Patrick Topaloff (30 December 1944 – 7 March 2010) was a French comedian, singer, and actor.

The son of a Georgian father and a Corsican mother which, according to him, made him "a delicate Franco-Russian dessert", Topaloff began his career on Europe 1, where his comic antics drew a wide audience, especially among children who delighted in his many silly catch phrases. Popular singer Claude François encouraged him to try his hand at singing, and his recording of "Il Vaut Bien Mieux Etre Jeune, Riche et Beau" ("It's Much Better to Be Young, Rich, and Beautiful") became a major hit and the first of several gold records.

In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, writer/director Philippe Clair cast Topaloff in a number of slapstick comedy films similar to the Carry On series in the UK or those made by Jerry Lewis in the US after splitting with Dean Martin. His last feature film was Drôles de Zèbres for writer/director Guy Lux in 1977.

In his later years, problems in Topaloff's private life overshadowed his professional successes. Deeply in debt, he frequently worked without billing in an effort to avoid liens being placed on his salary. In 1995, he was sentenced to a year in prison for non-payment of alimony and taxes. Paroled after four months, he undertook a new and successful stage career.

Death
He died, aged 65, from a heart attack. His autobiography, Les Pleurs du Rire (Tears of Laughter), was a major bestseller.

References

External links

1944 births
2010 deaths
21st-century French male actors
Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery
French male comedians
French male film actors
French memoirists
French people of Georgian descent
French prisoners and detainees
French male stage actors
Prisoners and detainees of France
French people of Corsican descent
French people of Russian descent
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male singers

Patrick Topaloff


Easaval (Scottish Gaelic: Easabhal) is one of the smallest hills on the island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, with a height of . It is a small rounded hill located south of Lochboisdale near Pollachar in the southernmost part of South Uist, overlooking the Sound of Barra.

There are good views from the top, including distant views of St Kilda on the northwestern horizon, almost  away. On a clear day one can also see Beinn Mhòr, the highest hill in South Uist, Skye, Rùm, Canna, Eigg and Muck. To the south there are views of Barra, Coll and Tiree, the Isle of Mull, and landmarks on the mainland such as the lighthouse on Ardnamurchan, all the great mainland hills between Glenelg and Ardnamurchan, and the peaks of Beinn Talaidh, Beinn Bhearnach and Dun da Ghaoith.

References

Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Outer Hebrides
South Uist

Easaval


V

V'lana

Valerie van Haaften

Valerie van Haaften is a supervillain in the DC Universe who took the name the Puzzler.

The character, created by Geoff Johns and Pascual Ferry, first appeared in Superman (vol. 2) #187 (December 2002).

Valerie van Haaften is a Superman fan who attempted to join a number of superhero groups in order to meet him. She eventually decides to become a villain called the Puzzler in order to get his attention. Later, she is hired by Intergang to assassinate Clark Kent.

Powers and abilities of Valerie van Haaften
As the Puzzler, Valerie van Haaften's body was composed of living "puzzle pieces".

Val-El
Val-El is a character in DC Universe who appears in Superman stories. Although first appearing as a statue in Superboy (vol. 1) #136 (January 1967), his background is further explored in Krypton Chronicles #1-2 (September-October 1981).

Val-El was a Kryptonian explorer and member of the House of El. He was responsible for discovering lands that would later become known as Bokos, Vathlo and Lurvan.

The tablet written by Bur-El taught Val how to build a compass, which he used at the helm of the sailing ship 1-Val. He and his brother Tro-El were the first from Erkol to set foot on Vathlo where they befriended the native population and replenished their supplies. After Vathlo, Val went into the rescue of sailers from the 3-Van, which was smashed by a sea monster Pryllgu.

A statue of Val-El holding a ship's wheel was erected and placed within the House of El family memorial vault on the planet Krypton. The statues were blasted away and turned to Kryptonite during Krypton's destruction, before being plated with lead by Superboy and transferred to Rokyn.

Val-El in other media
Val-El appears in the TV series Krypton, portrayed by Ian McElhinney. This version is a scientist, a member of the House of El and Seg-El's grandfather. Later in the series, he becomes the leader of a resistance against General Zod.

Fredric Vaux

Fredric Vaux is a supervillain in the DC Universe. The character, created by Paul Levitz, first appeared in Adventure Comics #463.

Fredric Vaux is an enemy of the Justice Society of America.

John Vance
An earlier version of Batman Junior made one appearance in Detective Comics #231 (May 1956), in a story written by Edmond Hamilton, with art by Sheldon Moldoff. In the story, Batman Junior is John Vance, a boy who once helped Batman as his sidekick long before Robin (Dick Grayson at the time) had arrived. John re-enters Batman's life to solve yet another case, making Robin feel that he is about to be replaced. Apart from a reprint of the story in Batman #185 (October–November 1966), John Vance has not reappeared since.

Brenda Del Vecchio
Brenda Del Vecchio is a friend of Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes) and Paco Testas, and the niece of the crimelord La Dama. Created by writers Keith Giffen and John Rogers and artist Cully Hamner, she first appeared in Infinite Crisis #3 (February 2006).

Virtue
Virtue is a fictional superheroine in DC Comics whose real name is Holly Ann Fields.

Virtue in other media
A variation of Virtue appears in the ninth season of The Flash as Cecile Horton (portrayed by Danielle Nicolet).

References

 DC Comics characters: V, List of

List of DC Comics characters: V


(Portuguese), or  (Spanish) (; ; ), is a type of distilled alcoholic spirit that contains between 29% and 60% alcohol by volume (ABV). It is a somewhat generic term that can refer to liquors made from various foods. It originates from and is typically consumed on the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and in Iberian America (Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries of the Americas).

Etymology
The word is a compound of the Iberian languages' words for "water" ( in Castilian;  in Catalan;  in Portuguese;  in Galician) and "burning"/"fiery" ( in Castilian;  in Catalan;  in Portuguese and Galician). A comparable word in English is "firewater", though the English term is colloquial or humorous, whereas aguardiente is stylistically neutral in Spanish.

Definition
Aguardientes are strong alcoholic beverages obtained by fermentation then distillation of sugared or sweet musts, vegetable macerations, or mixtures of the two. This is the most generic level; by this definition, aguardientes may be made from many different sources. Fruit-based aguardientes include those made from oranges, grapes, bananas, or medronho ("cane apple"). Grain-based ones may be made from millet, barley, or rice and tuber-based aguardientes from beet, manioc, or potato, and finally what are classed as "true" aguardientes from sugarcane and other sweet canes, including some species of bamboo.

Cane aguardiente and cachaça are similar but distinct products. Brazil thereafter defined cane aguardiente as an alcoholic beverage of between 38% and 54% ABV, obtained by simple fermentation and distillation of sugarcane that has already been used in sugar production and has a distinct flavor similar to rum. Cachaça, on the other hand, is an alcoholic beverage of between 38% and 48% ABV, obtained by fermenting and distilling sugarcane juice, and may have added sugar up to 6 g/L.

Regulation
According to Spanish and Portuguese versions of European Union spirits regulations, aguardiente and aguardente are generic Spanish and Portuguese terms, respectively, for some of the distilled spirits that are fermented and distilled exclusively from their specified raw materials, contain no added alcohol or flavoring substances, and if sweetened, only "to round off the final taste of the product". However, aguardiente and aguardente are not legal denominations.

Instead, different categories of aguardientes (spirits in the English version) are established according to raw materials. In the Spanish version, wine spirit (brandy) is aguardiente de vino, fruit spirit is aguardiente de fruta, grain spirit (other than whiskey and neutral grain spirit) is aguardiente de cereales, etc. Many aguardentes have a protected designation of origin, for example: Aguardente de Vinho Douro (wine spirit of Douro), Aguardente Bagaceira Bairrada (grape marc of Bairrada), Aguardente de pêra da Lousã (pear spirit of Lousã), Aguardiente de sidra de Asturias (cider spirit of Asturias) or Aguardiente de hierbas de Galicia (herbal spirit of Galicia).

Regional variations
Some drinks named aguardiente or similar are of different origins (grape pomace, sugar cane); other drinks with the same origin may have different names (clairin, brandy).

Brazil

In Brazil, a beverage known as cachaça or pinga, considered distinct from traditional aguardiente, is made from sugar cane. Cachaça has two varieties: unaged (white) and aged (gold). White cachaça is usually bottled immediately after distillation and tends to be cheaper. It is often used to prepare caipirinha and other beverages in which cachaça is an ingredient. Dark cachaça, usually seen as the "premium" variety, is aged in wood barrels and is meant to be drunk neat. Traditionally, no herbs are used to flavor the cachaça; its flavor is influenced by the fermentation agent, time spent in the cask, or the type of wood from which the barrel is made.

One form that can be qualified as moonshine is known as "Maria Louca" ("Crazy Mary"). This is aguardiente, made in jails by inmates. It can be made from many cereals, ranging from beans to rice, or whatever can be converted into alcohol, be it fruit peels or candy, using improvised and illegal equipment.

Cape Verde

Grogue, also known as grogu or grogo (derived from English grog), is a Cape Verdean alcoholic beverage, an aguardiente made from sugarcane processed in a trapiche. Its production is fundamentally artisanal, and nearly all the sugarcane is used in producing grogue.

Chile

In Chile, aguardiente is an alcoholic beverage of 45% and higher ABV (beverages with over 55% ABV are illegal). It is made, like Italian grappa, by distilling the grape residue, primarily the skins and pulp () plus the stems () and seeds, left over from winemaking after pressing the grapes. It is used to make several other flavored liquors, such as the murtado or  (using sun-dried murtilla, an orange-reddish wild rose fruit), the  (soaking sun-dried morello cherries) and licor de oro (flavored with saffron and lemon peel). Dried mint, peeled walnuts, almonds, and other aromatic herbs are also used to flavor the aguardiente. It is mainly consumed by itself or as a base to make cola de mono (monkey tail).

Colombia

In Colombia, aguardiente is an anise-flavored liqueur derived from sugar cane, popular in the Andean region. Different flavors are obtained by adding different amounts of aniseed, leading to extensive marketing and fierce competition between brands. Aguardiente has 24%–29% alcohol content. Other anise-flavored liqueurs similar to aguardiente, but with a lower alcohol content, are also sold. Since the Spanish era, aguardiente has maintained the status of the most popular alcoholic beverage in the Andean regions of Colombia, with the notable exception of the Caribbean region, where rum is most popular. Generally, aguardiente is rarely drunk in cocktails and usually drunk neat.

On the Caribbean coast, there is a moonshine called "Cococho", an aguardiente infamous for the number of blindness cases due to the addition of methanol.

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, it is 30% alcohol, with a neutral flavor. The Costa Rican government tightly controls Guaro to help prevent clandestine production.

Guam and the Mariana Islands

In Guam and the Mariana Islands, a distilled version of tubâ (coconut palm wine introduced from the Philippines) is known as aguajente (also aguayente or agi). It is similar to Filipino lambanóg. It was prevalent among the Chamorro people but is largely extinct; the United States banned its manufacture soon after the acquisition of Guam from the Spanish Empire in 1899.

Ecuador

In Ecuador, aguardiente is also derived from sugar cane, but unlike Colombia, it is left largely unflavoured. It is then taken straight as shots, mulled with cinnamon (canela in Spanish) and fruit juices to make the hot cocktail canelazo, or mixed with the juice of naranjilla and spices for the hot cocktail draquita. Locally or artisanally made aguardiente is commonly called punta, "puro" or trago, and alcohol content can vary widely, from "mild" puntas of about 10% to "strong" of about 40% or higher. The traditional distillation process produces aguardiente as strong as 60 g/L. Every Ecuadorian province has a slightly different flavor to the aguardiente made there, and each province has a different recipe for canelazo. In Ecuador, aguardiente is the most commonly consumed strong alcohol. Aguardiente Astillero is one of the newest brands, becoming very popular due to its symbolic title, especially around Guayas.

Mexico
In Mexico, aguardiente goes by many names, including habanero. In the state of Michoacán, charanda is a traditional rum-like sugar cane aguardiente.

Casa Berreteaga marketed an aguardiente called "Berreteaga", which used sugar cane sourced from the Coxcatlan region of Puebla. Berreteaga was a fortified wine made from rum and sweet wine (usually Muscat) or (uncommonly) a sweet brandy that was then aged in oak barrels.

Portugal

Portuguese aguardente has several varieties. Aguardente vínica is distilled from either good quality or undrinkable wine. It is mostly used to fortify wines such as port or aged to make aguardente velha (old burning water), a kind of brandy. Aguardente bagaceira is made from pomace to prevent waste after the close of wine season. It is usually bootlegged, as most drinkers only appreciate it in its traditional formulation of 50% to 80% ABV. A common way to drink it is as café com cheirinho ("coffee with a little scent"), a liqueur coffee made with espresso.

In the Azores, this espresso-aguardente combination is commonly referred to as café com música (coffee with music). Aguardente Medronho is a variety distilled from the fruit of the Arbutus unedo tree.

In Madeira, it is the core ingredient for poncha, a beverage around which a festival is based. Most of the aguardente from the region is made from sugar cane.

Spain

In certain areas of the Pyrenees in Catalonia, aiguardent, as it is known in Catalan, is used as an essential ingredient in the preparation of tupí, a type of cheese.

Galicia is renowned for the quality and variety of its aguardientes, including augardente de bagazo (Aguardiente de Orujo), which is obtained from the distillation of the pomace of grapes, and is clear and colorless. It typically contains over 50% alcohol, sometimes significantly more, and is still made traditionally in many villages across Galicia today. Augardente de herbas, usually yellow, is a sweet liqueur made with Augardente de bagazo and herbs (herbas), with chamomile being a substantial ingredient. Licor café (typical distilled drink in the province of Ourense), black in color, is a sweet liqueur made with augardente de bagazo, coffee (café), and sugar. Crema de Augardente or Crema de Caña is a cream liqueur based on augardente, coffee, cream, milk, and other ingredients. It is similar to Irish cream liqueur. In some places in Galicia, a small glass is traditionally taken at breakfast as a tonic before a hard day's work on the land. The word orujo is Spanish and not Galician but is used to distinguish Galician and some Spanish augardentes from those of other countries.

Most of the moonshine in Spain is made as a byproduct of winemaking by distilling the squeezed skins of the grapes. The essential product is called orujo or aguardiente (burning water). The homemade versions are usually more potent and have a higher alcoholic content, well over the 40% that the commercial versions typically have. It is often mixed with herbs, spices, fruits, or other distillates. Types include pacharán, licor de café and orujo de hierbas (tea mixed with orujo).

United States
During the mission and rancho periods of California history, aguardiente was made out of mission grapes. It was popular during the Gold Rush of 1849.

See also
Schnapps

References

Galician cuisine
Distilled drinks
Spanish distilled drinks
Portuguese distilled drinks
Mexican distilled drinks
Colombian cuisine
Anise liqueurs and spirits
Brazilian distilled drinks
Chilean cuisine
Spanish words and phrases
Portuguese words and phrases
Galician words and phrases
Catalan words and phrases
Cape Verde distilled drinks
Chilean distilled drinks
Colombian distilled drinks
Costa Rican distilled drinks
Guam distilled drinks
Mariana Island distilled drinks
Ecuadorian distilled drinks
Italian distilled drinks
Sardinian distilled drinks
American distilled drinks

Aguardiente


KUCR is a non-commercial radio station at the University of California, Riverside, in Riverside, California, United States, broadcasting on 88.3 FM. KUCR airs college radio programming similar to other college radio stations across the country. KUCR now includes in its program the rapidly expanding "Philosophy Talk" broadcast by Stanford University philosophy professors Ken Taylor and John Perry).

References

External links

KUCR's page on StylusCity

University of California, Riverside
Mass media in Riverside County, California
UCR
UCR

KUCR


Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are Tamil people from India living in Sri Lanka. They are also known as Malayaga Tamilar, Hill Country Tamils, Up-Country Tamils or Indian Tamils. They come from the workers sent from Southern India to Sri Lanka in the 19th and 20th centuries to work in coffee, tea and rubber plantations by British people. Some also came to Sri Lanka on their own as business people. These Tamil people mostly live in the middle part of Sri Lanka, also known as the Malayakam or Hill Country and in the Northern Province. Most Indian Tamil people who are living in Hill Country are children from the lower working castes of South India.

References

Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka

Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka


The Rudyard Kipling story "Kidnapped" was first published in the Civil and Military Gazette on March 21, 1887, in the first Indian edition of Plain Tales from the Hills (1888), and in subsequent editions of that collection.
outline
Kipling starts by announcing, "We [British] are a high-caste and enlightened race", but suggesting that arranged marriages are preferable to Western notions of love matches. "The Hindu notion - which is the Continental notion, which is the aboriginal notion - is sound", he writes. The story that follows is designed to illustrate this.

It tells of Peythroppe, an exemplary member of the Indian Civil Service. "All his superiors spoke well of him because he knew how to hold his tongue and his pen at the proper times.  There are, today, [adds Kipling, in one of the characteristic effects of omniscience which he often used in his early twenties] only eleven men in India who possess this secret; and they have all, with one exception, attained great honour and enormous incomes." There is one flaw in Peythroppe's exemplary conduct: he falls in love with Miss Castries, who is "impossible" as all mothers will know.

The impossibility is a matter of race, always a sensitive subject in the British Raj. Miss Castries is of Portuguese origin ("d'Castries it was originally, but the family dropped the d' for administrative reasons") and has a "'Spanish' complexion", a pronounced widow's peak, and an opal-tinted mark on her nails. These are enough to stamp her as having Indian blood in her ancestry - at a time when marrying someone of a different (or 'impure') race was regarded as disgraceful among the British. Kipling reports the facts, without overt comment: he accepts the 'impossibility' of such a gifted young man marrying such a woman. with all the necessary relationships with her relations. Peythroppe is determined to commit professional suicide. Here Mrs Hauksbee enters. "Her brain struck out the plan that saved him." She talks with Three Men, who dine with Peythroppe three weeks later, as he learns he has been gazetted a month's leave. Then camels are heard in the compound, and ... Kipling employs what in the cinema would be called a fade-out. Furniture is broken, and Peythroppe disappears.

"Mrs Hauksbee said that Mr. Peythroppe was shooting in Rajputana with the Three Men; so we are compelled to believe her." The leave is extended, past the wedding day: "Mrs Hauksbee went to the wedding, and was much astonished when Peythroppe did not appear" (an example of Kipling's irony). The young men return from the leave, one with a cut on his nose "caused by the kick of a gun. Twelve-bores kick rather curiously" (more irony). Miss Castries' father, Honorary Lieutenant Castries, calls and threatens Peythroppe with a lawsuit for breach of promise, but his daughter knows how a lady should behave and keeps her broken heart to herself. "One of these days [Peythroppe] will marry a sweet pink-and-white [not clearly identified as 'white', but clearly that is the meaning] maiden, on the Government House List [i.e., socially approved]." Kipling ends by saying how much trouble would have been avoided by an Official Matrimonial Department, charged with arranging matches.

This story is an interesting example of the attitudes of Kipling and his contemporaries' towards race, particularly interracial marriage. Kipling appears to accept the norms of his time, but displays sympathy for Miss Castries and for Peythroppe. Kipling also makes his characteristic amused observations of the oddities of social behaviour.

External links

1887 short stories
Short stories by Rudyard Kipling
Rudyard Kipling stories about India
Works originally published in the Civil and Military Gazette

Kidnapped (short story)


The Riverside Archeological District is a historic archaeological site in Gill and Greenfield, Massachusetts.  The site added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Site description
The Riverside Archeological District encompasses a sizable tract of land north of Turners Falls, a major whitewater rapids on the Connecticut River, north of the eponymous village of Turners Falls, Massachusetts in Gill and Greenfield.  Located in northern Massachusetts near the mouths of four major tributaries to the Connecticut, the area has an archaeological history known to date back to the late Pleistocene.  During the earliest contacts between European colonists and Native Americans in the 17th century, the area was known to house major Native encampments, and was the site of the 1676 Battle of Turner's Falls in King Philip's War.  The area has been recognized has archaeologically significant since the 19th century, with well-attested accounts of small finds and some distinctive burial sites.

Formalized archaeology in the area began in the early 20th century with the accumulation of artifacts from Gill in 1915 and 1916 that are now in the collection of the American Indian Archaeological Institute in Washington, DC.  It has continued at low levels of activity throughout the 20th century.

Boundaries
The western boundary of the site is roughly Adams Road in Greenfield; the eastern boundary is in the Lily's Pond area of Barton Cove in Gill, a sheltered area of the Connecticut River.  The northern boundary is just north of Riverside Cemetery in Gill, and the southernmost portion of the area may extend just across the river into the village of Turners Falls.

See also
Dedic Site, in South Deerfield
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Massachusetts

References
Levine, Sassaman, and Nassaney, eds. The Archaeological Northeast (Chapter: "The Significance of the Turners Falls Locality in Connecticut River Archaeology" by Michael S. Nassaney). Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey (1999).

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Archaeological sites in Massachusetts
Greenfield, Massachusetts
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Wampanoag

Riverside Archeological District


In association footballing terms, a caretaker manager or interim manager is somebody who takes temporary charge of the management of a football team, usually when the regular manager is dismissed or leaves for a different club. However, a caretaker manager may also be appointed if the regular manager is suspended, ill, has suspected COVID-19 or is unable to attend to their usual duties. Examples of caretaker managers are Jordi Roura, Angelo Alessio, Germán Burgos and Rob Page. Caretaker managers are normally appointed at short notice from within the club, usually the assistant manager, a senior coach, or an experienced player.

Caretaker managers in Eastern Europe
Caretaker managers in Eastern Europe are head coaches that carry prefix title performing duties or sometimes temporary performing duties. These managers do not have a required license (UEFA Pro Licence) to be full pledged head coaches (managers) and often times have a UEFA A License.

Normally, caretaker manager duties performed by an assistant head coach, sometimes titled as a senior coach, once approved by the club. In case if whole head coaching office was dismissed, a caretaker or a caretaker manager would be appointed from outside of the club. The outside caretaker also may be appointed also instead of already employed a head coach assistant or a senior coach.

Caretaker managers in practice
Famous examples include long-standing Arsenal assistant manager Stewart Houston, who stepped in after George Graham was abruptly sacked in the middle of the 1994–95 season and guided the club to the 1995 European Cup Winners' Cup Final. Tony Barton was appointed manager of Aston Villa after the departure of Ron Saunders and led the club to win the 1982 European Cup Final after only three months in charge. Club Director Trevor Brooking was appointed caretaker manager of West Ham United following Glenn Roeder's illness at the end of the 2002–03 season, then again following his dismissal early in the 2003–04 season.

Permanent appointments
If a caretaker manager proves to be particularly successful during their spell in charge, they are sometimes given the manager's job permanently. Glenn Roeder was appointed permanent manager of Newcastle United after having taken over as caretaker manager following Graeme Souness's dismissal in 2006. This also occurred when Ricky Sbragia was given the Sunderland job permanently after Roy Keane's resignation in November 2008 but he also resigned at the end of the season 2008–09. This also happened in the 2010–11 Premier League; on 8 January 2011, Roy Hodgson was sacked by Liverpool after a run of poor results, and with Liverpool languishing in 12th place, Kenny Dalglish was appointed the caretaker manager of Liverpool for the remainder of the season. After an impressive run of results, which saw Liverpool rise to sixth in the table, Dalglish was appointed the permanent manager of Liverpool, on a three-year contract. In the 2018–19 Premier League; on 18 December 2018, José Mourinho was sacked by Manchester United after losing 3–1 against Liverpool, and with Manchester United in sixth place, former player Ole Gunnar Solskjær was appointed the caretaker manager of Manchester United for the rest of the season. After an impressive run of results, which saw Manchester United rise to fourth in the table and qualified for UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, Solskjær was appointed permanent manager of Manchester United on 28 March 2019 on a three-year contract.

In Norway, a notable example occurred in 2006 when Rosenborg BK coach Per-Mathias Høgmo announced he was taking a leave of absence in mid-season, citing health concerns. At the time, Rosenborg were ten points behind leaders SK Brann. His assistant Knut Tørum was appointed on a caretaker basis, and proceeded to lead Rosenborg to a furious comeback, clinching the league title with one match to spare. Høgmo announced his resignation two days after Rosenborg clinched, and Tørum was named permanent coach after the season.

In Ireland, Charlie McGeever was twice appointed caretaker manager of Finn Harps in separate decades (1984–85 and 1995–96) before being given the job on a permanent basis; as permanent manager he led the club to the 1999 FAI Cup Final, which they narrowly lost to an injury time penalty rebound after a three-match marathon.

In Italy, After Juventus fired Claudio Ranieri following a string of seven league games without a win in the 2008–09 season, Ciro Ferrara was named caretaker head coach of Juventus on 18 May 2009 for the remaining two weeks of the season, with the goal of maintaining second place in the league table, and the possibility of being appointed on a full-time basis for a longer period. In his two games as caretaker coach, he led Juventus to 3–0 and 2–0 wins over Siena and Lazio respectively, thus ensuring a second-place finish over rivals Milan. Following these results, he emerged as a strong candidate for to take the job permanently for the next season. On 5 June 2009, Juventus formally announced his appointment as head coach for 2009–10 season. After winning his first four league matches, Ferrara's fortunes changed after Juve failed to make the knockout stage of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League following a 4–1 defeat by Bayern Munich at home in a match where a draw would have awarded Juve the qualification to the following phase, despite a promising start to the campaign. Despite a win over Derby d'Italia rivals Internazionale, Juve embarked on a losing streak over the winter, notably against minor teams such as Sicilian side Catania and recently promoted Bari.  Six days later, Juventus were knocked out of the Coppa Italia by Inter 2–1 at the San Siro, leading the board of directors to ultimately sack Ferrara after weeks of speculation regarding his position, replacing him with Alberto Zaccheroni until the end of the season. In 2011–12 season, Inter sacked Claudio Ranieri as head coach and Andrea Stramaccioni was promoted to the first team as caretaker coach, He led Inter to sixth place and a success in the Derby della Madonnina against Milan that cost Inter's crosstown rivals the Serie A title; his results led club owner Massimo Moratti to confirm him as head coach for the 2012–13 season, as well. The FIGC allowed Stramaccioni to sign the contract without a UEFA Pro Licence as he was admitted to 2012–13 coaching course in order to obtain the licence in June 2013. On 7 October 2012, Stramaccioni guided Inter to a 1–0 victory over Milan, On 3 November 2012, Stramaccioni guided Inter to a 3–1 away victory over the previous season's champions, Juventus. After 14 months in charge of Inter and a difficult 2012–13 Serie A campaign which saw them finish in 9th place and thus fail to qualify for Europe for the first time in 15 seasons, the club announced on 24 May 2013 that Stramaccioni had been sacked and replaced by Walter Mazzarri.

In Spain, On 30 October 2018, Julen Lopetegui was sacked as Real Madrid coach after poor results, with the appointment of Santiago Solari as caretaker coach. After 14 days, Solari was given a permanent contract because in Spain no club was allowed to have a caretaker manager for more than two weeks. Later he was sacked and replaced by former teammate Zinedine Zidane for the second time.

In Germany, On 3 November 2019, Niko Kovač left Bayern Munich by mutual consent after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt, his assistant Hansi Flick, promoted as interim coach. In his first match in charge, Bayern defeated Olympiakos 2–0 in the UEFA Champions League group stage on 6 November 2019. In April 2020, Bayern Munich appointed Flick as permanent coach with a contract until 2023. Flick successfully guided Bayern to win the Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and UEFA Champions League, thus completing the continental treble for the second time in the club's history, the following season, he led Bayern to win the 2020 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla. He also led Bayern to win its first ever sextuple after winning Club World Cup in February 2021 by defeating Mexican team Tigres.

Rob Page temporarily appointed caretaker manager of Wales national team after Ryan Giggs was arrested in 2020. later he named as Wales permanent manager in 2022.

On the other hand, Tony Parkes was appointed caretaker manager of Blackburn Rovers on six separate occasions between 1986 and 2004, without ever being given the role in a permanent capacity. He is still yet to be given a permanent managerial role, also Voro was appointed caretaker coach of Valencia on six separate occasions but he was appointed permanent head coach in 2016 until end of the season, Vicente del Bosque also appointed Real Madrid caretaker coach twice in 1994 and 1996.

Notable success
In November 2007, Sandy Stewart led St Johnstone to victory in the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup in his only game in charge as caretaker manager.

In the 2007–08 season, Cevat Güler won Süper Lig as Galatasaray's caretaker manager. He was in charge for the last five matches of the season due to Karl Heinz Feldkamp's resignation.

In the 2007 Hazfi Cup Final, Sepahan's head coach, Luka Bonačić had travelled to his country, Croatia for personal reasons and was unavailable to manage the team in the second leg. Mansour Ebrahimzadeh who was assistant to Bonačić served as caretaker manager for that match. Sepahan won the match and the title.

Guus Hiddink was caretaker manager of Chelsea in 2009, leading his team to the UEFA Champions League semi-final, where they shut out FC Barcelona at Camp Nou and tied them back at Stamford Bridge. The latter was later said as a very controversial game, particularly in decisions made by the referee Tom Henning Øvrebø. Chelsea would be later eliminated on away goals. He finished off his tenure with the team as they won the FA Cup. The club was reported happy to have Hiddink as manager even on a temporary basis.

Roberto Di Matteo won the Champions League and FA Cup as caretaker manager of Chelsea in 2012, leading to him being appointed permanent manager on a two-year contract. He was sacked a few months into the new season, being replaced by interim manager, Rafael Benítez, who led his team to victory in the Europa League, as well as guiding the team to a third-place finish in the league, thus ensuring direct qualification for next year's Champions League. Benítez was not offered a contract as permanent manager, instead being replaced by José Mourinho who went back to Chelsea for a second term.

Lionel Scaloni was appointed caretaker of the Argentina national football team in 2018, and won 2021 Copa América, the 2022 Finalissima and the 2022 World Cup.

In the 2020–21 season, Edin Terzić won DFB-Pokal as Borussia Dortmund's caretaker manager. later he was appointed permanent manager of Borussia Dortmund in 2022–23 season.

See also
Head coach

References

Association football terminology
Association football occupations

Caretaker manager


Green River was an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1984. Considered one of the first grunge bands, Green River is most well known for being the precursor to multiple key early '90s rock bands, most notably Pearl Jam, Mudhoney, Mother Love Bone, Temple of the Dog, and Love Battery. Green River reunited for several live shows between 2008 and 2009.

History
In its first practice sessions in early 1984, Green River's members were vocalist Mark Arm, guitarist Steve Turner, drummer Alex Vincent (also known as Alex Shumway) and bassist Jeff Ament. Prior to joining Green River, they had played for a variety of rock, punk, and hardcore groups, often with overlapping lineups. Arm and Turner had played together in Mr. Epp and the Calculations and the Limp Richerds. Determined to start a new band together, they first recruited Vincent, whom Turner had briefly played with in Spluii Numa, as drummer, and then set about convincing Ament to join. He and Turner worked at the same Seattle coffeeshop, and Arm had befriended him after a DJ set by Ament at Metropolis, a local club. Ament had a low opinion of Mr. Epp, but agreed to join the new band due to Turner's persistence and Ament's frustration with Deranged Diction, his band  at the time. The first Green River rehearsal was at the Turner home on Mercer Island. Stone Gossard, a high school friend of Turner and Vincent, joined as a second guitarist shortly thereafter.

The idea for the name "Green River" came to both Arm and Turner independently. Arm has cited several possible inspirations — a local community college, the 1969 Creedence Clearwater song — but the most resonant association was with the Green River Killer, an infamous Washington state serial killer who was prominent in headlines at the time. To Alice Wheeler, a band photographer, the name reflected undercurrents of depression and danger that would come to characterize grunge; Turner later came to see it as "a dumb joke."

On June 23, 1984, Green River recorded their first demos at Reciprocal Recording. They were released on vinyl in 2016. By late 1984, the band was playing shows in and around Seattle. The band began production in December 1984 on its first record, Come on Down. By the time the band finished the record in mid-1985, Turner had left the group, citing his distaste with the rest of the band's heavy metal leanings. He was replaced by former Deranged Diction guitarist Bruce Fairweather.

In late 1985, the band embarked on its first nationwide tour to promote Come on Down. Release of the record was delayed, however, thus negating the purpose of the tour. From all accounts the experience was less than positive, though it helped cement alliances with other emerging American indie rock bands. Among them was Sonic Youth, who later quoted the song "Come on Down" on its own composition "Nevermind (What Was It Anyway)". After the tour, Come on Down was finally released by the New York-based Homestead Records. The record was released to little fanfare, and did not sell well. However it is often considered the first record to be released by a "grunge" band, as it predated both the Melvins debut EP and the Deep Six compilation album.

In 1986, the band continued to play in and around the Pacific Northwest to steadily larger crowds (especially in the band's hometown of Seattle). Early in the year, the now legendary Deep Six compilation album was released on the local C/Z Records label. Alongside two Green River songs, the compilation features the music of fellow Washington bands Malfunkshun, Melvins, Skin Yard, Soundgarden, and The U-Men. Kathleen C. Fennessy of AllMusic stated that the compilation "documents a formative period in Northwest rock history".

In June 1986, the band began production on its second EP, Dry as a Bone, with local producer Jack Endino. Green River chose to record Dry as a Bone for Bruce Pavitt's new label, Sub Pop. However, Pavitt couldn't afford to release it until the following year, and, as had happened with Come on Down, the record was delayed. In the meantime the band issued the one-off "Together We'll Never" single on the local Tasque Force Records label. Dry as a Bone was finally released through Sub Pop in July 1987, a full year after it was recorded. It was the new label's first non-compilation release. Dry as a Bone was promoted by Sub Pop as "ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation". Steve Huey of AllMusic called it Green River's "strongest individual release...perfecting their sleazy, raucous fusion of '70s hard rock and post-hardcore punk".

Almost immediately following the release of Dry as a Bone, the group re-entered the studio to begin production on its first full-length album, Rehab Doll. Band in-fighting, though, took center stage over the music. A stylistic division developed between Ament and Gossard on one side, and Arm on the other. Ament and Gossard wanted to pursue a major-label deal, while Arm wanted to remain independent, viewing the duo as being too careerist. The in-fighting came to a head following an October 1987 show in Los Angeles, California. Apparently, without informing the group, Ament had filled the show's guest list with major label representatives, instead of the band's friends; nonetheless only two of the representatives appeared. On October 31, 1987, Ament, Gossard and Fairweather stated their desire to quit the band. Although the band members agreed to complete production of Rehab Doll during the next three months, Green River had by late October 1987 ceased as a band. Rehab Doll was released in June 1988. Ned Raggett of AllMusic called it "a record that sounded caught somewhere between grunge mania and metal/corp rock folly".

Reunions
A Green River reunion occurred on November 30, 1993 during a Pearl Jam concert in Las Vegas, Nevada. Participating in the reunion were Arm, Turner, Gossard, Ament and Chuck Treece, who filled in on drums for Vincent, who at that time was living in Japan. The band performed the songs "Swallow My Pride" and "Ain't Nothing to Do" before leaving the stage. Green River reunited for four shows in 2008, featuring every band member in its history except Treece. The first show was a warm-up show on July 10, 2008 at the Sunset Tavern in Seattle. The band next played on July 13, 2008 at Marymoor Park near Seattle to honor Sub Pop's 20th anniversary.

Band members
Mark Arm – vocals (1984–1988, 1993, 2008–09)
Steve Turner – guitar, backing vocals (1984–1985, 1993, 2008–2009)
Alex Vincent – drums, percussion (1984–1988, 2008–09)
Jeff Ament – bass, backing vocals (1984–1988, 1993, 2008–09)
Stone Gossard – guitar, backing vocals (1984–1988, 1993, 2008–09)
Bruce Fairweather – guitar, backing vocals (1985–1988, 2008–2009)
Chuck Treece – drums (1993)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Demo albums

Compilations

Extended plays

Singles

Other appearances

See also
List of alternative rock artists

References

Further reading

External links
Sub Pop's Green River page

Alternative rock groups from Washington (state)
Grunge musical groups
C/Z Records artists
Homestead Records artists
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups from Seattle
1984 establishments in Washington (state)
Sub Pop artists

Green River (band)


Andover Newton Seminary at Yale Divinity School is an American seminary program  founded in 2017 within Yale Divinity School and located in New Haven, Connecticut. It is the successor institution of Andover Newton Theological School (ANTS), the oldest graduate seminary in the United States and the nation's first graduate institution of any kind.

In November 2015, ANTS, affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ, announced that it would sell its campus in Newton, Massachusetts and relocate, after a presence of 190 years on that site. In July 2017, ANTS and Yale Divinity School completed a formal affiliation to create Andover Newton Seminary within the Divinity School.

History

The former Andover Newton Theological School (ANTS) in Newton Centre, Massachusetts was a product of a 1965 merger between two schools of theology: Andover Theological Seminary and Newton Theological Institution—although the two institutions had been co-resident on the same campus in Newton Centre since 1931. ANTS took the earlier founding date (1807) of the Andover Theological Seminary for its founding year.

The school created the educational model used by almost all Protestant seminaries today and pioneered many training programs for prospective clergy, including Field Education. Its faculty had historically ranked among the most distinguished in theological education, and its alumni and alumnae have included important abolitionists, educators, clergy, and theologians; three presidents of Brown University; the founding presidents of Wabash College, Grinnell College, and the Union Theological Seminary in New York City; one of the most important presidents of Dartmouth College; and major figures in many areas of American life and culture.

Andover Newton at Yale
In May 2016, ANTS president Martin Copenhaver announced that Andover Newton would begin a process of formal affiliation with Yale Divinity School over the following two years. In the 2016–17 academic year, a cohort of faculty relocated to New Haven, Connecticut, teaching students and launching pilot initiatives focused on congregational ministry education, while Andover Newton continued to operate in Massachusetts.

The aim of negotiations was a permanent affiliation (beginning in the 2017–18 academic year), resulting in a smaller Andover Newton functioning as a unit within Yale Divinity School, similar to the current arrangement with Berkeley Divinity School. Copenhaver projected that the sale of the Newton, Massachusetts campus would pay off debt and create an endowment for the institution at Yale. On June 29, 2017, the sale of the Andover Newton campus was finalized, and on July 20, 2017, the boards of Andover Newton and Yale Divinity School signed an agreement to formalize their affiliation.

Notes and references

External links

 Description in Yale Divinity School website
The Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum The Library maintains a collection of papers of the Andover Theological School (manuscript number E 6).
ATS profile for Andover Newton Theological School

Educational institutions established in 1807
Educational institutions established in 1965
Educational institutions established in 2017
Seminaries and theological colleges in Connecticut
Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Church of Christ
Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA
United Church of Christ in Connecticut
2017 establishments in Connecticut
Yale Divinity School


Shahdadpur is a city in Sindh, a province of Pakistan. It is at 27°51'N and 67°64'E. coordinates. The historical city of al-Mansura is about 19 km southeast of Shahdadpur.

The shrines of Sohni and Mehinwal, from the Sohni Mahiwal story, are in and near the city. The shrine of Sohni is near the city, while that of Mehinwal is in the centre of the city. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (whose shrine is about 10 km from Shahdadpur) immortalised love through his poetry.

Tehsils of Sanghar District

Shahdadpur Tehsil


Better, also known as The Better Show, is a syndicated lifestyle and celebrity focused daytime talk show that aired in syndication from 2007 to 2015. It aired weekdays on 160 stations across the United States. The program was produced and distributed by Meredith Corporation. The Better Show got its name from and is based on Meredith's flagship publication, Better Homes and Gardens. The show also tapped its other magazines' experts in home, shelter and parenting.

This was not Better Homes and Gardens first foray into television; in the 1990s, the magazine presented a similar syndicated weekly program, Better Your Home with Better Homes and Gardens. In addition, the Australian version of the magazine hosts their TV program as well.

The hour-long daytime strip show Better allows eight minutes of local content. While in Kansas City, the national version on KSMO-TV was also complemented by a total localized version, Better Kansas City, on KCTV. At least with Meredith stations those with some localized content gave a local version of the name. For example, WNEM-TV's version was called Better Mid-Michigan. while WGCL-TV's edition was known as Better Mornings Atlanta; and KPHO-TV's show was called Better Arizona. WPHL-TV (a Tribune-owned Better affiliate) aired the national version in the morning with local cut-ins throughout the hour, branded as Better Philly.

History and affiliates
The Better Show began on KPTV in Portland, Oregon as a local show. Production of the program began in several test markets in 2007 and placed into syndication later that year.

By January 2008, the show was on 10 Meredith and 3 Journal stations. At that time, Meredith signed 12 additional stations to carry the show, 1 Fisher Communications, 7 LIN TV and 4 Northwest Broadcasting. Fisher launched in March 2008 while LIN and Northwest launched the fall.

In Kansas City in September 2012, a totally localized Better Kansas City debuted on KCTV, while the national Better program aired on sister station KSMO-TV. Meredith announced that The Better Show would premiere on The Hallmark Channel in October 2012 to replace programming from Martha Stewart and to complement its "Home & Family" programming block. The CW Plus picked up Better for air on its stations in fall 2014, where it replaced The Daily Buzz.

In February 2015, Meredith confirmed that the program would end in May 2015. Repeats continued to air until mid-September 2015. Despite the cancellation of the national program, KCTV's Better Kansas City continues to be produced in that market as of December 2018, along with WFSB's Better Connecticut for central Connecticut, which was later renamed to Great Day Connecticut.

Hosts and correspondents
The Better Show was co-hosted by Kristina Behr and JD Roberto from studios in Midtown Manhattan when it was cancelled. The show's other primary personality was correspondent Sarah Bernard.

Initially, The Better Show was split-hosted by Emmy-nominated Audra Lowe in New York City and Kimberly Maus at KPTV in Portland, Oregon. In August 2009, the show's West Coast operations moved to WFSB in Rocky Hill, Connecticut, near Hartford. At that time Lowe became the program's solo host.

Rhiannon Ally was named Lowe's co-host in January 2011. She originally joined the program in September 2009 as a correspondent based out of Rocky Hill. She had also served as Lowe's substitute. Ally left to take a news anchor position in Miami, Florida.

On September 12, 2011,  JD Roberto was added as a co-host. Reporter Leslie Nagy was the show's main correspondent. Home and design expert Jennifer Adams, gardening host Mar Jennings, and celebrity and country music interviewers Ashlie Kolb and Sarah Bernard made regular contributions to the program.

Lowe served as the show's longest running host. When she walked away from her contract in 2013, the show hired soap opera veteran Rebecca Budig to replace her on the desk with Roberto. Budig stayed one season. All three hosts were nominated for a National Daytime Emmy in the "Best Hosting" category.

References

External links

 Better Arizona
 Better Connecticut
 Better Nashville
 Better Mid-Michigan
 Better Atlanta
 Better Portland

First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
2007 American television series debuts
2000s American television talk shows
2010s American television talk shows
Franchised television formats
Television shows based on magazines
Meredith Corporation

Better (talk show)


In mathematics, an analytic semigroup is particular kind of strongly continuous semigroup.  Analytic semigroups are used in the solution of partial differential equations; compared to strongly continuous semigroups, analytic semigroups provide better regularity of solutions to initial value problems, better results concerning perturbations of the infinitesimal generator, and a relationship between the type of the semigroup and the spectrum of the infinitesimal generator.

Definition

Let Γ(t) = exp(At) be a strongly continuous one-parameter semigroup on a Banach space (X, ||·||) with infinitesimal generator A.  Γ is said to be an analytic semigroup if

 for some 0 < θ < π/ 2, the continuous linear operator exp(At) : X → X can be extended to t ∈ Δθ ,

and the usual semigroup conditions hold for s, t ∈ Δθ : exp(A0) = id, exp(A(t + s)) = exp(At) exp(As), and, for each x ∈ X, exp(At)x is continuous in t;

 and, for all t ∈ Δθ \ {0}, exp(At) is analytic in t in the sense of the uniform operator topology.

Characterization

The infinitesimal generators of analytic semigroups have the following characterization:

A closed, densely defined linear operator A on a Banach space X is the generator of an analytic semigroup if and only if there exists an ω ∈ R such that the half-plane Re(λ) > ω is contained in the resolvent set of A and, moreover, there is a constant C such that

for Re(λ) > ω and where  is the resolvent of the operator A. Such operators are called sectorial. If this is the case, then the resolvent set actually contains a sector of the form

for some δ > 0, and an analogous resolvent estimate holds in this sector.  Moreover, the semigroup is represented by

where γ is any curve from e−iθ∞ to e+iθ∞ such that γ lies entirely in the sector

with π/ 2 < θ < π/ 2 + δ.

References

Functional analysis
Partial differential equations
Semigroup theory

Analytic semigroup


The International Socialist Movement was a Trotskyist current inside the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) from 2001 until March 2006.  It came into existence as a change of name by Scottish Militant Labour, the since defunct Scottish section of the Committee for a Workers' International.  In January 2002 it disaffiliated from the CWI after increasing clashes the CWI's leadership around Peter Taffe, although a significant minority based mainly in Dundee stayed with the CWI and formed a pro-CWI platform in the SSP called the International Socialists.

For a few years the ISM was effectively the leadership of the SSP.  It developed strong relationships with other currents in the socialist movement, including as a permanent observer with the United Secretariat of the Fourth International. Members of the International Socialist Group in Scotland joined the ISM.

The ISM dissolved in March 2006 stating that it had completed its mission.  The reasons for doing so were rather complex.  In practice it was having difficulty operating as a coherent political organisation.  It had been badly divided internally in the context of a rather heated debate in the SSP around 50-50 representation for women in the run up to the 2003 Scottish election.  These divisions became exacerbated by the resignation of Tommy Sheridan as convenor and the election of the new convenor, which was a contest between two ISM members, Colin Fox and Alan McCombes.  Some leading members of the SSP, particularly women, had left the ISM or never joined, while others remained nominally members but were not taking part in meetings (e.g. only one member of the SSP executive, Joanna Harvie, attended the ISM meeting which decided to dissolve) and it had become an organisation of SSP middle cadre e.g. branch organisers.  However its journal, Frontline, continues publication as an "Independent Marxist voice in the SSP".

External links
Statement on the future of the ISM
Frontline, former ISM journal, now independent

Factions of the Scottish Socialist Party
Defunct Trotskyist organisations in the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in Scotland
2006 disestablishments in Scotland

International Socialist Movement


Billy Manual Ashley (born July 11, 1970) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder.

Minor leagues
Ashley was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 3rd round of the 1988 MLB Draft. He started his professional career with the Gulf Coast Dodgers in 1988 and 1989. He played with the Bakersfield Dodgers in 1990, the Vero Beach Dodgers in 1991, the San Antonio Missions in 1992 and the Albuquerque Dukes for most of 1992–1994.  A big time home run threat in the minors, Ashley hit 24 homers with San Antonio in 1992, 26 with the Dukes in 1993 and 37 in 1994.

He was a Triple-A All-Star and Pacific Coast League All-Star in 1993 and 1994. Also in 1994, he was selected a Baseball America first team Minor League All-Star, the Pacific Coast League MVP, Los Angeles Dodgers Minor League Player of the Year in and Triple-A Player of the Year.

He is one of three Dodgers position players to have been twice selected as the organization's Minor League Player of the Year, along with Joc Pederson and Paul Konerko.

Major leagues
He made his major league debut on September 1, 1992, against the Chicago Cubs and recorded his first major league hit on September 6 against the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Ashley made the Dodgers Opening Day roster for the 1995 season and for the next three seasons was a spot starter/pinch hitter for the Dodgers. He tied the Dodgers single-season record for pinch-hit homers in 1996. Due to his inability to hit for a high average, his high strikeout frequency, and his poor defensive play, the Dodgers released him before the beginning of the 1998 season.

He was signed as a free agent by the Boston Red Sox. He spent most of the season with the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox but played in 13 games with the major league team. His most productive day with the Red Sox was on July 3, 1998, when went 3 for 4 and hit a grand slam home run against the Chicago White Sox.

He spent 1999 with the Toledo Mud Hens in the Detroit Tigers farm system and then retired from baseball.

Throughout his Minor League career, Ashley was a highly touted power-hitting prospect. However, his success in the minors did not transfer to the big league level, and he did not accumulate a batting average higher than .237 or hit more than 9 home runs in a season. His career concluded with 144 total hits and 236 total strikeouts. He did however achieve a measure of notoriety for a time as a pinch-hitter.

Miscellaneous
He was featured in the Fox Reality Channel's original series Househusbands of Hollywood. He is currently the baseball head coach for Malibu High School in Malibu, CA. As of 2015, Ashley is also serving as an Alumni member of the Los Angeles Dodgers Community Relations team.

References

External links

Baseball Cube
Retrosheet
The Baseball Gauge
Venezuela Winter League

1970 births
Living people
Albuquerque Dukes players
Bakersfield Dodgers players
Boston Red Sox players
Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Minor league baseball managers
Newark Bears players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Trenton, Michigan
Baseball players from Wayne County, Michigan
San Antonio Missions players
St. George Pioneerzz players
St. Paul Saints players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Vero Beach Dodgers players
Pacific Coast League MVP award winners

Billy Ashley


Uvdal Stave Church (Uvdal stavkirke) is situated at Uvdal in the valley Numedal in Nore og Uvdal in Buskerud, Norway. The stave church was originally constructed just after the year 1168, which is known through dendrochronological dating of the ore-pine used in the construction. The logs were not completely dry when the construction took place.

Construction history
An archeological excavation that took place during 1978 showed that the church was built on the remains of a previous church. It is thought to have been made with the use of embedded corner column technology at the beginning of the 11th century.

Churches made during the 12th century were usually very small, often no more than 40 square meters, and were therefore often expanded, even during the Middle Ages and certainly just before and after the Reformation, which took place during 1537 in Norway.

The nave of the church was first expanded to the west during the Middle Ages, when the original apse of the chancel was also removed and the chancel itself elongated. Again, during that period, an extra center column was added. The chancel was torn down again in 1684, when a new and wider chancel was made, with the same width as the nave. Then, during the period 1721–1723, the church was made into a cruciform. A new ridge turret had to be made, to fit the new shape. Later, in 1819, a new vestry was added to the north wall of the chancel.

Exterior
The exterior walls were paneled in 1760.

Interior
Benches with ornately decorated sidewalls were added to the nave in 1624. The oldest part of the interior was probably richly ornately decorated by painting during 1656, the expansions during 1684 and 1723. Two scary halfmasks are quite visible on the poles of the chancel, and according to myth they were able to capture demons.

Miscellaneous
The church survives today as museum piece, owned by Fortidsminneforeningen, which also happens to own several other stave churches that survive. The church was taken out of use in 1893, but services still take place during the summer season. As of June 2016, photographing of the highly decorated interior (even with flash) was allowed.  In the late nineties the local internet site Numedalsnett was allowed to shoot a short interior video with minimum equipment and lightning. The video clip is available on YouTube.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Leif Anker (2005) The Norwegian Stave Churches (Oslo: Arfo Forlag)

External links

 Uvdal Stave Church (Riksantikvaren)
 Uvdal Stave Church (Fortidsminneforeningen) (in Norwegian)
 Uvdal Stave Church – interior shots (video) on Youtube
 Uvdal Stave Church in a video about stave churches in Numedal

12th-century churches in Norway
Stave churches in Norway
Nore og Uvdal
Buildings and structures owned by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments
Churches completed in 1168

Uvdal Stave Church


Scarface is a 1983 American crime thriller movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, produced by Martin Bregman and stars Al Pacino. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami, Florida and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie Scarface. The movie made $85 million.

Story
Tony Montana is a prisoner from Cuba who is coming to the United States on a boat to escape the oppressive Communist government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami drug lord.

Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira, Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He meets Alejandro Sosa, a powerful Bolivian drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers.

Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony kills a journalist who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the United Nations. Tony plants a bomb on the target's car, but sees the journalist's family inside it, and does not make the bomb go off. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny, but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to Miami to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a shotgun, and falls into his fountain below, dead.

References

 Scarface wallpapers
1983 crime movies
1983 thriller movies
1980s crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
American gangster movies
American movie remakes
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
1980s English-language movies
Movies directed by Brian De Palma
Movies set in Miami
Universal Pictures movies
American drama movies
Movies about the illegal drug trade

Scarface (1983 movie)


The Hanriot 1909 monoplane was an early French aircraft constructed by Rene Hanriot, a successful automobile racer.

Design

The Hanriot 1909 monoplane had an uncovered  rectangular-section wire-braced wooden fuselage with deeply cambered parallel-chord wings. The main undercarriage consisted of a pair of skids which carried a pair of independently sprung wheels mounted on a steel cross tube, the skids being carried on two pairs of struts which converged inwards, the aft pair being continued above the fuselage to form an inverted V cabane to which the wing bracing and warping wires were attached. The front struts terminated at the engine bearers, which were midway between the upper and lower longerons. Tail surfaces consisted of a tailplane and elevator mounted on top of the fuselage and a fixed fin mounted under the fuselage with the attached rudder underneath the horizontal tail surfaces. The aircraft was controlled with a pair of handwheels on either side of the cockpit operating wing warping and elevator, and foot-pedals operating the rudder.

Two examples were shown at the Paris Aero Salon in October 1909 in an unfinished condition. One was powered by a (37 kW (50 hp)  Buchet engine and the other by a 25 kW (35 hp) Hanriot engine.  One was successfully flown at Rheims in December 1909, first by Eugene Ruchonnet and afterwards by Rene Hanriot followed by his son Marcel, then aged 15.

The two aircraft displayed at the 1909 Paris exhibition were the only examples manufactured.  Flight refers to them as the Hanriot I (Hanriot engine) and Hanriot II (Buchet engine).  By the time that they were first flown  Hanriot and Ruchonnet had already started work on a series of closely related monoplane designs, which were exhibited at the Salon d'Automobiles, d'Aeronautique, du Cycles et des Sports,  which opened in Brussels on 16 January 1910.

Specifications

Notes

References
Opdycke, Leonard E., French Aeroplanes before the Great War. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 1999

1900s French experimental aircraft
1909 monoplane
Aircraft first flown in 1909
Single-engined tractor aircraft

Hanriot 1909 monoplane


Berker Güven (born 7 September 1994) is a Turkish actor.

He made his cinematic debut in 2017 with a role in the movie Babam alongside Çetin Tekindor and Melisa Şenolsun. He started his career in television with his role as Aleksi in Vatanım Sensin, and further rose to prominence by his performance in Zalim İstanbul as Nedim.

At the 22nd Sadri Alışık Theater and Cinema Actors Awards, he received the Outstanding Young Actor Award for his performance in the theater play Yen.

In November 2019, he was given the Best Drama Actor of the Year award at the Turkey– Azerbaijan Brotherhood Awards.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
1994 births
Turkish male stage actors
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male television actors

Berker Güven


Amr Moussa (, , Amr Muhammad Moussa; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 to 1 July 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the committee of 50 that will amend the Egyptian constitution.

Early life
He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is a French citizen and has no ties to Egypt.

Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.

Diplomatic career
Moussa then began his diplomatic career between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt's Embassy in Switzerland and the Egyptian mission to the United Nations. From 1974 to 1977 he was an advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.  From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to India. In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations. He was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Atef Sedki on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League.

Moussa has been heavily involved with Egypt's foreign policy since 1958. He was Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League. Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank. At the Forum for New Diplomacy in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy.  He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the 2006 Palestinian election that brought Hamas into power. Like Mohamed El-Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, he supports opening the Gaza Strip/Egypt border. His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular.

Secretary-General of the Arab League

On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary-General of the League of Arab States and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of former-President Hosni Mubarak allege that Moussa's appointment to the office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight, and so he would not compete as a candidate in the 2005 presidential elections.

On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security.

On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the Holy See and met with Pope Benedict XVI in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.

On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited Gaza in a move to pressure Israel to lift its economic blockade over Hamas-ruled Gaza. The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the Gaza flotilla raid, Moussa said the Arab League would go to the UN Security Council to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, Nabil Elaraby was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 July 2011.<ref></</ref>

Possible presidential candidacies

2005 presidential election

In 2004 an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a Doha Debate Forum televised by the BBC in 2006, Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.

2012 presidential election

When asked in October 2009 about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation". He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to Gamal Mubarak, son of Hosni Mubarak. He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him".

Moussa held talks with Mohamed El-Baradei after his return to Egypt. Many speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in Zurich, Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.

On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks. On the 8 February broadcast of Al Jazeera English's Empire, well-connected American journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not." On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt. On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper Alwafd reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.

Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.

Moussa placed fifth in the election with 11.13% of the first round vote. After the election, he formed the Conference Party with which a number of smaller opposition parties aligned.

Criticisms
Although credited with shaking up the Arab League's bureaucracy, Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, The League of the Arab States: what's left of it, former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.

Honours

Egyptian national honours

Foreign honors

Publications
 Memoirs. 1: The Formation and the years of Diplomacy (), ed. Dar al-Chorouq, Cairo, 2017

References

External links

 Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website  (Arabic)
 Secretary-General at League of Arab States (Arabic)

Articles
 Arab League leader says nations shouldn't fear revolts, Leila Fadel, The Washington Post, 15 February 2011
 Amr Moussa launches presidential campaign, Dina Ezzat, Ahram Online, 9 March 2011
 Moussa sharply criticized during first campaign trail speech, staff, Al-Masry Al-Youm, 9 March 2011
 Amr Moussa, secretary general of the Arab League, Jason Burke, The Guardian, 21 March 2011, profile

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Living people
1936 births
Egyptian Muslims
Ambassadors of Egypt to India
Ambassadors of Egypt to Switzerland
Cairo University alumni
Foreign ministers of Egypt
Members of the Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012
People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011
Permanent Representatives of Egypt to the United Nations
Secretaries General of the Arab League
Politicians from Cairo
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Egyptian political party founders
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan

Amr Moussa


Preston Wade Larrison (born November 19, 1980) is an American retired professional baseball player. As a pitcher, Larrison played college baseball for the University of Evansville and in minor league baseball from 2002 through 2009.

Career
Larrison attended West Aurora High School in Aurora, Illinois. Playing for the school's baseball team, he was considered one of the best high school baseball players in the Chicago area by the Chicago Tribune. Though the Tampa Bay Devil Rays selected Larrison in the 20th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft, Larrison opted not to sign with the Devil Rays. He then enrolled at the University of Evansville, where he played college baseball for the Evansville Purple Aces. He was named a Freshman All-American by Baseball America and Collegiate Baseball in 1999. In 2000, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

The Detroit Tigers selected Larrison in the second round of the 2001 MLB Draft. In 2002, Larrison pitched to a 10-5 win–loss record, a 2.39 earned run average, and a .199 batting average against for the Lakeland Tigers of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League. He was considered for a spot in the Tigers' starting rotation in 2003, but was assigned to the Erie SeaWolves of the Class AA Eastern League. He competed in the 2003 All-Star Futures Game, recording the win.

Larrison suffered an arm injury, requiring Tommy John surgery in 2004. Larrison continued to suffer injuries, spending time on the disabled list in every season. The Tigers invited Larrison to spring training in 2007 and 2008, though he failed to make the Tigers' roster on either occasion. Released by the Tigers during the 2008 season, Larrison signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians in July, and played for the Buffalo Bisons of the International League for the remainder of the season. Larrison signed with the Washington Nationals organization for the 2009 season, and pitched for the Syracuse Chiefs, also of the International League.

Following his retirement after the 2009 season, Larrison opened a youth baseball academy.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Baseball players from Aurora, Illinois
Baseball players from Illinois
Baseball pitchers
Evansville Purple Aces baseball players
Falmouth Commodores players
Oneonta Tigers players
Lakeland Tigers players
Erie SeaWolves players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Syracuse Chiefs players

Preston Larrison


Danson House is a Palladian mansion and a Grade I listed building at the centre of Danson Park, in Welling in the London Borough of Bexley, south-east London.

History

The Danson Estates before Danson House
The earliest reference to the Danson Estates can be found in an Archbishop's survey of 1284, in which seven of the Archbishop's tenants are cited as owning 17 acres of land at "Densynton". The Manor of Bexley was acquired by Henry VIII, and remained a part of the royal estates until James I sold it to John Spielman in an attempt to raise funds for the crown. On 1 March 1622 the Manor was bought by William Camden, who immediately granted it to Oxford University to fund a chair in History. In 1695 the estates were sold into private hands for the first time as an owner-occupied property.

In 1699 John Styleman, a director of the British East India Company, took up residence at Danson, the estates having been acquired on his behalf by his brother Francis two years earlier. Styleman began to develop the estates as a country seat, but left Danson shortly after the death of his wife Arabella at the property in 1717. In 1723 Styleman leased the property for 99 years to John Selwyn MP, a royal courtier, who improved and enlarged the estates a great deal before his death in 1751. The estate at this point included a mansion with five bedrooms, four living rooms, a nursery, kitchen and brewhouse, as well as an icehouse, elaborate water features, and an ornamental Chinese-style house.

1753–1800

John Styleman had died in 1734, his will stipulating that half the proceeds from the lease should go to his widow, Mary Styleman, and the other half to charities providing almhouses for 12 poor families in Bexley. On 10 July 1753 Selwyn's widow, also Mary, sub-let the property to Sir John Boyd, sugar merchant and vice-chairman of the British East India Company, and son of the St Kitts planter and slaveholder Augustus Boyd. By 1759 Boyd had taken over the lease and bought out the rest of the land added to the estates by Selwyn. However, he still had to pay £100 annuity to the charity established by Styleman's will, which owned half of the freehold. His offer of a permanent annuity in return for the charity's half of the freehold required an Act of Parliament, and as a result the Styleman Act was passed in 1762, and John Boyd thus became the sole owner of the entire estates, paving the way for extensive enlargement of the property and the construction of Danson House as it stands today.

Originally called Danson Hill, the Palladian villa was designed by leading architect Sir Robert Taylor (architect of the Bank of England), and constructed to the north of the older mansion. Work began on the house in 1763, and Boyd moved into the house around 1768 with his new wife Catherine. By the time of Boyd's death in 1800 it stood in the centre of over 600 acres (2.4 km2) of pleasure grounds and agricultural estate – over 200 acres (0.8 km2) of which today form Danson Park, the second largest public park in the London Borough of Bexley. Internal furnishings and decorations, including ornate chimney-pieces, were designed by William Chambers, a friend of Boyd's, and murals and paintings were produced for the house by artists such as Richard Wilson and Richard Corbould.

The landscape was designed and laid out from 1761 to 1763, by either Capability Brown or his assistant Nathaniel Richmond. At its centre is a large and picturesque 12-acre (49,000 m2) lake to the south of the house, on the site of the previous mansion, described by Edward Hasted in his History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent of 1797 as "a most magnificent sheet of water so contrived as to seem a beautiful serpentine river, flowing through the grounds". A small house with a spire, named Chapel House, was constructed to the south of Danson House, which has now been separated from the rest of the park by a motorway, but can still be seen today near the roundabout at Blendon.

1800–present

After Sir John died in January 1800 (being buried in St Mary's churchyard, Lewisham), his son demolished the imposing wings containing kitchens and stables, and built the present stable block (design attributed to George Dance the Younger). He sold the estate in 1807 to John Johnston, a retired army captain of the 62nd Regiment of Foot and Freeman of the City of London. In 1829, it passed to Johnston's son Hugh. Hugh's daughter Sarah painted a number of watercolours of the interior in the 1860s with intricate detail, which were later of key use in the restoration of the interior. Hugh Johnston sold Danson to railway engineer Alfred Bean in 1862. Bean was the driving force behind the Bexleyheath Railway Company, and chairman of Bexley Local Board, and envisaged transforming the 582-acre (2.4 km2) estate into a residential suburb. Outlying areas were sold off for residential development according to Bean's will, but the house and 224 acres of the estate remained in Bean's family after his death in 1890, until the death of his widow in 1921, when it was auctioned, and eventually acquired by Bexley Urban District Council for £16,000 in 1924. The park was opened to the public in 1925 by Princess Mary, while the house was used for civil defence purposes during World War Two. Over time football pitches, tennis courts and a bowling green have been added, along with an open-air swimming pool in 1936 and the Boathouse and Cafe, open to the public in 1964. The park is now used extensively by the community.

When the house was acquired by English Heritage in 1995, it was in a dangerously dilapidated condition, having been uninhabited since 1923, and was described by English Heritage as "the most significant building at risk in London". It was painstakingly restored in a ten-year £4.5m project by Purcell Miller Tritton architects. Bexley Heritage Trust, a local heritage charity, was involved in partnership with English Heritage from 2000 and completed the interior furnishing and fitting-out of the house prior to its reopening by HM The Queen in Spring 2005. The Danson Park grounds were also restored, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, in 2006. In 2016, the borough cancelled its grant to the Bexley Heritage Trust for the upkeep of the property, and the charity therefore withdrew to focus on Hall Place, and the house fell under direct management from the borough. The council has subsequently made Danson House the register office for Bexley Borough.

The house is now owned by English Heritage on a 999-year lease from 1997, and will eventually be managed by a trust. It is open to the public on selected viewing days. The estate's stable block is now a public house, the Danson Stables.

The house was used as a filming location for the 2017 historical TV drama Taboo, starring Tom Hardy.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Welling Website

Country houses in London
Houses in the London Borough of Bexley
Historic house museums in London
Museums in the London Borough of Bexley
Grade I listed houses in London
History of the London Borough of Bexley
Robert Taylor buildings
Georgian architecture in London
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Bexley
Grade I listed museum buildings

Danson House


Ed Hoyt Campbell (March 6, 1882 – April 26, 1969) was the last U.S. Representative from Iowa's 11th congressional district. When Iowa lost two seats in Congress due to the 1930 census, Campbell's district was renumbered but its boundaries were left intact. In the Roosevelt landslide of 1932, he was defeated for re-election.

Born in Battle Creek, Iowa, Campbell attended the public schools of his native city, and graduated from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1906. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Battle Creek. Two years later, he was elected as Mayor of Battle Creek, and served until 1911. That year, he was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives, where he served until 1913.

During the First World War Campbell served as a private in Company Six, First Officers Training School, at Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

Following his discharge, he was elected to the Iowa Senate in 1920. He served two four-year terms, serving as president pro tempore from 1924 to 1926.

In 1928, Campbell was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives, to represent Iowa's 11th congressional district (in northwestern Iowa). He was re-elected two years later. Iowa lost two seats in Congress due to the 1930 census, which required the 1931 Iowa Legislature to reapportion the state's congressional districts for the first time in over four decades.  However, the boundaries of the old 11th district were kept intact, and were renumbered as the 9th district, leading commentators to predict that Campbell's seat was "apparently safe."  In the next election (in 1932), Campbell won the Republican nomination for that seat, but faced maverick Democrat Guy M. Gillette in the general election. Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide election also carried many Democrats to victory; Campbell was one of several incumbent Republican congressmen in Iowa who were unseated that year. In all, Campbell served in the Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses, from March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1933.

After returning to Iowa, Campbell resumed the practice of law. He died in Battle Creek on April 26, 1969, and was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery.

References

External links
 The Ed Hoyt Campbell Papers are housed at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives.

1882 births
1969 deaths
Iowa lawyers
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Republican Party Iowa state senators
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
People from Ida County, Iowa
Mayors of places in Iowa
American military personnel of World War I
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers

Ed H. Campbell


The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a 1991 report by a commission designated by Chilean President Patricio Aylwin (from the Concertación) detailing human rights abuses resulting in deaths or disappearances that occurred in Chile during the years of military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet, which began on September 11, 1973 and ended on March 11, 1990. The report found that over 2,000 people had been killed for political reasons, and dozens of military personnel have been convicted of human rights abuses. In addition, many reforms have been made based on the recommendations of the report including an official reparations department.

Background
The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, the eight-member committee that later wrote the Rettig Report, was set up shortly after Patricio Aylwin, Chile's first democratically elected president since Salvador Allende, took office following the 1989 election. In addition to the eight members, the committee was chaired by Raúl Rettig, a former Chilean senator and ambassador to Brazil under Allende. In order to show impartiality, the commission contained four members each from camps of supporters of the Pinochet regime, and opponents of it.

The eight-members of the commission were Jaime Castillo Velasco, José Luis Cea Egaña, Mónica Jiménez, Laura Novoa Vásquez, José Zalaquett Daher, Ricardo Martin Díaz, and Gonzalo Vial Correa (minister of Education 1978-79).

The commission was given large amounts of resources and access to official documents to ensure thoroughness, and the report was finalized in February 1991. One criticism of the report is that it only focused on politically motivated murders and disappearances that occurred while Pinochet was dictator, and did not include other human rights violations. This issue was addressed in a second report commissioned in 2003 known as the Valech Report.

Goals of the Report
On April 25, 1990, Aylwin issued Supreme Decree No. 355, officially creating the National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation with the following goals:

 To create as complete a picture as possible of the most serious human rights violations
 To gather evidence to allow the creation of a list that identifies the victims' name, fate, and whereabouts
 To recommend reparations for the families of victims
 To recommend legal and administrative measures to prevent future violations

Findings

The report determined that there were 2,115 victims of human rights violations and 164 victims of political violence between September 11, 1973 and the end of the Pinochet regime on March 11, 1990. This breaks down further to 1,068 victims confirmed to have been killed, 957 people who disappeared after their arrest, and an additional 90 killed by politically motivated private citizens. The report also was unable to come to a decision for 614 cases, and there were an additional 508 cases in which the nature of the violation did not fit the commission's mandate. The commission found that the majority of the human rights violations were conducted in a sophisticated and systematic fashion in the years directly after Pinochet took power. The majority of the violations were perpetrated by the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), Chile's secret police force from 1973 to 1977.

Legal Ramifications
As of May 2012, 76 agents had been condemned for violations of human rights and 67 were convicted: 36 in the Army, 27 in the Carabineros, 2 in the Air Force, one of the Navy and one in the Police. Three condemned agents died and six agents got conditional sentences. 350 cases, pertaining to disappeared persons, illegal detainees and torture, remain open. There are 700 military and civilian persons involved in these cases. While some perpetrators have been convicted, prosecution has been difficult due to an amnesty law passed by the military regime in 1978 giving full legal protection to any individual implicated in human rights violations between 1973 and 1978.

Recommendations
The report included the following recommendations to prevent future human rights violations in Chile:
 Ratification of international human rights treaties
 Modifying the national laws to match international standards of human rights law
 Assuring the independence of the judiciary
 Creating a society in which the armed forces, the police, and the security forces respect human rights
 Creating a permanent office to work to protect citizens from future human rights violations

Over time, many of these recommendations were put into place in Chile, although progress was slow due to a lack of a legislative majority from Aylwin's party, and the continued influence of the military in politics. One area where Aylwin was unable to make change was a failure to repeal the 1978 amnesty law.

Aftermath
In a speech announcing the report's findings, President Aylwin apologized on behalf of the Chilean government for the murders and disappearances detailed in the report, and asked the military to do the same. The Chilean military, still headed at the time by Pinochet, refused to apologize and much of the armed forces community openly questioned the validity of the report.

The Rettig Report's listing of a disappeared person as deceased and the victim of a human rights violation created a legal determination of the victim's situation. That would give the surviving family members certain benefits such as making it possible for them to resolve property and inheritance claims, apply for social security and any reparation benefits, as well as impacting the marital status of spouses. This was made possible through the establishment of the "National Corporation for Reparation and Reconciliation".

Other actions based on recommendations from the report that were eventually taken by later Chilean governments are:

 The elimination in 1998 of the national holiday celebrating the 1973 coup.
 The Chilean military was stripped of its political power with the elimination of the military dominated National Security Council in 2005.
The National Institute for Human Rights, a government agency that reports on human rights issues within Chile, was created in November 2009.

Pinochet was also stripped of his parliamentary immunity in 2000, and was indicted by the Chilean Supreme Court along with other officers for killings which occurred after the original coup in 1973. He was put under house arrest with new charges in 2004, and died under house arrest in December 2006.

The human rights violations in Chile were also looked at again in the Valech Report which was conducted between 2004 and 2005.

See also

Chilean Coup of 1973
List of truth and reconciliation commissions
Víctor Jara Stadium was a sports arena used as a detention and torture center listed on the report.
Carlos Lorca
Patio 29
Villa Grimaldi Infamous torture center in Santiago.
Colonia Dignidad is another detention and torture center listed.
Valech Report is the report from the second truth commission in Chile, considered to have continued Rettig's work.

References

External links

Memoriaviva (Complete list of Victims, Torture Centres and Criminals - in Spanish)
Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (English translation of the Rettig report, PDF file)
Truth Commission: Chile 90, Website with English translation of the report
Human Rights Watch Report
Compilation of Different Truth Commissions
Protests in Chile regarding lasting impacts of Pinochet
Víctor Jara, a famous victim of the Pinochet Regime

1991 in Chile
Political repression in Chile during the military government (1973–1990)
Dirty wars
Government reports
Truth and reconciliation commissions
Operation Condor
Political repression in Chile
1991 documents
Presidency of Patricio Aylwin
Truth and reconciliation reports

Rettig Report


Prudential borrowing is the set of rules governing local authority borrowing in the UK. Under prudential borrowing, the amount of debt and other liabilities most local authorities can incur is no longer capped by an upper limit. Instead borrowing must conform to the Prudential Code which (among other things) requires that borrowing be affordable and prudential.

Local government in the United Kingdom

Prudential borrowing


Rachael Cairns (born 11 August 1988) is a British model and actress. She is best known for participating in Cycle 4 of Britain's Next Top Model, in which she became the eleventh eliminated. She is also known for her role in  Waterloo Road as Tasha Lefton, a diabetic pupil who went as far as refusing to take insulin so that she can lose weight, to be "Rochdale's next top model".

Britain's Next Top Model
Cairns was announced as one of the fourteen girls who participated in Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 4. During her run in the competition, she accumulated 3 first call-outs, tying with eventual winner Alex Evans, and one bottom two appearance. Throughout her stay she was often criticised for being fake and was labelled a 'Bible Basher'. She appeared in the bottom two with eventual second runner-up Stefanie Wilson, the judges decided to send her home.

After Top Model
Cairns was immediately signed to Models 1 in London, after appearing on the show, being the first non-winning Britain's Next Top Model contestant to be signed by the prize agency.  A year later, she had left Models 1 and joined Nevs, another agency based in London.
She also appeared on ITV2's The Fashion Show along with Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 3 winner, Lauren McAvoy, and walked for Graeme Black at London Fashion Week.  She made an appearance in Series 4, Episode 17 of Waterloo Road as disruptive pupil, Tasha Lefton, which was aired on 29 April 2009 on BBC1. She is currently studying Performing Arts at an exclusive New York Institute. Rachael is now a Personal Assistant to Reality TV Matriarch Kris Jenner.

Filmography

References

External links
Official site
Models 1 Portfolio

English television actresses
English soap opera actresses
Living people
People from Garforth
English female models
1988 births
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model contestants

Actresses from Leeds
Models from Leeds

Rachael Cairns