The Dorset Biological Warfare Experiments were a series of experiments conducted between 1953 and 1975 to determine the extent to which a single ship or aircraft could dispense biological warfare agents over the United Kingdom. The tests between 1971 and 1975 were known as the DICE trials.  The tests were conducted by scientists from Porton Down, initially using zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCds) as a simulated agent. Early results clearly showed that one aircraft flying along the coast while spraying its agent could contaminate a target over 100 miles away, over an area of 10,000 square miles. This method of biological warfare attack and the test program to study it was known as the Large Area Coverage (LAC) concept.

In the early 1960s, Porton Down was asked to expand the scope of their tests to determine if using a live bacterium instead of ZnCds would significantly alter the results. Scientists from Microbiological Research Establishment at Porton Down selected South Dorset as the site for this next phase of testing, with Bacillus subtilis (also known as Bacillus globigii or BG) selected as the test agent.

This bacterium was sprayed across South Dorset without the knowledge or consent of the inhabitants.

Similar tests

In Operation Sea-Spray, unsuspecting inhabitants of the San Francisco Bay Area were sprayed with Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii, pathogens that were then implicated in some unusual outbreaks of illness, including pneumonia, and urinary tract infections, and even some deaths.

In Senate subcommittee hearings in 1977, the US Army revealed:
 Between 1949 and 1969 open-air tests of biological agents were conducted 239 times. In 80 of those experiments, the Army said it used live bacteria that its researchers at the time thought were harmless. In the others, it used inert chemicals to simulate bacteria.
 In the 1950s army researchers dispersed Serratia on Panama City and Key West Florida with no known illnesses resulting.
 In the 1950s army researchers dispersed zinc cadmium sulfide (now a known cancer-causing agent) over Minnesota and other Midwestern states to see how far they would spread in the atmosphere. The particles were detected more than 1,000 miles away in New York state.
 Bacillus globigii, never shown to be harmful to people, was released in San Francisco, New York, Washington, D.C., and along the Pennsylvania Turnpike, among other places.
 In New York, military researchers in 1966 spread Bacillus subtilis variant Niger, also believed to be harmless, in the subway system by dropping lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto tracks in stations in midtown Manhattan. The bacteria were carried for miles throughout the subway system. Army officials concluded in a January 1968 report that: "Similar covert attacks with a pathogenic disease-causing agent during peak traffic periods could be expected to expose large numbers of people to infection and subsequent illness or death."
 In a May 1965 secret release of Bacillus globigii at Washington's National Airport and its Greyhound Lines bus terminal more than 130 passengers were exposed to the bacteria traveling to 39 cities in seven states in the two weeks following the mock attack.

See also
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
Project SHAD
Operation Dew
Suffield Experimental Station
Dugway Proving Ground

References

Biological warfare
Science and technology in Dorset
United Kingdom biological weapons program

Dorset Biological Warfare Experiments


Sándor Iharos (10 March 1930 – 24 January 1996) was a Hungarian long-distance runner. Though unsuccessful in major competitions, Iharos ran world records over multiple distances and is one of only two athletes (the other being nine-time Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi) to have held outdoor world records over 1500 metres, 5000 metres and 10,000 metres. Iharos was one of the star pupils of the famous coach Mihály Iglói.

World records
Iharos competed, without major success, in the 1952 Summer Olympics and 1954 European Championships. In 1955, however, Iharos turned a world-beater. His first individual world record (he had already been a part of two record-breaking Hungarian teams in the rare 4×1500 metres relay) was 7:55.6 minutes over 3000 metres, run on May 14. After this, Iharos broke in a rapid succession the world records for two miles (8:33.4), 1500 metres (3:40.8) and 5000 metres (13:50.8). The 5000 m record only stood eight days before broken by Volodymyr Kuts, but Iharos reclaimed it with a time of 13:40.6 on 23 October 1955.

Iharos' records didn't last long, however. The 5000 m record was broken again on 19 June 1956 by Gordon Pirie, and this time he wasn't able to reclaim it. The 1500 m record was first equalled by László Tábori and then beaten on 3 August 1956 by István Rózsavölgyi – both fellow Hungarians and pupils of Iglói. Iharos ran a new record on 15 July 1956, 28:42.8 over 10,000 metres, but this was smashed less than two months later by Kuts.

Decline
That would be Iharos' last individual record. (He'd be part of another Hungarian team effort in another rarely contested relay, 4 × one mile, in 1959.) The Hungarian team's date of departure for the 1956 Olympics in late October coincided with the beginning of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Iharos left Hungary, but not for Australia, citing an ankle injury. There has been speculation whether an injury or the political situation kept him from competing.

Iglói, however, did leave for Australia – and didn't return to Hungary again. Without his coach and mentor Iharos soon lost his record-breaking form. He competed in the Olympics again in 1960, but without much success.

References

1930 births
1996 deaths
Hungarian male middle-distance runners
Hungarian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Athletes from Budapest
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
20th-century Hungarian people

Sándor Iharos


The Ace Art Company is a historic commercial and industrial building in Reading, Massachusetts. Built in 1924, the single-story brick building is the only Art Deco building in Reading.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Description and history
The Ace Art Company building is set on the south side of Gould Street, a relatively short street on the southwest side of Reading's central business district.  It is a single-story brick structure with a flat roof, and restrained Art Deco styling.  Its main facade is divided into three bays by brick buttresses, which have concrete caps with ceramic tile detailing.  A stepped parapet rises above the central bay, where the main entrance is located.  The brick surrounding the entrance is larger and of more varied color than that used in the buttresses.  The outer bays each have two windows separated by brick piers fashioned of bricks smaller than those of the buttresses, with concrete sill set on several courses of the larger bricks of the central section.

The Ace Art Company manufactured  mounting corners for photographs, using patented technology to produce them in large numbers.  This building was built for the company in 1924.  The building was enlarged to the rear in 1931, 1941, and 1966; the main entrance was redesigned with the last addition.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Reading, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1924
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Art Deco architecture in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Reading, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Reading, Massachusetts
1924 establishments in Massachusetts

Ace Art Company


Olivia Jordan Thomas (born September 28, 1988) is an American model, actress, TV show host and beauty pageant titleholder from Oklahoma who won Miss USA 2015 and also finished 3rd in Miss Universe 2015. She was the first Oklahoman to be crowned Miss USA.

Early life & education
She was born to Bob and Jill Thomas on September 28, 1988, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. After her high school graduation, she went to Boston to attend Boston University. She graduated in May 2011, with a Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences.

Jordan soon joined the SAG and adopted the name Olivia Jordan. She moved to Los Angeles, California, to do modeling and acting after college.  She acted in the movie Ted during college, and later acted in several other films.

Pageants
Jordan began her career at the Miss California USA 2013 pageant, where she finished 2nd. Later that year, she was named Miss World America 2013 and competed at Miss World 2013 pageant, where she finished in the top 20 and was also finished 2nd for Top Model.

On December 21, 2014, Jordan won Miss Oklahoma USA 2015, and went on to win Miss USA 2015 as well. She participated in Miss Universe 2015, representing the United States. She finished 3rd.

Personal life
In 2018, she became engaged to actor Jay Hector. They married on November 8, 2019, in Palm Springs, California.

References

Other websites

1988 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
Democrats (United States)
Boston University alumni
Models from Oklahoma
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Living people
Miss USA

Olivia Jordan


The "Old National Pike Milestones" marked each mile of the old National Road in Maryland, an eastern coastal state of the United States, from its dominating city of Baltimore to major towns of western Maryland, as Frederick, and between it and Hagerstown, to Hancock, through to Cumberland in the western panhandle of the state in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The surviving stones have been included in the "National Register of Historic Places", maintained by the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, and may be seen along the route variously designated as U.S. Route 40, Maryland Route 144, Alternate U.S. Route 40, and several other roads that trace the path of the original "Old National Pike".  From Baltimore to Cumberland, the road was surveyed and laid out with construction in several phases over different periods of time by several turnpike companies, chartered by the General Assembly of Maryland beginning in 1808.  Earlier in 1806, the United States Congress with the approval of third President Thomas Jefferson, authorized the surveying and further construction of a "national road" to continue on from Cumberland on the upstream of the Potomac River further to the west across additional mountainous ranges in the Allegheny Mountains to the newly admitted State of Ohio (admitted 1803 as the seventeenth state). Later the congressional action was amended to direct the road to the state boundaries on the Ohio River and it eventually landed at Wheeling, West Virginia. In later decades, the road was extended west across Ohio, Indiana and into the Illinois Country, to eventually terminate by the 1840s in Vandalia, the territorial capital of Illinois, just east of the Mississippi River, and northeast of the newly emergent, frontier river port metropolis of St. Louis of the Missouri Territory and the former Louisiana Purchase of 1803 to the west.

The "Old Pike" milestones in Maryland are about 30 inches tall, twelve inches wide and eight inches deep, with rounded tops and the inscription XX miles to B, referring to the distance to Baltimore, the road's terminus.  The composition of the stones varies, with the first 39 milestones of Baltimore gneiss from the area of Ellicott City. Stones from Frederick to Boonsboro are quartzite from the area of the Monocacy River. A unique white limestone with a distinctive inscription was employed from Boonsboro to Hagerstown, while west of Hagerstown the stones are gray limestone.

Sixty-nine stones still remained on the "Old National Pike" at the time the stones were nominated to the National Register.

References

External links
, including 2003 photo, at Maryland Historical Trust

Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Transportation in Allegany County, Maryland
Transportation in Washington County, Maryland
Transportation in Frederick County, Maryland
Transportation in Carroll County, Maryland
Transportation in Howard County, Maryland
Transportation in Baltimore County, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Hagerstown, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Frederick County, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Cumberland, Maryland
History of Baltimore
National Register of Historic Places in Allegany County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Frederick County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Howard County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore County, Maryland

Old National Pike Milestones


Edith Mae Savage-Jennings (March 17, 1924 – November 12, 2017) was an American civil rights leader from New Jersey. She was known for her association with civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.

She was notable for being a guest to the White House under every president of the United States from Franklin D. Roosevelt through Barack Obama. She was inducted into the New Jersey Women's Hall of Fame in 2011.

Early life
Savage was born in 1924 at Jacksonville, Florida, one of six children in her family. Her parents died when she was two years old. Following the death of her parents, Savage and her siblings went to live with her aunt, who moved the family to New Jersey.

At age 10, Savage met First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt when she was selected to hand the First Lady flowers on behalf of the New Jersey State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. Although told not to say anything, Savage thanked Roosevelt which led to the two becoming pen pals for the remainder of Roosevelt's life.

At 12 years old, she joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Civil rights leader
At only 13 years old, Savage helped to integrate the Capital Theater in Trenton, New Jersey, when she refused to sit in the balcony, which was the designated seating area for blacks. Savage's first job was in the sheriff's office, where she continued to speak out against discrimination.

In 1957, while Savage was raising funds for King's Southern Leadership Conference, she was introduced to civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, became Savage's close friends. After Martin's death, Savage worked with Coretta to found the King Center.

In 1964, Savage and then first lady of New Jersey Helen Meyner went on a presidential mission to integrate a school in Mississippi. Savage and Meyner met with local women in an effort to convince the locals to allow for the school to be integrated peacefully. Later that same year, she organized the New Jersey Democratic Coalition.

In 2017, she was a keynote speaker at the Women's March in Trenton.

Other activities
Savage was the coordinator of the Mid-Atlantic States Poor People's Campaign of SCLC in 1968. President Jimmy Carter appointed her as a U.S. Delegate at the World Women's Conference in Houston, Texas, in 1977.

Besides promoting civil rights, Savage wanted to combat problems in the African-American community through education. She believed the importance of parenting and mentoring to give children role models.

Personal life
On October 28, 1993, Savage married C. Donald Jennings. Rosa Parks attended the wedding and Coretta Scott King served as maid of honor. Her husband died on June 19, 2011, at age 94.

Death
Savage died on November 12, 2017, at her home in Trenton, New Jersey, at the age of 93.

Awards and honors
Savage received more than 100 awards and honors for her work in Civil Rights. She was inducted into the New Jersey Women's Hall of Fame in 2011. The city of Trenton proclaimed February 19, 2016, as Edith Savage-Jennings Day.

Savage was a guest to the White House under every president of the United States from Franklin Delano Roosevelt through Barack Obama.

References

External links
 Edith Savage-Jennings profile at National Association of Social Workers website; accessed November 13, 2017.

1924 births
2017 deaths
Activists from Jacksonville, Florida
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Women in Red 2016
NAACP activists
Activists from New Jersey
Women civil rights activists
21st-century American women

Edith Savage-Jennings


Hartsop is a small village in the English Lake District. It lies in the Patterdale valley, near Brothers Water, Hayeswater and Kirkstone Pass.

It consists of 17th-century grey stone cottages, like so many of its neighbours. Hartsop retains its historic image, in that, in common with a number of other small Cumbrian villages, it had houses with spinning galleries. It was also a lead mining community.

Hartsop Hall, in the care of the National Trust, is located on the far side of the valley from the village. The hall dates from the 16th century, formerly the home of the de Lancasters; in the 17th century it passed into the ownership of Sir John Lowther, a member of the family that later became Earls of Lonsdale. After that, it became used as an ordinary farmhouse. Local history relates that when the hall was extended in the 18th century, it was built across an ancient right-of-way, a right which at least one dalesman insisted on exercising, by walking through the hall.

Hayeswater, an upland lake a mile east above the village, serves as a reservoir for the town of Penrith about 12 miles away.

Hartsop is a popular starting point for hill walkers climbing on the High Street range and the Helvellyn range. The village is overlooked by Brock Crags and Hartsop Dodd.

Hartsop is part of the civil parish of Patterdale.

See also
 Listed buildings in Patterdale

References

External links

 Cumbria County History Trust: Patterdale with Hartsop (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
 Patterdale Today - village website - what's happening in Hartsop, Deepdale, Patterdale and Glenridding
 The Cumbria Directory Hartsop

Villages in Cumbria
Patterdale
Westmorland

Hartsop


Cottan-Bimbang is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 443 km north of Sydney and 65 km south east of Walcha and was formerly a state forest. The Oxley Highway crosses the park south of Werrikimbe National Park. Myrtle Scrub Road is a 15 kilometre circuit in the west of the park that connects with the Oxley Highway.

Flora and fauna
This park is situated on the eastern escarpment with extensive tall old-growth eucalypt forest, rainforest, threatened frog species, yellow-bellied gliders (Petaurus australis) and koalas. 'Cottan-bimbang' is the local Aboriginal word for the walking stick palm (Linospadix monostachya), which grows in the park's temperate rainforests.

Blackberries (Rubus) are creating a serious weed problem in the park.

There is a barbecue area, picnic area and public toilets at Stockyard Creek on the Oxley Highway and a cleared area for picnics next to Cells River on Myrtle Scrub Road. There is a cleared area for camping at Maxwells Flat on the Causeway Road, and a long drop toilet.

See also
 Protected areas of New South Wales

References

National parks of New South Wales
Protected areas established in 1999
1999 establishments in Australia

Cottan-Bimbang National Park


Ron Brand (born January 13, 1940) is a former baseball player. He mostly played as a catcher. He started his career for the Clinton Pirates. After six years he joined the Pittsburgh Pirates. He hit his first home run off Denny Lemaster. He was then selected in the Rule 5 Draft by the Houston Astros. With the Astros he competed to be starting catcher with John Bateman. After four years in Houston, he was picked in the expansion draft, which is when new teams pick players that other teams do not want, by the Montreal Expos. He played for the Expos as a catcher in 1969, but then made some appearances at shortstop over the next two years. He played his last game on September 25, 1971. He then went back to the minor leagues. He managed for a few years as well.

Montreal Expos players
Houston Astros players
Pittsburgh Pirates players

Ron Brand


Jesus Baza Dueñas (March 19, 1911 – July 12, 1944) was a Catholic priest and local leader on Guam during World War II. He was tortured and beheaded by Japanese forces for refusing to disclose the location of a U.S. service member hiding in Guam.

Early life
Dueñas was born on March 19, 1911, to his parents of Luis Paulino Dueñas and Josefa Martínez Baza in Hagåtña, Guam, with siblings Pedro, Eduardo, among others.

Education
Dueñas studied for the priesthood in Manila, and became the second Chamorro Catholic priest when he was ordained in 1938. During the World War II Japanese occupation of Guam, Japanese forces who suspected Dueñas of knowing the whereabouts of a fugitive American serviceman tortured and, on July 12, 1944, killed him.

Japanese occupation
In December 1941, Japan invaded and occupied Guam. In early 1942, Father Dueñas was appointed temporary head of Guam's Catholic church. He sometimes told local people not to cooperate with the Japanese, and his independence and status on Guam worried them. The Japanese kept a close watch on Dueñas and wanted to exile him, but worried that relations with local people would worsen if they did so. Japan decided to send to Guam two more cooperative Catholic priests, Monsignor Dominic Fukahori and Father Petro Komatzu, but Duenas at personal risk often refused to co-operate with them.

Friends and associates operated secret radio receivers and kept Dueñas well informed on the progress of the war.

Father Dueñas knew much about the movements of the six American servicemen who had escaped capture during the December 10, 1941 Japanese ground invasion, and about those who helped and harbored them. He is also said to have known about the plans of Japanese search teams searching for the fugitives and their helpers.

Arrest and beheading
The Japanese had long suspected that Dueñas knew a great deal about the only American to escape capture, George Tweed. In July 1944, Dueñas was informed about Japanese plans to arrest him, but refused to escape. He told the men who hoped to assist him that the Japanese would retaliate against their families, reportedly saying, "Go look after your families. God will look after me. I have done no wrong." When he was captured and interrogated about the whereabouts of Tweed, Dueñas is said to have responded, "It is for me to know, and for you to find out." He added that he answered only to God and "the Japanese are not God." After torturing him for three days, the Japanese beheaded him and his nephew, Eduardo Camacho Dueñas, on July 12, 1944, at Tai, Mangilao.

Legacy and honor
In early 1945, the body of Fr. Dueñas was exhumed from a crude grave. When his body was buried at St. Joseph's Church in Inarajan, hundreds of people and the island's highest officials attended the ceremony. The Father Dueñas Memorial School (FDMS) was established in 1948 in his memory. In 1970, Guam officially designated July 12 as "Father Dueñas Day."

References

External links
 Father Jesus Baza Duenas, Guampedia.
 Father Duenas' Execution Site, From Significant World War II Sites on Guam, by the National Park Service.

1911 births
1944 deaths
Guamanian Roman Catholic priests
Chamorro Roman Catholic priests
Guamanian people of World War II
People executed by Japan by decapitation
People from Hagåtña, Guam
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests

Jesus Baza Duenas


Andrew John Procter (born 7 September 1968) is an English cricketer.  Procter was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.  He was born in Preston, Lancashire.

Procter first played for Devon in 1996 against Herefordshire in the Minor Counties Championship.  It would be another four years before Procter represented Devon again, returning to the county for the 2000 season.  During this season he made both his MCCA Knockout Trophy and List A debuts.  Over the nest seven seasons, he represented Devon in 40 Championship matches, 27 Trophy matches, and 10 List A matches.  In List A cricket, all of his appearances came for Devon at a time when there were permitted to take part in the domestic one-day tournament.  He played his final List A match against Essex in the 1st round of the 2005 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy at The Maer Ground in Exmouth.  In his 10 List A matches, he scored 114 runs at a batting average of 28.50, with a high score of 29*.  With the ball he took 14 wickets at a bowling average of 30.07, with best figures of 3/26.

References

External links
Andrew Procter at ESPNcricinfo
Andrew Procter at CricketArchive

1968 births
Living people
Cricketers from Preston, Lancashire
English cricketers
Devon cricketers

Andrew Procter (cricketer)


Robert Battey  (November 26, 1828 - November 8, 1895) was an American physician who is known for pioneering a surgical procedure then called Battey's Operation and now termed radical oophorectomy (or removal of a woman's ovaries).

Biography
Robert Battey was born in Augusta, Georgia to Cephas and Mary Agnes Magruder Battey. He was educated in Augusta and at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. He graduated from Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1856. He went on to take courses at Jefferson Medical College, graduating in 1857. In the same year he studied at the Obstetrical Institute of Philadelphia gaining a diploma from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1859 he toured Ireland and also Great Britain, where he was introduced to the ovariotomist Thomas Spencer Wells.

Battey served four years as a surgeon in the Nineteenth Georgia Volunteer Regiment during the American Civil War. After the Confederate surrender in April 1865, Battey resumed his practice in Rome, Georgia. His field of study was gynecology, and he became well known for a procedure he pioneered to remove a woman's ovaries. Initially referred to as ovariotomy, and named "Battey's Operation" in his honor, it is what today is termed a radical oophorectomy. He performed the first successful oophorectomy in May 1869 when he successfully removed a large dermoid cyst  from a physician's wife. On August 27, 1872 he performed his first 'normal' oophorectomy. The patient, Julie Omberg, had diseased ovaries and lived to be 80 years old. There was a lynch mob waiting for Dr. Battey if he failed the operation.

He was instrumental in establishing the Gynecological Infirmary in Rome, Georgia, later enlarged and renamed the Martha Battey Hospital in honor of his wife.

In 1873, Battey became a professor of obstetrics at the Atlanta Medical College, where he stayed until 1875. He co-founded the American Gynecological Society in 1876, and was elected president in 1888. Hecontinued to practice medicine until his death on November 8, 1895.

Controversy
During the second half of the 19th century many women were treated using bilateral oophorectomy for conditions recognised today such as amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menometrorrhagia, and various conditions that were variously referred to at the time as pelvic neurosis, oophoromania, oophoralgia, menstrual molimina (premenstrual syndrome), ovarian epilepsy and sexuologic (nymphomania) disorders. Battey himself is credited by E.P. Becton in 1888 with performing several hundred oophorectomies (cited in), and by 1906, following its widespread practice, Van De Warker estimated that 150,000 women had undergone this procedure (cited in).

However, mortality following the procedure remained high, even into the late 1870s, and of 35 cases described by Alexander Russell Simpson, 12 women died. Furthermore, debate on the efficacy of oophorectomy remained controversial until the end of the 19th century, when J Whitridge Williams maintained that many of the ovaries he had examined after removal were normal, and that many operations had not been justified. Even Battey himself in 1887 conceded that his more favorable results (9/9) were for ovarian epilepsy, whereas cure rates were only 13/20 and 1/7 for oophoralgia and oophoromania respectively (cited in ).

Ironically, Thomas Spencer Wells, the ovariotomist Battey had first met in 1859, went on (at a Symposium attended by Battey and Alfred Hagar in 1886) to condemn the practice of surgical castration for mental or nervous diseases, saying "That in nearly all cases of nervous excitement and madness it [oophorectomy] is inadmissible" and "That in nymphomania and mental diseases it [oophorectomy] is, to say the least, unjustifiable". Finally, just 3 years after Battey's own presidency of the society, A Reeves Jackson, the 1891 president of the American Gynecological Society, in a retrospective examination of the first 15 years of the Society's activities  "..made a ruthless self-examination of its Fellow's past practices, and a scathing condemnation of their irrational surgical procedures, including Battey's operation...".

The value of the experimental surgery championed by Battey is less that it contributed to an improvement of women's physical, emotional and mental well being, and more that it incidentally helped in the perfection of pelvic surgery and provided clear evidence for the concept that there was an unambiguous relationship between ovarian function and menstruation.

Medical Association Memberships
American Medical Association
American Gynecological Society  (for further reading see here.)

References

External links

 Parsons, Charlotte Warner. Battey Heritage Book Vol.1, Rome, Georgia, Privately Published
Papers at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University"

1828 births
1895 deaths
American surgeons
University of the Sciences alumni
Thomas Jefferson University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Emory University faculty
Phillips Academy alumni

Robert Battey


Bozhidar Dimitrov Stoyanov (, 3 December 1945 – 1 July 2018) was a Bulgarian historian, politician, and polemicist in the sphere of Medieval Bulgarian history, the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question. He was director of the National Historical Museum, formerly a Bulgarian Socialist Party member, and later became affiliated with the Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) political party.

Biography
Born in Sozopol to a family of Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace (now part of Turkey), he was given access to the Vatican Secret Archives in the 1980s, regarded as a great achievement considered the political situation of the time. As the director of the National Historical Museum, he had an indirect conflict in 1997–1998 with the President Petar Stoyanov regarding whether to return the Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya rough copy to the Zograf Monastery or leave it in Bulgaria.

Being a member of the Supreme Party Council of BSP, he declared himself openly against the party in 2005 by not supporting BSP Mayor of Sofia candidate Tatyana Doncheva and instead favouring the independent Boyko Borisov. Because of this he was taken down from the post of BSP municipal councillors leader in Sofia. Before the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election, Dimitrov formally left BSP and joined Borisov's GERB. He was the party's candidate for 2nd MMC – Burgas in the first-past-the-post vote and won the election with 35.92%. He finished ahead of Volen Siderov, the leader of the nationalist Attaka.

Dimitrov is the author of 30 treatises and over 250 articles and papers in the sphere of his research, as well as several books (including The Ten Lies of Macedonism and Twelve Myths in Bulgarian History). He has specialized in palaeography in Paris and also hosts the patriotic history-related Pamet Balgarska (Bulgarian Memory) show on Kanal 1.

Dimitrov believes that the Bulgars played a more important role in the formation of the contemporary Bulgarians as a people than previously believed.

He was Minister without portfolio responsible for Bulgarians abroad in the GERB government (July 2009 – February 2011).

Controversy
Although serious researchers maintain that Dimitrov's views on Bulgarian history are biased and can be partially challenged, they are popular in Bulgaria and he enjoys credibility among nationalist intellectuals. Dimitrov was a collaborator of Bulgaria's communist-era security service.

The Ten Lies of Macedonism

Bozhidar Dimitrov's book, The Ten Lies of Macedonism (2000, 2003 and 2007), is a polemical pamphlet, based on historical documents, and is openly against the ideology of "Macedonism", i.e. the form of ethnic Macedonian nationalism that asserts an "allegedly deep-rooted ethnic and cultural distinction" between ethnic Macedonians and Bulgarians. The book has caused considerable controversy and criticism from ethnic Macedonian sources. Dimitrov claims that it has reached best-seller status in the Republic of Macedonia. The "10 lies" described by Dimitrov are:

First lie: the notion that contemporary ethnic Macedonians are descendants of ancient Macedonians.
Second lie: ethnic Macedonians are "pure Slavs" distinct from Bulgarians, who are "Tatars".
Third lie: medieval figures like Saints Cyril and Methodius were ethnic Macedonians.
Fourth lie: Samuel of Bulgaria was an ethnic Macedonian and the First Bulgarian Empire was a "Macedonian" state.
Fifth lie: the Archbishopric of Ohrid was a "Macedonian" church.
Sixth lie: the Bulgarian Exarchate conquered the ethnic Macedonian people.
Seventh lie: early 20th-century revolutionary movements such as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) worked for a "Macedonian" national goal.
Eighth lie: that Krste Misirkov is the number 1 ethnic Macedonian of the 20th century.
Ninth lie: the "heroic struggle of the Macedonian people against Bulgarian occupiers in 1941–1944".
Tenth lie: on the rejoicing of the Macedonian people for their second inclusion in Yugoslavia in 1944 and the 250,000 ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria.

Publications
 Bozhidar Dimitrov. The True History of Liberation 1860–1878.  Sofia: Standart News Ltd., 2010.  183 pp.  (First edition in 2006, .)
 Bozhidar Dimitrov, co-author. Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of Macedonia: Recommendations on the development of good neighbourly relations following Bulgaria's accession to the EU and in the context of NATO and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans.  Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. 80 pp.  (Trilingual publication in Bulgarian, Macedonian and English)
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  The Ten Lies of Macedonism. Sofia: Kom Foundation, 2007. 107 pp.  (First edition in 2000 in Bulgarian, .)
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  Macedonia – Holy Bulgarian Land: Who Are the Successors of Alexander the Great and Roxana?  Sofia: Kom Foundation, 2007.  80 pp.
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  Seven Ancient Civilizations in Bulgaria: With Maps & Color Illustrations. Sofia: Kom Foundation, 2006. 112 pp.
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  12 Myths in Bulgarian History. Sofia, Kom Foundation, 2005. 148 pp.
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  Bulgarians: The First Europeans.  Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridsky University Press, 2002. 108 pp.
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  Bulgaria and the Vatican.  Sofia: Bulgarian Diplomatic Review, 2002. 56 pp.
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  The Bulgars and Alexander of Macedon. Sofia: Tangra Publishers, 2001. 138 pp.
 Bozhidar Dimitrov.  Venetian Documents on Bulgarian History During the 16th and 17th Century.  Sofia: Borina Ltd., 1994.

Honours
Dimitrov Cove in Antarctica is named after Bozhidar Dimitrov.

References

Notes

1945 births
2018 deaths
People from Sozopol
20th-century Bulgarian historians
Government ministers of Bulgaria
Bulgarian socialists
Bulgarians from Eastern Thrace
Historians of the Balkans
21st-century Bulgarian historians

Bozhidar Dimitrov


Edmond Leboeuf (5 December 1809 – 7 June 1888) was a marshal of France. He joined the French army as an artillery officer. He fought in Algeria, the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Italian War of 1859. In 1869 he became minister of war and in the spring of the next year was promoted to Marshal of France. He fought in the Franco-Prussian War (1870) being taken prisoner when Metz garrison surrendered to the Prussians. On his return to France, after the end of hostilities, he gave evidence to a commission into the surrender of Metz, and then retired into private life.

Biography
Leboeuf was born at Paris, passed through the École polytechnique and the school of Metz, and distinguished himself as an artillery officer in Algerian warfare, becoming colonel in 1852. He commanded the artillery of the 1st French corps at the siege of Sebastopol, and was promoted in 1854 to the rank of general of brigade, and in 1857 to that of general of division.

In the Italian War of 1859 he commanded the artillery, and by his action at the battle of Solferino materially assisted in achieving the victory. In September 1866, having in the meantime become aide-de-camp to Napoleon III, he was dispatched to Venetia to hand over that province to Victor Emmanuel. In 1869, on the death of Marshal Niel, General Leboeuf became minister of war, and earned public approbation by his vigorous reorganization of the War Office and the civil departments of the service. In the spring of 1870 he received the marshal's baton.

On the declaration of war with Prussia, Marshal Leboeuf delivered himself in the Corps Législatif of the historic saying, "So ready are we, that if the war lasts two years, not a gaiter button would be found wanting". It may be that he intended this to mean that, given time, the reorganization of the War Office would be perfected through experience, but the result inevitably caused it to be regarded as a mere boast, though it is now known that the administrative confusion on the frontier in July 1870 was far less serious than was supposed at the time. Leboeuf took part in the Lorraine campaign, at first as chief of staff (major-general) of the Army of the Rhin (1870), and afterwards, when Bazaine became commander-in-chief, as chief of the III Corps, which he led in the battles around Metz. He distinguished himself, whenever engaged, by personal bravery and good leadership. Shut up with Bazaine in Metz, on its fall he was confined as a prisoner in Prussia.

On the conclusion of peace he returned to France and gave evidence before the commission of inquiry into the surrender of that stronghold, when he strongly denounced Bazaine. After this he retired into private life to the Chateau du Moncel near Argentan, where he died in 1888.

References

1809 births
1888 deaths
Politicians from Paris
French Ministers of Defence
French senators of the Second Empire
Marshals of France
French military personnel of the Crimean War
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

Edmond Le Bœuf


Philip Alexander Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath,  (born 19 May 1949) is a former health administrator and a Labour Co-operative member of the House of Lords.

Early life and career

Born in 1949, Philip Hunt was educated at the single-sex grammar school City of Oxford High School for Boys, later the Oxford School. He graduated from the University of Leeds in 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political studies.

Professional career
Hunt became a works study officer in 1972 for the Oxford Regional Hospital Board, moving to Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre as hospital administrator in 1974. He was the first Secretary of Edgware and Hendon Community Health Council. He was the first Chief Executive of the NHS Confederation, and previously Director of the National Association of Health Authorities and Trusts (NAHAT) from its formation in 1990. Before that he was Director of its predecessor organisation, the National Association of Health Authorities (NAHA) from 1984 to 1990. In the 1993 Birthday Honours, he was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer (OBE) for "services to the NHS".

Hunt was President of the Royal Society for Public Health from 2010 to 2018.

Parliamentary career

In 1997, Hunt was created a life peer in the House of Lords with the title Baron Hunt of Kings Heath, of Birmingham in the County of West Midlands, taking the Labour whip. He served as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (PUSS) at the Department of Health from 1999 until his resignation in 2003 over the Invasion of Iraq.

Hunt was re-appointed to government in May 2005 as a PUSS at the Department for Work and Pensions. He returned to the Department of Health as Minister of State in January 2007.

Following the appointment of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister, Hunt moved to the Ministry of Justice as a PUSS in July of that year. In the October 2008 government reshuffle, Hunt became Deputy Leader of the House of Lords and Minister of State for Sustainable Development, Climate Change Adaptation and Air Quality at both the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the newly created Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), later leaving DEFRA in 2009 to work solely at DECC. In June 2009, he was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council. He left his ministerial offices in May 2010 after Labour lost the general election.

Following the election of Ed Miliband as Labour Party leader, Hunt was appointed Labour's spokesperson on Home Affairs and the Cabinet Office in the House of Lords. He left these roles in September 2012. He served as Shadow Deputy Leader of the House of Lords from 2010 until 2017. He was a Lords spokesperson for Health, later Health and Social Care, from 6 September 2012 until leaving the role on 24 May 2018 to become a backbencher.

In September 2011, Hunt contributed to the book What next for Labour? Ideas for a new generation; his piece was entitled Our NHS: The Labour Party Challenge.

From 2011 until 2014, he served as Chair of Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust.

References

External links

 Short interview giving views on House of Lords reform
 BBC News profile
TheyWorkforYou

1949 births
Living people
Hunt of Kings Heath
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys
National Health Service people
Fellows of the Royal Society for Public Health

Philip Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath


The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is a venomous snake endemic to Asia. The sole member of the genus Ophiophagus, it is not taxonomically a true cobra, despite its common name and some resemblance. With an average length of  and a maximum record of , it is the world's longest venomous snake. The species has diversified colouration across habitats, from black with white stripes to unbroken brownish grey. The king cobra is widely distributed albeit not commonly seen, with a range spanning from Indian Subcontinent through Southeastern Asia to Southern China, where it preys chiefly on other snakes, including those of its kind. This is the only ophidian that constructs an aboveground nest for its eggs which are purposefully and meticulously gathered and protected by the female throughout the incubation period.

The threat display of this elapid includes spreading its neck-flap, raising its head upright, making eye contact, puffing, hissing and occasionally charging. Given the size, it is capable of striking at a considerable range and height, sometimes sustaining a bite. Envenomation from this species is medically significant which may result in a rapid fatality unless antivenom is administered in time. Despite its fearsome reputation, altercations usually only arise from one inadvertently exposing itself or being cornered.

Threatened by habitat destruction, it has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2010. Regarded as the national reptile of India, it has an eminent position in the mythology and folk traditions of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

Taxonomy
The king cobra is also referred to by the common name "hamadryad", especially in older literature. Hamadryas hannah was the scientific name used by Danish naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836 who described four king cobra specimens, three captured in the Sundarbans and one in the vicinity of Kolkata.
Naja bungarus was proposed by Hermann Schlegel in 1837 who described a king cobra zoological specimen from Java.
In 1838, Cantor proposed the name Hamadryas ophiophagus for the king cobra and explained that it has dental features intermediate between the genera Naja and Bungarus.
Naia vittata proposed by Walter Elliot in 1840 was a king cobra caught offshore near Chennai that was floating in a basket.
Hamadryas elaps proposed by Albert Günther in 1858 were king cobra specimens from the Philippines and Borneo. Günther considered both N. bungarus and N. vittata a variety of H. elaps.
The genus Ophiophagus was proposed by Günther in 1864. The name is derived from its propensity to eat snakes.

Naja ingens proposed by Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt in 1882 was a king cobra captured near Tebing Tinggi in northern Sumatra.

Ophiophagus hannah was accepted as the valid name for the king cobra by Charles Mitchill Bogert in 1945 who argued that it differs significantly from Naja species.
A genetic analysis using cytochrome b, and a multigene analysis showed that the king cobra was an early offshoot of a genetic lineage giving rise to the mambas, rather than the Naja cobras.

A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed that specimens from Surattani and Nakhon Si Thammarat Provinces in southern Thailand form a deeply divergent clade from those from northern Thailand, which grouped with specimens from Myanmar and Guangdong in southern China.

Description

The king cobra's skin is olive green with black and white bands on the trunk that converge to the head. The head is covered by 15 drab coloured and black edged shields. The muzzle is rounded, and the tongue black. It has two fangs and 3–5 maxillar teeth in the upper jaw, and two rows of teeth in the lower jaw. The nostrils are between two shields. The large eyes have a golden iris and round pupils. Its hood is oval shaped and covered with olive green smooth scales and two black spots between the two lowest scales. Its cylindrical tail is yellowish green above and marked with black.
It has a pair of large occipital scales on top of the head, 17 to 19 rows of smooth oblique scales on the neck, and 15 rows on the body. Juveniles are black with chevron shaped white, yellow or buff bars that point towards the head.
Adult king cobras are  long. The longest known individual measured . Ventral scales are uniformly oval shaped. Dorsal scales are placed in an oblique arrangement.

The king cobra is sexually dimorphic, with males being larger and paler in particular during the breeding season. Males captured in Kerala measured up to  and weighed up to . Females captured had a maximum length of  and a weight of .
The largest known king cobra was  long and captured in Thailand.
It differs from other cobra species by size and hood. It is larger, has a narrower and longer stripe on the neck.

Distribution and habitat
The king cobra has a wide distribution in South and Southeast Asia. It occurs up to an elevation of  from the Terai in India and southern Nepal to the Brahmaputra River basin in Bhutan and northeast India, Bangladesh and to Myanmar, southern China, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines.

In northern India, it has been recorded in Garhwal and Kumaon, and in the Shivalik and terai regions of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. In northeast India, the king cobra has been recorded in northern West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
In the Eastern Ghats, it occurs from Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh to coastal Odisha, and also in Bihar and southern West Bengal, especially the Sundarbans. In the Western Ghats, it was recorded in Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra, and also in Gujarat. It also occurs on Baratang Island in the Great Andaman chain.

Behaviour and ecology

Like other snakes, a king cobra receives chemical information via its forked tongue, which picks up scent particles and transfers them to a sensory receptor (Jacobson's organ) located in the roof of its mouth. When it detects the scent of prey, it flicks its tongue to gauge the prey's location, with the twin forks of the tongue acting in stereo. It senses earth-borne vibration and detects moving prey almost  away.

Following envenomation, it swallows its prey whole. Because of its flexible jaws, it can swallow prey much larger than its head. It is considered diurnal because it hunts during the day, but has also been seen at night, rarely.

Diet

The king cobra is an apex predator and dominant over all other snakes except large pythons. Its diet consists primarily of other snakes and lizards, including Indian cobra, banded krait, rat snake, pythons, green whip snake, keelback, banded wolf snake and Blyth's reticulated snake.
It also hunts Malabar pit viper and hump-nosed pit viper by following their odour trails. In Singapore, one was observed swallowing a clouded monitor.
When food is scarce, it also feeds on other small vertebrates, such as birds, and lizards. In some cases, the cobra constricts its prey using its muscular body, though this is uncommon. After a large meal, it lives for many months without another one because of its slow metabolic rate.

Defence

The king cobra is not considered aggressive. It usually avoids humans and slinks off when disturbed, but is known to aggressively defend incubating eggs and attack intruders rapidly. When alarmed, it raises the front part of its body, extends the hood, shows the fangs and hisses loudly.
Wild king cobras encountered in Singapore appeared to be placid, but reared up and struck in self defense when cornered.

The king cobra can be easily irritated by closely approaching objects or sudden movements. When raising its body, the king cobra can still move forward to strike with a long distance, and people may misjudge the safe zone. It can deliver multiple bites in a single attack.

Growling hiss
The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.

Reproduction

The female is gravid for 50 to 59 days.
The king cobra is the only snake that builds a nest using dry leaf litter, starting from late March to late May. Most nests are located at the base of trees, are up to  high in the centre and  wide at the base. They consist of several layers and have mostly one chamber, into which the female lays eggs.
Clutch size ranges from 7 to 43 eggs, with 6 to 38 eggs hatching after incubation periods of 66 to 105 days. Temperature inside nests is not steady but varies depending on elevation from . Females stay by their nests between two and 77 days. Hatchlings are between  long and weigh .

The venom of hatchlings is as potent as that of the adults. They may be brightly marked, but these colours often fade as they mature. They are alert and nervous, being highly aggressive if disturbed.

The average lifespan of a wild king cobra is about 20 years.

Venom

Composition
Venom of the king cobra, produced by the postorbital venom glands, consists primarily of three-finger toxins (3FTx) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs).

Of all the 3FTx, alpha-neurotoxins are the predominant and most lethal components when cytotoxins and beta-cardiotoxins also exhibit toxicological activities. It is reported that cytotoxicity of its venom varies significantly, depending upon the age and locality of an individual. Clinical cardiotoxicity is not widely observed, nor is nephrotoxicity present among patients bitten by this species, presumably due to the low abundance of the toxins.

SVMPs are the second most protein family isolated from the king cobra's venom, accounting from 11.9% to 24.4% of total venom proteins. The abundance is much higher than that of most cobras which is usually less than 1%. This protein family includes principal toxins responsible for vasculature damage and interference with haemostasis, contributing to bleeding and coagulopathy caused by envenomation of vipers. While there are such haemorrhagins isolated from the king cobra's venom, they only induce species-sensitive haemorrhagic and lethal activities on rabbits and hares, but with minimal effects on mice. Clinical pathophysiology of the king cobra's SVMPs has yet to be well studied, although its substantial quantity suggests involvement in tissue damage and necrosis as a result of inflammatory and proteolytic activities, which are instrumental for foraging and digestive purposes.

Ohanin, a minor vespryn protein component specific to this species, causes hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in experimental mice. It is believed that it contributes to neurotoxicity on the central nervous system of the victim.

Clinical Management
King cobra's envenomation may result in a rapid fatality, as soon as 30 minutes following a bite. Local symptoms include dusky discolouration of skin, edema and pain; in severe cases swelling extends proximally with necrosis and tissue sloughing that may require amputation. Onset of general symptoms follows while the venom is targeting the victim's central nervous system, resulting in blurred vision, vertigo, drowsiness, and eventually paralysis. If not treated promptly, it may progress to cardiovascular collapse and subsequently coma. Death soon follows due to respiratory failure.

Polyvalent antivenom of equine origin is produced by Haffkine Institute and King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research in India.
A polyvalent antivenom produced by the Thai Red Cross Society can effectively neutralise venom of the king cobra. In Thailand, a concoction of turmeric root has been clinically shown to create a strong resilience against the venom of the king cobra when ingested. Proper and immediate treatments are critical to avoid death. Successful precedents include a client who recovered and was discharged in 10 days after being treated by accurate antivenom and inpatient care.

It can deliver up to 420 mg venom in dry weight (400–600 mg overall) per bite, with a  toxicity in mice of 1.28 mg/kg through intravenous injection, 1.5 to 1.7 mg/kg through subcutaneous injection,
and 1.644 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection. For research purposes, up to 1 g of venom was obtained through milking.

Threats
In Southeast Asia, the king cobra is threatened foremost by habitat destruction owing to deforestation and expansion of agricultural land. It is also threatened by poaching for its meat, skin and for use in traditional Chinese medicine.

Conservation
The king cobra is listed in CITES Appendix II. It is protected in China and Vietnam.
In India, it is placed under Schedule II of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Killing a king cobra is punished with imprisonment of up to six years. In the Philippines, king cobras (locally known as banakon) are included under the list of threatened species in the country. It is protected under the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (Republic Act No. 9147), which criminalises the killing, trade, and consumption of threatened species with certain exceptions (like indigenous subsistence hunting or immediate threats to human life), with a maximum penalty of two years imprisonment and a fine of ₱20,000.

Cultural significance
The king cobra has an eminent position in the mythology and folklore of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
A ritual in Myanmar involves a king cobra and a female snake charmer. The charmer is a priestess who is usually tattooed with three pictograms and kisses the snake on the top of its head at the end of the ritual.
Members of the Pakokku clan tattoo themselves with ink mixed with cobra venom on their upper bodies in a weekly inoculation that they believe would protect them from the snake, though no scientific evidence supports this.

It is regarded as the national reptile of India.

References

External links

 Ophiophagus hannah Research and Information

Apex predators
Elapidae
Reptiles of Borneo
National symbols of India
Reptiles described in 1836
Reptiles of Bangladesh
Reptiles of Bhutan
Reptiles of Brunei
Reptiles of Cambodia
Reptiles of Hong Kong
Reptiles of India
Reptiles of Laos
Reptiles of Nepal
Reptiles of the Philippines
Snakes of China
Snakes of Indonesia
Snakes of Malaysia
Snakes of Myanmar
Snakes of Thailand
Snakes of Vietnam
Taxa named by Theodore Edward Cantor

King cobra


The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança; Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾɐˈɣɐ̃sɐ]), officially the Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house (dynasty) of Portuguese origin. It is a branch of the House of Aviz. The House changed from being powerful dukes of Portuguese nobility, to ruling as the monarchs of Portugal and the Algarves, from 1640 to 1910. They were also monarchs of Brazil, from 1815 to 1889. The heir to the Portuguese throne was usually given the title of "Duke of Braganza".

History

The House of Braganza was founded in 1442. This is when Afonso, 8th Count of Barcelos, was made Duke of Braganza. Alfonso (Alfonso I) was an illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz. He was made a duke by his nephew, King Afonso V of Portugal. The feudal dukes quickly collected a fortune in properties, titles, and power. By the mid 1600s, the House was the most powerful in all of Portugal. It was also of the greatest houses of Iberia.

The House of Braganza became the reigning house of Brazil, first, when the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves was created in 1815. The United Kingdom lasted until 1822, when the Brazilian Empire became independent from Portugal. The new Brazilian nation was led by Prince Pedro of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese throne, who ruled as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, as well as King Pedro IV of Portugal. Until 1835, the Portuguese Braganzas were still in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne. The House was deposed (removed) from the Brazilian throne, in 1889, when Brazil was proclaimed a republic.

The House continued to be the claimant house to the Brazilian throne until 1921. This is when Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, died. Her claim passed to her son, Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans and Braganza. Thus the House of Orléans-Braganza became the claimant house to the former monarchy of Brazil. Pedro Henrique died in 1981. The current claimant is his eldest son, Prince Luiz.

In Portugal, King Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated in 1908. Also killed in the attack was his eldest son. His younger son, Manuel II, became king. When the Portuguese Republic was established, in 1910, King Manuel II and the rest of the Braganzas went into exile.

Famous members

 Maria I of Portugal the first female monarch of Portugal known for her suspected madness and making Brazil a colony.
 Mariana Victoria of Spain. Married a King of Portugal and the mother of Queen Maria I.
 Pedro II of Brazil. An Emperor of Brazil.

References

History of Portugal
House of Braganza
History of Brazil

House of Braganza


Lost River (Inupiaq: Amaaqtulik) is a waterway on the Seward Peninsula of the U.S. state of Alaska. Rising in the York Mountains, the river empties into the Bering Sea,  west of Port Clarence. It is located  east of Cape York.

Geography
Lost River has a length of about , and drains the central part of the York Mountains. Its two tributaries, Tin Creek and Cassiterite Creek, enter from the east about  and , respectively, from its mouth, and tin ore has been found on both of these creeks. Cassiterite Creek, which is really the larger fork of Lost River, has a length of about . Tin Creek, about  long, heads within about  of Cassiterite Creek, and, flowing parallel with it for about the same distance, turns westward and enters Lost River through a canyon cut in the limestones of the York Mountains. Lost River itself flows in a comparatively broad valley cut in these limestones. The bed of the river is not deeply gravel filled, and the valley floor is practically cut out of the limestones and not to any extent built on them. The mouth of Cassiterite Creek is about  above the sea. Between Tin Creek aad Lost River, there is a stock of granite intruded into the limestone, which outcrops in a nearly circular area, probably  in diameter.

History
In 1898, a party of disappointed prospectors, returning from Kotzebue Sound, were shipwrecked a few miles east of the mouth of Lost River, and were obliged to camp at that point during the winter. A cabin built largely from wreckage of their schooner is known as the Kotzebue cabin. These prospectors probably first applied the name Lost River to this stream. In the succeeding summer a mining district was organized by survivors of this expedition, with headquarters located on King River, which enters Bering Sea between Lost River and Cape York. The Lost River region was included at that time in the King River recording district. No discoveries of gold were made, however, and the region was abandoned by prospectors. In the winter of 1902, prospectors again turned their attention to this region in the search for tin ore. Granite porphyry dikes, which occur in the limestones near the mouth of Lost River and also near King River, first attracted their attention, and many specimens of this were mistaken for "tin crystals," were sent to various assayers, from whom widely divergent reports were obtained. Early in the summer of 1903, Charles Randt, Leslie Crim, and Y. J. O'Brien discovered minerals in Tin Creek and made a thorough search for tin ore in that vicinity. They made a large collection of minerals, which was sent to Teller in July, 1903. Metallic tin was readily obtained from one small specimen by aid of a blowpipe, while the larger part of the collection was shown to contain minerals of no value. The collection was of sufficient interest to tempt an examination of the locality in detail where there was evidence of tin ore which had been seen in Teller to the granitic dike on Cassiterite Creek, and also to obtain specimens of stannite ore from Tin Creek. Since this examination the dike described has been called "Cassiterite ledge" in location notices, and it has been definitely traced through a group of four claims. A crosscut trench has been made near the Cassiterite Creek end of the ledge, which, it is reported, shows that the ledge has a width of 100 feet and that cassiterite is disseminated throughout the rock.

References

Rivers of the Seward Peninsula
Rivers of Alaska
Rivers of Nome Census Area, Alaska
Rivers of Unorganized Borough, Alaska

Lost River (Bering Sea)


Isfana (Исфана) is a sma toun o aboot 26,915 (2005)  at the extreme wastren end o Batken Oblast in soothren Kyrgyzstan, at the soothren fringe o the Fergana valley.  Backed up against the enormous muntains in the sooth an surroondit on three sides bi Tajikistan, the toun an the nearbi veelages are lairgely cut aff frae the rest o Kyrgyzstan, makin life vera difficult.  Isfana is the admeenistrative centre o Leilek Rayon. The wird "isfana" is believed ae come frae the Iranian Sogdian wird "Aspanakent" which means "the land o horse".

Thare uised tae be a lot o factories in Isfana durin the Soviet period, but nouadays thay are closed acause o the difficult economic situation in the kintra. Fowk are wirkin abroad tae mak livin. Maist o them go tae Roushie, Kazakhstan an Uzbekistan.

Transport

Isfana is landlockt. It haes a sma airport that wis biggit durin the Soviet Union.  The airport affers flichts anerlie tae the caipital Bishkek.

Education
Thare are twa gymnasiums: Gymnasium #1-which is mair familiar lik Kyrgyz Gymnasium an #4-Uzbek Gymnasium named efter Usman Matkarimov an several ither seicontary schuils. Thare is an aa an Academy o Finance an Management, which is pairt o the Bishkek Economics Academy faimily.

History
Fowk hae lived in Isfana syne the 16t century. In 2001 Isfana wis gien the title o a toun.
The majority o the population o Isfana are ethnic Uzbeks - even tho it is in Kyrgyzstan. It is a result o Stalin's "divide an rule" technique . You will see Uzbek touns in Kyrgyzstan an Tajik touns in Uzbekistan - in the Soviet Union borders wur drawn inconsistent wi the traditional locations o ethnic populations sae that fowk wi lang-lastin claims tae land wad be dependent on a central pouer, that is Moscow, an it wad be easier tae control them. Mony fowk in Central Asie think that thay shoud mair properly be pairt o anither kintra, includin Isfana's Uzbeks.

Geography
Isfana is locatit 1 350 meters abuin sea level. The surroondins o the ceety are stunnin, includin majestic muntains (which are athin twa kilometres frae the ceety), bonnie yaylovs or jailoos (meadaes or pastur lands) an mony ithers.

References

Freemit airtins

 MSN Map

Populatit places in Batken Region

Isfana


Lake Sevan (Armenian: Սևանա լիճ, romanized: Sevana lich) is a large lake in Armenia. It is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region. Sevan is one of the largest freshwater high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia. The lake is in Gegharkunik Province. It is  above sea level. The surface area of the basin of lake is about . It cover  about one sixth of  Armenia's total area. The lake itself is . It has a volume is . Sevan  is fed by 28 rivers and streams. Only 10% of the  water that enters the lake  is drained by the Hrazdan River. The remaining 90% evaporates.

The lake is the source of about 90% of the fish and 80% of the crayfish caughtof Armenia. Sevan very important to the economy and culture of the area. The only large island (now a peninsula) is home to a medieval monastery.

Sevan was used for irrigation of the Ararat plain and creating hydroelectric power during the Soviet period. This causes the level of water to decreaseby around . Its volume was reduced by more than 40%. Later two tunnels were built to move water from highland rivers. This stopped the decrease and its level began rising. Before people begane changing the lake's ecosystem, the lake was at an altitude of 1,916 m (6,286 ft) above sea level, 95 m (312 ft) deep, covered an area of 1,416 km2 (547 sq mi) (5% of Armenia's entire area), and had a volume of 58.5 km3 (14.0 cu mi).

History
Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Safavid Empire, These there lakes were called the Seas of Armenia. Sevan is the only one within the modern day Republic of Armenia. Lake Van and Lake Urmia are the other two great "seas" of historic Armenia. They  are located in Turkey and Iran. Lake Sevan is considered the "jewel" of Armenia. It is "recognized as a national treasure" in the country. The 2001 Law on Lake Sevan defines the lake as "a strategic ecosystem valuable for its environmental, economical, social, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, medical, climatic, recreational, and spiritual value."

In 1673, Chardin wrote of the "extraordinary sweetness of the Water", the "small Island in the middle of it; where stands a Monastery built about 600 years ago, of which the Prior is an Archbishop", and "nine sorts of fish which are there taken; the fairest trouts and carps which are eaten at Erivan being caught in this Lake".

Naturalist and traveler Friedrich Parrot, best known for climbing Mount Ararat in 1829, wrote that, It is important for the Armenian economy: being the main source of irrigation water, Sevan provides low-cost electricity, fish, recreation, and tourism.

Geography of Armenia
Lakes of Asia

Lake Sevan


Bobby Byrne (1932 – March 9, 2017) was an American cinematographer.

Born in Jamaica, Queens, Byrne initially worked as an animation cameraman prior to moving into live action cinematography. He worked in the camera department for Conrad L. Hall and William A. Fraker. Fraker assigned Byrne to work as the camera operator on his directorial debut Monte Walsh. Other credits as camera operator include Paper Moon and New York, New York.

Byrne debuted as director of photography on the 1977 comedy Smokey and the Bandit for Hal Needham. He'd work with Needham again on Hooper, as well as for The End for Burt Reynolds.

Other credits include Sixteen Candles, Bull Durham, and 92 episodes of the NBC sitcom Mad About You. He retired from cinematography in 2006.

Byrne joined the American Society of Cinematographers in 1994. He died on March 9, 2017.

References

External links
Bobby Byrne at the Internet Movie Database

1932 births
2017 deaths
American cinematographers
People from Jamaica, Queens

Bobby Byrne (cinematographer)


Albert Leonard Jacobson [born Albin Leonard Jacobson] (June 5, 1881 – January 31, 1933) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for three different teams between  and . Listed at , 170 lb., he batted and threw left-handed.

A native of Port Washington, Wisconsin, Jacobson always was a bad luck pitcher either due to injury or playing on a bad baseball team. He entered the majors in 1904 with the Washington Senators, playing for them two years before joining the St. Louis Browns (1906–1997) and Boston Americans (1907).

Jacobson went 6–23 in his rookie season for the last-place 1904 Senators, despite a 3.55 earned run average and career-best numbers in strikeouts (75) and innings pitched (. At the end of 1905, he was sent by Washington to the Browns in the same transaction that brought Willie Sudhoff to the Senators. His most productive season came in 1906 with St. Louis, when he went 9–9 with a career-high 2.50 earned run average. A year later, he suffered arm problems and was dealt to Boston in exchange for Bill Dineen. He had a combined 1–6 mark in only nine appearances and never played a major league game again.

In a four-season career, Jacobson posted a 23–46 record with 195 strikeouts and a 3.19 earned run average in 88 games, including 70 starts, 53 complete games, one shutout, and  innings of work.

After that, Jacobson played for several minor league teams. He enjoyed a good season with the 1911 Kalamazoo Celery Pickers champion team of the Southern Michigan League, when he led the league pitchers with 26 wins and a .743 winning percentage.

Jacobson died in Decatur, Illinois, at the age of 51.

Sources
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet

Major League Baseball pitchers
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
St. Louis Browns players
Boston Americans players
Baseball players from Wisconsin
1881 births
1933 deaths
People from Port Washington, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Ozaukee County, Wisconsin
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Decatur Commodores players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Grand Rapids Raiders players
Kalamazoo Celery Pickers players
Kalamazoo Kazoos players

Beany Jacobson


Vilappuram Bhagavathy Temple is a small place, home of the famous Vilappuram Devi Temple (Anandavilasam Bhagavathi Temple) situated in Chathannoor, Kollam, Kerala. In the same compound there is the famous Anandavilasam library, affiliated to Kerala State Library Council having more than 1200 members and around 13000 books. In the library there is the facilities of computer, internet, telephone etc. Children's Wing, Ladies Wing, Women's Home Library Scheme, Continuing Education Centre etc. are available here

References

Hindu temples in Kollam district
Bhagavathi temples in Kerala

Vilappuram Bhagavathy Temple


All Hallows, Honey Lane was a parish church in the City of London, England. Of medieval origin, it was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and not rebuilt; the site became part of Honey Lane Market, which was in turn partially cleared to make way for the City of London School in the 19th century.   Much of the area was destroyed during the bombing in World War II and has been redeveloped.  The name Honey Lane is retained in a nearby walkway.

Location
All Hallows Honey Lane was located at the north end of Honey Lane, a narrow lane leading north from Cheapside. The church was surrounded on three sides by churchyard and enclosed by private houses. It was
situated about  north of Cheapside. John Stow's Survey of 1603 indicates the parish was part of Cheap Ward of the City of London.

After the Great Fire, the site, together with that of the adjoining church of St. Mary Magdalen Milk Street and several houses, was acquired by the City, cleared, and laid out as a market-place, called Honey Lane Market. The former church was situated in the northwest corner of this market.

Part of the market closed in 1835 and the Corporation of London built the first City of London School there. After the bombings of World War II, the area was comprehensively redeveloped. The alignment of the present Honey Lane is about  east of the original lane. The church site is now
occupied by a British Telecom shop at 114 Cheapside.

History

The church may have originated as a private chapel associated with a nearby property, though no specific property has been identified. The earliest historical reference to the church, dating from between 1191 and 1212, comes in a deed which mentions one "Helias presbyter de Hunilane". Early mentions of the church describe it as "parochia Omnium Sanctorum de Hunilane" (1204–1215); "St. Elfegi de Hunilane" (1216–22, the only occurrence of an apparent alternative dedication), "All Hallows de Honilane" (1279); "All Hallows in Honylane" (1287) and "Parish of Honylane" (1297).

Parish
The parish of All Hallows was very small,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Registers of St. Mary le Bowe, Cheapside, All Hallows, Honey Lane, and of St. Pancras, Soper Lane, London|author = Bannerman, W.B.|location= London|publisher= Harleian Society|year=1914}}</ref> and may originally have comprised only the area of those properties which surrounded Honey Lane and the churchyard and then been subsequently enlarged in the early 13th century. Even after this enlargement, the parish, covering only about 1 acre (0.4 hectare) in area, was one of the smallest in the City. There was a suggestion in 1658 that it should be united with that of St. Mary le Bow, but the idea was dropped and the two remained separate until after the Great Fire.

In the late 12th and early 13th century, the parish became one of the first centres in the City for the trade of mercery: trading in cloth, typically silk and other fine cloth that was not produced locally. The parish had several small shops and selds, or covered markets, specializing in the trade.

Patronage
The earliest known patron of the church was Henry de Wokyndon, in the mid-13th century. The advowson then passed to various private owners until 1446, when it was willed to the Grocers' Company. The Grocers' Company retained the advowson until the Great Fire. The Grocers' Company had a custom of appointing learned men as rector of the church, at least until 1540. In the mid-16th century, the Company appointed graduates from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, apparently in strict alternation.

Lutheranism
At the time of the Protestant Reformation, the church was known for its Lutheran sympathies. Dr. Robert Forman, rector from 1525 to his death in 1528 and president of Queens' College, Cambridge, over the same period, was a well-known early reformer famous for his sermons and his interest in Lutheran books and doctrines. His curate at All Hallows, Thomas Gerrard (or Garret), himself appointed rector in 1537, was even more active in spreading Lutheran doctrines. In 1540 he was found guilty of heresy and burnt at the stake in Smithfield with other Protestants. In 1543, other members of the parish were also examined for  holding allegedly "heretical" doctrines.

Destruction
All Hallows was destroyed by the  Great Fire of London in 1666 and not rebuilt. Instead its parish was united with that of St. Mary le Bow; the name lived on as a ward precinct.

Architecture
No archaeological traces of the church remain in situ. After the church's destruction in the Great Fire, the site was cleared for the market. When the City of London School was built there in 1835, the site was excavated to a depth of over 15 ft. (4.57 m.) before concrete foundations were laid. Tiles, the pavement, and vaults of a
church described as "Anglo-Norman"" were found at that time. A rough pencil sketch made at about the same time, and entitled "part of old church discovered in Honey Lane", shows the remains of masonry walls including three pointed arches over what appear to be blocked openings. Two "Norman" capitals and the capital of a "Saxon" column,  decorated  with twisted serpents,  were also found. One of the serpent capitals - now considered to be 12th century - is in the British Museum. These remains could, however have belonged to either of churches on the site of the school, or possibly to one of the houses nearby.

It is not known whether there had been any medieval rebuilding or enlargement of the church. However, because the structure described in the 1550s was apparently very simple, it is possible that this was the original church, altered little if at all. In the mid-16th century the church appears to have been a simple rectangular building, about  long and  wide. The cellar beneath the church was owned separately, from at least the early 14th century until the early 17th century. There was door on the south side of the church near the west end (opposite Honey Lane) and a chancel door, also on the south side.

The church was surrounded to north, west, and south by its churchyard. In addition, excavations in 1954-5 on the site of the former No. 111 Cheapside uncovered a number of  medieval burials. They probably represent an area of early churchyard subsequently encroached upon by private building. It is not clear whether this early churchyard would have extended as far south as Cheapside. In addition to those in the churchyard, there were some burials within the church. A vault near the chancel is also mentioned. Despite the narrowness of the church, part of it was referred to as the "south aisle", and several burials took place there in the 16th century. This may be the same area called the "burial aisle" in the register. In 1611 the
parish bought the cellar, as a "more convenient place of burial for any of the inhabitants". The first burial took place in the cellar (referred to as the "cloister" in the burial register) in 1613.

A chapel of St. Mary within the church is mentioned in a will of 1380. In 1545, apart from the high altar in the church there were altars to Our Lady (possibly in the chapel mentioned) and to St. Thomas the Martyr. By the 1550s there was a gallery, reached by stairs, and the church had several pews and a font. Churchwardens' accounts, beginning in 1618, indicate there were two or more bells, hung probably in a belfry with a steeple.

Monuments and burials
In his Survey'' of 1603, John Stow notes only of All Hallows that  "there be no monumentes in this church worth the noting. I find that John Norman, Draper, Mayor 1453, was buried there."

References

External links

12th-century church buildings in England
1666 disestablishments in England
Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt
Churches in the City of London
Former buildings and structures in the City of London

All Hallows Honey Lane


Martin Billingsley (1591–1622) was an English writing-master, a successor in giving advice on handwriting to Peter Bales.

Life and works
He was born in 1591, and was residing in London, in Bush Lane, near London Stone, in 1618, when he dedicated his first short work, The Pens Excellencie, or the Secretarys Delight, to Prince Charles. From its dedication he was Prince's writing master. In 1637, Billingsley's A Coppie Booke, containing Varieties of Examples of all the most curious Hands written, was published in its second edition. It refers to a previous work, The Pens Transcendency, and lists other works which may have been Billingsley's.

The number of hands set out by Billingsley in examples was six, with some additional subdivisions. The six were the Secretary, "the usuall hand of England"; the Bastard Secretary, or Text; the Roman; the Italian; the Court (used in the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas); and the Chancery. The Roman hand, Billingsley said, was the hand "usually taught to women".

References

External links
The Pen's Excellencie online.

Attribution

1591 births
1622 deaths
English calligraphers

Martin Billingsley


The Arab League or League of Arab States was founded by Egypt in 1945, has 22 members and seven observer members so far: Armenia, Brazil, Chad, Eritrea, Greece, Republic of India,  Venezuela.

The Arab League itself is an observer in several international and regional organizations, such as the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the United Nations, and has observed several summits of ASEAN.

Members

 Algeria
 Bahrain
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Mauritania
 Morocco
 Oman
 Palestine
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 Sudan
 Syria
 Tunisia
 United Arab Emirates
 Yemen

Multilateral relations

African Union

Formal relations between the two organizations started in 1977, when they announced their cooperation in financial, political and economic issues. With a summit between both organizations in Cairo that same year, they have signed several treaties aimed at improving cooperation.

On 16 January 2008, the Arab League sent a Delegation to the AU Headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Capital, to gain experience from the African Security and Peace Council, which has been in work since 2004, the Arab League's decision to create an Arab Peace and Security Council was taken following the 2006 Lebanon war, in a procedure to place Peace keeping forces into South Sudan, South Lebanon, and Ethiopian Peninsula, other regions such as Iraq and Iranians have not been announced or spoken of, since the Arab League's official Stance denounces any form of Foreign troops in Iraq, to maintain stability.

Eritrea
In 2003, Eritrea the red sea country became the first Observer in the Pan-Arab Body, opening the door for it to become a prospect member in the League, while the Current Eritrean President has denied any plans for joining the League in the Near Future, due to its lack of efficiency.

ASEAN

By January 2008 the AL and ASEAN had no significant relations, but the Arab League's Economic Council decided to Expand economic cooperation with Regional blocks, to benefit from their Economic experience and development, and started contacting the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), to build better relations and to increase investments from this region, and to learn from their Economic Achievements to be applied in the League.
which will help the Arab States to increase inner investments and inner imports and exports, the Head of the Delegation, also secretary General of the Arab Council for Economic Development (ACED), Dr. Ahmed Jweily to sign a treaty of understanding and cooperation Between the Two Organizations. The Delegation concluded the visit announcing that three New Arab Unions are to be proposed for the council's 87th summit in its following Period.

European Union

The Arab League and European Union have shared relations since the EU's development into a more political power rather than an economical one, in the 19th summit of the Arab League in Saudi Arabia, Javier Solana attended the summit, giving the EU's full support to the Arab League's Peace Initiative of 2002. Following this summit, he had several meetings with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and the Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa.
In the summit, he addressed the Arab Leaders, stating "Once again we find ourselves together, the European Union and the Arab League, once again we have an opportunity to re-affirm our joint commitment to the values of civilisation that we share, more than ever Europeans and Arabs have to face common challenges, I am confident that we will find new ways to improve our cooperation".

France
France has been historically close with the Arab world, starting with the Maghreb region, and the Near East, but France's closest relations are considered to be with Algeria, where it served as a colony of France for around 132 years, with a bloody independence war, relations today are good, France is considered to have the Cordialest relations with All Arab states, with a large Arab population in France counting to around three million Arabs, France holds the Biggest Arab Cultural center outside the Arab league. The nation has had significant relations with Algeria, with Lebanon, and with Libya.

Latin America

Relations between the Arab League and the Union of South American Nations (USAN), have only been established in recent times. The AL Secretary General Amr Moussa has stated that it was time for the Arab League and Latin America to seek strong relations. There are over 20 million Arabs living in Latin America, with Brazil containing over half of that number. As a result, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was particularly vocal in efforts to improve relations.

The Arab-Latin American relations are concentrated mainly on Energy and Trade, strengthening ties between the two regions.
In May 2005, the first South American-Arab Countries Summit (ASPA) was held in Brazil, with 34 countries attending to discuss trade and energy.
Arab and Latin American economies are complementary. Latin America has developed high-tech skills and industries that will find ready markets in the Arab world as will its agricultural production. But Latin America is also energy-hungry and a ready market for Arab oil and downstream petrochemicals. They also have other common interests, not just a desire to see the elimination of the subsidies that allow European and American farmers to destroy the livelihoods of their counterparts elsewhere in the world. In an increasingly global economy, both want to avoid domination by the multinationals.

Yet the summit remained focused on politics rather than economics, with a joint call on Israel to dismantle settlements, concern about US sanctions against Syria, a call for UN reform, and Arab support for Argentina's position on the Falkland Islands. Developing business relations between the Arab world and South America will provide an invaluable balance to both regions' overdependence on Europe, the U.S. and Japan for imports and expertise.

Since many countries began to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital following Donald Trump's lead in 2017, many Latin American countries began to shift stance. When Guatemala recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, the Arab League has cut ties with the country in 2018.

Brazil
Brazil was admitted as an observer to the Arab League in 2002 or 2003. The country has a strong Arab heritage, with over 11 million inhabitants of Arabic descent, many of them from Lebanon. The first Summit of South American and Arab Countries (ASPA) was held in Brazil in May 2005, with 34 countries attending.

Venezuela
Venezuela has a large Arab population from Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, has supported the Palestinian Cause, and is one of two Latin American countries to cut off ties with Israel (the other being Bolivia). It was granted observer status in the Arab League in 2006.

Bilateral relations

India
Being conferred observer status in 2007, Republic of India was the first member to enter the League although it does not have yet that very big Arab community, neither does it have an indigenous Arabic speaking population. It does, however have a sizeable number of people claiming Arab descent. Trade between Republic of India and Arab League members was valued at US$30 billion in 2007. India's major exports to Arab League countries are chemicals, automobiles, machinery, foodstuff and other fast moving products, while it is a large importer of Arab oil and gas. Republic of India also has a large diaspora in the Arab League countries of about fifteen million, of which some 20% are professionals.

Oman and Republic of India enjoy particularly good relations, an example being; both countries exchange ship visits on a regular basis. Recently, Oman has granted India berthing rights for Indian naval ships. The Indian navy has also been training Omani naval forces for many years.

Qatar is the only other country in the Arab League, apart from Oman to have a significant military relationship with Republic of India. The pact guarantees State of Qatar of India intervention in case Qatar's interests are threatened. Naval officers from Qatar, like Oman train in India under the Indian Navy's institutes. India also has some military ties with Kuwait and the UAE, primarily centered in the naval sphere, frequently exchanging goodwill naval visits. The UAE has been seeking India's assistance in setting up a submarine arm and hydgrographic survey and coastal zone management. In addition the UAE has evinced interest in training its naval personnel in India

Some Arab League members, namely the UAE have also voiced their support pertaining to deploying Indian troops in Iraq, although New Delhi has not decided on this matter. Some Arab League members have also voiced its support for India to be conferred a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. India was among the first countries to recognize Palestine when it was proclaimed in November 1988. In 2011, India confirmed that it will support a Palestinian bid for membership of the United Nations at a meeting of the General Assembly.

Iran

Iranian-Arab relations have always been very mixed. Within the Middle East historical conflicts have always colored neighboring Arab countries' perceptions about Iran. At times peacefully coexisting, while at other times in bitter conflict. North African Arabs from have for the larger part enjoyed closer relations with Iran due to limited historical connection between them and Iran.

Israel

Only six Arab states in the region recognize the State of Israel: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates, as well as the State of Palestine.
After the 2008–09 Gaza War, the League of Arab States countries had suspended their relations with Israel.

Pakistan

China

The recent economic boom in the People's Republic of China has led to an increased demand for oil and other raw petroleum products, much of which has been supplied by member states of the Arab League. Chinese-Arab relations in the past few years have increased with the institution of several Arab-Chinese business forums, conferences and meetings to increase trade and cooperation in recent years. China is the second-largest financial investor in Sudan following the other members of the Arab League, and as a result a majority of Sudan's production of petroleum is sent overseas to China. Foreign ties have also been made with the Arab League states of Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Iraq and Syria in order to further invest in petroleum production in the Middle East and North Africa.

As of 2008, the Arab League and the People's Republic of China have agreed to create an annual forum between the two parties in order to discuss matters of economics, trade and environmental studies. In 2009, the forum was expanded to also include the discussion of various nuclear projects.

Russia

Arab Russian relations go back to the Khazars and their wars with the Arab Empire, but has flourished most under the Soviet Union, with the Communist Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' support for several Socialist Arab regimes against the Capitalist United States during the cold war, regimes like Nasser's Egypt and the Baathist regimes of Syria and Iraq, as well as other Socialist regimes in Libya and South Yemen.

After the end of the cold war and the establishment of the Russia Federation, new ties have been made. Russia with its strong diplomatic relations with Arab States from the Soviet Era, is trying to regain its strength by supporting their causes, especially in the Security Council.

Turkey

Turkey has a historical connection dated back from the Ottoman Empire, and it is also complicated due to historical reasons. Turkey has expressed desires for an observer status in the League, but has been refused for several political reasons. One of the reasons for refusals came from Iraq and Syria due to the Turkish Water Projects on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, especially the Atatürk Dam. Also the Hatay Province's choice of self-annexation to Turkey in 1939 was never recognized by Syria, which continues to show the Hatay Province of Turkey as part of Syria's territory in its maps.

Today, Turkey has improved relations with Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Tunisia. It also functions as the main broker in the Israeli-Syrian peace process. However, a primary concern for Turkey stems from the possibility of an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilized Iraq. Turkey is currently fighting a war against Kurdish insurgents on its own soil, in which an estimated 37,000 people have lost their lives.

United States

The United States' relationship with the Arab World prior to the Second World War was limited. Moreover, in comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almost all of the Arab World after defeating the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the United States was popular and respected among the Arabs, for having brought modern medicine, and setting up educational institutions in several Arab nations. The US had also provided the Arab World with highly skilled petroleum engineers. Thus, there were some connections which were made between the United States and the Arab World, before the Second World War. Other examples of corporations between the US and the Arab World are the Red Line Agreement signed in 1928 and the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement signed in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Arab and Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an American security imperative to prevent the (re)emergence of a powerful regional rival. The Red Line Agreement had been part of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensure that the major [mostly American] companies...could control oil prices on world markets. The Red Line agreement governed the development of Arab oil for the next two decades. The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Arab and Middle Eastern oil.

Uzbekistan

Arab League relations with Uzbekistan have been almost nonexistent until 2007. Then the Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa and the Uzbek president Islam Karimov have met to carry on discussions held previously in Cairo, for more Arab cooperation with Central Asia and more Central Asian support for Arab causes, such as Iraq, Sudan and Palestine.

References

External links

Arab League

Foreign relations of the Arab League


The term intervertebral disc annuloplasty indicates any  procedure aimed at repairing the annulus of a bulging intervertebral disc before it herniates.

Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty
IDET ("Intradiscal Electrothermal Annuloplasty") is a recently developed minimally invasive form of annuloplasty consisting of the insertion in the affected disc of a hollow needle, through which a heating wire is passed; once this has reached the disc, the wire is heated to 90 °C for approximately fifteen minutes. The heat is intended to seal any ruptures in the disc wall and may also burn nerve endings, which can make the area less sensitive to pain.

See also
Disc biacuplasty

References

Neurosurgery

Intervertebral disc annuloplasty