National Airlines Flight 2511 was a United States domestic passenger flight from New York City to Miami, Florida.  On January 6, 1960, the Douglas DC-6 serving the flight exploded in midair. The National Airlines aircraft was carrying 5 crew members and 29 passengers, all of whom perished. The Civil Aeronautics Board investigation concluded that the plane was brought down by a bomb made of dynamite. No criminal charges were ever filed, nor was the blame for the bombing ever determined, though a suicide bombing is suspected. The investigation remains open.

One of the victims was retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral Edward Orrick McDonnell, a Medal of Honor recipient and veteran of both World Wars.

Flight history
National Airlines' New York-Miami route was usually flown by a Boeing 707 as Flight 601. On January 5, 1960, the 707 aircraft scheduled to fly to Miami was grounded due to cracks that were discovered in the cockpit windshield. The windshield replacement procedure would take eight hours to perform, so National Airlines transferred the passengers of Flight 601 to two propliner aircraft it had in reserve.

Passengers were boarded on these two replacement planes on a first-come, first-served basis. Seventy-six passengers boarded a Lockheed L-188 Electra. This aircraft flew to Miami and arrived safely.

The remaining 29 passengers boarded a Douglas DC-6B, which departed Idlewild Airport for Miami as Flight 2511. They were accompanied by two stewardesses, pilot Dale Southard (45), copilot Richard L. Hentzel (31), and flight engineer Robert R. Halleckson (34). The plane departed New York at 11:52 p.m. and was scheduled to arrive in Miami at 4:36 a.m. on January 6.

The aircraft, registration  was described as being in good condition. It had four Pratt and Whitney R-2800 CB-16 engines and had accumulated 24,836 hours of flight time.

2511's flight plan called for it to fly south from New York to Wilmington, North Carolina, where it would continue south over the Atlantic Ocean. It would fly south  over the ocean to Palm Beach, Florida. The crew maintained radio contact with National Airlines' radio controllers and air traffic control, reporting clouds and instrument flying conditions. The crew checked in with Wilmington Airport at 2:07 a.m., and later reported flying over the Carolina Beach radio beacon at 2:31 a.m. This was the last radio contact with the airplane.

Crash and recovery
After losing contact with the DC-6 aircraft, National Airlines, the United States Coast Guard, and the United States Navy began an intensive search along the southeastern coast of the United States. The search was called off the following day, when National Airlines received word that there was a plane down in North Carolina.

At about 2:45 a.m. a farmer, Richard Randolph, heard the sound of an engine cutting in and out, followed by tearing metal and an explosion. Later that morning, after his teenage son McArthur Randolph found airplane wreckage in one of his father's fields, Richard Randolph drove to Bolivia, North Carolina, which had the nearest phone. He called Wilmington Airport to report the downed plane at approximately 7:00 a.m. When Highway Patrol officers responded, he led them to the crash site.

Bodies and wreckage were scattered over an area of  covering farm fields, marshland, and pine forests.

During the first day of search and rescue, investigators located 32 bodies of the 34 persons on board. One of the missing bodies was later found at the main crash site. The remaining body was found at Snow's Marsh, approximately  from the main site.

Initial reports speculated that the aircraft had disintegrated in mid-flight. One newspaper reporter indicated that the largest piece of wreckage he observed was a portion of the wing. A fragment of aluminum, believed to be a piece of the airplane's skin, was found on Kure Beach,  from the rest of the wreckage.

Investigations

The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), part of the Department of Transportation, were the primary investigators into the crash of Flight 2511. The wreckage of the DC-6 was taken to a hangar at nearby Wilmington Airport, where the fuselage was reassembled on a wood-and-chicken-wire frame. Investigators recovered approximately 90% of the fuselage, which was then assembled on the frame in the Wilmington hangar.

Investigators identified the point of origin of the disintegration as an area immediately ahead of the leading edge of the aircraft's right wing. The material recovered from Kure Beach, including a portion of the wing fillet, was from this general area. Investigators did not recover material from an irregular, triangularly shaped area positioned above the leading edge and extending forward ahead of the wing.

The bodies were taken to the local high school gymnasium to await autopsy and identification by a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fingerprinting team. The Brunswick County coroner ordered autopsies of the passengers and crew to determine the specific cause of death for each. One of the victims was Vice Admiral Edward Orrick McDonnell, U.S. Navy (retired), a recipient of the Medal of Honor and a veteran of both World Wars. Other victims included a vice president of the Continental Bank of Cuba, a pharmacist, a student at the University of Miami, and an insurance adjuster. Three of the victims had been standby passengers and only made the flight due to others cancelling their reservations.

Julian Frank
The only body not found at the main crash site was that of Julian Frank, a New York City lawyer. His body was recovered from Snow's Marsh, located on the west side of the Cape Fear River. Frank's body had sustained significant injuries, including the amputation of both legs, and debris was embedded in his body. Frank's injuries were significantly different from and much more extensive than the other passengers'. Furthermore, Frank's injuries were inconsistent with the type of injury usually incurred in an aircraft accident.

Frank was autopsied twice, the second time to recover debris embedded in his body. The autopsy revealed that his lower extremities had been ripped off; his muscle tissue was extensively mutilated and torn; small pieces of wire, brass, and miscellaneous articles including a hat ornament were embedded in various limbs; the fingers of his right hand were fractured and the bones splintered; and the distal phalanx of each finger on his left hand was missing. The coroner also observed numerous patches of blackened areas, similar to close-range gunshot residue. Four human finger bones were discovered among the wreckage at the primary crash site.

At the time of the crash, Frank had been accused of running a charity scam and was under investigation by the Manhattan district attorney's office. It was alleged that he had misappropriated up to a million dollars (roughly equivalent to $ million in  dollars) in a series of scams.

Bombing
The crash of National Airlines Flight 2511 came shortly after the crash of another National Airlines plane. National Airlines Flight 967 exploded over the Gulf of Mexico on November 16, 1959. The cause of the explosion was believed to be a bomb in the luggage of one of the passengers, Robert Vernon Spears, who enlisted a substitute to board the plane in his place. Spears was heavily insured, and the FBI indicated that his motive was insurance fraud. Similarly, Julian Frank was covered by almost $900,000 (roughly equivalent to $ million in  dollars) in life insurance policies, including some purchased the day of the crash.

The CAB sent the material recovered from Frank's body to the FBI laboratories for testing and analysis. Analysis determined that the many wire fragments that were found embedded in Frank's body, in the seats on the right-hand side, and in the carpeting, were low-carbon steel wire,  in diameter. One of the dismembered fingers recovered from the wreckage had been embedded in the face plate of a travel alarm clock. A life jacket from Kure Beach, found with parts of a flight bag embedded in it, tested positive for nitrate residue. A black "crusty" residue on Frank's right hand was found to be manganese dioxide, a substance found in dry cell batteries.

In addition to the evidence collected from Frank's body, there were also samples of residue taken from the air vents and hat rack located on the right side of the aircraft near the leading edge of the wing. These samples contained sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, and mixtures of sodium-sulfur compounds.

The Civil Aeronautics Board concluded the severity of Frank's injuries and the numerous particulates found embedded in his body could only be attributed to his proximity to an explosion. Furthermore, the chemical compounds detected in the area around the explosion's point of origin were consistent with those generated by a dynamite explosion. The manganese dioxide samples collected from the seats near the focal point and from Frank's body indicated a dry cell battery was located very near the explosive. The CAB determined, based on the blast pattern, a dynamite charge had been placed underneath the window seat of row 7.

The CAB's chief investigator, Oscar Bakke, testified before the Senate Aviation subcommittee to this effect on January 12, 1960. The same day, the FBI formally took over the criminal aspects of the investigation.

Other theories
One of the first theories considered by investigators was that Flight 2511 was involved in a collision with another airliner, given the crash site's proximity to Wilmington Airport. Investigators reviewed the flight plan and other documents to determine if other aircraft were in the area. There was no record of any other aircraft, or of any military missiles having been fired. Furthermore, wreckage of Flight 2511 was confined to two general locations, namely the primary crash scene near Bolivia and the secondary scene in Kure Beach. All debris was accounted for as belonging to the DC-6.

Another theory presented by an expert shortly after the crash theorized that an engine fire could have been the catalyst of the accident. Under this theory, one of the two engines on the right wing may have caught fire. Shrapnel from the engine may have punctured the fuselage, causing explosive decompression.

Alternatively, Julian Frank, who was known to be desperately afraid of flying, may have panicked and hit the window, weakening it in such a manner it subsequently blew out. Under this theory, the pilots and passengers would have been aware of an emergency aboard, which would have allowed them to begin making preparations for an emergency landing. This theory was supported by the wide right turn the aircraft appeared to make prior to disintegrating and crashing, as well as the fact some of the passengers were found wearing life jackets.

Though the bombing and engine fire theories were the most commonly held, other theories were advanced during the investigation as well. Several days after the explosion, National Airlines pilots who were members of the Airline Pilots Association sent a telegram to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In the telegram, they made a claim that the routine proficiency flights performed by pilots caused unnecessary stress on the aircraft. These test flights, which pilots underwent every six months, required the pilots to put their aircraft through "violent maneuvers" which could damage the aircraft.

In their final report, the Civil Aeronautics Board indicated it had investigated a variety of alternative theories, including:
 metal fatigue failure of the cabin leading to explosive decompression
 a propeller blade failing, striking, and rupturing the cabin
 a malfunction in the cabin pressurization system leading to structural failure
 a foreign object striking the plane and penetrating the cabin
 lightning strike
 fuel vapor explosion
 oxygen bottle explosion
The CAB ruled out each of these theories during the course of their investigation.

Conclusions
The Civil Aeronautics Board concluded Flight 2511 was brought down by a dynamite explosion in the passenger cabin. The explosive charge was located "beneath the extreme right seat of seat row No. 7." The report also pointed out that Julian Frank was close to the explosion, though it assigned no blame to him.

The explosion occurred at approximately 2:33 a.m., significantly damaging the structural integrity of the aircraft and forcing it into a wide right-hand turn. As it descended, it suffered an in-flight disintegration and crashed at 2:38 a.m.

The CAB concluded in their final report:
No reference is made in this report concerning the placing of the dynamite aboard the aircraft or of the person or persons responsible for its detonation. The malicious destruction of an aircraft is a Federal crime. After the Board's determination that such was involved, the criminal aspects of this accident were referred to the Department of Justice through its Federal Bureau of Investigation ...The Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the detonation of dynamite within the passenger cabin. — Civil Aeronautics Board File No. 1-0002, pp. 1,12

The FBI assumed control of the criminal investigation on January 20, 1960. The case remains open and unsolved.

See also

Comair Flight 206
Continental Airlines Flight 11
List of accidents and incidents involving airliners in the United States
List of unsolved deaths
National Airlines Flight 967

References

Bibliography

  (text on Wikisource) - URL from .gov domain

External links

Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-6
Airliner accidents and incidents in North Carolina
Airliner bombings in the United States
Brunswick County, North Carolina
Crimes in North Carolina
Disasters in North Carolina
Killings in North Carolina
Murder–suicides in the United States
2511
Suicide bombings in the United States
Unsolved airliner bombings
Unsolved mass murders in the United States
1960 in North Carolina
1960 murders in the United States
20th-century mass murder in the United States
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1960
January 1960 events in the United States
Mass murder in 1960

National Airlines Flight 2511


Zsolt Nagy (born June 21, 1971 in Târgu Mureș) is a Romanian politician of Hungarian ethnicity.

Since December 2004, he is the Minister for Communications and Information Technology, in the first government led by Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (December 29, 2004 - April 5, 2007).

Currently is the CEO of Niro Investment Group, since 2017, having succeeded to gather relevant experience and partnership with national and international key players in the business environment. Niro Investment group has over 20 subsidiary companies and 2 humanitarian foundations, it has over 600 employees and develops and manages real estate properties. Zsolt Nagy has restructured, optimized the company internally and closed successful negotiations with Accor Group (Swissotel) and Corinthia Group for two important hotel projects in Romania.

Since 2007, he has been actively involved in business development and consultancy in: Real Estate, IT&C, M&A, Renewable Energy and Media. Main Achievements: closing 3 Hotel Management Agreements (Starwood/Sheraton, Corinthia, Accor/Swissotel). Developing Renewable Energy Projects: 4 wind farms and 2 photovoltaic plans, M&A in Telecom.

During 2004-2007, he was the Minister for IT&C within the Romanian Government. Main achievements: launching 3rd GSM operator Cosmote (currently Telekom Romania), thus improving competitiveness in the telecom market and dropping the prices for endusers. Launching innovative projects: PLC (first time in Romania to provide Internet through Powerline Communication. G2C (Government to citizen projects): "Ghiseulvirtual.ro" - currently "ghiseul.ro" - as online payment interface for citizens to government. Restructuring of the Romanian Post. He also created and promoted the brand "Cre@tive Romania", thus attracting IT investors in Romania and promoting Romanian IT abroad. He also initiated legislation and regulation which made it possible for Romania to have one of the fastest Internet in Europe. Zsolt Nagy implemented internet access points for rural areas. Not least, he was the one initiating and setting up the e-government Strategy of Romania.

1995 - 2007 - Political Professional - Leader of Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania as VicePresident. Achievements: Chief of National Campaign Staff, Representative in European Peoples Party, Restructuring the organizations, Setting-up national training system. Implementing internet access points for rural areas, Organising National Congress of the Party. He has been an active part of Romanian leadership and politics. He was also member of the European Popular Party (1999 – 2004), contributing massively to promoting Romania at European level, especially targeting the promotion of the potential IT Romanian sector.

Education
After graduating "Bolyai Farkas" Math – Physics Highschool in Târgu Mureș, he followed an engineering specialization, namely "The technical University" from Cluj, Faculty of Automatics and Computing. He graduated as a diplomat engineer in Industrial and Automatic Informatics, in 1995.

He then followed courses for young political leaders in International Republican Institute: Young Political Leader's School (1996-1997), Fundația pentru Pluralism și DAC Hungary: Building the Future Together (1998-1999), National Democrat Institute: Political Parties Exchange: Campaign Management - Washington DC (1999) and Robert Schumann Institute, Political Leader School - Budapesta (2000).

While he was a student, he was a member of Hungarian Students Union in Cluj (1990-1995) and he became member of Hungarian Scientific and Technical Society (1992). He was president of Progress Foundation (2000) and became the president of Janovics Jenő Foundation (2004).

He speaks Romanian, Hungarian and English fluently.

Politics, UDMR
Zsolt Nagy became a member of UDMR in 1990 and then member of the Executive Presidency of UDMR (1995). He had an organic growth of his political posture, in 1996 being deputy head of the whole national campaign for the general elections. One year later, he was the chief organizer of the UDMR congress, and again in 1999 and 2003. During the Parliamentary elections in 2000 he was, again, responsible for leading the elections process and then, in October 2003 he was appointed chief campaign for the referendum regarding the Constitution modifications. In 2004, he led both campaigns: the locals in 2004 and the legislative ones also in 2004.

Starting with 1995, he had executive and leadership roles in UDMR: executive vice-president for youth (1995-1999), executive vice-president for territorial organizations (1999-2003) and executive vice-president for territorial organizations and local public administration (2003-2005). He was UDMR's representative within the European Democrat Union and European Peoples Party (1998-2009).

Personal life
Zsolt Nagy is married and has four kids.

Achievements as Minister of IT&C
Zsolt Nagy was appointed as minister of Communication and Information Society of the Romania Government on December 29, 2004 Guvernul Tăriceanu.

The most important achievements:

 Launching the third GSM operator – Cosmote, currently Telekom, thus succeeding to considerably improve the competitivity in the telecom market and significantly reduce the tariffs for the end-users.
 He has launched several innovative projects: PLC – for the first time in Romania, internet was provided through Powerline Communication. G2C (Government to citizen) projects: Zsolt Nagy was the initiator of "Ghiseulvirtual.ro" – currently "ghiseul.ro" – which is the online interface between citizen and administration.
 Restructuring of the Romanian Post.
 He also created and promoted the "Cre@tive Romania" brand, through which many IT investors became interested and acquainted with Romanian IT sector potential.
 He initiated the necessary legal framework and regulations, thus Romania succeeding.
 Zsolt Nagy has implemented internet access in rural areas.
 He has initiated and formed Romania's e-government strategy.

Controversies
Zsolt Nagy was accused that, together with the Minister of Justice Tudor Chiuariu, elaborated and signed a Government Decision HG 377/2007, through which a building and its terrain that belong to the Romanian Post was changed as legal regime form publicly owned by the state to the legal regime of privately owned by the state.

Zsolt Nagy declared that in 1998 the Romanian Post became a "company" by legal framework and all its properties had to be legally aligned with that regime. Rightfully so, despite the legal trial and the conviction Zsolt Nagy endured, his actions proved to be right, since the Government Decision he initiated has been implemented and is respected until this day. The terrain is even now, 6 years after the trial, still privately owned by the Post, respected and implemented as legal decision, despite the fact that Zsolt Nagy was convicted for it. He has never been accused or convicted of sub-evaluation, taking or giving any material advantages.

Zsolt Nagy was also accused that, as a minister, he supported "morally and intellectually" an organized group, in the famous "strategic privatizations" file. There are no facts or proven wrong deeds imputed to Zsolt Nagy, only phone conversations of other thirds parties talking and mentioning his name. He has been suspended from his position. Even though convicted, no privatization took place till this day and no prejudice has been imputed upon him. Finally, in 2016, the Constitutional Court decided and declared that SRI (Romanian Secret Service / Romanian Intelligence) cannot operate any legal prosecution, even though this whole file and trial was based only on phone conversations of third parties. Sadly, these Court Decisions cannot be implemented retroactively.

In his defense, after his conviction, four decisions of the Constitutional Court were issued:

1. The Constitutional Court defines the abuse as breaking a law that produces prejudices and unlawful material advantages. Zsolt Nagy never produced any prejudice and was never even accused of this by initiating a Government Decision. On the contrary, it is important to mention that it would have been a breaking of the law of the terrain had not been properly and legally aligned with its privately owned regime.

2. The Constitutional Court decided the members of the Government cannot be investigated regarding the circumstances of adopting normative acts.

3. The Constitutional Court decided that the panels consisting of 3 judges could not have judge DNA files, because there was supposed to be a specialized panel for such trials.

4. The Constitutional Court decided in 2019 that the panels of 5 judges had been illegally constituted since February 2014.

All people that had on-going trails benefited from these decisions. The decisions could not be applied retroactively, so it was too late for Zsolt Nagy. That is why, he is waiting for a response from the European Human Rights Court.

Notes

References
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Romania. "MCIT Minister"

1971 births
Living people
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania politicians
People from Târgu Mureș
Romanian politicians convicted of corruption
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca alumni

Zsolt Nagy (politician)


Algie ( ) is a family name, originating from Jacobo Algeo, from Italy in 1420. He travelled to Scotland in 1453. Many Scottish Algeos descended from him later changed the name to Algie approximately six generations later, while others later changed their surname once again to Elgee.  Some Elgees migrated to Ireland, while others eventually migrated to the United States and Canada from Scotland and Ireland.

People

Surname
 Mathhew Algie (1810-1902), Scottish tea and coffee trader, founder of Matthew Algie
 Ronald Algie (1888–1978), New Zealand lawyer and politician
 Roy Algie (1889-1946), Australian rugby league footballer
 Wallace Lloyd Algie (1891–1918), Canadian Victoria Cross recipient

First name
 Algie Eggertsen Ballif (1896–1984), educational leader and politician in Utah
 Algie Howell (born 1938), American politician
 Algie Martin Simons (1870–1950), American socialist journalist, newspaper editor and political activist

Nickname
 Algernon Gissing (1860-1937), English writer and novelist
 Algernon Algie McBride (1869–1956), American baseball player
 Algernon Algie Rainbow (1885–1969), New Zealand accountant, company director and local politician
 Algernon Stanley Smith (1890-1978), British Protestant Christian missionary in Uganda and Ruanda

Fictional characters
 the title character of Algie the Miner, a 1912 film
 the protagonist of Algie's Romance, a 1918 Australian film

References

External links
 Genealogy forum for the family name

Hypocorisms

Algie


The Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network (AUTOSEVOCOM) was a worldwide, switched, secure voice network for the United States Armed Forces, which was operational from the late 1960s to the end of the 1980s. It was closely related to the Automatic Voice Network or AUTOVON, which was the main non-secure switched telephone network for the military.

Phase I
During the mid-1960s, the United States Government decided to implement a worldwide secure voice network. This was named Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network, or by its acronym AUTOSEVOCOM, and was the National Security Agency's first program for the United States Department of Defense's telephone protection. It was a cumbersome and expensive system that was available only for high-level users. Because of its inadequacies, the Defense Department capped it at 1850 terminals, and in the late 1960s, hoping for something better, decided not to continue with the expansion of AUTOSEVOCOM.

Phase I of the network was approved by the Deputy Secretary of Defense in July 1967 and after that it took several years to implement AUTOSEVOCOM within the continental United States. AUTOSEVOCOM-I was a non-tactical network that enabled users to discuss classified or sensitive information over the telephone. The network consisted of switching centres, transmission facilities and subscriber terminals. Subscribers were homed either on an AUTOSEVOCOM switch, on an Automatic Voice Network (AUTOVON) switch, or a Joint Overseas Switchboard (JOSS), which were for example operated and maintained by numerous Signal Battalions in Vietnam.

The AUTOSEVOCOM switches provided for wideband secure voice communications between local subscribers and enabled them to establish long-distance secure voice calls. The majority of the long-distance calls were routed by the AUTOVON.

Phase II
Difficulties with speech intelligibility, requirements for voice recognition, the holding of telephone conferences, speedier service, and simpler calling procedures led Defense officials to approve the development of an improved system, called AUTOSEVOCOM II. The Army was designated as the agency with the primary responsibility of developing the system. In May 1976, the Deputy Secretary of Defense approved the full-scale development of the AUTOSEVOCOM II programme.

AUTOSEVOCOM II incorporated technological advances and furnished higher quality communications for the several thousand subscribers who were expected to use it when put into operation during the years 1980 to 1985. The U.S. Army Communications Command acted as program manager for AUTOSEVOCOM II.

The Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network was succeeded by the Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN) and the STU-III secure phones. The last AUTOSEVOCOM secure voice switch in the world was deactivated at the Pentagon in 1994.

External links
 Crypto Machines: AUTOSEVOCOM I and II
 Janes Defense: Automatic Secure Voice Communications (AUTOSEVOCOM)

References

Secure communication
Military communications of the United States


Clinton Centre is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the northern end of Yorke Peninsula about  north-west of the state capital of Adelaide and about  north-east of the municipal seat in Maitland.

Boundaries for the locality were created in May 1999 for the "long established name."  A school with the name "Clinton Centre" operated from 1886 to 1950, however this was located in what is now the adjoining locality of Clinton.

The principal land use in Clinton Centre is primary industry.

Clinton Centre is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.

References

Towns in South Australia
Yorke Peninsula

Clinton Centre, South Australia


István Cserháti (August 29, 1954 – August 21, 2005) was a Hungarian hard rock keyboardist who played for two bands: P. Mobil (1977–1980) and P. Box (1980–1986; 2001–2005).

In 1977, he was discovered by the P. Mobil members on a Napsugár-concert and was brought to play in the band.  In 1978 they recorded a live album which should have been the first P. Mobil release, but it was released only in the spring of 1999.  In 1980 he departed with Sándor Bencsik and formed P. Box (after a Procol Harum song).  He settled in Debrecen (220 km from the capital) in 1986, and the distance caused him to disband P. Box.  The other members of the band continued for a short while as Metal Company, then they united with Gyula Deák "Bill", so their name became "Bill és Box". Sándor Bencsik left Hungary in 1987, but died suddenly in Austria.

Cserháti started a studio in his home, where he discovered the band "Szfinx", becoming its manager.

In 1999 the first two full-length albums were re-released on CD, remastered.

In 2001 he revived P. Box, with two Szfinx and two Aberra members.  They released a returning single, and a year after a new album came out. In 2003 they released the first ever official concert album of P. Box.  In 2005, they started to record the new album Pangea.

At this time, doctors found out Cserháti was ill with cancer.  Despite this, they continued the recordings, and Pangea came out in July.  He died in mid-August.

Bands
 197?-1977: Napsugár
 1977-1980: P. Mobil
 1980-1986: P. Box
 2001-2005: P. Box

Discography
 P. Box: Halálkatlan/A bolond (1981)
 P. Box: P. Box (1982)
 P. Box: Kő kövön (1983)
 Gyula Vikidál: Vikidál Gyula (1985)
 P. Box: Ómen (1985)
 P. Mobil: Az "első" nagylemez '78 (1999)
 P. Box: P. Box + Kő kövön (1999)
 P. Box: Újra nyitva (2001)
 P. Box: Reményre ítélve (2002)
 P. Box: Vágtass velünk! (2003)
 P. Box: Pangea (2005)

1954 births
2005 deaths
Rock keyboardists
Hungarian rock musicians

István Cserháti


Sunay Akın (born September 12, 1962) is a Turkish poet, writer, TV host, journalist, and a philanthropist. He is the founder of Istanbul Toy Museum.

Akın was born in Trabzon, Turkey.  Akın is best known for his poetry; his primary influences include Orhan Veli Kanık and Cemal Süreya. His poems are generally lyric, short, and soft in tone. He also often makes use of satirical forms and puns.

Akın has a collection of over 7,000 toys, some of which date back nearly 200 years.  4,000 of them are on display in the İstanbul Toy Museum which opened in 2005.

He co-hosts a TV show called "Yaşamdan Dakikalar" ("Minutes from Life") on the TV channel tv8, together with Hıncal Uluç, Haşmet Babaoğlu, and Nebil Özgentürk. He has hosted other TV and radio programmes such as "Mahya Işıkları", "Stüdyo İstanbul" and "İzler" on the TV channel TRT 2, "Gezgin Korkuluk" on the TV channel tv8, and "Veşaire...Veşaire" on the radio channel Yaşam Radyo.

He lectures at Marmara University, and Müjdat Gezen Art School, as well as at his own institution, the İstanbul Toy Museum.

Akın regularly stages one man shows in Turkey and abroad, and participates in panels and conferences. He contributes as a regular columnist to the newspaper Cumhuriyet. His column is named after his 2004 book, "Kule Cambazı" ("Tower Acrobat"), in reference to İstanbul's Maiden's Tower.

Awards
1987, Halil Kocagöz Poem Awards for his collection of unprinted poems "Noktalı Virgül" ("Semicolon")
1990, Orhon Murat Arıburnu Poem Awards for his poem "Makiler" ("Maquis")

Works

Earlier works
His first poems were published in various periodicals in 1984. In 1989, he founded the poetry journal "Yeni Yaprak" ("New Page", "New Leaf") in reference to Orhan Veli's landmark 1949 journal "Yaprak", whose logo was adopted in the new publication. "Yeni Yaprak" was published in collaboration with the poets Ramazan Üren and Akgün Akova, twice a week in the beginning, on a monthly basis later, reaching a total of sixteen issues.

In 1990, Akın took part in the publication of "Olmaz" (Won't Happen), a poetry journal. In 1991, in one of Yaprak's last issues, a poem titled "Barış için dizeler" ("Lines for Peace") brought together 81 Turkish poets each writing parts of the verses, unaware of what the others composed. Some among the 81 poets were well-known names of Turkish literature, such as Can Yücel, Hilmi Yavuz, Lale Müldür, Semih Kaplanoğlu, and Süreyya Berfe.

Bibliography

 "Antik Acılar" (1991, 1995, 1999) ("Antique sufferings")
 "Şairler Matinesi" (1993) ("Poets' matinée")
 "Şiir Cumhuriyeti" (1993) ("The Republic of Poetry") - joint collection
 "Veşaire...Veşaire" (1994), which could be translated as "And to poets...And to poets", a pun derived from "Ve saire...Ve saire" ("Et cetera...Et cetera...")
 "Küçük Asker...Küçük Asker..." (1995) ("Little soldier..Little soldier" referring to a popular Turkish children's song of the same name)
 "Makiler" (1996, 1999) ("Maquis")
 "Kaza Süsü" (1997) ("Freak accident")
 "Kırılan Canlar" (1997) ("Broken Souls")
 "İstanbul'un Nazım Planı" (Structural plan of Istanbul), with the word "Nazım" propitious to a pun since it also means "in verse" or may refer to the poet Nazım Hikmet.
 "62 Tavşanı" (2000) ("Rabbit of 62") in reference to the simple way of drawing a rabbit, by writing down 62 first and then connecting the digits with two horizontal lines. Akın was born in 1962.
 "Ayçöreği ve Denizyıldızı" (2000) ("Croissant and starfish")
 "Kız Kulesi'ndeki Kızılderili" (2000) ("The Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Redskin in Maiden's Tower")
 "Önce Çocuklar ve Kadınlar" (2000) ("Children and women first")
 "İstanbul'da Bir Zürafa" (2001) ("A giraffe in İstanbul")
 "Onlar Hep Oradaydı" (2002) ("They were always there")
 "Kırdığımız Oyuncaklar" (2004) ("The toys we broke")
 "Kule Cambazı" (2004) ("Tower Acrobat")

Periodicals
His poems were published in many periodicals and anthologies such as Milliyet Sanat, Yeni Düşün, Varlık, Broy, Yarın, Journal of poetry & literature. He also wrote essays in a number of periodicals such as the Cumhuriyet supplement "Gezi" covering subjects such as poetry and history of art.

See also
İstanbul Toy Museum

References

References on his books, some of which were printed outside Turkey are as follows:

Notes

External links
Sunay Akın Fan Site
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http://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/sitor-situmorang

Turkish poets
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Sunay Akın


John Aitken (25 March 1793 – 15 February 1833) was a Scottish journalist, editor and bookseller. He was editor of Constable's Miscellany.

Biography
Aitken was born at the village of Camelon, Stirlingshire on 25 March 1793. After a good elementary school education, he became clerk in the East Lothian Bank, whence he was transferred to the bank of Mr. Park (brother of Mungo Park, the traveller) at Selkirk. Subsequently, he became teller in the East Lothian Bank, but on its failure he, in 1822, removed to Edinburgh, where he commenced business as a bookseller, and published the 'Cabinet,' a selection of miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse, which extended to three volumes, and met with considerable success. Shortly after this he was appointed editor of Constable's Miscellany. On the death of Constable he, in conjunction with Messrs. Hurst, Chance, & Co., of London, and Henry Constable, purchased the work, but his connection with it ceased after the failure of the London firm in 1831. He had established a printing-office, with the view of starting a publication similar to the 'Miscellany,' when he died somewhat suddenly, 15 February 1833. Aitken took an active part in founding the Edinburgh Literary Journal. He was an occasional contributor to periodicals, and wrote verse with elegance and taste.

References

Scottish male journalists
Scottish editors
19th-century Scottish writers
People from Falkirk
Scottish booksellers
1793 births
1833 deaths
19th-century British businesspeople

John Aitken (editor)


James Miltiades Samios (10 September 1933 – 20 July 2011) was an Australian politician. Born in Brisbane, Queensland, he was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School. Samios became a lawyer in Brisbane and a member of the Commonwealth Attorney General's Department, which took him to Canberra and then Sydney. He married Rosemary Nicolson, with whom he had one son. Samios served in the RAAF 1953–1954 and was an officer in the General Reserve in 1963. He was also a director of St Basil's Homes and a founding director of the Museum of Contemporary Art.

A member of the Liberal Party, Samios was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1984. He was a parliamentary secretary from 1988 until 1995 (when the Liberal-National Coalition lost power to the Labor Party). From 1995 until 2003, he was deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the Council. He retired before the 2003 state election.

References

1933 births
2011 deaths
Australian people of Greek descent
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
People educated at Anglican Church Grammar School
21st-century Australian politicians

Jim Samios


In calculus and other branches of mathematical analysis, when the limit of the sum, difference, product, quotient or power of two functions is taken, it may often be possible to simply add, subtract, multiply, divide or exponentiate the corresponding limits of these two functions respectively. However, there are occasions where it is unclear what the sum, difference, product, quotient, or power of these two limits ought to be. For example, it is unclear what the following expressions ought to evaluate to:

These seven expressions are known as indeterminate forms. More specifically, such expressions are obtained by naively applying the algebraic limit theorem to evaluate the limit of the corresponding arithmetic operation of two functions, yet there are examples of pairs of functions that after being operated on converge to 0, converge to another finite value, diverge to infinity or just diverge. This inability to decide what the limit ought to be explains why these forms are regarded as indeterminate. A limit confirmed to be infinity is not indeterminate since it has been determined to have a specific value (infinity). The term was originally introduced by Cauchy's student Moigno in the middle of the 19th century.

The most common example of an indeterminate form is the quotient of two functions each of which converges to zero. This indeterminate form is denoted by . For example, as  approaches , the ratios , , and  go to , , and  respectively. In each case, if the limits of the numerator and denominator are substituted, the resulting expression is , which is indeterminate. In this sense,  can take on the values , , or , by appropriate choices of functions to put in the numerator and denominator. A pair of functions for which the limit is any particular given value may in fact be found. Even more surprising, perhaps, the quotient of the two functions may in fact diverge, and not merely diverge to infinity. For example, .

So the fact that two functions  and  converge to  as  approaches some limit point  is insufficient to determinate the limit

An expression that arises by ways other than applying the algebraic limit theorem may have the same form of an indeterminate form. However it is not appropriate to call an expression "indeterminate form" if the expression is made outside the context of determining limits.
For example,  which arises from substituting  for  in the equation  is not an indeterminate form since this expression is not made in the determination of a limit (it is in fact undefined as division by zero).
Another example is the expression . Whether this expression is left undefined, or is defined to equal , depends on the field of application and may vary between authors. For more, see the article Zero to the power of zero. Note that  and other expressions involving infinity are not indeterminate forms.

Some examples and non-examples

Indeterminate form 0/0

The indeterminate form  is particularly common in calculus, because it often arises in the evaluation of derivatives using their definition in terms of limit.

As mentioned above,

while

This is enough to show that  is an indeterminate form. Other examples with this indeterminate form include

and

Direct substitution of the number that  approaches into any of these expressions shows that these are examples correspond to the indeterminate form , but these limits can assume many different values. Any desired value  can be obtained for this indeterminate form as follows:

The value  can also be obtained (in the sense of divergence to infinity):

Indeterminate form 00

The following limits illustrate that the expression  is an indeterminate form:

Thus, in general, knowing that  and  is not sufficient to evaluate the limit

If the functions  and  are analytic at , and  is positive for  sufficiently close (but not equal) to , then the limit of  will be . Otherwise, use the transformation in the table below to evaluate the limit.

Expressions that are not indeterminate forms

The expression  is not commonly regarded as an indeterminate form, because if the limit of  exists then there is no ambiguity as to its value, as it always diverges. Specifically, if  approaches  and  approaches , then  and  may be chosen so that:

  approaches
  approaches
 The limit fails to exist.

In each case the absolute value  approaches , and so the quotient  must diverge, in the sense of the extended real numbers (in the framework of the projectively extended real line, the limit is the unsigned infinity  in all three cases). Similarly, any expression of the form  with  (including  and ) is not an indeterminate form, since a quotient giving rise to such an expression will always diverge.

The expression  is not an indeterminate form. The expression  obtained from considering  gives the limit , provided that  remains nonnegative as  approaches . The expression  is similarly equivalent to ; if  as  approaches , the limit comes out as .

To see why, let  where  and  By taking the natural logarithm of both sides and using  we get that  which means that

Evaluating indeterminate forms

The adjective indeterminate does not imply that the limit does not exist, as many of the examples above show. In many cases, algebraic elimination, L'Hôpital's rule, or other methods can be used to manipulate the expression so that the limit can be evaluated.

Equivalent infinitesimal
When two variables  and  converge to zero at the same limit point and , they are called equivalent infinitesimal (equiv. ).

Moreover, if variables  and  are such that  and , then:

Here is a brief proof:

Suppose there are two equivalent infinitesimals  and .

For the evaluation of the indeterminate form , one can make use of the following facts about equivalent infinitesimals (e.g.,  if x becomes closer to zero):

For example:

In the 2nd equality,  where  as y become closer to 0 is used, and  where  is used in the 4th equality, and  is used in the 5th equality.

L'Hôpital's rule

L'Hôpital's rule is a general method for evaluating the indeterminate forms  and . This rule states that (under appropriate conditions)

where  and  are the derivatives of  and . (Note that this rule does not apply to expressions , , and so on, as these expressions are not indeterminate forms.) These derivatives will allow one to perform algebraic simplification and eventually evaluate the limit.

L'Hôpital's rule can also be applied to other indeterminate forms, using first an appropriate algebraic transformation. For example, to evaluate the form 00:

The right-hand side is of the form , so L'Hôpital's rule applies to it. Note that this equation is valid (as long as the right-hand side is defined) because the natural logarithm (ln) is a continuous function; it is irrelevant how well-behaved  and  may (or may not) be as long as  is asymptotically positive. (the domain of logarithms is the set of all positive real numbers.)

Although L'Hôpital's rule applies to both  and , one of these forms may be more useful than the other in a particular case (because of the possibility of algebraic simplification afterwards). One can change between these forms by transforming  to .

List of indeterminate forms

The following table lists the most common indeterminate forms and the transformations for applying l'Hôpital's rule.

See also
 Defined and undefined
 Division by zero
 Extended real number line
Indeterminate equation
Indeterminate system
Indeterminate (variable)
 L'Hôpital's rule

References

Limits (mathematics)

Indeterminate form


The minke whale (), or lesser rorqual, is a species complex of baleen whale. The two species of minke whale are the common (or northern) minke whale and the Antarctic (or southern) minke whale. The minke whale was first described by the Danish naturalist Otto Fabricius in 1780, who assumed it must be an already known species and assigned his specimen to Balaena rostrata, a name given to the northern bottlenose whale by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1776. In 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède described a juvenile specimen of Balaenoptera acuto-rostrata. The name is a partial translation of Norwegian minkehval, possibly after a Norwegian whaler named Meincke, who mistook a northern minke whale for a blue whale.

Taxonomy

Most modern classifications split the minke whale into two species;
 Common minke whale or northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
and
Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis).

Taxonomists further categorize the common minke whale into two or three subspecies; the North Atlantic minke whale, the North Pacific minke whale and dwarf minke whale. All minke whales are part of the rorquals, a family that includes the humpback whale, the fin whale, the Bryde's whale, the sei whale and the blue whale.

The junior synonyms for B. acutorostrata are B. davidsoni (Scammon 1872), B. minimia (Rapp, 1837) and B. rostrata (Fabricius, 1780). There is one synonym for B. bonaerensis - B. huttoni (Gray 1874).

Writing in his 1998 classification, Rice recognized two of the subspecies of the common minke whale - B. a. scammoni (Scammon's minke whale) and a further taxonomically unnamed subspecies found in the Southern Hemisphere, the dwarf minke whale (first described by Best as "Type 3", 1985).

On at least one occasion, an Antarctic minke whale has been confirmed migrating to the Arctic.  In addition, at least two wild hybrids between a common minke whale and an Antarctic minke whale have been confirmed.

Description

The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale; only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Upon reaching sexual maturity (7–8 years of age), males measure an average of  and  and females measure an average of  and  in length and body mass, respectively; estimated maximum size for females suggest that they can reach lengths exceeding  and weigh more than  in body mass.

The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) are distinguished from other whales by a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Minke whales have between 240 and 360 baleen plates on each side of their mouths. Most of the length of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale surfaces to breathe.

Minke whales typically live between 30-50 years, but in some cases, they may live for up to 60 years. They have a gestation and calving period of approximately 10-11 months and 2 years, respectively.

Minke whales have a digestive system composed of four compartments with a high density of anaerobic bacteria throughout.  The presence of the bacteria suggests minke whales rely on microbial digestion to extract nutrients provided by their food.

As with most Mysticetes, the auditory system for the minke whale is not well understood.  However, magnetic resonance imaging points to evidence that the minke whale has fat deposits in their jaws intended for sound reception, much like Odontocetes.

The brains of minke whales have around 12.8 billion neocortical neurons and 98.2 billion neocortical glia.
Additionally, despite its relatively large size, the minke whale is very fast, capable of swimming at speeds of , and their surfacing can be sporadic and hard to follow.

Behavior

The whale breathes three to five times at short intervals before 'deep-diving' for 2 to 20 minutes. Deep dives are preceded by a pronounced arching of the back. The maximum swimming speed of minkes has been estimated at .

Migration
Both species undertake seasonal migration routes to the poles during spring and towards the tropics during fall and winter. Difference between the timing of the seasons may prevent the two closely related species from mixing. A long-term photo identification study on the British Columbian and Washington coasts showed that some individuals travel as far as 424 km north in the spring, and 398 km south to warmer waters in the autumn. Many specifics about migration in this species still remain unclear.

Reproduction

The gestation period for minke whales is ten months, and calves measure  at birth.  The newborns nurse for five to ten months. Breeding peaks during the summer months. Calving is thought to occur every two years.

The timing of conception and birth varies between region.

In the North Atlantic, conception takes place from December to May with a peak month of February  with birth taking place from October to March with a peak in December. In the North Pacific off Japan there appears  to be two phases of conception, the majority of which occurs from February to March but also from August to September, with births occurring from December to January and June to July. In the Yellow Sea stock these two phases have not been noted with conception occurring from July to September and birth peaking from May to June.

In the Southern Hemisphere conception takes place from June to December with a peak in August and September. Peak birth time occurs from July to August.

Predation
Killer whale predation
on minke whales has been well documented. A study in 1975 found that in 49 killer whale stomachs, 84% had consumed minke whale. Minke whale carcasses investigated after attacks show that killer whales have an affinity for minke tongues and lower jaw. The anti-predatory mechanism of the minke whale is strictly a flight response, as when this fails no physical retaliation is observed. Chases most commonly lead into open ocean, although there have been records of minke whales inadvertently swimming into confined, shallow waters. There have been two recorded instances of minke whales ending high speed chases by hiding under a ship's hull; however, both instances were unsuccessful.

Diet

North Atlantic
Minke whales in the north Atlantic are observed to take a variety of food items. Before 1993, minke whales in the north Barents Sea fed predominantly on capelin until stocks collapsed and the whales switched to krill as their primary prey type. The minke whale population in the Norwegian Sea primarily feeds on adult herring while krill, capelin, and sand eels are also recorded prey types. In Scotland, sand eels are the most commonly observed prey species, followed by herring and sprat. Seasonal variations are observed off of Finnmark, with krill the most popular prey type in the summer and cod in the autumn. Stable isotope analysis from 2003 shows minke whales in the north Atlantic also feed on prey from lower trophic levels as well.

North Pacific
Two stocks of minke whale are observed in the North Pacific: the "J stock" (Sea of Japan - Yellow Sea - East China sea) and the "O stock" (Okhotsk sea - west Pacific). Seasonal variations in diet exist. J stock whales' primary prey type is Japanese anchovy during May and June, Pacific saury in July and August, and krill in September. O stock whales primarily feed on krill in July and August. Most minke whales observed in 2002 (90.4%) fed solely on one prey species.

Antarctic
Antarctic minke whales are diurnal feeders. This minke whale population mainly feeds on Antarctic krill in offshore areas and ice krill in coastal areas on the continental shelf such as the Ross sea and Prydz bay. The population has been recorded to forage on ten known species: five fish (Antarctic silverfish, Antarctic jonasfish, Antarctic lanternfish, Chionodraco, and Notothenia), four euphausiids (Antarctic krill, ice krill, Euphausia frigida, Thysanoessa macrura), and one amphipod (Themisto gaudichaudii).

Population and conservation status
As of 2018, the IUCN Red List labels the common minke whale as Least Concern and the Antarctic minke whale as Near Threatened.

COSEWIC puts both species in the Not At Risk category . NatureServe lists them as G5 which means the species is secure on global range .

Population estimates are generated  by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. The 2004 estimate yielded 515,000 individuals for the Antarctic minke stock.

Whaling

Whaling was mentioned in Norwegian written sources as early as the year 800, and hunting minke whales with harpoons was common in the 11th century. In the 19th century, they were considered too small to chase, and received their name from a young Norwegian whale-spotter in the crew of Svend Foyn, who harpooned one, mistaking it for a blue whale and was derided for it.

By the end of the 1930s, they were the target of coastal whaling by Brazil, Canada, China, Greenland, Japan, Korea, Norway, and South Africa. Minke whales were not then regularly hunted by the large-scale whaling operations in the Southern Ocean because of their relatively small size. However, by the early 1970s, following the overhunting of larger whales such as the sei, fin, and blue whales, minkes became a more attractive target of whalers. By 1979, the minke was the only whale caught by Southern Ocean fleets. Hunting continued apace until the general moratorium on whaling began in 1986.

Following the moratorium, most hunting of minke whales ceased. Japan continued catching whales under the special research permit clause in the IWC convention, though in significantly smaller numbers. The stated purpose of the research is to establish data to support a case for the resumption of sustainable commercial whaling. Environmental organizations and several governments contend that research whaling is simply a cover for commercial whaling. The 2006 catch by Japanese whalers included 505 Antarctic minke whales. Between November 2017 and March 2018, Japan reported catches of a total of 333 Minke whales, of which 122 were pregnant females.

Although Norway initially followed the moratorium, they had placed an objection to it with the IWC and resumed a commercial hunt of the Common minke whale in 1993. The quota for 2006 was set at 1,052 animals, but only 546 were taken. The quota for 2011 was set at 1286. In August 2003, Iceland announced it would start research catches to estimate whether the stocks around the island could sustain hunting. Three years later, in 2006, Iceland resumed commercial whaling.

A 2007 analysis of DNA fingerprinting of whale meat estimated South Korean fishermen caught 827 minke between 1999 and 2003, approximately twice the officially reported number.  This raised concerns that some whales were being caught deliberately.

In July 2019, Japan resumed commercial whaling activities. The permitted catch for the initial season (July 1 – December 31, 2019) is 227 whales, of which 52 can be minke.

Whale watching

Due to their relative abundance, minke whales are often the focus of whale-watching cruises setting sail from, for instance, the Isle of Mull in Scotland, County Cork in Ireland  and Húsavík in Iceland, and tours taken on the east coast of Canada.  They are also one of the most commonly sighted whales seen on whale-watches from New England and eastern Canada.  In contrast to humpback whales, minkes do not raise their flukes out of the water when diving and are less likely to breach (jump clear of the sea surface).

In the northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia), a swim-with-whales tourism industry has developed based on the June and July migration of dwarf minke whales. A limited number of reef tourism operators (based in Port Douglas and Cairns) have been granted permits by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to conduct these swims, given strict adherence to a code of practice, and that operators report details of all sightings as part of a monitoring program.

Scientists from James Cook University and the Museum of Tropical Queensland have worked closely with participating operators and the Authority, researching tourism impacts and implementing management protocols to ensure these interactions are ecologically sustainable.

Minke whales are also occasionally sighted in Pacific waters, in and around the Haro Strait of British Columbia and Washington state.

References

General references

Minke Whales, Rus Hoelzel and Jonathon Stern,
National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell,
Whale Watching in Iceland, Asbjorn Bjorgvinsson and Helmut Lugmayr,
Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans, Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto.
Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen,
Odin Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
"Modes of Production and Minke Whaling: The Case of Iceland", Gísli Pálsson (2000).

External links
Minke Whale Project - Dwarf minke whale research team based at James Cook University, North Queensland, Australia
 Voices in the Sea - Sounds of the Minke Whale

minke whale
Articles containing video clips
Mammal common names
Animal species groups

Minke whale


The Light of Christ is a doctrine of the Latter Day Saint movement, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), that is defined as "the divine energy, power, or influence that proceeds from God through Christ and gives life and light to all things." The Light of Christ is "the law by which all things are governed in heaven and on earth" and is often said to bestow conscience upon people. The doctrine teaches that the light of Christ is given to every person.

Care is often taken to distinguish the light of Christ from the Holy Ghost. The Holy Ghost is believed to be a divine spirit personage and a member of the Godhead who can exert spiritual influence on mortals. The light of Christ is not a personage and is more ubiquitous and universal: "Wherever there is human life, there is the Spirit of Christ." Any person can feel the Holy Ghost from time to time, but only people who have been baptized and confirmed by the appropriate priesthood authority can have the Holy Ghost with them always. The light of Christ guides people to the gospel of Jesus Christ and prepares them for the time that they will receive the Holy Ghost through confirmation.

A writer in an LDS Church magazine acknowledged that "There is still much that we do not know about the nature and power of the Holy Ghost and the Light of Christ."

See also
 Divine light

Notes

Latter Day Saint belief and doctrine
Latter Day Saint terms

Light of Christ (Latter Day Saints)


Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane. This membrane lines joints that possess cavities, known as synovial joints. The condition is usually painful, particularly when the joint is moved. The joint usually swells due to synovial fluid collection.

Synovitis may occur in association with arthritis as well as lupus, gout, and other conditions. Synovitis is more commonly found in rheumatoid arthritis than in other forms of arthritis, and can thus serve as a distinguishing factor, although it is also present in many joints affected with osteoarthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes, highly specialized mesenchymal cells found in the synovial membrane, play an active and prominent role in the synovitis. Long term occurrence of synovitis can result in degeneration of the joint.

Signs and symptoms
Synovitis causes joint tenderness or pain, swelling and hard lumps, called nodules. When associated with rheumatoid arthritis, swelling is a better indicator than tenderness. The joints in your hands and fingers feel painful when pressed and when moving or gripping anything.

Diagnosis
A rheumatologist will aim to diagnose the cause of the patient's pain by first determining whether it is inside the joint itself, meaning true synovitis, or if it is actually caused by an inflammation of the tendons, referred to as tendonitis. Imaging, such as an MRI or musculoskeletal ultrasound is often required to make a firm diagnosis.

Treatment
Synovitis symptoms can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs. An injection of steroids may be done, directly into the affected joint. Injection of beta-emitting radioisotopes to locally treat synovitis has been performed in people for decades and is now being applied using tin-117m in veterinary medicine to treat canine elbow synovitis.  Specific treatment depends on the underlying cause of the synovitis.

See also
Tenosynovitis
Transient synovitis
 Knee effusion (water on the knee)

References

External links

Inflammations
Disorders of synovium and tendon

Synovitis


Donn Shléibhe Mac Cerbaill, Irish musician, died 1357.

The Annals of Connacht sub anno 1357 mention the death of Donn Shléibhe Mac Cerbaill, an accomplished musician.

Mac Cerbaill or Mac Cearbhaill, anglicised as MacCarroll and MacCarvill, was the name of two unrelated clans, one located in south Leinster in the region of County Carlow and County Kilkenny; a second family of the name, noted for its musicians, was located in County Antrim.

It is a distinct surname from Ó Cearbhaill.

References
 "Music and Musicians in Medieval Irish Society", Ann Buckley, pp. 165–190, Early Music xxviii, no. 2, May 2000
 "Music in Prehistoric and Medieval Ireland", Ann Buckley, pp. 744–813, in A New History of Ireland, volume one, Oxford, 2005.

External links
List of Published Texts at CELT
Irish names

Medieval Gaels from Ireland
14th-century Irish musicians
Musicians from County Antrim

Donn Shléibhe Mac Cerbaill


Darlene Grant is a former associate professor in the School of Social work and an associate dean of graduate studies at the University of Texas at Austin.  She joined the University of Texas in 1994. She was named 2006 Social Worker of the Year by the National Association of Social Workers. Her work focuses on incarcerated women and their children.  She has been on leave of absence from the university since 2009 to join the Peace Corps. First in Cambodia and then in Mongolia.

References

Living people
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American social workers

Darlene Grant


myGRAIN is a melodic daith metal baund frae Helsinki, Finland.

History
myGRAIN saw the daylicht in the simmer o 2004, as TommyTuovinen (vocals), Resistor (guitar) an Matthew (guitar) wur standin on the ruins o their umwhile baund, New Science Band. The guys haed been playin thegither since 1999 an as their collaboration still wirked well, why no stairt a new baund wi this lineup. The main idea frae the beginnin wis tae play rough metal wi melodies. DJ Locomotive (drums) an Eve (synths) joined the baund quite suin an myGRAIN's lineup wis amaist finished. Jonas handled the bass for the twa sel-financed demo cds an efter recordin the seicont ane, The Red Frame in Aprile 2005, he permanently joined the baund.

A few weeks efter the recordins o The Red Frame, Spinefarm Records contactit myGRAIN an they inked a deal. The first fruit o their collaboration wis the debut album Orbit Dance, released in Aprile 2006. The debut album consistit o eleiven sangs o modren metal – wi influences o baith Nordic melodic daith metal an the American style. As myGRAIN is considered tae be on its best on live performances, they focused on tourin in Finland as muckle as possible efter the release o Orbit Dance.

They still managed tae write sangs in atween the gigs so in Februar 2008 their seicont album, Signs of Existence, wis released. The album haes developed myGRAIN's rough but melodic soond intae deeper an mair confident style than iver afore. In Mey 2008, guitarist Matthew left the baund an wis replaced bi Teemu Ylämäki on live performances, who wis appointit on 28 Julie 2008 as a permanent member. It reacht no. 32 on the Finnish chairts.

On 12 Januar 2011, myGRAIN released their sel-titled album. Their first twa muisic video wur shot for the sangs "Of Immortal Aeons" an "Trapped In An Hourglass".

The baund breuke up in Mey 2015.

Discografie

Studio albums
 Orbit Dance (2006)
 Signs of Existence (2008)
 myGRAIN (2011)
 Planetary Breathing (2013)
 V  (2020)

Demos
 Demo 2004 (2004)
 The Red Frame (2005)

Members

Feenal members
Tommy Tuovinen (To(mm)yboy) - Vocals
Joni Lahdenkauppi - Guitars
Teemu Ylämäki (Mr. Downhill) - Guitars, (Misery Inc.)
Jonas - Bass
DJ Locomotive - Drums, (...And Oceans)
Eve Kojo - Keyboard, (Ablaze in Hatred)

Umwhile members
Matthew - Guitar
Resistor - Guitar

Freemit airtins

 Encyclopaedia Metallum
 Offeecial Wabsteid
 Spinefarm Wabsteid
 Myspace Page

2000s muisic groups
2010s muisic groups
Muisical groups established in 2004
Muisical groups disestablished in 2015
Finnish melodic daith metal muisical groups
Muisical sextets

MyGRAIN


The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.)

The Inner Temple was first recorded as being used for legal purposes when lawyers' houses were burned down in Wat Tyler's revolt in 1381. Before that date, the Temple was occupied by the Knights Templar. The Inner Temple was damaged during the wartime bombings in the areas surrounding the River Thames.

Famous members

Geoffrey Chaucer (reputed)
Thomas de Littleton
William Catesby
Sir Edward Coke
Sir Francis Drake
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
Christopher Hatton
Thomas Morton, a member of the associated Inn of Chancery Clifford's Inn
William Wycherly
Judge Jeffreys
James Boswell
Samuel Johnson (resided at the Inner Temple for a period, though not a member)
William Paca
Karl Pearson, and his father William Pearson, QC
George Phillippo
Thomas Hughes
William Schwenk Gilbert
Bram Stoker
Mohandas Gandhi (called 1891, disbarred 1922, reinstated 1988)
John Maynard Keynes
Clement Attlee
Jawaharlal Nehru
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Cecil Rhodes
Ivy Williams, the first female barrister
A.J.P. Taylor
Seretse Khama, president of Botswana (admitted 1946)
Derry Irvine
Lord Woolf
Elizabeth Butler-Sloss
Jack Straw
Michael Howard
John Mortimer (whose best-known creation, Horace Rumpole, was also an Inner Templar)
Richard Searby
Malcolm Bishop
Thomas Willing
Musa Alami
Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
Tunku Abdul Rahman

Other websites
Inner Temple website
Inner Temple Banqueting website

Inns of Court

Inner Temple


"As I Please" was a series of articles written between 1943 and 1947 for the British left-wing newspaper Tribune by author and journalist George Orwell.

On resigning from his job at the BBC in November 1943, Orwell joined Tribune as literary editor. Over the next three-and-a-half years he wrote a series of columns, under the title "As I Please", that remain some of the greatest examples of their genre in the English language. The articles allowed Orwell to digress freely over whatever topics came into his mind, including reminiscences, nature observations, gleanings from books and thoughts on the political situation. Each article roamed from one theme to another without any need for formal continuity but had no title indicating the content.

The first article appeared in December 1943 and considered prevailing attitude to American servicemen in Britain. The last, in April 1947, covered the publication of social surveys by the Mass Observation research group, venereal diseases and begins the concluding section "For the last five minutes I have been gazing out of the window into the square, keeping a sharp look-out for first signs of spring".

Topics
Incomplete list

31 December 1943
War guilt

7 January 1944
New Year's honours

4 February 1944
Objective truth in history

25 February 1944
New ideas and progress

24 March 1944
What is Fascism?

14 April 1944
Declining birthrates, decaying belief in an afterlife

5 May 1944
Literary criticism

12 May 1944
Travel, economic self-sufficiency

19 May 1944
Killing of civilians in war, conspiracy theories

1 September 1944
The appeasement of the Leftist press towards the Soviet Union

8 November 1946
American fashion magazines, road safety campaigns, bread rationing

15 November 1946
Popular feeling against foreign immigration, slow hanging of war criminals

22 November 1946
Newspapers ranked by "Intelligence" and "Popularity"

29 November 1946
"Bad News" stories in newspapers, shortage of watches and clocks, return of the Jews to Palestine

6 December 1946
Antisemitic tone in Trilby by George du Maurier, recommendation of middle-age retirement for writers (H. G. Wells), printing of four-letter words

13 December 1946
UNO and other international conferences, issues of national sovereignty

20 December 1946
Christmas - in praise of indulgence and conviviality in disregard for vegetarians and teetotallers.

27 December 1946
How modern knowledge has to depend on authority rather than reasoning, Laski's libel case, disgusting American 'comics'

3 January 1947
On a liner to Burma when a quartermaster scavenges a custard pie, literary purge in the USSR and expulsion of writers from the Writer's Union, thoughts of Marcus Aurelius as an incentive to getting up in the morning

17 January 1947
Flawed report in the Daily Herald on Indians who broadcast on Nazi radio, In Darkest Germany post-war starvation in Germany, dogs over-indulged at Christmas, stupid expressions

24 January 1947
Scottish businessmen and their attitudes to Polish refugees, Petain at Foch's funeral and Queen Mary in Windsor

31 January 1947 (As I Pleased)
Personal experiences of Tribune as a reader, writer and observer

7 February 1947
The need for a good D-I-Y guide. dirtiness of snow, Burmese independence and the problem of autonomy of minority groups within minority groups, misprints by H. G. Wells and his lack of self-criticism

14 February 1947
Scottish Nationalism as a form of race-hatred, the case for keeping the Gaelic language alive, political content in a commercial circular letter from a whisky distiller, amusing epitaphs

7 March 1947
The need for an improved anthology of modern English poetry

14 March 1947
Simplifying English spelling and traditional imperial units, food parcel confiscations, an experience in teaching history

28 March 1947
"Mass Observation", social surveys and the financial determination of what is surveyed, venereal diseases, the first signs of spring

See also
Bibliography of George Orwell

References

External links
The As I Please columns online

Essays by George Orwell
Works originally published in Tribune (magazine)
1943 essays
1944 essays
1945 essays
1946 essays
1947 essays

As I Please


The Sichuanese garden or Ba–Shu garden is one of the major regional styles of Chinese garden developed in the Sichuan and Chongqing regions. Most of the Sichuanese gardens are located on Chengdu Plain and were built by the government as public gardens to memorize significant local celebrities, which distinguishes them from those private gardens in East China (e.g. Suzhou) and those imperial gardens in Beijing.

East Lake in Xinfan, Chengdu is one of the only two existing Chinese gardens which were built during the Tang dynasty (618–907).

See also
 List of garden types

References

Culture in Sichuan
Chinese gardening styles

Sichuanese garden


Hugh Wilson "Bones" Taylor (July 6, 1923 – November 1, 1992) was an American football player and coach.  He played as an end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins.  Taylor attended Tulane University at the start of World War II where he was a Navy V-12 student.  At Tulane he was an All-Southeastern Conference and All-American basketball player in 1943. After being discharged from the U.S. Navy in 1946, he played college football at Oklahoma City College before entering the NFL in 1947.  In his first NFL game, he gained 212 yards receiving, setting league records for an NFL debut and first game of the season.  Those records were broken by Anquan Boldin in 2003 and Frank Clarke in 1962, respectively.  As a member of the Redskins from 1947 to 1954, the 6-foot-4-inch Taylor made the Pro Bowl in 1952 and 1954.

Following his playing career, Taylor coached in the college and professional ranks.  After two seasons as an assistant at Florida State University, he served as the head football coach at Arkansas State College—now known as Arkansas State University from 1958 to 1959, compiling a record of 7–11.  While at Arkansas State, he was initiated into the Sigma Pi fraternity chapter there.  Taylor then moved to the American Football League (AFL), as an assistant coach with the New York Titans from 1960 to 1962 and with the San Diego Chargers in 1963.  He was an assistant for the Houston Oilers for one season before succeeding Sammy Baugh as head coach in 1965.  The Oilers went 4–10 in 1965, resulting in Taylor's dismissal at the end of the season.  Taylor coached receivers for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL from 1966 to 1968.  In 1969, he coached the Spokane Shockers of the Continental Football League.  The Shockers were owned by Taylor's former Redskins teammate, Ed Justice.  With the Shockers Taylor coached Ken Stabler, a rookie quarterback late signed by the Oakland Raiders.

Taylor died on November 1, 1992.

Head coaching record

College

NFL

References

External links

1923 births
1992 deaths
American football ends
Arkansas State Red Wolves football coaches
Continental Football League coaches
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Houston Oilers coaches
New York Jets coaches
Oklahoma City Stars men's basketball players
Oklahoma City Chiefs football players
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
Tulane Green Wave men's basketball players
Washington Redskins players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Wynne, Arkansas
Players of American football from Arkansas
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American men's basketball players
Houston Oilers head coaches

Hugh Taylor (American football)


An amphidromic point, also called a tidal node, is a geographical location which has zero tidal amplitude for one harmonic constituent of the tide. The tidal range (the peak-to-peak amplitude, or the height difference between high tide and low tide) for that harmonic constituent increases with distance from this point, though not uniformly. As such, the concept of amphidromic points is crucial to understanding tidal behaviour. The term derives from the Greek words amphi ("around") and dromos ("running"), referring to the rotary tides which circulate around amphidromic points. It was first discovered by William Whewell, who extrapolated the cotidal lines from the coast of the North Sea and found that the lines must meet at some point.

Amphidromic points occur because interference within oceanic basins, seas and bays, combined with the Coriolis effect, creates a wave pattern — called an amphidromic system — which rotates around the amphidromic point. At the amphidromic points of the dominant tidal constituent, there is almost no vertical change in sea level from tidal action; that is, there is little or no difference between high tide and low tide at these locations. There can still be tidal currents since the water levels on either side of the amphidromic point are not the same. A separate amphidromic system is created by each periodic tidal component.

In most locations the "principal lunar semi-diurnal", known as M2, is the largest tidal constituent. Cotidal lines connect points which reach high tide at the same time and low tide at the same time. In Figure 1, the low tide lags or leads by 1 hr 2 min from its neighboring lines. Where the lines meet are amphidromes, and the tide rotates around them; for example, along the Chilean coast, and from southern Mexico to Peru, the tide propagates southward, while from Baja California to Alaska the tide propagates northward.

Formation of amphidromic points
Tides are generated as a result of gravitational attraction by the sun and moon. This gravitational attraction results in a tidal force that acts on the ocean. The ocean reacts to this external forcing by generating, in particular relevant for describing tidal behaviour, Kelvin waves and Poincaré waves (also known as Sverdrup waves). These tidal waves can be considered wide, relative to the Rossby radius of deformation (~3000 km in the open ocean), and shallow, as the water depth (D, on average ~4 kilometre deep) in the ocean is much smaller (i.e. D/λ <1/20) than the wavelength (λ) which is in the order of thousands of kilometres.

In real oceans, the tides cannot endlessly propagate as progressive waves. The waves reflect due to changes in water depth (for example when entering shelf seas) and at coastal boundaries. The result is a reflected wave that propagates in the opposite direction to the incident wave. The combination of the reflected wave and the incident wave is the total wave. Due to resonance between the reflected and the incident wave, the amplitude of the total wave can either be suppressed or amplified. The points at which the two waves amplify each other are known as antinodes and the points at which the two waves cancel each other out are known as nodes. Figure 2 shows a λ resonator. The first node is located at λ of the total wave, followed by the next node reoccurring λ farther at λ.

A long, progressive wave travelling in a channel on a rotating earth behaves differently from a wave travelling along a non-rotating channel. Due to the Coriolis force, the water in the ocean is deflected towards the right in the northern hemisphere and conversely in the southern hemisphere. This side-way component of the flow due to the Coriolis force causes a build-up of water that results in a pressure gradient. The resulting slope develops until it is equilibrium with the Coriolis force; resulting in geostrophic balance. As a result of this geostrophic balance, Kelvin waves (originally described by Lord Kelvin) and Poincaré waves are generated. The amplitude of a Kelvin wave is highest near the coast and, when considering a wave on the northern hemisphere, decreases to further away from its right-hand coastal boundary. The propagation of Kelvin waves is always alongshore and its amplification falls off according to the Rossby radius of deformation. In contrast, Poincaré waves are able to propagate both alongshore as a free wave with a propagating wave pattern and cross-shore as a trapped wave with a standing wave pattern.

Infinitely long channel
In an infinitely long channel, which can be viewed upon as a simplified approximation of the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, the tide propagates as an incident and a reflective Kelvin wave as shown in Animation 1. The red coloured lines indicate high tide and the blue coloured lines indicate low tide. Furthermore, the vectors field below the basin in Animation 1 show the direction and the strength of the tidal current. The amplitude of the waves decreases further away from the coast and at certain points in the middle of the basin, the amplitude of the total wave becomes zero. Moreover, the phase of the tide seems to rotate around these points of zero amplitude. These points are called amphidromic points. The sense of rotation of the wave around the amphidromic point is in the direction of the Coriolis force; anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

Semi-enclosed basin

In a semi-enclosed basin, such as the North Sea, Kelvin waves, though being the dominant tidal wave propagating in alongshore direction, are not able to propagate cross shore as they rely on the presence of lateral boundaries or the equator. As such, the tidal waves observed cross-shore are predominantly Poincaré waves. The tides observed in a semi-enclosed basin are therefore chiefly the summation of the incident Kelvin wave, reflected Kelvin wave and cross-shore standing Poincaré wave. An animation of the tidal amplitude, tidal currents and its amphidromic behaviour is shown in Animation 2.

Position of amphidromic points
Figure 2 shows that the first node of the total wave is located at λ with reoccurring nodes at intervals of λ. In an idealized situation, amphidromic points can be found at the position of these nodes of the total tidal wave. When neglecting friction, the position of the amphidromic points would be in the middle of the basin, as the initial amplitude and the amplitude decay of the incident wave and the reflected wave are equal, this can be seen in Animations 1 and 2  However, tidal waves in the ocean are subject to friction from the seabed and from interaction with coastal boundaries. Moreover, variation in water depth influences the spacing between amphidromic points.

Firstly, the distance between amphidromic points is dependent on the water depth:

Where g is the gravitational acceleration, D is the water depth and T is the period of the wave.

Locations with more shallow water depth have their amphidromic points closer to each other as the distance of the interval (λ) of the nodes decreases. Secondly, energy losses due to friction in shallow seas and coastal boundaries result in additional adjustments of the tidal pattern. Tidal waves are not perfectly reflected, resulting in energy loss which causes a smaller reflected wave compared to the incoming wave. Consequently, on the northern hemisphere, the amphidromic point will be displaced from the centre line of the channel towards the left of the direction of the incident wave.

The degree of displacement on the northern hemisphere for the first amphidrome is given by:

Where γ is the displacement of the amphidrome from the centre of the channel (γ=0), g is the gravitational acceleration, D is the water depth, f is the Coriolis frequency and α is the ratio between amplitudes of the reflected wave and the incident wave. Because the reflected wave is smaller than the incident wave, α will be smaller than 1 and lnα will be negative. Hence the amphidromic displacement γ is to the left of the incident wave on the northern hemisphere.

Furthermore, a study has shown than there is a pattern of amphidrome movement related to spring-neap cycles in the Irish Sea. The maximum displacement of the amphidrome from the centre coincides with spring tides, whereas the minimum occurs at neaps. During spring tides, more energy is absorbed from the tidal wave compared to neap tides. As a result, the reflection coefficient α is smaller and the displacement of the amphidromic point from the centre is larger. Similar amphidromic movement is expected in other seas where energy dissipation due to friction is high.

It can occur that the amphidromic point moves inland of the coastal boundary. In this case, the amplitude and the phase of the tidal wave will still rotate around an inland point, which is called a virtual or degenerate amphidrome.

Amphidromic points and sea level rise
The position of amphidromic points and their movement predominantly depends on the wavelength of the tidal wave and friction. As a result of enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, the oceans in the world are becoming subject to sea-level rise.  As the water depth increases, the wavelength of the tidal wave will increase. Consequently the position of the amphidromic points located at λ in semi-enclosed systems will move further away from the cross-shore coastal boundary. Furthermore, amphidromic points will move further away from each other as the interval of λ increases. This effect will be more pronounced in shallow seas and coastal regions, as the relative water depth increase due to sea-level rise will be larger, when compared to the open ocean. Moreover, the amount of sea-level rise differs per region. Some regions will be subject to a higher rate of sea-level rise than other regions and nearby amphidromic points will be more susceptible to change location. Lastly, sea-level rise results in less bottom friction and therefore less energy dissipation. This causes the amphidromic points to move further away from the coastal boundaries and more towards the centre its channel/basin.

In the M2 tidal constituent
Based on Figure 1, there are the following clockwise and anticlockwise amphidromic points:

Clockwise amphidromic points
 north of the Seychelles
 near Enderby Land
 off Perth
 east of New Guinea
 south of Easter Island
 west of the Galapagos Islands
 north of Queen Maud Land

Counterclockwise amphidromic points
 near Sri Lanka
 north of New Guinea
 at Tahiti
 between Mexico and Hawaii
 near the Leeward Islands
 east of Newfoundland
 midway between Rio de Janeiro and Angola
 east of Iceland
 The islands of Madagascar and New Zealand are amphidromic points in the sense that the tide goes around them in about 12 and a half hours, but the amplitude of the tides on their coasts is in some places large.

See also
Kelvin wave
Tides
Theory of tides

References and notes

Wave mechanics
Tides

Amphidromic point


Geert Ludzer Mak (born 4 December 1946 in Vlaardingen) is a Dutch journalist and non-fiction writer.

Honors
For his book In Europe: Travels through the Twentieth Century he received the Leipziger Buchpreis zur Europäische Verständigung (2008) and the Otto von der Gablentz Prize (2009). The French government also awarded him the Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (2008). In the Netherlands, his exceptional engagement with international history has earned him the Golden Goose's Feather (2015), the Comenius Prize (2016) and the Prince Bernhard Cultural Fund Prize for his entire oeuvre (2017). In the statement that accompanied the honorary degree from Münster, Mak was dubbed a "gifted storyteller" capable of "combining hard science, popularization, originality and engagement." Historians are generally cautious when judging Mak's work.

Books
In 1999, to mark the end of the century, Mak spent an entire year crisscrossing Europe for NRC Handelsblad and published a travel report each day on its front page. It became the account of a journey through the continent as well as the twentieth century, one full of local observations and conversations with eyewitnesses. On that basis he published In Europe (2004), a book for which he received, among other prizes, the NS Reader's Prize for best Dutch book and which was translated into more than fifteen languages. In the public debate Geert Mak has made a name for himself as a staunch defender of multiculturalism.

In Europe was the best-selling book by a Dutch author in the Netherlands in 2004, selling over 500,000 copies. The British reviews were generally enthusiastic, although for the professional historian or political scientist the book has little to offer: "In Europe hardly breaks new ground historically" writes Martin Woollacott in an otherwise positive review in The Guardian.

Mak himself sees his work as journalism. In an interview with a Dutch journalism trade-journal he says: "My approach is journalistic. My books are filled with newspaper tricks". Historians are generally cautious when it comes to judging Mak's work. Hermann von der Dunk, emeritus professor of history at Utrecht University, said about Mak: "it is well written, and historically correct, but it is not what I would call academic history. There is no analysis of historical development".

Television
In the autumn of 2007, VPRO released a television adaptation of In Europe, in the form of a series spread across two seasons, 35 episodes in total, presented by Geert Mak. The series prompted some historians to point to a number of errors and comment that the makers were ill-informed about the current debates in the field of history.

References

External links

1946 births
20th-century Dutch journalists
21st-century Dutch journalists
Dutch investigative journalists
Dutch newspaper editors
Dutch reporters and correspondents
Living people
People from Vlaardingen

Geert Mak


Jane is a feminine given name:

People with this name

Entertainment
Jane "Poni" Adams (born 1921), American actress
Jane Bryan (1918–2009), American actress
Jane Curtin (born 1947), American actress and comedian
Jane Fonda (born 1937), American actress, former fitness instructor, and daughter of actor Henry Fonda
Jane Goldman (born 1970), British writer and television presenter; wife of Jonathan Ross
Ellie Goulding (born 1986 as Elena Jane Goulding), British singer
Jane Kaczmarek (born 1955), American actress
Jane Krakowski (born 1968), American actress
Jane Lynch (born 1960), American actress
Jane March (born 1973), English actress
Jane Powell (born 1929), American actress and singer
Jane Russell (1921–2011), American actress and sex symbol
Jane Seymour (born 1951), English actress
Jane Withers (born 1926), American actress, model and singer
Jane Wyatt (1910–2006), American actress
Jane Wyman (1917–2007), American actress and ex-wife of President Ronald Reagan

History
Calamity Jane (1852–1903), U.S. frontierswoman
Jane Addams (1860–1935), American Nobel Peace Prize-winning social worker and co-founder of Hull House
Jane Roe, alias of Norma Leah McCorvey, plaintiff in the landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the United States

Literature
Jane Austen (1775–1817), British novelist, known for Emma and Pride and Prejudice

News media
Jane Pauley (born 1950), American television journalist

Royalty and nobility
Lady Jane Grey (1537–1554), Queen of England, also known as "Jane of England"
Jane Seymour (1508–1537), Queen and wife of King Henry VIII of England

Science
Jane Goodall (born 1934), English primatologist, known for studying chimpanzees and founder of the Jane Goodall Institute

Fictional Janes

In law
Jane Doe or Jane Roe is used in American law as a "placeholder name" for anonymous or unknown female participants in legal proceedings.

Jane Doe is used in United States police investigations when the identity of a female victim is unknown or incorrect, and by hospitals to refer to a female corpse or patient whose identity is unknown.

Jane


The Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife preserve operated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on the Nisqually River Delta near Puget Sound in northeastern Thurston County, Washington and northwestern Pierce County, Washington. The refuge is located just off Interstate 5, between the cities of Tacoma and Olympia.

History

The 12.6 km2 refuge was created in 1974 to provide habitat and nesting areas for waterfowl and other migratory birds. It includes a protected estuary, salt marshes and open mudflats, freshwater marshes, open grassland, and riparian woodland and brush. An additional  is protected by the disjoint Black River Unit on a tributary of the Chehalis River. Local environmentalist Margaret McKenny is attributed for the preservation of this area.

On December 18, 2015, President Barack Obama signed the Billy Frank Jr. Tell Your Story Act into law, redesignating the wildlife refuge in honor of Nisqually tribe leader and treaty rights activist Billy Frank, Jr., who died in 2014. It also established the Medicine Creek Treaty National Memorial within the refuge to commemorate the Treaty of Medicine Creek. The national memorial is where the treaty was signed at the Treaty Tree, which is only accessible by boat up McAllister Creek.

Wildlife
The wildlife refuge is home to the Nisqually River Delta, which has the unique status as Washington's largest relatively undisturbed estuary.  The confluence of the freshwater Nisqually River and the saltwater south Puget Sound has created a variety of unique environments, each rich in nutrients and natural resources for the local wildlife.  The delta provides habitats for more than 300 different species of fish and wildlife.

In 1904 the Brown Farm Dike, five miles long, was created to protect farmland from tidal surge, resulting in a loss of important habitat for young fish, birds and marine mammals such as harbor seals. As part of a long running project to restore the estuary, in 2009 a new 10,000 foot dike was installed behind the old dike and four miles of the old Brown Farm Dike were removed. This enabled the tidal flows to reclaim 762 acres to the estuary.

Sea life features 24 species of fish located in one of three habitats: riverine, estuarine or the Nisqually Reach nearshore.  Large populations of fall Chinook salmon, starry flounder and shiner perch offer a sampling of the fish that are abundantly available.
The saltmarshes and mudflats are located outside of the dikes.  Rich in nutrients, they are the home to clams, crabs, shrimp and worms, which in turn feed ducks, gulls and herons.

Over 20,000 birds, made up of 275 different migrating species, use the freshwater marshes and grasslands for breeding, resting or wintering.  The most abundant bird types include raptors, shorebirds and songbirds. Larger animals such as hawks and coyotes feast in the grassland due to the presence of mice and voles.

The riparian woodland and brush habitats contain many amphibians, mammals and reptiles.

See also
 List of National Wildlife Refuges
 List of national memorials of the United States

References

External links

Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

National Wildlife Refuges in Washington (state)
Protected areas of Pierce County, Washington
Protected areas of Thurston County, Washington
Lacey, Washington
Nature centers in Washington (state)
Wetlands of Washington (state)
Landforms of Pierce County, Washington
Landforms of Thurston County, Washington
National Memorials of the United States