Mary Immaculate College (Coláiste Mhuire gan Smál), also known as MIC and Mary I, is a College of Education and Liberal Arts. Founded in 1898, the university level College of Education and the Liberal Arts is academically linked with the University of Limerick. The college now has a student population of over 5,000 enrolled in undergraduate programmes and a range of postgraduate programmes at Diploma, MA and PhD level. The college has a student retention rate of 95% - one of the highest in Ireland.

Current Developments
MIC has undergone significant growth and development in recent decades with the overall student population witnessing a tenfold increase since 1992. This expansion has brought with it a significant expansion and broadening of MIC's academic provision, as well as a re-development of the campus which now offers teaching, learning and research facilities as well as events and conferencing facilities. In 2016, MIC expanded its geographical footprint following the incorporation of St Patrick's College in Thurles, another well-established college, offering four degree programmes preparing students to become second-level teachers.

As a result of the incorporation of St. Patrick's College, Thurles, MIC is now a multi-campus institution offering 13 undergraduate degree programmes in Education and the Liberal Arts, as well as Continuing Professional Development offerings for teachers and numerous postgraduate opportunities to Masters and PhD level. Also in 2016, a consortium, led by MIC, was awarded the contract from the Higher Education Authority for the delivery of the National Higher Education Programme for Inclusion Coordinators in Early Years Settings.

A December 2020 report noted that Mary Immaculate College had spent €34,140 on investigating sexual harassment, together with €2,152 on legal fees.

Degree Programmes
MIC offers 13 undergraduate degree programmes across both campuses. In 2022 the college announced the launch of a new Bachelor of Science in psychology (MI003), a unique four-year, full-time, honours degree level 8 programme that will provide students with a comprehensive undergraduate education in psychology and includes learning in the workplace. The programme content will be wide and varied and will prepare graduates for a range of careers while giving them the necessary psychological knowledge to pursue postgraduate studies in psychology.

The Bachelor of Arts (MI002) is a four-year degree programme with three years on campus and one year on work placement and/or study abroad.  The degree is flexible and offers a wide range of familiar subjects to choose from such as English, Geography and History, to newer subjects such as Drama & Theatre Studies, Media & Communication Studies or Psychology. For students interested in drama and theatre practice there is the four-year BA in Contemporary and Applied Theatre Studies (MI001).

On the MIC Thurles Campus there are a number of post-primary teacher education degrees in areas such as Business Studies, Accounting, Gaeilge, Religious Studies and Mathematics. The programmes offered include the BA in education, Business Studies & Accounting (MI009);BA in education, Business Studies & Religious Studies (MI010); BA in education, Gaeilge & Religious Studies (MI011); BA in education, Gaeilge & Business Studies (MI012); BA in education, Mathematics & Gaeilge (MI013) and the BA in education, Mathematics & Business Studies (MI014).

MIC also offers a host of postgraduate programmes to doctoral level in Education and the Liberal Arts, Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses and numerous access and inclusion pathways. MIC also offers funding supports through a Departmental Assistantships Scheme and merit-based Research Masters and Doctoral Awards Schemes.

Student composition
Close on 10% of students on campus are mature students, a relatively high figure when compared to other third level institutions. The college, in addition to catering for mature students, also offers special entry to disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, refugees, members of ethnic minorities, and Travellers.
MIC also offers Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses and is committed to improving access to higher education for adults. A range of tailored programmes and supports make the journey for adult learners as easy as possible.

Through its Erasmus and student exchange programmes, the college also has an overseas complement in its student body. Students come from England, Wales, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Nigeria, Italy, Sudan, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, China, United States, Indonesia, Norway, Denmark, Ghana, Zimbabwe, and Iceland.

The college has recently expanded into Mount Convent, a former Sisters of Mercy convent on O'Connell Avenue, Limerick, where it houses postgraduate students.

Wired FM
The college is home to a radio station, Wired FM, Limerick's only student radio station with a broadcast licence, run in partnership with another Limerick college, Limerick Institute of Technology.

Lime Tree Theatre
Mary Immaculate College is also the location of the 510-seat theatre known as the Lime Tree Theatre. It was officially opened on 30 October 2012. The venue is host to a wide range of performances, including theatre, music, comedy, traditional arts, schools' performances, and conferences.

Notable alumni
 Cathal Crowe, Politician
 Alphonsus Cullinan, Bishop of Waterford & Lismore
 Jim Daly TD, Fine Gael politician
 John Gunning, sports journalist working in Japan
 Una Healy, member of The Saturdays (left in first year to pursue music career)
 Jacqui Hurley, RTÉ sports presenter
 Tony Killeen, politician
 Micheál Lehane, journalist
 Pat McDonagh, Supermac's founder
 Roisin Meaney, bestselling author
 Madeline Mulqueen, Irish model
 Hildegarde Naughton, Politician
 Síle Ní Chéileachair, short story writer (deceased)
 Patrick O'Donovan, Politician
 Páidí Ó Lionáird, TG4 presenter
 Dáithí Ó Sé, RTÉ presenter
 Orla O'Shea, former Rose of Tralee
 Máirín Quill, politician

Sports
 Cathal Barrett, Tipperary hurler & All Ireland winner
 Naomi Carroll, field hockey player
 Conor Cooney, Galway hurler and Allstar winner
 Heather Cooney Galway camogie player
 Richie English, Limerick hurler & All Ireland winner
 Mark Foley, former Limerick hurler
 Aaron Gillane, Limerick hurler & All Ireland winner
 Ciara Griffin, former Irish Rugby Captain
 Declan Hannon, Limerick hurler & All Ireland winner
 Séamus Kennedy, Tipperary hurler & All Ireland winner
 Cian Lynch, Limerick hurler & All Ireland winner
 Brendan Maher, Tipperary hurler & All Ireland winner
 Ronan Maher, Tipperary hurler & All Ireland winner
 Shane McGrath, Tipperary hurler and Allstar winner
 Thomas Monaghan, Galway hurler
 Niamh Mulcahy, Limerick camogie player and Allstar winner
 Juliet Murphy, Cork footballer & multiple All Ireland winner
 Dara Ó Cinnéide, former Kerry Gaelic footballer; TG4 presenter
 Darragh O'Donovan, Limerick hurler
 Niall O'Meara, Tipperary hurler & All Ireland winner
 Tomás Ó Sé, former Kerry Gaelic footballer
 David Reidy, Limerick hurler
 Roisin Upton, field hockey player

History

The college was established as a dedicated primary teacher training college for female teachers in 1898 by Bishop Edward Thomas O'Dwyer, Roman Catholic Bishop of Limerick and the Sisters of Mercy.

Its foundation stone was laid on the 8th of December 1898 and the college officially opened in 1902, accepting female students from Munster.

The college accepted male students for the first time in 1969. With a new curriculum in 1971, a number of major changes were initiated with teacher training in Ireland.

1974 saw the commencement of the three year B.Ed. degree with the first graduates in 1977, the course, like in other teacher training colleges, was previously a two-year National Teachers Diploma). From 1974 to 1994, Mary Immaculate College was a recognised college of the National University of Ireland. Due to a drop in the demand for school teachers, in the 1980s under Sr O'Connor and Sr Bulgers presidencies, the college diversified into non-education arts programmes, and began to initiate links with other international universities. Evening programmes were delivered with diplomas in computer studies, catechetics, and philosophy (awarded by NUI).

Following the granting of university status to NIHE Limerick in 1989, Mary Immaculate (as did Thomond College) began talks about a more formal relationship with UL. In 1991, the college became affiliated to the University of Limerick, with new Liberal Arts Programmes being offered by MIC. Degrees were awarded by the NUI until 1994, from 1995 degrees were conferred by UL.

2003 saw the first PhD awarded by Mary Immaculate.

Presidents of Mary Immaculate College
Since its founding in 1898, the Sisters of Mercy presided over the college up until 1999. The term principal was used for the position of head of the college in earlier years.
 Sr. Mary Paul Quinlan (1901–1923) first principal of the college.
 Sr. Mary Veronica (1923-19??) she served as vice-principal to Sr. Quinlan.
 Sr. Loreto (Eileen) O'Connor CSM, BA, HDipEd, MA (1959-1979)
 Sr. M. Cabrini Moloney (Siúr Carbiní Ni Mhaoldomhnaigh) CSM
 Sr. Angela Bulger BA, HDipEd, MA, HonDLitt(1988-1999)
 Prof. Peadar Cremin (1999-2011)
 Rev Prof. Michael A Hayes (2011- 2017)
 Prof. Eugene Wall (2018 to present)

Partner institutions
In addition to institutions throughout Europe, the college exchanges students and staff yearly with the following colleges and universities:
 St. John's University, New York, New York
 Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania
 Frostburg State University, Maryland
 Regis University, Denver
 Loyola University, Chicago
 University of St. Thomas, Houston
 Longwood University, Virginia
 Thomas More College, Kentucky
 Salve Regina, Rhode Island
 Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York
 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
 Australian Catholic University, Melbourne
 Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
 West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania

References

Education in Limerick (city)
Universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
University of Limerick
Catholic universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
Universities and colleges established in 1898
1898 establishments in Ireland
Buildings and structures in Limerick (city)
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Teacher training colleges in Ireland

Mary Immaculate College


Newton is a town that is located within the Central Area of the Central Region of Singapore. The planning area is bounded by the following planning areas - Orchard and Museum to the south, Tanglin to the west, Novena to the north, Kallang to the northeast and Rochor to the east.

Newton's namesake Newton Road, however, is located within Novena Planning Area, and starts at Newton Circus in the south and ends at the junction with Thomson Road in the north.

Occupying an area north of the renowned Orchard Road shopping belt, the territory of Newton Planning Area includes the grounds of The Istana, the official residence and office of the President of Singapore.

Etymology and history
Originally Syed Ali Road, Newton Road was renamed in 1914 after Alfred Howard Vincent Newton (died 1897), the Assistant Municipal Engineer in late nineteenth century Singapore in order to avoid confusion with Syed Alwi Road.

In 1933, Newton Circus, a  wide circular carriageway, was constructed for gyratory traffic according to a Singapore Improvement Trust layout at the focus of a number of converging roads, including Bukit Timah Road, Dunearn Road, Newton Road, Keng Lee Road, Kampong Java Road, Bukit Timah Road, Clemenceau Avenue and Scotts Road. As eight roads converge on the Circus, the Tamils used to call Newton ethumuchandi, or "the eight junction place".

Newton Circus has become the site of a major hawker centre, Newton Food Centre.

See also
Newton MRT station

References

Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics - A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press,

Places in Singapore
Novena, Singapore

Newton, Singapore


Sun Stream (1942 – January 1959) was a British Thoroughbred  racehorse and broodmare, best known for winning two Classics in 1945. The filly won five times from seven races in a track career which lasted from spring 1944 until June 1945. As a two-year-old in 1944 she won three races including the Queen Mary Stakes. After being beaten on her three-year-old debut she won the 1000 Guineas over one mile at Newmarket and a substitute Oaks over one and a half miles at the same course a month later. After her second classic win she was retired to stud, where her record as a broodmare was disappointing.

Background
Sun Stream was a chestnut mare with a white blaze and white hind feet. She was bred, like both her parents by her owner Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, the seven-time British flat racing Champion Owner. She was sired by Hyperion, who won The Derby and the St Leger Stakes for Lord Derby in 1933 and went on to become an internationally significant sire: Sun Stream's successes enabled Hyperion to claim the fourth of his six sires' championships in 1945. Sun Stream's dam, Drift, won four races including the Atalanta Stakes and became a successful broodmare, producing the 1,000 Guineas winner Tideway and Heliopolis, a full brother to Sun Stream who was twice Leading sire in North America.

Lord Derby sent the filly to his private trainer Walter Earl at his Stanley House stable in Newmarket, Suffolk.

Sun Stream's racing career took place during World War II during which horse racing in Britain was subject to many restrictions. Several major racecourses, including Epsom, Ascot and Doncaster, were closed for the duration of the conflict, either for safety reasons, or because they were being used by the military. Many important races were rescheduled to new dates and venues, often at short notice, and all five of the Classics were run at Newmarket.

Racing career

1944: two-year-old season
As a two-year-old in 1944, Sun Stream was among the best of her generation. She won the Bedford Stakes over five furlongs at Newmarket in spring and then moved up in class for the Queen Mary Stakes in June. The race, traditionally part of the Royal Ascot meeting, was run at Newmarket from 1941 to 1944. Ridden by Harry Wragg, she won the race at odds of 100/30. In autumn, Sun Stream ran in the six furlong Cheveley Park Stakes, Britain's most prestigious race for two-year-old fillies. In a closely contested three-way finish she was beaten into third place by Sweet Cygnet and Neola. She was regarded as one of the best juvenile fillies to race in Britain in 1944.

1945: three-year-old season
Sun Stream began her three-year-old season in the seven furlong Upwell Stakes, a now discontinued race which served as a trial for the 1000 Guineas, in which she finished second to Exotic. Two weeks later, on VE Day, Sun Stream started 5/2 favourite for the 1000 Guineas which, because of the war, was moved from its traditional venue on the Rowley Mile to the adjoining July course. Ridden by Wragg, she won by three lengths from Blue Smoke, with Mrs Feather a further two lengths back in third. Sun Stream's success gave Lord Derby a seventh win in the race as both owner and breeder, and was very popular with the unusually large crowd.

A month later, Sun Stream returned to the July course on 8 June for the Oaks Stakes. Although the race was not run at Epsom Downs Racecourse it was given its traditional name: wartime runnings at Newmarket had been known as the "New Oaks". The relaxation of wartime restrictions on transport resulted in a huge crowd converging on Newmarket, leading to serious traffic congestion at the course. She started the 6/4 favourite in a field of sixteen fillies. In what was described as "one of the most exciting classic finishes ever contested", Sun Stream won the race by a short head and three quarters of a length from the Aga Khan's Naishapur and Solar Princess. The veteran Harry Wragg was given a great deal of credit for the "mastery" he displayed in the race. She had a particularly hard race in the Oaks and did not compete again.

Assessment and honours
In their book, A Century of Champions, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Sun Stream a "superior" winner of the 1000 Guineas and Oaks and the twenty-fifth best filly trained in Britain or Ireland in the 20th century.

Stud record
Sun Stream retired from racing to become a broodmare at her owner's stud. She produced four minor winners, but nothing of top class. Through her daughter Riviera, she was the female ancestor of the Champion Hurdler Collier Bay. Sun Stream was euthanised in January 1959.

Pedigree

Sun Stream was inbred 4 × 4 to St. Simon, meaning that the stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of her pedigree.

References

1942 racehorse births
1959 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 8-g
1000 Guineas winners
Epsom Oaks winners

Sun Stream


The wedding dress of Victoria, Princess Royal, was worn by the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria in 1858.

On 25 January 1858, a royal wedding took place that was designed to align the fortunes of Europe's two most important powers, Great Britain and Germany's chief principality, Prussia. The bride was Victoria, Princess Royal, the oldest child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert. She married Prince Frederick of Prussia, later Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia, son of Prince Wilhelm (heir-presumptive to the Prussian throne) and Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, at St. James's Palace, Chapel Royal, St. James's, London, England.

The dress was composed of a rich robe of white moire antique ornamented with three flounces of Honiton lace. The design of the lace consisted of bouquets in open work of the rose, shamrock, and thistle in three medallions. At the top of each flounce on the front of the dress were wreaths of orange and myrtle blossoms, the latter being the bridal flower of Germany. Every wreath ended with bouquets of the same flowers and the length of each being so graduated as to give the appearance of a robe hemmed with flowers. The apex of this floral pyramid was formed by a large bouquet worn on the girdle. The train, which was of an unusual length of more than three yards, was of white moire antique, trimmed with two rows of Honiton lace surmounted by wreaths similar to those on the flounces of the dress with bouquets at short intervals.

See also
 List of individual dresses

References

1850s fashion
Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)
British royal attire
Royal weddings in the 19th century

Wedding dress of Victoria, Princess Royal


Henry Fynes Clinton (14 January 1781 – 24 October 1852) was an English classical scholar, chronologist and Member of Parliament.

Life
He was born in Gamston, Nottinghamshire, the eldest son of Rev. Charles Fynes, prebendary of Westminster and perpetual curate of St. Margaret's, Westminster. For some generations his family bore the name of Fynes, but his father resumed the older family name of Clinton in 1821. His brother was the barrister and MP Clinton James Fynes Clinton.

Henry was educated at Southwell Grammar School, Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied classical literature and history. He entered Lincoln's Inn in 1808 to study law.

From 1806 to 1826 he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Aldborough.

He died at Welwyn, Herts, where he had purchased the residence and estate of the poet Edward Young. He had married twice; firstly Harriott, the daughter of Rev. Charles Wylde of Nottingham
and secondly Katherine, the daughter of Rt. Rev. Henry William Majendie, Bishop of Bangor. They had 2 sons who predeceased their father and 9 daughters.

Works
His reading was methodical (see his Literary Remains). His Fasti, on classical chronology, has required correction on the basis of later research.

His major works are:

 Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece from the 55th to the 124th Olympiad (1824–1851), including dissertations on points of Greek history and Scriptural chronology; and
 Fasti Romani, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople from the Death of Augustus to the Death of Heraclius (1845–1850).

In 1851 and 1853 respectively he published epitomes of the above. The Literary Remains of H. F. Clinton (the first part of which contains an autobiography written in 1818) were edited by Clinton James Fynes Clinton in 1854.

References

Attribution

1781 births
1852 deaths
People from Bassetlaw District
People educated at Southwell Minster Collegiate Grammar School
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Chronologists
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826

Henry Fynes Clinton


John Anderson Hartley (27 August 1844 – 15 September 1896) was an Australian educator and Vice Chancellor of the University of Adelaide from 1893 to 1896.

Hartley was the son of the Rev. John Hartley, governor of the Wesleyan College, Handsworth, Birmingham, and was born in Yorkshire, England. He was educated at the Woodhouse Grove School, near Bradford, (1853–1860), and University College, London, where he graduated B.A. in 1868 and B.Sc. in 1870. He taught for a time at his old school Woodhouse Grove, and at the Methodist College Belfast where he was second master. Hartley married Elizabeth Annie Green  sister-in-law of the headmaster, Rev. Robert Crooke.

In 1871 Hartley became head master of Prince Alfred College, Adelaide, South Australia, then a comparatively new school with about 100 pupils. In three years the number was raised to 150 and Hartley was getting on so well with the staff and the boys that it appeared as though the college had found its ideal principal. However, in 1875 Hartley resigned to become president of the newly appointed council of education.

Some four years later the council was abolished, and Hartley was appointed inspector-general of schools and permanent head of the South Australian Education Department. He immediately began remodelling the whole system. He met with opposition from a section of the press and from teachers who objected to his methods, and Hartley was more pleased than otherwise when in August 1881 a select committee was appointed to go into the questions at issue. In November of that year the inquiry was taken over by a Royal Commission. Much evidence was taken and the whole question of primary education was exhaustively examined. The report of the commission completely exonerated Hartley and spoke in the highest terms of his methods. Henceforth he was completely trusted by successive ministers, the public, and his teaching staff. It was said of him in later years that his few opponents were people who had never met him and had little real knowledge of his methods. His first problem had been to build up a sound system of primary education, but as the years went by his efforts were given to relating this in the best possible way to secondary education and the university.

Hartley devised the system of junior, senior, and advanced public examinations, and, as a member of the council of the University of Adelaide from its beginning in 1874, he gave much time to committee work and the framing of the curriculum for degrees. He was appointed vice-chancellor in 1893 and held the position until his death. He found time to take an interest in the public service association of which he was president several times.  He was the prime mover in organizing the public teachers' provident fund, and he was also associated with the public service provident fund. In connexion with his own department he edited the Education Gazette and was responsible for a paper for juveniles, The Children's Hour.

He died on 15 September 1896 as the result of an accident while riding a bicycle. His funeral procession was led by six headmasters and 3,000 children.

The death of Hartley at the comparatively early age of 52 was felt in South Australia to be a public calamity. His great capacity for work, his insistence on discipline tempered by kindness, his consideration for others, his scholarly attainments, and his administrative capacity, made him a great director of education. The education system of South Australia, entirely remodelled in his time, was his monument. It was said that he had brought its administration to such perfection that the post of minister of education became almost a sinecure.

In private life Hartley was fond of gardening, poetry and art. The Hartley studentship at the University of Adelaide was founded in his memory.

References

G. E. Saunders, 'Hartley, John Anderson (1844 - 1896)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 4, MUP, 1972, pp 356–357.

Specific

1844 births
1896 deaths
Australian headmasters
Australian people of English descent
Cycling road incident deaths
People educated at Woodhouse Grove School
Road incident deaths in South Australia
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Adelaide

John Anderson Hartley


Aaron Alward (May 21, 1828 – April 13, 1886) was a physician and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented the City of Saint John in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1870 to 1874.

He was born in Salisbury, New Brunswick, a descendant of United Empire Loyalists, and educated in Saint Stephen. He graduated in medicine at New York City and set up practice in Saint John. In 1860, Alward married Hattie Newel Smith. He served on the Saint John City Council and was mayor from 1866 to 1870. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1882. He died in Saint John four years later.

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion HJ Morgan (1874)
New Brunswick political biographies, Irish Canadian Cultural Association of New Brunswick

1828 births
1886 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people

Aaron Alward


B chromosomes are chromosomes which are not needed for the life of a species. They are also called 'supernumerary' or 'accessory chromosomes'.

In addition to normal chromosomes (the karyotype), many species have B chromosomes. Wild populations of many animal, plant, and fungi species have B chromosomes. These chromosomes are not essential for their life, and are lacking in many individuals. So a population might have individuals with 0, 1, 2, 3 (etc.) supernumeraries.

Most B chromosomes are mainly or entirely heterochromatic, and so do not code for anything. Some, such as the B chromosomes of maize, contain sizeable euchromatic segments, and therefore do code for some products.

It seems unlikely that supernumeraries would survive in a species unless there was some positive advantage. In a few cases this has been identified. For instance, the British grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus has B chromosomes with a satellite DNA. They occur in warm, dry environments, and are scarce or absent in humid, cooler places.

It is thought that B chromosomes are parasitic elements like selfish DNA. Various scenarios have been suggested as to how they arose.

References

Chromosomes

B chromosome


The Surgery was a British radio show that aired on BBC Radio 1 weekly from 1999 to 2017.

It was most recently hosted by Katie Thistleton and Doctor Radha Modgil, prior to its merger in November 2017 with a new show entitled Radio 1's Life Hacks.

History
The show first began with Sara Cox on 19 September 1999, then was joint-hosted by Emma B. Emma B and Doctor Mark Hamilton then co-hosted the show for six years, before Letitia SD took over the programme. From July 2007, Annie Mac took over the role of presenting from Letitia during the Sex Weeks of Summer, a series of special programs during Radio 1's Six Weeks of Summer, focusing on sex related issues. The show was relaunched in October 2007 with Kelly Osbourne at the helm, but her stint was short lived. She was formally replaced by Aled Haydn Jones in March 2009.

In June 2014, it was announced that starting 1 September 2014, The Surgery would move to a weekly Wednesday night slot, from 9pm to 10pm.

In April 2015, it was announced that Gemma Cairney would present the show from June 2015 to April 2017.

Following Cairney's departure from the station in May 2017, Katie Thistleton took over co-hosting the show alongside Doctor Radha Modgil.

In November 2017, the show was axed in favour of a new show on Sunday afternoons entitled Radio 1's Life Hacks hosted by Cel Spellman, Katie Thistleton and Radha Modgil.

Format
Listeners were given advice, mostly for common adolescent problems, and other listeners shared their experiences and advice and were encouraged to give their point of view. The format was similar to "problem pages" found in teenage magazines. There were also often special shows specifically dedicated to one subject, such as a type of addictive behaviour or dependency.  The Surgery had a team of experts on hand to deal with both medical, emotional and psychological problems, including Doctor Radha Modgil and psychotherapist Aaron Balick. After the departure of medical doctor Mel Sayer in September 2012, Sanjay Pawar was announced as the new resident doctor on The Surgery. In June 2013, Radha Modgil became the new resident doctor.

Outside radio

Open University TV programmes
Four television programmes were made for the Open University about themes which were often discussed relating to sexual health.

University tours
In October 2005, the programme toured four universities, broadcasting live from student union bars. In September 2005, it went on a 'Sex Tour', discussing sexual health at Yale College in Wrexham.

Common issues
While there was often a discussion 'theme' on the show, it was up to callers and texters to decide what they wanted to ask about.

Personal issues commonly tackled on the show include:
 Bullying
 Gambling
 Self harming
 Teenage pregnancy, abortion, and contraception
 Exam stress
 Sexually transmitted diseases
 Depression
 Sunburn

References

External links

BBC Radio 1 programmes
British talk radio programmes
1999 radio programme debuts
2017 radio programme endings

The Surgery


Spens (born Stanislav Naydenov), is a Bulgarian hip hop artist. He was born in Pleven on October 13, 1975.

As a high school student he recorded amateur songs using nothing but a synthesizer and tape deck. After graduation in 1994, he moved to the capital city of Sofia to pursue studies in computer information technologies. He also actively pursued his interest in music and managed to meet a number of like-minded people.

Together with DJ Stancho, Slim and O.C.G. he formed Sniper Records, the first Bulgarian label specialised in rap and hip hop music. Soon several projects were created such as the movie "Hip-Hop Gorilla", its soundtrack in three parts and numerous hip-hop events in Bulgaria.

Albums
With the release of his first solo album in 2000 entitled Prekaleno Lichno I (Too Personal, Part I), Spens managed to establish himself as one of the biggest names on the Bulgarian hip-hop scene overnight. Two of the biggest hits on that album were "Napravi Me" (Make Me) and the street anthem "Pisna Mi" (I'm Sick of It). Various collaborations with other Bulgarian MCs who were then unknown were found on the Very Personal Part I album such as Slim, Vyara, OCG, etc. The album was released at a time when the hip-hop scene in Bulgaria was expanding its footprint, along with gaining tremendous interest and support from the sheer number of people who began to acknowledge and embrace it. This was key, as it had an undeniably positive effect on Spens' and other hip hop artists' career. This series of events is also known among the Bulgarian hip-hop fans as The Second Wave (2000–2006).

Spens released his second album entitled Prekaleno Lichno II (Very Personal part II) in 2003. Throughout the tracks, he adhered to his patented sound and lyrics, while meeting and exceeding the expectations set by fans and local media. In the album he was able to address a plethora of issues, ranging from the basics in day-to-day existence to political events and personas, nationals interests, and complex emotional relationships - a bit changed style in comparison with the first album. After that, Spens made several tracks featuring known and unknown artists, the most prominent being with Macedonian rappers Skopje Via Sofia and Puka Kosmetika, and the Austrian hip-hop artists Herbe Mischung. In 2007 he appeared on the album of Polish MC Sokol "Teraz Pieniadz W Cenie" on the most known Slavic joint ever "Nie lekceważ nas" ("Don't underestimate us") featuring rappers from every Slavic country. After the end of The Second Wave, Spens became inactive as an MC and focused on his work in the media (radio nJoy and Bulgarian Television (bTV)).

Spens has had the opportunity to work with many other talented artists, including the neo-metal band Skre4, Bulgarian pop icon Grafa, and R&B singer Santra. He is also currently the host of the Bulgarian Top 100 countdown.

References

See also
 More Bulgarian Rap artists.

1975 births
Living people
Bulgarian rappers

Spens (musician)


Aaron F Bobick is dean of the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis.
Bobick's research is in the field of artificial intelligence and computer vision.  He has chaired and published papers in top-tier academic conferences in these areas.  His research and expert opinions on technology have also been reported in major news sources.

Biography

Education
Bobick has received his undergraduate degrees in 1981 in Mathematics and Computer Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Following this, Bobick received his Ph.D. (1987), in Cognitive Science, also from MIT.

Research career
Upon receiving his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bobick worked at the MIT Media Lab as an assistant and associate professor until he left to accept a position as an associate professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the College of Computing.  After arriving at Georgia Tech, Bobick served as the director of the GVU Center, a center focussed initially on graphics, visualization and usability in computer science, and in 2007 became the first chair of the new School of Interactive Computing.

Among Bobick's accomplishments is KidsRoom, an immersive entertainment and learning environment that was a featured exhibit in the Millennium Dome.  His expertise in using computer vision techniques to recognize people has received international attention in the popular press, including the BBC News and ABC News.

Research interests

Bobick's research lies generally in the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computer vision.  However, his research has also included research in the area of ubiquitous computing with a particular focus on smart home environments and living laboratories.

See also

References

External links
 Bobick's Academic Home Page
 Computational Perception Lab

Living people
Georgia Tech faculty
American computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty

Aaron Bobick


The 1948 Progressive Conservative leadership election was held to choose a leader for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.  The convention was held at the Ottawa Coliseum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Voting occurred on October 2, 1948. Premier of Ontario George A. Drew was elected as the party's new leader. The National Film Board of Canada made a short film about the event for its Eye Witness series.

Background
John Bracken had been leader of the party since 1942 but did not enter parliament until the 1945 federal election in which the Liberal government was re-elected despite an increase in seats for the Progressive Conservatives. Their seat increase largely took place in Ontario, and was credited to the provincial government lead by Drew; Bracken, having been generally viewed as an outsider since he became leader, quickly came under pressure to resign and make way for Drew, but he refused to do so, and Drew himself was initially reluctant to step away from his role as Premier. However, Drew unexpectedly lost his seat in the Ontario legislature in the 1948 provincial election, which opened up an obvious opportunity for him to make the move to Parliament Hill. With over two-thirds of the Tory federal caucus representing Ontario ridings, Bracken recognized that his position was now untenable, and resigned as leader.

Candidates
George A. Drew, 54, had been Premier of Ontario since 1943.
John Diefenbaker, 53, the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lake Centre, Saskatchewan since 1940, announced his second bid for the leadership having run unsuccessfully in 1942. He had support from western delegates but was unpopular in Quebec.
Donald Fleming, 43, MP for the Toronto riding of Eglinton since 1945

Grey North (Ontario) MP W. Garfield Case ended his candidacy before the convention to support Drew.

Convention
Policies considered by delegates including tax relief, a ban on communist activities, abolishing an annual $2.50 radio licence fee, reducing the cost of government, strengthened defence, a long-term immigration policy, a national flag, and a national library.

Drew's speech to delegates received more applause than Diefenbaker's. The Ontario premier called for stronger ties between Quebec and English Canada, warned against centralization of power in Ottawa and favoured personal initiative, saving, and security.

Fleming warned of the "cancer of Communism in our midst (that) must be fought without quarter by every democratic weapon open to a free people" and accused the Liberals of surrendering to socialist economics. He argued that Quebec was essential for the party's success.

Diefenbaker said the party needed more support from what he called the "forgotten man" arguing that "They want leadership that will assert that decent living cannot come from government handouts; they know that government cannot take the place of fundamental virtues of honest, thrift, hard work, tolerance and sympathy... I believe that progress can be achieved by free enterprise rather than through the muddling interference of bureaucrats."

Results
Whereas the party's previous leadership conventions had for the most part been highly contested, few expected this convention to be anything other than a coronation for Drew, and indeed, this proved to be largely the case despite an energetic campaign from Diefenbaker. In the end, while Diefenbaker was able to attract some support from the west, Drew scored an overwhelming victory on the first ballot.

Wilfrid Garfield Case announced his candidacy but withdrew before the convention to support Drew.

References

1948
1948 elections in Canada
Progressive Conservative leadership convention

1948 Progressive Conservative leadership convention


1G refers to the first generation of cellular network (wireless) technology. These are mobile telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and were superseded by 2G. The main difference between these two mobile cellular generations is that the audio transmissions of 1G networks were analog, while 2G networks were entirely digital.

There were many different 1G cellular standards developed and used in different countries, but the most widely adopted globally were the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) systems. The inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant that 2G networks went on to eventually completely replace them. Many 1G networks were switched off in developed economies by 2000, but in some places networks continued to operate into the 2010s.

Overview
The antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone (i.e. "0G"), where portable phones would connect to a centralised operator. 1G refers to the very first generation of cellular networks. Cellular technology employ a network of cells throughout a geographical area using low-power radio transmitters.

History
The first commercial cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. The first phone that used this network was called TZ-801 built by Panasonic. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G/cellular network. Before the network in Japan, Bell Laboratories built the first cellular network around Chicago in 1977 and trialled it in 1978.

As in the pre-cellular era, the Nordic countries were among the pioneers in wireless technologies. These countries together designed the NMT standard which first launched in Sweden in 1981. NMT was the first mobile phone network to feature international roaming. In 1983, the first 1G cellular network launched in the United States, which was Chicago-based Ameritech using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone.

In the early to mid 1990s, 1G was superseded by newer 2G (second generation) cellular technologies such as GSM and cdmaOne. Although 1G also used digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G uses analog FM modulation for the voice transmission, much like a 2-way land mobile radio.  Most 1G networks had been discontinued by the early 2000s. Some regions especially Eastern Europe continued running these networks for much longer. The last operating 1G network was closed down in Russia in 2017.

Adoption

After Japan, the earliest commercial cellular networks launched in 1981 in Sweden, Norway and Saudi Arabia, followed by Denmark, Finland and Spain in 1982, the U.S. in 1983 and Hong Kong, South Korea, Austria and Canada in 1984. By 1986 networks had also launched in Tunisia, Malaysia, Oman, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, West Germany, France, South Africa, Israel, Thailand, Indonesia, Iceland, Turkey, the Virgin Islands and Australia. Generally, African countries were slower to take up 1G networks, while Eastern European were among the last due to the political situation.

In Europe, the United Kingdom had the largest number of cellular subscribers as of 1990 numbering 1.1 million, while the second largest market was Sweden with 482 thousand. Although Japan was the first country with a nationwide cellular network, the number of users was significantly lower than other developed economies with a penetration rate of only 0.15 percent in 1989. As of January 1991, the highest penetration rates were in Sweden and Finland with both countries above 50 percent closely followed by Norway and Iceland. The United States had a rate of 21.2 percent. In most other European countries it was below 10 percent.

1G standards
Analog cellular technologies that were used were:
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
Total Access Communication System (TACS) developed in the United Kingdom and also some other parts of the world
C-450 developed in West Germany and also adopted in Portugal and South Africa
Radiocom 2000 in France (France Telecom only)
RTMI in Italy
MCS-L1 and MCS-L2 (developed by NTT) in Japan
JTACS (a variant of TACS operated by Daini Denden Planning, Inc. (DDI)) in Japan

See also
 List of mobile phone generations
 2G
 3G
 3.5G
 4G
 4.5G
 5G
 Wireless Application Protocol
 Wireless device radiation and health

References

Bibliography

External links
 Glossary: 1G - First Generation wireless technology
 Glossary: Detailed Description on 1G Technology

Mobile telecommunications
Japanese inventions
Wireless communication systems

1G


The Chevrolet Suburban is a fully sized SUV from Chevrolet. This vehicle was first produced around 1935, longer than any other car still being made.  It was first made as a station wagon, and was later made as an SUV.  Up until the eleventh generation, the Chevrolet Suburban was based on the Chevrolet Silverado pick-up truck.  For a number of years, the Suburban was the largest SUV made in America. There was also a GMC Suburban, although GMC's version was later rebranded the GMC Yukon XL in 2000. From 1998 to 2001 a right-hand drive version was made in Mexico and sold in Australia and New Zealand by Holden using the Suburban name, but was not a best seller and was withdrawn afterwards.

Since its inception, there has been twelve generations of Suburbans, the latest introduced in December 2020 and went on sale in May 2020 as a 2021 model.

Suburban

Chevrolet Suburban


John Gillies Priestley (10 December 1879 – 9 February 1941) was a British physiologist known for his work on gases and human respiration. Along with Haldane, he established the role of carbon dioxide concentration in the regulation of breathing.

Background

Priestly was born in Bingley, Yorkshire to Ann Ford and Charles Henry. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford and qualified in medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He spent some time working with Wilhelm Falta in Vienna before returning to join as a director of the chemical pathology laboratory at St. Bartholomew's. Affected by tuberculosis in 1912 he moved to Oxford and served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I. He then returned to teach clinical physiology at Oxford. It was here that he worked with John Scott Haldane on respiration and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the inspired air. He also examined the functioning of kidneys in water excretion. Priestly also compiled and edited the Physiological Abstracts and produced an index to the first sixty volumes of the Journal of Physiology.

References

1879 births
1941 deaths
British physiologists
People educated at Eton College

John Gillies Priestley


Liverwurst, leberwurst, or liver sausage is a kind of sausage made from liver. It is eaten throughout Europe, as well as North and South America, notably in Argentina and Chile.

Some liverwurst varieties are spreadable.  Liverwurst usually contains pigs' or calves' liver. Other ingredients are meat (notably veal), fat, and spices including ground black pepper, marjoram, allspice, thyme, ground mustard seed, and nutmeg. Many regions in Germany have distinct recipes for liverwurst. Adding ingredients like pieces of onion or bacon to the recipe make each variety of liverwurst very important to cultural identity. For example, the Thüringer Leberwurst (Thuringian liverwurst) has a Protected Geographical Status throughout the EU. Recently, more exotic additions such as cowberries and mushrooms have gained popularity.

Etymology

The word liverwurst is a partial calque of German  () 'liver sausage', and 'liver sausage', a full calque.

Variants

In some parts of Germany, liverwurst is served sliced on a plate, often with mustard or pickled cucumber.
It is most commonly eaten spread on bread, as it is very soft.

In the Netherlands, liverwurst (Dutch: ) is customarily served in slices, often with mustard. Groningen and The Hague are known for their own types of liverwurst:  in Groningen and  from The Hague.

In Hungary, liverwurst is customarily served on open sandwiches, or with cheese as a filling for pancakes which are baked in the oven.

In Romania, liverwurst is called , , or . Unlike the German sausage  that uses beef, the  uses only pork.

 is eaten mainly for the winter holidays. It tastes fragrant and sweet with liver pâté. It is generally used as Christmas Eve dinner, sliced on bread with mustard and murături.

Liverwurst is typically eaten as is, and often served as traditional or as open-faced sandwiches. It is popular in North America with red onion and mustard on rye or whole grain bread. In the Southern and Midwestern US, liverwurst is served with slices of sweet pickles (gherkins pickled with vinegar, sugar, and mustard seeds). In the Northeast US, liverwurst is served with dill pickles (gherkins pickled with vinegar, salt, and dill).

In the Midwestern US, liverwurst is also known as liver sausage. If smoked, it is known as braunschweiger. Liverwurst is typically served on crackers or in sandwiches. It is often sold pre-sliced.

The Polish  is made using calf's liver. It is often served on rye bread with horseradish-style mustard.  is popular throughout the year, but is most frequently served at Christmas and Easter.

See also

 Chopped liver
 List of smoked foods
 Livermush
Liver pâté
 Pâté
 Mazzafegato

Notes and references

External links

German sausages
Hungarian sausages
Liver (food)
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Romanian cuisine
Smoked meat
Precooked sausages

Liverwurst


Effective competition is a concept first proposed by John Maurice Clark, then under the name of "workable competition," as a "workable" alternative to the economic theory of perfect competition, as perfect competition is seldom observed in the real world.

His proposal resulted in extensive debate in the economic literature over the next several decades in which George W. Stocking Sr., George Stigler, Jesse W. Markham, Joe S. Bain, and many others participated. No consensus has yet been reached over which of many potential criteria should be used to judge competition to be effective, but as an alternative to identifying specific structural criteria by which to constitute effectiveness or workability, Jesse W. Markham suggested the following definition: An industry may be judged to be workably competitive when, after the structural characteristics of its market and the dynamic forces that shaped them have been thoroughly examined, there is no clearly indicated change than can be effected through public policy measures that would result in greater social gains than social losses.

Despite the lack of consensus in the literature, the concept is often used in antitrust enforcement and public policy analysis, as a method for measuring and ensuring adequate levels of competitive performance in markets which may not be ideally structured. Charles F. Phillips Jr. noted, "Workable or effective competition may result from conditions that are less exacting than those demanded for perfection."

References

Imperfect competition
Management cybernetics

Effective competition


Maria Yuryevna Kirilenko (; born 25 January 1987) is a Russian former professional tennis player. A junior Grand Slam champion at the 2002 US Open at the age of 15, she went on to become a top-ten player in both singles and doubles. Kirilenko won six WTA Tour singles titles and 12 doubles titles. She was a three-time major singles quarterfinalist (reaching that stage at the 2010 Australian Open, the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, and the 2013 French Open), a semifinalist at the 2012 London Olympics (where she lost to Victoria Azarenka in the bronze medal match), and reached a career-high ranking of world No. 10, on 10 June 2013. In women's doubles, she became ranked as high as No. 5 in the world on 24 October 2011, and reached two major finals, at the 2011 Australian Open with Azarenka and the 2012 French Open with compatriot Nadia Petrova. Along with Petrova, Kirilenko won the 2012 WTA Tour Championships in doubles and was a bronze medalist at the 2012 London Olympics.

Tennis career

Junior career
In 2002, Kirilenko won the junior tournaments at the Canadian Open and US Open.

Professional career

2003–2006
In 2002, Kirilenko started participating in WTA events. She began moving up the rankings in 2004, but was set back by an injury. At the 2004 French Open, Kirilenko took the first set off Serena Williams before losing in three sets. She was the runner-up to Nicole Pratt at the Hyderabad Open.

At the end of 2005, she climbed back up the rankings and won her first title in Beijing. On 12 June 2006, she broke into the world's top 20 for the first time. At the US Open, Kirilenko was seeded 20th and reached the third round, before losing to Aravane Rezaï.

Kirilenko made her debut for Russia at the Fed Cup tournament in April 2006. In the World Group quarterfinal tie against Belgium, she lost her singles match against 2005 US Open champion Kim Clijsters, but partnering with Dinara Safina, won her doubles match against Justine Henin and Clijsters. However, Russia ended up losing, 2–3.

2007
In January 2007, she advanced to the third round of the Australian Open, before being defeated by third seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. She then competed in the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, where she advanced to the second round, upsetting world No. 15 Shahar Pe'er of Israel, before being defeated by Ai Sugiyama. She then competed in the Dubai Tennis Championships, where she reached the second round, before losing in a close match to Daniela Hantuchová.

At the San Diego Open in California, Kirilenko upset second seeded Jelena Janković to advance to the quarterfinals, before losing to fellow Russian Elena Dementieva. At the Stanford Classic in Los Angeles, she upset sixth seed Marion Bartoli in straight sets before losing to eventual champion Ana Ivanovic in the quarterfinals.

Unseeded at the US Open, she defeated Martina Müller and 22nd seed Katarina Srebotnik. She then lost to unseeded Julia Vakulenko. After the US Open, she appeared in the Sunfeast Open. There, Kirilenko won her second WTA Tour singles title, defeating unseeded Mariya Koryttseva in straight sets. The next week at a tournament in Seoul, Kirilenko, as the fourth seed also reached the finals, but lost to top seed Venus Williams.

2008

At the Australian Open, Kirilenko reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in her career, beating sixth seed Anna Chakvetadze. Her next opponent was Daniela Hantuchová, to whom she lost, 6–1, 4–6, 4–6, after leading 6–1, 3–1.

Kirilenko then reached the second round of a Tier-I event in Doha, beating Ekaterina Makarova, before losing to Anabel Medina Garrigues in three sets. Kirilenko then lost four matches in a row at Dubai, Bangalore, Indian Wells, and Miami. However, as the second seed, she reached the final of a Tier-IV event at Estoril, where she defeated Iveta Benešová in straight sets. She also won the doubles title there, partnering with Flavia Pennetta. Kirilenko also won in Barcelona, defeating Martinez-Sanchez for her fourth career WTA title and the second of the year.

Kirilenko played at the Tier-III tournament in Cincinnati in August, where she was third seed. She reached the semifinals, where she lost to eventual champion Nadia Petrova. She partnered with Petrova as the second-seed doubles team and beat the top-seed pair of Hsieh Su-wei and Yaroslava Shvedova in the finals.

2009

Kirilenko was seeded 27th at the Australian Open, but lost to future top five player Sara Errani in the first round.

In the Dubai doubles tournament, Kirilenko partnered with Agnieszka Radwańska, and even though they were unseeded, they reached the final, eventually losing to Liezel Huber and Cara Black, the world No. 1 doubles pairing at that time.

At the 2009 French Open, Kirilenko was unseeded in the singles tournament, and lost to Olivia Rogowska of Australia in the first round. In the doubles tournament, Kirilenko and doubles partner Flavia Pennetta of Italy were seeded eighth. They made it to the third round, before losing to 11th seeded Anna-Lena Grönefeld of Germany and Patty Schnyder of Switzerland.

Kirilenko was unseeded at Wimbledon and made it to the second round, losing to ninth seeded Caroline Wozniacki.

At the US Open, she made it to the third round, defeating her doubles partner Radwańska before losing to Li Na. She then competed in the Korea Open in Seoul, where she was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to eventual champion Kimiko Date-Krumm.

2010: First Grand Slam quarterfinal

Kirilenko began the year by competing in the Auckland Open, where she reached the quarterfinals but lost to Shahar Pe'er. With a ranking at that time of No. 58, Kirilenko was unseeded at the Australian Open, where in the first round she upset her friend, former doubles partner, 2008 champion and 14th seed Maria Sharapova, 7–6, 3–6, 6–4, in a 3-hour 22-minute marathon. It was the second-longest women's match in Australian Open history (only behind the 2011 fourth-round match between Francesca Schiavone and Svetlana Kuznetsova). She advanced to the quarterfinals, losing to Zheng Jie, who was also unseeded for this tournament. In the doubles portion, she and her partner, Agnieszka Radwańska, were seeded 15th and advanced to the semifinals, losing there to the world No. 1 pairing of Cara Black and Liezel Huber in three sets.

Kirilenko entered as 32nd seed at the Indian Wells Open, and made it to the third round, losing there to second seeded Caroline Wozniacki.
In Miami, she advanced as 32nd seed like Indian Wells to the third round, again losing to Wozniacki.

Kirilenko played in Rome in the Internazionali BNL d'Italia, where she was unseeded. She lost in the quarterfinals to world No. 1, Serena Williams.

Kirilenko entered as 30th seed the French Open where she advanced to the round of 16 for the first time in her career, before losing to 17th seed and eventual champion Francesca Schiavone, having defeated defending champion Svetlana Kuznetsova en route. In the doubles draw, Kirilenko and Radwańska were seeded 11th. They reached the quarterfinals, before losing to the eventual champions Serena and Venus Williams in straight sets.

At Wimbledon, she was 27th seed in the singles draw, and lost in the third round to eighth seed Kim Clijsters.
Kirilenko also paired up with Agnieszka Radwańska in the doubles draw, where they were seeded No. 10.

Kirilenko made the quarterfinals of the Stanford Classic in California, before losing to Radwańska. She entered in the doubles tournament with Victoria Azarenka, they ended in the semifinals.

She then reached the second rounds of Western & Southern Open and the Rogers Cup, losing to Vera Zvonareva and Victoria Azarenka, respectively. At the Pilot Pen Tennis, she reached the semifinals, losing to Nadia Petrova.

She reached the third round of the US Open losing to 11th seed Svetlana Kuznetsova.

She then reached the second rounds of Korea Open, losing to former world No. 1, Dinara Safina, and Pan Pacific Open, losing to Flavia Pennetta. At the last Premier-Mandatory event of the year, the China Open, she lost in the third round to eventual finalist and compatriot Vera Zvonareva. In the Japan Women's Open, she retired in the second round due to a hip injury against Chang Kai-chen, after losing the first set 4–6. Kirilenko reached the final of the Kremlin Cup where she fell to Victoria Azarenka.

Kirilenko ended the 2010 season ranked No. 20 in the world.

2011: Steady ranking

She competed at the Hong Kong Tennis Classic and won the Gold Group Championship with her compatriots Vera Zvonareva and Yevgeny Kafelnikov. At the Australian Open, she failed to defend her quarterfinal points by being knocked out in the second round. However, in the doubles competition, she reached the final, partnered with Victoria Azarenka, but lost to Pennetta and Dulko. She then fell early in the Pattaya Open and Dubai Tennis Championships. She then reached the third round of both Indian Wells Open and Miami Open losing to Agnieszka Radwańska on both occasions. She then suffered three losses in a row in the second round of Family Circle Cup, and the first rounds of Madrid Open and Italian Open. However, she won doubles at the Mutua Madrid Open with Victoria Azarenka. At the French Open, she reached the fourth round losing to Andrea Petkovic in three sets.

She then fell in the first round of UNICEF Open to Kimiko Date-Krumm, However, she rebounded by reaching the third round of the Wimbledon Championships, eventually being stopped by the seventh-seeded Serena Williams. She then failed to win back-to-back matches falling in the second rounds of Stanford Classic, Southern California Open, first round of Rogers Cup, and the second rounds of Western & Southern Open. She then rebounded at the US Open, losing to eventual champion Samantha Stosur 2–6, 7–615–17, 3–6 in the fourth round. The second set tie-break score of 15–17 was the longest in any major in the history of women's tennis.

She reached her first semifinal of the year at the Guangzhou International Women's Open, losing to Chanelle Scheepers 5–7, 7–5, 4–6. She then played at the Pan Pacific Open and the China Open, where she defeated Samantha Stosur in three sets in both occasions in the second round; she also fell in the quarterfinals on both events losing to Vera Zvonareva and Monica Niculescu, respectively. She played her last tournament of the year at the Luxembourg Open, where she had to withdraw in the second round due to an ankle injury.

2012: 4th place at 2012 Olympics

Kirilenko began her 2012 season at the Sydney International. She lost in the second round of qualifying to Sofia Arvidsson. Seeded 27th at the Australian Open, Kirilenko retired during her third-round match against second seed Petra Kvitová due to an upper left leg injury.

Seeded fourth at the PTT Pattaya Open, Kirilenko reached the final where she was defeated by third seed Daniela Hantuchová. In Doha at the Qatar Ladies Open, Kirilenko lost in the second round to 14th seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. At the Dubai Tennis Championships, Kirilenko was defeated in the second round by Ana Ivanovic. Seeded 20th at Indian Wells, Kirilenko advanced to the quarterfinal where she lost to second seed Maria Sharapova. Seeded 22nd at the Miami Open, Kirilenko was defeated in the fourth round by seventh seed Marion Bartoli.

Kirilenko began her clay-court season at the Estoril Open. Seeded second, she lost in the second round to qualifier Karin Knapp. Seeded 16th at the Madrid Open, Kirilenko was defeated in the second round by Ekaterina Makarova. Seeded 16th in Rome at the Italian Open, she lost in the first round to Flavia Pennetta. Seeded third at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, Kirilenko retired during her first-round match against Sloane Stephens due to a right ankle injury. Seeded 16th at the French Open, she was defeated in the second round by Klára Zakopalová.

Kirilenko played only one tournament before Wimbledon which was the Rosmalen Open. Seeded fifth, she lost in the first round to Francesca Schiavone. Kirilenko then played at the Wimbledon Championships where she was the 17th seed. She had sudden success reaching the round of 16 for the first time with easy wins over Alexandra Cadanțu, Lourdes Domínguez Lino and Sorana Cîrstea. Kirilenko had officially reached the second week of all four majors. She defeated 30eth seed Peng Shuai to reach her second Grand Slam quarterfinal and her first at Wimbledon. After almost three hours of play, three rain delays and switching courts, she eventually lost in a very close and tough quarterfinal to third seed and eventual finalist Agnieszka Radwańska.

Playing for Russia at the Summer Olympics, Kirilenko reached the semifinal upsetting sixth seed Petra Kvitová in her quarterfinal match. She lost the semifinal match to eventual silver medalist Maria Sharapova. Despite the loss, she still had a chance to win a medal. In the bronze medal match, she was defeated by Victoria Azarenka to end on fourth place. However, she won a bronze medal in women's doubles with Nadia Petrova by beating the No. 1 ranked team of Liezel Huber/Lisa Raymond.

Kirilenko started her preparation for the US Open at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati. Seeded 12th, she lost in the first round to Venus Williams. She bounced back into form at the Premier level New Haven Open at Yale. Seeded seventh, Kirilenko reached her second final of the year where she was defeated by second seed Petra Kvitová. Seeded 14th at the US Open, Kirilenko suffered a third-round upset at the hands of Andrea Hlaváčková. In doubles, Kirilenko and Petrova upset the Williams sisters in the third round before losing in the quarterfinal to eighth seeds Nuria Llagostera Vives/María José Martínez Sánchez.

Seeded second at the Korea Open, Kirilenko retired from her first-round match against Lee So-ra due to a back injury. Competing as the 13th seed at the China Open, Kirilenko lost in the first round to Ekaterina Makarova. Seeded seventh at the Kremlin Cup, Kirilenko was defeated in the semifinal by Sofia Arvidsson. Seeded third at the Tournament of Champions, she lost her first match to second seed Nadia Petrova, but she won her second one over eighth seed Tsvetana Pironkova. She withdrew from her third match against sixth seed Jie Zheng due to an upper respiratory illness. Kirilenko played her final tournament of the season at the WTA Tour Championships. She and Petrova won the doubles title beating Andrea Hlaváčková/Lucie Hradecká in the final.

Kirilenko ended the year ranked 14 in singles and No. 7 in doubles.

2013: World No. 10 & injuries

Beginning her season at the Sydney International, Kirilenko lost in the second round to third seed Sara Errani. Seeded 14th at the Australian Open, Kirilenko made it to the fourth round where she lost to third seed Serena Williams.

Seeded second at the Pattaya Open, Kirilenko won the tournament defeating fifth seed Sabine Lisicki in the final. During the Fed Cup tie versus Japan, Kirilenko played one match and beat Kimiko Date-Krumm. Russia won the tie 3-2 to advance to the semifinal. Seeded 12th at the Qatar Ladies Open, Kirilenko retired from her first-round match versus qualifier Ekaterina Bychkova due to a shoulder injury. Seeded 13th at the Indian Wells Open, Kirilenko reached the semifinal after wins over Christina McHale, qualifier Mallory Burdette, third seed Agnieszka Radwańska, and fifth seed Petra Kvitová. She was defeated in her semifinal match by second seed and eventual champion Maria Sharapova. Seeded 14th at Miami, Kirilenko lost in the third round to 21st seed Klára Zakopalová. Seeded third in Mexico at the Monterrey Open, Kirilenko made it to the semifinal where she was defeated by top seed and eventual finalist, Angelique Kerber. In the Fed Cup semifinal tie versus Slovakia, Kirilenko lost her first match to Daniela Hantuchová but beat Dominika Cibulková in her final match. Russia won 3-2 to advance to the final in November versus Italy.

Kirilenko began her preparation for the French Open at the Madrid Open. Seeded thirteenth, she was defeated in the third round by top seed, defending champion, and eventual champion Serena Williams. Seeded 12th at the Italian Open, Kirilenko retired during her third-round match against seventh seed Sara Errani due to a left knee injury. Seeded 12th at the French Open, Kirilenko defeated Nina Bratchikova, Ashleigh Barty to advance to the third round where she defeated Stefanie Vögele. In the fourth round, she defeated Bethanie Mattek-Sands to reach her first quarterfinal at the French Open. She subsequently lost her quarterfinal match to her former doubles partner and third seed Victoria Azarenka. Her run in Paris catapulted her into the top 10 for the first time.

Seeded sixth at the Eastbourne International, Kirilenko was suffering from a knee injury, but she still made it through to the quarterfinal where she was defeated by Yanina Wickmayer. Seeded tenth at the Wimbledon Championships, Kirilenko suffered a first-round upset at the hands of home crowd favorite Laura Robson. As a result, Kirilenko dropped to No. 12 in the world rankings due to the fact that she was defending a quarterfinal appearance from 2012.

Kirilenko started US Open Series at the Rogers Cup seeded 11th, and lost in the second round to Alizé Cornet. Seeded sixteenth at the Western & Southern Open, Kirilenko was defeated in the second round by Mona Barthel. Seeded 14th at the US Open, Kirilenko lost in the third round to twenty-first seed Simona Halep.

Kirilenko started the Asian swing at the Korea Open. Seeded second, she was defeated in the second round by Kimiko Date-Krumm. In Beijing at the China Open, Kirilenko lost in the third round to top seed and eventual champion Serena Williams. Seeded third at the Kremlin Cup, Kirilenko was defeated in the second round by Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Injury ended her season at the Tournament of Champions in Sofia with a 0–5 retirement loss to Alizé Cornet.

Kirilenko ended the year ranked 19.

2014: Last season

Kirilenko was not listed on any entry lists for 2014 tournaments, still recovering from the knee injury suffered in the Tournament of Champions in Sofia. She also missed the Australian Open due to the injury.

After missing the pair of Premier Mandatory events at Indian Wells and Miami, Kirilenko made her comeback at the Family Circle Cup in Charleston. Seeded tenth, she was upset in the first round by qualifier Belinda Bencic, who eventually reached her first WTA semifinal. At the Madrid Open, Kirilenko defeated qualifier Kristina Mladenovic in the first round to recorded her first victory of the year. She withdrew from her second-round match against qualifier Caroline Garcia due to a left wrist injury. In Rome at the Italian Open, Kirilenko lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round. Kirilenko exited in the first round at the French Open, winning three games against Johanna Larsson. As a result, her ranking plunged 44 places down to 88 after failing to defend quarterfinal points.

Kirilenko played the pre-Wimbledon tournament in Rosmalen at the Topshelf Open but lost to Mona Barthel in the first round. Kirilenko entered the Wimbledon Championships ranked 109, her lowest ranking in five years. She caused an upset by defeating eighteenth seed and the previous year's quarterfinalist Sloane Stephens in the first round. She was defeated in the second round by Peng Shuai.

After a month-long break, Kirilenko entered the US Open unseeded and drew fifth seed and 2006 champion Maria Sharapova in the first round. She lost the match in straight sets.

In Seoul at the Korea Open, Kirilenko participated as a wildcard. She reached her first quarterfinal in 15 months by defeating Donna Vekić and third seed Klára Koukalová in her first two matches. She then defeated sixth seed Kaia Kanepi for a place in the semifinals. Her run came to an end in the hands of second seed and eventual champion Karolína Plíšková. Kirilenko played her final tournament of the season at the China Open. She was defeated in the first round by qualifier Tsvetana Pironkova.

Kirilenko ended the year ranked 186.

2015–present
Between 2015 and 2017, Kirilenko gave birth to two children, and has since not returned to professional tennis. She has not competed professionally since 2014, and is not ranked by the WTA.

Fashion
In 2006, Kirilenko was selected to be the face of Adidas tennis gear designed by noted British fashion designer Stella McCartney and played exclusively in it for three years. In 2009, she was replaced by Caroline Wozniacki following the US Open.

She appeared in the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition alongside Daniela Hantuchová and Tatiana Golovin in a pictorial entitled "Volley of the Dolls".

Personal life
Kirilenko dated fellow Russian tennis player Igor Andreev for several years. They split in 2011.

In November 2011, Russian ice hockey player Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals identified Kirilenko as his girlfriend on his Twitter account. On 31 December 2012, Ovechkin confirmed the rumors that he and Kirilenko were engaged. In July 2014, she called off her planned wedding saying in comments distributed by the Russian Tennis Federation that there were "a lot of reasons" behind her decision. Ovechkin had faced questions from Russian media about the relationship when he did not accompany Kirilenko to Wimbledon in June.

On 24 January 2015, Kirilenko got married but the name of her husband was not revealed until a few days later: she married Alexei Stepanov, reported to be the head of the Committee of Public Services in Moscow.

In July 2015, following a ten-month absence from professional tennis, it was reported that Kirilenko had given birth to a baby boy. In July 2017, Kirilenko gave birth to a baby girl.

Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Tennis players from Moscow
Russian female tennis players
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for Russia
Olympic medalists in tennis
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Maria Kirilenko


Helmut Holter (born 22 May 1953 in Ludwigslust) is a German politician of the party The Left. From 1998 to 2006 he was Minister for Labor and Construction of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. From April 2009 to September 2016 he was chairman of The Left parliamentary group in the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Since August 2017 he has been Minister for Education, Youth and Sport in the state of Thuringia.

Biography
Holter completed his schooling in Halle (Saale) in  1971 and studied Civil engineering in Moscow. Since 1973 he was a member of the SED. In 1976 he completed his studies as an Engineer for Concrete Technologies in Moscow. He then worked at a VEB in Milmersdorf near Templin. From 1981 to 1985 he was Secretary of the SED factory organisation. Since 1985, Holter studied at the CPSU Party High School in Moscow and finished postgraduate studies in Society Sciences in 1987. Until 1989 he worked in the Department of Construction/Transportation/Energy of the SED District Administration in Neubrandenburg.

From 1991 to 2001 Holter was State Chairman of the SED follow-up party PDS in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. From 2000 to 2002 he also was a member of the German PDS board. From November 1994 to 31 December 2002 and again from 2006 onward he was an MP of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In 1998, Holter became Minister for Labor and Construction in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern under Minister President Harald Ringstorff. In 2011 and 2016, Holter was frontrunner of The Left in the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state elections.

After the resignation of Birgit Klaubert as Minister for Education, Youth and Sport in the state of Thuringia, Holter was officially named as her successor and sworn in on 17 August 2017.

References

Literature
 Helmut Müller-Enbergs: Holter, Helmut . In: Wer war wer in der DDR? 5. ed. Vol. 1, Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, .

1953 births
Living people
People from Ludwigslust
People from Bezirk Schwerin
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
The Left (Germany) politicians
Members of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Helmut Holter


Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of ionic solids characterized by a layered structure with the generic layer sequence [AcB Z AcB]n, where c represents layers of metal cations, A and B are layers of hydroxide () anions, and Z are layers of other anions and neutral molecules (such as water).  Lateral offsets between the layers may result in longer repeating periods.

The intercalated anions (Z) are weakly bound, often exchangeable; their intercalation properties have scientific interest and industrial applications.

LDHs occur in nature as minerals, as byproducts of metabolism of certain bacteria, and also unintentionally in man-made contexts, such as the products of corrosion of metal objects.

Structure and formulas
LDHs can be seen as derived from hydroxides of divalent cations (d) with the brucite (Mg(OH)2) layer structure [AdB AdB]n, by cation (c) replacement (Mg2+ → Al3+), or by cation oxidation (Fe2+ → Fe3+ in the case of green rust, Fe(OH)2), in the metallic divalent (d) cation layers, so as to give them an excess positive electric charge; and intercalation of extra anion layers (Z) between the hydroxide layers (A,B) to neutralize that charge, resulting in the structure [AcB Z AcB]n. LDHs can be formed with a wide variety of anions in the intercalated layers (Z), such as Cl−, Br−, NO, CO, SO and SeO.

This structure is unusual in solid state chemistry, since many materials with similar structure (such as montmorillonite and other clay minerals) have negatively charged main metal layers (c) and positive ions in the intercalated layers (Z).

In the most studied class of LDHs, the positive layer (c) consists of divalent and trivalent cations, and can be represented by the formula

 [()2]x+ [(Xn−)x/n · y]x-,

where Xn− is the intercalating anion (or anions).

Most commonly,  = Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+, and  is another trivalent cation, possibly of the same element.  Fixed-composition phases have been shown to exist over the range 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.33. However, phases with variable x hare also known, and in some cases, x > 0.5.

Another class of LDH is known where the main metal layer (c) consists of Li+ and Al3+ cations, with the general formula

 [()6]+ [(X6−) ∙ y]−,

where X6− represents one or more anions with total charge −6. The value of y is usually between 0.5 and 4.

In some cases, the pH value of the solution used during the synthesis and the high drying temperature of the LDH can eliminate the presence of the OH− groups in the LDH. For example, in the synthesis of the (BiO)4(OH)2CO3 compound, a low pH value of the aqueous solution or higher annealing temperature of solid can induce the formation of (BiO)2CO3, which is thermodynamically more stable than the LDH compound, by exchanging OH− groups by CO32- groups.

Applications
The anions located in the interlayer regions can be replaced easily, in general. A wide variety of anions may be incorporated, ranging from simple inorganic anions (e.g. CO) through organic anions (e.g. benzoate, succinate) to complex biomolecules, including DNA. This has led to an intense interest in the use of LDH intercalates for advanced applications. Drug molecules such as ibuprofen may be intercalated; the resulting nanocomposites have potential for use in controlled release systems, which could reduce the frequency of doses of medication needed to treat a disorder. Further effort has been expended on the intercalation of agrochemicals, such as the chlorophenoxyacetates, and important organic synthons, such as terephthalate and nitrophenols. Agrochemical intercalates are of interest because of the potential to use LDHs to remove agrochemicals from polluted water, reducing the likelihood of eutrophication.

LDHs exhibit shape-selective intercalation properties. For instance, treating LiAl2-Cl with a 50:50 mixture of terephthalate (1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) and phthalate  (1,2-benzenedicarboxylate) results in intercalation of the 1,4-isomer with almost 100% preference. The selective intercalation of ions such as benzenedicarboxylates and nitrophenols has importance because these are produced in isomeric mixtures from crude oil residues, and it is often desirable to isolate a single form, for instance in the production of polymers.

LDH-TiO2 intercalates are used in suspensions for self-cleaning of surfaces (especially for materials in cultural heritage), because of photo-catalytic properties of TiO2 and good compatibility of LDHs with inorganic materials.

Minerals
Naturally occurring (i.e., mineralogical) examples of LDH are classified as members of the hydrotalcite supergroup, named after the Mg-Al carbonate hydrotalcite, which is the longest-known example of a natural LDH phase. More than 40 mineral species are known to fall within this supergroup. The dominant divalent cations, M2+, that have been reported in hydrotalcite supergroup minerals are: Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn; the dominant trivalent cations, M3+, are:  Al, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. The most common intercalated anions are [CO3]2−, [SO4]2− and Cl−; OH−, S2− and [Sb(OH)6]− have also been reported. Some species contain intercalated cationic or neutral complexes such as [Na(H2O)6]+ or [MgSO4]0. The International Mineralogical Association's 2012 report on hydrotalcite supergroup nomenclature defines eight groups within the supergroup on the basis of a combination of criteria. These groups are:
 the hydrotalcite group, with M2+:M3+ = 3:1 (layer spacing ~7.8 Å);
 the quintinite group, with M2+:M3+ = 2:1 (layer spacing ~7.8 Å);
 the fougèrite group of natural 'green rust' phases, with M2+ = Fe2+, M3+ = Fe3+ in a range of ratios, and with O2− replacing OH− in the brucite module to maintain charge balance (layer spacing ~7.8 Å);
 the woodwardite group, with variable M2+:M3+ and interlayer [SO4]2−, leading to an expanded layer spacing of ~8.9 Å;
 the cualstibite group, with interlayer [Sb(OH)6]− and a layer spacing of ~9.7 Å;
 the glaucocerinite group, with interlayer [SO4]2− as in the woodwardite group, and with additional interlayer H2O molecules that further expand the layer spacing to ~11 Å;
 the wermlandite group, with a layer spacing of ~11 Å, in which cationic complexes occur with anions between the brucite-like layers; and
 the hydrocalumite group, with M2+ = Ca2+ and M3+ = Al3+, which contains brucite-like layers in which the Ca:Al ratio is 2:1 and the large cation, Ca2+, is coordinated to a seventh ligand of 'interlayer' water.

The IMA Report also presents a concise systematic nomenclature for synthetic LDH phases that are not eligible for a mineral name. This uses the prefix LDH, and characterises components by the numbers of the octahedral cation species in the chemical formula, the interlayer anion, and the Ramsdell polytype symbol (number of layers in the repeat of the structure, and crystal system). For example, the 3R polytype of Mg6Al2(OH)12(CO3).4H2O (hydrotalcite sensu stricto) is described by "LDH 6Mg2Al·CO3-3R". This simplified nomenclature does not capture all the possible types of structural complexity in LDH materials. Elsewhere, the Report discusses examples of:
 long-range order of different cations within a brucite-like layer, which may produce sharp superstructure peaks in diffraction patterns and a and b periodicities that are multiples of the basic 3 Å repeat, or short-range order producing diffuse scattering;
 the wide variety of c periodicities that can occur due to relative displacements or rotations of the brucite-like layers, producing multiple polytypes with the same compositions, intergrowths of polytypes and variable degrees  of stacking disorder;
 different periodicities arising from order of different interlayer species, either within an interlayer or by alternation of different anion types from interlayer to interlayer.

See also
 Maalox, magnesium-aluminium oxide used as antacid

References

External links

 LDH, DNA and Hydrothermal Vents – Science Daily
 Mindat entry for Hydrotalcite Supergroup

Materials
Minerals
Hydroxides
Antacids

Layered double hydroxides


The 1998 Gujarat cyclone (Joint Typhoon Warning Center designation: 03A; India Meteorological Department designation: ARB 02) was a catastrophic tropical cyclone that killed at least 1,000 people in India, especially the state of Gujarat.

Meteorological history

On June 1, an area of low pressure developed over the Laccadive Islands. Two days later, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system as it became better organized. Early on June 4, the JTWC issued its first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 03A. Around the same time, the IMD began monitoring the system as Depression ARB 02. Shortly after, the depression was upgraded to a deep depression and further strengthened into a cyclonic storm the following day. The small storm moved slowly towards the west and weakened as wind shear began to increase. The storm weakened below tropical storm intensity later that day and the initial final advisory was issued. However, the system redeveloped and advisories resumed the next day. The storm gradually intensified as it moved towards the northwest.

Dvorak satellite intensity estimates on June 6 reached T4.0, corresponding to an intensity of . The IMD also marked the increase in intensity, upgrading ARB 02 to a severe cyclonic storm. Around this time, the storm began to turn towards the north and accelerate due to an approaching mid-level trough. As the storm neared the Indian coastline, an eye developed and the storm strengthened into the equivalent of a major hurricane with winds reaching . The IMD assessed the storm to be a very severe cyclonic storm at this time, with winds up to  and a barometric pressure of 958 mbar (hPa). After slightly weakening early on June 9, 03A re-strengthened, attaining its peak intensity with winds of . Then it made landfall near Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat between 01:00 and 02:00 UTC. The storm weakened following landfall and the JTWC issued their final advisory later that day. The IMD continued to monitor ARB 02 until June 10, by which time it had weakened to a depression before dissipating.

Impact and aftermath

Tropical Cyclone 03A brought a large storm surge of 4.9 m (16 ft) which devastated coastal communities and salt mines. An estimated 4,000 to 10,000 people were killed by the storm, many of whom were salt mine workers who did not own a radio and received little or no warning of the cyclone. The large loss of life was partially attributed to contractors who wanted to continue making profits and did not inform their workers of the approaching storm. According to the official figures, 1173 people died and 1774 people went missing. Also, the region had witnessed only 17 cyclones since 1890, all of which were weaker than 03A. As a result, its vulnerability was miscalculated by the local population and the disaster management administration. Power supply to numerous residences was lost due to the storms high winds. A microwave tower in Porbandar collapsed, causing widespread disruption in telecommunication. Hundreds of other power transmission towers also fell, causing an estimated loss of Rs 10 billion for the Gujarat Electricity Board. At least 893 people were injured by the storm and over 11,000 animals were killed. Over 162,000 structures were damaged or destroyed throughout the affected area and damages amounted to Rs. 120 billion (US$3 billion). In Kandla, the damages were estimated around .

Over the next one month, insurance companies had lost approximately Rs. 13 billion (US$266.5 million). The remnants of the storm produced heavy rains over Pakistan which electrocuted 12 people. In the wake of the storm, the United States Government provided US$25,000 for rehabilitation of the affected population. The Government of Denmark also contributed $72,992 in funds for relief efforts. The Gujarat government deployed approximately 330 medical teams to the affected areas. Local aid, amounting to  (US$20.5 million) was provided to assist victims.

See also

 1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
 1999 Pakistan cyclone
Cyclone Nilofar
Cyclone Vayu
Cyclone Tauktae
Cyclone Biparjoy

References

External links
India Meteorological Department

Extremely severe cyclonic storms
Gujarat Cyclone, 1998
Tropical cyclones in Pakistan
History of Gujarat (1947–present)
Disasters in Gujarat

1998 Gujarat cyclone


Draycote is a small hamlet in Warwickshire, England. It forms part of the civil parish of Bourton and Draycote along with nearby Bourton-on-Dunsmore, which is located around half a mile to the west, uphill from Draycote.

Draycote is located in a valley just to the west of Draycote Water reservoir, which is named after the hamlet and is home to Draycote Water Sailing Club.

Draycote is quite remote, with only one narrow lane accessing the village from the B4453 road, which then loops back towards Bourton-on-Dunsmore.

The remains of the former Rugby to Leamington Spa railway line run west of Draycote. Part of the former line between Draycote and Birdingbury has recently been converted into a cycleway as part of the National Cycle Network.

Near the village is the Draycote Meadows nature reserve.

References
 Allen, Geoff, Warwickshire Towns & Villages, (2000)

External links

Villages in Warwickshire

Draycote


The Château d'Orcher is a castle in the commune of Gonfreville-l'Orcher in the Seine-Maritime département of France.

Built to protect the mouth of the River Seine, it includes an imposing square crenellated tower. In the 18th century it was transformed into a residence.

History
The Auricher fiefdom was created by the Duke of Normandy for a family who got the name Aurichier from a place down in the Seine Valley and built the castle with a chapel (Sainte-Honorine) on top of a cliff overlooking the Seine. The square keep was surrounded by a trapezoidal enceinte, defended in the 13th century by three square towers. In 1360 it was partly destroyed on the orders of officials from Harfleur.  Rebuilt later, it was taken by the English in 1415 at the same time as Harfleur.

The Crespin family was dispossessed by Henry V. Some French sources state that Henry gave the castle to John Falstaff, the fictional Shakespearean character, but this is almost certainly meant to be Sir John Fastolf. In 1434, the castle and its associated possessions and privileges were given to the Duke of Bedford. In 1449, the estates reverted to the Crespins and later, by legacy, went to the Brézé family in 1488 and finally to the O family in 1539. In 1604, the Orcher land was decreed to be the property of Georges Laillet seigneur of Auricher, and consisted of castle, fortress and house covered with slate. In 1632 the estates became the property of the Potier family.

Thomas Planterose took possession in 1735 and over the next ten years set about transforming the castle. He employed master masons François de la Motte and Jacques Lesueur, both from Picardy, and a master plasterer from Caudebec-en-Caux, Courtel]. The elegant woodwork was created by a carpenter from Le Havre, Le Roux. The two north towers and the ruins of the  great keep in the north-west were demolished, along with the curtain walls.

In 1795, following the division of the estate with the death of Madame de Melmont, the property was described as a "dwelling house castle and accessories and a farm of 145 acres". In the 19th century, the estate became the property of the Rochechouart family, who had the castle, notably the tower, restored in 1857 by the architect P. Philippon.

The castle grounds are open to the public all year. The Château d'Orcher is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

See also
 List of castles in France
 Gonfreville-l'Orcher Commune of Gonfreville-l'Orcher in French Wikipedia

References

External links
 Château d'Orcher - official site
 View of Château d'Orcher, 1 January1791

Castles in Seine-Maritime
Museums in Seine-Maritime
Historic house museums in Normandy
Monuments historiques of Seine-Maritime

Château d'Orcher


In signal processing and electronics, the frequency response of a system is the quantitative measure of the magnitude and phase of the output as a function of input frequency. The frequency response is widely used in the design and analysis of systems, such as audio and control systems, where they simplify mathematical analysis by converting governing differential equations into algebraic equations. In an audio system, it may be used to minimize audible distortion by designing components (such as microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers) so that the overall response is as flat (uniform) as possible across the system's bandwidth. In control systems, such as a vehicle's cruise control, it may be used to assess system stability, often through the use of Bode plots. Systems with a specific frequency response can be designed using analog and digital filters.

The frequency response characterizes systems in the frequency domain, just as the impulse response characterizes systems in the time domain. In linear systems (or as an approximation to a real system neglecting second order non-linear properties), either response completely describes the system and thus have one-to-one correspondence: the frequency response is the Fourier transform of the impulse response. The frequency response allows simpler analysis of cascaded systems such as multistage amplifiers, as the response of the overall system can be found through multiplication of the individual stages' frequency responses (as opposed to convolution of the impulse response in the time domain). The frequency response is closely related to the transfer function in linear systems, which is the Laplace transform of the impulse response. They are equivalent when the real part  of the transfer function's complex variable  is zero.

Measurement and plotting

Measuring the frequency response typically involves exciting the system with an input signal and measuring the resulting output signal, calculating the frequency spectra of the two signals (for example, using the fast Fourier transform for discrete signals), and comparing the spectra to isolate the effect of the system. In linear systems, the frequency range of the input signal should cover the frequency range of interest.

Several methods using different input signals may be used to measure the frequency response of a system, including:
 Applying constant amplitude sinusoids stepped through a range of frequencies and comparing the amplitude and phase shift of the output relative to the input. The frequency sweep must be slow enough for the system to reach its steady-state at each point of interest
 Applying an impulse signal and taking the Fourier transform of the system's response
 Applying a wide-sense stationary white noise signal over a long period of time and taking the Fourier transform of the system's response. With this method, the cross-spectral density (rather than the power spectral density) should be used if phase information is required

The frequency response is characterized by the magnitude, typically in decibels (dB) or as a generic amplitude of the dependent variable, and the phase, in radians or degrees, measured against frequency, in radian/s, Hertz (Hz) or as a fraction of the sampling frequency.

There are three common ways of plotting response measurements:
 Bode plots graph magnitude and phase against frequency on two rectangular plots
 Nyquist plots graph magnitude and phase parametrically against frequency in polar form
 Nichols plots graph magnitude and phase parametrically against frequency in rectangular form

For the design of control systems, any of the three types of plots may be used to infer closed-loop stability and stability margins from the open-loop frequency response. In many frequency domain applications, the phase response is relatively unimportant and the magnitude response of the Bode plot may be all that is required. In digital systems (such as digital filters), the frequency response often contains a main lobe with multiple periodic sidelobes, due to spectral leakage caused by digital processes such as sampling and windowing.

Nonlinear frequency response
If the system under investigation is nonlinear, linear frequency domain analysis will not reveal all the nonlinear characteristics. To overcome these limitations, generalized frequency response functions and nonlinear output frequency response functions have been defined to analyze nonlinear dynamic effects. Nonlinear frequency response methods may reveal effects such as resonance, intermodulation, and energy transfer.

Applications
In the audible range frequency response is usually referred to in connection with electronic amplifiers, microphones and loudspeakers. Radio spectrum frequency response can refer to measurements of coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, video switching equipment, wireless communications devices, and antenna systems. Infrasonic frequency response measurements include earthquakes and electroencephalography (brain waves).

Frequency response curves are often used to indicate the accuracy of electronic components or systems. When a system or component reproduces all desired input signals with no emphasis or attenuation of a particular frequency band, the system or component is said to be "flat", or to have a flat frequency response curve. In other case, we can be use 3D-form of frequency response surface.

Frequency response requirements differ depending on the application. In high fidelity audio, an amplifier requires a flat frequency response of at least 20–20,000 Hz, with a tolerance as tight as ±0.1 dB in the mid-range frequencies around 1000 Hz; however, in telephony, a frequency response of 400–4,000 Hz, with a tolerance of ±1 dB is sufficient for intelligibility of speech.

Once a frequency response has been measured (e.g., as an impulse response), provided the system is linear and time-invariant, its characteristic can be approximated with arbitrary accuracy by a digital filter.  Similarly, if a system is demonstrated to have a poor frequency response, a digital or analog filter can be applied to the signals prior to their reproduction to compensate for these deficiencies.

The form of a frequency response curve is very important for anti-jamming protection of radars, communications and other systems.

Frequency response analysis can also be applied to biological domains, such as the detection of hormesis in repeated behaviors with opponent process dynamics, or in the optimization of drug treatment regimens.

See also

Audio system measurements
Bandwidth (signal processing)
Bode plot
Impulse response
Spectral sensitivity
Steady state (electronics)
Transient response
Universal dielectric response

References
Notes

Bibliography
Luther, Arch C.; Inglis, Andrew F. Video engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
Stark, Scott Hunter. Live Sound Reinforcement, Vallejo, California, Artistpro.com, 1996–2002.
 L. R. Rabiner and B. Gold. Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing. – Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975. – 720 pp

External links
University of Michigan: Frequency Response Analysis and Design Tutorial
Smith, Julius O. III: Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications has a nice chapter on Frequency Response

Signal processing
Control theory
Audio amplifier specifications

Frequency response