An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are linear.

Integer programming is NP-complete. In particular, the special case of 0–1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.

If some decision variables are not discrete, the problem is known as a mixed-integer programming problem.

Canonical and standard form for ILPs

In integer linear programming, the canonical form is distinct from the standard form. An integer linear program in canonical form is expressed thus (note that it is the  vector which is to be decided):

and an ILP in standard form is expressed as

where   are vectors and  is a matrix. As with linear programs, ILPs not in standard form can be converted to standard form by eliminating inequalities, introducing slack variables () and replacing variables that are not sign-constrained with the difference of two sign-constrained variables.

Example

The plot on the right shows the following problem.

The feasible integer points are shown in red, and the red dashed lines indicate their convex hull, which is the smallest convex polyhedron that contains all of these points. The blue lines together with the coordinate axes define the polyhedron of the LP relaxation, which is given by the inequalities without the integrality constraint. The goal of the optimization is to move the black dashed line as far upward while still touching the polyhedron. The optimal solutions of the integer problem are the points  and  that both have an objective value of 2. The unique optimum of the relaxation is  with objective value of 2.8. If the solution of the relaxation is rounded to the nearest integers, it is not feasible for the ILP.

Proof of NP-hardness

The following is a reduction from minimum vertex cover to integer programming that will serve as the proof of NP-hardness.

Let  be an undirected graph. Define a linear program as follows:

Given that the constraints limit  to either 0 or 1, any feasible solution to the integer program is a subset of vertices. The first constraint implies that at least one end point of every edge is included in this subset. Therefore, the solution describes a vertex cover. Additionally given some vertex cover C,  can be set to 1 for any  and to 0 for any  thus giving us a feasible solution to the integer program. Thus we can conclude that if we minimize the sum of  we have also found the minimum vertex cover.

Variants
Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) involves problems in which only some of the variables, , are constrained to be integers, while other variables are allowed to be non-integers.

Zero–one linear programming (or binary integer programming) involves problems in which the variables are restricted to be either 0 or 1. Any bounded integer variable can be expressed as a combination of binary variables. For example, given an integer variable, , the variable can be expressed using  binary variables:

Applications

There are two main reasons for using integer variables when modeling problems as a linear program:
The integer variables represent quantities that can only be integer. For example, it is not possible to build 3.7 cars.
The integer variables represent decisions (e.g. whether to include an edge in a graph) and so should only take on the value 0 or 1.
These considerations occur frequently in practice and so integer linear programming can be used in many applications areas, some of which are briefly described below.

Production planning
Mixed-integer programming has many applications in industrial productions, including job-shop modelling. One important example happens in agricultural production planning and involves determining production yield for several crops that can share resources (e.g. land, labor, capital, seeds, fertilizer, etc.). A possible objective is to maximize the total production, without exceeding the available resources. In some cases, this can be expressed in terms of a linear program, but the variables must be constrained to be integer.

Scheduling

These problems involve service and vehicle scheduling in transportation networks.  For example, a problem may involve assigning buses or subways to individual routes so that a timetable can be met, and also to equip them with drivers. Here binary decision variables indicate whether a bus or subway is assigned to a route and whether a driver is assigned to a particular train or subway. The zero–one programming technique has been successfully applied to solve a project selection problem in which projects are mutually exclusive and/or technologically interdependent. It is used in a special case of integer programming, in which all the decision variables are integers. Variable can assume only the values zero or one.

Territorial partitioning

Territorial partitioning or districting problems consist of partitioning a geographical region into districts in order to plan some operations while considering different criteria or constraints. Some requirements for this problem are: contiguity, compactness, balance or equity, respect of natural boundaries, and socio-economic homogeneity. Some applications for this type of problem include: political districting, school districting, health services districting and waste management districting.

Telecommunications networks

The goal of these problems is to design a network of lines to install so that a predefined set of communication requirements are met and the total cost of the network is minimal.  This requires optimizing both the topology of the network along with setting the capacities of the various lines.  In many cases, the capacities are constrained to be integer quantities.  Usually there are, depending on the technology used, additional restrictions that can be modeled as linear inequalities with integer or binary variables.

Cellular networks
The task of frequency planning in GSM mobile networks involves distributing available frequencies across the antennas so that users can be served and interference is minimized between the antennas.  This problem can be formulated as an integer linear program in which binary variables indicate whether a frequency is assigned to an antenna.

Other applications

 Cash flow matching
 Energy system optimization
 UAV guidance

Algorithms

The naive way to solve an ILP is to simply remove the constraint that x is integer, solve the corresponding LP (called the LP relaxation of the ILP), and then round the entries of the solution to the LP relaxation.  But, not only may this solution not be optimal, it may not even be feasible; that is, it may violate some constraint.

Using total unimodularity

While in general the solution to LP relaxation will not be guaranteed to be integral, if the ILP has the form  such that  where  and  have all integer entries and  is totally unimodular, then every basic feasible solution is integral.  Consequently, the solution returned by the simplex algorithm is guaranteed to be integral.  To show that every basic feasible solution is integral, let  be an arbitrary basic feasible solution . Since  is feasible,
we know that . Let  be the elements corresponding to the basis columns for the basic solution . By definition of a basis, there is some square submatrix  of
 with linearly independent columns such that .

Since the columns of  are linearly independent and  is square,  is nonsingular,
and therefore by assumption,  is unimodular and so . Also, since  is nonsingular, it is invertible and therefore . By definition, . Here  denotes the adjugate of  and is integral because  is integral.  Therefore,

Thus, if the matrix  of an ILP is totally unimodular, rather than use an ILP algorithm, the simplex method can be used to solve the LP relaxation and the solution will be integer.

Exact algorithms
When the matrix  is not totally unimodular, there are a variety of algorithms that can be used to solve integer linear programs exactly.  One class of algorithms are cutting plane methods, which work by solving the LP relaxation and then adding linear constraints that drive the solution towards being integer without excluding any integer feasible points.

Another class of algorithms are variants of the branch and bound method.  For example, the branch and cut method that combines both branch and bound and cutting plane methods.  Branch and bound algorithms have a number of advantages over algorithms that only use cutting planes.  One advantage is that the algorithms can be terminated early and as long as at least one integral solution has been found, a feasible, although not necessarily optimal, solution can be returned.  Further, the solutions of the LP relaxations can be used to provide a worst-case estimate of how far from optimality the returned solution is.  Finally, branch and bound methods can be used to return multiple optimal solutions.

Exact algorithms for a small number of variables
Suppose  is an m-by-n integer matrix and  is an m-by-1 integer vector. We focus on the feasibility problem, which is to decide whether there exists an n-by-1 vector  satisfying .

Let V be the maximum absolute value of the coefficients in   and . If n (the number of variables) is a fixed constant, then the feasibility problem can be solved in time polynomial in m and log V. This is trivial for the case n=1. The case n=2 was solved in 1981 by Herbert Scarf. The general case was solved in 1983 by Hendrik Lenstra, combining ideas by László Lovász and Peter van Emde Boas. Doignon's theorem asserts that an integer program is feasible whenever every subset of  constraints is feasible; a method combining this result with algorithms for LP-type problems can be used to solve integer programs in time that is linear in  and fixed-parameter tractable (but possibly doubly exponential) in , with no dependence on .

In the special case of 0-1 ILP, Lenstra's algorithm is equivalent to complete enumeration: the number of all possible solutions is fixed (2n), and checking the feasibility of each solution can be done in time poly(m, log V). In the general case, where each variable can be an arbitrary integer, complete enumeration is impossible. Here, Lenstra's algorithm uses ideas from Geometry of numbers. It transforms the original problem into an equivalent one with the following property: either the existence of a solution  is obvious, or the value of  (the n-th variable) belongs to an interval whose length is bounded by a function of n. In the latter case, the problem is reduced to a bounded number of lower-dimensional problems. The run-time complexity of the algorithm has been improved in several steps:

 The original algorithm of Lenstra had run-time .
 Kannan  presented an improved algorithm with run-time .
 Frank and Tardos presented an improved algorithm with run-time  .

 Dadush presented an improved algorithm with run-time .

 Reis and Rothvoss  presented an improved algorithm with run-time .

Heuristic methods
Since integer linear programming is NP-hard, many problem instances are intractable and so heuristic methods must be used instead.  For example, tabu search can be used to search for solutions to ILPs.  To use tabu search to solve ILPs, moves can be defined as incrementing or decrementing an integer constrained variable of a feasible solution while keeping all other integer-constrained variables constant.  The unrestricted variables are then solved for. Short-term memory can consist of previously tried solutions while medium-term memory can consist of values for the integer constrained variables that have resulted in high objective values (assuming the ILP is a maximization problem). Finally, long-term memory can guide the search towards integer values that have not previously been tried.

Other heuristic methods that can be applied to ILPs include
Hill climbing
Simulated annealing
Reactive search optimization
Ant colony optimization
Hopfield neural networks

There are also a variety of other problem-specific heuristics, such as the k-opt heuristic for the traveling salesman problem. A disadvantage of heuristic methods is that if they fail to find a solution, it cannot be determined whether it is because there is no feasible solution or whether the algorithm simply was unable to find one.  Further, it is usually impossible to quantify how close to optimal a solution returned by these methods are.

Sparse integer programming
It is often the case that the matrix  that defines the integer program is sparse. In particular, this occurs when the matrix has a block structure, which is the case in many applications. The sparsity of the matrix can be measured as follows. The graph of  has vertices corresponding to columns of , and two columns form an edge if  has a row where both columns have nonzero entries. Equivalently, the vertices correspond to variables, and two variables form an edge if they share an inequality. The sparsity measure  of  is the minimum of the tree-depth of the graph of  and the tree-depth of the graph of the transpose of . Let  be the numeric measure of  defined as the maximum absolute value of any entry of . Let  be the number of variables of the integer program. Then it was shown in 2018 that integer programming can be solved in strongly polynomial and fixed-parameter tractable time parameterized by  and . That is, for some computable function  and some constant , integer programming can be solved in time . In particular, the time is independent of the right-hand side  and objective function . Moreover, in contrast to the classical result of Lenstra, where the number  of variables is a parameter, here the number  of variables is a variable part of the input.

See also
 Constrained least squares

References

Further reading

External links
 A Tutorial on Integer Programming
 Conference Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, IPCO
 The Aussois Combinatorial Optimization Workshop

Combinatorial optimization

Integer programming


Jacques-Pierre Charles Abbatucci (; 21 December 1791, Zicavo, Corsica – 11 November 1857, Paris) was a Corsican-born French politician. He was a grandson of Jacques Pierre Abbatucci and a nephew of Charles Abbatucci, both of them generals of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Life
He began his professional life as a lawyer, finally becoming procureur du roi at Sartène in January 1816, conseiller to the royal court of Bastia in March 1819 and président de chambre to the court of Orléans in September 1830. In 1830 he was also elected député for Corsica, before being elected député for Le Loiret from 1839 to 1851. He was made minister of justice, Garde des Sceaux in January then a senator in December 1852, and remained a senator until his death.

Under the July Monarchy, he was an important member of the opposition, close to Odilon Barrot. He distinguished himself in the campaign of reformist banquets, presiding over the banquet at Orléans and showing zeal in organising and assisting at the last forbidden banquet on 22 February 1848. These events would bring about the Monarchy's fall and the proclamation of the Second French Republic.

Under the Second French Empire, in his role as garde des sceaux, he presided over the council of ministers in the emperor's absence. From 1852 to his death in 1857, he was a senator and an official councillor to Napoleon III, who made him chargé des affaires for Corsica, in which role he originated a large part of the immense progress the island realised under the Second Empire.

His son, Jean-Charles Abbatucci (1816–85), was also a deputy under the July Monarchy, and again under the French Third Republic.

References

1791 births
1857 deaths
People from Corse-du-Sud
Bonapartists
French Ministers of Justice
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
Members of Parliament for Corsica
Members of Parliament for Loiret
French senators of the Second Empire

Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (politician)


East Ruston Old Vicarage Gardens is a notable privately owned  garden in the county of Norfolk at East Ruston in Eastern England.

The gardens were established in 1973 by Alan Gray and Graham Robeson, who have created a  design which incorporates exuberant and innovative planting  alongside a more traditional formal design. On an unpromising site,  close to the North Sea and surrounded by arable prairie,  the gardens are protected from harsh onshore wind  by  a shelter belt of  Monterey Pines which  created  a unique micro-climate. Exotic and unusual plants from around the world flourish alongside more hardy species. Notable are the tree ferns, succulents and palms which surround the house, as is the Californian 'Desert Wash', the Exotic Garden with a  water sculpture and  a large cornfield sown with a selection of native but now scarce 'weeds' such as cornflower, poppy and corn marigold. The gardens contain an interesting collection of sculptures by local artists as well as many architectural features.

External links

 Website

Gardens in Norfolk
Clergy houses in England
Houses in Norfolk

East Ruston Old Vicarage


Dr. Baldur Hendrik Hermans (Essen-Borbeck 1938-November 16, 2015) was a German historian and a Catholic theologian. He was Secretary General of the International Catholic Conference of Scouting, and served as the International Commissioner of the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände, as well as the International Commissioner of the German Catholic Scouting Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg (DPSG).

Hermans began his university studies in Bonn Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in 1961, and subsequently obtained a doctorate in history. He joined the UNITAS Catholic Students Association at the beginning of his studies. In 1970 he became director of the Episcopal Youth Office in the diocese of Essen, in 1989 he was head of the social functions and international relations department of the diocese, retiring in 2004.

A member of DPSG since 1949, between 1985 and 2004 he was the international commissioner, representing the association in Europe and around the world. He played an important role in the revival of Catholic Scouting in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union after 1989, by organizing international exchanges of young people and launching various international projects.

In 2002, at the Thessaloniki World Scout Conference, Hermans was elected Secretary General of the International Catholic Conference of Scouting, and reconfirmed in his post in 2005 in Tunis and in 2008 in Rome.

He was a member of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, the Lumen Gentium Foundation and the Central Committee of German Catholics for Evangelization. He collaborated for many years in the political work of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), and was author and publisher of numerous articles and books.

In March 1998, Hermans was awarded the 264th Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting. In 2009, he became a member of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

References

External links

Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1938 births
Scouting and Guiding in Germany
2015 deaths

Baldur Hermans


Bart Peter Boudewijn Moeyaert (born 9 June 1964) is a Belgian writer.

Early life
Moeyaert was born in 1964 in Bruges as the youngest of seven brothers. He is named after the character Bartje in the book series by Anne de Vries and after Baudouin of Belgium (Boudewijn). As is tradition in Belgium, King Baudouin of Belgium is his godfather as Moeyaert is the seventh son in an unbroken succession of sons.

Career

Writing
Moeyaert made his debut in 1983 with the book Duet met valse noten. Moeyaert received the Prijs van de Kinder- en Jeugdjury voor het boek in Vlaanderen award for this book in 1984. In 1989, he published the book Suzanne Dantine which he considers to be his real debut with him transitioning from writer to author. Moeyaert later reworked the story into a new book  Wespennest (1997).

In 1992, he won the Boekenleeuw award for his book Kus me and in 1993 he won the Prijs van de Provincie Antwerpen and the Prijs van de Provincie West-Vlaanderen awards for this book.

In 1995, he published the book Blote handen; he received numerous awards for this book in the following years, including the Boekenleeuw (1996), the Zilveren Griffel (1996), Prijs van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap voor Jeugdliteratuur (1998), Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (1998), Norske Oversetterpremien (1998), Vlaamse Cultuurprijs voor Jeugdliteratuur (1998) and the Interprovinciale Prijs Letterkunde (1999).

In 2013, he won the Prijs Letterkunde van de Provincie West-Vlaanderen together with Gerda Dendooven and Sabine Clement.

Moeyaert's work has been translated into numerous languages. His works range from picture books and YA literature to essays. Bart has also written screenplays for television and movies as well as poetry, song lyrics, and plays professionally.

Children's literature

In 2001 he was awarded the Woutertje Pieterse Prijs for his book Broere. The book is a collection of short stories about himself, his brothers, his parents and his childhood. The jury praised Moeyaert for combining autobiographical elements with childhood reflections and a dose of irony. The first edition of the book consisted of 31 stories; this grew to 42 stories in the second edition (2002) and to 49 stories in the third edition (2017).

In 2001, he also won the Gouden Uil for the book Luna van de boom with Gerda Dendooven and Filip Bral.

In 2006, he won the 2005 Nienke van Hichtum-prijs for his book Dani Bennoni.

In 2019, he won the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award. The jury praised Moeyaert for his "compressed and musical literary language" as well as his ability to "put complex relationships under the loupe" without "drawing easy lines between good and evil".

In 2019, he also won the Zilveren Griffel award for the book Tegenwoordig heet iedereen Sorry.

In 2020, he was on the shortlist for the Hans Christian Andersen Award for the third time but he did not win the award.

Poetry

In 2003, he made his debut as poet with Verzamel de liefde.

On 26 January 2006 (Gedichtendag 2006) he became the poet of the city of Antwerp for a period of two years. He wrote 18 poems related to life in the city of Antwerp and they were published in his second collection of poems Gedichten voor gelukkige mensen. Some of these poems are also on public display, including in the Permeke Library and the Vlaamse Opera. In 2009, he was nominated for the J.C. Bloem-poëzieprijs for this work.

References

External links

 Official website
 Bart Moeyaert , Nederlands Letterenfonds (Dutch Foundation for Literature)
 Bart Moeyaert (in Dutch), schrijversgewijs.be
 Bart Moeyaert (in Dutch), jeugdliteratuur.org

1964 births
Flemish poets
Flemish translators
Woutertje Pieterse Prize winners
Living people
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award winners
Boekenleeuw winners
Nienke van Hichtum Prize winners
20th-century Belgian writers
21st-century Belgian writers

Bart Moeyaert


St. Patrick's Catholic Church was a Roman Catholic church in northwestern Shelby County, Ohio, United States.  Located in the southwestern corner of Van Buren Township, the church sat at the intersection of Hoying and Wright-Puthoff Roads in the unincorporated community of St. Patrick.

Parish history
St. Patrick parish was organized in 1862 among a primarily Irish population.  Although the region was settled primarily by German farmers, the members at St. Patrick were generally laborers who had been recruited to participate in the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal through western Shelby County.  Starting one year later, the parish was served by priests from the Missionaries of the Precious Blood; these priests were based in Minster, nearly five miles to the northwest.  The parish built a log church in 1863; it was replaced by a frame church in 1871.  Members in the vicinity of McCartyville to the northeast were created a separate parish in 1882, weakening the original parish.

Architecture

By the 1910s, the old frame building had proved insufficient for the church's needs.  Consequently, the parish arranged for the erection of its third and final church, a Flemish bond brick structure constructed in a transitional Italianate style of architecture.  This building was based on a foundation of concrete and a gabled tile roof; the rectangular church featured a square bell tower on its southwestern corner.  The interior featured frescoes and a prominent statue of Saint Patrick (the patron saint of Ireland); it was lit by multiple windows of stained glass.  As a large church in a rural setting served by priests of the Society of the Precious Blood, St. Patrick's was closely connected to many other churches in western Ohio: wide areas of western Ohio that were primarily settled by Catholics feature large churches at sparsely-populated crossroads.  While most of these churches are constructed in the Gothic Revival style of architecture, some of the newer churches of the region — including St. Patrick's — appear in a variety of styles; St. Patrick's was one of the few that lacked the high steeples of the Gothic Revival structures.  The leading role of these churches in western Shelby County and the lands somewhat farther west has caused the region to be nicknamed the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches."

Other buildings
St. Patrick's Church was one of four properties owned by the parish in the community of St. Patrick.  Located to the east of the church was the parish cemetery; across Hoying Road to the north was the former parish school, built in 1906; and to the east is the brick rectory.  A square two-story structure, the rectory features a hip roof and a stone foundation.  The parish built the rectory in 1919 to house its pastor; before its construction, St. Patrick's was served by priests from St. Michael's Church in Fort Loramie to the southwest.

Recent history
In 1977, the church and rectory were recorded by the Ohio Historic Inventory for the purpose of historic preservation; both buildings were ranked in good condition without any significant risks.  Two years later, they were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places, along with over thirty other buildings in the Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches.  When these churches were listed, it was feared that some rural churches were ultimately endangered by changing demographics; while all of the other churches remain active parishes, St. Patrick's has closed.  While the parish was listed as being in operation in 1996, it no longer appears on the website of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, and the church has been destroyed.  A small memorial occupies the site of the church, while the rectory remains in its place.

References

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1915
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Churches in the Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches
Former Roman Catholic church buildings in Ohio
Irish-American culture in Ohio
Italianate architecture in Ohio
Religious organizations established in 1862
Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati
Buildings and structures in Shelby County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Shelby County, Ohio
1862 establishments in Ohio
Italianate church buildings in the United States

St. Patrick's Catholic Church (St. Patrick, Ohio)


Alfred Pal (30 November 1920 – 30 June 2010) was Croatian painter and graphic designer.

Early life and education
Pal was born in Vienna on November 30, 1920, into a Jewish family of Stefan and Therese (née Deutsch) Pal. Before the First World War Stefan Pal had owned a small chemical factory in Vienna which prospered as a supplier of shoe polish for the Austro-Hungarian Army, while Therese Deutsch was known for her beauty and appeared in several silent films produced in Berlin. Following the war and the decay of Austro-Hungarian Empire, Pal senior moved his family to Poland, where he opened a new factory of chemical products called "Purus" near Krakow in 1921. Alfred had an older brother, Aleksandar, who was two years older than him.

In 1923, Theresa left Stefan and moved to Berlin, while Alfred and his brother continued to live with their father in Krakow. She would often visit her sons. A German governess from Katowice, Margareta "Greta" Petruschke took care of Alfred and his brother. In 1926 the boys enrolled into a private German-language elementary school in Grodska street in Krakow. Stefan Pal's business slowly deteriorated until 1929, when he, just before the great depression, sold his factory and moved back to Vienna to live in three-bedroom apartment with his sons. At that time Stefan and Aleksandar for the first time visited their father's sisters, Judita in Vukovar, and Gisela in Čakovci (both in present-day eastern Croatia). The Pal brothers continued their education in Vienna. With their father constantly on the road working as a traveling salesman, the family's housemaid Margareta took care of the brothers. In 1930, Alfred graduated from elementary school in Vienna. That same year he enrolled in high school, where for the first time he started drawing under professors Wimmer and Eisler. In 1931, Stefan Pal died while traveling to Krakow, where he was subsequently buried. Following their father's death, Alfred and his brother moved to Vukovar, where they lived with their aunt Judita and rest of their father's numerous family.

In 1932, Pal began to attend the high school in Vukovar, where one of his teachers was painter and designer Marijan Detoni. During his high school education, Pal often traveled to Čakovci where he helped his aunt Gisela. During the summer Pal earned pocket money by drawing caricatures across the Adriatic beaches, from Sušak to Dubrovnik. He also paid for his high school tuition by teaching German and mathematics. Meanwhile, Pal's mother's acting career in Berlin stalled as she failed to make a successful transition to talkies, and returned to Vienna. In 1938, because of the Anschluss she had to flee the country due to antisemitism, but without valid documents. In early 1940 she managed to enter the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and see their sons for the first time after 13 years. Pal graduated from high school in 1940, and that same year he enrolled at the Study of Architecture in Belgrade, but because of the numerus clausus he was sent on hold.

World War II, later life and career
In 1941, with the invasion of Yugoslavia, Pal, his brother and their aunt Judita hide from the German army at their aunt Gisela estate in Čakovci. The winter of 1941–42 was the last winter they would spend together. From all surrounding areas, Vukovar, Vinkovci and Ilok, Jews from 14 to 60 years of age, were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. In 1942, Pal's aunt Gisela had a stroke, and aunt Judita severe hip fracture, which left them both immovable. Pal's mother was arrested in Nova Gradiška by the Croatian police, and was then taken by Ustaše to concentration camp in Đakovo where she had survived typhus. Later she was taken to Loborgrad camp in Hrvatsko Zagorje, where she was killed in August 1942.

In the summer of 1942, Pal and his brother decided to escape the Nazi and Ustaše persecution. His brother swam across the Danube near Opatovac to Hungary, never to be seen again. Alfred forged a travel pass for himself and managed to reach Crikvenica, which was at the time occupied by the Italians. In order to earn a living, Pal drew caricatures of local villagers, visitors and Italian soldiers in Crikvenica. On November 10, 1942, Pal was arrested and taken to a detention camp in Kraljevica and was later transferred to Rab concentration camp. After the 1943 capitulation of Italy and the liberation of the camp, Pal joined the Yugoslav Partisans as the member of the Jewish Rab battalion. In the Partisans he became a member of the war editorial board of ZAVNOH newspaper Vjesnik.

After the war, Pal returned to Vukovar to find out that all members of his family had been murdered in the Holocaust, except his cousin Heda Sinberger who survived Auschwitz. Pal's aunts Judita and Gisela, and his brother Aleksandar, were all murdered in concentration camps. In 1945 Pal moved to Zagreb, where he became the technical editor at the Ilustrirani Vjesnik weekly, and was one of the founders of the satirical newspaper Kerempuh, in 1945. He served as editor of Kerempuh from 1947 to 1949.

In 1949, Pal was one of the victims of the Informbiro period, an internal schism between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union which led to the Tito–Stalin split. Charged with being a sympathizer of Stalin and an enemy of the state, Pal was arrested and sent to Goli Otok, a prison and labour camp for political prisoners, where he served time from 1949 to 1950, and then again from 1951 to 1954.

Upon his release he returned to Zagreb, where he started working at various publishers, translating books from German and editing graphic design. Nevertheless, Pal continued to suffer discrimination, as he was denied travel documents and was kept under surveillance by the Yugoslav secret police UDBA. From 1970 to 1984, Pal worked as an art editor at the Matica hrvatska publishing house, and from 1985 he worked as an independent artist. Pal was also a long time member of the Croatian Association of Artists of Applied Arts (ULUPUH) and one of the initiators and founders of Zgraf, a prestigious exhibition of graphic design established in 1975 and held every three years in Zagreb.

Work
Pal worked on graphic design from the very beginnings, practically on medieval hand carved wood graphics during the war. He was a master of book graphic design, in his long career he equipped a number of books from various libraries. Pal was the author of numerous posters which he made; he worked for various clients such as; Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb, Gavella Drama Theatre, Modern Gallery, Zagreb and others. As a painter, Pal had twelve solo exhibitions; in Zagreb (1961, 1964, 1969, 1982, 1989, 1999, 2001), Vukovar (1965, 1984), Rijeka (1966), Karlovac (1971) and Dubrovnik (1985). His painting was on the line of gestural abstraction and sarcastic fiction. Pal used encaustic technique in his painting, with which he got the surprising effects.

Honors
In 2010, Pal received the Vladimir Nazor Award for lifetime achievement in the category of fine and applied arts. That same year, he also received the city of Zagreb award for lifetime achievement.

Personal life
Pal was married to medical technician Branislava (née Žuvela) Pal, whom he meet in 1960. They married in 1962. Pal had two children, first born daughter Aleksandra (Saša) was named after Pal's late brother, and son Petar Samuel was named after his grandfathers. Pal was longtime member of the Jewish community in Zagreb. He died on 30 June 2010 in Zagreb and was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery.

References

Bibliography

1920 births
2010 deaths
Artists from Vienna
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Croatian Jews
Croatian people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Jewish painters
Yugoslav Partisans members
Croatian people of World War II
Vladimir Nazor Award winners
Rab concentration camp survivors
20th-century Croatian painters
Croatian male painters
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Immigrants to Yugoslavia
20th-century Croatian male artists

Alfred Pal


Peregrine Hyde Osborne, 3rd Duke of Leeds (11 November 1691 – 9 May 1731) was a British peer.

Early life
He was the second son of Peregrine, Earl of Danby and his wife, the former Bridget Hyde, only daughter of Sir Thomas Hyde, 2nd Baronet.

In 1694, when his grandfather, the 1st Marquess of Carmarthen, was created Duke of Leeds, and his father assumed the title Marquess of Carmarthen, he became Lord Peregrine Osborne.

Career
In 1709, he began his Grand Tour together with his older brother William, Earl of Danby, who died of smallpox in Utrecht in 1711, at which point Osborne assumed the title Earl of Danby. In 1712, when his father succeeded as 2nd Duke of Leeds, he became Marquess of Carmarthen. Lord Carmarthen was summoned to the House of Lords in his father's most junior title as 3rd Baron Osborne by a writ in acceleration in January 1713 and succeeded to his father's other titles in 1729.

From 1712 to 1713, he served as Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Personal life
On 16 December 1712, he married firstly Lady Elizabeth Harley, youngest daughter of the 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer. She died in the childbed only a year later.
 Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds (1713–1789), who married Lady Mary Godolphin, second daughter of Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin and his wife Henrietta Godolphin (née Churchill), 2nd Duchess of Marlborough, in 1740.

On 17 September 1719, he married secondly to Lady Anne Seymour, third daughter of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset by his first wife, Lady Elizabeth Thynne, styled Baroness Percy (only child of Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland). A son, who originated from this marriage, died young.

After her death in 1722, he married finally, on 9 April 1725 at St Anne's Church, Soho, Juliana Hele, a daughter and co-heiress of Roger Hele of Holwell in the parish of Newton Ferrers, Devon.

The Duke of Leeds died, aged 40, and was buried in the Osborne family chapel at All Hallows Church, Harthill, South Yorkshire. He was succeeded in his titles by his only surviving child, Thomas, Marquess of Carmarthen, born by his first wife.

References

1691 births
1731 deaths
Peregrine
103
Burials at Osborne family chapel, All Hallows' Church (Harthill)

Peregrine Osborne, 3rd Duke of Leeds


Patriots Peace Memorial is a monument in eastern Louisville, Kentucky near the banks of the Ohio River. In 2000, County Judge-Executive Rebecca Jackson appointed a committee of local retired and former military personnel, as well as family members of local United States military personnel, to visualize, conceive, fund and erect a suitable memorial honoring fallen patriots from all the military services. With the generous financial support of David and Betty Jones, as well as numerous local foundations, corporations, veterans' organizations, families, friends and patriotic citizens, the dream became a reality on Veterans Day, November 11, 2002.

An international design competition was held and received over 120 entries.  The winning design was by David D. Quillin Architecture, a small architecture firm located in Berlin, Maryland.  The monument includes an elevated, 4-sided structure with brick walls. Each time a new fallen patriot is inscribed, a brick is removed from the wall and replaced with a personalized etched glass identifying each patriot, signifying our loss. This void in an otherwise solid wall becomes a portal of light transforming the interior by day and radiating outward at night through each name as a reminder to celebrate daily the joy of freedom purchased and safeguarded by these brave men and women.  When a visitor walks under the four walls and ascends the pyramidical steps, the walls visually descend until, once at the topmost viewing pad, the busy park and highway nearby are obscured.

Ever mindful that military readiness is a dangerous endeavor, as of 2007, this community has now enshrined 421 patriots in this memorial.

The memorial honors fallen patriots from all services of the armed forces who died during honorable service in the line of duty, under conditions other than those of declared hostile action.

The emphasis has been to find and honor veterans with local ties, who have died in service after the Vietnam War. There is a memorial service at the site for honorees annually at noon on Memorial Day.

Official documentation is required from the member's service to certify that a potential honoree was serving honorably at the time of his or her death and that it was not a result of misconduct or through some circumstance caused by the service member. The death may have occurred during regular off-duty time or official leave.   In the case of Reservists and National Guard personnel, the death may have occurred while traveling to or from official duty or during any period of time while the service member was in a paid status.

Despite its unique design incorporating an etched relief of an American flag on its north wall, the memorial lacked an actual American flag flying in silent tribute to those enshrined therein. On Memorial Day, May 29, 2006, during the annual memorial service, an American flag was solemnly raised in an enduring tribute to those honored by the memorial.

See also
 List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area

External links
Official Patriots Peace Memorial website

Buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky
Monuments and memorials in Kentucky
Peace monuments and memorials
Brick buildings and structures
Brick sculptures
2002 sculptures
Modernist architecture in Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Louisville, Kentucky

Patriots Peace Memorial


Robert Earl Short (July 20, 1917 – November 20, 1982) was an American businessman, sport teams owner, and politician. Short owned the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association and the Washington Senators / Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball. He served as the treasurer of the Democratic National Committee from 1968 to 1969.

Background
Short graduated from the College of Saint Thomas (now the University of St. Thomas) in Saint Paul, Minnesota, before receiving his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. In 1942, he enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II, and rose from ensign to commander before resigning in 1946. In 1948, he married Marion D. McCann and they settled in suburban Edina and raised seven children.

Short practiced law for several years and started to invest in business ventures after buying an interest in Mueller Transportation, a small trucking line. He built the company into a major freight carrier known as Admiral Merchants Motor Freight, then expanded into real estate and the hotel business. He later purchased two professional sports teams.

Short was a longtime supporter of the University of Notre Dame and served as a member of its Law School Advisory Council from 1974 until his death in 1982, when he was succeeded by his wife in both business and at Notre Dame (she also served nine years on the board of trustees of what became the University of Saint Thomas). He endowed the Robert and Marion Short Chair in Law at Notre Dame Law School, which his son attended.

Sports ownership
Short bought the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association in 1957 and moved the team to Los Angeles in 1960 due to terrible attendance (George Mikan had retired in the mid-1950s) in the Twin Cities. The Lakers immediately resumed their winning ways in L.A., resulting in increased attendance and revenue, and Short sold the team in 1965 to Canadian magnate Jack Kent Cooke.

The original Washington Senators baseball franchise had moved to Minnesota in 1961 due to dwindling attendance (to become the Minnesota Twins). In late 1968, Short outbid comedian Bob Hope for the second (expansion) version of the Senators, buying the team for $9.4 million. The Senators had just finished in the American League basement and were last in the majors in attendance. Short immediately made himself his own general manager and hired Hall of Famer Ted Williams—the major leagues' last .400 hitter—as its field manager for 1969.

Miraculously, the '69 Senators improved by 21 games and posted 86 victories en route to a fourth-place finish in the American League East–the only winning season the expansion-era version of the club experienced in its 11-year lifespan. Williams coaxed career-best batting averages out of a number of Washington hitters. With a winning team, Williams as a drawing card, and the All-Star Game at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, the Senators almost doubled their 1968 attendance, to over 918,000 paid spectators.

But it was a one-year wonder; the 1970 edition won only 70 games and fell into the AL East basement. Players began to complain about Williams' approach to managing; after the initial success, he reportedly lost interest. Short dealt his best starting pitcher and the left side of his infield (third baseman Aurelio Rodríguez, shortstop Ed Brinkman, and pitchers Joe Coleman and Jim Hannan) to the Detroit Tigers for former Cy Young Award and 30-game-winner Denny McLain, who had spent most of the 1970 campaign suspended because of gambling allegations.  The trade helped transform Detroit back into contenders, while McLain lost a league-worst 22 games due to an abused pitching arm that was never the same. It was alleged by onetime Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield that the trade was made to secure the Tigers' vote in favor of the attendance-starved Senators' eventual move to Texas, but Short was unaware of the condition of McLain's arm at the time of the trade.

The McLain deal was one of many questionable trades made by Short after the 1969 season; most were made to service the massive debt he'd incurred to buy the team. With the Senators' attendance dwindling back to near-1968 levels, Short issued an ultimatum–unless someone was willing to buy the Senators for $12.4 million, he would move the team elsewhere. When no credible offers surfaced from Washington-area interests, Short successfully petitioned the AL to move the franchise to Arlington, Texas, where it became the Texas Rangers in 1972.

The Senators' move to Texas made Short an unpopular figure in Washington sports. During the final Senators game at RFK Stadium on Thursday, September 30, 1971, the fans let their feelings be known; they unfurled two giant "Short Stinks" banners, and then stormed the field near the end of the game, resulting in a Senators forfeit.

Short is also remembered in Texas for drafting high-school phenom David Clyde in 1973 and then acceding to Clyde's insistence that he pitch two games with the Rangers before being assigned to the minor leagues. After Clyde pitched well in those two starts and drew huge crowds, Short kept Clyde with the Rangers, in an effort to draw crowds for the cellar-dwelling Rangers. This impeded Clyde's development, and his career slowly fizzled. He injured his arm in 1974, spent some time in the minors, and retired in 1981.

The Rangers went into rebuilding mode under young manager Whitey Herzog, but when the Detroit Tigers fired Billy Martin, Short quickly replaced Herzog with Martin, who immediately turned the Rangers around, piloting them to second place in 1974. Short wasn't with the Rangers at season's end, having sold the franchise for $9.5 million on May 29 to an investment group led by Brad Corbett.

Short was Bob Lurie's original investment partner in an attempt to purchase the San Francisco Giants from Horace Stoneham in order to prevent the franchise's sale and move to Toronto. However, the deal foundered when both Lurie and the National League owners insisted that Lurie be recognized as the primary owner who would cast the Giants' vote at league meetings. Lurie believed that since he lived in San Francisco and Short lived in Minneapolis, he should be the senior member of the partnership. For their part, the other NL owners had misgivings about Short's tenure with the Senators/Rangers, and were not willing to approve the deal if Short were the principal owner. Short refused to agree to these terms and pulled out of the partnership. With hours to go before a league-imposed deadline, Lurie replaced Short with Phoenix, Arizona-based meat-packer Bud Herseth, and the $8 million deal was approved by the other league owners on March 2, 1976.

Political career

Short first ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Congress in 1946, and in 1966 he lost a run for lieutenant governor in Minnesota. He also served as treasurer of the Democratic National Committee during Hubert Humphrey's 1968 presidential campaign, remaining involved in the DNC for a number of years. His best-known campaign was for the United States Senate in 1978. Short was a close friend of Humphrey and ran for his seat after Humphrey's death. He narrowly upset Congressman (later Minneapolis mayor) Donald M. Fraser in the Democratic primary, but lost the general election to Republican David Durenberger with only 35% of the vote.

During the 1978 campaign, Short was hindered by his conservative positions on a few hot-button issues — abortion, motorboat usage in the Boundary Waters Canoe area, and government spending. Indeed, he was actually well to Durenburger's right on these matters. This caused many in the liberal wing of the Democratic Farmer–Labor Party to cross over and vote for Durenberger. Short went down to defeat along with almost the entire DFL ticket, including incumbent DFL Senator Wendell Anderson, who had maneuvered to get himself appointed to Walter Mondale's seat while serving as governor two years earlier, as well as Anderson's successor as governor, Rudy Perpich.

Death

Short died of cancer at age 65 in 1982. He was interred at Resurrection Cemetery in Mendota Heights, Minnesota.

References

External links

1917 births
1982 deaths
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball owners
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
Lawyers from Minneapolis
Politicians from Minneapolis
Sportspeople from Minneapolis
Texas Rangers owners
Washington Senators (1961–1971) executives
Washington Senators (1961–1971) owners
Los Angeles Lakers owners
National Basketball Association executives
Deaths from cancer in Minnesota
20th-century American businesspeople
Minneapolis Lakers personnel
Minnesota Democrats
Military personnel from Minneapolis
20th-century American lawyers
Democratic National Committee treasurers

Bob Short


Rhiwaedog is the name of an ancient estate in North Wales, located in the Penllyn forest near Bala, Gwynedd. It gives its name today to two hills, Rhiwaedog-is-Afon and Rhiwaedog-uwch-Afon, meaning "Rhiwaedog below the river" and "Rhiwaedog above the river" respectively. There is also the ancient manor house Plas Rhiwaedog, from which Rhirid Flaidd (also known as Rhirid ap Gwrgenau) (fl. 1160) ruled his demesne.

Traditional history
According to Welsh tradition, Rhirid was the son of Gwrgenau, who is supported by an obscure and doubtful pedigree going back to Cunedda Wledig. The appellation of blaidd (wolf) was inherited from his maternal grandmother, Haer, daughter and heiress of Gillyn, son of Blaidd Rhudd (meaning "the Bloody Wolf") of Gest in Eifionydd.

There are a number of traditions and legends associated with Rhiwaedog. One such legend speaks of an egg-sized crystal which was passed from generation to generation, and is said to have had the power to foretell the death of the head of the household when its brilliant colour became clouded.

References

External links
Rhiwaedog: Our Ancestral Foulke Treasure
The History of Rhiwaedog
Plas Rhiwaedog at British Listed Buildings

Llangywer
Houses in Gwynedd
Houses in Snowdonia

Rhiwaedog


A low-cost account is a Canada bank account that costs $4 or less per month. In February 2001, an agreement was reached with the Canadian federal government, which involved eight of Canada's major banks offering low-cost accounts to consumers, ensuring that every person has affordable banking. The accounts have benefits that include free deposits, a free debit card, cheques, free monthly statements, and up to 15 transactions per month.

References

Banking in Canada

Low-cost account


David Wallace is a fictional character in the American comedy series The Office, played by Andy Buckley. Wallace is introduced in the second season as the new chief financial officer of Dunder Mifflin.

Wallace is named after David Foster Wallace, a favorite author of John Krasinski and executive producer Michael Schur.

His character is a wealthy executive at the corporate headquarters in New York. He is seen as supportive of Regional Manager Michael Scott, Jim Halpert and Toby Flenderson. He is let go in the sixth season. He later sells his patent for a toy vacuum, called "Suck It," to the U.S. military for $20 million and later buys Dunder Mifflin and becomes CEO in the eighth-season finale, "Free Family Portrait Studio".

References

The Office (U.S. TV series) characters

David Wallace (The Office)


Melanie and Martina Grant are a pair of British twin actresses, presenters and singers best known in the UK as presenters/cheerleaders on long-running gameshow Fun House and in Japan for their album A Twin Thing.

Personal lives

The twins were born in Margate, Kent in 1971. They now live in Ramsgate.

Melanie is now called Melanie Bambridge. Her husband was a fireman who died of leukaemia in 2009.

Martina also married; her married name was Martina Deal but she divorced in 2009.  She now lives with her new partner, they had a baby boy in March 2012 and in February 2015 they had a girl.
In August 2016 Martina married her partner Ben Freebury.

Television
In 1986 Melanie appeared alongside Bill Oddie as a dancer in ITV comedy From the Top.

In 1987 they both appeared in an episode of a BBC cop show called Rockliffe's Babies credited simply as 'Girl in flat'.

From 1989 until 1999 they appeared alongside Pat Sharp in all 11 series of long-running gameshow Fun House as cheerleaders/co-presenters.

In 1993 they appeared as themselves in an episode of STV talk show Scottish Women discussing twin related issues.

In 1993 (S1 Ep 17) and 1995 (S3 Ep 28) they made a guest appearance on ITV Saturday morning show What's Up Doc?.

In 2011 they also appeared on a segment of This Morning called Guess the guests.

In January and May 2013 they made guest appearances on Soccer AM.

They have also appeared in The Bill.

Film

In 1983 they appeared in the film Monty Python's The Meaning of Life among the group of children singing the song Every Sperm Is Sacred.

They also appeared in the 1989 Batman movie.

Stage

From 1978 until 1981 Melanie appeared as Molly in Annie at the Victoria Palace Theatre.

In 1981 Martina appeared as Brigitta alongside Petula Clark in the London revival of The Sound of Music at the Apollo Victoria Theatre.

In 1983 they both appeared in the Micky Dolenz directed production of Bugsy Malone at Her Majesty's Theatre.

In 1994 they appeared as Dandini and the Prince alongside Wayne Sleep in Cinderella at the Harlequin Theatre, Redhill.

In 2000 they appeared as Swash and Buckle in Dick Whittington at the Devonshire Park Theatre in Eastbourne.

They have also appeared in productions of Red Riding Hood and Snow White.

Music

Martina appeared on the cast recording of The Sound of Music.

A.T.T.

On 19 May 1999 they released an eponymous album called A Twin Thing which was released in Japan but was less successful elsewhere. The track Keep On Pumping was also released as a single and on various compilation albums. The album was released on iTunes and Amazon on 21 July 2014. The download version does not include the two remixes of Keep On Pumping.

Track list

Keep On Pumping
We're A.T.T.
Flame Inside
Fallen Angels
Say Yes
I Think Of You Always
Revolution Love
Girlfriend
A Twin Thing
Won't Fall Down
Influence My Body
Something 'Bout Us
Keep On Pumping (Pete Doyle Mix)
Keep On Pumping (Bulletproof Mix)

References

1971 births
Living people
British children's entertainers
British women singers
English twins
People from Margate
People from Ramsgate
Twin actresses
21st-century British  women singers

Melanie and Martina Grant


George Fenwicke, B.D. (1690–1760) was an English clergyman and religious writer.

Life
Fenwicke was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1708/9 and M.A. in 1712. He was elected a Fellow of St John's on 29 March 1710. He resigned his fellowship in March 1722, and was presented to the rectory of Hallaton, Leicestershire, which he held until his death.

Here, as a condition of holding certain land bequeathed many years previously to the rector, he had to contribute every Easter Monday a sermon, two hare-pies, a quantity of ale, and two dozen penny loaves. The provisions, after divine service and a sermon, were carried in procession to a mound called 'Harepies Bank,' thrown into a hole, and scrambled for by the men, women, and children assembled, causing disorder. Another bequest from Mrs. Parker, a widow, the rector expended in providing a home for three poor women or poor men of the parish.

He died 10 April 1760, according to the inscription on a mural tablet which is placed outside the church against the north wall of the chancel.

Works
In James Darling's Cyclopædia Bibliographica Fenwicke is called a Hutchinsonian. He published a visitation sermon in 1736, one on the smallpox in 1737, and two other sermons in 1738. He was also the author of:

The Friendly Monitor for Rich and Poor.
Help for the Sincere in Plain Meditations, London, 1737.
Thoughts on the Hebrew Titles of the Psalms, London, 1749; new edition, 1855.
The Psalter in its Original Form, 1759.

References

1690 births
1760 deaths
18th-century English people
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
English non-fiction writers
People from Harborough District
18th-century English Anglican priests
English male non-fiction writers

George Fenwicke


Saint Marianeh church (; pronounced Surp Mariané), also known as Saint Marineh, is a medieval Armenian church located in the town of Ashtarak in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia.  Nearby are the churches of Karmravor (located southeast of the Saint Marianeh), Spitakavor, Tsiranavor, and Surp Sarkis.  There is also a unique bridge of 1664 in the gorge nearby. Saint Marianeh church is clearly visible from across the gorge at Saint Sargis church. The church sits adjacent to Smbat Shahaziz road, between Perch Proshyan and Parpetsi roads though it is easiest reached via a vacant lot southeast of the complex.

Architecture
Saint Marianeh church was built in 1271 (according to some sources 1281), and has proportions peculiar to the given period of its construction.  It has a rectangular plan from the exterior and a cruciform central-plan from the interior, and two-tiered side-chapels join the apse from the western and eastern sides.  Of particular interest is the church's drum that is circular from the interior and decahedral from the exterior.  A tall dome rests on top. Façades of the church, drum, and dome are simply adorned with cruciform decorations around the rectangular windows. The main portal into the structure is at the southern wall, with a belfry over this wing built in 1838.  Another portal leads into the church from the western wall.  Adjacent to the western wing of the church, is an unfinished 20th century basilica with the remainders of a fortified wall built of unprocessed blocks of basalt.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Armeniapedia.org: Saint Marianeh Church

Churches completed in 1271
13th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings
Armenian Apostolic churches in Ashtarak
Tourist attractions in Aragatsotn Province
13th-century churches in Armenia

Saint Marianeh Church, Ashtarak


Charles Hurt Murphy III (December 6, 1947 – January 8, 2018) was an American bishop. He was the missionary bishop, bishop ordinary and chairman of the Anglican Mission in the Americas, the former missionary wing of the Anglican Church of Rwanda in the United States and Canada, since its origin in 2000. He was married for more than 40 years and had three adult daughters. He came from a family of Episcopal priests, being the son, brother and brother-in-law of priests.

Murphy was born in Decatur, Alabama. Murphy graduated from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He afterwards moved to Trinity College in Bristol, England, where he studied theology under J. I. Packer. He completed his theology training at the University of the South. He died at Litchfield Plantation, Pawleys Island, South Carolina.

He served in several congregations in the United States, until being called to serve as rector of All Saints' Church in Pawleys Island, South Carolina, in 1982, where he would stay for more than 20 years.

A traditionalist Episcopalian, he opposed the more liberal tendencies of Anglicanism in North America. He convened and chaired the First Promise Movement in 1997, which issued the document "The First Promise" which "declared the authority of the Episcopal Church to be 'fundamentally impaired' because they no longer upheld the 'truth of the gospel'". The First Promise Movement is the origin of the formation of the AMiA in 2000, as the mission of the Anglican Church of Rwanda in the United States and Canada. The AMiA was a founding member of the Common Cause Partnership in June 2004, among six traditionalist Anglican organizations. It was a founding member of the Anglican Church in North America in June 2009, changing his status to "ministry partner" in June 2010. In December 2011, the AMiA split from the ACNA and lost its status with the Anglican Church of Rwanda. After temporary affiliation with the Anglican Church of Congo, the AMiA was revamped as a "Society of Missionary and Apostolic Works" in 2012.

Murphy retired in December 2013 and was replaced by Bishop Philip Jones. He died on January 8, 2018, of brain cancer.

References

External links
Biography

1947 births
2018 deaths
People from Decatur, Alabama
People from Georgetown County, South Carolina
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
Alumni of Trinity College, Bristol
University of Alabama at Birmingham alumni
American Anglicans
Bishops of the Anglican Church in North America
Religious leaders from Alabama
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Deaths from cancer in South Carolina
Anglican realignment people

Chuck Murphy (bishop)


Dercylidas (Greek: Δερκυλίδας) was a Spartan commander during the 5th and 4th century BC.  For his cunning and inventiveness, he was nicknamed Sisyphus.  In 411 BC he was appointed harmost at Abydos. In 399 BC, he was advised by Antisthenes of Sparta that his command would be prolonged for another year at least. From 399 BC to 397 BC, Dercylidas superseded Thibron and led the Spartans through Thrace to the west coast of Asia, where he plundered Bithynia and Eolia.  After allying himself with Tissaphernes and Meidias, Dercylidas attacked Pharnabazus.  In 396 BC, King Agesilaus sent Dercylidas from Amphipolis to the Hellespont. In 394 BC, Dercylidas was himself succeeded by King Agesilaus as supreme commander of the Spartan fleet.

References

 Xenophon, Hellenica Books I and III.

4th-century BC Spartans
Ancient Spartan generals
5th-century BC Spartans
Harmosts
Spartans of the Peloponnesian War

Dercylidas


Izi Dorot (; 1916–1980), born Isidore Roth, was an Israeli military official, and director of the Shabak between 1952 and 1953 and a Deputy Director of the Mossad between 1953 and 1963.

Born in Poland in 1916, Dorot immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1936, and served in the Jewish Settlement Police. In World War II he volunteered and served in the British Army. After his discharge he was recruited to the Haganah Intelligence Service. Subsequent to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War he was transferred to the Israel Security Agency (ISA, Shin Bet). After one year as Head of Shin Bet, in October 1953, Dorot followed Isser Harel to the Mossad as Deputy Director; he was replaced as Director of Shin Bet by Amos Manor. He served as deputy director of the Mossad until 1963.

References

1916 births
1980 deaths
Israeli Security Forces
Israeli civil servants
Directors of the Shin Bet
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine

Izi Dorot


Scrobipalpula densata is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1917. It is found in Argentina, Peru and on the Galápagos Islands.

The wingspan is 12–14 mm. The forewings are whitish sprinkled with dark grey or blackish and with several indistinct blackish dots on the basal area, an obscure rather oblique darker streak from the costa at one-fourth to the plical stigma, sometimes edged with whitish anteriorly, preceded and followed beneath the costa by ochreous marks. The stigmata are moderate or large, black and edged below by ochreous spots and sometimes surrounded by irregular ochreous markings, the plical rather obliquely before the first discal. There are indistinct cloudy whitish opposite costal and tornal marks at three-fourths, sometimes united into a slightly angulated shade. The hindwings are slaty grey.

References

Scrobipalpula
Moths described in 1917

Scrobipalpula densata


Helicia glabriflora is a species of rainforest shrubs or small trees occurring in eastern Australia. Common names include smooth or pale helicia, pale, leather or brown oak. They grow naturally in a variety of different rainforest types from the Illawarra, New South Wales (34° S) to the Townsville area, Queensland (19° S). Of all the global diversity of approximately one hundred Helicia species, this one species naturally grows the furthest south, in the Minnamurra Rainforest and the Robertson area, Illawarra, New South Wales, there observed more on the relatively fertile basalt and alluvial soils.

They grow up to  tall with a stem diameter up to . The grey or brown trunk is fairly smooth, with some bumps and horizontal lines. They have leathery textured leaves,  long by  wide. The leaf stems measure between 1 and 3 mm long, swollen at the base; often reduced to a pulvinus.

The yellow or white flowers open from April to September, arranged in bottle–brush–shaped compound inflorescences. The fruit is a purple blue drupe, around  long, maturing from April to November, with a single green seed. The flowers and fruit have the characteristic appearance of the plant family Proteaceae. The seeds are slow to germinate, usually complete after three months with a 90% success rate.

References

glabrifolia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Trees of Australia
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Helicia glabriflora


(born February 10, 1957) is a Japanese illustrator and manga artist. He was born in Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku in Japan, and now resides in Kyoto. Yamada is known for delicate images reminiscent of suiboku and depiction of fantasy subjects. He is the 1996 Seiun Award winner in art category.

Biography

While he has created many manga, Yamada is widely known as a novel illustrator and as a character designer. As an illustrator his best known works are Fuyumi Ono's Twelve Kingdoms series and Mizuno Ryo's Record of Lodoss War. His character design credits include concepts for the anime series RahXephon as well as a variety of video games. He worked on concept design of the movie Shinobi: Heart Under Blade.

Yamada's character design credits for anime include RahXephon. His work on video games includes Saiyuki: Journey West for PlayStation, various Might and Magic and Wizardry titles for the PC Engine, both entries to Mystic Ark, Enix's role-playing video game for the Super Famicom and PlayStation and character designs for Shinkai Densetsu Meremanoid and Terra Phantastica. Yamada also worked on a game called Chaos Gear and a PC game, Black Rainbow.

Yamada's designs can also be found in Castlevania: Dracula X for the Super NES and in Front Mission 3 for the PlayStation. Yamada has produced many anime artbook compilations.

Yamada drew the manga Record of Lodoss War: The Lady of Pharis in conjunction with writer Ryo Mizuno, and is currently working on an Asian-themed solo manga, Beast of East.

Yamada attracted attention outside Japan through his illustrations of Fuyumi Ono's long-running The Twelve Kingdoms light novel series. He specially designed the rich cover illustrations for the home DVD releases of the anime adaptation of this series. Within Japan he has illustrated covers for numerous translated anthologies of Cthulhu Mythos literature, and is currently working with Kurodahan Press on their translation of a four-volume Japanese anthology of Cthulhu Mythos literature, . Yamada is drawing covers that are exclusive to the English translation.

His work is also seen in the non-verbal theatre show GEAR, in Kyoto. His character designs and aesthetic are the basis for the costume design and set design of GEAR.

Video games
Black Rainbow (PC-98) [1990] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Black Rainbow II (PC-98) [1992] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra (PC Engine) [1993] - Cover Art (Japanese Ver.)
Ancient Magic バズー!魔法世界 (Super Famicom) [1993] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Gaiapolis 黄金鷹の剣 (Arcade)  [1993] - Promotional Art
Wizardry I・II (PC Engine) [1993] - Cover Art
Wizardry III・IV (PC Engine) [1994] - Cover Art
疾風魔法大作戦 Kingdom Grandprix (Arcade, Sega Saturn) [1994/1995] - Cover Art (Sega Saturn release), Character Designer
Mystic Ark (Super Famicom) [1995] - Cover Art, Character Designer
悪魔城ドラキュラXX (Super Famicom) [1995] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Terra Phantastica (Sega Saturn) [1996] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Milandra (Super Famicom) [1997] - Cover Art
Front Mission 3 (PlayStation) [1999] - Character Designer
Mystic Ark まぼろし劇場 (PlayStation) [1999] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Meremanoid (PlayStation) [1999] - Cover Art, Character Designer
西遊記 (PlayStation) [1999] - Cover Art, Character Designer
Fire Emblem Heroes (Android, iOS) [2017] - Character Designer (Jagen, Ogma, Zephiel [Binding Blade ver.], Gunter, Bantu, Mila, Gatekeeper)

See also
 GEAR, theatre show based in Kyoto with design by Akihiro Yamada.

References

Related links

1957 births
Anime character designers
Cthulhu Mythos writers
Video game artists
Living people
People from Kōchi, Kōchi
Manga artists from Kōchi Prefecture

Akihiro Yamada


John Dore has been head coach of  the Concordia Stingers men's basketball team since the 1989-1990 season. He has taken the Concordia Stingers to the national championship tournament 10 times. Concordia won the national crown in 1990 and placed second in 1995 and 2005.

Dore was named CIAU Coach of the Year and received the Stuart W. Aberdeen Memorial Trophy as CIS (Canadian Interuniversity Sport) Men's Basketball Coach of the Year, in 1991.

In 1995, he was named University Coach of the Year, by the Foundation for Quebec University Athletics.

In the 2006-2007 season, John Dore coached the Concordia Stingers Basketball team to a third straight first-place finish in the Quebec conference with a 15-1 record and a No. 2-ranking in Canada.

John was assistant coach of Canada's junior men's national team, in 1998, and led several national teams, including Canadian entries at World University Games (Universiade) and the Maccabiah Games (with Glen Grunwald, former general manager of the Toronto Raptors). He has also been president of the National Association of Basketball Coaches of Canada and an international committee member of the National Association of Basketball Coaches, U.S.A.

References

External links
Concordia University Media Relations, John Dore
Concordia University Stingers, John Dore, Men's Basketball Coach
Maccabi Canada 18th Maccabiah  Games, July, 2009]
Canadian Students Jump Through Hoops For Mideast Peace Israel Canections, 11 June 2007
Basketball's march madness sweeps through the cis, ccaa and ncaa
Stingers men look for basketball championship Concordia's Thursday Report
Stingers advance to Semis: Beersheva Ben Raby's Blog from Israel

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Concordia Stingers men's basketball coaches
Canadian men's basketball coaches

John Dore


Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (20 November 1627 – 26 March 1686), was a German princess of the House of Hesse-Kassel and by marriage Electress Palatine during 1650–1657 as the first wife of Charles I Louis, although the validity of the divorce was disputed. Through her daughter Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans, she was the direct ancestress of House of Orléans and the Houses of Habsburg-Lorraine and Habsburg-Este.

Life
Born in Kassel, Charlotte was the seventh child and fourth (but second surviving) daughter of William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and his wife, Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg. She is said to have been a beautiful, but very vain and intellectually undemanding young woman.

Marriage
At the urging of her widowed mother, she married on 22 February 1650 at Heidelberg Castle with Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, the son of the late "Winter King" of Bohemia, who only a few months earlier by the Peace of Westphalia after decades of exile returned to a devastated Electoral Palatinate, the reconstruction of which he set out with great energy. However, Charlotte did not reciprocate the love and attentions of her bridegroom, but instead confessed that she "did not like to take him". Dowager Landgravine Amalie Elisabeth had already warned Charles I Louis that her daughter was cold-tempered and stubborn. Charlotte, in turn, soon felt that her husband was ten years her senior and that she was being persecuted and monitored with unjustified jealousy. The marriage with Charles I Louis became very unhappy and disputes soon arose.

Despite the marital disputes and to the joy of the Electoral Palatinate, Charlotte gave birth three children in quick succession: Charles (born 31 March 1651 and later Elector Palatine), Elisabeth Charlotte (born 27 May 1652 and by marriage Duchess of Orléans) and Frederick (born 12 May 1653, died 13 May 1653 aged 1 day).

After the birth of her third child, the Electress Palatine expelled her husband from the bedchamber and refused to resume their conjugal duties. Charles I Louis accused his wife of having ridden and hunting too often, as well as being addicted to gambling and excessive cleaning. Charlotte, who was prone to tantrums and loud scenes, provoked her husband, who finally took one of her ladies-in-waiting, Baroness Marie Luise von Degenfeld as his official mistress; this event led to fits of jealousy by Charlotte, which the Electoral Palatine responded to with domestic violence.

Divorce
Due to his princely position and church belief, Charles I Louis couldn't get a divorce without Charlotte's consent, although he tried again and again in vain despite her disobedient, stubborn, morose and unruly demeanor. Unlike her ancestor Christine of Saxony, who in 1540 accepted the morganatic second marriage of her husband Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (who subsequently fathered children with both women), Charlotte strictly refused to this. Charles I Louis, as the owner of the highest executive and judicial power in the Electoral Palatinate, finally on 14 April 1657 decided to unilaterally and officially divorce his wife and proclaimed this publicly. Then he determined his court preacher to bless the wedding with his mistress Marie Luise von Degenfeld as a morganatic marriage; however, Marie Luise and her brother had insisted on a regular and equal marriage. Unlike the Electress Palatine, Marie Luise was gentle and submissive. Between 1658 and 1675, she bore the Elector 13 children; they received the title of Raugrave, but dynastically were considered illegitimate and excluded from the line of succession.

Charlotte initially didn't return to Kassel after her "divorce" but lived in a wing of Heidelberg Castle, still hoping that her marital bond could be restored. Little is known about her relationship with her two surviving children, Charles and Elisabeth Charlotte. Her daughter was sent by her father to live with his sister Sophia at her court in Hanover in 1659, apparently to remove the child from her mother's sphere of influence. According to another opinion, Charles I Louis send his daughter to Hanover to spare her from the marital disputes. Sophia, who had lived at the Heidelberg court for a few years prior to her marriage, had seen it enough: she hated and despised her sister-in-law and was happy to help her brother take her daughter away from Charlotte, presumably to persuade her to return to Kassel. The only one at the Heidelberg court who openly sided with Charlotte was her eldest sister-in-law, Elisabeth.

There are two touching letters from Charlotte to her daughter from the time she was traveling to Hanover, and several others to her tutor, in which she inquired about the child's condition and complained that she was no longer getting an answer. It's likely that Elisabeth Charlotte's letters were withheld from her mother in order to break off contact between each other. After Charlotte finally left Heidelberg in June 1663, her daughter was allowed to return to the Palatinate court. The two only met again many years later in two encounters in 1681 and 1683.

Later years and death
After Marie Luise von Degenfeld died in 1677 following complication from her 14th pregnancy, Charles I Louis tried in vain to obtain the consent of his first wife to an official divorce so that he could marry again equally and ensure the succession of the Electoral Palatinate, since the marriage of his eldest and only legitimate son, the Electoral Prince Charles with Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark had been childless for seven years. However, Charlotte firmly refused.

Charles I Louis died on 28 August 1680 and was succeeded by his son Charles II. Once her son took the government, Charlotte immediately returned to Heidelberg and took her place as Dowager Electress Palatine, but remained ill-tempered and difficult.

After the death of her son on 26 May 1685, Charlotte retired to an apartment in Neuburg Abbey, where she lived on a meager pension; however, she continue to visit Heidelberg Castle, where she died ten months later, on 26 March 1686 aged 58.

Charlotte from the perspective of Sophia of the Palatinate
Charlotte was considered difficult and stubborn. Her sister-in-law Sophia (who, however, may not have been entirely objective, but seems to have had a complete aversion to Charlotte) describes her as vain, superficial and a bit stupid. In her memoirs, Sophia also tells of the marriage drama and the arguments at the electoral court after Charlotte found a box with two rings and two letters with the elector's promise of marriage to Marie Luise von Degenfeld and vice versa:

When Charlotte, after her death, was dressed for burial, Sophia commented:

Ancestry

Notes

Bibliography
 Robert Geerdts (ed.): Die Mutter der Könige von Preußen und England. Memoiren und Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover(in German), life documents of past centuries 8, Munich Munich 1913.
 Wolfgang von Moers-Messmer: Heidelberg und seine Kurfürsten. Die große Zeit der Geschichte Heidelbergs als Haupt- und Residenzstadt der Kurpfalz (in German), Ubstadt-Weiher 2001.
 . Translated French by Inge Leipold.

External links

|-

1627 births
1686 deaths
Charlotte
17th-century German people
Charlotte
Charlotte
Burials at the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs

Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel


King's Lynn Football Club was an English association football club based in King's Lynn, Norfolk. The club was founded in 1881 and they were wound up at the High Court on 25 November 2009 with debts of £77,000, going out of business in December after a failed appeal. The club was re-formed in January 2010 as Lynn FC and later renamed King's Lynn Town.

History
It is not known when the first football club in King's Lynn was founded although there is mention of one existing in 1868. That club ceased playing in the middle of the following decade. A new club was formed at a meeting on 30 August 1881. Known locally as Lynn Town, it is said they did not adopt the name King's Lynn until 1953. In 1882–83 they won the Norfolk Senior Cup and went on to win it three more times in the next seven years. In 1897 they were founder members of the Norfolk & Suffolk League and were champions four times before World War I. After the war they won four consecutive titles between 1921–22 and 1924–25. During this period the club also played in the East Anglian League, and were league runners-up in 1908–09

In 1935 Lynn were founder members of the Eastern Counties League. They left in 1946 to join the United Counties League, but returned to the ECL in 1948. During the 1949–50 season they set the league's record attendance of 8,387 for a local derby with Wisbech Town, and also set their own record later in the season when 12,931 saw them play Exeter City in the FA Cup. In 1953–54 they won the league and league cup, and at the end of the season stepped up to the Midland League. Four years later they joined the Southern League when it added a second division, becoming members of the South East Division for a transitional season. During their first season in the Southern League, the club reached the first round of the FA Cup, where they defeated Merthyr Tydfil 2–1 to reach the second round for the first time, going on to lose 3–1 at Brentford. At the end of the season, they qualified for a place in the Southern Division of the Premier League for 1959–60 season. The new season saw them defeat Football League opposition in the FA Cup for the first time, beating Aldershot 2–1 in the first round, before losing 4–2 at Reading in the second round.

In 1961–62 season saw King's Lynn reach the FA Cup third round for the first and only time. After beating Chelmsford City 2–1 in the first round, they defeated Coventry City by the same scoreline at Highfield Road. In the third round the club were drawn away to Everton, where they lost 4–0. The club ended the league season by being relegated to Division One but returned to the Premier Division after finishing second in 1963–64. They won four successive East Anglian Cups between 1964–65 and 1967–68 but were relegated again at the end of the 1970–71 season.

In 1980 the club transferred to the Northern Premier League, winning the President's Cup in their third season in the league. In 1983 they returned to the Southern League and won the East Anglian Cup again in 1984–85. They were relegated to the Midland Division at the end of the 1986–87 season, where they remained until finishing second in 1995–96 and earning promotion back to the Premier Division. They were relegated again in 2001–02 but returned to the Premier Division after winning Division One East in 2003–04. They won the League Cup in 2004–05 and qualified for the promotion play-offs in 2005–06 and 2006–07 but lost on both occasions. Although they were promoted to the Conference North as champions in 2007–08, they were demoted a year later due to ground grading issues. Midway through their first season back in the Northern Premier League the club folded due to financial difficulties.

Reserves
King's Lynn reserves played in the Peterborough & District League between 1928 and 1954, winning the title in 1950–51 and 1953–54. They then spent a season in the United Counties League, before returning to the Peterborough & District League. After a third title in 1956–57 they left to join the Central Alliance. However, after applying for the reserve team to join the Eastern Counties League every year since 1956, they were finally successful in 1959. They remained in the ECL until 1971 when they returned to the Peterborough & District League. They won the Norfolk Senior Cup in 1982–83 and the league title in 1984–85. They returned to the ECL when it added a second division in 1988, and although they left in 1993, they returned again the following season. After disbanding in 1996 they were soon reformed and joined the reserve section of the United Counties League. They rejoined Division One of the ECL again in 2001 and were promoted to the Premier Division after finishing second in 2002–03. They withdrew from the ECL when the club folded in 2009.
On reformation the club won the United Counties League Reserve Division One in 2011 and United Counties League Reserve Premier Division in 2012.

Stadium
King's Lynn played at the Walks for their entire existence, with the stadium name deriving from the area of park located next to the stadium. At the end of the 2008–09 season the club were informed that they would be relegated from the Conference North because the Walks failed to meet Conference North standards, although the remedial work was completed by the start of the following season.

Honours
Northern Premier League
Presidents Cup winners 1982–83
Southern League
Premier Division champions 2007–08
Division One East champions 2003–04
League Cup winners 2004–05
Eastern Counties League
Champions 1953–54
League Cup winners 1953–54
Norfolk & Suffolk League
Champions 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1924–25
Norfolk Senior Cup: 21
Winners 1882–83, 1884–85, 1886–87, 1889–90, 1899–1900, 1907–08, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1931–32, 1933–34, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1982–83, 2008–09
East Anglian Cup
Winners 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1984–85

Records
Attendance: 12,937 vs Exeter City, FA Cup first round, 1951–52
Biggest win: 17–0 vs Beccles, Norfolk & Suffolk League, 19 April 1930
Heaviest defeat: 0–11 vs Aston Villa, FA Cup first round 1905–06
Appearances: Mick Wright, 1,152 (British record)
Goalscorer: Malcolm Lindsay, 321
Goals in a season:  George Martin, 69 from 38 appearances (1909–10)
Goals in a match: Harry Kirk, 8 vs City Wanderers, 15 April 1925
Transfer fee paid: £5,000 for Lyndon Rowland from Halesowen Town, November 1999
Transfer fee received: £60,000 for Mark Paul from Southampton, 1998–99

References

External links
Official website
Blue & Gold Trust website

Association football clubs established in 1881
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Defunct football clubs in Norfolk
King's Lynn
East Anglian League
Eastern Counties Football League
Southern Football League clubs
Northern Premier League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
Defunct football clubs in England
1881 establishments in England
2009 disestablishments in England
Norfolk & Suffolk League

King's Lynn F.C.


Alexander Hamilton Rice (August 30, 1818 – July 22, 1895) was an American politician and businessman from Massachusetts.  He served as Mayor of Boston from 1856 to 1857, a U.S. Congressman during the American Civil War, and as the 30th Governor of Massachusetts from 1876–1878.  He was part owner and president of Rice-Kendall, one of the nation's largest paper products distributors.

Educated at Union College, Rice was for many years involved in the paper business, and entered Boston politics in 1853.  As mayor, he helped broker an agreement that began development of its Back Bay area.  His Congressional service included the introduction of the failed Crittenden Compromise, oversight of naval affairs during the Civil War, and resistance to Radical Republican actions.  As governor, he promoted social reform legislation and reductions in working hours.

Early years

Alexander Hamilton Rice was born in Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts, to Thomas and Lydia (Smith) Rice, on August 30, 1818.  His father, a Brighton native, owned a paper manufacturing business in Newton, and both parents had deep colonial roots.  His uncle Charles was a brigadier general in the Massachusetts state militia and also served as a state legislator.

Rice was first educated in the Newton public schools, and then at private schools in Needham and Newton.  He first clerked at a Boston dry goods store, and then apprenticed in the Boston paper distributor Wilkins, Carter, and Company in Boston.  In 1840 he entered Union College in Schenectady, New York, graduating as class valedictorian in 1844.  He was injured in a fall from a horse in 1844, which disfigured his face and gave him a speech impediment.  This prompted him to give up thoughts of pursuing a career in law, and he instead focused on business.  He was eventually able to overcome his speech problems, and later became well known as a commanding speaker.

Business interests
After his graduation, Rice entered into partnership with the proprietors of Wilkins, Carter, forming what eventually became known as the Rice-Kendall Company.  The firm owned a large warehouse in Boston and was one of the leading paper distributors in the city.  The warehouse was destroyed in the Great Boston Fire of 1872, but this did not significantly damage the business.  The company owned several paper mills in New England and distributed paper products to newspaper and book publishers nationwide.  Rice also invested in paper manufacturing operations, serving as president of both the Keith Paper Company in Turners Falls, Massachusetts and the American Sulphite Pulp Company.

Early political career

In 1853, Rice entered local politics, winning election to the Boston City Council, representing the eleventh ward. He served for two years, and in 1854 was also the council president. In 1854, he also served as president of the Boston School Committee.  Rice was elected mayor of Boston in 1856 (as a "Citizens" candidate opposed to the Know Nothings), and served two one-year terms.  During his tenure, an agreement was reached between the city, state and owners of a tidal waterworks concerning development of the Back Bay, then a smelly swamp laden with trash and sewage.  The agreement authorized the construction of what is now Arlington Street, and specifically set aside as parkland the area between it and Charles Street, which is now the Boston Public Garden.  He later sat on the committees responsible for the commissioning and installation of the statues of George Washington and Charles Sumner in the Public Garden.  He also authorized construction of the city's first hospital, and repurposed the city's almshouse on Deer Island for use as an insane asylum and workhouse, the state having taken over care of the indigent.

Rice participated in the founding of the Republican Party in Massachusetts.  He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1858, and served four terms, from 1859 to 1867.  He was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs from 1863–65.  He was a conservative Republican, opposed to Radical Republican positions on the abolition of slavery, and was considered by labor interests to favor positions of the "moneyed class".  He introduced the Crittenden Compromise to the House in January 1861; his speech on this last-ditch attempt to prevent civil war received a lukewarm reception.  After the war, he was elected as a Third Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in recognition of his support for the Union.

Governor of Massachusetts

Rice refused to stand for reelection, and then left politics for a time, devoting himself to his business interests.  In 1872, after the Boston fire, he served on a relief committee that assisted in dealing with its aftermath.  In 1871, Rice was one of a number of contenders for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts, a contest which was dominated by Benjamin Butler and won by William B. Washburn.  In 1875, he won the nomination, and defeated incumbent Democrat William Gaston in the general election.  He served three one-year terms before retiring from politics for good.

Legislation enacted during Rice's tenure included a child labor law mandating a minimum age of fourteen for factory work.  He generally supported legislation improving social conditions, but was unsuccessful in enacting a proposed reorganization of the state's major charities.  He also let stand the state's "local option" alcohol law, for which he was criticized by temperance activists.  He also chaired a committee formed in 1876 to oversee the rescue from demolition of the historic Old South Meeting House.  As a result of the committee's work, ownership of the building was passed to a nonprofit dedicated to its preservation.

One issue that had dominated Rice's race against Gaston in 1875 concerned the juvenile murderer Jesse Pomeroy.  Pomeroy, then fourteen years old, had been convicted in December 1874 of first degree murder for killing a girl earlier that year, and had been sentenced to death.  There was public clamor favoring his execution, especially after he attempted to escape from prison. Gaston, despite two rulings by the Governor's Council that clemency be denied, refused to sign the execution order, an unpopular move that probably cost him votes.  Rice also refused to sign the execution order, but his Council eventually recommended commutation of Pomeroy's sentence to life in solitary confinement.

Rice died at the Langwood Hotel in Melrose, Massachusetts, on July 22, 1895, after a lengthy illness. He was 76 years old, and was buried at Newton Cemetery.

Family relations and legacy
Rice was married twice.  In 1845, he married Augusta McKim, with whom he had three children before her death in 1868.  He had one son by his second wife, Angie Erickson Powell of Rochester, New York.  His grandson Alexander Hamilton Rice Jr. was a physician and explorer in South America.

The city of Boston named a school in Rice's honor in 1868.  Later renamed the Rice-Bancroft School, the building, located at Dartmouth and Appleton Streets in Boston's South End, now houses residential condominiums.

See also

 Timeline of Boston, 1850s

References

Sources

Further reading

Republican Party governors of Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Papermakers
1818 births
1895 deaths
Mayors of Boston
Union College (New York) alumni
Presidents of the Boston Common Council
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
People from South End, Boston
19th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Boston
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
19th-century American businesspeople

Alexander H. Rice


A Beit din (plural: Battei dinim) is a Jewish court of law.

There are several types of Battei dinim. The minimum and usual number for a Beit din is 3 Rabbis. There are also battei dinim of 23 and a beit din of 70.

Courts (law)
Jewish law

Beth din


The Alexander Chêne House was a private residence located at 2681 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1986, but subsequently demolished in April 1991.

Description
The Alexander Chêne House was a two-story, Federal-style house with additional Colonial Revival details on the facade, added after original construction. The house was constructed of red brick sitting on a raised basement. A one-story porch sat in the center of the front facade, and the side walls rose above the roof to form fractables. A small cornice ran the width of the front. The windows were topped with decorative iron lintels. A rear extension was added to the house in the 20th century.

History
The Chêne House was one of the few examples of the Federal style in Detroit. It was built in 1850 by Alexander Chêne on land which had been granted to the Chêne family by Louis XIV of France in 1707. The house was later owned by Charles B. Warren, who constructed the rear wing some time between 1902 and 1914.

The house was later used as a fraternity house for the University of Detroit, and during Prohibition was a speakeasy. Starting in 1935, the house was used as a fine dining restaurant, known as Little Harry's. The restaurant went through a series of owners, and closed in 1990. It was sold to singer Anita Baker, and in 1991, the structure was demolished and replaced with a franchise International House of Pancakes (IHOP).

Gallery

References

Houses completed in 1855
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Demolished buildings and structures in Detroit
Michigan State Historic Sites
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Houses in Detroit
Buildings and structures demolished in 1991

Alexander Chene House