Gustav Groß (1856–1935) was a national liberal German Bohemian politician.

Life
Gustav Groß was born on 12 June 1856 at Reichenberg in the Kingdom of Bohemia, a part of the Austrian Empire. His father, Gustav Robert Groß, was a railway industrialist, and a participant in the Frankfurt Parliament, as part of the 1848 revolutions across the German Confederation. Gustav Groß studied political economics at the universities of Vienna and Berlin. From 1877 to 1881, he was a political official in the province of Lower Austria and from 1885, a privatdozent (independent professor) of political economics at the University of Vienna. He later moved to Iglau, and became a member of the Diet of the Margraviate of Moravia. In 1889, he was elected to the House of Deputies (), the lower house of the Imperial Council. He represented the city of Iglau as a German liberal. Whilst in the House of Deputies, he became a spokesman for all ethnic Germans in the Council. He was a member of the German School League, and was chairman of the League from 1885. Groß was also a biographer of Karl Marx .

From 1911, Groß was chairman of the Deutscher Nationalverband, a broad coalition of German nationalist and liberal political parties that was formed to contest the 1911 election to the Imperial Council. The Deutscher Nationalverband swept to victory in that election. Despite this, the Council was suspended after the breakout of the First World War in 1914. Groß would later serve as president of the House of Deputies in 1917–1918, during the last days of Austria-Hungary, towards the end of the war. In his function as president of the House of Deputies, Gustav Groß delivered the "nine minute closing address" at the session on 12 November 1918, the day after the abdication of Emperor Charles I. As proposed by Groß, a motion "to vote for no day for the next session" (keinen Tag für die nächste Sitzung zu bestimmen) was passed. After ten minutes, the session was finished, and so was the Imperial Council. On the following day, the Council was replaced by the "Provisional National Assembly", which proclaimed the Republic of German-Austria.

As chairman of the Greater German People's Party, Groß was a member of the Provisional National Assembly from 21 October 1918 to 16 February 1919. He represented Germans in Moravia, who ultimately were not able to remain part of German Austria, as this was forbidden by the Allied powers. Instead, the new Czecho-Slovak Republic, which had military occupied the lands inhabited by Germans in Moravia and Bohemia, was granted these lands. Germans in these lands were not allowed to participate in the election of the Austrian Constitutional Assembly in 1919. The proposal by Vienna to appoint German MPs for these regions had to be discarded.

Groß died on 23 February 1935 in Vienna.

Works
 Die Lehre vom Unternehmergewinn. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1884

Karl Marx: Eine Studie. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1885
 Wirtschaftsformen und Wirtschaftsprinzipien. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von Organisation der Volkswirtschaft. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1888
 Die Internationale des Geistes. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für staatsbürgerliche u. wirtschaftliche Bildung, Berlin, 1919
 Die internationalen Agrarkrisen nach dem Kriege.  Kern & Birner, Frankfurt a.M., 1933

References

Literature
 Groß, Gustav. In: Der große Brockhaus in 12 Bänden. 16. Aufl., Band 5, Gp – Iz, Wiesbaden 1954

 Brigitte Deschka: Dr. Gustav Groß, phil. Diss., Wien 1966

External links

 Peter Goller: "… stupide Kritik an den Theorien von Marx!" Gustav Groß. Ein früher österreichischer Marx-Biograph. In: Mitteilungen der Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft, Nr. 4/2004

1856 births
1935 deaths
Politicians from Liberec
German Bohemian people
Greater German People's Party politicians
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1885–1891)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1891–1897)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1897–1900)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1901–1907)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1907–1911)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1911–1918)
Members of the Provisional National Assembly
19th-century Austrian economists
20th-century Austrian economists
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Economists from Austria-Hungary

Gustav Groß


Disputatio inter clericum et militem (A Dispute Between a Priest and a Knight) is a dialogue, written in France between 1296 and 1303. Although anonymous, it could have been written by John of Paris, master of the University of Paris. The treatise examines the relationship between Church and King through a fictional dialogue between a Priest and a Knight.

It was written during the period of the acrimonious dispute between King Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII, which culminated in the Papal bull Unam sanctam of 1302. It is essentially propaganda. The furious reaction of Philip and his ministry expressed in the Disputatio (written in simple language for a popular audience) can be understood within the context of a conflict between the increasing power of secular rulers in France and England, who were attempting to tax the clergy to support warfare. Boniface's stringent reaction was the fierce bull Clericis laicos of 1296, which set off the dispute. The dialogue can be fitted into the context of the debate over the extent of church powers that was raging in the time delimited by the two bulls.

However, the work remained unknown in its own time and was not published until 1378. A translation by John Trevisa (1342-1402) was popular in England because of its antipapalism, and it continued to be popular in the 16th century for similar reasons.

In the story the knight and priest exchange rapid fire and simple dialogue designed to reach a broad audience. The knight's intention is to prove that soft-living wealthy clerics, who have more money than needed, should hand the extra income over to secular leaders, whose job it is to deal in more earthly affairs. Specifically it is the job of secular leaders to protect the Church from outside threats, and the Church must pay the nobles for their own protection. Within the realm of the kingdom, kings have ultimate authority over all matters and the Church must obey the right of the king to tax the Church for the purpose of protection. If it refuses, the king may seize Church property.

Disputatio was a sharp criticism of the church and foreshadowed further 14th century arguments that pitted royalist national sovereignty against the principles of papal supremacy.

John of Paris also wrote a related work entitled "On Royal and Papal Power" about the autonomous nature of kingdoms, an early expression of the concept of sovereignty.

References

N. Erickson, "A Dispute Between a Priest and a Knight", in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 111 (1967), criticisms and translation.
Thomas Renna, "Disputatio Inter Clericum et Militem", Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol4, 1989
Thomas Renna, "Kingship in the Disputatio inter clericum et militem", in Speculum 48(1973). Available online through JSTOR.

See also
Tractatus Eboracenses

1300s books
Dialogues
Medieval French literature

A Dispute Between a Priest and a Knight


Kevin Kuske (born 4 January 1979) is a former German bobsledder who competed from 1999 to 2018. Competing in five Winter Olympics, he is the most successful Olympic athlete in bobsledding, winning four gold medals and two silver medals.

Career
Prior to his bobsleigh career, Kuske was a sprinter athlete, and won a bronze medal in 4 x 100 m at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics.

At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Kuske, along with teammates André Lange, Carsten Embach, Enrico Kühn, won the gold medal in the four-man event. Four years later in Turin, Kuske paired with Lange to win the gold medal in the two-man event, while those two, along with teammates René Hoppe and Martin Putze, won gold in the four-man event. Kuske won gold in the two-man and silver in the four-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Kuske also has fifteen medals at the IBSF World Championships, including seven golds (two-man: 2003, 2007, 2008; four-man: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008), four silvers (two-man: 2005, 2011; four-man: 2009, 2012), and four bronzes (two-man: 2004, 2012; four-man: 2007, 2017).

After pilot André Lange's retirement in 2010, Kevin Kuske started with pilots Thomas Florschütz and Maximilian Arndt. With Florschütz, he competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi in both the two-man and four-man event, but failed to win any medals. After Florschütz and Arndt retired, Kuske joined the team of Nico Walther. In Walther's bobsleigh, Kuske won a silver medal in the four-man event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, therefore becoming the most successful bobsledder in Olympic history. Immediately after the Games, he announced his retirement.

References

External links

 Bundswehr profile of Kuske
 Bobsleigh four-man Olympic medalists for 1924, 1932–56, and since 1964 at sports123.com

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Potsdam
German male sprinters
German male bobsledders
Bobsledders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic bobsledders for Germany
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in bobsleigh
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Kevin Kuske


Carlos Santana Morales  (born 12 June 1953) is considered one of the best Costa Rican football midfielders during the 1970s and 1980s.

Club career
He played his entire career for Deportivo Saprissa, and was the team's captain for several seasons. Santana was a very quick, and talented player, with awesome shooting and passing skills. He played in 419 league games for the club.

Santana helped Saprissa win 7 national titles during the 1970s and 1980s, and was part of the legendary Saprissa team that won 6 national championships in a row during the 1970s.

International career
He played with Costa Rica's national team as well, and was the captain of the team that beat then 1982 FIFA World Cup champions Italy in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles.

Managerial career
After his retirement, Santana briefly coached Saprissa, but was dismissed after 4 months in September 1999 and has worked with both Saprissa's minor league system, as well coaching several Costa Rican U-17 and U-20 national teams. He also managed second division Uruguay and Belén.

Personal life
Santana's son Ariel is also a professional football player.

References

1953 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rica men's international footballers
Costa Rican football managers
Olympic footballers for Costa Rica
Footballers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Deportivo Saprissa players
Deportivo Saprissa managers

Carlos Santana (footballer)


Olinda is a neighborhood in Brea, California, located on Carbon Canyon Road east of the rest of the city.  The original village was founded in the 1890s and grew when petroleum was discovered at the adjacent Brea-Olinda Oil Field.  In February 1917, Olinda Village and the nearby town of Randolph were incorporated as the city of Brea. The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark #918 registered on January 1. 1978.

Olinda Landfill, located in Carbon Canyon, was opened in 1960 and is scheduled to be closed in December 2021.

The name was revived for a quiet neighborhood built in the hills near the site of the original village, beginning in 1964.  The neighborhood has six streets, and holds about 120 homes (many horse properties), and a condominium complex. It is near Carbon Canyon Regional Park and Chino Hills State Park, and surrounded by hills covered with chaparral and home to coyotes, owls, hawks and rattlesnakes.

A Southern California Edison electrical substation in the area is also named Olinda.  Olinda gives its name to an elementary school as well as Brea-Olinda High School, which serves Brea and Olinda.

California Historical Landmark Marker
Marker reads:
NO. 918 OLINDA - From 1897, when oil pioneer Edward L. Doheny brought in the first well, to the 1940s, the boom town of Olinda sprawled over the surrounding hills. To the north was the Chanslor-Candfield Midway Oil Lease and, to the south, the Olinda Crude Oil Lease. Walter Perry Johnson, of Baseball's Hall of Fame, spent his boyhood here.

See also
California Historical Landmarks in Orange County, California

References

Brea, California
Chino Hills (California)
Neighborhoods in Orange County, California
Populated places established in the 1890s
California Historical Landmarks

Olinda, Brea, California


Organizational behavior and human resources (OBHR) is a field of study housed in most business schools that has evolved from the overlap in offerings and objectives from courses taught in organizational behavior and human resource management.

Organizational Behavior studies human behavior in social settings with an emphasis on explaining, predicting, and understanding behavior in organizations. Empirical generalizations and theories emanating from the cognitive and reinforcement paradigms and models of social influence are examined as the basis for analysis and understanding of topics such as motivation, leadership behavior, task performance, problem solving and decision making, group functioning, and other classes of behavior relevant to organizational effectiveness.

Human Resource Management emphasizes human resource systems, design and implementation of various personnel tests, collection and validation of employee demographic data, job classification techniques, examination of psychometric requirements in compensation programming, training impact analysis, and issues in performance appraisal systems.
.

The Society for Human Resource Management reports that there are at least 190 OBHR graduate programs worldwide, including both masters and doctoral programs.

References

Human resource management


Amanda Auchter (born 1977 Baytown, Texas) is an American writer, professor, and editor. She is an editor and author of poetry, nonfiction essays, and book reviews.

Personal life
Amanda Auchter received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Creative Writing and English (magna cum laude) from the University of Houston, where she worked as an editorial assistant at Gulf Coast: A Journal of Literature and Fine Arts and was awarded the 2005 Howard Moss Poetry Award.  She received her Masters of Fine Arts in Creative Writing and Literature from Bennington College, where she served as the editor of the Bennington Review.

She is the editor of the literary magazine, Pebble Lake Review.  She is the author of the books, "The Wishing Tomb," winner of the Perugia Press  Award, "The Glass Crib," winner of the Zone 3 Press First Book Award for Poetry, judged by Rigoberto González, and of the chapbook, "Light Under Skin" (Finishing Line Press, 2006).

Awards and honors
2012 Perugia Press Award
2011 Southern Indiana Review/Mary C. Mohr Poetry Award
2010 Zone 3 Press First Book Award for Poetry
2009 Magliocco Prize for Poetry, Bellevue Literary Review
2007 Theodore Morrison Scholarship in Poetry for the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference
2007 Finalist, Ruth Lilly Poetry Fellowship from The Poetry Foundation
2006 BOMB Magazine Poetry Prize
2005 James Wright Poetry Award from Mid-American Review
2005 Milton Kessler Memorial Poetry Award from Harpur Palate
2005 Bucknell University Younger Poets Fellowship

Books

Works
 "The Good Friday Flood, New Orleans, 1927", The Journal, 2012
 "The Sister Wakes with a Tube in Her Throat", Quarterly West, 2012
 "Holt Cemetery, New Orleans", Anti-, 2012
 "Tether", RHINO, 2010
 "The Bottom Drawer", Bellevue Literary Review, 2010
 "Nothing But the Shape", Bellevue Literary Review, 2008
 "Down in the 9", Superstition Review, 2010
 "Poem for the Adoptive Mother", Linebreak, 2008
 "6220 Camp Street", diode, 2010
 "Fall of the Medici", Perihelion
 "Water Jealousy", Diagram 4.5
 "St. Cecilia, The Incorrupt", AGNI, 2006 by Amanda Auchter
 "The Martyrdom of Saint Agatha", AGNI, October 2008 by Amanda Auchter
 "Pencil in the Obvious", Born Magazine

Anthologies
 Best New Poets 2006
 Two Weeks: A Digital Anthology of Contemporary Poetry 2011
 The Best of the Bellevue Literary Review 2008
 DIAGRAM.2 Anthology 2006

References

American women poets
1977 births
Living people
University of Houston alumni
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers

Amanda Auchter


Mount Grace Priory is a monastery in the parish of East Harlsey, North Yorkshire, England. Set in woodlands within the North York Moors National Park, it is represented today by the best preserved and most accessible ruins among the nine houses of the Carthusian Order, which existed in England in the Middle Ages and were known as charterhouses.

History
The Mount Grace Charterhouse was founded in 1398 by Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, the son of King Richard II's half-brother Thomas, Earl of Kent. It was the last monastery established in Yorkshire, and one of the few founded anywhere in Britain in the period between the Black Death (1349–50) and the Reformation. It was a fairly small establishment, with space for a prior and a total of twenty-three monks.

The monastery consisted of a church and two cloisters. The Great Cloister, to the north of the church, had seventeen cells for monks ("choir monks") whilst the southern Lesser Cloister had six cells for the lay brothers.

Following the abdication and eventual murder of King Richard II, Holland and others of the king's supporters attempted to assassinate his recently crowned successor, Henry IV, at New Year, 1400, but were captured and executed. Holland's body was eventually recovered and, in 1412, re-buried in the charterhouse that he had founded. Orphaned by these events of its founder and bereft of the income that had been granted to it by Holland and King Richard, Mount Grace was obliged to depend upon royal largesse for its income for more than a decade.

Carthusian Priory
On its founding, Thomas Holland stipulated that the monks were to pray for the king, queen and several members of the royal family, and for himself and his heirs, and many others including John and Eleanor Ingelby.  The prior of the Grande Chartreuse allowed him to nominate Robert Tredwye as the first rector (although the charter refers to him as the first prior) and to dedicate the priory to "the Blessed Virgin and Saint Nicholas".  The second part of the dedication lapsed and the priory became known as the House of the Assumption of the most Blessed Virgin in Mount Grace.
Nicholas Love, prior of Mount Grace, succeeded in creating a link between the priory and the Lancastrian administration, in part by submitting his "Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ" to Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, Henry IV's chancellor, in support of the archbishop's campaign against Wycliffism, and by granting Arundel confraternity in the spiritual benefits of Mount Grace in exchange for his provision of material benefits.  In 1410 the house was formally incorporated into the order, and Love named as fourth rector and first prior. (But note the disparity with the original charter.)

The house received a number of grants and charters:

In March 1399 Richard II granted the monks a charter of liberties and franchises in general terms, including the right to mine lead.
In May 1399, at the request of the Duke of Surrey, he gave them the alien priories of Hinckley in Leicestershire, Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight, and Wareham in Dorset.  They were also given, for as long as England and France were at war, lands belonging to the alien priory of Saint Mary of Lire, at Evreux, in Normandy.
When Wareham Priory was lost, soon after Henry's accession, the king granted the monks £100 a year from the Exchequer until they were able to get lands of equivalent value (£1,000) and a barrel of the 'better red wine of Gascony' to be received at Hull every Martinmas.
In 1412 Henry V confirmed the gift of Hinckley to support five monks, to pray for himself and Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Dorset.
In 1421 he gave the monks four further alien priories, Long Bennington, Minting and Hagh (Hough-on-the-Hill) in Lincolnshire, and Field Dalling in Norfolk, which redeemed the yearly grant of £100.

In 1439 the Priory asked parliament to confirm their title – the number of claimants to the estate meant that they dared not continue to build – and Henry VI did so in 1440.  Following this, the gifts and income continued:

In 1456 Sir James and Lady Elizabeth Strangways of Harlsey Castle granted the priory the advowson of the church of Beighton, in Derbyshire.
In 1462 the king granted the manor of Atherstone, Warwickshire (part of the alien priory of Great Ogbourne in Wiltshire), for the relief of the poor.
In 1471 the king granted the Yorkshire manor of the alien priory of Begare in return for three daily masses being said for the king and the souls of his family (a practice known as frankalmoign) but in 1472 it was re-granted to Eton College, who had been previous holders of a grant.
In 1508 the Prior of Mount Grace leased the chapel of East Harlsey and manor of Bordelby to the Prior of Guisborough for fifty years of at a yearly rent of £8.
In 1522, in the will of Sir Thomas Strangways, a Lady Chapel at Mount Grace is mentioned and directions given for the priest who sang masses there.

Writings

Mount Grace became an important locus for the production and preservation of contemplative and devotional texts: among writers professed as monks there were John Norton and Richard Methley (the latter known for his Latin translations of The Cloud of Unknowing and of the anonymous English translation of Marguerite Porete's Mirror of Simple Souls). The only surviving manuscript of The Book of Margery Kempe also belonged to Mount Grace Charterhouse.

Dissolution

The priory was closed in 1539 during the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. Some of the monks had (in 1534) attempted to avoid taking the oath of supremacy but, after they were imprisoned, the last prior, John Wilson, handed the keys over to Henry VIII's representatives. The site then passed into private ownership.

Mount Grace was valued at £382 5s. 11½d. gross (£323 2s. 10½d. net) which included £104 6s. 8d. from spiritualities in Lincolnshire, £164 from lands outside Yorkshire and the rest from its home county of Yorkshire.  In December 1539 the brothers were awarded pensions totalling £195 – £60 plus the house and chapel called the Mount for the prior, £7 for each of eight priests and small sums for eighteen.

The dissolution of Mount Grace, and life in the priory in the preceding years, is vividly reimagined by Lucy Beckett in her 1986 novel The Time Before You Die.

Daily life

Unlike monks of other orders, who live in common, the Carthusians—to this day—live as hermits, each occupying his own cell (more like a small house), and coming together only for the nocturnal liturgical hours, and on Sundays and feast-days, in the church; the other hours are sung by each monk separately in his cell. Except for the singing of the liturgy and conversation "on grave subjects" during a weekly three-hour exercise walk, Carthusians are silent, and their diet is strictly vegetarian.

The monks at Mount Grace were very conscious of hygiene and sanitation; included in the reconstructed cell is a reconstructed latrine and visitors are able to investigate the ditches used as sewage systems.

Post Dissolution

After the dissolution, the ruins of the guest-house of the priory were incorporated into two later houses: a seventeenth-century manor—a rare building of the Commonwealth period— built by Thomas Lascelles and the larger house of 1900–01, an important example of the Arts and Crafts movement. The Manor House at the priory was decorated in Arts and Crafts style under the ownership of the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell.

Present day

The property is owned by the National Trust and under the care of English Heritage.

Visitors today can see the layout of the whole monastery, including one reconstructed monk's cell, together with the typically small Carthusian church and the later house. There is also a museum on the site detailing the history of the priory.

English Heritage lets the Prior's Lodge as a holiday cottage.

Priors and rectors of Mount Grace
The Houses of Carthusian monks: Priory of Mount Grace lists a number of the priors of the house, together with the years they are known to have held office.  It might not be correct, as the first two entries could be rectors not priors;  nor is it complete as (for example) Carthusian records show Nicholas Love or Luff to be the first prior and fourth rector.  The list is:

 Robert Tredwye or Tredewy, 1398
 Edmund, occurs 1399
 Nicholas Luff, occurs 1413, 1415, 1416 (Period of office ends in 1417 according to other sources.)
 Robert Layton, occurs 1421
 Thomas Lockington – Prior from 1421 to 1447 (given in "The typescript List of Obiits of the Carthusians of the English Houses")  ("The Houses of Carthusian Monks..." shows "Thomas, occurs 1428" and "Thomas Lockington, occurs 1436, 1437, 1439" as separate entries.)
 Robert, occurs 1449, 1454
 Robert Leke, occurs 1469, 1473
 Thomas, occurs 1475, 1476
 Thomas, occurs 1497
 Henry Eccleston, occurs 1501, 1506
 John, occurs 1527–8, 1531–2
 William (?) Fletcher, occurs 1532–3
 John Wilson, occurs 1537–8

See also
The Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Grace

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Sargent, Michael G., ed., 2005: "Nicholas Love. The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ: A Full Critical Edition, based on Cambridge University Library MSS Additional 6578 and 6686, with Introduction, Notes and Glossary." Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press. ()

External links

Mount Grace Priory at English Heritage
Mount Grace Priory at the National Trust

Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire
Carthusian monasteries in England
Christian monasteries established in the 14th century
Church ruins in England
National Trust properties in North Yorkshire
English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire
Grade I listed churches in North Yorkshire
Grade I listed monasteries
Grade I listed ruins
Monasteries in North Yorkshire
Ruined abbeys and monasteries
Ruins in North Yorkshire
1398 establishments in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation

Mount Grace Priory


Joan Ørting (born March 26, 1960) is a Danish sexologist, letter column editor and former TV-host.

Biography
She edited the sexual advice letter column for the daily newspaper Ekstra Bladet, and has co-authored several self-help books on sexual topics. Since 2006 she has been running a school for sexologists.

Joan Ørting has worked as theatre director at the children and youth theatre Gawenda in Gladsaxe, and has taught drama at several high schools. She later studied to become a certified sexologist, cognitive therapist, life-coach and meditation teacher. She also gained fame from hosting the television series Sexskolen in 2006, and has also appeared in such TV-shows as Kom til mad (2006) and Varm på is (2008).

She has a smaller role in the feature film Smukke dreng (1993) and hosts the bestselling educational DVD Femi-X and Beyond (2004).

Joan Ørting is married to author Carsten Islington and lives at Langeland in southern Denmark.

She got fired from Ekstra Bladet in 2011.

Books
 Har du lyst? (2003)
 Varm weekend - sex hele året (2008)
 Ta' mig (2008)

References

External links
 Joan Ørting homepage

1960 births
Danish sexologists
Living people

Joan Ørting


Etherow Country Park is situated at Compstall, England, between Marple Bridge and Romiley, in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester. It is a Local Nature Reserve and the starting point of the Goyt Way.

It was one of England's first country parks. Originally it was an industrial area incorporating a mine, a mill and a mill pond. The River Etherow flows through the park and is the source for the mill pond. With the decline of industry, the mill pond and park have become a nature reserve and a place for people to spend time walking and taking in the peaceful surroundings.

Reserve

Compstall Nature Reserve is a  region of the park which is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The area was designated an SSSI in 1977 for its biological interest, in particular its wide range of habitats including open water, tall fen, reed swamp, carr and mixed deciduous woodland. The site is also of considerable ornithological interest with water rail, an uncommon species, having been recorded.

Etherow Country Park has many local groups associated with it. Etherow Country Park Sailing Club is a small sailing club which has good results nationally; in 2014 it finished 17th of 64 entrants in the Southport 24 Hour Race. The Friends of Etherow are a small local community group; other groups include the anglers and the model boaters.

References

External links
 Map of Compstall Nature Reserve SSSI
Etherow Country Park website

Tourist attractions in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Parks and commons in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Country parks in Greater Manchester
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester
Local Nature Reserves in Greater Manchester

Etherow Country Park


Luca Incurvati is a logician and philosopher, currently an Associate Professor at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam. Incurvati's research areas include set theory, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, and metaethics. In set theory and philosophy of maths, Incurvati has argued for the iterative conception of sets, based on a methodology he terms inference to the best conception. Incurvati is currently the principal investigator in the Amsterdam-based project From the Expression of Disagreement to New Foundations for Expressivist Semantics, for which he was awarded a prestigious ERC grant of 1.5 million euros. This project proposes a inferentialist expressivist treatment of disagreement, in particular arguing that the speech act of rejection is not reducible to negated assertion. For a paper produced as part of this project, Incurvati and coauthor Julian Schlöder received the 2019 Marc Sanders Prize in Metaethics.

Incurvati earned his MPhil and PhD at St John's College, University of Cambridge, where he worked under the supervision of Michael Potter and Peter Smith. He was awarded the Matthew Buncombe Prize for his MPhil thesis in 2005. Before his current position in Amsterdam, he was a lecturer at Cambridge, where he served as Director of Studies at Fitzwilliam, Gonville and Caius and Magdalene colleges.

Notes

External links
Personal webpage
EXPRESS project website
Papers by Incurvati at PhilPapers

Philosophers of mathematics
Philosophers of language
Logicians
21st-century philosophers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Luca Incurvati


Elections to the Swiss Federal Assembly, the federal parliament of Switzerland, were held on Sunday, 21 October 2007. In a few cantons, a second round of the elections to the Council of States was held on 11 November, 18 November, and 25 November 2007. For the 48th legislative term of the federal parliament (2007–2011), voters in 26 cantons elected all 200 members of the National Council as well as 43 out of 46 members of the Council of States. The other three members of the Council of States for that term of service were elected at an earlier date.

On 12 December 2007, the newly elected legislature elected the Swiss federal government, the Swiss Federal Council, for a four-year-term.

The results reflected yet another rise in support for the strongest party, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party, at 29% of the popular vote, and the growth of the Green and Green Liberal parties at the expense of the  Social Democrats.

National Council

The Swiss People's Party successfully came out of the election as the strongest party, rising another 2.3% to 29.0% of the popular vote. Among the left-wing parties, support of the Social Democrats eroded to the benefit of the Green and Green Liberal parties.

The right-wing parties won 64 seats made up of the SVP with 62 seats and a single seat of the Christian right Federal Democratic Union and the regional Ticino League respectively. The left-wing parties won 65 seats, with 43 of the Social Democrats, 20 of the Green party, and the Christian-left Christian Social Party and the far-left Labour Party with a single seat each. The centrist parties won 71 seats, with the CVP and the centre-right FDP each having won 31 seats, and the remaining 9 seats won by minor parties: Liberals, 4 seats; Green Liberals, 3 seats; Evangelical People's Party, 2 seats.

59 of  200 seats (29.5%) were won by women, as compared to 50 in 2003. Ricardo Lumengo (Social Democrats, born in Angola) is notable as the first black Swiss national councillor. 23 incumbents did not get re-elected and lost their mandate, among them Zürich right wing politician Ulrich Schlüer (SVP). The turnout of the election was 48,9% a rise of 3,7% from the previous elections in 2003.

Results

By constituency

Council of States

Contrary to the developments in the National Council, the Council of States remains dominated by the traditional centrist parties FDP and CVP.  Robert Cramer (Geneva) is the first member of the Green Party to be elected to the Council of States, joined in the second round by Luc Recordon of Vaud. Verena Diener (Zurich), formerly of the Green Party, wins a Council of States seat for the newly founded Green Liberal Party. Christine Egerszegi of Aargau (FDP) is the first woman councillor elected in that canton.

By canton

Notes and references

Bibliography
"Political Map of Switzerland" "Hermann, M. und Leuthold, H. (2003): Die politische Landkarte des Nationalrats 1999-2003. In: Tages-Anzeiger, 11. Oktober, 2003, Zürich."

External links
 NSD: European Election Database - Switzerland  publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 1991–2007

2007
Federal
October 2007 events in Europe
November 2007 events in Europe

2007 Swiss federal election


David James Roberts (born 29 December 1976) is a Cornish cricketer. Roberts is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born at Truro, Cornwall.

Roberts made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Oxford University in 1996. His County Championship debut came in the same season against Essex. From 1996 to 1999, he represented the county in 17 first-class matches, the last of which came against Somerset. In his 17 first-class matches, he scored 751 runs at a batting average of 25.89, with 2 half centuries and a single century high score of 117. In the field he took 8 catches.

In 2001, he made his debut in List A cricket for the Northamptonshire Cricket Board against the Yorkshire Cricket Board in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. His second and final List A match for the Board came against Northamptonshire in the same competition. In 2002, Roberts joined Bedfordshire, making made his Minor Counties Championship against Cambridgeshire. During the 2002, he represented the county in 5 Championship matches, the last of which came against Suffolk, and 4 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He also represented Bedfordshire in 2 List A matches against Hertfordshire and the Netherlands in the 1st and 2nd rounds of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which were played in 2002.

The following season he joined Cornwall, where he made his Minor Counties Championship debut for the county against Devon. From 2003 to present, he represented the county in 20 Minor Counties Championship matches. Roberts has also represented Cornwall in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. His debut in that competition for the county came against Bedfordshire in 2004. From 2004 to present, he has represented the county in 13 Trophy matches. He has also played a single List A match for Cornwall against the Netherlands in the 1st round of the 2004 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was played in 2003. In his 5 total List A matches, he scored 97 runs at a batting average of 24.25, with a high score 40.

His cousin, Chris Bullen, has played first-class cricket for Surrey and a combined Minor Counties side, as well as List A cricket for Bedfordshire and the Surrey Cricket Board.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Cricketers from Truro
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Northamptonshire Cricket Board cricketers
Bedfordshire cricketers
Cornwall cricketers
NBC Denis Compton Award recipients

David Roberts (cricketer, born 1976)


Priestland is a village in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It has a population of 121 (Census 2001) and lies on the A71, around two miles west of Loudoun Hill, ten miles east of Kilmarnock and twenty miles south of Glasgow. It is situated in a valley through which the River Irvine runs and alongside the burghs of Galston, Newmilns and Darvel (with which it borders), forms an area known as the Upper Irvine Valley (locally referred to as The Valley).

Villages in East Ayrshire

Priestland


is a Japanese wrestler currently performing for the Dragon Gate wrestling promotion in Japan. He is considered one of Toryumon's greatest heel characters, and was a founding member of the M2K stable.  In his pre-injury days, he was famous for his mohawk hairstyle.

Professional wrestling career

Early years
Kanda was trained by Ultimo Dragon as a second term student.  Shortly after debuting, he allied with Susumu Mochizuki. He would win the Young Dragons Cup, and the IWRG Intercontinental Tag Team Titles along with Susumu Mochizuki.  Debuting in Toryumon Japan, Kanda and Susumu Mochizuki proved a disruptive heel presence.  They were accepted into heel stable Crazy Max, but turned on them later that same night.  Crazy Max retaliated by hog tying them with the ring ropes and beating them with baseball bats.  They were saved by Masaaki Mochizuki.  Although Susumu Mochizuki was thankful for the assist, Kanda was not, and he and Masaaki exchanged words. He would then wrestle Masaaki to a 20-minute draw.  Having earned respect for each other, the stable M2K was formed.  The stable's names was based on the last names of the members, two Mochizuki's (M2) and Kanda (K). Kanda was known for his trademark Mohawk hairstyle.

M2K feuded with Crazy Max, forcing it to turn face against its will.  Kanda, Masaaki Mochizuki and Susumu Mochizuki would win the UWA World Trios Tag Titles.  M2K would continue its successful ways.  Kanda, however, suffered a legitimate neck injury on October 10, 2001, after taking a back-to-belly piledriver from Genki Horiguchi that displaced his neck vertebrae.  He shifted over to a referee job.

Referee
Kanda began appearing as a heel referee.  He no longer wore his mohawk, but he did not cut the hair either, simply wearing it long.  He also wore a neck brace due to the injury.  He was a partial heel referee for the M2K stable.  This ended during a grudge match between Dragon Kid and Darkness Dragon where, tired of M2K's interference in the match, he hit all the interfering members with the blue box, then Darkness Dragon as well.  M2K headhunted on Kid and Kanda, but it did not last long.

On September 8, 2002, Kanda came to the ring with his original M2K partners, Masaaki Mochizuki and Susumu Mochizuki, to officially retire from the ring.  Out of respect for him, Magnum Tokyo, the current leader of M2K, sealed the name.

Kanda continued refereeing, though he no longer had an individual role.  He also took an office job within the federation.

Return
In 2006, Don Fujii of heel stable Blood Generation began to harass Kanda during matches.  Kanda was provoked into fighting back.  At first he fought against Blood Generation's heel referee Kinta Tamaoka, but he soon returned in full, sparking a "Renaissance" concept that ended prematurely when one of the major participants, Magnum Tokyo, was injured.  His full return to the ring occurred in July 2006, when he signed a wrestler's contract.

In 2007, Kanda captured the Open the Brave Gate Title from Genki Horiguchi on July 1, 2007, successfully defending it twice before losing it to Masato Yoshino on September 22.

On October 21, he was assigned to be the special referee in a match which had Naruki Doi, Masato Yoshino & Gamma of the Muscle Outlaw'z against the three referees of Dragon Gate, one of them being the recent MO'z exile Kinta Tamaoka. Just as it seemed like Kinta had the match won, Kanda turned heel and helped the MO'z win the match. He was then announced as the newest member of the group.

In 2008, most of the active stables in Dragon Gate were going through rapid shifting.  Kanda feuded with both BxB Hulk and his own stablemate Masato Yoshino.  His 2008 started with several high-profile wins, but this collapsed after Yoshino helped Hulk defeat him in a multiple man hair vs hair cage match, and when Hulk debuted his Killer Hulk persona, defeating him in their blow-off match in a squash. He rebounded a little, winning the Open the Triangle Gate Championship for the first time with YAMATO & Gamma on July 12, but they would lose them to Masaaki Mochizuki, Don Fujii & Magnitude Kishiwada on September 28.

Shortly after losing the titles, he and Gamma began to quarrel. The quarreling escalated further when, during subsequent tag matches they had, Kanda misfired on protein powder attacks, blinding Gamma instead of their opponents and costing them the matches. He eventually said to Gamma that he would rather team with Cyber Kongcito than him. Eventually, at the request of YAMATO, a match was made for January 18, 2009 between him and Gamma, where the loser would be kicked out of Real Hazard. He lost the match. Afterwards, he looked to get beat down by Real Hazard, but Kenichiro Arai came out to seemingly help him against them. However, Arai proceeded to assault Gamma, and he was joined by Kanda and the others, making Gamma the one ousted from the group.

On January 10, 2010, his stablemate Genki Horiguchi put out a blog where he stated that Real Hazard would win more matches via teamwork instead of illegal tactics and weapons play in 2010. During a tag match he had with Horiguchi that day, he tried to utilize a blue box to gain an advantage, but Horiguchi prevented him from doing so. Though they still won, Horiguchi's actions caused them to begin bickering. The bickering intensified the following day, when he made Horiguchi lose a tag team match by accidentally hitting him. Eventually, Real Hazard became divided over the "clean fighting" issue. Genki would be joined by Susumu Yokosuka (the former Susumu Mochizuki) & K-ness in his quest for clean fights, while Kanda was supported by Kzy and Takuya Sugawara in the pursuit of continuous use of illegal tactics to win matches. On February 10, Horiguchi, Yokosuka & K-ness left Real Hazard, and a couple of weeks later, he and the rest of Real Hazard renamed their stable Deep Drunkers. On October 13, 2010, the Deep Drunkers were forced to split up, after losing a match against World–1 (BxB Hulk, Masato Yoshino and Naruki Doi), but after the match Doi turned on his partners to form a new unnamed stable with Kanda, Kzy, Naoki Tanisaki and Takuya Sugawara. On October 25 Kanda, Tanisaki and Sugawara defeated CIMA, Gamma and Genki Horiguchi to win the Open the Triangle Gate Championship. They would lose the title to CIMA, Dragon Kid and Ricochet on December 26, 2010. On January 14, 2011, Doi's unnamed unit aligned themselves with the WARRIORS stable, who turned heel in the process. On January 18 the new group was named Blood Warriors. On February 26, Kanda was kicked out of Blood Warriors and renamed Jimmy Kanda, forming the Jimmyz stable with H-A-Gee-Mee, Jimmy KAGETORA, Ryo "Jimmy" Saito and Jimmy Susumu. Kanda, H-A-Gee-Mee and Saito then went on to win the vacant Open the Triangle Gate Championship. The Jimmyz lost the Open the Triangle Gate Championship to World-1 International (Masato Yoshino, Naruki Doi and Pac) on May 6.  On November 23, 2014, Kanda defeated Ryo "Jimmy" Saito to win the Open the Owarai Gate Championship. On February 4, Kanda was lost the Open the Owarai Gate Championship to Yosuke♥Santa Maria via fan support. On September 18, 2017, the Jimmyz were forced to disband after losing a match to VerserK. After a brief farewell tour, the Jimmyz had their final match as a team on October 5, officially disbanding afterwards. During the match, Kanda attacked Jimmy Susumu, turning heel and joining Verserk, once again becoming Yasushi Kanda.

Championships and accomplishments
Dragon Gate
Open the Brave Gate Championship (2 times)
Open the Owarai Gate Championship (1 time)
Open the Twin Gate Championship (1 time, current) – with Susumu Mochizuki
Open the Triangle Gate Championship (7 times) – with YAMATO and Gamma (1), Takuya Sugawara and Kzy (1), Naoki Tanisaki and Takuya Sugawara (1), Genki Horiguchi H.A.Gee.Mee!! and Ryo "Jimmy" Saito (3), and Jimmy Susumu and Mr. Kyu Kyu Naoki Tanizaki Toyonaka Dolphin (1)
Toryumon Japan
IWRG Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Susumu Mochizuki
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Susumu Mochizuki and Masaaki Mochizuki
Young Dragons Cup (1999)

Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

References

External links
Yasushi Kanda profile on Dragon Gate USA

1978 births
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Chiba (city)
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
UWA World Trios Champions
Open the Brave Gate Champions
Open the Triangle Gate Champions
Open the Owarai Gate Champions

Yasushi Kanda


Tasman Empire Airways Limited (1940–1965), better known as TEAL, is the former name of Air New Zealand.

TEAL was formed by the Intergovernmental Agreement for Tasman Sea Air Services (also known as the Tasman Sea Agreement), which is a treaty signed by the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand in London on 10 April 1940. TEAL was first registered in Wellington as a limited liability company on 26 April 1940. The company's purpose was originally to transport mail, passengers and cargo across the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, during World War II. The treaty was originally intended to end within three months after hostilities with Germany ended, but it was extended in 1949 and ultimately ended on 31 March 1954, with control and ownership passing into normal commercial arrangements.

Shares in the company were originally held by the New Zealand Government (20%), Union Airways (19%), BOAC (38%) and Qantas (23%). After World War II shareholding passed to equal ownership by the governments of New Zealand and Australia. Four Short Sandringham aircraft and Short Solent aircraft were acquired, as well as an ex-Royal New Zealand Air Force Consolidated PBY Catalina for survey flights.

Routes and services

Tasman Service

Auckland–Sydney
The inaugural Tasman service between Auckland's Mechanics Bay airport and Sydney's Rose Bay Water Airport on 30 April 1940 was flown by Aotearoa, one of its two Short S.30 flying boats. There was a connection at Sydney with the Qantas/BOAC Empire Air Route or Empire Air Mail Scheme to England which meant that there was, for the first time, a regular through air service between New Zealand and England. That lasted less than six weeks, for it was no longer possible to fly through the Mediterranean when Italy entered World War II in June 1940. The Horseshoe route, between Sydney and Durban, South Africa (via Singapore, Calcutta and Cairo) provided a solution.

The first four months of operation saw a weekly return service between Auckland and Sydney. This was expanded to thrice fortnightly with connections to San Francisco using Pan Am flights from Auckland (Pan Am was not flying into Australia). The connection to San Francisco ended in December 1941 when Japan entered the war.

In the first year, the annual report revealed that 130 trans-Tasman flights had been completed carrying 1,461 passengers for a profit, prior to tax and dividends, of NZ£31,479. By 1944, the trans-Tasman frequency had increased to three weekly return flights.

Wellington–Sydney
From 1940–1950, TEAL operated a single Tasman service, between Auckland and Sydney, with Short flying boats. From 1950 to 1954, Wellington was also linked by flying boat to Sydney. The long intended Wellington–Sydney flying boat service commenced on 3 October 1950 with the departure of TEAL Short Solent IV, RMA Ararangi, from Wellington. It carried between 40,000 and 50,000 letters, mostly first day covers, weighing 660 lbs and 86 lbs of second class mail.

Wellington resumed international service, at first only to Sydney, in 1960

Christchurch–Melbourne
On 20 December 1950, 39–41 passengers on a British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-6 airliner chartered by TEAL, left the recently dedicated Christchurch Airport on a direct flight to Melbourne, and what would become a regular TEAL air service relieving South Island from international air-service isolation. The DC-6, RMA Resolution, departed for Melbourne at 10:10 am, arriving 6 hours and 35 minutes later.

Christchurch–Sydney
From 1954, newly acquired Douglas DC-6 aircraft were introduced to a new Christchurch–Sydney service and the Auckland–Sydney service; TEAL now operating its own Christchurch–Melbourne and Auckland–Melbourne services.

Auckland–Brisbane
A service between Auckland and Brisbane followed in 1959

Christchurch–Brisbane
A service between Christchurch and Brisbane followed in 1959

Coral Route

The New Zealand National Airways Corporation had initiated Pacific Island flights flying Douglas DC-3 aircraft, from Auckland to Nadi (Fiji), Faleolo (Samoa), Aitutaki, and Rarotonga (Cook Islands). These routes were later taken over by TEAL, which wanted to fly to Tahiti, but there was no airstrip at Papeete, so a flying boat was necessary.  After completion of a survey flight by a TEAL-operated ex-RNZAF Catalina ZK-AMP in 1951, the Coral Route flight from Auckland to Papeete, Tahiti, via Laucala Bay at Suva, Fiji, Satapuala at Apia, Samoa, and Akaiamai at Aitutaki in the Cook Islands, was inaugurated by TEAL on 27 December 1951, using the Short Solent flying boats long used between Auckland and Sydney. In Samoa, the plane landed on the sea and a small motor boat operated by Fred Fairman would carry the passengers to shore. They would alight and go through customs in a small shed. The Faleolo airport was still a grass strip.

A TEAL staff competition gave the route the name the Coral Route. The winning entry came from Eric Mullane, head steward, who was inspired by the beauty of islands (coral) and of the song-filled (choral) welcome that greeted visitors to the islands. It became the only air route into Tahiti, with Americans and others from Northern Hemisphere flying by landplanes into Nadi in Fiji, making the short trip across to Suva to join the flying boat at Laucala Bay, for its fortnightly flight along the Coral Route, leaving on a Thursday morning for Samoa, alighting on the Satapuala lagoon about 2:00pm. Passengers were driven by cab through Samoan coastal villages to Apia, where they enjoyed respite and dinner at Aggie Grey's hotel until 2:00am when they were driven back out to Satapuala for a pre-dawn take-off to the Akaiami lagoon at Aitutaki where they went ashore for breakfast and an optional swim until mid-morning takeoff for Papeete, timed to ensure that arrival was after the end of the siesta period at 2:00pm.  After launching ashore and completing Customs, passengers had to wait a further hour while their luggage was sprayed against horticultural pests, a time usually spent by the majority across the road from the Customshouse at Quinn's Bar. In all, a 30-hour leisurely introduction to life in the South Seas which made the Coral Route a legendary travel experience.

On 15 September 1960, the final Coral Route flight by the Solent Aranui returned to Auckland. It was one of the world's last long-range scheduled international flying boat services. Landplane flights were extended from Nadi, Fiji, to Pago Pago, American Samoa, and Papeete, Tahiti. In late 1964, the French cancelled TEAL's licence to Tahiti and the Coral Route service was terminated at Pago Pago. Air New Zealand was permitted to return to Tahiti in 1967.

Hibiscus Service
In 1954, TEAL replaced its Mechanics Bay, Auckland to Suva, Fiji, flying boat service, with Douglas DC-6 landplanes from Whenuapai to Nadi. The Hibiscus Service provided first and tourist-class travel, especially appealing to folk pursuing a Pacific island dream holiday.

Norfolk Island Service
The New Zealand National Airways Corporation ceased air mail, passenger and cargo services to Norfolk Island in early September 1955. TEAL resumed the regular air service from Auckland in November with four-engined Douglas DC-6 Skymaster aircraft. TEAL's service was initially weekly, then fortnightly.

Fleet

Aircraft
TEAL operated flying-boats and landplanes:

Short S.30 Empire Class flying-boat

The first services were flown by Short S.30 Empire Class flying boats. TEAL operated two of these between 1939 and 1947. They were given Maori spiritual names, Aotearoa (land of the long white cloud) for ZK-AMA, Serial S886, and Awarua (two rivers) for ZK-AMC, Serial S994. A third S.30 ordered by TEAL, Serial S885, was diverted to war duties in the North Atlantic and later destroyed.

The modern flying boat interior had been designed by New-Zealand-born British architect Brian O'Rorke, following the success of his interior design for the Orient Steam Navigation Company's RMS Orion in 1935. Imperial Airways had engaged O'Rorke in the interior design, planning and detail of their new airliners and flying boats.

Short S.25 Sandringham Mk IV Tasman Class flying-boat

In 1946, TEAL acquired four Short S.25 Sandringham IV 'Tasman Class' flying boats. They were a fully streamlined conversion passenger transport variation of the Short Sunderland. Consideration was given to landplane operations but the government delayed the decision to move to land as the UK government offered generous terms on purchasing new types in development such as the Avro Tudor and Handley Page Hermes.  The Sandringhams were given generic names, ZK-AMB Serial ML761 Tasman, -AMD Serial NJ255 Australia, -AME Serial NJ179 New Zealand, and -AMH JM715 Auckland. However they were unsuited for the harsher trans Tasman crossings. They were grounded for six months in 1948 due to engine cooling issues and disposed of at the end of 1949 when a more suitable custom built version of the Short Solent became available.

Consolidated Boeing PB2B-1 Catalina
TEAL flew two Boeing-built Consolidated PB2B-1 Catalinas, on loan from the RNZAF, for training and survey work from 1947 to 1949. They were registered as ZK-AMI and ZK-AMP Maroro (Flying Fish – TEAL's emblem) on the civil aviation list. ZK-AMI was never named.

Short S.45 Solent Mk IV flying-boat

The Short S.25 Sandringham IV was replaced by the Short S.45 Solent IV, of which TEAL acquired four—ZK-AML Aotearoa II, -AMM Ararangi, -AMN Awatere and -AMO Aranui. TEAL management were hoping to move to land based operations after the unsuccessful operation of the Sandringham. An original plan was to operate Douglas DC-4 aircraft from Auckland's Whenuapai joint service airport alongside other overseas international operators. However, a Buy British policy and support for rebuilding the British aircraft industry forced the airline to continue operating flying boats. Proposals to fly the mammoth Saunders-Roe Princess on a subsidised trial basis, and produce a six jet engine powered flying boat, the Saunders-Roe Duchess, to add jet speed to an already antiquated mode of air transport, were also considered. A New Zealand Government promise, that the Solent would be the last water based aircraft the airline would operate, ended any thought of future flying boat development in New Zealand.
The Solents were delivered during 1949 with one setting a new trans-Tasman crossing record of 5 hours 37 minutes. With one exception, the Solents were withdrawn from service with the introduction of the Douglas DC-6 landplanes in 1954. The exception, ZK-AMO Aranui, continued flying the Coral Route from its base at Suva, Fiji, until 1960. TEAL introduced the landplane based Hibiscus Service to Nadi, Fiji.

Short S.45 Solent Mk III flying-boat
In 1951, TEAL purchased an extra Solent flying boat from BOAC to ease pressure on growing passenger numbers and help with the new Wellington based Tasman Service operating from Evans Bay. ZK-AMQ Aparima carried on in TEAL service until 1957, and on the Coral Route as the backup to ZK-AMO Aranui based at Suva, Fiji.

Douglas DC-6

The Douglas DC-6 was flown by TEAL between 1954 and 1961. Three were transferred to TEAL after the break-up of British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines (BCPA). Re-registered ZK-BGA Aotearoa III, -BGB Arawhata, and -BGC Arahia. They were original "short bodied" types fitted out with sleeper beds and long range tanks. The aircraft started replacing the flying boats service in May 1954. It meant the transfer of TEAL's Auckland International Airport operations from Mechanics Bay to the shared Whenuapai air force and civilian terminal, where it was to remain until 1965. In September 1956, Douglas ordered the re-skinning of all DC-6 wings. Work was completed on the fleet at Cathay Pacific's Hong Kong engineering facilities to allow a 2000 lb increase in payload. The landplane finally allowed TEAL to expand operations to Nadi, Fiji and from there directly to Tahiti. It also opened up landplane operations to Melbourne, helping move passengers during the 1956 Olympic Games and Brisbane. It also ended the leasing of a Trans Australian Airlines DC-4 operating out of Christchurch on behalf of the airline. Wellington's rebuilt Rongotai Airport handled its first DC-6 service just after it re-opened in 1959, ending trans-Tasman flying boat operations from nearby Evans Bay. Originally to be replaced by the Lockheed L-188 Electra in 1960, the DC-6 remained in service due to engineering issues for the Electra, until 1961. They were handed over to the Royal New Zealand Air Force to be used as troop transports, remaining in service until 1970.

Lockheed L-188C Electra

The last new type to be operated by TEAL was the Lockheed L.188 Electra. Five of this type were operated between 1959 and 1972 by which time TEAL had changed its name to Air New Zealand. The airline wanted to introduce jet aircraft in the form of the Comet 4 airliner but Australian shareholders insisted on the Lockheed L188 Electra, citing that Qantas, Trans Australian Airlines, Ansett ANA and Hong Kong based Cathay Pacific had ordered the type. This would lower operating costs as all the airlines would be able to share a common parts pool with the Electra.

The original three were named Aotearoa IV (ZK-TEA), Atarau (ZK-TEB), and Akaroa (ZK-TEC). In late September 1959, just prior to delivery a series of fatal accidents occurred in the US with the new aircraft. It was discovered that propeller vibration caused a weakening of the wing to engine mountings. The Federal Aviation Administration ordered a reduced speed operation for the type until remedial repair works were completed in 1961. A fourth air frame was purchased from Qantas in 1965 to replace the lost air frame of ZK-TEC (see below), it was registered out of sequence as ZK-CLX but carried over the Akaroa name from the previous aircraft. By this time TEAL had changed its name to Air New Zealand. The fifth aircraft operated was leased from Qantas in 1970 for a year to operate a joint seat share service to Australia, Qantas titles appeared along the rear of the fuselage. This aircraft used the vacant TEAL allotted ZK-TED registration but remained unnamed. The remaining Electras were sold in 1972 to United States interests.

Douglas DC-8 Series 52

On completion of the New Zealand Government's purchase of TEAL's Australian shareholdings in 1961, airline management promptly announced the purchase of pure jet powered aircraft for 1965. This was to coincide with the completion of a new International airport for Auckland and runway lengthening at Christchurch airport. Aircraft of interest included the Boeing 707–100 short bodied version operated by Qantas, Convair 880, Douglas DC-8, and after some political lobbying by pro-British government interests, Vickers VC-10. An offer by BOAC to lease surplus De Havilland Comet 4s to begin interim jet services immediately was turned down as uneconomical. After intense scrutiny of all types on offer, TEAL management approached the New Zealand Government for funds to purchase an initial three Douglas DC-8 Series 52 longer ranged jet airliners. The request was approved and an order placed in 1962 for delivery in early 1965. The aircraft were duly completed when TEAL announced a change of airline name on 1 April 1965 to Air New Zealand. The first DC-8 was already painted minus titles in anticipation of this. The aircraft never flying in actual TEAL service. After the name change, however, TEAL titles appeared on the tail fin of the new airliners for two years.

Powerboats
TEAL operated powerboats in support of flying-boats:

British Power Boat Company 37.5' Empire Control Tender
Designed by Hubert Scott-Paine for the transport of passengers using marine aircraft, the control tender arrived at Auckland on the MV Empire Star in June 1939 and was based at Mechanics' Bay. It was taken over by the Air Department during World War II.

British Power Boat Company 23' Auxiliary Launch
Designed by Hubert Scott-Paine for general purpose, particularly the transport of maintenance crew, gear and equipment, and light towing, the auxiliary launch arrived at Auckland on the MV Empire Star in June 1939 and was based at Mechanics' Bay. It was taken over by the Air Department during World War II.

TEAL 40' Express Launch
In consequence of the Air Department's acquisition of the two flying-boat support launches, TEAL commissioned Colin Wild of Stanley Point, Auckland, to build a 40' express launch named Tasmanair, primarily for the transportation of 25 staff and 2 crew between Mechanics' Bay and Hobsonville. It was launched on 24 July 1941.
In TEAL service between 1941 and 1960, it had been based at Auckland, Laucala Bay, Fiji and Satapuala, Samoa. Following the withdrawal of flying-boats from the Coral Route in 1960, Samoa based Tasmanair was purchased by the New Zealand Government, transported to Lyttelton, New Zealand, where it was slightly modified, and shipped on to the Chatham Islands to support the RNZAF Sunderland flying-boat service at Te Whanga Lagoon.

Fleet survivors

Short S.45 Solent Mk IV flying-boat, TEAL ZK-AMO, RMA Aranui, is restored and on display at the Museum of Transport & Technology (MOTAT) in Auckland.

Short S.25 Sandringham Mk IV Tasman Class flying-boat, TEAL ZK-AMH, RMA Auckland, formerly RAF serial JM715, which operated with TEAL from 1947 to 1950, is preserved and on display at Solent Sky aviation museum, Southampton, Hampshire, as Ansett Flying Boat Services VH-BRC Beachcomber, retired in 1981.

Lockheed L-188C Electra, TEAL ZK-TEB Atarau, is operational as a water bomber with Buffalo Airways, Canada

Douglas DC-8 Series 52, TEAL / Air New Zealand ZK-NZC, is derelict and stored at Manaus Airport, Brazil.

Service
On board dining was a notable feature of the trans-Tasman and later, the Coral Route. The food was cooked from scratch on board. Morning and afternoon teas were prepared on board as well as hot meals. A dumbwaiter was used to provide access to the two decks of the flying boats.

The military look of the earliest uniforms reflected the era—the aftermath of war. The male steward's uniforms were reassuring and gave the impression that flight crew could be expected to handle any situation. In 1946, women were appointed to the TEAL flying boat crew. Many had trained as nurses which was thought to be an ideal background for coping with any situation on board. In 1961, hostesses appeared in uniforms designed by Christian Dior and made locally by El Jay.

Accidents and incidents

Lockheed Electra L-188 crash

On 27 March 1965, TEAL's Lockheed Electra L-188 ZK-TEC Akaroa, crashed during a training flight at Whenuapai. The airline had done the following manoeuvre many times before: the Electra, flying at precisely 140 knots, could be flown over the runway threshold, throttled back to idle to drop almost vertically and land on the runway. As this would never be done on a passenger flight; the reason for the procedure remains a mystery.

On board were a captain, a check captain, a flight engineer, a navigator; the airline's industrial personnel officer and an emergency procedures officer standing behind them.

As Akaroa'''s speed dropped below 140 knots the aeroplane landed very heavily, collapsing the landing gear; Akaroa'' shed wings, engines, tailplane and tail as it skidded off the runway and across the grass towards the control tower.  Somehow, the two standing officers stayed standing, the fire extinguishers were turned on and everyone was evacuated through the cockpit windows, with one man burning his hand on the escape rope.  TEAL salvaged what they could from the wreck and the remains were quickly pushed into a gully behind the NAC hangars before the public saw them.  The crash took place in the early hours of the morning.  The training procedure was quickly deleted from TEAL's manuals.  TEAL purchased from Qantas a replacement Electra, VH-ECC, after it changed its name to Air New Zealand on 1 April 1965. It took the registration, ZK-CLX. At the time of the accident, ZK-TEC had the Air New Zealand logotype painted on its fuselage in anticipation of the name change.

Ownership and change of name
In April 1961 the Australian government decided to concentrate its subsidises with Qantas that commenced operating its own trans Tasman services in October 1961, and sold its shareholding in TEAL to the New Zealand Government, giving it 100% ownership.

On 1 April 1965 Tasman Empire Airways Limited was renamed Air New Zealand Limited, with TEAL rebranded Air New Zealand, at the same time as the Douglas DC-8 entered service. TEAL's airline designator "TE" continued on with Air New Zealand until 1989. Thereafter, its international flights adopted the airline designator "NZ" formerly used by the New Zealand National Airways Corporation for its domestic flights.

Chairmen
1940 Norris Stephen Falla
1947 Leonard Monk Isitt
1963 Sir Andrew McKee
1965 Sir Geoffrey Roberts

See also
 History of Air New Zealand
 List of defunct airlines of New Zealand
 History of aviation in New Zealand

References

Further reading

External links

 The Coral Route – New Zealand's first package holiday. Related material from Auckland War Memorial Museum
 TEAL advertising posters in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

Defunct airlines of New Zealand
Airlines established in 1940
New Zealand companies established in 1940
Air New Zealand
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Defunct seaplane operators
Qantas
1965 mergers and acquisitions

Tasman Empire Airways Limited


The Hits was a music video channel broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland, owned by Box Television. On 15 August 2008 it was rebranded as 4Music.

Overview and availability
The channel showcased a range of pop centred on chart hits and current favourites. Originally, the vast majority of music videos were selected by viewers by means of calling a premium-rate telephone number, however the policy was abandoned with the channel playing an automated selection of videos and countdown shows presented by celebrities and singers past and present. Programming was often themed to coincide with events such as St. Patrick's Day and Christmas.

The channel was available free-to-air on the British digital terrestrial television service Freeview on channel 18. It was also available on Sky Digital, encrypted as a part of Sky's Music Pack. The Hits was also available on Virgin Media and was included in the basic package. It was also able to be seen through the British Forces Broadcasting Service.

Programmes on The Hits
87-07 is a series of programmes where a song is played from each of the years from 1987 to 2007.  There was a more up to date version called 88-08 which is the same as 87-07 except it goes from 1988 to 2008.  There were different collections of songs depending on different things that the songs had in common, an example of 87-07 is Cheesy Pop 87-07 which includes the songs "Never Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley, "Saturday Night" by Whigfield and "C'est la Vie" by B*Witched which are all commonly regarded as "cheesy pop songs".

Another type of programme on The Hits was where one hundred songs are played, usually counting down to a song that is featured as "number one". This varies from 100 Forgotten Gems of the Nineties to The Nation's Favourite Love Songs. Similarly formatted programmes with fifty or twenty songs were also broadcast.

The Hits Chart was played at around 12.15 and 17:15 Monday-Friday. The Hits Chart was simply a countdown of the biggest songs of the day.

The Hits had a programme called Every Number One of the Nineties which, as the title suggests, played every number one of the nineties back to back. It was played over a bank holiday weekend in two parts, the first part on the Sunday and the second part on the Monday. Every Number One of the Nineties has been played on 4Music in small segments. A similar programme was Every Number One of the Twenty-first Century.

Early in the morning, there was a programme called "Signed by The Hits". This programme's duration was usually 30 minutes. The programme involved a sign language interpreter signing to the songs on screen to help deaf people understand the music. Due to persistent criticism, the show was removed.

Replacement with 4Music

On 20 February 2008, it was announced that The Hits would change its name to 4Music later in the year, and a trial period broadcast on Sundays under the 4Music banner was broadcast on Sunday evenings during the spring. In June 2008 it was further announced that this replacement was to take place during the V Festival weekend on 15 August. The replaced station shows predominantly music videos, alongside live performances and Channel 4 programming like Star Stories and The Sunday Night Project, in addition to documentaries about artists.

In the weeks before the launch, 4Music aired teaser trailers for the channel as part of its extensive promotion of the rebrand and as part of the promotion one of the three stages for T4 On The Beach was named the 4Music stage.

The Hits stopped broadcasting music videos on Friday 15 August 2008 at 06:00. The last video played on The Hits was "Thank You for the Music" by ABBA, before heading in to a promo for 4Music, which would be launched from 19:00

Ofcom controversy
In November 2007, Ofcom found The Hits had breached its broadcast licence for failing to retain copies of its programming. Two viewers had complained questioning the authenticity of some of the winning entries on text-in quiz programme Win Win TV, broadcast overnight on 26 June.

The broadcaster was unable to provide Ofcom with a review copy of the programme in question because of "problems with its logging system". Condition 11 of a Television Licensable Content Service licence requires the broadcaster to keep recordings of all output for 60 days after transmission, providing Ofcom with any material on request.

"Failure to supply these recordings is a serious and significant breach of the broadcaster's licence. This will be held on record," the regulator noted.

The Hits Radio

In 2003, companion radio station The Hits Radio was launched. It ceased broadcasting on 4 June 2018.

Images

Prior to digital switchover, 'BBC Two Scotland' and 'BBC Two Scotland (Digital)' were listed as separate channels by some guides, but were effectively the same channel, broadcasting identical feeds as part of the transition to digital television.

On 24 February 2019, the BBC launched the BBC Scotland channel, a new autonomous service that broadcasts a nightly lineup of Scottish programming. In preparation for its launch, BBC Two Scotland was discontinued and replaced by the national version beginning 18 February. BBC Scotland officially broadcasts from 19:00 to 00:00 nightly, but simulcasts BBC Two daily from 12:00 to 19:00, and may opt out for sport and political broadcasts of regional interest during this period. BBC Two Scotland remained on the Sky EPG on channel 970 until 28 February 2019. From 18 to 27 February 2019, BBC Two Scotland simulcasted BBC Two (England region).

Similarly to BBC One Scotland, BBC Two Scotland offered differing programming from the UK-wide network specifically aimed at Scottish viewers. Often, this was more specialised programming such as Artworks Scotland, Holyrood Live and the Gaelic strands branded as BBC Two (Dhà) Alba.

During the daytime and overnight schedules, BBC Scotland replaced some of the national education programming for shows better targeted at the separate Scottish education system and replacing some politics strands with coverage of Scottish politics. BBC Sport Scotland would sometimes use BBC Two Scotland to broadcast live coverage of more minority sports, such as athletics and shinty, with some sports such as mountain biking and cross-country showcased in The Adventure Show.

Additionally, on Sunday nights, BBC Two Scotland had become the regular home for Sportscene'''s highlights of the SPFL, preceding Match of the Day 2.

The Music Show'' was launched on BBC Two Scotland in November 2005, presented by Shantha Roberts. Its programming included live performances from a wide range of musical styles, with bands filmed around the country at different venues and unusual locations, rather than in the studio. Musical styles included indie, jazz, folk, funk, hip hop and electro pop. Its last shows were broadcast in November 2014.

References

External links

Bauer television channels
Defunct music video networks
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
Music video networks in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2002
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2008

The Hits


Gogo's Crazy Bones (Stylized as gogo's CRAZY BONES, also referred to as Crazy Bones or Gogo's) are colorful plastic figurines that can be used to play many different games, similar to marbles and jacks. There were many series throughout their production. Each piece is a different character with a name and personality. They became a popular fad during the late 1990s. Crazy Bones were produced by PPI Worldwide and distributed by Spanish company Magic Box, Int. from 1996-2019.

History
Crazy Bones was inspired by a children's game played in Ancient Greece and Rome called 'Astragal' (Knucklebones), where children played a similar game using sheep's knucklebones.
This ancient pastime is also known as Tabas.
Games played are reminiscent of marbles and jacks.
Crazy Bones is a modern version of this game, played with characters molded from plastic. There are hundreds of individual characters, each character having a unique face and name. Each series has a number of 'rare' pieces that are sought after by collectors and are sold on numerous websites for many times their original value.

Crazy Bones was launched in the United States by Peter Gantner after witnessing the success of Barcelona-based GoGos in Spain, which had sold over 350 million packs from its inception in 1996 to 1997.
Gantner formed Toy Craze in December 1997 with his brother David Gantner and businessman Scott Harris, and the company acquired the distribution rights in the US.
Some sources indicate Bill Flaherty, who became President of Toy Craze, also founded the company.
Gogos agreed to provide him with inventory with no upfront costs in return for 50% of all profits.
This deal was later renegotiated, and the manufacturer was later paid a royalty of sales.

A small company at the time of inception, Crazy Bones became a popular fad in the late 90s. The product was aggressively marketed to children, and promotional events took place in scout meetings, club groups, fairs, and shows, where free sample packs were distributed.
Toy demos have also taken place in SkyDome, where children were given free packs and taught how to play Crazy Bones.  This promotion was organized by the Canadian marketers of Crazy Bones, a joint venture by Wayne Fromm and Eric Segal of All 4 Fun Consumer Products Ltd. All 4 Fun Toy Products Ltd. also created a series of Crazy Bones for the Toronto Blue Jays, a cereal promotion with Cap'n Crunch and another with Wrigley. In 1999 and 2000 Fromm and Segal created one of Canada's largest collectible fad in the toy industry. . Fromm conceived of a musical band based on Crazy Bones in 2000, called B2Krazy.  This was a joint venture between Fromm, Segal and Iron Music.
Nearly four million free packs have been distributed.
Crazy Bones secured a number of high-profile partners, including McDonald's, which included the product as Happy Meal toys nationwide.
These Crazy Bones were significantly larger than the normal toys, possibly to reduce risk of choking among young children.

Within two years, the company's revenues had grown to nearly $17 million. By favoring tours of scout meetings and the like over television and print advertisements, Toy Craze has also kept its marketing costs to around 10%.

Gogo's Crazy Bones in America

United States
Peter Gantner, a purveyor of POGS, is responsible for bringing Crazy Bones to the United States after learning about their success in Barcelona, Spain. In 1997, Gantner cut a $50,000 deal with Spanish company Magic Box International, Inc for the product and distribution rights for Crazy Bones in the United States. Crazy Bones were first sold in the United States in February 1998 by Gantner's Cleveland based toy company Toy Craze, Inc.

The original series, called "Gogo's", were small plastic figurines made with faces. Each gogo had a different name and personality. Crazy Bones were most often sold in foil packs for about 2 dollars and came with 4 pieces, 4 stickers, and a game card. In an attempt to make Crazy Bones more valuable collectibles, Gantner "buried" the original 60 characters by stopping their production May 1999.

Toy Craze racked up 3.5 million dollars of sales in 1998 from Crazy Bones. Toy stores that carried Crazy Bones include: Zany Brainy, Learningsmith, and FAO Schwarz. Zany Brainy even partnered with Toy Craze and came out with their own original gogo's "Zany-Ack" and "Brainy-Ack".

In March 1999 Toy Craze came out with a brand new series released in United States called "Sports", which included 40 Crazy Bones characters with a soccer theme. The pieces were numbered 1-40, separate from the original gogo's series.

The "Things" series launched May 1999 and included 60 Crazy Bones shaped like various everyday objects such as: a TV, a couch, and a book. "Things" were numbered 61-120 and also known as series 2, a continuation of the original 60 gogo's.

In the "Aliens" series, there are 60 different anthropomorphic figures of a classic grey, big eyed, alien. Some of the designs included: Salad Head (Caesar), Cyclops, Boris, Tut and others.
A "Third" series of Crazy Bones (in the old packaging and design) named "The New Generation" was later released, including 120 all new characters.  Some seem to be variations of the originals, or mutant original, but they are all meant as new characters to the series. A second sports series was released, but instead of uniformed characters, it features characters from the Original, Buddies, and Mutants series performing a sport (Eggy playing basketball or Speedy driving a car). There was also a series with magnetic characters, which are incredibly difficult to find. Rockers are music themed characters.

As of October 2010, the current distributor for Gogo's Crazy Bones in the US (as well as Canada) is Jonic Distribution North America.

Canada
Crazy Bones were originally distributed in Canada through the Concord, Ontario-based company Playtoy Industries, where they enjoyed similar success.  Playtoy Industries declared bankruptcy in December 1999 and Wayne Fromm and Eric Segal catapulted Crazy Bones through a joint venture (www.frommtoys.com)

Crazy Bones enjoyed incredible popularity in the late 1990s. From 1998-2000, 31.5 million packages were sold.
Over 23 million figurines were sold in the UK and Spain in a relaunch between March and December 2008.

The Classic series was available in Canada in the 1990s. The rebranded Gogo's Crazy Bones series 1 was sold in Canada in 2009. Series 2 became available in May 2011, then came series 3 and now series 4.

Gogo's Crazy Bones in Europe
In Europe Crazy Bones are released in different sets for different countries.

United Kingdom

Sets
The following sets have been released:

Gogo's Crazy Bones (series 1) - 80 bones, each available in 5 colours, plus 5 'Most Wanted' and 15 'Wanted' rare bones with different paint schemes
Gogo's Crazy Bones Evolution (series 2) - 80 bones, each available in 5 colours, approximately half are translucent with embedded glitter
Gogo's Crazy Bones Explorer (series 3) - 80 bones, each available in 4 normal colours and a 5th 'laser' metallic colour
Gogo's Crazy Bones Advance - 10 bones, each available in 5 colours. Only available in tin boxes
Gogo's Crazy Bones Power (series 4) - 80 bones, each available in 2 normal and 2 metallic colours, and 10 'Most Wanted' rare metallic bones with added paint steps. This set also adds a collectible card game to the mix with each pack containing 2 bones and two cards (often 1 normal figure, 1 metallic figure, 1 normal game card and 1 metallic card) with a chance of a 'Most Wanted' figure or card replacing one of these. The Most Wanted cards have the character name suffixed with a '-W', and have a laser-style finish.
Gogo's Crazy Bones Gold Series Limited Edition Tin Part 1 - 10 bones. Only available in tin boxes. Gold metallic versions of popular characters from series 1-3.
Gogo's Crazy Bones England 2010 - 27 bones and 5 'laser' variants. These bones each represent a member of the England 2010 football squad. Each has a more complex paint scheme than usual, and the rear of the bone has the name of the player it represents.
Gogo's Crazy Bones Superstar (series 5) - 80 bones, each available in 2 colours, plus 4 Most Wanted versions. Features a selection of the most popular bones from Series 1-4. Each bone has a new "fuzzy" finish. Most Wanted versions have a combined Fuzzy Metallic finish. Packs have a retail price of £1.99 and contain 2 bones, 2 stickers and 1 storage/display cube. The cubes come in seven colours and can be attached to each other in the style of popular building bricks.
Gogo's Crazy Bones Gold Series Limited Edition Tin Part 2 - 10 bones. Only available in tin boxes. Gold metallic versions of popular characters from series 1-4.
Gogo's Crazy Bones Trading card series - 160 cards, 128 'Normal' and 32 'Leaders'. Trading card versions of popular characters from Series 1-4.
Gogo's Crazy Bones Edge (series 6) - 60 bones. These launched in the UK at the end of January 2012.

Specials
In March 2009, to mark the release of the Explorer series in the UK, the Daily Mirror newspaper ran a week-long promotion where they gave away free figurines, stickers and sticker books. Two of the figurines were exclusive to this giveaway

In April 2009, the Entertainer toy shop in Kingston upon Thames held a 'swap day'. Every swapper received a special 'Laser Mosh' - Mosh is the first bone in the original series. The Laser Mosh is lime green, and carries the same coating as the Explorer special Gogos.

Gogo's Mega Metropolis
In January 2010, Gogo's Crazy Bones Mega Metropolis was re-released in the UK after an earlier trial in selected areas. A Partwork, the magazine features a new 'Mega Gogo' each week. Starting with Mosh (Gogo #1 from series 1), the Mega versions are thus far all from series 1. After that, the others have been released in a different order (1,8,3,9 etc.)
Each Mega Gogo has a flip-top head which opens to reveal an evolution series 2 bone. The Mega Bones' heads are also removable, allowing different versions to be created once other models have been collected. Each Mega Bone comes in several colour variants, some of which do not match the original colours from the series. The Mega Bones are contained in a hexagonal 'pod'. These are connectible and also have different colours to collect. It is possible to pull these apart to make multi-colour pods.

Gogo's Trading Card Game
From January 21, 2011, Magic Box International added a new Gogo's Crazy Bones Trading Card Game.
This new trading game complemented the range of Gogo collectable figurines and created an exciting new way to play and collect Gogos. There were 160 cards to collect, including 32 special prismatic 'Leader' cards.
Packets of the Gogo's Crazy Bones Trading Card Game contain 6 cards, including 1 special card and were priced at 50p.
A Starter Pack was also available containing a Collector Album for storing the cards, a full game guide, checklist and 3 packets of cards. The Starter Pack was priced at £3.99.
As with all Gogo's Crazy Bones collections, an extensive marketing campaign was in place to support the launch. This included a large TV advertising campaign and product sampling via the Gogo's Crazy Bones Comic.

Gogo's Crazy Bones in South Africa

Gogo's Crazy Bones Series 1 was released in South Africa in October 2009. The collectables are available as 4 product variations:
 A booster pack with 3 figurines and 3 stickers
 A collectables special bag sold with 3 figurines
 A sticker album
 A collector's item tin containing 10 unique figurines that are not available in any of the other product lines

In December 2009, the largest South African Sunday newspaper listed the toy as the top gift for boys between the ages of 6 and 8.  Four months after release the sales exceeded 200,000 units.

Gogo's Crazy Bones Series 2 was released on March 18, 2010.  The South African distributors and licensors of the toy are Blowfish Entertainment.

Gogo's Crazy Bones in other countries

Different sets were released all over the world, making it very hard for collectors to get every figure.

While Series 1 was already released in North America, 15 new figures were promoted as upcoming characters to be released and inserted into Series 1 packs starting in September 2009. These 15 "Wanted Gogo's" were only available in the US and Canada. North America has also gotten many exclusive characters since JDNA's take over of distribution. Characters such as Miro K, Mr. Peako, Q-Mack, and the 20 Diamond Series characters have only been released in North America.

South American Countries received a whole different line of characters. Characters did not always have paint. The Turma Da Monica series has only been released in Brazil. The Avengers: Endgame series was released in 2019, once again exclusive to Brazil.

The Mega Metropolis line of figures was exclusively released in the UK during 2010. While 20 of the figures were rereleased in other countries later on, 60 of the 80 figures remain exclusive. The UK also received the England 2010 set, 22 special figures based on the country's football team, as well as two exclusive figures that could only be obtained via the Daily Mirror newspaper, and special mini and laser variants of Mosh that could only be obtained during special events.

Israel also received an odd line of sets. (Series 1, Series 2, Foot, Cool, Olympics) Israel's line of Gogo's began with the Gogo's series, but when the Evolution series was brought over, exclusive rare metallic versions of a handful of figures were added to the collection. While Explorer was speculated to be the next release, PPI released the Foot series instead. This was the only release of the set where all figures were painted. Israel received very rare figurines based on famous football players from the country, known as the "Supergol" set. It was also the first country that the Cool Gogo's (music) series was released in, and was the only country that the very rare 2012 Olympics set was sold in.

Spain received a special series of Danonino Gogo's that were only found in newstands, as well as Mega Nuclos figures that were useable as storage cases.

The Netherlands received the European Magic Box sets to purchase in stores, but have gotten many exclusive characters thanks to C-1000 supermarkets. The first set was a special version of the Megatrip series, with many characters receiving changes that vary from small to large. The second being Foot (with exclusive variants of existing characters and Jarum, an all new figure exclusive to the C-1000 version of the set), the 3rd being Cool (renamed to Groovy), and 4th being the X-Gogo's series, which was only released in C-1000 stores.

Panasonic teamed up with PPI to release two exclusive figures included with batteries in Germany in 2012. These two figures reused the sculpts from the Daily Mirror Gogo's.

The Philippines received gold versions of the original five most wanted Gogo's, laser versions of Megatrip figures, and special tins with special metallic versions of Urban Toys, Cool, and Megatrip characters.

India received a very limited and very rare tin with 10 Urban Toys figures with extra details added onto them.

Two sets of Disney Gogo's were released in 2016, exclusive to South America.

Gameplay
Other than the collectable nature of Crazy Bones there are multiple games that can be played with the figurines including:
 Base to Base! - Three upturned plastic plant pots or cardboard boxes (etc.) are set up with at least 30 centimetres between each of them. Players take it in turns to try to flick each Gogo from one pot or box to the next, landing on the top. The smaller the pot or box is, the more difficult the target landing spot will be. Players receive two points for each Gogo that makes it to the second base, and an additional three points for each Gogo that makes it to the third base.
 Bungee Elastic! - One end of a metre length of elastic is attached to the first Gogo. Holding onto the other end of the elastic, drop the Gogo to see how high it bounces back up. The Gogo that springs up the highest is the winner and the player receives five points. The runner-up receives three points and the third one point. The remaining players (if applicable) do not receive any points.
 Chuck 'n Catch! - Taking it in turns, players put three Gogos on the back of their hand, chuck them up into the air and try to catch them as they come back down. Players receive three points for each Gogo that they catch.
 Diving Contest - Gogos are lined up along the edge of a wall and players take it in turns to flick each one off. The player is awarded one point for each somersault that the Gogo performs before it lands. If a Gogo lands standing upright, five extra points are awarded to the player. Optionally, a bucket of water can be placed at the bottom of the wall and the Gogo that makes the smallest splash is awarded an extra five points. The winner is the player with the most points once all the Gogos have been flicked off.
 Fingers and Fours - Taking it in turns, players turn their hands palm up and balance a Gogo on each finger. They then throw them up into the air (at least 30 centimetres high) and try to catch as many as they can. Players receive two points for each Gogo that they catch.
 Football Madness! - Using chalk, mark out a football pitch on the ground with one set of goalposts at either end. Scrunch up some paper into a ball and place it in the centre of the pitch. Each player chooses five Gogos and places one in their goal before flipping a coin to see who starts. Players then have ten minutes to try and score as many goals against the other as possible. At the end of the game, the team with the most goals is awarded one point for each Gogo.
 Going the Distance - Players line up their Gogos along a starting line. They then take it in turns to flick them along the ground. The player that flicks their Gogo the furthest (with just one flick) is the winner and receives two points.
 Knock 'Em Out - One Gogo is placed on the floor as the target for the game. A chalk circle may be drawn around it to indicate its position if it gets knocked over or moved by other Gogos. Players stand about two meters away from the target and take it in turns to throw each of their Gogos as close to the target as possible. Players are allowed to knock other players' Gogos out of the way in order to be closer than them. Once all the Gogos have been thrown, the winner is the player that threw the Gogo that is left closest to the target. In a tournament, the winner is awarded three points, the runner-up is awarded one point, and the furthest away from the target is deducted one point.
 Pushover! - Gogos are put in pairs next to each other. Players take it in turns to choose a pair and flick one of the Gogos into the other. The three Gogos that manage to flick the others the furthest earn ten points for the player that flicked them (for a maximum total of 30 points to one player).
 Teleport, teleport, ATTACK! - Players select 1 gogo each. Each player takes it in turn to take a go. They may either "Teleport" by moving the gogo to any point on the playing surface, or "Attack", by flicking the gogo at that of the opponent. If the opponent's gogo is hit, the one who attacked wins the game. If the attack misses, the gogo remains in the spot where it lands, and the opponent takes their turn. Players may not Attack on their first turn.
 The Drop - Players take it in turns to drop each Gogo to the floor and mark on the wall with chalk how high the Gogo bounced on its first bounce. The winner receives one point.

Other merchandise

European Crazy Bones, Evolution, Explorer and Superstar packets also contain stickers. These can be collected in sticker albums which are sold separately.

Series 4 Power Gogo's replace stickers with cards. There is a collector's folder with transparent sleeves for all cards.
Released February 2011, The trading cards also have a collector's folder, sold with a free pack of cards @ £3.99.

Magic Box Int has also created various collector tins, bags (blue and green) and containers for the gogos.

In August 2009, plush toys of three types were released:
 'Clipper' Keyrings (8 different designs)
 6" Reversible dolls (5 designs that swap between 'normal' and 'most wanted')
 8" 'Bone Shakers' (3 designs with removable heads that reveal a cup to throw normal-sized bones with)
All plush designs are based on bones from series 1

In March 2010, the 'England dugout 2010' was released to store the England 2010 collection.

Planned TV Series

There were originally plans for a CGI action-comedy TV series based on the collectible figurines of the same name. It was animated in Peru by Arronax Animation, and would have potentially aired in the United States via children's TV network Kabillion. The CGI animation used was very reminiscent of series such as The Numtums or Dinopaws from CBeebies. For numerous years, the intro was the only widely available footage of the show. However, the pilot was found in late 2021.

Series (chronologically)

 Gogo's (Feb. 1998)
 Sports (Mar. 1999)
 Things (May 1999)
 Aliens (Nov. 1999)
 Buddies (Nov 1999)
 Mutants (Nov. 1999)
 Mega Bones (1999)
 New Generation-Ghosts & Monsters (2005)

 2012 Olympics
 Advanced
 Bombers (Skips)
 C1000
 Cap'n Crunch
 Daily Mirror
 Danone Dino Gogo's
 Disney
 Dragonball Z
 Edge
 England 2010
 Evolution
 Explorer
 Foot
 Fusion
 Genios Universe
 Glowies
 Gogo's 1998
 Gogo's Crazy Bones 2007
 Groovy (Cool)
 Hielocos
 Hubba Bubba Gogo's
 Israel Collection
 Kellogg's
 Magnetic Series (Mags)
 Marvel Heroes
 Medabots
 Mega Bones
 Mega Foot (Brazil)
 Mega Foot (Israel)
 Mega Groovy
 Mega Metropolis
 Mega Mutants
 Megatrip
 Megatrip Mega
 Monica's Gang
 Monica's Gang Mega
 Monster Bones (McDonald's)
 New Generation (Ghosts)
 Panasonic
 Pokémon (Unreleased)
 Power
 Q Mack & J Box
 Rockers
 Shin Chan
 Skinny Bombers (Mega Crazy Bones)
 Sports Series 2
 Supergoal
 Supserstars
 Sweet Box (Macro)
 The Diamond Tins
 Third Series
 Tiny Gogo's (Eggy Key Chain)
 Tiny Gogo's (Mega Metropolis)
 Toronto Blue Jays
 Toy Story 2
 Urban Toys
 X-Gogo's
 Zany Brainy

Similar products
During the mid 1990s, Coca-Cola released a similar brand of toys named "Hielocos" in Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Costa Rica and "Geloucos" and "Gelo-Cósmicos" in Brazil (The first two translated to 'Crazy Ice Cubes').

Since the resurgence of the European Gogo's Crazy Bones, several similar products have entered the market;

 Abatons - Panini
 Avengers Chibis - Made by Bulls-Eye Toys
 BlockHeadz
 Bumping Weirdos - Sold with Church's Chicken
 Cartoon Network Hielocos in association with Gamesa Cookies
 Crazy Critters - Made by Avon Company (Use same sculpts as Knuckle Heads)
 Curious Gogo's
 DC Universe Chibis - Made by Bulls-Eye Toys
 Digimon - Only released in Peru
 Digimon Tolas
 Disney Cars Jumpers
 Disney Wikkeez
 Dracco Heads, Jumbo Dracco Heads & Baby Dracco Heads  - Made by Dracco
 Dragon Hunter - Made by Dracco
 Dunkin Shockys - From Poland
 E - Flyers - Made by E Max (Added a gimmick of magnets)
 Fidgets' Knuckleheads - Made by Moose
 Fings - Made by Topps Europe
 Forever Evil Chibis - Made by Bulls-Eye Toys
 Frikis - Made by E-Max (Have a BONES™ label on the back.)
 Grolls & Gorks - Made by Dracco
 Hobbit Chibis - Made by Bulls-Eye Toys
 Jetsons - Sold in Peru
 Jojo's, Bouncin Boneheads and TimFoot - Made by Imperial Toys
 Jumpers series 2
 Jumpers series 3
 Jumperes series 4
 Karma Kidz
 Les Barjo's
 Little Tokyo's / Japs - Made by Exit toys of Barcelona
 Matuolas - Made by Matutano (Characters were stolen from Crazy Bones)
 Mini Dinos - By Danone
 Mini Toonix - Made by Top 5
 Mighty Beanz
 Moose Millennium Bugs
 Nitsus aka Jumpers - Made by Abril & Gici
 Nog'nz aka Marvel Madz
 Pupákok - Made by Master Crok
 Simpsons - Made by Dracco
 SpongeBob - Made by E Max (e-flyers)
 Star Wars - Made by Dracco
 The Walking Dead Chibis  - Made by Bulls-Eye Toys
 Toonz/Blinku micro monsters (40 to collect + 2(?)half-toonz that connect to create a single micro monster) - Clearly derivative but with the gimmick of animated '3d motion effect' faces. Made by Dracco, a Danish company with a Macau-based subsidiary.
 Skyzos - Made by Panini. Each model has a good and evil side.
 Urbanzees
 X-Ray Toonz

References

External links

 Official activities site
 Official European website

Multiplayer games
1990s fads and trends
1990s toys
Collectible-based games
Toy figurines
2000s fads and trends
2000s toys

Gogo's Crazy Bones