Walter Carroll (4 July 1869 - 9 October 1955) was an English composer, music lecturer and author.  He was born at 156 Great Ducie Street in the Cheetham district of Manchester.

Early life and education
He was a pupil at Longsight High School, Manchester. Leaving school at the age of 14, he went to work at the Manchester textile firm of J. N Phillips and Co., learning office routine and account keeping. Joining the choir of St. John Chrysostom Anglican church, Victoria Park in 1886, he studied with the organist there, Frederick Pugh. He composed music for the choir there and became the librarian. In 1887, he also joined the Halle Choir in Manchester which broadened his choral experience widely.

Student and early lectureships
In 1888, Carroll (on the advice of Pugh) joined Owens College (later to become part of the Victoria University of Manchester) where he studied advanced music theory with Henry Hiles. In 1890, in the absence of a Music degree at Manchester, Carroll entered for the external Mus. B. degree of the Durham University. This was also the first year of the Durham Mus. B. examinations and Carroll was successful along with another local candidate, George Pritchard. On the recommendation of Hiles, Carroll was appointed Lecturer in Music to the Training Students, Owens College Day Training College for Teachers. In October 1892, Carroll was appointed Singing Master in both departments of the Manchester Day Training College and Organist and Choirmaster at St. Clement's Church, Greenheys, Manchester.

In 1893 (on the recommendation of Charles Hallé who had seen his Two Sonatinas, composed the previous year) he became a lecturer in harmony at the newly formed Royal Manchester College of Music and held chairs at the college of harmony and composition (1904-1920), replacing Henry Hiles on the latter's retirement, and of the art of teaching (1909-1920). In addition to these, Carroll was appointed Lecturer in Harmony at the University of Manchester in July 1904. Carroll was elected Dean of the Faculty of Music in 1910.

Postgraduate
In 1894, Carroll studied at Manchester University for the newly established Mus. B. degree and he was awarded this is 1896. In 1900 he became the first student to gain by examination, the degree of Mus. D from Manchester University.

Carroll started a training course for music teachers in 1907 and was appointed music adviser by the Manchester Education Committee in 1918.  He gave up all his other work in 1920 to concentrate on music for children.  Carroll regularly visited and advised teachers in about four hundred schools, lecturing on the teaching of singing, instrumental music, and music appreciation. The city's education department had decided that children with no musical training should have a chance to perform. The Manchester Children's Choir was therefore formed in 1925 by Carroll from elementary schools in the area. The choir existed from 1925-1939 and gave concerts, usually in local town halls, during Civic Week. The concerts with the Halle lasted from 1929 until Walter Carroll's retirement in 1935. This choir performed on the famous 1929 recording of Nymphs and Shepherds.

Piano Music for Children

From 1912 until 1953, Carroll composed a substantial body of educational original piano pieces for children learning the piano. Teaching his young daughter to play, he was dissatisfied with the teaching material then available for the very young and their teachers. Returning from a family holiday in Scotland and filled with memories of their trip to Portpatrick, Carroll and his daughter Ida found that "the tutor (book), with its dull cover and queer contents, seemed very dull".  Consequently the compositions were inspired by the Galloway countryside and published as collections with titles inspired by nature, starting with 'Scenes at a Farm' (1912), followed in 1913 by 'The Countryside'.  'Sea Idylls' appeared in 1914 and 'Forest Fantasies' in 1916. In 1922, 'In Southern Seas' (for the more advanced performer) made its appearance and in 1933, 'River and Rainbow'.

Published by Forsyth Brothers Ltd., these miniatures are still popular, one of them, "Alone at Sunset", was included in the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) 2011–2012 Grade 4 examination. "The Reef" (No.5 from In Southern Seas) is included in the ABRSM Grade 4 2019-2020 syllabus. "From the Cliffs", one of the ten pieces in 'Sea Idylls', has been a recurring entry for more than 60 years in Canada's Royal Conservatory of Music Grade 5 piano syllabus; in many of its syllabus issues over the years, any one of the Sea Idylls could be presented in that grade. "Walter Carroll's place in English teaching music is like that of Norman Rockwell in American painting," says Canadian pianist Arne Sahlen. "They both were derided for a time as cheaply sentimental, but public regard has risen for their work that expresses quintessential aspects of their countries and cultures."  More than his own compositions, he is perhaps best remembered for his compilation for young piano students of short keyboard pieces by J.S. Bach, First Lessons in Bach for the Piano (Manchester: Forsyth, 1908).

Carroll married Gertrude Southam in 1896 and there were two daughters, Elsa and Ida. He retired in 1934 and died at his home, 117 Lapwing Lane in Didsbury, in 1955 at the age of 86. His daughter Ida Carroll was an important music educator in Manchester, and also a composer.

References

English composers
Musicians from Manchester
1955 deaths
1869 births

Walter Carroll


This is about the British soldier; for others, see Theodore Wright (disambiguation).

Captain Theodore Wright, VC (15 May 1883 – 14 September 1914) was a British Army officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Wright was born in May 1883 in Brighton, and received his education from Clifton College and the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant on 1 October 1902.

He was thirty one years old, and a captain in the 57th Field Company, Corps of Royal Engineers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 23 August 1914 at Jemappes, Mons, Belgium, a company of the Royal Scots Fusiliers were holding a barricade at the north end of a bridge over the Mons-Condé canal. By this time the firing on the position had become so violent and the casualties were so numerous that a retirement had been decided on. Lance-Corporal Charles Jarvis, of the Royal Engineers was then called upon to destroy the bridge but was without the exploder and leads. It was then that he met Captain Theodore Wright, who had been wounded in the head, who told him to go back to the bridge and he would bring the necessary equipment.

It was whilst attempting to connect the leads under the bridge to blow it that Theodore Wright earned his Victoria Cross. Time and again he tried to get at the end of the leads but each time he raised his head above the level of the towpath he was fired upon from about thirty yards off. Eventually he gave up the attempt and in swinging himself back under the girder of the bridge he lost his grip and owing to exhaustion fell into the canal, and was pulled out by a Sergeant Smith. (Corporal Alfred Jarvis was also awarded the Victoria Cross for this same action).

At Vailly, Aube, on 14 September 1914, Theodore Wright assisted the passage of the 5th Cavalry Brigade over a pontoon bridge, and was mortally wounded whilst assisting wounded men into shelter. An officer of the Scots Greys wrote in a letter later "We got across the river the day before yesterday a bit before our time and we had to go back over a pontoon bridge considerably quicker than was pleasant, under a very heavy fire too. At the end of the bridge was an Engineer officer repairing bits blown off and putting down straw as cool as a cucumber  – the finest thing I ever saw. The poor fellow was killed just after my troops got across. No man earned a better Victoria Cross."

The medal
His medals are displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum in Gillingham, Kent.

References

Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
The Sapper VCs (Gerald Napier, 1998)
VCs of the First World War - 1914 (Gerald Gliddon, 1994)

External links
Royal Engineers Museum Sappers VCs
Captain Theodore Wright (biography)
Burial location of Theodore Wright "France"}
Location of Theodore Wright's Victoria Cross "Royal Engineers Museum"
News item "Theodore Wright's Victoria Cross donated to the Royal Engineers Museum"

1883 births
1914 deaths
Military personnel from Brighton
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
People educated at Clifton College
Royal Engineers officers
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Burials at Vailly British Cemetery

Theodore Wright


Charles Edwin Mitchell (October 6, 1877 – December 14, 1955) was an American banker whose incautious securities policies facilitated the speculation which led to the Crash of 1929. First National City Bank's (now Citibank) abuses under his leadership brought an end to ownership of investment affiliates by commercial banks.

Early life and education
Mitchell was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts to a Jewish family, where his father, George Edwin Mitchell, worked for a produce dealer and served as mayor from 1887 until 1888. Mitchell graduated from Amherst College in 1899, after which he got a job with the Western Electric Company in Chicago.

Career
In 1903, he became assistant to its president. After three years, he left the firm and moved to New York City, where he became assistant to the president of The Trust Company of America.  Between 1911 and 1916, he ran his own investment house, C. E. Mitchell & Company.  In 1916, he became vice-president of National City Company, which he reorganized into a private investment banking firm.  Shortly after, he relocated to Tuxedo Park, New York.

Nicknamed "Sunshine Charley", Mitchell was elected president of National City Bank (now Citibank) in 1921 and, in 1929, was appointed chairman.  Also in 1921, he was elected president of National City Company, which became the largest security-issuing entity in the world.  Under his leadership, the bank expanded rapidly and, by 1930, had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. His salesmen sold millions of shares in the bank totaling $650 million, much of which would be lost in the Crash of 1929. Indeed, while the Federal Reserve Bank was attempting to curb speculation earlier in 1929, Mitchell flaunted a $25 million advance to traders.

Arrest and acquittal
Mitchell remained chairman until 1933, when he was arrested and indicted for tax evasion by then Assistant U.S. Attorney Thomas E. Dewey.  Charges were brought following testimony by Mitchell in which he openly stated that he had sold his stake in National City Bank to avoid paying taxes.   Defended by attorney Max Steuer, he was found not guilty of all criminal charges, but the government won a million-dollar civil settlement against him. In 1933, the U.S. Senate's Pecora Commission investigated Mitchell as its first witness for his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, and tax avoidance. In November 1929, U.S. Senator Carter Glass said, "Mitchell more than any 50 men is responsible for this stock crash."

His townhouse on Fifth Avenue, built for him by Walker & Gillette in 1926, with a rusticated facade in the manner of a 16th-century Roman palazzo, now houses the French consulate.

References

1877 births
1955 deaths
American bankers
Businesspeople from New York City
Citigroup people
People from Chelsea, Massachusetts
American financiers
People from the Upper East Side
Amherst College alumni

Charles E. Mitchell


A highway shield or route marker is a sign denoting the route number of a highway, usually in the form of a symbolic shape with the route number enclosed. As the focus of the sign, the route number is usually the sign's largest element, with other items on the sign rendered in smaller sizes or contrasting colors.  Highway shields are used by travellers, commuters, and all levels of government for identifying, navigating, and organising routes within a given jurisdiction. Simplified highway shields often appear on maps.

Purposes
There are several distinct uses for the highway shield:
 Junction signs inform travelers that they are approaching an intersection with a numbered highway.
 Guide signs inform travelers which way to go at intersections, usually with an arrow pointing the way. These include:
 Directional assemblies, which combine highway shields with separate cardinal direction signs and arrow signs on the same post, and
 Direction, position, or indication signs, which include highway shields as part of the sign legend.
 Reassurance markers are used after major junctions and periodically in between to confirm the route and direction.
 Trailblazer assemblies are posted on other roadways to "blaze the trail" to the highway in question, usually with a "TO" banner plate above the shield
 Some jurisdictions place highway shields on highway location markers (kilometre or mile markers).
 At complex interchanges, route shield pavement markings help motorists get into the correct lane.

Highway shields by country

Australia

Australia has maintained distinctly different trends pertaining to highway shields in the past and will continue in this vein somewhat, despite the conversion to alpha-numeric routes and shields. Alpha-numeric route numbering has been in use in Tasmania since the 1970s, and was introduced in the mainland states from 1996, with the state of Victoria being the first to implement the policy on the mainland.

Prior to this conversion and concurrently, Federal Highway (gold-on-green squared-off bullet), National Highway (black-on-white squared-off bullet), State Highway (blue bullet) and Tourist Route (white-on-brown rounded pentagon) shields existed. In Victoria Freeway shields were used (white-on-green with 'F' prefix) until the late 1980s, while during the 1990s Queensland and New South Wales implemented a hexagonal blue-on-white Metroad system of urban arterial routes. The Western Ring Road (now M80) in Melbourne initially used a shield quite similar to the U.S. Interstate shield, albeit with 'Ring Road' written instead of 'Interstate' and with 2 peaks rather than 3.

To further complicate matters, with the introduction of the alpha-numeric system, roads that are federally funded (or Federal Highways) have a squared-off bullet encompassing the alpha-numeric designation. Freeways and dual-carriageway roads often use an 'M' prefix, particularly in Victoria. In addition, trapezoidal signs are placed every 5 km on major regional highways and freeways indicating the distance to the post office of the next city or major town on the route. These signs usually only have the first letter of the destination; two or three letters are used if there is ambiguity between nearby towns or when the place name consists of two words.

Brazil

Federal and state highways shields are standardized in Brazil by the National Transit Department (DENATRAN), but implementation is not always consistent nor even existent. In many states, highway names appear on highway location markers and guide signs with no highway shield.

Canada

Each province dictates the type of shields used as highway transportation is a provincial responsibility. However, the green and white signage for the Trans-Canada Highway is used nationwide. Each province has their own shape for the sign, though.

Alberta
Shields for core highways in Alberta use black route number on a white squared-off bullet, while shields for local highways (500-986) use black route number on a white oval. Both variants feature the provincial wordmark across the top, although it may be omitted on certain guide signs.

British Columbia
Standard shields for highways in British Columbia use blue route number on a white bullet, with the provincial shield of arms placed at the top. Certain highways (e.g. Crowsnest Highway, Southern Yellowhead Highway and Nisga'a Highway) use their own variations on the default provincial highway shield.

Ontario
Major or 400-series highways in Ontario have different kinds of shields depending on usage:
 Roadside reassurance markers take the shape of a bullet with a crown on top. Default colour scheme is black text on white background, although the Queen Elizabeth Way uses blue "QEW" on gold, and provincially-maintained toll highways (407, 412 and 418) use white route numbers on blue. These shields used to be emblazoned with "The King's Highway" across the top, but the wording has been removed since the 1990s.
 Markers on guide signs take the shape of a crown silhouette, with the route number placed within.

The exception is the private 407 Express Toll Route, which uses black route number on a white oval marker for both purposes.

Secondary provincial highways use an isosceles trapezoid as markers, while tertiary provincial highway markers use a rectangle with rounded corners.

Numbered roads maintained by Ontario's counties, regional municipalities and single-tier municipalities use an inverted isosceles trapezoid as markers. The default colour scheme is black text on a white background, although certain jurisdictions use their own colour combinations (e.g. white on blue in Niagara, gold on black in Peel, and gold on green in Halton).

On the other hand, instead of an inverted trapezoid, the single-tier city of Toronto uses a roundel for its municipally-maintained freeways, the Gardiner Expressway and the Don Valley Parkway. The design is two-tone gold-on-green, with the road name in white on the green outer ring, and either the cardinal direction (for reassurance markers) or an arrow (for guidance to the freeway) in black on the gold inner disc. The city's other roads, such as Allen Road, do not have their own shields.

Quebec
Shields for controlled-access autoroutes in Quebec use white route number on a blue bullet, with a white stylised drawing of a dual carriageway and an overpass on red across the top. Other provincial routes use white route number on a green French shield with three white fleur-de-lys across the top, while forest routes use white route number on a blue French shield with three white stylised trees across the top.

Mainland China
In mainland China, highway shields use specific letter designations to indicate the administrative level of the road, as outlined by the "Highway Route Signage Rules and National Road Numbering" (GB/T 917-2017). The designations are:

 G (GUO): National highways, which include national expressways and general national roads.
 S (SHENG): Provincial roads, covering both provincial expressways and general provincial roads.
 X (XIAN): County roads.
 Y: A designation for rural roads, used when county identifiers overlap.
 C (CUN): Village roads.
 Z (ZHUAN): Special-use roads.

For general roads (like general national and provincial roads, county, village, and special-use roads), the shield displays the administrative letter "G(S/X/Y/C/Z)" followed by a three-digit number. National expressways specifically have shields that begin with the letter "G". For main arteries like radial roads from the capital, north-south vertical roads, east-west horizontal roads, and regional ring roads, the shield shows "G" followed by up to two digits. For bypasses, connecting roads, and parallel roads, the shield combines the "G" designation with a two-digit main line number, a type identifier, and a sequence number.

Provincial expressways start with the letter "S". The main arteries and city bypass/connecting road shields display the "S" followed by up to two or two digits, respectively. These provincial expressway shields typically have a yellow background with black characters, showing the province's abbreviation followed by "Expressway", like "Su Expressway" for Jiangsu or "Zhe Expressway" for Zhejiang. In provinces with dense provincial expressway networks, like Guangdong, where S1-S99 cannot cover all roads, shorter connecting roads may use an "S" followed by a four-digit number.

National expressways (国道) feature a red background at the top of their shields, indicating their status as national routes. Provincial expressways (省道) have a yellow background at the top. All other road categories use a white background for their shields.

Germany
German Autobahns as the nation's federal controlled-access highway system use a blue shield with slanted edges and white lettering. Other federal highways use a yellow shield with black lettering. The color schemes mirror the country's directional signage coloring system on these two types of roads.

Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System states that the standard shield should consist of a yellow, bullet-shaped shield with the route number in black color. It is used on all numbered routes in Hong Kong.

Japan

The national highways of Japan use a triangular blue shield with a white route number. The expressways use a rectangular green shield with a white letter and number combination with the name of the route written in Japanese and English. Routes on urban expressways are signed with a green shield with white numbers. The Shuto Expressway system also uses this sign but with the route name written in kanji-characters above the number. Prefecture-maintained routes use a hexagonal blue shield with a white route number, letter, or combination of both.

Malaysia

According to the Manual on Traffic Control Devices Standard Traffic Signs archived by Malaysian Public Works Department, a standard Malaysian highway shield consists of a yellow hexagon shield with black border line which resembles the Public Works Department's logo itself. The highway shield standard is used for all expressways, federal and state roads in Malaysia, which can be distinguished through the numbering scheme used (please refer to the Road signs in Malaysia article for details).

New Zealand

New Zealand shields are similar to the bullet-shaped markers used in Hong Kong, but are red rather than yellow.

South Africa
The Southern African Development Community Road Traffic Signs Manual specifies designs for "confirmation route markers" for numbered national, provincial, regional and metropolitan routes. The national route marker is pentagonal, the provincial route marker is diamond-shaped, and the regional and metropolitan route markers are rectangular. The background is blue when used on a freeway and green for other roads. There is a white border and the lettering is yellow.

South Korea
The expressway shields are shaped like U.S. Highway shields and colored like Interstate shields with red, white and blue, the colors of the flag of South Korea. The national route shields are a blue oval, and local route shields are a yellow square.

Taiwan

The national highway shields are in the shape of the Prunus mume, the national flower of Taiwan. Provincial highways have triangular shields similar in shape to that of the national highways of Japan, with different colored backgrounds to distinguish between ordinary roads and expressways. The county and city highways have a square shield, while its spur roads as well as township and district roads have rectangular ones.

United States

The United States' Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) gives standard designs for highways in the Interstate Highway System and U.S. Route system. The Interstate shield is the only trademarked highway marker in use in the United States, and the U.S. Route shield was inspired by the Great Seal of the United States. The MUTCD also provides default designs for state highways (the circular highway shield) and county highways (a blue pentagon with yellow text). However, states are free to use any design for their numbered routes;  only five states (Delaware, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, and New Jersey) use the default shield on their primary systems, and all others use a custom design. Oklahoma used the default until 2006, when it changed to a state outline. Maryland uses the default sporadically for locally maintained sections of state-numbered highways, most often in Baltimore, but otherwise uses a different design. Virginia and West Virginia use the default for their secondary state routes but different designs for their primary state routes. There are several additional designs used in the other states and territories. State outlines are used for primary numbered routes in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, new signs in North Dakota, Ohio, and Oklahoma, and for secondary numbered routes in Texas. Tennessee and South Carolina also incorporate state outlines into their shields. Other options include basic geometric shapes besides a circle (like squares in Illinois and Indiana, and diamonds in Michigan and North Carolina), or a design representing the state (like Pennsylvania's keystone design, Utah's beehive, Kansas' sunflower, and New Hampshire's Old Man of the Mountain). Washington uses a silhouette of George Washington's bust. New Mexico uses the default circle but adds a Zia sun symbol inside the circle around the number. Every state but California uses a square or rectangular sign for its state highways, mainly to save money on both custom cutting and to be contained on a rectangular sign with other route markers. Wisconsin's symbol is a nod to its former triangular shields, while utilizing a second rectangular outline to better fit a number at full-height. Some U.S. counties and townships also have unique shield designs, though most use the MUTCD default.

Alternatives to shields

Many countries worldwide, such as the United Kingdom and France, do not use shields, instead relying on text representations of highway numbers. Road numbers (the term "highway" is not in general use in the UK) are prefixed by a letter indicating the type of road, for example M1, A1, B123 in the UK; A1, N1, D1 in France. These are sometimes highlighted with a different background color, depending on the class of highway and the context of the sign. The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals specifies that "road identification signs" consist of the route number framed in a rectangle, a shield, or the relevant state's route classification symbol (if one exists).   The extent to which such signs are used varies between countries.

In the United States, route shield pavement markings sometimes accompany physical highway shield signs or serve as replacements for them.

References

External links

Traffic signs

Highway shield


Enrico Mylius Dalgas K.1 D.M. F.M.I (16 July 1828 – 16 April 1894) was a Danish engineer who pioneered the soil melioration of Jutland.

Early life and family
Dalgas was born on 16 July 1828 in Naples, where his father Jean Antoine was the Danish consul. He was baptised Heinrich D. Dalgas. His mother Johanne Tomine née Stibolt was the daughter of a Danish naval officer from a distinguished family. Jean Antoine was descended from Huguenots who settled in Switzerland after the edict of Fontainebleau, whence his grandfather Antoine settled in Denmark. His brother, Carlo Dalgas, was a noted animal artist. When he was 7, his father died and his mother brought him back to Denmark.

Career
Dalgas joined the Danish Army as an officer of the Engineer Corps (today the Ingeniørregimentet). He mostly served as a highway engineer, reaching the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before he moved to the newly established civilian body of the Highway Authority. He also served as a pioneer officer during the First and Second Schleswig Wars, during which two of his brothers died.

Soil melioration and related work
Dalgas applied the knowledge and skills he gained as a military engineer toward the reclamation and afforestation of western Jutland. After Denmark's defeat in the Schleswig wars and the ensuing loss of territory, the removal of hardpan was considered a national priority. Working on roads across Jutland gave him an intimate knowledge of the different soils present in Denmark, and the organisational skill he gained as a military officer and civil servant helped him manage large planting and forestry projects. As he performed assessments of road damage, he got to know locals and learn about their concerns, gaining knowledge as well as many allies who helped him in his endeavours. Dalgas was among the leading forces behind the planting of heaths, for while they had been cultivated before, their widespread planting was an innovation that required much more organization.

In 1867, Dalgas founded the Danish Heath Society (Hedeselskabet), with jurist Georg Morville and prominent Jutish landowner Ferdinand Mourier-Petersen. It later added a branch in northern Germany, the Haide-Cultur-Verein. Dalgas wrote a number of books on land improvement, forestry, and the natural history of forests and heaths, as well as many pamphlets, and articles published in academic and popular periodicals on a wide range of topics, including agricultural science, mycology, and entomology. Dalgas's work was later used by German soil scientist Carl Emeis (among the founders of the Haide-Cultur-Verein) as the basis for his theory on hardpan and heaths, the first work to explain the role of humic acids in soil.

Personal life
In 1855 Dalgas married Marie Magdalene Christiane Købke, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Niels Christian Købke. They had three sons: , a forester and the director of the Danish Heath Society; , director of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory; and philosopher . On 16 April 1894, Dalgas died in Aarhus. They had at least one daughter, Ellen Margareth, who emigrated to Brazil and was the mother of engineer and naturalist Johan Dalgas Frisch.

Honours
Enrico Dalgas was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1864, received the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1867, received the Medal of Merit in Gold in 1875, and was made Commander 1st Class of the Dannebrog in 1887. Dalgas Avenue in Aarhus, Dalgasgade in Herning and Dalgas Boulevard in Copenhagen are named after him, and a number of Danish cities have erected statues of him.

Bibliography
 Oversigt over hederne i Jylland, 1866
 Geografiske billeder I og II, 1867–68
 Vejledning til træplantning, 1871
 Den dybe reolpløjning, 1872
 En hederejse i Hannover, 1873
 Anvisning til anlæg af småplantninger, 1875–83
 Hedemoser og Kærjorder, 1876
 Om engvandring, 1877
 Om plantning i Jylland, 1877
 Hederne og deres Kultivering, 1878

References

1828 births
1894 deaths
Soil scientists
Foresters
Danish naturalists
Danish military engineers
19th-century Danish military officers
Danish conservationists
Danish civil servants
Environmental engineers
19th-century Danish scientists
Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
Commanders First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the Medal of Merit (Denmark)
Danish agronomists
Burials at Nordre Cemetery
Danish civil engineers
19th-century Neapolitan people
19th-century engineers
19th-century Danish military personnel

Enrico Dalgas


The Labour Law of the People's Republic of China () is the basic labour law of China, which has been enforced since 1995. It was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China on July 5, 1994, and came into effect on January 1, 1995.

It is sometimes confused with the Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China because of their similar names and focuses, as well as imprecise media reports. As the Labour Contract Law is more recent, having gone into effect January 1, 2008, the Labour Law is also sometimes called the "old labour law", though this is incorrect as both are still in effect simultaneously.

Contents of the law
The law has 107 articles in 13 chapters. The titles of all the chapters are listed below.
 General Provisions
 Promotion of Employment
 Labour Contracts and Collective Contracts
 Working Hours, Rests, and Leaves
 Wages
 Labour Safety and Sanitation
 Special Protection for Female Staff and Workers and Juvenile Workers
 Professional Training
 Social Insurance and Welfare Treatment
 Labour Disputes
 Supervision and Inspection
 Legal Responsibilities
 Supplementary Provisions

The purpose of the law, stated by Article 1 in the first chapter, is to "protect the legitimate rights and interests of labourers, readjust labour relationship, establish and safeguard the labour system suiting the socialist market economy, and promote economic development and social progress".

There are 20 articles concerning labour contracts and collective contracts in the third chapter. In 2008, the 98-article-long Labour Contract Law came into effect to further regulate related behaviours.

The law was amended with minor correction in 2009.

Criticism from the public

The law is widely criticised for its defects. This is one of the reasons for the promulgation of the Labour Contract Law which came into effect on January 1, 2008. For example, though collective contract has been put into laws for more than 15 years, collective bargaining is not doing well in China. The term collective negotiation () first appeared in laws in 2007, instead of collective bargaining (), which is less decisive than the latter.

Related laws
This is a list of related Chinese laws, but does not cover every law related.

 Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China
 Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China
 Law of the People's Republic of China on Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration
 Employment Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China
 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests
 Production Safety Law of the People's Republic of China
 Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Clean Production
 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases

References

External links
"Labour Law of the People's Republic of China" by Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China.
"中华人民共和国劳动法" in Chinese, by the Law Database of the National People's Congress.

Laws of China
Labor relations in China
Chinese labour law


Prostanthera oleoides is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to central Queensland. It is an open, erect shrub with four-sided branchlets, narrow elliptic, oblong or egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and mauve flowers with purple to dark mauve markings.

Description
Prostanthera oleoides is an open, erect shrub that typically grows to a height of  with four-sided branchlets. The leaves are dark green above, paler below, narrow elliptic, oblong or egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base,  long and  wide on a petiole  long. The flowers are arranged in leafy groups of eight to fourteen near the ends of branchlets, each flower on a stalk  long. The sepals are greenish red, forming a tube  long with two lobes, the upper lobe  long and the lower lobe  long. The petals are mauve with purple to dark mauve markings and  long, forming a tube  long with two lips. The central lower lobe is  long and the side lobes are  long. The upper lip is egg-shaped,  long and wide with a central notch.

Taxonomy
Prostanthera oleoides was first formally described in 2015 by Trevor Wilson and Barry Conn in the journal Telopea, based on material collected in the Blackdown Tableland National Park.

Distribution and habitat
This prostanthera occurs on the central Queensland sandstone belt in the Blackdown Tableland, Expedition and Chesterton Range National Parks where it grows in soil derived from sandstone, on and below sandstone escarpments.

Conservation status
This mintbush is classified as of "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.

References

oleoides
Flora of Queensland
Lamiales of Australia
Plants described in 2015
Taxa named by Barry John Conn

Prostanthera oleoides


Maria Antonia "Marie Antoinette" Petersén née Crux, (1771–1855), was a Swedish musician (violinist) and singer. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.

Marie Antoinette Petersén was born in Germany, possibly in Mannheim. In 1795, she married the Swedish miniaturist Jacob Axel Gillberg and moved with him to Gothenburg. After one and a half year, she was abandoned by Gillberg. She supported herself by keeping a girl's pension and by giving concerts. She was a singer and played the piano, but she was most admired as a violinist. In 1801 and 1802, she performed for Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden during his visit to Gothenburg. In 1802, she divorced Gillberg and remarried Johan Andreas Petersén, the son of a rich merchant in Gothenburg.

Marie Antoinette Petersén was elected member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music in 1801.

References

 Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810)
 Wilhelm Berg: Anteckningar om Göteborgs äldre teatrar / Band 2. 1794–1816 (1896–1900)
 Jacob Axel Gillberg, urn:sbl:13067, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Sven Sandström), hämtad 2015-03-07.

1771 births
1855 deaths
18th-century violinists
19th-century classical violinists
18th-century Swedish women singers
19th-century Swedish women singers
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music
Swedish classical violinists
Swedish women violinists
Women classical violinists
Gustavian era people
18th-century Swedish women musicians
19th-century Swedish women musicians

Marie Antoinette Petersén


Allan "Al" Ford (born August 13, 1950) is a Canadian retired professional boxer. He is a former CBF Lightweight Champion.

Professional boxing career
Ford made his debut as a professional boxer on October 20, 1967 (shortly after his seventeenth birthday), a 3rd round knockout win over Joe Hogue, who was also making his professional debut.  Two months later Ford defeated Ron Lyke by first-round knockout.  Ford fought an opponent with a winning record for the first time in his fifth fight, defeating 4-0 Mickey McMillan by split decision after eight rounds.  Ford would win his first 37 fights, picking up the vacant Canadian lightweight title with a win against 9-1 Julie Mandell and successful defending it several times.  Ford's first truly notable win was a 10-round decision against 30-3-1 Raul Montoya on October 27, 1970.

The first loss of Ford's professional boxing career came against 24-22-5 Percy Hayles in Kingston, Jamaica in a contest for the Commonwealth (British Empire) lightweight title.  Hayles outboxed Ford in a 15 rounder to take the decision.  Ford would continue to fight, winning his next four bouts before back-to-back loses to Ken Buchanan (points) and Alfonso Frazer (knockout).  Later Ford would lose a rematch with Percy Hayles by TKO and would finally lose his Canadian lightweight title to Johnny Summerhays in November 1975.  Ford was still winning more often than he was losing, but he lost to most of his notable opponents, including to 15-4 Ralph Racine, to 15-0 Rick Folstad in 1978, and to 17-0 Aaron Pryor in 1979.  Ford also fought Nick Furlano of Toronto for the Canadian junior welterweight title in 1979, losing by 14th-round knockout.  Near the end losses became more frequent, but Ford's impressive record continued to get him paydays.  He would lose again to Summerhays in 1980 and dropped a decision to 17-0 Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini in 1981. According to witnesses at the time, Ford was involved in long street fight outside an Edmonton nightclub after a dispute around this time.  After losing six of his last seven fights, capped by a brutal decision loss to future prospect Michael Olajide on June 17, 1982, Ford finally retired with a final record of 55-19 with 19 wins coming by knockout.

Personal life
He is the father of retired mixed martial arts fighter and professional boxer Ryan Ford.

Championships and accomplishments
Alberta Sports Hall of Fame
Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)
Canadian Boxing Federation
CBF Lightweight Championship (One time)
Canadian Boxing Hall of Fame
Hall of Fame (Class of 1990)

Professional boxing record

Notes

External links

1950 births
Living people
Lightweight boxers
Welterweight boxers
Light-welterweight boxers
Canadian male boxers
Black Canadian boxers
Sportspeople from Edmonton

Al Ford


A direct tax is a tax paid directly to the government by a person or organization. A direct tax may not be passed on to another person or entity but must be paid by the entity responsible for the tax. A direct tax is different from an indirect tax, which is paid by someone other than the person or entity who would normally be responsible for it. For example, a tax owed on a piece of property is a direct tax. A tax on the sale of that property would be considered an indirect tax.

Income tax
An income tax is a tax that governments levy on individuals and businesses on their income. In the US and other countries, businesses and individuals need to file an Income Tax Return every year. This is to report all forms of income and to see if they owe any tax or can get a tax refund. Income tax is an important source of funds to most levels of government.

The 16th Amendment
In the United States Constitution, the difference between indirect and direct taxes was important enough to require a Constitutional amendment in order for the federal government to levy an income tax. This was the Sixteenth Amendment which was ratified in 1913. Before the Sixteenth Amendment, any direct tax levied by the federal government had to be apportioned among the states by population. As apportionment by population proved to be virtually impossible, levying direct taxes was prevented by this article of the Constitution until it was changed in 1913. So the federal government relied on indirect taxes such as tariffs and Duties on imported goods and materials.

Corporate tax
Another form of direct tax is the corporation tax. This is a tax on profits earned by corporations and other companies. In the United States the federal corporate tax is a direct tax, but is different from income tax. It taxes net income (profits) not gross income (on which income taxes are based). Corporate tax allows deductions for most expenses of doing business. Also, it only applies to corporations. It does not apply to partnerships or sole proprietorships.

Property tax
Property tax, also called millage tax, is a tax on property that the owner must pay. They are usually collected by local governments and are based on a standardized value of a property. Property tax money is usually used for schools, community safety and local infrastructure. Millage rates refer to the mill: one one-thousandth of a dollar. The millage rate is the amount of taxes levied per $1,000 of property value. For example, if the millage rate is 3 mills (or 3 tenths of a penny), a property valued at $300,000 would be a tax of $900.

Related pages
 Tax
 Indirect tax
 Sales tax
 Value Added Tax

References

Taxation

Direct tax


Iesi Airfield was an abandoned World War II military airfield in central Italy, which was located near Jesi, in the province of Ancona in Marche.

It was an all-weather temporary field built by the United States Army Air Force XII Engineer Command using a graded earth compacted surface, with a prefabricated hessian (burlap) surfacing known as PHS. PHS was made of an asphalt-impregnated jute which was rolled out over the compacted surface over a square mesh track (SMT) grid of wire joined in 3-inch squares.   Pierced Steel Planking was also used for parking areas, as well as for dispersal sites, when it was available.   In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.

Once completed it was turned over for use by the Twelfth Air Force 79th Fighter Group from October though December 1944, flying combat operations with P-40 Warhawks.

When the 79th moved out the airfield was closed. Today, the location of the airfield is undetermined, as agriculture has obliterated any evidence of its existence.

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. .

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Italy
Airports established in 1944

Iesi Airfield


Michael George Heal (born 8 September 1948) is a former English first-class cricketer who played for Oxford University in the late 1960s and early 1970s, winning a Blue in 1970 and 1972. He also played for Gloucestershire's Second XI, and had one List A outing for their first team in 1973. He was born in Bristol.

As a career batting average of under 16 shows, Heal was generally unsuccessful as a batsman, but against Warwickshire in April 1972 he made an unbeaten 124, the highest score by far of his first-class career, to help set up a two-wicket victory. His only other half-century was 64 against Glamorgan in 1970.

He also played rugby union for Oxford University, winning a Blue for that as well.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
Cricketers from Bristol
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford

Michael Heal


Sanne Martha van der Star (Alkemade, February 21, 1986) is a Dutch speed skater who is specialised in the short distances, over 500 and 1000 metres.

In December 2005 Van der Star tried to qualify herself for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin over 500 metres. As she was not among the nominated skaters for the distance a top-2 ranking was requested by the Dutch Speed Skating Association to qualify. Eventually Van der Star ended up on the third position behind Marianne Timmer and Annette Gerritsen. As the Dutch had four possible entries in the Olympics at this distance it was said that Van der Star had to show she was capable of getting high rankings in international races and it was requested that she would finish among the best 16 over 500 metres during the World Sprint Championships in 2006. After the first out of two races she was in 15th position and almost sure of qualification. In the second race however, she showed some nerves and had some instable moments during her race, resulting in a slower time compared to the day before. A few riders that were behind her the first day passed her in the ranking, however a few others fell behind on Van der Star and she ended up at exactly the 16th position in the end, which meant she qualified herself for the Olympics. In Turin she would do better than during the World Championships as her 39.26 in the first race and the 39.33 in the second race were good enough for her to reach the 14th position in the overall rankings. Her total time was 2.02 seconds short of the winner Svetlana Zhurova.

External links
Official website

1986 births
Living people
Dutch female speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Universiade medalists in speed skating
People from Kaag en Braassem
Universiade silver medalists for the Netherlands
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade
Sportspeople from South Holland
21st-century Dutch women
20th-century Dutch women

Sanne van der Star