Island ecology is the study of island organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment.  Islands account for nearly 1/6 of earth's total land area, yet the ecology of island ecosystems is vastly different from that of mainland communities.  Their isolation and high availability of empty niches lead to increased speciation.  As a result, island ecosystems comprise 30% of the world's biodiversity hotspots, 50% of marine tropical diversity, and some of the most unusual and rare species.  Many species still remain unknown.

The diversity of species on islands is highly impacted by human activities such as deforestation and introduction of the exotic species.  In response, ecologists and managers are directing attention towards conservation and restoration of island species.  Because they are simple systems, islands provide an opportunity to study processes of extinction that can be extrapolated to larger ecosystems.

Ecological processes on islands

Islands are attractive sites for ecological research because they provide clear examples of evolution in action.  They show interesting patterns of colonization, adaptation, and speciation.

Colonization and establishment

Islands are surrounded by water, and may or may not exist as part of a continental land mass.  Oceanic islands arise due to volcanic activity or reef growth, and usually subside over time due to erosion and changing sea levels.  When islands emerge, they undergo the process of ecological succession as species colonize the island (see theory of island biogeography).  New species cannot immigrate via land, and instead must arrive via air, water, or wind.  As a result, organisms with high dispersal capabilities, such as plants and birds, are much more common on islands than are poorly dispersing taxa like mammals.  However, some mammals are present on islands, presumably from swimming or riding on natural "rafts" that are washed away from the mainland.

Of the species that arrive, only some will be able to survive and establish populations.  As a result, islands have fewer species than mainland habitats.  Island populations are small and exhibit low genetic variability (see founder effect), but are isolated from the predators and competitors that they initially evolved with.  This can lead to a process called ecological release, where a species is released from its ancestral community interactions and then colonizes new niches.

Adaptation

In response to these changing ecological pressures, island species can become much more docile than their mainland counterparts, and may grow larger (see island gigantism) or smaller (see island dwarfism).  Some of these unique adaptations are reflected in charismatic island species such as the Malagasy hippopotamus, Komodo dragon, or pygmy mammoths. Although, the giant tortoises of the Galápagos Islands and the Seychelles (the Galápagos tortoise and Aldabrachelys respectively) are sometimes given as examples of insular gigantism, they are now thought to represent the last remaining populations of historically widespread giant tortoises i.e. gigantism is an ancestral trait that occurred in the absence of insular selection pressures. The collection of differences in morphology, ecology, physiology and behaviour of insular species compared to their continental counterparts is termed Island syndrome.
 After immigration, birds, and some reptiles or mammals, tend to become larger and predatory, showing relaxed intraspecific competition.  For mammals, small species will increase in size and large species will decrease in size.  This is referred to as the "island rule," and is suggested to minimize energy expenditure.

Other adaptations to life on islands include increased poikilothermy, relaxed anti-predator behavior, and reduced sexual selection in animals, and loss of herbivore defenses and reduced dispersal in plants.

Speciation

The formation of new islands and their isolation from the mainland provides many unoccupied niches for species to adapt to.  Since immigration of predators and competitors is limited, many organisms are able to persist in these new niches.  This results in a high occurrence of endemism, where species are unique to a localized area.  For example, 50% of endemic bird areas are found on islands.

Endemism is often the result of adaptive radiation.  Adaptive radiation is when a single species colonizes an area and rapidly diversifies to fill all of the available niches.  A common example is the assemblage of finch species documented by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands.  Darwin's finches exhibited adaptive radiation by evolving different beak sizes to exploit the diversity of seeds present on the different islands.

Because the distributions of these populations are limited by their island habitats, they tend to have fewer individuals than their mainland counterparts and lower genetic variation.  This, along with the behavioral and ecological factors mentioned above, makes island species more vulnerable to extinction.

Survival

The continued survival of species on islands depends on factors such as natural selection, genetic variation, natural disturbances (hurricanes, volcanic eruptions) and human-caused disturbances (introduced species, habitat loss).  Human-caused disturbances tend to be the greatest cause of mortality, and understanding the causes of extinction facilitates conservation efforts.

Human impacts on island ecosystems

The movement of humans to islands has led to rapid extinction of native island species either from hunting, habitat destruction, or introduced species.

Hunting

Many large animals on islands have been hunted to extinction by humans.  A well-known example is the dodo, once found on the island of Mauritius.  It evolved to become large, flightless and docile, and was subsequently driven to extinction by humans and introduced predators.

Habitat destruction
The depletion of natural resources can have dramatic effects on island ecology.  On Easter Island, the depletion of the forest by humans not only resulted in widespread loss of species, but also the collapse of the island civilization.   Today there are over 500 million people on islands, all dependent on local resources either directly (traditional use) or indirectly (ecotourism revenue).  Population growth and development result in heavy deforestation, pollution, and over-exploitation.  Overharvesting of ocean fauna is particularly troubling as yields of coral reef fish species are an important food source for island populations.

Introduced species

Humans have contributed to globalization and decreased effective isolation of island communities, allowing for invasion of exotic species.  This can have a profound effect on the native species.  In Guam, the introduced brown tree snake ate nearly all of the native vertebrate species to extinction.  Feral cats and dogs have also greatly diminished native vertebrate populations on islands, through both predation and disease.  Introduced ungulates are another major threat, as they graze on native vegetation and can destroy entire forests.  Exotic grasses can out-compete native understory species and increase the risk of fire.  Lastly, social insects such as ants also cause major problems.

Nonnative species introduced onto islands can have profound effects on an island's ecosystem, more so than nonnative species introduced to continental land (Platenberg). The higher impact of introduced and nonnative species on islands is largely a result of lower biodiversity levels (Platenburg et al). Biodiversity on islands is especially threatened by logging, hunting, fishing and plant gathering. However, islands' vulnerability to introduced species is also due to agricultural, economic, and health differences as compared to continental land (Russel et al).

The smaller land area and population sizes of islands compared to continents create greater vulnerability to the impacts of introduced species (Russel et al). Introduced species negatively impact ecosystems through altered predator-prey interactions that can cause harm or even local extinction to native species populations (Towns et al). There are many examples of animal species such as birds, reptiles, and aquatic insects being harmed by the introduction of predators such as rats, cats, and ants. For example, seabirds on islands in Hawaii are impacted by non-native predators like barn owls and ants. At a colony in Hawaii, at least 20% of wedge-tailed shearwater eggs were taken by mynas, dark-plumaged birds of the starling family (Towns et al). Also in Hawaii, more than forty four introduced ant species, especially tropical fire ants, caused detriments to the growth of shearwater chicks, such as loss of tissue in their feet (Towns et al).

Other examples of high-impact species to island ecosystems are the Cuban treefrog and cane toad, which were introduced to the US Virgin Islands under various circumstances (Platenberg). The Cuban treefrog has been present in the USVI since arriving unintentionally on a cargo ship in the 1970s (Platenberg). The Cuban tree frog is known for its ability to survive under harsh conditions, and it is highly adaptable, as it will eat a wide variety of organisms (Platenberg). Native frog and anole lizard populations have declined, likely due to Cuban tree frog interference (Platenberg). In contrast to the accidental introduction of the Cuban treefrog, the cane toad was deliberately introduced to control agricultural pests (Platenberg). Similar to the Cuban treefrog, the cane toad is also omnivorous. Cane toad tadpoles compete for limited freshwater resources with the white-lipped frog, a native species, thus limiting their resources (Platenberg). In general, when the introduction of a nonnative species results in extinction, the ecosystem experiences losses in some trophic levels (Platenberg). For example, vertebrate herbivores that are prone to extinction change the ecosystem function in plant communities. This phenomenon is seen in New Zealand, where the loss of bird species may have changed dynamics in avian-induced vegetation communities and impacted abundances of forest plants (Platenberg).

Also in New Zealand, small mammalian predators such as rodents have little direct effect on vegetation but have greater effect on island faunas through extinction and displacement (Wood et al). Pacific rats, for example, were thought to be causing the local extinction of large, nocturnal ground-dwelling lizards, and they were assumed to have minimal effect on diurnal species, those that sleep at night, such as shore skinks (Wood et al). In places where Pacific rats were removed, however, shore skink populations rapidly changed, indicating that the rats' impact has been underestimated (Wood et al).

The loss of a keystone species, a species that all other species in the ecosystem depend on such as seabirds, can also have significant effects (Towns). Seabirds are essential to the structure of the ecosystem because they transport large amounts of nutrients into ecosystems and burrow into soils, helping vegetation (Towns). However, since human settlement, seabird communities have been severely impacted on islands across the globe (Towns). While some exotic species may perform ecological roles similar to those of extinct species, there are many roles that cannot be fulfilled by other species. Therefore, similar exotic species do not offer complete replacement for extinct species in the community (Towns). Even if the number of species introduced to an island is roughly the same as the number of extinct ones, the ecological traits are not comparable enough to make up for losses (Towns).

Global warming

Global warming is emerging as a strong cause of species loss on islands.  This can be due to sea level rise, the intrusion of salt water into freshwater habitats, or species inability to adapt to increasing temperatures and extreme weather events.  Plant species are particularly susceptible.  In more isolated areas, such as the Southern Ocean Islands, indirect effects such as invasive species and global warming can play a greater role in influencing populations than overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss.

Trophic cascades

Human activities and the introduction of non-native species often cause trophic cascades, where direct effects on one species result in indirect effects on other species in the food web.  An example is on Santa Cruz Island of the California Channel Islands, where DDT poisoning reduced bald eagle populations. This, along with an abundance of introduced feral pigs for prey, allowed golden eagles to colonize the island and replace bald eagles.  However, the golden eagles also ate native island foxes.  Fox population levels decreased to near extinction, while skunk populations increased due to relaxed competition with foxes.

Island conservation

Conservation on islands

Since island ecosystems are self-contained, it should be possible to mitigate many of the threats to species.  Ecologists and managers are working together to prioritize areas for conservation and to quickly design and implement action plans.  Not everything can be put into a reserve, so it is important to first compile pertinent information and prioritize areas of concern.  Once an area has been chosen, managers must then acquire ownership and gain support.  Local experts and indigenous populations should also be involved in this process.  Having clearly defined goals will facilitate the many necessary interactions between people and agencies.  Once a reserve is in place, managers can then practice adaptive management and do continued community education.

On land, island conservation focuses on the protection of species and their habitat.  In some cases, conservation can be integrated with agricultural production.  For example, the Acacia koa plantations and wooded pastures in Hawaii are anthropogenically altered ecosystems, yet allow connectivity between forest fragments and thus maintain higher diversity than would open pasture.  Other directions include habitat restoration, and eradication of introduced predators, ungulates, and exotic plants (via hunting, removal or biological control).

In marine ecosystems, there has been an increasing establishment of "no-take" reserves.  This allows for the reestablishment of native species, and also the augmentation of commercially harvested species.  However, in both terrestrial and marine systems, these actions are expensive and do not always result in the desired outcomes.  For example, some non-natives become keystone species and their removal can cause more harm than good to the ecosystem.  To be more effective, managers of island ecosystems should share information and learn from each other's mistakes.

Island restoration

Island conservation tends to focus on preservation of individual species and their habitats.  However, many ecologists caution that ecological and evolutionary processes should be conserved as well.  The conservation of island communities as a whole is closely linked to restoration.

Active restoration on islands can be done for both animal species (translocations, induced breeding) and plant species (reforestation).  Creating goals for restoration can be challenging because it is often impossible to restore the ecosystem to its "historic" or "normal" state, if that state can even be clearly defined.  Restoration is never complete, as ecological communities are always in a state of change.

Sustainable use

As resource depletion is a major issue on islands, the needs of human populations must also be taken into account.  On many islands, scientists and managers are studying traditional practices of indigenous populations as potential conservation solutions.  In some cases, limited-take systems that serve the community may provide a better alternative to fully closed protected areas, if there are not enough resources for proper enforcement.  Public education plays an important role.

See also

 Disturbance (ecology)
 Island biogeography
 Island syndrome
 Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation
 Mammals of the Caribbean
 Patch dynamics
 Distance decay
 Sky island

References

External links
 Island Conservation

Ecology
Islands

Island ecology


Buster Warenski (June 5, 1942 – July 31, 2005) was an American custom knifemaker from Kimberly, Nevada who made "Art Knives" utilizing gold and other precious metals. Warenski is best known for making a reproduction of Tutankhamun's dagger with a forged gold blade; over 32 ounces of gold were used in the construction of the dagger, making it one of the most valuable knives made in recent years.

Knifemaking career
Warenski began making knives as a hobby in 1966 after seeing a picture of a knife made by Gil Hibben. Warenski made his first knife from a file and took it to show Hibben; after seeing Hibben's finished knives, he toured Hibben's shop and learned some basic techniques from him. In June 1972 he was hired by Harvey Draper to grind blades and assist him at Draper Knives, but the operation went bankrupt by December of the same year. Warenski became a full-time knifemaker in 1975. He was a president of the Knifemakers' Guild for 2 terms and a Blade Magazine member of the Cutlery Hall of Fame.

Prior to 1975, Warenski made practical knives of all types, particularly hunting knives and skinners, but rose to fame for his "Legacy Knives" series of artistic pieces which he made exclusively from 1975 onwards. Warenski built a recreation of the gold dagger found in King Tut's tomb. It took five years for him to complete, and it contained 32 ounces of gold including a blade cast from gold and specially heat treated. This knife began as stand-alone project, but was later considered the first of his "Legacy Knives". It was once valued at $1 million (USD).

He followed this recreation with a knife he called "The Gem of the Orient", which incorporated 153 emeralds totaling 10 karats and 9 diamonds with a total weight of 5 karats. These gems were set to accent the gold filigree which overlaid the jade handle. It took Warenski ten years to complete this knife and it was sold for $2.1 million (US). The third knife in this series was named "Fire and Ice"; this knife contained 28 ounces of 18K gold, 22 rubies totaling 4.25 karats and 75 diamonds totaling 7 karats. The handle for this knife was constructed of quartz, accented with red enamel. A fourth knife was planned, but not finished.

With the exception of any damascus steel used in the knives, which Warenski ordered as a blank from an ABS Mastersmith and ground himself, all of his knives were sole-authorship, meaning he made and finished every part of the knife including making sheaths and engraving. After 1986, his wife, Julie Warenski, aided him with the engraving and gold embellishments.

Warenski died in 2005.

References

External links
 Buster Warenski (1942-2005)

Knife makers
People from White Pine County, Nevada
People from Richfield, Utah
1942 births
2005 deaths

Buster Warenski


This Is the End is a 2013 American apocalyptic comedy horror film written, directed and produced by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg in their directorial debuts. It is a feature-length film adaptation of Rogen and Goldberg's short film Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse (2007), which was directed by Jason Stone, who serves as an executive producer on the film. Starring James Franco, Jonah Hill, Rogen, Jay Baruchel, Danny McBride, Craig Robinson, Michael Cera and Emma Watson, the film centers on fictionalized versions of its cast in the wake of a global biblical apocalypse in Los Angeles.

Produced by Mandate Pictures and Rogen and Goldberg's Point Grey Pictures, This Is the End premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3, 2013, before being released theatrically in the United States nine days later on June 12 by Sony Pictures Releasing, via its Columbia Pictures label. Upon release, the film became both a critical and commercial success, receiving generally positive reviews from critics and grossing $126 million worldwide on a budget of $32–41.9 million.

Plot

Jay Baruchel arrives in Los Angeles to visit old friend and fellow Canadian actor Seth Rogen, who invites him to a housewarming party hosted by James Franco. There, Jay is uncomfortable at the crowded party, so Seth takes him to a convenience store for cigarettes. When beams of blue light suddenly come down and suck numerous people into the sky, Seth and Jay flee back to James' house and find the party unharmed. An earthquake strikes and the crowd rushes outside, witnessing a sinkhole opening up in James' yard. Several celebrities and partygoers are killed as Seth, Jay, James, Jonah Hill and Craig Robinson run back inside and discover on the news that the earthquake has destroyed most of Los Angeles. The remaining partygoers take inventory of their supplies, set up a ration system, board up the house and await help.

Danny McBride, who crashed the party and fell asleep, wakes up first the next morning and wastes much of the group's food and water due to his ignorance of the crisis. He disbelieves what the others tell him of the previous night's events until a man outside gets decapitated by an unseen creature. Tensions rise due to various conflicts, including Jay and Seth's growing estrangement and the others' skepticism of Jay's belief that the disaster might be the Apocalypse predicted in the Book of Revelation. Emma Watson makes her way back to James' house, only to flee with the group's remaining drinks after misinterpreting an overheard conversation, believing they intend to rape her.

Craig tries to obtain water from James' cellar, only to find the doors locked. Outside he encounters an unknown being, causing him to believe Jay's theory. Jay and Seth dig through the floor and find the water, but Danny wastes most of it out of spite and the others kick him out of the house. Before leaving, Danny reveals that Jay was in town two months prior, but stayed at a hotel instead of with Seth due to their strained friendship. That night, Jonah prays for Jay to die and is possessed by a demon. While Craig and Jay head to a neighbor's house to scavenge for supplies, Seth and James get attacked by the possessed Jonah. Jay and Craig return and help subdue Jonah, tying him to a bed. During an exorcism attempt, Jay and Seth fight and knock over a candle, starting a fire that engulfs Jonah and the house and forces the others outside.

James suggests driving to his home in Malibu, but finds his car guarded by a demon. Craig voluntarily sacrifices himself to help the others get into the car and is raptured into Heaven; the others realize they can save themselves by performing a selfless act. On the way to Malibu, the three encounter cannibals led by Danny and his sex slave, Channing Tatum. James volunteers to sacrifice himself and a blue beam that begins to pull him to Heaven appears. However, James taunts and insults Danny, causing the beam to vanish and for Danny and the other cannibals to eat him alive while Seth and Jay escape and encounter Satan, who attempts to eat them. After Jay apologizes to Seth for his wrongdoings, a blue beam strikes and causes him to ascend to Heaven without Seth. Jay grabs Seth's hand as he heads up, but his presence prevents them from ascending into Heaven; Seth forces Jay to leave him behind, after which another beam appears around Seth and inadvertently castrates Satan.

In Heaven, Seth and Jay are reunited with Craig, who tells them that any wish comes true there. After Jay wishes for the Backstreet Boys, the band performs "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" as everyone dances.

Cast

Most of the film's cast portray fictional and exaggerated versions of themselves:

Additionally, Brian Huskey portrays a survivor who attempts to enter Franco's home and Ricky Mabe appears as one of McBride's cannibals, dressed as Santa Claus. Jason Trost makes an uncredited appearance as JTRO, a character he previously portrayed in The FP (2011). Carol Sutton also appears as a gas station cashier in an early scene. Jason Stone (who previously directed Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse, the short film This Is the End is based on), provides the voices of Satan, the possessed Hill and the other demons in an uncredited role.

Production
This Is the End was based on Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse, a short film written by Rogen and Goldberg and directed by Jason Stone (who serves as an executive producer on the film) in 2007. Regarding the film, Rogen and Goldberg told interviewers that "We always wanted to do a movie where people played themselves and something extraordinary happened; the initial version of the film was Seth Rogen and Busta Rhymes were filming a music video and a film respectively, on the Sony lot, and Antmen attacked from the center of the earth."

In an interview with The Guardian, Goldberg commented on the influences contributing to the film, "If you drilled down to the core of what I do, it's just ripping off little bits of Charlie Kaufman. Seth and I always loved The Larry Sanders Show too. And the popularity of reality television now also feeds into that idea of whether what we're watching is actually real. We thought working with our friends in that situation would be awesome because they're all comedians willing to take stabs at themselves." The actors play fictionalized and exaggerated versions of themselves in the film, with only James Franco having no objections to doing what the script wanted him to do.

While the film is set in Los Angeles, principal photography took place in New Orleans due to financial incentives from that city. Filming rolled from February to early July 2012. The film had a production budget of $42 million, with $32 million spent in Louisiana. Modus FX created over 240 visual effects for the film, such as natural disasters, set extensions for the house, computer-generated demons and the Rapture beams. After filming wrapped, Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending; they considered putting Morgan Freeman in Heaven, but he declined. Since "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" already played in an earlier scene and Rogen and Goldberg wanted to close on an over-the-top note, they decided to feature the Backstreet Boys in the scene instead.

During filming, Emma Watson left the set due to scenes being improvised that she felt uncomfortable with, such as the progression of the graphic nature of the scenes involving Danny McBride as a cannibal and Channing Tatum as his sex slave. Rogen confirmed this, stating it was "an overall shitty situation, and it must've been hard for her to say something", elaborating "I'm very sorry and disappointed it happened, and I wish I had done more to prevent it."

Originally, the film's working title was The Apocalypse, which was later changed to The End of the World. The name was then changed to This Is the End on December 20, 2012, upon the release of its first trailer and poster. This was done at the request of Rogen's Paul costar Simon Pegg, who wrote to Rogen in concern that The End of the World was similar to his own comedy film The World's End, which was also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast. As The World's End was also the name of a key location in that film, Pegg felt worried that he couldn't change the name of his film.

In a May 2023 interview with The Daily Beast, Jay Baruchel revealed that the onscreen depiction of his difficulties with Jonah Hill in the film weren't entirely fictional, saying "Not telling tales out of school, I don't think, Jonah and I don't get along super well, or at least didn't back then."

Music

Soundtrack

This Is the End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack of the film. It was released on June 11, 2013 by RCA Records.

Songs featured in the film, but not in the soundtrack
 "Gangnam Style" by Psy
 "Hole in the Earth" by Deftones
 "Disco 2000" by Pulp
 "Spiteful Intervention" by Of Montreal
 "Paper Planes" by M.I.A.
 "End of the Beginning" and "War Pigs" by Black Sabbath
 "The Next Episode" by Dr. Dre

Score
The score by Henry Jackman, with additional material by Dominic Lewis and Matthew Margeson and conducted by Nick Glennie-Smith, was not officially released on its own, not even as bonus tracks on the CD or digital releases on RCA's album. Despite that, a promotional album for the score does exist, according to Soundtrack.net.

Release
On April 1, 2013, Sony released an April Fools' Day trailer for Pineapple Express 2, which was actually a teaser trailer for This Is the End and was later shown in that film itself. According to Rogen and Goldberg however, the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel. On June 7, MTV released a promotional video featuring the main cast of the film in character in an alternate scenario in which they are roommates with two members of The Real World: Portland during the apocalypse.

The film was rated R for "crude and sexual content throughout, brief graphic nudity, pervasive language, drug use and some violence" by the Motion Picture Association of America; this rating shocked both Rogen and Goldberg, who expected an adults-only NC-17 rating for the film. Goldberg stated that "All the ratings stuff doesn't make sense in the first place, but this is like ludicrous"; Rogen commented: "We actually made it even a little worse than we wanted and that [original] version got approved. Insanely, [we] didn't have a ratings issue."

Sony re-released the film in 2,000 theaters across North America on September 6, 2013.

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 1, 2013. It was the last film to be rented by Blockbuster Video before they went out of business at 11:00 PM on November 9, 2013.

The Blu-ray release fully contains the original short film the film was based on, Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse, as a special feature.

Reception

Box office
This Is the End grossed $101.5 million in North America and $25.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $126.5 million, against a production budget of $32–41.9 million. It made a net profit of $50 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.

The film was released in North America on June 12, 2013, alongside Man of Steel, and was projected to open to around $12 million from 3,055 theaters. The film made $7.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $20.7 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $33 million), finishing second at the box office behind Man of Steel ($116.6 million). In its second weekend it grossed $13.3 million, dropping to 4th.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Energetic, self-deprecating performances and enough guffaw-inducing humor make up for the flaws in This Is the End'''s loosely written script." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a letter grade of "A" and said, "You could sit through a year's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that's genuinely knock-your-socks-off audacious. But This Is the End . . truly is. It's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest, the most fearlessly inspired and the snort-out-loud funniest." Brian D. Johnson of Maclean's wrote, "There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco's house. For one thing, his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and zombies. That's the screwball scenario of This Is the End...The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody. But with perfect timing, it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex: the apoca-blockbuster."

Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of five, comparing the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus and referring to the actors in the film as "the lazy, the privileged and the mirthless".

Possible sequel
When Goldberg was asked whether a sequel to the film was probable, he replied, "If you ask me, I'd say there's a pretty good chance of a sequel. If you ask Seth Rogen, he'd say no." In June 2013, Goldberg revealed some ideas for a sequel in which the apocalypse occurs at the premiere of the first film. "Seth's a cokehead in this version, Michael Cera is a calm dude with a boyfriend, Rihanna and The Backstreet Boys are back," Goldberg stated in an interview. "We have a lot of ideas: a heaven and hell for example and a Garden of Eden version where Danny [McBride] is Adam." Despite this, Goldberg has also said that it would be difficult to recreate the casting conditions from the first film due to different schedules, believing them to be a stroke of luck by saying: "I honestly don't know if we could get the guys together [again]." In May 2014, Rogen posted an update on Twitter about a potential sequel, saying: "I don't think we'll make a sequel to This Is the End, but if we did, it would be called No, THIS Is the End."

AttractionThis Is the End was adapted into a 3D maze titled This Is the End 3D for Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2015, two years after the film's release. The maze served as the event's first comedy horror-based attraction.

See also

 List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"
 It's a Disaster – a 2012 black comedy film about couples at a brunch realizing that the world is ending
 The World's End – 2013 science fiction comedy film
 Rapture-Palooza'' – another 2013 apocalypse-themed comedy that also starred Craig Robinson

References

External links

2013 films
2010s English-language films
2013 black comedy films
2013 comedy horror films
2013 directorial debut films
2010s satirical films
2010s disaster films
2010s monster movies
2010s buddy comedy films
2010s fantasy comedy films
2010s sex comedy films
2010s screwball comedy films
2010s American films
American disaster films
American dystopian films
American monster movies
American screwball comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American black comedy films
American comedy horror films
American fantasy comedy films
American sex comedy films
American satirical films
Apocalyptic films
Giant monster films
The Devil in film
Demons in film
Adultery in films
Features based on short films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in heaven
Films set in 2012
Films about actors
Films about death
Films about cannibalism
Films about drugs
Films about the rapture
Films about the afterlife
Films about parties
Films about religion
American films about cannabis
Cultural depictions of actors
Films directed by Seth Rogen
Films produced by Seth Rogen
Films with screenplays by Seth Rogen
Films directed by Evan Goldberg
Films produced by Evan Goldberg
Films with screenplays by Evan Goldberg
Films scored by Henry Jackman
Films shot in New Orleans
Columbia Pictures films
Mandate Pictures films
Point Grey Pictures films
Religious comedy films
Religious horror films
Religious satire films
Parodies of horror

This Is the End


(R)-prunasin is a cyanogenic glycoside related to amygdalin. Chemically, it is the glucoside of (R)-mandelonitrile.

Natural occurrences
Prunasin is found in species in the genus Prunus such as Prunus japonica or P. maximowiczii and in bitter almonds. It is also found in leaves and stems of Olinia ventosa, O. radiata, O. emarginata and O. rochetiana and in Acacia greggii. It is a biosynthetic precursor of and intermediate in the biosynthesis of amygdalin, the chemical compound responsible for the taste of bitter almond.

It is also found in dandelion coffee, a coffee substitute.

Sambunigrin
Sambunigrin, a diastereomer of prunasin derived from (S)-mandelonitrile instead of it the (R)-isomer, has been isolated from leaves of the elder tree (Sambucus nigra). Sambunigrin is present in the leaves and stems of elder at a 1:3 ratio of sambunigrin to prunasin, and 2:5 in the immature seed. It is not found in the root.

Biosynthesis

Overview
(R)-prunasin begins with the common amino acid phenylalanine, which in plants is produced via the Shikimate pathway in primary metabolism. The pathway is catalyzed mainly by two cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and a UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT). After (R)-prunasin is formed, it is either converted into amygdalin by an additional UDP-glucosyltransferase or degraded into benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.

Researchers have shown that the accumulation (or lack of) of prunasin and amygdalin in the almond kernel is responsible for sweet and bitter genotypes. Because amygdalin is responsible for the bitter almond taste, almond growers have selected genotypes which minimize the biosynthesis of amygdalin. The CYP enzymes responsible for generation of prunasin are conserved across Prunus species. There is a correlation between high concentration of prunasin in the vegetative regions of the plant and the sweetness of the almond, which is relevant to the almond agricultural industry. In almonds, the amygdalin biosynthetic genes are expressed at different levels in the tegument (mother tissue, or outer section) and cotyledon (kernel, or father tissue), and vary significantly during almond ontogeny. The biosynthesis of prunasin occurs in the tegument, then transported to other tissues for conversion to amygdalin or degraded.

Biosynthesis of (R)-prunasin

Biosynthesis of (R)-prunasin in Prunus dulcis
L-phenylalanine is first hydroxylated by CYP79D16, followed by a decarboxylation and dehydration, forming the E-oxime phenylacetaldoxime. Next, CYP71AN24 catalyzes the rearrangement of the E-oxime to the Z-oxime followed by a dehydration and a hydroxylation to form mandelonitrile. Finally, UGT85A19 or UGT94AF3 utilize UDP-glucose to glycosylate mandelonitrile, forming (R)-prunasin.

After generating (R)-prunasin, the product is further glycosylated into amygdalin by either isoform UGT94AF1 or UGT94AF2. Expression of UGTAF1/2 and prunasin hydrolases results in a low overall concentration of (R)-prunasin in almond tissues. It is important to note that an alpha-glucosidase or prunasin hydrolase can convert (R)-prunasin to mandelonitrile, its precursor, which can then be spontaneously or enzymatically hydrolyzed to benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.

Biosynthesis of (R)-prunasin in Eucalyptus cladocalyx
The biosynthesis of (R)-prunasin in E. cladocalyx, the sugar gum tree, has been shown to synthesize (R)-prunasin using an additional intermediate, phenylacetonitrile, using CYP706C55. The pathway proceeds similarly to the pathway in Prunus species, where the multifunctional CYP79A125 catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine to phenylacetaldoxime. Then, CYP706C55 catalyzes the dehydration of phenylacetaldoxime to phenylacetonitrile. Phenylacetonitrile is then hydroxylated by CYP71B103 to mandelonitrile. After generating mandelonitrile, UGT85A59 transfers glucose to yield (R)-prunasin.

Metabolic Pathway Interactions
As (R)-prunasin is a product of secondary metabolism, its generation and degradation affect multiple metabolic pathways by consuming L-phenylalanine or increasing quantities of benzaldehyde and toxic hydrogen cyanide through prunasin degradation.

Metabolic profiling in almond, cassava, and sorghum identified a potential recycling mechanism where (R)-prunasin and other cyanogen glycosides may be utilized for nitrogen storage and nitrogen recycling without generating HCN. In 2017, researchers used stable isotope labeling to demonstrate that 13C-labeled L-phenylalanine incorporated in (R)-prunasin could be converted to benzaldehyde and to salicylic acid using mandelonitrile as an intermediate.

Toxicity
The toxicity of prunasin is based in its degradation products: (R)-prunasin is hydrolyzed to form benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, which causes toxicity. Plants containing prunasin may therefore be toxic to animals, particularly ruminants.

To degrade amygdalin to prunasin, amygdalin beta-glucosidase hydrolyzes the disaccharide to produce (R)-prunasin and D-glucose. Then, prunasin beta-glucosidase uses (R)-prunasin and water to produce D-glucose and mandelonitrile. After generating the aglycone mandelonitrile, then a mandelonitrile lyase can degrade the compound into benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.

References

Cyanogenic glycosides
Plant toxins
Glucosides

Prunasin


is a 2014 Japanese film, serving as the film adaptation of the 2013-2014 Kamen Rider television series Kamen Rider Gaim. It was released on July 19, 2014, in a double billing with Ressha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S. Nitroplus writer Jin Haganeya wrote the script which features the heroes and villains of Kamen Rider Gaim entering an alternate world where instead of forming dance troupes, they play soccer. The film features cameo appearances by J. League soccer players and guest stars Kataoka Ainosuke VI as the film's antagonist Kogane.

The film introduces Kamen Riders Mars, Kamuro, Gaim Yami, and Kurokage Shin.

Plot
Kota fights off a pack of Inves in the now Helheim flora-invaded Zawame City alone. There, he runs into a boy who asks him about soccer. Kota, demonstrating the goal of Soccer and how it's a way of demonstrating your strength while allowing the losing side to improve and having the chance to also wins enlightens the boy. The boy then creates his own ideal world - a "dream" world that is a separate dimension from the original Zawame, focusing on the sport of Soccer.

As the boy teleports from place to place, Kota is lured into a destroyed stadium. But upon further inspection, he hears chants of what appears to be a crowd and upon entering, he sees spectators everywhere. Kota is informed of the situation from Mai about the All Rider Cup and Kota changes into uniform. Defeating Team Baron, Team Gaim wins, moving one step closer to the All Rider Cup as well as what is rumored to be the power to grant any wish, the Golden Fruit. Peko, upset that Team Baron is lost is bitten by a dark grasshopper that landed on his back.

Kota realizes that this world is not the Zawame he is familiar with as Hase, Sid, Takatora, and Yuya are alive and well. He also realizes that the word Inves and Helheim are unknown meanings in this world. Kota also runs into the young boy from earlier who reveals that his name is Lapis. However, when Kota tries to ask more questions, Lapis disappears in thin air. Mitsuzane discovers that his brother is alive and has a wife, causing Mitsuzane to remember the discrepancies in front of him with memories of his time in the original world. This memory conflict causes him to go undercover to discover the truth.

At Team Baron's loft, Peko, who envied both Kaito and Zack, starts to ramble about wanting the Golden Fruit before transforming into Kurokage Shin with a Genesis Driver to attack Zack. Kaito intervenes, but Peko is mysteriously enveloped in what appears to be Helheim vines and is reduced to nothing with his Matsubokkuri Energy Armor Part retracting back into the Matsubokkuri Energy Lockseed. Kaito spotted Lapis watching and disappears. Elsewhere, a rusted Lockseed recovers its golden color.

Meanwhile, at Charmant, Hase starts to attack Jonouchi, wanting more power and transforms into Kurokage attacking even Oren. However, the same Helheim vines envelops Hase and he too is reduced to nothing with his Matsubokkuri Armor Part retracting back into his Lockseed. Kota, appearing at Charmant realizes that Lapis was watching from afar. Catching up to Lapis with Kaito and Zack, Zack blames Lapis for Peko's death and attacks Lapis, but is also enveloped in Helheim veins before being reduced to nothing as well. His Kurumi Armor Part retracts back into the Kurumi Lockseed afterwards. Kaito calls out Lapis, but is unable to find him.

Elsewhere, Oren calls out one of the Armored Riders who he believes is behind the disappearances of his allies and rivals. At the Yggdrasill Corporation, Sid is attacked by Takatora, who realizes that the former has been plotting to betray him. The two fight on top of an elevator shaft with Zangetsu Shin knocking Sigurd off the platform with Sid being enveloped in Helheim vines before being reduced to nothing. His Cherry Energy Armor Part retracts back into the Cherry Energy Lockseed. Mitsuzane finds a recording left by Ryoma Sengoku who had been attempting to experiment on an artifact that he found.

Oren and Jonouchi rallies among his private militia against Takatora and the Kurokage Troopers resulting in a battle that destroys Zawame City. Kaito also enters the battle and Jonouchi is killed by Takatora. Oren, Takatora, and Kaito all activate their Driver finishers with Takatora and Oren dying while Yoko Minato saves Kaito and throws his Banana Lockseed onto the ground to give the illusion to the culprit that Kaito had fallen. Lapis, watching from afar is confronted by Mitsuzane, however Sagara appears before them explaining what is happening and how Kota is in danger.

Kota at the outskirts of where Zawame City was unaffected is confronted by Yuya, who asks why Kota isn't yearning for the Golden Fruit like the other Armored Riders. Mai follows Kota, but Kota stops Mai from going to Yuya's side by revealing that Yuya isn't really Yuya. Kota reveals that he found it weird how he was Gaim in this world if Yuya was always the original intended user for Kota's Sengoku Driver. Yuya stated that Kota was the best choice. Kota asks Yuya why does he have a Lockseed if the Lockseed's purpose is to be used alongside a Driver. Yuya then says he needs it to protect himself from Inves. Kota, now confirming his theory tells Mai that this man isn't Yuya. Yuya turns into Kougane and calls himself the "God of the New Generation" using the Golden Ringo Lockseed to transform into Armored Rider Mars before attacking Kota. Mai flees with Kota and Kougane fighting inside the destroyed Zawame. Kota finds the Lockseeds of Takatora, Oren, Jonouchi, and Kaito, swapping between Banana Arms, Donguri Arms, and Durian Arms against Kougane. However, Kota gains the upper advantage on Kougane with Jimber Lemon Arms causing Kougane to use Yuya's appearance to lower Kota's guard. Kota is enveloped by the Helheim vines with Kougane being angered that Kota wasn't fully consumed.

Mai runs around the wreckage of the now destroyed Zawame to find Kota. She becomes relieved when she sees him, but Mitsuzane tells Mai that Kota has already fallen. Transforming into Ryugen against Kota's "Black Jimber Lemon Arms", he is easily defeated. Mai notices Lapis and the two are confronted by Kota. However, Yoko Minato and Kaito appear to join the fight, but the two are easily defeated by both Kota and Kougane. Lapis reveals to Mai that his real name is Shamubishe and he is what they call an "Overlord". Lapis enters Kota's mind revealing to him that they're not so different, that they had the same goals while showing him his memories of Demushu, Redyue, and Rosyuo. Lapis reveals to Kota that he's not in Zawame, but rather a world that he created that is like a dream - it's not connected to Zawame and that the Helheim threat is still real and active. Kota breaks free of his brainwashing and confronts Kougane telling him that "there is no real gold in you". Kougane is overpowered by Gaim Kachidoki Arms and transfers all the Armored RIders into a desolate wasteland.

Lapis, encouraged by Kota's strength and his will to never give up, conjured a horse for him to use. Kota transforms into Kiwami Arms. Kougane and Kota clash with Kota managing to defeat Mars in his Flame Horse form, reviving the Riders that he considered his allies (Sid and Ryoma were never considered his allies or friends). Lapis is then given a Silver Ringo Lockseed by Sagara and the remaining Armored Riders transform into their respective forms. Kougane is destroyed by a Rider Kick from Kota and the world starts to fall apart.

Lapis expresses his gratitude towards Kota and tells him he can finally "rest", and then he disappears. Kota, back in the half destroyed Zawame, says goodbye to Lapis and promises to save this Zawame as well. Deep in the Helheim forest, the wind blows to reveal Kamuro's spear and Lapis' bracelet, rusting, appearing as if they've been there for a long period of time. Along with those items, a soccer ball stays idle near them.

Cast
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Sengoku Driver Equipment Voice:
Genesis Driver Equipment Voice:

Theme song
"YOUR SONG"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse
Artist:

As they have done for the TV series, Shōnan no Kaze have recorded the track "YOUR SONG" to serve as the film's theme song under the name "Gaimu no Kaze".

Reception
As of July 25, 2014, The Kamen Rider Gaim: Great Soccer Battle! Golden Fruits Cup! and Ressha Sentai ToQGer the Movie: Galaxy Line SOS opened in 309 theaters in Japan and has sold 138,528 tickets. It's estimated that both films earned a total of 1,698,358 yen in its first week.

References

External links

2010s Kamen Rider films
Great Soccer Battle! Golden Fruits Cup!
2014 films
Films scored by Kousuke Yamashita
Japanese dark fantasy films


The Rocky Flats Truth Force was a grass-roots non-violent anti-nuclear group formed during protests at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant near Golden, Colorado during the late 1970s. Demonstrations and track blockages at the Rocky Flats Plant in 1978 resulted in multiple arrests of the protesters. The Rocky Flats Plant was a US nuclear weapon complex located near to
Denver Colorado which operated from 1952 until 1992, creating considerable  radioactive contamination.

Some of the people involved in the Truth Force movement formed the Boulder Peace Center, later the Rocky Mountain Peace Center and then the current name - the Rocky Mountain Peace and Justice Center.

References

External links
 Rocky Flats Truth Force Facebook group
 Boulder Public Library Oral History Program recordings relating to the Rocky Flats Truth Force
 Google Books search for Rocky Flats Truth Force
 OCLC WorldCat library search
 "Radical's Reunion: Rocky Flats Truth Force 1988" video featuring Allen Ginsberg, Anne Waldman, Daniel Ellsberg.

Anti–nuclear weapons movement
Anti-nuclear organizations based in the United States
Truth Force

Rocky Flats Truth Force


Christianity is the largest religion in Rwanda. The most recent national census from 2012 indicates that: 43.7% of Rwanda's population is Catholic, 37.7% is Protestant, 11.8% is Seventh-day Adventist, 2.0% is Muslim (mainly Sunni), 2.5% claims no religious affiliation, and 0.7% is Jehovah's Witness.

There is also a small population of Baha'is, as well as some practising traditional indigenous beliefs. There has been a proliferation of small, usually Christian-linked schismatic religious groups since the 1994 genocide.

There are small communities of Hindus and Buddhists, comprising mostly foreign adherents, typically businessmen from China and India as well as university professors and students. Neither religion seriously attempts conversion in Rwanda; although, there is a Hindu Temple of Rwanda as a place of worship.

Current context

The Constitution of Rwanda provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice.

Foreign missionaries are allowed to operate in the country, but put register for a residency permit.

In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom; it was noted that government policies are getting stricter.

History

Role of religion in 1994 genocide

An estimated 1,000,000 Rwandans died during ethnic violence over a brief span of 100 days between April and July 1994. Most of the dead were Tutsis, and most of those who perpetrated the violence were Hutus.

The genocide started after the death of the Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana, a Hutu, in the shooting down of his plane above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994. The full details of that specific incident remain unclear; however, the death of the president was by no means the only cause of the mayhem. (Ethnic tension in Rwanda is not new. Disagreements between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis are common, but the animosity between them grew substantially after the end of the Belgian colonial regime.)

Timothy Longman has provided the most detailed discussion of the role of religion in the Rwandan genocide in Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda, published in 2010.
Longman argues that both Catholic and Protestant churches helped to make the genocide possible by giving moral sanction to the killing. Churches had longed played ethnic politics themselves, favoring the Tutsi during the colonial period then switching allegiance to the Hutu after 1959, sending a message that some may have interpreted as ethnic discrimination being consistent with church teaching. The church leaders had close ties with the political leaders, and after the genocide began, the church leaders called on the population to support the new interim government, the very government supporting the genocide.

Some church leaders actively participated in the genocide. For example, Athanase Seromba, a Catholic priest responsible at the time of the genocide for the Nyange parish, was ultimately (after appeal) convicted in 2008 by the Appeals Chamber for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda of committing genocide and crimes against humanity. Specifically, it was shown that Seromba abused his high degree of trust in the community as a Catholic priest, when, instead of protecting the 1500-2000 Tutsi refugees sheltering in his church, he provided key and necessary approval for the church to be bulldozed to the ground with the intent to kill the refugees inside.

At the same time, churches did not uniformly support the genocide. In the period leading up to the genocide, 1990–1994, major splits emerged within most churches between moderates who promoted democratic change and conservatives allied with the Habyarimana regime. Many of the clergy were Tutsi, and they generally supported democratic reform, but many moderate Hutu within the churches supported reform as well. Churches provided major support to the formation of the new human-rights groups that emerged in the early 1990s. When the genocide began in 1994, some clergy and other church leaders opposed the violence,
even at the risk of their own lives.

Some individual members of the religious community attempted to protect civilians, sometimes at great risk to themselves.  For example, Mgr.  of Cyangugu preached against the genocide from the pulpit and tried unsuccessfully to rescue three Tutsi religious brothers from an attack, while Sr. Felicitas Niyitegeka of the Auxiliaires de l'Apostolat in Gisenyi smuggled Tutsi across the border into Zaire before a militant militia executed her in retaliation.

In her book Left to Tell: Discovering God in the Rwandan Holocaust (2006), Immaculée Ilibagiza, a Tutsi woman, describes hiding with seven other Tutsi women for 91 days in a bathroom in the house of Pastor Murinzi - for the majority of the genocide. At the St Paul Pastoral Centre in Kigali about 2,000 people found refuge and most of them survived, due to the efforts of Fr Célestin Hakizimana. This priest "intervened at every attempt by the militia to abduct or murder" the refugees in his centre.  In the face of powerful opposition, he tried to hold off the killers with persuasion or bribes.

On November 20, 2016, the Catholic Church in Rwanda released a statement signed by nine bishops apologizing for the role of its members in the genocide of 1994.

See also
Catholic Church in Rwanda
Islam in Rwanda
Protestant Council of Rwanda

References

External links
 "Rwanda's resurrection of faith" by Mary Wiltenburg, The Christian Science Monitor, April 12, 2004
  "Rwanda: How the genocide happened", BBC News, December 18, 2008
  "For Rwandans, the pope's apology must be unbearable", The Guardian, March 28, 2010

Religion in Rwanda


Brynsadler is a small village situated in Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, it is part of the community of Pontyclun.

Amenities
The A4222 main road to Cowbridge runs through the village; locally it is known tautologically as 'Brynsadler hill'. Brynsadler used to be home to the Crown Buckley brewery housed opposite the village pub, the Ivor Arms. The brewery was bought by S A Brain and eventually relocated to Cardiff. The brewery and brewery houses were demolished and a housing estate called "Clos Brenin" replaced it.

Brynsadler also housed a chapel, called Capel Zion, located opposite the post office. It closed down and was converted into housing accommodation.

Given its position between Llanharry and Pontyclun, Brynsadler is a pit stop for many summer activities such as fun runs.

Notes

Villages in Rhondda Cynon Taf

Brynsadler


Bertrand "Bert" Arthur Patenaude (; November 4, 1909November 4, 1974) was an American soccer player who played as a forward. Although it was formerly disputed, he is officially credited by FIFA as the scorer of the first hat-trick in World Cup history. He is a member of the United States Soccer Hall of Fame.

Club career
Born in Massachusetts in 1909, Patenaude began playing in the competitive local leagues in his hometown of Fall River, Massachusetts. In 1928, he signed his first professional contract with Philadelphia Field Club of the American Soccer League. In his eight games with Philadelphia, he scored six goals. Despite this productivity, he moved to J&P Coats for one league game, then moved again to his hometown Fall River F.C. While playing with the 'Marksmen', Patenaude formed a lethal striking partnership with another local Massachusetts player, Billy Gonsalves (scoring 112 goals in 114 appearances with the Massachusetts club). He remained in Fall River until the summer of 1930, winning the 1930 National Challenge Cup before moving to the Newark Americans. He scored seven goals in five games at the start of the 1930–1931 season, but found himself back with the 'Marksmen' for the end of the season. In 1931, Fall River merged with the New York Soccer Club to form the New York Yankees. However, Fall River had already begun playing National Cup games. Therefore, while the Yankees won the National Cup, the records show the winner as Fall River. In the cup championship, Patenaude scored five goals in the Yankees' 6–2 first game victory over Chicago's Bricklayers and Masons F.C. Patenaude remained with the Yankees through the spring of 1931. That same year, the Yankees moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where the team took up the name of the defunct New Bedford Whalers.

The ASL was collapsing by the fall of 1931 and records are incomplete, but it appears that in 1933, Patenaude signed with the Philadelphia German-Americans of the second American Soccer League. In 1934, Patenaude moved west to sign with St. Louis Central Breweries of the St. Louis Soccer League, at that point the only professional league in the country. Central Breweries, stocked with future Hall of Famers, won the league and 1935 National Challenge Cup titles. In 1935, Central Breweries left the league, became an independent team and lost the sponsorship of the brewery. Patenaude remained with the team, now called the St. Louis Shamrocks. In 1936, the Shamrocks went to the National Cup final before falling to the Philadelphia German-Americans.

In 1936, Patenaude returned east where he played one season with Philadelphia Passon of the ASL before he disappeared from the professional scene. Patenaude returned to Fall River and worked in painting and carpentry until his death in 1974.

International career
In 1930, Patenaude was called into the U.S. national team for the 1930 FIFA World Cup. In that cup, he scored a goal in the U.S. opener against Belgium, then a hat trick in the 3–0 victory over Paraguay. Following the U.S. elimination by Argentina in the semifinals, the U.S. went on an exhibition tour of South America, ending with a 4–3 loss to Brazil in which Patenaude scored his sixth and final U.S. goal and never again appeared with the national setup.

Patenaude's record of four goals in one World Cup remains the standard for an American player. Additionally, his total stood as the all-time career mark for an American player until Landon Donovan notched his third, fourth, and fifth career World Cup goals at the 2010 edition.

World Cup hat-trick
Patenaude's historic day came on July 17, 1930, as the United States played Paraguay in the inaugural World Cup. Patenaude scored the opening goal in the tenth minute. A second goal in the fifteenth minute had been credited several different ways: as an own goal by Aurelio González (according to the RSSSF), a regular goal by the U.S.'s Tom Florie (according to the official FIFA match record), or as Patenaude's second goal (according to the United States Soccer Federation). A fiftieth-minute goal by Patenaude gave the U.S. a 3–0 win over the South Americans.

The dispute and discrepancies over the second goal had led to confusion over the first-ever World Cup hat-trick, as Argentina's Guillermo Stábile scored one against Mexico just two days after the U.S.-Paraguay game. FIFA announced on November 10, 2006, that Patenaude was the first person to score a hat-trick in World Cup play, confirming that he scored all three goals.

Patenaude was inducted into the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame in 1971. He died in Fall River on his sixty-fifth birthday.

Career statistics
Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Patenaude goal.

Honors
Fall River F.C.
American Soccer League: 1928–29, 1929, 1930
National Challenge Cup: 1930, 1931

St. Louis Central Breweries
National Challenge Cup: 1935

United States
FIFA World Cup third place: 1930

Individual
FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot: 1930
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1930
U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame: 1971

References

External links
 National Soccer Hall of Fame - Player Bio
 1930 World Cup history with a U.S. team photo

1909 births
1974 deaths
1930 FIFA World Cup players
American people of French-Canadian descent
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
Sportspeople from Fall River, Massachusetts
Soccer players from Massachusetts
United States men's international soccer players
American Soccer League (1921–1933) players
Philadelphia Field Club players
Pawtucket Rangers players
Fall River F.C. (1922–1931) players
Newark Americans players
New York Yankees (soccer) players
New York Giants (soccer, 1930–1932) players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Philadelphia Nationals players
Uhrik Truckers players
St. Louis Soccer League players
St. Louis Central Breweries players
St. Louis Shamrocks players
Men's association football forwards
American men's soccer players

Bert Patenaude


Edward Turner Bale (1810 – October 9, 1849), later known by his Spanish name Don Eduardo A. Bale, was a British-born Californian physician, entrepreneur, and ranchero. He is known for having built the Bale Grist Mill in Napa County, California.

Life
Bale arrived from England in Monterey, California in 1837 on the H.M.S. Harriet, having served as the ship's surgeon. He soon became Surgeon-In-Chief of the Mexican Army under General Mariano Vallejo, and on March 21, 1839, married Vallejo's niece Maria Ignacia Soberanes. After becoming a citizen of Mexico in March 1841, in June, Bale was granted the Rancho Carne Humana, which comprised the land between what is now Rutherford and Calistoga, California.

Construction of the Bale Grist Mill located between St. Helena and Calistoga was completed in 1846, the same year the Bear Flag Revolt claimed independence from Mexico. Bale's connection to the Bear Flag Party is uncertain, but there is evidence that they met at his mill before the capture of Sonoma. Several of Bale's acquaintances were members of the Bear Flag Party.

During the California Gold Rush, Bale tried his hand at mining, and eventually caught a fever from which he never recovered. He died on October 9, 1849.

Legacy
On December 26, 1860, his daughter Carolina married winemaker Charles Krug. Bale's wife made sure the daughter was protected in a prenuptial that allowed for her to keep  of land north of St. Helena, California, on which Krug planted a vineyard.

Bale, California is named for him.

References

 Napa County Chronology, based on information from the book From Golden Fields to Purple Harvest
 WineDay: How to Start a Winery by Fred McMillin
 reproduced at pashnit.com: Bale Grist Mill brochure
 Dean Albertson, 1949, Dr. Edward Turner Bale, Incorrigible Californio, California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1949), pp. 259–269

19th-century English medical doctors
People of the Conquest of California
Mexican people of the Mexican–American War
American people of the Mexican–American War
1810 births
1849 deaths
American emigrants to Mexico
English emigrants to the United States
Naturalized citizens of Mexican California
People from Napa County, California
History of Napa County, California

Edward Turner Bale


An employer is a person or institution that hires employees.  Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.

If the employee is paid by the hour, then the money the employee earns is called their wage. If the employee is paid a set rate per pay period, then the money they earn is called their salary. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime, but a salary is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum.

Employers include everything from people hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees.  In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.

Other websites

NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
UK gov Local Business Link

Employment

Employer


Runcorn F.C. Halton was an English football club that played in Runcorn, Widnes and Prescot at various points during its existence.

History
The club was founded in 1918 as Highfield and Camden Tanneries Recreation Club. They became members of the Lancashire Combination in the same year, winning a cup. As Runcorn F.C., they were founder members of the Cheshire County League in 1919, and were its first champions. They won the league and Cheshire League Cup double in 1937.

Runcorn were founder members of the Northern Premier League in 1968 and won the Cheshire Senior Cup in 1973. The pinnacle of the club's history was the Alliance Premier League (now the National League) title success of 1982, but they were denied the chance of taking part in the English Football League elections because the club did not meet league requirements. This re-election system was replaced by automatic promotion from 1987 onwards, but it came too late to help Runcorn who by then were no longer a top team in the Football Conference.

In 1986, for the first time ever, Runcorn reached the final of the FA Trophy, but lost 1–0 to Altrincham. That season the team had beaten Boston 4–1 to reach the second round of the FA Cup.

In 1993–94, their stadium nearly fell apart. A perimeter wall collapsed during a cup game against Hull City, the roof blew off one stand, and the main stand was destroyed by a fire. This crippled the club, which was relegated in 1996 for the first time ever.
In 2000, they sold the Canal Street ground where they had played since 1918, and moved to the 11,000-seat Halton Stadium in Widnes, which was also used by the town's rugby team and Everton reserves. The club renamed itself Runcorn FC Halton to reflect its new location. In 2004, they finished in 13th place in the Northern Premier League, and were promoted to the new Conference North. Their spell at this level lasted just one season before they were relegated back to the NPL. During this season, the club's precarious financial state caused them to move out of the Halton Stadium permanently, having finished the previous season at Southport's Haig Avenue, and to share Valerie Park, home of local rivals Prescot Cables, who also played in the Northern Premier League.

Demise
During its final season the club went into severe financial crisis and was unable to pay its players' wages, forcing it to offload many of its key playing staff and replace them with amateur players used to playing at a much lower standard. This made for an embarrassing end to the season, with Runcorn finishing bottom and frequently suffering defeats by five or more goals, though their record defeat of 9–0 remained intact. After a second successive relegation, the club's future was in doubt, and the decision was made to officially confirm its resignation from the league and cease activity. By this time, disgruntled supporters had already formed the breakaway club Runcorn Linnets F.C., which was granted membership of the North West Counties League Division Two for the 2006–07 season.

Honours

Alliance Premier League (now National League)
Champions: 1981–82
FA Trophy
Runners up: 1985–86, 1992–93, 1993–94
Northern Premier League
Champions: 1975–76, 1980–81
Northern Premier League Challenge Cup
Winners: 1974–75, 1979–80, 1980–81
Northern Premier League President's Cup
Winners: 1998
Cheshire Senior Cup
Winners 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89

Former players
1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).
2. Players with full international caps.
3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.
 Alan Cocks
 Jimmy Dunn
 John Fielding
 Ken Furphy
 Ian Woan
 Billy Telford

References

External links

Association football clubs established in 1918
Association football clubs disestablished in 2006
Defunct football clubs in England
Defunct football clubs in Cheshire
Runcorn
1918 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England
Works association football teams in England
Cheshire County League clubs
National League (English football) clubs

Runcorn F.C. Halton


The 1998 UMass Minutemen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1998 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference.  The team was coached by Mark Whipple and played its home games at Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium in Hadley, Massachusetts. 1998 was the most successful season in Minutemen history, as UMass won their first national championship in the NCAA DI-AA playoffs in Whipple's first year with the team. UMass entered the postseason as champions of the A-10, but were not expected to make a serious run for the title. They reached the final game ranked 12th in the nation, and were matched up with perennial powerhouse Georgia Southern, the top ranked team in the country. The Minutemen rushed out of the gates, scoring three touchdowns in the opening quarter, and won the shootout by a final score of 55–43. UMass finished the season with a record of 12–3 overall and 6–2 in conference play.

Schedule

References

UMass
UMass Minutemen football seasons
NCAA Division I Football Champions
UMass Minutemen football

1998 UMass Minutemen football team


Horneck Castle is also known as Burg Horneck, Deutschordenschloss Horneck and Schloss Horneck.

A castle located in the town of Gundelsheim, district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany.  Its name is thought to mean "over the Neckar," as it is overlooking the Neckar River.

History
The castle was built around 1200 and was given to the Teutonic Order by Konrad von Horneck in 1438, thereby making it the seat of the "Deutschmeister" (German Master) until it was destroyed in 1525 by fire during the German Peasants' War. Despite reconstruction shortly after Horneck Castle's destruction, Mergentheim became the new headquarters for the Teutonic Order in that region in 1527.

, the castle was occupied by an altenheim (a nursing home for the elderly) as well as the Transylvanian Museum.

Castles of the Teutonic Knights

Horneck Castle, Germany


St Helens Fort is a sea fort in the Solent close to the Isle of Wight, one of the Palmerston Forts near Portsmouth. It was built as a result of the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom of 1859, in order to protect the St Helens anchorage.

The fort was designed by Captain E. H. Stewart, overseen by Assistant Inspector General of Fortifications, Colonel W. F. D. Jervois. Construction began in 1865 and was completed in 1878, at a cost of £123,311. It suffered badly from subsidence which forced many changes to the plans, ending up with two 10-inch 18-ton rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns to landward and one 12.5-inch 38-ton RML gun to seaward.

The other sea forts, all larger, are Spitbank Fort, Horse Sand Fort and No Man's Land Fort.
The Solent Forts - often known as "Palmerston's Follies" - were built in response to a French invasion scare under Louis Napoleon III. This was due in part to the doctrines of the Jeune École of French naval thinking, which emphasised attacking ports with small craft, instead of fleet action, as well as the launch of the first ironclad warship, the Gloire. The threat of war with France receded after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 ended in French defeat.

The forts were later used for defence in both World War I and WWII, although the heavier armaments proved unpopular with local householders due to the concussion breaking windows during firing practice. A National Trust report states that during WW II, it was "used as a searchlight and anti-aircraft gun platform".

Subsequently their main useful role has been as navigational lighthouses. Periodically (often in August), on one of the lowest tides of the year, there is a mass walk from St Helens beach out to the fort and back. At this day the causeway appears from the sea upon which the original materials were carried out from the shore at St Helen's Old Church, where there was formerly a quarry. Access is from this point, but also along the spit from Bembridge. It has become traditional to hold a barbecue on the beach thereafter. This event is entirely spontaneous but safety boat services are provided by local yacht clubs and the RNLI.

The fort is now in private hands and not open to the public. It was offered for sale in 2003. Any private resident would not have access to local authority services, although it has its own artesian well. As of 2020, Spitbank, No Man's Land and Horse Sand Forts were also privately owned (by Clarenco); the first two had been converted into hotels after a major restoration.

References

External links

 Victorian Forts map of Portsmouth Defences

Sea forts
Sea Forts in the Solent
Palmerston Forts
Coastal artillery
Military installations established in 1880

St Helens Fort


Greg Peterson (born January 21, 1984) is a former American football defensive end. He was most recently a member of the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at North Carolina Central University.

Peterson also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars.  Peterson was signed and released during the 2010 off season by the Washington Redskins.

Early years
Peterson played high school football at East Duplin High School in Beulaville, North Carolina. During his senior year, he was named all-conference, all-state, was East Duplin's Male Athlete of the Year and the teams Most Valuable Player.

College career
Peterson played college football at North Carolina Central University in Durham, North Carolina after spending two seasons at Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi. During his senior year, he was named a Division II All-American and Sheridan Broadcasting Network Black College All-American. He finished his college career with 104 tackles, 10.5 sacks, three forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, and one interception.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Peterson was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He recorded his first career sack on September 30, 2007.

He was waived/injured on August 13, 2009 and subsequently reverted to injured reserve. Peterson was released with an injury settlement on August 20.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Peterson signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 29, 2009.

Washington Redskins
Peterson signed with the Washington Redskins on April 15, 2010.  He was released June 20, 2010.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Tampa Bay Buccaneers Bio
Jacksonville Jaguars Bio

1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from North Carolina
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Hartford Colonials players
North Carolina Central Eagles football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Washington Redskins players
Sacramento Mountain Lions players
People from Kenansville, North Carolina

Greg Peterson (American football)


Steve Hodges (born February 2, 1949) is an American politician, teacher, and former small business owner from the state of Missouri. Hodges has served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives since being elected in November 2006. A Democrat, he represented the 149th District, which includes all of New Madrid County as well as portions of Mississippi County and Pemiscot County from 2007 to 2015.

Biography
Born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Hodges was raised in East Prairie, Missouri and is a graduate of East Prairie High School. Following high school he attended Southeast Missouri State University, where he received a bachelor's degree in business administration, and the University of Missouri, where he obtained a Master of Business Administration.

Prior to entering politics Hodges spent thirty years in as manager and owner of an East Prairie supermarket. When not involved with his legislative duties he works as a substitute teacher and a referee for various high school sports. He served on his local school board for twelve years before seeking election to the Missouri House of Representatives in 2006, winning his election. In 2012, he defeated local opera singer and America's Got Talent winner Neal E. Boyd to be re-elected to the Missouri House.

On February 16, 2013, he was chosen by Democratic Party leaders from southeast Missouri to run in a special election for Missouri's 8th congressional district to succeed   U.S. Representative Jo Ann Emerson, who had resigned. Hodges came in second in the race while Jason Smith won the race. He is a conservative Democrat who opposes abortion and gun control, but has said he is a Democrat because he has a "social conscience".

In the early morning hours of February 6, 2014 Representative Hodges was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving by police in Jefferson City, Missouri. When asked for comment on the incident Hodges told the Associated Press he had stopped in a parking lot and fell on some ice when exiting the vehicle. Unable to get to his feet, an ambulance and police were summoned to the scene. The state representative was transported to an area hospital where he was treated and released for unspecified injuries. It was then he was arrested but was not jailed. No charges have as yet been formally filed. Hodges issued a statement admitting that he had been drinking on the evening of February 5 but did not feel he was legally intoxicated. He apologized for the incident and said he is looking into receiving counseling.

Personal
Hodges and his former wife Amy have three sons. The couple divorced in 2014 after 41 years of matrimony. His son Andrew was the valedictorian of his class at the United States Military Academy at West Point.

References

1949 births
Democratic Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Southeast Missouri State University alumni
University of Missouri alumni
People from Mississippi County, Missouri
American grocers
Living people
American United Methodists

Steve Hodges


"The Web" redirects here. For other uses, see Web (disambiguation).

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or "The Web") is the part of the Internet that contains websites and webpages. It was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.  Sir Tim Berners-Lee created a new markup language called HTML.  Websites are composed of pages linked by hypertext links that are written in HTML.

The software to see the World Wide Web is called a web browser. One also needs a connection to the Internet.

Many companies nowadays offer website hosting allowing one to make websites that can be displayed on the World Wide Web, including a custom domain (www.stuff.com) site.

Related pages
Minitel

Other websites

 World Wide Web -Citizendium

References

Internet

World Wide Web


The third USS Union was a heavy (1,114-ton) steamer with a powerful 12-inch rifled gun purchased by the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

Union served the U.S. Navy successfully during the blockade of ports and waterways of the Confederate States of America, capturing numerous blockade runners. Towards wars end, she was also assigned the role of dispatch boat and, because of her large size, of storeship, at the same time continuing to capture blockade runners.

Commissioned in Philadelphia in 1861

Union, a screw steamer built at Mystic, Connecticut, was chartered by the U.S. Navy on 24 April 1861 at Philadelphia, and was commissioned there on 16 May 1861 with Commander John R. Goldsborough in command.

Civil War service

Assigned to the Atlantic Blockade

The next day, Union was assigned to the Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and she steamed south to cruise off Charleston, South Carolina, and Savannah,  Georgia, on 28 May 1861. However, she soon headed back north and captured the schooner F. W. Johnson at sea off the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on 1 June 1861. The following morning, she arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia, with the prize.

After coaling, Union returned to the blockade off Savannah and captured the brig Hallie Jackson there on 10 June 1861. She arrived off Charleston on the morning of 18 June 1861 and, later that day, captured the Confederate blockade runner Amelia. Union sent Amelia north to Philadelphia in the charge of a prize master and delivered the Amelias crew to Fort Monroe, Virginia, on 23 June 1861.

Collision with blockade runner

Union left Hampton Roads on 27 June 1861 to rejoin the blockade off Charleston. She sustained considerable damage to her superstructure and rigging in a collision with the Spanish ship Plus Ultra on 2 July 1861. She was temporarily repaired at sea and sailed for Hampton Roads to refuel on 15 July. En route north, Union stopped at Georgetown, South Carolina; Wilmington, North Carolina; Ocracoke Inlet; Hatteras Inlet; and Hatteras Cove in search of blockade runners and reached her destination on 18 July 1861.

Union was next deployed on blockade duty off Cape Hatteras. On 28 July 1861, she found the Union merchant brig B. T. Martin—which had been captured by Confederate privateer York—hard aground north of the cape and destroyed her. Union briefly put into Hampton Roads for coal on 5 August 1861, then immediately returned to blockade duty off Cape Hatteras, where she forced York aground on 9 August 1861. Union returned to Hampton Roads on 14 August 1861 for emergency repairs and put into Baltimore, Maryland, the next day for alterations.

Transferred to the Potomac flotilla

While undergoing repairs, Union was transferred to the Potomac Flotilla on 16 August 1861. She left Baltimore the next day and arrived in the Potomac River off Aquia Creek, Virginia, on 19 August 1861. She performed routine reconnaissance and dispatch duties on the Potomac River and, despite heavy fire from shore, burned a large Confederate schooner in Dumfries Creek on 11 October 1861. Union suffered no casualties during the action and received special commendation for her daring exploit from the United States Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles. The vessel remained on the Potomac until ordered north on 5 December 1861. She was decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 10 December 1861.

Recommissioned as a supply and dispatch vessel

Union was recommissioned on 20 January 1863 and detailed to the Gulf of Mexico for use as a storeship and dispatch vessel. She spent the remainder of the war operating between New York City; Hampton Roads; Port Royal, South Carolina; and points scattered along the Florida coast and the shore of the Gulf of Mexico.

Union also compiled an impressive list of captures during this time. These included the blockade-running British schooner Linnet, captured on 21 May 1863 west of Charlotte Harbor, Florida, and the British steamer Spaulding, taken off St. Andrew Sound, Georgia, on 11 October 1863. On 14 January 1864, Union seized the steamer Mayflower and her cargo of cotton near Tampa Bay, Florida, and, on 26 April 1864, she captured the schooner O.K. south of the bay. Unions final prize was the sloop Caroline, captured at Jupiter Inlet, Florida, on 10 June 1864.

Post-war sale and subsequent career

Union completed several dispatch and supply missions after the American Civil War ended and was decommissioned at New York City on 29 September 1865. She was sold at auction there to W. H. Starbuck on 25 October 1865 and was re-documented as S.S. Missouri on 8 December 1865. As Missouri, she remained in merchant service until she caught fire and sank in the Bahamas on 22 October 1872, some 25 nautical miles (29 statute miles; 46 km) northeast of Abaco, costing the lives of some 69 persons. Two of those on the voyage killed were, Richard Cecil Cleveland and Lewis Frederick Cleveland, brothers of future US President Grover Cleveland.  She was on a voyage from New York City to Nassau, Bahamas. There were twelve survivors.

See also

Pencil sketch 1860-65 of U.S. Gunboat "Union" from J.P. Morgan collection at the Library of Congress
Union Navy
Union Blockade

References

Ships of the Union Navy
Steamships of the United States Navy
Ships built in Mystic, Connecticut
Gunboats of the United States Navy
American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
Dispatch boats of the United States Navy
American Civil War auxiliary ships of the United States
Stores ships of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in October 1872
Ship fires
Shipwrecks of the Bahamas
1861 establishments in the United States

USS Union (1861)


Bharata Lila is an Indian performing theater form of Ganjam district of Odisha. The plot is based on characters of the Mahabharata, thus the name of the form. Because of the importance of a central character Duari, Arjuna's sentry, it is also called Duari Nata or Duari Llla. The focal point of the plot is the story of Arjuna & Subhadra's romance, which is why it is also known as Subhadra Harana. Apart from Ganjam, it is also performed in some parts in western Odisha. The play is known for its effective use of humour within the traditional storyline. A regular performance of Bharata Lila in the 21st century goes on for about 10–12 hours. In the last century performances used to last for a couple of days at a stretch. The badi is a performance method in Odisha's traditional artforms where opponents compete with each other. In urban settings, Bharata Lila performances are regularly condensed to just 2–3 hours owing to lack of time.

The plot is based on Odia poetry written by the poet Dinabandhu Dasa, mostly in the chhanda form of Odissi music. While Dinabandhu's version of the play was written only in the 19th century, older forms of the play used to be in vogue even before him. The subject matter has been dealt with extensively in Sarala Dasa's 15th-century Odia Mahabharata as well as Upendra Bhanja's ornate epic-poem Subhadra Parinaya. Dinabandhu's narrative greatly derives from these retellings of the Mahabharata episode. Medieval Odia literature, including the Odissi songs of poets Dinakrusna Dasa, Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja, Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha, Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka are also employed in relevant situations. Classical Odissi music is freely interspersed with folk music. The characters of Bharata Lila are Arjuna, Subhadra, Satyabhama from Mahabharata, and a central character "duari" which is absent in the epic. The ensemble of Bharata Lila comprises a mardala, gini, jodinagara, ghuduki and harmonium.

Citations

External links

Arts of Odisha
Odia culture

Bharata Lila


Moore's Indian Appeals is a 14-volume set of nominate reports by English barrister Edmund F. Moore, published in London from 1837 to 1872 under the full title of Reports of Cases Heard and Determined by the Judicial Committee and the Lords of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council on Appeal from the Supreme and Sudder Dewanny Courts in the East Indies, but more usually referred to as Moore's Indian Appeals and cited for example as: Moofti Mohummud Ubdoollah v. Baboo Mootechund 1 M.I.A. 383.

The Moore's Indian Appeals carries reports published from the year 1836 to 1872 in 14 Volumes. The set is supplemented by Law Reports Indian Appeals which carries judgements from the year 1873 to 1950 and published in 79 Volumes.

Sets of reports reprinted in the English Reports
Government of British India
1837 establishments in England
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases

Moore's Indian Appeals


Heimerad (also known as Heimrad, Haimrad or Heimo) (c. 970 in Meßkirch near the Bodensee in Baden – 28 June 1019 on the Hasunger Berg (now Burghasungen) near Kassel) was a German priest and travelling preacher, popularly revered as a holy fool.

Life
Born of unfree parents, Heimerad undertook pilgrimages in Germany, Italy and Palestine. After his return to Germany he became a monk in Hersfeld Abbey, but was expelled after a dispute about wearing the order's clothing. Nor was he accepted in the monastery at Paderborn. Because of his conspicuous and unusual way of life he was driven from several places, and became more and more desolate. At length he found a site for a hermitage on the Hasunger Berg (today Burghasungen in Zierenberg). At first mocked and scorned even there, with the passage of time he came to be revered as a saint and his advice was sought by the great: he was acquainted with the Empress Kunigunde, Bishop Meinwerk of Paderborn and Aribo, Archbishop of Mainz. He died in 1019, on 28 June, which is his feast day.

The main source for his life is the biography written by the monk Ekkebert of Hersfeld between 1072 and 1090.

Aribo, Archbishop of Mainz, had a church built over Heimerad's grave on the Hasunger Berg two years after his death, in 1021, which served as the nucleus of Hasungen Abbey, founded in 1074. Pilgrimages to his grave reached their high point in the second half of the 11th century, when Hasungen ranked as the most visited place of pilgrimage in Germany next to the grave of Sebaldus in Nuremberg. In later centuries, especially after the dissolution of Hasungen Abbey in the 16th century, veneration of Heimerad tailed off drastically.

References
Ekkebert von Hersfeld: Vita sancti Haimeradi, ed. R. Köpke, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores in folio, Bd. 10.
Keller, Hagen: Adelheiliger und pauper Christi in Ekkeberts Vita sancti Haimeradi, in: J. Fleckenstein und Karl Schmid (eds.): Adel und Kirche. Gerd Tellenbach zum 65. Geburtstag. Freiburg 1967, pp. 307–323
Struve, Tilman: Hersfeld, Hasungen und die Vita Haimeradi, in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Band 51 (1969), Heft 2, pp. 210–233

External links
 http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0000/bsb00000874/images/index.html?fip=184.108.40.206&id=00000874&seite=604
 http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91710

10th-century births
1019 deaths
People from Meßkirch
11th-century German clergy
German Roman Catholic saints
11th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown
Yurodivy

Heimerad


Paul Kantor (born November 29, 1955) is an American violin teacher.  Kantor is a professor at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University. He continues the pedagogical lineage of Dorothy DeLay. He is often selected to participate as a jury member for international violin competitions.

Biography

Kantor is currently the Sally Shepherd Perkins Professor of violin at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University, having previously served as the Eleanor H. Biggs Memorial Distinguished Professor of Violin at the Cleveland Institute of Music. He received Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees from the Juilliard School, studying violin with Dorothy DeLay and chamber music with Robert Mann. He served as chair of the string department at the University of Michigan for 13 years and has served on the faculties of the Juilliard School, the New England Conservatory and Yale University. He was appointed as artist-in-residence of The Glenn Gould School/ Royal Conservatory of Music and has been on its faculty since 2008. In addition, he has presented master classes at institutions including Indiana University, Eastman School of Music, and the New World Symphony Orchestra, among others. His students have consistently won major awards at international competitions including the Klein Competition, Fischoff Competition, Stulberg International String Competition, International Violin Competition of Indianapolis, and the Montreal International Violin Competition, among others.

For the past 30 years, he has been an artist and faculty member of the Aspen Music Festival and School, where he was concertmaster of both the Festival Orchestra and Chamber Symphony. He has performed as a soloist with numerous symphony orchestras and has performed with the New York String Quartet, the Berkshire Chamber Players, the Lenox Quartet, and the National Musical Arts Chamber Ensemble. He served as concertmaster of the New Haven Symphony for 10 years, and the Aspen Chamber Symphony for 10 years, as well as the Lausanne Chamber Orchestra, and Great Lakes Festival Orchestra. He was appointed as guest concertmaster of the New Japan Philharmonic and the Toledo Symphony Orchestra.

He has performed the world premieres of Dan Welcher's Violin Concerto and John Corigliano's Red Violin Caprices.  His recordings are on the Equilibrium, CRI, Delos and Mark Records.

References

American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Living people
1955 births
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Rice University faculty
Cleveland Institute of Music faculty
Musicians from Shaker Heights, Ohio
University of Michigan faculty
Classical musicians from Ohio
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American violinists

Paul Kantor (musician)


The Phoronida, or horseshoe worms, are a small phylum of marine animals. There are twenty species, in two genera. They are part of the Brachiozoa, which also includes the brachiopods.

Phoronids are worm-shaped, but with a gut that loops and exits the body near the mouth. That explains the name 'horseshoe worms'. They are found in all oceans and seas (except the polar seas), and all species have wide geographical ranges.

They occur at depths up to 400 metres, but mainly between 0 to 70 metres. The life span is thought to be about a year. The adults are tube worms, and secrete chitinous tubes in which they live. These tubes can be buried in the mud or sand or rest on the surface of a rocky substrate. If on rocks, they may live in colonies with their tubes become twisted around each other for support. Some species can dissolve away holes in rocks such as limestone, calcareous seashells or even cement piers; they then live in these holes which they line with their secreted tubes.

They feed using a lophophore, a ciliated structure that surrounds the mouth. Together with the Bryozoa and Brachiopoda, the phoronids belong to the lophophorates, sometimes treated as a single phylum.

Anatomy

Though they are normally long, up to 50cm (30 in). Phoronids are normally very thin.

The digestive tract of Phoronids consists of a short oesophagus which leads into a spherical stomach and then into the intestines which end in the anus. Phoronids have a simple blood system of one descending artery and ascending vein linked by a network of fine capillaries. There are also blood vessels into each of the tentacles. The blood is colourless but contains corpuscles with a haemoglobin-like pigment that helps to carry oxygen.

The nervous system is mainly composed by the nervous ganglion between mouth and anus, a ring nerve at the basis of the lophophore, one or two giant nerve fibres which issue from the ganglion and extend along the body wall. There are two tubular excretory organs, which discharge to the exterior via nephridiopores, on the anal papilla.

Reproduction
Phoronids may be hermaphrodites or single sexed, and may also reproduce asexually. Gametes are released through the nephridia. Fertilisation is probably internal. Phoronids follow one of two types of reproductive strategy. Some species, such as Phoronis ovalis, lay only a few (12–25) large eggs which have a lot of yolk. These eggs are brooded within the adult's tube, they are released only when they have hatched. The second strategy is to lay a much larger number (up to 500) of smaller eggs. These eggs are released as soon as they are fertilised. They hatch a few days later into what is called an 'actinotrocha' larvae. The larvae undergo a planktonic development for 2–3 weeks, and settle after about 20 days. Metamorphosis is 'catastrophic', occurring in less than 30 minutes and leading to a slender young phoronid.

Phoronids can regenerate the lophophore if it becomes damaged, in fact Phoronis ovalis voluntarily loses its lophophore in order to lay its eggs. Once the eggs are laid the animal grows a new lophophore.

Feeding
Phoronids are suspension-feeders. They move their lophophores into the prevailing water current. Food particles in the water current are trapped in a stream of mucous that travels along the tentacles until it reaches the oral ring. There it is drawn into the mouth and then on into the digestive tract. Direct uptake of amino acids through the epidermis also occurs.

Fossils
The fossil record of phoronids is poor. There are borings dating back to the Devonian which have been attributed to phoronids. Iotuba chengjiangensis, a form known from only three specimens in the Lower Cambrian, has been interpreted as a phoronid because it appears to have had a U-shaped gut and was tentaculated. Phoronids may be related to the common but mysterious tubular fossils known as hederellids.

Other websites
Phoronidae - Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia , Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute
Bioerosion website at The College of Wooster

References

 Phoronida
 Phoronida World database
 Systematics of the phylum Phoronida
Emig C.C. & C. de Mittelwihr, 1999. What is a phoronid?
http://www.itis.usda.gov

Minor phyla
Invertebrates

Phoronida