Benedictine University at Springfield in Springfield, Illinois was a branch campus of Benedictine University, whose main campus is in Lisle, Illinois.  It offered accelerated associate, bachelor's and graduate programs through the university's School of Graduate, Adult and Professional Education.

SGAPE offered accelerated undergraduate programs in Management, Criminal Justice, Psychology and Nursing; graduate programs in Reading and Literacy, Business Administration, and Management and Organizational Behavior; English as a Second Language and Bilingual Endorsements; and a Ph.D. in Organization Development.

BenU at Springfield also offered fully online undergraduate certificates in Human Resource Management, Marketing, Digital Marketing for the Working Professional, Advanced Digital Marketing for the Working Professional, and Diversity and Criminology.

On-campus programs met one night a week; and hybrid/off campus programs had some classes that met one night a week at off campus locations (including partnership programs that are held at local worksites) and other classes that were offered online.

Programs were specifically designed for adult learners to develop essential problem-solving and critical thinking skills.

History

Benedictine University at Springfield has its roots in the founding of Springfield Junior College (later to become Springfield College in Illinois) in 1929 by the Ursuline Sisters. In 2003, the school faced financial and enrollment challenges and Benedictine undertook steps to support it. First established as a "cooperative venture" with Springfield College in Illinois (SCI), Benedictine's affiliation with the college soon grew into a "permanent partnership," as recognized by the Board of Trustees of both institutions in 2004.

From that point forward, the university provided administrative, financial and leadership support to
SCI, while also developing the university's own academic programs offered on the SCI campus. As required by regulatory and accreditation standards for a junior college, the academic programs the university offered in Springfield were "2+2" programs (consisting of the third and fourth years of four-year bachelor's degree programs), programs leading to master's degrees, and a doctoral program. However, these standards did not allow Benedictine to offer any full, four-year degree programs in Springfield.

Although SCI continued to offer programs for an associate degree, the financial and enrollment challenges confronting SCI continued to mount. In 2008 and 2009, Benedictine consulted with the regulatory and accreditation agencies to identify the most appropriate means of facilitating the university's continued growth in Springfield, while also resolving SCI's difficulties. The solution identified was that Benedictine should establish a branch campus in Springfield, physically located on the SCI campus, and obtain the necessary approvals to offer full, four-year bachelor's degree programs. The first two years of these four-year programs would supplant the associate degree programs which SCI offered.

In keeping with the affiliation of the two institutions, SCI amended its corporate by-laws such that the authority to make the most significant decisions was reserved to the Benedictine Board of Trustees. Therefore, in October 2009, the SCI Board of Trustees approved a recommendation to Benedictine's board to close SCI's academic programs and complete SCI's business affairs as a junior college. The SCI board's action recognized that the interests of SCI's "students, faculty and staff" would "best be accommodated" by these steps and that "winding down of the College's programs in an orderly closure process" should be "coordinated with the development and expansion of the University's educational programs and administrative activities in Springfield."

Also in 2009, the Illinois Board of Higher Education granted approval to Benedictine to offer six new bachelor's degree programs in Springfield. Then in early 2010, the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools granted recognition to Benedictine's overall presence in Springfield as a branch campus of the university to be known as "Benedictine University at Springfield."

Springfield College in Illinois had many challenges over the years including increasing competition for a finite market of students, a history of low enrollments and a crumbling physical infrastructure. When Benedictine entered the market, junior, senior and graduate programs were added and enrollment began to climb.

However, enrollment did not continue to rise, and it was estimated that $40 million in major capital improvements would be needed to make the buildings competitive with other institutions. The Benedictine Board of Trustees deemed that number was untenable and continued operation was unsustainable, and on October 23, 2014, the university announced that it would discontinue its undergraduate program for traditional students ages 18–22 at the end of May 2015 and transition to exclusively serving the area's adult undergraduate and graduate student population.

Benedictine worked with the Illinois Board of Higher Education to develop a "completion program" to ensure junior and senior students would be able to earn their bachelor's degree at Benedictine University in Springfield. Benedictine also assisted freshman and sophomores as they explored opportunities to continue their education elsewhere.

The final Benedictine University in Springfield traditional undergraduate students earned their degrees in August 2016.

Campus

Since announcing that the Springfield branch campus would focus on the area's adult undergraduate and graduate student population, the university has restructured and repurposed office space and built facilities to better serve current students.
Angela Hall now serves as the site of the Springfield campus' Commencement exercises while providing gymnasium space for Good Guides, a Land of Lincoln Goodwill Industries program, to conduct basketball practice. The stately, restored Brinkerhoff Home, built in 1869 and the oldest building on campus, houses adult admission offices, other supporting faculty offices and a conference room on the main floor. The first floor of the Brinkerhoff Home is reserved for social receptions and meetings.
Administrative offices and library space occupy the main floor of the Charles E. Becker Library building, while the lower-level houses an auditorium and computer labs.

The university sold one of its non-contiguous properties, the Eighth Street gym, located at 1401 North Eighth St., in October 2015. Built in 1935, the gym was used for volleyball games and as a practice facility for other sports. It was sold to a local gym owner who renovated it and opened it as a secondary location.

At the conclusion of the 2018 spring semester, courses will no longer be taught on the Benedictine University Springfield branch campus. Adult degree-completion and graduate students will attend classes at employer-based and community locations. The Springfield-area locations provide students with accessible, comfortable and equipped-for-teaching classrooms.

Athletics
The athletic teams at the Springfield campus were called the Bulldogs. The campus was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing the American Midwest Conference from 2011–12 to 2014–15 (when the campus dropped its athletics program).

Benedictine–Springfield competed in 14 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, distance track, golf and soccer; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, distance track, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball; and co-ed sports included cheerleading.

Notable alumni
 Carrie Johnson, NPR Justice Department correspondent

References

External links

 Official athletics website - Springfield Bulldogs

Universities and colleges established in 1929
Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
Sports clubs and teams in Springfield, Illinois
1929 establishments in Illinois

Benedictine University at Springfield


Giuliana Setari Carusi (Pescara (I), 1947) is an Italian contemporary art collector and a major figure in the international art world. After many years in Brussels, New York and Milan, she currently lives between Paris and Brussels. Together with her husband Tommaso Setari she started in the early 80s collecting contemporary art: their collection is now well known internationally. She is the founding President of the non-profit charity organization Dena Foundation for Contemporary Art.

Biography
After a Baccalaureate in Human Sciences in Pescara (I), Giuliana Setari Carusi studied French literature and sociology at the Sorbonne University in Paris and at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, then English literature and language in London.
She graduated and became Professor in Literature and Philosophy in Italy and obtained a master's degree in European Administration Studies from the College of Europe in Bruges.

In 1979, while living in New York, Setari Carusi collaborated with exhibition projects promoting Italian artists in North American institutions such as the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, the Guggenheim Museum, the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Centre and the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
Back to Italy, first in Rome in 1989, then in Milan in 1990, she co-founded Zerynthia Association for Contemporary Art, to which she actively collaborated throughout the years.

In 1998, she accompanied Italian artist Vettor Pisani in the creation of the Virginia Art Theatrum (Museum of Catastrophe) in Serre di Rapolano, nearby Siena. A homonymous book edited by Charta was later published. The same year, Michelangelo Pistoletto asked her to become President of Cittadellarte Fondazione Pistoletto in Biella(I), a position that she still holds today. She is particularly involved in Cittadellarte's movement Love Difference.

In 2000, she founded the Dena Foundation for Contemporary Art for which she serves as president, promoting emerging visual artists on the international scene: she launched a scholarships for young Italian artists at the Omi International Arts Center, in Ghent, New York, and a Residency Program for artists and curators at the Centre International d'Accueil et d'Echanges des Récollets in Paris. The foundation provides an international prize: the Dena Foundation Art Award for socially and politically engaged young artists. Among the activities of the foundation are also the conception and organization of exhibitions, rounds tables and seminaries on crucial contemporary cultural issues.

Setari Carusi has been and is member of several art institutions associations worldwide. She regularly participates in international meetings and conferences to report her experiences as a collector and professional actor of the international art scene.

In 2007, she was nominated by Il Sole 24 ore as one of the 40 Italian ambassadors of Culture in the international art world.

Three major exhibitions have been dedicated to Giuliana and Tommaso Setari's art collection: Corpus Delicti a dialogue North-South at Städelicke Museum of Ghent in Belgium in 1995, Retour à l'intime, la collection Giuliana et Tommaso Setari at the Maison Rouge foundation Antoine de Galbert/Paris in 2012 and "Intime Conviction, oeuvres de la collection de Giuliana et Tommaso Setari" at Château de Villeneuve – Fondation Emile Hugues, Vence, in 2014.

Publications
The True Story of Monsieur E. or the importance of being silent, Cittadellarte Edizioni and The Dena Foundation for Contemporary Art, 2010

References

Articles

Coming soon the press review of the exhibition "Retour à l'intime, la collection Giuliana et Tommaso Setari" at the Maison Rouge foundation Antoine de Galbert/Paris
 Setari Carusi Giuliana, "Il y a bien une justice en ce monde", Le Quotidien de l'Art n°27, Novembre 15, 2011.
 Régnier Philippe, "L'actualité vue par Giuliana Setari Carusi", interview, Le Journal de l'Art n°339, 21 January – 3 February 2011
 Paglieri Marina, "Setari: Rivoli va difeso non-possiamo buttare un patrimonio comune", interview, La Repubblica, 6 October 2010.
 Pirelli Marinela, Mojana Marina, "I 40 italiani testimoni di cultura nel mercato dell'arte internazionale", Plus24, Il Sole 24ore, 2 November 2007.
 Massimiliano Tonelli, "Vi presento Dena", interview, Exibart.on paper n°53, November–December 2008.
 Beaux-Arts Magazine, n°275, May 2007
Judith Benhamou-Huet, "Une italienne dans le monde de l'art contemporain", Les Echos, week-end 13–14 October 2006.

Books
 Retour à l'intime, la collection Giuliana et Tommaso Setari, Ed. Fage and La maison rouge, 2012.
 Nouveaux accès, nouveaux usages à l'ère numérique: la culture pour chacun?, Actes du Forum d'Avignon, Culture, économie, médias, 4–6 November 2010, Ed. Gallimard, 2011.
 Le musée et la création contemporaine, Icône – Image – musées de Sens CEREP, Actes du 7ème colloque interdisciplianaire, 2–3 July 2010, Ed. Les Trois P. Obsidiane, 2011
 Granet Danièle, Lamour Catherine, Grands et petits secrets du monde de l'art, Ed. Fayard, 2010
 Benhamou-Huet Judith, Global Collectors, Collectionneurs du monde, Ed. Cinq Sens Phébus, 2008
 Candet Nadia, Collections particulières, 150 commandes privées d'art contemporain en France, Ed. Flammarion, 2008.
 Corpus delicti, Ed. MHK – Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Ghent, 1995.

Conferences/Meetings
 Round Table "Love Difference, mouvement artistique pour une politique Inter Méditerranéenne" by the Conseil Culturel de l'Union Pour la Méditerranée, KLAP of Marseille – France, 4 November 2011
 Meeting "Fondazioni culturali: modelli ed esperienze di collaborazione fra pubblico e privato" by LAC Lugano Arte e Cultura and SwissFoundations, Lugano – Switzerland, 22 September 2011
 Conference pour les Amis du CAPC, Musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux – France, 29 June 2011
 Festival Arte Contemporanea, Forms of collecting/Forme della committenza, Faenza – Italy, 20–22 May 2011
 "Continent Méditerranée", Session of the Parlement Culturel de la Méditerranée, Marseille – France, 9–11 May 2011
 Festival della Creatività, Firenze – Italy, 21–24 October 2010
 3ème Forum d'Avignon Culture, économie, médias, Nouveaux accès, nouveaux usages à l'ère numérique: la culture pour chacun?, Avignon – France, 4–6 November 2010
 "Collezionismo e non solo: dal privato al pubblico con amore", conversation between Giuliana Setari Carusi and Marina Mojana, Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Turin – Italy, 5 October 2010
 7ème colloque interdisciplianre Icône-Image, Le musée et la création contemporaine, 2–3 July 2010, Musées de Sens – France
 Festival Arte Contemporanea, OPERE/works, Faenza – Italy, 21–23 May 2010
 Arte Fiera Bologna – Italy, 2009
 Aspettando Manifesta #3, L'economia dell'arte: una nuova economia?, Bolzano – Italy, 13 March 2008

External links
 Marina Mojana,  Giuliana Setari Carusi, Arteconomy24 ilsole24h, 2 November 2007

Italian art collectors
Women art collectors
College of Europe alumni
Living people
Art collectors from Paris
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Pescara
Year of birth missing (living people)

Giuliana Setari Carusi


Robert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority.

Second World War
Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely wounded in a Japanese ambush in New Guinea. He was rescued by native New Guinean tribesmen and carried for six days to an American encampment. Sackley was transferred to Greenslopes hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, where it was discovered that he had also contracted malaria.

Conversion, marriage and family
While recovering in the hospital, Sackley became friends with Marjorie Orth, a Latter-day Saint who was visiting a friend. Orth invited Sackley to attend her church services, and Sackley became interested in the LDS Church. He was baptized into the LDS Church on 16 June 1946. Sackley and Orth were married on 26 March 1947 and were the parents of five children.

Emigration to Canada
Shortly thereafter, the Sackleys decided that they would visit Canada in order to be sealed in an LDS Church temple. (The closest temple at the time was in Hawaii, but due to restricted US entry they chose to move to Alberta, Canada. There were also temples in the continental United States, but the Sackleys had difficulty obtaining visas.) The Sackleys went to Alberta and were sealed in the Cardston Alberta Temple.  In order to pay for their trip the Sackleys sold all they owned in Australia, they embarked on a steamer leaving everything behind, acting on faith in their goal to seal their family together.

After their sealing, the Sackleys decided to settle in Cardston. Sackley worked as an accountant for a grocery company and as a business administrator for Cardston's school district.

Schooling and other employment opportunities moved the Sackley family to Logan and Provo in Utah as well as Edmonton, Alberta.  From Edmonton, Sackley was offered a position as the vice president of administration of Medicine Hat College in Medicine Hat, Alberta. Sackley accepted the position and in 1973 became the president of the college. During this time, Sackley also served as an LDS bishop in Medicine Hat.

Full-time church service
In 1979, Sackley resigned as president of the college to become the first president of the church's Philippines Quezon City Mission. In 1982, immediately following his three-year term as a mission president, Sackley was asked to become the administrative assistant to the president of the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1983, Sackley and his wife became the directors of the visitors' center at the Washington, D.C. Temple in Kensington, Maryland. In 1985, the Sackleys were served as missionaries in the newly constructed Sydney Australia Temple. In 1986, Sackley was again assigned as a mission president, this time for the church's Nigeria Lagos Mission.

On 2 April 1988, Sackley became a member of the church's First Quorum of the Seventy. One year later, he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. As a general authority, he served in the presidency of a number of the church's areas and was managing director of the church's Missionary Department. Sackley died in Surfers Paradise, near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, while he was serving as a counselor in the presidency of Pacific Area, which was headquartered in Sydney.

References
"Elder Robert E. Sackley of the First Quorum of the Seventy," Ensign, May 1988, p. 89
Gerry Avant, "Elder Robert E. Sackley Dies while Serving in his Native Australia", Church News, 1993-02-27.

External links
Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Robert E. Sackley

1922 births
1993 deaths
Australian military personnel of World War II
Australian emigrants to Canada
Australian general authorities (LDS Church)
Australian Mormon missionaries
Australian Latter Day Saints
Canadian university and college vice-presidents
Converts to Mormonism
Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
Members of the Second Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormon missionaries in Australia
Mormon missionaries in Nigeria
Mormon missionaries in the Philippines
Mormon missionaries in the United States
People from Cardston
People from New South Wales
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Australian expatriates in the Philippines
Australian expatriates in Nigeria

Robert E. Sackley


Speccy, developed by Piriform Software, is a freeware utility software and runs under Microsoft Windows 11, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista and XP for both IA-32 and x64 versions of these operating systems, which shows the user information about hardware and software of the computer. The information displayed by Speccy includes processor brand and model, hard drive size and speed, amount of memory (RAM), information about graphics card and operating system. Speccy is used to monitor what hardware is present in a system and how it is being used.

Lifehacker stated in 2009 that among similar tools, Speccy was the "cleanest and most detailed one we've used yet".
Download Squad described the software as "[though] not as detailed as some other system information tools, Speccy still provides a good deal of essential information and gathers it quickly". In 2010, PC World stated that the beta test version "gives you a remarkable amount of technical detail" that is "more comprehensive than other tools like Systeminfo". In its 2012 review Softpedia rated version 1.24.632 four stars (of five).

As of Windows 10 version 1511 released in November 2015, Speccy versions 1.28.709 and before are automatically uninstalled after downloading the update. Speccy 1.29.714 was released on 3 December to restore Speccy to Windows 10 after the November update.

See also
 Belarc Advisor
 CPU-Z

References

Windows-only freeware
2010 software
Utilities for Windows
Piriform Software
Gen Digital software

Speccy


Harold Gurnee (born January 25, 1925, in New York, New York, U.S.) is an American television director who directed all of the television shows hosted by David Letterman on NBC.  Gurnee directed the NBC daytime program The David Letterman Show, then moved with Letterman to Late Night with David Letterman in 1982.  Gurnee himself would often be heard or appear on the show, when Letterman would call on him in the control room to facilitate a comedy segment.  When introducing him, Letterman would deliberately stumble over and mispronounce his last name (e.g., "Hal Gurtner...Gurnter"), or confuse him with Dan Gurney (e.g. "Hal... our Emmy award winning director and legendary race car driver").

When Letterman moved to CBS in 1993, Gurnee followed Letterman to direct the Late Show with David Letterman, and remained its director and supervising producer from 1993 to 1995.

Gurnee also directed The Tonight Show during the Jack Paar era, along with Paar's later primetime show, The Jack Paar Program, and directed episodes of The Man Show.

References

External links

American television directors
1935 births
Living people
Television personalities from New York City

Hal Gurnee


Bedtime is a British comedy-drama written and directed by Andy Hamilton and broadcast by the BBC. It ran for three series for a total of fifteen episodes between August 2001 and December 2003. The first two series had six episodes each and the third series had three episodes. All three series have been released on DVD.

Plot
The story centers around the bedtime conversations of couples – or in one case a father and son – living in adjoining houses on a suburban London street. An older married couple, Andrew and Alice Oldfield (played by Timothy West and Sheila Hancock), appear in all three series. Their neighbours in the first series are a young couple (Claire Skinner and Stephen Tompkinson) with a new baby, and an aspiring actress (Emma Pierson) targeted by a reporter (Meera Syal) hoping to write an exposé on her boyfriend (David Gillespie). The Oldfields are worried about their daughter in America whose husband may be abusive.

In the second series, Andrew Oldfield is annoyed by the noise made by Kurdish men from a nearby hostel. His wife writes a letter to the local paper in support of the hostel, causing her to be ostracised by her friends. Andrew also becomes worried that he may have Alzheimer's. Meanwhile, one neighbour (Kevin McNally) is given an ultimatum by his girlfriend (Doon Mackichan), while on the other side, widower Neil Henshall (Alun Armstrong) tries to find out what's troubling his son Ralph (Adam Paul Harvey). Ralph is visited by his girlfriend (Sienna Miller) and the Oldfields receive a visit from an old friend (James Bolam). A burglary at the Oldfields' house casts suspicion on various parties.

The third series has three episodes titled "Christmas Eve", "Christmas Day" and "Boxing Day". Neil Stuke and Fay Ripley featured in all three editions as a young couple preparing for Christmas with their children.

External links

Bedtime at BBC Comedy

2001 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2000s British comedy-drama television series
BBC television sitcoms

Bedtime (TV series)


Young Donovan's Kid is a 1931 American pre-Code melodrama film directed by Fred Niblo, from a screenplay by J. Walter Ruben, based upon the short story, Big Brother, by Rex Beach. It was a remake of a 1923 silent film of the same, produced by Famous Players–Lasky, and directed by Allan Dwan.  This version starred Richard Dix, Jackie Cooper (who was on loan to RKO from Hal Roach Studios), and Marion Shilling.  The film also featured Boris Karloff in a supporting role as "Cokey Joe".

Plot

Jim Donovan (Richard Dix) is a two-bit mob leader in New York during the 1920s. When another mobster, Ben Murray (Richard Alexander) is killed in a gunfight between rival gangs, Donovan takes it upon himself to raise his son, Midge Murray (Jackie Cooper). When Donovan seeks the advice of the parish priest on how to raise an adolescent boy, the priest, Father Dan (Frank Sheridan), enlists the services of his niece, Kitty Costello (Marion Shilling). When she directs Donovan to get honest work, he agrees, and she gets him a job at the ironworks where she is also employed.  He is slowly transformed by the effect that both Midge and Kitty have on him. He also falls in love with Kitty.

Things are going well until the government gets involved, and Midge is taken away from Donovan and sent to a house of correction.  Donovan is devastated and loses his mind, declaring war on the authorities. However, Kitty has not given up on him, and gets him to calm down, by working out a deal with the authorities (due to her own personal standing in the community) where Midge will be returned to him if he keeps his nose clean for several months.

The romance between Kitty and Donovan further blossoms over the course of the next couple of months, as Donovan looks forward to the return of Midge.  However, one day as he is visiting Midge, Kitty is robbed of $5,000 which she was transporting from the ironworks to the bank.  The police, suspecting the worst, arrest Donovan. He escapes from police custody and tracks down the actual culprits who perpetrated the robbery, who happen to be his old gang. He recovers the money, but in the process is seriously wounded in a gunfight.

Donovan manages to return the stolen funds to the police before collapsing.  While in the hospital, he and Kitty declare their love for one another, and he is promised that Midge will join them shortly.

Cast

 Richard Dix as Jim Donovan
 Marion Shilling as Kitty Costello
 Jackie Cooper as Midge Murray
 Frank Sheridan as Father Dan
 Boris Karloff as Cokey Joe
 Dick Rush as Burke
 Fred Kelsey as Collins
 Richard Alexander as Ben Murray
 Harry Tenbrook as Spike Doyle
 Wilfred Lucas as Duryea
 Philip Sleeman as Mike Novarro (as Phil Sleeman)
 Robert Wilber as Monk Manilla
 Charles Sullivan as Gyp
 Jack Perry as Lefty
 Frank Beal as McConnell

(Cast list as per AFI database)

Reception
The film recorded a loss of $100,000.

Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times did not enjoy the film, stating it was "a trifle too wearying for anybody more than sixteen. Other reviews of the time were a bit more generous. Screenland stated it was "A potent underworld drama with Richard Dix and Jackie Cooper giving great performances. The National Board of Review Magazine said the film was "Not so well directed as the silent version made years ago under the title of Big Brother, but the extraordinary acting of Jackie Cooper as the boy makes it well worth seeing." The Motion Picture Herald also gave it a favorable review.

The film also received good notices from the New York World-Telegram, the New York American, the Daily News, Film Daily, the Evening Graphic, the Motion Picture Daily, the Evening Journal, and the New York Herald Tribune.

International Photographer also had praise for the film especially for Dix and Cooper, of the latter saying, "... in his first screen appearance following Skippy.  In the present instance the youngster's opportunities if anything are greater than in the former."

Notes
This film is a remake of the Famous Players–Lasky 1923 film Big Brother, directed by Allan Dwan, and starring Tom Moore, Edith Roberts and Mickey Bennett.

The film was originally going to be title Born to the Racket, but was changed to Young Donovan's Kid in April 1931.

See also
 Boris Karloff filmography

References

External links

1931 films
1931 drama films
American drama films
Remakes of American films
1930s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Fred Niblo
RKO Pictures films
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Rex Beach
Sound film remakes of silent films
Melodrama films
1930s American films

Young Donovan's Kid


SFX was the first OpenURL link resolver or link server. It remains the most widely used OpenURL resolver, being used by over 2,400 libraries.

Librarians Herbert van de Sompel, Patrick Hochstenbach and their colleagues at Ghent University in Belgium developed the OpenURL framework from 1998 to 2000. At that time they called it by the working title Special Effects (SFX). As part of the OpenURL development, they implemented the linking server software called SFX server. In early 2000, Ex Libris Group acquired the SFX server software from Ghent University. Ex Libris re-engineered the software and marketed it to libraries as an autonomous component of the OpenURL framework.

Ex Libris continues to develop the software and add enhancements recommended by its customers.  SFX is the most widely known OpenURL link server within the library and scholarly publishing community, and occasionally the product name has been used as a generic term for OpenURL link servers.

References

Further reading

Library automation

SFX (software)


George Phineas Gordon (April 21, 1810 – January 27, 1878) was an American inventor, printer and businessman who developed the basic design of the most common printing press ever, the Gordon Letterpress.

Biography

Born in Salem, New Hampshire, where his family had lived for more than one hundred years, he was educated there and at Boston before deciding to become an actor. Failing to achieve a livelihood at this, he moved to New York where he became an apprentice printer. Upon learning the trade, he opened a job printing shop of his own. Around 1835 he began to experiment in press design. His first patent for a job press was granted in 1851. While this press had many flaws, he began to manufacture it as the "Yankee" job press. Subsequently he introduced the "Turnover" and the "Firefly," which could produce 10,000 printed cards an hour. About 1858 he produced the "Franklin" press, which has ever since been known as the Gordon Jobber.  (Gordon claimed that Benjamin Franklin had revealed the basic design of the press to him in a dream.) It was strong, well built, and easy to operate. The Gordon Press solved the problem of clam-shell presses (which previously had "snapped" and endangered pressmen's fingers) by having the platen open on cams, so that it was flat and lagged for the pressman as he fed the sheet, before closing parallel to the type bed.

Gordon began manufacturing presses in Rhode Island but in 1872 established his factory in Rahway, New Jersey. He secured over fifty patents for presses and accumulated a large fortune.

He died from heart disease at his home in Norfolk, Virginia on January 27, 1878.

References

 Dictionary of American biography, under the auspices of the American council of learned societies, C. Scribner's sons, New York City, 1928.

19th-century American inventors
American printers
1878 deaths
1810 births
19th-century American businesspeople

George Phineas Gordon


The Unite Australia Party (UAP) was a short-lived Australian political party that existed in the late 1980s.

In December 1986, Senator John Siddons, former deputy leader of the Australian Democrats, quit the Democrats to form the UAP, arguing that the Democrats under leader Janine Haines had moved too far to the left on key issues and was no longer representative of small 'l' liberal values.  Initially composed of disaffected Democrats, the UAP gained a boost when two other minor parties, the Advance Australia Party and the Australia Party agreed to amalgamate with the UAP, raising its national membership to around 5000. The UAP was registered as a political party on 21 January 1987 with Siddons claiming the party would become the new third force of Australian politics.

Siddons pledged that the UAP would lower taxes, stimulate the economy, protect small shop-owners from unfair competition, abolish compulsory unionism and would be an anti-uranium, pro-environment party. The party received another boost when Senator David Vigor (who had lost a pre-selection battle) also defected from the Democrats to the UAP, giving the UAP two sitting federal parliamentarians.

The party's first electoral test, the by-elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly districts of Bankstown and Heathcote in January 1987, provided concern for the party, producing less than 1% of the vote in both cases.

Undaunted, the UAP ran Senate candidates at the 1987 federal election in each of the mainland states as well as several lower house seats. The party performed worse than expected, polling 0.6% in South Australia, 0.5% in Victoria and 0.2% in New South Wales. In the 1988 Adelaide by-election, the UAP candidate polled only 0.4% of the vote.

Party support dwindled after the 1987 election and the UAP was deregistered on 25 May 1990.

Despite the similarity of the names, the Unite Australia Party was not connected to the United Australia Party, which was the forerunner to the Liberal Party of Australia.

References

Carr, A. Psephos Australian Electoral Archive.  Accessed 21 May 2006.
Frail, R. (1986), "Siddons has a party, but no starters", Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14, 4 December 1986.
Hewett, T. (1987)  "Fringe groups, independents snap at the big parties' heels", Sydney Morning Herald, p. 4, 29 May 1987.

Defunct political parties in Australia
Political parties established in 1986
Political parties disestablished in 1990
1986 establishments in Australia
1990 disestablishments in Australia

Unite Australia Party


Albert Francis Zahm (1862 – July 23, 1954) was an early aeronautical experimenter, a professor of physics, and a chief of the Aeronautical Division of the U.S. Library of Congress.
He testified as an aeronautical expert in the 1910–14 lawsuits between the Wright brothers and Glenn Curtiss.

Time line of early life and work in aeronautics
 Received A.B., University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 1883, A.M., 1885, M.S. 1890; M.E. Cornell University, 1892; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1898. Albert's brother John was on the Notre Dame faculty while Albert was a student there.
 Professor of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame 1885-1889, mathematics and mechanics, 1890-1892.
 Zahm suggested to Octave Chanute to stage an International Conferences on Aerial Navigation in 1893. Zahm acted as Secretary, with Chanute as Chair.
 He was a professor of mechanics (physics) at The Catholic University of America, from 1895 apparently until 1913-1914 (but one source says only till 1908).
 In 1901, as part of a pioneering aeronautical laboratory, Zahm built a wind tunnel with financing from Hugo Mattullah. It operated until 1908. It has been described as "America's first significant wind tunnel."
 He joined the Aero Club of America shortly after it was founded, in 1905.
 Zahm's 1911 book Aerial Navigation described the historical development of experimental aircraft that led to functional airplanes.

Testimony in Wrights vs. Curtiss
Zahm testified as an aeronautical expert in the 1910-1913 patent lawsuits by the Wright brothers who alleged patent infringement against inventor and manufacturer Glenn Curtiss. His testimony took over a month. He testified on behalf of the Curtiss after declining to testify for the Wrights, possibly because the Wrights refused to pay Zahm to appear as an expert witness whereas the Curtiss interests did. Zahm had been on friendly terms with both sides previously but became a long term adversary of the Wrights during and after the trial. He worked closely with Glenn Curtiss on the controversial 1914 flying tests of the (substantially rebuilt and modified) Langley Aerodrome in an attempt to show that Langley's machine had been capable of powered flight with a man aboard before the Wrights' glider was.

Zahm testified that earlier experimental gliders and glider designs and publications, before those of the Wrights, had included a variety of monoplane and biplane designs, with horizontal and vertical rudders, and steering concepts of ailerons and wing warping. There were complex technical issues, notably whether Curtiss's airplanes used a vertical rudder and ailerons in ways that closely matched the patented design of the Wrights. Experts testified on both sides and sometimes contradicted one another on matters of fact. In the end judge John R. Hazel ruled in Feb. 1913 for the Wrights, and on appeal a higher court agreed with this decision in 1914.

Later years
Zahm became the chief research engineer of Curtiss Aeroplane Company in 1914-1915 and then the director of the U.S. Navy's Aerodynamical Laboratory, 1916-1929.

Zahm became the chief of the Aeronautical Division at the Library of Congress from 1929 or 1930 until 1946, and held the Guggenheim Chair of Aeronautics there.

Zahm died on July 23, 1954 in Notre Dame, Indiana, at the age of 92. He was buried in the Community Cemetery, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Honors
 Zahm was invited to be a member of the Cosmos Club of Washington, DC, and received his mail there while on the faculty of Catholic University.
 Recipient of Laetare medal at University of Notre Dame, 1925.
 Awarded the Mendel Medal at Villanova College in 1930 for his pioneering work in scientific aeronautics.
 Daniel Guggenheim Chair of Aeronautics in the Library of Congress, 1929-1946.

Publications, bibliography and archival information

More than 100 of his articles and papers were collected in Aeronautical papers 1885-1945 of Albert F. Zahm, volumes I and II.
He wrote the book Aerial Navigation (1911), and a booklet called Early Powerplane Fathers in 1946.

Zahm's papers are kept by the University of Notre Dame.

References

External links

1954 deaths
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Catholic University of America faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty
University of Notre Dame alumni
Gliding in the United States
Aerodynamicists
Wright brothers
Aviation pioneers
Aviation inventors
1862 births
Laetare Medal recipients

Albert Francis Zahm


Liam Jungarrayi Jurrah (born 22 September 1988) is a professional Australian rules footballer. He used to play for the Melbourne Football Club. Jurrah was recruited by Melbourne Football Club from the Yuendumu Magpies (CAFL) in 2008. His first game was against Essendon at Etihad Stadium in the 2009 season.

Jurrah was born in Yuendumu, in the Northern Territory. He was the first indigenous person from a remote community in central Australia to play in the Australian Football League. He is an initiated member of the Warlpiri people. His skin name is Jungarrayi. He grew up speaking four different dialects of the Western Desert, and learned English at school. Jurrah began playing Australian rules football when he was very young. He played for the local team, the Yuendumu Magpies, against other communities such as Papunya, Lajamanu and Hermannsburg.

References

Other websites
Yuendumu Magpies
MFC Player Profile

Living people
1988 births
Indigenous Australian sportspeople
Australian rules footballers
People from the Northern Territory

Liam Jurrah


Seth Ingham (born October 24, 1984) is an American racing driver from Yakima, Washington.

In 2005 he won the Formula TR 2000 Pro Series championship. The following year he raced in Formula V6 Asia and finished fourth in the championship, his best finish coming in heat one of the second race weekend held at Sepang International Circuit. He returned to the series the following year and won heat 2 in the first Sepang race. However, he left the series after the second Sepang race weekend. He raced in the 24 Hours of Daytona in 2007 and 2008 for Matt Connelly Motorsports in their long-in-the-tooth Chase-Pontiac Daytona Prototype. The car failed to finish both years.

External links
Seth Ingham official website

1984 births
North American Formula Renault drivers
Formula V6 Asia drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Sportspeople from Yakima, Washington
Living people
Racing drivers from Washington (state)

Seth Ingham


Mine Blower is a hybrid wooden roller coaster located at Fun Spot America Kissimmee, in Kissimmee, Florida. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the compact roller coaster is one of only three wooden roller coasters in Florida, the others being White Lightning at Fun Spot America Orlando and Coastersaurus at Legoland Florida. Features of the ride include a zero-gravity roll above the station area, as well as a 115° overbanked turn.

History
In December 2016, it was speculated that Fun Spot America Kissimmee was going to build a new roller coaster for $6 million. The name for the attraction was announced on February 5, 2017, during the 2017 Super Bowl. In May 2017, parts of the roller coaster were revealed during construction, including the 115° overbanked turn. On June 15, 2017, it was announced that Mine Blower would be opening later in the month. Mine Blower opened to the public eight days later, on June 23.

Ride experience
The ride starts with a mild 180° turn to the left, taking it straight into the lift hill. It takes approximately 23 seconds to ascend before the ride hits another 180° turnaround to the left, and plunges just over 80 feet before going into the only inversion, a zero-gravity roll. Then, it goes into the first high speed turnaround of many to the left, leading straight up an airtime hill that's followed by a "double down", then passing another bunny hill, and into a right hand turnaround. Two more small hills follow, and then goes towards the 115° over-banked turn to the right. A few more curvy airtime hills sprint the train towards a low lying, left hand turnaround, up another two hills, and into the brake run.

Mine Blower is one of 8 wooden roller coasters with at least one inversion as of its construction.

Characteristics

Support structure
Mine Blower is a Gravity Group wooden roller coaster that is built with a steel support structure.

Trains
Mine Blower utilizes two custom themed "Timberliner" trains that seat 12 passengers each. The train front consists of a firework and dynamite figurehead.

Statistics
Mine Blower is  long,  tall, and reaches a top speed of 48.5 mph (78 km/h). This is currently the longest, tallest, and fastest of the three operating wooden coasters in Florida.

Reception

Note: Mine Blower has not charted in the Golden Ticket Awards since 2018.

See also
 2017 in amusement parks

References

Wooden roller coasters
Roller coasters in Florida
2017 establishments in Florida
Buildings and structures in Kissimmee, Florida

Mine Blower


The 1990 UCF Knights football team was the twelfth season for the team, and UCF football's first season in Division I-AA (now commonly known as 'FCS'). In their first year in the division, Gene McDowell led the Knights to a 10–4 record, a program best, and a trip to the I-AA playoffs. UCF would make it to the semifinals, and became the first school in history to qualify for the I-AA playoffs in its first season of eligibility.

During the 1990s, UCF would compile an overall record of 67–46–0 (.593) during the decade.

Schedule

References

UCF
UCF Knights football seasons
UCF Knights football

1990 UCF Knights football team


Madaripur Government College (formerly Government Nazimuddin College) is a government graduate college at Madaripur District in Bangladesh. The college was established in 1948. The name of the college was changed from Government Nazimuddin College to Madaripur Government College in 2020.

History
Madaripur Government College has established as a private college on 16 September 1948 with the first year class activities of Higher Secondary. The college was governmentized in 1989. It was initiated by some local dignitaries. In the year 1938 Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque came to Madaripur during the election campaign. It was then that the first demand from the local leaders was to set up a college in Madaripur. Later, A.K. Fazlul Haque came to Madaripur as the Chief Minister in 1941 to inaugurate an exhibition of art, culture and agriculture. He assured all possible help and cooperation when the demand for re-establishment of the college was raised at the event. Then in 1948 Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy came to a public meeting in Madaripur. He voted in favor of the establishment of the college and advised the administration to establish the college by raising funds. Under his direction, the then SDO WB Qadri took a leading role in raising funds for the establishment of the college. At that time there was a slight difference of opinion among the locals about the naming of the college. Congress supporters wanted the name of the college to be Madaripur College; Muslim League supporters wanted the name Islamia College; and the local business class wanted the name Charmuguria Merchants College. Finally, at the request of Mr. Yusuf Ali Chowdhury (aka Mohan Mia), a politician of Faridpur, the college was renamed as Nazimuddin College after the then Prime Minister of Pakistan Khwaja Nazimuddin. Those who contributed to the establishment of this college are the then MLA Mr. Eskander Ali Khan, former MLA Mr. Abul Fazal, Mr. Mominuddin Ahmed, Mr. Daliluddin Ahmed, Mr. Alim Uddin Ahmed, Mr. Abdul Hamid Sikder, Mr. Achmat Ali. Khan, Mr. Mir Abdul Majid, Mr. Syed Uddin Ahmed, Mr. Abdur Rahman Hawladar and many more. Two years after its establishment, in 1950, bachelor degree and in 1997 honors and post-graduate courses were introduced in this college. At present, 13 subjects are taught in Honors level and Arts, Science and Commerce are taught in Higher Secondary level. The number of students is about 6,000. Later in 2019 the name of the college was changed to Madaripur Government College.

Courses
List of undergraduate and postgraduate courses and departments of Government Nazimuddin College-

Degree (pass) courses
BA (Pass)
BSS (Pass)
BSc (Pass)
BSc (Pass)
Undergraduate courses
Bengali
English
History
History and culture of Islam
Philosophy
Political science
Economy
Accounting science
Management
Physics
Mathematics
Chemistry
Botany
Zoology
Masters Final Episode Courses
Bengali
English
History
History and culture of Islam
Philosophy
Political science
Accounting science
Management
Botany

References

External links

Colleges in Madaripur District

Madaripur Government College


The Arab-Hebrew Theater or Al Saraya Theater is a multilingual theater located in the Old Saraya House in the Old City of Jaffa. It serves as a stage for two theater companies working independently and together in two languages: Hebrew and Arabic. The Hebrew company is "Teatron Mekomi (Local Theater)", which was established in 1990 by Yigal Ezrati and Gabi Eldor, and the Arab company is "Al-Saraya", which was established in 1998. The theater is partially funded by the Ministry of Culture and the Tel Aviv Municipality. The theater has three arts directors: Mohammad Bakri, Yigal Ezrati, and Gabi Eldor.

One stage, two companies
The Arab-Hebrew Theater in Jaffa was established in 1998. The theater's purpose is to bring the two unique and conflict-troubled cultures together under the same roof through theater. The building was given to the two companies by the Tel Aviv Municipality. It underwent significant renovations due to the building's advanced age, as well as its need for preservation and remodeling to suit a theater. The arts director of the Arab company is Adib Jahshan. Both companies conduct plays in Hebrew and Arabic together and independently. The theater provides opportunities for both groups to express their ethnic differences artistically on the same stage. From time to time, the two come together in order to discuss certain topics, but each company is self-managed.

The theater is funded by the Tel Aviv Municipality and the Ministry of Culture, thanks to the belief that a unique theater that integrates ethnicities and communities is meaningful and important despite any financial difficulties.

Productions

Unity of opposites
The theater is known to be self-contradicting in several respects, for example, in its new and old ways of processing texts, its Arab and Jewish identities, its young and old actors, and its fusion between fringe, modern and traditional theater (e.g. Shakespeare). The theater has hosted several shows and events, including the international poetry festival Sha'ar, produced by the Helicon Foundation. From 2004 until 2008 Hanoch Levin's play, You, Me, and the Next War, featured pianist Bart Berman, along with the original crew that performed in the production's 1968 premier.

Political censorship

When the film Farha directed by Jordanian filmmaker Darin Sallam was released, Al Saraya Theater scheduled screenings. In response, Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Finance Minister, ordered the treasury to withdraw government funding from the theater.

References

External links
The Arab-Hebrew Theater's Website
"No Complaints" - article in Hebrew on Mouse Website

Arab Israeli culture in Tel Aviv
Jewish theatres
Jews and Judaism in Tel Aviv
Theatre companies in Israel
Theatres in Jaffa

The Arab-Hebrew Theater


Mi Fu (1051–1107), also known as Mi Fei was a Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher born in Taiyuan, Shanxi during the Song Dynasty. His style of painting was misty landscapes. This style is the "Mi Fu" style uses large wet dots of ink. This ink is put on with a flat brush.

Life

Mi Fu was born in 1051. His mother was employed as a midwife to deliver Emperor Shenzong and afterwards she became the wet-nurse who look after and feed the Emperor Shenzong who was to start his reign in 1051 and continue until 1107. Mi Fu knew the imperial family and he lived in the privileged location of the royal palaces. He ignored formal lessons but it could be seen that he had a gift for writing, painted and drawing. He was one of the four best calligraphers in the Song Dynasty. Mi Fu was known as odd. Some called him "Madman Mi" because he collected stones and said one stone was his brother. He was a heavy drinker.

His poetry followed the style of Li Bai and his calligraphy that of Wang Xizhi. He became a civil servant to mixed success. He was firstly a book editor in the emperors library before undertaking a number of posts in Henan province. He was given the post of Professor of Painting and Calligraphy in 1103 at the Palace to select which painting and calligraphy is good enough to belong to the Emperor. He became secretary to the Board of Rites before he was appointed governor of Huaiyang in Jiangsu province. He had five sons and eight daughters. He died in 1107. His son, Mi Youren, would also be a famous painter in his father's artistic style.

Mi Fu is considered the best of all the calligraphers of the Song dynasty. An example of his work has sold for nearly four million dollars.

Related pages
List of Chinese painters

References

Chinese poets
Chinese painters
1051 births
1107 deaths
People from Shanxi

Mi Fei


Yihun Lhatso (), also transliterated from Tibetan as Yilung Latsho, is a glacial lake in the Tibetan area of western Sichuan Province, China.

Geography
Yihun Lhatso rests in a valley on the north side of the Chola Mountains at the foot of Rongme Ngatra. It is found 10km south of the town of Manigango in Dege County, Garze Prefecture. The lake occupies a u-shaped valley and is contained by the former terminal moraine of a glacier originating from Rongme Ngatra that has now receded to  above sea level. The lake is drained by the Tro Chu (), a tributary of the Yalong River which eventually joins with the Yangtze. The lake is passed by Highway 317 on its way over Cho La mountain pass.

Culture
As part of the historic Kham region in Tibet, Yihun Lhatso has long been known to the Tibetan people.  It is considered a sacred lake in Tibetan Buddhism and a kora route circles the lake.  The lake and adjacent streams are known for the hundreds of boulders that have been carved into mani stones.  Today, it is a common tourist stop for hiking and the entire Yihun Lhatso area charges an admission fee.

References

Lakes of China

Yihun Lhatso


Alexander Brown (17 November 1764 – 4 April 1834), was an Irish merchant and banker. Beginning as a merchant trader, first of linen in Belfast, then of cotton and tobacco after migrating to Baltimore, Maryland, he later shifted his focus to financial services. He founded Alex. Brown & Sons, the oldest investment banking firm in the US, in 1800, and with his sons operated a network of banks in the US and England. He made his fortune from the transatlantic cotton trade, and was one of the first millionaires in the United States.

Early life and emigration
Alexander Brown was born 17 November 1764 in Ballymena in County Antrim (now in Northern Ireland), one of four surviving children of William Brown and Margaret Brown (née Davison). As a young man, Brown achieved some success as a linen dealer and auctioneer in Belfast. In 1783 he married Grace Davison, possibly his cousin, from Drumnasole, County Antrim, and they had four surviving children, William (b. 30 May 1784), George (b. 17 April 1787), John (b. 21 May 1788), and James (b. 4 February 1791). These boys were sent to school with the Reverend J. Bradley in Yorkshire.

While there is no evidence that Brown was involved in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, he did go into hiding in its aftermath and, perhaps as a consequence of the resulting political and economic conditions in Ireland, he emigrated to the United States. Several years earlier Brown's brother-in-law, Dr George Brown, and his younger brother, Stewart, who had sold linen goods supplied by Alexander, had emigrated to Baltimore, Maryland. Thus it was to Baltimore, a growing port town of 26,514 people on the upper Chesapeake Bay, that Brown, his wife, and son William (the younger sons still in school in Yorkshire) sailed in 1800.

By 20 December Brown had established an address and his "Irish Linen Warehouse" and was able to publish in the Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser that he had for sale linen goods, three dozen mahogany chairs, and four clocks. This was the beginning of a thriving business for Alexander Brown & Company, importing general merchandise and Irish linens to Baltimore, the latter supplied by his cousin William Gihon and friends in Ulster, and exporting tobacco and cotton to Liverpool from the American south. In 1803 he brought his three younger sons to Baltimore, and by 1805 took William into partnership with him as Alexander Brown & Son; five years later George was included in the partnership to form Alexander Brown & Sons, the oldest such bank in the United States, which is currently partnered with Raymond James, a wealth management firm.

Transatlantic businesses
Brown realised that Liverpool was the key to the transatlantic trade in which he was engaged, and in 1809 he sent William, who it was thought would also benefit from a less humid climate, to Liverpool to carry out shipping and merchandising arrangements for his father's interests. William founded a company in his own name in 1810, later changed to William & James Brown & Company, with his brother, and still later to Brown, Shipley & Company, with Joseph Shipley, an American who joined the firm in 1826 and who was instrumental in saving it during the Panic of 1837 by negotiating a £1,950,000 loan from the Bank of England. The Liverpool firm first functioned as an agent for Alexander Brown & Sons, purchasing linen and other goods and becoming a leading seller of cotton and tobacco.

Alexander Brown's initial business was based on trade in goods; he even acquired his own fleet of merchant ships. However, in the aftermath of the War of 1812, he realised that there was less risk and more money to be earned handling the finances of the transatlantic trade. As Brown began to provide financial services for other merchants, buying sterling bills from cotton and tobacco exporters in the American south and selling them to importers of British merchandise in Baltimore, the Liverpool operation became a vital link in the process of handling currency exchange and of providing credit for international commerce, that is, accepting (guaranteeing) bills of exchange, issuing letters of credit, and furnishing information on the financial reliability of firms engaged in the transatlantic trade. In 1863 offices were opened at Founders' Court, Lothbury, London and in 1888 the Liverpool operations were closed. Brown, Shipley continues in several British cities as part of Quintet Private Bank of Luxembourg.

Brown, with his experience in the linen trade, was poised to exploit the expanding cotton industry in the early nineteenth century. He appointed agents in the key southern cities of Petersburg, Charleston, Savannah, Huntsville, Mobile and New Orleans to facilitate the export of cotton. Baltimore had flourished during the years of the Napoleonic Wars; however, better port facilities and better access to inland markets made Philadelphia and New York increasingly thriving business centres for both imports and exports during the 1820s and 1830s. To take advantage of this evolving situation, the third son, John, was sent to Philadelphia in 1818 to found John A. Brown & Company (later Brown & Bowen); the youngest son, James, who had worked with William in Liverpool, went to New York in 1825 to found Brown Brothers & Company. James also opened a branch of Brown Brothers in Boston in 1844 and reorganised Brown & Bowen, of Philadelphia, into Brown Brothers in 1859. This bank, the oldest and largest private bank in the United States, still exists as Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. (the merger with the Harriman bank taking place in 1931), with offices in several cities in the United States and overseas. These family banks created a financial network with a reputation for prudence and integrity that dominated credit, currency exchange, and shipping arrangements for British–American trade during the nineteenth century, overtaking Baring Brothers & Co. as the leading Anglo-American merchant bankers and carrying on into the twenty-first century.

Other ventures
Alexander Brown and his son George were founders of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1827, one of the earliest railroads in the United States, which was intended to keep Baltimore competitive with New York after the completion of the Erie Canal. Alexander Brown was also a shareholder in the Second Bank of the United States, and when that bank was closed in 1836 the Browns were able to take a leading role in foreign exchange in the United States.

Children
George Brown (1787–1859) married (1818) Isabella McLanahan of Baltimore. He retired from the bank in 1839 to pursue private financial affairs and to support such philanthropic activities in Baltimore as the Peabody Institute; he died on 26 August 1859.

William Brown (1784–1864) married (1809) Sara Gihon of Ballymena, was active in public life in Liverpool in addition to his work with Brown, Shipley. He was elected alderman in 1831, stood for parliament in 1844 as an Anti-Corn Law League candidate, and was elected MP in 1846, where he advocated free trade and decimal currency. In 1856 he raised and equipped the 1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, in which he served as lieutenant-colonel. In 1860 he opened the Free Public Library and Derby Museum in Liverpool, toward which he had contributed £60,000, and for which he was rewarded with a baronetcy in 1863. William Brown died on 21 May 1864.

John Alexander Brown (1788–1872) married (1813) Isabella Patrick of Ballymena and, after she died, Grace Brown, the daughter of Dr George Brown of Baltimore. He retired in 1837 and devoted himself to Presbyterian Church activities in Philadelphia; he died on 31 December 1872.

James Brown (1791–1877) married (1817) Louisa Kirkland Benedict; after she died, he married (1831) Eliza Maria Coe. He remained active in the affairs of Brown Brothers & Company till his death on 1 November 1877, during which time the New York bank emerged as the headquarters of the several firms. James Brown was a trustee of the New York Life Insurance Company and the Bank for Savings; he took a particular interest in Union Theological Seminary, of which he was a director, and he was involved in numerous charities.

Death
Brown died on April 4, 1834 in Baltimore. At the time of his death, he was one of the first millionaires in the United States.

References

Content attribution

Irish bankers
Irish merchants
Irish emigrants to the United States
Alexander
People from Baltimore
1764 births
1834 deaths

Alexander Brown (banker)


Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is a mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2019 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College.
McIlroy is best known for having originally proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools, such as spell, diff, sort, join, graph, speak, and tr. He was also one of the pioneering researchers of macro processors and programming language extensibility. He participated in the design of multiple influential programming languages, particularly PL/I, SNOBOL, ALTRAN, TMG and C++.

His seminal work on software componentization and code reuse makes him a pioneer of component-based software engineering and software product line engineering.

Biography
McIlroy earned his bachelor's degree in engineering physics from Cornell University, and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from MIT in 1959 for his thesis On the Solution of the Differential Equations of Conical Shells (advisor Eric Reissner).
He taught at MIT from 1954 to 1958.

McIlroy joined Bell Laboratories in 1958; from 1965 to 1986 was head of its Computing Techniques Research Department (the birthplace of the Unix operating system), and thereafter was Distinguished Member of Technical Staff.

From 1967 to 1968, McIlroy also served as a visiting lecturer at Oxford University.

In 1997, McIlroy retired from Bell Labs, and took a position as an Adjunct Professor in the Dartmouth College Computer Science Department.

He has previously served the Association for Computing Machinery as national lecturer, Turing Award chairman, member of the publications planning committee, and associate editor for the Communications of the ACM, the Journal of the ACM, and ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. He also served on the executive committee of CSNET.

Research and contributions

Macro processors
McIlroy is considered to be a pioneer of macro processors. In 1959, together with Douglas E. Eastwood of Bell Labs, he introduced conditional and recursive macros into popular SAP assembler, creating what is known as Macro SAP. His 1960 paper was also seminal in the area of extending any (including high-level) programming languages through macro processors.  These contributions started the macro-language tradition at Bell Labs ("everything from L6 and AMBIT to C"). McIlroy's macro processing ideas were also the main inspiration for TRAC macro processor.

He also coauthored M6 macro processor in FORTRAN IV, which was used in ALTRAN and later was ported to and included into early versions of Unix.

Contributions to Unix
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s McIlroy contributed programs for Multics (such as RUNOFF) and Unix operating systems (such as diff, echo, tr, join and look), versions of which are widespread to this day through adoption of the POSIX standard and Unix-like operating systems. He introduced the idea of Unix pipelines. He also implemented TMG compiler-compiler in PDP-7 and PDP-11 assembly, which became the first high-level programming language running on Unix, prompting development and influencing Ken Thompson's B programming language and Stephen Johnson's Yacc parser-generator.

McIlroy also took over from Dennis Ritchie compilation of the Unix manual "as a labor of love". Particularly, he edited volume 1 of the manual pages for Version 7 Unix. According to Sandy Fraser: "The fact that there was a manual, that he [McIlroy] insisted on a high standard for the manual, meant that he insisted on a high standard for every one of the programs that was documented".

Computer language design
McIlroy influenced the design and implementation of SNOBOL programming language. His string manipulation macros were used extensively in the initial SNOBOL implementation of 1962, and figured prominently in subsequent work, eventually leading to its machine-independent implementation language SIL. The table type (associative array) was added to SNOBOL4 on McIlroy's insistence in 1969.

In 1960s, he participated in the design of PL/I programming language. He was a member of the IBM–SHARE committee that designed the language and, together with Robert Morris, wrote the Early PL/I (EPL) compiler in TMG for the Multics project.

Around 1965, McIlroy, together with W. Stanley Brown, implemented the original version of ALTRAN programming language for IBM 7094 computers.

McIlroy has also made a significant influence on design of the programming language C++ (e.g., he proposed the stream output operator <<).

Algorithms
In the 1990s, McIlroy worked on improving sorting techniques, particularly he co-authored an optimized qsort with Jon Bentley.

In 1969, he contributed an efficient algorithm to generate all spanning trees in a graph (first discovered by George J. Minty in 1965).

Awards and recognition
In 1995, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, he won both the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award ("The Flame") and its Software Tools User Group (STUG) award. In 2006, he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Views on computing
McIlroy is attributed the quote "The real hero of programming is the one who writes negative code," where the meaning of negative code is taken to be similar to the famous Apple developer, Bill Atkinson, team anecdote (i.e., when a change in a program source makes the number of lines of code decrease ('negative' code), while its overall quality, readability or speed improves).

See also
 Darwin (programming game)
 Homoiconicity
 Unix philosophy

Literature

References

External links

Bell Labs
 archived homepage at Bell Labs
 McIlroy's History of Unix speech (audio), includes many autobiographical notes, along with discussion of many of the major Unix authors
cs.dartmouth.edu
 Doug McIlroy's homepage
 Biography
 Publications by M. D. McIlroy
 Doug McIlroy Facts
Ancestry of Linux
 Ancestry of Linux - How the Fun Began, presentation November 2005: (presentation) (audio) (video)
code.google.com
 Original unix spell source code, written by Doug McIlroy

Dartmouth College faculty
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Scientists at Bell Labs
Multics people
Unix people
Plan 9 people
1932 births

Douglas McIlroy


The Karlsruhe–Mühlacker railway is a railway line in the west of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It was built between 1859 and 1863 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany. It was built as the second connection between the networks of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway and the Royal Württemberg State Railways and it still constitutes an important east–west route in southern Germany.

The starting point at the Baden end was originally Durlach, where it connects with the Rhine Valley Railway. The line was later extended to the old Karlsruhe station. From Durlach the line runs through the Pfinz and Kämpfelbach valleys, passing over the watershed between the Rhine and Neckar in a tunnel near Pforzheim, and follows the Enz river east of Pforzheim to Mühlacker.

Since the end of 2010, Deutsche Bahn has called the line between Stuttgart and Karlsruhe (consisting of this line and part of the Württemberg Western Railway) the Residenzbahn ("Royal Palace Railway"). This name was the result of a public competition.

History

Construction of the line
In the 1840s, the first negotiations were held on a link between the Baden and Württemberg rail networks, connecting Karlsruhe and Stuttgart via Pforzheim, but they failed due to a disagreement on the route. Baden saw the line as having two important tasks: on the one hand, connecting the industrial town of Pforzheim to the rail network, on the other hand, the creation of a possible direct connection between France, southern Germany and the Austrian Empire.

A treaty signed in 1850 incorporated a compromise solution that provided for the construction of the Western Railway from Stuttgart to Bruchsal, while allowing the state of Baden to build a branch line via Pforzheim to Karlsruhe.  For this reason, the Western Railway ran slightly further south that it might have in order that a junction station could be built at Eckenweiher Hof in the district of Dürrmenz.

After Baden's difficult financial and political situation following the Revolution in Baden in 1848–49 had eased and the main project of the Baden State Railways, the Rhine Valley Railway had been completed from Mannheim to Basel in 1855, Baden could turn to its previously deferred construction project. An additional boost was given to the project by an agreement in 1857 on the construction of a railway bridge over the Rhine at Kehl, connecting the Baden and French railway networks.  This was completed in 1861, producing an east–west connection.

In 1856 the Wurttemberg government asked if it should take over the building of the Mühlacker–Pforzheim line. Construction of this line was necessary before the Enz Valley Railway and the Nagold Valley Railway could be built. These two valleys in the northern Black Forest were mostly in Württemberg, but could only be accessed from Pforzheim in Baden for topographical reasons. Baden, however, insisted on its right, agreed in 1850, to build the track itself.

On 17 December 1857 an international treaty was concluded that regulated the construction of the line. This provided for Baden to build the railway to Mühlacker and for Württemberg in return to build branch lines up the Enz and Nagold valleys from Pforzheim. Moreover, the  Durlach–Mühlacker line would be free of Württemberg taxes, as would the Western Railway on Baden territory be free of Baden taxes. The lower chamber of the Baden parliament initially rejected the agreement, but construction of the Baden section of the line was finally approved. The section between Durlach and Wilferdingen was opened on 10 August 1859 and it was completed to Pforzheim on 7 July 1861. In Durlach the line connected with the  Baden–Karlsruhe main railway. The originally proposed route between Pforzheim and Wilferdingen via Nöttingen, Ellmendingen and Dietlingen was dropped due to the negative attitude of the communities affected and the route via Ellmendingen and Dietlingen was replaced by a route along the Kämpfelbach Valley via Königsbach, Ersingen and Ispringen.

The agreement with Württemberg was renegotiated, leading to a new treaty being signed on 6 November 1860. The Pforzheim–Mühlacker section was opened on 1 June 1863. For a long time there were two stations side by side in Mühlacker, the Württemberg Railway's through station and the Baden State Railways' terminus. Trains continuing through Mühlacker changed locomotives until 1890 when the first trains ran from Karlsruhe to Stuttgart without locomotive changes. Mühlacker did not completely lose its role as a border station until the founding of Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1920.

Further development
The line soon won substantial traffic. Therefore, it two sections were soon duplicated: in 1867 between Wilferdingen and Pforzheim and in 1869 between Durlach and Wilferdingen and between Pforzheim and Mühlacker. Two additional tracks were built to eliminate the bottleneck between Karlsruhe and Durlach, which was used by both the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker and the Baden Main Line in the first decades; as a result the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line now began in Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof (central station). With the construction of Durlach station in 1911 the route to Pforzheim took a slightly different route in this area. On 1 June 1958 the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line was electrified, closing the gap in the electrical network between the already electrified Rhine Valley Railway and the Württemberg Western Railway.

Over time, several railway lines of mainly local importance connected with the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line:
the Enz Valley Railway from Pforzheim to Wildbad (1868)
the Nagold Valley Railway from Pforzheim to Calw (1874)
the Kraichgau Railway from Grötzingen to Heilbronn (1879)
A short walk from Pforzheim Hauptbahnhof to Leopoldplatz was the station of the Pforzheim Light Railway (Pforzheimer Kleinbahn), which operated to Ittersbach from 1901 to 1968.

The line has always been an important link for international east–west traffic as part of the shortest route between Paris and Vienna. From 1883 services of the Orient Express ran on this line from Paris to Istanbul. By 1939 the line was used by ten long distance "D-trains" (D-Zug, express trains using carriages with corridors) every day from west to east and seven D-trains from east to west. Five pairs of trains ran to/from Paris and three pairs of trains to/from Vienna. Pairs of trains ran to/from Prague and Warsaw (via Nuremberg) and to/from Wuppertal (via Neustadt an der Weinstrasse and Bad Kreuznach). Added to this were three services  per week of the Orient Express and five services per day from west to east and seven express services from east to west between Karlsruhe and Stuttgart. The intercity trains took 85 to 90 minutes on the route from Karlsruhe to Stuttgart.

After the Second World War services at first were less than before the war: the age of luxury train was over, and thus the Orient Express was replaced by a regular express train, but it continued to be called the Orient Express. From 1954, the service was replaced by the Mozart Express between Paris and Salzburg (from 1964 continuing to Vienna). Express or EuroCity trains continued on the line to 2003.

In 1991 the D-trains on the line were replaced by InterRegio and InterCity services at two-hour intervals, significantly improving services. Thanks to the opening of the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed line long-distance trains on the new line to Stuttgart were accelerated between Vaihingen and Stuttgart. These services needed just 52 minutes for the route from Karlsruhe to Stuttgart, with stops in Pforzheim, Mühlacker and Vaihingen. However the Karlsruhe–Pforzheim–Mühlacker line was also affected by the new line, as the quickest route from Karlsruhe to Stuttgart no longer ran via Pforzheim but via Bruchsal. In 2003, some InterRegio services were replaced by InterCity trains running on the Karlsruhe–Stuttgart–Nuremberg route.

Karlsruhe Stadtbahn

In the 1980s, the city of Karlsruhe developed plans to build a Stadtbahn (tram-train) system, including regional rail services, which later became known as the Karlsruhe model. It was envisaged at the outset that the line between Durlach and Wilferdingen would be included in order to stimulate transport between Karlsruhe and the communities of Pfinztal and Remchingen. In 1992 planning of the route was extended to include Pforzheim.

However, since the proposed service frequency could not be executed on the existing tracks, additional infrastructure was added between Grötzingen and Söllingen, including an additional track which is served only by the Stadtbahn. Seven new Stadtbahn stops were also opened between Pforzheim and Grötzingen.

Even before the construction of the additional track, dual-system light rail vehicles of the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Alb Valley Transport Company, AVG) began running between Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof and Pforzheim in 1991. Full Stadtbahn operations commenced on 31 May 1997. This service switches between the single track Stadtbahn line and the double-track main line operated by Deutsche Bahn in Söllingen. The operation of local services on the Karlsruhe–Pforzheim line in is now carried out as Stadtbahn line S5, but it no longer runs to the Hauptbahnhof, instead it runs to central Karlsruhe over tram lines. In 1999, Stadtbahn operations were extended from Pforzheim to Bietigheim-Bissingen.

Operations

Route

The main line is operated by Deutsche Bahn, as a double-track electrified main line. In 1941, a connecting curve was built in Mühlacker from the former terminus of the Baden State Railways on track 50 to the Western Railway towards Bretten so that direct trains between Pforzheim and Bruchsal would not have to reverse in Mühlacker.

Wilferdingen-Singen station is called Remchingen by the Karlsruhe Transport Association (Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund) for Stadtbahn services, while Deutsche Bahn uses the old name for its services.

The Stadtbahn track between Grötzingen and Söllingen is operated by AVG as a single-track branch line. There are passing loops at Krappmühlenweg and Berghausen. In Söllingen a two-track terminus has been built. In Grötzingen station and north of Söllingen Reetzstraße station there are crossovers to the Deutsche Bahn main line.

Passenger
In long-distance transport, the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker–Stuttgart line is served every two hours by InterCity trains, stopping in Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof, Pforzheim, Mühlacker, Vaihingen (Enz) and in the off-peak in Durlach. On 14 December 2008 the Orient Express was replaced by a EuroNight train between Strasbourg and Vienna due to the opening of the LGV Est.  In December 2009 this service was abandoned.

InterCity service run every two hours alternating with Interregio-Express services every two hours between Karlsruhe and Stuttgart, with stops in Durlach, Pforzheim, Mühlacker and Vaihingen (Enz). In addition, Regional-Express services run every two hours via Bietigheim-Bissingen with an additional stop in Wilferdingen-Singen, then stopping at all stations between Pforzheim and Bietigheim-Bissingen and at Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart.

In regional transport, the line is now part of Stadtbahn line S5 of the AVG on the Wörth–Karlsruhe–Pforzheim–Mühlacker–Bietigheim-Bissingen route. This provides a weekday service at 10-minute intervals between Karlsruhe and Pfinztal, at least every 30 minutes between Pfinztal and Pforzheim and at least hourly east of Pforzheim.

The whole length of the line is in the common fare system of the Karlsruhe Transport Association and between Wilferdingen-Singen and Mühlacker it is included in the  Pforzheim-Enz District Transport Association (Verkehrsverbund Pforzheim-Enzkreis).

Freight
The line is also used for freight, including complete trains running from the Karlsruhe refinery to Ingolstadt. Of the intermediate stations, freight traffic only serves Pforzheim station. However, freight wagons are sometimes parked at Wilferdingen-Singen station.

Notes

References

External links

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Railway lines opened in 1863
Rail transport in Karlsruhe
Buildings and structures in Karlsruhe (district)
Buildings and structures in Pforzheim
Buildings and structures in Enzkreis
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn

Karlsruhe–Mühlacker railway


Smartface is a mobile technology company focusing on enterprise mobility in the cloud for mobile transformation in enterprises. Smartface is headquartered in Palo Alto with offices in New Jersey, Istanbul and Dubai.

Smartface Cloud, a cloud-based native mobile application development and application lifecycle management platform for enterprises, is the latest generation of the products offered by Smartface Inc.

The previous generation product Smartface App Studio was a desktop based "Cross-platform Native Mobility Framework" for mobile application development.

In 2019, Smartface announced their focus on digital transformation with two new products, Appcircle.io for Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery for mobile application development and Smartface Middleware Platform as a middleware specialized for frontend integration.

Appcircle.io Mobile CI/CD Platform
Appcircle is a Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery platform specific for mobile app development. As a CI/CD platform, it enables developers to automate their mobile app build, sign and deployment processes and it also provides in-browser mobile device emulator/simulators for iOS and Android. For automation and application lifecycle management, it uses a workflow-based system where developers can configure steps with a visual interface and add steps from a component marketplace.

It is an extension of the Smartface Cloud lifecycle management modules for universal use for any type of mobile app project as an independent product and for this reason, it has a separate presence at Appcircle.io. Similar to Smartface Cloud, it does not require the presence of a Mac to build, deploy and test iOS apps. One important difference from Smartface Cloud is that it is based on Kubernetes and supports private cloud and on-premise deployments besides software as a service use.

Smartface Middleware Platform
Smartface Middleware Platform is a middleware specialized in frontend integration for modern frontends like mobile apps or chatbots. For this purpose, it can be categorized as "Backend for Frontend" (BFF) instead of a full-fledged middleware for communication between backend systems.

It includes features focusing on unifying cross-cutting concerns on a single platform to eliminate the repetition of work and to ensure frontend compatibility. It specifically focuses on rapid delivery and productivitization with its cloud-native architecture running on Kubernetes for scalability and availability.

Smartface Cloud
Smartface Cloud is a Mobile Enterprise Application Platform (MEAP) with native iOS and Android app development and lifecycle management capabilities. It incorporates a cloud-based integrated development environment (Cloud IDE) that runs on the browser to develop native mobile apps with JavaScript. The apps developed in the cloud can be deployed directly on "on-device emulators" for iOS and Android, eliminating the dependency on a specific OS and hardware as well as physical connectivity for mobile application development (e.g. iOS apps can be developed without a Mac).

As for the lifecycle management, it incorporates integrated modules for testing, enterprise and app store distribution along with the ability to update native iOS and Android apps remotely. As a JavaScript based interpreter framework, Smartface allows updating application code and assets from a remote resource and run the updated app without the need for recompilation (e.g. critical updates can be done without waiting for the App Store review).

Smartface App Studio
Smartface App Studio is now deprecated and replaced with the Cloud IDE offered in Smartface Cloud. It is a cross-platform mobility framework (mobile application development platform) which offers its own integrated development environment to design, develop and publish native apps for Android and iOS.

Smartface App Studio offers a WYSIWYG design editor to design mobile apps and the design fits into Android and iOS devices without any additional effort. Coding is done with an integrated 100% JavaScript code editor. Native iOS and Android apps can be developed with a single JavaScript codebase.

Smartface App Studio is the only environment that allows whole native iOS development process to be done on Windows (as an alternative to Mac-only Xcode) with an on-device iPad/iPhone emulator for Windows PCs. The emulator also offers a full featured iOS debugger on Windows.

.apk output for Android and  output for iOS can be created with a single-click. Downloading Smartface App Studio and developing, publishing and submitting apps to app stores are free with the community license without any feature limitations. Also there are indie, professional, and enterprise license options available.

Partners and customers
Main partners and customers of Smartface:

Garanti Bank
Kofax
Vasco
Kobil
Kuveyt Turk
Akbank
Deniz Bank
BAB
VMG
Zain

See also
Mobile application development
Mobinex
On Device Portal
Cross-platform

References

External links

 https://www.smartface.io/guides
 https://cloud.smartface.io

Mobile software programming tools
Android (operating system) development software
IOS development software
Mobile software development
Integrated development environments
Mobile technology companies
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Software companies of the United States

Smartface


Champu or Chapu-Kavya (Devanagari: चम्पू-काव्य) is a genre of literary composition in Indian literature. The word 'Champu' means a combination of poetry and prose. A champu-kavya consists of a mixture of prose (Gadya-Kavya) and poetry passages (Padya-Kavya), with verses interspersed among prose sections.

There is evidence of chapu-kavya right from the Vedic period. Ithareya Brahmans Harishchandropakyana is the main example of its origin from the Vedic period. Champu-kavya
is seen in 2nd century AD, on rock inscription of Rudradaman, at Junagadh. It is also seen in Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas, and the other Mahakavyas and was a later development in the style of writing.

Works in Champu style

Kannada
Adikavi Pampa, the Adikavi, one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time and one among the ratnatrayaru, pioneered this style when he wrote his classical works,  Vikramarjuna Vijaya (Pampa Bharata) and Adipurana in it, around 940 CE, and which served as the model for all future works in Kannada.

There is evidence to believe  Gunavarma I ,the poet who flourished at the court of King Ereyappa (864-913 C.E),was the first poet to compose Kannada Champu Kavyas. His work includes Harivamsha and Shudraka.

In Kannada literature, this metre was popularised by the Chalukya court poets, like Adikavi Pampa (902 CE -975 CE), who wrote his Adipurana in Champu style popularizing it. Also known as champu-kavya) was the most popular written form from the 9th century onwards, although it started to fall into disuse in the 12th century. When people moved towards other Sanskritic metres like tripadi (three line verse), the saptapadi (seven line verse), the ashtaka (eight line verse), the shataka (hundred-line verse), hadugabba (song-poem) and free verse metres.

Other works in Hoysala literature period were also in this style.

Telugu
Telugu poets have used the champu way of rendering poetry. Krishnamaacharya carried this tradition of Champu Marga step further by putting his writings mainly in devotional prose called Vachana.

In Telugu literature, the most acclaimed Champu work is Nannaya Bhattarakudu's Andhra Mahabharatam, produced around the 11th century, which is rendered in the Champu style, is so chaste and polished and of such a high literary merit.

Odia
Odia literature is also replete with the champu style poetry. Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha, Banamali Dasa, Dinakrushna Das are some of the most famous poets who wrote Champu.

In Odia literature too, there are numerous works in this genre. There is an added feature though- a Champu in Odia usually has 34 songs, one for each consonant of the alphabet. This rule, though absent in Sanskrit definitions is followed in most of the creations of the Champu genre in Odia. All lines of a song start with its assigned letter. The most famous work is 18th century poet Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha's Kisorachandrananda Champu, often shortened to simply Kisori Champu. It narrates the tale of Radha and Krishna's romance in 34 Odissi songs set to different ragas & talas. The Champu is one of the most important works of Odissi music.

Sanskrit
Prahlādacharita a Sanskrit work written by Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran, former Maharaja of Cochin is in Champu style.

Sri Gopala Champu of Jiva Gosvami is in champu style. Sri Janraj Champu is an 18th century Sanskrit biographical work on history of Raghuji Bhonsle and his sons written by Krishna Dutta, court poet of Maratha king Janoji Bhonsle. The champu also contains stutis directly composed by the Maratha king to Hindu deities Godavari, Kali and Shiva.

Notes

External links
 Sanskrit Literature Classification

Sanskrit literature
Kannada literature
Sanskrit poetry
Literary genres
Medieval Indian literature

Champu


The Rhymney Railway P class was a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotive introduced into traffic in 1909 designed by the Rhymney Railway's engineer C. T. Hurry Riches. These were substantial sized tank locomotives, weighed  ( after rebuilding) and were  in length.

Construction
There were initially three locos in the class augmented by another in 1917. The first batch were built by Robert Stephenson and Company but the last  by Hudswell Clarke. The last differed in having a Belpaire firebox and was classed as P1.  Four more were built by Hudswell Clarke in 1921 just before the company was absorbed by the GWR.  These had superheaters and larger cylinders and were classified AP. The Rhymney subsequently rebuilt one of the P class, No. 5, to P1 class.

Overview of RR classes
The P/P1 classes and preceding 1904 introduced M and 1910 A and R classes were closely related designs ideally suited to hauling trains a relatively short distance. The P's were specifically designed for passenger work having larger driving wheels of  diameter.

All four were reboilered by the GWR with the number 10 boiler from 1926 onwards and in this form was visually similar to the GWR 5600 Class apart from the larger wheels.

Thus the P's (as opposed to the related "Stephenson" M class, R and A classes) were designed for passenger work on the Rhymney Railway, replacing smaller locomotives. When the smaller railway companies were forcibly merged into the GWR these modern 0-6-2's were in generally good order (some were a few months old) and had proved successful. Collectively they became the blueprint for the 200 strong 5600 class.

The design of the 5600 class followed the Rhymney designs quite closely but adopted GWR practice as far as possible, by utilising many standardized parts. Included in Collett's innovations was a standard number 2 boiler which was suitable for the 5600 (and the M and R class Rhymney locomotives), complete with the traditional copper GWR safety valve casing and copper-capped chimney. A and P classes were rebuilt but used the slightly shorter standard number 10 boiler, also to good effect.

All told twenty nine "Stephenson" locos were similarly dealt with up to as late as 1949.

Welsh 0-6-2T types
The railways of South Wales seem to have had a particular liking for the 0-6-2T type. This was because the nature of the work they undertook demanded high adhesive weight, plenty of power with good braking ability, but no need for outright speed, nor large tanks or bunker as the distances from pit to port were short. These Welsh locomotives were taken over by the GWR at the grouping in 1923 and many including seventeen of the Rhymney A, M, P and R's were rebuilt with GWR taper boilers. All the Rhymney Stevenson derived locos passed into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948. Others included (with some gaps in numbering):

Brecon and Merthyr Railway, BR numbers 431-436
Cardiff Railway, BR number 155
Rhymney Railway, BR numbers 35-83
Taff Vale Railway, BR numbers 204-399
For further information on these pre-grouping locomotives see Locomotives of the Great Western Railway.

See also
 Welsh 0-6-2T locomotives

References

External links
 Rail UK database entry for Rhymney Railway P class
 Rail UK database entry for Rhymney Railway AP class
 5600 class

P class
0-6-2T locomotives
Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives
Hudswell Clarke locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1909
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives

Rhymney Railway P class


Walker Pond is a body of water in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, situated off Route 49 on the way to Wells State Park.

History
The pond took its name from settler Rachael "Walker" Smith, a local resident who raised twelve Italian children there.  (The house, since demolished, was called the Perez Walker House in memory of Nathaniel Walker's grandson, a prominent townsman.) In 1894, the town of Sturbridge voted to rename the pond Tantousque Lake, from an Indian word meaning "located between two breast-shaped hills."  The traditional Indian name did not, however, stick.

Fishing
According to a 1980 survey, the pond contains largemouth bass, chain pickerel, yellow perch, white perch, bluegill, pumpkinseed, brown bullhead, white suckers, and golden and bridled shiners. It is a popular place for ice fishing.

References

External links
Wells State Park

Lakes of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Sturbridge, Massachusetts
Ponds of Massachusetts

Walker Pond


A postage and revenue stamp, sometimes also called a dual-purpose stamp or a compound stamp, is a stamp which is equally valid for use for postage or revenue purposes. They often but not always bore an inscription such as "Postage and Revenue". Dual-purpose stamps were common in the United Kingdom and the British Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries, and they are still used in some countries as of the early 21st century.

Dual-purpose stamps used for postal purposes usually bear a postmark, while those which are used as revenues bear some form of fiscal cancel (such as a pen cancel, a handstamp or a commercial overprint).

Use in the British Empire and Commonwealth

In 1881, the Customs and Inland Revenue Act was passed in the United Kingdom, and it stated that "stamp duties of one penny may be denoted by postage stamps, and vice versa." This led to dual-purpose stamps being issued, starting with the Penny Lilac of 1881 and the Lilac and Green Issue of 1883–1884. The former was inscribed "Postage and Inland Revenue", while the latter bore the inscription "Postage & Revenue". In addition, existing postage and Inland Revenue stamps became valid for both purposes. Many British stamps with denominations up to 2s6d were valid for both postal and fiscal use until 1968, and most definitive and some commemorative stamps issued during this period were duly inscribed.

The use of dual-purpose stamps in the various colonies of the British Empire began in the 19th century. Some postage or revenue stamps did not have an inscription indicating their intended use, and they were unofficially used for both purposes. In the 1880s, some colonies officially permitted dual-purpose stamps, while some existing revenue stamps became valid for postal use (as postal fiscals). Most British colonies issued stamps bearing inscriptions such as "Postage & Revenue" between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and some countries such as Ceylon overprinted existing stocks of postage stamps with that inscription. Some high value stamps which bore these inscriptions were primarily intended for fiscal use and were almost exclusively used as such, but their inscriptions theoretically also made them postage stamps and they are therefore listed in postage stamp catalogues.

In some cases, the issue of dual-purpose stamps created problems regarding the division of income between the post office and the treasury. Some colonies such as Malta and Natal switched a number of times between having separate and dual-purpose issues.

After the late 1930s many colonies dropped the "Postage & Revenue" inscription from their stamps, but many stamps remained valid for both uses. A few current or former British colonies such as Montserrat and Nevis continue to issue dual-purpose stamps in the early 21st century.

Use in other countries

Some stamps of Thailand (then known as Siam) issued between 1887 and 1904 were inscribed "Postage & Revenue". Some countries such as Iceland also allowed postage stamps to be used for certain fiscal purposes without having an inscription on the stamps themselves.

Collecting
Stamp collectors generally prefer dual-purpose stamps which were used for postal purposes rather than ones which were used as revenues. Due to this, fiscally used stamps tend to be cheaper than postally used ones.

See also
Postal fiscal stamp, which refers to postal use of a revenue stamp

References

Postage stamps
Revenue stamps
Philatelic terminology

Postage and revenue stamp


A zero-marking language is one with no grammatical marks on the dependents or the modifiers or the heads or nuclei that show the relationship between different constituents of a phrase.

Pervasive zero marking is very rare, but instances of zero marking in various forms occur in quite a number of languages. Vietnamese and Indonesian are two national languages listed in the World Atlas of Language Structures as having zero-marking.

In many East and Southeast Asian languages, such as Thai and Chinese, the head verb and its dependents are not marked for any arguments or for the nouns' roles in the sentence. On the other hand, possession is marked in such languages by the use of clitic particles between possessor and possessed.

Some languages, such as many dialects of Arabic, use a similar process, called juxtaposition, to indicate possessive relationships. In Arabic, two nouns next to each other could indicate a possessed-possessor construction:   "Maryam's books" (literally "books Maryam"). In Classical and Modern Standard Arabic, however, the second noun is in the genitive case, as in  .

Zero-marking, when it occurs, tends to show a strong relationship with word order. Languages in which zero-marking is widespread are almost all subject–verb–object, perhaps because verb-medial order allows two or more nouns to be recognized as such much more easily than subject–object–verb, object–subject–verb, verb–subject–object, or verb–object–subject order, for which two nouns might be adjacent and their role in a sentence possibly thus confused. It has been suggested that verb-final languages may be likely to develop verb-medial order if marking on nouns is lost.

See also
 Analytic language
 Dependent-marking language
 Double-marking language
 Head-marking language
 Zero-marking in English

References
 Maddieson, Ian. "Locus of Marking: Whole-Language Typology", in Martin Haspelmath et al. (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures, pp. 106–109. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. .

External links
 WALS Feature/Chapter 25: Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology

Linguistic typology
Zero (linguistics)

Zero-marking language