Leonida Lari (26 October 1949 – 11 December 2011) was a Moldovan poet, journalist, and politician who advocated for the reunion of Bessarabia with Romania. She published 24 volumes of poetry and prose and was a prolific translator of key works from world literature into Romanian.

Life and career

Leonida Lari was born on 26 October 1949 in Bursuceni, Moldovan SSR, one of the former Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union. Her parents, Ion and Nadejda Tuchilatu, were teachers. Lari had a younger brother, Leonard Tuchilatu, also a poet, who died when he was only 24 of kidney failure after being exposed to radiation under suspicious circumstances while under mandatory service in the Soviet army.

Leonida Lari graduated from the State University of Chişinău, Moldova, with a major in philology. She worked at the Museum of Literature "D. Cantemir" in Chişinau (1971–1973), was an editor for the journal "Literatură şi Artă" (1985–1988), as well as editor-in-chief (1988–2003) of "Glasul Națiunii", the first publication in the Latin alphabet in the republic of Moldova.

Leonida Lari was one of the leaders of the movement for national emancipation in Bessarabia between 1988 and 1991. She was elected as a representative to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1988–1990) and was a member of the Permanent Bureau of the People's Front of Moldova (1990–1992). Between 1990 and 1992, Leonida Lari served as the president of the Christian Democratic League of Women (one of the constituent components of the Social Liberal Party from 2001). In 1992, after repeated threats to the well-being of her children, Leonida Lari and her family fled to Bucharest, Romania. Between 1992 and 2008, Leonida Lari was a representative to the Parliament of Romania.

After a long battle with cancer, Leonida Lari died in Chișinău, Moldova on 11 December 2011. Her death was followed by a state funeral, during which thousands of Moldovans paid their respects.

Works

 Piaţa Diolei (1974)
 Marele vânt (1980)
 Mitul trandafirului (1985)
 Scoica solară (1987)
 Insula de repaos (1988)
 Lumina graitoare (1989)
 Dulcele foc (1989)
 Anul 1989 (1990)
 Lira şi păianjenul (1991)
 Govorâŝij svet (1992)
 Al nouălea val (1993)
 Epifanii (1994)
 Scrisori de pe strada Maica Domnului (1995)
 Lunaria (1995)
 Aldebaran (1996)
 Între îngeri şi demoni (1998)
 Învingătoarele spaţii (1999)
 Insula de repaus (2000)
 Răstignirea porumbeilor (2003)
 Epifanii şi teofanii (2005)
 Infinitul de aur (2006)
 Sibila (2006)
 Traduceri din lirica universala (2009)
 101 poeme (2009)

Awards and distinctions
 Knight of the Order of the Republic of Moldova, 1996
 Honorary Citizen of the City of Bacău (1993)
 The România Mare Award
 The "Flacăra, Totuşi Iubirea" Prize
 The Cronica Award (Iaşi)
 The "Tibiscus" Prize - Serbia
 The "Mihai Eminescu" Prize for Poetry, awarded by the Romanian Academy

References

External links
 50 de personalităţi ale epocii 87-89
 Activitatea parlamentară a Leonidei Lari în Camera Deputaților din România
Populatia este bludnica
Leonida Lari, keen supporter of Romanian-Moldovan union, dies

Comunicat de presa al Primariei municipiului Chisinau
Am ramas mai saraci fara Leonida Lari
Agentia REGNUM din Rusia o ataca pe Leonida Lari
Stirile ProTV

1949 births
People from Sîngerei District
Moldovan journalists
Moldovan women journalists
Moldovan newspaper editors
Male journalists
Moldovan newspaper founders
Romanian women journalists
Soviet journalists
Soviet newspaper editors
Popular Front of Moldova politicians
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party politicians
Greater Romania Party politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Recipients of the Order of the Republic (Moldova)
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Moldovan emigrants to Romania
Romanian translators
Soviet women in politics
Moldovan women in politics
20th-century Romanian women politicians
2011 deaths
Romanian nationalists
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century Romanian women politicians
21st-century Romanian politicians

Leonida Lari


Jean-François de Gondi (1584 – 21 March 1654) was the first archbishop of Paris, from 1622 to 1654.

He was the son of Albert de Gondi and Claude Catherine de Clermont. He was a member of the Gondi family, which had held the bishopric of Paris for nearly a century, and would continue to do so after him. Jean-François succeeded his brother Henri de Gondi. Henri had himself succeeded his uncle Pierre de Gondi (1533–1616), cardinal and commendatory abbot of the abbeys of Saint-Aubin-d'Angers, La Chaume, Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé and Buzay.

He refused his blessing to the Company of the Blessed Sacrament, even though Louis XIII wrote him a personal letter in 1631 requesting him to do so.

Following his death in Paris, he was succeeded by his nephew Jean-François Paul de Gondi, cardinal of Retz.

Notes and references

Archbishops of Paris
17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
1584 births
1654 deaths
Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris

Jean-François de Gondi


I Love Music (ILM) is an Internet popular music forum started by pop critic Tom Ewing in August 2000 as an adjunct to his music website, Freaky Trigger.

Notable posters have included Momus, Simon Reynolds, Philip Sherburne, Drew Daniel of Matmos and the Soft Pink Truth, John Darnielle of the Mountain Goats, Frank Kogan,  Ned Raggett, former The Wire editor Mark Sinker, former Village Voice music editor Chuck Eddy, Peter Chung (creator of Æon Flux), former Pitchfork Media critics Brent DiCrescenzo and Chris Ott and Fluxblog author Matthew Perpetua.

I Love Music shares server space with its sister board, I Love Everything, which was introduced in June 2001.  Several other boards contained on the site have sprung up in the years since including All Noise Dude Summertime Fun Board and Pickle Bar, Cape of Good Hope, I Love Books, I Love Games, I Love NFL and De Subjectivisten.

As of February 2013, ILX is hosted on a server (paid for by board users) in Canada. Running costs are paid by yearly funding drives.

Press coverage
Guardian Unlimited described ILM as "a hugely popular discussion board where music bloggers swap ideas and insults." ILM has been mentioned in The New York Times as a "critic-infested" site. Entertainment Weekly ranked ILM 14th on its list of the 25 best music websites. A thread from I Love Music was published in the music writing annual Da Capo Best Music Writing 2002.  An ILM thread on M.I.A. was mentioned in articles about her that appeared in Slate and The Guardian, and The Guardian also referred to the forum's discussion about the lyrics of the Jam's "Down in the Tube Station at Midnight" in an article.

References

External links
 I Love Music
 Freaky Trigger

Music Internet forums
Internet properties established in 2000
Canadian music websites

I Love Music (forum)


The Museum im Kulturspeicher in Würzburg displays art from the 19th century to the present. It is located in a converted river-side warehouse since 2002. After the previous director Marlene Lauter retired after nearly 30 years of service, the art historian Luisa Heese took over as director of the museum on September 1, 2020

On July 1, 2023, she switched to the Kunsthalle Mannheim as curator of contemporary art. At the beginning of 2024, Marcus Hurttig will become the museum's new director. He has been employed as curator for modern and contemporary art at the Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig since 2011.

The museum opened in 2002 after a thorough renovation of the former grain silo which had been built of natural stone It contains two distinct collections: the municipal art collection, founded in 1941 as the Städtische Galerie - originally located in Hofstraße; and the Peter C. Ruppert Collection of European concrete art from World War II to the present day.

The municipal collection exhibits regional art, primarily from Franconia and Southern Germany, ranging from Biedermeier-style portraits and landscapes of the first half of the 19th century, through German impressionism and painters of the Berlin Secession, including Robert Breyer, Philipp Franck, Walter Leistikow, Joseph Oppenheimer, and Max Slevogt, as well as members of the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School including Ludwig von Gleichen-Rußwurm and Franz Bunke. It also includes works by Bauhaus painter Hans Reichel and works from the estate of sculptor Emy Roeder, as well as about 30,000 graphics works.

The Ruppert collection includes concrete art from 22 European countries, incorporating a broad spectrum of materials and media, exhibited within six galleries (1,850 m2 total area). Artists include Max Bill, John Carter, Andreas Christen, Ralph Eck, Christoph Freimann, Gerhard von Graevenitz, Erwin Heerich, Malcolm Hughes, Norbert Kricke, Richard Paul Lohse, Maurizio Nannucci, Nausika Pastra, Henry Prosi, Bridget Riley, Peter Sedgley, and Anton Stankowski.

See also
 Peter C. Ruppert Collection
Peter C. Ruppert Prize for Concrete Art in Europe

References

External links
 Museum im Kulturspeicher Würzburg
 Museums in Bavaria

Buildings and structures in Würzburg
Wurzburg
Museums in Bavaria
Art museums established in 2002
2002 establishments in Germany

Museum im Kulturspeicher Würzburg


Glen Wexler is an American photographer who is best known for his elaborately staged digital photocompositions of improbable situations.

Biography
Wexler was born in Palm Springs, California. His father, Donald Wexler FAIA, is a noted mid-century modern architect and innovator of pre-fab steel housing design.

Wexler originally studied fine art photography at Humboldt State University (1973–1975), in Arcata, California under Thomas Knight. He transferred to Art Center College of Design, in Pasadena, California in 1976. He left school in 1978 to pursue opportunities to create album covers.

Wexler married actress Tamara Taylor (Days of Our Lives and Young and the Restless) in 1984. They have two children, Jenna and Ian.

Career

Digital photography
Wexler was among the first artists to adopt digital image editing technology as a tool in the creative process. During 1987 Wexler was introduced to digital imaging technology by Tony Redhead, who in 1986 founded Electric Paint, the first U.S. company to use digital imaging technology and a Quantel Paintbox to create digital transparencies for print.  During 1992 Glen Wexler Studio established in-house digital imaging using Apple Inc. computers, and began employing full-time digital artists to assist with the retouching and photocomposition of Wexler's projects.

Wexler has lectured at the Seybold Conferences in New York and San Francisco, the PhotoPlus Expos in New York and Los Angeles, and at colleges in the United States. In 1996 Wexler was the founding chair of the Advertising Photographers of America National Digital Committee, which was created to help educate professional photographers and the advertising community of the evolving impact of digital imaging technology on the creation and delivery of advertising photography.

Album covers
Wexler first album cover commission was to photograph the Brothers Johnson (Blam! 1978), for Quincy Jones Productions and A&M Records.

Album cover projects include, Van Halen (Balance), Black Sabbath (Reunion), Rush (Hold Your Fire), ZZ Top (Greatest Hits), Missing Persons (Spring Session M), Slaughter (Stick It to Ya), Chuck Wild (11 Liquid Mind albums) and Chaka Kahn (Naughty). Wexler also created images for Michael Jackson, KISS, Yes, Kansas, Whitesnake, The Black Crowes, Boston, Steve Miller Band, Peter Frampton, Bob Weir, Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Heaven and Earth and many others.

Wexler created a fantasy album cover for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum exhibition "The Greatest Album Covers That Never Were", which toured nationally from 2003 to 2006. Wexler was invited to lecture about album cover work at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum along with designer John Van Hamersveld in June 2003.

In the fall of 2006, Wexler's album cover artwork was featured at the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences' (NARAS) "The Art Of Music" event in Los Angeles.

Advertising commissions
During the mid-1980s Wexler images began working with advertising clients. Early advertising clients included advertising executive Ed McCabe who commissioned Wexler to work on the 1992 updates to the Maxell campaign. Wexler's signature style of "improbable realities" attracted international commissions from companies including Pioneer Electronics, Acura, Sony, Adobe Systems, Qwest Communications, Microsoft, Intel, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, POM Wonderful, Fiji Water, Bombardier, Paggio, Jeep, Toyota, Yamaha and Warner Bros. Pictures.

Photographic logo treatments
Wexler photographic projects extended to corporate logo development and treatments for entertainment companies, album covers, film titles and book covers. Logo projects include the 1987 Geffen "Power Surge" logo to promote Aerosmith, Guns N' Roses and Whitesnake, the Van Halen album cover "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", the 75th anniversary redesign of the Universal Pictures logo, and the development of the logo design for the Star Wars Trilogy Special Edition (1997). Wexler's photographic logo of the Batman Forever question mark logo received a first-place trophy at the 1996 The Hollywood Reporter Key Art Awards.

Editorial assignments
During 1999 Wexler began creating feature photo-illustrations for Time magazine. Wexler received the 2003 Photojournalism of the Year award from the International Photography Awards, and a first place Best of Photojournalism 2004 award from the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA). Wexler photographed stem cell scientist James Thomson for the August 20, 2001, cover of Time.

Solo exhibitions

Altered realities
The Art Institute of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (2001)
Sponsored by Epson America, the exhibition featured large scale-prints made on a beta Epson 10000 inkjet printer. The Epson 10000 was the first wide-format printer from Epson, and used archival pigmented inks to produce fine art prints.

25:25
Farmani Gallery, West Hollywood, California (2005)
A 25-year retrospective featuring one image selected per year from 1980 through 2004. A limited-edition of 1000 case bound books were published with a foreword by Tim Wride, curator of photography, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). Wride states, "Wexler's pictorial constancy as a risk taker and his deftness as a problem solver are the characteristics that distinguish his work and make his images both meaningful and memorable."

The Secret Life of Cows
Track 16 Gallery, Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, California (2007)
An exhibition of large-scale surrealistic images depicting cows as superheroes and secret agents attempting to defend their species from human consumption. Photography gallerist, G Ray Hawkins states,  "The same way that Yves Tanguy, Max Ernst and Marcel Duchamp created nonsensical narration and thoroughly enjoyed successfully pulling our legs, photographers can now cut and paste their ideas the same way painters cut and paste ideas from their imagination to canvas, all for the purpose of creating a narrative and telling a story. This is a cohesive body of work. Glen with his surrealist attitude is really having fun with us." The exhibition receive front-page feature coverage in the arts and entertainment section of the July 7, 2007 Los Angeles Times.

Fantastic Voyage
ArcLight Cinemas, Hollywood, California (2008)
An exhibition of 33 large-scale pop culture images.

Metal Shop
ArcLight Cinemas, Sherman Oaks, California (2008)
An exhibition of album cover art.
Michael Ochs, music archivist, curator, and author states: "Glen Wexler doesn't just create rock and roll album covers, he is rock and roll – in the best sense of the term. His album covers rock in their lyrical depiction and expansion of musical moments. He captures the essence of the artist and then wails with his own solo, creating a new entity that actually stands on its own."

Books

25:25 (2005)
Foreword by Tim Wride, curator of photography, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
Introduction by Beth Luce (reprinted from Photo Media cover story Fall 2004)
Self-published case bound monograph, limited edition of 1000.

The Secret Life of Cows (2007)
Foreword by Eric Idle (Monty Python/Spamalot)
Published by: PQ Publishers
Co-published by:
Andrews McMeel Publishing (USA)
Simon & Schuster (UK)
Rolf Heyne (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
Hachette Livre (New Zealand and Australia)

Shutterbug announces that "The Secret Life of Cows" is the "best digital imaging book of 2007"

The '80s Portrait Sessions (2019)
Foreword by Billy Gibbons (ZZ Top)
Published by: Dark Spring Press

References

Articles and external links
Communication Arts (August 1999)
Apple.com Pro Stories "Bovine Fancies" (March 2007)
AltPick.com Artist Spotlight (October 2005)
After Capture (January 2008)
Artist Interviews Magazine (November 2005)
Photo Media "No Impossible Image: The Artistry of Glen Wexler" (Fall 2004)
Stern (Germany, November 2006)
ZOOM (Italy, Jan-Feb 2006)
photoshop.com "Spotlights: Glen Wexler"

1955 births
American photographers
Commercial photographers
Rock music photographers
Living people
California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt alumni
Artists from Palm Springs, California

Glen Wexler


USS Ericsson (Destroyer No. 56/DD-56) was an  built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of John Ericsson, the Swedish-born builder of the ironclad warship  during the American Civil War.

Ericsson was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden, New Jersey, in November 1913 and launched in August of the following year. The ship was a little more than  in length, just over  abeam, and had a standard displacement of . She was armed with four  guns and had eight 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Ericsson was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to .

After her May 1916 commissioning, Ericsson sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean. She was one of seventeen destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine  off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916, and carried 81 passengers from a sunken British ocean liner to Newport, Rhode Island. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Ericsson was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas. Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland, Ericsson made several unsuccessful attacks on U-boats, and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft.

Upon returning to the United States after the war, Ericsson conducted operations with the destroyers of the Atlantic Fleet until August 1919, when she was placed in reserve, still in commission. After a brief stint of operations in mid 1921, she was placed in reserve until she was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922. In June 1924, Ericsson was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the "Rum Patrol". She operated under the name USCGC Ericsson (CG-5) until May 1932, when she was returned to the Navy. She was sold for scrap in August 1934.

Design and construction
Ericsson was authorized in March 1913 as the sixth and final ship of the  which was an improved version of the s authorized in 1911. Construction of the vessel was awarded to New York Shipbuilding of Camden, New Jersey, which laid down her keel on 10 November 1913. Just over nine months later, on 22 August 1914, Ericsson was launched by sponsor Mrs. J. Washington Logue, wife of the Pennsylvania Congressman. The ship was named in honor of John Ericsson, the builder of the ironclad warship  during the American Civil War, and was the second U.S. Navy ship named for the Swedish native. As built, the destroyer was  in length,  abeam, and drew . The ship had a standard displacement of  and displaced  when fully loaded.

Ericsson had two Zoelly steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers, and an additional triple-expansion steam engine connected to one of the propeller shafts for cruising purposes. Four oil-burning White-Forster boilers powered the engines, which could generate , moving the ship at up to .

Ericssons main battery consisted of four /50 Mark 9 guns, with each gun weighing in excess of . The guns fired  armor-piercing projectiles at . At an elevation of 20°, the guns had a range of .

Ericsson was also equipped with eight  torpedo tubes. The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two anti-aircraft guns for the O'Brien-class ships, as well as provisions for laying up to 36 floating mines. From sources, it is unclear if these recommendations were followed for Ericsson or any of the other ships of the class.

Early career
USS Ericsson was commissioned into the United States Navy on 14 August 1915. From October through December 1915, Ericsson operated out of New York and Newport, Rhode Island, on drills, in training, and on the Neutrality Patrol.  With the Torpedo Flotilla of the Atlantic Fleet she sailed on 7 January 1916 for maneuvers in the Caribbean, using Key West and Guantanamo Bay as bases.  She returned to Newport on 23 May.

At 05:30 on Sunday, 8 October 1916, wireless reports came in of a German submarine stopping ships near the Lightship Nantucket, off the eastern end of Long Island. After an SOS from the British steamer West Point was received at about 12:30, Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves ordered Ericsson and other destroyers at Newport to attend to survivors; Ericsson was the fourth of seventeen destroyers to get underway. The destroyers arrived on the scene at about 17:00 when the U-boat,  under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose, fired shots across the bow of the Holland-America Line cargo ship , signaling her to stop. Shortly after, U-53 stopped the British passenger ship . As Rose had done with three other ships U-53 had sunk earlier in the day, he gave passengers and crew aboard Blommersdijk and Stephano adequate time to abandon the ships. Ericsson was one of six destroyers taking on passengers from Stephano that witnessed her sinking. In total, 226 survivors from U-53s five victims were rescued by the destroyer flotilla. Ericsson transported 81—including 35 women and children—back to Newport, where she arrived at 01:30 on 9 October.

After finishing out the rest of 1916 at Newport, Ericsson again joined in exercises in the Caribbean for the first three months of 1917, and then returned to New York City and Newport to prepare for distant service.

World War I
After the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 entering World War I, Ericsson was prepared for overseas duty. On 7 May, Ericsson sailed from Boston with , , ,  and
for Queenstown, Ireland, where they arrived on 17 May. Ericsson began patrol duty in the war zone, and almost at once came upon a surfaced U-boat shelling two sailing ships. She opened fire, forcing the submarine down and preventing further attack, then picked up 37 survivors of the sailing ships.  She continued on patrol and escort duty, and on 28 September, at night, sighted a surfaced submarine, at which she fired.  Ericsson dropped depth charges, but before she could carry out her plan to ram the German U-boat, she lost contact in the darkness.

Ericsson continued to sail out of Queenstown on patrol and escorting convoys, many times attacking submarines, standing by damaged ships, and rescuing survivors.  After June 1918, she was based at Brest, France; and during that summer, usually sailed about  ahead of convoys, towing aloft a kite balloon used for observation.  At the close of the war, Ericsson was overhauled at Liverpool, but returned to Brest in time to take part on 13 December in the welcoming honors rendered for President Woodrow Wilson, arriving in France on the transport .  On 21 December, Ericsson departed for the United States, arriving at New York on 8 January 1919.

Postwar
In May 1919, Ericsson sailed to the Azores to observe and support the historic first aerial crossing of the Atlantic, made by Navy seaplanes. After exercises along the east coast and in the Caribbean, she entered New York Navy Yard for repairs, and there was placed in reserve, still in commission, on 7 August.  She was laid up in reduced commission at Philadelphia and Charleston, South Carolina, in the years that followed, and put to sea only during the summer of 1921, when drills and exercises took her to Newport.  She was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 16 June 1922.

United States Coast Guard career
On 17 January 1920, Prohibition was instituted by law in the United States. Soon, the smuggling of alcoholic beverages along the coastlines of the United States became widespread and blatant. The Treasury Department eventually determined that the United States Coast Guard simply did not have the ships to constitute a successful patrol. To cope with the problem, President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 authorized the transfer from the Navy to the Coast Guard of twenty old destroyers that were in reserve and out of commission. Ericsson was activated and acquired by the Coast Guard on 7 June 1924.

Designated CG-5, Ericsson was commissioned on 28 May 1925, and joined the "Rum Patrol" to aid in the attempt to enforce prohibition laws. On 11 April 1926, she captured the rum-runner Atalanta. During her time in the Coast Guard, Ericssons gunners were awarded the USCG Gunnery Trophy for Destroyers for 1925–26 and 1926–27. Ericsson was decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 30 April 1930, and returned to the U.S. Navy on 23 May 1932. She was scrapped and her salvaged material sold on 22 August 1934 in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

O'Brien-class destroyers
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1915 ships
World War I destroyers of the United States
Ships of the United States Coast Guard

USS Ericsson (DD-56)


Chemical Potential Energy  is the energy stored up in substances due to their chemical bonds. It is energy that is stored in chemicals. One example of how this plays a part in real life is through plants. The plants make energy with chemical potential energy by the process of photosynthesis. Other organisms eat the plants to get energy and so on. Energy is passed from one organism to another. This is how chemical potential energy works in the environment. Another common example is the energy stored in gasoline. When the car is turned on, the chemical energy in the gas is converted into mechanical energy to move the car. The law of conservation of energy says energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be changed from one form into another.

References

Other websites
 What is Chemical Energy? - Definition & Examples

Energy

Chemical potential


The U.S.–German Peace Treaty was a peace treaty between the U.S. and the German governments. It was signed in Berlin on August 25, 1921 in the aftermath of World War I. The main reason for the conclusion of that treaty was that the U.S. Senate did not consent to ratification of the multilateral peace treaty signed in Versailles, thus leading to a separate peace treaty. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on November 11, 1921, and the treaty became effective on the same day. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 12, 1922.

Background
During World War I, the German Empire was defeated by the Allied Powers, one of which was the United States. The U.S. government declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917. At the end of the war in November 1918, the German monarchy was overthrown and Germany was established as a republic.

In 1919, the victorious Allied Powers held a peace conference in Paris to formulate peace treaties with the defeated Central Powers. At the conference, a peace treaty with the German government was concluded. The U.S. government was among the signatories of that treaty, but the U.S. Senate refused to consent to ratification of the treaty, due in large measure to its objections to U.S. participation in the League of Nations.

As a result, the two governments started negotiations for a bilateral peace treaty not connected to the League of Nations. On July 2, 1921, U.S. President Warren G. Harding signed the Knox–Porter Resolution, which had been passed by the U.S. Congress and ended the state of war between the U.S. and Germany, Austria and Hungary, further setting the stage for bilateral peace treaties. The treaty between the U.S. and Germany, formally titled the "Treaty between the United States and Germany Restoring Friendly Relations" was signed in Berlin on August 25, 1921. The United States Senate advised ratification on October 18, 1921 and the treaty was ratified by President Harding on October 21, 1921. The treaty was ratified by Germany on November 2, 1921, and ratifications exchanged in Berlin on November 11, 1921.

Terms
Article 1 obliged the German government to grant to the U.S. government all rights and privileges that were enjoyed by the other Allies that had ratified the peace treaty signed in Paris.

Article 2 specified the articles of the Versailles Treaty that applied to the U.S.

Article 3 provided for the exchange of ratifications in Berlin.

Aftermath
The treaty laid the foundations for an American-German co-operation that was not under the strict supervision of the League of Nations. As a result, the U.S. government embarked on a path of partially assisting the government of the Weimar Republic to ease the burden of War reparations imposed in the Treaty of Versailles. Following the conclusion of the peace treaty, diplomatic relations between the two governments were reestablished, and on December 10, 1921, the new U.S. chargé d'affaires, Ellis Loring Dresel, presented his credentials in Berlin.

The treaty was supplemented by a treaty signed in Berlin on August 10, 1922 that provided for the establishment of an American-German commission to decide the amount of reparations to be paid by the German government to the U.S.

To commemorate the signing of both this treaty and the U.S.—Austrian Peace Treaty, the Morgan silver dollar (whose mintage had resumed earlier in the year following a 17-year absence due to a silver bullion shortage) was retired in favor of the new Peace dollar design (just over one million Peace dollars were minted in December 1921, compared with more than 86 million Morgan dollars earlier in that same year), which continued to be minted through 1928, with a resumption in 1934 and 1935.

See also
Treaty of Versailles
U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921)
U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)
Agreement Regarding the Restoration of the State of Peace between Germany and China (1921)
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America

References
Notes

Sources

 Treaty Series, No. 658, Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1922.
 8 Bevans 145
 12 LNTS 192

External links
Primary Documents - U.S. Peace Treaty with Germany, 25 August 1921
US Peace Treaty with Germany
Text of the supplementary treaty

Aftermath of World War I in Germany
Aftermath of World War I in the United States
1921 in Germany
1921 in American law
World War I treaties
Interwar-period treaties
Treaties concluded in 1921
Treaties entered into force in 1921
Peace treaties of the United States
Peace treaties of Germany
Treaties of the Weimar Republic

U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)


Sebeš () is a river, bog and a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. All three are located in the Belgrade's municipality of Palilula.

River

Sebeš or Mokri Sebeš () is a system of slow canals in the marshes of the lower Pančevački Rit. It originates south of Borča and flows to the east, curving north of  Kotež, bog of Veliko Blato, eastern Krnjača and bogs of Sebeš and Reva, before it empties into the Danube as its left tributary. Sebeš is one of the most popular fishing places for the population of Belgrade. It was named after the Hungarian landowner who owned the lands in this area, while mokri is Serbian for wet.

Bog

Sebeš is a bog in the southern part of Pančevački Rit.

Settlement

Sebeš or Ovčanski Sebeš () is a southern sub-settlement of Ovča, located on Mokri Sebeš, some 9 kilometers northeast from downtown Belgrade and 4 kilometers away from Ovča. It is a railway station on the Belgrade-Pančevo railroad.

Rivers of Serbia
Lakes of Serbia
Suburbs of Belgrade
Populated places in Serbian Banat
Palilula, Belgrade

Sebeš


Saeed Farajpouri ( February 20, 1961, in Sanandaj, Iran) is a composer, performer, and instructor of a classical Iranian instrument called the Kamancheh or Spike Fiddle.

He started learning music at age nine under Maestro Hassan Kamkar. Then he remembered the Iranian music repertoire (Radif) under Maestro Mohammad Reza Lotfi and the ensemble performance under the instruction of Maestro Hossein Alizadeh.

He has performed at several ensembles, such as Shayda, Aref, Aava, Paivar, and Dastan.

He has instructed Kamancheh at Chavosh Music Center, Music Conservatory of Tehran, and several universities and art institutes inside and outside Iran.

Saeed collaborated with Maestro Mohammad Reza Shajarian for over three decades, performing at many concerts inside and outside Iran and in albums such as Shab e Vasl, Ahang e Vafa, Rosvai e Del, Dastan, Aaram e jaan, Aaseman e Eshgh, and Del Shodegan.

He also has several solo recordings, such as:

Kamancheh Album, Segah Homayoon, and Kurdish folklore music. He has produced the following albums in Kurdish music: Awaat and Zamaneh, in memory of S. Ali Asghar Kurdestani.

In the genre of Iranian Classical music, Saeed has made the following albums:

▪ Qoqaye Eshghbazan, with Iranian instrumentalist and vocalist maestro Mohamad Reza Shajarian.

▪ Shoorideh, with the Dastan ensemble and the vocalist, Maestro Parisa. Shoorideh is a recipient of the best annual music award from the French Ministry of Education and a recipient of the Shok title from the Le Monde Music magazine.

▪ Darya e Bi Paian, with the Dastan Ensemble and the vocalist, Salar Aghili

▪ Khorshid e Arezoo, with the Dastan Ensemble and the vocalist, Homayoun Shajarian.

▪ Meykhaneh Khamoosh, with the Dastan Ensemble and the vocalist, Salar Aghili.

▪ Ahval e Del, with Hamnavazan Ensemble and the vocalist, Ms. Parisa

▪ Dami Ba Doost, with the Hamnavazan Ensemble and the vocalist, Tahereh Falahati.

▪ I Sing with you, with the Dastan Ensemble and the vocalist, Jamal Kordestani.

Saeed has written the following two books for students who specifically want to learn Kamancheh:

Twenty Pieces for Kamancheh; and

Pieces for Kamancheh

The Mahoor Institute published both books.

References

External links
Official website

www.saeedfarajpouri.com

1961 births
Living people
Iranian classical composers
Iranian kamancheh players
Kurdish musicians
People from Sanandaj
Persian classical musicians
Academic staff of the University of Tehran

Saeed Farajpouri


Haynes is a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England, about seven miles (11 km) south of Bedford. It includes the small hamlet of Haynes Church End. It used to be known as Hawnes. North from Haynes is a hamlet named Silver End, then further up is Herrings Green, Cotton End and Shortstown. There is a pub, "The Greyhound", a shop, a post office, a village hall and a Lower School.

In 1730 the philosopher John Gay became Vicar of Wilshamstead (later adding the living of Haynes).

Etymology
The name Haynes is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, as Hagenes. This derives from an Old English word *hægen or *hagen meaning 'enclosure', in its plural form.

Manor

Haynes or Hwanes Manor belonged to Sir Robert Newdigate, who died in 1613, and King James was a regular visitor. Anne of Denmark came in July 1605 and was entertained by a Scottish singing woman and Morris dancers. King James came to Haynes on 22 July 1615. The next day he heard that his brother-in-law Christian IV was in London at Denmark House, and he raced back riding through a hail storm.

Haynes manor was acquired in about 1667 by Vice Admiral Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet (c.1610-1680) of Jersey.

The present mansion of Haynes Park was built c.1725 by his son John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville.

External links

Notes

Villages in Bedfordshire
Civil parishes in Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire District

Haynes, Bedfordshire


Martti Välikangas (born Martti Buddén, August 1, 1893, County of Kuopio – May 9, 1973, Helsinki) was a Finnish  architect renowned for the design of so-called "Puu-Käpylä" [Wood-Käpylä], the Garden City housing area in Käpylä near Helsinki, designed in the Nordic Classicism style.

Career

Välikangas studied architecture at Helsinki University of Technology, qualifying as an architect in 1917. In 1921 he left on a study tour of Italy (as well as visiting the other Nordic countries, Germany, France and north Africa), a common practice at that time for architects in the Nordic countries who were turning away from National Romanticism.

After qualifying Välikangas worked in Yuzovka in Russia (present-day Donetsk in the Ukraine), but had to leave in a hurry with the onset of the Bolshevik Revolution. On his return, he worked for the Brändö Villastad company as well as in the architect's office of Gösta Juslén and, from 1918 to 1920, in the office of Frosterus and Gripenberg. Välikangas founded his own office in 1920, while also working elsewhere. Among his many other positions, he was chief architect at the National Board of Building from 1937 until the Winter War in 1940, from 1942 to 1944 he was head of the office responsible for post-war reconstruction, he acted as the director of the board responsible for the restoration of Turku Castle, he was the chief architect at the Helsinki Workers' Savings Bank, and from 1928 to 1930 he was Editor-in-Chief of the Finnish Architectural Review, in doing so influencing the spread of Modernist architecture in Finland.

He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki. The archives of Martti Välikangas are in the possession of the Museum of Finnish Architecture in Helsinki.

Work

Välikangas designed approximately 170 projects. His most notable work is the Puu-Käpylä ['wood Käpylä'] Garden Suburb in Käpylä on the then northern edge of Helsinki, built from 1920 to 1925, a commission he received at the age of 26. Puu-käpylä was a model workers' housing area, built at a time when there was a bad housing problem for workers in the city. The construction follows the typical Finnish vernacular method: square-log construction then faced in weatherboarding. However, the whole process was partly industrialized, and the area is regarded as the first prefabricated housing area in Finland. The mostly 2-storey semi-detached timber houses are arranged around sheltered courtyards, where originally the tenants' vegetable gardens were sited. The colours vary slightly from one house to another, but with a dominance of traditional red ochre. Käpylä was threatened with demolition in the 1960s, and even Välikangas himself drew up plans for the wooden housing to be replaced by a multi-storey development. The area has survived, however, though the working-class families are gradually being replaced by middle-class families and professional types, especially architects – and it also has become a favourite tourist attraction.

The Olympic Games were due to take place in Helsinki, in 1940 (but were cancelled due to the Second World War, to be held eventually in Helsinki in 1952), and Välikangas participated in the design of the Olympic Village, together with architect Hilding Ekelund. Välikangas also designed the Olympic Riding Hall.

Other buildings designed by Välikangas in Helsinki include: large apartment blocks Sturenkatu 40 (1926–27) and Hauhontie 4-8 (1924–25), the Helsinki V school (Apollonkatu 11), and apartment blocks at Eerikinkatu 15, Vuorikatu 9 and on Abrahaminkatu. Cinema theatre Orion (Eerikinkatu 15) represents a fine Art Deco interior.

Välikangas also designed a number of buildings in his home province, especially in the town of Mikkeli: the gate building of the Sports Park (1934), the bus station (1934), Harju Chapel (1937), an extension  to the Päämaja School (1937), the Jama Commercial building and civic defence building (1938), and Savings Bank building (1940); and in the county of Savo: the Savonlinna Central Hospital, the Parkumäki Memorial (1929), and the Koikkala Church in Juva (1959).

In 1940, Välikangas and fellow architect Väinö Vähäkallio designed the 1940 Turku Central railway station.

Footnotes

References
Nordic Classicism 1910-1930. Helsinki, Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982.
Martti Välikangas 1893-1973 Arkkitehti. Helsinki, Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1993.

Finnish architects
Modernist architects
Modernist architecture in Finland
1893 births
1973 deaths
People from Kuopio
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery

Martti Välikangas


Ganggangsullae (Hangul: 강강술래) is a 5,000-year-old traditional Korean dance. It was first used to bring a good harvest and has become a cultural symbol for Korea. The females in Jeollanam-do usually dance this the most. Chuseok, the Korean style holiday a bit like the American Thanksgiving, is often known as the special day for this dance.

History
The dance is thought to have come from about 5,000 years ago when the Koreans believed that the Sun, Moon, and Earth controlled the world. The people (almost always girls in hanboks) would dance under the brightest full moon of the year in order to bring a good harvest.

In the 16th century, when the Japanese were attacking Korea, Korea's Admiral Yi Sun-sin ordered women to do this dance. He told them to do this because he wanted to trick the Japanese into overestimating them. The women were said to have worn military uniforms and danced on Mount Okmae (옥매산).

On February 15, 1966, ganggangsullae was included in the list of the Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea #8.

Description

Traditionally, this dance performed without any instruments. Young and old women dance in a circle at night under the moonlight. They go outside in hanbok, traditional Korean clothing, hold hands, make a circle, and start rotating clockwise. The lead singer sings a line. Then, the rest of the people all sing, 'ganggangsullae'. Then the lead singer sings another line, and the rest of the people reply, 'ganggangsullae'. This is probably where the name of the song came from. As the dance continues, the tempo of the song can get faster. They sing about their personal hardships, relationships, and wants. During the dance, the women also play some  games. The ganggangsullae can last until dawn.

References

Related pages
 Pungmul

Dances

Ganggangsullae


Waterloo is the name of a former town at the upriver juncture of the False River oxbow on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. Founded circa 1820, the community grew as a bustling export center for cotton and sugar cane produced in Pointe Coupee Parish.

History
For protection against the frequent floods of the Mississippi River, Waterloo was surrounded by levees, the large state-maintained levee in the rear and a small levee maintained by the community itself at the river's edge. Both of these levees broke during the flood of 1884, seriously damaging Waterloo and the smaller communities of Anchor and Cook's Landing immediately downriver. What the river did not destroy, arsonists did during the mid-1890s and there is nothing left to indicate that the town once existed. Most of the families who lived at Waterloo moved to the parish seat of New Roads, just a few miles to the west on False River.

The names Waterloo, Anchor, and Cook's Landing are perpetuated, however, in the street names of nearby subdivisions of new homes developed between 1968 and 2007. It is also not uncommon for residents of these subdivisions to uncover remnants of the communities while performing any sort of excavation upon their properties. There are 144 households, in which there is an estimated population of 332. The racial makeup of the neighborhood is 93.05% White non-Hispanic, 6.25% African American, and 0.6% Latino. The median income is estimated at $71,232. The median house age is 19 years.

External links

 http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?S=8883528

Geography of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
Ghost towns in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
Louisiana populated places on the Mississippi River

Waterloo, Louisiana


Nicolai Dunger (born Claus Wilhelm Nicolai Dunger; 4 February 1968) is a Swedish singer and acoustic songwriter from Piteå in Sweden. He has released twelve EPs and albums, singing primarily in English, and collaborated notably with Will Oldham, the Esbjörn Svensson jazz trio and Ebbot Lundberg. He also records under the alias A Taste of Ra as well as his birth name.

Biography
A Swedish-born singer who falls under blues, folk, jazz, soul music. A former association football player, Nicolai was signed by the Telegram label of Warner records, releasing two albums that did not sell enough copies to enable him to give up his part-time job as a gardener.

A meeting with Ebbot Lundberg of the Swedish band The Soundtrack of Our Lives led to two further albums, a tour with Emilíana Torrini and the use of one of his songs in an advertisement for an oil company. This small influx of cash enabled the production of a trio of vinyl albums with the Esbjörn Svensson jazz trio.

This steady production of somewhat experimental acoustic music attracted the attention of Americana luminaries Will Oldham and Jonathan Donahue, and a contract with the Dolores Recordings branch of Virgin Records followed. The first album on this label, Soul Rush, with backing from the Esbjörn Svensson trio, attracted some limited attention in 2001, but the next album, 2002's Tranquil Isolation, achieved widespread attention, especially thanks to its input from Will Oldham.

A third album, Here's My Song, You Can Have It, followed in 2004. He has featured on both Nina Persson's second "A Camp" record, and on Maia Hirasawa's album GBG vs STHLM.

Discography
 1996   Songs Wearing Clothes
 1997   Eventide
 1999   This Cloud Is Learning
 2000   Blind Blemished Blues
 2001   A Dress Book
 2001   Soul Rush
 2002   Sweat Her Kiss
 2002   The Vinyl Trilogy
 2003   Tranquil Isolation
 2004   Here's My Song, You Can Have It...I Don't Want it Anymore
 2006   Sjunger Edith Södergran
 2007   Rösten Och Herren 2008   Nicollide and the Carmic Retribution 2009   Play 2010   Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - Vallmo (duo album with Jonas Kullhammar, released on vinyl only in 300 copies)
 2011   Ballad of This Land 2022   Every Line Runs Together''

Trivia
Nicolai's song "Something in the Way" was featured in a Volvo commercial in the U.S. in July 2008

Nicolai's song "Dr Zhivago's Train" was recorded by Robert Palmer on his album "Drive"

External links
 Official website
 Short biography
 Review of Tranquil Isolation at Pitchfork Media

Living people
People from Piteå
Swedish alternative country singers
1969 births
Zoë Records artists

Nicolai Dunger


The esophageal glands are glands that are part of the digestive system of various animals, including humans.

In humans
Esophageal glands in humans are a part of a human digestive system. They are a small compound racemose exocrine glands of the mucous type.

There are two types:
 Esophageal glands proper- mucous glands located in the submucosa. They are compound tubulo-alveolar glands. Some serous cells are present. These glands are more numerous in the upper third of the esophagus. They secrete acid mucin for lubrication.
 Esophageal cardiac glands- mucous glands located near the cardiac orifice (esophago-gastric junction) in the lamina propria mucosae. They secrete neutral mucin that protects the esophagus from acidic gastric juices. They are simple tubular or branched tubular glands.
 There are also mucous glands present at the pharyngo-esophageal junction in the lamina propria mucosae. These are simple tubular or branched tubular glands.

Each opens upon the surface by a long excretory duct.

In monoplacophorans
Oesophageal gland is enlarged in large monoplacophoran species.

In gastropods
Oesophageal gland or oesophageal pouch is a part of the digestive system of some gastropods. Oesophageal gland or pouch is a common feature in so-called basal gastropod clades, including Patelloidea, Vetigastropoda, Cocculiniformia, Neritimorpha and Neomphalina.

The size of oesophageal gland of scaly-foot gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum (family Peltospiridae within Neomphalina) is about two orders of magnitude over the usual size. The scaly-foot gastropod houses endosymbiotic Bacteria in the oesophageal gland. Chrysomallon squamiferum was thought to be the only species of Peltospiridae, that has enlarged oesophageal gland, but later it was shown that both species Gigantopelta has the oesophageal gland also enlarged. In other peltospirids, the posterior portion of the oesophagus forms a pair of blind mid-oesophageal pouches or gutters extending only to the anterior end of the foot (Rhynchopelta, Peltospira, Nodopelta, Echinopelta, Pachydermia). The same situation is in Melanodrymia within the family Melanodrymiidae. Bathyphytophilidae and Lepetellidae are also known to have enlarged oesophageal pouches, however, though not to the extent of Chrysomallon. Both are known to house endosymbiotic bacteria, in the case of bathyphytophilids most likely also in the oesophageal glands but in the lepetellids the endosymbionts are spread in the haemocoel.

References
.
This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-4.0) text from the reference

External links

Digestive system
Glands

Esophageal gland


Caroline Patricia Lucas (born 9 December 1960) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election. She was re-elected in the 2015,  2017 and 2019 general elections, increasing her majority each time.

Born in Malvern in Worcestershire, Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989. She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles, also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997. She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009, also serving as the party's female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008.

Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was selected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election, becoming the party's first MP. She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP. She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018, sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley. She stated in June 2023 that she would not stand at the next general election.

Lucas is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics, localisation, alternatives to globalisation, trade justice, animal welfare and food. In her time as a politician and activist, she has worked with non-governmental organizations and think tanks, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam.

Early life and education
Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire, to middle-class, Conservative-voting parents Peter and Valerie (née Griffin) Lucas. She is one of three children; her father ran a small central heating company, and sold solar panelling. Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children.

Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls' College (which became Malvern St James in 2006), a boarding private school in Great Malvern. She then went to the University of Exeter, where she gained a first-class BA (Hons) in English Literature in 1983. While at university Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in the UK, which involved cutting fences with the expectation of being arrested.

Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984, gaining a Diploma of Journalism, before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter, awarded in 1990, with a thesis entitled Writing for Women: a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance. While completing her doctorate, Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989; she later worked for the charity in other roles, became active in the Green Party and left Oxfam in 1999.

Life and career

Early political career
After being "utterly inspired" by Jonathon Porritt's book Seeing Green, Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986. She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham, where she was living at the time, so thought: "Right! I'm going there now, I'm just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party'." Soon afterwards she became the party's National Press Officer (1987–1989) and Co-Chair (1989–1990). In a 2009 Guardian interview, she told Decca Aitkenhead: "when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes I'd be saying to them, 'What are you planning to wear?', and they'd be slightly offended that I'd even think of asking the question. But I do genuinely think that has changed, a lot. It's a recognition, not that there's some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie, but that actually you don't want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what you're saying".

When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom, she joined the Green Party of England and Wales. Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 (for the following year's general election) and a Regional Council Member from 1997.

Lucas's first success in an election came when she gained the Green Party's second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council, which she held between 1993 and 1997.

European Parliament
Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections, the first year the election was by proportional representation. In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote (110,571 votes). In November 2001, she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest. Conducting her own defence at the trial, she pleaded not guilty. Lucas argued that she had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes. Faslane is the base used for Britain's Trident nuclear programme. She was arrested for a protest at the same location in January 2007. "It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace, rather than Britain's illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons", she wrote at the time.

Lucas was re-elected in 2004, gaining 173,351 votes (8% share), and again in the 2009 election when the party's vote under the list system rose to 271,506, or 11.6%. In the European Parliament, she was a member of the Committee for Trade, Industry, Energy and Research; the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy; the Committee on International Trade; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change.

Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy (SIMPOL) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues. Lucas became a signatory in June 2004. In addition, she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup, a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs, a member of the Parliament's Delegation to ACP (African Caribbean, and Pacific) countries, and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council. As part of her committee work, she was the Parliament's Rapporteur (draftsperson) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment, and the Vice-President of the parliament's committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease.

In July 2008, Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group, an alliance of experts in finance, energy and the environment. The group put forward plans to invest in green energy, provide greater regulation of the finance sector, and strengthen ties between environmentalists, industry, agriculture, and trade unions. The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession, climate change, and increasing energy prices, and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three.

She held the party's post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008.

First period as leader (2008–2012)
Lucas was elected as the Green Party's first leader on 5 September 2008, gaining 92% of the vote (against one other candidate, Ashley Gunstock) on a turnout of 38%. Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership. The change "was about having a face the country recognises – or hopefully", she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009, "comes to recognise. It was in recognition of the fact that people don't really relate to abstract ideas, they relate more to the people who embody them." Lucas was elected as the Green Party's first-ever MP (for Brighton Pavilion) at the general election of 2010.

In July 2010, Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage. The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military, notably in its assault on Gaza. Lucas stated that: "I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to the atrocities being committed in Gaza. I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly ... [but] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza."

In 2011, she voted against the military intervention in Libya.

On 14 May 2012, Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 "in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election". She added: "I'm proud that during the four years of my term, we've moved Green politics forward to a higher level, with the party by far the most influential it has ever been."

Brighton Pavilion

Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor, a former Green Party Principal Speaker, gained 22% of the vote. In 2007, Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Party's nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election. In a letter to party members, she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10%, to avoid internal division. She described the move as "the most difficult decision of my life", due to "personal and family commitments" but also her "loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor, who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect". On 18 July 2007, it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party. Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylor's 45%.

In May 2010, Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252. As well as being the first Green MP, Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton. She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010.

Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo "No More Page Three" to protest against the feature during a Commons debate.

On 19 August 2013, Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex. She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates' Court. After the hearing, Lucas said: "This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration. We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future".

In the 2015 general election, Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share. In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689, elected on 52.3% of the vote. Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes.

In accord with long-standing Green policy, Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum, but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform.

On 8 June 2023, Lucas announced she would not be standing at the next general election. On 19 July 2023, it was announced that Siân Berry will be the Green candidate for Lucas's Brighton seat at the next election.

Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley
On 31 May 2016, it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election.

On 2 September, it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes. Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain, and EU rules on workers' rights and the environment, among other policies.

In May 2018, Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September, she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party. In an article for The Guardian, Lucas wrote that "it's now time for me to show the power of letting go".

Other roles, writings and views
Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament since 2004. She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas. A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition, she resigned from the post in December 2015. According to a statement from Lucas's office, her "busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn't have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and, in light of some recent StWC positions that she didn't support, she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do".

Lucas is a Vice-Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Choice at the End of Life and a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Drug Policy Reform.

Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation, the Centre for a Social Europe, and the Protect the Local, Globally think-tank. She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust (Africa). She is Matron of the Women's Environmental Network. Between 1997 and 1998, she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK government's Department for International Development.

Lucas is a prolific writer of reports, articles and books on the subjects of trade justice, localisation, globalisation, animal welfare, and food, in which she is critical of free trade, a single European currency, trade-led development policies, genetically modified food, and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues. Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation: A Manifesto (co-authored with Mike Woodin), which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern, in opposition to neo-liberal, market-led forces of globalisation.

Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws. She has called for the law to have an evidence-based approach to drugs that treats drug abuse as a health matter, rather than a criminal one.

In early 2013, Lucas co-signed a letter that was published in The Guardian newspaper and officially marked her support for the People's Assembly Against Austerity movement. She also gave a speech at the People's Assembly Conference, held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013. A book by Lucas on her time in parliament, Honourable Friends: Parliament and the Fight for Change, was published in 2015.

In August 2015, Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. She wrote in The Independent: "I've never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party. For the first time in my memory, the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face."

Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income. In January 2016, Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament, calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UK's existing social security system.

On 15 April 2018, she attended the launch event of the People's Vote, a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union.

In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government.

In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150, as part of a fundraising drive. Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong. An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour. The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an "unfair advantage over other election candidates". Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not to repeat the breach; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour.

In 2021, Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In May 2021, alongside celebrities and other public figures, Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine, which called on the government to address what it described as an "epidemic of male violence" by funding an "ongoing, high-profile, expert-informed awareness campaign on men's violence against women and girls".

Lucas supports ecocide being made a crime at the International Criminal Court stating "Establishing the law of Ecocide would signal a major breakthrough in the way we deal with crimes against the natural world. Polly Higgins' groundbreaking proposal to list Ecocide as the fifth global crime against peace would go a long way towards deterring and holding to account CEOs, companies and nations."

Awards

In her time as a politician and activist, Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award "for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare" from the RSPCA.

Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times. The award is voted for by Observer readers, who chose her to win in 2007, 2009 and 2010. In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of "50 people who could save the planet".

In October 2008, Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008. The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs.  In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded "Newcomer of the Year" in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards. In July 2011 she was awarded "Best all-rounder" in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded "MP of the Year" in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011.  Also in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for "Influencing the Political Agenda" and voted "Progressive of the Year" in Left Foot Forward's readers' poll.

In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power list 2020.

Personal life
In 1991 Lucas married Richard Savage. The couple have two sons, one of whom is an academic at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

She is a vegetarian and told ITV News Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is "moving as fast as she can towards being vegan" in September 2019.

Films
In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas, One Green Seat, directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt, was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica, California.

See also
 Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom

References

Bibliography

 Lucas, C. P., Woodin, M., Green Alternatives to Globalisation: A Manifesto, 2004
 Lucas, C. P., Global Warming, Local Warning: A study of the likely impacts of climate change upon South East England, 2004
 Lucas, C. P., Towards a GM free Europe: Halting the spread of GMOs in Europe, 2003
 Jones, A., Lucas, C. P., Local Food: Benefits and Opportunities, 2003
 Lucas, C. P., Time to Replace Globalisation, 2001
 Lucas, C. P., Which way for the European Union: Radical Reform or Business as Usual?, 2001
 Hines, C., Lucas, C. P., Stopping the Great Food Swap: Relocalising Europe's Food Supply, 2001
 Lucas, C. P., From Seattle to Nice: Challenging the Free Trade Agenda at the Heart of Enlargement, 2000
 Lucas, C. P., Woodin, M., The Euro or a Sustainable Future for Britain? A Green Critique of the Single Currency, 2000
 Lucas, C. P., Watchful in Seattle: World Trade Organisation threats to Public Services, Food and the Environment, 1999
 Lucas, C. P., Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities, 1996
 Coote, B., Lucas, C. P., The Trade Trap, 1994

External links

Official website

The NS interview: Caroline Lucas, Alyssa McDonald, New Statesman, 12 May 2010
Early Day Motions signed

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Caroline
20th-century women MEPs for England
21st-century British women politicians
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Caroline Lucas


Harry Emerson "Dad" Vail, was a rowing (crew) coach at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States. The Dad Vail Regatta, held annually in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is named in his honor.

Harry Emerson Vail was born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, Canada.

His career is traced in his obituary, which was published in the Wisconsin State Journal on October 8, 1928. It read:

Mr. Vail, aged 69, was the oldest crew coach in the U.S. at the time of his death. Jim Ten Eyck of Syracuse was the only one who exceeded "Dad" in age. Coach Vail was "Dad" to every boy who ever worked under him, and he was one of the most beloved figures on the university campus.

Coming to Wisconsin in 1911, Coach Vail almost won the Poughkeepsie title that year. Again in 1924, following a ten-year period in which the University of Wisconsin authorities refused to send the crew east, "Dad" took second, and his praises were sung from one end of the country to the other.

Deeply religious, "Dad" Vail was one of the few coaches taking crews to Poughkeepsie who refused to do any rowing on Sunday. Gradually, other coaches followed the lead of the Wisconsin mentor and until now it is quite unusual to see an eight swinging down the Hudson on Sunday.

Coach Vail was possessed of an inimitable sense of humor, and some of his stories will survive as long as eights with the long sweeps are propelled over Lake Mendota. As long as rowing is discussed, there will be those to tell of the feats of "Dad" Vail when he was one of the greatest single scullers in the world, of his uncanny ability in sizing up a crew, and of his flashes of biting sarcasm.

Previous to his work at Wisconsin, Coach Vail had been coach at Georgetown Prep, Ariel Boat Club, and Harvard. However, it was through his work at Wisconsin that Coach Vail became widely known.

He died in his native Canada.

External links
 Biography

Year of birth missing
1928 deaths
Harvard Crimson rowing coaches
Wisconsin Badgers rowing coaches

Harry Vail


"...To Be Loved" is the first single from the band Papa Roach's fourth album, The Paramour Sessions, and eighth released single in total. The song is a slight return to the band early work, starting with a rapping introduction, but as the introduction goes the rapping then goes into fast screaming making it different from the usual rapping of the band's early releases. Most of the song is singing with Jacoby singing in the verses and also choruses. The song follows the band's hard rock sound of their previous album. The song hit American radio stations on August 7, 2006. The song was played in full on Kerrang! Radio in the United Kingdom on August 1, 2006 and has since become available to download via the iTunes Store and Walmart Downloads store as a radio edit version. On September 18, the single became available in UK stores as a 7" vinyl picture disc with a complimentary Papa Roach sticker. The CD was released on October 11, 2006. The song was used as the official theme song for WWE Raw on the USA Network from October 9, 2006 to November 9, 2009. The song has risen to number eight on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and number 14 on the Modern Rock Tracks and played during the theatrical trailer of the 2008 film Never Back Down.

Music video
The music video was shot at Park Plaza Hotel (Los Angeles) and was directed by Kevin Kerslake. It begins by showing two skimpy-dressed women who are picked up by the vocalist, Jacoby Shaddix, of the band with three other women in the back. Then they arrive at a building where the band is playing. Meanwhile, strippers and circus performers are seen in the background, along with a huge crowd of fans. The video was shot on August 3, 2006. On August 15, 2006, the video for "...To Be Loved" premiered on Yahoo Music. There are three versions. The original censored one, one for public viewings (which removes the scene where a girl is shown on a leash), and an uncensored version. The start of the song also samples the Ramones' "Blitzkrieg Bop", with the 'Hey Ho, Lets Go!'.

Appearances
The music video had various actors, adult stars, and musicians in this video. Jason Jenson, lead singer of the band formerly known as Die Trying. Telly "Leatherface" Blackwood known actor, producer, wrestler from MTV's Viva La Bam.

Track listing

7" single

Chart performance

References

Papa Roach songs
2006 singles
WWE Raw
2006 songs
Song recordings produced by Howard Benson
Geffen Records singles
Songs written by Jacoby Shaddix
Songs written by Tobin Esperance

...To Be Loved


Operation Blacklist Forty was the codename for the United States occupation of Korea between 1945 and 1948. Following the end of World War II, U.S. forces landed within the present-day South Korea to accept the surrender of the Japanese, and help create an independent and unified Korean government with the help of the Soviet Union, which occupied the present-day North Korea. However, when this effort proved unsuccessful, the United States and the Soviet Union both established their own friendly governments, resulting in the current division of the Korean Peninsula.

Background
The partition of Korea into occupation zones was proposed in August 1945, by the United States to the Soviet Union following the latter's entry in the war against Japan. The 38th parallel north was chosen to separate the two occupation zones on August 10 by two American officers, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, working on short notice and with little information on Korea. Their superiors endorsed the partition line and the proposal was accepted by the Soviets. The Americans hoped to establish a representative government supportive of American policy in the region, and the Soviets hoped to establish another communist nation friendly to their interests.

Occupation

The American occupation force composed of 45,000 men from the United States Army's XXIV Corps. The first of the American forces to arrive in Korea was a small advanced party that landed at Kimpo Airfield near Seoul on September 4, 1945. Another small advanced party, consisting of fourteen men of the 7th Infantry Division, sailed into Inchon on September 8, and the main landing began on the following day. According to author Paul M. Edwards, the United States government had little interest in Korea, and relied on General Douglas MacArthur, who was in command of the occupation of Japan, to make most of the post-war decisions. MacArthur, however, was already "overloaded" with the work that needed to be done in Japan, so he ordered the commander of Operation Blacklist Forty, Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, to maintain a "harsh" occupation of Korea. Hodge set up his headquarters at the Bando Hotel in Seoul, established a military government, declared English to be the official language of Korea, and began the process of building an independent Korean government that was friendly to the United States.

Hodge was considered a great battlefield commander, but a poor diplomat. There is little doubt he disliked Koreans, and was ignorant of their culture and how it differed from that of the Japanese. As a result, Hodge made many mistakes, including issuing an order to his men to "treat the Koreans as enemies." Furthermore, due to a shortage of manpower, Hodge allowed the old Japanese police force to remain on duty for crowd control and similar work. He also retained the colonial Japanese government, at least initially, until he could find suitable American replacements. However, following a complaint from the Korean people, the American military government in Tokyo officially had Korea removed from Japan's political and administrative control on October 2, 1945. Thus, the Japanese administrators were removed from power, although many were henceforth employed as advisors to their American replacements. Edwards says that General Hodge's most significant contribution to the occupation was the alignment of his military government with that of Korea's wealthy anti-Communist faction, and the promotion of men who had previously collaborated with the Japanese into positions of authority.

A good symbol of how the U.S. military occupation of southern Korea went overall was when Hodge and the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) created the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly in December 1946. This assembly was supposed to formulate draft laws to be used as "the basis for political, economic, and social reforms." However, the left-wing political faction, consolidated under the South Korean Workers Party, ignored the assembly and refused to participate. The conservative faction's Korea Democratic Party, supported by landlords and small-business owners, also opposed the assembly because their main leaders were excluded from it by the USAMGIK. The problem was that even though many of the 45-member assembly were conservatives, most of the members were nominated by the moderate Kim Kyu-sik, who was the Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (this was the mostly moderate institution created in 1919 during the Japanese-occupied Korea era with the ultimate goal of delivering independence to Korea in the form of a republic) and was Hodge's choice to lead a future independent South Korea. Unfortunately, Kim was not charismatic and could not inspire either the left wing or the right wing to support him.

Author E. Takemae says that the American forces were greeted as occupiers, and not as liberators. He also says that the Americans held the Japanese in higher regard than the Koreans, because of the former's military background, and appreciated Japanese knowledge and administrative skills, which they did not find among the Koreans. As it turned out, the Americans found that it was easier to deal with Japanese authorities in regards to the handling of Korea, instead of dealing directly with Korea's many different political factions. According to Takemae; "[I]n the eyes of many Koreans, the Americans were as bad as the Japanese."

Preparations for the withdrawal of American and Soviet forces from the Korean Peninsula could not begin until the United States and the Soviets could agree to establish a unified Korean government friendly to both nations' interests. However, the Soviets refused to accept any idea that did not involve the creation of a communist state, and therefore the negotiations were fruitless. As result of this disagreement, the United States sent the "Korean question" to the United Nations (UN). The UN agreed to take up the challenge in September 1947, and proceeded with providing the Koreans with UN-supervised elections. The Soviet Union, however, made it clear that any decision made by the UN would only apply to the portion of Korea south of the 38th parallel, and that anything north of the parallel would be determined by either itself or the new Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). Nevertheless, the elections were held, and the exiled Korean leader, Syngman Rhee, was inaugurated president of the new Republic of Korea (South Korea) on July 24, 1948.

The American and Soviet occupations of Korea ended soon after, leaving the Korean peninsula divided. According to Edwards, most Americans were glad to be gone. By 1950, Korea, or Far Eastern affairs in general, had become of such a small importance to the Americans that on January 5, 1950, President Harry Truman said that he would not intervene in the clash between the Chinese Communists and the Nationalists on Taiwan, or on the Chinese mainland, and seven days later Secretary of State Dean Acheson said that "Korea was now outside the American sphere of influence." Despite this, the United States and South Korea signed a military assistance pact on January 26, 1950, but only $1,000 worth of signal wire had arrived in country by the time of the outbreak of the Korean War on June 25, 1950.

See also
Indonesian War of Independence (1945–49)
Chinese Civil War (1945–49)
First Indochina War (1946–54)
Malayan Emergency (1948–60)
Autumn Uprising of 1946
History of South Korea
Operation Beleaguer
Eagle Project – Planned but never executed WWII operation to infiltrate the peninsula

References

1945 in military history
1946 in military history
1947 in military history
1948 in military history
Non-combat military operations involving the United States
Military history of the United States during World War II
History of South Korea
Cold War
1940s in the United States
1940s in Korea
Korean War
Allied occupation of Korea
American military occupations
Decolonization of Korea

Operation Blacklist Forty


Road of the Patriarch is the third book in The Sellswords trilogy from the Forgotten Realms fantasy novel collection written by R. A. Salvatore.

In the final episode of this series, Jarlaxle and Entreri find themselves having to answer for their actions at Zhengyi's construct. Both the Spysong Dynasty and the Citadel of Assassins have lost associates at the castle and search for an honest account of the events that took place.

Readers are finally told the dark truth behind both Entreri and Jarlaxle's childhoods, as well as a glimpse into the past of their dwarf associate Athrogate. As Entreri's past is revealed and he becomes further involved with the passionate Calihye, a different side of the mysterious assassin is finally shown.

Plot summary
In the final episode of this series, Jarlaxle and Entreri find themselves having to answer for their actions at Zhengyi's construct. Both the Spysong network and the Citadel of Assassins have lost associates at the castle and search for a hero.

Artemis Entreri finds himself uncharacteristically falling in love with the half-elf Calihye, the result of a magical flute given to him by Jarlaxle which forces the owner into a heightened emotional state. Entreri is betrayed by Calihye who still blames him for the death of Parissus. She attempts to stab him in the heart with a dagger while making love to him but is foiled by a kinetic barrier conjured by Kimmuriel.

Jarlaxle seizes control of Castle Perilous and is summarily attacked by an army led by King Gareth himself. He immediately surrenders and confesses that he made an open bid for power against the king in order to unite the people of Palishchuk under Gareth's banner, willingly playing the part of a common enemy. Despite the queen's insistence that Entreri and Jarlaxle be executed for treason, they are permitted, along with Athrogate, to leave the city with his life with the promise that they will never again enter the kingdom.

The trio head for Memnon, Entreri finally deciding to face his inner demons and confront the city of his birth. Entreri soon discovers that the city is in the iron grip of a corrupt high priest who impoverishes the people through fear demanding they pay indulgences in exchange for the promise that their dead children will go to a pleasant afterlife. Entreri learns that the high priest knew his mother intimately and might even be his biological father. Disgusted by the obscene luxury of the priest's palace and the resulting destitution of the city's non-clerical inhabitants, Entreri kills the high priest and orders the palace's second-in-command, on penalty of a similar fate as his superior, to redistribute the acquired riches among those who need it.

In the end, Jarlaxle admits that he gave Entreri the flute in the hope that, in embracing emotions he'd suppressed since his traumatic childhood, he would rediscover his heart and find a purpose in life other than power. The story ends with Jarlaxle and Entreri parting ways, the latter saying he wants nothing to do with him ever again.

Reception
A reviewer from Publishers Weekly called this a "bloody, brooding sequel" to Salvatore's Promise of the Witch-King.

The audio recording of Road of the Patriarch received a favorable review from California Bookwatch, which praised all aspects of the novel, including the plot, the action, and the narration by David Colacci.

Road of the Patriarch reached 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list on November 12, 2006.

References

External links

2006 American novels
Forgotten Realms novels
Novels by R. A. Salvatore

Road of the Patriarch


Taxa Innocentiana was a decree of Pope Innocent XI of 1 October 1678 that regulated the fees that episcopal chancery offices might demand or accept for various acts, instruments, and writings. According to the decree, bishops or their officials were proscribed from accepting anything, though voluntarily offered, for:

Ordinations or anything connected therewith, e.g., dimissorial letters;
Institutions to benefices; or
Matrimonial dispensations.

In the last case, however, alms to be applied for religious uses could be demanded. The chancellor may exact a moderate charge, determined by Innocent XI, for expediting necessary documents, except those granting permission to offer Mass, administer the sacraments, preach, etc. The Taxa Innocentiana was silent regarding contentious matters, e.g. the charge for copies of acts of ecclesiastical trials. Some maintained that Innocent XI's legislation was promulgated only for Italy, but it evidenced the will of the Church and at least in substance was of universal application.

On 10 June 1896 the Sacred Congregation of the Council modified the prescriptions of Innocent XI, decreeing that while taxes or fees may be imposed according to justice and prudence in matters pertaining to benefices and sacraments, especially matrimony; yet the sacraments themselves must be conferred without charge and pious customs connected therewith observed. In other matters not directly affecting the administration of the sacraments, e.g. dispensations from the banns of marriage, it is decreed that:

Laudable customs must be followed and allowances made for various circumstances of time, place, and persons;
The indigent are not to be taxed;
In all cases, the amount demanded must be moderate, so that persons are not deterred thereby from receiving the sacraments;
Regarding matrimony, the exaction is to be remitted if otherwise there would be danger of concubinage;
Regarding benefices, the tax must be in proportion to the fruits or income of the benefice in question; and
All such fees are to be determined not by individual bishops, but by provincial council or at least in a special meeting of the ordinaries of the province for this purpose.

The approbation of the Holy See is required for the fees determined upon. Rome's sanction is given tentatively for 5 years to Italy and for 10 years to other nations.

References
 cites:
LUCIDI, De visitat. ss. liminum, doc. XX, III, 144.

Catholic canonical documents
Documents of Pope Innocent XI
1678 works

Taxa Innocentiana


Birth/Rebirth is a 2023 American psychological horror film directed by Laura Moss in their feature directorial debut, from a screenplay by Moss and Brendan J. O'Brien, and is inspired by the 1818 novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Starring Marin Ireland, Judy Reyes, A.J. Lister, Breeda Wool, and LaChanze, the film follows a morgue technician who, after successfully reanimating the body of a young girl, must harvest biological material from pregnant women in order to keep her alive.

Birth/Rebirth premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2023, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 18, 2023, to positive reviews from critics.

Plot
Dr. Rose Casper is a hospital pathologist who prefers the company of cadavers to social interaction. She finds the idea of female biological reproduction distasteful, but is obsessed with its clinical processes, gestating materials in her own body in order to discover a way to bring the dead back to life.

Celie Morales is a maternity nurse and single mother whose life revolves around her precocious five-year-old daughter, Lila. Efficient and empathetic, she is passionate about helping women give birth in an environment where they feel empowered and listened to.

The worlds of these two women collide when Lila dies suddenly and ends up on Rose's autopsy table. The circumstances of the little girl's death make her the perfect human candidate for Rose's next experiment.

When Lila's body disappears from the hospital, Celie begins to suspect that Rose is to blame. She forces her way into Rose's Co-op City apartment and discovers her daughter, reanimated in a home lab but just barely clinging to life. Rose's experiment has worked. She's brought Lila back from the dead. The treatment however, is highly experimental, and the little girl's continued recovery is anything but certain.

Both women realize they will need to draw on each other's very different expertise in order to keep Lila alive.

Cast
 Marin Ireland as Rose
 Judy Reyes as Celie
 A.J. Lister as Lila
 Breeda Wool as Emily
 Monique Gabriela Curnen as Rita
 Grant Harrison as Scott
 LaChanze as Colleen
 Rina Mejia as Pauline

Production
Laura Moss devised a story concept based on their obsession with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein in the early 2000s. Moss began a first draft of 60 pages consisting of mainly imagery and story ideas. Brendan J. O'Brien, their long-time writing partner then outlined the plot and wrote the second draft. Moss explained to Filmmaker, "That tends to be how we work: his drafts are too long, my drafts are too short. We bat scenes back and forth, and by the end of the process, we don't even remember who touched what. We're very much married by the end of it". In 2018, Cinestate became briefly involved with the project, but the sides would spilt due to creative differences. In 2020, the script was selected to participate in the Sundance Institute Screenwriters Lab. That same year, Moss met with Emily Gotto of Shudder, who Moss has credited with having "really championed the film" and securing financing. Soon after Marin Ireland was cast as the lead, Rose, who Moss believed "catapulted the project forward". The project was green lit in March 2020 but all work halted with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The film was reported by Deadline to be in production by September 2022, with Moss set to make their directorial feature debut. Principal photography took place in New Jersey and the Co-op City area of New York City from August to late September 2022. The cartoon Rescue Birds, which appears on screen several times was created specifically for the film. The filmmakers had wanted to use the popular children's cartoon Wonder Pets! instead, but no permission was granted with Moss saying, "We wanted a real TV series, Wonder Pets! and the good folks at Wonder Pets! never called us back, because they wanted nothing to do with this movie..."

Release
Birth/Rebirth premiered at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2023, and was screened at the Fantasia International Film Festival on July 31, 2023. The film was released in theaters in the United States by IFC Films on August 18, 2023, and is scheduled to begin streaming on Shudder on November 10, 2023.

Critical reception

Jessica Kiang from Variety called it "a clever, provocative new take on a horror classic" and said "Ireland and Reyes breathe new life into a literary touchstone in director Laura Moss' drolly disturbing biological horror". Jordan Mintzer writing for The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review saying, "Not for the fainthearted, this twisted if not exactly terrifying feature takes some cues from Stuart Gordon's 1985 cult flick Re-Animator, as well as from classics like Dracula and Frankenstein, in its grisly portrayal of two women resurrecting a little girl's dead corpse in the name of science and love".  He also compared the story's concept to David Cronenberg's Crimes of the Future and the Alien films but elaborated, "Moss tackles the idea from a more intimate and feminist perspective, questioning how far mothers are willing to go for their children, or simply to become mothers at all".

IndieWire David Ehrlich gave the film a poor rating of a "C-". He also compared the film to Cronenberg's work but stated that Moss missed the "detail and commitment that allows those films to sink into your skin".
The New York Times Jeannette Catsoulis named it a "Critic's Pick" writing, "Motherhood is both mad and monstrous in Birth/Rebirth, Laura Moss's ultrasmart, ferociously feminist take on the Frankenstein myth...as the women's behavior grows ever more shocking Moss offers no rebuke to their heedless amorality. There is only the audience to judge."

References

External links

Films shot in New York City
American psychological horror films
2023 directorial debut films
2023 films
Works based on Frankenstein
IFC Films films

Birth/Rebirth


Maternal health is the health of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth and her postpartum periods. It includes the health care dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal and postnatal caring.

The risk of maternal death is higher in some areas, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, than in others. Poverty is a problem in some countries, in particular, the developing countries. In addition to sub-Saharan Africa, Black women in the US also frequently experience high maternal death rates. High rates of poverty, untreated illnesses, and a lack of access to health care, according to maternal health specialists, are to blame for the sharp rise in maternal mortality rates. Other societal causes of maternal deaths include the absence of professionals, inadequate resources, early marriages, poverty in remote rural areas, and a lack of facilities and access. Pregnancy problems during and after delivery are caused by the high prevalence of cardiovascular disorders in pregnant black women. These ladies may experience potentially fatal complications depending on the severity of the condition (Howell,2018)

Prenatal care is very vital when it comes to maternal health . According to the CDC Prenatal care can support both your and your unborn child's health. Infants born to mothers who receive prenatal care are five times less likely to die and three times more likely to have low birth weights than babies delivered to mothers who do not (CDC, Prenatal Care). Even the Bidens health care cris. Plans make sure to diversify the prenatal workforce and try to make it widely available to all women , in order to help decrease the maternal mortality rates in the United States(Johnson, 2022).  Furthermore, there are a lot of reasons why females choose to not engage in proper prenatal care. Around 71% of low income women, according to a US study, had difficulty having access to prenatal care. Income is highly associated with prenatal health care.

Despite major advancements in prenatal care, the maternal mortality rate in the USA has is at its ultimate high.   Rates have risen in the twenty-first century, and efforts to halt this pervasive problem have made little to no headway (Callaghan, 2012). In the US, there are different variations in maternal death rates (Callaghan, 2012).  Callaghans study aims to study and understand why the  maternal mortality phenomena,  and pinpoint the contributing factors of these deaths  especially for black women.

More About Maternal health

 Maternal health
 What is maternal health

References

Healthcare
Obstetrics and gynecology

Maternal health