KCBS (740 kHz) is an all-news AM radio station located in San Francisco, California. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. (formerly Entercom), which took over after its merger with CBS Radio.

KCBS is the Bay Area's only 24/7, live and local radio station.

KCBS shares its Battery Street studios with CBS owned-and-operated television station KPIX-TV 5. The transmitter site is located in Novato. Its programming is simulcast on co-owned 106.9 KFRC-FM plus that station's HD1 digital sub-channel.  It is Northern California's primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.

KCBS operates with a transmitter output of 50,000 watts, and during the daytime can be regularly received as far north as Red Bluff and Hopland and south as far as San Luis Obispo. In good conditions it is also heard as far north as Redding and south to Santa Maria. At night, the station employs a directional antenna, primarily sending its signal to the southeast, in order to protect CFZM in Toronto, the dominant Class A station on the 740 kHz clear-channel frequency. Even with this restriction, KCBS's nighttime signal reaches a large slice of the Western United States with a good radio. This includes almost all of California, as far south as Los Angeles and San Diego. On rare occasions "DXers" (hobbyists who listen for distant stations) have reported receiving KCBS across the Pacific Ocean, and in Hawaii and Alaska.

In addition to over-the-air broadcasts, KCBS audio is webcast with live streaming audio around the clock. The station's live stream was also available through TuneIn and most streaming audio apps until August 1, 2018, when it was pulled from all streaming media sources except the Radio.com mobile app (now Audacy) where it is now available exclusively; in October 2019, it was one of the test stations for the app's new "Radio.com Rewind" feature, where the last 24 hours of KCBS programming can be accessed on-demand.

History

Experimental years
KCBS is considered to be among the world's first radio stations.  It received its first broadcasting station license, as KQW in San Jose, in early December 1921. However, the original licensee, Charles Herrold, had begun making audio radio transmissions in 1909, as part of an experimental radio-telephone system, and KCBS has traditionally dated its founding to that year. Herrold's earliest radio work had been largely forgotten until 1959, when Gordon R. Greb's "The Golden Anniversary of Broadcasting" was published in the Journal of Broadcasting.

On January 1, 1909, Herrold opened the Herrold College of Wireless and Engineering, located in the Garden City Bank Building at 50 West San Fernando Street in San Jose. In order to promote the college, as well as provide practical experience for his students, a radio transmitter (then commonly known as "wireless telegraphy") with a large antenna was constructed atop the building. The earliest transmissions used spark-gap transmitters which could only transmit the dots-and-dashes of Morse code.

Herrold was among the first to develop a radio transmitter that could also be used for audio transmissions. After limited success with an approach that used "high-frequency" sparks, he later began using a version of an "arc-transmitter" originally developed by Valdemar Poulsen. Although his primary objective was to create a wireless telephone that could be commercialized for point-to-point use, beginning in July 1912 Herrold also began making regular weekly entertainment broadcasts, with the debut program featuring phonograph records supplied by the Wiley B. Allen company.

Radio communication was initially unregulated in the United States, and at first Herrold used a variety of self-assigned identifiers for his station, including FN and SJN, plus, for audio transmissions, "San Jose calling". The Radio Act of 1912 established the licensing of stations through the U.S. Commerce Department, and in late 1915 Herrold was issued an Experimental Station License with the call sign 6XF. Although Herrold reported success in developing his system, his arc-transmitters were low-powered and would only work at wavelengths above 600 meters (frequencies below 500 kHz). The concurrent development of vacuum-tube technology, which did not have the same limitations, started making arc technology obsolete.

World War I
In April 1917, with the entrance of the United States into World War I, the U.S. government took control of the entire radio industry, and it became illegal for private citizens to possess a working radio receiver. In addition, all civilian radio stations were ordered to be dismantled, so for the duration of the conflict Herrold left the airwaves. This wartime government ban on civilian stations was lifted effective October 1, 1919, and in early 1921 Herrold was reissued an Experimental license, again with the call sign 6XF. (He had previously been issued a license for a portable transmitter, with the call sign 6XE.)

During the war impressive strides had been made in vacuum-tube transmitter and receiver design, and Herrold's arc-transmitters were no longer commercially competitive. In 1920 a number of radio stations in the San Francisco Bay area, employing vacuum-tube transmitters, began making regular entertainment broadcasts, most prominently the "California Theater" station, 6XC, set up by Lee de Forest, which began daily service around April 1920. After the war Herrold needed to become familiar with vacuum-tube equipment before he could return to the air. Although some of his co-workers later reported that he resumed regular broadcasts as early as 1919, the oldest documented report of his resumption of broadcasting, presumably over 6XF, dates to early May 1921, with the announcement that the school was inaugurating a Monday and Thursday night schedule consisting of records supplied by "J. A. Kerwin of 84 East Santa Clara street, dealer in phonographs".

KQW (1921–1949)

Effective December 1, 1921, the Department of Commerce issued a regulation that stations making broadcasts intended for the general public now had to hold a Limited Commercial license specifying operation on a wavelength of 360 or 485 meters, and, on December 9, 1921, a broadcasting station authorization with the randomly assigned call letters of KQW was issued in Herrold's name. This license specified operation on the common "entertainment" wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz), so KQW initially broadcast only during the hours assigned to it under a time-sharing agreement made with the other local broadcasting stations.

Classifying stations according to when they first received a broadcasting authorization under the provisions of the December 1, 1921, regulations, KQW was tied for 6th in the state of California and 16th in the United States. It is the eighth oldest surviving radio station in the United States and tied for 2nd oldest in California, one day behind KWG in Stockton, and tied with KNX in Los Angeles. It is also the oldest in the Bay Area; the next-oldest, KMKY in Oakland, was licensed as KLS on March 10, 1922.

Operation of KQW was financed by the sale of radio equipment by the Herrold Radio Laboratory, but by 1925 the costs had grown.  The station was transferred to the First Baptist Church of San Jose, with Herrold kept on as program director. In 1926, station manager Fred J. Hart bought KQW's license and facilities, eventually buying the station itself in 1930.  From 1937 to 1941, KQW served as the San Jose network affiliate of the Don Lee Broadcasting System.  During this time its owner was Julius Brunton & Sons, and the station's operations were co-located with KJBS at 1470 Pine Street in San Francisco. Until 1942, it operated as a service of the Pacific Agricultural Foundation to farmers in the Central Valley.

In 1927, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was created to take over the regulation of U.S. radio stations, and it began a series of frequency shifts to coordinate station assignments. Effective November 11, 1928, the FRC divided the AM band transmitting frequencies into three classification: Local, Regional, and Clear Channel.  KQW's assignment, 1010 kHz, which it had been using since the previous year, was designated a regional frequency. By 1940, KQW had increased its daytime power to the maximum permitted for regional stations, 5,000 watts. In March 1941, under the provisions of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), most U.S. radio stations were shifted to new dial positions, so KQW moved to 740.

Under the NARBA provisions, 740 was a Canadian Clear channel, with CBL (740 AM) (since transferred to FM; the frequency now is utilized by CFZM using the same technical perimeters) as the frequency's Class I-A primary station. KQW was classified as a Class II secondary station.  However, the great distance between the two stations meant that, with the use of a directional antenna, KQW could apply for permission to increase its power to 50,000 watts. In the early 1940s, the San Francisco Bay area affiliate for the CBS radio network was KSFO, which, because it operated on a regional frequency, was limited to a power of 5,000 watts. CBS wanted to have a station operating at a full 50,000 watts, and an agreement was initially made for KQW and KSFO to swap frequencies — KSFO to 740 and KQW to 560 — after which KSFO would upgrade to 50,000 watts. However, this plan fell through because CBS also wanted to own the Bay Area affiliate, and the owners of KSFO were not willing to sell. Due to this rebuff, in 1942 CBS transferred its affiliation from KSFO to KQW, with an option to eventually purchase KQW. The station staff moved to a CBS-owned studio located at the Palace Hotel. For all intents and purposes, it was now a San Francisco station. However, it was still licensed to San Jose, so an announcer was posted at the transmitter site to provide the required "KQW, San Jose" legal IDs.

The beginning of KCBS (1949–1995)

CBS exercised its option to buy KQW in 1949, changing the station's call letters to KCBS. In 1951, KCBS signed on for the first time from the four-tower 50,000-watt facility at Novato that had originally been intended for KSFO. KCBS's city of licence was also officially changed from San Jose to San Francisco.

In 1968, KCBS became one of the first all-news stations in the country, as CBS was converting many of its radio stations nationwide to the format, developed at WCBS in New York City.  KCBS already had a long history in news dating back to World War II, when it was the center of CBS' newsgathering efforts in the Pacific Theater. In 1971, KCBS moved its studios to the 32nd floor of One Embarcadero Center. Notable anchors and reporters who became popular during the early "Newsradio" era included Al Hart, Frank Knight, Dave McElhatton (whose KCBS tenure dated to the early 1950s, including hosting a popular morning show on the station before the all-news format was implemented; McElhatton moved to KPIX-TV in 1977, where he was a highly popular and trusted lead anchorman until his retirement in 2000), Ray Hutchinson (KCBS' first business anchor under the all-news format, delivering his updates from the floor of the Pacific Stock Exchange), Ken Ackerman (who began on the station in 1942, later hosting KCBS' version of Music 'Til Dawn and eventually becoming a news anchor under the all-news format, serving until his retirement in 1995), Bob Price, a longtime business anchor and editor for KCBS who worked for over 20 years at the radio station, anchored from the Pacific Stock Exchange until his retirement on November 5, 2009.

Throughout its early history, KCBS also broadcast local sports. As early as 1949, KCBS broadcast Stanford University football games. Upon converting to its all-news format in 1968, KCBS stopped broadcasting Stanford sports, whose broadcasts moved to rival KSFO. In 1985, KCBS signed a three-year contract to broadcast Stanford football and men's basketball. In 1992, Stanford dropped KCBS in favor of KFRC-AM in 1992 in order to find a station that would devote more airtime to discuss Stanford sports than KCBS could with its all-news format. From 1980 to 1986, KCBS broadcast San Jose State football. However, KCBS carried most San Jose State games on tape delay in the 1986 season due to conflicts with Stanford games. KCBS did not renew its contract with San Jose State after it expired, and San Jose station KHTT won San Jose State broadcast rights beginning in 1987. From 1981 to 1986, KCBS was the flagship station for the San Francisco 49ers. In 1990, KCBS became the primary station for the Bay Area's Emergency Broadcast System after KNBR, the former primary EBS station, failed to activate the Emergency Broadcast System due to major technical malfunctions caused by the engineering department at KNBR during and the aftermath of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The Federal Communications Commission called the situation "revoked" as the decision was made to move its primary EBS status to KCBS after the major fail on KNBR.

Common ownership with KPIX (1995–2017)

In late November 1995, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation bought CBS, bringing the Bay Area's oldest radio station under common ownership with its oldest television station, KPIX-TV Channel 5, which Westinghouse had purchased from Associated Broadcasters in 1954. In May 2006, KCBS and KPIX-TV moved their news bureau in San Jose to the Fairmont Tower at 50 West San Fernando Street. This was, coincidentally, the location of Charles Herrold's original broadcasts. CBS management was unaware of the San Fernando Street address' history when the move was planned. However, once informed that this was the birthplace of KCBS, they recognized this at the bureau's opening celebration.

In mid-March 2005, KCBS, along with nearly all of the other all-news stations owned by Infinity Broadcasting (which renamed itself CBS Radio that fall), began streaming its audio over its website, reversing a long-standing Infinity Radio policy of not doing so. (New York City's WCBS began streaming its programming online the previous December). Local commercials which are heard on the radio signal are replaced on the internet stream for nationally and regionally sponsored ads, a few public service announcements, station promos, promos of CBS Television shows, and repeats of pre-recorded feature segments already on the broadcast schedule (including StarDate and Science Today, produced by the University of California). In March 2010, KCBS and the other CBS Radio stations blocked Internet listeners outside the United States from accessing its live stream.

In 2007, KCBS added an HD Radio digital sub-channel, and began identifying as "KCBS and KCBS-HD". On October 27, 2008, the station began simulcasting its full schedule over co-owned KFRC-FM (106.9) and that station's HD1 digital sub-channel. (KFRC-FM's previous "classic hits" format was moved to sub-channel HD2.) The stations' microphone flag now displays "740" on two sides of the cube, and "106.9" on the other two.  In 2011 the stations adopted the joint branding of "KCBS All News 740 AM and 106.9 FM." KFRC-FM did not change its call letters because the KCBS-FM call sign was already in use by a CBS owned station in Los Angeles on 93.1 FM. Additionally, CBS wanted to keep another Bay Area station from trading on the KFRC calls' 64-year legacy in the area.

In mid-September 2010, KCBS Radio's website was merged with that of KPIX and their sister radio properties in the San Francisco market under the "CBS San Francisco" banner.

Sale to Entercom
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. While CBS shareholders retained a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was the surviving entity, separating KCBS radio from KPIX. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17. On March 30, 2021, Entercom changed its name to Audacy. As part of the agreement with CBS, Entercom was given therights to use the brand and trademarks for KCBS-AM along with sister stations KCBS-FM in Los Angeles and WCBS-AM and WCBS-FM in New York City for a 20 year period after which Entercom (or succeeding entity) will be required to relinquish using those call-letters.

Pioneer station status

One of the conditions of Herrold's sale of KQW in 1925 was that the new owners include, in the sign-on announcement, the following: "This is KQW, pioneer broadcasting station of the world, founded by Dr. Charles D. Herrold in San Jose in 1909".

Although there are reports that Herrold was making experimental audio transmissions as early as 1909, the best evidence is that it wasn't until July 1912 when he began making regularly scheduled broadcasts. These weekly programs are generally accepted as being the first regular entertainment broadcasts made by radio. More contentious is whether KCBS can be considered the oldest radio station in continuous service, due to the fact that, following the end of World War I, Herrold did not resume regular broadcasting until May 1921. (Other candidates for oldest U.S. radio station include 8MK / WWJ in Detroit, which began regular broadcasts in August 1920; WOC in Davenport, Iowa, which traces its origin to station 9BY, beginning regular broadcasts around September 1920; 9ZAF/KLZ in Denver, with nightly concerts beginning in October 1920; and 8ZZ/KDKA in Pittsburgh, which began operating on November 2, 1920.)

In 1945, stations WWJ and KDKA held competing 25th anniversary celebrations, both claiming to be the oldest "commercial radio station." Later that same year, KQW prepared and broadcast "The Story of KQW." The program made the claim that KCBS is the oldest radio station, predating by eleven years both WWJ and KDKA. This broadcast included a brief recorded statement by Herrold, made just before his 70th birthday.  All three of these stations, WWJ, KDKA and KCBS, eventually came under the common ownership of CBS Radio and remain sister stations under the ownership of Audacy.

In 2009, KCBS celebrated its 100th birthday, with a yearlong series of events throughout the Bay Area. Included was the public dedication of a plaque commemorating the "Centennial Celebration of the World's First Broadcasting Station." This plaque is located outside the lobby at 50 Fairmont Plaza in San Jose, where Herrold's original broadcasts took place. During the year, KCBS adopted the slogan "The World's First Broadcasting Station".

Programming
Like most of its sister Audacy all-news stations, KCBS airs hourly CBS News Radio reports, including the CBS World News Roundup on weekdays and the CBS News Weekend Roundup on Saturday and Sunday early mornings. It simulcasts the audio portion of the weekly CBS News TV programs 60 Minutes and Face the Nation. Additional features include traffic, weather, sports updates, and "Bloomberg Moneywatch" business reports. KPIX-TV meteorologists provide weather forecasts, especially during AM and PM drive times.

KCBS Cover Story airs weekly as an extended look at a major issue in the news, while In Depth is a weekly long-form interview program. KCBS also simulcasts a seven-minute block of the CBS Evening News East Coast feed live on weekdays, allowing listeners to hear the program's top stories two hours before the newscast airs on KPIX-TV. The station hosts special segments each weekday with CBS News technology analysts Larry Magid and Brian Cooley, San Francisco Chronicle columnist Phil Matier, and longtime food and wine editor Narsai David. KCBS will often feature live interviews with call-in guest experts (who occasionally also appear in the studio with the anchors) to briefly discuss a specific story, topic or subject; the edited comments are replayed as part of featured news stories throughout the remainder of the day.

The morning team consisted of longtime anchors Stan Bunger and Susan Leigh Taylor.  Bunger retired in 2021, Taylor in 2020.  Their replacements have not yet been announced. Jason Brooks serves as anchor of business news segments. Kim Wonderley handles traffic reporting. Mid-days are anchored by Rebecca Corral. On weekday afternoons, the anchor team consists of Jeff Bell and Patti Reising. Evening and night/early morning news anchors include John Evans and Megan Goldsby.  Weekend anchors include Melissa Culross, Dan Mitchinson, Liz Saint John, Lisa Chan, Eric Thomas, Susan Kennedy, and Peter Finch.

References

External links

 FCC History Cards for KCBS  (covering KQW/KCBS from 1927 to 1980)
 "The History of KQW/KCBS" by John F. Schneider, 1996 (bayarearadio.org)
 KQW Radio, San Jose "The Story Of KQW" Saturday, November 10, 1945 (bayarearadio.org)

Clear-channel radio stations
CBS (AM)
All-news radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1921
1921 establishments in California
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

KCBS (AM)


Lahannya is an English singer, songwriter and performer. Since 2005 she has been the vocalist and front woman of her own band with Lutz Demmler as co-songwriter, producer and bass player. Lahannya and Lutz are complemented live by Christopher Milden and Luca Mazzucconi.

Lahannya is well known in the dark alternative scene for her collaborations with Soman, Greenhaus, Xotox and Dracul with whom she performed many gigs and festivals including M'Era Luna and Wave-Gotik-Treffen.  In the early 2000s Lahannya occasionally DJed at the London alternative club Slimelight.

History

Early days
Lahannya's first release came by complete chance after the US underground label, Zenflesh, came across a demo of her first track, "Drowning". They persuaded her to go ahead and record a full version of it for their forthcoming compilation album, Amduscias. Despite being completely on her own, and having no supporting band, she went ahead and was pleasantly surprised at the positive feedback she received as a result. The feedback inspired her to write an EP, which was to form the basis for the band seen today.

Formation of the band
After many collaborations with numerous acts, such as Greenhaus and Soman, Lahannya came into contact with Umbra Et Imago bassist Lutz Demmler at the M'Era Luna Festival in 2004. This quickly developed into a friendship and collaboration. A couple of brief line-up changes, towards the end of 2006 the duo came into contact with ex Killing Miranda drummer Belle, and NFD guitarist Chris Milden.

Shotgun Reality
The band now set about writing and recording their debut album, Shotgun Reality. Upon completion they secured support slots with Emilie Autumn and Moon Kana.

Welcome to the Underground
After the success of Shotgun Reality, Lahannya worked on a concept EP as the build up to the band's second album. Upon completion of the EP, Lahannya supported German goth rock band ASP on a three-week Germany tour. ASP also contributed a remix of the track "Inside the Machine" to the Welcome to the Underground EP. Two UK tours followed, which were very successful with audiences continually growing, but the undisputed highlight was Lahannya's performance at the open air amphitheatre Parkbuehne as part of the four day Wave Gotik Treffen music festival, in Leipzig, Germany.

Defiance
The band then released their second album, Defiance, on 19 October 2009.

Scavenger
Scavenger was released in November 2010 - a stop gap release mixing two new songs and a live DVD from the MFVF 2009.

Dystopia
Dystopia was released in October 2011 - 12 tracks featuring the previously released Scavenger.  This was promoted via numerous UK live dates in autumn 2011 with supporting acts including Pythia.

Sojourn
Sojourn was released in November 2013 - A three disc set, 1 DVD 2 CD.  The DVD featuring Live at M'Era Luna August 2012 and Live at Metal Voices Fest (2012), a CD of the same shows and a CD of collaborations.  The album was launched with a small UK tour with shows in Cambridge, London and Sheffield.

Members

Current line-up
 Lahannya - songwriting / vocalist
 Lutz Demmler - songwriting / bass
 Christopher Milden - guitar
 Luca Mazzucconi - drums

Discography

Albums
 2007: Shotgun Reality
 2009: Defiance
 2011: Dystopia

EPs
 2000: Drowning EP
 2008: Welcome to the Underground EP
 2010: Scavenger

Live albums
 2013: Sojourn

Singles
 2007: "Bleed for Me"

Compilation albums
 1998: Amduscias - Various Artists (Zenflesh Records); contributed the track 'Drowning' to this compilation

Collaborations
 2003: Another Life - Greenhaus (Future Recordings); co-songwriter and vocalist on over half of the tracks on the album
 2004: Revenge - Soman (Out of Line Music); co-songwritier and vocalist for the track Tears feat. Lahannya
 2004: Machineries of Joy - Various Artists (Out of Line Music); co-songwriter and vocalist for the track Antique by Soman
 2004: Sex, Drogen Und Industrial - Combichrist (Out of Line Music); spoken sample for the Soman remix of the title track Sex, Drugs & Industrial
 2005: [psi] (2 cd version) - Xotox (Pronoize); spoken intro for the included video of the track [psi]
 2006: Harmonia Mundi - Various Artists (Danse Macabre); co-songwriter and vocalist for the track My Angel by Wintry
 2006: Like an Animal - Dracul (Spirit Production); co-songwriter and vocalist for the tracks Vampiria's Dream and Deathwish
 2007: Mask - Soman (Infacted); co-songwriter and vocalist for the tracks Mask and Eye to Eye
 2007: Nie Mehr - ASP (Trisol); remix of the title track Nie Mehr
 2008: In Den Zehn Morgen - Xotox (Pronoize); vocalist for the track Habitat
 2010 : Noistyle - Soman  Skin Deep feat. Lahannya

References

External links

 Official site
 Official Myspace
 Girlband Profile

English women singers
English heavy metal musical groups
English rock music groups
British electronic music groups
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lahannya


William Arnold Hemphill (May 5, 1842 – August 17, 1902) was an American businessman and politician who served as Mayor of Atlanta from 1891 to 1893.

Biography

Early years and education
Hemphill was born on May 5, 1842, in Athens, Georgia. He attended the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1861 in engineering.

Business ventures
At the beginning of the Civil War Hemphill joined the Confederate Army, rising to the rank of colonel. He suffered a serious head wound at the Battle of Gettysburg. After the war, he moved to Atlanta in 1867, to teach. Within one year, Hemphill accepted an offer from Carey Wentworth Styles, to become the business manager and co-owner in a new joint venture with Styles and James Anderson. They had just purchased a small newspaper,  the Atlanta Daily Opinion which they renamed. The Constitution was first published under that name on June 16, 1868. Styles quickly fell into financial difficulty, when he was unable to sell his interests in a struggling Albany, Georgia newspaper, The Albany News. With his inability to raise capital, Styles could not pay for his purchase of The Constitution. His ownership in the newspaper was assumed by Anderson and Hemphill. Hemphill, who became Anderson's son-in-law in the subsequent six months (having married Emma B. Luckie in 1871) was placed in full charge of the Atlanta publication. Hemphill continued in his position as business manager of the paper until 1901. Hemphill's business acumen helped get the fledgling newspaper on sound financial footing. In active competition with other Atlanta newspapers, Hemphill hired special trains (one engine and car) to deliver newspapers to the Macon marketplace. In 1870 Anderson sold his one half interest in the paper to Col. E. Y. Clarke. In 1876 Clarke sold his half interest in the paper to Evan Howell. Howell's family would come to own The Atlanta Constitution from 1902 to 1950.

In 1883, Hemphill was one of a group of investors who incorporated the Fulton County Street Railroad (horse cars), which was later electrified, and became famous for its Nine-Mile Circle route to what is now Virginia-Highland.

Political service
Hemphill was first elected to the position of (Atlanta) city councilman-at-large in 1887, the same year he began an unsuccessful banking career. The next few years he served as president of the board of education and in 1889 added alderman duties.

While still in control of the Constitution in 1890 he defeated a Black mayoral candidate known now only as "McKinley", by 1,773 votes, and took office the next year.

During his tenure the first building of what became Grady Memorial Hospital was built and a fresh-water pumping station was established on the Chattahoochee River replacing the need for various wells and cisterns (for fires). Part of the  purchased for the associated reservoir included a newly built street named in his honorHemphill Ave.

After leaving office, Hemphill read about the Cotton Palace in Waco, Texas, and suggested that Atlanta could stimulate growth by hosting what would become the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895. He later served as vice president and director of the Exposition.

Death and legacy
Hemphill died in Atlanta on August 17, 1902, from injuries sustained in a fall. He is buried at Oakland Cemetery there.

References

External links
History of the University of Georgia by Thomas Walter Reed, Thomas Walter Reed,  Imprint:  Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia, ca. 1949, p.684
Photograph: Carey Wentworth Styles, founder of The Atlanta Constitution
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: William Arnold Hemphill collection, 1898-1902

1842 births
1902 deaths
Mayors of Atlanta
University of Georgia alumni
Confederate States Army officers
People from Athens, Georgia

William Hemphill


The Puget Sound War was an armed conflict that took place in the Puget Sound area of the state of Washington in 1855–56, between the United States military, local militias and members of the Native American tribes of the Nisqually, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Klickitat.  Another component of the war, however, were raiders from the Haida and Tlingit who came into conflict with the United States Navy during contemporaneous raids on the native peoples of Puget Sound.  Although limited in its magnitude, territorial impact and losses in terms of lives, the conflict is often remembered in connection to the 1856 Battle of Seattle and to the execution of a central figure of the war, Nisqually Chief Leschi. The contemporaneous Yakima War may have been responsible for some events of the Puget Sound War, such as the Battle of Seattle, and it is not clear that the people of the time made a strong distinction between the two conflicts.

The war

The Puget Sound War began over land rights and ended in a cloud of controversy surrounding the hanging of Chief Leschi.

The catalyst of the war was the Treaty of Medicine Creek of 1854. Negotiated by Washington Territory Governor Isaac Stevens, the treaty preserved Indian fishing rights, but took away prime Nisqually farmland. Leschi, chosen to negotiate the treaty with Stevens, was outraged and chose to fight rather than give up his people's land. The fighting commenced in October 1855, when "Eaton's Rangers," a citizen militia under Captain Charles Eaton, were involved in a clash with Nisqually tribesmen. Two militiamen, Joseph Miller and Abram Benton Moses, were killed. Upon hearing the news, Governor Stevens immediately dispatched a company to locate Leschi and "escort" him back to Olympia.

The war itself consisted of a series of short skirmishes with relatively few deaths on the American side. Notable battles occurred in present-day Tacoma, Seattle, and even as far east as Walla Walla.  On October 28, 1855, a party of natives killed eight settlers in what was later called the White River Massacre.  Three children fled on foot to Seattle, but one five-year-old boy was kidnapped and held by the natives for six months before being released.

A conflicting source describes the attack as being a Nisqually band led by Chief Leschi and reported nine settlers killed. Two boys and a girl were taken from the battle and returned unharmed to an American steamer at Point Elliot. A memoir of the event emphasized that families were warned ahead of time so they could evacuate: "The Indians sent us word not to be afraid - that they would not harm us." Some of the families included members of the volunteer companies who had been roaming the area attacking peaceful Indians.

In response to the attack at White River, the Americans captured around 4,000 noncombatant Native Americans and held them on Fox Island. Many of them died due to insufficient food, water, and shelter. Additionally, southwestern tribes who had no tradition of warfare were raided by fearful Americans. They were disarmed and their villages placed under surveillance. Upper and Lower Chehalis families were forcibly relocated to a farm near Steilacoom; coastal tribes such as the Cowlitz were moved to a site on the Chehalis River; the Chinook people were moved inland to Fort Vancouver. All these remained captive until at least the end of the war, a span of nearly two years.

The final battle of the war occurred on or about March 10, 1856, when a column of approximately 110 volunteers from the Washington Territorial Volunteers were ambushed near Connell's Prairie by a force estimated at 150 Native American tribesmen, supposedly led by Chief Leschi of the Nisqually tribe. After several hours of skirmishing and several charges by the Volunteers, the Natives withdrew, taking their dead and wounded with them, but leaving behind bloody clothing and drums, among other items. Following the battle, Leschi and his remaining warriors retreated over the Cascades into Eastern Washington.

Leschi was captured in November 1856 and was forced to stand trial for the murder of Abram Benton Moses. His first trial resulted in a hung jury because of the question of the legitimacy of murder during wartime; the jury of twelve voted ten in favor, two opposed to conviction. Leschi was tried again in 1857. Despite vague witness accounts and issues over whether Leschi was actually at the scene of the incident, he was found guilty of murder. Leschi was hanged on February 19, 1858.

Exoneration

On December 10, 2004 a historical court convened in Pierce County, Washington ruled "as a legal combatant of the Indian War [...] Leschi should not have been held accountable under law for the death of an enemy soldier," thereby exonerating him of any wrongdoing. The Leschi neighborhood in Seattle and Chief Leschi Schools on the Puyallup Indian Reservation bear his name.

See also
Battle of Port Gamble
Cayuse War
Fraser Canyon War

References

  Hubert H. Bancroft, History Of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845–1889, The History Company, San Francisco, 1890. Chapter VI Indian Wars 1855–1856 and V Indian Wars 1856–1858.

Conflicts in 1855
Conflicts in 1856
 History of Washington (state)
 Native American history of Washington (state)
 Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
 Indian wars of the American Old West
1855 in Washington Territory
1856 in Washington Territory

Puget Sound War


Richard Charles Neitzel Holzapfel (born 1954) is a former professor of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University (BYU) and an author on topics related to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Western and Utah History, and the New Testament. As of 2018, Holzapfel is working in the LDS Church's Missionary Department as a senior manager.

Biography
Holzapfel was born in Blackfoot, Idaho, and moved regularly as a child, due to his father's naval career. In addition to his native state, his family resided in California, Hawaii, and  Maine. He attended Castle Park High School (Chula Vista, California) and graduated from York High School (York, Maine) in 1972. Holzapfel served from 1973 to 1975 as a missionary for the LDS Church in Italy and Switzerland.

Holzapfel attended BYU, Hebrew Union College, and the University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine), receiving B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees respectively, with an emphases in Middle Eastern Studies, Jewish History, Ancient History, American History, and Nineteenth Century American Religious History.

Holzapfel met Jeni Carol Broberg at BYU, and they were married in 1978. A year later their first child, Nate, was born and the family also moved to California to pursue graduates studies, with Holzapfel completing a doctorate at UC Irvine.  While at UC Irvine, he simultaneously worked for the LDS Church's seminary and institute program.  His first book, Old Mormon Nauvoo 1839-1846 was released in 1990 and received the citation for Significant Contribution from the John Whitmer Historic Association. He is the author of the state history textbook used in Utah public schools, Utah: A Journey of Discovery.

Holzapfel taught at BYU from 1993 until 2018 when he began working for the LDS Church's Missionary Department overseeing the development of worldwide missionary curriculum. In this position, he was involved in creating the updated missionary handbook in 2019.

Holzapfel and his wife reside in Springville, Utah and are the parents of five children.

In 2007, Holzapfel assisted the More Good Foundation in launching Christ.org, a website intending to bring people closer to Jesus Christ.

In 2013, Holzapfel's oldest son, Nate Holzapfel appeared as a contestant on Shark Tank, signing an ultimately successful business deal worth millions. However, in 2021 Nate was arrested on allegations that he defrauded a woman he had been dating out of nearly $200,000.

Academia and scholarship

Holzapfel earned his Ph.D. in history from UC Irvine in 1993. Following his graduation in 1993, Holzapfel went to BYU as an assistant professor, teaching in the Church History and Doctrine, Ancient Scripture, Honors, and History departments. His courses included World Civilization, Utah History, American Heritage, Doctrine and Covenants, New Testament, and Foundations of the Restoration. He taught at the BYU Jerusalem Center from 1997 to 1998 and directed the BYU Study Abroad program in Italy and Greece in 2009. Holzapfel has lectured around the United States and around the world including in Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, England, Germany, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

Holzapfel served as the Publications Director of the Religious Studies Center at BYU from 2006 to 2010, and as editor of the Religious Educator, a quarterly publication from 2000 to 2010.

Throughout his academic career, Holzapfel received several awards including:

 Special Citation, Mormon History Association
 Dwight L. Smith Award, Western History Association
 Numerous awards from the Charles Redd Center for Western History
 Alcuin Fellowship in General Education
 Honors Professor of the Year
 Karl G. Maeser General Education Professorship

In addition to teaching and filling various committee assignments at BYU, Holzapfel continued a research, writing, and publication agenda. He has been published in several national and regional journals including the Utah Historical Quarterly, The History Teacher, Western Historical Quarterly, Christian Century, Journal of Mormon History, Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History, and Utah History Encyclopedia.

Works
Holzapfel has written over 45 books, including biographies and various photographic works. Following is a partial list.

He Will Give You Rest: An Invitation and a Promise (with Gaye Strathearn)
Sisters at the Well: Women and the Life and Teachings of Jesus (co-authored with his wife, Jeni Broberg Holzapfel)
Women of Nauvoo (co-authored with his wife, Jeni Broberg Holzapfel)
Jehovah and the World of the Old Testament (co-author)
Jesus Christ and the World of the New Testament (co-author)
What Da Vinci Didn't know: An LDS Perspective (co-author)
Within These Prison Walls: Lorenzo Snow's Record Book, 1886-1897 (co-edited with Andrew H. Hedges)
Joseph Smith's Prophetic Ministry: A Year-by-Year Look at His Life and Teachings (co-author)

Holzapfel also edited, along with Thomas A. Wayment, a three-volume series The Life and Teachings of Jesus Christ.

He has also published several book reviews and over 100 articles or book chapters on a wide variety of subjects including LDS Church leadership and succession, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Life of Christ, New and Old Testament culture and history, Jewish religious practices, and women's perspectives on religion both ancient and modern.

LDS Church Service
Holzapfel has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, ward Young Men president, high councilor, bishop's counselor, stake mission president, and member of the Gospel Doctrine class manual writing committee.

He served as president of the Alabama Birmingham Mission from 2010 to 2013, and as president of the church's Provo Utah YSA 1st Stake from 2014 to 2018. In 2018, Holzapfel was called as an area seventy.

Notes

Sources
Provo Herald, March 8, 2008
Course listing including a short bio of Holzapfel
World Cat Publication listing Richard Neitzel Holzapfel

External links
 Holzapfel's blog hosted by the BYU Religious Studies Center.
 BYU Religious Education faculty website
 Interview with Holzapfel on the Doug Wright Show on KSL radio.
 Holzapfel's vita

1954 births
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American historians of religion
American male non-fiction writers
American Latter Day Saint writers
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Church Educational System instructors
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion alumni
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Living people
American Mormon missionaries in Italy
American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
People from Blackfoot, Idaho
Writers from Provo, Utah
University of California, Irvine alumni
People from Chula Vista, California
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Historians from California

Richard N. Holzapfel


Absolute pitch (AP), often called perfect pitch, is the ability to identify or re-create a given musical note without the benefit of a reference tone. AP may be demonstrated using linguistic labelling ("naming" a note), associating mental imagery with the note, or sensorimotor responses. For example, an AP possessor can accurately reproduce a heard tone on a musical instrument without "hunting" for the correct pitch.

About
The frequency of AP in the general population is not known. A proportion of 1 in 10,000 is widely reported, but not supported by evidence; a 2019 review indicated a prevalence of at least 4% amongst music students.

Generally, absolute pitch implies some or all of these abilities, achieved without a reference tone:
 Identify by name individual pitches played on various instruments.
 Name the key of a given piece of tonal music.
 Identify and name all the tones of a given chord or other tonal mass.
 Name the pitches of common everyday sounds such as car horns and alarms.

The allied ability to sing a note on demand, which by itself is termed "perfect pitch", appears to be much rarer.

Absolute pitch is separate from relative pitch. While the ability to name specific pitches might be used to identify intervals, relative pitch would identify the interval directly by its sound. Absolute pitch may complement relative pitch in musical listening and practice, but it can also interfere with its development.

Adults who possess relative pitch but do not already have absolute pitch can learn "pseudo-absolute pitch" and become able to identify notes in a way that superficially resembles absolute pitch. Some people have been able to develop accurate pitch identification in adulthood, through training.

Scientific studies

History of study and terminologies
Scientific studies of absolute pitch commenced by the 19th century, focusing on the phenomenon of musical pitch and methods of measuring it. It would have been difficult for the notion of absolute pitch to have formed earlier because pitch references were not consistent. For example, the note known as 'A' varied in different local or national musical traditions between what is considered as G sharp and B flat before the standardisation of the late 19th century. While the term absolute pitch, or absolute ear, was in use by the late 19th century by both British and German researchers, its application was not universal; other terms such as musical ear, absolute tone consciousness, or positive pitch referred to the same ability. The skill is not exclusively musical.

Difference in cognition, not elementary sensation
Physically and functionally, the auditory system of an absolute listener evidently does not differ from that of a non-absolute listener. Rather, "it reflects a particular ability to analyze frequency information, presumably involving high-level cortical processing." Absolute pitch is an act of cognition, needing memory of the frequency, a label for the frequency (such as "B-flat"), and exposure to the range of sound encompassed by that categorical label. Absolute pitch may be directly analogous to recognizing colors, phonemes (speech sounds), or other categorical perception of sensory stimuli. For example, most people have learned to recognize and name the color blue by the range of frequencies of the electromagnetic radiation that are perceived as light, those who have been exposed to musical notes together with their names early in life may be more likely to identify the note C. Although it was once thought that it "might be nothing more than a general human capacity whose expression is strongly biased by the level and type of exposure to music that people experience in a given culture", absolute pitch may be influenced by genetic variation, possibly an autosomal dominant genetic trait.

Influence by music experience
Evidence suggests that absolute pitch sense is influenced by cultural exposure to music, especially in the familiarization of the equal-tempered C-major scale. Most of the absolute listeners that were tested in this respect identified the C-major tones more reliably and, except for B, more quickly than the five "black key" tones, which corresponds to the higher prevalence of these tones in ordinary musical experiences. One study of Dutch non-musicians also demonstrated a bias toward using C-major tones in ordinary speech, especially on syllables related to emphasis.

Linguistics
Absolute pitch is more common among speakers of tonal languages, such as most dialects of Chinese or Vietnamese, which depend on pitch variation to distinguish words that otherwise sound the same—e.g., Mandarin with four possible tonal variations, Cantonese with nine, Southern Min with seven or eight (depending on dialect), and Vietnamese with six. Speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages have been reported to speak a word in the same absolute pitch (within a quarter-tone) on different days; it has therefore been suggested that absolute pitch may be acquired by infants when they learn to speak a tonal language (and possibly also by infants when they learn to speak a pitch-accent language). However, the brains of tonal-language speakers do not naturally process musical sound as language; such speakers may be more likely to acquire absolute pitch for musical tones when they later receive musical training. Many native speakers of a tone language, even those with little musical training, are observed to sing a given song with consistent pitch. Among music students of East Asian ethnic heritage, those who speak a tone language fluently have a higher prevalence of absolute pitch than those who do not speak a tone language.

African level-tone languages—such as Yoruba, with three pitch levels, and Mambila, with four—may be better suited to study the role of absolute pitch in speech than the pitch and contour tone languages of East Asia.

Speakers of European languages make subconscious use of an absolute pitch memory when speaking.

Perception
Absolute pitch is the ability to perceive pitch class and to mentally categorize sounds according to perceived pitch class. A pitch class is the set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart. While the boundaries of musical pitch categories vary among human cultures, the recognition of octave relationships is a natural characteristic of the mammalian auditory system. Accordingly, absolute pitch is not the ability to estimate a pitch value from the dimension of pitch-evoking frequency (30–5000 Hz), but to identify a pitch class category within the dimension of pitch class (e.g., C-C-D ... B-C).

An absolute listener's sense of hearing is typically no keener than that of a non-absolute ("normal") listener. Absolute pitch does not depend upon a refined ability to perceive and discriminate gradations of sound frequencies, but upon detecting and categorizing a subjective perceptual quality typically referred to as "chroma". The two tasks— of identification (recognizing and naming a pitch) and discrimination (detecting changes or differences in rate of vibration)— are accomplished with different brain mechanisms.

Special populations
The prevalence of absolute pitch is higher among those who are blind from birth as a result of optic nerve hypoplasia.

Absolute pitch is considerably more common among those whose early childhood was spent in East Asia. This might seem to be a genetic difference; however, people of East Asian ancestry who are reared in North America are significantly less likely to develop absolute pitch than those raised in East Asia, so the difference is more probably explained by experience. The language that is spoken may be an important factor; many East Asians speak tonal languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Thai, while others (such as those in Japan and certain provinces of Korea) speak pitch-accent languages, and the prevalence of absolute pitch may be partly explained by exposure to pitches together with meaningful musical labels very early in life.

Absolute pitch ability has higher prevalence among those with Williams syndrome and those with an autism spectrum disorder, with claims estimating that up to 30% of autistic people have absolute pitch. A non-verbal piano-matching method resulted in a correlation of 97% between autism and absolute pitch, with a 53% correlation in non-autistic observers. However, the converse is not indicated by research which found no difference between those with absolute pitch and those without on measures of social and communication skills, which are core deficits in autistic spectrum disorders. Additionally, the absolute pitch group's autism-spectrum quotient was "way below clinical thresholds".

Nature vs. nurture
Absolute pitch might be achievable by any human being during a critical period of auditory development, after which period cognitive strategies favor global and relational processing. Proponents of the critical-period theory agree that the presence of absolute pitch ability is dependent on learning, but there is disagreement about whether training causes absolute skills to occur or lack of training causes absolute perception to be overwhelmed and obliterated by relative perception of musical intervals.

One or more genetic loci could affect absolute pitch ability, a predisposition for learning the ability or signal the likelihood of its spontaneous occurrence.

Researchers have been trying to teach absolute pitch ability in laboratory settings for more than a century, and various commercial absolute-pitch training courses have been offered to the public since the early 1900s. In 2013, experimenters reported that adult men who took the antiseizure drug valproate (VPA) "learned to identify pitch significantly better than those taking placebo—evidence that VPA facilitated critical-period learning in the adult human brain". However, no adult has ever been documented to have acquired absolute listening ability, because all adults who have been formally tested after AP training have failed to demonstrate "an unqualified level of accuracy... comparable to that of AP possessors".

Pitch memory related to musical context

While very few people have the ability to name a pitch with no external reference, pitch memory can be activated by repeated exposure. People who are not skilled singers will often sing popular songs in the correct key, and can usually recognize when TV themes have been shifted into the wrong key. Members of the Venda culture in South Africa also sing familiar children's songs in the key in which the songs were learned.

This phenomenon is apparently unrelated to musical training. The skill may be associated more closely with vocal production. Violin students learning the Suzuki method are required to memorize each composition in a fixed key and play it from memory on their instrument, but they are not required to sing. When tested, these students did not succeed in singing the memorized Suzuki songs in the original, fixed key.

Possible problems
Musicians with absolute perception may experience difficulties which do not exist for other musicians. Because absolute listeners are capable of recognizing that a musical composition has been transposed from its original key, or that a pitch is being produced at a nonstandard frequency (either sharp or flat), a musician with absolute pitch may become confused upon perceiving tones believed to be "wrong" or hearing a piece of music "in the wrong key". The relative pitch of the notes may be in tune to each other, but out of tune to the standard pitch or pitches the musician is familiar with or perceives as correct. This can especially apply to Baroque music, as many Baroque orchestras tune to A = 415 Hz as opposed to 440 Hz (i.e. roughly one standard semitone lower than the ISO standard for concert A), while other recordings of Baroque pieces (especially those of French Baroque music) are performed at 392 Hz. Historically, tuning forks for concert A used on keyboard instruments (which ensembles tune to when present), have widely varied widely in frequency, often between 415 Hz to 456.7 Hz.

Variances in the sizes of intervals for different keys and the method of tuning instruments also can affect musicians in their perception of correct pitch, especially with music synthesized digitally using alternative tunings (e.g. unequal well temperaments and alternative meantone tunings such as 19-tone equal temperament and 31-tone equal temperament) as opposed to 12-tone equal temperament. An absolute listener may also use absolute strategies for tasks which are more efficiently accomplished with relative strategies, such as transposition or producing harmony that is microtonal or whose frequencies do not match standard 12-tone equal temperament. It is also possible for some musicians to have displaced absolute pitch, where all notes are slightly flat or slightly sharp of their respective pitch as defined by a given convention. This may arise from learning the pitch names from an instrument that was tuned to a concert pitch convention other than the one in use (e.g. A = 435 Hz, the Paris Opera convention of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as opposed to the modern Euro-American convention for concert A = 442 Hz). Concert pitches have shifted higher for a brighter sound. When playing in groups with other musicians, this may lead to playing in a tonality that is slightly different from that of the rest of the group, such as when soloists tune slightly sharp of the rest of the ensemble to stand out or to compensate for loosening strings during longer performances.

Synesthesia
Absolute pitch shows a genetic overlap with music-related and non-music-related synesthesia/ideasthesia. They may associate certain notes or keys with different colors, enabling them to tell what any note or key is. In this study, about 20% of people with perfect pitch are also synesthetes.

Correlations
There is evidence of a higher rate of absolute pitch in the autistic population. Many studies have examined pitch abilities in autism, but not rigidly perfect pitch, which makes them controversial. It is unclear just how many people with autism have perfect pitch because of this. In a 2009 study, researchers studied 72 teenagers with autism and found that 20 percent of the teenagers had a significant ability to detect pitches. Children with autism are especially sensitive to changes in pitch.

Correlation with musical talent
Absolute pitch is not a prerequisite for skilled musical performance or composition. However, there is evidence that musicians with absolute pitch tend to perform better on musical transcription tasks (controlling for age of onset and amount of musical training) compared to those without absolute pitch. It was previously argued that musicians with absolute pitch perform worse than those without absolute pitch on recognition of musical intervals; however, experiments on which this conclusion was based contained an artifact and, when this artifact was removed, absolute pitch possessors were found to perform better than nonpossessors on recognition of musical intervals.

See also
 Ear training
 Levitin effect
 List of people with absolute pitch
 Discrimination
 Tonal memory

References

External links
 Comprehensive historical bibliography of absolute pitch research, 1876–present
 Another bibliography of absolute pitch, with +300 papers

Music cognition
Music psychology
Pitch (music)
Cognitive musicology

Absolute pitch


Loha Mandi is the residential and commercial hub of the city of Agra, India.

Accessibility
 Loha Mandi is about 7 km to the west of the city center and about 5 km from Idgah Bus Stand. Roads provide easy access into the township. It is also very close to St. John's Crossing. It is one of the central parts of Agra. Local transport is easily available for Bodla, Shahganj, Bijli Ghar, Raja Ki Mandi Station, St. John's College and Bhagwan Talkies Crossing.
 Raja Ki Mandi is the nearest railway station, and is about 2 km from the Loha Mandi crossing.
 Agra Airport lies about 7 km to the south of Loha Mandi.

History
Loha Mandi was the Hub of Iron trade and also for Iron based product, hence the name Loha Mandi which literally means Place for Iron trade. Even today the market has many shops which deals in Iron. The market has expended and there are all shops selling all sorts of items.

To do
For visitors, Loha Mandi is still essentially a shopping destination. There is a nice cloth market where people used to buy clothes at cheaper rates. There is also a big vegetable market where people come to buy vegetables from nearby places. There is also a leading educational publication in its bagh ram sahai area namely Navyug Publications
Jaipur House (a store named after a famous palace in Delhi) and Shahganj (named after a city) are popular destinations where leather and marble products are available.

See also
 Raja Ki Mandi
 Sadar Bazaar, Agra

References

Neighbourhoods in Agra
Economy of Agra
Retail markets in India

Loha Mandi


José David Rodríguez Rivera, commonly known as "Padre David," is a Salvadoran priest who in the early 1970s embraced liberation theology and began to train lay Christian leaders and create Christian base communities for the purpose of helping the poor of the country to demand their economic and political rights. These actions raised the ire of the country's oligarchy which controlled the Salvadoran government and thus Rodríguez, along with other liberationist priests and nuns, became a target of the state. After the government's national guard killed six peasants in the small town of La Cayetana, a community that Padre David had organized, Rodríguez decided to join one of the so-called politico-military organizations, the Popular Liberation Forces, or FPL. As the conflict between the state and the opposition groups in the country escalated, the country plunged into civil war in 1980. The five existing politico-military organizations at the time then formed the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, or FMLN. Padre Rodríguez, as an FPL member, also became active in the FMLN, performing a number of roles during the twelve-year civil war. Though not a combatant, his involvement in the FPL and FMLN included organizing Christians who supported the revolutionary movement, working with the so-called Local Popular Powers (the governing organizations in the guerrilla-controlled zones), and helping to finance the civial war and displaced communities in the country. During the civil war, Padre Rodríguez also functioned as a priest for those who lived in the zones controlled by the guerrillas.

After the end of the civil war, in 1992, Padre Rodríguez, desired to return to the church but the bishop of San Vicente, the diocese where he had served as a priest, demanded that he apologize for the actions he had taken as a revolutionary priest. Rodríguez could not accept this condition so he returned to the FMLN which was now becoming a legal political party. Owing to his popularity in San Vicente and in most parts of the country, Rodríguez has been elected four times to the country's Legislative Assembly as an FMLN deputy (representative) from the Department of La Paz (a department within the diocese of San Vicente). His current term in the Assembly has ended in 2015.

References

External links

Salvadoran Christian socialists
Liberation theologians
Salvadoran revolutionaries
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front politicians
Members of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Catholic socialists
20th-century Salvadoran Roman Catholic priests
Catholicism and far-left politics

David Rodríguez Rivera


With the end of the Samnite Wars, Rome had established itself as the lord of central Italy. Conflict with the Greek city-states (Magna Graecia) of southern Italy was unavoidable as its influence grew in the Mediterranean. In the early third century BC, the Lucanians and Bruttians continued to attack these Greek settlements, and in 283 BC, they appealed to the Roman provincial power for assistance. Tarentum was the most powerful city in Magna Graecia at the time.

Its location in southern Italy made it a significant hub for Mediterranean Sea trade while also isolating it from Roman naval action on the Tryrrhenum Sea, which connected Rome to the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Tarentum had the most formidable naval of any Italian city at the time due to its location and relationship with Greece, and a standing treaty with Rome had been in effect since 302 BC. This contract denied Roman fleets access to the harbour of Tarantum (in Italy's heel), ensuring the Greek navy's autonomy.

In 282 BC, Rome deployed troops by sea to garrison the town of Thurii in response to an appeal for help from regional city-states like as Locri, Rhegim, Croton, and Thurii against the Lucanians. Despite the plea for assistance, Tarentum saw this as a breach of the pact and an act of hostile assault. Tarentum's first response was to drown the Roman fleet and evacuate the garrison from Thurii. In response, the Roman Senate dispatched an embassy to Tarentum under the command of L. Postumius Megellus to demand reparations. During the exchange, the Romans appear to have been insulted (a frequent theme in Livy and Polybius' history to excuse Roman invasion), and Rome declared war. Tarentum, unable to defuse the situation, raised their own army and began fighting.

Pyrrhus, a distant relative of Alexander the Great, imagined himself as a successor to Alexander the Great. He was looking to Italy for growth and glory after just confirming his rule via battle in Epirus. According to Plutarch, the fertile soil of Sicily, rather than Italy, was probably the original goal, but the opportunity to combat the burgeoning might of Rome was too good to pass up. The armies of the post-Alexander Macedonian kingdoms were the most modern and well-equipped of the time, with the Epirotes far ahead of their Roman counterparts. Pyrrhus accepted Tarentum's challenge and sailed across the Adriatic with his own soldiers and those pledged by other regional Greek Kings with the understanding that they would be employed overseas.

Wars

Pyrrhic War


The Tesla Semi is a battery electric Class 8 semi-truck built by Tesla, Inc. since 2022. The truck is powered by three motors, and is claimed by Tesla to have approximately three times the power of a typical diesel semi truck, a range of , and operate at an energy use of less than .

Two concept vehicles were unveiled in November 2017. Production was originally planned to begin as early as 2019, with Tesla projecting manufacture of as many as 100,000 trucks per year by 2022. Production began in October 2022, and initial deliveries were made to PepsiCo on December 1, 2022.

History
The Semi was first mentioned in the Tesla 2016 Master Plan. Tesla said at the time that they had a working prototype that used "a bunch" of Tesla Model 3 electric motors.

A concept prototype of the Semi was unveiled at a press conference on November 16, 2017, where Elon Musk provided additional specifics. He claimed that the electric Semi would cost  less to operate than a diesel truck if charged at a Megacharger, which Tesla said in 2017 they could guarantee a price of 7 ¢/kWh (in the United States).

Tesla indicated that the Semi would be equipped with Enhanced Autopilot as standard equipment, offering semi-autonomous capability, and that new technology with active safety controls on the independent motors and wheels would detect and prevent jackknifing. Musk said that the system could eventually allow several units to operate in an autopilot-based convoy, led by a truck with a driver, that would be a cheaper alternative to rail transport.  At the time, platooning was legal in only eight U.S. states and all required a human driver in each truck, so changes in legislation would be necessary to achieve that technology capability. The battery packs would be located under the floor of the cab, between the front and driving wheels. Running empty, the long-range Tesla Semi was expected to have a range of .
In 2017, Tesla projected that the price of production versions for the  and  range versions would be  and  respectively. The company stated they would offer a Founder's Series Semi at .
At the Semi and Roadster unveiling event, Musk stated "Production [of the semi] begins in 2019, so if you order now, you get the truck in 2 years." Tesla intends to warrant the drivetrain for 1 million miles.

In 2018, Tesla announced that Semi prototypes were being tested with real cargo, hauling battery packs from Nevada to California.

Company plans to put the semi into production were substantially delayed. At the 2017 unveiling, production was slated to begin in 2019. In June 2019, Tesla projected that production would start by the end of 2020.  In January 2020, Musk stated that a lack of battery production capability was one limiting factor for the conservative Semi production timeline, with the company choosing to use battery supply for passenger cars instead.
In January 2021, the company announced that Semi production would be delayed until the end of 2021, as the company hoped to ramp up high-volume production of its tabless 4680 battery cells (previewed in September 2020) to meet the demand for the Semi and other vehicles. In October 2021, Musk announced that the production of the Semi would not start in 2021 and that it could slip into 2023.

In October 2022, Musk announced on Twitter the start of production of the  range model that would be delivered in December.

In November 2022, the company reported that a Tesla Semi had completed a  drive while weighing .

On December 1, 2022, Tesla began customer deliveries at an evening event hosted at the manufacturing facility in Nevada.  PepsiCo received the first Semis of their large order for use with Pepsi beverage and Frito-Lay snack food transportation fleets. PepsiCo Vice President Mike O'Connell stated that the Semis can haul Frito-Lay food products for around 425 miles (684 km), but for heavier loads of sodas, the trucks will do shorter trips of around 100 miles (160 km).

Before and since the delivery to PepsiCo, several Tesla Semis have been reportedly seen on the side of the road receiving road assistance, raising questions as to their reliability.

In late 2023, Tesla announced plans to establish a charging network for the Semi in the southwestern US. The network is expected to cost as much as $100M.

Design
Tesla Semi is powered by three carbon-fiber wrapped motors, offering three times the power of typical diesel semi trucks, although it consumes only . One motor  operates continuously at optimal efficiency, while the other two motors provide additional power for acceleration and hills.

The driver's seat is centered in the cab. The ceiling allows an adult to stand up. Touchscreen displays are set on both sides of the steering wheel, with no other instrument panels.

It includes the same camera set as Tesla's passenger vehicles. Tesla claims that its safety system can prevent jackknifing.

Tesla Semi has a 1,000 volt powertrain and charging system, an increase from Tesla's standard 400 volt system, but a capability Tesla also intends to extend to the Cybertruck.  Charging will be supported at a new generation of Tesla vehicle charging infrastructure called the Tesla Megacharger.

See also
 Megawatt Charging System – Direct current (DC) charging system for large battery electric vehicles

References

External links

 Numbers starting to add up for Tesla trucks: DHL executive, president at DHL Supply Chain comments, Reuters, February 23, 2018
 Tesla Semi orders list; 646 as of July 29, 2019

Semi
Proposed vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 2017
Electric trucks
Class 8 trucks
Tractor units

Tesla Semi


Castleford is a town within the City of Wakefield. There were about 45,106 people living there in 2021. It used to be in the West Riding of Yorkshire. To the north of the town centre the River Calder joins the River Aire and the Aire and Calder Navigation. It is north east of Wakefield, north of Pontefract and south east of Leeds. Castleford is the largest town in the Wakefield district after Wakefield itself.

The town is the site of a Roman settlement. Within the old Municipal Borough of Castleford are the suburbs of Airedale, Cutsyke, Ferry Fryston, Fryston Village, Glasshoughton, Half Acres, Hightown, Lock Lane, Townville, Wheldale and Whitwood.

Castleford is home to the rugby league Super League team Castleford Tigers.

Towns in West Yorkshire
Wakefield

Castleford


Low-key lighting is a style of lighting for photography, film or television. It is a necessary element in creating a chiaroscuro effect. Traditional photographic lighting (three-point lighting) uses a key light, a fill light and a back light for illumination. Low-key lighting often uses only a key light, optionally controlled with a fill light or a simple reflector.

Low key light accentuates the contours of the subject by throwing areas into shade while a fill light or reflector may illuminate the shadow areas to control contrast. The relative strength of key-to-fill, known as the lighting ratio, can be measured using a light meter. Low key lighting has a higher lighting ratio, e.g., 8:1, than high-key lighting, which can approach 1:1.

Examples in film
The term "low key" is also used in cinematography and photography to refer to any scene with a high lighting ratio, especially if there is a predominance of shadowy areas. It tends to heighten the sense of alienation felt by the viewer, hence is typically used in dark dramas/ thrillers, film noir, and horror genres.

Some classic noir films that have used the technique include The Big Sleep, Double Indemnity, and others. In The Big Sleep, lamps are frequently used as light sources and often only illuminate certain details in a scene, creating sharp silhouettes and providing a stark lighting contrast for much of the film. Specific examples of the technique's use regarding the lamps occur whenever Philip Marlowe (played by Humphrey Bogart) has to place a phone call to the police. He turns on a lamp every time he does so, indicating his return to the side of the "good guys."

In Double Indemnity, the lighting in Walter Neff's (played by Fred MacMurray) confession scenes underscores the murder which he is confessing to, and suggests a "dark" aspect to his character. In addition, low key lighting appears in the film in numerous other instances, such as the scenes taking place in Phyllis's (played by Barbara Stanwick) house, more specifically when either Neff or Phyllis is alone or together within the home.

The chiaroscuro effect the technique often created was also used liberally in classic noir. An example of such a filmmaking choice can be seen in the 1940 film noir Stranger on the Third Floor, which used the lighting contrast to highlight the fantastical qualities of the environment.  Chiaroscuro and by extension low key lighting was also used to great effect in German expressionist cinema, widely considered a forerunner of film noir.

Modern neo-noir films such as There Will Be Blood have also employed the tactic to great effect, often using the technique to evoke a sense of unease. Other modern noir-adjacent films and television shows that have used the technique include Joker, The Batman and the films of David Fincher, director of Seven.  Fincher in particular makes extensive use of limited light sources, often highlighting an invisible conflict between "light [and] darkness" by effectively controlling the light of his scenes.

Cinematographers such as Roger Deakins also use aspects of low key lighting in their scene composition. In particular, Deakins and others used natural light as much as they could, which often had the effect of creating low key lighting when filmed in low light conditions. Examples of films Deakins has worked on include Blade Runner 2049 and The Man Who Wasn't There. More recent examples include the films of David Lowery and Andrew Droz Palermo, the latter of whom praises natural low-key lighting techniques for their "painterly and expressionistic" quality. Cinematographer Devan Scott also notes the influence of digital technology in creating these films as well as its increased use in the industry by citing the technology's relative ease of use, and stating that the increase in dark lighting is "a trend enabled by tools" first and foremost.

The proliferation of such techniques has been criticized by viewers in several instances. For example, many viewers reacted poorly to a dimly-lit final battle in the finale of Game of Thrones, despite series cinematographer Fabian Wagner stating that the darkness was intentional, claiming the "show runners decided that [the battle] had to be a dark episode."  Other modern examples of viewer backlash include films such as Arrival and Solo, as well as TV shows such as Ozark and The Mandalorian.

See also

 Low-key photography
 Contre-jour
 High-key lighting

References

Photographic techniques
Cinematography

Low-key lighting


Molly Peacock (born Buffalo, New York 1947) is an American-Canadian poet, essayist, biographer and speaker, whose multi-genre literary life also includes memoir, short fiction, and a one-woman show.

Career
Peacock's latest book is Flower Diary: Mary Hiester Reid Paints, Travels, Marries & Opens a Door , a layered memoir and biography that examines the balancing act of female creativity and domesticity in the life of Mary Hiester Reid, a painter who produced over three hundred stunning, emotive floral still lifes and landscapes. Critics noted that the biography is written with the "lingering observations and lyrical touch of an established poet, yet with an easygoing, conversational tone often lacking in didactic art biographies." As with The Paper Garden, this "lush and beautifully produced"  treatise also tracks Peacock's own marriage with the late Joyce scholar Michael Groden.

Peacock's works include The Paper Garden, a biography of Mary Delany, an 18th-century gentlewoman and a meditation on late-life creativity. The Paper Garden was selected as a book of the year by The Economist, which said of the work, "Like flowers built of a millefeuille of paper, Ms Peacock builds a life out of layers of metaphor." Her latest book of poems is The Analyst, a collection exploring her evolving relationship with her psychoanalyst who, after a stroke, reclaimed her life through painting. She was a Faculty Mentor at the Spalding University Brief Residency MFA Program, 2001–13. Molly Peacock is also the author/performer of a one-woman show in poems, "The Shimmering Verge" produced by Louise Fagan Productions, reviewed by Laura Weinert in the New York Times. "She can inhabit a moment with quiet intensity: in a haunting poem about an alcoholic father hovering over her, she fully enters her scene, gripping the folds of fabric around her as if they might swallow her alive."

She has published seven collections of poetry, including The Second Blush, love poems from a midlife marriage and Cornucopia: New & Selected Poems. Widely anthologized, her work is included in The Best of the Best American Poetry 1988–1997 and The Oxford Book of American Poetry, as well as in leading literary journals such as the Times Literary Supplement, The New Yorker, and The Paris Review.

Peacock is the author of a memoir, Paradise, Piece By Piece. Her essay on Mrs. Delany, "Passion Flowers in Winter", appeared in The Best American Essays. Other pieces appear in O: The Oprah Magazine, Elle, House & Garden, and New York Magazine. She is also the editor of a collection of creative non-fiction, Private I: Privacy in a Public World.

As President of the Poetry Society of America, Molly Peacock was one of the creators of the Poetry in Motion program; coediting Poetry In Motion: One Hundred Poems From the Subways and Buses. She was also the Series Editor of The Best Canadian Poetry in English (Tightrope Books) from 2008 to 2017, as well as a Contributing Editor of the Literary Review of Canada.

Peacock keeps in touch with New York City, her former home, by teaching at the 92nd Street Y every February and March as she has since 1985.

Personal life
Peacock was born in Buffalo, New York. Currently, she lives in downtown Toronto and holds dual Canadian-American citizenship. She was married to scholar Michael Groden, who died in March 2021.

Writings

Poetry
 And Live Apart, University of Missouri Press, 1980,
 Raw Heaven, Random House, 1984,
 Take Heart, Random House, 1989,
 Original Love, Lightning Source Inc, 1996,
 Cornucopia: New & Selected Poems,	W.W. Norton, 2002,

 The Analyst, W.W. Norton. 2017. Fiction
 Alphabetique, 26 Characteristic Fictions, McClelland & Stewart, 2014,

Non-fiction

; Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011, How To Read A Poem and Start A Poetry Circle, Riverhead Books, 1999, Paradise, Piece By Piece, Riverhead Books, 1998,

Edited anthologies
 Poetry in Motion: 100 Poems from the Buses and Subways (co-edited with Elise Paschen and Neil Neches). New York: Norton, 1996.
 The Private I: Privacy in a Public World. Saint Paul: Graywolf P, 2001.
 The Best Canadian Poetry in English (each annual volume co-edited with a different Guest Editor). Toronto: Tightrope Books, 2008— .

Selected essays
 "What the Mockingbird Said." Conversant Essays: Contemporary Poets on Poetry. Ed. James McCorkle. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1990. 343–347.
 "One Green, One Blue: One Point about Formal Verse Writing and Another About Women Writing Formal Verse." A Formal Feeling Comes: Poems in Form by Contemporary Women. Ed. Annie Finch. Ashland, OR: Story Line P, 1994.
  "The Poet As Hybrid Memoirist." The Writer 112.2 (February 1999): 20–22.
 "From Gilded Cage to Rib Cage." After New Formalism: Poets on Form, Narrative, and Tradition. Ed. Annie Finch. Ashland, OR: Story Line P, 1999. 70–78.
 "Introduction." The Private I: Privacy in a Public World. vii-ix.
 "Sweet Uses of Adversity." The Private I: Privacy in a Public World. 80–94.
  "Rhyme and the Line." A Broken Thing: Poets on the Line. Eds. Emily Rosko and Anton Vander Zee. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 2011. 176–177.
 "A Calendar of Affections." Arc Poetry Magazine 65 (2011): 166–171.
 "New Formalism at the Millenium." Green Mountains Review'' 25.1 (2012): 268–272.

Honours
Peacock has received recognition from the Leon Levy Center for Biography (CUNY), Danforth Foundation, Ingram Merrill Foundation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Endowment for the Arts, and New York State Council on the Arts. She was President of the Poetry Society of America from 1989 to 1995, and again from 1999 to 2001. She served as Poet in Residence at the American Poets' Corner, Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine from 2000 to 2005.  Peacock was also Regents' Fellow at University of California, Riverside and Poet in Residence at Bucknell University and the University of Western Ontario.

Residencies
 The Poetry Center, 92nd Street YM/YWHA, New York. 1985–present.
 Poet-in-Residence, Poets' Corner, Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York. 2000–2004.
 Visiting Writer, Bennington College 2002
 Woodrow Wilson Fellow 1994–2001
 Regents Lecturer, University of California, Riverside. 1998.
 Writer-in-Residence, University of Western Ontario. 1995–1996.
 Poet-in-Residence, Bucknell University. 1993.
 Visiting Poet, Columbia University, 1986, 1992.
 Poet-in-Residence, Barnard. 1989–1992.
 Visiting Poet, Sarah Lawrence College 1990.
 Visiting Poet, Hofstra University, 1986.

References

External links
 Molly Peacock's Personal webpage
 Interview with Laura Leichum
 Brooklyn Rail interview
 Pif Magazine interview
  Molly Peacock papers, Binghamton University Libraries

1947 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Formalist poets
Canadian women poets
American women poets
Spalding University faculty
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century American poets
Kentucky women writers
20th-century American women writers
American women academics
21st-century American women
Presidents of the Poetry Society of America

Molly Peacock


James Lyons (October 12, 1801 – December 18, 1882) was a nineteenth century American politician from Virginia who also served in the Confederate Congress.

Early life
Lyons was born in Hanover County, Virginia, in 1801, and graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1819.

Career

As an adult, Lyons made his law career in Richmond, Virginia. He was appointed Prosecuting Attorney there, holding that position for ten years.

Lyons was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Virginia State Senate for many years, and was active in Whig Party politics, often a delegate to Whig National Conventions, and serving as Chairman of the Virginia Whig Party. He authored the Virginia Whig platform of 1840, pledging to oppose a National Bank and protective tariffs. Twice elected to the Virginia state Senate, when he resigned, he was elected to the House of Delegates.

In 1850, Lyons was elected to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850. He was one of six delegates elected from the central Piedmont delegate district made up of his home district of Richmond City, and included Henrico, New Kent and Charles City Counties.

At Franklin Pierce's campaign for President in 1852, Lyons joined the Democratic Party, becoming an outspoken advocate of States Rights. His interest in Southern affairs included service as the president of Virginia's Agricultural Society.

At the beginning of the American Civil War, the Confederate representative-elect John Tyler died on January 18, 1862, before the Confederate Congress started, and Lyons was elected on  February 10, 1862, to the House of Representatives to represent Virginia in his place. Lyons then served the state in the First Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1864. He also served on President Jefferson Davis' Counsel. During the war Lyons was appointed by the Confederate government as a judge to try political prisoners.

Following the reorganization of the Democratic Party of Virginia in 1872, Lyons was elected to be Chairman of the state organization meeting at Staunton, Virginia. The Convention nominated Charles O'Connor for President as a favorite of the Bourbon Democrats, but he declined, and it then nominated Lyons, and he too declined.

Death
James Lyons died on December 18, 1882, in Richmond City, Virginia.

References

Bibliography

External links

Virginia state senators
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American politicians
1801 births
1882 deaths

James Lyons (Virginia politician)


Guiré is a small town and rural commune in the Cercle of Nara in the Koulikoro Region of south-western Mali. The commune covers an area of 6,892 square kilometers and extends to the Mauritanian border. It contains 25 villages and had a population of 19,879 in the 2009 census.  The town of Guiré is 90 km southeast of Nara, the administrative centre (chef-lieu) of the cercle.

References

External links
 .

Communes of Koulikoro Region

Guiré


A smart key is an electronic access and authorization system that is available either as standard equipment, or as an option in several car designs. It was first developed by Siemens in 1995 and introduced by Mercedes-Benz under the name "Keyless-Go" in 1998 on the W220 S-Class, after the design patent was filed by Daimler-Benz on May 17, 1997.

Operation
The smart key allows the driver to keep the key fob pocketed when unlocking, locking and starting the vehicle. The key is identified via one of several antennas in the car's bodywork and a radio pulse generator in the key housing. Depending on the system, the vehicle is automatically unlocked when a button or sensor on the door handle or trunk release is pressed. Vehicles with a smart-key system have a mechanical backup, usually in the form of a spare key blade supplied with the vehicle. Some manufacturers hide the backup lock behind a cover for styling.

Vehicles with a smart-key system can disengage the immobilizer and activate the ignition without inserting a key in the ignition, provided the driver has the key inside the car. On most vehicles, this is done by pressing a starter button or twisting an ignition switch.

When leaving a vehicle that is equipped with a smart-key system, the vehicle is locked by either pressing a button on a door handle, touching a capacitive area on a door handle, or simply walking away from the vehicle. The method of locking varies across models.

Some vehicles automatically adjust settings based on the smart key used to unlock the car. User preferences such as seat positions, steering wheel position, exterior mirror settings, climate control (e.g. temperature) settings, and stereo presets are popular adjustments. Some models, such as the Ford Escape, even have settings to prevent the vehicle from exceeding a maximum speed if it has been started with a certain key.

Insurance standard

In 2005, the UK motor insurance research expert Thatcham introduced a standard for keyless entry, requiring the device to be inoperable at a distance of more than 10 cm from the vehicle. In an independent test, the Nissan Micra's system was found to be the most secure, while certain BMW and Mercedes keys failed, being theoretically capable of allowing cars to be driven away while their owners were refueling. Despite these security vulnerabilities, auto theft rates have decreased 7 percent between 2009 and 2010, and the National Insurance Crime Bureau credits smart keys for this decrease.

SmartKeys

SmartKeys were developed by Siemens in the mid-1990s and introduced by Mercedes-Benz in 1997 to replace the infrared security system introduced in 1989. Daimler-Benz filed the first patents for SmartKey on February 28, 1997, in German patent offices, with multifunction switchblade key variants following on May 17, 1997. The device entailed a plastic key to be used in place of the traditional metal key.  Electronics that control locking systems and the ignitions made it possible to replace the traditional key with a sophisticated computerized "Key".  It is considered a step up from remote keyless entry.  The SmartKey adopts the remote control buttons from keyless entry, and incorporates them into the SmartKey fob.

Once inside a Mercedes-Benz vehicle, the SmartKey fob, unlike keyless entry fobs, is placed in the ignition slot where a starter computer verifies the rolling code.  Verified in milliseconds, it can then be turned as a traditional key to start the engine.  The device was designed with the cooperation of Siemens Automotive and Huf exclusively for Mercedes-Benz, but many luxury manufacturers have implemented similar technology based on the same idea. In addition to the SmartKey, Mercedes-Benz now integrates as an option Keyless Go; this feature allows the driver to keep the SmartKey in their pocket, yet giving them the ability to open the doors, trunk as well as starting the car without ever removing it from their pocket.

The SmartKey's electronics are embedded in a hollow, triangular piece of plastic, wide at the top, narrow at the bottom, squared-off at the tip with a half-inch-long insert piece. The side of the SmartKey also hides a traditional Mercedes-Benz key that can be pulled out from a release at the top. The metal key is used for valet purposes such as locking the glove compartment and/or trunk before the SmartKey is turned over to a parking attendant.  Once locked manually, the trunk cannot be opened with the SmartKey or interior buttons. The key fob utilizes a radio-frequency transponder to communicate with the door locks, but it uses infrared to communicate with the engine immobilizer system. The original SmartKeys had a limited frequency and could have only been used in line-of-sight for safety purposes. The driver can also point the smart key at the front driver side door while pushing and holding the unlock button on the SmartKey and the windows and the sunroof will open in order to ventilate the cabin.  Similarly, if the same procedure is completed while holding the lock button, the windows and sunroof will close.  In cars equipped with the Active Ventilated Seats, the summer opening feature will activate seat ventilation in addition to opening the windows and sunroof.

Display Key
Display Key is a type of smart key developed by BMW that includes a small LCD color touchscreen on it. It performs the standard functions that a key fob would normally do such as locking, unlocking & keyless start, but because of the screen the user can also perform a number of the features from BMW's app. One of which includes commanding the car to self park from the key if your car has self parking capability. The key is currently available for the 3 Series, 4 Series, 5 Series, 6 Series, 7 Series, 8 Series, X3, X4, X5, X6, and X7. The key is rechargeable and will last about 3 weeks. It can be charged via a micro USB port on the side or wirelessly on the center console.

Keyless Go
Keyless Go (also: Keyless Entry / Go; Passive Entry / Go) is Mercedes' term for an automotive technology which allows a driver to lock and unlock a vehicle without using the corresponding SmartKey buttons. Once a driver enters a vehicle with an equipped Keyless Go SmartKey or Keyless Go wallet-size card, they have the ability to start and stop the engine, without inserting the SmartKey. A transponder built within the SmartKey allows the vehicle to identify a driver. An additional safety feature is integrated into the vehicle, making it impossible to lock a SmartKey with Keyless Go inside a vehicle.

The system works by having a series of LF (low frequency 125 kHz) transmitting antennas both inside and outside the vehicle. The external antennas are located in the door handles. When the vehicle is triggered, either by pulling the handle or touching the handle, an LF signal is transmitted from the antennas to the key. The key becomes activated if it is sufficiently close and it transmits its ID back to the vehicle via RF (Radio frequency >300 MHz) to a receiver located in the vehicle. If the key has the correct ID, the PASE module unlocks the vehicle.

The hardware blocks of a Keyless Entry / Go Electronic control unit ECU are based on its functionality:
 transmitting low-frequency LF signals via the 125 kHz power amplifier block
 receiving radio frequency RF signals (> 300 MHz) from the built-in ISM receiver block
 encrypting and decrypting all relevant data signals (security)
 communicating relevant interface signals with other electronic control units
 microcontroller

Inside Outside detection

The smart key determines if it is inside or outside the vehicle by measuring the strength of the LF fields. In order to start the vehicle, the smart key must be inside the vehicle.

Security requirements

It is important that the vehicle can't be started when the user and therefore the smart key is outside the vehicle. This is especially important at fueling stations where the user is very close to the vehicle. The internal LF field is allowed to overshoot by a maximum of 10 cm to help minimise this risk. Maximum overshoot is usually found on the side windows where there is very little attenuation of the signal.

A second scenario exists under the name "relay station attack" (RSA). The RSA is based on the idea of reducing the long physical distance between the car and the regular car owner's SmartKey. Two relay stations will be needed for this: The first relay station is located nearby the car and the second is close to the SmartKey. So on first view, the Keyless Entry / Go ECU and the SmartKey could communicate together. A third person at the car could pull the door handle and the door would open. However, in every Keyless Entry / Go system provisions exist to avoid a successful two-way communication via RSA. Some of the most known are:

 measuring group delay time to detect illegal high values
 measuring third-order intercept point to detect illegal intermodulation products
 measuring field strength of the electric field
 measuring the response time of 125 kHz LC circuit
 using a more complex modulation (i.e. quadrature amplitude modulation) which can't be demodulated and modulated by a simple relay station

Furthermore, Keyless Entry / Go communicates with other Control Units within the same vehicle. Depending on the electric car architecture, the following are some Control Systems that can be enabled or disabled:
 ESCL Electric Steering Column Lock
 EIS Electronic Ignition Switch
 Central door locking system
 Immobiliser
 Engine Control Unit (Motor management system)
 BCU Body control unit

Another possibility is using a motion sensor within the key fob.

Internal LF field dead spots

Dead spots are a result of the maximum overshoot requirement from above. The power delivered to the internal LF antennas has to be tuned to provide the best performance i.e. minimum dead spots and maximum average overshoot. Dead spots are usually near the extremities of the vehicle e.g. the rear parcel shelf.

Battery Backup

If the battery in the smart key becomes depleted, it is necessary for there to be a backup method of opening and starting the vehicle. Opening is achieved by an emergency (fully mechanical) key blade usually hidden in the smart key. On many cars emergency starting is achieved by use of an inductive coupling. The user either has to put the key in a slot or hold it near a special area on the cockpit, where there is an inductive coil hidden behind which transfers energy to a matching coil in the dead key fob using inductive charging.

Slots have proven to be problematic, as they can go wrong and the key becomes locked in and cannot be removed.  Another problem with the slot is it can't compensate for a fob battery below certain operating threshold.  Most smart key batteries are temperature sensitive causing the fob to become intermittent, fully functional, or inoperative all in the same day.

Special Cases
A Keyless Entry / Go system should be able to detect and handle most of the following cases:

 SmartKey Transponder was forgotten in the rear trunk
 More than one SmartKey is present inside the car
 SmartKey getting lost during the drive
 Smartkey battery low (Limp-Home)

History

The system is based on a technology invented by Siemens VDO called PASE: Passive Start and Entry System. It operates in the ISM band of radio frequencies. Keyless Entry / Go was introduced first by Mercedes-Benz in the S-Class car series in 1998.

Outlook
Today a Keyless Entry / Go system is a state-of-the art technology and still has a lot of potential to optimise. Here are some general trends of the advance (AD) and series development (SD):

 SD: reduction of used LF antennas in low-cost compact cars (results in a loss of detection quality)
 AD: using electric field antennas instead of magnetic field antennas (cost reduction)
 AD: using microwave frequencies (radar) instead of an LF and RF combination (more comfort)
 AD: Biometric authentication would identify the user and not the SmartKey transponder

Effectiveness
A test by ADAC revealed that 20 car models with Keyless Go could be entered and driven away without the key. In 2014, 6,000 cars (about 17 per day) were stolen using keyless entry in London.

See also
Remote keyless system
Transponder car key

References

External links
Relay Attacks on Passive Keyless Entry and Start Systems in Modern Cars
[https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity16/sec16_paper_garcia.pdf Security Flaws of Remote

Smart devices
Automotive technology tradenames
Radio electronics
Vehicle security systems

Smart key