Hallo aus Berlin (English: Hello from Berlin) is a British educational television miniseries made by the BBC and the Goethe-Institut working together. It is used in German lessons in the United Kingdom, United States, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands and Australia. The 10 episodes in the series were shown on BBC Schools TV from 19 September 1996. It shows things that have happened, people are asked questions about themselves, energetic music, and animated parts, all like how a magazine would do so. The series is designed for people who are anywhere from 11 years old to 14 years old who are beginning to learn German.

The main characters are Marko Walther, Jessica König, Daniel Augustin, Esther Walk, Thomas Lindel, and Miriam Casten. They are young people who say what life is like in Berlin for them every day. Every episode has an animated sketch and song the host characters, Rolli und Rita, perform.

The episodes can be watched on YouTube or the BBC website.

Episodes

Episode 1 - "Wir"

The characters of the series talk about themselves for the first time. This includes what they look like, their heights and their ages. Rolli und Rita appear for the first time. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows a hall of mirrors in a fairground and talks about colours and parts of the face in German. Thomas talks about his enjoying of cycling, Daniel shows his cartoons, and Jessica goes shopping. Marko talks about his guinea pig, and Miriam talks about her pet dog. Esther is seen doing athletics and talks about what she does. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Hallo aus Berlin'.

Episode 2 - "Familie"

Daniel and his family come to see his grandparents. The other characters talk about their brothers, sisters and pets for the first time. Some people who live in Berlin are asked questions about themselves. Thomas visits the Berlin Zoo and talks about the different animals that are seen there for the first time. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rita with a snake at Rolli's house that can solve problems using mathematics. The snake becomes confused and wrecks the room after Rolli asks it a question it finds hard to solve. Rolli und Rita then try to put the broken family portraits together again, incorrectly matching pieces with different family members. Nada, a 17-year-old who lives without his parents in a flat with other young people, talks about himself for the first time, and he talks about the chores and jobs he does when he is there. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Das ist meine Familie'.

Episode 3 - "Zu Hause"

Marko talks about what his house is like. Miriam has breakfast with her family and talks about food that is usually eaten in a meal of breakfast. Some people who live in Berlin are asked questions about themselves. Rolli shows the order in which he does things to get ready in the morning and does not remember to finish doing his chores before his mother comes back to his home. Marko talks about his wardrobe and some of his clothes, and leaves his home to go to school. The different types of houses in Berlin are talked about, and Jessica and Daniel talk about their addresses. Some homeless people are seen being given food in a small restaurant in central Berlin. After that, Esther goes to Jessica's house. When they're there, they talk about Take That and listen to CDs. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Wo Wohnst Du?'.

Episode 4 - "In der Stadt"

Wolfgang, Jessica's cousin, is shown going on an ICE train and going to Jessica's house. He talks with Jessica and her mother on a payphone for a brief amount of time, then goes on the U-Bahn. Thomas meets someone who also enjoys Star Trek at a shop, and they leave the shop together. Wolfgang cannot find the correct way and asks someone who also lives in Berlin for help, only to get a long set of directions. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rita trying to talk to Rolli using a mobile phone multiple times and giving him directions that conflict with previous directions, until he accidentally finds out he is on top of a building that's being made. Thomas and his friend buy food, and Daniel, Miriam, Marko and Esther are asked how to find the correct way in Berlin. Wolfgang still cannot find his way and calls Jessica again, and she comes to meet him. Rolli und Rita perform the song "Ist eine Post hier?". Thomas, his friend, Jessica and Wolfgang are seen at the Cup Final match.

Episode 5 - "Essen und Trinken"

Thomas goes to a grocery shop to buy things for his favourite aunt. At the same time, Miriam and Jessica plan to go to McDonald's. Thomas and his aunt go to a cafe to get an ice cream and cake. Rolli und Rita try to make food at home. This goes wrong when Rita covers the room with whipped cream. A Turkish market and some traditional Turkish food are seen. Rolli und Rita perform the song "Einmal Eis, bitte".

Episode 6 - "Schule"

Jessica and Marko talk about their schools, and multiple lessons can be seen. Things that are being done when it is lunch break are shown. Arno is found out to be smoking at too early of an age and is sent to the headteacher's office. Because of this, Arno is made to clean for the school as a punishment. At the same time, an English lesson is seen. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rolli not doing his homework. Rita appears on a computer screen that is near to him to help him, but both of them run away after he chooses all of the wrong answers. Some students say to Esther, who is the person who represents the class, say they do not want as much German homework. Esther talks about the issue with their German teacher. Jessica talks about the after-school clubs (Arbeitsgemeinschaften). A montage is seen of multiple after school activities. After that, Rolli und Rita perform 'Was ist dein Lieblingsfach?'.

Episode 7 - "Freizeit"

Some students talk about their weekend plans. Miriam talks about her horse and how she rides and cares for it. Arno is seen sleeping. At the same time, Daniel, Thomas and Esther meet in a shop that sells music. Jessica is seen doing ballet. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows them making bad things happen in a music shop with musical instruments that cost a lot of money. A traditional Turkish festival is seen, and the main characters dance in a disco. Rolli und Rita perform "Was machst du am Wochenende?".

Episode 8 - "Gesundheit"

Marko plays volleyball and hurts himself. At the same time, Esther gets ready to play sports by playing sports, and plays sports. Foods and activities that are healthy or not healthy are talked about. Marko sees a doctor because he has been hurt, and the doctor sees what should be done about that. In the Rolli und Rita sketch, Rolli und Rita choose to go bowling, which goes wrong. Jessica, Marko, and Esther talk about their favourite sports. Karate lessons are seen, and Thomas, Daniel and Miriam talk about their favourite activities. Some children in wheelchairs are seen playing basketball. Rolli und Rita perform 'Ich habe zehn Finger'. The characters are then seen at an indoor water park.

Episode 9 - "Ferien und Feste"

Daniel's mother reserves hotel rooms at a hotel near the Ostsee, where the family is going on holiday. A Turkish festival is seen, and Jessica has her Confirmation at the church. Miriam celebrates her 14th birthday with her family, Thomas, and Jessica. In the Rolli und Rita sketch, Rolli und Rita are on holiday, and do not know a storm is coming before being struck by lightning. Daniel is with his family on the Ostseeküste (Baltic Sea Coast), and they ride a boat. Rolli und Rita perform 'Wann hast du Geburtstag?'.

Episode 10 - "Unser Berlin"

The last episode of the series shows much of the culture in Berlin. Jessica goes around the shops of Berlin and the KaDeWe. Thomas talks about the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, a reminder of World War 2, and Daniel eats in a restaurant that is in Berlin. Esther talks about where she lives, Kreuzberg, and looks around its shops and restaurants. Marko talks about the history of the Berlin Wall, and talks about the plans for Potsdamer Platz to be constructed on that were new at the time. The characters say goodbye in a theme park. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Das ist unser Berlin', which ends the series.

Rolli und Rita
Rolli und Rita are two characters who are teenagers and are animated using computers. In every episode of the series, they appear in a sketch and perform a song.

The characters were said to be the most advanced ones when the series was first shown in 1996. Baxter Hobbins Slides, which was independent, used 3D motion-capture suits with motion sensors to make animated 3D models so the characters could make the same movements as the actors. These 3D models were wireframe models at first, then skin and clothes were added to them. The lip movements of the characters were done by using the real lip movements of the actors filmed behind a blue screen.

The voices in the sketches were later replaced with a version in French for Quinze Minutes Plus as Juju et Juliette, and a version in Spanish for Revista as Julio y Julia.

The characters (mostly Rolli) and the music videos for 'Wann Hast Du Geburtstag?' and 'Was Ist Dein Lieblingsfach?' later became a small meme, due to Rolli's dance movements being very big.

Rolli was voiced by Frido Ruth. Rita was voiced by Nina Hamm, except for the singing parts, which were voiced by Christina Fry, a professional actress, singer, voice-over artist, comedienne, writer, presenter and cabaretist.

References

British television series

Hallo aus Berlin


La Ciudad del Dorado (Spanish for "The City of the Golden One"), otherwise referred to as simply El Dorado ("The Golden One"), is a mythical city in South America. A story of the same name first referred to a deity El Dorado was called after named "El Hombre Dorado" ("The Golden Man"), "El Rey Dorado" ("The Golden King") or "El Dorado" for short. Later, it was used for a city, and in the end, for a whole country. When the Spanish came to South America, they were greedy and tried to find El Dorado.

Legend

According to the legend, the new king had to sacrifice things to the sun god.  This happened at Lake Guatavita, a small lake near modern-day Bogotá. At night, fires were lit, and the naked torsos of the noblemen were covered in a paste made of gold dust. With the noblemen, the ruler used a raft to navigate to the middle of the lake. There, they sacrificed the valuables, made of gold or precious stones. The king then jumped into the lake, and the gold paste, as well as the other sacrifices went to the bottom of the lake.

Fictional locations
Mythology
History of South America

El Dorado


Avidov Lipsker (; born 1949) is an Israeli professor of Hebrew Literature at Bar Ilan University in Israel.

Biography
Avidov Lipsker was born in Haifa in 1949. His fields of study are the Hebrew Literature of the Third and Fourth Immigration (Aliyah), as well as ancient and modern Hebrew prose. From 1998–2002, Lipsker was the chair of the Department of Literature of the Jewish People and as the chair of the Kurzweil Institute. Since 2007 he was the chair of the Inter-Disciplinary Academic Programs in Bar-Ilan University (Cognitive Studies, Interpretation and Culture, Gender Studies, Science and Society and Conflict Resolution). Since 2007 Lipsker is a senior researcher in Shalom Hartman Institute – Jerusalem.

From the early 2000s, Lipsker has held the position of chief editor of the research periodical – Criticism and Interpretation (Bar-Ilan University Press). From 1998–2004 held the position of chief editor at Tsafon, a periodical of Haifa's Writer's Association. He has published dozens of articles and encyclopedic entries (both in Hebrew and English) about Modern Hebrew prose and poetry, as well as studies in the history of the ancient Hebrew narrative. Lipsker is a chief editor of the Thema series and, a series of publications Uri Zvi Grinberg's Poetry – Researches and Documents at Bar-Ilan University. He has also published several stories and a book of poetry.

Fields of research

Modern Hebrew poetry
In his monographic studies, Lipsker intentionally dealt with "marginal" poets, out of a new historiographic perspective, according to which the "average taste" and, at times even the graphomanic writings, represent the style-bar and literary taste from which the contemporary poetic styles can be evaluated and measured. The monographs on the poetry of Shin Shalom, Yitzhak Ogen and Avraham Broides depict the manner in which esthetic and poetic practices standpoints were imported from Europe to Eretz Yisrael—mainly symbolism and expressionism. These studies also address sociological questions of affinity to a social and cultural context. This study is supported by a study of letters and diaries (Yitzhak Lamdan's Collected Letters, as well as his diary which is being prepared for publishing).

Ecological discourse on literature
Lipsker has developed a historiographic model which he named "Ecology of Literature". This model refers to literary texts as items within a widespread cultural system – not necessarily textual, but also plastic-visual and cultural climate.

In His book The Poetry of Yitzhak Ogen (Magness Publish House), he has published his programmatic study on his ecological historiography (which opposes the totality of the "Literary Republic" discourse). "The Ecological Discourse on Literature" seeks to describe the literary skill of the author as an "ecological niche", meaning as a form of aptness fitted uniquely to the cultural conditions in which he formulates his literary work. This discourse deals with questions of changing style and preference, in evolutionary terms while, systematically deconstructing the generalizing narratives on literary revolutions and rebellions. Lipsker's studies in this field deal mainly with the connection between visual designs of literary text, artistic and literary styles and material culture.

Thematology of the literature of the Jewish people
In 1985, Lipsker joined Prof. —founder of the —with whom he has shaped the research methodology Thematology of Jewish Narrative. Since the foundation of the Encyclopedia, he has served as its chief editor. Since 2007, has been the director of the Encyclopedia of the Jewish Story: Sippur Okev Sippur (Bar-Ilan University Press). This field of study addresses the phenomenon of the multi-version appearance of the Jewish story in the Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, Ladino and Judeo-Arabic languages. The Encyclopedia holds an archive of hundreds of versions of Jewish stories both in print and manuscripts. The first volume of the Encyclopedia was published in 2005, the second volume in 2009,  the third volume in 2013, and the fourth one in 2018. Each volume contains Encyclopedic entries reflecting the unfolding of the different versions of a certain story, from post-biblical era to the 20th century. The first volume presents the method with which the stories are mapped, as well as the manner in which a multi-version story is handled as a homogenous phenomenon, undergoing changes through time and different cultural spaces. The Encyclopedia's editorial board gives a constant platform for academic publication in the Thema series, which includes comprehensive monographs on Jewish fiction, as well as a collection of studies called Ma'ase Sippur: Studies in Jewish Narrative.

Published works

As author
The Poetry of Shin Shalom (1922–1941), Ha'Poalim Publish House, Tel Aviv 1992.
Born Unto Trouble: The Poetry of Abraham Broides (1919–1974), The Haifa University Press, Ben-Gurion University Press, Haifa and Beer-Sheba 2000.
The Poetry of Yitzhak Ogen: Literary Ecosystem in Eretz Yisrael 1930–1940, The Hebrew University Magnes Press, Jerusalem 2006.

As editor
Nili Sadan, Prose of the Twenties in Eretz Yisrael, Hebrew: Poalim Library Press, 1991
Nili Sadan, Aharon Reuveni : Monography, Hebrew: Poalim Library Press, 1994
Gideon Katzanelson, Essays on Uri Zvi Grinberg's Poetry, Hebrew: Yaron Golan Press, Tel Aviv, 1993
Isaac Lamdan: Selected Letters, Hebrew: Israel Matz Foundation and the Asher Barash National Institute "Gnazim", New York, Tel Aviv 1998
Encyclopedia of the Jewish Story: Sippur Okev Sippur, Vol I–II, Hebrew: Bar-Ilan University Press, Ramat Gan 2005–2009.
Ma'aseh Sippur: Studies in the Jewish Narrative, Vol I–II, Hebrew: Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 2005–2009.
Rechovot ha-Nahar by Uri Zvi Grinberg: Studies and Documents, Hebrew: Bar-Ilan University Press, Ramat-Gan, 2007.

References

External links
The homepage of Prof. Lipsker at Bar-Ilan university
The lecturer page of Prof. Lipsker at Bar-Ilan university
The site of 'Encyclopedia of the Jewish Story'
'The Poetry of Yitzhak Ogen' – on 'Magnes Press' site

1949 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
People from Haifa
Israeli literary critics

Avidov Lipsker


Riders of the Purple Wage (1967) is a science fiction novella by American writer Philip José Farmer (1918-2009). It appeared in Dangerous Visions, the New Wave science fiction anthology compiled by Harlan Ellison and won the Hugo Award for best novella in 1968, jointly with Weyr Search by Anne McCaffrey.

The title of the story is a take-off on Riders of the Purple Sage (1912), a Western novel by the American author Zane Grey. The novella contains multiple stylistic and literary allusions to James Joyce and his works; as with Ulysses (1922), it includes canonic references, journal entries, poem pieces, and standard prose, and the main character's surname is Winnegan, an allusion to Finnegans Wake (1939).

Plot introduction
Riders of the Purple Wage is an extrapolation of the mid-twentieth century's tendency towards state supervision and consumer-oriented economic planning. In the story, all citizens receive a basic income (the purple wage) from the government, to which everyone is entitled just by being born. The population is self-segregated into relatively small communities, with a controlled environment. It keeps in contact with the rest of the world through the Fido, a combination of television and videophone. The typical dwelling is an egg-shaped house, outside of which is a realistic simulation of an open environment with sky, sun, and moon. In reality, each community is on one level of a multi-level arcology. For those who dislike this lifestyle, there are wildlife reserves where they can join "tribes" of Native Americans and like-minded Anglos living closer to nature for a while. Some choose this lifestyle permanently.

Art (and art appreciation) are prominently displayed in this society. Artists receive press coverage comparable to that of today's movie stars. The art critics are hardly glamorous, each of whom has a pet theory about art. A critic also acts as an agent and manager, promoting the work of one or more artists, especially if their work seems to support his ideas. The story revolves around one of these pampered artists, who sometimes finds himself uninspired, due to the lack of major conflicts in society.

Sexual relations and sexual orientation are portrayed as absolutely free from prejudice. The main character is bisexual, and it is implied that most of his acquaintances have had at least experimental relations with members of both sexes. Several forms of birth control are also commonplace, encouraged by the government, and freely discussed.

For people who do not want to bother with social interaction, there is the fornixator, a device that supplies sexual pleasure on demand by direct stimulation of the brain's pleasure centers. The fornixator is technically illegal, but tolerated by the government because its users are happy, never demand anything else, and usually do not procreate.

Two new sets of customs have arisen which profoundly influence the story. By tradition, everyone has a Naming Day when they are grown, at which point they select a name which reflects their outlook on life, their chosen profession, or the way they want others to see them. The second change derives from the so-called "Panamorite" religion, which features total sexual freedom including oral sex between parents and their children. One source of frustration for the main character is his mother's decision to "cut him off" from intimate physical contact, a situation made worse by her becoming morbidly obese, which is not unusual in this society.

Plot summary
The story revolves around the relationship between a young artist, who has taken the name Chibiabos Elgreco Winnegan, and the man he calls "Grandpa Winnegan" (actually his mother's great-great-grandfather), who hides inside the apartments that "Chib" shares with his mother in the community of Ellay. Grandpa is in hiding from the government, and most people think of him as having pulled off some huge swindle in the past. In fact, he was a successful businessman whose workers were highly paid and very content, much more so than the average recipient of the "purple wage". The resentment which this caused motivated the "gummint" to close down his business, whereupon he managed to steal twenty billion dollars, which has never been found, and (apparently) died. A Federal Agent calling himself "Falco Accipiter" has resolved to hunt down the money at all costs, and is harassing Chib.

Throughout the narrative we are treated to extracts from Grandpa's unpublished manuscript, How I Screwed Uncle Sam & Other Private Ejaculations. In these writings, he describes society and muses on human foibles. He seems particularly fond of James Joyce, and this is a clue to the story's resolution.

Chib is preparing for a new art show. He needs to win a grant to continue painting, otherwise he will have to take forced migration and live in another society, a practice by governments to prevent populations from becoming insular. Chib's own community is host to forcibly migrated Arabs, who belong to the strict Wahhabi sect of Islam. Chib wants to woo the daughter of one of these families, much to the disgust of her relatives.

Standing between Chib and the grant is the one-eyed critic Rex Luscus, who took his name from "Inter caecos regnat luscus", better known as "In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is King". The price of Rex's approval, which will make Chib famous, is sexual favors. Chib's art is controversial. He depicts religious scenes using a three-dimensional technique which presents different views, some of which are blasphemous comments on religion and humanity.

Like most young people, Chib and his friends enjoy rebellion for its own sake. They pretend to plot terrorist attacks when they know they are under surveillance. Such talk is so common that the listening authorities treat it with contempt. The police are laughable by 20th century standards. Dressed in fur-like characters from The Wizard of Oz they use electric tricycles no faster than golf carts, which nonetheless are equipped with sirens "to warn the bad guys they are coming". They have shock-sticks and guns which fire "choke-gas pellets".

Chib's exhibition dissolves into violence as his friend Omar Runic declaims an improvised poem in tribute to Chib's latest work. This is also common, particularly as the "fido" reporters are always keen to stir up trouble, and the artists hate the critics. One artist, a science fiction writer named Huga Wells-Erb Heinsturbury, starts the riot by attacking a reporter from Time magazine, now a government-run news agency which has kept the attitudes of the original corporation, including a deep hatred of science fiction. Chib smashes his painting, a blasphemous Nativity scene, into Rex Luscus's stomach. Suddenly he receives a message from Grandpa. Falco Accipiter has broken into the apartment and found his hiding place.

Grandpa is dead by the time Chib reaches home. He apparently died of shock. In his hand is the last of his "Private Ejaculations". A devout Catholic himself, according to this last note he comforts himself in an atheist world with the thought that profound hatred of religion means that people still believe God exists, otherwise they would not hate him so.

Chib and his mother attend a reverse funeral, where the coffin which supposedly contained Grandpa's body is dug up. As it is opened, there is an explosion, which scatters the stolen billions into the air and sends up a banner announcing "Winnegan's Fake!". Grandpa has cocked a final snook at the "gummint" from beyond the grave.

Chib is handed a note by a man acting for Grandpa's estate. The note simply says that Chib must abandon Ellay, leave his mother, and break free so he can paint from love, not out of hatred.

Characters
 Chibiabos Elgreco Winnegan, a young artist and confidant of Grandpa Winnegan. In the poem Hiawatha, "the gentle Chibiabos" is Hiawatha's close friend.
 Grandpa Winnegan, whose original name was Finnegan. He claimed to be a descendant of the "Tim Finnegan" whose death and resurrection are celebrated in the song Finnegan's Wake. He is the last bastion of individual enterprise in the mechanized nanny-state. His adopted last name is a pun on "Win again".
 Mama Winnegan, Chib's mother who spends her life drinking, eating, and playing poker with disreputable friends. She may know that Grandpa is hiding in their apartments, but pretends not to.
 Falco Accipter, a "gummint" agent who is determined to track down Grandpa's stolen money, and perhaps Grandpa himself.
 Rex Luscus, one-eyed art critic whose eye is mostly on Chib's body. He could have his other eye replaced, but he claims that no art he sees makes it worth his while to have binocular vision.
 The "Young Radishes", Chib's circle of friends who play at plotting revolution and defying authority through their art. Their name is a pun on "radical", meaning either a root (as in root vegetable or radish) or a person who advocates drastic change in society.
 Omar Bacchylides Runic, a poet with a talent for extemporizing, and Chib's occasional lover. His improvised poems tend to inflame people to riot.
 Benedictine Serinus Melba, a singer who claims to be pregnant by Chib. Thanks to an incident with a can of spermicide, Chib finds this hard to believe.
 Rousseau Red Hawk, who affects the persona of a "Red Indian" even though he is a Jewish philosopher who feels intellectually deprived in the nature reserves.
 Huga Wells-Erb Heinsturbury, a science fiction writer whose unwieldy adopted name is derived from the names Hugo Gernsback, H. G. Wells, Edgar Rice Burroughs (E.R.B), Robert A. Heinlein, Theodore Sturgeon and Ray Bradbury.
 Dionysus Gobrinus and Madame Trismegista, owners and proprietors of The Private Universe, where Chib and his friends hang out.  Gobrinus is a former mathematician. Madame Trismegista is a fortune teller, but Gobrinus somehow believes that she controls fate through the stars via the cards she reads.
 Pinkerton Legrand, a gummint agent monitoring the Young Radishes.

Influences
In his afterword to the story, Farmer mentions the Triple Revolution memo, a document sent to United States President Lyndon Johnson in 1964, with policy suggestions for the future of the nation in the face of "three separate and mutually reinforcing revolutions." These were identified as "The Cybernation Revolution," (massive automatic production, requiring progressively less human labor), "The Weaponry Revolution" (the development of new forms of weaponry which can obliterate civilization), and "The Human Rights Revolution" (a universal demand for human rights).

The source of Rex Luscus' name is described in the story as the quote, "In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is King". The original phrase is "In regione caecorum, rex est luscus," from Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus' Collecteana Adagiorum. This is likely to also be a reference to the early SF writer H. G. Wells' story, "The Country of the Blind" (1904) in which a sighted man finds himself in a literal country of the blind, plots to use his advantage to rule them, but fails because his ability is not appreciated by the population.

Reception
"Riders of the Purple Wage" is viewed as an example of modernism in New Wave fiction involving Joycean stream-of-consciousness. Critic Algis Budrys asserted that the work demonstrates how to "write more and more about less and less. Farmer can show you how to pile it higher and higher... [an] exercise in self-indulgence".

Related works
A short story called "The Oögenesis of Bird City" (1971) describes an earlier time when the arcologies and the egg-houses were being introduced to society. Of particular interest is a mention in the story that "integration" of communities was a failure and the technology could be used to allow people to dwell "among their own kind".

See also
 Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction

References

External links

1967 short stories
Short stories by Philip José Farmer
Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works
Dangerous Visions short stories
Doubleday (publisher) books
Books about automation

Riders of the Purple Wage


In a piston engine, the valve timing is the precise timing of the opening and closing of the valves. In an internal combustion engine those are usually poppet valves and in a steam engine they are usually slide valves or piston valves.

Internal combustion engines

Camshaft
In four-stroke cycle engines and some two-stroke cycle engines, the valve timing is controlled by the camshaft. It can be varied by modifying the camshaft, or it can be varied during engine operation by variable valve timing. It is also affected by the adjustment of the valve mechanism, and particularly by the tappet clearance. However, this variation is normally unwanted.

Valve overlap

With traditional fixed valve timing, an engine will have a period of "valve overlap" at the end of the exhaust stroke, when both the intake and exhaust valves are open. The intake valve is opened before the exhaust gases have completely left the cylinder, and their considerable velocity assists in drawing in the fresh charge. Engine designers aim to close the exhaust valve just as the fresh charge from the intake valve reaches it, to prevent either loss of fresh charge or unscavenged exhaust gas. In the diagram, the valve overlap periods are indicated by the overlap of the red and blue arcs.

Key:

 TDC = Top dead centre
 BDC = Bottom dead centre
 IO = Inlet valve opens
 IC = Inlet valve closes
 EO = Exhaust valve opens
 EC = Exhaust valve closes

Either valve opens before the piston head reaches top dead centre or bottom dead centre. The amount in crankshaft degrees by which the valves open before top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lead. The amount in crankshaft by which the valves close after top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lag. Valve overlap is a secondary means to cool exhaust valves with intake air during valve overlap. Primary cooling is accomplished by dissipating heat to the valve seats.

Variable valve timing

Engines that always run at a relatively high speed, such as race car engines, will have considerable overlap in their valve timings for maximum volumetric efficiency. Road car engines are different because they are required to idle at less than 1000rpm, and excessive valve overlap would make smooth idling impossible because of the mixing of fresh and exhaust gases. Variable valve timing can give both maximum power at high rpm and smooth idling at low rpm by making small changes to the relative angular position of the camshafts and thereby varying the valve overlap.

Ported engines

Many two-stroke cycle and all wankel engines do not have a camshaft or valves, and the port timing can only be varied by machining the ports, and/or modifying the piston skirt (two-stroke applications). However, some supercharged two-stroke diesel engines (such as the Wilksch aero-engine) do have a cylinder head and poppet valves, similar to a four-stroke cycle engine.

Tappet clearance

The valve timing of a diesel engine also depends on tappet clearance of the inlet and exhaust valves.

If tappet clearance is less, then valve will open early and close late. If tappet clearance is more, then valve will open late and close early. Tappet clearance is measured by an instrument called feeler gauge.

External combustion engines
In an external combustion engine, such as a steam engine, the control of the valve timing is by the valve gear. In a typical piston valve arrangement, the timing of the intake and exhaust events for each cylinder are inextricably related as they are governed by the movement of a single piston uncovering two ports. However, the duration of the intake event can be controlled (the "cut-off") using the reversing gear and this reduces steam usage under cruising conditions.

Caprotti valve gear is more closely related to that of an internal combustion engine, uses poppet valves, and was developed to allow independent timing of the intake and exhaust events. It was never used as widely as piston valves or the earlier slide valves.

See also
 Cylinder head porting
 Valve gear

References

Engine valves
Steam locomotive technologies

Valve timing


A narrow-gauge railway (also called a narrow-gauge railroad in the United States) is a railway with a track gauge that is narrower than the usual 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in).

Most narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) and 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) wide.

In some countries around the world, including Japan, Indonesia, South Africa, New Zealand, Malaysia, Taiwan and some states of Australia, a narrow-gauge is the standard railway gauge.

Narrow-gauge railway


Usher may refer to:

Usher (occupation) or usherette
 Church usher, someone who assigns seats in church
 Wedding usher, one of the male attendants to the groom in a wedding ceremony
 Field usher, a military rank
 Court usher, a court official
 Usher of Justice, a judicial official in some countries
 Usher of the Black Rod, a parliamentary official in the UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand
 Gentleman Usher, a category of royal official in the United Kingdom
 White House Chief Usher
 Usher (Switzerland), a largely ceremonial function in Swiss federal, cantonal, and local governments

People
 Usher (musician) (born 1978), American singer, performer, and actor
 Usher (album), a 1994 debut album by Usher
 Usher (surname)

Places
 Usher, Western Australia
 Mount Usher, Antarctica
 Usher Glacier, South Shetland Islands
 Usher Hall, Edinburgh, Scotland
 Ushers, New York, a hamlet in Saratoga County, New York

Movies
 Usher (2002 movie), a short movie directed by Curtis Harrington
 Usher (2004 movie), a movie based on the short story by Edgar Allen Poe

Usher


Oberes Geiseltal was a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the Saalekreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was situated southwest of Halle (Saale). The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Mücheln. It was disbanded on 1 January 2010.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Oberes Geiseltal consisted of the following municipalities:
 Mücheln
 Oechlitz

Former Verwaltungsgemeinschaften in Saxony-Anhalt

Oberes Geiseltal


Georgi Iliev Rusev (; 7 May 1928 – 1 April 2011) was a Bulgarian actor. He created a gallery of colorful characters for a four-decade career, and became famous as a master of the so-called "second plan roles".

Biography and Career
Georgi Rusev was born on 7 May 1928 in the village of Kostenets, Sofia Province. In 1952 he graduated as an actor in Krastyo Sarafov National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts.

His professional debut is on the stage of the Plovdiv Theater as Aesop in the staging by Leon Daniel after the novel of the same name. In the following years he played on the stage of the Mladezhki Theater, Sofia and from 1966 until 1990, Rusev is a member of a theatrical company with the Pernik Theater being its leader from 1977. In 1990 he is among the founders of the Small City Theater "Zad Kanala", Sofia. Rusev also played roles for other theaters in Sofia in the years before his retiring. In 2006 he is honorary awarded with ASKEER, Bulgarian award of theater art.

Rusev's career in the film acting started comparatively late at the age of 38. He say that he had no interest in filming in those years. He became interested in cinema works after the first of Georgi Mishev's  screenplays were screened. As a result, Georgi Rusev created numerous colorful characters in some of the cult films in the Bulgarian cinema. Portraying usually roles of  small-minded persons, placed in the second plan around the main character, Rusev built up his own distinguishable style of acting.
By way of example it can be listed the films: The Hare Census, A Peasant on a Bicycle, Villa Zone, Ladies' Choice, Dangerous Charm not to mention his episodic appearance in A Nameless Band which turned into an illustrious allegory about the life folklore of the time.

Filmography

References
Bulgarian National Film Archive
Actors Biography
Standart newspaper interview

External links

1928 births
2011 deaths
20th-century Bulgarian male actors
Bulgarian male stage actors
Bulgarian male film actors
People from Sofia Province

Georgi Rusev


C.J. Rapp is an American beverage inventor best known for inventing and marketing high-caffeine Jolt Cola.

In 1985, C. J. Rapp developed Jolt Cola, which contains 72 milligrams of caffeine, which is the maximum amount permitted by the US Food and Drug Administration. He attended McQuaid Jesuit High School in Rochester, New York. As a sociology major at SUNY Potsdam, Rapp noticed that students concocted beverages to help them stay awake to finish term papers, complete research projects, or study for exams.

At a time when beverage producers were promoting the idea that less is better - that they contained either zero or less caffeine, sugar, or calories - Rapp promoted his cola by emphasizing that it had twice the caffeine found in other colas. In the mid-1980s the slogan on every bottle and can of Jolt read "Twice the Caffeine."

The approach worked and gave the new product high visibility. Jolt soon appeared on the David Letterman show, Good Morning America and CNN. The maverick cola quickly found its niche market.

Rapp slowly began expanding his product line, which now includes Blu Botl, DNA, Martinelli's, Pirate's Keg, First Tee, and XTC. His company, Wet Planet Beverages, markets ten beverage brands in 22 countries. The company tends to use creative packaging.

See also
Red Bull

References

Other sources

 Beer You Can Bet On

20th-century American inventors
Cola
State University of New York at Potsdam alumni
Businesspeople from Rochester, New York
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

C. J. Rapp