Five on the Black Hand Side is a 1973 African American comedy film based on the 1969 play of the same name by Charlie L. Russell. It was shot in Los Angeles, California. Leonard Jackson appeared as John Henry Brooks.  He was cast in Steven Spielberg's The Color Purple fifteen years later.

Five on the Black Hand Side was conceived as "an antidote" to the "blaxploitation" films of the era. The film's tagline was "You've been coffy-tized, blacula-rized and super-flied - but now you're gonna be glorified, unified and filled-with-pride... when you see Five on the Black Hand Side."

Plot
During the weekend of her daughter's wedding, Mrs. Gladys Ann Brooks, a meek wife (played by Clarice Taylor) and her three children—Gideon Brooks (Glynn Turman), Booker T. Washington-Brooks (D'Urville Martin), and Gail Brooks (Bonnie Banfield)—finally decide to stand up to their overbearing husband and father Mr. John Henry Brooks Jr. (Leonard Jackson) who displays retrogressive behavior.

Mrs. Brooks is tired of everybody treating her "like an old couch" and decides to leave her husband if he does not change his abusive behavior. Mr. Brooks controls every moment of his wife's life. Unlike his children, he considers himself "American" not "African". He does not agree with the fact that his daughter Gail is having an African themed wedding. His younger son Gideon does not talk to him and refuses to stay in the same room with his father. Gideon camps on the roof, instead, where he practices martial arts (by that time an important element of the Black Power movement). Mrs. Brooks joins her son on the roof in a civil rights movement after invading her husband's barbershop, where women are not allowed, where she hands Mr. Brooks a list of demands. She, for example, requires him to call her by her first name "Gladys", while Mr. Brooks insists on calling her Mrs. Brooks. Mr. Brooks finally changes his behavior and all the family members gather at Gail's and her new husband Marvin's "African" wedding.

In pop culture
The relationship between the parents in this movie was parodied in a skit of the same name on the comedy series In Living Color. The film went into limited release in theaters, but helped launch the careers of Glynn Turman and Ja'net DuBois: he did films and TV, landing mostly African-American characters, leading to the role of Bradford Taylor on the TV Show A Different World and she became famous as Willona on the TV hit Good Times.

Background
Five on the Black Hand Side was originally a play written by Charlie L. Russell. It was Russell's first Off-Broadway play, which was produced by American Place Theatre and directed by Barbara Ann Teer. Since the opening in 1969, the play was performed 62 times.

Russell was working as a play doctor (revised plays before production) at a theatre when he came up with the idea of Five on the Black Hand Side. First, Russell only worked out a draft, but had to finish the script when he met Luther James, a member of the Harlem Writers Guild. As Russell said himself, he wanted to "mix comedy and the political thing", as the 1960s and 1970s were an era full of political changes. He got inspired by women's liberation movement that was happening at City College. Originally, the play was named Gladys, after Mrs. Brooks' character as a reference to the Women's liberation movement.

It took Russell about six months to rewrite the play into the movie script, the film was then released in 1973. Like in the plays, the character of Mrs. Brooks was again played by Clarice Taylor. Russell knew her from The Negro Ensemble Company. As he said, "She created the part. She is a wonderful woman, great actress, great person. I really got to know her more when we did the movie."

Themes
The main theme of Five on the Black Hand Side is liberation. As a new-style black comedy, it was the part of the Black Power movement.

Charlie L. Russell grew up in West Monroe, Louisiana, in 1930s, where he witnessed many cases of racism. Together with his younger brother Bill Russell, the future Boston Celtics Hall-of-Famer, he experienced "harassment from local police, one of whom once ordered their mother to go home and remove the 'white woman' dress she was wearing, and threats from local businessmen, including a frightening moment at a gas station when the white owner held a shotgun to their father's face because he was going to leave rather than 'wait his turn' while one white customer after another was helped before him."

Russell then decided to write for an African American audience and address black community problems. In an interview in 1973, he stated: "Yeah, I do, I write for a particular audience. I write primarily for black people, for a black audience. I write for, what I consider to be the workers, the masses of black people. I'm talking about, like, clerks, I'm talking about bus drivers, you know, working people. (...) There's a definite difference between what we call a black play and a white play and it all comes from the premise you start with, the premise of what reality is... I start from the premise that black people are oppressed in America... A black play must deal with this oppression in some way. In Five on the Black Hand Side I tried to do two things, and that was raise the level of consciousness and to unify black people."

In the movie, there is a generational gap depicted between Mr. Brooks and his children. Gideon, Gail, and Booker T. fight for African-American civil rights. They identify themselves as Africans. Gideon sings African songs in the shower and wants the family to move to Africa, Booker T. hates his "slave" name and likes to be introduced by an Arabic name "Sharif", and Gail is about to have an African wedding. Each one of them wears an afro and does not want to be a part of the system. Preston, a young barber, is also on their side and calls Mr. Brooks a "museum negro" for his conservative opinions.

The movie is about the women's liberation movement and the civil rights movement going hand in hand. Joining the civil right movement along with her children and admitting her African roots give Mrs. Brooks strength to stand up to her husband. Despite this, her daughter Gail in the end of the movie enters into an unequal marriage, in which her husband is the head of the family.

Women's liberation movement
Following the civil rights movement of the 1960s, the 1970s is known for women's liberation movement. Black women, though, had a hard time being recognized as freedom fighters in both women's liberation movement and Black Power movement.

The so called second wave feminists, according to Shelly Eversley and Michelle Habell-Pallán, fought to shape new standards "for thinking about gender, sexism, racism, sexuality, reproductive rights, religion, labor, colonialism, technology, art, music, and the environment".

In the 1970s African-American women also started to gain a louder voice in Black Power movement, which originally advised them to stay in the role of a mother and support black manhood.

In the beginning of the movie Five on the Black Hand Side, Mrs. Brooks does not seem to be able to stand up to her husband. When Mr. Brooks comes to the kitchen in the morning, she hands him a coffee right away while he does not even look at her. Mr. Brooks controls every second of Mrs. Brooks' life, saying controlling women is an art, and he even brags about it in his barbershop. He also blames his wife for not raising their children properly.

Showing how Black Power movement and women's liberation movement go hand in hand, recognizing her African roots gives Mrs. Brooks strength to stand up to her husband. With an afro and dressed like an "African queen", she invades her husband's barbershop, where women are not allowed, and hands him her list of demands yelling: "In the name of peace, self-determination and liberation, I demand that you sign mine list of demands. And they are non-negotiable!" Mrs. Brooks then joins her younger son in a civil rights movement waiting for her husband to accept the list of demands, otherwise she is determined to leave him.

The symbol of a barbershop
Like in many other movies about the black community, a barbershop is a very important place for African-American men in Five on the Black Hand Side. Women are not allowed here. The barbershop is a symbol of John Henry's success: with his own business he supports his own family.

In an article "The Barbershop in Black Literature", Trudier Harris elaborates about the importance of the barbershops by saying that it is black men's second home, where they meet and talk, and the audience is always welcoming and friendly. Harris cited Joseph A. Pierce who stated that most of the barbershops look the same: "Joseph A. Pierce concludes of the 404 barbershops in 12 cities he studied that they fall in the fifty-three percent of black businesses that are located in secondary business areas—'Negro business centers almost without exception are located in these areas and are usually surrounded by large concentrations of Negro populations.' Two barber chairs are a standard feature in the usually rectangular room (small, 15 or 20 feet by 30 or 40 feet). Several straightback chairs or benches are placed along the walls for customers and noncustomers."

Opening hours of the barbershop are usually flexible due to the owner's and customer's needs. When the shop is closed without a notice, the customers are very understanding. Men can sit in on a bench for free, not standing in the way of the business. The barber welcomes the company when there are no customers. Due to Harris, "The barbershop allows for escape and retreat. (...) Barbershops in black literature also serve as public forums and information centers. They provide a setting for the discussion of political, social, and moral issues as well as the exchange of information."

Charlie L. Russell described the barbershop in Five on the Black Hand Side as a "Typical Harlem barbershop. There are two barber chairs, a jukebox, and several chairs for customers to sit in while they wait. There is a dryer, and a chair and a sink in the rear where facials are performed. There is also a closet in the rear of the shop. Pictures of famous theater and sports personalities hang on the walls."

Mrs. Brooks then invades this place so sacred to her husband Mr. Brooks and screams in his face, "In the name of peace, self-determination and liberation, I demand that you sign mine list of demands. And they are non-negotiable." As Harris wrote, "if the wife can invade this domain, and come out unharmed, she has a chance of changing John Henry's attitudes at home".

Reception
After the movie's premier, A. H. Weiler wrote in The New York Times that Five on the Black Hand Side "is amiable but realistic in attempting only to solve a few problems for a middle-class black family. But by tickling the funny bone, Charlie L. Russell's adaptation of his Off Broadway play is a good deal more effective than most of the militant and violent so-called black films that are getting redundant."

Weiler continues, "Mr. Russell's script may be a basically lightweight affair, but he writes with an affection and keen perception that make his people and the issues, couched either in jive talk or straight dialogue, three dimensional and pertinent. Credit for the giggles and truths is also due Oscar Williams, who directed with professional feeling for pace and comedy."

Charlie L. Russell received several prizes for the screenplay. In 1975, he received NAACP Image Award for Best Film Script. In 1973, the Institute of International Education provided him with a grant to study African rituals and ceremonies in Nigeria for a period of three months. He also received a Rockefeller Playwright's Grant in 1975.

Cast
 Clarice Taylor as Mrs. Gladys Ann Brooks
 Leonard Jackson as Mr. John Henry Brooks Jr.
 Virginia Capers as Ruby
 Glynn Turman as Gideon Brooks
 D'Urville Martin as Booker T. Washington Brooks
 Dick Anthony Williams as Preston (as Richard Williams)
 Sonny Jim Gaines as "Sweetmeat" (as Sonny Jim)
Ja'net DuBois as "Stormy" Monday
 Bonnie Banfield as Gail Brooks
 Carl Franklin as Marvin
 Dick Anthony Williams as Preston
 Godfrey Cambridge as himself

See also
List of American films of 1973

References

External links

 Five on the Black Hand Side at Turner Classic Movies

1973 films
1973 comedy films
African-American comedy films
American films based on plays
United Artists films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
English-language comedy films

Five on the Black Hand Side


John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward (6 March 1704 – 6 May 1774), known as John Ward until 1740 and as the 6th Baron Ward from 1740 to 1763, was a British Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1734.

Life
Ward was the son of William Ward and the grandson of the Hon. William Ward (d. 1714), second son of Humble Ward, 1st Baron Ward. His mother was Mary, daughter of the Hon. John Grey, younger son of Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford. He inherited the Willingsworth estate and the rest of the manor of Sedgley on the death of his father in 1720, and the entailed portion of the Dudley estates on the death of his cousin William Ward, 5th Baron Ward in 1740.

He was returned to Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1727, a seat he held until 1734. In 1740 he succeeded his second cousin as the sixth Baron Ward and entered the House of Lords. He was further honoured in 1763 when he was created 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward, of Dudley in the County of Worcester.

Marriage and issue
Ward married firstly Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Bourchier, in 1723. He married secondly Mary, daughter of John Carver, in 1745. There were children from both marriages. Ward died in May 1774, aged 70, and was succeeded by his son from his first marriage, John. His son from his second marriage, William (who succeeded in the viscountcy in 1788), was the father of John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley, Foreign Secretary from 1827 to 1828. Mary, Viscountess Dudley and Ward, survived her husband by eight years and died in 1782.

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Burkes Peerage (1939 edition).

1704 births
1774 deaths
Viscounts in the Peerage of Great Britain
Ward, John
British MPs 1727–1734
John
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
Grand Masters of the Premier Grand Lodge of England

John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward


Henry Rigden Butt (27 December 1865 – 21 December 1928) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Sussex County Cricket Club and the Marylebone Cricket Club between 1890 and 1912. Butt also played three Test matches for England on their tour to South Africa in 1895–96. He later went on to become an umpire, and stood in that role in six Tests. His popularity was such that when he retired as an umpire due to ill-health, the County captains wrote to the Secretary of the Marylebone Cricket Club asking him to write to Butt to express their regret at the cause.

Butt, a short man, was Sussex's wicket-keeper for twenty years. He was awarded two benefits: the matches between Sussex and Yorkshire at Hove in 1900, and between Sussex and Middlesex at Lord's in 1928.

External links

Obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack

1865 births
1928 deaths
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
English Test cricket umpires
Players cricketers
North v South cricketers
Players of the South cricketers
Home Counties cricketers
Lord Hawke's XI cricketers
Wicket-keepers
Sportspeople from Fulham

Harry Butt


MagiQuest is a live action role-playing game where players take the role of magic users. The game takes place in dedicated MagiQuest locations in which players, known as Magi, use an infrared (IR) emitting wand to interact with objects.

History
The first MagiQuest opened in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina at noon on June 15, 2005.  The opening celebration included live appearances by actors featured in the quests.  Additional MagiQuest locations have subsequently opened in East Hanover, New Jersey and Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. Great Wolf Resorts made an agreement with Creative Kingdoms in 2008 to install the game at all current Great Wolf Lodge resorts. In 2010, MagiQuest opened in the County Fair Games Gallery at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. MagiQuest closed at the end of the 2010 park season and was removed from the park. On July 31, 2011, MagiQuest opened in Fun City at the Palisades Mall in West Nyack, New York. In Japan, there was a MagiQuest kingdom near Tokyo Dome as well as at Lagunasia park. In December 2011 - January 2012, the first Canadian MagiQuest opened in a Great Wolf Lodge in Niagara Falls, ON.

On September 7, 2015, the Myrtle Beach MagiQuest closed permanently.  Other locations in West Nyack, New York, and East Hanover, New Jersey were also permanently closed.

The Myrtle Beach location was owned by Creative Kingdoms (owner and developer of MagiQuest's technology and associated patents). When the Myrtle Beach location closed it was owned by Great Wolf Resorts, who bought out Creative Kingdoms in 2010 to make it cheaper to install MagiQuest in their hotels. Other locations are franchised besides the ones in Great Wolf Lodges, though many have also closed due to them cutting off support making it difficult to manage operations post-takeover.

Related games
DinoQuest, a dinosaur-themed interactive game based on the same patented technologies is located in Santa Ana, CA.

Announced at the IAAPA 2009 (International Association of Amusement Park and Attractions) trade show are plans for Creative Kingdoms (the parent company of MagiQuest) to create a spin-off company, 'AquaKingdoms' that will bring a new form of the technology used in MagiQuest to water based attractions. The first product of AquaKingdoms, SplashQuest, was introduced in prototype form to Schlitterbahn in New Braunfels, TX for the summer of 2009, though nothing else has come out of AquaKingdoms since the buyout.

CompassQuest, a very similar game, can be found in some of the same locations as MagiQuest. It uses a compass as well as a wand, and there are no boss battles, unlike MagiQuest. At the Myrtle Beach location, after completing a Wayfinder Quest, the compass can activate stations to show you where items are for every quest and adventure in the game. At Great Wolf Lodge, in addition to the Wayfinder and Treasure Quests, it unlocks 7 other quests centered around certain lands (Piney Path, Tangled Woods, etc.).

In Fall 2013, a new game called ShadowQuest (now known as Journey to Save the Light), the first of projects to be created by Great Wolf post buyout, began to appear at six of the MagiQuest locations at Great Wolf Lodge. In its early version, it used pre-rendered videos for quest intros and success videos. However, encounters are now rendered in real time, allowing for dueling spells to immediately take effect.

When the Great Wolf Lodge in New England opened in 2014, it featured a new version of MagiQuest called "Guardians of the Realm Portals", with new characters, updated quest requirements, and different strategies/real-time rendering for the pixie, goblin, and dragon encounters. It would continue to use the same software as the older game until the lodge was upgraded.

In early 2016, the Anaheim lodge opened with a beta version of the new "MagiQuest Chronicles" which included a new version of Guardians of the Realm Portals, where all of the computer graphics (both at encounters and quest stations) are rendered in real time, as well as Journey to Save the Light (formerly ShadowQuest), and Rise of the Totem Masters, a toys-to-life game where the player levels up a totem figure by battling dark creatures. After the creation of MagiQuest Chronicles the original version and platform of the old game was dubbed as "Legacy MagiQuest" and Chronicles has also been given the fan name of "MagiQuest 2.0". It has since been expanded to all new Great Wolf Lodges that have opened in the past few years and the Williamsburg, Virginia location was also converted from the original game to MagiQuest Chronicles. The MagiQuest fan community has been quite critical of Chronicles as its quite different from the original gameplay and spirit of legacy.

In Summer 2021, another new version of the game debuted, officially branded as just MagiQuest, it is known internally as 'MagiQuest+' to differentiate it from the Legacy, ShadowQuest and MagiQuest Chronicles games. Like Chronicles, it is far removed from the original experience provided by the game prior to the Great Wolf takeover.

Gameplay

The Ancient Book of Wisdom
At all MagiQuest locations opened prior to 2013, with the exception of the Williamsburg Great Wolf Lodge, players are provided with an "Ancient Book of Wisdom," a booklet containing hints and riddles to help locate necessary object for completing quests, game directions, requirements for adventures (more advanced quests that require the use of certain spells obtained by completing quests), and a map of the location. The book's contents are unique to each location, much like how the quests and adventures are also unique to each location. The Book of Wisdom's ShadowQuest counterpart is called the ShadowQuest Guide.

At the Williamsburg Great Wolf Lodge and all MagiQuest locations opened after 2014, in addition to a printout map of the game area, players also use the MagiQuest Book of Wisdom app on iPhone or Android.

Quests and adventures
The objective of MagiQuest is to build and gain power by obtaining magic runes. These runes are awarded for completing certain tasks, using the wand to activate targets marked with a stylised Q. The runes available on Rune Quests are: Lightning, Enchant Creature, Music, Protection, Freeze, Distraction, Healing, Portal, Dazzle, Reveal, Ice Arrow, and Master Magi. While the Master Magi Rune does not grant any spells like the other Runes, earning it opens up new Rune Quests specifically for Master Magi. These Runes are the Fire, Shield, and Potion Runes. The Celestial and Great Wolf Runes are also available at some Great Wolf Lodge locations.

Outside of the kingdom of MagiQuest, a player can use their wand and the powers they have earned to duel each other for gold and experience points.  At the Myrtle Beach location, Magi could also participate in "Garden Quest", a special rune that took Magi around Broadway at the Beach, an outdoor shopping mall in Myrtle Beach.

MagiQuest Online
MagiQuest Online (MQ Online) was an online version of the game created by Cyan Worlds, the creators of Myst. The game ran on the same engine used in Cyan's own online game, Myst Online: Uru Live (Plasma engine).  MQ Online was sold in chapters; but only the first chapter was developed and available for gameplay.  While the game had a free trial mode, each "chapter" had to be purchased individually per player account. Players who completed chapter one online were allowed to access an additional quest, the Silver Dragon, that could be played at selected MagiQuest and Great Wolf Lodge locations in the United States.

On October 1, 2012 Creative Kingdoms announced it would discontinue MagiQuest Online on December 31, 2012. As of 2013, the game is no longer available, and the Silver Dragon quest was made available to all Master Magi who defeated Charlock, the red dragon.

Technology
The MagiQuest wand is a battery-powered infrared (IR) remote control device with an LED at the tip. Motion sensors (a spring sensor and a ball-and-tube sensor) inside the wand detect movement and cause the LED to emit a brief series of flashes which is unique to that wand. These flashes can be seen by pointing the wand at the lens of any digital video camera in a dark room. The wand's range is several meters. There is no on/off switch; when the wand is left motionless, the circuit is not energized, saving battery power.

The Compass Quest compass is a plastic housing containing an embedded RFID device that doesn't require battery power. Like the wand, every compass has a unique numeric code that is transmitted when in the range of a detector, approximately 1-2 centimeters (about 1 inch).

No information is stored in either the wand or the compass. The player's name, birthday, and nickname are associated with the wand and/or compass ID number at the time of purchase. The exact names and date given are irrelevant. This association is stored in a central online database server, and can be transferred to a new wand if the original one is lost. The server tracks the current status (runes and gold acquired, current quest, etc.) of every player in the system.

In-game objects contained embedded IR sensors, plus a set of RFID panels shaped like the outline of the compass. Game objects can include pictures on the walls, statues, ceiling tiles, animatronic chests, video kiosks and projection rooms. Most stations have lights and audio prompts which play briefly on activation and shut off automatically, but kiosks and projection rooms additionally contain touchscreen video displays which allow the player to interact with the system for a short session. No login is required other than the presence of the wand or compass.

Gameplay typically consists of using a kiosk to receive instructions for a quest or adventure, then finding and activating a series of game objects. The requirements for the initial quests are printed in an instruction booklet supplied with the wand, but some quests must be received from the kiosks and committed to memory. Informational kiosks throughout the complex can be used to find out what parts of the current quest have been completed and what is left to do, but these omit certain clues to the locations of the objects.

The database is nationwide. The player's status (current quest, number of gold pieces, etc.) for every location can be queried from any informational kiosk in the network. Within a complex, it is updated continuously—for instance, after activating one object, a time limit (e.g. 30 seconds) may be given to find and activate the next object in the series, and if the limit is exceeded by even a few seconds, the next object will instruct the player to return to the previous station.

Music
The band Blackmore's Night performed some of the music for MagiQuest. Candice Night, the band's vocalist, plays the role of Princess Candice. She also plays the role of Princess Amora, who is seen only at Great Wolf Lodge locations.

Notes

External links

 The MagiQuest Domain - A MagiQuest Community
The MagiQuest Subreddit

Amusement parks in South Carolina
2005 establishments in South Carolina
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
Tourist attractions in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

MagiQuest


The Kingdom of Vientiane was formed in 1707 as a result of the split of the Kingdom of Lan Xang. The kingdom was a Burmese vassal from 1765 to 1824. It then became a Siamese vassal until 1828 when it was annexed by Siam.

History

In 1779, under the reign of King Setthathirath II of Lan Xang, Kitsarat, an heir of Sourigna Vongsa, declared separation of Luang Prabang. He marched on Vientiane to attack Setthathirath. King Setthathirath II turned to Ayutthaya for help. The Siamese army helped defend Vientiane but could not stop Kitsarat to form his own kingdom. Kitsarat was crowned  king in 1707, creating the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, converting Lan Xang into the Kingdom of Vientiane. The kingdoms of Champasak and Muang Phuan also seceded during the following years.

In 1773, Vientiane was attacked by Luang Prabang forces. King Ong Bun contacted the Konbaung dynasty for help, turning Vientiane into a Burmese vassal. This angered the Thonburi court. After the Burmese-Siamese War of 1775-76, King Taksin sent General Phraya Chakri (the later King Rama I) to attack Vientiane. In 1779, Siamese forces sacked Vientiane, the city was looted with several important Buddha images, including the Emerald Buddha, taken to Thonburi. King Ong Boun decided to submit to the Siamese and Vientiane became a Siamese dependency. Ong Boun again revolted against Siam. In 1781, he was captured by the Siamese and executed.

The Siamese installed Nanthasen, a son of Ong Bun, as ruler. In 1791, Nanthasen convinced King Rama I that Luang Prabang was secretly plotting a rebellion against Siam. He was permitted to attack Luang Prabang and captured the city in 1792.

In 1791, Vientiane was invaded by the Vietnamese Tây Sơn dynasty to root out Lê dynasty loyalists, Nanthasen had to flee to Siam. Finally, he reached an accommodation with Tây Sơn dynasty. In 1795, Nanthasen was accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of Nakhon Phanom. He was deposed and taken to Bangkok. His brother Inthavong succeeded.

Inthavong died in 1804, his brother Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. Anouvong was making military preparations for a rebellion against the Siamese. In December 1826, Anouvong sent an army of 10,000 men toward the cities of the Khorat plateau. He took Nakhon Ratchasima in January but the Siamese quickly organized a massive counterattack. In 1827, Vientiane was ravaged for a second time by the Siamese armies. The city was burned to the ground and was looted of nearly all treasures, its population completely relocated. King Anouvong was captured and put into an iron cage until his death.

The Kingdom of Vientiane was obliterated. The Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. The Siamese divided the Lao lands into three administrative regions. In the north, the king of Luang Prabang and a small Siamese garrison controlled Luang Prabang, Sipsong Panna, and Sip Song Chau Tai. The central region was administered from Nong Khai. The southern regions were controlled from Champassak. Fearing Siam influence, Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty annexed Muang Phuan and the provinces of Khammoune and Savannakhet, where they fought with Siam during the Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834).

The Siamese forced population transfers of Lao people to the Khorat plateau which left only a fifth of the original population on the east bank of the Mekong. Through the 1830s to the 1890s, the region were devastated by rebellions, bandits, slave raids and the Haw wars. The vacuum of power allowed the French, now already controlled Cambodia and Cochinchina, to push north to the Mekong River, with hope of establishing a waterway to China. Vientiane eventually passed to French rule in 1893. It became the capital of the French protectorate of Laos in 1899.

Kings
Setthathirath II (1707–1730)
Ong Long (1730–1767) (Burmese vassal, 1765–1768)
Ong Bun (1st reign, 1767–1778) (Burmese vassal)
Ong Bun (2nd reign, 1780 – 21 November 1781)
Nanthasen (21 November 1781 – 2 February 1795)
Inthavong (Setthathirath III) (2 February 1795 – 7 February 1805, crowned on 23 July 1795)
Anouvong (7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828)

References

Vientiane
Former countries in Southeast Asia
Former countries in Thai history
Geographic history of Thailand
Former monarchies of Asia
History of Laos
History of Myanmar
18th century in Vientiane
19th century in Vientiane
18th century in Laos
18th century in Burma
19th century in Laos
19th century in Siam
States and territories established in 1707
States and territories disestablished in 1828
1707 establishments in Asia
1820s disestablishments in Asia
Former monarchies of Southeast Asia

Kingdom of Vientiane


Basil Lee Whitener (May 14, 1915 – March 20, 1989) was a Democratic U.S. Representative from North Carolina between 1957 and 1969.

Whitener was born in York County, South Carolina on May 14, 1915, and was educated in the public schools of Gaston County, North Carolina. He graduated from Lowell High School in 1931 and from Rutherford College in 1933, attending the University of South Carolina from 1933 to 1935 and graduating from Duke University Law School in 1937. He was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1937 and commenced practice of law in Gastonia, North Carolina.

In 1941 Whitener was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives and was renominated in 1943 but resigned to enter the United States Navy. He served as a gunnery officer until November 1945, leaving with a rank of lieutenant. Whitener was appointed solicitor, fourteenth solicitorial district, in January 1946 and elected in November 1946, reelected in 1950 and 1954, and served until December 31, 1956. In 1948, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention.

Whitener was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-fifth and to the five succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1969); he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1968 to the Ninety-first Congress and an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1970 to the Ninety-second Congress. He resumed the practice of law.

In 1966, Whitener unsuccessfully introduced an amendment to a bill to make Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 inoperative.

Whitener was a resident of Gastonia, North Carolina until his death there on March 20, 1989.

References

External links

1915 births
1989 deaths
University of South Carolina alumni
People from York County, South Carolina
People from Gastonia, North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
20th-century American politicians

Basil Lee Whitener


Alberto Ardines (born 4 July 1970) is a Spanish musician. He is working on a new alternative/power metal band called Sauze that he formed with Manuel Ramil, Fernando Mon, and Toni Amboaje.

Career
Born in Oviedo, when he was almost 12 years old, he started getting interested in music, but it was not until he was 14 that he discovered his passion for heavy metal.  In 1989, he formed the band called Speed Demons with some friends from school.
After changing the band's name for Avalanch and leaving back some friends with the ones he started recorded some EPs, he went to the recording studio to make his first album Ready To The Glory, which was released in 1992.

In 1996, he began taking drumming classes with Fernando Arias a wonderful drummer, who taught him some different styles. That same year he entered the school of music of Llanera, Asturias, where he spent two years studying drums and musical language. With influences from Dave Wake, or Mike Portnoy and classes given by his particular professor he became a great drummer. A year later, his dream started becoming true, when he participated in a tour around Spain, which continued until 28 December 2001.

Throughout this time, he was either or learning or touring, which was not easy. Because of all his perseverance, he has been classified as one of the best drummers of Spain. But he says "I still have to learn a lot, and a person gotta go step by step".

During 2001, in his free time, he started recording a project with his band companion Víctor García, who would receive the name of WarCry.

Discography

Avalanch
 1992 — Ready To The Glory
 1997 — La Llama Eterna
 1988 — Eternal Flame
 1999 — Llanto De Un Héroe
 2000 — Días De Gloria
 2001 — El Ángel Caído

Tributes
 1999 — Transilvania 666 (Iron Maiden)
 2000 — The Attack of the Dragons (Queen)
 2000 — Metal Gods (Judas Priest)

WarCry
 2002 — WarCry
 2002 — El Sello De Los Tiempos
 2004 — Alea Jacta Est
 2005 — ¿Dónde Está La Luz?
 2006 — Directo A La Luz
 2006 — La Quinta Esencia

Sauze
 2008 — Nada Tiene Sentido

Last Days Of Eden
 2015 - Ride The World

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Oviedo
Spanish heavy metal musicians
WarCry (band) members
Avalanch members

Alberto Ardines


Immortals is a 2011 American adventure-fantasy movie directed by Tarsem Singh. It is loosely based on the myths of Theseus, the Minotaur and the Titanomachy. The movie it stars Henry Cavill, Freida Pinto and Mickey Rourke. It was released on November 11, 2011. The reviews were mixed to negative. But it was a commercial success.

Plot
Before the age of man or beast, the immortals wage war on each other in the heavens. The winners become the gods. The losers become the Titans who were imprisoned in Mount Tartarus. During the war, a powerful weapon called the Epirus Bow was lost. In 1228 B.C., the Heraklion king Hyperion (Mickey Rourke), lays waste to Greece searching for the bow. With it he can free the Titans and destroy the gods who failed to save his wife and children from dying of disease. Hyperion captures the virgin oracle Phaedra (Freida Pinto), in the hopes that her psychic visions will help him locate the bow.

Meanwhile, the people of a village prepare to flee to Mount Tartarus to escape from Hyperion's soldiers. One of them is the warrior Theseus (Henry Cavill). He was mentored by a mysterious old man (John Hurt). Theseus and his mother Aethra (Anne Day-Jones) are considered as outcasts as he is the product of Aethra being raped. They are forced to stay behind by soldiers from Athens including Lysander (Joseph Morgan).  Theseus beats off multiple opponents until the Athenian officer Helios (Peter Stebbings) has Lysander dismissed for his actions. Lysander travels to Hyperion offering him his service the location of the village. The king accepts but labels Lysander a traitor and, to punish him, has his testicles hammered, so he is unable to produce children. Hyperion's soldiers attack the village and, after murdering Aethra and the villagers, take Theseus captive.

It is revealed that the old man in Zeus  (Luke Evans). He warns his fellows gods Athena (Isabel Lucas), Poseidon (Kellan Lutz), Ares (Daniel Sharman), Heracles (Steve Byers) and Apollo (Corey Sevier) not to interfere with mortal affairs unless the Titans are freed and they must have faith in the humans to defeat Hyperion.

Theseus is enslaved alongside the thief Stavros (Stephen Dorff). Phaedra, who is being held prisoner nearby, sees a vision of Theseus and organizes a riot, and Theseus uses the chaos to escape with Stavros and the other slaves. Theseus attempts to pursue Hyperion by hijacking a boat, but he and his allies are attacked by Hyperion's soldiers. Poseidon deliberately disobeys Zeus by diving into the sea from Olympus and causing a tidal wave which drowns Hyperion's men. When Phaedra sees a vision of Theseus standing near a shrouded corpse, she determines he must return to bury his mother. Despite Theseus's scepticism, his mother believed in the gods and therefore must receive a proper burial.

While laying Aethra to rest in the village labyrinth, Theseus discovers the bow embedded in rock. He frees it, but Hyperion's henchman Minotaur attacks him; though he succeeds in killing the monster, Theseus collapses from poisoned wounds. Phaedra heals Theseus, and later falls in love with him. The two have sex, stripping her of the prophecies she deemed a curse.

As Hyperion's forces gather at Mount Tartarus, the party travel to Phaedra's temple, and Theseus loses the bow in an ambush. Outnumbered by Hyperion's men, Ares, going against Zeus's orders, directly intervenes by fighting the soldiers, and Athena provides Theseus and Stavros with horses to reach Tartarus. Zeus arrives and angrily kills Ares for his defiance, letting his death be a warning to the gods, and that the mortals will no longer receive divine support, and must justify the faith he has in Theseus, before leaving with Athena. The stolen bow is brought to Hyperion.

Theseus, Stavros and Phaedra travel to Mount Tartarus, where he tries to no avail to warn the Greek king Cassander of Hyperion's plans. Cassander dismisses his talk of the gods as myth, intending to negotiate a peace treaty with Hyperion. The next day, Hyperion uses the bow to fell the walls of Tartarus, which are seemingly impregnable.

Theseus leads the Greek forces against Hyperion, and kills Lysander. Hyperion ignores the battle, storms through to Mount Tartarus, killing Helios and Cassander and using the bow to release the Titans, with the force of the release knocking the mortals down. Unable to escape the vault, Stavros kills a Titan to buy Theseus time to escape, before sacrificing himself. Zeus leads the gods in a battle against the Titans while Theseus fights Hyperion, and while they are more than a match, the gods are overwhelmed by sheer numbers, with all but Zeus and Poseidon dying. While Zeus collapses the mountain onto the Titans, Theseus kills Hyperion. As the mountain collapses, Zeus ascends to the heavens with Athena's body and a wounded Poseidon. The collapsing mountain decimates Hyperion's forces, and the dying Theseus is rewarded with a place among the immortals.

Years later, Theseus's story has become legend, and Phaedra is raising his son Acamas, who has inherited her gift of prophecy. The boy is visited by Zeus as an old man, who informs him he will become a warrior like his father and mustn't fear his visions. Acamas has a vision of Theseus leading an army of gods in a battle in the sky with the Titans.

Cast

 Henry Cavill as Theseus, a mortal chosen by Zeus to fight evil.
 Robert Naylor as Young Theseus.
 Stephen Dorff as Stavros, a cunning slave and master thief who joins Theseus on his quest.
 Luke Evans as Zeus, god of the sky and king of the gods.
 John Hurt as Old Man, a disguise used by Zeus to interact with mortals.
 Isabel Lucas as Athena, goddess of wisdom.
 Kellan Lutz as Poseidon, god of the sea.
 Freida Pinto as Phaedra, an Oracle priestess who joins Theseus on his quest.
 Mickey Rourke as King Hyperion, the King of Heraklion.
 Joseph Morgan as Lysander, a traitorous Athenian soldier who joins King Hyperion after being discharged.
 Peter Stebbings as Helios, an Athenian general.
 Daniel Sharman as Ares, god of war.
 Anne Day-Jones as Aethra, mother of Theseus.
 Greg Bryk as Nycomedes, a monk in service to Phaedra.
 Corey Sevier as Apollo, god of light.
 Steve Byers as Heracles, the god who forged the Epirus Bow.
 Robert Maillet as The Minotaur, Hyperion's powerful henchman who wears a metal bull mask.
 Romano Orzari as Icarus, an Athenian soldier.
 Alan van Sprang as Dareios, a slave who joins Theseus on his quest.
 Stephen McHattie as Cassander, the King of the Hellenics.
 Mark Margolis as The New Priest, a monk.
 Gage Munroe as Acamas, son of Theseus and Phaedra.
 Tamas Menyhart as Heraklion

References

Other websites
 Immortals Movie Clip "Zeus's Wrath" Official 2011 [HD - Henry Cavill; YouTube]

2011 movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology

Immortals (2011 movie)


George Alfred Lawrence David (born April 7, 1942) is the former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of United Technologies Corporation. David was elected UTC's President in 1992 and Chief Executive Officer in 1994. He joined UTC's Otis Elevator subsidiary in 1975 and became its President in 1986.

Life and career
David was born in Pennsylvania. His mother's name was Margaret; his father, Charles Wendell, was the director of libraries at the University of Pennsylvania and one of America's first Rhodes scholars. David left home after he graduated from high school in 1962 and enrolled in Harvard University on a full scholarship. He received his B.A. from Harvard and M.B.A. from the University of Virginia's Darden Graduate School of Business Administration. He worked for the Boston Consulting Group.

He is a board member of Citigroup, a member of The Business Council and the Business Roundtable, and Vice Chairman of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He has served on the boards of the Graduate Business School at the University of Virginia, the National Minority Supplier Development Council, the U.S.-ASEAN Business Council, the Transatlantic Business Dialogue and the  Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art.

In 1975 David began working for Otis Elevator Co., which was taken over by United Technologies Corp that same year.

In 1999, the Russian Federation awarded David with the Order of Friendship for his contributions to that nation's economy, particularly to its aerospace industry. In 2001, he received the Air Force Association's John R. Alison Award for contributions to national defense by an industrial leader. In 2002, France named him to its Legion of Honor.

In 2000, he was named as one of America's Most Powerful People by Forbes magazine; and CEO of the Year by Industry Week in 2003.

He was awarded "CEO of the Year 2005" by Chief Executive Magazine.

In 2007, his last full year as chief executive of United Technologies Corp., David reaped $65 million in total compensation.

He married his high school sweetheart, adopted three children with her and divorced her thirty later.

In 2009, David divorced his second wife Marie Douglas-David. She contested a $43 million postnuptial agreement and requested a settlement of approximately $100 million. Marie Douglas-David ended up with only $5 million.

In July 2012, David married Wendy Touton.

A member of the New York Yacht Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron, he is an avid yachtsman and racer actively campaigning his R/P 90 named Rambler (formerly Alfa Romeo I, ex-Shockwave) in regattas around the world. He then owned the Rambler 100. The yacht capsized during the 2011 Fastnet race. All crew, including David and Wendy Touton, were rescued.

In 2012 George David's maxi Rambler shattered the Newport to Bermuda Race record, shaving 14 hours off the previous fastest time recorded in the 635 mile race.

References

1942 births
American technology chief executives
Citigroup people
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
United Technologies people
University of Virginia Darden School of Business alumni
Directors of BP
American chairpersons of corporations
Episcopal Academy alumni

George David


The moa-nalo are a group of extinct aberrant, goose-like ducks that lived on the larger Hawaiian Islands, except Hawaii itself, in the Pacific. They were the major herbivores on most of these islands until they became extinct after human settlement.

Description
The moa-nalo (the name literally means "lost fowl"; the plural and the singular are the same) were long unknown to science, having been wiped out before the arrival of James Cook (1778). In the early 1980s, their subfossil remains were discovered in sand dunes on the islands of Molokai and Kauai. Subsequently, bones were found on Maui, Oahu, and Lānai, in lava tubes, lake beds, and sinkholes. They represent four species in three genera so far:

 Chelychelynechen quassus (turtle-jawed moa-nalo) from Kauai
 Ptaiochen pau (small-billed moa-nalo) from Maui
 Thambetochen xanion (O'ahu moa-nalo) from Oahu
 Thambetochen chauliodous (Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo) from Maui, Lānai and Molokai (Maui Nui)

Chelychelynechen, meaning turtle-jawed goose, had a large, heavy bill like that of a tortoise, while the other two genera, Thambetochen and Ptaiochen, all had serrations in their bills known as pseudoteeth, similar to those of mergansers. All species were flightless and large, with an average mass of .

Evolution

Some moa-nalo fossils have been found to contain traces of mitochondrial DNA which were compared to living duck species in order to establish their place in the duck family, Anatidae. Contrary to the expectations of some scientists, the moa-nalo were not related to the large geese (Anserinae), such as the surviving nēnē, but instead to the dabbling ducks of the genus Anas, which includes the mallard. The present DNA analysis' resolution is not high enough to determine their relationships to different species of Anas, but biogeography strongly suggests that their closest living relative is the widespread Pacific black duck.

Ecology

The unusual bill shape and size of the moa-nalo can be attributed to their role in the ecology of prehistoric Hawaii. A study of coprolites (fossil dung) of Thambetochen chauliodous found in Puu Naio Cave on lowland Maui has shown they were folivorous, at least in dry shrub or mesic forest habitats eating particularly fronds from ferns (possibly Asplenium nidus or Dryopteris wallichiana). This conclusion is backed up by the shapes of their beaks (James & Burney 1997). This indicates they were the principal browsers on the island.
The presence of prominent spines on the leaves and soft young stems of several Hawaiian lobelioids in the genus Cyanea—unusual in an island flora where such defenses are frequently lost, as in the ākala (Hawaiian raspberry)—suggests that the Cyanea evolved these thorn-like prickles on new growth because they protect against browsing by the moa-nalo. The moa-nalo themselves filled the niche of herbivore usually filled by mammals such as goats and deer, or the giant tortoises of Galápagos and other archipelagoes. This has implications for the ecology of Hawaiian Islands today, as a major group of species have been lost.

Like island taxa from Mauritius, New Zealand and Polynesia, the moa-nalo were unused to mammals and were easily predated on by hunters or the animals that were introduced and became feral, such as domestic pigs.

See also
 Giant tortoises, found on several archipelagos around the world
 Island gigantism
 Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
 Moa, enormous extinct flightless ratites, formerly the largest herbivores in New Zealand

References

 James, Helen F. & Burney, David A. (1997): The diet and ecology of Hawaii's extinct flightless waterfowl: evidence from coprolites. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 62(2): 279–297. HTML abstract

Further reading
 . Chapter 1 of the book is about the moa-nalo, and avian paleontologists working in Hawaii.
 Slikas, Beth (2003): Hawaiian Birds: Lessons from a Rediscovered Avifauna. Auk 120(4): 953–960. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0953:HBLFAR]2.0.CO;2* Sorenson et al. (1999): Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society.

Anatinae
Holocene extinctions
Extinct flightless birds
Extinct birds of Hawaii
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Endemic fauna of Hawaii

Moa-nalo


Gustav Strube (3 March 1867 – 2 February 1953) was a German-born conductor and composer. He was the founding conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra in 1916, and taught at the Peabody Conservatory. He wrote two operas, Ramona, which premiered in 1916, and The Captive, which premiered at the Lyric Theatre in Baltimore in February 1938. He was also a member of Baltimore's famous Saturday Night Club with H. L. Mencken.

Strube was born in the Harz Mountains of Ballenstadt in 1867 and came from a musically gifted family. By the age of 10, Strube was in his father's symphony, and at the age of 16 he entered the Leipzig Conservatory. Strube used to earn pocket money by making dance music for Saturday night dance parties. Upon graduation he entered the Gewandhaus Orchestra, and played under Johann Strauss, the younger, while teaching at the Mannheim Conservatory. In 1889 Strube and conductor Artur Nikisch immigrated to the United States to play in the Boston Symphony Orchestra, he said.

Strube played in the Boston Symphony Orchestra for 23 years, and eventually became concert maestro. Strube was one of the first conductors of the Boston Pops, formed because of the success of "march master" John Philip Sousa, according to the Boston Pops Homepage.

He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.

Composition manuscripts, personal photographs, concert programs, and newspaper features are in the holdings of the Gustav Strube Collection at the Peabody Institute Archives in Baltimore, MD.  http://musiclibrary.peabody.jhu.edu/content.php?pid=225964&sid=1871497

Selected works
Opera
Ramona (1916)
The Captive (1938)

Orchestra
Lorelei (symphonic poem)
Narcissus and Echo (Malfilâtre) (symphonic poem)
A Peace Overture (1945)
Puck (1910, comedy overture)
Sinfonietta (little symphony)
Symphonic Prologue
 Symphony in B minor (1910)
Eine Walpurgisnacht (symphonic poem)
Gethsemane (symbolic rhapsody; lyrics by Helen A. Clarke)

Concertante
Longing for viola and orchestra (1905); after the poem by William Lyman Johnson; dedicated to and premiered by Émile Férir with the Boston Symphony Orchestra
Fantastic Dance for viola and orchestra (1906); dedicated to and premiered by Émile Férir with the Boston Symphony Orchestra
Concerto in F minor for violin and orchestra (1907)
Concerto in B minor for violin and orchestra (1927)
Concerto for violin and orchestra (1943)
Élégie for cello and orchestra (1907)
Romance in B major for violin and orchestra (1903)

Chamber music
Berceuse for viola and piano (1908)
Elegy and Serenade for string quartet (with double bass ad libitum) or string orchestra, Op.9 (1902)
Concertino in D major for violin and piano (1909)
Legato, Tempo di Valse for piano (1902)
Mirages, 6 Pieces for violin and piano (1914)
Rêverie in A minor for violin and piano (1906)
Sonata in E minor for violin and piano (1924)
Sonata in D minor for viola and piano (1925)
Sonatina for viola and Piano (1943)
Ein Tanz (A Dance) in D minor for violin and piano (1906)
Trio for violin, cello and piano (1928)
Two Pictures for violin and piano (1924)
Vier kleine Stimmungsbilder (Four Little Mood-Pictures) for violin and piano (1908)
Abendglocken (Sunset Chimes)
Mondscheinzauber (Magic Moonlight)
Ein Märchen (A Fairy Tale)
Morgen (Morning)

References

External links
Kentucky Kernel – article with Gustav Strube biographical information

1867 births
1953 deaths
People from Ballenstedt
People from the Duchy of Anhalt
American classical composers
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
American male classical composers
American opera composers
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
German male classical composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States

Gustav Strube


Bequia English is the local dialect of English spoken on Bequia, an island in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It belongs to the group of Caribbean English varieties.

Phonology

Consonants
Word-initially /t/ and /d/ are dental. Word-final /t/ can be sometimes fully released and sometimes fully deleted, such as in but [bʌ] and about [əbaʷ]. Word-medially /t/ can occur as either a stop or glottal stop, hence after is either [aftə] or [afʔə].
Word-initially H is variably present. The fricatives are pronounced as dentals: 'think' [tɪŋk], 'there' [dɛ]. Nasal backing is common after back vowels: "Hamilton" sounds like [hamɪltɔŋ]. /l/ is normally light in all positions, the /r/ is a retroflex [ɹ] and rhoticity is variable.
/str/ is pronounced as /ʃtr/: industry is [ɪndʌʃtri]. Final clusters may be devoiced (kids: [kɪts]) and final stops in clusters can be deleted (respect: [rispɛk]). There is restricted metathesis: words like ask, crisp and crispy are pronounced as [æks], [krɪps], and [krɪpsi]; but mask is pronounced as [ma:s].
/k/ and /g/ tend to be palatalized: Coast Guard [kʲo:s gʲa:d].

Vowels
The vowels in Kit and Dress are usually [ɪ] and [ɛ], and the vowel in Kit is sometimes lowered to [ɛ] (miracle: [mɛɹəkl]). The vowel in Trap is either [a] or [æ]. The Foot vowel is usually [ʊ], but sometimes [ɔ], and the Lot vowel is usually [ɑ], but sometimes [a]. The vowel in Strut is normally [ʌ], but at times [ɔ] (cup: [kɔp]).
The vowels in Fleece and in Goose tend to occur as [i:] and [u:], and the Face and Goat vowels tend to occur as [e:] and [o:], but they can occasionally be [eə] and [oə]. The Bath vowel tends to occur as [a:], though [æ] can also be heard. The Cloth, Thought and Palm vowels tend to occur as [a].
The diphthong in Price is either [aɪ], [ɔɪ] or [əɪ], the diphthong in Mouth is either [aʊ], [ɔʊ] or [əʊ]. The Choice diphthong is usually [ɔɪ], but can be realized as [aɪ]. Hence, choice can be heard as [tʃaɪs] and price can be heard as [pɹɔɪs].
The Nurse vowel is [ə], [ɜ]or [ɔ]; the Near vowels is usually [i:], but can be merged with the Square vowel [e:]. The Start vowel is either [a:] or [ɑ:], the Cure vowel is [ɔ:], and the North and Force vowels are usually merged, though lord tends to sound like [la:d].

Rhythm
According to Meer, Bequia English has limited vowel reduction and a high tendency toward syllable-timed stress pattern.

References

Dialects of English
Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Caribbean English

Bequia English


Bagrat VI (;  1439 – 1478), a representative of the Imeretian branch of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Imereti (as Bagrat II) from 1463, and a king of Georgia from 1465 until his death.

Life
He was the son of Prince George. Around 1455, he was granted the title of Eristavi (duke) of Samokalako (Kutaisi, western Imereti, and the surroundings) by the Georgian king George VIII. In the early 1460s, Bagrat supported the rebel prince Qvarqvare II Jaqeli, atabeg (prince) of Samtskhe, and the king deprived Bagrat of his duchy. In 1463, Bagrat led a coalition of western Georgian nobles who met and defeated George VIII at the Battle of Chikhori. Subsequently, Bagrat captured Kutaisi and was crowned king of Imereti. But in return for their aid, the new monarch was obliged to create a principality (samtavro) for each of his four allies. Henceforth the Gelovani clan in Svaneti, the Shervashidze (Sharvashidze) in Abkhazia, the Dadiani in Odishi (Mingrelia), and the Vardanidze in Guria ruled as semi-independent princes.

King of Georgia
In 1465, after the king George VIII was defeated and imprisoned by Qvarqvare of Samtskhe, Bagrat used the opportunity and crossed the borders of East Georgia (Inner Kartli), where he proclaimed himself King of all Georgia. In fact, he possessed only west Georgia and Inner Kartli and remained mostly in western Georgia. In his western possessions, he also established a separate church, Catholicosate of Abkhazia, independent from the Patriarchate of Mtskheta (i.e., Georgian Orthodox Church). To justify this step, he asked Michael IV, Patriarch of Antioch and Jerusalem, to compose a "Law of Faith" which stated that western and eastern Georgia had different history of conversion and, therefore, they should be independent from each other.

Once freed from captivity, George VIII attempted to recover his throne, but was only able to establish himself in Kakheti, leaving the field in Kartli to his nephew, Constantine who seems to have consolidated his rule in the Lower Kartli in 1469. During this time of triarchy, Georgia was at least twice attacked by Uzun Hasan, the prince of the Ak Koyunlu clan (Münejjim Bashi speaks of three invasions, in 1466, in summer of 1472, and after Uzun Hassan's defeat by the Ottoman Turks in 1476-7). Bagrat had to make peace with the invaders, abandoning Tbilisi to the enemy. It was only after Uzun Hasan's death (1478) when the Georgians were able to recover their capital.

In 1477, Eristav of Odishi, Vameq II Dadiani opposed Bagrat's rule in Western Georgia, he then assembled the Abkhazians and Gurians and began the raids in Imereti. The reaction of the king of Georgia was immediate. Bagrat VI defeated and subdued Vameq II Dadiani.

Bagrat died in 1478, and was succeeded by his son, Alexander II.

Bagrat VI was buried at the Gelati Monastery near Kutaisi.

Family and children
He was married to Elene (died November 3, 1510), who bore him three sons:
Vakhtang (died very young)
Alexander II
David

In historical fiction

 Emanuele Rizzardi, L'ultimo Paleologo. PubMe Editor, 2018

Notes

References
Ivane Javakhishvili, The History of the Georgian Nation, vol. 3 (1982), Tbilisi State University Press, pages 320–340 (In Georgian)
Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition (December 1994), Indiana University Press, , pages 45–46

Kings of Georgia
Kings of Imereti
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia
1430s births
1478 deaths

Bagrat VI of Georgia


Michelle Susan Martin  (born 29 April 1967) is an Australian former professional squash player who was one of the game's leading players in the 1990s. She was ranked number one in the world from 1993 to 1996 and again in 1998 and 1999, and won three World Open titles and six British Open titles.

Early life
Martin was born on 29 April 1967 in Sydney, as the fourth of six children. Her older brothers Brett and Rodney also went on to be top professional players. Her parents, who had built the Engadine Squash Centre below their family home, introduced her to the game when she was three years old. She would often play squash with her family after school, and at the age of eight, she came second in the state under-13s championship. She moved with her family to Brisbane in 1980, and attended Everton Park State High School.

Career
She joined the Australian Institute of Sport's squash unit shortly after its establishment in 1985, and was part of the program for the rest of the 1980s; her coaches there included squash champions Geoff Hunt and Heather McKay. After working in a bank, she began her professional squash career in 1987, competing in her first of six World Team Squash Championships in that year; she went on to participate in all of them during her career except the 1989 championship.

In early 1990, Martin was considering giving up the sport due to lack of progress (her world ranking had been steady at No. 6 for some years), until her uncle Lionel Robberds began coaching her, providing her with a rigorous training program of running, gym work and physical drills. Her confidence in her game and world ranking began to increase. In late 1990, she met Phil Harte, who was to be her manager from then until 1992. Harte suggested that, rather than wearing the traditional shirt and skirt during squash games, she should wear a two-piece lycra suit because it was "something sexy" that would "shake up the squash world" and gain publicity for her in the process. She agreed to do so, which caused much controversy. Fellow squash player Danielle Drady, who was married to Martin's brother Rodney, later left him for Harte, who became her manager and similarly had her dress in glad wrap for publicity. Rodney became her coach in 1998.

She spent 44 months as the best women's squash player in the world from March 1993 to October 1996 before Cassie Jackman of England broke her dominance; she was also ranked number one in the world in 1998 and 1999. She won three consecutive World Open championships from 1993 to 1995, and was a finalist in all the World Opens from 1992 to 1999 except 1996; she also won six consecutive British Opens from 1993 to 1998. She represented her country at the 1996 and 1999 Squash World Cups, and won gold medals in the sport at the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games in the women's singles and mixed doubles. She also won the Australian Open in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, and 1999. At the end of 1999 she announced her retirement, saying she had achieved all her goals in the sport. She worked as a manager and coach of the Australian women's junior and senior teams from 2003 to 2016.

World Open

Finals: 7 (3 titles, 4 runners-up)

World Team Championships

Finals: 6 (4 title, 2 runner-up)

Personal life
Martin was married to Stephen Lacy, who was also her manager when she played professional squash, and the couple has two sons.

Recognition
In 1994, Martin was named New South Wales Sportswoman of the Year. She was inducted into the Australian Squash Hall of Fame in 1995 and was upgraded to Legend status in 2011; she was also inducted into the New South Wales Sports Hall of Champions in 1998, the Women's Squash Hall of Fame in 2000, and the Queensland Sports Hall of Fame in 2009. She received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000 and a Medal of the Order of Australia in 2013. She was inducted into the World Squash Hall of Fame, the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, and the Australian Institute of Sport "Best of the Best" in 2001.

See also
 List of WISPA number 1 ranked players
 Official Women's Squash World Ranking

References

External links

 Page at Squashpics.com

1967 births
Living people
Australian female squash players
Australian Institute of Sport squash players
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in squash
Squash players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Sportswomen from Queensland
Sportspeople from Brisbane
Sportspeople from Sydney
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees

Michelle Martin


Commissioner v. Banks, 543 U.S. 426 (2005), together with Commissioner v. Banaitis, was a case decided before the Supreme Court of the United States, dealing with the issue of whether the portion of a money judgment or settlement paid to a taxpayer's attorney under a contingent-fee agreement is income to the taxpayer for federal income tax purposes. The Supreme Court held when a taxpayer's recovery constitutes income, the taxpayer's income includes the portion of the recovery paid to the attorney as a contingent fee. Employment cases are an exception to this Supreme Court ruling because of the Civil Rights Tax Relief in the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. The Civil Rights Tax Relief amended Internal Revenue Code § 62(a) to permit taxpayers to subtract attorney's fees from gross income in arriving at adjusted gross income.

Background
In the first case, John W. Banks, II was fired from his job with the California Department of Education. He retained an attorney on a contingent-fee basis and filed a civil suit against his employer alleging employment discrimination against his employer. Banks settled the case for $464,000 and paid $150,000 to his lawyer. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) contended that the entire amount was income to Banks, a position upheld by the United States Tax Court. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in favor of Banks, holding the lawyer's share could be excluded from the taxpayer's gross income. The Court of Appeals reasoned the contingent-fee arrangement "is more like a partial assignment of income-producing property than an assignment of income." Under this theory, Banks and his attorney were in effect partners in a joint venture who shared a recovery, and who should each be taxed only on his separate part.

In the second case, Sigitas J. Banaitis, a vice president of the Bank of California, retained an attorney on a contingent-fee basis and sued the bank and its successor in ownership, the Mitsubishi Bank, for interference with his employment agreement and wrongful discharge. The parties settled the case. The defendants paid $4.9 million to Banaitis and $3.9 million to his attorney, following the formula set forth in the contingent-fee contract. The IRS viewed the entire amount as gross income to Banaitis. This view was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which reasoned that because the state law granted attorneys a superior lien in the contingent-fee portion of any recovery, that part of Banaitis' settlement was not includable as gross income.

Both cases were then heard by the United States Supreme Court.

Issue
The issue presented to the United States Supreme Court was whether the portion of a money judgment or settlement paid to a taxpayer's attorney under a contingent-fee agreement is income to the taxpayer for federal income tax purposes.

Opinion of the Court
The United States Supreme Court held that a taxpayer's income includes the portion of the recovery paid to the taxpayer's attorney as a contingent fee.

Subsequent developments
Successful plaintiffs may face an unintended and unfair tax result because of this ruling.  Gross proceeds from settlement or litigation are considered income and the related legal fees are deductible only as an itemized deduction.  Some or all of the deduction benefit may be lost because of the 2% limitation on miscellaneous itemized deductions or the loss of the deduction for legal fees for purposes of calculating the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) with larger awards. Double taxation of the attorney fees may result because the amount for attorney fees is income to the plaintiff and the attorney who is eventually paid. Some plaintiffs may be put in a worse financial situation after winning a case if the attorney fees far exceeded plaintiff's actual damages.

The impact of this decision may have little impact on future tax disputes involving substantially the same facts.  After these cases arose, the Internal Revenue Code Section 62(a)(20), enacted as part of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, expressly permits a taxpayer to subtract from his or her gross income, in arriving at adjusted gross income, the "attorneys fees and court costs paid by, or on behalf of, the taxpayer in connection with any action involving a claim of unlawful discrimination" as defined by the Act.  The Act was not retroactive and only applied to attorney fees paid after the date of enactment with respect to any settlement or judgment occurring after its enactment. This provision eliminates the double taxation of attorney fees on plaintiff discrimination awards by changing the deduction for attorney fees from itemized deduction to an above the line deduction.

Commissioner v. Banks is still precedent for those contingent fee arrangements not eligible for an above the line deduction, which include claims for defamation, invasion of privacy, and tortious interference with contract.

References

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States taxation and revenue case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
2005 in United States case law

Commissioner v. Banks


The Serbian Heritage Museum is not-for-profit community museum in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, located inside the Serbian Center. It is the largest Serbian museum located outside of Serbia. Exhibits in the museum are bilingual (Serbian and English).

Background

The museum's collection consists of a variety of Serbian artifacts including art, archival documents, jewellery, textiles, instruments, books, and more. The collection was started in 1976 when the Serbian Heritage Women's Club held an exhibit at what is now Windsor's Community Museum, leading to the establishment of their own museum.

The museum holds multiple exhibits each year, some of which have gained publicity in Serbia. They sometimes send out travelling exhibits to other locations in Ontario. The museum also participates in cultural events in conjunction with the Serbian Center, such as festivals or dance performances.

References

External links
 Serbian Heritage Museum

Serbian-Canadian culture
Buildings and structures in Windsor, Ontario
Museums in Windsor, Ontario

Serbian Heritage Museum


The Battle of Sunset Pass was fought in November 1874 during the Yavapai War. Following the theft of livestock by a band of Tonto Apaches, a troop of United States Army soldiers was dispatched to track the natives and recover the stolen property. The Americans found the raiders at Sunset Pass, in Coconino County, Arizona, where a small skirmish ensued.

Battle
In October 1874 a Tonto band stole some livestock from a settler in the Tonto Basin so on the morning of November 1, 1874 about forty men of the 5th Cavalry, including some Apache scouts, left Camp Verde to pursue the hostiles. The patrol reached Sunset Pass, near the Little Colorado River, that same day so the commander, First Lieutenant Charles King, decided that the spot would be a good place to make camp for the night. However, shortly after the Americans stopped, King took a few men with him on a hike up a nearby mesa in order to have a better view of the surrounding terrain. Unbeknown to King, the Tontos he was looking for were waiting to ambush the party while they climbed up the mesa. King and his men were about a half a mile away from camp when suddenly a volley or arrows and bullets was fired from the Tontos hiding behind rocks and boulders. King was badly wounded within the first few minutes of the fight, having been hit in the head twice by arrows and one by a bullet to his right arm.

Under a heavy enemy fire, Sergeant Bernard Taylor raced forward and rescued King who was almost unconscious. Sergeant Taylor then carried the wounded King all the way back to camp. By which time the remainder of the patrol moved in to engage. Second Lieutenant George O. Eaton assumed command at that point and he fought the Apaches for some time before disengaging. In the end, King's probe was regarded as a failure though Sergeant Taylor, George Deary, and Rudolph von Medem later received the Medal of Honor for their conduct in this battle and other engagements.

Aftermath
Because the pursuit of the Tonto Apaches failed, the garrison of Camp Verde launched another expedition on November 17 of 1874. In it, Second Lieutenant Eaton led a detachment of the 5th Cavalry which was accompanied by the famous frontiersman Al Sieber and his Apache scouts. The expedition first headed east from Camp Verde along West Clear Creek before heading roughly northeast above the Mogollon Rim. Several days later, on November 24, Eaton and his command encountered a patrol under Captain Robert H. Montgomery who had been patrolling farther to the east. Though Eaton had no orders to proceed further east, he continued on and found the Apache's trail which Captain Montgomery had missed. The expedition followed the trail and two hours before sunset they found the hostiles. Another skirmish ensued and it resulted in the deaths of two warriors and the capture of six women and children, the Americans suffered no casualties. As for First Lieutenant King, he later became a captain only to retire from the regular army shortly afterwards, due to his wounds sustained at Sunset Pass. King then became a well known novelist before volunteering to fight in the War of 1898 and the Philippine–American War as a general. One of King's works was the book Sunset Pass, published in 1890.

References

  –

Conflicts in 1874
Apache Wars
Battles involving the Apache
Battles involving the United States
History of Arizona
History of United States expansionism
19th-century military history of the United States
1874 in Arizona Territory
November 1874 events

Battle of Sunset Pass


The SADC Tribunal was a court and the highest policy institution of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It was housed in the Turnhalle building in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. Although established on paper since 1992, members of the Tribunal were only appointed during the SADC Summit in 2005. On 18 November 2005 the Tribunal was inaugurated and the members were sworn in by Peter Shivute, chief justice of Namibia of the Namibian Supreme Court.

Before the first case was heard by the Tribunal, the Turnhalle burned down on 18 January 2007. The court room was completely destroyed. Reconstruction work started in November 2007.

Key decisions
In one of its first cases, Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd and Others v Republic of Zimbabwe the Tribunal decided in 2007 and 2008 that the government of Zimbabwe may not evict farmer Mike Campbell from his land, and that farm evictions per Amendment 17 of Zimbabwe's constitution amount to de facto discrimination against Whites. Following this decision, Zimbabwe pulled out of the SADC Tribunal, challenging its legitimacy. The 2010 SADC summit then ordered a review of the "functions and [...] terms of reference of the SADC Tribunal", a step that a group of legal and human rights organizations describes as  "virtually suspending" this inter-regional court. During this time of reorganisation the Tribunal had only four of ten judges appointed and did not accept nor hear any cases.

Dissolution
The 2012 SADC summit resolved to limit the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to "disputes between member states" and so barred cases from individuals and companies to bring cases. Until 2012, only individuals had approached the Tribunal. SADC member states normally do not take each other to court so the necessity of the institution is now doubtful. The SADC resolution was described as effectively "neuter[ing]" the Tribunal, and has been condemned by various groups. Later that year SADC disbanded the Tribunal altogether.

References

Southern African Development Community
Tribunals
Windhoek
Courts in Namibia
1992 establishments in Africa
2012 disestablishments in Africa

SADC Tribunal


The Inside Story is a Philippine public affairs show aired on ABS-CBN from July 10, 1990, to November 3, 1998, replacing PEP (People, Events and Places) Talk and was replaced by The Correspondents. It airs every Tuesday. It was initially hosted by Loren Legarda, and later on by Julius Babao and Cathy Yang after Legarda left the network after filing her candidacy as a Lakas-NUCD-UMDP senator and won with over 14 million votes.

Format

The program was a 60-minute news magazine program produced by the News and Current Affairs Department of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. As its title suggests, the program provided incisive and investigative accounts on important events and significant personages that shapes the Filipino nation.

Divided into three independent segments, each episode of The Inside Story endeavors to enrich the national consciousness of the viewing public and help mold public opinion by providing them with vignettes of both contemporary and indigenous culture.
Geared for an audience of young professionals, as well as policy-makers and decision-makers, The Inside Story has observed a steadily growing viewership among students, who consider the program's accurate reportage and engaging visual elements a good reference for socio-cultural and political concerns, not only in the local scenario but in the global village as well.

Broadcast

Anchored by broadcast journalist Loren Legarda, The Inside Story has garnered numerous awards and citations for its endeavors and has enjoyed remarkable program ratings since its inception in 1990.

By the second half of 1993, the program was consistently receiving high ratings according to the Pulsitron Survey, repeatedly achieving the No. 1 position among English public affairs programs.

Since November 1994, the Pulse TV Meter Report has consistently cited The Inside Story as among the Top 20 late evening shows in the country—a first among News and Current Affairs programs in the late-night timeslot. It continues to enjoy double-digit ratings and is considered the leader in viewership among late evening news magazines.

"The Inside Story" concerns itself greatly preserving the moral fiber of the nation, which is in a constant state of flux. Therefore, aside from the standard reports on the "headline" materials, the program also features matters of cultural, social, and environmental interest. It has also been serving the global Filipino with coverage spanning the whole archipelago, as well as key cities in Asia, Europe, the United States and the Middle East.

The program was known by its tagline: "Multi-awarded. Accurate. Credible. Top-rating. World-class."

In 1995, the program was reformatted as Legarda goes on location outside the studio for an interview with the various personalities.

Hosts
Loren Legarda (1990–1998)
Korina Sanchez (1990–1991)
Julius Babao (1998)
Cathy Yang (1998)

Trivia
The show's excerpts were shown in 2006 due to a report in TV Patrol World where it was related to the show.
They had numerous interviews with Eraserheads in 1997, Michael Jackson in December 1996, Nelson Mandela, also in 1997, and among others.

See also
 ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs
 List of shows previously aired by ABS-CBN

References

External links
About The Show
About the Host

1990s Philippine television series
1990 Philippine television series debuts
1998 Philippine television series endings
ABS-CBN original programming
English-language television shows
Filipino-language television shows
Philippine television shows

The Inside Story (TV program)


Jacqui Morgan, (February 22, 1939July 3, 2013) born Jacquelynn Morganstern in New York, was an American illustrator, educator and watercolour painter. She became influential during the 1960s and 1970s with the youthful and psychedelic style of her illustrations. She was one of the first female commercial illustrator/designers in the United States. Her 1967 poster for the New York City club Electric Circus is considered a milestone of 20th century graphic design.

Biography
She studied at Pratt Institute, graduating with a BFA, and Hunter College, City University of New York, where she earned an MA degree. Morgan originally worked in textile design. She travelled to Europe, and returned to the United States after a year. She began working as a free-lance illustrator in New York City in 1963.

Career
In 1967, Morgan produced a poster for the New York City nightclub Electric Circus, which was part of the counter-culture scene in the East Village neighborhood in Manhattan. Electric Circus was frequented by Andy Warhol, The Velvet Underground, and was the home of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable. Morgan, working in concentrated watercolor, ink, and coloured pencil, had developed a style she would describe as "anthropomorphic double-images". Surreal juxtapositions, bright rainbow-like colour patterns, nude figures, and curved lines are characteristic of her works. She produced a poster for Electric Circus that became influential in the graphic design world, and Morgan became in high demand as an illustrator.

Following the poster for Electric Circus, Morgan worked on commissions for clients as diverse as financial services firms and the United Nations. She created illustrations for newspaper and magazine advertising, posters, calendars, magazine covers, record album covers, books, book covers, and billboards. Morgan created the iconic poster for Year of the Woman 1971. Other iconic posters include the 1973 poster for the American Optometric Association, Purina, The Joy of Seeing which was copied on several occasions for clothing and a book cover. Billboards include Celanese, Thai Air, 7up, Swedish Tanning Secret, Exxon, and Ritz Disco. Calendars include those done for Nissan, has also done several Broadway show posters including Wine Spectator and Wines of Spain.

Morgan became a prominent female illustrator/designer at a time when they were a rarity. For several years she was one of only three full-time female illustrators in the United States, along with Barbara Nessim and Lorraine Fox. In recent decades, she has produced a number of works in an exaggerated hyper realism using color to push volume and depth with her focus on figurative works done from life.

With a partner, she launched a line of clothing, including T-shirts, jackets, and dresses incorporating silk-screen and airbrush designs under the name "Mag Jac". Morgan taught at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City. Her watercolor classes drew students from a wide variety of backgrounds and ages. Her last personal work was painting the nude from life.

Morgan also worked as a watercolour artist. In 1986, she published the book Watercolour for Illustration. She has also published Jacqui Morgan's Journey (2007); MOSTLY NUDE: Watercolors from Life (2010); and ALMOST NUDE: Watercolors from Life (2011).

Death
She died July 3, 2013, in her Queens, New York residence.

References

Weblink: http://www.jacquimorgan.com/index.html

1939 births
2013 deaths
American women illustrators
American illustrators
American watercolorists
American poster artists
Hunter College alumni
Pratt Institute alumni
Women watercolorists
American graphic designers
American women graphic designers
21st-century American women

Jacqui Morgan


The prehistoric site of Son Oleza is a prehistoric "Beaker culture" dolmen and associated settlement site on the Spanish island of Mallorca. It is near to the village of Valldemossa on the island's north-west facing coast. The site is named after the nearby place of Son Oleza.

The large site, a nearly complete village, has been investigated by Professor Bill Waldren. Significant features include houses, a dolmen and a water supply system.
It is believed the site was occupied by several families between circa 2500BC to circa 1300BC.

In 1998 it was the subject of episode 5 in series five of the archaeological television programme Time Team (Series 5).

Nearby sites
The "Talaiotic site of Son Ferrandell" is located in the immediate vicinity of the settlement of Son Oleza. It is not mentioned in the Time Team programme, but related to Son Oleza. Whether accidentally or intentionally, the four talayots on the site are laid out roughly South-West to North-East, perhaps similar to the alignment of Capocorb Vell.

Approximately 2 km North-East from Son Oleza are two further sites that feature in the Time Team programme: the maze and the sanctuary of Son Mas. The site referred to as "the maze" was likely occupied by a small group of Beaker people, and more extensively during the iron age, as well as the Roman period.

They might have used the copper and iron age sanctuary of Son Mas. The sanctuary has a sighting stone. During the copper age, up until about 1700BC, the sanctuary would have offered a view of the Southern Cross framed by a two mountains, and the Time Team speculate that this is of central importance to the site. The Southern Cross was not  fully visible from 1700BC onward, and radiocarbon finds indicate that the site was unoccupied for about 400 years until 1300BC.

References

Former populated places in Spain
Archaeological sites in the Balearic Islands
Dolmens in Spain
Bronze Age Spain
Prehistory of the Balearic Islands
Indigenous ancient cities in Spain
3rd-millennium BC architecture
Bronze Age sites in Europe
Buildings and structures in Mallorca

Son Oleza


Saint-Omer Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Saint-Omer) is a Roman Catholic former cathedral, a minor basilica, and a national monument of France, located in Saint-Omer. It was formerly the seat of the Bishop of Saint-Omer, but the see was not restored after the French Revolution, being instead absorbed into the Diocese of Arras under the Concordat of 1801. The church is still commonly referred to as the "cathedral" however.

History
Originally a modest chapel from the 7th century, the church was built on the site around 1052. It was damaged around 1200 by a fire.

The choir, the ambulatory and the radiant chapels were then rebuilt, and in 1263 the transept was built. Work progressed slowly and spread from the 13th to the 16th century. Afterwards the church became collegiate.

The southern transept was extended from 1375 to 1379, and the nave was rebuilt. The lateral chapels of the nave date from 1386 to 1403. The oldest chapels were built in the south. The central nave was completed only in 1473, and its vaults in 1506.

From 1449 to 1472, Jehan de Meldre, prime contractor, proceeded to extend the north cross-section of the transept. At that time the tower to the west which had remained Romanesque was consolidated and enhanced.

From 1473 to 1521, the western tower was built around the Romanesque tower. It was re-dressed and decorated in the style of the abbey church of Saint-Bertin (built between 1431 and 1500). The sculptures of the western portal were realized from 1511 to 1515, by the sculptors of Bruges Jean and Josse Van der Poele.

The arrow above the crossing dates from 1486.

In 1553, the nearby town of Thérouanne, where the bishopric of Artois was located, was totally razed by the troops of Charles V, during a conflict which opposed it to the King of France Henry II. Salt was symbolically spread over the city floor.

In the years that followed, it was decided to share the diocese of Thérouanne, in order to respect the borders between the kingdom of France and the Spanish Netherlands. Thus was created in 1559 the diocese of Saint-Omer and the collegiate Notre-Dame became cathedral in 1561.

External links

 Location of the cathedral
 Saint-Omer Cathedral at The Planet's Cathedrals

Roman Catholic cathedrals in France
Churches in Pas-de-Calais
Basilica churches in France
Saint-Omer
Monuments historiques of Pas-de-Calais

Saint-Omer Cathedral