McSweeney's Publishing is an American non-profit publishing house founded by Dave Eggers in 1998 and headquartered in San Francisco.

Initially publishing the literary journal Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, the company has moved to novels, books of poetry, and other periodicals.

Company history
Since 2002 Advanced Marketing Services had been the parent company of McSweeney's distributor Publishers Group West (PGW), but in 2006 they declared bankruptcy. At the time of the filing, PGW owed McSweeney's about $600,000.  McSweeney's eventually accepted an offer from Perseus Books Group to take over distribution; the deal paid McSweeney's 70 percent of the money owed by PGW. In June 2007, McSweeney's held a successful sale and eBay auction which helped make up the difference.

As of 2013, the company's archives, including rare material from its founding and its early history, are held in the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas.

In October 2014, Dave Eggers announced that McSweeney's would become a nonprofit and began asking for donations for several projects on its website. Eggers cited declining sales and increased opportunities for raising funds as reasons for McSweeney's long-discussed change to a nonprofit publishing house.

As of 2015, McSweeney's expanded its operations into partnerships with companies including eyewear one-for-one Warby Parker and accommodations marketplace Airbnb. The musician Beck has worked in tandem with Warby Parker and McSweeney's to design a custom pair of spectacles. In addition to its Fast Company award, McSweeney's has received "best of" awards and plaudits from SF Weekly and several other publications.

In 2019, McSweeney's began publishing Illustoria magazine, founded by Joanne Meiyi Chan.

Company name
In 2004, Eggers said that when he was a child his family received letters addressed from someone named Timothy McSweeney, who claimed to be a relative of his mother. Eggers now claims that the real McSweeney is in care for mental illness, and his letters arrived as a result of confusion over the fact that Eggers' grandfather, who delivered Timothy at birth, and a McSweeney family, who adopted him, had the same name.

Publications
In addition to a book list of approximately ten titles a year, McSweeney's also publishes the quarterly literary journal, Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, the daily-updated humor site McSweeney's Internet Tendency, and Illustoria, an art and storytelling magazine for six to 11-year olds. The bimonthly magazine The Believer, the quarterly food journal Lucky Peach, and the sports journal Grantland Quarterly, in association with sports and pop culture website Grantland, were all established and incubated by McSweeney's. A quarterly DVD magazine, Wholphin, was decommissioned in 2012. The publishing house also runs additional imprints occasionally, including McSweeney's McMullens, a children's book department; McSweeney's Poetry Series, and the Collins Library, which reprints unusual titles. Version 2.0 of McSweeney's iOS app was released in 2011; the Organist, a podcast produced by the editors of The Believer and KCRW, launched in 2012.

Authors
McSweeney's has helped launch the careers of dozens of emerging writers, including Rebecca Curtis, Paul Legault, Philipp Meyer, and Wells Tower. Its contributors include Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Michael Chabon, Stephen King, David Foster Wallace, George Saunders, Michael Ian Black, Nick Hornby, Joyce Carol Oates, Hilton Als, and Rachel Z. Arndt. The house has also published the work of musicians, critics and artists including David Byrne and Beck. The band One Ring Zero gained popularity by performing at early McSweeney's events in New York and solicited lyric-writing assistance from McSweeney's contributors for the 2004 album, As Smart As We Are. McSweeney's was also the subject of the They Might Be Giants song "The Ballad of Timothy McSweeney."

Non-McSweeney's collections
These titles are typically compilations of McSweeney's works either from print or online sources. The publisher of the works is listed at the end.

McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales by Michael Chabon   (2003,    Vintage)
Created in Darkness by Troubled Americans by Dave Eggers   (2004, Knopf)
McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories by Michael Chabon  (2004, Vintage)
Created in Darkness by Troubled Americans by Dave Eggers  (2005, Vintage)
The McSweeney's Joke Book of Book Jokes  (2008, Vintage)
Mountain Man Dance Moves: The McSweeney's Book of Lists  (2006, Vintage)
Greetings from the Ocean's Sweaty Face: 100 McSweeney's Postcards  (2009,  Chronicle)

Reception
McSweeney's was named by Fast Company as the country's seventh most innovative media company in 2012. McSweeney's literary journal is a three-time winner and eight-time finalist for the National Magazine Award for Fiction. In contrast, in 2001, the New York Times noted "The McSweeneyites may be the current emperors of cool, but they're starting to need some new clothes."

In 2019, Vida named McSweeney's Quarterly literary journal as the magazine publishing the highest percentage of women's and trans voices—71%—compared to their magazine peers.

In 2021, Axios reported that readership tripled across its web and print publications.

826 Valencia Publications
These titles are releases of/by non-profit organization 826 Valencia, published by McSweeney's/826.

826 Quarterly Vol. 1 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2003/05/01
826 Quarterly Vol. 2 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2003/09/01
826 Quarterly Vol. 3 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2004/09/01
826 Quarterly Vol. 4 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2005/05/01
826 Quarterly Vol. 5 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2005/10/28
826 Quarterly Vol. 6 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2006/10/01
826 Quarterly Vol. 7 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2007/10/28
826 Quarterly Vol. 8 Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia 2007/11/28
826nyc Review: Issue One Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia / Seeley, Scott / Potts, Sam 2005/08/01
826nyc Review: Issue Two Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia / Seeley, Scott / Potts, Sam 2006/06/01
826nyc Review: Issue Three Students in Conjunction With 826 Valencia / Seeley, Scott / Potts, Sam 2008/09/28
826NYC Art Show: A Limited Edition Catalog of 23 Original Pieces by Prominent Contemporary Artists 826NYC (EDT) 2007/08/28

References

External links
Official website
"Too Cool for Words", by Judith Shulevitz, a 2001 review of everything McSweeney's from The New York Times
 A.O. Scott's New York Times Believers, 2005 on McSweeney's and n+1
 Stephen Amidon Sunday Times, "Their Master's Voice: The Rise and Rise of Brand McSweeney's", February 3, 2008

Book publishing companies based in San Francisco
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1998
1998 establishments in California
American satirical websites

McSweeney's


Nanyang Commandery () was a Chinese commandery that existed from the Warring States period to Tang dynasty. It was centered in present-day Nanyang, Henan.

History
Nanyang Commandery was established by Qin in the 35th year of King Zhao (272 BC). The seat was Wan (), present-day Nanyang, Henan. It consisted of the land north of the Han River previously conquered from Chu.

In the Western Han dynasty, the commandery consisted of 36 counties: Wan, Chou (), Duyan (), Zan (), Yuyang (), Boshan (), Nieyang (), Yin (), Duyang (), Zhi (), Shandu (), Caiyang (), Xinye (), Zhuyang (), Jiyang (), Wudang (), Wuyin (), Xi'e (), Rang (), Li (), Anzhong (), Guanjun (), Biyang (), Pingshi (), Sui (), She (), Deng (), Chaoyang (), Luyang (), Chongling (), Xindu (), Huyang (), Hongyang (), Lecheng (), Bowang (), and Fuyang (). The total population in 2 AD was 1,942,051, in 359,116 households. By 140 AD, the population had grown to 2,439,618, in 528,551 households.

During the Three Kingdoms era, multiple new commanderies were established. By the time when Jin dynasty reunited China (280 AD), the number of counties in Nanyang had been reduced to 14, namely Wan, Xi'e, Zhi, Luyang, Chou, Yuyang, Bowang, Duyang, She, Wuyin, Biyang, Nieyang, Guanjun and Li. The recorded population was 24,400 households. In Liu Song dynasty, only 7 counties remained in the commandery, while the population had decreased further to 38,132 individuals in 4,727 households by mid-5th century.

In Sui and Tang dynasties, Nanyang Commandery became an alternative name of Deng Prefecture in the same region. In 742, the commandery administered 6 counties, and had a population of 165,257, in 43,055 households.

References

Commanderies of the Han dynasty
Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (266–420)
Commanderies of the Southern dynasties
Commanderies of the Northern dynasties
Commanderies of the Sui dynasty

Nanyang Commandery


Flip Records was an American record label that flourished in the 1950s, releasing rhythm and blues and doo-wop music by such artists as Richard Berry, The Six Teens, Donald Wood, the Elgins, and many others. Max and Lilian Feirtag operated the label in Los Angeles, California, and published music under the Limax Music trademark.

The biggest, most lasting success was Richard Berry's original recording of his song "Louie, Louie," which came out in 1957 (although it was only a regional hit and The Six Teens' "A Casual Look" was a much bigger national hit).

In 2000, Ace Records of England purchased the assets of the original Flip Records catalog, and has been releasing this vintage music for the CD market.

See also
 List of record labels
 Flip Records

External links
 Flip Singles Discography
 Flip Album Discography
 Flip Doo Wop Volume 1 notes
 Allmusic.com: Flip Doo Wop Volume 1
 Ace Records of England

Defunct record labels of the United States
Rhythm and blues record labels

Flip Records (1950s)


Arthaus is a major German producer of art films and classical music DVDs founded in 1994. Arthaus is a brand of Kinowelt Home Entertainment Gmbh, which is now owned by Studiocanal. Arthaus acquired the video back-catalogue of Filmverlag der Autoren in 1999, and then EuroArts giving it hundreds of art-films, opera, ballet, and concert titles to draw upon.

History
Founded in 1994, Arthaus Video Vertriebsgesellschaft is a video distribution company associated with Kinowelt Home Entertainment. Arthaus released its first ten films on VHS on May 1, 1994. In October 1998, the first DVD releases with titles such as Boogie Nights and Kundun were announced. In 2007, the company released its first Blu-ray title, The Journey of the Penguins. Arthaus published a 236-page general catalogue in 2010 which featured around 1,000 Arthaus titles.

Special Editions
The Arthaus Premium edition includes new editions of film classics such as The Third Man. The Arthaus Collection edition includes 50 works by renowned directors. This series was continued with Arthaus Collection Classics, Arthaus Collection Classics II, Arthaus Collection Literature, Arthaus Collection Literature II, Arthaus Collection Asian Cinema, Arthaus Collection British Cinema, Arthaus Collection American Independent Cinema and Arthaus Collection Documentary Film. Together with Rolling Stone magazine, Arthaus presents the Music Movies Collection with twelve music films. The limited Filmverlag der Autoren Edition contains 50 works from 1968 to 2008, including 22 on DVD for the first time, and an illustrated book with 160 pages. The Edition Deutscher Film includes 50 works from 1924 to 2009 and is the first comprehensive series on German film. The StudioCanal Collection presents older films (The Elephant Man and others) on Blu-ray for the first time with new bonus material and a 20-page booklet.[2]

References

External links
 http://www.arthaus.de/

German record labels
Film distributors of Germany
StudioCanal

Arthaus (video label)


Stephen Betham is the former head coach of the Samoa national rugby union team, that regularly participated in the World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup.
Betham, who played for Samoa U-20's at a young age, has spent most his rugby career as a coach.

Samoa sevens team
Betham was previously head coach of the Samoa sevens side from 2009, where he led the team to victory in the 2010 USA Sevens, 2010 Adelaide Sevens, 2010 Hong Kong Sevens and 2010 Edinburgh Sevens to claim the 2009–10 IRB Sevens World Series title in his first year in charge. Samoa failed to make as much of an impact in 2010/11, finishing fifth on the table, only making a Cup final once, losing to England 29–21 in the 2010 Dubai Sevens.

Samoa national team (2012-2015)
In 2012, he was appointed head coach of the Manu Samoa team, on a four-year contract until after the 2015 Rugby World Cup. This came just weeks after being named assistant coach for Manu Samoa, with the Australian Adrian Thompson in the sights of the Samoa Rugby Union, though Thompson turned the job down, to give Betham the role of head coach. His first match in charge came on 5 June 2012 during the 2012 IRB Pacific Nations Cup, where Betham led Samoa to a 20–18 victory over Tonga. This was backed up by a further 2 victories over Fiji 29–26, and Japan 27–26 to claim Samoa's first PNC title since 2010. On 23 June, Samoa push a strong Scotland side in Apia, to go down narrow losers 17–16. During Samoa's end-of-year tour, Betham led Samoa to a 26–19 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium, which was Samoa's first win over Wales since 1999. That also saw Samoa rise to seventh in the World Rugby Rankings, Samoa's highest ever positioning and the highest any tier 2 nation had got to.

In 2013, Samoa played in a quadrangular tournament with hosts South Africa, Scotland and Italy. After beating Scotland for their first ever time, 27–17, then Italy 39–10, Samoa would face the Springboks in the tournament decider. South Africa dominated the full 80 minutes, scoring 8 tries to win 56–23. In November 2013, Bethan led Samoa to a white wash end-of-year tour, losing to Ireland 40–9, and Georgia 16–15.

In 2014, Samoa returned to the PNC, and opened their campaign with an 18–all draw against Tonga in Apia, followed by an 18–13 win over Fiji. Between those tests, they also beat Italy 15–0 in a Mid year test. Later that year, Italy claimed revenge, beating Samoa 24–13, before Manu Samoa went down 28–9 to England in London.

In July 2015, Betham led Samoa to a first ever home match against the All Blacks. Despite leading 16–12 at half time, the All Blacks claimed the victory 25–16. Betham later led Samoa to the final of the 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup, haven beaten the United States 21–16, and Canada 21–20, to set up a second encounter with Fiji in the final. Samoa and Fiji had previously played each other in the Cross-pool matches, but that ended in a 30–all draw. Fiji were victors in the final running out 39–29 winners. On 19 October 2015, Betham stood down as Samoan head coach following a disappointing 2015 Rugby World Cup. Samoa came fourth in their Pool, with their only victory coming against the United States 25–16. Samoa who were largely expected to finish second in their group, went on to lose to South Africa 46–6, Japan 26–5, a record defeat, and Scotland 33–36. That meant they even failed to automatically qualify for the 2019 Rugby World Cup.

Honors
World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup
Winners: 2012
Runners-up: 2014 (joint with United States), 2015.
South African quadrangular tournament
Runners-up: 2013

References

Living people
Samoan rugby union coaches
Year of birth missing (living people)
Samoa national rugby sevens team coaches
Samoa national rugby union team coaches
Samoan rugby union players

Stephen Betham


The Northern pygmy owl (Glaucidium gnoma) is a small owl native to North and Central America.

Description
The Northern pygmy owl is small and has a long tail. It has shiny yellow eyes, yellow feet, and small tuffs of fur with its ears. Its feathers are a reddish brown speckled with white. Like all of the members of its family, it has fake eye spots that are black and outlined in white on the back of its neck. The Northern Pygmy Owl's stomach is white with black stripes. The Northern Pygmy Owl tends to perch in a diagonal position rather than an upright position.

Breeding
Northern pygmy owls nest and breed in evergreen-filled forests and woodlands with variety. They normally mate in Spring. They prefer to live in tree cavities or old woodpeckers' holes. They do not add anything to their nest. The mothers keep three or four eggs warm. But she waits for all of the eggs to be laid before she starts incubating. That is an inimitable trait of northern American owls. While the female owl takes care of the eggs, the male consistently brings food for them. After the eggs hatch, the mother takes care of them for about one week. The baby owls will gain the ability to fly in about twenty-seven to twenty-eight days.

Habitat
Northern pygmy owls are widespread across North America. They usually live in the scattered areas with less trees, rather than large parts of land with lots of unbroken trees. Northern pygmy owls are most active during the dawn or the dusk. Northern pygmy owls can also be seen in the daytime, when the weather is overcast. They like to perch on conifer or small trees, or in a snag. When they perch, they bob their head up and down, and flick their tails, and hold their tails to one side.

Diet
One third of the pygmy owls' diet are rodents, large insects, and small birds. Northern pygmy owls are very aggressive hunters, so fast that they can catch their prey in flight.

References
NeotropicalBirds. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2012.
Bird Web . Seattle Audubon Society, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.
Crane, S. 2002. "Sciurus griseus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed December 13, 2012.

Strigiformes
Birds of North America

Northern pygmy owl


Letchworth Village was a residential institution located in Rockland County, New York, in the hamlet of Thiells built for the physically and mentally disabled of all ages, from the newborn to the elderly. Opened in 1911, Letchworth Village at its peak consisted of over 130 buildings spread out over many acres of land. It was named for William Pryor Letchworth, who espoused reform in the treatment and care of the insane, epileptics, and poor children.

Reports of inadequate funding and improper care of the residents, including children, were present dating back to the 1920s.  Accounts surfaced of residents being found unclothed, unbathed, and neglected. In addition to rampant abuse among the institution's residents, staff also suffered abuse at the hands of co-workers, which included incidents of rape. The institution gained national attention in 1972 from an exposé by Geraldo Rivera.

In 1996 the institution was permanently closed down, and many of its abandoned structures have since fallen into serious disrepair.

Opening and beginning years
By the end of 1911, the first phase of construction had completed on the 2,362-acre "state institution for the segregation of the epileptic and feeble-minded." With architecture modeled after Monticello, the picturesque community was lauded as a model institution for the treatment of the developmentally disabled, a humane alternative to high-rise asylums, having been founded on several guiding principles that were revolutionary at the time. Separate living and training facilities for children, able-bodied adults, and the infirm were not to exceed two stories or house over 70 inmates.  Until the 1960s, the able-bodied labored on communal farms, raising enough food and livestock to feed the entire population.

It was conceived by the progressives of the time as a major departure from the almshouses of the 19th century. The facility was thought to have had great potential and was a great improvement from past facilities. It was a farming village of nearly four square miles, In the words of the 1927 Rockland County Red Book, "subdivided as far as possible in order to avoid the tendency toward institutionalism." The grounds surrounding the buildings were very plentiful and created much leisure space for patients. As late as 1958, the patients grew their own crops and tended cows, pigs and chickens. They made toys and sold them at Christmas.

Polio vaccination
In February 1950, while Letchworth still enjoyed a good reputation amongst health professionals (despite rumors of overcrowding and maltreatment), Letchworth's Dr. George Jervis asked Dr. Hilary Koprowski to test his live-virus polio vaccine at Letchworth Village to compare it to the alternatives available then. Dr. Koprowski had tested the oral vaccine on himself and a laboratory assistant two years earlier. At Letchworth Village, he gave a dose to an 8-year-old boy. When he experienced no side effects, the vaccine was administered to 19 more child patients, none of whom are known to have experienced any side effects. In fact, blood tests showed that 17 gained antibodies (3 already had them). Koprowski viewed these experiments as a positive first step toward a better polio vaccine.

Structures and buildings
Letchworth opened in 1911 to care for mentally handicapped individuals. The village's fieldstone, neoclassic buildings consisted of small dormitories, a hospital, dining halls, and housing for the staff. It was built on thousands of acres of countryside and woodland.

In accordance with guidelines set by William Pryor Letchworth while the institution was being planned, the buildings that were originally designated as dormitories were mostly single-story, and at the most two-story buildings, designed to house from 16 to 70 residents in total per building, and subdivided into smaller dormitories. The dormitory buildings were required to be at least 200 feet from other buildings, and each had to have its own attached playground.

Each playground had, at a minimum, a basketball court. Most of the basketball courts are still minimally maintained (that is, they have nets) and are available for public use as of August 2021. A few of the playgrounds also have remnants of other play equipment that has since been removed.

These guidelines were rigidly adhered to at least as late as 1933. By 1944, however, overcrowding had resulted in residents being housed in buildings that were not originally designed nor intended to be used as dormitories. The overcrowding was partially a result of the then newly-constructed Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, New York, which had been built to relieve overcrowding at Letchworth and other state institutions, being turned over to the United States Army during World War II before it accepted any of its originally-intended patients.

Letchworth Village was closed in 1996 and most of the structures are derelict. The roof of the administrative building bears the name of Dr. Charles Little, the first superintendent of Letchworth. Many of the buildings and structures have been vandalized and even some burned down as an act of arson. Some main structures still remain.

Old Cemetery
From 1914 through 1967, residents who died at Letchworth Village and whose remains were not claimed by their families were buried at a clearing in the forest a short distance off Call Hollow Road in Stony Point, New York, about a mile away from the 2,000-acre main facility campus, and hidden from the road by trees. The cemetery is presently owned and maintained by the town of Stony Point, along with volunteers from the community.

The decedents' graves were marked only with T-shaped, numbered steel markers. Families were allowed to erect headstones at their own expense, but as of this edit in August 2021, most of the graves are still marked only by the numbered steel markers.

Remarkably few of the markers or stones have been vandalized. On the contrary, some of the graves, especially those of children, are regularly visited by members of the community who leave stones, flowers, or other items in remembrance of the deceased.

There also is a large memorial stone at the entrance of the cemetery, erected in 2007, with a plaque bearing the names of those buried there. The names are not keyed to the numbered graves. Many stones, small toys, and other items are left on the stone in remembrance of those buried there.

In 1967, a new cemetery was opened near Thiells Mount Ivy Road in Thiells, New York. The bodies of those buried at the old cemetery were not moved.

Conditions and treatment
Letchworth was described as an ideal center for the mentally challenged and praised by the state at first. Yet rumors such as the mistreatment of patients and horrific experimenting continued to circulate long after its closing. Former worker Dr. Little presented in an annual report in 1921 that there were three categories of "feeble-mindedness": the "moron" group, the "imbecile" group, and the "idiot" group. The last of these categories is the one that could not be trained, Dr. Little said, and so they should not be taken into Letchworth Village, because they were unable to "benefit the state" by doing the various jobs that were assigned to the male patients, included loading thousands of tons of coal into storage facilities, building roads, and farming acres of land.

Many of the patients were young children. In 1921, the 13th Annual Report lists the number of patients admitted that year. Out of 506 people, 317 were between the ages of 5 and 16, and 11 were under the age of 5 years.  Visitors observed that the children were malnourished and looked sick. The Letchworth staff claimed in the report that there was a scarcity of food, water, and other necessary supplies, but that was not the case. Children were often the subjects of testing and some of the cruelest neglect. Many of the children were able to comprehend learning but were not given the chance because they were thought of as "different."

Patients were forced to dwell in cramped dormitories because the state would not complete the construction of more buildings. Barely ten years after being constructed, Letchworth's buildings were already overpopulated, 70 beds being crammed into the tiny dormitories. Nearly 1,200 patients were present during 1921. Overpopulation was one of the harshest conditions at Letchworth.
By the 1950s, the Village was overflowing with 4,000 inhabitants. Quoting a spokesman for the State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Corcoran confirmed that families abandoned their relatives there. Families of patients seemed to be just as neglectful as caregivers of the facility.

In the 1940s, Irving Haberman did a set a photographs which revealed the true nature of what was going on. Until this point, the conditions of the facility weren't apparent to the public. Haberman's photos exposed the terrible conditions of the facilities as well as the dirty, unkempt patients. Naked residents huddled in sterile day rooms. The photos showed the patients to be highly neglected. These photos pushed the public to question the institution and demand answers. Haberman knew that these photos would bring attention to the Letchworth facility.

Geraldo Rivera investigation
In 1972, ABC News featured Letchworth Village in its piece "Willowbrook: The Last Great Disgrace". The documentary, by ABC New York's investigative reporter Geraldo Rivera, looked at how intellectually disabled people, particularly children, were being treated in the State of New York.

United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy previously had toured the Willowbrook facility in 1965 and called it a "snake pit." Kennedy was not allowed to take cameras into the buildings, however, so the average citizen had no idea how bad the conditions inside Willowbrook actually were. Kennedy's speeches about the conditions there, although impassioned, attracted little attention and resulted in little or no improvement in conditions at the facility.

Rivera, on the other hand, arrived at Willowbrook with a full camera crew, and when the documentary was aired, there was widespread outrage at how the residents at Willowbrook, many of them children, were being mistreated.

Although Rivera's documentary focused on the Willowbrook State School on Staten Island, Rivera also visited Letchworth Village, as well as facilities in California. While he found that a great deal of progress had been made in the caring for, and training of, disabled people in California, he saw the situation in New York's facilities as backward and cruel.

Rivera accompanied Bronx congressman Mario Biaggi to Letchworth Village, arriving two hours early because Rivera correctly suspected that the staff would be ordered to clean and dress the children before the camera crew arrived. Biaggi described the children there as being subjected to "[t}he worst possible conditions I've ever seen in my life".

The documentary showed the residents of Willowbrook and Letchworth Village, many of them children, living in awful, dirty and overcrowded conditions, with a lack of clothing, bathing, and attention to their most basic needs. The facilities were incredibly understaffed, and there was little or no actual schooling, training, or even simple activities to keep residents occupied.

Rivera saw the overcrowding and neglect as a direct result of inadequate funding and the ignorant attitudes in wider society. The potential of individual patients was far from being realized. This confronting report helped lead to far-reaching reform of disability services throughout the United States.

Later reforms and attrition

The attention, however, did little for the immediate needs of those living at Letchworth Village. The institution remained inadequately funded and managed, but public pressure led to reforms by the end of the 1970s. Funding levels were significantly raised focused mostly on those who worked in direct care. Various efforts to reduce overcrowding were underway by late 1978 and to increase privacy for individuals in the living areas. Simultaneously, the Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities attempted to obtain group homes. Opposition was strong on the parts of many local residents - who attended Town Hall Meetings to express their fears. Letchworth had already initiated learning programs that were designed to train individuals in the skills with hopes of making their transitions easier. Coupled with other, community-based options such as "Family Care" homes, the population of the Village steadily decreased throughout the '80s and '90s. Old-age-related attrition played a part.

Closing
Letchworth was closed in 1996, leaving the buildings to decay. Many who worked at the Village refuse to speak of their experiences. Old societal methods of segregating people with disabilities ended with the push for mainstreaming and inclusion into society. Patients were moved to more up-to-date facilities in the county.

Redevelopment ideas
The Town of Stony Point is interested in redeveloping part of the town-owned former Letchworth Village property, currently called the Patriot Hills Complex. The 159-acre complex off Willow Grove Road includes the Patriot Hills Golf Course and the Veterans Memorial Park. The town's interest is to develop the 18-acre portion of the property that houses eight remaining buildings that were built between 1929 and 1952 for the Letchworth Village Developmental Center campus. Five of them are vacant, and the rest have been renovated and have been in use. According to the town's 20-page Request for Expressions of Interest (RFEI) document, respondents may or may not include the existing buildings in their proposals. In 2003, the town commissioned a community survey regarding reuse of the Letchworth property. The results showed that about 71 percent were in favor of the town partnering with private parties to jointly develop the site for a combination of municipal recreational facilities as well as private uses to offset development costs. In 2009, the town hired a developmental consultant to look for a potential developer, and a plan to build a stadium with hotels, a conference center and shopping mall was proposed. But the idea died as residents were worried that they might lose the Little League fields at the Veterans Memorial Park.

In popular culture

Letchworth Village was mentioned as a psychiatric hospital in Rockland County that closed down. It was later featured as a key setting in a scene on the TV series Elementary in the season 3 episode 14 entitled "The Female of Species" which originally on February 12, 2015.

References

External links
 History and photos of the abandoned campus.
 History, present day photos, and video of the Letchworth Village grounds.
 Aerial drone video of the exterior of the hospital building at Letchworth Village, taken in June 2021.
 Aerial drone video of the exterior of the Stewart Hall Boys' Dormitory at Letchworth Village, taken in July 2021.
 Drone video of the Old Letchworth Village Cemetery, taken in August 2021.
 LetchworthVillage.info

Buildings and structures in Rockland County, New York
Defunct hospitals in New York (state)
Hospitals established in 1911
Psychiatric hospitals in New York (state)
Unused buildings in New York (state)
1996 disestablishments in New York (state)

Letchworth Village


Animal Crossing, known in Japan as  is a 2001 social simulation game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. As such, it is the first game in the Animal Crossing series, and is also an enhanced version of the Nintendo 64 game  which was only released in Japan earlier the same year, and was followed by another edition,  in 2003.

Animal Crossing is an endless and non-linear game in which a human takes up residence in a village inhabited by anthropomorphic animals. The main goal of the game is to save money in order to pay off the mortgage on the human's house. This requires collecting natural materials and selling them. The human can engage in everyday life in the village, interact with the animals, attend events, and contribute to the village's development. The game's western localization differs significantly from the original release in that Japanese holidays and cultural references are replaced with Western ones.

The game was originally conceived as a role-playing adventure, with the main action taking place in dungeons. However, development was stalled by the failure of the 64DD peripheral. Reviewing the existing developments, designer Katsuya Eguchi decided to create a non-linear life simulator, which would carry the themes of family, friendship, and community as well as allow several players to develop a virtual town at different times. Eguchi also wanted to create a game that catered to a wider audience inclusive of those unfamiliar with video games.

Animal Crossing was a critical and commercial success domestically and internationally, attracting many non-traditional gaming audiences. Critics praised the game's unusual but immersive and addictive gameplay, which was devoid of purpose and stressful elements. Criticisms centered on its outdated graphics and simple art style. The game is considered one of the earliest examples of the casual game genre, and marked the beginning of a franchise of the same name, which saw further success in its sequels.

Gameplay

Animal Crossing is a social simulation game, dubbed a "communication game" by Nintendo. It is open-ended, and the player's character can live a separate life with very little set plot or mandatory tasks. Players assume the role of a new resident to the town. The gender and looks of the character depend on answers given to a cat named Rover, whom the player meets on the train the character takes to the town. There are also tasks that players can complete and goals they can achieve. The game is played in real-time, observing days, weeks, months and years using the GameCube's internal clock. Many real-life events and holidays span the year, including Independence Day, Halloween, the Harvest Festival (Thanksgiving), and Toy Day (Christmas). Other activities, such as fishing tournaments and early-morning fitness classes, occur on a regular schedule. When players stop playing, they can talk to their Gyroid, a creature next to their house, to save their progress. If the player turns off the game or resets the GameCube without saving first, what they achieved during the previous unsaved game is lost, but everything else is kept; however a mole named Mr. Resetti appears in front of the player's house the next time they play, to scold them for resetting and forces a drawn out conversation with the player. Rarely, Don Resetti will appear instead of Mr. Resetti, Don Resetti is the older brother of Mr. Resetti but they both have opposite personalities, Don Resetti advises the player of saving the game instead of getting angry at the player for not saving like Mr. Resetti.

One of the main goals of the game, given to the player during the game's opening cut scenes, is to increase the size of the player's character's house. This house is the repository for furniture and other items acquired during the course of the game. It can be customized in several ways, such as roof colour, furniture, music, wallpaper and flooring. These customisations are judged by the Happy Room Academy (HRA).

Tom Nook, a tanuki (raccoon dog) in the Japanese versions and a raccoon in the American and European versions, runs the local store. At the beginning of the game, he gives the player their first house with a mortgage of 19,800 Bells (the in-game currency). After paying the debt, part of which is done through a part-time job with Nook, the house is expanded, prompting another debt from Nook. The house is expanded several times during the course of the game. Players can sell virtually anything to Nook in exchange for Bells. As the player buys and sells items at Nook's store, it will gradually expand, offering a wider selection of products for purchase. Players can also visit locations such as the Able Sisters' clothing shop, where they can purchase or design new clothes; the Police Station, where they can obtain additional items from the Lost and Found; and the Museum, where they can donate fossils, paintings, fish and insects to put on display.

The village initially contains six villagers, and more villagers move in or out depending on the player's actions. There is a maximum of fifteen villagers living there at a time. All villagers are animals and each has a home that the player can visit. There are many possible interactions between the player and the villagers, including talking, trading items, completing tasks, writing letters, and, in e+, buying medicine for when they get sick. Villagers interact with each other independent of player control.

Multiplayer
Up to four players can take turns creating their own houses in a single village. They can each affect the village in their own ways, communicate with each other via the town board and mail, and share in the experiences of the village. Multiple players can take turns shipping items to each other via Tom Nook, using a system of codes. Multiplayer NES games are available.

The traveling system allows each player to visit other players' villages. This system requires an additional memory card with the game's data, and three blocks of memory to save travel data. Players can meet new villagers, shop at stores, drop items, and do almost anything else that they can do in their own town. Visitors have reduced privileges and do not receive the same services that they would in their own town. For example, another town's Tom Nook will not travel to paint a roof, which means players cannot buy paint in another town. After visiting another town, one of the villagers may move to the visited town. If the visited town has a full fifteen villagers, this will prompt someone from the visited town to move away. Depending upon how many memory cards a player or their friends own, there can be many other villages to see and different items to find. If a player interacts with a villager who has moved away from their village to the visited village, the villager will remember the player.

Game Boy Advance connectivity
Game Boy Advance connectivity plays a role in Animal Crossing, using a Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable. Each town has an island that can be accessed by plugging in a Game Boy Advance with a GameCube link cable. A character called Kapp'n ferries the player to the island for free. An exclusive animal roams the island, with whom the player can become friends. The island has an exclusive type of fruit: coconuts. The player can also decorate a small communal beach house and fish at the shores. On leaving, the player can download the island to a GBA and give fruit to the villager, who drops Bells; if the player returns to the island, they can pick up the money that has been dropped. Players can leave the islander tools to use, such as the shovel or net. Downloaded islands can be traded between GBAs, using a Game Boy Advance Link Cable.

The Game Boy Advance can be used when shopping at the Able Sisters. The pattern design tool can be downloaded to a Game Boy Advance, and the player can then upload designs made on a Game Boy Advance to the GameCube. This feature can be accessed by plugging in a Game Boy Advance with a GameCube Game Boy Advance Cable and talking to Mabel in the Able Sisters shop. The game is also compatible with the e-Reader; by visiting the Post Office while connected to the accessory via the Game Boy Advance link cable, players can scan Animal Crossing themed cards to receive new items, town tunes, or pattern designs.

Nintendo Entertainment System games
Players can collect various Nintendo Entertainment System games in Animal Crossing, which are playable via emulation. North American releases were packaged with a memory card that automatically gave the player two games upon creating a game file. Others are acquired in various ways, such as gifts from villagers, hidden on the island, or via special giveaways from Nintendo's website. The available NES games differ slightly between each release.

The following NES games are available for play:

Four additional NES games are not obtainable in-game through normal means. In North America, two of these games, Ice Climber and Mario Bros., were released through the use of two e-Reader cards, which were not distributed in Europe or Japan. Japanese players received Ice Climber as a gift if they used a special service provided by Nintendo to transfer their save data from Dōbutsu no Mori to Dōbutsu no Mori+; this service has since been discontinued. Super Mario Bros. was distributed in Japan as a Famitsu prize to Dōbutsu no Mori+ players. The Legend of Zelda exists in the game's code, but is not accessible in-game. These four bonus games can be obtained using a cheat device in earlier GameCube releases, but were removed in Dōbutsu no Mori e+.

The Advance Play feature allows players to link a Game Boy Advance to the GameCube and temporarily transfer the NES game to the handheld. This is not compatible with games that were originally produced for the Famicom Disk System, such as Clu Clu Land D and The Legend of Zelda, or are larger than 192 KB, such as Punch-Out!! and Wario's Woods, as they cannot fit into the GBA's RAM. All other games can be played via Advance Play, but multiplayer functionality is not supported and their graphics appear slightly squashed on the GBA's display due to its smaller vertical resolution.

An additional NES furniture item was intended to allow players to emulate other NES titles not included with the game by reading NES ROMs stored on the player's memory card. While the emulator remains accessible in the final game, no additional ROMs were ever distributed, leaving the feature ultimately unused. In 2018, an independent software developer managed to reverse engineer the emulation software and convert ROMs into a compatible format, allowing new NES games to be imported into the Animal Crossing emulator.

Development and release
The game was developed by Nintendo EAD with an inexperienced team led by Katsuya Eguchi, Hisashi Nogami, and Super Mario co-creator Takashi Tezuka, most of whom had regrouped after the release of Yoshi's Story in 1997. The 64DD peripheral served as an enabling technology platform for the conception and development of the game, with its real-time clock and  floppy disk for writable mass storage. Due to 64DD's extended delays and cancellation, the game's development was moved to the Game Pak cartridge mediumthe only Game Pak containing a real-time clockplus a Controller Pak for saving progress. Kazumi Totaka served as the game's sound director. Kenta Nagata composed background music for the fields, Toru Minegishi for the indoor areas and Shinobu Tanaka for the events. The game was originally released as Dōbutsu no Mori (lit. "Animal Forest") on the Nintendo 64 in Japan in April 2001. It is the last game Nintendo released for the Nintendo 64, and third to last game released for the system in Japan.

The game was ported to the GameCube as Dōbutsu no Mori+, released on December 14, 2001, in Japan, eight months after the original game. This version contains extra features that were originally left out of the Nintendo 64 version, and uses the GameCube's built-in clock. This led to the game's slogan, "the real life game that's playing, even when you're not". Dōbutsu no Mori+ cost  with 92,568 copies sold during its first week in Japan.

When Nintendo began localizing Dōbutsu no Mori+ for release in North America as Animal Crossing, the game underwent an immense translation project, which resulted in much more text than the Japanese version. Not only did thousands of lines of text have to be translated, but translators Nate Bihldorff and Rich Amtower had to create new holidays and items to be relatable outside of Japan. The translation process took six months total, which at the time was Nintendo of America's largest translation project to date. Nintendo's Japanese leadership was so impressed with the work done by Nintendo of America's Treehouse division that they added the American content back into the Japanese version and released it as Dōbutsu no Mori e+ along with more new content. It was released in Japan on June 27, 2003, with 91,658 copies sold during its first week.

Reception

Upon its release, Animal Crossing was subject to critical acclaim. It was named the seventh best game of all time on the GameCube by the television show X-Play on the G4 network. On IGN, the game holds an "outstanding" 9.1 rating.

Some critics praised the game's use of the GameCube's internal clock and calendar and its inclusion of hidden NES games. However, others, such as IGNs Peer Schneider, criticized its audio and visuals, for being below-standard quality for a GameCube game. According to the review aggregator site Metacritic, the game received a score of 87 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews" based on 42 critics. According to GameRankings, the game received a score of 86% based on 72 reviews. The game was a commercial success, at more than 2 million copies sold worldwide. By July 2006, 1.3 million copies had been sold, totaling $43 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 37th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. It is one of the best-selling Nintendo GameCube games. ScrewAttack rated it the fifth-best GameCube game on its "Farewell to the GameCube, ten GameCube games" list, saying, "It's a game that plays even when you're not and can last up to 30 years!" The popularity of the series inspired the creation of an animated film based on the game's sequel Animal Crossing: Wild World, titled Dōbutsu no Mori, which was released exclusively in Japan.

Accolades
During the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards), the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded Animal Crossing with "Outstanding Innovation in Console Gaming", "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design", and "Console Role-Playing Game of the Year"; it also received nominations for "Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering", "Console Game of the Year", and "Game of the Year".

GameSpot named it the best GameCube game of September 2002, and gave the game its annual "Best Role-Playing Game on GameCube" award. It was a runner-up for GameSpots 2002 "Game of the Year on GameCube" prize, but lost to Metroid Prime. The game was ranked 126th in Electronic Gaming Monthly's "The Greatest 200 Video Games of Their Time" in 2006. In 2021, The Strong National Museum of Play inducted Animal Crossing to its World Video Game Hall of Fame.

Notes

References

External links
Japanese Doubutsu no Mori (Nintendo 64) website
European Animal Crossing (GameCube) website

2001 video games
Social simulation video games
Video game remakes
Animal Crossing video games
IQue games
GameCube games
Games with GameCube-GBA connectivity
Nintendo 64 games
Cancelled 64DD games
Life simulation games
Nintendo video game compilations
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Video games about raccoons
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games produced by Takashi Tezuka
Video games scored by Kazumi Totaka
Video games scored by Toru Minegishi
Video games developed in Japan
World Video Game Hall of Fame
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Animal Crossing (video game)


Moses Znaimer  (; born 1942) is a Tajik-born Canadian   media executive of Jewish descent. He is the co-founder and former head of Citytv, the first independent television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the current head of ZoomerMedia.

Early life and education
Znaimer was born to Jewish parents (Aron Znaimer and Chaya Znaimer née Epelsweig) from Latvia and Poland, who had fled the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union and relocated to Kulob in the Soviet republic of Tajikistan. Following the war, his family lived in a German Displaced Persons camp, arriving in Halifax before ultimately ending up in Montreal in 1948 where they settled in a third-floor flat on Montréal's storied Saint Urbain Street.

In his youth, Znamier attended United Talmud Torah and then Herzliah High School in the United Talmud Torahs of Montreal private school system, where he developed a reputation for the quality of his voice while performing Friday services. He has remarked that the young women flocking to hear him sing the prayers gave him a taste of what it is like to have groupies.

He graduated from McGill University in Montreal with a B.A. in philosophy and politics (and served as president of the McGill Debating Union), and from Harvard University with an M.A. in government in the mid-1960s.

CBC
Znaimer's career in broadcasting began when he joined the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in the mid-1960s in Montreal and Ottawa. He became well known for his work as host of CBC Radio's Cross Country Checkup, as well as co-host of CBC Television's Take 30 with Adrienne Clarkson. After being denied the opportunity to pursue his creative vision at the CBC, Znaimer quit and went into private broadcasting.

Citytv
With all of the VHF television licences in Toronto taken, Znaimer and a partnership applied for and was awarded the city's first UHF commercial broadcasting licence, on channel 79. Citytv launched in 1972, and changed frequency to channel 57 in 1983. With Citytv, he gradually began to pioneer a distinctive style of broadcasting, inspired in part by Marshall McLuhan, which emphasized a strongly local, hip and casual format aimed at young audiences.

In 1981, Toronto-based media conglomerate CHUM Limited purchased Citytv, and Znaimer became vice-president of CHUM and executive producer for all of City's programming.  By 1984 Znaimer's vision of a 24-hour music video station was realized with the creation of MuchMusic.  Much like City, MuchMusic emphasized the liveness and spontaneity of television, relying largely on hand-held cameras, and impromptu shots of VJs taken just about anywhere in the CHUM-City offices. MusiquePlus, a joint venture based in Montreal and catering to the French-speaking audiences of Canada, was launched in 1986. In 1987 CHUM-City purchased a former publishing building in Toronto's downtown west end and renovated it into the CHUM-City Building, a landmark media centre.

Throughout the 1990s, Znaimer presided over a considerable expansion of the CHUM-City television empire. Bravo! was launched as a new style arts channel in 1995, and Space in 1997.  He continued his original vision for television with the launching of Canada's first 24-hour local news station, CablePulse 24 in 1998. Further cable channels included Canadian Learning Television, Star!, Drive-In Classics, FashionTelevisionChannel, BookTelevision, CourtTV Canada, SexTV: The Channel, MuchLOUD and MuchVibe. Znaimer also oversaw the launch of Citytv Vancouver.

Znaimer left Citytv and CHUM Limited in April 2003, but stayed on in certain production roles. He co-founded and for a time served as chairman of Cannasat Therapeutics, a publicly traded company pioneering a new class of drugs from marijuana; he continues as a shareholder and advisor to the company.

Ultimately, CHUM Limited was acquired in 2007 by CTVglobemedia and the Citytv stations (including CITY and CKVU) are now owned by Rogers Media.

ZoomerMedia
In 2006, Moses Znaimer filed an application with the CRTC to acquire CFMX-FM, a commercial classical music radio station licensed to Cobourg with a rebroadcaster in Toronto. In 2008 he gained CRTC approval to relaunch the Toronto rebroadcaster as a full-fledged station, using  the call sign CFMZ-FM to reflect his initials. In September 2007, he announced a deal to acquire CHWO, a pop standards AM station in Toronto.  The station had operated from the former transmitter of CBC Radio outlet CBL, allowing it to blanket most of the eastern half of North America at night and much of the Great Lakes region and northern United States during the day.  Znaimer officially took control of the station in 2008 and rechristened it  CFZM. In addition to pop standards, it also offers news and some public-service talk programming, primarily aimed at the Toronto and southern Ontario market region, as well as a weeknight hour devoted to rebroadcasting classic radio dramatic and dramatic shows, usually programs first produced for the U.S. networks between the late 1930s and the late 1950s.

He also announced a subsequent deal to acquire web developer Fifty-Plus Net International, with the intention of launching a social networking website similar to MySpace or Facebook but aimed at older adults.

In 2008, Znaimer officially incorporated ZoomerMedia to operate his new media holdings. In June 2009, the company announced a deal to acquire the media assets of S-VOX, which operated several channels of religiously-oriented television programming, for $25 million.

Personal life
In 2005, Znaimer received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts, for his lifetime contributions to broadcasting. In 2006, he was made a member of the Order of Ontario.

An avid collector of vintage television sets, including the set David Sarnoff presented at the 1939 World's Fair, Znaimer's MZTV Museum of Television is located at The ZoomerPlex (ZoomerMedia building), in the Liberty Village area of Toronto.

References

External links
 Official Web Site
 CARP
 Zoomer Magazine
 50 Plus
 AM 740 Zoomer Radio
 Classical 96.3 FM Toronto
 MZTV Museum of Television

1942 births
Businesspeople from Montreal
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian chief executives
Canadian company founders
Canadian Jews
Canadian people of Latvian-Jewish descent
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Canadian people of Tajikistani descent
Canadian media executives
Canadian talk radio hosts
Canadian television executives
Canadian television hosts
CBC Radio hosts
Citytv people
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
McGill University alumni
Members of the Order of Ontario
Soviet emigrants to Canada
Soviet Jews
Tajikistani Jews

People of Tajikistani-Jewish descent
Governor General's Award winners

Moses Znaimer


Charlotte Elizabeth Whitton  (March 8, 1896 – January 25, 1975) was a Canadian feminist and mayor of Ottawa. She was the first woman mayor of a major city in Canada, serving from 1951 to 1956 and again from 1960 to 1964. Whitton was a Canadian social policy pioneer, leader and commentator, as well as a journalist and writer.

Early life and education
Charlotte Elizabeth Hazeltyne Whitton was born in Renfrew, Ontario, a small Ottawa Valley town about 100 km northwest of Ottawa.

She attended Queen's University, where she was the star of the women's hockey team, and was known as the fastest skater in the league. At Queen's, she also served as editor of the Queen's Journal newspaper in 1917; and was the newspaper's first female editor. She was a top student, winning several scholarships at Queen's. She earned her Master of Arts degree in 1917.

Career and accomplishments
From Queen's, she became a civil servant as the private secretary for Thomas Low, MP and Minister of Trade in Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's first government.

When Low lost his parliamentary seat, Whitton then focused on her role as founding director (1922) of the Canadian Council on Child Welfare, and worked there to 1941. This became the Canadian Welfare Council, now the Canadian Council on Social Development, and helped bring about a wide array of new legislation to help children and immigrants.

In 1934, Whitton was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire at the 1934 New Year Honours.

She served on the League of Nations Social Questions Committee.

Whitton was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by Queen's in 1941.

She published two books in 1943 (see below).

Despite her strong views on women's equality, Whitton was a strong social conservative, and did not support making divorce easier. She was a regular columnist in Ottawa's daily newspapers.

Political career
Whitton was elected to Ottawa's Board of Control in 1950, leading the city-wide polls, and started her term on January 1, 1951.

Upon the unexpected death of mayor Grenville Goodwin in August of the same year, only some eight months into his term, Whitton was immediately appointed acting mayor, and on 30 September 1951 was confirmed by city council to remain mayor until the end of the normal three-year term.

Whitton is sometimes mistakenly credited as the first woman ever to serve as a mayor in Canada, but this distinction is in fact held by Barbara Hanley, who became mayor of the small Northern Ontario town of Webbwood in 1936. Whitton is the first woman to serve as mayor of a large Canadian city.

Whitton was elected Ottawa mayor in the general municipal election in her own right in 1953, serving until 1956. She turned it into a full-time job.

She ran again for mayor of Ottawa in 1960, and was elected, serving until 1964, when she was defeated on her try for re-election.

Opposes new flag
Whitton was a staunch defender of Canada's traditions, and, as Ottawa mayor, condemned Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson's proposal in 1964 for new national flag to replace the traditional Canadian Red Ensign. Whitton dismissed Pearson's design as a 'white badge of surrender, waving three dying maple leaves' which might as well be 'three white feathers on a red background,' a symbol of cowardice. 'It is a poor observance of our first century as a nation if we run up a flag of surrender with three dying maple leaves on it,' she said. For Whitton, the Red Ensign, with its Union Jack and coat of arms containing symbols of England, Scotland, Ireland and France (or a similar flag with traditional symbols on it) would be a stronger embodiment of the Canadian achievement in peace and war.

She became well-known for her assertiveness, and for her vicious wit with which many male colleagues, and once the Lord Mayor of London, were attacked. She is noted for the quotation: "Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult."

On October 23, 1955, while mayor, Whitton appeared on the Sunday evening American game show What's My Line.

In the 1958 federal election, Whitton made her only attempt to run for Parliament, in the riding of Ottawa West, as the Progressive Conservative nominee. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and Ontario Premier Leslie Frost campaigned for her. However, she lost to Liberal Party incumbent George McIlraith by 1,425 votes. McIlraith held the riding from 1940 to 1968, and Whitton's challenge was the closest he faced during that period.

Whitton was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1967.

She ran for the position of city alderwoman (councillor) in 1967, and was elected, serving until 1972.

Accusations of racism
Whitton had many remarkable achievements, but her story is framed by current controversy over some of her actions.

She has been accused in print of espousing, "a 'scientific' racism that viewed groups such as Jews and Armenians as 'undesirable' immigrants." (Open Your Hearts: The Story of the Jewish War Orphans in Canada by Fraidie Martz)

In 1938, she attended a conference in Ottawa to launch the Canadian National Committee on Refugees (CNCR). She showed opposition to some of the other attendees' arguments. A common belief is that she was directly opposed to Jews and in particular Jewish children. Oscar Cohen of the Canadian Jewish Congress is reported to have said she "almost broke up the inaugural meeting of the congress on refugees by her insistent opposition and very apparent anti-Semitism." This sentiment is countered by the official record, which includes notes from her presentation, including "lobby the government to initiate a long-term refugee program ..." and an interest in protecting all at risk, "particularly Hebrews in the Reich and in Italy."

According to the Canadian Jewish Congress: "Certainly in the course of the Second World War and the Holocaust, she was instrumental in keeping Jewish orphans out of Canada because of her belief that Jews would not make good immigrants and were basically inferior."

As Mayor in 1964, she declined Bertram Loeb's $500,000 donation to the City's Ottawa Civic Hospital. The official rationale was that the city could not afford to keep the centre operating. The sentiment exists that she "simply didn't want the name of a Jewish family on an Ottawa hospital building.".

According to Patricia Rooke (co-author of a 1987 biography of Whitton), Whitton was a "complete anglophile" who opposed all non-British immigration to Canada. "Charlotte Whitton was a racist," according to Rooke. "Her anti-Semitism, I think, was the least of it. She was quite racist about the Ukrainians, for example. She really didn't like the changing character of Canadian society."

In opposition to the anti-Semite argument, Whitton was well received by various Jewish organizations in her lifetime, including B'nai B'rith and various Jewish-centred publications. She was also a supporter of—and the first to sign the nomination papers of—the first Jewish Mayor of Ottawa, Lorry Greenberg, who served as Ottawa mayor from 1975–1978.

In 2011 Whitton's name was kept off a new Archives Building in Ottawa due to this controversy.

Personal life
Whitton never married, but lived for years in a Boston marriage living arrangement with Margaret Grier (1892 – December 9, 1947). Her relationship with Grier was not widespread public knowledge until 1999, 24 years after Whitton's death, when the National Archives of Canada publicly released the last of her personal papers, including many intimate personal letters between Whitton and Grier. The release of these papers sparked much debate in the Canadian media about whether the relationship between Whitton and Grier could be characterized as lesbian, or merely as an emotionally intimate friendship between two unmarried women. However, Whitton never publicly identified as lesbian during her political career, and Grier died before Whitton was elected as mayor, so Whitton could not be credited as Canada's first out LGBT mayor regardless of the nature of her relationship with Grier.

Grier died in 1947 and she is buried at Thompson Hill Cemetery, Thompson Hill, Horton, Ontario, Canada. In 1975 Whitton was buried alongside her.

Portrayals
Whitton's relationship with Grier was dramatized in a 2008 play called Molly's Veil written by Canadian playwright and actor Sharon Bajer. Bajer was inspired to write the play after reading letters written between Whitton and Grier, and used these as the basis for the play. The play explores Whitton's relationship with her partner Grier, portraying Whitton as a loving partner in a lesbian relationship and deals with the tension between Whitton's private life and her public one.

Major works
 "The Dawn Of Ampler Life", 1943.
 "A Hundred Years A-Fellin'", 1943. (1842-1942, A History of Logging by the Gillies Family and Others, in the Ottawa Valley)

Legacy
The Ontario Heritage Trust erected a plaque for Charlotte Elizabeth Whitton, O.C., C.B.E. 1896-1975 in the council chambers, Ottawa City Hall, 111 Sussex Drive, Ottawa. "A controversial fighter for social reform, Charlotte Whitton served on the Canadian Council on Child Welfare (later the Canadian Welfare Council) and on the League of Nations Social Questions Committee. In 1951, she was elected mayor of Ottawa."

Two biographies of Whitton were published in 1987 and 2010 (see below). Author David Mullington's 2010 work Charlotte: The Last Suffragette won the 2011 Donald Grant Creighton Award for biography from the Ontario Historical Society.

Whitton has entries in the Queen's University Encyclopedia and The Canadian Encyclopedia.

See also
 No Bleeding Heart: Charlotte Whitton: A Feminist on the Right, by P.T. Rooke and R.L. Schnell, 1987, UBC Press, Vancouver, .
 Charlotte: The Last Suffragette, by David Mullington, 2010, General Store Publishing House, .

References

CBC Radio Archives: Charlotte Whitton, 1 October 1951. Retrieved 12 August 2006

External links

Charlotte Elizabeth Whitton fonds at Queen's University Archives
Charlotte loved Margaret - Was Ottawa's former mayor in a 'Bostonian marriage' - or lesbian relationship? story by Derek Meade, Xtra  March 11, 1999

1896 births
1975 deaths
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Women mayors of places in Ontario
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian people of English descent
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1958 Canadian federal election
Mayors of Ottawa
Officers of the Order of Canada
Writers from Ottawa
People from Renfrew County
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Ottawa controllers
20th-century Canadian women politicians
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian women writers
20th-century Canadian journalists

Charlotte Whitton


Ardhapur taluka is a taluka in Nanded district of Maharashtra an Indian state. It is a part of Nanded subdivision.

Nanded district
Nanded district is divided into three subdivisions viz. Nanded subdivision, Deglur subdivision and Kinwat subdivisions. There were 16 talukas in Nanded district as of November, 2014, viz. Nanded, Ardhapur, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur, Dharmabad, Hadgaon,  Himayatnagar, Kandhar, Kinwat, Loha,  Mahur, Mudkhed, Mukhed, Naigaon, and Umri. In 1981, there were eight talukas in the district, viz. Nanded, Hadgaon, Kinwat, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur (Degloor), Mukhed and Kandhar. The talukas of Mahur, Himayatnagar, Umari, Dharmabad, Mudkhed, Loha, Ardhapur and Naigaon (Naygaon) were formed on 26 June 1999.

References

Talukas in Nanded district

Ardhapur taluka


The Al-Fatiha Foundation is an organization which advances the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims. It was founded in 1997 by Faisal Alam, a Pakistani American, and is registered as a nonprofit organization in the United States. Imam Daayiee Abdullah is also a board member of the Al-Fatiha Foundation.

History

The organization grew out of an internet listserve that brought together many gay, lesbian, and questioning Muslims from 25 countries, and by 1998 had developed numerous in-person chapters. Al-Fatiha has 14 chapters in the United States, as well as offices in England, Canada, Spain, Turkey, and South Africa.

The name means "the Opening" and is shared with Al-Fatiha or the first surah of the Qur'an. In the beginning of that surah, Allah is described as compassionate and merciful; the organization's founders believe that these attributes characterize Islam, rather than hatred and homophobia.

Each year, Al-Fatiha hosts an international membership retreat and conference. Early conferences took place in Boston, New York, and London in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and focused on issues such as the reconciliation of religion and sexual orientation.

References

1997 establishments in the United States
Islamic organizations based in the United States
LGBT in the United States
LGBT rights

Al-Fatiha Foundation


James "Jim" Ray Hart (October 30, 1941 – May 19, 2016) was an American. He played for the National League's San Francisco Giants from 1963 to 1973 and the New York Yankees in 1973 and 1974. Hart batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Hookerton, North Carolina.

In a 12-season career, Hart posted a .278 batting average, with 170 home runs and 578 runs batted in (RBIs) in 1,125 Major League games played.

Hart died in Acampo, California on May 19, 2016 after a long-illness, aged 74.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
San Francisco Giants players
New York Yankees players
Sportspeople from North Carolina

Jim Ray Hart


The RKA Mission Control Center (), also known by its acronym TsUP (ЦУП) or by its radio callsign Mission Control Moscow, is the mission control center of Roscosmos. It is located in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, on Pionerskaya Street near the S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia plant.

It contains an active control room for the International Space Station. It also houses a memorial control room for the Mir space station where the last few orbits of Mir before it burned up in the atmosphere are shown on the display screens.

TsUP provides practical flight control for spacecraft of several different classes: crewed orbital complexes, spaceships, space probes and civilian, and scientific satellites. At the same time, it carries out scientific and engineering research and development of methods, algorithms, and tools for control problems, ballistics, and navigation.

Notes

References

External links

Science and technology in Russia
Space program of Russia
Roscosmos
Soviet and Russian space program locations

RKA Mission Control Center


Valerie Hoffman is an academic scholar on Islamic studies expertise on religion, anthropology of Islam and Ibadi studies.

Biography
Valerie Hoffman is Professor and Head of the Department of Religion at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and specialises in Islamic thought and practice.  She received her BA in Anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania and her MA and PhD in Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations from the University of Chicago.  She has a broad range of research interests, including classical Islamic theology, Islamic philosophy, Sufism, gender ideology, Ibadism and modern Islamic thought. She has used diverse methodologies, ranging from anthropological-style fieldwork to the study of manuscripts.  She is the author of Sufism, Mystics and Saints in Modern Egypt (University of South Carolina Press, 1995) and The Essentials of Ibāḍī Islam (Syracuse University Press, 2012), and is the editor of Making the New Middle East: Politics, Culture, and Human Rights (Syracuse University Press, 2018).  She has also written articles on Sufism, Islamic gender ideology, Ibāḍī Islam, human rights, and contemporary Islamic thought.  She was a Fulbright research fellow in Egypt (1987-1988) and in Oman and Yemen (2000-2001) and was a Carnegie scholar in Oman in 2009-2010.  She served on the board of directors of the Middle East Studies Association of North America and on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Middle East Studies and the Journal of the American Academy of Religion.  Her current book project is Islamic Sectarianism Reconsidered: Ibāḍī Islam in the Modern Age.

Works

 Hoffman, Valerie J.: (1995) Sufism, Mystics and Saints in Modern Egypt. Columbia: SC University of South Carolina, 1995.
 Hoffman, Valerie J.: (2012) The essentials of Ibāḍī Islam (Jawāhir al-ʿAqīda al-Ibāḍiyya). Syracuse (New York): Syracuse University Press, 2012. .

References

External links
 Lecture on Ibadi Islam at NYU-Abu Dhabi

Living people
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Ibadi Islam
Ibadi studies
Year of birth missing (living people)

Valerie Hoffman (academic)


Church of St Mary is a  Grade I listed church in Stevington, Bedfordshire, England. It became a listed building on 13 July 1964. It is the Anglican parish church of Stevington, and is part of the Diocese of St Albans

The first church on this site, as recorded, was started in about 880 AD and the tower is the surviving part of this; the rest of the building was added later, and completed in about 1480.  The church underwent significant rebuilding in 1872, sponsored by the Duke of Bedford who was Patron until 1971.

The church has been without permanent clergy since the early 1980s and has relied upon Non-Stipendiary ministry ever since.

It is currently in interregnum, the last Priest In Charge, Rev David Hunter, a New Zealander having resigned the post in 2006.

It is believed that the body of Napoleon Bonaparte's valet from his exile on St Helena is buried in the churchyard, however, parish records are incomplete and the brick vault is too weathered for identification.

The interior of the church boasts some particularly intricate Tudor carved pew ends as well as a fine rood screen now moved to the tower.

See also
Grade I listed buildings in Bedfordshire

References

External links
St Mary The Virgin Church website

Church of England church buildings in Bedfordshire
Grade I listed churches in Bedfordshire

Church of St Mary, Stevington


The National Psychosis Unit is a national treatment centre for patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, in the United Kingdom. The unit is a tertiary referral centre in the National Health Service. It is located at the Bethlem Royal Hospital, part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. It is closely affiliated to the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and forms part of the Psychosis Clinical Academic Group of King's Health Partners.

History
The Unit was set up in the early 1990s. It was one of the first units in the UK to offer the antipsychotic drug clozapine, following its reintroduction in the UK in 1990.

Staff
The service has a multidisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, pharmacists and psychologists, many of whom work part of their time as clinical scientists and researchers, investigating the causes of psychotic disorders, and the effectiveness of both existing and new treatments.

 Sir Robin Murray, Professor of Psychiatric Research at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, is a prominent member of staff at National Psychosis Unit.

Treatment
The National Psychosis Unit specialises in evidence-based treatment for people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other similar disorders, particularly where local treatment has been unsuccessful or only partially successful in relieving symptoms. Anyone receiving NHS treatment can access the service free of charge following a referral by the person's psychiatrist or general practitioner

The service provides second opinions on medication, diagnosis or any other aspect of care. The service has an outpatient clinic and 24-bedded inpatient facility. As well as pharmaceutical treatments, there is a strong focus on psychological treatments, rehabilitation and recovery, and reducing the risk of readmission through exploring what has led to breakdowns in the past and how to avoid this happening in future. The Unit also hosts research into the treatment of psychosis, including clinical trials of new treatments for psychosis.  The National Psychosis Carers' Group, which meets monthly, supports the carers and families of people with psychosis and allows them a forum for discussion.

Links with other organisations
The National Psychosis Unit has strong links with the Department of Psychosis Studies at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. The Unit also has longstanding links with mental health charities, including Rethink and SANE.

Awards
The Unit won the Hospital Doctor Psychiatric Team of the Year Award in 1997.

See also
 Mental health in the United Kingdom

References

External links

Mental health organisations in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in the United Kingdom

National Psychosis Unit


On July 2, 1982, Larry Walters (April 19, 1949 – October 6, 1993) made a 45-minute flight in a homemade aerostat made of an ordinary patio chair and 45 helium-filled weather balloons. The aircraft rose to an altitude of about , drifted from the point of liftoff in San Pedro, California, and entered controlled airspace near Long Beach Airport. During the landing, the aircraft became entangled in power lines, but Walters was able to climb down safely. The flight attracted worldwide media attention and inspired a movie and numerous imitators.

Background
Lawrence Richard "Larry" Walters had often dreamed of flying, but was unable to become a pilot in the United States Air Force because of his poor eyesight. Instead, he became a truck driver. He first thought of using weather balloons to fly at age 13, after seeing them hanging from the ceiling of a military surplus store.

In 1982, he decided to try his flying idea. His intention was to float over the Mojave Desert and then use a pellet gun to burst some of the balloons in order to land.

Preparation and flight
In mid-1982, Walters and his girlfriend at the time, Carol Van Deusen, purchased 45  weather balloons and obtained helium tanks from California Toy Time Balloons. They used a forged requisition from his employer, FilmFair Studios, saying the balloons were for a television commercial.

On July 2, 1982, Walters attached 43 of the balloons to his lawn chair, filled them with helium, put on a parachute, and strapped himself into the chair in the backyard of a home at 1633 West 7th Street in San Pedro. He took his pellet gun, a CB radio, sandwiches, beer, and a camera. When the cord that tied his lawn chair to his Jeep broke prematurely, before a planned delay to notify authorities, Walters's lawn chair rose rapidly to a height of about  and was spotted from two commercial airliners. He slowly drifted over Long Beach and crossed the primary approach corridor of Long Beach Airport.

He was in contact with REACT, a citizens band radio monitoring organization, who recorded their conversation:

REACT: What information do you wish me to tell [the airport] at this time as to your location and your difficulty?
Larry: Ah, the difficulty is, ah, this was an unauthorized balloon launch, and, uh, I know I'm in a federal airspace, and, uh, I'm sure my ground crew has alerted the proper authority. But, uh, just call them and tell them I'm okay.
REACT: Well, ah, stay safe and try not to chud it up.

After 45 minutes in the sky, Walters shot several balloons, taking care not to unbalance the load. He then accidentally dropped his pellet gun overboard. He descended slowly, until the balloons' dangling cables got caught in a power line at 423 E 44th Way in Long Beach. The power line broke, causing a 20-minute electricity blackout. He landed unharmed on the ground.

Aftermath
Walters was immediately arrested by waiting members of the Long Beach Police Department. Regional safety inspector Neal Savoy was reported to have said, "We know he broke some part of the Federal Aviation Act, and as soon as we decide which part it is, some type of charge will be filed. If he had a pilot's license, we'd suspend that, but he doesn't."  Walters initially was fined $4,000 for violations under U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations, including operating an aircraft within an airport traffic area "without establishing and maintaining two-way communications with the control tower."  Walters appealed, and the fine was reduced to $1,500.  A charge of operating a "civil aircraft for which there is not currently in effect an airworthiness certificate" was dropped, as it was not applicable to his class of aircraft.

Just after landing, Walters spoke to the press, saying:

The aircraft was dubbed Inspiration I. Lawn Chair Larry was awarded the title of "At-Risk Survivor" in the 1993 Darwin Awards.

Ten days after his flight, Walters appeared on Late Night with David Letterman. He was briefly in demand as a motivational speaker, and quit his job as a truck driver. He was featured in a Timex print ad in the early 1990s, but never made much money from his fame.

The lawn chair used in the flight was reportedly given to an admiring boy named Jerry, though Walters regretted doing so when the Smithsonian Institution asked him to donate it to its museum. Twenty years later, Jerry sent an email to Mark Barry, a pilot who had documented Walters's story and dedicated a website to it, and identified himself.  The chair was still sitting in his garage, attached to some of the original tethers and water jugs used as ballast. The chair was placed on loan to the San Diego Air and Space Museum, where it was exhibited in 2014. It was later donated to the Smithsonian and is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.

The song Walters by the American band Pinback from their 2007 album Autumn of the Seraphs is about the event and his life after it.

Later life and death
Later in his life, Walters hiked the San Gabriel Mountains and did volunteer work for the United States Forest Service. He later broke up with his girlfriend of 15 years and could only find work sporadically as a security guard. On October 6, 1993, at the age of 44, Walters died by suicide after shooting himself in the heart in Angeles National Forest.

Other cluster ballooning events
In 1937, Al Mingalone, an American photographer for Paramount News previously used 32 weather balloons for a feature photography assignment at Old Orchard Beach in Maine. While he hung suspended from the balloons by a parachute harness in order to take aerial film footage, Mingalone's mooring rope broke and he was lifted approximately  into the air. A clergyman, Father James J. Mullen, spotted the incident, and after a chase of some , used a .22-caliber rifle to shoot out two of the balloons, thus allowing the photographer to return safely to the ground.

Walters's flight spawned imitators, and allegedly inspired the extreme sport of cluster ballooning.
 On New Year's Day, 1984, in Stow, Massachusetts, Kevin Walsh made a flight to  with 57 helium balloons and descended by parachute. He was cited with four violations of FAA regulations and fined $4,000.
 Guinness World Records recognizes the highest altitude attained via cluster ballooning to be that achieved by Mike Howard (UK) and Steve Davis (USA), who on August 4, 2001, over Los Lunas, NM, USA, used 400 helium balloons to reach a height of over 18,300 feet (5,600 m). Larry Walters is estimated to have reached 16,000 feet (4,900 m) in 1982. His record is not recognized, however, because he did not carry a proper altimeter.
 Yoshikazu Suzuki departed from Lake Biwa in Japan on 23 November 1992 with 23 helium balloons. He was spotted by a Japanese coast guard aeroplane on 25 November 1992, located about  offshore over the Pacific Ocean, at an altitude between , and was never seen again.
 John Ninomiya's flights have been featured on The Science Channel, The History Channel, TechTV, TLC, and MTV.
 On July 7, 2007, Kent Couch, a 47-year-old American gas station owner from Bend, Oregon, reportedly flew  in his lawn chair, landing in a field about  NNW of North Powder, Oregon, about  from the Idaho border. Traveling an average of , Couch used plastic bags filled with  of water as ballast against the 105 large helium balloons tied to his lawn chair. Like Walters, Couch had a BB gun on hand to shoot the balloons in order to initiate descent. After the flight, he developed a way to release helium from the balloons, allowing for a more controlled descent. During a second flight on July 5, 2008, Couch realized his goal of interstate travel when he landed safely in western Idaho. The trip totaled  and took 9 hours and 12 minutes.
 On January 13, 2008, the Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and human-rights defender Adelir Antonio de Carli lifted off from Ampére, Brazil, suspended under 600 helium-filled party balloons, and reached an altitude of  before landing safely in Argentina. On April 20, 2008, lifting off from Paranaguá, Brazil, in an attempt to fly 725 km (450 mi) inland to Dourados, Brazil, he flew using a chair suspended under 1,000 party balloons, reaching an altitude of . Not having checked the weather forecast, he got caught in a storm. He had a GPS but did not know how to operate it. He was last heard on the radio eight hours after liftoff approaching the water after flying off the coast, unable to give his position, and crashed in the Atlantic Ocean; the lower half of his body was found by the Brazilian Navy near an offshore oil platform on July 4, 2008.
 On May 28, 2010, the American adventurer Jonathan Trappe crossed the English Channel by cluster balloon, departing near Challock, England, and crossing over the White Cliffs of Dover at St. Margarets Bay. He made landfall again over Dunkirk, France, and then tracked inland, landing in a farmer's cabbage patch in France. Trappe continued to experiment in cluster ballooning flights. In 2011 he replicated the Up house for a National Geographic television program. In September 2013, he tried to cross the Atlantic, but after taking off in Maine he landed in Canada after being unable to control his balloon.
 On June 8, 2013, Joe Barbera, of La Center, WA launched a lawn chair with cluster balloons and recorded a new altitude record of 21,194 feet (6,460 m). This is a pending world record being considered by Guinness World Records.
 On July 6, 2015, Daniel Boria of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, tied about 100 helium balloons to a garden chair and flew over his city in a publicity stunt. He escaped his balloon pod by cutting himself loose and deploying his parachute.
 On October 20, 2017, Tom Morgan of Bristol, England, reached heights of 8,000 ft (2,438 m) using 100 color helium balloons and has flown 25 km (15.5 miles) over South Africa.
 On September 2, 2020, David Blaine reached  via helium-filled balloons, suspended by harness attached to a cable routed through his sleeve to appear as if holding the balloons by one hand. He had all necessary licenses and permissions, carried an oxygen supply, ADS-B transponder, and remote control of ballast and balloon-popping squibs. He released himself from the balloons and free-fell until his parachute automatically opened at . The balloon was then remotely piloted by the ground team to a safe landing.

See also
 Balloon boy hoax
 Jetpack man, alleged unauthorized aerial vehicle and possible balloon in 2020s California
 Danny Deckchair (2003 film)
 Up (2009 film)
 Wan Hu

References

External links

Newsreel of the event
Check-Six.com: Larry Walters – "Lawn Chair Pilot", longer detail about Walters's flight

Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1982
July 1982 events
1982 in California
San Pedro, Los Angeles
History of Long Beach, California
Los Angeles International Airport
Chairs
Homebuilt aircraft

Lawnchair Larry flight


Baby Boom is a 1987 American romantic comedy movie directed by Charles Shyer and starring Diane Keaton, Sam Shepard, Harold Ramis, Sam Wanamaker, James Spader and Pat Hingle.

It was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards in 1988.

Plot
The movie is about a Manhattan businesswoman (Keaton), who discovers that a long-lost cousin has died, leaving her a fourteen-month-old baby girl as "inheritance".

Reception
Baby Boom did well at the box office; its budget was estimated at $15 million and the box office was $26 million. The reviews of the movie by the movie critics and the audience were mostly positive.

Other websites

1987 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies set in Manhattan
Movies set in Vermont
Movies directed by Charles Shyer

Baby Boom (movie)


Michael Anthony Richardt (born May 24, 1958, at North Hollywood, California) is an American former Major League Baseball second baseman. He played all or part of four seasons in the majors, between  and , mostly for the Texas Rangers. He also played in 16 games for the Houston Astros at the end of the 1984 season.  He threw and batted right-handed and was listed as  tall and .

After a brief trial in 1980, Richardt spent the entire  season in the minor leagues with the Wichita Aeros. There, he led the American Association in batting average at .354. That performance earned him a spot on the Rangers' opening day roster as their starting designated hitter in . After a return trip to the minor leagues in May, he returned to the majors and spent the last four months of the season as the Rangers' regular second baseman. That year, he batted .241 in 119 games, hitting 3 of his 4 career home runs while driving in 43 runs. He also stole 9 bases in 10 attempts.

Richardt started the  season in the same position, but had some problems that season. He got into a fistfight with teammate Mickey Rivers on a plane trip home and by the end of April he was batting just .194. Eventually, he was replaced in the lineup by Wayne Tolleson. Richardt returned to the minor leagues, and received only a few more brief trials over the remainder of the season and in 1984. In May 1984, he was traded to the Astros for Alan Bannister.

Starting  in the minors, Richardt played just 13 games that season, and then was out of organized baseball for two full years. He attempted a comeback in  with the independent Fresno Suns of the California League, and played well enough to get a minor league deal with the Rangers. After playing 28 games for the Tulsa Drillers, however, he was out of baseball for good.

References

Sources

Major League Baseball second basemen
Texas Rangers players
Houston Astros players
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Asheville Tourists players
Tulsa Drillers players
Charleston Charlies players
Wichita Aeros players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Tucson Toros players
Fresno Suns players
Fresno City Rams baseball players
Baseball players from Los Angeles
1958 births
Living people

Mike Richardt


Pair or PAIR or Pairing may refer to:

Government and politics
 Pair (parliamentary convention), matching of members unable to attend, so as not to change the voting margin
 Pair, a member of the Prussian House of Lords
 Pair, the French equivalent of peer, holder of a French Pairie, a French high title roughly equivalent to a member of the British peerage

Mathematics
 2 (number), two of something, a pair
 Unordered pair, or pair set, in mathematics and set theory
 Ordered pair, or 2-tuple, in mathematics and set theory
 Pairing, in mathematics, an R-bilinear map of modules, where R is the underlying ring
 Pair type, in programming languages and type theory, a product type with two component types
 Topological pair, an inclusion of topological spaces

Science and technology
 Couple (app), formerly Pair, a mobile application for two people
 PAIR (puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration), in medicine
 Pairing, a handshaking process in Bluetooth communications
 Pair programming, an agile software development technique
 Pairing (computing), the linking together of devices to allow communications between them
 Twisted pair, a couple of electric wires twisted together

Sports and games
 Pair, a team of two in pair skating
 Pair (cricket), a cricket term for being out for 0 in both innings of a match
 One pair (poker), a type of poker hand
Coxless pair or coxed pair, racing rowing shells

Other uses
 Au pair, a work agreement
 Grow a pair, referring to testicles, a slang term meaning act with more courage
 Patent Application Information Retrieval, an online service providing access to the prosecution histories of U.S. patents and patent applications
 Peer-Allocated Instant Response, for distance learning in the Netherlands
 Wine pairing, the process of pairing food dishes with wine to enhance the dining experience

See also

 Couple (disambiguation), various senses for two joined things
 Even (disambiguation)
 Pear, a fruit
 Pare people, a Tanzanian ethnic group
 Paired t test, Student's t-test for paired data in statistical hypothesis testing

2 (number)

Pair


An exostosis, also known as a bone spur, is the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone. Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to debilitatingly severe, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion. It is most commonly found in places like the ribs, where small bone growths form, but sometimes larger growths can grow on places like the ankles, knees, shoulders, elbows and hips. Very rarely are they on the skull.

Exostoses are sometimes shaped like spurs, such as calcaneal spurs.

Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. Charcot foot, the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, can also leave bone spurs that may then become symptomatic.

They normally form on the bones of joints, and can grow upwards. For example, if an extra bone formed on the ankle, it might grow up to the shin.

When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with osteochondroma. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal.

Osteophytes
Osteophytes are bone spurs that develop on the margins of joints secondary to external stimuli such as osteoarthritis. However, these are not always distinguished from exostoses in any definite way.

Fossil record

Evidence for exostosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Exostosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, Albertosaurus sarcophagus, Allosaurus fragilis, Gorgosaurus libratus, and Poekilopleuron bucklandii.

Hereditary multiple exostoses
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO), is a condition that is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals.  Multiple benign or noncancerous bone tumors develop in the affected individuals. The number and location vary among affected patients. Most people seem unaffected at birth; however, by the age of 12 years, they develop multiple exostoses. Affected individuals commonly complain of palpable and recognizable lumps (exostoses) at about the knees and in the forearms. The condition characteristically occurs bilaterally. It may lead to mild degrees of growth retardation and limb asymmetry. Genu valgum (commonly known as "knock-knees"), ankle valgus, and bowing and shortening of one or both of the forearm bones are common manifestations.

Types
 Buccal exostosis
 Footballer's ankle (exotosis of the ankle bone)
 Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME)
 Subungual exostosis
 Surfer's ear (exostosis of the ear canal)
 Torus mandibularis
 Torus palatinus
 Calcaneal spur (heel spur)

See also
 Ganglion cyst
 List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
 Osteoma
 Osteosclerosis
 Pachyosteosclerosis
 Pachyostosis

References

External links

Bones

et:Kooljaluu
pt:Exostose

Exostosis


Will Ludwigsen is an American writer of horror, mystery, and science fiction. His work has appeared in a number of magazines including Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, Cemetery Dance, Weird Tales, and Strange Horizons. He has also published three collections, including the highly praised In Search Of and Others.

Writing career
Ludwigsen earned his bachelor's degree in English from the University of Florida in 1994, followed by a Masters in the same discipline at the University of North Florida in 2005, and later, an MFA from University of Southern Maine. He is also a 2006 graduate of the Clarion East Writers Workshop. He is currently adjunct faculty at University of North Florida, where he teaches Creative Writing among other courses.

Ludwigesen's 2013 short story collection, In Search of and Others, was nominated for a Shirley Jackson Award for best single author collection. The book was well received, with starred reviews from both Kirkus Reviews and Publishers Weekly, which called it a "hauntingly beautiful collection." The title comes from the documentary television series In Search Of..., which was devoted to "mysterious phenomena" and hosted by Leonard Nimoy.

Bibliography

Collections
 Cthulhu Fhtagn, Baby! and Other Cosmic Insolence (Lethe Press, 2006)
 In Search of and Others (Lethe Press, 2013)

Short fiction
 "Cthulhu Fhtagn, Baby!": Spring 2002, Weird Tales
 "Nessmass": Spring 2002, Whispers From the Shattered Forum #11
 "Representative Sample": Summer 2002, Artemis Magazine
 "The Trespasser": 2002, Cemetery Dance #40
 "And Justice for Doll": September 2003, Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine
 "Bingo": May 2004, Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine
 "Rubbernecker's Lament": October 2004, Chiaroscuro
 "Soured": 2005, Horrorfind (Honorable Mention, Year's Best Fantasy and Horror #18, 2005)
 "Solidity": 2006, Travel Guide to the Haunted Mid-Atlantic (Honorable Mention, Year's Best Fantasy and Horror #20, 2007)
 "Faraji": April/May 2007, Weird Tales
 "My Old Man's Seance": June/July 2007, Weird Tales
 "All Talk": March 2008, Strange Horizons
 "In Search Of": June 2008, Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine
 "A Good Psycho is Hard to Find": 2008, Blood Lite
 "Remembrance is Something Like a House": 2009, Interfictions 2
 "The Speed of Dreams": March 2010, Asimov's Science Fiction
 "The Ghost Factory", Asimov's Science Fiction, 36/10&11 (Oct/Nov 2012)

References

External links
 Will Ludwigsen website
 HorrorWorld column archives

1973 births
American short story writers
American horror writers
Living people
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
University of Florida alumni
University of North Florida alumni

Will Ludwigsen