The Chiquitano or Chiquitos are an indigenous people of Bolivia, with a small number also living in Brazil. The Chiquitano primarily live in the Chiquitania tropical savanna of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, with a small number also living in Beni Department and in Mato Grosso, Brazil. In the 2012 census, self-identified Chiquitanos made up 1.45% of the total Bolivian population or 145,653 people, the largest number of any lowland ethnic group. A relatively small proportion of Bolivian Chiquitanos speak the Chiquitano language. Many reported to the census that they neither speak the language nor learned it as children. The Chiquitano ethnicity emerged among socially and linguistically diverse populations required to speak a common language by the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos.

Name
The name Chiquitos means "little ones" in Spanish. This ethnonym is commonly said to have been chosen by the Spanish Conquistadores, when they found the small doors of the Indian huts in the region. The Chiquitanos are also known as the Monkóx (plural: Monkoka), Chiquito or Tarapecosi people.

Language

Approximately 40,000 to 60,000 of Chiquitanos speak the Chiquitano language in Bolivia, making it the fourth most commonly spoken indigenous language in that country.  The language is a Chiquito language, possibly belonging to the Macro-Jê language family. Men's and women's speech differ from each other grammatically. The language is written in the Latin script. Several grammars for Chiquitano have been published, and four dialects have been identified: Manasi, Peñoqui, Piñoco, and Tao.

History
A variety of indigenous ethnic groups inhabited the Chiquitanía prior to Spanish arrival, which was marked by the 1559 founding of Santa Cruz de la Sierra at a point far to the east of the city's present location. Missionary contact was unsuccessful during the first nine decades of the 1600s.

The Chiquitos were in fact well formed and powerful, of middle height and of an olive complexion. They are an agricultural people, but made a gallant resistance to the Spaniards for nearly two centuries. In 1691, however, they made the Jesuit missionaries welcome, and rapidly became civilized. The Chiquito language was adopted as the means of communication among the converts, who soon numbered 50,000, representing nearly fifty tribes.

The formative experience of the Chiquitano ethnicity was their common evangelization and confinement to towns under the authority of Jesuit missionaries from their 1692 arrival at San Javier de los Piñocas (in what is now Ñuflo de Chávez Province) until their 1767 expulsion from Spanish colonial possessions. Missions governed settlements known as reductions at San Javier de los Piñocas, Concepción, San Ignacio, Santa Ana, San Rafael, San José, San Juan, Santiago, Santo Corazón, and San Miguel. Each mission town incorporated one to three thousand residents. Jesuits emphasized prayer and work as the main activities of a worthy life. They promoted permanent settlements, cattle husbandry, and loom-based weaving as aspects of economic life. The reductions also began a centuries-long pattern of Chiquitano Indian labor benefiting outsiders. During the mission period, Chiquitanos were also recruited as soldiers in Spanish colonial wars. Swedish anthropologist Erland Nordenskiöld described the Jesuit legacy as follows: "The Jesuits protected the Indians from other whites, but divested them of their freedom and made them so dependent that after the expulsion of the missionaries they were easy prey for unscrupulous whites. Actually they set the stage for the extinction of many Indian tribes."

Following the Jesuits' expulsion, some Chiquitanos were incorporated into mestizo-owned ranches and farms, where they served as unfree laborers; others retreated from the villages, living in smaller camps. The rubber boom across South America brought a new industry to the region from 1880 to 1945, staffed once again by Chiquitano laborers. Work was often involuntary, and the conditions extremely harsh, resulting in deaths from workplace accidents, malnutrition, "diseases such as malaria, beriberi, and scurvy; and the overall exploitative practices of the whites." As rubber workers, Chiquitanos experienced debt peonage and forced labor, but were primarily rented out by wealthy mestizos on whom they were dependent. Chiquitanos also built parts of the Santa Cruz–Corumbá Railway under this arrangement.

Political organization

In Bolivia, the Chiquitano people are represented by the organization Chiquitano Indigenous Organization (Organización Indígena Chiquitana, OICH). OICH is led by José Bailaba, who serves as Cacique Mayor.

In Brazil, the Chiquitano are trying to obtain their own indigenous territory.

See also
Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos
List of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos

Notes

External links
 Pueblo Chiquitano , Santa Cruz Departmental government website (Spanish).
 Chiquitano weapons, National Museum of the American Indian

Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
Indigenous peoples in Bolivia
Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos

Chiquitano


Being undercover means that a person is wearing normal clothing and is hiding their identity from people. It is often used by police officers when they are investigating crimes or criminals. It is done to gain trust and also possibly to gather evidence. It is not the same as a police officer who is wearing normal clothing (a plain-clothes officer) but who is not hiding their real name and that they are a police officer.

Related pages
Secret police

Criminal investigation

Undercover


Canopic jars were used to store the internal organs of a mummy in Ancient Egypt. The lid had the head of a baboon, human, falcon or a jackal—representing the sons of Horus. These jars were used to store organs which were removed from a dead person, these were the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the lungs, because they were thought to be use less in the afterlife.They only did the mummyfication process to important people. The jars were placed in the tombs with the bodies.

Names: imesty the (human), Duamutef (Jackal), Hapi (Baboon), Qebehsenuf (Falcon) .

Death customs
Ancient Egypt
Containers

Canopic jar


A Death of Honor is a science fiction mystery novel by American author Joe Clifford Faust. It was published in 1987 by Del Rey Books.

Plot summary
The novel is set in a crumbling 21st-century America. D. A. Payne, a bioengineer, is the prime suspect when a dead woman turns up in his apartment. He takes on the task of clearing himself but what he uncovers changes his life.

Background
According to the author, A Death of Honor was originally envisioned as a collaboration between various authors. Having written the first chapter while working on his novel Desperate Measures, Faust decided to finish the book himself when the collaboration stalled. It was his first novel to be published.

Award nominations
1988 – Locus Poll Award, Best First Novel nominee

References

1987 American novels
1987 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
American mystery novels
Debut science fiction novels
Biological engineering
Dystopian novels
1987 debut novels

A Death of Honor


Flysch () is a sequence of sedimentary rock layers that progress from deep-water and turbidity flow deposits to shallow-water shales and sandstones. It is deposited when a deep basin forms rapidly on the continental side of a mountain building episode. Examples are found near the North American Cordillera, the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Carpathians.

Sedimentological properties

Flysch consists of repeated sedimentary cycles with upwards fining of the sediments. There are sometimes coarse conglomerates or breccias at the bottom of each cycle, which gradually evolve upwards into sandstone and shale/mudstone.  Flysch typically consists of a sequence of shales rhythmically interbedded with thin, hard, graywacke-like sandstones. Typically the shales do not contain many fossils, while the coarser sandstones often have fractions of micas and glauconite.

Tectonics

In a continental collision, a subducting tectonic plate pushes on the plate above it, making the rock fold, often to the point where thrust faults form, and a mountain chain rises. On the upper plate, the land between the mountains and the undeformed continent bends downward, forming a foreland basin. If the basin forms slowly, as in the northern Appalachians, it fills with shallow-water sediments. If it forms rapidly, as in the east side of the North American Cordillera, then sea water may rush in, and the first sedimentary deposits are deep water deposits. If the mountain slope is steep enough at the edge of the basin, it will shed material in rapidly moving sedimentary flows called turbidity currents, resulting in turbidite deposits. As the basin fills up, shallow-water sandstones and continental deposits form. Most of the resulting rocks have little deformation, but near the edge of the mountain chain they can be subject to folding and thrusting. After the basin fills up, continental sediments (molasse) are deposited on top of the flysch.

Name and use

The name flysch was introduced in geologic literature by the Swiss geologist Bernhard Studer in 1827. Studer used the term for the typical alternations of sandstone and shale in the foreland of the Alps. The name comes from the German word fliessen, which means to flow, because Studer thought flysch was deposited by rivers. The insight that flysch is actually a deep marine sediment typical for a particular plate tectonic setting came only much later.

The name flysch is currently used in many mountain chains belonging to the Alpine belt. Well-known flysch deposits are found in the forelands of the Pyrenees and Carpathians and in tectonically similar regions in Italy, the Balkans and on Cyprus. In the northern Alps, the Flysch is also a  lithostratigraphic unit.

References

Further reading

Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentology

Flysch


A writing table (French bureau plat) has a series of drawers directly under the surface of the table, to contain writing implements, so that it may serve as a desk. Antique versions have the usual divisions for the inkwell, the blotter and the sand or powder tray in one of the drawers, and a surface covered with leather or some other material less hostile to the quill or the fountain pen than simple hard wood.

In form, a writing table is a pedestal desk without the pedestals, having legs instead to hold it up. This is why such tables are sometimes called leg desks.

The writing table is often called a "bureau plat" when it is done in a French style such as Louis XVI, Art Nouveau, etc. When a writing table is supported by two legs instead of four, it is usually called a trestle desk.

The writing table is also sometimes called a library table, because it was often placed in a home library. This was the room in a house where a gentleman would keep literature and also do his business transactions. The library often housed, in addition, a round desk called a rent table and sometimes a drawing table. The term library table is sometimes applied indiscriminately to a wide variety of desk forms, in addition to being used for writing tables.

Some writing tables have additional drawers built above the surface. In this case they are often called bureau à gradin instead of writing table, unless they have a more specific form, such as that of a Carlton House desk.

A reading and writing table with an easel or double easel for books that was adjustable on a ratchet and a drawer fitted for writing implements was a mid-18th century English invention<ref>Design XXIV in Ince and Mayhew's Universal System of Household Furniture, London, 1759-62, noted in John Gloag, A Short Dictionary of Furniture, rev. ed, 1969, s.v. "Reading Tables".</ref> that lasted as long as the habit endured of reading while standing.

The writing tables are good for maintaining posture and help readers or writers to work longer , nowadays writing tables evolved into desk with desktop systems and other smart devices according to one's need.

See also
 List of desk forms and types
 Stipo a bambocci

Notes

References
 Gloag, John. A Complete Dictionary of Furniture. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 1991.
 Oglesby, Catharine. French Provincial Decorative Art. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951.
 Romand, Didier. L'argus des meubles. Paris: Balland, 1976.
 Souchal, Genevieve. French Eighteenth Century Furniture''; translated by Simon Watson Taylor. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1963.

Desks
Tables (furniture)

Writing table


Vale Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery and the largest cemetery in Schenectady, New York.  It opened on 21 October 1857, when the Rev. Julius Seely dedicated what was then termed "the Vale". It has tripled its size since opening and today it holds the remains of some of the most notable persons in Upstate New York.  In 1973, a 35-acre tract of unused and abandoned cemetery land around the ponds of Cowhorn Creek was sold to the city of Schenectady to form Vale Park.

The cemetery and park were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

History
By 1850 the old public burying ground on Green and Front streets was being overrun with weeds and was described as being unsanitary. The Common Council resolved on 2 July 1856 to develop the grounds of the old Hospital Farm on Nott Terrace as a  public cemetery. On 16 June 1857, Mayor Benjamin V. S. Vedder appointed a committee to oversee the work.

To provide access from a main street, Dr Eliphalet Nott, the President of Union College donated an avenue from Nott Terrace into the grounds. Later in 1863, two pieces of land were purchased from the college, creating what is now known as Vale Park. The entrance on State Street was a donation from the First Reformed Church in 1867. The cemetery was planned by Burton Thomas as a rural cemetery. It featured many winding paths and he had more than 1,000 trees planted; Cowhorn Creek was dammed to create a lake within the grounds. The cemetery has since expanded and covers approximately  and holds some 33,000 burials. The cemetery includes the historic African-American Burying Ground. Since 2001, city residents have held annual commemorations of Juneteenth, celebrating emancipation and the end of the American Civil War; particularly since 2006, some have been held at the Burying Ground.

Vale Cemetery Association
In February 1858, the Common Council declared that it could not continue to run the cemetery at the taxpayers' expense and that the cemetery must be taken up by private owners. Fourteen of the lot holders formed the Vale Cemetery Association and bought the  from the Common Council. They paid the sum of $800, and announced that some land, known as the Potters' Field, would be set aside for the burial of the poor. In 2007 as part of the Schenectady Colonial celebrations, the Association held a dinner to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the cemetery.

Vale mapping project
In late 2006, interest in mapping the cemetery was indicated by several people connected with the cemetery.  They developed the Vale mapping project. The project started in spring 2007, using GPS and techniques used in England and Scotland  to locate each grave. The group intends to map all the graves and document them, to establish a full record before there is further damage or deterioration of many of the historic memorials.

Gallery

Notable burials

The information on notable burials has been extracted and précised from Katherine Olney Delain's Biographies of Notables at Vale Cemetery (2005).

Engineers and scientists
 Ernst Alexanderson — came to the United States in 1901 to meet electrical wizard Charles Steinmetz.  Developed the Alexanderson alternator, the first radio transmitter used to broadcast the human voice.  Dr. Alexanderson was also instrumental in the development of television.  Over his lifetime, Dr. Alexanderson received 344 patents, the last awarded in 1973 at age 94.
 Ellis Family — The father and two sons were presidents of Schenectady Locomotive Works, later to become American Locomotive Company.
 Ernst Julius Berg (1871–1941) — mathematician and electro-physicist. A pioneer of radio, he produced the first two-way radio voice program in the United States.
 Clute Brothers — produced the gun turret motors for the first ironclad ship, the USS Monitor.
 William D. Coolidge (1873–1975) — inventor of the modern X-ray tube, head of General Electric Development Center. He also developed the sodium vapor lamp and was holder of 83 patents.
 Philip Dodge — inventor of the Linotype machine
 Henry Ramsey — N.Y.S. engineer and surveyor in the 1830s, worked on the Erie Canal
 Christian Steenstrup (1873–1955) — born in Denmark emigrated to the US in 1894. Designed the Monitor Top Refrigerator while at General Electric, held over 100 patents.
 Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865–1923), — mathematician, inventor, and electrical engineer, was a pioneer and considered the leading electrical engineer in the United States during his lifetime. He was also a professor of electrical engineering and electrophysics at Union College, Schenectady.
 Silas Watson Ford — paleontologist who made some of the most important discoveries of the 19th century about the Cambrian Period. Awarded an honorary master's degree by Union College in 1879.

Military
 James S. Casey (1833–1899) — awarded Medal of Honor for action on 8 January 1877 at Wolf Mountain, Montana during the Battle of Wolf Mountain during the Black Hills War.
 William Horsfall — as captain, Company E, 18th New York Infantry.  The Grand Army of the Republic post in Schenectady was named for him. He died leading a charge during the Battle of South Mountain, September 14, 1862.
 Charles Lewis — fought in the Civil War and witnessed 1865 assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in 1865
 David S. Proper — volunteer fire-fighter who enlisted in the 134th New York during the Civil War. He was killed at Gettysburg 1 July 1863. Donations from other firefighters paid for his body to be returned and buried here.
George W. Thompkins - awarded Medal of Honor for action on 25 March 1865 at the Battle of Fort Stedman

Politicians and government
 Henry S. De Forest (1847–1917), — 40th and 42nd Mayor of Schenectady in 1885 and then 1889 and then U.S. congressman (1911–1913)
 John DeGraff (1783-1848), — Fifteenth Mayor of Schenectady in 1836 and U.S. House of Representatives 1827–1829 and again 1837–1839
 Henry Glen (1739–1814) — first Town Clerk of Schenectady (1767–1809), member of New York Provincial Congress and New York State Assembly, New York Militia and Continental Army officer in American Revolution, member of United States House of Representatives, 1793–1801.  (Location of grave not known.  Presumed buried in First Dutch Churchyard.  Remains there later relocated to Vale.  Not all gravestones transported, so exact burial site not known.)
 Oswald D. Heck, — elected to the New York State Assembly in 1937. Speaker of the house from 1939–1959. There is a gavel on his tombstone.
 Mordecai Myers (1776–1871) — 21st Mayor of Schenectady
 Harmanus Peek (1782–1838) — Early congressman and Representative 1819–1821)
 Peter Rowe (1807–1876), — 20th Mayor of Schenectady (1846–1850) and later U.S. Representative (1853–1855)
 Jackson Samuel, — New York State Supreme Court Justice

Sports
Charles "Chick" Evans (1889–1916), — Pitcher for the Boston Braves 1909–1910. his win–loss record for 1910 was 1–1, his run average was 5.23.
Frank E Wickware, — A World War I veteran, pitched for the Mohawk Giants in the Negro leagues. Once defeated baseball Hall of Fame member Walter Johnson

Various
 Francis Dana, — Activist in the Underground Railway and contributor to the Albany Abolitionist newspaper.
 Eliphalet Nott D.D., L.L.D. — Fourth President of Union College, serving 1804–1866. He established it as a national center for learning.
 Robert Furman — Local businessman who donated land to form Central Park and helped establish Vale Cemetery. He introduced trolleys to Schenectady.
 Westinghouse Family —  George Westinghouse was well known in the farming industry having invented the thresher.  George Westinghouse Jr., competitor of Thomas Edison, developed innovations in the electrical and railroad industries.  He and his wife are buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
 James Cuff Swits — (known as Indian Jim), a Mohawk man more than 8 feet tall.  He was well respected for his knowledge of herbs.  A friend carved Indian Jim's likeness into his gravestone; he was buried at Potters Field.

Burial facts
The first burial was of four-year-old Noah Vibbard Van Vorst.
The oldest burial is that of Elias Van Guysling who died in 1695. His remains were relocated from the family plot on Van Slyk Island when General Electric enlarged their site.
The oldest grave marker is that of Jan Maybee, of Mabee House, who died in 1725.

Sections
The cemetery is divided into several sections, each having its own historic importance:
 Veterans Section — veterans from the Civil War and Spanish–American War are buried here, as well as later ones.
 First Reformed Church — The graves in this section predate the formation of Vale Cemetery.  They were moved in 1879 from various small First Reformed Church cemeteries scattered throughout the Stockade.  The oldest marker is that of Jan Mabee, survivor of the Schenectady Massacre, who died in 1725.
 African Section — (now called the African-American Burying Ground), the original African Cemetery was located on Hamilton Hill. Judge Alonzo C. Paige purchased that area for real estate development. He purchased space in Vale and had the remains re-interred at his expense. His action protected the graves, as people had disturbed the graves on the hill by removing sandy soil for cement making.
 Union College Plot — reserved for full professors of Union College, their spouses and unmarried children.
 Green Street Section — represents the memorial style c. 1701–1830. The stones were removed from the old cemetery and reset here in 1879.
 Christian Temple
 German Methodist— this area was used by descendants of the early 18th-century German Palatine communities in the Mohawk Valley
 Potters Field Area — The original area set aside for the burial of the poor
 Old Ladies Home — Site for residents of the Home for the Friendless, a charity set up by Urania Nott, wife of Eliphalet Nott, the first President of Union College.

Notable structures
 Christian Temple and GME (German Methodist Episcopal Church).
 The Haigh mausoleum is adorned with a statue of a dog named Lion. The legend is that after his master died, Lion came to the mausoleum daily where he was cared for by cemetery staff. The statue is in Lion's memory.
 Stanford Mausoleum — The family raised eight children, the most notable being Leland Stanford.  In early life Leland was an attorney.  He opened an office in Port Washington, Wisconsin, but shortly thereafter a fire destroyed his office and a $3,000 library.  Leland decided to head west, where he joined his brothers in business.  He made a fortune in the railroad industry, being a principal in the building of the transcontinental railroad. Stanford and his wife Jane founded Stanford University in memory of their son Leland Jr., who died young.
 A Celtic Cross.
 Holland Mausoleum.
 Revolutionary War Memorial.
 The Superintendent's House (1889–1890) and Caretaker's Cottage are listed as contributing buildings to the Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.  The North Terrace Gate, State Street Gate, and Brandywine Avenue Gate are listed as contributing structures.

References

External links

Vale Cemetery official site
Find a grave - Vale Cemetery
Schenectady Digital History Archive
Vale Cemetery, Schenectady, New York
 Alphabetical Index to Tombstone Inscriptions Collected by Beukendaal Chapter D.A.R. at Vale Cemetery, compiled by Charlotte Luckhurst, ca. 1926–1930.

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
1857 establishments in New York (state)
Schenectady, New York
Cemeteries in Schenectady County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Schenectady County, New York
Rural cemeteries

Vale Cemetery and Vale Park


X.PC is a deprecated communications protocol developed by McDonnell-Douglas for connecting a personal computer to its Tymnet packet-switched public data telecommunications network. It is a subset of X.25, a CCITT standard for packet-switched networks. It is a full-duplex, asynchronous and error-correcting network protocol that supports up to 15 simultaneous channels. It maintains automatic error correction during any communications session between two or more computers.

X.PC was originally developed to enable connections up to 9600 baud. Unlike MNP, a competing standard proposed by Microcom, X.PC was placed in the public domain for royalty-free usage. MNP, on the other hand, initially required a $2,500 licensing fee. Microcom battled X.PC for acceptance in the marketplace, and eventually released MNP 1 through 3 into the public domain to compete.

At the time, several modem manufacturers supported MNP in their products, Microcom and Racal-Vadic being major examples. Several companies announced support for X.PC, including Hayes, but none of the companies announcing support offered it in their modems. X.PC quickly disappeared, and Microcom would go on to release MNP 4 and 5 into the public domain as well.

References

External links
http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.02/02.01/ProtocolStandards/

Network protocols
X.25

X.PC


Alexander Ashley Lewis ( 22 January 1931 – 9 May 2016), known as Sandy Lewis, was an Australian politician who represented the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Blackwood from 1972 until 1974, and one of the two Legislative Council seats for Lower Central Province from 1974 until 1989. He was a member of the Liberal Party.

Family
Lewis was born in Glen Osmond, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, to Lancelot Lewis, a managing director of Goldsbrough Mort in Adelaide and brother of Essington Lewis, and Grace Laidlaw OBE. His older brother, Tom, briefly served as Premier of New South Wales from 3 January 1975 until 23 January 1976.

He was educated at St Peter's College and at the University of Adelaide, before moving to Western Australia in October 1952. He initially worked as a jackeroo, trade cadet and farm contractor, before taking up farming at Kojonup in 1955. On 21 May 1955, he returned to Adelaide to marry Patricia Symons, with whom he had one daughter Bronwyn Mary in 1959.

In March 1978, he and his wife divorced, and nine months later, he married Patricia Wright in Claremont.

He died on 9 May 2016 in South Australia.

Career and politics
In 1961 he founded and was the principal director of PS Agencies and in 1967 became the first individual winner of the John Lynn Memorial Prize for outstanding contribution to the farm machinery industry.

Lewis became active in Liberal politics, becoming president of the Mobrup branch near Kojonup, and then president for the Division of Forrest. At a by-election on 16 December 1972, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Blackwood. When this seat was abolished at the 1974 election, he successfully transferred to a Lower Central Province seat in the Legislative Council.

From 1977 until 1984, with a brief break in 1982–1983, Lewis served as secretary to the Parliamentary Liberal Party, and in 1983–1984, to the Shadow Cabinet following the defeat of the Liberal government. Additionally, he was a member of the Joint House Committee for the entire period, and chaired a Select Committee into national parks in 1980–1981, into cultural and recreational facilities in 1982, and into the Conservation and Land Management Bill 1984 (during which he became an honorary Royal Commissioner).

In March 1986, he resigned from the Liberal Party over a disagreement with leader Bill Hassell over the shadow cabinet's relationship with Select Committees. He designated himself an "independent Liberal" but rejoined the party in October 1986. He was rewarded with a shadow secretary role with special responsibility for party liaison, the campaign committee and special projects in December 1986, and served on select committees inquiring into the SEC advanced coal purchase from Western Collieries Ltd and the state funding of Aboriginal programs in 1988. With the abolition of his seat at the 1989 election, he nominated for Liberal preselection for a winnable seat in the South West region, but failed in his bid, and exited from political life at the election.

He engaged actively in the local community, serving on the Bushfire Brigades Committee as well as football and aero clubs. From 1977, he was also state secretary of the Farm Machinery Dealers' Association, becoming its national secretary in 1979.

References

1931 births
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
University of Adelaide alumni
2016 deaths
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Politicians from Adelaide
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia

Sandy Lewis


David Scott Milton (September 15, 1934 – January 13, 2020)  was an American author, playwright, screenwriter, and actor. His plays are known for their theatricality, wild humor, and poetic realism, while his novels and films are darker and more naturalistic. As a novelist, he has been compared to Graham Greene, John Steinbeck, and Nelson Algren. Ben Gazzara's performance in Milton's play, Duet,  received a Tony nomination. Another play, Skin, won the Neil Simon Playwrights Award. His theater piece, Murderers Are My Life, was nominated as best one-man show by the Valley Theater League of Los Angeles. His second novel, Paradise Road, was given the Mark Twain Journal award "for significant contribution to American literature."

Early years
Milton was born during the Great Depression to a working class Jewish family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His grandparents emigrated from a small village near Botoşani, Romania. His father, Si Milton, became a truck driver, then a yeast salesman, and eventually a bakery and restaurant owner. Milton's work as an apprentice baker contributed to his play, Bread, which debuted at The American Place Theater in New York and had a successful run at the Theater Dortmund in Dortmund, Germany. Duet which opened on Broadway in the mid-seventies also had productions in German at the Kreis Theater in Vienna, Austria. In the spring of 1996, it had its premiere in Germany at the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. A new play, Catching a Cab, under the auspices of Gustav Kiepenheuer, had also been optioned for German production.

Milton was an early member of the avant-garde Theatre Genesis, along with Sam Shepard, Leonard Melfi and Murray Mednick. He has had more than a dozen plays performed Off-Off-Broadway including The Interrogation Room, Halloween Mask, The Metaphysical Cop, and Scraping Bottom. Scraping Bottom, under the title of Born to Win, became the Czech director Ivan Passer's first American film, and starred George Segal, Karen Black and Paula Prentiss. Pauline Kael has characterized this title change as perhaps the most extreme in the history of American cinema.

Other plays were Duet for Solo Voice and Bread at The American Place Theater and a revised version of Duet for Solo Voice, re-titled Duet, on Broadway with Ben Gazzara. Gazzara's performance earned him a Tony nomination.

In Los Angeles, Skin, for which Milton won the Neil Simon Playwrights Award, ran for nearly a year at The Odyssey Theater.

He has had six novels published: The Quarterback (Dell Publishing), Paradise Road (Atheneum), Kabbalah (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich), Skyline (G. P. Putnam's Sons), The Fat Lady Sings (iUniverse), and Iron City [White Whisker Books]. Paradise Road was given the Mark Twain Journal award "for significant contribution to American literature." His plays Duet and Skin are also in print.

Milton's short stories have appeared in The Southern California Anthology, The Pearl River Review, The Southern (Lafayette, Louisiana) Anthology, among others.

His adaptation of David Hare's Knuckle was seen on PBS television. Other television work includes a stint as story editor on Starsky and Hutch and scripts for the John Houseman syndicated show, Tales of the Unexpected.

He had written screenplays for directors, Peter Bogdanovich, Ivan Passer, Sidney Pollack, Dick Richards, and Irvin Kershner.

Since 1977, he had been a Senior Lecturer in Drama and Adjunct Professor in the Master of Professional Writing Program at the University of Southern California. He also taught screenwriting in the cinema department.

He had been a special lecturer at Goddard College and at CalArts, as well as consultant to the creative writing program at The University of South Alabama and literary consultant to Scott, Foresman Publishers, and Warner Books. He had conducted screenwriting seminars at the German Film and Television Academy in Berlin and the Duke University Film and Television Program.  He was appointed to the advisory board of the Christopher Isherwood Foundation along with, among others, David Hockney, Michael York, John Schlesinger, and Armistead Maupin.

For thirteen years, until 2004, he ran a writers' workshop on the Maximum Security Yard of the California Correctional Institution at Tehachapi where his class consisted of a dozen murderers. He mounted a one-man show, "Murderers Are My Life", based on his prison experiences which ran for four months at The Two Roads Theater in Studio City, CA. It was also seen at The Schoolhouse Theater in Croton Falls, New York  and The Studio Theater in Manhattan.  It received a nomination as best one-man show by the Valley Theater League of Los Angeles.

Family
Milton married Sheila Kuester, an intensive care nurse, in 1981. They have two children, Abby and Kyle. They were divorced in 1991. David (Also known as Dave) died on January 13, 2020. He was 85 years old.

Acting
Film: Born to Win, Rollercoaster, Mask, Ruby and Oswald, Billy Jack Goes to Washington.

Television: Hill Street Blues, Police Story, Starsky and Hutch, Nero Wolfe, Julie Farr, M.D., Kaz, Charlie's Angels, Vega$, and Strike Force.

Theater: New York—Gorky's Lower Depths, Giraudoux's  Song of Songs (with Delphine Seyrig), Saroyan's The Cave Dwellers, Shakespeare's Measure for Measure (with Nina Foch). Stratford, Conn., the American Shakespeare Festival— King John (with Mildred Dunnock and Fritz Weaver), Measure for Measure (with Nina Foch), Taming of the Shrew (with Foch & Pernell Roberts), Othello (with Earl Hyman and Alfred Drake), The Merchant of Venice (with Katharine Hepburn and Morris Carnovsky) Much Ado About Nothing (Hepburn & Alfred Drake)  National Tours—Much Ado About Nothing (with Katharine Hepburn and Alfred Drake); Lamp at Midnight (directed by Sir Tyrone Guthrie)

Sources
Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2002. PEN 0000069037.

References

External links

Amarillo Bay presents On David Scott Milton by James P. White

1934 births
2020 deaths
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Writers from Pittsburgh
Male actors from Pittsburgh
University of Southern California faculty
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male screenwriters
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
21st-century American Jews

David Scott Milton


Sir Charles Lock Eastlake  (17 November 1793 – 24 December 1865) was a British painter, gallery director, collector and writer of the 19th century.  After a period as keeper, he was the first director of the National Gallery. From 1850 to 1865 he served as President of the Royal Academy, succeeding Martin Archer Shee in the role.

Life

Eastlake was born in Plymouth, Devon, the fourth son of an Admiralty lawyer. He was educated at local grammar schools in Plymouth, including Plymouth Grammar School, and, briefly, at Charterhouse (then still in London). He was committed to becoming a painter, and in 1809 he became the first pupil of Benjamin Haydon and a student at the Royal Academy schools in London—where he later exhibited.

However, his first exhibited work was shown at the British Institution in 1815, a year in which he also visited Paris and studied works in the Louvre (then known as the Musée Napoléon). His first notable success was a painting Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon in Plymouth Sound (1815; National Maritime Museum, London). Like many other people at the time, Eastlake had hired a boat to take him to the ship on which Napoleon was held captive in Plymouth harbour. He sketched him from the boat.

In 1816, he travelled to Rome where he painted members of the British elite staying in Italy including fellow artists Sir Thomas Lawrence and J. M. W. Turner. He also travelled to Naples and Athens.

Despite being based predominantly in mainland Europe, Eastlake regularly sent works back to London to be exhibited, and in 1827 he was elected a member of the Royal Academy. Three years later, he returned to England permanently where he continued to paint historic and biblical paintings set in Mediterranean landscapes. While he had been abroad his 1827 painting Lord Byron's Dream was exhibited at the 1829 Royal Academy summer exhibition.

As an art historian, he translated Goethe's Zur Farbenlehre (Theory of Colours, 1840).  He edited with extensive and valuable notes the 'Handbuch der Geschichte der Malerei (Handbook of the History of Painting) by Franz Kugler, which in its first English version was translated by 'A Lady', Mrs. Margaret Hutton. These publications and Eastlake's reputation as an artist led to his nomination in 1841 to become secretary of the Fine Arts Commission, the body in charge of government art patronage. He set up home in Fitzroy Square.

In his On Vision and Colours, § 14, Schopenhauer praised Eastlake's translation of Goethe.

Having already advised the National Gallery, London on acquisitions, he was appointed the Gallery's second Keeper in 1843, a post he later resigned "in consequence of an unfortunate purchase that roused much animadversion, a portrait erroneously ascribed to Holbein".  In 1855 he returned as the first Director, "with more extended powers".

In 1849 he married Elizabeth Rigby, an art historian and translator of German art histories, forming a formidable art history writing partnership.

In 1845, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.  From 1850 to 1865, he was the second president of the Birmingham Society of Artists. Elected President of the Royal Academy and knighted in 1850, he became a notable figure in the British art establishment, being appointed the first President of the Photographic Society in 1853 and, in 1855, the first Director of the National Gallery. Cambridge University awarded him an honorary degree in 1864.

Legacy
Eastlake died in Pisa, Italy, on Christmas Eve 1865, and is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London.  His will provided for the Gallery to purchase his own collection of paintings. Lady Eastlake sold her husband's art history book collection to the Gallery's library.

Gallery

Publications
Materials for a History of Oil Painting (1847). A second volume was published posthumously in 1869.
Contributions to the Literature of the Fine Arts (1848).

See also
 On Vision and Colors

References

Attribution
; Endnotes:
Memoir by Lady Eastlake prefixed to the second series of Contributions to the Literature of the Fine Arts
Pictures by Sir Charles Eastlake
Haydon's Autobiography
Catalogue of the National Gallery (Wornum), and books mentioned in the text.

External links

 , an engraving of the painting in Friendship's Offering, 1827, with the poem The Brigand Leader and his Wife by Felicia Hemans.

1793 births
1865 deaths
Artists from Plymouth, Devon
People educated at Charterhouse School
English curators
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English art historians
Directors of the National Gallery, London
English translators
Royal Academicians
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Members and Associates of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
19th-century British translators
19th-century male artists
Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
19th-century British businesspeople
People educated at Plymouth Grammar School
Writers from Plymouth, Devon
Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

Charles Lock Eastlake


Nouvelle cuisine (French, "new cuisine") is an approach to cooking and food presentation in French cuisine. In contrast to the older haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine has lighter, more delicate dishes, and pretty presentation. It started in Paris in the 1970s, and by the 1980s was seen in London and New York. The movement is now almost worldwide.

The reasons are connected with modern business life, where long two-hour lunches are a thing of the past. Also, customers began to look for lighter food menus. Food critics Henri Gault and his colleagues André Gayot and Christian Millau put out a new restaurant guide, the Gault-Millau, or Le Nouveau Guide.

Gault and Millau listed ten characteristics of this new style of cooking. They were:
Simpler cooking.
Cooking times for most fish, seafood, game birds, veal, green vegetables and pâtés were reduced to try to keep the natural flavour.
The cuisine was made with the freshest possible ingredients.
Large menus were abandoned in favour of shorter menus.
Strong marinades for meat and game were not used.
Heavy sauces like espagnole and béchamel were dropped. Instead, dishes were seasoned with fresh herbs, high-quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar.
Regional dishes were introduced in place of cuisine classique dishes.
New techniques and modern equipment were used; sometimes used microwave ovens.
Chefs paid close attention to the dietary needs of their guests.
The chefs were inventive, and created new combinations and pairings.

History

However, the term "nouvelle cuisine" has been used several times in the history of French cuisine.

In the 1730s and 1740s, several French writers emphasized their break with tradition. They called their cooking "modern" or "new". In 1742 Menon introduced the term nouvelle cuisine as the title of the third volume of his Nouveau traité.  François Marin worked in the same tradition.

In the 1880s and 1890s, the cooking of Georges Auguste Escoffier was sometimes described as nouvelle cuisine.

References

Cooking
French food

Nouvelle cuisine


Barpathar is a town and a municipality board in Golaghat district  in the state of Assam, India.

Geography
Barpathar is located at . It has an average elevation of 99 metres (324 feet) from sea level.

The river Dhanshiri flows on the south-west border of the town dividing it from the town of Old Barpathar located in the Karbi Anglong District of Assam. To the east to north flows the Doiyang river, skirting the Merapani Reserve Forest.

Climate
The climate ranges from semi-cool September–October to winter months of November to February, temperate months of March–April and sultry summer and rainy season of May to September. Average temperature ranges from 19°C to 35°C.

Transport

Oriyamghat multimodal waterways terminal
Oriyamghat multimodal waterways terminal on Brahmaputra National Waterway 2 in Barpathar is being developed as part of Bharatmala and Sagarmala projects. There are 19 National Waterways for the Northeast connectivity.

Railway
The Lumding–Dibrugarh section railway line of Northeast Frontier Railways connecting Guwahati and Dibrugarh divides the town into two to the east and west, with Barpathar Railway Station [BXP] in the centre (parking, with toilet available).

Road
An arterial road connects Barpathar at the north-west with the District town of Golaghat located at a distance of 44 km to the north-west. The same road connects the town with the National HighWay No 36 to the west linking it by road to Guwahati.

The Uriamghat Road running parallel to the rail line on the east to south connects the town with the crude oil producing area of Uriamghat. Another goes from the east to the east-north to Rengmai on the bank of Doiyang river skirting Merapani Reserve Forest. Yet another goes from the east to the north west connecting it with Jamuguri, Furkating and then to Golaghat. The road coming to the west part of the town from Golaghat runs farther parallel to the rail line to connect it with Sarupathar in the south and then farther south to Naojan and Bokajan.

Economy

Agriculture
The population is mostly agricultural, and comprises various sub-groups of Assamese speaking people: Ahoms, Sutias, Bodos, Kacharis, Misings, Kalitas, Mahantas, and Brahmins. The town has a large percentage of Bengali speaking people and a small fraction of Muslims as also Christians and Buddhists.

Greater Barpathar encompasses a cluster of well-established villages, viz., Dubarani, Baramukhia, Dhundasam, Rengmai, Premhara, Jaljori, Jorhatiya, Pabhajan, Boranagar, Hezari, Sarulangtha, Upperlangtha, Premhara, Nahorani, Sewaguri, Kordoiguri, Singimari, Dighali Pathar etc. The villages have orchards of coconuts, bananas, pineapples, betel nuts, lichees, paddy fields, sugar cane fields, etc. There is a weekly big bazaar on every Thursday at Barpathar town.

Barpathar is known as the "Granary of Sivasagar". It produces rice, sugarcane, mustards, sesame, fruits and vegetables and tea. The town has a number of tea estates, viz., Pabhajan Tea Estate, Barpathar Tea Estate, Bhuyan Bagan, Dighali Tea Estate, Rengmai Tea Estate, Singimari Tea Estate, Barpathar Tea Estate etc. During the last decade or so the Assamese peasantry has taken to growing tea in their lands thereby pushing up tea production. This has induced setting up of new factories for production of tea in the town.

Industry
The area surrounding Uriamghat produces crude oil, which, partly feeds the Numaligarh Oil Refinery. There are couple of small scale businesses like Soaponica detergent company (www.sikmik.in), Dhansiri water plant and a few incense stick factories.

Education
Various educational institutions have been set up, namely, Barpathar Higher Secondary School (oldest in the Dhanshri Sub-Division of Golaghat District), Adarsha Hindi High School (Hindi), M C Dev High School (Bengali), Barpathar Girls High School, Sanskrit Vidyalaya, Industrial Training Institute (ITI) and the Barpathar College. A number of English Medium Schools - 1) Bolosing Memorial School; 2) Anjali Borbora Memorial Academy; 3) Amrit International School (CBSE); 4) Pranabananda Vidya Mandir L etc.

A Junior College and Shankardev Shishu Niketan Jatiya Viiya Vidpathar, Barpathar, have been set up in the last few years.

Culture
Every village in the Town has a "namghar" where the Vaishnava followers meet in the evening to perform  offering prayers to Lord Krishna. Various religious Bhawnas (dramas) are also performed in these namghars. Besides, there is also a Sarvajanin Mandap where Durga Puja is performed every year. Bihu Sanmilan held in April each year, in the Hindu Mmnth of  Vaishakha (Assamese Bohag) draws a large number of Bihu dancing troupes to the town.

Demographics
 India census, Barpathar had a population of 7078. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Barpathar has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 56% of the males and 44% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

As per 2011 Census of India Report the Barpathar town is divided into 4 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Barpathar Town Committee has population of 7,657 of which 3,968 are males while 3,689 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 761 which is 9.94% of total population of Barpathar (TC). In Barpathar Town Committee, Female Sex Ratio is of 930 against state average of 958. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Barpathar is around 888 compared to Assam state average of 962. Literacy rate of Barpathar city is 89.40% higher than state average of 72.19%. In Barpathar, male literacy is around 92.57% while female literacy rate is 86.01%.

Notable People
Lovlina Borgohain,  Boxer

References

Cities and towns in Golaghat district
Golaghat district

Barpathar


Jayhawkers is a term that came into use just before the American Civil War in Bleeding Kansas.  It was adopted by militant bands of Free-Staters. These bands, known as "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri known at the time as "Border Ruffians".

After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas. Today a Jayhawk is typically a student, fan, or alumnus of the University of Kansas. "Jayhawk" is also the name of their mascot, a mythical bird with a history based on the Bleeding Kansas era term.

History
The term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants traveling to California in 1849. The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, when it was reportedly used to describe a group associated with American patriot John Jay.

About 1858 the slang term "jayhawking" became widely used as a synonym for stealing. It was also used at the same time during the Kansas territorial period. The term came to be used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause.

Another historian of the time described the jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery. They fought "Border Ruffians" raiding into Kansas. In Missouri, "Jayhawker" was a derogatory term for Kansans who raided into Missouri, murdered slave owners, burned and looted their property in the name of freeing slaves.

Notorious Jayhawkers
James Henry Lane , moved to Lawrence, Kansas in 1855. Despite being a Democrat he became affiliated with the Free-Staters. He soon became one of the leaders of the Jayhawkers. Later a Union General and U.S. Senator, he led the 3rd and 4th Kansas Volunteer Infantry and 5th Kansas Cavalry on raids into Missouri. They burned most of the town of Osceola, Missouri, stole everything they could and freed the slaves in the town.

Charles R. Jennison was the leader of the "Independent Mounted Kansas Jayhawkers", also known as the 7th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, was another who led raids into Missouri. The regiment was officially termed the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, but was popularly known as Jennison's Jayhawkers.

University of Kansas
In 1890, the football team of the University of Kansas called themselves the "Jayhawkers". Later it was shortened to "Jayhawk". They became synonymous with their mascot, a mythical bird called the Jayhawk. Their connections to the Jayhawkers of the Bleeding Kansas era and Civil War are a part of their history.

References

History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
Origins of the American Civil War

Jayhawker


Robert Graeme Pollock (born 27 February 1944) is a former cricketer for South Africa, Transvaal and Eastern Province. A member of a famous cricketing family, Pollock is widely regarded as one of South Africa's greatest ever cricketers, and as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket. Despite Pollock's international career being cut short at the age of 26 by the sporting boycott of South Africa, and all but one of his 23 Test matches being against England and Australia, the leading cricket nations of the day, he broke a number of records. His completed career Test match batting average (twenty innings minimum) of 60.97 remains the third best behind Sir Don Bradman and Adam Voges.

Pollock has been the recipient of numerous awards and accolades, including being voted in 1999 as South Africa's Cricketer of the 20th Century, one of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year in 1966, as well as being retrospectively selected in 2007 as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 1967 and 1969. In South Africa he was player of the year in 1961 and 1984, with special tributes in the S.A. Cricket annuals of 1977 and 1987. Bradman described Pollock, along with Sir Garfield Sobers, as the best left-handed batsman he had ever seen play cricket.

In 2009, Pollock was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

Youth and early career
Pollock was born into a Scottish family in Durban, Natal Province, Union of South Africa on 27 February 1944. His grandfather was a Presbyterian minister, and his father, Andrew, was a former first-class cricketer with Orange Free State and the editor of the Eastern Province Herald.
As a youth, Pollock earned the nickname Little Dog:
The name arose when his brother [Peter], with voice still unbroken, made queer-sounding appeals for l.b.w. The humorist, Springbok Atholl McKinnon, said they sounded like a dog barking, and called him Pooch. When Graeme joined the provincial eleven they became Big Dog and Little Dog.
Pollock attended Grey High School—a noted sporting school in Port Elizabeth—where he was coached by Sussex professional George Cox and Hampshire professional Tom Dean. In his first match for Grey Junior, aged 9, he took all ten wickets before scoring 117 not out. At one stage, he hit a six into a neighbouring cemetery and had to fetch the ball himself. He was selected for his first match for the school First XI as a leg spinner, taking six wickets for five runs. At 15, Pollock was selected to represent South Africa schoolboys.

In 1960, aged 16 and still attending Grey High School, Pollock was chosen to appear for Eastern Province. His first-class cricket debut was against Border at the Jan Smuts Ground in East London, where he made 54 runs before being run out. He then went on to take two wickets in Border's second innings. Later that season he scored his maiden first-class century, scoring 102 against Transvaal B, becoming the youngest South African to score a first-class century. Pollock played five matches for EP in his debut season, scoring 384 runs at an average of 48.00. In 1961, while visiting Britain with his parents, he played six matches with the Sussex Second XI.

In the 1962–63 South African season, Pollock finished second in the averages, scoring 839 runs including three centuries at an average of 69.66. The highlight of his season was scoring 209 not out for an Eastern Province Invitational XI against the International Cavaliers, which included bowlers such as Richie Benaud and Graham McKenzie. Benaud was to describe the innings as "magnificent", later saying "I knew I was watching a champion." Aged 19, Pollock was the youngest South African to score a double-century in first-class cricket.

Test career

Debut in Australia
Pollock was 19 when he was selected for the 1963–64 South African cricket team's tour of Australia. He had a disappointing start to the tour, making 1 and 0 against Western Australia, dismissed twice by McKenzie. He recovered in the next match scoring 127 not out against a Western Australia Combined XI. He made his Test debut at the Gabba in Brisbane making 25 in a rain-interrupted match before again being dismissed by McKenzie. The match was an infamous one with the Australian bowler Ian Meckiff no-balled for throwing, effectively ending his career. Pollock was not successful in the Second Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, making 16 and 2 as South Africa were heavily defeated by eight wickets.

Pollock's performances in the first two Tests of the series raised questions over the youngster's place, but, in the third Test in Sydney, Pollock made 122 in South Africa's first innings. Bradman commented: "Next time you decide to play like that, send me a telegram". At 19 years and 317 days he became the youngest South African to score a Test century, a record that still stands. In Adelaide, in the fourth Test, Pollock and Eddie Barlow shared a South African third-wicket record partnership of 341; Pollock hitting 175 and Barlow 201. South Africa won the Test by 10 wickets to level the series 1–1. Pollock finished his maiden series with 399 runs to his name, at an average of 57.00. During Pollock's innings of 17 in the drawn fifth Test, he suffered an injury which resulted in him missing the first two Tests of the New Zealand tour which followed.

Home and away against England
England toured South Africa in 1964–65 under the captaincy of Mike Smith. Pollock was selected in all five Tests against the tourists. England won the First Test at Kingsmead convincingly by an innings and 104 runs, with Pollock making 5 and a first ball duck. The remaining Tests were all drawn. In the final Test at St George's Park, Pollock made 137 in the first innings, with Wisden Cricketers' Almanack describing it as "a splendid century, distinguished by many drives past cover and mid-on." In the second, he made an unbeaten 77. In the Tests, Pollock made 459 runs at an average of 57.37.

Pollock was included to tour England with the South African team in 1965. In the Second Test at Trent Bridge, Pollock made 125, an innings he described in his autobiography as his best. He made his runs out of 160 added in 140 minutes, the last 91 of his runs coming in 70 minutes. He had come in at 16/2, and the score had declined to 80/5, before his partnerships with the captain Peter van der Merwe and with Richard Dumbrill enabled the score to reach 269. John Woodcock wrote in The Cricketer, "Not since Bradman's day could anyone recall having seen an English attack treated in such cavalier style." while the same correspondent in The Times said, "I can think of no innings played against England since the [Second World] war which was so critical and commanding: I can think of none more beautifully played." E.W. Swanton wrote in The Daily Telegraph that it was an innings "which in point of style and power, of ease and beauty of execution is fit to rank with anything in the annals of the game." In the second innings, Pollock scored 59. It was a notable match for the Pollock brothers; older brother Peter took 10 wickets in total as South Africa won the match and, therefore, the three Test series 1–0. His performances during that English season saw him named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1966, acclaimed as "one of the most accomplished batsmen in contemporary cricket".

Success then isolation
In 1966–67, Bob Simpson led his Australian team to South Africa for a five Test series. The South Africans won the First Test at Wanderers after trailing by 126 after the first innings and scoring 620 runs in the second innings. Pollock scored 90 from 104 balls. Describing Pollock's innings, Wisden said "[he] looked without peer and his timing, placing and wristwork were an object lesson for the purist." In the Second Test at Newlands, responding to an Australian total of 542, Pollock made 209 runs from a team total of 353 despite batting with an injured groin which restricted his footwork and running. South Africa, however, were unable to avoid the follow-on and eventually lost the match by 6 wickets. The Third Test was played at Kingsmead in Durban and Pollock made 67 not out in the second innings, with Ali Bacher batting South Africa to an eight wicket victory. The Fourth Test saw rain deny South Africa an almost certain victory. The final Test at Port Elizabeth saw Pollock, on his birthday, score another century as South Africa won the match by seven wickets to clinch the series three Tests to one. For the series, Pollock scored 537 runs at an average of 76.71, trailing only Denis Lindsay on both measures for the South Africans.

Pollock and the South Africans were due to play England at home in 1968–69, but tensions stemming from the South African government's apartheid policy came to a head when South African-born Basil D'Oliveira—of Cape Coloured ancestry—was chosen in the England touring team to replace the injured Tom Cartwright. The South African Prime Minister B. J. Vorster denounced the English team as the "team of the anti-apartheid" movement and refused to allow the team to enter South Africa with D'Oliveira in place. The tour was therefore cancelled.

South Africa's last Test series before their expulsion from international cricket was against Bill Lawry's Australians. The Australians had just completed a gruelling tour of India in vastly different playing conditions before coming to South Africa. Pollock's form continued into the series and he averaged 73.85. Pollock managed to break Jackie McGlew's South African Test record of 255 when he scored 274 in the 2nd Test in Durban. When Pollock was batting in this innings with Barry Richards, the opposing captain, Bill Lawry, said about this innings: "Never have I seen the ball hit with such power by two players at the same time." He held this record for nearly thirty years until Daryll Cullinan scored 275 not out against New Zealand in 1999. Pollock was 26 years of age when his Test career was brought to an end.

Post-Test career
When the scheduled South African tour of England in 1970 was cancelled, a tour by a "Rest of the World" side was arranged to fill the gap. The side, of which Pollock was a member, played five games against England which were promoted at the time as "Tests," but which are not now recognised as such. Pollock had a poor series by his standards, but he did make 114 in the final match at The Oval, sharing in a fifth wicket partnership of 165 with Gary Sobers.

International isolation was keenly felt by the South African team at the time, including Pollock, and the players took measures to try to reverse the looming sporting boycott. In 1971, Pollock took part in a protest organised by Barry Richards and Mike Procter against the South African government's apartheid policy as it referred to cricket. During a match to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the formation of the Republic of South Africa, the players from both teams walked off after one ball, issuing a joint statement: We cricketers feel that the time has come for an expression of our views. We fully support the South African Cricket Association's application to invite non-whites to tour Australia, if they are good enough, and further subscribe to merit being the only criterion on the cricket field.

During South Africa's international isolation, Pollock played in 16 unofficial Test matches against breakaway teams from England, Sri Lanka, the West Indies and Australia. He ended his international career at the age of 42 with a 144 against the rebel Australian team that toured South Africa in 1987. He scored 1376 runs, including 5 centuries, at an average of 65.52.

Pollock continued playing first-class cricket for Eastern Province and Transvaal until his retirement from the first-class game in the 1986–87 season at the age of 43. He made 20,940 runs in first-class cricket, including 64 centuries and 99 fifties, at an average of 54.67. Despite offers, Pollock never played in English domestic cricket, once stating that "the domestic grind was not 'my type of game'". Limited overs matches were introduced some time after his career began, and he played 112 innings in the shorter form of the game, tallying 4,656 runs at an average of over 50. In 1974–75 Pollock scored 222 not out for Eastern Province against Border in the Gillette Cup, this was the first double century in List A cricket and remained the highest individual innings until 2002 when surpassed by Ali Brown.

By the time of his retirement in 1988, Pollock was already "established in cricket administration: president of the South African Cricket Players' Association, board member and team selector with the Transvaal Cricket Council." He was appointed a Test selector by the United Cricket Board in 2000, a post he held until 2002, at which point he was appointed as a batting coach to the South African team.

Pollock, together with Gary Sobers, was honoured by being chosen to present the match awards following the 2003 Cricket World Cup Final in Johannesburg.

On 26 November 2013, the Centurion pavilion at St George's Oval was renamed the "Graeme Pollock Pavilion" in honour of his contribution to cricket.

Playing style
Standing at , Pollock used his height well to get to the pitch of the ball, and utilised a strong sense of timing. He had an upright batting stance and his footwork was balanced and correct. He used a heavy bat and liked to play the cover drive. To rectify an apparent weakness on the leg side, Pollock developed a very good pull and leg drive. With his power, he was able to find the gaps in the field, allowing him to score quickly. His style of batting was aggressive, not waiting for poor deliveries when looking to score:

Aside from his batting abilities, Pollock was also an occasional leg-spinner. His teammate Jackie McGlew claimed Pollock could have made an outstanding bowler—"He bowled right over the top and really made the ball 'fizz'"—but he bowled mainly for enjoyment and with a light heart. In total, he took 4 Test wickets and 43 in first-class cricket. He was also a naturally gifted fielder.

Personal life
 Pollock's Scottish immigrant father Andrew Pollock played cricket for Orange Free State, while his brother, Peter Pollock, was a leading fast bowler who played 28 Test matches for South Africa. Both of Graeme Pollock's sons, Anthony Pollock and Andrew Graeme Pollock, played cricket for Transvaal and Gauteng, while his nephew, Shaun Pollock (son of Peter), retired from the South African Test team in 2008, played in 108 Test matches, captained the country from 2000 to 2003 and was South Africa's leading wicket-taker before being overtaken by Dale Steyn.

In 2003, Pollock expressed his thoughts about the sporting boycott of South Africa:
I was twenty-four. We did not give too much thought to the people who were not given the opportunities. In hindsight we certainly could have done much more in trying to get change to Southern Africa. [...] We had a good series against Australia in '67 and we probably had our best side ever. [...] Poor old Barry (Richards) played just four Tests, Mike Procter seven. But at the same time [the protesters] got it absolutely right that the way to bring about change in South Africa was in sport. It was difficult for twenty-two years ... but in hindsight it was needed and I'm delighted it did achieve change in South Africa.
—Graeme Pollock

Statistical analysis

Notes

References
Printed

Website

External links

1944 births
Living people
Cricketers from Durban
South Africa Test cricketers
South African cricketers
Eastern Province cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Gauteng cricketers
South African people of British descent
White South African people
South African people of Scottish descent
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
South African cricket coaches
Alumni of Grey High School

Graeme Pollock


Jack Birkenshaw,  (born 13 November 1940) was an English cricketer, who later stood as an umpire and worked as a coach. Cricket commentator, Colin Bateman, stated "Jack Birkenshaw was the epitome of a good all-round county cricketer: a probing off-spinner who used flight and guile, a handy batsman who could grind it out or go for the slog, a dependable fielder and great competitor".

Lean times at Yorkshire and Leicestershire
Born on 13 November 1940, in Rothwell, near Leeds, Yorkshire, Birkenshaw attended John Lawrence cricket school at Rothwell from the age of seven, and when aged 14 he appeared for Rothwell Grammar School and Yorkshire Schools. He was also a stand-off in the school rugby team. He played cricket for Lofthouse, Farsley and Leeds.

Birkenshaw played a single County Championship match for Yorkshire at the age of 17 in 1958, taking the wicket of Jim Parks in both innings, but did not make another first-class appearance until 1959. That year he took 40 wickets at an average of 27.39, and also played for Minor Counties against the touring Indians; he made a second and final Minor Counties appearance against the South Africans the following year. In all, he played thirty games for Yorkshire, but failed to win his county cap, and in 1961 he moved on to Leicestershire.

For a long while Birkenshaw's performances for Leicestershire were rather disappointing. In his first six years at the club he never took more than 27 wickets in a season, and he had to rely on some useful lower-order contributions with the bat to keep his place in the side. He earned a place in the history books by playing (exclusively as a batsman) in the pioneering Midlands Knock-Out Cup limited-overs tournament in 1962. However, he was capped by the county in 1965, and greater success was lying ahead.

Breakthrough and England recognition
In 1967, Birkenshaw took 111 wickets – in the previous six seasons combined he had managed 102 in total – at an average of only 21.41. He took five in an innings on five occasions, including 7–86 against Sussex, and gained selection for the International XI that toured Pakistan in the winter. 1968 proved another good season for Birkenshaw, as he again took 100 wickets, and punished Sussex again: this time with the bat as he made 101 not out. He made two more centuries the following year, but surprisingly for a man who passed fifty on 57 occasions in first-class cricket, he was to reach three figures just once more in his career. The years between 1969 and 1972 saw Birkenshaw record solid statistics, taking 69, 63, 89 and 90 wickets in successive seasons, and in 1972 he achieved his career-best bowling of 8–94 against Somerset.

Such performances attracted the interest of the England selectors, who had previously stuck by Ray Illingworth as their first-choice off-spinner, and Birkenshaw was picked to go to India and Pakistan in 1972/73. He made 64 on his debut in the fourth Test against India at Kanpur, and also claimed three wickets; his first victim in Test cricket was Sunil Gavaskar. Birkenshaw retained his place for the fifth Test at Bombay, and opened the batting in the second innings, but lost his place for the Pakistan series and played only in the third Test, taking 5–55 and sharing the second-innings wickets equally with Norman Gifford.

Despite another decent domestic season in 1973, Birkenshaw was omitted from the England side for both series that summer (against New Zealand and West Indies), the 41-year-old Illingworth again being the barrier to his selection. However, there was no Illingworth on the winter tour to the Caribbean, and Birkenshaw played in the last two Tests. A total return of 2–96 and 15 runs in three innings was not enough to keep his place for the summer of 1974, and that was as far as his England career lasted.

Later career and retirement
He played on for Leicestershire for a number of years, helping them win the County Championship in 1975, making his fourth and final first-class hundred, and recording his best bowling figures in one-day cricket, taking 5–20 against Essex in the Sunday League. Oddly, these were the only wickets he took in the 11 one-day games he played that year. In 1976, Birkenshaw made his only one-day hundred, but his unbeaten 101 against Hampshire in the second round of the Gillette Cup failed to win the game, Leicestershire falling short of their target by three runs.

Birkenshaw finished with Leicestershire in 1980, but had one final season in the game with Worcestershire. In his penultimate match he made 32 and 54 against the Australian tourists, and his final first-class match came in late July 1981 against Northamptonshire. The first wicket of his first-class career had been that of a famous Test player, and with a pleasing symmetry the last was to be too: Kapil Dev, caught behind for 79. This match was also notable for being the first first-class game to be held at Stourbridge for 19 years.

After retirement, Birkenshaw became an umpire, standing in over 250 matches from 1982 to 1988 including two Tests and six One Day Internationals, four of the latter being at the 1983 World Cup. His last game as an umpire was the Refuge Assurance Cup final in September 1988. He later returned to his old county of Leicestershire in the capacity of coach, after a similar spell at Somerset. As coach, he led Leicestershire to the County Championship title in 1996 and 1998.  He was elected as President of Leicestershire CCC, initially at the 2019 AGM.

Birkenshaw was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to cricket.

References

External links

1940 births
English cricket coaches
Living people
People from Rothwell, West Yorkshire
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
English Test cricket umpires
English One Day International cricket umpires
Minor Counties cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Marylebone Cricket Club President's XI cricketers
Cricketers from West Yorkshire

Jack Birkenshaw


Kino is a botanical gum produced by various trees and other plants, particularly bloodwood species of eucalypts (Angophora, Corymbia, Eucalyptus) and Pterocarpus, in reaction to mechanical damage, and which can be tapped by incisions made in the trunk or stalk. Many Eucalyptus, Angophora and Corymbia species are commonly referred to as 'bloodwoods', as the kino usually oozes out a very dark red colour. Kino flow in angiosperms contrasts with resin flow in conifers. The word kino is of Indian origin. In Australia, "red gum" is a term for kino from bloodwood trees and red acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoea spp.

Composition
Astringent tannin compounds are a major active component of kinos. The chief constituent of kino is kinotannic acid, of which it contains 70 to 80 per cent. It also contains kino red, a phlobaphene produced from kinotannic acid by oxidation. Kino also yields kinoin, a crystalline neutral principle.

In cold water it is only partially dissolved, leaving a pale flocculent residue which is soluble in boiling water but deposited again upon cooling. It is soluble in alcohol and caustic alkalis, but not in ether.

When exuding from the tree, it resembles red-currant jelly, but hardens in a few hours after exposure to the air and sun. Kinos typically dry to an amber-like material. It consists of dark red angular fragments, rarely larger than a pea.
Of the small angular glistening fragments, the smaller are reddish, and the larger are almost black; thin pieces are ruby red. It is brittle and easily powdered. It has no smell, but a very astringent taste.

Applications and sources
Kinos are used in medicine, tanning, and as dyes. Kino was introduced to European medicine in 1757 by John Fothergill. When described by him, it was believed to have been brought from the river Gambia in West Africa, and when first imported it was sold in England as Gummi rubrum astringens gambiense. It was obtained from Pterocarpus erinaceus. In the early 20th century, the drug recognized as the legitimate kind was East Indian, Malabar or Amboyna kino which is the evaporated juice obtained from incisions in the trunk of Pterocarpus marsupium. In addition to kinos from these two species, Bengal or Butea kino from Butea frondosa and Australian, Botany Bay, or Eucalyptus kino from Eucalyptus siderophloia and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, were imported into the United States. A West Indian or Jamaica kino is believed to be the product of Coccoloba uvifera, or seaside grape. It is possible that the same plant is the source of the South American kino.

Kino is not absorbed at all from the stomach and only very slowly from the intestine.
The drug was frequently used in diarrhoea, its value being due to the relative insolubility of kinotannic acid, which enabled it to affect the lower part of the intestine. In this respect it is similar to catechu. It ceased being used as a gargle when antiseptics became recognized as the rational treatment for sore throat. A medicinal tincture of kino was used as a gargle for the relaxation of the uvula; it contained kino, glycerin, alcohol, and water.

As they are usually soluble in water, kinos found use in traditional remedies: Eucalyptus kino is used by Australian aborigines in a tea for treating colds.

Kino was employed to a considerable extent in the East Indies as a cotton dye, giving to the cotton the yellowish-brown color known as nankeen.

Notes

References
 Kino (East Indian, Malabar, Madras, Or Cochin Kino) on chestofbooks.com

Further reading
 Jean H. Langenheim. Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany (2003).

External links

Natural gums
Traditional African medicine
Tree tapping
Non-timber forest products

Kino (botany)


Samuel L. Shankland (born October 1, 1991) is an American chess grandmaster. He won the U.S. Chess Championship in 2018.

Shankland was California State Champion in 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012, and Champion of State Champions in 2009. He won bronze at the 2008 World U18 Championship, and was US Junior Champion in 2010. He earned his international master title in 2008 and his grandmaster title in 2011. Shankland surpassed a FIDE rating of 2600 in 2012, and entered the world's top 100 players in 2014.

As a member of the United States team, he won the gold medal for the best individual performance on the reserve board at the 41st Chess Olympiad. He also was part of the team at the 42nd Chess Olympiad, where the United States won team gold for the first time in forty years. In 2018, he won the U.S. Chess Championship, simultaneously breaching the 2700 barrier for the first time in his career.

Early and personal life
Shankland was born in Berkeley, California, to Leslie and Jim Shankland. He lived there until he was four, when his brother was born and the family moved to Orinda.

His father taught him how to play chess at the age of 6, but he did not give the game much attention until he joined the chess club at Glorietta Elementary School in fourth grade. He quickly surpassed the level of chess at Glorietta, and began playing in tournaments by the age of 11.

In 2014, he graduated from Brandeis University with a BS in economics.

In 2016, he competed in the first season of FOX's reality game show Kicking & Screaming, finishing in eighth place with his survivalist partner Caleb Garmany.

Chess career

2008
Shankland began his rise to prominence in 2008, winning the Pacific Coast Open and the California State Championship. He made his international debut at the World Youth Chess Championship under-18 section, where he tied for first place with Ivan Saric and Nguyen Ngoc Truong Son, taking home the bronze medal on tiebreak score and earning the title of International Master.

2010
After losing his first two games in the 2010 US Junior Championship, Shankland won six out of the last seven rounds to tie for first place, and went on to clinch sole first with two back to back Armageddon victories over Ray Robson and Parker Zhao. This result qualified him for the 2011 U.S. Chess Championship.

2011
In January 2011, Shankland earned the title of Grandmaster at the Berkeley International.

He finished third in the 2011 U.S. Chess Championship, after first defeating Alexander Onischuk in a playoff game, and then Robert Hess in an Armageddon match. This result qualified him for the 2011 FIDE World Cup.

In the 2011 World Cup, Shankland defeated Hungarian super-grandmaster Peter Leko in the first round, but lost to Abhijeet Gupta in the second. Shankland's victory over Leko in the first round was the biggest upset of the tournament.

2012
Shankland won the Northern California International ahead of strong GMs Georg Meier, Alejandro Ramirez, Yury Shulman, and Bartlomiej Macieja.

2013
In 2013, Shankland made his debut for the US national team at the Pan American Team Chess Championship in Campinas, Brazil, leading them to victory with a performance rating over 2800.

Shankland was selected as the 27th Samford Fellow. The Samford is a fellowship given once a year to a promising young American player, providing the funds necessary for the recipient to devote him or herself to chess without being restrained by financial concerns.

Shankland clinched first place at the ZMDI Open in Dresden, Germany, edging out on tiebreak score Mikhailo Oleksienko and Georg Meier.

2014
At the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway, Shankland took home gold for his performance as a reserve player. Going undefeated, he scored 9 points out of 10 games, giving him a performance rating of 2829 for this tournament. In round 8, Shankland defeated legendary GM Judit Polgar in her last professional game. Polgar announced her retirement from chess at the end of the event.

Shankland shared first place at the American Continental Championship, qualifying him for the 2015 World Cup.

On December 14, 2014, Shankland broke into the top 100 chess players worldwide.

2015
Following his gold medal in Tromsø, Shankland was promoted to first board of team USA for the World Team Chess Championship, where he played with a performance rating over 2700 and drew against elite players Levon Aronian, Alexander Grischuk, and Boris Gelfand, all of whom were in the top fifteen players worldwide at the time.

Shankland took third place in the Tata Steel Challengers group, with a score of 9.0/13 and a performance rating of 2695.

Shankland competed in the 2015 Chess World Cup, where he defeated GM Ivan Popov in the first round, but lost in a tiebreak in the second round to GM Hikaru Nakamura.

2016
In March 2016, Shankland took first place in the Fagernes International.
In June, 2016, he won the Edmonton International.
In August, 2016, Shankland won the 49th Biel Masters.
In September, 2016, Shankland played as fourth board for the United States at the 42nd Chess Olympiad, where the team earned gold for the first time since 1976. In September 2016, he was ranked 57th in the world with an Elo rating of 2679.

2017
In December 2017, Shankland was runner-up at Sunway Sitges International Chess Festival, in Sitges (Barcelona, Spain), with a score of 6.0/9 (half a point behind GM Aravinth), after defeating GM Salem Saleh in a blitz chess play-off for the second place. He played the regular tournament with a performance rating of 2713.

2018
In April, Shankland took clear first in the US Chess Championship with a score of 8/11 (+6–0=5). He finished half a point, two points, and three points ahead of Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura, respectively. He took home $50,000 in prize money, and increased his rating to 2701 in the process, breaching the 2700 barrier for the first time in his career and becoming the seventh American to pass the 2700 barrier.

In May, he won the Capablanca Memorial, scoring 7/10 (+5–0=5) for a performance rating of 2831. This result vaulted him further up the world rankings, putting him at No. 30 with a live rating of 2717.

In June, he won the American Continental Chess Championship, finishing clear first with 9/11 (+7–0=4).

2019
In January, Shankland finished with 6.5/13 at the Tata Steel Masters, sharing 7th place in what has been called the strongest tournament in the world. He drew his first ever game with World Champion Magnus Carlsen, and he defeated former World Champion Vladimir Kramnik in the final round (Kramnik's final classical game before retiring). Shankland reached a peak rating of 2731 and #22 in the World.

2021
In June, Shankland won the Prague Masters with 5.5/7 and a performance rating over 2900, the best result in the tournament's history.

Shankland reached the quarterfinals of the 2021 FIDE World Cup, earning a spot in the 2022 FIDE Grand Prix. In the quarterfinals he lost on tiebreaks to GM Sergey Karjakin, 4–2.

2022
Through February and March 2022, Shankland played in the FIDE Grand Prix 2022. In the second leg, he placed second in Pool A with a 3.5/6 result. In the third leg, he tied for first with Wesley So in Pool C with a result of 3.5/6 but lost in rapid tiebreakers with a result of 0.5/2. He finished ninth in the standings with eight points.

Books

Other publications

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
American chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Sportspeople from Berkeley, California
Participants in American reality television series
Brandeis University alumni

Sam Shankland


Conwy Lloyd Morgan, FRS, usually known as Lloyd Morgan, (6 February 1852 – 6 March 1936) was a British ethologist and psychologist. He is best remembered for the experimental approach to animal psychology now known as 'Morgan's canon', which is a specialised form of Occam's razor. His idea played a role in the later growth of behaviourism in psychology.

Life
Lloyd Morgan was born in London and studied at the Royal School of Mines and under T.H. Huxley. He taught in Cape Town, but in 1884 joined the staff of University College, Bristol as Professor of Geology and Zoology. He quickly became interested in the field he called 'mental evolution', the borderland between intelligence and instinct. In 1901 he became the college's first Professor of Psychology and Education.

In 1909 Lloyd Morgan became the first Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University. He held the office for a year, then was Professor of Psychology and Ethics until his retirement in 1919.

Ethology
Under Lloyd's canon, animal behaviour should be explained in the simplest possible way. For example, an animal should be considered conscious only if there is no other explanation for its behaviour. Where behaviour seems to imply higher mental processes, it might be explained by trial and error learning. An example is the skilful way in which his terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily misunderstood as an insightful act by someone seeing the final behaviour. Lloyd Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

W.H. Thorpe commented as follows:
"The importance of this was enormous... [but] to the modern ethologist dealing with higher animals and faced as he is with ever-increasing evidence for the complexity of perceptual organization... the very reverse of Morgan's canon often proves to be the best strategy".

This kind of study throws light not only on inherited behaviour but on the maturation of sense organs and the central nervous system. Behaviour changes in most animals during the first hours and days of life. The causes of those changes in behaviour may be developmental maturation, or learning, or some combination of the two. This is a primary area of research in ethology.

Books
The springs of conduct: an essay in evolution. (1885). Kegan Paul, London.
Animal biology. (1887). Rivington, London.
Animal sketches. [1891]. Arnold, London.
Introduction to comparative psychology. (1894). Routledgethoemmes, London.
Psychology for teachers. (1894). Arnold, London.
Habit and instinct. (1896). Arnold, London.
Animal behaviour. (1900). Arnold, London.
Animal life and intelligence. (1890–91; 1891) Arnold, London.
The interpretation of nature. (1906).
Instinct and experience. (1912). Methuen, London.
Emergent evolution. (1923). Henry Holt and Co., , online version
Life, mind, and spirit. (1925). Henry Holt
Mind at the crossways. (1929).
The emergence of novelty. (1933).

References

British psychologists
Ethologists
1852 births
1936 deaths
Academics of the University of Bristol

C. Lloyd Morgan