Fernando Luján (born Fernando Ciangherotti Díaz; August 23, 1939 – January 11, 2019) was a Mexican actor. He was a star of the silver screen in classic mexican films during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema.

His father; Alejandro Ciangherotti Erbelia, his mother; Mercedes Soler (Mercedes Diaz Pavia), brother Alejandro Ciangherotti Jr., wife Martha Mariana Castro, sons Fernando Ciangherotti, Fernando Canek and daughters Cassandra Ciangherotti and Vanessa Ciangherotti were or are also actors. He was not related to actress Daniela Luján.

Family
Luján was born in Bogota, Colombia, while his parents, both actors, were on tour presenting a play, but he never obtained Colombian nationality. He is the son of Alejandro Ciangherotti Erbelia and Mercedes Soler (Mercedes Diaz Pavia), the youngest of the famous Soler family. His late brother, Alejandro Ciangherotti, ex-wife, Adriana Parra, wife Martha Mariana Castro, children Fernando, Vanessa, Cassandra, Fernando Canek, Franco Paolo, granddaughter and son-in-law Vaita and Roberto Sosa, nephews Alejandro III, Alexis and Alan are also actors.

He has 10 children: 5 daughters and 5 sons.

Una vuelta al corazón
In 2009, his wife and daughter, Martha Mariana and Vanessa, produced a trilogy of the family in celebrating the ninth anniversary of Lo que callamos las mujeres, starring his children, nephews and granddaughter, where Vanessa and Fernando Ciangherotti serve as the director.

Acting career
He started his acting career as a child in the Cinema of Mexico credited as Fernando Ciangherotti, but changed his stage name to Fernando Luján a few years later. After appearing in more than eight films, mostly light comedies, he obtained a role in the telenovela Cuatro en la trampa at age twenty-three. The next eighteen years, he alternated his film career with television, culminating with the worldwide famous production Los ricos también lloran. The next twelve years, he did not participate in telenovelas and only starred in four films. He returned to television with Vida robada and Cadenas de amargura in 1991.

After participating in three other telenovelas for Televisa in the next five years, he signed a contract with TV Azteca to co-star with Angélica Aragón in the second telenovela of that new network titled Mirada de mujer. This telenovela was a success and would produce a sequel six years later. After Mirada de mujer, he obtained significant roles in film, especially as the star of the film-version of Gabriel García Márquez's book No One Writes to the Colonel in 1999 (El coronel no tiene quien le escriba). His performance in this film was qualified as "remarkable" by The New York Times. In 2005, he received the Ariel Award by the Mexican Academy of Film in honoring his career and contributions to film.

Death
A long-time cigar smoker, Luján died on January 11, 2019, in Puerto Escondido at the age of 79.

Awards
Ariel Award in 2005
Diosa de plata ("Silver Goddess") to honor his career in the Cinema of Mexico
Fernando Luján was remembered as a "movie legend" at the 92nd Academy Awards ceremony on February 9, 2020.

Filmography

Film

 La cobarde (1953) as Julio, niño (uncredited)
 The Unfaithful (1953) as Luisito (uncredited)
 La segunda mujer (1953) as Rudy, niño
 Los que no deben nacer (1953)
 El mil amores (1954) as Ricardo Rodríguez
 La edad de la tentación (1959) as Eduardo
 La sombra en defensa de la juventud (1960)
 Dangers of Youth (1960) as Ricardo
 Vacaciones en Acapulco (1961) as Pepe
 Mañana serán hombres (1961) as Raúl, el muñeco
 Juventud rebelde (1961) as Denis
 Jóvenes y bellas (1961) as Raúl Paz
 El cielo y la tierra (1962) as Greñas
 Dile que la quiero (1963) as Greñas
 La sombra de los hijos (1963) (uncredited)
 Amor y sexo (1964) as Gallina, interno
 El pueblo fantasma (1965) as Rio Kid
 El gángster (1965) as Pedro
 Neutrón contra los asesinos del karate (1965) as Nephew
 Amor de adolescente (1965) as Raúl Linares
 Viento negro (1965) as Ingeniero Julio
 Joselito vagabundo (1966) as Fernando
 Tirando a gol (1966) as Pedro
 Que haremos con papá? (1966)
 Juventud sin ley (1966) as Jorge Ordorica
 Fiebre de juventud (1966) as Luis
 Lanza tus penas al viento (1966) as Gustavo
 Sólo para ti (1966) as Juan Negro
 Acapulco a go-go (1966) as Robert
 Los perversos a go go (1967) as Tony
 Un novio para dos hermanas (1967) as Fernando Martínez Dávila
 Novias impacientes (1967) as Luis Quintero
 Caballos de acero (1967)
 Báñame mi amor (1968)
 Un Latin lover en Acapulco (1968)
 Cuatro contra el crimen (1968) as Peter
 El Agente 00 Sexy (1968) as Ernesto Romero
 5 de chocolate y 1 de fresa (1968) as Miguel Ernesto Suárez
 Amor y esas cosas (1969) (segment "Adulterio formal, Un")
 Tres amigos (1970)
 Confesiones de una adolescente (1970)
 El oficio más antiguo del mundo (1970) as Miguel
 Cuerpazo del delito (1970) as Enrique (segment "La seductora")
 La hermana Dinamita (1970) as Dr. Tello
 Un amante anda suelto (1970)
 Los corrompidos (1971)
 Juegos de alcoba (1971) as Beto (segment: Paz y amor)
 El medio pelo (1972) as Doctor Sergio López
 Buscando una sonrisa (1972)
 La gatita (1972) as Rubén
 Besos, besos... y mas besos (1973) (segment "Dos veces por semana")
 Pilotos de combate (1973)
 La carrera del millón (1974)
 El alegre divorciado (1976) as Carlos Pozuelo
 El miedo no anda en burro (1976) as Raúl
 El patrullero 777 (1977) as Hombre suicida
 En la trampa (1979) as Alejandro
 Estas ruinas que ves (1979) as Paco Aldebarán
 La guerra de los pasteles (1979)
 Ese loco, loco hospital (1986)
 Más buenas que el pan (1987)
 Día de muertos (1988) as Francisco de Jesús Talamantes
 Solicito marido para engañar (1988) (uncredited)
 El garañón 2 (1990)
 Dos cuates a todo dar (1990)
 El último suspiro (1996)
 Fuera de la ley (1998)
 El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1999) as The colonel
 En el país de no pasa nada (2000) as Enrique Laguardia
 Primer y último amor (2002) as Fermín Azcue
 El tigre de Santa Julia (2002) as Nando
 Tú te lo pierdes (2004) as Torcuato
 Las llaves de la independencia (2005) as Demetrio
 El carnaval de Sodoma (2006) as Padre Cándido
 Cañitas. Presencia (2007) as Don Fernando
 The Wind of Fear (2007) as Doctor Vila
 Insignificant Things (2008) as Augusto Gabrieli
 Cinco días sin Nora (2008) as José Kurtz
 El libro de las aguas (2008) as Ángel 1975
 Euforia (2009) as Duque
 Viento en contra (2011) as Justino Samperio
 Red Lips (2011) as Don Luis
 Tercera Llamada (2013) as Fernando
 Cásese quien pueda (2014) as Papá Méndes
 Selección Canina (2015) as Bernardo Lapata (voice)
 Manual de principiantes para ser presidente (2016) as Octogenario
 Cuando los hijos regresan (2017) as Manuel
 Overboard (2018) as Papi
 El refugio de los insomnes (2018) as Hombre Lobo (final film role)

Telenovelas
 Cuatro en la trampa (1961)
 La culpa de los padres (1963)
 Marina Lavalle (1965)
 El edificio de enfrente (1972) as Camilo
 Los que ayudan a Dios (1973)
 María José (1978) as El Jaiba
 Bella y bestia (1979) as Alfred
 Los ricos también lloran (1979) as Diego
 Vida robada (1991-1992) as Don Ramón
 Cadenas de amargura (1991) as Padre Julio
 Sueño de amor (1993)
 La paloma (1995)
 Para toda la vida (1996) as Juan Angel
 Mirada de mujer (1997) as Lic. Ignacio San Millán
 Todo por amor (2000-2001) as Gonzalo Robles
 Lo que es el amor (2001-2002) as Emiliano Lomelí
 Mirada de mujer: El regreso (2003) as Lic. Ignacio San Millán
 Las Juanas (2004) as Calixto Matamoros
 Montecristo (2006) as Alberto Lombardo
 Entre el amor y el deseo (2010-2011) as Edgar Dumont
 Quererte así (2012) as Alfred "Fred" Roth
 Los Rey (2012) as Everardo Rey Martínez
 Así en el barrio como en el cielo (2015) as Marcelo Ferrara

Series
 Pinche Pancho (2012)
 Ingobernable (2017) as Tomás Urquiza

References

External links

El coronel no tiene quien le escriba  review on The New York Times

1939 births
2019 deaths
Best Actor Ariel Award winners
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Mexican people of Italian descent
Male actors from Mexico City
Actors from Bogotá

Fernando Luján


Desmond J. Bryant (born December 15, 1985) is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football at Harvard and was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2009.

Early life and college career
Bryant was born in Shorewood, Illinois to Alton and Lillian Bryant. He graduated from East Bladen High School at Elizabethtown, North Carolina in 2004. In his senior season, Bryant helped his high school football team to a 13-1 record. That was his only year playing high school football in North Carolina. His high school number is retired at East Bladen. Bryant played football and basketball for three years while attending high school in Middletown, Delaware and played for the East Bladen basketball team for two seasons. With a weighted 4.2 grade point average and 1230 SAT score, Bryant chose Harvard despite offers by Duke, Florida A&M, and Towson University. As Ivy League schools do not offer athletic or academic scholarships, Bryant received a financial aid scholarship. Harvard coach Tim Murphy thought that Bryant could be a four-year starter and potentially a professional player and compared Bryant to a Southeastern Conference player. At Harvard, Bryant majored in psychology and played 32 games in four seasons. In his senior season, Bryant was named second-team All-Ivy League after leading Harvard with eight quarterback hurries and 4.5 tackles leading to losses.

Reflecting on his college years, Bryant told the Los Angeles Times: "The Ivy League's not really my type of environment. I had some really good teammates and friends, but outside of the football world I didn't interact much with the other kids."

Professional career

Oakland Raiders
Bryant is the 29th Harvard Crimson football player to play in the NFL. In April 2009, Bryant signed a free agent contract with the Oakland Raiders. Bryant played all 16 games of his rookie season and had 24 solo and 8 assisted tackles. The next season, Bryant made 2.5 sacks.

Cleveland Browns
Bryant signed with the Cleveland Browns on March 12, 2013 as an unrestricted free agent for a five-year $34 million contract, with $15 million guaranteed.

Bryant started 12 games with the Browns in 2013, recording 31 tackles and 3.5 sacks. On December 4, 2013, Bryant was placed on the reserve/non-football illness list, ending his season, after Bryant had issues with an irregular heartbeat.

Bryant returned to play in the 2014 season, playing in seven of the first nine games of the season. On November 6, 2014, Bryant sacked quarterback Andy Dalton twice en route to a 24-3 victory for the Browns over their division rival Cincinnati Bengals.

During the 2016 offseason, Bryant was ruled out for the season due to tearing a pectoral muscle while weightlifting.

On August 22, 2017, Bryant was released by the Browns.

Personal life
In June 2010, Bryant was one of five men arrested for an attack in a parking lot. Bryant was arrested on a misdemeanor criminal mischief charge for allegedly showing up drunk and shirtless at a Florida family's home on February 24, 2013. His mug shot showing him intoxicated with his eyes half closed and tongue sticking out went viral.

References

External links

 Cleveland Browns bio
 Oakland Raiders bio

1985 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Harvard Crimson football players
Oakland Raiders players
Cleveland Browns players
People from Elizabethtown, North Carolina
People from Middletown, Delaware
People from Shorewood, Illinois
Players of American football from Delaware
Players of American football from North Carolina
Sportspeople from New Castle County, Delaware
Players of American football from Will County, Illinois
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Desmond Bryant


John Tombes (c.1603? – 22 May 1676) was an English clergyman of Presbyterian and Baptist views.

Early life
He was born at Bewdley, Worcestershire, in 1602 or 1603. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 23 January 1618, aged 15. His tutor there was William Pemble; among his college friends was John Geree. He received a Bachelor of Arts 12 June 1621. After Pemble's death he succeeded him in 1623 as catechism lecturer.

His reputation as a tutor was considerable; among his pupils was John Wilkins. He graduated with his Master of Arts 16 April 1624, took orders, and quickly came into note as a preacher. From about 1624 to 1630 he was one of the lecturers of St. Martin Carfax. As early as 1627 he began to have doubts on the subject of infant baptism. Leaving the university in 1630, he was for a short time preacher at Worcester, but in November was instituted vicar of Leominster, Herefordshire. His preaching was popular, and he won the admiration of the high Anglican John Scudamore, 1st Viscount Scudamore.

Commonwealth years
He left Leominster in 1643 (after February), having been appointed by Nathaniel Fiennes to supersede George Williamson as vicar of All Saints, Bristol. On the surrender of Bristol to the royalists, 26 July, he moved to London 22 September, where he became rector of St. Gabriel, Fenchurch, vacant by the sequestration of Ralph Cook, B.D.  In church government, his views were Presbyterian.  He put his scruples on infant baptism to the Westminster Assembly, but got no satisfaction.

Declining to baptise infants, he was removed from St. Gabriel's early in 1645, but appointed (before May) master of the Temple, on condition of not preaching on baptism.  He published on this topic; for licensing one of his tracts, the parliamentary censor, John Bachiler, was attacked in the Westminster Assembly, 25 December 1645, by William Gouge; and Stephen Marshall was appointed to answer the tract. As preacher at the Temple, Tombes directed his polemic against antinomianism.  In 1646, he had an interview with Oliver Cromwell and gave him his books. His fellow-townsmen chose him to the perpetual curacy of Bewdley, then a chapelry in the parish of Ribbesford; his successor at the Temple was Richard Johnson.

At Bewdley, Tombes organised a small Baptist church, which produced three Baptist preachers. He regularly attended Richard Baxter's Thursday lecture at Kidderminster, and tried to draw Baxter, as he had already drawn Thomas Blake, into a written discussion. Baxter would engage with him only in a heated debate, which took place 1 January 1650, before a crowded audience at Bewdley chapel, and lasted from nine in the morning till five at night.  The occasion became rowdy, and the magistrate had to intervene. In 1653, Baxter would write of the ambition of Baptists like Tombes "to baptise all the maids of Bewdly naked". It had the effect of causing Tombes to leave Bewdley, where he was succeeded in 1650 by Henry Oasland.  With Bewdley he had held for a time the rectory of Ross, Herefordshire; this he resigned on being appointed to the mastership of St. Catherine's Hospital, Ledbury, Herefordshire.

After his encounter with Baxter, Tombes's debates were numerous. In July 1652, he went to Oxford to dispute on baptism with Henry Savage. On the same topic he disputed at Abergavenny, 5 September 1653, with Henry Vaughan and John Cragge. He had not given up his claim to the vicarage of Leominster, and returned to it apparently in 1654, when he was appointed (20 March) one of Cromwell's 'triers.' Against Quakerism and popery he wrote tracts in 1660, to which Baxter prefixed friendly letters.

After the Restoration
At the Restoration of 1660 Tombes came up to London, and wrote in favour of the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical as well as civil. Lord Clarendon stood his friend. He conformed in a lay capacity, resigning his preferments and declining offers of promotion. After 1661 he lived chiefly at Salisbury, where his second wife had property and communicated as an Anglican. Firmly holding his special tenet, he was always a courteous disputant, and a man of exceptional capacity and attainments.

He died at Salisbury 22 May 1676, and was buried 25 May in St. Edmund's churchyard.

Notes

References

17th-century English Anglican priests
English Presbyterian ministers of the Interregnum (England)
Masters of the Temple
English Baptists
1603 births
1676 deaths

John Tombes


Velvetism is the third studio album by American rap group Latino Velvet. It was released June 18, 2002 on Jay Tee's own label, 40 Ounce Records. The album was produced by Big Ice, Happy Perez, Johnny Z, Oral Bee and Philly Blunt. Latino Velvet was composed of Jay Tee & Baby Beesh. Frost and Don Cisco both make multiple guest appearances on this album, as well as several other artists.

Track listing
"Intro"
"Two Cold Cappers"
"They Don't Even Know" (featuring Don Cisco)
"Same Shit" (featuring Frost)
"On One" (featuring Miami)
"Vamanos" (featuring Merciless)
"Hustler Fo' Sho'" (featuring Young Dru & Russell Lee)
"What's Goin' On?" (featuring Frost)
"Latin Ladies" (featuring Don Cisco)
"She Was a Hustler" (featuring Mr. Kee)
"What's up With You?" (featuring Don Cisco)
"Side Show" (featuring Frost & Young Mugzi)
"Vamanos (Remix)" (featuring Merciless)
"What's Goin' On? (Remix)" (featuring Frost)
"Outro"

External links
[ Velvetism] at Allmusic

Baby Bash albums
Jay Tee albums
2002 albums
Albums produced by Happy Perez
Self-released albums
Latino Velvet albums

Velvetism


The Hummingbird Project is a 2018 thriller drama film about high-frequency trading and ultra-low latency direct market access, written and directed by Kim Nguyen. It stars Jesse Eisenberg, Alexander Skarsgård, Michael Mando, Sarah Goldberg, and Salma Hayek.

It had its world premiere at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018. It was released in the United States on March 15, 2019, by The Orchard and was released on March 22, 2019, in Canada by Elevation Pictures.

Plot
Stockbroker Vincent Zaleski pitches Bryan Taylor on investing in a fiberoptic cable from Kansas electronic exchange to the New York Stock Exchange in order to more quickly execute (it likely isn't front running so long as it is public information more quickly) orders in a new high-frequency trading (HFT) operation. Taylor buys into the idea. Meanwhile, Vincent and his cousin Anton Zaleski are still employed by Eva Torres, where Anton programs trading software. Eva is also working on several ideas for HFT. Soon enough, Anton and Vincent quit, infuriating Eva. She insists that any code Anton created for her firm belongs to it, and even the thoughts in his head might be proprietary.

Vincent has hired Mark Vega to oversee the building of the fiberoptic cable tunnel. Vincent occasionally helps Mark purchase or lease the rights to land in order to make the cable as straight as possible. Any deviation in the shape of the tunnel will create delays in the trade. Anton is hard at work trying to shave 1 millisecond off the time it takes to transmit orders to NYC. Currently, his software will do it in 17 milliseconds, which is not fast enough to be competitive. It needs to be at most 16 milliseconds to be a viable enterprise for Taylor's firm.

Eva finds an NYU student who has written a paper about microwave pulses to effect HFT. She hires him and starts the process of building a series of towers to make trades with microwaves. As Vincent struggles with acquiring land, being diagnosed with cancer, and broken drill bits, Eva manages to finish her microwave towers first, dominating the market.

Eva also takes revenge on Anton by having him arrested by the FBI for stock market fraud by using stolen property in the form of the software that he wrote for her company. While Anton is in jail, a software bug that Anton left in Eva's software as an insurance policy is released; this results in a 20 millisecond slowdown in her trading, rendering her microwaves useless. She subsequently drops Anton's charges after reaching a detente with Anton in exchange for learning how to fix the bug.

As Vincent undergoes chemotherapy, Anton reveals his next idea for HFT involves neutrino messaging, believing it could cut the time from Kansas City to NYC down to as little as 9 milliseconds.

Cast

 Jesse Eisenberg as Vincent Zaleski
 Alexander Skarsgård as Anton Zaleski
Salma Hayek as Eva Torres
Michael Mando as Mark Vega
Sarah Goldberg as Masha
 Anna Maguire as Jenny
 Frank Schorpion as Bryan Taylor
Johan Heldenbergh as Amish Elder
Kwasi Songui as Ray
 Ayisha Issa as Ophelia Troller

Production
In May 2017, it was announced Jesse Eisenberg and Alexander Skarsgård had joined the cast of the film, with Kim Nguyen directing from a screenplay he wrote. Pierre Even served as a producer on the film, while Brian Kavanaugh-Jones and Fred Berger served as executive producers, under their Item 7, Automatik and HanWay Films banners, respectively. In September 2017, Salma Hayek joined the cast, followed in October 2017 by Michael Mando.

Principal photography began in Quebec in November 2017.

Release

The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, and was the opening gala at the Vancouver International Film Festival later that month. Shortly after, The Orchard acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. It had a limited release in the United States on March 15, 2019.

Factual basis
The communication systems portrayed in the film do exist. Spread Networks activated their essentially straight fiber-optic cable in 2010 saving approximately  over the existing route from Chicago to New York, and their journey is depicted in Michael Lewis's book Flash Boys. McKay Brothers and Tradeworx began providing microwave radio service in 2012.

Reception

Box office
The Hummingbird Project grossed $371,784 in the United States and Canada, and $527,253 in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $899,037.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of , based on  reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Smart and well-acted, The Hummingbird Project marks a flawed yet undeniably intriguing addition to writer-director Kim Nguyen's filmography." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Mike McCahill of The Guardian gave the film two stars out of five, stating "We get intriguing ideas, images and locations, and enough closeups of excavation equipment to enrapture plant-hire enthusiasts. With few narrative or thematic hook-ups, though, I guarantee plenty of head scratching in front of this curio". Odie Herderson of RogerEbert.com gave the movie two stars out of four, commenting "Though Nguyen is the only credited writer here, "The Hummingbird Project" feels like one of those movies where nine different people contributed to the proceedings without reading what anybody else wrote. I was ready to check out once we got to the major grab for sympathy (complete with hospital visit) that closes out the film. It's a shame because the acting is quite good here, especially an against-type Skarsgård. His Anton is rather complex and he gets one hell of a celebratory dance sequence. I identified with his little boogie-woogie; finally someone put onscreen what it feels like when your code does what it's supposed to do".

Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times added ""The Hummingbird Project" may be too committed to its popcorn mechanics to double as a truly brainy exposé, but it pays other dividends. Eisenberg adds unexpected shades of humanity to his lizard persona from "The Social Network," while a bald, unrecognizable Skarsgard pulls off the difficult feat of being sympathetically antisocial as a coder driven batty by his work. As the geological, financial and personal barriers the cousins face grow increasingly absurd, the movie works up a satisfying sweat". Jonathan Dean of GQ wrote, "But in its own way, the film winds up as Margin Call meets Glengarry Glen Ross meets, yes, The Social Network. And by harking back to the latter, the director has the Eisenberg we fell for. It has his twitch, but with a heart, the idea he is the smartest man in the room, but doesn't want people to know it".

See also
The Big Short

References

External links

 The Hummingbird Project at Library and Archives Canada

2018 films
Canadian thriller films
Films directed by Kim Nguyen
American thriller films
The Orchard (company) films
Stock trading films
2018 thriller films
English-language Canadian films
English-language Belgian films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films
2010s American films

The Hummingbird Project


John Baptiste Calkin (16 March 1827, London – 15 April 1905, Hornsey, London) was an English composer, organist and music teacher.

Life

He was born in London on 16 March 1827, the son of James Calkin (1786–1862), composer and pianist, and Victoire.
Reared in a musical atmosphere, he studied music under his father, and his three brothers, Joseph, James, and George, also adopted the profession.

When nineteen Calkin was appointed organist, precentor, and choirmaster of St Columba's College, Dublin, in succession to Edwin George Monk. St. Columba's College was a school mainly for the boys of the upper classes and for candidates for the ministry of the Church of Ireland; music and the Irish language were prominent features in the curriculum. From 1846 to 1853, Calkin maintained a high standard of choral music at St. Columba's, and he cultivated composition. From 1853 to 1863 he was organist and choirmaster of Woburn Chapel, London; from 1863 to 1868 organist of Camden Road Chapel; and from 1870 to 1884 organist at St. Thomas's Church, Camden Town.

In 1883, Calkin became professor at the Guildhall School of Music under Thomas Henry Weist-Hill, and concentrated on teaching and composing. He was on the council of Trinity College, London, a member of the Philharmonic Society (1862), and a fellow of the College of Organists, incorporated in 1893.

Calkin died at Hornsey Rise Gardens on 15 April 1905 and was buried, with his brother George, in a family grave (plot no.17965) on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

Works
As a composer, Calkin essayed many forms, but his sacred music is best known, especially his morning and evening services in B flat, G, and D. His communion service in C is marked Op. 134, a sufficient proof of his fertility. He wrote much for the organ, including numerous transcriptions, and he scored many string arrangements, as well as original sonatas and duos. His hymn tunes, though not to be found in Hymns Ancient and Modern, are in other collections such as the Congregational Church Hymnal (1883).

Calkin's setting of "Fling out the Banner" (by Bishop G. W. Doane) had a great vogue in America and the British colonies, and was included in the Canadian Book of Common Praise (1909), edited by Sir George Martin.
His "Agape" was composed specially for the Church Hymnary of Scotland (1871), to the words "Jesu, most loving God", and was inserted in the Church Hymnal of Ireland (1874).

His best known work is the setting from 1872 of a popular Christmas poem I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

List of works

Scores available at Alexander Street Press.

Partsongs

 Breathe ye soft winds, op. 48 (available for ATTB or SATB)

Sacred Music

 Out of the deep, op. 53
 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis is F, op. 107
 Morning, Evening and Communion Service in D
Morning and Evening Service in G
Morning and Evening Service in B-flat
 Communion Service in C, op. 134
Responses to the Commandments in B-flat [1]
Responses to the Commandments in B-flat [2]
Responses to the Commandments in D

Hymn Tunes

 Hymn for Easter
 Agape
 Bradfield (CM)
Calkin (22.214.171.124)
Dedication (SM)
Elim (220.127.116.11D)
 Fatherhood (DCM)
Let Music Break on This Blest Morn
 Magdalen (10.4.10.4)
Munus (18.104.22.168)
Nox Praecessit (CM)
 Panis Celestis (184.108.40.206.6.5)
Ramoth (188.8.131.52D)
 St Augustine (184.108.40.206)
St David (188.8.131.52)
 Savoy Chapel (22.214.171.124.7.6)
 Sefton (LM)
 Waltham (LM)
Winchcombe (10.10.10.10)

Organ Music

 Andante
 Hommage à Mozart
 Marche Religieuse, op. 61
 Allegretto, op. 62
 Organ Study on Pleyel's hymn tune, op. 63
 Hommage à Haydn, op. 64
 Allegretto Religioso [op. 65?]
 Minuet and Trio [op. 66?]
 Festal March [op. 67?]
 Andante Espressivo, op. 68
 Hommage à Mendelssohn, op. 81
 Harvest Thanksgiving March, op. 85
 Two part Song without words, op. 86
 Minuetto [in B minor], op. 90
 Andante con moto, op. 101
 For Holy Communion

References

Attribution

External links

 Calkin's biography including his relatives
 Hymn tunes by J. B. Calkin at Cyber Hymnal
Hymn tunes by J. B. Calkin at Hymnary

1827 births
1905 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English classical composers
English classical organists
British male organists
English Romantic composers
British music educators
Musicians from London
English male classical composers
19th-century English musicians
20th-century British male musicians
19th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
19th-century organists

John Baptiste Calkin


Initiation is the sixth album by American musician Todd Rundgren, released May 23, 1975 on Bearsville Records. With this album, Rundgren fully embraced the synthesized prog sound he had begun exploring in more depth in his work with his band Utopia.  However, unlike Utopia, in which Rundgren had limited himself to playing guitar, most of the synthesizers on Initiation were played and programmed by Rundgren himself.

Content
At over sixty-seven minutes, Initiation is one of the longest commercially-released LPs. Due to a plastic shortage, in order to keep the album on one vinyl LP, Rundgren had to limit and EQ the master so the bass response was rolled off to keep the grooves small enough to cut onto a single disc; he also had to speed up the first half of Side One (Real Man-Eastern Intrigue) and speed up the entirety of Side Two to eliminate 2-3 minutes from each side (5). The album's original inner sleeve included a note which stated: "Technical note: Due to the amount of music on this disc (over one hour), two points must be emphasized. Firstly, if your needle is worn or damaged, it will ruin the disc immediately. Secondly, if the sound does seem not loud enough on your system, try re-recording the music onto tape. By the way, thanks for buying the album."

The titles and concept are taken directly from Alice A. Bailey's book A Treatise on Cosmic Fire.

Critical reception
In The Illustrated New Musical Express Encyclopedia of Rock, Nick Logan and Bob Woffinden wrote, "Initiation (1975), despite the pretentious flirtations with half-baked versions of Zen Buddhism and Alice A. Bailey's "A Treatise On Cosmic Fire" that influenced his lyrics and Eastern mystic scores, contained a perceptible undercurrent of his former melodic invention while one could ascertain traces of self-parody and wry humorous debunking of what Rundgren appeared on the other hand to be holding up as valid. At a shade over one hour Initiation is also amongst the longest albums ever made, evidence of his engineering abilities, if not his sense of self-control".

Influence
When asked if Rundgren had influenced his music, with perceived influences of Initiation on Queen Elizabeth and Rite², Julian Cope responded that he and Thighpaulsandra loved "A Treatise on Cosmic Fire", "but we both bemoaned the fact that it was recorded so long before ambient music had been defined that Todd treated it as an ever-evolving, almost prog-rock piece. We both loved huge elements of that piece but found that we never listened to it. So we tried to build that Todd-like transcendence into our own piece of music [with Queen Elizabeth]."

Track listing
All tracks are written by Todd Rundgren.

Side one
"Real Man" – 4:25
"Born to Synthesize" – 3:40
"The Death of Rock and Roll" – 3:48
"Eastern Intrigue" – 5:06
"Initiation" – 7:05
"Fair Warning" – 8:07

Side two
"A Treatise on Cosmic Fire" (Instrumental) – 36:00
 "Intro - Prana" – 4:27
 "II. The Fire of Mind - or: Solar Fire" – 3:43
 "III. The Fire of Spirit - or: Electric Fire" – 7:34
 "I. The Internal Fire - or: Fire by Friction" – 20:16
 "Mûlâdhâra: The Dance of Kundalini"
 "Svâdhishthâna: Bam, Bham, Mam, Yam, Ram, Lam, Thank You, Mahm"
 "Manipûra: Seat of Fire"
 "Anâhata: The Halls of Air"
 "Vishudda: Sounds Beyond Ears"
 "Ajnâ: Sights Beyond Eyes"
 "Brahmarandhra: Nirvana Shakri"
 "Outro - Prana"

Personnel

"Real Man" (Recorded at Secret Sound Studio)
 Todd Rundgren – vocals, guitar, piano, synthesizer, RMI Keyboard Computer, ARP String Ensemble, percussion
 Moogy Klingman – RMI Keyboard Computer
 Ralph Schuckett – clavinet
 John Siegler – bass
 Kevin Ellman – drums

"Born to Synthesize" (Recorded at Bearsville Sound Studio)
 Todd Rundgren – vocals
 Roger Powell – synthesizer treatments

"The Death of Rock and Roll" (Recorded at Mediasound Studio)
 Todd Rundgren – vocals, guitars
 Ralph Schuckett – clavinet
 Rick Derringer – bass
 Kevin Ellman, John Wilcox – drums

"Eastern Intrigue" (Recorded at Secret Sound Studio)
 Todd Rundgren – vocals, electric sitar, electric piano, RMI Keyboard Computer, ARP String Ensemble, additional percussion
 John Miller – bass
 Roy Markowitz – drums
 Lee Pastora – congas, bongos
 Barbara Burton – percussion
 Roger Powell - nose flute

"Initiation" (Recorded at Mediasound Studio)
 Todd Rundgren – vocals, lead guitar, clavinet, synthesizer, RMI Keyboard Computer, ARP String Ensemble
 Bob Rose – rhythm guitar
 John Siegler – bass
 Rick Marotta, Bernard Purdie – drums
 Lee Pastora – congas
 David Sanborn – saxophone solo
 Roger Powell – synthesizer solo

"Fair Warning" (Recorded at Mediasound Studio)
 Todd Rundgren – vocals, piano, electric sitar, RMI Keyboard Computer, ARP String Ensemble
 Moogy Klingman – organ
 Rick Derringer – guitar
 Dan Hartman – bass
 Chris Parker, Barry Lazarowitz – drums
 Edgar Winter – saxophone

"A Treatise on Cosmic Fire" (Recorded at Secret Sound and Bearsville Sound Studios)
 Todd Rundgren – all instruments
 Roger Powell – synthesizer programming, "creative assistance"

Production
 Todd Rundgren – writing, production, arrangement, mixing, and engineering ("Real Man", "Born to Synthesize", "A Treatise on Cosmic Fire")
 Jack Malken - engineering (all other tracks)

Charts
Album

"Real Man"

References

  5. Richard Robinson - Crawdaddy Magazine - July 1975 "Todd was born to synthesize"

Todd Rundgren albums
1975 albums
Albums produced by Todd Rundgren
Bearsville Records albums
Rhino Records albums

Initiation (Todd Rundgren album)


Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until 24 July 1567, when she was forced to give up her kingdom (abdicate). She was executed because it was said she had been plotting to assassinate her cousin, Elizabeth I of England.

Early life
Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland, who died just after she was born. She was crowned queen when she was only 6 days old. Her grandmother Margaret Tudor was the oldest surviving daughter of Henry VII of England.

Mary went to live in France when she was very young. Scotland would be ruled by regents until she was 18 years old. The first regent was the Earl of Arran. After 1554, the regent was Mary's mother, Mary of Guise.

Life in France
King Henry VIII of England tried to get Lord Arran to agree that Mary would marry his son. This led to a series of battles called the "Rough Wooing". In the end, Lord Arran turned to the French for help. Lord Arran and King Henry II of France agreed that France would protect Scotland if Mary could marry the King's son Francis. When she was 15 years old, Mary married Francis, who was now King Francis II of France. But their marriage was short. Francis became very ill and later died from an ear infection that had spread to his brain, leaving Mary a widow shortly before her 18th birthday.

Reign in Scotland
When Mary was born, Scotland was a Catholic country. While she was living in France, Protestant ideas were spreading to Scotland. Her mother tried to stop this but could not. In 1560, the Parliament of Scotland said it wanted Scotland to be a Protestant country.

In 1561, Mary returned to Scotland. She found that she was not popular in her kingdom. She had been brought up as a Catholic, but many people in Scotland had become Protestant. It was difficult for Mary to avoid siding with either the Catholics or the Protestants.

As Mary was now free to marry again, there were lots of noblemen who wanted to become her husband. For her second husband, she chose an English lord named Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who was of royal blood. Mary and Darnley were both grand-children of Henry VII and were half first -cousins. Darnley was good-looking and charming, but he was often very childish, and he was jealous of Mary's secretary, an Italian named David Rizzio.

Mary became pregnant. While she was expecting the baby, Darnley and his friends got drunk one night and decided to kill David Rizzio. They came into Mary's private rooms at Holyrood Palace while she was talking with Rizzio and they stabbed him to death. Darnley got away with the murder because he was the queen's husband, but Mary never forgave him for murdering her friend Rizzio and avoided being with him again. When her baby was born, it was a boy, who would later become King James VI of Scotland.

In 1567, Darnley was murdered. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell was put on trial for the murder but found not guilty. He was a powerful Scottish nobleman who was loyal to Mary and hated Darnley. Mary then married him. This caused her problems, because Bothwell had many enemies and many still believed he had murdered Darnley. Mary's enemies forced her off the throne and made her young son the king in her place. Mary was put in prison in Loch Leven Castle. She escaped and crossed the border into England, which was ruled by her cousin, Elizabeth, Queen of England.

Imprisonment and death

Mary, Queen of Scots hoped that her cousin Elizabeth I would help her regain her throne, but Elizabeth did not trust her as it was believed that Mary might try to take her throne. As a result, Mary was imprisoned for many years. However, things took a dark turn when Mary was accused of planning to murder Elizabeth. She was put on trial and found guilty of treason by a jury of thirty noblemen, and was sentenced to death by beheading.

On February 8, 1587, Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, England, at the order of Queen Elizabeth I. Following the execution, the executioner held up Mary's head and famously declared, "God save the Queen." While this was meant to demonstrate his loyalty to Elizabeth I, some accounts suggest that the crowd was horrified by the display, which only added to the public sympathy for Mary.

The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots was a significant event in the history of Scotland and England, and it is still remembered and debated today. While some people believe that Mary was a victim of Elizabeth's political plotting, others argue that she was a threat to English security and had to be dealt with accordingly. Some people in Scotland saw Mary as a victim, a Catholic queen who was unfairly treated by her Protestant cousin Elizabeth I. They mourned her death.

References

1542 births
1587 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens of Scotland
16th century in Scotland

Mary, Queen of Scots


Nymburk (; ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 15,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the Elbe River. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The town is made up of two administrative parts: Nymburk and Drahelice.

Geography

Nymburk is located about  east of Prague. It lies in the Central Elbe Table lowland within the Polabí region. The town is situated on both banks of the Elbe River and lies at the confluence of the Elbe and Mrlina rivers.

History

The town was founded around 1275 by King Ottokar II of Bohemia. Throughout the Middle Ages it was one of the most important and strategic towns in the kingdom, as it protected Prague and was an important pillar of royal power.

During the reign of Wenceslaus II, the Gothic Church of St. Nicholas (today the Church of St. Giles) and the Dominican monastery were constructed. The town was surrounded by burnt-brick walls with about fifty towers and two defensive ditches fed from the Elbe. The Hussite Wars in the 15th century affected the town only slightly (the Dominican monastery was looted) and so the town prospered until the beginning of the 17th century.

During the Thirty Years' War, Nymburk was burned and looted, and the fortifications were almost completely destroyed. The recovery was disrupted by large fires. The turning point in the town's modern history was the introduction of the railway in 1870. Since then, the town has grown, new buildings have been built, the Elbe river has been regulated, and a new bridge and a hydroelectric power plant with a lock chamber have been built. The town has expanded beyond the medieval walls (some portions of which have been preserved). However, the original medieval floor plan has been completely preserved.

Demographics

Economy
The Nymburk Brewery, located on the southern end of the town, was founded in 1895. With a production of about 200,000 hl/year, it is considered a medium-sized brewery in the Czech Republic. The brewery produces beer under the brand Postřižinské.

JDK is a large company that manufactures refrigeration equipment in Nymburk and exports it all over the world. Since 2005, the Chinese company Changhong has used a factory in Nymburk for the final assembly of LCD TVs for the European market.

Transport
Nymburk is a railway junction at the crossing of several railway lines: Prague–Kolín, Prague–Trutnov, Kolín–Rumburk, Nymburk–Mladá Boleslav, Nymburk–Rožďalovice and Nymburk–Poříčany.

The I/38, II/330 and II/331 roads pass through the town. Urban transport is provided only by buses.

Sport
The town is home to Basketball Nymburk, the most successful club of the Czech National Basketball League. It plays its home games at the Sportovní centrum.

Since 2015, an annual international rink bandy tournament has taken place in Nymburk. In 2017, the Federation of International Bandy decided to make the Nymburk tournament official.

The town's football club is SK Polaban Nymburk.

Sights

The dominant feature of the town is the Gothic brick Church of Saint Giles, built in 1280–1380. This church, together with the preserved buildings of the Nymburk fortification, is a unique example of brick Gothic (originally North German) architecture in the Czech lands. The main landmark of the square is a rare Renaissance town hall from 1526.

Besides the preserved sections of the town walls, the town also features a road bridge from 1913, which connects the town centre with the neighborhood of Zálabí. Other important cultural monuments of Nymburk are the Turkish tower (the former waterworks from 1597), the Plague column (built in 1717), the Chapel of St. John of Nepomuk (originally a part of the Dominican monastery), the Bohumil Hrabal Grammar School, the Nymburk Synagogue, the Tourist Information Centre, the water tower and the Old Fisher House.

In literature
Bohumil Hrabal, who grew up in the town, wrote about Nymburk in his books The Little Town Where Time Stood Still, Cutting It Short, Beautiful Sadness, Harlequin's Millions and Closely Watched Trains.

Notable people
Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský (1684–1742), composer and organist
Josef Kramolín (1730–1802), painter
Antonín Janoušek (1877–1941), journalist and politician
Karel Dostal (1884–1966), actor
Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), writer; lived here in his childhood and youth
Miroslav Macháček (1922–1991), theatre director and actor
Vratislav Effenberger (1923–1986), literature theoretician
Radek Bejbl (born 1972), footballer
Jan Bořil (born 1991), footballer
Martin Fuksa (born 1993), canoeist

Twin towns – sister cities

Nymburk is twinned with:
 Neuruppin, Germany
 Porto San Giorgio, Italy
 Vrútky, Slovakia

 Żarów, Poland

Gallery

References

External links

Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Nymburk District
Populated places established in the 1270s

Nymburk


Diane Wald is an American poet and novelist. Her most recent poetry collection is The Warhol Pillows. She has published poems in literary journals and magazines including The American Poetry Review, Skanky Possum, Fence, The Hat, Verse, and The Paterson Review. She was born in Paterson, New Jersey. She earned a B.A. from Montclair State College and an M.F.A. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and has lived in Massachusetts since 1972.  She lives near Boston.

Forthcoming: The Bayrose Files, from Regal House Publishing, 2025

https://regalhousepublishing.com/diane-wald/

Honors and awards
 2020 International Book Awards Winner in Fiction: Novella
2020 Independent Press Award Winner in Paranormal Romance
2019 Readers' Favorite Awards Bronze Medal Winner in Fiction (Visionary)
Winner for Gillyflower in Novella category, Next Generation Indie Book Awards
Winner for Gillyflower in fiction (Novella), Best Book Awards
2021 NYC Big Book Awards Winner in Visionary Fiction for My Famous Brain
2021 Winner in Visionary Fiction, new Adult Fiction, and Speculative Fiction from Firebirds Book Awards for My Famous Brain
 Anne Halley Poetry Prize
 Fine Arts Work Center fellowship
 Denny Award
 Open Voice Award
 Massachusetts Artist Grant
 Green Lake Chapbook Award from Owl Creek Press

Published works

Full-length poetry collections

 The Warhol Pillows , 2021, Finishing Line Press, https://www.finishinglinepress.com/product/the-warhol-pillows-by-diane-wald/
 Wonderbender, 2011, 1913 Press, http://www.journal1913.org/publications/wonderbender/

 Lucid Suitcase' (Red Hen Press, 1999)

Chapbooks
 Faustinetta, Gegenschein, Trapunto (Cervena Barva Press, 2008)
 Improvisations on Titles of Works by Jean Dubuffet (Mudlark, 1998)
 Double Mirror (Runaway Spoon Press, 1996)
 My Hat That Was Dreaming (White Fields Press)

Novella
 Gillyflower (2019, She Writes Press) https://www.gillyflowernovel.com

Novel

 2021: My Famous Brain'' (She Writes Press) https://www.myfamousbrain.com

References

External links

 https://www.finishinglinepress.com/product/the-warhol-pillows-by-diane-wald/
 Interview: Cerna Brava Poetry Press > Interview with Diane Wald
 Fence > Vol. 7, No. 2. Fall/Winter 2004 - 2005 > Carolina Wren by Diane Wald

Living people
Poets from New Jersey
Montclair State University alumni
Writers from Paterson, New Jersey
Writers from Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts Amherst MFA Program for Poets & Writers alumni
American women poets
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Diane Wald


James Click (born February 14, 1978) is an American baseball executive who is the current VP of the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball. Click previously served in the Tampa Bay Rays organization for 15 years before being hired by the Astros as their general manager in January 2020.

Early life
Click is from Durham, North Carolina. He graduated from Yale University in 2000 with a Bachelor of Arts in history. After he graduated, Click wrote for Baseball Prospectus, helping to maintain their PECOTA algorithm.

Career
After being recommended by Chaim Bloom, who worked with Click at Baseball Prospectus, Click joined the Tampa Bay Rays as an intern in 2005, and the team hired him for their front office in 2006. He was promoted to vice president of baseball operations in 2017.
In January 2020, the Houston Astros hired Click as their general manager following the dismissal of Jeff Luhnow.  In 2022, the Astros won 106 games, the second-highest total in franchise history.  They advanced to the World Series and defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games to give Click his first career World Series championship. After his contract expired after the 2022 season, Click rejected a one-year contract offer from the Astros and the team announced that they would move on without Click.

On February 27, 2023, the Toronto Blue Jays hired James Click as vice president, baseball strategy.

Personal life
Click's wife, Ace Padian, also graduated from Yale in 2000. The couple has two children.

References

Living people
Houston Astros executives
Major League Baseball general managers
Yale College alumni
Tampa Bay Rays executives
People from Durham, North Carolina
1978 births

James Click


Dryness is a property of  beverages that describes the lack of a sweet taste.  This may be due to a lack of sugars, the presence of some other taste that masks sweetness, or an underabundance of simple carbohydrates that can be converted to sugar by enzymes in the mouth (amylase in particular). The term "dry" may be applied to types of beer, wine, cider, distilled spirits, or any other beverage.

In a dry martini, "dry" originally referred to the inclusion of dry gin, however it is often incorrectly used to refer to the amount of vermouth used in the drink. A "perfect" martini – or any other cocktail that uses vermouth, such as a Perfect Manhattan – is a martini made with equal parts dry and sweet vermouth.

References

Alcoholic drinks
Wine tasting

de:Geschmacksangabe (Wein)

Dryness (taste)


The Santarem marmoset (Mico humeralifer), also known as the black and white tassel-ear marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará.

Description
The Santarem marmoset is a small monkey, with a head-body length of . Adults have been reported to weigh anything from . Its physical form is similar to that of other marmosets, with lower canines that barely protrude above the line of the incisors and claws (rather than nails) on all of their digits except for the big toe. It most closely resembles the Maués marmoset in appearance, differing in having paler fur and in the shape of the ear tassels. Males and females are similar in size.

The scientific name "humeralifer" roughly translates as "wearing a shoulder cape" and refers to the mantle of light grey fur that covers the animal's shoulders. There are also patches of whitish fur on the hips, but otherwise the body is black with irregular grey spots over the back and flanks, and yellowish on the underparts. The limbs are black, apart from grey fur stretching down over the outer surface of the upper arms from the mantle. The non-prehensile tail is  long and ringed with black and grey; all but one other species in the genus Mico lack these distinctive tail rings.

The face is dark in colour, with a greyish forehead and patches of pink skin around the eyes and mouth. The area around and between the eyes also has relatively little fur compared with other parts of the head and body. Like many marmosets, there are large tufts of fur on the ears, but the Santarem marmoset is one of only a few species in which the fur sprouts from both the outer and inner surfaces of the pinna. The tufts are buff to grey in colour and, as the alternative common name implies, have a tassel-like shape that extends sideways from the head.

Distribution and habitat
The Santarem marmoset is found only in a very restricted area between the Tapajós river in the east, the lower Madeira and Roosevelt rivers in the west, and the Amazon River in the north. The southern limit of its range is unknown, but is likely to be in the general region of the Paracari River. There are no recognised subspecies. It inhabits lowland rainforest, and is common in secondary forest.

Biology and behaviour
Like other members of its genus, the Santarem marmoset travels in the lower parts of the forest canopy, and feed primarily on fruit and insects, supplementing its diet with small lizards and frogs and with gum gouged from trees. They live in small family groups, with about six members being typical, although groups of up to fifteen individuals have been reported. They make long calls with their tongue vibrating rapidly, said to resemble the sound of a cricket, and also shorter chirps. Like most other marmosets, they normally give birth to non-identical twins twice per year. Juveniles are said to have black stripe along the head and hairy, but not tufted, ears.

References

Santarem marmoset
Mammals of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Santarem marmoset
Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

Santarem marmoset


André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author whose writings spanned a wide variety of styles and topics. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gide's career ranged from his beginnings in the symbolist movement, to criticising imperialism between the two World Wars. The author of more than fifty books, he was described in his obituary in The New York Times as "France's greatest contemporary man of letters" and "judged the greatest French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti."

Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide expressed the conflict and eventual reconciliation of the two sides of his personality (characterized by a Protestant austerity and a transgressive sexual adventurousness, respectively). He suggested that a strict and moralistic education had helped set these facets at odds. Gide's work can be seen as an investigation of freedom and empowerment in the face of moralistic and puritanical constraints. He worked to achieve intellectual honesty. As a self-professed pederast, he used his writing to explore his struggle to be fully oneself, including owning one's sexual nature, without betraying one's values. His political activity was shaped by the same ethos. While sympathetic to Communism in the early 1930s, as were many intellectuals, after his 1936 journey to the USSR he supported the anti-Stalinist left; during the 1940s he shifted towards more traditional values and repudiated Communism as an idea that breaks up with the traditions of the Christian civilization.

Early life

Gide was born in Paris on 22 November 1869, into a middle-class Protestant family. His father Jean Paul Guillaume Gide was a professor of law at University of Paris; he died in 1880, when the boy was eleven years old. His mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was political economist Charles Gide. His paternal family traced its roots to Italy. The ancestral Guidos had moved to France and other western and northern European countries after converting to Protestantism during the 16th century, and facing persecution in Catholic Italy.

Gide was brought up in isolated conditions in Normandy. He became a prolific writer at an early age, publishing his first novel, The Notebooks of André Walter (French: Les Cahiers d'André Walter), in 1891, at the age of twenty-one.

In 1893 and 1894, Gide traveled in Northern Africa. There he came to accept his attraction to boys and youths.

Gide befriended Irish playwright Oscar Wilde in Paris, where the latter was in exile. In 1895 the two men met in Algiers. Wilde had the impression that he had introduced Gide to homosexuality, but Gide had already discovered this on his own.

The middle years

In 1895, after his mother's death, Gide married his cousin Madeleine Rondeaux, but the marriage remained unconsummated. In 1896, he was elected mayor of La Roque-Baignard, a commune in Normandy.

In 1901, Gide rented the property Maderia in St. Brélade's Bay and lived there while residing on the island of Jersey. This period, 1901–07, is commonly seen as a time of apathy and turmoil for him.

In 1908, Gide helped found the literary magazine Nouvelle Revue Française (The New French Review).

During The Great War, Gide visited England. One of his friends there was artist William Rothenstein. Rothenstein described Gide's visit to his Gloucestershire home in his autobiography:

In 1916, Gide was about 47 years old when he took Marc Allégret, 15 years old, as a lover. Marc  was one of five children of Élie Allégret and his wife. Gide had become friends with the senior Allégret during his own school years, when Gide's mother had hired Allégret as a tutor for her son. Élie Allégret had been best man at Gide's wedding. After Gide fled with Marc to London, his wife Madeleine burned all his correspondence in retaliation– "the best part of myself," Gide later commented.

In 1918, Gide met and befriended Dorothy Bussy; they were friends for more than thirty years and she translated many of his works into English.

Gide also became close friends with the critic Charles Du Bos. Together they were part of the Foyer Franco-Belge, in which capacity they worked to find employment, food and housing for Franco-Belgian refugees who arrived in Paris following the 1914 German invasion of Belgium. Their friendship later declined, due to Du Bos's perception that Gide had disavowed or betrayed his spiritual faith, in contrast to Du Bos's own return to faith.

Du Bos's essay Dialogue avec André Gide was published in 1929. The essay, informed by Du Bos's Catholic convictions, condemned Gide's homosexuality. Gide and Du Bos's mutual friend Ernst Robert Curtius criticised the book in a letter to Gide, writing that "he [Du Bos] judges you according to Catholic morals suffices to neglect his complete indictment. It can only touch those who think like him and are convinced in advance. He has abdicated his intellectual liberty."

In the 1920s, Gide became an inspiration for such writers as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1923, he published a book on Fyodor Dostoyevsky. But, when he defended homosexuality in the public edition of Corydon (1924), he received widespread condemnation. He later considered this his most important work.

In 1923, Gide sired a daughter, Catherine, by Elisabeth van Rysselberghe, a much younger woman. He had known her for a long time, as she was the daughter of his friends Maria Monnom and Théo van Rysselberghe, a Belgian neo-impressionist painter. This caused the only crisis in the long-standing relationship between Allégret and Gide, and damaged his friendship with van Rysselberghe. This was possibly Gide's only sexual relationship with a woman, and it was brief in the extreme. Catherine was his only descendant by blood. He liked to call Elisabeth "La Dame Blanche" ("The White Lady").

Elisabeth eventually left her husband to move to Paris and manage the practical aspects of Gide's life (they had adjoining apartments built on the rue Vavin). She worshipped him, but evidently they no longer had a sexual relationship.

In 1924, he published an autobiography, If it Die... (French: Si le grain ne meurt).
In the same year, he produced the first French-language editions of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim.

After 1925, Gide began to campaign for more humane conditions for convicted criminals.

His legal wife, Madeleine Gide, died in 1938. Later he explored their unconsummated marriage in his memoir of Madeleine, Et nunc manet in te (And now it remains in you, published in English in the United States in 1952).

Africa
From July 1926 to May 1927, Gide traveled through the colony of French Equatorial Africa with his lover Marc Allégret. They went successively to Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), Ubangi-Shari (now the Central African Republic), briefly to Chad and then to Cameroon before returning to France. He kept a journal, which he published as Travels in the Congo (French: Voyage au Congo) and Return from Chad (French: Retour du Tchad).

In this work, he criticized the behavior of French business interests in the Congo and inspired reform. In particular, he strongly criticized the Large Concessions regime (French: Régime des Grandes Concessions). The government had essentially conceded part of the colony to French companies, allowing them to exploit the area's natural resources, in particular rubber. He related that native workers were forced to leave their village for several weeks to collect rubber in the forest, and compared their exploitation by the companies to slavery. The book contributed to the growing anti-colonialism movements in France and helped thinkers to re-evaluate the effects of colonialism in Africa.

Political views and the Soviet Union
During the 1930s, Gide briefly became a Communist, or more precisely, a fellow traveler (he never formally joined any Communist party), although he, an individualist himself, advocated the idea of Communist individualism. Despite supporting the Soviet Union, he acknowledged the political repression in the USSR. Gide insisted on the release of Victor Serge, a Soviet writer and a memeber of the Left Opposition who was prosecuted by the Stalinist regime for his views. As a distinguished writer sympathizing with the cause of Communism, he was invited to speak at Maxim Gorky's funeral and to tour the Soviet Union as a guest of the Soviet Union of Writers. He encountered censorship of his speeches and was particularly disillusioned with the state of culture under Soviet Communism. In his work, Retour de L'U.R.S.S. (Return from the USSR, 1936), he broke with such socialist friends as Jean-Paul Sartre; the book was adressed to pro-Soviet readers, so the purpose was to expose a reader to doubts instead of presenting harsh criticism. While admitting the economic and social achievements of the USSR compared to the Russian Empire, he noted the decay of culture, the erasure of the individuality of Soviet citizens, and the suppression of any dissent:

Gide does not express his attitude towards Stalin, but he describes the signs of his personality cult: "in each [home], ... the same portrait of Stalin, and nothing else"; "portrait of Stalin... , in the same place no doubt where the icon used to be. Is it adoration, love, or fear? I do not know; always and everywhere he is present." However, Gide wrote that these problems could be solved by raising the cultural level of the Soviet society.

When Gide began preparing his manuscript for publication, the Kremlin was immediately informed about it, and the soon Gide would be visited by the Soviet author Ilya Ehrenburg, who said that he agreed with Gide, but asked to postpone the publication, as the Soviet Union assisted the Republicans in Spain; two days later, Louis Aragon delivered a letter from Jef Last asking to postpone the publication. These measures didn't help, and as the book was published, Gide was condemned in the Soviet press and by the "friends of the USSR": Nordahl Grieg wrote that the reason of writing the book was Gide's impatience, and that with his book he made a favour to the Fascists, who greeted it with joy. In 1937, in response, Gide published Afterthoughts on the U. S. S. R.; earlier, Gide read Trotsky's The Revolution Betrayed and met Victor Serge who provided him more information about the Soviet Union. In Afterthoughts, Gide is more direct in his criticism of the Soviet society: "Citrine, Trotsky, Mercier, Yvon, Victor Serge, Leguay, Rudolf and many others have helped me with their documentation. Everything they have taught me so far I had only suspected it – has confirmed and reinforced my fears". The main points of Afterthoughts were that the dictatorship of the proletariat became the dictatorship of Stalin, and that the privileged bureaucracy became the new ruling class which profited by the workers' surplus labour, spending the state budget on projects like the Palace of Soviets or to raise its own standards of living, while the working class lived in extreme poverty; Gide cited the official Soviet newspapers to prove his statements.

During the World War II Gide came to a conclusion that "absolute liberty destroys the individual and also society unless it be closely linked to tradition and discipline"; he rejected the revolutionary idea of Communism as breaking with the traditions, and wrote that "if civilization depended solely on those who initiated revolutionary theories, then it would perish, since culture needs for its survival a continuous and developing tradition." In Thesee, written in 1946, he showed that an individual may safely leave the Maze only if "he had clung tightly to the thread which linked him with the past". In 1947, he said that although during the human history the civilizations rose up and died, the Christian civilization may be saved from doom "if we accepted the responsibility of the sacred charge laid on us by our traditions and our past." He also said that he remained an individualist and protested against "the submersion of individual responsibility in organized authority, in that escape from freedom which is characteristic of our age."

Gide contributed to the 1949 anthology The God that Failed. He could not write an essay because of his state of health, so the text was written by Enid Starkie, based on paraphrases of Return from the USSR, Afterthoughts,  from a discussion held in Paris at l'Union pour la Verite in 1935, and from his Journal; the text was approved by Gide.

1930s and 1940s

In 1930 Gide published a book about the Blanche Monnier case called La Séquestrée de Poitiers, changing little but the names of the protagonists. Monnier was a young woman who was kept captive by her own mother for more than 25 years.

In 1939, Gide became the first living author to be published in the prestigious Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.

He left France for Africa in 1942 and lived in Tunis from December 1942 until it was re-taken by French, British and American forces in May 1943 and he was able to travel to Algiers where he stayed until the end of World War II. In 1947, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight". He devoted much of his last years to publishing his Journal. Gide died in Paris on 19 February 1951. The Roman Catholic Church placed his works on the Index of Forbidden Books in 1952.

Gide's life as a writer

Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan summed up Gide's life as a writer and an intellectual:

"Gide's fame rested ultimately, of course, on his literary works. But, unlike many writers, he was no recluse: he had a need of friendship and a genius for sustaining it." But his "capacity for love was not confined to his friends: it spilled over into a concern for others less fortunate than himself."

Writings

André Gide's writings spanned many genres – "As a master of prose narrative, occasional dramatist and translator, literary critic, letter writer, essayist, and diarist, André Gide provided twentieth-century French literature with one of its most intriguing examples of the man of letters."

But as Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan points out, "It is the fiction that lies at the summit of Gide's work." "Here, as in the oeuvre as a whole, what strikes one first is the variety. Here, too, we see Gide's curiosity, his youthfulness, at work: a refusal to mine only one seam, to repeat successful formulas...The fiction spans the early years of Symbolism, to the "comic, more inventive, even fantastic" pieces, to the later "serious, heavily autobiographical, first-person narratives"...In France Gide was considered a great stylist in the classical sense, "with his clear, succinct, spare, deliberately, subtly phrased sentences."

Gide's surviving letters run into the thousands. But it is the Journal that Sheridan calls "the pre-eminently Gidean mode of expression." "His first novel emerged from Gide's own journal, and many of the first-person narratives read more or less like journals. In Les faux-monnayeurs, Edouard's journal provides an alternative voice to the narrator's." "In 1946, when Pierre Herbert asked Gide which of his books he would choose if only one were to survive," Gide replied, 'I think it would be my Journal.'''"  Beginning at the age of eighteen or nineteen, Gide kept a journal all of his life and when these were first made available to the public, they ran to thirteen hundred pages.

Struggle for values

"Each volume that Gide wrote was intended to challenge itself, what had preceded it, and what could conceivably follow it. This characteristic, according to Daniel Moutote in his Cahiers de André Gide essay, is what makes Gide's work 'essentially modern': the 'perpetual renewal of the values by which one lives.'" Gide wrote in his Journal in 1930: "The only drama that really interests me and that I should always be willing to depict anew, is the debate of the individual with whatever keeps him from being authentic, with whatever is opposed to his integrity, to his integration. Most often the obstacle is within him. And all the rest is merely accidental."

As a whole, "The works of André Gide reveal his passionate revolt against the restraints and conventions inherited from 19th-century France. He sought to uncover the authentic self beneath its contradictory masks."

Sexuality
In his journal, Gide distinguishes between adult-attracted "sodomites" and boy-loving "pederasts", categorizing himself as the latter.

Gide's journal documents his behavior in the company of Oscar Wilde.

Gide's novel Corydon, which he considered his most important work, includes a defense of pederasty. At that time, the age of consent  for any type of sexual activity was set at thirteen.

Bibliography

 See also
 Colonialism
 Mise en abyme Pederasty

References
Citations

Works cited
 Edmund White,  André Gide: A Life in the Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.]

Further reading
 Noel I. Garde [Edgar H. Leoni], Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History. New York:Vangard, 1964.
 For a chronology of Gide's life, see pp. 13–15 in Thomas Cordle, André Gide (The Griffin Authors Series). Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1969.
 For a detailed bibliography of Gide's writings and works about Gide, see pp. 655–678 in Alan Sheridan, André Gide: A Life in the Present. Harvard, 1999.

External links

 Website of the Catherine Gide Foundation, held by Catherine Gide, his daughter.
 Center for Gidian Studies

List of Works

 André Gide at Goodreads
 Amis d'André Gide in French Period newspaper articles on Gide interface in French''
 André  Gide, 1947 Nobel Laureate for Literature
 André Gide: A Brief Introduction
 Gide at Maderia in Jersey, 1901–07

1869 births
1951 deaths
Writers from Paris
French novelists
French Protestants
French travel writers
French anti-communists
French communists
Nobel laureates in Literature
French Nobel laureates
Writers about the Soviet Union
Modernist writers
Fyodor Dostoyevsky scholars
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
French male essayists
French male novelists
French people of Italian descent
Anti-Stalinist left
Nouvelle Revue Française editors
LGBT Nobel laureates

André Gide


Jill Seaman is an American doctor who used to work with Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). She is a native of Moscow, Idaho and a graduate of Middlebury College and the University of Washington School of Medicine.

Life
Early in her career, she was a public health care provider to the Yup'ik Native American tribe of Alaska. Her most notable work was eight years in the South Sudan fighting an epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis, between 1989 and 1997.
The MSF clinic in Duar, Unity State was destroyed by militia in June 1998 as part of a drive to clear the region of people so the Block 5A oil concession could be developed.
Since that time she has been an advocate for increased aid and research for this and other parasitic diseases.
She is the founder of Sudan Medical Relief (formerly the Sudan TB Project), launched in 2000.
In 2000 Jill Seaman and Sjoukje de Wit, RN, returned to Duar to provide treatment for tuberculosis.

Seaman was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2009.

Notes

External links
 Sudan Medical Relief
 1997 profile in Time magazine
 2003 Testimony before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus

Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Moscow, Idaho
Médecins Sans Frontières
MacArthur Fellows
Middlebury College alumni
Living people

Jill Seaman