Caliban is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum. A mutant with the ability to sense other mutants, he was originally a member of the Morlocks. He was also a member of the X-Factor, X-Men, X-Force and The 198. He was chosen twice by Apocalypse as one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse, first as Death and the second time as Pestilence, and Apocalypse also enhanced his superpowers through genetic manipulation.

The character was portrayed in film by Tómas Lemarquis in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016) and his older version by Stephen Merchant in Logan (2017).

Publication history

Caliban's first appearance was in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), written by Chris Claremont and illustrated by Dave Cockrum.

Fictional character biography

He is born an albino mutant with a pale complexion and large yellow eyes. At some point in his life, he is banished from his home by his father, who called him Caliban, after a character from the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare.

Growing up, a still young Caliban, who speaks in the third person, is discovered by the mutant Callisto and taken under her wing. Learning of his mutant tracking ability, Callisto uses Caliban to locate other disenfranchised mutants and organizes them into the Morlocks, a band of homeless, rejected mutants. The founding Morlocks consist of Caliban, Callisto, Masque, Plague, and Sunder. The Morlocks live in the sewers and abandoned subway tunnels running underneath New York City, and, like Caliban, most of them had grotesque appearances.

Caliban senses the presence of nearby mutants and enters a New York City nightclub seeking their friendship. He finds Storm, Dazzler, Kitty Pryde, and the original Spider-Woman in the club, and has a misunderstood confrontation with them. Though the battle ends peacefully, Caliban returns to his home underground.

Shortly thereafter, Morlock leader Callisto desires a consort and has the Morlocks abduct Warren Worthington, the Angel and a member of the X-Men, to be her husband. The X-Men arrive in the sewers to rescue their ally, and Kitty is infected with a virus by Plague. Caliban takes her to his quarters to care for her. Kitty pleads with Caliban to allow her to assist her teammates. Caliban agrees, but only if she will return after the fight and stay with him. Though Kitty promised to stay with him forever, she left and returned home. Weeks later, Callisto, vengeful after losing a one-on-one battle with X-Men leader Storm, orders the Morlocks to kidnap Kitty to force her to marry Caliban, knowing Storm would return. Caliban, however, realized Kitty did not truly love him and released her from her promise. Kitty then became Caliban's friend.

Caliban was later temporarily magically merged with Professor X by Kulan Gath during a confrontation with the sorcerer.

X-Factor
During the Morlock massacre, X-Factor rescued Caliban from the Marauders, and Caliban swore vengeance upon the Marauders. With nowhere else to stay, he took up residence at X-Factor headquarters with several other surviving Morlocks. Soon, he forced Masque to undo damage to the Beast's face, and then returned to the Alley. However, shortly thereafter, Rictor went missing and Caliban volunteered to help X-Factor find him, officially joining the group at that point. Alongside X-Factor, he next battled the Horsemen of Apocalypse. Caliban voiced his wish for increased power, so Iceman began teaching Caliban unarmed combat. He next fought the Right's soldiers and was nearly killed by them; then he aided X-Factor in rescuing the Right's mutant captives.

Horseman of Apocalypse
Not long after that, X-Factor's immortal enemy Apocalypse kidnaps the entire team after changing Angel into Death. Caliban, intrigued by Apocalypse's transformation of the fallen Angel, betrays X-Factor and asks Apocalypse to do the same to him. Agreeing, Apocalypse promises to give Caliban enough power to gain revenge against the Marauders who killed his Morlock family. Caliban agrees to become Apocalypse's servant and locator of mutants. Apocalypse renames him Hellhound. Caliban senses the telepathic cry of Val-Or. Through genetic manipulation, Caliban becomes the second Horseman of Apocalypse known as Death.

When Apocalypse had re-located to the moon in a confrontation with the original X-Factor and the Inhumans, Caliban returns to the Morlock tunnels. There, he locates Sabretooth, a ferocious mutant and member of the Marauders, who is stalking the sewers to find and kill more Morlocks. In combat, Caliban breaks Sabretooth's back and leaves him for dead, not realizing that he has a healing factor. Caliban then attacks and defeats Archangel. He later finds and defeats Sabretooth again.

As Death, Caliban performs various tasks for his new master, serving as his warrior servant. During the X-Cutioner's Song, Caliban attacks former X-Factor members (and current X-Men) Jean Grey and Cyclops, under Apocalypse's (actually Mister Sinister posing as Apocalypse) orders. Alongside War and Famine, Caliban kidnaps Cyclops and Jean Grey so Apocalypse can give the pair to the mad telepath Stryfe, who believes the couple to be his parents. Famine, War, and Death then battle the X-Men and are defeated by them.

X-Force
Eventually, the loner Caliban defeats Apocalypse's control at the cost of his mental faculties. At one point, when Sabretooth is a reluctant X-Men member, the mutant detector kidnaps X-Man Jubilee in exchange for the savage mutant, but he flees when Sabretooth mauls his face.

Though mentally unwell, he retains enormous physical power and is befriended by the mutant Cable. Oddly, Caliban's color shifts from white and monstrous to a semi-friendly Ogre-like form that is purple in coloration. Cable invites Caliban to join his team X-Force. Caliban has many adventures with the team, such as confronting Mojo and his forces, and when Apocalypse's enemy Mister Sinister infiltrates the X-Mansion, Apocalypse's mental leash causes him to savagely maul Sinister. He also has several confrontations with Sabretooth during this time.

Return to Apocalypse
After some time, Apocalypse returns and takes Caliban away from X-Force. This time, Apocalypse makes him his new Horseman Pestilence (coincidentally, the former Pestilence was Caliban's Morlock ally Plague). This time, Apocalypse augments Caliban's physical power even more and gives him the ability to spread telepathic disease as well. This time, Apocalypse's horsemen include Ahab, Deathbird, and Wolverine. After Apocalypse is merged with Cyclops, Caliban tracks down the merged being, and is freed from his service shortly before Cable destroys Apocalypse's spirit.

Released from his servitude to Apocalypse, Caliban once more reverts to his childlike state although he retains the monstrous physique he attained through Apocalypse's machinations.  Subsequently, Caliban is captured by an anti-mutant medical research facility called the Watchtower. The Watchtower wishes to use Caliban for their own purposes but he is freed by X-Force. Caliban has devolved into a feral mental state where he only grunts and snarls but he manages to help X-Force against a menace called the Skornn.

Post M-Day
After M-Day, Caliban turned up at the Xavier institute as a member of the 198. He is seen carrying the 198 banner, created by Erg, during the confrontation with O*N*E* over the "tracking chips" and again during Mr. M's exodus from the institute. He later helps the 198 escape with Domino and Shatterstar to one of Nick Fury's secret bases in the Nevada desert. Caliban was able to sense the stockpile of weapons in the base, but they were activated and locked down by Johnny Dee, a mutant who had puppet-like control over a fraction of the team. The original X-Men team went to collect the 198 but Bishop's pro-registration team stopped them. After a short battle, the two sides teamed up and, thanks to a joint effort by Cyclops and Bishop, were able to free the 198.

Seeking The X-Men
Caliban later aids the Uncanny X-Men team after he is seriously injured by Masque, and crawls his way back to the Xavier Institute. Caliban enters the Morlock Tunnels with Warpath, Storm, and Hepzibah and find what Masque was talking about.

Messiah Complex and Death
Caliban becomes part of a strike-force, who are in search of the first newborn mutant since Decimation, along with Wolverine, Wolfsbane, X-23, Warpath, and Hepzibah (all of whom, except Hepzibah, form the new incarnation of X-Force). During a battle with Lady Deathstrike and the Reavers, Caliban sacrifices himself to save Warpath by jumping into the path of a line of bullets meant for him. His death distracts Warpath making Wolverine the only X-Force member to chase down Cable.

Necrosha
During the Necrosha storyline, Caliban is revived through the Technarch transmode virus by Eli Bard and presented to Selene for the purpose of finding other dead mutants and resurrecting them by the same means, so Bard can sacrifice them and their powers to her. Caliban is later seen next to the grave of long time deceased New Mutants member Cypher and began reviving him. Through him Selene resurrected many deceased mutants, and as she faced X-Force, she digested their powerful life-force energies that would help extend her life.

Dawn of X
Caliban was one amongst many of the fallen mutants revived by The Five on the homeland of Homo Superior called Krakoa, he was shortly gunned down by assailants who invaded Krakoa.

Powers and abilities
Caliban is a mutant with the ability to psionically sense other mutants out to several miles away and track their movements. He also has the uncontrolled ability to psionically sense, absorb, and turn the psionic energy of fear radiated by humans against them, inducing more intense fear within their minds. He could also utilize fear from others to boost his strength to a level sufficient to easily overpower the original Spider Woman (Jessica Drew).

He is a formidable hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained by Iceman and later Apocalypse.

As Death, he attained superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, endurance, claws and fangs as well as imperviousness to physical injury through Apocalypse's genetic manipulation. He also has great skill at climbing and possesses superhuman leaping ability. He was also mentally conditioned to attack Apocalypse's former ally Mister Sinister on sight. His fear siphoning abilities had also been augmented and he can now control them as well as cast his power over a much wider net; not only gaining in strength from siphoning the anxiety of others but could harness strengthen and redistribute it in much stronger quantities by force of will. This facet of his bolstered power was dubbed the Shadow of Fear by Caliban himself.

As Pestilence, Apocalypse gave him the ability to generate a mental plague, a virus that attacks from within on the highest planes of the psyche and breaks down the mental functions of the target.

Being reverted to his original form by Masque, Caliban still appears to retain some superhuman strength affected by his adrenaline, as he was shown lifting rubble off of Skids that proved difficult for even Warpath to hoist.

After being reanimated through the Technarch transmode virus, his ability changed to psionically sense not living mutants but dead mutants.

Once resurrected after the rise of the new mutant homeland, he resumed his muscular physical appearance he had when he was a Horseman of Apocalypse and before Masque warped his excess flesh away.

Reception
 In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Caliban 89th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.

Other versions

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Caliban was a henchman of the bounty hunter Domino, using his powers to track down Nate Grey. In this incarnation he is an egotistical coward who is nonetheless well-learned in literature and a skilled swordsman.  He is killed by Toad, a member of the Outcasts.

House of M
In the House of M reality, Caliban is seen as a member of the Genoshan Black Ops version of the Marauders.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Caliban appears in the pages of Ultimate X-Men #82 as a member of the Ultimate Morlocks. His look is somewhat different, as he is now portrayed with a darker grey color instead of chalk white. He is also a stronger physical combatant and has the ability to change into a hulking monster.

X-Factor Forever
In X-Factor Forever, Caliban appeared as a henchman and Horseman of Apocalypse.

In other media

Television
 Caliban makes cameo appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series as an associate of the Morlocks. In his most notable appearance in the episode "The Fifth Horseman", Fabian Cortez turns him into one of Apocalypse's Hounds until Jubilee frees Caliban.
 Caliban appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Michael Dobson. This version is a member of the Morlocks.

Film
 Caliban appears in X-Men: Apocalypse, portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis. This version is an underground broker.
 Caliban appears in Logan, portrayed by Stephen Merchant. Years prior, he worked with the Transigen Project to locate mutants until he realized the error of his ways and went into hiding with other mutants. He was later recruited by Logan to help care for Charles Xavier. After being kidnapped by the Reavers, their leader Donald Pierce tortures Caliban into helping Transigen find Logan, Xavier, and Laura. Caliban complies, but gives the Reavers minimal information to impede their progress until Dr. Zander Rice manipulates him into helping them properly by promising him that the trio will not be harmed. Upon seeing Transigen's clone operative X-24 kill Xavier, Caliban rebels against his captors and sacrifices himself to give Logan and Laura time to escape. Rice later recovers Caliban's body and orders his scientists to extract his tissue in the hopes of using his powers in future experiments.

Video games
Caliban appears in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Bob Glouberman.

Merchandise
 Caliban in his Horsemen of Apocalypse form received an action figure in Toy Biz's X-Force toy line.
 A Build-A-Figure of Caliban was released in Hasbro's Marvel Legends line.

References

External links
 Caliban at Marvel.com
 Uncannyxmen.net spotlight on Caliban
 Uncannyxmen.net feature on the 4 Horsemen of Apocalypse

Characters created by Chris Claremont
Characters created by Dave Cockrum
Comics characters introduced in 1981
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with albinism
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters who have mental powers
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics film characters
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics mutants
Wolverine (comics) characters
X-Factor (comics)
X-Men supporting characters

Caliban (Marvel Comics)


Hamilton Square is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Hamilton Township, in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that is the site of a historic colonial village. Until the 2000 census the area was part of the Mercerville-Hamilton Square CDP, which was split into two CDPs as of 2010: Mercerville and Hamilton Square. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 12,784.

Hamilton Square was established in 1692 and was named after Alexander Hamilton in a wave of anti-British feeling at the time of the War of 1812. It previously had been called Nottingham after the British town. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 12,784.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Hamilton Square had a total area of 4.367 square miles (11.312 km2), including 4.343 square miles (11.249 km2) of land and 0.024 square miles (0.063 km2) of water (0.56%).

Demographics

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 12,784 people, 4,532 households, and 3,703 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 4,618 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 92.76% (11,858) White, 1.74% (223) Black or African American, 0.08% (10) Native American, 3.57% (457) Asian, 0.02% (3) Pacific Islander, 0.64% (82) from other races, and 1.18% (151) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.81% (487) of the population.

Of the 4,532 households, 33.0% had children under the age of 18; 69.7% were married couples living together; 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 18.3% were non-families. Of all households, 15.9% were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.13.

22.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 32.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 89.6 males.

Education
Schools that service the Hamilton Square area are: Morgan Elementary School, Sayen Elementary School, Langtree Elementary School, Alexander Elementary School, Robinson Elementary School, Reynolds Middle School, Crockett Middle School, Nottingham High School, and Steinert High School.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Hamilton Square include:
 Conrad Daniels (born 1941), professional darts player who was active in the 1970s and 1980s.
 Dan Donigan (born 1966), retired soccer forward and current head coach of Rutgers University soccer team.
 Janice Harsanyi (1929-2007), soprano singer and college professor.
 Dahntay Jones (born 1980), professional basketball player, currently playing for the Indiana Pacers.
 Karin Miller (born 1977), former professional tennis player.
 George R. Robbins (1814-1875), represented  from 1855 to 1859.
 Robert "Bobby" Smith (born 1951), retired U.S. soccer defender and National Soccer Hall of Fame member.
John Taylor (1836-1909), creator of pork roll (aka Taylor Ham).
 John K. Rafferty (1938-2021) was mayor of Hamilton Township from 1976-1999, and also played a crucial role in Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign in New Jersey

References

Census-designated places in Mercer County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey

Hamilton Square, New Jersey


Douwe Aukes (1612–1668) was a Frisian sea captain of the Dutch East India Company or VOC. The Douwe Aukes class minelayer and its name-ship the HNLMS Douwe Aukes were named after him.

Life
He was the son of another VOC captain, also called Douwe Aukes. He made several trips to South Africa on the ships Maastricht and Vrede and in 1641 he was made captain of the 40-gun Vogelstruys of the VOC's Amsterdam Chamber, which was seconded to Michiel de Ruyter's fleet in 1652 during the First Anglo-Dutch War (with Aukes thus indirectly becoming a naval officer). At one point during the Battle of Plymouth he wandered from the Dutch fleet and was almost surrounded by English ships, but Aukes threatened to ignite a powder keg and blow up the ship, rather than surrender. His crew then managed to beat off an English boarding party, almost sink two English ships, badly damage a third and finally regain the main Dutch fleet.

After the war Aukes continued as a VOC captain, being mentioned in a 1657 document as the captain of a koopvaarder (merchant ship) trading with the Levant and in one from 1665 as a merchant in Amsterdam. When Tjerk Hiddes de Vries was killed in 1666, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Aukes was requested to replace him as lieutenant-admiral in the Admiralty of Friesland by the States of Friesland, but Aukes declined, being then on the return voyage from India, during which he died. He is buried in Amsterdam's Oude Kerk.

1612 births
1668 deaths
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam
Dutch naval personnel of the Anglo-Dutch Wars
People from Friesland
Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company

Douwe Aukes


The Barnstable County Courthouse is an historic courthouse at 3195 Main Street in Barnstable, Massachusetts.  The two-story Greek Revival building was built in 1831 to a design by architect Alexander Parris.  It is built mostly out of Quincy granite, although its front portico and fluted Doric columns are made of wood fashioned to look like stone.  The building has been expanded five times between 1879 and 1971, with each addition made in a style sensitive to its original styling, and its main courtroom features original Federal styling.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, and included in the Old King's Highway Historic District in 1987.  The Barnstable Superior Court is located in the building.

Description and history
The courthouse is set on the south side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 6A, also known as the Old King's Highway), at the western edge of a complex housing administrative facilities of Barnstable County.  The building consists of a north-facing original rectangular two-story block, behind which a series of symmetrically-arranged wings have been built.  The original block, designed by the renowned architect Alexander Parris, measures , and is fashioned out of large blocks of Quincy granite.  It is fronted by a Greek temple front, consisting of a triangular pediment supported by four fluted Doric columns.  The temple front, including the columns, is fashioned out of wood finished to give the appearance of stone.  The main courtroom has retained most of its original woodwork and trim, including some of its original furnishings.

The building has been repeatedly enlarged to meet increased need for facilities.  All of these expansions continued the use of Quincy granite, giving the building a unified feel.  In 1879 the building was enlarged to the rear, and in 1889 a single-story ell was added extending east from the rear.  In 1906 the eastern ell was raised to two stories and a matching two-story ell was added to the west.  These ells were extended further to the southwest and southeast with two-story additions in 1925.  The building underwent a major rehabilitation in 1971, at which time a small addition was added to south, centered between the last two additions.

Gallery

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

References

External links

Barnstable Superior Court website

Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Barnstable, Massachusetts
County courthouses in Massachusetts
Government buildings completed in 1831
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts

Barnstable County Courthouse


Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. (born November 2, 1974), better known by his stage name Nelly, is an American rapper. He grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, and embarked on his musical career with the Southern hip hop group St. Lunatics in 1993. He signed to Universal Records in 1999. Nelly began his solo career in 2000, with his commercial debut album Country Grammar, of which the featured title track and the single "Ride wit Me" were top 10 hits. The album peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, and became Nelly's best-selling album to date, selling over 8.4 million copies in the United States. His following album Nellyville produced the number-one hits "Hot in Herre" and "Dilemma" (featuring Kelly Rowland), along with the top-five single "Air Force Ones" (featuring Murphy Lee and St. Lunatics).

With the same-day dual release of Sweat and Suit (2004) and the compilation Sweatsuit (2006), Nelly continued to generate many chart-topping hits. Sweat debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 342,000 copies in its first week. In the same week of release, Suit debuted at number one, selling around 396,000 copies in its first week on the same chart. Nelly's fifth studio album, Brass Knuckles, was released in 2008 after several delays. It produced the singles "Party People" (featuring Fergie), "Stepped on My J'z" (featuring Jermaine Dupri and Ciara) and "Body on Me" (featuring Akon and Ashanti). In 2010, Nelly released the album 5.0. The lead single, "Just a Dream", was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); it also spawned the singles "Move That Body" (featuring T-Pain and Akon) and "Gone" (featuring Kelly Rowland).

Nelly has won multiple accolades throughout his career including three Grammy Awards and nine Billboard Music Awards. In 2005, he starred in the remake film The Longest Yard, alongside Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. He has two clothing lines, Vokal and Apple Bottoms. He has been referred to by Peter Shapiro as "one of the biggest stars of the new millennium", and as of 2014, Nelly was ranked as the fourth-best-selling rap artist in American music history, according to the RIAA, with 21 million albums sold in the United States. In December 2009, Billboard ranked Nelly the number three Top Artist of the Decade (2000s).

Life and career

1974–2000: Early life and start of career
Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. was born on November 2, 1974, in Austin, Texas, the only son of Cornell Haynes and Rhonda Mack. His father served in the Air Force for much of his childhood and when he was seven, his parents divorced. As a teenager, Haynes moved with his mother from St. Louis, Missouri, to University City, a St. Louis County suburb. While in high school, Nelly formed the St. Lunatics with his friends Ali, Murphy Lee, Kyjuan, Slo Down, and his half brother City Spud. The group enjoyed moderate local popularity with their single "Gimme What Ya Got" in 1996. Despite being popular in Missouri and the surrounding areas, the group struggled to achieve success outside of St. Louis. The rest of the group agreed to let Nelly go solo after a major record deal failed to appear. Later in 1999, Nelly was signed to Universal Music Group by A&R Kevin Law. Law told HitQuarters that Nelly was largely disliked by the label when he first signed, with the feedback he received from his colleagues on the rapper's music being "extraordinarily negative". Nelly was unusual for being a rapper from the Midwest at a time when hip-hop was dominated by the East Coast, West Coast and the South. The label used this to their advantage by branding him as a star of the Midwest, hoping to inspire pride in the people of St Louis and the surrounding regions. Despite the negative feedback he received from the label, his debut single, "Country Grammar (Hot Shit)", was a success, peaking at number 7 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and UK singles chart. Recognizing Nelly's potential, the label began to change their mind and allowed work to begin on his debut album. The label decided to do a solo record with him first and then reunite him with the St. Lunatics the following year.

2000–2003: Breakthrough with Country Grammar and Nellyville
The label released his debut album, Country Grammar, in 2000. The success of its title track as a single (number 7 on the Hot 100 and No. 1 Hot Rap Tracks) led to the album debuting at number three in the Billboard 200 in the U.S. Other singles from the album included "E.I."; "Ride wit Me", featuring City Spud; and "Batter Up", featuring the St. Lunatics. The album was certified 9× platinum by the RIAA on April 27, 2004. Nelly performed as a special guest in the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show.

In 2002, Nelly's second album, Nellyville, was released, debuting at No. 1 on Billboard's Top 200 Music Albums; its lead single "Hot in Herre" was a number-one hit. Other singles included "Dilemma", which featured Kelly Rowland and sold over 7.6 million records worldwide, "Work It" featuring Justin Timberlake, "Air Force Ones" featuring Murphy Lee and the St. Lunatics, "Pimp Juice", and "#1". This album was highly successful and was certified 6x multi-platinum on June 27, 2003. "Hot in Herre" won the Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance in 2003. In 2003, Nelly released Da Derrty Versions: The Reinvention, which featured the hit single "Iz U" from the soundtrack to Walt Disney's The Haunted Mansion. The music video of a Tip Drill Remix became a source of controversy due to perceptions of misogynistic depictions of women. The controversy forced him to cancel an appearance at a bone marrow drive at Spelman College, a historically black college in Atlanta. Similar claims of misogyny also surrounded his single "Pimp Juice". RIAA has certified the album as Platinum. For the Bad Boys II soundtrack album, Nelly contributed the single "Shake Ya Tailfeather" featuring Diddy and Murphy Lee. Another number-one hit, "Shake Ya Tailfeather", won the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.

2004–2008: Continued success; Sweat, Suit, and Brass Knuckles
Nelly performed in the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show, his second time performing in a Super Bowl halftime show.

On September 14, 2004, he released two albums, Sweat and Suit. Suit, an R&B-oriented album, debuted at number one on the Billboard albums chart, and Sweat, a rap-oriented album, debuted at number two. From Suit, the slow ballad "Over and Over", an unlikely duet with country music star Tim McGraw, became a crossover hit. On the 2004 NBC television concert special Tim McGraw: Here and Now, McGraw and Nelly performed the song. A feud with another St. Louis-based rapper, Chingy, came up near the end of the year. Tsunami Aid: A Concert for Hope, a 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake benefit concert special produced by NBC, featured Nelly. In the winter of 2005 came Sweatsuit, a compilation of tracks from Sweat and Suit with three new tracks. "Grillz", produced by Jermaine Dupri, was a number-one hit. To date both albums have sold over 5 million units in the United States.

Feud with Chingy
Fellow St. Louis rapper Chingy was hired as an opening act, while touring in support of Nellyville in 2002. Chingy had initially expressed discontent with the lack of promotion on the tour. Meanwhile, reports persisted that Nelly was increasingly irritated with Chingy's growth in fame particularly when he signed with Ludacris' DTP label shortly following the tour. Nelly claimed he felt disrespected by Chingy's actions, claiming in a 2005 interview; "For him to say that 'Nelly and all them didn't take no part in him getting a deal', is like saying 'RUN DMC and them didn't take any part on me getting a deal', everybody that comes out tries to help the next motherfucker". Nelly dropped a verse on the song 'Anotha one' on his 2004 album Sweat with a line in the song saying, I like it how you do it right thurr [there]/You just to remember why you do that right thurr, I made it tight to be country/ They thought country was bummy/ Till country start making money which was perceived by Chingy as a diss track, though an interview with Nelly in December 2004 in which he believed the lyrics were taken out of context, later claiming: "I wasn't going at him. If you listen to the song, it says, 'I like the way you do that right thurr.' I could have said, 'Fuck the way you do that right thurr!' It ain't even like that," . Angered by the song, Chingy leaked a song in response taking aim at Nelly entitled 'We Got' on January 7, 2005. Later on in December 2005 at the Radio Music Awards in Las Vegas, Chingy alleges he approached Nelly to end the feud but claims he refused to discuss in private but was ignored repeatedly. However months later Chingy approached Nelly's cousin who allowed both rappers to put an end to the feud in 2006. During an interview in November 2022; Chingy alleged Nelly's sister Jackie had also approached him at an airport, diligent for both to resolve the feud prior to her death due to cancer complications in March 2005, claiming "At that point, she said she had a wish, and that wish was for me and him to come together... When I heard that, I had to end this; for her. This can't go on. She had a wish for this to happen, she really wanted me and her brother to be cool."

Brass Knuckles was released on September 16, 2008, after several delays. Initial release dates for the album were October 16 and November 13. Its original lead single was "Wadsyaname", a ballad-oriented track produced by Ron "NEFF-U" Feemstar and sampling the piano riff from "All My Life" by K-Ci & JoJo. Nelly later confirmed that "Wadsyaname" was never going to be on Brass Knuckles. He recorded "Party People", featuring Fergie and produced by Polow da Don, which turned out to be his first official single off the album. "Stepped on My J'z" was the next single, produced by Jermaine Dupri; it features Dupri and Ciara. Next was "Body on Me", produced by Akon which features Akon and Ashanti. Nelly appeared on Rick Ross's third single, "Here I Am" featuring label mate Avery Storm.

2009–2010: Collaborations and 5.0

In the summer of 2009, Nelly made a public announcement in Las Vegas about the yet-to-be-titled album. In October 2009, in an interview with SOHH.com he said that the album was going to be released sometime in 2010. In an interview with Semtex TV, he told reporters that he planned to release the album under the name Nelly. In April 2010, Nelly's cousin Michael Johnson was murdered in Missouri, Nelly said that he delayed releasing the album because of the tragedy. Guests featured on the album were T-Pain, Chris Brown, Akon, Plies, T.I., Kelly Rowland, Birdman, DJ Khaled, Avery Storm, and Diddy-Dirty Money. In May 2010, Nelly confirmed that the title of the album was 5.0. The album was released on November 16, 2010. The album's lead single "Just a Dream" was released on August 17, 2010, through iTunes along with the promotional single "Tippin' in da Club". The two songs were released to mainstream and Rhythm/Crossover radio on August 10, 2010. "Just a Dream" made its first chart appearance debuting on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 12 and peaking at number 3 in its fourth week. The song also debuted at number 3 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart, selling 888,000 downloads in its first week. "Just a Dream" is Nelly's highest-charting song since his 2005 single "Grillz" and debuted at number 7 on the Billboard Rap Songs. The song entered the Canadian Hot 100 in August 2010, at number 32 It debuted in Australia (ARIA Charts) on the Singles Chart at number 3, in New Zealand Singles Charts at number 29, and in Switzerland (Media Control AG) at number 52. The second single "Move That Body", which features T-Pain and Akon, was released on October 12, 2010. The song made its first chart appearance debuting on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 54 and has reached a current peak at number 29 in Australia. Nelly is featured on the second single by singer Mohombi entitled "Miss Me", produced by RedOne. On November 13, 2010, Nelly appeared on the Pacquiao vs. Margarito pay-per-view, at the Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. "Gone" is the sequel to his 2002 worldwide number-one single "Dilemma", also with Rowland, and is the third single from the album.

2011–2014: M.O. and The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep
In June 2011, Pitbull released a song off the deluxe version of the album Planet Pit featuring Nelly titled "My Kinda Girl". In December 2011, he released his first ever official solo mixtape, entitled O.E.MO, which stands for "On Everything MO". The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I., 2 Chainz, Bei Maejor, St. Lunatics and more.

In August 2012, Nelly became a coach on The CW's The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep along with Gloria Estefan, John Rich and Joe Jonas. Nelly released his second mixtape, entitled Scorpio Season, on November 2, 2012. In February 2013, he released "Hey Porsche", the lead single from his seventh studio album M.O. The song peaked at number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit the top ten in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In April 2013, a remix of "Cruise", the breakthrough single of country music duo Florida Georgia Line featuring Nelly, was released. His next single "Get Like Me" featuring Nicki Minaj and Pharrell was released on iTunes on July 2, 2013.

The album M.O. was released on September 30, 2013, by Republic Records.

2014–present: Television series and Heartland
From 2014 to 2015, Nelly starred in the reality TV show Nellyville, which ran for two seasons. The series aired on BET; it is about Nelly's career in music and acting; his four children are featured (two biological, the other two from his late sister). On August 6, 2015, he premiered the single "The Fix", which was released on his own label, "RECORDS". In an interview with Big Boy, Nelly said that there may or may not be a new album related to The Fix.

As of 2018, Nelly is signed to Columbia Records.

In 2020, he released the song "Lil Bit", a collaboration with Florida Georgia Line from his "country-influenced" album titled Heartland. He also joined country singers Kane Brown and Brett Kissel for remixes of their songs, "Cool Again" and "She Drives Me Crazy".

Film and television career
Nelly's film debut began in 2001 in the independent film Snipes playing a famous rapper named Prolifik. He starred in the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard with Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. The movie's soundtrack includes his songs "Errtime" and "Fly Away". In June 2008, in an interview with Kiwibox, Nelly revealed that he is reluctant to continue his acting career, noting that he does not want to "take away from the culture of acting." In 2008 and 2009, he appeared in episodes of the CBS crime drama CSI: NY. In 2011, he made a cameo appearance on 90210. From 2014 to 2015, he appeared in his own reality TV show, Nellyville, based on the title of his second studio album. The show ran for two seasons. From 2013 to 2016, Nelly was in the main cast of the mockumentary series Real Husbands of Hollywood.

On September 2, 2020, Nelly was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars. He and his partner Daniella Karagach finished in third place.

Artistry

Nelly's rapping style has been described by Peter Shapiro as using "unforgettable hooks based on schoolyard songs, double-dutch chants, and nonsense rhymes" and has a "Missouri twang". AllMusic suggests Nelly's style is based largely on where he comes from: "Nelly's locale certainly informs his rapping style, which is as much country as urban, and his dialect as well, which is as much Southern drawl as Midwestern twang". Nelly explains his method of writing in the book How to Rap, describing how he freestyles most of the lyrics before going back over them to "make it a little tighter", he generally writes in the studio rather than at home, he normally comes up with a chorus for a song before writing the verses, and he likes to write to the music he will be rapping over. AllMusic also notes his "tongue-twisting" hooks, which are also often sung rather than rapped.

Personal life
Nelly dated singer Ashanti from 2003 to 2013 after meeting at the 2003 Grammy Awards. The two began dating again in 2023. Nelly has two children from previous relationships; a son named Cornell Hayes III, and a daughter named Chanelle. Nelly also has two adopted children from his stepsister Jaqueline Donahue who died on March 25, 2005 after a battle with Leukemia. Nelly has been a longtime fan of the St. Louis Cardinals of the MLB, he was also a longtime fan of the former St. Louis Rams during their tenure in St. Louis from 1995 to 2015. Following their relocation back to Los Angeles in 2016; he still expressed his support for the team, even attending their appearance at Super Bowl LVI in 2022.

Other ventures

Nike and Nelly agreed on a one-year deal in 2003 to release a limited-edition sneaker called the "Air Derrty", which was a retro remake of Charles Barkley's signature sneaker. Nelly later signed a shoe deal with Reebok. He has been in ads for Got Milk? and the Ford Motor Company. His energy drink Pimp Juice sold one million cans during the first two months after its introduction in August 2003, and was criticized for its name by black consumer activists. He owns Apple Bottoms, a female clothing line, and Vokal, which caters to men. He was one of the owners of the Charlotte Bobcats, along with Robert L. Johnson and Michael Jordan until Jordan became the owner in March 2010.

Nelly has played the Main Event at the 2007 World Series of Poker. He has also played The PokerStars European Poker Tour and PokerStars Caribbean Adventure. In August 2010, he began a stint as the afternoon host on WHHL HOT 104.1 in St. Louis. He was taking the place of regular PM drive personality, Stacy Static, who left on pregnancy leave.

In September 2010, Nelly released a fitness DVD entitled Celebrity Sweat, walking viewers through various exercises and weight training techniques. In 2011, he and Vatterott College worked together to found the Ex'treme Institute By Nelly, which is a music production school in the heart of St. Louis.

In 2015, Nelly teamed up with Mike and Ike candy after a halt in collaborating a year earlier. He and the owners of Mike and Ike released a movie trailer the same day titled "The Return of Mike and Ike" describing the split and reunion. In 2021, he collaborated with Burger King on the "Cornell Haynes, Jr. Meal", part of a line of celebrity-themed meals that the establishment created to promote its "Keep It Real Meals" in recognition of their removal of 120 artificial ingredients from its menu items. The meal consisted of a Whopper, small fries, and a small Sprite.

In April 2023, Nelly launched a moonshine brand called "MoShine".

Philanthropy
Nelly runs the non-profit organization 4Sho4Kids Foundation. He and Jackie Donahue, his sister began the Jes Us 4 Jackie campaign in March 2003 by Nelly after Donahue was diagnosed with leukemia. The campaign attempts to educate African Americans and other minorities about the need for bone marrow transplants; it also tries to register more donors. Donahue died of leukemia on March 24, 2005, almost two years after the campaign began.

In 2006, Nelly started hosting a "White and Black Ball" in his hometown of St. Louis as a fundraiser to collect funds for scholarships. He has sent two students to college every year for over a decade, and set up a scholarship fund named after Michael Brown was shot and killed.

In 2010, Nelly endorsed Do Something's Tackle Hunger campaign. In a public service announcement he filmed for the cause, he challenged teens to fight hunger by collecting one million pounds of food for the holiday season.

Legal issues

Misdemeanor drug-offense conviction (2015)
In April 2015, the Tennessee Highway Patrol conducted a traffic stop of Nelly's Prevost tour bus because of non-conforming U.S. Department of Transportation and International Fuel Tax Association stickers. He, a bus driver, and four other people were on board. After a state trooper said that he smelled marijuana, the troopers searched the bus and said that they found drug paraphernalia and marijuana, as well as a substance that they initially believed to be methamphetamine and several handguns. He was initially booked into the Putnam County Jail and was released on bail.

Nelly was initially charged with felony drug possession, simple possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. However, after further testing proved that the seized substance was not methamphetamine, the felony charge was dropped. In December 2015, the case was resolved when he pleaded guilty to misdemeanor possession of marijuana and misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia and was sentenced to one year of probation. Nelly entered a diversion program, in which the misdemeanor convictions were cleared from his record after 11 months.

Tax lien (2016)
In 2016, it was reported that there was a $2.4 million tax lien against Nelly due to unpaid taxes owed to the IRS.

Rape arrest (2017)
On October 7, 2017, Nelly was arrested in Auburn, Washington, a southern Seattle suburb, on suspicion of second-degree rape after a woman alleged that he invited her onto his tour bus earlier that morning and raped her. Nelly was booked into a Des Moines, Washington, jail and released from custody without charge. He denied wrongdoing; his attorney said that the accusation was "clearly false". On December 14, it was revealed Nelly would not be charged in the case because the alleged victim declined to cooperate. He also filed a countersuit claiming defamation.  Both lawsuits were dropped after the parties reached a settlement in 2018.

By the end of January 2018, Nelly was again accused of sexual assault after a gig at the Cliffs Pavilion in Westcliff-on-Sea, England, at the end of 2017. There was also an additional allegation of assault reported at the time. It was reported in 2019 that he had reached a settlement with the woman who was at Cliffs Pavilion.

Discography

Studio albums
 Country Grammar (2000)
 Nellyville (2002)
 Sweat (2004)
 Suit (2004)
 Brass Knuckles (2008)
 5.0 (2010)
 M.O. (2013)
 Heartland (2021)

Filmography

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American rappers
African-American businesspeople
African-American investors
African-American male actors
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American record producers
African-American sports executives and administrators
American businesspeople in retailing
American drink industry businesspeople
American fashion businesspeople
American hip hop record producers
American hip hop singers
American investors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American nonprofit businesspeople
American philanthropists
American sports executives and administrators
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Businesspeople from Texas
Charlotte Bobcats owners
Culture of St. Louis
Grammy Award winners for rap music
Male actors from St. Louis
Male actors from Texas
Musicians from St. Louis County, Missouri
Pop rappers
Rappers from Austin, Texas
Rappers from St. Louis
Record producers from Missouri
Record producers from Texas
Republic Records artists
Shoe designers
St. Lunatics members
Universal Records artists
Universal Motown Records artists
World Music Awards winners

Nelly


In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states. The interface between matter and air, or matter and vacuum, is called a surface, and studied in surface science. In thermal equilibrium, the regions in contact are called phases, and the interface is called a phase boundary. An example for an interface out of equilibrium is the grain boundary in polycrystalline matter.

The importance of the interface depends on the type of system: the bigger the quotient area/volume, the greater the effect the interface will have. Consequently, interfaces are very important in systems with large interface area-to-volume ratios, such as colloids.

Interfaces can be flat or curved. For example, oil droplets  in a salad dressing are spherical but the interface between water and air in a glass of water is mostly flat.

Surface tension is the physical property which rules interface processes involving liquids. For a liquid film on flat surfaces, the liquid-vapor interface keeps flat to minimize interfacial area and system free energy. For a liquid film on rough surfaces, the surface tension tends to keep the meniscus flat, while the disjoining pressure makes the film conformal to the substrate. The equilibrium meniscus shape is a result of the competition between the capillary pressure and disjoining pressure.

Interfaces may cause various optical phenomena, such as refraction.  Optical lenses serve as an example of a practical application of the interface between glass and air.

One topical interface system is the gas-liquid interface between aerosols and other atmospheric molecules.

See also
 Capillary surface, a surface that represents the boundary between two fluids
 Disjoining pressure
 Free surface
 Interface and colloid science
 Membrane (disambiguation)
 Surface phenomenon

References

Colloidal chemistry
Matter
Surface science

Interface (matter)


Anne Anastasi (December 19 1908 – May 4 2001) is one of the founders of American Psychology and contributed to Psychometrics. She helped improve psychological testing. She wrote a textbook, Psychological Testing, which is still used today.  She made psychological testing more reliable and personal. She also helped improve the number of women in going into psychology.

Biography

Anne Anatasi was born on December 19th 1908 in New York City. Anne's father was Anthony Anastasi and her mother was Theresa Gauiosi. When Anne was young her father died, which left her and her mother very distant from her father's side of the family. Due to the death of her father, her family was in desperate need of money.  Anne's mother took on many different jobs such as bookkeeping, opening up her own piano store, and working for an Italian newspaper to support the family. Since her mother was always busy working, Anne's grandmother took care of her and taught her at home because she believed that  public education was bad for her. Due to her home schooling, when she went to public school she had difficulties  because the classes were overcrowded.  Eventually, Anne would go to public school.  The school Anne went to was PS 3 and Evander Childs High School Bronx, New York. Due to the difficulty of public school and family problems she was often in and out of school but eventually graduated and went to a private school called Rhodes Preparatory school.  At the age of 15, in 1923, she was accepted into Barnard College.

Annie's favorite subject was math. Once she entered Barnard College she fell in love with psychology and switched subjects because of a famous psychologist named Charles Spearman and her college Professor Harry Hollingworth. Anne would eventually become a professor at Barnard.  During her stay at Barnard College, Anne completed her PH.D at Columbia University. Later on she would teach at Queens College and Fordham College in New York.

Anne made many contributions to psychology. She changed the way people thought about human action and emphasized that humans are unique people. She was more interested in individual differences among people than in descriptions of average people.  Individual differences are the behaviors and ways of thinking that make one person different from another. On May 4th 2001 in New York, Anne died but her ideas and her scientific research continue to influence psychology.

Heredity and environment: original theory

In 1937 Anastasi wrote a book about the role of genes and environment and how it affects people. During this time, this issue caused many arguments. Anne believed that labeling psychological traits, like intelligence, was unreliable because of the current methods used to define and measure was wrong. This caused Anne to change the way people define psychological traits and how it was measured. Her main theory on the matter is that people should understand how genetic works first before defining psychological traits because they can be wrong.

Anne pointed out that there were two problems when talking about genetics. The first problem was how people thought that genes were only from your parents. She said genes are not just from the parents but from relatives and extended families. The second problem was people believed that certain gene affects the body and will make certain traits appear. She says that it may be true but not all the times. She talks about how the lack of traits can cause and effect developmental issues but genes are not always involved.

She also contributed to other factors in psychology like give children with disabilities better care, study different behavior, and the development of babies.

Heredity and environment: theory refined

In 1957 Anne wrote a book called Psychological Review and said "heredity and environment are inseparable because there would be no one in an environment without heredity and there would be no place to see the effects of heredity without environment".  Anne refined her theory on Heredity and Environment and wrote a paper to the American psychological association to talk about how genes and environment effect psychological testing and what future actions should be taken.  She talks about how the past research on heredity and environment has been lacking because of faulty research.

Anne believed that the people doing the research are doing it the wrong way. During this time Anne believed that the way to view the research is "How" genes and environment effect behavior, instead of "Why" genes and environment effect behavior. Once Anne started her research, she believed that there is an indirect relationship between genes and behavior.

Environmental factors

Anne believed that environmental factors affect the genetic and behavior of a human. Genetics is more of an indirect factor were it affects behavior indirectly. Behavior is more of a direct factor where it affects the environment directly.

The understanding of "How" hereditary and environment affected each other was looked at by seven different ways and that these should be studied and looked into.

 First study was selective breeding. Anne wanted to see how genes can effect behavior physically where one can see the changes in a human
 Second study was physiological variations. Anne believed that behavioral and physiological can effect genetic factors
 Third study was prenatal environmental factor. Anne believed that factors like money, baby problems, and other environmental factors can cause psychological disorder
 Fourth study was early perpetual experience. Anne focused on how experience leads to better performance later on.
 Fifth study was child rearing practice. Anne wanted to find out how certain practice effects the behavior development from different culture
 Sixth study was somatopsychological relationships. Anne wanted to look at the disease and disabilities effecting the environment and the genetics
 Seventh study was twin studies. Annie wanted to expand her ideas not just twins but on siblings and how nature and nurture comes to play.

Psychometrics and experimental methodology

In 1991, Annie was interested in Psychometrics which is the study of testing. She had published a journal article within the journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences called "The Gap Between Experimental and Psychometric Orientations". She used this article to tell other psychologists and researchers that psychology testing is becoming more popular but because of its other psychology parts are not being advanced researchers need to concentrate on other parts as well.

Anne was worried that if other parts were not improved psychology testing will come to a stop in advancement and that the research will be lost. She talks about how psychometric tests have random things to consider, but to be able to do reliable experiments the researchers have to be specialized in certain areas and not the general issues.

Achievements

Anne is considered to be a test expert. Her second book published, Psychological Testing, is considered to be the guide for her field. She has published more than 150 books within her lifetime that remain a staple for the psychological community. Anne won many awards for her contributions to research. Anne was the president for the Eastern Psychological Association. Eventually she became the third woman to be President of the American Psychological Association (APA) and was on the board of directors for the APA and Psychonomic Society. Anne was honored with honorary doctrines from multiples colleges and universities, such as La Salle University, University of Windsor, Villanova University, Cedar Crest College, and Fordham. She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi honor societies.

Awards

 1971 - APA Distinguished Scientific Award
 1977 – Distinguished Service to Measurement from the Educational Testing Service
 1983 – American Educational Research Association
 1983 – Thorndike Medal
 1984 – Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement by the American Psychological Foundation
 1987 – National Medal of Science

Publications
 1937 – Differential Psychology
 1954 – Psychological Testing
 1958 – Heredity, Environment, and the Question "How" – Psychological Review
 1964 – Fields of Applied Psychology
 1981 – Sex differences: historical perspectives and methological implications – Developmental Review
 1988 – Autobiography – Models of Achievement: Reflections of Eminent Women in psychology

Legacy

Anne believed that intelligence tests served three purposes. The first purpose is to assess the availability of knowledge. The second purpose is to provide an indirect way of how a person has developed learning approaches, problem solving methods, and work habits. Lastly, the third purpose is to gain a prerequisite of intellectual skills.

Anne said one of the most important parts of intelligence tests is the counselor or the person giving the test. The person giving the test plays a big role in the proper and effective application of psychological testing. Since knowledge of both testing technology and psychological behavior are growing, the counselor has to be up to date with the new advances in testing. Two of the most important advances is being able to understand mathematical and technical knowledge about tests and understanding psychological behavior. A portion of the accuracy of the test relies on the counselor.

Anne did criticized intelligence testing in her article called Indestructible Strawperson. She believed there is a developing range of disabilities which interacts with the results of the test. She talks about the main problem of intelligence test lies in the ability of communication and understanding that everyone is different and take test differently.

In order for these tests to be statistically evaluated the test itself must be done under strict standards. In order to accomplish this she set ethical restrictions that were eventually adopted by the APA. The misuse of these tests become valueless and could cause harm to the individual or group that is taking these tests.

Eventually, Anne Anastasi's theories about Psychological Testing would be addressed by Robert Sternberg, Frank Yekovich, and Raymond Cattell. All of these researchers represented Anastasi's work.

Critics
There have been many breakthroughs, improvements and setbacks made in research upon the conclusion of what contributes to a person's intelligence test, whether it is genetics or environmental factors.  The following researchers have shown evidence for their particular theories about intelligence testing.

Evidence for Genetics

There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to only genes.  One way psychologists came to this conclusion by doing twin and adoption studies.  Psychologists believe if identical twins have similar intelligence scores than fraternal twins we can assume that genes are correlated with intelligence.  Bouchard and Mcgue (1981) looked at twins and how they were raised, whether it was in the same home or different homes.  The study concluded that identical twins who were raised in separate homes had more similar intelligence test scores than fraternal twins raised in separate homes.  Polmin, Fulker, Corely, and Defries (1997) found that adoptive children's intelligence scores are highly correlated with their biological parents suggesting that IQ is based on genetics instead of environment.

Evidence for environment

There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to environmental factors.  One way researchers came to this conclusion is by conducting twin and adoption studies.  In the same study conducted by Bouchard and Mcgue (1981), found that identical twins who were raised with their biological parents had better intelligence scores than those twins living with adoptive parents.  Waldman, Weinberg, and Scarr (1994) studied adoptive children and found that those raised by their poor biological parents had lower intelligence scores than those raised by adoptive middle-class families.

Malnutrition during a pregnancy and the early years of a child's life limits the neurological development of a child.  Ricciuti (1993) and Rose (1994) found that malnutrition which caused neurological effects has long term impact on a child's cognitive development and intelligence.  Sigman and Whaley (1998) found that adverse effects of malnutrition have more damaging effects which affect attention, memory, abstract reasoning, and general school achievement.

Different types of toxic substances that are present during pregnancy or early post pregnancy environments can have damaging effects on a child's intelligence scores.  A study completed by Michel (1989), Neisser (1996), Streussguth (1994), Vogel (1997), and Vorhess (1987) showed that alcohol, drugs, radiations, lead based paint dust affected the neurological development which contributed to the lower scores of children's intelligence scores.

Children who grow up in home environments that have poor financial resources and low levels of education are correlated with low intelligence scores.  Bradely and Calwell (1984) did correlational studies which showed that a stimulating home environment is associated with higher intelligence scores.  These researchers said that those children who had frequent interactions with their parents, had access to many learning and reading materials and were encouraged to grow new skills were better off.

The Flynn Effect is a recent trend found in how general intelligence scores of the population have increased over time.  Flynn (1987,1999,2003) discovered that the recent changes in the industrialized world has increased peoples average psychological test performances.

References

American psychologists
1908 births
2001 deaths

Anne Anastasi


Francisco Manuel Carlos Guzmán (born September 17, 1940), best known as Cisco Carlos, is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played from 1967 through 1970 for the Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators of Major League Baseball (MLB). Listed at 6' 3", 205 lb., Carlos batted and threw right handed. He was born in Monrovia, California, of Mexican American descent.

Amateur career
Carlos was a pitcher for the University of Northern Colorado team that participated in the 1960 College World Series. He was signed by the White Sox as an amateur free agent in 1961 and spent the next six seasons in their farm system. After posting a 15–8 record in Double-A in  and an 11–8 record with a 2.63 earned run average in Triple A in , Carlos was called up to the Majors in late August.

Professional career
That year, the White Sox were involved in a four-way American League pennant race with the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers and Minnesota Twins. The White Sox were eliminated from the race in the final days of the season, but not before Carlos won two games to keep them in contention. On September 10 he defeated the Tigers 4–0 in the second game of a doubleheader at Comiskey Park, allowing four hits in six innings; the game came hours after Joe Horlen's no-hitter over the Tigers in the first game. Four days later, Carlos shut out the Cleveland Indians 4–0 in ten innings, the ChiSox winning the game on Don Buford's grand slam in the bottom of the tenth.

Carlos was featured along with future Hall-of-Famer Johnny Bench on the front cover of Sports Illustrated as one of "The Best Rookies of ."  However, in this, the "Year of the Pitcher", he posted a 4–14 record with a 3.90 earned run average—almost a full run above the league average of 2.98. Carlos pitched mostly in relief in  and, after posting a 4–3 record with a 5.66 ERA, was purchased by the Washington Senators on August 25, two years to the day of his Major League debut.

After pitching in five games in , Carlos was sent to the minors and spent the rest of his professional career there. He posted a 13–9 record with the Senators' Triple A club, the Denver Bears of the American Association. He posted a 14–20 record over the next two years and retired after pitching in the Houston Astros farm system in  (the Bears, for whom Carlos pitched at the beginning of the season, were now the Astros' Triple A affiliate).

In his MLB career, Carlos posted an 11–18 record with 119 strikeouts and a 3.72 ERA in 237 innings.

Personal
Following his baseball retirement, Carlos founded Cabinets by Design, a family owned kitchen, bath and storage design and renovation firm located at Phoenix and Scottsdale in Arizona, which has provided its services for more than 25 years.

References

External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1940 births
Living people
American baseball players of Mexican descent
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American interior designers
Baseball players from Monrovia, California
Chicago White Sox players
Citrus Owls baseball players
Clinton C-Sox players
Colorado State Rams baseball players
Columbus Astros players
Denver Bears players
Eugene Emeralds players
Evansville White Sox players
Harlan Smokies players
Idaho Falls Russets players
Indianapolis Indians players
Lynchburg White Sox players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Northern Colorado Bears baseball players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tucson Toros players
Visalia White Sox players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players

Cisco Carlos


Thomas Edward Chickering (October 22, 1824 – February 14, 1871) was a piano manufacturer and soldier.

The Chickering and Sons piano manufacturing company was established by Thomas Chickering's father and was among the first and most celebrated piano manufacturers in the United States.  Thomas took over administration of the firm from his father in 1853.

In 1862, Chickering became a colonel during the American Civil War, eventually being awarded the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general.

Early life
Chickering was the son of Jonas Chickering, a notable piano manufacturer in Boston. Having established his firm in 1823, Jonas Chickering was among the earliest manufacturers of pianos in the United States and, by the 1830s, Chickering pianos were well known throughout the country.

In 1845, at the age of 21, Thomas Chickering began working with his father in the family firm.  He gained not only skills for designing pianos but also cultivated a talent for business and marketing.

Chickering married Caroline Battelle on September 8, 1847 and had at least one child, Lillian Chickering Prince, in 1849.

In December 1852, the firm suffered a setback when their factory burned.  The Chickerings constructed a new factory on Tremont Street in Boston in 1853.  The same year, Jonas Chickering died and Thomas Chickering and his brothers took over management of the firm at which point the company became known as Chickering and Sons.  Thomas Chickering, as the eldest brother, became head of the firm's affairs.

Civil War service
For several years before the Civil War Chickering had been interested in the military and commanded a company, the New England Guards, in the state militia.  On September 15, 1862, Chickering was placed in command of the 41st Massachusetts Infantry. The regiment was deployed to New Orleans in November 1862 as part of Major General Nathaniel Banks's Louisiana expedition.

During the winter of 1862–1863, the 41st Massachusetts garrisoned Baton Rouge, Louisiana without any significant incident.  During April and May 1863, the 41st Massachusetts was part of an expedition to Opelousas, Louisiana to forage for supplies and gather freed slaves by the thousands for recruitment into the Union Army.  Chickering was appointed military governor of Opelousas and commanded the Union troops (consisting of seven regiments of infantry) that were part of the expedition.

In June 1863, as Chickering and the 41st Massachusetts prepared to join other troops of the Department of the Gulf in the Siege of Port Hudson, the regiment was consolidated with three companies of Massachusetts cavalry and became a mounted unit.  The regiment was renamed the 3rd Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry.  The unit saw action in the Siege of Port Hudson and the Red River Campaign.  Chickering commanded this unit until September 1, 1864 when he resigned from the army.

For his service during the war, Chickering was awarded the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, nominated February 21, 1866, confirmed April 10, 1866, to rank from March 13, 1865.

Post-war life
 Following the war, Chickering returned to his career as senior partner of Chickering and Sons.  The company continued to expand its reputation through new designs and patents.  Chickering pianos were exhibited at the 1867 World Exposition in Paris to much acclaim.  For his accomplishments, Chickering was honored in Paris by the award of membership in the Légion d'honneur.

Chickering died in Boston in 1871 at the age of 47.

Legacy
The Chickering and Sons piano company, under the management of Thomas Chickering's younger brother, Frank Chickering, further increased their prestige after opening a showroom in New York City.  The firm also built a concert hall, Chickering Hall, in New York in 1875 which hosted concerts by accomplished musicians of the era.  The "famous" hall, according to The New York Times, stood on the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 18th Street.  It was designed by architect George B. Post.  The hall was torn down shortly after the firm sold the building in 1901.

See also

List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
Massachusetts in the American Civil War

Notes

References

Piano makers
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Businesspeople from Boston
1824 births
1871 deaths
Union Army generals
19th-century American businesspeople

Thomas Edward Chickering


Prabhu Manrayar Ganesamoorthy (born 25 December 1956), known professionally as Prabhu, is an Indian actor, businessman and film producer who predominantly works in Tamil cinema. He is the son of veteran actor Sivaji Ganesan. He is popularly known as Ilaya Thilagam. He has worked in more than 220 films in lead and supporting roles in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films.

After making his debut in Sangili (1982), Prabhu played various leading and supporting roles, earning the Best Actor award recognition by the Tamil Nadu State for his portrayal in Chinna Thambi (1991).

Early life
Prabhu was born to veteran actor Sivaji Ganesan and Kamala on 25 December 1956. His elder brother Ramkumar is a film producer and he has two sisters Shanthi and Thenmozhi.

Career
After leaving Bishop Cotton Boys' School in Bangalore, Prabhu got involved in film production as an executive producer and worked alongside his uncle and mentor V. C. Shanmugam, who insisted that Prabhu learn the film making process in a disciplined way, giving him general tasks such as pulling up chairs for artistes. Prabhu's father, actor Sivaji Ganesan, had initially expressed reluctance in allowing Prabhu to pursue an acting career, but through his work in the industry, he began to receive offers from film-makers to feature in their films.

He subsequently made his acting debut in C. V. Rajendran's Sangili (1982), a remake of the Hindi film Kalicharan, where he was cast in a supporting role. By the time Sangili released, Prabhu was working on six films, including Charuhasan's Pudhiya Sangamam and Gangai Amaren's romantic film Kozhi Koovuthu, which became his first commercially successful venture. After featuring in about thirty films, including nineteen with his father including Neethibathi (1983), Sandhippu (1983) and Miruthanga Chakravarthi (1983), Prabhu's career graph registered a drop and he began to reconsider the type of films he had signed. He opted against featuring in films co-starring his father and consciously began to choose subjects rather than accept as many offers as possible.

Among the first films he signed after taking the break included G. M. Kumar's Aruvadai Naal (1986) and Manivannan's Paalaivana Rojakkal, alongside Sathyaraj, both proving successful. Subsequently, the following period saw a series of commercial successes in 1988 for the actor, notably S. P. Muthuraman's Guru Sishyan with Rajinikanth, Mani Ratnam's Agni Natchathiram with Karthik and P. Vasu's family drama En Thangachi Padichava. The success of the latter film prompted more successful collaborations in the same genre between Prabhu and Vasu with Chinna Thambi (1991) and Senthamizh Pattu (1992) also receiving a similar reception, with the actor earning the Best Actor award recognition by the Tamil Nadu state.

He subsequently worked in his hundredth film R. V. Udayakumar's Rajakumaran, before portraying well received roles in K. Balachander's romantic film Duet (1994) and Priyadarshan's Malayalam period film Kaalapani (1996) alongside Mohanlal. Prabhu went through another barren spell in the late 1990s, when several films after the success of Panchalankurichi failed to do well, prompting another image change away from his village do-gooder roles. Moving away from action films, Prabhu selected scripts which would appeal to family audiences in the early 2000s and collaborated with film-makers including Rama Narayanan and T. P. Gajendran, working in a series of "minimum guarantee" return films.

Prabhu then made another career change and began accepting film offers in which he would play a supporting rather than the leading role and featured alongside Kamal Haasan and then Rajinikanth in two big budget ventures Vasool Raja MBBS (2004) and his home production Chandramukhi (2005). Since then, he has gained acclaim portraying characters including a caring guardian in Unakkum Enakkum, Thaamirabharani and Ayan, while he has also been seen in detective roles in action films, notably  Billa (2007) and then Kanthaswamy (2009). He has also played other acclaimed supporting roles in Mani Ratnam's Raavanan (2010) and Aishwarya Dhanush's 3 (2012), while he has ventured into playing similar roles in Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam films. In 2016, Prabhu featured in his 200th film, the romantic comedy Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum produced by his nephew, Dushyanth Ramkumar.

The director Sakthi Chidambaram has attempted a sequel Charlie Chaplin 2 (2019) sixteen years later which has nothing in common with the original including comedy excepting for the two male leads.

Personal life
Prabhu is married to Punitha in 1982 and has two children Aishwarya Prabhu (born 1984) and Vikram Prabhu (born 1986), who is also an actor made his acting debut in the 2012 film Kumki.

While still married to Punitha, Prabhu had a live-in relationship with actress Khushbu, and got married on 12 September 1993. The pair subsequently decided to split four months later.

Controversy
In 1979, a petition was filed against Prabhu, accusing him of attempting to shoot himself, but the Madras High Court dismissed this petition. Prabhu himself denied a suicide attempt, saying he was cleaning his father's gun when he was injured; he was found writhing in pain after a gunshot was heard, although no serious injury happened.

Filmography

Awards

Cinema Express Awards

Filmfare Awards South

Prabhu was nominated six times at the Filmfare Awards South

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards

References

External links
Official website

Indian male film actors
Tamil male actors
Living people
1956 births
Male actors from Chennai
Film producers from Chennai
Tamil film producers
Loyola College, Chennai alumni
Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Male actors in Kannada cinema
Male actors in Malayalam cinema
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors

Prabhu (actor)


Williamsport Falls is a waterfall near the center of the town of Williamsport, the county seat of Warren County, Indiana.  With a height of , it is the tallest waterfall in Indiana.

Fall Creek flows through the town between the old part of the town (nearer the river) and the newer part (established when the railroad was constructed through the area). Near the point where Monroe Street crosses the railroad, the creek falls over a sandstone ledge. The actual height of the waterfall has changed somewhat over the years, as pieces of the ledge have sheared off and fallen to the bottom of the falls.  Below the falls, sandstone used to be quarried and was used to build the foundations of many local buildings.

The water flow was sufficiently substantial in the 19th century to support a mill located below the falls; but the flow is less consistent now, and the falls are frequently quiet. This is due to the conversion of woodlands and grasslands to intensive mechanized farming and the diversion of natural water flows to impoundments used to provide reliable water supplies for irrigation and other purposes. A feasibility study on providing a steady flow of water was conducted, but the expense was determined to be too great.

References

External links
Waterfalls of the Great Lakes Region: Williamsport Falls

Waterfalls of Indiana
Landforms of Warren County, Indiana
Tourist attractions in Warren County, Indiana

Williamsport Falls


The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that wrote music for musical movies. They were Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928).

The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in movie history. Movie scores of the Sherman Brothers include Mary Poppins, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Jungle Book, Charlotte's Web and The Aristocats.

Life and work
Sons of Russian Jewish immigrants, Robert and Richard Sherman began writing songs together in 1951 on a challenge from their father, Tin Pan Alley songwriter Al Sherman. The brothers wrote together and with different songwriting partners throughout the rest of the decade.

In 1958 Robert founded the music publishing company Music World Corporation. It later had a relationship with Disney's BMI-affiliated publishing arm, Wonderland Music Company. That same year, the Sherman Brothers had their first top-ten hit with "Tall Paul," sung by Mouseketeer Judy Harriet on the Surf Records label. It was also sung by Mouseketeer Annette Funicello. The success of this song got the attention of Walt Disney. He then hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. The first song they wrote on personal assignment by Walt Disney was "Strummin' Song" in 1961. It was used in the Annette Funicello made-for-television movie called The Horsemasters.

While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical scores than any other songwriters in the history of movies. They also wrote what is perhaps their best-known song, "it's a small world (after all)" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Since then, some have claimed that this has become the most translated and performed song on Earth, although this is largely due to the fact that it is played at Disney's theme park "it's a small world" attractions of the same name.

In 1965 the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for Mary Poppins, which includes the songs "Feed The Birds," "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious," and the Oscar-winning "Chim Chim Cher-ee." Since Mary Poppins first was shown, the Shermans have  earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums.

Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical movies The Happiest Millionaire and The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals.

Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production Chitty Chitty Bang Bang for United Artists in 1968. It got the brothers their third Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for its particularly memorable titular song.

In 1970, the Shermans returned to Disney for a brief stint where they completed work on The Aristocats and Bedknobs and Broomsticks.  The latter movie got the brothers their fourth and fifth Oscar nominations.  1972 saw the release of Snoopy Come Home, for which the brothers received a Grammy nomination.

In 1973 the Sherman Brothers also made history by becoming the only Americans ever to win First Prize at the Moscow Film Festival for Tom Sawyer, for which they also authored the screenplay.

In 1976 "The Slipper and the Rose" was picked to be the Royal Command Performance of the year. The performance was attended by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. A modern musical version of the classic Cinderella story, "Slipper", also featured songs, score, and screenplay by the Sherman Brothers. Two further Academy Award nominations were gotten by the brothers for the movie. That same year the Sherman Brothers got their star on the Hollywood "Walk of Fame" directly across from Grauman's Chinese Theater.

The Sherman Brothers' many other Disney and non-Disney top box office movie credits include The Jungle Book (1967), The Aristocats (1970), The Parent Trap (1961), The Parent Trap (1998), Charlotte's Web (1973), Huckleberry Finn (1974),The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977), Snoopy, Come Home (1972), Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971),  and Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1989).

Outside motion-pictures, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit Over Here! (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top selling songs including "You're Sixteen," which reached Billboard's Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then at #1 with Ringo Starr more than thirteen years later. Other top-ten hits include "Pineapple Princess," "Let's Get Together," and more.

In 2000 the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for the Disney movie The Tigger Movie. This movie marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years.

In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1968 topped the list at #1.

In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote many new songs for the stage musical presentations of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and Mary Poppins, produced by Disney and Cameron Mackintosh.

For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. They were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005.  On November 16, 2006, Mary Poppins premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway.

On November 17, 2008 the Sherman Brothers got the National Medal of Arts which is the highest honor given to artists by the United States Government. The award was presented by United States President George W. Bush in an East Room ceremony at The White House.

On May 22, 2009, The Boys: the Sherman Brothers' Story, a movie about the pair, was shown in theatres. The movie was directed and produced by their sons, Gregory V. Sherman and Jeff Sherman. It was put out by Walt Disney Pictures.

In October 2009, Disney released a 59 track, two CD compendium of their work for the studio spanning forty-two years.  The CD is titled "The Sherman Brothers Songbook".

On March 11, 2010 the Sherman Brothers were presented with a Window on Mainstreet Disneyland in Anaheim, California, in honor of their contribution to Disney theme parks.  On May 17, 2010, the Sherman Brothers received the "Career Achievement Award" at The Theatre Museum's 2010 Awards Gala in New York City.

Later achievements

 In 2000 the Sherman Brothers wrote the award winning score to The Tigger Movie. It gained number-one status in both theatrical box office and video sales. They also composed a song for the movie called "Your Heart Will Lead You Home". It was co-written and performed by Kenny Loggins.
 The Sherman Brothers' motion picture Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was adapted into a London West End Musical in 2002.  It played at the London Palladium on April 16, 2002, featuring many new songs and a reworked score by both Sherman Brothers. It was nominated for a 2003 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best New Musical. The Sherman Brothers each received the Musical Theatre Award from the Variety Club of Great Britain that year as well for Chitty. It finished a record breaking three-and-a-half-year run at the Palladium. It became the longest running show in the theater's century long history. In 2004, the premiere of Mary Poppins arrived on the stage. In 2005, Poppins was nominated for nine Olivier Awards. In 2005, Chitty went to Broadway and was nominated for nine Tonys and also began its nationwide (UK) tour.
 On June 9, 2005, both Shermans were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame alongside Bill Withers, Steve Cropper, John Fogerty, Isaac Hayes, and David Porter.
 On November 16, 2006, the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney production of Mary Poppins made its Broadway premiere at the New Amsterdam Theater featuring the Sherman Brothers' classic songs.
 In 2007 during the 40th-anniversary DVD rerelease of The Jungle Book London press junket, the Sherman Brothers were witnessed by press working on a new song for Inkas (see below) in the same Brown's Hotel room where The Jungle Book was originally penned by British writer Rudyard Kipling over a hundred years earlier.
 In February 2008, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang began a second UK tour. In 2008 and 2009, Poppins premiered in numerous cities throughout the world including Stockholm, Copenhagen, Budapest, Toronto, Shanghai, Sydney, Johannesburg, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, São Paulo, and Helsinki. Full UK and US tours of Poppins also commenced in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively.
 On May 21, 2011, the Sherman Brothers were each awarded honorary doctorate degrees in Fine Arts from their alma mater, Bard College.  This was Robert's second honorary doctorate.  His first was granted by Lincoln College on May 12, 1990.  Robert's critically acclaimed autobiography, Moose: Chapters From My Life was published after his death by AuthorHouse Publishers on November 27, 2013 in anticipation of the release of the Walt Disney Pictures movie Saving Mr. Banks. Set in 1961 and based on the stories behind the original development meetings for Disney's movie version of Mary Poppins, Saving Mr. Banks features actors BJ Novak as Robert Sherman and Jason Schwartzman as Richard Sherman.

Collaboration from afar
From 2002, Robert Sherman lived in London, England. He moved from Beverly Hills, while Richard Sherman remained in California. Robert Sherman died in London on March 6, 2012.

Major scores
 The Parent Trap, 1961
 A Symposium on Popular Songs, 1962
 In Search of the Castaways, 1962
 Summer Magic, 1963
 The Sword in the Stone, 1963
 Big Red, 1963
 Mary Poppins, 1964
 "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow", 1964
 Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree, 1966
 The Happiest Millionaire, 1967
 The Jungle Book, 1967
 The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band, 1968
 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 1968
 Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, 1968
 The Aristocats, 1970
 Bedknobs and Broomsticks, 1971
 Snoopy, Come Home, 1972
 Charlotte's Web, 1973
 Tom Sawyer, 1973
 Huckleberry Finn, 1974
 Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too, 1974
 The Slipper and the Rose, 1976
 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, 1977
 The Magic of Lassie, 1978
 Magic Journeys, 1982
 Welcome to Pooh Corner, 1983
 Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore, 1983
 Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland, 1992
 The Mighty Kong, 1998
 The Tigger Movie, 2000
 Winnie the Pooh, 2011

Motion picture screenplays
 A Symposium on Popular Songs, 1962 (uncredited)
 Mary Poppins,  1964  (*treatment only, uncredited)
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,  1973
 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1974
 The Slipper and the Rose, 1976
 The Magic of Lassie, 1978
 Ferdinand the Bull,  1986  (*TV screenplay)
 Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (one of the songwriters)
 Inkas the Ramferinkas, 2015 (announced)

Stage musicals

 Victory Canteen, 1971 (Ivar Theatre, L.A.)
 Over Here!, 1974 (Broadway, NY)
 Charlotte's Web, 1978
 Dawgs, 1983 (Variety Arts Center, L.A.)
 Busker Alley, 1995 (U.S. Tour)
 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2002 (London)
 Mary Poppins, 2004 (London)
 On the Record 2004-5 (U.S. Tour)
 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2005 (Broadway, NY)
 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2005 (UK Tour)
 Busker Alley, 2006 (Broadway, NY – *one night only)
 Mary Poppins, 2006 (Broadway, NY)
 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2007 (Singapore)
 Mary Poppins, 2008 (UK Tour)
 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2008 (Second UK Tour)
 Mary Poppins, 2008 (Stockholm)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (First US Tour)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (Copenhagen)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (Budapest)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (Shanghai)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (Australia)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (South Africa)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (Scheveningen)
 Mary Poppins, 2009 (Helsinki)
 Mary Poppins, 2012-13 (Second US Tour)

Theme park songs

Adventure Thru Inner Space
"Miracles from Molecules"
America on Parade
"The Glorious Fourth"
CommuniCore
"The Astuter Computer Revue" (for the 1982 premiere of the pavilion at EPCOT Center)
Epcot Center Opening & Dedication
"The World Showcase March"
Pepsi Presents WALT DISNEY'S "it's a small world" – a Salute to UNICEF and the World's Children for the 1964 New York World's Fair
it's a small world (after all) then adapted to each Disney park "it's a small world" attraction installation.
Journey Into Imagination (and Journey Into Imagination With Figment)
"One Little Spark"
Magic Journeys
"Magic Journeys"
"Makin' Memories"
Meet the World in Tokyo Disneyland
"Meet the World"
"We Meet the World with Love"
Rocket Rods
"Magic Highways"
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress
"The Best Time of Your Life"
"There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow"
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
"The Tiki, Tiki, Tiki Room"

Other
The Spectrum Song – for Walt Disney's The Wonderful World of Color. Sung by Paul Frees as Ludwig Von Drake.

Professional awards
Academy Awards
1965 WON Academy Award in the category of " Best Original Song" for  "Chim Chim Cher-ee" from Mary Poppins
1965 WON Academy Award in the category of "Best Substantially Original Score" for Mary Poppins
1969 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Original Song" for  "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
1972 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Original Song" for "The Age of Not Believing" from Bedknobs & Broomsticks
1972 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score" for Bedknobs & Broomsticks
1974 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Scoring Original Song Score And/Or Adaptation" for Tom Sawyer
1978 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Original Song" for "The Slipper and the Rose Waltz" from The Slipper and the Rose
1978 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Scoring Original Song Score And/Or Adaptation" for The Slipper and the Rose
1979 Nominated Academy Award in the category of "Best Original Song" for "When You're Loved" from The Magic of Lassie

Annie Awards
2000 Nominated Annie in the category of "Outstanding Individual Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production" for the song "Round My Family Tree" from The Tigger Movie
2003 "Winsor McCay Award" for lifetime achievement and contribution to animation

BAFTA Awards
1977 Nominated "Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music" for The Slipper and the Rose

BMI
1977 "Pioneer Award" awarded in Los Angeles, California.
1991 "Lifetime Achievement Award" awarded at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Los Angeles, California.

Christopher Award
1964 "Christopher Award" for "Best Original Song Score" for Mary Poppins
1973 "Christopher Award" for "Best Original Song Score" for Tom Sawyer

Disney
1985 "Mousecar" awarded at the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood, California in front of 20 thousand people.
1990 "Disney Legends" awarded at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California.
2010 Main Street, U.S.A. Window presented at Disneyland in Anaheim, California in honor of the Sherman Brothers' contribution to Disney theme parks.

Golden Globes
1965 Nominated Golden Globe in the category of "Best Original Score" for Mary Poppins
1969Nominated Golden Globe in the category of "Best Original Score" for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
1969 Nominated Golden Globe in the category of "Best Original Song" for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
1974 Nominated Golden Globe in the category of "Best Original Score" for Tom Sawyer
1977 Nominated Golden Globe in the category of "Best Original Score" for The Slipper and the Rose

Golden Videocassette Award
1984 Best Selling Video Cassette (of all time) for Mary Poppins

Grammy Awards
1965 Won Grammy in the category of "Best Original Score for a Motion Picture or Television Show" for Mary Poppins
1965 Won Grammy in the category of "Best Recording for Children" for Mary Poppins
1966 Nominated Grammy in the category of "Best Recording for Children" for Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
1968 Nominated Grammy in the category of "Best Recording for Children" for The Jungle Book
1970 Nominated Grammy in the category of "Best Recording for Children" for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
1971 Nominated Grammy in the category of "Best Recording for Children" for The Aristocats
1973 Nominated Grammy in the category of "Best Original Score for a Children's Show" for Snoopy Come Home
1974 Nominated Grammy in the category of "Best Original Score for a Musical Show" for Over Here!
1975 Won Grammy in the category of "Best Recording for Children" for Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too

Laurel Awards
1965 Won "Golden Laurel" in the category of "Best Song" "Chim Chim Cher-ee" for Mary Poppins
1965 2nd Place "Golden Laurel" in the category of "Music Men"
19663rd place "Golden Laurel" in the category of "Best Song" "That Darn Cat!" for That Darn Cat!

Moscow Film Festival
1973First Place Award in the category of "Best Music" for Tom Sawyer

National Medal of Arts
2008National Medal of Arts awarded to Richard and Robert Sherman on November 17, 2008 at the White House by President George W. Bush.  This is the highest honor the United States Government bestows on artists.

Olivier Awards
2002Nominated "Best Musical" for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

Songwriters Hall of Fame
2005 induction at the Marriott Hotel on Times Square in New York City.

Theatre Museum Award
2010 Career Achievement Award presented on May 17, 2010 at The Players Club in New York City.

Variety Club Awards
2003 Won''' "Best Musical" for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang''.

Walk of Fame
1976 A Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame awarded to "Richard & Robert Sherman" on November 17, 1976,  at 6914 Hollywood Blvd.

References

Other websites

Audio interview with Richard M. Sherman on the Sodajerker on Songwriting podcast
 Robert Sherman Art
 Internet Movie Database entries:
 Robert B. Sherman
 Richard M. Sherman
 Internet Broadway Database entries:
 Robert B. Sherman
 Richard M. Sherman

American screenwriters
Grammy Award winners
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters

Sherman Brothers


The Life of Ian Fleming is a biography of Ian Fleming, the creator of James Bond and author of the children's book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. The biography was written by John Pearson, Fleming's assistant at the London Sunday Times, and published in October 1966 by Jonathan Cape (). Pearson later wrote the official, fictional-biography James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007 in 1973, and his research papers and interviews for the biography were published as Ian Fleming The Notes by Queen Anne Press in 2020. The Life of Ian Fleming was one of the first biographies of Ian Fleming and is considered a collectible book by many James Bond fans, since Pearson would become the third, official James Bond author.

Future editions of The Life of Ian Fleming were altered after film producer Kevin McClory alleged that parts of the biography were untrue regarding the novel and film rights to Thunderball.

In 1989 the biography was turned into a movie, Goldeneye.

The 1967 American paperback edition was retitled Alias James Bond—The Life of Ian Fleming. No other edition has this title.

1966 non-fiction books
Works about Ian Fleming
British biographies
Biographies about writers

The Life of Ian Fleming