Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a 2011 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS. A Nintendo DS version was also developed by Other Ocean Interactive and features several alterations. The game was directed by Gérard Lehiany and Ramiro Belanger and is a standalone sequel to 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions.

The story, written by Peter David alongside Belanger and Lehiany, follows Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 as they combat a new threat across space and time and attempt to save both of their timelines while also trying to prevent Parker's death from coming to fruition. Josh Keaton and Christopher Daniel Barnes, who voiced Ultimate Spider-Man and Spider-Man Noir, respectively, in Shattered Dimensions, returned to voice the two Spider-Men. Gameplay in Edge of Time is similar to that of its predecessor, with players alternating between Peter and Miguel, who control similarly, but have different abilities. The game also includes a "cause-and-effect" system in which one Spider-Man's actions will affect the other and vice versa.

Edge of Time, the second game to be developed by Beenox after becoming the lead developer of all Spider-Man titles published under Activision, was released on October 4, 2011 in North America, on October 14, 2011 in Europe, and on October 26, 2011 in Australia. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, who praised its writing and voice acting, but criticized the repetitive nature of its gameplay and downgrades from Shattered Dimensions. The game, along with most other titles published by Activision that had used the Marvel license, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014.

Gameplay
Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a linear third-person action-adventure video game where the player assumes the two versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the traditional Marvel Comics universe and the futuristic 2099 universe; the game automatically switches between the two Spider-Men throughout the story. Gameplay is similar to that of its predecessor Shattered Dimensions: players can web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The Spider-Man 2099 free falling sections from Shattered Dimensions also return, as does the upgrade system; XP is earned from completing various challenges with each Spider-Man, and can be used to purchase new fighting moves, increase stats, or unlock alternate costumes. Both Spider-Men have a new exclusive ability: the original Spider-Man (Peter Parker) has a "hyper-sense" mode, allowing him to move quickly, pulverize enemies one at a time or run through elaborate laser defence systems without getting hurt; Spider-Man 2099 (Miguel O'Hara), meanwhile, can create a fake simulation of himself to divert an enemy, to either attack without them noticing or to move to another area unharmed while their attack destroys something in front of him, such as a highly secure lock.

Plot
In the year 2099, Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (Christopher Daniel Barnes) investigates Alchemax scientist Walker Sloan (Val Kilmer), discovering that the latter plans to travel back in time to establish Alchemax years before its original founding, which would allow him to rebuild the company in his image and dismantle its corporate rivals before they are even established. O'Hara fails to stop Sloan from entering his time gateway and is temporarily trapped between dimensions, where he witnesses visions of his predecessor, Peter Parker / Spider-Man (Josh Keaton), being killed by an unknown assailant.

Returning to an altered version of 2099, an unaffected O'Hara uses Parker's DNA from Alchemax's archives to establish a mental, chronal link between them across time to warn Parker, now working for Alchemax, of his impending death. However, Parker refuses to heed it and travels to the 66th floor to stop a rampaging Anti-Venom (Steve Blum), forcing O'Hara to head to his own 66th floor. Along the way, the Spider-Men discover Sloan has built another gateway in Parker's time, creating a "quantum causality field" and linking their time periods, in turn causing actions in the past to directly alter the future.

Arriving at the 66th floor, Parker finds himself confronted by Anti-Venom, Sloan, and Alchemax's head scientist, Dr. Otto Octavius (Dave B. Mitchell). He battles Anti-Venom, who drains his powers to the point of death. Before Anti-Venom can kill him, O'Hara pulls Parker through the gateway and places him in a containment unit to heal while he travels to the past and defeats Anti-Venom, breaking the chips that allowed Sloan to control him. Furious at Sloan for using him, Anti-Venom attacks Sloan and Octavius and inadvertently pushes all three into the gateway, destabilizing it and trapping the Spider-Men in each other's time periods.

While attempting to repair the gateway, O'Hara saves Mary Jane Watson (Laura Vandervoort) from a near-death situation and Parker fights 2099 clones of Black Cat (Katee Sackhoff), all the while both Spider-Men find themselves attacked by inter-dimensional tentacles. Using Alchemax's archives, the Spider-Men successfully fix the gateway, though Parker encounters his future self, who used an anti-aging drug to become Alchemax's CEO and wishes to use Sloan's portal for his own ends.

Eventually, the Spider-Men are able to return to their original time periods, but a monster resembling Anti-Venom with Octavius' tentacles follows Parker through as the gateway creates a "time storm". Dubbing it "Atrocity" (Fred Tatasciore), Parker evades the monster while attempting to secure DNA samples from it for O'Hara. Analyzing the samples, O'Hara discovers Atrocity to be a combination of Sloan, Anti-Venom, and Octavius and theorizes that forcing it back into the gateway should disrupt the time storm. However, the CEO contacts O'Hara and reveals his intent to harness the storm's quantum energy so he can rewrite history in his image. While Parker lures Atrocity back to the gateway and sends it through after a battle, O'Hara does the same with the CEO. This collapses the gateway, ending the time storm and reversing all of Sloan's changes, with only the two Spider-Men remembering the events that were erased. As Parker questions why that is the case, O'Hara offers to give him a lecture on time-travel.

Development and marketing

Information on the game was first released at WonderCon on April 2, 2011.

Customers who pre-ordered the game at GameStop got early access to bonus downloadable alternate costumes inspired from the Identity Crisis storyline, while pre-orders from Amazon.com allowed the customer to unlock Spider-Man's Future Foundation costume for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions early in the game. Customers who pre-ordered the game at Best Buy got early access to Spider-Man's Big Time costume. The Spider-Man costume worn by Miles Morales, Peter Parker's successor in the Ultimate Marvel universe, was also available. The Spider-Armor, Cosmic Spider-Man, Cosmic Spider-Man 2099, Iron Spider, Secret War, 1602 Spider-Man, Scarlet Spider and Negative Zone costumes can be unlocked if a player has a save game of Shattered Dimensions on their PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, or Wii.

Music
The original score music was written by Gerard Marino, lead composer of the God of War series. The PlayStation 3 version of the game is the only version to feature DTS surround sound.

Reception

Spider-Man: Edge of Time received mixed reviews. McKinley Noble of GamePro highly criticized the game, pointing out that it ultimately doesn't live up to Shattered Dimensions, only giving Edge of Time a "fair" rating of 3 out of 5. Joystiq was more critical, giving the game 2.5/5 and criticizing Beenox's misuse of the Spider-Man character. IGN gave the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions a 4.5 out of 10, but gave the Wii version a 6.0 and the Nintendo 3DS version a 5.5. GameSpot gave the game a 6 out of 10, saying that it "tells an enjoyably absurd time-hopping tale, but stepping into the tights of its two heroes doesn't feel as empowering as it should". Game Informer gave it a 6.5, saying "Edge of Time is a major step back from the formula that worked." Destructoid gave the game a 5 out of 10. GameTrailers gave the game a 5.4 out of 10, praising the story and voice acting, but criticizing the repetition of the gameplay.

References

External links

2011 video games
3D platform games
Action-adventure games
Activision games
Beenox games
Cyberpunk video games
Dystopian video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo DS games
Other Ocean Interactive games
PlayStation 3 games
Single-player video games
Superhero crossover video games
Video game sequels
Video games about cloning
Video games about parallel universes
Video games about time travel
Video games based on Spider-Man
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Gerard Marino
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in the 2090s
Wii games
Xbox 360 games

Spider-Man: Edge of Time


Belote is a French 32 card trick-taking game. This game requires four players divided into two teams. There are many kinds of belote : "belote," "belote coinchée," and "belote avec annonce". All of them come from a Dutch game, played since 1600.

Rules

Dealing
The dealer may choose to shuffle the deck. The previous dealer, on the left, must cut the deck. He must deal the all deck in three time  (3+2+3).

Betting
Once the card are dealt, players start to bet on the number of point. To bet, the player need to tell the trump he wants, and bet at least 10 point higher than the previous player. The first player have to bet at least 80, half of all the point. If a player have King and queen from the trump color, the team get 20 bonus points.
Even though there is only 4 color in the game, there is 6 kind of trump: Clubs ♣ Diamonds ♦ Hearts ♥ Spades ♠ "No trump" "All trumps".
When a player chooses "no trump" or "all trump", he must choose a color. the points of this color will be count as trump, all the other will be count as No trump.

Basic rules
Every kind of belote share some basic rules:
 The asked color must be played during a trick
 If the color cannot be played, a trump must be played unless a teammate played the stronger card
 When trump is played, a stronger trump must be played
 The order of the cards are (from highest to lowest rank):
 Trump:     J 9 A 10 K Q 8 7
 Non-trump: A 10 K Q J 9 8 7
 the last trick brings 10 more points.

In every belote game points are counted depending on the card and their trump status then:

Trump : J=20, 9=14, A=11 10=10, K=4, Q=3, 8=0, 7=0
Non-trump : A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3, J=2, 9=0, 8=0, 7=0

Tips
The basic strategy of this game is to count the trump cards. But it is also recommend to count all the other color, the deck is small, only 32 cards.

Betting strategy
Betting is the only way to communicate with a team mate, that is why even if a hand is weak, betting will help a teammate to bet or play.

Playing strategy

Defending strategy
A team will have to play a defending strategy if they have less trump than the other team. The only rules with a defensive game is to save every point. One should not expect more than one trick for each colors.

Attacking strategy
The usual strategy for the attacking team is to try make the opponent lose their trumps, so they will not be able to cut the other trick. Once it is done they may start to think about trying to get the ace or 10 card. There is only one way to get an ace: to cut it. That is why whenever a team mate is about to take the current trick, someone should play the colour in which someone has one less card. To get a ten someone may play an ace at the second trick or cut it.

References

Card games
Armenian culture
Board games
Bulgarian culture
Entertainment in France

Belote


Por todo lo alto is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by Radio Caracas Television in 2006 based on a story written by Vivel Nouel.

Marianela González and Winston Vallenilla starred as the protagonists with Jean Carlo Simancas, Roxana Díaz and Sheyene Gerardi as the villains.

Plot
The San Miguel Arcángel Airport located in the Caribbean is the setting of this love story led by three airport stewards: Anabela Marcano, Morana Bastardo and Dulce María Hidalgo. These women struggle to manage their own lives and make their own way in a world dominated by men.

Anabela dreams of being a professional pilot like her late father, who died in a mysterious plane crash. While planning how to achieve his dream, pretends to settle for employment in the airline Alas del Caribe. In her desire for freedom, Anabela decides to flee her home with Humberto, a mediocre pilot who seduces her with the false promise of helping her in her Aeronautical studies.

In Anabela's plans, Rubén Alegría, who possesses the same dream as herself, has the unconditional support of his humble parents, Divina and Bienvenido, and sisters, Celia and Cruz. Everyone encourages Rubén to fulfill his dreams even though no one understands Rubén's lack of enthusiasm for popular music and much less share his strange obsession with flying, as everyone in the family suffer from vertigo.

Morana is the veteran head of the Alas del Caribe stewardesses. Ignacio has an ambition of power and is also lover of Ignacio Urquiaga, owner of the Lince airline, direct competition of the first. However, everyone is unaware that Morana is half-sister to Humberto, Anabela's boyfriend, and that she is the only person for whom Morana feels a sincere and disinterested love. In his many attempts to rid himself of his rival, Morana will use Enrique Álvarez, a competent, respected instructor pilot, who is blindly in love with her.

Dulce María, the third protagonist, also chooses to take a little traveled road by becoming an aircraft mechanic for the airline "Lince". Contrary to what her name indicates, she is a sullen, homeless-looking girl, very ungrateful, who has secretly fallen in love with Alcides Urquiaga, the son of her boss, a heartthrob heartthrob.

Alcides devotes every spare hour to his true passion, music, behind his severe father, Ignacio Urquiaga; He demands that his son fulfill the family tradition of becoming a pilot, like all men in the family, without realizing that his son has a very severe vertigo that prevents him from boarding an aircraft.

In the turbulent world of aviation, where competition and professional strife, adventure and unbridled romance reign, the three women will each drive their fate to their particular sky, using their own weapons to reach it.

Cast

Marianela González as Anabela Marcano
Winston Vallenilla as Rubén Alegría
Roxana Díaz as Morana Bastardo
Jerónimo Gil as Alcides Uriquiaga
Ámbar Díaz as Dulce María Hidalgo
Sheyene Gerardi as Sonia
Jean Carlo Simancas as Ignacio Uriquiaga
Marialejandra Martín as Divina Alegría
Daniel Alvarado as Bienvenido Alegría
Ricardo Bianchi as Tomás Torres "Totó"
Aileen Celeste as Victoria Bermúdez de Torres
Sandro Finoglio as Enrique Álvarez
Luis Gerardo Núñez as Arturo Alcántara
Marlene Maseda as Lucía de Alcántara
Margarita Hernández as Violeta de Uriquiaga
Cayito Aponte as Viejo "El Carrizo"
Gioia Lombardini as Lucía Carrizo de Cantaclaro
Estefanía López as Cruz Alegría
César Román as Zarataco
Daniela Navarro as Chacha Martínez
Sandra Martínez as Reina Patricia Hidalgo
Carmen Alicia Lara as Celia Alegría
Juan Carlos Martínez as Zuzú
Eric Noriega as Tirso
Aleska Díaz-Granados as Ifigenia
Enrique Izquierdo as Lucho
Liliana Meléndez as Finita
Natalia Romero as Nereida
Andreína Mazzeo as Martita
Ileana Alomá as Gladys
Luis Olavarrieta as Torcuato Pérez
José Madonía as Rómulo
Eduardo Orozco as Humberto Bastardo

References

External links

RCTV telenovelas
2006 telenovelas
2006 Venezuelan television series debuts
2006 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas

Por todo lo alto


A kosovorotka (), also known in the West as a Russian peasant shirt or Tolstoy shirt (tolstovka). The name comes from the Russian phrase kosoy vorot (косой ворот), meaning a "skewed collar". It was worn by all peasants in Russia — men, women, and babies — in different styles for every-day and festive occasions.

Easy to make from one sheet of fabric, this garment is traditional for Russians, Mordovins, Setos, Komi-Permyaks and other ethnic groups in Russia, as well as in some regions of Moldova.

Description

A kosovorotka is a traditional Russian shirt, long sleeved and reaching down to the mid-thigh.  The shirt is not buttoned all the way down to the hem, but has several buttons at the collar (unfastened when the garment is pulled over the wearer's head), though these are positioned off to one side (regional styles vary between left and right), instead of centrally, as is customary with a typical Western 20th and 21st century man's shirt. The side slit was to prevent cross pendants that peasants wore under their shirts from falling out when they bent down during active physical labor. If left unbuttoned the collar appears skewed, which accounts for the garment's name. The collar and sleeves of kosovorotka were often decorated with a traditional embroidered ornament.

The overwhelming majority of Russians were peasants, who often worked bending down towards the ground. Almost all of them wore a Christian cross, which was considered strictly an underclothing sign. The skewed collar of the shirt was designed so to prevent the cross from falling out from under the shirt. This limited annoyance and allowed for the peasant to be more productive.

Generally associated with Russian peasants, the kosovorotka was worn by peasants and townsmen of various social categories  into the early 20th century, when it was rapidly displaced as an everyday garment by more efficient and less elaborate clothing after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.  The garment is also known as a tolstovka, or the Tolstoy-shirt, because the writer Leo Tolstoy customarily wore one in his later years.  Since the late 20th century kosovorotkas appear mostly as souvenirs and as scenic garments of Russian folk music, song and dance ensembles.

In popular culture
The kosovorotka is worn by Omar Sharif as Yuri Zhivago in David Lean's 1965 film Doctor Zhivago.

See also

 Vyshyvanka, equivalent shirt in Ukraine and Belarus

References

19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
Culture of Russia
Russian inventions
Russian folk clothing
Shirts

Kosovorotka


A Marine Detachment, or MarDet, was a unit of 35 to 85 United States Marines aboard large warships including cruisers, battleships, and aircraft carriers. They were a regular component of a ship's company from the formation of the United States Marine Corps until 1998. Missions of shipboard Marine Detachments evolved, and included protecting the ship's captain, security and defense of the ship, operating the brig, limited action ashore, securing nuclear weapons and ceremonial details.  The Marines' successful command structure for dispersed detachments aboard warships encouraged detachments for other purposes.

History of shipboard Marine detachments
The Continental Congress established a Marine Corps of two battalions on 10 November 1775.  Marines were detached from these battalions to serve aboard individual warships.  Although these battalions were temporarily disbanded following the American Revolutionary War, the United States Marine Corps was created on 11 July 1798 to serve under the United States Secretary of the Navy. The 1834 Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps clarified the Marines chain of command through the United States Navy.  Marines served aboard sailing ships as a small amphibious force able to capture and hold minor port facilities as required for protection of American interests. Marine sharpshooters were often stationed in the rigging during ship-to-ship combat to fire at officers and helmsmen aboard enemy warships. Marines often operated naval artillery during general quarters when the distances of gunnery engagements exceeded the range of small arms.

As modern Navy tactics evolved away from traditional ship-to-ship combat to fighting over the horizon threats with guided missiles and computer controlled weapons systems, the shipboard responsibilities requiring an independent Marine Detachment aboard ships became more of an anachronism better suited to be absorbed by Navy Master-at-arms.

The individual seaborne landing parties became Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Teams (FAST), able to rapidly deploy where and as needed instead of scattered across the fleet. By 1998, only 11 officers and 275 enlisted Marines remained assigned to individual Marine Detachments when ALMARS 24/98 announced all Marine ships' detachments were to be disestablished. USMC 1stLt Grant Goodrich would be the last commander of a MarDet when he stood down his unit aboard  on 1 May 1998, at a ceremony following their return home from their deployment.

Officers
Each shipboard MarDet included a Marine Corps commanding officer who reported to the Commandant of the Marine Corps through the ship's captain. When more than one Marine officer was assigned to a ship, United States Navy Regulations required one Marine officer to be aboard ship at all times unless excused by the ship's captain. Marine officers below the rank of major sometimes served as officer of the deck.

Other Marine detachments
The State Department relied upon the Navy's ability to transport shipboard Marine detachments overseas for rescue, escort, and defense of United States diplomatic missions before air travel was available.  Since 1948, detachments of Marine Security Guards have been stationed at United States embassies and consulates around the world.  There have been a few mounted detachments.  An executive flight detachment was created in 1958 to transport the President of the United States and other key government officials.

Sources

Military units and formations of the United States Marine Corps

Marine Detachment


Statistical multiplexing is a type of communication link sharing, very similar to dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA). In statistical multiplexing, a communication channel is divided into an arbitrary number of variable bitrate digital channels or data streams. The link sharing is adapted to the instantaneous traffic demands of the data streams that are transferred over each channel. This is an alternative to creating a fixed sharing of a link, such as in general time division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency division multiplexing (FDM). When performed correctly, statistical multiplexing can provide a link utilization improvement, called the statistical multiplexing gain.

Statistical multiplexing is facilitated through packet mode or packet-oriented communication, which among others is utilized in packet switched computer networks. Each stream is divided into packets that normally are delivered asynchronously in a first-come first-served fashion. In alternative fashion, the packets may be delivered according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing or differentiated and/or guaranteed quality of service.

Statistical multiplexing of an analog channel, for example a wireless channel, is also facilitated through the following schemes:
 Random frequency-hopping orthogonal frequency division multiple access (RFH-OFDMA)
 Code-division multiple access (CDMA), where different amount of spreading codes or spreading factors can be assigned to different users.

Statistical multiplexing normally implies "on-demand" service rather than one that preallocates resources for each data stream. Statistical multiplexing schemes do not control user data transmissions.

Comparison with static TDM
Time domain statistical multiplexing (packet mode communication) is similar to time-division multiplexing (TDM), except that, rather than assigning a data stream to the same recurrent time slot in every TDM, each data stream is assigned time slots (of fixed length) or data frames (of variable lengths) that often appear to be scheduled in a randomized order, and experience varying delay (while the delay is fixed in TDM).

Statistical multiplexing allows the bandwidth to be divided arbitrarily among a variable number of channels (while the number of channels and the channel data rate are fixed in TDM).

Statistical multiplexing ensures that slots will not be wasted (whereas TDM can waste slots). The transmission capacity of the link will be shared by only those users who have packets.

Static TDM and other circuit switching is carried out at the physical layer in the OSI model and TCP/IP model, while statistical multiplexing is carried out at the data link layer and above.

Channel identification
In statistical multiplexing, each packet or frame contains a channel/data stream identification number, or (in the case of datagram communication) complete destination address information.

Usage
Examples of statistical multiplexing are:

 The MPEG transport stream for digital TV transmission. Statistical multiplexing is used to allow several video, audio and data streams of different data rates to be transmitted over a bandwidth-limited channel (see Statistical multiplexer). The packets have constant lengths. The channel number is denoted Program ID (PID).
 The UDP and TCP protocols, where data streams from several application processes are multiplexed together. The packets may have varying lengths. The port numbers constitute channel identification numbers (and also address information).
 The X.25 and Frame Relay packet-switching protocols, where the packets have varying lengths, and the channel number is denoted virtual connection identifier (VCI). The international collection of X.25 providers, using the X.25 protocol suite was colloquially known as "the Packet switched network" in the 1980s and into the beginning of the 1990s.
 The Asynchronous Transfer Mode packet-switched protocol, where the packets have fixed length. The channel identification number consists of a virtual connection identifier (VCI) and a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI).

Statistical multiplexer
In digital audio and video broadcasting, for example, a statistical multiplexer is a content aggregating device that allows broadcasters to provide the greatest number of audio or video services for a given bandwidth by sharing a pool of fixed bandwidth among multiple services or streams of varying bitrates. The multiplexer allocates to each service the bandwidth required for its real-time needs so that services with complex scenes receive more bandwidth than services with less complex ones. This bandwidth sharing technique produces the best video quality at the lowest possible aggregate bandwidth.

See also
 Data fragmentation
 Dynamic bandwidth allocation
 Dynamic TDMA
 Packet
 Packet switching

External links
 Example of Statistical Multiplexing (Chart from a real DVB-T multiplex)

Multiplexing
Packets (information technology)
Network scheduling algorithms

he:ריבוב#ריבוב סטטיסטי

Statistical time-division multiplexing


Mazdak (died 524 or 528) was a Persian reformer and religious activist. He became influential under the reign of the Sassanian Shahanshah Kavadh I. He claimed to be a prophet of God, and started communal possessions and social welfare programs.

Mazdakism

He was the main representative of set of religious and philiosopical teachings called Mazdakism, which are seen as a reformed version of Zoroastrianism.
Some people have argued, his teachings show influences from Manichaeism as well. Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion of Sassanid Persia. Mazdak was a Zoroastrian priest. Most of the Zoroastrian clergy regarded his teaching as a heresy.

There is very little information about Mazdakism. The teaching of Khurramism developed from Mazdakism and can be used to tell certain details about Mazdakism.

References

Year of birth unknown
520s deaths
Religions
Eastern philosophers

Mazdak


Åke Hugo Hammarskjöld (20 January 1845 in Tuna, Kalmar county – 3 June 1937 in Tuna), was a Swedish public servant and politician, brother to Carl Hammarskjöld and cousin of Carl Gustaf Hammarskjöld and Hjalmar Hammarskjöld.

His parents were captain Carl Leonard Hammarskjöld and Beata Hammarskjöld, born Tham. In 1870, he married Lucie von Krusenstjerna, daughter of Captain G. F. von Krusenstjerna and Fredrika von Krusenstjerna, born in Danielsson.

After finishing secondary school at the Katedralskolan, Uppsala, Hammarskjöld studied to become an architect at Konsthögskolan's (Higher School of Art), graduating in 1869. When his father died, the family willed the Tuna mansion to Hugo Hammarskjöld and brother Carl Hammarskjöld, whereupon Hugo would reside at the estate.

Hammarskjöld entered politics at a young age, but mostly dealt in church politics. He was elected to the second chamber of the Swedish riksdag in 1893 and was re-elected in 1903 serving two separate terms, 1894-1896 and 1903-1908.

From 1909-1918 he was part of the Första kammaren. In 1905, he was offered a position as the minister of education and ecclesiastical affairs but declined. Nonetheless, another offer was made in 1906 from Arvid Lindman, which Hammarskjöld accepted. Even as a minister, Hammarskjöld's interest for religion and church related topics would to be critical. Through a proposal that the elementary school should be run by the city council in Sweden's biggest cities, something that already was being done in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö, he received a great deal of resistance from the likes of Gottfrid Billing. When he later made a proposal concerning the so-called priestly privileges, which Hammarskjöld found old fashioned, and the wage control for priests, it was voted down in the first chamber. After this, Hammarskjöld chose to leave the government.

References

Notes

Print
Swedish biographic lexicon (Svenskt biografiskt lexikon), Vol. 18, page 174-175
Norberg, Tvåkammarriksdagen 1867-1970, Vol. 2.
Swedish Men and Women (Svenska män och kvinnor''), Vol. 3.

1845 births
1937 deaths
People from Kalmar County
Members of the Första kammaren
Members of the Andra kammaren
Swedish Ministers of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs
Hugo

Hugo Hammarskjöld


Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal (23 September 1682 – 8 May 1770) was a member of the House of Hesse and Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal from 1721 until his death.

Life
Charles was the eldest son of Landgrave Philip of Hesse-Philippsthal from his marriage to Catherine Amalie (1654–1736), daughter of Count Charles Otto of Solms-Laubach.  He succeeded his father in 1721 as Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal.

Charles joined the Danish army in 1701 and fought in the War of the Spanish Succession. On 10 March 1710, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Helsingborg and was promoted to Major General. In 1715 he was involved in the landing at Rügen and the subsequent siege of Stralsund.  He then joined the French army and was appointed Lieutenant General on 13 March 1721.

On 6 June 1731, he was awarded the Danish Order of the Elephant.

He later joined the Imperial military service, where he achieved the rank of Field Marshal.

Marriage and issue
Charles married on 24 November 1725 in Eisenach Princess Caroline Christine (1699–1743), daughter of Duke John William III of Saxe-Eisenach, with whom he had the following children:
 William (1726–1810), Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal
 married in 1755 princess Ulrika Eleonora of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1732-1795)
 Caroline Amalie (1728–1746)
 Frederick (1729–1751)
 Charlotte Amalie (1730–1801) married in 1750 Duke Anton Ulrich of Saxe-Meiningen (1687–1763)
 Philippine (1731–1762)

References
 Carl Eduard Vehse: Geschichte der deutschen Höfe seit der Reformation p. 319

Landgraves of Hesse
Danish generals
French generals
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
House of Hesse
1682 births
1770 deaths
18th-century German military personnel


The Tupinambá Uprising (1617-1621), also called the Tupinambá Revolt, took place on January 13, 1618, and was led by the tuxaua (cacique) Cabelo de Velha, who gathered several native indigenous groups from the busy Mairi region (now the city of Belém of Pará) to fight against the Portuguese, due to the abuses committed by these colonizers when they exploited the indigenous labor force in the Conquest of Pará. This movement was one of a series of uprisings that took place in the region between 1617 and 1619. The disputes culminated in the attack in January 1619 by the Tupinambá on the Presépio Fort (a Portuguese fortification), located on the shores of Guajará Bay.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Portuguese were on expeditions through Brazilian territory. Where the region in the extreme north of the country was invaded by the English and the Dutch, who set up trading posts to exploit the raw material that would be sold in Europe. Thus, the Portuguese started military campaigns to strengthen their dominance in the Amazon territory and ensure the exploitation of local natural resources (sertão drugs), due to the loss of competition in the Asian market for the Dutch. Where in 1580 occurred the Portuguese invasion and the establishment of a colonial nucleus with Captain Castelo Branco and, in 1616, the settlers founded the city of Belém and settled in the Amazon, aiming to protect the entrance of the Amazon River. They made an alliance with the local native Tupinambás (people formed from the migration of Tupis who inhabited the northeastern coast).

The alliance with the Tupinambás of Pará, was mediated by the Maranhão ethnic group that already had a relationship with foreigners, seeking benefits in trade and in wars. However, the colonists then proceeded to enslave the Tupinambás, just as they had done with the indigenous people in the northeast of the country, the first to be conquered.

The abuses of slavery resulted in the union against the Portuguese. The captured indigenous suffered physical, cultural and religious impositions by the Portuguese, via Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries, in addition to serving as labor in colonial production. The uprisings resulted in massacres and imprisonment of the natives, who served as troops for the Portuguese disputes.

History

Context
The European maritime expansion, started in the 15th century, arose from the need of countries to expand their trade in crisis, mainly due to the commercial monopoly of the Turks in the Eastern region and the dominance of the Arabs in Africa. With the rising price of Asian and African goods, such as precious stones, perfumes, fabrics, and spices, the Europeans started great voyages by ships to discover new lands to be explored. The Portuguese and Spanish voyages resulted in the conquest of several territories, among them, the American continent. In order to divide the lands to be dominated by each of them, Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. The agreement separated the world by an imaginary meridian: the eastern side was Portuguese and the western side Spanish. The Tordesillas meridian cut the Brazilian territory in two parts and Portugal was only entitled to the area that today comprises the northeast region and a small part of the southeast of the country. However, the colonizing initiative of the Portuguese in Brazil, to exploit the natural wealth and settlement, was extended beyond the limits defined by the treaty during the 17th and 18th centuries.

In the 17th century, territorial disputes and competition among European powers were the motivations for the exploration of the Amazon, a vast territory with a variety of riches, still unknown to the colonizers. According to the treaty, the area was assigned to the Spanish. However, after consolidating themselves in northeastern Brazil, the Portuguese began to extend their domains, aiming to colonize the entire territory. The Portuguese domination in Brazil had three main social agents: the settlers, the missionaries and the indigenous people. The missionaries traveled to Brazil with the objective of catechizing the indigenous, while the settlers took advantage of the native to build their domain of goods and power. There was a struggle of interests and motivations between the two European groups. Despite forcing the natives to convert to a new religion, the religious also defended the tribes in the face of the exaggerations committed by the colonists. So, the action of the missionaries was ambiguous, since they denounced the abuses and came into conflict with the colonists and, at the same time, they were part of the Portuguese people, depending on relations with the powerful to maintain themselves.

Indigenous enslavement

In the 16th century, colonists would go into the Brazilian backlands to seize indigenous, who would then be treated as slaves, working for no pay and being traded and sold. There were attempts by the Portuguese themselves to limit this exploitative and servile treatment. On March 20, 1570, King Sebastião promulgated the first law prohibiting this exploitative practice by the colonists. However, the law legitimized the capture of indigenous people in two situations: in just wars fought with the permission of the governor or the king, and when they were to prevent anthropophagy. The colonists began to take advantage of the law's concessions to justify the imprisonment of the indigenous people. Later, King Filipe II was pressured by the missionaries and annulled the sebastian law, determining that the natives could no longer be captured, except in wars ordered by the king. In 1605, Filipe III confirmed his father's decree on the matter. In 1609, the capture of many indigenous people in the town of Jaguaribe, in Ceará, led to a new declaration. Filipe III declared that all Gentiles were free and should be paid for their labor. However, the laws and declarations were not enough to curb the hostilities with the indigenous. The law of 1609 failed to guarantee the freedom of the natives, and two years later, in 1611, Filipe III reaffirmed the freedom of the indigenous and defined that if there were rebellion or wars with the native peoples, the need to make war against them would be discussed in a Junta. Only with approval would the war take place and the colonists could seize the indigenous. In theory, enslavement was restricted and conditional. In practice, there was no control of the abuses committed by the Portuguese and cases of indigenous capture were widespread.

The allied and submissive indigenous had, as much as possible, their freedom guaranteed by the colonizers, because the Portuguese recognized that they were the main workforce and strength to ensure the defense of the territory and the wide exploitation of natural resources. The indigenous who did not resist the colonizing project in Brazil had their lands preserved and earned a fair remuneration. In this sense, slavery was determined by the distinction between the meek indigenous, who adhered to the colonizers' civilization program; and the insubordinate and aggressive indigenous. Often, the same group of indigenous could be considered good and then aggressive. Enslavement was legitimized by just war and ransom, in situations of anthropophagy and other arrests between indigenous from different tribes. The so-called just wars were those aimed at territorial expansion and evangelization of the natives. In the Amazon backlands, especially in Pará, captivity was violent and illegal. Even with the laws, the situation of illegality was not reversed, because the prosperity of expansion and colonization was due to the exploitation of the natives.

Amazon colonization
The northern region of Brazil was disputed by European countries. During the reigns of the three Filipes in Brazil, there were few colonization groups on the northeastern coast and the goal to expand the colonial territory with expeditions to the interior of the country, exploring the north. The Portuguese occupation of Pará, for example, happened in 1616, with the construction of the Presépio Fort in Belém. Before the Portuguese domination there, the Amazon valley was discovered by the Spanish. Later, the region was explored and occupied by the English and Dutch. In 1542, Francisco de Orellana explored the Amazon from west to east, following the Amazon River, in the same expedition group as Gonzalo Pizarro, who had conquered Peru. In 1545, Francisco de Orellana returned to the Amazon with the title of adelantado, the name given to the first Spaniards who explored the American territory. Francisco was not successful. Only in 1560, there was another Spanish expedition to the region, starting in Peru and reaching the Atlantic Ocean the following year. The members of this expedition murdered the commander, General Pedro de Ursua, during the trip. The Dutch and English expeditions to the Amazon region began in 1596. The Portuguese presence in the Amazon region began in the 16th century, when the captaincies were created. The Portuguese did not carry out expeditions there, which made it possible for other European peoples to enter and occupy the region.

Mercantilist competition transferred the tensions of rivalries among European peoples to the indigenous tribes, causing divisions and conflicts among the tribes of indigenous Brazil and culminating in the formation of colonial Brazil. For political and economic purposes, the English, Dutch and Portuguese established alliances with the native peoples, taking the opportunity to exploit the old tribal rivalries. The collaboration of the natives became an imposition by the Portuguese, who forced the tribes to work and fight for the Lusitanian objectives of expanding the territory and extracting natural wealth for trade. The disputes of the tribes allied to the Portuguese with indigenous people allied to other countries, such as England and Holland, resulted in the capture of prisoners of war, who would serve as slaves to establish Portugal's first facilities in the northern region. In this way, competition for the possession and dominance of indigenous labor played a key role in the formation history of the country.

Background

Between the years 1614 and 1615, the Portuguese decided to start expanding their territory towards the Amazon region. The occupation of the Amazon begins during the period of the Filipe kings, the time of the Iberian Union. Progress in the conquest of the Amazon began in late 1615, when the Portuguese defeated the French and managed to occupy São Luís. At the beginning of the expeditions in the area, Captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco was in charge. He founded Belém, with the strategic need to protect the Amazon region. Therefore, at the end of 1616, in the region called Feliz Lusitânia (Belém), Castelo Branco ordered the construction of a fort, named Presépio. The indigenous who dominated the region were the Tupinambás, who were not aggressive in this first contact. The colonizers presented the indigenous with tools and other objects they carried. The artillery of São Luís started to occupy the newly built fort. In 1617, Pará began to receive more men, in order to maintain domination in the area. A group of Franciscans, led by Friar Antonio de Merciana, arrived at the site and founded a house, beginning the relationship with the Tupinambás indigenous. In addition to the dangers of the indigenous' behavior, the Portuguese would still face the English and Dutch, who were occupying the nearby areas.

The revolts
Starting in February 1617, the region would be the stage for several conflicts between the Portuguese and the Tupinambás. At first, the indigenous mistrusted the Portuguese, because they knew of other tribes that had been oppressed and captured as slaves by the colonists. There was a clash, because the Tupinambás had a friendly relationship with the French, who were in the region. In the first weeks, there was conflict between the Portuguese and the natives, because Castelo Branco could not maintain a good relationship with the indigenous. In the first revolts, the natives faced settler groups commanded by Sergeant Major Diogo Botelho and Captain Gaspar de Freitas. The fights resulted in the deaths of many natives and the destruction of the villages of Caju and Mortiguera. The Tupinambás suffered abuse and were treated with violence. In reaction to this conduct by the Portuguese, the tribes joined to attack the settlers in the Belém area. However, the Presépio Fort was very close to the indigenous and the Portuguese were able to quickly weaken the movement, thanks to the weapons stored in the fort.

The struggle of the Tupinambás to expel the Portuguese from their land was bloodier and longer than the conflicts with the European peoples who occupied the Amazon territory before. The brutality with which the Portuguese treated the indigenous was a way to put an end to the revolts quickly and to put fear into the others, so that they would not repeat the acts. Most of the rebellious indigenous were killed and some were imprisoned, especially the leaders, who used to be taken away to be killed by cannons. The Tupinambás also conducted raids in the Portuguese settlement, causing tension in the region. In the face of these events, Castelo Branco refused to talk to the king and ask for help. Still in 1617, he asked Ensign Francisco de Medina to attack the enemies by surprise. The attempt failed, because the Portuguese attacked two canoes and the indigenous swam away. In the various battles between the two groups, the indigenous did not have the same weapons as the Portuguese, but they had a good strategy of constantly attacking and retreating, as in a guerrilla war. In early 1618, to protect the settlement, the Portuguese government decided to recruit Bento Maciel Parente, who was appointed assistant to Antonio de Albuquerque in Pernambuco. Bento achieved some victories against the indigenous, which led to a dispute among the Portuguese themselves. Antônio wanted to take credit for the conquest.

On January 13, 1618, the Tupinambás of Pará and Maranhão united in an uprising against the abuses of the Portuguese, in defense of their land. Many indigenous were killed and the abuses continued. Other small uprisings occurred over time, because the indigenous were always on the alert. To make matters worse, Captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco was losing credibility among the Portuguese population. The captain's nephew had murdered a man for no reason and was not punished for his action. Castelo Branco was deposed from his position and returned to Portugal, where he was arrested in 1618. The disagreements were the opportunity for a new attack by the indigenous. Thus, on January 7, 1619, the Tupinambás gathered to attack from the Belém city fort. The indigenous leader, Cabelo de Velha, was killed by the Portuguese. As a result, the settlers cruelly invaded and attacked the villages of Iguape and Guamá.

Consequences
Brutal conflicts between indigenous and Portuguese resulted in deaths and imprisonments. The relations between the two peoples was marked by violence and imposition of the Lusitanians, often disguised by the presence of missionaries. Baltazar Rodrigues was sent to replace the deposed captain Castelo Branco and had the support of the Captain-Mor Jerônimo Fragoso to contain the conflict situation in the region. With him, Bento Maciel Parente, a settler known for his cruelty, went to the location. The great massacre promoted by him caused the Indians some survivors to become members of the Portuguese army. With the leader Cabelo de Velha dead, the others were forced to suppress the uprising and surrender, becoming prisoners of war. The indigenous uprisings ended up serving the scheme of capturing natives for slave labor, reinforcing the violence committed against them.

2nd Tupinambá Uprising (January 7, 2021)
The "2nd Tupinambá Uprising" in Belém is the ancestral movement for the retaking of the sacred territory of Maery Tupã'mbae, deflagrated on January 7, 2021, during the Ritual of Recapture held in the Castelo Fort, on the same day and place where in 1617 the cacique Guamiaba Tupinambá, one of the leaders of the Tupinambá Uprising (1617-1621), was murdered. The Ritual of Recapture is the announcement and summons to the struggle for social liberation. We begin to gather the people of Maery and with this political act we call on Tocantins, Caeté, Colares, Maracanã, Cururupu and Cumã to rise up in the ranks of the anti-colonial struggle in the Amazon.

See also

 Forte do Presépio
 Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco
 Diogo Botelho Pereira
 Feliz Lusitânia
 Portuguese colonization of the Americas
 Colonial Brazil
 History of Brazil

References

Rebellions in Brazil
Conflicts in 1618
Wars involving Portugal
Colonial Brazil
17th-century rebellions
1610s in Brazil
1620s in Brazil

Tupinambás Uprising


Liam Johnson Hendriks (born 10 February 1989), nicknamed "Slydah", is an Australian professional baseball relief pitcher for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Minnesota Twins, Kansas City Royals, Toronto Blue Jays, and Oakland Athletics. He has been an All-Star three times (2019, 2021 and 2022) and was the American League's Reliever of the Year in 2020 and 2021.

Background
Born and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Hendriks began playing tee-ball when he was five (rather than the traditional Australian summer game of cricket), before transitioning to baseball at the age of ten. He also played Australian rules football. Hendriks continued playing both baseball and football through high school at Sacred Heart College, Sorrento.

Hendriks's paternal grandparents emigrated to Australia from the Netherlands.  His father, Geoff Hendriks, played over 150 games of senior football for the West Perth Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). Under the father–son rule used by the Australian Football League (AFL) at the time, Liam was eligible to be drafted by the West Coast Eagles had he decided to pursue a career in football. However, he decided to pursue baseball and was signed by the Minnesota Twins on his eighteenth birthday.

In 2017 and 2019, Hendriks was the Oakland Athletics' nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award after his work with Big League Impact and Striking Out Poverty in their efforts to end poverty in the Dominican Republic.

Professional career

Minnesota Twins
Hendriks debuted in the Twins organization in 2007 pitching for the Gulf Coast League Twins. He led the team in strikeouts with 52. He was also named as a Twins Top 50 prospect. He pitched for the Perth Heat in the 2008 Claxton Shield and went 3–0 with a 1.90 earned run average (ERA) and 25 strikeouts, a competition high. Hendriks was then added to the Australian national team for the 2008 Final Olympic Qualification Tournament pitching five innings of work while only allowing one unearned run alongside two hits and a walk while striking out six. Hendriks underwent back surgery that prevented him from playing in the minors in the 2008 season, but made the 2009 World Baseball Classic roster, the youngest Australian player in the Classic.

In 2009, Hendriks spent the season with the Class-A Beloit Snappers of the Midwest League and the Rookie-Level Elizabethton Twins of the Appalachian League. He went a combined 5–5 with a 3.55 ERA in 14 games, all starts. Hendriks was selected for the 2010 All-Star Futures Game, but developed appendicitis and was forced to miss the game. Hendriks earned a Futures Game invitation in 2010. On 5 September 2011, Hendriks was called up to the Minnesota Twins from Triple-A Rochester. He went on to finish the season with an 0–2 record. At the end of the 2011 season he was named the Minnesota Twins' Minor League Pitcher of the Year. He was an All-Star for the New Britain Rock Cats in 2011, and named an organizational All-Star for Minnesota at the end of the season. He also earned his second invitation to the Futures Game.

After a successful spring training (3–1, 2.84 ERA, 8 games/4 starts), Hendriks was named as one of the Twins' starting pitchers for 2012. On 19 September 2012, Hendriks earned his first Major League victory in a 6–4 win against the Cleveland Indians. On 5 December 2013, the Twins designated Hendriks for assignment, after the signing of pitcher Phil Hughes.

Toronto Blue Jays
On 13 December 2013, Hendriks was claimed off waivers by the Chicago Cubs. Ten days later, he was claimed off waivers again, this time by the Baltimore Orioles. The Orioles designated him for assignment on 19 February 2014 to make room for Ubaldo Jiménez on the active roster. The Toronto Blue Jays claimed Hendriks off waivers on 21 February 2014. On 10 March 2014, he was optioned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. Hendriks compiled a 5–0 record with an ERA of 1.46 through nine games (seven starts) with the Bisons, before being called up to the Majors on 23 May 2014. He made his Blue Jays debut that day, picking up a 3–2 win over the Oakland Athletics. Hendriks started the game and allowed 3 hits, 1 earned run, 3 walks and struck out 3 over 5 innings. After 2 starts for the Blue Jays, Hendriks was optioned back to Triple-A Buffalo on 1 June 2014. He posted a 1–0 record with a 2.31 ERA and 8 strikeouts in his 2 starts. Hendriks was called up on 20 June to start against the Cincinnati Reds, and was sent back down to Buffalo the following day after he pitched only 1 innings and surrendered 6 earned runs. Hendriks was named as the starter for the International League in the Triple-A All-Star Game after posting a 7–1 record with a 2.19 ERA in 16 starts. In being named the starter, he became only the fourth pitcher from the Bisons to start the All-Star Game. Hendriks was named the Top Star of the game.

Kansas City Royals
On 28 July 2014, Hendriks, along with Erik Kratz, was traded to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for Danny Valencia. He was recalled from the Omaha Storm Chasers on 27 August to make a start for the Royals against his former team, the Twins. He was designated for assignment on 24 October when Moises Sierra was claimed on waivers.

Second stint with the Blue Jays
On 30 October 2014, Hendriks was traded back to the Toronto Blue Jays for Santiago Nessy. Hendriks pitched exclusively out of the bullpen in 2015, and appeared in a career-high 58 games. He would pitch to a 5–0 record, 2.92 ERA, and 71 strikeouts in 64 innings. In the playoffs, Hendriks broke an 85-year-old record in Game Four of the 2015 American League Championship Series on 21 October 2015. After starter R. A. Dickey gave up five runs, Hendriks entered in as the long reliever and pitched 4 scoreless innings from the second to the sixth and finished with 13 outs from 12 batters faced, breaking the playoff record for more-outs-than-batters-faced performances. Jim Lindsey previously held the mark with eight outs from seven batters faced in 1930, while playing for the St. Louis Cardinals. Hendriks was pulled in the seventh inning in what was a criticized move and relievers LaTroy Hawkins and Ryan Tepera surrendered seven runs, and with the bullpen depleted at that point, position player Cliff Pennington pitched the final outs as the Blue Jays lost 14-2. For his record-breaking performance in the ALCS, Hendriks was named the Male Player of the Year by Baseball Australia, and a finalist for the Western Australian Sports Star of the Year.

Oakland Athletics
On 20 November 2015, the Blue Jays traded Hendriks to the Oakland Athletics for Jesse Chavez. Hendriks finished the 2016 season with a 3.76 ERA and 0–4 record, pitching  innings in 53 appearances. In 2017, he pitched 64 innings in 70 appearances with a 4–2 record and 4.22 ERA.

Hendriks was designated for assignment on 25 June 2018, and sent outright to Triple-A Nashville. He was called up to the major league club on 1 September 2018. During the regular season, Hendriks appeared in 25 games with Oakland, pitching 24 innings with a 0–1 record and 4.13 ERA. The Athletics used Hendriks as their opener in the 2018 American League Wild Card Game, becoming the first Australian born player ever to start an MLB postseason game.

In 2019, Hendriks took over as the Athletics' closer after an injury to Blake Treinen and made his first career All-Star Game, as a replacement for Charlie Morton. He also earned the inaugural All-MLB Second team honors. Hendriks enjoyed the best season of his career, finishing with a record of 4-4 with an ERA of 1.80 in 75 games, including 2 starts. He also recorded 25 saves while striking out 124 batters in 85 innings. In 2020, Hendriks continued his dominance from 2019, finishing with a 3-1 record with an ERA of 1.78 in 24 games. He recorded 14 saves and 37 strikeouts in   innings. In the postseason, Hendriks was 1-0 with a 3.18 ERA against the Chicago White Sox in the 2020 ALWCS & Houston Astros in the 2020 ALDS.

Chicago White Sox
On 11 January 2021, Hendriks signed a three year, $54 million deal with the Chicago White Sox, with a club option for a fourth year. Hendriks was named the AL Reliever of the Month for May and September; he previously received the award twice while with Oakland.

Hendriks earned the save in the 2021 All-Star Game at Coors Field in Denver, won 5-2 by the American League. Entering the game in the bottom of the ninth inning, Hendriks gave up two hits and struck out one, allowing no runs, all while he was being mic'd up by Fox, who were broadcasting the game.

On 12 August 2021, Hendriks was the first winning pitcher in Iowa during the Field of Dreams game despite blowing a save opportunity when the White Sox were up 7-4 in the top of the ninth. With two outs, Hendriks allowed four runs by giving up a pair of two-run home runs to New York Yankees batters Aaron Judge and Giancarlo Stanton to give the Yankees an 8-7 lead. Fortunately for Hendriks, he was still able to get the win due to  Tim Anderson hitting a two-run, walk-off home run to give the White Sox a 9-8 win. Overall in 2021, Hendriks appeared in 69 games while recording an American League-leading 38 saves and having a record of 8-3. He also had an ERA of 2.54 in 71 innings and led all MLB relievers in strikeouts with 113. Hendriks won the Mariano Rivera AL Reliever of the Year Award for the second year in a row, becoming the second White Sox pitcher in history to win Reliever of the Year, joining Bobby Thigpen.

In 2022, Hendriks struggled to start the season. In the first game of the season against the Tigers with the White Sox up 4–3, Hendriks allowed a game-tying homerun to Eric Haase with one out in the bottom of the ninth, giving him a blown save. Hendriks then gave up a walk-off RBI single with two outs to Javier Baez, thus incurring the loss. Hendriks had an ERA of 5.40 in the month of April, but was able to turn it around as the season went on. But on 14 June, Hendriks would be placed on the IL with a right forearm strain. Hendriks came back on the Fourth of July and pitched his first game since 10 June on the same day against the Minnesota Twins, where he pitched in the eighth inning and struck out the side in 14 pitches. Hendriks made his third All-Star game appearance that season. He pitched a third of the eighth inning, inducing Atlanta Braves catcher Travis d'Arnaud to pop out to Seattle Mariners rookie center fielder Julio Rodríguez. Hendriks was also mic'd up by Fox, who were broadcasting the game, and was yelling at Rodríguez to throw the ball back to him, even with Rodríguez pretending to throw the ball to a fan in the stands before throwing the ball back to Hendriks. Overall, Hendriks had a 4–4 record in 58 games with an ERA of 2.81 in 57.2 innings while striking out 85 batters and made 37 saves.

Hendriks started the 2023 season on the Injured List while recovering from cancer treatment. He made his 2023 debut on 29 May 2023, in the eighth inning against the Angels and proceeded to give up two runs. Hendriks managed to make five game appearances before being added to the Injured List for elbow inflammation on 11 June. During that five game stint he compiled a 5.40 ERA, two wins, and one save. On 2 August, it was announced that Hendriks had undergone Tommy John surgery and would miss the remainder of the season.

International career

Claxton Shield
Hendriks pitched for the Perth Heat in the 2008 Claxton Shield and went 3–0 with a 1.90 ERA and 25 strikeouts, a competition high. He was named the Rookie of the Year for that season.

Australian Baseball League
Liam returned for the Heat in the inaugural season of the Australian Baseball League. After starting the season posting seven scoreless innings over three outings, Hendriks endured a rough second half, ending up 1-4 with a 6.49 ERA in eight total games. He is yet to return to his native league through the 2020-21 season.

World Baseball Classic
Hendriks underwent back surgery that prevented him from playing in the minors in the 2008 season, but made the 2009 World Baseball Classic roster, the youngest Australian player in the Classic.

On 9 February 2017, he was selected for the 2017 World Baseball Classic, but opted not to participate in the first round, where Australia were eventually knocked out.

Personal life
Hendriks married his wife Kristi in 2013. Through his wife, Hendriks became a Montreal Canadiens fan, saying in an interview with NHL Network in 2020 that he's "watched every game" and has "embraced the Habs lifestyle". He also supports North Melbourne Football Club.

On 8 January 2023, Hendriks announced that he had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and was beginning treatment. On 5 April, Hendriks announced on his Instagram that he has finished chemotherapy. On 20 April 2023, he announced that he is cancer free.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball players from Australia

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
Australian expatriate baseball players in Canada
Australian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Australian people of Dutch descent
Baseball people from Western Australia
Beloit Snappers players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Gulf Coast Twins players
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Major League Baseball players from Australia
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Liam Hendriks


Gopło  is a ribbon lake in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland, near the city of Gniezno. It gives its name to the protected area called Gopło Landscape Park.

In early Middle Ages, the shores of Lake Gopło were home to a Lechitic tribe known as the Goplans. At the northern end of the lake stands the "Mice Tower" of Kruszwica. Its name derives from a legend of the corrupt Prince Popiel, who fled to the tower from his rebelling population, and was devoured there by mice. Some historians and archaeologists consider the area the heart of the first state of the Polans, the "founding" tribe of Poland.

Notes

References
 Lozny, Ludomir (2004), "The Transition to Statehood in Central Europe", in Grinin, Leonid E, et al. (eds.), The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues, Saratov: Uchitel Publishing House, , pp. 278–87

Lakes of Poland
Lakes of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Gopło


Gildo Insfrán (born 19 January 1951) is an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician, who has been Governor of Formosa Province since 1995.

Having been close to former President Carlos Menem, Insfrán later became close to President Néstor Kirchner, who defeated Menem in 2003 and was the leader of the Justicialist Party.

Insfrán has been the target of accusations of corruption and embezzlement, and has been severely criticized for his long tenure. He arranged to have Formosa's provincial constitution revised to allow him to be reelected indefinitely, and has thus been described as having "stuck a knife into the provincial Constitution". In August 2012, journalist Jorge Lanata investigated the history of Insfrán's governorship and aired an exposé on his television program in which he depicted the province as a feudal fiefdom that is rife with corruption. His tenures as governor have been regarded favorably by inhabitants of Formosa.

Early life and education
Insfrán comes from family of Paraguayan immigrants and is the youngest among his siblings. His father, who had fought in the Chaco War, passed away when Gildo was young, and his brother Miguel took on the responsibility of managing the family's finances.

Thanks to Miguel's support, Gildo was able to pursue his university education in the province of Corrientes, where he successfully completed his studies and earned a degree in veterinary science at the National University of the Northeast.
where he successfully completed his studies and became a veterinarian. It was during his time in college that he first became involved in politics.

Early career
During his time at university in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Insfrán began his political activism in the Revolutionary Communist Party (PCR), a minority Maoist party. However, before completing his studies, he had already joined the recently legalized Justicialist Party (PJ). Prior to formally engaging in institutional political activities, he practiced as a veterinarian.

His political career began in 1978, after sending a letter in February requesting employment from General Juan Carlos Colombo, the former governor of Formosa during the last military dictatorship. As a result, Gildo Insfrán assumed a position in the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the province on May 5, 1978, until December 10, 1983, when he resigned to run in the legislative elections with the return of democracy.

In the provincial elections of 1983, he ran as a candidate for provincial deputy in the Formosa legislature on the Justicialista Party ticket, occupying the fifth position on the list. The Justicialista Party emerged victorious with 42.83% of the votes, and Insfrán was elected as a deputy. Due to the staggered system used in the election of provincial legislators, Insfrán would only serve half of a constitutional legislative term until the partial renewal in 1985. In those elections, Insfrán sought re-election and his list achieved a very narrow victory against the opposition Radical Civic Union, with 44.95% against 44.06%. Nonetheless, he was easily reelected to a full term until 1989.

Governor
In 1995, he formed his own party affiliated with the Justicialista Party and ran for governor of the province. It is said that Vicente Joga and Gildo Insfrán had made a pact to alternate in the positions of governor and vice governor. Insfrán was elected governor for a four-year term thanks to the "Ley de Lemas" (Law of Party Slates), which had been established in 1987.

From the beginning of his government, Insfrán focused on the construction of public infrastructure, such as the "blue roofs" throughout the province, which were implemented in schools, colleges, hospitals, police stations, and other government offices.

The governor expressed his desire to compete in the upcoming elections for re-election, which caused a rupture in the friendly relationship he had with Joga, who also wanted to run for governor. This disagreement led to a confrontation between the two congressmen. In late November 1998, the provincial court allowed Insfrán to run for governor again. This decision was made after Joga and the Radical Civic Union presented a declaratory action to the court to disqualify Insfrán as a gubernatorial candidate. Joga requested that the court interpret Article 129 of the provincial constitution, which states that a formula for the governorship of Formosa can only be reelected once.

At the beginning of 1999, provincial deputy Armando Cabrera accused Carlos Gerardo González, a judge of the Superior Court of Justice of Formosa, after tensions erupted within the Justicialista Party during the first week of March when Insfrán's collaborators accused González of stealing the judicial record.

On March 3, penal judge Ceferino Arroquigaray ordered the arrest of Judge Carlos González and the search of his offices to seize the record. González was arrested in the morning near his house while driving his car, which was intercepted by the police and taken to the central fire station in Formosa. This incident was considered an "institutional scandal" since a judge can only be arrested if he is previously removed through impeachment or caught in the act of committing a crime.

Approximately one month before the September 26 elections, a brawl broke out between those supporting Insfrán and those supporting Joga within the Formosa Legislature. As a result, Governor Insfrán closed the Legislature, which also helped him avoid a possible impeachment trial that would have ruined his chances of being a candidate. The hostility was so intense that Carlos Menem and Eduardo Duhalde — who represented a model for Insfrán and Joga, respectively kept away from the political campaign.

To achieve re-election, Insfrán promoted the reform of an article of the provincial constitution. During his second term, he called for a Constitutional Convention that amended the article, allowing for indefinite re-election.

In the 2003 elections, he won with 67.1% of the votes. In May 2003, then-President Néstor Kirchner arrived in the province and signed the Act of Historical Reparation together with Insfrán. Through this act, the Presidency of the Nation committed to settling old debts with Formosa, especially in terms of infrastructure. This led to the paving of National Route No. 81 "Padre Pacífico Scozzina," which connects the provincial capital with the neighboring province of Salta, among other projects.

During his administration, a water treatment plant was inaugurated, increasing irrigation capacity for the towns of El Potrillo and El Favorito community in Tronquito 1. Furthermore, all indigenous and creole populations in that part of the Bermejo department, as well as those in Ramón, were connected to the integrated provincial electricity service, ensuring they have 24-hour access to electricity.

In the 2007 elections, he was reelected again with 75% of the votes. On December 12, at 10:46 am, Insfrán was sworn in as governor for the next four years. During his new term, two new hospitals were built in the interior of Formosa, including the one in Laguna Blanca (15 kilometers from the Paraguayan border and over 200 kilometers from the capital of Formosa) and the Hospital El Espinillo.

On June 30, 2011, Gildo Insfrán changed the Law of Party Slates. The project to eliminate the sub-ticket system only for the Governor category was presented by deputy Alberto Sánchez in the Legislature, arguing that this change responded "to the society's request to clarify the electoral system." However, candidates competing against Insfrán claimed that the reform of the Law of Party Slates, far from favoring pluralism, facilitated Governor Gildo Insfrán's re-election because he didn't want to risk losing the provincial elections to the rival Frente Amplio party. Ricardo Buryaile stated, "The government was clearly weakened: it reformed the law of party slates because it was losing the elections." Despite protests from opposition members, the project was approved by the majority of the ruling party in just half an hour.

On October 23, Insfrán triumphed for the fifth consecutive time in the general elections with 76% of the votes. Some media outlets in the province reported a series of incidents in the area of Ingeniero Juárez before the elections. The news portal Opinión Ciudadana reported that José Palma's van, an associate of Francisco Nazar, the Catholic priest who competed against Insfrán for the governorship, was set on fire.

On Thursday night, three days before the elections, the candidate for mayor José Luis Maldonado from the Frente Amplio party and a companion of Nazar, was attacked with a knife by a political operative. On Saturday the 15th, Pablo Egues, the authority of the Wichí Esperanza Community, died due to the extortion he suffered in his final days by Mayor Cristino Mendoza, who broke into his home accompanied by a group of thugs to force Egues to hand over the ID cards of the people in his indigenous community for use in the elections. Egues resisted, and the violence escalated to the point where the mayor's lawyer destroyed Egues' house with his car. This tragic event was condemned by the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights.

However, it was also reported that the members of the Wichí Barrio Viejo community were detained and forced to vote. In parallel, the AMRA-Foro Médico Ciudadano de Formosa, accredited to participate in the elections as one of the observers, released a report revealing that a total of 10,000 Paraguayans (including a Paraguayan government official) crossed into Formosa's territory to vote in the elections, using only two border crossings, without including the Friendship Bridge, where pedestrians enter without any controls. People close to Insfrán's circle claimed that the elections were conducted normally and that 67.3% of the electoral roll participated.

Gildo Insfrán assumed office on December 11 for the 2011-2015 term.

In the elections on October 25, 2015, Insfrán emerged as the winner with 73.3% of the votes, thus beginning his sixth consecutive term.

In the 2017 primary elections (PASO), it was announced that the electoral justice would use a system to register the fingerprints of voters in the province to prevent electoral fraud, due to reports of Paraguayan nationals crossing the border into Argentina to vote in Formosa.

Insfrán was re-elected in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023.

Boudougate

On March 30, 2015, Carlos Rívolo, federal prosecutor in the Ciccone Case, also known as Boudougate, asked Judge Sebastian Casanello to investigate the participation of Insfrán as well as various other persons, including Vice President Amado Boudou, in a maneuver related to the restructuring of the public debt of the province of Formosa with the help of a shell company called The Old Fund.

Allegations of corruption
Insfrán has been called head of a "mafia clan." A 2014 article was headlined: "Who is Gildo Insfrán? - biography of a corrupt man" stated: "Since the return of democracy, only one man in the entire country has managed to stay at the highest pinnacle of power: Gildo Insfrán." During his years in power, many of his associates have risen from poverty to great wealth, according to charges made by one lawyer, Juan Eduardo Davis. "Corruption is manifested in the executive branch, in the municipalities, in the police. It is rare to find [government employees in the province] who have not used their positions to enrich themselves."

The province of Formosa under Insfrán has been described as a feudal state in which "his men" run every municipality; it has been compared to the province of Tucumán under José Alperovich. In this poorest province in Argentina, according to one source, those who have grown rich through government connections "shamelessly flaunt their wealth." The investigative reporter Jorge Lanata traveled to Pozo del Tigre, Formosa, in 2014 and reported that "those who do not support the mayor of the town have no access to water."

In April 2011, national deputy Adrián Pérez visited Formosa and said that in the province there was no separation of powers, no administrative transparency, no citizen control, no independent judiciary, no press freedom, and massive corruption. Instead of being treated like citizens with rights and obligations, he said, people in Formosa are part of a "scheme of submission" whereby the government politically and financially exploits poverty.

"The intimate relationship of justice to political power is shameless," said Juan Eduardo Davis. In the province, "neither the largest newspapers nor the television report serious events" that reflect negatively on the government because they are dependent on government advertising.

A 2012 report stated that infant mortality in the province was 18 per thousand, that 20% of households had no refrigerators, 16% cooked with firewood or charcoal, and 74% had no computer. Merit Antonio Ferreyra, Insfrán's chief of staff, "owns the entire state and private health system," including all of the ambulances in the province. The infant mortality rate in Formosa is the highest in Argentina. Two-thirds of the employed individuals in Formosa work for the state. Forty-one percent of households have no running water; 31% lack electricity.

Drug trafficking
Insfrán has been accused of turning the province of Formosa into "a privileged sanctuary for drug traffickers" bringing cocaine into Argentina. The province has the highest density of narcotics per square meter in Argentina. Under his authority, the province has allegedly experienced a "total lack of control on drug trafficking," which, according to Davis, has been a major source of revenue for the province. Police and security forces have been accused of colluding with traffickers by guarding airstrips at which planes carrying drugs have landed and been unloaded. Hugo Palma, a politician in Estanislao del Campo, Formosa, had an airstrip on his property where 700 kilos of cocaine were seized from drug traffickers.

Treatment of indigenous people
Among indigenous people in Argentina, Formosa is seen as place of "repression and constant harassment." An Amnesty International report on the indigenous people of Formosa outlined "the systematic violation of human rights, the dispossession of ancestral lands, structural poverty and political-state apparatus that marginalizes and coerces indigenous peoples." The general perception is reportedly that under Insfrán's authority, the life or death of an indigenous person is not equivalent to the life or death of a white person.

Kirchner connection
Once a Menem supporter, Insfrán became a "K" politician early on; he was "the first governor to support Néstor Kirchner." As a Kirchnerist, as one source put it, "he has institutionalized due obedience." It has been said that "Kirchner is Insfrán, Insfrán is Kirchner." "Behind the progressive discourse," national deputy Adrián Pérez has said, "Kirchner exercises his royal power" through such "authoritarian and conservative" figures as Insfrán. President Cristina Fernández, like her husband before her, is close to Insfrán and has showered him with "lavish government funds."

Insfrán, for his part, named a major street in the city of Formosa Avenida Doctor Néstor Carlos Kirchner.

Personal life
Insfrán has two daughters with Teresa Baldus, Sofia and Gianninna. The couple also had a son, Gildo Miguel Insfrán, who committed suicide on August 5, 2003, at the age of seventeen. He shot himself in the right temple with a 9mm pistol. The motive for the suicide has never been publicly clarified.

References

External links
  'Insfrán marchaba hacia la victoria en Formosa', Río Negro, 2003-10-20
  Formosa Province

1951 births
Living people
People from Formosa Province
Argentine people of Paraguayan descent
National University of the Northeast alumni
Male veterinarians
Justicialist Party politicians
Governors of Formosa Province
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Formosa
Argentine veterinarians

Gildo Insfrán


The Perkow reaction is an organic reaction in which a trialkyl phosphite ester reacts with a haloketone to form a dialkyl vinyl phosphate and an alkyl halide.

In the related Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction the same reactants are known to form a beta-keto phosphonate which is an important reagent in the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction on the road to alkenes. The Perkow reaction, in this respect is considered a side-reaction.

Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Perkow reaction consists of a nucleophilic addition of the phosphite at the carbonyl carbon forming a zwitterionic intermediate. The zwitterionic intermediate rearranges to a cationic species while eliminating the halide. The cationic species then dealkylates through a second nucleophilic displacement in which the halide anion attacks one of the phosphite alkoxide substituents forming an enol phosphate.

Scope
The Perkow reaction has been applied in the synthesis of an insect repellent based on hexachloroacetone and triethylphosphite which is able to engage in a secondary [4+3] cycloaddition with furan through the action of the base sodium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide. The authors report mediocre yields.

The Perkow reaction is also used in the synthesis of novel quinolines. When the substituent is n-butyl the reaction product is the classical Perkow adduct. In this reaction the leaving group is an electron deficient acyl group (owing to the presence of three fluorine groups). When the substituent on the other hand is phenyl (not shown) the phosphite has a preference for reaction with the acyl group leading to an ethyl enol ether. Key in explaining the difference in reactivity is the electron density on the α-keto carbon atom.

Aryl enol phosphates formed in good yields (ca. 90%) in the Perkow reaction can be used as phosphorylating reagents, e.g. able to transform AMP into ATP.

References

  Perkow, W. Chemische Berichte 1954, 87, 755–758
  Hexachloroacetone as a Precursor for a Tetrachloro-substituted Oxyallyl Intermediate: [4+3] Cycloaddition to Cyclic 1,3-Dienes Baldur Föhlisch and Stefan Reiner Molecules 2004, 9, 1–10 Online Article
  New Modification of the Perkow Reaction: Halocarboxylate Anions as Leaving Groups in 3-Acyloxyquinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione Compounds Oldrich Paleta, Karel Pomeisl, Stanislav Kafka, Antonin Klasek, Vladislav Kubelka Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2005 Online Article
  T. Moriguchi, K. Okada, K. Seio, and M. Sekine. "Synthesis and Stability of 1-Phenylethenyl Phosphate Derivatives and their Phosphoryl Transfer Activity", Letters in Organic Chemistry, 1 (2):140–144, 2004

Substitution reactions
Name reactions

Perkow reaction


Todd Wilson is an American organist and teacher based in Ohio.

Early life and education
Born in Ohio, Wilson was a choirboy at Trinity Church in Toledo.

He studied organ with Wayne Fisher at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music, where he obtained Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees. He then studied with Russell Saunders at the Eastman School of Music. While at graduate school, he was organist and choirmaster at Calvary Episcopal Church in Cincinnati, and from 1978 to 1979 he was an assistant organist at Canterbury Cathedral in England.

Career
After returning to the United States, Wilson served as organist of Collingwood Presbyterian Church in Toledo for a year before moving to the Cathedral of the Incarnation in Garden City, Long Island, New York. He was then director of music and organist at the Church of the Covenant in Cleveland, Ohio, for 19 years before becoming organist and artist-in-residence at Trinity Cathedral, Cleveland, in 2019.

Alongside his church and cathedral roles, Wilson has been active throughout his career as a teacher of organ music. From 1989 to 1993 he was head of the organ department at Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music in Berea, Ohio, and he is currently head of the music department at Cleveland Institute of Music. He is also house organist at Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens in Akron, curator of the pipe organ at Severance Hall, and organ curator of the Cleveland Orchestra.

Wilson regularly gives concerts and masterclasses around the world. He has performed with many notable orchestras, including the Cleveland Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, performing in Tokyo, Vienna, Slovakia and extensively throughout the United States.

Wilson has won several competitions, such as the Grand Prix de Chartres and the Fort Wayne Competition, and has also sat on the jury for other competitions, including the St Albans International Organ Festival.

Family
Wilson has been married twice and has two children from each marriage. His first wife, Anne, is also an organist and has performed in concert with him.

Recordings
 Live from Severance Hall — Michael Sachs, trumpet and Todd Wilson, organ.  Music for trumpet and organ, recorded live in April 2005.
 On a Sunday Afternoon, Vol. 5 (JAV 149) — Music by American composers, recorded live at Washington National Cathedral, featuring music by Sousa, Persichetti, Bolcom, Sowerby, Craig Phillips and others.
 Music of Charles Tournemire — Disques du Solstice (SOCD 148) - Recorded at Chartres Cathedral, Wilson plays two suites from "L' Orgue Mystique" and other pieces; Phillipe Lefebvre plays the Five Improvisations.
 Music for Cello and Organ (JAV 140) — Todd Wilson and daughter, Rachel Wilson, cellist, play works by Elgar, Dupré, Messiaen, Saint-Saëns, Schumann and Lemare.  Recorded at St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Evanston, Illinois.
 A Joyous Celebration! — Featuring a wide variety of Christmas music, this is the inaugural recording (2001) on the newly restored E. M. Skinner organ in Cleveland's Severance Hall.
 George Thalben-Ball & Friends (JAV 127) — The complete works of George Thalben-Ball with other music by Hollins, Walford Davies, Yon, Festing, Schubert, and Weitz.   Recorded at the Cathedral of Our Lady Queen of the Most Holy Rosary, Toledo, Ohio.
 Frank Bridge and Friends (JAV 120) — The complete organ works of Frank Bridge with music by Bairstow, Britten, Ireland, Lang, Walton and Whitlock.  Recorded at St. Margaret's Episcopal Church, Palm Desert, California.
 Double Forte (Delos DE 3175) — With David Higgs in music for two organists.  Mozart, Saint-Saëns, Wagner, Hampton, J.C. Bach. Recorded at National City Christian Church, Washington, D.C.
 In a Quiet Cathedral (Delos DE 3145; 2-disc set) — Music of Bach, Brahms, Schumann, Vaughan Williams, Mozart, Langlais, Bridge, Sowerby, Benoit, Purvis, Tartini, Harris, Mendelssohn, Widor, Callahan, Strayhorn, Dupré, Shearing, Frescobaldi, Vierne, Rachmaninoff, Barber, Hilse.  Recorded at Cathedral of St. Philip, Atlanta, Ga.
 The Naples Philharmonic (Summit DCD 145) - With David Hickman, Trumpet Conducted by Timothy Russell Dello Joio Antiphonal Fantasy, Planel Concerto for Trumpet; Persichetti The Hollow Men; Ives Variations on "America."  Recorded at Philharmonic Center for the Arts, Naples, FL.
 Todd Wilson Plays Great French Virtuosic Organ Music (Delos DE 3123) — Jongen Sonata Eroica, Langlais Thème et Variations from "Hommage à Frescobaldi, Dupré Cortège et Litanie, Bonnet Variations de Concert, Demessieux Three Chorale Preludes, Widor Symphonie Romane. Recorded at the University of Alabama Concert Hall.
 Maurice Duruflé Organ Music (Complete) (Delos D/CD 3047) — Recorded at Church of St. Thomas Aquinas, Dallas, Texas.
 American Music from The Church of the Covenant — Choral and Organ Works by 14 American composers.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American classical organists
American male organists
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
Cleveland Institute of Music faculty
21st-century organists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
Male classical organists

Todd Wilson (organist)


This article contains a list of choir schools sorted alphabetically by country.

Australia
St Andrew's Cathedral School, Sydney
St Mary's Cathedral College, Sydney
Xavier High School, Albury, NSW
St John's Cathedral Choir School, Brisbane

Austria
Vienna Boys' Choir, Vienna

Canada
Royal St. George's College, Toronto
St. Michael's Choir School, Toronto

Czech Republic
Boni Pueri, the Czech Boys Choir, Hradec Králové

Denmark
Copenhagen Boys Choir

Germany
Kreuzschule, Dresden
Thomasschule zu Leipzig, Leipzig
Gymnasium der Regensburger Domspatzen, Regensburg

Latvia
Riga Cathedral Choir School

New Zealand
 The Cathedral Grammar School
 Sacred Heart Cathedral School, Thorndon

South Africa
 Drakensberg Boys' Choir School

United Kingdom
 Bristol Cathedral Choir School
 The Cathedral School, Llandaff, Cardiff (Church in Wales)
 Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford
 Exeter Cathedral School
 Hereford Cathedral School
 King's College School, Cambridge
 King's Ely
 The King's School, Gloucester
 The King's (The Cathedral) School, Peterborough
 The King's School, Rochester, Rochester
 The King's School, Worcester
 Lanesborough School, Guildford
 Lichfield Cathedral School
 Lincoln Minster School
 The London Oratory School
 Magdalen College School, Oxford
 The Minster School, Southwell
 The Minster School, York
 New College School, Oxford
 Norwich School (previously King Edward VI's Grammar School)
 The Pilgrims' School, Winchester
 Old Palace School, Croydon
 Truro School, Cornwall
 Polwhele House School, Cornwall
 Portsmouth Grammar School, Portsmouth
 The Prebendal School, Chichester
 St Edmund's School, Canterbury
 St. Edward's College, Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral
 St George's School, Windsor Castle
 St James' School, Grimsby
 St John's College School, Cambridge
 St John's College, Cardiff (RC)
 Reigate St Mary's School, Surrey
 St Mary's Music School, Edinburgh
 St Paul's Cathedral School, London
 Salisbury Cathedral School, Wiltshire
 Wells Cathedral School
 Westminster Abbey Choir School (CofE)
 Westminster Cathedral Choir School (RC)
 Whitgift School, Croydon
 Chorister School, Durham

United States
 Newark Boys Chorus school
 Pacific Boychoir Academy
 Saint Thomas Choir School
 St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)
 St. Paul's Choir School
 The American Boychoir School (closed in 2017)
 Charlotte Choir School (Formerly The Choir School at St. Peter's)
 The Madeleine Choir School
 Westminster Choir College

See also
Cathedral school

References

External links
Choir Schools Association – contains information on 44 schools attached to cathedrals, churches and college chapels around the UK.

Choir schools

List of choir schools


Cordner Nelson (August 6, 1918 in San Diego, California – October 26, 2009 in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California ) was an American publisher and writer. In 1948, after graduating from the College of the Pacific he was a co-founder of Track & Field News, along with his brother Bert. The upstart magazine's first headquarters were brother Bert's garage in San Bruno, California. The magazine covers the sport of track and field and other aspects of the umbrella of athletics. The monthly magazine has declared itself to be "The Bible of the Sport". Cordner served as the publisher of the magazine until 1969.

In 1985, he co-authored "The Milers", which covers the history of the mile and 1500 metres races from the 19th century until 1984.

Nelson was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1988.

References

External links

1918 births
2009 deaths
American magazine editors
American magazine founders
American male journalists
Sportswriters from California
Track and field athletes from California
Sport of athletics journalists
Track and field people from California
Writers from San Diego

Cordner Nelson


Patrice Tlhopane Motsepe (born 28 January 1962) is a South African mining billionaire businessman. Since 12 March 2021, he has been serving as the President of the Confederation of African Football. He is the founder and executive chairman of African Rainbow Minerals, which has interests in gold, ferrous metals, base metals, and platinum. He sits on several company boards, including being the non-executive chairman of Harmony Gold, the world's 12th largest gold mining company, and the deputy chairman of Sanlam. In 2012, Motsepe was named South Africa's richest man, topping the Sunday Times' annual Rich List with an estimated fortune of R20.07 billion ($1 billion).Almost a decade later in 2020, Motsepe was ranked as the 1,307th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes, with a reported fortune of US$3.1 billion.

In 2003, he became the owner of football club Mamelodi Sundowns.

In 2013, he joined The Giving Pledge, committing to give half of his wealth to charitable causes.

Early life and education
Patrice Motsepe was born to
Kgosi Augustine Motsepe, a chief of the Mmakau branch of the Tswana people, who had previously been a schoolteacher and who was later a small businessman as the owner of a Spaza shop which was popular with mine workers. It was from this shop that Motsepe learned basic business principles from his father, as well as first-hand exposure to mining.

He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Swaziland and a law degree from the University of the Witwatersrand. He specialised in mining and business law.

Career
In 1994, he became the first black partner in the law firm Bowman Gilfillan—the same year that Nelson Mandela was elected as the country's first black president. While the new government began promoting black empowerment and entrepreneurship; Motsepe founded Future Mining, which provided contract mining services that included the cleaning of gold dust from inside mine shafts for the Vaal Reefs Gold mine, and implemented a system of worker remuneration that combined a low base salary with a profit-sharing bonus.

Mining
In 1997, with gold prices at a low, he purchased marginal gold mines from AngloGold under favourable finance terms. AngloGold sold Motsepe six gold mine shafts for $7.7 million allowing him to repay the debt out of the future earnings of the company now known as African Rainbow Minerals.

This was repeated in a string of deals and Motsepe set up a firm to begin buying the operating mines that would become the source of his wealth. In 1999 he teamed up with two of his associates to form Greene and Partners Investments.

The Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) laws introduced after the 1994 elections have been instrumental in cementing Motsepe's position in the mining industry in South Africa. A business must have a minimum of 26% black ownership to be considered for a mining license.

Since 2004, Motsepe has been a non-executive director of Absa Group and Sanlam.

In 2002 when it was listed on the JSE Security Exchange, African Rainbow Minerals joined with Harmony Gold Mining Ltd. and the company's name changed to ARMgold. Motsepe is also the founder of African Rainbow Minerals Platinum (Proprietary) Limited and ARM Consortium Limited, which later equally split ownership with Anglo American Platinum Corp Ltd. From 2005, Motsepe was Chairman of Teal Exploration and Mining Incorporated. Motsepe is also chairman of Ubuntu-Botho Investments, Non-Executive chairman of Harmony Gold Mining Co Ltd. and deputy Chairman of Sanlam Ltd. Motsepe has been president of South Africa's Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Financial
In 2003, Motsepe created Ubuntu-Botho Investments (UBI) (and in 2019 he owned 55% of it). In 2004 UBI entered into a BEE deal with insurance and financial services company Sanlam. That deal ended in 2014 when the debt had been paid and UBI acquired 13.5%  of Sanlam but UBI has a 18.1% voting stake in Sanlam as its BEE partner. UBI then started African Rainbow Capital (ARC), a wholly owned subsidiary of UBI. ARC's joint chief executive is Johan van Zyl, former executive of Sanlam. ARC has holdings in more than 40 companies, including TymeBank, industrial group Afrimat, agricultural company BKB, telecommunications company Rain, luxury property estate Val de Vie, and a minority stake in Alexander Forbes, the pension fund administrator.

Sport
Motsepe is the owner of Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. a Premier soccer league club. In November 2019, Motsepe bought a 37% stake in the Blue Bulls Co. The other major shareholders are Remgro (37%) and Blue Bulls Rugby Union (26%).

In November 2020, Motsepe announced that he would become a candidate to become CAF's president. Quickly accused of being actively supported by FIFA - despite its duty of reserve and neutrality - and its President Gianni Infantino, who would seek to obtain the votes of Africa for future re-election, Motsepe was elected on 12 March 2021, after that all four other candidates had withdrawn their candidacies. His son Thlopie Motsepe took over as Mamelodi Sundowns new chairman after he became a new president of CAF.

Advocacy
In 2011, he was named the interim chairman of the Black Business Council, and is a founding member and former president of one of South Africa's most influential business advocacy and lobby group Business Unity SA (BUSA).

Recognition

Motsepe won South Africa's Best Entrepreneur Award in 2002.
In 2004, he was voted 39th among the South African Broadcasting Corporation's Great South Africans. In 2008, he was reported as the 503rd-richest person in the world, according to the Forbes 2019 list of The World's Billionaires, then ranked as the 962nd-wealthiest person in the world, and the third-wealthiest South African for 2019. In 2020, Motsepe was ranked as the 1,307th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes, with a reported fortune of US$2.1 billion.

Controversy

In January 2020, at a World Economic Forum dinner in Davos, Patrice Motsepe publicly told US President Donald Trump that "Africa loves him". Faced with the indignant reactions that this statement provoked throughout the African continent, the billionaire apologised, explaining "I do not have the right to speak on behalf of anybody except myself".

Personal life
Motsepe is married to Dr. Precious Moloi, a physician and fashion entrepreneur. They have three children. He is the brother of Tshepo Motsepe and Bridgette Radebe, and the brother-in-law of both President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister Jeff Radebe.

References

External links
 What a lot he's got in The Sowetan of 6–7 March 2008 (archived 10 March 2008)
 Patrice Motsepe's ups and downs (archived 13 March 2016)
 Biography in Black Entrepreneur Profile (archived 3 November 2006)
 African Rainbow Minerals website
 'Nationalise Motsepe's wealth' News24

1962 births
Living people
People from Ga-Rankuwa
South African Tswana people
South African billionaires
South African businesspeople
21st-century South African philanthropists
University of Eswatini alumni
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
Association football executives
Presidents of the Confederation of African Football

Patrice Motsepe