The Salt Lake Tribune is a newspaper published in the city of Salt Lake City, Utah. The Tribune is owned by The Salt Lake Tribune, Inc., a non-profit corporation. The newspaper's motto is "Utah's Independent Voice Since 1871."

History
A successor to Utah Magazine (1868), as the Mormon Tribune by a group of businessmen led by former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) William Godbe, Elias L.T. Harrison and Edward Tullidge, who disagreed with the church's economic and political positions. After a year, the publishers changed the name to the Salt Lake Daily Tribune and Utah Mining Gazette, but soon after that, they shortened it to The Salt Lake Tribune.

Three Kansas businessmen, Frederic Lockley, George F. Prescott and A.M. Hamilton, purchased the company in 1873 and turned it into an anti-Mormon newspaper which consistently backed the local Liberal Party. Sometimes vitriolic, the Tribune held particular antipathy for LDS Church president Brigham Young. In the edition announcing Young's death, the Tribune wrote:

In 1901, newly elected United States senator Thomas Kearns, a Roman Catholic, and his business partner, David Keith, secretly bought the Tribune. After Keith died in 1918, the Kearns family bought out Keith's share of the Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Company. Eventually, the parent company became Kearns-Tribune Corporation.

The company began an evening edition in 1902, known as The Salt Lake Telegram. The Telegram was sold in 1914 and reacquired by the Tribune in 1930. It was phased out when the joint operating agreement was formed with the afternoon Deseret News, Salt Lake's daily newspaper owned by the LDS Church, in 1952.

John F. Fitzpatrick became publisher in 1924, ushering in what became seven decades of peaceful coexistence with the dominant LDS Church. In 1952 theTribune entered into a joint operating agreement with the Deseret News and created the Newspaper Agency Corporation. Fitzpatrick was the architect of NAC at the request of LDS Church President David O. McKay whose newspaper was near bankruptcy at the time. Fitzpatrick died of a heart attack in 1960, and was succeeded by John W. Gallivan, who had been trained as the next publisher from the time he joined the Tribune in 1937. Gallivan often joked with aspiring journalism students, telling them the best way to the publisher's desk was to get yourself left on the doorstep of the owner. (He had been orphaned at the age of five, then taken in by his mother's half-sister, Mrs. Thomas Kearns.) In the late 1950s, in spite of reluctance from John Fitzpatrick about the future of television, Gallivan joined a measured Tribune investment with The Standard Corporation in Ogden, Utah, to build one of the first microwave and cable TV systems across northern Nevada. On weekends, Gallivan traveled by bus to Elko, Nevada, to oversee the construction beginnings. Gallivan and Denver cable investor Bob Magness merged their companies into Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI) which eventually became the largest cable television company in the world. The Tribunes ownership interest in TCI reached nearly 15%, which played a large role in later mergers between the two companies. Gallivan remained as Tribune publisher until 1984, and chairman of the board until 1997.

For almost 100 years, it was a family-owned newspaper held by the heirs of U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns. After Kearns died in 1918, the company was controlled by his widow, Jennie Judge Kearns, and then the newspaper's longtime publisher was John F. Fitzpatrick, who started his career as secretary to Senator Kearns in 1913 and remained publisher until his death in 1960. John W. Gallivan, nephew of Mrs. Kearns, joined the Tribune in 1937 and succeeded Fitzpatrick as publisher in 1960, remaining as chairman until the merger with TCI, Inc. in 1997. The Kearns family owned a majority share of the newspaper until 1997, when the company merged with TCI in an effort to minimize inheritance tax liabilities borne by the two largest shareholders in the Kearns family. A buy-back agreement was put in place, providing for the Kearns family to reacquire The Tribune, after the IRS required a five-year holding period. However, in the interim TCI was merged with AT&T Corporation. After intense pressure from the LDS Church, and intense counter-suits from the Kearns family, the Tribune was subsequently sold by AT&T to Denver, Colorado-based MediaNews Group in 2000.

In 2002, the Tribune became mired in controversy after employees sold information related to the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping case to The National Enquirer. Tribune editor James "Jay" Shelledy resigned from his job at the paper amid the fallout of the scandal. Two staffers were also removed from their positions as Tribune reporters.

In 2004 the paper decided to move from its historic location at the downtown Tribune building to The Gateway development. Many people, including several Tribune employees, opposed the move, stating that it would harm the economy of Salt Lake's downtown. The move was completed in May 2005 and Tribune employees were told by editor Nancy Conway, "It is just a building."

Bankruptcy

After emerging from bankruptcy in 2010, MediaNews Group lost control of its ownership to a hedge fund, Alden Global Capital. "The remainder of the Denver-based chain is owned by a consortium of lenders and by Singleton himself." In 2016, Huntsman Family Investments, LLC, a company controlled by Paul Huntsman, bought The Salt Lake Tribune. Paul Huntsman is the son of industrialist Jon Huntsman Sr. who serves as chairman of the holding company, and brother of former Utah governor and ambassador to Russia Jon Huntsman Jr.

Conversion to Nonprofit

On April 20, 2016, Huntsman Family Investments, a private equity firm headed by Paul Huntsman, son of industrialist Jon Huntsman Sr., announced that it would buy the Tribune. In 2017, the Tribune was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting for "a string of vivid reports revealing the perverse, punitive and cruel treatment given to sexual assault victims at Brigham Young University, one of Utah's most powerful institutions." The team included lead reporter Erin Alberty, managing editor Sheila R. McCann, reporters Jessica Miller and Alex Stuckey and editor-writer Rachel Piper. The package of winning stories also included an investigation into multiple reports that were not properly investigated by Utah State University.

In May 2018, the Tribune laid off over 38% of its newsroom staff, reducing headcount from ninety to fifty-six. This was the fourth round of layoffs since 2011, and the first under the leadership of owner and publisher Paul Huntsman. The reason put forward for this was lower revenue due to decreased circulation and lower profit from online advertisements. Huntsman said that in the two years since he bought the newspaper, advertising revenues had declined 40%. In November 2019 the newspaper won approval from the Internal Revenue Service to become a 501(c)(3) non-profit. It is the first major (and first daily) U.S. newspaper to become a nonprofit. In October 2020, the newspaper announced it would cease daily print publication at the end of the year, shifting instead to a weekly print product while maintaining a robust online presence. At the time, the paper had approximately 36,000 subscribers, a decline from a daily circulation of close to 200,000. Also in 2020, the Tribune ended its joint partnership with the Deseret News, which had lasted for sixty-eight years. From 2020 to 2021, the Tribune newsroom staff increased by 23%, with thirty-three reporters on staff in November 2021. The newly nonprofit paper also developed a variety of new projects.

Endorsements
In presidential elections, The Salt Lake Tribune endorsed George W. Bush in 2004; Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012; and Hillary Clinton in 2016. The paper discontinued making endorsements for all offices (local, state, and national) in 2019 upon becoming a non-profit corporation as IRS rules forbid endorsements of candidates by non-profits.

See also

 :Category:The Salt Lake Tribune people
 Pat Bagley - Editorial cartoonist or the Tribune
 Derks Field - minor league baseball park for the Salt Lake Bees named after Tribune sports editor John C. Derks (1873–1944)
 Peggy Fletcher Stack – religion reporter for The Salt Lake Tribune
 Frank Hewlett - Washington bureau chief
 Robert Kirby – humor columnist for The Salt Lake Tribune
 Tom C. Korologos - Politician who began career at Tribune
 Florabel Muir - first female reporter for Tribune
 Jennifer Napier-Pearce - Former executive editor of the Tribune
 William Nelson - Wisconsin politician who was editor of the Tribune
 Harold Schindler – historian, television screenwriter and editor for The Salt Lake Tribune

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

1871 establishments in Utah Territory
Companies based in Salt Lake City
Mass media in Salt Lake City
Mormonism-related controversies
Newspapers published in Utah
Newspapers established in 1871
Non-profit organizations based in Utah
Nonprofit newspapers
Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers

The Salt Lake Tribune


Harley's Humongous Adventure is a side-scrolling 2D platform video game released in 1993 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally developed by Visual Concepts, and funded by publisher Electronic Arts, but eventually published by Hi Tech Expressions.

Gameplay

The player controls Harley, a man in a green suit who has shrunk himself to the size of a bar of soap. Harley's mission is to gather the parts of his shrinking machine to return himself to normal size. Harley advances through the levels, picking up items such as tacks, rubberbands, and marbles. Harley adventures through his lab, where the initial incident occurs, his kitchen, his toy room, where the player pilots a toy tank by himself, his bathroom, and other stages.

Enemies include flies, bees, and ants. Players must avoid such enemy attacks as the flies vomiting overhead. The main boss is a deformed rat that tries to jump on Harley, and after each encounter utilizes a household item for the limb he had lost in the previous encounter.

Development
Visually, the game utilizes a mix of pixel art for the stage backgrounds, the menus and most objects, and digitized clay animation models for all characters. The clay animation was produced by A-OK Animation, who had also worked on Claymates, another Super NES game featuring a somewhat similar graphical style.

The game was programmed, and designed in part, by Brian Greenstone of Pangea Software. This programmer previously wrote games for the Apple IIGS computer, which happens to share the same 65C816 microprocessor as the Super NES.

The box art was created for EA by veteran gaming illustrator Marc Ericksen. It features Harley blasting out of the kitchen sink, holding a red plastic push pin for scale reference.

Reception

Notes

References

External links

1993 video games
Altron games
Hi Tech Expressions games
Science fiction video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Platformers
Side-scrolling video games
Clay animation video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Brian L. Schmidt
Video games with digitized sprites
Video games about size change
Action games
Single-player video games
Video games about toys
Visual Concepts games

Harley's Humongous Adventure


HMNZS Tarapunga was a modified Moa class inshore patrol vessel of the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN).

She was built by 1980 by the Whangarei Engineering and Construction Company as a version re-engineered for use as an inshore survey vessel.

After decommissioning, she was purchased by North American owners and can be seen in Harper's Island Episode 1, as the charter boat that brings the wedding party to the island.
Can also be seen in season 2, episode 9, of Psych, from 2007.

See also
 Survey ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy

References

Survey ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Moa-class patrol boats
1980 ships

HMNZS Tarapunga


The Scottish Meteorological Society was founded in 1855 by David Milne-Home with private funding, particularly from wealthy landowners who wished to compile meteorological records in order to improve agriculture.

The Society founded the observatory on Ben Nevis, officially opened in 1883.

In 1921, the Society amalgamated with the Royal Meteorological Society.

Publications
 Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society, Volume 1 (1864) - Volume 18 (1917/19)

Notable members
 W S Bruce
 Alexander Buchan, credited with establishing the weather map as the basis of weather forecasting
 David Milne-Home, chairman of the Council of the Society
 Cargill Gilston Knott, President of the Society
 John Murray, oceanographer
 Robert Traill Omond, first Superintendent of the Ben Nevis observatory
 Dr James Stark, first Secretary of the Society
 Thomas Stevenson, co-founder and secretary
 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
 Clement Lindley Wragge, awarded the Society's Gold Medal

References

Professional associations based in Scotland
Organizations established in 1855
Learned societies of Scotland
Climate of Scotland
Meteorological societies
Geographic societies
Climatological research organizations
19th century in Scotland
1921 in Scotland
History of agriculture in Scotland
1855 establishments in Scotland
Defunct organisations based in Scotland
History of science and technology in Scotland
1921 disestablishments in Scotland

Scottish Meteorological Society


Giovanni Salvatore Augusto Falcone (Palermo, 18th May 1939 – Palermo, May 23rd 1992) , known as Giovanni Falcone, was an Italian magistrate that fought against the Italian Mafia with his colleague Paolo Borsellino. They both spent their early years in the same neighbourhood in Palermo. Many of their childhood friends grew up in the Mafia background, both men fought on the other side of the war against crime in Sicily as prosecuting magistrates. They were both killed in 1992, a few months apart. He was killed by Cosa Nostra in the Strage di Capaci (Massacre of Capaci) .In recognition of their tireless effort and sacrifice during the anti-mafia trials, they were both awarded the Italian "Medaglia d'oro al valor civile" (Gold medal for civil valour). They were also named as heroes of the last 60 years in the 13 November 2006 issue of Time Magazine.

1939 births
1992 deaths
People from Palermo

Giovanni Falcone


Stripped Classicism (or "Starved Classicism" or "Grecian Moderne") is primarily a 20th-century classicist architectural style stripped of most or all ornamentation, frequently employed by governments while designing official buildings. It was adopted by both totalitarian and democratic regimes. The style embraces a "simplified but recognizable" classicism in its overall massing and scale while eliminating traditional decorative detailing. The orders of architecture are only hinted at or are indirectly implicated in the form and structure.

Despite its etymological similarity, Stripped Classicism is sometimes distinguished from "Starved Classicism", the latter "displaying little feeling for rules, proportions, details, and finesse, and lacking all verve and élan".  At other times the terms "stripped" and "starved" are used interchangeably.

Stripped Classicism was a materialistic manifestation of 'political' modernism. Recent historiography has explicitly linked this architectural style – and its relationship with modernist thinking – to political projects arising in the 1920–1930s, which utilised artistic dexterity to articulate – in built form – a powerful political ethos orientated towards the future.

Other writers have noted the need to read the impact of avant-garde movements such as the Italian Futurists, who extolled the innumerable possibilities of the modern world, on this unique style (and the futurism it espoused). It was popularised by the French-born Paul Philippe Cret, among others, and employed in Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, the Soviet Union and New Deal America.

Description and history
Though the term is usually reserved for the more thorough style that forms part of 20th-century rational architecture, characteristics of Stripped Classicism are embodied in works of some progressive late 18th- and early 19th-century neoclassical architects, such as Étienne-Louis Boullée, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Friedrich Gilly, Peter Speeth, Sir John Soane and Karl Friedrich Schinkel.

Between the World Wars, a stripped-down classicism became the de facto standard for many monumental and institutional governmental buildings all over the world. Governments used this architectural méthode to straddle modernism and classicism, an ideal political response to a modernizing world. In part, this movement was said to have origins in the need to save money in governmental works by eschewing the expense of hand-worked classical detail.

In Europe, examples as early as the Embassy of Germany, Saint Petersburg, designed by Peter Behrens and completed in 1912, "established models for the classical purity aspired to by high modernists like Mies van der Rohe but also for the oversized, Stripped Classicism of Hitler's, Stalin's and Ulbricht's architects and perhaps of American, British and French official buildings in the 1930s as well". The style later found adherents in the Fascist regimes of Germany and Italy as well as in the Soviet Union during Stalin's regime. Albert Speer's Zeppelinfeld and other parts of the Nazi party rally grounds complex outside Nuremberg were perhaps the most famous examples in Germany, using classical elements such as columns and altars alongside modern technology such as spotlights. The Casa del Fascio in Como has also been aligned with the movement. In the USSR some of the proposals for the unbuilt Palace of the Soviets also had characteristics of the style.

Among American architects, the work of Paul Philippe Cret exemplifies the style. His Château-Thierry American Monument built in 1928 has been identified as an early example. Among his other works identified with the style are the exterior of the 1933 Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. (though not the Tudor Revival library interior), the 1937 University of Texas at Austin's Main Tower, the 1937 Federal Reserve Building in Washington, D.C., and the 1939 Bethesda Naval Hospital tower.

It is sometimes evident in buildings that were constructed by the Works Projects Administration during the Great Depression, albeit with a mix of Art Deco architecture or its elements. Related styles have been described as PWA Moderne and Greco Deco.

The movement was widespread, and transcended national boundaries. Architects who at least notably experimented in Stripped Classicism included John James Burnet, Giorgio Grassi, Léon Krier, Aldo Rossi, Albert Speer, Robert A. M. Stern and Paul Troost.

Despite its popularity with totalitarian regimes, it has been adapted by many English-speaking democratic governments, including during the New Deal in the United States. In any event, presumed "fascist" underpinnings have hampered acceptance into mainstream architectural thought. There is no evidence that architects who favored this style had a particular right-wing political disposition. Nevertheless, both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were fans. On the other hand, Stripped Classicism was favored by Joseph Stalin and various regional Communist regimes.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany and end of World War II, the style fell out of favor. However, it was somewhat revived in designs in the 1960s. Included was Philip Johnson's New York Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, evidencing "a revival in the Stripped Classical style". Likewise, Canberra, Australia saw the Law Courts of the Australian Capital Territory (1961) and the National Library of Australia (1968) resurrect grand Stripped Classical designs. See Australian non-residential architectural styles.

The paradoxical embrace of old and new
The use of culture and 'myth' was a shared peculiarity of totalitarian political programmes during the 1920–30s, including Nazism in Germany and Soviet Communism in Russia. Cultural incentives launched by these states, and all their various intricacies, evoked currents of modernist thought.

Through architecture, they strove to invoke the power of modernity in their physical landscapes (especially in their capital cities) and, simultaneously, reinvent the past (as symbolised by Stripped Classicism's restrained classical features) by ransacking its archetypal 'healthy' elements to inaugurate a reforged, rejuvenated, futural, open-ended and monumental future.

It is this curious dichotomy between old and new, an inexorable feature of Stripped Classicism, which historian Roger Griffin has encapsulated in his conceptual framework of 'rooted modernism' (which he discusses in relation to fascist buildings).

The modernism in Stripped Classical buildings can be seen through their stylistic components (mute apertures, blank walls and the absence of ornament) and through their pure functionality. Adolf Loos, an Austrian theorist of modern architecture, and his essay "Ornament and Crime" can be seen as just one of the many philosophers/theorists/architects who foreshadowed some of the stylistic elements of Stripped Classicism.

Avant-garde movements such as Futurism also foreshadowed a form of building which is as much extravagant as it is streamlined, as much multi-functional as it is fit for the multi-faceted modern future vis-a-vis high-speed travel, technologically advanced means of communication, hydraulic engineering etc... "all in time for the most mechanised war in history", as Samuel Patterson writes.

The Stripped Classical style was also embraced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who yearned for an architecture symbolising a 'new beginning' under New Dealism (which was fighting to ameliorate the ramifications of the Great Depression), and concomitantly, archetypal American genius. A discussion of the Roosevelt administration, its reinvention of the past (centred on Jeffersonianism) and its uses of architecture in the 1930s can be found in Patterson's 'Problem-Solvers' thesis.

Notable examples

See also
Boris Iofan
Constructivist architecture
Dulwich Picture Gallery and Mausoleum
Giuseppe Terragni
Nazi architecture
Nordic Classicism
Stalinist architecture
Stile Littorio

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

20th-century architectural styles
American architectural styles
Architectural styles
Art Deco architecture
Nazi architecture
Neoclassical architecture

Stripped Classicism


Rochester was a silver-mining town in Pershing County, Nevada, USA, approximately  east of Reno. It is now a ghost town. Lower Rochester is still accessible to visitors, but was largely destroyed by a wildfire in 2012; Upper Rochester has been buried under mine tailings of the more recent Coeur Rochester open pit mine.

History
Rochester is the collective name for three different sites: Rochester Heights, Upper Rochester and Lower Rochester, spread out along a  stretch of Rochester Canyon. When gold was discovered here in the 1860s by immigrants from Rochester, New York, there was only one camp, at the upper end of the canyon. Later this became known as Rochester Heights (often, along with Upper Rochester, called "Old Town"). Exploration and mining was on a fairly small scale from the 1860s, with the ore processed on a small scale, or shipped by wagon to larger towns for milling.

Gold was discovered in this area by emigrants from  Rochester, New York in the early 1860s, but it was not until a discovery by Joseph Nenzel of rich silver ore in 1912 that Rochester became a true boom town. By November 1912, as word of the find spread, people streamed into the area. The town expanded and Upper Rochester came into being, as well as the beginnings of what became known as Lower Rochester. Rochester Heights was soon lumped in with Upper Rochester, and those towns became collectively known as Old Town, with Lower Rochester being the new town. Rochester Canyon is a fairly narrow canyon, with steep slopes on either side of the narrow canyon floor, and so the camps tended to spread down the canyon, rather than outwards. As more and more people came to the area, the two camps soon boasted saloons, hotels and other businesses. Upper and Lower Rochester became thriving mining sites, with a population exceeding 1,500. Most of the commercial district was in Upper Rochester, with Lower Rochester having the mill and other mining support facilities. The town boasted of having The Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1914, the Nevada Short Line Railway extended its tracks from Oreana, which was east of Rochester.  The railway was then operating up into Limerick Canyon from Oreana, but a spur was built which branched off into Rochester Canyon as far as Lower Rochester. In August 1915, the railway extended the tracks up the canyon through Upper Rochester to reach the mine at the end of the canyon, with the intention that the ore could be hauled down to the milling operations in Lower Rochester. The operation of the railroad was undependable at best, however. Equipment difficulties (the railroad was using old second-hand locomotives), fires and accidents, along with the vagaries of the management of the railway (it went into receivership in late 1915, but was given one last chance by a District Court judge in Reno to be profitable), meant that the mines could never depend entirely on the railroad. The railway struggled to make a profit and to operate on a reasonable schedule through 1915 and into 1916, but the mines were not happy about the service. Finally, having had enough, the mine announced in September 1916 that it would build a tramway from the mines down to the mill in Lower Rochester. By mid-1917, the tramway was in operation and the days of the Nevada Short Line were numbered. It again went into receivership in 1918, and finally by 1919 it was completely shut down and the equipment was sold off. The rails were ripped up and completely gone by 1920.

Transportation problems did not stop mining; the mine continued to operate until 1942, producing over $9 million in silver and gold. Rochester as a town, however, began to wane slowly after 1922, and by 1926 the post office had closed, as had many businesses. After 1942, the mine was shuttered for long periods, operating only intermittently as silver and gold prices warranted. Most people had completely left the area by 1951 and at best there was "caretaker" status by a few resolute souls who lived on and off in the few remaining buildings.

In 1986, Coeur d'Alene Mines began large scale open pit mining operations on Nenzel Hill and beyond. This new operation (Coeur Rochester, and in 2003 the nearby Packard Mine) has buried nearly all of Upper Rochester under large mine tailing piles. Lower Rochester still has many foundations and some wooden structures, one of which is the remains of a large mill building. Additionally, the remains of the wood towers for the tramway can still be seen on the hillside, and the old rail bed of the Nevada Short Line can be followed much of the way through the canyon.

Location
Rochester is at an elevation of  approximately 110 miles east from Reno on Interstate 80; from there turn south east on a dirt road for  to the location of Lower Rochester town site.

References

External links
 Rochester ghosttowns.com
 Antelope Springs district at Mindat.org

Ghost towns in Pershing County, Nevada
Populated places established in 1912
1912 establishments in Nevada
Ghost towns in Nevada
Silver mining in Nevada

Rochester, Nevada


Tableau (French for 'little table' literally, also used to mean 'picture'; : tableaux or, rarely, tableaus) may refer to:

Arts
 Tableau, a series of four paintings by Piet Mondrian titled Tableau I through to Tableau IV
 Tableau vivant, a motionless performance evoking a painting or sculpture; or a painting or photograph evoking such a theatrical scene
 Scene (drama), in opera, ballet, and some other dramatic forms

Games
 Tableau (card game), a specific patience card game
 Tableau (cards), the layout in patience and fishing card games
 Tableau (dominoes), the layout in dominoes

Other
 Tableau, another term for a table of data, particularly:
 Cryptographic tableau, or tabula recta, used in manual cipher systems
 Division tableau, a table used to do long division
 Method of analytic tableaux (also semantic tableau or truth tree), a technique of automated theorem proving in logic
 Tableau Software, a company providing tools for data visualization and business intelligence
 Young tableau, a combinatorial object built on partition diagrams
 Simplex tableau, a structured matrix used in the simplex algorithm

See also
 Table (disambiguation)
  or Economic Table, an economic model first described by French economist François Quesnay in 1758

Tableau


Jesse Dunbar (1743April 9, 1816) was a Tory from Halifax, Massachusetts, a town in Plymouth County, located in what was then called the Province of Massachusetts Bay. In 1774, while anti-British colonists  also known as Whigs or Patriots  tried to stage a boycott on British goods, Jesse Dunbar bought some "fat cattle" from Mr. Thomas, a Mandamus Counsellor from England. The purchase was a violation of the boycott, but by no means illegal. He was approximately 31 years old at the time.

After driving the oxen back home to the town of Plymouth, Jesse Dunbar slaughtered, skinned, and hung up one of the oxen. Rumor spread about where the oxen had come from, and soon a committee of Whigs came to extralegally enforce the boycott by stuffing Jesse Dunbar into the belly of the ox carcass. After stuffing Dunbar into the belly of the ox, the Plymouth mob put the ox carcass into a cart and pushed the cart 4 miles out of town. The mob also stole three more cattle and a horse from Mr. Dunbar.

The Plymouth mob forced Jesse Dunbar to pay them one dollar for the ride. The Plymouth mob also handed over the punishment of Jesse Dunbar over to a mob from Kingston, Massachusetts. The Kingston mob put the carcass onto a cart belonging to a Mr. William Arnold.

At first the Kingston Mob allowed Jesse Dunbar to walk alongside the ox-cart in shame (as the procession was apparently being kept under control by a Captain Wait Wadsworth). But this brief period of merciful treatment was cut short when many boys - "collected in great numbers" according to Justin Winsor - among the mob started dancing around Jesse Dunbar for the purpose of mocking him. It is not known whether it was an accident or not, but any case, Jesse Dunbar started tripping some of the children's feet up with his own as they danced around him. The Kingston Mob was so outraged by the incident with the children that they forced him back into the belly of ox carcass with renewed violence. After 4 miles the Kingston mob handed Jesse Dunbar and the ox over to a mob in Duxborough, Massachusetts.

The Duxborough (also spelled Duxbury) mob started beating him in the face with the ox's tripe. Two sources mention the mob "endeavoring to cover his entire person in it [the inards of the ox carcass]." Jesse Dunbar almost asphyxiated from all the crowd forcing tripe into his face - "to the endangerment of his life." As he was choking on the tripe, they threw some dirt on him. After some other abuses at the Duxborough mob, the tormentors carried Jesse Dunbar to Mr. Thomas's house and tipped him out in front of the door. The sum of money that the Duxborough mob took from him is unknown. According to the Rivington Gazette, the story of his torture ends with the Duxborough mob making "him pay another sum of money, and he not taking the beef, they flung it in the road and quitted him."

Somehow Jesse Dunbar survived this incident, and may well have gone on living in Plymouth County next to the neighbors who had stolen his property and his dignity. According to his tombstone, located at the Alden or Great Woods Graveyard in Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, Dunbar died on April 9, 1816, at the age of 73. His epitaph reads:

"In memory of Mr. Jesse Dunbar, who died April 9, 1816, aged 73 years
Honorable age is not that which standeth in length of time,
Nor is it measured in number of years; but wisdom is the
Gray hair unto man, and an unspotted life is old age."

His wife, Abigail Dunbar, died a year later. She was three years older than he.

Another tombstone in the graveyard shows that he had a daughter named Dinah with what must have been his first wife, Azuba. Azuba Dunbar is not buried in the cemetery.

References
 3/9/1775, Rivington Gazette
 History of the Town of Duxbury, Massachusetts, with Genealogical Registers; Justin Winsor; Boston, 1849; pps. 123-146
 The Alden or Great Woods Graveyard in Plymouth, Massachusetts

1743 births
1816 deaths
People from Halifax, Massachusetts
People of colonial Massachusetts
Burials in Massachusetts

Jesse Dunbar


Revolutionary nationalism is a name that has been applied to the political philosophy of many different types of nationalist political movements that wish to achieve their goals through a revolution against the established order. Individuals and organizations described as being revolutionary nationalist include some political currents within the French Revolution, Irish republicans engaged in armed struggle against the British crown, the Cần Vương movement against French rule in Vietnam, the Indian independence movement in the 20th century, some participants in the Mexican Revolution, Benito Mussolini and the Italian Fascists, the Autonomous Government of Khorasan in 1920s Iran, Augusto Cesar Sandino, the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement in Bolivia, black nationalism in the United States, and some African independence movements.

Africa

Several African independence movements in the 20th century have been characterized as revolutionary nationalist.

One African anti-colonial leader considered to have been a revolutionary nationalist was Amilcar Cabral, who led independence movements in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Cabral founded the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde in 1956. The party began an armed struggle against the Portuguese colonial authorities in 1963, and eventually Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde won their independence in 1974 and 1975 respectively. This colonial war also led to the rise of the Armed Forces Movement in Portugal itself, which overthrew the dictatorship in that country. Cabral's revolutionary nationalism was embodied in the concept of "unity and struggle," which aimed to unite the various ethnic and cultural communities of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde into a single national identity based on the struggle against colonial rule.

Another African movement whose ideology has been called revolutionary nationalism is the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) in Eritrea. The PFDJ's ideology emphasizes the legacy of the Eritrean struggle for independence, and seeks to "inculcate the values of The Struggle in Eritrean youth by loosely (and sometimes directly) simulating the experiences of the fighters in the war for liberation." In addition, the PFDJ promotes "an idea of a multicultural, multireligious, unified national whole."

Revolutionary nationalism has also been identified as a theme in the works of Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o.

Asia

The term revolutionary nationalism has been used to describe elements of the Indian independence movement that opposed British rule in India. The Indian state of Jharkhand was host to revolutionary nationalist political groups starting in the period between 1902 and 1918, and especially from 1912 onward. The Dhaka Anushilan Samiti and other nationalist movements from Bengal extended their operations into Jharkhand during this period, and their aim was to inspire a large violent uprising against British rule. They sought to obtain dynamite, gunpowder and other explosives from the mines of Jharkhand, but their activities were discovered and many revolutionary nationalists were arrested.

In Bihar, an Indian state located north of Jharkhand, there were also violent pro-independence organizations in the early 20th century that have been described as revolutionary nationalists or as terrorists. They had "faith in methods of violence for securing freedom" and they faced increasing government repression. When they were arrested, they received legal assistance from members of the Indian National Congress, although Congress opposed the use of violence.

In India, revolutionary nationalism is also identified with the memory of Bhagat Singh, who was executed by the British in 1931 for his role in the Lahore Conspiracy Case.

In the history of Vietnam, the term revolutionary nationalism has been used to refer to the opposition to French colonial rule that began in the 1880s among patriotic Vietnamese court officials and provincial elites, who formed the Can Vuong movement. This movement sought to restore the Vietnamese emperor and preserve traditional society, but it was defeated by superior French firepower. It later inspired a second generation of anticolonial leadership in the 20th century.

In Iran, the rebellion of Colonel Mohammad Taqi Pessian in 1921 has been described as an experiment in revolutionary nationalism. Pessian led a military state based in Mashhad, which acted as a rival to the central government led by Reza Khan after the 1921 Persian coup d'etat.

Europe

In Europe, the term revolutionary nationalism has been applied to a variety of nationalist political movements, stretching back to the French Revolution of the 18th century. French revolutionary nationalism was a form of civic nationalism, seeking to impose a common national identity on the entire population of France, regardless of ethnic origin or regional cultures and languages. This nationalism was revolutionary in that it aimed at a "homogenization of mankind," not wishing to "exclude anyone who does not fit a particular ethnic profile but rather to include anyone willing to adopt a particular cultural identity."

Irish nationalism of the 19th century has also been characterized as revolutionary nationalism, in that it sought a revolutionary overthrow of British rule in Ireland. Following the defeat of the Young Ireland rebellion in 1848, many of the rebel leaders fled into exile to Paris, where they "found themselves at the intellectual centre of revolutionary nationalism." The Irish revolutionaries in exile made contacts with Polish nationalists who were also fighting for national independence and who advocated ideas of "'salutary' terrorism and mobilization of the peasantry for acts of violence," which inspired Irish revolutionary nationalism. The Irish revolutionary nationalists came to be called Fenians, and this movement included Irish organizations on both sides of the Atlantic, such as the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Fenian Brotherhood.

In the early 20th century in Italy, Benito Mussolini's political thought came to focus on a radical form of Italian nationalism, which has been called revolutionary nationalism. According to A. James Gregor, Mussolini had a fuzzy and imprecise approach to the concept of revolutionary nationalism by 1909, although he acknowledged its historical role which later provided the groundwork of his subsequent views. At this early stage, despite Mussolini's inclination towards nationalism, he was still opposed to traditional patriotism and conventional nationalist appeal which included his emphatic rejection of the type of nationalism that was championed by the privileged classes and traditional bourgeoisie, who simply used the slogans of nationalism "whenever a profit might be turned". A. James Gregor describes Mussolini's approach to his version of nationalism as follows:

Mussolini's revolutionary nationalism, while it distinguished itself from the traditional patriotism and nationalism of the bourgeoisie, displayed many of those features we today identify with the nationalism of underdeveloped peoples. It was an anticonservative nationalism that anticipated vast social changes; it was directed against both foreign and domestic oppressors; it conjured up an image of a renewed and regenerated nation that would perform a historical mission; it invoked a moral ideal of selfless sacrifice and commitment in the service of collective goals; and it recalled ancient glories and anticipated a shared and greater glory.

In 1914, Robert Michels, an early revolutionary syndicalist who would later affiliate with the National Fascist Party by 1924, called for a "revolutionary nationalism of the poor" in order to promote industrialization in Italy, because he believed that "it is industry that allows people to live and prosper in the modern world" and without a mature industrial base, a people finds itself the object of international disdain.

After World War II, in France, the term revolutionary nationalism was adopted in self-description by a Third Positionist movement that aimed to be politically syncretic and combined far-right nationalism and left-wing nationalism.

Americas

In Bolivia, the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a political party that was formed in 1941, led the National Revolution of 1952, and ruled the country from 1952 to 1964. According to Winston Moore Casanovas, revolutionary nationalism "has become an anti-oligarchical ideology of the dominated sector, the official ideology of the Bolivian state after 1952, and stands at the heart of the rationale of the authoritarian military regimes in power from 1964 onwards."

In Peru, the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado from 1968 to 1975 has been called a revolutionary nationalist period in the country's history.

The Nicaraguan revolutionary leader Augusto Cesar Sandino, who fought against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the late 1920s and early 1930s, has also been called a revolutionary nationalist.

Certain aspects of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920 have been identified with revolutionary nationalism. For instance, according to Robert F. Alegre, Mexican railway workers "embraced revolutionary nationalism as an expression of their disapproval of foreign ownership of the railways, heightened no doubt by their contempt for foreign managers." Alegre also argues that "revolutionary nationalism drew on and reinforced rielero masculinity – workers' view of themselves as distinctively strong, brave, and independent. Their participation in armed conflict placed these qualities into sharp relief."

In the United States, some black nationalist groups have been regarded as representing a form of revolutionary nationalism. Especially in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, some African American leaders came to the conclusion that racial integration was impossible and that a "Black Revolution" was necessary to build an independent black nation. One such leader was Rudy Shields, who endorsed black separatism in 1969 because he "felt like if we were separated, we were better and we were stronger, because when you have white people teaching your children, then what they get is the white concept of life." This perspective declined over the following decades, but revolutionary nationalist themes have been identified as an element of jazz music as late as the 1980s, when they influenced Asian American musicians.

See also
Conservative Revolution
Sansepolcrismo
National syndicalism
Third Position

References

Nationalism
Fascism
National syndicalism
African and Black nationalism

Revolutionary nationalism


Discovery Girls was a bimonthly magazine for girls ages 8 to 13. Written "by girls, for girls," the publication honestly addresses the issues faced by preteen girls. First published in 2000, the magazine had a circulation of 195,062 in 2012.

History
Discovery Girls was founded in 2000 by Catherine Lee. As part of the process of creating the first issue, Lee selected twelve girls from local schools to provide input on what is important to them. Lee continued to use the approach. From 2000 to 2012, for each issue 12 girls were selected from various states. The girls attended a two-day photo shoot and provided ideas and content for the issue. In 2012, this switched to a once-a-year camp for 36 girls in the US and Canada that would provide images and content for a year's issues.

Magazine features
Most of the regular features contain content sent in by readers. These features include:
 My Worst Day and how I survived it
 Embarrassing moments
 Ask Ali
 Health and beauty advice
 The great debate
 Mailbag
 Contests

Other features of the magazine:

 Special Feature
 You Said It
 Creative Corner
 Quizzes

Books
Discovery Girls has published five books based on the most popular topics from the magazine:
 Friendship Hardship
 Sticky Situations And How To Get Through Them
 Ask Ali: All the Advice You'll Ever Need
 My Worst Day and How I Survived It
 Growing Up: Everything You Need To Know About Your Changing Body

Honors
Discovery Girls has received the Parents' Choice Award, National Parenting Publications Award and the iParenting Media Award.

References

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Children's magazines published in the United States
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2000
Magazines published in California

Discovery Girls


Alexandros Aresti (; born 11 March 1983) is a Cypriot former swimmer, who specialized in freestyle events. He is a two-time Olympian (2000 and 2004), and  a Cypriot record holder in the 100 and 200 m freestyle.

Aresti made his official debut, as a 17-year-old, at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where he competed in the men's 200 m freestyle. Swimming in heat two, he rounded out the field of seven swimmers to last place and forty-ninth overall by a 5.32-second margin behind winner Mark Chay of Singapore in 1:57.54.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Aresti extended his program by qualifying for two swimming events. He cleared FINA B-standard entry times of 51.45 (100 m freestyle) and 1:53.61 (200 m freestyle) from the Akropolis Grand Prix. In the 200 m freestyle, Aresti challenged seven other swimmers on the third heat, including Olympic veteran Aleksandar Malenko of Yugoslavia. He edged out Chinese Taipei's Chen Te-tung to take a sixth spot and forty-fourth overall by 0.24 of a second in 1:53.90. In his second event, 100 m freestyle, Aresti placed thirty-eighth on the morning's preliminaries. Swimming in heat four, Aresti blasted a Cypriot record of 51.10 to save a second spot over Papua New Guinea's Ryan Pini by 0.01 of a second.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Cypriot male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Cyprus
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Larnaca
Commonwealth Games competitors for Cyprus
Swimmers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
20th-century Cypriot people
21st-century Cypriot people

Alexandros Aresti


is a third-person shooter mecha video game series developed by FromSoftware. The series centers on a silent protagonist who takes on work as a mercenary pilot in the far future, operating large robot combat units known as Armored Cores at the behest of corporate and private clients. As the player completes missions for these clients, they gain credits to improve their Armored Core and unlock further opportunities to make money. Some games include an "Arena" mode in which the player fights other Armored Core pilots in head-to-head battles, which can reward the player with further income or prestige.

Several story continuities exist, spread across 13 main games, seven spin-offs, and three remastered re-releases, with different releases divided by a different set of "generations" of sequels that starts with every numbered entry. The first game in the series, Armored Core, was released in 1997, while the most recent, Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon, was released in 2023. The series has been released on the PlayStation, PlayStation 2, mobile phones, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S.

Premise
In the original continuity established by 1997's Armored Core through 2001's Armored Core 2: Another Age, Earth experienced a cataclysm known as the "Great Destruction" and humanity has been forced underground. Corporations begin fighting for dominance, leading to the increasing reliance on Armored Core pilots called Ravens. Following the events of 1999's Armored Core: Master of Arena, humanity rebuilds and colonizes Mars. Through 2000's Armored Core 2 and its expansion, Another Age, the fledgling Earth government struggles to maintain power as opportunistic corporations exploit the power gap and rebel groups resist against the hegemony of government and business interests.

The series was rebooted with 2002's Armored Core 3, beginning a new story arc that concluded with Armored Core: Last Raven in 2005. Following a global nuclear war, humanity has retreated underground. Following centuries of rule by an artificial intelligence called The Controller, its decay leads to the destruction of much of humanity's underground network, causing them to look toward the surface for safety. By the end of 2003's Silent Line: Armored Core, humanity has fully returned to the surface of Earth. The final two games of this continuity, 2004's Armored Core: Nexus and 2005's Armored Core: Last Raven involve the end of the existing power dynamic of corporations and Ravens fighting over the surface.

2006's Armored Core 4 rebooted the series yet again. Here, corporations have seized control of Earth governments and are waging war across the surface for dominance. A war waged over the course of the game pollutes the environment, leading to the creation of floating cities in 2008's Armored Core: For Answer. Depending on the player's choices, humanity either barely survives the fallout of For Answer's conflict or is completely eradicated.

The fourth continuity of the series was introduced with 2012's Armored Core V. A single corporation has dominance over a contaminated Earth and is being opposed by a resistance faction that seeks to overthrow them. 2013's Armored Core: Verdict Day details the outbreak of another war 100 years later following an apocalyptic event.

Another continuity has begun with 2023's Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon. For the first time in the series, it takes place far away from Earth in a human-colonized solar system on the planet Rubicon 3. Decades prior to the game's start, a powerful resource called Coral was discovered, leading to significant technological advancements, but a disaster called the Fires of Ibis scorched the entire Rubicon system and left it highly contaminated. However, the Coral, thought to have all burned, has begun to reappear, bringing multiple corporations into conflict for control of it which, in turn, has brought the attention of mercenaries. Added into the conflict are the Planetary Closure Administration, an organization tasked with quarantining Rubicon, and the Rubicon Liberation Front, a resistance group who venerate the Coral, wishing to end its exploitation and free the planet.

Gameplay

Within the core games of the franchise, the gameplay is generally focused on the player taking the role of a mech-piloting mercenary, taking on missions for various clients and gaining currency from completing them. Missions can involve multiple objectives and pit the player against computer controlled opponents, some of which pilot mechs as well. Upon completion of a mission, the operating costs of the mech, such as repairs and ammunition, are deducted from the total earnings of the player, as well as compensation for destroying valuable objects within the mission area. Likewise, if the player loses a mission, those same deductions occur from the player's direct balance.

The game's mechs, called Armored Cores (or ACs for short), are highly customizable with hundreds of parts and weapons that can be purchased from an in-game shop or by fulfilling certain requirements. Different parts can provide gameplay advantages in certain terrains or against certain enemies, which forces the player to put thought into how to approach the construction of their mech as each sortie often has different obstacles and hazards to overcome. The customization of Armored Cores is strictly limited by multiple factors such as the maximum weight load of their leg parts, or the energy output of their generators supplying power to all equipped parts of the AC. As such, an Armored Core's performance varies depending on the parts which compose it.

Many of the franchise's games feature a branching storyline where taking on certain missions can block off others, with consequences of a player's decision in mission being relayed to them at the end of a mission. Certain games require multiple playthroughs to access additional contents, such as missions inaccessible during initial playthrough, and even different endings that adds additional lore and context to the games.

An Arena mode introduced in Armored Core: Project Phantasma gave players the opportunity to fight opponents outside of missions for additional rewards. Project Phantasma also introduced the import feature, allowing players to retain their progress from a previous entry when starting a new one. This import feature would become a mainstay of the franchise, with "expansion" titles like Silent Line: Armored Core allowing for importing save data.

Multiplayer
Since its first release, the Armored Core games have featured multiplayer options in some form. In the original PlayStation era, local split-screen multiplayer modes were the primary method, generally featuring head-to-head battles. A PlayStation Link Cable feature, allowing for the connection of two PlayStation consoles, was included in all three original Armored Core titles.

With the PlayStation 2, split-screen and console linking continue to be the primary source of multiplayer. 2004's Armored Core: Nexus introduced the LAN multiplayer mode, in addition to connecting through their internet service and allowed up to 4 players to fight in matches together.

Online multiplayer was first introduced in the Japanese release of Armored Core 2: Another Age, but was removed in other regions due to the PlayStation Network Adapter not being ready in time. No PlayStation 2-era game after this release would include online play either, with the first game to do so being Armored Core 4.

Games

Armored Core

The original trilogy of Armored Core games were developed for the original PlayStation by FromSoftware and established many of the core themes and mechanics that would be found in the rest of the series. The debut title, Armored Core, was released on July 10, 1997, in Japan. Story elements like corporate-funded conflicts, post-apocalyptic settings, and silent protagonists were introduced in the first game. The game's mechanics revolve around taking on missions from various clients for pay, using earned money to customize the player's Armored Core unit.

Armored Core: Project Phantasma was released as a stand-alone expansion to the original game, released on December 4, 1997. Project Phantasma introduced an Arena mechanic that would be expanded on in later titles, as well as an import mechanic that would become an important feature through the franchise. Players were able to import save data from earlier Armored Core games and bring their existing Armored Core units into the expansions.

A second stand-alone expansion, Armored Core: Master of Arena, was released on February 4, 1999, and was the final game released for the original PlayStation. It concluded the core arc of the original Armored Core and greatly expanded on the Arena mechanic introduced in Project Phantasma. Like its predecessor, Master of Arena allowed players to import save files from both the original Armored Core and Project Phantasma to continue their progress.

All three games from the original PlayStation era were re-released on the PlayStation Network in 2007 for the tenth anniversary of the original title. The original Armored Core was also released on the Japanese PlayStation Classic in 2018.

Armored Core 2

With the transition to the PlayStation 2, FromSoftware released Armored Core 2 as a launch title in Japan on August 3, 2000. As a narrative sequel to the original trilogy, Armored Core 2 transitioned the series away from the post-apocalyptic setting and added more science fiction elements, such as Mars colonization. Much of the gameplay remained the same, including the mission structure, customization, and Arena modes. The title did overhaul the visuals from the original game, taking advantage of the added power of the new console, but overall designs stayed similar. Unlike Project Phantasma and Master of Arena, players could not import their saves to the new game.

Armored Core 2: Another Age was released on April 12, 2001, as a stand-alone expansion. It allowed players to import their save files from Armored Core 2 and continue with their existing Armored Core units. The game introduced movement controls using the DualShock analog sticks and cooperative mission mode. The Japanese version of Armored Core 2 was the first title to include online broadband play, allowing players to fight each other over the internet.

Armored Core 3

Armored Core 3 was released on April 4, 2002, and served as a reboot for the franchise. The story returned to a post-apocalyptic setting and retained the core concept of corporate warfare and mercenary mission structure. Very little gameplay was changed from the earlier PlayStation 2 titles, instead focusing on incremental improvements and minor features like USB mice, computer-controlled allies, and surround sound. Due to its nature as a reboot, players could not import save data from Armored Core 2 or Another Age.

A stand-alone expansion, Silent Line: Armored Core, was released on January 23, 2003, and was a direct sequel to Armored Core 3. Like other expansions in the franchise, players could import their progress from Armored Core 3 into Silent Line, retaining their parts and credits from the earlier game. Silent Line introduced new gameplay mechanics, including computer-controlled companions and a first person mode.

Armored Core: Nexus was released on March 18, 2004, as a direct sequel to Silent Line. Unlike its predecessor, Nexus was treated as a core entry rather than an expansion and did not allow for save data import. While carrying over parts from 3 and Silent Line, mechanics changed significantly compared to past expansions. The heat mechanic introduced in Armored Core 2 was made much more influential, especially with the introduction of booster heat. All part stats were also totally redistributed. The game was the first in the franchise to include support for dual analog sticks. It also introduced a new LAN multiplayer mode that allowed up to 4 players to participate in matches against each other.

Armored Core: Last Raven was released on August 4, 2005, and served as the conclusion to Armored Core 3's story arc. The game is structured around a 24-hour clock that moves forward as missions progress. At the end of the 24-hour period, choices made by the player can alter the outcome of the plot. The game introduced a component damage system, allowing for individual parts to be broken in combat.

Armored Core 4

Armored Core 4 was released on December 21, 2006, for the PlayStation 3, serving as another reboot for the franchise. An Xbox 360 version, the first instance of a main title in the franchise being released outside of the PlayStation ecosystem, was released on March 22, 2007. Gameplay in Armored Core 4 has been sped up and streamlined from its predecessors in an attempt to make the game more accessible to new players. The game marks the first instance of online multiplayer outside of the Japanese release of Armored Core 2: Another Age.

Armored Core: For Answer was released on March 19, 2008, as a standalone expansion to Armored Core 4. It incorporates an online co-operative mode and a branching storyline. The game was noted for its technical problems on the PlayStation 3 version. Like Nexus, this game did not simply add content to its predecessor and changed gameplay by greatly increasing booster speeds and increasing generator performance.

Armored Core V

Armored Core V was released on January 26, 2012, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and acts as indirect sequel to Armored Core 4 and Armored Core: For Answer. The game focuses on the online multiplayer component and includes far fewer offline story missions than its predecessors. In the game's online mode, players battle for territory in teams of up to 20 players. A co-operative mode is included for players to fight NPCs alongside other players for various rewards.

Armored Core: Verdict Day was released on September 24, 2013, as a standalone expansion to Armored Core V. The game retains its predecessor's multiplayer focus, though it allows players to create teams of AI companions instead of requiring teams composed entirely of players. A full-length story mode returns alongside a newly implemented "hardcore mode", and players can import their saved games from Armored Core V to retain their personalized mechs.

Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon

Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon was announced at The Game Awards 2022 on December 8. The game was released on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on August 25, 2023.

Spin-offs

In 2004, FromSoftware released two spin-offs from the main Armored Core series. The first, Armored Core: Nine Breaker was released on October 28, 2004, for the PlayStation 2. Removing the focus from story-based missions, the game is instead built around an Arena mode where the player must compete with computer-controlled opponents to increase their rank. Minigames designed as training exercises were included to allow players to practice specific skills.

Armored Core: Formula Front was released on December 12, 2004, for the PlayStation Portable. Like Nine Breaker, its focus was on Arena-style gameplay, though a new mechanic put a focus on building an artificial intelligence strategy for the Armored Core units to execute. Formula Front was later released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan.

Several mobile games were released in the Armored Core franchise from 2004 to 2008, but they were never released outside of Japan. An American version of these mobile games was in development around 2005, but the title was never released.

Other media
Armored Core: Tower City Blade is a manga by Fujimi Shobo based on the game. It was serialized in Dragon Age Pure between March 14 and April 14, 2007. A project called Armored Core: Fort Tower Song was to consist of a book and an anime also released in 2007. The book was completed but the anime was not. From Software announced in 2011 that the anime had been canceled due to View Works shutting down.

Legacy
The making of Armored Core solidified FromSoftware's development skills, and in July 1999, they released the multiplayer action game Frame Gride for the Sega Dreamcast. The company's focus would shift from RPGs to mech games due in part to the success of the Armored Core series. In 2002, FromSoftware released the mech action game Murakumo: Renegade Mech Pursuit for the Xbox. In 2004, they released another Xbox title, Metal Wolf Chaos. In 2005, FromSoftware would start to produce a series of licensed games based on the various anime properties under the banner Another Century's Episode. Kenichiro Tsukuda, the producer of the Armored Core series produced a very similar video game called Daemon X Machina that was released for the Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows.

Footnotes

Notes

References

External links

Third-person shooters
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Video games about mecha
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1997

Armored Core


Greenwich Park was a railway station opened in 1888 by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) in Greenwich, south-east London. The station was originally called Greenwich and the LCDR intended it to rival a nearby station also named  which was owned by the South Eastern Railway (SER) and which had opened over 50 years earlier. The LCDR's station was the terminus of a branch line from .

Despite being in a prime location (on Stockwell Street) the LCDR station failed to attract sufficient passengers, possibly because the rival SER station offered a shorter journey time into central London. In 1899 the LCDR was amalgamated with the SER (as the South Eastern & Chatham Railway), and in 1900 the LCDR station was renamed Greenwich Park to distinguish it from the SER's original Greenwich station.

Due to wartime economy measures, Greenwich Park was closed in 1917. The section of the branch between Nunhead and  was reopened in 1929 by the Southern Railway with a new connecting spur to , providing another route into central London. The section between Lewisham Road and Greenwich Park was officially abandoned in 1929.

After 1929 the station was demolished and the cutting occupied by the trackbed and platforms was infilled. Today the site is occupied by a hotel and its car park. Nothing remains of the railway north-east of the closed Lewisham Road station except for a short section of embankment adjacent to .

Opening

The LCDR's branch line from  terminated initially at  (opened 1871) but in 1881 the company deposited a bill to extend it to Greenwich. The LCDR chairman explained to shareholders: "We should not have spent £450,000 to get to the bottom of Blackheath Hill. The raison d'etre was to get to the heart of Greenwich. Everybody knows what the Greenwich traffic is; it is an astounding traffic." The station opened on 1 October 1888 and was aligned to join the South Eastern Railway (SER) at a junction east of the existing SER Greenwich station.

Description

Greenwich station had three curved platforms and an engine release road. The platforms had awnings covering more or less their whole length. There were an engine siding and inspection pit behind the signal box, which was at the station throat. The station was below street-level in a cutting, as was most of the line from Blackheath Hill. The station building was a generous brick structure with a booking hall, refreshment room and first and second class ladies' rooms leading off it. Stairs led down to the concourse at the head of the platforms.

The stationmaster's house was situated in Burney Street.

Services

In January 1899 there were 43 arrivals and 55 departures on a weekday, 21 on a Sunday. Most terminated at Nunhead but some ran into St. Paul's (now called Blackfriars) or Victoria in central London. By 1913, the station now named Greenwich Park, there were 55 arrivals and 43 departures, 11 on a Sunday. The journey time from Nunhead was nine minutes. Through-trains to St. Paul's took around 30 minutes.

It is likely that most trains were formed of four-wheel carriages headed by a D class 0-4-2T engine. In 1913 a P class 0-6-0T with a bogie coach at each end appeared on the branch, and this ran the last passenger train, on 31 December 1916. Photographs show P class No. 325, D class No. 89 Hecate and coaching set 271 worked the line at some point.

After closure

Greenwich Park station was closed on 1 January 1917. In 1926 the London & Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee accepted Southern Railway's view that the branch line should be closed permanently. The site was cleared possibly just before the branch was severed in 1929 at  and diverted to : a 1928 picture of Blackheath Hill shows rails in situ, heavily overgrown.

The station building survived until the 1960s having been used as a billiard hall and builder's offices. Portions of bridge wall remain in Burney Street and Peyton Place. A short section of embankment survives between Brookmill Road and the South Eastern main line through St Johns station.

References

Further reading

Disused railway stations in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Former London, Chatham and Dover Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1888
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway station

Greenwich Park railway station


Clare College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was University Hall but it was changed to Clare Hall in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one.

The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers).

Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles.

Other websites
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1326 establishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England

Clare College, Cambridge


D116 is the main state road on island of Hvar in Croatia connecting towns of Hvar, Milna, Stari Grad and Jelsa to Sućuraj and ferry ports, from where Jadrolinija ferries fly to the mainland, docking in Split and the D410 state road (from Hvar and Stari Grad) and Drvenik and the D412 state road (from Sućuraj). The road is  long.

The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.

Traffic volume

Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske ceste (HC), operator of the road. Furthermore, the HC report number of vehicles using ferry lines from Split and Drvenik, connecting the D116 road to the D410 and the D412 state roads. Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the road connects a number of island resorts to the mainland.

Road junctions and populated areas

Sources

State roads in Croatia
Transport in Split-Dalmatia County
Hvar

D116 road


The Canadian military fur wedge cap, "envelope busby", or colloquially "The Astrakhan" is a uniform hat worn by the Canadian military and RCMP.  The outside of the cap is entirely covered in real (e.g. seal skin or Persian lamb) or synthetic fur and is shaped like a wedge.  When not being worn the cap folds flat.  The cap is about  high but is normally worn with the apex of the wedge shape depressed back into the interior of the cap to form a longitudinal trough at the crown, reducing the overall height.  Often the cap is patterned such that the front of the crown will be slightly higher than the back.  On one side of the military style fur wedge cap hangs a flat flap made of cloth or wool that extends from the crown to the bottom of the cap, known as the "bag".  The colour of the "bag" was determined by the regimental colours (e.g. the RCMP bag was yellow).  The bag is very similar to that worn with the busby.  Because of the cap's passing resemblance to the hussar busby author and researcher James J. Boulton dubbed it the envelope busby.  Still, whatever influence the busby may have had on its design, and despite its very close resemblance to traditional Russian military and civilian styles, the fur wedge cap pattern has been claimed to be "distinctly Canadian."

The fur wedge cap was used by both the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), later Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), with the first examples coming into service in 1876 until 1901 and then again from 1928 until 1935.  Today the RCMP wear the Yukon pattern of fur cap that is similar to the Russian ushanka style. The other police unit that still regularly wears the fur wedge cap is the Toronto Police Mounted Unit as part of their full dress uniform.  The Canadian military also wore the cap from about the end of the 19th century, and was formally adopted in the 1970s as the issued fur cap for all commands of the Canadian Forces during unification.   The bag was coloured rifle green.  In Canadian Forces nomenclature it is known as Cap, Man's Winter, Fur, C.F.   Exactly when the fur cap stopped being in general issue is unclear; however, it is still being worn today by the officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada. As an example William Avery Bishop, Canadian flying ace, can be seen wearing the cap during his days in Royal Military College of Canada.

In popular culture

The fur wedge cap is prominently featured in the Cecil B. DeMille film North West Mounted Police (1940), with the mounted police characters all wearing the cap despite the fact that the movie is set in the summer time.

A civilian version of the cap without the bag was fashionable in Canada during the 1970s.

See also
 Karakul (hat)
 Wedge cap
 Aviator hat

References

External links
 Photograph of RMC Officer Cadets marching on Remembrance Day 2005
 Side view of hat, Ottawa Remembrance Day 2005
 Toronto Police Mounted Unit, Santa Claus Parade 2007
 Toronto Police Mounted Unit, Santa Claus Parade 2008

1970s fashion
Canadian fashion
Canadian military uniforms
Hats
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
North-West Mounted Police
Military hats

Fur wedge cap


In cryptography, a distribution ensemble or probability ensemble is a family of distributions or random variables  where  is a (countable) index set, and each  is a random variable, or probability distribution. Often  and it is required that each  have a certain property for n sufficiently large.

For example, a uniform ensemble  is a distribution ensemble where each  is uniformly distributed over strings of length n. In fact, many applications of probability ensembles implicitly assume that the probability spaces for the random variables all coincide in this way, so every probability ensemble is also a stochastic process.

See also

 Provable security
 Statistically close
 Pseudorandom ensemble
 Computational indistinguishability

References
 Goldreich, Oded (2001). Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 1, Basic Tools.  Cambridge University Press. . Fragments available at the author's web site.

Theory of cryptography

Distribution ensemble


IDENT1 is the United Kingdom's central national database for holding, searching and comparing biometric information on those who come into contact with the police as detainees after being arrested. Information held includes fingerprints, palm prints and scene of crime marks.

It replaced the old system known as the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS), and works in partnership with Livescan technology.

According to the National Policing Improvement Agency, IDENT1 currently contains the fingerprints of 7.1 million people and makes 85,000 matches with data recovered from crime scenes per year.  Verified over 1.5 Million arrestee identifications per year.  Checks more than 2,000 identities from Lantern mobile devices per month.  Checks 40,000 identities per week for UK Visas and Immigration.

IDENT1 was developed by US defence company Northrop Grumman, who were awarded the £122m contract in December 2004.  The deal was expected to last for eight years, with an additional three "option" years.

See also
 United Kingdom National DNA Database

References

Biometric databases
Fingerprints
Government databases in the United Kingdom
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom

IDENT1


Barbara Rush (born January 4, 1927) is an American actress. In 1954, Rush won the Golden Globe Award as most promising female newcomer for her role in the 1953 American science-fiction film It Came from Outer Space. Later in her career, Rush became a regular performer in the television series Peyton Place, and appeared in TV movies, miniseries, and a variety of other programs, including the soap opera All My Children and family drama 7th Heaven, as well as starring in films, including The Young Philadelphians, The Young Lions, Robin and the 7 Hoods, and Hombre.

Early life and education
Rush was born in Denver. Her father, Roy, was a lawyer for a Midwest mining company. She grew up in Santa Barbara, California. She attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduated in 1948. She started her career in the university's theatre program.

Career
Rush performed on stage at the Lobero Theatre and the Pasadena Playhouse before signing with Paramount Pictures. She made her screen debut in 1950's The Goldbergs. In 1951, she co-starred in the classic George Pal sci-fi film When Worlds Collide. In 1952, she starred in Flaming Feather with Sterling Hayden and Victor Jory. In 1954, she won the Golden Globe Award for "Most Promising Newcomer – Female" for her performance in It Came from Outer Space.

Rush starred as the wife of James Mason in the acclaimed 1956 drama Bigger Than Life, in which a school teacher's use of an experimental drug results in his threatening harm to his family. She was the love interest of reluctant soldier Dean Martin in the war story The Young Lions and of ambitious lawyer Paul Newman in The Young Philadelphians.

Rush began her career on stage, and it has always been a part of her professional life. In 1970, she earned the Sarah Siddons Award for dramatic achievement in Chicago theatre for her leading role in Forty Carats and brought her one-woman play A Woman of Independent Means to Broadway in 1984. She began working on television in the 1950s. She later became a regular performer in TV movies, miniseries, and a variety of other shows including Peyton Place and the soap opera All My Children.

She often played a willful woman of means or a polished, high-society doyenne. Rush also was cast in an occasional villainess role, as in the Rat Pack's gangster musical Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964). In the 1967 Western drama Hombre, she played a rich, younger, condescending wife of a thief - and ends up taken hostage and tied to a stake. She portrayed the devious Nora Clavicle in the TV series Batman. In 1976, Rush played the role of Ann Sommers/Chris Stewart, the mother of female sci-fi action character Jaime Sommers in The Bionic Woman.

After appearing in the 1980 disco-themed Can't Stop the Music, Rush returned to television work. She was a cast member on the early 1980s soap opera Flamingo Road as Eudora Weldon. In 1998, she was featured in an episode titled "Balance of Nature" on the television series The Outer Limits. In 1989, Rush toured on stage in the national company of Steel Magnolias as the character M'Lynn. She has continued to make guest appearances on television. In 2007, she played the recurring role of Grandma Ruth Camden on the series 7th Heaven.
Since then, she has made occasional appearances for the Theatre Guild in an Orange County, CA.

Personal life
Rush married actor Jeffrey Hunter in 1950; they divorced in 1955. She married publicist Warren Cowan in 1959, but they divorced in 1969. Rush married sculptor Jim Gruzalski in 1970 after they met at an Engelbert Humperdinck concert. They divorced in 1973.

Rush has two children, Christopher Hunter (with Hunter) and Claudia Cowan (with Cowan). The latter is a journalist with Fox News. She is the aunt of actress Carolyn Hennesy.

As of May 1997, Rush lives in the Harold Lloyd Estate in Beverly Hills, California.

Filmography

The Goldbergs (1950) as Debby Sherman
Quebec (1951) as Madelon
The First Legion (1951) as Terry Gilmartin
When Worlds Collide (1951) as Joyce Hendron
Flaming Feather (1952) as Nora Logan
Prince of Pirates (1953) as Countess Nita Orde
It Came from Outer Space (1953) as Ellen Fields
Taza, Son of Cochise (1954) as Oona
Magnificent Obsession (1954) as Joyce Phillips
The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) as Meg
Captain Lightfoot (1955) as Aga Doherty
Kiss of Fire (1955) as Princess Lucia
World in My Corner (1956) as Dorothy Mallinson
Bigger Than Life (1956) as Lou Avery
Flight to Hong Kong (1956) as Pamela Vincent
Oh Men! Oh Women! (1957) as Myra Hagerman
No Down Payment (1957) as Betty Kreitzer
The Young Lions (1958) as Margaret Freemantle
Harry Black and the Tiger (1958) as Christian Tanner
The Young Philadelphians (1959) as Joan Dickinson
The Bramble Bush (1960) as Margaret 'Mar' McFie
Strangers When We Meet (1960) as Eve Coe
Deadline: San Francisco (1962 TV movie)
Come Blow Your Horn (1963) as Connie
The Unknown (1964 TV movie) as Leonora Edmond
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) as Marian
The Jet Set (1966 TV movie)
Hombre (1967) as Audra Favor
Strategy of Terror (1969) as Karen Lownes
Suddenly Single (1971 TV movie) as Evelyn Baxter
Cutter (1972 TV movie) as Linda
The Eyes of Charles Sand (1972 TV movie) as Katharine Winslow
The Man (1972) as Kay Eaton
Moon of the Wolf (1972 TV movie) as Louise Rodanthe
Crime Club (1973 TV movie) as Denise London
Peege (1973 short) as Mom
Superdad (1973) as Sue McCready
Fools, Females and Fun (1974 TV movie) as Karen Markham
The Last Day (1975 TV movie) as Betty Spence
Death Car on the Freeway (1979 TV movie) as Rosemary
Can't Stop the Music (1980) as Norma White
Summer Lovers (1982) as Jean Featherstone
The Night the Bridge Fell Down (1983 TV movie) as Elaine Howard
At Your Service (1984 TV movie) as Barbara Stonehill
Web of Deceit (1990 TV movie) as Judith
Widow's Kiss (1996 TV movie) as Edith Fitzpatrick
My Mother's Hairdo (2006 short) as Fate
Bleeding Hearts (2017 short) as Barbara Irons

Theatre credits

The Golden Ball (1937) stage debut
Personal Appearance (1948) Lobero Theatre
The Little Foxes UC Santa Barbara, 1948 and 1975
Antony and Cleopatra (1950) Pasadena Playhouse
Summer Stock (1951) with Anthony Perkins
The Madwoman of Chaillot (1951) with Jeffrey Hunter
The Voice of the Turtle (1953), with Jeffrey Hunter
Always April (1969)
40 Carats (1969-1971,1972) national tour
The Four Poster (1971)
Unsinkable Molly Brown (1972)
Butterflies Are Free (1972, 1981)
Private Lives (1973) national tour with Louis Jourdan
Father's Day (1974) national tour with Carole Cook
Finishing Touches (1974, 1978)
Hay Fever (1975, 1980)
Kennedy's Children (1975, 1976)
Endangered Species (1976)
Same Time, Next Year (1976-1978) national tour
Night of the Iguana (1978)
Twigs (1980)
The Supporting Cast (1982) national tour with Carole Cook and Sandy Dennis
Blithe Spirit (1982-1983)
Disabled Genius (1983)
Woman of Independent Means (1983-1988) Broadway and national tour
Steel Magnolias (1988-1989) national tour with Carole Cook, June Lockhart and Marion Ross
Love Letters (1990-1993)
Vagina Monologues (1995-1997)
A Delicate Balance (1993)
The Golden Age (1997)
Make Me A Place at Forest Lawn (2002-2007)

Television

Lux Video Theatre (1954-1956, 4 episodes) as Cathy / Ruth / Charlotte / Joyce Gavin
Playhouse 90 (1957-1960, 2 episodes) as Liz / Clara
The Eleventh Hour (1962, 1 episode) as Linda Kincaid
Saints and Sinners (1962-1963, 4 episodes) as Lizzie Hogan
The Outer Limits (1964, 1 episode: "The Forms of Things Unknown") as Leonora Edmond
Dr. Kildare (1965, 2 episodes) as Madge Bannion
The Fugitive (1965, 2 episodes) as Marie Lindsey Gerard
Custer (1967, 1 episode) as Brigid O'Rourke
Batman (1968, 2 episodes) as Nora Clavicle
Peyton Place (1968-1969, 75 episodes) as Marsha Russell
Mannix (1968–1975, 2 episodes) as Rebekah Bigelow / Celia Bell
Marcus Welby, M.D. (1969-1972, 2 episodes) as Dorothy Carpenter / Nadine Cabot
Medical Center (1969-1974, 4 episodes) as Claire / Pauline / Judy / Nora Caldwell
Love, American Style (1970, 1 episode) as Carol (segment "Love and the Motel")
The Mod Squad (1971, 1 episode) as Mrs. Hamilton
Ironside (1971-1972, 2 episodes) as Lorraine Simms / Mme. Jabez
Night Gallery (1971, 1 episode) as Agatha Howard (segment "Cool Air")
Maude (1972, 1 episode) as Phyllis 'Bunny' Nash
The Streets of San Francisco (1973, 1 episode) as Anna Slovatzka Marshall
The New Dick Van Dyke Show (1973-1974, 3 episodes) as Margot Brighton
Cannon (1975, episode "Lady on the Run") as Linda Merrick
The Bionic Woman (1976, 1 episode) as Ann Sommers / Chris Stuart
The Eddie Capra Mysteries (1978, 1 episode)
Fantasy Island (1978-1984, 3 episodes) as Mildred Koster / Kathy Moreau / Professor Smith-Myles
The Love Boat  (1979, 2 episodes) as Eleanor Gardner
The Seekers (1979 miniseries) as Peggy Kent
Flamingo Road (1980-1982, 38 episodes) as Eudora Weldon
Knight Rider (1983, 1 episode) as Elizabeth Knight
Magnum, P.I. (1984-1987, 2 episodes) as Phoebe Sullivan / Ann Carrington
Murder, She Wrote (1987, 1 episode) as Eva Taylor
Hearts Are Wild (1992, 1 episode) as Caroline Thorpe
All My Children (1992-1994, 35 episodes recurring) as Nola Orsini
Burke's Law (1995, 1 episode) as Judge Marian Darrow
The Outer Limits (1998, 1 episode) as Barbara Matheson
7th Heaven (1997-2007, 10 episodes) as Ruth Camden

References

External links

1927 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American radio actresses
Actresses from Denver
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Actresses from California
Paramount Pictures contract players

Barbara Rush


An Educational Service District, or ESD, is a regional education unit in the U.S. state of Washington. Organizationally different from a school district, a single ESD in Washington serves dozens of school districts. ESDs are established to allow school districts to work, plan, and buy equipment collectively. In Washington, they also provide other intermediary services between the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction and local school districts.

Legislative role
There are nine statutory regional service agencies in Washington. Created by the legislature in 1969, the expressed purpose of an ESD is to ensure equal educational opportunities for quality education and lifelong learning for all. In addition to acting as a liaison between local districts and the State Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction to deliver programs mandated by the state, Washington's ESDs are public entities, which operate in a highly entrepreneurial fashion.

In 1967, ten school districts united to share software, hardware, and centralized technology support costs. The result of this collaboration created the WSIPC Cooperative WSIPC–a unique nonprofit public agency. It is now under the umbrella of ESDs.

Scope of service
ESDs were first created as a system of county school offices overseeing the establishment and operation of local school districts for the state. Eventually, that system developed into large media distribution centers, also serving as financial advisers for schools. Now, ESDs are both regional service providers and brokers among schools, businesses, and governments for various school administrative functions and children's education, health, and social services.  An ESD's scope includes but is not limited to: curriculum, instructional support and assessment, business operations, transportation, youth employment, printing, public relations, data processing, payroll, fingerprinting, network support, statewide computer networks, traffic safety education, construction management, preschool programs, homeless transportation, para-educator training, and special education.

List of ESDs
Washington state has nine ESDs that oversee 295 school districts.

 ESD 101 (Northeast ESD) in Spokane
 ESD 105 in Yakima
 ESD 112 in Vancouver
 ESD 113 (Capital Region ESD) in Tumwater
 ESD 114 (Olympic ESD) in Bremerton
 ESD 121 (Puget Sound ESD) in Renton
 ESD 123 in Pasco
 ESD 171 (North Central ESD) in Wenatchee
 ESD 189 (Northwest ESD) in Anacortes

See also
 List of school districts in Washington
 Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction

References

External links
 Washington State ESDs
 Overlay maps of ESDs, districts, and counties

Public education in Washington (state)
Washington
Special districts of Washington (state)

Educational service district (Washington)