Clarissa Harlowe Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was an American nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, a teacher, and a patent clerk. Since nursing education was not then very formalized and she did not attend nursing school, she provided self-taught nursing care. Barton is noteworthy for doing humanitarian work and civil rights advocacy at a time before women had the right to vote. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973.

Early life

Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born on December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts, and was named after the titular character of Samuel Richardson's novel Clarissa. Her father was Captain Stephen Barton, a member of the local militia and a selectman (politician) who inspired his daughter with patriotism and a broad humanitarian interest. He was a soldier under the command of General Anthony Wayne in his crusade against the Indigenous in the northwest. He was also the leader of progressive thought in the Oxford village area. Barton's mother was Sarah Stone Barton.

When she was three years old, Barton was sent to school with her brother Stephen, where she excelled in reading and spelling. At school, she became close friends with Nancy Fitts; she is the only known friend Barton had as a child due to her extreme timidity.

When Barton was ten years old, she assigned herself the task of nursing her brother David back to health for two years after he fell from the roof of a barn and received a severe head injury. She learned how to distribute the prescribed medication to her brother, as well as how to place leeches on his body to bleed him (a standard treatment at the time). She continued to care for David long after doctors had given up. He made a full recovery.

Her parents tried to help cure her timidity by enrolling her to Colonel Stones High School, but their strategy turned out to be a catastrophe. Barton became more timid and depressed and would not eat. She was brought back home to regain her health.

Upon her return, her family relocated to help a family member; a paternal cousin of Clara's had died and left his wife with four children and a farm. The house that the Barton family was to live in needed to be painted and repaired. Clara was persistent in offering assistance, much to the gratitude of her family. After the work was done, she was concerned not to become seen as a burden to her family. Therefore, she began to play with her boy cousins and to their surprise, she was good at keeping up with such activities as horseback riding. It was not until after she had injured herself that Clara's mother began to question her playing with the boys. Her mother decided she should focus on more ladylike skills. She invited one of Clara's girl cousins over to help develop her femininity. From her cousin, she gained proper social skills as well.

To assist Barton with overcoming her shyness, her parents persuaded her to become a schoolteacher. She studied at the Clinton Liberal Institute in Clinton, New York. She achieved her first teacher's certificate in 1839, at 17 years old. This profession interested Barton greatly and helped motivate her; she ended up conducting an effective redistricting campaign that allowed the children of workers to receive an education. Successful projects such as this gave Barton the confidence needed when she demanded equal pay for teaching.

Early professional life

Barton became an educator in 1838 and served for 12 years in schools in Canada and West Georgia. Barton fared well as a teacher; she knew how to handle  children, particularly the boys since as a child she enjoyed her boy cousins' and brothers' company. She learned how to act like them, making it easier for her to relate to and control the boys in her care. After her mother's death in 1851, the family home closed down. Barton decided to further her education by pursuing writing and languages at the Clinton Liberal Institute in New York. In this college, she developed many friendships that broadened her point of view on many issues concurring at the time. The principal of the institute recognized her tremendous abilities and admired her work. This friendship lasted for many years, eventually turning into a romance. As a writer, her terminology was pristine and easy to understand. Her writings and bodies of work could instruct the local statesmen.

While teaching in Hightstown, Barton learned about the lack of public schools in Bordentown, the neighboring city. In 1852, she was contracted to open a free school in Bordentown, which was the first ever free school in New Jersey. She was successful, and after a year she had hired another woman to help teach over 600 people. Both women were making $250 a year. This accomplishment compelled the town to raise nearly $4,000 for a new school building. Once it was completed, Barton was replaced as principal by a man elected by the school board. They saw the position as head of a large institution to be unfitting for a woman. She was demoted to "female assistant" and worked in a harsh environment until she had a nervous breakdown along with other health ailments, and quit.

In 1855, she moved to Washington, D.C., and began work as a clerk in the U.S. Patent Office; this was the first time a woman had received a substantial clerkship in the federal government and at a salary equal to a man's salary. For three years, she received much abuse and slander from male clerks. Subsequently, under political opposition to women working in government offices, her position was reduced to that of copyist, and in 1858, under the administration of James Buchanan, she was fired because of her "Black Republicanism". After the election of Abraham Lincoln, having lived with relatives and friends in Massachusetts for three years, she returned to the patent office in the autumn of 1860, now as temporary copyist, in the hope she could make way for more women in government service.

American Civil War

On April 19, 1861, the Baltimore Riot resulted in the first bloodshed of the American Civil War. The victims, members of the 6th Massachusetts Militia, were transported after the violence to the unfinished Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., where Barton lived at the time. Wanting to serve her country, Barton went to the railroad station when the victims arrived and nursed 40 men. Barton provided crucial, personal assistance to the men in uniform, many of whom were wounded, hungry and without supplies other than what they carried on their backs. She personally took supplies to the building to help the soldiers.

Barton quickly recognized them, as she had grown up with some of them and even taught some. Barton, along with several other women, personally provided clothing, food, and supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers. She learned how to store and distribute medical supplies and offered emotional support to the soldiers by keeping their spirits high. She would read books to them, write letters to their families for them, talk to them, and support them.

It was on that day that she identified herself with army work and began her efforts towards collecting medical supplies for the Union soldiers. Prior to distributing provisions directly onto the battlefield and gaining further support, Barton used her own living quarters as a storeroom and distributed supplies with the help of a few friends in early 1862, despite opposition in the War Department and among field surgeons. Ladies' Aid Society helped in sending bandages, food, and clothing that would later be distributed during the Civil War.  In August 1862, Barton finally gained permission from Quartermaster Daniel Rucker to work on the front lines.  She gained support from other people who believed in her cause.  These people became her patrons, her most supportive being Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts.

After the First Battle of Bull Run, Barton placed an ad in a Massachusetts newspaper for supplies; the response was a profound influx of supplies. She worked to distribute stores, clean field hospitals, apply dressings, and serve food to wounded soldiers in close proximity to several battles, including Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. Barton helped both Union and Confederate soldiers. Supplies were not always readily available though. At the battle of Antietam, for example, Barton used corn-husks in place of bandages. Speaking of her commitment to being a nurse in the war after experiencing battle, Clara would say,  "I shall remain here while anyone remains, and do whatever comes to my hand. I may be compelled to face danger, but never fear it, and while our soldiers can stand and fight, I can stand and feed and nurse them."

In 1863 she began a romantic relationship with an officer, Colonel John J. Elwell.

In 1864, she was appointed by Union General Benjamin Butler as the "lady in charge" of the hospitals at the front of the Army of the James. Among her more harrowing experiences was an incident in which a bullet tore through the sleeve of her dress without striking her and killed a man to whom she was tending. She was known as the "Florence Nightingale of America". She was also known as the "Angel of the Battlefield" after she came to the aid of the overwhelmed surgeon on duty following the battle of Cedar Mountain in Northern Virginia in August 1862.  She arrived at a field hospital at midnight with a large number of supplies to help the severely wounded soldiers. This naming came from her frequent timely assistance as she served troops at the battles of Fairfax Station, Chantilly, Harpers Ferry, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Charleston, Petersburg and Cold Harbor.

Postwar
After the end of the American Civil War, Barton discovered that thousands of letters from distraught relatives to the War Department were going unanswered because the soldiers they were asking about were buried in unmarked graves. Many of the soldiers were labeled as "missing." Motivated to do more about the situation, Barton contacted President Lincoln in hopes that she would be allowed to respond officially to the unanswered inquiries. She was given permission, and "The Search for the Missing Men" commenced.

After the war, she ran the Office of Missing Soldiers, at 437 ½ Seventh Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Gallery Place neighborhood. The office's purpose was to find or identify soldiers killed or missing in action. Barton and her assistants wrote 41,855 replies to inquiries and helped locate more than 22,000 missing men. Barton spent the summer of 1865 helping find, identify, and properly bury 13,000 individuals who died in Andersonville prison camp, a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp in Georgia. She continued this task over the next four years, burying 20,000 more Union soldiers and marking their graves. Congress eventually appropriated $15,000 toward her project.

American Red Cross

Barton achieved widespread recognition by delivering lectures around the country about her war experiences in 1865–1868. During this time she met Susan B. Anthony and began an association with the woman's suffrage movement. She also became acquainted with Frederick Douglass and became an activist for civil rights.  After her countrywide tour she was both mentally and physically exhausted and under doctor's orders to go somewhere that would take her far from her current work. She closed the Missing Soldiers Office in 1868 and traveled to Europe. In 1869, during her trip to Geneva, Switzerland, Barton was introduced to the Red Cross and Dr. Appia; he later would invite her to be the representative for the American branch of the Red Cross and help her find financial benefactors for the start of the American Red Cross. She was also introduced to Henry Dunant's book A Memory of Solferino, which called for the formation of national societies to provide relief voluntarily on a neutral basis.

In the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870, she assisted the Grand Duchess of Baden in the preparation of military hospitals and gave the Red Cross society much aid during the war. At the joint request of the German authorities and the Strasbourg Comité de Secours, she superintended the supplying of work to the poor of Strasbourg in 1871, after the Siege of Paris, and in 1871 had charge of the public distribution of supplies to the destitute people of Paris. At the close of the war, she received honorable decorations of the Golden Cross of Baden and the Prussian Iron Cross.

When Barton returned to the United States, she inaugurated a movement to gain recognition for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) by the United States government. In 1873, she began work on this project.  In 1878, she met with President Rutherford B. Hayes, who expressed the opinion of most Americans at that time which was the U.S. would never again face a calamity like the Civil War. Barton finally succeeded during the administration of President Chester Arthur, using the argument that the new American Red Cross could respond to crises other than war such as natural disasters like earthquakes, forest fires, and hurricanes.

Barton became President of the American branch of the society, which held its first official meeting at her apartment in Washington, DC, May 21, 1881. The first local society was founded August 22, 1881 in Dansville, Livingston County, New York, where she maintained a country home.

The society's role changed with the advent of the Spanish–American War during which it aided refugees and prisoners of the civil war. Once the Spanish–American War was over the grateful people of Santiago built a statue in honor of Barton in the town square, which still stands there today. In the United States, Barton was praised in numerous newspapers and reported about Red Cross operations in person.

Domestically in 1884 she helped in the floods on the Ohio river, provided Texas with food and supplies during the famine of 1887, took workers to Illinois in 1888 after a tornado, and that same year took workers to Florida for the yellow fever epidemic. Within days after the Johnstown Flood in 1889, she led her delegation of 50 doctors and nurses in response, founding what would become Conemaugh Health System. In 1896, responding to the humanitarian crisis in the Ottoman Empire of the Hamidian massacres, Barton arrived in  Constantinople February 15. Barton along with Minister Terrell spoke with Tewfik Pasha, the Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs, to procure the right to enter the interior.  Barton herself stayed in Constantinople to conduct the business of the expedition. Her General Field Agent, J. B. Hubbell, M.D.; two Special Field Agents, E. M. Wistar and C. K. Wood; and Ira Harris M. D., Physician in Charge of Medical Relief in Zeitoun and Marash, traveled to the Armenian provinces in the spring of 1896, providing relief and humanitarian aid to the Armenian population who were victims of the massacres done in 1894–1896 by Ottoman Empire. Barton also worked in hospitals in Cuba in 1898 at the age of 77. Barton's last field operation as President of the American Red Cross was helping victims of the Galveston hurricane in 1900. The operation established an orphanage for children.

As criticism arose of her mixing professional and personal resources, Barton was forced to resign as president of the American Red Cross in 1904 at the age of 83 because her egocentric leadership style fit poorly into the formal structure of an organizational charity. She had been forced out of office by a new generation of all-male scientific experts who reflected the realistic efficiency of the Progressive Era rather than her idealistic humanitarianism. In memory of the courageous women of the civil war, the Red Cross Headquarters was founded. During the dedication, not one person said a word. This was done in order to honor the women and their services. After resigning, Barton founded the National First Aid Society.

Final years
She continued to live in her Glen Echo, Maryland home which also served as the Red Cross Headquarters upon her arrival at the house in 1897. Barton published her autobiography in 1908, titled The Story of My Childhood. On April 12, 1912, she died in her home at the age of 90. The cause of death was pneumonia.

Religious beliefs
Although not formally a member of the Universalist Church of America, in a 1905 letter to the widow of Carl Norman Thrasher, she identified herself with her parents' church as a "Universalist".
My dear friend and sister:

Your belief that I am a Universalist is as correct as your greater belief that you are one yourself, a belief in which all who are privileged to possess it rejoice. In my case, it was a great gift, like St. Paul, I "was born free", and saved the pain of reaching it through years of struggle and doubt.

My father was a leader in the building of the church in which Hosea Ballow preached his first dedication sermon. Your historic records will show that the old Huguenot town of Oxford, Mass. erected one of, if not the first Universalist Church in America. In this town I was born; in this church I was reared. In all its reconstructions and remodelings I have taken a part, and I look anxiously for a time in the near future when the busy world will let me once more become a living part of its people, praising God for the advance in the liberal faith of the religions of the world today, so largely due to the teachings of this belief.

Give, I pray you, dear sister, my warmest congratulations to the members of your society. My best wishes for the success of your annual meeting, and accept my thanks most sincerely for having written me.

Fraternally yours, (Signed) Clara Barton. While she was not an active member of her parents' church, Barton wrote about how well known her family was in her hometown and how many relationships her father formed with others in their town through their church and religion.

Clara Barton National Historic Site

In 1975, the Clara Barton National Historic Site, located at 5801 Oxford Road, Glen Echo, Maryland, was established as a unit of the National Park Service at Barton's home, where she spent the last 15 years of her life. As the first National Historic Site dedicated to the accomplishments of a woman, it preserves the early history of the American Red Cross, since the home also served as an early headquarters of the organization.

The National Park Service restored eleven rooms, including the Red Cross offices, the parlors, and Barton's bedroom. Visitors to the house were able to gain a sense of how Barton lived and worked. Guides led tourists through the three levels, emphasizing Barton's use of her unusual home. In October 2015 the site was closed for repairs and remained closed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, through 2021. The house reopened to the public in 2022, although the second and third floors of the house remain closed, due to "structural concerns".

Clara Barton's Missing Soldiers Office
In 1869, Barton closed the Missing Soldiers Office and headed to Europe. The third floor of her old boardinghouse was boarded up in 1913, and the site forgotten. The site was "lost" in part because Washington, DC realigned its addressing system in the 1870s. The boardinghouse became 437 ½ Seventh Street Northwest (formerly 488-1/2 Seventh Street West).

In 1997, General Services Administration carpenter Richard Lyons was hired to check out the building for its demolition. He found a treasure trove of Barton items in the attic, including signs, clothing, Civil War soldier's socks, an army tent, Civil War-era newspapers, and many documents relating to the Office of Missing Soldiers. This discovery led to the NPS saving the building from demolition. It took years, however, for the site to be restored. The Clara Barton's Missing Soldiers Office Museum, run by the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, opened in 2015.

Fictional depictions
 Numbering All the Bones by Ann Rinaldi features Barton and Andersonville Prison, a Civil War prison with terrible conditions.
 Angel of Mercy (MGM, 1939) is a biographical short film directed by Edward L. Cahn, starring Sara Haden as Barton and Ann Rutherford as a woman whose brother's death in a Civil War battle inspires her to join Barton in her work.
 In the NBC TV series Voyagers! (1982–1983), Phineas Bogg and Jeffrey Jones travel through time to make sure history proceeds correctly. In the episode "The Travels of Marco ... and Friends", season 1, episode 9, original airdate December 3, 1982, Phineas and Jeffrey rescue Barton (Patricia Donahue) from a burning wagon, but she is on the verge of succumbing to smoke inhalation. Jeffrey (a young boy from 1982) applies mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (a technique unknown in Barton's time) and saves her life, thus enabling her to go on to found the American Red Cross.
 Mandy Moore plays Barton in an episode of Drunk History which features a summary of Barton's accomplishments during and after the Civil War as narrated by Amber Ruffin.
 America: The Motion Picture features a highly fictionalized version of Clara Barton as voiced by Megan Leahy.
 In the HBO series The Gilded Age (2022), Barton is played by Linda Emond.

Places named for Clara Barton

Schools
There are 25 schools named after Clara Barton
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Levittown, Pennsylvania
 Barton Hall at Montclair State University in Upper Montclair, New Jersey
 Clara Barton Elementary on Del Amo Boulevard in Long Beach, California
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Alton, Illinois
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Redmond, Washington
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Anaheim, California
 Barton County Community College in Great Bend, Kansas
 Clara Barton Elementary School in The Bronx
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Cherry Hill, New Jersey
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Corona, California
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Oxford, Massachusetts
 Clara Barton Elementary School in San Diego (now San Diego Cooperative Charter School)
 Clara Barton Elementary School in Rochester, New York
 Clara Barton Elementary School in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania
 Clara Barton Junior High School in Royal Oak, Michigan
 Clara Barton High School for Health Professions in Brooklyn
 Clara Barton House, a residence hall at Towson University, Towson, Maryland
 Clara Barton Open School in Minneapolis
 Clara Barton School in Cabin John, Maryland (now Clara Barton Community Center)
 Clara Barton School in Bordentown, New Jersey
 Clara Barton School in Fargo, North Dakota
 Clara Barton School in Philadelphia
 Barton Academy in Mobile, Alabama

Streets
 Clara Barton Road in Oxford, Massachusetts
 Clara Barton Lane in Galveston, Texas
 Barton Boulevard in Rockledge, Florida
 Clara Barton Drive in Albany, New York
 Clara Barton Drive in Fairfax Station, Virginia
 Clara Barton Parkway in Maryland
 Clara Barton Street in Dansville, New York
 Clara Barton Boulevard in Garland, Texas
 Clara Barton Circle in Sylacauga, Alabama
 Clara Bartonstraat in Amsterdam
 Barton Road in Windsor, Maine
 Clara Barton Road in Douglas County, Wisconsin
 Clara Barton Street in Sagua la Grande, Cuba

Other

 Barton, a crater on Venus
 Barton Center for Diabetes Education, North Oxford, Massachusetts
 Barton County, Kansas
 Barton Hall, Iowa State University
 Barton House in Towson University
 Barton Towers, in Royal Oak, Michigan, on the former site of Clara Barton Junior High School
 Barton's Crossing, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, a homeless shelter
 Clara Barton, a Norwegian Air Boeing 737-8MAX (part of Norwegian's "Tailfin Heroes" series)
 Clara Barton, New Jersey, an unincorporated community located within Edison Township
 Clara Barton Auditorium, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, Virginia
 Clara Barton Community Center, Cabin John, Maryland
 Clara Barton District, a regional association of Unitarian Universalist Association member congregations
 Clara Barton First Aid Squad, Edison, New Jersey
 Clara Barton Library Branch, Edison, New Jersey
 Clara Barton Home and Gardens, Johnstown, Pennsylvania
 Clara Barton Hospital and Clinics, Hoisington, Kansas
 Clara Barton Memorial Forest in Lake Clear, New York, planted in 1925
 Clara Barton Post Office Building, at 14 Walnut Street in Bordentown, New Jersey
 Clara Barton Service Area, on the New Jersey Turnpike in Oldmans Township, New Jersey
 Clara Barton Shelter, Stony Brook State Park, Dansville, New York
 Clara Barton Tree, a giant sequoia tree in the Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park
 Heritage of Clara Barton, Edison, New Jersey, an Assisted Living Community
 Lake Barton in Burke, Virginia
 The House of Clara Barton at The King's College (New York City)

Other remembrances

The Clara Barton Homestead, where Barton was born in Massachusetts is open to the public as a museum.

A stamp with a portrait of Barton and an image of the American Red Cross symbol was issued in 1948.

Barton was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973.

Barton was featured in 1995 in a set of U.S. stamps commemorating the Civil War.

In 2019, Barton was announced as one of the members of the inaugural class of the Government Executive magazine's Government Hall of Fame.

Exhibits in the east wing of the third floor, 3 East, of the National Museum of American History are focused on the United States at war. The Clara Barton Red Cross ambulance was at one point the signature artifact there but is no longer on display.

The school in the Disney show Sydney to the Max is named Clara Barton Middle School.

Clara Barton was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2008.

Published works
 Barton, Clara H. The Red Cross – In Peace and War. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Press, 1898.  .
 Barton, Clara H. Story of the Red Cross – Glimpses of Field Work. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1904.  .
 Barton, Clara H. The Story of My Childhood. New York: Baker & Taylor Company, 1907.  Reprinted by Arno Press in 1980.  .

References

Further reading
 Barton, William E. The Life of Clara Barton Founder of the American Red Cross. (1922) .
 Burton, David Henry. Clara Barton: in the service of humanity (Greenwood, 1995); Major scholarly study online
 Crompton, Samuel Etinde. Clara Barton: Humanitarian. New York: Chelsea House, 2009. . .
 Deady, Kathleen W. Clara Barton. Mankato: Capstone Press, 2003. . .
 Dulles Foster R. The American Red Cross: A History (1950)
 Henle, Ellen Langenheim. "Clara Barton, Soldier or Pacifist?." Civil War History 24.2 (1978): 152–160. online
 Hutchinson, John F. Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross. Boulder: Westview Press, Inc., 1996.  .
 Jones, Marian Moser. The American Red Cross from Clara Barton to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
 Joyce, James Avery. Red Cross International and the Strategy of Peace. New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1959. .
 Oates, Stephen B. A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1994.
 Ross, Ishbel. Angel of the Battlefield: The Life of Clara Barton. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1956. .
 Safranski, Debby Burnett. Angel of Andersonville, Prince of Tahiti: The Extraordinary Life of Dorence Atwater. Alling-Porterfield Publishing House, 2008.

 Barton, Report of Miss Clara 1896, Report, America's Relief Expedition to Asia Minor Under the Red Cross. Journal Publishing Company, Meriden, Conn.

Historiography
 Amico, Eleanor B., ed.  Reader's Guide to Women's Studies ( Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998) pp. 56–57

External links

 Clara Barton, Civil War Nurse, Educator And Humanitarian
 Clara Barton Elementary School – Lake Washington School District
 Clara Barton National Historic Site
 Clara Barton Birthplace Museum
 Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office
 The Barton Center For Diabetes Education, Inc.
 Clara Barton Passport Application – 1869 (Original document image)
 Clara Barton, A Register of Her Papers in the Library of Congress
 Clara Barton Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
 Michals, Debra.  "Clara Barton".  National Women's History Museum.  2015.
 The personal papers of Clara Barton are in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

 Portrait of Clara Barton on ICRC Library and Archives blog CROSS-files
 Clara Barton papers at the University of Maryland Libraries

1821 births
1912 deaths
19th-century Christian universalists
20th-century Christian universalists
American Red Cross personnel
American humanitarians
American nurses
American women nurses
Burials in Massachusetts
Female wartime nurses
Patent examiners
People from Bordentown, New Jersey
People from Glen Echo, Maryland
People from Oxford, Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
People of the Franco-Prussian War
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870)
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
American women writers
American Christian universalists
American founders
Women founders
American Civil War nurses
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland

Clara Barton


Daniel Tosh (born May 29, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian. Tosh is of West German descent.

Early life

Tosh was born in Germany but grew up in Titusville, Florida. His father was a preacher. He had one brother and two sisters. After graduating from Astronaut High School in 1993 and later the University of Central Florida with a degree in marketing, Tosh moved to Los Angeles where he lives with his dog.

Career

Tosh's first big career break came in 2001 with his performance on the Late Show with David Letterman. His first attempt to appear on the show was cut short, though, due to time limits caused by the star guest, Eric Kraff, overlapping with his segment. He followed with appearances on programs such as The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Comedy Central's Premium Blend. In 2003, he performed in his own thirty-minue special on Comedy Central Presents. On June 17, 2007, Comedy Central aired a stand-up special featuring Tosh, Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious. He also hosted an episode of Comedy Central's Live at Gotham. Tosh is also a regular guest on The Bob & Tom Show. He had a small part in the feature film In the Army Now starring Pauly Shore and Andy Dick. He also had a bit part in The Love Guru,

Currently, Tosh hosts Tosh.0, a show showcasing internet video clips on Comedy Central. Daniel Tosh also had another stand-up special called "Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts".

Works
Tosh has released two albums, True Stories I Made Up, which was released on November 8, 2005 by Comedy Central and Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious, which was released on June 17, 2007 by Comedy Central. His Comedy Central TV show Tosh.0 premiered on June 4, 2009.

Releases
 True Stories I Made Up (CD, 2005)
 Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious (DVD, 2007)
 Happy Thoughts (CD/DVD, 2011)

References

Other websites
danieltosh.com, official site
Daniel Tosh official MySpace page

Comedians from Florida
Living people
1975 births
American television presenters

Daniel Tosh


Solomon Asher Birnbaum, also Salomo Birnbaum ( Shloyme Birnboym, December 24, 1891 in Vienna – December 28, 1989 in Toronto) was a Yiddish linguist and Hebrew palaeographer.

Biography
Birnbaum (1891-1989), born in Vienna, was the oldest son of Nathan Birnbaum and Rosa Korngut. He was an Austrian Jew of West Galician descent.

Solomon Birnbaum served in World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and then studied and attained a doctorate from the University of Würzburg, specializing in languages of Asia. From 1922 to 1933, he was an external lecturer of Yiddish at the University of Hamburg. After the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, in 1933 Birnbaum emigrated to Great Britain with his wife, Irene Grünwald, and his children, in 1933.

From 1936 to 1957, Birnbaum was a lecturer on Hebrew paleography and epigraphy at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. He taught Yiddish at the same time at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London, from 1939 to 1958. During World War II, Birnbaum worked in the postal censorship for the British authorities. In 1970, he immigrated to Toronto, Canada.

Solomon Birnbaum is the father of Jacob Birnbaum, who, after his emigration to New York in 1963, helped to found the Soviet Jewry Movement.

Publications

 Praktische Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache, Vienna and Leipzig, 1918; Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache, Hamburg: editions 1966, 1979, 1984, 1988
 Leben und Worte des Balschemm, 1920
 Das hebräische und aramäische Element in der jiddischen Sprache, 1921 (dissertation)
 "Die jiddische Sprache," in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift (1923)
 "Die Umschrift des Jiddischen," in: Teuthonista (1933)
 "The Age of the Yiddish Language," in: Transactions of the Philological Society, London (1939)
 "Jewish Languages," in: Essays in Honour of the Very Rev. Dr. J.H. Hertz, London, 1942
 Yiddish Phrase Book, published by The Linguaphone Institute for The Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad, London, 1945
 "The Cultural Structure of East Ashkenazic Jewry," in: The Slavonic and East European Review, London (1946)
 "The Verb in the Bukharic Language of Samarkand," in: Archivum Linguisticum, 2 (1950/51)
 "How Old are the Cave Manuscripts?" in: Vetus Testamentum (1951)
 The Hebrew Scripts, 2 vols., Leiden, 1954–57, 1971
 Die jiddische Sprache, Hamburg 1974, 1986, 1997
 Yiddish – A Survey and a Grammar, Toronto, 1979
 "Zur Geschichte der u-Laute im Jiddischen," in: Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie (1981)
  Yiddish, A Survey and a Grammar, 2nd edition, with additional essays etc by David Birnbaum, Eleazar Birnbaum, Kalman Weiser, Jean Baumgarten. Toronto, 2016

References
 Erika Timm, Eleazar Birnbaum, David Birnbaum (eds) "Salomo/Solomon A. Birnbaum: Ein Leben fuer die Wissenschaft/A Lifetime of Achievement", Berlin/Boston, 2011. (2 vols). 62 articles over a range of over 60 years by Solomon A. Birnbaum on the linguistics of Yiddish (and other Jewish languages), and on Hebrew Palaeography. Contains a biography (in both German and English), and bibliography of books and articles in English, German and Yiddish.
 David Birnbaum, "Salomo Birnbaum's experiences at Hamburg University", in: Key Documents of German-Jewish History, August 22, 2018,

1891 births
1989 deaths
Austrian Jews
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Austrian emigrants to Canada
Linguists from Austria
Linguists of Yiddish
Yiddish-speaking people
Military personnel from Vienna
20th-century linguists

Solomon Birnbaum


Sword of the Stars II: Lords of Winter is a science fiction strategy video game developed by Kerberos Productions. It is the sequel to the 2006 game Sword of the Stars and is published by Paradox Interactive. It features the same six races as the original game along with a new enemy, the Suul'ka. On October 19, 2012, Kerberos gave the 'all-clear' rating, stating the game is now in an acceptable state and support for the project will continue indefinitely. In late 2012, the End of Flesh expansion was made available for free to all owners of the game, simultaneous with the release of the Enhanced Edition which bundles the original game with the expansion. The game received negative reviews from critics.

Reception

The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Game Informer summarized the game as "A Total Disaster", explaining that "This might be a decent game after six more months of twice-weekly patching. Right now, it's a failure on every level." Kerberos released multiple updates following release, including an all-clear patch and the late 2012 End of Flesh expansion.

Nonetheless, impressions remained generally negative: PC Gamer UK found the Enhanced Edition "hobbled by bizarre design decisions."

References

External links
Official website via Internet Archive
Sword of the Stars II: Lords of Winter at Paradox Interactive via Internet Archive

2011 video games
4X video games
Real-time tactics video games
Science fiction video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in Canada
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Paradox Interactive games

Sword of the Stars II: Lords of Winter


Van Beek is a toponymic surname of (southern) Dutch origin. Though translating as "of the stream", the absence of an article suggests that the original bearer originated from a town called Beek rather than lived near a stream. There are several towns which are or were named Beek in Gelderland, Limburg and North Brabant and also one in the municipality Bree in Belgium near the Dutch border. The name is quite common in the Netherlands, ranking 38th in 2007 (17,148 people). Related names include Beek, Van Beeck,  Ter Beek, Van der Beek, and Verbeek. People with this surname include:

Arie van Beek (b. 1951), Dutch conductor
Bernard van Beek (1875–1941), Dutch landscape painter
Gijs van Beek (born 1971), Dutch sport shooter
Gys van Beek (1919–2015), Dutch resistance member and American inventor
Harold van Beek (b. 1962), Dutch racewalker
Jackie van Beek, New Zealand film director, writer and actress
Jan van Beek (1880–1954), Dutch footballer
Logan van Beek (b. 1990), New Zealand-born Dutch cricketer
Lotte van Beek (b. 1991), Dutch speed skater
Martin van Beek (b. 1960), Dutch politician
Rinus van Beek (1947–2018), Dutch swimmer
Rob Van Beek (b. 1983), Canadian lacrosse player
Sven van Beek (b. 1994), Dutch footballer
Svenja van Beek (b. 1987), Dutch pop singer
Willibrord van Beek (b. 1949), Dutch politician
Bontjes van Beek
Cato Bontjes van Beek (1920–1943), German resistance member

Van Beeck
Franz Jozef van Beeck (1930–2011), Dutch Jesuit theologian

Von Beeck
Peter von Beeck (died 1624), German (Aachen) historian

See also
 Beek (disambiguation)
 Van der Beek, Dutch surname

References

Dutch-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin

Van Beek


Social network analysis (SNA) is the process of investigating social structures  through the use of networks and graph theory. It characterizes networked structures in terms of nodes (individual actors, people, or things within the network) and the ties, edges, or links (relationships or interactions) that connect them.  Examples of social structures commonly visualized through social network analysis include social media networks, meme spread, information circulation, friendship and acquaintance networks, peer learner networks, business networks, knowledge networks, difficult working relationships, collaboration graphs, kinship, disease transmission, and sexual relationships. These networks are often visualized through sociograms in which nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines. These visualizations provide a means of qualitatively assessing networks by varying the visual representation of their nodes and edges to reflect attributes of interest.

Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in modern sociology. It has also gained significant popularity in the following - anthropology, biology, demography, communication studies, economics, geography, history, information science, organizational studies, political science, public health,  social psychology, development studies, sociolinguistics, and computer science, education and distance education research, and is now commonly available as a consumer tool (see the list of SNA software).

The advantages of SNA are twofold. Firstly, it can process a large amount of relational data and describe the overall relational network structure. tem and parameter selection to confirm the influential nodes in the network, such as in-degree and out-degree centrality. SNA context and choose which parameters to define the "center" according to the characteristics of the network. Through analyzing nodes, clusters and relations, the communication structure and position of individuals can be clearly described.

History
Social network analysis has its theoretical roots in the work of early sociologists such as Georg Simmel and Émile Durkheim, who wrote about the importance of studying patterns of relationships that connect social actors. Social scientists have used the concept of "social networks" since early in the 20th century to connote complex sets of relationships between members of social systems at all scales, from interpersonal to international.

In the 1930s Jacob Moreno and Helen Jennings introduced basic analytical methods. In 1954, John Arundel Barnes started using the term systematically to denote patterns of ties, encompassing concepts traditionally used by the public and those used by social scientists: bounded groups (e.g., tribes, families) and social categories (e.g., gender, ethnicity).

Starting in the 1970's, scholars such as Ronald Burt, Kathleen Carley, Mark Granovetter, David Krackhardt, Edward Laumann, Anatol Rapoport, Barry Wellman, Douglas R. White, and Harrison White expanded the use of systematic social network analysis.

Beginning in the late 1990s, social network analysis experienced a further resurgence with work by sociologists, political scientists, economists, computer scientists, and physicists such as Duncan J. Watts, Albert-László Barabási, Peter Bearman, Nicholas A. Christakis, James H. Fowler, Mark Newman, Matthew Jackson, Jon Kleinberg, and others, developing and applying new models and methods, prompted in part by the emergence of new data available about online social networks as well as "digital traces" regarding face-to-face networks.

Computational SNA has been extensively used in research on study-abroad second language acquisition. Even in the study of literature, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo, Wouter De Nooy, and Burgert Senekal. Indeed, social network analysis has found applications in various academic disciplines as well as practical contexts such as countering money laundering and terrorism.

Metrics
Size: The number of network members in a given network.

Connections
Homophily: The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others. Similarity can be defined by gender, race, age, occupation, educational achievement, status, values or any other salient characteristic. Homophily is also referred to as assortativity.

Multiplexity: The number of content-forms contained in a tie. For example, two people who are friends and also work together would have a multiplexity of 2. Multiplexity has been associated with relationship strength and can also comprise overlap of positive and negative network ties.

Mutuality/Reciprocity: The extent to which two actors reciprocate each other's friendship or other interaction.

Network Closure: A measure of the completeness of relational triads. An individual's assumption of network closure (i.e. that their friends are also friends) is called transitivity. Transitivity is an outcome of the individual or situational trait of Need for Cognitive Closure.

Propinquity: The tendency for actors to have more ties with geographically close others.

Distributions
Bridge: An individual whose weak ties fill a structural hole, providing the only link between two individuals or clusters. It also includes the shortest route when a longer one is unfeasible due to a high risk of message distortion or delivery failure.

Centrality: Centrality refers to a group of metrics that aim to quantify the "importance" or "influence" (in a variety of senses) of a particular node (or group) within a network.  Examples of common methods of measuring "centrality" include betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, eigenvector centrality, alpha centrality, and degree centrality.

Density: The proportion of direct ties in a network relative to the total number possible.

Distance: The minimum number of ties required to connect two particular actors, as popularized by Stanley Milgram's small world experiment and the idea of 'six degrees of separation'.

Structural holes: The absence of ties between two parts of a network.  Finding and exploiting a structural hole can give an entrepreneur a competitive advantage.  This concept was developed by sociologist Ronald Burt, and is sometimes referred to as an alternate conception of social capital.

Tie Strength: Defined by the linear combination of time, emotional intensity, intimacy and reciprocity (i.e. mutuality). Strong ties are associated with homophily, propinquity and transitivity, while weak ties are associated with bridges.

Segmentation
Groups are identified as 'cliques' if every individual is directly tied to every other individual, 'social circles' if there is less stringency of direct contact, which is imprecise, or as structurally cohesive blocks if precision is wanted.

Clustering coefficient: A measure of the likelihood that two associates of a node are associates. A higher clustering coefficient indicates a greater 'cliquishness'.

Cohesion: The degree to which actors are connected directly to each other by cohesive bonds. Structural cohesion refers to the minimum number of members who, if removed from a group, would disconnect the group.

Modelling and visualization of networks

Visual representation of social networks is important to understand the network data and convey the result of the analysis. Numerous methods of visualization for data produced by social network analysis have been presented. Many of the analytic software have modules for network visualization. Exploration of the data is done through displaying nodes and ties in various layouts, and attributing colors, size and other advanced properties to nodes. Visual representations of networks may be a powerful method for conveying complex information, but care should be taken in interpreting node and graph properties from visual displays alone, as they may misrepresent structural properties better captured through quantitative analyses.

Signed graphs can be used to illustrate good and bad relationships between humans. A positive edge between two nodes denotes a positive relationship (friendship, alliance, dating) and a negative edge between two nodes denotes a negative relationship (hatred, anger). Signed social network graphs can be used to predict the future evolution of the graph. In signed social networks, there is the concept of "balanced" and "unbalanced" cycles. A balanced cycle is defined as a cycle where the product of all the signs are positive. According to balance theory, balanced graphs represent a group of people who are unlikely to change their opinions of the other people in the group. Unbalanced graphs represent a group of people who are very likely to change their opinions of the people in their group. For example, a group of 3 people (A, B, and C) where A and B have a positive relationship, B and C have a positive relationship, but C and A have a negative relationship is an unbalanced cycle. This group is very likely to morph into a balanced cycle, such as one where B only has a good relationship with A, and both A and B have a negative relationship with C. By using the concept of balanced and unbalanced cycles, the evolution of signed social network graphs can be predicted.

Especially when using social network analysis as a tool for facilitating change, different approaches of participatory network mapping have proven useful. Here participants / interviewers provide network data by actually mapping out the network (with pen and paper or digitally) during the data collection session. An example of a pen-and-paper network mapping approach, which also includes the collection of some actor attributes (perceived influence and goals of actors) is the * Net-map toolbox. One benefit of this approach is that it allows researchers to collect qualitative data and ask clarifying questions while the network data is collected.

Social networking potential

Social Networking Potential (SNP) is a numeric coefficient, derived through algorithms to represent both the size of an individual's social network and their ability to influence that network. SNP coefficients were first defined and used by Bob Gerstley in 2002. A closely related term is Alpha User, defined as a person with a high SNP.

SNP coefficients have two primary functions:
 The classification of individuals based on their social networking potential, and
 The weighting of respondents in quantitative marketing research studies.

By calculating the SNP of respondents and by targeting High SNP respondents, the strength and relevance of quantitative marketing research used to drive viral marketing strategies is enhanced.

Variables used to calculate an individual's SNP include but are not limited to: participation in Social Networking activities, group memberships, leadership roles, recognition, publication/editing/contributing to non-electronic media, publication/editing/contributing to electronic media (websites, blogs), and frequency of past distribution of information within their network. The acronym "SNP" and some of the first algorithms developed to quantify an individual's social networking potential were described in the white paper "Advertising Research is Changing" (Gerstley, 2003) See Viral Marketing.

The first book to discuss the commercial use of Alpha Users among mobile telecoms audiences was 3G Marketing by Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko in 2004. The first book to discuss Alpha Users more generally in the context of social marketing intelligence was Communities Dominate Brands by Ahonen & Moore in 2005. In 2012, Nicola Greco (UCL) presents at TEDx the Social Networking Potential as a parallelism to the potential energy that users generate and companies should use, stating that "SNP is the new asset that every company should aim to have".

Practical applications

Social network analysis is used extensively in a wide range of applications and disciplines.  Some common network analysis applications include data aggregation and mining, network propagation modeling, network modeling and sampling, user attribute and behavior analysis, community-maintained resource support, location-based interaction analysis, social sharing and filtering, recommender systems development, and link prediction and entity resolution. In the private sector, businesses use social network analysis to support activities such as customer interaction and analysis, information system development analysis, marketing, and business intelligence needs (see social media analytics).  Some public sector uses include development of leader engagement strategies, analysis of individual and group engagement and media use, and community-based problem solving.

Longitudinal Social Network Analysis in Schools
Large numbers of researchers worldwide examine the social networks of children and adolescents. In questionnaires, they list all classmates, students in the same grade, or schoolmates, asking: "who are your best friends?". Students may sometimes nominate as many peers as they wish; other times, the number of nominations is limited. Social network researchers have investigated similarities in friendship networks. The similarity between friends was established as far back as classical antiquity. Resemblance is an important basis for the survival of friendships. Similarity in characteristics, attitudes, or behaviors means that friends understand each other more quickly, have common interests to talk about, know better where they stand with each other, and have more trust in each other. As a result, such relationships are more stable and valuable. Moreover, looking more alike makes young people more confident and strengthens them in developing their identity. Similarity in behavior can result from two processes: selection (birds of a feather flock together) and influence (one rotten apple spoils the barrel). These two processes can be distinguished using longitudinal social network analysis in the R package SIENA (Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analyses), developed by Tom Snijders and colleagues. Longitudinal social network analysis became mainstream after the publication of a special issue of the Journal of Research on Adolescence in 2013, edited by René Veenstra and containing 15 empirical papers.

Security applications
Social network analysis is also used in intelligence, counter-intelligence and law enforcement activities. This technique allows the analysts to map covert organizations such as an espionage ring, an organized crime family or a street gang. The National Security Agency (NSA) uses its electronic surveillance programs to generate the data needed to perform this type of analysis on terrorist cells and other networks deemed relevant to national security. The NSA looks up to three nodes deep during this network analysis. After the initial mapping of the social network is complete, analysis is performed to determine the structure of the network and determine, for example, the leaders within the network. This allows military or law enforcement assets to launch capture-or-kill decapitation attacks on the high-value targets in leadership positions to disrupt the functioning of the network.
The NSA has been performing social network analysis on call detail records (CDRs), also known as metadata, since shortly after the September 11 attacks.

Textual analysis applications
Large textual corpora can be turned into networks and then analysed with the method of social network analysis. In these networks, the nodes are Social Actors, and the links are Actions. The extraction of these networks can be automated by using parsers. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes. This automates the approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis, whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.

In other approaches, textual analysis is carried out considering the network of words co-occurring in a text. In these networks, nodes are words and links among them are weighted based on their frequency of co-occurrence (within a specific maximum range).

Internet applications
Social network analysis has also been applied to understanding online behavior by individuals, organizations, and between websites. Hyperlink analysis can be used to analyze the connections between websites or webpages to examine how information flows as individuals navigate the web. The connections between organizations has been analyzed via hyperlink analysis to examine which organizations within an issue community.

Netocracy
Another concept that has emerged from this connection between social network theory and the Internet is the concept of netocracy, where several authors have emerged studying the correlation between the extended use of online social networks, and changes in social power dynamics.

Social media internet applications
Social network analysis has been applied to social media as a tool to understand behavior between individuals or organizations through their linkages on social media websites such as Twitter and Facebook.

In computer-supported collaborative learning
One of the most current methods of the application of SNA is to the study of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). When applied to CSCL, SNA is used to help understand how learners collaborate in terms of amount, frequency, and length, as well as the quality, topic, and strategies of communication. Additionally, SNA can focus on specific aspects of the network connection, or the entire network as a whole. It uses graphical representations, written representations, and data representations to help examine the connections within a CSCL network. When applying SNA to a CSCL environment the interactions of the participants are treated as a social network. The focus of the analysis is on the "connections" made among the participants – how they interact and communicate – as opposed to how each participant behaved on his or her own.

Key terms
There are several key terms associated with social network analysis research in computer-supported collaborative learning such as: density, centrality, indegree, outdegree, and sociogram.
 Density refers to the "connections" between participants.  Density is defined as the number of connections a participant has, divided by the total possible connections a participant could have.  For example, if there are 20 people participating, each person could potentially connect to 19 other people. A density of 100% (19/19) is the greatest density in the system.  A density of 5% indicates there is only 1 of 19 possible connections.
 Centrality focuses on the behavior of individual participants within a network.  It measures the extent to which an individual interacts with other individuals in the network.  The more an individual connects to others in a network, the greater their centrality in the network.

In-degree and out-degree variables are related to centrality.
 In-degree centrality concentrates on a specific individual as the point of focus; centrality of all other individuals is based on their relation to the focal point of the "in-degree" individual.
 Out-degree is a measure of centrality that still focuses on a single individual, but the analytic is concerned with the out-going interactions of the individual; the measure of out-degree centrality is how many times the focus point individual interacts with others.
 A sociogram is a visualization with defined boundaries of connections in the network. For example, a sociogram which shows out-degree centrality points for Participant A would illustrate all outgoing connections Participant A made in the studied network.

Unique capabilities
Researchers employ social network analysis in the study of computer-supported collaborative learning in part due to the unique capabilities it offers. This particular method allows the study of interaction patterns within a networked learning community and can help illustrate the extent of the participants' interactions with the other members of the group. The graphics created using SNA tools provide visualizations of the connections among participants and the strategies used to communicate within the group. Some authors also suggest that SNA provides a method of easily analyzing changes in participatory patterns of members over time.

A number of research studies have applied SNA to CSCL across a variety of contexts. The findings include the correlation between a network's density and the teacher's presence, a greater regard for the recommendations of "central" participants, infrequency of cross-gender interaction in a network, and the relatively small role played by an instructor in an asynchronous learning network.

Other methods used alongside SNA
Although many studies have demonstrated the value of social network analysis within the computer-supported collaborative learning field, researchers have suggested that SNA by itself is not enough for achieving a full understanding of CSCL. The complexity of the interaction processes and the myriad sources of data make it difficult for SNA to provide an in-depth analysis of CSCL. Researchers indicate that SNA needs to be complemented with other methods of analysis to form a more accurate picture of collaborative learning experiences.

A number of research studies have combined other types of analysis with SNA in the study of CSCL. This can be referred to as a multi-method approach or data triangulation, which will lead to an increase of evaluation reliability in CSCL studies.
 Qualitative method – The principles of qualitative case study research constitute a solid framework for the integration of SNA methods in the study of CSCL experiences.
 Ethnographic data such as student questionnaires and interviews and classroom non-participant observations
 Case studies: comprehensively study particular CSCL situations and relate findings to general schemes
 Content analysis: offers information about the content of the communication among members
 Quantitative method – This includes simple descriptive statistical analyses on occurrences to identify particular attitudes of group members who have not been able to be tracked via SNA in order to detect general tendencies.
 Computer log files: provide automatic data on how collaborative tools are used by learners
 Multidimensional scaling (MDS): charts similarities among actors, so that more similar input data is closer together
 Software tools: QUEST, SAMSA (System for Adjacency Matrix and Sociogram-based Analysis), and Nud*IST

See also

 Actor-network theory
 Attention inequality
 Blockmodeling
 Community structure
 Complex network
 Digital humanities
 Dynamic network analysis
 Friendship paradox
 Individual mobility
 Influence-for-hire
 Mathematical sociology
 Metcalfe's law
 Netocracy
 Network-based diffusion analysis
 Network science
 Organizational patterns
 Small world phenomenon
 Social media analytics
 Social media intelligence
 Social media mining
 Social network
 Social network analysis software
 Social networking service
 Social software
 Social web
 Sociomapping
 Virtual collective consciousness

References

Further reading

 Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics – Snijders et al.
 Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) at Carnegie Mellon
 NetLab at the University of Toronto, studies the intersection of social, communication, information and computing networks
 Program on Networked Governance, Harvard University
 Historical Dynamics in a time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204–1453 (a discussion of social network analysis from the point of view of historical studies)
 Social Network Analysis: A Systematic Approach for Investigating
 Networks, Crowds, and Markets (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg
 Introduction to Social Networks Methods (2005) by R. Hanneman & M. Riddle
 Social Network Analysis with Applications (2013) by I. McCulloh, H. Armstrong & A. Johnson

External links

 International Network for Social Network Analysis
 Awesome Network Analysis – 200+ links to books, conferences, courses, journals, research groups, software, tutorials and more
 Netwiki – wiki page devoted to social networks; maintained at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Social networks
Value (ethics)
Systems theory
Social systems
Self-organization
Community building
Cultural economics
Social information processing
Mass media monitoring
Surveillance
Types of analytics
Methods in sociology
Internet culture

Social network analysis


WNAB (channel 58) is a television station in Nashville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with the digital multicast network Dabl. It is owned by Tennessee Broadcasting, which maintains an outsourcing agreement with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of Fox/CW affiliate WZTV (channel 17) and MyNetworkTV affiliate WUXP-TV (channel 30), for the provision of certain services. The stations share studios on Mainstream Drive along the Cumberland River, while WNAB's transmitter is located along I-24 in Whites Creek.

History

As a WB affiliate
In 1987, Ruth Payne Carman was awarded a construction permit to build a new television station on channel 58 in Nashville, which took the call letters WNAB. It would be another eight years before it began broadcasting on November 29, 1995, as the WB affiliate for the Nashville market. Prior to WNAB's debut, WB programming was only available on Nashville area cable and satellite providers either through Chicago-based national superstation WGN, or by Cookeville-based WKZX (channel 28, now Ion Television owned-and-operated station WNPX-TV), which served the eastern part of the market. Three months after launching the station, Speer Communications, a company founded by Home Shopping Network co-founder Roy Speer; it was from Speer's studios in a former Sam's Club building on Dickerson Road in Nashville that the station had launched.

Offering five hours of live, locally produced programming each weekday, WNAB was quickly a hit among Nashville viewers, although the station lacked cable carriage in many of the suburbs. Controversial former Nashville mayor and U.S. congressman Bill Boner hosted an hour-long interview/call-in show, Prime Talk each weeknight. Its follow-up, Sports Talk, featured Nashville Banner sportswriter Greg Pogue and popular radio personality George Plaster showing highlights and taking calls about the day's sports action. On Friday nights in the fall, Sports Talk was extended by an hour and became Nashville's first television show entirely devoted to high school football scores. Since the 1996 season, at least one of Nashville's television stations has continued this tradition. Overnight, WNAB also carried MOR Music TV, a Speer-owned home shopping/music network that had moved from St. Petersburg, Florida, to the Nashville facility.

In September 1996, all live programming except Sports Talk was cancelled (partly due to budget constraints, and also due to The WB expanding its prime time lineup to additional nights outside of the initial Sunday and Wednesday slots). Plaster left Sports Talk; it was rebranded as Sports Plus and featured news and weather segments in addition to its sports content before being cancelled in 1998. WNAB also aired several Nashville Predators games when the NHL team made its debut during the 1998–99 season, and split time as the television flagship alongside regional cable sports network Fox Sports South (now Bally Sports South) until the end of the 1999–2000 season.

Speer Communications had planned to use WNAB and its Dickerson Road facility as a base of operations for Tennessee Now, a 24-hour cable news channel covering the entire state. However, by 1996, plans for Tennessee Now had been shelved. Speer would sell WNAB in 1998 to Tennessee Broadcasting, a subsidiary of Beverly Hills, California-based Lambert Broadcasting, LLC. Four years later, citing the downturn in the advertising market of the time and continued losses at WNAB, Lambert outsourced its advertising sales and operations to the Sinclair Broadcast Group.

On August 3, 2002, WNAB's transmitting facilities were relocated from its original Nolensville tower to its present transmitter near Whites Creek near the Interstate 24 interchange with Old Hickory Boulevard (State Highway 45).

As a CW/Dabl affiliate

On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that they would partner to launch The CW Television Network, as a replacement for The WB and UPN, initially featuring a mix of programs carried over from those two networks and newer series. Sinclair later signed WNAB as the market's affiliate of the network, as part of a wider deal to affiliate its WB affiliates and independent stations with The CW. The CW launched, with WNAB as its Nashville station, on September 18, 2006.

On July 28, 2021, the FCC issued a Forfeiture Order stemming from a lawsuit against WNAB owner Tennessee Broadcasting. The lawsuit, filed by AT&T, alleged that Tennessee Broadcasting failed to negotiate for retransmission consent in good faith for WNAB. Owners of other Sinclair-managed stations, such as Deerfield Media, were also named in the lawsuit. Tennessee Broadcasting was ordered to pay a fine of $512,228.

On September 14, 2021, Sinclair Broadcast Group announced that Nashville's CW affiliation would move from WNAB to WZTV's 17.2 subchannel beginning September 20 at 10 a.m. On that day, Dabl moved from DT4 to WNAB's primary channel.

Subchannel history

WNAB-DT2
As a part of a deal involving several Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned stations similar to the earlier deal between Sinclair and theCoolTV, WNAB added a subchannel for The Country Network on DT2 on September 18, 2010. The Country Network changed its name and was rebranded to ZUUS Country on June 1, 2013. ZUUS Country was replaced with a full-time feed of American Sports Network on January 11, 2016. On September 6, 2017, American Sports Network changed to Stadium.

WNAB-DT3
WNAB added Grit to a third subchannel on January 1, 2015, however on June 1, 2017, Grit was replaced with Charge!, a competitor network to Grit, which also focuses on action and drama, and is one of Sinclair's digital subchannels.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's ATSC 1.0 channels are carried on the multiplexed digital signal of CBS affiliate WTVF:

ATSC 3.0 lighthouse service

Analog-to-digital conversion
WNAB shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 58, on February 17, 2009, which was intended to be the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The deadline was moved to June 12, 2009, but the station decided to convert on the original deadline. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 23. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 58, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.

References

Dabl affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
Stadium (sports network) affiliates
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Television channels and stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Tennessee
NAB
ATSC 3.0 television stations

WNAB


being the feminine of ) is a cartoon character created in 1961 by Carl Barks for the Duck universe. An Italian sorceress, she constantly attempts to steal Scrooge McDuck's Number One Dime, which she believes will play a vital role in magically obtaining the same fabulous wealth of its owner.

Appearance
Magica is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. She has black hair, purple eye shadow and typically wears a black dress. In the 2017 reboot of DuckTales, her feathers are green instead of white and she wears a cape with a hood. After she has lost her magical powers at the end of the first season, her feathers became white as can be seen at the end of the finale. She manages to get her magic back in the Season 3 episode, "The Phantom and the Sorceress!".

Publication history
De Spell first appeared in "The Midas Touch", first published in Uncle Scrooge #36 (December 1961). According to Barks, he intended to create her as another recurring antagonist for Scrooge in addition to the Beagle Boys and Flintheart Glomgold. But in contrast to Witch Hazel from Trick or Treat — first released on October 10, 1952 — or Mad Madam Mim, she would not be in the image of the ugly old hag usually associated with witches. Barks instead decided to create a witch who was young and beautiful, so he took inspiration for her look from Italian actresses Gina Lollobrigida and Sophia Loren. He also wanted her to be seductive, amoral, and somewhat threatening. In a later interview, Barks identified a similar figure from the comic strips of Charles Addams as another source of inspiration for Magica, namely Morticia Addams of The Addams Family.

All in all, Barks drew nine stories with Magica: The Midas Touch in 1961; Ten-Cent Valentine, The Unsafe Safe, and Raven Mad in 1962; Oddball Odyssey, For Old Dime's Sake, and Isle of Golden Geese in 1963; The Many Faces of Magica de Spell and Rug Riders in the Sky in 1964. In the latter, Barks tried to increase the usability of the character by having plots turn on other magic artifacts, here a flying carpet, not always having to repeat the joke about Scrooge's first coin. Magica also appeared as an antagonist in the Wizards of Mickey comic series as part of a trio of sorceresses who all had rivalries with each other.

Character biography
According to Barks and his successors, Magica lives on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, next to Naples, Italy. Her primary motivation is to steal Scrooge's Number One Dime and melt it in the fires of the volcano, so she can turn it into a powerful magical amulet capable of granting the Midas Touch.

While she has worked with criminals such as the Beagle Boys to get Scrooge's Dime, Magica typically works with individuals such as a raven named Ratface in the comics and apprentices like Samson Hex, a bungling no-hoper. Magica's family members have also appeared in the comics, such as her grandmother Granny De Spell, who has been no more successful in obtaining the Number One Dime despite claiming to be one of the most powerful witches; her sister the Wicked Witch of the West; the Wicked Witch's mischievous daughter and son Witch Child and Warlock, who Magica is sometimes tasked with babysitting; another niece called Minima De Spell; and a cousin named Witch Matilda, who has served under Magica as an apprentice. Another character connected to Magica is Rosolio, a dim-witted goose who claims to be her fiancé despite always being rejected. He is supported in this by a grandmother of Magica's (separate from Granny De Spell) created in the Italian comics called Caraldina (original Italian name).

Magica has an odd relationship with Scrooge. For example, in the 1987 DuckTales episode "Till Nephews Do Us Part", she and Poe are invited to and attend Scrooge's wedding. However, she has maintained an antagonistic relationship with him and his family, such as Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Gyro Gearloose, Gladstone Gander, as well as Daisy Duck and her nieces.

In animation

DuckTales

Magica was also a recurring on the animated television show DuckTales, where she was voiced by June Foray (using a similar Eastern European accent to that of Natasha Fatale from Rocky & Bullwinkle; in the Italian version, Magica's voice actress, Sonia Scotti, depicted her with a heavy Neapolitan accent). Magica appears mostly in first-season episodes of the show. Her only appearance in the second season is in the episode "The Unbreakable Bin". Although she appears as one of the series' major villains, she is frequently a source of comic relief. In Magica's final scene in the series for example, she attempts to send Scrooge's "tin man back to Oz", but is herself sent elsewhere in a whirlwind when a Quackenyeeken Yeeker bird  in fear, causing her jar of magic dust to break open and carry her away. On more than one occasion, her plan to obtain Scrooge's dime backfires so spectacularly that she is forced to work with Scrooge to prevent a greater disaster. According to the show, her brother is Poe De Spell, who was transformed into a raven and serves as her magical familiar – in reference to Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven"; replacing Ratface from the comics. A similar reference had already been established in the German versions of Magica comics, where her raven is called "Nimmermehr" ("Nevermore"), referring to the recurring keyword from Poe's poem.

In the reboot, Magica speaks with an English accent as she is voiced by Catherine Tate, former Doctor Who costar to David Tennant (who voices Scrooge McDuck in the new series). Within the reboot's storyline, Magica has a history with Clan McDuck and a vendetta against Scrooge after he caused her to accidentally turn Poe into a raven and refused to stop him from flying away prior to the start of the series. During a climactic battle atop Mount Vesuvius 15 years prior, Scrooge trapped her physical body within his Number One Dime, though she was able to turn her own shadow into her "niece", Lena De Spell. Throughout the first season, Magica manifests herself as a shadowy specter through Lena and use her to gain the Duck family's trust in order to acquire Scrooge's Dime and free herself from imprisonment. While Magica eventually regained her corporeal form during an eclipse that occurred in the season one finale before proceeding to terrorize Duckburg with her dark magical powers, she is defeated and forced to flee after being stripped of her powers by the combined efforts of Scrooge and his family destroying her staff. In the second-season episode, "A Nightmare on Killmotor Hill!", Magica uses a telepathic helmet to invade Lena's dreams and get her to give up her magic amulet, though she is foiled once more and Lena destroys her helmet. In a later episode, "GlomTales!", she joins an alliance of Scrooge's greatest enemies led by Flintheart Glomgold in a joint effort to destroy Scrooge and his family. However, Glomgold ends up losing his fortune, as well as that of the other villains', to Louie Duck, causing the villains to turn on Glomgold. In season three, Magica regained her powers while helping Lena and her friends fend off the Phantom Blot, whose village Magica destroyed in the past, but she was in turn fended off by Lena, who had gained magical abilities of her own during the fight. Magica appears along with Scrooge's other enemies to destroy Scrooge through a court trial but fails again. Finally in the series finale, Magica and every villain the Duck's have faced have been brainwashed by F.O.W.L. to fight the heroes as part of Bradford Buzzard's plot to rid the world of adventures. Upon his defeat, Magica is enraged by him using her and the other villains, turns him into a non-sapient buzzard in revenge, then teleports away.

Darkwing Duck
Magica makes a cameo appearance in the Darkwing Duck episode "In Like Blunt" along with the Beagle Boys and Flintheart Glomgold, among the bidders for the secret S.H.U.S.H. agent list.

She had a proper role in the Darkwing Duck comic published by Boom! Studios, teaming up with Negaduck (whom she had saved from the Crimebots from "The Duck Knight Returns") in the story "Crisis on Infinite Darkwings". By combining their powers and knowledge, they intended to unleash an army of brainwashed, alternate universe Darkwing Ducks on St. Canard, as it would be of benefit to both their agendas – her hope is to force Darkwing's ally Launchpad McQuack to lead her to Scrooge's Number One Dime. Magica and Negaduck had contempt for each other, which they kept hidden behind a 'friendly' facade; early on, Negaduck sarcastically refers to his desire for a city and hers for "...one dime" as being "similar ambitions".

Darkwing's girlfriend Morgana McCawber, herself a witch, would assist the hero and battle Magica in magical combat. She swiftly drained Morgana's magic using a source absorber, doubling her power, but lost it thanks to the intervention of an alternate Darkwing. This ended her control over the alternate reality Darkwings and ended Negaduck's plan, and after the arrival of the monstrous demon Paddywhack, Magica fled the city.

She returned for the final arc of the series, a crossover with the DuckTales comic also published by Boom!, where she teamed up with other female Disney villains and exploited black "slime" that could turn normal people evil and villains into stronger forms. She used it to bring in an army of villains from Duckburg and St. Canard, as well as a brainwashed Phantom Blot, and tried to seize both cities so she could have all of Scrooge McDuck's assets. To her dismay, the slime turned out to be a transformed Negaduck, who seized control of the plan before all the villains were banished to another dimension. This last arc was later rendered to be non-canonical, and not included in the omnibus collecting the series.

Video games
Magica appears in the DuckTales video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System as the boss of the Transylvania stage, where she attacks Scrooge with lightning bolts and by transforming into a giant bird. In the remake DuckTales Remastered, Magica uses an expanded set of attacks (such as launching energy beams at Scrooge and summoning mirrors to hide in) and also plays a larger role in the game's overall storyline. Just like in the cartoon, she is voiced by June Foray.

Other video game appearances by Magica include The Lucky Dime Caper: Starring Donald Duck, in which she kidnaps Donald's nephews and steals Scrooge's lucky dime, and in the 2000 video game Donald Duck: Goin' Quackers as the boss of a flying mansion. Magica also appears as the second secret playable character in the 2008 trivia video game Disney TH!NK Fast.

Attributes

Powers and abilities
Magica De Spell is a very powerful witch with magical powers that include the ability to teleport over long distances, flight, the power to conjure and transmute matter, and the ability to turn herself into any animal she wants. Her actual capability to wield magic varies from writer to writer. Carl Barks' incarnation is quite powerful, with her naivete being her only prominent weakness. Don Rosa's incarnation of Magica De Spell is, however, far more limited as she usually only uses magic through magical objects and in The Quest for Kalevala, Magica acknowledges she can't use magic without a wand.

Beliefs
Unlike other people who think the Number One Dime to be a lucky charm, Magica doesn't believe it to be the source of Scrooge's wealth, but Scrooge's wealth to be the source of the dime's powers, as she only tries to steal it because it's the first coin ever earned by the richest duck (or man) on Earth. It can be noticed when she steals the dime but gives it back when she realized she somehow caused the dime to lose such status. Examples of such stories are "Of Ducks and Dimes and Destinies", when she travels in time to steal the dime in the very same day Scrooge earns it and gives it back after realizing that by preventing Scrooge from owning the dime, she would turn it into a coin that never belonged to him, or "A Little Something Special", when she teams up with Flintheart Glomgold and the Beagle Boys in a plan made by Blackheart Beagle. She gives the dime back after realizing Scrooge wouldn't be the richest man on Earth after the Beagle Boys steal his money. In Carl Barks's "Ten-Cent Valentine", it's revealed she believes the dime must stay in one piece until she finally melts it or the spell won't work. Huey, Dewey, and Louie trick Magica into thinking it was destroyed by a meat grinder.

Magica believes she is the disciple of the ancient sorceress Circe.

Family
A lot of Magica's relatives appear in Italian stories.
 Granny De Spell, Magica's grandmother
 Rosolio, Magica's cousin
 Minima De Spell, her niece
 Matilda, Magica's teenager cousin
 Adelia, Magica's fairy cousin

DuckTales familiars

The 1987 DuckTales series introduces Magica's brother Poe (voiced Frank Welker), who was transformed into a non-anthropomorphic raven while maintaining his ability to speak. Although Magica has various transformation spells at her disposal, she is unable to turn Poe back into an anthropomorphic duck. In Poe's debut episode, "Send in the Clones", Magica explains that she needs the power of Scrooge's Number One Dime to restore Poe. His name is a reference to Edgar Allan Poe, and Poe often ends his stanzas with the word "nevermore", quoting the poem "The Raven".

Following "Send in the Clones", Poe reappeared in "Magica's Shadow War" and "Raiders of the Lost Harp". Outside these three DuckTales episodes, Poe's only other appearances are in DuckTales comic book stories. Poe is not to be confused with Ratface, Magica's pet raven from the Uncle Scrooge comic books.

In the 2017 DuckTales series, Poe is voiced by Martin Freeman and is initially presented as Magica's duck brother instead of a raven. Appearing in a flashback in the episode "The Life and Crimes of Scrooge McDuck!", Poe and his twin sister Magica ruled a village together, with the former keeping the latter in check. After Scrooge came to their village, he angered Magica and caused her to accidentally turn Poe into a raven. Lacking the knowledge to turn Poe back, she begged Scrooge to help her, but he refused, leading to Poe flying away. Magica attempted to find her brother, but was unable to and causes her hatred against Scrooge.

In "Magica's Magic Mirror" she mentions her great grandma Tragica.

The 2017 DuckTales reboot also introduces Magica's "niece" Lena (voiced by Kimiko Glenn) – who is eventually revealed to be a magically created shadow creature and Magica's spy. During the series' first season, Lena meets Webby Vanderquack in order to gain access to Scrooge's Number One Dime so Magica can regain her corporeal form, but Lena slowly befriends Webby and later sacrifices herself to save her from Magica. During the second season, Webby manages to restore Lena, allowing her to exist independently of Magica. She is also revealed to have access to Magica's powers, which initially scared her due to the possibility of becoming her. With the help of her friends though, she is able to overcome that fear and use her powers for good.

References

External links

 The Meaning of Magica
 Don Rosa's views on Magica De Spell
 Magica's profile in the Disney HooZoo
 Virtual journey in Magica De Spell's house

Anthropomorphic ducks
Characters created by Carl Barks
Comics about magic
Comics characters introduced in 1961
Comics characters who use magic
Comics characters with superhuman strength
Comic strip supervillains
Disney animated villains
Disney comics characters
Donald Duck universe characters
Female characters in comics
Female characters in animation
Female supervillains
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional ducks
Fictional Italian people
Fictional kidnappers
Fictional witches
Witchcraft in television
Video game bosses
Villains in animated television series

Magica De Spell


A Guy Could Change is a 1946 American drama film starring Allan Lane and Jane Frazee. The supporting cast features 13-year-old Robert Blake (billed as "Bobby Blake"), Wallace Ford,  Adele Mara and Gerald Mohr. A Guy Could Change was the final film of director William K. Howard.

Plot

Newspaperman Michael Hogan finds himself alone with a newborn daughter to take care of, after his wife has died in child labor. Mike is devastated and has no idea how to raise little Nancy, but his sister Grace and her husband Bill agrees to relief him of his duties as a father, letting the girl live with them.

Nancy stays with Grace and Bill for eight years, while Mike lives the life of a bachelor, only contributing to his daughter's upbringing by paying an allowance. Feeling ashamed of her father's absence, Nancy concocts stories about him to share with her friends. At the same time, Mike is out with his friend George Cummings at a drive-in, trying to pick up a waitress named Barbara Adams, without success.

Grace tries to protect Nancy by telling her that her father is very busy at work and doesn't have the time to come see her. This makes Nancy act on her father's behalf, paying a visit to Mike's boss, McCarthy, demanding that her father get more time to spend with his daughter.

Mike doesn't give up on dating Barbara, returning to the drive-in, pretending to write an article about her workplace. He convinces her boss that she get the day off for an interview, and she reluctantly agrees to spend the day with him.

In spite of this, they get along fine, but when Mike eventually kisses Barbara, his boss turns up and scolds him for not spending time with his neglected daughter. Barbara changes her mind about Mike and decides to not see him again. Mike decides to try and spend some time with his daughter and takes her to the drive-in, where she meets Barbara.

Barbara quickly takes to Nancy and the three of them go bowling together. Mike and Barbara become a couple and all seems fine, until a bank robber Barbara helped get convicted through a testimony in court breaks out from prison. His name is Eddy, and he comes to town to get his revenge on Barbara. He finds out where she lives and arrives to her home with a gun.

Eddy shoots Barbara and gets into a fist fight with Mike. The police arrive and Eddy is killed by a bullet. Barbara is transported to the hospital. Soon Mike is informed that she will recover in full. Mike decides to marry her and starts planning for the wedding and his new life as a family father.

Cast
Allan Lane as Michael 'Mike' Hogan
Jane Frazee as Barbara Adams
Twinkle Watts as Nancy Hogan
Robert Blake as Alan Schroeder (billed as "Bobby Blake")
Wallace Ford as Bill Conley
Adele Mara as Bernice
Gerald Mohr as Eddy Raymond

External links

References

1946 films
1946 drama films
American black-and-white films
Republic Pictures films
Films directed by William K. Howard
American drama films
Films with screenplays by F. Hugh Herbert
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

A Guy Could Change


The Corpo Nacional de Escutas – Escutismo Católico Português (CNE, National Corps of Scouts - Portuguese Catholic Scouting) is the largest Portuguese Scouting organization. The association was founded in 1923 and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1929; at present, this membership is maintained via the Federação Escotista de Portugal. The association serves about 80,000 members of both genders.

The association is a member of the Comunidade do Escutismo Lusófono (Community of Lusophone Scouting).

History
Archbishop Manuel Vieira de Matos and Dr. Avelino Gonçalves founded the CNE Scouting organization in Braga, Portugal on May 27, 1923. The founders had their first contacts with Scouting in Rome, when, in 1922, they attended a parade of 20,000 Scouts, on the occasion of the International Eucharistic Congress.

In 1922, the International Eucharistic Congress took place in Rome, Italy. Taking part in it was Braga archbishop D. Manuel Vieira de Matos with Dr. Avelino Gonzalves, his secretary. The Italian Catholic Scouts served in the Congress, giving it a youthful touch. The Archbishop was so impressed that he asked his Secretary "Can't we have them here, too?"

When they returned to Braga, they gathered a group of eleven like-minded individuals to discuss the opportunity and the possibility of the creating a group of Catholic Scouts in Portugal. On May 27, 1923, the Braga local authorities approved the "Corpo de Scouts Catolicos Portugueses". The next November, the Portuguese Government ratified the movement and approved the Statutes. The Corpo Nacional de Escutas was founded, the name being changed later. Although the CNE was incorporated in the city of Braga, a year later it was given nationwide authorization. The first national meeting was held in Braga in 1925, with Manuel Vieira de Matos as General Director, and Jose Maria de Queirós e Lencastre as National Commissioner.

The CNE grew up fast and determined. CNE began publishing a newsletter in February 1925, the Flor de Lis, which became a magazine in 1945. In 1926 the first National Camp took place in Aljubarrota; and two years later, the second one took place in Cacia (near Aveiro). In 1929 the CNE sent a contingent of 26 Scouts to the third World Jamboree, having been recognized by the World Scout Bureau. Since then the CNE has not missed an international meeting and has organized Portugal's National Scout Jamboree (ACANAC) whose permanent scout centre is now located in the municipality of Idanha-a-Nova.

Program

Program sections

The association is divided in four sections according to the age of the members:
 Lobitos (Cub Scouts)
 Exploradores (Explorers, i.e. Boy Scouts)
 Pioneiros (Pioneers, i.e. Explorer Scouts)
 Caminheiros (Rover Scouts)

There is a special branch for Sea Scouts with distinct sections.

Scout Promise
Prometo, pela minha honra e com a graça de Deus, fazer todo o possível por:
Cumprir os meus deveres para com Deus, a Igreja e a Pátria;
Auxiliar o meu semelhante em todas as circunstâncias;
Obedecer à Lei do Escuta.

On my honor and with the grace of God, I promise to do my best
to fulfill my duties to God, my church and my country,
to help my peers in all circumstances,
and to live by the Scout Law.

Scout Law
 A Honra do Escuta inspira confiança.A Scout's honor is to be trusted.
 O Escuta é Leal.A Scout is loyal.
 O Escuta é útil e pratica diariamente uma boa acção.A Scout is useful and practises a good deed daily.
 O Escuta é amigo de todos e irmão de todos os outros Escutas.A Scout is a friend to everybody and a brother to other Scouts.
 O Escuta é delicado e respeitador.A Scout is sensitive and respectful.
 O Escuta protege as plantas e os animais.A Scout protects the plants and animals.
 O Escuta é obediente.A Scout is obedient.
 O Escuta tem sempre boa disposição de espírito.A Scout is always of good humor.
 O Escuta é sóbrio, económico e respeitador do bem alheio.A Scout is thrifty and respects the possessions of others.
 O Escuta é puro nos pensamentos, nas palavras e nas acções.A Scout is pure in thoughts, words and deeds.

See also

 Federação Escotista de Portugal
 Associação dos Escoteiros de Portugal

References

External links
 Corpo Nacional de Escutas in English
 Flor de Lis the CNE magazine in Portuguese

World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Scouting and Guiding in Portugal
Youth organizations established in 1923
International Catholic Conference of Scouting
1923 establishments in Portugal