Death of a Hero is a book by Richard Aldington. It was his first novel, published in 1929. It is thought to be partly about his own life. The story is set during World War I.

Plot
Death of a Hero is the story of a young English artist named George Winterbourne who enlists in the army at the beginning of World War I. The story is told by an unnamed narrator, who speaks in the first person. The narrator claims to have known and served with the main character. The story is divided into three parts.

Book I
The first part details George's family history. His father, a middle-class man from England's countryside, marries a poor woman who falsely believes she is marrying into a monied family. After George's birth, his mother has a series of lovers.

George is brought up to be a proper and patriotic member of English society. He is encouraged to learn his father's insurance business, but fails to do so. After a disagreement with his parents, he relocates to London to become an artist and live a socialite lifestyle.

Book II
The second section of the book deals with George's London life. He ingrains himself in socialite society and engages a number of trendy philosophies.

After he and his lover, Elizabeth, have a pregnancy scare, they decide to marry. Although they do not have a child, the marriage endures. They decide to leave their marriage open. George takes Elizabeth's close friend as a lover, however, and their marriage begins to fall apart. Just as the situation is becoming particularly heated, England declares war on Germany. George decides to enlist.

Book III
George trains for the army and is sent to France. (No particular location in France is mentioned. The town behind the front where George spends much of his time is referred to as M---.) He fights on the front for some time. When he returns home, he finds that he has been so affected by the war that he cannot relate to his friends, including his wife and lover.

The casualty rate among officers is particularly high at the front. When a number of officers in George's unit are killed, he is promoted. Upon spending time with the other officers, he finds them to be cynical and utilitarian. He loses faith in the war quickly.

The story ends with George standing up during a machine-gun barrage. He is killed.

At the end of the book there is a poem written from the point of view of a veteran comparing World War I to the Trojan War.

Censorship
Aldington was a veteran of World War I. He claimed that his novel was accurate in terms of speech and style. It contains a lot of colloquial speech, including profanity, discussion of sexuality and graphic descriptions of the war and of life in the trenches. There was extensive censorship in England and many war novels had been banned or burned as a result. When Aldington first published his novel, he removed or changed a number of sentences in order to make sure the book was published. He insisted that his publishers include a disclaimer in the original printing of the book with the following text:

To my astonishment, my publisher informed me that certain words, phrases, sentences, and even passages, are at present taboo in England. I have recorded nothing which I have not observed in human life, said nothing I do not believe to be true. [...] At my request the publishers are removing what they believe would be considered objectionable, and are placing asterisks to show where omissions have been made. [...] In my opinion it is better for the book to appear mutilated than for me to say what I don't believe.

References

English novels
1929 books

Death of a Hero


"My Legendary Girlfriend" is the first single from the album Separations by British band Pulp. The single was first released in 1991 on 12" vinyl and then in 1996 on CD featuring the original track-listing. "Is This House?" and "This House Is Condemned" were remixed by Parrot (Richard Barratt) and Winston (Winston Hazel).

There is a 7" vinyl limited edition of 500 copies version of the single released in 1992 on Bob Stanley's label Caff Records. The new A-side "My Legendary Girlfriend" was taken from 11 September 1991 live BBC soundcheck. "Sickly Grin" and "Back in L.A." are 1982 and 1984 demos accordingly.

Track listings
All songs written and composed by Pulp.

12" vinyl/CD single
"My Legendary Girlfriend" – 6:44
"Is This House?" – 7:59
"This House Is Condemned" (Remix) – 7:31

7" vinyl
"My Legendary Girlfriend" – 6:51
"Sickly Grin" – 3:12
"Back in L.A." – 2:03

References

1991 singles
1992 singles
Pulp (band) songs
Songs written by Jarvis Cocker
1991 songs
Fire Records (UK) singles

My Legendary Girlfriend


The Sinful Border () is a 1951 West German crime film directed by Robert A. Stemmle and starring Dieter Borsche, Inge Egger and Peter Mosbacher. Jan Hendriks won the German Film Award as Best Newcomer. It focuses on the smuggling of coffee, at the time an expensive luxury, into Germany. It is also known by the alternative title of Illegal Border.

It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Mathias Matthies and Ellen Schmidt.

Cast
 Dieter Borsche as Hans Fischer
 Inge Egger as Marianne Mertens
 Peter Mosbacher as Zollkommissar Dietrich
 Jan Hendriks as Jan Krapp
 Julia Fjorsen as Cilly
 Gisela von Collande as Mutter Mertens
 Alice Treff as Mutter Walters
 Ilse Furstenberg
 Eva Bubat
 Maria Secher
 Hendrikje Simonis
 Ernst Schroder as Hugo Mielke
 Adolf Dell as Vater Mertens
 Adalbert Koffler
 Hans Dieter Zeidler
 Arthur Mainzer
 Hans Halden
 Erich Dunskus
 Cornelia Froboess as Bertha
 Wolfgang Jansen as Heinz Mertens

References

Bibliography
 Baer, Hester. Dismantling the Dream Factory: Gender, German Cinema, and the Postwar Quest for a New Film Language. Berghahn Books, 2012.

External links

1951 films
1951 crime films
German crime films
West German films
1950s German-language films
Films directed by Robert A. Stemmle
Social realism in film
German black-and-white films
Films shot at Spandau Studios
1950s German films

The Sinful Border


Karina Pasian (born July 18, 1991) is an American singer.

Life and career
Karina Pasian was born in New York City and is of mixed Dominican and Armenian descent. Her first language was Russian, and she can sing in six other languages, including English, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Turkish, and French. Growing up in a musical family, she first began taking piano lessons at the age of three from her babysitter, and began classical piano training while in kindergarten. She began working with a vocal coach at the age of eight, and attended the Professional Performing Arts School in New York City along with Taylor Momsen and Mark Indelicato.

In 2003, Pasian met Quincy Jones, who invited her and her family to his home in Bel Air, California. Soon after this, Pasian performed and won on Star Search. She also performed at Quincy Jones' We Are The Future concert in Rome. On June 22, 2007, Pasian performed at the White House for President George W. Bush, in celebration of Black Music Month, making her the first person of Dominican descent to perform there.

Pasian became the subject of a bidding war, when she was 13, between three major record labels: Def Jam, Interscope, and Bad Boy Records. She chose Def Jam in 2006. Her first album First Love was released on August 19, 2008. The first single was "16 @ War" which received some moderate airplay on Urban radio and BET. The album's second single, "Can't Find the Words" was more successful, charting at #88 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Singles chart. Later that year, the album received a nomination for a Grammy Award in the category of "Best Contemporary R&B."

Following her Grammy nomination, she did some touring in addition to recording covers on her YouTube channel. A digital single "Halo" (a cover of Beyoncé's hit single) was released in 2009. Additionally, she recorded a cover of Brandy's hit single "Brokenhearted" with R&B singer Sammie the following year. It was never released until 2011, that Pasian released new material, with an EP titled Trips to Venus EP, Vol. 1 – Holiday Edition on December 12. It was led by the single "Perfectly Different" in addition to a holiday single "The Christmas Song" released that same month.

In 2012, Pasian collaborated with Skye Townsend and Chris O'Bannon on the single "Go Fish" which resulted in a music video shot and directed by Robert Townsend in Los Angeles, California.

The following year, she released the digital single "Fall In Love Again", which was to lead off her next EP Trips to Venus EP, Vol. 2, which was slated for release but then pulled. A "Special Edition" of Vol. 1 was later released to iTunes and other digital services on April 29, 2014, which removed "The Christmas Song" and included an acoustic version of her song "Slow Motion", which appeared on her debut. Later that year, she released a digital single "Solitaire" independently.

In 2015, she signed with Universal Music Classics and released the single/video "Love Right Next to You" which received dance remixes in 2016. It's the lead single off her forthcoming EP Parallel World.

In 2020, she released her album "Something Warm To Wear"

In 2021 Pasian took part in the 8th season of the TV talent show La Voz, Spanish version of The Voice (American TV series). Her coach was Alejandro Sanz. Coincidentally, Pasian had worked as a singer in the Sanz's band during a number of tours. Karina Pasian was one of the four singers who performed in the final programme in December 2021, but not the winner.

Discography

Albums

EPs

Singles

Other charted songs

References

External links
Official Twitter

1991 births
Def Jam Recordings artists
American singers of Dominican Republic descent
American people of Armenian descent
Living people
Rhythm and blues pianists
American rhythm and blues singers
American child singers
Hispanic and Latino American women singers
Singers from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American singers

Karina Pasian


The 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 76th time the midseason baseball game between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL) (the two leagues that contained Major League Baseball) played. The game took place on July 12, 2005 at Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan, where the Detroit Tigers, one of the teams competing, was located. The game would end with the American League defeating the National League 7–5, and giving an AL team (it would later be decided for it to be the Chicago White Sox) the prize of the ability to play at their home field in the 2005 World Series.

The Detroit Symphony Orchestra played the British national anthem before the game celebrations, as to show that they were also sad about the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

Major League Baseball
2005 in sports
2005 in the United States


An obayifo is a vampire/witch-like mythological creature from West Africa coming from the folklore of the Ashanti. In Ashanti folklore, obayifo are very common and may inhabit the bodies of any man or woman. They are described as having shifty eyes and being obsessed with food. When travelling at night they are said to emit a phosphorescent light from their armpits and anus. The obayifo is known as a similar entity to the asiman by the Dahomey people, a creature that can shapeshift and fly, turning itself into a ball of light and hunting for prey in the night sky.

Origin
In Ashanti Twi, the word used to describe witchcraft is bayi. Despite this, the etymology of bayi is still uncertain. Another possible variation is oba meaning "child" and yi meaning to remove. "To remove a child" in this case highlights a close association of infant mortality and fertility to the likes of witchcraft. Alternatively, bayi also may have a history in representing blood or family lineage. People, typically women, who practiced bayi turned into the obayifo. Although obayifo is used to describe both the men and women who practiced bayi and turned into the monster, a distinction can be drawn between the men and women who practiced bayi, as obansam, meaning wizard, was a term used for the males exclusively as obayifo was sometimes only used for women exclusively.

See also
Asanbosam
Adze
Soucouyant

References
"Africa, Vampires In." The Free Dictionary, Farlex, https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Africa%2C+Vampires+in.

Allman, Jean Marie, and John Parker. Tongnaab: The History of a West African God. Indiana University Press, 2006.

West African legendary creatures
African witchcraft
Ghanaian culture
Ivorian culture
Togolese culture
Vampires

Obayifo


Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers is a 2022 American live-action/animated adventure comedy film based on the characters Chip and Dale and continuation of the 1989 animated TV series of the same name, excluding the duo's previous filmography (including their shorts from 1943 to 1959). Directed by Akiva Schaffer and written by Dan Gregor and Doug Mand, the film stars John Mulaney and Andy Samberg as the voices of the titular pair, respectively, with KiKi Layne, Will Arnett, Eric Bana, Flula Borg, Dennis Haysbert, Keegan-Michael Key, Tress MacNeille, Tim Robinson, Seth Rogen and J.K. Simmons. Walt Disney Pictures co-produced the film in association with The Lonely Island (Schaffer and Samberg are two of the members from the company) and alongside producers David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman's Mandeville Films.

The film takes place in the alternate world where fictional characters in cartoons, movies and other media live alongside humans. It centers on Chip and Dale, thirty years since the cancellation of their show due to a falling out, coming back to reconcile their differences while they investigate the kidnapping of their friend and co-star Monterey Jack.

Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers premiered in Hollywood on May 16, 2022, and was released in the United States on May 20, 2022, streaming on Disney+ as an original film. It received mostly positive reviews from critics with praise for its humor, voice acting, and meta-commentary. At the 74th Primetime Emmy Awards, the film won for Outstanding Television Movie despite being a feature film that premiered on a streaming service.

Plot

In a world co-populated by humans and cartoon characters, Chip and Dale meet in elementary school and become best friends. They later relocate to Hollywood and, after casting as extras in commercials and shows, go on to star in the successful television series Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers in the early 1990s. However, when Dale gets his own show, Double-O-Dale, the two have a falling-out that leads to both shows' cancellation.

Thirty years later, Chip is a successful but disillusioned insurance salesman while Dale spends most of his time on the fan convention circuit, having been put through CGI surgery. One night, the two are contacted by their former Rescue Rangers co-star Monterey Jack, who owes money to the criminal Valley Gang due to his stinky cheese addiction. Monty warns the pair of a trafficking operation where toons are kidnapped, have their appearances altered, and are shipped overseas to produce bootlegs of their works for the rest of their lives. Later that night, the two are informed that Monty has been kidnapped. They meet Police Captain Putty and Officer Ellie Steckler; the latter reveals herself to be a big Rescue Rangers fan, and with the police's hands tied, she suggests Chip and Dale investigate on their own.

Chip and Dale visit Bjornson the Cheesemonger, Monty's cheese dealer, and ask about the Valley Gang. They are taken to the uncanny valley part of town and meet the gang's leader, Sweet Pete—the toon actor who played Peter Pan, now an adult—and his henchmen Bob and Jimmy. Realizing they are investigating his bootlegging business, Pete tries to capture the pair, but the chipmunks escape. The two later share their discoveries with Ellie, learning that she is shunned by Putty due to acting on a bad tip and raiding the Nick Jr. Channel studios with negative results.

With Ellie's help, the chipmunks sneak into a bathhouse to steal Pete's fitness tracker. They trace his movements to a dock warehouse, though it is already abandoned by the time the police arrive. Inside, they find a large operating machine designed to alter toons' bodies, along with several toon parts, including Monty's mustache.

At the police station, the pair argue over the loss of Monty and their past feud but smell the scent of Monty's cologne. Realizing either Putty or Ellie is working with Sweet Pete, the two flee the station. At the ongoing Fan Con, they try to convince Ugly Sonic to ask his FBI contacts for help, but Pete and his henchmen arrive, having tracked Dale using his social media posts. In the ongoing chase, Bob is restrained and arrested, but Chip is caught by Jimmy and taken to the warehouse. Ellie is also lured there by Putty, revealing he is part of the Valley Gang and has been covering for Pete, including giving Ellie the false Nick Jr. tip.

Sweet Pete has Ellie call Dale to lure him to the warehouse, but Ellie sends a coded message using a Rescue Rangers episode. Dale realizes Ellie is in trouble and contacts former Rescue Rangers co-stars Gadget Hackwrench and Zipper, now married with children, for help. Dale enters the warehouse using a firework, which gets lodged into the machine and stops it before it can be used on Chip. The machine goes haywire, transforming Jimmy into a fairy and Pete into a giant amalgamation of various toons. While Ellie fights and defeats Putty, Pete chases Chip and Dale through the warehouse, revealing it to also be where the bootlegs are filmed. The chipmunks lure Pete to the docks and use a ploy from a Rescue Rangers episode to trap him.

The FBI, led by Ugly Sonic, arrive to arrest the Valley Gang. Sweet Pete fires a cannonball at Chip, but Dale takes the hit. Chip fears Dale is dead and apologizes for his behavior over the years, but Dale reveals he was protected by a golden pog Chip gave him. The chipmunks free all the bootlegged toons, including Monty, and Dale introduces the Rescue Rangers to Ellie, who decides to open her own detective agency. As the team departs, Dale convinces them to film a Rescue Rangers reboot.

In a mid-credits scene, the reboot is released to great success, much to Darkwing Duck's dismay.

Cast

 John Mulaney as the voice of Chip, a chipmunk and the once heroic, intelligent, unflappable leader and co-founder of the Rescue Rangers who upheld a strong moral standard and now works as a risk-averse and bitter insurance salesman. Tress MacNeille briefly provides the voice acting for Chip's chipmunk voice (credited as "high-pitch Chip"), reprising her role from the original series. Mason Blomberg voices Chip as a child during the film's prologue.
 Andy Samberg as the voice of Dale, a chipmunk and Chip's fun-loving former best friend and co-founder of the Rescue Rangers, who possesses an impulsive mindset and now makes a living with fan convention appearances. Dale's present-day appearance is depicted with photorealistic computer-animation, unlike the cel-shaded animation of his former teammates; this was explained in-universe as "getting CGI surgery," an equivalent to a plastic surgery. Corey Burton briefly provides the voice acting for Dale's chipmunk voice (credited as "high-pitch Dale"), reprising his role from the original series. Juliet Donenfeld voices Dale as a child during the film's prologue.
 KiKi Layne as Ellie Steckler, a rookie LAPD officer and lifelong fangirl of the Rescue Rangers.
 Will Arnett as the voice of Sweet Pete, the toon actor who played Peter Pan, being now a middle aged man, with a Bobby Cannavale-esque voice, who founded the Valley Gang after being fired due to his age. Archival recordings of Betty Lou Gerson as Cruella de Vil were used for the chimeric Sweet Pete's laughter.
 Eric Bana as the voice of Monterey Jack, a cheese-loving Australian mouse and a member of the Rescue Rangers. The character was originally voiced by Peter Cullen and Jim Cummings in the original series.
 Flula Borg as the voice of DJ Herzogenaurach, a snake DJ who is a fan of Chip and Dale where they encounter him in a bathhouse.
 Dennis Haysbert as the voice of Zipper, a housefly and member of the Rescue Rangers. He and Gadget eventually got married and had hybrid children after the show's cancellation while also speaking English. Corey Burton also provides Zipper's unintelligible buzzing sounds from the original series.
 Keegan-Michael Key as the voice of Bjornson the Cheesemonger, a Swedish Chef-esque cheesemonger and member of the Valley Gang. Key also voices a frog co-worker of Chip.
 Tress MacNeille as the voice of Gadget Hackwrench, an inventive mouse and member of the Rescue Rangers. She and Zipper eventually got married and had hybrid kids after the show's cancellation. MacNeille reprises her role from the original series.
 Tim Robinson as the voice of Ugly Sonic, a version of Sonic the Hedgehog who appears in his scrapped original design from the 2020 feature film adaptation.
 Seth Rogen as Bob, a motion capture Viking dwarf member of the Valley Gang. Bob is loosely based on the motion capture characters of various motion-capture films such as The Polar Express and Beowulf. Rogen also reprises his voice roles of Pumbaa from the 2019 version of The Lion King, Master Mantis from the Kung Fu Panda franchise, and B.O.B. from the Monsters vs. Aliens franchise.
 J. K. Simmons as the voice of Captain S. Putty, a Gumby-esque claymation police captain who is investigating the missing toon cases, but is later revealed to be part of the Valley Gang.

Additionally, Da'Vone McDonald voices Jimmy, a CGI polar bear member of the Valley Gang. Director Akiva Schaffer alluded Jimmy's appearance to the Coca-Cola polar bear. Schaffer provides voices for numerous minor roles including E.T. and Mr. Natural while also appearing in live-action as the director of the original show. Rachel Bloom voices Flounder from the 1989 version of The Little Mermaid, Cubby of the Lost Boys from Peter Pan (1953), Chip's mom, a bootleg Bart Simpson, and a cartoon cow who strongly resembles Clarabelle Cow, among other characters. Liz Cackowski voices Tigra, who is modeled after her appearance in The Avengers: United They Stand, and Officer O'Hara. Despite not reprising Monterey Jack in the film, Jim Cummings reprises his roles as Fat Cat from the original series, the Shredder's "right arm" from the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series, Pete, and Darkwing Duck, in addition to voicing bootleg versions of Winnie the Pooh and Tigger. Chris Parnell appears as Dave Bollinari, Dale's agent. Jeff Bennett voices Lumière from the 1991 version of Beauty and the Beast. Steven Curtis Chapman voices Baloo from the 2016 version of The Jungle Book. Jorma Taccone voices the DC Extended Universe version of Bruce Wayne / Batman along with other minor roles. Jean Gilpin voices Chip's neighbor Mrs. House. Alan Oppenheimer voices both He-Man and Skeletor (reprising his role as the latter) from the original He-Man and the Masters of the Universe. Charles Fleischer reprises his role as Roger Rabbit from Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Original Rescue Rangers co-creator Tad Stones cameos as the voice of a studio executive. David Tennant reprises his role as Scrooge McDuck from the 2017 version of DuckTales. Paula Abdul appears as a de-aged version of herself, alongside MC Skat Kat from her video for "Opposites Attract", and also voices the 3-D reporter modeled after her. Paul Rudd appears in a live-action cameo as himself.

In the spirit of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the film features numerous cameo appearances of other animated characters from within the Disney catalogue and other third party properties that appear without dialogue:

 Among the Disney characters include the Three Little Pigs, the Magic Carpet from Aladdin (1992), the Colonel from One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), Linda Flynn-Fletcher from Phineas and Ferb, Doc McStuffins, Wynnchel and Duncan from Wreck-It Ralph, and Professor Norton Nimnul, Wart, and Mepps from the original series.
 Non-Disney characters include two of the Jellicle cats from the 2019 film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Cats, Blaster from The Transformers, several characters from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Randy Marsh from South Park, McGruff the Crime Dog, and Detective Florez from Big Mouth.

Production

Development and pre-production

On January 31, 2014, it was announced that The Walt Disney Company was developing a live-action movie based on the Disney Afternoon animated series Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers with CGI special effects, similar to 20th Century Fox's Alvin & the Chipmunks film series. David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman signed on as its producers, while Robert Rugan was hired to write and direct the film. It would have followed an origin story for the Rescue Rangers. Robert Rugan debunked these claims, claiming that the project was a combination of live-action and animation, and was a direct film adaptation of the series with a slightly darker tone reminiscent to a 1940s noir film.

In May 2019, Akiva Schaffer, known for the 2007 cult classic Hot Rod, became the film's new director, replacing Rugan, while Dan Gregor and Doug Mand became its new writers and claimed that the film would follow a "meta, something self-referential and cool" take on the characters. David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman returned as its producers, and the project became a co-production between Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. Gregor and Mand had started the new script as a spiritual successor to Who Framed Roger Rabbit, taking into account the changes in animation techniques in the four decades since Roger Rabbit had been made. They wanted to keep what they felt made Roger Rabbit successful, being that the film "is not talking down to the animated characters [and] playing it real and to the top of your intelligence." Schaffer said they were further influenced by buddy cop films of the 1990s such as the Lethal Weapon series, while including more comedic elements.

Schaffer agreed to direct the film after he was sent Gregor and Mand's script; he agreed due to the film's self-referential humor, his love for both the original series and Roger Rabbit, and an interest in working on animated films. The film features cameos from several non-Disney animated properties due to Schaffer wanting the film to be "a love letter celebration of animation", similar to Roger Rabbit, and felt including only Disney characters would instead make the film "just a celebration of Disney animation". Schaffer did not want to go overboard on such cameos, going by the rule "Don't put in a cameo unless it's forwarding the story or putting a button on a really good laugh". Schaffer used the example of the donut cops from Wreck-It Ralph, who not only served as recognizable characters for younger audiences, but also played on the popular concept of police officers loving to eat donuts as a joke for those that had not seen the film. Non-Disney companies authorized through Disney's legal team for their characters to appear in the film after Schaffer assured them it was "not going to make fun of their characters".

Schaffer said that for the film's villain, they wanted to play on the idea of child actors that were not able to continue acting as adults through cartoon characters. Early on, the team considered using an adult version of Charlie Brown from Peanuts for the role, but eventually selected Peter Pan for easier licensing. This was compared to Bobby Driscoll, the original voice actor for Peter Pan in the 1953 film. In the years following its release, Driscoll's acting career spiraled into decline after being terminated from Disney as he reached puberty. This affected his personal life, with Driscoll becoming addicted to drugs. In early 1968, Driscoll passed away as a result of heart failure from drug abuse. Several events from this point in Driscoll's life were applied similarly to Sweet Pete's backstory. The film was heavily criticized for this, with both critics and audiences pointing out how the portrayal of Sweet Pete, with the context of Driscoll's later life in mind, came off as disrespectful and insensitive. Despite this, Schaffer had stated there was no intention to mock any specific actor in the film, and the writers had not been aware of Driscoll's history.

According to storyboard artist Simeon Wilkins, they had planned for Jar-Jar Binks to feature in the convention hall scenes, but he was replaced with Ugly Sonic. Other discarded appearances included actor Chris Evans, Elliot from Pete's Dragon, Sulley and Mike from Monsters, Inc., Tick-Tock the Crocodile from Peter Pan, Sabretooth from X-Men: The Animated Series, and Mushu from Mulan.

Casting
Though initial reports said that Corey Burton would return as the voice of Dale, it was announced in December 2020 that Andy Samberg would provide the voice for the character. John Mulaney as Chip was revealed in the same announcement and Seth Rogen was announced to be making a cameo in the film. Additional casting was announced with the release of the teaser trailer on February 15, 2022. In April 2022, during the release of a new trailer, it was confirmed that Burton would indeed reprise Dale along with Tress MacNeille reprising Chip for brief dialogue.

Filming
Principal photography commenced on March 16, 2021, in Los Angeles with Larry Fong as cinematographer. Filming lasted 30–35 days.

Visual effects and animation
Both visual effects for the film and the Rescue Rangers' and Sweet Pete's animation were provided by Moving Picture Company (MPC). While there are numerous hand-drawn animated characters shown as minor roles, the crew decided for MPC to provide computer-animation for the Rescue Rangers and Sweet Pete, while giving them a cel-shaded look to appear hand-drawn, for time and budget. MPC had also done the animation work for the Sonic the Hedgehog film, and were able to provide the model for Ugly Sonic once it was cleared for use. For Roger Rabbit's cameo at the start of the film, one of the animators from Who Framed Roger Rabbit was brought to animate the character. Animation services were also provided by Passion Pictures. The ponies from My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic were done by Top Draw Animation, who animated them for the series and 2017 film. Schaffer said the animation budget was "an eighth of what like a Pixar or Disney Animation movie would be" and that it accounted for half the film's total cost.

Music
Brian Tyler is the film's composer and conductor and its theme song was written by pop songwriter Mark Mueller, who composed it for the television series. Post Malone recorded a cover of the television show's theme song for the film. The soundtrack album was released on May 20, 2022, alongside the film's release. The song used in the teaser trailer and the main trailer is "Best Friend" by Saweetie featuring Doja Cat. The songs "Friendship" by Tenacious D and "Laid to Rest" by Lamb of God can be heard in the movie, but is not included in the soundtrack.

Soundtrack

Release
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, and was released as a Disney+ original film on May 20, 2022.

Reception

Audience viewership
According to Whip Media, Chip 'n' Dale: Rescue Rangers was the most watched movie across all platforms in the United States during the week of May 20, 2022 and the most watched movie across all platforms in the United States during the week of May 27, 2022. According to Nielsen Holdings, Chip 'n' Dale: Rescue Rangers was the 5th most watched program and the 2nd most watched movie across all platforms during the week of May 16, 2022, to May 22, 2022. According to Reelgood, Chip 'n' Dale: Rescue Rangers was the 10th most watched program across all platforms, during the week of May 26, 2022, to June 1, 2022.

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 80% of 135 critics' reviews are positive with an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's consensus reads, "Sometimes some reboots fall through the cracks, but Chip 'n' Dale: Rescue Rangers picks up the slack with a fast, funny film that (almost) never fails." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 66 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a positive review, saying it succeeded where Space Jam: A New Legacy failed, and called it "the funniest movie of the year so far, either animated or live-action. Or in this case both, since it ingeniously melds the two forms in the cleverest manner since Who Framed Roger Rabbit." Amy Nicholson of Variety wrote: "This frenetic and funny crossbreeding of live action and cartoon is both a reboot and an anti-reboot, a corporate-funded raspberry at corporate IP, and a giddily dumb smart aleck committed to mocking its joke — and making it, too." David Sims of The Atlantic reviewed the movie positively, describing it as a contemporary version of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and wrote: "The movie works mostly because, through its weird tricks of animation and self-referentiality, it somehow finds a fresh satirical angle. Other films have skewered an industry that's intent on bludgeoning audiences with their own fading memories, but only Chip 'n Dale actually gives those memories a new life." Calum Marsh of The New York Times reviewed the film positively, drawing some comparisons to Who Framed Roger Rabbit, writing, "A wry take on the material that combines animation and live-action comedy, the movie has some of the hip flair and anarchic meta-humor of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, as well as an irreverent, self-referential attitude that's rather appealing." Matt Fowler of IGN scored the movie a 7 out of 10, finding the story "a bit thin", but praising the humor and its handling of pop culture references, while calling Samberg and Mulaney "just the right voice duo to bring these chipmunks back to life."

Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com gave the film a more mixed review, rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the different styles of animation, complimenting the performances of the voice actors, and stated that the film manages to provide comical moments. He criticized the plot, writing, "At the least the premise is funny [...] but it's still stuck in that usual animated movie spot of trying to make something "for kids," with some irreverent references and deep cuts for the adults. Take away the cameos—in the recording booth, and animated on-screen—and you get something that's a little too close to the same old junk." Benjamin Lee of The Guardian rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, stating, "The script feels a few punch-ups away from being quite as funny as it could have been. But what Gregor and Mand do manage is a neat balance of tone, the knowing satire never falling into self-referential smugness thanks to a healthy dose of both earnestness and a genuine affection for the source material." Jennifer Green of Common Sense Media rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars, praised the depiction of positive messages, citing friendship and forgiveness, found agreeable the presence of role models across the different characters who fight for justice, while complimenting the diversity of the cast.

Tad Stones, the co-creator of Rescue Rangers, has expressed his approval of the film, calling it "fantastic."

Accolades

Future
After the film's release, writers Dan Gregor and Doug Mand said they were interested in working on a sequel, but it would depend on the popularity of the first film.

See also
 Who Framed Roger Rabbit
 Cool World
 The Happytime Murders
 Postmodernist film
 Disney Renaissance
 Peak TV

Notes

References

External links

2022 films
2022 action adventure films
2022 action comedy films
2022 animated films
2022 computer-animated films
2020s American animated films
2020s English-language films
2020s stop-motion animated films
American computer-animated films
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Animation fandom
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Chip 'n' Dale films
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Animated films based on animated series
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Henery Hawk films
Live-action films based on animated series
Looney Tunes films
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Metafictional works
Peter Pan films
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Transformers (film series)
Walt Disney Pictures films
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (film)


Scrum is an agile project management system commonly used in software development and other industries.

Scrum prescribes for teams to break work into goals to be completed within time-boxed iterations, called sprints. Each sprint is no longer than one month and commonly lasts two weeks. The scrum team assesses progress in time-boxed, stand-up meetings of up to 15 minutes, called daily scrums. At the end of the sprint, the team holds two further meetings: one sprint review to demonstrate the work for stakeholders and solicit feedback, and one internal sprint retrospective.

Scrum's approach to product development involves bringing decision-making authority to an operational level. Unlike a sequential approach to product development, scrum is an iterative and incremental framework for product development. Scrum allows for continuous feedback and flexibility, requiring teams to self-organize by encouraging physical co-location or close online collaboration, and mandating frequent communication among all team members. The flexible and semi-unplanned approach of scrum is based in part on the notion of requirements volatility, that stakeholders will change their requirements as the project evolves.

History
The use of the term scrum in software development came from a 1986 Harvard Business Review paper titled "The New New Product Development Game" by Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka. Based on case studies from manufacturing firms in the automotive, photocopier, and printer industries, the authors outlined a new approach to product development for increased speed and flexibility. They called this the rugby approach, as the process involves a single cross-functional team operating across multiple overlapping phases, in which the team "tries to go the distance as a unit, passing the ball back and forth". The authors later developed scrum in their book, The Knowledge Creating Company.

In the early 1990s, Ken Schwaber used what would become scrum at his company, Advanced Development Methods. Jeff Sutherland, John Scumniotales, and Jeff McKenna developed a similar approach at Easel Corporation, referring to the approach with the term scrum. Sutherland and Schwaber later worked together to integrate their ideas into a single framework, formally known as scrum. Schwaber and Sutherland tested scrum and continually improved it, leading to the publication of a research paper in 1995, and the Manifesto for Agile Software Development in 2001. Schwaber also collaborated with Babatunde Ogunnaike at DuPont Research Station and the University of Delaware to develop Scrum. Ogunnaike believed that software development projects could often fail when initial conditions change, if the product management was not rooted in empirical practice.

In 2002, Schwaber with others founded the Scrum Alliance and set up the Certified Scrum accreditation series. Schwaber left the Scrum Alliance in late 2009 and subsequently founded Scrum.org which oversees the parallel Professional Scrum accreditation series. Since 2009, a public document called The Scrum Guide has been published and updated by Schwaber and Sutherland. It has been revised 6 times, with the current version being November 2020.The term scrum was previously trademarked by Schwaber, but the registration has lapsed. It has been speculated that Schwaber let it lapse with the intention of recognizing and enabling the wide community use of the term.

Scrum team
A scrum team is organized into at least three categories of individuals: the product owner, developers, and the scrum master. The product owner liaises with stakeholders, those who have interest in the project's outcome, to communicate tasks and expectations with developers. Developers in a scrum team organize work by themselves, with the facilitation of a scrum master. Scrum teams, ideally, should abide by the five values of scrum: commitment, courage, focus, openness, and respect.

Product owner
Each scrum team has one product owner. The product owner focuses on the business side of product development and spends the majority of time liaising with stakeholders and the team. The role is intended to primarily represent the product's stakeholders, the voice of the customer, or the desires of a committee, and bears responsibility for the delivery of business results. Product owners manage the product backlog, which is essentially the project's running to-do list, and are responsible for maximizing the value that a team delivers. They do not dictate the technical solutions of a team but may instead attempt to seek consensus among team members.

As the primary liaison of the scrum team towards stakeholders, product owners are responsible for communicating announcements, project definitions and progress, RIDAs (risks, impediments, dependencies, and assumptions), funding and scheduling changes, the product backlog, and project governance, among other responsibilities. Product owners can also cancel a sprint if necessary, without the input of team members.

Developers
In scrum, the term developer or team member refers to anyone who plays a role in the development and support of the product and can include researchers, architects, designers, programmers, etc.

Scrum master
Scrum is facilitated by a scrum master, whose role is to educate and coach teams about scrum theory and practice. Scrum masters have differing roles and responsibilities from traditional team leads or project managers. Some scrum master responsibilities include coaching, objective setting, problem solving, oversight, planning, backlog management, and communication facilitation. On the other hand, traditional project managers often have people management responsibilities, which a scrum master does not. Scrum teams do not involve project managers, so as to maximize self-organisation among developers.

Workflow

Sprint

A sprint (also known as an iteration, timebox or design sprint) is a fixed period of time wherein team members work on a specific goal. Each sprint is normally between one week and one month, with two weeks being the most common. Usually, daily meetings are held to discuss the progress of the project undertaken as well as difficulties faced by team members. The outcome of the sprint is a functional deliverable, or a product which has received some development in increments.

When a sprint is abnormally terminated, the next step is to conduct new sprint planning, where the reason for the termination is reviewed.

Each sprint starts with a sprint planning event in which a sprint goal is defined. Priorities for planned sprints are chosen out of the backlog. Each sprint ends with two events:

 A sprint review (progress shown to stakeholders to elicit their feedback)
 A sprint retrospective (identify lessons and improvements for the next sprints)

Scrum emphasizes actionable output at the end of each sprint, which brings the developed product closer to market success.

Sprint planning
At the beginning of a sprint, the scrum team holds a sprint planning event to:

 Agree on the sprint goal, that is, what they intend to deliver by sprint end
Identifying product backlog items that contribute towards this goal
 Form a sprint backlog by selecting which identified items should be completed in the sprint
The suggested maximum duration of sprint planning is eight hours for a four-week sprint.

Daily scrum

Each day during a sprint, the developers hold a daily scrum (often conducted standing up) with specific guidelines, and which may be facilitated by a scrum master. Daily scrum meetings are intended to be less than 15 minutes in length, taking place at the same time and location daily. The purpose of the meeting is to announce progress made towards the sprint goal and issues that may be hindering the goal, without going into any detailed discussion. Once over, individual members can go into a 'breakout session' or an 'after party' for extended discussion and collaboration. Scrum masters are responsible for ensuring that team members use daily scrums effectively, or, if team members are unable to use them, to provide alternatives to achieve similar outcomes.

Post-sprint events
Conducted at the end of a sprint, a sprint review is a meeting that has a team share the work they've completed with stakeholders and liaise with them on feedback, expectations, and upcoming plans. At a sprint review completed deliverables are demonstrated to stakeholders, who should also be made aware of product increments and works in progress. The recommended duration for a sprint review is one hours per week of sprint.

A sprint retrospective is a separate meeting that allows team members to internally analyze strengths and weaknesses of the sprint, future areas of improvement, and continuous process improvement actions.

Backlog refinement
Backlog refinement is a process by which team members revise and prioritize a backlog for future sprints. It can be done as a separate stage done before the beginning of a new sprint or as a continuous process that team members work on by themselves. Backlog refinement can include the breaking down of large tasks into smaller and clearer ones, the clarification of success criteria, and the revision of changing priorities and returns. It is recommended to invest of up to 10 percent of a team's sprint capacity on backlog refinement.

Artifacts

Artifacts are a means by which scrum teams manage product development by documenting work done towards the project. The main scrum artifacts used are the product backlog, sprint backlog, and increment.

Product backlog

The product backlog is a breakdown of work to be done and contains an ordered list of product requirements (such as features, bug fixes, non-functional requirements) that the team maintains for a product. The order of a product backlog corresponds to the urgency of the task. Common formats for backlog items include user stories and use cases. The product backlog may also contain the product owner's assessment of business value and the team's assessment of the product's effort or complexity, which can be stated in story points using the rounded Fibonacci scale. These estimates help the product owner to gauge the timeline and may influence the ordering of product backlog items.

The product owner maintains and prioritizes product backlog items based on considerations such as risk, business value, dependencies, size, and timing. High-priority items at the top of the backlog are broken down into more detail for developers to work on, while tasks further down the backlog may be more vague.

Sprint backlog
The sprint backlog is the subset of items from the product backlog intended for developers to address in a particular sprint. Developers fill this backlog with tasks they deem appropriate to fill the sprint, using past performance to assess their capacity for each sprint. The scrum approach has tasks on the sprint backlog not assigned to developers by any particular individual or leader. Team members self organize by pulling work as needed according to the backlog priority and their own capabilities and capacity.

Increment
An increment is a potentially releasable output of a sprint, which meets the sprint goal. It is formed from all the completed sprint backlog items, integrated with the work of all previous sprints. An ideal increment is complete, fully functioning, and in a usable condition.

Other artifacts

Burndown chart

Often used in scrum, a burndown chart is a publicly displayed chart showing remaining work. Updated every day, it provides quick visualizations for reference. The horizontal axis of the burndown chart shows the days remaining, while the vertical axis shows the amount of work remaining each day. During sprint planning, the ideal burndown chart is plotted. Then, during the sprint, developers update the chart with remaining work so the chart is updated day by day, showing a comparison between actual and predicted.

Release burn-up chart

Updated at the end of each sprint, the release burn-up chart shows progress towards delivering a forecast scope. The horizontal axis of the release burn-up chart shows the sprints in a release, while the vertical axis shows the amount of work completed at the end of each sprint.

Velocity

Some project managers believe that a team's total capability effort for a single sprint can be derived by evaluating work completed in the last sprint. The collection of historical "velocity" data is a guideline for assisting the team in understanding their capacity. Nonetheless, the concept of velocity has been controversial among scrum practitioners.

Limitations
Some have argued that scrum events, such as daily scrum and scrum review, hurt productivity and waste time that could be better spent on actual productive tasks. In practice, many scrum practitioners conduct events, like the daily scrum, as an extended discussion, without complying with the time-boxing requirement.

Scrum has also been observed to pose difficulties for a number of types of teams, including those which are part-time or geographically distant; which have members that are highly specialized and would be better off working by themselves or in working cliques; which have many external dependencies that disrupt planned short sprints of work from occurring; and which are unsuitable for incremental and development testing.

Adaptations
Scrum is frequently tailored or adapted in different contexts to achieve varying aims. A common approach to adapting scrum is the combination of scrum with other software development methodologies, as scrum does not cover the whole product development lifecycle. Various scrum practitioners have also suggested more detailed techniques for how to apply or adapt scrum to particular problems or organizations. Many refer to these techniques as 'patterns', an analogous use to design patterns in architecture and software.

Scrumban

Scrumban is a software production model based on scrum and kanban. To illustrate each stage of work, teams working in the same space often use post-it notes or a large whiteboard. Scrumban is especially suited for product maintenance with frequent and unexpected work items, such as production defects or programming errors. In such cases time-limited scrum sprints may not be as beneficial, although scrum's daily events and other practices can still be applied. At the same time, kanban models allow a team to visualize work stages and limitations.

Scrum of scrums
Scrum of scrums is a technique to operate scrum at scale, for multiple teams coordinating on the same product. Scrum-of-scrums daily scrum meetings involve ambassadors selected from each individual team, who may be either a developer or scrum master. As a tool for coordination, scrum of scrums allows teams to collectively work on team-wide risks, impediments, dependencies, and assumptions (RIDAs), which may be tracked in a backlog of its own.

Large-scale scrum
Large-scale scrum (LeSS) is a product development framework that scales scrum with varied rules and guidelines, developed by Bas Vodde and Craig Larman. There are two levels to the LeSS framework: the first LeSS level, designed for up to eight teams; and the second level, known as 'LeSS Huge', which can accommodate development involving hundreds of developers.

Criticism
A systematic review found "that Distributed Scrum has no impact, positive or negative on overall project success" in distributed software development.

Martin Fowler, one of the authors of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development, has critised what he calls "faux-agile" practices that are "disregarding agile's values and principles", and "the Agile Industrial Complex imposing methods upon people" contrary to the Agile principle of valuing "individuals and interactions over processes and tools" and allowing the individuals doing the work decide how the work is done, changing processes to suit their needs.

See also
 Agile software development
 Agile testing
 Disciplined agile delivery
 Comparison of scrum software
 High-performance teams
 Lean software development
 Project management
 Unified Process

Citations

References

 Verheyen, Gunther (2013). Scrum – A Pocket Guide (A Smart Travel Companion) .

External links

 Agile Alliance's Scrum library
 A scrum process description by the Eclipse process framework (EPF) project

Agile software development
Software project management
Software development
Software development philosophies

Scrum (software development)


Jorge Javier Vázquez Morales (born 25 July 1970) is a Spanish television presenter, writer and actor.

Early life and beginnings
Vázquez was born in the Sant Roc district of Badalona, Catalonia, Spain. His mother María Morales Martínez hails from Alcaraz, Castilla-La Mancha, and his father from Cieza, Murcia. He has two sisters, Ana and Esther.

Vázquez graduated in Spanish language and literature from the University of Barcelona. At the age of 25 he moved to Madrid, where he worked as an editor for teen magazine Super Pop and celebrity and women's magazine Pronto.

Career and other

Television
In 1997, Vázquez began appearing in the Antena 3 show Extra Rosa, hosted by Rosa Villacastín and Ana Rosa Quintana. The following year he joined talk show Sabor a ti and its summer version Sabor a verano as a celebrity news commentator. In 2001 he debuted as television host alongside Francine Gálvez in Rumore, rumore.

Vázquez left Antena 3 and moved to Telecinco, where he began to appear as a panelist in the morning television show Día a día, hosted by María Teresa Campos. On 24 March 2003 he began to present, alongside Carmen Alcayde, the show that took him to stardom, Aquí hay tomate, which focused on tabloid stories and the world of celebrities. The daily show lasted until 1 February 2008 with high ratings but it drew criticism for sensationalism. In 2007 he also hosted Hormigas blancas, a show that revised the personal trajectory of a celebrity each episode.

After a hiatus of some months, Vázquez reinstated to Telecinco in September 2008 as the presenter of the daily highlights and the weekly debate show of the tenth season of Gran Hermano (Big Brother).

In March 2009, he began to host late night show Sálvame, a side show of Supervivientes: Perdidos en Honduras (sixth season of Survivor Spain) where the highlights of the reality show were debated. Due to its high ratings, it became a daily afternoon show titled Sálvame diario, converted into a talk show that focuses in the world of celebrities: the private lives of the television personalities cast in the show as panelists, or colaboradores to use the Spanish term, are often discussed. The show that has been characterised as  or tabloid television attracts a large audience. Jorge Javier Vázquez and Paz Padilla alternate as hosts. A weekly late-night version of the show, Sálvame Golfo, was created, shortly after moved to prime time as Sálvame Deluxe.

On 16 October 2009, Vázquez received the Ondas Award for Best Television Presenter, according to the jury "for renovating with brilliance and sense the role of the presenter in a controversial genre". The award generated controversy, and Carles Francino, who had the duty of handing out the award in the ceremony, refused to do so and was replaced by Arturo Valls.

On 31 December 2009, Vázquez hosted the New Year's Eve special broadcast for Telecinco from Madrid's Puerta del Sol, along with Belén Esteban. Two years later, Vázquez repeated as host along with singer Isabel Pantoja and her son Kiko Rivera.

In May 2011, Vázquez became the main host of Supervivientes: Perdidos en Honduras (eighth season of Survivor Spain). It was the most watched season of the series in Spain. Vázquez repeated as host in the ninth (2014), tenth (2015), eleventh (2016), twelfth (2017), thirteenth (2018) and fourteenth (2019) seasons. Due to the success of Supervivientes, Vázquez hosted Acorralados (Spanish third season of The Farm) in 2011.

From April 2012 to March 2014, Vázquez hosted the first three seasons of Hay una cosa que te quiero decir, as well as the fifth season from November 2014 to February 2015. In September 2015, he hosted makeover show Cámbiame Premium, which was cancelled after three weeks due to poor ratings.

In 2016, Vázquez joined Got Talent España as one of the four judges, and was part of the panel for three seasons. In September 2016, Vázquez became the main host of Gran Hermano on its seventeenth season. He was likewise the host of its eighteenth regular season (2017), the sixth season of Gran Hermano VIP (2018), and the first season of Gran Hermano Dúo (2019).

In 2023, after the cancellation of Sálvame and Deluxe, Vázquez was announced as the host of new weeknight chat show Cuentos chinos, widely perceived to be Telecinco's response to El Hormiguero.

Other media

As of 2018, Vázquez has written two novels. On 8 November 2012, he published an autobiographical novel titled La vida iba en serio. On 22 September 2015, a second autobiographical novel, titled Último verano de juventud, was released.

In 2014 Vázquez ventured into theatre production with the musical Miguel de Molina al desnudo, which premiered at the Teatro Echegaray in Málaga on 3 October 2014. In 2015, Vázquez debuted as a theatre actor as the lead in Iba en serio, the musical adaptation of his first autobiographical novel, which premiered at the Teatro Cervantes in Málaga on 4 September 2015. In 2018, he starred in the musical Grandes éxitos.

In film, Vázquez was one of the producers of the 2017 musical comedy film Holy Camp!.

Personal life
Vázquez is openly gay.

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Catalonia
People from Badalona
Spanish television personalities
Spanish television presenters
Spanish male novelists
Spanish gay actors
Spanish gay writers
Spanish LGBT broadcasters
Spanish LGBT novelists
Gay novelists

Jorge Javier Vázquez


The Hardy–Weinberg law was developed independently by an English mathematician, G.H. Hardy, and a German doctor, Wilhelm Weinberg. This concept is also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, Hardy–Weinberg theorem or Hardy–Weinberg principle. Sometimes Weinberg's name is placed first.

The law is a foundation of population genetics, and it is still taught to students today. It states that the proportions of alleles of all genes in any population will remain the same unless perturbed (disturbed). That applies to all loci on all chromosomes in the population. Possible perturbations are:
♦ gene mutation
♦ natural selection
♦ small population size where random effects like genetic drift and inbreeding may occur. H/W populations are assumed to be infinite in size.
♦ assortative mating instead of random mating. In effect, this would split the population down into small groups, see item above.
♦ migration into or out of the population under study.

It follows that any systematic change in the frequency of alleles in a population must be due to the effect of one or more of these causes. Of course, like all aspects of Mendelian inheritance, the expected proportions of alleles are probabilities. It was for that reason that statistical tests of significance, such as standard errors, were developed.

Although all changes must be due to perturbations, not all perturbations lead to changes. The classic case is balancing selection, such as heterozygote advantage: "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote". Balancing selection leads to an equilibrium population with Hardy–Weinberg proportions

Generalisation
The law permits the prediction of genotype frequencies from a knowledge of gene frequencies.
If alleles A and a are in the proportions p and q, the three zygotic types AA, Aa, and aa are in the proportions p2: 2pq: q2.
Thus, equations can be written in terms of allele frequencies, and hypotheses about how phenotypes are inherited can be tested from population data.

References

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology

Hardy–Weinberg law


The Theme of Mylasa and Melanoudion () was a Byzantine province (thema) in southwestern Asia Minor (modern Turkey) in the 12th and 13th centuries.

It is first attested in 1127/1128, and was probably created sometime after 1110, either by Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) or by his son and successor John II Komnenos (r. 1118–1143), out of territory regained from the Seljuk Turks during the 1090s. Originally named simply the Theme of Mylasa, it was renamed after its seat moved from Mylasa (modern Milas) to the town of Melanoudion – as yet not conclusively identified, it lay south of Miletus – sometime in ca. 1150–1175.

The theme comprised most of the region of Caria, from the Maeander River in the north to the valley of the river Morsynos (mod. Vandalas Çayi) in the east. The coast however belonged to the Cibyrrhaeot Theme and, after the latter's disbandment sometime during the reign of Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180), it was joined with the nearby islands of the Dodecanese, chiefly Kos. Some of the doukes of Mylasa and Melanoudion however seem to have exercised authority over the coast and the offshore islands as well.

The region remained in Byzantine control until conquered by the Turks during the early reign of Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328). It is notable for the number of Byzantine fortifications which survive there, as well as for the thriving monastic community at Mount Latros.

Sources

States and territories established in the 12th century
Byzantine Anatolia
Themes of the Byzantine Empire

Mylasa and Melanoudion


Steven Van McHone (March 23, 1970 – November 11, 2005) was a murderer executed by the U.S. state of North Carolina. He was convicted of killing his mother, Mildred Johnson Adams, and stepfather Wesley Dalton Adams Sr. on June 3, 1990, in Surry County, North Carolina.

Crime
Steven McHone's stepbrother Wesley Adams Jr. and his wife Wendy were visiting Wesley Adams Sr. and his wife, Mildred. Just after midnight on June 3, McHone was heard arguing with the couple by Wesley Jr. and Wendy, who were in bed. Mildred Adams entered their room and asked if they had moved a handgun that was in the house. They replied that they hadn't and she left and closed the door. Before Wesley Jr. could get dressed, three shots were heard. Wendy said she heard the elder Wesley tell her husband to call 9-1-1. Wesley Jr. saw his father and stepbrother wrestling and McHone was holding a handgun. Wesley Jr. managed to disarm McHone but then when he returned to the phone, the wrestling resumed and then the two headed out of sight of him, up a hallway. His father returned about a minute later saying that his stepmother was "facedown out back." McHone reappeared carrying a shotgun, raising it into a firing position. His stepfather moved towards him and attempted to grab the gun, but McHone fired, throwing Wesley Sr. with such force that he hit and knocked down Wesley Jr. McHone and Wesley Jr. struggled again, with McHone cursing Wesley Jr. and crying, asking Wesley Jr. to shoot him for what he had done.

The first response team arrived at the scene and found Wesley Sr. dead with a large chest wound, and Mildred Adams alive, but with a gunshot wound to the head. About 2 a.m., a deputy sheriff with the Surry County Sheriff's Department arrived and McHone was placed into a patrol car. The deputy sheriff would testify that although he smelled alcohol on McHone's breath, he did not believe that he was drunk to the point of not being aware of his actions and the consequences.

Execution
McHone was sentenced to death on March 7, 1991.

His appeals centered on the fact he was under the influence of alcohol and possibly other drugs at the time of the murders. Voluntary intoxication is a defense to a capital indictment under North Carolina state law. Also the trial counsel had failed to object to inappropriate statements of the prosecutor and unsatisfactory jury instruction.

On November 9, 2005, the execution had been stayed after Surry County Superior Court Judge Anderson Cromer had agreed to hear testimony from paramedic Teresa Durham, who said in an affidavit that Mildred Adams had said McHone had not shot her. This ruling was overturned by the North Carolina Supreme Court the next day, without reason, in their one page decision.

Clemency was denied by Governor Mike Easley on November 10 and McHone's appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was denied without comment. Easley had met with the family of McHone, some of whom wished that he not be executed.

For his last meal he ordered medium rare porterhouse steak, steak fries, chocolate cheese cake, and a 20 oz. Mountain Dew. After entering the execution chamber strapped to a gurney at 1:50 a.m. EST, he did not make an official final statement but did appear to say "I'm so sorry" to his stepbrother. McHone then exchanged smiles and laughter with his attorney and with two friends, who were among nine people who served as official witnesses.

At about 2 a.m., executioners added a sedative to McHone's intravenous lines. He closed his eyes within two minutes and appeared to be asleep. Two lethal chemicals were added, and at 2:05 a.m. McHone's torso shook quickly and his face became pale. He appeared not to move afterward. He was pronounced dead at 2:10 a.m..

Wesley Adams Jr. released a statement after the execution:
"We have sympathy and pray for comfort for those who will grieve Steve's passing. We do, however, feel that justice was upheld and that this fate was sealed many years ago. We feel that the enforcement of duly deliberated and prescribed sentences send a stronger message, as to the sanctity of human life, than does the sparing of those who have taken life willfully and brutally."

See also
 Capital punishment in North Carolina
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in North Carolina
 List of people executed in the United States in 2005

General references

 Report from the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty
 Offender Data Screen from North Carolina Department of Correction

People from Surry County, North Carolina
American people executed for murder
21st-century executions of American people
21st-century executions by North Carolina
1970 births
2005 deaths
People executed by North Carolina by lethal injection
People convicted of murder by North Carolina

Steven Van McHone


Bernard of Botone (date of birth unknown; d. 1263, or, according to Hurter, 24 March 1266) was a noted Italian canonist of the thirteenth century. He is generally called Bern(h)ardus Parmensis  or Bernard of Parma, from his birthplace Parma.

He studied in Bologna, under Tancred, where later he accepted the chair of canon law. Here Durantis was his disciple. According to the inscription on his tombstone he was Chancellor of the University of Bologna. Bernard obtained a canonry in the Cathedral of Bologna, and was also named chaplain to Pope Innocent IV and Pope Alexander IV, by whom he was employed in solving questions of weight.

Works

Bernard found ample scope for his literary activity in his chosen branch, canon law. From glosses, summaries, and similar works, which had appeared on the Decretals of Gregory IX and other collections, he completed, just before his death, a work on the Gregorian Decretals. This, owing to his exact knowledge of former collections and thorough grasp of his subject, won for him the admiration of his contemporaries; so that he was styled "Glossator", and his work, commonly known as Glossa Ordinaria, became the fruitful source of later glosses, which were printed with Gregory's collection.

Bernard was careful to note what he had taken from others, while his own comments were signed "Bern."

Another work, entitled "Summa super Titulis Decretalium", was based on similar writings of his master, Tancred, of Bernard of Pavia and others. It is a clear, concise treatise, found in the works of Nicolaus de Tudeschis (Milan, five volumes in folio).

Editions
The Glossa Ordinaria was given to the press in Mainz in 1472, 1473, and in Rome in 1474. In this Roman edition there are additions, especially from the Novella Commentaria of Giovanni Andrea (d. 1348).

Bernard's "Casus Longi" on separate chapters of the same Gregorian Decretals was frequently edited: Paris, 1475; Venice, 1477; Bologna, 1487; Strasburg, 1488, 1493; Lyons, 1500.

References

 Hugo von Hurter, Nomenclator, IV, coll. 290, 291
 Franz Laurin, Introductio in Corpus Juris Canonici (Freiburg, 1889), 149, 150
 Johann Friedrich von Schulte, Die Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des kanonischen Rechts (Stuttgart, 1875–80), II, 114–117
 Roberto Abbondanza: Bernardo da Parmo, in: Dizioniario Biografico degli Italiani 9 (1969)

Canon law jurists
13th-century Italian jurists
Writers from Bologna

Bernard of Botone


The Ratzeburg Test was a test used to gauge the suitability of individuals for international competitive junior rowing prior to the use of indoor rowing machines for selection. The test was originally developed by the "Academy of Ratzeburg rowing", Germany in 1971. It was employed by the Great Britain Junior rowing team selectors in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Elements of the Test
Each element of the test was supervised by one of the GB junior rowing selection team. All parts of the test were completed in succession during an afternoon. The sequence was a timed 3,000 metre run on an athletic track, then a weight lifting test, followed by a gym circuit test.

The weight lifting test consisted of successive power clean lifts at increasing weight until failure. At a given weight, recorded in pounds, a maximum of 3 failures were allowed.

The circuit test counted the number of repetitions performed in one minute for each of the following exercises:

Number of Squat Thrusts.
Number of Sit ups with 20 lbs on chest.
Number of Squat jumps of 1 foot over maximum vertical reach.
Number of Sit ups with 20 lbs on chest (again).
Number of Squats with 20 lbs.
Number of Power Cleans of 90 lbs.
If any repetition did not meet the standard required it would not be included in the circuit repetitions  count.

Ratzburg Test Index Calculation

The subject's height was measured in centimetres from the floor up to the clavicle (just below the neck) and the subjects weight in kilograms.

Participants were required to score a minimum index value of 20.0 in order to pass to the next stage in the selection process.

Each element of the test had a specific "constant value". Each empirical value of an element taken for a subject had the respective constant value subtracted to emphasize better scores.
Subject_Height_Constant = 125
Subject_Weight_Constant = 50
Power_Clean_Constant = 25
Circuit_Reps_Constant = 50
Run_Time_Constant = 450

The calculation was performed as follows:

Ratzburg Test Index Value =

(
(Subject_Height_Value – Subject_Height_Constant) x

(Subject_Weight_Value – Subject_Weight_Constant) x

(Power_Clean_Value    – Power_Clean_Contant) x

(Circuit_Reps_Value   – Circuit_Reps_Constant)
)

Divided by

( Run_Time_Value – Run_Time_Constant) x 1,000

Critique
The test penalised lightweight rowers who would provide a lower weight value into the calculation. This encouraged participants to attempt to increase body weight during the winter season, only losing the weight again after the testing period had completed.

It did however allow those who were physically appropriate for international rowing to be recognised, and created a focus on all round physical fitness in the winter training period rather than only specific rowing fitness.

External links
Ruderwiki version of the test
Ruderakademie Ratzeburg
Training, 1983, Bernd Mühlfriedel, published by Diesterweg Sauerland No. 5121

Rowing administration
Physical exercise

Ratzeburg Test


Subedar (Honorary Captain) Fateh Singh was a retired Indian Army JCO from the 15th Battalion of the Dogra Regiment and sport shooter.[1] He won gold and silver medal in the big bore individual and team events in the Commonwealth Shooting Championships in 1995 in New Delhi. He was on duty as part of the Defence Security Corps and martyred during the 2016 Pathankot attack

फ़तेह सिंह (निशानेबाज)


Peter Henry Wells (22 October 1937 – 25 December 2005) was an Australian politician.

He was born in St Arnaud in Victoria to railway employee Harry Stevens Wells and Alice Rebecca Eileen Blackman Lingwood. In 1955 he became a minister and welfare worker with the Salvation Army in Western Australia, and in 1960 became a draftsman and sampler with Central Norseman Gold Mines. On 4 February 1961 he married Dorothy Eva Clarke, with whom he had three children. He also worked as a part-time lecturer in cartography at mining schools in Norseman and Kalgoorlie. From 1970 he was chief exploration draftsman for International Nickel Australia.

Wells was an active member of the Liberal Party in Western Australia, serving as president of the Stirling division of the party from 1976. In 1980 he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council for North Metropolitan Province. He was Shadow Minister for Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs and the Arts from 1983 to 1984. In 1986 he was defeated, and he became a research officer for Gordon Masters and later for George Cash. He was director of computer technology for the WA Liberal Party from 1989 to 1994 and state director of the party from 1995 to 2002. Wells died in Balga in 2005.

References

1937 births
2005 deaths
People from St Arnaud
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council

Peter Wells (politician)


Hobbit Day is a name used for September 22 in reference to its being the birthday of the hobbits Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, two fictional characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's popular set of books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.  According to the fictional setting, Bilbo was born in the year of 2890 and Frodo in the year of 2968 in the Third Age (1290 and 1368 respectively in Shire-Reckoning.)

Tolkien Week is the week containing Hobbit Day.

Observance

The American Tolkien Society first proclaimed Hobbit Day and Tolkien Week in 1978. It defines Hobbit Day as September 22, and Tolkien Week as the calendar week containing that day. The society acknowledges that Hobbit Day pre-dates their designation.

Due to the discrepancies between the fictional Shire calendar and the Gregorian calendar there is some debate about when to celebrate Hobbit Day, since the actual birthday would be between September 12 and 14 in the Gregorian calendar, as explained in the appendices of The Lord of the Rings.

Celebration

The Fellowship of the Ring opened with a celebration of Bilbo's birthday. It was a large party with food, fireworks, dancing and much merriment.

Some Tolkien fans celebrate by emulating the hobbits' parties. Others simply go barefoot in honour of the hobbits, who don't wear shoes.

Some schools and libraries use this as an opportunity to pique interest in Tolkien's work by putting up displays and hosting events.

According to The Lord of the Rings appendices, "There is no record of the Shire-folk commemorating either March 25 or September 22; but in the Westfarthing, especially in the country round Hobbiton Hill, there grew a custom of making holiday and dancing in the Party Field, when weather permitted, on April 6." In Gondor, however, "in honour of Frodo Yavannie 30, which corresponded to the former September 22, his birthday, was made a festival, and the leap-year was provided for by doubling this feast, called Cormare or Ringday."

See also

 Tolkien fandom

References

September observances
Tolkien fandom
Unofficial observances

Hobbit Day


The Chair of Ecclesiastical History of the University of Glasgow is the oldest chair of ecclesiastical history in the United Kingdom.

It was founded in 1716 by King George I of Great Britain. The Crown granted 100 pounds per year for this purpose. This was, thus, a Regius Chair until 1935, when constitutional arrangements in the Church of Scotland resulted in patronage being transferred to the University Court acting on a Board of Nomination consisting of representatives of the University Court and the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

List of professors
 William Anderson MA (1721)
 William Rouet MA (1752)
 William Wight MA DD (1778)
 Hugh Macleod MA DD (1809)
 James Seaton Reid MA DD (1841)
 Thomas Thomson Jackson MA DD (1851)
 William Lee MA DD (1874)
 Robert Herbert Story MA DD LLD (1886)
 James Cooper MA DD LittD DCL [1898]
 Archibald Main MA DD DLitt LLD (1922-1942)
 William Dickie Niven MA LLD DD (1946)
 John Foster MA DD (1949)
 William Hugh Clifford Frend TD MA DPhil DD FRSE FBA (1969-1984)
 W. Ian P. Hazlett BA BD DTheo DLitt DD (2002-2010)
 Charlotte Methuen MA BD PhD (2017-)

See also
 List of Professorships at the University of Glasgow

References
 Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond, Who, Where and When: the History and Constitution of the University of Glasgow (Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 2001).
 Paul L. Robertson, "The Finances of Glasgow University Before 1914", History of Education Quarterly Winter (1976):449-478

Ecclesiastical History
Ecclesiastical History, *, Glasgow
1716 establishments in Scotland

Professor of Ecclesiastical History (Glasgow)


First Eagles: The Great War 1918 (also called First Eagles: The Great Air War 1918) is a PC combat / flight simulator game that focuses on World War I ("the Great War") between 1917 and 1918.

First Eagles has had fair success in the PC games market, although its impact has a lot to do with the game having an 'open architecture' allowing others to modify and improve aspects of it and add new planes, terrain, weapons etc.

In 2007, First Eagles: Expansion Pack 1 was released that adds the Sopwith Camel, Albatros D.III, Albatros D.Va, and Fokker Dr.I. This pack also includes new campaigns set over the Cambrai sector of France.

In 2008, First Eagles: Gold, a combo pack that contains both the original First Eagles and Expansion Pack 1, was released.

In February 2010, First Eagles 2 was released, following the trend of upgrading to be compatible with Vista and Windows 7.

Gameplay
Every encounter in World War I aerial combat is a close range turning dogfight that can have many outcomes including the planes colliding, spinning out of control, crashing into the ground, being hit by anti aircraft artillery, or being shot down or killed, depending on the game skill level set and the players skill level.

The game has a useful 'Single Mission' option that allows the user to choose their mission, aircraft type, weapons, year, nationality, weather, and time of day, and look at a map of the mission area. A set of names are generated to be included on the squadron roster and they are allocated varying skill levels (ranks). Flight above enemy territory results in anti-aircraft fire.

See also
Third Wire
Strike Fighters: Project 1
Falcon 4.0
List of World War I video games

References

External links
Developers site

2006 video games
Combat flight simulators
G2 Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Third Wire Productions games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
World War I flight simulation video games
World War I video games

First Eagles: The Great War 1918


Chester A. Dolan Jr. was an American politician who served as President of the Massachusetts Senate in 1949. He was the first Democrat to hold this position in 106 years.

Early life
Dolan was born on September 20, 1907, in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood. He attended Lowell Grammar School, High School of Commerce, Harvard Extension School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Suffolk University Law School. Prior to entering politics, Dolan was a semi-pro baseball player.

Political career

Dolan served one term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives before being elected to the Massachusetts Senate in 1938. Dolan was named Democratic Floor Leader in 1941, but gave up that position to serve in the United States Army. Dolan resigned from the House on August 18, 1942, and enlisted in the Army Air Corps. He was assigned to intelligence and after attending officers training school, was sworn in as a lieutenant and assigned to the Twelfth Air Force.

On November 8, Dolan and his outfit participated in the first Allied invasion of Casablanca with the 12th USAAF, along with General George S. Patton's Western Tank Force. He was part of Allied campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. In 1945, while fighting outside Bologna, Dolan was injured. He was hospitalized and sent back to the United States. He was discharged in January 1946 with the rank of Major.

Although Dolan had resigned from the House, his name was already on the primary ballot for the 1942 election and the state Ballot Law Commission ruled that it could not be removed. He won the primary in and was reelected to the Senate while still in the Army. In 1944 he was reelected while serving in the European theater. He was once again appointed Democratic Floor Leader in 1947.

Senate presidency
The 1948 Massachusetts Senate elections resulted in the election of 20 Republicans and 20 Democrats. The Republicans proposed an arrangement in which each party would have control over the Senate for half of the term. Dolan and the Democrats refused to accept this proposal, stating that after the election of a Democratic Governor, a Democratic majority in the State House of Representatives, and an increased number of Democratic State Senators "If the Republican leaders have not heard the voice of the people by this time they must be deaf." The Senate met for the first time at 11 am on January 5, 1949. The adjourned at 3:45 am the next day, still deadlocked after record 33 ballots. The stalemate finally ended on January 27 after 114 total ballots when the two sides agreed to have Dolan serve as President in 1949 and Harris S. Richardson serve in 1950. As part of the agreement, the Democrats received a majority on the Senate Ways and Means Committee for the full two years and all of the Republican-appointed employees of the Senate were assured of their jobs.

Later life and death
In 1950, Dolan was elected clerk of the Suffolk County division of the Supreme Judicial Court. In 1955 he was a candidate for Mayor of Boston. He finished fourth in the preliminary election behind John B. Hynes, John E. Powers, and James Michael Curley. In 1964 he resigned his position as clerk to become Chief Executive Officer of the Guaranty Trust Company in Waltham, Massachusetts. He later served as president and chief executive officer of WORL Radio and Cranberry Corp. and was president of Pinewood Corp.

Dolan died on September 7, 1994, in Wareham, Massachusetts.

See also
 Massachusetts legislature: 1937–1938, 1939, 1941–1942, 1945–1946, 1947–1948, 1949–1950

References

1907 births
1994 deaths
Harvard Extension School alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate
Suffolk University Law School alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
20th-century American politicians
United States Army Air Forces officers

Chester A. Dolan Jr.


Sean Patrick McClare (born 12 January 1978) is an English former footballer. He played for Barnsley between 1993 and 2001, before moving on to Port Vale following a short loan spell. In summer 2003 he moved on to Rochdale, before being released the following year. He later turned out for non-League sides Halifax Town, Bradford Park Avenue, Scarborough, and Grantham Town.

Career
McClare began his career with Barnsley, making 69 first team appearances in all competitions between 1993 and 2001. He found most of his first team action under John Hendrie's stewardship in the 1998–99 First Division campaign, playing 40 games and scoring four goals. He played nine games for Rochdale during a loan spell in April 2000, before he joined Port Vale on loan in November 2001. After his loan spell with Vale finished he was signed by Brian Horton permanently on a free transfer, scoring his first goal for the club against Oldham Athletic. He made 25 appearances for the "Valiants" in 2001–02, before playing 20 games in 2002–03. He left Vale Park after he was released in May 2003.

In July 2003 he signed with Rochdale on a permanent basis. He played 41 games for the "Dale", however he was released in May 2004 after what was a poor season for the club, as they finished two places above the Third Division relegation zone. In February 2005 he moved on to Halifax Town, but the next month he signed with Bradford Park Avenue, where he saw out the rest of the season.

In November 2005, McClare signed for former Oakwell teammate Neil Redfearn's Scarborough, making around 15 appearances, but the "Seadogs" were relegated from the Conference at the end of the 2005–06 season and he was released alongside most of the squad.

McClare returned to the part-time game in autumn 2006, signing for Unibond Premier Division side Grantham Town. After only twenty five appearances, and despite being one of the "Gingerbreads" most experienced and impressive players, financial constraints resulted in him being released by Town in January 2007.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Rotherham
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Barnsley F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Grantham Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

Sean McClare