Ronald James Stevenson (6 March 1928 – 28 March 2015) was a Scottish composer, pianist, and writer about music.

Biography
The son of a Scottish father and Welsh mother, Stevenson was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, in 1928. He studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now incorporated in the Royal Northern College of Music), studying composition with Richard Hall and piano with Iso Elinson, graduating with distinction in 1948. He married Marjorie Spedding in 1952.  He moved to Scotland in the mid-1950s. As a socialist pacifist conscientious objector, he applied for exemption from National Service, but was refused recognition by the North Western Tribunal. He, in turn, refused to attend a medical examination as an essential preliminary to call-up, which led to prosecution and sentence to 12 months imprisonment in Wormwood Scrubs. The sentence qualified him to go to the Appellate Tribunal, which finally allowed exemption from military service conditional upon work on the land.

Among his many compositions, the largest (in terms of duration) and most famous is his Passacaglia on DSCH for solo piano, written between 1960 and 1962, based on a 13-note ground bass derived from the musical motif D-E-C-B: the German transliteration of Dmitri Shostakovich's initials ("D. Sch."). Stevenson's work takes more than an hour and a quarter to perform and is one of the longest unbroken single movements composed for piano.

Stevenson's other works include two piano concertos, the second of which was first performed at the Proms in 1972, a violin concerto commissioned by Yehudi Menuhin, and a cello concerto in memoriam Jacqueline du Pré.  He also wrote several chamber works including a String Quartet and Piano Quartet, numerous songs (among these, many settings of Hugh MacDiarmid, William Soutar and James Joyce) and works for solo piano. In 2007 he completed a choral symphony, Ben Dorain, on Hugh MacDiarmid's translation of the poem of that name by Duncan Ban MacIntyre. This work, for full chorus and chamber choir with chamber orchestra and symphony orchestra, was begun in the 1960s and laid aside for many years. The world premiere was given in City Halls, Glasgow, on 19 January 2008 by the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, with the composer present.

Stevenson was very active as a transcriber of music other than his own, chiefly for the piano, in the tradition of Ferrucio Busoni, Percy Grainger and Leopold Godowsky. His transcriptions covered composers as diverse as Henry Purcell, Frederick Delius and Bernard van Dieren. Notable examples include piano solo versions of Grainger's Hill Song No.1 (originally for wind orchestra), the first movement of Gustav Mahler's Tenth Symphony, and of the six unaccompanied violin sonatas of Eugène Ysaÿe as piano sonatas. Stevenson worked on van Dieren's String Quartet No 5 over a period of 40 years (from 1948 to 1987), transcribing it "as a piano sonata (which B.v.D. never composed)". There is also a collection of piano solos based on songs from the 19th and 20th centuries entitled L'art nouveau de chant appliqué au piano, a title that recalls deliberately the collection of song-transcriptions by Sigismond Thalberg. Stevenson made many arrangements of folk music from countries as far apart as Scotland and China, while many of his own works exist in several different instrumentations.

Stevenson was also noted as a teacher.  He was senior lecturer in composition at the University of Cape Town in the mid-1960s, delivered seminars at the Juilliard School in New York, and was responsible for a course entitled The Political Piano at the University of York in the early 1980s.

Stevenson died on 28 March 2015, aged 87 at his home in West Linton, Scotland.  His widow and three children survive him.  His daughter Savourna Stevenson (born 1961) has recorded many works on the Scottish harp. His daughter Gerda Stevenson is a film and theatre actress, and a poet. His granddaughter Anna Wendy Stevenson is a Scots folk fiddler.

List of works (selection only)
(Full list to 2005 in Symposium ed. Scott-Sutherland listed in References)

Orchestra
 Berceuse Symphonique (1951)
 Jamboree for Grainger (1960–61)
 Scots Dance Toccata (1965)
 Young Scotland Suite (1976)
 Strathclyde's Salute to Mandela for brass band (1990–91)

Solo instrument and orchestra
 Piano Concerto No.1, A Faust Triptych (1959–60; reworking of Prelude, Fugue and Fantasy for solo piano)
 Simple Variations of Purcell's 'New Scotch Tune' for clarinet and strings (1967 reworking of 1964 piano variations)
 Piano Concerto No. 2, The Continents (1970–72)
 Violin Concerto, The Gypsy (1977–79)
 Corroborree for Grainger for piano and wind band (1989 recomposition of Jamboree for Grainger)
 Cello Concerto, The Solitary Singer (1968–94)

Solo voice and orchestra
 Variations Vocalises sur deux themes de 'Les Troyens' de Berlioz for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1969)
 St Mary's May Songs for soprano and string orchestra (1988–89)

Choral music
 The Weyvers o' Blegburn for chamber choir, texts in Lancashire dialect (1962)
 A Medieval Scottish Triptych for a cappella chorus, medieval Scottish texts (1967)
 Anns an Àirde, as an Doimhne for a cappella chorus, poems by Sorley MacLean (1968)
 4 Peace Motets, Biblical texts (1976)
 Domino Roberto Carwor: 12-part Motet in memoriam Robert Carver, text by James Reid-Baxter (1987)
 In praise of Ben Dorain: Symphony for full chorus, chamber chorus, symphony orchestra and chamber orchestra, Gaelic text by Duncan Ban MacIntyre and translation by Hugh MacDiarmid (1962–2007)

Chamber and instrumental
 Sonata for violin and piano (1947)
 Variations on a Theme of Pizzetti for unaccompanied violin (1961; NB unrelated to piano variations, though same theme)
 4 Meditations for string quartet (1964 arrangements of movements from A 20th-Century Music Diary for piano)
 Variations and Theme ('The Bonnie Earl o' Moray') for cello and piano (1974)
 Recitative and Air: In Memoriam Shostakovich for violin and piano (1976 arrangement of piano original; also for cello & piano, bassoon & piano, viola & piano, string quartet and string orchestra)
 Don Quixote and Sancho Panza: Duo for 2 guitars (1982–83)
 Scots Suite for unaccompanied violin (1984)
 Fantasy Quartet, Alma Alba for piano, violin, viola and cello (1985)
 Bergstimmung for horn and piano (1986)
 The Harlot's House – Dance Poem after Oscar Wilde for free-bass accordion, timpani and percussion (1988)
 String Quartet, Voces Vagabundae (1990)
 Pan-Celtic Wind Quintet (2000)
 Celtic Triptych for solo recorder (2010), dedicated to John Turner

Keyboard music

Piano and harp
 Duo Sonata (1970–71)
 Chiaroscuro: Homage to Rembrandt and his Biographer Van Loon (1987)

Harpsichord
 Sonata (1968)

Organ
 Prelude and Fugue on the 12-note theme from Liszt's Faust Symphony (1961–62)

Solo piano
 Sonatina No.1 (1945)
 18 Variations on a Bach Chorale (1946)
 Sonatina No.2 (1947)
 Vox Stellarum (1947)
 Sonatina No.3 (1948)
 Chorale Prelude for Jean Sibelius (1948)
 Fugue on a Fragment of Chopin (1948; also version for 2 pianos)
 3 Nativity Pieces (1949)
 Andante Sereno (1950)
 Variations on a Theme of Pizzetti (1955; NB unrelated to violin variations, though same theme)
 A 20th-Century Music Diary (1953–59)
 6 Pensées sur des Préludes de Chopin (1959)
 Prelude, Fugue and Fantasy on Busoni's Faust (1949–59)
 Passacaglia on DSCH (1960–62)
 Simple Variations on Purcell's 'New Scotch Tune' (1964; rev and enlarged 1975 as Little Jazz Variations on Purcell's 'New Scotch Tune''')
 Scottish Folk Music Settings (c. 1959–65)
 A Scottish Triptych (1959–67) (originally A Modern Scottish Triptych: consists of Keening Sang for a Makar (in memoriam Francis George Scott, Heroic Song for Hugh MacDiarmid and Chorale-Pibroch for Sorley MacLean)
 South Uist Folksong Suite (1969)
 Peter Grimes Fantasy on themes from the opera by Benjamin Britten (1971)
 3 Scottish Ballads (1973)
 Recitative and Air (1974) (published 1976 as Recitative and Air: In Memoriam Shostakovich)
 Sonatina Serenissima (In Memoriam Benjamin Britten) (Sonatina No.4) (1973–77)
 Norse Elegy for Ella Nygard (1976–79)
 Barra Flyting Toccata (1980)
 A Rosary of Variations on Seán Ó'Riada's Irish Folk Mass (1980)
 Symphonic Elegy for Liszt (1986)
 A Threepenny Sonatina: Homage to Kurt Weill (Sonatina No.5) (1987–88)
 Motus Perpetuus (?) Temporibus Fatalibus (1987–88)
 Beltane Bonfire (1989)
 A Carlyle Suite (1995)
 Le Festin d'Alkan: Concerto for solo piano without orchestra (1988–97)
 Fugue, Variations and Epilogue on a Theme of Bax (1982–83; 2003)

Song cycles
 19 Songs of Innocence for four solo voices and piano with a cappella chorale, texts by William Blake (1947–8, rev. 1965)
 Four Vietnamese Miniatures for high voice and harp (or piano), texts by Ho Chi Minh (1965)
 Border Boyhood for tenor and piano, text by Hugh MacDiarmid (1970)
 The Infernal City for tenor and piano, texts by Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley MacLean (1970–71)
 9 Haiku for high voice and harp or piano, texts from Japanese poets (School of Bashō) translated by Keith Bosley plus one poem by Keith Bosley (1971)
 Songs of Quest for baritone and piano, texts by John Davidson (1974)
 Hills of Home for baritone and piano, texts by R. L. Stevenson (1974)
 Songs from Factories and Fields for bass-baritone and piano, texts by Hugh MacDiarmid (1977)
 Lieder ohne Buchstaben (Unspelt Songs) for tenor and piano, texts by A. D. Hope (1982)
 A Child's Garden of Verses for soprano or tenor and piano with optional treble or young soprano, texts by R. L. Stevenson (1985)

References

Sources
Raymond Clarke, recording notes for Stevenson: Passacaglia on DSCH. Raymond Clarke (piano).  Marco Polo 8.223545.Ronald Stevenson: A Musical Biography, by Malcolm MacDonald (Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, 1989)Ronald Stevenson: The Man and his Music, A Symposium'', edited by Colin Scott-Sutherland with a foreword by Yehudi Menuhin (London, 2005)

External links
The Ronald Stevenson Society
Ronald Stevenson at the Scottish Music Centre
Ates Orga Ronald Stevenson Composer-Pianist: A Memoir (June 1999)
Digitised scores of Stevenson's compositions can be viewed through the Five Centuries of Scottish Music  collection hosted by AHDS Performing Arts
Gasser, M., "Ronald Stevenson, Composer-Pianist : An Exegetical Critique from a Pianistic Perspective" (Edith Cowan University Press, Western Australia, 2013)
Chris Walton, "Composer in Interview: Ronald Stevenson – a Scot in 'emergent Africa

1928 births
2015 deaths
20th-century English composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century English composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century British male musicians
Anglo-Scots
British male pianists
British conscientious objectors
English classical composers
English male classical composers
English classical pianists
English people of Scottish descent
Male classical pianists
Scottish classical composers
Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music
Musicians from Blackburn
Academic staff of the University of Cape Town

Ronald Stevenson


The Bow cinema murder occurred on 7 August 1934 in Bow Road, East London, where 19-year-old John Frederick Stockwell, an attendant at the Eastern Palace Cinema on that road, attacked his manager Dudley Henry Hoard with an axe. Stockwell was arrested by the police in Great Yarmouth four days later. He admitted at his subsequent trial that he had stolen £90 of the cinema's takings and attacked Hoard when the latter tried to stop him removing a suitcase in which it was hidden. Stockwell was found guilty of murder and sentenced to be hanged at Pentonville Prison, which he was on 14 November 1934.

Murderer's background
Stockwell was born in Manchester on 31 March 1915. His father, also named John Stockwell, was killed in November 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign while serving with the Manchester Regiment. Stockwell's mother died soon after, and he spent the rest of his childhood and youth in various Salvation Army orphanages.

Events of 7 August 1934
On the morning of 7 August 1934, Dudley Henry Hoard, manager of the Eastern Palace Cinema on Bow Road, London, was attacked by an axe after answering the door. He received fourteen blows to the head and was left for dead. Cleaners later arrived at the cinema and found the partially clothed body of Hoard, with multiple wounds and fractures to the skull. Hoard's wife, Maisie, was found alive but unconscious with a wound to her head. After being taken to hospital, she described the attacker as a young man of about 19. The following day police found a bloodied axe in a storage room behind the stage. A bloody thumbprint, identified as being made by somebody other than Hoard, was found on one of the walls.

Hoard's body was taken to his mother's home in Croydon and he was buried at Croydon Cemetery on 13 August.

Investigation
On 10 August police in Lowestoft received a letter confessing to Hoard's murder at 7:40 am on 7 August, signed J. F. Stockwell. John Stockwell, a 19-year-old employee at the Eastern Palace Cinema, had not been a suspect as 7 August was his day off. His clothes, wristwatch, Post Office savings book, and an apparent suicide note were found on a Lowestoft beach later that day. However, holidaymakers had spotted a young man placing the clothes on the beach and notified police when news of the confession letter was made public.

The following day a young man fitting Stockwell's description checked into the Metropolitan Hotel in Great Yarmouth. He aroused the suspicion of the hotel manager by giving his address as Luton, Hertfordshire, whereas Luton is in Bedfordshire. When Stockwell arrived back at the hotel after a shopping expedition he was confronted by Yarmouth police and taken into custody for questioning. A large crowd had gathered at Bow Road waiting for him, though only around 30 remained when he arrived.

Trial and execution

Stockwell was charged with murder and brought before the Thames Magistrates' Court on 13 August. He did not enter a plea and was remanded until 21 August.

At his next appearance he admitted to stealing £90 from the cinema takings and hiding it in a suitcase on the premises. On the morning of 7 August he arrived at the cinema claiming to have left some personal money there the night before, and asked Hoard if he could look for it. When Stockwell tried to retrieve the case, Hoard tried to stop him. Stockwell then hit Hoard several times with an axe he had concealed under his coat. Mrs Hoard came to investigate the noise. Stockwell hit her once before hiding the axe and fleeing with the money.

On 22 October 1934 Stockwell formally pleaded guilty to the charge of murder. He was sentenced to death by hanging by Mr Justice Goddard and executed at HM Prison Pentonville a few weeks later, on 14 November.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Murder in London
English people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People executed by England and Wales by hanging
20th-century executions by England and Wales
1934 in London
August 1934 events
1930s murders in London
1934 murders in the United Kingdom

Bow cinema murder


North-Eastern Pennsylvania Telephone Company (NEP) is a telecommunications provider headquartered in Forest City, Pennsylvania.  The company operates as a local exchange carrier in rural areas of Lackawanna County, Wayne County and Susquehanna County.  Besides landline telephone, NEP offers Broadband Internet, NEP Datavision IPTV and Wireless Phone Services.

ADSL2+ Upgrade
In April, 2011 NEP finished upgrading its data infrastructure to support the ADSL2+ standard.  The upgrade includes access to faster Internet download speeds and a new IPTV platform.

Wireless Services
NEP Telephone previously had GSM wireless services in place for Dimock, Montrose, Susquehanna, Forest City, and other towns in the area. They offered EDGE and GPRS wireless data services. They also allow customers from other GSM carriers to roam onto their network when service from their home carrier was not available. NEP offered nationwide coverage via roaming agreements with AT&T and T-Mobile USA.

In 2013, NEP started to draw from its initial disbursement of $2 million it received from the FCC mobility fund of 2012. It had received $6.7 million overall from the fund. NEP was using these funds to construct a 4G LTE network in the 700 MHz B block. NEP owns a 700 MHz B block license for CMA-122 Binghamton, NY.

Effective September 22, 2015, NEP Wireless chose to exit the retail wireless business and the service was subsequently terminated.

References

External links
 NEP

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
1900 establishments in Pennsylvania
Telecommunications companies established in 1900
American companies established in 1900
Communications in Pennsylvania

NEP Telephone


Zeynep's Eight Days () is a 2007 Turkish drama film, written and directed by Cemal Şan, starring Fadik Sevin Atasoy as an isolated woman searching for a stranger she fell in love with at a party. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on , was shown in competition at the 44th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (October 19–28, 2007). It is the first part of a trilogy of films which includes Dilber's Eight Days (2008) and Ali's Eight Days (2009).

External links

2000s Turkish-language films
2007 drama films
2007 films
Films set in Turkey
Turkish drama films

Zeynep's Eight Days


The Echmiadzin Gospels (Yerevan, Matenadaran, MS. 2374, formerly Etchmiadzin Ms. 229) is a 10th-century Armenian Gospel Book produced in 989 at the Monastery of Bgheno-Noravank in Syunik.

The book

The manuscript has 232 extant leaves which measure approximately 32 by 25.5 cm.  The book was made under the patronage of bishop Stepanos and written by the scribe Hovhanes. The binding of the book is made of two carved ivory plaques, probably of Byzantine manufacture of the 6th century. Bound into the book are two leaves (fols. 228–229) with miniatures dating to the late 6th—early 7th century (so-called 'Final Four Miniatures').

Eusebian Canons

The art historian Carl Nordenfalk considered the Eusebian canon tables of the Echmiadzin Gospels (fols. 1–5, including the Eusebian letter) to be the best representative of the original table design (column arrangement, pattern of frame, ornament, etc.) developed in Caesarea Palaestina at the time of Eusebius (1st half of the 4th century). Taking into account the Caesarean type of the Armenian text of the Gospels, Nordenfalk concluded that the Echmiadzin Gospels were copied from a Caesarean codex equipped with the Eusebian canon tables.

References
Nordenfalk, C. "Die spätantiken Kanontafeln". Gothenburg, 1938.

External links
 Index of Armenian Art: Manuscripts:Matenadaran, Ms. 2374, Etchmiadzin Gospels, the 'Final Four Miniatures' (short description, page images)

989
10th-century biblical manuscripts
Armenian books
History of religion in Armenia
Gospel Books
10th-century illuminated manuscripts

Echmiadzin Gospels


Jabłoński (Polish pronunciation: ; feminine: Jabłońska; plural: Jabłońscy) is a Polish surname derived from the noun jabłoń (apple tree). It appears in various forms when transliterated from Cyrillic alphabets.

People
 Aleksander Jabłoński (1898–1980), Polish physicist
 Benedict Jablonski (1917–2003), science fiction fan and booster
 Carl Gustav Jablonsky (1756–1787), Berlin naturalist, entomologist and illustrator
 Constance Jablonski (born 1990), French fashion model
 Daniel Ernst Jablonski (1660–1741), German theologian and reformer
 Dariusz Jabłoński (born 1961), Polish film director and producer
 David Jablonski (born 1953), American professor of geophysical sciences
 Edward Jablonski (1923–2004), American author
 Edward Jabłoński (1919–1970), Polish football player
 Elżbieta Jabłońska (born 1970), Polish multidisciplinary visual artist
 Grigoriy Yablonsky (born 1940), Russian chemist
 Hanna Yablonska (1981–2011), Ukrainian playwright and poet
 Henryk Jabłoński (1909–2003), Polish socialist and communist politician, historian and professor
 Jacquelyn Jablonski (born 1992), American fashion model
 Jonas Jablonskis (1860–1930), Lithuanian linguist who standardized the Lithuanian language
 Jeremy Yablonski (born 1980), a Canadian ice hockey left winger who currently plays for the Binghamton Senators in the AHL
 Johann Theodor Jablonski (1654–1731), German lexicographer
 Joseph Yablonski (1910–1969), American labor leader who was murdered in 1969 by assassins hired by a union political opponent
 Karol Jabłoński (born 1962), Polish regatta helmsman, skipper, ice sailor
Marek Jablonski (1939–1999), Polish-Canadian classical pianist
 Mary Anne Jablonski (born c. 1952), Canadian politician from Alberta
 Mirosław Jabłoński, Polish football manager
 Nina Jablonski (born 1953), American anthropologist and science writer
 Oxana Yablonskaya (born 1938), Russian pianist
 Pat Jablonski  (born 1967), American ice hockey player
 Phillip Carl Jablonski (1946–2019), American serial killer from California
 Ray Jablonski (1926–1985), American third baseman in Major League Baseball played third base
 Peter Jablonski (born 1971), Swedish pianist
 Sergey Yablonsky (1924–1998), a Soviet and Russian mathematician
 Stefania Jabłońska (1920–2015), Polish physician
 Steve Jablonsky (born 1970), American music composer for film and television
 Tetyana Yablonska (1917–2005), Ukrainian painter
 Tomasz Jabłoński (born 1988), Polish boxer
 Vinnie Yablonski (1923–2008), American football player
 Wanda Jablonski (1920–1992), journalist who covered the oil and petroleum industries
 Sofia Yablonska (1907–1971), travel writer

Fictional characters
 Bubbles Yablonsky
 Cliff Yablonski
 Daphne Jablonski, character in the television series Party of Five, played by Jennifer Aspen

Other
 Jablonski diagram, diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them
 Jablonski by Pahls v. United States, a landmark court case that helped to define the ethical duties of mental health professionals with respect to potentially violent individuals.
 Wola Jabłońska, village in west-central Poland

Polish-language surnames

Jablonski


Mechatronics engineering, also called mechatronics, is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that focuses on the integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and software engineering, and also includes a combination of robotics, computer science, telecommunications, systems, control, and product engineering.

As technology advances over time, various subfields of engineering have succeeded in both adapting and multiplying. The intention of mechatronics is to produce a design solution that unifies each of these various subfields. Originally, the field of mechatronics was intended to be nothing more than a combination of mechanics, electrical and electronics, hence the name being a portmanteau of the words "mechanics" and "electronics"; however, as the complexity of technical systems continued to evolve, the definition had been broadened to include more technical areas.

The word mechatronics originated in Japanese-English and was created by Tetsuro Mori, an engineer of Yaskawa Electric Corporation. The word mechatronics was registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the registration number of "46-32714" in 1971. The company later released the right to use the word to the public, and the word began being used globally. Currently the word is translated into many languages and is considered an essential term for advanced automated industry.

Many people treat mechatronics as a modern buzzword synonymous with automation, robotics and electromechanical engineering.

French standard NF E 01-010 gives the following definition: "approach aiming at the synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics, control theory, and computer science within product design and manufacturing, in order to improve and/or optimize its functionality".

History
The word mechatronics was registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the registration number of "46-32714" in 1971. The company later released the right to use the word to the public, and the word began being used globally.

With the advent of information technology in the 1980s, microprocessors were introduced into mechanical systems, improving performance significantly. By the 1990s, advances in computational intelligence were applied to mechatronics in ways that revolutionized the field.

Description

A mechatronics engineer unites the principles of mechanics, electrical, electronics, and computing to generate a simpler, more economical and reliable system.

Engineering cybernetics deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. It is used to control or regulate such a system (see control theory). Through collaboration, the mechatronic modules perform the production goals and inherit flexible and agile manufacturing properties in the production scheme. Modern production equipment consists of mechatronic modules that are integrated according to a control architecture. The most known architectures involve hierarchy, polyarchy, heterarchy, and hybrid. The methods for achieving a technical effect are described by control algorithms, which might or might not utilize formal methods in their design. Hybrid systems important to mechatronics include production systems, synergy drives,
exploration rovers, automotive subsystems such as anti-lock braking systems and spin-assist, and everyday equipment such as autofocus cameras, video, hard disks, CD players and phones.

Course structure
Mechatronics students take courses in various fields:

Engineering Mathematics
Mechanical engineering
Electronics engineering
Electrical engineering
Materials science and engineering
Computer engineering
Computer aided and integrated manufacturing systems
Computer-aided design
Electronic design automation
Computer Science
Systems engineering
Control engineering
Robotics

Applications

Applied Mechatronics

 Machine vision
 Automation and robotics
 Servo-mechanics
 Sensing and control systems
 Automotive engineering, automotive equipment in the design of subsystems such as anti-lock braking systems
 Building automation / Home automation
 Computer-machine controls, such as computer driven machines like CNC milling machines, CNC waterjets, and CNC plasma cutters
 Expert systems
 Industrial goods
 Consumer products
 Mechatronics systems
 Medical mechatronics, medical imaging systems
 Structural dynamic systems
 Transportation and vehicular systems
 Mechatronics as the new language of the automobile
 Engineering and manufacturing systems
 Packaging
 Electronics
 Computers
 Microcontrollers / PLCs
 Microprocessors
 Biomechatronics

Physical implementations

Mechanical modeling calls for modeling and simulating physical complex phenomena in the scope of a multi-scale and multi-physical approach. This implies to implement and to manage modeling and optimization methods and tools, which are integrated in a systemic approach.
The specialty is aimed for students in mechanics who want to open their mind to systems engineering, and able to integrate different physics or technologies, as well as students in mechatronics who want to increase their knowledge in optimization and multidisciplinary simulation techniques.
The specialty educates students in robust and/or optimized conception methods for structures or many technological systems, and to the main modeling and simulation tools used in R&D. Special courses are also proposed for original applications (multi-materials composites, innovating transducers and actuators, integrated systems, …) to prepare the students to the coming breakthrough in the domains covering the materials and the systems.
For some mechatronic systems, the main issue is no longer how to implement a control system, but how to implement actuators. Within the mechatronic field, mainly two technologies are used to produce movement/motion.

Subject

 Automation and programmed logical controls
 Power and driving electronics
 Modern and digital control systems
 Robotics systems
 Mechatronics systems
 Automated control
 Computer applications for mechatronics
 Calculus
 Electrical circuits
 Systems Dynamics
 Dynamics and vibrations
 Artificial Intelligence
 Engineering Mathematics
 Numerical engineering methods
 Thermostatology
 General Physics
 Practical General Physics
 Signal measurements and processing
 General Chemistry
 Practical General Chemistry/Laboratory
 Principles of Statistics
 Sensors and power transformers
 Automated Control Laboratory
 Electrical Circuit Laboratory
 Dynamics and Vibration Laboratory
 Capability and Driving Electronics Laboratory
 Electronics Lab for Mechatronics
 Processing laboratory and microcontrollers
 Digital Logic Lab
 Hydraulic and Antenna Systems Laboratory
 Fluid Capability Engineering Laboratory
 Processing and microcontrollers
 Digital Logic
 Engineering materials and manufacturing technology
 Machinery mechanics
 Fluid capability engineering
Mathematics

Subdisciplines

Mechanical

Mechanical engineering is an important part of mechatronics engineering. It includes the study of mechanical nature of how an object works. Mechanical elements refer to mechanical structure, mechanism, thermo-fluid, and hydraulic aspects of a mechatronics system. The study of thermodynamics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, pneumatics and hydraulics. Mechatronics engineer who works a mechanical engineer can specialize in hydraulics and pneumatics systems, where they can be found working in automobile industries. A mechatronics engineer can also design a vehicle since they have strong mechanical and electronical background. Knowledge of software applications such as computer-aided design and computer aided manufacturing is essential for designing products. Mechatronics covers a part of mechanical syllabus which is widely applied in automobile industry.

Mechatronic systems represent a large part of the functions of an automobile. The control loop formed by sensor—information processing—actuator—mechanical (physical) change is found in many systems. The system size can be very different. The Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a mechatronic system. The brake itself is also one. And the control loop formed by driving control (for example cruise control), engine, vehicle driving speed in the real world and speed measurement is a mechatronic system, too. The great importance of mechatronics for automotive engineering is also evident from the fact that vehicle manufacturers often have development departments with "Mechatronics" in their names.

Electronics and Electricals

Electronics and Telecommunication engineering specializes in electronics devices and telecom devices of a mechatronics system. A mechatronics engineer specialized in electronics and telecommunications have knowledge of computer hardware devices. The transmission of signal is the main application of this subfield of mechatronics. Where digital and analog systems also forms an important part of mechatronics systems. Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across a medium.

Electronics engineering is related to computer engineering and electrical engineering. Control engineering has a wide range of electronic applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in many modern cars. VLSI designing is important for creating integrated circuits. Mechatronics engineers have deep knowledge of microprocessors, microcontrollers, microchips and semiconductors. The application of mechatronics in electronics manufacturing industry can conduct research and development on consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, cameras etc. For mechatronics engineers it is necessary to learn operating computer applications such as MATLAB and Simulink for designing and developing electronic products.

Mechatronics engineering is a interdisciplinary course, it includes concepts of both electrical and mechanical systems. A mechatronics engineer engages in designing high power transformers or  radio-frequency module transmitters.

Avionics

Avionics is also considered a variant of mechatronics as it combines several fields such as electronics and telecom with Aerospace engineering. It is the subdiscipline of mechatronics engineering and aerospace engineering which is engineering branch focusing on electronics systems of aircraft. The word avionics is a blend of aviation and electronics. The electronics system of aircraft includes aircraft communication addressing and reporting system, air navigation, aircraft flight control system, aircraft collision avoidance systems, flight recorder, weather radar and lightning detector. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.

Advanced Mechatronics

Another variant is Motion control for Advanced Mechatronics, presently recognized as a key technology in mechatronics. The robustness of motion control will be represented as a function of stiffness and a basis for practical realization. Target of motion is parameterized by control stiffness which could be variable according to the task reference. The system robustness of motion always requires very high stiffness in the controller.

Industrial

The branch of industrial engineer includes the design of machinery, assembly and process lines of various manufacturing industries. This branch can be said somewhat similar to automation and robotics. Mechatronics engineers who works as industrial engineers design and develop infrastructure of a manufacturing plant. Also it can be said that they are architect of machines. One can work as an industrial designer to design the industrial layout and plan for setting up of a manufacturing industry or as an industrial technician to lookover the technical requirements and repairing of the particular factory.

Robotics

Robotics is one of the newest emerging subfield of mechatronics. It is the study of robots that how they are manufactured and operated. Since 2000, this branch of mechatronics is attracting a number of aspirants. Robotics is interrelated with automation because here also not much human intervention is required. A large number of factories especially in automobile factories, robots are founds in assembly lines where they perform the job of drilling, installation and fitting. Programming skills are necessary for specialization in robotics. Knowledge of programming language —ROBOTC is important for functioning robots. An industrial robot is a prime example of a mechatronics system; it includes aspects of electronics, mechanics, and computing to do its day-to-day jobs.

Computer

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT and mechatronics are complementary. Many of the smart components associated with the Internet of Things will be essentially mechatronic. The development of the IoT is forcing mechatronics engineers, designers, practitioners and educators to research the ways in which mechatronic systems and components are perceived, designed and manufactured. This allows them to face up to new issues such as data security, machine ethics and the human-machine interface.

Knowledge of programming is very important. A mechatronics engineer has to do programming in different levels example.—PLC programming, drone programming, hardware programming, CNC programming etc. Due to combination of electronics engineering, soft skills from computer side is important. Important programming languages for mechatronics engineer to learn is Java, Python, C++ and C programming language.

See also

 Automation engineering
 Cybernetics
 Control theory
 Ecomechatronics
 Electromechanics
 Materials engineering
 Mechanical engineering technology
 Robotics
 Systems engineering
Biomechatronics

References

Sources
 Bradley, Dawson et al., Mechatronics, Electronics in products and processes, Chapman and Hall Verlag, London, 1991.
 Karnopp, Dean C., Donald L. Margolis, Ronald C. Rosenberg, System Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems, 4th Edition, Wiley, 2006.  Bestselling system dynamics book using bond graph approach.
 Cetinkunt, Sabri, Mechatronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007

Zhang, Jianhua . Mechatronics and Automation Engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation Engineering (ICMAE2016). Xiamen, China, 2016.

Further reading
 Bishop, Robert H., Mechatronics: an introduction. CRC Press, 2006.
 De Silva, Clarence W., Mechatronics: an integrated approach. CRC Press, 2005
  Onwubolu, Godfrey C., Mechatronics: principles and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.
  Rankers, Adrian M., Machine Dynamics in Mechatronic Systems. University Twente, 1997

External links
IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.
Mechatronics Journal – Elsevier
mechatronic applications and realisation List of publications concerning examples
Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Mechatronics, Informatics and Control Group (MICG)
 NF E 01-010 2008 – AFNOR (French standard NF E 01-010)
 XP E 01-013 2009 – AFNOR (French standard NF E 01-013)

Embedded systems
Electromechanical engineering
Wasei-eigo

Mechatronics


Dicey Reilly is a traditional Irish song written by Dominic Behan at the start of the 20th century. It tells the tale of an alcoholic call girl from Dublin. There are various versions of the song with additional verses added by many artists, and most notably a version by Ronnie Drew in which Dicey Reilly appears in court.

The song is uncertain whether Dicey Reilly was a real person, or if she was entirely fictional.

References

Irish ballads
20th-century songs
The Dubliners songs
Year of song unknown

Dicey Reilly


Soul is the first studio album by Ravenhill. Slospeak Records released the album on March 24, 2015.

Critical reception

Awarding the album four stars from Jesus Freak Hideout, Scott Fryberger states, " It was a strong album then, and it's even better now." Scott Swan, rating the album four stars for Indie Vision Music, writes, "This record remarkably melds music from a by-gone era into something surprisingly invigorating. This music is real." Giving the album four and a half stars at Confront Magazine, Candra Miller says, "This whole album is great".

Track listing

References

2015 debut albums
Ravenhill (band) albums

Soul (Ravenhill album)


Clyde Edward McCullough (March 4, 1917 – September 18, 1982) was an American catcher in Major League Baseball. After his playing career ended, he also managed in the minor leagues and was a major-league coach. Born in Nashville, Tennessee, McCullough batted and threw right-handed and in his playing days stood  (182 cm) tall and weighed 180 pounds (82 kg).

Originally a member of the New York Yankees farm system, he never played for them; instead, he was sold to the Chicago Cubs in September 1939 after toiling for the Yankees' Kansas City Blues farm club. He spent 11 seasons of his 15-year career for the Cubs, except for four years (1949–52) with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He missed the 1944 and 1945 seasons to serve in the United States Navy during World War II, but returned to the Cubs in late 1945 to make one pinch-hitting appearance in the 1945 World Series.

In his playing career, he hit 15 home runs, collected 785 hits, and batted .252 in 1,098 games. McCullough played in two All Star games for the National League, in 1948 and 1953. He also caught Sam Jones' no-hitter on May 12, 1955.

McCullough makes a cameo appearance in William Bast's 1956 biography of James Dean. Bast relates that McCullough was the driver who gave Bast, Dean and another friend a ride in the summer of 1952 when they were hitchhiking to Dean's childhood farm home for an impromptu "vacation". In the anecdote, McCullough comes across as kind, caring and generous, expressing admiration for the contribution of actors to cultural life, and even offering some money to the clearly cash-strapped young trio (and is understanding when it is refused).

As a coach, McCullough worked with the Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins (1960–61), New York Mets (1963) and San Diego Padres (1982). He was a key manager and instructor in the Mets' farm system in the mid- to late-1960s when the club developed young pitchers such as Tom Seaver, Nolan Ryan, Jerry Koosman and Tug McGraw. In 1982, McCullough was serving as the Padres' bullpen coach when he was found dead in his San Francisco hotel room on September 18 during a road trip. He was 65. He was interred in Rosewood Memorial Park Cemetery, Virginia Beach, Virginia.

In 1983, McCullough was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

References

External links

1917 births
1982 deaths
Akron Yankees players
Asheville Tourists managers
Baseball players from Nashville, Tennessee
Binghamton Triplets players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) managers
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago Cubs players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Lafayette White Sox players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball catchers
Miami Marlins (International League) players
Minnesota Twins coaches
Newark Bears (International League) players
Norfolk Tides managers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Mets coaches
San Diego Padres coaches
San Diego Padres scouts
Washington Senators (1901–1960) coaches
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Clyde McCullough


Nicholas and Alexandra is a 1971 British epic historical drama film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, from a screenplay by James Goldman and Edward Bond based on Robert K. Massie's 1967 book of the same name. It tells the story of the last ruling Russian monarch, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (Michael Jayston), and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra (Janet Suzman), from 1904 until their deaths in 1918. The ensemble cast includes Tom Baker as Grigori Rasputin, Laurence Olivier as Sergei Witte, Brian Cox as Leon Trotsky, Ian Holm as Vasily Yakovlev, and Vivian Pickles as Nadezhda Krupskaya.

The film was theatrically released on 13 December 1971 by Columbia Pictures to mixed reviews and commercial failure, grossing $7 million on a $9 million budget. Regardless, the film received six nominations at the 44th Academy Awards, including for Best Picture and Best Actress (Suzman), and won two: Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

Plot
In 1904, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, gives birth to their fifth child and first son, Alexei. Despite pleas from Grand Duke Nicholas and Count Sergei Witte, Nicholas refuses to end the Russo-Japanese War or accept demands for a constitutional monarchy, believing that doing either will make him look weak. The following year, Alexandra meets Grigori Rasputin, a self-proclaimed holy man, at a gala celebrating the birthday of Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna. She later turns to Rasputin for spiritual guidance after court physician Dr. Eugene Botkin diagnoses Alexei with haemophilia.

In response to increasing public unrest, Orthodox priest Father Georgy Gapon leads a procession of workers to the Winter Palace, hoping to present Nicholas with a petition calling for political representation. Armed soldiers open fire on the crowd as they approach, killing hundreds. The events of Bloody Sunday, coupled with the humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, prompt Nicholas to create the Duma.

Eight years later, Nicholas meets with Pyotr Stolypin, Witte's successor, while holidaying at the Livadia Palace with his family. Stolypin presents Nicholas with police reports about Rasputin's dissolute behavior, which is damaging the Tsar's reputation; Nicholas dismisses Rasputin from the court. Alexandra demands his return, as she believes only Rasputin can stop Alexei's bleeding attacks, but Nicholas stands firm.

The 1913 Romanov Tercentenary celebrations occur and a lavish Royal Tour across Imperial Russia ensues, but crowds are thin. Other national festivities and Church celebrations go ahead, but at an event at the Kiev Opera House, Stolypin is assassinated. Nicholas responds by executing the assassins, permitting the police to terrorize the peasants, and dissolving the Duma.

Alexei falls at the Spała Hunting Lodge, which leads to a bleeding attack so severe that it is presumed he will die. The Tsarina writes to Rasputin, who responds with words of comfort. Alexei recovers and Rasputin returns.

When World War I begins, Nicholas orders a full mobilization of the Imperial Russian Army on the German border bolstered by familial ties to the other royal families and his military officers, who overconfidently expect a quick war. Germany responds by declaring war and activating a series of its alliances that escalates the war. A year later, with the war going badly for Russia on the Eastern Front, Alexandra persuades Nicholas to take personal command of the troops; he leaves for the front, relieving the weary but experienced Grand Duke Nicholas.

Alexandra is left with significant power in St. Petersburg and, under Rasputin's influence, makes a series of poor decisions that further damage the country. Nicholas is visited by his mother Dowager Empress Feodorovna, who scolds him for neglecting domestic issues and implores him to eliminate Rasputin and send Alexandra to Livadia. Concerned about Rasputin's influence, Grand Duke Dmitri and Prince Felix Yusupov assassinate him at a party in 1916.

Even with Rasputin dead, Alexandra continues her misrule. The army is ill-supplied, starving, and openly defiant, and freezing workers revolt in St. Petersburg in March 1917. Nicholas decides to return to Tsarskoye Selo too late and is forced to abdicate on his train.

The family, with Dr. Botkin and attendants, leave Tsarskoye Selo and are exiled by Alexander Kerensky to Tobolsk in Siberia in August 1917 after none of Russia's allies, to whom he appealed for political asylum, including Nicholas' cousin King George V of the United Kingdom, will grant them sanctuary because of Nicholas' abuses of power and concern that copycat revolutions will foment in their own countries. They live in a spartan house in the tundra with decent guards. In October 1917, Russia falls to the Bolsheviks, who intend to take the royal family to Moscow to stand trial. However, when Moscow is captured by the White Army during the Russian Civil War, the royals are diverted to Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. Under harsher conditions, they are guarded by the cold-blooded Yakov Yurovsky and his anti-royalist troops.

The family receives a batch of withheld letters from friends and relatives and laugh together as they read through them. In the early hours of 17 July 1918, the Bolsheviks awaken the family and Dr. Botkin, telling them they must be transferred again. As they are waiting in the cellar, Yurovsky and his assistants enter the room and open fire.

Cast
Credits adapted from the American Film Institute.
The Imperial Family
 Michael Jayston as Nicholas II, the Tsar
 Janet Suzman as Alexandra, his wife, the Tsarina
 Roderic Noble as Alexei, their son, the Tsesarevich
 Ania Marson as Olga, the eldest child
 Lynne Frederick as Tatiana, the second child
 Candace Glendenning as Marie, the third child.
 Fiona Fullerton as Anastasia, the youngest daughter.
 Harry Andrews as Nikolasha, Nicholas's cousin
 Irene Worth as Marie Fedorovna, The Queen Mother
The Imperial Household
 Tom Baker as Grigori Rasputin
 Jack Hawkins as Vladimir, the Minister of the Imperial Court
 Timothy West as Dr. Botkin, the court physician
 Jean-Claude Drouot as Gilliard, the children's Swiss tutor
 John Hallam as Nagorny, a young sailor who is Alexis's faithful personal bodyguard
 Guy Rolfe as Dr. Fedorov, the Imperial Court Surgeon
 John Wood as Col. Kobylinsky, the Romanovs' captor
 Katharine Schofield as Alexandra Tegleva, the nursemaid
The Statesmen
 Laurence Olivier as Count Witte, the Prime Minister
 Michael Redgrave as Sazonov, the Foreign Minister
 Eric Porter as Stolypin, the Prime Minister after Witte
 Maurice Denham as Kokovtsov, the Prime Minister after Stolypin
 John McEnery as Kerensky, leader of the Russian Provisional Government
 Gordon Gostelow as Guchkov, War Minister of the Russian Provisional Government
 Ralph Truman as Rodzianko, chairman of the Duma
The Revolutionaries
 Michael Bryant as Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks
 Vivian Pickles as Krupskaya, Lenin's wife
 Brian Cox as Trotsky
 James Hazeldine as Stalin
 Ian Holm as Yakovlev
 Alan Webb as Yurovsky
 Stephen Greif as Martov
 Steven Berkoff as Pankratov (ru)
 Leon Lissek as Avadeyev
 David Giles as Goloshchyokin
Other characters
 Roy Dotrice as General Alexeiev
 Richard Warwick as Grand Duke Dmitry, the Tsar's cousin
 Martin Potter as Prince Yusupov, one of Rasputin's assassins
 Vernon Dobtcheff as Dr. Stanislaus de Lazovert, one of Rasputin's assassins
 Curt Jürgens as Georg Sklarz, the German Consul to Switzerland
 Julian Glover as Georgy Gapon, priest and protest leader
 Alexander Knox as Elihu Root, the American Ambassador
 Ralph Neville as George Buchanan, the British Ambassador
 George Rigaud as Maurice Paléologue, the French Ambassador
 John Shrapnel as Petya, a Bolshevik proletarian
 Diana Quick as Sonya, Petya's wife
 John Forbes-Robertson as Colonel Voikov

Production

Development
Producer Spiegel tackled Nicholas and Alexandra when he was shut out from working with director David Lean on Doctor Zhivago, which was also set against the backdrop of revolutionary Russia. Spiegel had alienated Lean when the two worked together on the film Lawrence of Arabia, pressing the perfectionist director in order to get the movie finished on time.

Spiegel initially tried to make Nicholas and Alexandra without buying the rights to the book by Robert K. Massie, claiming that the historical account was in public domain but, eventually, Spiegel purchased the rights for $150,000. He hired writer James Goldman to adapt Massie's book as a screenplay. Goldman had written the popular play and film The Lion in Winter.

The first director was George Stevens who left the project. Anthony Harvey became involved in December 1968 but he left by February 1969. Ken Russell, Lindsay Anderson, and John Boorman were all approached but turned it down. Joseph L. Mankiewicz was briefly part of the project then Charles Jarrott joined in November 1969. After seeing Patton, Goldman recommended Franklin J. Schaffner who signed in July 1970.

Spiegel turned to former collaborators John Box for production design, and cinematographer Freddie Young (Lawrence of Arabia) to give the production the epic touch he felt it needed. Principal photography took place in Spain and Yugoslavia.

Spiegel had to work with stricter budget constraints from Columbia Studios than before. He had wanted Peter O'Toole as Rasputin and Vanessa Redgrave as Alexandra but was constrained. Notable actors such as Laurence Olivier, Irene Worth, Michael Redgrave and Jack Hawkins appeared in the film, but actor Rex Harrison turned down a supporting role as too small. Spiegel offered the role of the Empress to Grace Kelly who turned it down.

Tom Baker, a member of the Royal National Theatre, was recommended for the role of Rasputin by Laurence Olivier, then the director of the company.

Filming
Filming began in Spain in November 1970 and took twenty weeks.

Reception

Critical
Despite the detailed production design, photography, and strong performances from the cast, Nicholas and Alexandra failed to find the large audience it needed to be a financial success. However, it was chosen by the American National Board of Review as one of the Top 10 Films of 1971.

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 67% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10. On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 57 out of 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Variety called it "a film of exquisite taste."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave it two-and-a-half stars out of four, writing "If the movie isn't exactly stirring, however, it is undeniably interesting, especially after the intermission."

Halliwell's Film and Video Guide described Nicholas and Alexandra as an "inflated epic of occasional interest, mainly for its sets" and "generally heavy going", awarding it one star from a possible four. In 2013, Alex von Tunzelmann wrote for The Guardian, "Nicholas and Alexandra boasts terrific performances and gorgeous production design, but it's bloated and unwieldy. There is more history here than the film-makers know what to do with." For Radio Times, Tom Hutchinson awarded the film three stars out of five, describing it as a "sumptuous, if overlong, epic" which "shows the stretchmarks of too much padding" and "overwhelms us with its detail, though Tom Baker is a lot of fun as the leering mystic Rasputin". Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described the film as 'flabby'.

Box Office
By the end of the 1970s the film had lost Columbia $3 million.

Historical accuracy
There is at least one anachronism; Peter Stolypin had been assassinated in 1911, two years before the Romanov dynasty tercentenary in which he is portrayed as being alive before being assassinated.

Awards and nominations

Home media
Nicholas and Alexandra received a home video release on VHS in 1987 by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video and reissued in the 1990s by Columbia Tristar Home Video.

Its DVD release was on 27 July 1999 from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The DVD featured a vintage 14-minute featurette on the production of the film and six more minutes of scenes and dialogue not found on previous VHS tapes.

The film received a Blu-ray release in February 2013 from Twilight Time. The Blu-ray featured three featurettes on the production of the film covering the makeup, costume designs and actresses playing the Tsar's daughters in the film. It also contained the original theatrical trailer as well as an isolated music score. The latter was presented in stereo even though the sound on the Blu-ray was presented in mono. The Blu-ray release was limited to only 3,000 copies. This film is also available for sale or rent as a video online download through both Amazon and Apple's iTunes Store, with Amazon's online file containing the six more minutes of scenes and dialogue that Apple's iTunes file doesn't.

Soundtrack
This soundtrack was written by Richard Rodney Bennett.

Notes

References

External links

1971 films
1970s biographical drama films
1970s historical drama films
British biographical drama films
British epic films
British historical drama films
Biographical films about Russian royalty
Cultural depictions of Nicholas II of Russia
Cultural depictions of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
Films about Grigori Rasputin
Cultural depictions of Vladimir Lenin
Cultural depictions of Joseph Stalin
Films about capital punishment
Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
Films produced by Sam Spiegel
Films scored by Richard Rodney Bennett
Films set in Poland
Films set in the 1900s
Films set in the 1910s
Cultural depictions of Leon Trotsky
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Russian Revolution films
British World War I films
Horizon Pictures films
Columbia Pictures films
Films shot in Spain
Films based on works by American writers
Films based on non-fiction books
Films with screenplays by James Goldman
1971 drama films
Films shot in Yugoslavia
Films set in 1904
Films set in 1905
Films set in 1913
Films set in 1914
Films set in 1916
Films set in 1917
Films set in 1918
Films set in 20th-century Russian Empire
Films set in Saint Petersburg
Films set in Siberia
1970s English-language films
1970s British films

Nicholas and Alexandra


William Hood is an art historian and the Mildred C. Jay Professor of Art Emeritus at Oberlin College, where he taught from 1974 through 2007. Professor Hood taught the history of Italian Renaissance Art in Columbia University's Department of Art History and Archaeology from 2008 through 2010. He is currently teaching art history seminars at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts.

Research
His research interests center around Italian Renaissance art, as well as the art of 17th and 18th century France, Italy, and Spain.  He has published on a variety of subjects in Renaissance and Baroque art. His book, Fra Angelico at San Marco, published by Yale University Press, won the 1993 George Wittenborn Memorial Book Award, the 1994 Eric Mitchell Prize and was a finalist in the Premio Salimbeni Competition in Italy. His book-in-progress is entitled Made Men: Afterlives of the Classical Nude.

Education and scholarship
Professor Hood received his B.F.A. and M.F.A. at the University of Georgia.  He did his doctoral work at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts in New York and was awarded a Ph.D. in 1977.

He has taught at Oberlin College since 1974 and holds the endowed Mildred C. Jay professorship in art history.  He is a fellow at the American Academy in Rome, as well as the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies at the Villa I Tatti in Florence, where he held two visiting professorships from 1989–90 and from 1999-2000.

He is also a 2005 recipient of an Andrew W. Mellon fellowship at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

External links
Publisher Page for Fra Angelico at San Marco
Oberlin College "Faculty Expert" Page
Professor Hood at Columbia University
 William Hood Fine Arts
 Professor Hood at New York University Institute of Fine Arts

Oberlin College faculty
New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni
University of Georgia alumni
Living people
Harvard Fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)

William Hood (art historian)


Terminator: Dark Fate is a 2019 American science fiction action directed by Tim Miller and is the last movie in the Terminator series. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Mackenzie Davis, Natalia Reyes, Gabriel Luna, Ben Roberts, Tom Hopper and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Other websites

2019 science fiction movies
2019 action movies
2010s sequel movies
American science fiction movies
Spanish science fiction movies
Spanish action movies
Hungarian movies
2010s American action movies
American sequel movies
Terminator (franchise)
Paramount Pictures movies
Dystopian movies
Robot movies
Chase movies
Science fiction action movies
Movies about atonement
Movies about child death
Movies about old age
Movies about time travel
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies set in the 2020s
Movies set in Central America
Movies set in Mexico
Movies set in Texas

Terminator: Dark Fate


Fixer Dugan is a 1939 American drama film starring Lee Tracy as a circus promoter who decides to help out an orphaned girl, played by Virginia Weidler. The film was directed by Lew Landers, released by RKO Radio Pictures and is based on the play What's a Fixer For? by H.C. Potter.

Plot
Charlie Dugan is the "fixer" who keeps Barvin's Greater Shows, a struggling traveling circus, going. He is glad to welcome back lion tamer Aggie Moreno, as her act is a popular one. However, she and top-billed high wire artist Pat O'Connell loathe each other, and that's a feud that Aggie extends to include Pat's 10-year-old daughter Terry. However, when Pat falls to her death during a performance, Dugan persuades Aggie to take charge of the orphan girl. After a while, Aggie finds she likes Terry.

One night, Terry overhears Frank Darlow (the son of a rival circus owner) and Jake talking about how to take possession of Aggie's lions. Darlow's father had tricked Aggie into signing a bill of sale for them. When Terry is unable to interrupt Aggie's performance to warn her, she sneaks through the lions' entrance into the cage. This disturbs the lions, and Aggie is barely able to control them and get Terry out of danger. The audience, thinking this is all part of the act, is thrilled. Dugan asks Darlow to meet him in a few hours to pick up the lions, but when Darlow shows up, the circus has already left. Darlow and Jake give chase.

Dugan keeps Terry in the lion taming act, which becomes so popular that A. J. Barvin tells her that she has saved his circus. Dugan keeps outsmarting Darlow, but finally Darlow brings the local sheriff to take custody of Terry; Dugan does not have a permit for the underage girl to be working. Terry is put in a children's home run by Mrs. Fletcher.

Having been rained out at the next scheduled location, Dugan persuades Barvin to put on a performance at the children's home instead. Mrs. Fletcher tells Aggie that any attempt to adopt Terry would be rejected. Terry stows away on one of the trucks when the circus leaves.

Darlow shows up with a policeman, but Dugan dupes him into signing a bill of sale, returning the lions to Aggie. Meanwhile, Aggie's assistant, thinking the lions are going to be taken away, lets one of them out before anybody can stop him. The lion stalks Terry, but Aggie manages to hold it off until it is netted. Mrs. Fletcher witnesses this and tells Aggie that she has changed her mind and would approve an adoption.

Cast

External links

1939 drama films
1939 films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Circus films
Films about orphans
American films based on plays
Films directed by Lew Landers
RKO Pictures films
Films produced by Cliff Reid
1930s American films
1930s English-language films

Fixer Dugan


Matt Keikoan is an American professional poker player who has won two World Series of Poker bracelets; his first was in the 2008 World Series of Poker $2,000 No-Limit Hold'em event and his second was in the 2010 World Series of Poker $10,000 Limit Hold'em Championship. His 2010 WSOP bracelet is currently listed for sale on eBay due to big losses against Tom "durrr" Dwan in Ivey's Room at the Aria Hotel and Casino. There have been no offers made.

World Series of Poker
Keikoan has 12 cashes at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) including coming in 63rd place at the 2007 World Series of Poker Main Event. On June 6, 2008, Keikoan won his first World Series of Poker bracelet  after defeating Shannon Shorr at the $2000 No Limit Holdem event.

Two years later, on June 18, 2010 at the 2010 World Series of Poker in the $10,000 Limit Hold'em Championship event, Keikoan began heads-ups play with Daniel Idema who had almost a 3-1 chip advantage against him.  He battled back to take the chip lead several times during the more than four-hour heads-up match and at one time he was severely crippled down to only 300,000 in chips while the blinds were at 120,000/240,000.  At that point Keikoan jokingly told his supporters in the audience that he was going to make "(the) greatest comeback in history right here." and indeed did finish the come back to win his second bracelet and earning himself $425,969.

World Series of Poker bracelets

World Poker Tour
Keikoan has seven cashes on the World Poker Tour (WPT), At the WPT Season VII, Keikoan nearly made the WPT final table at the 2008 Legends of Poker, finishing in 7th place, earning $140,830, then the next year made his first WPT final table finishing 5th at WPT Season VIII Bay 101 Shooting Star.

As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,800,000. His 12 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,290,876 of those winnings.

Notes

Year of birth missing (living people)
American poker players
American people of Samoan descent
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
World Series of Poker Circuit event winners

Matt Keikoan


The Istanbul University State Conservatory (Turkish: İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuarı) is a music, theatre, dance university in Istanbul. It is the oldest conservatory and the oldest continually operating music school in Turkey. It offers music training from secondary school to doctorate. Its main building in Kadıköy is a historical market hall, and its ground floor houses an active theatre venue.

History
The State Conservatory has its beginnings in its later sister institution, Darülbedayi (House of Beauty). In 1914, Cemil Topuzlu embarked on an enterprise to establish the imperial school of drama and music, and French actor André Antoine was invited to Istanbul for this purpose. In its initial structure, Darülbedayi would teach performing arts and stage music, as well as European and Turkish music in their respective departments. The institution thus founded, its premises was initially going to be the famous Letafet Apartmanı, a now demolished fin de siècle housing structure. However, with World War I breaking out before its inauguration ceremony, the institution would go on an indefinite hiatus and was shut down entirely by 1916.

Plans were made to revitalise the institution and establish a new and independent music school. They would materialise in New Year's Day 1917 as the Darülelhan (House of Melodies), a four-year academy that focused mainly on Turkish music.

Following the foundation of the Turkish Republic, Darülelhan would go on a period of restructuring, and would be renamed the Istanbul Conservatory, after the addition of a European-style music department. By the late 1920s, the school was teaching solfège, music theory, harmony, composition, instrumentation and orchestration, music history and instrumental training, among other skills.

In these early years, lectures were given in the wooden townhouse that served as the schoolhouse. Performances by the three-piece chamber orchestra started by Cemal Reşit Rey, a member of the later 'Turkish Five', would go on to be quite popular.

By the early 1950s, a performing arts department was established, and director Muhsin Ertuğrul began his career at the conservatory as a teacher.

In 1986, the conservatory became a school within Istanbul University.

Notable alumni

Since its inception during the late 19th century, the conservatory has had a number of distinguished list of graduates and teachers, including all of the members of the 'Turkish Five': Ahmed Adnan Saygun, Cemal Reşit Rey, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Hasan Ferit Alnar and Necil Kazım Akses. Legendary soprano Leyla Gencer studied voice training in the conservatory. Some of alumni;

Ahmet Rıfat Şungar,
Ali Güven,
Ali İl,
Alican Yücesoy,
Aslı Yılmaz,
Atılgan Gümüş,
Aysun Metiner,
Ayşen Çetiner,
Ari Barokas,
Boran Kuzum,
Bennu Yıldırımlar,
Buket Bengisu,
Can Başak,
Can Doğan,
Caner Özyurtlu,
Cemal Toktaş,
Cenk Tunalı,
Derya Kurtuluş,
Doğan Duru,
Engin Gürkey,
Ferhat Göçer,
Feyzan Soykan,
Fikret Kuşkan,
Fora Baltacıgil,
Göktuğ Alpaşar,
Gülen Karaman,
Şencan Güleryüz,
Güneş Berberoğlu,
Güneş Duru,
İpek Erdem,
Jülide Kural,
Kemal Kocatürk,
Kosta Kortidis,
Levent Yüksel,
Memet Ali Alabora,
Mine Tugay,
Nejat Birecik,
Nihal Yalçın,
Okan Yalabık,
Oktay Kaynarca,
Olgun Şimşek,
Peker Açıkalın,
Selim Erdoğan,
Serkan Ercan,
Sevda Karababa,
Sevgi Sakarya,
Taner Ertürkler,
Taner Ölmez,
Tufan Karabulut,
Uzay Heparı,
Uğur Polat,
Yeşim Alıç,
Yeşim Koçak,
Yıldız Asyalı,
Sanem Çelik,
Öykü Karayel,
Özden Ayyıldız,
Özge Borak,
Özgü Namal

References

External links

 MSFAU Dept of Music

References

Music schools in Turkey
Istanbul University
1917 establishments in the Ottoman Empire

Istanbul University State Conservatory


Events

China
The Catholic Church in Lungshui, Sichuan province is attacked by a mob of 30,000 people. Supposedly supported by the Big Sword and White Lotus Societies, the attack would be the last of the societies' anti-foreigner campaigns as several of their leaders are executed and the remaining members return to daily lives.

United States
Frank Lyons is pardoned by Louisiana Governor Francis T. Nicholls and again re-forms the Yellow Henry Gang.
January 25 – After the capture of two burglars the previous week in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, police close in on the remaining members of the Oak Street Gang who had been committing burglary over the past several months in the city of New Haven, Connecticut arresting five more members.
May 5 – Members of the Provenzano faction of the New Orleans Mafia ambush several longshoremen belonging to the Matranga faction, wounding three members of the Matrangas, including Anthony "Tony" Matranga (who eventually will have his leg amputated).
October 15 – New Orleans Police Chief David C. Hennessy is shot by unknown assailants, believed to be an Italian extortionist organization, while investigating a gang war between rival factions. Claiming that "the dagoes did it," the critically wounded Hennessey is taken to the hospital where he dies the next day (Oct. 16). His murder and the acquittal of 17 suspects cause a lynch mob to storm the jail house and hang 11 of the men on March 14, 1891. The later anti-Italian riots would leave a long lasting resentment toward immigrants for decades.

Arts and literature

Births
Joseph Zucker, New York-Cleveland liaison and New York racketeer

Deaths
October 16 – David C. Hennessy, New Orleans police chief

References

Organized crime
Years in organized crime

1890 in organized crime


Wu Shuqing (; 1892 – unknown) was a Chinese feminist, nationalist and revolutionary who formed and led one of the first all-female rebel militias of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. A 19-year-old student at the time, Wu managed to convince Li Yuanhong, the revolutionaries' commander-in-chief, to allow her to raise the "Women's Revolutionary Army" which eventually counted between 100 and several hundred members. Despite having almost no military experience, Wu proved to be a capable commander and personally led her unit into combat during the Battles of Hankou and Nanjing, achieving some fame among the Chinese rebels in the process. Nevertheless, her unit was disbanded after the revolution and Wu's later life is unknown.

Life

Background
Wu was born to Han Chinese parents at Hanyang, Hubei, in 1892. Noted for her physical strength, bravery and intelligence by contemporaries, Wu was deeply convinced of gender equality and believed that every citizen, regardless of gender, should support and defend their nation. In her case, that meant fighting for the "Great Han nation" against foreign powers and the ruling Qing dynasty. She regarded the latter as "Manchu bastards" who suppressed the Han Chinese.

Formation of the Women's Revolutionary Army

When the Wuchang Uprising against the Qing government broke out in October 1911, Wu was 19 and attended Hanyang's Fengtian Normal College. Soon after the uprising's start, she sent a letter to the revolutionaries' commander-in-chief, Li Yuanhong, proposing the formation of an armed female brigade to aid the rebels. Though other women would also take up arms as the revolution spread, Wu was believed to have been the first to suggest the formation of a women's army. Li initially rejected this proposal, believing that it would be difficult to incorporate women into the all-male rebel army. Wu refused to accept this, and sent the general a second letter on 31 October while simultaneously publishing her views in the Minli Newspaper. She stated that her desire to join battle did not stem from desire for "momentary glory". Instead, she considered it her duty to fight for the revolution and, if necessary, die in battle. She reasoned that since men of every societal class and region were joining the rebels, it was not justifiable to exclude women, especially since many of the latter had trained in the gymnasia to prepare themselves for the physical demands of war. Following this second letter and requests by other militant women who wanted to fight for the revolution, Li relented and gave Wu the permission to raise an all-female unit.

Wu then posted notices for her unit in Hanyang, while like-minded women produced propaganda for her militia. For example, Liu Wangli likened Wu to the legendary woman warrior Hua Mulan in order to inspire other women to enlist. The recruitment drive was a success, and hundreds women tried to join Wu's unit. Most of these potential recruits were students with a middle-class background, some of them with bound feet. Historians differ on how many Wu's unit, the so-called "Women's Revolutionary Army", eventually numbered; according to Louise Edwards it was about 100, whereas Ono Kazuko and Fan Hong report that "perhaps as many as several hundred women" fought under Wu's command.

Combat and later life

Wu personally organized and trained the Women's Revolutionary Army in just ten days, and then led them into combat during the Battle of Hankou. Historian Su Xiao comments that Wu proved to be a capable commander, using her barely trained but highly motivated troops to bypass Qing forces near Hankou and then attack them from behind. She and her unit quickly gained some renown for their good combat performance. The Women's Revolutionary Army then relocated to the east, taking part in the Battle for Nanjing alongside several other female rebel militias. At Nanjing, Wu planned and carried out the attack on the strategically important Shizishen fort.

Following the revolution's end, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China ordered the disbandment of all Chinese women military units on 26 February 1912. It is not known what happened to Wu after her military career.

References

Bibliography

Chinese rebels
Women in war in China
Chinese feminists
Chinese revolutionaries
Women in war 1900–1945
1892 births
Year of death missing
Female revolutionaries

Wu Shuqing (revolutionary)