Penelope Kathryn Fillon (née Clarke, 31 July 1955) is the wife of French former politician François Fillon. She was the Spouse of the Prime Minister of France from 17 May 2007 to 10 May 2012. Born and raised in Wales, Fillon is a graduate of the University College London and the University of Bristol Law School. She worked as an English teacher at a secondary school in France in the late 1970s, where she met her future husband. François and Penelope Fillon married in 1980 and have five children. They are Catholic.

Throughout her husband's political career, she has remained fairly uninvolved in national politics and has mostly stayed out of the public eye, and has been labelled "discreet" by the media. Despite her reputation as being private, Fillon ran for a seat on the municipal council of the Solesmes, Sarthe commune in which she and her husband reside. When François Fillon began running for the French presidency in 2017, she emerged in the public eye to campaign for her husband.

Penelope Fillon rose to prominence in January 2017, when French newspaper Le Canard enchaîné published an article in which she was accused of being paid €500,000 in public money over eight years as her husband's "assistant" while performing no or very little work. The public outcry that followed led the controversy to be labelled "Penelopegate" by some, despite her husband denying any wrongdoing.

Biography

Early life and education
Penelope Kathryn Clarke was born on 31 July 1955 in Llanover, Monmouthshire, Wales, United Kingdom. The daughter of George "Colin" Clarke, an English solicitor, and Glenys, a Wales native, she considers herself "Anglo-Welsh."

Fillon attended primary and secondary school at King Henry VIII School in Abergavenny, studying French, German, and English. She went on to attend University College London, earning a degree in French and German. She spent her final year before earning her degree as a teaching assistant of English at a middle school in Le Mans, France. It was there she met François Fillon for the first time. She described the encounter in 2007:"I was invited to a dinner and he was there. Of course I remember the dinner but, no, it wasn't a particularly heart-stopping moment."Fillon continued her education at the University of Bristol, earning a degree in law. She intended to become a lawyer like her father, and qualified as a solicitor. Rather than starting her career, however, she decided to pursue her relationship with François. She described her choice:"He would come over on the ferry and the night train to see me. Then when I finished my Law Society exams we decided to get married and I came to live in France, accepting that it would be for good."Penelope Clarke married François Fillon on 28 June 1980 in a civil ceremony in the groom's native Sarthe. The religious ceremony was held in the 17th-century St Bartholomew's Church in the bride's native village of Llanover. Shortly after, François's brother Pierre, and Penelope's sister Jane also married.

Career and political activity
Shortly after their marriage, François and Penelope moved to Paris. In 1981, they relocated to her husband's home region of Sarthe. While her husband pursued his political career three days a week in Paris, Fillon remained at home with their growing family.

For much of her husband's political career, Fillon stayed home to care for their five children, and when François was a government minister, the family resided in an apartment in Paris's 6th arrondissement. When he was elected Prime Minister of France in 2007, the family moved to the Hôtel Matignon, living there until his term ended in 2012.

In 2014, her husband François Fillon chose not to run for re-election to the municipal council of Solesmes, Sarthe, the small commune of 1,500 people in which the Fillons reside. At the mayor's request, Fillon ran for his former seat, running as the Union for a Popular Movement candidate. She was elected, and has served on the council since 2014.

2017 presidential election

In 2017, François Fillon commenced his campaign for the French presidency. Fillon, who for much of her husband's political career had remained in relative obscurity, emerged to campaign for him and especially to try to reach the female vote, representing the movement "Women with Fillon".

Personal life
François and Penelope Fillon have five children: Marie (born 1982), a barrister, Charles (born 1984), a lawyer, Antoine (born 1985) and Edouard (born 1989), who both work in finance, and Arnaud (born 2001), who was a high school student. They also have three grandchildren.

Fillon supports the Wales rugby team.

Fictitious employment controversy

In January 2017, Le Canard enchaîné published an article in which Penelope Fillon was accused of alleged fictitious employment, as her husband's "assistante parlementaire" for a total salary of €500,000 over eight years on the one hand, and as a "literary adviser" of Revue des deux Mondes on the other, with a monthly salary of €5,000, amounting to a total of another €100,000. A preliminary hearing immediately opened. The public outcry around this so-called "Penelopegate" was such that doubts were voiced about François Fillon himself, who was at the time the frontrunner for the 2017 presidential election, with an immediate sharp decline in the opinion polls.

On 31 January, new reporting by Le Canard enchaîné found that Penelope Fillon was actually paid €300,000 more than previously reported, for a total sum of €831,440 for 15 years of her parliamentary assistant work. It also reported that Fillon had paid two of his children €84,000 for little apparent actual work.

On 6 February 2017 Fillon held a press conference. He said "It was a mistake and I apologize to the French [people]" but also said that the salary of his wife was "perfectly justified". However, on 28 March 2017, she was placed under formal investigation following a day of questioning by magistrates.

In June 2020, Fillon was convicted of embezzlement of public funds and sentenced to three years imprisonment. Her sentence was suspended and she vowed to appeal the conviction.

On 9 May 2022, a French appeals court reduced Filon's sentence to a two-year suspended prison sentence. Her husband's prison sentence would be shortened to four years with three years suspended. The court maintained fines of €375,000 for each of them.

References

Living people
1955 births
20th-century French lawyers
20th-century Welsh lawyers
21st-century French lawyers
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of University College London
British emigrants to France
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
François Fillon
French educators
French people of English descent
French people of Welsh descent
French Roman Catholics
Former Anglicans
Housewives
People from Monmouthshire
Politicians of the French Fifth Republic
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
The Republicans (France) politicians
Spouses of prime ministers of France
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Welsh emigrants to France
Welsh people of English descent
Welsh Roman Catholics
Welsh lawyers
People educated at King Henry VIII School, Abergavenny
21st-century French women politicians
20th-century French educators
20th-century Welsh educators
Welsh women lawyers
French politicians convicted of crimes
French female criminals
20th-century French women lawyers
21st-century British women lawyers
20th-century French women
20th-century British women lawyers

Penelope Fillon


The Kōbusho 講武所 (a.k.a. Rikugunsho) was a Japanese military academy. It was set up in the final decades of the Edo period in response to Japan's experience of Western military power, and taught Western battlefield tactics such as artillery use alongside traditional Japanese martial arts. The academy was located in Misakichō, Tokyo. It closed in 1866, after only ten years in operation.

References

Educational organizations based in Japan
Defunct Japanese military academies

Kōbusho


Scott Taylor (born 22 October 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer who played one game for Footscray in the Australian Football League (AFL) in 1996. He was recruited from the Geelong Falcons in the TAC Cup with the 66th selection in the 1994 AFL Draft.

He broke his foot in his debut AFL game in 1996.  He was delisted at the end of the 1997 season to allow for the rookie elevation of Adam Contessa, but was re-drafted in the 1998 Pre-season Draft.  However he was again delisted at the end of the 1998 season, without playing any more games in the AFL.

References

External links

Living people
1976 births
Western Bulldogs players
Geelong Falcons players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)

Scott Taylor (Australian footballer)


The Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Biology of Ageing, founded in 2008, is one of over 80 independent, non-profit-making institutes set up under the umbrella of the Max Planck Society. The overall research aim is to obtain fundamental insights into the aging process and thus to pave the way towards healthier aging in humans. An international research team drawn from almost 30 nations is working to uncover underlying molecular, physiological and evolutionary mechanisms.

Located on the campus of Cologne University Hospital, this MPI forms a substantial part of a regional Life Science Cluster of closely interlinked research organizations focusing on research into ageing and ageing-associated diseases. Regional partners include the MPI for Metabolism Research and the Cluster of Excellence CECAD (both in Cologne) as well as the DZNE and caesar Research Center (both in Bonn).

Together with their regional, national and international partners, such as ERIBA, researchers at the MPI for Biology of Ageing are exploring how cells age throughout the course of their life, which genes are involved and to what extent environmental factors play a role. Underlying processes are being studied in so-called model organisms: The genes of the mouse Mus musculus, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans are known and the life expectancy of these organisms is relatively short. This makes them particularly suitable for research into the ageing process. Further model organisms in the form of the African turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are in use.

Since the beginning of the research work in 2008 Adam Antebi (USA), Nils-Göran Larsson (Sweden) and Linda Partridge (UK) had been jointly directing the institute. In 2018 Thomas Langer (Germany) was appointed as the fourth director of the institute. The Larsson Department has since resigned from the institute. Anne Schaefer (Germany) was appointed as a Director in 2021. In 2023 Linda Partridge retired.

The foundation stone for the new research premises was laid in 2010 and the building was inaugurated in 2013.

As one of the youngest institutes of the Max Planck Society, the MPI for Biology of Ageing is expanding further and should eventually have a staff of about 350. At least ten research groups are planned as well as a fourth department under the leadership of a further director.

Departments
 Molecular Genetics of Ageing (Adam Antebi)
Mitochondrial Proteostasis (Thomas Langer)
 Neurobiology of Ageing (Anne Schaefer)

Research Groups
Genetics and Biomarkers of Human Ageing (Joris Deelen / Research Group)
Cell Growth Control in Health and Age-related Disease (Constantinos Demetriades / Max Planck Research Group)
Mechanisms of DNA Repair (Ron Jachimowicz / Max Planck Research Group)
ADP-ribosylation in DNA repair and ageing (Ivan Matic / Research Group)
Genome Instability and Ageing (Stephanie Panier / Max Planck Research Group)
Metabolism of Infection (Lena Pernas/ Max Planck Research Group)
 Systems Biology of Ageing (Zak Frentz/ Max Planck Research Group)
 RNA-Binding Proteins in Metabolism and Ageing (Ina Huppertz/ Max Planck Research Group)
 Chromatin and Ageing (Peter Tessarz/ Max Planck Research Group)

Former Research Groups
 Skin Homeostasis and Ageing (Sara Wickström / Max Planck Research Group), moved to Helsinki University, and is now appointed a director at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine.
 Genome Evolution and Ageing (Jim Stewart/ Research Group), moved to the Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University.
 Evolutionary and Experimental Biology of Ageing (Dario Riccardo Valenzano/ Max Planck Research Group), moved to the Leibniz Institute on Aging.
 Metabolic and Genetic Regulation of Ageing (Martin Denzel / Research Group), moved to Altos Labs
 Autophagy Regulation (Martin Graef / Max Planck Research Group), moved to Cornell University
The "Max Planck Research Groups" offer young postdoctoral researchers the opportunity to qualify for a further career in research. Their leaders are appointed by the President of the Max Planck Society and enjoy independent status within an MPI, similar to that of the directors.

Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research
The Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research was established in 2013 as a joint venture of the Graduate School of the Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD Graduate School) and the International Max Planck Research School for Ageing (IMPRS AGE). Associated institutes are the Cluster of Excellence - Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, the University of Cologne and the University Hospital of Cologne. The Graduate School offers exceptionally talented junior research scientists from all over the world the opportunity to obtain their doctorate in the field of ageing research within a three-year structured programme. Application requires a Master's degree (or equivalent) and is open annually in summer/autumn. The doctoral degrees are awarded by the University of Cologne.
Since 2019 the Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research offers a Master Fellowship programme for excellent and motivated students that wish to learn more about ageing research, while pursuing the Master studies in the Biological Science or Biochemistry Master programme of the University of Cologne.

References

External links
 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing
Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research

Biogerontology organizations
Biology of Ageing
Educational institutions established in 2008
Education in Cologne
Lindenthal, Cologne
2008 establishments in Germany


The Browning Auto-5 or Remington Model 11 was the first successful semi-automatic shotgun ever made. It was made by John Moses Browning, who also made the Model 1887 and Model 1897 shotguns. While it was reliable, it had a very hard kickback. Even though the Model 1897 was slower because it was a pump-action shotgun, most people liked it better than the Auto-5 because it did not kick back as hard.

Shotguns

Browning Auto-5


Edward Jones Stephen (also Stephens; December 1822 – 10 May 1885), often known by his bardic name of Tanymarian, was a Welsh musician, singer and composer, mainly of hymns and songs.

He was born in Maentwrog, Merionethshire, into a musical family.  He went to school at Penralltgoch and was then apprenticed to his brother, William.  He began preaching and in 1843 he went to the Congregational college at Bala to train as a minister.  While there he changed his name to Edward Stephen to avoid confusion with another Edward Jones.  In 1847 he became a minister at Dwygyfylchi in Caernarfonshire and in 1852 he composed an oratorio entitled Ystorm Tiberias.  In 1856 he moved to another chapel at Llanllechid, and two years later he composed a requiem in memory of John Jones, Talysarn.  He composed many hymns and also wrote books and articles about music, in the Welsh language.

Musical works

Anthems
Llawen floeddiwch i Dduw
Wrth afonydd Babilon
Disgwyliad Israel

Hymn-tunes
Tanymarian

Songs
Hen Gadair Freichiau
Caingc y delyn
Carlo

References

1822 births
1885 deaths
Welsh composers
Welsh male composers
19th-century British composers
19th-century British male musicians
People from Maentwrog

Edward Stephen


The handicap principle was invented by Amotz Zahavi from Tel Aviv University. It claims to explain the fact that some animals have characteristics that do not necessarily help them survive.

The peacock is an example. The peacock's tail is long and heavy and actually diminishes its chances of survival. The tail needs a great deal of energy to grow and maintain, it reduces the bird's agility, and increases the animal's visibility to predators. Yet, it has evolved. This shows that peacocks with longer tails have some advantage.

So why did it evolutionarily survive? According to the principle, one day, a mutant peahen that likes peacocks with longer tail, looked for a male with this characteristic. The mature male she found was strong enough to survive even though it had a long tail and therefore it is probably stronger than the average peacock. Therefore, its predecessor males are going to be stronger and also to have a long tail while the newborn females are going to like long tails, passing the ideals of the principle to the next generations.

This principle comes in addition to the well-known adaptation part of evolution theory claiming that the one who fits best to its environment survives.

Animal communication
Evolution

Handicap principle


The Battle of Halberstadt took place on 29 and 30 July 1809 at Halberstadt in the Kingdom of Westphalia, during the War of the Fifth Coalition. A Westphalian infantry force attempted to halt the Black Brunswickers under Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel who were heading for North Sea coast. However, the Brunswickers surprised the Westphalians by a rapid advance and defeated them inside the town.

Background
Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel lost his father in battle and his duchy to Napoleon Bonaparte who incorporated it in his Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, ruled by his brother Jérôme Bonaparte. In exile in Austrian controlled Bohemia, Duke Frederick raised a volunteer force or freikorps to fight the French and their German allies. The volunteers were equipped by the Austrian Empire; the main colour of their uniforms was black, giving rise to the epithet of Schwarze Schar ("Black Horde") but were known in English as the "Black Brunswickers". The corps campaigned with the Austrian Army in the summer of 1809, but when the Austrians concluded the Armistice of Znaim on 12 July, the duke refused to be bound by it and declared his intention to join with the forces of the United Kingdom, the only power of the Fifth Coalition who were still fighting Napoleon.

The Duke of Brunswick and his corps began their remarkable fighting march towards the north German coast at Zwickau on 24 July. Entering the town of Halle in Westphalia on 26 July, the duke appropriated its civic funds. This prompted Jérôme to order three generals, Jean-Jacques Reubell (also spelt Reubel or Rewbel in various accounts), Pierre Guillaume Gratien and Claude Ignace François Michaud, to gather their forces and destroy the Brunswickers.

The battle

The nearest troops to the duke's line-of-march were the 1,980 strong 5th Westphalian Infantry Regiment, who formed the garrison of Magdeburg; they were ordered to join forces with Reubell's division before engaging the Brunswickers. The 5th Infantry, led by Colonel P-S Mayronnet, reached Halberstadt at 11 am on 29 July, still 150 kilometres from Reubel. At 1 pm, local gendarmes warned Mayronnet that the Brunswickers were in Quedlinburg, some 14 kilometres distant. Mayronnet took little immediate action, possibly believing that the Brunswickers would take a considerable time to cover the distance and was apparently surprised to find that they were approaching the town at 5 pm. Sending out his voltigeurs to form a skirmish line, Mayronnet sent the rest of his infantry to defend the gates of the medieval town walls, supported by the troops of the town's garrison. At 7 pm, the duke led one column against the Harsleber Gate while a second attacked the Kuhlinger Gate and a third, the Johannis Gate. Despite a spirited defence, all three gates were breached and obstructions, including carts full of manure, were cleared away. The Brunswickers rushed into the town shouting their battle cry of Seig oder todt! ("Victory or death!"); when the cavalry reached the main square they found Mayronnet's powerful regimental reserve, but believing that they were surrounded by superior forces, they surrendered. By midnight, most of the town was under Brunswick control; only the 5th Infantry's two grenadier companies held out by barricading themselves into some large houses, but finally surrendered at 5 am when the duke brought his artillery into position outside. Westphalian losses were about 600 dead and wounded, with 2,080 taken prisoner and the regimental colours captured. The Brunswick Corps lost about 400 killed and wounded.

Aftermath
The Duke of Brunswick resumed his march on the same day, 30 July, taking with him 200 of his prisoners who had decided to join his corps. He headed first to his former capital, the city of Brunswick, where he hoped to gain more recruits; however, few were forthcoming. Although his path was successfully blocked by Reubell outside Brunswick at the Battle of Ölper on 1 August, the Westphalians gave away their advantage by withdrawing under cover of darkness and allowing the Black Brunswickers to continue their march northwards. Closely pursued by their enemies, they finally reached the coast at Elsfleth on 6 August, where they embarked on Royal Navy ships and sailed for England. The Brunswick Corps went on to fight with the British Army in the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign.

Notes

References

External links

Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles in Saxony-Anhalt
Conflicts in 1809
Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1809 in the First French Empire
July 1809 events
1809 in Germany

Battle of Halberstadt


Cáhuil is a Chilean village. It is 15 kilometers south of Pichilemu, in the outfall of the Nilahue lake, in the Region of O'Higgins.  means in Mapudungun language "seagulls place". The main characteristic of the place is the crafty production of coastal salt, oysters and choros. The Cáhuil Lagoon is a place suitable for fishing, swimming and boat travels.

Salines
The salines in this area are very old. It is known that the indigenous people extracted it in a very rudimentary way. However, the extracting method has been improved and the production has increased. As of 1978, more than a 60% of the people of Cáhuil lived around the salt production, production not related to industrial enterprises.

In a way to promote the tourism in Cáhuil, the Municipality of Pichilemu created the "Salt Route", that takes the tourists into places where the salt generation process is dpne. This travel starts in Pichilemu and includes Cáhuil, Barrancas, La Villa, El Bronce, La Palmilla and La Plaza. On this route are two rural ranches, "Oro Blanco" and "El Bronce".

Fauna
In the Cáhuil zone are at least 46 birds species. Many of the species are in danger of extinction. Some of them are the coscoroba swan, larus maculipennis, garza cuca, among others. It hosts at least seven silvester ducks species.

Other websites
 Los Trazados de la Sal - Salinas de Cahuil, VI Región

Settlements in O'Higgins Region

Cáhuil


The Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Building of Istanbul University is one of the larger faculty buildings of the university. It is situated in the Laleli neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey.

The building was constructed between 1942 and 1944. The architects were Sedat Hakkı Eldem (1908-1988) and Emin Halid Onat (1908-1961). The German architect Paul Bonatz (1877-1956) also acted as an adviser during his brief stay in Turkey. It is an example of the second national era in Turkish architecture which can be described as neoclassical. Stone pitching faces, arcades, and colonnades are apparent.

List of 50 projects

Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers lists Faculty of Arts and Sciences Building as one of the fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey, a list of remarkable engineering projects realized in the first 50 years of the chamber.

References

Buildings and structures in Istanbul
1944 establishments in Turkey
Istanbul University
School buildings completed in 1944
Fatih

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Building, Istanbul University


Paradise Point, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Paradise Point is a sandstone rock promontory which once had a natural arch.

The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea. Paradise Point Beach is accessible through Mauripur Road (formerly Hawkes Bay Road) or the Mubarak Goth Road from Karachi. Nathiagali Beach is located west of Paradise Point beach.

Other beaches close to the city include Sandspit Beach, Hawke's Bay, and Clifton Beach.

Karachi Nuclear Power Plant
The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant is located near Paradise Point.

See also
 Karachi Nuclear Power Plant

References

External links

Beaches of Karachi
Natural arches
Landforms of Pakistan
Collapsed arches

Paradise Point, Pakistan


Chandraraja I (r. ) was an Indian king belonging to the Chahamana dynasty that ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan in north-western India.

According to Prithviraja Vijaya, Chandraraja was a son of his predecessor Vigraharaja I.  The later Hammira Mahakavya, however, states that his father was Vigraharaja's ancestor Naradeva.

Chandraraja I was a son of the Chahamana king Vigraharaja I. He was succeeded by his brother Gopendraraja, who in turn was succeeded by Chandraraja's son Durlabharaja I.

References

Chahamanas of Shakambhari

Chandraraja I


Georges Arnoux (3 August 1891 – 11 November 1971) was a French composer with Breton nationalist leanings.

Life and music
Born in Paris, Arnoux was the descendant of a family originally from Switzerland. He studied harmony, counterpoint and composition with Vincent d'Indy at the Schola Cantorum de Paris.

He was very interested in Brittany and its traditional music (he owned a house in Brignogan) and learned the Breton language. In the 1920s, he was involved with the Breton cultural movements (cercle celtique in Paris, K.A.V., Bleun Brug) and joined the Breton artistic movement Seiz Breur in 1939. From 1934 he argued for a conservatory of Breton music that never came to fruition.

He died in Vevey, Switzerland.

Selected works

Compositions
Large-scale works
 Koroll ar vuhez hag ar maro, ballet work for orchestra (1939)
 Gethsemanie, "sacred poem" for soloists and orchestra (Radio-Lausanne, 1948)
 Suite pittoresque et brève, for string orchestra (1949)

Piano music
 Valse des Korrigans (1907)
 Voici la saison joyeuse du délicieux printemps (1920)
 Pages bretonnes (1938)
 Tarik lan la (1951)

Songs
 Noel des prisonniers (1923)
 20 Chansons bretonnes (1933)
 Kanaouennou goueliou ar Bleun-Brug (several volumes, 1935–1939)
 Petites histoires bretonnes en huit chansons (1942)
 Chansons pour Martine (1948)
 Adieu Bretagne (1964)

Writings
 Conditions du répertoire musical breton (1934)
 "L'Harmonisation des chants populaires", in: La Bretagne à Paris, 11 April 1936
 Mathématique de la mise en scène (Paris, 1956)
 Science et musique (Nimes, 1956)
 Musique platonicienne (Paris, 1960)
 La Vache enchantée (Paris, 1961)
 Demain sera détruit (Lausanne, 1967)

References

1891 births
1971 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
Breton musicians
Breton nationalists
French classical composers
French male classical composers
Composers from Paris

Georges Arnoux


San Giuseppe is a Roman Catholic church in Siena, Tuscany, Italy.

The church was commissioned by the contrada dell'Onda and begun in 1521. Construction continued for the whole century.

The façade, finished in 1653, is mostly in brickwork, with two superimposed orders divided by pilaster strips. The interior is on the Greek Cross plan, surmounted by an octagonal dome with a lantern. Decoration is attributed to the Nasini family. The crypt, a suggestive 16th century hall, contains the contrada's museum.

Notes

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1653
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Giuseppe
Baroque architecture in Siena
Renaissance architecture in Siena
1653 establishments in Italy

San Giuseppe, Siena


In mathematics, combination is used for picking a number of objects from a given set of objects. Combinatorics looks at the number of possibilities to pick k objects from a set of n. It does not take into account the order in which these are picked. People talk about finding permutations if the order in which the objects are picked matters. This explains why there are more permutations than combinations. One combination, picking the objects 1,3, and 5 in the example can be done in the following ways:  {1,3,5}, {1,5,3}, {3,1,5}, {3,5,1}, {5,1,3} and {5,3,1}.

In general, the number of combinations of k objects from n objects, written as  or , is equal to , where "!" stands for the factorial notation. This number is also known as the binomial coefficient.

Related pages

 Pascal's Triangle
 Superpermutation

References

Combinatorics

Combination (mathematics)


Glenomaru is a small settlement in The Catlins, an area of the southern South Island of New Zealand. It is located 10 kilometres north of Owaka on the main road to Balclutha.  On 7 July 1891, a branch line railway from the Main South Line in Balclutha was opened to Glenomaru, and the village remained the terminus of the line until it was extended to Tahora on 16 December 1895.  This line ultimately terminated in Tahakopa and was known as the Catlins River Branch.  It closed on 27 February 1971 and a sawmill now exists on the site of Glenomaru station, though some of the railway's old formation can be seen in the surrounding area and the Hunts Road tunnel is in the vicinity and can be walked.

References

Populated places in Otago
The Catlins
Clutha District

Glenomaru


Emanuela Grigio (born 7 October 1964 Albignasego) is a former partially sighted Italian Paralympic athlete. She won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, in the 800 meters, and bronze medal in the 400 meters.

Life
Visually impaired from birth, due to a form of congenital nystagmus , he completed his studies at the L. Configliachi Institute of Padua. She started sports. After graduating as a switchboard operator and entering the world of work, she took part in the VII Summer Paralympic Games in New York and won a bronze and a silver medal in the 400 and 800 meters.

She later participated in the IBSA European Championships in Rome in 1985 and in 1988 she was again called up for the Seoul Games, where, always in the same specialties, she gained a fourth place (400 m)  and a sixth place ( 800 m).

He ended his international athletic career before 1992, devoting himself exclusively to torball (a sport not present in the Paralympics), which she practiced nationally and internationally.

She is Agnese Grigio's sister .

References

1964 births
Italian paralympic competitors
Paralympic silver medalists

Emanuela Grigio


Miles Parks McCollum (born August 23, 1997), known professionally as Lil Yachty, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He first gained recognition in August 2015 for his viral hit "One Night" from his debut EP Summer Songs. He then released his debut mixtape Lil Boat in March 2016, and signed a joint venture record deal with Motown, Capitol Records, and Quality Control Music in June of that year.

Yachty has released five studio albums, beginning with Teenage Emotions in 2017. His second and third studio albums, Lil Boat 2 and Nuthin' 2 Prove, were released in 2018, followed by Lil Boat 3, in 2020. Yachty's fifth album, Let's Start Here (2023) marked a departure from his previous style and experimented with psychedelic rock, released to generally positive reception. Four of his albums have charted within the top 20 of the Billboard 200, with Lil Boat 2 peaking at number 2. Lil Yachty is also notable for his features on the 2016 multi-platinum songs "Broccoli" by DRAM and "ISpy" by Kyle; as well as his cherry-red hairstyle, lighthearted tone, and optimistic image. Yachty was nominated for a Grammy Award for his work on "Broccoli".

Early life
Miles McCollum was born in Mableton, Georgia. He attended Alabama State University in fall 2015 but soon dropped out to pursue his musical career. He adopted the name "Yachty" and moved from his hometown of Atlanta to New York City to launch his career. In New York, he lived with a friend and networked with online street fashion personalities, while he built up his own Instagram following. He worked at McDonald's to supplement his income early in his career.

Career

2015–2017: "One Night", Lil Boat, and Teenage Emotions
Yachty first came to prominence in December 2015 when the SoundCloud version of his song "One Night" was used in a viral comedy video.

In February 2016, Yachty debuted as a model in Kanye West's Yeezy Season 3 fashion line at Madison Square Garden. Yachty's debut mixtape Lil Boat was released in March 2016.

In April 2016, Yachty collaborated with DRAM on the hit song "Broccoli", which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. He featured on Chance the Rapper's Coloring Book mixtape, released in May 2016. On June 10, 2016 he announced he had signed a joint venture record deal with Quality Control Music, Capitol Records, and Motown Records. Yachty released his second mixtape Summer Songs 2 in July 2016 with features from G Herbo,  Offset, and his former collective the "Sailing Team".

In June 2016, Lil Yachty appeared in XXL magazine as part of their 2016 Freshman Class. As part of this appearance, Yachty performed a 'freshman cypher' alongside Denzel Curry, Lil Uzi Vert, 21 Savage, and Kodak Black. As of March 2021, this cypher has received over 180 million YouTube views, by far the most for the XXL channel.

In December 2016, he was featured on the hip hop single "iSpy" by Kyle. He was featured in Tee Grizzley's single "From the D to the A", released in March 2017.

On May 26, 2017, Lil Yachty released his debut studio album, Teenage Emotions. It features guest appearances from Migos, Diplo, and YG, among others. Three promotional singles were released to coincide with the album. The first promotional single, "Harley", produced by K Swisha, was released on April 14, 2017. The second promotional single, "Bring It Back", produced by Free School, was released on May 4, 2017. The third promotional single, "X Men", produced by 30 Roc and Tillie and featuring a guest appearance from American rapper Evander Griiim, was released on May 18, 2017. He featured in a remix of "With My Team" by Creek Boyz, released December 15, 2017.

In 2017, Yachty appeared in several high-profile promotional campaigns. He starred alongside LeBron James in a Sprite commercial, where he is seen in an ice cave playing the piano. Lil Yachty was picked to be the face of the new Nautica and Urban Outfitters collection for the Spring 2017 season. Yachty also appeared in the "It Takes Two" video with Carly Rae Jepsen for Target.

2018–2022: Lil Boat 2, Nuthin' 2 Prove, and Lil Boat 3

In January 2018, it was reported that Lil Yachty and Takeoff were working on a collaborative project. This project has yet to be released as of 2023, especially following the death of Takeoff in November 2022. Yachty's second studio album, Lil Boat 2, was released on March 9, 2018. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Lil Boat 2 performed well commercially, debuting at number two on the US Billboard 200, with 64,000 album-equivalent units. The album featured 2 Chainz, Quavo, and Offset, Ugly God, among other guests. On October 19, 2018, Yachty released his third album, Nuthin' 2 Prove. The project received similarly mixed reception and debuted at No. 12 on the Billboard 200. Also in 2018, Yachty appeared on Bhad Bhabie's platinum single "Gucci Flip Flops" and Social House's gold single "Magic in the Hamptons", and worked with Donny Osmond to create a theme song for Chef Boyardee titled "Start the Par-dee". In December 2018, E-sports group FaZe Clan announced that Yachty had become their newest member. Yachty took on the name "FaZe Boat", in reference to his 'Lil Boat' nickname and mixtape.

After a relatively quiet 2019, Lil Yachty teamed up with fellow Atlanta artists Lil Keed, Lil Gotit, and veteran producer Zaytoven in February 2020 for a collaborative mixtape, A-Team. Yachty released the lead single for his next studio album, Lil Boat 3, on March 9, 2020. The song, titled "Oprah's Bank Account", features Drake and DaBaby. The release was accompanied by a 9-minute music video directed by Director X, in which Yachty dresses up as a parody of Oprah Winfrey. Lil Boat 3 was released on May 29, 2020 and debuted at number 14 on the US Billboard 200. A deluxe version of the album titled Lil Boat 3.5 was released on November 27. On October 19, 2020, Lil Yachty announced his intention to release a mixtape before the end of 2020. Michigan Boy Boat was released on April 23, 2021. The project draws heavily from the burgeoning Detroit rap scene, in contrast with Yachty's usual pop rap and Atlanta trap style.

Throughout 2020, Yachty was one of the many celebrities to gain a large following on social media app TikTok. Yachty performed the theme song for the 2020 revival of Saved by the Bell, which was a remixed version of the theme from the original television series. In early 2021, Yachty was reported to be producing and starring in a live-action movie based on the UNO card game, which is being developed by Mattel Films. Yachty is featured in the Pokémon 25th anniversary music album.

On October 11, 2022, Yachty released the non-album single "Poland", which had recently went viral online.

2023–present: Let's Start Here
In December 2022, Yachty's fifth studio album, then rumored to be called Sonic Ranch, was leaked online. The album was a departure from Yachty's signature trap sound, and was instead heavily influenced by psychedelic rock. On January 27, 2023, the album, entitled Let's Start Here, was released to positive reviews.

Musical style
Lil Yachty has called his style "bubblegum trap." His songs have sampled sounds from Mario Bros., Charlie Brown, the theme from Rugrats, the startup sound of a GameCube console, as well as J-pop singer Daoko. Other themes in his works include clouds, cotton candy, the Super Nintendo, and scenes from Pixar films. His friend TheGoodPerry is heavily involved in the production of his songs. Yachty's style has also been described as mumble rap.

Rolling Stone described his music as "catchy, intentionally dinky-sounding tunes packed with off-color boasts delivered in a proudly amateurish singsong." The Guardian called his music "fun, hook-first pop rap oblivious to songcraft and structure that doesn't take itself too seriously, with very little interest in legacy and even less in rap canon."

Personal life
In a 2016 interview for CNN, Yachty expressed support for Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election, and praised Sanders for his work during the civil rights movement.

On October 20, 2021, Yachty announced the birth of his first child, a girl. The identity of the child's mother was not disclosed.

On December 20, 2018, Yachty signed with FaZe Clan. Yachty participated in competitive Fortnite tournaments.

2022 SafeMoon lawsuit

On February 18, 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against the cryptocurrency company SafeMoon that alleged the company is a pump and dump scheme, McCollum was named as a defendant along with professional boxer Jake Paul, musician Nick Carter, rapper Soulja Boy, and social media personality Ben Phillips for promoting the SafeMoon token on their social media accounts with misleading information. On the same day, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media.

2023 SEC lawsuit
In March 2023, Yachty was among eight celebrities charged by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, with violating investor protection laws by promoting cryptocurrencies without disclosing that he was a paid sponsor. The lawsuit was connected with crypto asset entrepreneur Justin Sun's Tronix (TRX) and BitTorrent (BBT) companies. He settled the charges for over $400,000 without admitting or denying the claims.

Filmography

Discography

Studio albums
 Teenage Emotions (2017)
 Lil Boat 2 (2018)
 Nuthin' 2 Prove (2018)
 Lil Boat 3 (2020)
 Let's Start Here (2023)

Awards and nominations

Billboard Music Awards

|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017
| rowspan="3"| "Broccoli" (with DRAM)
| Top Rap Collaboration
|
|-
| Top Rap Song
|
|-
| Top Streaming Song (Audio)
|
|-

MTV Video Music Awards

|-
| rowspan="3"|
| rowspan="2"| "Broccoli" (with DRAM)
| Best Hip Hop Video
|
|-
| Best Collaboration
|
|-
| "iSpy" (with Kyle)
| Best Visual Effects
|
|-

Other awards

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
21st-century African-American male singers
African-American male models
African-American male rappers
African-American male singer-songwriters
African-American record producers
Alabama State University alumni
American hip hop record producers
American hip hop singers
Capitol Records artists
FaZe Clan
Male models from Georgia (U.S. state)
Mumble rappers
People from Mableton, Georgia
Pop rappers
Quality Control artists
Rappers from Atlanta
Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Southern hip hop musicians
Trap musicians
Twitch (service) streamers

Lil Yachty


Farhan Nizami CBE, is a historian of South Asia.

Early life and education
Nizami is the youngest of five children of the late K. A. Nizami and late Razia Nizami.

Nizami completed his B.A. (Hons.) and M.A. in history at Aligarh Muslim University with a first class. He was awarded the University Medal, and the Khursheed Nurul Hasan Gold Medal in 1977. He was a National Scholar at the Centre for Advanced Study in History (1977–79) and the recipient of the University Medal in 1979. He completed his D.Phil. in modern history at Wadham College on an Oxford Overseas Scholarship in 1983. During 1982–83 he was elected to the Frere Exhibition.

Career

Academic
He is the founder-director of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies and Prince of Wales Fellow in the study of the Islamic World, Magdalen College, Oxford. From 1983 he has been a Fellow of St Cross College, where he has also been Rothman's Fellow in Muslim History, subsequently fellow in Islamic studies, and is currently emeritus fellow there.  He is a member of the faculties of History and Oriental studies at the University of Oxford.

He is founder-editor of the Journal of Islamic Studies (OUP, 1990-). He is the series editor of Makers of Islamic Civilization (OUP, 2004-). He specializes in Muslim social and intellectual history.

Administrative
He is chairman of the academic council of Wilton Park, U.K, member, academic committee, Cumberland Lodge, U.K, member, steering committee C-100, World Economic Forum, Davos (2004–2007), member, international advisory panel, World Islamic Economic Forum, Malaysia (2004–08), member, Council of the Al-Falah Programme, University of California, Berkeley (2000–2005), member, advisory board, Duke University's Islamic Studies Centre, member of the court of Oxford Brookes University, member, Christian Muslim Forum (2005–09), patron, Oxford Amnesty Lectures, director, Oxford Inspires, (2002–2003),  member, advisory board, Dialogues Project, World Policy institute, New School University, NY (2003–), governor, Magdalen College School, Oxford (2005–).

Awards
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to Islamic studies, 2006.
Class IV Order of the Crown (Brunei).

External links
 Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies web page
 Dr Farhan Nizami Faculty of History web page

Academics of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English Muslims
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
Historians of South Asia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Farhan Nizami


This list of tallest buildings in Louisville ranks skyscrapers in the United States city of Louisville, Kentucky by height. The tallest building in the city is 400 West Market, which rises 167 meters/550 feet. It was completed in 1993.

Tallest buildings

This list ranks Louisville skyscrapers that stand at least 37 meters tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height.

Tallest under construction, approved and proposed

This lists buildings that are under construction, approved for construction or were proposed for construction in Louisville and are planned to rise at least , but are not yet completed structures. Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are also included.

Timeline of tallest buildings

See also
Tallest buildings in downtown Louisville
List of tallest buildings in Kentucky

References

 Emporis - Tallest buildings in Louisville

Louisville
Tallest in Louisville
Tallest buildings

List of tallest buildings in Louisville


Pradofloxacin, sold under the brand name Veraflox, is a third-generation enhanced spectrum veterinary antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class. It was developed by Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health GmbH, and received approval from the European Commission in April 2011 for prescription-only use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs and cats.

History
Pradofloxacin was first discovered by chemists at Bayer in 1994 and patented in 1998. The name pradofloxacin was issued in December 2000 by the World Health Organization. Following submission for marketing authorisation to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2004, the application was refused in 2006, prompting further studies.

Having reviewed the additional studies, the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) recommended granting marketing authorisation of pradofloxacin by consensus in February 2011. Marketing authorisation of pradofloxacin was granted by the European Commission in April 2011.

Mechanism of action
The primary mode of action of fluoroquinolones involves interaction with enzymes essential for major DNA functions such as replication, transcription and recombination. The primary targets for pradofloxacin are the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. Reversible association between pradofloxacin and DNA gyrase or DNA topoisomerase IV in the target bacteria results in inhibition of these enzymes and rapid death of the bacterial cell. The rapidity and extent of bacterial killing are directly proportional to the drug concentration.

As a result, pradofloxacin is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobic bacteria.

Indications
As with all prescription veterinary medicine, advice on the use of pradofloxacin should always be sought from a suitably qualified veterinarian.

Dogs
In Europe Pradofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of:

wound infections and superficial and deep pyoderma caused by susceptible strains of the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius),
acute urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius) and
as adjunctive treatment to mechanical or surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of severe infections of the gingiva and periodontal tissues caused by susceptible strains of anaerobic organisms, for example Porphyromonas spp. and Prevotella spp.

Cats
Pradofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of:

acute infections of the upper respiratory tract caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius).
wound infections and abscesses caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida and the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius) [for oral suspension only].

See also
Quinolone

References

External links
 Summary of Product Characteristics

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Fluoroarenes
Nitriles
Pyrrolopyridines
Cyclopropanes
Carboxylic acids

Pradofloxacin


The term "Aladura" means "praying person" in Yoruba. Aladura is a classification of indigenous churches that started in Yoruba land in the early 20th century. These churches believe in the efficacy of prayers and practical guidance by the Living God through his Holy Spirit in all its programs.

The first known Aladura church started with Abbieassalem Samuel Somoye (Baba Dada) in 1918 at Abule Dada in Ogun State Nigeria.

The main Aladura churches can be distinguished by the distinct apostolic way, the church founders were called directly by Christ himself. Jesus Christ emphasized: my house shall be called the house of prayer.

Aladura churches emphasize the power of prayer, prayerful songs and the word of God (both the Bible and revealed by the living voice of God).

They believe in holiness. The yoruba term for this: is "ijo-mimo". Aladura churches are Evangelicals and various elements associated with Pentecostalism can be found in Aladura churches.

Most of the pioneer founders in the early 20th century were initially Anglicans and Methodists. They rejected the power of traditional African religion as malign. They also opposed many dominant practices then such as: both polygamy and witchcraft and focus instead on the "holiness movement".

Today, many churches in Nigeria can be called "Aladura", since they have been influenced by this movement.

Divisions

The main Aladura churches with their founders are:

Pre-1960 Aladura
Some of the pre-1960s Aladura churches are also called "White Garment" churches.

Samuel A. A. Somoye

 Church of the Lord (Aladura) 1918 at Abule Dada, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Moses Orimolade,

 Cherubim and Seraphim C&S

David O. Odunbanjo, Joseph Sadare, Oba Babalola Akinyele, Sophia Odunlami, and many others

 The Apostolic Church of Nigeria TAC (initially, Faith Terbanacle Church of Nigeria)

Joseph A. Babalola,

Christ Apostolic Church CAC

SBJ Oschoffa,

 Celestial Church of Christ CCC

Post-1960 Aladura
J.O. Akindayomi,
Redeemed Christian Church of God RCCG
W.F. Kumuyi
Deeper Life Bible Church DLBC

Post-2000 Aladura
Michael C. Egbo
 Kings Apostolic Christ Evangelical Mission KACEM

Pre-1960 Aladura

Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim

Moses Orimolade Tunolase, who was later called Baba Aladura, or Praying Father, founded the Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim in 1925, also as a prayer group within the Anglican Church. Captain Christiana Abiodun's adopted daughter fell into a trance and Moses Orimolade Tunolase, who was already an itinerant evangelist and teacher, was the only one who could awaken her. By 1925 they had left the Anglican church to become independent. Their most distinctive ministry was to openly identify and challenge witches on evangelistic journeys through the countryside. These long trips were typical of Cherubim and Seraphim (as they are most commonly called) evangelists and missionaries. Today the church is one of the most popular, most attractive and most influential of the Aladura churches worldwide.

The Apostolic Church and Christ Apostolic Church

The first Aladura movement emerged from St. Saviour's Anglican Church, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria in 1918. The Sexton, Ali, related a dream to four church elders, J.B. Sadare, E.O. Onabanjo, D.C. Oduga and E.O.W. Olukoya. They started vigorous prayer sessions. They initiated the "Prayer Band", popularly called "Egbe Aladura". After D.O. Odubanjo joined the movement in 1919, they became influenced by the doctrines of the Faith Tabernacle of Philadelphia. They rejected infant baptism and all forms of medicine, whether western or traditional. This led to a doctrinal conflict with the Anglican Church and they were forced out of the church. Joseph Sadare was compelled to give up his post in the Synod and others were forced to resign their jobs and to withdraw their children from the Anglican School. The Aladura movement began as a renewal movement in search of true spirituality.

A revival took place in 1918 during the influenza pandemic. The group filled with the Holy Ghost claim to have used prayer to save many lives affected by the epidemic. This consolidated the prayer group. The movement grew gradually and formed branches throughout Nigeria. The name of the group went through several changes, such as Prayer Band, Precious Stone, Diamond Society, and Faith Tabernacle, in that order, until 1930. A great revival started in July 1930 by the raising of a dead body by Apostle Joseph Ayo Babalola at Oke-Oye in Ilesa. People traveled from neighboring cities and countries to receive healing at Ilesa. Several people were healed through the power of prayer amid evidence of the baptism of the Holy Spirit. The revival lasted about 60 days and is regarded as the greatest revival ever in Nigeria. Faith Tabernacle of Nigeria later invited the Apostolic Church of England in 1931 to form an Association that lasted until 1939.

The Revival group went through additional name changes until, 24 years after its formation, it settled on the name Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) in 1942. Today, CAC has spread worldwide and is the precursor of Aladura Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria. The Church established schools at all levels, including Joseph Ayo Babalola University.

Celestial Church of Christ

The Celestial Church of Christ (usually known as Cele) was founded in 1947 by Samuel Oshoffa in Porto Novo, Benin.

See also

Celestial Church of Christ
Church of the Lord (Aladura)
Christ Apostolic Church
African Initiated Church

References

African initiated churches
Christianity in Nigeria
Pentecostalism in Africa
Religious organizations established in the 1920s
Christian new religious movements
1918 establishments in Nigeria

Aladura


Benjamin Castleman (May 17, 1906, Everett, Massachusetts – June 29, 1982, Boston, Massachusetts) was an American physician and pathologist best known for describing Castleman's disease (angiofollicular lymphoid hyperplasia), which is named after him. He was also one of the authors of the first case series on pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a 1958 article in the New England Journal of Medicine. ("Rosen–Castleman–Liebow syndrome" is a rarely used term for that condition.)  Castleman undertook clinicopathologic investigations of parathyroid disease and wrote several important papers on diseases of the thymus and mediastinum. He wrote, or collaborated in writing, over 100 scholarly papers on a variety of disorders.

Castleman grew up in a Jewish religious household and was educated at Harvard University (B.A., 1927) and Yale University (M.D., 1931).  He worked for many years at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, serving as chief of the division of anatomic pathology there, and he held the rank of Professor of Pathology in the Harvard Medical School. Castleman was an editor of the clinicopathological case presentation series in the New England Journal of Medicine.

The Benjamin Castleman Award has been given annually since 1982 to the first author of an English-language research article that is considered the most worthy in the field of human pathology. It is administered by the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology.

Castleman died of lymphoma in June 1982 and is buried in Boston, MA.

See also
 Pathology
 List of pathologists

Footnotes

American pathologists
1906 births
1982 deaths
People from Everett, Massachusetts
Physicians of Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard University alumni
Yale School of Medicine alumni

Benjamin Castleman


Unitary authorities are a type of local authority responsible for all local government services in an area. They combine the functions of a non-metropolitan county council and a non-metropolitan district council, which elsewhere in England provide two tiers of local government.

Unitary authorities are constituted under the Local Government Act 1992, which amended the Local Government Act 1972 to allow the existence of non-metropolitan counties that do not have multiple districts. Most were established during the 1990s, with more created in 2009 and 2019–23. The size of the areas governed by unitary authorities varies greatly; the authorities created in the 1990s were generally created from single districts and covered a single large town or city, while those created since 2009 often cover entire non-metropolitan counties.

History

Background
The term "unitary authority" was first used in the Redcliffe-Maud Report in 1969 in its current sense of a local government authority which combines the functions of a county council and a district council. Strictly speaking, the term does not necessarily mean a single level of local government within an area, because in some cases there are also parish councils in the same area.

Although the term was not applied to them, county boroughs between 1889 and 1974 were effectively unitary authority areas, that is, single-tier administrative units.  Before 1889, local government authorities had different powers and functions, but from medieval times some cities and towns had a high degree of autonomy as counties corporate. Some smaller settlements also enjoyed some degree of autonomy from regular administration as boroughs or liberties.

The Local Government Act 1972 created areas for local government where large towns and their rural hinterlands were administered together. The concept of unitary units was abandoned with a two-tier arrangement of county and district councils in all areas of England, except the Isles of Scilly where the small size and distance from the mainland made it impractical. In 1986 a broadly unitary system of local government was introduced in the six metropolitan counties and Greater London, where the upper-tier authorities were abolished and their functions were split between central government, the borough councils and joint boards.

1990s reform

A review in the 1990s was initiated to select non-metropolitan areas where new unitary authorities could be created. The resulting structural changes were implemented between 1995 and 1998. Bristol, Herefordshire, the Isle of Wight and Rutland were established as counties of a single district; the district councils of Berkshire became unitary; the counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were broken up to create several unitary authorities; and a number of districts were split off from their associated counties. The changes caused the ceremonial counties to be defined separately, as they had been before 1974. The review caused 46 unitary authorities to be created.

2009 changes

A further review was initiated in 2007 and was enacted in 2009. The review established Cornwall and Northumberland as counties of a single district; established unitary authorities in County Durham, Shropshire and Wiltshire covering the part of the county that was not already split off in the 1990s review; and divided the remainder of Bedfordshire and Cheshire into two unitary authority areas. The review caused nine unitary authorities to be created.

Further reform

In 2016, Oxfordshire County Council put forward a 'One Oxfordshire' proposal which would see Oxford City Council and the four other district councils in Oxfordshire abolished and replaced with a single unitary county council for Oxfordshire. In 2017, Oxford City Council voiced their opposition to the proposal. A decision on whether the proposal will go ahead was to have been announced in March 2017.

In 2017, it was proposed that two unitary authority areas be formed to cover the ceremonial county of Dorset. One of the authorities would consist of the existing unitary authorities of Bournemouth, Poole and the non-metropolitan district of Christchurch, the other would be composed of the remainder of the county. In November 2017, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Sajid Javid stated that he was "minded to approve the proposals" and a final decision to implement the two unitary authority model was confirmed in February 2018. Statutory instruments for the creation of two unitary authorities, to be named Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council and Dorset Council, have been made and shadow authorities for the new council areas were formed ahead of their creation on 1 April 2019.

Buckinghamshire County Council and the non-metropolitan districts of Aylesbury Vale, Chiltern, South Bucks, and Wycombe in Buckinghamshire were replaced by a single unitary authority known as Buckinghamshire Council on 1 April 2020. The existing unitary authority of Milton Keynes was not affected; from 1 April 2020, therefore, the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire has been composed of two unitary authority areas.

In March 2018, an independent report commissioned by the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, proposed structural changes to local government in Northamptonshire. These changes would see the existing county council and district councils abolished and two new unitary authorities created in their place. One authority, West Northamptonshire, would consist of the existing districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire and the other authority, North Northamptonshire would consist of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts. This was confirmed in May 2019, with the new councils being created in April 2021.

In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the non-metropolitan counties of Cumbria, North Yorkshire and Somerset would be reorganised into unitary authority areas. The new authorities, Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness, North Yorkshire Council and Somerset Council were first elected in May 2022 and formally assumed their powers on 1 April 2023.

Restructuring
The process of changing from a two-tier local government to a structure based on unitary authorities is called 'restructuring'. The Secretary of State responsible for local government invites proposals from local areas to restructure into unitary authorities, and the Secretary decides whether or not the change should be implemented. The restructuring is carried out by an Order. There are no examples in the UK of councils restructuring back into a two-tier system.

Functions
Unitary authorities combine the powers and functions that are normally delivered separately by the councils of non-metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts. These functions are housing, waste management, waste collection, council tax collection, education, libraries, social services, transport, planning, consumer protection, licensing, cemeteries and crematoria. The breakdown of these services is as follows:

Criticism
Unitary government has been criticised for damaging local democracy. Opponents to unitary authority criticise the 'bigger is better' assumption and highlight that larger councils breed mistrust of councillors and reduction in public engagement and voter turnout. Outside the UK, multi-level local government is the prevailing system, with major towns normally having a local authority. The average size of a local authority in England is 170,000, three times that of Europe.

Electoral arrangements
Most unitary authority areas are divided into a number of multiple member wards from which councillors are elected in the same way as in two-tier district council elections. The exceptions, which are divided into electoral divisions as in county council elections, are Cornwall, County Durham, the Isle of Wight, Northumberland, Shropshire and Wiltshire.

Current list
Districts are usually named after a town, city, geographical area or county (historic and or ceremonial). With no effect on powers or functions, districts can have the status of royal borough, borough or city. A district having a charter is dependent on the charter's wording: as a charter trustee to a place in the district; having joint charter to the place and district or to the district itself.

Notes

Former unitary authorities

Similar authorities
The Council of the Isles of Scilly is a sui generis single-tier authority, created in 1890 and since 1930 has held the "powers, duties and liabilities" of a county council. It thus is not a unitary authority as those are such authorities created under the Local Government Act 1992. The 36 metropolitan borough councils are also the sole elected local government units in their areas (except for parish councils in a few locations), but share strategic functions with joint boards and arrangements. On the other hand, the City of London Corporation and the 32 London borough councils, although they have a high degree of autonomy, share strategic functions with the directly elected Mayor of London and London Assembly.

Combined authorities
Unitary authorities should not be confused with another formation in English local government, the combined authority.

See also
 Local government in England
 History of local government in England
 List of unitary authorities of England by population
 List of county councils in England
 Political make-up of unitary authorities in England

References

Local government in England
England geography-related lists

Unitary authorities of England


The 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division of the Infantry Corps of the Egyptian Army is a heavy infantry formation created after the Second World War.

History
After the defeat of the Egyptian forces in Palestine in 1948, a modernization programme in the army was started. In 1949 the 2nd Infantry Division was formed and it compromised 3 Infantry Regiments and 1 Reconnaissance Regiment. However the division never participated in the Suez Crisis. The division's first engagement was in the North Yemen Civil War along the other Egyptian units there. Ahmed Ismail Ali commanded the division from 1957/58 (exact date unclear) to 1960.

Six Day War, 1967
Saad el-Shazly commanded the division in 1965–66. By June 1967, the division comprised the 10th Infantry Brigade, the 12th Infantry Brigade and the 51st Artillery Brigade. It defended the central sector of the Sinai Front at Abu-Ageila and Kusseima during the Six-Day War. It occupied a heavily fortified strongpoint at Um-Katef/Abu Ageila, a thicket of artillery pieces, anti-tank guns, entrenched, surrounded by barbed wire and minefields, backed by a force of some 90 tanks secreted in concrete bunkers available for a counterattack. But the division commander, by that time Major General Sa'di Naguib, was absent. Kandil describes how he had been appointed by Field Marshal Amer, and was "reluctant to leave [Amer's] side". And Naguib had not delegated to the command on the spot any ability to act on his own initiative.

Ariel Sharon was the overall Israeli commander who was to direct the assaults on the Egyptians in the area, supervising the 38th Division. After nightfall on 5 June, Israeli artillery began a barrage. Israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost Egyptian defenses and were largely successful, though an entire armoured brigade was stalled by mines, and had only one mine-clearance tank. Israeli infantrymen assaulted the triple line of trenches in the east. To the west, paratroopers commanded by Colonel Danny Matt landed behind Egyptian lines, though half the helicopters got lost and never found the battlefield, while others were unable to land due to mortar fire. Those that successfully landed on target destroyed Egyptian artillery and ammunition dumps and separated gun crews from their batteries, sowing enough confusion to significantly reduce Egyptian artillery fire. Egyptian reinforcements from Jabal Libni advanced towards Um-Katef to counterattack, but failed to reach their objective, being subjected to heavy air attacks and encountering Israeli lodgements on the roads. Egyptian commanders then called in artillery attacks on their own positions. The Israelis accomplished and sometimes exceeded their overall plan, and had largely succeeded by the following day. The Egyptians took heavy casualties, while the Israelis lost 40 dead and 140 wounded.

Yoffe's attack allowed Sharon to complete the capture of Um-Katef, after fierce fighting. The main thrust at Um-Katef was stalled due to mines and craters. After IDF engineers had cleared a path by 4:00 pm, Israeli and Egyptian tanks engaged in fierce combat, often at ranges as close as ten yards. The battle ended in an Israeli victory, with 40 Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed. Meanwhile, Israeli infantry finished clearing out the Egyptian trenches, with Israeli casualties standing at 14 dead and 41 wounded and Egyptian casualties at 300 dead and 100 taken prisoner.
Thus the division was defeated in the Second Battle of Abu-Ageila (1967).

Yom Kippur War, 1973
The 2nd Infantry Division fought again during the Yom Kippur War as part of the Egyptian Second Army. It was one of the Egyptian divisions that took part in Operation Badr, the successful crossing of the Suez Canal that began the war. It crossed in the Ismailia area.

After the crossing, the five division-size bridgeheads consolidated themselves on Monday, October 8 into two army-size bridgeheads: the Second Army with its three divisions occupied El-Qantarah in the north to Deversoir in the south, while the Third Army with two divisions to the south. These two bridgeheads incorporated a total of 90,000 men and 980 tanks, dug in and entrenched. In common with the other four divisions, the 2nd Infantry Division arrayed, two infantry brigades in its forward echelon, and one mechanized infantry brigade in the second echelon, in accordance with the Operation Badr plan. In reserve was an armored brigade. The Egyptians had established anti-tank defences along their lines employing 9M14 Malyutka "Sagger" anti-tank guided missiles, RPGs, and B-10 and B-11 anti tank recoilless rifles.

At dawn a friendly fire incident occurred as the 2nd and 16th Divisions in Second Army were closing the gap between their bridgeheads. While cresting a ridge, two tank platoons from either division confronted each other at . The tank crews were so agitated that they opened fire immediately. Each platoon lost two of its three tanks to direct hits within minutes, and several men were killed.

Battle of Firdan

On October 8, General Avraham Adan's Armored Division was going to counterattack the 2nd and 16th Infantry Divisions of the second army and take over their lost positions on the east bank. Brigadier General Hassan Abu Sa'ada, commander of the 2nd Infantry Division prepared his division to halt the attack and defeat the Israelis.

After the arrival of the Israeli division, it was obliterated (losing around 300 tanks at this battle and the later Israeli armored attacks according to Abu Saada's claim and documented pictures  of their tanks) (Yaguri's Brigade and around 40 tanks of the two other Brigades) and Colonel Assaf Yaguri was captured.

Jamal Hammad, the military historian wrote that (the decision of the commander of the second division was considered a new method to destroy the enemy, which is to attract his armored forces to a killing zone inside the head of the division bridge and allow it to penetrate the forward defense position and advance until a distance of 3 km from the channel .. The decision of the commander of the second infantry division - and on his personal responsibility - but the surprise in it was amazing, which helped in success ... and as soon as the tanks of the brigade entered the killing field, they were fired upon from all weapons under the orders of the commander of the second division, the infantry leader Hassan Abu Saada .. which turned the killing land into a kind of Hell .. and within minutes most of it was destroyed M of enemy tanks, and 8 intact tanks were seized, as was Colonel Assaf Yaguri, commander of the 1st Battalion Brigade of the 190th armored Netka Brigade.

On the battle of Al-Firdan (Verdun Bridge), Major General Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy, head of the Military Operations Authority, said that Israeli tanks rushed to penetrate Abu Sa`da sites towards Al-Fardan Bridge. In order to reach the channel line, and the more Israeli tanks advanced, the more Adan - the commander of the division that belongs to the 190th Armored Brigade "Netka" - had hope of success ... The attacking force was surprised that it found itself inside a killing zone and the Egyptian fire opened against it from three sides at the same time in implementation of the Hassan plan Abu Saada .. And the greatest surprise was that the enemy tanks were being destroyed at a rapid rate by Egyptian tank fire, anti-tank weapons and artillery .. The Israeli tanks were advancing very strongly consisting of 35 tanks supported by Colonel Assaf Yaguri, one of the units that were leading the attack, and he was struck by terror. When he was wounded and thirty tanks were destroyed during a battle that lasted half an hour on the killing ground. Assaf Yaguri had no choice but to jump from the command tank and his crew to hide in one of the pits for several minutes, after which they were captured by the men of the second squad. This destroyed tank remained on the battlefield as a recording for everyone to watch after the war.

He felt relieved when he reported to us at the operations center about the success of the battle of the second division led by Hassan Abu Saada .. I called him on the phone to congratulate him on the completion of his division and we exchanged a short talk praising the planning and praising the implementation .... I was happy with what I heard from him about morale Of the division forces and their insistence on defeating the enemy

And about him, the late President Anwar Sadat says (that the one who performed this work was a leader of the new buds named Hassan Abu Saada) - from his book Searching for Self.

Current Structure
4th Mechanized Brigade
120th Mechanized Brigade
56th Armored Brigade
51st Medium Range Artillery Brigade
Air Defence Regiment
ATGM Regiment

Support Units:
Signal Battalion
Reconnaissance Battalion
Military Police Battalion
Engineers Battalion
Chemical warfare Battalion
Supply Battalion
Transport Battalion

References

 Key to the Sinai, The Battles for Abu-Ageila in the 1956 and 1967 Arab–Israeli Wars: Combat Studies Institute, Research Survey no.7 by G.W. Gawrych.

External links
 Key to the Sinai, The Battles for Abu-Ageila in the 1956 and 1967 Arab–Israeli Wars
  Chapter 3: Toward the 1967 War Maps of the battlefield, dispositions and listing of Egyptian units.
 Notes

Six-Day War
Military units and formations of Egypt
Military units and formations established in the 1940s
Army units and formations of Egypt
1940s establishments in Egypt

2nd Infantry Division (Egypt)


A mid-deck oil tanker is a tanker design which includes an additional deck intended to limit spills if the tanker is damaged. The extra deck is placed at about the middle of the draft of the ship. This design is an alternative to the double-hull tanker design, and is superior in terms of spill volume.

Although double-hull design is superior in low energy casualties and prevents spillage in small casualties, in high energy casualties where both hulls are breached, oil can spill through the double-hull and into the sea. In grounding events of this type, a mid-deck design overcomes this by eliminating the double-bottom compartments that are void with air. Since the density of seawater is greater than that of oil, water comes into the tanks instead of oil escaping out, and rather than spilling, oil is vented upwards into overflow tanks.

A variation on the mid-deck tanker is the Coulombi Egg Tanker, which was approved by IMO as an alternative to the double hull concept. The United States Coast Guard does not allow this design to enter US waters, effectively preventing it from being built, although it is superior to the double hull in high energy casualties.

References
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Ship types
Ship design

Mid-deck tanker


Eriogonum gypsophilum is a rare species of wild buckwheat known by the common names Seven River Hills buckwheat and gypsum wild buckwheat. It is endemic to the state of New Mexico in the United States, where it is known from only three sites in Eddy County. It is limited to a specific type of soil which is high in gypsum. The plant has been federally listed as a threatened species of the United States since 1981.

Habitat and range
This rare plant can be found at three locations in Eddy County, New Mexico: the Seven River Hills, the Black River, and the Ben Slaughter Draw, a small, sloping valley. The plant only grows on gypsum substrates, including outcrops of gypsum rock and areas with gypsum soils. There are few other plants in this barren, rocky habitat, except for other gypsophiles. Plants that grow with the buckwheat on this nearly pure gypsum substrate include Tiquilia hispidissima, Mentzelia humilis, and Anulocaulis leiosolenus. This area is within the Chihuahuan Desert and surrounding habitat includes creosote scrub.

Description
This plant is a perennial herb which usually reproduces vegetatively, by producing new stems from its rhizome, in effect cloning itself. Sometimes it reproduces sexually by making seed, however, the habitat and climate where it grows is often unsuitable for germination. Because many plants are clones rather than separate genetic individuals it is difficult to estimate the true number of plants existing. One estimate suggests there are 11,000 to 18,000 plants in each of the three populations. It is possible that more populations exist in unsurveyed gypsum rock habitat across the Eddy County border, in the state of Texas, but much of this habitat is on private land and is not open for exploration.

This wild buckwheat species produces erect stems up to 20 centimeters tall and bearing inflorescences of many tiny bright yellow flowers in headlike clusters or cymes. The base of the plant is surrounded by a mat of green leaves growing on the branching caudex.

Conservation
The plant is found on an area of land measuring under  total. Much of the plant's habitat, including half of the Black River and Ben Slaughter Draw tracts and most all of the Seven River Hills, is protected within the bounds of Bureau of Land Management oversight. In addition, the BLM will manage this land through the year 2028, even if the plant loses federal protection. The main threat to the species is habitat destruction during gypsum mining and oil and gas exploration, but this is prevented in BLM territory. There was only one population of the plant known in 1981 when it was federally listed; the other two have been discovered since, increasing the known abundance. In 2007, this factor, plus the lack of threats to the species as long as BLM protection is in place, led the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to suggest the species be delisted, or removed from the endangered species list.

References

External links
Photo gallery

gypsophilum
Plants described in 1913
Flora of New Mexico
Eddy County, New Mexico

Eriogonum gypsophilum


Pemalang Regency is a regency () on the north coast of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the town of Pemalang. The regency is bordered by the Java Sea in the north, in the east by Pekalongan Regency, by Purbalingga Regency in the south, and by Tegal Regency in the west. It covers an area of 1,115.30 km2, and it had a population of 1,261,353 at the 2010 Census and 1,471,489 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 1,500,754 (comprising 760,798 males and 739,956 females).

History

Pre Mataram

Archaeological evidence demonstrates settlement in Pemalang during prehistoric times. The findings of the punden and baths in the north-west of the District Moga. Ganesha statue, phallus, graves and tombstones in the village Keropak. Besides archaeological evidence that suggests the existence of an Islamic cultural elements can also be connected such as the grave of Sheikh Maulana Maghribi in Comal Kawedanan. There is also the grave of Rohidin, Sayyid uncle of Sunan Ampel Ngali who had a mission to convert the local population.

Pemalang's existence in the 16th century can be attributed to van Goens Rijkloff records and data in the book of W. Fruin Mees stated that in 1575 Pemalang is one of 14 independent regions in Java, led by a prince or a king. In a later development, and Panembahan Seda Senopati Panembahan Krapyak of Mataram conquered these areas, including Pemalang. Since then, Pemalang has become vassals of the Mataram area ruled by princes or vassal kings.

Pemalang and Kendal in the period before the 17th century was an area that was more important than Tegal, Pekalongan and Semarang, because of the highway linking the northern coast to the hinterland of Central Java (Mataram) that crosses Pemalang and Wiradesa, regarded as the oldest road connecting the two regions.

As the population of rural settlements that have regularly appeared in the early centuries AD to the period of the 14th and 15th centuries, and then growing rapidly in the 16th century, which increased during the development of Islam in Java under a kingdom of Demak, Cirebon and then Mataram.

At that time Pemalang have successfully established traditional governance in the years around 1575. Figure origins of Pajang named Prince Benawa. The Prince is King Jipang origin who succeeded his father who had died, Sultan Adiwijaya.

The position of the king was preceded by a bitter feud between him and Aria Pangiri.

Prince Benawa only ruled for one year. He died – -local belief states that Prince Benawa died in Pemalang, and was buried in the village Penggarit (now the Heroes Cemetery Penggarit).

Duchy subordinate to Mataram

Pemalang into administrative territorial unit steady since R. Mangoneng, Pangonen or Mangunoneng became ruler Pemalang region centered on Hamlet Oneng, Bojongbata village in about 1622. During this period Pemalang is apanage of Prince Purbaya of Mataram. According to some sources Mangoneng R is a figure that local leaders supporting the policy of Sultan Agung. A character who is very anti- VOC. Thus Mangoneng can be seen as a leader, soldier, warrior and hero of the nation in the fight against the Dutch colonization in the 17th century is the struggle against the Dutch under the banner of Sultan Agung of Mataram.

In about 1652, Sunan Ingabehi Subajaya Amangkurat II lifted into the Regent Pemalang after Amangkurat II established rule in Mataram throne after uprising Trunajaya extinguished with the help of the VOC in 1678.

Diponegoro War

According to the Dutch in 1820 Pemalang then ruled by a regent named Mas Tumenggung Suralaya. At this time Pemalang has been closely associated with the character Kanjeng Swargi or Kanjeng Pontang. A regent involved in the war Diponegoro. Swargi Kanjeng is also known as Gusti Sepuh, and during the war he managed to flee to the Netherlands Sigeseng or Kendaldoyong. Tomb of Gusti Sepuh can be identified as the tomb of Kanjeng Swargi or Reksodiningrat. In times of year reign between 1823 and 1825 i.e. during Reksadiningrat Regents. Note Netherlands said that the persistent assist the Dutch in the Diponegoro war in the North Coast area of Java just – regent regent Tegal, Kendal and rods without mentioning Regent Pemalang.

Meanwhile, in another part of the book P.J.F. Louw, entitled De Java Oorlog van 1825 -1830 reported that Van den Resident Poet organize some good lineup of Tegal, Pemalang and Bradford to defend themselves from Diponegoro in September 1825 until the end of January 1826. Involvement in helping the Dutch Pemalang this can be attributed with the Dutch statement stating Duke Reksodiningrat only officially recorded as regent until 1825 Pemalang. deployment and probable events that occur after the Pemalang Reksodiningrat Duke joins forces which resulted in the Dutch Diponegoro stop Regent Reksodiningrat.

In 1832 the Regent Pemalang Mbahurekso is Raden Tumenggung Sumo Negoro. At that time due to the success of abundant prosperity of agriculture in the area of Pemalang. As is known Pemalang is the producer of rice, coffee, tobacco and peanuts. In a report published at the beginning of the 20th century, stated that Pemalang a Karisidenan department and the District of Pekalongan. Pemalang section divided into two Pemalang and Randudongkal. And all district is divided into 5 districts. So thus Pemalang a district name, district and Onder Karisidenan District of Pekalongan, Central Java Province.

First of all district center located in the village of Oneng. Although there are no remnants of this district, but still found another clue. Instructions in the form of a hamlet named Oneng which can still be found today in the village of Bojongbata. While all district centers are both confirmed to be in Ketandan. The remains of the building can still be seen today is around Ketandan Clinic (Department of Health). The third district is the center of the current district (all district near Town Square Pemalang). The district is now also the rest of the buildings built by the Dutch colonial. Which subsequently went through several rehab and renovation of buildings up to forms joglo as typical building in Central Java.

Dutch colonial period and beyond

Thus all district has been established as an administrative entity after the Dutch colonial administration. In biokratif all district administration also continue to be addressed. From the colonial bureaucratic forms that smells feudalistic bureaucracy towards more in line with developments in the present.

Independence

New order

1966–1967

In 1966, after the 30 September Movement ended and the 11 March Order was passed, based on the Decree (SK) of the Governor of the Central Java Region Number 204 of 1965 dated 24 August 1965, all sub-districts in all districts and municipalities in Central Java as many as 347 units, including Pemalang Regency as many as 9 sub-districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), as an amalgamation of the existing royal districts. So at that time in Pemalang Regency 9 (nine) districts had been formed, as a combination of the 18 existing sultanate districts. In 1966 the Pemalang Level II Region with a population of 1,248,851 people (in 1965) and an area of 198,962 hectares or 1,992.15 km2 still covered 3 kawedanaan, 9 sub-districts, and 124 new style villages (as a combination of 355 traditional former sultanate villages). In the same year, the construction period in Pemalang Regency had started. The first construction in 1967 was carried out on the construction of bridges, village roads, schools, waterways, irrigation canals, and markets, as well as widening of village roads, repair / renovation of bridges, roads, markets, schools, train stations and irrigation networks. In 1967, Pemalang train station began to be renovated.

1981

In 1981, based on the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs number 140-502 of 1980 dated 22 September 1980 through the Decree of the Governor of the First Level Region of Central Java number 133-514 of 1980 dated 8 December 1980 and the Regional Regulation of the Province of Central Java Number 9 In 1981 on 10 March 1981, in Pemalang District, a sub-district was formed, namely by changing the status of the village to a sub-district, as many as 14 (fourteen) villages, namely 6 (six) villages in Pemalang City sub-district, 4 (four) villages in the Taman sub-district, 2 (two) villages in Comal sub-district, 1 (one) village in Moga sub-district, and 1 (one) village in Petarukan sub-district are designated as kelurahan.

1984

In further developments, in addition to changing the status of the village to a sub-district/administrative village in 1984, based on the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs number 138-210 of 1982 and Decree (SK) of the Governor of the First Level Region of Central Java number 150–216 in 1983, to be precise in Pemalang Regency 5 (five) sub-district representatives have been formed, namely representatives of the Comal sub-district (based in Lewokan), representatives of the Moga sub-district (which is based in Warungpring), representatives of the Petarukan sub-district (which is based in Langenharjo), representatives of the Belik sub-district (which is based in Kawangan / Kendalrejo), and representatives of the Randudongkal sub-district (based in Randusari).

Anniversary and Sesanti

As a top penghomatan Kabupten Pemalang the history of the formation of local governments have agreed to give the attribute Anniversary Pemalang. It is always to commemorate the birth history of all district also to provide the nuanced values of patriotism and the values of heroism as a mirror of the people of all district.

One alternative determination anniversary all district was at the time a statement of Prince Diponegoro to levy war against the Dutch Colonial, which is dated 20 July 1823. However, based on the discussion of experts set up by the team all district, the so Pemalang is dated 24 January 1575, or coincide with POND Thursday 1st of Shawwal 1496 Hijri Je 982. The decision was further stipulated in Local Regulation regency of all district No. 9 of 1996 on the anniversary of all district. In 1575 to form the Solar sengkala realized Lunguding Word Wangsiting Gusti having literal meaning: wisdom, speech / Sabdo, teachings, messages, Lord, to have a value of 5751. While 1496 Je realized by Candra sengkala Tawakal Ambuko Wahananing Manunggal that have meaning literally surrender, open, vehicle / container / tools for, unity / together with having the value 6941.

As for all district Sesanti is Pancasila Kaloka Panduning Nagari, with five basic literal meaning, famous / well-known, the guidelines / guidance, country / region to have a value of 5751.

Geography

The northern part of the regency is lowland, while the southern part is mountainous, with the peak of Mount Slamet (on the border with Tegal and Purbalingga), the highest mountain in Central Java. Kali Comal River is the largest, which empties into the Java Sea (Edge Pemalang).

The regency capital is located at the northwest tip of the regency, directly adjacent to the Tegal regency. Pemalang is on the coastal road between Semarang and Surabaya Jakarta. In addition there is a provincial road that connects Pemalang with Purbalingga. One of the famous tourist attractions is the beach Pemalang thistle.

The regency lies in Central Java province, located on the northern coast of Java. Geographically the district is located between 109° 17'30" – 109° 40'30" E and 6° 52'30" – 7° 20'11" S.

From Semarang (Central Java provincial capital), this district is approximately 135 km to the west, or if reached by land vehicles takes approximately 3–4 hours. The whole district has an area of 111,530 km ², with the following boundaries:

The north borders the Java Sea
Eastern border is with Pekalongan Regency
Southern border is with Purbalingga Regency
Bordering on the west side with Tegal regency

Thus the whole district has a strategic position, both in terms of trade and government.

The district has a varied topography. The northern part of the district is a coastal area with an altitude ranging from 1 to 5 metres above sea level. The central part is a fertile lowland with an altitude of 6 to 15 metres above sea level; and the southern highlands and mountains are lush with cool air with at an altitude of 16 to 925 metres above sea level. The district region is crossed by two major rivers – the Waluh River and the Comal River. Most of the region is a fertile watershed.

Climate
Pemalang has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from June to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to May.

Administrative districts
Pemalang Regency consists of fourteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The districts are further divided into 222 villages (211 rural desa and 11 urban kelurahan). The administrative centre of government is in the Pemalang District. In addition to Pemalang, other significant district towns are Comal, Petarukan, Ulujami, Randudongkal and Moga.

All districts are mostly Javanese-speaking. In the west and south, inhabitants speak the Javanese dialects of Tegal and Banyumasan, while in the east (Petarukan, Comal, Ulujami, Ampelgading and Bodeh) they speak in the Javanese dialect of Pekalongan. In this regency there are also have many tribal people in the vicinity of Mount Slamet.

Government
The following is List of Pemalang Regent from time to time.

Household industry

Sapu Glagah Majalangu (Sweep glagah of Majalangu)
Kerajinan Kulit Ular Comal (Leather snake in Comal)
Batik Lurik di Wanarejan (Lurik in Wanarejan)
Konveksi di Ulujami (Convection in Ulujami)
Bagregan Asli Kubang

Industry
Just to the south of Pemalang, there is one large sugar mill named Sumberharjo sugar mill. Although not a popular tourist destination, the mill have many historical significance which regularly attract railfans from Britain or Europe: it is the last place where we can see Du Croo & Brauns steam locomotives in working order, it is also the last sugarcane in Central Java who still operates its field lines (as in 2014 harvesting season), and one of only two sugar mills in Java who regularly deployed their steam locomotives into the field lines (the other being Olean sugar mill in Situbondo, East Java).

Special food

 Nasi Grombyang (Grombyang Rice)
One of Pemalang typical foods is Grombyang rice. The name of this food is quite unique. It is called Grombyang rice because the portion of the dressing is more than the rice and its side dishes so that when it is served in a small bowl it sounds grombyang-grombyang or wobbling like going to spill. When serving, the food consists of rice, slices of buffalo meat and soup which is served with buffalo satay in a small bowl.
 Lontong Dekem (Dekem rice cake)
Dekem rice cake concoction consisted of sliced rice cake, coconut milk yellow curry like, and sprinkled with coconut serundeng. [1] Lontong dekem usually served with satay.
 Sate Loso (Loso Satay)
Loso satay, signature dish from Pemalang, which is served with beef and spicy peanut sauce as its topping
 Sauto atau Soto Tauto (kind of soup)
Coto Tauto with fermented soybeans and buffalo meat
 Kue Kamir (Kamir Cake)
It is the traditional cake of Pemalang, Central Java. Kamir made of rice and wheat floor. The wheat Kamir made of mixed wheat floor, margarine, yeast, and sugar. However, the dough should be let overnight to have a perfect dough. While the rice Kamir is made of mixed rice floor, coconut milk, yeast, and sugar.
 Apem Comal, snacks (cake) is made from rice flour and brown sugar. This food is quite legendary in Pemalang – pekalongan border, this food is produced in the hamlet village of Bantul kesesi pekalongan but because of marketing since time immemorial spread to cities Comal then many who call the Comal apem.

Tourism

Is a famous tourist attraction Blendung Beach, Beach Water Park, thistle, and Cempaka Wulung upland Moga, waterfall bengkawah and cilating in belik, arugn jerang in tegalarja warungpring
Arts and culture are well known Baritan, Kuntulan and Sintren
Shopping on Pemalang Among other Pemalang Yogya department store, department store Bases, Sirandu Mall, Pemalang Permai Apartment, Plaza Pemalang (Matahari Department Store)

Famous people
Hendra Setiawan, Badminton gold medalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics with Markis Kido.
Muammar Z.A., quran reciter and international hafiz.

References

Lucas, Anton (1977). Social revolution in Pemalang, Central Java, 1945. Indonesia 24:87–122.

External links
Government of the Regency of Pemalang – in Indonesian

Regencies of Central Java

Pemalang Regency