The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth.

In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the seas connecting the two. It does not include the temperate and polar regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, nor the Tropical Eastern Pacific, along the Pacific coast of the Americas, which is also a distinct marine realm. The term is especially useful in marine biology, ichthyology, and similar fields, since many marine habitats are continuously connected from Madagascar to Japan and Oceania, and a number of species occur over that range, but are not found in the Atlantic Ocean.

The region has an exceptionally high species richness, with the world's highest species richness being found in at its heart in the Coral Triangle, and a remarkable gradient of decreasing species richness radiating outward in all directions. The region includes over 3,000 species of fish, compared with around 1,200 in the next richest marine region, the Western Atlantic, and around 500 species of reef building corals, compared with about 50 species in the Western Atlantic.

The term first appeared in academic use in oceanography and geopolitics. Scholarship has shown that the "Indo-Pacific" concept circulated in Weimar Germany, and spread to interwar Japan. German political oceanographers envisioned an "Indo-Pacific" comprising anticolonial India and republican China, as German allies, against "Euro-America". Since the late 2010s, the term "Indo-Pacific" has been increasingly used in geopolitical discourse. It also has a "symbiotic link" with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or "Quad", an informal grouping between Australia, Japan, India, and the United States. It has been argued that the concept may lead to a change in popular "mental maps" of how the world is understood in strategic terms. Remarking on overlapping older terms for the region, the political scientist Amitav Acharya stated that as a concept, "'Asia' was built by nationalists, 'Asia-Pacific' by economists, 'East Asia' by culturalists, whereas 'Indo-Pacific' by strategists'".

In its widest sense, the term geopolitically covers all nations and islands surrounding either the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean, encompassing mainland African and Asian nations who border these oceans, such as India and South Africa, Indian Ocean territories such as the Kerguelen Islands and Seychelles, the Malay Archipelago (which is within the bounds of both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific), Japan, Russia and other Far East nations bordering the Pacific, Australia and all the Pacific Islands east of them, as well as Pacific nations of the Americas such as Canada or Mexico. ASEAN countries (defined as those in Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago) are considered to be geographically at the centre of the political Indo-Pacific.

Subdivisions

The WWF and Nature Conservancy divide the Indo-Pacific into 3 realms (or subrealms), and each of these into 25 marine provinces and 77 ecoregions (Marine Ecoregions of the World; MEOW) based on data-driven expert opinion. Other schemes for subdivision of the Indo-Pacific have included: 5 provinces, based on endemism in fishes; 3 regions split into 10 provinces based on dissimilarity of fish assemblages, 11 provinces based on range boundaries in corals, 12 divisions split into 124 ecoregions based on biogeographic clustering from coral distributions and finally 8 realms from distributions of 65,000 marine species. All but the last of these schemes were tested against one another by an international consortium of marine scientists using genetic data from 56 Indo-Pacific species, with the reasoning that genetic data should reflect the evolutionary processes that structure the Indo-Pacific. While there was no clear winning scheme, and all schemes were supported by data from at least one species, the genetic data in general favored schemes with few subdivisions, supporting the Indo-Pacific as relatively unstructured biogeographic realm - possibly the world's largest. Below are briefly described the 3 MEOW realms of the Indo-Pacific:

Central Indo-Pacific

The Central Indo-Pacific includes the numerous seas and straits connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the seas surrounding the Indonesian archipelago (with the exception of Sumatra's northwest coast, which is part of the Western Indo-Pacific), the South China Sea, the Philippine Sea, the north coast of Australia, and the seas surrounding New Guinea, western and central Micronesia, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga. The Central Indo-Pacific, due in part to its central location at the meeting of two oceans, has the greatest richness and diversity of marine organisms, specifically located within the Coral Triangle, which contains 76% of all known coral species in the world.

Eastern Indo-Pacific

The Eastern Indo-Pacific surrounds the mostly volcanic islands of the central Pacific Ocean, extending from the Marshall Islands in the west through central and southeastern Polynesia to Hawaii, to the west coast of Chile. The World Wide Fund for Nature believe the region ends at Chile's Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez, although it is sometimes extended even further to include Chile's Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernández Islands.

Western Indo-Pacific

The Western Indo-Pacific covers the western and central portion of the Indian Ocean, including Africa's east coast, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Andaman Sea, as well as the coastal waters surrounding Madagascar, Seychelles, the Comoros, the Mascarene Islands, Maldives, and the Chagos Archipelago.

Ecology
Some seashore and coastal plants are found throughout most of the region, including the trees Pisonia grandis, Calophyllum inophyllum, Heliotropium arboreum, Pandanus tectorius, Cordia subcordata, Guettarda speciosa, and the shrubs Scaevola taccada, Suriana maritima, and Pemphis acidula. These plants have adapted to grow on coral sand, and have seeds adapted to crossing salt water, including distribution by birds or which can survive floating in salt water.

The trees coconut (Coco nucifera), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), and Morinda citrifolia originated in the Central Indo-Pacific, and were spread further across the region by human settlers.

Economic region
The "Indo-Pacific" has been an economic idea since its early formulation in Weimar Germany. According to Hansong Li, the German geographer Karl Haushofer, son of the economist Max Haushofer, believed that capital, along with urbanisation and population growth, are key vectors that determine the 'manometers' of the oceanic region. Haushofer also explained why industrialisation broke out in Europe rather than the Indo-Pacific by a spatial theory of demography.

In the 21st century, with the rising involvement of the United States in the new growth areas of Asia, the idea of the Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (IPEC) emerged during the U.S.–India Strategic Dialogue of 2013. The Secretary of State John Kerry referred to the potential of the Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor in transforming the prospects for development and investments as well as for trade and transit between the economies of South and Southeast Asia Indo-Pacific economic corridor.

K. Yhome in his scholarly study has mapped out the potential for various emerging trans-regional corridors in Asia along with the challenges of linking IPEC into the larger web of regional economic integration initiatives taking shape in the region in 2017.

On 23 May 2022, the president of the United States, Joe Biden, launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF). This agreement includes a dozen of initial partners including: Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Together, all the countries included within the framework represent 40% of the world GDP. The IPEF contains four pillars:
Connected Economy: through digital economy rules, data localization, AI, privacy.
Resilient Economy: through better supply chain commitments that better anticipate and prevent disruptions in supply chains.
Clean Economy: with commitments to clean energy, decarbonization, and green infrastructure.
Fair Economy: with recommendation to strengthen efforts to crack down on corruption, effective tax implementation, anti-money laundering, and anti-bribery regimes.

Geopolitical context

Origins
The German geopolitician Karl Haushofer first used "Indo-Pacific" in the 1920s in multiple works on geography and geopolitics: Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean (1924), Building Blocks of Geopolitics (1928), Geopolitics of Pan-Ideas (1931), and German Cultural Politics in the Indo-Pacific Space (1939). Haushofer legitimated the integration of the two oceans by evidence in marine biology, oceanography, ethnography, and historical philology. He envisioned an "Indo-Pacific" comprising anticolonial forces in India and China, as Germany's ally against the maritime domination of Britain, the United States, and Western Europe.

Contemporary use
The Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe referred to the "confluence" of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in his speech to the Indian Parliament in August 2007 as "the dynamic coupling as seas of freedom and of prosperity" in the "broader Asia". The focus of Japanese Prime Minister's August 2007 speech in the Indian Parliament was on security of sea lanes linking the two oceans. In the academic discourse relating to such maritime security issue in the Indo-Pacific, the first articulation was carried by a paper published in January 2007 by the Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi. It was a result of consultations between IDSA and the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) held in New Delhi in October 2006. From 2010 onwards, the term Indo-Pacific acquired salience within the Indian government and has since been used often by India's apex political leadership. From about 2011 onwards, the term has been used frequently by strategic analysts and high-level government/military leadership in Australia, Japan and the United States to denote said region. However, a formal/official documented articulation of the term first appeared in Australia's Defence White Paper, 2013. It is also "symbiotically linked" with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue—an informal grouping of like-minded democracies in the region, comprising Australia, India, Japan, and the United States.

Since 2011, the term "Indo-Pacific" is being used increasingly in geopolitical discourse.

In 2013, Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa proposed an "Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" to restore trust, manage unresolved territory disputes, and help countries deal with change in the region. In 2013, U.S. officials have begun using the term "Indo-Asia Pacific".

In 2019, the United States Department of State published a document formalizing the concept of a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific", to be sustained among members of "the Quad", a partnership of four Indo-Pacific democracies led by the United States, in concert with Australia, India, and Japan. "Indo-Pacific" has also featured prominently in top-level U.S. strategic documents such as the 2017 National Security Strategy, the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review, and the 2018 National Defense Strategy. According to Felix Heiduk and Gudrun Wacker at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, the concept is aimed at containing China and is "primarily understood as a U.S.-led containment strategy directed against China" in Beijing. It has been argued that the concept of the Indo-Pacific may lead to a change in popular "mental maps" of how the world is understood in strategic terms.

The term's profile was raised when it found mention in the joint statement issued by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and United States President Donald Trump after the former's state visit to the White House on 26 June 2017. "As responsible stewards in the Indo-Pacific region, President Trump and Prime Minister Modi agreed that a close partnership between the United States and India is central to peace and stability in the region. In marking 70 years of diplomatic relations between India and the United States, the leaders resolved to expand and deepen the strategic partnership between the countries and advance common objectives. Above all, these objectives include combatting terrorist threats, promoting stability across the Indo-Pacific region, increasing free and fair trade, and strengthening energy linkages". However, President Trump's November 2017 articulation on Indo-Pacific was widely seen as something that would usher in a new (US–China) Cold War. This led to the Indian Prime Minister spelling out the Indian vision of Indo-Pacific as an enabler for "a common pursuit of progress and prosperity... not directed against any country... (albeit based on) our principled commitment to rule of law". According to Dr. Cenk Tamer, the U.S. seeks to create an "anti-China axis" in the Asia-Pacific region through the conceptualization of the Indo-Pacific because it sees India as a key part in containing China. This was reiterated by President Biden, who declared a "secure and prosperous Indo-Pacific." Tamer calls the Indo-Pacific a concept that started to gain ground in international relations as a geopolitical challenge by the U.S. toward China.

The term was also used in 2019 by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in its statement ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP), though the bloc also still uses the longstanding term "Asia-Pacific" which is preferred by China and Russia.Its use by ASEAN is arguably an attempt by the bloc at balance-of-power hedging between competing visions for the region between the US and China. However, it is also clear that ASEAN does not share the exact same understanding of the term as the US,  and its AOIP statement specifically states that it envisions continuing to play a "central and strategic role" in the region.

Criticism
The Australian Citizens Party, a minor party associated with the  US-led Rouche movement, criticises the "Indo-Pacific" vision as a reenactment of Nazi strategy, given the concept's link to Karl Haushofer.

Former Prime Minister of Australia Paul Keating, in a televised address at the National Press Club, criticised the notion of the "Indo-Pacific" as a construct of the United States in its diplomatic war with China:

See also

 AUKUS
 Asia-Pacific
 Austronesian peoples
 East of Suez
 Orient
 Valeriepieris circle
 Geography of Asia
 United States Indo-Pacific Command

References

Further reading

  excerpt
  excerpt
 J. Cannon, Brendon; Rossiter, Ash, eds. (August 2018). Rising Powers Quarterly. 3 (2). special issue on "The "Indo-Pacific" – Regional Dynamics in the 21st Century's New Geopolitical Center of Gravity"
 2018 United States Strategic Framework for the Indo-Pacific

Marine realms
Oceans
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean

Indo-Pacific


Wyandotte Township is a township in Pennington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 101 at the 2000 census.

The township was named after the Wyandot people.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 22.6 square miles (58.6 km), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 101 people, 38 households, and 31 families residing in the township. The population density was 4.5 people per square mile (1.7/km). There were 46 housing units at an average density of 2.0/sq mi (0.8/km). The racial makeup of the township was 95.05% White, 0.99% Native American, 0.99% Asian, and 2.97% from two or more races.

There were 38 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 140.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 156.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $39,583, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,144. There were 5.9% of families and 4.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 13.3% of those over 64.

References

Townships in Pennington County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Wyandotte Township, Pennington County, Minnesota


Highgate, Saskatchewan is an unincorporated area in the rural municipality of Battle River No. 438, Saskatchewan, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.  Highgate is located on Saskatchewan Highway 16, the Yellowhead in north western Saskatchewan.  Highgate siding, a railroad siding and post office first opened in 1919 at the legal land description of Sec.17, Twp.45, R.17, W3.  The population is smaller than a hamlet, and is counted within the  RM.  Highgate is located just north west of North Battleford, Saskatchewan.

See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan

References

Battle River No. 438, Saskatchewan
Unincorporated communities in Saskatchewan
Division No. 12, Saskatchewan

Highgate, Saskatchewan


Belontia signata, the Ceylonese combtail, is a species of gourami endemic to Sri Lanka.  This species inhabits shallow, slow-flowing clear-water streams.  It can reach a length of  TL though most are only around .  It is also found in the aquarium trade.  The combtail, in addition to normal gills, has a labyrinth, or rudimentary lung-like organ which enables it to survive in poorly oxygenated water, or even out of water, for considerable periods of time. Combtails can often be observed taking air from the surface of their tank to replenish their labyrinth.

Fishkeeping
While the combtail (or combtail gourami) is sometimes found in fish shops, it does not make a good pet unless kept by itself. In a community tank it will bully other fish, and may injure or kill them. They will eat almost any food presented to them including maggots, bloodworms, flake, pellet, and vegetable foods.

References

Belontia
Freshwater fish of Sri Lanka
Fish described in 1861
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Belontia signata


Ian Williams (born 26 April 1977) is a world class sailor with many credits to his name, including seven-time winner of the World Match Racing Championships.

Williams specialises in match racing competing in the World Match Racing Tour. In 2008 following winning the tour and therefore the World Championship title he was shortlisted by the International Sailing Federation for the ISAF World Sailor of the Year Awards. This achievement was remarkable as Williams was up against a number of full-time professional America's Cup teams.

Williams is featured on the International mainstream sports talk broadcast network as a sailing celebrity on Sports Byline on Sail Sport Talk with Karen Lile (co-host Rick Tittle)

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Exeter
English male sailors (sport)
China Team sailors
Extreme Sailing Series sailors

Ian Williams (sailor)


Theodor Eicke (Born : October 17, 1892 in Hampont,Alsace–Lorraine,Germany (Today part of France)–Died : February 26, 1943 near Lozova,Ukraine,Soviet Union) was an SS-Obergruppenführer of the SS and General of the Waffen-SS . He worked for the Bavarian Army from 1909-1919 before and after World War I in the German Empire which was led by Kaiser Wilhelm II (Emperor/Kaiser ; 1888-1918) . He joined the Schutzstaffel aka the SS in 1930 during the Weimar Era Germany and was later commandant of Dachau from June 1933-July 1934 and together with his adjutant Michael Lippert (1897-1969) however in December 1934 Eicke met Rudolf Höss . He also was one of the executioners of SA chief Ernst Röhm during the Night of the Long Knives purge taking orders from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and the most evil Nazi Officer . SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich in Nazi Germany . In 1939 Eicke became commander of the SS Division Totenkopf of the Waffen-SS lead the division during World War 2 in the Battle of France in 1940 on the Western Front,Invasion Of Yugoslavia (1941) and Operation Barbarossa in 1941 and the Third Battle Of Kharkov in 1943 on the Eastern Front . He died in a plane crash when his plane was shot down during the Third Battle Of Kharkov of 1943 24 days after Battle Of Stalingrad in the RSFSR,Soviet Union  and just a year after Nazi Offical Fritz Todt died in a Plane Crash in February 1942 .

He was the commander of the concentration camp of Dachau. During the World War II was he the leader of the Totenkopf Division.

Eike was on behalf of the Nazi Party a member of the Reichstag. He was also a member of the SA.

1892 births
1943 deaths
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Waffen-SS generals

Theodor Eicke


"I Can't Remember" is a song written by Bill and Bette Anderson, and recorded as a single by American country artist, Connie Smith. It was produced by Bob Ferguson and was released on her 1965 album, Cute 'n' Country. The song was released in April 1965, reaching the Top 5 on the Billboard country music chart, becoming her third Top 10 hit. It was Smith's third single released under the RCA Victor label.

Background and content
"I Can't Remember" was the third single written by Bill Anderson, however with this song, it was co-written with his first wife, Bette Anderson. It was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee March 17, 1965 at RCA Victor's Studio B. The session was produced by Bob Ferguson (who also produced her three other singles) and was backed by Nashville's "A-Team" of musicians, which included Charlie McCoy on bass guitar, Hargus "Pig" Robbins on piano, and part of Anderson's touring band, The Po' Boys. The song's female narrator explains how her lover called her late at night explaining he must leave town. Although he had told her where he was going, the woman could not remember, "but can't forget he's gone." The song's first chorus explains its storyline:

Did he say Sunday noon or one day soon
I think he left with Dan, but what if he said Ann
Did they go to meet a train or leave to catch a plane
I can't remember but I can't forget he's gone

Like her previous two singles released, "I Can't Remember" featured Smith performing the song's guitar accompaniment, as well as singing lead vocals.

Chart performance
"I Can't Remember" was released in April 1965, one month after its recording session, becoming her third single released on RCA Victor Records. The song became Smith's third Top 10 hit in a row, peaking at #9 on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country Songs chart, while also peaking on the Bubbling Under Hot 100. It was issued on Smith's second RCA Victor album, Cute 'n' Country in October 1965 and was the only single spawned from the album. The song was a series of singles written by Bill Anderson, who had written Smith's prior hits, "Once a Day" and "Then and Only Then."

Charts

References

1965 singles
Songs written by Bill Anderson (singer)
Connie Smith songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson (musician)
1965 songs
RCA Victor singles

I Can't Remember


Kieler Förde is an approximately  long inlet of the Baltic Sea on the eastern side of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Formed by glacial movement during the last ice age, it divides Danish Wold peninsula from Wagria. Like the other inlets of förde-type, geologically it is not a fjord. It originates at the Hörn in centre-city Kiel and merges into the Bay of Kiel.

The eastern terminus of the Kiel Canal is located along Kiel Förde leading into the Port of Kiel. At its narrowest point, the "Friedrichsorter Enge", the fjord is only one kilometre wide. The Schwentine enters Kieler Förde near Kiel-Dietrichsdorf.

Locations
Locations along the Kieler Förde:

Western shore
From north to south:
 Bülk (Bülk Lighthouse)
 Strande (fishery and sporting harbor)
 Kiel-Schilksee (Olympic harbor)
 Falckenstein (Kiel's duty-free beach)
 Kiel-Friedrichsort (traditionsreicher Industriestandort)
 Kiel-Holtenau (Kiel Canal)
 Kiel-Wik
 Kiel-Düsternbrook
 Kiel-Zentrum (offices of the large Scandinavian cruise ships)

Eastern shore
From south to north:
 Kiel-Gaarden (Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
 Kiel-Ellerbek (former fishing village, now Arsenal)
 Kiel-Wellingdorf (southern mouth of the Schwentine)
 Neumühlen-Dietrichsdorf (trade harbour "Ostuferhafen")
 Mönkeberg
 Kitzeberg
 Heikendorf
 Möltenort (fishery and sport harbour)
 Laboe (vacation site, Laboe Naval Memorial, U-Boat, fishery, and two sport harbours)
 Stein in Probstei
 Wendtorf in Probstei (vacation site, large natural yacht harbor (Marina Wendtorf), fishing village)
 Heidkate

External links
Webcam Kiel Data - Kieler Förde

Förden of Germany
Kiel
Bays of Schleswig-Holstein

Kieler Förde


Spaghetti alla puttanesca (; in Italian) is an Italian pasta dish invented in Naples in the mid-20th century and made typically with tomatoes, olive oil, olives, anchovies, chili peppers, capers, and garlic, with vermicelli or spaghetti pasta.

Origin
Various recipes in Italian cookbooks dating back to the 19th century describe pasta sauces very similar to a modern puttanesca under different names. One of the earliest dates from 1844, when Ippolito Cavalcanti, in his Cucina teorico-pratica, included a recipe from popular Neapolitan cuisine, calling it Vermicelli all'oglio con olive capperi ed alici salse. After some sporadic appearances in other Neapolitan cookbooks, in 1931 the Touring Club Italiano's  lists it among the gastronomic specialties of Campania, calling it "Maccheroni alla marinara", although the proposed recipe is close to that of a modern puttanesca sauce. In Naples, this type of pasta sauce commonly goes under the name aulive e chiapparielle (olives and capers).

The dish under its current name first appears in gastronomic literature in the 1960s. The earliest known mention of pasta alla puttanesca is in Raffaele La Capria's Ferito a Morte (Mortal Wound), a 1961 Italian novel which mentions " (spaghetti alla puttanesca as they make it in Syracuse)". The sauce became popular in the 1960s, according to the Professional Union of Italian Pasta Makers.

Nonetheless, the 1971 edition of the Cucchiaio d'argento (The Silver Spoon), one of Italy's most prominent cookbooks, has no recipe with the name puttanesca, but two recipes that are similar: The Neapolitan spaghetti alla partenopea, is made with anchovies and generous quantities of oregano; while spaghetti alla siciliana is distinguished by the addition of green peppers. Still again there is a Sicilian style popular around Palermo that includes olives, anchovies and raisins. In Dom DeLuise's 1988 cookbook, Eat This... It'll Make You Feel Better!, he offers a recipe named "Puttanesca Sauce (Harlot Sauce)", which he explains was introduced to him by Caterina Valente during the filming of The Entertainers in 1964. DeLuise's recipe calls for both olives and capers, along with red pepper flakes, but no anchovies or oregano.

In a 2005 article from Il Golfo—a daily newspaper serving the Italian islands of Ischia and Procida—Annarita Cuomo asserted that sugo alla puttanesca was invented in the 1950s by Sandro Petti, co-owner of Rancio Fellone, a famous Ischian restaurant and nightspot. According to Cuomo, Petti's moment of inspiration came when—near closing one evening—Petti found a group of customers sitting at one of his tables. He was low on ingredients and told them he did not have enough to make them a meal. They complained that it was late and they were hungry, saying "Facci una puttanata qualsiasi," meaning something like  "make for us whatever the fuck you got!" Petti had nothing more than four tomatoes, two olives and some capers—the basic ingredients for the sugo, "So I used them to make the sauce for the spaghetti," Petti told Cuomo. Later, Petti included this dish on his menu as spaghetti alla puttanesca.

Etymology
Because puttana means roughly "whore" or "prostitute" and puttanesca is an adjective derived from that word, the dish may have been invented in one of many bordellos in the Naples working-class neighbourhood of Quartieri Spagnoli as a quick meal taken between servicing clients. Alternatively, food historian Jeremy Parzen suggests: "Italians use puttana (and related words) almost the way we use shit, as an all-purpose profanity, so pasta alla puttanesca might have originated with someone saying, essentially, 'I just threw a bunch of shit from the cupboard into a pan'."

Basic recipe
The sauce alone is called sugo alla puttanesca in Italian. Recipes may differ according to preferences; for instance, the Neapolitan version is prepared without anchovies, unlike the version popular in Lazio. Spices are sometimes added. In most cases, however, the sugo is a little salty (from the capers, olives, and anchovies) and quite fragrant (from the garlic). Traditionally, the sauce is served with spaghetti, although it is also paired with penne, bucatini, linguine, and vermicelli.

Garlic and anchovies (omitted in the Neapolitan version) are sautéed in olive oil. Chopped chili peppers, olives, capers, diced tomatoes, and oregano are added along with salt and black pepper to taste. The cook then reduces this mixture by simmering and pours it over spaghetti cooked al dente. The final touch is a topping of parsley.

See also

 Spaghetti dishes
 Pasta dishes

Explanatory notes

References

Neapolitan cuisine
Spaghetti dishes
Anchovy dishes
Olive dishes
Prostitution in Italy

Spaghetti alla puttanesca


Alcoa is a city in Blount County, Tennessee, south of Knoxville. Its population was 10,978 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Knoxville, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As its name suggests, Alcoa was the site of a large aluminum smelting plant owned and operated by the Alcoa corporation (Aluminum Company of America). Formerly known as North Maryville, the town was incorporated under its present name in 1919.

History

Early company town
Shortly after the Pittsburgh Reduction Company changed its name to the Aluminum Company of America in 1907, the company began investigating the possibility of establishing a large smelting operation in East Tennessee. The hydroelectric potential of the Little Tennessee River, which exits the mountains about  southwest of Alcoa, was one of the primary incentives, as the company's aluminum smelting operation would require massive amounts of electricity. In 1910, the company established a base camp at what is now known as Calderwood, initially known as "Alcoa", and was known as such until the name was reapplied to the company's operations in North Maryville a few years later.

The company considered several potential plant sites in Knoxville, Etowah, and Monroe County, but chose North Maryville due in part to the influence of Maryville mayor Samuel Everett (1864−1941).  By 1914, the company had completed the initial purchase of  in North Maryville, and had initiated construction of the smelting plant and 150 houses for company employees. ALCOA's chief engineer Edwin Fickes and hydraulic engineer Robert Ewald drew up plans for the town to house the plant's workers. The town design initially called for the acquisition of , and included four sections— Vose and Springbrook in the north (around what is now Springbrook Park) and Bassel and Hall in the south (around what is now the South Plant). Hall, named for the inventor of the aluminum electrolytic process, was originally a segregated community for the plant's African-American workers. Oldfield, a small community between the planned town and Maryville, would later be annexed by the city of Alcoa.

World War I brought about a spike in the demand for aluminum, and the company quickly expanded its North Maryville operations. In 1919, a rolling mill (now West Plant) was completed, and the company purchased the Knoxville Power Company for its Little Tennessee Valley holdings. That same year, the company's town officially incorporated as "Alcoa". C.L. Babcock was the town's first mayor, and Victor Hultquist was the first city manager. Hultquist, who was also ALCOA's superintendent of construction, remained city manager until 1948, and oversaw much of the town's early development. In 1920, Alcoa had a population of 3,358 people living in 700 houses.

The Great Depression and World War II
Early Alcoa was a classic "company town", with the company maintaining a paternalistic relationship with the city. The city's welfare was almost wholly dependent upon the company's fortunes. This presented a problem for the company, which feared that its workforce would leave to look for jobs elsewhere during times of low production. Thus, during the Great Depression, the company maintained steady production levels in spite of the lack of demand for aluminum. Managers sought to cut workers' hours— which at one point dropped to 30 hours per week— rather than slash jobs. By the end of the decade, the company had stockpiled 42,000 tons of aluminum.

The Depression (and accompanying New Deal legislation) also brought about increased labor union activity in Alcoa. A strike in 1934 was forcibly ended when Hultquist deployed a large police force. A second strike in 1937 was broken in a similar fashion, with two striking workers shot and killed and the National Guard forced to intervene.

World War II proved immensely profitable for ALCOA, as aluminum was needed for aircraft construction. Production increased 600% during the war, and the company's Alcoa operations workforce swelled to 12,000. In the early 1940s, the company built its North Plant, which at the time of its completion was the world's largest plant under a single roof.

Modern Alcoa
After World War II, the city of Alcoa became less and less dependent upon its parent company. Alcoa's public image had suffered due to its hardline stance toward labor unions, and in response, it launched a series of public relations initiatives, including the donation of land for schools, parks, and airport construction. The company also desegregated its facilities during this period. In the early 1950s, the company began selling off company housing to employees. In 1956, Ross Walker became the first city manager who was not employed by the company, and toward the end of the decade, the company had relinquished ownership of city utilities. The completion of the Hall Road Viaduct in the 1940s and the continued development of McGhee Tyson Airport over subsequent decades led to commercial expansion and helped the city diversify its economy.

Geography

The city is situated in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains, the outermost of which, Chilhowee Mountain, rises just a few miles to the south. Large sections of the north-central and northeastern parts of the range are visible from Alcoa Highway. The Little River, which rises near the heart of the Smokies, flows through the eastern section of Alcoa before emptying into the Tennessee River near Louisville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 5.90%, is water.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alcoa has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,978 people, 3,835 households, and 2,574 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,734 people, 3,489 households, and 2,159 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,857 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 81.15% White, 16.01% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.78% from other races, and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of the population.

There were 3,489 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,520, and the median income for a family was $44,333. Males had a median income of $31,464 versus $23,212 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,526. About 9.1% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation
Alcoa's early developers considered public parks an essential part of the city, and in the 1920s, Alcoa sought to set aside  of land for parks for every 100 people living in the city. In the early 1930s, City Manager Hultquist used idle plant workers for park construction, and over the years, the company continued donating land for park construction and expansion. In 1998, a  section of the Maryville-Alcoa Greenway was completed, connecting Alcoa's Springbrook Park with Maryville's Bicentennial Greenbelt Park.

Education
Alcoa City School District is the local school district for the vast majority of the city. A few parcels are in the Blount County Schools school district.

Infrastructure

In the 1990s, Alcoa engaged in a three-way struggle with Knoxville and Blount County for control of McGhee Tyson Airport, which is located in Blount County, but built and operated by Knoxville. In 1992, an attempt by Alcoa to annex the airport was blocked by a court ruling, and a similar attempt four years later was rejected by voters in a referendum. A third annexation attempt in 2002 also failed. The airport is currently managed by the Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority.

Major thoroughfares
U.S. Route 129, locally known as "Alcoa Highway" or "Airport Highway", connects Alcoa with Knoxville to the north and traverses Blount County en route to the North Carolina border to the south.
Interstate 140/Tennessee State Route 162, known as Pellissippi Parkway, connects Alcoa with west Knoxville and Oak Ridge
State Route 35, which follows Hall Road
State Route 334, known as Louisville Road, connects Alcoa with Louisville, Tennessee.
State Route 335, which follows Hunt Road and Old Glory Road, connects Alcoa with eastern and western Blount County

Many of the city's streets, such as Bessemer, Joule, Edison, Darwin, and Watt, are named after famous scientists and inventors. Others, such as Hunt, Glascock, and Calderwood, were named for Alcoa company officials and engineers.

Notable people
 Randall Cobb, graduate of Alcoa High School in 2008 and wide receiver for the Green Bay Packers
 Dave Davis, former wide receiver in the National Football League
 Linda Goss, award-winning storyteller
 Bessie Harvey, self-taught sculptor
 Shannon Mitchell, NFL player
 Lynn Swann, NFL player, born there but grew up in San Mateo, California
 Sidney A. Wallace, U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral
 Billy Williams, NFL player

Government
Alcoa operates under the council-manager form of government providing a full range of services including police, fire, public works, recreation, planning and code enforcement along with electric, water and sewer utilities to our 8,500 residents and our estimated 40,000 daily visitors. Current City Management Staff includes:

See also
 Millennium Manor

References

External links

 City of Alcoa official website
 City charter
 Visit Alcoa

Cities in Tennessee
Company towns in Tennessee
Cities in Blount County, Tennessee
Knoxville metropolitan area
1919 establishments in Tennessee
Alcoa
Tennessee populated places on the Tennessee River

Alcoa, Tennessee


In geometry, Clifford's theorems, named after the English geometer William Kingdon Clifford, are a sequence of theorems relating to intersections of circles.

Statement

The first theorem considers any four circles passing through a common point M and otherwise in general position, meaning that there are six additional points where exactly two of the circles cross and that no three of these crossing points are collinear.  Every set of three of these four circles has among them three crossing points, and (by the assumption of non-collinearity) there exists a circle passing through these three crossing points. The conclusion is that, like the first set of four circles, the second set of four circles defined in this way all pass through a single point P (in general not the same point as M).

The second theorem considers five circles in general position passing through a single point M.  Each subset of four circles defines a new point P according to the first theorem.  Then these five points all lie on a single circle C.

The third theorem considers six circles in general position that pass through a single point M.  Each subset of five circles defines a new circle by the second theorem.  Then these six new circles C all pass through a single point.

The sequence of theorems can be continued indefinitely.

See also
 Cox's chain
 Five circles theorem
 Miquel's six circles theorem

References
 W. K. Clifford (1882). Mathematical Papers, pages 51,2 via Internet Archive
 H. S. M. Coxeter (1965). Introduction to Geometry, page 262, John Wiley & Sons

Further reading
 H. Martini & M. Spirova (2008) "Clifford's chain of theorems in strictly convex Minkowski planes", Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen 72: 371–83

External links

Theorems about circles

Clifford's circle theorems


A principality (sometimes also called princedom) is a country or territory which is ruled by a sovereign prince or princess. Principalities were common in the Middle Ages. Principalities tend to have quite a small territory.

Current principalities
There are currently three countries which are principalities: Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein.

  The Principality of Andorra is a small country in Western Europe which borders Spain and France. Andorra has two heads of state known as "Co-Princes". The two Co-Princes are Emmanuel Macron (also President of France) and Joan Enric Vives Sicília (who is also Bishop of Urgell).
  The Principality of Liechtenstein is a very small country located in the Alps. It was named after the ruling family, the House of Liechtenstein. The principality was once a part of the Holy Roman Empire but eventually became independent. The ruler of Liechtenstein holds the title "Fürst", which is usually translated as "Prince".
  The Principality of Monaco is the second-smallest country in the world. It borders France. Monaco's ruler is the "Sovereign Prince".

Sub-national principalities
Many states of the Holy Roman Empire were small principalities with their own royal families.

In modern Europe, there are some cases where the heir to the throne of a country holds the title "Prince of...", followed by the name of a significant region of the country. This mostly has some historical meaning.

  The Principality of Asturias is one of Spain's autonomous communities. The heir to the throne of Spain has the title "Prince/Princess of Asturias".
  Wales is one of the four countries part of the United Kingdom. The heir to the throne of the UK holds the title Prince of Wales. This is because the Principality of Wales formerly existed before Wales and England became a single legal entity.

Micronations
Some states claim to be principalities but are not recognised by other countries: Sealand (a Sea Fort off the English coast), Seborga (a small town in Italy), the Principality of Hutt River in Australia and the Principality of Minerva in the Pacific. These states are examples of micronations.

Colonialism
Sometimes the word is also used to mean dependent territories in  Africa, Asia and India, pre-Columbian America and Oceania. For these, the word princely states is generally preferred, especially if they came under the authority of a European colonial power.

Forms of government

Principality


Hurricane Fly (foaled 5 April 2004) is a retired Irish Thoroughbred racehorse best known for his performances in hurdle races when under the care of trainer Willie Mullins at Closutton in County Carlow in Ireland. He is a dual winner of the Champion Hurdle and previously held the world record for most Grade 1 (or Group 1) races won by any racehorse until overtaken by Winx in 2019. Originally bred to be a flat racer, the gelding began his racing career in France where he had moderate success, winning twice in ten races. At the end of 2007 he was sold and transferred to Ireland where he began to compete in National Hunt events. On 15 March 2011, Hurricane Fly ridden by Ruby Walsh won the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham.

After finishing third in the 2012 renewal, he became the first horse in thirty-eight years to regain the Champion Hurdle title by winning the race for a second time in 2013. On 26 April 2013 he had his 16th Grade 1 victory in the Punchestown Champion Hurdle equalling the record for Grade 1 wins previously shared by Kauto Star and John Henry. He took sole possession of the record when winning the Morgiana Hurdle on 17 November 2013. He added a further five wins at the highest level before being retired with a record total of 22 such wins in August 2015.  That total was equalled by Winx when she won the W. S. Cox Plate on 27 October 2018. Hurricane Fly is now enjoying his retirement in the lush green paddocks of the Irish National Stud in County Kildare and enjoys meeting the thousands of admirers who visit him there each year.

Background
Hurricane Fly is a small bay horse with a white star bred in Ireland by the Italian Agricola Del Parco. He is one of many top-class horses sired by Montjeu. Others include the Derby winners Pour Moi, Authorized, Camelot and Motivator, the St Leger winners Scorpion and Masked Marvel and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winner Hurricane Run.

Hurricane Fly was originally sent into training with Jean-Louis Pelletan in France.

Racing career

2006 & 2007 seasons: Flat racing
As a two-year-old in France in 2006, Hurricane Fly ran four times, failing to win but finishing second twice. In the following year he won two races including the listed Prix Omnium II (beating the subsequent Champion Stakes winner Literato) but finished well beaten when moved up to Group class in races such as the Prix Daphnis, Prix de Guiche and Prix Eugène Adam. In late 2007 the horse was sold to George Creighton and was transferred to the stable of Willie Mullins at Muine Bheag, County Carlow in Ireland to be trained for a National Hunt career.

2008/2009 season: Novice hurdles
In his first season as a jumper, Hurricane Fly competed in Novice Hurdle races, restricted to horses who had not won a hurdle race before the start of the season. He won a race at Punchestown Racecourse in May and then returned to France to win the GradeThree Gras Savoye Prix de Longchamp Hurdle at Auteuil. Racing over the same course and distance in June he finished second to Grivette in the Grade One Prix Alain de Breil, finishing just ahead of his stable companion Quevega. Returning to Ireland later in the year he recorded his first Grade One win when beating Donnas Palm by a neck in the Royal Bond Novice Hurdle at Fairyhouse Racecourse in November and followed up by winning the Future Champions Novice Hurdle at Leopardstown Racecourse a month later, beating Go Native by ten lengths. In the following spring he bypassed the Cheltenham Festival in March, but ran at Punchestown Festival in April, where he won the Evening Herald Champion Novice Hurdle by seven lengths.

2009/2010 season: Senior hurdles
On his first appearance as a senior hurdler, Hurricane Fly started the 8/13 favourite for the Punchestown Hurdle, but finished third of the four runners behind Solwhit. On his only other appearance of the season returned to Punchestown in April and defeated Solwhit by a neck in the Punchestown Champion Hurdle: the other beaten horses included Thousand Stars, Dunguib, Voler la Vedette and Punjabi.

2010/2011 season
Hurricane Fly was undefeated in five starts in the 2010/2011 National Hunt season. In December he defeated Solwhit in two Group One races: the Hatton's Grace Hurdle at Fairyhouse and the December Festival Hurdle at Leopardstown. In January he won the Irish Champion Hurdle and was then sent to the Cheltenham Festival for the first time to contest the Champion Hurdle. Racing for the first time in England, he started the 11/4 favourite in a field of eleven runners and was ridden by Ruby Walsh. He took the lead at the last flight of hurdles and won by one and a quarter lengths from Peddlers Cross. After the race Walsh described the winner as a "deserved champion" and "a great horse".  Hurricane Fly ended his season by beating Thousand Stars by five lengths in the Punchestown Champion Hurdle on 6 May.

2011/2012 season
After a break of more than eight months, Hurricane Fly returned to the racecourse in January 2012 to contest the Irish Champion Hurdle. He started favourite at odds of 4/5 and won by six and a half lengths from Oscar's Well. In March he returned to Cheltenham to defend the Champion Hurdle and was made 4/6 favourite in a field of ten runners. He was held up in the early stages and made steady progress in the last half mile, but was unable to reach the leaders and finished third behind Rock On Ruby and Overturn. On his only other start of the season he won the Punchestown Champion Hurdle for the third time, beating Zaidpour by two and a half lengths.

2012/2013 season
Hurricane Fly began the 2012/2013 season by winning the Morgiana Hurdle in November by twelve lengths from Captain Cee Bee. On 29 December, the gelding won his thirteenth Grade One race when he won the December Festival Hurdle by seven lengths. Hurricane Fly won his third consecutive Irish Champion Hurdle on 27 January, beating Thousand Stars by five lengths with Binocular in third place. After the race, Mullins expressed the view that the gelding had returned to his best form. In the lead up to Cheltenham, it was clear that many pundits and bookies still doubted whether the 2011 champion could act on the track. Paddy Power gave a money-back special that if Hurricane Fly won, all losing bets would be refunded. A huge crowd travelled over from Ireland.

On 12 March 2013 at Cheltenham, Hurricane Fly attempted to become the first horse since Comedy of Errors in 1975 to regain the Cheltenham Champion Hurdle. Ridden by Ruby Walsh, he was backed from 9/4 in the morning into an SP of 13/8 favourite against eight opponents, including 2012 champion Rock On Ruby and 2010 champion Binocular. After going through a flat spot and appearing to struggle early in the race, Hurricane Fly tracked the front-running Rock On Ruby before coming back on the bridle coming around the home bend and taking the lead after the second-last hurdle. He won by two and a half lengths from the 2012 champion, Rock On Ruby, with Countrywide Flame in third.

On 26 April, Hurricane Fly ended his season by winning his 16th grade one race, equalling legendary chaser Kauto Star and American flat champion John Henry. This was also Hurricane Fly's fourth consecutive Punchestown Champion Hurdle. He beat Thousand Stars by seven lengths with Rock On Ruby in third.

2013/2014 season
Hurricane Fly began his next season in the Morgiana Hurdle at Punchestown on 17 November. Starting the 1/16 favourite he created a new world record by recording his 17th Grade I success, but was not particularly impressive in beating Marito by one and a quarter lengths. Both Mullins and Walsh stated that the gelding would improve significantly for the race. On 29 December, in the Ryanair Hurdle at Leopardstown, Hurricane Fly took on two of the best young hurdlers in Ireland: Our Conor the winner of the 2013 Triumph Hurdle and Jezki, the winner of the 2013 Hatton's Grace Hurdle. Hurricane Fly took the lead approaching the final hurdle and won by two and a half lengths from Jezki, with Our Conor three and a quarter lengths back in third place.

He headed a list of 18 entries for the 2014 incarnation of the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham, announced on 16 January 2014. On 26 January Hurricane Fly attempted to win the Irish Champion Hurdle for fourth time. Starting the 4/7 favourite, he took the lead approaching the last hurdle and fought back after being headed to win by one and a half lengths from Our Conor with Captain Cee Bee third and Jezki the last of four. Hurricane Fly started 11/4 favourite to win his third Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham on 11 March. He briefly disputed the lead after the second last, but eventually finished fourth behind Jezki, My Tent Or Yours and The New One. Hurricane Fly finished his season by finishing second to his Champion Hurdle conqueror Jezki in the Punchestown Champion hurdle in May, going down by 3 1/4 lengths.

2014/2015 season
Hurricane Fly made his 2014/15 seasonal reappearance, as usual, in the Grade 1 Morgiana Hurdle at Punchestown on 16 November. Once again Hurricane Fly faced soft going and the reigning Champion Hurdler, Jezki. Ruby Walsh was on board once more in a race that despite attracting a field of
5, was very much a match race between Hurricane Fly and Jezki. With most punters expecting Jessica Harrington's horse to uphold the form from the spring, Jezki was the well backed 8/13 favourite to defeat Hurricane Fly for the third time in succession. Third-choice Little King Robin set the pace and was well clear of the pack early on with Jezki in second and Hurricane Fly in third. The order stayed this way until after the second last when Jezki, ridden for the first time by Mark Walsh, took up the running with Hurricane Fly his shadow. Jezki made a slight mistake jumping the final hurdle and Hurricane Fly, who was travelling much better than the favourite, pounced upon the leader and under a powerful ride from Walsh sprinted past the younger horse to win by 2 1/4 lengths. Hurricane Fly again faced Jezki in the Ryanair Hurdle at Leopardstown on 29 December, with the Triumph Hurdle winner Tiger Roll also in opposition. After racing fifth of the seven runners in the early stages he moved up to challenge for the lead approaching the last and took the lead on the run-in to beat Jezki by half a length. On 25 January, the gelding was again opposed by Jezki as he attempted to win his fifth Irish Champion Hurdle and his twenty-second Grade I race. Starting the 11/10 favourite he took a narrow lead approaching the last and drew away in the closing stages to win by three and a half lengths from Arctic Fire, with Jezki in third.

On 10 March 2015, Hurricane Fly attempted to win his third Champion Hurdle in five years and started the 8/1 fourth choice in the betting behind Faugheen, The New One and Jezki. He was in touch with the leaders for most of the race and made a forward move approaching the final hurdle but was outpaced on the run-in and finished third behind Faugheen and Arctic Fire, beaten six and a half lengths by the winner. The gelding was then stepped up in distance for the World Series Hurdle at Punchestown in which he was beaten into second by Jezki. In June he returned to France for the first time in seven years to contest the Grande Course de Haies d'Auteuil over 5100 metres and was made favourite against fourteen opponents on very soft ground. He stayed on in the closing stages without ever looking likely to win and finished sixth behind Un Temps Pour Tout. His retirement from racing was announced on 31 August 2015 with Mullins calling him "the horse of a generation".

Pedigree

See also
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
List of racehorses
Repeat winners of horse races

References

External links
 Racing Post Profile
 Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Hurricane Fly

2004 racehorse births
Cheltenham Festival winners
Champion Hurdle winners
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in Ireland
Thoroughbred family 1-p

Hurricane Fly


Millbrook, also known as Chalfont,  is a neighborhood in the Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The neighborhood is adjacent to Franklin Mills. The neighborhood consists of row homes, twin and twin rancher homes and has subdivision names such as Robindale, Chalfont, and the DiMarco Homes. The neighborhoods were constructed between 1956 and 1962, with newer areas near the Poquessing Creek built after 1970-1975. There were several Polish family farmettes, including Stopyra, Bushel, Strezlecki, Wyszynski and Grabowski occupying much of this area prior to the subdivision's construction. The neighborhood parish and Roman Catholic School is Our Lady of Calvary, located at 11024 Knights Road and Aloysius Fitzpatrick Elementary Public School is on the northeast corner of Knights Road and Chalfont Drive. Millbrook is also home to a magnet school specializing in the performing arts, The Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush.

Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
Northeast Philadelphia

Millbrook, Philadelphia


The Vostochny Cosmodrome (, "Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East. It is intended to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first launch took place on 28 April 2016 at 02:01 UTC. As of 1 July 2022, eleven launch attempts have been made with ten successes.

Location
Vostochny (which means "Eastern" in Russian) is in the Svobodny and Shimanovsk districts of Amur Oblast in the Russian Far East, on the watershed of the Zeya and Bolshaya Pyora rivers, approximately  from the Pacific Ocean, depending on launch azimuth. The planned total area is about 30 km in diameter, thus 551.5 km2, centred on . The nearby train station is Ledyanaya and the nearest city is Tsiolkovsky.

The latitude means that rockets will be able to carry almost the same amount of payload as they can when launched from Baikonur at 46° N, although both are at a relatively high latitude which limits payload capacity in comparison to places like Kourou. Other positives include the ability to use sparsely populated areas and bodies of water for the rocket launch routes; proximity to major transportation networks such as the Baikal–Amur Mainline and the Chita–Khabarovsk Highway; abundant local electricity production (for the hydrogen rocket fuel electrolysis and liquefaction); and the infrastructure supporting the former Svobodny Cosmodrome, the local prototype.

The location has a quite speedy supply of most materials and allows rockets to jettison their lower stages over the ocean. It was expanded as part of a plan to modernize the supporting infrastructure. Russian president Vladimir Putin confirmed that other places proffered were on the shore of the Pacific, near Vladivostok, which experts have disfavoured for their oceanic climate, liable to cause delays in date-sensitive launches.

History

In January 2011, Vladimir Putin ordered the government to complete the paperwork as soon as possible so that construction can start on schedule. The general designer of the cosmodrome is Ipromashprom (Mechanical Engineering Project Institute). The main contractor is the Federal Agency for Special Construction.

Construction of the cosmodrome began in January 2011 and was expected to be completed in 2018. During a visit to the site in July 2011, the newly appointed chief of Roscosmos, Vladimir Popovkin, promised 20 billion roubles for Vostochny during 2012. A month later the head of Spetstroy, Grigory Naginsky, told the press that the first blueprints for the centre went through the project expertise and the first contract worth 1.6 billion roubles was signed with Roscosmos, covering construction of a railway line and a road. Naginsky also promised completion of the initial makeshift housing for construction workers at the site by 1 October 2011.

Although the Angara pad at Vostochny had originally been planned for completion in 2018, as part of the second phase of construction of the new launch centre, Dmitry Rogozin announced in January 2013 that the Angara would fly from Vostochny earlier, in 2015. However, Roscosmos announced in November 2014 a postponement, saying that the first uncrewed test mission of Angara would not launch until 2021.

Over 100 construction workers went on strike to protest unpaid wages in March and April 2015. Following corruption allegations and findings by the Russian Prosecutor General's Office that "a number of labour laws have been violated during the construction. [Putin is] taking personal control of the cosmodrome's construction".

In June 2015, the installation of support equipment and assembly of the first floor of the command post of the Vostochny Cosmodrome was handed over to specialists from the Centre for Operation of Space Ground-Based Infrastructure (TsENKI). In October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 rocket were designed for a different variant of the rocket and were too small, so the planned launch date of the first Soyuz-2 from Vostochny Cosmodrome in December 2015 was under review. A spokesperson for a Russian government space infrastructure agency reported that "work with the rocket at the integration and testing complex now can not be conducted because the facility is not ready", and added that "there are still imperfections in the construction". However, later this information was disproved by the cosmodrome's operation centre and the rocket was set into the facility.

The first launch of a Soyuz-2 rocket from Vostochny took place on 28 April 2016.

On 13 September 2023, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and Russian president Vladimir Putin held a historic meeting at the cosmodrome.

Construction

Early plans projected that seven launch pads would be built at the site, including two for crewed flights. On 1 September 2009, Medvedev signed Presidential decree No. 562 designating Spetstroy as the cosmodrome's sole construction contractor. Construction began in January 2011 and was expected to be completed by 2018. Russian engineers looked to apply knowledge gained from building the Soyuz launch facilities in Kourou spaceport and the Angara pad at Naro Space Center in South Korea. As a cost-saving measure, no defensive military structures like those at Baikonur cosmodrome will be built at Vostochny. More than 400 social, engineering and transport infrastructure facilities,  of roads and  of railway lines are projected to be built at the cosmodrome.

In December 2011, ARMS-TASS reported with reference to the director of the Federal Special Construction Agency, Grigory Naginsky, that hotels and barracks were being constructed within the cosmodrome. Regarding housing plans, he noted that a town for 40 thousand people would be built near the cosmodrome.

In January 2012, a Russian Government Decree signed by Prime Minister Medvedev transferred  of forest lands in the Amur Oblast for construction of the spaceport from Shimanovsky and Svobodensky districts. On 2 March 2012, Deputy Prosecutor General Yuri Gulyagin said at a meeting with the Presidential representative in the Far Eastern Federal District Viktor Ishayev that timely payment of wages, as well as registration of vehicles and people involved in the construction of the cosmodrome, will soon be the focus of regulatory authorities. According to him, construction of the launch site should not be admitted to the violations that were in the construction of the 2012 APEC Summit projects. As noted at the meeting, the number of workers and organizations each month will only increase, and therefore requires strict control. The number of employees at the facility by the end of 2012 was projected to increase from 5,000 to 7,000.

In April 2013, Minister of Far Eastern Development Viktor Ishayev said that 2014 will be the busiest year in the construction period and the number of workers will rise to 7,000. He also said he was sorry for the delay in reconstructing and developing worker residence sites that were handed over by the Russian Ministry of Defense in Tsiolkovsky. On 12 April 2013, which is Cosmonautics Day in Russia, Putin suggested naming the town that will be built near the cosmodrome after the founder of theoretical astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, saying that there was not a single locality in Russia bearing the name of the scientist. Later it was decided to assign this name to Uglegorsk, the nearest city. In November 2013, the ITAR-TASS news agency reported that the three-month delay that existed in July was reduced by November to 10 days. By this time the first stage of the project, the construction of roads at the cosmodrome, had been completed. , more than 4,000 personnel, 680 pieces of construction equipment and vehicles were working at the site. With personnel working on a rotational basis, the overall number of people involved in the project had reached 5,246. In December 2013, specialists chose sites for Angara facilities at the cosmodrome and transported the mockup of a launch vehicle from Moscow-based Khrunichev Space Center to the spaceport.

In March 2014, Russia's federal network grid operator FGC UES completed the first phase of power supply to the cosmodrome. The first phase consists of a modernized "Ledyanaya" 220 kV substation which connects power receivers for complex structures to the Unified National Power Grid. In the same month, Spetstroy said it was hoping to finish building the launch pad for Soyuz-2 launch vehicles before the end of July 2015.

In July 2015, reconstruction of the Ledyanaya railway station was completed; it includes a garage, service and domestic building and treatment facilities, 20 new turnouts and communications systems. In the shortest possible time, an extension was built to the post of electric interlocking and high loading platform, in addition to the construction of railway stations Promishlennaya-1 () and Promishlennaya-2. They are located within the territory of the cosmodrome. On 25 September 2015, the first rocket destined for a launch at Vostochny Cosmodrome arrived by train. The rocket, Soyuz-2.1a, was planned to launch in December 2015. The launch took place on 28 April 2016.

In September 2018, it became known that cavities had appeared in the foundations of Site 1A due to poorly poured concrete. Repairs were carried out shortly thereafter.

On 23 January 2019, Roscosmos cancelled the agreement with the troubled PSO Kazan company to build the launch pad for the Angara rocket in Vostochny. Russia's Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev has harshly criticized Director General of Roscosmos Dmitry Rogozin and the top brass at the state space agency: "We should stop the project-mongering, quit blabbing about where we'll fly to in 2030, we should work, talk less and do more", Medvedev said.

Launches

The first launch at the complex occurred on 28 April 2016, at 02:01 UTC, when a Soyuz-2 launched from pad Site 1S, carrying the gamma-ray astronomy satellite Mikhailo Lomonosov.

The second launch occurred on 28 November 2017, also from Site 1S, with a Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat carrying Meteor-M No.2-1. The mission was declared a failure after telemetry was lost and the rocket re-entered the atmosphere due to the Fregat upper stage being programmed for a launch from Baikonur rather than the new Vostochny Cosmodrome.

The third launch occurred on 1 February 2018 from Site 1S, with a Soyuz 2.1a/Fregat-M. The primary payloads were two Russian government Earth observation satellites, Kanopus-V 3 and 4. Also aboard were 9 cubesats. The launch was successful.

The fourth launch from Vostochny, using a Soyuz 2.1a, was conducted on 27 December 2018. The primary payloads were two Russian government Earth observation satellites, Kanopus-V 5 and 6. Also aboard were 26 small satellites that were deployed as secondary payloads. The launch of these small satellites was organized by GK Launch Services, a commercial subsidiary of Roscosmos.

The fifth launch took place on 5 July 2019. The Soyuz-2 rocket delivered weather satellite Meteor-M2-2 into orbit.

The sixth launch was conducted on 18 December 2020, with a Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat from Site 1S. The payload was 36 OneWeb Internet link satellites into low Earth orbit. The launch was successful.

The seventh–eleventh launches were conducted on 25 March, 26 April, 28 May, 1 July, and 10 October 2021, each with a Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M from Site 1S. Again, 36 × 5 OneWeb satellites were successfully launched into LEO.

On 10 August 2023 the Soyuz-2 rocket carrying Luna 25 was launched. The probe launched and entered lunar orbit successfully, but later crashed into the moon.

Purpose
The aim of the cosmodrome is to enable Russia to launch most missions from its own land, and reduce the dependency of Russia on the Baikonur Cosmodrome which is leased from the government of Kazakhstan. Baikonur is the launch site operated by Russia with the legacy capability to launch crewed missions to ISS or toward lower inclination and geostationary orbits. The Russian government pays a yearly rent of $115 million to Kazakhstan for its usage. Satellites bound for high inclination orbits can be currently launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. The new site is intended mostly for civilian launches. As of 2011, Roscosmos planned to move 45% of Russia's space launches to Vostochny by 2020, while the share from Baikonur was expected to drop from 65% to 11%, and Plesetsk to account for 44%. In 2012, the share of space launches on Russian soil stood at 25%, and was projected to increase to 90% by 2030.

Economic aspects
Development of the Vostochny Cosmodrome is expected to have a positive impact on the economy of the relatively poorly developed Russian Far East. The Russian government has a strategic policy to bring high-tech companies into the Far East region, and several enterprises involved in human space flight are expected to move their activities there when the new cosmodrome is completed. Development of the new site is also expected to dramatically increase employment in the towns of Tsiolkovsky, Shimanovsk, Svobodny and others. Along with the launch pads and processing facilities, an airport and a satellite city will be constructed. The city will be designed to accommodate 35,000 people as well as tourists. It will contain a full supporting infrastructure with schools, kindergartens and clinics. Architect Dmitry Pshenichnikov has stated that the city is to become a "one-of-its-kind scientific and tourist space town with a unique design and a beautiful landscape".

In November 2012, press reports indicated that the Russian government is having difficulty in finding a good use for the new spaceport, and that other government ministries have been avoiding the project, calling it a "dolgostroy", which is Russian for an "endless construction boondoggle".

Controversies
Corruption severely set back construction of the Vostochny Cosmodrome. According to Russian prosecutors, at least US$165 million was embezzled during the construction process (critics claim that these numbers are severely downplayed), and in 2015, 350 workers painted giant messages on their barracks, asking Vladimir Putin to help after long payment delays. By July 2016, the price for the spaceport was US$7.5 billion with costs rising every year (for example, an additional US$105 million was requested in 2016).  By 2019, about 60 persons had been convicted for corruption.

Launch pads
Seven launch pads are planned to be built at Vostochny over several years. Launch pads include:

 Site 1S ("S" for "Soyuz") – Soyuz-2, first launch on 28 April 2016, at 02:01 UTC. Located at .
 Site 1A ("A" for "Angara") – Angara-1.2/A5/A5P/A5V, construction began in September 2018, launches expected in 2023. Located at .
 PU 3 ("PU" or "ПУ" for "puskovaya ustanovka" or "пусковая установка", meaning "launch pad") – Will be used for Soyuz-7 (Amur LNG), construction will begin after construction of site 1A has been completed.

Gallery

References

External links

 Map of area
 Vostokdrom

Spaceports
Soviet and Russian space program locations
Rocket launch sites in Russia
Buildings and structures in Amur Oblast
Transport infrastructure completed in 2016
2016 establishments in Russia

Vostochny Cosmodrome


James S. Bell Junior Middle and Wellness Academy is a public elementary school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. James S. Bell is administered by the Toronto District School Board. The school serves the west end neighbourhood of Long Branch in the former suburb of the Etobicoke.

History

The village of Long Branch did not have its own school until 1913.  Children of the village had to travel along a cow's lane and over some railroad tracks to the Horner Avenue School.  In 1913 a four grade classroom was opened in the old Baptist Church on 27th Street.  This small school consisted of one room which was heated by a coal stove and had outdoor facilities.  The teacher was Mr. John McGrath.  This little classroom was known as S.S. No. 16 - Etobicoke.

In 1915 a four-room, two floor, school was built on the site which is now 3495 Lakeshore Blvd. West.  This school became known as the Long Branch Public School. When the school opened there were only two classrooms on the main floor.  The second floor had not yet been partitioned and was used as an auditorium.  There were two playrooms in the basement, one for the boys and one for the girls.  Children brought their lunches and had hot chocolate everyday which was prepared by one parent, Mrs. Ludow.  She made this hot chocolate in the boiler room. The school had a large front lawn which was flooded in winter and used as a skating rink.  In time, the second floor was partitioned to make two additional classrooms.  The staff consists of Mr. McGrath, the principal, Miss Murchison, the teacher and Mr. Chavener, the caretaker. In 1920 six rooms were added to the rear of the building and in 1923 four rooms were added to the front of the building.  By 1924 Long Branch Public School had grown in size to fourteen rooms.

In 1926 it became evident that Long Branch needed high school facilities.  Another front section was added to the building  to accommodate a continuation school.  This new front section consisted of six classrooms, a board and staff room, a nurse's office and a principals office. The additions were completed in 1930-31 by George Roper Gouinlock, son of prominent architect George Wallace Gouinlock. These new facilities were used by the continuation school.  Upon the completion of these additions, the school became known as The Long Branch Public and Continuation School.  The principal was Mr. James. S. Bell who served the school from 1926 to 1946.  In September 1946 Mr. Harvey H. Gibbs was appointed principal of the Public School and Mr. O. Barkley principal of the Continuation School. 1948-1951 were years of expansion for Long Branch Public and Continuation School.  1948 saw the introduction of kindergarten and 1949 the departments of Remedial Reading, Art, Home Economics and Industrial Arts.  The Senior Boy's Academic Vocational class began in 1950. In 1951 the Continuation School moved to the New Toronto Vocational School (since 1983, Lakeshore Collegiate Institute) building and the Public School which had been housing classes in the basement rooms, gymnasium and three churches, filled the vacated space.  Mr. Rod Jack became vice-principal.  A secretary was added to the school staff.

Long Branch Public and Continuation School became the James S. Bell School in 1953 in honour of its late principal who had served it for 20 years.  In 1954 six kindergarten and five grade one classes moved into a new and final wing of the school. In 1959 Parkview School was opened and Mr. Rod Jack left James S. Bell to be its principal.  Mr. Elmer Yeandle became vice-principal of James S. Bell. In 1962 the Board awarded Mr. Harvey Gibbs a service certificate on completion of 25 years at James S. Bell (January 1, 1938 to December 31, 1962). Violin lessons were inaugurated under the direction of Mr. M. De Sotto in 1962 and in 1963 physical education was introduced under Mr. R. J. Lewis.

In 1964 the building of a new school was approved on Thirty First Street.  From September to December 1964 the architect, Mr. A. G. Elton, developed plans for the new school inviting suggestions from staff into the planning of the classrooms.  In February 1965 the Canadian Ensign was lowered for the last time and the new Maple Leaf flag raised by Mr. Gibbs, with all school personnel in attendance.  April 1965 saw the Weller Construction company begin construction on the new school.  In November 1965 the ceremony of laying the cornerstone took place with Board members, local dignitaries and all school personnel attending.

There was a student reunion and open house at the old school for former teaches and students in 1966.  Approximately 1000 people attended.  The funds raised from this event purchased "Bright May Reflections", an oil painting by Hilton Hassell O.S.A. which was presented to James S. Bell school.

By 1966 the new school was partially completed.  Grades four to eight were moved into their new rooms on the second floor.  The remaining classes, kindergarten to grade three, and the library moved into their respective rooms on October 11.  The school office was ready in November and the Home Economics room in December.  Approximately five hundred and fifty people attended the official opening of the school on the evening of November 25.  Mrs. Bell, the widow of James S. Bell, and family gave the school $500.00 as a memorial to Mr. Bell.  This money was used for library accoutrement.

In January 1967 the Lakeshore area, Mimico, New Toronto and Long Branch were amalgamated with Etobicoke as the Borough of Etobicoke.  In June 1967 the staff gave Mr. Gibbs a retirement party which was attended by a great number of people who had been on the James S. Bell staff over the years.  Mr. Gibbs was presented with a matching set of  luggage.  On June 29. 1967 Mr Gibbs retired after forty years of school service, twenty-one of them as the principal of James S. Bell.  At the same time Mr. Yeandle, the vice principal, left to become principal of Parkview School and thirteen of the staff of thirty left teaching or transferred to other schools.  In September 1967  Mr. Martin Caldwell became the principal of James S. Bell and Mr. Roger Parent became vice principal.  In March 1969 Mr. Caldwell went on medical leave and Mr. Parent became the acting principal for the remainder of the school year.  Mr. Paul McKenzie became the principal in September 1969.

References

External links
Official web site
Profile at the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO) web site

Elementary schools in Toronto
Middle schools in Toronto
Education in Etobicoke
Educational institutions established in 1951
1951 establishments in Ontario

James S. Bell Junior Middle School


Chordiant, formerly known as Chordiant Software and J. Frank Consulting, was an American software company which offered enterprise software to help other companies improve customer experience. Now owned by Pegasystems, they were headquartered in Cupertino, California.

Chordiant provided Business Process Management (BPM), Customer relationship management (CRM), and Enterprise Decision Management (EDM) software, which enables building applications that enhances customer interaction. Applications built using the company's framework were widely used by large organisations in the United States and Europe.

History
Chordiant originally began under the name J. Frank Consulting, a consulting company. In 1997, they transformed into a software company and re-branded as Chordiant Software. In February 2000, they went public and traded under NASDAQ. The company's stock hit an initial high point of $53 shortly after going public, but soon crashed to single digits months later as the software industry in general suffered a significant decline.

Initially, Chordiant's software was developed on Forte 4GL platform. After seeing the promise of the emerging Java EE technologies, the company moved their software to a Java-based platform and became one of the first packaged enterprise software vendors to ship a completely Java EE-based product suite.

On March 15, 2010, Pegasystems, a competing company, announced it had acquired Chordiant for a price of approximately $161.5 million.

References

External links
Official website

Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Cupertino, California
Software companies established in 1997
Software companies disestablished in 2010
Customer relationship management software companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
2010 mergers and acquisitions

Chordiant


In fashion, falsies are paddings for use in a bra to create the appearance of larger breasts. The term has also, more rarely, been used for pads which create the appearance of larger buttocks. In both cases, there is a note of (more or less) amusement conveyed by the term. In a specifically humorous context, the term refers to moulded plastic replicas of female breasts that may be worn (covered or uncovered) by males for comedic effect. Falsies are typically held onto the chest by elastic straps or forming the top part of an apron.
More recently, the term is also a short for false lashes.

See also
Brassiere
Padding
Cleavage enhancement

Lingerie
Breast

Women's clothing

Falsies


William Graham (1817 – 16 July 1885), Liberal MP for Glasgow, was a Scottish politician, wine merchant, cotton manufacturer and port shipper. He is remembered as a patron of Pre-Raphaelite artists like Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti and a collector of their works.

Art collector

Graham's father was the founder of a firm, and in 1810 W & J Graham & Co diversified its business interests when it began importing wines from Portugal. Graham's became one of Britain's most prominent port shippers. Graham was a moderate Liberal, who was elected on 14 July 1865 with Robert Dalglish (1808–1880) in Glasgow. He was re-elected in 1868 with Dalglish and George Anderson (1819–1896) in the party's great Glasgow triumph in the general election of 1868 when Glasgow's electoral representation was raised from two to three MPs.

Graham was a friend and patron of Edward Burne-Jones since 1856. Graham bought several of Burne-Jones's works and the 1886 sale of his collection allowed new Burne-Jones enthusiasts to acquire coveted pieces. Graham also invited artists such as Burne-Jones and Edward Clifford to his country house, Stobhall, in Perthshire. Clifford in turn acquired three paintings from Graham's collection in 1886.

At Rossetti's persuasion, he commissioned Found for 800 pounds in 1869; the painting remained unfinished, and took possession of the work after the painter's death in April 1882. In 1871, Graham commissioned The Blessed Damozel (1871) from Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He also acquired La Donna Della Finestra (1880) from the artist.  Graham began to buy from Rossetti in the mid-1860s. When they came on the market in 1874 and 1885, Graham bought his two Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood oils, Ecce Ancilla Domini (1850) and The Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1849) both now in the Tate Gallery. He also commissioned the large Dante's Dream, although this was found to be too big for his London house. Many of the pictures he owned are now in Tate Britain.

From Edward Burne-Jones, Graham also acquired many pieces. In the 1870s, Graham commissioned the two large oils Laus Veneris (Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle upon Tyne) and Chant d'Amour (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), which were the most important items in a large collection of Burne-Jones's work, formed from the mid-1860s. The Graham piano was painted by Burne-Jones for Graham's daughter Frances (Mrs. Horner, later Lady Horner); Frances continued her father's role as friend and patron of Burne-Jones. William Morris and Burne-Jones also prepared a copy, one of four, of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859) for Frances.

His importance is not only as a purchaser and a patron, but also as a person whose fine collection of early Italian paintings helped to inspire the artists whom Graham supported such as Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones. After his death, his collection was sold at auction by Christie's in April 1886.

Issue and descendants
Graham married Jane Catherine Lowndes (1819/1820–1899), and had issue including:
 Frances Jane Graham (1854/1855–1940), married 1883 John Francis Fortescue Horner, barrister, later Sir John Horner, of Mells Park, Somerset, and had issue:
 Katharine Frances Horner (1885–1976) married the barrister Raymond Asquith (killed in action 1916), and was grandmother of the present Earl of Oxford and Asquith. She was a friend of Ronald Knox and Siegfried Sassoon.
 Edward Horner (1888 – November 1917), killed in action in the Battle of Cambrai, a member of The Coterie with his brother-in-law.
 Agnes Graham (1860/1861–1937), married 1881 Herbert Jekyll, later Colonel Sir Herbert Jekyll (1846–1932), brother of the celebrated gardener Gertrude Jekyll. Agnes became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire and a Lady of Justice of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. They had issue one son who died unmarried (1882–1965), and two daughters:
 Barbara Jekyll (1887–1973), married first 1911 the Hon. Francis McLaren, M.P., who was killed in 1917 in the War, and, secondly, in 1922, Colonel B. C. Freyberg, V.C., later Lord Freyberg (1889–1963), and had issue by both husbands. She was named a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in 1953.
 Pamela Jekyll (1889–1943), married 1908 the Right Hon. Reginald McKenna (d. 1943), and had issue.

References

Sources

William Graham MP The Glasgow Story.

 Obituary: Sir Herbert Jekyll The Times, 30 September 1932.
 Obituary: Barbara, Lady Freyberg The Times, 26 September and 3 October 1973
 Obituary: General Lord FreybergThe Times, 6 July 1963
 Leigh Rayment , last updated 4 November 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2008.

Further reading

 Oliver Garnett, 'The Letters and Collection of William Graham - Pre-Raphaelite Patron and Pre-Raphaelite Collector', The Walpole Society, 1999–2000, pp. 249, 254, 290 (no b26)

External links

Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
Scottish art collectors
1817 births
1885 deaths

William Graham (Glasgow MP)


A sous-chef is a chef who is second in command of a kitchen – the person ranking directly below the head chef. In large kitchens, sous-chefs generally manage members of the kitchen on behalf of the head chef, who is usually preoccupied with other tasks.

Duties and functions
The sous-chef has many responsibilities, because the executive chef has a more overarching role. Sous-chefs must plan and direct how the food is presented on the plate, keep their kitchen staff in order, train new chefs, create the work schedule, and make sure all the food that goes to customers is of the best quality to maintain high standards.

Sous-chefs are in charge of making sure all kitchen equipment is in working order. They must thoroughly understand how to use and troubleshoot all appliances and cooking instruments in the event of a malfunctioning cooking device. Sous-chefs are in charge of disciplining any kitchen staff who may have acted against restaurant policy. Incentive programs are commonly used among sous-chefs to encourage their staff to abide by rules and regulations, and motivate them to work efficiently at all times. Under the oversight of the sous-chef, downtime should be used for prepping, cleaning and other kitchen duties. They are responsible for inventory, product and supply rotation, and menu tasting. Sous-chefs need to be responsive and have the ability to improvise when a problem arises while the restaurant is busy. They must also ensure safety precautions and sanitary provisions are taken to ensure a safe and clean working environment.

Qualifications
Many sous-chefs get to their position via promotion, after training and experience in the culinary profession.

In Canada, one way to advance to the sous-chef position is by getting a specialized college diploma, acquiring the knowledge necessary to qualify to take the Red Seal for the Journeyman Cook exam. A year after completing the exam, it is possible to enroll in the Chef Program to take an exam with the Canadian Culinary Foundation. Then, after four to five years of working experience, one can apply to the Certified Chef de Cuisine program.

See also

 List of restaurant terminology

References

Restaurant staff
Restaurant terminology
Culinary terminology

Sous-chef


Laura Blundy (2000) is a historical novel by Julie Myerson set in Victorian London. It is the story of a woman whose life takes a turn for the worse.

Plot summary

After her mother has died in childbirth, Laura Blundy is brought up by her loving and caring father, a merchant and shopowner who also pays for her schooling. One day, on her way to her ailing aunt, she is given a lift by a young man in a carriage who rapes her and then throws her out of the carriage again. She becomes pregnant, and when both her father and her aunt die she is left penniless.

Unable to care for her baby son, she manages to have him raised in an institution. She occasionally goes there to inquire after him, but one day she is told that he has died and that he has been buried in an unmarked grave. The feeling of loss she experiences never leaves her again.

Laura Blundy spends the following 18 years of her life in the streets of London. When another woman's baby dies in her care she is charged with murder and has to go to prison. Years later she is set free again but almost immediately after her release she is run over by a carriage (whose driver does not stop). She is brought to hospital, where her leg is amputated. However, she falls in love with her surgeon. They get married, but Laura is attracted more by his cleanliness and moderate wealth than by his character or potency.

When, in mid-winter, Laura decides to commit suicide by drowning in the river Thames, she is rescued by Billy, a young worker employed in the building of the Victoria Embankment and London's sewage system. At one point in the novel, Billy comes into direct contact with Joseph Bazalgette, the chief engineer on this project. Although Billy has a wife and children, they start a love affair.

Some time later Laura beats her husband to death in his own home, making Billy an accomplice after the fact. Laura cuts up her husband's body, and then she and Billy carry the body in several bags to the river. As the surgeon's head keeps bobbing up and being washed ashore they eventually have to burn it.

At this point in her life Laura, already in her late thirties, may be pregnant once again. The lovers have plans of escaping to France.

References

2000 British novels
Historical novels
Novels set in London
Novels set in the 19th century
Fourth Estate books

Laura Blundy


The Devil's Elixirs () is an 1815 novel by E. T. A. Hoffmann. The basic idea for the story was adopted from Matthew Gregory Lewis's novel The Monk, which is itself mentioned in the text.

Although Hoffmann himself was not particularly religious, he was nevertheless so strongly impressed by the life and atmosphere on a visit to a monastery of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin that he determined to write the novel in that religious setting. Characteristically for Hoffmann, he wrote the entire novel in only a few weeks. The Devil's Elixirs is described by some literary critics as fitting into the Gothic novel genre (called Schauerroman in German). It can be classified in the subgenre of dark romanticism, and was said by scholars of his era to fall within the tradition of Jacques Callot's grotesques.

Plot
The Devil's Elixirs is predominantly a first-person narrative related by the Capuchin friar Medardus. He is ignorant of his family history and what he knows about his childhood is based upon fragments of memory and a few events his mother has explained to him.

Medardus cannot resist the devil's elixir, which has been entrusted to him and which awakens in him sensual desires. After being sent from his cloister to Rome, he finds a Count, disguised as a friar as a means of seeing his lover, and pushes him (whether intentionally or not is ambiguous) from a "Teufelssitz" ("devil's perch"). Unbeknownst to all involved, the Count is Medardus's half-brother and the Count's lover is his half-sister. The Count becomes his lunatic doppelgänger and crosses his path multiple times after Medardus abandons his ecclesiastical position, drifting throughout the world.

The story centers on his love for a young princess, Aurelie. After murdering her stepmother (the above-mentioned half-sister) and brother, Medardus flees to a city. After his devilish connection is found out by an old painter, Medardus flees the city with the help of a "foolish" hair dresser with two personalities, who serves as a foil to the destructive dual identity of Medardus, gaily living as both Peter Schoenfeld and Pietro Belcampo. He arrives at a prince's court, soon followed by Aurelie. She recognizes the friar as her brother's murderer and Medardus is thrown in jail. He is released only after the doppelgänger appears and is taken as the murderer.

Having passed himself off for a Polish noble while in prison he is engaged to Aurelie. On their wedding day however, he is overcome by a fit of madness, hearing the voice of the doppelgänger, which has been occurring ever more frequently to this point; he stabs Aurelie, frees the doppelgänger as he was being taken to his execution, and runs about the wilderness fighting the doppelgänger for months until he awakens in an Italian cloister, once more saved by Pietro/Peter. He is once more wearing his frock with the name Medardus stitched on it.

Returned to his original identity Medardus undergoes an intense process of repentance and discovers his family history by reading the diary of a painter. After meeting with the Pope and becoming involved in potentially fatal Vatican political intrigue (which suggest he may still have devilish ambitions to power) Medardus returns to the German cloister. A great fest is being held – Aurelie is soon to take her final vows to become a nun. Once again he must struggle with his lust. Just as he seems to have mastered it the doppelgänger rushes in and stabs Aurelie, fatally this time, and once more escapes. At the end, he writes this manuscript as an act of penance. A final note from the librarian of the cloister reveals circumstances of his death – namely a hysterical laughing which casts doubt on his implied redemption from satanic possession. (or – since he dies in a calm sleep precisely a year after Aurelie, he did repent; and the laughter was given out by his half-brother, still lurking in the cloister's hidden chambers, still embodying the evil part of the protagonist's personality, and still needing time to repent, which he could do after joining the monastery as a friar with Leonardus' help).

English translations
In 1824, an abridged translation by Robert Pearse Gillies was published as The Devil's Elixir. A full unabridged translation by Ronald Taylor was published in 1963 as The Devil's Elixirs.

References

External links
Gillies' 1824 abridged translation, volume 1 and volume 2
Ronald Taylor's 1963 complete translation
The full text at Zeno.org (in German)
The full audiobook at Archive.org (in German)

1815 German novels
German fantasy novels
1810s fantasy novels
Novels by E. T. A. Hoffmann
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in monasteries
German Gothic novels
German novels adapted into films

The Devil's Elixirs


Hitch is a 2005 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about a professional dating consultant who teaches men how to get women to like them. Will Smith plays Alex. Eva Mendes plays Sara. Amber Valletta plays Allegra.

The movie was released on February 11, 2005. The overall reviews were positive. The box office was also positive.

Release Dates

2005 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by Andy Tennant

Hitch (movie)


Itakhuli or Sukreswar Hill is a small hill on the south bank of the Brahmaputra at Guwahati. The past official residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup District of Assam was located on top of this hill. The D.C. bungalow was vacated for the Brahmaputra river side development.  Adjacent to it in the western side of the D.C.'s bungalow is the Sukreswar Temple. Itakhuli hill have always have been of strategic importance it was the seat of the viceroys and a garrison since the early days of Kamrup from Ahom, to Mughal and to the British. If one stands on the lawns on the back side of the D.C. Bungalow one can have a panoramic view of Brahmaputra River with the Karmanakha rocks and Uma Nanda Temple on the Peacock island in the middle, with hills of Nilachal or Kamakhya on the west and Agiathuri hills far off in the north west, Manikarneswar hill and Aswaklanta on the north bank of the river, the Kurua hills on the northeast.

See also
 Battle of Itakhuli

References

Guwahati
Hills of Assam

Itakhuli