Daniel Sams is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He last played for the McNeese State Cowboys.

Early years
Sams attended Salmen High School in Slidell, Louisiana. As a senior, he threw for 577 yards and 7 touchdowns, and rushed for 579 yards and 9 touchdowns. As well as playing offense, Sams was also a major contributor on special teams, both as a punter and kick returner.

Sams received a 3 star rating by Rivals.com in the athlete category. He also made PrepStar magazine's All-Southeast Region team.

College career

Kansas State
In 2011, his first year at Kansas State, Sams redshirted as a quarterback and did not see any playing time.

In 2012, Sams was the backup to Heisman candidate Collin Klein. He played in eight games, completing 6 of 8 passes for 55 yards and rushed 32 times for 252 yards and three touchdowns. Due to an injury to Klein, Sams saw significant playing time against Oklahoma State, completing 4 out of 5 passes for 45 yards. He currently holds the record for most rushing yardage by a freshman quarterback in school history.

In 2013, Sams competed for the starting job, but lost to JUCO transfer Jake Waters. He did, however, see limited playing time during the first few games of the year. This included extensive action against Oklahoma State, when he completed 15 out of 21 passes for 181 yards, and rushed 27 times for 118 yards.

McNeese State
On May 28, 2014, Sams announced that he will be transferring to McNeese State University.

References

1992 births
McNeese Cowboys football players
Kansas State Wildcats football players
Living people
People from Slidell, Louisiana
Sportspeople from St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana

Daniel Sams (American football)


Trevor R. Reed (born 1991) is a United States Marine Corps veteran who was arrested in Russia in 2019 for violence against a Russian police officer. He was later sentenced to nine years in prison. His arrest has been criticized as motivated by political purposes. Following his arrest, his family engaged in a public advocacy campaign in order to secure his release from Russia.

In April 2022, Reed was released as a part of a prisoner exchange. The successful advocacy campaign of Reed's family, which pressured the U.S. government to secure his release from Russia, inspired the Bring Our Families Home Campaign.

Incident and arrest
Following a party in May 2019, Reed became extremely drunk to the point that some friends and his girlfriend, Alina Tsybulnik, decided to leave so Reed could recover. After calling the police because they assumed a drunk tank would be safe, two officers took Reed and told Tsybulnik he could be retrieved shortly. Upon her arrival, however, she found Reed's face to be bruised and FSB officers there to interview him. Reed was charged under part 2 of article 318 of Russia's Criminal Code, which refers to violence committed against Russian officers. According to Russian authorities, while being driven to a police station, Reed grabbed for the officer driving causing the car to swerve about uncontrollably.

Sentencing
On July 30, 2020, Reed was sentenced to serve nine years in a Russian prison, this in addition to time served since his arrest the previous year. Reactions to the news were quick and severe. Ambassador John J. Sullivan issued a statement on behalf of the US embassy, in which he said, "Today, U. S. citizen Trevor Reed was convicted in a Russian court following a trial in which the prosecution's case and the evidence presented against Mr. Reed were so preposterous that they provoked laughter in the courtroom. Even the judge laughed." He further guaranteed that "we will not rest until Trevor is freed and returns home to the United States."

Release
On April 27, 2022, Reed was released back to the United States as part of a prisoner exchange for Konstantin Yaroshenko, a Russian pilot convicted of drug smuggling. Following his return, he and his family became advocates for helping to return Americans imprisoned overseas.

In 2023, Reed joined the Ukrainian military to defend against the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He was wounded by shrapnel from a land mine in July, and received treatment in Germany after being transported by a non-governmental organization. His decision to volunteer in the war, followed by his subsequent injury, spawned "exasperation" from the United States Department of State who discouraged Americans from traveling to or serving in Ukraine.

Criticism of charges
Both Reed and his family have been intensely critical of the way in which the incident occurred and charges followed. Following his sentencing, Reed said, "I think anyone who has eyes and ears and who has been in this courtroom knows that I'm not guilty." Reed's father, Joey Reed, said, "I don't know at what level this was pushed. But somewhere someone in the government has pushed for Trevor to not leave Russia. It's obvious. There's no way that anyone, Russian or American, should ever have been convicted of this nothing."

According to testimony given by Tsybulnik, the officers' claim that the vehicle swerved as a result of Reed's assault was false, and she never saw the vehicle careen while following them to the police station. Additionally, despite there being security cameras in the police vehicle and police station, no footage of the alleged incident was made available to Reed's defense attorneys. Instead, Russian authorities claimed that the relevant footage had been erased.

See also
 List of American people imprisoned in Russia

References

2019 in international relations
May 2019 events in Russia
American people imprisoned in Russia
United States Marines
Pro-Ukraine foreign volunteers in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Russia–United States relations

Arrest of Trevor Reed


Mian Manzoor Ahmad Wattoo (; born 14 August 1939) is a Pakistani politician. Wattoo was first elected, in 1985, the Speaker of Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, which, by population, is the largest province of Pakistan. Thrice elected for the same office, he secured the office of the Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan in 1993 on the ticket of Pakistan Muslim League (J), after a series of tug of war between the federal and provincial government Wattoo twice had to leave office between his term only to leave office permanently on 16 November 1996.

Wattoo formed the Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah) in 1995 when he parted away from his prior party (then PML), but the party-PML (Jinnah), was unable to hold significant influence in national politics.

In May 2008, Wattoo along with his associates left Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam) and joined Pakistan Peoples Party and served as the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions, he also led Pakistan Peoples Party's provisional chapter of Punjab only to witness a complete failure in Punjab 2013 elections. In that election Cricketer-turned Politician Imran Khan's centre-left party PTI had challenged Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) and had developed a following.

He tendered his resignation soon after the elections, but he was asked to continue by PPP's Co-Chairman Asif Ali Zardari upon recommendation of PPP's Punjab Executive Committee.

Political career
Mian Manzoor Ahmed Wattoo was first elected as Chairman District Council Okara in 1983 during the non-party elections of the Zia era with the guidance and support of late  Abdul Shakoor Khan, a prolific and respectable personality of Haveli Lakha. Then in 1985, he secured the office of the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan on Pakistan Muslim League ticket. Thrice elected for the same office, he secured the office.

After a tug-of-war between Wattoo and Nawaz Sharif, the then restored (by Supreme Court) Prime Minister of Pakistan and head of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)), all assemblies were dissolved and only after a fresh election, Wattoo was elected the Chief Minister of Punjab again on PML (Junejo) ticket, ruling a coalition consisting chiefly of Pakistan People's Party (PPP), PML (Junejo), minorities, and some independents.

It was in 1995 that Wattoo formed his own PML (Jinnah), when he parted ways with Hamid Nasir Chattha who wanted to be the president of PML (Junejo), which Wattoo was previously a part of. The differences cropped up in the same year when Wattoo was removed as the Punjab Chief Minister in the power struggle between the province (headed by PML (Junejo) and the center (headed by rival PPP), leading Arif Nakai another PML (Junejo) candidate to be the new Chief Minister.

In Summer of 1995, Wattoo's father Mian Jahangir Ahmed Khan Wattoo died. Wattoo did not attend his father's funeral owing to the difference in religious ideology between a father and a son. Mian Jahangir Ahmed Khan Wattoo converted to the Ahmedi sect under the influence and training of the school headmaster of their native village, Muazzam, in Fazilka, India. Wattoo, on the other hand, took his mother's and forefather's (except father's) religion and is a Muslim.

Painted corrupt by the PPP and the PML-N, he was removed from the office of Chief Minister only to be restored to office a year later in 1996 by the High Court. Corruption allegations and court proceedings were started against Wattoo by arch rival and then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of the PML-N. Mian Manzoor Wattoo was sentenced by an accountability court to more than 10 years in prison besides being fined 10 million rupees, only later to be set aside in the appeals.

His daughter Rubina Shaheen Wattoo served as a member of the [National Assembly of Pakistan] for the PML(Q). He actively began taking part in politics and soon became a close ally of Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf. Having merged his political party, Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah), into the ruling PML (Q) on presidential advice, he was made the Senior Vice President of the ruling party. His relations with the party's leadership remained sour from the beginning, who tried at marginalizing Wattoo and anyone associated with him.

Wattoo remained part of the part despite differences with the party leaders Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and the Punjab Chief Minister Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi who had previously suffered heavily under Wattoo's reign in Punjab (1993–95).

Wattoo announced to join forces with the Pakistan People's Party on 29 May 2008 along with party members in Islamabad soon after winning a decisive victory in February 2008 elections in which he won from two constituencies NA-146 and NA-147 as an independent and his daughter Rubina Shaheen Wattoo won PP-188.
Wattoo served as Federal Minister for Industries and Production in the PPP government of Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani his portfolio was changed and he became Federal Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas.

His son, Khurram Jahangir Wattoo, who won NA-147, after his father left his home constituency, was made the Parliamentary Secretary for Establishment and Cabinet Divisions by the PPP leadership.

See also
Dipalpur

References

|-

|-

Chief Ministers of Punjab, Pakistan
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) politicians
Pakistan People's Party politicians
Punjabi people
People from Fazilka district
Living people
Pakistan Muslim League (J) politicians
Government of Shaukat Aziz
Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
Manzoor
Government Islamia College alumni
1939 births

Manzoor Wattoo


Lemang (Minangkabau: lamang) is a Minangkabau traditional food made from glutinous rice, coconut milk and salt, cooked in a hollowed bamboo tube coated with banana leaves in order to prevent the rice from sticking to the bamboo. Originating in Indonesia, it is also found in Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei, as similar dishes made from sticky rice in bamboo are common throughout Mainland Southeast Asia.

Lemang is traditionally eaten to mark the end of daily fasting during the annual Muslim holidays of Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha (Lebaran).

History
Sticky rice in bamboo is known as a ubiquitous traditional food in many traditional Southeast Asian communities. In Minangkabau culture, lemang or lamang is a traditional food which consists of glutinous rice or tapai that are used in various traditional ceremonies, mainly in West Sumatra, Indonesia. According to Minangkabau tradition, the cooking technique of lemang was first introduced by Sheikh Burhanuddin. However, lemang are also known as traditional foods of other tribes in Southeast Asian region, and their cooking method is still very ancient and depends on the natural materials and ingredients, including bamboo tubes.

In early Indonesian literature, lemang was mentioned in Marah Rusli's 1922 novel Siti Nurbaya, in which Nurbaya unwittingly eating a poisonous lemang due to Meringgih's evil scheme.

Cooking method

The bamboo contains glutinous rice, salt and coconut milk that is placed onto a slanted position besides a small fire with the opening facing upwards. It should be turned regularly in order to ensure the rice inside the bamboo is cooked evenly. The cooking process takes about 4–5 hours. Lemang is often served with rendang or serundeng.

Distribution and traditions
In Indonesia, lemang is associated with Minangkabau tradition of West Sumatra. Nevertheless, rice cooking method using bamboo tubes is widespread in the region, including Brunei, Minahasa, Dayak and Orang Asli tribes. The Minahasan version of this dish is known as Nasi Jaha, which is cooked in the same method.

In Minangkabau tradition, lemang making is called Malamang. Lemang is incomplete if it is not eaten together with tapai, so they are likened to a man and a woman by Minang people. Lemang itself describes the togetherness of Minang people because its making process is always done together. There are several taboos that must be obeyed in making lemang and tapai. Lemang are also used as gifts when visiting other people's homes, for example, when visiting in-laws or manjapuik marapulai ceremony. However, there is no symbolic meaning behind the obligatory existence of lemang at traditional ceremonies. On the other hand, lemang and tapai are famous for their unique taste produced by the chemical components in their ingredients. In this article, the origin of lemang and tapai, the philosophy and presentation of lemang in the traditions of the Minangkabau people, and the flavor features of lemang and tapai from a scientific perspective are discussed.

Iban people usually prepare lemang for celebrations such as the harvest festival of Hari Gawai, lemang is usually eaten with meat dishes such as chicken curry. The cooking process used in making lemang for many different meats, also known as pansoh or pansuh by indigenous Dayak communities.

In Kerinci Regency, Jambi, lemang is cooked inside nepenthes and the dish is called lemang kantong semar.

Similar Dishes
In the Philippines, particularly in Pangasinan, there is a similar dish called binungey.  The process is similar to lemang, but the bamboo tubes are shorter, and there is no banana leaf lining.

Gallery

See also
 Ketupat
 Lemper
 Lontong
 Sticky rice in bamboo

References

External links

Glutinous rice dishes
Padang cuisine
Malay cuisine
Indonesian cuisine
Indonesian snack foods
Indonesian rice dishes
Malaysian cuisine
Islamic cuisine

Lemang


Jelica Šumič Riha (born 1958) is a Slovenian philosopher, political theorist, and translator, associated with the Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis.

Biography
Riha studied philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, graduating in 1983. Initially member of the League of Communists of Slovenia, she left the party in October 1988, together with 32 other left wing intellectuals, as a protest against the Ljubljana trial, when four civilians were arrested by judged by a Yugoslav military court. In 1989, she was one of the co-founders of the Debate Club 89, which became the intellectual core of the Liberal Democratic Party.

Between 1995 and 2005, she taught philosophy at the University of Ljubljana. She is currently a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and also teaches at the University of Nova Gorica.

She is married to the Slovenian philosopher Rado Riha.

Šumič Riha's research topics include ethics, political theory, and psychoanalysis. She has written extensively on the relations between legal systems, ethics and politics. She has written on the philosophy of Alain Badiou, Jacques Ranciere, and Giorgio Agamben. She also dealt, among other, with the political theory of Carl Schmitt and Hans Kelsen. She has translated works by Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Jacques Lacan, Claude Lefort, Jean-François Lyotard, and others.

Major works
Realno v performativu ("The Real in Performative", Ljubljana, 1988).
Pravo in razsodna moč ("Law and Judgement", Ljubljana, 1993), co-authored with Rado Riha.
Avtoriteta in argumentacija ("Authority and Argumentation". Ljubljana, 1995).
Totemske maske demokracije ("Totemic Masks of Democracy". Ljubljana, 1996).
Singularité dans la psychanalyse, singularité de la psychanalyse ("Singularity in Psychoanalysis, Singularity of Psychoanalysis". Paris, 1998). Co-authored with Michel Deguy.
Mutacije etike ("The Mutation of Ethics". Ljubljana, 2002).

References

External links
</ref>

Slovenian women philosophers
21st-century Slovenian philosophers
20th-century Slovenian philosophers
Slovenian translators
German–Slovene translators
French–Slovene translators
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
Living people
1958 births
Academic staff of the University of Nova Gorica
Slovenian political philosophers
Slovenian ethicists
20th-century translators
20th-century women writers

Jelica Šumič Riha


Acacia retinervis is a tree or shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae endemic to northern western Australia.

Description
The tree or shrub typically grows to a height of . It has fissured brown to grey-brown bark with resinous, scurfy, rusty-brown new shoots that occasionally have a dense covering of silver hairs with glabrous to sparsely haired, terete, light brown to reddish coloured branchlets. Like many species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. It has sickle shaped, glabrous to sometimes sericeous phyllodes falcate with a length of  and a width of  and have three to five prominent longitudinal veins surrounded by minor veins that are almost touching each other. It blooms from April to September producing yellow flowers.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described bu the botanist George Bentham in 1842 as part of William Jackson Hookers work Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species as published in the London Journal of Botany. It was reclassified as Racosperma retinerve by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006.

Distribution
It is native to a large area in the Kimberley region of Western Australia where it grows among sandstone or laterite. It is situated on the mainland extending from the coast south to the Mitchell Plateau and the catchment area of the Prince Regent River where it is usually found among outcrops of sandstone rock.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

retinervis
Acacias of Western Australia
Plants described in 1842
Taxa named by George Bentham

Acacia retinervis


Christiana Abiodun Emanuel, born Abiodun Akinsowon (1907–1994), was the co-founder of the Cherubim and Seraphim, an Aladura Christian denomination. After a schism in the Church, she founded and led the Cherubim and Seraphim Society.

Personal life
Abiodun Akinsowon was born in 1907 to a Saro family. The daughter of a pastor, she was baptised into the Anglican Church in Lagos, Nigeria, where she attended elementary school. In 1920, she left school to join her aunt as a trader. In 1942, she married George Orisanya Emanuel, a civil servant working in Lagos City Council.

Founding the Cherubim and Seraphim
In 1925, while watching a Catholic Corpus Christi procession, Emanuel reportedly fell into a lengthy trance. She awoke from her coma after the healer Moses Orimolade arrived to pray for her. Waking, Emanuel claimed she had been visited by angels who had taken her to heaven. As increasing numbers of visitors came to hear of her visions, Orimolade founded an interdenominational prayer group called the Cherubim and Seraphim. In 1927, Emanuel led an evangelical tour of Western Nigeria, condemning the worship of traditional gods and encouraging Christian prayer. In 1928, they established the Cherubim and Seraphim as its own independent church, within the Aladura tradition.

Schism and reconciliation
In 1929, the Cherubim and Seraphim underwent its first schism, with Emanuel founding the Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Orimolade founding the Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim. The split arose from disputes within the group over the role of female leadership. Emanuel demanded to be recognised as co-founder of the church. This was viewed by Orimolade, who denied she was co-founder, as insubordination, and led to their eventual split. This was followed by other schisms, leading to the existence of more than 10 separate sects within the Cherubim and Seraphim.

After Orimolade's death, Emanuel campaigned to be recognised as the supreme head of the church, claiming she had been discriminated against as a woman. In 1986, in an attempt to reunite the disparate groupings within the Church, she was reinstalled as leader of a united Cherubim and Seraphim Church.

References

1907 births
1994 deaths
Founders of new religious movements
Saro people
Yoruba Christian clergy
Women Christian clergy
Angelic visionaries
20th-century Nigerian clergy
20th-century Protestant religious leaders

Christiana Abiodun Emanuel


Cellophane was an alternative metal/rock band from California. They released a single eponymous album in 1997.

History
Cellophane started in 1995 after singer-songwriter Shannon Crawford convinced Ross Robinson to produce a demo recording of some of his songs. Robinson agreed after hearing a demo previously made by Crawford, and suggested that bass player Doug Ardito, drummer Mark Bistany, and guitar player John Chase work with Crawford. Upon finishing the recordings, the band played shows in the Los Angeles area and shopped the demos, ultimately signing with Virgin Records.

After a small club tour, an appearance on the 1996 Ozzfest bill followed, and Virgin suggested that producer Howard Benson record the début album, Cellophane (1997).

The band toured in support of the album, opening for varied bands such as Korn, Creed, Rage Against the Machine, The Warped Tour, Sevendust, L7, Jimmy Eat World and the Nixons, among others.

After a year on the road supporting the album, Cellophane returned to Los Angeles and started preparing to record a second album. During pre-production, Crawford decided to go on as a solo artist and the band was dissolved.

Ardito went on to play bass for Vanilla Ice on his hardcore music flavored comeback and then went on to play for Puddle of Mudd, Mark Bistany went on to start Otep and then worked with Ardito in Puddle of Mudd. John Chase recorded for Michael Jackson and others. In 2007 Crawford formed Monster in the Machine, after working as a visual artist.
Celophane's song Down was used in the soundtrack of the 1997 movie Wishmaster.

Band members
Shannon Crawford (vocals)
Doug Ardito (Bass)
Mark Bistany (Drums)
John Chase (Guitar)

Albums
Cellophane (1997, Virgin Records)

References

American alternative metal musical groups
Alternative rock groups from California
Heavy metal musical groups from California

Cellophane (band)


The Coat o Airms o Bosnie an Herzegovinae wis adoptit in 1998, replacin the previous design that haed been in uise syne 1992 when Bosnie an Herzegovinae gained unthirldom, an follaes the design o the naitional banner. The three pointit shield is specific an is tae seembolise the three major ethnic groups o Bosnie, as well as allude tae the shape o the kintra. The starns wur adoptit tae replace the fleur de lys that wur foond on mair auncient coat o airms tae avoid singlin oot the Bosniak ethnicity as maist prominent, an possibly tae allude tae the European Union, o which the state is recognised as a potential candidate for entry.

References

Naitional seembols o Bosnie an Herzegovinae
Bosnie an Herzegovinae
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Coat o airms o Bosnie an Herzegovinae


Clinamen is the word Lucretius gave to the unpredictable swerve of atoms. He means that these atoms don't just fall down, but because of the swerve collisions happen. Lucretius wrote that without this slight swerve (atoms) would "fall like raindrops and never touch and the world would have never been made". Lucretius was the first to write about Chaos theory.

References

Physics

Clinamen


Fear of needles (medically known as Belomophobia) is a term used to describe a large fear (phobia) of medical procedures involving needles. In medical litererature it is usually called needle phobia. Other terms used include aichmephobia and belanophobia, but these can also refer to a more general fear of sharply pointed objects. The condition was recognised as a phobia in 1994.It is estimated that at least 10% of American adults have a fear of needles, and it is likely that the actual number is larger, as the most severe cases are never documented due to the tendency of the sufferer to avoid all medical treatment.

References

Phobias

Fear of needles


Rocco Valenti (born in 1895, date of death unknown) was a New York City gangster and prominent member of the Camorra in New York during the early 1910s.

He is often confused with contemporary Mafioso Umberto Valenti.

Mafia–Camorra War
Valenti joined the Neapolitan Navy Street Gang in the early 1910s. On July 20, 1916, Valenti and fellow gang member Nick Sassi helped George "Lefty" Esposito, Tom Pagano, and Giuseppe Verizzano escape after murdering Joe DeMarco and Charles Lombardi.

On September 7, 1916, Valenti was arrested in a local pool hall for carrying a concealed weapon. His arrest came several hours after a shootout that resulted in the deaths of Nicholas Morello and Charles Ubriaco. However, Valenti was later released.

On January 26, 1918, Valenti was arrested in Troy, New York and convicted as an accessory in the DeMarco and Lombardi murders. After serving ten months in prison, Valenti was released in November 1918. He also testified for Charles Giordano during his trial in March 1919.

He disappears from the written record at that point.

References

Further reading
Critchley, David. The Origin of Organized Crime: The New York City Mafia, 1891-931. New York, Routledge, 2008.
Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005.

External links
GangRule: The Mafia-Cammora War (1914-1918)
American Organized Crime: Black Hand

American gangsters of Italian descent
American Camorristi
1895 births
Year of death missing

Rocco Valenti


WFVX-LD (channel 22) is a television station in Bangor, Maine, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Rockfleet Broadcasting alongside ABC affiliate WVII-TV (channel 7). The two stations share studios on Target Industrial Circle in West Bangor and a transmitter on Black Cap Mountain along the Penobscot and Hancock county line.

In addition to Fox programming, WFVX-LD is a secondary affiliate of MyNetworkTV, and airs Jewelry Television overnight. Despite WFVX-LD legally holding a low-power license, it transmits using WVII-TV's full-power spectrum. This ensures complete reception across the Bangor television market.

History
A construction permit for a low-power station on channel 22 in Bangor was granted on January 12, 1995, and was assigned the call letters W22BU. Following the death of original owner Dale Buschow in 1998, the station was acquired by MS Communications on January 3, 2001; its license to cover was issued on March 1. MS Communications had plans to establish wireless cable networks, but never broadcast anything other than test patterns on its stations. MS sold W22BU to Rockfleet Broadcasting, owner of WVII-TV, in 2003. Rockfleet put the station on the air as a Fox affiliate on April 13, 2003; the following day, the call letters were changed to WFVX-LP. The WFVX call letters were transferred from what is now WFUP, the Vanderbilt, Michigan, satellite of then-sister station and fellow Fox affiliate WFQX-TV in Cadillac, Michigan.

Before WFVX went on the air, Fox programming was seen on cable via WPXT in Portland, then from Foxnet after WPXT switched to The WB in the fall of 2001. Fox Sports programming was also available in Bangor at various points via WABI-TV (channel 5), WBGR-LP (channel 33), and WCKD-LP (channel 30). WCKD was WVII's first venture into low-power broadcasting in Bangor; it signed a local marketing agreement with James McLeod, owner of channel 30 (then known as W30BF, the former Bangor transmitter for Maine Public Television Plus) and WBGR, in 2000, and relaunched it as a UPN affiliate in 2001. WCKD had tried to become a full Fox affiliate that October to coincide with WPXT's affiliation change, but was blocked from doing so by UPN; this did not stop the station from continuing its existing relationship with Fox Sports. After WFVX's sign on, Rockfleet moved all of WCKD's syndicated and local programming (including a 10 p.m. newscast from WVII and the morning talk show So Goes the Nation), but not the UPN affiliation, to channel 22.

On December 6, 2006, WFVX added a secondary affiliation with Fox's new sister programming service MyNetworkTV. The service was not available in Bangor in its first three months on the air. Currently, programming from MyNetworkTV is seen in a delayed manner from 11:05 until 1:05 early the next morning. There is no local branding and/or logo indicating the secondary MyNetworkTV affiliation status aside from network promotions.

As a low-power station, WFVX was exempt from the digital transition on June 12, 2009; however, on February 17, WVII added a new second digital subchannel to carry WFVX's programming. WFVX has a construction permit to perform a "flash-cut" from analog to digital on the channel 22. On January 23, 2013, the station's call letters was changed to WFVX-LD ("LD" stands for low-powered digital).

On February 28, 2022, WFVX and WVII temporarily changed their logos to blue and yellow, the colors of the Ukrainian flag, in support of Ukraine after the 2022 Russian invasion.

Programming
There is little in the way of local programming on WFVX. A weekday morning talk show, So Goes the Nation, was met with little success. This program was hosted by Charlie Horne and Alan Silberberg from the WFVX studios in Bangor. Originally launched on WCKD-LP in 2002, it moved to WFVX upon its launch, and subsequently added simulcasts on WPFO and WLOB radio in Portland. The broadcast was a three-hour call-in talk show until September 2004 when it was reduced to a single hour before being canceled altogether in November of that year.

WFVX carried Shop at Home overnights until its closure in March 2008; Jewelry Television was added at that time. Since August 2008, WFVX and WVII have also carried programming from the New England Patriots Television Network; the stations split airings of pre-season games, and WFVX airs Patriots All Access, produced out of Boston's WBZ-TV, Sunday mornings at 11 during the NFL season. Starting in November 2009, WFVX began airing IWE: Championship Wrestling every Saturday night; it has since been dropped.

In June 2013, WFVX and WVII reached a deal to carry Husson University sports. This was followed a month later with a deal to carry University of Maine sports; as a result, WFVX and WVII replace WABI-TV as the television flagship of the Black Bear Sports Network. As part of the deal, Black Bear sports telecasts will also be seen on Fox College Sports, and production will be handled by Pack Network (WABI had produced its telecasts in-house).

News operation

WVII produces a weeknight hour-long prime time newscast on WFVX called Fox 22 News at 10, as well as a 7 a.m. newscast under the name The 7 AM News Hour on Fox 22. WFVX also simulcasts WVII's 6:30 a.m. newscast, Good Morning Maine. The 10 p.m. newscast was originally a half-hour long, but was expanded on June 25, 2012. The morning newscast launched on September 7, 2011. Since September 2012, WFVX also airs a half-hour 10 p.m. weekend newscast.

WVII began taping the 10 p.m. newscast earlier in the evening on October 16, 2006, though the sports report was still seen live on Fridays so that game highlights and scores from high school football games could still be featured. As of September 2011, WFVX has resumed airing a live newscast at 10.

WVII currently contracts with AccuWeather to produce the station's forecasts. The segments are recorded in advance with rotating meteorologists and fed via satellite to Bangor from AccuWeather's headquarters in State College, Pennsylvania (which is occasionally referred to as the "Fox 22 Weather Center" on WFVX). As a result, the station may not cover all severe weather events or be too late in doing so when conditions warrant.

Subchannel

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 2003
2003 establishments in Maine
FVX-LD
Fox network affiliates
MyNetworkTV affiliates
FVX-LD

WFVX-LD


Shaun Smith (born 22 June 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer in the VFL/AFL.

Originally from the Ainslie Football Club in the Australian Capital Territory, but recruited from Werribee and debuting in the Australian Football League in 1987, Smith is best known for his incredible leap and ability to take spectacular marks or speckies.

His high leaping play enabled him to hold down a key position whilst being only 184 cm and is sometimes compared to Russell Robertson.

Smith debuted with the North Melbourne Football Club in 1987 and was delisted due to a string of injuries at the end of 1992 after 47 games and 38 goals.

He played for Werribee in 1994, and had a dominant season there. He was one of the Association's leading goalkickers for the season, finished third in the J. J. Liston Trophy count, and continued his reputation for taking high marks. He was consequently recruited back to the AFL by  for the 1995 season.

By far Smith's most successful and consistent season was at the Melbourne Football Club in 1995.

His 1995 Mark of the Year, a chest mark over teammate Garry Lyon in the goal square against the Brisbane Bears at the Gabba, was named the Mark of the Century, superseding Gary Ablett Sr's famous, though controversial, mark a year earlier.  In the same year, he managed an AFL-career-best 51 goals.

Injury plagued the rest of his career at the Demons until he was finally delisted in 1998, finishing his career at the Werribee Football Club in 2004.

Shaun's son Joel was signed by the Demons for the 2016 season as a Category B rookie under the father–son rule, and his daughter Amy is currently listed with North Melbourne in the AFLW, recruited in 2020 as the club's first father–daughter pick.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club players
Werribee Football Club players
Ainslie Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from the Australian Capital Territory

Shaun Smith (Australian footballer)


Charles H. Tracy (October 3, 1833 - September 13, 1911) was an infantry soldier who received the Medal of Honor while serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War for two acts of bravery.

Early life
Tracy was born the son of Albert Tracy and Mrs. Harriet Birch Tracy  on October 3, 1833 in Jewett City, Connecticut. After leaving school he learned the machinist trade. He married Mary Elisabeth Corbin in Upton, Massachusetts on December 27, 1853. Around 1853, the couple moved to Chicopee, Massachusetts where they made their home until 1890. Tracy worked in the cotton mills of the Dwight Company and the Ames Manufacturing Company during this period.

Military career and associations
In August, 1862 in Chicopee, Massachusetts, Mr. Tracy enlisted in Company A, 37th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry which was mustered into service at Pittsfield, Massachusetts on September 4, 1862. He was serving as a sergeant when he performed his first act of bravery on May 12, 1864 during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in Virginia.

According to Sgt. Tracy:
At the 'Bloody Angle,' Spotsylvania, May 12th, our corps, the Sixth, supported the Second in the famous charge against [Edward] Johnson's Division of the Confederate Army. During the thickest of the fight, Lieutenant Wellman was badly wounded, and I was ordered to take him to the rear. It was about a mile to the hospital, and the shot and shell came so thick and fast that it was extremely hazardous to venture across with a wounded comrade, but I succeeded in carrying out the order, and after placing the lieutenant in the hospital, I came safely back through the fire. Upon reaching my company, Lieutenant Sparks congratulated me, saying: ' Tracy, I hope you will not have to cross that field on a like errand again.' Scarcely had he finished speaking, when a ball pierced his left breast and he fell into my arms. We thought he was mortally wounded, but discovering signs of life in him, decided to take him to the hospital, without waiting for orders.

His second act of bravery occurred on April 2, 1865 during the Third Battle of Petersburg, also in Virginia.

Sgt. Tracy recounts:
At one o'clock on the morning of April 2, 1865, my regiment broke camp near Petersburg, Va., and moved up to the enemy's front. Brigade pioneers and sharpshooters were ordered to rush in advance of the brigade. The pioneers were to remove all obstacles in front of the enemy's works, while the sharpshooters covered the parapet. I was at that time detailed as sergeant of the Third Brigade pioneers, and was second in command in the assault. The part of the line we were expected to carry was made of enclosed works, connected by breastworks of great strength with outer obstructions in the form of two lines of chevaux de frise and two lines of abatis. It was impossible to take the works while the enemy defended them, unless the several lines of obstruction were first removed. As Lieutenant Shiver was wounded early in the attack the command fell on me, and in directing the removal of the first two lines of the obstructions I received a shot over my ear and one in my left side ; and while removing the third line, a bullet shattered my right knee-joint, costing me, subsequently, the loss of my leg. Supporting myself on the abatis, I gave my orders to my men, and at last had the satisfaction of seeing them carry away the obstruction, thus enabling General Edwards to rout the enemy and cut the railroad and telegraph. The flag of the Thirty-seventh Massachusetts was the first to wave over the enemy's works.
He was subsequently promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in recognition of his bravery.

He was a charter member of the Otis Chapman Post 103 of the Grand Army of the Republic of Chicopee, of which he was adjutant in 1881 and commander during the three succeeding years. In 1884, he was a member of the Department Council of Administration; and, in 1891, he transferred his membership from the Chicopee Post to Abraham Lincoln Post 11 of Charlestown. He was also a member and former president of the Thirty-Seventh Massachusetts Regiment Association.

Medal of Honor citation
His Medal of Honor was awarded to him on November 19, 1897 with a citation that reads "At the risk of his own life, at Spotsylvania, 12 May 1864, assisted in carrying to a place of safety a wounded and helpless officer. On 2 April 1865, advanced with the pioneers, and, under heavy fire, assisted in removing 2 lines of chevaux-de-frise; was twice wounded but advanced to the third line, where he was again severely wounded, losing a leg."

Post-military life
From 1888 to 1890 Tracy was employed at the United States arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1890, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts and was a night watchman at the Custom House Tower for sixteen years until the spring of 1906, when he was compelled by ill health to give up active life. During his employment at the Custom House Tower, he made his home in Charlestown, Massachusetts where he was well known and highly respected. Following the death of his wife on March 6, 1905, and his retirement from the custom house, he then moved to Somerville, Massachusetts in 1907, where he lived the rest of his life until his death in 1911. The final years of his life were spent as an invalid. He spent the final ten days of his life at home in critical condition before succumbing to the effects of a stroke on September 13, 1911.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1833 births
1911 deaths
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
People from Jewett City, Connecticut
People from Chicopee, Massachusetts
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Connecticut
Grand Army of the Republic officials

Charles H. Tracy


Aureoboletus projectellus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in North America, and recently in Europe, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees.

Taxonomy
The species was first described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1938 as Ceriomyces projectellus, from collections made in Lynchburg, Virginia who later transferred it to Boletus. Rolf Singer transferred the species to the genus Boletellus in 1945. In 2015 Roy Halling transferred to the genus Aureoboletus based on DNA evidence.

Description
The cap is initially convex before flattening out in maturity, and attains a diameter of . The cap surface is dry, initially with a velvety so slightly hairy texture but developing small cracks in age. The color in young specimens is pale to dark cinnamon-brown to dull reddish or dark reddish-brown, sometimes tinged with gray or olive-green, particularly in younger individuals. The flesh is whitish (sometimes with rosy tints), has no distinctive odor, and an acidic taste. Unlike many bolete species, it does not turn blue when cut or injured, but it does slowly turn yellow-brown. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is initially yellow before turning brownish-olive in maturity, and the circular pores are about 0.5–2 mm wide. The tubes comprising the hymenophore are  deep. The stem is  long by  thick, and either equal in width through, or larger at the base. It is solid (i.e., not hollow), dry, and more or less the same color as the cap, or lighter. Its surface has a prominent reticulum (network-like surface), especially on the upper two-thirds; near the base, there is a white tomentum. The base of the stem turns sticky in wet weather.

Aureoboletus projectellus produces an olive-brown spore print. The spores are oval to spindle-shaped, smooth, and measure 18–33 by 7.5–12 μm; these are the largest spores of any bolete species in North America. Fruit bodies are edible. They can be used in mushroom dyeing to produce a variety of colors (yellow, brownish orange, dark orange, greenish brown or greenish yellow), depending on the mordant used.

Habitat and distribution
The fruit bodies of Aureoboletus projectellus grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees. In North America, its range includes eastern Canada (New Brunswick) south to North Carolina and west to Michigan. It has also been recorded in Mexico. In 2011, it was reported for the first time in Europe, from Lithuania (Curonian Spit); the identification of the species was confirmed by comparing DNA sequences with authentic North American collections. In 2013, it was also reported from Latvia, where it has been declared "fungus of the year 2014". They were also reported to appear in Poland since 2016, and in Norway and Denmark since 2014. Also widely distributed in Estonia. First reported in Finland in 2023.

See also
List of North American boletes

References

External links

 Fungus of the Year, Latvian Mycological Society

projectellus
Edible fungi
Fungi described in 1938
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill

Aureoboletus projectellus


Susan Valerie McCready (born 4 April 1981 in Sunbury, Victoria) is an Australian sport shooter. Since 1997, McCready had won a total of eleven medals (five golds, four silver, and two bronze) in both air and small-bore rifle at the Oceania Shooting Championships. She also captured a gold medal in the women's 50 m rifle three positions at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, accumulating a score of 667.3 points. McCready is the wife of three-time Olympian (2004, 2008, and 2012) and pistol shooter Daniel Repacholi.

McCready made her official debut for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where she placed fifteenth in the 10 m air rifle, and twentieth in the 50 m rifle 3 positions, with total scores of 392 and 574 points, respectively.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, McCready finished twenty-seventh in the preliminary rounds of the women's 10 m air rifle, with a total score of 391 points, tying her position with four other shooters including South Korea's Seo Sun-hwa. She also accumulated a score of 567 targets (194 in a prone position, 187 in standing, and 186 in kneeling) in her second event, 50 m rifle 3 positions, by two points behind Japan's Hiromi Misaki, finishing only in twenty-fifth place.

Eight years after competing in her first Olympics, McCready qualified for her third Australian team, as a 27-year-old, at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, by finishing second in the air rifle (AR40) from the 2007 Oceanian Shooting Championships in Sydney. She placed forty-second in the women's 10 m air rifle by one point ahead of Venezuela's Diliana Méndez from the final attempt, with a total score of 386 points. Nearly a week later, McCready competed for her second event, 50 m rifle 3 positions, where she was able to shoot 195 targets in a prone position, 172 in standing, and 183 in kneeling, for a total score of 550 points, finishing only in forty-third place.

Olympic results

References

External links
Profile – Australian Olympic Team
NBC 2008 Olympics profile

Australian female sport shooters
Living people
Olympic shooters for Australia
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
1981 births
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in shooting
Shooters at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
20th-century Australian women
21st-century Australian women
People from Sunbury, Victoria
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

Sue McCready


Henry of Bracton, also Henry de Bracton, also Henricus Bracton, or Henry Bratton also Henry Bretton (c. 1210 – c. 1268) was an English cleric and jurist.

He is famous now for his writings on law, particularly De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliæ ("On the Laws and Customs of England") and his ideas on mens rea (criminal intent). According to Bracton, it was only through the examination of a combination of action and intention that the commission of a criminal act could be established.

He also wrote on kingship, arguing that a ruler should be called king only if he obtained and exercised power in a lawful manner.

In his writings, Bracton manages to set out coherently the law of the royal courts through his use of categories drawn from Roman law, thus incorporating into English law several developments of medieval Roman law.

Life

Plucknett describes Bracton in this way: "Two generations after Ranulf de Glanvill we come to the flower and crown of English jurisprudence – Bracton." Bracton was born around 1210 in Devon and had a great deal of preferment in the Church. He derived from either Bratton Fleming or Bratton Clovelly. Both villages are in Devon. It was only after his death that the family name appears as Bracton; during his life, he was known as Bratton, or Bretton. This originally may have been Bradton, meaning "Broad Town". Bracton first appeared as a justice in 1245. From 1248 until his death in 1268 he was steadily employed as a justice of the assize in the southwestern counties, especially Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. He was a member of the coram rege, also called the coram ipso rege, later to become the King's Court. He retired from this in 1257, shortly before the meeting of the Mad Parliament in 1258 at Oxford. It is unknown whether his retirement was related to politics. His leaving coincided with the onset of the notorious Second Barons' War in 1264. At that time Bracton was ordered to restore to the Treasury the large store of plea rolls (case records from previous trials) that had been in his possession. He was also forced to surrender the large number of rolls from his predecessors Martin Pateshull and William Raleigh, also known as William de Raley. It cannot be determined whether he disgraced the King or the barons in this affair, but it is speculated that some kind of political intrigue was involved. The practical result was that his major work, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliæ ("The Laws and Customs of England"), was left unfinished. Even so, it exists in four large volumes today. He continued to follow the assizes in the southwest until 1267. In the last year of his life he filled another prominent role, as member of a commission of prelates, magnates and justices appointed to hear the complaints of the "disinherited" – those who had sided with Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.

Bracton apparently had access to the highest stations of Church and State. He was an ecclesiastic. In 1259 he became the rector of the Devonshire parish of Combe-in-Teignhead and in 1261, the rector of Bideford. In 1264 he was made the archdeacon of Barnstaple and in the same year, chancellor of Exeter Cathedral. In 1245 he enjoyed a dispensation enabling him to hold three ecclesiastical benefices. He was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral, in front of an altar bearing his name. He had established a chantry (a continuous set of prayers in perpetuity) for his soul that was endowed from the revenues of the Manor of Thorverton.

Bracton chose the words of Ulpian (Pandects 1.1.1) to describe the legal profession: "Ius dicitur ars boni et aequi, cuius merito quis nos sacerdotes appellat: iusticiam namque colimus et sacra iura ministramus." (Law is called the good and just art, whose priests we are deservedly called:  for we worship Justice and minister the sacred laws.)  Ulpian was an influential Roman jurist in the second century, whose writings were revered in medieval Europe.  Bracton felt himself to be, metaphorically, a priest of the law, "a priest forever in the order of Ulpian," a playful allusion to the Melchizedek priesthood.

Influences: Pateshull and Raleigh
Two legal predecessors directly influenced Bracton. The first was Martin de Pateshull, one of John of England's clerks, who became justice of the bench in 1217, and in 1224 was one of the itinerant justices whom Falkes de Breauté attacked. Bracton esteemed Pateshull highly and remarked, "In any list of regular justices, Pateshull's name so constantly precedes all others that he must have enjoyed some pre-eminence, though perhaps not of a definitive kind." Pateshull was archdeacon of Norwich Cathedral and dean of St. Paul's Cathedral. His capacity for hard work was such that a brother justice asked Hubert de Burgh to excuse him from going on circuit with Pateshull on the ground that he wore out his colleagues by his incessant activity. Of his abilities as a lawyer, Bracton's appreciative citations speak eloquently. He appears to have gained his reputation as a lawyer, pure and simple. He died in 1229.

The second great influence on Bracton's thinking was William Raleigh, also known as William de Raley, a native of Devon. He was a resident in and around Bratton Fleming in 1212, when Bracton was born there. Raleigh was a justice of the bench in 1228. In 1234 he pronounced reversal judgment of Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent's outlawry. Though he was not a justiciar, he was regarded as the chief among judges. In 1237 he was appointed treasurer of Exeter Cathedral. He was elected to the See of Winchester in 1238 and passed from legal history. His election to this position was violently opposed by the King who favoured William of Valence. In 1239, Raleigh was elected to the See of Norwich. In 1244, he was elected to the See of Winchester for a second time. He died in 1250. He had much to do with the passage of the Statute of Merton. Raleigh defended the refusal of the barons to change the law of bastardy and legitimation. He invented the writ Quare ejecit infra terminum and was influential in the writing of several other novel writs. It is from Bracton that we get the majority of the history of the law at the time. Bracton is thought to have had a notebook with 2000 cases from Pateshull and Raleigh.

Raleigh granted lands to Bracton in Flemmings of Bratton, who held it through his wife's family. Her name was Beaupre. Raleigh was Pateshull's clerk. Later, Bracton became Raleigh's clerk.

Cosmopolitan outlook

Bracton imbued the courts of his day with a broad, continental or cosmopolitan outlook. The incorporation of Roman law began with Ranulf de Glanvill 140 years before. This is demonstrated in Leges Henrici Primi (Laws of Henry I). There is some controversy about the true nature of Bracton's Romanism. Henry Maine regarded Bracton as a complete fraud, who tried to pass off sheer Romanism as legitimate English law. Bracton should for that be completely dismissed as a figure of substance in the formation of English law. Frederic William Maitland held the opposite view, positing that Bracton had no real knowledge of Roman law and the portion thar he proclaimed was incomplete and shallow. They were of the opinion that most, if not all, of the Romanism of Bracton had been derived directly from Azo of Bologna, written before 1211. It has proven to be difficult to pinpoint the exact nature of Romanism in Bracton.

When England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, it came under the influence of the most progressive and best governed system in Europe. It also brought a connection with the entire intellectual life of the Continent that had been absent in the Anglo-Saxon days. Foreigners came to England to study. English youth attended European universities. The only English Pope in history, Pope Adrian IV was elected in 1154. That can be attributed to Norman influence. On the Continent in the 12th and the 13th centuries, there was a renaissance in all learning, especially in legal concepts and writing. In Europe, Irnerius, the Four Doctors and Accursius revived the study of civil law. These established the school of the Glossators (writers of a "gloss" or short description of the case). Gratian systematised canon law. The Lombard Libri Feudorum and the French Beaumanoir reduced to some sort of order the customary feudal law of Europe. Ranulf de Glanvill and Bracton did the same thing for England by following the spirit of the Continent.

Bracton was influenced by an early 12th-century lawbook, Leges Edwardi Confessoris. It is a collection that purportedly recorded the laws and customs current in the time of Edward the Confessor at the behest of his successor, William the Conqueror.

William reorganised the land structure in a piecemeal fashion by following the reduction of resistance in various parts of England. His major lords were granted new titles of the land, but the Anglo-Saxon legal structure was left largely intact, including the traditional sheriff (shire reeve) and courts of shire and hundred. Maitland is of the opinion that the law of William I and his successors was biased in favour of all things West Saxon (Wessex) and the Church and eschewed and denigrated all things Danelaw. Bracton freely intermixes the Middle English terms such as sac and soc, toll and term, infangthef, utfangthef, thane, dreng, sokeman, hide, geld, hundred, wapentake, bote,  and wer with Norman French terms such as baron, count, viscount, vavasor, villein, relief, homage, manor.

Writings

His written work, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliæ (The Laws and Customs of England), was composed primarily before c. 1235. Most of the text was likely written by William of Raleigh and was then passed along to Bracton, who was his clerk. Bracton's contribution was largely to update the text to include, for example, changes made in the provisions of Merton in 1236. However, the true nature of Bracton's work is not clear. Pollock, Maitland, and Plucknett credit the work more to Bracton and less to the influence of Raleigh. These scholars date the work to a later time, closer to 1260. The work was never completed. According to these authors, the Second Barons' War ended the writing. Bracton had access to (or actual possession of) many rolls of recorded law cases from the King's court. These were called plea rolls and were usually not publicly available. It is probable he was forced to surrender these before his book was finished. Even in its unfinished state, it is the most thorough English medieval law book. He also likely had access to the cases of Martin Pateshull and William Raleigh, his mentors in the law. A notebook containing 2000 cases from Pateshull and Raleigh has been deemed to be Bracton's. This book contains notes written in the margin that are in Bracton's handwriting. He incorporated the information from these cases in his book. Bracton also studied noted Italian lawyer Azo of Bologna. He was familiar with Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of [Latin] Civil Law), the Decretum and the Decretals, as well as the works of the canonist Tancred of Bologna. He became familiar with, and an advocate of the Latin concept of Universal Law or Natural Moral Law, based on his reading of these sources. Bracton would have been familiar with the description of natural moral law applied in the Decretals: "The natural law dates from the creation of the rational creature. It does not vary with time, but remains unchangeable." He also was familiar with Isidore of Seville or Isidorus Hispalensis (c. 570–636) who wrote of law: "In determining the nature of law, there must be three conditions: the fostering of religion, in as much as it is proportionate to the Divine law; that it is helpful to discipline, in as much as it is proportionate to the natural law; and that is further the common weal, in as much as it is proportionate to the utility of mankind." Bracton used these works as a basis for his legal philosophy. Certain Latin terms, such as "corpus et animus" (body and soul) being necessary for possession under the law, are seen in Bracton that would appear to be ecclesiastical in origin.

Based on Bracton's notes and writing, Pollock and Maitland believe that he was neither a courtly flatterer nor a champion of despotic monarchy. At other times, he may be accused of distorting: "sed et quod principi placuit."

Bracton's work became the basis for legal literature of Edward I of England. Gilbert Thornton, the chief justice of the king's bench made an epitome of it. This has been lost.

The earliest mention of Roman Law in the Common Law of England is found in 1237–1238, discussing a question of whether a palatinate can be partitioned among co-heirs. The justices could find no precedent for such a thing in English law, nor in the Magna Carta, nor in Roman Law (in iure scripto), therefore, they adjoined (delayed) their decision. In Bracton's time, it had been determined that the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was deemed to be a subject of the King of England while in England: Ricardus Rex Alemanniae (Rex Romanorum semper augustus) was impleaded for novel disseisin.

Bracton studied the form of the original writs. He procured, for his own use, complete transcripts of the pleadings in selected cases. These were used to write his treatise on the law. He was also the first to offer commentary on the cases he wrote about. In this way Bracton was modern; he criticised and praised various decisions. He called those who were a generation before him, his "masters". The cases he wrote about were at least twenty years older than his book. His writing is not like a modern legal treatise comparing case results. There is no concept of case law as one would find in a modern text book. He selected cases and wrote a general description of what the law should be in a given set of circumstances. There was no real stare decisis. He gave descriptions of what the decision should be in hypothetical fact situations, without mention of actual cases. He also included many sample writs for various situations. Bracton chose cases based on his admiration for the judges involved, and wanted to make exemplars of their logic. The inclusion of case law was important, because it was the first time this had occurred in English legal writing. Lawyers for two centuries (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries) were introduced to the concept of case law and legal logic by Bracton's book. A new and modern course was set.

Later manuals, based on Bracton's example contained actual case law, with the captions removed. The ability to read actual cases and decisions, as well as the logic behind them was revolutionary in Bracton's time. The rolls from the court records would not have been available for inspection to anyone. His treatise changed this, forever. The ability to read cases, even if they were more than twenty years old, proved popular, leading directly to publication of the Year Books The first Year Book (compilations of court cases for the year) extant was published the year that Bracton died, 1268.

Translations
The modern edition of Bracton's work was published in 1968 by the Selden Society in translation by Samuel E. Thorne from a recompilation by George E. Woodbine. Bracton's Note Book was published in 1887 at Cambridge, as edited and translated by Frederic William Maitland. In 1866, Carl Güterbock published Bracton and his Relation to the Roman Law.

Church and state

Common law and ecclesiastic courts
In Bracton's time, the common law was separate from the canon law of the Church. The common law had come to mean all that was not exceptional or special. It was distinguished from Church law, as well as peculiar local customs and royal decrees, and represented the general law of the land. There were some legislative acts, such as the Statute of Merton (1236) and the Statute of Marlborough (1267), but the mass of new law introduced during the reign of Henry III of England was by novel creative writs and new forms of action invented in the Court of Chancery and sanctioned by the common law courts. Bracton knew many writs that were unknown to Ranulf de Glanvill. It was generally perceived that there had to be a limitation on the number of new writs coming out of chancery, or the king would become an uncontrollable lawmaker. Chancery was under the control of the Church and ecclesiastic lawyers.

Writs for calling religious clergy to royal courts

Since the time of the Norman Conquest, the relation between church and state was always tendentious. There were two parallel legal systems, one under the aegis of the church and the other under the crown, which continuously vied for jurisdiction and power. Bracton gave samples of writs that could be used in the case of a recalcitrant bishop who refused to produce a witness for the common law or king's court. They indicated difficulties in defining jurisdiction, as well as recalcitrance on the part of Church officials to partake in civil and common law matters outside the Church court structure.

Example 1: "Henry by the grace of God, etc. to the venerable Father in Christ "B", by the same grace bishop of London, greeting. We order you to cause to come before our justices etc. at such a day, such an archdeacon, to answer [the questions proposed in] "C", with respect to such a plea [as stated above], etc. And then let this clause be added: "as to whom our sheriff of Middlesex has sent word to our aforementioned justices that the aforementioned archdeacon (or such other clerk) has refused to find pledges and has no lay fee by which he can be destrained. And have this writ [brought with you]. Witnesses signed, etc. If the bishop does nothing with regard to the king's order, let the enrolment then be as follows: 'A' offered himself on the fourth day against 'B' with respect to such a plea, and 'B' did not come, and at another time the sheriff was ordered to attach him, and the sheriff sent word that he was a clerk, etc., whereupon such a bishop was ordered to cause him to come and to send the writ, who did nothing therein. Therefore let the bishop be summoned to appear on such a day and to have there the aforementioned 'B' to answer the aforementioned 'A' as to why etc. as described in the original writ, and offer an explanation why he ignored the original order to appear."

Example 2: "The king to the sheriff, greeting. Summon 'F' bishop of London by good summoners to be before the aforesaid justices on such a day, etc. And show why he did not cause him to come forward [in accord with the order in the previous writ]."

Example 3: "The king to the sheriff, greeting, We order you to distrain 'F', bishop of London, by the lands that he holds in barony in your county, to appear before the justices, etc., on such a day and to have there such a clerk to answer to such a one with respect to such a plea etc., and also to hear his judgment because he did not have the aforesaid clerk on such a day as he was ordered. And have, etc. If neither the bishop nor the clerk come forward on that day, let action be taken against the bishop for contempt, by counsel of the court, and lest the misdeeds remain unpunished, let the king, on the bishop's default, apply his hand, by virtue of his jurisdiction, that the clerk be arrested and held until the bishop claims him, that he either be delivered to him or remain arrested, nor will the sheriff or his bailiffs incur any penalty on that account since execution of the law involves no wrong. For even a bishop and those higher still may be arrested for injuries and crimes. A bishop could expel with impunity a thief who had fled to a church and not be guilty of irregularity, if the thief refused to come out and stand to the judgment of the king and the kingdom. For the sword ought to aid the sword, and thus there are two swords, the spiritual and the temporal."

Bracton on King of England
Bracton on the King of England:  "The king has a superior, namely, God. Also the law by which he was made king. Also his curia, namely, the earls and barons, because if he is without a bridle, that is without law, they ought to put the bridle on him."

"The king has no equal within his realm. Subjects cannot be the equals of the ruler, because he would thereby lose his rule, since equal can have no authority over equal, not a fortiori a superior, because he would then be subject to those subjected to him. The king must not be under man but under God and under the law, because the law makes the king... for there is no rex where will rules rather than lex."

Papal supremacy asserted
Pope Innocent III represented the absolute zenith of papal power in the Middle Ages. Among the many reforms that he established was the banning of any ecclesiastic to have income from more than one church or parish. Bracton had received a dispensation to receive the proceeds from three, which indicates his special position within the Church's political structure. Innocent III exercised more power than any of his predecessors or his successors. He famously placed England under interdict during the reign of John of England. During and after the Fourth Lateran Council, Innocent III proclaimed that all tithes to the Church should take precedence over any taxes imposed by a state, which was controversial. He also excluded all lay interference (including matters of civil and criminal law). He affirmed the right of Rome to review any and all important legal cases. That made appeal to the Pope more attractive and easier to obtain than in previous generations. He gave the Chancery an improved and more efficient organisation. All of that had occurred in the generation before Bracton and still was rancorous in his time.

It has been argued and unsettled whether any English Churchman in the 13th century would have disputed that the Pope was the head of the Universal Church. It was admitted that the canon law of the great councils was binding upon all members of the Church. Bracton, being both a lawyer and a cleric, wrote of the Pope in spiritualibus super omnibus habet ordinariam jurisdictionem ("In spiritual things he has an ordinary jurisdiction over all men in his realm"). The Pope was a lawgiver, but he was also a judge, and in his Curia, could enforce his decrees. Papal legislation was defined and circumscribed by ius divinium et naturale (law divine and natural).

Contract and writ of prohibition
The development of contract law began in the Church courts by following Roman law. Those courts claimed (with some validity) to enforce all promises made by oath, or by "pledge of faith". The man who pledges his faith or on his soul arguably has pawned his soul and in so doing has left his salvation to actions of another. Henry II of England asserted his jurisdiction over such cases. Thomas Becket claimed concurrent jurisdiction for the Church. Henry won, and from that time onward, the royal court was always at the ready to prohibit ecclesiastical judges from entertaining a breach of faith unless both parties were clerks (church clerics) or the matter lay outside the realm of the temporal. The method was to issue a writ of prohibition, prohibiting the church court from hearing and ruling on the case.

The practice developed whereby a contractor would seek relief in a church court and renounce all right to a writ of prohibition. Sometimes, the litigant would not receive the decision he wanted in the ecclesiastic court and then would renounce his pledge, and seek a writ of prohibition from the common law court. Bracton explained that it was a terrible sin to seek a writ of prohibition when one had promised not to seek one, and that was a crime that deserved imprisonment. Jurisdiction over such matters, as well as over marriages and wills remained contentious in Bracton's day.

Frankalmoign and writ of prohibition
In Bracton's time, the question frequently arose about land held in frankalmoign (land donated to the Church). Writs were common to prohibit Church courts from meddling into the title of land, even if it were to be held in frankalmoign. The question was that of lay fee, which was the equivalent of secular lands even though it may have been held in free, pure and perpetual alms. Bracton posited that land that is sacred, housing Churches and the like, was within the jurisdiction of the Church. To that could be added lands donated in the form of a dower. A glance of the plea rolls demonstrates them to be covered with writs of prohibitions directed at ecclesiastical judges in a continuous battle over jurisdiction of Church lands.

Despite those problems, Pollock and Maitland comment that by the end of the reign of Henry III of England, the royal and church courts functioned in relative harmony, despite certain disputes over jurisdiction.

Modern liability
Modern liability can be traced from ancient Anglo-Saxon law through the time of Bracton. From Alfred the Great: "A man acts at his own peril. If a man have a spear over his shoulder, and any man stakes himself upon it, that man will pay the wer but not the wite... if he be accused of wilfulness in the deed, let him clear himself according to the wite, and with that, let the wite abate. And let this be: if the point be three fingers higher than the hindmost part of the shaft; if they both be on the level, the point of the hindmost part of the shaft, be that without danger. If a man leaves his arms about, and another knocks them over so that they kill or injure a man, the owner is liable. If a man lend his horse to another and the borrower is injured, the lender is liable." That is similar to the modern concept of strict liability in tort. Liability at the time was dependent upon not negligence but the act.

A Borough Customs proclaimed that a defendant must swear an oath that he had done nothing to a slain person that had put him "nearer to death than from life."

Ancient law could not discuss the question of intent because it had no mechanism to do so. Offences that were not criminal could be made the ground for appeal of homicide if they could be put forward as conducing, however indirectly, to death. That idea persisted to the time of Bracton. An oath was required of a man accused of a homicide.

Judge Brian wrote in 1466 (200 years after Bracton): "In my opinion, if a man does a thing he is bound in such a manner that by his deed no injury or damage is inflicted on others. As in the case where I erect a building, and when the timber is being lifted a piece of it falls upon the house of my neighbor and bruises his house, he will have a good action, and that, although the erection of my house was lawful and the timber fell without my intent. Similarly, if a man commits an assault upon me and I cannot avoid him if he wants to beat me, and I lift my stick in self-defense in order to prevent him, and there is a man behind me, although my lifting my stick was lawful to defend myself and I injured him without intent [he would have a cause of action against me]."

In the laws of Cnut the Great it was said that concerning stolen property, an infant was as guilty as if he had discretion. Under Henry I of England, "The man whose conduct has only remotely caused death or injury is liable, it is true, but 'in hiis et similibus, ubi homo aliud intendit et aliud evenit, ubi opus accusatur non-voluntas, venialem pocius emendacionem, et honrificenciam judices statuant, sicut acciderit'". The man who has killed by misadventure or in self-defense is liable to pay the wer, but his wrong is emenable.

Under Henry I of England, "who sins unwittingly shall knowingly make amends" though the lunatic and infant were not liable in criminal acts, which was a change from Anglo-Saxon law. Bracton wrote of homicide, "the crime of homicide, be it either accidental or voluntary, does not permit of suffering the same penalty, because on one case the full penalty must be exacted and in the other there should have been mercy." It is the first signs of discrimination in the law leading to the development of the concept of mens rea (a guilty mind being necessary to be guilty of a crime). Bracton stressed the animus furendi in theft, which is the intention to steal. Felony is according to intent, a concept that has its foundations in Bracton.

Other examples

Sanctuary and abjuration
If a criminal could make it to a church, he was given sanctuary. This was a recognition that the Church was a separate jurisdiction. Some law allowed for the criminal to be housed and fed by the clergy for seven days. Bracton recommends 40 days. Then, the reeve would knock on the door of the church and demand that the criminal surrender himself or take the shortest road to a seaport and leave England never to return. If he did not leave the church, he was to be starved. If the criminal stayed on the road to the seaport, he was to be left unharmed. If he went off the road, he could be killed by the population at large. Condemned criminals and those found with stolen goods were not to be given sanctuary. The wife of such was declared a widow, and all lands owned by him were escheated to the Crown.

Writ of appeal
"In every criminal case, which embraces a felony, [the writ] must mention on the appeal the year, the place, the day and the hour in which the case is heard. [The defendant] must speak of his own accord, and sight and hearing, and must be consistent in what he says and in all circumstantial details. [It should be written like this]: 'A' appeals 'B', by such words for the death of his brother and should he fail, by such a one, and so on, so that there are several appealing him to one and the same deed."

Equity
Bracton wrote of equity (circa 1258) that it required in equal causes an even-handed justice and a true equality in all things. This appears to have been taken directly from Azo's "Gloss of Roman Law".

Executor of estate
The executor of an estate could sue only in ecclesiastical courts. At law, it was the heir who had to be sued. That was changed during the time of Edward I of England to allowing him to be sued in the common law courts.

Murder fines
The reason for devising the murder-fine was that in the days of Cnut the Great, King of the Danes, when at the prayer of the English barons he sent his army back to Denmark after he had conquered and pacified England, the barons of England offered themselves as sureties to the said King Cnut that whatever the force the king kept with him in England they would have form peace in all things so that, if anyone of the English should slay any of the men whom the king kept with him and that man could not make his defence against the charge by the judgment of God, that is by water and iron, justice would be done upon him. If he fled away and could not be arrested they would pay on his behalf sixty-six marks, to be collected in the village where he was slain, because the inhabitants did not produce the slayer. And if the marks could not be collected because of poverty, they would be collected in the hundred for deposit in the king's treasury.

That represents a curious anachronism since trial by ordeal ("water and iron") had been outlawed in England by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. (See subpoena ad testificandum for details.)

Influence

The reign of King John of England (1199–1216) was a time of great turmoil that produced, among other things, Magna Carta and the Papal interdict of Pope Innocent III against John. Henry III of England (1216–1272) was a child of nine years when he ascended the throne. A few great nobles, encouraged by Pope Honorius III (1216–1227) spared the nation the turmoil that would have been expected when a child becomes king. Henry de Bracton arose as one of the greatest judges of all time during the middle part of the reign of Henry III. His case books would soon dwarf even the great work of Ranulf de Glanvill in both quantity and quality.

The Barons' War against Henry III began in 1258 with similar grievances as the previous revolt against King John in 1215. The Barons aimed to reduce the King's power, but they failed as they also had in 1215. An indirect result of this war was that Bracton failed to complete his great legal treatise. The forms of action in trespass "vi et armis", among other forms of action in trespass and seisin were developed at this time. The phrase of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester was, "Wars are the result of extra-judicial distress." This is an important observation to understand the time of Bracton. The use of war was another tool, beside the rule of law, for the powerful to attain their ends. The barons' grievances resulted in the Statute of Marlborough in 1267.

Plucknett writes "It was the mediaevalists in England, armed with Bracton and the Year Books who ended Stuart statecraft. The Constitution of the United States was written by men who had Magna Carta and Bracton, and Coke and Littleton before their eyes. Could anything be more medieval than the idea of due process or the insertion in an instrument of government a contract clause? 'Pacta sunt servanda' (Pacts should be kept) became a motto of Edward I. The result can be traced directly to the work and writings of Bracton.

It was Machiavelli who gave us the modern word "state" and fleshed it out to our present conception of it. In Bracton's time a state was defined by a king, based on the rule of law, which ultimately must end in and lead to the will of God. This is different today. The right is based on the will of the state.

Bracton was popular in his day. Several contemporaneous copies of his book are still in existence. However, several scholars, including Plucknett and Holdsworth believe that few actually followed Bracton's doctrine as defined by his writings. The growth of procedure overwhelmed the general (and genial) view and wide learning of Bracton. For a time, he fell completely out of favour. The printing press restored Bracton to prominence in English legal literature. The edition published in 1569 was described by Plucknett as "...perhaps the best printed law book we have ever had." Bracton's work appeared at an important time during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Bracton's liberal interpretation of the law (as expressed in portions of his book) was slow in taking root in English law. The decline of Bracton's influence in the middle of the fourteenth century coincides with Parliament's first assertions of its powers. Already, it had come to be the principal and only legislative body, and the dominant interest in it was that of the common law lawyers. This had become a narrow profession. The Crown adopted the practice of appointing judges from the leading practitioners of the bar. These also controlled legal education. There was no liberal outlook on the law. To these, Bracton's treatise must have seemed impractical and academic. Justice became more centralised.

Prior to Bracton, there was little use of stare decisis. This was because the rolls containing the court records were largely unavailable for scrutiny, even by judges sitting on the bench. Bracton's use of the rolls led to promulgation of recorded cases in the form of a gloss. This had been an important innovation based on the glossator's practice from the Continent. The availability of previous decisions, even if 20 or more years old, proved to be of great interest to nearly all practitioners of the law. This led directly to the Year Books. A single unique decision did not make precedent. Custom began to be dictated when several cases of similar fact pattern were decided by different courts in the same way. This was the beginning of stare decisis.

Sir Thomas Smith, the Secretary of State for Queen Elizabeth wrote "De Republica Anglorum" in 1583. In it he set forth the truly fearful powers of the Crown and Parliament, which can make and unmake law, change rights and possessions of private men, legitimate bastards, establish religions, condemn or absolve (by attainders) whomever the Prince wills. Smith was no advocate of tyranny, but he clearly enjoyed enumerating an imposing list of powers of the Tudor state. In Bracton, on the other hand, the emphasis was not upon the power of the Crown, but in responsibility. The monarch was subject to God, to the law of the land, and to his feudal court. In Bracton, the king owed some responsibility to listen to his lords. (Recall that Bracton had observed and experienced the turmoil from the Barons' War, and lived in the backwash of the problems of John.) Bracton's writings became a de facto antidote to the absolutism of the Tudors and the Stuarts. Bracton brought an air of clarity, from his study of Roman order, to the confusion that followed the English Reformation. The anonymous re-publisher of Bracton recommends him as worthy of emulation, since the other books of the day were "indigesta confusio". The law under Elizabeth was medieval. The trend of the day was toward Romanism. Bracton was popular in the time of Elizabeth because he was available through the printing press. In later times, he was read because he was Roman. He was popular because he was medieval.

Bracton was commonly read by lawyers in Great Britain's American colonies in the 18th century, and was occasionally cited in pre-revolutionary colonial argumentation against the mother country.

Sayings

"Not under man but under God and the law."

See also

Battle of Evesham
Cnut the Great
Edward I of England
Edward the Confessor
Elizabeth I of England
Exeter Cathedral
Henry I of England
Henry II of England
Henry III of England
Isidore of Seville
Isidorus Hispalensis
John of England
Mad Parliament
Provisions of Oxford
Quia Emptores
Richard I of England
St. Paul's Cathedral
Second Barons' War
 Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Statute of Marlborough
Trover

Notes

References

Further reading
Bracton, Henry de. De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliæ, 4 vols., ed. G. E. Woodbine, transl. S. E. Thorne. Publications of the Selden Society, London, 1968–77.
Bracton, Henry de. Bracton's Note Book, 3 vols., ed. and trans. F.W Maitland. Cambridge University Press, 1887. (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. )

External links
Bracton Online, Harvard Law School Library

1268 deaths
English legal writers
Archdeacons of Barnstaple
13th-century writers in Latin
People from North Devon (district)
Year of birth unknown
Lawyers from Devon
English male non-fiction writers
13th-century English writers
13th-century English lawyers

Henry de Bracton


Crompton Moor (archaically known as High Moor) is an area of moorland in the South Pennines, in North West England. It lies along the northeastern outskirts of Shaw and Crompton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester.

Spanning approximately , and reaching an elevation of  at Crow Knowl, Crompton Moor is one of the largest open spaces run by Oldham Countryside Service. It is a registered common of Greater Manchester, and a Site of Biological Importance since 2003.

The Friends of Crompton Moor are an active conservation group, who work in partnership with Oldham Countryside Service to maintain and protect this locally unique environment.

Most of Crompton Moor is covered in purple moor grass and heather, but there is also a significant amount of pine forest. Wildlife on the moors includes red grouse, golden plover, and the meadow pipit.

An early type of axe known as a palstave has been discovered on Crompton Moor, providing evidence of Bronze Age human activity. During the 18th century Crompton Moor had several farms; dry stone walls still exist from these times as evidence of field division for pasture.

Crow Knowl, at the summit of Crompton Moor, features a transmitter station, Crow Knowl Telecommunications mast, and an Ordnance Survey triangulation station (at grid reference SD960105). Crow Knowl overlooks Rochdale to the northwest, Manchester to the southwest and Denshaw to the east, amongst other parts of Greater Manchester.

Crompton Moor has been the site of several wildfires. A significant fire occurred in 1995, raging for over two weeks and burning a large proportion of the surface vegetation as well as the subsurface peat. Another took place in March 2007.

Brushes Clough and Pingot are former coal and sandstone quarries on Crompton Moor. During the 1970s, quarrying was halted, the land was reclaimed, and thousands of pine trees were planted. The area has since been used for recreation, including hiking, orienteering, cycling and horse riding. Brushes Clough Reservoir was constructed in the 19th century by the Oldham County Borough Council, using stone quarried from this site. After being managed by United Utilities for a number of years, the reservoir and some of the surrounding land is now privately owned.

An unnamed waterfall (provisionally called Crompton Waterfall) cascades off Crompton Moor into the now unused Pingot Quarry forming the Old Brook, a tributary of the River Beal.

Gallery

References

External links
Crompton Moor Walking Trails.
breathingplaces.org, The BBC's page on Crompton Moor.
Friends of Crompton Moor A volunteer conservation group working in partnership with the landowner.
trigpointinguk.com, information on the trig point at Crow Knowl.
Computer generated summit panorama

Mountains and hills of Greater Manchester
Mountains and hills of the Peak District
Mountains and hills of the Pennines
Tourist attractions in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Moorlands of England
Shaw and Crompton

Crompton Moor


Sir Matthew Henry Davies (1 February 1850 – 26 November 1912) was an Australian politician, who served as Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. He was also a leading figure in the Victorian Land Boom, ending with his bankruptcy in 1894 and subsequent trial on fraud charges.

Davies was the son of Ebenezer Davies and his wife Ruth, daughter of Mark Bartlett, of Bracknell, Berkshire, England, and grandson of the Rev. John Davies, of Trevecca College, South Wales. He was born at Geelong in 1850, and educated at the Geelong College. He matriculated at the University of Melbourne in 1869. He was admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1876, and married Elizabeth Locke Mercer, eldest daughter of the Rev. Peter Mercer, D.D., of Melbourne, a Presbyterian minister. They produced a family of seven — Arnold Mercer Davies (1876), Marion Agnes Davies (1877), Henry Gascoigne Davies (1879), Beatrice Elizabeth Davies (1880), Muriel Kate Davies (1882), and Olive Blanche Davies (1884), Cecil Harwood Locke Davies (1886).

For five years, Davies was honorary secretary of the Council of the Law Institute of Victoria, and was a Justice of the Peace for the central bailiwick. He was mayor of the City of Prahran from 1881 to 1882. Davies represented  St Kilda in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1883 to 1889. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Transfer of Land and Titles to Land in 1885, and, from 1886 to 1887, held a portfolio in the Gillies–Deakin Government as a minister without office.

In 1886, as a member of the Victorian government, he visited England in connection with the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. He was chairman of the Royal Commission on Banking in 1887, and was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in October of that year. Marking the Golden Jubilee year of Queen Victoria's reign, he gave 10,000 pounds to the Imperial Institute and other public institutions. He was returned unopposed for Toorak in 1889, and unanimously re-elected Speaker in the same year. He was knighted in 1890.

Beginning in 1877, Davies had become a major land speculator, taking advantage of the spectacular increase in land values in Victoria during the boom decades that followed the Victorian Gold Rush of the 1850s. Ten years later, he controlled a network of 40 companies, in which Victorian and overseas interests had invested millions of pounds. Like many other public figures, he was caught in the crash of early 1892, and his companies suspended payments in March. Davies resigned from Parliament and sailed to London to try to arrange finance to rescue his business empire, but was unsuccessful. He returned to Melbourne to face insolvency.

In January 1893, Davies was committed for trial on charges of conspiracy to defraud by means of a false balance sheet. The trial was delayed until May, at which point the Attorney-general, Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, withdrew the charges. Davies again travelled to London but, on the orders of the new Attorney-general, Isaac Isaacs, he was arrested in Colombo and brought back to Melbourne. After several trials, he was acquitted of the charges, but was declared bankrupt in 1894, with personal debts of 280,000 pounds. The losses of his companies totalled over 4 million pounds — one of the largest corporate defaults in Australian history.

Davies returned to his legal practice, and gradually restored his reputation through community service. He died in November 1912.

References

Further reading

1850 births
1912 deaths
Speakers of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Australian Knights Bachelor
People from Geelong
People educated at Geelong College
Mayors of places in Victoria (state)
Australian people of Welsh descent
Australian people of English descent

Matthew Henry Davies


After The Break is the fourth studio album by the Irish folk music band Planxty, recorded at Windmill Lane Studios from 18 to 30 June 1979 and released the same year. It was the band's first of two releases on Tara Records.

As its title suggests, this was the first album released after the group's initial split in 1975 (although Dónal Lunny and Christy Moore had resigned, separately, earlier).  The album was produced by Lunny and engineered by Brian Masterson, who had worked with the band since their earliest shows. It is the first of two albums to feature future Chieftains member Matt Molloy on flute, who had earlier been playing with Lunny in The Bothy Band.

Two other pieces recorded at the time, "Lord McDonald/The Chattering Magpie" (a set of reels) and "The Bonny Light Horseman" (a song by Andy Irvine) were not included on the LP, but were later released on the Tara Records compilation High Kings of Tara, in 1980. However, these two recordings were subsequently added to the CD and digital versions of After The Break.

The album closes with the Bulgarian dance tune "Smeceno Horo" brought to the group by Irvine, who has called it "the closest I ever got to melding two traditions together".

Track listing
All titles credited to Christy Moore, Dónal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Matt Molloy and Liam O'Flynn. Published by Mild Music.

Original LP Version

Side A
  "The Good Ship Kangaroo" (song) – 4:33
  "East At Glendart/Brian O'Lynn/Pay The Reckoning" (double jigs) – 3:43
  "You Rambling Boys Of Pleasure" (song) – 7:48
  "The Lady On The Island/The Gatehouse Maid/The Virginia/Callaghan's" (reels) – 3:11

Side B
  "The Rambling Siúler" (song) – 4:19
  "The Blackberry Blossom/Lucky In Love/The Dairy Maid" (reels) – 4:58
  "The Pursuit Of Farmer Michael Hayes" (song) – 6:10
  "Smeceno Horo" (Bulgarian dance) – 4:32

CD and Digital Release

"The Good Ship Kangaroo" (song) – 4:33
"Double Jigs: East at Glendart / Brian O' Flynn / Pay the Reckoning" (double jigs) – 3:43
"You Rambling Boys of Pleasure" (song) – 7:48
"Reels: The Blackberry Blossom / Lucky in Love / The Dairy Maid" (reels) – 3:11
"The Rambling Siúler" (song) – 4:19
"The Lady On The Island / The Gatehouse Maid / The Virginia / Callaghan's" (reels) – 4:58
"The Pursuit of Farmer Michael Hayes" (song) – 6:10
"Lord McDonald / The Chattering Magpie" (reels) – 4:12
"The Bonny Light Horseman" (song) – 4:31
"Smeceno Horo" (Bulgarian dance) – 4:32

Personnel
Christy Moore – vocals, guitar, harmonium & bodhrán.
Andy Irvine – vocals, mandolin, mandola, hurdy-gurdy & bouzouki.
Dónal Lunny – blarge & guitar.
Liam O'Flynn – uilleann pipes & tin whistle.
Matt Molloy – flute & tin whistle.

References

External links

1979 albums
Planxty albums

After the Break


Black Lab Linux is a discontinued free software Linux distribution for x86 and x86-64 hardware. It was first released in November 2013 by PC/OpenSystems LLC.  Black Lab Linux is based on Ubuntu Linux tailored both for general desktop use and for the more technical user.  It is commercially made available by PC/OpenSystems LLC for business desktops, education facilities, as well as parallel computing.

Formerly known as OS/4, the product was renamed by Roberto J. Dohnert and the software team to Black Lab Linux after the USPTO denied his trademark application for OS/4.  PC/OpenSystems LLC had acquired the rights to the name Black Lab Linux in 2008 after the acquisition of Terrasoft Solutions by Fixstars.  In its current incarnation, Black Lab Linux does not share any code or platform similarities with Terrasoft Solutions's product called Black Lab Linux as Terrasoft Solutions's release was for the PowerPC Processor.  Fixstars Linux's products, Yellow Dog Linux and Y-HPC, are currently developed under the Yellow Dog Linux brand.

Upon the purchase of the Linspire intellectual properties from Bridgeways, Inc. in 2018, PC/OpenSystems LLC discontinued Black Lab Linux in favor of Linspire and Freespire.

References

External links

X86-64 Linux distributions
Linux distributions

Black Lab Linux