as in California and Hawaii. The plant can be used as a dense and large hedge.

Production
According to FAO, the top carob-producing countries are (in metric tonnes, 2012): Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
 40,000 (F)
 30,841
 23,000 (F)
 22,000 (F)
 20,500 (F)
 14,218
 5,186
 3,136
 2,300 (F)

(F) = FAO estimate

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Ceratonia in Encyclopedia of Life
 Ceratonia L. in Global Biodiversity Information Facility

 Carob recipes, Cooks.com.
 Purdue Univ: Fruits of Warm Climates: Carob treatment - horticulture and cultivars, species and native habitat treatment.

Fabaceae
Fruits

Carob


Saudia (     ), wanda aka fi sani da Saudi Arabian Airlines (  ), shi ne mai ɗaukar tuta na Saudi Arabia, wanda ke Jeddah .   A kamfanin jirgin sama na babban aiki tushe ne a King Abdulaziz International Airport a Jeddah . Filin jirgin sama na Sarki Khalid da ke Riyadh da filin jirgin sama na King Fahd da ke Damam sune manyan cibiyoyi. Jirgin shi ne na uku mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya wajen samun kuɗaɗen shiga, bayan Emirates da Qatar Airways .  Yana tafiyar da jirage na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje zuwa sama da wurare guda 85 a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Ana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jirage na gida da na waje, galibi a lokacin azumin Ramadan da na Hajji . Ya shiga kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a ranar 29 ga Watan Mayu shekara ta 2012 ya zama dillalan Fasha na farko da ya shiga daya daga cikin manyan kawancen jiragen sama guda uku. Saudia mamba ce kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar jiragen saman Larabawa .

Tarihi

Shekarun farko

Lokacin da shugaban Amurka Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya ba da jirgin Douglas DC-3 a matsayin kyauta ga Sarki Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud a shekara ta 1945, taron ya nuna yadda masarautar ta samu ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a hankali. An kafa kamfanin jigilar tutar kasar, Saudia, a matsayin jirgin saman Saudi Arabiya a watan Satumban shekara ta 1945  a matsayin cikakkiyar hukuma ta gwamnati a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro, tare da TWA (Trans World Airlines) yana tafiyar da kamfanin jirgin karkashin kwangilar gudanarwa.

Filin jirgin saman Kandara da aka rushe a yanzu, wanda ke kusa da Jeddah, ya kasance babban sansanin mai ɗaukar tuta. Daga cikin ayyukan farko na kamfanin har da wani jirgi na musamman daga Lydda ( Lod ) na kasar Falasdinu (yau a Isra'ila, wurin filin jirgin sama na Ben-Gurion), da izinin Biritaniya a wancan lokacin, don jigilar alhazai zuwa Jeddah. Kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da jiragen DC-3 guda biyar don kaddamar da ayyukan da aka tsara a kan hanyar Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran a watan Maris na shekara ta 1947. Hidimar sa ta farko ta duniya tsakanin Jeddah da Alkahira. Hidima zuwa Beirut, Karachi  da Damascus ya biyo baya a farkon shekara ta 1948. A shekara mai zuwa an karɓi farkon na biyar na Bristol 170s. Wadannan jiragen sun baiwa kamfanin jirgin saman sassaucin daukar fasinjoji da kaya.

A cikin shekara ta 1962, jirgin sama ya ɗauki Boeing 720s guda biyu, ya zama jirgin sama na huɗu na Gabas ta Tsakiya don tashi jirage jet, bayan Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya da Cyprus Airways tare da de Havilland Comet a shekara ta 1960 da El Al tare da Boeing 707 a shekara ta 1961.  A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1963, kamfanin jirgin ya zama kamfani mai rijista, inda Sarki Faisal na Saudiyya ya rattaba hannu kan takardar da ta ayyana Saudiyya a matsayin kamfani mai cikakken 'yanci. Daga baya aka sayi DC-6s da Boeing 707s, kuma kamfanin jirgin ya shiga AACO, Kungiyar Masu Jiragen Sama na Larabawa . An fara hidima a Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Mumbai, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, da kuma London .

A cikin shekara ta 1970s, an gabatar da sabon livery. An canza sunan mai ɗaukar kaya zuwa Saudia a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1972. An sayi Boeing 737s da Fokker F-28s, tare da 737s suka maye gurbin Douglas DC-9 . Kamfanin jirgin ya fara gudanar da sabis na Boeing 747s na farko a cikin 1977 lokacin da aka yi hayar Jumbo Jet uku daga Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma aka tura su a sashin London . An fara jigilar jigilar kayayyaki na farko tsakanin Saudi Arabiya da Turai, kuma an fara jigilar Lockheed L-1011s da Fairchild FH-27 . Sabbin ayyuka, gami da Arabian Express 'babu jirage masu saukar ungulu' tsakanin Jeddah da Riyadh. An kafa Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Musamman (SFS) a matsayin rukunin na musamman na Saudiyya, kuma tana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na musamman ga dangin sarauta da hukumomin gwamnati. An kuma fara hidima a Roma, da Paris, Muscat, Kano, da kuma Stockholm . Sabis ɗin haɗin gwiwa na Pan Am/Saudia tsakanin Dhahran da Birnin New York ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu shekaea ta 1979.

A cikin 1980s an fara ayyuka irin su Saudia Catering. An fara jirage zuwa Jakarta, Athens, Bangkok, Dhaka, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Madrid, Singapore, Manila, Delhi, Islamabad, Seoul, Baghdad, Amsterdam, Colombo, Nice, Lahore, Brussels, Dakar, Kuala Lumpur da Taipei . Horizon Class, sabis na aji na kasuwanci, an kafa shi don bayar da ingantaccen sabis. An gina wuraren daukar kaya a Brussels da Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, da Cessna Citations kuma an ƙara su a cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa, da Citations na sabis na SFS. A cikin shekara ta 1989 sabis na Larnaca da Addis Ababa ya fara. A ranar 1 ga Watan  Yuli shekara ta 1982, an ƙaddamar da sabis na farko mara tsayawa daga Jeddah zuwa Birnin New York tare da jirgin Boeing 747SP. An bi hanyar Riyadh zuwa New York.

A cikin shekara ta 1990s, an gabatar da ayyuka zuwa Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, DC, Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Malaga (na lokaci), da Sanaa (sake farawa). An gabatar da Boeing 777s, MD-90s da MD-11s . An gabatar da sabbin rigunan mata masu hidimar jirgin da Adnan Akbar ya tsara. An ƙaddamar da sabon shaidar kamfani a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1996, mai ɗauke da fuselage mai launin yashi tare da bambancin wutsiya mai launin shuɗi, wanda tsakiyarsa ya ƙunshi salo mai salo na gidan gidan Saud . An jefar da sunan Saudia a cikin sabunta bayanan, tare da sunan Saudi Arabian Airlines.

Ci gaba tun daga 2000s
A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shwkara ta 2000, Yarima Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , Ministan Tsaro da Jiragen Sama na Saudiyya, ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila don gudanar da bincike don mayar da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Saudi Arabian zuwa kamfanoni. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan, an sake fasalin kamfanin jirgin don ba da izinin raka'a marasa mahimmanci - ciki har da abinci na Saudia, sabis na kula da ƙasa da kulawa da kuma makarantar Prince Sultan Aviation Academy da ke Jeddah - don canza su zuwa rukunin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin riba. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nuna cewa kamfanin jirgin zai iya rasa abin da ya ke da shi na ayyukan cikin gida.

A cikin shekara ta 2006, Saudia ta fara aiwatar da rarraba kanta zuwa Rukunin Kasuwancin Dabarun (SBU); sashin abinci ne aka fara mayar da shi.  A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiyya ta amince da sauya wasu manyan kamfanoni zuwa kamfanoni. An shirya cewa sabis na ƙasa, sabis na fasaha, kaya na iska da kuma Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, sashen likitanci, da kuma sashin abinci, za su zama rassan kamfani na kamfani.

Kamfanin jirgin ya koma zuwa ga takaitaccen sunan sa na Ingilishi Saudia (an yi amfani da shi daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1996) daga Saudi Arabian Airlines (sunan tarihi da ake amfani da shi har zuwa shekara ta 1971 kuma ya sake dawo da shi a 1997) a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2012; An canza sunan ne don murnar shigowar kamfanin cikin kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a wannan rana, kuma wani bangare ne na wani babban yunkurin sake suna.

Saudia ta karbi sabbin jiragen sama 64 a karshen shekarar a shekara ta 2012 (6 daga Boeing da 58 daga Airbus ). Wani jirgin sama 8 Boeing 787-9 ya fara shiga cikin rundunar a cikin shekara ta 2015.

A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016, Saudia sanar halittar wani low-cost na biyu, Flyadeal . An kaddamar da jirgin ne a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun sauyi na SV2020 na Saudia Group, wanda ke da niyyar sauya sassan kungiyar zuwa kungiyoyi masu daraja ta duniya nan da shekara ta 2020. Flyadeal yana hidimar wuraren zuwa gida da yanki, ya fara tashi a tsakiyar shekara ta 2017.

A cikin Afrilu 2021, Saudia Airlines ya ba da sanarwar cewa a ranar 19 ga watan  Afrilu, zai gwada app ɗin wayar hannu da Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (IATA) ta ƙirƙira wanda ke taimaka wa fasinjoji sarrafa bayanan tafiyarsu da takaddunsu ta hanyar dijital.

Kyauta

 Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Mafi Ingantattun Hanyoyin Duniya ' a cikin 2017 ta SkyTrax
 Mafi Ingantattun Jirgin Sama a Duniya a shekara ta 2020 ta SkyTrax

Tallafi
Saudia ta dauki nauyin tawagar Williams Formula One daga shekara ta  1977 zuwa shekara ta 1984. A wannan lokacin Williams zai lashe Gasar Gine-gine biyu da Gasar Direba biyu tare da Alan Jones da Keke Rosberg .

Saudia ta kasance babban mai daukar nauyin a shekara ta 2018 da 2019 Diriyah ePrix . Su ne kamfanin jirgin sama na Formula E, tare da daya daga cikin jiragen su, Boeing 777-300ER, fentin a cikin wani nau'i na musamman wanda ke nuna alamar gaggafa tare da motar Spark SRT05e Gen2 a baya.

Wuraren

Yarjejeniyar Codeshare
Saudia tana da yarjejeniyar codeshare tare da abokan aikin SkyTeam kuma tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:

Jirgin ruwa

Jirgin ruwa na yanzu

, the Saudia fleet consists of the following aircraft including its passenger and cargo fleet:

Jirgin ruwa na tarihi

Saudia a da tana sarrafa jiragen sama kamar haka:

Sauran jiragen sama

Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, Private Aviation suna aiki kamar haka, wanda yawancinsu ke motsa jikin jirgin.

Bugu da ƙari, Saudia Royal Flight division yana aiki da manyan jiragen gwamnati da na gidan sarauta a ƙarƙashin lambar jirgin Saudia da tsarin launi (sai dai jirgi ɗaya), waɗannan sun haɗa da.

Wasu jiragen C-130 na soja kuma an yi musu fenti da launukan Saudia kuma ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama na Royal Saudi Air Force ne ke jigilar su don tallafawa ayyukan Saudiyya a yankin da Turai. Tun da 2017 masu haɓakawa ta hannu guda biyu (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01  ) suna tafiya tare da Sarki kuma ana jigilar su ta jirgin sama daban.

Ayyukan cikin jirgin
Mujallar inflight ta Saudia ana kiranta Ahlan Wasahlan (  "Sannu da zuwa"). Ba a ba da abin sha  ko naman alade a cikin jirgin daidai da dokokin abinci na Musulunci . Jiragen da aka zaɓa Airbus A330-300 da Boeing 777-300ER suna sanye da Wi-Fi da hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin jirgin. Yawancin jiragen sama kuma suna ba da wuraren addu'o'i na musamman a kan jirgin kuma ana kunna rikodin addu'a kafin tashinsa.

Hatsari da hadura

 On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was gust locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and 5 crew survived.
 On 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location.
 On 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria.
 On 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport.
 On 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off.
 On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft. This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later.
 On 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin.
 On 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit.
 On 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a grand total of 349 fatalities. The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision.
 On 14, October 2000, Saudia Flight 115, flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi, both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003.
 On 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off.
 On 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 traveling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a "Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat."
 On 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated. Only minor injuries were incurred. Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three.
 On 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident.
 On 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off the runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or on ground were injured.
 On April 11, 2017, Saudi Airlines was at the center of controversy when the airline allowed Dina Ali Lasloom to be forced onto a flight from Manila to Riyadh. Lasloom was attempting to seek asylum in Australia however was detained in Manila. An airline security official told Human Rights Watch that he saw two airline security officials and three apparently Middle Eastern men enter the hotel and go to her room, which he said was near the lobby. He said he heard her screaming and begging for help from her room, after which he saw them carry her out with duct tape on her mouth, feet, and hands. He said she was still struggling to break free when he saw them put her in a wheelchair and take her out of the hotel. The pilots and crew of which were reportedly aware and supportive of Lasloom being returned to Riyadh against her will, siding heavily with her uncles. Passengers in route to Riyadh began reporting on social media that there was a hostage aboard, prompting the governments of Oman and Qatar to refuse the aircraft passage through their airspace. While only confirmed to confidential sources and not officially verified, this is supported by flight path records, which show an abrupt change in direction and trajectory to avoid the airspace of Oman and Qatar.
 On 21 May 2018, an Onur Air–leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported.

Duba kuma

 Amaala International Airport
 Sarki Abdulaziz International Airport
 Saudi Vision 2030

Manazarta

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

 "Saudi Arabian Airlines: Jewel na Gabas ta Tsakiya", Boeing
Filayen jirgin sama a Asiya
Filayen jirgin sama
Jirgin Sama
Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

Saudi Arabian Airlines


Steve Bjorklund a/k/a Steve Björklund a/k/a Steffan Bjorklund was born ca. 1960 in Chicago, Illinois.  He was an early figure  in the first punk rock music scene in Chicago.  He briefly attended Roycemore School in Evanston, Illinois. His first known recorded appearance was in July 1978, as a guitarist-singer with the protopunk-garage-New Wavish band The Rabbits, who opened a show in Schaumburg, Illinois by power-pop up-and-comers Pezband.

After the breakup of The Rabbits in the fall of 1978, Bjorklund formed the project band Strike Under with his brother, Chris. Strike Under produced one record, the 1981 5-track pressing, Immediate Action, which received mixed reviews but has nevertheless been called an  "integral document to the history of punk rock in Chicago."  Strike Under featured Pierre Kezdy, who would later play with Naked Raygun and Pegboy; the band, besides releasing its own record, also appeared on the seminal 1981 Busted at Oz LP, an historic document of the second wave of Chicago punk, recorded at the legendary club Oz before it closed down. Following the breakup of Strike Under, Bjorklund briefly formed another Chicago punk band, Terminal Beach.  In 1987, Bjorklund's brother Chris, joined The Effigies, a more successful Chicago punk band fronted by Kezdy's brother John.   Steve Bjorklund formed Breaking Circus in Chicago; their initial EP release included the memorable song (Knife in the) Marathon. He relocated to Minneapolis, where  Breaking Circus continued.  Breaking Circus was active through approximately 1988 and is considered an important example of early post-punk/industrial music in Minneapolis.

Later, Bjorklund was a member of Minneapolis band Balloon Guy. Bjorklund continued to work in the recording industry, with a number of punk bands in Chicago and Minneapolis, through the early 1990s, credited primarily as producer or as mastering re-mixer.

Since 2010, Bjorklund has collaborated with bassist Steve Economou (drummer for The Effigies) and keyboard player LizB in the band High Value Target.

References

External links
 Interview with Strike Under from the zine The Coolest Retard, 1981

1960 births
Living people
American male singers
American punk rock musicians
American punk rock guitarists
American punk rock singers
Singers from Chicago
Guitarists from Chicago
20th-century American guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians

Steve Bjorklund


The Voice of the Turtle is a Broadway comedy by John William Van Druten dealing with the challenges of the single life in New York City during World War II. Controversial in its time, The Voice of the Turtle explores the sexual struggles of Sally Middleton, a young woman attempting to reconcile her childhood teachings on the importance of chastity with her newfound affection for Bill Page. The play derives its name from a verse in the Song of Solomon in the Bible, which reads "The voice of the turtle [as in turtle dove] is heard in our land." (2:10–13) On December 8, 1943, the show opened at the Morosco Theatre and ran for 1,557 performances, making it the 51st longest-running show and the 9th longest-running play in Broadway history. In 1947, the stage play was adapted into a film of the same name starring Ronald Reagan, Eleanor Parker, Eve Arden, and Wayne Morris.

Plot synopsis
The story begins on a Friday afternoon in early April as aspiring actress Sally Middleton has just finished moving into her new apartment in the East Sixties.  Even though she has just left her home in Joplin, Missouri, for life in the big city, the married Broadway producer she has been seeing is quick to dump her when he begins to feel she is ruining their relationship by falling in love with him.  Heartbroken, Sally confides her uncertainties in her friend Olive Lashbrooke, a promiscuous, worldly girl, questioning the practicality of the lessons in chastity she received as a child and wondering if she is alone in her passion, or if other women share these sensations.

Unbeknownst to Sally, Olive has a date planned with Bill Page, a sergeant in the United States Army who happens to be on leave for the weekend, and she has arranged for him to meet her at Sally's new apartment.  At the last minute, however, Olive is asked on a date by another man, and she decides to stand up Bill for what she considers to be the better offer.  Bill, still bitter over a love affair gone wrong from five years past, finds himself yet again hurt by love, and to make matters worse he has no hotel reservation, nor is there a nearby friend with whom he can stay. Devoid of any alternative, the two strangers find themselves bound together in Sally's apartment for the weekend, where they are forced to confront their fears of fidelity and their ever-growing interest in each other.

Productions

Original Broadway production
The Voice of the Turtle debuted on Broadway at the Morosco Theatre on December 8, 1943, where the show ran until October 13, 1947, when it briefly transferred to the Martin Beck Theatre. On November 25, 1947, the play transferred once more to the Hudson Theatre, where it ran until its closing on January 3, 1948.  Altogether, The Voice of the Turtle ran for 1,557 performances, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway play at that time. Written and staged by John William Van Druten, the show was produced by Alfred De Liagre, Jr., with Alexander Haas in charge of conducting and music arrangement.  The opening night cast included Margaret Sullavan as Sally Middleton, Elliott Nugent as Bill Page, and Audrey Christie as Olive Lashbrooke.

Off-Off Broadway
A revival of The Voice of the Turtle opened off-off-Broadway at the Blue Heron Arts Center in 2001 under the direction of Carl Forsman. Elizabeth Bunch was cast as Sally Middleton, with Nick Toren and Megan Byrne portraying the characters of Bill Page and Olive Lashbrooke, respectively.

Critical reception
Reviews of the original production praised it as "the most delightful comedy of the season" (New York Times) and "a romantic comedy that is at once witty, tender, and wise" (New York Herald Tribune). Many critics highlighted the novelty of a play with only three actors, as well as Stewart Chaney's functional set. Catholic leaders and conservative critics complained that the play "wrapp[ed] up its sexual immorality in sweetness" (Washington Post). In contrast, one soldier, who was among the many service members given free tickets to The Voice of the Turtle during World War II, complained that the play was too tame, remarking, "the sergeants we know would've worn Miss Sullavan's lipstick down to the fabric in the first five minutes of the play."

Theatre historian Jordan Schildcrout notes that reviews of the 2001 revival read the play in relation to the attacks of September 11, asserting that the play was about "finding hope for the future in a dark time."

Notes

External links

 .

1943 plays
Broadway plays
Plays by John Van Druten
Comedy plays
Plays about World War II
Plays set in New York City
American plays adapted into films

The Voice of the Turtle (play)


Tiftonia (Lookout Valley) is a neighborhood of Chattanooga, Tennessee and a former unincorporated community in Hamilton County, Tennessee. It is located in the western portion of the city along Interstate 24 and US Routes 11, 41, 64, and 72.

Lookout Valley is the oldest part of Hamilton County, having been established in the late 1790s and early 1800s. In fact, the oldest house in Hamilton County is located within the community, that of John Brown's Ferry Tavern.

Education
Schools in Tiftonia/Lookout Valley are a part of Hamilton County Schools:
Lookout Valley Elementary
Lookout Valley Middle and High School

References

Neighborhoods in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Hamilton County, Tennessee
Tennessee populated places on the Tennessee River

Tiftonia, Tennessee


Sachindra Nath Sanyal  (3 April 1890 — 7 February 1942) was an Indian revolutionary and co-founder of the Hindustan Republican Army (HRA, which after 1928 became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association) that was created to carry out armed resistance against the British Empire in India. He was a mentor for revolutionaries like Chandra Shekhar Azad, Jatindra Nath Das, and Bhagat Singh.

Early and personal life
Sachindra Nath Sanyal's parents were Bengali Brahmins. His father was Hari Nath Sanyal and his mother was Kherod Vasini Devi. He was born in Benares, then in North-Western Provinces, on 3 April 1890 and married Pratibha Sanyal, with whom he had one son. Economist Sanjeev Sanyal is his grand nephew.

Revolutionary career
Sanyal founded a branch of the Anushilan Samiti in Patna in 1913. In 1912 Delhi Conspiracy Trial Sanyal with Rashbehari Bose attacked the then Viceroy Hardinge while he was making entry into new capital of Delhi after annulment of Bengal Partition. Hardinge was injured but lady Hardinge was unscathed.

He was extensively involved in the plans for the Ghadar conspiracy, and went underground after it was exposed in February 1915. He was a close associate of Rash Behari Bose. After Bose escaped to Japan, Sanyal was considered the most senior leader of India's revolutionary movement.

Sanyal was sentenced to life - term imprisonment for his involvement in the conspiracy and was imprisoned at Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where he wrote his book titled Bandi Jeevan (A Life of Captivity, 1922). He was briefly released from jail but when he continued to engage in anti-British activities, he was sent back and his ancestral family home in Benaras was confiscated.

Following the end of the Non-cooperation movement in 1922, Sanyal, Ram Prasad Bismil and some other revolutionaries who wanted an independent India and were prepared to use force to achieve their goal, founded the Hindustan Republican Association in October 1924. He was the author of the HRA manifesto, titled The Revolutionary, that was distributed in large cities of North India on 1 January 1925.

Sanyal was jailed for his involvement in the Kakori conspiracy but was among those conspirators released from Naini Central Prison in August 1937. Thus, Sanyal has the unique distinction of having been sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair twice. He contracted tuberculosis in jail and was sent to Gorakhpur Jail for his final months. He died on 7 February 1942.

Beliefs
Sanyal and Mahatma Gandhi engaged in a famous debate published in Young India between 1920 and 1924. Sanyal argued against Gandhi's gradualist approach.

Sanyal was known for his firm Hindu beliefs, although most of his followers were Marxists and thus opposed to religions.  Bhagat Singh discusses Sanyal's beliefs in his tract Why I am an Atheist. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was a close associate of Sanyal. He was also supplied with guns by Maulana Shaukat Ali, who was at that time a supporter of Congress and its non-violent methods but not with the same fervor for non-violence that was expressed by his organization's leader, Gandhi. Another prominent Congressman, Krishna Kant Malaviya, also supplied him with weapons.

Death
Sanyal participated in anti-British programs, which resulted in a second prison term and government seizure of his Benares property. He died of tuberculosis while serving his second term in prison on 7 February 1942.

References

External links
 Shaheed from Varanasi

1893 births
1942 deaths
Anushilan Samiti
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Revolutionaries from Varanasi
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Indian people imprisoned on charges of terrorism

Sachindra Nath Sanyal


Burghley House () is a grand sixteenth-century English country house near Stamford, Lincolnshire. It is a leading example of the Elizabethan prodigy house, built and still lived in by the Cecil family and is Grade I listed.

The exterior largely retains its Elizabethan appearance, but most of the interiors date from remodellings before 1800. The house is open to the public on a seasonal basis and displays a circuit of grand and richly furnished state apartments. Its park was laid out by Capability Brown.

The house is on the boundary of the civil parishes of Barnack and St Martin's Without in the Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire. It was formerly part of the Soke of Peterborough, an historic area that was traditionally associated with Northamptonshire. It lies  south of Stamford and  northwest of Peterborough city centre.

The house is now run by the Burghley House Preservation Trust, which is controlled by the Cecil family.

History

Burghley was built for Sir William Cecil, later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I of England, between 1555 and 1587, costing £21,000 at the time. It was modelled on the privy lodgings of Richmond Palace. It was subsequently the residence of his descendants, the Earls, and since 1801, the Marquesses of Exeter. Since 1961, it has been owned by a charitable trust established by the family.

Victoria Leatham (b. 1947), antiques expert and television personality, followed her father, Olympic gold medal-winning athlete, IAAF President and MP, David Cecil, the 6th Marquess, by running the house from 1982 to 2007. The Olympic corridor commemorates her father. Her daughter, Miranda Rock, is now the most active live-in trustee. The Marquessate passed it in 1988 to Victoria's uncle, Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909 – 1988), and then to his son, William Michael Anthony Cecil (b. 1935), both Canadian ranchers on land originally bought by the 5th Marquess, who have not lived at Burghley.

The house is one of the main examples of stonemasonry and proportion in sixteenth-century English Elizabethan architecture, reflecting the prominence of its founder, and the lucrative wool trade of the Cecil estates. It has a suite of rooms remodelled in the baroque style, with carvings by Grinling Gibbons. The main part of the house has 35 major rooms, on the ground and first floors. There are more than 80 lesser rooms and numerous halls, corridors, bathrooms, and service areas.

In the seventeenth century, the open loggias around the ground floor were enclosed. Although the house was built in the floor plan shape of the Letter E, in honour of Queen Elizabeth, it is now missing its northwest wing. During the period of the 9th Earl's ownership, and under the guidance of the famous landscape architect, Capability Brown, the south front was raised to alter the roof line, and the north-west wing was demolished to allow better views of the new parkland. A chimney-piece after the design of Venetian printmaker Giovanni Battista Piranesi was also added during his tenure.

The so-called "Hell Staircase" and its neighbour "The Heaven Room" has substantial ceiling paintings by Antonio Verrio, between 1697 and 1699. The walls to the "Hell Staircase" are by Thomas Stothard, who completed the work about a century later. The Bow Room is decorated with wall and ceiling paintings by Louis Laguerre.

Art collection

Although depleted of a number of important pieces by death duties in the 1960s, the Burghley art collections are otherwise mainly intact and are very extensive. The house still displays several hundred paintings, a large proportion of which are of the 17th century, bought in Italy by John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter (–1700), and by Brownlow Cecil, the 9th Earl (1725–1793). They visited Italy eight times, bringing back large quantities of art. John Cecil purchased 300 works of art during his 22 years in Burghley and spent on his last visit to Europe £5,000 (c. £600,000 in 2017 currency).

The chapel has a large altarpiece by Paolo Veronese and his workshop, and two large paintings by Johann Carl Loth, a German painter active in Venice with few works in British collections. There are in total seven works by Luca Giordano, including a self-portrait.

In the Pagoda Room, there are portraits of the Cecil family, Elizabeth I, Henry VIII, and Oliver Cromwell. Many delicately painted walls and ceilings of the house were done by Antonio Verrio. The Billiard Room displays six oval portraits of members of the Order of Little Bedlam, the 5th Earl's drinking club.

The large collection of Japanese export porcelain is especially important because, almost uniquely, pieces still in the house, and others sold in 1888 and 1959, can be identified with pieces in an inventory of the house with several hundred ceramic items made in 1688. These are the "earliest recorded pieces in Europe" that can be documented in this way, and of great interest to scholars.

There are a number of outstanding pieces of furniture including work by celebrated 18th-century cabinet makers, Ince and Mayhew, in addition to silver, tapestry and collections of other porcelain, much of this is on public display in the state rooms, or display cases for the ceramics.  A new "Treasury" space in the Brewhouse displays annually changing exhibitions highlighting aspects of the collections.

Parkland

The avenues in the park were all laid out according to the 1755-1779 designs by Capability Brown, paying due respect to pre-existing plantings, some of which were from the 16th century or earlier.

Brown also created the park's man-made lake in 1775–80. He discovered a seam of waterproof "blue" clay in the grounds, and was able to enlarge the original nine-acre (36,000 m2) pond to the existing 26-acre (105,000 m2) lake. Its design gives the impression of a meandering river. Brown designed the Lion Bridge at a cost of 1,000 guineas (£1,050) in 1778. He was paid £23,000 in total of the park designs in Burghley. Brown's landscape has been conserved by planting 30,000 new trees between 2012 and 2016.

Originally, Coade-stone lions were used as ornamentation. After these weathered, the existing stone examples were made by local mason Herbert Gilbert in 1844. Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert planted two trees to commemorate their visit.

As well as the annual Burghley Horse Trials, the park plays host to the "Burghley Run" for Stamford School and an annual meet for the Cambridge University Draghounds.

Recent developments have included starting a sculpture garden around the old ice house and, in 2007, a "garden of surprises" was created using traditional ideas of water traps, shell grottos and a mirror maze, but in a 21st-century style. The Burghley House trust has commissioned contemporary artwork in the grounds from leading artists.

The parkland and gardens of Burghley House are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Today

The Lincolnshire county boundary crosses the park between the town of Stamford and the house. Burghley is located in the ancient Soke of Peterborough, once a part of Northamptonshire but now for ceremonial purposes in Cambridgeshire; for planning and other municipal functions the house is in the Peterborough unitary authority.

The house is a Grade I listed building, with separately Grade I listed north courtyard and gate. The listing document for the House provided this summary: "C19 and C20 formal gardens and pleasure grounds, developed from those originally designed by Lancelot Brown, surrounded by a park of C16 origins for which Brown provided extensive plans between 1754 and 1777".

The residents of the house since 2007 were Miranda Rock, director of the Burghley House Preservation Trust, granddaughter of the 6th Marquess of Exeter and daughter of Lady Victoria Leatham with Orlando Rock (chairman of Christie's UK) and their family. Data before the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom indicated that the number of visitors to the site each year had almost doubled during Miranda Rock's tenure, to 110,000.

Filming

Burghley House has been featured in several films and television programmes including:Treasure Houses of Britain (1985); Middlemarch (1994); Antiques Roadshow (1998, 2009); Pride & Prejudice (2005); The Da Vinci Code (2006); Castle in the Country (2006); Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007); How We Built Britain (2007); Climbing Great Buildings (2010); Royal Upstairs Downstairs (2011); Housefull 2: The Dirty Dozen (2012); The Crown (2016); Top Gear (2018); Mortimer & Whitehouse: Gone Fishing (2021); and The Flash (2023).

Lost village
The  medieval settlement of Burghley, mentioned in Domesday, was abandoned by 1450. Failure to locate its site leads to the supposition that the settlement was near Burghley House, and perhaps lies below the estate.

See also
Burghley Nef, a silver-gilt salt cellar now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum
Susanna and the Elders (1622) by Artemisia Gentileschi in the collection at Burghley
Cecil House, 16th- and 17th-century demolished London residences
Theobalds House, second house half-way to London, built by the founder in Hertfordshire

Notes

Citations

References
Impey, Oliver, "Japanese Porcelain at Burghley House: The Inventory of 1688 and the Sale of 1888" (PDF): Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 37 (2002)

Further reading

 Giorgi, Raffaele de. "Couleur, couleur!" – Antonio Verrio: un pittore in Europa tra Seicento e Settecento (Edifir, Firenze 2009).
  Description of the St Martin's parish, which mentions the visits of Queens Elizabeth and Victoria to Burghley House.

External links

Burghley House entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses
Images of England entry for Burghley House
Photos of Burghley House and parklands on geograph

Art museums and galleries in Cambridgeshire
Buildings and structures in Peterborough
!
Country houses in Cambridgeshire
Decorative arts museums in England
Elizabethan architecture
Gardens by Capability Brown
Grade I listed buildings in Cambridgeshire
Grade I listed houses
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Lincolnshire
Historic house museums in Cambridgeshire
Houses completed in 1587
South Kesteven District
Tourist attractions in Cambridgeshire
Barnack

Burghley House