In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide () emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline, diesel engines and some hydrogen engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders.  The exhaust gas displaces atmospheric air and reduces  in the combustion chamber. Reducing the amount of oxygen reduces the amount of fuel that can burn in the cylinder thereby reducing peak in-cylinder temperatures.  The actual amount of recirculated exhaust gas varies with the engine operating parameters.

In the combustion cylinder,  is produced by high-temperature mixtures of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen, and this usually occurs at cylinder peak pressure. In a spark-ignition engine, an ancillary benefit of recirculating exhaust gases via an external EGR valve is an increase in efficiency, as charge dilution allows a larger throttle position and reduces associated pumping losses. Mazda's turbocharged SkyActiv gasoline direct injection engine uses recirculated and cooled exhaust gases to reduce combustion chamber temperatures, thereby permitting the engine to run at higher boost levels before the air-fuel mixture must be enriched to prevent engine knocking.

In a gasoline engine, this inert exhaust displaces some amount of combustible charge in the cylinder, effectively reducing the quantity of charge available for combustion without affecting the air-fuel ratio. In a diesel engine, the exhaust gas replaces some of the excess oxygen in the pre-combustion mixture. Because  forms primarily when a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is subjected to high temperature, the lower combustion chamber temperatures caused by EGR reduces the amount of  that the combustion process generates. Gases re-introduced from EGR systems will also contain near equilibrium concentrations of  and CO; the small fraction initially within the combustion chamber inhibits the total net production of these and other pollutants when sampled on a time average. Chemical properties of different fuels limit how much EGR may be used. For example methanol is more tolerant to EGR than gasoline.

History
The first EGR systems were crude; some were as simple as an orifice jet between the exhaust and intake tracts which admitted exhaust to the intake tract whenever the engine was running. Difficult starting, rough idling, reduced performance and lost fuel economy inevitably resulted. By 1973, an EGR valve controlled by manifold vacuum opened or closed to admit exhaust to the intake tract only under certain conditions. Control systems grew more sophisticated as automakers gained experience; Volkswagen's "Coolant Controlled Exhaust Gas Recirculation" system of 1973 exemplified this evolution: a coolant temperature sensor blocked vacuum to the EGR valve until the engine reached normal operating temperature. This prevented driveability problems due to unnecessary exhaust induction;  forms under elevated temperature conditions generally not present with a cold engine. Moreover, the EGR valve was controlled, in part, by vacuum drawn from the carburetor's venturi, which allowed more precise constraint of EGR flow to only those engine load conditions under which  is likely to form. Later, backpressure transducers were added to the EGR valve control to further tailor EGR flow to engine load conditions. Most modern engines now need exhaust gas recirculation to meet  emissions standards. However, recent innovations have led to the development of engines that do not require them. The 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine is one example that does not require EGR.

EGR

The exhaust gas contains water vapor and carbon dioxide which both have lower heat capacity ratio than air. Adding exhaust gas therefore reduces pressure and temperature during the isentropic compression in the cylinder, thereby lowering the adiabatic flame temperature.

In a typical automotive spark-ignited (SI) engine, 5% to 15% of the exhaust gas is routed back to the intake as EGR. The maximum quantity is limited by the need of the mixture to sustain a continuous flame front during the combustion event; excessive EGR in poorly set up applications can cause misfires and partial burns. Although EGR does measurably slow combustion, this can largely be compensated for by advancing spark timing. The impact of EGR on engine efficiency largely depends on the specific engine design, and sometimes leads to a compromise between efficiency and  emissions. In certain types of situations, a properly operating EGR can theoretically increase the efficiency of gasoline engines via several mechanisms:
 Reduced throttle losses. The addition of inert exhaust gas into the intake system means that for a given power output, the throttle plate must be opened further, resulting in increased inlet manifold pressure and reduced throttling losses.
 Reduced heat rejection. Lowered peak combustion temperatures not only reduces  formation, it also reduces the loss of thermal energy to combustion chamber surfaces, leaving more available for conversion to mechanical work during the expansion stroke.
 Reduced chemical dissociation. The lower peak temperatures result in more of the released energy remaining as sensible energy near Top Dead Center (TDC), rather than being bound up (early in the expansion stroke) in the dissociation of combustion products. This effect is minor compared to the first two.

EGR is typically not employed at high loads because it would reduce peak power output. This is because it reduces the intake charge density. EGR is also omitted at idle (low-speed, zero load) because it would cause unstable combustion, resulting in rough idle.

Since the EGR system recirculates a portion of exhaust gases, over time the valve can become clogged with carbon deposits, which will prevent it from operating properly. Clogged EGR valves can sometimes be cleaned, but replacement is necessary if the valve is faulty.

Diesel engines

Because diesel engines depend on the heat of compression to ignite their fuel, they are fundamentally different from spark-ignited engines.  The physical process of diesel-fuel combustion is such that the most complete combustion occurs at the highest temperatures.  Unfortunately, the production of nitrogen oxides () increases at high temperatures.  The goal of EGR is thus to reduce  production by reducing the combustion temperatures.

In modern diesel engines, the EGR gas is usually cooled with a heat exchanger to allow the introduction of a greater mass of recirculated gas. However, uncooled EGR designs do exist; these are often referred to as hot-gas recirculation (HGR).

Unlike spark-ignition engines, diesel engines are not limited by the need for a contiguous flamefront.  Furthermore, since diesels always operate with excess air, they benefit (in terms of reduced  output) from EGR rates as high as 50%.  However, a 50% EGR rate is only suitable when the diesel engine is at idle, since this is when there is otherwise a large excess of air.

Because modern diesel engines often have a throttle, EGR can reduce the need for throttling, thereby eliminating this type of loss in the same way that it does for spark-ignited engines. In a naturally aspirated (i.e. nonturbocharged) engine, such a reduction in throttling also reduces the problem of engine oil being sucked past the piston rings into the cylinder and causing oil-derived carbon deposits there.  (This benefit only applies to nonturbocharged engines.)

In diesel engines in particular, EGR systems come with serious drawbacks, one of which is a reduction in engine longevity.  For example, because the EGR system routes exhaust gas directly back into the cylinder intake without any form of filtration, this exhaust gas contains carbon particulates.  And, because these tiny particles are abrasive, the recirculation of this material back into the cylinder increases engine wear.  This is so because these carbon particles will blow by the piston rings (causing piston-cylinder-interface wear in the process) and then end up in the crankcase oil, where they will cause further wear throughout the engine simply because their tiny size passes through typical oil filters.  This enables them to be recirculated indefinitely (until the next oil change takes place).

Exhaust gas—which consists largely of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor—has a higher specific heat than air, so it still serves to lower peak combustion temperatures. However, adding EGR to a diesel reduces the specific heat ratio of the combustion gases in the power stroke. This reduces the amount of power that can be extracted by the piston, thereby reducing the thermodynamic efficiency.

EGR also tends to reduce the completeness of fuel combustion during the power stroke.  This is plainly evident by the increase in particulate emissions that corresponds to an increase in EGR.

Particulate matter (mainly carbon and also known as soot) that is not burned in the power stroke represents wasted energy.  Because of stricter regulations on particulate matter (PM), the soot-increasing effect of EGR required the introduction of further emission controls in order to compensate for the resulting PM emission increases.  The most common soot-control device is a diesel particulate filter (DPF) installed downstream of the engine in the exhaust system.  This captures soot but causes a reduction in fuel efficiency due to the back pressure created.

Diesel particulate filters come with their own set of very specific operational and maintenance requirements.  Firstly, as the DPF captures the soot particles (which are made far more numerous due to the use of EGR), the DPF itself progressively becomes loaded with soot.  This soot must then be burned off, either actively or passively.

At sufficiently high temperatures, the nitrogen dioxide component of  emissions is the primary oxidizer of the soot caught in the DPF at normal operating temperatures.  This process is known as passive regeneration, and it is only partially effective at burning off the captured soot.   And, especially at high EGR rates, the effectiveness of passive regeneration is further reduced.  This, in turn, necessitates periodic active regeneration of the DPF by burning diesel fuel directly in the oxidation catalyst in order to significantly increase exhaust-gas temperatures through the DPF to the point where PM is incinerated by the residual oxygen in the exhaust.

Because diesel fuel and engine oil both contain nonburnable (i.e. metallic and mineral) impurities, the incineration of soot (PM) in the DPF leaves behind a residue known as ash.  For this reason, after repeated regeneration events, eventually the DPF must either be physically removed and cleaned in a special external process, or it must be replaced.

As noted earlier, the feeding of the low-oxygen exhaust gas into the diesel engine's air intake engenders lower combustion temperatures, thereby reducing emissions of .  But this simultaneously makes combustion less efficient, thus reducing fuel efficiency and compromising power.  (These losses are in addition to the losses created by the DPF backpressure and the extra fuel burning for active DPF regeneration.)  This translates into the need for a bigger, bulkier engine.  Alternatively, the engine can be operated at a higher rotation speed, which in turn also increases mechanical wear and reduces lifespan.

With EGR, the normally "dry" intake system of a diesel engine is now subject to fouling from soot, unburned (and semi-burned) fuel, and also oil in the EGR bleed gas.  Although airflow into the engine remains high, the mixture of exhaust gas and fresh air is also combined with oil vapor from a positive crankcase ventilation system (PCV) system.  This tripartite mixture (i.e. exhaust gas, fresh air, and oil vapour) can cause the buildup of sticky tar in the intake manifold and valves.  This mixture can also cause problems with components such as swirl flaps, where fitted.  (These problems, which effectively take the form of an undesirable positive-feedback loop, will worsen as the engine ages.  For example, as the piston rings progressively wear out, more crankcase oil will get into the exhaust stream.  Simultaneously, more fuel and soot and combustion byproducts will gain access to the engine oil.)

The end result of this recirculation of both exhaust gas and crankcase oil vapour is again an increase in soot production, which is merely masked by the DPF.

In addition to the abrasive contaminants that EGR systems bring into the combustion chamber, and also given that exhaust gas contains water vapour, modern cooled EGR systems also induce the formation of both nitric acid (from ) and sulphuric acid (since some sulphur remains in low-sulphur diesel fuel).  These acids will be introduced into the combustion chamber via the intake valves, whereupon they will enter the crankcase via piston blow-by.  Because these acids are highly corrosive to metal, the resulting increase in engine oil acidity can be expected to also reduce overall engine longevity.

Although engine manufacturers have refused to release details of the effect of EGR on fuel economy, the EPA regulations of 2002 that led to the introduction of cooled EGR were associated with a 3% drop in engine efficiency, thus bucking the trend of a 0.5% annual increase.

See also
 Diesel exhaust
 Secondary air injection

Sources
 Heywood, John B., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals," McGraw Hill, 1988.
 van Basshuysen, Richard, and Schäfer, Fred, "Internal Combustion Engine Handbook," SAE International, 2004.
 "Bosch Automotive Handbook," 3rd Edition, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1993.

References

External links

 Lecture notes on improving fuel efficiency that discusses the effects of specific heat ratio, University of Washington
 Diesel cycle calculator that can be used to show the effect of specific heat ratio, Georgia State University HyperPhysics
 A Chrysler Imperial fan club describes different EGR control mechanisms
 Don't Block or Remove the EGR Valve, It's Saving You Money
 What are the symptoms of bad EGR valve

Engine technology
Chemical process engineering
Air pollution control systems
NOx control

Exhaust gas recirculation


Maple syrup is a thick kind of syrup made from the sap of maple trees. It is made mostly of a type of sugar called sucrose, and is usually eaten together with waffles and pancakes. Sometimes, maple syrup is used to bake things such as pies, to make candy, or just as a syrup that adds sweetness to food. It is also sometimes used in making lemonade.
It was used by eastern North America and later by European settlers. Syrups are usually packed when they are hot. The Canadian province of Quebec is by far the largest producer of maple syrup. It produces about three-quarters of the worlds maple syrup. In cold climates, maple trees keep starch in their trunks and root before the winter, but when spring arrives, the starch is converted to sugar/sucrose that rises the sap.

References

Syrup
Breakfast foods

Maple syrup


Susannah and the Elders () is a circa 1580 oil-on-canvas painting depicting Susannah and the Elders by Paolo Veronese. It is now on permanent display at the Palazzo Bianco in Genoa. It is first recorded as being in Genoa in the 18th century. Previous owners include Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio, a 17th-century Spanish collector.

A wall surrounds and encloses the scene. A small dog—a symbol of fidelity and incorruptibility—and a statue of a satyr that looks lewdly at Susannah are also depicted in the painting. Veronese used these three symbols of the wall, dog, and satyr in other paintings of the same biblical theme and around the same time period in similar works preserved at the Louvre in Paris.

Paintings by Paolo Veronese
1580 paintings
Veronese
Dogs in art
Paintings in the Musei di Strada Nuova

Susannah and the Elders (Veronese)


The Erg Iguidi (), is a large erg in the area of Tindouf in southwestern Algeria extending into northern Mali and Mauritania.

Geography
The Erg Iguidi is a sandy desert with a clear pattern of narrow linear dunes stretching for a length of 400 km. Part of the greater Sahara, it is located in its northwestern region and is characterized by Harmattan withering winds. The highest point is 540 m.

Compared to the neighboring Erg Chech to the south, this erg is relatively humid. Groundwater is especially abundant towards the north-eastern edge of the Erg Iguidi. There are patches of seasonal vegetation with grasses and shrubs and in the summer the desert is used as a pasturage area. The Erg Iguidi supports a population of slender-horned gazelle.

See also
Geography of Algeria
List of ergs

References

Ergs of Africa
Landforms of Algeria
Landforms of Mali
Landforms of Mauritania
Natural regions of Africa
Geography of Tindouf Province

Erg Iguidi


LightSail is a project to demonstrate controlled solar sailing within low Earth orbit using a CubeSat. The project was developed by The Planetary Society, a global non-profit organization devoted to space exploration. It consists of two spacecraft — LightSail 1 and LightSail 2. LightSail 1 was an engineering demonstration mission designed to test its new sail deployment method in space, it did not perform solar sailing. LightSail 2 was a fully functional spacecraft intended to demonstrate true solar sailing and incorporated the lessons learned from LightSail 1. LightSail is a follow-on project to Cosmos 1 — a solar-sail spacecraft designed by The Planetary Society in the early 2000s, which was destroyed during a launch failure in 2005.

Both LightSail spacecraft measured  (3U CubeSat) in their stowed configuration. After sail deployment, the total area of each spacecraft was .

History
In 2005, The Planetary Society attempted to send a solar sail satellite named Cosmos 1 into space, but the spacecraft's Russian Volna launch vehicle failed to reach orbit. In 2009, the Society began working on a CubeSat-based solar sail based on NASA's NanoSail-D project, which was lost in August 2008 due to the failure of its Falcon 1 launch vehicle. (A second unit, NanoSail-D2, was successfully deployed in early 2011.)

In 2011, the LightSail project passed its Critical Design Review (CDR), which was conducted by a team including Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) project veterans Bud Schurmeier, Glenn Cunningham, and Viktor Kerzhanovich, as well as Dave Bearden of Aerospace Corporation.

On 20 May 2015, LightSail 1 (formerly called LightSail-A) launched. It deployed its solar sail on 7 June 2015 and re-entered the atmosphere, as planned, on 14 June 2015.

In March 2016, The Planetary Society announced a new naming convention for the spacecraft: the test flight (originally LightSail-A) was renamed LightSail 1, with the second spacecraft named LightSail 2. LightSail 2 launched as a secondary payload on the Space Test Program (STP-2) on a Falcon Heavy launch vehicle on 25 June 2019. It deployed its solar sail on 23 July 2019, and successfully downlinked photographs of the deployed sail on 24 July 2019.

The Society has stated it has no plans for a LightSail 3.

Design

As a solar sail, LightSail's propulsion relies on solar radiation and not the charged particles of the solar wind. Solar photons exert radiation pressure on the sail, which produces an acceleration on the spacecraft relative to the ratio of the sail's area to its mass. As such, the design challenge was to maximize the surface area of the sail while minimizing the mass of the spacecraft — all while adhering to the standard 3-unit CubeSat size limitation.

LightSail's modular design is based on a modular 3-unit CubeSat, a small satellite format created for university-level space projects. One CubeSat-sized module carries the cameras, sensors and control systems, and the other two units contain and deploy the solar sails.

The spacecraft contains four triangular sails, which combine to form a rectangular-shaped surface. The sails are made of Mylar, a reflective polyester film.

LightSail has multiple configurations. It was launched in a stowed configuration with its sails folded within the spacecraft. After launch, it enters an intermediate phase by deploying a small antenna and flipping open its solar panels. This exposes the cameras and reveals the stowed solar sails. To achieve its final "solar sailing" configuration, LightSail extends four 4-meter cobalt alloy booms that slowly spread open the mylar sail material. Using an internal reaction wheel, LightSail 2 is able to orient itself against the Sun using Earth's magnetic field as a guide. By "tacking" in and out of the Sun, it can control the force on its sail and thus change its orbit.

Costs and funding
The entire LightSail project cost US$7 million over 10 years and was paid for by approximately 40,000 individual donors, including US$1.24 million raised from a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2015. Launch costs were supported by NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellites program (LightSail 1) and the Air Force Research Laboratory's University Nanosat Program (LightSail 2).

LightSail 1

A preliminary technology demonstrator spacecraft, LightSail 1 (formerly LightSail-A), was launched as a secondary payload aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V launch vehicle at 15:05 UTC on 20 May 2015 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The mission delivered the satellite to an orbit where atmospheric drag was greater than the force exerted by solar radiation pressure.

Two days after the launch, however, the spacecraft suffered a software malfunction, which made it unable to deploy the solar sail or to communicate. On 31 May 2015, The Planetary Society reported having regained contact with LightSail 1. After the solar panels were deployed on 3 June 2015, communications with the spacecraft were lost once more on 4 June 2015. In this case, a fault with the battery system was suspected. Contact was then reestablished on 6 June 2015, and the sail deployment was initiated on 7 June 2015. At a conference on 10 June 2015, after photos of deployment were downloaded, the test flight was declared a success. The spacecraft reentered the atmosphere on 14 June 2015, ending the test flight.

LightSail 2

LightSail 2 (COSPAR 2019-036AC) was a CubeSat fitted with a solar sail the size of a boxing ring, covering . The sail captured incoming photons from the Sun, just as a wind sail catches the moving air molecules, to propel the spacecraft.

LightSail 2 was launched on 25 June 2019 and deployed by the Prox-1 carrier satellite into a much higher low Earth orbit than LightSail 1, at over  orbital altitude. It was to demonstrate controlled solar sailing in low Earth orbit. By controlling the orientation of the sail relative to the Sun, the flight team hoped to raise the orbit apogee and increase orbital energy following sail deployment. Prox-1 and LightSail 2 were secondary payloads aboard the second operational SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch, which carried the STP-2 payload for the U.S. Air Force.

Researchers received the first pictures from LightSail 2 on 7 July 2019, and its solar sails were deployed on 23 July 2019. On 31 July 2019, the Planetary Society stated that they had raised LightSail 2 orbit by a measurable amount, although it spent a significant amount of its time randomly tumbling.

Though initially planned to reenter Earth's atmosphere after approximately one year, an extended mission was approved on 25 June 2020. The Planetary Society website showed that the mission was continuously active until 16 November 2022. On 17 November 2022, LightSail 2 reentered the atmosphere.

See also

 CubeSail
 CubeSail (UltraSail)
 IKAROS, an interplanetary Japanese solar sail, launched in May 2010
 NanoSail-D2, the successor to NanoSail-D, launched in November 2010
 Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, a solar sail launched in 2022
 OKEANOS, a large Japanese solar sail proposal (not selected for mission) to explore Jupiter Trojans
 Sunjammer, a solar sail that was canceled before launch in 2014

References

External links

CubeSats
Private spaceflight
Solar sail spacecraft
The Planetary Society
Spacecraft launched in 2015
Spacecraft launched in 2019
SpaceX commercial payloads
Kickstarter-funded spacecraft
Secondary payloads
Spacecraft which reentered in 2015
Spacecraft which reentered in 2022

LightSail


The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct () is a canal aqueduct in north east Wales. It took 10 years to design and build. It was completed in 1805. It is the longest aqueduct in Great Britain, and is the highest canal aqueduct in the world. The 18-arched stone and cast iron structure is designed for narrowboats.

The aqueduct was part of a grand plan which was never completed. It was part of the proposed Ellesmere Canal. It would have been an industrial waterway which made a  link between the River Severn at Shrewsbury and the port of Liverpool on the River Mersey.

The westerly high-ground route across the Vale of Llangollen was chosen. A less expensive route was surveyed to the east, but the route chosen would have taken the canal through a mineral-rich area. It would have taken the canal through the coalfields of North-East Wales. However, only parts of the canal route were completed. The plan fell through because the money ran out. The capitalist system at the time was primitive and unreliable. Most major work on the canal stopped after the completion of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in 1805.

The structure is a Grade I listed building. It is recognised as a  UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Name
The name Pontcysyllte is Welsh for "Cysyllte Bridge", or "Bridge of Cysyllte". Cysyllte is the township of the old parish of Llangollen, where the southern end of the bridge lies.

World Heritage Site
In 1999, the aqueduct and its surrounding lands were submitted to the "tentative list" of properties being considered for UNESCO World Heritage Site status.  The aqueduct was suggested as a contender in 2005, its 200th anniversary year. It was finally announced in 2006 that a larger proposal, which covers a section of the canal from the aqueduct to Horseshoe Falls would be the United Kingdom's 2008 nomination.

Parts of the site including the length of canal from Rhoswiel, Shropshire, to the Horseshoe Falls, Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, and Chirk Aqueduct were visited by inspectors from UNESCO in October 2008. It was carried out to analyse and confirm the site management and authenticity. The aqueduct was named by UNESCO on the World Heritage List on 27 June 2009.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Memories of Pontcysyllte by Amy Douglas and Fiona Collins (2006)
 Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal Nomination as a World Heritage Site: Nomination Document (Wrexham County Borough Council and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, 2008)

Other websites

 The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct website

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Bridges in Wales
Grade I listed buildings in Wales

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct


Engine House No. 18 is a fire station in the West Adams section of Los Angeles, California.

Built in 1904, the station was designed in the Mission Revival style by architect John Parkinson, whose later works included Los Angeles City Hall, Union Station, and Bullocks Wilshire. In 1915, Engine House No. 18 was one of a dozen stations closed because of budget cutbacks resulting from the "two-platoon ordinance" passed by the Los Angeles City Council in 1915. The station re-opened in 1920 and remained an operating fire station until 1968. In 1932, former fireman James F. Fourong was arrested for burglarizing Engine House No. 18. Fourong had looted other fire stations by phoning in false alarms and then entering the firehouse while the men responded to the call. In February 1932, Fourong attempted a robbery at Engine House No. 18 but was surprised by a fireman while burglarizing the lockers. After the building had been vacant for sixteen years, the Community Redevelopment Agency in 1984 agreed to a $28,000 contract with Woodford & Bernard, architects, to prepare construction documents for the restoration of Engine House No. 18. The plan was to restore and convert the firehouse into a community-oriented professional training center at a cost of $225,000.

Artist Wendell Collins provided art to the community from 1987 to 2004.

Through a competitive bidding process that began in December 2009, the Community Redevelopment Agency of the City of Los Angeles (CRA/LA) awarded the Exceptional Children's Foundation (ECF) the opportunity to purchase Engine House No. 18. ECF purchased the property in 2011 with the goal of converting the cultural landmark into a fine arts training center for adults with special needs and a community creative space for the residents of South Los Angeles.

Renovations of the site began in June 2012. ECF re-opened Engine House No. 18 as its South L.A. Art Center in the spring of 2013. Approximately 50 participants with developmental disabilities annually are provided with daily fine art instruction, life skills training, and case management services at this location. The center also hosts exhibits of the participants' artwork along with creations by other community artists.

See also
List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles
List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in South Los Angeles
Los Angeles Fire Department
Los Angeles Fire Department Museum and Memorial

References

External links

 Los Angeles Fire Department Historical Archive: Fire Station 18 Photo Gallery

Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Defunct fire stations in California
West Adams, Los Angeles
Fire stations completed in 1904
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
John and Donald Parkinson buildings
Mission Revival architecture in California

Engine House No. 18 (Los Angeles, California)


Catch That Kid is a 2004 family action comedy film directed by Bart Freundlich, written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, and starring Kristen Stewart, Corbin Bleu, Max Thieriot, Jennifer Beals, Sam Robards, John Carroll Lynch, and James Le Gros. It is a remake of the Danish film Klatretøsen (2002) and tells the story of three kids who rob a bank to obtain the money to pay for the expensive and experimental surgery needed for the father of one of them when the insurance company and the bank president won't help his wife.

The film's working titles were Mission Without Permission (also the film's UK title as well as part of one of the taglines), Catch That Girl, and Catch That Kid! The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success, grossing $17 million on a $12 million budget.

Plot
Madeline Rose "Maddy" Phillips (Kristen Stewart) is a 12-year-old girl who loves to climb, often ascending the nearby water tower. Her father Tom shares her passion, but fell more than 100 feet during a climb years earlier. Tom and his wife Molly (Jennifer Beals) are afraid Maddy may suffer a similar accident and have forbidden her from climbing. Latent injuries from Tom's fall have recently paralyzed him from the neck down.

The family hears of an experimental operation which can save him, but insurance will not pay for the operation and the family does not have $250,000 for the treatment. Harderbach Financial's president Donald Brisbane (Michael Des Barres) refuses to loan the amount, despite Molly being employed by the bank to design a security system. Maddy comes up with a plan to rob the bank for the money with her knowledge of her mother's system.

Maddy steals three go-karts from her father's race course and recruits her two friends Gus (Max Thieriot) a young mechanic, and Austin (Corbin Bleu) a computer geek and aspiring filmmaker, to help her. To convince them, she separately tells each one she loves him and gives him one half of her friendship necklace.

They break into Harderbach Financial on the night of a party Brisbane is throwing, bringing along Max, Maddy's infant brother, who she is supposed to be babysitting. Maddy distracts the security guards Ferrell (James Le Gross) and Gus' older brother Chad (Stark Sands). Maddy and Gus progress to a room with thousands of security deposit boxes while Austin watches Max and manipulates the cameras and alarms to keep the guards away from them. After a sudden equipment failure with her climbing gear, Maddy is forced to free climb the rest of the way up to the main vault containing hundreds of thousands of dollars. Upon reaching the vault door, she accidentally triggers a timer, then with seconds left, cracks the code ("Madeline"), grabs $250,000 from the vault and they flee the room, unintentionally setting off the alarm after forgetting to type the exit code. The trio manages to escape the bank's Rottweilers and re-escapes Chad who tasers Ferrell, but then lets them go before accidentally tasering himself.

Molly arrives at the bank and Brisbane accuses her system of being useless and fires a Phillips family friend and bank employee Hartmann (John Carroll Lynch). Brisbane's guest Francois Nuffaut (Françios Giroday) apologizes to Molly and redirects the blame onto Brisbane for throwing a party at the bank before the security system was operable.

Gus and Austin find out that Maddy played them after seeing each other's necklaces and leave her, but the trio reunites during a police chase and evades them successfully.

Maddy and her friends go to the hospital with the money to pay for the surgery, but Molly realizes who the thieves are (through the amount they stole being equal to that of surgery costs and the climbing gear Maddy left in the vault) and intercepts them. Molly realizes her daughter was only doing what she thought was right for her father and does a cover-up by telling the bank executives that the robbery was an unplanned test she performed as chief of security. As they leave, reporters outside the hospital give the public the full story.

Molly forgives Maddy for her actions, the public and the news studio sympathizes with the Phillips family and donates money for Tom's surgery, Brisbane is fired, and Hartmann is promoted to bank president and gives them the loan.

Three months later, Tom has recovered from the surgery. Maddy, Gus, and Austin continue to argue about who will be a better boyfriend for Maddy.

Cast

Production
Mara Wilson revealed she auditioned for the role of Maddy Phillips, despite knowing she was too old for the role, in a 2016 article written by the actress for The Guardian.

Reception

Box office
Catch That Kid opened at #6 in the weekend of February 6, 2004 raking in $5.8 million in its first opening weekend. The film spent two weeks at the U.S. box office top ten. The film made $16.7 million in the United States and $226,963 in other countries for a worldwide total of $16.9 million, against a budget of $12 million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 13% based on 86 reviews and an average score of 3.82/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "An unimaginative heist movie aimed strictly at the preteen set." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 33 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/transformers-age-of-extinction |title=Catch That Kid |publisher=Metacritic/CBS Interactive |accessdate=2014-08-29}}</ref>

Critics overall expressed dislike towards the film's questionable morals and lack of originality, comparing it unfavorably to the Spy Kids trilogy. Despite these negative reviews, Roger Ebert of Ebert & Roeper and the Chicago Sun Times gave Catch That Kid "thumbs up", stating that it is as much fun as Spy Kids, Kim Possible and more fun than Agent Cody Banks''.

Novelization
A novelization of the story was released in conjunction with the film. The novel was written by Suzanne Weyn, Michael Brandt, and Derek Haas.

See also
 List of American films of 2004

References

External links

2004 films
2000s adventure comedy films
2000s crime comedy films
2000s heist films
2000s teen comedy films
American adventure comedy films
American children's comedy films
American teen comedy films
American crime comedy films
American heist films
American spy films
American remakes of Danish films
English-language German films
German spy films
German adventure comedy films
English-language Danish films
Danish comedy films
20th Century Fox films
Films directed by Bart Freundlich
Films scored by George S. Clinton
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films set in Los Angeles
2004 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s German films

Catch That Kid


Kunming Pharmaceutical Corp. is a company that is involved in the manufacture and sale of natural drugs, as well as the wholesale and retail of other drugs. It is the largest pharmaceutical enterprise in Yunnan.

As of December 31, 2007, the Company had five major subsidiaries and associates. Headquartered in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, the Company distributes its products in domestic market and to overseas markets.

Products
The Company offers its major products under three categories: Artemether series, consisting of artemether injections, capsules, and tablets for the treatment of subtertian malaria; Sanqi series, for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and Gastrodine series, for the treatment of headache and neuralgia.

External links
Website
 thuốc mỹ

Companies based in Kunming
Pharmaceutical companies of China

Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation


Armens (Armenian: Արմեններ, Առամեններ), were Armenian tribes, the people are called Arman, Armenic or Armanen. They correspond with the Hayasa-Azzi Tribes. The Armans united with the tribes of Hayasi. Recent linguistic studies present strong evidence that the Indo-European language group originates in Anatolia.  According to most accounts, the Armens were generally tall, blond-haired, and blue-eyed in appearance, in contrast to their Urartian cousins who tended to be slighter with black hair and black eyes. The Urartian state, which existed there prior to the coming of the
Indo-European-speaking "Armen" tribes from the west, was a federation of many peoples.

History
At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans.

One theory suggests that the Armens were of Thracian origin, and related to the Phrygians. The Armens were near the head waters of the Halys, to the west of the Euphrates. The Armens seemed to have mixed blood with another Asiatic element whose patronymic Hai, became in time their national designation. The country where the Armens settled were a mountainous region, traversed by deep valleys and smiling plains.

Etymology
The word Armani, (mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions as early as 2400 BC) an early form of Armen-Armin or Arman denotes the national affiliation, as with many cultures standing for the particular nation thus, the God AR being the primary deity in the Indo-European (aka Aryan) pantheon - thus AR MAN denotes—Men of Ar or Children of Ar, again initially AR standing for ARAREL-ARARICH [hence Ar-Ar-At the Place of ARAR] -- Create-Creator, also Sun, Light, Life and Love.

References

Related pages
Hayasa-Azzi
Kingdom of Armenia

Ancient Armenia

Armens


The Congregational Church (also known as the United Church of Christ) is a historic church building in Berlin, New Hampshire.  Built in 1882, it was the community's first church building, and is a prominent local example of Stick/Eastlake Victorian architecture.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  The congregation is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.

Architecture and history
Berlin's Congregational Church stands north of its downtown area, on the west side of Main Street at its southern junction with Maple Street.  It is a basically rectangular single-story wood-frame structure, with a steeply pitched gable roof.  Its exterior is clad in a combination of wooden clapboards, shingles, and applied Stick-style woodwork.  A gabled projection extends to the left side near the rear, and a multi-stage rectangular tower rises from the left front corner.  The tower has narrow windows (arched in the Gothic style on the second level), with an open belfry topped by a pyramidal roof with flared eave.  The belfry openings have arched woodwork and low balustrades.  A shed-roof shelter extends across the front of the main facade between the tower and a projecting gabled secondary entrance; the main entrance is in the base of the tower under a bracketed hood.

Berlin's Congregationalist congregation first organized in 1836, when a Sunday School was established, and the first settled minister was hired the following year.  The congregation first met in private spaces (typically homes or barns), until 1852, when the owners of the H. Winslow store made their upstairs hall available for services.  The present church, the community's first dedicated church building, was built in 1882 on land donated by the Berlin Mills Company.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Coos County, New Hampshire

References

United Church of Christ churches in New Hampshire
Congregational churches in New Hampshire
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Queen Anne architecture in New Hampshire
Churches completed in 1882
19th-century United Church of Christ church buildings
Churches in Coös County, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Coös County, New Hampshire
Churches in Berlin, New Hampshire

Congregational Church (Berlin, New Hampshire)


The Metropolitan City of Venice  is a metropolitan city in the Veneto region, Italy.

It is one of ten metropolitan cities in Italy. Its capital is the city of Venice. It replaced the Province of Venice in 2015 and includes the city of Venice and 43 other municipalities (comuni). It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and then established by the Law 56/2014.

2015 establishments in Italy

Metropolitan City of Venice


In Australia, an Aboriginal Land Trust (ALT) is a type of non-profit organisation that holds the freehold title to an area of land on behalf of a community of Aboriginal Australians. The land is granted to a community by the government under a perpetual lease, usually after the community makes a legal claim of traditional ownership. Land granted under Aboriginal title is inalienable, meaning it can not be bought, sold, traded or given away. The Land Trust is the organisation appointed by the community to legally hold the title deeds.

Several states and territories have enacted laws to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts, but not all. In South Australia, there is a single Aboriginal Lands Trust. It was created under the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act, 1966. It holds title to Aboriginal land in South Australia and organises the management and control of those lands. The Aboriginal Lands Trust in Western Australia was created by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972. It acquires and holds land and manages it for the benefit of Aboriginal communities. It holds about 27 million hectares (11%) of the state's land, most of which was previously held by the state government. In Queensland, there are multiple Land Trusts. They were created under the state's Aboriginal Land Act, 1991. In the Northern Territory, Land Trusts are governed under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1976, which also governs the way in which groups can make claims to land. The ALTs hold the title to land handed back to the traditional Aboriginal owners through the Land Rights Act.

References

Other websites
Legal documents by state, from the Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project:
Aboriginal Lands Trust, Western Australia
Aboriginal Lands Trust, South Australia
Aboriginal Land Trusts in Queensland
Aboriginal Land Trusts in the Northern Territory

Aboriginal Land Trust


Khaled Kasab Mahameed or Mahmeed is an Israeli Arab attorney who founded the Arab Institute for Holocaust Research and Education and in 2006 was stopped from attending an Iranian conference on the Holocaust because he held an Israeli passport.

Museum

Origin and mission
Mahameed is the owner of the Arab Institute for Holocaust Research and Education, which he founded in October 2004 or March 2005 in Nazareth after he had taken his two children to see a 20-foot-high wall that Israel had built on some borders of Jerusalem. Time magazine called it an epiphany when Mahameed asked himself, "What would drive the Israelis to do such a thing to us, build such a monstrosity as this wall?" then "gathered his son and daughter and drove them to Yad Vashem", the Holocaust museum in Jerusalem. His reaction: "It was very moving. I couldn't breathe. Six million. It's like something off another planet."

The museum, the first on the Holocaust founded by an Arab, is housed in a portion of Mahameed's legal office. It became more widely known after Mahameed was denied permission to travel to Iran, where he had planned to speak on a conference about the Holocaust.

Mahameed said he had not learned a great deal about the Holocaust in his Arab Israeli school. In Arabic lands, he explained, teachers "would conceal or even deny the genocide". But at the age of six he learned about the event from his father, and later, when grown, he studied in Jerusalem, London and Stockholm, where Jewish classmates told him of the persecution of their parents and grandparents.

His museum, he said, was based on the idea that "the Palestinian people paid the price for the Jewish Holocaust in that they became the refugees and remained without a country. The fact that Jews were murdered in Germany led to Palestinians not having a state". "We have to adopt the Holocaust", he said, as a way for the Arab world to negotiate with Israel "with a shared understanding".

Arieh O'Sullivan, spokesman for the Anti-Defamation League office in Israel, said Mahameed has taken the museum in the wrong direction. "He's saying 'the Holocaust existed, it's a terrible thing, but the Palestinians pay the price of the Holocaust, and Europeans felt guilty about the Holocaust, and they set up this colonial state here.'" That's wrong, O'Sullivan said: "Israel arose not because of the Holocaust but despite the Holocaust".

Field trips
Mahameed has taken his exhibits on the Holocaust to his fellow Arabs in the Palestinian territories. In 2008 he traveled to Edna, where he faced a "tough crowd" in presenting his message that the Holocaust was "a suffering that nobody, even us Palestinians, can begin to comprehend".

In 2009, he went with his traveling exhibits to the small village of Ni'lin in the West Bank. He told a reporter then that he believes that "U.S.-brokered peace negotiations could fail if Palestinians do not acknowledge the historical trauma so central to the Jewish state". In the room where he showed his exhibit, the Holocaust photos and memorabilia were paired with photos of casualties from the Gaza War in 2008–09. A large banner addressed to German Chancellor Angela Merkel asked, "Why should we Palestinians continue to pay for the Holocaust?" He said he used such images to "make the display more palpable to Palestinians who are grappling with the Holocaust for the first time".

Conference
Mahameed was invited by the Foreign Ministry of Iran to address an international conference called International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust,
held in Tehran in 2005, but at the last moment he was denied a visa because he lived in Israel. He was "terribly disappointed", observing that "'When you don't understand the Holocaust, it hinders the peace process. I wanted to go tell the Iranians that when you play down the Holocaust or deny it, you are directly hurting the Palestinian refugees who are in camps. By denying it, they are making the Jewish people feel persecuted — which doesn't allow options for peace to develop".

Personal
Mahameed was born in Israel about 1962 in a family that had lost its home in Lajjun during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and settled in Umm al-Fahm. At a young age, he started his own legal business, venturing capital through building a network between engineers and construction companies, to raise Arab-Israeli employment rates in the region. He has two sisters and ten brothers. In his teenage years, he attended the Arab Orthodox College in Haifa and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which he left in 1984 to study business administration in Sweden. Returning to study law remotely from Israel (at the East London University), he was admitted to the bar and set up his office in Nazareth.

Mahameed is married to Ezdehar and they have two children. A German reporter noted that Mahameed "wears elegant patent leather shoes, black pants, a white shirt and a traditional Palestinian headscarf".

References

External links
  Mahameed Khaled Kasab Mahameed's Page
  Dan Fleshler, "Notes on a Passionate Palestinian Moderate," September 2009
  Pierre Heumann, "Hören Sie mit dem Leugnen auf," Der Spiegel, 12 August 2006

1962 births
Living people
Arab citizens of Israel
Holocaust commemoration
Israeli Muslims

Khaled Kasab Mahameed


The Australasian College of Pharmacy (ACP) provides professional education for the pharmacy industry in Australia and New Zealand and has done so for over 40 years. Members of the college are entitled to use the postnominal MACP, Associate Fellows AFACP, while Fellows of the college use FACP.

History
The Australasian College of Pharmacy was established in 1976 as the Australian Institute of Pharmacy Management (AIPM). The college has absorbed The Australian College of Pharmacy Practice (ACPP) in 2004 and The Australasian Compounders Association in 2011. In 2020, the college transitioned from the Australian to the Australasian College of Pharmacy; expanding its educational offering throughout the region. The College is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Pharmacy Guild, Queensland Branch.

Structure and governance
The college is governed by an eight-member board who are elected by college members. The Australasian College of Pharmacy Pty Ltd is a private company limited by shares held entirely by the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (Queensland Branch), as its parent entity.

The educational offering of the college is overseen by an Academic Board. The role of the Academic Board is to act as ACP's Accreditation Committee; oversee the development of the college's academic activities in order to maintain the academic standard of all educational modules supplied by the college, ensuring currency and relevancy; and advise ACP Board on education policy matters.

Registered training organisation
The college is one of the profession's limited number of training organisations registered with the Commonwealth of Australia's Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. National Training Information Service College Registration.

The college is accredited to provide training, including the awarding of Diplomas and Advanced Diplomas. From 2011, the college has offered the following courses:

Diploma of Human Resources Management
Diploma of Leadership and Management
Advanced Diploma of Leadership and Management

Clinical education
The college offers an accredited Medication Management Review Stage 1 course that enables graduates to apply for the Association of Australian Consultant Pharmacists' (AACP) Stage 2 accreditation. Pharmacists wanting to increase or update their pharmacotherapeutic and pathophysiological knowledge may be interested in enrolling in Patient Care modules; each module is based around a major organ group, e.g. cardiovascular and renal therapeutics. Pharmacists wishing to complete a set number of units may qualify for the Award of  'Fellow by Examination' of the college.

External links
Australasian College of Pharmacy

1976 establishments in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1976
Pharmacy organisations in Australia

Australasian College of Pharmacy


Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi is the largest known vetulicolian, with the holotype (and only known specimen) measuring about 202 millimeters in length. In life, it would have been an egg-shaped animal with a long cylindrical tail. The body is divided into 6 segments, with a gill opening (that has gill filaments extending out from each opening) placed symmetrically on each side of every body segment starting at the second segment. The cylindrical tail is divided into 7 segments, and differs from the tails of all other known vetulicolians (not being flattened like vetulicolids like Vetulicola, and not oar-like or leaf-like like those of the didazoonids like Didazoon, and is unlike the tails of banffozoans like Banffia and Skeemella).

The details of the tail anatomy, and of the gill openings with gill filaments currently leave Y. magnificissimi as incertae sedis.

Etymology
The generic name translates as "Animal of Yu Yuan," Yu Yuan being an ancient name for Chengjiang County. The specific name, magnificissimi, translates as "magnificent," in reference to the great size of the holotype.

See also

 Maotianshan shales

References

Notes

Cambrian animals of Asia
Enigmatic Vetulicolia taxa
Fossil taxa described in 2001
Prehistoric animal genera

Cambrian genus extinctions

Yuyuanozoon


Latent semantic structure indexing (LaSSI) is a technique for calculating chemical similarity derived from latent semantic analysis (LSA).

LaSSI was developed at Merck & Co. and patented in 2007 by Richard Hull, Eugene Fluder, Suresh Singh, Robert Sheridan, Robert Nachbar and Simon Kearsley.

Overview

LaSSI is similar to LSA in that it involves the construction of an occurrence matrix from a corpus of items and the application of singular value decomposition to that matrix to derive latent features.  What differs is that the occurrence matrix represents the frequency of two- and three-dimensional chemical descriptors (rather than natural language terms) found within a chemical database of chemical structures.  This process derives latent chemical structure concepts that can be used to calculate chemical similarities and structure–activity relationships for drug discovery.

References

 Hull, R.D., Fluder, E.M., Singh, S.B., Nachbar, R.B., Sheridan, R.P. and Kearsley, S.K. (2001) "Latent semantic structure indexing (LaSSI) for defining chemical similarity." J Med Chem, 2001 Apr 12;44(8):1177–84.
 Hull, R.D., Singh, S.B., Nachbar, R.B., Sheridan, R.P., Kearsley, S.K. and Fluder, E.M. (2001) "Chemical similarity searches using latent semantic structure indexing (LaSSI) and comparison to TOPOSIM." J Med Chem, 2001 Apr 12;44(8):1185–91.
 Singh, S.B., Sheridan, R.P., Fluder, E.M. and Hull, R.D. (2001) "Mining the chemical quarry with joint chemical probes: an application of latent semantic structure indexing (LaSSI) and TOPOSIM (Dice) to chemical database mining." J Med Chem, 2001 May 10;44(10):1564–75.

Cheminformatics
Drug discovery

Latent semantic structure indexing


Euura proxima is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae (common sawflies). The larvae feed on the leaves of willows (Salix species), creating galls and was described by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville in 1823.

Description of the gall
The gall is an ovoid, bean-shaped gall, up to 12 mm x 6 mm in size, with a hard thick red wall when occupied. The gall is formed when the female lays her eggs and injects a substance into the leaf. At first the galls are green and the walls soften as the larva consumes the tissue. Some galls may not be occupied, possibly because an egg was not laid or it did not hatch. There can be several galls to a leaf and they do not usually touch the midrib. Galls of E. proxima are found on white willow (S. alba), weeping willow (S. babylonica), S. x blanda, [[Salix excelsa|S. excelsa]], crack willow (S. fragilis) and bay willow (S. pentandra). There are two broods in a year with the first brood maturing around mid-summer and the second in the autumn.E. proxima is one of three closely related species in the Euura proxima group. The other members of the group are,
 E. bridgmanii (Cameron, 1883)
 E. triandrae (Benson, 1941)

Inquilines
The following species are inquilines of E. proxima,
 Archarius salicivorus (Paykull, 1792) — the Archarius are weevils of the family Curculionidae. The female weevil lays an egg in the galls of Euura species, which eventually kills the original larva (but is not eaten). The weevil larva can be distinguished from the Euura larva by the lack of feet and lies in the shape of a horse-shoe. Pupation takes place in the ground and the autumn generation hibernates as an adult.
 A. crux (Fabricius, 1776) — There are two generations a year and the female weevil lays an egg in the galls of Euura species, and possibly this species. The larva will eat the original egg or the larva of the galling species. Pupation is in the ground and the autumn generation weevil hibernates through the winter.
 Euphranta toxoneura (Loew, 1846) — the Euphranta are fruit flies of the family Tephritidae. The larva of E. toxoneura feed in this gall and that of Euura bridgmanii'', first killing the host larva, which is evicted. The inquiline larva when fully grown leaves the gall and pupates in the soil.

Distribution
This species is found throughout Europe, north to southern Finland and east to the Caucasus. It has been introduced to Australia, North America and New Zealand.

References

External links
 Eurra proxima

Tenthredinidae
Gall-inducing insects
Hymenoptera of Australia
Hymenoptera of Europe
Hymenoptera of New Zealand
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects described in 1823
Taxa named by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville
Willow galls

Euura proxima


Walton is an unincorporated community in Lane County, Oregon, United States. It is located halfway between Eugene and Florence on Oregon Route 126.

Construction of Route 126 began in 1881, and after it crossed the Oregon Coast Range near Noti, it followed a tributary of the Siuslaw River named Walton Creek. Walton post office was established in 1884 to serve the settlers along the new route and postmaster James L. Atkinson named it for the stream. The stream was in turn named for Joshua J. Walton, a pioneer lawyer who served as a county judge and regent for the University of Oregon. After the turn of the 19th century, the stream's name was changed to Wildcat Creek.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lane County, Oregon
1884 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1884
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Walton, Oregon


Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova, ; born 17 January 1989) is a Russian middle- and long-distance runner.

At the start of her career, she mainly competed in cross country running events. She was 63rd at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. At the European Cross Country Championships she was a junior silver medallist in 2006 and 2007 before leading the Russian junior women to bronze with a seventh place at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships.

Around 2008, she began to move towards distance track running. At the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics she ranked in the top eight in both the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres. Going up an age category, she placed sixth in the 5000 metres at the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships. A silver medal in that event came at the 2011 European Athletics U23 Championships, where she was second only to Ethiopian-Azerbaijani runner Layes Abdullayeva.

In July she ran a personal best of 4:01.02 minutes at the Barcelona Meeting, setting a meet record and placing herself in the top three fastest runners that year. She claimed a 1500 m bronze at the Universiade. Her senior debut came at the 2012 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fourth, slightly behind Ukraine's Anna Mishchenko.

After retrospective analysis, her drug test immediately prior to the 2011 European U23 Championships was found to be adverse and her results were annulled for doping from 12 July 2011 onwards (meaning the loss of her European and Universiade medals). Given the circumstances, her ban also extended for a further two years, meaning she was ruled ineligible until October 2015.

See also
List of doping cases in athletics

References

External links

Living people
1989 births
Sportspeople from Chuvashia
Russian female middle-distance runners
Russian female long-distance runners
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in athletics
20th-century Russian women
21st-century Russian women

Ekaterina Ishova


Love's Labour's Won was probably the name of a play William Shakespeare wrote before 1603. One theory is that it was a sequel to another play, possibly Love's Labour's Lost. Another theory is that the play survived, but with a different name. Today, no copies of the play exist.

Plays by William Shakespeare

Love's Labour's Won


Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. It is on the coast of the Indian Ocean. As of 2004, about 1,114,000 people live in the city. Maputo was founded in the 18th century. The original name was Lourenço Marques, but it was changed after independence. Lisbon in Portugal is a twin town of Maputo. Eduardo Mondlane University is in Maputo.

Baixa de Maputo is a historic district.

National capitals in Africa
Provinces of Mozambique
Geography of Mozambique

Maputo


Jane Mancini, played by Josie Bissett, is a fictional character from the 1990s prime time soap opera Melrose Place and the 2009 series of the same name.

Melrose Place
When the series starts, she is married to Michael Mancini and works in a clothing boutique on Melrose Ave. In Los Angeles, Jane and Michael serve as the apartment building's superintendents as well as having separate careers. A major plot point for Jane and Michael in the first season is their inability to find time to be together and manage their busy work schedules.

At the end of season one, Jane and Michael's once happy relationship begins to crumble when Michael cheats on Jane with fellow doctor Kimberly Shaw. Jane then divorces Michael. Jane's younger sister Sydney Andrews moves into her apartment and begins to have an affair with Michael behind Jane's back. After Sydney blackmails Michael into marrying her, Jane begins dating Robert Wilson. Jane breaks up with Robert after he sleeps with a prostitute that Michael and Sydney set him up with as part of a deal.

After Robert, Jane starts dating Australian businessman Chris Marchette. Chris turns out to be a con artist, and embezzles money from Jane's design business. Chris wants to marry Jane for her money, while also becoming obsessed with Sydney, wanting to use her as his concubine. Michael eventually rescues Jane from Chris after he finds about Chris' true intentions.

Jane eventually becomes business partners with Richard Hart, and later becomes engaged to him. However, Jo Reynolds revealed to Richard that Jane did not truly love him, and Richard begins seeing Jo instead. This causes a rift in Jane and Jo's friendship. Jane then starts dating Jake Hanson, but ends the relationship after Richard rapes and beats her. Planning revenge, Jane teams up with Sydney in conspiring to murder Richard, but it does not go as planned. Richard is then later killed by the police.

Shortly after being robbed at gunpoint several episodes later, Jane leaves Melrose Place and moves back to her hometown of Chicago. She eventually moves back to L.A. for the final season of the show. Jane and Michael rekindle their relationship, and they marry each other for a second time. However, his old ways eventually caused her to leave him again. It is also revealed that she cheated on him the night before her first wedding to him. After divorcing Michael again, she starts a relationship with Kyle. She later finds out that she is pregnant with Michael's baby. Although Kyle knows the baby is not his, he agrees to raise the baby with her. In the series finale, Jane and Kyle are still together, and they find out they are having a girl.

Melrose Place (2009)
Jane reappears in the 2009 follow-up series as the new landlord of the Melrose apartment building. Her character in the follow-up series became a scheming, devious, crafty, and downright amoral and evil person just like all of the other characters. At the aftermath of her sister's death, Jane meets Ella Simms (Katie Cassidy), but actually threatens to show the police incriminating e-mails Ella sent Sydney unless the publicist makes her client wear one of Jane's designs, hoping to make a comeback after her boutique burned down years ago (in an arson fire, which implies, but never fully explains, that Jane may have set the fire to her own boutique to collect a fire insurance payment). Violet Foster (Ashlee Simpson-Wentz) reveals herself as Sydney's illegitimate daughter and Jane seemingly accepts Violet, but she immediately betrays Violet for no clear reason by tipping off the police of Violet's past (stealing money from her foster parents to search for her mother). Jane also goes back on her word to Ella and informs the police of Ella's incriminating e-mails thus getting Ella arrested. Jane briefly returns in episode "Santa Fe" to check up on Amanda to make sure that Ella pays for pulling the red carpet under her. Jane and Michael reunite also with Jo.

Reception
Korbi Ghosh of Zap2it describes Jane as "the first first lady of the series -- and probably the only one who pretty much maintained her sanity from start to finish -- Jane is sweet! And so is the lady who plays her."

References

Melrose Place (1992 TV series) characters
Melrose Place (2009 TV series) characters
Fictional characters from Chicago
Television characters introduced in 1992
Fictional fashion designers
Fictional landlords
Adoptee characters in television
American female characters in television

Jane Mancini


Moral Code of the Builder of Communism () was a set of twelve codified moral rules in the Soviet Union which every member of the Communist Party of the USSR and every Komsomol member were supposed to follow.

The Moral Code was adopted at the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1961, as part of the new Third Program.

The very first moral principle was "Devotion to the cause of communism".

Its twelve rules may be superficially compared to the Ten Commandments, but they overlap only marginally (although in Russian-speaking books and media one may sometimes see the claims about foundations in the Bible, referring to, e.g., "he who does not work, neither shall he eat" (2 Thessalonians 3:10); also used in the 1936 Soviet Constitution). Unlike the Ten Commandments, however, the rules of the Code were not concrete rules of conduct; they were stated as the rules of attitude. For example, "You shall not commit adultery" of Moses loosely corresponds to "Mutual respect in a family, concern about the upbringing of children" of the Code.

Another notable distinction is that the Moral Code speaks in terms of the relation of a person to the society, rather than in terms of personal virtues. For example, the "Do not steal" may be loosely matched to "Concern of everyone about the preservation and multiplication of the common wealth".

Russian legislator and Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov compared the moral code of the builder of communism to the Sermon on the Mount.

Twelve rules of the Builder of Communism
Here are the commandments which were written as a part of the Third Party Programme:
 Loyalty to Communism, and love of the socialist Motherland and other socialist countries.
 Conscious work for the good of the society: One who doesn't work, doesn't get to eat.
 Care for the collective property, as well as the multiplying of this property.
 High consciousness of the social responsibilities, and intolerance to the violation of the social interests.
 Collectivism and comradery: All for one and one for all.
 Humane relationships between human beings: One human being is a friend, a comrade and a brother to another human being.
 Honesty, ethical cleanliness, as well as simplicity and modesty both in private and public life.
 Mutual respect in the family, and care for the upbringing of the children.
 Intolerance to the injustice, social parasitism, unfairness, careerism, and acquisitiveness.
 Friendship and brotherhood with all the nations of the USSR, intolerance to all racial and national dislike.
 Intolerance to the enemies of communism, peace and freedom of peoples of the world.
 Brotherly solidarity to all workers of all countries and nations.

See also
 Prussian virtues
 Eight Honors and Eight Shames

References

Documents of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Soviet culture
Codes of conduct
1961 documents

Moral Code of the Builder of Communism


The Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo (also called  the Palazzo Contarini Minelli dal Bovolo) is a small palazzo in Venice, Italy, best known for its external multi-arch spiral staircase known as the Scala Contarini del Bovolo (literally, "of the snail").

The palazzo is located in a small, less-travelled calle (street) near Campo Manin, about half-way between Campo San Bartolo, at the foot of the Rialto, and Campo Santo Stefano.

The staircase leads to an arcade, providing an impressive view of the city roof-tops.

This palazzo has been visitable since February 2016.

History
The palazzo was designed and built in its current form in the 15th century by the architect Giovanni Candi as one of the city residences of the Contarini family. Giorgio Spavento is believed to have been responsible for the addition of the grand spiral staircase on the exterior in 1499.

The Palazzo del Bovolo was chosen by Orson Welles as one of the main locations (Brabantio's house) for his 1952 adaptation of Shakespeare's Othello, and the staircase is prominently featured in the film.

The staircase was closed to the public for restoration work which began in August 2015 but is now open.

References

External links

Official website

Contarini del Bovolo
Stairways
House of Contarini

Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo


Sarah Vasen (May 21, 1870 Quincy, Illinois – August 21, 1944 Glendale, California) was the first Jewish female physician specializing in gynecology and obstetrics to practice in Los Angeles.

Education
Until age 16, Vasen attended public school in  Quincy. After finishing her public school education, Vasen began studying with Dr. Melinda Knapheide-Germann.  Knapheide-Germann was one of the first female doctors to practice medicine in Quincy. Vasen trained with Knapheide-Germann for the next two years.

In 1890, Vasen began studying medicine at the Keokuk College of Medicine. Keokuk was the first coeducation American medical college specializing in gynecology and obstetrics practices. She graduated on March 8, 1892, the first Jewish female graduate in the college history.

In 1897, Vasen enrolled in postgraduate training in obstetrics in Philadelphia. During this time, Vasen began a physician and then the superintendent at the Jewish Maternity House.

Medical career
Upon graduation, she moved back to her hometown of Quincy, Illinois and in 1902 became attending gynecologist at Quincy's Blessing Hospital. Vasen had spent her life invested in the Jewish community, and in 1898 she accepted a position as a physician and superintendent at Philadelphia's Jewish Maternity Home.

In 1904, Vasen made the decision to move to California and there she continued her medical career. Upon arrival in California, she began working as a physician and supervisor at Kaspare Cohn Hospital. She was the second Jewish female to practice medicine in California. Vasen was the first Jewish female to hold a supervising position and a position as a physician at Kaspare Cohn. She was recognized publicly for her incredibly efficient and careful work at Kaspare Cohn.

Vasen enjoyed her work as an OBGYN and supervisor, but in 1910 she decided to take a different route. She opened a private maternity clinic which she ran successfully for many years. Vasen also spent much of her time volunteering her services to help the poor Jewish community. She was very active in the Jewish community and the Los Angeles community as a whole.

Vasen retired from her medical career in 1915, shortly after her marriage to Saul Frank.

Work in the Jewish community
Sarah Vasen was raised in a Jewish home and Jewish community. She devoted her medical career to the underprivileged in the Jewish community of Los Angeles, specifically the women and children. Vasen contributed a great deal to the Jewish community when she served as a physician and superintendent at Philadelphia's Jewish Maternity Home in the years following her graduation from medical school. The Jewish Maternity Home was a place for Jewish immigrants seeking medical care, but that were too poor to afford it anywhere else.

Sarah Vasen also devoted her time to the education of the Jewish community. She was a prominent figure in the Jewish religious school for children. Vasen, then residing in Glendale, took part in organizing a religious school for the children of the town's Jewish community.

Personal life
Vasen was the only daughter of Gerson (George) Vasen and Catherine Eschner Vasen out of nine children. Originally residing in Illinois, Vasen moved to Philadelphia for a few brief years before relocating to Los Angeles in 1905.

Vasen became interested in obstetrics and gynecology at a very young age. Vasen was exposed to pregnancy and raising children because her mother had nine children. Women choosing a career in the medical field was uncommon at this time.

In 1911, Vasen met Saul Frank, a newly retired businessman. The couple married in 1915 and settled in Glendale.  Frank died of a heart attack on August 24, 1924,  Vasen never remarried.

Vasen died on August 21, 1944, from complications of a cerebral hemorrhage. She was buried in East Los Angeles in Home of Peace Memorial Park.

References

1870 births
1944 deaths
American women physicians
Jewish physicians
Jewish women
American gynecologists
American obstetricians
People from Quincy, Illinois
Physicians of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
University of Iowa alumni

Sarah Vasen


Dolindo Ruotolo (6 October 1882, Naples, Italy–19 November 1970, Naples, Italy) was an Italian Catholic priest. He is a candidate for beatification and the Catholic Church has granted him the title "Servant of God".

Ruotolo has been recognized as an advocate of spiritual practice called the "spirituality of surrender". Polish Archbishop Konrad Krajewski, the Papal Almoner, has cited Ruotolo's personal devotion as an inspiration.

Padre Pio said Don Dolindo was a "saint", that "the whole of Paradise" was in his soul, and once said to a group of Pilgrims from Naples, "Why do you come here, you have Don Dolindo in Naples?, Go to him. He is a saint." Dolindo called himself "Mary's little old man." He lived in such great poverty that his own family turned away from him. He opened his arms without fear to embrace contagious sick people, caressing and kissing them. He offered himself as a victim soul for mankind, and was afflicted with many sufferings, including complete paralysis for the last ten years of his life.

In 1941, Ruotolo, writing under the pseudonym of "Dain Cohenel", distributed to the Italian Catholic bishops a pamphlet attacking Catholic biblical scholarship, Un gravissimo pericolo per la Chiesa e per le anime. II sistema critico-scientifico nello studio e nell'interpretazione della Sacra Scrittura, le sue deviazioni funeste e le sue aberrazioni, for which he was censured by the Pontifical Biblical Commission. He accused historical-critical methods of being the product of an "accursed spirit of pride, presumption, and superficiality, disguised under minute investigations and hypocritical literal exactness". Ruotolo authored a ten-thousand page Bible commentary, La Sacra Scrittura, which on 20 November 1940 was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books.

Ruotolo had the gift of prophecy, writing to Bishop Hnilica in 1965 that "a new John will rise out of Poland with heroic steps to break the chains beyond the boundaries imposed by the communist tyranny." This prophecy was said to have been realized in Pope John Paul II.

References

1882 births
1970 deaths
Italian Servants of God
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
People from Naples

Dolindo Ruotolo


The Saddle Club is a series of intermediate children's books published by Bantam Books between 1988 and 2001.  The series was created by a publishing house using the contract writing services of self-professed equestrian novice Bonnie Bryant. Many titles were also written by ghostwriters.  Spin-offs include four other book series: The Saddle Club Super Editions, The Saddle Club Inside Stories, Pony Tails, and Pine Hollow.  The books were adapted into a TV show also called The Saddle Club. In the 1990s, there was also a fan club with a monthly newsletter and a line of model horses manufactured by Breyer.

The books follow the adventures of best friends Carole Hanson, Stevie Lake, and Lisa Atwood, who live in the fictional town of Willow Creek, Virginia, and ride at Pine Hollow Stables.  In the first book of the series, Horse Crazy, Carole and Lisa help Stevie with her mathematics project, which launches the girls' friendship and the titular club.

At the beginning of the series, Carole and Stevie are twelve-year-old seventh-graders and Lisa is a thirteen-year-old eighth-grader. Although the characters live through several vacations and years of school, they do not age until the "Pine Hollow" series.

Structure of the Books
The Saddle Club is written in a third-person style. In early books, the narration was third-person limited and shifted from character to character, often offering more insight into the thoughts and feelings of the Saddle Club members and their friends; in later books, the narrative style became much more encompassing.

Titles
 For a complete list of titles, see List of Saddle Club books.

Main characters

Carole Hanson
 First appearance:  #1, Horse Crazy,
  Age:  12
 Family:  Father Mitch Hanson, a Colonel in the United States Marine Corps; mother Jeanne Hanson, a real estate agent who died from cancer when Carole was 11; a black cat from the stables who she names Snowball because he is so contrary.
 Horse(s):  Starlight, originally called Pretty Boy. A bay half-Thoroughbred gelding whose registered name is Pretty Boy Floyd, that she receives as a Christmas present from the money her mother left her in #13, Starlight Christmas. Carole planned to buy the black colt Samson and sell Starlight in the "Pine Hollow" series, but she couldn't because Colonel Hanson grounded her for cheating on her history test after her grades slipped due to focusing on Samson instead of school.
 Education: the saddle club: 7th grader at Willow Creek Junior High School, a public school she attends with Lisa. Pine Hollow: Junior at Willow Creek High School, the local high school that she and Lisa go to.
 Personality:  Carole is the best, most experienced, and most serious rider of the three; she began riding when she was four. Stable owner Max Regnery selected her as the best overall junior rider in #6, Dude Ranch.  She is very organized as far as horses are concerned, but she can be scatterbrained regarding anything else. She tends to be a know-it-all at times, but sometimes it is very helpful. Carole has never fully forgiven Veronica for causing Cobalt's death.

Stephanie "Stevie" Lake
 First appearance:  #1, Horse Crazy
 Age: 12
 Family:  Father, a lawyer; mother Catherine, also a lawyer; older brother Chad, 14; twin brother Alex, 12; younger brother Michael, 9; a cat named Madonna.
 Horse(s):  Belle, a dark bay Arabian cross Saddlebred mare whom she receives in "Horse Trade" and legally owns in "Gift Horse". She also almost bought Stewball, the skewbald gelding she rides at her friend Kate Devine's dude ranch, in "Horse Tale".
 Education:  The Saddle Club: A 7th grader at Fenton Hall, a private academy she attends with her brothers and Veronica. Pine Hollow: Junior at Fenton Hall with Alex, Michael, and Veronica.
 Personality:  Stevie began riding when she was eight. While intelligent in her own way, she is the least serious of the three and the most disorganized. Stevie dropped her given name, Stephanie, almost before she could talk and has always been a bit tomboyish. Now being uncomfortable with the activities other girls of her age do, but at the same time getting tired of being "one of the boys," one thing remains: her love of horses. She excels at practical jokes, one of which is her first interaction with Lisa. Ironically, one of her strongest skills is dressage, a precise type of riding that requires great subtlety and poise. Stable owner, Max Regnery, selected her as the best overall junior rider in Super Edition #3, Western Star. She is the only one who has a steady boyfriend, Phil. Stevie is the only girl in her family, and her feuds with her brothers are a major element of most of the series; her brothers love to tease her about Phil.

Elizabeth "Lisa" Atwood
 First appearance:  #1, Horse Crazy
  Age:  13
 Family:  Father, Richard, 42; mother, Eleanor; brother, Peter, 21, who is at college or studying abroad for most of the series; Lhasa apso dog named Dolly; step-mom, Evelyn; half sister, Lily; aunt/godmother, Elizabeth; great aunt, Madge;Aunt Alison.  Lisa's parents are divorced as of "Stray Horse". Mr. Atwood moves into an apartment so that Lisa can live with him during the weekend until he moves to California. Evelyn eventually gives birth to a baby girl named Lily before the start of the "Pine Hollow" series.
 Horse(s):  Lisa never owns her own horse, although her parents once considered buying her a horse.#11, Horse Wise, they view a horse called "Pretty Boy," but Lisa knew she was not ready to own one. Lisa eventually told Carole Hanson about the horse and she ended up buying him, changing his name to Starlight. In the Pine Hollow series, Lisa's father makes plans to buy Prancer for her, a retired Thoroughbred racehorse who she rides throughout most of the series. However, Prancer dies during a difficult pregnancy, as do both of her twin foals, in Riding To Win, the ninth book of the Pine Hollow series.
 Education:  The Saddle Club: An 8th grader at Willow Creek Junior High School, the public school she attends with Carole. Pine Hollow: Senior at Willow Creek High School, the local high school that she and Carole go to.
 Personality:  Lisa is the oldest of the three but the newest rider; she begins in #1, Horse Crazy because her mother thinks that every young lady should know something about horses. She is extremely organized, a straight-A student, and a perfectionist. Although stable owner, Max, often tells her that she has potential, her desire to "catch up" to Carole and Stevie is an element of most of the series. Lisa is shorter than Carole and Stevie. Lisa was named after her Aunt Elizabeth.
 Inconsistencies:  Lisa's brother is mentioned peripherally in two early books -- #1, Horse Crazy, in which Lisa's mother wouldn't let Lisa borrow a tie from him, and #7, Horse Play, in which he's at summer camp.  Since Peter is eight years older than Lisa and living away from home for the rest of the series, it is likely that these are errors.

Maximilian "Max" Regnery III
 First appearance:  #1, Horse Crazy
 Family:  Grandfather, Maxmilian, who founded Pine Hollow Stables, deceased; father, Maxmilian II, deceased; mother, Elizabeth, who is known as "Mrs. Reg"; wife, Deborah Hale Regnery, a newspaper reporter who he marries in Stable Groom; oldest daughter, Maxine "Maxi" Hale Regnery, who is born in Super Edition #5, Before They Rode Horses; youngest daughter, Jeanne "Minnie" Regnry, who first appears in the Pine Hollow series.
 Horse(s):  Max owns about 25 horses at the start of the series, a number that grows over the course of the books.
 Personality:  Max owns the stable and also teaches classes for riders of all ages. He requires that all students not only ride but also take care of their horses, clean tack, get good grades in school, and perform chores around the stable; he believes that these are all part of what it means to ride. If the kids grades drop below a C average Max won't allow them to ride until their grades improve. In addition to being a respected teacher, he is also an accomplished rider.
 Inconsistencies:  Max's full name has been spelled Maxmillian, Maximillian, and Maximilian at various points in the series.

Elizabeth "Mrs. Reg" Regnery
 First appearance:  #1, Horse Crazy
 Family:  Father-in-law, Maxmilian, who founded Pine Hollow Stables, deceased; husband, Maxmilian II, deceased; son, Maxmilian "Max" III; daughter-in-law, Deborah Hale; granddaughter, Maxine "Maxi" Hale Regnery; granddaughter Jeanne "Minnie/Mini" Regnery.
 Horse(s):  It is implied that when Max II died, he left the stable to his son, not his wife. Mrs. Reg rides frequently, but does not own her own personal horse. She often rides the white Arabian gelding Barq.
 Personality:  Mrs. Reg manages the stable, schedules classes, and coordinates orders and special events. She dislikes seeing people stand around with nothing to do and often assigns them odd jobs if they aren't already working.  She is also famous for telling stories that are seemingly unrelated to the situations that The Saddle Club finds itself in. Mrs. Reg retires to Florida before the start of the Pine Hollow series.

Veronica diAngelo
 First appearance:  #1, Horse Crazy
 Family:  Father, a banker and the richest man in Willow Creek; mother, a prominent social figure; multiple dogs, including two black Labradors, a poodle named Robespierre, and a puppy named Sugarlump.
 Horse(s):  Princess, a pony that she owned when she was 11 before the series started; Cobalt, a black Thoroughbred stallion who is put down as a result of her carelessness in #2, Horse Shy; Garnet, a chestnut Arabian mare that her parents buy for her in #11, Horse Wise; Go For Blue "Danny", a well-trained, schoolmaster dapple gray Thoroughbred gelding that her parents buy for her in #49, Stable Farewell.
 Education:  A 7th-grader at Fenton Hall, a private academy where she attends with Stevie and Stevie's brothers.
 Personality:  Veronica is an extremely spoiled Italian American girl. She acts as The Saddle Club's perpetual enemy, particularly Stevie's, since the girls attend the same school. Veronica always has the latest clothes and doesn't approve of The Saddle Club's simpler style. Earlier books are more generous toward Veronica, suggesting that she acts badly because her parents have little time for her and often agree to buy her something as a means of solving problems. Veronica's character suggests that she would love to be part of The Saddle Club, but chooses to keep people at arm's length from her. She doesn't seem like she can trust people as she's been let down by her own parents many times. Her spoiled exterior seems like a cover for her true feelings. Veronica cried when she sold Garnet in #49, Stable Farewell, indicating that she really cared about her even though she fussed over Danny and took care of him.

Recurring characters
 Dr. Judy Barker - equine veterinarian who treats most Pine Hollow horses. First appears in #3, Horse Sense.
 John Brightstar - son of Walter Brightstar, a wrangler at the Bar None Ranch. First appears in #24, Ghost Rider.
 Marie Dana - injured in a car accident that killed her father and left her unable to walk for months; The Saddle Club befriends her and helps her recover. First appears in #16, Horse Games.
 Dorothy DeSoto Hawthorne - former student of Max Regnery and an excellent rider; suffers an injury in #8, Horse Show, that ends her career as a competitive rider, so she has to sell her horse Topside to Max. Stevie rides Topside until she owns her own horse, Belle. She marries Nigel Hawthorne in #27, Bridle Path. The Saddle Club see her and Nigel in many other books.
 Kate Devine - former champion junior rider and a friend of The Saddle Club; her parents, Frank and Phyllis, know Mitch Hanson from when Frank was a pilot in the United States Marine Corps. They now own a dude ranch in the Southwest called the Bar None Ranch. Like Merrill, Phil, A.J., Christine and Cam, Kate is an honorary member of The Saddle Club. First appears in #4, Horse Power.
 Callie Forester - First appears in the  Pine Hollow series. Callie is Scott's sister and she is younger by one year. In the first Pine Hollow book, Stevie is driving her friends during a bad storm. She swerves to avoid Callie's horse, who was spooked into the road. After hitting Callie's horse Fez, the car rolled into a ravine, injuring Callie severely. Callie survived the accident, but Fez was killed. Callie is a private person.
 Scott Forester - First appears in the  Pine Hollow series. Scott is Callie's brother and is older by one year. After his sister Callie is injured in a car accident, he blames Stevie. Scott has trouble forgiving Stevie for the accident which hurt his sister and killed her horse Fez.
 Eli Grimes - wrangler at the Bar None Ranch, who considers the members of The Saddle Club "dudes" when he first meets them in #6, Dude Ranch. He starts a riding summer camp with his wife, Jeannie, in #29, Ranch Hands.
 Jasmine James - eight year old rider at Pine Hollow; she and her best friends become the main characters of the spin off series Pony Tails.
 May Grover - eight year old rider at Pine Hollow; she and her best friends become the main characters of the spin off series Pony Tails. First appears in #21, Racehorse, when she starts taking riding lessons at Pine Hollow and joins Horse Wise. Has a pony named Luna because of the perfect moon shaped mark on his face, and later a pony named Macaroni.
 Corey Takamura - eight year old Asian American rider at Pine Hollow; she and her best friends become the main characters of the spin off series Pony Tails.  Her mother, Dr. Takamura, is a small animal vet.
 Erin Mosley - a spoiled eight-year-old girl who is the main rival of Jasmine, May, and Corey and one of the main characters in the spin off series Pony Tails. Erin started taking riding lessons at Pine Hollow prior to the series. Erin is described as a "goody-goody" who tattles on others.
 Nigel Hawthorne - Dorothy DeSoto's British husband; also a rider. First appears in #27, Bridle Path.
 Christine Lonetree - A kind hearted Native American girl whom the Saddle Club and Kate Devine first meet in #6, Dude Ranch; her German Shepherd Tomahawk dies saving Stevie from a rattlesnake. She becomes an honorary member of The Saddle Club in #12, Rodeo Rider.
 Phil Marsten - Stevie's boyfriend; he lives in Cross County, which is about fifteen miles away from Willow Creek. Phil has a Quarter Horse named Teddy, who has a tendency to spook. Like Kate, Christine, A.J., and Cam, Phil is an honorary member of The Saddle Club. First appears in #10, Riding Camp.
 Denise McCaskill - Pine Hollow stablehand and Red's girlfriend. First appears in #45, Stable Groom.
 A.J. McDonnell - Phil's best friend and a fellow rider at Cross County Stables. Like Kate, Christine, Phil, and Cam, A.J. is an honorary member of The Saddle Club. He owns a gray mare named Crystal. First appears in #13, Starlight Christmas.
 Cam Nelson - A young African American rider from Arden Hills whom Carole first meets over an Internet message board. First appears in #25, Show Horse.  Cam has a horse named Duffy. He moves to California when his dad gets a new job in #49, Stable Farewell. Cam returns to Willow Creek in the Pine Hollow series, but things don't work out between him and Carole and they break up.
 Red O'Malley - The head stablehand at Pine Hollow and Denise's boyfriend. Red is polite and is often stuck doing Veronica's chores and looking after her horse.
 Skye Ransom - A seventeen year old actor whom The Saddle Club meets and teaches to ride in #8, Horse Show. He often returns in books where he is filming a movie and requires The Saddle Club's help.
 Lady Theresa "Tessa" - An English lady whom Lisa meets and befriends in England when Tessa falls off her horse in #29, Ranch Hands.
 Emily Williams - A young rider with cerebral palsy. The Saddle Club meets and befriends Emily and her horse P.C. in #52, Riding Class. She is also an honorary member of the Saddle Club. P.C.'s initials do not stand for anything in particular. Their meaning changes according to Emily's whims.  Emily also appears in the Pine Hollow series until her family moves to Australia.

Awards
In 2003 the series was awarded a BILBY Award.

Spin-Offs

Books
Two additional types and two series of books were spun off following the popularity of The Saddle Club.

The Saddle Club Super Edition books also focus on Carole, Lisa, and Stevie, but are longer and occasionally written in a different style. For example, Super Edition #1, A Summer Without Horses, is broken into four sections, and the first three are about Lisa, Stevie, and Carole's personal experiences. Other Super Editions follow the same third-person narrative style of the regular series. For more information about the Super Editions, see the List of Saddle Club books.

The Inside Story books are written as diaries or journals.  In each, the premise is that the title character - Stevie, Lisa, or Carole - is doing a project or writing a journal that requires her to explain her impressions of events in regular The Saddle Club books that involved all three girls. The Inside Story books are longer than the Super Editions. For more information about the Inside Story books, see the List of Saddle Club books.

The Pony Tails books are a spinoff series aimed at young readers ages 7–10. They focus on May Grover, Corey Takamura, and Jasmine James, who are also riders at Pine Hollow and form their own club called the Pony Tails.

The Pine Hollow books are a spinoff series aimed at teen and young adult readers. They focus on the same characters four years later, beginning during the summer before Lisa's senior year of high school and Carole and Stevie's junior year. Many characters from the Saddle Club books reappear in the Pine Hollow series, and two major new characters—Scott and Callie Forester—were introduced. The last Pine Hollow book, #17, Full Gallop, was written in 2001 and is chronologically the last book in the Saddle Club canon.

In 1990, a short story called Happy Horse Day! was published along with a short story in the Fabulous Five series by Betsy Haynes.  The book was included in a Jean Nate gift set of bath products for girls.

TV series

In 2001, The Saddle Club was adapted into a TV series called The Saddle Club, which was filmed and set in Australia.  There are notable differences between the characters and plotlines in the books and the TV series. The show ran for three seasons and has been broadcast on ABC and FOX8 in Australia, on Discovery Kids and public television in the United States, on YTV network in Canada, and on PopGirl in the UK. Episodes are available on DVD.

References

External links

 The Saddle Club

Series of children's books
American children's novels
American young adult novels
Young adult novel series
Novels set in Virginia
BILBY Award-winning works
Bantam Books books
Pony books

The Saddle Club (books)


Raymundo Damasceno Assis (; born 15 February 1937) is a Brazilian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Auxiliary Bishop of Brasília from 1986 to 2004 and Archbishop of Aparecida from 2004 to 2016.

Biography

Early life and ordination
Damasceno Assis was born 15 February 1937 in Capela Nova. In 1948, he entered the Juvenato São José of the Marist Brothers, in the city of Mendes where he completed his basic elementary education; then he discerned that his vocation was for the priesthood and returned home to Conselheiro Lafaiete, archdiocese of Mariana, where the family had moved. In 1955, he entered the Minor Seminary of the archdiocese of Mariana, where he did his secondary studies; and then the Major Seminary, where he studied philosophy. In 1960, Archbishop Oscar de Oliveira, of Mariana, sent him to the newly established archdiocese of Brasília, as a help to that new local church, inaugurated on 21 April of that same year. In 1961, Brasília's archbishop, sent him to Rome to study theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he obtained a licentiate; he resided at Colegio Pio Brasileiro during those years, the Second Vatican Council was occurring. In 1965, he was sent to Germany, where he concluded his formation at the Superior Institute of Catechesis in Münich. He returned to Brazil in 1968. He did post graduate studies in the philosophy of science at the University of Brasília and at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais.

He was ordained a priest on 19 March 1968, in Conselheiro Lafaiete, by José Newton de Almeida Baptista, archbishop of Brasília. In the archdiocese of Brasília, he served as coordinator of catechesis; pastor of the parish of Santíssimo Sacramento. He also served as chancellor and was co-founder and professor of the Major Seminary Nossa Senhora de Fatima and at the same time professor in the Department of Philosophy of the University of Brasília.

Bishop
He was appointed titular bishop of Nova Petra and auxiliary bishop of Brasília on 18 June 1986. He was named metropolitan Archbishop of Aparecida 28 January 2004. In 2007 he was elected to a four-year term as president of the Episcopal Council of Latin America (CELAM).

Cardinal
Benedict XVI created him Cardinal-Priest of Immacolata al Tiburtino in the consistory of 20 November 2010.

In 2011 he was elected to a four-year term as president of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (Confêrencia Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil).

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that selected Pope Francis.

Pope Francis accepted his retirement on 16 November 2016 and named Orlando Brandes to succeed him.

References

External links

 Biography at Salvador Miranda's site
 Biography at GCatholic.org

Living people
1937 births
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Brazil
Brazilian cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
People from Minas Gerais
Roman Catholic archbishops of Aparecida
Roman Catholic bishops of Brasília

Raymundo Damasceno Assis