The Feldenkrais Method is a type of exercise therapy devised by Israeli Moshé Feldenkrais (1904–1984) during the mid-20th century.  The method is claimed to reorganize connections between the brain and body and so improve body movement and psychological state.

Although there is no medical evidence that the Feldenkrais method improves health outcomes or if it is a cost-effective treatment option, researchers do not believe it poses serious risks.

Description
The Feldenkrais Method is a type of alternative exercise therapy that proponents claim can repair impaired connections between the motor cortex and the body, so benefiting the quality of body movement and improving wellbeing. The Feldenkrais Guild of North America claims that the Feldenkrais method allows people to "rediscover [their] innate capacity for graceful, efficient movement" and that "These improvements will often generalize to enhance functioning in other aspects of [their] life". Proponents claim that the Feldenkrais Method can benefit people with a number of medical conditions, including children with autism, and people with multiple sclerosis. However, no studies in which participants were clearly identified as having an autism spectrum disorder or developmental disabilities have been presented to back these claims.

Feldenkrais lessons have two types, one verbally guided and practiced in groups, called Awareness Through Movement and one hands-on and practiced one-to-one called Functional Integration.

Effectiveness and reception
In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of 17 natural therapies that sought to determine which would continue being covered by health insurance; the Feldenkrais Method was one of 16 therapies for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.  Accordingly in 2017 the Australian government identified the Feldenkrais Method as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, saying this step would "ensure taxpayer funds are expended appropriately and not directed to therapies lacking evidence".

The Feldenkrais Method is promoted with anecdotal claims it can help children with autism and other developmental disorders, but such claims are not backed by reputable supporting evidence.

There is limited evidence that workplace-based use of the Feldenkrais Method may help aid rehabilitation of people with upper limb complaints.

David Gorski has written that the Method bears similarities to faith healing, is like "glorified yoga", and that it "borders on quackery". Quackwatch places the Feldenkrais Method on its list of "Unnaturalistic methods".

History

From the 1950s till his death in 1984, he taught continuously in his home city of Tel Aviv. Feldenkrais gained recognition in part through media accounts of his work with prominent individuals, including Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. Beginning in the late 1950s, Feldenkrais made trips to teach in Europe and America. Several hundred people became certified Feldenkrais practitioners through trainings he held in San Francisco from 1975 to 1978 and in Amherst, Massachusetts, from 1980 to 1984.

Influences
In David Kaetz's biography, Making Connections: Roots and Resonance in the Life of Moshe Feldenkrais (2007), he argues many lines of influence can be found between the Judaism of Feldenkrais's upbringing and the Feldenkrais Method – for instance, the use of paradox as a pedagogical tool.

Feldenkrais was critical of the appropriation of the term 'energy' to express immeasurable phenomena or to label experiences that people had trouble describing ... He was impatient when someone invoked energy in pseudoscientific 'explanations' that masked a lack of understanding. In such cases he urged skepticism and scientific discourse. He encouraged empirical and phenomenological narratives that could lead to insights.

Cybernetics, also known as dynamic systems theory, continued to influence the Feldenkrais Method in the 1990s through the work of human development researcher Esther Thelen.:1535

References

Alternative medicine
Mind–body interventions
Physical exercise
Postural awareness techniques
Somatics

Feldenkrais Method


Lucoli is a comune (municipality) and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of Italy. It is one of the nearest communes to the Campo Felice plain and ski resort.

The epicentre of 2009 L'Aquila earthquake was located near the communal north-eastern border.

References

Cities and towns in Abruzzo

Lucoli


Dowayne D. Davis (born March 9, 1986) is a former American football safety. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Syracuse.

Davis has also been a member of the Kansas City Chiefs and Detroit Lions.

Early years
Davis was born in Jamaica and moved to the United States at age 10.  He began playing football while attending high school in New York City.  He played high school football as a linebacker and running back at Christopher Columbus High School in The Bronx.
  He set the school's record in September 2003 with 35 carries and 306 rushing yards and scored all of Columbus' points (2 touchdowns and 2 two-point conversions) in a 16-12 win over Campus Magnet.  In October 2004, he was the only Bronx athlete to play for the New York state All-Star team in the 7th annual Governor's Bowl All-Star Football game.  Davis had 4 solo tackles in the game and was regarded as "the lockdown corner of the game."

Syracuse University
Davis enrolled at Syracuse University in 2004.  He played college football at Syracuse from 2004 to 2007.  He started 35 consecutive games and totaled 216 tackles for the Orangemen to rank 10th all-time in career tackles by a defensive back at Syracuse.  As a sophomore in 2005, Davis was moved to the strong safety position.  Davis was a starter at the strong safety position for Syracuse in 2005 and 2006, but he was switched to the cornerback position for the 2007 season.  In January 2008, Davis was honored by the Central New York Chapter of the National Football Foundation as the Scholar Athlete of the Year.  He was also selected to the Big East Conference All-Academic Team.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Not selected in the 2008 NFL Draft, Davis entered the NFL by signing with the Dallas Cowboys on May 1, 2008. He was waived by the Cowboys on August 30 during final cuts.

Kansas City Chiefs
On September 3, 2008, Davis was added to the practice squad of the Kansas City Chiefs. He was released on September 25.

Detroit Lions
Davis was signed to the practice squad of the Detroit Lions on December 16, 2008. Following the season, he was re-signed to a future contract on December 29. The Lions released Davis (by request) on April 16.

References

External links
Detroit Lions bio
Syracuse Orange bio

1986 births
Living people
Players of American football from the Bronx
Jamaican players of American football
American football safeties
Syracuse Orange football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Detroit Lions players

Dowayne Davis


Jimmy Donegan (born around 1940) is an Aboriginal Australian artist. His painting Papa Tjukurpa munu Pukara won the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. He speaks Pitjantjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra. His work is held in several major private galleries in Australia and Europe. The only major public gallery to hold one of his works is the National Gallery of Victoria.

Early life
Donegan was born about 1940. He was born at Yanpan, a rock hole near Ngatuntjarra bore in outback Western Australia. He grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the Pitjantjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra country around what is now the communities of Papulankutja and Mantamaru. His family settled at Papulankutja (then known as Blackstone) in the 1950s.

Before he began painting, Donegan worked as a stockman. He was also a hunter and a craftsman well known for making traditional hunting tools (spears, spear-throwers and boomerangs). During the early 1970s, Donegan helped to set up outstations in the south-western Pitjantjatjara lands. His wife was born near Puta Puta, a place close to Kalka in what is now the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. The couple and their children originally lived there, but they later moved to Papulankutja, closer to Jimmy's own homeland.

Jimmy's wife, Nuuniwa Imundura Donegan, was also a craftswoman. During the mid- to late-1990s, she was a member of the Tjanpi Desert Weavers, a project of women producing artistic objects made mainly from grass (). Their life-sized Tjanpi Grass Toyota, a truck made mostly of desert grasses, won the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2005. Other examples of her work are now held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia.

As an artist
Donegan began painting professionally about 2000. He was one of the first painters at the local co-operative Papulankutja Artists, established in 2001. Some of his work with Papulankutja was displayed in a group exhibition in Perth in 2005. During this year, Nuuniwa died, and Donegan moved back to live at Kalka. The couple's four children were living there, and he returned to live with them. He started painting for Kalka's community art centre, Ninuku Arts, when it was established in 2006.

Since joining Ninuku Arts, Donegan's work has been featured every year in the annual Desert Mob exhibition in Alice Springs. It has also been shown in other group exhibitions in Sydney, Canberra, Broome, Melbourne and Adelaide. He has not had a solo exhibition.

Donegan's paintings depict ancestral stories from the Dreamtime, which have spiritual significance for his family. He mostly focuses on stories relating to his paternal (his father's and grandfather's) heritage. His father was Dulu, a rock hole in the Gibson Desert where there are lots of dingoes. It is associated with the Dingo Dreaming (). His grandfather's country is Pukara, a sacred men's site south of Irrunytju that is closely associated with the story of the two snake men (). These are stories are about how the land was created.

Donegan's most famous painting, Papa Tjukurpa munu Pukara, combined both of these stories onto a single canvas. It is a composition of several different styles and techniques. The painting won the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in August 2010. It was given the award for best painting, and was then chosen for the overall prize from the winners of each of the five categories. It was the first time Donegan had entered his artwork into a competition.

Critics have said that Donegan's work looks influenced by the early styles of the Western Desert art movement at Warburton – as the artist was living there during the mid-1990s –, but that he also shows a new style and experimentalism.

References

Other websites
 Jimmy Donegan  at Ninuku Arts

1940 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Artists from Western Australia

Jimmy Donegan


A Jathera is a shrine constructed to commemorate common clan ancestors. Each village in the Punjab has a Jathera which can be visited by members of different surnames. Many villages have a Jathera for each clan/surname.

When members of a clan form a new village, they continue to visit the Jathera in the ancestral village. If this is not possible, a link is brought from the old Jathera to construct a new Jathera in the new village.

People visit the Jathera when getting married, on the 15th day of the Indian month, and sometimes on the first Sunday of an Indian month.

Religious buildings
Punjab, India

Jathera


Andrew Alan Rader is a Canadian author and aerospace engineer. Rader was the Season 2 winner of the Discovery series, Canada's Greatest Know-It-All. Originally from Ottawa, Canada, Rader now works for SpaceX as a Mission Manager in Los Angeles.

Education
Rader attended Carleton University from 1999 until 2005, receiving bachelor's and master's degrees in aerospace engineering there. He spent the following four years studying aeronautics and astronautics engineering at MIT, specializing in long-duration spaceflight, and receiving his Ph.D. in 2009.

Career
Rader worked as a research engineer at Canada's National Research Council from 2003 to 2005. After moving to the US, he worked as a research engineer at MIT from 2005 to 2010.

After graduating from MIT, Rader worked as a Spacecraft Systems Engineer at COM DEV from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, Rader moved to Los Angeles to take a job at SpaceX where he now holds the position of Mission Manager.

Rader was a candidate for the Canadian Astronaut Corps in 2009 and 2017. He wrote about the experience in an article for Motherboard called "What It's Like to Be in the Running to Be an Astronaut." He was also in consideration for a one-way mission to Mars as part of the Mars One project in 2014. Natalie Angier interviewed him about the process for a New York Times story entitled A One-Way Trip to Mars? Many Would Sign Up.

Books
Rader self-published his first five books via successful crowdfunding campaigns on Kickstarter. His first book to be released by a major publisher is the non-fiction chronicle of human exploration, Beyond the Known: How Exploration Created the Modern World and Will Take us to the Stars, released by Simon & Schuster on November 12, 2019.

His non-fiction books for adults include:

 2019 - Beyond the Known: How Exploration Created the Modern World and Will Take us to the Stars
 2014 -  Leaving Earth: Why One-way to Mars Makes Sense

He is also the author of a series of science books for children:

 2015 - Epic Space Adventure, successfully funded via Kickstarter on November 30, 2015
 2016 - Mars Rover Rescue, successfully funded via Kickstarter on November 30, 2016
 2017 - Rocket Science, successfully funded via Kickstarter on December 5, 2017
 2018 - Europa Excursion, successfully funded via Kickstarter on December 8, 2018

Selected research publications
Rader, A., Newland, F., and Ross, A. (2011). An Iterative Subsystem-Generated Approach to Populating a Satellite Constellation Tradespace. AIAA Space 2011, Long Beach, CA, September 2011.
 Rader, A., Oman, C., and Merfeld, D. (2011). Perceived tilt and translation perception during variable-radius swing motion with congruent or conflicting visual and vestibular cues. Experimental Brain Research. Vol. 210: 173-184. (Expanded PhD Thesis Version)
Rader, A., Ross, A., and Rhodes, D. (2010). A Methodological Comparison of Monte Carlo Methods and Epoch-Era Analysis for System Assessment in Uncertain Environments. 4th Annual IEEE Systems Conference, San Diego, CA, April 2010.
 Rader, A., Oman, C., and Merfeld, D. (2009). Motion Perception During Variable-Radius Swing Motion in Darkness. Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 102. No. 4., 2232-2244
Cummings, M.L., Tsonis, C., and Rader, A. (2008). The Impact of Multi-layered Data-blocks on Controller Performance. Air Traffic Control Quarterly (ATCA). Vol. 16, No. 2.
Rader, A., Newman, D., and Carr, C. (2007). Loping: A strategy for reduced gravity human locomotion? Proceedings from the 37th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES)
Rader, A., Afagh, F., Yousefi-Koma, A. and Zimcik, D. G. (2007). Optimization of Piezoelectric Actuator Configuration on a Flexible Fin for Vibration Control using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 18: 1015 - 1033. (Expanded Masters Thesis Version)
Rader, A., Yousefi-Koma, A., Afagh, F., and Zimcik, D. (2005). Optimization of selective piezoelectric actuator configuration on a flexible fin using a genetic algorithm. Proceedings from the 12th Annual SPIE International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials.
Rader, A., Afagh, F., Yousefi-Koma, A., and Zimcik, D. (2004). Optimization of piezoelectric actuator configuration using a genetic algorithm for three-dimensional surface fitting of the frequency response function. Proceedings from the 15th Annual ICAST Conference on Adaptive Structure and Technologies.
Rader, A., Clements, G., and Langlois, R. (2002). Dynamics of a Quarter-Car Suspension. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Laboratory Manual. Carleton University.

References

Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from Ottawa
MIT School of Engineering alumni
SpaceX people
Canadian children's writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Carleton University alumni
Aerospace engineers
Canadian game designers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andrew Rader


Quinton is a small unincorporated community in New Kent County, Virginia, United States. It is located on State Route 249 in the western portion of the county.

Crump's Mill and Millpond and New Kent High School and George W. Watkins High School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in New Kent County, Virginia

Quinton, Virginia


Mallishwari is a 1951 Indian Telugu-language historical romance film produced and directed by B. N. Reddy under his banner Vauhini Studios. P. Bhanumathi and N. T. Rama Rao star as a couple – Nagaraju and Mallishwari – who are separated by Mallishwari's greedy mother. Mallishwari is sent to the king's palace according to the custom of "Rani Vasam", a tradition during the Vijayanagara Empire wherein young women were fetched to the palace with an offering of gold and jewellery to their parents. The rest of the film focuses on the consequences faced by Nagaraju when he, against all rules, surreptitiously enters the palace to meet Mallishwari.

Reddy wanted to make a film based on Krishnadevaraya's character ever since his visit to Hampi for the filming of his debut film Vandemataram (1939). He employed Devulapalli Krishnasastri to write the film's script and took inspiration from Buchibabu play "Rayalavari Karunakruthyamu" and Devan Sharar's short story "The Emperor and the Slave Girl". He also incorporated into the script a few incidents from his childhood for the pranks between Nagaraju and Mallishwari. S. Rajeswara Rao composed the film's music, Adi M. Irani and B. N. Konda Reddy provided the cinematography, H. R. Narayana and Vasu edited the film, and A. K. Shekhar was the film's production designer.

The production phase of Mallishwari lasted for two years and the film was released on 20 December 1951. It opened to a tepid response at the box office, but soon saw a growth in ticket sales due to favourable word of mouth. It grossed over 8 lakh (0.8 million) but underperformed in its initial box-office run. However, it was successful in its re-release. Mallishwari was featured at the Peking Film Festival in Beijing, China on 14, March 1953. B. N. Reddy planned to dub the film into English, but backed out due to budget considerations.

Mallishwari achieved cult status in Telugu cinema and is considered one of the best works of Reddy as a filmmaker. It became the first film script to be serialised in the magazine Vijayachitra, and a few universities in the United States wished to have the film's script as a part of their textual studies. On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, CNN-IBN included Mallishwari in its list, "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".

Plot
During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, "Rani Vasam" was a common tradition that was considered a "boon" for young women. According to the tradition, young women were made the official residents of the palace when palanquins were sent to fetch them from their homes, offering large quantities of gold and jewellery to the parents in exchange. While the families of these women continue to cherish their daughters, these women were prohibited from having any contact with any male or letting any male visit them without permission. The ones who violated the rule were hanged.

Nagaraju and Mallishwari of Veerapuram are cross-cousins who became close friends in childhood. This angers Mallishwari's mother Nagamma, who criticises Nagaraju and his mother Govindamma, mainly for their economic status. Mallishwari's father Narappa, also the village head, is a silent spectator, and her uncle Hanumanthappa is a minister in the court of Krishnadevaraya, the king of the Vijayanagara Empire. Once, Nagaraju and Mallishwari visit the nearby village and take shelter in a mandapa at night during a rainfall. Krishnadevaraya and Allasani Peddana, along with a few soldiers, enter the same mandapa where there are impressed with Mallishwari's talent as a singer and dancer. Nagaraju and Mallishwari, unaware of their true identity, converse with them, and Nagaraju asks them to recommend Mallishwari to Krishnadevaraya for Rani Vasam.

Mallishwari is against this and sees this as a prank by Nagaraju. While Nagamma is keen to send her to Rani Vasam, Narappa wants his daughter to marry Nagaraju. Nagamma voices her opinion insulting Nagaraju and Govindamma. Nagaraju then decides to leave Veerapuram and earn money to convince Nagamma to approve his marriage to Mallishwari. He becomes a successful sculptor in Vijayanagara and decides to return to Veerapuram. However, before he can do so, Krishnadevaraya and his wife Tirumaladevi appoint Mallishwari as the official resident of the palace, thereby granting her "Rani Vasam".

Due to her insatiable desire for wealth, Nagamma forcibly sends Mallishwari to the palace, and, when Nagaraju returns on the same night and learns what has happened, he becomes depressed. Govindamma becomes unstable after Nagaraju begins to lead the life of a recluse, mulling over his memories of Mallishwari. A group of sculptors meet Nagaraju and ask him to accompany them to Vijayanagara to build a special mandapa for dancers, and he agrees. There, he meets Mallishwari. They are separated by her maid Jalaja, who is afraid that they will be beheaded, as stipulated in the Rani Vasam tradition. Knowing about her past, Jalaja arranges a meeting of Mallishwari with Nagaraju on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at midnight.

Krishnadevaraya and his ministry attend the newly constructed dance hall, where they learn that Nagaraju is one of the sculptors. That night, Mallishwari wants to meet Nagaraju again but is held back after receiving a message that Krishnadevaraya and Tirumaladevi, along with other official residents of the palace, will be attending the play "Usha Parinayam" at the dance hall and that Mallishwari is expected to participate in it. Nagaraju, who is waiting for her near the Tungabhadra river, enters the palace and is chased by the soldiers. Mallishwari sees Nagaraju running and calls out to him. To prevent Mallishwari from being hanged, Nagaraju acts as if he does not know her, but they are soon jailed for violating the rules of Rani Vasam.

Jalaja reveals the love story of Mallishwari and Nagaraju to Tirumaladevi. She also reveals that Mallishwari denied any help from her and instead chose to die along with Nagaraju. The next morning, the hanging nooses are kept ready and the duo meet Krishnadevaraya before killing them. When Nagaraju blames Krishnadevaraya for sending a palanquin to her house for Rani Vasam, Krishnadevaraya defends his action and reminds Nagaraju that it was he who had asked him to send Mallishwari to Rani Vasam. Krishnadevaraya forgives both Nagaraju and Mallishwari, and their marriage is conducted in a grand manner at the palace.

Cast
 P. Bhanumathi as Mallishwari and the main female lead and singer
 N. T. Rama Rao as Nagaraju
 Sreevatsa as Krishnadevaraya
 Kumari as Tirumaladevi
 T. G. Kamala Devi as Jalaja
 Nyapathi Raghava Rao as Allasani Peddana
 Rushyendramani as Nagamma
 Doraiswamy as Narappa
 Surabhi Kamalabai as Govindamma
 Vangara Venkata Subbaiah as Hanumanthappa
 Revathi in a cameo appearance in the song "Poyi Ravamma"
 Baby Mallika as Young Mallishwari
 Master Venkata Ramana as Young Nagaraju

Production

During the filming of his directorial debut Vandemataram (1939) at Hampi, B. N. Reddy visited the Virupaksha Temple to capture the beauty of the monuments, which reflected the taste and artistic outlook of Krishnadevaraya, king of the Vijayanagara Empire. At the heart of the temple, Reddy felt that he was standing exactly at a place where Krishnadevaraya had once stood and offered prayers to the deity. From that moment, Reddy decided to make a film in which Krishnadevaraya would be the main character, and he began working on the script.

Reddy chose the concept of Rayalavari Karunakruthyamu, a popular play written by Telugu novelist Buchibabu that was published in the literary journal Bharathi (1944) and later broadcast by All India Radio, Madras. He approached Telugu poet and playwright Devulapalli Krishnasastri to write the film's script and lyrics after being impressed with his previous works. Reddy made a few changes to Buchibabu's play and reworked Krishnadevaraya's character.

Apart from Rayalavari Karunakruthyamu, Krishnasastri's script also took inspiration from Devan Sharar's short story, The Emperor and the Slave Girl, which was published in the now defunct magazine, The Illustrated Weekly of India. It was Reddy's practice to credit the authors of works from which he borrowed the basic premise for a film, but in this film, that was not the case. Krishnasastry revealed the fact in an interview with Vijayachitra magazine after Reddy's death in 1977. However, in the film's opening credits, Buchibabu was listed as the film's writer along with Krishnasastri. Adi M. Irani and B. N. Konda Reddy were the film's cinematographers; S. Rajeswara Rao and Addepalli Ramarao composed the film's music; H. R. Narayana and Vasu edited the film. A. K. Shekhar was the film's production designer and Thota Tharani father Thota Venkateswara Rao assisted him.

N. T. Rama Rao was chosen to play Nagaraju, a sculptor during the period of Krishnadevaraya's rule. B. N. Reddy wanted to cast a fresh face for the role of Mallishwari and screen-tested Kannada actress Revathi. He later finalised P. Bhanumathi, who played a negative role in his previous film Swarga Seema (1945), as the film's female lead, as he felt an experienced actress with a good voice would do better justice to the role. Revathi made a cameo appearance in the song "Poyi Ravamma". Differences arose between Reddy and Bhanumathi due to the latter's lack of punctuality. Due to the delay in production of Mallishwari, Bhanumathi had begun working in Prema (1952), which was produced by her husband P. S. Ramakrishna Rao. As she sported a curly hairdo, a body double was used for a few sequences as it was in contrast to the simple and soft tresses she sported in this film. Regarding the same, Bhanumathi criticised Reddy, stating that he wanted his actresses to concentrate on his films and avoid getting married.

Despite this, Reddy said that Rama Rao and Bhanumathi "made a cute on-screen pair", adding that one cannot imagine anyone else as Nagaraju and Malleswari. T. G. Kamala Devi, who played the role of Mallishwari in Buchibabu's radio play, was cast as Jalaja, Mallishwari's maid in the film. Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy choreographed the songs. Reddy incorporated a few of his childhood incidents in the film, and according to Bhanumathi, the pranks between Mallishwari and Nagaraju and the sequence before the song "Kothi Bavaku Pellanta" were inspired by his childhood experiences. Apart from designing the sets, Shekhar took care of the artists' hair and costumes. He also recreated the shores of the Tungabhadra River on a floor a Vauhini Studios building in Madras for the song "Manasuna Mallela". The production phase of Mallishwari lasted two years.

Music

The official soundtrack of Mallishwari composed by S. Rajeswara Rao consists of 19 songs whose lyrics were penned by Devulapalli Krishnasastri. The sound mixing process was supervised by A. Krishnan and P. V. Koteswara Rao. It was processed by N. C. Sen Gupta and orchestrated by Addepalli Ramarao, who was, however, credited as one of the film's music directors in the opening credits. The song "Manasuna Mallela" was composed using the Kalyani raga. Purandara Dasa composition "Sri Gananatha" was used in the film's opening credits. Being a playback singer, Bhanumathi provided vocals for all the songs featuring her character Mallishwari. Composing the soundtrack took six months and Rajeswara Rao held rehearsals for both Ghantasala and Bhanumathi along with others. The soundtrack, marketed by Saregama, was released on 31 December 1951.

The soundtrack was a critical and commercial success. In his review for Telugu Swatantra magazine, writer Aarudhra praised the film's sound designing by Krishnan and Koteswara Rao stating, "Heavy rain with winds lashed outside as [Mallishwari]'s mother converses with her husband Nagappa. Their conversation is clearly audible along with the sound of the rain and the wind. Even the flutter of the towel on Nagappa's shoulder is heard clearly". In The Hans India, Aruna Ravikumar surmised that, for the song "Akasha Veedhilo", Krishnasastri had borrowed the image of a cloud as messenger between lovers from the poem "Meghasandesam" by Indian Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa. Rajeswara Rao considered Mallishwari to be his best work after S. S. Vasan Chandralekha (1948). He especially liked "Akasha Veedhilo" and performed it numerous times at events he attended.

After Bhanumathi's death in December 2005, K. V. S. Madhav of The Hindu recalled, "Even at the ripe age of 70-something, when she rendered her immortal number from Malleswari, 'Manasuna Mallela maalalugene...' in that honey-dipped voice, there was no eye that did not turn moist at Ravindra Bharathi almost a decade ago." The single "Hey Pillagada" from Fidaa (2017) is an adapted version of the song "Parugulu Teeyaali," with the vocals of Bhanumathi and Ghantasala.

Track listing

Release, reception and legacy

Mallishwari was released on 20 December 1951. Initially, it received a tepid response at the box office. However, ticket sales picked up due to positive word of mouth but the film underperformed commercially. Reddy re-released the film after a gap, and it achieved bigger success. Mallishwari was screened at the 1952 Peking film festival, making it the first Telugu film to be screened in China.

Mallishwari grossed over 8 lakh, which according to Reddy, was a huge amount in those days. Vasan advised Reddy to dub the film into Hindi. A 16 mm print was sent to the United States. After being screened in various countries, Reddy wanted to dub Mallishwari into English. However, the plans were dropped due to budget considerations. Delhi Telugu Sangham screened the film at Azad Bhawan, New Delhi, on 21 February 2004. The 60th anniversary of Mallishwari was celebrated with an event at the Sri Thyagaraja Gana Sabha, Chikkadpally, on 20 December 2011.

Critical reception
In his review for Filmindia magazine, Baburao Patel called Mallishwari an "inspiring motion picture" which would "save us the blush when compared with the best of motion pictures of the world". Film historian Randor Guy called Mallishwari a "poem in celluloid, told with rare artistic finesse, which lingers long in the memory".

M. L. Narasimham of The Hindu wrote, "No wonder, the film took two years to complete, but what ultimately mattered was the quality of the product, an all-time classic of which the Telugu film industry is proud. It is a simple story, well told and represented by excellence in all sectors of film -craft [sic]". Regarding Bhanumathi's performance, Narasimham stated that she "breathed life" into Mallishwari's character with her "natural acting and mellifluous renditions".

In his book "Alanaati Chalana Chitram", K. N. T. Sastry wrote that Bhanumathi's expressions were "heavenly" and called Shekhar's production design "commendable". The directorate of the International Film Festival of India called Mallishwari a "nostalgic film of kings and proud queens, baroque-style palaces and dancers, and ordinary mortals who dared to fall in love".

Digitisation plans
In November 2007, a Hyderabad-based company named Goldstone Technologies acquired the film negative rights of fourteen Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios, including Mayabazar (1957) and Mallishwari, to release their digitally remastered versions in colour. Though the digitally remastered and colourised version of Mayabazar, released in January 2010, was commercially successful, Goldstone Technologies decided not to remaster the remaining fourteen films including Mallishwari, saying that most of the producers who sold the rights of the negatives to TV channels lost control over them. Goldstone said furthermore that there were a number of legal issues over ownership and copyright issues whenever other producers try to do something on their own.

In popular culture

Mallishwari is regarded as one of the cult classic films of Telugu cinema. It is one of the earliest Telugu films making use of Indian art and architecture and was followed by films such as Sankarabharanam (1980), Meghasandesam (1982), Ananda Bhairavi (1983), Sagara Sangamam (1983), and Rudraveena (1988). It was also the first film script to be serialised in Vijayachitra magazine. During the film's screening in the United States, a few universities requested the film's script as a part of their film study curriculum. Reddy considered Mallishwari his best work as a filmmaker, and the film was recognised as such. Mallishwari success led to Rama Rao's resurgence from a career slump. A 2004 Telugu film directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar was also titled Mallishwari and marked the debut of the British-Indian actress Katrina Kaif in Telugu cinema.

In January 2007, M. L. Narasimham included Mallishwari on a list of films that have influenced society and Telugu cinema along with Mala Pilla (1938), Raithu Bidda (1939), Vara Vikrayam (1939), Bhakta Potana (1942), Shavukaru (1950), Peddamanushulu (1954), Mayabazar (1957) and Lava Kusa (1963). In May 2012, Radhika Rajamani of Rediff.com mentioned Mallishwari for the letter M in her list, "The A to Z of Telugu Cinema". Commenting on Mithunam (2012), actor and writer Gollapudi Maruti Rao stated, "Some movies might make money but a Malleswari, a Sankarabharanam, a Pratighatana and movies like them cannot be forgotten". On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, CNN-IBN included Mallishwari in its list, "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1951 films
1950s Telugu-language films
Indian romantic drama films
Indian romantic musical films
Indian historical romance films
Indian historical musical films
Indian epic films
1951 romantic drama films
1950s romantic musical films
1950s historical romance films
1950s historical musical films
Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao
Vijayanagara Empire
Films set in ancient India
Films set in the 16th century
Indian films based on plays
Indian black-and-white films
Films directed by B. N. Reddy

Malliswari (1951 film)


Salomón Ibarra Mayorga (September 8, 1887 – October 2, 1985) was a Nicaraguan poet, political thinker, and the lyricist of "Salve a ti, Nicaragua", the Nicaraguan national anthem. His poetry is simple, expressive, musical in quality, and patriotic. A strong proponent of peace and democracy, he is honored in Nicaragua for his anti-interventionist stance and his patriotism.

Early life and family
He was born in the municipality of Chinandega, Chinandega department, to Felipe Ibarra and Eloísa Mayorga. His father was an attorney, philologist, and poet, and had been a teacher of the poet Rubén Darío. His mother came from a distinguished family whose membership included many poets and writers. Ibarra Mayorga first studied at the Seminario Conciliar San Ramón in the city of León. In 1909, he began work as the accountant of the Colegio Mercantil de Occidente. In 1928, he married Angelina Mejía, and the pair had three children, Eloísa, Gloria, and Salomón.Damaris Ibarra is his great great grand daughter (2002-current)

Political activities
In 1911, Ibarra Mayorga founded El Tiempo, the only liberal newspaper that criticized the regime of Juan José Estrada. On May 14 of the same year, he was hurt in an attack he believed to have been orchestrated by the anti-intellectual Carlos Pasos. The attack drove him to join the Revolución Constitucionalista Liberal, which engaged in violent struggle against the dictatorship of Adolfo Díaz and militated against United States intervention. As a result of his efforts, he was exiled to Honduras. For the next fifteen years, he directed the Central American operations of the Singer Corporation.

National anthem
In 1918, under the nom de plume Rómulo, he entered the contest held by the government of President Emiliano Chamorro to determine the lyrics of the Nicaraguan national anthem. The composition of the lyrics was a difficult task, given the United States occupation of the country. Ibarra Mayorga had to be careful to neither anger the occupiers, nor to "wound the national dignity" by making reference to the occupation. Nonetheless, he wanted to write words that would reflect the popular anti-interventionist sentiment of his compatriots.

In his 1955 Monografía de Nicaragua, which details the story of the anthem's composition, he writes, ¨Ciertamente la primera estrofa del Himno, por la sencillez del asunto, fue concebida fácilmente como una expresión del ansia nacional que pedía paz y trabajo después de una enconada lucha fraticida. Pero esto no era para satisfacer los impulsos del alma, los anhelos del patriotismo.¨ (Certainly the first stanza of the Anthem, due to the delicacy of the issue, was conceived easily as an expression of the national longing that was asking for peace and work after an exasperating fratricidal struggle. But this wasn't everything to satisfy the impulses of the soul, the desires of patriotism.)

He won the contest, but political turmoil prevented the lyrics from becoming official until 1939, when President Anastasio Somoza García officialized them with by executive order.

Return to Nicaragua
In 1935, he was recalled to Nicaragua by President Juan Bautista Sacasa to direct the national credit bureau, a post he held until 1946.

He was also secretary of the local social assistance league in Managua, president of the Nicaraguan section of the Asociación de Escritores y Artistas Americanos (American Association of Writers and Artists), president of the Nicaraguan-Israeli Cultural Institute, and president of the Managua Rotary Club.

In 1949, he was awarded the Rubén Darío National Prize by the Nicaraguan Teachers' Union.

Later life, death, and legacy
Following the 1972 Managua earthquake, he took refuge in Honduras and remained there for the next twelve years, visiting Nicaragua often.

In 1975, he published a volume of poetry entitled "Gris".

He died in 1985 in Tegucigalpa, leaving a poem entitled "Ruego" asking his survivors to drape a Nicaraguan flag over his heart. And in accordance with his wish to have his remains repatriated, as related in his poem "La Canción del Ausente", Nicaraguan President Arnoldo Alemán ordered the exhumation and reburial of his ashes on September 12, 2000. They now rest in the Palacio Nacional de la Cultura in Managua. A school in Tipitapa, Managua department is named in his honor, as is the city plaza in Chinandega.

Bibliography

References

20th-century Nicaraguan poets
Nicaraguan male poets
Lyricists
Nicaraguan people of Basque descent
1887 births
1985 deaths
National anthem writers
20th-century male writers

Salomón Ibarra Mayorga


James Christopher Maloney (born September 6, 1961) is the manager for the Mississippi Braves of Minor League Baseball. A former minor league first baseman and outfielder, he spent five seasons as manager of the Cardinals' Triple-A farm club before his hiring, on November 16, 2011, to serve on the 2012 staff of Cardinals' manager Mike Matheny.

Early and personal life
Maloney was born on September 6, 1961, in Jackson, Mississippi. He graduated from St. Joseph High School in Jackson and from Mississippi State University. He was nicknamed "The Hammer" and "Wally Pipp" during his MSU playing days for his smooth stroke and for being the starting first baseman on State's 1983 squad before contracting a stomach virus early in that campaign. College Baseball Hall of Fame member and MLB All-Star Will Clark took over for the ailing Maloney at first and started every game from mid-1983 through the semifinals of the 1985 NCAA World Series for the Bulldogs.

His father, J. Con Maloney, was the longtime owner of the Jackson Mets and Jackson Generals of the Texas League, and a co-owner (with Nolan Ryan and family) of Round Rock Baseball, owners of the Round Rock Express.

Chris has a brother, Mark, who is a partner with the law firm King & Spalding.

Playing career
Maloney signed with the New York Mets in 1983 and played four seasons of minor league baseball in the Mets and Cardinals organizations, never rising above the Class A level. In his finest season, 1984 with the Columbia Mets of the South Atlantic League, he batted .324 in 173 at-bats with three home runs and 24 runs batted in. A switch-hitter who threw right-handed, Maloney stood  and weighed  during his playing career.

Manager
Maloney became a minor league manager in the Cardinals' system in 1991 with the Rookie-level Johnson City Cardinals of the Appalachian League. In 18 seasons (1991–96; 1998–2009) as a manager, his teams have won 1,191 games and lost 1,121 (.515) with two league championships—including the 2009 PCL playoff title. With the exception of three seasons (2002–04) as manager of the New Orleans Zephyrs, top farm club of the Houston Astros at the time, all of those years have been spent with the Cardinals' organization.

He was announced as taking the job as first base coach for the St. Louis Cardinals on November 16, 2011. Maloney was named third base coach after Jose Oquendo was placed on medical leave of absence on March 27, 2016. He was reassigned in the organization from third base coaching on June 9, 2017. Maloney joined the Atlanta Braves organization in December 2017, as manager of the Double-A Mississippi Braves, a Southern League team.

See also
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

References

External links

 Field Staff Bio - Memphis Redbirds

1961 births
Living people
Baseball coaches from Mississippi
Columbia Mets players
Little Falls Mets players
Lynchburg Mets players
Memphis Redbirds managers
Minor league baseball coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
Sportspeople from Jackson, Mississippi
Springfield Cardinals players
Baseball players from Jackson, Mississippi

Chris Maloney


Amina Priscille Longoh (born 1991) is a Chadian humanitarian organizer and politician. She has served as in the government of Chad as minister of women and the protection of early childhood since July 2020.

Biography
Longoh was born in 1991 in Sarh, the capital of Chad's Moyen-Chari region.

She holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from Wintech Professional Institute in Ghana, as well as a master's in business administration from Sup'Management. After working in the oil sector for Glencore from 2013 to 2018, she left the firm to focus on humanitarian work.

In 2016, Longoh founded Tchad Helping Hands, a charitable organization with a particular focus on supporting Chadian women and girls. The foundation's genesis was a fundraiser she had organized for a 2-year-old girl who had eye cancer. The funds did not come through in time, and the girl died. Wanting to be able to respond to crises more quickly in the future, she launched Tchad Helping Hands later that year.

Longoh was appointed by President Idriss Déby as director of the Maison Nationale de la Femme (National Women's House) in 2019. She also served as education commissioner for the Panafrican Youth Union.

In July 2020, she was appointed by Déby as minister of women and the protection of early childhood. At age 29, she was the youngest minister in the newly reshuffled cabinet alongside the new youth and sports minister, Routouang Mohamed Ndonga Christian. She was one of nine women in the 35-member cabinet. She was retained in the cabinet reshuffles under transitional president Mahamat Déby, who took over after his father's death.

Longoh has advocated against the social and economic marginalization of women, and in favor of women's role in pan-African unity and identity.

The minister was the subject of a controversy in November 2020 when a photo circulated online of her holding a Quran, which was a gift from students at a Quranic school. Some Muslims believe that non-Muslims should not directly touch the holy book. She apologized, removing the photo from her social media profile and asking for forgiveness from the Muslim community.

Longoh is married and has two children.

References

1991 births
21st-century Chadian women politicians
21st-century Chadian politicians
Women government ministers of Chad
People from Sarh
Living people

Amina Priscille Longoh


Transnistria is a region in Eastern Europe that is under the effective control of the self-declared Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic but is recognized by the international community as an administrative unit of Moldova, the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester.

The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic uses a red-green-red triband and the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester use the flag of Moldova.

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic

The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, also known as Transnistria (, Moldovan Cyrillic: Стягул Транснистрией; ; ), has two co-official national flags. The first co-official national flag consists of three horizontal bands of red, green, and red, of vertical width 3:2:3, and in the upper canton, is the main element of the coat of arms of Transnistria; a golden hammer and sickle and a gold-bordered red star. The hammer and sickle fit into a conventional square, and the star, a conditional circle. Transnistria adopted this design that comprises a version of the flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic used between 1952 and 1990 in the 2000 Law about State Symbols. The second co-official national flag consists of three horizontal stripes in the colors white, blue, and red. (Russian flag at a ratio of 1:2 instead of 2:3)

History
The flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic served as the flag of the republic until December 1991. When Moldova became independent, some places in Transnistria refused to fly the new Moldovan flag and continued to fly the flag of the Soviet Union. Continued use of the flag of the former Moldavian SSR was popular and it was officially reintroduced as the flag of Transnistria in 1991. Despite the socialist influence on the flag and coat of arms, Transnistria is not a socialist state.

The original flag, as well as its description, are kept in the official residence of the President of Transnistria.

In 2009, the Supreme Council discussed a proposal to replace the civil flag – which is plain red-green-red without the hammer and sickle – with a new flag, carrying three horizontal stripes in the colours white, blue, and red, being nearly identical to the flag of the Russian Federation, but with a different aspect ratio (1:2 instead of Russia's 2:3). The primary reason for the co-official national flag is that it indicates Transnistria's desire for closer ties with Russia, a guarantor of Transnistria's claimed independence from Moldova. In a 2006 referendum, 97.2% of Transnistrians were reported to have voted in favour of increased free association with Russia. The new flag is used alongside the state flag. In 2017, the Supreme Council passed a motion making the new design Transnistria's co-official national flag.

Usage
Transnistrian law permits the use of a simplified version of the flag for non-governmental use (personal and commercial usage) without the hammer and sickle and red star and regard to shape or size. The most common size is still 1:2, but 2:3 versions have also been used.

The national flag of Transnistria is permanently raised on the buildings of:

Other flags
The presidential flag is a 1:1, yellow fringed version of the civil flag with the coat-of-arms in the center. It was adopted on 18 July 2000 and replaced an earlier version dating from 1997.

The army flag is a blue flag with a yellow bordered red cross. It is similar to that of the Moldovan army, but does not include the Moldovan coat-of-arms.

A customs flag is also in use by Transnistrian customs. It is a primarily green flag with two red bands at the bottom. The central part of the flag is dominated by the Transnistrian coat of arms.

Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester
The law which formally established the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester contains provisions for the region to adopt its own symbols. At present, the region has not yet adopted a distinctive flag and instead of the flag of Moldova is used for official purposes. It consists of a vertical tricolor of blue, yellow, and red, charged with the coat of arms of Moldova (an eagle holding a shield charged with an aurochs) on the center bar.

See also
 Coat of arms of Transnistria
 Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
 Flag of Moldova
 Flag of Gagauzia

References

External links
 About the State Flag of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
 Parliament's website for law on state flag

Politics of Transnistria
Flags of Moldova
Transnistria
Transnistria
Transnistria

Flag of Transnistria


Astropecten polyacanthus, the sand sifting starfish or comb sea star, is a sea star of the family Astropectinidae. It is the most widespread species in the genus Astropecten, found throughout the Indo-Pacific region. The armspread is up to . The specific epithet "polyacanthus" comes from the Latin meaning "many thorned".

Description
The upper surface of the comb star is a dark purplish colour, while the underside is orange. On the upper surface paxillae (Latin, "little stakes"), little pillars with flattened summits, are cream, grey or brown, the colours sometimes making a chevron pattern. Along the edges of the five arms there is a fringe of long, sharp marginal spines, usually with brown bases and pale tips. The arms are fairly broad and have a maximum length of . The tube feet are pointed rather than having suckers, an arrangement that is more suitable for digging. Astropecten polyacanthus can be confused with Archaster spp. which look similar because both have developed features to enable them to dig through sand through convergent evolution. Archaster has spines that are flat and blunt and on its upper surface has parallel, radial rows of plates while Astropecten polyacanthus does not.

Distribution
The comb star is found in shallow tropical and sub-tropical seas throughout the Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea and Zanzibar to Hawaii, and from Japan to Australia and New Zealand. In Australia the range extends from Cape Naturaliste in the west, round the north coast to Sydney in the east. It is often found on silty sand bottoms in harbours and estuaries. It is found at depths down to about .

Biology
The comb star spends much of its time buried in the silty seabed. It feeds on detritus and bivalve and gastropod molluscs which it swallows whole. It also sometimes engulfs pebbles and digests the biofilm and small invertebrates adhering to the surface.

Astropecten polyacanthus contains the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, also known as TTX which has no known antidote. In a case of paralytic poisoning in Japan it was found that the victim had eaten a trumpet shell, Charonia lampas, which had acquired the toxin through its food chain, thus implicating Astropecten polyacanthus. In a study that followed this incident, most of the 54 comb stars assayed contained TTX, with one individual having a toxicity score of 520 mouse units per gram.

Use in aquaria
The comb star is sometimes kept in reef aquaria where it is efficient at clearing detritus and uneaten food from the sand or gravel. It is mostly nocturnal and needs to be acclimatized gradually to the conditions in the tank. If it is overstocked, it will starve.

References

External links

polyacanthus
Echinoderms of New Zealand
Starfish described in 1842

Astropecten polyacanthus


Polski Klub Sportowy Polonia Karwina (PKS Polonia Karwina) was a Polish multi-sport club, located in the city of Karviná (Karwina) in Czechoslovakia. It affiliated nine sport clubs and an amateur theatre group. Most successful and most popular was a football club.

History
Founded in 1919, as Polski Klub Sportowy Polonia, it was the strongest team of the Polish minority in Czechoslovakia. PKS Polonia was initially one of the sections of Polish Gymnastic Society Sokół, eventually on 28 January 1931 it gained organizational independence. In 1932 it had 302 members, 65 of them in football section. In the 1920s and 1930s it played in the regional, Těšín league (żupa) of the Czechoslovak Football Association. Together with such teams from Trans-Olza as Siła Trzyniec, Siła Karwina, Siła Orłowa, Siła Frysztat, Siła Karwina-Sowiniec, Polonia in 1922 was co-founder of the Polski Związek Klubów Sportowych w Czechosłowacji (Polish Association of Sport Clubs in Czechoslovakia), which in mid-1930s had some 4,000 members.

Also, Polonia was very active on international stage, playing numerous friendly games with several teams from Poland. In 1934 it won the football competition of the first Polonia Games in Warsaw. It was a tournament for Polish ethnic sports organizations existing beyond borders of Poland, its official name was: "Games for Sportsmen from Abroad and The Independent City of Danzig". After the return of the team to Karwina, 10,000 Poles welcomed the winning team.

In 1936 came the largest success of the team in Czechoslovakia. PKS Polonia won the Těšín league (župa) and advanced to the Moravian-Silesian Division, one of the highest leagues in the country.

In the fall of 1938 Polonia came to Warsaw, to face the renowned team of Polonia Warsaw. This friendly match was connected with Polish takeover of Trans-Olza and the Warsaw crowd enthusiastically welcomed players from Karwina.

In March 1939 Polonia was added to the Silesian A-Class (see: Lower Level Football Leagues in Interwar Poland), however its results were not impressive. The 1939 season was not finished due to the outbreak of World War II. During the war many club officials and supporters were murdered by Nazis.

In February 1948 communists in Czechoslovakia staged a coup d'état. In 1949 the club was incorporated into Polish Sokół organization and renamed Sokół-Polonia. It was liquidated in 1952 by communists when the social, cultural and sport life were curbed into several organizations controlled by communists.

References

Further reading

External links
 Polonia Games – Meetings of Polish Olympic Committee  activists

Polish minority in Trans-Olza
Football clubs in Czechoslovakia
Karviná
Sokół
Sports clubs and teams established in 1919
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1952
Karwina
Defunct football clubs in former Polish territories
Polish association football clubs outside Poland

Polonia Karwina


ITnet (Institute of Technology Network) was a PoS based multi Mbit/s network created for the Institutes of Technology in Ireland. ITnet used 45 Mbit/s links to each of the institutions and an international link of 310 Mbit/s via HEAnet.

The system was proposed in 1991 between Regional Technical College, Cork and Regional Technical College, Carlow, as they were then called. In 1993 an agreement was reached to create RTCnet. The system was running by 1994 with its hub in University College Dublin and service management at Carlow. All Regional Technical Colleges were connected to the system.

In 1998 RTCnet became ITnet to reflect the change in status of the Regional Technical College system to Institutes of Technology. The hub of the system and service management moved to Institute of Technology, Tallaght where an international link was provided via HEAnet.

ITnet was incorporated into HEAnet during 2007 and 2008 and has now ceased to exist as an independent network for the IoTs. All internet services are now provided directly to the Institutes by HEAnet.

See also
Communications in Ireland
List of higher education institutions in the Republic of Ireland

External links
Official website - ITnet

Academic computer network organizations
Education in the Republic of Ireland
Internet in Ireland

ITnet


The University of Michigan Museum of Art in Ann Arbor, Michigan with  is one of the largest university art museums in the United States. Built as a war memorial in 1909 for the university's fallen alumni from the Civil War, Alumni Memorial Hall originally housed U-M's Alumni office along with the university's growing art collection. Its first director was Jean Paul Slusser, who served from 1946 (first as acting director, then becoming director in 1947) to his retirement in 1957.

The university contains a comprehensive collection that represents more than 150 years of history, with over 20,000 works of art that span cultures, eras, and media. Admission is free, but a $10 donation is suggested.

In the spring of 2009, the museum reopened after a major $41.9 million expansion and renovation designed by Brad Cloepfil and Allied Works Architecture, which more than doubled the size of the museum. The museum comprises the renovated Alumni Memorial Hall with  and the new  Maxine and Stuart Frankel and the Frankel Family Wing. The museum's current director is Christina Olsen, who was appointed in 2017.

Construction

Alumni Memorial Hall was originally conceived in 1864 as a way to honor the University of Michigan students, faculty, and alumni who had died fighting in the Civil War. However, the project was put on hold until 1904, when a committee of Michigan alumni and professors, led by Professor Martin Luther D'Ooge and Judge Claudius B. Grant, secured a promissory note from the Board of Regents for the land the hall would eventually be built on.

With the land set aside, the Board of Regents created a committee to work in parallel with the Alumni Memorial Committee in 1905, and by the end of the year had awarded the project to the Detroit architecture firm Donaldson and Meier at the cost of $175,000. The hall's cornerstone was laid by Judge Grant and construction began in June 1908. Alumni Memorial Hall was dedicated on May 11, 1910, with a final building cost of $190,000.

The hall itself was built in the neoclassical tradition with a pair of two stone columns flanking the hall's main bronze doors with two smaller side doors. The inside continues to house the Alumni Association's headquarters and the university's vast art collection alongside pieces donated by alumni, including a bust of the university's first president Henry Philip Tappan. It also housed the University Club, before the club moved across the street to the Union.

Artwork

Permanent collection
The museum's permanent collection includes work by James McNeill Whistler, Franz Kline, Helen Frankenthaler, Pablo Picasso, Joshua Reynolds, Claude Monet, Max Beckmann, Walker Evans, Randolph Rogers, Kara Walker, Alvin D. Loving, Christian Boltanski, Donald Sultan, Jenny Holzer, Tracey Emin, Louise Nevelson, Yinka Shonibare, Romare Bearden, Michele Oka Doner, Hiram Powers, Mark di Suvero, Tiffany & Co., Katsushika Hokusai, Utagawa Toyokuni I, Shigeo Fukuda, Alexander Calder, Marian Spore Bush, Tracey Emin, and Grace Hartigan, among many others.

Outdoor artwork
The Mark di Suvero sculpture Orion was installed in front of the building from 2008 to 2018, then removed briefly for conservation, and reinstalled permanently in 2019.

The kinetic sculpture Shang was a long-term loan to the university that stood outside the building from 2008 to 2020, when it was bought by a private collector. In November 2020, the Jaume Plensa piece Behind the Walls was installed in its place.

Other sculptures outside of the museum include Daedalus by Charles Ginnever, Ternary Marker by Beverly Pepper, Stiff Box No. 12 by Lucas Samaras, Requiem by Erwin Binder, and a trio of pieces by Michele Oka Doner.

Temporary exhibitions
Temporary exhibitions at the museum have included work by Meleko Mokgosi, Mari Katayama, Ceal Floyer, Paul Rand, and others.

Gallery

See also
Cranbrook Art Museum
Detroit Institute of Arts
Museums at the University of Michigan
Tourism in metropolitan Detroit
Michigan in the American Civil War

References

External links
 Official University of Michigan Museum of Art website
Search the University of Michigan Museum of Art collection
Descriptive Catalogue of the Museum of Art and Antiquities
University of Michigan Museum of Art within Google Arts & Culture

University of Michigan campus
University museums in Michigan
Art museums and galleries in Michigan
Museums in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Modernist architecture in Michigan
1909 establishments in Michigan
Modern art museums in the United States
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Art museums established in 1909
Michigan in the American Civil War
African art museums in the United States
Museums of American art
University of Michigan

University of Michigan Museum of Art


Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known for his travels in Australia to collect plants.

Early life
Cunningham was born in Wimbledon, London, England, the son of Allan Cunningham (head gardener at Wimbledon Park House), who came from Renfrewshire, Scotland, and his English wife Sarah (née Juson/Jewson née Dicken). Allan Cunningham was educated at a Putney private school, Reverend John Adams Academy and then went into a solicitor's office (a Lincoln's Inn Conveyancer). He afterwards obtained a position with William Townsend Aiton superintendent of Kew Gardens, and this brought him in touch with Robert Brown and Joseph Banks.

Brazil and Australia (New South Wales)
On Banks' recommendation, Cunningham went to Brazil with James Bowie between 1814 and 1816 collecting specimens for Kew Gardens. On 28 September 1816 he sailed for Sydney where he arrived on 20 December 1816. He established himself at Parramatta. Among other explorations, he joined John Oxley's 1817 expedition beyond the Blue Mountains to the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers and shared in the privations of the 1,200 miles (1,930 km) journey. He collected specimens of about 450 species and gained valuable experience as an explorer.

Coastal exploration
Cunningham traveled as the ship's botanist aboard HMS Mermaid under Phillip Parker King from 1817 to 1820. The Mermaid was of only 85 tons, but sailing on 22 December 1817 they reached King George Sound on 21 January 1818. Though their stay was short many specimens were found but the islands on the west coast were comparatively barren. Towards the end of March the Goulburn Islands on the north coast were reached and many new plants were discovered. They reached Timor on 4 June 1818 and, turning for home, arrived at Port Jackson on 29 July 1818. Cunningham's collections during this voyage included about 300 species.

Shortly after his return, Cunningham made an excursion south from Sydney, ascending the prominent peak of Mount Keira overlooking the Illawarra region and present day Wollongong. Towards the end of the year he made a voyage to Tasmania arriving at Hobart on 2 January 1819. He next visited Launceston and though often finding the botany interesting, he found little that was absolutely new, as Brown had preceded him. In May he went with King in the Mermaid on a second voyage to the north and north-west coasts. On this occasion they started up the east coast and Cunningham found many opportunities for adding to his collections. One of these was after the ship reached the mouth of the Endeavour River (the site of modern Cooktown) on 28 June 1819.

The circumnavigation of Australia was completed on 27 August when they reached Vernon Island in Clarence Strait. They again visited Timor and arrived back in Sydney on 12 January 1820. The third voyage to the north coast with King began on 15 June, but meeting bad weather the bowsprit was lost and a return was made for repairs. Sailing again on 13 July 1820 the northerly course was followed and eventually the continent was circumnavigated. Though they found the little vessel was in a bad state when they were on the north-west coast, and though serious danger was escaped until they were close to home, they were nearly wrecked off Botany Bay. The Mermaid was then condemned and the next voyage was on the Bathurst which was twice the size of the Mermaid. They left on 26 May 1821, the northern route was chosen, and when they were on the west coast of Australia it was found necessary to go to Mauritius to refit, where they arrived on 27 September 1821. They left after a stay of seven weeks and reached King George Sound on 24 December 1821. A sufficiently long stay was made for Cunningham to make an excellent collection of plants, and then turning on their tracks the Bathurst sailed up the west coast and round the north of Australia. Sydney was reached again on 25 April 1822. Cunningham provided a chapter on botany to King's Narrative of a Survey.

Further exploration of eastern Australia

In September 1822 Cunningham went on an expedition over the Blue Mountains and arrived at Bathurst on 14 October 1822 and returned to Parramatta in January 1823. His account of about 100 plants met with will be found in Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales, edited by Barron Field, 1825, under the title "A Specimen of the Indigenous Botany ... between Port Jackson and Bathurst".

In 1823 Cunningham set out from the upper Hunter River to explore inside the Great Dividing Range. With five men and five horses, he set out from Bathurst to explore from the Cudgegong River, passing through Rylstone to Coolah and then eastwards to Scone and returning to Coolah through Merriwa. He examined the Cudgegong and Goulburn Rivers. On 2 June passing through Coolah to the north east, he explored Pandora's Pass, which could have opened out a fair and practicable road to Liverpool Plains. He returned to Bathurst through an undeveloped Mudgee on 27 June 1823.
In September 1824 Cunningham accompanied John Oxley on his second expedition to Moreton Bay and explored up the Brisbane River.

Cunningham also undertook an expedition to what is now Canberra in 1824. He travelled with three convicts, three horses and a cart and he travelled via Lake Bathurst, Captains Flat and the valley in which flows the Queanbeyan River. Poor weather prevented him from continuing his journey south.

Cunningham had long wished to visit New Zealand and on 28 August 1826 he was able to sail on a whaler. He was hospitably received by the missionaries in the Bay of Islands, was able to do much botanical work, and returned to Sydney on 20 January 1827. Accounts of his work in New Zealand will be found in Hooker's Companion to the Botanical Magazine, 1836, and Annals of Natural History, 1838 and 1839.

Cunningham set out to explore the area to the west of Moreton Bay in 1827, crossing to the west of the Great Dividing Range from the Hunter Valley and travelling north. In June 1827, Cunningham climbed to the top of Mount Dumaresq (near what is now Clintonvale close to Maryvale) and after wrote in his diary that this lush area was ideal for settlement. Exploring around Mount Dumaresq, Cunningham found a pass, now known as Cunninghams Gap.

Cunningham returned to the Moreton Bay penal colony in 1828, setting off from Brisbane with Patrick Logan, Charles Fraser and five men to find Mount Warning and to establish the route to Cunningham's Gap which he did, on 24 July. The peaks on either side of the gap were also named, Mount Cordeaux and Mount Mitchell. After exploring the McPherson Range area, Cunningham travelled on the south side of the Gap whereas the highway today runs further north, through the gap, from the small township of Aratula. Spicer's Gap which runs parallel to Cunningham's Gap was actually the pass first identified by Cunningham in 1827. After its rediscovery in 1847, Spicer's Gap was used as a stagecoach route. In 1829, Cunningham explored the Brisbane River.

Contributions to botany

Australia's most prolific plant collector of the early nineteenth century, Cunningham had been sent to Australia to expand the collection at the King' Garden at Kew and he was given the title of "King's Collector for the Royal Garden at Kew". He was so successful that a hothouse built for specimens from Africa was renamed "Botany Bay House". Although his main role was to collect propagation material, his lasting legacy are his herbarium sheets which are thought by his biographer, Anthony Orchard, to exceed 20,000.

It is often thought that Cunningham published few papers on botany and in his obituary, John Lindley wrote, "How little he regarded posthumous fame is seen by the fewness of his published works, a brief sketch of the Flora of New Zealand being the only systematic account of his Botanical discoveries...". In fact, although he was effectively barred from publishing on botany whilst employed as "King's Collector", he nevertheless later published seven major papers, and 57 shorter papers on subjects including taxonomy, geology, physical geography and zoology. He was one of the first scientists to publish papers on botanical geography.

Cunningham was concerned that many of his discoveries sent to Kew were not published, allowing others, including William Baxter to be credited with their discovery. (Baxter had risked arrest and a possible flogging for undermining Cunningham's work by sending specimens to commercial interests.) When Cunningham returned to London,
he sent duplicates of his herbarium specimens to other botanists, including de Candolle, Schauer, William Jackson Hooker, Bentham, Lindley and others, who published his descriptions with acknowledgement to "A.Cunn.".

Later life
In 1831, Cunningham returned to England, but went back to Australia in 1837 on board  as government botanist, resigning the following year on finding that he was required to grow vegetables for government officials. On 27 June 1839, he died of consumption in Sydney, and was buried in the Devonshire Street Cemetery. In 1901, his remains were "reverently removed" and re-interred in an obelisk within the Royal Botanic Garden in Sydney.

Works

Legacy

Some of Australia's plants: Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Bangalow palm), Banksia cunninghamii, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (jigal), Casuarina cunninghamiana (river sheoak), Centipeda cunninghamii (old man weed), Ficus cunninghamii, Medicosma cunninghamii (bone wood), Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle tree, Tasmania), Pennantia cunninghamii (brown beech), and Polyosma cunninghamii (rainforest featherwood) commemorate Allan and his brother Richard, a botanist. The Cunningham Highway is named in honour of Allan. The genus Alania was created by Endlicher in Cunningham's honour. Robert Brown named the conifer genus Cunninghamia after both Allan Cunningham and Dr. James Cunningham, a British doctor who introduced the trees into cultivation in 1702.

A species of Australian lizard, Egernia cunninghami, is named in honour of Allan Cunningham.

The Australian federal seat of Cunningham, which stretches from Port Kembla in the south of Wollongong to Heathcote in southern Sydney, was named after him in honour of his being the first European explorer to visit the Illawarra region.

The locality of Allan, Queensland was named after him.

References

 Cunningham's Pandora's Pass, Tracking and Mapping the Explorers, 1823, Volume 4, 2nd Edition, Sunnyland Press

External links

The Allan Cunningham Project dedicated to documenting accurate information related to Allan Cunningham
Toowoomba City Council
Indian Academy of Sciences
National Library of Australia
Kew Gardens
Colonial Secretary's papers 1822-1877 via State Library of Queensland includes digitised letters and reports made by Cunningham to the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales regarding the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement

1791 births
1839 deaths
Phycologists
English botanists
English explorers
English taxonomists
British pteridologists
Botanists active in Australia
Botanical collectors active in Australia
Botanists active in South America
Botanists with author abbreviations
Explorers of Australia
Explorers of Queensland
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Maritime exploration of Australia
English people of Scottish descent
People from Wimbledon, London
People from Parramatta
Pre-Separation Queensland
19th-century explorers
19th-century British botanists

Allan Cunningham (botanist)


Szidi Rákosi (born Szidónia Kremsner; 28 May 1852, Ötvös, Kingdom of Hungary – 20 October 1935, Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian actress and acting teacher. Her relatives included Béla Rákosi, Jenő Rákosi, Viktor Rákosi and Ida Rákosi, the wife of Lajos Evva.

Life
Rákosi was the daughter of János Kremsner and Anna Vogel. In 1867, their surname was changed from Kremsner to Rákosi.

Rákosi began her career in 1867 at the . She graduated from a drama academy in 1870. From 1870 to 1872, she performed at the National Theatre in Budapest. She married Zsolt Beöthy, with whom she had two children: László Beöthy (13 April 1873), a theatrical director, and Zsigmond (1875). She divorced Zsolt in 1877 and began to perform at the Budai Theatre again until 1885.

In 1909, she became a life member of the National Theatre, and also became an honorary member in 1928 until 1934. She also appeared at the Magyar Theatre in 1917, and the Comedy Theatre of Budapest in 1920. She was relatively unknown towards the beginning of her career, but found fame in grandmotherly and comedic roles.

In 1892, Rákosi was part of an actor-led training school, which educated generations of Hungarian actors for the stage. On 8 February 1895, she provided an application to the Budapest City Council for a civic theatre. The new theatre was named the Magyar Theatre. The plot of land needed to build the theater was bought by her brother and her sister's husband, .

Her children and students helped support Rákosi in Budapest until she died at age 83.

Teaching
In 1892, she opened her own theater school. In 1909, she became a life member of the National Theatre. The King's Theatre celebrated 40 years of her educational work. Notable students of hers include Sári Fedák and Gyula Gózon.

Gallery

Further reading
 Magyar színházművészeti lexikon.Főszerk. Székely György. Budapest: Akadémiai. 1994. Online elérés
 Kellér Andor: Bal négyes páholy - Bp., 1960.
 Izsáky Margit: Beszélgetés a nagyasszonnyal - Rákosi Szidi 83 éves - Délibáb, 1934. 22. sz.
 Miből lesz a cserebogár? / Rákosi Szidónia - Délibáb, 1928. június 2.
 B.: Az örökifjú Rákosi Szidi -Tolnai Világlapja / Világszínpad, 1926. augusztus 25.
 Rákosi Szidi nyilvánossági joggal felruházott színésziskolájának története - 1896.

Other information
 Szinészkönyvtár - Rákosi Szidi
 Rákosi Szidi, Kremsner Szidónia Drámai színésznő, színészpedagógus, színiiskola-alapító és -vezető
 MAGYAR SZÍNHÁZTÖRTÉNET - Magyar Színház

1852 births
1935 deaths
Actresses from Austria-Hungary
19th-century Hungarian actresses
20th-century Hungarian actresses
People from Veszprém County
Danube-Swabian people

Szidi Rákosi


Cut-off factor (AKA "cut-off length") is a factor  used to calculate the length of a hose cut to achieve the desired overall length of hose plus fittings. It is commonly seen in hydraulic hose and fitting specifications. The cut-off factor is specific to a particular hose fitting.

The formula used in calculating the optimum overall length is:

.

In this formula, C1 represents the cut-off factor of the first hose end and C2 represents the cut-off factor of the second hose end.

Hydraulics

Cut-off factor


Duncan Mackinnon (29 September 1887 – 9 October 1917) was a British rower who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action during the First World War.

Mackinnon was born in Paddington, London, and was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College, Oxford. He rowed for his college and the Magdalen College Coxless four won the Stewards' Challenge Cup and the Visitors' Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1907 and 1908. The Magdalen crew was chosen to represent Great Britain rowing at the 1908 Summer Olympics, and Mackinnon was in the four with Collier Cudmore, John Somers-Smith and James Angus Gillan. The crew won the gold medal for Great Britain and defeated a Leander crew. Subsequently, Mackinnon rowed for the winning Oxford crews in the Boat Race in 1909, 1910 and 1911. Mackinnon was also in the winning crew in the Grand Challenge Cup twice and in the Wyfold Challenge Cup once, losing only two races in all his Henley appearances.

After Oxford, Mackinnon became a partner in the family business in Calcutta. He returned to England on the outbreak of World War I and was commissioned into the Royal North Devon Hussars. He transferred to the Scots Guards and serving with them as a lieutenant he was killed in action at Ypres in the Battle of Passchendaele, aged 30. His remains were not recovered and his name is recorded on the Tyne Cot Memorial nearby.

Mackinnon left a legacy of £80,000 to establish scholarships at Magdalen College which became effective by reversion in 1938.

See also
 List of Olympians killed in World War I
 List of Oxford University Boat Race crews

References

External links
The Rowers of Vanity Fair – Introduction

1887 births
1917 deaths
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
English male rowers
British male rowers
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Rowers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Scots Guards officers
British military personnel killed in World War I
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
British Army personnel of World War I

Duncan Mackinnon


"The Weapon Shop" is a science fiction short story by Canadian writer A. E. van Vogt, originally published in the December 1942 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. It is developed from a much shorter 1941 story, "The Seesaw". It was, in turn, used as the basis for a portion of the 1951 fix-up novel The Weapon Shops of Isher.

It was among the stories selected in 1970 by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America as one of the best science fiction short stories published before the creation of the Nebula Awards. As such, it was published in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964.

The Seesaw
A shop selling "The Finest Energy Weapons in the Known Universe" mysteriously appears in Middle City in June 1947. A reporter, Chris McAllister, enters the shop and suddenly finds himself 7,000 years in the future. The shop's owner and daughter conclude that this was caused by a weapon being turned on the shop by their enemies, the House of Isher.

The owner calls several of his friends to the shop and hatches a plan to counteract the weapon. McAllister now holds an enormous temporal charge. If he leaves the shop he will return to his time, while the weapon will be shot into the future by the same amount. As he dresses in a protective suit that retains the charge, he realizes there is a problem - unless he removes the suit he will retain the charge and the motion will not stop. The group seizes him and throws him out the door.

He finds himself back in 1947, but after a short time is propelled into the future again, and then back and forth as if on a seesaw. He notices that each swing is further than the last, and ultimately realizes his ultimate duty is to remove the suit at the beginning of time, causing the Big Bang.

The Weapon Shop
A small businessman named Fara faces mounting professional and personal troubles despite his fierce devotion to the Empress who rules the solar system. He is infuriated when a weapons shop, which sells fantastic technology but which is not controlled by the Empress, materializes in his town. He fails in his efforts to have the shop expelled, and is soon further humiliated and impoverished when his son participates in a scam against him.

Nobody is willing to help him except, surprisingly, the operators of the weapons shop. Fara discovers that the size and power of their organization far surpass his initial understanding, and that they represent a bulwark against the otherwise absolute power of the Empress. Although most of the villagers follow the Empress through blind authority, the Weapon Shop has been secretly working in order to protect their rights and freedom. They offer him evidence that organizations owned by the Empress herself organized the theft of his money and store. The weapons shop organization restores his stolen property, and he quietly joins their resistance to the state.

External links

Short stories by A. E. van Vogt
1942 short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Literature about time travel
1940s science fiction works

The Weapon Shop


AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It is a technique used to make webpages faster to use. If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster. They only send small bits of information to the web server. That way the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.

Good things
There is a clear separation between what the page shows (the content), how it looks (the style), and what it does (the function). Programmers that change what the page does do not need to concern themselves with how the page looks.
Pages done with Ajax only load small bits from the server. Most of the time, they execute code on the client. This makes the program load first so it can respond faster.
Ajax can be used to read XML or JSON among other file formats.

Problems
There are also some problems with Ajax. These are among other things:
It uses JavaScript. Some people have JavaScript disabled.
Because it does not reload the full page, it breaks the history function of the Web browser. The Back button does not work any more.
If the network is slow (there is a high latency), this becomes more obvious when the whole page needs to be reloaded. Users might not expect these delays.
Some web browsers do not support Ajax well, if at all.

References

Internet
JavaScript

Ajax (programming)


The triceps brachii muscle is a muscle on the back of the upper arm.  There are three parts that each come from different places at the top of the arm and join together at the elbow. It straightens the arm. The name is Latin for "three-headed muscle in the arm".

Structure
The triceps brachii has three heads. They are: the long head, medial (inside) head, and the lateral (outside) head.The long head comes from the shoulderblade. It goes down the arm between teres minor muscle and teres major muscle.

The medial head and lateral heads comes from the humerus (upper arm bone).

The medial head is mostly made of small, slow muscle fibers and motor units. The lateral head is mostly made of large, fast fibers and motor units. The long head is made of a mixture of fiber types and motor units. Some scientists think that each of the three parts can be thought of as separate muscles.

The fibers join to a single tendon to attach to the ulna bone. Some research found that there might be more than one tendon.

Nerve supply
Scientists used to think that all three heads of the triceps brachii got nerve signals from the radial nerve. However, a study found that, in 20 cadaveric (dead) bodies and 15 live people, the long head actually got nerve signals from part of the axillary nerve in every case.

Function
The triceps straightens the elbow pulls against the biceps and brachialis muscles. It can also hold the elbow in place when the forearm and hand are used for small movements, like writing.The long head might be used when the same force is needed for a long time, or to help control shoulder and elbow movement. The lateral head is used when a lot of force is needed at once, while the medial part is used for more careful movement.

The long head also moves shoulder joint, bringing the arm backwards or inwards.

Training

The triceps can be trained by itself or together with other muscles by straightening the elbow or keeping it straight while holding something.

Name
The name triceps brachii is Latin for three-headed. It is called this because there are three parts of the muscle. The triceps brachii is commonly just called the triceps.

The plural of triceps used to be tricipites, but now people usually say triceps to mean both singular and plural.

Animals
In horses, the long head is about 84% of the weight of the triceps, the lateral head is about 15%, and the medial head is about 3%.

Many mammals, like dogs, cows, and pigs, have a fourth triceps head, called the accessory head. It is between the lateral and medial heads.

Additional images

References

Other websites

 Photo  at Ithaca College

Muscles
Limbs and extremities

Triceps brachii muscle


David Graiver (1941 — 1976) was an Argentine businessman and banker who was investigated in the 1970s for alleged money laundering of US$17 million for the Montoneros, a leftist guerrilla group. He was indicted for embezzlement after his reported death by Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau, who had thought he might have faked his death, because of the September 15, 1976, failure of American Bank & Trust. This was the fourth-largest bank failure in United States history at the time, and Graiver's banks in Argentina and elsewhere also failed. A New York court declared Graiver officially dead on January 15, 1979, clearing the way for resolution of some outstanding financial issues.

Early life and career
Graiver was born in Buenos Aires to Eva Gitnacht and Juan Graiver, Polish Jewish immigrants who had come to Argentina in 1931. The family later settled in La Plata, where they developed a successful realty company. David Graiver enrolled at the University of La Plata Law School. He did not finish the program but, with his family's support, purchased the Banco Comercial de La Plata in 1967.

He married Susana Rottemberg, and the couple had a daughter, María Sol, in 1974; they were separated shortly afterward. Graiver next married Lidia Papaleo, the daughter of a prominent Greek Argentine family.

Business and banking
Graiver's ownership of the Banco Comercial de La Plata allowed him to enter into a variety of business interests. He established the Fundar and Construir real estate development firms. In 1969, he announced plans to build Bristol Center, a Mar del Plata development projected to include over 1200 condominiums in three high-rises overlooking a convention center and entertainment complex.

He entered public service when appointed as Undersecretary of Social Welfare for Minister Francisco Manrique during the presidency of General Alejandro Lanusse. He served as policy advisor to Economy Minister José Ber Gelbard following elections in 1973 that returned the Justicialist Party to power. in December 1973 he purchased a 26% stake in Papel Prensa, the first manufacturer of newsprint in Argentina (the state purchased the remainder). After the election of his candidate Héctor Cámpora, the former president Juan Perón returned from exile in Spain with his third wife Isabel Perón.

Banker to Montoneros
Graiver was later reported to have secretly become the investment banker for the Montoneros leftist guerrilla group. He reportedly laundered US$17 million in funds that the Montoneros had received from illicit activities, principally ransoms paid for release of persons they had kidnapped. He made investments on their behalf in a variety of interests in Argentina and other countries, including the United States. By 1976, Graiver owned a significant stake in Jacobo Timerman's La Opinión (one of the leading newspapers and the leading magazine publisher in Argentina), the Galerías da Vinci retailer, as well as banks in Argentina (Comercial de La Plata and the Bank of Hurlingham), New York City (American Bank & Trust and Century National Bank), Brussels (Banque pour l'Amérique du Sud), and Tel Aviv (Swiss-Israel Bank). These and other assets amounted to around US$200 million by then. The Israeli intelligence service Mossad classified Graiver as one of the three leading Jewish banking figures in Latin America (ranked with José Klein in Chile, and Edmond Safra in Brazil).

In 1975 Graiver's younger brother Isidoro was kidnapped for ransom. Following an attempt against him, Graiver fled to New York City in 1975. He rented an office in the Olympic Tower and administered his diverse interests from there. Debts of US$67 million, however, prompted Graiver to transfer around US$45 million in loans from American Bank & Trust to his Brussels bank. It made large loans to Graiver-controlled businesses. He maintained a second home in Acapulco, Mexico, reportedly for tax evasion. Graiver was reported to have died on August 7, 1976, in a plane crash nearby.

Posthumous controversies
Manhattan district attorney Robert Morgenthau was skeptical that Graiver died in the crash. The incident was never investigated by the Mexican government nor was the flight recorder ever found. In 1978, Morgenthau's office issued an indictment against Graiver for embezzlement related to the September 15, 1976, failure of American Bank & Trust. It was the fourth-largest bank failure in United States history at the time. Graiver's banks in Argentina and elsewhere also failed. New York State Supreme Court Judge Arnold Fraiman ruled on January 15, 1979, that Graiver was officially dead, although the judge expressed some reservations.

Following Graiver's 1976 reported death, his widow Lidia Papaleo returned to Argentina on September 16 of that year, after the first bank failure. Facing debts and death threats, Papaleo was enjoined by the newly installed military dictatorship's Economy Minister, José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz, to sell the Graiver stake in Papel Prensa. By then, Graiver had earlier sold part of his interest to Rafael Iannover, but Lidia Papaleo Graiver retained 11%, or about US$1 million. The federal prosecutor appointed to the case, Julio César Strassera, uncovered coercion from the Montoneros, who sought to recover the US$17 million investment managed by Graiver. A military tribunal convicted  Papaleo, Isidoro and Juan Graiver (brother and nephew of David Graiver), sentencing them to 15 years' imprisonment. An appeals court later cleared the defendants of all charges.

Papaleo and the other private partners negotiated the sale of their shares on November 2, 1976, with the three most important Argentine newspaper publishers at the time: Clarín, La Nación, and La Razón. Papaleo had collected US$7,000 when, on March 14, 1977, she was illegally detained by Buenos Aires Province Police, specifically Chief Detective Miguel Etchecolatz and the Commissioner, Ramón Camps.

Conarepa, the state entity formed to liquidate assets seized from political opponents, expropriated the uncompleted Bristol Center and other Graiver family properties in Argentina. The private shareholders of Papel Prensa, including the widow Lidia Papaleo, were later indemnified in 1985 by President Raúl Alfonsín's administration, which sought to correct some of the abuses of the period of the Dirty War.

More than 20 years later, amid a series of political controversies between Clarín and Kirchnerism, in 2010 Papaleo testified to having been personally threatened by Clarín executive Héctor Magnetto during the sale of her shares of Papel Prensa. She said that she had been tortured when in police custody in 1977 and was urged to forfeit any further payment, as well as her remaining shares in La Opinión.

References

1941 births
1976 deaths
Argentine people of Polish-Jewish descent
Argentine Jews
Businesspeople from Buenos Aires
People of the Dirty War
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Mexico

David Graiver


Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time is a 2003 American made-for-TV animated film by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the first film based on the original television series Kim Possible. The film was directed by Steve Loter for the Disney Channel, and was created with a mix of traditional and computer-generated animation. The starring voices are Christy Carlson Romano as the title character and Will Friedle as her sidekick and best friend Ron Stoppable. This is the first feature-length film based on the Kim Possible TV show, followed by So the Drama in 2005.

Plot
Kim Possible is a high-school cheerleader and world-famous crime fighter, and Ron Stoppable is her faithful sidekick and best friend, who has a pet naked mole-rat named Rufus. The film begins at the start of a new school year, which Ron has good hopes for, until he finds out he's moving away to Norway for his mother's work. Meanwhile, Dr. Drakken, Shego, Duff Killigan, and Monkey Fist team up to steal the Time Monkey idol, a small magic statuette used to travel through time. Kim chases the villains around the globe, but she fails to stop them from stealing the Time Monkey's pieces and activating it.

Kim is visited by a talking mole-rat from the future, a descendant of Rufus named Rufus 3000, who gives Kim a time-travel device and explains that the "Supreme One" has taken over the world in the future and she is the only one that can prevent it. Meanwhile, Drakken, Killigan, and Monkey Fist turn themselves into children and travel back in time to Kim's first day in pre-school in order to discourage her from becoming a crime-fighter. Posing as her schoolmates, the villains try to bully the four-year-old Kim, but she fights them off and becomes friends with four-year-old Ron, while the high-school-age Kim arrives through a time portal to fight Shego.

Foiled, the villains turn back into adults and escape forward in time, to the day of Kim and Ron's first adventure. Monkey Fist goes into the ancient past and retrieves a giant stone gorilla to attack pre-teen Kim and Ron, but they destroy it with the help of their present-day selves. During the fight, Shego is visited by herself from the future, who urges her to steal the Time Monkey. Drakken, Killigan, and Monkey Fist are arrested, but Shego escapes with the Time Monkey into the future. Rufus 3000 arrives and reveals to Kim that the Supreme One is Shego and not Drakken as she originally thought. Kim then activates a portal and she, Ron, Rufus, and Rufus 3000 go twenty years into the future to stop her.

In the future, Shego has become dictator of the world and enslaved the global population. Kim and Ron are captured and sent to their old high school to be brainwashed into obedience, but they are rescued by Kim's younger twin brothers, Tim and Jim, along with Rufus 3000 and an army of naked mole-rats. Kim and Ron are taken to the secret headquarters of the resistance movement, whose leader turns out to be their old computer guru Wade Load. Together, they sneak into Shego's palace, where they fight their way past Monkey Fist and Killigan (now a cyborg) to Shego's throne room where she keeps the Time Monkey. Shego is waiting for them however, and has Kim engage in battle with Drakken, who has undergone genetic enhancements to become super-humanly strong. Kim's old friend Monique, also a part of the resistance, breaks into the palace to assist her, but the two are eventually defeated while Jim, Tim, Wade, and Rufus 3000 are captured by Killigan and Monkey Fist.

Shego reveals that she separated Kim and Ron by making money in the dot-com bubble, buying the company that Ron's mother worked for and having her transferred to Norway, her reason being that while together, Kim and Ron actually made a decent team, but if they were apart, they couldn't stop her. Angered at Shego for having made him move to Norway, Ron overpowers Drakken and accidentally destroys the Time Monkey, undoing all the effects the idol had done to the time stream. This causes Kim, Ron, and Rufus to float through a time gate and travel back to the first scene of the film, at the end of Kim and Ron's first day of school at the beginning of the film. At the moment when the first time disturbance occurred, a wave of temporal distortion washes over Kim and Ron. When it passes, Shego's future is erased and the world is restored to its original state, the two teens having lost all memory of the film's events.

Cast
 Christy Carlson Romano as Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible
 Dakota Fanning as Pre-school Kim
 Will Friedle as Ronald "Ron" Stoppable
 Harrison Fahn as Pre-school Ron
 Nancy Cartwright as Rufus
 Michael Dorn as Rufus 3000
 Tahj Mowry as Wade Load
 Michael Clarke Duncan as Future Wade
 Nicole Sullivan as Shego
 John DiMaggio as Dr. Drakken
 Tom Kane as Monkey Fist
 Brian George as Duff Killigan
 Gary Cole as Dr. James Timothy Possible
 Jean Smart as Dr. Ann Possible
 Shaun Fleming as Jim and Tim Possible
 Freddie Prinze Jr. as Future Jim and Future Tim
 Raven-Symoné as Monique
 Vivica A. Fox as Future Monique
 Kirsten Storms as Bonnie Rockwaller
 Kelly Ripa as Future Bonnie

Release
The film was aired on November 28, 2003, between the 13th and the 15th episode of the second season of Kim Possible. In the re-runs, the film was usually split in three episodes, and serves as episodes 26, 27 and 28 of season 2. It was released on DVD on March 16, 2004 in the U.S. (Region 1)  and on March 14, 2005 in the U.K. (Region 2). On Disney+, the film is only available as three episodes.

References

External links

 Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time on Disney.com

2003 television films
2003 animated films
2003 films
Kim Possible films
Animated films based on animated series
Animated films about time travel
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in 2003
Films set in the 2020s
2000s American animated films
2000s action comedy films
2000s science fiction comedy films
Disney television films
American animated television films
Child versions of cartoon characters
Disney Television Animation films
Disney direct-to-video animated films
2003 comedy films
Films directed by Steve Loter

Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time