Charles Otis Whitman (December 6, 1842 – December 14, 1910) was an American zoologist, who was influential to the founding of classical ethology (study of animal behavior). A dedicated educator who preferred to teach a few research students at a time, he made major contributions in the areas of evolution and embryology of worms, comparative anatomy, heredity, and animal behaviour. He was known as the "Father of Zoology" in Japan.

Biography

Whitman was born in Woodstock, Maine. His parents were Adventist pacifists and prevented his efforts to enlist in the Union army in 1862. He worked as a part-time teacher and converted to Unitarianism. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1868. Following graduation, Whitman became principal of the Westford Academy, a small Unitarian-oriented college preparatory school outside Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1872 he moved to Boston and after becoming a member of the Boston Society of Natural History in 1874, he decided to study zoology full-time. In 1875, he took a leave of absence and went to the University of Leipzig in Germany to complete a Ph.D. which he obtained in 1878.

A year later he received a postdoctoral fellowship at the Johns Hopkins University, but immediately gave it up when after being recommended by noted biologist Edward Sylvester Morse, he was hired by the Japanese government to succeed Morse as professor at the Tokyo Imperial University from 1879 to 1881.  Influenced by his training in Germany, he introduced systematic methods of biological research, including the use of the microscope.

After leaving Japan, Whitman performed research at the Naples Zoological Station (1882), became an assistant at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (1883–5), then directed the Allis Lake Laboratory, in Milwaukee (1886–9), where he founded the Journal of Morphology (1887).

In 1884, Whitman married Emily Nunn. He moved to Clark University (Worcester, Massachusetts) (1889–92), then became a professor and curator of the Zoological Museum at the University of Chicago (1892–1910), while concurrently serving as founding director of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (1888–1908).   During the 1880s, Whitman established himself as the central figure of academic biology in the United States. He systematized the procedures that European anatomists and zoologists had gradually developed over the past two decades.

Over the course of his career, Whitman worked with more than 700 species of pigeons, studying the relationship between phenotypic variation and heredity. By the turn of the 20th century, the last group of passenger pigeons, all descended from the same pair, was kept by Whitman at the University of Chicago. The last attempt to breed the remaining specimens was done by Whitman and the Cincinnati Zoo, which included attempts at making a rock dove foster passenger pigeon eggs. Whitman sent Martha, which was to be the last known specimen, to Cincinnati Zoo in 1902.

In December 1910, however, he caught a chill and died a few days later.

Whitman was a non-Darwinian evolutionist. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that Whitman did not believe in Lamarckism, Darwinism or mutationism, instead Whitman was an advocate of orthogenesis. Whitman only wrote one book on orthogenesis which was published nine years after his death in 1919 titled Orthogenetic evolution in pigeons the book was published in a three volume set titled Posthumous Works of Charles Otis Whitman, Gould claims that the book was written "too late, to win any potential influence".

Partial bibliography
 A contribution to the embryology, life-history, and classification of the Dicyemids  (1882)
 The Leeches of Japan (1886)
 The Naturalist's Occupation (1891)
 Evolution and epigenesis: Bonnet's theory of evolution, a system of negations (1895)
 Animal Behavior (1899)
 The metamerism of clepsine (1912)
 Posthumous Works of Charles Otis Whitman (1919)

Notes

References

External links

Guide to the Charles Otis Whitman Collection ca. 1911 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Whitman's Pigeons

1842 births
1910 deaths
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
Clark University faculty
Harvard University staff
University of Chicago faculty
Bowdoin College alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Non-Darwinian evolution
People from Woodstock, Maine
19th-century American zoologists
20th-century American zoologists

Charles Otis Whitman


The Mount Prospect Public Library is a public library located in Mount Prospect, Illinois, United States, a suburb of Chicago.

A staff of 171 full and part-time employees work at the Library, in more than a dozen areas throughout the 101,000-square-foot facility. Currently more than 61,000 patrons are registered cardholders. The collection has over one million items on file, with an annual circulation figure of approximately 750,000.

The Library is governed by a Board of Library Trustees, consisting of seven members, who are elected by the voters of the Village. The Board elects every year from among its members appropriate officers. All members serve without remuneration. Regular meetings of the Board are held in the Library.

History
The library was founded in 1930, with it initially entirely consisting of a small cart at a local school, with it moving into a dedicated brick building later that year. The library later moved again in 1944 and 1946.

A 2002 referendum approved an expansion to the library with a second floor and other improvements, with the renovations completing in 2004.

Services

Fiction/AV
Fiction books, movies, music, audio and e-books. The Fiction/AV department is located on the second floor of the Library.

Teens
Materials for middle- and high-school students. A Teen Advisory Board plans Library activities and completes volunteer projects.

Reference and Information
Located on the second floor, research services for patrons include print resources and online databases, government documents, career and job search information, and community resources. The Business Reading Room and Business Reference collection includes journals, newspapers, and newsletters.

Children
Youth Services features materials for children up to middle school and at all stages of language development. The department includes a Family Place, where early readers can engage in a variety of activities to stimulate literacy; a teachers' collection; computers; games; a puppet theater; and study rooms. Events and programs for kids include storytimes, craft projects, and performances.

Events
MPPL offers programs and activities for adults, teens and kids.

Circulation
Library cards are free to anyone who resides within the Village limits of Mount Prospect.

South Branch
The library partners with the Village of Mount Prospect, Northwest Community Hospital, and School Districts 214 and 59 to create the South Branch at Crystal Court Plaza at Busse and Algonquin roads. The South Branch offers books, movies, music, internet-connected computers with Microsoft office, homework and reading help, GED and ELL materials, information, preschool storytimes, teen programs and small business resources. Materials are available in a variety of languages, including English, Spanish, Polish, Russian, Gujarati, and Korean.

References

About Us – History. Mount Prospect Public Library.

Public libraries in Illinois
Government agencies established in 1930
Mount Prospect, Illinois
Libraries in Cook County, Illinois
Library buildings completed in 1950
Library buildings completed in 2004

Mount Prospect Public Library


Rita of Armenia (10/11 January 1278 – July 1333) was an Armenian Princess. She was a Byzantine Empress consort by marriage to Michael IX Palaiologos.

She was the daughter of King Levon II of Armenia and Queen Keran. She was the wife of Byzantine co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, making her a junior empress-consort of the Byzantine Empire. In 1317, she became the only empress upon the death of the senior empress, Irene of Montferrat. She was known as Maria in Constantinople.

Life

A chronicle attributed to Hetoum II of Armenia is included in the collection known as Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. According to a passage recording her birth, Rita was the twin sister of Princess Theophane of Armenia.

The history of George Pachymeres records that Andronikos II Palaiologos began negotiations with Levon while seeking a potential wife for his son and junior co-ruler Michael IX Palaiologos. Levon offered him Rita, and the marriage took place on 16 January 1294. The bride was sixteen years old and the groom seventeen.

Rita assumed the name Maria upon her marriage.

Empress
Rita was the junior Empress consort from 1294 to 1317. The senior was Irene of Montferrat, second wife of Andronikos II and stepmother to Michael IX. Since 1303, Andronikos II and Irene held separate courts. The senior emperor resided in Constantinople and the senior Augusta in Thessaloniki. Rita became the only Empress when Irene died in 1317.

She remained so for three years. In 1319, however, the death of her second son resulted in tragedy. Prince Andronikos maintained a mistress but suspected her of infidelity. He assigned retainers of his to wait by her house and attack whoever tried to enter. The one who approached was Manuel during night time and the retainers failed to recognize him. The second prince died by order of his older brother.

The affair seriously affected the health of Michael IX who died on 12 October 1320. Both deaths strained the relationship between Andronikos II and Andronikos III. Grandfather and grandson started a civil war that would last until the victory of the younger man in 1328. Meanwhile, the widowed Rita retired to a monastery, where she assumed the name "Xene". She would die there five years following the end of the war.

Issue
 Andronikos III Palaiologos (25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341).
 Manuel Palaiologos, despotes (died 1319).
 Anna Palaiologina (died 1320), who married Thomas I Komnenos Doukas and then Nicholas Orsini.
 Theodora Palaiologina (died after 1330), who married Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria and then Michael Asen III of Bulgaria.

References

1278 births
1333 deaths
Armenian twins
Palaiologos dynasty
13th-century Byzantine empresses
14th-century Byzantine empresses
13th-century Armenian people
14th-century Armenian people
13th-century Armenian women
14th-century Armenian women
Armenian princesses
Hethumid dynasty
Mothers of Byzantine emperors

Rita of Armenia


Rolf Friedemann Pauls (26 August 1915 – 4 May 2002) was a German diplomat. He was the first ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to Israel, from 1965 to 1968, and was German Ambassador to the United States from 1968 to 1973.

Life
Rolf Friedemann Pauls was born in 1915 in Eckartsberga the son of a Protestant clergyman. He graduated from the Naumburg Domgymnasium in 1934.

He was a career officer in the infantry of the Wehrmacht. Due to a serious injury, suffered as a company commander in Russia, he lost his left arm. Before he received a General Staff Officer Course, in 1942, he was the military attaché in Ankara, Turkey. In 1944, he was on the staff of the 363rd Volksgrenadier Division. In December 1944, Paul was awarded the Knight's Cross.

According to a later report of General Hans Speidel, Rolf Friedemann Pauls was in the plans to assassinate Hitler on 20 July 1944, and was only on the basis of silence by others that he escaped arrest.

After the end of World War II in 1946, he studied law, graduating with a doctorate on the political system of the Bonn Basic Law in 1949. Before Pauls began to act as a diplomat in the Foreign Service, he worked at the Federal Chancellery, at the junction of the Allied High Commission as a personal assistant to Walter Hallstein, State Secretary and Vice Consul in Luxembourg.

He was married twice and had two sons.

Ambassador
In establishing diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Israel (only about 20 years after the Shoah) of parts of Israeli society, and his inauguration on 19 August 1965, was accompanied by violent counter-demonstrations.
In addition to that of Pauls because of his past as an officer of the armed forces of Nazi Germany in World War II, where he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and as deputy military attaché at the German Embassy in Turkey, also during the period of National Socialism of the Israeli public appeared inappropriate for this office.
But his three-year tenure as the first Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany in Israel was generally judged as successful.

Pauls was also Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United States from 1968 to 1973, the People's Republic of China from 1973 to 1976, and to NATO from 1976 to 1980. From 1956 to 1960 he served as Counsellor in the United States, and from 1960 to 1963 he was Deputy Head of Mission in Greece. From 1963 to 1965, he was a department manager at the headquarters in Bonn.

Works
Die atlantische Allianz: Zukunftsaufgaben, Möglichkeiten, Gefährdungen, J. P. Bachem, 1982,
Rettet uns die Rüstungspolitik? Edition Interfrom, 1982,
Deutschlands Standort in der Welt: Beobachtungen eines Botschafters, Seewald Verlag, 1984,

References

1915 births
2002 deaths
People from Eckartsberga
People from the Province of Saxony
Ambassadors of Germany to the United States
Ambassadors of West Germany to Israel
Ambassadors of West Germany to China
Permanent Representatives of West Germany to NATO
Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt
German Army officers of World War II
Members of the 20 July plot
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Rolf Friedemann Pauls


Paul Harmon (born 1942) is an American management consultant, author and analyst, known for his work in the field of Expert systems in the 1980s, and more recently on Business process management (BPM).

Biography
Harmon got his HS degree from Shortridge High School in 1960, and received a BA in biology from Earlham College in 1965. In 1968-69 he studied Psychology and Education at the Columbia University in the City of New York.

He began his career working for Geary Rummler at Praxis Corp. in New York City. Throughout the Seventies he owned his own consulting company and did major process redesign projects with clients like Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Security Pacific, Prudential, and Citibank.

In the Eighties and Nineties Harmon was a senior consultant and head of Cutter Consortium's Distributed Architecture practice. From 1985 to 2000 he wrote Cutter newsletters, including expert systems strategies, CASE strategies, and component development strategies.

Currently Harmon is the Executive Editor of www.BPTrends.com—a monthly webizine that publishes articles and reports on Business Process topics. (BPTrends was founded in 2003 by Celia Wolf and Paul Harmon) He serves as the senior BPM market analyst at BPTrends. He is also the Senior Methodologist of BPTrends Associates a consulting group that offers training and consulting services, based on the BPTrends BPM Methodology.  Harmon is also the author of Business Process Change (3rd Ed) a popular business guide and school textbook for those interested in BPM.

Harmon recently rejoined Cutter Consortium as a Senior Consultant.  He writes reports on current developments in Cognitive Computing and consults with Cutter Clients on integrating cognitive techniques into their existing business processes.

See also
 Business process management
 Common Object Request Broker Architecture

Publications
Paul Harmon published several books and articles. A selection:
 1972. Accounting essentials. With Neal Margolis in consultation with Joseph Peter Simini.
 1973. Climbing Routes on Yosemite's Walls.
 1985. Expert systems : artificial intelligence in business . With David King.
 1988. Expert systems : tools and applications. With William Morrissey.
 1990. Creating expert systems for business and industry . With Brian Sawyer.
 1990. ObjectVision : a graphical programming tool for object-oriented applications. With Brian Sawyer.
 1991. ObjectCraft : a graphical programming tool for object-oriented applications. With Brian Sawyer.
 1993. Objects in action : commercial applications of object-oriented technologies. With David A. Taylor and the assistance of William Morrissey
 1993. Intelligent software systems development : an IS manager's guide. With Curtis Hall.
 1996. Object technology casebook : lessons from award-winning business applications. With William Morrissey.
 1998. Understanding UML : the developer's guide : with a Web-based application in Java. With Mark Watson.
 1999. UML for Visual Basic 6.0 developers : using Visual Modeler and Rational Rose 98. With Brian Sawyer.
 2001. Developing E-business systems & architectures : a manager's guide. With Michael Rosen and Michael Guttman.
 2003. Business Process Change: A Manager's Guide to Improving, Redesigning, and Automating Processes.
 2008.  Business Process Change: A Guide for Business Managers and BPM and Six Sigma Professioinals.
 2014.  Business Process Change, Third Edition: A Business Process Management Guide for Managers and Process Professionals .
 2019.  Business Process Change, Fourth Edition: A Business Process Management Guide for Managers and Process Professioinals''.

References

External links
Paul Harmon at bptrends.com

1942 births
Living people
American business theorists
American management consultants
American business writers
Earlham College alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
American male non-fiction writers
Shortridge High School alumni

Paul Harmon (management author)


Pietersite is a commercial term for a variety of the mineral Chalcedony. Originating from Namibia and China, where it is mined for use as a decorative stone due to its chaotic chatoyancy and brecciated structure.

Ranging in colour from brownish-red, to blue-grey, and chatoyant yellow. The Chinese variety are predominantly a reddish-brown, with regions of chatoyant blue and yellow. The Namibian variety are less varied, being predominantly a chatoyant blue-grey, with less common reddish-browns and yellows.

It was first described in Namibia in 1962 and was discovered in Xichuan - in the Henan Province of China - in 1966.

Often inaccurately described as a brecciated form of Tiger's-Eye or Hawk's-Eye, due to the brecciated texture containing chatoyant material. However, while they are similar mineralogically, Pietersite is not a brecciated form of either. Instead, the chatoyancy is due to a shared mineral, crocodolite.

References

External Links
Gemdat.org

Mindat.org

Chalcedony

Pietersite


The epiglottis (: epiglottises or epiglottides) is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food and water from entering the trachea and the lungs. It stays open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go along the esophagus toward the stomach instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus.

The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects upwards and backwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone.

The epiglottis may be inflamed in a condition called epiglottitis, which is most commonly due to the vaccine-preventable bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. Dysfunction may cause the inhalation of food, called aspiration, which may lead to pneumonia or airway obstruction. The epiglottis is also an important landmark for intubation.

The epiglottis has been identified as early as Aristotle, and gets its name from being above the glottis (epi- + glottis).

Structure

The epiglottis sits at the entrance of the larynx. It is shaped like a leaf of purslane and has a free upper part that rests behind the tongue, and a lower stalk (). The stalk originates from the back surface of the thyroid cartilage, connected by a thyroepiglottic ligament. At the sides, the stalk is connected to the arytenoid cartilages at the walls of the larynx by folds.

The epiglottis originates at the entrance of the larynx, and is attached to the hyoid bone. From there, it projects upwards and backwards behind the tongue. The space between the epiglottis and the tongue is called the vallecula.

Microanatomy
The epiglottis has two surfaces; a forward-facing  surface, and a  surface facing the larynx. The forward-facing surface is covered with several layers of thin cells (stratified squamous epithelium), and is not covered with keratin, the same surface as the back of the tongue. The back surface is covered in a layer of column-shaped cells with cilia, similar to the rest of the respiratory tract. It also has mucous-secreting goblet cells. There is an intermediate zone between these surfaces that contains cells that transition in shape. The body of the epiglottis consists of elastic cartilage.

Development
The epiglottis arises from the fourth pharyngeal arch. It can be seen as a distinct structure later than the other cartilage of the pharynx, visible around the fifth month of development. The position of the epiglottis also changes with ageing. In infants, it touches the soft palate, whereas in adults, its position is lower.

Variation

A high-rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an examination of the mouth. It does not cause any serious problem apart from maybe a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat. It is seen more often in children than adults and does not need any medical or surgical intervention. The front surface of the epiglottis is occasionally notched.

Function
The epiglottis is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx. There are taste buds on the epiglottis.

Swallowing
During swallowing, the epiglottis bends backwards, folding over the entrance to the trachea, and preventing food from going into it. The folding backwards is a complex movement the causes of which are not completely understood. It is likely that during swallowing the hyoid bone and the larynx move upwards and forwards, which increases passive pressure from the back of the tongue; because the aryepiglottic muscles contract; because of the passive weight of the food pushing down; and because of contraction of laryngeal and because of contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles. The consequence of this is that during swallowing the bent epiglottis blocks off the trachea, preventing food from going into it; food instead travels down the esophagus, which is behind it.

Speech sounds
In many languages, the epiglottis is not essential for producing sounds. In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this sound-type is rather rare.

Clinical significance

Inflammation

Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused by Haemophilus influenzae. A person with epiglottitis may have a fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing. For this reason, acute epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency, because of the risk of obstruction of the pharynx. Epiglottitis is often managed with antibiotics, inhaled aerosolised epinephrine to act as a bronchodilator, and may require tracheal intubation or a tracheostomy if breathing is difficult.

The incidence of epiglottitis has decreased significantly in countries where vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae is administered.

Aspiration
When food or other objects travel down the respiratory tract rather than down the esophagus to the stomach, this is called . This can lead to the obstruction of airways, inflammation of lung tissue, and aspiration pneumonia; and in the long term, atelectasis and bronchiectasis. One reason aspiration can occur is because of failure of the epiglottis to close completely.

Should food or liquid enter the airway due to the epiglottis failing to close properly, throat clearing or the cough reflex may occur to protect the respiratory system and expel material from the airway. Where there is impairment in laryngeal vestibule sensation, silent aspiration (entry of material to the airway that does not result in a cough reflex) may occur.

Other
The epiglottis and vallecula are important anatomical landmarks in intubation. Abnormal positioning of the epiglottis is a rare cause of obstructive sleep apnoea.

Other animals
The epiglottis is present in mammals, including land mammals and cetaceans, also as a cartilaginous structure. Like in humans, it functions to prevent entry of food into the trachea during swallowing. The position of the larynx is flat in mice and other rodents, as well as rabbits. For this reason, because the epiglottis is located behind the soft palate in rabbits, they are obligate nose breathers, as are mice and other rodents. In rodents and mice, there is a unique pouch in front of the epiglottis, and the epiglottis is commonly injured by inhaled substances, particularly at the transition zone between the flattened and cuboidal epithelium. It is also common to see taste buds on the epiglottis in these species.

History
The epiglottis was noted by Aristotle, although the epiglottis' function was first defined by Vesalius in 1543. The word has Greek roots. The epiglottis gets its name from being above () the glottis ().

Additional images

See also

 Epiglottal consonant
 Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant
 Pharyngeal consonant

References

External links

 ()
Where is the Epiglottis?  at Study Sciences

Digestive system
Larynx
Human throat

Epiglottis


Shōjo (少女) is manga (Japanese comics) made for young girls, normally ages 7-19. One of the most popular shōjo manga series is Sailor Moon. Many shōjo manga are about things like love, friendship, and romance, but some are more serious and action-based. Most shōjo characters are female, and around middle-school or high-school age.

History
Shōjo was first made in Japan for young female readers, as shōnen is for young male readers. They started to appear in the early 1900s. Most shōjo made during this time focused on humor and life in the home. However, after World War II, manga artists began writing more fast-paced, intense stories. This brought upon the magical girl genre, which helped make manga as a whole popular around the world.

Shōjo in the West
In the 90s and early 2000s, the western world began to see more manga and anime, including shōjo. With publishers like VIZ and Dark Horse Comics coming out with English versions of manga during this time, western readers had more access to Japanese comics than ever. Before then, many manga were Japan-exclusive.

Ages groups
Shōjo is usually put into age groups. These are the ages it is recommended for. The main groupings are:
 All ages (ages five and up)
 Teen (ages 13 and up)
 Older teen / Adult (ages 17 and up)

List of popular shōjo manga
 Angel Sanctuary
 Sailor Moon
 Shugo Chara
 Kirarin Revolution
 Cardcaptor Sakura
 Chibi Devi
 Tokyo Mew Mew
 Ouran High School Host Club
 Kaichou wa Maid-sama!
 Ao Haru Ride
 Kamisama Hajimemashita
 Sukitte Ii na yo
 Oresama Teacher
 Kimi ni Todoke
 Fruits Basket
 Lovely Complex
 Gakuen Alice

Manga

Shōjo manga


Equity release is a means of retaining use of a house or other asset which has capital value, while also obtaining a lump sum or a steady stream of income, using the value of the asset. It is also possible to make multiple withdrawals with equity release instead of just unlocking one big lump sum.

History of equity release in England
First recorded use of equity release dates back to 1971. During the period between 1971 and 1991 there was no legislation regulating equity release. In 1992, a ruling under the Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman case ruled that the company's directors did not have unlimited power over pension investments. Later on, more legislations were passed, such as the Retirement Income Act of 2000 and Equity Release Council Regulations 2003, which set a debt cap for equity release loans.

Anyone offering advice on equity release or providing an equity release product is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the UK's financial services regulator and watchdog. Equity release brokers, advisers and lenders are required to follow the FCA's strict rules and standards when providing information, advice or equity release products.

The Equity Release Council is the UK's equity release industry body that sets standards to protect consumers. Its members commit to following a set of five product standards: fixed or capped interest rates (for lifetime mortgages), the right to remain in the property, the right to move to another property, the 'no negative equity guarantee' and the right to make penalty free payments.

Types of equity release plan
Two types of equity release product are available in the UK: a lifetime mortgage and a home reversion plan. A lifetime mortgage is a loan secured against the borrower's property where the borrower retains full ownership of their home. Interest accrues on a compound interest basis unless the borrower pays the interest in full each month. A home reversion plan is where a customer sells all or a proportion of their home at below market value and continues to live in the property as a rent-free tenant. With both types of product, repayment to the equity release provider is typically made through the sale of the property when the customer passes away or moves into long-term residential care.

Pricing of no negative equity guarantee
The UK Prudential Regulation Authority expressed concerns in 2018 that firms investing in ERMs should 'properly reflect' the cost of the no-negative-equity guarantee. Its consultation paper CP 13/18, published 2 July 2018, provided a benchmark for valuing the guarantee. The paper recommended modelling the guarantee as a series of put options expiring at each period in which cash flows could mature, weighted by the probability of mortality, morbidity and pre-payment, using a version of the Black–Scholes pricing formula.  It recommended that the underlying price of the option should reflect the cost of deferred possession of the property, independent of any assumptions about future property growth, warning that many of the approaches presented to it implicitly assumed negative deferment rates.

United States

See also
 Mortgage loan
 Equity loan
 Mortgage law
 UK mortgage terminology
 Reverse mortgage, the American equivalent
 PIV, the Italian equivalent

Notes

Personal finance
Mortgage

Equity release


Mantle's Cave is a cliff alcove in Dinosaur National Monument in Moffat County, Colorado. Located in the Castle Park region of the park, it is the largest rock shelter in the area. It was discovered before 1921 by local ranchers, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Mantle.  Mrs. Mantle is reported to have done some excavation of the site, followed up by the Penrose-Taylor expedition of 1933 from Colorado College and the Fountain Valley School, which designated the site "Cave One." The site is a significant resource for the Fremont culture and is among the best resources in northwestern Colorado. Excavations in the 1930s and 1940s yielded significant material on the Fremont people and their relationship to the later Ancestral Puebloans.

Investigation
The cave was found to have dwelling sites and granaries, with pottery shards, baskets and hunting tools recovered. An extensive excavation was undertaken by the University of Colorado Museum in 1939 and 1940, led by Charles R. Scoggin, a student assistant at the museum, and Edison P. Lohr. The survey found the most significant artifacts in small holes that were probably meant to be temporary caches, including stone and bone projectile points, stone tools, bones, beads, robe seeds, fragments of clothing and footwear and other objects.  The most significant discovery was a bag containing a feathered headdress, beads and other objects. Investigations were interrupted by World War II. Scoggin was killed in action at the Anzio beachhead, Italy in 1944. Limited work resumed in 1947 and 1948 under Robert Burgh, finding little additional material. No human remains were found by either party.

The investigators concluded that the site was used primarily for storage.  Little sign of long-term habitation was found, attributed to the cave's northern exposure and elevation of , which would have made it an uncomfortable dwelling. Artifacts are primary associated with the Fremont culture. Excavations suggested that there was an earlier period of use, based on the finding of charcoal at depth.  Excavations have not been pursued in this layer. In all, 53 built or excavated features have been identified. Several prehistoric petroglyphs and some modern graffiti exist in the alcove. Findings of the two expeditions were published by Burgh (with posthumous authorship by Scoggin) in 1948 as The Archeology of Castle Park, Dinosaur National Monument.

Description
The alcove faces north. It is wider than it is deep, about  wide and about  deep, with an area of about .  It is sited about  south of the Yampa River, about  higher than the river. Located in Permian and Pennsylvanian Weber sandstone, the alcove stands just below the rim of a bench in the valley walls.

The artifacts collected from Mantle's Cave are conserved at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. The cave was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1994.

References

External links
 Mantle's Cave at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History

Landforms of Moffat County, Colorado
Caves of Colorado
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Rock shelters in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Dinosaur National Monument
Geography of Moffat County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Moffat County, Colorado

Mantle's Cave


Visionarium is a science museum with interactive displays in Portuguese and English covering subjects ranging from the Portuguese voyages of discoveries to the interiors of microchips and cells. It is located in Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal.

Closed since April 2018

It was inspired on the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (France) and the Exploratorium (USA).

Location
The Visionarium — Centro de Ciência do Europarque is an interactive museum located in Espargo, Santa Maria da Feira, in its congressial perimeter Europarque, and is owned by Associação Empresarial de Portugal (Entrepreneurship Association of Portugal). Situated from only 15 minutes of Porto, it explains every detail about knowledge. With six divided rooms (odissey), an auditorium, it contains more than over 25.000 m2 of green space and services.

Awards
Visionarium as a token of its outlooks won the "European Museum of the Year Award" from the "European Museum Forum" in 2000.

Appearances

RTP
In 1999, RTP launched a 90 episodes mini-series containing its characters, with Portuguese voices.
Going years into the future, and they will appear on books.

Jornal de Notícias
In 2006, they launched a series of 12 books containing 12 CDs, with many of the mini-series shown, containing its characters.

But not only do they make experiences multimedia, they also make experiments in the outdoors.
Since its launch, there have been made countless experiments and experiences whether they are on Summer vacation or where the kids are in classes.
All ages are suitable.

Characters
There are characters describing each part that the museum has:

"Cósmico"
From the Universe Odyssey (a part of the museum in which it contains all the explanations of the Universe) is most described in which he appears in the books, which is only 2.

"Bit"
From the Information Odyssey (a part of the museum in which it explains all technological explanations, and other stuff like speaking into a virtual character from a screen and seeing yourself on front) knows all the technological explanations like binary numbers.

"Atomium"
From the Matter Odyssey (a part of the museum in which it explains all molecular explanations) knows everything in this part.
He knows the periodic table even backwards and forwards.

"Vita"
From the Life Odyssey (a part of the museum in which its explained the meanings of life and even other simple stuff of the human body) knows all explainable reasons, in here.

"Cassiopeia"
From the Earth Odyssey (a part of the museum in which its known all of the Earth's history) knows everything in this manner.

"Labirinfo"
He is the center of all of Visionarium's facility, since, he's never seen in any odyssey room, or since he's always seen (in books) in which you have to make experiments in your own house.

External links
 Official website of Visionarium
 Official website of Europarque
 Official site of AEP (Associação Empresarial de Portugal)

Science museums in Portugal
Technology museums
Buildings and structures in Santa Maria da Feira
Museums in Aveiro District

Visionarium (Portugal)


The Arkalochori Axe is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC. The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934.  Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I. The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual. The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a 'pseudo-inscription' engraved by an illiterate in uncomprehending imitation of authentic Linear A characters on other similar axes." The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.

Description
The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver. Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.

When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable.

Together with this axe, hundreds of long swords, knives and double axes were found in the cave. Most of these were given as offerings, but some are usable. There are 25 small double axes made of gold and seven made of silver. Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5 cm wide. Both axes (ref AR Zf 1 and AR Zf 2) bear the same inscription of a word in Linear A:

This has been phonetically transcribed as I-DA-MA-TE. This transcription resembles the name of the goddess Demeter. The four symbols in Linear A also resemble symbols on the bigger bronze axe. The findings  indicate that there probably was a temple to a deity linked to military activity in the cave.

The Inscription
Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are due to Torsten Timm (2004).

Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.

References

Minoan culture
Blades

Arkalochori Axe


Chronicle in Stone () is a novel by Albanian author Ismail Kadare. First published in Albanian in 1971, and translated into English by Arshi Pipa in 1987, it describes life in a small Albanian city during World War II. A revised translation by David Bellos was published in 2007.

Format and plot
Each chapter is followed by an alternate chapter, a short "Fragment of a Chronicle" written by the town's official chronicler. The regular chapters are written in the first person, in the voice of a child, an alter ego of the young Kadare. He is fascinated with words, and reads Macbeth, as Kadare himself did when he was eleven. He applies human drama, imagining blood and crime everywhere. In Kadare's home town, ravaged by history, we see characters walking down the street with severed heads under their arms; the Italian fascists hang several young Albanian rebels, the Greek occupants kill "enemies" chosen according to the whims of their spies, and the Germans indulge in the killing of hundred-year-old women.

Toward the end of the novel, the absurdity of the political situation culminates in a whirlwind-like scenario, in which within two weeks or so, the town changes hands several times: from the Italians to the Greeks, back to the Italians, back to the Greeks, the Italians, the Greeks, until finally no one is in control. Each time the Italians come, they bring along two groups of women, one of nuns and one of prostitutes. Each time the town changes hands, another proclamation by another garrison commander is posted and another flag is raised. Each time another flag is raised, the Albanian Gjergj Pula changes his name to Giorgio (when the Italians come), to Yiorgos (for the Greeks) and to Jürgen Pulen with the arrival of the Germans, a name he never gets a chance to use because the Germans kill him as soon as they enter the town, nor does he get to use "Yogura," which he prepared in case of a Japanese invasion.

Style

With its flavour, tone, and spectacular events reminiscent of an ancient epic, Chronicle in Stone is probably the funniest, and at the same time, most tragic of Kadare's novels, depicting a world in which people believe in black magic, women live to be a hundred and fifty, and girls are drowned in wells by their families for having kissed a boy. Its characters, the folklore and mythology infusing historical circumstances are reminiscent of some Caribbean novelists or even post-colonial African storytellers, and one cannot help compare its blend of surreal situations and political drama based on real events to South American novels, although Kadare apparently dislikes the label "magical realism" applied to his novels. It is not hard to imagine why: as some South American novelists have said, he too could say that the world he describes is not "surreal" or "magical-realist"; it is simply the real, pre-modern world of the Balkans, albeit a world which is universalized through esthetic transfiguration.

Political context and translation
Chronicle in Stone was published in Albania during the years of Enver Hoxha, who came to power with the Communist Party after World War II, and stayed there until his death in the mid-eighties. In this context, we can speculate on the reasons for the episodic appearance toward the end of the novel of a character described by the Italian garrison commander as "the dangerous Communist Enver Hoxha." Since the dictator, like Kadare himself, came from the city of Gjirokaster (which with its steep hillsides and stone streets resembles the city of the book), this aspect of the protagonist's experience is probably authentic. However, government control of the Albanian publishing industry during the Hoxha regime may have provided an incentive for the dictator's inclusion, beyond narrative necessity.

Translated by Arshi Pipa, an Albanian émigré who lived in the United States, the book was initially published in English without the translator's name. Pipa had entered into a conflict with the publisher and/or with the author, and demanded to have his name taken off the translation. Pipa claimed that the several references to homosexuals, and homosexual activity throughout the novel (such as the bisexual Argjir Argjiri and the "woman with a beard," which Pipa takes to mean lesbian) were intended to raise the question of Enver Hoxha's own sexuality, a dangerous claim at the time.

The current edition was translated by David Bellos. He was chosen by Kadare, as he had received a Booker Prize for translation work.

Reception

"A triumph . . . A beguiling conjunction of realism and fantasy." —The New York Times Book Review

"No mere curiosity but a thoroughly enchanting novel–sophisticated and accomplished in its poetic prose and narrative deftness, yet drawing resonance from its roots in one of Europe's most primitive societies." —John Updike, The New Yorker

References

1971 novels
20th-century Albanian novels
Novels by Ismail Kadare
Novels set in Albania
Novels set during World War II
Canongate Books books
Onufri Publishing House books

Chronicle in Stone


The resolution regarding the coat of arms of the Pomeranian Voivodeship was taken on by the Sejmik of the Pomeranian Voivodship in Gdańsk.

On a yellow background, the image of a black Griffin of Pomeranian-Wendish origin, with raised wings and a red tongue out of the mouth.

The first example of the coat of arms is a 16th-century image of the griffin, which is in the presbytery of the Oliwa Cathedral.

The image of the black griffin looking towards the right, on a yellow background, is also known for being the coat of arms of Kashubians.
Therefore, these two coats of arms are often identified; according to some sources, as being one and an identical coat of arms.

The creator of the coat of arms is Wawrzyniec Samp.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Between the years of 1454 and 1795, the coat of arms of the Pomeranian Voivodship was represented by a red griffin on a white background.

Second Polish Republic
The coat of arms did alter substantially, "the coat of arms still included a red griffin looking to the left on a white background. The front legs were positioned as if they were to run, wings as if they were preparing to flight, the tongue was hanging out, and a crown on the head". There was a certain amount of controversy regarding the griffin being the coat of arms, as the former Chełmińskie Voivodeship had now been incorporated within the Pomeranian Voivodeship, whose coat of arms was a sworded eagle.

Historical

Heraldry
Kashubian Griffin in heraldry:

Kashubian Griffin on coats of arms of Polish cities and towns:

Pomerania
Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship

Coat of arms of the Pomeranian Voivodeship


Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex  14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer.

Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for to locate weak radio sources more accurately. With better equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.

Nobel Prize in Physics winners
1918 births
1984 deaths
British Nobel Prize winners
British astronomers
People from Brighton

Martin Ryle


Philip Rose (July 4, 1921 – May 31, 2011) was a Broadway theatrical producer of such productions as A Raisin in the Sun, The Owl and the Pussycat, Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?, Purlie, and Shenandoah. His work was particularly notable for its social insight and distinctive social conscience.

Art and social justice
Philip Rose was born Philip Rosenberg on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, to Russian Jewish parents.

As a young man, he earned money singing at weddings and funerals and later worked briefly as a bill collector. His family moved to Washington, D.C. during the Great Depression and he began working at 16 for many of the local stores in the area.

While working in mostly black neighborhoods, he ended up going into  people's homes and was accepted by some of the families forming personal friendships. It was there that he learned about Gospel music and Jazz. Washington, D.C., at the time, was a segregated city, but he found ways to spend time with friends he made there. He attributed this experience with segregation as having changed his life. His father, Max Rosenberg, always expressed himself differently on racial matters than the people in the neighborhood. He was very critical of racism and this made a lasting impression on the young Philip Rose.

In 1945, after arriving in New York City, Philip Rose toured with an opera company. He was in a Gilbert & Sullivan company in Greenwich Village where he met his wife, the actress Doris Belack. Shortly afterward, he began touring for a whole season doing musicals.

Civil liberty and human friendship
Philip Rose went to Harlem and began to sing Jazz. He became instantly involved in the Civil Rights Movement. While in Harlem, he got to know struggling black artists including William Marshall, who was one of the few black actors to have a career. William Marshall was among the artists Philip Rose invited to his apartment for a meeting concerning the Mississippi lynching of Emmett Till. Rose regarded his friendships with Sidney Poitier and Lorraine Hansberry as amongst two of the most important in his life.

When he decided to produce A Raisin in the Sun for Broadway, the first person he called was Sidney Poitier, not just because he wanted him to play the lead, but also because he had no idea where to begin in the casting process. Sidney Poitier got an attorney for him, assisted him in the whole process, and remained his best friend up until Philip's death.

Struggle against racism
Philip Rose, in his work and his life, struggled against racism and discrimination in all its multifarious forms and disguises. He has observed that though racism has been extant in numerous contexts, it began in America as a business proposition: Slavery. The social consciousness of the work he has produced reflects his own perceptive, empathic consciousness.

In two anecdotes relating to Raisin in the Sun, he pointed out that in 1959, the year the play was first produced, there was a man seated in the best seat in the house (fourth row center). This man asked at intermission to change his seat. There did not appear to be a problem with the seat and the house was completely sold out. The man was permitted to stand in the back of the theater. Philip Rose went to the man's seat and noticed that there was a black couple on either side of the seat he had occupied. This man preferred to stand at the back of the theater for the entire performance rather than in the best seat in the house situated between two black couples, an interesting commentary on the irrationality of prejudice.

Another anecdotal experience occurred while Raisin in the Sun was touring Washington D.C. Near the end of the play, Walter Lee Younger says:

"We have decided to move into our house because my father — my father — he earned it for us brick by brick.".

The audience which was 95% white applauded. The next day, along with a rave review there was an editorial stating that the same people who applauded Walter Lee, went home and kept fighting to keep black people out of their neighborhoods.

Philip Rose expressed the hope that the message of the play might cause one or two of these individuals to learn something about their own attitudes and to examine those of the society in general.

Innovation and diversity on Broadway
Philip Rose was honored in 1995  with the Actors' Equity Rosetta Lenoire Award for "being an innovator in the theater" and for showcasing "a vast and rich array of actors and playwrights and for exposing Broadway audiences to a world of diversity."

Rose worked over the course of five decades as producer and director of theatrical events imbued with an urgent impulse to change the thinking and assumptions of audiences on a range of social issues. In Ossie Davis' Purlie Victorious and the musical Purlie, the issue was racism; In Shenandoah, the issue was war; in Sun Flower, the issue was women's rights; and in My Old Friends, the issue was old age.

Rose was an innovator in non-traditional casting too. In 1964, he cast the black actress Diana Sands opposite Alan Alda in the two-character comedy/love story The Owl and the Pussycat. When fellow producer Alexander Cohen requested that the script be rewritten for Diana Sands, Philip Rose stated, "She's doing it exactly as it is written — a woman who falls in love."  After the opening, Mr. Cohen said: "I was all wrong."

The Owl and the Pussycat became a Broadway hit.

On the subject of human brotherhood, the idea at the root of much of his work,  Philip Rose noted that the yiddish song "Chussen Kalle Mazel Tov" and the song "St. James Infirmary", which arises from the American black blues tradition, share the same melody. One inference to be drawn is that both songs arise from the heart of a people and the sameness of melody shows that people who've sometimes seen each other as different are much more alike then they realize. In their depths, the world is felt the same way.

Philip Rose died in Englewood, New Jersey on May 31, 2011. His wife, actress Doris Belack died four months later on October 4, 2011.

Theatrical credits

Productions
The Cemetery Club [Original, Play, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose;
Executive Producer: Philip Rose May 15, 1990 - Jul 1, 1990
Truly Blessed [Original, Musical]
Produced by Philip Rose;
Executive Producer: Philip Rose April 22, 1990 - May 20, 1990
Shenandoah [Revival, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Book by Philip Rose August 8, 1989 - September 2, 1989
Checkmates  [Original, Play, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose August 4, 1988 - December 31, 1988
Late Nite Comic [Original, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose October 15, 1987 - October 17, 1987
Amen Corner [Original, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Associate Produced by Philip Rose;
Book by Philip Rose November 10, 1983 - December 4, 1983
Comin' Uptown [Original, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Book by Philip Rose Dec 20, 1979 - Jan 27, 1980
My Old Friends [Original, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose Apr 12, 1979 - May 27, 1979
Angel  [Original, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Produced by Philip Rose May 10, 1978 - May 13, 1978
The Trip Back Down [Original, Play]
Produced by Philip Rose Jan 4, 1977 - Mar 5, 1977
Kings  [Original, Special, Dance, Drama]
Produced by Philip Rose Sep 27, 1976 - Oct 18, 1976
Shenandoah  [Original, Musical]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Produced by Philip Rose;
Book by Philip Rose Jan 7, 1975 - Aug 7, 1977
Purlie  [Revival, Musical, Comedy]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Produced by Philip Rose;
Book by Philip Rose Dec 27, 1972 - Jan 7, 1973
Purlie  [Original, Musical, Comedy]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Produced by Philip Rose;
Book by Philip Rose March 15, 1970 - November 6, 1971
Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?  [Original, Play]
Produced by Philip Rose Feb 25, 1969 - Mar 29, 1969
The Ninety Day Mistress [Original, Play]
Directed by Philip Rose;
Produced by Philip Rose Nov 6, 1967 - Nov 25, 1967
Nathan Weinstein, Mystic, Connecticut  [Original, Play, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose Feb 25, 1966 - Feb 26, 1966
The Owl and the Pussycat [Original, Play, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose Nov 18, 1964 - Nov 27, 1965
Cafe Crown [Original, Musical, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose Apr 17, 1964 - Apr 18, 1964
Nobody Loves an Albatross [Original, Play, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose Dec 19, 1963 - Jun 20, 1964
The Heroine [Original, Play]
Produced by Philip Rose Feb 19, 1963 - Mar 9, 1963
Bravo Giovanni [Original, Musical]
Produced by Philip Rose May 19, 1962 - Sep 15, 1962
Purlie Victorious [Original, Play, Comedy]
Produced by Philip Rose Sep 28, 1961 - May 12, 1962
Semi-Detached [Original, Play]
Produced by Philip Rose Mar 10, 1960 - Mar 12, 1960
A Raisin in the Sun [Original, Play, Drama]
Produced by Philip Rose Mar 11, 1959 - Jun 25, 1960

Filmography

Producer, miscellaneous crew, actor, writer, self producer
1980s
A Raisin in the Sun (1961) (producer/stage production)
1960s
Purlie (1981) (TV) (producer)

Miscellaneous crew
1970s
The Owl and the Pussycat (1970) (presenter: stage production)
1960s
Gone Are the Days! (1963) (producer: original stage production) ... aka Purlie Victorious ... aka The Man from C.O.T.T.O.N. (USA: reissue title)

Actor
White Hunter . ... McKimba (1 episode, "The Squire of the Serengeti", 1957)
Across the Bridge (1957) (uncredited)

Writer
Purlie (1981) (TV) (play Purlie Victorious)

Self
American Masters . ... Himself - Producer A Raisin in the Sun (1 episode, 2000)
Sidney Poitier: "One Bright Light" (2000) TV Episode . ... Himself - Producer A Raisin in the Sun

References

External links

Philip Rose Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1921 births
2011 deaths
American theatre managers and producers
Businesspeople from New York City
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews
Tony Award winners

Philip Rose (theatrical producer)


Arthur Kingscott (21 January 1864 – 19 June 1937) was a footballing personality from Derbyshire at the turn of the 20th century.  He was from New Sawley, Long Eaton, Derbyshire, England, later serving as a treasurer at the Football Association.  There is an unconfirmed report in Caxton's 'Association Football' (1960) that Kingscott played a hand in the discovery of Steve Bloomer before his first game with Derby County.

1900 and 1901 FA Cup finals
Kingscott has been the seventh man, and the last until 2020, to referee the FA Cup Final in two different years when he took charge of both the 1900 and 1901 matches (indeed the second of those matches featured a replay; Kingscott was the referee there as well). Both matches were notable for featuring Southern League sides, a feat which had arisen due to the fallout created by The Association Footballers' Union attempt to unionise football in 1898.

In the first of those matches Bury defeated Southampton and in the second Tottenham were victorious against Sheffield United.

Controversy at the 1901 FA Cup Final
In the 1901 final Kingscott awarded an equalising goal for Sheffield United that became a matter of great debate indeed was the first goalmouth incident to be debated with the use of film.  The award of the goal was controversial but did not provoke any complaint.  The following has been recorded of that incident: "A linesman flagged for a corner-kick after Bennett had charged Tottenham goalkeeper Clawley near the goal-line and the ball had gone behind. The referee then surprised everyone by awarding a goal to Sheffield, on the grounds that the ball had crossed the goal-line as Clawley had attempted to field Lipsham's shot from the left seconds before Bennett had moved in to charge him. The general opinion was that referee Kingscott had made a sad error of judgement. He was too far up the field to be able to decide the point, yet he refused to consult with a linesman much nearer to the incident."
Kingscott, however, was appointed to referee the replayed final at Burnden Park in Bolton, Lancashire, the following Saturday.

Lengthy career
Kingscott refereed on the English Football League from 1891 until 1906, 14 seasons in total and his son, Arthur H Kingscott, refereed for 13 seasons in the 1920s and 1930s, taking charge of the 1931 FA Cup Final.

Resignation from role as FA treasurer
Kingscott was in attendance in his duty at FA treasurer at the opening of York City's Bootham Crescent in August 1932. However, it was on 12 December 1933 that he resigned his position following comments that he directed at the referee of the 1933 FA Cup Final.  Kingscott alleged that the Final referees had earned money from the use of the match ball.

References

External links

People from Long Eaton
Sportspeople from Derbyshire
1864 births
1937 deaths
English football referees
FA Cup final referees

Arthur Kingscott


In artillery, chain shot is a type of cannon projectile formed of two sub-calibre balls, or half-balls, chained together. Bar shot is similar, but joined by a solid bar.  They were used in the age of sailing ships and black powder cannon to shoot masts, or to cut the shrouds and any other rigging of a target ship.

When fired, after leaving the muzzle, the shot's components tumble in the air, and the connecting chain fully extends. In past use, as much as 1.8 m (6 ft) of chain would sweep through the target. However, the tumbling made both bar and chain shot less accurate, so they were used at shorter ranges.

Chain shot was sometimes used on land as an anti-personnel load. It was used by the defenders of Magdeburg in May 1631 as an anti-personnel load, which, according to counselor Otto von Guericke, was one reason for the extreme violence of the victorious attackers. It was also used against Parliamentarians in the first English Civil War, and against Cromwell in Ireland at the siege of Clonmel in 1650, against the 76th Regiment of Foot in India in 1803, and by the French against the Dutch at the Battle of Waterloo.

The military usefulness of chain shot died out as wooden sail-powered ships were replaced with armored steam ships—first among navies, and then among commercial fleets—which do not have rigging to serve as proper targets for chain-shot. Additionally, the conversion of naval armament from smoothbore, muzzle loaded, black powder cannon to rifled, breech-loaded guns further slowed the production of new chain shot ammunition; the chain would damage barrels (degrading maximum range, and further degrading effective range by degrading accuracy), and the new breech loading guns and their ammunition were meant to be effective against armored vessels as well as wooden sailing vessels.

In modern times, the effect is replicated in shotguns with the use of bolo shells, a pair of slugs connected by a strong wire. They are banned in several jurisdictions, including Florida and Illinois.

See also
Spider shot

References

Artillery ammunition
Projectiles
Balls
Chains
Metallic objects

Chain shot


In finance, a contingent claim is a derivative whose future payoff depends on the value of another "underlying" asset, or more generally, that is dependent on the realization of some uncertain future event.
These are so named, since there is only a payoff under certain contingencies.
Any derivative instrument that is not a contingent claim is called a forward commitment.

The prototypical contingent claim is an option, the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at a specified exercise price by a certain expiration date;  whereas (vanilla) swaps, forwards, and futures are forward commitments, since these grant no such optionality.

Contingent claims are applied under financial economics in developing models and theory, and in corporate finance as a valuation framework.
This approach originates with Robert C. Merton,

decomposing the value of a corporate into a set of options in his "Merton model" of credit risk.

Financial economics
In financial economics contingent claim analysis is widely used  as a framework both for developing pricing models, and for extending the theory.   Thus, from its origins in option pricing and the valuation of corporate liabilities, it has become a major approach to intertemporal equilibrium under uncertainty.  Simon Babbs and Michael Selby (1992).  Contingent Claims Analysis, in The New Paigrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, eds J Eatwell, M Milgate and P Newman, Macmillan (1992), pp 437-440

This framework is therefore "broader than 'option pricing' because it encompasses the full gamut of valuation approaches directed toward the pricing of contingent claims." This would include "the full range of models designed to price government, corporate, and mortgage-backed securities... as well as options and futures on fixed income securities."  David F. Babbel and Craig R. Merrill  (1996). Valuation of Interest-Sensitive Financial Instruments (SOA Monograph M-FI96-1). Wiley.

The general approach here is to define risky outcomes relative to states of the world, and to then use claims to represent and value state outcomes. Thus given a definition of risky states, all financial instruments and arrangements can be represented as combinations of contingent claims on those states.   See Arrow-Debreu security, Risk-neutral measure, .

Corporate finance

A recent development in corporate finance, is "the acceptance, at least in some cases, that the value of an asset may be greater than the present value of expected cash flows, if the cash flows are contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of an event".   This contingent claim valuation, uses  option pricing models to measure the value of assets that share option-like characteristics.

While these models were initially used to value traded options, there has been an attempt in recent years to extend the reach of these models into more traditional valuation. The fundamental premise here, is that "discounted cash flow models tend to understate the value of assets that provide payoffs that are contingent on the occurrence of an event."  See Real options valuation generally, and  § Applicability of standard techniques there.  (One major modification here is that these models often rely on a replicating portfolio as opposed to traditional risk neutral pricing.)

Typical corporate finance "project" valuations would include patents, undeveloped natural resource reserves, and contingent value rights  – all of these  exhibiting optionality.  See .
Funding dependent, structured finance investments and special purpose entities also often inhere optionality and must be modeled correspondingly.

Contingent claim valuation is also used here to value specific balance sheet assets and liabilities which  similarly exhibit option like characteristics.  Examples are  employee stock options, warrants and other convertible securities, and investments with embedded options such as callable bonds or contingent convertible bonds.

References

Derivatives (finance)

Contingent claim


Ernest Larry Eves  (born June 17, 1946) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 23rd premier of Ontario from 2002 to 2003. A Progressive Conservative, he took over the premiership upon Mike Harris's resignation as party leader, but the party was defeated in the 2003 election by the Liberals, under Dalton McGuinty.

Eves was born in Windsor, Ontario, to a working-class family. He studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School and practised law in his own firm, Green & Eves. He was elected in the northern Ontario riding of Parry Sound in 1981 by a margin of six votes but retained the seat for 20 years. He served briefly as a cabinet minister in the short-lived government of Frank Miller in 1985, but he was consigned to the opposition benches when the Tories were defeated in a motion of no confidence by an alliance of the opposition Liberal and New Democrats. He remained in opposition until 1995, when the Tories returned to power under Mike Harris, who appointed Eves as his Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance. Family tragedy and marital problems led to his resignation from the legislature in 2001.

After a brief return to the private sector, Eves returned to politics when Harris resigned in 2002. He won the party leadership and regained a seat in the legislature after winning a by-election in the central Ontario riding of Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey. His tenure as premier was short, as his party was defeated 16 months later in the 2003 election, which saw the PC party lose 35 of its 59 seats. He resigned as leader in 2004 and retired from the legislature on January 31, 2005.

In 2007, Eves was appointed as Chairman of Jacob Securities Inc., a Toronto-based financial services company. He served in that position until July 2012.

Early life and career
Eves was born into a working-class family in Windsor, Ontario, in 1946, the son of Julie (née Hawrelechko) and Harry Lewis Eves, a factory worker. His maternal grandparents were Ukrainian. As a teenager, Eves moved with his family to the central Ontario town of Parry Sound. Eves went to Osgoode Hall Law School, was called to the bar in 1972, and practiced with the firm of Green and Eves. In 1981, he ran for provincial parliament in the riding of Parry Sound. He defeated Liberal candidate Richard Thomas by only six votes, leading to the nickname "Landslide Ernie", and went on to keep the seat for twenty years.

Eves was a cabinet minister in the short-lived government of Frank Miller, serving as Provincial Secretary for Resources Development from February 8 to March 22, 1985, Minister of Skills Development from March 22 to May 17, 1985, and Minister of Community and Social Services from May 17 to June 26, 1985. As Minister of Skills Development, Eves was also the minister responsible for Native Affairs. In this capacity, he made history in 1985 by proclaiming Ontario as favouring native self-government. He left cabinet on the defeat of the Miller ministry in the legislature, and served as an opposition Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) until the Progressive Conservatives returned to power in 1995.

The Harris years

Eves is a long time close friend of fellow northern Ontario MPP Mike Harris.  In 1990, Eves backed Harris' bid for the party leadership.  In 1995, after being elected on the "Common Sense Revolution", a program of tax cuts and government cutbacks, Eves was appointed Harris' Minister of Finance and Deputy Premier.

In Finance, Eves supervised significant cuts to taxes and public spending, particularly in the field of social assistance. Provincial income taxes were cut by 30% and welfare rates were reduced by 22%, resulting in 500,000 people being cut from the Ontario welfare rolls.  There were also cuts to education and health services.  The Harris government justified these measures as necessary to eliminate the provincial deficit.

After initially adopting a policy of restraint toward health care costs, Eves' later budgets increased health spending.  He eventually succeeded in balancing the budget early in the government's second term.

As Minister of Finance, Eves also oversaw two privatization initiatives: the long-term lease of the Bruce nuclear generating station to British Energy and the 99-year lease of Highway 407 to a consortium of mainly foreign investors.

Upon his retirement, Eves claimed that the impact of his 22% reduction in welfare rates "kept him up at night." There have also been reports that Eves was conflicted about the risks of adding $22 billion to the provincial debt by cutting taxes before balancing the budget. Some believe that Eves was responsible for restraining some of Harris' more radical initiatives during their time in office.

Despite the close friendship and similar backgrounds and beliefs of Harris and Eves, the two have very different public personae.  While Harris tried to be the embodiment of a grass-roots politician, Eves was just the opposite.  He was always meticulously well-turned-out in expensive suits, with court-filings revealing he spent $25,000 a year on clothing, $5,000 a year on jewelry and cufflinks and $700 a month on dry cleaning.  Eves also sported a slicked-back hair style that reinforced his image as a "slick" politician.

Eves' personal life in the last few years of the Harris government was tumultuous.  His son, Justin, was killed in a traffic accident in Parry Sound, and soon afterward his long-standing marriage broke down.  Eves began a relationship with a fellow cabinet colleague, Isabel Bassett, and he and his wife separated.  On February 8, 2001 Eves decided to resign from his post of Finance Minister to seek opportunities in the private sector. He became vice-chair of the investment bank Credit Suisse First Boston and senior partner at a prominent Toronto law firm.

In a March 2001 by-election, he was replaced as MPP for the riding of Parry Sound—Muskoka by Norm Miller, son of former Premier Frank Miller.

Return to politics
His retirement was brief, however. When Mike Harris stepped down as Conservative leader, Eves decided to run in the 2002 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership election.  Eves immediately became the front-runner and most Tory MPPs and members of the party came to support him.  Eves staved off a determined run by his successor at Finance, Jim Flaherty, who pushed a hard-right agenda to appeal to the party's grassroots. Flaherty's campaign featured scathing attacks on Eves, calling him a "serial waffler" and a "pale, pink imitation of Dalton McGuinty."  Eves became leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario on March 23, 2002 despite not holding a seat at the time, following a second-ballot victory.

Premier

Eves was sworn in as Ontario's 23rd Premier on April 15, 2002, and returned to the legislature as the member for Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey after a by-election on May 2, 2002.

Reforms were made to the power system. Cost over-runs at nuclear reactors and a very hot summer combined with problems in market regulation to drive hydro prices up significantly (particularly in northern Ontario). The government was forced to cancel the privatization and capped hydro rates below cost, billing the taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars.

In late 2002, cabinet minister Cam Jackson was forced to resign when the Liberals alleged he had spent more than $100,000 on meals and alcohol in expensive restaurants and in four star Toronto hotels. Jackson was later fully exonerated of allegations of wrongdoing. Eves was also caught unaware when the Liberals broke that Mike Harris had arranged a secret tax break for professional sports teams on his last day in office.

In December 2002, a coroner's inquest into the death of Kimberly Rogers recommended numerous changes to the government's welfare legislation, which Community and Social Services Minister Brenda Elliott dismissed as unnecessary tinkering with a system that "was working effectively".

Concerned about returning to the Legislature, Eves' advisors instead hatched a public relations disaster. They convinced the Premier to have Minister of Finance Janet Ecker present the government's 2003 budget on 28 March at a televised press conference at the headquarters of auto parts maker Magna International, instead of in the legislature. Magna's CEO was prominent Tory supporter Belinda Stronach, who later became a Liberal cabinet minister at the federal level. The "Magna Budget" resulted in accusations that the government was trying to avoid the scrutiny of the legislature and was flouting centuries of parliamentary tradition in favour of a PR stunt.  Furthermore, the expense of this move was condemned as a waste of money considering that the legislative chamber was already equipped with video equipment for televised coverage.  The "Magna Budget" was intended to launch a provincial election campaign, but was so poorly received that the election was delayed until the autumn.  Attacks came from not only the opposition parties and the media but from one of Eves' own party members, Gary Carr. As Speaker of the legislature, Carr ruled that the government's actions were prima facie in contempt of the legislature. (Subsequently, the PC majority in the Legislature voted to overturn Carr's ruling.)  The budget also included several assumptions that led many commentators to believe the government was in fact running a deficit in the range of $2 billion.

On 10 June, the Eves cabinet selected Archie Campbell (judge) to chair its SARS Commission inquiry into the failures of the health system when the virus that caused the SARS epidemic was transmitted on 23 February from China to Toronto, where it wreaked havoc including from 7 March at Scarborough Grace Hospital.

Soon after the budget, Energy Minister Chris Stockwell ran into trouble when he allowed a company he regulated to pay for a family trip to Europe. After several weeks of front-page news on the scandal and an unfavourable ruling from the province's Integrity Commissioner, Eves forced Stockwell to resign on 17 June.

In the summer of 2003, the power issue caused further trouble for Eves.  During its time in office, the Tory government had failed to make any substantial investments in new sources of power.  Warm weather and the use of air conditioners pushed the Ontario hydro grid to the brink, and after the Northeast blackout of 2003, the provincial power utility was forced to buy expensive power from neighbouring producers in Quebec.  During that time, Eves made daily television appearances announcing developments in the situation, and appealing to the public to conserve as much electricity as possible during the period.  As a result of this exposure, Eves enjoyed a moderate uptick in the polls.

A highlight of his premiership was Eves' meeting with Ukrainian opposition leader Victor Yushchenko in May 2003. During Yushchenko's visit to Toronto was a banquet organized by the Ukrainian Canadian Congress which attended by over 1,000 people. Yushchenko was welcomed by "the members of the Canadian political elite in Toronto, headed by Premier of Ontario Ernie Eves", who was presented as a leading Canadian of Ukrainian heritage, as well as federal cabinet minister Sheila Copps and Bishop Augustine Eugene Hornyak, Senator A. Raynell Andreychuk, and City Councillor Gloria Lindsay Luby.

2003 election

In September 2003, Eves called an election for October 2, 2003. While exposure from the blackout had boosted the PCs into a short-lived tie with Dalton McGuinty's Liberals in the polls, and despite the reputation of the Ontario Tories for increasing their support base in mid-campaign, Eves had trouble convincing voters that his party deserved to stay in office.  The Tories had released their platform, "The Road Ahead", in May.  Eves had hired many of Harris' advisers for the campaign, and they drafted a platform that was closer to Flaherty's (and Harris') views than those of Eves.  Eves was visibly uncomfortable defending policy proposals that he had opposed a year earlier.  When a Tory campaign staffer distributed a press release referring to McGuinty as an "evil reptilian kitten-eater from another planet", many voters were turned off by the attack.

In contrast, the Liberals ran a highly focused, disciplined campaign on the simple theme of "Choose Change".  They had spent the last four years positioning themselves as the government in waiting.  McGuinty appeared ready for the office of Premier and tapped into voter frustration over deteriorating public services and the needless conflict of the Harris/Eves governments.  Eves was unable to make any headway in the leadership debate, appearing uncharacteristically restrained in the face of criticism from McGuinty, and was unable to revive support for his party in the final days of the campaign.

On October 2, 2003, the Liberals won 72 of the 103 seats in the Legislature, and Eves' Tories won just 24. However, as a sign of his personal strength, Eves won his own seat by the largest margin of any PC candidate.

Resignation
Eves' time as Opposition leader was more fruitful, when he led attacks against the McGuinty government's first budget, particularly the Ontario Health Premium —which broke the Liberals' campaign pledge not to raise taxes and the elimination of health services such as eye examinations and physical therapy. Despite being considered a lame-duck leader, Eves led in opinion polls for that period of time.

In early 2004, Eves announced his intention to resign prior to the fall 2004 legislative session.  A leadership election chose John Tory as Eves' successor on September 18, 2004; Eves was officially neutral in the contest. Tory and Eves share a number of attributes, both coming from the so-called Red Tory wing of the party.

Eves had been widely expected to resign his seat in the provincial legislature during the 2004 Christmas holidays in order to allow Tory an opportunity to enter the Ontario legislature through a by-election. Eves' resignation was not forthcoming, however.  After staff in Tory's office leaked Eves' impending resignation, Eves reportedly refused to resign, thereby undercutting the new leader's credibility.  Another report contends that Eves was refusing to resign before securing an appointment to the Canadian Senate or to a public board. As federal and provincial patronage appointments were in the hands of Liberals, it would have been difficult for John Tory to persuade either the provincial or federal government to make such an appointment.

On January 31, 2005, Eves resigned his seat in the provincial legislature. Although he had received several high-profile job offers from the private sector after stepping down as leader, he had reportedly turned them down. In 2007, he joined Jacob & Company Securities Inc. (now Jacob Securities Inc.), a Toronto-based boutique investment bank that specializes in the renewable energy and clean technology sectors, where he served as Executive Chairman until July 2012.

Career in cannabis
In 2015, Eves became chairman of , a medical cannabis firm in Jamaica.

Federal politics
For many years, Eves was known as the most prominent supporter of the federal Progressive Conservative Party in Mike Harris's government.  He had supported Joe Clark from the first ballot at the party's 1976 leadership convention, and continued to support the federal Tories in the 1990s despite the rise of the Reform Party as a rival right-wing force.  He endorsed Hugh Segal's bid for the leadership of the federal party in 1998.

Eves took out a membership in the Canadian Alliance in 2000 to support Tom Long's leadership bid, but rejoined the Tories after Stockwell Day was chosen as the Canadian Alliance leader. During the 2002 Ontario PC Party leadership race, Eves and his supporters invited federal PC Party leader Joe Clark to attend as an honorary delegate.  No such invitation was extended by any camp to the newly minted Canadian Alliance leader and future Tory leader Stephen Harper. Harper did, however, attend the provincial PC convention in late 2004 as leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.

References

External links

1946 births
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Deputy premiers of Ontario
Finance ministers of Ontario
Lawyers in Ontario
Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Osgoode Hall Law School alumni
People from Parry Sound, Ontario
Politicians from Windsor, Ontario
Premiers of Ontario
20th-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian politicians

Ernie Eves


Agia Triada Monastery ( Μονή Αγίας Τριάδος) or the Monastery of Agia Triada Tsangarolon is a Greek Orthodox monastery in the Akrotiri peninsula in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. It also contains a museum.

The monastery, whose name means "Holy Trinity", was built in the 17th century by two brothers of the Venetian Zangaroli family on the site of a pre-existing church.

The monks produce and sell wine and olive oil on the premises.

Architecture

The church is built in the Byzantine architectural cruciform style with three domes. The main church is flanked by two smaller domed chapels, one of which is dedicated to the Life-Giving Spring (Zoodochos Pigi) and the other to Saint John the Theologian. The main church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity and the church has a narthex at the front set at right angles to the main aisle. There are two large Doric-style columns and one smaller, Corinthian-style column on either side of the main entrance. The facade of the church has double columns of Ionian and Corinthian style and bears an inscription in Greek, which is dated to 1631. The monastery's cellar door is dated to 1613. In the 19th century the monastery was established as an important theological school from 1833, and the belfry is dated to 1864. The monastery was later extensively damaged during conflicts with the Turks and in 1892, a seminary was established.

Museum
The monastery also has a library which contains some rare books, and a museum which contains a collection of icons and a collection of codices. Important exhibits include a portable icon of St John the Theologian dated to around 1500, The Last Judgment, work of Emmanuel Skordiles from 17th century, St John the Precursor (1846), The Tree of Jesse (1853), The Hospitality of Abraham and The Descent into Hades (1855), The Story of Beauteaus Joseph (1858) and a manuscript on a parchment roll with the mass of St Basil.

Galerie

See also
Gouverneto Monastery

References

External links

 Official site

Greek Orthodox monasteries in Greece
Buildings and structures in Chania (regional unit)
Museums in Crete
Christian monasteries established in the 17th century
Monasteries in Crete
17th-century establishments in Greece
Religious museums in Greece

Agia Triada Monastery


Lady Wonder (February 9, 1924 – March 19, 1957) was a mare some claimed to have psychic abilities and be able to perform intellectually demanding tasks such as arithmetic and spelling. Lady's owner, Claudia E. Fonda, trained her to operate a device that she used to spell out answers to the more than 150,000 visitors.

Lady was said to have predicted the outcome of boxing fights and political elections, and was consulted by the police in criminal investigations. The parapsychologist researcher J. B. Rhine investigated Lady's alleged abilities and concluded that there was evidence for extrasensory perception between human and horse. The magicians and skeptical investigators Milbourne Christopher and John Scarne showed that Lady's prediction abilities resulted from Mrs. Fonda employing mentalism tricks and signaling the answers to Lady.

Life and activity

Lady was born on February 9, 1924. Clarence and Claudia Fonda adopted the weeks-old filly and called her Lady. Due to her early age, Lady was bottle-fed by her owner, Mrs. Fonda, who also trained Lady using lettered and numbered children's wood blocks in an attempt to teach her the alphabet and numbers so they could communicate. Eventually, Lady outgrew the children's blocks and Mr. Fonda built her a large typewriter, that Lady could use by hitting her nose on padded keys which lifted tin cards containing letters and numbers. This home-made device was used to allegedly communicate with more than 150,000 visitors coming for all around the United States.

During its long life, several predictions have been attributed to Lady such as predicting the victory of Gene Tunney over Jack Dempsey in a 1927 boxing match, predicting earthquakes and shifts in the stock exchange. According to Mrs. Fonda, Lady predicted all the US presidential elections, except the victory of Truman over Dewey in the 1948 United States presidential election. However, there are several reports of Lady's prediction being wrong and usually open to human interpretation.

Lady died on March 19, 1957, at the age of 33 from heart attack. Lady was buried in the Pet Memorial Park in Henrico County.

Collaboration with police
Lady's celebrity grew across the United States when she was credited to have helped to solve the case of a missing 4-year-old boy, Danny Matson, in Quincy, Massachusetts. When prompted about Matson's location, Lady spelled "Pittsfield Water Wheel". The police investigation concluded that there was no water wheel in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The police chief William Ferrazzi tried to interpret Lady's message and wonder if she might mean "Field and Wilde Water Pit", a quarry close to Matson's house which had already been searched. Further searches found the child's body at the quarry.

In December 1952, two children went missing in Naperville, Illinois. The boy's mother resorted to Lady which suggested that the children would be found at the DuPage River, a river close to the boy's house from where both children went missing. Several weeks later the bodies of both children were found over the frozen river. Skeptics point out that in both cases these locations had been or were being searched already, and Lady's intervention served only to reinforce the beliefs of the inquirers.

Investigations
During the winter of 1927–1928, J. B. Rhine, one of the initial proponents of extrasensory perception, tested the psychic abilities of Lady Wonder, concluding that there was no evidence of either conscious or unconscious signaling by the researchers or Mrs. Fonda and that his results could be explained only using the "telepathic explanation". In a follow-up study, in December 1928, Rhine noticed Lady's telepathic abilities had been lost and that her answers depended heavily on Mrs. Fonda signaling the mare.

In 1956, the magician Milbourne Christopher was skeptical about the alleged abilities of Lady and decided to visit the Fondas, presenting himself as John Banks, and when asked Lady for his name she spelled "Banks". Christopher suspected Mrs. Fonda's involvement in Lady's answers, and he decided to test if Fonda was employing a technique called pencil reading, where mentalists track the writing movement to "predict" what is written. To test this hypothesis, Christopher tricked Mrs. Fonda by pretending to write the number 9, touching the paper only in the downstroke, thus writing the number 1. When he asked Lady which number was written in the paper she readily spelled "9". Christopher's tests concluded that Fonda was involved in Lady's apparent intelligence and that she achieved this by providing subtle cues when Lady's head was in the correct letter. John Scarne, a New Jersey magician, also investigated Lady's abilities and arrived at the same conclusion, Lady's behavior was highly dependent on cues given by Mrs. Fonda when holding a whip. Scarne also concluded that when Mrs. Fonda was not aware of the answer, Lady usually answered incorrectly.

Gallery

See also
 Clever Hans
 Beautiful Jim Key
 Betsy, a border collie known to understand over 340 words
 Rico, a dog who reportedly understood more than 200 words.
 Koko, a gorilla who learned sign language
 Alex, a grey parrot known for intelligent use of speech
 Animal cognition

References

External links
 Richmond Then and Now. Articles about Lady Wonder from the Richmond Times-Dispatch.
 Lady Wonder: A Mind-Reading Horse. Essay by Abraham Kovoor
 Psychic Horse Segment from the show Mysteries at the Museum

1924 animal births
1957 animal deaths
Oracular animals
Individual mares
Parapsychology
Trick horses

Lady Wonder


Events
 The completion of the Wyclif Bible by John Purvey and the beginning of prosecution of Wyclif's followers, known as the Lollards.
 Battle of Otterburn: a Scottish army, led by James Douglas, defeats an English army, capturing the their leader, Harry Hotspur. Douglas is killed during the battle.
 John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian thrown by allowing his daughter Katherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.
 The entire court of Richard II of England are convicted of treason by the Merciless Parliament, under the influence of the Lords Appellant, and are all either executed or exiled. Richard II effectively becomes a puppet of the Lords Appellant.
 Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (now southern Thailand) after dethroning and executing 17 year-old King Thong Chan.
 Goryeo Revolution: General Yi Seonggye begins a four-year revolution in Goryeo (now Korea) after being ordered by King U of Goryeo to attack the superior Chinese army.
 Goryeo Revolution: King U of Goryeo is forced from power and replaced by his son Chang.
 A Chinese invasion force under General Lan Yu defeats a large Mongolian army under Khan Toghus Temur and captures 100 members of the Yuan royal family. Toghus Temur is killed whilst trying to escape and is succeeded as Khan of Mongolia by his rival, Jorightu.
 An invading Chinese army under General Xu Da destroys Karakorum, the capital city of the Mongolian Empire.
 Battle of Plocnik: A combined force of Serbians, Bosnians and Bulgarians defeat an Ottoman invasion force.
 Tran Ngung overthrows Tran Hien as King of Vietnam.
 Omar I is succeeded by Sa'id as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now east Chad and Nigeria). Sa'id is succeeded in the same year by Kade Alunu. Omar and Sa'id are both killed by Bilala invaders from the west.
 Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II succeeds Firuz Shah Tughluq as Sultan of Delhi.
 Charles VI of France reaches maturity, ending the regency of his uncle, Philip the Bold.
 The University of Cologne is established (now the largest university in Germany).
 Cozia Monastery is built in Wallacia.
 Ljubostinja Monastery is built in Serbia.

Births
 September 14 – Claudius Clavus, Danish geographer
 September 29 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. 1421)
 Juliana Berners, English writer
 Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury (died 1428)
 Dai Jin, Chinese painter (d. 1462)

Deaths
 Simon de Burley, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
 James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas
 Thomas Usk, English writer
 Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq of Delhi
 King Thong Chan of Ayutthaya
 Khan Toghus Temur of Mongolia
 King Omar I of the Kanem-Bornu Empire
 King Sa'id of the Kanem-Bornu Empire
 Firuz Shah Tughluq

1388


Nazmi Ziya Güran (1881 – 11 September 1937) was a Turkish Impressionist painter and art teacher.

Biography

He was born in Istanbul. His father was a civil servant. He attended Vefa Lisesi, Turkey's first non-military high school, then studied at the Civil Service Academy (now the Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University). Having been interested in art since he was a child, he asked his family to let him attend classes at the Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts, but his request was denied and he graduated from the Academy in 1901.

He did manage to obtain some private tutoring from Hoca Ali Riza then, following his father's death in 1902, he quietly enrolled at the Academy. He studied with the Italian Orientalist painter, Salvatore Valeri and the sculptor Osgan Efendi, but had some difficulty adapting to the school's conservative teaching methods and came into conflict with Osman Hamdi Bey, the Director. A meeting with the French painter Paul Signac, who visited Istanbul while sailing around the Mediterranean, may have influenced his desired style. The conflicts continued and, in 1907, when he submitted his final exam pictures, he found his graduation delayed by a year.

Tired of waiting, he went to Paris in 1908. After briefly attending classes at the Académie Julian, he worked in the studios of Marcel Baschet and Lionel Royer. Then, he enrolled at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and studied with Fernand Cormon. He also made meticulous copies of paintings at the Louvre, spending two months on Antoine Coypel's portrait of Democritus, alone.

After travelling in Germany and Austria, he returned home in 1914, settling in İzmir, where he found employment at the Teacher's College and worked as an inspector for the provincial Directorate of Education. To help support his family during the war years, he turned to other activities, such as poultry farming and shoemaking. After the war, he served as Director of the "Industrial School of Fine Arts" for several non-consecutive years while continuing to pursue his landscape painting, often painting the same scene at different times of day to capture the changes in light. He also opened a private art school. In 1928, one of his paintings was purchased by King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan.

Although he participated in the annual "Galatasaray Exhibition", he did not exhibit extensively until 1937, when he was given his own sections at a major exposition held by the Art Society. With great enthusiasm, he helped move and set up dozens of works. This much exertion in the August heat led to a case of extreme exhaustion, from which he never fully recovered, dying of a heart attack not long after.

Selected paintings

References

Further reading
Nazmi Ziya Güran: Işığın ressamı (Painter of Light) Rezan Has Museum, 2012
 Turan Erol (ed.), Nazmi Ziya Güran (Volume 4 of Türk ressamları) Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1995
 Atila Taşpınar, Nazmi Ziya, self-published, 2004,

External links

 ArtNet: More works by Güran
 Nazmi Ziya Güran, an appreciation, by Taha Toros @ Antikalar

Turkish Impressionist painters
Artists from Istanbul
Vefa High School alumni
1881 births
1937 deaths

Nazmi Ziya Güran


The men's shot put at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships took place March 9 at the Ataköy Athletics Arena.

Medalists

Records

Qualification standards

Schedule

Results

Qualification

Qualification standard: 20.70 m (Q) or at least best 8 qualified (q).  23 athletes from 20 countries participated.  The qualification round started at 09:54 and ended at 11:04.

Final

8 athletes from 6 countries participated.  The final started at 19:54 and ended at 20:04.

References

Shot Put
Shot put at the World Athletics Indoor Championships

2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's shot put