James Arthur Gibbons (born December 16, 1944) is an American attorney, aviator, geologist, hydrologist and politician who was the 28th Governor of Nevada from 2007 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the U.S. representative for Nevada's 2nd congressional district from 1997 to 2006.

Following his service in the United States Air Force, Gibbons served as vice commander of the Nevada National Guard from 1990 to 1996. He unsuccessfully ran for governor of Nevada in 1994, losing to incumbent Bob Miller. Two years later he successfully ran for the House of Representatives, where he represented Nevada's 2nd congressional district from 1997 to 2006. Gibbons again ran for governor in 2006, defeating Democratic nominee Dina Titus in the election.

Gibbons' term as governor was dominated by the Great Recession, which hit Nevada particularly hard. In response he cut funding for state services by 5%, but this ended up causing a budget crisis. Nevada experienced an economic slowdown, steep budget cuts, and high taxes during Gibbons's governorship. Afterwards he ranked among the worst governors in the United States. Gibbons attempted to run for reelection in 2010, losing the Republican nomination to federal judge Brian Sandoval, who later won the election.

Early life and education
Gibbons was born in Sparks, Nevada. He was raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Gibbons interrupted his studies at the University of Nevada, Reno, during the Vietnam War to serve in the United States Air Force (1967–1971). During his time in college he was a member of Sigma Nu Fraternity. He also attended Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles, California and the University of Southern California for post-graduate studies. A graduate of the U.S. Air Force Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College, he joined the Nevada Air National Guard in 1975 and served as its vice commander from 1990 to 1996, participating in the first Gulf War. During his military career, Gibbons earned nineteen service medals, including the Legion of Merit and Distinguished Flying Cross. In civilian life, he has worked as a lawyer in private practice, an airline pilot for both Western Airlines and Delta Air Lines, and as a hydrologist and a geologist.

Career
Gibbons represented District 23, later renumbered as District 25 (Washoe County), in the Nevada Assembly from 1988 to 1994 (with a short intermission due to military service in 1991). Gibbons won his first election with approximately 64% of the vote and thereafter faced no opposition due to the heavy Republican lean of the district. During this time he and his Nevada Air National Guard unit was called to active service in the U.S. Air Force for the Gulf War. During this period, he served as a pilot and Flight Leader flying the RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance aircraft. During the conflict, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for extraordinary achievement while participating in a mission in which he flew his unarmed aircraft on a reconnaissance mission to acquire politically sensitive imagery of enemy targets in Kuwait.

1994 gubernatorial election

While working as a pilot for Delta Air Lines and serving in the Nevada Assembly, Gibbons ran for Nevada governor in 1994. As the Republican nominee, he lost to Democratic incumbent Bob Miller, having received 156,875 votes to Miller's 200,026.

United States Congress
In 1996, Barbara Vucanovich, the only representative that the 2nd District had known since Nevada was split into districts in 1983, announced her retirement. Gibbons won the Republican primary—the real contest in this heavily Republican district—and breezed to victory in November. He was reelected four times with no substantive opposition, including a 1998 run in which he faced no major-party opposition.

Gibbons served as vice chairman of the House Resources Committee, and he was a member of the Armed Services Committee, the Homeland Security Committee and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. His long-time congressional Chief of Staff, Michael Dayton, was replaced in 2002 by legislative director Robert Uithoven. Uithoven served on Gibbons' staff for many years, including four years as chief of staff. He later served as campaign manager for Gibbons' successful 2006 Gubernatorial campaign. Uithoven was not given a gubernatorial position. His predecessor, Michael Dayton, was named as the governor's top aide.

2006 gubernatorial election

Gibbons announced in late 2004 that he would not run for a sixth term in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2006, instead opting to run for Governor of Nevada. Gibbons won the August 15, 2006, Republican primary handily, defeating state senator Bob Beers and Lieutenant Governor Lorraine Hunt.

Employing illegal immigrant housekeeper/nanny
As Gibbons was campaigning for governor in October 2006, it was brought to light that more than ten years earlier, his wife Dawn had employed Martha Patricia Pastor Sandoval, a then-illegal immigrant from Peru, as a housekeeper and babysitter. Since the Nannygate matter of 1993, politicians have been deeply concerned about the impact of such revelations on their careers.

Dawn, who had become a member of the Nevada Assembly in 1998, denied the allegations in 2006, claiming that Sandoval had merely been a friend who had helped out around the house and was given clothing and household goods, but was not an employee. An employment contract between Dawn Gibbons and Sandoval, however, appeared to disprove that assertion, as it clearly laid out the terms and conditions of Sandoval's hiring. Documents filed during Sandoval's 1988 application for working papers also contradicted earlier statements by Dawn Gibbons that the family had not known that the woman was in the United States illegally.

Sandoval stated that she was employed from approximately 1987 to 1993, four years before Gibbons left for Washington in 1997, after his 1996 election as a Congressman and five years before Dawn Gibbons became a state legislator. Sandoval also stated that she was asked to hide in the basement and refrain from answering doors at certain times in order to ensure that her illegal status did not become public knowledge and jeopardize Gibbons' political career.

In 1995, Dawn Gibbons filed a police complaint against Sandoval, alleging that she was attempting to extort money by threatening to go to the media with a story involving her illegal employment. Jim and Dawn Gibbons did not pursue the matter further.

In response to the 2006 revelations, Jim Gibbons' campaign issued a statement accusing Democratic candidate Dina Titus of fomenting the controversy to distract from the real issues of the race, but did not issue a denial of Sandoval's claims.

Sexual assault civil suit
In October 2006, near the conclusion of his successful campaign for governor, a woman accused Gibbons of attempted sexual assault in a parking garage. Gibbons claimed he was helping her to her car. They both admitted to drinking alcohol at McCormick and Schmick's restaurant in Las Vegas.

In the initial aftermath of the event, Clark County Sheriff Bill Young, a Republican and long time supporter and donor of Gibbons' gubernatorial campaign, cited lack of evidence in the case and refused to bring evidence of the attack to the District Attorney. The accuser did not initially want to pursue pressing charges, saying she just wanted "to be left alone." But the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department was forced to open the case after inquiries by the Las Vegas media, the Las Vegas Review-Journal and the Las Vegas Sun which also drew controversy by releasing the woman's name and thrust her into the public eye.

She later said she was being pressured to not talk to the police about the incident by people close to Gibbons. In fact, the Gibbons campaign hired a private investigator to talk to the woman shortly after the incident occurred.

The evidence was given to Clark County District Attorney David Roger, a Republican, who had also donated to the Gibbons campaign. Criminal charges were never filed in the case.

Gibbons' gubernatorial campaign manager, Robert Uithoven, speculated in an e-mail to Gibbons' supporters that Dina Titus, Gibbons' opponent, hired the woman to entice Gibbons. Titus retorted that to do this she would have had to control where Gibbons went, who he was with, and even the weather (Gibbons claimed he was helping the woman to her car in part because of the weather).

By 2009, the alleged victim had filed a civil suit against Jim Gibbons, specifically alleging battery, false imprisonment and second-degree kidnapping as well as deceit about the episode. The lawsuit was settled in July 2013 for $50,000.

Federal bribery investigation
On November 1, 2006, The Wall Street Journal published a story stating that Gibbons had earmarked several millions of dollars to a company owned by Warren Trepp, the former chief bond trader for Michael Milken at the height of his junk bond trading period at Drexel Burnham Lambert. The Journal also said that Gibbons had directed additional funds to a pre-existing government contract with Trepp's startup company. The report noted that Trepp had paid for a $10,000 cruise for Gibbons and his wife, which Gibbons failed to report in his U.S. House of Representatives ethics filings, and $100,000 in campaign contributions. Dennis L. Montgomery, a former Trepp business partner, claimed that Gibbons was also given gambling chipsconvertible into cashand cash directly.

On February 15, 2007, the Journal reported that Gibbons was under federal investigation for allegedly accepting unreported gifts and/or payments from Trepp in exchange for official acts while he served in Congress (1997–2007).

According to reports, on March 22, 2005, days before Trepp and his wife left for the Caribbean cruise with Gibbons and his family, Jalé Trepp, Warren's wife, sent a reminder to her husband. It said, "Please don't forget to bring the money you promised Jim and Dawn (Gibbons)." Minutes later, Trepp responded, "Don't you ever send this kind of message to me! Erase this message from your computer right now!"

The ethics probe into Gibbons expanded to include another company that paid Gibbons' wife Dawn $35,000 in consulting fees in 2004, while Gibbons helped the company receive a no-bid federal contract.

The U.S. Attorney for Nevada at time of the investigation was Republican Daniel Bogden, who had been appointed by Republican President George W. Bush in 2001. Bogdan was one of seven federal prosecutors dismissed by the Bush in December 2006 without explanation.

2006 gubernatorial election results
In the general election he faced Democratic nominee Dina Titus, who was the Minority Leader in the Nevada State Senate. Gibbons received 278,984 votes to Titus's 255,675. Titus won Clark County, Nevada's most populous, but Gibbons won every other county. Gibbons called Titus "an admirable opponent", although Titus declined to echo his sentiments, saying "We disagree on basic policies, and neither one of us is going to change our minds for the other".

Gibbons resigned his House seat on New Year's Eve, and was sworn in as governor just after midnight on New Year's Day.

2010 gubernatorial election

Gibbons was the subject of numerous controversies, both professional and personal, causing speculation that he would not seek re-election for a second term as governor. However, Gibbons did file as a candidate for re-election in March 2010. On June 9, 2010, he lost his bid for nomination in the Republican primary to former federal judge Brian Sandoval—who went on to win the general election and become the 29th governor of Nevada.

Gubernatorial initiatives

Support for the Yucca Mountain nuclear repository
In July 2007, Gibbons approved a plan to let the U.S. Department of Energy use the state's water to explore the planned Yucca Mountain nuclear waste site. According to the Las Vegas Sun, "Neither Gibbons nor his aides have offered public explanations for the governor's perplexing moves. In particular, they have not explained how giving federal authorities more time to build a case for Yucca Mountain or appointing a Yucca advocate to the nuclear projects board could possibly be interpreted as being in line with the state's opposition to the plan." Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV) said "this amounts to surrendering in Nevada's decades-long fight against the project". Rep. Shelley Berkley (D-NV) said "This demonstrates to me that he either doesn't know what he's doing or he's reversed his position."

During an April 23, 2010, debate for the Republican gubernatorial primary, Gibbons further confused his actual stance on Yucca Mountain by taking positions both favoring and opposing the federal waste dump over a two-minute period of time. "Gibbons then said he believed nuclear waste can be transported safely and that 'I can tell you, you can store it safely.'" However, when questioned by the moderator, Gibbons said he supported shutting down the Yucca Mountain facility.

Attempt for health care reimbursement from Mexico
In August 2007, Gibbons unsuccessfully attempted to obtain reimbursement from the Mexican government for the health care expenses of Mexican nationals.

State budget

In October 2007, Gibbons proposed cutting funding for state services by 5% and ordered state agencies to submit lists of the services to be cut. Among the state agencies that were ordered to cut their budgets were the Nevada System of Higher Education, Nevada Department of Taxation, child welfare agencies and the juvenile justice agency. Gibbons expected an 80 million dollar cut to come directly from the Health and Human services agency alone. Most of these agencies refused to submit revised budgets to Governor Gibbons, citing already "threadbare" budgets. The Nevada Department of Taxation closed the Elko, Nevada tax office in June 2010 in response to the requested cuts.

On November 21, 2007, Gibbons revised his proposal upward for cutting state budgets. Nevada agencies were then told to plan for 8% cuts.

In 2008, Gibbons suggested that the Nevada legislature cut the state budget for elementary, secondary and higher education by 14%.,<ref name="ReferenceA">As troubles mount, Gibbons disengages Las Vegas Sun'</ref>Gibbons tax breaks run smack into reality, Las Vegas Sun, April 3, 2007. Jim Rogers, Nevada Chancellor for Education, said of the budget cuts, "We're talking about something that is going to cripple us financially and competitively. The effects will be felt on our economy for the next 50 to 100 years.". The Nevada Policy Research Institute criticized the governor's office for the budget, when the administration claimed that the state was facing a crisis, despite a 1% decrease in state spending.

Criticism while governor
Undeclared donations
Gibbons set up a legal defense fund just before the November, 2006 gubernatorial election to help pay for legal expenses incurred after a woman accused him of attempted sexual assault. Gibbons neither reported the legal defense fund to the appropriate U.S. House of Representatives committee (even though he was a sitting congressman at the time and was required by House rules to do so), nor did he report donations to his legal defense fund as contributions to his gubernatorial campaign, citing the money was for "personal use" and not for "political purposes".

In January 2008, it was reported that Gibbons raised $256,000 for his legal defense fund during 2007, including a $61,000 personal loan Gibbons gave to his own fund, as well as $10,000 from the Palms Casino Resort, and $40,000 from various companies connected to Las Vegas Sands Corporation Chief Executive Sheldon Adelson. The defense fund has spent money to defend Gibbons in cases which include:
 Investigations into the allegations that Gibbons secured defense contracts for his friend Warren Trepp in exchange for gifts and money during his time in Congress, 1997–2006.
 A nepotism scandal regarding Sierra Nevada Corporation's hire of Nevada first lady Dawn Gibbons as a consultant. Sierra Nevada paid Dawn Gibbons $35,000 at the same time Jim Gibbons helped the company get a no-bid federal contract.
 Gibbons' alleged attempted sexual assault of a Las Vegas woman in 2006.
 Questions about Gibbons' employment of an illegal immigrant as a nanny.

Interference with an ongoing investigation
On August 3, 2007, the Las Vegas Review-Journal printed the following:

A newly available document states that Gov. Jim Gibbons "has admitted" that he urged federal authorities to pursue criminal action against a software developer whose business dispute with a friend of Gibbons has prompted a federal investigation. The statement is made in a legal motion filed last year, but kept secret until Tuesday, when it was unsealed at a judge's order.

The United States investigated Dennis Montgomery, the subject of the complaint by Governor Gibbons, was convicted and sent to Federal Prison for fraud.

Lamoille land deal
In 2007, Gibbons and his wife Dawn purchased  of land in the ranch country near Lamoille, Nevada, approximately 20 miles South of Elko, Nevada. The land belonged to former Nevada Judge Jerry Carr Whitehead. The Elko County Assessor said he felt pressure from the governor, governor's lawyer and a member of the Nevada Tax Commission to lower the tax liability. Under state law, such an agricultural tax break goes only to legitimate farm and ranch operations, and must generate at least $5,000 a year in income. If such a land is developed by million-dollar homes, property taxes would go up. "To say I was put in an awkward position I think is an understatement", Joe Aguirre, a Republican, told The Associated Press in 2008. The opinion page of the Las Vegas Review-Journal said on the allegations that the deal might constitute fraud. Aguirre later admitted that his previous statements were made up on the Las Vegas Sun saying that he wasn't pressured into Gibbons tax break by Gibbons himself. The land deal was given to Gibbons himself after he finalized the divorce from his wife.

Dedication to office
While the state faced an economic slowdown and steep budget cuts, Gibbons faced criticism from officials for spending less time at his office. The Las Vegas Sun reviewed Gibbons' attendance and discovered that he was only in his Capitol office five days in August 2008 and never for a full eight hours. In September, he was in his office a total of seven days.

In an interview with Las Vegas Sun reporters, Gibbons said "I never knew this job had a time frame on it that requires me to be sitting behind a desk at a certain hour." He also said that he works about 60 hours a week for the state. Previous Nevada governors were also interviewed and they said that they felt it was necessary that they spent most of their time in the office.

Gibbons' dedication to his office was called into question again six months later. On April 2, 2009, while appearing before a legislative panel to promote his renewable energy bill, Gibbons pulled out his cellphone and began texting. News stories used this incident to revisit the 860 messages he sent to his alleged paramour, and a 37-second video of him introducing himself to the panel, with a 17-second break in order to send the text message and refocus on the hearing was posted on YouTube.

Approval rating
Polling conducted in June 2008 indicated an all-time low 10% approval rating, with 59% disapproving by the Las Vegas Review-Journal.

Broken tax pledge
Prior to running for Governor of Nevada, Gibbons signed the Taxpayer Protection Pledge (tax pledge) that is promoted at the national level by Americans for Tax Reform and at the state level by Citizen Outreach PAC—whose CEO is Chuck Muth. On at least three separate occasions, Americans for Tax Reform and/or Muth took Gibbons to task for breaking the tax pledge. Each time, in addition to the actual violation of the pledge, they had to correct the record about Gibbons' "misinformation", "fibs", "falsehoods" and "doublespeak".

Muth even went as far to say "the non-stop parsing and telling of falsehoods about breaking the Pledge are worse than breaking the Pledge itself".

Ethics group named Gibbons one of America's worst governors
In its April 2010 report, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), a left-of-center organization, named Gibbons one of 11 "worst governors" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Gibbons term as governor and his time in Congress. Some of Gibbons' ethics lapses cited by CREW include:

Violated campaign finance law by accepting illegal corporate donations
Overlooked ethical lapses of his appointee
Endangered his state's economy by threatening to reject federal stimulus funds.
Has been investigated for his conduct as a member of Congress

Beliefs and ideologies
Civil liberties
Voted YES on Constitutionally defining marriage as one-man-one-woman. (Jul 2006)
Voted YES on constitutional amendment prohibiting flag desecration. (Jun 2003)
Rated 7% by the ACLU, indicating what the group considers an "anti-civil liberties" voting record. (Dec 2002)
Voted YES on making the PATRIOT Act permanent. (Dec 2005)

Education
As governor
In January 2007, Gibbons asked Nevada lawmakers to approve his budget that cut the percentage of education funding in Nevada to increase the percentage for public safety and human services programs.

In 2008, Gibbons suggested that the Nevada legislature cut the state general fund budget for elementary, secondary and higher education by 14% (this does not include federal or local revenues, or funds for construction or teacher pensions). Jim Rogers, former attorney, Nevada System of Higher Education interim chancellor, founder of the Intermountain West Communications Company and station owner of NBC affiliate KVBC (now KSNV), said of the budget cuts, "We're talking about something that is going to cripple us financially and competitively. The effects will be felt on our economy for the next 50 to 100 years.".

As representative
Rated 10% by the NEA, indicating what the group considers "anti-public education spending" votes.
Voted YES on allowing prayer in public schools during the War on Terror.
Voted YES on letting public schools display the words "God Bless America".
Supports a Constitutional Amendment for prayer in public schools.
Gibbons supports No Child Left Behind.

Taxes
As governor
Gibbons pledged during his 1994 campaign for governor to not impose new taxes on businesses or individuals in Nevada. Gibbons broke his tax pledge on several occasions. The state's Business Tax on employer's payrolls which was initiated in 1992 was increased under Gibbon's term and renamed the "Modified Business Tax". Various mandatory fees and licenses administered by the Nevada Department of Taxation were also significantly increased under Gibbon's term. Most particularly was the State of Nevada's yearly business license fee. This license fee was doubled from $100.00 to $200.00. Due to the additional tax burden of the increased Modified Business Tax on Nevada's small businesses during a downward business cycle, this tax was readjusted to a lesser rate by the 2011 Nevada legislative session during the leadership of Governor Brian Sandoval who later broke his promises on not raising fees and taxes in 2015.

It was also discovered during the 2011 Nevada Legislative hearings that the Nevada Department of Taxation's director, Dino DiCianno, never had the Tax Department under Gibbon's leadership conduct Net Proceeds of Minerals (NPM) tax audits of mining operations within Nevada. DiCianno's claim was that the Tax Department did not have qualified auditors capable of performing NPM audits. During Gibbon's term market prices of precious minerals were at historical and significant high levels. The market selling price of Gold was in the $1,300 to $1,500+ per ounce range during Gibbon's term. Gibbons was also a geologist and lawyer.

During Gibbons term Nevada lead North America in Gold and Silver production. Also Nevada was ranked No. 3 in the world for Gold production. After Mr. DiCianno's testimony to the Nevada legislature that no NPM audits were conducted while Gibbon's was governor he resigned the following day. Governor Sandoval latter appointed William Chissel, a CPA with an auditing background as the replacement director of the Nevada Tax Department.

In the release of the Nevada's Department of Taxation's annual report in January 2012 which represented the fiscal year of July 1, 2010 through June 30, 2011, it was presented that the audit penetration rate (percentage of Nevada taxpayers audited of the total population of registered Nevada businesses) was the lowest amount in 6 years. The Tax Department during this 6-year period in the years 2006 and 2007, made a significant investment in new tax administration and audit software along with employee training to provide increased efficiency and audit performance. Accenture Consulting Services formerly a unit of Arthur Anderson & Co. was selected to design and implement the tax administration software. Revenue Solutions Inc. of Boston, Massachusetts was selected as a subcontractor by Accenture to design and implement the tax auditing software system.

Approximately $40,000,000.00 was invested in new tax administration and audit software. The results of this investment after implementation of this system as shown in Tax Department's annual reports (2008, 2009, 2010) have been abysmal.

During the first full year of leadership under the new director William Chissel, the Tax Department was fraught with turmoil and discontent. Chissel exited the director's position and was replaced by a former deputy attorney general assigned to the department, Christopher G. Nielsen. Nielsen assumed the executive director's duties on July 1, 2012. Mr. Nielsen was previously a deputy director of the Tax Department and was also an acting director after the termination of Dino DiCianno. Nielsen was in the position of acting director for several months prior to the appointment of William Chissel as executive director.

As congressman
 Voted YES on replacing illegal export tax breaks with $140B in new breaks. (Jun 2004)
 Voted YES on Bankruptcy Overhaul requiring partial debt repayment. (Mar 2001)
 Voted YES on Tax cut package of $958 B over 10 years. (May 2001)
 Voted YES on eliminating the federal estate tax. (Apr 2001)
 Voted YES on eliminating the marriage penalty. (Jul 2000)
 Rated 67% by NTU, indicating Satisfactory on tax votes. (Dec 2003)

Electoral history

Personal life

He married Dawn Gibbons in 1985; they have a son, born in 1987. Dawn Gibbons did not move to Washington to live with her husband while he served in Congress, saying she preferred to raise their son in Nevada. She herself was elected to the Nevada State Assembly in 1998, two years after Jim Gibbons was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. On May 2, 2008, Gibbons filed for divorce,Nev. Gov.'s house move raises legal questions. Usatoday.Com (April 28, 2008). Retrieved on 2011-01-09. citing grounds of incompatibility stemming from an undisclosed event in Reno, Nevada and requesting the court to determine whether Gibbons or his wife would live at the governor's mansion.

In April 2009, Gibbons was living in Reno; his wife, Dawn, remained in the governor's mansion in Carson City. An 1866 state law requires that governor must "keep his office and reside at the seat of government". A spokesman for Gibbons described the move by the governor back to the couple's Reno home, which they had owned since 1989, as a temporary situation and said there was no violation of the law.

In January 2010, the couple negotiated and completed an out-of-court divorce agreement. The divorce was finalized on July 21, 2010.

References

External links

Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons official state site''

 . April 2, 2009
 "Gov. Gibbons Responds to I-Team Investigation and Apologizes" , Feb 23, 2010

|-

|-

|-

|-

1944 births
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Air Command and Staff College alumni
Air War College alumni
American aviators
20th-century American geologists
American hydrologists
United States Air Force personnel of the Gulf War
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
Aviators from Nevada
Commercial aviators
Delta Air Lines people
Former Latter Day Saints
Republican Party governors of Nevada
Living people
Republican Party members of the Nevada Assembly
Military personnel from Nevada
Nevada lawyers
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
People from Elko County, Nevada
Politicians from Sparks, Nevada
Politicians from Reno, Nevada
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nevada
Southwestern Law School alumni
United States Air Force officers
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
University of Southern California alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Nevada National Guard personnel
Nevada politicians convicted of crimes

Jim Gibbons (American politician)


Predator X is a giant species of the pliosaur Pliosaurus funkei. It was discovered in 2006 by Norwegian scientist, Jørn Hurum. The skull was dug up in 2008 and told a lot about this animal.

The animal had an estimated bite force that was four times more powerful than that of Tyrannosaurus and 10 times more powerful than any modern predators like the saltwater crocodile and the great white shark.

This creature measured 49 feet long and weighed 99,000 pounds (49.5 tons). It lived about 147 million years ago and its remains were discovered in the Arctic.

Plesiosaurs

Predator X


Gertrud Pålson-Wettergren (17 February 1897 – 26 November 1991) was a Swedish mezzo-soprano.

She was hired at Royal Swedish Opera between 1922 and 1948.
On 20 December 1935 she made her debut at the Metropolitan as Amneris in Aida opposite Elisabeth Rethberg, Giovanni Martinelli, John Charles Thomas and Ezio Pinza. Her roles there included Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Venus in Tannhäuser, Carmen which she sang in Swedish replacing Rosa Ponselle in a performance, and opened the 1936/37 season with Samson et Dalila. Her last performance there was on 29 January 1938, making a total of 29 performances.

Although she sang at Covent Garden in 1936 and 1939 in Aida and Il trovatore, the war prevented a further international career. She returned to London in 1947, singing in Die Walküre at the BBC under Sir Thomas Beecham.

In 1945 she sang Nyx in the premiere of Rosenberg's opera Lycksalighetens ö in Stockholm.

References

1897 births
1991 deaths
Swedish operatic mezzo-sopranos
20th-century Swedish women  opera singers

Gertrud Pålson-Wettergren


The Farce of Inez Pereira (), originally written as the Allegory or Act of Inez Pereira (Early ), is a 1523 play by Portuguese playwright Gil Vicente. It shows the ambitions of the Portuguese bourgeoisie in the early 16th century.

The play was written after a challenge against Gil Vicente's talent. The author agreed to write a play after a Portuguese popular saying: "Mais quero um asno que me carregue do que cavalo que me derrube" (English: "It's better to have a donkey to carry me than a horse to trample me"). It was first presented to king John III of Portugal at the Convento de Cristo, in Tomar, in 1523.

Characters
 Inês: a futile, lazy and greedy woman. Inês is the Portuguese form of the name Agnes or Inez; Pereira is a toponymic name literally referencing pear trees. She marries twice only to get rid of the boredom of being a bachelorette. Not achieving her aims with the first marriage, she finally does in the second, with a naïve husband. Despite her inappropriate behavior, she even manages to gain the sympathy of the audience through her wit.
 Lianor Vaz: a matchmaker.
 Mother: despite giving good education to her daughter, she believes that it is important to secure a good match and becomes Inês accomplice in her plots.
 Pêro Marques: the foolish husband. Despite being ridiculed by Inês, marries her and accepts her contempt and infidelity.
 Brás da Mata: worried about having a wife, fools Inês into believing he is a good man. After the marriage, becomes a tyrant and locks her up.
 Moço: the loyal servant of Brás, who despite not liking his master helps him to woo and lock Inês up.
 Vagrant: an old friend of Inês who became a vagrant and later her lover
 Latão and Vidal: Jewish matchmakers who introduce Inês to Brás.

Plot
The action revolves around the protagonist Inês Pereira, who never leaves the stage that remains the same throughout the play. Inês, is a common lass who aspires to marry up with a clever man. Inês' mother, worried about her daughter's future wants her to marry Pero Marques, a suitor brought to her by Lianor Vaz. However, Inês Pereira doesn't like the idea of marrying the dull and uneducated son of a farmer. Two Jewish matchmakers intervene and Inés marries a squire, Brás da Mata. The marriage soon is revealed to be disastrous for Inês, who shortly afterwards is locked up on her husband's orders when he goes to war.
Months later, Inês receives the good news: her husband was killed by a shepherd. Soon, she sets out to marry again and the very same day discovers that Pero Marques still remains a bachelor – something he had promised her the day they met. Inês marries him right away but soon finds a lover. The saying is represented when her husband carries her on his back to her lover in the final scene. The cuckhold even sings "assim são as coisas" ("Thus the things are").

External links
 Original text in Portuguese for download.

Portuguese plays
1523 plays

Farsa de Inês Pereira


Maritime administrations, or flag state administrations, are the executive arms/state bodies of each government responsible for carrying out the shipping responsibilities of the state, and are tasked to administer national shipping and boating issues and laws within their territorial waters and for vessels flagged in that country, or that fall under their jurisdiction.

The main functions are:
Government policy for ships and boating, marine safety in general, seaworthiness, safe construction and stability
Policing Dangerous goods being carried, Navigation safety, Safe manning, Certificates of Competency/licenses for crew
Health, safety and welfare of crew, civil search and rescue
Prevention and combating marine pollution and response, investigation of marine accidents
Represents country on IMO and other International Conventions

National maritime organisations
Australian Maritime Safety Authority
Danish Maritime Safety Administration
Maritime Administration (North Korea)
Maritime Administration of Latvia
Maritime and Coastguard Agency, United Kingdom
Norwegian Maritime Authority
Swedish Maritime Administration
United States Coast Guard
United States Federal Maritime Commission
United States Maritime Administration
International Registries

See also
International Maritime Organization
European Maritime Safety Agency

References

Maritime organizations
Water transport

Maritime administrations


George Baker (1540–1600), was an English surgeon notable for writing and translating a number of early medical texts.

Career as surgeon
Baker was a member of the Barber Surgeons' Company and was elected master in 1597. In 1574, when he published his first book, Baker was attached to the household of the Earl of Oxford, and the writings of his contemporaries show that he had already attained to considerable practice in London. Banester of Nottingham speaks of his eminence in Latin verse:—
Ergo Bakere tuum superabit sidera nomen,
Atque aliqua semper parte superstes eris.
And Clowes, another contemporary, prophesies the lasting fame of his works in English verse of the same quality. The apex of his career was serving as the personal surgeon to Queen Elizabeth I.

Published works
Baker's first book was called The Composition or Making of the most excellent and pretious Oil called Oleum Magistrale and the Third Book of Galen. A Method of Curing Wounds and of the Errors of Surgeons. In 1576 Baker published a translation of the Evonymus of Conrad Gessner under the title of The Newe Jewell of Health, wherein is contained the most excellent Secretes of Physicke and Philosophie divided into fower bookes. Baker's own preface to the Newe Jewell is a good piece of English prose. He defends, as do many authors of that time, the writing a book on a learned subject in the vulgar tongue. He was in favour of free translation, "for if it were not permitted to translate but word for word, then I say, away with all translations".

The book treats of the chemical art, a term used by Baker as synonymous with the art of distillation. Distilled medicines, he says, exceed all others in power and value, "for three drops of oil of sage doth more profit in the palsie, three drops of oil of coral for the falling sickness, three drops of oil of cloves for the cholicke, than one pound of these decoctions not distilled". Both in this and in his other treatises on pharmacy, the processes are not always fully described, for Baker was, after all, against telling too much. "As for the names of the simples, I thought it good to write them in the Latin as they were, for by the searching of their English names the reader shall very much profit; and another cause is that I would not have every ignorant asse to be made a chirurgian by my book, for they would do more harm with it than good".

Baker's Antidotarie of Select Medicine, 1579, is another work of the same kind. He also published two translations of books on general surgery: Guido's Questions, 1579, and Vigo's Chirurgical Works, 1586. Both had been translated before, and were merely revised by Baker. He wrote an essay on the nature and properties of quicksilver in a book by his friend Clowes in 1584, and an introduction to the Herball of their common friend John Gerard in 1597. The Galen was reprinted in 1599, as also was the Jewell under the altered title of The Practice of the New and Olde Physicke.

References

Bibliography

1540 births
1600 deaths
English surgeons
16th-century English medical doctors

George Baker (surgeon)


In Greek mythology, Tanagra (; Ancient Greek: Τανάγρα or Τάναγραν) was the daughter of Aeolus or the river-god Asopus and Metope, daughter of Ladon. In the latter case, she was considered a naiad-nymph and sister to Corcyra, Salamis, Aigina, Peirene, Kleonai, Thebe, Thespeia, Asopis, Sinope, Ornia, Chalcis, Pelasgus, and Ismenus.

Mythology
Tanagra married Poemander, founder of the town of Tanagra in Boeotia which he named after his wife. The couple had two sons: Leucippus and Ephippus. In some accounts, Hermes fought Ares in a boxing match for the sake of Tanagra. Hermes won and carried her off to Tanagra which later bore her name.

Notes

References

 Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
 Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.  Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Moralia with an English Translation by Frank Cole Babbitt. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1936. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.

Naiads
Nymphs
Deeds of Ares
Women of Hermes
Boeotian characters in Greek mythology

Tanagra (mythology)


Frances Dorothy Cartwright (1780–1863) was an English poet and biographer.

Life
Frances Cartwright was the youngest child of the Rev. Edmund Cartwright, inventor of the power-loom, by his first wife, Alice Whitaker. She was born 28 October 1780 at Marnham, Nottinghamshire or Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire. Her sister Elizabeth, under the pseudonym Mrs Markham, wrote A History of England ; another sister, Mary Strickland, wrote a biography of their father in 1843; and their brother Edmund, who became a clergyman, wrote a Parochial Topography of the Rape of Bramber (1830).("Rape" here is an obscure word meaning a county subdivision; that of Bamber centres on the River Adur.)

Frances's mother died on 12 September 1785, and after her father married again she was adopted by her uncle, the reforming politician John Cartwright, and sent to school at Richmond, to the west of London. She started writing small poems in 1802. In 1823, influenced by Spanish activists against King Ferdinand VII who had been hosted by her uncle (see Trienio Liberal), she learnt Spanish and translated a few of Rafael del Riego's poems into English.

On the death of her uncle in 1824 she prepared her first published work, The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, published in 1826. An uncritical account, it had no competitors until 1972. She retired with Major Cartwright's widow to live at Worthing, and published her poems there anonymously, in a little volume, Poems, chiefly Devotional, dated 13 November 1835. Her translations of Riego's poems appeared, with her initials, in the poet's Obras Póstumas Poéticas (1844). She died at Brighton on 13 January 1863, aged 83.

References

1780 births
1863 deaths
19th-century English writers
English women poets
English biographers
19th-century English women writers
English women non-fiction writers
British women biographers

Frances Dorothy Cartwright


A forced orgasm is consensual BDSM or kinky sexual play whereby a person consents to be forced to orgasm in a way that is beyond their control. The person being brought to involuntary orgasm would typically be put in physical restraints to deprive them of the ability to control the onset and intensity of orgasm, and to increase the feeling of helplessness, a situation which some people find sexually arousing.

The practice of forced orgasm may also be combined with other orgasm control plays, such as orgasm denial, edging, or ruined orgasms.

With the consenting partner restrained and unable to prevent themself from being sexually stimulated, the active partner stimulates their genitals and other erogenous zones until the bound partner is brought to orgasm. A range of sexual stimulation can be used, including vaginal sex, oral sex or anal sex. Forced orgasms may also be induced with manual stimulation of the genitals, in the form of a handjob or fingering a vulva/vagina. Alternatively the stimulation may involve the use of vibrating sex toys, such as a vibrator, typically a wand vibrator.

The most common way of achieving orgasm in men is by physical sexual stimulation of the penis. For women, the most common way to achieve orgasm is by direct sexual stimulation of the clitoris (meaning consistent digital, oral or other concentrated friction against the external parts of the clitoris). General statistics indicate that 70–80% of women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm.

See also
 Cock and ball torture
 Dominatrix
 Erotic sexual denial
 Involuntary orgasm
 Maledom

References

BDSM activities
Orgasm

Forced orgasm


Amr III ibn al-Mundhir (; ), more commonly known by the matronymic Amr ibn Hind (, ʿAmr ibn Hind), was the king of the Lakhmid Arabs in 554–569/570. He was a client of the Sasanian Empire. In around 550 AD he clashed with Aksumite Empire over southern Arabia and was instrumental in the downfall of Aksumite power in southern Arabia. He was famous for his bellicosity and his patronage of poets. He was killed over an insult to Amru ibn kulthum's mother the chief of the taghlib tribe.

Life
He was the son of the Lakhmid king al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man (), and succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 554. His mother was the Kindite princess Hind bint al-Harith ibn Amr ibn Hujr Akil al-Murar; unusually, Amr is most often referred to with the matronymic "ibn Hind" in Arabic literature, rather than the patronymic "ibn al-Mundhir". He was appointed to rule over the Ma'add tribal confederation in central Arabia by his father. In , Amr clashed with the forces of the Aksumite viceroy of Yemen Abraha and was defeated at the battle of Haliban or Huluban (west of modern Riyad) and forced to give up hostages.

Reign
After succeeding his father as king of the Lakhmids, in his capacity as the client and proxy of the Sasanian Empire he was engaged in several wars against the other powerful tribal groups of northeastern Arabia, such as the Bakr, Taghlib, and Tamim.

The medieval historian Yaqut al-Hamawi indicates that Amr's full brother Qabus, and another brother by the same mother (possibly al-Mundhir IV), were associated as junior rulers already during Amr's rule. On the other hand, his namesake half-brother, Amr ibn Umama, was explicitly excluded. Ibn Umama tried to secure the assistance of the Yemeni ruler to claim his rights, only to be murdered by one of his companions.

Amr himself was likely a Christian, although perhaps not openly so, since the religion was distrusted by his Sasanian overlords as it was associated with their main rival, the Byzantine Empire. During the negotiations for the peace treaty of 561 ending the war between the Sasanian Persians and the Byzantines, Amr demanded the payment of gold subsidies by the Byzantines, as had been the practice under his father, but this demand was rejected by the Byzantine negotiator, Peter the Patrician. As a result, Amr broke the peace by launching raids against his pro-Byzantine counterpart, the Ghassanid king al-Harith ibn Jabalah (). Al-Harith complained about these during this 563 visit to Constantinople, but pointedly remarked that he did not deem it necessary to retaliate so as not to disturb the peace. Amr repeated his demands in 567 via a Persian embassy to Constantinople, but was again rebuffed. In return, he ordered his brother Qabus to raid the Ghassanid territories. According to Shahîd, it appears that at that time, the Byzantine government tacitly consented to give the Lakhmids the desired subsidies to maintain the peace between Byzantium and Persia.

Some time after that he received the Yemeni magnate Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, whose family dominated the Hadramawt, and who had come to ask for Sasanian aid in overthrowing Aksumite rule over Yemen. according to the narratives included in the history of al-Tabari, Amr took him with him to an audience with the Sasanian ruler, Khosrau I, who was indeed persuaded to send an expedition to Yemen which quickly conquered the country.

He was killed while dining by the chief Amr ibn Kulthum in 569 or 570, after the Lakhmid ruler's mother had insulted Kulthum's mother at court. He was succeeded by his brother Qabus.

Character
The Arabic sources highlight Amr's energy and warlike nature, but also his cruelty, which was legendary: according to a well-known story, he sent the poets al-Mutalammis and Tarafa to the governor of Bahrayn bearing sealed letters with orders for their execution. Al-Mutalammis was suspicious enough to destroy his letter, but Tarafa delivered his, and was executed. The "letter of al-Mutalammis" became the proverbial example of this device in Arab lore.

Amr's difficult character earned him the nickname Muḍarriṭ al-Ḥijāra ("the one who makes stones emit sounds"), as well as Muḥarriq ("the burner"). The latter nickname is connected to a tradition reporting that he ordered a hundred members of the Tamimi subtribe of Darim burned alive. Alternatively, it is attributed to his burning the date palms of al-Jamama. The historian Gustav Rothstein notes that it is more likely that these stories are later inventions, designed to explain Amr's nickname, rather than its origin. Rothstein points out that Muharriq was a common name among the Lakhmids, and the name of a local pre-Islamic deity, so that it may simply reflect a dedication of Amr in his childhood to this cult.

Cultural legacy
Amr's court was renowned in Arab history for the number of poets it attracted, including Kulthum, Tarafa, al-Harith ibn Hilliza, al-Mutalammis, al-Muthaqqib al-Abdi, al-Munakhal al-Yashkuri, Suwayd ibn Khadhdhaq and Yazid ibn Khadhdhaq. Amr himself was also the cousin of the greatest pre-Islamic Arab poet, Imru al-Qays. At his court in al-Hira, the Arab poets were increasingly exposed to the cultural influence of the Sasanians, and his court "contributed to an urbanisation of pastoralist Arabic poetry".

References

Sources

569 deaths
6th-century Arab people
6th-century monarchs in the Middle East
6th-century murdered monarchs
Lakhmid kings
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Arabs from the Sasanian Empire
Vassal rulers of the Sasanian Empire
Year of birth unknown
Arab Christians in Mesopotamia

Amr ibn Hind


Dan Duquette (born May 26, 1958) is an American baseball executive. He is the former general manager of the Montreal Expos, Boston Red Sox, and Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball. He is also the founder of the Dan Duquette Sports Academy. He has twice been named the Major League Baseball Executive of the Year by Sporting News (1992 with the Expos and 2014 with the Orioles).

Early life and education

Duquette is a native of Dalton, Massachusetts. He attended a Catholic grammar school in Dalton during which time he was a batboy for the Wahconah Regional High School baseball team. In high school, he was the captain of both the baseball and football teams. After high school, he attended Amherst College where he was a catcher on the varsity baseball team and a linebacker on the football team. In the summer of 1977 at the age of 19, Duquette helped organize the Dalton Collegians, a semi-pro baseball team that operated out of his hometown. In college, Duquette was chosen to the 1979 Boston Herald American All New England College Division All Star team. Duquette was also known to talk to professional scouts who attended Amherst baseball games. He graduated from college in 1980.

Career

Early career and Montreal Expos

After college, Duquette's baseball coach, Bill Thurston, recommended him to Harry Dalton, a fellow Amherst alumnus and general manager of the Milwaukee Brewers. Duquette became a scouting assistant for the Brewers and worked in the scouting department for seven years.

In 1987, the Montreal Expos hired Duquette as the director of player development. He spent a few years in that position before being promoted to vice-president and general manager in 1991 (taking over for the departing Dave Dombrowski). Over the course of his six years with the Expos, Duquette had a hand in drafting players like Rondell White, Marquis Grissom, Cliff Floyd, Jose Vidro, Kirk Reuter, Javier Vasquez, and many more Major League players. He also signed players like Vladimir Guerrero, John Wetteland, and Larry Walker. In November 1993, Duquette traded second baseman Delino DeShields for Pedro Martínez of the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Expos were competitive from 1992 to 1994, and they had attained the best record in baseball prior to the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike that ended the season prematurely.

Boston Red Sox

In 1994, Duquette returned to Massachusetts to become the general manager of the Boston Red Sox. He spent eight years at the helm of his hometown team. The Red Sox achieved a record of 656–574 under Duquette, setting attendance records and appearing in the playoffs on three separate occasions (1995, 1998, and 1999). The team won the American League East division in 1995, but only advanced as far as the American League Championship Series once in their three postseason years. They would lose that series to the rival New York Yankees.

As the Red Sox GM, Duquette made several notable moves, including drafting Nomar Garciaparra in 1994 and trading for Pedro Martínez in 1997 (and signing him to a six-year, $75 million contract). He is also known for letting Roger Clemens leave in free agency in 1996.

Many of the players that Duquette drafted or signed were on the Red Sox 2004 World Series championship team. He is largely considered to have laid the groundwork for that team by signing, drafting or trading for players like Tim Wakefield, Johnny Damon, Jason Varitek, Manny Ramirez, Derek Lowe, and Kevin Youkilis. In 2002, Duquette was dismissed from his general manager post less than 24 hours after the Red Sox had officially been sold to a new ownership group that included John W. Henry and Tom Werner.

After Boston

After his stint with the Red Sox, Duquette largely stayed out of Major League Baseball for 9 years. In 2003, he opened the Dan Duquette Sports Academy, a sports training center in Hinsdale, Massachusetts designed for children aged 8 to 18. In 2004, he became the owner of the New England Collegiate Baseball League's Pittsfield Dukes (later the Pittsfield American Defenders and now the Mystic Schooners). During his ownership tenure, the Dukes/American Defenders played at his sports academy in Hinsdale and later at Wahconah Park in Pittsfield. In 2008, he was part of an ownership group that included Buddy Lewis, Terry Allvord, and Jerry O'Connor that purchased what would become known as the American Defenders of New Hampshire, (later the Pittsfield Colonials). He relinquished ownership of both clubs in 2009 and 2010. Duquette also helped found the Israel Baseball League. Despite folding after only one season, it helped 75 players get into professional baseball. During this time, he also had a part in a production of the musical, Damn Yankees, in Western Massachusetts.

Baltimore Orioles

After spending 9 years away from the MLB, Duquette returned as the general manager of the Baltimore Orioles in November 2011. In 2012, the team made the playoffs for the first time since 1997. In 2014, the Orioles won the American League East with 96 wins and made it to the American League Championship Series.

Many people attribute the success of the Orioles to the management of Buck Showalter and Duquette. Duquette signed Nelson Cruz to one-year, $8 million contract in February 2014. Cruz went on to lead the league in home runs that year. Other signings and acquisitions under Duquette have included, Nick Hundley, Delmon Young, Steve Pearce, and Andrew Miller.

In early 2015, the Toronto Blue Jays expressed interest in making Duquette their new President/CEO. Because Duquette was under contract until 2018 and the Blue Jays did not offer enough compensation to the Orioles, no deal was struck.

On October 3, 2018, the Orioles decided not to renew the contract of  Duquette after two straight losing seasons, in 2018 the Orioles went 47–115, the worst record in franchise history. Both Duquette and Showalter had contracts that expired at the end of the season.

Currently Duquette is a "Baseball Player Development" instructor for the online sports-career training school Sports Management Worldwide, founded and run by Dr. Lynn Lashbrook.

Sports academy

The Dan Duquette Sports Academy is a sports training center located in Hinsdale, Massachusetts, in the United States. The academy provides overnight and day camp with one- and two-week sessions for boys and girls ages 8 to 18.  The academy features camps for baseball, softball, basketball, soccer and football. The Sports Academy also sponsors weekend tournaments for youth baseball teams ranging in age from 9U to 19U.

There are three different sized baseball fields, four basketball courts, volleyball court, horseshoe pits, a  campsite on a spring fed fresh water lake for canoeing and kayaking and  of hiking trails. The camp uses latest technology, including digital teaching devices, enhances the training experience. The baseball field at the Sports Academy also served as the temporary home of the Berkshire Dukes of the New England Collegiate Baseball League in 2004 prior to the team moving to its permanent home at Pittsfield, Massachusetts' Wahconah Park.

Recognition and awards
Duquette has twice received The Sporting News Executive of the Year Award (1992 with the Expos and 2014 with the Orioles). He also won the Baseball America Major League Executive of the Year honor in 2014 with the Orioles. Mark Armour and Daniel Levitt ranked Duquette the 17th best general manager in the history of baseball in their 2015 book, In Pursuit of Pennants: Baseball Operations from Deadball to Moneyball.

On May 26, 2022, Dan Duquette was inducted into the Red Sox Hall of Fame via a special awards ceremony, hosted by the Boston Red Sox and Red Sox Foundation, at Fenway Park. Duquette was inducted alongside David Ortiz, Manny Ramirez, Rich Gedman, and Bill Dinneen.

Personal life

Duquette is married to Amy Aubry-Duquette and has seven children. He lived in Acton, Massachusetts, from 1994 through 2011. He currently lives in Sandwich, Massachusetts. Duquette's cousin, Jim Duquette, is a former executive of the Baltimore Orioles and the New York Mets. His other cousin, Pat Duquette (Jim's brother), is the head men's basketball coach at UMass Lowell.

References

External links

Dan Duquette Sports Academy
U.S. Military All-Stars
Nokona Baseball Factory
Baseball America Executive Database

1958 births
Living people
Amherst Mammoths baseball players
Baltimore Orioles executives
Boston Red Sox executives
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
Milwaukee Brewers scouts
Montreal Expos executives
People from Dalton, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Berkshire County, Massachusetts

Dan Duquette


Louis Edwin Kuhler, Jr. (July 11, 1902 – March 21, 1925) was a promising young American tennis player who was ranked as high as No. 26 in the United States.

Kuhler, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, was the son of Louis Sr. and Mary Fromeyer Kuhler. In 1922, at the age of 20, he won the tournament in his hometown now known as the Cincinnati Masters. In the next year, 1923, he successfully defended his singles title and took the doubles title as well (with Howard Cordes). Also in 1923, he won the Ohio State championship over Kirk Reid of Cleveland.

The following year, 1924, he reached the quarterfinals in Cincinnati before falling to former National junior champion Julius Sagalowsky. Also, at the Ohio state championships he was the singles runner-up (falling to George Lott) and won the mixed doubles with Olga Strashun.

Kuhler did not get much of a chance to add to his laurels in 1925. He died of encephalitis (an inflammation of the brain) four months shy of his twenty-third birthday. He was buried in Cincinnati's Spring Grove Cemetery on March 23, 1925.

Sources
From Club Court to Center Court by Phillip S. Smith (2008 Edition; )

References

1902 births
1925 deaths
American male tennis players
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Tennis players from Cincinnati
Infectious disease deaths in Ohio

Louis Kuhler


William Ifor Jones (January 23, 1900 – November 11, 1988) was a Welsh conductor and organist. Born into a large coal-mining family and raised in Merthyr Tydfil, Jones studied at the Royal Academy of Music as a scholarship student in London from 1920 to 1925.  He studied the organ with Sir Stanley Marchant at St. Paul's Cathedral, London; orchestral conducting with Ernest Read and with Sir Henry Wood, (he became Wood's assistant at the Queen's Hall Orchestra); and harmony with Benjamin Dale.  He was for a time organist at the Welsh Baptist Church in Castle Street, London, worked at the Royal Opera House, as a vocal coach at Covent Garden, assisted with the British National Opera Company in the role of prompter, and was the Assistant Choir Master at St. Paul's Cathedral, London.

Biography
Jones emigrated to the United States in early 1930. He conducted the New Chamber Orchestra in Philadelphia, and The Tudor Singers in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.  He taught at the  Peabody Conservatory of Music in Baltimore, Maryland, and at Rutgers University - Douglas College in New Brunswick, New Jersey.  While at Rutgers, he formed a
glee club and also performed the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach.

At the Union Theological Seminary School of Sacred Music, New York City, he led conducting courses for choirmasters.  He was involved with the Berkshire Music Festival at Tanglewood, and taught many summer school workshops, clinics and seminars.

He was at various times organist at the Presbyterian Church in Bound Brook, New Jersey, at the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City, and at the Central Moravian Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.  He also worked with the Handel Choir in Westfield, New Jersey, at the Bach Youth Chorale in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and led the Cantata Singers in Quakertown, Pennsylvania.

The Bach Choir of Bethlehem

In 1939, he made his debut as the third conductor of The Bach Choir of Bethlehem.  On February 18, 1946, at Carnegie Hall, the choir performed Bach's  Mass in B minor with Ifor Jones, conductor; Ruth Diehl, soprano; Lilian Knowles, contralto; Lucius Metz, tenor; Calvin Marsh, baritone; Edwin Steffe, bass; E. Power Biggs, organ; The Philadelphia Orchestra.  On April 13, 1947, an estimated 9,200 people attended a performance of The Mass in B Minor at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York. Ifor Jones conducted The Choir and members of The Philadelphia Orchestra.

 1948 - The Bach Choir records Cantata #78 for Victor Records.
 1956 - Mass in b minor - March 27, Carnegie Hall: The Bach Choir of Bethlehem with Ifor Jones, conductor; Phyllis Curtin, soprano; Eunice Alberts, contralto; John McCollum, tenor; Mack Harrell, bass; Vernon de Tar, organ; The Philadelphia Orchestra.
 1957 - The 50th Bach Festival celebrated. Ifor Jones opens the Thursday evening rehearsal to the community.
 1959 - The Bach Festival Orchestra makes its first appearance, at the May Festival, replacing the Philadelphia Orchestra.
 1962 - The 55th Bach Festival is dedicated to Albert Schweitzer, with a letter from Schweitzer printed in the program.

In October 1965, the choir sings at the International Choral Festival, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Handel and Haydn Society in Symphony Hall, Boston.

 1969 - Ifor Jones retires as conductor of the choir.

His only known television appearance with the choir was on The Bell Telephone Hour, conducting "Going to Bethlehem".

Ifor Jones retired in 1969, and died at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Publications

 Bach Cantatas (G. Schirmer, NY)
 Bach 'Missa Brevis' in G (H.W. Gray, NY)
 Brahms Part Songs, (C. Fischer, NY)
 Original Pieces for Female and Men's Voices (Kalmus)

Honors
 Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, London
 Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music, London First foreigner to be so honored by the RAM - 1948.

Honorary Doctorates
 The American Conservatory of Music, Chicago, IL
 Moravian College, Bethlehem, PA

References

People from Merthyr Tydfil
Welsh conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Welsh classical organists
British male organists
Welsh emigrants to the United States
1900 births
1988 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
Peabody Institute faculty
Rutgers University faculty
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century organists
20th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists

William Ifor Jones


The Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema (KIFMC) was created in 2005. It takes place at the beginning of September in the town of Kazan, Russia. It is an annual forum of cinematographers, and a place of regular meetings and an exchange of experience, of further cooperation, between moviemakers of Russia, Muslim countries and the entire world. Not only Muslims can take part, but also representatives of other faiths creating movies, popularizing universal spiritually-moral and cultural traditions.

In the first, it was supposed to be a mobile festival between Muslim regions in Russia and other states of the Muslim world. The city of Kazan was chosen because it is the biggest Islamic city in the northern hemisphere.

Nevertheless, after the phenomenal success and wide popularity in the whole world, and especially in the countries of the Islamic world, President of the Republic Tatarstan insisted that KIFMC should be the Culture Brand of the capital of the Republic "Kazan" which became the permanent residence for the festival,  and City name has been added to the name of the festival.

Organization
The founders of Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema (KIFMC) are:
Ministry of Culture Affairs of the Republic of Tatarstan
The Russian Mufties Council
Administration of Kazan city

The festival is held under the support and the supervision of:
President of the Republic of Tatarstan
The Ministry of culture of the Russian federation

Festival program
The program of the Festival will include:
Main Competition
 Full-length feature movie
 Short-length feature movie
 Full-length documentary movie
 Short-length documentary movie
 Animation movie
Non-competition screening
Feature movie
Documentary movie
Movies of the Muslim countries, winners of the international movie festivals
Feature movie
Documentary movie

Documentation
Entry applications for the Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema should reach the General Management of Festival not later than June 30, 2013.

 movie in DVD sent to the selection committee must be delivered before July 15, 2013 mentioning "No commercial value and for cultural purpose only".
 Each country has the right to participate with more than one movie. The entry form must be accompanied by the following documentation:
The list of subtitles in English;
Synopsis, press and promotional materials Stills from the movies and trailers.
Materials for the festival catalogue, including a detailed biography and filmography of the director and the principal actors, a director's photo as well as slides from the movie.

Only movies produced after January 1, 2011 will be accepted for the Competition programs, preference in Competition programs is given to the world and International premieres.
Not less than:
 12 full-length feature movies,
 15 Short-length feature movies,
 10 full-length documentary movies,
 15 Short-length documentary movies,
 12 animation movies,
Will participate in the Main Competition of the Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema.

 The Selection Committee of the Festival finishes its work on August 1, 2013.
 Confirming the participation in the Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, should arrive before August, 10, 2013.
 Prints of the movies accepted for the Competition programs of the Festival should be in possession of the General Management of the Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema before August 10, 2013.

All conditions and mentioned dates are obligatory otherwise the Management of the 8th Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema, has the right to exclude the movie from the Festival program.

Other websites
 The 8th Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema
 Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema (KIFMC)

Movie festivals
Islamic culture
Russian culture


Cat anatomy comprises the anatomical studies of the visible parts of the body of a domestic cat, which are similar to those of other members of the genus Felis.

Mouth

Permanent dentition teeth
Cats are carnivores that have highly specialized teeth. There are four types of permanent dentition teeth that structure the mouth: twelve incisors, four canines, ten premolars and four molars. The premolar and first molar are located on each side of the mouth that together are called the carnassial pair. The carnassial pair specialize in cutting food and are parallel to the jaw. The incisors located in the front section of the lower and upper mouth are small, narrow, and have a single root. They are used for grasping and biting food.

Deciduous dentition teeth
A cat also has a deciduous dentition prior to the formation of the permanent one. This dentition emerges seven days after birth and it is composed of 26 teeth with slight differences. The mouth will have smaller incisors, slender and strongly curved upper canines, vertical lower canines, and even smaller upper and lower molars. Although the upper and lower molars are smaller than the ones that arise during permanent dentition, the similarities are striking.

Tongue
The cat's tongue is covered in a mucous membrane and the dorsal aspect has 5 types of sharp spines, or papillae. The 5 papillae are filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and conical. A cat's sense of smell and taste work closely together, having a vomeronasal organ that allows them to use their tongue as scent tasters, while its longitudinal, transverse, and vertical intrinsic muscles aid in movement.

Ears

Similar to dogs, cats have sensitive ears that can move independently of each other. Because of this mobility, a cat can move its body in one direction and point its ears in another direction. The rostral, caudal, dorsal, and ventral auricular muscle groups of each ear comprise fifteen muscles that are responsible for this ability. Most cats have straight ears pointing upward. Unlike with dogs, flap-eared breeds are extremely rare (Scottish Folds have one such exceptional mutation). When angry or frightened, a cat will lay back its ears to accompany the growling or hissing sounds it makes. Cats also turn their ears back when they are playing or to listen to a sound coming from behind them. The fold of skin forming a pouch on the lower posterior part of the ear, known as Henry's pocket, is usually prominent in a cat's ear. Its function is unknown, though it may assist in filtering sounds.

Nose

Cats are highly territorial, and secretion of odors plays a major role in cat communication. The nose helps cats to identify territories, other cats and mates, to locate food, and has various other uses. A cat's sense of smell is believed to be about fourteen times more sensitive than that of humans. The rhinarium (the leathery part of the nose we see) is quite tough, to allow it to absorb rather rough treatment sometimes. The color varies according to the genotype (genetic makeup) of the cat. A cat's skin has the same color as the fur, but the color of the nose leather is probably dictated by a dedicated gene. Cats with white fur have skin susceptible to damage by ultraviolet light, which may cause cancer. Extra care is required when outside in the hot sun.

Legs

Cats are digitigrades, which means that they walk on their toes, just like dogs. The advantage of this is that cats (and other digitigrades) are more agile than other animals. Most animals have ground reaction forces (GRFs) at around two to three times their body weight per limb. But digitigrades have a higher GRF than other animals due to the increased weight on a smaller surface area, which would be about six times their body weight per limb.

Toe tufts are commonly found on cats with medium to long coats. Clumps of fur that stick out at least  beyond the paw pad can be considered tufts. In addition to soft paw pads, toe tufts help a cat to silently stalk its prey by muffling excess noise. However, outdoor cats tend to lose their toe tufts due to excessive abrasion on the rougher outdoor surfaces. This is in distinct contrast to indoor cats, who spend most of their time walking on carpet or smooth floors.

Cats are also able to walk very precisely. Adult cats walk with a "four-beat gait", meaning that each foot does not step on the same spot as any other. Whether they walk fast or slowly, a cat's walk is considered symmetric because the right limbs imitate the position of the left limbs as they walk. This type of locomotion provides a sense of touch on all four paws that is necessary for precise coordination.

The cat's vertebrae are held by muscles rather than by ligaments, like humans. This contributes to the cat's elasticity and ability to elongate and contract their back by curving it upwards or oscillating it along their vertebral line.

Cats are also able to jump from greater heights without serious injury, due to the efficient performance of their limbs and ability to control impact forces. In this case, hindlimbs are able to absorb more shock and energy in comparison to the forelimbs, when jumping from surface to surface, as well as steer the cat for weight-bearing and breaking.

Claws

Like nearly all members of the family Felidae, cats have protractable claws. In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, "kneading", or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, skin, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws can become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which can cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself.

Most cats have a total of 18 digits and claws:  5 on each forefoot (the 1st digit being the dewclaw), and 4 on each hind foot. The dewclaw is located high on the foreleg, is not in contact with the ground and is non-weight bearing.

Some cats can have more than 18 digits, due to a common mutation called polydactyly or polydactylism, which can result in five to seven toes per paw.

Temperature and heart rate

The normal body temperature of a cat is between . A cat is considered febrile (hyperthermic) if it has a temperature of  or greater, or hypothermic if less than . For comparison, humans have an average body temperature of about . A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate usually is between 150 and 180 bpm, more than twice that of a human, which averages 70 bpm.

Skin
Cats possess rather loose skin, which allows them to turn and confront a predator or another cat in a fight, even when it has a grip on them. This is also an advantage for veterinary purposes, as it simplifies injections. In fact, the lives of cats with chronic kidney disease can sometimes be extended for years by the regular injection of large volumes of fluid subcutaneously.

Scruff
The particularly loose skin at the back of the neck is known as the scruff, and is the area by which a mother cat grips her kittens to carry them. As a result, cats tend to become quiet and passive when gripped there. This behavior also extends into adulthood, when a male will grab the female by the scruff to immobilize her while he mounts, and to prevent her from running away as the mating process takes place.

This technique can be useful when attempting to treat or move an uncooperative cat; however, since an adult cat is heavier than a kitten, a pet cat should never be carried by the scruff, but should instead have its weight supported at the rump and hind legs, and at the chest and front paws.

Primordial pouches
Some cats share common traits due to heredity. One of those is the primordial pouch, sometimes referred to as "spay sway" by owners who notice it once the cat has been spayed or neutered. It is located on a cat's belly. Its appearance is similar to a loose flap of skin that might occur if the cat had been overweight and had then lost weight. It provides a little extra protection against kicks, which are common during cat fights as a cat will try to rake with its rear claws. In wild cats, the ancestors of domesticated felines, this pouch appears to be present to provide extra room in case the animal has the opportunity to eat a large meal and the stomach needs to expand. This stomach pouch also allows the cat to bend and expand, allowing for faster running and higher jumping.

Skeleton

Cats have seven cervical vertebrae like almost all mammals, thirteen thoracic vertebrae (humans have twelve), seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five), three sacral vertebrae (humans have five because of their bipedal posture), and, except for Manx cats and other shorter tailed cats, twenty-two or twenty-three caudal vertebrae (humans have three to five, fused into an internal coccyx). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans. The caudal vertebrae form the tail, used by the cat as a counterbalance to the body during quick movements.  Between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings.

Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones, which allows them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.

Skull
The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw. Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth, adapted to their preferred prey of small rodents.

Spine
A cat's spine can rotate more than the spines of most other animals, and their vertebrae have a special, flexible, elastic cushioning on the disks, which gives it even more flexibility. A flexible spine also contributes to the speed and grace of cats.

Muscles

Internal abdominal oblique
This muscle's origin is the lumbodorsal fascia and ribs. Its insertion is at the pubis and linea alba (via aponeurosis), and its action is the compression of abdominal contents. It also laterally flexes and rotates the vertebral column.

Transversus abdominis
This muscle is the innermost abdominal muscle. Its origin is the second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia and the pelvic girdle and its insertion is the linea alba. Its action is the compression of the abdomen.

Rectus abdominis
This muscle is under the extensive aponeurosis situated on the ventral surface of the cat. Its fibers are extremely longitudinal, on each side of the linea alba. It is also traversed by the inscriptiones tendinae, or what others called myosepta.

Deltoid
The deltoid muscles lie just lateral to the trapezius muscles, originating from several fibers spanning the clavicle and scapula, converging to insert at the humerus. Anatomically, there are only two deltoids in the cat, the acromiodeltoid and the spinodeltoid. However, to conform to human anatomy standards, the clavobrachialis is now also considered a deltoid and is commonly referred to as the clavodeltoid.

Acromiodeltoid
The acromiodeltoid is the shortest of the deltoid muscles. It lies lateral to (to the side of) the clavodeltoid, and in a more husky cat it can only be seen by lifting or reflecting the clavodeltoid. It originates at the acromion process and inserts at the deltoid ridge. When contracted, it raises and rotates the humerus outward.

Spinodeltoid
A stout and short muscle lying posterior to the acromiodeltoid. It lies along the lower border of the scapula, and it passes through the upper forelimb, across the upper end of muscles of the upper forelimb. It originates at the spine of the scapula and inserts at the deltoid ridge. Its action is to raise and rotate the humerus outward.

Head

Masseter
The Masseter is a great, powerful, and very thick muscle covered by a tough, shining fascia lying ventral to the zygomatic arch, which is its origin. It inserts into the posterior half of the lateral surface of the mandible. Its action is the elevation of the mandible (closing of the jaw).

Temporalis
The temporalis is a great mass of mandibular muscle, and is also covered by a tough and shiny fascia. It lies dorsal to the zygomatic arch and fills the temporal fossa of the skull. It arises from the side of the skull and inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible. It too, elevates the jaw.

Ocular
Cats have three eyelids. The cat's third eyelid is known as the nictitating membrane. It is located in the inner corner of the eye, which is also covered by conjunctiva. In healthy cats, the conjunctiva of the eyelids is not readily visible and has a pale, pink color.

Integumental
The two main integumental muscles of a cat are the platysma and the cutaneous maximus. The cutaneous maximus covers the dorsal region of the cat and allows it to shake its skin. The platysma covers the neck and allows the cat to stretch the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.

Neck and back

Rhomboideus
The rhomboideus is a thick, large muscle below the trapezius muscles. It extends from the vertebral border of the scapula to the mid-dorsal line. Its origin is from the neural spines of the first four thoracic vertebrae, and its insertion is at the vertebral border of the scapula. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal.

Rhomboideus capitis
The Rhomboideus capitis is the most cranial of the deeper muscles. It is underneath the clavotrapezius. Its origin is the superior nuchal line, and its insertion is at the scapula. Action draws scapula cranially.

Splenius
The Splenius is the most superficial of all the deep muscles. It is a thin, broad sheet of muscle underneath the clavotrapezius and deflecting it. It is crossed also by the rhomboideus capitis. Its origin is the mid-dorsal line of the neck and fascia. The insertion is the superior nuchal line and atlas. It raises or turns the head.

Serratus ventralis
The serratus ventralis is exposed by cutting the wing-like latissimus dorsi. The said muscle is covered entirely by adipose tissue. The origin is from the first nine or ten ribs and from part of the cervical vertebrae.

Serratus Dorsalis
The serratus dorsalis is medial to both the scapula and the serratus ventralis. Its origin is via aponeurosis following the length of the mid-dorsal line, and its insertion is the dorsal portion of the last ribs. Its action is to depress and retracts the ribs during breathing.

Intercostals
The intercostals are a set of muscles sandwiched among the ribs. They interconnect ribs, and are therefore the primary respiratory skeletal muscles. They are divided into the external and the internal subscapularis. The origin and insertion are in the ribs. The intercostals pull the ribs backwards or forwards.

Caudofemoralis
The caudofemoralis is a muscle found in the pelvic limb. The Caudofemoralis acts to flex the tail laterally to its respective side when the pelvic limb is bearing weight. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending the hip joint.

Pectoral

Pectoantebrachialis
Pectoantebrachialis muscle is just one-half-inch wide and is the most superficial in the pectoral muscles. Its origin is the manubrium of the sternum, and its insertion is in a flat tendon on the fascia of the proximal end of the ulna. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest. There is no human equivalent.

Pectoralis major
The pectoralis major, also called pectoralis superficialis, is a broad triangular portion of the pectoralis muscle which is immediately below the pectoantebrachialis. It is smaller than the pectoralis minor muscle. Its origin is the sternum and median ventral raphe, and its insertion is at the humerus. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest.

Pectoralis minor
The pectoralis minor muscle is larger than the pectoralis major. However, most of its anterior border is covered by the pectoralis major. Its origins are ribs three–five, and its insertion is the coracoid process of the scapula. Its actions are the tipping of the scapula and the elevation of ribs three–five.

Xiphihumeralis
The most posterior, flat, thin, and long strip of pectoral muscle is the xiphihumeralis. It is a band of parallel fibers that is found in felines but not in humans. Its origin is the xiphoid process of the sternum. The insertion is the humerus.

Trapezius
In the cat there are three thin flat muscles that cover the back, and to a lesser extent, the neck. They pull the scapula toward the mid-dorsal line, anteriorly, and posteriorly.

Clavotrapezius
The most anterior of the trapezius muscles, it is also the largest. Its fibers run obliquely to the ventral surface. Its origin is the superior nuchal line and median dorsal line and its insertion is the clavicle. Its action is to draw the clavicle dorsally and towards the head.

Acromiotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius is the middle trapezius muscle. It covers the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the scapula. Its origin is the neural spines of the cervical vertebrae and its insertion is in the metacromion process and fascia of the clavotrapezius. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal, and hold the two scapula together.

Spinotrapezius
Spinotrapezius, also called thoracic trapezius, is the most posterior of the three. It is triangular shaped. Posterior to the acromiotrapezius and overlaps latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is the neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae and its insertion is the scapular fascia. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal region.

Digestive system
The digestion system of cats begins with their sharp teeth and abrasive tongue papillae, which help them tear meat, which is most, if not all, of their diet. Cats naturally do not have a diet high in carbohydrates, and therefore, their saliva doesn't contain the enzyme amylase. Food moves from the mouth through the esophagus and into the stomach. The gastrointestinal tract of domestic cats contains a small cecum and unsacculated colon. The cecum while similar to dogs, doesn't have a coiled cecum.

The stomach of the cat can be divided into distinct regions of motor activity. The proximal end of the stomach relaxes when food is digested. While food is being digested this portion of the stomach either has rapid stationary contractions or a sustained tonic contraction of muscle. These different actions result in either the food being moved around or the food moving towards the distal portion of the stomach. The distal portion of the stomach undergoes rhythmic cycles of partial depolarization. This depolarization sensitizes muscle cells so they are more likely to contract. The stomach is not only a muscular structure, it also serves a chemical function by releasing hydrochloric acid and other digestive enzymes to break down food.

Food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with bile, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid in digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and travel to the rest of the body. The pancreas doesn't produce starch processing enzymes because cats don't eat a diet high in carbohydrates. Since the cat digests low amounts of glucose, the pancreas uses amino acids to trigger insulin release instead.

Food then moves on to the jejunum. This is the most nutrient absorptive section of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system from the small intestine. From the jejunum, whatever food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum which connects to the large intestine. The first part of the large intestine is the cecum and the second portion is the colon. The large intestine reabsorbs water and forms fecal matter.

There are some things that cats are not able to digest. For example, cats clean themselves by licking their fur with their tongue, which causes them to swallow a lot of fur. This causes a build-up of fur in a cat's stomach and creates a mass of fur. This is often thrown up and is better known as a hairball.

The short length of the digestive tract of the cat causes cats' digestive system to weigh less than other species of animals, which allows cats to be active predators. While cats are well adapted to be predators they have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of amino acids meaning amino acids are constantly being destroyed and not absorbed. Therefore, cats require a higher protein proportion in their diet than many other species. Cats are not adapted to synthesize niacin from tryptophan and, because they are carnivores, can't convert carotene to vitamin A, so eating plants while not harmful does not provide them nutrients.

Genitalia

Female genitalia
In the female cat, the genitalia includes the uterus, the vagina, the genital passages and teats. Together with the vulva, the vagina of the cat is involved in mating and provides a channel for newborns during parturition, or birth. The vagina is long and wide. Genital passages are the oviducts of the cat. They are short, narrow, and not very sinuous.

Male genitalia

In the male cat, the genitalia includes two testicles and the penis, which is covered with small spines.

Physiology

Cats are familiar and easily kept animals, and their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles those of other carnivorous mammals, but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats' descent from desert-dwelling species.

Heat tolerance
Cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about , but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around , and can tolerate temperatures of up to  if they have access to water.

Temperature regulation
Cats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouths. Cats have minimal ability to sweat, with glands located primarily in their paw pads, and pant for heat relief only at very high temperatures (but may also pant when stressed). A cat's body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats' general lack of circadian rhythms and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night.

Water conservation
Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible. Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water.
They can tolerate high levels of salt only in combination with freshwater to prevent dehydration.

Ability to swim
While domestic cats are able to swim, they are generally reluctant to enter water as it quickly leads to exhaustion.

See also

 Cat senses
 Natural bobtail

References

External links

The cat; an introduction to the study of backboned animals, especially mammals (1881)
A laboratory guide for the dissection of the cat: An introduction to the study of anatomy (1895)
Anatomy of the cat (1902)

Felinology
Felidae anatomy

Cat anatomy


Forever Marilyn is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie The Seven Year Itch. The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.

Design and location
The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, The Seven-Year Itch. It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.

The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.

It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.

The statue was next displayed in 2016 in Australia in connection with the Bendigo Art Gallery's Marilyn Monroe exhibition.

Reception
In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.

The public, however, generally liked the statue: "Forever Marilyn journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."

There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.

References

Statues
2011 works

Forever Marilyn


Point of No Return is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released in 1962.

As the title reflects, the album contains Sinatra's final original recordings with Capitol Records before moving to his own Reprise Records label to achieve more artistic freedom with his recordings. However, Sinatra would later return to Capitol in order to record Duets (1993) and Duets II (1994).

Sinatra had already begun recording with Reprise as early as 1960 and had already recorded Ring-A-Ding-Ding, I Remember Tommy, and Sinatra Swings by the time these sessions occurred. He recorded this album in a hurried two-day session in September 1961 to fulfill his contract.

The album was still a special occasion, reuniting Sinatra with Axel Stordahl, the arranger and conductor who helped Sinatra rise to stardom in the 1940s. Sinatra rushed through the sessions to fulfill his obligation to Capitol, something which upset Stordahl. Stordahl also arranged the vocalist's first Capitol session back in 1953, so his presence gave a sense of closure to the Capitol era.

In an interesting side note, Sinatra recorded a different version of "I'll Be Seeing You" only months apart during the very same year on I Remember Tommy for Reprise.

Track listing
"(Ah, the Apple Trees) When the World Was Young" (Johnny Mercer, M. Philippe-Gerard, Angele Marie T. Vannier) - 3:48
"I'll Remember April" (Don Raye, Gene de Paul, Patricia Johnston) - 2:50
"September Song" (Kurt Weill, Maxwell Anderson) - 4:21
"A Million Dreams Ago" (Lew Quadling, Eddie Howard, Dick Jurgens) - 2:41
"I'll See You Again" (Noël Coward) - 2:44
"There Will Never Be Another You" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) - 3:09
"Somewhere along the Way" (Kurt Adams, Sammy Gallop) - 3:01
"It's a Blue World" (Bob Wright, Chet Forrest) - 2:49
"These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You)" (Jack Strachey, Harry Link, Holt Marvell) - 3:59
"As Time Goes By" (Herman Hupfeld) - 3:17
"I'll Be Seeing You" (Sammy Fain, Irving Kahal) - 2:47
"Memories of You" (Eubie Blake, Andy Razaf) - 3:53
 CD reissue bonus tracks not included on the original 1962 release:
"Day In, Day Out" (Rube Bloom, Mercer) - 3:19
"Don't Make a Beggar of Me" (Al Sherman) - 3:05
"Lean Baby" (Billy May, Roy Alfred) - 2:35
"I'm Walking Behind You" (Billy Reid) - 2:57

The bonus tracks represent the rest of Sinatra's work with Axel Stordahl on Capitol Records. These songs were recorded at Sinatra's first Capitol session in April 1953 and were produced by Voyle Gilmore.

Personnel
 Frank Sinatra - vocals
 Axel Stordahl - arranger, conductor
 Heinie Beau - "ghost arranger"
 Conrad Gozzo - lead trumpet

References

Frank Sinatra albums
Capitol Records albums
1962 albums
Albums produced by Dave Cavanaugh
Albums conducted by Axel Stordahl
Albums arranged by Axel Stordahl
Albums produced by Voyle Gilmore
Albums arranged by Heinie Beau
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios

Point of No Return (Frank Sinatra album)


Pausanias of Orestis () was a member of Philip II of Macedon's personal bodyguard (somatophylakes). He assassinated Philip in 336 BC, possibly at the behest of Philip's wife Olympias, or even his son Alexander the Great. Pausanias was killed while fleeing the assassination.

Motive as an assassin
The most popular explanation of the murder comes from Diodorus Siculus, who expanded on its mention by Aristotle. According to Diodorus, the general Attalus blamed Pausanias of Orestis for the death of his friend, who confusingly was also named Pausanias.

Pausanias of Orestis, feeling spurned, insulted his romantic rival Pausanias, Attalus's lover, in public. To secure his public honor, Pausanias, the beloved of Attalus, endangered himself in battle while protecting the king. Devastated by his lover's effective suicide, Attalus sought to punish Pausanias of Orestis by getting him drunk and raping him. For any number of reasons, Philip did not punish Attalus for the rape of Philip's former lover; probably as a consolation, Pausanias of Orestis was promoted to the rank of somatophylax.

It has been supposed then that Pausanias' motive for killing Philip was at least in part due to personal anger over Philip, who was the host of the party where Pausanias was raped, not having intervened in any way, nor even having reprimanded Attalus.

Problems with timing of the revenge
In spite of these claims, there is a problem with the delay between the rape and the revenge: Diodorus supports the attribution of a personal motive to Pausanias, but dates the events that led to the assault on Pausanias to the time of the Illyrian Pleurias, but the last known campaign Philip conducted against the Illyria took place in 344 BC. The correspondence between these dates would put eight years between Pausanias' rape and the murder of Philip – a long wait for an ostensibly hot-blooded act of personal revenge.

Killed while fleeing and trial of co-conspirators
Pausanias killed Philip at the wedding ceremony of Philip's daughter Cleopatra to Alexander I of Epirus; however, in the aftermath of the murder, whilst fleeing to the city gate in order to make his escape, Pausanias tripped on a vine root and was speared to death by several of Philip's bodyguards, including Attalus, son of Andromenes the Stymphaean, Leonnatus, and Perdiccas, who were also bodyguards and friends of Alexander.

The murder was certainly premeditated, as horses were found near where Pausanias had tried to flee. At the murder trial, two other men, Heromenes and Arrhabaeus, were found guilty of conspiring with Pausanias, and executed. Leonnatus, who threw the spear that killed Pausanias, was demoted, possibly under the suspicion that he was trying to prevent the assassin from being interrogated.

Memorial
Philip's son and successor, Alexander, had Pausanias's corpse crucified. However, as soon as the new king had left Macedon, a memorial to Pausanias was erected by Olympias, Philip's widow and Alexander's mother.

See also
Amyntas (son of Antiochus)

References

Sources

Ancient
Plutarch: Life of Alexander
"Philip's Assassination", Plutarch
Diodorus Siculus, 16.94

Modern
"Death of Philip: Murder or Assassination?"
Alexander The Great, J. R. Hamilton
Alexander Of Macedon 356-323 B.C., Peter Green

4th-century BC births
336 BC deaths
Generals of Philip II of Macedon
Ancient Greek LGBT people
Somatophylakes
People associated with Alexander the Great
Ancient Macedonian generals
Executed regicides
Greek regicides
Ancient Orestians
People executed by Alexander the Great
Year of birth unknown
Ancient murderers

Pausanias of Orestis