The Australian Classification Review Board is a statutory censorship and classification body overseen by the Australian Government. The corporate body is responsible for reviewing classification decisions made by the Australian Classification Board concerning films, video games and publications for exhibition, sale or hire in Australia. Review decisions need to be initiated by an appeal from a previous applicant, most commonly referred to as "aggrieved party", or a Federal or State Attorney-General.

, the board comprises a convenor, deputy convenor and five other board members. The current convenor is former senator Sue Knowles, who was appointed in January 2019 to a two-year term.

Organizations
The Classification Review Board is a statutory body established by the Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995 (Cth).  This Act also provides a basis for the National Classification Code which guides their decision making. As the State and Territory governments retain responsibility for enforcing censorship and could withdraw from, or ignore the national classification scheme if they so wished, any changes to the national classification scheme must be agreed to by all the State and Territory Censorship Ministers (usually Attorneys-General). South Australia is the only state to maintain a separate Classification Council which can override national classification decisions applicable within the state.

The Classification Review Board does not censor material by ordering cuts or changes. However, they are able to effectively censor media by refusing classification and making the media illegal for hire, exhibit and import to Australia.

Classification decisions
Below is a list of films reviewed by the Classification Review Board after having their initial ratings appealed. Each film includes a summary of its decision, with detailed reports of the reviews from 2001 to 2020 available at the Australian Classification website.

2021

 Ascendant – The film was appealed to drop the MA15+ rating to an unrestricted M and succeeded as a result of the film's fantasy context appropriately justifying the themes and violence.
 Spiral: From the Book of Saw – StudioCanal failed to appeal the film's R18+ rating as a result of the violence having a high impact with no mitigation, despite most of the previous Saw films being rated MA15+; in addition, the consumer advice was upgraded from 'High impact violence' to 'High impact violence, blood and gore'.
Disco Elysium: The Final Cut – Studio ZA/UM successfully appealed the game's ban and received an R18+ rating on the basis of the in-game drug use having negative effects on the player.
The Suicide Squad – The review board unanimously determined that the film's classification should be downgraded from R18+ to MA15+. They noted that both the comedic and fantasy context mitigated the impact of the violence.
The Children in the Pictures – Downgraded from an MA15+ to an unrestricted M rating due to the documentary's purpose of educating audiences about the dangers of child exploitation.
Ghostbusters: Afterlife – Sony Pictures successfully appealed to lower the film to a PG rating due to the focus on science and humour mitigating the supernatural threat.

2020
 Cuties – The Australian Christian Lobby appealed the film's rating in order to ban it for pedophilia concerns. The claim was deemed invalid by the Review Board and the film kept its MA15+ rating.

2019
 Hellboy – Roadshow Entertainment failed to appeal the film's R18+ rating for an MA15+, because the cumulative impact of the violence was not mitigated enough by the fantasy context.
 Rocketman – Successfully appealed from MA15+ to an M rating due to the film's lone use of 'cunt' being used as an act of self-reflection rather than as an aggressive insult directed at another.

2018
 Bumblebee – The film's original version received an M rating for 'Action violence'. A cut version was sent and received the same M rating. Paramount Pictures appealed the cut version's rating and won a PG rating because the themes, violence and language were deemed to be mild in impact.
 We Happy Few – Gearbox Publishing appealed the game's refusal of classification on behalf of Compulsion Games and won, obtaining an R18+. The board found that the use of drugs in the game do not relate to incentives or rewards. The game's Lightbearer DLC was banned in August 2019 via the automated IARC system for drug use relating to incentives and rewards; Gearbox has yet to appeal the DLC's ban.

2017
The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature – Successfully lowered to a G rating due to its slapstick humor and positive message.
Jigsaw – StudioCanal successfully lowered the film's rating from R18+ to MA15+. The main reason being that the most graphic images were dimly lit and only fleetingly seen.
Split – Consumers of Mental Health WA failed to appeal the film's M rating for an MA15+ because the content and complex mental illness theme was judged to be only moderate in impact and justified by context.

2016
Embrace - Dropped from MA15+ to M as the detailed depictions of nudity had an educational context.
Blair Witch - Failed to lower its MA15+ rating due a strong sense of menace throughout.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows  - Dropped from M to PG as the violence lacked blood, injury or depictions of dead bodies.
X-Men: Apocalypse  - Dropped from MA15+ to M due to the lack of depiction involving serious bodily harm.

2015
Blinky Bill the Movie - Dropped from PG to G to due to the themes being of a very low threat of menace.
Boychoir - Dropped from M to PG due to the car crash scene lacking injury detail.

2014
Blended - Dropped from M to PG due to the sexual references being discreetly implied.

2013
Australian Attorney-General George Brandis tried to appeal the MA15+ rating of 12 video games, believing they should be raised to R18+ due to being given adult ratings in other countries. The appeal failed and all of the games kept their MA15+ ratings.
American Hustle - Dropped from MA15+ to M as the elements of aggressive coarse language were infrequent.
Behind the Candelabra - Dropped from MA15+ to M as the film's depiction of drug use dealt with the consequences of addiction and the sex scenes were discreet.
Children's Island - The Australian Federal Police successfully appealed the film's R18+ rating, banning it due to child pornography concerns.
Inside Llewyn Davis - Dropped from MA15+ to M as the elements of aggressive coarse language were infrequent.
Rampage (2009) - Australian Attorney-General George Brandis tried to appeal the film's MA15+ rating but failed as despite the frequent scenes of strong violence, the film never glorified its depiction of violent content.
Saints Row IV - Appeal of refusal of classification was unsuccessful due to interactive drug use related to incentives and rewards. The game was passed at MA15+ a few years later when it was re-released alongside the Gat Out of Hell expansion.

2012
Prometheus – Originally classified MA15+ for strong sci-fi violence specifically the birth scene, it was later downgraded to an M classification due to said scene being mitigated by a medical context.

2011
The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence) - Federal Attorney-General Brendan O'Connor successfully appealed the R18+ rating, banning the film for its relentless and continuous sequences of degradation.
Happy Feet Two - Successfully dropped to a G rating due to its very low sense of threat.
The House of the Dead: Overkill – Extended Cut – Sega successfully appealed its ban for an MA15+ on the basis that the over-the-top violence mitigated the impact.
We Dare – Federal Attorney-General Brendan O'Connor failed to appeal the game's rating and thus stuck with its PG rating on the basis that the sexual references were only mild in impact.
Mortal Kombat – Warner Bros. failed its appeal to attain an MA15+ rating due to violence being of a high degree; this was due to the lack of an R18+ for video games at the time, hence the game was subsequently refused classification for a second time. Has since been re-rated R18+ uncut after said rating's introduction.
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 – Originally received an MA15+ classification due to the strong themes involving an intense birth scene. It was later downgraded to an M rating due to the fantasy nature of the themes.
A Serbian Film - An already censored version of the film had its R18+ overturned, banning it for explicit depiction of sexual violence.

2010
The Karate Kid – Lowered its M rating to a PG due to the consensus being that the violence was not detailed and was relatively infrequent within the narrative.
Salo – Federal Attorney-General Brendan O'Conner tried to appeal its R18+ rating. It was originally banned since 1997 but was recently re-rated by the classification board. The film was again awarded an R18+ rating due to the additional three hours of extras which give context to the film, the same reason as the classification board.

2009
Alien vs Predator – Appealed its refusal of classification and won, receiving an MA15+ rating. The reason they deemed it as suitable for 15-year-olds is its science fiction context and how the mutilations were randomly generated and the player had no control over it.
Charlie Wilson's War – Bob Debus, the Minister for Home Affairs at the time, appealed the M rating of the film as he thought the nudity should have given the film a higher and restricted MA15+. He failed and the film retained the same rating of M, though with the added consumer advice of 'partial nudity'.
Friday the 13th (2009 remake) – Appealed its R18+ rating but lost due to how the violence frequently dwells on detail.
Hydrolord the Game (board game) – Bob Debus, the Minister for Home Affairs at the time, tried to appeal the M rating of this board game to cause it to receive a restricted rating of 'Category 1 18+' due to drug references, the board found that the drug references were very discreet thus awarding it the same rating of M.
Julie & Julia – Appealed its M rating and won in which it was re-rated PG for 'Infrequent coarse language'. It won the appeal as the word "fuck" was used briefly and can easily be missed and is used in context to calm another character down.
Left 4 Dead 2 – Appealed its refusal of classification but lost. This was due to the relentlessly graphic and detailed depictions of violence and gore throughout the game and thus could not be accommodated at the MA15+ rating. The game later received an R18+ uncut after said rating was introduced for video games.
The Loved Ones – Appealed its R18+ and won, it was then re-rated MA15+. This was due to that the most violent scenes generally had a dark comedic overtone to it thus reducing the impact.
Stone Bros. – Appealed its MA15+ but failed. This was due to how, despite the film showing negative effects on drugs, there are certain scenes explicitly detailing how to actually form them.

2008
F.E.A.R. 2 – Appealed its refusal of classification and was awarded with a MA15+. The board found that the violence was expected in its genre and the most violent events occurred without player control.
Open Season 2 – Appealed its PG rating but failed as the violence was a bit too intense for younger viewers.
Space Chimps – Successfully appealed its PG rating and won its G rating as the comedic overtone lessened the impact to young children.

2007
300 – Won its appeal and its R18+ was downgraded to a MA15+ due to how unrealistic the CGI effects were causing all the violence to be highly stylized.
30 Days of Night – Won its appeal and was awarded an MA15+ rating over its previous R18+. The reason was that it took place in a clear fantasy environment and that the vampires bled black blood lessening the impact.
Notes on a Scandal – Lost its appeal and stayed with its MA15+ rating due to how sensitive the public is to sex with a minor even with the film's implied sex scenes.
Sleuth (remake) – Successfully appealed its MA15+ rating for an M rating. The board found that the two uses of 'cunt' was, while aggressive, still infrequent.
Saw IV – Was originally rated R18+ due to the violent/sadistic content and graphic bloodshed. It was decreased to MA15+ based on the content being similar to the previous installments, which were rated MA15+. The notable scenes were the eye gouging, autopsy scene, hair scalping scene and hammer bashing scenes.
[[Sea Patrol (season 1)|Sea Patrol (season 1)]] – Lost its appeal and stayed with its M rating due to certain scenes dwelling on detail of blood.

2006Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure – Federal Attorney-General Phil Ruddock applied to appeal the MA15+ of the rating to force into the RC (banned) territory. He succeeded and banned the game as the board noted that while all the violence, coarse language and drug references may be accommodated within the MA15+ category, the theme proved to be high impact due to the glorification of graffiti.
Eragon – Lost its appeal of the M rating due to violence being too frequent to fit within the PG classification.
Stormbreaker – As with Eragon, lost its appeal of the M rating due to the frequency of the violence.
River Queen – Won its appeal for lowering its MA15+ rating for an M rating. This was due to the historical context of the film mitigating the impact.
Ice Age: The Meltdown – Failed to lower its PG rating due its cumulative impact of menace.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Lost its appeal due to the dark nature of the film being deemed too impactful to fit into the PG category.
Big Momma's House 2 – Won its appeal to lower its M rating into a PG rating. This was due to the overall comedic tone lessening the impact of the violence.

All appeals before 2006 were done when the review board was not owned by the Attorney-general's department but instead when it was overlooked by the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC).

2005
50 Cent Bulletproof – Lost its appeal against refusal of classification due to the frequent detailed violence.
A History of Violence – Won its appeal for a MA15+ rating as while the violence was very detailed and realistic, it was infrequent within the film.
Mysterious Skin – Attorney-general Phil Ruddock appealed the R18+ rating in order to ban the film. He failed due to how the film does not glorify sexual abuse of children.
Kingdom of Heaven – Won its appeal for an M rating due to the historical context of the film mitigating the impact.
Palindromes - Failed to lower its R18+ due to themes of pedophilia.
Wolf Creek – Lost its appeal and stayed as an R18+ due to how realistic and frequent the violence is.
Wedding Crashers – Was awarded a downgrade to an M rating due to the sexual references being while frequent, only moderate in impact.
The Gore Gore Girls – Failed to appeal its refusal of classification due to prolonged and graphic depictions of dismemberment.
Constantine – Was awarded an M rating, down from its MA15+ due to how the violence was generally undetailed and stylised.
Guess Who – Lost its appeal and stayed with its M rating due to how frequent the sexual references are.
9 Songs –  Won its appeal for an R18+, it was originally given an X18+ but due to a technicality in the guidelines of how even fetishes are not allowed in the X18+ category, something which the classification board overlooked, they awarded it an R18+ based upon artistic merit.
Fantastic Four – Won its appeal for a PG rating due to how highly stylised the violence was.

2004
Sideways - Won its appeal for an unrestricted M rating due to the compassionate treatment of depression and alcoholism.
A Very Long Engagement - Failed to lower its MA15+ rating due to injury detail and the strong sense of threat.
Collateral - Failed to lower its MA15+ rating due to the strong depictions of violence.
Shadow Theatre - The art house short film lowered its pornographic X18+ rating to a commercial R18+ due to its use of silhouettes and distorted imagery giving reasonable doubt to the potentially unsimulated sex scenes.
Manhunt - Federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock appealed the game's MA15+ rating resulting in the Review Board finding the violence to be high in impact. Due to the lack of a R18+ rating for video games at the time, Manhunt was refused classification as a result.
Anatomy of Hell - The Australian Family Association attempted to appeal the rating in an attempt to ban the film. The Review Board disagreed and the film kept the R18+ rating due serious artistic merit.
Bratz: Starrin' & Stylin' - Failed to lower its PG rating due to themes of peer pressure.
Irréversible - Attorney-general Phil Ruddock appealed the R18+ rating in order to ban the film. He failed and the film kept the rating for serious artistic merit.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban - Won its appeal for a PG rating due to its stylized nature lowering the impact of threat.
Troy - Won its appeal for an unrestricted M rating as the violence was mitigated by the film's historical context.
Haunted Mansion - Won its appeal for a PG rating due to the stylized fantasy elements mitigating the sequences of horror.

2003
One Perfect Day - Won its appeal for an unrestricted M rating due its strong anti-drug message.
Silverball Product Version 8 - Originally banned by the Classification Board due to sexuality and nudity in relation to incentives and rewards. The rating was successfully appealed and downgraded to an unrestricted M rating on the basis that the nude static images were incidental to gameplay rather than as a reward.
Thirteen - Won its appeal for a MA15+ due its non-exploitive and compassionate depiction of teenage drug use and self-harm.
Ken Park - The Sydney Film Festival failed in its appeal against the refusal of classification for the film due to its prolonged and gratuitous depictions of child sex abuse.
Basic - Failed to lower its MA15+ rating due to the violence having a strong impact despite the military context.
Ned Kelly - Won its appeal for an unrestricted M rating due to the historical context lowering the impact of the violence.
Legacy of the Silver Shadow Volume 1 - Failed to lower its PG rating as the violence was not mitigated by the educational context.
City of God - Failed to appeal its R18+ rating due to the film's unflinching and realistic portrayal of violence and drug use
Phone Booth - Won its appeal for an unrestricted M rating due to the non-gratuitous nature of the coarse language.

2002
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron – Won its appeal for a G rating due to there being a low sense of threat for children.
Baise-Moi – Attorney-General Daryl Williams succeeded in appealing the film's R18+ rating resulting in a refusal of classification for "very high impact sexual violence throughout".
Three Ballerinas – Awarded a G rating as the themes and language were deemed very mild and discreet in impact.
Australian Rules – Awarded an M rating due to the drug use, violence, and coarse language being justified by its context and message, thus the film was only moderate in impact.
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial: 20th Anniversary Edition  – Failed to lower its PG rating due to there being certain scenes that may be distressful for young children.
Black Hawk Down – Was originally rated R18+ due to its graphic, relentless violence and injury detail.  It was awarded an MA15+ on appeal as the violence was justified by its strong anti-war message.
Great Moments in Science - Was downgraded from PG to G as the violence was mitigated by the educational context as well as the lack of blood.

2001
 Grand Theft Auto III - Although originally released with an MA15+, the board banned it after reviewing the classification. Take-Two Interactive, on behalf of Rockstar Games, failed to appeal the game's ban as the board found its depiction of sexual violence against prostitutes inappropriate for minors. Due to the lack of an R18+ for video games at the time; the game was banned again. A modified version lacking the ability to pick up prostitutes was released with an MA15+. The game was later rerated R18+ uncut in 2019.
 Joy Ride - The board decided to keep the MA15+ rating only to change the consumer advice to "Violence may disturb".
 Captain Corelli's Mandolin - The MA15+ rating was kept, but the consumer advice changed to "Occasional strong violence".
Pokémon 3: The Movie - Failed to appeal its PG rating as the themes and violence were not discreet enough for a G. The consumer advice was however changed from "Adult themes, low level violence" to "Frequent violence, some themes may upset young children".
Series 7: The Contenders - Kept its R18+ rating as its satirical tone failed to diminish the realistic violence.
Dreamquest - Failed to appeal its ban as violence is not allowed in the X18+ category.
The Mexican -  Won its appeal for an unrestricted M rating due to the lack of detail within the violence.
Hannibal - Attorney-General Daryl Williams successfully appealed the film's MA15+ to upgrade it to a R18+ for high impact violence. The film would later revert to its MA15+ rating for its Blu-ray release.

2000

The Monkey's Mask – Lost its appeal to drop the R18+ due to the theme of fetishes not being treated discreetly enough to warrant an MA15+
Almost Famous – Dropped its MA15+ to an M due to how the drug use was not exploitatively used in its depiction and shows its negative sides effects.
The Color of Paradise – Successfully appealed its M to the PG rating. This was due to that the themes depicted are mitigated by their complicities for young children to understand.

1999

The Blair Witch Project – Won its appeal to lower its MA15+ to M as while there were instances of aggressive strong language, they were limited to only two scenes and thus infrequent within the narrative
Eyes Wide Shut – Lost the appeal and stuck with its R18+, as the sex scenes were too realistic rather than implied/discreet to fit into the MA15+ rating
Fight Club – Lost appeal for the MA15+ rating as it had adult themes of a high degree of intensity that were not discreet
The General's Daughter – Won its appeal and lowered rating to MA15+ as the theme of rape was not high impact and the rape scene was more suggestive then graphic.
The Iron Giant – Lost the appeal and stayed a PG due to several scenes being too intense for young children
Human Traffic – Lost appeal for MA15+ due to its promotion of drugs as an escapism
Romance  – Won its appeal to unban the film and rerated R18+ due to its serious intent and artistic merit despite explicit sex
Tarzan – Lost appeal to lower PG rating due to several menacing themes that could not be accommodated at the G rating
Madness – Lost its appeal to lowers its RC rating due to explicit sexual violence

1998

Analyze This – Lost its appeal to lower its MA15+ as it contained constant coarse language that were too aggressive to be in fit into the M rating. It was later re-rated M in 2003, and again in 2006.
Saving Private Ryan – Won appeal to be rated MA15+ as despite having intense, prolonged graphic scenes of violence, they were non-gratuitous, infrequent and contained a strong anti-war message
Passion – Appeal failed as the pervasive theme of sado-masochistic behaviour could not fit into the MA15+ category
Hurrah – Won the MA15+ rating as the noted sex scene was while somewhat graphic, was shown in a series of shots mitigating its impact

1997

Anastasia –  Appeal for a G rating failed due to the various scenes that were found to upset small children
Men in Black – Appeal failed as the violence was too frequent to be accommodated within the PG rating
FairyTale: A True Story – Won its appeal for a G rating as the themes were discreetly used to avoid distressing younger children
The Devil's Advocate – Lost its appeal for a MA15+ as the board noted that the sex and violence were gratuitously detailed and/or prolonged. In 2012 the film was re-rated MA15+ on Blu-ray.
Primary Colors – Won its appeal to lower its MA15+ to an M rating as the frequent use of "fuck" was not gratuitous and contextually justified
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – The Attorney general at the time appealed to ban the film (originally R18+) and was successful, the board noted the film depicted sexual violence as highly cruel and portrayed the characters in a demeaning manner. (It was rerated R18+ again in 2010)

Members
, the current members of the Classification Review Board are:
Sue Knowles (convenor) – appointed January 2019 (term expires 2021)
Peter Price (deputy convenor) – appointed December 2014 (term expires 2021)
Rechelle Leahy – appointed December 2018 (term expires 2020)
Susan Bush – appointed December 2018 (term expires 2020)
Margaret Clancy – appointed December 2018 (term expires 2020)
Adam Davy – appointed December 2018 (term expires 2020)
Christopher Allen – appointed December 2018 (term expires 2020)

See also

Advertising Standards Bureau (Australia)
Australian Classification Board – A statutory censorship and classification body for Australia
Banned films – includes an extensive list of films banned in Australia
Banned video games
Censorship in Australia
Internet censorship in Australia
List of pornography laws by region – Australian hardcore pornography laws
Video game controversy – includes the history of games censorship in Australia

References

Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
Australian classification system
Censorship in Australia
1970 establishments in Australia
Organizations established in 1970
Entertainment rating organizations
Video game content ratings systems

Australian Classification Review Board


Email art refers to artwork created for the medium of email. It includes computer graphics, animations, screensavers, digital scans of artwork in other media, and even ASCII art.  When exhibited, Email art can be either displayed on a computer screen or similar type of display device, or the work can be printed out and displayed.

Email art is an evolution of the networking Mail Art movement and began during the early 1990s. Chuck Welch, also known as Cracker Jack Kid, connected with early online artists and created a net-worker telenetlink. The historical evolution of the term "Email art" is documented in Chuck Welch's Eternal Network: A Mail Art Anthology published and edited by University of Calgary Press.

By the end of the 1990s, many mailartists, aware of increasing postal rates and cheaper internet access, were beginning the gradual migration of collective art projects towards the web and new, inexpensive forms of digital communication. The Internet facilitated faster dissemination of Mail Art calls (invitations), Mail Art blogs and websites have become commonly used to display contributions and online documentation, and an increasing number of projects include an invitation to submit Email art digitally, either as the preferred channel or as an alternative to sending contributions by post.
In 2006, Ramzi Turki received an e-mail containing a scanned work of Belgian artist Luc Fierens, so he sent this picture to about 7000 e-mail addresses artists seeking their interactions in order to acquire about 200 contributions and answers.

See also

 Cyberculture
 Digital art
 Fax art
 Internet art
 Mail art

References

Computer networking
Email
Internet art
New media art
Digital art

Email art


The Postman is a post-apocalyptic dystopia science fiction novel by David Brin. It is about a man wandering the desolate Oregon countryside who finds a United States Postal Service uniform, which he puts on and then claims he is a mail carrier and federal inspector for the "Restored United States of America". His mail service and claims about the return of a central government gives hope to the people, who are threatened by a murderous, neo-feudalist militia.

The first two parts were published separately as "The Postman" (1982) and "Cyclops" (1984). In 1997, a film adaptation of the novel was released starring Kevin Costner and Will Patton.

Plot
Despite the post-apocalyptic scenario and several action sequences, the book is largely about civilization and its symbols.  Each of the three sections deals with a different symbol.

The first is the Postman himself, Gordon Krantz, who takes the uniform solely for warmth after he loses almost everything to bandits. He wanders amongst small communities performing scenes from William Shakespeare plays in return for food and shelter. Originally a drama student at the University of Minnesota, he  traveled west to Oregon in the aftermath of the worldwide chaos that resulted from several EMPs, the destruction of major cities, and the release of bioweapons. Taking shelter in a long-abandoned postal van, he finds a sack of mail and a postal uniform. He wears the uniform and takes the mail  to a nearby community to barter for food and shelter. His initial claims to be a real postman start not because of a deliberate fraud (at least initially) but because people are desperate to believe in him and his claim that he represents the "Restored United States".

Later, in the second section, he encounters a community, Corvallis, Oregon, which is led by Cyclops, who is apparently a sentient artificial intelligence created at Oregon State University which miraculously survived the cataclysm. In reality, however, the machine ceased functioning during a battle, and a group of scientists maintain the pretense of its working to try to keep hope, order, and knowledge alive. The scientists also claim to use Cyclops' advice and predictions to solicit contributions of food from citizens, an approach that Gordon compares to the Delphi Oracle.

Eventually, in the third section, as the Postman joins forces with Cyclops's scientists in a war against an influx of "hypersurvivalist militia", the Postman begins to find that the hypersurvivalists are being pressed from Oregon's Rogue River area to the south as well. The hypersurvivalists are more commonly referred to as Holnists, after their founder, Nathan Holn, an author who championed a violent, misogynistic, and militaristic society. Holn was executed sometime before the events in the novel, but in the time following what should have been a brief period of civil disorder, Holn's followers' attacks prevented the United States from recovering from the war and the plagues that followed.

As the story comes to a climax, the Postman allies with a tough tribal group made up of descendants of ranchers, loggers and Native Americans from Southwestern Oregon's Umpqua Valley region who are led by a Native American who is a former member of an airborne regiment of the U.S. military. The Umpqua people have developed a warrior culture similar to Native Americans of the Old West and are bitter enemies of the Holnists; they have defeated the Holnists at every turn but until the Postman's arrival, they were not inclined to help the "weak" townsfolk of the Willamette Valley against the Holnists. At the end of the novel, the Postman discovers the Holnists have another organized enemy to the South, identified only by the symbol they rally behind: the Bear Flag. The final scenes of the novel give the impression that the groups (symbols) may come together in an effort to revive civilization.

Another message of the plot deals with the backstory of the post-apocalyptic world: specifically, that it was not the electronics-destroying EMPs, the destruction of major cities, or the release of various bio-engineered plagues that completely destroyed society, but rather it was the Holnists, who preyed on humanitarian workers and attacked communities during this difficult period.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The Postman for White Dwarf #83, and stated that "The story is complicated by Krantz's intersection with another myth in the making, and then by a muddle of battle, murder and enhanced super-guerillas, all a bit of a needless distraction, but never mind. It's nicely written, sometimes moving, and ends as it should. Well worth reading."

Both of the initial parts were nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novella.   The completed novel won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, both for 1986. It was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel for 1986.

Brin has suggested that he wrote The Postman as a rebuke to the celebrations of mayhem in the many derivative post-apocalyptic fictions that appeared in the wake of the popular Mad Max movies.

See also
Lucifer's Hammer: After the comet strike, Harry, the senator's local mailman, becomes very important as someone recognized by different communities of survivors.

References

External links

 The Postman: The Movie, An Impression by the Author of the Original Novel by David Brin
 The Postman at Worlds Without End

1985 American novels
1985 science fiction novels
American novels adapted into films
American post-apocalyptic novels
Dystopian novels
John W. Campbell Award for Best Science Fiction Novel-winning works
Novels by David Brin
Novels set in Oregon
Novels about the United States Postal Service
American alternate history novels
Survival fiction

The Postman


Chris Hughes (born November 26, 1983) is an American entrepreneur and author who co-founded and served as spokesman for the online social directory and networking site Facebook until 2007. He was the publisher and editor-in-chief of The New Republic from 2012 to 2016.

Hughes co-founded the Economic Security Project (ESP) in 2016. In 2018, he published Fair Shot: Rethinking Inequality and How We Earn.

Early life and education
Hughes grew up in Hickory, North Carolina, as the only child of Arlen "Ray" Hughes, an industrial paper salesman, and Brenda Hughes, a mathematics teacher. He was raised as an evangelical Lutheran. He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, before earning a Bachelor of Arts in History and English Literature, magna cum laude, from Harvard College.

In February 2020, it was reported that Hughes was in the process of earning his Master of Arts in Economics from The New School for Social Research in New York City.

Career

Facebook
Hughes is a co-founder of Facebook. At Harvard, Hughes met and was recruited by Mark Zuckerberg, who at the time was still working in the early stages of the website. During their summer break in 2004, Hughes and Zuckerberg traveled to Palo Alto, California. While Zuckerberg decided to remain in Palo Alto after the break, Hughes decided to return to Harvard to continue his studies. In 2006, after graduating from Harvard, Hughes relocated to Palo Alto to rejoin Zuckerberg and became involved in Facebook again.

Hughes was unofficially responsible for beta testing and product suggestions. When the group had the idea to open Facebook to other schools, Hughes argued that schools should have their own networks to maintain the intimacy. He was also a key driver in developing many of Facebook's popular features, which led to the opening of Facebook to the outside world.

Hughes left Facebook in 2007.

When Facebook's initial public offering took place in 2012, Hughes made $500 million.

After Facebook
In March 2009, Hughes was named Entrepreneur in Residence at General Catalyst, a Cambridge, Massachusetts, venture-capital firm.

Hughes was the executive director of Jumo, a non-profit social network organization which he founded in 2010, which "aims to help people find ways to help the world". In July 2010, UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) appointed him to a 17-member "High Level Commission" of renowned politicians, business leaders, human rights activists, and scientists tasked with spearheading a "social and political action campaign over the coming year aimed at galvanizing support for effective HIV prevention programmes."

The New Republic
In March 2012, Hughes purchased a majority stake in The New Republic magazine. He became the publisher and executive chairman, and also served as editor-in-chief of the magazine. In December 2014, shortly after the magazine's centennial celebration, editor Franklin Foer and literary editor Leon Wieseltier were "driven out" and dozens of other staff and contributing editors resigned after a new chief executive, Guy Vidra, a former Yahoo! employee, described the new direction of the magazine as a "vertically integrated digital media company." The magazine was forced to cancel its upcoming issue due to the staff departures.

The magazine was not profitable during Hughes' tenure. On January 11, 2016, Hughes put The New Republic up for sale, saying he had "underestimated the difficulty of transitioning an old and traditional institution into a digital media company in today's quickly evolving climate." Hughes' ownership of The New Republic was described by The New York Times as a "vanity project." He sold the magazine on February 26, 2016 to Oregon publisher Win McCormack.

Other activities
Hughes co-founded the Economic Security Project in 2016. In 2018, he published Fair Shot: Rethinking Inequality and How We Earn.

In May 2019, he published an op-ed in the New York Times, calling for the break-up of Facebook and for government regulation of content on it; in June of the same year, he criticized the Facebook decision to launch Libra (which was later renamed Diem), saying that the cryptocurrency "would shift power into the wrong hands if, at least, the coin be modestly successful".

Political involvement
After leaving Facebook, Hughes volunteered for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.

Hughes and Sean Eldridge bought a $2 million residence in New York's 19th congressional district with the reported purpose of permitting Eldridge to run for the congressional seat there. In 2014, Eldridge lost his congressional bid by 29 points.

Hughes endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Personal life
Hughes is openly gay and is married to Sean Eldridge. Hughes and Eldridge announced their engagement in January 2011 at a reception in support of Freedom to Marry. They married on June 30, 2012.

In popular culture

Hughes was portrayed by actor Patrick Mapel in the 2010 film The Social Network.

References

Further reading

  and photo gallery

External links

 Entrepreneur in Residence at General Catalyst Partners

1983 births
21st-century American businesspeople
American company founders
American computer businesspeople
American Internet celebrities
Facebook employees
Harvard College alumni
American LGBT businesspeople
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT people from North Carolina
HIV/AIDS activists
Living people
Phillips Academy alumni
People from Garrison, New York
People from Hickory, North Carolina
21st-century American LGBT people

Chris Hughes


GSI3D (Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 dimensions) is a methodology and associated software tool for 3D geologic modeling developed by Hans-Georg Sobisch (INSIGHT Geologische Softwaresysteme, Germany) over the last 20 years initially in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (LBEG) and the Oldenburg-Ostfriesland Waterboard (OOWV) in Germany and from 2006–2010 in collaboration with the British Geological Survey. GSI3D has been further developed and is now solely available as INSIGHT's SubsurfaceViewer MX. The software is written in Java and data is stored in extensible mark-up language XML.

A brief outline of the methodology

GSI3D utilises a digital elevation model, surface geological linework and downhole borehole and geophysical data to enable the geologist to construct cross sections by correlating boreholes and the outcrops to produce a geological fence diagram. Mathematical interpolation between the nodes along the drawn sections and the limits of the units produces a solid model comprising a stack of triangulated objects each corresponding to one of the geological units present. Scientists draw their sections based on facts such as borehole logs correlated by intuition – the shape 'looks right' to a geologist. This 'looks right' element pulls on the geologists' wealth of understanding of earth processes, examination of exposures and theoretical knowledge gathered over a career in geology. GSI3D enables the efficient capture of tacit and implicit knowledge which was until now trapped in geologist's heads.

GSI3D Research Consortium

Between April 2010 and April 2015, The British Geological Survey operated the 5-year GSI3D Research Consortium under license from INSIGHT GmbH. This not-for-profit consortium provided subscription-based access to a BGS-customized version of GSI3D along with a website and support package as a platform to develop a geological modelling community based around the cross-section methodology. The consortium successfully brought together Geological Surveys, commercial companies and academics from around the globe.

External links
 Luikonlahti geological model
 GSI3D at the Illinois Geological Survey
 3D geological model featured on the BBC
 a GSI3D model featured on the BBC website
 A GSI3D model of the City of Halle, Germany
 Hydrogeological GSI3D Models in NW Germany
 GSI3D in use at the BGR
 Dr.Hans-Georg Sobisch, developer and holder of the intellectual property rights for GSI3D

Geology software
Methodology

GSI3D


Political behaviour is how people think about politics and how they vote and do things like protest because of what they believe. Family, teachers and friends all shape how we think. The media and political adverts also change the way many people vote. Social class, race and religion also make people vote in different ways.

Related pages
 Ideology
Human behavior

Political science

Political behavior


The 2011 L&H 500 was the ninth event of the 2011 International V8 Supercars Championship. It was held on the weekend of 16 to 18 September at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit in Victoria, Australia.  This was the eleventh running of the Phillip Island 500, the fourth occasion in which it filled the role of the annual 500 kilometre, two-driver V8 Supercar race, and the 21st ATCC championship race meeting at the circuit. It was also the last 500 kilometre race for V8 Supercars at Phillip Island, as the endurance race returned to Sandown Raceway in 2012, and the Phillip Island event reverted to a sprint race format with two 150 kilometre races.

Unique to the L&H 500, two preliminary 14 lap qualifying races were held on Saturday with the two drivers of each car starting one race each. A single pitstop by each car in either race, in which at least two tyres were changed, was mandated, with the combined results of the two qualifying races determining the grid for the main 500 kilometre race. The 500 kilometre race itself was Race 19 of the championship.

Tony D'Alberto Racing driver Tony D'Alberto was forced to withdraw from the race after contracting chicken pox. He was replaced by Fujitsu Series driver Taz Douglas.

Ford Performance Racing's Will Davison and Luke Youlden came out best of the qualifying format, and secured pole position for the main race, with the 2010 L&H 500 winners Craig Lowndes and Mark Skaife lining up sixth.

The TeamVodafone pairing of Craig Lowndes and Mark Skaife came through the 500 km race to secure the consecutive victories at the event, followed by Jamie Whincup and Andrew Thompson, with pole-sitters Will Davison and Luke Youlden crossing the line third.

Results

L&H 500
Results of the 500 kilometre Race 19 were as follows:

Standings
 Championship standings after 19 of 28 races were as follows.

References

External links
Official L & H 500 website
Official series website

L and H 500
Motorsport at Phillip Island
Phillip Island 500
Pre-Bathurst 500

2011 L&H 500


is a Japanese shōjo manga by Miwa Ueda, who is known for her work, Peach Girl. The chapters appeared as a serial in the Japanese manga anthology Bessatsu Friend and were published by Kodansha in eight tankōbon from January 2007 to December 2009. The plot focuses on an unattractive, ordinary girl's change into a beautiful and popular one.

Papillon was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Del Rey, but they only managed to release the first six volumes before going out of business.

Story
Ageha and her sister Hana are twins. At birth, their parents left Ageha in the care of their grandmother in the countryside. Hana was raised in the big city with her parents. However, when the girls were in second grade, their grandmother became ill and so, Ageha was sent to live with her parents and her twin sister in the city.

Now, the two girls are in high school and are complete opposites. Growing up in the countryside has made Ageha a bit of a tomboy; she's a quiet, reserved girl who doesn't look anything special. Hana, on the other hand, is outgoing, gorgeous and popular at school. From Hana, Ageha develops an inferiority complex.

One day when all of Ageha's classmates leave to attend a concert, Ageha finds herself alone to maintain the booth at school during the school fair. Ageha feels as if she's Cinderella who didn't get invited to go to the ball. Just when she was thinking those thoughts, a boy wearing a horse mask on his head runs into the classroom and hides underneath a table. His name is Kyuu. It turns out he's being chased by some girls. After the girls leave, Ageha is startled by Kyuu who demands that she serve him coffee. As she does so, Kyuu flips through her agenda booklet and discovers a photograph of Ageha and the boy she has a crush on, Ryuusei, who she has known from childhood but since they moved away, they have forgotten each other. Kyuu asks if she likes Ryuusei, and if she wants to be Ryuusei's girlfriend in a teasing sort of way, causing much embarrassment to the girl. Kyuu then tells her that if she believes in her heart that it is possible, it could come true. Kyuu tells her to shout out that she's Ryuusei's girlfriend and that they are going out and her life is very good, which Ageha does so. As soon as she speaks the words, Ryuusei appears at the classroom door and recognizes Ageha as the girl from his childhood that he used to play with. Ageha secretly thinks of Kyuu as Cinderella's fairy godmother and cannot believe that it happened.

However, as Ageha and Ryuusei rekindle a friendship from long ago, Hana becomes suspicious or jealous of Ageha's relationship with Ryuusei. She becomes especially annoyed when she finds out that Ryuusei prefers Ageha to her. Hana then begins to formulate a plan to steal Ryuusei away from Ageha.

After some time Ageha winds up walking with Ryuusei and Hana to visit her grandma at the hospital. Hana ends up flirting with Ryuusei leaving Ageha out of everything.

Ageha begins to feel nervous about how the two are leaving her out of everything and begins to complain that she has a stomach ache. After taking a beak, They begin to go in a taxi home, when Hana tells Ryuusei that they should still go to the hospital to visit Hana's and Ageha's grandmother. After consulting the fact that Ageha will be going home alone, Hana convinces Ryuusei to go to the hospital with her still. Ageha is shocked by how Hana is treating her, and after Hana gets home, decides to confront her. However, when Hana comes home and Ageha tells her suspicions and Hana scoffs it off, saying that she just thought he was fun and nice to be with. And as if as a side note, Hana adds that she is dating Ryuusei, and Ageha is crushed!

Later on, Ageha develops a crush on Kyuu-chan and finally confesses to him about this on a ferris wheel where they were supposed to act out how Ageha was supposed to ask Ryuusei out. Volume 2 ends when Kyuu-chan says that he is her teacher but it could work.

Kyuu ends up going out with Ageha, and Ageha was ecstatic. But after the first day of the two going out, Kyuu mistakes Hana for Ageha and Hana gets the idea to ruin Ageha's chance with Kyuu. Kyuu takes Hana on a date, still thinking it was Ageha and Hana completely offends Kyuu and carelessly acts rude on the date.

Characters

 She is the shy protagonist. She's usually quite reserved and is considered unattractive when compared to her twin sister because of her bangs, glasses, and acne. She shows small signs of jealousy towards her sister's popularity at school but is a kind-hearted person overall. She was a very outgoing girl, but coming back to the city and seeing her sister made her lose confidence. At the beginning, she believed compared to her sister her own existence was meaningless, even at her own home as her mother never seemed to love her as much as she did Hana. After deciding to kill herself once her only friend shows off her diary to the class, Kyuu calls her down and gives her the words of encouragement she needed. She later develops more friends, who help her give her a more girlish appearance to where its hard to tell her and Hana apart and encourage her to go after Ryuusei. It is later revealed that (through Kyuu's help) that her mother sent her to her grandmothers as Ageha would always cry when she held her, making her feel as if Ageha was rejecting her as a mother. She later starts to developed feelings for Kyuu, however after he mistook Hana for her on the day she was sick, Hana sabotages it. Though after getting advice from another teacher (who she originally assumed to be Kyuu because of the horse head mask he was wearing), she thanks Kyuu for all he has done for her, and for accepting her feelings, even if for only a little while. Kyuu realizes that it was Hana pretending to be Ageha and they get back together. There are many more complications later on in this series involving Ageha, Hana, Kyuu, and Ryuusei.

 Ageha's twin sister and a popular, beautiful girl at school. She is the type who goes through many boyfriends. She has a determined attitude and believes if you work for a goal, you will be able to obtain it. However, she doesn't often use this trait for good. Hana often manipulates other people to get what she wants and becomes easily jealous of others, especially her sister. Where every time Ageha shows attraction, she quickly takes him away or makes them believe Ageha (her in disguise) is extremely selfish, even openly admitting to Kyuu that she wishes to prevent her sister from ever attaining happiness. Kyuu compares her to a rose, stating she is "covered in thorns". However, as of recent chapters, it is revealed that after a guy she liked confessed to Ageha, she seems to believe that Ageha "stole" her boyfriend and now has the boys she dates go through a secret "lust" test by dressing up as Ageha and see if said guy will betray her. She later shows that she in fact has an inferiority complex towards her sister, as despite her appearance that attracts boys they ultimately want a girl with a personality like Ageha.

 Ageha's childhood friend from when she lived in the countryside. He's considered good looking and is a nice, outgoing person. He is a bit clueless when it comes to the rivalry between Ageha and Hana, as he sees Ageha as a good friend. She had a crush on him since they were kids, but because of her appearance, she never felt she was worthy to go out with him. However, after her appearance change, her sister Hana quickly steals him away before Ageha could confess her feelings to him. He was dating Hana, but they broke up because of Hana selfishly requesting his time at the drop of a hat and especially after she disguise herself as Ageha to see if he would be faithful to Hana. He later reveals to a disguised Hana that his first love was Ageha, and he would have dated her if she had asked him out.

 The young new guidance counselor at school who is still studying in college. He has quite a perverted personality and is very outgoing and silly. He encourages Ageha to be happier by going towards her goals rather than shy away from them. Many of the older girls flaunt over him. After he helped Ageha, she confessed that she fell in love with him, which he says they could make it work. However, after believing Hana was Ageha on the day that she was sick, she uses that to her advantage to make him buy her an expensive meal (one she hardly touches), makes him waste his time, and tells him off when he has to go. The next day he dresses in black and tells Ageha that he doubts they could make it work. However, after she gave him that heartfelt speech of hers as well as another teacher pointing out how much Hana and Ageha look the same, he is able to figure out it was actually Hana he went on a date with. He gets his revenge by making her do embarrassing stuff while pretending to believe she is her sister. Afterwards, he finds Ageha and tells her he still cares about her.
Ran Ichijiku
 Kyuu's sister-in-law. At first, Ageha thinks she and Kyuu are dating, which makes her jealous as Ran has a great figure and is described as beautiful. However, she is really good friends to Kyuu and makes him look after her baby twins when she's shopping. Her children's names are Rui and Mari.
Rui and Mari
 The twin baby girls of Ran Ichijiku. They are very fussy babies and Ran often has a hard time with them, but Ageha (with advice from her mother) always cheers them up with a game of peek-a-boo. They can also tell the difference between Ageha and Hana.

 A very kind understanding person. Who dated Hana in middle school and was tricked by her. She masqueraded as Ageha and seduced him to see if he loved her. He was not seduced but did confess to Ageha that he liked her. Now working in his family's business he and Ageha meet again as she gets a summer job.

Release
Written and illustrated by Miwa Ueda, the chapters of Papillon - Hana to Chō were serialized in the Japanese manga anthology Bessatsu Friend from 2007 to December 2009. Kodansha published the chapters in eight tankōbon from January 12, 2007, to December 11, 2009.

Del Rey Manga licensed the series for an English-language release in North America. Six volumes have been published.

Volume list

References

External links
Official Papillon site
Papilion at Del Rey's website

2007 manga
Del Rey Manga
Kodansha manga
School life in anime and manga
Shōjo manga

Papillon (manga)


Balder Tomasberg (1897, Paldiski – 1919, near Saint Petersburg) was an Estonian artist.

Tomasberg was born in Paldiski and moved to Tallinn in 1913. He initially worked as a draughtsman at a construction company and studied art in evening classes given by the , with Nikolai Triik as his teacher. In 1915, he ended his art studies, and in early 1916 participated in an exhibition arranged by the Estonian Art Society. He was subsequently drafted into the Imperial Russian Army and sent to Novgorod to work as a decorator of stage sets for soldier theatres. He returned to Estonia in 1917 and together with his friend, sculptor Roman Haavamägi, a circle of artists called , which gathered several students of Ants Laikmaa, including Aleksander Mülber and Välko Tuul. The works of the group were exhibited together in the autumn of 1918, and Tomasberg contributed with several works with themes from the island of Pakri Islands, where the group had lived as an art colony. Later that year he volunteered to fight in the Estonian War of Independence and was mortally wounded in the fighting three months later.

His work consists of paintings made in pastels and watercolour, as well as graphic arts. The subject matter consists mostly of dream-like or fantastic landscapes.

References

External links

1897 births
1919 deaths
People from Paldiski
People from the Governorate of Estonia
20th-century Estonian painters
20th-century Estonian male artists
Russian military personnel of World War I
Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence
Estonian Academy of Arts alumni
Estonian military personnel killed in action

Balder Tomasberg


George Wilson (24 June 1766 – 14 April 1839), known also as the Blackheath Pedestrian, was a Newcastle-born competitive walker.

Life
George Wilson was born in Newcastle on 24 June 1766 to a shipbuilder named Robert Wilson and Mary Finlay. He grew up as one of six children. At a young age, his father died £200 in debt, forcing his mother to start a pawn-broking business. The debt was eventually paid off with the help of a creditor who also assisted Finlay in accruing an additional £600. John Bell, the husband of Finlay's younger sister, attempted to claim these £600 for himself in addition to £200 which was left to Finlay in her mother's will. He was unsuccessful in both cases. George Wilson would go on to marry Bell's daughter, his cousin, with whom he had 5 children.

Wilson held several jobs throughout his life, first serving as an apprentice cobbler under his uncle, John Bell. He reluctantly took on this role for seven years until, at the age of 21, he became a pawn-broker in his mother's business. When he married John Bell's daughter, he left this business. Bell loaned Wilson £30 to start his own business, which was largely unsuccessful and lasted only two years. After that failure, Wilson returned to the pawn-broking business, now his own, for another nine years. After that, he became a draper and hosier which required him to visit London about 6 times a year, a 522 mile journey he would always take on foot. During this time, he was also employed as a tax collector, which would sometimes require him to walk 50 to 60 miles a day. In 1805, satisfied that his wife and children could manage his hosiery and drapery business, he began selling maps and other travel guides as he walked around the country, which had by then become the main occupancy of his time. By 1810, he became a seller of pamphlets in Kent, which would sometimes require him to walk 40 miles a day. This proved to be inadequate at providing his expenses, and by 1814, Wilson was in debtor's prison for failure to pay a £20 debt from John Bell. There he made his first steps in the world of competitive pedestrianism, walking 50 miles around the prison yard in 12 hours. He finished with 4 minutes 43 seconds to spare, winning £3 1s.

When he was released from prison, Wilson became a full time competitive walker, supplementing his meager income by selling books. His first competitive walk outside of prison began on 30 August 1814 and ended one day later. During this, he walked 96 miles in 23 hours 31 minutes, probably earning him £100.

In September 1822, he earned the nickname "The Blackheath Pedestrian" after attempting to walk 1,000 miles in 20 days.

On the Monday after Easter in 1822, Wilson walked 90 miles in 24 hours at the Town Moor racecourse in Newcastle. He finished with 14 minutes left on the clock. The crowd did not offer much money.

On 23 July 1822, he attempted to walk 90 miles in 24 hours at Alnwick racecourse.

On 11 August 1822, he was convicted of being a rogue and vagabond for abandoning his wife and sentenced to 3 months' hard labour.

On 26 April 1824, Wilson completed his final feat of pedestrianism at Alston, Cumbria, successfully walking 140 miles in under 48 hours, despite having been "lame in one of his legs for three months past."

George Wilson died 14 April 1839 at New Pandon Street, New Castle. He was 73.

The Blackheath Pedestrian

On 11 September 1815, the 50-year-old Wilson undertook his longest feat: walking 1,000 miles around Blackheath, in 20 days for £100, to be collected from the people of Woolwich. Each day he walked fifty miles, averaging 4 miles an hour. He was ordered by the local magistrate to not walk on the Sabbath, so he was forced to leave their jurisdiction on the two Sundays on which he walked. Though for the first few days, he did not garner much attention, by the ninth day newspapers were writing about his walk and the crowd was at least 7,000 in size. In particular, his old age and small stature proved to be one of the factors which made his walk so appealing. The extra coverage given to him by the press only served to grow the crowds further. By the tenth day, they had become nearly unmanageable: the dust they were kicking up impaired Wilson's breathing and several disgruntled bettors tried to attack him. With an estimated £5,000 wagered on his success or downfall, men with bludgeons, staves, and bayonets were sent out to clear his path. By the 11th day, even The Times had begun to report on Wilson because this feat was considered even greater than Captain Barclay's 1,000 miles in 1,000 hours (~40 days) walk six years earlier. Still, the local authorities were not pleased with the alcohol, prostitution, circus acts, and general nuisance which the riotous assembly had been causing, so they determined that the sale of alcohol was to be banned, and by the twelfth day the grounds were cleared of liquor stalls. On the thirteenth day, a Saturday, Wilson was notified that a warrant had been issued for his arrest, but was not executed due to sympathy from the clerk of the magistrate, on the condition that Wilson would absolutely not walk at Blackheath on Sunday. This was assured, and he was taken to Peckham, Surrey, to complete his walk on for day fourteen. Heavy rainfall made the ground unsuitable, so he was then taken to Beckenham, Kent instead. The continuing rain as well as the delays caused by it earlier meant that by midnight, 6 hours left in the 24 hours period, he had only completed 32 miles for the day. Most doubted that he would be able to complete his walk for the day in the allowed time, with the odds assessed by the bookkeepers at 10:1. At 5:30 AM, he completed the 50th mile for the day, with 30 minutes left. On day fifteen, he completed his 750th mile, 75% of his journey.

Thus far, the authorities had not looked upon Wilson's walk favorably. On 26 September 1815, just 1 mile into his sixteenth day, Wilson was notified that the constables had been given the warrant for his arrest. Though he was eventually acquitted of disturbing the peace on 5 October 1815, the decision to arrest him proved to be effective: the crowds had all but dispersed. His inability to walk for the final 5 days resulted in his failure to complete the feat and he was unable to collect the £100 prize. However, the London Stock Exchange collected the same £100 for him within 2 hours.

On 2 November 1822, Wilson completed 1,000 miles of walking in eighteen days in Hull.

Record

In media
George Wilson wrote an autobiography entitled A Sketch of the Life of George Wilson, the Blackheath Pedestrian: Who Undertook to Walk One Thousand Miles in Twenty Days! which was illustrated by Thomas Charles Wageman in 1815. In this book he tells of his many exploits and failures, including him being arrested for causing a breach of the peace, charged and tried for "walking for money" and ending up in debtor's prison.

In the song "On Russell The Pedestrian" which appeared in 1840 in The Tyne Songster, George Wilson is mentioned by name as a well-known competitive walker. The notes to the song mention the last feat of his walking career at Town Moor racecourse in Newcastle. The song itself is not written in a Geordie dialect, but has a strong Northern England connection.

"The Quizzical Quorum or the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Black Beaks of Blackheath" and "Looney's visit to Blackheath" are both songs written about Wilson's 1,000 mile walk around Blackhealth Common.

References

External links

1766 births
1839 deaths
English male racewalkers
Sportspeople from Newcastle upon Tyne
Geordie songwriters
Northumbrian folklore
British male racewalkers

George Wilson (racewalker)


Colentina A.C. București was a football club based in Bucharest, in southern Romania. It was founded in 1909 and it soon became one of the best teams in the country, winning two Romanian Championships The club was dissolved in 1947.

History

The second club from Bucharest, founded in April 1909, represented the workers and clerks of the Colentina Cotton Factory, English society. The first president of the club was Mastejan, the factory president. The most famous players were: Matthews, Catteral, Middleton, Thompson, Deburst.

The club succeeds to win two consecutive editions of the Romanian Championship, before the First World War, in 1912–13 and 1913–14. Just before the outbreak of the war, the players, most of them English, leave the country and the team enters into a slow process of dissolution.

In 1915, a part of the members of Olympia București (then in a dissolution process) come to Colentina and the team manages to resist one more year.

After the War, the club activates in the Bucharest District Championship, and during the period before World War Two, the team appears a single time at a divisionary level, in 1946–1947 in Liga III. After this, there are no more records about the club's activity, in the end being dissolved.

Honours

Liga I:
Winners (2): 1912–13, 1913–14
Runners-up (2): 1909–10, 1914–15

References

Association football clubs established in 1909
Association football clubs disestablished in 1947
Defunct football clubs in Romania
Football clubs in Bucharest
History of Bucharest
1910 establishments in Romania
1947 disestablishments in Romania
Works association football clubs in Romania

Colentina A.C. București


Koenraad Wolter Swart (1916–1992) was a Dutch-American historian, best known for his work on the role of William of Orange in the Dutch Revolt, and for his doctoral dissertation on the relationship between the state and state functionaries in the seventeenth century.

Life
Koenraad (Koen) Swart was born in Rotterdam on 16 October 1916. His father, Pieter C. Swart, was editor in chief of the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant; his mother was J. G. Gratama. His father was the son of Lammert Swart commander of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and Chief of the Department of War in the Dutch East Indies.  Swart was educated in The Hague and at the University of Leiden, where he took the candidature in Law before transferring to History. He was one of the last doctoral students to study under Johan Huizinga. His studies were interrupted by the Second World War and by his employment, in 1947—49, by the Dutch Institute for War Documentation, on whose behalf he attended the Nuremberg Trials.

After completing the requirements for his doctorate in 1949, Swart was employed at a series of American universities: the University of Illinois (1950–1952), Georgetown University (1952-1953), Brenau College (1954–1956), and Agnes Scott College (1956–1966), also doing some teaching at Emory University in Atlanta. During this time he became an American citizen. In 1966 he succeeded Ernst Kossmann as Professor of Dutch History and Institutions at University College London, holding the chair until his retirement in 1983. He spent most of the rest of his life in Wassenaar, dying there in 1992.

Among his publications, his description of the manner in which people at the time understood the Dutch miracle as an event so singular as to be like a miracle continues to be widely cited. Swart was elected a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1967.

Personal life
Swart married Ineke de Leng in 1950 and had four children Sonia (1952), Peter (1954), Stephanie (1957) and Philip (1961).

Publications

Books
Sale of Offices in the Seventeenth Century. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1949.
The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France. International Archives of the History of Ideas 7. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1964.
Willem van Oranje en de Nederlandse opstand 1572-1584, bezorgd door R.P. Fagel, M.E.H.N. Mout, H.F.K. van Nierop. The Hague: Sdu, 1994.
English edition as William of Orange and the Revolt of the Netherlands, 1572-84; with introductory chapters by Alastair Duke and Jonathan I. Israel; edited by R.P. Fagel, M.E.H.N. Mout and H.F.K. van Nierop; translated by J.C. Grayson. St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.

Articles, lectures and pamphlets
"'Individualism' in the mid-19th century (1826-1860)", Journal of the History of Ideas 23 (1962).
The Miracle of the Dutch Republic as Seen in the Seventeenth Century,  inaugural lecture delivered at University College London 6 November 1967. London: published for the College by H. K. Lewis, [1969].
"The Black Legend during the Eighty Years' War", in Britain and the Netherlands V: Some Political Mythologies, edited by J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann. The Hague, 1975, pp. 36–57.
William the Silent and the Revolt of the Netherlands. Historical Association General series 94. London: Historical Association, 1978.
Dutch edition as "Willem van Oranje en de Nederlandse Opstand", in Nassau en Oranje in de Nederlandse geschiedenis, edited by C.A. Tamse (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1979), pp. 45-80; reprinted in Vaderlands Verleden in Veelvoud, edited by C.B. Wels et al. (2nd edition, The Hague, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 99-132.
"Wat bewoog Willem van Oranje de strijd tegen de Spaanse overheersing aan te binden?", Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden 99 (1984), pp. 554–572.
"The Foundation of the Dutch Republic", History Today 34:8 (1984).

References

Further reading
Mechtild Witlox, "Interview met Professor K. W. Swart", Spiegel Historiael (februari 1984) 103.
S. Groenveld, "Koenraad Wolter Swart", Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde te Leiden, 1992–1993. Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, Leiden, 1994, pp. 133–138.
Jonathan I. Israel, biographical preface to K.W. Swart, William of Orange and the Revolt of the Netherlands, 1572–84. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.

1916 births
1992 deaths
20th-century Dutch historians
Agnes Scott College people
Historians of the Netherlands
Leiden University alumni
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Professors of Dutch History at University College London
Writers from Rotterdam
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch expatriates in the United Kingdom

K. W. Swart


Clive Middlemass (25 August 1944 – 4 July 2022) was an English professional footballer and manager.

Playing career
As a player, Middlemass made 169 appearances in the Football League as a defender for Workington before a near fatal car crash ended his career. Middlemass had gone to see his parents in Sheffield (with his wife and son) to inform them about a possible transfer to Ipswich Town. However, on the way home his car was hit by a lorry near Bradford. After nearly a year out of the game, Middlemass returned to the side at Workington (then in the 3rd tier), but after a few appearances he realised his injuries had been too severe, and retired from professional playing.

Coaching and management career
Middlemass started his career away from playing as assistant to Terry Cooper at Bristol Rovers (1980), and then Bristol City (1982). After leaving Carlisle United (1987–1991), Middlemass had a brief stint as first team coach at Darlington (1991), before becoming assistant to Jimmy Mullen at Burnley (1992). After Jimmy Mullen left in 1996, Middlemass briefly took over as caretaker manager, before becoming assistant manager to Adrian Heath and then chief scout under Chris Waddle. In 1998, he joined Preston North End as chief scout to David Moyes, and remained for the tenures of Craig Brown and Billy Davies. In 2006, he left as part of Billy Davies' back-room team to take over as chief scout at Derby County. In 2010, he hooked up again with David Moyes (a centre-half during Middlemass' days at Bristol City) as opposition scout at Everton.

In his only role as a manager, Middlemass took over at Carlisle United in November 1987, converting a club that had suffered consecutive relegations from the Second to the Fourth Division, to one that narrowly failed to reach the promotion play-offs on goal-difference in 1990. During this season, where Carlisle United had led the division for several weeks, he was complimented by the national press on the way he played an attractive style of football with three at the back. A good FA Cup run also saw them drawn against Liverpool, which ended in a 3–0 defeat in front of nearly 20,000 at Brunton Park. However, two broken legs to key players, and a run of four consecutive away matches to London (in a two weeks) towards the end of the season took their toll. The following season the side failed to kick on, and Middlemass left the club in March 1991.

References

External links
League stats at Neil Brown's site

1944 births
2022 deaths
Footballers from Leeds
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Workington A.F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Carlisle United F.C. managers
Burnley F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Darlington F.C. non-playing staff
Burnley F.C. non-playing staff
Leeds United F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Bristol City F.C. non-playing staff
Preston North End F.C. non-playing staff
Derby County F.C. non-playing staff
Everton F.C. non-playing staff

Clive Middlemass


Irena Ponaroshku (real name – Irina Vladimirovna Filippova; born October 14, 1982, in Moscow) () is a Russian media personality, TV host, journalist, blogger, former VJ on MTV Russia, Evening Urgant TV show presenter, Vogue Russia columnist.

Biography
Irena was born in Moscow in 1982 to Vladimir Mikhailovich Filippov, former Minister of Education of the Russian Federation, and Natalia Sergeevna Filippova, who worked as a teacher of algebra and geometry for 20 years.

At the beginning of her TV career Irena claimed that she was the daughter of the bass guitar player of the Polish group "Czerwone Gitary" Janek Ponaroshku, whose family fled Poland for the Soviet Union in 1989 following the rise of the Solidarity movement.

In 2005 Ponaroshku jokingly insisted on this version: "Yes, this is not a pseudonym! It is a Polish-Hungarian surname, like Zanavesku and other heroes of jokes about Stierlitz! I inherited it from my father. He is a musician ... ".

Ponaroshku is a cum laude graduate of the Faculty of Economics of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia with a degree in marketing, English and French.

Career
In 1999 Irena started working on the MTV Russia channel as an assistant producer, then she was a casting editor, program editor and at the age of 20 she became the host of Total Show. Later Irena hosted Night Flirt, Russian top 10, Ponaroshku Clinic, Ponaroshku Crazy News and other shows on MTV Russia. At the same time she also hosted Morning on TNT on TNT TV channel and Star On-line on Zvezda TV channel.

In April 2013, she left MTV Russia, which stopped broadcasting a month later.

In different years Irena hosted Big City and Infomania on STS TV channel, shows on Europa Plus TV and Mama TV channel , as well as On Health: Ponaroshku and Seriously on TV-3 TV channel.

In November 2009 Ponaroshku became the winner of the 100 Sexiest Women of the Country competition voted
number one in the list by readers of the Russian edition of Maxim magazine.

In January 2012, Ponaroshku started an account on Instagram, which gained more than 2 million followers.

From 2006 to 2017 Irena wrote a satirical column in the weekly magazine OK!. From 2008 to 2014 she worked as a columnist for men's magazine Maxim. Since January 2018 Ponaroshku is a columnist in Vogue Russia.

Since October 2017 she hosts TV Channel SPA in the Evening Urgant show.

Personal life
Since December 2010 Irena has been married to a Russian DJ List, a Hare Krishna.

Ponaroshku gave birth to a son on March 31, 2011.

Irena is a vegetarian, she practices and actively promotes yoga, healthy lifestyle, sound nutrition and eco-friendly behaviour.

References

External links
 Official Site

Living people
Mass media people from Moscow
Russian women television presenters
VJs (media personalities)
1982 births
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
Russian columnists
Russian women columnists

Irena Ponaroshku


10 is the seventh studio album by New Kids on the Block. It was released on April 2, 2013. This is the band's first studio album since 2008's The Block, as well as their first album released independently after departing from Interscope Records. The album title refers to it being their tenth album release in the US (including compilation albums). The album made its debut on the Billboard 200 at number 6, number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and number 8 on the Canadian albums chart.

Background and development
On January 22, 2013, the group appeared on The View and announced that they would release a new single titled "Remix (I Like The)" on January 28 and a new album titled 10 would be released on April 2, 2013. During the show, they also announced that they would tour with 98 Degrees and Boyz II Men as their opening acts in summer 2013. On February 6, the band released the official track listing for the album's standard edition on their official website.

They released the second single, "The Whisper" on August 1, 2013. The video features footage from The Package Tour.

Reception

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave the album a score of 52 out of 100, indicating mixed or average reviews. The Huffington Post gave the album a positive review, complimenting its modern tastes, swaying hooks, and sensitive lyrics. Artistdirect gave the album 5 out of 5 stars, stating that the album feels unequivocally and undeniably "new". AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three stars out of five, calling it cleanly produced, tuneful, middle-of-the road pop. A negative review came from Idolator reviewer Mike Wass, who criticized the album's outdated dance pop and overwrought ballads, giving the album 2.5 out of 5 stars.

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 6 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, becoming the group's sixth top 10 ten album. 10 sold 48,000 copies in its first week, New Kids on the Block's second-best first-week sales since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991.

Track listing
All songs produced by Deekay, except "Back to Life" and "Now or Never" produced by Brent Paschke, Gabe Lopez and Drew Ryan Scott.

Credits adapted from AllMusic.

Charts

References

2013 albums
New Kids on the Block albums
Sony Music Entertainment Japan albums

10 (New Kids on the Block album)


FetLife is a social networking website that serves people interested in BDSM, fetishism, and kink. On its homepage, FetLife describes itself as "Like Facebook, but run by kinksters like you and me." The "Fet" in the name refers to "fetish". FetLife distinguishes itself from competitors by emphasizing itself as a social network rather than a dating site. It is on principle supportive of fringe sexual practices.

History
FetLife was launched in January 2008 by John Kopanas (also known by his username John Baku), a software engineer in Montreal, Quebec.  Frustrated by attempts to find women who had the same sexual interests as he did, Baku created a website in 2007 called "FriendsWithFetishes". While working on release 2.0 of FriendsWithFetishes, Baku decided to launch it as a separate site and named it FetLife. James Golick served as chief technology officer. In 2009 Baku received the Community Choice (Man) Award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.

Features

In the past, any member could create a group devoted to whatever fetish they chose. However, in January 2017, FetLife temporarily shut down the ability to create new groups. At the same time, they deleted hundreds of existing groups, including anything with the words blood, needles, rape and incest. The ability to create new groups was reinstated shortly afterwards.

All new members are by default enrolled in the group Fetlife Announcements, which has () over 6 million members.

There are many groups devoted to answering thematic questions, such as "Ask a Submissive", "Ask a Mistress", "Ask a Dominant", "Ask a Stripper", "Novices & Newbies" and so on. Groups can be searched for by words in the group title.

In addition, there is a separate "directory" of fetishes which a member may indicate their interest in. Any member can create a new fetish.

Any member can post an Event with date, location, cost, dress code, and other information. Location can be concealed and only revealed individually by the Event owner to participants. Users, on an Event's page, can indicate that they "will attend" or "might attend".

All members have a personal profile. A member may have multiple affiliate profiles, but sockpuppets are against the site's terms of use. There are 12 possible "sexual orientation" choices, plus "Not Applicable" and over 60 "role" choices. The groups the member belongs to and the fetishes the member is "into" or "curious about" are displayed as part of the profile. Beyond this, the member may write text that is automatically posted on their profile, with no limitation on length. All profiles are by default visible to all members, though a member can block another member.

Members can indicate that they are "Friends" with another member, and thus receive notification of the Friend's activity (for example, which groups the Friend joins and what posts they make). Confirmation from the proposed Friend is required.

Members can also indicate that they are in one or more relationships. A separate menu allows a member to indicate more specifically any D/s (Dominant/submissive) relationships they may be in. Both optionally allow the member to specify someone on their friends list.

Members can exchange private messages with any other member. A limited chat function was implemented in 2013, allowing members to chat to others with whom they were friends: this function was discontinued in 2016. In 2020 it became possible to select if one wishes to receive messages from any member or just from followers and friends.

Each member can post writings (journal entries, erotica, and notes), photographs, and videos. Posting of photographs or videos not taken by the member themself is not permitted unless they are photos or videos of the member. While membership is free, videos can only be viewed by financial supporters. Those who make a financial contribution receive an "I Support FetLife" badge on their profile.

Any member may comment on another member's piece of writing, photo, or video. Comments are public and cannot be changed after posting.

The search feature is deliberately limited to prevent members from finding users with specific characteristics, such as age or gender. Also, writings cannot be searched by topic or keyword; they are only available via the author's profile page. From 2020 it is possible to add tags to writings and search a writing via tags.

Members are encouraged to report illegal content, cruel and malicious behavior, as well as terms of use violations to the administrators of FetLife.

Criticism
In 2012, FetLife found itself at the center of a controversy regarding its policy that users pledge not to "make criminal accusations against another member in a public forum". This policy has been objected to by users on the basis that censoring posts of sexual assault victims that name predatory users prevents them from warning others. FetLife's reasoning behind this policy is that it allows users to accuse others of a crime, which could be libelous if the allegations are false or unprovable.

An account is required to view content on FetLife, although membership is free. The site is not indexed by search engines and, partly because of this, critics have argued that FetLife presents itself as being more private than it is.

In April 2017, FetLife was accessed by Brendt Christensen, the killer of Yingying Zhang, to explore topics such as "Abduction 101" and sub-threads such as "Perfect abduction fantasy" and "planning a kidnapping."

After being cited in several criminal cases, FetLife prohibited several hundred fetish categories.

Racism controversy
FetLife has faced criticism for not adequately addressing the increasing prevalence of racist content and discussions among its users. As protests against racial injustice gained momentum in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, users of FetLife reported an uptick in racist hate speech and extremist content on the platform. Some users encountered profile images with "white power" symbols, posts glorifying Nazi imagery, and discussions promoting white supremacy and antisemitism.

FetLife users, particularly those from Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities, have voiced concerns about the platform's inadequate response to the rise of racist content. Critics argue that FetLife's laissez-faire approach to content moderation contributed to an unsafe environment for marginalized users. Some BIPOC users reported experiencing racial slurs, derogatory messages, and hate-based vitriol.

FetLife's management has faced criticism for not taking stronger measures to curb racist content on the platform. While the site's terms of service prohibit promoting racism or hate, hate speech is still prevalent. In August 2020, John Kopanas engaged users in discussions about whether to include "race play" as an official fetish category, which generated debates about the limits of free speech and the platform's responsibility to protect users from harm. Some users defended the practice as a consensual exploration of historical trauma, while others criticized it as a form of racism and fetishization.

The controversy has prompted discussions about the broader challenges of balancing free speech with preventing hate speech in online communities. Some users have left FetLife due to concerns about the platform's inability to address racism effectively. Others have highlighted the importance of creating inclusive spaces that prioritize the safety of marginalized individuals.

References

External links
 FetLife homepage

BDSM organizations
Canadian social networking websites
Fetish subculture
Internet properties established in 2008
Image-sharing websites

FetLife


A game in game theory is a mathematical model, which is used to describe a process, as follows:
There are several actors
Each actor can influence the state of the model by choosing one among several options
This choice influences the state of the system, and the choices the other actors have
This definition excludes all "games" where there is only one actor. Game theory developed from describing very specific games into a model that is used for strategic decision-making. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern first described game theory. Other people known for their work in game theory include Émile Borel.

Game theory

Game (game theory)


Asia-Africa-Europe 1 (AAE-1) is a 25,000 km submarine communications cable system from South East Asia to Europe across Egypt, connecting Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Pakistan, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Yemen, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Greece, Italy, and France. The AAE-1 cable has capacity of at least 40 terabits per second (Tbit/s) to supply the broadband market across Asia, Africa and Europe. In July 2017, it was launched for commercial services and is the longest submarine cable system in over a decade.

Organization and owners
China Unicom initiated the AAE-1 cable project in 2011, with the support and partnership from Telecom Egypt. The AAE-1 consortium, which obtained the construction and maintenance contract in 2014, consists of over 17 carriers, including British Telecom, China Unicom, Djibouti Telecom, Etisalat, Global Transit, HyalRoute, Jio, Metfone, Mobily, Omantel, Ooredoo, Oteglobe, PCCW Global, PTCL, Retelit, Telecom Egypt, TeleYemen, TOT, VNPT, Viettel.

References

Submarine communications cables
Jio
2017 establishments in Africa
2017 establishments in Asia
2017 establishments in Europe
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean
Submarine communications cables in the Arabian Sea
Submarine communications cables in the Red Sea
Submarine communications cables in the Mediterranean Sea
Telecommunications in India
2017 establishments in India

AAE-1


The Whaup (English: Whauphill) is a smaw veelage locatit in the Machars in the historical coonty o Wigtounshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.

The Whaup is a hub that uphauds the local industry, mainly fermin an agricultur. Thare is twa tractor shaps: a faimily-run Massey Ferguson dealerskip, an a brainch o Gordon's Agricultural Engineers. Thare is a brainch o Tarff, a kintra shap, and feed merchand. Thare is an aw a post office, and a veelage haw.

The Whaup uised tae hae a railway station, a veelage shap, a hottle, an a public hoose, but sadly the advent o the motor caur, an Lord Beecham endit the railwey station, and the veelage shap follaed quick. The hottle wis closed whan the change-keeper dee'd o cancer. Recent drink-drivin laws an an increase in alcohol taxin hid caused revenues in the public hoose tae faw til the pynt whaur it wis no langer viable and it closed. Cooncil cuts wis gaun tae cause the veelage haw tae close bit in an end tae the lang-term dwinnlin in The Whaup, a community group his noo taen control o the veelage haw fae the cooncil an is uisin it successfu tae rin local community events.

Namely fowk

 Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew (1822-1848) - Breetish ceevil servand o the East Indie Company, whase murther durin the Siege o Multan bi the reteeners o Dewan Mulraj Chopra led til the Seicont Sikh War an til the Breetish annexation o the Pubjab.

 Robert Vans Agnew (1817-1893) - Scots Conservative Pairty politeecian. He wis electit as the UK Member o Pairlament for Wigtownshire at a bi-election in 1873.

Barnbarroch Hoose

Barnbarroch Hoose, the auncestral seat o the Vans Agnew faimily, wis a Classical hoose built in 1780, wi later addeetionsan remodelin bi John Claudius Loudon in 1806. The Hoose is noo a shell haein been burnt doun in 1942, killin Mrs Vans Agnew.

References

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

The Whaup


John Shaw, MA FRSA (b. 1952) is a British stone letter-carver, based in Saxby, Lincolnshire, England.

Education

Shaw was educated at Derby College of Arts from 1970–71 where he was the Earp Legacy Award winner. He graduated from Camberwell School of Art and Crafts, in 1974 with a BA in Fine Art. A PGCE followed from Brighton Polytechnic in 1975, and then an MA in 1983 from Birmingham Polytechnic. Shaw has had Workshop experience with Seán Crampton, David Kindersley and Ieuân Rees. He is also a member of the Art Workers Guild.

Exhibitions
Shaw has had solo exhibitions in the Royal Society of Arts, Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Sam Scorer Gallery (Lincoln), Monnow Valley Arts Centre (Herefordshire), Harley Gallery and Foundation at Welbeck Abbey.

List of works

Sir Frank Whittle in Westminster Abbey
Accrington Pals for St John's Church Accrington
Bishop John Robinson in Arncliffe, North Yorkshire
Valley Parade Fire in Bradford Cathedral
Fund Raisers in Bradford Cathedral
Royal Maundy in Bradford Cathedral
Pope John Paul II, St. Thomas More Church, Coventry
Eighth Army, Dunkirk, Normandy Veterans in St. Peter's Church, Derby
Mayflower Pilgrims, Henlow, Hertfordshire
J.B. Priestley in Hubberholme, North Yorkshire
Foundation stone for West Yorkshire Playhouse
Bishop Kenneth Skelton in Lichfield Cathedral
Memorial to the Emergency Services, Commonwealth Games, Royal Maundy and Regimental Memorials in Manchester Cathedral
Royal Arms for Manchester Law Courts
Mary Potter Tomb in Nottingham Cathedral
War memorials for St Wilfrid's Church, Preston
Preston Pals war memorial, Preston railway station
Plaque for the William Wordsworth Sesquicentenary, Rydal Mount, Cumbria
Burma Star memorial, Salisbury Cathedral
War Memorial, St Helen's Church, Saxby, Lincolnshire
Plaque for Lord Byron, Burgage Manor, Southwell, Nottinghamshire
Memorial to Arthur Troop, Christ Church, Stamford, Lincolnshire
Memorial to Tom Beastall, Tickhill Parish Church, South Yorkshire
Memorial for the Dunkeswick Air Disaster, Weeton Parish Church, North Yorkshire

References

1952 births
Living people
People from West Lindsey District
Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Alumni of Birmingham City University
English calligraphers
British sculptors
British male sculptors
Stone carvers
British letter cutters
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

John Shaw (stone carver)