Thumbsucker is a 2005 American independent comedy-drama film written and directed by Mike Mills in his feature directorial debut. The film stars Lou Taylor Pucci, Tilda Swinton, Vincent D'Onofrio, Kelli Garner, Benjamin Bratt, Vince Vaughn, and Keanu Reeves. The plot focuses on Justin Cobb, a teenager in suburban Oregon, as he copes with his thumb-sucking problem, romance, and his diagnosis with ADHD and subsequent experience using Ritalin. The screenplay was adapted from the 1999 Walter Kirn novel of the same name. Swinton also served as an executive producer.

The film was shot on location in the Portland metropolitan area in 2003, and premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2005. It received a limited release in the United States on September 16, 2005.

Plot
Justin Cobb is a shy 17-year-old in a family of four in suburban Oregon. He has a persistent thumb-sucking habit his father disapproves of, which has led to major orthodontic repair. He addresses his parents by their first names, Mike and Audrey, so as not to make his father feel old. Audrey, a registered nurse, is idly fascinated by actor Matt Schramm, entering a contest to win a date with him. She insists it is "innocent fun", but is inordinately concerned with looking attractive for the contest.

Justin struggles on his school's debate team, led by Mr. Geary which he joined to get closer to his environmentalist classmate Rebecca. He tries to start a relationship with her, but she rejects him after he cannot open up to her about his thumb-sucking habit.

At a regular checkup, Justin's orthodontist, Dr. Perry Lyman, indicates he can tell that Justin is still sucking his thumb, and attempts hypnosis, coaching Justin to find his power animal (a deer) and suggesting that his thumb will taste like echinacea. This works, and Justin finds his thumb distasteful, but falls deeper into frustration without the crutch. After Justin conspires with his brother to disrupt Dr. Lyman in a bicycle race with Justin's father, his school counselor prods the Cobbs to give him Ritalin. While his parents wring their hands over the idea, Justin insists that he needs the help.

Almost immediately after beginning treatment, Justin begins to have elevated energy, confidence and focus. He begins to excel on the debate team, unseating Rebecca from the star position; she quits the team and drifts into the stoners crowd. Justin's newfound aggressiveness nets the debate team repeated awards. Simultaneously, he begins to challenge the neuroses of the adults around him, especially their struggles with aging. With a somewhat deceitful cover letter, he applies to NYU, in spite of his mother's urging that he go to college closer to home.

After rambling incoherently at the state debate championship, Justin quits the debate team, throws away the pills, and seeks out Rebecca to hook him up with pot. During their smoking sessions, Rebecca blindfolds him and engages with him in kissing and other sexual activity, which Justin interprets as a relationship. But when he broaches the subject, Rebecca tells him otherwise, calling their meetings an "experiment." He quits both her and the drugs.

Both Justin and his father suspect that Audrey is having an affair with Schramm after she is transferred to a celebrity rehab facility where Schramm has been committed. Attempting to catch his mother in the act, he instead meets Schramm sneaking a smoke in the bushes, and learns the unromantic truth. The next day, he receives an acceptance letter from NYU.

During a final checkup, Dr. Lyman reveals to Justin his discovery that thumb-sucking is not a medically debilitating problem, and says that everyone has their own flaws and nobody has all the answers—that in fact learning to live without having the answers is (perhaps) the answer. On his flight to New York, Justin dreams of reaching his goal of being a TV anchor, "sharing the truth with the world". He wakes up after sleeptalking to find his thumb in his mouth and an attractive girl smiling at him. Slightly embarrassed but self-confident, he introduces himself.

Cast
 Lou Taylor Pucci as Justin Cobb
 Colton Tanner as 10-year-old Justin
 Mason Bromberg as 4-year-old Justin
 Tilda Swinton as Audrey Cobb
 Vincent D'Onofrio as Mike Cobb
 Keanu Reeves as Dr. Perry Lyman
 Kelli Garner as Rebecca
 Benjamin Bratt as Matt Schramm
 Vince Vaughn as Mr. Geary
 Chase Offerle as Joel Cobb
 Kit Koenig as Principal
 Nancy O'Dell as herself
 Walter Kirn (cameo) as Debate judge

Production

Casting
Lou Taylor Pucci was cast in the lead role of Justin after director Mills auditioned around 150 teenaged actors. Swinton was cast as his mother, Audrey, after meeting director Mills eighteen months prior to the production: "I met Mike 18 months ago. We started a conversation, and it kept going." D'Onofrio was cast as Justin's father, Mike, after being impressed by the script, as he felt it "was a tough story to tell." Reeves was cast in the supporting role of Perry Lyman, and completed his work in the film over a four-day period. Initially, Matthew McConaughey was attached to star as Justin's debate team coach, Mr. Geary, but was replaced by Vince Vaughn due to a scheduling conflict.

Filming

The film is set in the fictional town of Beaverwood, Oregon, while the source novel had originally been set in Minnesota. Initially, the producers had planned to shoot the film in Vancouver, British Columbia, but the production was incentivized to shoot in Oregon after Governor Ted Kulongoski promised a rebate matching the filming costs of Canada. Mean Creek (2004), another independent film, was shot in the area at the same time, taking advantage of this rebate.

Filming took place in the summer of 2003 in the Portland metropolitan area, beginning in June and completing in late August. Locations included Portland, Tualatin, and Beaverton, Sherwood, Vernonia, and Tigard. The school sequences were shot at Tualatin High School in Tualatin. During filming, Swinton had her twin sons on set with her, and spent time in-between filming at Trillium Lake, and Pucci celebrated his 18th birthday during filming. The final scene in which Justin runs through the New York University campus was shot in New York City, and the only scene not shot in Oregon.

Release

Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives Thumbsucker a score of 71% based on 108 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's consensus is: "Though quirky coming-of-age themes are common in indie films, this one boasts a smart script and a great cast."

Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it a "quiet, quirky gem" and "terrific". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it three stars out of four, writing "I have focused on Justin, but really the movie is equally about the adult characters, who all seem to have lacked adequate parenting themselves. We talk about the tragedy of children giving birth to children; maybe that can happen at any age." New York Magazines Ken Tucker commented on the film's poignancy, writing: "One of the wonderful things about Thumbsucker is that, unlike so many movies in which a character changes in order to propel the plot forward, this one stops to follow up on the consequences of those changes."

A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances in the film, adding that "Mills, who wrote and directed, keeps the film from slipping either into melodrama or facile satire, the two traps into which this genre is most apt to fall." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times was less laudatory of the film, noting: "Although the intellectual level of Thumbsucker is quite a few cuts above many teen angst movies and the film boasts several impressively nuanced portrayals as well, it is not sufficiently distinctive to stand wholly apart from the pack. Furthermore, its literary roots peek through rather too often in dialogue that might play well on the page but doesn't sound real when coming out of the mouths of actors."

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to the film was originally to consist of a number of cover songs performed by Elliott Smith, but he died before the project's completion. Tim DeLaughter and The Polyphonic Spree were then chosen to compose an original soundtrack after Mills attended one of their shows and was impressed. Three of Smith's songs remain on the soundtrack.

References

External links

 Movie stills

2005 films
2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American independent films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2005 independent films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about high school debate
Films about hypnosis
Films based on American novels
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in Oregon
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
Sundance Film Festival award-winning films
Sony Pictures Classics films
Films directed by Mike Mills
2005 directorial debut films
2005 comedy films
2005 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Thumbsucker (film)


〈헤일 투 더 치프〉()는 미국의 노래로, 미국 대통령의 의전곡으로 쓰이고 있다.

가사
Hail to the Chief we have chosen for the nation,

Hail to the Chief! We salute him, one and all.

Hail to the Chief, as we pledge cooperation

In proud fulfillment of a great, noble call.

Yours is the aim to make this grand country grander,

This you will do, that is our strong, firm belief.

Hail to the one we selected as commander,

Hail to the President! Hail to the Chief!

원곡

Hail to the chief, who in triumph advances,

Honour'd and blessed be the evergreen pine!

Long may the tree in his banner that glances,

Flourish the shelter and grace of our line.

Heaven send it happy dew,

Earth lend it sap anew,

Gaily to bourgeon and broadly to grow;

While every Highland glen,

Sends our shout back again

"Roderigh Vich Alpine Dhu, ho! i-e-roe!"

Ours is no sapling, chance-sown by the fountain,

Blooming at Beltane, in winter to fade;

When the whirlwind has stript every leaf on the mountain,

The more shall Clan Alpine exult in her shade.

Moor'd in the lifted rock,

Proof to the tempest's shock,

Firmer he roots him, the ruder it blow:

Menteith and Breadalbane, Scotland|Breadalbane, then,

Echo his praise agen,

"Roderigh Vich Alpine Dhu, ho! i-e-roe!"

Proudly our pibroch Battle of Glen Fruin|has thrill'd in Glen Fruin,

And Blanochar's groans to our slogan replied,

Clan Colquhoun|Glen Luss and Ross Dhu, they are smoking in ruin,

And the best of Loch Lomond lie dead on our side.

Widow and Saxon maid,

Long shall lament our raid,

Think of Siol Alpin|Clan Alpine with fear and with woe.

Lennox (district)|Lenox and Vale of Leven|Levon Glen,

Shake when they hear agen

"Roderigh Vich Alpine Dhu, ho! i-e-roe!"

Row, vassals, row for the pride of the Highlands!

Stretch to your oars for the evergreen pine!

O, that the rosebud that graces yon islands,

Were wreath'd in a garland around him to twine.

O, that some seedling gem,

Worthy such noble stem,

Honour'd and blest in their shadow might grow;

Loud should Clan Alpine then,

Ring from her deepmost glen,

"Roderigh Vich Alpine Dhu, ho! i-e-roe!"

각주

미국의 음악

헤일 투 더 치프


Barton Myers  (born November 6, 1934) is an American architect and president of Barton Myers Associates Inc. in Santa Barbara, California. With a career spanning more than 40 years, Myers is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects and was a member of the Ontario Association of Architects while working in Canada earlier in his career.

Early life

Born in Norfolk, Virginia, Myers is a descendant of Moses Myers, a businessman who was the first permanent Jewish settler in Norfolk, Virginia. The Federal style townhouse, which he built in Norfolk, later became and is now the Moses Myers House/Chrysler Museum of Art, and Myers has served as an Advisory Committee Board Member to the museum since 1999.

His grandfather (also named Barton Myers, 1853-1927) was a former Mayor of Norfolk, Virginia, and served on the board of the Jamestown Exposition in 1907.  In 2007, the Chrysler Museum of Art mounted an exhibition about his significant contributions to Norfolk, Virginia at the Moses Myers House.

Myers graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and served as a jet fighter pilot for five years in the United States Air Force, based first in the western United States and then (for three years) in the United Kingdom.  He attended architecture courses at Oxford and at Cambridge University, and returned to the United States to study architecture. He received his Master of Architecture degree from the University of Pennsylvania and subsequently worked with Louis Kahn from 1964 to 1966.

Architectural practice

He established his own practice in Toronto in 1968, and was principal in the firm of Diamond and Myers until 1975, when he formed Barton Myers Associates in Toronto. In 1984, he opened an office in Westwood, Los Angeles, which is now the firm's base.

In 1986, Myers was the recipient of the first Toronto Arts Award for Architecture in recognition of his contribution to the city and, in 1994, he received the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Gold Medal.  In 2002, he was awarded the American Institute of Architects, Los Angeles Chapter Gold Medal. He is also a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA), "one of Canada's most enduring cultural institutions." Founded in 1880, the RCA celebrates the exceptional achievements of professionals working in Canada in multiple disciplines and under the patronage of the Governor General of Canada.

Myers taught architecture and planning at both the University of Toronto and the University of Waterloo.  He has also served as the Thomas Jefferson Professor at the University of Virginia, the Graham Professor at the University of Pennsylvania and has been a Visiting Professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.  He has held a continuing appointment as Professor of Architecture at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Architecture and Urban Design since 1980.

In 1994, Barton Myers' architectural body of work was published as part of the "Masters of Architecture" book series. Mainly in colour, the Myers monograph contains 52 projects illustrated with over 350 photographs. Other volumes in this series include: Norman Foster, Cesar Pelli, Murphy/Jahn, Peter Eisenman, Terry Farrell, Arup, Kisho Kurokawa  and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

Design themes

One of the themes running through Myers' work is the theme of urban consolidation. The infill projects he completed in Toronto (Dundas Sherbourne Housing and Hydro Block Housing) served as prototypes for an even distribution of urban density seen in Europe and earlier in his hometown of Norfolk, opposing the increasing trend of dense, high-rise city centers surrounded by urban sprawl, exemplified by cities like Dallas. His philosophy of urban renewal was published in "Vacant Lottery", with University of Toronto professor George Baird. It led to a renewed interest in city planning and offered a strategy for increasing population densities within cities while preserving the existing residential fabric.

Another architectural theme that Myers helped reintroduce to North American architecture is the idea of the urban room. Myers believes that the success of a building lies in its ability to define the surrounding streets, squares, forecourts and courtyards that make cities livable. This idea is evidenced in many of Myers' designs, including the Phoenix Municipal Government Center, Woodsworth College, New Jersey Performing Arts Center, and the Art Gallery of Ontario Stage III Expansion.

Myers' work often makes use of off-the-shelf components, or ready-made industrial products that can be readily assembled on site. His early studies with steel and aluminum products with companies such as DOFASCO and Steclo resulted in prototypes for mass-produced housing. The factory produced steel houses built in Hamilton, Ontario, by DOFASCO (1971) are still standing and in good condition. Myers continued this exploration of off-the-shelf components with the Wolf House, Toronto, (1974) and commercial projects such as the Alcan office headquarters in Toronto. This exploration has been constant throughout his career and can be seen in projects ranging from single family residential to large civic developments. As of 2007, four of Myers' steel house projects have been built and continue to be recognized by architectural peers for their innovation. In 2006, Barton Myers wrote a book "3 Steel Houses" which chronicles his explorations of steel house design throughout his career and its historical context.

Myers' work is also identifiable by his commitment to adaptive reuse and his approach to old/new architectural combinations. His sensitivity to the existing urban fabric supports the idea that additions should openly relate to the existing structure and context rather than mimic architectural style. The Myers residence (1971) became an architectural example for modernist infill housing relating to the historic Victorian neighborhood. Later in his career, Myers' work in adaptive reuse was honored by the California Preservation Foundation in 2002 for a modern steel and glass addition to the Sacramento Hall of Justice, an example of early Beaux-Arts Classicism in Sacramento.

In 2007, the design of Myers' House in West Los Angeles was honored with the highest level of award by the American Institute of Architects, Los Angeles. The jury referred to the house as "the most promising concept in residential". This work continues 30 years of research in steel house design, first inspired by Myers' early experiences on naval aircraft carriers, and the work of Charles Eames, Le Corbusier, Rudolph Schindler and Pierre Koenig. In 2007, Myers' Wolf House was awarded the Prix du XXe siècle from the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada which "recognizes the enduring excellence of nationally significant architecture, such as landmark buildings in the historical context of Canadian Architecture".

Myer's design for the Seagram Museum in Waterloo, Ontario, was considered an "icon of Canadian Postmodernism and initiated a metamorphosis of the area."

Contributions to Post-Secondary Institutions

Myers has taught architecture and lectured at Colleges and Universities since 1969, mentoring a generation of North American architects and planners. Over his career, he has contributed to the growth, planning and development of major academic institutions. Many of these institutions exemplify the core principles inherent in Myers' work and design philosophy.
His campus contributions include:
 Carroll Community College; (Master Plan)
 University of California, Santa Barbara; (Campus Planning)
 University of Cincinnati; (Calhoun Street Mixed-Use design)
 University of Alberta Edmonton; (Long-Range Development Plan, Housing Union Building and Continuing Consultant 1975-1978)
 University of California, Los Angeles; (Northwest Campus Plan, Housing and Commons & West Campus Plan)
 University of California, San Diego; (Scripps Institution of Oceanography)
 University of Maryland, Baltimore; (Master Plan)
 University of New Mexico Albuquerque; (Campus Development Plan & West Campus Plan)
 University of Southern California; (Educational Services Building design)
 University of Toronto; (Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto)
 University of Virginia Charlottesville; (performing arts center and McIntire School of Music plan)
 Woodsworth College, University of Toronto; (new academic facilities)
 York University, Toronto; (Fine Arts Centre expansion)

Projects (partial listing)

 1967: STELCO Catalog Housing; early study of mass-produced steel housing.
 1971: Myers Residence, Toronto, ON; demonstrates the feasibility of infilling a narrow urban lot,  by
 1971: DOFASCO Housing, Hamilton, ON; early assembly line steel housing project
 1973: Housing Union Building (HUB Residence), University of Alberta; a  long, climate-controlled galleria became a widely emulated prototype for cold Canadian climates.
 1974: Wolf House, Toronto, ON; Architectural Record house, 1977, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada 2007 Prix du XXe Siècle Award, RAIC Centennial
 1976: Innis College, Toronto, ON; old/new combination with atrium connection (with (Jack Diamond)
 1976: Dundas Sherbourne Infill Housing, Toronto, ON; the first housing development undertaken by the City of Toronto's Non-Profit Housing Corporation, and the first infill housing scheme to be constructed in Toronto
 1976: Citadel Theatre, Edmonton, AB; Canadian Governor General's Medal for Architecture, 1986 (Diamond, Myers and Wilkin Architects)
 1980: Alcan Offices, Toronto, ON; Architectural Record, Record Interiors, 1981
 1980: Grand Avenue / Bunker Hill, Los Angeles, California Master Plan; directed a team of ten leading architects and planners including Harvey S. Perloff, Lawrence Halprin, Cesar Pelli, Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer, KDG Architecture, Frank Gehry & Krueger, Legorreta Arquitectos, Edgardo Contini and Charles Willard Moore, and Urban Innovations Group
 1983: Seagram Museum, Waterloo ON; Canadian Governor General's Medal for Architecture, 1986
 1984: Unionville Library, Unionville, Ontario; serves as the major cultural facility and is a classic example of postmodernism in architecture
 1985: Phoenix Municipal Government Center. Phoenix, AZ; Canadian Architect, Award of Excellence, 1988
 1985: Canadian Broadcasting Centre Development/Design Guidelines, Toronto; studio facilities were programmed on the building's top floors.
 1985: University of New Mexico Campus Development Plan, Albuquerque, New Mexico; 25-year physical development plan to accommodate 7,000 to 10,000 new students and approximately  of new development
 1985 Stratford Festival Theatre Expansion, ON; modern addition for the theater housing the Stratford Festival of Canada
 1987: Hasbro Inc. Showrooms and Offices, New York, NY; new home for the toy manufacturer's showrooms and executive offices in the shell of a cast iron department store (Stern's, 1896)
 1987: Portland Center for the Performing Arts, Portland, OR; United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) Merit Award, 1994 (with Boora Architects and ELS Architects)
 1988: Calgary Olympic Arch Artwork, AB;  one of several arch artworks created in honor of the 1988 Winter Olympics
 1989: United States Pavilion, Expo '92, Seville, Spain; first all-California design team to represent the United States at an Exposition or World's Fair
 1992: UCLA Northwest Campus Master Plan; Commons, and Residence Buildings major campus addition completed in association with Antoine Predock; Esherick Homsey Dodge & Davis; and Gensler and Associates
 1992: Woodsworth College, University of Toronto, ON; Canadian Governor General's Medal for Architecture, 1992 (with KPMB)
 1993: Cerritos Center for the Performing Arts, Cerritos, CA; United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) Honor Award, 1994; first multi-form theater in the world at a scale of 900-2000 seats
 1993: Art Gallery of Ontario, Stage III Expansion; American Institute of Architects, California Council Design Award, 1993
 1994: Ivan Reitman Production Offices, Los Angeles, CA; American Institute of Architects, San Fernando Chapter Design Award, 1997
 1997: New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark, NJ; United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) Merit Award, 2000
 1998: University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California; 27,000 gsf research facility with eight laboratories, staff offices, lab support offices, seminar rooms, and conference room
 1999: House and Studio at Toro Canyon, Montecito, CA; American Institute of Architects Housing PIA Award, Innovation in Housing Design, 2002
 2001: Maverick Records Offices, Beverly Hills, CA; 10,000 sf of executive and creative offices for record label founded by Madonna, Frederick DeMann, Ronnie Dashev
 2001: 9350 Civic Center Drive, Beverly Hills, CA; American Institute of Architects, California Council Merit Award, 2003
 2004: Intermedia (production company) Offices, Beverly Hills, CA; interior offices for the film production company at 9350 Civic Center Drive
 2007: Tempe Center for the Arts, Tempe, AZ; (with Architekton)
 2014: Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando, FL; (with HKS & Baker Barrios)

Exhibitions (partial listing)
 2007  "Architecture of the Now and NEXT" Broad Center at UCLA, AIA/LA Awards (28/06/07-15/07/07)
 2007  Festival of Architecture, Toronto, May 9-12th (Royal Architectural Institute of Canada's Prix du XXe Siècle Award)
 2006  "West Coast Residential; The Contemporary and the Modern" A+D Museum, Los Angeles, CA (10/27/06–01/05/07).
 2006  "The Architecture of the Theater: Learning From Italy" Istituto Italiano di Cultura, Los Angeles, CA (9/20/06–10/20/06).
 2005  "Forever Modern: 50 Years of Record Houses" Pratt Manhattan Gallery, Pratt Institute, New York, NY.
 2005  "Forever Modern: 50 Years of Record Houses "Forever Modern: 50 Years of Record Houses, AIA Boston, MA.
 2005  13 Los Angeles Architects, Design Within Reach, Los Angeles
 2005  34 Los Angeles Architects, A+D Museum, Los Angeles
 2002  "3 Steel Houses" UCLA School of Architecture
 2001  "3 Steel Houses" University Art Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara (04/10–06/17)
 2000  International Bi-Annual Architecture Exhibition, São Paulo, Brazil.
 2000  "[Re]Visioning Chapala; Architects Imagine 21st century Santa Barbara, University Art Museum, UCSB (July 29 - Sept. 3)
 1998  The 1998 American Architecture Awards. The Chicago Athenaeum - Museum of Architecture & Design. June 8–August 16th, May 2–Jan. 3.
 1998  "Building Culture Downtown," New Ways of Revitalizing the American City, National Building Museum, Washington DC.
 1997  The Chicago Athenaeum, Frank E. Moss Courthouse Design Competition and New San Diego Federal Courthouse
 1995  Royal Institute of British Architects, Manchester City Art Gallery Competition Exhibition
 1994  United States Institute of Theatre Technology, Prague Exhibition
 1991  "The Competition for the United States Pavilion, Expo '92, Seville, Spain," Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California, Los Angeles
 1990  Mandeville Gallery, University of California, San Diego Exhibition of Phoenix Municipal Government Center model and drawings
 1988  Architecture of Democracy, Phoenix Municipal Government Center, Wight Art Gallery, University of California, San Diego
 1987  Reconnaitre Le Corbusier, Faculty of Architecture Gallery, University of Toronto
 1987  Koplin Gallery, Los Angeles, Barton Myers Associates:  Show of Models, Drawings and Sketches
 1987  Phoenix City Hall Competition, Wight Gallery, UCLA
 1986  A Measure of Consensus:  Canadian Architecture in Transition; Vancouver, New York, Toronto, Montréal
 1985  Architects' Drawings; The Charles H. Scott Gallery, Emily Carr College of Art and Design, Vancouver
 1985  Recent Work; Clare Hall, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England
 1984  Monument: Manifestation on Dealing with Ancient, Monuments Now; Studium Generale, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, The Netherlands
 1984  Dreams of Development; The Market Gallery, Toronto
 1983  The Urban Solution: Toronto Life; Sable Castelli Gallery, Toronto
 1983  Fresh Frontiers: Canadian Architects Abroad; The Art Gallery at Harbourfront, Toronto
 1983  Seagram Museum Exhibit: School of Architecture; University of Toronto
 1983  Aesthetics for the Cold; Hallwalls Gallery, Buffalo
 1982  Major projects, Canada in Berlin; Akademie der Kunste, West Berlin
 1982  A Design Process, A Grand Avenue; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
 1982  Exhibition of design drawings; Noval Gallery, Vancouver League of Architects, Vancouver
 1980  Exhibition of Selected Projects; the School of Architecture, University of Toronto
 1980  Ghent Square; the Canadian National Exhibition sponsored by the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
 1980  Selected Works; Walker Art Center, as published by City Segments
 1980  The Work of Barton Myers as published in Design Quarterly No.108, UCLA
 1979  Exhibition of Drawings; Ballenford Architectural Books
 1979  Architectural Awareness Week, Queen's Park, Toronto
 1974  Perspectus '74, Exhibition of City of Toronto Planning and Architecture, Toronto Chapter of Architects, David Mirvish Gallery
 1974  Housing Union Building, Walker Art Gallery, Minneapolis
 1974  Dundas/Sherbourne, City Hall, Toronto
 1973  Work of Diamond and Myers at School of Architecture, University of Toronto
 1973  "Exploring Toronto", Toronto Chapter of Architects, Nathan Phillips Square

Television features

 2000  HGTV (Home & Garden Television) "Water"
 2000  House Beautiful A&E (Arts & Entertainment)
 2000  HGTV (Home & Garden Television.) "21st century Homes"
 1998  Canadian Television : The Wolf House Revisited.
 1997  "Great Performances", The New Jersey Performing Arts Center Opening Night Gala Celebration. KCET, February 13, 1997. New Stage.
 1997  "New Stage for a City", A Special Production of "State of the Arts," NJN/New Jersey Public Television.
 1991  City Television: Fashion T.V.:  Architect
 1979  Channel 19 Urban Renewal Program
 1977  CBC Money Makers
 1974-75  CBC Consultant Urban Programs
 1973  CITY Money Game CITY Home Show
 1972  CTV "The Human Journey" series -  Where We Live
 1972  CBC "The Man at the Centre" - Urban Open Spaces
 1971  CTV "People Worth Knowing"
 1971  CBC "Man at the Centre" - City Streets

Books (partial listing)

 "West Coast Residential: The Modern and the Contemporary" by Greg Bellerby (Jan. 2007).
 "3 Steel Houses" by Barton Myers (June 2006), Images Publishing, 128 pages.
 "Modern American Houses" by Clifford A. Pearson (Oct. 2005), pp. 126–129.
 "Up North: Where Canada's Architecture Meets the Land" by Lisa Rochon (Aug. 2004), Key Porter Books, pp. 139, 145-146, 148, 168, 215-216, 239, 253, 254-255.
 "Brave New Houses; Adventures in California Living" by Michael Webb (2003), Rizzoli, New York, pp 156–163.
 "House: American Houses for the New Century" by Raul A. Barreneche, & Cathy Lang Ho (2001) Universe Publishers, pp. 64–73
 "New Stage for a City: Designing the New Jersey Performing Arts Center" Michael Webb (1998) Images Publishing Group, 128 pages.
 "Museum Architecture" by Justin Henderson (1998). Rockport Publishers, Inc., pp. 24–31.
 "Interior Spaces of the USA: A Pictorial Review of Significant Interiors". Volume 3, (1997) Images Publishing Group, pp. 190–191.
 "On Stage: Super Structures" by Phillip Wilkinson (1996) Dorling Kindersley Ltd., pp. 14–15.
 Masters of Architecture Series: "Barton Myers Selected and Current Works" by Barton Myers and Stephen Dobney, Images Publishing Group. (1994) 256 pages.
 "Sourcebook of Contemporary North American Architecture" by Sylvia Hart Wright (1989), pp. 24–25, 89.
 "Educational Spaces: A Pictorial Review of Significant Spaces" by Antique Collectors Club, (1999), pp 132–135, 192-193.
 "25 Years of Record Houses" by Herbert L. Smith (1984). McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 96–99.
 "Contemporary Canadian Architecture, The Mainstream and Beyond" by Ruth Cawker and William Bernstein (1983), Architectural Book Pub., pp. 188–191, back cover.
 "Vacant Lottery" by Barton Myers & George Baird (1978) Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, 51 pages.
 "Glass House"  John Hix (1974), Phaidon Press: London, pp. 177, 179.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

External links
 Biography citing importance of the Wolf House and others
 Governor General's MedalsPast Recipients
 Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
 Barton Myers Associates, Inc.
 3 Steel Houses Exhibition review
 The Empire Club of Canada on Barton Myers
 Unionville Library

References

Barton Myers buildings
1934 births
American architects
Canadian architects
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Modernist architects
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Virginia faculty
Harvard University staff
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Living people
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture faculty

Barton Myers


The Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function is a zeta function encoding the eigenvalues of the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian manifold. It was  introduced by . The case of a compact region of the plane was treated earlier by .

Definition

For a compact Riemannian manifold M of dimension N with eigenvalues
  of the Laplace–Beltrami operator , the zeta function is given for  sufficiently large by

(where if an eigenvalue is zero it is omitted in the sum). The manifold may have a boundary, in which case one has to prescribe suitable boundary conditions, such as Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions.

More generally one can define

for P and Q on the manifold, where the  are normalized eigenfunctions. This can be analytically continued to a meromorphic function of s for all complex s, and is holomorphic for .

The only possible poles are simple poles at the points  for N odd, and  at the points  for N even. If N is odd then  vanishes at .  If N is even, the residues at the poles can be explicitly found in terms of the metric, and by the Wiener–Ikehara theorem we find as a corollary the relation

,

where the symbol  indicates that the quotient of both the sides tend to 1 when T tends to .

The function  can be recovered from  by integrating over the whole manifold M:
.

Heat kernel

The analytic continuation of the zeta function can be found by expressing it in terms of the heat kernel

as the Mellin transform

In particular, we have

where

is the trace of the heat kernel.

The poles of the zeta function can be found from the asymptotic behavior of the heat kernel as t→0.

Example

If the manifold is a circle of dimension N=1, then the eigenvalues of the Laplacian are n2 for integers n. The zeta function

where ζ is the Riemann zeta function.

Applications

Apply the method of heat kernel to asymptotic expansion for Riemannian manifold (M,g) we obtain the two following theorems. Both are the resolutions of the inverse problem in which we get the geometric properties or quantities from spectra of the operators.

1) Minakshisundaram–Pleijel Asymptotic Expansion

Let (M,g) be an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold. Then, as t→0+, the trace of the heat kernel has an asymptotic expansion of the form:

In dim=2, this means that the integral of scalar curvature tells us the Euler characteristic of M, by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

In particular,

where S(x) is scalar curvature, the trace of the Ricci curvature, on M.

2) Weyl Asymptotic Formula
Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold, with eigenvalues

with each distinct eigenvalue repeated with its multiplicity. Define N(λ) to be the number of eigenvalues less than or equal to , and let  denote the volume of the unit disk in . Then

as . Additionally, as ,

This is also called Weyl's law, refined from the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel asymptotic expansion.

References

Harmonic analysis
Differential geometry
Zeta and L-functions

Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function


De Westereen (sometimes referred to as De Westerein in West Frisian and as Zwaagwesteinde in Dutch) is a village in the Dantumadiel municipality of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 5,000 in 2017.

History
De Westereen lies on the edge of the clay ridge of Kollum and Kollumersweach. The place name refers to the fact it lies on the western end of it, on the edge of lower-lying peat area. In 1503 the place was mentioned as Westereynde, in 1511 as Op eijnd, Swaga west eijnd, in 1573 as Westen Eijnde, in 1718 as Swaagwesterend and in 1786 as Zwaag-Westeinde. Zwaag refers to the land where cattle were kept, the pasture.

In the 18th century the village grew on the northern side on the peatland, which was cultivated at that time. Most dwellings of this extension were heather and turf huts. The number of the huts grew quickly beyond the number of the already existing small forest farms the on Foarstrjitte that where there when they started the cultivation of the peatland. In the 20th century all of the huts were replaced with stone houses, most of them pretty small. The last turf hut, in Dutch called spitketen was torn down in 1939.

The village was well into the 20th century also well known for its peddlers, traveling vendors that went from door to door all over the north of the Netherlands. It was the peddler place of Friesland.

Up until 1 January 2009, the official name for the village was Zwaagwesteinde. In 2008 the municipality Dantumadiel decided that it was going the replace all the official Dutch names within the municipality with the West Frisian names. For Zwaagwesteinde it was decided the follow the name in the local form of the West Frisian language, De Westereen. In West Frisian the preferred spelling was until then De Westerein, which was on the town sign together with the Dutch name Zwaagwesteinde before the change. Today, the official name De Westereen is used in both standard West Frisian and Dutch.

References

Populated places in Friesland
Dantumadiel

De Westereen


Fuerte de Punta Carnero was a fort near Algeciras in Spain. It was built before 1735 and was destroyed in 1810 to deny it to the French. Today all that remains are ruined foundations which are a registered Bien de Interés Cultural landmark.

Description
The fort was part of a series built along the coast which were built in sight of one another as a result of the loss of Gibraltar in 1704. The forts were there to protect shipping and to deter any invasion by a British fort from the enclave of the Rock. This fort was at an important location as this is where the Bay of Gibraltar meets the rugged coast of the Strait of Gibraltar. This fort had a watchtower to enable signalling that was slightly higher on the 20 metre cliffs than the main battery. It was able to house twenty soldiers as well as an artillery officer, a sergeant and a corporal. In 1735 there were four guns and by 1796 there were five guns with two mortars. This was later extended to six 24 pounders.

The Spanish fortifications around Gibraltar were destroyed in 1810 to deny their use by Napoleon's forces. The fortifications around the bay were destroyed by Portuguese sailors shortly before the French cavalry arrived in nearby San Roque. The main Spanish lines were destroyed by the Commanding Royal Engineer in Gibraltar, Colonel Sir Charles Holloway, on 14 February 1810.

The remains of this fort were used to construct the lighthouse which is now the main building on this promontory. There are only a few walls remaining of the old fort.

References

Forts in Spain
Buildings and structures in Algeciras
Demolished buildings and structures in Spain
Buildings and structures completed in 1730
Buildings and structures in Spain demolished during the Peninsular War
Former military installations
Buildings and structures demolished in 1810
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Cádiz
1810 disestablishments

Fuerte de Punta Carnero


San Jose Island or San José Island (also known as Saint Joseph Island) is a barrier island on the Gulf Coast of Texas in the United States.

 long and  wide. The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with the Gulf of Mexico on the east and south, Aransas Bay on the west, and Mesquite Bay on the north.  At the southern end of the island is Aransas Pass (not to be confused with the City of Aransas Pass which is on the mainland), beyond which is Mustang Island and the town of Port Aransas. Aransas Pass is protected by jetties extending into the Gulf from both Mustang Island and San José Island.  The island's northern end used to be separated from Matagorda Island by Cedar Bayou. Cedar Bayou does not run freely through the two islands any longer.

History

On July 26, 1845, Lt. Chandler of the USS Alabama waded ashore and planted the first American flag to fly over Texas territory on a sand dune on San Jose Island. Units of the Third Infantry established a small military town known as Aransas. A stagecoach service brought passengers, goods and mail to the town, and a ferry connected the island with the mainland. During the American Civil War, the Union Army removed livestock from the island and assaulted the town of Aransas, of which no obvious trace today remains. After the war, the island's sole town ceased to exist, and it became an exclusive hunting and fishing resort.

It was purchased by Texas oilman Sid W. Richardson and used as his private island. On it he built a lavish hunting lodge at great expense, to which prominent businessmen and politicians, including then Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, were invited.

In late August 2017, the southern part of the island was affected by Hurricane Harvey as the storm reached peak intensity.

References

Other sources

 San José Island sea kayaking map

External links

Barrier islands of Texas
Landforms of Aransas County, Texas
Private islands of the United States

San José Island (Texas)


The Fender Aerodyne Jazz Bass is an electric bass guitar created by Fender and was first introduced at Winter NAMM 2003.
In 2022, Fender discontinued the Aerodyne after nearly 20 years of production.

The Aerodyne Jazz Bass is usually equipped with a split single-coil 'p-bass' pickup at the mid position and a single-coil pickup from a Jazz Bass at the bridge position.  A number of Japanese domestic market 'non-export' models also come in a standard Jazz Bass' configuration. The bass is fitted with one volume knob per pickup, plus a master tone knob.  The body outline is shaped like the Jazz Bass, though substantially lighter (the Aerodyne Jazz Bass weighs about 7 pounds, compared to the 10 pounds of the standard Jazz Bass).  It's also slightly thinner than a traditional Jazz Bass body, due to its unusual 39 inch top radius unique to the Aerodyne series. The radius of the top means that the bridge is actually inset slightly into the top of the body. The Aerodyne Jazz Bass has a standard 1.5 inch nut width, a very slim "C" shaped neck and 20 medium jumbo frets.

The Aerodyne Jazz Bass has various cosmetic features that differ greatly from similar Fender basses.  The 'export model' is only available in black, with a matching black headstock facing, smoked chrome hardware and no pickguard. The neck features dot inlays, but only on the side; the fretboard has no markers on the front.  There is cream binding that goes around the front perimeter of the body and newer instruments have a Stratocaster output jack while the earlier instruments have a quarter-inch jack mounted directly in the wood on top of the body.

Fender Aerodyne Classic Precision Bass Special

This variant has a radiused, carved basswood Precision Bass body with cream binding and flamed maple top, P/J pickups, Jazz Bass neck with a 20-fret stained rosewood fingerboard with aged pearloid dot inlays, matching headstock and a 3-ply white pickguard. It was introduced in 2006, and was offered in Natural, Blue, and Crimson Red Transparent finishes.

Fender Aerodyne Jazz Bass (Japan non export model)

This version of the Aerodyne Jazz features a radiused, carved basswood Jazz Bass body with cream binding in a non transparent finish, matching painted headstock, "C" shape Jazz Bass neck with a 20-fret stained rosewood fingerboard with aged pearloid dot inlays, P/J pickups, a 3-ply black/white/black pickguard, and a chrome Jazz style control plate with chrome knobs and output jack.  It was introduced in 2006 as a Japanese non export model, available in Black, Dolphin Grey (metallic), Old Candy Apple Red (metallic), Lake Placid Blue and Cream (with black bindings).

Fender Aerodyne Medium Scale Jazz Bass (Japan non export model)

This version of the Aerodyne Jazz is similar to the other Japan non-export models, except that it has two (DiMarzio-designed, but manufactured in Japan) J-style pickups instead of a stock P/J pickup configuration. It also has a medium 32"-scale length (812,8 mm) which plays just like a regular Jazz Bass with a capo at the first fret. The medium scale permits the use of slightly heavier gauge strings while retaining the same "feel" (string tension) as a standard long 34"-scale bass. Production of this model began in 2003 (prior to the introduction of the USA model) and the earliest examples had the model number AJB-90M/DJ. In 2007, the medium scale bass acquired the model number AJB-M/DJ and was offered in Black, Olympic White and Gun Metal Blue. Discontinued in early 2008.

References
 Fender Aerodyne Jazz Bass Product Description
 Fender Japan Aerodyne Jazz Bass Medium Product Description Fender Japan
 Aerodyne Jazz Bass NAMM show announcement (January 2003) Harmony-Central

External links
Fender Official Website

Literature
Peter Bertges: The Fender Reference; Bomots, Saarbrücken 2007,

Aerodyne Jazz Bass
2003 musical instruments
Musical instruments invented in the 2000s

Fender Aerodyne Jazz Bass


Catherine Isabel "Cath" Kidston (born 6 November 1958) is a British fashion designer, businesswoman and writer.

She owns the company Cath Kidston Limited. The company sells home furnishings and other goods. They sell in shops, online and by mail order. The company was valued at £75000000 in February 2010.

Kidston is known for designing floral patterns. She has written several books.

Personal life
Kidston grew up in Hampshire. She went to a boarding school. When she was 18, she moved to London. She worked for the socialite Nicky Haslam. She later set up an interior design business with a friend. Next, she opened her own shop.

Kidston is related to nobility. Her uncle is Charles Allsop, the 6th Baron Hindlip. He used to be chairman of Christie's. His daughters are The Honourable Kirstie Allsopp and The Hon. Sofie Allsopp. They work as television presenters. They are Kidston's cousins. Both of her parents died of cancer,. Kidston had breast cancer when she was 37 and has since recovered. Kidston's partner is record producer Hugh Padgham,. They met when she worked as his decorator. They have a home beside the Thames in West London and another home in Gloucestershire. She has a step-daughter. She is dyslexic.

Shops

Kidston opened her first shop after recovering from breast cancer. It was in London's Holland Park. It opened in 1993. The shop sold hand-embroidered teatowels and brightly renovated furniture. Kidston later described it as a "glorified junk shop". As of April 2011, she has 41 shops and concessions in the United Kingdom. There are two more in Ireland, eleven in Japan are three in Korea. More shops are due to open in Japan and Korea.

Kidston was on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs programme.

References

Other websites
 Cath Kidston Limited
 Flickr group with `pictures of Cath Kidston products

British fashion designers
English businesspeople
Writers from Hampshire
Writers from London
1958 births
Living people

Cath Kidston


In mathematics, formal moduli are an aspect of the theory of moduli spaces (of algebraic varieties or vector bundles, for example), closely linked to deformation theory and formal geometry. Roughly speaking, deformation theory can provide the Taylor polynomial level of information about deformations, while formal moduli theory can assemble consistent Taylor polynomials to make a formal power series theory. The step to moduli spaces, properly speaking, is an algebraization question, and has been largely put on a firm basis by Artin's approximation theorem.

A formal universal deformation is by definition a formal scheme over a complete local ring, with special fiber the scheme over a field being studied, and with a universal property amongst such set-ups. The local ring in question is then the carrier of the formal moduli.

References

Moduli theory
Algebraic geometry
Geometric algebra

Formal moduli


Samuel Simms (1784 – 1868) was an English organist and composer.

Background

He was born in 1784, the son of John Simms (1744 - 1824) and his wife, Latitia Rogers. Samuel Simms was esteemed one of the finest organists of his time, and many of his siblings held musical posts in the Midlands.

In 1805 he was a candidate for the post of organist at St. Alkmund's Church, Whitchurch, Shropshire, but the conditions were so unsatisfactory that only three of those assembled would compete. He finally settled at St Thomas' Church, Stourbridge, and held the position for half a century until his death.

In 1863 there was an attempt to force him to resign on a pension of £15 (equivalent to £ in )  per annum, at the instigation of the either the minister or some of the congregation. The exact complaint against him is not substantiated, but suggested to be related to the performance of his duties. He did however, command support from former pupils who rose to his defence.

His son, Samuel Simms (1836-1885) succeeded him at Stourbridge.

Appointments

Organist of St Thomas' Church, Stourbridge 1809 - 1868

Compositions

His compositions included organ and pianoforte pieces.

References

1784 births
1868 deaths
English organists
British male organists
English composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
19th-century organists

Samuel Simms the elder


One of the strangest events takes place around Akita.  It is called Namahage.  Namahage is a traditional culture in Akita prefecture.  The main event of namahage is very terrible for children.  The frightfully dressed men portray Namahage equipped with masks, knives and traditional capes made of straw during a New Year's ritual of the Oga peninsula.

On New Year's Eve, they march along a street and make inhabitants go back to their homes. Then they visit houses door to door, scolding children who may be guilty of laziness or bad behavior.

The Purpose of Namahage
One of the purposes is to advise children to obey their parents and to behave themselves.  They say  "Are there any crybabies around?" or "Are naughty kids around?" in the local dialect.  If parents want Namahage to encourage or tell off their children by giving a specific original way, parents can ask them in advance to give special lessons to their children.  It lasts until children heavily cry or leave their house.

Some researchers suggest that it relates to a belief in deities to take away bad luck and bring fortune for the new year. Meanwhile, others say it is an ancient agricultural custom.

The Actors Getting Older
Oga Peninsula's one is the most famous and was designated as an important intangible folk cultural property by the country in 1978.  It was once carried out in most villages on the peninsula, but gradually decreased.  According to Oga City, nearly half of the town associations didn't hold festivals in 2011.  Therefore, they established a subsidy system for the neighborhood association in the next year.  Its aim is to motivate people to implement Namahage, to inherit the tradition.

Nevertheless, only six local associations revived Namahage at the end of last year.  The biggest reason is the decrease in the number of young people who play the leading role.  So even 70s villagers are dressed up as Namahage.  Some citizens are concerned that the custom will inevitably be lost in the long run.

Covid19 Circumstance
This year, because of covid-19, almost all associations decided to call off the festival. While one of them implemented the festival taking countermeasures to prevent infection. In Kobukata area, actors did neither enter houses nor eat any alcohol or dishes which were yearly served as hospitality.  One of the actors said "The most important thing is how to maintain the traditional culture to a new era."  Thanks to their efforts, they could manage to maintain the tradition and take measures at the same time.

Akita Prefecture
Festivals in Japan
Shinto

Namahage


The rosyside dace (Clinostomus funduloides) is a species of cyprinid fish.

This fish is about 11 centimeters long. The lower parts of its sides are red, giving rise to its name, and the upper parts of its sides are dark green.

The rosyside dace is native to parts of the southeastern and eastern United States, including the Delaware River drainage, the Savannah River drainage, and the Ohio River basin. It is thought to have been introduced in western Virginia.

References

External links
FishBase: "Clinostoma funduloides Girard, 1856"

Clinostomus
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
Fish described in 1856

Rosyside dace


Kaija Anneli Saariaho (; ; 14 October 1952 – 2 June 2023) was a Finnish composer based in Paris, France. During the course of her career, Saariaho received commissions from the Lincoln Center for the Kronos Quartet and from IRCAM for the Ensemble Intercontemporain, the BBC, the New York Philharmonic, the Salzburg Music Festival, the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, and the Finnish National Opera, among others. In a 2019 composers' poll by BBC Music Magazine, Saariaho was ranked the greatest living composer.

Saariaho studied composition in Helsinki, Freiburg, and Paris, where she also lived since 1982. Her research at the Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music (IRCAM) marked a turning point in her music away from strict serialism towards spectralism. Her characteristically rich, polyphonic textures are often created by combining live music and electronics.

Life and work
Saariaho was born in Helsinki, Finland. She played violin, guitar and piano growing up, and received her primary and secondary education at a Steiner school. In university she studied first splitting her time between studying graphic design at the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture, piano at the Helsingin konservatorio and musicology at the University of Helsinki; and then she later studied composition at the Sibelius Academy under the guidance of Paavo Heininen. After attending the Darmstadt Summer Courses, she moved to Germany to study at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg under Brian Ferneyhough and Klaus Huber. She found her teachers' emphasis on strict serialism and mathematical structures stifling, saying in an interview:

In 1980, Saariaho went to the Darmstadt Summer Courses and attended a concert of the French spectralists Tristan Murail and Gerard Grisey. Hearing spectral music for the first time marked a profound shift in Saariaho's artistic direction. These experiences guided her decision to attend courses in computer music that were being given by IRCAM, the computer music research institute in Paris, by David Wessel, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, and Marc Battier.

In 1982, she began work at IRCAM researching computer analyses of the sound-spectrum of individual notes produced by different instruments. She developed techniques for computer-assisted composition, experimented with musique concrète, and wrote her first pieces combining live performance with electronics. She also composed new works using IRCAM's CHANT synthesiser. Each of her Jardin Secret trilogy was created with the use of computer programs. Jardin secret I (1985), Jardin secret II (1986), and Nymphea (Jardin secret III) (1987). Her works with electronics were developed in collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Barrière, a composer, multimedia artist, and computer scientist who directed the IRCAM's department of musical research from 1984 to 1987. Saariaho and Barrière married in 1984. They have two children.

In Paris, Saariaho developed an emphasis on slow transformations of dense masses of sound. Her first tape piece, Vers Le Blanc from 1982, and her orchestral and tape work, Verblendungen, are both constructed from a single transition: in Vers Le Blanc the transition is from one pitch cluster to another, while in Verblendungen, it is from loud to quiet. Verblendungen also uses a pair of visual ideas as its basis: a brush stroke which starts as a dense mark on the page and thins out into individual strands, and the word Verblendungen itself, which means "dazzlements, delusions, blindedness".

Her work in the 1980s and 1990s was marked by an emphasis on timbre and the use of electronics alongside traditional instruments. Nymphéa (Jardin secret III) (1987), for example, is for string quartet and live electronics and contains an additional vocal element: the musicians whisper the words of an Arseny Tarkovsky poem, Now Summer is Gone. In writing Nymphea, Saariaho used a fractal generator to create material. Writing about the compositional process, Saariaho said:

Saariaho often talked about having a kind of synaesthesia, one that involves all of the senses, saying:

Another example is Six Japanese Gardens (1994), a percussion piece accompanied by a prerecorded electronic layer of the Japanese nature, traditional instruments, and chanting of Buddhist monks. During her visit to Tokyo in 1993, she expanded her original percussion conception into a semi-indeterminate piece. It consists of six movements that each represent a garden composed of traditional Japanese architecture, by which she was inspired rhythmically. Especially in movement IV and V, she explored many possibilities of complex polyrhythm in liberated instrumentation. She said:

In her book on Saariaho, musicologist Pirkko Moisala writes about the indeterminate nature of this composition:

On 1 December 2016, the Metropolitan Opera gave its first performance of L'Amour de loin, the second opera by a female composer ever to be presented by the company (the first was performed more than a century earlier, in 1903). The subsequent transmission of the opera to cinema on 10 December 2016 as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD series marked the first opera by a female composer, and the first opera conducted by a female conductor (Susanna Mälkki), in the series. In 2002 the Santa Fe Opera presented L'Amour de Loin. In 2008, the Santa Fe Opera also presented her opera Adriana Mater.

Saariaho was the patron of the Helsinki Music Centre organ project and endowed the construction of a new organ in the Helsinki Music Centre with one million euros. She was also the chair of the International Kaija Saariaho Organ Composition Competition, which selected in April 2023 eleven compositions.

Saariaho was diagnosed with glioblastoma in February 2021. She died in Paris on 2 June 2023, at age 70.

Her very last work, 'HUSH', a concerto for trumpet and orchestra, was given its world premiere on 24 August 2023 at the Helsinki Music Centre with Verneri Pohjola and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Susanna Mälkki. While the premiere was posthumous, Saariaho had been able to hear the work herself at a rehearsal in the spring of 2023.

Awards and honours
 1986 – Kranichsteiner Prize at Darmstädter Ferienkurse
 1988 – Prix Italia for Stilleben
 1989 – Prix Ars Electronica for Stilleben and Io; one-year residency at the University of San Diego
 2000 – Nordic Council Music Prize for Lonh
 2003 – Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa by the Faculty of Arts, University of Turku
 2003 – Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa by the Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki
 2003 – University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for L'Amour de loin
 2008 – Musical America "Musician of the Year 2008"
 2009 – Wihuri Sibelius Prize
 2010 – invited by Walter Fink to be the 20th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival; the second female composer after Sofia Gubaidulina.
 2011 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize
 2011 – Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording (L'amour de loin)
 2013 – Polar Music Prize
 2017 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Contemporary Music
 2021 – Leone d'oro di Venezia, Biennale della Musica Contemporanea

Selected works

Saariaho's works include:

 Verblendungen (1984; orchestra, electronics)
 Lichtbogen (1986; flute, percussion, piano, harp, strings, live electronics)
 Io (1987; large ensemble, electronics)
 Nymphéa (1987; string quartet, electronics)
 Petals (1988; cello, electronics)
 Du cristal... (1989; orchestra, live electronics)
 ...à la Fumée (1990; solo alto flute and cello, orchestra)
 NoaNoa (1992; flute, live electronics)
 Graal théâtre (1994; violin, orchestra)
 Folia (1995; double bass, live electronics)
 Oltra Mar (1999; chorus and orchestra)
 L'Amour de loin (2000; opera)
 Sept Papillons (2000; solo cello)
 Orion (2002; orchestra)
 Asteroid 4179: Toutatis (2005; orchestra)
 La Passion de Simone (2006; oratorio/opera)
 Adriana Mater (2006; opera, libretto by Amin Maalouf)
 Notes on Light (2006; cello concerto)
 Terra Memoria (2007; string quartet)
 Laterna Magica (2008; orchestra)
 Émilie (2010; opera)
 D'Om le Vrai Sens (2010; clarinet concerto)
 Circle Map (2012; orchestra)
 Maan varjot ("Earth's Shadows") (2013; organ and orchestra)
 True Fire (2014; baritone and orchestra)
 Trans (2015; harp concerto)
 Only The Sound Remains (2015; Always Strong and Feather Mantle)
 Innocence (2018; opera)

Selected recordings
 Graal Théâtre – Gidon Kremer; BBC Symphony Orchestra; Esa-Pekka Salonen – Sony SK60817
 L'Amour de loin – Gerald Finley; Dawn Upshaw; Finnish National Opera; Esa-Pekka Salonen – Deutsche Grammophon DVD 00440 073 40264
 Nymphéa – Cikada String Quartet – ECM New Series 472 4222

References

External links

 Saariaho, Kaija (1952–) at National Biography of Finland
 Chester Music Composer's homepage
 CompositionToday – Saariaho article and review of works
 Kaija Saariaho – Virtual International Philharmonic
 2003 – Kaija Saariaho. Grawemeyer Foundation page on Kaija Saariaho.
 2003 honorary degree recipients  at University of Turku
 English language biography of Jean-Baptiste Barrière
 Iitti, Sanna: "Kaija Saariaho: Stylistic Development and Artistic Principles." International Alliance for Women in Music Journal, 2001.

 Seter, Ronit: Saariaho's L'amour de loin: First Woman Composer in a Century at the Metropolitan Opera. Musicology Now (American Musicological Society's blog), 15 June 2016.
 Seter, Roni: Getting Close with Saariaho and L'amour de loin. NewMusicBox, 2 December 2016.
 Fiilin, Teemu: Kaija Saariaho voted greatest living composer by BBC Music Magazine. Music Finland, 13 November 2019.

1952 births
2023 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Finnish composers
20th-century Finnish women musicians
20th-century women composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century Finnish composers
21st-century Finnish women musicians
21st-century women composers
Cedille Records artists
Deaths from brain cancer in France
Deaths from glioblastoma
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Finnish classical composers
Finnish expatriates in France
Finnish opera composers
Finnish women classical composers
Grammy Award winners
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Microtonal composers
Musicians from Helsinki
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Rolf Schock Prize laureates
Sibelius Academy alumni
Waldorf school alumni
Women classical composers
Women in classical music
Women in electronic music
Women opera composers

Kaija Saariaho