Unilever plc is a British multinational consumer packaged goods company founded on 2 September 1929 following the merger of British soap maker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie. It is currently headquartered in London.

Unilever products include baby food, beauty products, bottled water, breakfast cereals, cleaning agents, condiments, energy drinks, healthcare and hygiene products, ice cream, instant coffee, pet food, pharmaceuticals, soft drinks, tea, and toothpaste. It is the largest producer of soap in the world, and its products are available in over 190 countries.

Unilever's largest brands include Axe (Lynx), Ben & Jerry's, Dove, Hellmann's, Knorr, Lifebuoy, Lux, Magnum, Omo (Persil), Rexona, Sunlight, Sunsilk, and Wall's (Heartbrand). The company is organised into five main divisions: Beauty & Wellbeing, Personal Care, Home Care, Nutrition, and Ice Cream. It has research and development facilities in China, India, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

In the 1930s, Unilever acquired the United Africa Company. During the second half of the 20th century, the company increasingly diversified from being a maker of products made of oils and fats, and expanded its operations worldwide. It has made numerous corporate acquisitions, including Lipton (1971), Brooke Bond (1984), Chesebrough-Ponds (1987), Hellmann's (2000), Ben & Jerry's (2000), Slim-Fast (2000), Knorr (2000), Alberto-Culver (2010), Dollar Shave Club (2016), and Pukka Herbs (2017). Unilever divested its specialty chemicals businesses to Imperial Chemical Industries in 1997. In the 2010s, under the leadership of Paul Polman, the company gradually shifted its focus towards health and beauty brands and away from food brands that showed slow growth.

Unilever has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index and the AEX index.

History

1921–1940
In September 1929, Unilever was formed by a merger of the operations of Dutch Margarine Unie and British soapmaker Lever Brothers, with the name of the resulting company a portmanteau of the name of both companies.
In the 1930s, the business grew, and new ventures were launched in Africa and Latin America. During this time, Unilever acquired the United Africa Company, created from a merger of the African & Eastern Trade Corporation and the Royal Niger Company, which oversaw British trade interests in present-day Nigeria during the colonial era.
The Nazi occupation of Europe during the Second World War meant that Unilever was unable to reinvest its capital into Europe, so it instead acquired new businesses in the United Kingdom and the United States.

In 1943, it acquired T. J. Lipton, a majority stake in Frosted Foods (owner of the Birds Eye brand in the UK) and Batchelors Peas, one of the largest vegetables canners in the United Kingdom. In 1944, Pepsodent was acquired.

In 1933, Unilever Indonesia was established in December as Lever Zeepfabrieken N.V. and had operations in Cikarang, West Java at Rungkut, East Java and North Sumatra.

1941–1960
After 1945, Unilever's once-successful American businesses (Lever Brothers and T.J. Lipton) began to decline. As a result, Unilever began to operate a "hands-off" policy towards the subsidiaries and left American management to its own devices.

Sunsilk was first launched in the United Kingdom in 1954. Dove was first launched in the US in 1957. Unilever took full ownership of Frosted Foods in 1957, which it renamed Birds Eye. The US-based Good Humor ice cream business was acquired in 1961. By the mid-1960s, laundry soap and edible fats still contributed around half of Unilever's corporate profits. However, a stagnant market for yellow fats (butter, margarine, and similar products) and increasing competition in detergents and soaps from Procter & Gamble forced Unilever to diversify. In 1971, Unilever acquired the British-based Lipton Ltd from Allied Suppliers. In 1978, National Starch was acquired for $487 million, marking the largest ever foreign-acquisition of a US company at that point.

1961–1980
By the end of the 1970s through acquisitions, Unilever had gained 30 per cent of the Western European ice cream market. In 1982, Unilever management decided to reposition itself from an unwieldy conglomerate to a more concentrated fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company.

In 1984, Unilever acquired Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea) for £390 million in the company's first successful hostile takeover. In 1986, Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds (merged from Chesebrough Manufacturing and Pond's Creams), the maker of Ragú, Pond's, Aqua-Net, Cutex, and Vaseline in another hostile takeover. In 1989, Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Fabergé, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances.

1981–2000
In 1992, Unilever Ghana was established in July following a merger of UAC Ghana Limited and Lever Brothers Ghana Limited.

In 1993, Unilever acquired Breyers from Kraft, which made the company the largest ice cream manufacturer in the United States.

In 1996, Unilever merged Elida Gibbs and Lever Brothers in its UK operations. It also purchased Helene Curtis, significantly expanding its presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand.

In 1997, Unilever sold its speciality chemicals division, including National Starch & Chemical, Quest, Unichema and Crosfield to Imperial Chemical Industries for £4.9 billion.

In 1998, Unilever established a sustainable agriculture programme.

In 2000, Unilever acquired the boutique mustard retailer Maille, Ben & Jerry's and Slim Fast for £1.63 billion, Bestfoods for £13.4 billion. The Bestfoods acquisition increased Unilever's scale in foods in America, and added brands including Knorr, Marmite, Bovril, and Hellmann's to its portfolio. In exchange for European regulatory approval of the deal, Unilever divested itself of Oxo, Lesieur, McDonnells, Bla Band, Royco, and Batchelors.

2001–2010

In 2001, Unilever split into two divisions: one for foods and one for home and personal care. In the UK, it merged its Lever Brothers and Elida Faberge businesses as Lever Faberge in January 2001.

In 2003, Unilever announced the strategic decision to sell off the Dalda brand in both India and Pakistan. In 2003, Bunge Limited acquired the Dalda brand from Hindustan Unilever Limited for reportedly under Rs 1 billion. On 30 March 2004, Unilever Pakistan accepted an offer of Rs. 1.33 billion for the sale of its Dalda brand and related business of edible oils and fats to the newly incorporated company Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Limited.

In 2002, the company sold its specialty oils and fats division, known as Loders Croklaan, for RM814 million (€218.5 million) to IOI Corporation, a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia-based oil palm company. As part of the deal, the Loders Croklaan name was maintained. Unilever sold the brands Mazola, Argo & Kingsfords, Karo, Golden Griddle, and Henri's, along with several of its Canadian brands, to ACH Food Companies, an American subsidiary of Associated British Foods.

In 2004, Unilever Bangladesh, which was established in 1964 changed its former name Lever Brothers Bangladesh Ltd to its present name in December 2004, is owned 60.4% by Unilever and 39.6% by the Government of Bangladesh.

In 2007, Unilever partnered with Rainforest Alliance to sustainably source all its tea.

In 2009, Unilever agreed to acquire the personal care business of Sara Lee Corporation, including brands such as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas. The Sara Lee acquisition was completed on 6 December 2010.

In 2010, Unilever acquired the Diplom-Is in Denmark, Unilever announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Brazil to Cargill, purchased Alberto-Culver, a maker of personal care and household products including Simple, VO5, Nexxus, TRESemmé, and Mrs. Dash, for US$3.7 billion. acquired EVGA's ice cream brands, which included Scandal, Variete and Karabola, and its distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount.

2011–2020
In 2012, Unilever announced it would phase out the use of microplastics in the form of microbeads in their personal care products by 2015.

In 2014, Unilever agreed to acquire a majority stake in the China-based water purification company Qinyuan for an undisclosed price, acquired Talenti Gelato & Sorbetto, acquired Camay brand globally and the Zest brand outside of North America and the Caribbean from Procter & Gamble.

In 2015, Unilever acquired British niche skincare brand REN Skincare, This was followed in May 2015 by the acquisition of Kate Somerville Skincare LLC. The company also acquired the Italian premium ice cream maker GROM for an undisclosed amount. Unilever also separated its food spreads business, including its Flora and I Can't Believe It's Not Butter! brands, into a standalone entity named Unilever Baking, Cooking and Spreading. The separation was first announced in December 2014 and was made in response to declining worldwide sales in that product category.

Unilever bought the United States-based startup company Dollar Shave Club for a reported $1b (£764m) to compete in the male grooming market. On 16 August 2016, Unilever acquired Blueair, a supplier of mobile indoor air purification technologies. In September 2016, Unilever acquired Seventh Generation Inc. for $700 million. On 16 December 2016, Unilever acquired Living Proof Inc, a hair care products business.

In 2017, significantly smaller Kraft Heinz made a $143 billion bid for Unilever. The deal was declined by Unilever. On 20 April 2017, Unilever acquired Sir Kensington's, a New York-based condiment maker. On 15 May 2017, the company acquired the personal care and home care brands of Quala, a Latin American consumer goods company. In June, the company acquired Hourglass, a colour cosmetics brand. In July, the company then announced that it had acquired the organic herbal tea business, Pukka Herbs. In September 2017, Unilever acquired Weis, an Australian ice cream business. Later that month Unilever acquired Remgro's interest in Unilever South Africa in exchange for the Unilever South Africa spreads business plus cash consideration. Even later that month, Unilever agreed to acquire Carver Korea, with 2.7billion USD, a skincare business brand of AHC in North Asia. In October 2017, Unilever acquired Brazilian natural and organic food business Mãe Terra. In November, Unilever announced an agreement to acquire the Tazo speciality tea brand from Starbucks. Later in November 2017, the company acquired Sundial Brands, a skincare company. In December 2017, Unilever acquired Schmidt's Naturals, a US natural deodorant and soap company. In December 2017, Unilever sold its margarine and spreads division to investment firm KKR for €6.8bn. The sale was completed in July 2018, and the new company was named Upfield. Upfield's notable brands include Flora, Stork, I Can't Believe It's Not Butter, Rama, Country Crock, Becel, and Blue Band.

Unilever announced that to help tackle the global COVID-19 pandemic, it would contribute over 100m through donations of soap, hand sanitiser, bleach and food.

2021–present

In April 2021, Unilever established a new stand-alone beauty business, Elida Beauty, which will own and manage the following brands: Brut, Brylcreem, Timotei, Q-tips, Noxema, TIGI, VO5, Toni & Guy, Matey, Moussel, Monsavon, Impulse, St Ives, Alberto Balsam, Badedas, Fissan, Pento, Pond's, Careess, Lever 2000, Williams, Elida, and Alberto.

In August 2021, Florida governor Ron DeSantis placed Unilever on a list of "Scrutinized Companies that Boycott Israel" because it had "no current plan to prevent Ben & Jerry's from terminating business activities in Israeli-controlled territories". The ice-cream brand has 90 days to stop engaging in "the BDS movement", or the state will no longer contract with the parent company Unilever or any of its subsidiaries.

In November 2021, Unilever agreed to sell most of its tea business under the Ekaterra division to investment firm CVC Capital Partners for €4.5 billion. This deal excluded the Unilever tea business in India, Indonesia and Nepal, and the Lipton Ice Tea joint-venture with PepsiCo. The deal was completed in summer 2022.

Corporate operations

Legal structure

Unilever has a holding company Unilever PLC and N.V. with Anglo-Dutch structure, which has its registered office at Port Sunlight in Merseyside, United Kingdom and its head office at Unilever House in London, United Kingdom. The company has been restructured several times, for example in 2018 and 2020 (see "history").

In 2018, Unilever announced its intention to simplify this structure by centralising the duality of legal entities and keeping just one headquarters in Rotterdam, abandoning the London head office. Business groups and staff would have been unaffected, as would the dual listing. On 5 October 2018 the group announced it would cancel the restructuring due to concern that the United Kingdom shareholders would lose value if the company fell out of the London FTSE100. A shareholder vote was planned to decide for the listing of a new Unilever Dutch entity, which would have seen Unilever dropping out of the FTSE 100 Index. When it appeared that the vote would fail, due to uncertainty over the Netherlands dividend tax, the scheme was cancelled on 5 October 2018.

In October 2018, it acquired a 75% stake in the Italian personal-care business Equilibra and acquired the high-end, eco-friendly laundry and household cleaning products company The Laundress for an undisclosed sum. In 2018, UK recruitment website Indeed, named Unilever as the United Kingdom's ninth best private sector employer based on millions of employee ratings and reviews.

In 2020, Unilever announced it has reviewed its corporate structure again and that the company was to merge Unilever N.V. into Unilever PLC forming one holding company to be based in the United Kingdom. However, a Dutch 'exit tax' plan would require Unilever to reconsider this unification. In September 2020 Unilever's Dutch arm shareholders overwhelmingly voted for the N.V. to merge into the PLC. In October 2020 Unilever announced that 99 per cent of shareholders in its UK arm agreed with the merger, i.e., voted to base the group in London. The completion of the unification was announced on 30 November 2020. Since then there is one class of shares.

Senior management
In January 2019, Alan Jope succeeded Paul Polman as the chief executive officer. The chief financial officer, Graeme Pitkethly, is executive director. Jope will be proposed as joint executive director at Unilever's 2019 AGM.

Previously, Paul Polman was CEO for ten years, succeeding Patrick Cescau in 2009.

In November 2019, Unilever announced that Nils Andersen would be replacing Chairman Marijn Dekkers, who stepped down after three years in the role.

In January 2023, it announced Hein Schumacher as its new CEO, effective July 2023.

Gallery of global assets

Financial data

Operations
The three markets of the United States, China and India account for over one third of turnover.

Thirteen brands account for over half of sales.

Branding and advertising
Unilever's largest international competitors are Nestlé and Procter & Gamble.

Logo
In 1930, the logo of Unilever was in a sans-serif typeface and all-caps. The current Unilever corporate logo was introduced in 2004 and was designed by Wolff Olins, a brand consultancy agency. The 'U' shape is now made up of 25 distinct symbols, each icon representing one of the company's sub-brands or its corporate values. The brand identity was developed around the idea of "adding vitality to life".

Brands

Dove

Dove describes itself as being dedicated to "help ... women develop a positive relationship with the way they look – helping them raise their self-esteem and realize their full potential". Dove uses advertising to display messages of positive self-esteem. In September 2004 Dove created a Real Beauty campaign, focusing predominately on women of all shapes and colour. Later in 2007, this campaign furthered itself to include women of all ages. This campaign consisted mostly of advertisements, shown on television and popularised by the internet. Dove fell under scrutiny from the general public as they felt the Dove advertisements described the opinion that cellulite was still unsightly and that women's aging process was something for which to be ashamed.

Lynx/Axe
Axe, known as Lynx in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, is a toiletries brand marketed towards young men between the ages of 16 and 24. Its marketing is a "tongue-in-cheek take on the 'mating game'", suggesting that women are instantly drawn to men who use the products. Unlike Dove's long-running beauty campaign, Lynx advertising often creates mini-series of advertisements based around a singular product rather than communicating an overarching idea. Using images the company knows it will receive complaints garners the brand more free publicity and notoriety, often through controversy. A wide variety of these adverts have been banned in countries around the world. In 2012, Lynx's 'Clean Balls' advert was banned. In 2011, in the United Kingdom, Lynx's shower gel campaign was banned.

Both advertising campaigns make stark comparisons between how women and their sexuality are portrayed in advertising and sales efficiency. Lynx commonly portrays women as hypersexual, flawless and stereotypically attractive who are aroused by men, of all ages and stature, because of their use of the Lynx product.

Social media advertising
On 26 June 2020, Unilever said it would halt advertising to U.S. customers on social media giants Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter until at least the end of 2020 following a campaign started by various American civil-rights groups, such as the Anti-Defamation League and the NAACP, protesting Facebook's policies on hate speech and misinformation named "Stop Hate For Profit". However, Unilever did not formally sign on to the campaign. The company cited their "Responsibility Framework and the polarized atmosphere in the U.S." and said that "continuing to advertise on these platforms at this time would not add value to people and society".

Later that year in December, Unilever revealed it would resume advertising on Facebook and its affiliated platforms, stating that Facebook had made enough progress in changing their management to continue advertising with them. Executive vice president of global media for the company, Luis Di Como, released a clarifying statement: "We are encouraged by the commitments the platforms are making to build healthier environments for consumers, brands and society in alignment with the principles of the Global Alliance for Responsible Media. This is why we plan to end our social media investment pause in the U.S. in January. We will continue to reassess our position as necessary."

Corporate sponsorship
From 2000 to 2012 Unilever sponsored the Turbine Hall commissions at Tate Modern, which became known as The Unilever Series.

Environmental record

Mercury contamination
In 2001, a mercury thermometer factory operated by the Indian subsidiary of Unilever in the South Indian hilltown of Kodaikanal was shut down by state regulators after the company was caught dumping toxic mercury wastes in a densely populated part of town. By the company's own admissions, more than 2 tonnes of mercury were discharged into Kodaikanal's environment. A 2011 Government of India study on workers' health concluded that many workers suffered from illnesses caused by workplace exposure to mercury. The scandal opened up a series of issues in India such as corporate liability, corporate accountability and corporate negligence.

In March 2016, Unilever reached an out of court settlement (for an undisclosed amount) with 591 ex-workers of the unit who had sued the company for knowingly exposing them to the toxic element.

Palm oil
In 2014, Unilever was criticised by Greenpeace for causing deforestation. In 2008, Greenpeace UK criticised the company for buying palm oil from suppliers that were damaging Indonesia's rainforests. By 2008, Indonesia was losing 2% of its remaining rainforest each year, having the fastest deforestation rate of any country. The United Nations Environmental Programme stated that palm oil plantations are the leading cause of deforestation in Indonesia.

Furthermore, Indonesia was the 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases, largely due to the destruction of rainforests for the palm oil industry, which contributed to 4% of global green house gas emissions. According to Greenpeace, palm oil expansion was taking place with little oversight from central or local government as procedures for environmental impact assessment, land-use planning and ensuring a proper process for development of concessions were neglected. Plantations that were off-limits, by law, for palm oil plantations were being established as well as the illegal use of fire to clear forest areas was commonplace.

Unilever, as a founding member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), responded by publicising its plan to obtain all of its palm oil from sources that are certified as sustainable by 2015. It claims to have met this goal in 2012 and is encouraging the rest of the industry to become 100% sustainable by 2020.

In Côte d'Ivoire, one of Unilever's palm oil suppliers was accused of clearing forest for plantations, an activity that threatened a primate species, Miss Waldron's red colobus. Unilever intervened to halt the clearances pending the results of an environmental assessment.

According to an Amnesty International report published in 2016, Unilever's palm oil supplier Wilmar International profited from child labour and forced labour. Some workers were extorted, threatened or not paid for work. Some workers suffered severe injuries from banned chemicals. In 2016 Singapore-based Wilmar International was the world's biggest palm oil grower.

Plastic pollution
In 2019, Unilever was cited by BreakFreeFromPlastic as one of the top ten global plastic polluters.

Nevertheless, in 2019, Unilever announced that it plans to halve its non-recycled plastic packaging by 2025. In 2020, Unilever joined 13 EU member states and more than 60 companies to sign a pact to use recycled plastic for all plastic packaging and single-use plastic products by 2025.

In June 2022, a Reuters report revealed that Unilever had lobbied the governments of India and the Philippines to stop legislation which would ban the sale of cosmetics in single-use plastic sachets, despite vowing in 2020 to stop using them. The design of these sachets had been called 'evil' by Hanneke Faber, Unilever's president for Global Food and Refreshments, 'because you cannot recycle it'. The bans were then dropped by lawmakers. In Sri Lanka, the company pressed the government to reconsider a proposed ban on sachets, and then tried to manoeuvre around the ban after regulations were implemented.

Rainforest Alliance

Unilever certifies its tea products by the Rainforest Alliance scheme. The company has stated that at least 50% of the tea in its products originates from certified farms, compared to the Alliance's 30% minimum entry point. Unilever decided on the scheme over Fairtrade, because according to the company's analysis, Fairtrade might "lack the scale and the organizational flexibility to certify industrial tea estates".

The Rainforest Alliance certification scheme has been criticised for not offering producers minimum or guaranteed price, therefore, leaving them vulnerable to market price variations. The alternative certificate, Fairtrade, has received similar criticism. The Rainforest Alliance certification has furthermore been criticised for allowing the use of the seal on products that contain only a minimum of 30% of certified content, which according to some endangers the integrity of the certification.

Salmonella contamination
In July 2016, rumours about salmonella contamination in cereals spread among Israeli consumers. Initially, Unilever did not provide public information about the subject and queries on the matter were rebuffed by the company as a non-story and nonsense. On 26 July 2016, Unilever had stopped transferring cornflakes to retailer chains. On 28 July, Yedioth Ahronoth reported tens of thousands of boxes of breakfast cereal had been destroyed. By 28 July, despite the company's assurances that nothing contaminated was released for consumption, many customers stopped buying Unilever products and started to throw away all cornflakes made by Unilever. The company withheld information about the affected production dates. Unilever had published more information about Telma cereals handled on the packaging line in which the contamination was discovered and that a Telma announcement had been made: "We again stress that all Telma products in the stores and in your homes are safe to eat. According to our company's strict procedures, every production batch is checked and put on hold. These products are not marketed until test results for this product series are returned, confirming that all is well. If any flaw is discovered, the batch is not marketed to stores, as was the case." In the following days the Health Minister, Yakov Litzman, threatened to pull Unilever's licence in Israel. He accused Unilever of lying to his ministry regarding salmonella-infected breakfast cereals.

On 7 August 2016, Globes reported that contamination may be sourced in pigeon faeces, the Health Ministry said that there might be other sources for the contamination and pigeon faeces are not the only possible source. Globes also said that the production line is automatic ("without human hands") and the possibility that the source is human is a very slim chance. On 8 August 2016, the Israeli Health minister suspended a manufacturing license until Unilever carry out several corrections; the action came after an inspection of the Arad plant, stating "This was a series of negligent mistakes and not an incident with malicious intent by the firm's management and quality control procedures." An investigation led by Prof. Itamr Grutto and Eli Gordon concluded that the event was caused by negligence. Reportedly the cereals produced between the 18th and 20th at the Arad plant had traces of salmonella.

Two class actions were filed in Israel, one for a sum of 1.2 million NIS (~$329K USD) against Unilever for hiding the contamination and misleading the public, and another for a sum of 76 million NIS (~$23m USD) against Unilever after a 15-year-old teen had been hospitalised for Salmonellosis after allegedly contracting it from Unilever products.

On 31 August 2016, Unilever stated that the Tehina products produced by RJM had been contaminated by salmonella.

Controversies

Price-fixing
In April 2011, Unilever was fined €104 million by the European Commission for establishing a price-fixing cartel for washing powder in Europe, along with Procter & Gamble and Henkel.

In 2016, Unilever and Procter & Gamble were both fined by Autorité de la concurrence in France for price-fixing on personal hygiene products.

Hampton Creek lawsuit
In November 2014, Unilever filed a lawsuit against rival Hampton Creek. In the suit, Unilever claimed that Hampton Creek was "seizing market share" and the losses were causing Unilever "irreparable harm". Unilever used standard of identity regulations in claiming that Hampton Creek's Just Mayo products are falsely advertised because they don't contain eggs. The Washington Post headline on the suit read "Big Food's Weird War Over The Meaning of Mayonnaise." The Los Angeles Times began its story with "Big Tobacco, Big Oil, now Big Mayo?" A Wall Street Journal writer described that "Giant corporation generates huge quantities of free advertising and brand equity for tiny rival by suing it." In December 2014, Unilever dropped the claim.

Pressuring media to promote skin whiteners
Kinita Shenoy, an editor of the Sri Lanka edition of Cosmopolitan, refused to promote skin whiteners for a brand of Unilever. Unilever put pressure on Shenoy and asked Cosmopolitan to fire her.

Violence against striking workers
In 2019, security forces hired by Unilever attacked workers that were peacefully picketing at a Unilever facility in Durban in South Africa. Workers were shot at with rubber bullets and paint balls and sprayed with pepper spray while attempting to walk to their cars parked on the premises. Four workers were seriously injured.

Trade in the occupied Palestinian Territories
In July 2021, Ben & Jerry's announced plans to end sales in "Occupied Palestinian Territory", within which Israeli settlements are considered illegal under international law, while continuing sales in other parts of Israel. Prior to the release of the statement, Unilever had clashed with Ben & Jerry's independent board of directors, which had not wanted to comment on the continuation of sales in other parts of Israel, as this required board approval. Board chair Anuradha Mittalttal said the board had resolved to end sales in Israeli settlements in July 2020, but the CEO, Matthew McCarthy, appointed by Unilever in 2018, "never operationalized" the resolution.

In June 2022, Unilever announced that it had sold its Ben & Jerry's division in Israel to American Quality Products, the company that has the exclusive license to sell Ben & Jerry's products in Israel and the Palestinian territories. The sale of the division to American Quality Products allows it to continue to sell Ben & Jerry's products in Israel and the Palestinian territories. Later that day, Ben & Jerry's tweeted that it disagreed with its parent company's decision and that the "arrangement means Ben & Jerry's in Israel will be owned and operated by AQP. [...] We continue to believe it is inconsistent with Ben & Jerry's values for our ice cream to be sold in the Occupied Palestinian Territory."

Trade in Russia amid the Russo-Ukrainian War
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, many Western companies curtailed their operations in Russia. Unilever have temporarily suspended all imports and exports to Russia, but its Russian wing continues to trade there. Between 2021 and 2022 profits in Russia doubled to 9.2 billion rubles (€108 million) and the business paid 3.2 billion rubles (€38 million) in taxes; giving rise to criticism that the company is directly helping to fund Russia's war effort in Ukraine.

In response to this, and claims that the company had broken previous promises to only sell essential items, and to cut all advertising spending in Russia, Unilever's CEO Alan Jope said: "We still believe that staying is the best option, both to prevent our company from falling directly or indirectly into Russian hands and to protect our people."

In July 2023, the Ukrainian National Agency on Corruption Prevention included Unilever in the list of "war sponsors" for not ceasing operations in Russia, but continuing to profit from this market.  It was reported that the company paid €331 million in taxes in Russia in 2022, with a spokesperson for the Ukraine Solidarity Project saying: "Unilever is contributing hundreds of millions in tax revenues to a state which is killing civilians and funding a mercenary group about to be designated a terrorist organisation in the UK. It risks its staff and resources being mobilised into Putin's machine. Some of the world's biggest companies have already left Russia. It's possible – after 16 months of war – that the time for excuses has passed." In a letter to B4Ukraine, Unilever said it paid 3.8bn roubles (£33m) in tax in 2022, similar to the previous year.

In July 2023, it was reported that Unilever would allow 3,000 of its Russian employees to be conscripted into the Russian army fighting in Ukraine.

On 25 July 2023, the new CEO of Unilever, Hein Schumacher, appointed that month, told reporters that the company had considered leaving Russia or selling the business. The first option, according to him, was abandoned, fearing the nationalization of the company, as was the second, because they could not find a worthy buyer. As a result, the continuation of a limited presence in Russia was considered the lesser evil. "None of the options are actually good, but the final option of operating our business in a constrained manner is the least bad and that is where we are," he said.

See also

 List of food companies

Notes

References

Further reading
 Austin, James and James Quinn. Ben & Jerry's: Preserving Mission and Brand within Unilever (Harvard Business School Publishing, 2005)
 Fieldhouse, D. K. Unilever overseas: The anatomy of a multinational 1895–1965 (Hoover Institution Press, 1979).
 Jones, Geoffrey. Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition (2005) excerpt
 Sitapati, Sudhir. The CEO Factory: Management Lessons from Hindustan Unilever (2019)
 Wubs, Ben. International business and national war interests: Unilever between Reich and empire, 1939–45 (Taylor & Francis, 2008)

External links

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Unilever


Zet is a clone x86 architecture microprocessor that is machine code–compatible with x86 processors, developed as an effort to make an open-hardware CPU.

The hardware design can be synthesized in a configurable device such an FPGA, CPLD, or on a custom ASIC, and is considered to be an SoC.

As of now, the project only supports 16-bit, and is able to run DOS-compatible or Windows 3.x operating systems.

There has been no activity on the Zet project since 2013.

References

External links
Zet Processor
zet86 at OpenCores

Open microprocessors
Soft microprocessors
X86 architecture

Zet (hardware)


Margate was a "limb" of Dover in the ancient confederation of the Cinque ports. It was added to the confederation in the 15th century.

Margate and the sea

Margate has been a leading seaside resort for at least 250 years. Like its neighbours Ramsgate and Broadstairs it has been a traditional holiday destination for Londoners drawn to its sandy beaches.

Edward Hasted, writing in the 18th century, described Margate as a "poor fishing town", but in 1810, when describing the shore, he wrote: "... [it] was so well adapted to bathing, being an entire level and covered with the finest sand, which extends for several miles on either side of the harbour... [near which] there are several commodious bathing rooms, out of which the bathers are driven in the machines, any depth along the sands into the sea; at the back of the machine is a door, through which the bathers descend a few steps into the water, and an umbrella of canvas dropping over conceals them from the public view. Upwards of 40 of these machines are frequently employed..."

The town's history is tied closely to the sea and it has a proud maritime tradition. The record of the vessel, Friend to all Nations, and the Margate Surfboat disaster of 1897 are noteworthy events in Margate's past.

Steamboats
About 1816 The Times reported that the introduction of steamboats had given the whole coast of Kent (and) the Isle of Thanet in particular, "a prodigious lift". However, Sir Rowland Hill (creator of the 1840 Penny Post), while in Thanet during 1815, remarked: "It is surprising to see how most people are prejudiced against this packet." So popular were the steam boat excursions that in 1841 there were six different companies competing for the Margate passenger traffic. Even with the advent of the railway in 1846 the steamboats continued in service until their final withdrawal in 1967.

In 1820 it was said that "the inhabitants of Margate ought to eulogise the name of Watt, as the founder of their good fortune; and steam vessels as the harbingers of their prosperity".

Railways
The railway came to Margate via two separate companies. The South Eastern Railway (SER) was the first to reach the town when its branch line from the main line at Ashford, having opened to Ramsgate on 13 April 1846, was continued to a station called Margate Sands on 1 December the same year. It was not direct, however: trains had to reverse from the terminus at Ramsgate to reach Margate. In spite of that, crowds of people added to the already high numbers coming by sea. The SER had the rail monopoly until 5 October 1863, the London, Chatham and Dover Railway completed its North Kent coast line and opened a station at Margate West. Once the Southern Railway had been formed, in 1923, there was a major rationalisation of the Isle of Thanet railways: the old route from Ramsgate was closed completely and a new railway connection, looping round the Isle of Thanet, meant that trains could pass through the town from either direction. Margate West (renamed simply Margate) Station became the only railway station in the town. The Railway is now run by Southeastern Trains, which is connected to the Govia group which also runs the South Central lines.

Royal School for Deaf Children
England's first public institution for deaf children known as 'London Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children of the Poor' was started in London in 1792. The School opened its branch in Margate (August 1876) and later on, moved the entire operation from London to Margate. The School's Westgate College for Deaf People, for students aged 16 and over, closed on 11 December 2015. An inspection the previous month by the Care Quality Commission uncovered what the inspectors called "shocking examples of institutionalised failings and abuse" and the trust running the schools subsequently went into administration.

Margate Jetty

Margate Jetty, also known as Margate Pier, which was designed by Eugenius Birch in 1856, has suffered damage from the sea over the years. On 1 January 1877 it was sliced through by a storm-driven wreck that marooned 40 to 50 people. They were not rescued until the next day. The pier survived until 11–12 January 1978, when it was hit by another storm. The storm washed up the planks from the pier onto Margate Beach. The wreck of the pier remained for several years, surviving several attempts to blow it up, before final demolition.

Margate Jetty is now categorised as a lost pier.

Wherries
Between 1890 and 1939 about 30 pleasure boats operated from Margate beach. The main builder of these Thanet wherries was Brockman's of Margate, which turned them out in large numbers before World War I. It developed two distinct types of boats: the wherry proper, with high sides, and the wherry punt, with low sides. The hulls were traditionally varnished, a practice employed by boatmen from Thanet to Devon. Some boatmen put a wider beam into the design to assist fishing. Although employing a clinker-built hull, the shape was similar to the Deal galley and the Thames waterman's skiff.

The last wherry in service at Margate was operated by a Dusty Miller of Westgate-on-Sea (a suburb of Margate), and built by an apprentice at Brockman's of Margate in 1939. "She was only about 12 ft long and being small was sometimes called a skiff."

Margate during the Second World War
On 3 September 1940, at 0950 hours pilot officer Richard Hillary was shot down during combat against three Messerschmitts. He landed in the sea near the North Foreland, and was rescued by the Margate lifeboat. His Spitfire (RAF serial number X4277) had burst into flames and he was badly burned. Hillary, the grandson of the founder of the lifeboat service Sir William Hillary, recovered from his ordeal and later wrote the book The Last Enemy. He was killed in a training flight accident in 1943, aged 24.

Howard Primrose Knight, coxswain of the Ramsgate lifeboat Prudential, and Edward Duke Parker, (nearly always incorrectly stated as Edward DRAKE Parker), coxswain of the Margate lifeboat Lord Southborough (ON 688), were both awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in recognition of their gallantry and determination when ferrying troops from the beaches of Dunkirk during the evacuation of 1940.

The lifeboats had assisted in retrieving at least 2,800 men, by towing eight wherries, during a continuous service lasting 40 hours. Following this achievement the Margate boat returned to Dunkirk to rescue 500–600 French soldiers from the beach.

In a letter to the RNLI, the Commander of HMS Icarus stated: "The manner in which the Margate lifeboat crew brought off load after load of soldiers under continuous shelling, bombing and aerial machine-gun fire, will be an inspiration to us all as long as we live."

Storm of 1949
The storm of early March 1949 caused widespread damage in Margate and along the North Kent Coast. Kent Fire Brigade estimated that it took 1,550 man hours to fight the floods which had devastated Kent in the previous two weeks. The high tide caused flooding at various points between Margate and Crayford. The tidal surge swept down the North Sea, into the Thames Estuary and up the river valleys, reaching  inland. So bad was the flooding that Chatham, Rochester, Strood, Upnor, Gravesend, Sheerness, Sittingbourne, Faversham, Herne Bay, Whitstable, Dover and Margate were declared one incident.

Dreamland and the Scenic Railway

Dreamland amusement park was established in the 1920s and is home to the oldest roller coaster in the UK, namely the wooden Scenic Railway. Dreamland and the Scenic Railway were closed at the end of the 2006 season, and reopened in 2015 following rejuvenation of the park and full restoration of the Scenic Railway.

Windmills
Margate has been served by several windmills over the centuries.

Humber's (or Chamber's) Mill
This mill was marked on Robert Morden's map of 1695, Harris's map of 1719 and Bowen's map of 1736. It was at Lydden, to the north east of Fleete village.

Town Mill
This mill was marked on Harris's map of 1719 and the 1858–72 OS map. It was known to be working in 1889.

Hooper's Mill

A horizontal windmill built by Stephen Hooper at the end of the eighteenth century. Its location was between Dane Hill and Margate Caves. The date of erection is not known, but it would seem to have been in existence by March 1791, when there was an advert in the Kentish Gazette in relation to the patent vanes used in the mill. The mill was demolished circa 1828. An illustration of the mill in Rees's Cyclopædia shows that the windmill had forty vertical sail blades mounted on the vertical Windshaft-cum-Upright Shaft. It drove three pairs of overdrift millstones. One pair was driven directly from the Great Spur Wheel, and another two pairs were driven by a further Spur Wheel on an Upright Shaft driven by the Great Spur Wheel.

Nayland Mill
This mill was marked on the 1801 OS map. It was moved to the position later occupied by Draper's Mill, thus would have been demolished in the 1840s.

Draper's Mill
Built in 1845 by John Holman, this smock mill was working by wind until 1916 and by engine until the late 1930s. It was saved from demolition and is now restored and open to the public.

Little Draper's Mill
This smock mill was moved from a site near Barham railway station in 1869. It was demolished in 1929, leaving just the base which itself was demolished in 1954.

Pumping Mill
This brick tower mill was first marked on the 1858-72 Ordnance Survey (OS) map. It was built with five sails, but after being tailwinded in 1878 it was rebuilt with four sails. The mill was tailwinded again in August 1894. Repairs were estimated to cost £275 but were not carried out. The tower stood capless for a few years after and was demolished early in the twentieth century.

References

Margate
Margate
Margate

History of Margate


The Reichsgau Wartheland (initially Reichsgau Posen, also Warthegau) was a Nazi German Reichsgau formed from parts of Polish territory annexed in 1939 during World War II. It comprised the region of Greater Poland and adjacent areas. Parts of Warthegau matched the similarly named pre-Versailles Prussian province of Posen. The name was initially derived from the capital city, Posen (Poznań), and later from the main river, Warthe (Warta).

During the Partitions of Poland from 1793, the bulk of the area had been annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia until 1807 as South Prussia. From 1815 to 1849, the territory was within the autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen, which was the Province of Posen until Poland was re-established in 1918–1919 following World War I. The area is currently the Greater Poland Voivodeship.

Invasion and occupation of Poland

After the invasion of Poland, the conquered territory of Greater Poland was split between four Reichsgaue and the General Government area (further east). The Militärbezirk Posen was created in September 1939, and on 8 October 1939 annexed by Germany. It was named the Reichsgau Posen, and SS Obergruppenfuhrer Arthur Greiser was appointed Gauleiter on 21 October. He would remain in office through the end of the war. Reichsgau Posen was renamed "Reichsgau Wartheland" on 29 January 1940.

The Wehrmacht established there the Wehrkreis XXI, based at Poznań, under the command of General der Artillerie Walter Petzel. Its primary operational unit was the 48th Panzer Korps, covering so-called Militärische Unterregion-Hauptsitze including Posen (Poznań), Lissa (Leszno), Hohensalza (Inowrocław), Leslau (Włocławek), Kalisch (Kalisz), and Litzmannstadt (Łódź). It maintained training areas at Sieradz and Biedrusko.

The territory was inhabited predominantly by ethnic Poles with a German minority of 16.7% in 1921, and Polish Jews, most of whom were imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto eventually, and exterminated at Chełmno extermination camp (Vernichtungslager Kulmhof) within the next two years.

Characteristics

The Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Wartheland, native-born Arthur Greiser, embarked on a program of complete removal of the formerly Polish citizenry upon his nomination by Heinrich Himmler. The plan also entailed the re-settling of ethnic Germans from the Baltic and other regions into farms and homes formerly owned by Poles and Jews. He also authorized the clandestine operation of exterminating 100,000 Polish Jews (about one-third of the total Jewish population of Wartheland), in the process of the region's complete "Germanization". In the first year of World War II, some 630,000 Poles and Jews were forcibly removed from Wartheland and transported to the occupied General Government (more than 70,000 from Poznań alone) in a series of operations called the Kleine Planung covering most Polish territories annexed by Germany at about the same time.
Both Poles and Jews had their property confiscated.

By the end of 1940, some 325,000 Poles and Jews from the Wartheland and the Polish Corridor were expelled to General Government, often forced to abandon most of their belongings. Fatalities were numerous. In 1941, the Nazis expelled a further 45,000 people, and from autumn of that year, they began killing Jews by shooting and in gas vans, at first spasmodically and experimentally. Reichsgau Wartheland had the population: 4,693,700 by 1941. Greiser wrote in November 1942: "I myself do not believe that the Führer needs to be asked again in this matter, especially since at our last discussion with regard to the Jews he told me that I could proceed with these according to my own judgement."

End of war
By 1945 nearly half a million Germanic Volksdeutsche had been resettled in the Warthegau alone among the areas annexed by Germany while the Soviet forces began to push the retreating German forces back through the Polish lands. Most German residents along with over a million colonists fled westward. Some did not, due to restrictions by Germany's own government and the quickly advancing Red Army. An estimated 50,000 refugees died from the severe winter conditions, others as war atrocities committed by the Soviet military. The remaining ethnically German population was expelled to new Germany after the war ended.

See also
History of Poland (1939–1945)
World War II atrocities in Poland
Special Prosecution Book-Poland
Intelligenzaktion
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz

Notes

Sources
Shoa.de - List of Gaue and Gauleiter
Die NS Gaue at the Deutsches Historisches Museum website
Die Gaue der NSDAP

Further reading
 -  DOI 10.1017/S0008938914000648, online publication on 15 May 2014

Former administrative regions of Greater Poland
Wartheland, Reichsgau
Wartheland
Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
Wartheland
Germany–Poland relations
1939 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Holocaust locations in Poland

Reichsgau Wartheland


(born March 9, 1964) is a Japanese retired professional wrestler better known by his ring name .

Career
Kitahara trained in soccer and karate during high school, particularly the latter due to his penchant for street fighting. After graduating and moving to Tokyo, he started training mixed martial arts at Satoru Sayama's Super Tiger Gym and eventually became an instructor. Three years later, he developed an interest in professional wrestling and decided to become a wrestler.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (1988–1990)
Kitahara began as a trainee for Japan Pro-Wrestling in 1987. After the promotion dissolved, he transferred to All Japan Pro Wrestling and trained under Genichiro Tenryu. He made his debut on April 8, 1988, against Mitsuo Momota. He was part of Tenryu's Revolution stable. After spending nearly a year floundering in the opening and mid-card matches, Kitahara left for Canada in March 1989.

When he arrived in Canada, he joined Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, where he used the ring name Sumo Hara. On July 4, Kitahara was involved in a car accident near Jasper, Alberta, while riding in a car with Ross Hart, Davey Boy Smith, Jason the Terrible and Chris Benoit, which he escaped with a minor shoulder injury. In August 1989, Kitahara won his first championship, the Stampede International Tag Team Championship with fellow Japanese wrestler Kensuke Sasaki. The two held the championship for more than a month before losing them to The Blackhearts. After Stampede shut down in December 1989, he returned to Japan in February 1990.

Upon returning to AJPW, Kitahara was finally finding his niche, but was cut short the summer of 1990, when Kitahara joined his mentor Tenryu and Megane Super. After leaving AJPW, Kitahara would make a brief return to Canada to wrestle for the Canadian National Wrestling Alliance as Sumo Hara, before returning to Japan for the new promotion.

Super World Sports (1990–1992)
Kitahara wrestled for Super World of Sports in 1990. As expected, he was part of Tenryu's group, Revolution. In December 1990, Kitahara took part in the original four-man tournament for the SWS Light Heavyweight Championship, but lost to Naoki Sano in the semi-finals when a doctor called a stop to the match. After a year in mid-card tag team matches, Kitahara teamed with Shinichi Nakano for a tournament to determine the SWS Tag Team Champions, but lost to his Revolution stablemates, Tenryu and Ashura Hara. In June 1992, SWS folded.

WAR (1992–2000)
Upon SWS's folding, Kitahara joined Tenryu in forming WAR. Now known as Koki Kitahara, in the early years of WAR, Kitahara would be Tenryu's main tag team partner in battles against New Japan Pro-Wrestling, but in later years, he teamed with Koji Kitao. In September 1994, Kitahara toured Mexico for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. In April 1995, Kitahara won his first championship in Japan, the WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship, with Tenryu and Animal Hamaguchi. He won two more, with Arashi, Nobutaka Araya, and Lance Storm as his partners. In 1999, WAR folded.

Freelance (1999–2018)
In 1997, still as a WAR member, Kitahara formed his own mixed martial arts dojo, Capture International. It initially developed into a shoot-style professional wrestling promotion, which held its first card in 1998. He later expanded it into a non-profit private security company named Japan Blue Blazer.

After WAR folded, Kitahara focused primarily on Capture International, while taking select shows and tours of various promotions, including a brief return to AJPW in 2001, where he won the All Asia Tag Team Championship with Arashi, and also with Tenryu Project.

On April 2, 2018, Kitahara announced his retirement to take place at a June 11 card promoted by AJPW dojo classmate Kenta Kobashi, which will also be his 30th anniversary. In a tag team match, Kitahara and Mitsuya Nagai lost to Naomichi Marufuji and Super Tiger II.

Championships and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Arashi
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Benkei Sasaki
Wrestle And Romance / Wrestle Association "R"
WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Animal Hamaguchi and Genichiro Tenryu (1), Nobutaka Araya and Arashi (1) and Nobutaka Araya and Lance Storm (1)

References

1964 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Fukuoka (city)
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Tenryu Project World 6-Man Tag Team Champions
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions
1988 professional wrestling debuts

Koki Kitahara


Lake Lahontan was a large endorheic Pleistocene lake of modern northwestern Nevada that extended into northeastern California and southern Oregon. The area of the former lake is a large portion of the Great Basin that borders the Sacramento River watershed to the west.

The lake was named by Clarence King during the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel.  The name honors Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan, a French soldier and explorer.

History

At its peak approximately 12,700 years ago (during a period known as the Sehoo Highstand), the lake had a surface area of over , with its largest component centered at the location of the present Carson Sink.  Near present day Pyramid Lake the depth of the lake was then about   and  at what is present day Black Rock Desert.  Lake Lahontan, during this most recent glacial period, would have been one of the largest lakes in North America.

Climate change around the end of the Pleistocene epoch led to a gradual desiccation of ancient Lake Lahontan.  The lake had largely disappeared in its extended form by about 9,000 years ago.  As the surface elevation dropped, the lake broke up into series of smaller lakes, most of which rapidly dried up, leaving only a playa.  These playas include the Black Rock Desert, the Carson Sink, and the Humboldt Sink. The only modern remnants existing as true lakes are Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake. Winnemucca Lake has been dry since the 1930s and Honey Lake periodically desiccates.  The ancient shoreline is evidenced by tufa formations throughout the area.

Surprisingly, the watershed feeding Lake Lahontan is not thought to have been significantly wetter during its highstand than it is currently.  Rather, its desiccation is thought to be mostly due to increase in the evaporation rate as the climate warmed.  Recent computer simulations (using the DSSAM Model and other techniques) indicate, if precipitation and evaporation rates within the watershed were maintained at their historical yearly maximum and minimum, respectively, and if diversions of the Truckee River ceased, the Ice Age extent of Lake Lahontan might return.

Archaeological evidence along the shore indicates the existence of the lake coincided roughly with the first appearance of humans in the region.  The Lahontan cutthroat trout evolved as a predator species within the waters of Lake Lahontan, feeding on native chub and sucker.  This subspecies of cutthroat trout survives today in tributary rivers of the Great Basin, and has been reintroduced to Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake after being extirpated during the 20th century.

See also
 Lahontan Valley
 Lake Modoc
 Pluvial lake
 Lake Bonneville
 Lake Corcoran

References

Former lakes of the United States
Glacial lakes of the United States
Lakes of the Great Basin
Geology of California
Geology of Nevada
Geology of Oregon
Pleistocene United States

Lake Lahontan


Palo Alto is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 65,000 people. It is the birthplace of the region called Silicon Valley and includes Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means "tall stick" in Spanish after a famous redwood, El Palo Alto, along the banks of San Francisquito Creek. The tree was struck by lightning in 1955 but much of it remains standing. The tree is over 1,080 years old. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, parks, libraries, restaurants and mild climate.

Palo Alto is where Apple CEO, Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.

Palo Alto, California


David Rudman (born June 1, 1963) is an American puppeteer, actor, puppet builder, writer, director, and producer known for his involvement with the Muppets and Sesame Street. Rudman currently performs the roles of Scooter, Janice, and Beaker for The Muppets Studio, which were all originated by Richard Hunt, as well as Cookie Monster and Baby Bear on Sesame Street.

Career
David Rudman has been a Sesame Street Muppet performer since 1985—currently performing Cookie Monster (since 2001), Baby Bear and the right head of the Two-Headed Monster (since 1998). He has received four Emmy nominations as Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series for his work on Sesame Street. Rudman has also directed several web videos for Sesame Street such as "Cookie Monster Auditions for Saturday Night Live" and "Conversations with Bert". He has performed in numerous television shows and specials including Saturday Night Live, The Colbert Report, The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and The Muppets, where he performed characters originally portrayed by Richard Hunt, such as Scooter, Janice, Bobby Benson and Wayne. His film credits include The Muppets Take Manhattan, Labyrinth, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, A Muppet Christmas Carol, The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland, The Muppets and Muppets Most Wanted. Following the departure of Steve Whitmire in 2016, he became Beaker's new performer in 2017.

Personal life
Rudman attended Highland Park High School and graduated in 1981. He has been a speaker at the school's biennial Focus on the Arts program since 2003. He attended college at the University of Connecticut.

Rudman was the speaker at the 2005 graduation ceremony for the Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago.

Spiffy Pictures

Spiffy Pictures is a Chicago-based production company that was founded by David and Adam Rudman in 2003. The studio consists mainly of live-action television shows developed for networks such as Noggin, Disney Channel, Max, Comedy Central, Cartoon Network, Nick Jr. Channel, and PBS.

In addition to his work on Sesame Street and with the Muppets, Rudman is co-owner of Spiffy, Pictures where he co-created, executive produced, directed and performed in Jack's Big Music Show (Noggin), Curious Buddies (Nick Jr. Baby), Bunnytown (Disney Junior), Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map (Warner Bros.), Frankie and Frank (Nick Jr.), Donkey Hodie (PBS Kids) and is the creator, executive producer, character designer, director and voice director of the animated series Nature Cat on PBS Kids, voicing several characters including Leo the Mammoth, Prospector Jones, Nevin, and the Seeker.

Filmography
 I Love Liberty (ABC)
 The Muppets Take Manhattan (film): Additional Muppets
 Little Muppet Monsters (CBS): Boo Monster
 Labyrinth (film): Goblins (puppetry only)
 Sesame Street (PBS): Baby Bear, Cookie Monster (2001–present), Two-Headed Monster (right head), Norman, Davey Monkey, Ernestine, Chicago the Lion, Humphrey, Freddy (Rudy's dad), Additional Muppets
 The Tale of the Bunny Picnic (HBO): Snort, The Snail, Additional Muppets
 A Muppet Family Christmas (ABC): Miss Piggy's Photographer, Additional Muppets
 Jim Henson's Play-Along Video (direct-to-video): Danny, Dino Doc, Farmer Lear, Mookie, Additional Muppets
 Sesame Street: 20 and Still Counting (NBC): Additional Muppets
 The Cosby Show (NBC): Sweetums, Boo Monster
 The Jim Henson Hour (NBC): The Song of the Cloud Forest
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film): Donatello (face)
 Muppet*Vision 3D (attraction): Roy and Max
 The Muppets at Walt Disney World (NBC): Frog, Additional Muppets
 Muppet Sing-Alongs: Billy Bunny's Animal Songs (direct-to-video): Percival Bear, Gopher, Termite, Waiter Penguin, Frog
 Sesame Street Visits the Firehouse (direct-to-video): Mr. Monster
 The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (CBS): Penguin, Additional Muppets
 Dinosaurs (ABC)
 The Muppet Christmas Carol (film): Old Joe (puppetry only), Peter Cratchit, The Swedish Chef, Wander McMooch, Beggar
 Dog City (Fox Kids): Bowser, Bram, Colonel Claghound, Additional Muppets
 CityKids (ABC): Frankie Frank, Additional Muppets, Muppet Coordinator
 Muppet Meeting Films (short): Big Head, Gimley, Jones, Additional Muppets
 A New Baby in the House (direct-to-video): Courtier
 Sesame Street Stays Up Late (PBS): Baby Bear, MNN Logo Orange Monster
 Muppet Time (Nick Jr.): Milton
 Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree (CBS): Ned Mouse
 Donkey Hodie (PBS): Bob Dog, Grampy Hodie
 Muppets Sing-Alongs: It's Not Easy Being Green
 Muppets Tonight (Disney Channel): (Episode 201)
 Elmocize (direct-to-video): Twister Sister
 Aliens in the Family (ABC): Bobut
 Cookie Monster's Foodie Truck (PBS): Cookie Monster, Baby Bear
 Elmo Saves Christmas (PBS): Baby Bear, Humphrey, Elf #4
 123 Count with Me (direct-to-video): Humphrey
 Elmo Says BOO! (direct-to-video): Baby Bear, Davey Monkey
 The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (film): Baby Bear, Alarm Clock Bird, Caterpillar, Pestie, Colander Stenchman, Grouch Ice Cream Customer, various Grouches
 Play with Me Sesame (Noggin): Cookie Monster, Ernestine, and Chicago the Lion
 Smart Cookies (PBS): Cookie Monster
 Kids Favorite Songs 2 (direct-to-video): Baby Bear, Lavender Anything Muppet boy, and Hero Guy (Hero Guy segment only)
 Elmo's World: The Wild Wild West (direct-to-video): Baby Bear and Hero Guy (Hero Guy segment only)
 Elmo's World: Happy Holidays (direct-to-video): Orange Gold Caroler, Cookie Monster and Baby Bear
 The Street We Live On (PBS): Cookie Monster, Baby Bear and Two-Headed Monster (right head)
 A Magical Halloween Adventure (direct-to-video): Pumpkin, Surprise Monster
 Happy Healthy Monsters (direct-to-video): Cookie Monster
 Cookie's Crumby Pictures (PBS): Cookie Monster
 Jack's Big Music Show (Noggin): Jack
 Elmo's Christmas Countdown (ABC): Cookie Monster and Baby Bear
 Studio DC: Almost Live (Disney Channel)
 Abby in Wonderland (direct-to-video): Cookie Monster
 A Muppet Christmas: Letters to Santa (NBC): Scooter, Janice and Luncheon Counter Monster
 The Muppets (film): Scooter, Janice, Miss Poogy and Food in the "We Built This City" montage
 Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (ABC): Scooter, Janice, Additional Muppets
 Muppets Most Wanted (film): Scooter, Janice, Miss Poogy, Bobby Benson, Wayne, Gulag Rat, Baby, Thingy-Thing
 The Furchester Hotel (BBC): Cookie Monster, Sorbet Monster, Gonger, Arthur, Mr. Smellsalot
 The Muppets (ABC): Scooter, Janice
 The Muppets Take the Bowl: Scooter, Janice, Beaker (Live show at the Hollywood Bowl, Sept. 8–10, 2017)
 The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo (HBO Max): Cookie Monster, Baby Bear, Sully, Two-Headed Monster (right head)
 Muppets Now (Disney+): Scooter, Janice, Beaker, Miss Poogy
 Muppets Haunted Mansion (Disney+): Scooter, Janice, Beaker, Wayne, Squid Ghost
 The Muppets Christmas Caroling Coach: Beaker (voice, theme park show at Disneyland during Disney Merriest Nights in 2021)
 The Muppets Mayhem (Disney+): Janice

References

External links

 Spiffy Pictures

1963 births
Living people
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American puppeteers
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice directors
Highland Park High School (Illinois) alumni
Muppet performers
Sesame Street Muppeteers
Place of birth missing (living people)

David Rudman


The Reed Opera House and McCornack Block Addition, more commonly known as The Reed Opera House or The Reed, is a historic building in downtown Salem, Oregon, United States. Since its grand opening on September 27, 1870, the Reed Opera House has served as a performing arts center and shopping mall. The Italianate brick structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Early history
Construction on the Reed Opera House began in 1869 and was completed in 1870 with G. W. Rhodes as the architect. The opera house was built by Cyrus Adams Reed under a contract with the State of Oregon to provide space for the Oregon State Legislature, the Oregon Supreme Court, and the Oregon State Library. During construction, however, Oregon elected officials decided not to comply with the previous administration's contract. Since the building was already close to completion, Reed made some changes to the plan and had seven shops included on the ground floor, an opera house on the second and third floors, and a hotel in the unused space.

The Reed Opera House officially opened with the inaugural ball for Oregon Governor La Fayette Grover. It quickly became the center of Salem's entertainment and social life, playing host to touring plays, opera companies, political meetings, and community events. A number of notable performers made appearances, including local celebrity Hallie Parrish Hinges, artist/political cartoonist Thomas Nast, Susan B. Anthony, Mark Twain, presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison and John Philip Sousa's band.

On April 20, 1900, the Reed Opera House theater officially closed. This was due to the nearby construction of the Grand Theater, which had more modern amenities and a ground floor entrance. Soon afterwards, Joseph Meyers and Sons, who leased the property from E.P. McCornack, and who had purchased Reed's interest in the building in 1885, converted the theater and the majority of the retail space into a department store. In 1902, McCornack added a two-story building to the Reed Opera House in order to house a furniture store. In 1920, both buildings were purchased and occupied by Miller's Department Store.

Recent history
Miller's Department Store continued to occupy the buildings until 1976. At that time, the buildings were purchased by realtor Coburn Grabenhorst Sr. and architects Phil Settecase and Howard Smith. At the cost of USD $1,000,000, the buildings were updated to assume their present configuration.

The new layout of the Reed included a number of retail boutiques and restaurants on the lower level, first floor, mezzanine, and second floor. It prospered until a large mall was built nearby in the late 1980s. Because of ensuing financial difficulty, the deeds to the Reed Opera House and the McCornack addition were turned over to the bank that financed the redevelopment. In 1993, Bourne Properties purchased the deeds to the Reed Opera House.

Roger Yost, a former marketing vice president of Jantzen Apparel, purchased the Reed Opera House from Bourne Properties in 2003. Since he gained ownership, he has undertaken a remodeling project to expand the building, as well as to restore some of its original features. He has remodeled what is now known as the Trinity Ballroom and the kitchen for $50,000 and modernized the elevators for $175,000. He replicated the rooftop pediment, corona, and architectural brackets of the original building for $180,000, having won a $100,000 prize from a contest sponsored by Salem's Urban Renewal agency to assist with the restoration. In addition to remodeling, Yost added  a number of vintage advertisements for his former employer, Jantzen Swimwear (as it was formerly known), throughout the public areas of the Reed.

References

External links

The Reed Opera House website

1870 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Salem, Oregon
Culture of Salem, Oregon
Music venues completed in 1870
National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Oregon
Theatres in Oregon
Tourist attractions in Salem, Oregon
Historic district contributing properties in Oregon


Indecent exposure is a term that is used that describes the act of a person deliberately  showing  parts of their body in a way that is not considered good behavior by local standards, called decency.

These standards vary around the world. These rules are often affected by religion, morality, or tradition They can be justified as "necessary to maintain public order". Non-sexual exhibitionism, or public nudity, is sometimes said to be indecent exposure. If sexual acts are performed, or hinted at, it is very often considered to be indecent exposure. For this, there sometimes is  a case of gross indecency. This term is usually used for a more serious offence.

Many communities have ideas of what parts of the body should be overed in public. Not covering these parts may be seen as indecent exposure. For example. in many Muslim countries, a woman not wearing a veil may be seen as indecent. She may be seen as not being modest.

While a woman exposing her breast seen as indecent in many countries but they are often allowed to breastfeed their children in public without punishment.

Different standards

What defines indecent varies widely. For example, it is seen as indecent for a woman show their nipples in much of the United States. In these areas is women must cover their nipples with pasties. In other areas. women are allowed to be topless. New York City is a place were it is legal for a woman to be topless in public. The standard of decency are developed in each given community. They can also say what kind of clothing should be worn. There are societies, such as those in Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan, where the standards are very strict.  In these societies, modesty requires that most of the body is covered, most of the time. In other societies, such as the tribal societies of the Pirahã or theMursi, is is normal for people to be naked.

History
The standards of decency have varied over time. During the Victorian era, exposure of a woman's legs and arms was seen as indecent in much of the Western world. At formal occasions, hair was sometimes required to be covered with a hat or bonnet. As late as the 1930s, and sometimes the 1950s. both women and men were expected to bathe or swim in public places wearing bathing suits that covered above the waist. An adult woman exposing her navel was seen as indecent in parts of the West into the 1960s and 1970s. Moral values changed drastically during the 1990s and 2000s. This also changed the criteria for indecent exposure.

Public exposure of the navel has been accepted in public. In the 2000s, the buttocks was often exposed while wearing a thong. For many years, however, it was quite common for women to show boobs at public beaches throughout Europe and South America and even some parts of the United States. From 2010 to 2020, the numbers of women going topless on beaches has taken a sharp drop. This is possibly explained by the rising popularity of the smartphone, combined with websites people share pictures of (partly) naked women.

References

Paraphilias
Sex crimes
Nudity

Indecent exposure


The Monastery of San Daniel (Catalan: Monestir de Sant Daniel) is a religious complex in Girona, Catalonia, northern Spain.

It was founded in the early 11th century by will of countess Ermesinde of Carcassonne, who wanted to found a nunnery here. The church, based on that of the monastery of Sant Pere de Galligants, with the addition of a transept, was later renewed. It has a cloister with two floors, the lower from the 13th century (with Romanesque decorations) and the upper, in Gothic style, from the 15th century. It has double columns with Corinthian capitals.

Artworks include the sepulchre of St. Daniel, whose remains, according to the tradition, were brought here from Arles. It dates to 1345 and was executed by sculptor Aloi de Montbrai.

Sources

Buildings and structures completed in the 11th century
Buildings and structures in Girona
Daniel
Romanesque architecture in Catalonia

Monastery of Sant Daniel, Girona


Cox Green is a village in the Sunderland district, Tyne and Wear, England, situated on the south bank of the River Wear between Penshaw and Offerton. The village is linked to Washington Staithes on the north bank of the river, by the Cox Green Footbridge. It is primarily a residential village.

Etymology
Cox Green is from Old English cocc "cock" (crest of a hill) in the plural form coccs (the plural form represented by modern "s"). Due to corruption of the name over the years, the name is similar to the modern surname Cox. The name was recorded as Cosse in 1108, and Couuse in 1146 and Cokksgrene in 1248. 'Green' is a modern addition, referring to the village. As of January 2010, there are 23 people living in the village. There is a pub called the Oddfellows Arms.

Roads & transport
Cox Green is situated to the north of the A183 road, about a mile west of its intersection with the main A19 trunk road. It had a railway station from the 1850s until 1964, which unsurprisingly fell victim to the Beeching Axe.

References

External links

Villages in Tyne and Wear
City of Sunderland

Cox Green, Tyne and Wear


In nature worship, a nature deity is a deity in charge of forces of nature, such as a water deity, vegetation deity, sky deity, solar deity, fire deity, or any other naturally occurring phenomena such as mountains, trees, or volcanoes. Accepted in panentheism, pantheism, deism, polytheism, animism, totemism, shamanism, and paganism, the deity embodies natural forces and can have various characteristics, such as that of a mother goddess, "Mother Nature", or lord of the animals.

African

Akan mythology
 Asase Yaa, the goddess of the harsh earth, Truth and Mother of the Dead in the Akan religion
 Asase Afua, the goddess of the lush earth, fertility, love, procreation and farming in the Akan religion
 Bia, personification of the Bia River and god of the wilderness and wild animals in the Akan religion
 Tano, personification of the Tano River and god of the river and thunder

Bantu mythology

 Jengu, Sawabantu and Duala water spirits
 Nyambe, Bantu Supreme deity and god of the sun
 Nzambi, Bakongo Sky Father and god of the sun
 Nzambici, Bakongo Sky Mother and goddess of the moon and earth
 Simbi, Bakongo nature spirits of the water and forest

Egyptian mythology
 Ash, god of the oasis and the vineyards of the western Nile Delta
 Geb, Egyptian god of earth with sister/wife Nut, the sky goddess as his consort

Igbo mythology

 Ala, Igbo alusi, goddess of the earth, morality, fertility, and creativity
 Amadioha, Igbo alusi, god of thunder and lightning
 Anyanwu, Igbo alusi, sun goddess of good fortune, knowledge, and wisdom

Voodoo mythology

 Mawu-Lisa, Dahomey goddess of creation, the sun and moon
 Xevioso, Dahomey god of thunder

Yoruba mythology
 Aja, Yoruba orisha, patron of the forest, the animals within it and herbal healers
 Oko, Yoruba orisha, patron of new harvest of the white African yam and of hunting
 Osanyin, Yoruba orisha, patron of the forest, herbs and healing.
 Oshosi, Yoruba orisha, patron of the forest and of hunting.
 Oshun, Yoruba orisha, patron of Water, Purity, Fertility, Love, and Sensuality

Zulu mythology

iNyanga, Zulu moon goddess
 Nomhoyi, Zulu goddess of rivers
 Nomkhubulwane, Zulu goddess mother of fertility, rain, agriculture, rainbow and beer
 Unsondo, Zulu god of the sky, sun, thunder, earthquake

American

Aztec mythology
 Xochipilli, god of art, games, beauty, dance, flowers, maize, and song
 Xochiquetzal, goddess of fertility, beauty, female sexual power, protection of young mothers, of pregnancy, childbirth, vegetation, flowers, and the crafts of women
 Tonantzin, mother goddess

Brazilian mythology/Guarani mythology
Curupira, a powerful demon or forest spirit and guardian of nature

Haitian Vodou
 Baron Samedi, loa of the dead
 Grand Bois, loa associated with trees, plants and herbs
 L'inglesou, loa who lives in the wild areas of Haiti and kills anyone who offends him
 Loco, loa associated with healers and plants, especially trees

Inca mythology
 Pachamama, fertility goddess who presides over planting, harvesting and earthquakes

Maya mythology
 Yum Kaax, god of agriculture, wild plants and animals

Native American mythology
 Asintmah, Athabaskan earth and nature goddess, and the first woman to walk the earth
 Ngen, Mapuche spirits of nature

Asian

Chinese mythology
 Dou Mu Niang Niang, Mother Goddess of the Big Dipper
 Tai Sui, Star Deities of sixty years cycle
 Chang'e, moon goddess
 Lei Gong, god of thunder
 Hou Tu Niang Niang, Mother Earth and Overlord of all Tu Di Gong
 Tu Di Gong, earth deity of a specific locality and nearby human communities
 Gonggong, ancient god of water
 Zhurong, ancient god of fire
 Hebo, god of Yellow River
 San Shan Guo Wang, lords of the Three Mountains in Southern China

Hinduism

Prithvi or Bhumi, goddess regarded as "Mother Earth"; Sanskrit for Earth
Agni, god of fire
Varuna, god of oceans
Vayu, god of wind
Indra, god of rain, lightning and thunders
Aranyani, goddess of the forests and the animals that dwell within it

Japanese mythology
 Amaterasu, goddess of the sun
 Izanagi, forefather of the gods, god of creation and life and first male
 Izanami, Izanagi's wife and sister, goddess of creation and death, first female
 Konohanasakuya-hime, the blossom-princess and symbol of delicate earthly life
 Shinigami, god of death
 Suijin, god of water
 Fūjin, god of wind
 Kagu-tsuchi, god of fire
 Susanoo, god of storms, (fertility in Izumo legends), younger brother to Amaterasu and Tsukuyomi
 Tsukuyomi, god of the moon and oceans, younger brother of Amaterasu and older brother of Susanoo

Korean mythology
 Dangun, god-king of Gojoseon, god of the mountain
 Dokkaebi, nature spirits
 Lady Saso, goddess of the mountain
 Jacheongbi, goddess of the grain, agriculture, harvest, growth, and nourishment
 Jeonggyun Moju, mother of Suro of Geumgwan Gaya and Ijinashi of Daegaya, goddess of the mountain
 Jik, god of grains
 Sa, god of the earth
 Sansin, local mountain gods

Vietnamese mythology
 Ông Trời, god of the heaven/sky and king of the gods
 Mẫu Thượng Thiên, goddess of the heavens/skys
 Thiên Y A Na, the goddess has the same job as the Mẫu Thượng Thiên
 Mẫu Thượng Ngàn, goddess of the mountains and forests
 Tản Viên Sơn Thánh, god of Ba Vì mountain range
 Mẫu Thoải, the goddess who governs all things related to water
 Mẫu Địa, goddess of the earth
 Lạc Long Quân, one of the Long Vươngs at the head of the Water Palace
 Bà Hỏa, goddess of fire
 Bà Thủy, goddess of water, rivers and estuaries
 Hà Bá, the god who manages the rivers (note that each river has its own governing god, and each person's power may be less or more powerful than Hà Bá)
 Thổ Địa, is the earth god
 Thiên Lôi, god of thunder
 Tứ Pháp, group of four goddess sisters including clouds, rain, thunder and lightning

European

Baltic mythology
 Medeina, Lithuanian goddess of forests, trees, and animals
 Zemes māte, goddess of the earth

Celtic mythology
 Abnoba, Gaulish goddess associated with forests and rivers
 Artio, Gaulish bear goddess of the wilderness
 Arduinna, goddess of the Ardennes forest region, represented as a huntress
 Cernunnos, horned god associated with horned male animals, produce, and fertility
 Druantia, hypothetical Gallic tree goddess proposed by Robert Graves in his 1948 study The White Goddess; popular with Neopagans.
 Nantosuelta, Gaulish goddess of nature, the earth, fire, and fertility
 Sucellus, god of agriculture, forests, and alcoholic drinks
 Viridios, god of vegetation, rebirth, and agriculture, possibly cognate with the Green Man
Karærin, Celtic goddess who protects animals and nature
Sínann, Irish goddess, embodiment of the River Shannon, the longest river on Ireland, also a goddess of wisdom.

English mythology
 Apple Tree Man, the spirit of the oldest apple tree in an orchard, from the cider-producing region of Somerset.
 Churnmilk Peg, female guardian spirit of unripe nut thickets. She prevents them from being gathered by naughty children before they can be harvested. Melsh Dick is her male counterpart and performs the same function. Respectively, they derive from the traditions of West Yorkshire and Northern England.

Etruscan mythology
 Fufluns, god of plant life, happiness, wine, health, and growth in all things
 Selvans, god of the woodlands
 Artumes, goddess of the hunt, woodlands, the night, and the wild

Finnish mythology
 Lempo, god of wilderness and archery
 Tapio, god and ruler of forests
 Mielikki, goddess of forests and the hunt. Wife of Tapio.

Mari
 Mlande, god of the earth
 Mlande-Ava, goddess of the earth

Georgian mythology
 Dali, goddess of mountain animals such as ibex and deer

Germanic mythology
 Ēostre or Ostara, the goddess of spring
 Fjörgyn, the female personification of the earth. She is also the mother of the goddess Frigg and, very rarely, mother of Thor
 Freyja, goddess of fertility, gold, death, love, beauty, war and magic
 Freyr, god of fertility, rain, sunlight, life and summer
 Iðunn the goddess of spring who guards the apples that keep the gods eternally young; wife of the god Bragi
 Jörð, personification of the earth and the mother of Thor
 Nerthus, goddess of the earth, called by the Romans Terra Mater.
 Njörð, god of the sea, fishing, and fertility
 Rán, goddess of the sea, storms, and death
 Skaði, goddess of mountains, skiing, winter, archery and hunting
 Sif, goddess of earth, fertility, and the harvest
 Thor, god of thunder, lightning, weather, oak trees, and fertility
 Ullr, god of hunting, archery, skiing, and mountains

Germanic folklore
 Nøkken, male water spirit, lures foolish children into the lakes at the deepest, darkest parts of the lakes
 Elf, beautiful, fairy-like creature that lives in the forest and streams.

Greek mythology
 Anthousai, flower nymphs
 Aphrodite, goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and fertility
 Apollo, god of the sun, light, healing, poetry and music, and archery
 Aristaeus, god of shepherds, cheesemaking, beekeeping, honey, honey-mead, olive growing, oil milling, medicinal herbs, hunting, and the Etesian winds
 Artemis, goddess of the hunt, the dark, the light, the moon, wild animals, nature, wilderness, childbirth, virginity, fertility, young girls, and health and plague in women and childhood
 Aurae, nymphs of the breezes
 Chloris, goddess of flowers
 Cronus, god of the harvest
 Cybele, Phrygian goddess of the fertile earth and wild animals
 Demeter, goddess of the harvest, crops, the fertility of the earth, grains, and the seasons
 Dionysus, god of wine, vegetation, pleasure, madness, and festivity. The Roman equivalent is Bacchus.
 Dryads, tree and forest nymphs
 Epimeliades, nymphs of highland pastures and protectors of sheep flocks
 Gaia, the goddess of the earth and its personification. She is also the primal mother goddess.
 Hamadryades, oak tree dryades
 Hegemone, goddess of plants, specifically making them bloom and bear fruit as they were supposed to
 Helios, Titan-god of the Sun
 Horae, goddesses of the seasons and the natural portions of time
 Meliae, nymphs of honey and the ash tree
 Nymphs, nature spirits
 Naiades, fresh water nymphs
 Nereids, salt-water nymphs
 Nyx, Primordial goddess and personification of Night
 Oceanides, fresh water nymphs
 Oreades, mountain nymphs
 Oxylus, god of forests & mountains
 Pan, god of shepherds, flocks, mountain wilds, and rustic music
 Persephone (Kore), goddess of spring growth
 Physis, primeval goddess of nature
 Rhea, goddess of fertility, motherhood, and the mountain wilds
 Satyrs, rustic nature spirits
 Selene, Titan-goddess of the Moon

Greek rustic deities

Nordic folklore
 Rå, Skogsrå, Hulder, beautiful, female forest spirit, can lure men to their death by making them fall in love and marrying them

Roman mythology
 Bacchus – god of wine, nature, pleasure and festivity; equivalent to the Greek god Dionysus
 Ceres, goddess of growing plants and motherly relationships; equivalent to the Greek goddess Demeter
 Diana, goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness and the moon; equivalent to the Greek goddess Artemis
 Faunus, horned god of the forest, plains and fields
 Feronia, goddess associated with wildlife, fertility, health and abundance
 Flora, goddess of flowers and the spring; equivalent to the Greek goddess Chloris
 Fufluns, god of plant life, happiness and health and growth in all things
 Liber, cognate for Bacchus/Dionysus
 Nemestrinus, god of the forests and woods
 Ops, goddess of fertility and the earth
 Pilumnus, nature god who ensured children grew properly and stayed healthy
 Pomona, goddess of fruit trees, gardens and orchards
 Silvanus, tutelary spirit or deity of woods and fields and protector of forests
 Terra, primeval goddess personifying the earth; equivalent to the Greek goddess Gaia

Slavic mythology
 Berstuk, evil Wendish god of the forest
 Jarilo, god of vegetation, fertility, spring, war and harvest
 Leshy, a tutelary deity of the forests.
 Porewit, god of the woods, who protected lost voyagers and punished those who mistreated the forest
 Porvata, Polish god of the woods
 Siliniez, Polish god of the woods for whom moss was sacred
 Tawals, Polish blessing-bringing god of the meadows and fields
 Veles, god of earth, waters and the underworld
 Mokosh, East-Slavic goddess of nature

Oceanian

Māori mythology
 Papatuanuku, the earth mother
 Ranginui, the sky father
 Ruaumoko, god of volcanoes and seasons
 Tāne, god of forests and of birds

Micronesian mythology
 Nei Tituaabine, Kiribati goddess of trees

Philippine mythology

 Amihan, Tagalog god of the monsoon
 Apúng Sinukuan (Maria Sinukuan), Kapampangan mountain goddess associated with Mount Arayat
 Dayang Masalanta (Maria Makiling), Tagalog mountain goddess associated with Mount Makiling
 Mayari (Bulan), goddess of the moon
 Kan-Laon, Visayan god of time associated with the volcano Kanlaon
 Tala, Tagalog goddess of the morning and evening star

Toraja
 Indo' Ongon-Ongon, goddess of earthquakes
 Pong Banggai di Rante, earth goddess

Western Asian

Arab mythology
 Dhat-Badan, Yemeni and Horn African goddess of the oasis

Armenian mythology
 Ara the Handsome, in the myth of Ara the Beautiful and Semiramis Ara acts as a deity of a dying and resurrecting nature
 Aralez (mythology) Aralezner, the oldest gods in the Armenian pantheon, Aralez are dog-like creatures with powers to resuscitate fallen warriors and resurrect the dead by licking wounds clean
 Areg (Arev) or Ar, god of the Sun, comparable with Mesopotamian Utu. Likely also known as, or developed into, Ara. This god was probably mentioned on the Urartian-era Door of Meher (as Ara or Arwaa)
 Astłik had been worshipped as the Armenian deity of fertility and love, later the skylight had been considered her personification
 Ayg, goddess of the dawn.
 Amanor, "The bearer of new fruits" (the god of the new year, Navasard). May or may not have been the same god as Vanatur.
 Andndayin ōj, "the Abyssal Serpent" that lived in the black waters surrounding the world tree
 Barsamin  god of sky and weather
 Tsovinar "Nar of the Sea", goddess of waters and the ocean. Perhaps also a lightning goddess. Became the consort of Vahagn. Possibly connected to Inara, in Hittite–Hurrian mythology the goddess of the wild animals of the steppe and daughter of the Storm-god Teshub
 Mihr (Armenian deity) cognate with the Mithra. God of the sun and light, son of Aramazd, the brother of Anahit and Nane.
 Spandaramet  a daughter of Aramazd, and chthonic goddess of fertility, vineyards and the underworld
 Shahapet, also called Khshathrapti, Shavod, Shoithrapaiti, Shvaz and Shvod, were usually friendly guardian spirits of Armenian mythology, who typically appeared in the form of serpents. They inhabited houses, forests and graveyards. The Shvaz type was more agriculturally oriented, while the Shvod was a guardian of the home.
 Nhang, was a river-dwelling serpent-monster with shape shifting powers, often connected to the more conventional Armenian dragons. The word "Nhang" is sometimes used as a generic term for a sea-monster in ancient Armenian literature.
 Piatek is a large mammalian creature similar to a wingless griffin.
 Vishap a dragon closely associated with water, similar to the Leviathan. It is usually depicted as a winged snake or with a combination of elements from different animals.

Hittite mythology
 Irpitiga, lord of the earth
 Sarruma, god of the mountains

Mesopotamian mythology
 Abu, minor Sumerian god of plants
 Damu, a vegetation god
 Emesh, Sumerian god of vegetation
 Kishar, goddess representing the earth
 Ningishzida, a vegetation god
 Ninhursag, Sumerian mother goddess associated with the earth and fertility
 Ningikuga, Sumerian goddess of reeds and marshes
 Ua-Ildak, Babylonian and Akkadian goddess responsible for pastures and poplar trees

Persian mythology
 Spenta Armaiti, goddess of earth
 Ameretat, goddess of vegetation
 Haurvatat, goddess associated with water
 Anahita, goddess of waters
 Tishtrya, god of rain and lightning
 Apam Napat, god of waters

Turco-Mongol
 Umay, the goddess of nature, love and fertility in Turkic mythology. Also known as Yer Ana.
 İye, deities or spirits or natural assets.
Baianai, the god of the forest, animals, and hunt in Turkic mythology.
Ukulan, the god of water in Turkic mythology, also known as Su Ata.

References

Nature

List of nature deities