Thomas Stewart was an illegitimate son of King Robert II of Scotland.  In 1380, Avignon Pope Clement VII provided Thomas with the Archdeaconry of the Bishopric of St. Andrews, as well as the canonry (and prebend) of Stobo in the Bishopric of Glasgow. In 1389, the king petitioned and obtained for Thomas from the Pope the right to hold the deanery of the Bishopric of Dunkeld along with his other offices, and in 1393, the Pope provided a canonry in the Bishopric of Brechin. In this period, Archdeacon Thomas obtained a Bachelor of Canon Law at the University of Paris.

On 1 July 1401, following the death of Walter Trail, Bishop of St. Andrews, Thomas was elected to fill the see's vacancy. However, because of the problems experienced by Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, who was being besieged by the King of France, Thomas had problems obtaining Papal confirmation. In this context, Thomas' election fell victim to the political struggles of the time. Thomas was supported by his nephew, David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, who actively campaigned in the region of St. Andrews during the year 1401. However, this aligned him against his half-brother, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany. In order to obtain control of Dumbarton Castle, the Duke of Albany offered its keeper, Walter de Danyelston, the semi-vacant see of St. Andrews. After a meeting between Albany and the Bishop elect at Abernethy in the summer of 1402, Thomas renounced his rights as Bishop and allowed a new "election" to take place.

References
Boardman, Stephen, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371-1406, (East Linton, 1996)
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)

14th-century births
15th-century deaths
Bishops of St Andrews
Thomas
Medieval Gaels from Scotland
14th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Illegitimate children of Scottish monarchs
Sons of kings

Thomas Stewart (bishop of St Andrews)


Daniel Goossens, born 16 May 1954 in Salon-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône is a French comics artist.

Biography
Goossens began his career in the magazine Pionniers. After a short spell at Pilote magazine, he began contributing to the monthly magazine Fluide Glacial in 1977, and became one of its authors.  Later, his work also appeared in Le Petit Psikopat Illustré (ancestor of current Psikopat) and Rigolo.

Apart from his work with comic strips, Daniel Goossens is a lecturer and researcher in artificial intelligence at the University of Paris VIII.

Goossens was awarded the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême in 1997.

Style
Goossens' comics are built on a clash between semi-realistic art and surreal content. He relishes regurgitating clichéd situations from literature, film and television, and introducing odd twists. (His classic Route vers l'enfer book is a war film pastiche starring Father Christmas.) Particular attention is paid to dialogues, which often drag on past all logic, and include much stuttering, mumbling and other noises rendered phonetically. Most of his comic books are collections of short stories, with a loose common thread. Like his mentor Gotlib, Goossens has also often used a mock-encyclopedic tone. Goossens' inquiry on absurd does not refrain from astonishing scenes that some may find disturbing - such as a gang of children stoning Father Christmas, or an infant Albert Einstein tossing an eye out of a bully at the kindergarten, or a mother requiring consulting the doctor for basic practical wisdom until she finally brings her baby's skeleton.

References

1954 births
Living people
People from Salon-de-Provence
French comics artists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême winners

Daniel Goossens


The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma ( or , abbreviated United Keetoowah Band or UKB) is a federally recognized tribe of Cherokee Native Americans headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. According to the UKB website, its members are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers" or "Western Cherokee," those Cherokee who migrated from the Southeast to present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. Some reports estimate that Old Settlers began migrating west by 1800. This was before the forced relocation of Cherokee by the United States in the late 1830s under the Indian Removal Act.

Although politically the UKB is not associated with the Trail of Tears, many of the members have direct ancestors who completed the journey in 1838/1839.

Government

Today the UKB has over 14,300 members, with 13,300 living within the state of Oklahoma. Joe Bunch is the current Chief.

Assistant Chief is Jeff Wacoche. Joyce Fourkiller-Hawk serves as the tribal Secretary and Sonja Ummerteskee Gourd is the tribe's Treasurer. Tribal officers hold four-year terms while tribal council members are elected to two-year terms. The election calendars parallel the United States' national election calendar (Mid-terms and Presidential).

Economic development
The tribe owns and operates Keetoowah Construction in Tahlequah, and the Keetoowah Cherokee Treatment Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. They have an arts and crafts gallery, showcasing members' work.

They own and operate the Keetoowah Cherokee Casino, with over 500 gaming machines, in Tahlequah. The UKB issue their own tribal vehicle tags. Their estimated annual economic impact is $267 million. They host an annual homecoming festival over the first weekend of October.

Origins
The word Keetoowah (Kituwa) is the name of an ancient Cherokee mother town and earthwork mound in the eastern homeland of the Cherokee. Kituwah also is considered by the Cherokee to be their original name. The UKB's original land claims include all or parts of Alabama, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Following the western movement of the Cherokee, UKB traditional territories include the above-mentioned states with the addition of Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas.

History
The UKB members are composed primarily of descendants of the "Old Settlers," Cherokee who settled in present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. They were well established before most of the Cherokee were forcibly relocated by the United States government from the Southeast to Indian Territory in what became known as the 1838 Trail of Tears.

By the 1880s, all Cherokee people faced increased pressure by the US government for assimilation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Cherokee and other Native American children were sent to Indian boarding schools away from home for their education: they were expected to speak only English, were generally prohibited from speaking their own languages, and were expected to adopt Christianity rather than practice native spirituality. The US federal government unilaterally closed and seized Cherokee and other Native American governmental and public institutions through the 1898 Curtis Act, the Dawes Act and the 1906 Five Civilized Tribes Act. Under this legislation, they broke up communal tribal holdings and allotted plots of land to individual households, intended to be developed according to the European-American model of subsistence farming.

The Dawes Commission was tasked to extinguish Native American land claims and break up tribal governments by allotting what was considered communal tribal lands. By assigning plots to individual households among the Five Civilized Tribes, they intended to encourage the European-American model of subsistence farming. Afterward the US government appointed certain Cherokee chiefs to administer tribal lands and holdings, rather than allowing the people to continue with their practice of hereditary chiefs.

History of Federal recognition

Under the Curtis Act of 1898, the government of the Cherokee Nation was dissolved in 1906, in spite of the resistance of many of its members. The only remnant left was the office of the Principal Chief, held by William Charles Rogers. He had been deposed in 1905 by the National Council for cooperating in the tribe's dissolution. He was replaced with Frank J. Boudinot (who was also the leader of the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society).

The next year, the US government re-appointed Rogers and directed him to manage land sales. He held office until 1914. After that the US government did not appoint a chief and the position was dormant.

Prior to World War II, the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt worked to strengthen Native American tribes by encouraging them to reconstitute their governments and adopt an electoral process. Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act (1934). The state legislature passed the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (OIWA, 1936); both were considered part of the Indian New Deal to support tribes' reorganizing their governments. The Cherokee began to organize on their own terms. In the meantime, the President of the United States officially appointed Principal Chiefs for the Cherokee; these appointments were made through the Department of Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The UKB ratified their constitution and by-laws on October 3, 1950. The tribe was federally recognized in 1950 under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Early elected leaders of the UKB were Levi Gritts, followed by John Hitcher, and the Reverend Jim Pickup, who served in the post-World War II era.

Cherokee language
The UKB have struggled to maintain use and education in the Cherokee language. As of 2018, only 101 people in the UKB were counted as being fluent, with most speakers either in the grandparent generation or older. In 2019, the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes declared a state of emergency for the language due to the threat of it going extinct, and called for the enhancement of revitalization programs.

Conflict with the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
After the federal dissolution of the Old Cherokee Nation under the Dawes Commission and allotments, Native American land claims in Indian Territory were extinguished and Oklahoma was admitted as a state. Indians listed on the Dawes Commission rolls and other rolls were effectively left without political representation.

In the late 1940s, the United Keetoowah Band's claim to recognition as a tribe was probed according to criteria influenced by John Collier, who led the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Felix S. Cohen.  Writer D'Arcy McNickle argued that the Cherokee Nation no longer existed in any form except to sign over Indian lands. He suggested that the UKB be granted federal acknowledgment based on its authenticity and connection to the traditional ways, including maintenance of the language and ceremonies.

After 1947, the UKB was the federally recognized organization by which all the Cherokee people received federal assistance and were dealt with on federal programs. The UKB was able to secure federal funds for the Cherokee Nation Complex, which today houses the government of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (CNO), also federally recognized in the late 20th century. The UKB also started the Cherokee National Holiday, in conjunction with the Principal Chief's office. The Cherokee Nation Housing Authority was begun using UKB's federally recognized status.

Even the casino enterprises, which have for decades given the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma a motive to try to destroy or "de-recognize" the UKB and its membership, emerged from precedent set by the cooperation of the UKB.

The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma received approval of their constitution and federal recognition in 1975. The two nations pursued independent paths; the CNO had many more members and asserted political power in the region.  The CNO evicted the UKB from the offices at the tribal complex in Tahlequah, which had originally been acquired  through the United Keetoowah Band's government-to-government relationship with the United States.

The CNO administrations of Wilma Mankiller and Chad "Corntassel" Smith have had many conflicts with UKB leadership. Smith was a member of the UKB, but due to these issues, the tribe revoked his membership in 2005.

UKB membership
The United Keetoowah Band maintains a one-quarter-blood requirement for members. It requires all members to have verifiable Cherokee descent either from a person or people on the Dawes Rolls or the UKB Base Roll of 1949.

Beginning in the 1970s, the UKB made some people honorary, adopted and associate members, to recognize their services to the nation. This continued an older practice of Keetoowah adoption or naturalization of captives and friends dating to the 19th century. Former President Bill Clinton is a notable associate member. Given the problems in the 21st century of persons trying to gain benefits by claiming distant Cherokee or UKB ancestry, the tribe no longer practices honorary membership.

Ward Churchill, a former Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado, had long claimed to be of Cherokee descent and made his reputation on promoting Native American issues and an activist Native American view. He was revealed to have no such ancestry. Then he claimed to be an honorary associate member in the UKB, but the tribe has rejected this claim as fraudulent.

Legal issues

Gaming casinos
In the late 20th century, several tribes began to develop gaming facilities on their own sovereign or trust lands, and in consultation with affected states. Such enterprises have raised revenues often used for development and welfare.

The State of Oklahoma has sued the UKB in federal court for operating what it describes as illegal gaming facilities, as they are not on Bureau of Indian Affairs-approved tribal trust lands. According to briefs submitted by the Cherokee Nation, the UKB own no tribal lands in federal trust. The lawsuit is pending in the federal courts in Oklahoma. It has been remanded to the National Indian Gaming Commission for review.

During the State of Oklahoma lawsuit pertaining to the UKB's alleged illegal casino operations for a casino that the tribe has been operating for approximately 19 years, the UKB was accused of attempting to sue the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Nation said the UKB had sued to demand cession of tribal land allotments to them in order to build casinos. These lawsuits were dismissed.

Land claims
The UKB has sued the United States for a share of the proceeds under HR-3534, a bill that required the United States to compensate the Cherokee Nation and two other Oklahoma tribes for claims to the disclaimed drybed lands of the Arkansas River. The legislation set aside ten percent of each tribe's share of the settlement for other claimant tribes; it afforded other claimant tribes an opportunity to file claims within 180 days of the legislation. The UKB filed suit against the United States in the Court of Claims. The Cherokee Nation moved to intervene and to dismiss the UKB suit. It contended that the Cherokee Nation is an indispensable party and that it cannot be joined in the litigation because of its sovereign immunity. The Court of Claims granted both of the Cherokee Nation's motions.

On April 14, 2006, on appeal, the United States sided with the UKB against the Cherokee Nation's request for dismissal. The Court of Federal Claims heard the appeal on November 8, 2006.

In June 2004, the UKB requested that the BIA take into trust land which the tribe owned on a fee basis, a  Community Services Parcel. The case has been studied and the request was originally denied, but the UKB appealed. In May 2011, the BIA finally announced its decision to take into trust for the UKB  of land in Tahlequah. This land includes several of its community centers and the sacred dance ground. The tribe will no longer be landless.

Notable UKB members
Robert J. Conley (b. 1940), historian and novelist
Mel Cornshucker (b. 1952), ceramic artist
David Cornsilk, legal activist and genealogist
 Cecil Dick (1915–1992), Flatstyle painter and muralist
 Franklin Gritts (1914–1996), Flatsyle painter and educator
Archie Sam (1914–1986), Natchez/Cherokee/Muscogee Creek traditionalist, stomp dance leader, and cultural historian
Virginia Stroud (b. 1951), (United Keetoowah Band/Muscogee Creek), artist and former Miss Indian America

Education
In April, 2019, the tribe chartered Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma as its tribal college.

See also

Original Keetoowah Society
Cherokee Immersion School

Notes

References

 Leeds, Georgia Rae. "The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma." American University Studies. Series IX, Vol. 184, 199  pages.
 Meredith, Howard L. Bartley Milam: Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Muskogee, OK: Indian University Press, 1985.

External links
 Official website
 "United Keetoowah Band", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture website
 Allogan Slagle, "Burning Phoenix", The People's Paths
 Corporate Charter of the United Keetoowah Band

Native American tribes in Oklahoma
Federally recognized tribes in the United States


Thomas Des Jean is an American anthropologist who has conducted extensive field research in the American Southeast, in CRM (cultural resources management), and has worked for over twenty years with the National Park Service.  He has recorded over a thousand archaeological sites in the Midsouth, as well as aided in the preservation of sites and the conviction of looters who have destroyed some of the archaeological record in the area.

Early life
Thomas was born in 1948, and lived his early life outside of Indianapolis, Indiana. After graduating from a Catholic high school, he joined the U.S. Navy, where he served for four years.  In 1975, he earned a bachelor's degree in Anthropology from the University of Florida, and also minored in Ecology.

Early archaeological career
Des Jean attended several field schools directed by Jerald T. Milanich, a professor at the University of Florida. His first field schools focused on Woodland period sites, the time around 2,000 BC to 1,000 AD, that within the Southeast includes the new technologies of food processing and storage, burial mounds with an emphasis on grave goods, and a great deal of pottery. Perhaps this was an influence that led Tom to choose pottery as a focus for his graduate thesis research.  He participated in field schools at a burial mound site on Cades Pond culture sites.  Under Milanich, he also participated in a historical archaeology field school that focused on an early-17th-century Spanish mission site.

As an undergraduate, DesJean also worked on several other field projects.  These consisted of some archaeological work on small, medium, and large plantation house sites off the coast of Georgia, and excavations of slave quarters.  He also worked under the direction of Charles H. Fairbanks, by excavating and testing trash pits associated with 19th-century Orange Hall, a parsonage in St. Mary's, Georgia. Under Fairbanks, Des Jean also worked on the expansion of a Deerfield coal-fired generating station in Florida, as well as the excavation of slave cabins associated with the King Plantation in Georgia.

He went on to become a graduate assistant for various field schools, including at an "Orange II" Late Archaic period campsite.  Late Archaic refers to a period from about 5,900 years ago to 3,200 years ago.  It was a period characterized by a greater utilization of mussels and other water-available sources.  He also worked on the stable and plantation house on the Georgia coast in the Kings Bay Project area.  During the Kings Bay Project he also worked on Early Archaic, Orange II, Swift Creek, and Savannah I sites.

Career
Upon graduation with his bachelor's degree, Des Jean spent several years working in contract archaeology.  His work included an inventory survey on property in Julington Creek near Jacksonville, Florida.  The sites here included the testing of a late-19th-century/early-20th-century black lumber camp, a 19th-century watermill, a small Woodland period St. Johns II campsite, and a 20th-century charcoal-making site.  He also worked at the Crooked River State Park in Georgia, doing testing of some Middle Woodland Savannah II phase house mounds.

His MA thesis research was an analysis of pottery vessels from the Little Egypt Site in Carters, Georgia,  thought to be the location of the principal town of the 16th-century Coosa chiefdom visited by Hernando de Soto.  His research focused on the ceramics in twelve Protohistoric Lamar Phase contact period structural remains at the Little Egypt Site.

The research consisted of collecting clays from around the Carters area and compared them with the clays in the pottery vessels that were found at the Little Egypt Site.  The pottery was used for cooking vessels, serving vessels, and vessels for dry and liquid storage.  Des Jean received his master's degree in 1986.

The same year he was awarded his master's degree DesJean joined the National Park Service as an Archaeological Technician at The Big South Fork.  The Big South Fork is an area on the Cumberland Plateau that includes Scott, Morgan, Fentress, and Pickett counties in Tennessee and McCreary County, Kentucky.  The area includes the river gorge, numerous archaeological cliff sites, and the two largest land bridges in the Southeast.

DesJean developed a monitoring plan for the archaeological sites in the park to reduce looting.  The area has nearly 300 miles of cliff lines, ridge-top sites, farmsteads, coalmines, coal camps, and farming communities.

The monitoring program included remote sensing devices near a site being regularly looted, and in December 1987, four individuals were caught red-handed.  The case did not go to court until 1988, but it became nationally recognized and very significant since it was the first time that the felony threshold for the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 violations had been invoked.

Des Jean has overseen the recording of some 1,342 archaeological cliff sites in the park, as well as being involved in three additional Archaeological Resources Protection Act looting cases.

Des Jean also has taught various archaeology and sociology classes at Roane State Community College, and has supervised field projects with students.  He retired from Big South Fork in 2014 and currently teaches AP high school classes in his spare time.  He has a family of four. He lives near the Big South Fork.

Selected works
 Looting Activity: a Folk Tradition of the Upper Cumberland Plateau. Lamar Briefs No.11:6-7. Watkinsville, GA.
 The Archeological Sites Monitoring Program at the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, 1986-1989(223-234). In, Protecting the Past, Edited by G. W. Smith and J. E. Erenhard. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
 The Cost Benefit of Making an ARPA Case. In, CRM Bulletin, Vol.13,#4, pp24. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
 Archeological Teaching Equipment. Tennessee Anthropological Newsletter, Vol. 18, January–February, 1990, No.1. pp2–5.
 The History of Southern Clay Manufacturing Company at Robbins, Tennessee. In Historical Archeology in Kentucky, Edited by K. A. McBride, W. S. McBride and D. Pollack. Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort.
 Niter Mining in the Area of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River (178-225). Tennessee Anthropologist 22(2).
 Chuqualataque (Doublehead). In Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Carol Van West, Editor, pp158. Rutledge Hill Press, Nashville.
 Stearns Coal and Lumber Company. In Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Carol Van West, Editor, pp884. Rutlege Hill Press,   Nashville.
 Inter-Agency Public Archeology: Archeological Testing at BISO1065, the Wet Ledge Rockshelter 1996, (15McY847). In, Archeology in Kentucky, Edited by K. A. McBride, W.S. McBride and D. Pollack. Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort.
 Volume 1: The Kings Bay and Devils Walkingstick Sites. 1986 William Hampton Adams, editor, with contributions by William Hampton Adams, Thomas Desjean, Christopher Espenshade, Rebecca Saunders, and Karen Jo Walker.
 The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 1. Search and Discovery. 1987 editor, David Hurst Thomas with research contributions by Thomas Desjean, Rebecca Saunders, and Karen Jo Walker.

Awards
In 2004, after his third successful ARPA case, he was awarded the "Outstanding Service in Archaeological Resource Protection" award by The National Park Service.

References

External links
 Vandalism Behavior In The Southeast National Parks: Diagnoses And Treatment
 National Park Service Directory
 Cliffline Archaeological Survey Project
 Tennessee Archaeology
 Article: Archaeological Protection
 Big South Fork River and Recreation Area

21st-century American anthropologists
1948 births
Living people
University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni

Thomas Des Jean


The Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) is a diver training organization specializing in training and certification in technical diving and the safe use of nitrox and trimix.

TSA was founded in Switzerland and has been active in Italy since 1997, offering courses specific to the use of both binary gas mixtures, such as Nitrox and Heliox, and ternary, such as Trimix.

Since January 2006 recreational diving has been included in its educational programs, with the aim of improving safety in this type of simple and enjoyable diving in both freediving and scuba diving.

There are also specific courses for semi-closed circuit rebreathers (SCR).

References

External links
 TSA Europe

Underwater diving training organizations
Organizations established in 1997

Trimix Scuba Association


The Rolling Stones' US Tour 1978 was a concert tour of the United States that took place during June and July 1978, immediately following the release of the group's 1978 album Some Girls. Like the 1972 and 1975 U.S. tours, Bill Graham was the tour promoter. One opening act was Peter Tosh, who was sometimes joined by Mick Jagger for their duet "Don't Look Back". The Outlaws backed up Peter Tosh. Another act opening that day was Etta James, famous for her classic song "At Last".

History
The tour used a stripped back, minimal stage show compared to the  previous Tour of the Americas '75 and Tour of Europe '76, possibly due to the emergence of the punk rock scene and its emphasis solely on music and attitude rather than presenting a grandiose stage extravaganza.

Continuing a schedule started in 1966 of touring the United States exactly every three years, the Stones played in a mixture of theatres, sometimes under a pseudonym (i.e., at the start of the 1978 US Tour in Lakeland, Florida, The Stones were billed on the ticket as "The Great Southeast Stoned Out Wrestling Champions"), arenas, and stadiums, a practice that they would follow for many of their future tours as well.  The tour was the first in which Charlie Watts used the famous Gretsch drum set that he continued to play with the Stones until his death, as well as his first employment of a china cymbal as a crash. The concerts featured backing vocals by Ronnie Wood and Keith Richards, something that the Stones would get away from beginning with their next tour when Richards handled the majority of the backing vocals himself.

However, this United States tour did not carry on into Europe in 1979, breaking the group's similar schedule of performing in Europe every three years, which had started in 1967. This gap-year from touring prompted Keith Richards to join Ronnie Wood on his 1979 United States solo tour, to promote his then-album Gimme Some Neck, in the process forming the band The New Barbarians.

Reception
Rock critic Robert Christgau wrote that the 1978 Tour was an improvement over the group's previous go-around, "especially when Mick [Jagger] stopped prancing long enough to pick up a guitar and get into the good new songs from Some Girls."
This was billed as the "Farewell Tour' as, at the time, it was going to be their last.
The tour is widely believed among fans to be one of the band's greatest, largely because it was in many ways back to basics both in musical and visual terms. It meant a return to a mixture of classic Stones numbers ("Tumbling Dice", "Star Star", "Happy", "Street Fighting Man", etc.) mixed with blues numbers and Chuck Berry covers ("Sweet Little Sixteen" in particular, in light of his music's influence on Keith Richards and 1978 being the Stones's sixteenth anniversary), as well as including a large number of songs from the then-newly released Some Girls LP. It was the first tour featuring songs written with Ronnie Wood as an official member of the Rolling Stones, and his contributions from this period are considered by many Stones fans as some of his greatest with the band. While no live album was released immediately following this tour, a fair amount of bootleg releases showcased its musical qualities – most notably the multi-show King Biscuit Flower Hour FM recording often known as "Handsome Girls". In 2011, a CD and DVD set was released of a July 1978 performance from Fort Worth, Texas entitled Some Girls: Live In Texas '78. In addition to the complete concert, the DVD included footage of the tour rehearsals and the three songs the Rolling Stones performed live on the Saturday Night Live television show in October 1978.

Guest artists that played with the Stones during individual shows included Linda Ronstadt, Eddie Money, Doug Kershaw, Bobby Keys and Nicky Hopkins. Opening acts included Van Halen, Journey, Peter Tosh, Patti Smith, Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes, Foreigner, Eddie Money, Kansas, Etta James, Furry Lewis, Atlanta Rhythm Section, April Wine, The Outlaws, and the Doobie Brothers.

Personnel

The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards
Keith Richards – guitars, vocals
Ronnie Wood – guitars, pedal steel guitar, backing vocals
Bill Wyman – bass guitar
Charlie Watts – drums

Additional musicians

Ian Stewart – piano
Ian McLagan – keyboards, backing vocals

Tour set list
A typical set list for the tour, with minor variations involving one or two of the numbers being omitted:

 "Let It Rock" (Chuck Berry)
 "All Down the Line"
 "Honky Tonk Women"
 "Star Star"
 "When the Whip Comes Down"
 "Beast of Burden"
 "Lies"
 "Miss You"
 "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"
 "Shattered"
 "Respectable"
 "Far Away Eyes"
 "Love in Vain"
 "Tumbling Dice"
 "Happy"
 "Sweet Little Sixteen (Chuck Berry)"
 "Brown Sugar"
 "Jumpin' Jack Flash"
 Encore: "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", "Street Fighting Man" (most shows had no encore).

"Hound Dog" (played only in Lexington and Memphis)

Tour dates

Notes

See also
Live in Texas '78, documentary film about the recording of tour

References

External links
 'Rocks Off' page tour setlists

The Rolling Stones concert tours
1978 concert tours
1978 in American music
June 1978 events in the United States
July 1978 events in the United States
Concert tours of the United States

The Rolling Stones US Tour 1978


Arctostaphylos silvicola is a species of manzanita known by the common names Bonny Doon or silverleaf manzanita. It is endemic to the sandhills of the southern Santa Cruz Mountains in California's Santa Cruz and Santa Clara counties.

Description
This is a large shrub growing at least a meter tall and known to exceed six meters in height, looking much like a tree. The bark is dark red and smooth. The leaves are greenish gray in color and sometimes slightly woolly. They are oval in shape and up to 3.5 centimeters long. The shrub flowers in inflorescences of long, urn-shaped manzanita flowers and produces drupes 6 to 12 millimeters wide.

Habitat
Arctostaphylos silvicola grows in coniferous forest and chaparral on inland marine sands.

Conservation Status
Silverleaf is listed as "fairly endangered" by the California Native Plant Society.  The main threats to the species are habitat loss through sand mining and development. A portion of the habitat is protected by the Bonny Doon Ecological Reserve.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Arctostaphylos silvicola
USDA Plants Profile: Arctostaphylos silvicola
Local Plant Profile - Arctostaphylos silvicola
Arctostaphylos silvicola — U.C. Photo gallery

silvicola
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
~
Plants described in 1938

Arctostaphylos silvicola


Ben Rimalower (born May 12, 1976) is an American theatre director, writer, producer, and performer. He is best known for writing and performing the critically acclaimed long-running hit off Off-Broadway solo play Patti Issues. He is also a contributing writer for Playbill.com and The Huffington Post.  Rimalower is openly gay.

Rimalower founded the University of California, Berkeley's student-run theatre organization, BareStage Productions, in 1995 while he was a student at the school.

In 2004, Rimalower directed a concert production of Snoopy! The Musical to benefit the Pied Piper Children's Theatre of New York City.  The concert featured Sutton Foster as Peppermint Patty, Deven May as Charlie Brown, Ann Harada as Lucy, Jennifer Cody as Sally, Hunter Foster as Linus, and Christian Borle in the title role.

He produced and directed the New York premiere of John Fisher's Joy at the Producers Club and later, Off-Broadway at the Actors' Playhouse in 2005.

Rimalower conceived and directed Leslie Kritzer in Leslie Kritzer is Patti LuPone at Les Mouches, a recreation of Patti LuPone's famed nightclub act, which premiered in New York at Joe's Pub and also played in San Francisco at the Plush Room in 2006 and 2007. Rimalower received a Special Time Out New York Award for the production.

In 2007, he directed an Off-Broadway production of Marissa Kamin's The Fabulous Life of a Size Zero, starring Gillian Jacobs and Anna Chlumsky, at the Daryl Roth/DR2 Theatre.

He has directed solo shows for many artists including Lindsey Alley, Cole Escola, Lance Horne, John Hill, Natalie Joy Johnson, Erin Markey, Scott Nevins and Molly Pope.

In August 2012, Rimalower's solo play Patti Issues premiered at the Duplex, directed by Aaron Mark, and has since received a 2013 Bistro Award ("Best Solo Play") and a 2013 MAC Award ("New York Debut - Male"). The production has been extended numerous times, running well into 2013 and playing engagements in several other cities including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Berkeley, San Diego, Chicago, Provincetown, Boston, and Fire Island Pines, as well as engagements in Berlin and Glasgow. In September 2013, Rimalower gave his final performance in the play in New York City. Tony Award nominee Robin de Jesús replaced him in the role for a limited run.

References

1976 births
Living people
American male stage actors
American gay actors
American theatre directors
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
American theatre managers and producers
21st-century American LGBT people

Ben Rimalower


The Constitution of the German Reich (German: Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (Weimarer Verfassung) was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).  The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.

The German state's official name was Deutsches Reich until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.

Origin
Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the Reich. The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.

The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician Hugo Preuss, who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and later became Minister of the Interior.

Other websites

 Selected Articles: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html
 Entire Constitution: http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php
 The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text
 The portion of a series of lecture on German history pertaining to the Weimar Republic
 Additional info is here: http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm

Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic

Weimar Constitution


Southern Athabascan (also Apachean, Southern Athabaskan) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken in the North American Southwest.  Refer to Southern Athabascan languages for the main article.

Typological overview
Typologically, Southern Athabaskan languages are mostly fusional, polysynthetic, nominative–accusative head-marking  languages.  These languages are argued to be non-configurational languages. The canonical word order is SOV, as can be seen in Lipan example below:

  Kónitsąąhį́į́  dziłádałts'aa'híí  áí  daajiłdiił    "The Lipan ate those wild grapes."

 Subject  =   Kónitsąąhį́į́   "the Lipan"
 Object  =   dziłádałts'aa'híí  áí   "those wild grapes" (dziłádałts'aa'híí "wild grapes", áí "those")
 Verb  =   daajiłdiił   "they ate them"

Southern Athabaskan words are modified primarily by prefixes, which is uncommon for SOV languages (suffixes are expected).

The Southern Athabaskan languages are "verb-heavy" — they have a great ponderance of verbs but relatively few nouns.  In addition to verbs and nouns, these languages have other elements such as pronouns, clitics of various functions, demonstratives, numerals, adverbs, and conjunctions, among others.  Harry Hoijer grouped most of the above into a word class which he called particle based on the type of inflection that occurs on the word class. This categorization provides three main lexical categories (i.e. parts of speech):

 verbs
 nouns/postpositions
 particles

There is nothing that corresponds to what are called adjectives in English. Adjectival notions are provided by verbs; however, these adjectival verb stems do form a distinct sub-class of verb stems which co-occur with adjectival prefixes.

Nouns

SA nouns are essentially of the following types (with various subtypes):

 simple nouns
 compound nouns
 nouns derived from verbs/verb phrases (deverbal noun)

The simple nouns can consist of only a noun stem (which are usually only a single syllable long), such as

 Chiricahua: ku̧u̧ "fire", and
 Navajo: sǫ' "star".

Other nouns may consist of a noun plus one or more prefixes, such as

 Navajo: dibé "sheep" (< di- + -bé; stem: -bé)

or of a noun plus an enclitic or suffix, such as

 Chiricahua: dlú̧í "prairie dog" (< dlú̧- + -í; stem: dlú̧-).

The added prefixes may be lexical or they may be inflectional prefixes (e.g. personal prefixes indicating possession). SA languages do not have many simple nouns, but these nouns are the most ancient part of the lexicon and thus are essential in making comparisons between Athabascan languages.

Another noun type is a noun compound consisting of more than one noun stem, such as

 Chiricahua: ku̧u̧ba̧a̧ "fireside" (< ku̧u̧ "fire" + ba̧a̧ "edge"), and
 Navajo: tsésǫ' "glass" (< tsé "rock" + sǫ" star").

Other kinds of noun compounds are the following:

 noun stem + postposition
 noun stem + verb stem
 noun stem + postposition + noun stem

Many other various combinations of elements are possible.

The most common type of noun is the deverbal noun (i.e., a noun derived from a verb). Most of these nouns are formed by adding a nominalizing enclitic, such as Mescalero -ń or -í, Western Apache -í and Navajo -í, to the end of the verb phrase. For example, in Mescalero the verb 'ént'į́į́ "he/she bewitches him/her" may become a noun by adding either the enclitic -ń (for people) or -í (for things):

 'ént'į́į́ "he or she bewitches him or her"
 'ént'į́į́ń "witch"
 'ént'į́į́'í "witchcraft"

Thus, the word 'ént'į́į́ń "witch" literally means "the one who bewitches him or her". Another example is from Navajo:

 ná'oolkiłí "clock" (lit. "one that is moved slowly in a circle")

Many of these nouns may be quite complex, as in Navajo

 chidí naa'na'í bee'eldǫǫhtsoh bikáá' dah naaznilígíí "army tank" (lit. "a car that they sit up on top of that crawls around with a big thing with which an explosion is made")

Other deverbal nouns do not appear with a nominalizing enclitic, as in Navajo

 Hoozdo "Phoenix, Arizona" (lit. "the place is hot")
 ch'é'étiin "doorway" (lit. "something has a path horizontally out")

For a comparison with nouns in a Northern Athabascan language, see Carrier: Nouns

Noun inflection

Possession

Prefixes
Most nouns can be inflected to show possession. Simple nouns, compound nouns, and some deverbal nouns are inflected by adding a pronominal prefix to the noun base, as in the following Chiricahua possessed noun paradigm (i.e. noun declension):

As seen above, Chiricahua nouns are inflected for number (singular and dual) and person (first, second, third, fourth, and indefinite). In the third and indefinite persons, there is only one pronominal prefix bi- and 'i- (that is, Chiricahua does not have two different prefixes for the third person singular and the third person dual). Additionally, although there is a first person singular shi- and a second person singular ni-, in the plural Chiricahua only has one prefix nahi- for both the first and second persons (that is, nahi- means both first and second person plural). A distributive plural prefix daa- may also be added to possessed nouns in front of the pronominal prefixes:

The prefix table below shows these relationships:

A Navajo pronominal prefix paradigm may be compared with the Chiricahua above:

Two other pronominal prefixes include the reciprocal prefix as in Mescalero 'ił- and Navajo ał- "each other's" and the reflexive prefix as in Mescalero 'ádi- and Navajo ádi- "one's own".

Phrase formation

Larger possessive phrases can be formed like the following Navajo phrases:

As seen above, the possessor occurs before the possessed noun(s). Thus, in order to say "John's bread", the 3rd person prefix bi- is added to the possessed noun bááh "bread" and the possessor noun John is placed before bibááh "his bread". Usually, in the first and second persons only a pronominal prefix (shi-, ni-, and nihi-) is added to possessed nouns. However, if focusing on the possessor (i.e. a type of emphasis) is needed, an independent personal pronoun may be added to the possessive phrase. Thus, we have the following

By observing these Navajo possessive phrases, it is evident here that Southern Athabascan languages are head-marking in that the possessive prefix is added to the possessed noun, which is the head of the noun phrase (this is unlike the dependent-marking languages of Europe where possessive affixes are added to the possessor).

Stem modification

 absolute vs. possessed vs. compound (combining) forms
 voicing
 vocalic suffixes

Alienable vs. inalienable

 Alienability: Alienable and inalienable possession
 Possession (linguistics)#Inherent and non-inherent (constantly possessed)
 associated semantic changes

Clitics

 proclitics
 enclitics
 postpositional enclitics

Verbs
The key element in Southern Athabaskan languages is the verb, and it is notoriously complex. Verbs are composed of a stem to which inflectional and/or derivational prefixes are added.  Every verb must have at least one prefix.  The prefixes are affixed to the verb in a specified order.

The Southern Athabaskan verb can be sectioned into different morphological components.  The verb stem is composed of an abstract root and an often fused suffix. The stem together with a classifier prefix (and sometimes other thematic prefixes) make up the verb theme.  The theme is then combined with derivational prefixes which in turn make up the verb base.  Finally, inflectional prefixes (which Young & Morgan call "paradigmatic prefixes") are affixed to the base—producing a complete verb.  This is represented schematically in the table below:

Verb template
The prefixes that occur on a verb are added in specified order according to prefix type.  This type of morphology is called a position class template (or slot-and-filler template). Below is a table of one proposal of the Navajo verb template (Young & Morgan 1987). Edward Sapir and Harry Hoijer were the first to propose an analysis of this type. A given verb will not have a prefix for every position, in fact most Navajo verbs are not as complex as the template would seem to suggest.

The Navajo verb has 3 main parts:

These parts can be subdivided into 11 positions with some of the positions having even further subdivisions:

Although prefixes are generally found in a specific position, some prefixes change order by the process of metathesis.
For example, in Navajo prefix 'a- (3i object pronoun) usually occurs before di-, as in

 adisbąąs 'I'm starting to drive some kind of wheeled vehicle along' [ <  'a- + di- + sh- + ł- + -bąąs].

However, when 'a- occurs with the prefixes di- and ni-, the 'a- metathesizes with di-, leading to an order of di- + 'a- + ni-, as in

 di'nisbąąs 'I'm in the act of driving some vehicle (into something) & getting stuck' [ < di-'a-ni-sh-ł-bąąs < 'a- + di- + ni- + sh- + ł- + -bąąs]

instead of the expected *adinisbąąs ('a-di-ni-sh-ł-bąąs) ('a- is reduced to '-).  Metathesis is conditioned by phonological environment (Young & Morgan 1987:39).

Verb stems and mode and aspect
Verb stems have different forms that alternate according to aspect and tense. The alternation (ablaut) mostly involves vowels (change in vowel, vowel length, or nasality) and tone, but sometimes includes the suffixation of a final consonant. The Chiricahua verb stems below have five different forms that correspond to mode:

Each mode can also occur with different aspects, such as momentaneous, continuative, repetitive, semelfactive, etc. For example, a stem can be momentaneous imperfective, momentaneous perfective, momentaneous optative, etc. The (partial) Navajo verb stem conjugation below illustrates the verb stem -'aah/-'ą́ "to handle a solid roundish object" with the same mode in different aspects:

This same verb stem -'aah/-'ą́ "to handle a solid round object" has a total of 26 combinations of 5 modes and 6 aspects:

Although there are 26 combinations for this verb, there is a high degree of homophony, in that there are only 7 different stem forms (-'aah, -'ááh, -'aał, -'ááł, -'a', -á, -'ą́). To complicate matters, different verbs have different patterns of homophony: some verbs have only 1 stem form that occurs in all mode-aspect combinations, others have 5 forms, etc., and not all stems occur in the same mode-aspect combinations.  Additionally, the different stem forms of different verbs are formed in different ways.

Classificatory verbs
Southern Athabaskan languages have verb stems that classify a particular object by its shape or other physical characteristics in addition to describing the movement or state of the object. These are known in Athabaskan linguistics as classificatory verb stems. These are usually identified by an acronym label. There are 11 primary classificatory "handling" verbs stems in Navajo which are listed below (given in the perfective mode). Other Southern Athabaskan languages have a slightly different set of stems.

To compare with English, Navajo has no single verb that corresponds to the English word give. In order to say the equivalent of Give me some hay! the Navajo verb níłjool (NCM) must be used, while for Give me a cigarette! the verb nítįįh (SSO) must be used. The English verb give is expressed by 11 verbs in Navajo, depending on the characteristics of the given object.

In addition to defining the physical properties of the object, primary classificatory verb stems also can distinguish between the manner of movement of the object. The stems can then be grouped into three categories:

 handling
 propelling
 free flight

Handling includes actions such as carrying, lowering, and taking. Propelling includes tossing, dropping, and throwing. Free flight includes falling, and flying through space.

Using an example for the SRO category Navajo has

 -'ą́  to handle (a round object),
 -ne'  to throw (a round object), and
 -l-ts'id  (a round object) moves independently.

In addition, Southern Athabaskan languages also have other somewhat similar verb stems that Young & Morgan (1987) call secondary classificatory verbs.

(The term classifier is used in Athabaskan linguistics to refer to a prefix that indicates transitivity or acts as a thematic prefix, and as such is somewhat of a misnomer. These transitivity classifiers are not involved in the classificatory verb stems' classification of nouns and are not related in any way to the noun classifiers found in Chinese or Thai).

yi-/bi- alternation (animacy)
Like most Athabaskan languages, Southern Athabaskan languages show various levels of animacy in its grammar, with certain nouns taking specific verb forms according to their rank in this animacy hierarchy.  For instance, Navajo nouns can be ranked by animacy on a continuum from most animate (a human or lightning) to least animate (an abstraction) (Young & Morgan 1987: 65-66):

humans/lightning → infants/big animals → mid-size animals → small animals → insects → natural forces → inanimate objects/plants → abstractions

Generally, the most animate noun in a sentence must occur first while the noun with lesser animacy occurs second.  If both nouns are equal in animacy, then either noun can occur in the first position.  So, both example sentences (1) and (2) are correct.  The yi- prefix on the verb indicates that the 1st noun is the subject and bi- indicates that the 2nd noun is the subject.

But example sentence (3) sounds wrong to most Navajo speakers because the less animate noun occurs before the more animate noun:

In order express this idea, the more animate noun must occur first, as in sentence (4):

Although sentence (4) is translated into English with a passive verb, in Navajo it is not passive. Passive verbs are formed by certain classifier prefixes (i.e. transitivity prefixes) that occur directly before the verb stem in position 9.

References
See the Southern Athabaskan languages bibliography for references

Southern Athabaskan languages

Southern Athabascan grammar


Lisa Michelle Brown (born January 12, 1972) is an American illustrator and writer whose books include Picture the Dead, How To Be, The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming, and Baby, Mix Me A Drink. She draws the Three Panel Book Review cartoon for the book section of the San Francisco Chronicle. She graduated with a BA from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut in 1993, and an MS in Communications Design from the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York in 1998. She lives in San Francisco with her son and her husband, Daniel Handler.

Brown has used the pseudonym Sarah "Pinkie" Bennett, at least for illustration.

Recent projects

Vampire Boy's Good Night is a picture book about a small vampire boy and a little witch. On a cold autumn night, they head out in search of ″real children.″

Picture the Dead is a traditional ghost story with a visual twist. Co-written with Adele Griffin, the visual clues allow the reader to unravel the mystery in step (or ahead of) the narrator. It's not a graphic novel and not an illustrated chapter book, but a novel in which the illustrations are an integral part of the whole. It's a book about dealing with the visual clues, but at the same time infused with the more traditional narrative around each image. The illustrations are based on old daguerreotypes and albumen prints of anonymous sitters, culled from the Online Prints and Photographs Reading Room of the Library of Congress. The background patterns are based on actual Victorian designs.

The book is set in Brookline, Massachusetts during the American Civil War. Haunted by the recent deaths of her twin brother and fiancé, seventeen-year-old Jennie Lovell forges an unlikely friendship with a Spiritualist photographer who helps her to expose tragic family secrets.

Prizes and honors

 CCBC CHOICES 2007: New (c2006) Books for Children and Young Adults Recommended by the Cooperative Children's Book Center (CCBC) School of Education, University of Wisconsin Madison (for 'How to Be, HarperCollins 2006)
 A Baker's Dozen: The Best Children's Books for Family Literacy 2007, presented by The Pennsylvania Center for the Book, PennState University, (for How to Be, HarperCollins 2006)
 The Association of Booksellers for Children (ABC) Best Books for Children 2006 (for How to Be, HarperCollins 2006)
 American Illustration Annuals 25 and 26, artwork chosen for display on the web
 Print Regional Design Annual 2006  for the book cover design of How to Dress for Every Occasion by The Pope
 Print Regional Design Annual 2007 for book cover designs of Baby Do My Banking' and Baby Fix My Car, McSweeney's 2006
 AIGA 50 Covers / 50 Books 2007 for book cover design of The Latke Who Couldn't Stop ScreamingSelect titlesPhantom Twin (2020 - author & illustrator)Goldfish Ghost (2017 - illustrator)The Airport Book (2015 - author & illustrator)
 Emily's Blue Period (2014 - illustrator)
 Half-Minute Horrors (2009 - author & illustrator, contributor)
 Baby Plan My Wedding (2009 - author, illustrator & designer)
 Baby Get Me Some Lovin (2009 - author, illustrator & designer)
 Sometimes You Get What You Want (2008 – illustrator)
 The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming (2007 - illustrator & designer)
 How to Be (2006 - author & illustrator)
 Baby, Do My Banking (2006 - author, illustrator & designer)
 Baby, Fix My Car (2006 - author, illustrator & designer)
 How to Dress For Every Occasion By The Pope (2005 - illustrator, as Sarah "Pinkie" Bennett, and designer)
 Baby Mix Me a Drink (2005 - author, illustrator & designer)
 Baby Make Me Breakfast (2005 - author, illustrator & designer)
 Outrageous Women of Colonial America (2001 – illustrator)
 Outrageous Women of the Renaissance (1999 – illustrator)
 Outrageous Women of the Middle Ages (1998 – illustrator)
 Outrageous Women of Ancient Times (1998 – illustrator)

References

Bibliography
 December 9, 2005, The Seattle Times, about the "Baby Be of Use" series
 March 27, 2006, National Post (Canada) about How to Dress for Every Occasion by The Pope
 June 28, 2006: "Holder Tonight" radio show on CJAD Montreal, talking about the "Baby Be of Use" series
 July 3, 2006, Green Bay Press-Gazette, about How to Be
 August 10, 2006, NY Post, about the "Baby Be of Use" series
 August 11, 2006: "Bulldog and the Rude Awakening" radio show WOCM 98.1 FM, talking about the "Baby Be of Use" series
 West Coast Live radio program, December 2, 2006, Oakland, CA, talking with Sedge Thompson about How to Be and the "Baby Be of Use" books, and 2007 talking about The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming, with Daniel Handler
 Child Magazine, March 2007, about fostering creativity
 November 15, 2007, Publishers Weekly'', about The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming
 December 18, 2008, CBC Radio Montreal, weekly morning show, about Hanukah and The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming

External links

 americanchickens.com
 picturethedead.com
 vampireboysgoodnight.com
 A Fuse #8 Production : Blog on School Library Journal
 Saints and Spinners
 GeekDad: December 10, 2008, The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming

 Video by "LitMinds" about The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming with Daniel Handler
 The Writer's Block, KQED San Francisco weekly reading series podcast, 2007, reading an essay about the "Baby Be Of Use"

1972 births
American children's book illustrators
American women illustrators
Wesleyan University alumni
Pratt Institute alumni
American women writers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women artists

Lisa Brown (artist)


Donald G. Ingalls (July 29, 1918 – March 10, 2014) was an American screenwriter and television producer. He was a lifelong friend of Gene Roddenberry, having served in the Los Angeles Police Department with him.

Early life
Don Ingalls was born in Humboldt, Nebraska on July 29, 1918. During the Second World War, Ingalls was in the United States Army Air Forces as a pilot. He was stationed in Europe, flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses. Following the war, he subsequently became a test pilot for North American Aviation.

Ingalls became a police officer and worked under Chief William H. Parker in the Los Angeles Police Department within the Public Information department. It was in the police that he met lifelong friend Gene Roddenberry for the first time, and both of them transitioned from the Newspaper Unit within the Traffic Department to the new section when Parker was made chief. The pair shared a common background, both of them having been B-17 pilots during the war. During this time, they worked from a single office on the 27th floor of the Los Angeles City Hall. The duo shared a desire to become writers, with Ingalls being the first between them to resign from the LAPD to pursue this objective.

Screenwriting career
Roddenberry and Ingalls drifted apart following the latter's resignation, but reunited early on in their writing careers. Roddenberry was initially the more successful of the two, and recommended Ingalls as story editor to Sam Rolfe on the television series Have Gun – Will Travel. He would also continue to recommend Ingalls for other screenwriting jobs around the same time, while Ingalls went on to become an associate producer at Have Gun – Will Travel. When Roddenberry began to develop Star Trek, he sent Ingalls a series outline but asked him to keep it "very, very confidential".

Ingalls went on to write two scripts for Star Trek, his first being "The Alternative Factor". His second script, "A Private Little War", was intended to be a criticism piece on the Vietnam War, but was heavily re-written by Roddenberry to the extent that Ingalls was angry at him for a year and insisted on being credited only under the pseudonym "Jud Crucis".

He wrote episodes for a variety of television series, and was a producer on shows such as Fantasy Island, T.J. Hooker and Kingston: Confidential. Ingalls also wrote a handful of television movies such as the 1979 Captain America film. He has a single theatrical film credit, Airport 1975 (1974). His final work was the novel, Watchers on the Mountain (2005) a fictional work about the Navajo Nation.

Death
He died in 2014 after a long illness at his home in Olympia, Washington.

Filmography

Films

Television

Notes

References

External links

1918 births
2014 deaths
People from Humboldt, Nebraska
21st-century American novelists
American science fiction writers
American television writers
Los Angeles Police Department officers
American male television writers
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
21st-century American male writers
Screenwriters from Nebraska
21st-century American screenwriters

Don Ingalls


Teboho Aaron Mokoena  (born 25 November 1980), known as Aaron Mokoena, is a South African former footballer. He is currently the assistant coach of Cape Town City.

Club career

Early career
Mokoena was born in Boipatong. He moved to Bayer Leverkusen and Ajax, before twice being loaned out to Germinal Beerschot and then transferring to KRC Genk for two years. On 4 January 2005, aged 24 he moved to Premier League side Blackburn Rovers in which he described his move as a dream.

Blackburn Rovers
Mokoena made his debut for Blackburn on 8 January 2005 in an FA Cup match against Cardiff City, coming on as a 43rd-minute substitute for Barry Ferguson. After this, Mark Hughes mainly utilised Mokoena as a holding midfielder. Mokoena went on to be a regular in the starting line-up for the remainder of the season, appearing 22 times in total. He was used by Hughes as the holding midfielder in a three-man midfield in a defensive 4–5–1 formation, a move which saw Blackburn concede fewer goals and move away from relegation danger.

Hughes later reverted to a 4–4–2 formation. From then on, Mokoena found himself used sparingly as a holding midfielder in his favoured 4–5–1 formation as a second-half substitute, charged with protecting leads in games in which Blackburn were winning. With Robbie Savage out injured for Rovers, Mokoena started most of the team's games in 2007 and he scored his first goal for Blackburn in an FA Cup 6th round victory against Manchester City on 11 March 2007. However, he was later sent off after getting a second yellow card. He scored his second and final Blackburn goal against Sunderland in February 2009, again this time in the FA Cup replay in Rovers' 2–1 win at Ewood Park which was also voted as goal of the season for the 2008–09 season. Mokoena played his final game for Blackburn Rovers on 24 May 2009 against West Bromwich Albion at Ewood Park in the 0–0 draw.

Portsmouth
On 24 May 2009, Mokoena announced he would be joining fellow Premier League outfit Portsmouth on a three-year deal. He scored his first goal for Portsmouth in the last minute of extra time to give them victory over Coventry City at the Ricoh Arena in the dying seconds in the FA Cup third round replay on 12 January 2010. Mokoena played a major part in the games against Coventry, Sunderland, South Coast rivals Southampton, Birmingham and Tottenham. He stated that he desired the move to secure regular football, especially in the run up to the 2010 World Cup held in South Africa his native.

Mokoena scored his first league goal in English football (having previously scored three in the FA Cup) when he netted on 58 minutes and completed the full 90 minutes in a 3–1 victory over Bristol City at Fratton Park on 28 September 2010.

On 28 October 2010, Mokoena signed a new two-and-a-half-year deal with Pompey lasting until summer 2013. He made 70 appearances and has scored three goals for Portsmouth in all competitions. On 18 June 2011, he said that he could be leaving Portsmouth because he has been very frustrated at being on the bench on a regular basis.

Following Portsmouth going into administration in February 2012 and the club's subsequent relegation into the third-tier Football League One, Mokoena was identified a potential key player to leave due to his relatively high salary. During this time Mokoena was strongly linked with a transfer to Bidvest Wits and did not show up to the first day of pre-season training. On 10 July, Portsmouth manager Michael Appleton stated that he believed Mokoena would leave Portsmouth within 24 hours.

On 12 July 2012, Mokoena agreed a contract termination with Portsmouth.

Bidvest Wits
On 11 July 2012 Mokoena completed his move from Portsmouth to Bidvest Wits. On 20 July, he was officially presented at his new club.

International
Mokoena is known as "Mbazo" or "The Axe" because of his tough tackling skills. He is the youngest ever player to have represented South Africa, having played in 1999 for the 2000 Summer Olympics qualifiers aged 18–19; he later replaced Lucas Radebe as captain of his country. He played for South Africa at the 2000 Olympics, where they finished third in Group D.

Mokoena also played at the 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations. In January 2008, Mokoena captained South Africa in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana. He retained the captaincy for the 2009 Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup, both held in his homeland. On 31 May 2010, he was named in South Africa's 23-man World Cup squad.

He won his 100th cap against Guatemala in Polokwane in a 5–0 win on 3 May 2010, and celebrated by taking to the field wearing the number 100 on the back of his shirt. On 11 June 2010, he captained Bafana Bafana in the opening group game against Mexico of the 2010 World Cup and also played the full 90 minutes alongside Bongani Khumalo in a 1–1 draw in Johannesburg. On 16 June 2010, Mokoena again skippered the Bafana Bafana this time in their 3–0 defeat by Uruguay at the Loftus Versfeld Stadium. On 22 June, he started in the 2–1 win over France at the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein. As of 2012, Mokoena has won 107 caps for his country and has scored 1 goal since debuting back in 1999.

International goals
Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Mokoena goal.

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
People from Boipatong
South African Sotho people
South African men's soccer players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football utility players
South Africa men's international soccer players
Olympic soccer players for South Africa
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
1998 African Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
Jomo Cosmos F.C. players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Eredivisie players
AFC Ajax players
Belgian Pro League players
Beerschot A.C. players
K.R.C. Genk players
Premier League players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Bidvest Wits F.C. players
FIFA Men's Century Club
English Football League players
Soccer players from Gauteng
South African expatriate men's soccer players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
South African expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
South African expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England

Aaron Mokoena


Dynamius or Dinamius was the Rector of Provence (rector Provinciae) from 575, when he replaced Albinus. At the time, Provence and Austrasia lay within the kingdom of Childebert II, though half of Marseille, the chief Provençal city, was under the lordship of Guntram, King of Burgundy.

Dynamius and Guntram allied together for their own mutual benefit at the expense of Childebert. Dynamius instigated the canons of the Diocese of Uzès to elect their deacon Marcellus, son of the senator Felix, as bishop in opposition to their already-elected bishop Jovinus, a former governor of Provence. While Jovinus and Theodore, Bishop of Marseille, were travelling to the court of Childebert II, Guntram had them arrested. Dynamius, meanwhile, blocked Gundulf, a duke of an important senatorial family and Childebert's former domesticus, from entering Marseille on behalf of Childebert. Eventually he was forced to yield, though he later arrested Theodore again and had him sent to Guntram.

Despite his revolt, which saw him replaced by Leudegisel (585) and Nicetius (587), he was reconciled with Childebert and formally restored to favour on 28 November 587. According to the poet Venantius Fortunatus, with whom he had a correspondence, Dynamius was a man of culture, a poet, and an author of saints' lives.  Dynamius' wife, Eucheria, wrote poetry as well: one of her poems, a list of impossible things, is extant.  Dynamius also corresponded with Gregory of Tours, who mentions that he was "pious" and a founder of monasteries.

Sources
Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. 2 vol. trans. O. M. Dalton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
 Peter Dronke, Women Writers of the Middle Ages.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Rulers of Provence

Dynamius of Provence


Brittney Elizabeth Irvin (born November 10, 1984) is a Canadian actress. She has also done voiceover work for Ocean Productions. Irvin is best known for playing Katie in Scary Godmother: Halloween Spooktakular and its sequel Scary Godmother: The Revenge of Jimmy. She was first billed as Britt Irvin in a 2001 episode of The Outer Limits, and is still sometimes billed as Brittney Irvin in recent work, such as her voice work as Jade in Bratz, and in two of the three episodes of Aliens in America in which she appeared in 2007. She  also voiced Sunny Flare in My Little Pony: Equestria Girls.

Early life
Britt Irvin was born Brittney Elizabeth Irvin in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and raised in Surrey, British Columbia. She began dancing ballet and singing in festivals starting around 1990 when she was 6 years old. She worked on two musicals at age 10, Show Boat and A Christmas Carol, did voice work in the television series "Nilus the Sandman", and did work in several television commercials between productions, many of which aired in the United States as well as Canada.

Acting career
In 1996, Irvin appeared in the films Panic in the Skies! and The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1998 she appeared in the TV series Little Men on Canada's CTV network, which lasted two seasons. Between 1998 and 2000 Irvin also played guest roles on Sleepwalkers, Night Man, Stargate SG-1, and The Outer Limits. In 2000 she played Laurel Everett in the TV movie Angels in the Infield which also starred Patrick Warburton and David Alan Grier. Also in 2000, she played the role of Maxine Bronty in Quarantine.

In 2000 Irvin acted in So Weird. In 2002 Irvin played a red-wine-loving kleptomaniac named Amy in the MTV movie Wasted and played a role in The Outer Limits again in 2003, the same year she appeared in National Lampoon's Thanksgiving Family Reunion with Judge Reinhold and Penelope Ann Miller. Also, in 2003, she portrayed the late Dana Plato in the NBC TV movie Diff'rent Strokes: The Unauthorized Biography.

She played the single teenage mother Paige Leckie in the fourth season of Edgemont in 2004, but left the series after just one season in order to fulfill other commitments. Also in 2004 she played "Maggie" in the movie Jack.

Her works have included the 2005 film Reefer Madness which is based on the 2003 musical, (though she only appeared in one scene), the 2005 TV movie Absolute Zero with Jeff Fahey and Erika Eleniak, the 2007 film Hot Rod starring Andy Samberg, and playing the love interest of Kevin Zegers' character in Normal, which was also released in 2007.

She is named in the special thanks credits of Louis Belanger's 2009 film The Timekeeper, which premiered in Canada at the Vancouver International Film Festival and in the United States at the Brooklyn International Film Festival. She had appeared in a scene as a character named Nicole Granger, that was ultimately cut from the film.

Irvin is also an accomplished singer and voice-over artist. Her voice-over credits include TV series: Sabrina The Teenage Witch, Madeline, Bratz and in the English-language version of Inuyasha). She was also the voice of X-23 in the episode "Target X" fourth season of X-Men: Evolution (substituting Andrea Libman, who voiced the character in her original appearance); the character later crossed over to the X-Men comic titles where she once headlined her own limited series and is currently featured in the Avengers Academy title.

She was nominated for a Leo Award in 2008 for her performance in Normal.

Irvin also provided the voice of the character Ursula in the 2007 George of the Jungle cartoon series which aired on the Cartoon Network, making her the first (and currently only) person ever to voice a cartoon character in a series remake, where the character had originally been voiced by June Foray in the original. Foray had originally voiced the character Ursula in the original George of the Jungle series from the 1960s – though the character is significantly different in the 2007 series than in the 1967 series. The series aired for only one season.

Her work in 2008 included the voice of Polly, the love interest of Drake Bell's Harold Kelp in the direct-to-DVD animated sequel, The Nutty Professor;

She portrayed as well as the character Amy in the TV movie Spectacular!, one of the first times she has ever played an antagonist, which aired on Nickelodeon on February 16, 2009. The series The Assistants, in which she plays the lead role Gillian Hughes, premiered on The N on July 10, 2009.

She appeared in the first three episodes of ABC's remake of the 1980s science fiction miniseries V, which premiered on ABC on November 3, 2009, as well as the first episode of Life UneXpected, which premiered in February 2010 on The CW.
Irvin portrayed Stargirl in the Smallville episodes "Absolute Justice", "Salvation", "Icarus" and "Prophecy".
Her most recent credit is as Kathy Patton in Freshman Father, a Hallmark Channel movie where she portrays a prom queen turned young mother suffering from severe post-partum depression. In 2010, she plays in Barbie: A Fashion Fairy Tale and Barbie: A Fairy Secret, as the voice of Raquelle.

In 2012, Irvin co-starred in Michael Sucsy's film The Vow, which starred Rachel McAdams and Channing Tatum, and also included her former Little Men and Angels in the Infield co-star Rachel Skarsten in the cast.

In 2015, she voiced Sunny Flare in My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Friendship Games and 2017 Equestria Girls special, Dance Magic.

Music
Irvin released a demo music album in 2003. She has been known to give live performances in Vancouver and Los Angeles. Her music has never been mass-released, but some of the tracks have been found at sites like YouTube.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos
 FRANKIIE: "Dream Reader" (2019)

References

External links

1984 births
21st-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Vancouver
Canadian child actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Living people

Britt Irvin


"Lisa's Pony" is the eighth episode of the third season of The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone. desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess." Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony. Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.

Other websites

"Lisa's Pony" at The Simpsons.com

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes

Lisa's Pony


The Mitchell Gallery of Flight is an aviation museum located inside Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States.

Description
Permanent gallery exhibits highlight aviation history along with some of Milwaukee's contributions to the aerospace industry.

 Richard Bong from Poplar, Wisconsin is recognized as the United States' all time "Ace of Aces".
 Charles Lindbergh and his visit to Milwaukee after the historic non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
 James A. Lovell, Jr. is a former NASA astronaut and commander of the infamous Apollo 13 mission.
 Lester Maitland, born in Milwaukee, was a World War II air commander and respected endurance flier.
 Billy Mitchell was an American general who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force.
 Lance Sijan was a United States Air Force officer and fighter pilot who was awarded the Medal of Honor.
 Antique propellers dating back to World War I, which were manufactured by Matthews Brothers Woodworking Company of Milwaukee.
 An exhibit dedicated to Milwaukee-based Midwest Airlines, which operated out of Mitchell Airport.
 Milwaukee In Space is a presentation for a laser experiment from St. Mary's Hospital that was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia.
 A twenty-two foot model of the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II, sister ship of the LZ 129 Hindenburg was on display for many years, but has been moved to the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh as of 2021.

It is operated by The Friends of the Mitchell Gallery of Flight, a non-profit corporation formed to foster and promote the museum and its exhibits.

References

External links

Exhibit Photos

Aerospace museums in Wisconsin
Museums in Milwaukee

Mitchell Gallery of Flight


Marie Kean (27 June 1918 – 29 December 1993) was an Irish actress of stage and screen whose career spanned over 40 years. The Stage called her one of Ireland's most impressive actresses, and "an artist of considerable emotional depth and theatrical command."

Life
Kean grew up in the village of Rush, County Dublin, and was educated at Loreto College, North Great George's Street, Dublin. She learned her craft at the Gaiety School of Acting and was part of the Abbey Theatre company until 1961.

Kean's leading role as the kindly matriarch Mrs. Kennedy in the Radio Éireann serial drama The Kennedys of Castleross made her famous throughout Ireland. She starred in the programme for the duration of its 18-year run.

In 1968, Kean won a Jacob's Award for her performance as Winnie in RTÉ television's production of Samuel Beckett's play Happy Days, a role she had performed on stage and which she described later as her favourite part. Among her other television roles was that of Mrs. Conn Brickley, Bridget's mother, in an episode of the Irish RM titled "The Boat's Share".

Kean's many stage appearances include performances in the plays of Synge, O'Casey and Friel. She had the lead role of Maggie Polpin in the 1969 world première of John B. Keane's play Big Maggie at the Cork Opera House In 1978 she won the State of New York best actress award for her performance in what has become Keane's most successful play.

Arguably her most memorable film role was as Barry's scheming mother in Stanley Kubrick's Barry Lyndon. She also played a bigoted Irish shopkeeper in David Lean's Ryan's Daughter. Her final movie appearance was in John Huston's The Dead (1987), in which she played the part of Mrs. Malins.

Marie Kean died in Donnybrook, Dublin at the age of 75. Her husband William Mulvey predeceased her in 1977.

Filmography

References

External links

Marie Kean at Irish Playography

1918 births
1993 deaths
Abbey Theatre
Irish stage actresses
Irish film actresses
Irish soap opera actresses
Irish radio actresses
Irish television actresses
Jacob's Award winners
People from Fingal
20th-century Irish actresses
Actresses from County Dublin

Marie Kean


Erik Amdrup (born 21 February 1923 in Visby, Tønder, Denmark, died 22 February 1998) was a Danish professor of surgery, doctor, and author.

From 1965, Amdrup was assistant head doctor at Københavns Kommunehospital, from 1971 to 1988 he was head of gastroenterological surgery at Århus kommunehospital and professor of surgery at Århus Universitet. His work on peptic ulcers and surgical treatment of these won international acclaim. He was active in research at the Institutt for Eksperimentell Klinisk Forskning at Århus Universitet, and was the institute's leader for a time.

Aged 56, Amdrup made in his debut in 1979 as a fiction author with the crime novel Hilsen fra Hans. Many of his novels were acclaimed as the year's best Danish crime novel. The novel Renters rente was filmed as a Danish TV series in 1996.

Bibliography
Dumpingsyndromet og andre måltidsbestemte gener optrædende hos ventriceresecerde patienter – non-fiction (1960)
Kirurgisk gastroenterologi. En klinisk indføring – non-fiction (1978)
Hilsen fra Hans (1979)
Den næste (1981)
Hvem førte kniven? (1983)
Muldvarpen (1983)
Trappen med de tretten trin (1984)
Uansøgt afsked (1984)
Arme riddere (1985)
Mistænkt – children's novel (1985)
Skybrud (1986)
Rene af hjertet (1987)
Stemmen og ansigtet – children's novel (1987)
Studies on peptic ulcer disease in department of surgery 1, Kommunehospitalet Cophenhagen – non-fiction (1987)
Lucifers lov (1988)
Ude i tovene (1989)
Renters rente (1989)
Nat på stationen (1990)
Norden for lands lov (1991)
Oh - at styre! (1991)
Virtuosen (1992)
Tro, håb og nederlag (1993)
Angstens ansigt og andre historier (1994)
Fæstningen (1995)
Autonom (1996)
den andens brød (1997)
Som jeg så det. En kirurgs tilbageblik – non-fiction (1998)
I skygge (1998)

Prizes
De gyldne håndjern (awarded by the Poe-klubben of Denmark) 1984, for Hvem førte kniven
De gyldne håndjern 1985, for Uansøgt afsked
Palle Rosenkrantz-prisen 1989, for Renters rente

External links
Århus universitet: Nekrolog over Erik Amdrup
Sherlockiana.net: "At skrive kriminalromaner", article by Erik Amdrup (1984), and story by Erik Amdrup which won the Palle Rosenkrantz-prisen

Danish surgeons
Danish male writers
Danish crime fiction writers
1923 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Danish physicians
20th-century surgeons

Erik Amdrup


Area code 406 is an area code for Montana. It was one of the first area codes created in 1947. It still covers the entire state of Montana. It is one of the longest area codes to cover the entire state without being split or overlaid.

406
Montana

Area code 406


The Thomas Brackett Reed House is a historic brick duplex house at 30–32 Deering Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1876, the house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 for its association with Thomas Brackett Reed (1839–1902), Speaker of the House of Representatives (1889–1891 and 1895–1899).  Reed owned and occupied number 32 from 1888 until his death in 1902.  He was notable for significantly increasing the power of the House Speaker, introducing a set of rules known as the Reed Rules that still govern debate in that body today.

Description and history
The Reed House is set on the southeast corner of Deering Street and State Street, one block north of Longfellow Square in Portland's West End neighborhood.  It is a -story brick building, with a symmetrically arranged facade facing Deering Street to the north.  Matching entrances are located in the central bays, flanked on the outside by triple windows consisting of a tall and wide window with narrower and shorter flanking windows.  This window style is repeated on the second and third level outer bays, with progressively simpler decorative stone and brickwork surrounds.  The bays above the entrance have simpler sash windows with similar styling to the lintels and sills.  Horizontal stringcourses of elaborate brickwork separate the levels.  The main block of the house is topped by a hip roof, to which a wide shed-roof dormer was added in the 20th century.  A two-story addition extends to the rear of the house, and there have been additional modest alterations to the rear since the period of Reed's ownership.

The house was designed by F. H. Fassett & Son and built in 1876, and is surrounded by similar fashionable residences of the period.  Number 32 was purchased in 1888 by Thomas Brackett Reed, and remained his home until his death in 1902.  Over about the same period, number 30 was owned by William L. Putnam, a lawyer and former mayor of Portland who was appointed to the federal bench in 1891.

Thomas Brackett Reed's importance in U.S. political history lies in fundamental changes he made to the operation of the United States House of Representatives during his tenure as its Speaker (1889–1891 and 1895–1899).  Prior to his accession to that office, the body was run by procedures mainly set down in the early 19th century by Thomas Jefferson.  They notably included the "disappearing quorum", in which opposition members would refuse to answer a quorum call, even though they were present in the chamber, and thus suspend activity.  In 1890 Reed decisively broke this practice by directing the clerk to count members who were visibly present in the chamber.  He then successfully introduced to the chamber a set of procedural changes known as the Reed Rules, which still influence the body's procedures today.  These include granting the Speaker the right to reject dilatory motions and tactics at his sole discretion, and reduced the quorum to 100.  When Democrats regained control of the House in 1892 they repealed his rules, but Reed was so effective in applying the disappearing quorum in opposition that his rules were reinstated.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maine
National Register of Historic Places listings in Portland, Maine

References

Houses completed in 1876
National Historic Landmarks in Maine
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses in Portland, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Maine

Thomas Brackett Reed House


Red Hot Romance is a 1922 American silent comedy film directed by Victor Fleming. A fragmentary print survives in the Library of Congress.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, young American Rowland Stone (Sydney) receives $50 per week from the estate of his rich uncle until he reaches age 25, at which time, according to the will, he is to hear of further bequests. He is in love with Anna Mae (Collins), the daughter of an old Virginia family, the head of which, Colonel Cassius Byrd (Connelly), has been waiting 40 years for a diplomatic post. The young man pawns all of his furniture to get her presents. When the day of his big inheritance arrives, Rowland discovers that he is to receive $25 per week and must serve one year as an insurance agent to prove his worth before he can secure his fortune. His sweetheart has gone with her father to the nation of Bunkonia in South America, so the new insurance agent sees there some fertile fields and sets sail with his valet Thomas (Wilson). In Bunkonia he meets the villainous Jim Conwell (Atwell), the best families, King Caramba XIII (Lalor) and his cabinet, and he insures everyone in sight. Jim knows the terms of the will and plots a revolution, knowing that the insured king and cabinet will be the first to die and thus ruin the insurance agent. The Colonel, now a counsel, is imprisoned by the plotters and Jim kidnaps Anna Mae, compelling Rowland to save the king, cabinet, sweetheart, and counsel for the sake of insurance, love, and country. During the revolution Rowland is in the difficult position of being unable to kill any of the plotters since they carry policies with his insurance companies. In spite of this handicap, they are all saved with the arrival of the U.S. Marines.

Cast
Basil Sydney as Rowland Stone
Henry Warwick as Lord Howe-Greene
Frank Lalor as King Caramba XIII
Carl Stockdale as General De Castanet
Olive Valerie as Madame Puloff de Plotz
Edward Connelly as Colonel Cassius Byrd
May Collins as Anna Mae Byrd
Roy Atwell as Jim Conwell
Tom Wilson as Thomas Snow
Lillian Leighton as Mammy
Snitz Edwards as Signor Frijole

Production
An early working title for the film was Wife Insurance. The full scenario for the film was published in Emerson's and Loos's book Breaking Into the Movies (1921).

References

External links

Advert for the film

1922 films
Films directed by Victor Fleming
American black-and-white films
American silent feature films
Films with screenplays by Anita Loos
Silent American comedy films
1922 comedy films
1920s American films

Red Hot Romance


The Taddei Tondo or The Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John is an unfinished marble relief tondo (circular composition) of the Madonna and Child and the infant Saint John the Baptist, by the Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti. It is in the permanent collection of the Royal Academy of Arts in London. The tondo is the only marble sculpture by Michelangelo in Great Britain. A "perfect demonstration" of his carving technique, the work delivers a "powerful emotional and narrative punch".

Physical history
The tondo dates to Michelangelo's time in Florence before his move to Rome in 1505. According to the art historian, Vasari, while working on his David, Michelangelo "also at this time... blocked out but did not finish two marble tondi, one for Taddeo Taddei, today in his house, and for Bartolomeo Pitti he began another... which works were considered outstanding and marvellous".

To the lower right of the back of the relief is a ligature combining the letters L and A, probably the mark of another carver or dealer, considered most likely to be the initials of Lapo d'Antonio di Lapo, active at the Opera del Duomo and for a short period in 1506-1507, one of Michelangelo's assistants. A chisel blow on the reverse seemingly from this earlier phase resulted in a hairline crack in the face of the Virgin that may only have become apparent as carving progressed. In consideration of his motivation to continue working on the damaged marble after that was obvious, speculation exists about whether Michelangelo, known for his concern for his materials, was constrained by a shortage of ready alternatives, or, considering his success with the damaged block for David, was more accepting of flaws because he was confident in his ability to work around them.  The missing segment to the bottom right may be a result of an excess of his celebrated "direct attack".  At some point, however, work on the tondo ceased. Five holes in the outer rim of the tondo were intended for fixings and are variously dated.

Although unfinished, the tondo appeared in the Palazzo Taddei and is documented as still there in 1568, but by 1678, the family had moved to a new residence near San Remigio. At an unknown date the tondo was taken to Rome, where it was acquired from Jean-Baptiste Wicar by Sir George Beaumont in 1822. Initially hung at Beaumont's house in Grosvenor Square, it was bequeathed to the academy in 1830 and installed at Somerset House, before moving with the academy to the east wing of the new National Gallery building in 1836, where it remained until the academy relocated to Burlington House in 1868. Except for an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1960, the tondo has been housed and displayed in various academy locations ever since.

The discovery of the hairline crack running through the upper half of the marble contributed to the decision in 1989 to provide a permanent home for the tondo. Subsequently the tondo was cleaned with dichloromethane swabs and clay poultices to remove residues of nineteenth-century plaster casts and their oil-based release agents, packing materials, traces of beeswax and pine resin adhesives, and other surface accretions. The tondo was left unwaxed and no other coating was applied, as the work is not "finished" and originally had not been polished (as was the David when finished). Since the opening of the Sackler Wing of Galleries in 1991, the tondo has been on free public display in an area designed for it on the top floor that was positioned for reasons of preventive conservation behind protective glass, to combat the effects of air pollution and the possibility of vandalism.

Description
The tondo as a format for painting and relief sculpture was a quintessential product of the Florentine Renaissance. During the century after 1430, all the leading artists created tondi, including Filippo Lippi, Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, Piero di Cosimo, Fra Bartolomeo, Andrea del Sarto, Leonardo da Vinci (in a lost work), and Raphael. For a few years Michelangelo also experimented with the form. He executed the Doni tondo, his only panel painting documented in contemporary sources, and he also began two unfinished tondo sculptures, the Pitti and Taddei tondi, but after that he never returned to the tondo form in either medium.

This tondo depicts a seated Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus dynamically sprawled across her lap, turning and looking back over his right shoulder toward the infant Saint John the Baptist, who stands before him looking down and holding a fluttering bird. When viewing the composition, the eye of the viewer is drawn diagonally along Christ's body, back up that of his mother, follows her gaze across to John, and from his face back to Christ. John, patron saint of Florence, with his attribute of a baptismal bowl, crosses his arms, perhaps in allusion to the cross. Most likely the bird he holds is a goldfinch not a dove - Christian symbolism sees in this bird a representation of the Passion. The unfinished portion of the marble below the bird might have been intended to become a crown of thorns.

Michelangelo's execution with only a point and claw chisel, often driven hard and with great energy, is a combination of techniques that helps create a sense of "surface unity" unbroken by the use of the drill. The Christ child, almost completely in full relief is the only figure that is highly finished (except for the feet), St. John is much less finished, Mary is the least finished, and the background is only roughly executed. One critic declares a belief that these marked variations in texture help establish the relative status of the three figures while creating a sense of compositional depth all the greater for not being more conventionally "finished".

Many of Michelangelo's works are unfinished. Circumstances around each being unfinished vary. Critical opinions address some of his unfinished works as if completed, however. The nineteenth-century French sculptor and critic Eugène Guillaume declared that, what he labeled as Michelangelo's "non finito", was "one of the master's expressive devices in his quest for infinite suggestiveness".

Influence and reception
The tondo was commissioned by Taddeo Taddei. He was a patron and friend of Raphael, a young contemporary to Michelangelo also working in Florence. Raphael studied and reworked the tondo in two drawings, the versi of The Storming of Perugia now at the Louvre as well as compositional studies for the Madonna del Prato now at Chatsworth House. Raphael also applied the concept of Michelangelo's twisting body of the Christ child stretching across his mother's lap in Bridgewater Madonna.

Shortly after its arrival in England, Michelangelo's tondo was sketched by Wilkie, who wrote to Beaumont "your important acquisition of the basso-relievo of Michael Angelo is still the chief talk of all our artists. It is indeed a great addition to our stock of art, and is the only work that has appeared in this northern latitude to justify the great reputation of its author". Cockerell noted in his diary how "the subject seems growing from the marble & emerging into life. It assumes by degrees its shape, features from an unformed mass, as it were you trace & watch its birth from the sculptor's mind".

Following its arrival at the Royal Academy, the tondo was sketched by Constable, who published a letter in the Athenaeum of 3 July 1830 praising the way it was lit, "showing the more finished parts to advantage, and causing those less perfect to become masses of shadow, having at a distance all the effect of a rich picture in chiaroscuro". With its differing degrees of finish the tondo is an outstanding technical study piece; plaster casts may be found at the Victoria and Albert Museum and Fitzwilliam Museum.

Gallery

See also
List of works by Michelangelo
 Pitti Tondo
 Doni Tondo

Notes

References

External links
 Taddei Tondo (Royal Academy of Arts Collections)

1506 works
Sculptures by Michelangelo
Sculptures in London
Nude art
Marble sculptures in the United Kingdom
Royal Academy
16th-century sculptures
Statues of the Madonna and Child
Sculptures depicting John the Baptist
Nude sculptures
Sculptures of children in London

Taddei Tondo