Pterostylis petrosa, commonly known as the Riverina rustyhood, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It has a rosette of leaves at its base and up to eight dark brown flowers with transparent "windows", long spreading tips on the lateral sepals and a thin, brown, insect-like labellum.

Description
Pterostylis petrosa, is a terrestrial,  perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. It has a rosette of between six and ten egg-shaped leaves at the base of the flowering spike, each leaf  long and  wide. The leaves are often withered by the time of flowering. Up to eight dark brown flowers with translucent panels and  long,  wide are borne on a flowering spike  tall. Each flower is carried on the end of a thin stalk  long. There are between two and four stem leaves with their bases wrapped around the flowering spike. The dorsal sepal and petals are joined to form a hood called the "galea" over the column with the dorsal sepal having a thread-like tip  long. The lateral sepals are turned downwards and are wider than the galea. They are shallowly dished, hairy on their outer edges and suddenly taper to a thread-like tip, . The labellum is brown, thin and insect-like,  long and about  wide with two long hairs on the "head" end and nine to twelve shorter hairs on each side of the "body". Flowering occurs from September to November.

Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis petrosa was first formally described in 1983 by David Jones and Mark Clements from a specimen collected near The Rock and the description was published in Muelleria. The specific epithet (petrosa) is a Latin word meaning "rocky" or "stony", referring to the habitat where this orchid grows, and to the type location.

Distribution and habitat
The Riverina rustyhood occurs in the Riverina area where it grows on a few stony hills in rock crevices and on ledges.

References

petrosa
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Plants described in 1983

Pterostylis petrosa


Lucius Valerius Flaccus (died between 73 and 69 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 100 BC and princeps senatus (leader of the senate) during the civil wars of the 80s. He is noted for his peace initiatives, which failed, and for sponsoring the Lex Valeria that created the dictatorship of Sulla.

Life and career
Flaccus belonged to the patrician gens Valeria, one of the most important gentes of the Republic. Flaccus' ancestors reached the consulship over five generations; his grandfather was consul in 152, his father was consul in 131 and also Flamen Martialis, the sacred priest of Mars. In addition, Flaccus had two homonymous cousins active during his lifetime: Gaius Valerius Flaccus, who became consul in 93, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus, consul in 86.

The earliest official capacity recorded for Lucius Flaccus is monetalis ("moneyer"), a common preliminary to the political career track for young men of senatorial rank. In 108 or 107 BC, Flaccus issued coinage depicting Victory and Mars. Flaccus was elected praetor sometime before 103 BC. In 100, he was the colleague of Gaius Marius for Marius' sixth consulship. He was so little at variance with Marius that his contemporary Rutilius Rufus, in his non-extant history, disparaged him as "more a servant than a colleague."

In 97, Flaccus was censor with the Marcus Antonius who was consul in 99 BC. The duties of the censors included revising the census, which not only registered citizens, but determined social rank (ordo). Although no figures have survived from this census, Italians were registered as citizens in great numbers, presumably to strengthen the political power of those likely to support the Marian faction. Flaccus and Antonius expelled Marcus Duronius from the senate because as tribune he had abrogated a sumptuary law passed by Publius Licinius Crassus. They also reappointed Marcus Aemilius Scaurus as princeps senatus. Flaccus himself was recognized as princeps perhaps as early as 92–91 BC, but certainly in the census of 86. Theodor Mommsen erroneously thought that Sulla had abolished the position and that Flaccus was the last princeps.

Flaccus served as interrex in 82, presiding over the centuriate assembly for the election of Sulla as dictator, who in turn made Flaccus his magister equitum ("Master of the Horse"), and remained so until 79 BC.

Religious office
Lucius Flaccus was flamen Martialis when he died, sometime after the cooptation of Julius Caesar to the pontifical college in 73 and before that of the Publius Sulpicius Galba who was praetor around 66. The year Flaccus acquired the priesthood is undetermined. The iconography of coinage he issued as monetalis in 108 or 107 BC includes a flamen's distinctive cap. His father also had served as the high priest of Mars, and the image may refer to this heritage; since sons often succeeded fathers in religious office, it is possible that the coin also marks the beginning of his own priesthood.

Role in civil war
Cicero lists Lucius Flaccus among those who preferred dealing with Cinna to destroying their country through civil strife. Neither Cinna nor Sulla could lay claim to complete constitutional legitimacy, but during the period 86 to 83 BC, no former consuls supported Sulla. As princeps senatus and the oldest living consularis, Flaccus took the lead in attempting negotiations with Sulla, anticipating his return to Italy with troops after his peace settlement with Mithridates VI of Pontus in the fall of 85 BC. By this time, Lucius's cousin (also named Lucius Valerius Flaccus), the suffect consul who had filled Marius's term in 86, had taken up his proconsular province of Asia; in early 85, he was killed in a mutiny led by the pro-Marian officer Fimbria. The murder is assumed to have influenced the feelings of the Valerii Flacci regarding the Cinnan-Marian faction.

In an address to the senate, Flaccus urged concordia ("harmonious order") and took the initiative by sending envoys to Sulla in Greece. In the meantime, Cinna and Carbo arranged to prolong their consulship for a second term in 84 by spinning Sulla's imminent return as a state of emergency, against which they also began to assemble troops. Flaccus and the "peace party" at Rome appear not to have mounted any opposition to this action. The Cinnans' fears were confirmed when Sulla made it clear to the senatorial envoys that he would not dismiss his army when he reached Italy. After the mutinous murder of Cinna, Carbo rejected peace negotiations. So did Sulla.

Flaccus was chosen in 82 BC by the senate – at the instigation of Sulla – as interrex, the official required for holding elections if for some reason the previous year's consuls were unable to do so. In this case, both consuls were dead: Carbo had by now been defeated in battle and executed by the young Pompeius Magnus. Sulla sent a letter to Flaccus and the senate in which he urged, given the chaotic state in which Rome found itself, that the appointment of a dictator would do more to restore order than the messy business of elections. Although the office of dictator had constitutional precedent, with frequent dictatores holding short-term military commands in the Early Republic, there had been no Roman dictator for 120 years, since the Hannibalic War. Sulla furthermore pressed to remove the term limit of six months from the office. As interrex, Flaccus took Sulla's hint; instead of nominating consules suffecti to fill the vacancies left by the deaths of Cinna and Carbo, he introduced a bill to the comitia appointing Sulla as dictator. The legislation was therefore known as the Lex Valeria by the gentilic name of its sponsor. At this time, Flaccus was also made magister equitum.

Flaccus is thought to have influenced his cousin Gaius Valerius Flaccus to support, or at least to accept the necessity of, Sulla's regime. Gaius was the brother of the Lucius Flaccus who was murdered in Asia in 85; he was governor of Gallia Transalpina and most likely Cisalpina in the mid-80s, and was also a recent and possibly still current governor of one or both of the Spanish provinces. He thus would have commanded the largest number of troops in the western empire outside of Italy. The concession of the Valerii Flacci was a significant factor in the establishment of the Sullan regime.

References

Selected bibliography
 Lovano, Michael. The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002. Limited preview online.
 Ryan, Francis X. Rank and Participation in the Roman Senate. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998.

2nd-century BC Romans
1st-century BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman consuls
Magistri equitum (Roman Republic)
Moneyers of ancient Rome
Ancient Roman censors
Ancient Roman patricians
Roman Republican praetors
Flaccus, Lucius consul 654 AUC
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain

Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 BC)


Denise Sofía Rosenthal Schalchli (born 8 November 1990), known professionally as Denise Rosenthal is a Chilean singer and songwriter.

Early life
Rosenthal was born in Santiago, Chile. She has two brothers, one sister, and is the youngest of four children. Her mother, Liselotte, is an industrial designer, and her father, Christian, works in ceramics. When Rosenthal was eight years old, her parents separated. She studied at Santiago College, a  bi-lingual private school in Providencia, Santiago, Chile. While attending school, Rosenthal stated she was bullied because her family was not wealthy. Rosenthal currently lives in Santiago.

Acting career
In 2006, Rosenthal began her television career as a member of the successful Canal 13 Chilean tween musical series, Amango, playing "Maria Fernanda Mc Gellar" better known as "Feña". The series premiered on  June 16, 2007, and ended on September 1, 2007. In Amango, Rosenthal participated also as one of the members of the telenovela's pop group of the same name. The band  successfully released three albums with the music used in the show.

The second season of Amango began filming at the end of 2007. It premiered on March 28, 2008, and ended in  June  2008. Rosenthal also filmed  Amango: The Tour in 2008. This documentary featured the cast members of "Amango" as they prepared and promoted the series while on a national tour throughout Chile. Following the success of her participation in Amango, Canal 13 commissioned a spin-off series called El Blog de la Feña. Rosenthal reprised her role as "Feña"; the program allowed viewers to vote for the next storyline using text message voting. It was released in June 2008 and received high ratings on Canal 13 in 2 timeslots.

In 2009, Rosenthal portrayed Martina Valdivieso Rey in Corazón Rebelde, the Chilean remake of the popular 2002 Argentine telenovela, Rebelde Way. Rosenthal also took part in the telenovela's spin-off band, CRZ: Corazón Rebelde. In 2010, she travelled to Buenos Aires, Argentina to study acting, dance and voice for six months. She returned to Santiago following the conclusion of her classes. Rosenthal made her film debut in the comedy-drama, El Limpiapiscinas in July 2011.

At the end of 2011, she began filming for two acting projects. The film, El Babysitter, was released in cinemas in Chile on January 24, 2013. In April 2012, Rosenthal made her theatre debut as Paz in the Chilean Broadway-style musical, Que Cante La Vida. Performances began on June 7, 2012, at Teatro Municipal de Las Condes in Santiago, Chile.

In April 2013, after taking a four-year break from television projects as a protagonist, Rosenthal announced that she had been cast as "Jessica Lorca", a character in the web page of Chilean television network MEGA's and  newest program, Chico reality. Filming for the television series began in Chile on April 22, 2013. The series is expected to air sometime in 2014.

At the end of 2011 and for part of the 2012, Rosenthal also participated in the teen television series, El Nuevo, for TVN in Chile. Although filmed in 2011, the television series, El Nuevo aired special preview on July 4, 2013, for TVN in Chile. The program began airing Monday through Friday on July 8, 2013, and finish on July 26, 2013, for TVN in Chile. Two ages after, Rosenthal acting in the telenovela of TVN, Matriarcas in the role of Sandra Bravo Peñaloza. In January 2016, Rosenthal made her theatre as Princesa Jazz in the Mall Plaza's Chilean musical Aladino, el musical, based on the Disney's movie Aladdín.

Music career

Early career and telenovela soundtracks (2008-2010)
Rosenthal showed an interest in music at a young age. She recorded her first CD consisting of four songs called Renacer in 2006, but it was never released to the public. Rosenthal participated in the Amango and Amango 2 soundtracks in 2007 and 2008, as well as a Christmas album called Amango: Villancicos. In June 2008, Rosenthal released her first solo single, "No Quiero Escuchar Tu Voz", as part of the promotion for her TV series El Blog de la Feña; the song reached number 8 in Top 100 Chile.

At the end of 2010, following the completion of her role in the Chilean telenovela Corazón Rebelde and the band CRZ: Corazón Rebelde, Rosenthal  began working on her first solo album, featuring music of her own composition.

Solo career and debut album (2011-2015)
In May 2011, Rosenthal released her solo promotional single, "Men", a controversial cover version of Gladys Knight's 1991 single. In November of the same year, Rosenthal released her first single, "I Wanna Give My Heart". The lyrics were written by Rosenthal and composed by Neven Ilic. On May 18, 2012, Rosenthal's second official single, "Just Better Alone", was premiered online in Chile by La Tercera.cl.

In September 2012, Rosenthal released her third official single, "Dance" featuring the Chilean hip-hop group Crossfire. The single was written by Rosenthal. In March 2013, Rosenthal announced that her first album as a solo artist was expected to be released in Chile sometime in April. She revealed that the album is a mixture of urban, pop and R&B influences.

Rosenthal released her debut album, Fiesta, on November 6, 2013. Rosenthal released her album under the stage name "D-Niss". The album contains 11 "Spanglish" songs written or co-written by Rosenthal. Physical copies were available exclusively for FeriaMix Santagio in Chile. The album was released digitally on iTunes on November 8, 2013, for the United States and Chile. The album is available to stream for free on Rosenthal's official SoundCloud account. Rosenthal worked on the album for eight months in Santiago, Chile.

In May 2014, Rosenthal announced that the fifth single from her solo album would be "Revolution". She partially filmed a music video for the single in Santiago later that month. After she suffered a neck injury in minor car accident, production was delayed. After spending a few weeks to recover, Rosenthal completed production on the music video in July 2014. To promote the single, Rosenthal surprised fans by  performing at a metro station in Santiago with a flash mob of 30 dancers. The controversial music video for "Revolution" was released following an exclusive live acoustic concert, which streamed online for Movistar Chile, on August 18, 2014.

Second album Cambio de Piel (2015-present)
The album Cambio de Piel was released on December 6, 2017. "Cambio de Piel" was released as the album's lead-single on November 25, 2016. Its music video, was released on December 6, 2016. The second single, "Isidora" was released on September 1, 2017. Its music video, was released on August 31, 2017. It was directed by Claudia Huaiquimilla. The other songs released were "Cabello de Ángel" on January 25, 2018. A music video was released on the same day and shows the singer dancing in different places and singing in front of a blue background wearing a flower crown, "Lucha en Equilibrio" and "Encadená".

On February 14, 2019, Rosenthal performed "Soñar de a Dos", alongside Camilo Zicavo. Five months later, on July 13, 2019, she released a song called "Agua Segura", with Spanish Mala Rodríguez. She followed this with the singles "El Amor no Duele" on August 22, "Ni un fruto" on November 28, and "Tiene Sabor" on February 20, 2020. In February 2020, Denise won the Silver and Golden Seagull after their presentation in Viña del Mar International Song Festival.

Filmography

Television

Film

Theatre

Discography

Solo artist

Singles
As lead artist

As featured artist

Other charted songs

Soundtracks

With El Blog de la Feña

With Amango

With CRZ

References

External links

Denise Rosenthal official web site

1990 births
Living people
Chilean actresses
21st-century Chilean women singers
Musicians from Santiago
Chilean people of German-Jewish descent
Chilean Jews
Chilean LGBT rights activists
Chilean child singers

Denise Rosenthal


Gdyel (), former Saint-Cloud, is a town and commune in District Gdyel, Oran Province, Algeria, about 15 miles to the east of Oran. Under French rule, it was the centre of a wine-growing district and was called St. Cloud.

According to the 1998 census it has a population of 29 999.

When the Americans invaded Algeria in November 1942 (Operation Torch), the troops who landed at Beach Z, between  Arzew and St. Leu (now called Bethioua) were held up for two days by fierce fighting at St. Cloud. Eventually, the town was simply by-passed by Major-General Terry de La Mesa Allen, which surprised the defenders of Oran, who quickly surrendered.

References

Communes of Oran Province
Oran Province

Gdyel


An amphora (/ˈæmfərə/; Ancient Greek: ἀμφορεύς) was the unit of measurement of volume in the Greco-Roman era. The term amphora comes from ancient Greece where people used a tall jar looking container with two opposed handles near the top mostly made of ceramic. Amphora literally means "two handled".

An amphora is equal to 48 sextarii, which is about 34 litres or 9 gallons in the US customary units and 7.494 gallons in the imperial system of units.

The Roman amphora quadrantal (~25.9 litres), was one cubic-pes, holding 80 libra of wine, and was used to measure liquids, bulk goods, the cargo capacity of ships, and the production of vineyards. Along with other standardized Roman measures and currency) gave an added advantage to Roman commerce. The related amphora capitolina standard, was kept in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.

A typical Greek amphora, based on a cubic-pous, was ~38.3 litres, The Greek talent, an ancient unit of weight was roughly the mass of the amount of water that would fill an amphora.

The French amphora, also called the minot de Paris, is 1/8 muid or one cubic pied du roi and therefore ~34 litres.

References

Units of volume
Ancient Greek units of measurement
Ancient Roman units of measurement

External links
 Systems of Measurement

Amphora (unit)


The Golden Gimmick refers to a foreign tax credit deal enacted in November 1950 by the U.S. Government under President Harry Truman between King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia and the Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO), a consortium comprising Standard Oil of California (Chevron), Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), Standard Oil of New York (Mobil) and Texaco. King Ibn Saud was being influenced by Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso of Venezuela who cut a similar 50/50 deal with New Jersey Standard Oil and Royal Dutch Shell. This 50/50 deal accorded the American oil companies a tax break equivalent to 50% of their profits on oil sales, with the other 50% to be diverted to King Ibn Saud via the US Treasury. The King agreed to this 50/50 splitting of Aramco's oil profits instead of nationalizing Aramco's oil facilities on Saudi soil. Venezuela eventually led the effort in forming OPEC and Saudi Arabia gained full control of Aramco by 1980.

References

See also
 Corporate welfare
 Saudi Aramco

Petroleum economics
1950 in Saudi Arabia
1950 in the United States
Saudi Arabia–United States relations
Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Golden gimmick


Étienne-Jules Marey (; 5 March 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 15 May 1904, Paris) was a French scientist, physiologist and chronophotographer.

His work was significant in the development of cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of laboratory photography. He is widely considered to be a pioneer of photography and an influential pioneer of the history of cinema. He was also a pioneer in establishing a variety of graphical techniques for the display and interpretation of quantitative data from physiological measurement.

Biography

Marey started by studying blood circulation in the human body. Then he shifted to analyzing heart beats, respiration, muscles (myography), and movement of the body. To aid his studies he developed many instruments for precise measurements. For example, in 1859, in collaboration with the physiologist Auguste Chauveau and the watch manufacturer Breguet, he developed a wearable Sphygmograph to measure the pulse. This sphygmograph was an improvement on an earlier and more cumbersome design by the German physiologist Karl von Vierordt.  In 1869 Marey constructed a very delicate artificial insect to show how an insect flies and to demonstrate the figure-8 shape it produced during movement of its wings. He fixed a gold foil to an insect wing and shone light on it to study the flapping of the wing. He also used a soot covered glass-fibre introduced along the path of the insect wing to determine if it crossed with the wing in the upper stroke or lower stroke by examining the side on which the soot was cleared. Then he became fascinated by movements of air and started to study bigger flying animals, like birds. He adopted and further developed animated photography into a separate field of chronophotography in the 1880s. His revolutionary idea was to record several phases of movement on one photographic surface. In 1890 he published a substantial volume entitled Le Vol des Oiseaux (The Flight of Birds), richly illustrated with photographs, drawings, and diagrams. He also created stunningly precise sculptures of various flying birds.

Marey studied other animals too. He published La Machine animale in 1873 (translated as "Animal Mechanism"). The English photographer Eadweard Muybridge carried out his "Photographic Investigation" in Palo Alto, California, to prove  that Marey was right when he wrote that a galloping horse for a brief moment had all four hooves off the ground. Muybridge published his photos in 1879 and received some public attention.

Marey hoped to merge anatomy and physiology. To better understand his chronophotographic images, he compared them with images of the anatomy, skeleton, joints, and muscles of the same species. Marey produced a series of drawings showing a horse trotting and galloping, first in the flesh and then as a skeleton.

The presence and activity of Marey in Naples is well documented, in particular thanks to the documentation preserved in the historical archive of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. Marey began to travel to Naples presumably because of his relation with madame Vilbort, wife of Joseph Vilbort, the director of the French journal Le Globe. Madame Vilbort moved to Naples to cure her illness, thanks to the warm climate, and Marey followed her. Marey and madame Vilbort bought villa Maria in Posillipo in 1880. Marey accomplished in Naples part of his studies aimed at the realization of his pre-cinematographic tools and in the Dohrn zoological station studied the movement of fishes hosted in the aquarium's tanks.
In a letter dated 1 November 1876 Marey requested the Stazione Zoologica to provide live ray fishes for his studies.
Among the documentation that witnesses the collaboration of Marey with Anton Dohrn is the archive at the zoological station which preserves photos where the two appear together during an excursion and show Marey on board Dohrn's boat.
The usage of the chronophotographic gun, which Marey used to aim at birds, but without shooting, appeared unusual to local people who referred to Maray sometimes as the "silly from Posillipo" ("lo scemo di Posillipo").

Chronophotography
Marey's chronophotographic gun was made in 1882, this instrument was capable of taking 12 consecutive frames a second, with all the frames recorded on the same picture. Using these pictures he studied horses, birds, dogs, sheep, donkeys, elephants, fish, microscopic creatures, molluscs, insects, reptiles, etc. Some call it Marey's "animated zoo". Marey also conducted the famous study about cats always landing on their feet. He conducted very similar studies with a chicken and a dog and found that they could do almost the same. Marey also studied human locomotion. He published another book Le Mouvement in 1894.

Marey also made movies. They were at a high speed (60 images per second) and of excellent image quality. His research on how to capture and display moving images helped the emerging field of cinematography.

Towards the end of his life he returned to studying the movement of quite abstract forms, like a falling ball. His last great work was the observation and photography of smoke trails. This research was partially funded by Samuel Pierpont Langley under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, after the two met in Paris at the Exposition Universelle (1900).  In 1901 he was able to build a smoke machine with 58 smoke trails. It became one of the first aerodynamic wind tunnels.

Bibliography

 Physiologie médicale de la circulation du sang (1863) (Physiology of blood circulation.)
 Études physiologiques sur les caractères graphiques des battements du cœur (1865) (Physiological studies on the graphic characteristics of heartbeats.)
 Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie (Movement in the functions of life.)
 Experiments done in his private laboratory – La Revue scientifique (1866)
 Experiments done at Collège de France – Germer-Baillière (1868)
 Du vol des oiseaux (The flight of birds), La Revue scientifique 14, 21 August 11 September and 2 October 1869 (Text on line)
 La Machine animale. Locomotion terrestre et aérienne (The animal machine, terrestrial and aerial locomotion)(1873–1874)
 Physiologie expérimentale (Experimental physiology) (1875)
 Pression et vitesse du sang (Pressure and flow-rate of blood) (1876)
 Moteurs Animés. Expériences de physiologie graphique, (A Study in Motion) La Nature, N°278 – 28 September 1878 et N°279 – 5 October 1878
 La Méthode graphique dans les sciences expérimentales (1878) (Text on line)
 La Circulation du sang à l'état physiologique et dans les maladies (1881) (Text on line)
 Études pratiques sur la marche de l'homme. Expériences faites à la station physiologique du Parc des Princes., La Nature, N° 608 – 24 January 1885
 Le vol des oiseaux (1890) éd. G. Masson – Préface, La Revue scientifique, 19 October 1889
 Des appareils enregistreurs de la vitesse, La Nature, N°878 – 29 March 1890 (Text on line)
 Le vol des insectes étudié par la chronophotographie. La Nature N°974 – 30 Janvier 1892 Text on line
 Mouvements de natation de la raie, La Nature, N°1029 – 18 February 1893 (Text en line)
 Le Mouvement Des Liquides Étudié Par La Chronophotographie La Nature, N°1040 – 6 mai 1893 (Text en line)
  avec Georges Demenÿ, Études de physiologie artistique faites au moyen de la chronophotographie (1893)
 Des mouvements que certains animaux exécutent pour retomber sur leurs pieds, lorsqu'ils sont précipités d'un lieu élevé, La Nature, N°1119 – 10 November 1894 (Text en line)
  Le Mouvement (1894)
  La Station physiologique de Paris, La Revue scientifique, 29 December 1894 (Text en line) et 6 January 1895 (Text en line)
  Analyse des mouvements du cheval par la chronophotographie, La Nature, N°1306 – 11 Juin 1898 Text en line

See also
 Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)
 Chronophotography
 Velocimetry

References

External links

The science of movement and the image of time: online exhibition by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris), with the Collège de France and Pr Marta Braun (Ryerson University), author of Picturing Time : The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (University of Chicago Press, 1992)
Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, Photographer of Fluids
Online exhibition of images, and movies, and animation
Etienne-Jules Marey: digital library, BIUM (Paris)
Photo, bibliography, and biography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

 La machine animale
"Bodies Against Time," an essay by Zoe Beloff in online magazine Triple Canopy.
Archival Materials on the European Film Gateway Portal
Le Vol des Oiseaux

1830 births
1904 deaths
19th-century French photographers
People from Beaune
Pioneers of photography
French physiologists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the Collège de France
19th-century French scientists
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

Étienne-Jules Marey


Corso Donati ( – 6 October 1308) was a politician and leader of the Black Guelph faction in 13th- and early 14th- century Florence.

Bologna and Pistoia
In the late thirteenth century, power in Florence and the other Tuscan cities was divided between the Podestà, an outsider who served as chief magistrate, and the guildmasters. Corso served as Podestà of Bologna in 1283 and 1288, and of Pistoia in 1289. In 1289, as captain of the people in Pistoia, he led a group of soldiers in a cavalry charge at the Battle of Campaldino, in which the Guelphs defeated the Ghibellines and cemented their control over Florence.

Leader of the Black Guelphs
In 1293, the merchants of Florence, led by Giano della Bella, prevented the nobility from taking the office of guildmaster. Corso led the noble faction which aligned with the working class against the merchants. In 1294 Corso was acquitted of killing a man in a fight; an angry mob came to della Bella seeking justice after the acquittal, but he sent them away whereupon they rioted and della Bella was exiled as having caused the riot. At that time, the Cerchi family, leaders of the merchant faction who had long feuded with the Donati, became allied with the White Guelphs while the Donati allied with the Black Guelphs, similar factions which had arisen in Pistoia. The leaders of both Guelph factions, including Corso, were exiled by the merchants in 1300, but the White Guelphs were soon allowed to return. Corso and the Black Guelphs petitioned Pope Boniface VIII for aid, and returned to Florence with Charles of Valois in November 1301, killing or exiling many White Guelphs. One of the exiled was the famous poet Dante Alighieri, who by marrying Gemma Donati had become a distant relative of Corso.

Plots against the Black Guelphs

Beginning in February 1303, Corso broke with the other Black Guelphs and joined the Cavalcanti, a family of White Guelphs, in calling for the examination of the finances of his former allies. This led to a new eruption of fighting in which forces from Lucca temporarily controlled Florence. Donati was one of twelve prominent Florentine citizens summoned by Pope Benedict XI in 1304 in an attempt to bring peace to the city; the White Guelphs and some Ghibellines were restored, although the Ghibellines were expelled again in 1306.

In 1308 Corso was accused of plotting to overthrow the Florentine commune and take power as lord of the city with the aid of his father-in-law Uguccione della Faggiuola, a Ghibelline, and was condemned as a rebel and a traitor; he died on October 6, 1308, while attempting to flee the city after having been besieged in his house by an angry mob.

In literature
He is discussed prominently in several contemporary histories: Niccolò Machiavelli's History of Florence, the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, and the Cronica delle cose occorrenti ne' tempi suoi of Dino Compagni.
Dante's Divine Comedy, which was written after Donati's death but set prior to it in 1300, includes a scene in which Corso's brother Forese indirectly describes Corso as "the one who bears the greatest blame" for the downfall of Florence and foresees him being dragged by a beast into hell. In the Divine Comedy, Corso's sister Piccarda is the first person Dante meets in Paradise. Corso Donati is also the subject of a play by nineteenth-century writer Carlo Marenco, who was inspired by Dante's works.

Buildings

Two buildings owned by and named after Corso, the torri Corso Donati or towers of Corso Donati, still stand in Piazza San Pier Maggiore in Florence.

References

Year of birth missing
1308 deaths
Characters in the Divine Comedy
Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
13th-century people from the Republic of Florence
14th-century people from the Republic of Florence
Corso

Corso Donati


Lenticular bedding is a sedimentary bedding pattern displaying alternating layers of mud and sand. Formed during periods of slack water, mud suspended in the water is deposited on top of small formations of sand once the water's velocity has reached zero. Lenticular bedding is classified by its large quantities of mud relative to sand, whereas a flaser bed consists mostly of sand. The sand formations within the bedding display a 'lens-like' shape, giving the pattern its respected name. They are commonly found in high-energy environments such as the intertidal and supratidal zones. Geologists use lenticular bedding to show evidence of tidal rhythm, tidal currents and tidal slack, in a particular environment.

References

Sedimentary structures

Lenticular bedding


Shadowland is a young adult novel written by author Meg Cabot and published by Avon Books in 2000. It is the first part of The Mediator series. Its alternative title is Love You To Death.

Plot summary
Sixteen-year-old Susannah 'Suze' Simon is a mediator, which means she can see and talk to ghosts. Suze spends a lot of time directing the usually unhappy dead to the afterlife. However, her job is not easy, as not all ghosts want to be guided. Every day, she is haunted by the fact that they will not leave her alone until she helps them resolve their unfinished business with the living.

Suze, whose father died when she was six, moves from New York to Carmel, California after her mom's second marriage to Andy Ackerman, a carpenter. She gets three stepbrothers, Jake, Brad, and David, whom she nicknames Sleepy (a senior), Dopey (a sophomore like Suze), and Doc (a seventh grader). However, when Suze arrives at her new home, she finds a handsome, archaic ghost named Jesse de Silva sitting on her window seat. Irritated, she tells Jesse to move on or find some other house to haunt, as now she is living there, but he refuses.

Suze hopes to start fresh in California, with trips to the beach instead of the cemetery and sunbathing instead of tending to lost souls. On her first day at the Junipero Serra Mission Academy, however, she is immediately faced with the angry ghost of Heather Chambers, the student whose place she took: Heather had committed suicide when her boyfriend Bryce Martinson broke up with her. Father Dominic, the school principal and a fellow mediator, is surprised to learn that Suze uses physical violence to subdue ghosts like Heather, and insists that she should use friendlier, more peaceful methods of mediation. Suze refuses, saying that she has done this job her whole life and is not going to change.

When Heather's old friends - including Bryce - begin to show interest in Suze, Heather claims Suze is taking over the life she had, and ignores all attempts to placate her. One night, after Heather attempts to kill Bryce, Suze sneaks out to the Mission to try and talk her into moving on, but Heather misconstrues her meaning, harbouring the false hope that she might get her life back. When Suze tries to explain that this is not the case, Heather enters a rage and tries to use her ghostly powers to kill Suze, who narrowly escapes with the help of Jesse.

The next day, Father Dom is unhappy with Suze's attempt to deal with Heather alone and the damage it has caused to the school grounds. She tries to explain that it was going to work, but that Heather's strength has reached unexpected levels. Several days later, Heather attempts to kill Bryce again, and is barely stopped by Father Dominic; both men are injured in the process. Furious, Suze returns to school that evening - ignoring Jesse's warnings - and performs a voodoo exorcism, successfully sending Heather to the afterlife. However, as she is exorcised, Heather causes the school breezeway to collapse on Suze, who is knocked unconscious and barely saved by Sleepy and Doc.

The next day, Suze learns that she has been elected vice-president of the sophomore class, replacing Heather. Although Father Dom is glad that the ghost is gone, he remains unimpressed with Suze's mediation techniques. He also informs her that Bryce has transferred to another high school, much to her dismay, but reminds her that it is for his safety. In her spare time, Suze researches Jesse's past, and, with Doc's help, she discovers that Jesse died 150 years ago under mysterious circumstances on his way to marry his cousin Maria. Suze later talks to Jesse, and while they set out some ground rules regarding his presence, she remains confused about her feelings towards him.

External links
Meg Cabot's Official Website
Meg Cabot Book Club

2000 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels by Meg Cabot
Novels set in California
Works published under a pseudonym
Avon (publisher) books

Shadowland (Cabot novel)


Bogenšperk Castle (; , ) is a 16th-century castle located in the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji in central Slovenia. It is best known for its association with the 17th-century scientist and natural historian Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, a fellow of the Royal Society in London.

Architecture
Standing on a low hill at an elevation of 412 m, the Renaissance castle is fully restored, and is listed as an important cultural monument of Slovenia. The three-story building consists of four tracts from several time periods, connecting four towers and surrounding an arcaded inner courtyard. The oldest part of the castle is the north tower, which originally stood as a standalone fortification. A wooden bridge was later added, linking it to the south-east tower, which originally served a defensive purpose and was once much higher than the rest of the building; however, since a 1759 fire caused by a lightning-strike heavily damaged the castle, the tower was never rebuilt to its original level. The castle stands on bedrock; one of its attractions is a deep well carved directly into the rock.

History

In its current form, the castle was likely begun by the noble house of Wagen as a replacement for Boltežar Wagen's nearby Lihtenberk Castle, already in disrepair and severely damaged by a major earthquake in 1511. After the 1630 death of Jurij Wagen, the last member of the family, the castle changed several owners until it was in 1672 finally bought by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor after his return from abroad. Thoroughly renovated, it was furnished with a graphic studio, a library, printing press and collection of curiosities. Due to the enormous cost of issuing Valvasor's book, The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola, Valvasor became heavily indebted, and was forced to sell first his valuable library and, in 1692, his estates. His family moved to Krško, while the castle again changed several owners, the last being the noble family Windischgrätz, who abandoned the castle in 1943. While its interior furnishings were destroyed or looted, the castle itself survived the war intact and was in its immediate aftermath turned into a military hospital. From 1957 it was occupied by Jesuits, who carried out some preventive maintenance on the structure; in 1972, a systematic reconstruction effort began, at first led by the art historian Milan Železnik.

Museum
The renovated premises now function as a museum, with exhibits and collections including:

 Reconstructions of Valvasor's study and printing press
 Superstition and Witchcraft Collection
 Traditional Folk Costume Collection
 Blaž Zarnik Geological Collection, including a full geological survey of the municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji)
 Surveying and Mapping Collection
 Hunting Collection
 reconstructed chapel

The castle's first floor also contains a wedding hall and restaurant. The surrounding grounds are a park.

References

Sources

 Bogenšperk Castle - official site
 gremoVEN.com - Bogenšperk

Castles in Lower Carniola
Palaces in Slovenia
Museums in Slovenia
Renaissance architecture in Slovenia

Bogenšperk Castle


Oskar Maria Graf (July 22, 1894 – June 28, 1967) was a German-American writer who wrote several narratives about life in Bavaria, mostly autobiographical. In the beginning, Graf wrote under his real name Oskar Graf. After 1918, his works for newspapers were signed with the pseudonym Oskar Graf-Berg; only for those of his works he regarded as "worth reading", he used the name Oskar Maria Graf.

Life

Graf was born in Berg in the Kingdom of Bavaria, situated in the picturesque landscape around Lake Starnberg near Munich. He was the ninth child of baker Max Graf and his wife Therese (née Heimrath), a farmer's daughter. From 1900 onwards he went to the state school in Aufkirchen, in the municipality of Berg. After his father died in 1906, he learned the baker's trade and worked for his brother Max, who had taken over their father's bakery.

In 1911, hoping to earn a living as a poet, he fled to Munich to escape his brother who treated him badly, sometimes resorting to violence towards his family members. He joined bohemian circles and took odd jobs like mail sorting and operating an elevator. In 1912 and 1913, he traveled to Ticino and northern Italy.

On December 1, 1914, he was drafted into Imperial German Army service. A year later, he published his first story, in the magazine Die Freie Straße ["Free street"]. In 1916, Graf was nearly court-martialed for refusing a command given by a superior officer. However, after a ten-day hunger strike, he was sent to a psychiatric hospital and was later discharged from the military.

On May 26, 1917, Graf married Karoline Bretting. A year later, their daughter Annemarie (June 13, 1918 – 2008), nicknamed Annamirl, was born. Earlier that year, Graf had gotten arrested for participating in a munitions workers' strike. Around the same time, he also met the woman who would later become his second wife, Mirjam Sachs, the sister of Manfred George and a cousin of Nelly Sachs. In 1919, Graf was arrested again for participating in revolutionary movements in Munich.

In 1920, he was active as a dramaturg at the working-class theater Die neue Bühne ("The new stage"), until he achieved literary fame in 1927 with his memoir Wir sind Gefangene (Prisoners All), which allowed him to make a living as a freelance writer. The book was retranslated into English, and republished with the title We Are Prisoners in 2020.

On February 17, 1933, he traveled to Vienna to give a lecture, a trip that marked the beginning of his voluntary exile from Germany. Graf's books were not included in the Nazi book burning; at the time, most of them were actually approved by the Nazis as recommended reading. In response, Graf published an appeal that subsequently became famous, Verbrennt mich! ["Burn me!"]  in Vienna's Arbeiterzeitung.

By 1934, Graf's books were banned in Germany. On February, he emigrated to Brno in Czechoslovakia. On March 24, the Third Reich revoked his citizenship. Graf left Brno to take part in the First Congress of Socialist Writers in Moscow.

In 1938, Graf left Europe via the Netherlands, arriving in New York City in July. Mirjam Sachs followed him while his wife and daughter remained in Germany. In October 1938, he was appointed president of the German American Writers Association. In 1942, together with Wieland Herzfelde and other German writers in exile, he founded the German-language publishing house Aurora-Verlag in New York, which was later considered as the successor to Malik-Verlag. In 1944, Graf's first wife finally agreed to a divorce, which allowed Graf and Sachs to marry.

In 1958, Graf became an American citizen and visited Europe for the first time since World War II.

In 1960, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by Detroit's Wayne State University, "in recognition of his uncompromising intellectual attitude". In 1962, he was honored by the City of Munich "in appreciation of his important literary works".

Graf died in 1967 in New York City. A year after his death, his ashes were interred at the old Bogenhausen cemetery in Munich.

There is an upper secondary school (Gymnasium) in Neufahrn bei Freising, north of Munich, that is named in honor of Oskar Maria Graf.

Works

In German:
 Die Revolutionäre (1918), Gedichte
 Amen und Anfang (1919), Gedichte
 Frühzeit (1920), Jugenderlebnisse
 Ua-Pua (1921), Indianerdichtungen
 Zur freundlichen Erinnerung (1922), soziale Novellen
 Bayrisches Lesebücherl (1924), Kulturbilder
 Die Traumdeuter (1924), Erzählungen
 Die Chronik von Flechting (1925), Roman
 Finsternis (1926), sechs Dorfgeschichten
 Wunderbare Menschen (1927), Chronik und Autobiographie
 Wir sind Gefangene (1927), Autobiographisches
 Licht und Schatten (1927), soziale Märchen
 Bayrisches Dekameron (1928), Erzählungen
 Die Heimsuchung (1925), Roman
 Im Winkel des Lebens (1927), Erzählungen
 Kalendergeschichten (1929) Geschichten aus Stadt und Land
 Notizbuch des Provinzschriftstellers Oskar Maria Graf (1932), Satire
 Bolwieser (1931), Roman; Neuausgabe 1964 unter dem Titel Die Ehe des Herrn Bolwieser
 Einer gegen alle (1932), Roman
 Dorfbanditen (1932), Jugenderinnerungen
 Der harte Handel (1935), Bauernroman
 Der Abgrund (1936), Roman (überarbeiteten Fassung "Die gezählten Jahre"(1976)
 Anton Sittinger (originally Sittinger bleibt obenauf) (1937), Roman
 Der Quasterl (1938), Dorf- und Jugendgeschichten
 Das Leben meiner Mutter (1940 in englischer Sprache, 1946 in deutscher Fassung)
 Unruhe um einen Friedfertigen (1947), Roman, New York, Aurora-Verlag
 Mitmenschen (1948), Erzählungen
 Die Eroberung der Welt (1949), Roman; Neuauflage 1959 unter dem Titel Die Erben des Untergangs
 Menschen aus meiner Jugend auf dem Dorfe (1953), Erzählungen
 Der ewige Kalender (1954), Gedichte
 Die Flucht ins Mittelmäßige (1959), Roman
 An manchen Tagen. Reden, Gedanken und Zeitbetrachtungen (1961)
 Der große Bauernspiegel (1962), Erzählungen
 Größtenteils schimpflich (1962), Jugenderinnerungen
 Altmodische Gedichte eines Dutzendmenschen (1962)
 Er nannte sich Banscho (1964), Roman
 Gelächter von außen. Aus meinem Leben 1918–1933 (1966)
 Reise in die Sowjetunion 1934 (1974)
 The Dupe's Words (1976), Kinderbuch

In English:
 We Are Prisoners'' (new translation by Ed Walker, 2020), an autobiography in the form of a novel

See also

 Exilliteratur

References

External links

 Oskar Maria Graf Society Munich
Graf´s Appeal Burn me! (in German)

1894 births
1967 deaths
People from Starnberg (district)
Writers from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Immigrants to the United States
Writers from Bavaria
Exilliteratur writers
German Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel of Bavaria
German male poets
German male novelists
20th-century German poets
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers

Oskar Maria Graf


Living Targets is the third album from German punk rock band, Beatsteaks. It was released in August, 2002 on Epitaph Records as was previous album, Launched, in 2000. There was one line-up change from the previous album – Torsten Scholz took over bass duties from Alexander Roßwaag. The album featured more hard rock tracks than previous efforts, including songs which were far slower and more melodic and structured. It aided the band's breakthrough into the mainstream which was completed on 2004's Smack Smash – released on Epitaph Records and WEA.

Track listing
"Not Ready to Rock" (Teutoburg, Götz, Kurtzke) – 1:27
"God Knows" (Teutoburg, Baumann)		– 2:32
"Let Me In" (Teutoburg, Baumann)		– 3:32
"Soothe Me" (Götz)				– 2:30
"Above Us" (Teutoburg, Kurtzke, Baumann, Götz)	– 3:03
"This One" (Teutoburg, Baumann)		– 2:47
"Disconnected"	(Teutoburg, Kurtzke, Baumann)	– 3:05
"A-Way" (Götz, Scholz)				– 3:40
"Mirrored" (Kurtzke, Scholz)	                – 3:48
"Run Run" (Teutoburg, Baumann)			– 2:55
"To Be Strong" (Teutoburg)			– 2:49
"Summer" (Teutoburg, Baumann, Götz, Kurtzke)	– 6:40
Track 12 is only actually 3:25, the remainder is a hidden track, "Yeah!"

Credits
Arnim Teutoburg-Weiß	–	vocals, guitar
Peter Baumann	–	guitar
Bernd Kurtzke	–	guitar
Torsten Scholz	–	bass
Thomas Götz	–	drums
Alexander Freund – cello on "Mirrored"
Pamela Falcone – backing vocals on "Yeah!"
 Engineered by Gerd Krueger
 Assistant engineered by Torsten Otto

Tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12
 Recorded and mixed at Minirock Studio, Cologne, Germany
 Produced by Uwe Sabirowsky

Tracks 2, 5, 7, 8, 10
 Recorded at Tritonus, Berlin, Germany
 Produced by Billy Gould

External links
Beatsteaks official website
Epitaph Records album page

2002 albums
Beatsteaks albums
Epitaph Records albums

Living Targets


Rani no Hajiro, also known as Mughalai Bibi's Tomb or Tombs of Ahmed Shah's Queens, is a tomb complex near Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad, India.

History and architecture

Rani no Hajiro is located near Manek Chowk on east of the Ahmed Shah's Tomb. The enclosure is high above the ground entered by a lofty gateway and the courtyard surrounded by a trellised cloister. The walls of cloister are fitted with carved stone screens. The square open enclosure of 36.58 meters side is probably built in 1445. The courtyard contains eight marble tombs of queens of Ahmed Shah I and other Gujarat Sultanate rulers. They are elaborately carved and inlaid with work of mother-of-pearl and metal.

The principal tomb belongs to Mughalai Bibi, the wife of Muhammad Shah II and mother of Mahmud Begada. It is  richly carved in white marble, and girt with a Persian inscription in minute relief. An adjacent tomb in black marble,  once inlaid with mother-of-pearl, belongs to Mirki or Murki Bibi, the wife of Shah e Alam, the sister of queen and the daughter of Jam of Sindh. These tombs are covered with rich brocade works, the textile style developed during reign of Ahmed Shah I. The intricate stone tracery and carving is an amalgamation of Hindu, Jain, and Islamic architectural styles. Some Muslim families live inside complex which take care of the tombs.

Market
The area surrounding the complex is now a market for women's clothing, jewellery and accessories. Best Traditional Garba clothes are also sold there. Many types of mouth fresheners, Mukhwas, stalls are nearby.

Gallery

See also

 Ahmed Shah's Tomb

References

 This article includes public domain text from

Tombs in Ahmedabad
Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat
Buildings and structures of the Gujarat Sultanate

Rani no Hajiro


"The Isolation Permutation" is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the US sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 95th episode of the show overall. It first aired on CBS on November 3, 2011.

In the episode, Amy becomes upset when Penny and Bernadette go dress shopping without her.

Plot
Bernadette and Penny are shopping for bridesmaid dresses; Howard inadvertently mentions this in front of Amy, who is upset that they did not invite her.

Sheldon is unable to contact Amy: she does not answer Facebook messages, video chats or any other form of communication Sheldon tries to use. He and Leonard go round to her house and finds her singing "Everybody Hurts" while playing the harp. Leonard knocks on the door and leaves, leaving Sheldon alone with Amy. She wants physical intimacy with Sheldon and after negotiating, Sheldon reluctantly cuddles with her.

The following day, Sheldon angrily confronts Howard and Leonard, telling them to "get [their] women in line". They talk to Penny and Bernadette, who explain that Amy is over-enthusiastic about being a bridesmaid. Penny and Bernadette apologize to Amy, but Amy is still upset. She makes an analogy involving a brain's hemispheres, comparing Bernadette to the left hemisphere, Penny to the right hemisphere and herself to a brain tumour. Later, Sheldon receives a phone call telling him that Amy is drunk in a parking lot. He and Leonard go and take her home.

The next morning, Penny and Bernadette apologize again and offer Amy the chance to be the maid of honor at Bernadette's wedding. She is very excited about this. In the final scene, Amy records the three of them dress shopping.

Reception

Ratings
On the night of its first broadcast in the US on November 3, 2011 at 8 p.m., the episode received 15.98 million viewers on CBS, and a 5.4/16 Nielsen rating. It beat the other shows in its timeslot: The X Factor received 11.64 million views on Fox; Community was watched by 3.84 million on NBC; The Vampire Diaries got 3.51 million viewers on The CW and 5.31 households watched Charlie's Angels on ABC.

On CBS, the episode was most watched that night. At 8:30 p.m., Rules of Engagement received 11.81 million views; Grey's Anatomy was watched by 9.52 million at 9 p.m. and The Mentalist garnered 13.66 million viewers at 10 p.m.

In Canada, the episode aired at the same time and was most watched that week, receiving 3.762 million viewers on CTV Total. In Australia, the episode aired on November 14, 2011 and received 1.359 million viewers, ranking it second most watched that night.

In the UK, the episode aired on December 15, 2011 and had 1.176 million viewers on E4, ranking it second on the channel that week. On E4 +1, 0.330 million households watched the episode, ranking it third on the channel and giving the episode 1.506 million viewers overall. It ranked seventh on digital television overall.

Reviews
Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+, describing it as "one of the season's best". Sava noted that Amy had been "largely operating in the background for most of this season" but claimed she was "The Big Bang Theory'''s most valuable asset". Sava had previously suggested that an episode of the show should focus on "Amy's desire to be one of Bernadette's bridesmaids".

Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode 58 out of 100, complimenting the "solid attempt to make Amy a more sympathetic character" but wanting the writers to "show Amy learning something from this experience". Pierson also said "the episode wasn't particularly funny" but that Bernadette and Penny's "tolerance of [Amy's] blunt eagerness reflects well on them" and that "Leonard too looked good for pushing Sheldon to take care of his friend".

Jenna Busch of IGN gave the episode eight out of 10. Busch "really enjoy[ed] the dynamic between the girls". Carla Day of TV Fanatic'' gave the episode four out of five stars, but described Amy as "whiny and irritating". However, Day said the scene where Sheldon shouts at Howard and Leonard was "one of the funniest things I've ever seen on the show". Day noticed that "we found out that Leonard is single again", following the events of "The Good Guy Fluctuation".

References

External links
 "The Isolation Permutation" at CBS.com

 Chuck Lorre's vanity card

2011 American television episodes
The Big Bang Theory episodes

The Isolation Permutation


Boyd Mwila (born 28 July 1984) is a Zambian football striker who last played for FC Trollhättan. He has played for Chiparamba Great Eagles in Zambia and Örgryte, Djurgården and FC Trollhättan in Sweden. In March 2010 he was loaned out to Superettan club FC Trollhättan The loan was extended through the 2011 season in December 2010. The contract with Djurgården was ultimately terminated in November 2011.

After the termination of the contract Mwila sensationally signed with the division 4 team Vänersborgs FK in July 2012.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Zambian men's footballers
Zambia men's international footballers
Zambian expatriate men's footballers
Örgryte IS players
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
FC Trollhättan players
Allsvenskan players
Superettan players
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Zambian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden

Men's association football forwards

Boyd Mwila


The drug policy of Germany is considered to be one of the most lenient among EU countries. Policies vary depending on the state.

In 1994, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that drug addiction and the possession of small quantities of narcotics for personal use were not crimes. In 2000, the German law on narcotics (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) was changed to allow supervised injection rooms.

In 2002, a pilot project was started in seven German cities to evaluate the effects of heroin-assisted treatment on addicts, compared to methadone-assisted treatment. In 2009, the positive results of the study led to heroin-assisted treatment becoming included in mandatory health insurance.

In February 2021, authorities in Germany and Belgium seized more than  of cocaine, worth billions of euros, from shipments that originated in Paraguay and Panama. In an international operation that resulted in one arrest, a man from Vlaardingen, Netherlands, German and Belgian authorities seized the largest amount of cocaine in Europe.

Cannabis policy
In 2017, Germany re-allowed medical cannabis. After the 2021 German federal election, the new government announced in their coalition agreement that they intend to legalise cannabis for all purposes (including recreational), although concrete legislation to this effect has not yet been introduced.

References

See also
Drug policy of the Third Reich
Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
Drugs controlled by the German Betäubungsmittelgesetz
Drug liberalization#Germany
List of German drug laws

German criminal law

Drug policy of Germany


Joseph Ernest Barss (February 27, 1892 – January 26, 1971) was an ice hockey player and coach.  He was the first head coach of the Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team, holding the position from 1922 to 1927. He was later employed as a medical doctor and surgeon in the Chicago area.

Early years
Barss was born in Madras, India (now known as Chennai) in February 1892. His father, John Howard Barss (born Wolfville, Nova Scotia) was ordained in July 1891 and traveled to India as a Baptist missionary. In 1893, while still an infant, Barss returned to Canada with his parents.  He traveled with his parents from Liverpool, England, arriving in New York on October 30, 1893. They returned to their home in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, where Barss' father operated a grocery store and served as a Baptist minister. Barss was enrolled at Acadia University in Wolfville, receiving his degree in 1912. After graduating from Acadia, Barss played professional hockey for the Montreal Wanderers of the National Hockey Association.

World War I

In April 1915, Barss entered the Canadian Over-Seas Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of World War I. At that time, he listed his occupation as clerk and indicated that he had three years of prior military service. In his history of the University of Michigan's hockey program, author John U. Bacon provides a lengthy account of Barss' war-time service and its impact on his decision to become a medical doctor. According to Bacon, Barss was wounded by shrapnel and gassed at the Second Battle of Ypres in April and May 1915. However, Barss' military records indicate that Barss' Attestation Paper for the Canadian Over-Seas Expeditionary Force was completed on April 30, 1915 in Montreal. Accordingly, it appears that Barss likely did not see combat action at the Second Battle of Ypres. Barss' Service Record states that he was wounded on June 2, 1916. He was a machine gunner sergeant with the P.P.C.L.I  and badly wounded in Sanctuary Wood during the first day of the Battle of Mt. Sorrel on the eastern border of Ypres, Belgium. According to Bacon, Barss suffered permanent lung damage and a severe abdominal injury from shrapnel while serving in Belgium.  After a lengthy hospitalization in France, Barss was sent to Camp Hill Hospital in Halifax, Nova Scotia in November 1917. Barss arrived in Halifax weeks before the Halifax Explosion, an explosion of a ship in Halifax harbor loaded with 10 tons of gunpowder, 35 tons of airplane fuel and 200 tons of TNT. More than 1,700 people were killed in the explosion. Barss was not injured and helped tend to the injured in the aftermath of the disaster.

University of Michigan
In 1919, Barss enrolled at the University of Michigan as a graduate student in bacteriology. In 1920, he enrolled at the Medical School, receiving a medical degree from the university in 1924.

While attending medical school at Michigan, Barss also served as the first coach of the Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team. According to Wilfred Byron Shaw's four-volume history of the University of Michigan, hockey had its beginning at Michigan in 1921 with Barss as the coach. Other sources indicate that Barss became the coach of the Michigan hockey team in 1922. According to Bacon, Barss officiated many of the games for the 1922 team and then asked athletic director Fielding H. Yost if he could start a varsity hockey team. Bacon wrote that Yost "might not have known much about hockey, but he knew a natural coach when he met one" and accepted Barss' offer.

It was not until 1923 that the Michigan hockey team received formal recognition as a varsity sport. The first "official" college hockey game played west of the Alleghenies was a game between Michigan and Wisconsin, played on January 12, 1923, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The game went into overtime with Michigan prevailing by a score of 2-1.

Barss coached the Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team during its first five years as a formal varsity sport.  During those five years (1923 to 1927), the Michigan hockey team compiled a record of 26-21-4.

As the popularity of college hockey grew in the early 1920s, other colleges looked to Barss' pupils for coaching candidates. In January 1923, former Michigan hockey star Russell Barkell was hired as the coach of the hockey team at Williams College.

In February 1924, after a 3-0 victory by Michigan over Wisconsin, a Madison newspaper praised the defensive play of the Barss-coached Wolverines: "With an almost air-tight defense and a definite scoring attack the Michigan hockey team defeated the Badger six by a score of 3 to 0 yesterday afternoon. Wisconsin could not stop Michigan's fast team work and was unable to penetrate their defense to take any close shots at the goal."

By January 1925, the Michigan ice hockey team had four returning letter men from the prior year's team, and a call for candidates by Coach Barss "brought out 20 aspirants."

Medical career
After retiring as Michigan's hockey coach in 1927, Barss moved to Riverside, Illinois. He worked at the Hines Veteran Hospital in Maywood, Illinois, eventually becoming the chief of surgery there. In June 1930, Barss became a naturalized United States citizen.  That same year, U.S. Census records show that Barss was living in Riverside, Illinois with his wife, Helen Kolb Barss, and two children, Joseph (age 6) and Elizabeth (age 2). In his registration card for the draft at the time of World War II, Barss indicated that he was a physician and surgeon residing in Riverside and having his place of business at 1011 Lake Street in Oak Park, Illinois.

Later years and death
Barss retired from his medical practice in 1962 and moved to Florida. In 1971, Barss died of Alzheimer's disease in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at age 79.

College Coaching Record

References

1892 births
1971 deaths
Acadia University alumni
Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers
Canadian expatriates in British India
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey coaches
Montreal Wanderers (NHA) players
People from Riverside, Illinois
Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois
People from Kings County, Nova Scotia
Sportspeople from Chennai
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
University of Michigan Medical School alumni

Joseph Barss (ice hockey)


Me, Myself & Irene is a 2000 American slapstick black comedy film directed by the Farrelly brothers, and starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Chris Cooper, Robert Forster, Richard Jenkins, Daniel Greene, Anthony Anderson, Jerod Mixon and Mongo Brownlee co-star. The film is about a Rhode Island state trooper named Charlie who, after years of continuously suppressing his rage and feelings, suffers a psychotic breakdown that results in a second personality, Hank. This was Carrey's first role in a 20th Century Fox film, along with being the Farrelly brothers' second film with Carrey since Dumb and Dumber (1994).

Plot
Meek veteran Rhode Island state trooper Charlie Baileygates has been taken advantage of by those around him, including his wife Layla. Almost immediately after their wedding, she begins to cheat on Charlie with their wedding limo chauffeur, Shonté, a black dwarf with a genius-level IQ.

Despite his friends warning him of Layla's infidelity, Charlie denies it, even after she gives birth to biracial triplets, Jamal, Lee Harvey, and Shonté Jr., who also appear to be geniuses. A few years later, Layla leaves with Shonté, abandoning the children with Charlie, who raises them as his own. While they love and respect Charlie, the rest of the town continually abuses him. After years of such treatment, he develops a split personality named "Hank Evans" to deal with confrontations Charlie avoids.

Emerging whenever Charlie is under extreme stress, Hank is an over-the-top, rude, and violent persona reminiscent of characters played by Clint Eastwood. A psychiatrist prescribes medication to keep Hank suppressed.

Believing Charlie needs a vacation, his commanding officer orders him to escort beautiful Irene Waters from Rhode Island to Massena, New York, where she reportedly committed a hit-and-run. Irene insists her mob-connected ex-boyfriend Dickie fabricated the accusation to keep her from revealing his illegal activities to the authorities.

In Massena, Charlie turns over Irene to two EPA agents. A hitman with a contract on Irene kills one of the agents. She and Charlie flee, hastily leaving his medication behind, which causes Hank to emerge frequently. Charlie is unjustly blamed for the murder. FBI agents begin pursuing him and Irene, as do Boshane and Gerke, two crooked police officers on Dickie's payroll. The chase becomes a media spectacle, alerting Charlie's sons to his predicament.

Charlie and Irene return to Rhode Island, bonding along the way. Although Irene is taken by Charlie's personality, Hank worries her, as his aggressive personality and overestimation of his own toughness often gets them into trouble. Along the way, they pick up "Whitey", an albino waiter who claims to have killed his entire family. While stopping at a motel, Hank convinces Irene to have sex with him by impersonating Charlie. When Charlie realizes what happened the next morning, he is incensed and begins fighting with Hank. They are almost ambushed by Boshane and Gerke, but Charlie's sons, having found them, steal a police helicopter and call in a false report, stating Charlie and Irene have been apprehended in the woods nearby.

Charlie and Irene leave Whitey at the motel and board a train to Rhode Island. Dickie boards the same train, having been ordered by his police allies to "get his hands dirty". He kidnaps Irene, and Charlie chases him, working together with Hank to save her. Hank balks when Dickie heads onto a bridge, but Charlie finally faces his fears, thus permanently nullifying Hank. As Charlie tries to disarm Dickie, Dickie shoots off Charlie's thumb. Whitey then throws a lawn dart at Dickie, hitting him from behind and killing him.

Charlie and Irene fall from the bridge into the river below, where his sons arrive to rescue them. Regrouping with Whitey, Charlie apologizes for making him kill again, but Whitey reveals he made up his backstory, fearing Hank. The police arrive, quickly learning of Irene's plight. Gerke and Boshane are arrested, Charlie is praised for bringing them to justice, and Irene is cleared of the charges against her.

Irene prepares to leave Rhode Island when the police pull her over, but this is only a diversion so Charlie can propose, which she happily accepts.

In a post-credits scene, everyone looks for Charlie's thumb in the river. Whitey finds it, but a fish eats it.

Cast

 Jim Carrey as Charlie Baileygates / Hank Evans
 Renée Zellweger as Irene P. Waters
 Chris Cooper as Lt. Gerke
 Robert Forster as Colonel Partington
 Richard Jenkins as Agent Boshane
 Zen Gesner as Agent Peterson
 Michael Bowman as Casper ("Whitey")
 Rob Moran as Trooper Finneran
 Daniel Greene as Dickie Thurman
 Anthony Anderson as Jamal Baileygates
 Jeremy Maleek Leggett as nine-year-old Jamal Baileygates
 Mongo Brownlee as Lee Harvey Baileygates
 Andrew Phillips as nine-year-old Lee Harvey Baileygates
 Jerod Mixon as Shonté Jr. Baileygates
 Justin Chandler as nine-year-old Shonté Jr. Baileygates
 Tony Cox as Shonté Jackson - Limo Driver
 Steve Tyler as Delivery Room Doctor
 Traylor Howard as Layla Baileygates
 Richard Tyson as Gun shop owner
 Rex Allen Jr. as the Narrator
 Ezra Buzzington as Disabled guy
 Shannon Whirry as Breastfeeding mom
 Lin Shaye (deleted scenes) as Mrs. Caleron
 Lina Teal as Bikini girl
 Anna Kournikova, Cam Neely and Brendan Shanahan appear in cameo roles
 Richard Pryor as Stand-Up Comedian on TV (archive footage) (uncredited)
 Chris Rock as Stand-Up Comedian on TV (archive footage) (uncredited)

Music

The film's original score was written by Pete Yorn, while the movie's soundtrack contains eight covers of Steely Dan songs.

 "I'd Like That" – XTC
 "Breakout" – Foo Fighters
 "Do It Again" – Smash Mouth*
 "Deep Inside of You" – Third Eye Blind
 "Totalimmortal" – The Offspring
 "The World Ain't Slowin' Down" – Ellis Paul
 "Any Major Dude Will Tell You" – Wilco*
 "Only A Fool Would Say That" – Ivy*
 "Can't Find The Time to Tell You" – Hootie & The Blowfish
 "Bodhisattva" – Brian Setzer Orchestra*
 "Bad Sneakers" – The Push Stars*
 "Reelin' In The Years" – Marvelous 3*
 "Strange Condition" – Pete Yorn
 "Barrytown" – Ben Folds Five*
 "Razor Boy" – Billy Goodrum*
 "Where He Can Hide" – Tom Wolfe
* Steely Dan cover

"Motherfucker" by The Dwarves, "Fire Like This" by Hardknox, "Don't Say You Don't Remember" by Beverly Bremers, "The Perpetrator" by Hipster Daddy-O and the Handgrenades, "Love Me Cha Cha" by Jimmy Luxury, "Hem of Your Garment" by Cake, and "Highway Patrol" by Junior Brown were included in the movie but not on the soundtrack. Pete Yorn's "Just Another" can also be heard in the background, during the scene where they discuss Hank's idea. Alta Mira's "El Capitan" can be heard in the background during the scene where Hank fights Charlie at the train station.

Home media
The film was released on VHS on January 9, 2001, and on DVD on January 23, 2001. It was later released on Blu-ray on February 5, 2008.

Reception

Box office
Me, Myself & Irene opened at No.1 on the weekend of June 23, 2000 ahead of Chicken Run, making US$24.2 million in its opening weekend.

The film earned $90,570,999 in the United States, and a further $58,700,000 internationally, for a worldwide total of $149,270,999.

Critical response

Review website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 48%, based on 101 reviews, and an average rating of 5.4/10, with the consensus that "While Jim Carrey's comedic skills earn some laughs, Me, Myself and Irene sports a tired, unsatisfying plot." Online review aggregator Metacritic states the film has a score of 49 out of a possible 100, based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.
Carrey included the movie in his top five favourite movies of his own, coming in second behind The Cable Guy.

Controversy
On June 9, 2000, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) sent a letter to 20th Century Fox, arguing that the film contains an inaccurate portrayal of Dissociative Identity Disorder. In the letter, NAMI executive president Lauire Flynn argued that "Me, Myself & Irene perpetuates a myth that schizophrenia—a severe, biologically-based brain disorder—is a split personality", and criticized how Fox was "seeking to dismiss such concerns with claims that the film is 'only a comedy'", stating that "for millions of Americans, schizophrenia and other mental illnesses are no laughing matter". NAMI asked Fox to release Public Service Announcements explaining real-life schizophrenia and DID, as well as Jim Carrey to explain the differences between schizophrenia and DID during interviews promoting the film.

References

External links

2000 black comedy films
2000 comedy films
2000 romantic comedy films
2000s comedy road movies
2000 films
20th Century Fox films
Albinism in popular culture
American black comedy films
American comedy road movies
American romantic comedy films
American slapstick comedy films
Films about dissociative identity disorder
Fictional trios
Films directed by the Farrelly brothers
Films set in Rhode Island
Films shot in Rhode Island
Films shot in Vermont
Films with screenplays by the Farrelly brothers
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Me, Myself & Irene


Abigail Merwin (1759–1786) was a young lady in colonial era Connecticut who, in an action similar to the celebrated call to arms by Paul Revere, alerted American forces of the approach of British forces. She was a descendant of Miles Merwin (1623-1697) one of the early residents of Milford and for whom Merwins Point and Merwins Pond in Milford, Connecticut are named.

On August 25, 1777, Merwin was hanging the wash outside of her home in Milford, Connecticut, when she saw rowboats bearing British troops from the warship HMS Swan, which was docked in Milford Harbor. Merwin gathered her 18-month-old child into a horse-drawn wagon and sped into Milford, where she banged a wooden spoon against a metal pot to alert the townspeople of the coming invaders. Her actions enabled the local militia to gather their weapons and successfully repel the invaders, while the local farmers were able to herd their cattle to a safe meadow.

The Captain's log of the "Swan" reads: "At 4 AM came too (sic) Sm. Br. [small bower] in 7 fs. [fathoms] water, Milford Church NWBW 2 Miles, [the steeple of the 1st Congregational church as visible from well off shore] off shore 1 Mile. Sent boats on Shore Mand & Armd [manned and armed (sic)] to bring of[f] some cattle. At 7 the boats Returned got no Cattle." (punctuation added).

source: Milford Hall of Fame induction of Abigail Merwin, 2011. Joseph B. Barnes, Esq., Chairman of the Hall of Fame writer's committee.

References

Milford, Connecticut
People of Connecticut in the American Revolution
1759 births
1786 deaths

Abigail Merwin


The women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay competition of the swimming events at the 1999 Pan American Games took place on August 2 at the Pan Am Pool. The last Pan American Games champion was the United States.

This race consisted of sixteen lengths of the pool. Each of the four swimmers completed four lengths of the pool. The first swimmer had to touch the wall before the second could leave the starting block.

Results
All times are in minutes and seconds.

Heats

Final
The final was held on August 2.

References

Swimming at the 1999 Pan American Games
1999 in women's swimming

Swimming at the 1999 Pan American Games – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay


Universelles Leben e.V. v. Germany (application No. 29745/96) was a case decided by the European Commission of Human Rights in 1996.

Facts
Universelles Leben, the German branch of Universal Life, filed a request in German court for an interim injunction prohibiting the German Government from including a reference to the applicant association in a publication on "So-called youth sects and psycho-groups in the Federal Republic of Germany" until a final court's decision on prohibiting the reference. The interim injunction was granted by the Cologne Administrative Court.

After a government appeal of the injunction, the North Rhine-Westphalia Administrative Court of Appeal dismissed UL's request. It found that the documents produced by UL, in particular on the replacement of medical treatment by religious belief, showed a degree of danger for the general public justifying a reference to the applicant association in the envisaged publication including a warning about its activities.

Decision
The commission considered that "a State ... is entitled to convey, in an objective, but critical manner, information on religious communities and sects, if such information does not pursue aims of agitation or indoctrination endangering the freedom of religion" and that "the reference to the applicant association in the intended publication does not have any direct repercussions on the religious freedom of the association or its members". Therefore it held that there was no interference with the applicant association's rights to freedom of religion under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

References

External links
Commission's decision

Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Germany
New religious movements
Religious organisations based in Germany

Universelles Leben e.V. v. Germany


Castle Hill is a location and a high country station in New Zealand's South Island. It is located at an altitude of 700 metres, close to State Highway 73 between Springfield and Arthur's Pass. It is private property and located within the Kura Tawhiti Conservation Area.

The hill was so named because of the imposing array of limestone boulders in the area reminiscent of an old, run-down stone castle. The front of ChristChurch Cathedral in Christchurch was made from Castle Hill limestone.  The station was established by the Porter brothers, and later owned by brothers John and Charles Enys. John Enys was a noted entomologist, and friend of novelist Samuel Butler.

It is widely considered to be the epitome of New Zealand's South Island climbing scene, where on any given day one can find rock climbers bouldering the unique limestone outcroppings.  This area has recently seen more visitors, as nearby Flock Hill station was used for the filming of the climactic battle scenes of the 2005 movie, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Flock Hill also has a huge number of climbable limestone boulders though access requires a short certification procedure via the internet, unlike Kura Tawhiti which, as a conservation area, allows free access at all times.

Castle Hill Village

The nearby Castle Hill Village, located just north of Thomas River on State Highway 73, has a small number of permanent residents along with a number of holiday homes (used extensively during the winter ski season) but no public facilities other than a public toilet at the village hall and a children's playground. The village was started by the then-owner of Castle Hill Station, John Reid, in 1982.

References

External links

 Castle Hill

Selwyn District
Climbing areas of New Zealand
High Country stations
Limestone
Rock formations of Canterbury, New Zealand

Castle Hill, New Zealand


Caledonia Springs is now an unincorporated community in the northwest of the municipality of The Nation, Prescott and Russell United Counties in eastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the National Capital Region and is in the geographic county of Caledonia.

County Road 20 forms a 90 degree angle heading north and east from the settlement. The nearest named communities are Alfred in the township of Alfred Plantagenet to the north west, and Vankleek Hill to the east. A tributary of the Ruisseau des Atocas flows through the community.

Caledonia Springs was once the site of a large mineral springs spa and hotel. Opening in the 1830s, it slowly grew from a simple structure to a very large luxury health spa and resort before closing in 1915. The hotel and grounds carried a number of different names becoming the Grand Hotel between 1875 and 1905, when the property was purchased by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) who renamed it the Caledonia Springs Hotel. The hotel spa complex and the supporting village, also largely owned by the CPR, boasted a variety of hotels, inns, boarding houses, churches, schools and commercial establishments and at its peak had a population of perhaps 500 to 1000 persons. Though its customers came primarily from Montreal and Ottawa, people from as far away as New York and Europe came to enjoy the country and take the natural spring waters. The various owners of the hotel and spring over its long history also shipped large amounts of its mineral water across Canada, to the US and to Europe. The Caledonia Springs Hotel was closed by the CPR in 1915. The last hotel in the town, the Adanac Inn, closed in 1947 and the railway tracks and station, constructed in 1896, closed and were removed by 1986. Nothing is left now but a bike trail, known as the Prescott and Russell Recreational Trail, which follows the old railway right of way.

References

External links
 The Lost Glory of Caledonia Springs (archive version)
 Virtual Reference Library original books about Caledonia Springs
 South nations conservation

Communities in the United Counties of Prescott and Russell
Ruins in Canada

Caledonia Springs, Ontario