The Nathaniel Winsor Jr. House is a historic house located at 479 Washington Street Duxbury, Massachusetts.  It currently serves as the headquarters of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society.

The house is a contributing property in Duxbury's Old Shipbuilder's Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

History
The house was built for shipping merchant Nathaniel Winsor Jr. (September 8, 1775 – June 4, 1859) and his wife Hannah Loring Winsor (May 16, 1780 – June 9, 1850).  Nathaniel Jr. was the third generation of a prosperous shipbuilding family.  His grandfather, Samuel Winsor, began building small fishing vessels on Clark's Island in Plymouth Bay in the 1740s.  Nathaniel's father, Nathaniel Winsor, Sr., was among the first entrepreneurs in Duxbury to commence the construction of fishing schooners on a large scale just after the American Revolution.  In his youth, Nathaniel Jr. worked as a carver in his father's shipyard, carving figureheads and decorative nautical moulding.  By the early 19th century, Nathaniel Jr. had inherited his father's busy fishing fleet and continued to expand the firm's operations to include international trade.  Eventually, the Winsor family mercantile operation was transferred to Boston and Nathaniel Jr.'s son, Nathaniel Winsor III, took over affairs around the 1840s, creating the "Winsor Line," one of Boston's first regular lines of clipperships running between Boston and San Francisco.

In 1835, the house was purchased by Nathaniel's son-in-law, Capt. Erastus Sampson (1808–1885).  Sampson had married Elizabeth Winsor (1808–1885), one of Nathaniel's daughters, in 1830.  Sampson was best known as the captain of the Ship Coriolanus of Boston, built in Duxbury in 1829.  The Sampson family, spending most of their time in Boston and probably summering in Duxbury, owned the house until 1893.

During the early 20th century, the house was operated by a variety of proprietors as a hotel known as the "Colonial Inn."  In 1950, it was purchased by Dr. and Mrs. Edwin Leonard and operated as a bed and breakfast.  It had a distinguished clientele including Buckminster Fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome, Sir William Hawthorne, Master of Churchill College, Cambridge, and actress Margaret Hamilton, best known as the Wicked Witch of the West in the film The Wizard of Oz.

In 1997, after a community fundraising effort, the house was purchased by the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society for use as their headquarters.  The building currently houses the offices of the Rural and Historical Society and serves as a site for public and private functions.

Architecture
The house is recognized for its high Federal style architecture and grand scale. Five bays wide and a full three storeys high, its low roofline is nearly masked by its cornice, so that it presents a rectangle to the road. Full height pilasters mark the corners. The doorway features a half elliptical or demilune fanlight and side lights, expressing the generous width of the central hall behind. Above is a central Serlian window lighting the wide upper hall. In Duxbury, where the Federal period houses are typically more conservative, the Nathaniel Winsor Jr. House is unusual, as there are very few of its advanced style on the South Shore of Massachusetts.  Its builders were clearly influenced by the residences designed by Charles Bulfinch and Asher Benjamin.  According to tradition, some of the interior carving was done by Nathaniel Winsor Jr. himself.

The Winsor Family

Nathaniel and Hannah raised ten children in the house.  The eight sons all became involved in maritime occupations.  "The Winsor Line" managed by Nathaniel Winsor III continued in operation until 1907.  Another son, Capt. Charles Winsor, led a successful career as a clippership captain and eventually became the keeper of East Brother Lighthouse in San Francisco Bay.  One of Nathaniel Jr.'s grandchildren, Justin Winsor, became one of the nation's leading historians, head of the Boston Public Library, and a pioneer in the field of library science.

References

External links
 Duxbury Rural and Historical Society's Nathaniel Winsor Jr. House

Houses in Duxbury, Massachusetts
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Museums in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts

Nathaniel Winsor Jr. House


John Benson Brooks (February 23, 1917, in Houlton, Maine – November 13, 1999, in New York City) was an American jazz pianist, songwriter, arranger, and composer.

Brooks worked early in his career as an arranger for Randy Brooks, Les Brown, Boyd Raeburn, and Tommy Dorsey. He worked often with lyricists Eddie DeLange and Bob Russell in the 1940s; he and DeLange wrote the song "Just as Though You Were Here," a hit for Tommy Dorsey with Frank Sinatra as vocalist. He wrote "You Came a Long Way from St. Louis" with Bob Russell for Ray McKinley, released as a single in 1948.

In 1956, Brooks worked with Zoot Sims and Al Cohn on the recording, "Folk Jazz U.S.A.", and was recognized as a composer during this time. His works blend elements of folk music and dodecaphony with the idioms of modern jazz. In 1958, he composed a work entitled Alabama Concerto and assembled a cast of sidemen for a recording which included Cannonball Adderley, Art Farmer, Barry Galbraith, and Milt Hinton. The recording was eventually re-issued under Adderley's name.

Brooks was a close friend of Gil Evans. Evans later recorded his works "Sirhan's Blues" and "Where Flamingos Fly" (the last co-written with Harold Courlander and Elthea Peale). Brooks and Courlander collaborated on a book of transcriptions of rural blues and spirituals in Alabama, which provided some of the inspiration for the Alabama Concerto. A trio Brooks formed In the 1960s performed at the International Jazz Festival in Washington in 1962 with a composition called "The Twelves," based on improvisations on twelve-tone rows. This became part of an LP called Avant Slant which was a collage of new and already recorded sounds and songs from Milt Gabler, the poet Robert Graves, LeRoi Jones, Lightnin' Hopkins, and others.

Discography
Folk Jazz USA (1956)
Alabama Concerto (Riverside Records, 1958) featuring Cannonball Adderley, Art Farmer
Avant Slant (Decca, 1968)

References

Eugene Chadbourne, [ John Benson Brooks] at Allmusic

1917 births
1999 deaths
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
Musicians from Maine
Riverside Records artists
Decca Records artists
People from Houlton, Maine
20th-century American composers
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers

John Benson Brooks


Glenn Jamon Dorsey (born August 1, 1985) is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football for Louisiana State University (LSU), received All-America honors twice, and was recognized as the top college defensive player of the 2007 season. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 NFL draft, and has played for the San Francisco 49ers later in his career as well.

Early years
Dorsey was born in Gonzales, Louisiana.  He attended East Ascension High School in Gonzales, where he was rated among the nation's top defensive linemen and one of the top three prospects in the state. He was named Louisiana's 4A Defensive Player of the Year and a first-team 4A all-state selection. During his junior year, Dorsey had more than 100 tackles, and 12 sacks. As a senior, he missed three games due to an ankle injury, and finished the season with 43 tackles, two sacks and one forced fumble.

Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Dorsey was listed as the No. 5 defensive tackle prospect in the nation in 2004. Dorsey committed to Louisiana State on the eve of his junior season.

College career

Dorsey attended Louisiana State University, and played for coach Nick Saban and coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football teams from 2004 to 2007. As a true freshman in the 2004 season, he started in 3 out of 12 games. On his first collegiate snap he recovered a fumble against Oregon State. He finished the year with 18 tackles.

In 2005, he started in 1 out of 13 games. He was among LSU's 4-player rotation at defensive tackle which included Claude Wroten and Kyle Williams. He finished the season with 28 tackles and 3 sacks.

In 2006, Dorsey was named to the 2006 All-American team and was All-SEC. He finished the season as the Tigers' third-leading tackler with 64 stops, including 8.5 for losses and three sacks. Dorsey was named the SEC Defensive Lineman of the Week twice during the season.

In 2007, Dorsey started 13 of 14 games recording 69 tackles, 7 sacks, 12.5 tackles for loss, three passes defensed, and a forced fumble. He was also named the SEC Defensive Player of the Week twice during the season.  Following the 2007 season, he was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American.  He also finished ninth in the 2007 voting for the Heisman Trophy, receiving more votes than any other defensive player in the nation. In addition, Dorsey was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, the Outland Trophy, the Lott Trophy and the Lombardi Award, becoming the only player to win all four awards.  Dorsey was a member of LSU's 2007 BCS Championship team. He was a key component in LSU's drive to the BCS national title despite playing the second half of the season with knee and tailbone injuries.

Awards and honors
 2× First-team All-SEC (2006, 2007)
 2× First-team All-American (2006, 2007)
 SEC Defensive Player of the Year (2007)
 Lombardi Award (2007)
 Outland Trophy (2007)
 Bronko Nagurski Trophy (2007)
 Lott Trophy (2007)
 College Football Hall of Fame inductee (2020)

Career statistics

Professional career
Prior to the draft some NFL teams expressed concern over a lingering stress fracture Dorsey sustained in 2006. At the NFL Combine, Dorsey spent nearly ten hours getting examined at an Indianapolis hospital.

Kansas City Chiefs
Dorsey was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 NFL Draft. On July 26, 2008, he signed a five-year, $51 million contract with $23 million guaranteed.

On November 8, he recorded his first career sack against San Diego Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers. He finished his rookie season with 46 tackles and one sack.

When the Chiefs shifted to a 3-4 defense under new head coach Todd Haley, Dorsey switched positions to accommodate the scheme change, and he played defensive end. Dorsey started 14 of 15 games during the 2009 season and had 54 tackles and one sack. In 2010, he started all 16 games and had 69 tackles and two sacks. In 2011, Dorsey had 62 tackles, but no sacks.

San Francisco 49ers
On March 13, 2013, Dorsey signed a two-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers. Dorsey was expected to be a reserve, but following the injury to starting nose tackle Ian Williams in week two, Dorsey took over the starting job. Dorsey signed a two-year extension with San Francisco on August 19, 2014. On November 25, 2015, Dorsey was placed on injured reserve with a torn ACL, ending his career.

NFL career statistics

Activism
He promoted animal  for PETA.

References

External links

 Kansas City Chiefs bio
 LSU Tigers bio

1985 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
East Ascension High School alumni
Kansas City Chiefs players
LSU Tigers football players
Players of American football from Louisiana
San Francisco 49ers players
People from Gonzales, Louisiana
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Glenn Dorsey


Syndrome is a science fiction survival horror video game developed by Camel 101 and Bigmoon Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Mac, Linux and Nintendo Switch. The game takes place inside the "Valkenburg", a drifting spaceship where something has gone wrong, killing most of its crew.
The player controls a character that wakes up in the spaceship with no memory of what happened. The player's actions are not limited to running and hiding; in Syndrome the player can also engage in combat, although the available weapons and ammunition are limited.
The game also plays heavily with psychological horror: the main character is constantly plagued by visual and auditory hallucinations, never knowing what is real and what is not.

Syndrome was Greenlight on Steam by the community on October 9, 2015.

Gameplay
The game is played in a first-person view. While exploring, the player can pick up and interact with objects like doors, keypads, computer consoles, drawers, machinery, etc., and use weapons (both melee and long range).
The player faces powerful and numerous enemy creatures, which means that the best strategy is often to avoid combat. Although the player can fight, it is recommended that the ammunition be saved for the most difficult encounters. One particularly powerful creature, known as "the Beast", cannot be harmed by weapons, and must be evaded throughout the game.

Soon after waking up, the main character meets two other survivors over the radio. Both will try to help him, but each one of them will have a different version of what happened in the ship.
This adds even more confusion to the already frail mental state of the main character.

The action takes place in the 8 levels of the ship, which are divided into living areas, labs, working places, computer rooms, etc. As the game progresses, the player is required to frequently backtrack between the different decks of the ship to accomplish their objectives.

Instead of having automatic checkpoints or manual saves, players can only save the game at save stations that are located at various locations throughout the ship.

Plot
The game begins aboard the spaceship Valkenburg with the player character, identified by the ship's computer as Chief Technician Galen, awakening from cryo-sleep to find the ship powered down and seemingly deserted. He soon discovers that the majority of the crew is either dead or converted into hostile half-human half-machine creatures. Record logs left behind by the crew reveal that the Valkenburg had earlier brought aboard an alien artifact, which caused crew members to go insane and become violent.

Galen is contacted by Commander Neomi, the commander of a marine detachment aboard the ship, who asks him to come to her location and help her and her marines out of the section of the ship they're locked in. Later, Galen is contacted by James "Jimmy" Marko, a technician who warns Galen that Neomi cannot be trusted and has been shooting survivors on sight to contain the situation. Jimmy instead directs Galen to restore power to the ship so they can travel to a populated system for help.

When Neomi learns that Galen is restoring power to the ship, she lures him to an exterior section of the ship and attempts to kill him by depressurizing the area. Galen escapes with Jimmy's assistance, and following Jimmy's advice, he kills Neomi's marines by flushing them out into space. Galen continues following Jimmy's directions, bringing down the ship's computer firewalls so Jimmy can hack in and activate the defense systems to deal with the creatures as well as Neomi.

However, Galen is betrayed by Jimmy, who reveals that he is in control of the creatures and wants to bring the ship to a human settlement and take it over. Jimmy also reveals that "Galen" is actually Chief of Security Agon, who was manipulated by the artifact into killing the crew and who suffered a mental breakdown as a result and assumed Galen's identity.

Agon realizes that "Jimmy" is actually the artifact using Jimmy as a mouthpiece, and forms an uneasy alliance with Neomi in order to stop Jimmy. Agon manages to track down Jimmy/the artifact and destroy its power sources, but meanwhile Neomi is fatally wounded while battling Jimmy's cyborgs. Agon travels to the ship's shuttle bay, where the artifact reveals it is still active and in control of the ship, and will not allow Agon to escape. However, instead of attempting to escape in a shuttle, Agon activates the shuttle's weapons, sacrificing himself and blowing up the Valkenburg and everything on board.

Development
Syndrome was the first survival horror game developed by Camel 101. Development started in late 2014 with the 3 core members of Camel 101. By then the game was called "Sleepers". The name was later changed to "Syndrome" to avoid copyright issues with the movie Sleepers. In May 2015 the game was first announced with an announcement trailer. On September 30, 2015 Camel 101 partnered with Bigmoon Entertainment to help with development and port the game to consoles.

Syndrome was released on PC, Mac and Linux on October 6, 2016.

References

External links

Syndrome at MobyGames

2016 video games
Bigmoon Entertainment games
Horror video games
Linux games
MacOS games
PlayStation 4 games
Psychological horror games
Science fiction video games
Survival video games
Video games about amnesia
Video games developed in Portugal
Video games set in outer space
Windows games
Xbox One games
RedDeerGames games

Syndrome (video game)


Kantili () is a mountain range in the northwestern part of the island of Euboea in Greece. Its maximum elevation is 1,246 m. It stretches along the west coast of the island, above the shore of the North Euboean Gulf, between Limni and Politika. Its length is about 25 km from southeast to northwest. The slope towards the sea is very steep, and there is no road along the coast. The Greek National Road 77 (Chalcis - Istiaia) passes east of the mountains.

See also

 List of mountains in Greece

References

Euboea
Mountain ranges of Greece
Landforms of Central Greece
Landforms of Euboea (regional unit)

Kantili


Raymond Ruyer (13 January 1902 – 1987) was a French philosopher in the late 20th century. His work covered topics including the philosophy of biology, the philosophy of informatics, the philosophy of value and others. His most popular book is The Gnosis of Princeton in which he presents his own philosophical views under the pretence that he was representing the views of an imaginary group of American scientists. He developed an account of panpsychism which was a major influence on philosophers such as Adolf Portmann, Gilbert Simondon, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

Life
Raymond Ruyer was born in 1902 in the village of Plainfaing department of Vosges, France. He studied at the École Normale Supérieure, passing the agrégation in philosophy with a thesis on the phenomenology of knowledge.

In 1937 he published his first book, The Body and the Conscience.

During World War II Raymond Ruyer was a prisoner of war in Germany from 1940 to 1944. Upon his return he was appointed professor of philosophy at the Université de Nancy, where he developed his theories of the philosophical implications of various branches of science, mainly embryology, biology and informatics. At the same time he continued his research on the theory of value which he had started before the war.

In the 1970s he was named corresponding member of the Institut de France. He was also offered a position at the Sorbonne which he declined, preferring to continue working in Nancy, where he was friends with many other scientists.

Being opposed to the existentialism and the leftist trends of the French post-war intelligentsia, Ruyer's work was better accepted in scientific circles abroad than in France. Publicist Raymond Aron advised him to try his luck at writing more popular works. His first such attempts did not raise public interest. Therefore, based on the assumption that the French public was more fascinated by scientific developments in America, Ruyer published the book The Gnosis of Princeton. He claimed to be in contact with a group of unidentified American gnostic philosophers who were trying to create a new religion identified as the Gnosis of Princeton, where most of these imaginary scientists were active. Thereafter Raymond Ruyer presented his own gnostic ideas. The book was a success as many of its readers were not aware of the hoax for a long time. However, his next publications did not raise interest in France, and were better known in Canada and the United States.

Raymond Ruyer died in 1987 in Nancy. His last work, "Embryogenesis of the World and the Silent God", was never published and is deposited as a manuscript at the University of Nancy.

Bibliography
(considered complete)

 Esquisse d'une philosophie de la structure – Alcan, Paris 1930,
 La conscience et le corps  – Alcan, Paris 1937,
 Éléments de psycho-biologie  – Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1946,
 Le monde des valeurs  – Aubier, Paris, 1947,
 L'Utopie et les Utopies  – Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1950,
 L'action à distance d'après la science contemporaine – Revue Métapsychique, 1951, n°16, 183–196
 Néofinalisme – Presses Universitaires de France – Paris – 1952, new edition 2012),
 La cybernétique et l'origine de l'information – Flammarion,  Paris 1954,
 La genèse des formes vivantes – Flammarion, Paris, 1958,
 La philosophie de la valeur – Armand Colin,  Paris, 1952),
 Paradoxes de la conscience et limites de l'automatisme – Albin Michel, Paris 1960,
 L'animal, l'homme, la fonction symbolique – Gallimard, Paris, 1964)
 Éloge de la société de consommation – Calmann-Lévy,  Paris, 1969,
 Dieu des religions, Dieu de la science  – Flammarion, Paris 1970,
 Les nuisances idéologiques – Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 1972,
 La gnose de Princeton  – Fayard, Paris,  1974,
 Les nourritures psychiques. La politique du bonheur – Calmann-Lévy,  Paris,  1975,
 Les cent prochains siècles – Fayard, Paris, 1977,
 Homère au féminin ou La jeune femme auteur de l'Odyssée  – Copernic, Paris 1977,
 L'art d'être toujours content. Introduction à  la vie gnostique – Fayard, Paris, 1978,
 Le sceptique résolu – Robert Laffont, Paris,  1979.
 Souvenirs −1- Ma famille alsacienne et ma vallée vosgienne – Vent d'Est, Paris 1985.
 L'embryogenèse du monde et le Dieu silencieux – Klincksieck, Paris 2013 (posthumous)

References

Sources
 Laurent Meslet – La philosophie biologique de Raymond Ruyer – 1997 ()
 Laurent Meslet – Le psychisme et la vie – Harmattan, 2005 ()
 Raymond Ruyer, de la science à la théologie, collectif sous la direction de Louis Vax et Jean-Jacques Wunenburger Editions Kimé, 1995.
 Fabrice Colonna – Ruyer Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2007 ()
Fabrice Colonna, Georges Chapouthier (sous la direction de), Dossier "Raymond Ruyer : l'appel des sciences", avec des textes de Raymond Ruyer, Georges Chapouthier, Fabrice Colonna, André Conrad, Denis Forest, Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Etranger, 2013, N°1, pp 3–70.
 Sylvie Leclerc-Reynaud – Pour une documentation créative, l'apport de la philosophie de Raymond Ruyer – Coll. Science et techniques de l'information, 2007 ()
 Raymond Ruyer – Biographie

1902 births
1987 deaths
People from Vosges (department)
École Normale Supérieure alumni
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
20th-century French philosophers
Philosophers of science
Continental philosophers
Academic staff of Nancy-Université
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers

Raymond Ruyer


HŠK Zemun  () was a football club from Zemun (nowadays Serbia). Local Croats from Zemun and other parts of Syrmia gathered around this club.

Name
Its name literally means  Croatian Sports Club "Zemun".

History
This squad was founded before 1939.

It competed in the football championship of Independent State of Croatia. After the end of Second World War, that circumstance was used to ban the work of this football club and disband it, as it was the case with other clubs that competed in the championship of, fascist, Independent State of Croatia.

In the championship of Croatia in 1943, club was the champion of Zemun. In the second stage, HŠK Zemun played in the group with HŠK Bata Borovo, being first again. In the third stage, they reached the quarterfinals, losing to strong Zagreb squad HAŠK.

Sources

 Croatia Domestic Football Full Tables

Defunct football clubs in Croatia
Defunct football clubs in Serbia
Association football clubs disestablished in 1945
1945 disestablishments in Croatia

HŠK Zemun


Eva Hoffman (born Ewa Wydra on 1 July 1945) is an internationally acclaimed, award-winning writer and academic.

Early life and education
Eva Hoffman was born in Kraków, Poland, shortly after World War II. Her parents, Boris and Maria Wydra, survived the Holocaust by hiding in a forest bunker and then by being hidden by Polish and Ukrainian neighbours. In 1959, at the age of 13, she emigrated with her parents and sister to Vancouver, British Columbia. Upon graduating from high school she received a scholarship and studied English literature at Rice University in Houston, Texas, the Yale School of Music, and Harvard University. She received her Ph.D. from Harvard in English and American literature in 1975.

Career
Hoffman has been a professor of literature and creative writing at various institutions, such as Columbia University, the University of Minnesota, Tufts, MIT, and CUNY's Hunter College. From 1979 to 1990, she worked as an editor and writer at The New York Times, serving as deputy editor of Arts and Leisure, and senior editor of the Book Review, and reviewing regularly herself.

In 1990, she received the Jean Stein Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and in 1992, the Guggenheim Fellowship for General Nonfiction, as well as the Whiting Award. In 2000, Eva Hoffman was the Year 2000 Una Lecturer at the Townsend Center for the Humanities at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2008, she was awarded an honorary DLitt by the University of Warwick.

She has written and presented programmes for BBC Radio, and is the recipient of the Prix Italia for a radio work combining text and music. She has lectured internationally on subjects of exile, historical memory, human rights  and other contemporary issues.  Her work has been translated internationally, and she was awarded an honorary DLitt from Warwick University in 2008.  She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and is currently a Visiting Professor at the Institute for Advanced Studies at University College, London.

In her 1989 memoir, Lost in Translation, Hoffman tells the story of her experience immigrating to America from a post-World War II Poland.

Hoffman presently lives in London.

Family
She married Barry Hoffman, a fellow Harvard student, in 1971. The couple divorced in 1976.

Works
Lost in Translation: Life in a New Language (1989)
Exit into History: A Journey Through the New Eastern Europe (1993)
Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews (1997)
The Secret: A Novel (2002)
After Such Knowledge: Memory, History and the Legacy of the Holocaust (2004)
Illuminations. A Novel (2008), US: Appassionata (2009)
Time: Big Ideas, Small Books (2009)
How to Be Bored (2016)

Fjellestad writes on Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language: [It] is, to the best of my knowledge, the first "postmodern" autobiography written in English by an emigre from a European Communist country." She also writes that in the memoir, "Hoffman re-visions and reconstructs her Polish self through her American identity, and re-examines her American subjectivity through the memory of her Polish selfhood."

References

Sources
Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, Amerykanie z wyboru [Americans by Choice], Warsaw 1998, pg. 298-310;

External links
Conversation with Eva Hoffman
Eva Hoffman, Una's Lecturer 2000-2001
Profile at The Whiting Foundation

1945 births
Living people
21st-century American memoirists
21st-century American historians
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Harvard University alumni
Hunter College faculty
Polish emigrants to the United States
20th-century Polish historians
20th-century Polish Jews
Polish memoirists
Rice University alumni
Yale University alumni
American women historians
Polish women academics
21st-century American women writers
American women memoirists

Eva Hoffman


HP Pavilion is a line of consumer-oriented laptop and desktop computers produced by HP Inc. Introduced in 1995, HP has used the name for both desktops and laptops in its home and home office product range. The Pavilion mainly competes against computers such as Acer's Aspire, Dell's Inspiron and XPS, Lenovo's IdeaPad, Samsung's Sens, and Toshiba's Satellite.

When Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq in 2002, it took over Compaq's existing naming rights agreement, and so sold both HP- and Compaq-branded machines, until 2013.

History

In 1995, HP introduced the Pavilion PC, an IBM-compatible computer of the desktop type, which marked the company's introduction into the home-computing market. Dave Packard published The HP Way, a book that chronicled the rise of Hewlett-Packard and gave consumers insight into its business practices, culture, and management style. HP also produced a low-cost, high-speed infrared transceiver that allowed wireless data exchange in a range of portable computing applications; these included telephones, computers, printers, cash registers, automatic teller machines, and digital cameras.

The first HP Pavilion PC
The HP Pavilion 5030, released in 1995 as the first computer in the HP Pavilion line, was technically HP's second multimedia PC designed specifically for the home market. The first was called the HP Multimedia PC; model numbers were 6100, 6140S, and 6170S. The Pavilion went on to become a popular model. Specifications included a quad-speed CD-ROM drive, Altec Lansing speakers, software for online service access, and came shipped with Windows 95. This entry-level model featured a 75 MHz Intel Pentium processor, 8 MB RAM, and an 850 MB hard drive.

Desktops

HP offers about 30 customizable desktops; of these, 5 are standard HP Pavilion, 4 are Slimline, 6 are High Performance Edition (HPE), 5 are "Phoenix" HPE Gaming editions*, 5 are Touchsmart, and 5 are All-In-One.

Current desktop models
 HP Pavilion: p7m, p7z, p7t, p7xt, p7qe
 HP Pavilion Slimline: s5m, s5t, s5z, s5xt
 HP Pavilion HPE (High Performance Edition): h8m, h8t, h8z, h8xt, h8qe, h8se
 HP Pavilion HPE (High Performance Edition) Phoenix (Gaming): h9-1100z, h9-1120t, h9-1150t, h9-1170t, h9-1135, h9-1200ex *(not customizable)
 HP Pavilion Wave: 600t
 HP Touchsmart PC: 310z, 610z, 610t, 610xt, 610 Quad
 HP Omni Series (All-In-One): 100z, 100t, 200t, 200xt, 200 Quad

Past desktop models
(Note that this is not a complete list, but a list of more recent models.)
 HP Pavilion: a255c, a445c, a1740n, a6560t, a6560z, a6510t, a6500z, a6460t, a6450z, a6410t, a6400z, a6250z, a6250t, a6210z, a6205t, a6200t, a6600z, a6608f, a6610t, ?6617?, a6660t, a6660z, a6700z, a6750f, p6300z, p6310t, p6350z, p6370t, p6380t, a705w,
a000 series - Panther / Jaguar
a1000 series - Mojave / Gobi
a6000 / p6000 series - Venus / Venus2
 HP Pavilion Slimline: s3100n, s3200t, s3200z, s3400t, s3400z, s3500t, s3500z, s3600f, s3600t, s3600z, s3700f, s3700z, s3710t, s3750t, s5305z, s5310t, s5350z, s5370t, s5380t, s5730f, s7350n
 HP Pavilion Media Center: a1330n, a1410n, a1600n, m7580n(XP Only), m8300, m8100y, m8200n, t000,
 HP Pavilion Elite/HPE: m9350f, m9300t, m9300z, m9200t, m9200z, m9000t, m9000z, d5000z, d5000t, d5100t, m9400t, m9400z, d5200t, e9300z, HPE 110t, HPE 150t, HPE 170t, HPE 180t, HPE 190t
 HP Pavilion Ultimate: d4999t, d4999z
 HP Touchsmart: iq770t, iq772t, IQ504t, IQ506t, IQ804t, 300z, 600t, 600xt, 600 Quad
 HP Pavilion All In One/Omni: 23SE, MS220z, 200t

Model number suffixes
The suffix on the model number, if present, indicates special information such as processor or country. The following chart describes each suffix.

 t: Intel processor
 z: AMD processor
 sb: Small Business Series
 se: Special Edition
 qe: Quad Edition
 y: CTO – Configure To Order

Two-letter country codes such as
 us: United States
 ca: Canada
 br: Brazil
 la: Latin America
 ap: Asian Pacific
 au/ax/tu/tx: Asia/Australia
 ea/ec/ee/eo/(e plus a letter): Eastern & Western Europe
 sa/sc/se/so/(s plus a letter): Eastern & Western Europe
 na/nc/ne/no/(n plus a letter): Eastern & Western Europe
 qr: Russia

etc.

Overheating problems
The HP Pavilion Slimline desktops are housed in small form factor cases. They can become very hot because of their small size.

Notebooks

The HP Pavilion laptops are customizable in the US only. A variety of different models with different setups are available in other countries. Up until 2013, HP was producing some models of the Pavilion with Compaq Presario branding.

Previous notebook models
 20.1 inch: HDX9000
 18.4 inch: HDX18t / dv8t
 17.0 inch: dv7 / g70t / dv9000 / dv8000 / zd8000 / zd7000
 16.0 inch: HP G60-445DX
 15.6 inch: Compaq Presario (CQ60 / CQ62z), dv6t / dv6z / dv6zae (Artist Edition 2) / G60t
 15.4 inch: dv5 / dv6000 / dv5000 / dv4000 / zv6000 / zv5000 / zx5000 / ze5000 / ze4000 / zt3000
 15.0 inch: ze2000 / ze1000 / zt1000
 14.3 inch: dv1658
 14.1 inch: dv4z / dv2000 series / dv1000 series
 13.3 inch: dv3t / dv3z / dv3500t
 12.1 inch: dv2z; Tablet PC: tx series / TouchSmart tx2z
 17.3 inch: ENVY 17 3D / ENVY 17 / dv7t / G72t / g7
 15.6 inch: HDX16t / G62t / G62m / g6 / m6 / 15-p077tx / 15-p001tx / 15-ck069tx 15-p005x / 15-p073tx / 15-p045tx / 15-p085tx / 15-r022tx / 15-r014tx / 15-r022tx / 15-d103tx / 15-p207tx / 15-p209tx / 15-p210tx / 15-p029tx / 15-p028tx / 15-p027tx / 15-f233wm / 15-n096sa / 15-ab165us
 14.5 inch: ENVY 14
 14.1 inch: dv4tse / dv4t
 14.0 inch: dm4t / dm4x / G4t
 13.3 inch: dm3t / Voodoo Envy 133
 12.1 inch: tm2t
 11.6 inch: dm1z
 10.1 inch: HP Pavilion x2 Detachable (1280 x 800 touchscreen)

The HP Pavilion x2 is a long-running family of devices; there are dozens of variants, across many generations of Intel processors.

HP Mini

 10.1 inch: HP Mini 1000 (Mi / XP / Mobile Broadband Wireless / Vivienne Tam) / HP Mini 210 / HP Mini 110 (Mi / XP)
 8.9 inch: HP Mini 1000 (Mi / XP / Mobile Broadband Wireless)

Model number suffixes
The two or three letter suffix on the model number indicates special information like country or language (dv----xx).
The following chart describes each suffix.
 t: Intel processor
 z: AMD processor
 ae: Artist Edition ("Artist Edition" imprint)
 bw: Broadband Wireless series
 sb: Small Business series
 se: Special Edition ("Intensity" dv4tse, "Renewal" dv5tse; "Special Edition" imprint)
 qe: Quad Edition (special quad-core processor, e.g. dv7tqe-6100 CTO with Intel i7)

The following suffixes corresponds to the region where the notebook is sold.
 us: United States
 ca: Canada
 la: Latin America
 br: Brazil
 ea / ee / [e + other letter]: Europe / Middle East
 eo / so / no: Scandinavia
 ec / sc / nc: Czech Republic and Slovakia
 au / ax: Asia / Australia - AMD processor (AU = AMD + UMA graphics; AX = AMD + discrete graphics)
 tu / tx: Asia / Australia - Intel processor (TU = Intel + UMA; TX = Intel + discrete)
 ap: Asia Pacific

Other suffixes include nr, cl, and wm.
 nr: no rebate
 cl: club model, available only through discount shopping clubs such as Costco and Sam's Club
 wm: Walmart model
 dx: Best Buy model
 od: Office Depot model
 st: Staples model

The HP Pavilion HDX is only sold with Intel processors, but does not end with the suffix "t"; it has no suffix.

The HP Pavilion TX tablet PC series was sold with AMD processors only, but they still ended with the suffix "z".

HP Imprint
The HP Imprint notebook finish is a high-gloss developed in cooperation with Nissha Printing Co. (Japan). This was used for the following models:

Notebook artwork competitions
HP held a contest in conjunction with MTV to help design a special edition HP notebook case artwork. The contest went from September 5, 2007, to October 17, 2007, and over 8,500 designs from 112 countries were submitted. "Asian Odyssey" by João Oliveira of Porto, Portugal, was chosen as the winner of the competition and featured on the HP dv2800tae Series Notebook. In another competition, "Engine Room," a design by Hisako Sakihama, from Japan was chosen to appear on a HP notebook.

Specialized features
HP developed Linux-based software which could be booted quickly (in ~12 seconds) to play music or DVDs called QuickPlay for the dv series of notebooks. QuickPlay also incorporated multimedia features, such as pause playback from the included remote control, within Windows. Later versions that shipped with Vista did not have the boot option but retained the multimedia features.

QuickPlay software has been discontinued by HP, being replaced with HP MediaSmart Software that was installed on all HP desktops and notebooks from 2009 onward.

Overheating issues
Many notebook owners experience hardware failure in various Pavilion models due to overheating. The first symptom is usually a disappearing Wi-Fi, followed by failure of the graphics system and booting problems. HP does acknowledge this as a "hardware issue with certain HP Pavilion dv2000/dv6000/dv9000" notebooks, which is eligible for free repair. Other users recommend a resoldering of the Nvidia GPU on the motherboard due to the overheating causing the solder on the built-in GPU to liquify.

In 2009, HP had to recall over 70,000 batteries that were defective as a result of overheating.

References

External links
HP corporate homepage

Pavilion
Pavilion
2-in-1 PCs
Consumer electronics brands
Computer-related introductions in 1995

HP Pavilion


Hamju County is a county in South Hamgyong province, North Korea.

Physical features
The county's highest point is Norabong.  The chief river is the Sangch'ŏn River (상천강).  Aside from the coastal area, Hamju is mountainous throughout. It is cold, but is distinguished by the occurrence of foehn winds in the upland areas. Due to this, the climate is milder than the Yellow Sea coastal regions.

Administrative divisions
Hamju county is divided into 1 ŭp (town) and 36 ri (villages):

Economy

Agriculture and fishery
In the level regions, a large amount of rice is produced. Most agriculture in the county is dry-field farming, with crops including Deccan millet, red beans, soybeans, potatoes, and vegetables. Silkworms and livestock are also widely raised, and fishing is carried out along the coast.

Mining
Mining also takes place, with deposits of iron ore, cuprite, and other minerals.

Transport
Hamju county is served by the P'yŏngra and Kŭmgol lines of the Korean State Railway, and by various roads.

See also
Administrative divisions of North Korea
Geography of North Korea

References

External links

Counties of South Hamgyong

Hamju County


Luis Bernardo Diaz Alperi is a Spanish politician (People's Party) and a former mayor of Alicante.

Luis was born in Oviedo in 1945. He was mayor of Alicante from 1995 to 2008 having won four consecutive municipal elections.

During his tenure as Alicante mayor, the Ciudad de la Luz (a film industry) and Alicante Tram were opened. In the same time, he was accused of being involved in corruption.

On 11 September 2008, he resigned from the mayor post without giving any further reason. He was succeeded by Sonia Castedo, also from the People's Party.

References

Alicante
Politicians from the Valencian Community
1945 births
Living people

Luis Díaz Alperi


The Harlyberg, at , is the highest hill of the Harly Forest, and rises in the district of Goslar in southeastern Lower Saxony, central Germany.

Sometimes the term Harlyberg is used as a synonym for the entire Harly Forest (), but this ignores the fact that there are other summits in that forested hill range.

Geography
The hill is located just under 2 kilometres northwest of Vienenburg. It may be reached on various forest tracks and hiking trails that run through the Harly Forest - for example on the Kammweg ("ridgeway"). Almost exactly 2 kilometres southeast is the site of an old castle, the Harlyburg.

Harly Tower
On the summit of the Harlyberg stands the Harly Tower (Harlyturm), an observation tower that was re-opened to tourists in 1986 after decades of decay and following major restoration. It is open when the flag is raised above its roof.

From the observation platforms – one glazed and one open one – of the Harly Tower there are views of the Harz Mountains to the south, the Elm to the north and the Huy to the east.

External links
 Information about the Harly Tower
 The Harly as part of the Harz-Brunswick Land-Eastphalia Geopark

Hills of Lower Saxony
Vienenburg

Harlyberg


Ivar Kristiansen (born 18 February 1956, in Hadsel) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1997, and has been re-elected on two occasions.

Kristiansen was a member of the executive committee of Bodø municipality council from 1987 to 1995. From 1995 to 1997 he was deputy mayor of Nordland county council.

References

1956 births
Living people
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Politicians from Bodø
People from Hadsel

Ivar Kristiansen


Dulce Enemiga (English title:Sweet Enemy) is a Venezuelan telenovela written by Valentina Párraga and produced by Venevisión in 1995. This telenovela lasted 153 episodes and was distributed internationally by Venevisión International.

Gigi Zanchetta and Guillermo Dávila starred as the protagonists with Natalia Streignard as the antagonist.

Synopsis

For the beautiful Victoria Andueza, love and hate will intermingle until she is no longer able to tell them apart as circumstances force her to become the fiercest enemy of the only man she's ever loved. While Victoria is away at school in Italy, her father becomes involved in dishonest dealings at the corporation that he manages. When one of his employees, Julio Cesar Guerrero, discovers that Mr. Andueza has been embezzling millions, he goes public with the information, and the ensuing scandal causes Mr. Andueza to suffer a fatal heart attack.

Victoria, who has just returned from Europe, happens to be with her father at the moment of his death. Completely ignorant of the facts of the situation, she is convinced that her father has been wronged. All she knows is that he died because of a dispute with a certain Julio Cesar Guerrero and she vows to seek revenge at any cost.

Victoria comes up with a simple plan: she will win Julio Cesar's love and confidence, become indispensable to him, discover his weak points, and then ruin his life and reputation, just as he ruined her father. To accomplish this, she is willing to go as far as marrying Julio Cesar under a false identity.

Armed with a complete set of fake documents to back up her new name, Victoria sets out to conquer Julio Cesar and manages to do so in record time. Soon he is hopelessly in love with her, and planning for their wedding day. But Victoria's schemes backfire. After hurting Julio Cesar terribly, she realizes that the profound hate she feels for him is turning into an uncontrollable love...

Julio Cesar discovers Victoria's true identity and is forced to tell her the real story behind her father's death and disgrace... She realizes her mistake, but it's too late for forgiveness. Now it is Julio Cesar who wants revenge... and he shows no mercy in getting it. In spite of their true feelings, Victoria and Julio Cesar are destined to be enemies; they must still experience many painful moments before finally succumbing to the passionate love that binds them.

Cast
Gigi Zancheta as Maria Victoria Andueza
Guillermo Dávila as Julio Cesar Guerrero
Raul Amundaray as Antonio Andueza
Aroldo Betancourt as Armando Chano
Adolfo Cubas as Ulises Romano
Nury Flores as Moncha
Jined Lamata as Marivi
Carolina Lopez as Magali
Eduardo Luna as Victor Manuel
Belen Marrero as Minerva Cardoso
Elizabeth Morales as Socorro Coco Palacios
Cristina Obin as Lola
Patricia Oliveros as Amarilis
Yajaira Orta as Alma
Jennifer Rodriguez as María Lucia Andueza
Natalia Streignard as María Laura Andueza
Rosita Vasquez as Natalia
peter parra el gavilan

References

External links

Opening credits

1995 telenovelas
Venevisión telenovelas
1995 Venezuelan television series debuts
1995 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Venezuela

Dulce Enemiga


USS Susanville (PC-1149) was a patrol boat in the service of the United States Navy during World War II.

She was laid down as PC-1149 on 6 November 1943 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan; launched on 11 January 1944; and commissioned on 22 June 1944.

She sailed, via the Mississippi River and New Orleans, Louisiana, to the Gulf of Mexico and conducted shakedown training out of Miami, Florida. During her first year of service, PC-1149 cruised the waters along the east coast of the United States and in the Caribbean Sea. She patrolled for German U-boats and escorted coastal and Caribbean convoys from port to port. The submarine chaser ranged as far north as New York City and as far south as Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

On 13 June 1945, about a week before the first anniversary of her active service, she transited the Panama Canal and joined the Pacific Fleet. After stopping at San Diego, California, and at Pearl Harbor, she arrived at Eniwetok in the Central Pacific on 28 July; then sailed the following day for the Marianas. She reached Saipan on 1 August and remained there through the end of the war and into September. After a brief voyage to Iwo Jima early that month, PC-1149 returned to the Marianas and operated in that island group for a little more than a year. In November 1946, she returned, via Kwajalein and Pearl Harbor, to the United States, arriving at the Columbia River Reserve Fleet berthing area in Oregon in mid-December. On 20 February 1947, PC-1149 was placed out of commission and berthed at Columbia River.

On 15 February 1956, while still out of commission, she was named Susanville, after a town in Lassen County in northeastern California. Sixteen months later, on 16 July 1957, Susanville was transferred, on loan, to the Nationalist Chinese Navy and was commissioned as Hsi Kiang. She served the Taiwan Navy until 30 June 1972 when she was transferred to the Taiwan Customs Service.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
1944 ships

USS Susanville


Dzungaria (; from the Mongolian words , meaning 'left hand'), also known as the Northern Xinjiang or Beijiang, is a geographical subregion in Northwest China that corresponds to the northern half of Xinjiang. Bound by the Altai Mountains to the north and the Tian Shan mountain range to the south, Dzungaria covers approximately , and borders Kazakhstan to the west and Mongolia to the east. In contexts prior to the mid-18th century Dzungar genocide, the term "Dzungaria" could cover a wider area, coterminous with the Oirat-led Dzungar Khanate.

Although Dzungaria is geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct from the Tarim Basin or Southern Xinjiang (Nanjiang), the Manchu-led Qing dynasty integrated both areas into one province, Xinjiang. Dzungaria is Xinjiang's center of heavy industry, generates most of the region's GDP, and houses its political capital Ürümqi (Oirat for 'beautiful pasture'). As such, Dzungaria continues to attract intraprovincial and interprovincial migration to its cities. In contrast to the Tarim Basin, Dzungaria is relatively well integrated with the rest of China by rail and trade links.

Background
Xinjiang has traditionally been divided into two geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct regions: Dzungaria, located north of the Tian Shan mountains; and the Tarim Basin, located south of the mountains. At the time of the Qing conquest of Xinjiang in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe-dwelling, nomadic Tibetan-Buddhist Dzungars, while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by oasis-dwelling, sedentary, Turkic Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghurs. The Qing government was well aware of the differences between the inhabitants of the two regions, and initially ruled them as separate administrative units. However, after the Qing army's final pacification of the Tarim Basin in 1760, the Qing government began to describe Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin as one region called "Xinjiang" ().

The Qing government officially unified Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884, despite protests by some officials who believed that the two regions were better off left separated. The geographic concept of Xinjiang was ultimately a construct of the Qing government; by the end of Qing rule in 1912, Xinjiang's native inhabitants had still not developed a distinct regional identity. However, the foundations for a regional identity were laid by the Qing government's 150-year-long policies of politically isolating Xinjiang from the rest of Central Asia and introducing Han and Hui settlers into the region. These policies pushed forward a cultural identity which sharply contrasted with both the rest of China and the rest of Central Asia.

History

Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the Xiongnu Empire, Han dynasty, Xianbei state, Rouran Khaganate, Turkic Khaganate, Tang dynasty, Uyghur Khaganate, Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate, Liao dynasty, Kara-Khitan Khanate, Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty, Chagatai Khanate, Moghulistan, Kara Del, Northern Yuan, Four Oirat, Dzungar Khanate, Qing dynasty, and the Republic of China; since 1950, it has been under the control of the People's Republic of China.

Etymology
Dzungaria is named after the Dzungar Khanate that existed in Central Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Dzungaria, or Zungharia, derives from the name of the Dzungar people, which comes from the Mongolian term Zűn Gar, or Jüün Gar (depending on the Mongolian dialect used). Zűn (or Jüün) means 'left' and Gar means 'hand'. The name originates from the notion that the Western Mongols (Oirats) were on the left-hand side when the Mongol Empire began its division into East and West Mongols. After this fragmentation, the western Mongolian nation was called Zuun Gar.

Pre-modern era

The first people to inhabit the region were Indo-European-speaking peoples such as the Tocharians in prehistory and the Jushi Kingdom in the first millennium BC.

One of the earliest mentions of the Dzungaria region occurs when the Han dynasty dispatched an explorer to investigate lands to the west, using the northernmost Silk Road trackway of about  in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerged in Kashgar.

Istämi of the Göktürks received the lands of Dzungaria as an inheritance after the death of his father in the latter half of the sixth century AD.

Dzungar power reached its height in the second half of the 17th century, when Galdan Boshugtu Khan repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the Kazakhs to the west, but it was completely destroyed by the Qing Empire about 1757–1759. It has played an important part in the history of Mongolia and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. Its widest limit included Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, the whole region of the Tian Shan, and the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 35° to 50° N and from 72° to 97° E.

After 1761, its territory fell mostly to the Qing dynasty during the campaign against the Dzungars (Xinjiang and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (the earlier Kazakh state provinces of Zhetysu and Irtysh river).

Dzungaria and the Silk Road
A traveler going west from China must go either north of the Tian Shan mountains through Dzungaria or south of the mountains through the Tarim Basin. Trade usually took the south side and migrations the north. This is most likely because the Tarim leads to the Ferghana Valley and Iran, while Dzungaria leads only to the open steppe. The difficulty with the south side was the high mountains between the Tarim and Ferghana. Furthermore, the Taklamakan is too dry to support much grass, and therefore nomads when they are not robbing caravans. Its inhabitants live mostly in oases formed where rivers run out of the mountains into the desert. These are inhabited by peasants who are unwarlike and merchants who have an interest in keeping trade running smoothly. Dzungaria has a fair amount of grass, few towns to base soldiers in and no significant mountain barriers to the west.  Therefore, trade went south and migrations north. Today most trade is north of the mountains (Dzungarian Gate and Khorgas in the Ili valley) to avoid the mountains west of the Tarim and because Russia is currently more developed.

Modern era
After the Dzungar genocide, the Qing subsequently began to repopulate the area with Han and Hui people from China Proper.

The population in the 21st century consists of Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Mongols, Uyghurs and Han Chinese. Since 1953, northern Xinjiang has attracted skilled workers from all over China—who have mostly been Han Chinese—to work on water conservation and industrial projects, especially the Karamay oil fields. Intraprovincial migration has mostly been directed towards Dzungaria also, with immigrants from the poor Uyghur areas of southern Xinjiang flooding to the provincial capital of Ürümqi to find work.

As a political or geographical term, Dzungaria has practically disappeared from the map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the southern frontier of the Zhetysu, as the district to the southeast of Lake Balkhash preserves the name of Dzungarian Alatau. It also gave name to Djungarian hamsters.

Geography

Wheat, barley, oats, and sugar beets are grown, and cattle, sheep, and horses are raised in Dzungaria. The fields are irrigated with melted snow from the permanently white-capped mountains. Dzungaria has deposits of coal, gold, and iron, as well as large oil fields.

Dzungarian Basin

The core of Dzungaria is the triangular Dzungarian Basin, also known as Junggar Basin (), with its central Gurbantünggüt Desert. It is bounded by the Tarbagatai Mountains to the northwest, the Altai Mountains to the northeast, and the Tian Shan mountains to the south. The three corners are relatively open. The northern corner is the valley of the upper Irtysh River. The western corner is the Dzungarian Gate, a historically important gateway between Dzungaria and the Kazakh Steppe; presently, a highway and a railway (opened in 1990) run through it, connecting China with Kazakhstan. The eastern corner of the basin leads to Gansu and the rest of China. In the south, an easy pass leads from Ürümqi to the Turfan Depression. In the southwest, the tall Borohoro Mountains branch of the Tian Shan separates the basin from the upper Ili River.

The basin is similar to the larger Tarim Basin on the southern side of the Tian Shan Range. Only a gap in the mountains to the north allows moist air masses to provide the basin lands with enough moisture to remain semi-desert rather than becoming a true desert like most of the Tarim Basin and allows a thin layer of vegetation to grow. This is enough to sustain populations of wild camels, jerboas, and other wild species.

The Dzungarian Basin is a structural basin with thick sequences of Paleozoic-Pleistocene rocks with large estimated oil reserves. The Gurbantunggut Desert, China's second largest, is in the center of the basin.

The Dzungarian basin does not have a single catchment center. The northernmost section of Dzungaria is part of the basin of the Irtysh River, which ultimately drains into the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the region is split into a number of endorheic basins. In particular, south of the Irtysh, the Ulungur River ends up in the (presently) endorheic Lake Ulungur. The Southwestern part of the Dzungarian basin drains into the
Aibi Lake. In the west-central part of the region, streams flow into (or toward) a group of endorheic lakes that include Lake Manas and Lake Ailik. During the region's geological past, a much larger lake (the "Old Manas Lake") was located in the area of today's Manas Lake; it was fed not only by the streams that presently flow toward it but also by the Irtysh and Ulungur, which too were flowing toward the Old Manas Lake at the time.

The cold climate of nearby Siberia influences the climate of the Dzungarian Basin, making the temperature colder—as low as —and providing more precipitation, ranging from , compared to the warmer, drier basins to the south. Runoff from the surrounding mountains into the basin supplies several lakes. The ecologically rich habitats traditionally included meadows, marshlands, and rivers. However, most of the land is now used for agriculture.

It is a largely steppe and semi-desert basin surrounded by high mountains: the Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon) in the south and the Altai in the north. Geologically it is an extension of the Paleozoic Kazakhstan Block and was once part of an independent continent before the Altai mountains formed in the late Paleozoic. It does not contain the abundant minerals of Kazakhstan and may have been a pre-existing continental block before the Kazakhstan Block was formed.

Ürümqi, Yining and Karamai are the main cities; other smaller oasis towns dot the piedmont areas.

Ecology
Dzungaria is home to a semi-desert steppe ecoregion known as the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert. The vegetation consists mostly of low scrub of Anabasis brevifolia. Taller shrublands of saxaul bush (Haloxylon ammodendron) and Ephedra przewalskii can be found near the margins of the basin. Streams descending from the Tian Shan and Altai ranges support stands of poplar (Populus diversifolia) together with Nitraria roborovsky, N. sibirica, Achnatherum splendens, tamarisk (Tamarix sibirimosissima), and willow (Salix ledebouriana).

The northeastern portion of the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert lies within Great Gobi National Park, and is home to herds of Onagers (Equus hemionus), goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) and Wild Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus).

The basin was one of the last habitats of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), also known as Dzungarian horse, which was once extinct in the wild, though it has since been reintroduced in areas of Mongolia and China.

Paleontology
Dzungaria and its derivatives are used to name a number of pre-historic animals, hailing from the rocky outcrops located in the Dzungar Basin:
Dsungaripterus weii (pterosaur)
Junggarsuchus sloani (crocodylomorph)

A notable find, in February 2006, is the oldest tyrannosaur fossil unearthed by a team of scientists from George Washington University who were conducting a study in the Dzungarian Basin. The species, named Guanlong, lived 160 million years ago, more than 90 million years before the famed Tyrannosaurus rex.

See also
 Shishugou Formation dinosaur traps
Junggar Basin
Southern Xinjiang
Chinese Turkestan

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. .

External links

Regions of China
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Ecoregions of China
Ecoregions of Mongolia
Geography of Mongolia
Geography of Xinjiang

Deserts of China
Deserts of Mongolia
Altai Mountains
Sites along the Silk Road
Palearctic ecoregions

Dzungaria


The 1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election was an election to decide on the new candidate for the Polish–Lithuanian throne.

On November 10, 1673, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, suddenly died in Lwów. The Polish throne was vacant again, so another free election was necessary. As in 1669, the main candidates were French Duke Louis, Grand Conde, Philip William, Count Palatine of Neuburg (both supported by Louis XIV of France), and Charles V, Duke of Lorraine.

Hetman John Sobieski, who was a very influential figure in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not express interest in the Polish crown, and before the election stated that he did wish to be elected. Sobieski was hated by Lithuanian magnates of the Pac family, who in January 1674, during the Convocation Sejm, demanded that a bill prohibiting native Poles (or Piasts) from running in the election should be introduced.

The fact that the Pac family promoted such a bill means that Sobieski was regarded by many as a possible candidate. His name was mentioned by envoys of the House of Habsburg, and by French newspaper La Gazette. French diplomats later stated that Sobieski himself hesitated between running in the election, and supporting the Grand Conde.

The election began on Saturday, June 19, 1674. Despite the protests of Lithuanians, the Bishop of Kraków Andrzej Trzebicki initiated the process, by singing the hymn Veni Sancte Spiritus. The next day, Sunday, June 20, was dedicated to religious ceremonies and behind the scenes negotiations. On Monday, June 21, the Bishop of Vilnius, Michał Pac stated that Lithuania agreed to the Piast candidate. In the afternoon of the same day, John III Sobieski became King of Poland.

See also
 History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)
 Royal elections in Poland
 Golden Liberty
 Henrician Articles

Sources

 U. Augustyniak, Historia Polski 1572–1795, Warszawa 2008 M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1494–1795, Kraków 2002

Royal elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1674 in politics
1674 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
17th-century elections in Europe
Non-partisan elections

1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election


Military Police: Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees is the full title of a United States Army regulation usually referred to as AR 190-8, that lays out how the United States Army should treat captives.

This document is notable as the United States Supreme Court advised the Department of Defense, in its ruling on Hamdi v. Rumsfeld in 2004, that the Tribunals the DoD convened to review the status of the Guantanamo captives should be modeled after the Tribunals described in AR-190-8.

The authority of AR 190-8 Tribunals

As a signatory to the Geneva Conventions, the United States is obliged to convene a "competent tribunal" to determine the status of any captive "should any doubt arise" as to their proper status.

The Third Geneva Convention states that all captives must be accorded the protections of POW status until a competent tribunal convenes, and determines the captive does not qualify for such status.
AR-190-8 Tribunals are authorized to confirm that a captive is a lawful combatant, after all, who should continue to be detained as a prisoner of war until hostilities cease.
AR-190-8 Tribunals are authorized to determine that a captive is an innocent civilian, who should be immediately released.
AR-190-8 Tribunals are authorized to confirm that a captive is a combatant who acted in a way that he or she should be stripped of POW status. According to the Geneva Conventions, only captives who have been stripped of POW status, by a competent tribunal, can face charges for war crimes they committed in situation of armed conflict.

Structure of AR-190-8 Tribunals and Combatant Status Review Tribunals compared

June 4, 2007 dismissal of charges against Guantanamo captives

On June 4, 2007 Colonel Peter Brownback and Naval Captain Keith J. Allred dismissed all charges against Guantanamo captives Omar Khadr and Salim Ahmed Hamdan, on jurisdictional grounds.
They ruled that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 had only authorized the Guantanamo military commissions to charge captives who were classified as "illegal enemy combatants", and since Khadr and Hamdan's Combatant Status Review Tribunals had only made the determination
that they were "enemy combatants", their military commissions lacked the jurisdiction to hear the charges.

See also
Administrative Review Board
Enemy combatants
OARDEC
Unlawful enemy combatants

References

Guantanamo Bay captives legal and administrative procedures
United States military law
United States Army publications


Huatulco (; wah-TOOL-coh), formally Bahías de Huatulco, centered on the town of La Crucecita, is a tourist development in Mexico. It is located on the Pacific coast in the state of Oaxaca. Huatulco's tourism industry is centered on its nine bays, thus the name Bahias de Huatulco, but has since been unofficially shortened to simply Huatulco. Huatulco has a wide variety of accommodation from rooms for rent, small economy hotels, luxury villas, vacation condominia, bed and breakfasts, as well as several luxury resorts standing on or near the shores of Tangolunda Bay. The Camino Real Zaashila (formerly the Omni Zaashila), Quinta Real Huatulco, Las Brisas (formerly a Club Med), Dreams Resort & Spa (formerly the Royal Maeva then the Gala hotel), and the Barceló (formerly the Sheraton hotel) are examples of the most popular larger resorts in the area.

Huatulco is located where the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains meet the Pacific Ocean, approximately  east of Acapulco, Guerrero.  The population is 50,000.

History
Legends say the Toltecs and Quetzalcoatl came from this area.  Quetzalcoátl, according to a later legend, set an enormous and indestructible cross.  Various people have passed through this area, including the Chatmos, the Zapotecs and the Mexicas.

After the Spanish Conquest, Huatulco thrived as a port under Hernán Cortés's control serving as a vantage point for Spanish galleons and a distribution centre for supplies on the Pacific coast. The latter half of the 16th Century saw Huatulco attacked by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish—both of whom left their prints on the region's history and legends that continue to this day.

Until resort development began in the 1980s, Huatulco was little known except as a coffee-growing area. In 1984, FONATUR (Fondo Nacional de Turismo), a government agency dedicated to the development of tourism in Mexico, acquired 21,000 hectares of land to develop a tourism center, similar to that in Cancún.  The existing population was relocated to Santa María Huatulco. The plan resulted in the improvement of roadways and other infrastructure. It also has populated areas mixed with "green zones" to make the area ecologically friendlier.

In addition to the beaches, there are small communities of Bahias de Huatulco, such as Santa Cruz, La Crucecita, or old Santa María Huatulco (the municipal seat). Transportation between the communities is available by bus or taxi. The entire area has a small-town feel about it and is rarely crowded with tourists exception in the Christmas and Easter holiday periods.

About 80% of all tourism in Bahias de Huatulco is domestic in nature. Only about 20% of Huatulco's tourism is foreign, mainly because international air access is limited. Bahias de Huatulco has a small international airport just 20 minutes from the main resorts in Tangolunda Bay.  This airport has recently increased tourism, and helped to popularize the Pacific Coast backpacker route through Huatulco, Zipolite, Mazunte, and Puerto Escondido.The peak season for foreign tourism is typically from December through April.

Huatulco was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2006.

Geography

Bahias de Huatulco is divided into four main districts. Tangolunda is the area where the large upscale resorts are located; Santa Cruz is a small town with the main marina and Santa Cruz beach; La Crucecita, is another small town just inland from the beach area which provides support services to the area, and Chahué is an area between Santa Cruz and Tangolunda.

The Bahias de Huatulco are a series of nine bays and numerous small coves stretching along 26 kilometers of jagged coastline, including 36 white sandy beaches. The most centrally located bay is Bahía de Santa Cruz, which is just south of the town of La Crucecita. It is also the center of commercial and tourist activities, with a large pier where cruise ships dock.  Many resort offerings can be found here such as hotels, craft shops, discothèques, bars, restaurants, excursion agencies, sailboat excursions as well as scuba diving, snorkeling and jet skis for rent. The Capilla de Santa Cruz is where many weddings and baptisms are celebrated next to the sea. Playa Santa Cruz is the best known of the beaches here.  It is 250 meters long, with soft white sand and turquoise blue water.

Heading east from Santa Cruz are the bays of Bahía Chahué, Bahía Tangolunda and Bahía Conejos. These are the more developed areas of Huatulco. Bahía Chahué is 2 km east of Santa Cruz and its name means "fertile or moist land" in Zapotec. It has a marina for large and small yachts along with three principal beaches; Chahué, Esperanza and Tejón. Even though these are wide beaches, their moderate surf makes them less-visited than those in Santa Cruz. Three km east of Chahué is Bahía Tangolunda, which has five beaches; Ventura, Manzanillo, Tornillo, Tangolunda and Rincón Sabroso. Here the water varies between cobalt blue and emerald green.  Most of the larger hotels are located on this bay. Residencial Conejos is 4 km east of Tangolunda and has some of the larger residential homes in the area, some of which are vacation rentals.  The mouth of the Río (River) Copalita is slightly east of Bahía Conejos and it has a long zone of beaches.  To the east of Río Copalita are beaches stretching all the way to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Two of these beaches are Barra de la Cruz and Playa Mojon. Some great surfing waves can be found from these beaches. Barra de la Cruz is one of the best and easiest to access. Playa El Mojon can, at certain times of the year, have some decent waves for surfing and is also a great location to explore.

To the west of Santa Cruz, the beaches are less developed; in fact most of this area belongs to the Parque Nacional (National Park) Huatulco.  This is a protected area (Área Natural Protegida) created in 1998.  It contains 6,375 hectares of lowland jungle and 5,516 hectares of marine areas, encompassing the bays of Bahía Maguey, Bahía Órgano, Bahía Cacaluta, Bahía Chachacual and Bahía San Agustín.  In these bays live the most important coral communities of the Mexican Pacific.  723 species of animals live in the park as well as a number of species of colorful fish, and it is open to scuba diving, bird-watching and hiking.  In 2005, Huatulco was awarded the Green Globe International Certification as a sustainable tourist area. Huatulco was the first sustainable tourist community in the Americas and the third worldwide, after Bali in Indonesia and Kaikōura in New Zealand, to receive this prestigious award because of its development programs for a culture environmentally friendly to conserve its natural resources.  Bahía Órgano is named for the cacti that grow there.  It is 240 meters long and only accessible by boat.  Bahía Maguey is about 1/2 km long and is accessible by car. Both these bays have fine, white sand and waters of various colors of blue and green.  Bahía Cacaluta and Bahía Chachacual are only accessible by boat, and there are absolutely no human constructions of any kind. Bahía San Agustín is the furthest west and the largest of all the bays.  It has 1 km of beaches between 20 and 80 meters wide.  There are also small islets inside the bay itself.
Large portions of the Bahias de Huatulco resort area are located within an "ecological zone"; much of the area is protected from future development, and the area is serviced by modern water and sewage treatment plants so that no waste goes into its pristine bays. Huatulco has been awarded the Green Globe certification, and it is the only resort in Mexico to receive this prestigious award (Green Globe is the worldwide benchmarking and certification system for the travel and tourism industry across the triple bottom line of economic, social and environmental management).

Gastronomy
In Huatulco there is a wide diversity of seafood along with traditional foods such as tlayuda, mole Oaxaqueño, cecina, and the exotic chapulines (edible insects). Local seafood is available for purchase and consumption on most of the nearby beaches, especially La Entrega and Maguey. In La Crucecita, the downtown area and the area near the main park has many local restaurants.

Education

The Universidad del Mar has its campus in Huatulco.

Bocana del Río Copalita
The Bocana del Río Copalita is a 2,500-year-old archaeological site located about ten kilometers from the bays, which is open to the public. The name means "place of copal" and covers an area of about thirty five hectares. It is believed to have been on the border between Zapotec and Mixtec dominions. Landmarks of the site include a main temple, a temple dedicated to a serpent god, a Mesoamerican ball court and a site museum.

Climate
Sunshine can be expected about 330 days a year with the average temperature of . The dry season extends from December to May and the rainy season is from June to November.  The amount of precipitation has a definite effect on the local vegetation, being brownish in the dry season and very green in the rainy season.

Coffee plantations
There are a number of coffee plantations which are still in operation and give tours, including Finca (farm) Las Nieves, Finca Monte Carlos, Finca Margaritas, Finca El Pacífico and Finca La Gloria. Finca El Pacífico is known for the organic coffee it produces called "Pluma Hidalgo," and it is surrounded by waterfalls and ravines.  Finca La Gloria is known for the butterfly sanctuary "Mariposorio Dain Biguid", where dozens of species of butterflies can be seen and the "Llano Grande Falls".  The Río Copalitilla has its source here as well.

Festival
The Festival Música por la Tierra (Music Festival for the Earth) features music and culture in an event designed to raise awareness about the environment. The event features a number of rock and popular music groups.

Transportation

Although there have been improvements in infrastructure, Bahias de Huatulco is not as easy to get to as other resorts such as Cancun.  The drive south from Acapulco on Federal Highway 200 has over 300 speed bumps. Driving from the state capital of Oaxaca city is not any easier because Federal Highway 175 is also full of speed bumps. Federal Highway 190 has fewer speed bumps, but it is a much longer road with many curves due to the mountainous terrain.

Bahias de Huatulco has an airport, the Bahías de Huatulco International Airport, which is served nationally by Aeromexico, Interjet, Volaris and Magnicharters from other Mexican airports.  Several airlines also fly here from the U.S. and Canada.

Huatulco's new International Airport (HUX) has increased tourism not only in Huatulco, but in other nearby beaches like Mazunte and Zipolite. Every day flights arrive from Mexico City, bringing tourists to the local beaches. This airport and new road construction projects have made Oaxaca's Pacific Coast an increasingly popular destination for Mexican and international tourists.

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Oaxaca

Huatulco


Bob Golding is an English actor and voice artist. He was best known for the voices of Milo and Max in the CBeebies show the Tweenies.

Biography
Golding studied at North Hertfordshire College from 1986 to 1989.

Career

Television
He worked on the CBeebies pre-school children's television series the Tweenies as the voices of Milo and Max. The popular show won a BAFTA in 2000 for best pre-school live action. He worked on The Beeps which aired on Channel 5 in 2007 and 2008. He also worked on the CBeebies animated comedy series 'Harry and Toto, which aired in 2008. He has also appeared on television in CBBC's The Slammer, Dick and Dom's Diddy Movies and Diddy TV  and was a regular in the sketch show Watson & Oliver for BBC Two

In 2013 Golding played Horace Spendrich in the ITV drama Mr Selfridge.

His other voice credits include The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, based on the popular book, (on radio), produced by Dirk Maggs, PC Plod and Whizz in Noddy in Toyland on Five, Dennis and Gnasher on CBBC, Yo Gabba Gabba! on Nick Jr., Jim Jam And Sunny and Mr. Bean on CITV, Higglytown Heroes on Disney Channel and Numberjacks on CBeebies. Other voice work includes the title roles in CITV's Fleabag Monkeyface and Mike the Knight for CBeebies.

He appeared in Peter Kay's comedy show, Peter Kay's Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice and Peter Kay's Britain's Got an Extra Pop Factor and Then Some 2 + 1 on Channel 4. In these shows he worked with Tim Whitnall who wrote the play Morecambe . Golding also appeared in the soap opera Family Affairs on Five and Fun Song Factory on GMTV.

In 2013, Golding joined the CGI voice cast of Thomas & Friends (starting with King of the Railway) and provides the voices of Stephen, Sidney, Ivan (The Great Race only) and most recently Baz (one of the main antagonists in "Marvelous Machinery"), while his partner in crime Bernie is voiced by Rob Rackstraw and their former engine Sonny voiced by the former EastEnders actor Joe Swash.

Stage
On stage, Golding was in Eight Miles High by Jim Cartwright at the Octagon Theatre, Bolton the UK premiere of Wasp by Steve Martin, the world premiere of Buddy's Song by Nigel Hinton at the Victoria Theatre, Stoke-on-Trent. He also appeared in Only the Lonely and Elvis The Musical in the West End.

In Morecambe,  a one-man show, Golding plays Eric Morecambe, one half of the British comedy duo Morecambe and Wise, which had a sell-out run at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2009, and won a Fringe First Award. On 7 December 2009 Golding appeared on the 2009 Royal Variety Performance at the Opera House Theatre, Blackpool performing part of Morecambe. Golding with "Morecambe" the one man play went on to be nominated as best actor and best Entertainment in the 2010 Laurence Olivier Awards winning Best Entertainment.

Bob also has a regular role in the Christmas panto at the Alban Arena in St Albans. He has starred in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (2011) with Toyah Wilcox, Aladdin (2012) with Shaun Williamson, Cinderella (2013) with Gareth Gates and Jack and the Beanstalk'' (2014) with Steve McFadden.

Radio
In August 2010 Golding was a guest presenter on Absolute Radio's Dave Gorman show for five weeks while regular presenter Martin White was performing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe

Music
Golding runs his own 13-piece soul, rhythm and blues band, The Guild of Thieves.

References

External links

Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Bob Golding


Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer (26 March 1846 – 3 December 1906) was a German botanist who specialised in the taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchids).

Biography
Pfitzer was born in Königsberg. He studied chemistry and botany at Berlin and Königsberg, receiving his PhD in 1867. Afterwards he worked as assistant to Wilhelm Hofmeister in Heidelberg and under Johannes von Hanstein at the University of Bonn, where he obtained his habilitation in 1869. From 1872 to 1906 he was a professor and director of the botanical garden at Heidelberg.

In the first edition of Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, a work by Adolf Engler and Carl Prantl, he collaborated about orchids (published in 1889).

In addition to his work involving orchids, he conducted important research of diatoms, publishing the treatise "Untersuchungen über Bau und Entwicklung der Bacillariaceen (Diatomaceen)" (1871) as a result.

Selected works
 Der Botanische Garten der Universität Heidelberg, 1880 – The botanical garden at the University of Heidelberg.
 Grundzüge einer vergleichenden morphologie der orchideen, 1882 – Principles on the comparative morphology of orchids.
 Entwurf einer Natürlichen Anordnung der Orchideen, 1887 – Outline on the natural arrangement of orchids.
 Orchidaceae-Pleonandrae, 1903 – Orchidaceae-Pleonandrae.
 Wilhelm Hofmeister, 1903 – biography of Wilhelm Hofmeister.
 Orchidaceae-Monandrae-Coelogyninae, 1907 (with Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin) – Orchidaceae-Monandrae-Coelogyninae.

He died in Heidelberg, aged 60.

References

External links

Orchidologists
1846 births
1906 deaths
Botanists with author abbreviations
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Scientists from Königsberg
19th-century German botanists

Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer


The following is a list of annual leaders in fielding errors in Major League Baseball (MLB), with separate lists for the American League and the National League. The list also includes several professional leagues and associations that were never part of MLB.

In baseball statistics, an error is an act, in the judgment of the official scorer, of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to advance one or more bases or allows an at bat to continue after the batter should have been put out.

Herman Long is the all-time leader in errors, committing 1,096 in his career. Long and Billy Shindle hold the record for most fielding errors in a season, with Long committing 122 errors in 1889, and Shindle committing 122 errors the following year in 1890. Tim Anderson and Rafael Devers are the active leaders in fielding errors and have led the league 2 times.

American League

National League

American Association

National Association

Union Association

Player's League

Federal League

References

Baseball-Reference.com

Major League Baseball statistics
Major League Baseball lists

List of Major League Baseball annual fielding errors leaders


Reproductive surgery is surgery in the field of reproductive medicine. It can be used for contraception, e.g. in vasectomy, wherein the vasa deferentia of a male are severed, but is also used plentifully in assisted reproductive technology. Reproductive surgery is generally divided into three categories: surgery for infertility, in vitro fertilization, and fertility preservation.

A reproductive surgeon is an obstetrician-gynecologist or urologist who specializes in reproductive surgery.

Reproductive surgeries will be referred to based on biological sex, and terms such male and female will be used to denote to men and women respectively.

Uses
Reproductive surgery aims to address concerns spanning from male and female fertility to gender-affirming care. Uses for reproductive surgery may encompass different abnormalities, dysfunctions, and areas of focus that are unable to be treated solely through medication or nonsurgical treatment. Screening measures may be completed to determine the necessity of surgery. For example, intrauterine pathology may be assessed by utilizing techniques such as hysteroscopy to identify complications for reproductive surgical interventions.

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) supports enhancement of fertility success through processes such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Screening and reproductive surgery also have a role in identifying and addressing abnormalities, such as notable cysts, prior to initiating IVF. Surgical sperm retrieval is an alternative means of semen collection, where other means are not possible in circumstances like posthumous sperm retrieval or male infertility.

These surgical techniques may also be utilized as a form of permanent contraception referred to as sterilization. A vasectomy or tubal ligation would be examples of this procedure for male and female individuals respectively. Reproductive surgeons can potentially perform a reverse vasectomy to restore male reproductive function following the vasectomy. Individuals may choose to reverse the procedure due to pain experience after the surgery.

People might find themselves wanting to preserve their fertility. Biological material such as sperm or oocyte are capable of being surgically collected and preserved cryogenically. Fertility preservation also provides individuals who are receiving gender-affirming surgeries the option of preserving gametes if having biological children is desired following the procedures and hormonal therapy.

Reproductive surgery is also considered for complications such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, ectopic pregnancy, and vas deferens obstruction.

Trends

History
Albeit an increase in overall use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), surgeries on the fallopian tubes and ovaries have decreased, leading to a rise in insecurity in the field of reproductive surgery. Reproductive surgery in women has largely been complementary to other ART methods such as medication, except for in tubal infertility, where surgery remains the main treatment. Although reproductive surgery has been most relevant for severe symptoms, there has been a strong interest in greater analysis surrounding this topic of research.

Reproductive surgery first began with fertility sparing surgeries, such as uterine myomectomy, and was transitioned later into the addition of surgeries for infertility and the advancement of success rates for fertility. Hysterectomies and myomectomies date back to ancient times, where fascination grew around fertility sparing surgeries, specifically for young women who were able to conceive but were considered to have suspected ailments. However, the lack of knowledge of medicine eventually led to mortality, thereby causing myomectomies to become more uncommon. Overtime, various advancements and extensive research allowed for the discovery of minimally invasive myomectomies, which became popular among women who were capable of bearing children.

Laparoscopy continues to be a common procedure approach as it is minimally invasive and is thought to be associated with a decrease in hospital stay and surgical complications. The development of newer technology and surgical techniques allowed for the increase in success rates for various other surgeries, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis surgeries or adnexal surgeries.

The Future of Reproductive Surgery
With respect to the future of reproductive surgeries, greater advancements of surgical techniques and equipment are growing in popularity to increase the potential of fertility success rates. For example, vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) is a new innovative approach that has been used for ovarian torsion, tubal ectopic pregnancy, and ovarian cystectomies. This surgical approach is minimally invasive and has emerged in an effort to reduce pain, risks, and potential for scarring. Another technique that has emerged is radiofrequency ablation (RFA) which has been used for uterine fibroids. It works to necrotize fibroids through the use of laparoscopic and transcervical procedures with two devices, Acessa (Hologic) and Sonata (Gynesonics). However, these two medical devices come with the caveat that  fertility may not be preserved in those with uterine leiomyoma. Although not ideal for people who are able to and wanting to bear children, RFA still poses as an alternative successful technique to reducing the volume of fibroids.

A new common interest in alliance with reproductive surgery is the use of regenerative medicine. Although it has not been studied in its entirety, the use of stem cells to restore damaged endometrium has shown promising improvements. Regenerative medicine has been used for premature ovarian failure and will continue to be studied for in vitro fertilization (IVF).  With the use of various stem cells, researchers hope to mitigate and treat any future signs of infertility with the use of two specific stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).

Risks/Complications
The risks and complications of reproductive surgery depend on patient specific characteristics and the degree of the surgery itself; however, some common complications of general reproductive surgery are hemorrhage, visceral damage, infection, and blot clotting.

In vasectomies, infection and hematomas are the most frequently reported complications of surgery, with the incidence rate of infection being 3-4% and the incidence rate of hematoma ranging around 0-29%. An important note to consider is the fact that the surgical technique of the vasectomy did have an impact on the incident rates of these complications. No-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) is widely recognized due to its low incident rate of complications. Another common complication of vasectomy is post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS). PVPS involves chronic pain that may be persistent or intermittent in one or both of the testicles, and lasting longer than three months after the procedure. While the pathophysiology of PVPS is unknown, various causes include damage to structures of the testis, buildup of pressure from epididymal congestion, and compression of nerves in the testis. The pain in PVPS can manifest in various forms, such as pain and tenderness in the scrotum, pressure or pain after ejaculation, pain with sex, etc. Incidence rates of PVPS are around 1-14%.

In hysterectomies, complications of the procedure include infection, gastrointestinal injury, and venous thromboembolic injury. Similar to vasectomies, one of the most common complications is infection, with the incidence rate being 10.5% for abdominal hysterectomy, 13% for vaginal hysterectomy, and 9% for laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Today, one of the most effective forms of ART is in vitro fertilization (IVF). While it is very effective in those experiencing infertility, there are numerous risks of IVF, such as multiple births, premature delivery, and ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome. Ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome is a condition that involves enlargement of the ovaries as the result of the injected fertility drugs causing increased capacity of the blood vessels to allow molecules to go in and out. It can lead to abdominal pain, soreness, and nausea for those experiencing it. The symptoms and severity of ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome can be classified amongst various grades. Grade 1 involves mild discomfort and abdominal distention, and as the grades increase, severity and symptoms also increase. Grade 4 and grade 5 encompass severe ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome and involve changes in blood volume and viscosity due to the condition. Those who have a history of heightened response to gonadotropins, history of previous ovarial hyper-stimulation, and/or have a history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of developing this complication.

Contraindications
There are no existing medical guidelines that outline the absolute contraindications to reproductive surgery. However, there are relative contraindications recommended in the current literature. There are several circumstances under which having reproductive surgery is contraindicated. This is because surgery itself may cause extensive tissue damage to the person, the success of the procedure is limited (i.e. the condition is invasive or metastatic), or the surgery's potential risk outweighs the potential benefits. However, each person's situation is different and the possibility of reproductive surgery should be consulted with a healthcare professional.

Uterine atony after fetal extraction, and pre-existing maternal bleeding disorders have been reported as accepted contraindications for cesarean myomectomies in women. Contraindications to reproductive surgery used for tubal surgery and infertility include women ages 43 and older, tubal disease that surgery cannot treat (i.e., surgery cannot be safely performed without hurting the person or the patient has multiple medical conditions that reduces the chance of success), bipolar disease, and abnormal semen analysis.

Many studies examining surgery for endometriosis excluded women who previously received medical or surgical treatment for endometriosis. Women with a pre-operative diagnosis of a deep endometriosis of their bowel or bladder were also excluded from surgery.

For male reproductive surgery for the treatment of varicocele by percutaneous embolization, current literature considers adolescents, allergies to contrast, men with a bilateral grade 3 varicocele, and men with primary infertility as relative contraindications to surgery.

References

Assisted reproductive technology
Surgery
Human reproduction

Reproductive surgery


In botany, a pome is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae. Pome fruits consist of a central "core" containing multiple small seeds, which is enveloped by a tough membrane and surrounded by an edible layer of flesh. Pome fruit trees are deciduous, and undergo a dormant winter period that requires cold temperatures to break dormancy in spring. Well-known pomes include the apple, pear, and quince.

Etymology
The word pome entered English in the late 14th century, and referred to an apple or an apple-shaped object. It derived from the Old French word for "apple":  (12th century; modern French is ), which in turn derived from the Late Latin or Vulgar Latin word  "apple", originally the plural of Latin  "fruit", later "apple".

Morphology
A pome is an accessory fruit composed of one or more carpels surrounded by accessory tissue. The accessory tissue is interpreted by some specialists as an extension of the receptacle and is then referred to as "fruit cortex", and by others as a fused hypanthium (floral cup). It is the most edible part of this fruit.

The carpels of a pome are fused within the "core". Although the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp of some other fruit types look very much like the skin, flesh, and core respectively of a pome, they are parts of the carpel (see above diagram). The epicarp and mesocarp of a pome may be fleshy and difficult to distinguish from one another and from the hypanthial tissue. The endocarp forms a leathery or stony case around the seed, and corresponds to what is commonly called the core.

Pome-type fruit with stony rather than leathery endocarp may be called a polypyrenous drupe.

The shriveled remains of the sepals, style and stamens can sometimes be seen at the end of a pome opposite the stem, and the ovary is therefore often described as inferior in these flowers.

Examples

The best-known example of a pome is the apple. Other examples of plants that produce fruit classified as a pome are Cotoneaster, Crataegus (hawthorn and mayhaw), medlar, pear, Pyracantha, quince, rowan, loquat, toyon, and whitebeam.

Some pomes may have a mealy texture (e.g., some apples); others (e.g., Amelanchier, Aronia) are berry-like with juicy flesh and a core that is not very noticeable.

See also
 Cider
 Nut (fruit)

References

External links

Fruit morphology

Pome


The Broadmoor Skating Club is a figure skating club based in Colorado Springs, Colorado that has long been a major training center for the sport of figure skating.  Founded in 1939, it was originally known as the Pikes Peak Skating Club, and was based in the Broadmoor World Arena on the grounds of The Broadmoor resort.  When that facility was demolished in 1994, the club moved to its current home at the Broadmoor World Arena (1998).

Notable skaters who trained at or represented the Broadmoor Skating Club include:

 Max Aaron
 Mirai Nagasu
 Jeremy Abbott
 Ryan Bradley
 Vincent Zhou
 Nicole Bobek
 Scott Davis
 Todd Eldredge
 Rachael Flatt
 Peggy Fleming
Isabella Flores & Dimitry Tsarevski
Piper Gilles
 Ryan Jahnke
 David Jenkins
 Hayes Alan Jenkins
 Vivian Joseph & Ronald Joseph
 Caryn Kadavy
 Karol & Peter Kennedy
 Alexa Scimeca Knierim & Chris Knierim
 Ann Patrice McDonough
 Keauna McLaughlin & Rockne Brubaker
 Melissa & Mark Militano
 Brandon Mroz
 Colleen O'Connor and Jim Millns
 Renée Roca & Gorsha Sur
 Elizabeth Punsalan & Jerod Swallow
 Garrett Swasey
 Jill Trenary
 Tiffany Vise & Derek Trent
 Stephanie Westerfeld
 Tim Wood
 Paul Wylie
 Eva Pawlik

Prominent coaches associated with the club have included Tom Dickson, Carlo Fassi, Sandy Hess, Dalilah Sappenfield, Edi Scholdan, and Tom Zakrajsek.  The club has benefitted in recent years from its proximity to both the United States Figure Skating Association headquarters and the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs.

The club hosted the U.S. Figure Skating Championships six times between 1948 and 1976, and the World Figure Skating Championships five times during the same period, at the Broadmoor World Arena facility.  More recently, the club has hosted events such as the World Junior Figure Skating Championships, the Four Continents Championships, Skate America, and the Grand Prix Final.

References

External links
Broadmoor Skating Club

Figure skating clubs in the United States
Sports in Colorado Springs, Colorado
1939 establishments in Colorado

Broadmoor Skating Club