Titusville is a city in and the county seat of Brevard County, Florida, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 48,789.  Titusville is located along the Indian River, west of Merritt Island and the Kennedy Space Center, and south-southwest of the Canaveral National Seashore. It is a principal city of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Near Titusville is the Windover Archeological Site, a National Historic Landmark recognizing its important collection of human remains and artifacts of the early Archaic Period (6,000 to 5,000 BCE.)

A secondary, de facto county seat was established beginning in 1989 at Viera, Florida, in the geographic center of the county, to better serve the more populous southern portion of the county.

History

Indigenous peoples had inhabited this area for thousands of years, as shown by discovery in 1982 of the Windover Archeological Site, dating to the early Archaic Period (6000 to 5000 BCE). It has been designated as a National Historic Landmark because of the significance of its remains.

At the time of European encounter, this area was inhabited by the Ais Indians, who gathered palmetto, cocoplum and seagrape berries. They also fished the Indian River, called the Rio de Ais by Spanish explorers. By 1760, however, the tribe had disappeared due largely to infectious disease, slave raids, and the disruptive effects of rum.

The United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821, and the Seminole Wars delayed settlement of portions of the new territory.

This community was originally called Sand Point, and a post office was established in 1859, although it closed a few months later. Henry T. Titus arrived in 1867, intending to build a town on land owned by his wife, Mary Hopkins Titus, daughter of a prominent planter from Darien, Georgia. He laid out roads and in 1870 erected the Titus House, a large, one-story hotel next to a saloon. He also donated land for four churches and a courthouse, the latter an effort to get the town designated as county seat.

Local history says that Titus challenged Capt. Clark Rice to a game of dominoes to decide the name of the town. Titus won the game, and Sand Point was renamed as Titusville in 1873. The city was incorporated in 1887, the year construction began on St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church, as listed in the 1972 National Register of Historic Places. At one point, Titusville was nicknamed "The City of Churches".

The Atlantic Coast, St. Johns & Indian River Railroad reached Titusville in 1885, constructed from Enterprise, Florida. It was connected by a spur line to the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad at Enterprise Junction in present-day DeBary, Florida. Henry Flagler extended his Florida East Coast Railroad south from Daytona, building a station at Titusville in 1892. Many tourists arrived by railroad to enjoy the mild winter climate.

In addition, the railroad was a means to ship area produce to northern markets, and the Indian River area increasingly became an agricultural and shipping center for pineapple and citrus goods. A wooden bridge was built east to Playalinda Beach in 1922.

In October 1918, Titusville officials were the first in the county to order closed all places of assembly, including schools, churches, and movies, to avoid spreading the Spanish flu.

Beginning in the late 1950s, the growth of Cape Canaveral, and later the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, stimulated growth in the community's economy, population and tourism. The association with the space program led to the city's two nicknames in the 1960s: Space City USA and Miracle City.

Searstown Mall opened in 1966.  Miracle City Mall opened in 1968, built on . It had  of covered floor space.

The jail at the county courthouse became overcrowded by the 1980s. A new jailhouse was built in Sharpes in 1986.

Computer Shopper was founded in Titusville in 1979 by Glenn Patch, first as a tabloid. It was later expanded as a magazine of over 800 pages per issue. It was published in Titusville until September 1989. That year operations were to be moved to New York City in a joint venture between Patch Communications of Titusville and Ziff Davis.

The A. Max Brewer Bridge, a  fixed high-level span on SR-406 connecting Titusville to Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore, opened on February 5, 2011, to replace the former swing bridge built in 1949.

In May 2012, the Brevard County School Board closed Riverview Elementary School for budgetary reasons. It closed South Lake Elementary School on May 25, 2013.

In January 2013, Miracle City Mall closed, a victim of a declining local economy after the termination of the Space Shuttle program in 2012. In addition, county population had moved to the south, and changing shopping habits had adversely affected malls across the country.  Demolition of Miracle City Mall occurred February 2015. The site has been redeveloped as a mixed-use outdoor shopping complex called Titus Landing.

Because of population decline, the USPS had closed two post offices in Titusville by 2013, and discussed closing a third.

Newspapers
Titusville Star-Advocatebegan publication in 1920 when the East Coast Advocate and Indian River Chronicle merged with the Indian River Star; bought by Henry Hudson in 1925; became Brevard's first daily newspaper in 1965; the Star-Advocate was sold by Henry Hudson and his son Bob Hudson to Gannett Company in 1965.  As part of the deal, publication of the Star-Advocate would be retained as long as editor Bob Hudson wished.  Daily publication (Monday to Friday) ceased after January 31, 1975, when the Star-Advocate was changed to a weekly local insert for Titusville residents in Gannett's Florida Today starting Wednesday, February 5, 1975.  The format was changed from a newspaper to a small tabloid in the early 2000s.  In July 2013, publication of the Star-Advocate was ceased.
The North Brevard Beaconbiweekly newspaper based in Titusville that served the communities of North Brevard; publication started November 5, 2003; ceased publication after March 4, 2010.
The News Observer of North Brevardsemiweekly newspaper based in Titusville; ceased publication September 4, 2003 after 15 years.

Geography
Titusville is located at  (28.591210, –80.819911) in the northern half of Brevard County. According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .  of it is land, and  of it (14.26 percent) is water. Titusville is located on the Indian River Lagoon, part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.

Flora
The city is the only place in the world where the endangered Dicerandra thinicola, or "Titusville mint" grows. The fields are located along a  strip between the Titusville wellfield and Mims.

Climate
Titusville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot, humid summers and mild winters.

Demographics

2010 and 2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 48,789 people, 18,930 households, and 11,012 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 43,761 people, 18,174 households, and 11,508 families residing in the city.

In 2010, the median age was 43.4 years. Also, for residents 25 and older in 2010, 89.3% had completed high school, 22.6% had at least a bachelor's degree.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 40,670 people, 17,200 households, and 11,094 families residing in the city.  The population density was .  The racial makeup of the city was 83.80 percent White, 12.64 percent African American, 0.39 percent Native American, 0.94 percent Asian, 0.04 percent Pacific Islander, 0.73 percent from other races, and 1.46 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.52 percent of the population.

In 2000, there were 17,200 households, out of which 26.7 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9 percent were married couples living together, 12.6 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5 percent were non-families. 29.9 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.86.

In 2000, in the city, the population was spread out, with 22.9 percent under the age of 18, 6.9 percent from 18 to 24, 26.2 percent from 25 to 44, 23.2 percent from 45 to 64, and 20.8 percent who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.

Government
Titusville is run by a council-manager government. The elected city council serves as the city's legislative branch, while the appointed city manager carries out policies defined by the council. The city is governed according to its Charter, adopted on June 3, 1963.

Titusville has the highest city tax rate in the county. In 2007, the city had a taxable real estate base of $2.34 billion.

The city has 1.8 police officers per thousand residents. This is 52% below average statewide for cities of its size.

A 2011 study rated the pension fund for city employees as mediocre or poor.

City council
Titusville's five city council members (one of whom is the mayor) are elected at-large to four-year, staggered terms. As the city's legislative body, the council determines all municipal policies not explicitly covered by the city charter or state legislation. It also adopts ordinances and resolutions, cote appropriations, approve budgets, determine the tax rate, and appoint citizens to serve on advisory boards and commissions.

The mayor presides over all city council meetings and votes as a council member. The mayor is the recognized head of city government for ceremonial and military law purposes, but has no regular administrative duties. The vice mayor is chosen from among the council members at their annual organizational meeting and takes the mayor's place during absence or disability.

Mayor: Daniel E. Diesel (Seat 4 – Term expires 2024)
Vice mayor: Jo Lynn Nelson (Seat 5 – Term expires 2022)
Council members:  Robert L. Jordan, Jr. (Seat 1 – Term expires 2022), Dr. Sarah Stoeckel (Seat 2 – Term expires 2024), Joe C. Robinson (Seat 3 – Term expires 2022)

City manager
The city manager is chosen by the city council on the basis of training, experience and ability, and serves at the pleasure of the council for an indefinite period of time. The city manager is tasked with enforcing all laws and ordinances, appointing and removing department heads and employees, supervising all departments, keeping the council advised on the city's financial situation, keeping the council and public informed of the city government's operations.

City manager: Scott Larese

County seat
The Brevard County Courthouse is located here. A new jail was built outside town to meet current standards. A full range of county services are provided at the county seat.

Economy
In 2010, private business was 24.7 percent "other"; 21.5 percent trade, transportation and utilities, 18.1 percent professional and business services; 13.7 percent educational and health services; 12 percent construction; and 10 percent leisure and hospitality. The economy shrunk after lay-offs involving the end of the space shuttle program in 2011, since many employees live in Titusville. Titusville has a high unemployment rate.

Personal income
In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $35,607, and the median income for a family was $42,453. This had risen to $44,925 median per household in 2010; $24,374 per capita income. Males had a median income of $36,076 versus $23,998 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,901.  About 9.3 percent of families and 12.4 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6 percent of those under age 18 and 6.8 percent of those age 65 or over.

In 2018, Titusville, had a median household income of $43,765. Between 2017 and 2018 its median household income grew from $42,561 to $43,765.

Industry
Many of Titusville's major employers are aerospace companies. Knight's Armament Company in Titusville is believed to be the state's largest manufacturer of small arms. Parrish Medical Center, located in Titusville, is the city's largest employer. In October 2013, Barn Light Electric Company opened a new manufacturing plant, providing work for at least 60 former NASA workers and men who had completed drug rehabilitation.

Tourism
The city has benefited from tourism associated with the space program, and the TICO Warbird Air Show each March draws about 40,000–50,000 visitors.

While  from the event, the city gets a noticeable economic effect from bikers on their way to the annual Daytona Beach Bike Week.

Workforce
The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2000 and 2005. In 2007, the average size of Titusville's labor force was 20,716. Of that group, 19,879 were employed and 837 were unemployed, for an unemployment rate of 4 percent. In December 2010, the city had the highest unemployment in the county, 13.8 percent.

Housing
As of the census of 2000, there were 19,178 housing units at an average density of . In 2008, 55 building permits for 64 units were issued. This was down from 195 permits for 657 units in 2007. The city issued 292 permits for 360 units in 2006.

In 2001 149 permits were issued for $18.6 million worth of property; 453 in 2005 for $65.7 million; 45 in 2010 for $9.5 million.

The median home price in 2007 was $158,900.

Retail
Shopping centers include Walmart Supercenter and Target. They are located in the city's shopping district at the southern end of the city, near the intersection of State Road 405 (Florida) and State Road 50 (Florida).

Library
The Titusville Public Library is one of seventeen branches within the Brevard County Library System, and it was one of the first of five public libraries in Brevard County, Florida. The birth of the Titusville library began in 1900 due to the efforts of the Progressive Culture Club. The goal of the club was to "promote social intercourse, and to encourage and develop good literary taste." Working with the newly formed Titusville Library Association, the club was able to acquire enough funds to open an official library in 1922 at the corner of Washington and Palmetto Streets. The library was located on the second floor, while the first floor was used for club space. The Progressive Culture Club and the Titusville Library Association later merged to form the Women's Club. In 1949, the library moved in to the Women's Club on Hopkins Avenue. The club continued to operate it until 1954 when it officially became the library for North Brevard. Eventually, this building became inadequate, and the library was briefly relocated to an abandoned canning plant. This location made the library more accessible to the public.

Titusville Public Library/Mildred Bruner Memorial Library
In 1957, the Women's Club helmed a project to open a new Titusville Public Library. Designed by Frans Larson, the new library opened at Draa Road and Park Avenue in 1962. The library was renamed the Mildred Bruner Memorial Library in 1966 in honor of the longtime Titusville civic leader. The library closed in July 1972 after the North Brevard Public Library opened. The North Brevard Art League (formerly Titusville Art League) took over the building.

The Indian River City Public Library
Another Titusville public library known as The Indian River City Public Library, was originally located in south Titusville in the lobby of a post office. Construction for a new Indian River City Library building began in September 1958 at the corner of Coquina and Magnolia and was opened by November of that year. The branch continued to operate until July 1972.

The North Brevard Public Library
In July 1968, local residents were polled to see if there was enough support to open a large library facility that would replace the antiquated Indian River City Public Library and the Mildred Bruner Memorial Library. On November 4, 1969, residents voted for a one million tax referendum that helped finance the opening of a new public library. At one point, there were plans to open the library at the former Miracle City Shopping Center location. The developers of the center passed on the idea, and the plan was abandoned. After a series of delays, the North Brevard Public Library, opened at its South Hopkins location on July 31, 1972. The building was designed by architect Dick Lemon of Dick Lemon and Megginson Architectural firm. A total of 43,000 books were hauled to the new library from the Indian River County Library and Mildred Bruner Memorial Library. In 1979, the library expanded its space following a donation from the Jacob Hannamann family. Three rooms are named in the family's honor.

Prior to COVID-19, the library provided a variety programs, including Master Gardeners, Line Dancing, volunteer-operated food drives, and Coloring Club for adults. Youth programs included Storytime, Crafts, and Teen Game Night. Other lessons included basic cooking, chess, upcycling and sustainability topics, and yoga. The library also provides eBooks, audiobooks, music, and other digital media via Hoopla and OverDrive.

The library also houses the Nancy Sieck Memorial Genealogy Area. Although it's not the largest of Brevard County's Genealogical Collections, it holds over 2200 genealogy books, over l00 periodicals, as well as microfiche and film with over 2200 books, over 100 periodicals, microfiche and film. Volunteers are in the library on Thursdays to help with research. The Library also has a microfilm machine to aid in research.

In 2015, a former patron left the Titusville Public Library a donation of about $860,000. This has been the largest donation made to the Brevard County Library System to date. Renovations started in 2017 and were completed in 2018.

In 2012, the Titusville branch and other Brevard County Public Libraries faced scrutiny after pulling 50 Shades of Grey from their shelves citing that it did not meet their selection criteria and for its erotic content. This decision was quickly rescinded after public outcries of censorship

The Titusville Public Library and other Brevard County Libraries have a strong social media presence on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, where they update their community on upcoming events, collaborations, collection alterations or acquisitions, and any shifts in the library industry.

Infrastructure

Roads
  U.S. 1 – This is the main north–south road through Titusville, intersecting most major roads and running through downtown. Major intersections include SR 405 (cloverleaf interchange), SR 50, SR 405, and SR 406/CR 402.
  Interstate 95 – There are three exits in Titusville: Exit 212 (SR 407), Exit 215 (SR 50), and Exit 220 (SR 406/CR 406).
  SR 50 – SR 50, known locally as Cheney Highway, enters Titusville at Interstate 95 and terminates entirely at U.S. 1. Major intersections include Interstate 95, SR 405, and U.S. 1.
  CR 402 – This short county road links two separated portions of SR 406 from U.S 1 to the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. Its local name is A. Max Brewer Memorial Parkway.
  CR 405 – With the designation almost completely unknown to the common, this hidden-designated county road runs on residential roads as a parallel to U.S. 1.
  SR 405 – This half-moon shaped road, known as Columbia Street south of SR 50 and South Street north of SR 50, is a somewhat minor state road making a sort of belt road around much of Titusville, running along the extreme west and south edges of the city. Major intersection include U.S. 1, SR 50, SR 407, and U.S. 1 (cloverleaf interchange).
  CR 406 – A minor county road connecting the end of SR 406 at Interstate 95 to Carpenter Road.
  SR 406 – One of the main east–west roads in Titusville, the first segment of SR 406 known as Garden Street connects Interstate 95 to U.S. 1 and downtown Titusville. The second segment, known as A. Max Brewer Memorial Parkway, connects CR 402 with Courtenay Parkway and onto Volusia County. The segments are bridged by CR 402. Major intersections include CR 406, Interstate 95, CR 405, U.S 1 and CR 402.
  SR 407 – This two-lane limited-access road connects SR 528, from the central part of the county, to Titusville. It is also the main route to get to Kennedy Space Center from Interstate 95 northbound. There are only four intersections, two grade-separated: FL 528, Interstate 95, Shepard Drive, and FL 405.

Utilities
As of 2006, the city owned water utility drew about  of its water supply from two wellfields tapping a surficial aquifer. A new wellfield drawing  per day from the Floridan aquifer was added in 2016. The water department had 22,000 customers in 2010.

Airports
Space Coast Regional Airport (commercial aviation), located just south of the city
Arthur Dunn Airpark (general aviation)

Transportation
Titusville is served by SCAT's #1, #2, and #5 routes.

Historic sites and museums

 Judge George Robbins House

 North Brevard Historical Museum
Pritchard House
St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church
Spell House
Titusville Commercial District
American Police Hall of Fame & Museum
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
 US Space Walk of Fame and Museum
 Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum
Wager House

Health care
Parrish Medical Center, originally established as North Brevard Hospital in 1958, is the hospital that serves Titusville. A new 371,000-sq.ft., $80 million hospital was completed in 2002. It was the first medical center in the Southeast region designed and constructed using the 7 Principles of Evidence-Based Design to create a healing environment. It was also among the first participants of The Pebble Project, a national research initiative to demonstrate that healing environments improve overall quality of care and create life-enhancing environments for patients, families and employees.

Education
It was estimated in 2007 that 88.1 percent of all Titusville residents 25 years or older are high school graduates, and 23.6 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher.

Primary and secondary public schools are run by the Brevard County School Board:

Elementary schools
Apollo Elementary School
Coquina Elementary School
Imperial Estates Elementary School
Oak Park Elementary School
South Lake Elementary School

Middle schools
Jackson Middle School
Madison Middle School

High schools
Titusville High School
Astronaut High School

Private schools
 Park Avenue Christian Academy
 Sculptor Charter School
 St. Teresa Catholic School
 Temple Christian School

Colleges
Eastern Florida State College

Media

Television
TitusvilleCityTV|Spectrum Channel 498, AT&T U-verse Channel 99

Radio
WIXC-AM
WNUE-FM
WPIO-FM

Notable people

 Scott Clendenin, former bassist for the progressive metal bands Death and Control Denied
 Cris Collinsworth, former NFL football player; born in Dayton, Ohio and grew up in Titusville
 Bill DeMott professional wrestler/trainer is from Titusville
 "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan, professional wrestler; previously lived in Titusville, and for a time owned a gym on Cheney Hwy called "Hacksaw Duggan's Muscle and Fitness" which opened in 1995
 Jeff Fulchino, Major League baseball player, born in Titusville
 John Jurasek, YouTube personality, food critic and radio host
 Larry Laoretti, former Senior PGA Tour golfer
 Annie Laurie, died there, according to the book Blues, a Regional Experience (2013)
 Hiram Mann, U.S. Air Force Lt. Colonel and pilot, member of the Tuskegee Airmen 332nd Fighter Group during World War II
 Wilber Marshall, former NFL football player, College Football Hall of Fame; attended Astronaut High School
Latavius Murray, NFL Running Back, born in Titusville
 Kario Oquendo, college basketball player for the Georgia Bulldogs
 Mike Polchlopek, professional wrestler, born in Titusville
 Daniel Tosh, stand-up comedian (creator/host of Tosh.0); born in Boppard, Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany and grew up in Titusville
 Aaron Walker, NFL football player
 Johnny Weissmuller, actor known for playing Tarzan; helped develop the now abandoned theme park Tropical Wonderland

References

External links

The Florida Star, former African-American Titusville newspaper online in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library
Synopsis of Col. Henry Titus at the Historical Society of North Brevard, Inc.
History of Titusville

Cities in Brevard County, Florida
County seats in Florida
Populated places established in 1867
Cities in Florida
Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida
1867 establishments in Florida

Titusville, Florida


Clean hands, sometimes called the clean hands doctrine, unclean hands doctrine, or dirty hands doctrine, is an equitable defense in which the defendant argues that the plaintiff is not entitled to obtain an equitable remedy because the plaintiff is acting unethically or has acted in bad faith with respect to the subject of the complaint—that is, with "unclean hands". The defendant has the burden of proof to show the plaintiff is not acting in good faith. The doctrine is often stated as "those seeking equity must do equity" or "equity must come with clean hands". This is a matter of protocol, characterised by A. P. Herbert in Uncommon Law by his fictional Judge Mildew saying (as Herbert says, "less elegantly"), "A dirty dog will not have justice by the court".

A defendant's unclean hands can also be claimed and proven by the plaintiff to claim other equitable remedies and to prevent that defendant from asserting equitable affirmative defenses. In other words, 'unclean hands' can be used offensively by the plaintiff as well as defensively by the defendant. Historically, the doctrine of unclean hands can be traced as far back as the Fourth Lateran Council.

"He who comes into equity must come with clean hands" is an equitable maxim in English law.

Maxim
The maxim prevents those who have acted improperly in some way relating to the matter at hand from seeking a remedy or relief. Essentially, anyone with 'unclean hands', someone who has in some way contributed to their own injury or loss, or has in some other way acted dishonourably relating to the matter will be prevented by a court from remedy or relief regardless of how the adversary has treated them. The maxim protects the integrity of a court.

Applications

U.S. patent law
The clean hands doctrine is used in U.S. patent law to deny equitable or legal relief to a patentee that has engaged in improper conduct, such as using the patent to extend monopoly power beyond the claims of the patent.

See also
 In pari delicto
 Laches (equity)
 The pot calling the kettle black
 Tu quoque

References

Equity (law)
Equitable defenses
English legal terminology
Legal doctrines and principles
Common law

Clean hands


Augustana Lutheran Church is an Evangelical Lutheran Church in America congregation located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 as Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Church.

History
The first service for the congregation was held in May 1875. They initially met in a rented schoolhouse located at the corner of Third and Virginia Streets. Pastor P.A. Pihlgren and 17 men and women made up the congregation. They met in the rented building until the end of the year when the first church building for the congregation was completed. The Gothic Revival structure was built of wood at the corner of Fifth and Virginia Streets for $1,400. As the congregation continued to grow plans for the present church were begun in March 1887.

The congregation bought two lots on the corner of Sixth and Court Streets for $7,500. The new church was designed in the Gothic Revival style by Sioux City architect Charles P. Brown. Construction was begun in 1889 and was completed early the following year for $35,000. It was dedicated on February 16, 1890. The building was constructed in brick and the three spires were originally covered in decorative wood shingles. The church was incorporated in 1909 as the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Church.

Initially a pipe organ filled the apse in the chancel. In 1919 the organ was placed in the back of the church and the "Altar of Peace" was built in the apse. The Gothic styled altar was carved by a German Prisoners of War from World War I. A new pulpit and communion rail were installed at the same time. The focal point of the altar was a painting of the Resurrection. The painting was replaced by a statue of Christ in 1970. The congregation has had four pipe organs in its history. The first was the Moline Organ that placed in the first church in 1882 and was used until 1887 when the Schuelke organ was installed. It was used in the present church until the Bennett organ was installed as a part of the 1919 renovation. The present Moeller organ was installed in 1958.

By 1955, the exterior brick started to crumble due to water seepage. The congregation decided to stay in the old church. It was re-clad in new brick by Sioux City Brick and Tile Company, which did the original work in 1890. In 1959 the church corporation expired per Iowa law, and it was re-incorporated as Augustana Lutheran Church. The two-story brick education building was added to the back of the church in 1977. The church remains significant as Sioux City's last religious structure and congregation Swedish heritage and for its continuous association with its Swedish heritage.

Architecture
The brick Gothic Revival structure features three towers on its main facade. The tall central bell tower rises to a height of , and flanking corner towers are  in height. After the 1955 re-cladding of the exterior the main facade was greatly simplified with the removal of texture, patterning, and the four short pinnacles on the corners of all three towers. The limestone trim was also replaced at that time. A name and date stone is located above the central entryway. The changes gave the exterior a more mid-century interpretation of the Gothic style, whether that was its intention or not. The nave is five bays in length. Each bay is divided with a brick buttress and includes a large pointed-arch window. The steep gabled roof features louvered dormers. A squared apse extends from the back and surrounded by the education building. The education building itself is a Modern Movement style building whose brick matches that of the church.

References

External links

Church Website

Religious organizations established in 1875
Churches completed in 1890
Lutheran churches in Iowa
Gothic Revival church buildings in Iowa
Churches in Sioux City, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Sioux City, Iowa
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Swedish-American culture in Iowa
1890 establishments in Iowa

Augustana Lutheran Church (Sioux City, Iowa)


A bath chair—or Bath chair—was a rolling chaise or light carriage for one person with a folding hood, which could be open or closed. Used especially by disabled persons, it was  mounted on three or four wheels and drawn or pushed by hand. It is so named from its origin in Bath, England.

If required, the chair could also be mounted on four wheels and drawn by a horse, donkey or small pony with the usual turning arrangement. These animal-drawn versions were the forerunners of the invalid carriage. James Heath, of Bath, who flourished before the middle of the 18th century, was the inventor of the bath chair. where bathing in the Roman Baths or visiting the nearby Pump Room was popular amongst sick visitors.

Later versions were a type of wheelchair which is pushed by an attendant rather than pulled by an animal. In the 19th century they were often seen at spa resorts such as Buxton and Tunbridge Wells. Some versions incorporated a steering device that could be operated by the person in the chair.

See also
 Cycle rickshaw
 Invalid carriage
 Litter (vehicle)
 Rayleigh bath chair murder
 Wheelchair

References

External links
 A 'Bath Chair'. People's Collection Wales.

Chairs
Mobility devices

Bath chair


Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a red and green plant popular at Christmas time. It grows in Mexico and Central America and is an important export. It belongs to the order Malpighiales.

Many flowering plants use the pigment phytochrome to sense seasonal changes in day length, which they take as signals to flower. This sensitivity to day length is termed photoperiodism. Short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a certain critical level.

It is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering.  Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin.

Plants make use of the phytochrome system to sense day length or photoperiod.  This fact is used by florists and greenhouse gardeners to control and induce flowering out of season, such as with Poinsettia.

Euphorbiaceae

Poinsettia


Elevator to the Gallows (), also known as Frantic in the U.S. and Lift to the Scaffold in the U.K., is a 1958 French crime thriller film directed by Louis Malle, starring Jeanne Moreau and Maurice Ronet as illicit lovers whose murder plot starts to unravel after one of them becomes trapped in an elevator. The scenario was adapted from the 1956 novel of the same name by Noël Calef.

Associated by some critics with film noir, and introducing new narrative, cinematographic, and editing techniques, the film is considered an important work in establishing the French New Wave and the New Modern Cinema. The improvised soundtrack by Miles Davis and the relationship the film establishes among music, image, and emotion were considered ground-breaking.

Plot
Lovers Florence Carala and Julien Tavernier make a plan to kill Florence's husband Simon, a wealthy French industrialist who is also Julien's boss. Staying late at the office one Saturday, Julien, an ex-Foreign Legion parachutist and veteran of the Indochinese and Algerian wars, uses a rope to climb up the outside of the building to Simon's office and shoots Simon with Simon's own gun, afterward arranging the room to make it look like a suicide. He then makes his way back to his office and leaves the building with a secretary and security guard, who are to be his alibis. When he gets into his convertible, he glances up and sees he left the rope hanging from the building. Leaving the engine running, he rushes back into the building and boards the elevator. As it ascends, the security guard switches off the power and locks up for the weekend, trapping Julien between floors.

Moments later, Julien's car is stolen by Louis, a young small-time crook, and his girlfriend Véronique, a flower shop assistant. Waiting for Julien at a nearby café, Florence sees the car go by, with Véronique leaning out the window. Assuming Julien could not go through with their plan and has picked up Véronique, she wanders the Paris streets despondently all night, searching for him in local bars and clubs.

Louis puts on Julien's coat and pockets Julien's revolver, which Véronique finds in the glovebox. They drive back and forth on the highway for hours, until some Germans in a sporty Mercedes challenge Louis to a race. He follows them to a motel just off the highway, and the German driver, the jovial Horst Bencker, invites Louis and Véronique to have a drink with him and his wife Frieda. Both couples check in and, while they chat, Frieda takes a few pictures of Louis and her husband with Julien's camera. She finishes the roll, so Véronique drops the film off at the motel's photo lab.

After the Benckers go to bed, Louis, worried because Horst had figured out he is not Julien Tavernier and annoyed because Horst had not taken him more seriously, attempts to steal the Mercedes, but Horst catches him and threatens him with a Cigar Tube held like a gun. Louis impulsively shoots and kills both Horst and Frieda with Julien's gun, firing until it is empty. He and Véronique return to Paris in the Mercedes and hide in Véronique's apartment. Convinced they will be caught and separated, Véronique persuades Louis they should commit suicide, so they both swallow phenobarbital pills and go to sleep.

Because Véronique registered at the motel using the names "Mr. and Mrs. Julien Tavernier" to avoid problems for Louis, who is wanted for petty crimes, and Julien's car, gun, and raincoat are found next to the Benckers' corpses, the police name Julien as the prime suspect. Officers go to search his office, escorted by the security guard, who eventually discovers Simon's body. Meanwhile, with the building's power back on, Julien finally escapes from the elevator. Unaware his picture is in the morning newspapers in connection to the Bencker case, he goes to the café for some breakfast, but is quickly recognized, arrested, and charged with killing the Benckers, the police refusing to believe his alibi of being stuck in an elevator.

Florence, determined to clear Julien, gets Véronique's address from the florist. She finds Véronique and Louis drowsy, but alive, and calls the police with an anonymous tip. Louis reads the newspaper and thinks he has gotten away with murder, until Véronique reminds him of the roll of film. He rushes to the motel's photo lab, tailed by Florence, but finds the pictures have already been developed, and he is arrested. Florence enters the lab, and the police show her the photographs of her and Julien that were on the roll, which make it clear they were secret lovers and give them a motive for killing her husband. Commissaire Cherrier says Florence will probably get a harsher sentence than Julien, but she, almost in a trance, replies that she did what she did for love and she and Julien will one day be reunited.

Cast

 Jeanne Moreau as Florence Carala
 Maurice Ronet as Julien Tavernier
 Georges Poujouly as Louis
 Yori Bertin as Véronique
 Jean Wall as Simon Carala
 Lino Ventura as Police Commissaire Cherrier
 Félix Marten as Christian Subervie
 Iván Petrovich as Horst Bencker
 Elga Andersen as Frieda Bencker
 Micheline Bona as Geneviève, the secretary
 Gérard Darrieu as Maurice, the daytime security guard
 Charles Denner as Commissaire Cherrier's Deputy
 Hubert Deschamps as Deputy Prosecutor

Jean-Claude Brialy makes an uncredited appearance as a motel guest.

Production
This low-budget black-and-white production was 24-year-old Louis Malle's first feature film. He had previously worked with Jacques Cousteau for several years, and was credited as co-director of the documentary The Silent World (1956).

Malle cast Moreau after seeing her in the Paris stage production of Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. She had already been in a number of films, but her role in this film is often considered her breakthrough. Malle filmed her without the heavy makeup and extreme lighting that previous directors had demanded. Scenes of Moreau wandering down the Champs Elysees at night were shot on fast film from a baby carriage using only available light from the street and shop windows.

Soundtrack

Miles Davis's score for the film is considered by many to be groundbreaking, with jazz critic Phil Johnson describing it as "The loneliest trumpet sound you will ever hear, and the model for sad-core music ever since. Hear it and weep."  Richard Brody, movie critic and writer for the New Yorker, wrote that the score itself is, "Better than the film, by far".

Organising the recording
Davis, an already well known and highly regarded jazz performer and composer, had received an invitation in 1957 to go to Europe as a solo artist to perform in a three week tour of Europe. Davis had just abandoned his first great quintet of 1955-56, including the legendary saxophone player John Coltrane, due to their addiction to heroin. He was beginning to try and live a healthier life, although he was still using cocaine. Additionally, Davis had been experiencing an immense amount of racism, on a daily basis, during his time performing as a jazz artist, therefore he was happy to have the opportunity to leave America for a while.

Marcel Romano, promoter and jazz enthusiast, picked Davis up from the airport in November 1957 with the initial intention of telling him he would feature in a film about jazz.
However, this plan fell through before Davis had even arrived. Instead, the film technician for the project, Jean-Claude Rappeneau, who Romano had hired for the project, mentioned that he had been working on a feature film with the young director Louis Malle who had an interest in jazz music. Romano told Davis about the film and said that Davis seemed interested in the project so they organised a private screening for him. Davis took notes, asking questions about the relationships between the characters and explanations of the plot. He wrote later in his autobiography that that he agreed to the job because he had never written music for a film before and it was a great learning experience for him.

While touring through Europe Davis asked for a piano to be brought to his hotel room and over the next two weeks he begun to improvise some themes that would be used in the movie. Davis chose to use his band of musicians that he had been performing with on his European tour for the project. The band was composed of Barney Wilen, saxophonist, René Urtreger, pianist, Pierre Michelot, bassist and Kenny Clarke, drummer. They had only been informed about the project a couple of days prior and went into the session unprepared, having not even seen the film yet.

On the 4th of December, 1957, at 10pm Davis, along with his band of Parisian musicians, and American drummer, went to the Le Post Parisian studios to record the score. The band drank together for an hour, played for four hours, then took two hours of editing, and left the studio by 5am the next day having finished the score for Ascender Pour L'Échafaud.

Musical Analysis
The soundtrack features eight of Davis' extended improvisations, all recorded in the four hour session. The only song that had been mapped out in detail was "Sur L'Autoroute", and Davis gave minimal instructions to the band for the rest of the soundtrack. He gave them two chordal structures, D minor and C seventh chords, and they improvised around these. Scales rather than chords took precedence, maintaining harmonic simplicity and fragmenting the themes. Pierre Michelot said in a 1988 interview, "What characterised the session is the absence of a defined theme."

The mood of the soundtrack is described as generally "dour and somber"  but the pace is picked up on tracks such as "Dîner au Motel". The songs "Générique" and "L'Assassinat de Carala" feature Davis' distinctive trumpet style that is echoed through dire straits or death wish motifs. Phil Johnson further described the soundtrack as a "powerfully expressive, highly concentrated, freely inspired performance".

Legacy of the score
Elevator to the Gallows witnessed Davis' iconic theory of modal jazz being developed. Modal jazz becomes highly influential in the late 50s and 60s, switching from the chorally dense sound of bebop. Davis opened up a new gateway between composition and improvisation in this soundtrack, a new pathway which he would explore in the quintessential modal jazz album Kind of Blue. This style of music would not only influence future jazz musicians but the sound of film noir itself. Richard Brody highlights this in his article, writing, "The use of jazz and jazz-derived soundtracks became so predominant, that jazz came to seem like the natural backdrop for high-speed chases, mass mayhem, and cold-blooded murder, because the films for which jazz players were enlisted were uniformly violent.".

Critical response
For Time, the journalist Barry Farrell wrote:

In a review written for the film's 2005 theatrical re-release, Roger Ebert observed that Moreau's face when Florence is pondering Julien's whereabouts "is often illuminated only by the lights of the cafes and shops that she passes; at a time when actresses were lit and photographed with care, these scenes had a shock value, and influenced many films to come." He further argued that Louis and Veronique were a precursor to the young couple in Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960).  In a 2016 article, New Yorker film critic Richard Brody claimed the film is more important for its place in French film history than for its own artistic merits, with the exception of Miles Davis' score, which he said "is worth hearing entirely on its own. It's better than the film itself, by far, and there are better ways to hear it than in the movie—namely, by listening to a CD that features the entire studio sessions from which the score was edited." Brody then went on to discuss the music in some detail.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 93% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 56 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.08/10. On Metacritic, it holds a rating of 94/100, indicating "universal acclaim".

Remakes
There have been two film adaptations of Calef's novel since Malle's version: Shikeidai No Erebêtâ (2010), by Japanese filmmaker Akira Ogata, and Weekend (2013), by Russian filmmaker Stanislav Govorukhin.

References

External links

 Chef du Cinema: Elevator to the Gallows an essay by Terrence Rafferty at the Criterion Collection

1958 films
1958 directorial debut films
1950s crime thriller films
1950s psychological thriller films
Adultery in films
French black-and-white films
French psychological thriller films
1950s French-language films
French crime thriller films
Film noir
Louis Delluc Prize winners
Films based on French novels
Films based on crime novels
Films directed by Louis Malle
Films scored by Miles Davis
Films set in Paris
Films shot in Paris
Films with screenplays by Roger Nimier
1950s French films

Elevator to the Gallows


The Lovable Cheat is a 1949 American historical comedy film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Charles Ruggles, Peggy Ann Garner and Richard Ney. It is based on the 1848 play Mercadet Le Faiseur by Honoré de Balzac. It was the final film of the veteran Austrian director Oswald, who had fled into exile following the Nazi rise to power. Buster Keaton played a small supporting role in the film, as his career had seriously declined by this stage.

The films sets were designed by the art director Boris Leven.

Plot
In France back in 1860, a gentleman by the name of Claude Mercadet lived in grandeur with his wife Pauline and his daughter Julie in a very well decorated mansion in the Bois de Bologne. Claude was one of the wealthiest men around Paris.  Unfortunately he was a fraud, and he had been running up bills for quite some time, paying one creditor with the money he got from another, creating a downwards spiral of unfortune. His house was in fact not built with brick but with straw, and it was about to collapse. As it does, a bailiff calls on him to confiscate his property as security for his long overdue loan and tax payments. The bailiff starts to reclaim all of Claude's possessions, and Claude also gets a note from each of his creditors, Pierquin, Goulard and Violette, and they threaten to throw him in jail unless the debts are paid in full.

Claude tries to calm down his wife Pauline by telling her he is about to have a big reception for the Count de la Brive. The count is very much interested in marrying their daughter Julie. The count incidentally happens to be the wealthiest man in Paris. Claude calls for his butler Justin, and orders him to invite as many of his creditors as he can and the count to a reception the very next day. Since the creditors will profit from Julie's marriage to the count, Claude expects them to contribute with money to the reception. Claude's cook Virginie also promised that Claude's former partner Godeau would pay back what he owed, and took from Claude when he ran off to America.

Thérèse, the maid, is asked to entertain the bailiff, who is getting quite drunk on Claude's wine. In the meantime Claude tells Julie that they are bankrupt and that he wants her to marry, to solve this money problem. Julie is excited at first when she hears about the plans for her marriage, but when she understands that it is the count that is her intended husband, she is very disappointed. Justin returns to report that the count indeed will attend the reception the next day. The bad news is that the count brings one of his creditors, Goulard, to the reception, and he demands that his debts are settled immediately. Claude has to convince Goulard to wait a little longer, and even gets an additional loan of five hundred francs. Claude uses the money to pay off the creditors who are waiting in the kitchen.

Julie disturbs Claude's plans when she tells her father that she will refuse to attend the reception, as she has fallen in love with Jacques Minard, who is a bank clerk. Claude feels the need to investigate the young man, as he suspects that he is a gold digger who is only interested in Julie because he thinks she is rich.

Before Jacques arrives, a creditor by the name of Violette shows up at Claude's house. She has a bad cold, and Claude gives her a remedy in the form of a fake medicine. He also convinces her to invest five thousand francs in the marketing of the "medicine".

When young Jacques shows up Claude reveals that the family is on the brink of financial ruin. To Claude's surprise Jacques doesn't change his mind about marrying Julie. In an attempt to persuade Jacques, Claude tells him that because of the expected poverty Julie probably would be getting old and wrinkled before her time. Seeing the logic in this, Jacques agrees with Claude that Julie should marry the count instead. He goes on to tell Julie, and she thinks he is rejecting her because they are poor.

When the count arrives to the reception he professes his love for Julie and tells her details of his enormous wealth. Claude inquires of the count if he has any debts at all, and the count confesses that he indeed has one small debt to settle. Claude is off to tell Julie the good news about the count's financial status. When he is gone, the count discovers that most of Claude's property is marked with "confiscated". When Claude returns the count confronts him about this.

Just then, the bailiff comes up to them and reveals that he is about to perform the same task the next day at the count's place. Both Claude and the count realize simultaneously that they have been trying to pull the same trick on each other. They mutually decide to go ahead with the marriage anyway, to keep up a good face to their respective creditors. They discover that they have the creditor Pierquin in common and that they both have assured the creditor, without stating the details, that they will secure their financial gains through a marriage in the near future. They agree on not telling the creditor the detailed circumstances and orders Justin not to let the man in to the reception.

Everything is fine until the creditor Pierquin and his wife arrive and want to attend. Justin lies and tells them they have arrived at the wrong house and shuts the door in their face. Pierquin doesn't swallow this lie, but enters the house through an open window. Once inside, he declares the count a swindler. The other creditors realize they too have been had, and all demand immediate settlement of the count's debts. They threaten to throw both Claude and the count in jail if they don't pay, and even send for a carriage to the prison.

In this hour of need Claude reveals to Julie that he has indeed persuaded Jacques to stand down as suitor. Claude and the count concoct a plan to deceive the creditor. The count is to disguise himself and pose as Claude's former partner Godeau, who arrives at the house directly from America with loads of cash. Claude and the count believe this should stall the creditors a little longer. Before "Godeau" has time to arrive, Claude is put into the prison carriage. Jacques returns in the company of Julie, and he promises that he will collect enough money to pay off Claude's creditors once and for all.

The faux Godeau finally arrives, announced at the reception by Justin, and the creditors become ecstatic with joy, but in a spurt of moral abundance Claude decides to confess his deceitfulness and reveal that the Godeau that has arrived in fact is a fake. Claude's wife Pauline, Jacques and Julie intervene, and insist that Godeau is the real one. Claude changes his mind and plays along, saying that he was making up the story about the count being Godeau. Claude receives a message from the real Godeau and promises everyone that they will be paid in full the very next day. Grateful for the count's help, Claude lends him money to get him back on track. In doing so, Claude fulfills his long dream of being a creditor.

Main cast
 Charles Ruggles as Claude Mercadet
 Peggy Ann Garner as Julie Mercadet
 Richard Ney as Jacques Minard
 Alan Mowbray as Justin
 Iris Adrian as Madame Mercadet
 Ludwig Donath as Violette
 Fritz Feld as Monsieur Louis
 John Wengraf as Pierquin
 Otto Waldis as Bailiff
 Edna Holland as Madame Pierquin
 Minerva Urecal as Virginie
 Helen Servis as Madame Goulard
 Jody Gilbert as Madame Violette
 Judith Trafford as Therese
 Buster Keaton as Goulard
 Curt Bois as Count de la Brive

References

Bibliography
 Langman, Larry. Destination Hollywood: The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking. McFarland & Co, 2000.
 Neibaur, James L. The fall of Buster Keaton. Scarecrow Press, 2010.

External links

1940s historical comedy films
1949 comedy films
1949 films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
American historical comedy films
1940s English-language films
Film Classics films
Films based on works by Honoré de Balzac
Films directed by Richard Oswald
Films set in the 19th century
Films scored by Karl Hajos
1940s American films

The Lovable Cheat


Diana Farnham O'Hehir (May 23, 1922 – January 19, 2021) was a poet and writer of prose from northern California.

Biography
She was born in Lexington in 1922, though she moved to California with her father the next year.

She taught from 1961 to 1992 at Mills College in Oakland where she was Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Professor Emerita of American Literature. She was married three times, twice to the same man, who she remarried 35 years after their divorce, after her marriage to her second husband, and their later divorce. She outlived both husbands, and died at the age of 98 in 2021, having published five novels and five collections of poetry.

She first married her first husband, Mel Fiske, a writer and progressive who she met in Washington D.C. while organizing for the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1946, and they had one son together. However, they eventually divorced, as the politics of the McCarthy era made O'Hehir wish to move away from their leftist political stances, while Fiske was committed to this political cause, as she recounted to the Marin Independent Journal in 2005 in an article about her most recent books. In 1956, she was remarried, to Brendan O'Hehir, with whom she had another son, and she lived with O'Hehir until they divorced in 1986. Shortly after this, she reconnected with Fiske, as recounted in a 1999 essay in salon.com. O'Hehir and Fiske lived together until Fiske's death, in 2008.

Though not the most prolific, her works have been highly regarded by critics, with several receiving awards.

Works
Summoned (poetry), 1976
The Power to Change Geography (poetry), 1979
I Wish This War Were Over  (novel), 1984
Home Free (poetry), 1988
The Bride Who Ran Away (novel), 1988
Mothersongs: Poems For, By, and About Mothers (anthology edited with Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar), 1995
Spells For Not Dying Again (poetry), 1996
Murder Never Forgets (novel), 2005
Erased from Memory (novel), 2006
Dark Aura (novel), 2008

Awards
Summoned: Devins Award from the University of Missouri Press, 1976.
I Wish This War Were Over, was short-listed for the Pulitzer Prize.
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1986.
Spells For Not Dying Again Northern California Book Award for poetry, 1997.

References

External links
Official author site
Official site for Spells for Not Dying Again
Official site for her mystery novels
Q&A from the same site

1922 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
American women poets
Mills College faculty
Poets from California
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
Poets from Virginia
People from Lexington, Virginia
American women academics

Diana O'Hehir


Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an American animated superhero film directed by Jake Castorena and written by Marly Halpern-Graser. Based on the comic book miniseries Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by James Tynion IV and Freddie Williams II, the story focuses on Batman, Robin, and Batgirl teaming up with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in order to save Gotham City from chaos at the hands of both Shredder and Ra's al Ghul. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation in association with DC Entertainment and Nickelodeon, the film features the voices of Troy Baker, Eric Bauza, Darren Criss, Kyle Mooney, and Baron Vaughn.

Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was produced for the direct-to-video market, and was released on both Blu-ray and Digital HD on June 4, 2019. It received positive reviews and grossed over $3.3 million from home video sales.

Plot
While touring Powers Industrial, Barbara Gordon witnesses a power generator being stolen by the Foot Clan and also spots four mysterious and elusive creatures during the robbery that she believes are metahumans. The Foot Clan then attacks Wayne Enterprises to steal an experimental cloud seeder machine, but are ambushed by Batman, who fends off the Foot and their leader, Shredder. Meanwhile, the four "metahumans" Batgirl sighted—actually the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles—arrive in Gotham tracking the Shredder, who has allied with an unknown party. After defending Wayne Enterprises from the Penguin, the Turtles encounter and fight Batman, as each side believes the other is working with the Shredder. Batman is able to overpower the Turtles, who then retreat.

Donatello researches Batman and his sighted locations, and uses this information to figure out the location of the Batcave. After a brief scuffle with Robin, Batman and Batgirl arrive, and the Turtles introduce themselves and explain their reason for coming to Gotham. The two groups agree to work together against their common enemies, and Robin reveals that Shredder and the Foot Clan are working with Ra's al Ghul and the League of Assassins. Shredder and Ra's meet and strike a bargain: Ra's will give Shredder access to the Lazarus Pit to become immortal, in exchange for Shredder building a machine that will spray the TCRI mutagen over Gotham, transforming the citizens into monstrous mutants that will destroy the city. With Shredder's failure to steal the cloud seeder, Ra's hires the Penguin to intercept it, while he and Shredder go to Arkham Asylum and release the Joker. The two trade Joker TCRI mutagen for the Joker venom formula, which combined with the mutagen will drive the mutated completely insane, and Joker uses the mutagen on Arkham's inmates.

The Bat-Family and the Turtles are alerted about an alarm at Arkham by Commissioner Gordon and investigate. After fighting their way through various mutated members of Batman's rogues gallery, they confront Harley Quinn and Joker, mutated into a spotted hyena and a king cobra. Joker injects Batman with a mixture of Joker venom and mutagen, transforming him into a deranged mutant vampire bat who instantly proceeds to violently maul Mr Freeze to death and attacks the others in a frenzy. The heroes are able to inject Batman with an anti-mutagen and restore him, and subdue Harley and Joker. Batgirl learns about the cloud seeder's theft by Penguin, and they realize the incident at Arkham was a distraction. Aware that Shredder and Ra's will be using Joker venom, they deduce they will be at Ace Chemicals to create it.

At Ace Chemicals, the Bat-family and the Turtles fight through the Foot Clan and the League of Assassins with the Batmobile and the Turtle Van. While Batman fights Shredder and Leonardo engages Ra's, Donatello and Michelangelo sabotage the cloud seeder as it launches. Leonardo subdues Ra's, and Batman is able to defeat the Shredder with a distraction from Raphael. The cloud seeder crashes into the facility and explodes, knocking the Shredder into a vat of Joker venom and destroying Ace Chemicals. At the Batcave, the Turtles prepare to return to New York until Batman reveals a surprise pizza party to celebrate their victory.

In a post-credits scene, Shredder emerges from the rubble of Ace Chemicals, now possessing a Joker-like appearance and laughing maniacally.

Voice cast
 Troy Baker as Bruce Wayne / Batman, The Joker
 Eric Bauza as Leonardo
 Darren Criss as Raphael
 Baron Vaughn as Donatello
 Kyle Mooney as Michelangelo
 Ben Giroux as Damian Wayne / Robin
 Rachel Bloom as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl
 Brian George as Alfred Pennyworth
 Jim Meskimen as Commissioner James Gordon, Dr. Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow
 Andrew Kishino as The Shredder
 Cas Anvar as Ra's al Ghul
 Keith Ferguson as Dr. Baxter Stockman, Harvey Dent / Two-Face
 Tom Kenny as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin, League of Assassins Ninja
 Tara Strong as Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn, Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy, Pizza Delivery Girl, Woman
 John DiMaggio as Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
 Carlos Alazraqui as Bane

Production

Development
In February 2019, it was announced that an animated adaptation of the miniseries Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was in development, as a collaboration between Warner Bros. Animation and Nickelodeon. In May 2019, Jake Casterona was announced to be directing from a screenplay by Marly Halpern-Graser, with Ben Jones producing; he previously worked on both Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008-11) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012-17).

Writing
Early during production, Jones wanted to omit the interdimensional aspect of the original comics, due to both his love for crossovers such as Superman vs. Spider-Man that established both properties as existing in the same reality, as well as simplifying the story. Due to this, Halpern-Graser sought to instead stay faithful to the comic's tone and structure while incorporating these changes to the story, with multiple lines and panels being adapted verbatim to the film.

Regarding the portrayals of Batman and the Turtles, Casterona wanted to contrast them by portraying Batman as more serious and the Turtles being more lighthearted and fun-loving. However, he wanted to avoid portraying them in a goofy light similar to the 1980s series, so he and the crew instead drew inspiration from the 1990 film and how it portrayed the Turtles in a lighthearted manner while still being serious in tone.

Casting
The initial announcement revealed Troy Baker would reprise his roles as both Batman from Batman: The Telltale Series video game and various Lego video games and films, and the Joker from Batman: Arkham Origins, Batman: Assault on Arkham, and the Batman Unlimited series, making Baker the first actor to portray both characters in the same property. The film also features Darren Criss and Eric Bauza reprising their roles as Raphael and Leonardo, while Kyle Mooney and Baron Vaughn voice Michelangelo and Donatello, respectively. Rachel Bloom voices Batgirl and Cas Anvar voices Ra's al Ghul. In addition, Tom Kenny, John DiMaggio, Carlos Alazraqui and Tara Strong reprise their roles as the Penguin, Mr. Freeze, Bane, Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy from various DC properties. Other key cast members of the film were revealed a month later, which consists of Ben Giroux as Robin, Andrew Kishino as the Shredder, Keith Ferguson as both Baxter Stockman and Two-Face, Brian George reprising his role as Alfred Pennyworth from Batman: The Killing Joke, and Jim Meskimen as both Commissioner James Gordon and the Scarecrow. Voice recording had begun by the time the film was announced. Both Warner and Nickelodeon were involved in the casting process, while Gene Vassilaros serves as casting director, after working on that role in previous animated TMNT media. According to producer Ben Jones, Nickelodeon executives mandated for none of the cast members from the then-current series Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to be brought back to reprise their roles.

Release

Marketing

The first trailer was released on March 12, 2019. The film had its world premiere at WonderCon Anaheim 2019 on March 31.

Home media
The film was later released to Digital on May 14 on 4K Ultra HD Combo Pack and Blu-ray Combo Pack on June 4, 2019.

The film earned $609,769 from domestic DVD sales and $2,723,251 from domestic Blu-ray sales, bringing its total domestic home video earnings to $3,333,020.

Reception

Critical response
Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was released to positive reviews. Based on  reviews collected on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of  with an average rating of .

Future
Producer Ben Jones and screenwriter Mary Halpern-Graser expressed interest in a sequel that centers on Batman interacting with elements from the TMNT franchise, expressing particular interest in featuring characters such as Krang and Bebop and Rocksteady.

References

External links

 DC page

2010s animated superhero films
Animated Batman films
Animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films
Animated crossover films
Animated superhero crossover films
2010s English-language films
Nickelodeon animated films
Ninja films
Warner Bros. Animation animated films
2019 martial arts films
2019 direct-to-video films
Animated teen superhero films
American direct-to-video films
2010s American animated films
Warner Bros. direct-to-video films
Warner Bros. direct-to-video animated films
Animated films about turtles
Animated films about brothers
Nickelodeon original films

Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles


McDonaldland is a fictional universe made by McDonald's. The first character Ronald McDonald was made in 1963, and they created McDonaldland as a place for him and his friends to live. Ronald's usual friends are Grimace, The Hamburgler, and Birdie the Early Bird. Other people in McDonaldland include Mayor McCheese, Officer Big Mac, the McNugget Buddies, and the Happy Meal Gang.

In the 1970s and 1980s McDonald's had to change Mayor McCheese and Officer Big Mac, because they were too similar to another fictional world called H.R. Pufnstuf. People thought that McDonaldland got cancelled, but McDonald's was just trying to fix it by bringing in creative people from studios like SEGA and Klasky Csupo. The McDonaldland characters have slowly returned, and were even featured as Funko Pop figures in 2019 and 2021.

Advertising
McDonald's

McDonaldland


Witchcraft when associated with feminism, also called feminist witchcraft or Dianic Witchcraft, centers on the idea of the witch as an archetype addressing female empowerment. It is a reaction to various forces including feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period.

Some forms of feminist witchcraft may make use of spells either as magic or as a form of ritual engaged for psychological effect. Feminist witchcraft is often interested in forms of traditional knowledge – especially in times and places where midwifery, birth control, abortion, gynaecology, and other aspects of health, especially women's health, are illegal or under-valued.

Dianic Wicca, a modern pagan goddess tradition, is one of the best-known types of organized feminist witchcraft. Religious beliefs tied to feminist witchcraft typically focuses on feminist theology or thealogy. However, feminist witchcraft practice may not be integrated into a practitioner's religion.

References

Further reading

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Witchcraft (feminist)


John Alan Lasseter ( ; born January 12, 1957) is an American filmmaker, animator, and voice actor. He is the head of animation at Skydance Animation. He was also previously the chief creative officer of Pixar Animation Studios, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Disneytoon Studios, as well as the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering.

Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company. After being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation, he joined Lucasfilm, where he worked on then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation. The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs and became Pixar in 1986. Lasseter oversaw all of Pixar's films and associated projects as executive producer. In addition, he directed Toy Story (1995), A Bug's Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Cars (2006), and Cars 2 (2011). From 2006 to 2018, Lasseter also oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios' (and its division Disneytoon Studios') films and associated projects as executive producer.

The films he has made have grossed more than 19 billion, making him one of the most successful filmmakers of all time. Of the eight animated films that have grossed more than $1 billion, five of them are films executive produced by Lasseter. The films include Toy Story 3 (2010), the first animated film to pass $1 billion, Frozen (2013), the third-highest-grossing animated film of all time, as well as Zootopia (2016), Finding Dory (2016), and Incredibles 2 (2018). Frozen also held the title of the highest-grossing animated film of all time until 2019, and was the fifth-highest-grossing film of all time at the end of its theatrical run. He has won two Academy Awards, for Best Animated Short Film (for Tin Toy), as well as a Special Achievement Award (for Toy Story).

In November 2017, Lasseter took a six-month sabbatical from Pixar and Disney Animation after acknowledging what he called "missteps" in his behavior with employees. According to various news outlets, Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct toward employees. In June 2018, Disney announced that he would be leaving the company at the end of the year when his contract expired; he took on a consulting role until then. On January 9, 2019, Lasseter was hired to run Skydance Animation.

Early life
John Alan Lasseter was born on January 12, 1957, in Hollywood, California. His mother, Jewell Mae (née Risley; 1918–2005), was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School, and his father, Paul Eual Lasseter (1924–2011), was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership.

Lasseter is a fraternal twin; his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis, who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area, is six minutes older.

Lasseter grew up in Whittier, California. His mother's profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation. He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ church his family attended. As a child, Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television. While in high school, he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas. The book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disney's 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself. When he saw Disney's 1963 film The Sword in the Stone, he finally made the decision that he should become an animator. He then read Preston Blair's book about animation, and made flipbooks based on Blair's walk cycles. One of his friends had a Super 8 camera that shot single frames, which was used to shoot some of his earlier animation efforts.

Lasseter heard of a new character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts (often abbreviated as 'CalArts') and decided to follow his dream of becoming an animator. His mother further encouraged him to take up a career in animation, and in 1975 he enrolled as the second student (Jerry Rees was the first) in the CalArts Character Animation program created by Disney animators Jack Hannah and T. Hee. Lasseter was taught by three members of Disney's Nine Old Men team of veteran animators—Eric Larson, Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston—and his classmates included future animators and directors like Brad Bird, John Musker, Henry Selick, Tim Burton, and Chris Buck. During his time there, he produced two animated shorts—Lady and the Lamp (1979) and Nitemare (1980)—which each won the student Academy Award for Animation.

While at CalArts, Lasseter first started working for the Walt Disney Company at Disneyland in Anaheim during summer breaks and got a job as a Jungle Cruise skipper, where he learned the basics of comedy and comic timing to entertain captive audiences on the ride.

Career

First years at Disney
Upon graduating in 1979, Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Productions mostly due to his success with his student project, Lady and the Lamp. The studio had reviewed approximately 10,000 portfolios in the late 1970s in search of talent, then selected only about 150 candidates as apprentices, of which only about 45 were kept on permanently. In the fall of 1979, Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that "John's got an instinctive feel for character and movement and shows every indication of blossoming here at our studios ... In time, he'll make a fine contribution." At that same time, Lasseter worked on a sequence titled "The Emperor and the Nightingale" (based on The Nightingale by Hans Christian Andersen) for a Disney project called Musicana. Musicana was never released but eventually led to the development of Fantasia 2000 (1999).

However, Lasseter soon felt that something was missing: after 101 Dalmatians (1961), which in his opinion was the film where Disney had reached its highest plateau, he felt that the studio had lost momentum and was often repeating itself.  Between 1980 and 1981, he coincidentally came across some video tapes from one of the then new computer-graphics conferences, who showed some of the very beginnings of computer animation, primarily floating spheres and such, which he experienced as a revelation. But it was not until shortly after, when he was invited by his friends Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer, while working on Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), to come and see the first light cycle sequences for an upcoming film entitled Tron (1982), featuring state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery (CGI), that he saw the huge potential of this new technology in animation. Up to that time, the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation. Lasseter realized that computers could be used to make films with three-dimensional backgrounds where traditionally animated characters could interact to add a new level of visually stunning depth that had not been possible before. He knew adding dimension to animation had been a longtime dream of animators, going back to Walt Disney.

Later, he and Glen Keane talked about how great it would be to make an animated feature where the background was computer-animated, and then showed Keane the book The Brave Little Toaster by Thomas Disch, which he thought would be a good candidate for the film. Keane agreed, but first, they decided to do a short test film to see how it worked out and chose Where the Wild Things Are, a decision based on the fact that Disney had considered producing a feature based on the works of Maurice Sendak. Satisfied with the result, Lasseter, Keane and executive Thomas L. Wilhite went on with the project, especially Lasseter who dedicated himself to it, while Keane eventually went on to work with The Great Mouse Detective (1986).

Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors' toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the Where the Wild Things Are project into motion. The project was canceled while being pitched to two of Lasseter's supervisors, animation administrator Ed Hansen, and head of Disney studios, Ron W. Miller, due to lack of perceived cost benefits for the mix of traditional and computer animation. A few minutes after the meeting, Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office. As Lasseter recalled, Hansen told him, "Well, John, your project is now complete, so your employment with the Disney Studios is now terminated." Wilhite, who was part of Disney's live-action group and therefore had no obligations to the animation studio, was able to arrange to keep Lasseter around temporarily until the Wild Things test project was complete in January 1984, but with the understanding there would be no further work for Lasseter at Disney Animation. The Brave Little Toaster would later become a 2D animated feature film directed by one of Lasseter's friends, Jerry Rees, and co-produced by Wilhite (who had, by then, left to start Hyperion Pictures), and some of the staff of Pixar would be involved in the film alongside Lasseter.

Lucasfilm and Pixar

While putting together a crew for the planned feature, Lasseter had made some contacts in the computer industry, among them Alvy Ray Smith and Ed Catmull at Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group. After being fired, and feeling glum knowing his employment with Disney was to end shortly, Lasseter visited a computer graphics conference in November 1983 at the Queen Mary in Long Beach, where he met and talked to Catmull again. Catmull inquired about The Brave Little Toaster, which Lasseter explained had been shelved. From his experience at Lucasfilm, Catmull assumed Lasseter was simply between projects since Hollywood studios have traditionally laid off employees when they lack enough productions to keep them busy. Still devastated at being forced out of the only company he had ever wanted to work for, Lasseter could not find the strength to tell Catmull that he had been fired.

Catmull later telephoned Smith that day and mentioned that Lasseter was not working at Disney. Smith told Catmull to put down the phone and hire Lasseter right now. Lasseter agreed instantly to work freelance with Catmull and his colleagues and joined them for a week of December 1983 on a project that resulted in their first computer-animated short: The Adventures of André & Wally B., meant to prove it was possible to do character animation on a computer. After his work on the Where the Wild Things Are-test, Lasseter assumed hand-drawn characters in a CGI environment was the only way, but Catmull insisted it could be done, it was just that nobody had given it an attempt before. Because Catmull was not allowed to hire animators, he was given the title "Interface Designer"; "Nobody knew what that was but they didn't question it in budget meetings". Lasseter spent a lot of time at Lucasfilm in the San Francisco Bay Area in the spring of 1984, where he worked together closely with Catmull and his team of computer science researchers. Lasseter learned how to use some of their software, and in turn, he taught the computer scientists about filmmaking, animation, and art.  The short turned out to be more revolutionary than Lasseter first had visualized before he came to Lucasfilm. His original idea had been to create only the backgrounds on computers, but in the final short everything was computer-animated, including the characters.

After the short CGI film was presented at SIGGRAPH in the summer of 1984, Lasseter returned to Los Angeles with the hope of directing The Brave Little Toaster at Hyperion Pictures.  He soon learned that funding had fallen through and called Catmull with the bad news.  Catmull called back with a job offer, and Lasseter joined Lucasfilm as a full-time employee in October 1984 and moved to the Bay Area. After that, he worked with ILM on the special effects on Young Sherlock Holmes, where he made the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character, a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window. This effect was the first CGI character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a laser. Lasseter and Catmull's collaboration, which has since lasted over thirty years, would ultimately result in Toy Story (1995), which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film. Additionally, Lasseter created THX's robot mascot Tex. He made his first appearance in 1996 with the original theatrical release of Independence Day. Since then, Tex has appeared in some THX trailers.

Due to George Lucas's financially crippling divorce, he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics, by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group, founded by Smith and Catmull, with Lasseter as one of the founding employees. It was spun off as a separate corporation with Apple co-founder Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986. Over the next 10 years, Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio. Lasseter oversaw all of Pixar's films and associated projects as executive producer. As well as Toy Story, he also personally directed A Bug's Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Cars (2006), and Cars 2 (2011).

He has won two Academy Awards, for Animated Short Film (Tin Toy), as well as a Special Achievement Award (Toy Story). Lasseter has been nominated on four other occasions—in the category of Animated Feature, for both Monsters, Inc. (2001) and Cars, in the Original Screenplay category for Toy Story and in the Animated Short category for Luxo, Jr. (1986)—while the short Knick Knack (1989) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time. In 2008, he was honored with the Winsor McCay Award, the lifetime achievement award for animators.

Return to Disney

Disney announced that it would be purchasing Pixar in January 2006, and Lasseter was named the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Feature Animation, the latter of which he renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios. Lasseter was also named principal creative adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering, where he helped design attractions for Disney Parks. He oversaw all of Walt Disney Animation Studios' films and associated projects as executive producer. He reported directly to Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger, bypassing Disney's studio and theme park executives. He also received green-light power on films with Roy E. Disney's consent.

In December 2006, Lasseter announced that Disney Animation would start producing animated shorts – 2D, CGI, or a combination of both – that would be released theatrically. Lasseter said he sees this medium as an excellent way to train and discover new talent in the company as well as a testing ground for new techniques and ideas.

In June 2007, Catmull and Lasseter were given control of Disneytoon Studios, a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios housed in a separate facility in Glendale. As president and chief creative officer, respectively, they have supervised three separate studios for Disney, each with its own production pipeline: Pixar, Disney Animation, and Disneytoon. While Disney Animation and Disneytoon are located in the Los Angeles area, Pixar is located over 350 miles (563 kilometers) northwest in the Bay Area, where Catmull and Lasseter both live. Accordingly, they appointed a general manager for each studio to manage day-to-day business affairs, then established a routine of spending at least two days per week (usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays) in Southern California.

Lasseter is a close friend and admirer of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki, whom he first met when TMS Entertainment sent a delegation of animators to the Disney studio in 1981 and showed a clip from Miyazaki's first feature film, The Castle of Cagliostro (1979). Lasseter was so deeply moved that in 1985 he insisted on showing that clip and other examples of Miyazaki's work after dinner to a woman he had just met (who would become his wife).  He visited Miyazaki during his first trip to Japan in 1987 and saw drawings for My Neighbor Totoro (1988).  After Lasseter became a successful director and producer at Pixar, he went on to serve as executive producer on several of Miyazaki's films for their release in the United States and oversaw the translation and dubbing of their English language soundtracks. In addition, the forest spirit Totoro from My Neighbor Totoro makes an appearance as a plush toy in Toy Story 3 (2010).

Lasseter is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and served nine consecutive years on its board of governors from 2005 to 2014 when he had to relinquish his seat due to term limits.  His last position on the board was as first vice president.

Lasseter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 2011, located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard.

Allegations of sexual misconduct and exit from Disney and Pixar

In November 2017, Lasseter took a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging allegations of workplace sexual misconduct that he described as "missteps" with employees in a memo to staff. The alleged sexual misconduct toward multiple employees over a number of years included "grabbing, kissing, [and] making comments about physical attributes". The alleged sexual misconduct became so well-known that, according to Variety, at various times, Pixar had "minders who were tasked with reining in his impulses".

In June 2018, Disney announced that Lasseter was leaving the company at the end of the year, taking a consulting role until then.

Skydance Animation
On January 9, 2019, Lasseter was hired to head Skydance Animation, which will produce animated films with Paramount Animation and Ilion Animation Studios. In a statement, Lasseter said "I have spent the last year away from the industry in deep reflection, learning how my actions unintentionally made colleagues uncomfortable, which I deeply regret and apologize for. It has been humbling, but I believe it will make me a better leader." An investigation conducted prior to his hiring found that no previous claims of sexual assault, propositioning or harassment had been filed against Lasseter, and "[...] there were no findings of secret settlements by Disney or Lasseter to any parties asking for a settlement."

Personal life

Lasseter lives in Glen Ellen, California with his wife Nancy, a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University, whom he met at a computer graphics conference in San Francisco in 1985. Nancy majored in computer graphics applications, and previously worked as a computer graphics engineer at Apple Computer. They married in 1988, and have four sons together in addition to Nancy's son from a previous relationship, born between  and 1997.

The Lasseters own Lasseter Family Winery in Glen Ellen, California. The property includes a narrow gauge railroad named the Justi Creek Railway (for the "Marie E.", the locomotive Lasseter purchased from Ollie Johnston) approximately  long, including a train station and water tower Lasseter purchased from former Disney animator Ward Kimball. Their residence has a swimming pool with a lazy river that runs through a cave.  Lasseter owns a collection of more than 1,000 Hawaiian shirts and wears one every day. Lasseter also collects classic cars, such as a black 1952 Jaguar XK120.

On May 2, 2009, Lasseter received an honorary doctorate from Pepperdine University, where he delivered the commencement address.

His influences include Walt Disney, Chuck Jones, Frank Capra, Hayao Miyazaki, and Preston Sturges. Lasseter's favorite film is Walt Disney's Dumbo (1941).

Filmography

Films

Shorts

TV specials and series

Documentaries

Other credits

Reception
Critical, public and commercial reception to films Lasseter has directed as of August 9, 2022.

See also

A113
List of Pixar films
List of Pixar shorts
List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards

References

External links

 Richard Verrier and Dawn C. Chmielewski, Fabled Film Company May Get a Reanimator , Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2006
 Fortune Magazine interview with John Lasseter – includes biographic information
 KCRW's The Treatment: John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton (02/04)
 KCRW's The Treatment: John Lasseter (06/06)

1957 births
Living people
20th-century American artists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American artists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American animators
American chief executives in the media industry
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American storyboard artists
Animation screenwriters
Animators from California
Annie Award winners
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Computer animation people
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Disney executives
Film directors from Los Angeles
Film producers from California
Inkpot Award winners
Lucasfilm people
People from Glen Ellen, California
People from Whittier, California
Pixar
Pixar people
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from California
Special Achievement Academy Award winners
Skydance Media people
Student Academy Award winners
Toy collectors
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts people
Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients

John Lasseter


The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games is a game that was released in 1996 by Disney Interactive for Microsoft Windows and Game Boy. It was the second title in the company's GameBreak! series after GameBreak! Timon and Pumbaa's Jungle Games. Tiertex adapted the game for SNES, Game Boy, and Super Game Boy, which were published by THQ.

The video game was based on the film The Hunchback of Notre Dame and features a collection of mini games based on the Festival of Fools that includes a variation of Balloon Fight.

Gameplay
It starts with a colourful, really animated, and festive introduction. The environment is the Notre Dame Cathedral front yard, where the festival and games take place. Sounds and music from the movie are always there. The games are presented by those three funny Disney's gargoyles, which may also give some support. Games can be played by one or two players bringing more fun when with family and friends. Escalating levels challenge players of all ages! But there is also an option for difficulty. Riddles, cream battles, bowling, are some of the topics of the games included.

Critical reception
Coming Soon Magazine gave the game 87 out of 100, concluding "although Hunchback of Notre Dame was first designed for children, the game might appeal as well for adults with its remarkable design. Not only do the graphics look sterling, but also the soundtrack plays admirably with the original music from the film. At no time you will get bored in the game. The hilarious commentaries from the gargoyles will keep you awake, and even the loading sequences feature small animations. Rarely has a game for children been so well made, and no doubt it will be another smash hit for Disney Interactive". Entertainment Weekly described it as having less "charm and originality" than Savoy Pictures' The Adventures of Pinocchio, ultimately giving it a B-.

Electric Playground gave the game a score of 8 out of 10.

References

External links

Video games based on animated films
Video games based on adaptations
1996 video games
Game Boy games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Paris
Windows games
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (franchise)
Tiertex Design Studios games
THQ games
Single-player video games