St Andrew's Garrison Church, situated at Queens Avenue, Aldershot, Hampshire (GU11 2BY) in southern England is a large army church designed in the late 1920s by the prominent Scottish architect Sir Robert Lorimer (1864–1929).

History
During the 1920s Sir Robert Lorimer designed a number of war memorials, including the Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle.  St Andrew's Garrison Church was built as a memorial to those who lost their lives in the First World War, also known as the Great War. A plaque in the porch of St Andrew's states that:

"This church was built to the glory of God in thankful remembrance of the soldiers of the Church of Scotland and kindred churches throughout the empire who laid down their lives in the Great War 1914–1918."

Church of Scotland links
As an army church, St Andrew's is not officially classed as a Church of Scotland church. However, historically most of its ministers have been ordained Church of Scotland ministers.  Additionally the church uses the standard Church of Scotland format for its services and the Church of Scotland hymn book, "Church Hymnary 4".

Congregation
The congregation is not restricted to the military and services are open to civilians.

History of the church buildings

Army camp established, 1854
An army camp was established at Aldershot in 1854. Two churches were quickly erected in that camp the following year. By 1856 a third church was needed and a portable structure known as the  "Iron Church" was erected. In 1866 the Iron Church was transferred from its previous location near Thornhill Road, Aldershot to Queen's Avenue, Aldershot, close to where St Andrew's Garrison Church is sited today.

Iron Church
The Iron Church was used jointly by the Church of Scotland and the Church of England ministers until 1893. In that year St George's Garrison Church was built by the Army for the Anglicans. From then on, until its demolition in 1926, the "Iron Church" was just used by the Church of Scotland ministers. In 1908, Rev. J. T. Bird, the Chaplain at that time, asked that the Iron Church should be named after the patron saint of Scotland, Saint Andrew. The War Office agreed to this request.

Fundraising
Following the First World War money was raised to replace the Iron Church with a permanent structure which would also serve as a memorial for Church of Scotland and other Presbyterian soldiers who had been killed in that war.

Design of church

This new church was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer. However, due to cost constraints the nave was initially built slightly shorter than Lorimer had originally planned. Externally the building is predominately brown brick. Its doorways, windows and corner points highlighted with a red brick. Internally, the layout is a standard East facing cross, save that at the East end of the church there is an octagonal apse.

Official opening, 1927
The newly erected St Andrew's Garrison Church was formally opened by Her Royal Highness, Princess Mary, Colonel in Chief of The Royal Scots, on the morning of Saturday 10 December 1927. However within a few years the church was proving to be too small for army ceremonial services. By 1938 enough money had been raised to extend the nave. In particular large donations came from the Trustees of St Andrew's Scottish Soldiers' Club; the Church of Scotland and The Treasury. John F. Matthew, the architectural partner of the by now deceased Sir Robert Lorimer, was commissioned to do the design work. This involved extending the nave by 30 feet, similar to what Lorimer had originally intended in 1926 and reducing the height of the bell tower.

Extension, 1939
On Sunday 5 February 1939, the extended St Andrew's Garrison Church was reopened and rededicated in the presence of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.

Ancillary buildings, 1950s
The 1950s saw the erection of a complex of ancillary buildings next to the church on its north east side providing a hall, kitchen, offices, toilets and storage for the church. They are of a fairly utilitarian 1950s design. Other than the hall, where rough cast is widely used on the exterior, these ancillary buildings were built with a darkish red brick similar to that used in places on the main church building. The church hall is dedicated to the remembrance of members of the "Church of Scotland and kindred presbyterian churches who gave their lives" in the Second World War.

Statue of St Andrew

Following the closure of the Royal Caledonian School, Bushey, Hertfordshire in the 1990s, a statue of St Andrew by J. G. Bubb, which had been at that school, was donated to the church. The statue now stands outside the front of church, to the south of the porch. A new marble base was added to the statue around 2003/4.

Listing
In 2006 the church building was listed by Rushmoor Borough Council. Listing gives extra protection to a building against alteration or demolition of the structure.

Interior

Nave
The interior is dominated by a large nave with seating for around four hundred and twenty. There are no balconies. Two arched aisles run between the nave and the side walls.

Cameron Chapel
The south wing, or transept, was converted to a small chapel in 1975. Initially called St Andrew's Chapel, this has come to be known as the Cameron Chapel. The Cameron name relates to the presence of a large stained glass window given by the Cameron Highlanders to the church, in 1930, which can be found in this part of the building, plus accompanying plaque and a regimental flag. A new communion table and plinth were specially commissioned for the opening of the chapel in 1975.

Organ

The north wing or transept is dominated by a large organ. The organ itself is older than the church buildings and dates from 1897. It originally resided in St Ninian's Church of Scotland, Leith. In 1984, the organ was restored and installed in St Andrew's Garrison Church, following the merger of St Ninian's Church with North Leith and Bonnington Church to form North Leith Parish Church.

Monuments
The church contains a number of monuments and stained glass. Some of these originated in the church while others have been transferred here over time.

Egyptian stones
These include 12 stones set into the wall of the Cameron chapel. The stones were carved by German Prisoners of War, held in Egypt in the Second World War. Initially the stones were placed in an overseas British army church, St Andrew's Kirk, Geneifa, Egypt. Ten of the stones display the regimental cap badges of Scottish Regiments based in the Canal Zone. Two stones show medical badges used in the British Army at the time. When the British Army left Egypt in the mid-1950s the church closed and the stones were, a few years later, transferred to St Andrew's, Aldershot.

War memorials and regimental crests
Other memorials transferred to the church include:
two war memorials from the First World War originally in Aldershot Presbyterian Church which can now be found in the porch of St Andrews;
a monument to Field Marshal, Lord Wavell, originally in the Wavell Memorial Chapel, which ceased to be used as a place of worship in 1965-66;
and a window with stained glass showing regimental crests, mainly of Scottish regiments, made up of a number of smaller stained glass windows the bulk of which came from the Church Of Scotland Canteen, in Aldershot, which was knocked down in the late 1960s.

Stained glass
The rest of St Andrew's stained glass was commissioned for the church. There is a large stained glass window in the apse of the church to the memory of Field-Marshal, Earl Haig as well as glass commemorating the Cameron Highlanders and I Corp. Additionally a number of stained glass windows have been given in memory of individual members of the congregation.

The church's two largest stained glass windows, namely those dedicated to I Corp and Earl Haig, were both designed by Walter Cook of Edinburgh, in the early to mid-1930s. They have similar themes as both are dominated by Jesus, as saviour and figure of peace, with arms outstretched, underneath him being a small group of grieving people drawing attention to the cost of war in general and the First World War in particular.

References

Buildings and structures in Aldershot
Churches in Aldershot
History of Hampshire
Aldershot
Military in Aldershot

St Andrew's Garrison Church, Aldershot


Hermann Ahlwardt  (21 December 1846 – 16 April 1914) was a writer, a member of the Reichstag (German parliament) and a vehement antisemite.

Life
After stealing money collected for a children's Christmas party in 1889, Ahlwardt was fired from his job as a primary school principal. He blamed his financial difficulties on Jewish money-lenders and wrote a book claiming the German government was in the pay of the Jewish banker, Gerson von Bleichröder. He was jailed for four months when it came to light that the documents he used to support the claim had been written by Ahlwardt himself.

In 1892, Ahlwardt accused arms manufacturer Ludwig Loewe & Co. of being in a Jewish-French conspiracy to sell defective rifles to the German army in order to weaken the country militarily and was sentenced to five months' imprisonment for this unfounded defamation but was not jailed because by this time he had been elected to the Reichstag. He had run in a by-election for a very rural Brandenberg district seat. World agriculture prices were depressed at the time and he had told this farming community that their troubles were due to the Jews.

In the Reichstag he described Jews as "predators" and "cholera bacilli" that should be exterminated. The popularity of Ahlwardt and another antisemite Reichstag deputy, Otto Böckel, in conservative rural electorates prompted the German Conservative Party to add an antisemitic plank to their 1892 Tivoli Congress platform.

Ahlwardt's violent rhetoric alienated even other antisemitic politicians. In 1895, Ahlwardt was expelled from the German Social Reform Party and, with Otto Böckel, founded the Antisemitic People's Party (Antisemitische Volkspartei). He lost his seat in the 1903 Reichstag election and withdrew from politics. He visited the United States and on returning to Germany began campaigning against Freemasonry. He was imprisoned again in 1909, this time for blackmail, and in 1914 Ahlwardt died in a traffic accident in Leipzig at the age of 67.

During his visit to the United States, he went to New York and made a speech against Jews. A popular story told by The New York Times in 1940 has it that when he asked for police protection, the police that were assigned to guard him were all Jews. This is argued as false mostly by anti-semites following stereotypes around who is and isn't Jewish, supposedly supported by news articles of the time that show the names of officers printed during his 1895 visit are not generally used by Jews, such as Cartright and O'Brien.  However, Theodore Roosevelt, who was the Police Commissioner at the time, confirms in his autobiography that he deliberately assigned Jewish police to protect Ahlwardt, in order to ridicule him. In addition, there have been multiple Jewish families with the last name "O'Brien" and "Cartright."

Selected works
The desperate struggle of the Aryan peoples with Judaism, 3 vols., 1890
Part 2: The oath of a Jew
Part 3: Jewish tactics, at the same time answer to Mr. Ludwig Jacobowski
The processes Manché and Bleichröder, 1892
The Jews and the Germans. A supplement to the Jews, 1892
The Great Prophet. A reminder and parting word to my anti-Semitic friends, 1892
The Jewish question. Lecture, 1892
Ottering, 1892
My arrest, 1892
As the Jew does, Lecture, 1892
The Treaty of Germany, 1913
Truths about a German mine in Bohemia. Rudolfstädter Erzbergbau-Gewerkschaft in České Budějovice. A reality novel of a modern kind with the usual accompaniments of suicide, madness and despair, 1913
More light! The assassination of Friedrich Schiller, Lessing and Mozart before the Forum of Modern Literary and World History, 1914
More light! The Order of Jesus in His True Form and in His Relations with Freemasonry and Judaism, 1919

References

1846 births
1914 deaths
People from Vorpommern-Greifswald
People from the Province of Pomerania
German Protestants
German Reform Party politicians
Members of the 8th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 9th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 10th Reichstag of the German Empire
German male journalists
German journalists
German male writers

Hermann Ahlwardt


Jud Newborn (born in 1952), is a New York-based author, lecturer, cultural anthropologist and curator.  A pioneer in the creation of Holocaust museums, he helped build New York's Museum of Jewish Heritage, serving as its Founding Historian and curator.  He is known for his co-authored book, Sophie Scholl and the White Rose (Oneworld Publications, 2006), an account of the history of the White Rose, a group formed in part by German Christian students—some former Hitler Youth fanatics—who were part of the German anti-Nazi resistance.

Newborn is also a wide-ranging lecturer who has spoken throughout North America and worldwide. He is known for dramatic multimedia programs that set unsung aspects of the Holocaust, among other subjects, within the context of such compelling, contemporary issues as the rise of extremism, oppression, fanaticism and genocide, in order to inspire audiences to join in the fight for freedom and "our shared humanity."

Newborn's involvement with the holocaust began at age 5 when he discovered a sepia family photograph that his grandmother had hidden away.  When he brought it to her and asked who the people in it were, "her face turned bright red. Tears welled in her eyes. And she said in her Yiddish accent, 'Dunt ask me. Hitler burnt dem all.'"

Jud Newborn was educated at New York University, Cambridge University and the University of Chicago, which awarded him his doctorate with Distinction in 1994 for his dissertation, "Work Makes Free": The Hidden Cultural Meanings of the Holocaust; (Work Makes Free: English translation of Nazi forced labor camp slogan Arbeit Macht Frei).

References

External links
 JudNewborn.com

1952 births
American curators
Cultural anthropologists
New York University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Living people

Jud Newborn


Camilla Adang is a Dutch associate professor of Islamic studies at Tel Aviv University in Tel Aviv, Israel.

Biography
Adang was born in Bussum, Netherlands in 1960. Adang completed her doctorate in Islamic studies at Radboud University Nijmegen in Nijmegen.

Career
Adang was a fellow at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in Wassenaar from September 2009 to June 2010. While there, she published a number of works on the life of Medieval Andalusian theologian Ibn Hazm and his views. During this time, she also contributed to a book on inter-religious polemics and rational theology. Adang was also a fellow at The Woolf Institute in Cambridge as of 2011. During this time, she delivered a seminar on Muslim-Jewish polemics in Medieval Spain which was noted for Adang's definition of Muslim Fatwas are merely legal verdicts, rather than "death sentences" as popularly portrayed in the media, in addition to chairing a roundtable discussion of linguistic influences on Judeo-Muslim exchanges.

Adang has also written multiple encyclopedia articles and research papers on Muslim-Jewish polemics.

Citations

External links
Books by Camilla Adang at WorldCat.
Books by Camilla Adang at Library Thing.

Living people
1960 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
Dutch Islamic studies scholars
Women scholars of Islam

Camilla Adang


The Year 2038 problem could affect computers that store time as the number of seconds since 1st January 1970 at 00:00 UTC, using a 32-bit number.

The biggest number you can store this way is 2,147,483,647 seconds after 1 January 1970.  This means 19th January 2038 at 03:14:07 UTC.  The problem begins one second after this time.  The computer will add 1 to this 32-bit number, and the computer will set the value to negative 2,147,483,648 seconds.  This means 13th December 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC.  Depending on how the computer has been programmed, the computer could behave incorrectly or even stop running.

A solution to this problem is to store the time in a 64-bit value, which will work for billions of years. Many computers already store the time in a 64-bit number.  Computers that store time in a 32-bit number will need to be reprogrammed before 2038.

References

Computing

Year 2038 problem


Cerro Bolívar is a mountain in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela, about 600 metres high. It has been described as "the richest concentration of iron ore on the face of the earth." At the time of its discovery it promised to outdo the great Hull-Rust-Mahoning mine in Hibbing, Minnesota, USA. More than half the mountain is thought to consist of top-grade iron ore – anything up to half a billion tons.

Cerro Bolivar has been mined since the 1950s, being first mined by U.S. Steel. In 1975, the mining operation was nationalized by the government of president Carlos Andrés Pérez. Mining stopped in 1997, but resumed again in 2009 when the Swiss company Commodities and Minerals Ltd took over operations on invitation by president Hugo Chávez.

References

Iron mines
Mines in Venezuela
Mountains of Bolívar (state)
Bolivar

Cerro Bolívar


Charles Armand Crabbé  (23 April 1883, Brussels – 24 July 1947, Brussels) was a Belgian operatic baritone. He studied at the Brussels Conservatory with Désiré Demest. In 1904 he made his professional opera debut at La Monnaie as the Nightwatchman in Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. He was a leading performer at the Royal Opera House in London from 1906 to 1914 and again in 1937. He performed with the Manhattan Opera House from 1907 to 1910 and with the Chicago Grand Opera Company from 1910 to 1914. He made several appearances with the Teatro Colón and La Scala during the 1920s. He was active at the Vlaamse Opera up until his retirement in the early 1940s. From 1910, Crabbé used the pseudonym Charles Morin when performing in small roles in London.

References

1883 births
1947 deaths
20th-century Belgian male opera singers
Operatic baritones

Armand Crabbé


Edgwarebury Brook is a small stream in Edgware in the London Borough of Barnet. It is a tributary of Deans Brook, which is a tributary of the Silk Stream, which is a tributary of the River Brent, which is tributary of the River Thames.

The brook rises near Bury Farm on Edgwarebury Lane. It flows south to skirt the western edge of Edgwarebury Park and then goes under Edgware Way and through Edgware to join Deans Brook behind Brook Avenue.

The brook goes through three Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs) in its short length. The upper part is the Edgwarebury Brook SINC, a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II. It then passes through Edgware Way Grassland, a Site of Metropolitan Importance, and on to Edgwarebury Park, a Site of Local Importance. After it passes under Edgware Way the water quality is poor and it is mainly culverted, so this last part is not an SINC.

Edgwarebury Brook SINC goes through private land, but it can be viewed near its source next to Edgwarebury Lane. There is extensive floating sweet-grass, with clumps of brooklime and water-pepper. Old oak trees are thought to be relics of ancient field boundaries.

See also
 Nature reserves in Barnet

References

Rivers of London
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Barnet
3Edgewarebury

Edgwarebury Brook


Faze FM Radio Ltd was the owner of two dance music radio stations in the North of England.

It operated Kiss 102 in Manchester and Kiss 105 in Yorkshire from 1994 to 1997 before being taken over by Chrysalis Group.

History
Faze FM Radio Ltd was incorporated in 1993 by Eugene Perera's Level Broadcast Ltd.  A licence application for the Manchester ILR with shareholders Level Broadcast, Mike Powell's UKRD, Eastern Counties Newspaper Group and 3i was successful and Faze FM Radio Ltd launched as Kiss 102 in November 1994.  At launch, Guy Hornsby was Managing Director, Mike Gray, Programme Controller, Julian Martin, Sales Controller and Eugene Perera, Marketing Director.  A further successful licence application for the Yorkshire regional licence resulted in the launch of Kiss 105 in 1997.  Initially the group employed just 17 staff, but this grew to over 120 individuals working full and part-time in programming, sales, marketing, administration, finance and engineering.

The Kiss 102/105 dance music format was the brainchild of two highly experienced UK radio programmers, Mike Gray and Guy Hornsby, who first worked together at the original BBC Radio London where they produced the station's leading DJ presenters Robbie Vincent and Tony Blackburn.

Despite staying true to its roots and playing "thumping dance music" at breakfast time, a move perceived of in the radio industry at the time as unlikely to be popular, the station achieved a 10% share of the total available audience, and its yellow oblong car stickers could be seen proudly displayed by an enthusiastic audience across the entire region.

Following approaches by most of the country's key media players, Faze FM was purchased by the Chrysalis Group (now Global Radio) for £17.6m just over four years after the company had been founded with an initial investment of £600k. The stations were renamed as Galaxy after the purchase, and in 2011 Global Radio re-branded them both Capital Manchester and Capital Yorkshire as part of the new Capital network.

Branding
Faze licensed the "Kiss" brand from Kiss 100 in London and commissioned radio ident company Alfasound to make their jingles. Two custom packages were made, the first was called "Danceman" and the follow-up was called "Music is Life".

References

Notes
UKRD helped getting the licences
Built the studios

Radio stations in England
Former British radio networks
Dance radio stations
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio broadcasting companies of the United Kingdom

Faze FM


Komninos Pyromaglou (; 1899 – 15 December 1980), was a Greek teacher and politician, and one of the driving forces behind the foundation of the National Republican Greek League (EDES), the second-largest Resistance organization in Axis-occupied Greece during World War II. Drifting to the Left after the war, he became elected to Parliament and wrote extensively on his experiences during the Occupation and the Resistance.

Life
He was born in the village of Plaka in Lemnos in 1899. After studying French literature at the Sorbonne, he taught at the Anargyreio School in Spetses from 1931 to 1932, at the Modern Greek Institute in Paris from 1932 to 1934, and in the Athens Experimental School until 1938. In 1936, with the establishment of the dictatorial Metaxas Regime, he became chairman of the United Anti-Dictatorial Front and secretary of the Parties' Initiative against the regime. For this he was sent by the regime to internal exile to Sikinos. Following his release, he fled to France, where he met the exiled Venizelist and republican leader, General Nikolaos Plastiras.

In April–May 1941, Greece was overrun by German forces, and the country was occupied by the Germans, the Italians and the Bulgarians. Soon, resistance movements began to emerge, the principal one being the National Liberation Front (Greek: Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο, Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo, EAM). On 9 September, the National Republican Greek League was founded with funding from the British, proclaiming the exiled and completely unaware Plastiras as its president. On the same day however, Pyromaglou left for Greece as Plastiras' representative. After arriving in Athens on September 23, he quickly established contact with officers and politicians. Napoleon Zervas then convinced him to join EDES, which was promptly reformed in October, with Pyromaglou as its General Secretary, at the head of a five-man Executive Committee.

During the Occupation, Pyromaglou continued as the head of the EDES, and became additionally General Vice-Commander of the National Groups of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA), EDES' military wing, headed by Zervas and operating chiefly in Epirus. With the foundation of the EOEA, Pyromaglou left Athens and accompanied Zervas to Epirus. In Athens, the leadership of EDES passed to the prominent Venizelist generals Stylianos Gonatas and Theodoros Pangalos, who, fearing the rise of the communist-dominated National Liberation Front (EAM), quickly became involved in collaboration with the occupation authorities. Pyromaglou remained in Epirus alongside Zervas, but became increasingly distanced by his rapprochement with the British, who supported the restoration of the Greek monarchy after the war. Pyromaglou took part as EDES' representative in the conferences held between the Greek resistance groups and the Greek government in exile at Cairo in 1943 and in Lebanon in 1944.

Following the outbreak of the Greek Civil War, in 1947 he left for France, living in Paris until 1955. He then returned to Greece, where he was president of the inter-party commission supervising the 1956 elections. In the 1958 election, he campaigned for the United Democratic Left in Athens, and was elected to the Hellenic Parliament. In 1963, he founded the tri-monthly Historical Review magazine. He died in 1980. Pyromaglou was married to Emmy Kartali sister of Georgios Kartalis (1908-1957).

Writings
 Ethniki Antistasi ("National Resistance"), Athens 1947
 Ai Eklogai tis 19is Fevrouariou 1956 ("The Elections of 19 February 1956")
 O Doureios Ippos. Politiki kai Ethniki Krisis kata tin Katochi ("Trojan Horse. Political and National Crisis during the Occupation", Athens 1958
 O Georgios Kartalis kai i Epochi tou 1934-1957 ("Georgios Kartalis and his Age 1934-1957"), Athens 1965

1899 births
1980 deaths
University of Paris alumni
People from Lemnos
Greek MPs 1958–1961
National Republican Greek League members
Greek writers
Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
Greek expatriates in France

Komninos Pyromaglou


WOGX (channel 51) is a television station licensed to Ocala, Florida, United States (in the Orlando market), but primarily serving the Gainesville area as a Fox network outlet. Owned and operated by the network's Fox Television Stations division, the station maintains an advertising sales office on Northwest 53rd Avenue in Gainesville and a transmitter in unincorporated Marion County, between Williston and Fairfield.

Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, WOGX is actually considered a semi-satellite of WOFL (channel 35) in Orlando. As such, it clears all network programming as provided through its parent station and simulcasts most of WOFL's newscasts, but airs a separate offering of syndicated programming; there are also separate local commercials and legal station identifications. WOGX's master control, as well as most internal operations, are housed at the shared studios of WOFL and MyNetworkTV O&O WRBW (channel 65) on Skyline Drive in Lake Mary.

Gainesville is by far the smallest television market in the U.S. with a "Big Four" network O&O. The Gainesville market is located between several other Florida media markets. As a result, the Cox and Charter Spectrum systems in Marion County (which includes Ocala) do not carry WOGX but opt instead for WOFL, despite Ocala being WOGX's city of license. In addition, the Comcast Xfinity system in Marion County carries WOFL's HD signal on its digital tier in lieu of one from WOGX.

History
The station began as independent WBSP-TV on November 1, 1983. The original owners, Big Sun Television, sold WBSP to Wabash Valley Broadcasting of Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1986; the new owners changed the call letters to the current WOGX in 1987. The previous calls now belong to a repeater of Fort Myers Univision affiliate WUVF-LP.

On May 30, 1991, the station became a Fox affiliate. Prior to then, Gainesville did not have a Fox affiliate of its own. Cox's Gainesville system did not carry any of the nearest Fox affiliates—WOFL, Tampa Bay's WTOG (through 1988 when Fox moved to WFTS-TV, now an ABC affiliate), or Jacksonville's WAWS (now WFOX-TV). Marion County, home to Ocala, had received Fox programming through WOFL and WTOG (until 1988). Citrus County (which is part of the Tampa Bay market, but has long been claimed by WOGX as part of its primary coverage area) received Fox from W49AI (now WYKE-CD), which at the time was a repeater of WOFL (except for late night programming as W49AI signed off at midnight). W49AI was forced to discontinue Fox and WOFL programming upon WOGX's affiliation.

Channel 51 struggled for most of its first decade on the air, as Gainesville was not large enough for the station to be viable on its own. This was true even after the switch to Fox; until the network began airing a full week's worth of programming in 1994, most Fox stations were essentially programmed as independents. Finally, in 1996, Wabash Valley Broadcasting sold WOGX to the Meredith Corporation, owner of WOFL. Meredith turned WOGX into a semi-satellite of WOFL, and closed down WOGX's separate facility on Southwest 37th Avenue in Ocala (along I-75). While Meredith retained a separate sales office for WOGX in Gainesville, most operations were merged at WOFL's studios in Lake Mary. In 2002, Meredith sold WOFL and WOGX to Fox Television Stations in a deal that also saw Meredith obtain KPTV in Portland, Oregon. This made WOFL and WOGX both Fox owned-and-operated stations as well as sister to WRBW (then a UPN affiliate).

Sometime in late 2009, the station redesigned its website to match other Fox-owned stations (including WOFL); it never took up FTS's defunct 'myfox(community).com' web address standard outside of redirects from 'myfoxocala' and 'myfoxgainesville' to its standard callsign-inspired address to prevent cybersquatting.

Until WNBW-DT signed on, WOGX was the only commercial television station in the Gainesville–Ocala market to never have changed its affiliation.

On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company, owner of ABC (affiliated network of WCJB-TV, channel 20), announced its intent to buy WOGX's parent company, 21st Century Fox, for $66.1 billion; the sale, which closed on March 20, 2019, excluded WOGX and Orlando sister stations WOFL and WRBW as well as the Fox network, the MyNetworkTV programming service, Fox News, Fox Sports 1 and the Fox Television Stations unit, which were all transferred to the newly-formed Fox Corporation.

Aborted trade to Sinclair Broadcast Group
On December 6, 2017, it was reported that Fox considered trading WOFL and WOGX to Sinclair Broadcast Group in exchange for some larger market Fox affiliates from Sinclair in NFL markets, as part of Sinclair's larger deal to acquire Tribune Media. This would have made the station a sister station to WGFL, WNBW, and their various low-powered sister stations. Since Sinclair does not own either WGFL or WNBW outright, it would have been able to own WOGX while continuing to operate WGFL and WNBW under a master service agreement, leaving WCJB-TV as the only commercial network station in the market not operated by Sinclair. However, on May 9, 2018, Fox officially announced which television stations it would purchase from Sinclair. The deal gave Sinclair the option to acquire Fox stations KTBC in Austin, Texas, as well as WFLD in Chicago. This meant that WOGX, along with WOFL, would not be sold to Sinclair and would remain Fox owned-and-operated stations. The Tribune Media deal was aborted in full on August 9, 2018, effectively making their side deals with Fox Television Stations fully moot.

News operation
WOGX simulcasts all of WOFL's newscasts, which are billed on-air as Fox 51 News. The station does not carry any news programming specific to the Gainesville region but does carry quick local weather cut-ins targeted towards Gainesville from WOFL's weather team. WOGX began simulcasting WOFL's newscasts when its news department launched in March 1998. Since September 2023, it has cleared all newscasts from the Orlando station, with the weeknight 11:00 p.m. news (Fox 35 Late News at 11:00 and Fox 35 SportsZone) becoming the last newscast to be added to WOGX. The 9:00 a.m. Good Day Xtra weekday morning hour was not originally a part of it, but WOGX subsequently added that. It has also started to carry the hour-long weeknight 6:00 p.m. news and even the weekend morning edition of Good Day Orlando from 8:00 to 10:00 a.m. (now running from 7:00 to 10:00 a.m.) from WOFL.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WOGX discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 51, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 31. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 51.

References

External links

 – WOFL

OGX
Fox network affiliates
Movies! affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
Catchy Comedy affiliates
Fox Television Stations
Television channels and stations established in 1983
1983 establishments in Florida

WOGX


Acton was a local government district in Middlesex, England from 1865 to 1965.

Formation
In 1865 the Local Government Act 1858 was adopted by the parish of Acton, and a twelve-member local board of health was formed to govern the area. The Local Government Act 1894 constituted the area an urban district, and an urban district council of fifteen councillors replaced the local board. The number of councillors was increased to sixteen in 1906.

In 1921 the town was granted a charter of incorporation to become a municipal borough. The borough council consisted of a mayor, six aldermen and twenty-four councillors.

Coat of arms
On incorporation in 1921 the borough was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms. The shield featured an oak tree and the crest a branch of oak, both in reference to the derivation of the name "Acton" from "Oak Town". At the top of the shield were the arms of Middlesex County Council between an open book and a cogwheel for education and industry in the borough respectively.

In 1926, the borough council granted permission for the Canadian village of Acton, Ontario to adopt a variant of its coat of arms, substituting maple leaves for the oak leaves in the original, which it used until 1974.

Later history
Prior to the Second World War the borough council was controlled by the Conservative Party. In post-war elections control passed to the Labour Party.

In 1965 the municipal borough was abolished and its former area transferred to Greater London to be combined with that of other districts to form the London Borough of Ealing. The oak from the coat of arms is now present in the coat of arms of the London Borough of Ealing.

See also

 London Government Act 1963

References

External links
 Vision of Britain - Action UD / MB

History of the London Borough of Ealing
Acton
Acton
Acton
Municipal boroughs of England
History of local government in Middlesex
Acton, London

Municipal Borough of Acton


Gemini is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Gemini. In the tropical zodiac, Gemini is from May 20 to June 20. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from June 15 to July 15. The opposite sign to Gemini is Sagittarius.

Symbol

This sign for Gemini was made from two lines, representing the twins.

Mythology
In mythology Gemini is related to Greek myth of the twins of Zeus and Leda, Castor and Pollux.

Astrology
In astrology Gemini is ruled by the planet Mercury.

Traditional relationships with Gemini
 Birthstone= Agate
 Colour= Yellow

References

Astrological signs

Gemini (astrology)


Ciarán Lyng (born 9 July 1986) is an All Star-nominated Irish sportsperson. He plays Gaelic football and hurling for St Martin's and Gaelic football for the Wexford senior inter-county team, and has played international rules football for Ireland. He has also played association football in the English Football League and at under-age level for Ireland.

Early and personal life
Lyng grew up as one of four brothers in Wexford, playing football, hurling, handball and soccer. His brother Diarmuid Lyng plays hurling for Wexford.

Soccer career
Lyng played soccer almost thirty times for Ireland at underage level. He had a number of offers from British clubs such as Premier League Arsenal and Derby County but opted to move to Preston North End. Lyng moved to Shrewsbury Town in December 2004. He made four substitute appearances in the latter half of the 2004–05 season. In the 2005–06 season for Shrewsbury, he made one start, in a Football League Trophy match which Shrewsbury lost to Cheltenham Town.

Football career
Lyng has since been selected for the Wexford Gaelic football team in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. He was a member of the Wexford panel which reached the 2008 Leinster Senior Football Championship final. Lyng scored four points against Meath in the quarter-final and one point against Laois in the semi-final. However, Wexford were easily defeated by Dublin in the Leinster Senior Football Championship Final. Wexford went on to surprisingly reach the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship semi-final, where they were comfortably beaten by Tyrone. 2008 was a year to remember for Lyng: he was nominated for an All-Star and he then represented Ireland against Australia in the International Rules Series that October. A first county medal topped off a great year for Lyng when his St. Martin's team comfortably beat Oulart the Ballagh in a huge upset in the Wexford Senior County Hurling Final.

Ciarán won his first County Medal with St Martin's in Intermediate Football in 2007, gaining the 'Man of the Match' award. His brother Diarmuid Lyng captained that side. He subsequently won a senior county football title with his club in 2013 and he has won two senior county hurling titles with St Martin's in 2017 and 2019.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Dual players
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Irish international rules football players
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Preston North End F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
St Martin's (Wexford) hurlers
St Martin's (Wexford) Gaelic footballers
Wexford inter-county Gaelic footballers
Men's association football defenders
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Association footballers from County Wexford

Ciarán Lyng


Sandy may refer to:

People and fictional characters
Sandy (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
Sandy (surname), a list of people
Sandy (singer), Brazilian singer and actress Sandy Leah Lima (born 1983)
(Sandy) Alex G, a former stage name of American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Alexander Giannascoli (born 1993)
Sandy (Egyptian singer) (born 1986), Arabic singer
 Sandy Mitchell, pen name of British writer Alex Stewart

Places
 Sandy, Bedfordshire, England, a market town and civil parish
 Sandy railway station
 Sandy, Carmarthenshire, Wales
 Sandy, Florida, an unincorporated area in Manatee County
 Sandy, Oregon, a city
 Sandy, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place
 Sandy, Utah, a city
 Sandy, Kanawha County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 Sandy, Monongalia County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 Sandy, Taylor County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 Sandy Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 Sandy Bay, Gibraltar
 Sandy Bay, Hong Kong
 Sandy Bay, Saint Helena
 Sandy Beach, Hawaii
 Sandy Creek (disambiguation)
 Sandy Glacier, Oregon
 Sandy Island (disambiguation)
 Sandy Islands (disambiguation)
 Sandy Ridge, Hong Kong
 Sandy River (disambiguation)
 Sandy Township (disambiguation)

Arts and entertainment

Music
 Sandy Records, a rock-and-roll label in Mobile, Alabama

Albums
 Sandy (Sandy Denny album), 1972
 Sandy (Sandy Lam album), 1987
 Sandy (Sandy Salisbury album), 2001

Songs
 "Sandy" (Larry Hall song), a song by Larry Hall from 1959
 "Sandy" (Dion DiMucci song), a song by Dion DiMucci from 1963
 "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)", a 1973 song by Bruce Springsteen from The Wild, The Innocent and The E Street Shuffle
 "Sandy", a song by the Carpenters on A Kind of Hush, 1976
 "Sandy" (Grease song), a 1978 song sung by John Travolta in the film Grease
 "Sandy", a song sung by Aileen Quinn in Annie from 1982

Other arts and entertainment
 Sandy (novel), a popular 1905 novel by Alice Hegan Rice
 Sandy (1918 film), an American silent drama film starring Jack Pickford
 Sandy (1926 film), an American drama film starring Madge Bellamy

Other uses
 Hurricane Sandy, a tropical cyclone of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season
 Operation Sandy, a test launch of a V-2 rocket in 1947 from the aircraft carrier USS Midway
 Sandy, or sandy whiting, common name for the fish species Pseudaphritis urvillii
 "Sandy", the nickname for search and rescue (SAR) escort duty typically flown by the A-1 Skyraider
 Sandy (log canoe), Sherwood, Maryland, on the National Register of Historic Places
 Sandy's, a former fast-food chain purchased by Hardee's in 1979
 Sandy, a.k.a. Sandman, a character in the 2012 film Rise of the Guardians

See also
 Sandhi, a variety of phonological processes
 Sandi (disambiguation)
 Sandie (disambiguation)

Sandy


Attention theft is a theory in economic sociology and psychology which describes situations in which marketers serve advertisements to consumers who have not consented to view them and who are given nothing in return. Perpetrators seek to distract targets with their advertising content, thereby commandeering their attention.

Attention theft has been criticized as an example of unethical marketing. It is related to the concept of the attention economy, which posits that attention is a scarce resource and applies economic theory to it.

Psychological basis
People are susceptible to attention theft because they tend by default to pay attention to whatever stimuli in their environment are most noticeable, a phenomenon known in psychology as exogenous orienting. Advertisers are able to serve content deliberately engineered to be distracting, making it difficult to ignore. Examples of this type of content can include bold animations, crowded designs, and frequent or unnecessary notifications.

Examples
Commonly cited examples of attention theft include billboards, apps that send out promotional notifications, sound trucks, email spam, and TV screens with mostly or entirely promotional content in locations with a captive audience, such as gas stations, airplanes, waiting rooms, and taxis.

Criticism
Critics of attention theft characterize it as a type of unethical marketing. They argue that it contributes to information overload, leading to negative health outcomes, and infringes upon freedom of thought. Writing in Wired in 2017, legal scholar Tim Wu urged municipal governments to pass laws prohibiting some instances of attention theft. He and others fear that imminent technological advances may increase the pervasiveness of the phenomenon.

References

External links

Types of marketing
Economic sociology
Advertising
Theft
Psychological concepts

Attention theft


Robert Walter Ellis (born July 3, 1950) is an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers. Since his retirement as a player, Ellis has served as a coach and manager in college baseball and minor league baseball. He has also written screenplays and books.

After a successful collegiate career for the Michigan State Spartans, the Brewers drafted Ellis in 1971 and brought him straight to the major leagues. He played for the Brewers during the 1971, 1974, and 1975 seasons. Over the course of his MLB playing career, Ellis played in a total of just 64 games spread out over three seasons, about half as an outfielder, with the rest as a third baseman and designated hitter. He played in the minor leagues until 1980.

Playing career
Ellis attended Ottawa Hills High School in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he starred in baseball and American football. Drafted by the San Francisco Giants in 1968, he did not sign, as he hoped for a team that would promote him to the major leagues quickly. Ellis then attended Michigan State University, where he played college baseball for the Michigan State Spartans baseball team. Ellis batted .380 as a sophomore and .431 as a junior. He set Spartans single-season records with 14 home runs, 60 hits, 13 doubles, and 123 total bases. Ellis was voted college player of the year in 1971 by The Sporting News. Ellis was named to the All-American squad that same year.

The Washington Senators were expected to choose Ellis with the first overall selection in the June 1971 secondary draft. Instead, the Senators chose pitcher Pete Broberg. After the Chicago Cubs selected Burt Hooton with the second pick, the Milwaukee Brewers drafted Ellis with the third selection. The Brewers immediately promoted him to the majors, bypassing minor league baseball. Ellis was the fourth player to go straight to the Major Leagues after being drafted without spending a day in the minors. The Brewers sold Mike Hegan to the Oakland Athletics, naming Ellis their starting first baseman. The Brewers expected success from Ellis, comparing him to Chris Chambliss.

This turned out to be premature, as Ellis batted just .198 in 36 games that year and was sent to the minors. The Brewers demoted Ellis to the Evansville Triplets of the Class AAA American Association, where he batted .300. In 1972, Ellis played for the San Antonio Brewers of the Class AA Texas League and Evansville. He spent all of the 1973 season with Evansville.

Ellis began the 1974 season with the Brewers. Despite hitting .298 in 47 at-bats, the second best batting average on the team, the Brewers demoted Ellis to the Sacramento Solons of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL) in June, when they acquired Deron Johnson from the Oakland Athletics. Ellis batted .296 for the Solons in 1974. In 1975, Ellis suffered an arm injury in spring training, and the Brewers returned him to Sacramento. Ellis spent all of the 1975 season with the Solons, with the exception of six games played with Milwaukee. Ellis batted .250 with the Solons in 1975. After the 1975 season, Ellis took out an advertisement in The Sacramento Union apologizing to the fans of Sacramento for his low batting average.

Ellis remained with Brewers' affiliates, playing for the Spokane Indians of the PCL in 1976 and 1977. A free agent after the 1977 season, Ellis signed with the Cleveland Indians organization for the 1978 season, and played for the Portland Beavers in 1978 and Tacoma Tugs in 1979, both in the PCL. He was sold to the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1979 season, who assigned him to Portland for the remainder of the 1979 season, and for 1980.

Coaching career
After he retired, Ellis became a coach in minor league baseball for the Chicago Cubs organization in 1983. He then served as an assistant coach at Michigan State from 1985 through 1990. He also coached the Anchorage Glacier Pilots, a collegiate summer baseball team in the Alaska Baseball League.

In 1991, Ellis managed the Everett Giants of the Northwest League from August 11 until the end of the season, replacing Mike Bubalo. The team went 26-27 under Ellis, but he was not retained as manager for the 1992 season. Ellis served as a roving hitting instructor for the Baltimore Orioles organization from 1995 through 1997. He was named hitting instructor for the New Britain Rock Cats of the Class AA Eastern League in 1998, and also served in the role in 1999.

Personal
Ellis has a master's degree in psychology.

Ellis wrote an autobiographical book, titled The Outfielder, which was not published. He also wrote a screenplay, titled The Tundra Ghost, which was inspired by his time as an extra on The Slugger's Wife. With Mike Schmidt, Ellis co-wrote "The Mike Schmidt Study, Hitting Theory, Skills and Technique".

References

External links

Major League Baseball outfielders
Milwaukee Brewers players
Evansville Triplets players
San Antonio Brewers players
Sacramento Solons players
Spokane Indians players
Portland Beavers players
Tacoma Tugs players
Minor league baseball managers
Baseball players from Grand Rapids, Michigan
1950 births
Living people
Michigan State Spartans baseball coaches
Michigan State Spartans baseball players
All-American college baseball players
Anchorage Glacier Pilots players

Rob Ellis (baseball)


The Somerset Trained Bands were a part-time military force in the county of Somerset in South West England from 1558 until they were reconstituted as the Somerset Militia in 1662. They were periodically embodied for home defence, for example in the army mustered at Tilbury during the Armada Campaign of 1588. They fought of the Battle of Newburn in the Second Bishops' War and their units saw considerable active service for both sides during the English Civil War.

Origin

The English militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon Fyrd, the military force raised from the freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriff. It continued under the Norman kings, and was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by King Edward I's Statute of Winchester of 1285.

The legal basis of the militia was updated by two Acts of 1557 covering musters and the maintenance of horses and armour under the Lord Lieutenant, assisted by the Deputy Lieutenants and Justices of the Peace (JPs). The entry into force of these Acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the formal county militia in England. In that year Somerset had an organised regiment of 1000 men in 10 companies, each under a nominated captain and 'petty captain'. In 1569 the Somerset contingent joined the force assembled against the Rising of the North. Although the militia obligation was universal, this assembly confirmed that it was impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the Trained Bands, who were mustered for regular training (the 1558 regiment in Somerset was an early example of this).

Spanish War
The Armada Crisis in 1588 led to the mobilisation of the trained bands and out of 12,000 able-bodied men Somerset furnished 4000 armed and trained, with 50 lancers, 250 light horsemen, and 60 'petronels' (the petronel was an early cavalry firearm), with in addition 1000 untrained 'pioneers'. The trained footmen were organised into five regiments, each of 400 'shot' and musketeers, 280 'Corslets' (body armour, signifying pikemen) and 120 billmen, under the command of:
 George Sydenham
 Sir Henry Berkeley
 Sir John Stowell
 Sir John Clyfton
 Arthur Hopton

The county sent off 600 men to join Queen Elizabeth I's bodyguard, and in July the whole contingent marched to join the royal army at Tilbury., where the Queen where gave her Tilbury speech on 9 August.

In the 16th Century little distinction was made between the militia and the troops levied by the counties for overseas expeditions. However, in 1590 the commissioners of musters in Somerset wrote to the secretary of state saying that they had been advised by lawyers that their commissions to levy men were invalid, except in  time of rebellion or invasion. Nevertheless, between 1585 and 1602 Somerset supplied 1194 men for service in Ireland, 1200 for France, and 460 for the Netherlands. The counties usually conscripted the unemployed and criminals rather than send the trained bandsmen. The men were given coats and money to conduct them to the ports of embarkation. 'Coat and conduct money' was recovered from the government, but replacing the weapons issued to the levies from the militia armouries was a heavy cost on the counties.

Bishops' Wars
With the passing of the threat of invasion, the trained bands declined in the early 17th Century. Later, King Charles I attempted to reform them into a national force or 'Perfect Militia' answering to the king rather than local control. The Somerset Trained Bands of 1638 consisted of 4000 men armed with 2403 muskets and 1597 corslets; they also mustered 82 Cuirassiers and 218 Harquebusiers.

Battle of Newburn
Somerset was ordered to send 2000 men overland to Newcastle upon Tyne for the Second Bishops' War of 1640. However, substitution was rife and many of those sent on this unpopular service would have been untrained replacements and conscripts. Like many other contingents, the Somerset men were disorderly, complaining about pay, food and conditions. As his regiment passed through Warwickshire, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Lunsford and his officers admitted that they had killed some of their men in self-defence. Sir John Beaumont's regiment, conscripted in Somerset, Bristol, and Wiltshire, marauded through Derbyshire, attacking the property of unpopular landowners, and were accused of being 'West Country clownes'.

At the Battle of Newburn, roughly 800 raw Somerset musketeers under Lunsford were holding two hurriedly-erected breastworks or 'sconces' on the south side of the River Tyne. Around 300 Scottish cavalry made a probe across the fordable river and were driven off by the concentrated fire of the musketeers. The Scots then began an intense cannonade of the sconces with their superior artillery. Although Lunsford kept his men in their defences for a while, they eventually broke and ran, many throwing away their weapons, and their gunpowder store blew up. The Scottish cannon and cavalry drove back a counter-attack by English cavalry, and they crossed the river. By early evening the whole Royal army was in full retreat to Newcastle and shortly afterwards the King had to concede a settlement with the Scots.

Civil Wars
Control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. When open war broke out between the King and Parliament, neither side made much use of the trained bands beyond securing the county armouries for their own full-time troops; some trained bands were used as garrison troops, only a few as field regiments. The Somerset Trained Bands split between the two parties. Armed with the King's Commission of Array, Sir Ralph Hopton, Member of Parliament for Wells, raised the TBs there in July 1642, but when he rode into Shepton Mallet with a company of horse on 1 August and attempted to call out the TBs there, he was confronted by William Strode, MP for Ilchester, who claimed authority over the trained bands under Parliament's Militia Ordinance. A street fight broke out, Hopton and the Royalist supporters were chased out of town and shortly afterwards the whole county. The Somerset TBs divided as follows:
 Royalist:
 Lord Paulet's Somerset Trained Band: commanded by John Poulett, 1st Baron Poulett (or Paulet). Paulet had commanded 800 men in June 1642, but he was a committed Royalist and the men followed Lt-Col John Pyne, MP, into the Parliamentarian army.
 Sir Edward Rodney's Somerset Trained Band: commanded by Sir Edward Rodney, Hopton's colleague as MP for Wells. Hopton mustered the regiment in July 1642 and it took part in a skirmish at Wells in August. After the Parliamentarians overran Somerset following the Siege of Sherborne Castle in September, Rodney was probably replaced by a Parliamentarian, possibly Col William Strode. However, Rodney appears to have been reinstated following the Royalist victories of 1643 and the regiment took part in the Battle of Lostwithiel (August–September 1644) and the subsequent Siege of Taunton (September–December). In March 1645 it formed the garrison of Wells, and it was probably part of the garrison of Bristol when it was besieged and captured (August–September 1645).
 Sir John Stawell's Somerset Trained Band: commanded by Sir John Stawell, MP for Somerset, the regiment may have been present at the capture of Taunton in June 1643 and the Siege of Lyme Regis (April–June 1644). Afterwards it was besieged in Taunton in July 1644, and fought at the Battle of Langport in July 1645. It was in the besieged garrison of Bristol, armed solely with muskets, from August to September 1645, when a detachment was in Windmill Fort.
 Sir Edward Berkeley's Somerset Trained Band: commanded by Sir Edward Berkeley, who was captured in October 1642.
 Somerset Trained Band Horse: Lt-Col Edward Dyer of the Somerset TB Horse was captured by Parliament at the fall of Bridgwater; he was later colonel of his own regiment of horse for the Royalists, which may have been based on the TB Horse.

 Parliamentarian:
 Colonel William Strode's Somerset Trained Band: commanded by Strode after he chased Hopton out of Shepton Mallet, it served in the successful Parliamentary Siege of Sherborne Castle in September. It was later converted into a full-time Parliamentarian regiment: it is not clear whether its participation in the Battle of Braddock Down in January 1643 and the Second Battle of Modbury in February was as TBs or Regulars. Strode's Foot subsequently served through the long Siege of Plymouth.
 Bath Trained Band: commanded by Sir Alexander Popham, MP for Bath. After serving in the Siege of Sherborne in September 1642, its weapons were taken in 1643 to arm Popham's Regiment of Foot for Parliament.
 Colonel John Pyne's Somerset Trained Band: formerly Paulett's (see above). In August 1642 the regiment (about 500 strong) was routed at the Battle of Marshall's Elm by a Royalist force commanded by Henry Lunsford (Thomas's brother) , John Digby, Lord Hawley and Sir John Stawell. However, it took part in the Siege of Sherborne in September and was still active at the Second Battle of Modbury in February 1643.

As Parliament tightened its grip on the country after winning the First Civil War it reorganised the militia to counterbalance the power of the Army. New Militia Acts in 1648 and 1650 replaced lords lieutenant with county commissioners appointed by Parliament or the Council of State. The establishment of The Protectorate saw Oliver Cromwell take control of the militia as a paid force to support his Rule by Major-Generals. From now on the term 'Trained Band' began to be replaced by 'Militia'. On 15 February 1650 commissions were issued for the field officers (colonels, lt-colonels and majors) of the reorganised Somerset Militia (two regiments each of horse and foot), including Sir Alexander Popham as a Colonel of Horse

Somerset Militia

After the Restoration of the Monarchy, the English Militia was re-established by the Militia Act of 1661 under the control of the king's lords-lieutenant, the men to be selected by ballot. This was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army' tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship, and almost the whole burden of home defence and internal security was entrusted to the militia. The militia was reformed in 1662 and by 1679 the Somerset Militia once again consisted of five regiments of foot and one of horse. In 1685 it was heavily engaged in the Monmouth Rebellion.

Uniforms and insignia
The mounted 'petronels' of the Elizabethan Somerset Trained Bands wore coats of a uniform colour, and the footmen of the period usually wore blue cassocks and red caps. A wide range of uniform colours was used during the Civil Wars. By 1650 red coats were becoming  standard.

Notes

References

 C.G. Cruickshank, Elizabeth's Army, 2nd Edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
 Mark Charles Fissel, The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's campaigns against Scotland 1638–1640, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-34520-0.
 Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol I, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1910.

 Richard Holmes, Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors, London: HarperPress, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-722570-5.
 John Kenyon, The Civil Wars of England, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988, ISBN 0-297-79351-9.
 W.J.W. Kerr, Records of the 1st Somerset Militia (3rd Bn. Somerset L.I.), Aldershot:Gale & Polden, 1930.
 Dame Veronica Wedgwood, The King's War 1641–1647: The Great Rebellion, London: Collins, 1958/Fontana, 1966.

External sources
 British Civil Wars, Commonwealth & Protectorate, 1638–1660 (the BCW Project)

Somerset Militia
Trained Bands of England
Military units and formations of the English Civil War
Military units and formations in Somerset
Military units and formations established in 1558
Military units and formations disestablished in 1650

Somerset Trained Bands


The negligee or négligée ( ; ), also known in French as  (; ), is a form of see-through clothing for women consisting of a sheer, usually long, dressing gown. It is a form of nightgown intended for wear at night and in the bedroom. It was introduced in France in the 18th century, where it mimicked the heavy head-to-toe style of women's day dresses of the time.

By the 1920s, the negligee began to mimic women's satin single-layer evening dress of the period. The term "negligee" was used on a Royal Doulton run of ceramic figurines in 1927, showing women wearing what appears to be a one-piece knee-length slip made of silk or rayon, trimmed with lace. Although the evening-dress style of nightwear made moves towards the modern negligee style—translucent bodices, lace trimming, bows, exemplified in 1941 by a photo of Rita Hayworth in Life—it was only after World War II that nightwear changed from being primarily utilitarian to being primarily sensual or even erotic; the negligee emerged strongly as a form of lingerie.

Modern negligees are often much looser and made of sheer and diaphanous fabrics and trimmed with lace or other fine material and bows. Multiple layers of fabric are often used. The modern negligee thus perhaps owes more to women's fine bedjackets or bed-capes, and up-market slips than to the nightgown. It spread to a mass market, benefiting from the introduction of cheap synthetic fabrics such as nylon and its finer successors. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the trend was for negligees to become shorter in length (e.g. the babydoll of the 1970s). Negligees made from the 1940s to the 1970s are now collectible vintage items.

In the UK in 2004, negligees accounted for only four percent of women's nightwear sales, women's pyjamas having dominated since the mid-1980s. However, UK negligee sales are said to have been the fastest increasing sector of the market since 1998.

References

External links

Nightwear
Gowns
Lingerie
Women's clothing

Negligee


The Nectarian Period of the lunar geologic timescale runs from 3920 million years ago to 3850 million years ago. It is the period during which the Nectaris Basin and other major basins were formed by large impact events. Ejecta from Nectaris form the upper part of the densely cratered terrain found in lunar highlands.

Relationship to Earth's geologic time scale
Since little or no geological evidence on Earth exists from the time spanned by the Nectarian period of the Moon, the Nectarian has been used by at least one notable scientific work as an unofficial subdivision of the terrestrial Hadean eon.

See also

References

03
Lunar geologic periods

Nectarian


Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson (née Cunningham) (9 February 1909 – 27 May 2002) was a Scottish historian and paleographer.

Early years
Born Marjorie Ogilvie Cunningham in St Andrews, she attended St Leonards School there before studying English at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University.

Career
After graduation she joined Alan Orr Anderson, whose eyesight was failing, as his paleographer and assistant. They married in 1932. Alan Anderson died in 1958, but Mrs Anderson continued to publish on early Scottish subjects, most notably her Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland and her revision of Early Sources of Scottish History, the standard collection of source material on Scottish History to 1286, written by Alan Anderson and first published in 1922.

Honours
Mrs Anderson received an honorary DLitt from the University of Saint Andrews in 1973. A festschrift in her honour was published in 2000.

Death
She died in 2002.

Select bibliography
 (editor) Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, 2nd edition, Stamford, 1990.
 (with Alan Orr Anderson) Adomnan's Life of Columba, Edinburgh 1961 (revised Oxford, 1991)
 (with Alan Orr Anderson) The Chronicle of Holyrood, Edinburgh, 1938.
 Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland, Edinburgh, 1973 (revised Edinburgh, 1980)

References
 Taylor, Simon, "Introduction" and "Bibliography of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson" in Taylor (ed.), op. cit.
 Taylor, Simon, "The Anderson Century: 100 years of Early Medieval Scottish Historical Study" in History Scotland, Volume 2, Number 6 (November/December 2002).
 Watt, D.E.R., "Dr Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson: A tribute" in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the occasion of her ninetieth birthday. Four Courts, Dublin, 2000.

1909 births
2002 deaths
People educated at St Leonards School
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
20th-century Scottish historians
Scottish antiquarians
British women historians
20th-century British women writers
20th-century antiquarians

Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson


The Gare du Nord (pronounced [ɡaʁ dy nɔːʁ]; English: North Station), officially Paris-Nord, is one of the seven large mainline railway station in Paris, France. It is for the trains that run between the capital and northern France via the Paris–Lille railway, and to Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It is in the northern part of Paris near the Gare de l'Est in the 10th arrondissement.  There are several urban transport lines, including Paris Métro, the Réseau Express Régional and buses. The most of its passengers are commuters travelling between the northern suburbs of Paris and towns. It is the busiest railway station in Europe by total passenger numbers; in 2015 there were more than 700,000 passengers per day.

The first station on the site was started in 1846. The present building was opened in 1864, and it is being developed and made bigger.

References

Buildings and structures in Paris
Rail transport in France
Public transport in Paris

Gare du Nord


A Coffee in Berlin, also titled Oh Boy, is a 2012 German tragicomedy film directed by Jan-Ole Gerster. It is in black-and-white. It is the director's debut film, and thesis project for the German Film and Television Academy in Berlin.

The film premiered at the 2012 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. In 2014, the film was released in the US under the title A Coffee in Berlin.

Plot
Niko tries to sneak out of his girlfriend's apartment before she wakes, but has to tell her that he will not be back that evening because he has some vague things to do. She offers coffee, but he says he is late already. He moves boxes into a new apartment, looking through old photos, and checks his mail. He opens an official letter and realizes he is late for an appointment.

The appointment is with a state psychologist, as Niko was caught driving under the influence. In this interview Niko says he has dropped out of law school. The psychologist messes around with Niko, asks him if he is gay, insecure about his short stature, about the relationship to his parents altogether leading questions, ultimately deciding not to give him back his license, as he deems Niko unstable.

When Niko goes to get coffee in a fashionable coffeeshop, he doesn't have enough money. After giving what little money he has to a sleeping beggar, the ATM eats his card, so he tries to take the money back but a passerby spots him appearing to steal from the homeless. Niko leaves a message for his father to help him with his bank card situation. Niko's lonely neighbour brings him a house warming gift and invites himself into the apartment. The man talks about his personal problems and eventually weeps, while Niko awkwardly consoles this stranger.

Niko and his friend Matze, a failed actor, head to a pub for lunch where Niko orders a coffee, but the machine is broken. A former classmate named Julika recognizes Niko, and joins the table. Niko does not recognize her, an attractive, slender woman, as she was overweight in school. She says she left that school for a boarding school after a suicide attempt because she was teased for being fat. She insists she had a crush on Niko at age 13. She has become an avant-garde dancer and invites both Niko and Matze to a play that she is performing in later that night.

The boys go to a movie set, where Matze's friend is the main actor playing a Nazi officer in WW2 in love with a Jewish woman he shelters in his basement. They hang out in his trailer, and Matze asks whether he might be able to play a small role in the film. While on the set, Niko's father returns Niko's call; Niko says he's in the library studying.  His father invites him to play golf.

At the golf course Niko's father introduces him to his new assistant Schneider as "my favorite son". Niko says "his only son." His father jokes, "Don't be too sure about that." His father points out that his new assistant is younger than Niko, but has already obtained his JD. Niko's father criticizes his golf technique. At the club house Niko orders coffee, but his father cancels it saying it was too late in the morning for that and orders 3 shots of Schnapps. When the shots arrive, his father tells the assistant he can't drink his shot because he is driving, and orders him to get the car. Then he confronts Niko about dropping out of law school and lying to him for two years. He asks about what he did all that time and Niko answers: "I have thought about myself and about you." Niko's father tells Niko that he has always been a disappointment, and that he closed his bank account. He advises him to get new shoes and a job "like everyone else". He gives Niko a few hundred euro and leaves. Niko drinks both shots and walks through a forest looking upward through the trees.

At the subway station, the ticket machine is broken and Niko rides without a ticket. He has an absurd argument with two plainclothes subway ticket inspectors, until he manages to run away and escapes on a different train. He buys liquor in an Arab cornerstore.

Later that evening Matze picks him up, but first wants to buy drugs from his friend Marcel. An elderly woman opens the door, but doesn't let them in until Marcel, the drug dealer comes to the door. She offers to make sandwiches, but Marcel declines. He leads them to his room where several people sit around a hookah. Niko leaves the room and turns his attention to the elderly grandmother who owns the apartment. She offers to make him sandwiches and to show him the electric massaging recliner her grandson bought her.

Matze and Niko arrive late at the Tacheles for the play that Julika is in. They squeeze into their seats and sit through a confusing avant garde dance theater play in which Julika mimes eating her own body followed by vomiting. Matze laughs. At the cast party Julika introduces them to the writer/director who is furious at Matze for laughing through the play. Matze said he thought it was a comedy. Niko leaves the argument to get a breath of fresh air in the street and to smoke, where he is joined by Julika. Three drunk men harass Julika, who talks back, until Niko is punched in the nose. Julika nurses him back in the dressing room. A closeness develops between the two after both state how the other has changed. Julika says how he changed from being confident and self-assured. They start kissing and begin to engage in sex, when all of a sudden Julika insists he say, "I want to fuck the fat little Julika." Niko becomes uncomfortable, the embracing stops, and Julika is furious that he stopped, suggesting he still thinks she is too fat. When he tries to explain that he feels awkward about the situation, she yells "Everybody wants to fuck me" and kicks him out.

Niko goes to a bar and orders coffee, but the coffee machine has already been cleaned for the evening. He orders a vodka and beer. An elderly drunk man takes a seat beside him, talking constantly, even though Niko asks him to leave him alone. But the man orders a drink for Niko, wishes him "salute" and Niko tolerates him. The man insists he can't understand what people are saying. Niko says it is German. The man laughs saying he went away for 60 years. Niko asks where. The man says, "Away." He talks about how everything had changed, the very bar they sit in, and the neighborhood. As a small child he was trained to salute Hitler and he witnessed his father smashing the windows of the store that is now a bar. He said he cried because the glass chips meant he could no longer ride his bike there. The man leaves the bar, only to collapse on the sidewalk. Niko accompanies him in the ambulance to the hospital, where the man eventually dies the next morning. The nurse tells him he had no relatives, and his first name was Friederich.

Niko leaves the hospital as a new day dawns. With shaky hands he finally drinks a cup of coffee in a diner.

Cast
 Tom Schilling as Niko Fischer
 Marc Hosemann as Matze
 Friederike Kempter as Julika Hoffmann
 Justus von Dohnányi as Karl Speckenbach
 Katharina Schüttler as Elli
 Arnd Klawitter as Phillip Rauch
 Martin Brambach as Jörg
 Steffen Jürgens as Ralf
 Michael Gwisdek as Friedrich
 Ulrich Noethen as Walter Fischer
 Frederick Lau as Ronny

Awards

References

 Blankenship, Robert and Jill E. Twark. "'Berliner Sonderschule': History, Space, and Humour in Jan Ole Gerster's Oh Boy (A Coffee in Berlin). Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies. 53.4 (November 2017): 362-381.

External links

German comedy-drama films
European Film Awards winners (films)
Films set in Berlin
2010s German films

A Coffee in Berlin


Midrash Aseret ha-Dibrot (Hebrew: מדרש עשרת הדיברות) or Midrash of the Ten Statements is  one of the smaller midrashim which dates (according to A. Jellinek) from about the 10th century, and which is devoted entirely to the Shavuot holiday; a Vatican library manuscript in fact calls it "an aggadah for Shavuot."

Goals of the Midrash
The author of the Midrash seeks to inculcate the doctrines of the Ten Commandments by citing pertinent tales of a moral and religious nature. In addition to much material from unknown sources, he employs many passages from treatises on the Creation, revelation, and similar topics, which he introduces with the phrase "ameru hakhamim" (the sages say); he seldom cites his authorities. He writes in a lucid Hebrew style. The separate commandments are prefaced by a general introduction based on Psalms 106:2: "Who can utter the mighty acts of the Lord? who can show forth all his praise?" This verse is explained, with reference to Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer 3, as follows: "Even the angels are unable to recount His mighty acts; only faintly may be shown what He has created and what shall come to pass, that the name of the King of all kings, the Holy One, blessed be He!, may be praised and honored."

Sample of Contents
After a few sentences follows the aggadah of the strife of the letters, which contended with each other for the honor of forming the beginning of creation. The victor in this contest was the letter "bet," the initial of the word בראשית, while "alef" was comforted by the promise that with it, as the first letter of אנכי, the revelation of the Ten Commandments should begin.

The word אנכי is explained as a noṭariḳon and as Egyptian. This section is followed by a mystic and cosmological discussion of the magnitude of the world, of the waters above and below the firmament, and of the seven heavens. The introduction then makes excursus on the modesty of Moses, which gained for him the honor of God's revelation of the Torah; on the preexistence of the Torah, and on God's invitation to the Gentiles to accept it, which they all refused; and on the pledges which God required of Israel to keep the Torah, these pledges being their children.

In the discussion of the several commandments (דיבור ראשון, etc., to דיבור תשיעי, which are included in the editions of this midrash) only the first and sixth commandments, which have no story attached to them, are treated at any length in aggadic fashion. In the case of the other commandments, legends form the principal part of the discussion, and are arranged as follows:
 commandment 2, the mother and her seven children, the limping Jew;
 commandment 3, one who never swore;
 commandment 4, the pious man and the cow; Joseph, who kept holy the Sabbath-day, the emperor and R. Joshua b. Hananiah, Tinnius Rufus and Rabbi Akiva
 commandment 5, three examples of the love of children, the child and the Book of Genesis
 commandment 7, the temptation of Mattithiah b. Ḥeresh, Rabbi Meir and the wife of his host, Mattaniah's wife and death; the history of Saul, who by the help of Elijah was reunited with his wife after a long separation
 commandment 8, Solomon and the thief, the merchant and the thievish innkeeper;
 commandment 9, the son of the publican Baya.

References

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Zunz, G. V. pp. 142, 144;
Jellinek, B. H. i., p. xviii.;
text of the Midrash, ib. pp. 62–90;
Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 301;
Horowitz, Uralte Tosefta's, v. 66 et seq.;
Wertheimer, Batte Midrashot, ii. 8, 26.  On another recension of this midrash in the Ḥibbur ha-Ma'asiyyot, Verona, 1647, which contains a story on the honor due the Torah, as well as on a, and which is contained in a manuscript of historical miscellanies, comp. A. Epstein in Ha-Shaḥar, i. 67;
Maḥzor Vitry, Introduction, p. 183.
Winter and Wünsche's Die Jüdische Litteratur, i. 669 et seq., contains a translation of some fragments of another midrash to the Ten Commandments, attributed to Saadia Gaon (comp.
 Eisenstadter, Arabischer Midrasch zu den Zehn Geboten, Vienna, 1868; see also Weiss, Dor, iv. 152).

Midrashim
Jewish medieval literature
Commandments

Midrash Aseret ha-Dibrot


United Nations Security Council Resolution 126 was adopted on 2 December 1957. It was the last of three resolutions passed during 1957 to deal with the dispute between the governments of India and Pakistan over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir. It followed a report on the situation by Gunnar Jarring, representative for Sweden which the council had requested in resolution 123. It requests that the governments of India and Pakistan refrain from aggravating the situation, and instructs the United Nations Representative for India and Pakistan to visit the subcontinent and report to the council with recommended action toward further progress.

The resolution was passed by ten votes to one, with the Soviet Union abstaining.

See also
Kashmir conflict
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200 (1953–1965)

References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

External links

 0126
 0126
December 1957 events


Data corruption refers to errors in computer data that occur during writing, reading, storage, transmission, or processing, which introduce unintended changes to the original data. Computer, transmission, and storage systems use a number of measures to provide end-to-end data integrity, or lack of errors.

In general, when data corruption occurs, a file containing that data will produce unexpected results when accessed by the system or the related application. Results could range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a document file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with a document editor they may get an error message, thus the file might not be opened or might open with some of the data corrupted (or in some cases, completely corrupted, leaving the document unintelligible). The adjacent image is a corrupted image file in which most of the information has been lost.

Some types of malware may intentionally corrupt files as part of their payloads, usually by overwriting them with inoperative or garbage code, while a non-malicious virus may also unintentionally corrupt files when it accesses them. If a virus or trojan with this payload method manages to alter files critical to the running of the computer's operating system software or physical hardware, the entire system may be rendered unusable.

Some programs can give a suggestion to repair the file automatically (after the error), and some programs cannot repair it. It depends on the level of corruption, and the built-in functionality of the application to handle the error. There are various causes of the corruption.

Overview

There are two types of data corruption associated with computer systems: undetected and detected.  Undetected data corruption, also known as silent data corruption, results in the most dangerous errors as there is no indication that the data is incorrect.  Detected
data corruption may be permanent with the loss of data, or may be temporary when some part of the system is able to detect and correct the error; there is no data corruption in the latter case.

Data corruption can occur at any level in a system, from the host to the storage medium.  Modern systems attempt to detect corruption at many layers and then recover or correct the corruption; this is almost always successful but very rarely the information arriving in the systems memory is corrupted and can cause unpredictable results.

Data corruption during transmission has a variety of causes. Interruption of data transmission causes information loss. Environmental conditions can interfere with data transmission, especially when dealing with wireless transmission methods. Heavy clouds can block satellite transmissions. Wireless networks are susceptible to interference from devices such as microwave ovens.

Hardware and software failure are the two main causes for data loss.  Background radiation, head crashes, and aging or wear of the storage device fall into the former category, while software failure typically occurs due to bugs in the code.
Cosmic rays cause most soft errors in DRAM.

Silent

Some errors go unnoticed, without being detected by the disk firmware or the host operating system; these errors are known as silent data corruption.

There are many error sources beyond the disk storage subsystem itself. For instance, cables might be slightly loose, the power supply might be unreliable, external vibrations such as a loud sound, the network might introduce undetected corruption, cosmic radiation and many other causes of soft memory errors, etc. In 39,000 storage systems that were analyzed, firmware bugs accounted for 5–10% of storage failures. All in all, the error rates as observed by a CERN study on silent corruption are far higher than one in every 1016 bits. Webshop Amazon.com has acknowledged similar high data corruption rates in their systems. In 2021, faulty processor cores were identified as an additional cause in publications by Google and Facebook; cores were found to be faulty at a rate of several in thousands of cores.

One problem is that hard disk drive capacities have increased substantially, but their error rates remain unchanged. The data corruption rate has always been roughly constant in time, meaning that modern disks are not much safer than old disks. In old disks the probability of data corruption was very small because they stored tiny amounts of data. In modern disks the probability is much larger because they store much more data, whilst not being safer. That way, silent data corruption has not been a serious concern while storage devices remained relatively small and slow. In modern times and with the advent of larger drives and very fast RAID setups, users are capable of transferring 1016 bits in a reasonably short time, thus easily reaching the data corruption thresholds.

As an example, ZFS creator Jeff Bonwick stated that the fast database at Greenplum, which is a database software company specializing in large-scale data warehousing and analytics, faces silent corruption every 15 minutes.  As another example, a real-life study performed by NetApp on more than 1.5 million HDDs over 41 months found more than 400,000 silent data corruptions, out of which more than 30,000 were not detected by the hardware RAID controller (only detected during scrubbing).  Another study, performed by CERN over six months and involving about 97 petabytes of data, found that about 128 megabytes of data became permanently corrupted silently somewhere in the pathway from network to disk.

Silent data corruption may result in cascading failures, in which the system may run for a period of time with undetected initial error causing increasingly more problems until it is ultimately detected.  For example, a failure affecting file system metadata can result in multiple files being partially damaged or made completely inaccessible as the file system is used in its corrupted state.

Countermeasures

When data corruption behaves as a Poisson process, where each bit of data has an independently low probability of being changed, data corruption can generally be detected by the use of checksums, and can often be corrected by the use of error correcting codes (ECC).

If an uncorrectable data corruption is detected, procedures such as automatic retransmission or restoration from backups can be applied. Certain levels of RAID disk arrays have the ability to store and evaluate parity bits for data across a set of hard disks and can reconstruct corrupted data upon the failure of a single or multiple disks, depending on the level of RAID implemented.  Some CPU architectures employ various transparent checks to detect and mitigate data corruption in CPU caches, CPU buffers and instruction pipelines; an example is Intel Instruction Replay technology, which is available on Intel Itanium processors.

Many errors are detected and corrected by the hard disk drives using the ECC codes which are stored on disk for each sector.  If the disk drive detects multiple read errors on a sector it may make a copy of the failing sector on another part of the disk, by remapping the failed sector of the disk to a spare sector without the involvement of the operating system (though this may be delayed until the next write to the sector).  This "silent correction" can be monitored using S.M.A.R.T. and tools available for most operating systems to automatically check the disk drive for impending failures by watching for deteriorating SMART parameters.

Some file systems, such as Btrfs, HAMMER, ReFS, and ZFS, use internal data and metadata checksumming to detect silent data corruption.  In addition, if a corruption is detected and the file system uses integrated RAID mechanisms that provide data redundancy, such file systems can also reconstruct corrupted data in a transparent way.  This approach allows improved data integrity protection covering the entire data paths, which is usually known as end-to-end data protection, compared with other data integrity approaches that do not span different layers in the storage stack and allow data corruption to occur while the data passes boundaries between the different layers.

Data scrubbing is another method to reduce the likelihood of data corruption, as disk errors are caught and recovered from before multiple errors accumulate and overwhelm the number of parity bits.  Instead of parity being checked on each read, the parity is checked during a regular scan of the disk, often done as a low priority background process. The "data scrubbing" operation activates a parity check.  If a user simply runs a normal program that reads data from the disk, then the parity would not be checked unless parity-check-on-read was both supported and enabled on the disk subsystem.

If appropriate mechanisms are employed to detect and remedy data corruption, data integrity can be maintained. This is particularly important in commercial applications (e.g. banking), where an undetected error could either corrupt a database index or change data to drastically affect an account balance, and in the use of encrypted or compressed data, where a small error can make an extensive dataset unusable.

See also

 Various resources:
 Data degradation, also called data rot
 Computer science
 Data integrity
 Database integrity
 Radiation hardening
 Software rot
 Countermeasures:
 Data Integrity Field
 ECC memory
 Forward error correction
 List of data recovery software
 Parchive
 RAID
 Reed–Solomon error correction

References

External links
 SoftECC: A System for Software Memory Integrity Checking
 A Tunable, Software-based DRAM Error Detection and Correction Library for HPC
 Detection and Correction of Silent Data Corruption for Large-Scale High-Performance Computing
 End-to-end Data Integrity for File Systems: A ZFS Case Study
 DRAM Errors in the Wild: A Large-Scale Field Study
 A study on silent corruptions, and an associated paper on data integrity (CERN, 2007)
 End-to-end Data Protection in SAS and Fibre Channel Hard Disk Drives (HGST)

Data quality
Product expiration

Data corruption


Philip Joseph Cavarretta (July 19, 1916 – December 18, 2010) was an American professional baseball first baseman, outfielder, and manager. He was known to friends and family as "Phil" and was also called "Philibuck", a nickname bestowed by Cubs manager Charlie Grimm.

Cavarretta had a 22-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, spending 20 seasons with the Chicago Cubs before spending his final two seasons with the Chicago White Sox. His 20 seasons played for the Cubs is the second-most in franchise history, behind Cap Anson's 22 seasons. Cavarretta was voted the National League Most Valuable Player for 1945 after leading the Cubs to the pennant while winning the batting title with a .355 batting average. He was a player-manager for the Cubs in his final three seasons with the team.

Baseball career
Cavaretta attended Lane Technical High School on Chicago's North Side (now known as Lane Tech College Prep), where he played baseball and basketball, and signed a professional contract with the Cubs before finishing high school. In his first professional game with Peoria at age 17 in , Cavaretta hit for the cycle as a right fielder. That same year he was brought up to the Cubs to replace manager Charlie Grimm at first base. He first appeared in a major league game on September 16, 1934, less than two months after his 18th birthday, pinch-hitting unsuccessfully for the Cubs' shortstop Billy Jurges in the fifth inning of the first game of a doubleheader in Brooklyn. A week later, on September 25, in his first start and his first appearance at the Cubs' home park, Wrigley Field, Cavaretta hit a home run that supplied the winning margin in the Cubs' 1–0 win over Cincinnati. In his  rookie season, he batted .275 with 82 runs batted in, also leading the league in double plays, as the Cubs captured their third pennant in seven years by winning 21 straight games in September; however, he batted only .125 in the World Series loss to the Detroit Tigers. Over the next several seasons he provided solid play at first base, routinely batting between .270 and .291 every season but one through 1943, though he lost significant playing time from 1938 to 1940 due to a hip injury and an ankle broken twice while sliding. In the 1938 World Series against the New York Yankees, he batted .462 as the Cubs were swept.

Exempted from World War II service because of a perforated eardrum, in  Cavaretta batted .321 with a league-high 197 hits, had career highs with 106 runs, 35 doubles and 15 triples, and earned his first of four straight All-Star selections (reaching base a record five times in the game) though the Cubs suffered their fifth consecutive losing season. But the team improved by 23 games in 1945, edging the defending champion St. Louis Cardinals by three games for the pennant as Cavaretta was named MVP. That season he won the National League batting title, hitting .355. He also had a career-high 97 RBI, leading the NL in on-base percentage and finishing third in slugging average. He batted .423 in the World Series against the Tigers, though the Cubs again lost, in seven games. In Game 1, he singled and scored as the Cubs took a 4–0 lead in the first inning, singled and scored again in the third, and homered in the seventh as Chicago took the opener 9–0. He scored the Cubs' only run in Game 2, and in a 12-inning 8–7 win in Game 6 had a 2–RBI single and scored a run; he had three hits in Game 7, but the Cubs lost 9–3.

He made the All-Star team again in 1946 and 1947, batting .314 the latter year, as the Cubs again fell back in the standings. He was named manager in June 1951, succeeding Frankie Frisch. Continuing as manager for two more years, he compiled a record of 169–213. In , his final season with the Cubs, he surpassed Stan Hack's modern team record of 1,938 games; Ernie Banks would eventually break his mark of 1,953 games in . Cavarretta was fired during  spring training after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place (they finished seventh), and in May he signed with the crosstown Chicago White Sox; he ended his career there in .

Legacy
In his 22-year major league career covering 2,030 games, Cavaretta compiled a .293 batting average (1,977-for-6,754) with 990 runs, 347 doubles, 99 triples, 95 home runs, 920 RBI, 65 stolen bases, 820 bases on balls, .372 on-base percentage and .416 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .989 fielding percentage playing at first base and all three outfield positions. In three World Series (1935, 1938 and 1945) he hit .317 (20-for-63) with 9 runs, 3 doubles, 1 home run, 5 RBI and 4 walks.

He later managed in the minor leagues from 1956 to 1958 and again from 1965 to 1972, became a coach and scout with the Tigers, and was a New York Mets organizational hitting instructor.

Cavaretta was the last living player to have played against Babe Ruth in a major league game; he did so on May 12, 1935, against the Boston Braves.

Death
On December 18, 2010, Cavarretta died of complications from a stroke. He was also battling leukemia at the time of his death.

See also

List of members of the Italian American Sports Hall of Fame
List of Major League Baseball batting champions
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
Van Lingle Mungo (song)

References

External links

Phil Cavarretta – Profile and Career highlights
Baseball Almanac: The Hustling Cub Starred in Three World Series

1916 births
2010 deaths
American people of Italian descent
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Baseball players from Chicago
Birmingham Barons managers
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) managers
Chicago Cubs managers
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers coaches
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball player-managers
Major League Baseball third base coaches
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
New York Mets coaches
Peoria Tractors players
Reading Red Sox players

Phil Cavarretta