Dame Jane Morris Goodall  (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall; 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. She is considered the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, after 60 years studying the social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees. Goodall first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania to observe its chimpanzees in 1960.

She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots programme, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. As of 2022, she is on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project. In April 2002, she was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.

Early years
Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in April 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.

The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.

As a child, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed toy chimpanzee named Jubilee as an alternative to a teddy bear. Goodall has said her fondness for it sparked her early love of animals, commenting, "My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares." Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.

Africa
Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (modern Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.

In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. , the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.

Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD at Cambridge without first having obtained a bachelor's degree. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she received her Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences by 1964, which is when she went up to the new Darwin College, Cambridge, for a Doctor of Philosophy in ethology. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.

On 19 June 2006, the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.

Work

Research at Gombe Stream National Park

Goodall studied chimpanzee social and family life beginning with the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. She found that "it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow." She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider "human" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of "the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years."

Goodall's research at Gombe Stream challenged two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively "fishing" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as "Man the Toolmaker". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, "We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!"

In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.

Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed [...] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. [...] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature." She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.

Goodall set herself apart from convention by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were:
David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall;
Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature;
Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male;
Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male;
Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the "aunt" of any young chimps or humans;
Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male;
Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint;
Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.

Jane Goodall Institute

In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries .

In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.

In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or "Take Care") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.

Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.  all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.

In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend and CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.

As of 2004, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.

Activism

Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. She is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are "far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?" Goodall has also said: "Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat." In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.

Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. To ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in 2000.

In 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled "Reason for Hope" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice, and in the same year demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. She controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a "wonderful facility" where monkeys "are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially." This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June that year, she resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, "I just don't have time for them." Goodall is a patron of the population concern charity Population Matters and  is an ambassador for Disneynature.

In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, she became a patron of the Australian animal protection group Voiceless. "I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings." In 2012, she took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with The DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice "cruel" and "traumatic" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.

Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. She is a critic of fox hunting and signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing the Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.

In August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in Midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the "Statues for Equality" project. In 2020 she advocated for ecocide (mass damage or destruction of nature) to be made an international crime, stating "The concept of Ecocide is long overdue. It could lead to an important change in the way people perceive – and respond to – the current environmental crisis." That same year, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In 2021, Goodall called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals.

In 2021, Goodall joined the Rewriting Extinction campaign to fight the climate and biodiversity crisis through comics. She is listed as a contributor to the book The Most Important Comic Book on Earth: Stories to Save the World which was released on 28 October 2021 by DK.

Personal life
Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. Bryceson died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe.

Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.

Goodall has prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces.

Religion and spirituality
Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. "He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking." Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that "[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions."

In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: "Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God." When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: "I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me." When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian "I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian." and stated that she saw no contradiction between evolution and belief in God.

In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: "we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power."

Criticism

Names instead of numbers
Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.

Goodall wrote in 1993: "When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins—anthropomorphism."

Feeding stations
Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the "wars" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.

Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.

Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.

Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope
On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, and an "amateurish astrology site", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, "It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys." The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.

In popular culture

Gary Larson cartoon incident
One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, "Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an "atrocity". They were stymied by Goodall herself: when she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.

Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon have gone to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo.

Lego
On 3 March 2022, in celebration of Women's History Month and International Women's Day, The Lego Group issued set number 40530, A Jane Goodall Tribute, depicting a Jane Goodall minifigure and three chimpanzees in an African forest scene.

Radio Four Today programme
On 31 December 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.

Awards and recognition

Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held at Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.

Goodall is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).

Goodall has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. She is a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate "Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future". Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize.

In 2022, Dr. Goodall received the Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication for her long-term study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees.

In April 2023, Goodall was made Officier in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau in a ceremony in Den Haag, the Netherlands.

Works

Books

1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society
1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins
1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages
1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for "Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management"
1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association "Best" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991
1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times "Notable Book" for 1993. Library Journal "Best Sci-Tech Book" for 1993
1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation
1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese
2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang
2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company
2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company
2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco
2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc.
2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing
2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing
2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking

Children's books

1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin
1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for "Outstanding Book for Children," 1989
1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.
1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan
1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd
1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese
1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books
2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books
2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press
2002 (Foreword) "Slowly, Slowly, Slowly," Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books
2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group

Films

Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films:
1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society
1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick
1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story  The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc
1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2
1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special
1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick
1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television
1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.
1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television
1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC
1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone
1997 Animal Minds for BBC
Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.
2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA
2001
2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North
2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet
2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award
2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet
2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet
2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature
2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass
2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.
2019 Exploring Hans Hass Dr Jane Goodall featured in the biographical documentary film about the legendary diving pioneer and filmmaker Hans Hass
2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8
2023 Reasons for Hope, IMAX format documentary about successful projects to restore earth's wildlife habitat, animals, birds and environment.

See also
Animal Faith
USC Jane Goodall Research Center
Nonhuman Rights Project
Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder
Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study
Steven M. Wise
Washoe
List of animal rights advocates
Timeline of women in science

References

External links

The Jane Goodall Institute official website

Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine
Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman
Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV
Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008
Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.
A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview)
"On Being" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020

1934 births
20th-century British anthropologists
20th-century British biologists
20th-century British women scientists
20th-century English scientists
21st-century British anthropologists
21st-century British biologists
21st-century British women scientists
21st-century English scientists
Living people
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge
Animal cognition writers
Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge
Articles containing video clips
Baronesses of the Netherlands
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
British people of Welsh descent
British veganism activists
British women anthropologists
Conservation biologists
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English anthropologists
English cookbook writers
English women biologists
Ethologists
Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Members of the Society of Woman Geographers
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy)
Templeton Prize laureates
People from Hampstead
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Primatologists
Scientists from London
Sustainability advocates
United Nations Messengers of Peace
University of Southern California faculty
Vegan cookbook writers
Women ethologists
Women founders
Writers about Africa
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Jane Goodall


Ksenija Sidorova (born on 18 May 1988 in Riga) is a Latvian accordionist.

In 2016, she signed an exclusive recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon. Her first album on the label, Carmen, is a recreation of Georges Bizet's Carmen for accordion that incorporates Latin, Asian, European and North American musical styles.

References

Latvian classical musicians
Deutsche Grammophon artists
1988 births
Living people
Latvian accordionists

Ksenija Sidorova


Dejan Bravničar (October 1, 1937 in Ljubljana, – March 21, 2018) was a Slovenian violinist.
His father was the composer Matija Bravničar, and his mother was the ballet dancer and teacher Gizela Bravničar.

He studied at the Music School in Ljubljana, as a  student in the class of :sl:Fran Stanič. He graduated from the Ljubljana Academy of Music in 1957 under Karel Rupel (1907–1968). From 1957 to 1960 he studied at the Moscow Conservatory in the class of the violinist David Oistrach and then trained at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome for a year under Italian violinist Pina Carmirelli.

He began solely as a concert performer and as a soloist has performed with many orchestras under notable conductors, but later he worked as an educator. He played in England, France, Austria, Bulgaria, the Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland and elsewhere. He collaborated with many foreign conductors such as Paul Klecki, Kurt Sanderling, Kirill Kondrashin, Carlo Zecchi, Jean Martinon, Riccardo Muti, and others. His repertoire includes more than 40 violin concertos by composers such as Vivaldi, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Wieniawski, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Lalo, Sibelius, Karol Szymanowski, Khachaturian, Bartók, Stravinsky, Hindemith, Prokofiev, Shostakovich and also music of Slovenian composers.

From 1967 he was professor of violin at the Music Academy of Ljubljana, and, between 1993 and 2001, was also dean of the institution.

References

Slovenian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
1937 births
2018 deaths
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Musicians from Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana alumni
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni

Dejan Bravničar


S. Kalyanaraman (2 June 1930 – 9 January 1994), popularly known as SKR, was a vocalist in the Carnatic tradition. Hailing from a musical family – his great-grandfather was Komal Muthu Bhagavathar and his grand uncle was vocalist Madirimangalam Natesa Iyer. S. Kalyanaraman became a disciple of G. N. Balasubramaniam and established himself as an original musician.

Early life
S. Kalyanaraman was born in Thiruvengadu at his mother's residence near Mayavaram to N. Srinivasa Iyer. He was born in a well-to-do musical family and received his initial music training from his father. His father realized that Kalyanaraman needed guidance from a respected musician. At that time, the reigning superstar of Carnatic music was G. N. Balasubramaniam, better known as GNB. Kalyanaraman had sung in the GNB bani before becoming a disciple of Balasubramaniam. In Chennai, music teacher Kittamani Iyer identified Kalyanaraman's talents and introduced him to GNB. Upon realizing Kalyanaraman's potential, GNB took him under his wings and trained him for 15 years.

Career
In less than a year of instruction under GNB, he was providing vocal support. GNB once remarked "What's there for me to teach, you are already singing so well."

Even before his debut in 1949, Kalyanaraman was already getting attention from the audience as GNB's vocal accompanist. At times, GNB would let him improvise during concerts.

GNB attended his debut in Gokhale Hall in 1949. GNB stated, "The best respect to a guru is to follow his style in total. The best tribute to a guru is to embellish a style of your own. My dear boy... I am proud you are... indeed your own." Once while listening to Kalyanaraman's rendition of "Nilayam Onru Enukku Arulvai", a Suddhananda Bharathi composition, GNB walked up to Kalyanaraman and demanded, "Teach me this and give me the notation." G.B. Duraiswamy (GNB's eldest son) used to remark: "The way he discussed intellectual queries and doubts with GNB was a treat to watch."

S. Kalyanaraman's rise in Carnatic music was phenomenal. Like his guru, he emphasized artistic individuality and won acclaim as a great artist. When performing with Hindustani musicians, he would apply a Hindustani touch when rendering Hindustani ragas. Such was his admiration of Indian music he saw more similarities than differences between Carnatic and Hindustani systems. He explained the gamaka technique in Carnatic music that most Hindustani musicians criticize as detrimental to shruthi clarity. He reached 'A' Top rank in All-India-Radio (AIR). In his later years, Kalyanaraman gave some whistle concerts.

Style
He planned his solo concert items differently, often singing rare compositions with fewer popular numbers, specializing in vivadi (dissonant) ragas rarely attempted by popular musicians of his time and full of musical complexities. He became a specialist in vivadi ragas and popularized the Śruti bhedam technique (modal shift of tonic note) introduced by his guru. He used nadais (transposed rhythmic patterns) extensively and uninformed audience found his concerts challenging to understand and interpret. His renditions of vivadi ragas like Chandrajyothi, Sucharitra, Hamasanadam are beloved by the connoisseur and the informed audience for the musical weight Kalyanaraman's genius had given. The meme was "if it was easy, Kalyanaraman would not do it".

However, Kalyanaraman also popularized the GNB bani (style) of singing and immortalized his guru's hallmark ragas like Shanmukhapriya, Kalyani, Sankarabharanam, Kapi Narayani and many more. He gave Hindustani touches to Hindustani ragas like Dwijawanthi, Brindavana Saranga and Hamir Kalyani. He could match GNB's voice and could trick even the acute listener.

Contributions
He notated a book, the first volume of GNB compositions with Trichur V. Ramachandran, which was released by GNB.

As a musical innovator he faced much criticism for creating new ragas such as the dwi-madhyama ragas in which he eschewed the panchama of the first 36 mela ragas substituting it with the prathi-madhyama. Apart from theoretically creating a set of 36 new ragas, he demonstrated them at a Music Academy lecture in 1993. He was scorned by critics that he could only handle the "rare stuff" of Carnatic music. He composed several varnams, krithis (some in ashtaragamalika format) and thillanas in both popular and vivadi ragas. Like his guru, he refrained from using a mudra.

He was a strict teacher and expected devotion to the art from his students, alienating many of them. Noted among his disciples are his wife Bhushany Kalyanaraman, Prof. Gowri Kuppuswamy, Brinda Venkataramanan and the popular playback singer Anuradha Sriram.

He emphasized shruthi clarity that he felt Carnatic musicians lacked, unlike their Hindustani counterparts. He formulated and tested methods to improve shruthi clarity in Carnatic musicians and innovative teaching methods. He planned a book with his findings, but it was never published.

Legacy
Kalyanaraman's influence undeniably bore the GNB mudra. Though criticized many for his musical prowess, his renditions and contributions finally gained popularity among the younger generation. He is held in high regard by senior contemporaries such as T. N. Seshagopalan, Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna, M. S. Gopalakrishnan and Lalgudi Jayaraman, Kalyanaraman's contribution to Carnatic music is noteworthy.

The SKR Trust, established by his wife and student Smt Bhushan Kalyanaraman promotes his music and his legacy. A documentary of his life and work was released by Kalakendra Sanskriti Series The Sunaadha Vinodhan in a DVD format.

References

External links

 Carnatica.net

 G. N. Balasubramaniam

 Carnatic Corner

1930 births
1993 deaths
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Carnatic composers
Voice teachers
People from Mayiladuthurai district
20th-century Indian male singers
20th-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian composers

S. Kalyanaraman


Water Valley is an unincorporated community within Mountain View County, Alberta, Canada. Situated amongst the foothills of the Canadian Rockies, Water Valley is approximately  from the City of Calgary, along Highway 579 west of Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail). Water Valley boasts a small, but thriving commercial sector, along with a number of permanent residents, and is situated close to Winchell Lake, the Little Red Deer River and the Water Valley Golf Course.

Water Valley is also included within the Water Valley / Winchell Lake Rural Neighbourhood of Mountain View County.

Localities in Mountain View County

Water Valley, Alberta


Saint Francis Central Coast Catholic High School is a Catholic school in Watsonville, California. The school was named after Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Francis de Sales, and is operated by an independent corporation that is a partnership between the Salesian Society and the Diocese of Monterey.

History and Early Development
The origins of Saint Francis School go back to 1869. In that year the Catholic Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles opened a boys' orphanage in the Pajaro Valley, on the outskirts of the farming community of Watsonville. The orphanage was placed under the patronage of the Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception. In 1871, a group of Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) from Germany assumed responsibility for the orphanage.

Originally Saint Francis School and the Immaculate Conception Orphanage were set off on the northern side Hecker Pass Road and overlooked excellent farm land. As the program grew, the friars developed the agricultural program as a way to support the orphanage and the school. The presence of the school also attracted the support of local farmers, many of whom were Catholic immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Croatia. As farm families looked to St Francis as the local spiritual center (the parish church was several miles away), the Franciscan friars opened the school chapel for Sunday Services and daily Masses. The school chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, became known simply as the 'Valley Church'.

The Franciscan friars remained at Saint Francis School through the remainder of the 19th century, enlarging the plant, developing the farm, and serving hundreds of needy boys. At the beginning of the 20th century, the friars launched a building program. It was time to move out of the wooden dwellings and build a modern plant. The friars planned to build a whole new style of residential program for the boys, with twelve group homes to be built on three sides of a central plaza, and a school building, dining facilities, and a new Valley Church on the fourth side. The building program was launched in 1913. Unfortunately, one year later World War I broke out in Europe. The fact that the Franciscan Community in the Pajaro Valley was largely made up of Germans created difficulties in the minds of local businessmen. The contractor that the friars had hired, a German-American, was boycotted by those in building supplies. As a result, he could only procure inferior materials for the building of the new school and residences.

In 1995 a movement for a new Catholic high school in the Diocese of Monterey took off with the support of Bishop Sylvester Ryan and the Salesians of Don Bosco. From 1998 to 2001, funds were raised, plans made, students recruited, teachers hired, and construction begun.

In 2001, the school opened with 35 freshmen and sophomores at a temporary location in Santa Cruz. Students, teachers, staff members, and administrators commuted to Holy Cross Parish Hall for classes, while construction was underway on the new classrooms being built at the Watsonville site.

During the summer months the school moved from Santa Cruz into the present facilities. The dedication service was held on August 25, 2002, and classes started the next day.

Sports
Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Tennis, Basketball, Soccer, Track and Field, Golf, Baseball, Softball, Wrestling.

See also
Santa Cruz County high schools

References

External links

 www.go-sharks.net Athletic Department

Educational institutions established in 1871
Educational institutions established in 2001
Salesian secondary schools
Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California
Catholic secondary schools in California
High schools in Santa Cruz County, California
Watsonville, California
2001 establishments in California


Andi Gladwin (May 10, 1983) is a British magician, speaker, and publisher. He has appeared on television (ITV's Next Great Magician, Penn & Teller: Fool Us, The Big Breakfast, Lance Burton's Young Magician Showcase, Masters of Illusion, and more), has lectured for magicians throughout the UK, US, and Europe and written/published books on magic. Gladwin is a Member of the Inner Magic Circle with Gold Star and was granted the Maskelyne Literary Award from the prestigious club.

Biography
Gladwin was born and raised in Newent, Gloucestershire. When he was 10, he saw a number of stage illusionists while on holiday. His interest in magic blossomed and he began to perform regularly from age 15. After working in IT for almost ten years, he became a professional close-up magician in January 2010.

Gladwin's TV engagements include performances on BBC1, BBC2, ITV1, Channel 4 (The Big Breakfast), The Young Magician's Showcase, Penn & Teller: Fool Us, and multiple seasons of Masters of Illusion.

Since 2006, Gladwin has organized a conference for magicians called The Session. In 2012 he also started organizing Magifest, one of America's oldest magic conventions.

In 2009, Gladwin started a new publishing venture with well-known magician Joshua Jay called Vanishing Inc. Magic. The company has blossomed into one of the largest magic retailers known worldwide.

In 2010, Gladwin released his work on the Double Lift and Second Deal called The Master Pushoff. These two DVD sets received rave reviews, such as "I sincerely hope it will serve as a model for other magicians who turn to DVD as a teaching medium; it's miles ahead of the pack in many important ways." — Gordon Meyer  and "Acquiring this skill will take work and practice, but the result is worth it. It will open up a new world of possibilities, and the DVD set is highly recommended. " —Matthew Field, The Magic Circular Magazine

Between 2014 - 2016, Gladwin was the "Magicana" columnist in Genii Magazine.

Perhaps Andi's most well-known trick is to perform a magic trick from inside of a large red balloon, apparently only using his head. In 2016 Andi was a featured performer on ITV1's The Next Great Magician where this trick was featured. He also performed it on Penn & Teller: Fool Us; his performance from that show was featured in The New York Times.

TV Appearances

 The Big Breakfast
 Fox Network's Lance Burton's Young Magician's Showcase
 Next Great Magician
 Penn & Teller: Fool Us
 Masters of Illusion

Awards
 The John Nevil Maskelyne Prize (2012)

Published works
While Andi has published many books through his Vanishing Inc. Magic brand, he has authored the following:
 The Magician's Ltd Cookbook (2007)
 Movers & Shakers (with Tyler Wilson) (2007)
 Jack Parker's 52 Memories (2008)
 The Definitive Sankey (Volumes 1 - 3, with Joshua Jay, 2013)
 Blomberg Laboratories (2015)
 52 Memories (retrospective edition, 2016)
 Going Pro (2017)
 Dynamo: Book Of Secrets (2017) with Dynamo and Joshua Jay
 The Card Magic of Edward G. Brown (2018)
 Pure Imagination (2019)
 The Boy Who Cried Magic (2020)

References

1983 births
Living people
People from Newent
English magicians

Andi Gladwin


The Anjaneya Temple at Nanganallur, Chennai is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Hanuman. The principal idol of Hanuman is 32-feet tall and sculpted from a single piece of granite, which the second tallest Hanuman after Panchavatee near Puducherry.

History
The idol of Hanuman was installed in 1989 and consecrated in 1995. Sri Maruthi Bhaktha Samajam Trust, consisting of people with high spiritual beliefs, wished for this temple. Sri Chandrashekarendra Saraswati mahaswamiji of Kanchi Mutt entrenched the 32-foot idol of Anjaneyar in 1989 and consummated the Kumbabishekam in 1995. The distinguished factor of the 32-feet idol is that it was molded out of a single rock.

The temple
The main shrine houses Anjaneya inside a Temple Tower 90 feet tall. Anjaneya is facing west, and thus the main entrance is on the west. There is an auxiliary entrance on the southern side used during temple festivals. The main temple building has path-ways all around the sanctum sanctorum and also a large covered space (mandapa) for devotees to assemble in front of the deity for offering worship.

On the northwest corner is a full-fledged Sannidhi for Lord Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman in attendance. The gods are facing east. Rama's role as the protector and ruler is signified here as Rama is seen carrying his bow, hence the name "Kodanda Rama." Southwest, is a Sannidhi for Lord Krishna with Rukmini and Satyabhama, all facing east. Even though a Sannidhi for Lord Rama is normally built in Anjaneya temples, rarely a Sannidhi for Lord Krishna is built. In this temple, Krishna Sannidhi is built to remind the devotees that among the gods it was only Hanuman who was present in both the Indian epics—in Ramayana as a direct disciple of Rama, and in Mahabaratha on the flag of Arjuna's chariot to save it from destruction by the opponents. In the northeast part of the temple, on a small platform, "Vinayaka" is housed facing east and to his left on another platform 'Naga' has been installed. Saint Raghavendra has taken his abode facing Lord Krishna.

The temple was run by a private trust – Sri maruthi bhaktha samajam trust – since consecration on 1995. However, widespread allegations of financial irregularities in the administration of the temple and the trust resulted in several complaints and petitions to the Government of Tamil Nadu. This prompted a review and enquiry by the government and upon unsatisfactory response and evidence from the trust, the Hindu Religious and Charity Endowment Department (HR&CE) declined exemption and took over the administration of the temple since July 2013. Predictably, this action was severely criticized by Sri Maruthi Bhaktha Samajam Trust, the former management, which was accused of the financial irregularities.

See also
 Religion in Chennai

References

Further reading

External links
 Temple home page

Hindu temples in Chennai
Hanuman temples

Anjaneya Temple, Nanganallur


James Ford Rhodes (May 1, 1848 – January 22, 1927), was an American industrialist and historian born in Cleveland, Ohio. After earning a fortune in the iron, coal, and steel industries by 1885, he retired from business to devote time to historical research. He wrote a seven-volume history of the United States from 1850, initially published from 1893 to 1906 with an eighth volume added in 1920. Another book, A History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1918), won the second-ever Pulitzer Prize for History.

Early life and education
Cleveland was a center of the Connecticut Western Reserve, heavily settled by New Englanders like his parents. His father Daniel P. Rhodes was a Democrat and a friend of Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed the Lincoln administration during the Civil War; Rhodes said he was a "Copperhead." That caused problems for his sister, who was finally allowed to marry the up-and-coming Republican businessman-politician Mark Hanna.

Rhodes attended New York University, beginning in 1865. After graduation, he went to Europe, studying at the Collège de France. During his studies in Europe, he visited ironworks and steelworks. After his return to the United States, he investigated iron and coal deposits for his father.

Career
In 1874, Rhodes entered his father's highly profitable iron, coal, and steel businesses at Cleveland. Having earned a considerable fortune, he retired in 1885.

Rhodes moved to Boston for access to its libraries and supportive intellectual community. He devoted the rest of his life to historical research and writing. He was never politically active. In evaluating the two parties in the Reconstruction era he generally supported the Republican Party. In the 1880s he was a Bourbon Democrat who supported Grover Cleveland and favored low tariffs, despite his own connection with the iron and steel industry. He supported Republicans William McKinley in 1896 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. In 1912 he supported Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat. He supported Wilson's position calling for American entry in the League of Nations. Rhodes told his grandson that he started life "as a strong Democrat, then became a strong Republican, then a lukewarm Democrat, and now I suppose I am a lukewarm Republican." His gyrations are important because one of the strongest features of his multi-volume history is the valuation of both political parties, finding both strengths and weaknesses in each party.

His major work, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, was published in seven volumes, 1893–1906; the eight-volume edition appeared in 1920. His single volume, History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1917), earned him a Pulitzer Prize in History in 1918.

Rhodes joined the American Historical Association and was elected its president in 1899 for a one-year term.

Historical approach
Rhodes focused on national politics. Working from newspaper accounts and published memoirs, Rhodes tracked the process by which major national decisions were made. He evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of major leaders. He detailed corruption he found in the Reconstruction Republican governments in Washington, D.C., and the Southern states. He said that granting of unqualified suffrage to blacks after emancipation was a mistake and added to problems during Reconstruction.

Rhodes's interpretation of the role of slavery strongly influenced intellectual opinion and historiography. Unlike the first generation of historians, who had been personally deeply committed on the slavery issue, Rhodes approached it dispassionately. He argued that slavery was the main cause of the war. What he meant was an abstract political-economic system that voters and politicians put into position. He paid relatively little attention to slaves themselves, focusing on how the politicians and the foreigners used the issue to their advantage. He argued:
 The judgment of posterity is made up: it was an unrighteous cause which the South defended by arms; and the tribunal of modern civilization, Calhoun and Davis must be held accountable for the misery which resulted from this appeal to the sword.
By misery he referred to the casualties, deaths, and hardships during the war, not to the miseries of the slaves before the war. He argued it was an irrepressible conflict, that is an inevitable war by December 1860 that perhaps could have been delayed, but would happen sooner or later. For Rhodes, slavery was practically the only cause of the war, and he ridiculed "Lost Cause" Southerners who justified rebellion as an exercise of the right of revolution in the face of Yankee oppression. He rejected the Calhoun notion of state sovereignty. The issue, he argued, was that the South fought to extend slavery – an institution condemned by ethics, Christianity, and the modern world. Rhodes treated slavery as a calamity for the South, but not a personal issue for white Southerners, whom he thought deserved sympathy rather than censure. The South was associated with slavery because of a long chain of events going back centuries. Rhodes downplayed the importance of the abolitionist movement, instead focusing on mainstream leaders such as Daniel Webster for his promoting a deeper nationalism. Pressley says, "it was Webster's principle of 'Liberty and Union' which won in the Civil War, not Garrison's principle of 'no union with slaveholders.'

Reception
Sharp criticism came from John R. Lynch, a black leader in Mississippi's Reconstruction who had served in Congress. Lynch said:
So far as the Reconstruction period is concerned, it is not only inaccurate and unreliable but it is the most biased, partisan and prejudiced historical work I have ever read....He believed it was a grave mistake to have given the colored men at the South the right to vote, and in order to make the alleged historical facts harmonize with his own views upon this point, he took particular pains to magnify the virtues and minimize the faults of the Democrats and to magnify the faults and minimize the virtues of the Republicans, the colored men especially.""

Rhodes said that giving the vote to blacks was an attack on civilization. Lynch replied that the laws allowed time for transition away from the society that was built on slavery: "But for the adoption of the Congressional plan of Reconstruction and the subsequent legislation of the nation along the same line, the abolition of slavery through the ratification of the 13th Amendment would have been in name only, a legal and constitutional myth." Rhodes concluded that Reconstruction had failed. Lynch disagreed. While not all its goals had been accomplished, ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments made it a success, as all people of color were granted citizenship, which could not be restricted by race or color, and they were granted suffrage nationally. Lynch argued that, "The failure of the Reconstruction legislation was not due so much to the change of sentiment in the North as an unwise interpretation of these laws."

Legacy and honors
1900, Rhodes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.
1901, Rhodes was awarded the Loubat Prize of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
1910, he was awarded the gold medal of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.
Oxford and several United States universities gave him honorary degrees.
James Ford Rhodes High School in Cleveland was named for him.

Bibliography: Books and articles by Rhodes
 "The Battle of Gettysburg." American Historical Review 4#4 1899, pp. 665–677. online
 "Sherman's March to the Sea" American Historical Review 6#3 (1901) pp. 466–474 online
 History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1918), one-volume version; Pulitzer Prize online
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 1
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 2
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 3
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 4
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 5
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 6
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 7
 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896 - Vol. 8
 The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897–1909 (1922)
 Historical Essays (1909)
 Lectures on the American Civil War (1913), delivered at Oxford University in 1913.
 History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1918), won the Pulitzer Prize for History; It is a completely rewritten history of the war.

References

Further reading
 Cruden, Robert. James Ford Rhodes: The Man, The Historian, and His Work (1961)
 Howe, M. A. De Wolfe. James Ford Rhodes: American Historian (1929)

 Lynch, John R. "More About the Historical Errors of James Ford Rhodes." The Journal of Negro History 3.2 (1918): 139-157. online
 Miller, Raymond Curtis. "James Ford Rhodes: A Study in Historiography." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 15.4 (1929): 455-472. online
 Pressly, Thomas J. Americans Interpret their Civil War (1954) pp 166–181.

External links

1848 births
1927 deaths
Historians of the United States
New York University alumni
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Historians from Ohio

James Ford Rhodes


Maria Elisabeth of Austria (February 5, 1737 - June 7, 1740) was the eldest child of Maria Theresa, and Francis of Lorraine, Maria died in 1140, aged 3, before her mother became Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, she also died before her father became Grand-Duke of Tuscany and Holy Roman Emperor.

Life
Maria Elisabeth of Austria was born February 5, 1737 in Vienna, which was the main residence of the Holy Roman Emperor's. Her parents were Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, and Duke Francis of Lorraine, she was the grand-daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, and Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel on her mothers side, and the grand-daughter of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine and Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, on her fathers side. At first Maria Elisabeth was a disappointment to her parents, as she had not been a son, but she quickly became the favorite from her cheerful personality. But Maria Elisabeth's life was short-lived, when she was 3 years old, she fell ill with stomach cramps and vomiting. On June 7, 1740, she died in her fathers arms, her parents wen't on to have 15 more children, her last words were according to her father "I commend myself, O my God!" Elisabeth was buried in the Imperial Crypt, were a lot of Archduchess's were buried.

Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
1737 births
1740s deaths

Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1737)


William Correa (February 28, 1934 – September 15, 1983), better known by his stage name Willie Bobo, was an American Latin jazz percussionist of Puerto Rican descent. Bobo rejected the stereotypical expectations of Latino music and was noted for combining elements of jazz, Latin and rhythm and blues music.

Early life
Born William Correa to a Puerto Rican family, Bobo grew up in Spanish Harlem, New York City, United States. His father played the cuatro, a ten stringed guitar-like instrument. As a teenager, Bobo taught himself the bongos and later the congas, timbales and drums. In 1947, Bobo started working as a band boy for Machito in order to gain entrance to the band's concerts, sometimes filling in on percussion.

At age 12, he began his professional career as a dancer and two years later made his recording debut as a bongo player.

Career
He met Mongo Santamaría shortly after his arrival in New York and studied with him while acting as his translator. In the early 1950s, Bobo recorded with Mary Lou Williams. She is said to have first given the nickname Bobo.

From 1954 until 1957, Bobo played with Tito Puente's band as part of the percussion section alongside Santamaria. Bobo joined George Shearing's band on the album The Shearing Spell.

After leaving Shearing, Cal Tjader asked Bobo and Santamaría to become part of the Cal Tjader Modern Mambo Quintet, who released several albums as the mambo craze reached fever pitch in the late 1950s. Reuniting with his mentor Santamaría in 1960, the pair released the album Sabroso! for the Fantasy label. Bobo later formed his own group, releasing Do That Thing/Guajira with Tico and Bobo's Beat and Let's Go Bobo for Roulette, without achieving huge penetration.

After the success of Tjader's Soul Sauce, in which he was heavily involved, Bobo formed a new band with the backing of Verve Records, releasing Spanish Grease, the title track being perhaps his most well known tune. Highly successful at this attempt, Bobo released a further six albums with Verve.

In 1969, he moved to Los Angeles. He again met up with his longtime friend Richard Sanchez Sr. and his son Richard Jr. and began recording in the studio. Bobo then worked as a session musician for Carlos Santana among others, as well as being a regular in the band for Bill Cosby's variety show Cos. Santana covered Willie Bobo's Latin song "Evil Ways" (written by Clarence "Sonny" Henry) in 1969 on their debut album. In the late 1970s, Bobo recorded albums for Blue Note and Columbia Records.

Personal life
Bobo's youngest son, Eric Bobo (Eric Correa), is a percussionist with crew Cypress Hill. He also performed on the Beastie Boys' 1994 album Ill Communication. His grandson, William Valen Correa, is co-founder of the music-based non-profit organization HNDP Los Angeles.

After a period of ill health, Bobo died at the age of 49, succumbing to cancer.

Discography

As leader
 Do That Thing/Guajira (Tico, 1963)
 Bobo's Beat (Roulette, 1964)
 Let's Go Bobo! (Roulette, 1964)
 Spanish Grease (Verve, 1965)
 Uno Dos Tres 1•2•3 (Verve, 1966)
 Feelin' So Good (Verve, 1966)
 Juicy (Verve, 1967)
 Bobo Motion (Verve, 1967)
 Spanish Blues Band (Verve, 1968)
 A New Dimension (Verve, 1969)
 Do What You Want to Do (Sussex, 1971)
 The Drum Session (Philips Records, 1975) with Louie Bellson, Shelly Manne & Paul Humphrey
 Tomorrow Is Here (Blue Note, 1977)
 Hell Of An Act To Follow (Columbia, 1978)
 Bobo (Columbia, 1979)
 Lost & Found (Concord Picante, 2006)
 Dig My Feeling (Nacional Records 2016)

As sideman
With Nat Adderley
Autobiography (Atlantic, 1965)
With Dorothy Ashby
The Fantastic Jazz Harp of Dorothy Ashby (Atlantic, 1965)
With Bob Brookmeyer
Trombone Jazz Samba (Verve, 1962)
With Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
Goin' to the Meeting (Prestige, 1962)
With Miles Davis
Quiet Nights (Columbia, 1964)
Sorcerer (Columbia, 1967)
With Victor Feldman
Latinsville! (Contemporary, 1960)
With José Feliciano
Angela (Private Stock, 1976)
With Benny Golson
Killer Joe (Columbia, 1977)
With Dexter Gordon
Landslide (Blue Note, 1962 [1980])
With Grant Green
The Latin Bit (Blue Note, 1962)
With Chico Hamilton
Chic Chic Chico (Impulse!, 1965)
El Chico (Impulse!, 1965)
The Further Adventures of El Chico (Impulse!, 1966)
With Slide Hampton
Explosion! The Sound of Slide Hampton (Atlantic, 1962)
With Herbie Hancock
Inventions and Dimensions (Blue Note, 1964)
With Eddie Harris
Bad Luck Is All I Have (Atlantic, 1975)
With Bobby Hutcherson
Montara (Blue Note, 1975)
With Herbie Mann
Right Now (Atlantic, 1962)
Brazil, Bossa Nova & Blues (United Artists, 1962)
Herbie Mann Live at Newport (Atlantic, 1963)
My Kinda Groove (Atlantic, 1965)
Latin Mann (Columbia, 1965)
Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
The Beat Goes On (Atlantic, 1967)
With Les McCann
McCanna (Pacific Jazz, 1964)
Much Les (Atlantic, 1968)
With Gary McFarland
Soft Samba (Verve, 1963)
With Buddy Miles
Chapter VII (Columbia, 1973)
With Wes Montgomery
Movin' Wes (Verve, 1964)
With Oliver Nelson
Skull Session (Flying Dutchman, 1975)
With Dave Pike
Limbo Carnival (New Jazz, 1962)
Manhattan Latin (Decca, 1964)
With Tito Puente
Cuban Carnival (RCA Victor, 1956)
With Ike Quebec
Soul Samba (Blue Note, 1962)
With Terry Reid
River (Atlantic, 1973)
With Dannie Richmond
"In" Jazz for the Culture Set (Impulse!, 1965)
With Charlie Rouse
Bossa Nova Bacchanal (Blue Note, 1963)
With A. K. Salim
Afro-Soul/Drum Orgy (Prestige, 1965)
With Mongo Santamaria
Mighty Mongo (Fantasy, 1962)
Viva Mongo! (Fantasy, 1962)
With Doc Severinsen
Rhapsody For Now! (RCA, 1973)
With Sonny Stitt
Stitt Goes Latin (Roost, 1963)
With Gábor Szabó
Spellbinder (Impulse!, 1966)
With Clark Terry
Mumbles (Mainstream, 1966)
With Cal Tjader
Latino (Fantasy, 1958)
Cal Tjader's Concert by the Sea (Fantasy, 1959)
Cal Tjader's Latin Concert (Fantasy, 1959)
West Side Story (Fantasy, 1960)
Plays Harold Arlen (Fantasy, 1961)
Live and Direct (Fantasy, 1962)
Breeze from the East (Verve, 1964)
Soul Sauce (Verve, 1965)
With Don Wilkerson
Elder Don (Blue Note, 1962)

Filmography
2008 Willie Bobo: King Conga

References

External links
 Eric Bobo video interview

1934 births
1983 deaths
Afro-Cuban jazz percussionists
American jazz percussionists
Artists from New York (state)
Latin jazz musicians
Jazz percussionists
Blue Note Records artists
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
Bongo players
Timbaleros
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
People from East Harlem
Jazz musicians from New York (state)

Willie Bobo


Boris Georgiyevich Dobronravov (, 16 April 1896, Moscow, Imperial Russia, – 27 October 1949, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet actor, associated with the Moscow Art Theatre.

The People's Artist of the USSR (1937), and a recipient of numerous high-profile state awards, including the Order of Lenin (1938) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1837), he is best remembered for his parts in An Ardent Heart and The Storm by Alexander Ostrovsky (Narkis, Tikhon respectively), The Days of the Turbins (Mikhail Bulgakov, Myshlayevsky), Dead Souls (Nikolai Gogol, Nozdryov), The Cherry Orchard (Anton Chekhov, Lopakhin).

"Totally open and delivering instantly profound effect on stage, he was one of the very few, of whom it could be said that their performances were paid by their very heart's own blood," according to the theatre historian Inna Solovyova. Dobronravov, who always said his idea of a perfect death was the death on stage, died of heart failure after the curtain fell at the end of the second act of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, his 166th performance of the leading role, on the day of MAT's 51st anniversary. He is interred in Novodevichye Cemetery in Moscow. In 1920–1949 he was cast in 11 Soviet films, including Aerograd (1935) and The Virgin Land (1939).

The People's Artist of the USSR Elizaveta Alexeyeva (1901–1972), the MAT actress Maria Yulievna Dobronravova (1900–1964) and the Meritorious Artist of the RSFSR Elena Dobronravova (1932–1999), were his sister, wife and daughter, respectively.

References

1896 births
1949 deaths
Russian male stage actors
Soviet male film actors
Moscow Art Theatre
Male actors from Moscow
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

Boris Dobronravov


If You Could Say it in Words is a 2008 American romance film written and directed by Nicholas Gray (The Paper Store). It focuses on the relationship between two disparate individuals. The film played at multiple American film festivals in 2008-09. It has also been screened in connection with autism "awareness" programs in Nebraska in 2009 and by the Dutch Ministry of Health's during Autism "Awareness" Week in 2010. The film will be distributed on DVD in North America by Vanguard Cinema in November 2010.

Plot
Nelson Hodge is a lower class painter with undiagnosed Asperger syndrome who is immersed in completing a triptych of emotion paintings. Sadie Mitchell is attempting to get her life back in order while sacrificing in most areas of her life. The two meet by chance and engage in an awkward romance that starts to bring their flaws to the surface.

Cast
Alvin Keith ..... Nelson Hodge
Marin Ireland ..... Sadie Mitchell
Gerry Lehane ..... Dr. Mark Gibson
Yvonne Woods ..... Julie Gibson
Susanna Guzman ..... Maria Ramirez
PaSean Wilson ..... Lucy
Douglas Stewart ..... Dr. Sid Meyers
Dana Snyder ..... Baseball Fan #1
Stephen McKinley Henderson ... Baseball Fan #2
McDonald Gray Jr. ..... Dr. Radison
Sam Torpio ..... Ewan Lancaster
Katie Cook ..... Sally Stoop
Brett Casne ..... Yankee Hater #1
Joseph Wickersham ..... Yankee Hater #2
John Lewis ..... Yankee Hater #3
Joshua Minton ..... Yankee Hater #4
Tom Dudzic ..... Yankee Hater #5
Roberto Lombardi ..... Yoga Student

Critical reception
Alex Plank, founder of the Wrong Planet community for autism and autism spectrum disorders, first discussed the film on the organization's website with a February 2008 interview with actor Alvin Keith and director Nicholas Gray. In September 2008 he wrote a review in which he described his appreciation for the film's three-dimensional and unexaggerated interpretation of the disorder, calling it "...the most authentic portrayal of an autistic person I've ever seen in the movies."

New York Film Critics Circle member, Mike d'Angelo, gave special praise to actress Marin Ireland, calling her work "...one of the most stunning performances I've seen in the past couple of years — easily my top Best Actress pick for various polls and surveys, at this writing, should the film get a New York commercial release."

Awards and nominations
The film was named Best Feature and Best of Festival at the 2008 Derby City Film Festival in Louisville, Kentucky.

The film's West Coast premiere was at the 2009 Method Fest in Calabasas Ca, near Los Angeles.  Method Fest is named after the famous "Method" school of acting, showcases breakout acting performances in character and story-driven films.  At this festival the film was presented by award-winning writer Dennis Lehane and earned nominations for Outstanding Achievement in Low Budget Filmmaking and for Best Actress (Marin Ireland).

References

External links

Official website
 If You Could Only Say It in  Words at IndieGoGo.com
 Vanguard Cinema
 Autism Talk TV

2008 films
American independent films
2000s romance films
Films about autism
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

If You Could Say It in Words


Desmond Robert Fell (16 December 1912 – 22 January 1992) was a South African cricketer who played first-class cricket in for Natal either side of the Second World War, later becoming an umpire. He was born in Pietermaritzburg, and died aged 79 in Durban.

His most successful season was 1946–47, when he scored 496 first-class runs at 49.60, including two centuries, the higher of these being the career-best 161 he hit against Rhodesia. He also passed 400 runs in 1937–38, but after that his highest aggregate was the 219 runs he accumulated in 1947–48.

Fell's only first-class match outside South Africa was the game he played for Dominions against England at Lord's in late August 1945; he made 12 and 28 in what was the first first-class match to be played in England after the war.

After his retirement from playing, Fell umpired 15 first-class matches in the 1950s and 1960s, almost all involving Natal. The two exceptions were the first Test between South Africa and New Zealand at Durban in 1961–62, and a non-Test game between a South African XI and the Australians at Pietermaritzburg in 1966–67.

External links

1912 births
1992 deaths
South African cricketers
KwaZulu-Natal cricketers
South African Test cricket umpires
Alumni of Maritzburg College
Dominions cricketers

Desmond Fell


Werner Uri Spitz (born August 22, 1926) is a German-American forensic pathologist who has worked on a number of high-profile cases, including the investigations of the assassinations of president John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. He also testified at the trials of Casey Anthony and Phil Spector, the 1996 civil trial against O. J. Simpson, and consulted on the investigation of JonBenét Ramsey's 1996 death.

He wrote and with his son Daniel co-edited the book Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation.

Biography
Werner Spitz was born in 1926 to a Jewish family in Stargard, Germany (now Poland); his parents, Siegfried and Anna Spitz, were both physicians. Given the growing antisemitism in Germany, his family fled to Mandatory Palestine when he was a child. When Spitz was a youth, his father got him a job working in a medical examiner's office, where he was charged with cleaning and other small duties. Spitz eventually began assisting with the autopsies. He recalls assisting with the autopsy of Morris Meyerson in 1951; he was the husband of Golda Meir, the future Israeli politician and Prime Minister.

Spitz returned to Europe for medical school, where he started studies at Geneva University in Switzerland. After he had been four years in Geneva, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem established the university's Medical School and Spitz transferred there. He received his medical doctorate after an additional three years of studies and clinical work. He graduated at the age of 27.

Spitz immigrated to the United States in 1959. His decision to leave his native Israel was partly inspired by the lack of regional need for his chosen career path. "In seven years in Israel, there was only one murder." He said. "It just wasn't the right place for a forensic pathologist."  Spitz later served as Deputy Chief Medical Examiner in Baltimore, Maryland, and Chief Medical Examiner for Wayne County, Michigan (Wayne County includes the city of Detroit).

There he made many controversial changes, and in 1976 he was charged with taking parts from bodies without getting permission from the next of kin, privately charging for his services, and improperly conducting ballistic experiments on dead bodies. Although Spitz admitted some of the charges, the Wayne County Prosecutor declined to prosecute him, saying that "He was just being a doctor."

Work as a forensic pathologist
In 1969, Spitz testified on behalf of Joseph and Gwen Kopechne, the parents of Mary Jo Kopechne, who died following a car accident in the vehicle of Ted Kennedy at Chappaquiddick Island. Kopechne was presumed to have died from drowning after Kennedy's car swerved off a small bridge and plunged into the water. Kopechne's parents were seeking to prevent her body from being exhumed and autopsied. Spitz testified that the autopsy was unnecessary, and the available evidence was sufficient to conclude that Kopechne died from drowning. The judge sided with Kopechne's parents and denied the request for exhumation.

In 1970, while Spitz was the deputy chief medical examiner for Maryland, he determined that Sister Cathy Cesnik, a 26-year-old Catholic nun who disappeared in November 1969, had been murdered by a blow to the head. In 1994, a witness came forward and said a priest took her as a young teen, to see Cesnik's body shortly after she had gone missing. She said that he was threatening her not to say anything about the sexual abuse that was allegedly occurring at her Catholic school. The witness told police she remembered maggots on Cesnik's corpse, but was not believed. The police said that maggots were unlikely in November. However, in 2016, when Spitz's original autopsy was made public, it had documented that there were maggots present. Werner confirmed this when interviewed for the 2017 Netflix series The Keepers, about Cesnik's murder.

In 1975, Spitz was asked to work as an advisor to both the Rockefeller Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations. He reviewed the autopsy performed 12 years earlier on president John F. Kennedy by military pathologists. "They botched that autopsy," Spitz said. "They had absolutely no experience in forensic pathology." He attributed the flaws in the investigation to the fact that at that time in the United States, forensic pathology was in its infancy. Despite his conclusion that the original investigation was flawed, he agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting.

In 1979, Spitz consulted with the same committees on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968. The committee determined that King was killed by one rifle shot by James Earl Ray.

In 2011, Spitz testified for the defense in the trial of Casey Anthony for the death of her daughter, Caylee. He disagreed with the prosecution's medical examiner Jan Garavaglia, who had said that the death could be ruled as a homicide based on the autopsy, and described her work as "shoddy". Garavaglia acknowledged that the cause of death could not be ascertained by the autopsy she performed, but ruled the death a homicide based on the circumstances. Spitz criticized her for failing to open the skull and test sediment found in the skull; he believed that was proof that Caylee had decomposed while lying on her side, rather than the position in which she was found. He disagreed with the state's theory that duct tape found next to Caylee's body was used as a murder weapon, saying it is much more likely that the duct tape was placed after her death to hold the mandible in place when moving the body. He also believes that the placement of Caylee's hair was staged by someone before being photographed.

In a CBS Detroit interview in September 2016 and in the documentary series The Case of: JonBenét Ramsey (2016), Spitz accused Burke Ramsey of killing his sister, although the pathologist had not performed an autopsy of the girl. On October 6, 2016, Burke filed a defamation lawsuit against Spitz, seeking a total of $150 million in damages since Burke had never been considered a suspect by the Boulder police. In 2003, DNA evidence found from an unidentified male appeared to have cleared each family member from suspicion, as their DNA was excluded from matching. New testing in 2016 revealed there was DNA from two persons other than JonBenét Ramsey.

Spitz is a professor of pathology at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan and an adjunct professor of pathology at the University of Windsor in Canada. He has written a book entitled: Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation.

List of notable cases

Personal life
Spitz is the father of Daniel Spitz, who is also a pathologist, and Jonathan Spitz, a surgeon. He has a sister, Karni Frank, who also lives in Michigan.

References

External links

1926 births
Living people
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
American forensic pathologists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Jewish American scientists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
Killing of JonBenét Ramsey
Medical examiners
O. J. Simpson murder case
People from Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Werner Spitz


The Military Wireless Museum is a private museum operated from  Kidderminster, Worcestershire which displays a collection of military wireless equipment from around the world. It developed from the private collection of  Ben Nock and marks the importance of wireless communications in the UK and around the globe during World War II and later years.

Museum

The Military Wireless Museum collection is located at Kidderminster and is run on an entirely voluntary basis. The museum has a 'Friends of the museum' section, open to anyone, with members from all over the world. The museum often puts on displays of radio equipment at various events around the UK and abroad. The museum can also give talks to interested groups.

The museum demonstrates the importance of wireless communications and connected services like Radar and Navigation and the role they plated during World War II and other conflicts. The museum also offers interested parties the chance to see military communication equipment from other countries that might not normally be available. The museum has a large collection of radio equipment relating to Spy and Espionage work.

The Amateur Radio call sign GB0MWM  is frequently in use at the museum operating the vintage equipment and demonstrating it to visitors. The museum is happy to send all UK and world wide contacts a QSL card which are subsequently exchanged with the stations contacted.

Exhibits

The museum has an extensive collection of British, American, Japanese, German, French and other countries wartime communications equipment along with equipment from later periods. The museum also houses many handbooks and technical information of the equipment along with a growing collection of uniforms and associated military equipment.

Examples of exhibits displayed:

 British Wireless sets No.18, No.19, No.22, No.62
 Japanese World War II receivers and transmitters.
 German Bomber radios
 USA war time sets.
 spy Suitcase Radios from Britain, USA, Germany and Italy.
 wireless receivers made in the UK by companies such as EKCO.

Museum History

Ben Nock has been a Radio Amateur since the late 1960s and started in the hobby, as many did in those days, using surplus radio equipment from the second world war. After years of simply playing with the hobby there came a turning point in the 1980s when the thought of collecting this equipment for future preservation occurred and the process of collecting was begun.

After 20 years the collection has grown to around 900 sets and countless additional items of military hardware . The Virtual Museum web site was conceived in the late 1990s and the site is  expanded daily. The museum continues to grow at around 2 to 3 sets a month.

In 2011 the museum moved to a new site in Kidderminster more suitable for a physical display and where the equipment and artifacts have been be laid out for better presentation and for greater accessibility by the public and those interested in the subject.   Ben Nock continues to write articles on the subject of Military Wireless with many appearing in the Practical Wireless magazine and Radio Bygones magazine while others have been published in the American CQ magazine and even the RAFA magazine.

The museum is always pleased to give talks and displays to clubs or groups or events relating to the field of militaria or communications.

References

External links
Military Wireless Museum Official Website
Video of Lancaster radio R1155/T1154
Video of  classic Codar CR-66 receiver
Video of  classic Eddystone 2245A receiver

See also
 List of World War II electronic warfare equipment
 Radar in World War II
 Marine radar
 Luftwaffe radio equipment of World War II

World War II museums in the United Kingdom
Military communications
Telecommunications museums in the United Kingdom
Museums in Worcestershire

Military Wireless Museum in the Midlands


"When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You" is a 1978 song recorded by singer Marvin Gaye. Taken from his Here, My Dear album, it was written following his 1976 divorce when he was ordered to give half the takings of his next album to ex-wife Anna Gaye. In the album, he "poured his emotions into songs agonisingly documenting their relationship's rise and fall."

The song was a six-minute-long opus that has been considered the centerpiece of the Here, My Dear album. As if offering confessional testimony to his wife, Gaye airs his side of the story of how his ill-fated marriage to the sister of his record label boss Berry Gordy collapsed.

In a spoken narrative, the singer accuses Anna in the beginning of not following their marriage vows, saying that lying about being faithful was similar to "lying to God". He then blames himself as well for the death of the marriage, stating: "I tried but all of (our) promises (were) nothing but lies" and then promises himself if he finds someone else (his new wife Janis), he will try a new way.

But no matter how optimistic he seemed, he always reflected back on his marriage to Anna and how at one point, she called the cops on him for a domestic dispute. The title is not spoken until the final verse, when Marvin croons in his trademark falsetto about where did the love go in their relationship.

Written and produced solely by the artist himself, the song was unusual for having no distinct melody, no bridge and no distinct chorus and for its length. However, it did have near melodic consistencies, such as "Memories of the things we did/Some we're proud of, some we hid".."If you loved me with all of your heart/You'd never take a million dollars to part". He would use the instrumental of this song as both an instrumental track (with several Gaye ad-libs) and as the reprise of the album to end it.

The song served as the template for Daryl Hall's song "Stop Loving Me, Stop Loving You," from his 1993 solo album, Soul Alone. After being played the song by a friend and thinking it was an unreleased bootleg, Hall reworked the tune as a standard-structured R&B/pop song. The song also featured as the in-game radio playlist on Blonded Los Santos 97.8 FM from the enhanced version of Grand Theft Auto V.

Personnel
All vocals, keyboards and synthesizers by Marvin Gaye
Drums by Bugsy Wilcox
Guitars by Wali Ali
Guitar by Gordon Banks
Bass by Frank Blair
Trumpet by Nolan Smith
Tenor saxophone by Charles Owens

References

1978 songs
Marvin Gaye songs
Songs written by Marvin Gaye
Song recordings produced by Marvin Gaye
Songs about marriage
Songs about divorce


Southern Exposure is a 1934 short animated film distributed by Columbia Pictures. It is part of a long-running short film series starring Krazy Kat.

Plot
Krazy and his spaniel girlfriend (who is wearing a blond coily wig in this short) are attending an outdoor party organized by a community of apes. The apes sing, dance, and play instruments. Krazy and the spaniel join in the activities. But the celebration of the apes gets interrupted when their master, a labrador holding a whip, shows up. It is shown that the apes are forced laborers who work on sowing and harvesting crops for little rewards.

Krazy and the spaniel are also forced laborers whose job is to harvest cotton from the shrubs. Suddenly they accidentally shave the rear of a sheep, causing it to runaway. This irritates the master who starts chasing them.

Krazy and the spaniel try to escape by attempting to hide in a truck carrying ice blocks. But as the truck leaves, the ice blocks slip out along with them into a lake. They then continue their run on the floating ice blocks, although the master pursues them in the same way. Eventually, Krazy and the spaniel lose their pursuer as they reach the end of the ice block path. But as they reach solid ground, they stumble and fall hard face first. While Krazy is able to get back on his feet, the spaniel is lifeless. Momentarily a pair of angels put wings on the spaniel and take her to the sky. Krazy, who could not afford to not have her around, decides to join the spaniel in the sky as he puts on a white robe and some fake wings. Krazy enters the sky's abode and notices the spaniel playing an organ. But before he could get to her, Krazy is nabbed by the sky's gatekeeper who isn't fooled by his disguise. The gatekeeper tosses Krazy past the gates. As Krazy falls back towards the earth, a nearby angel tells him he can join them but he has to wait another time.

But all that trouble was just a nightmare as Krazy is seen napping on a balcony seat at a theater. He then wakes up and is relieved of his grief to see the spaniel (in her usual appearance) right beside him, alive, and unscathed. Krazy and spaniel then kiss each other. The event of the theater features a quartet singing and dancing on stage. Some of the performers resemble the characters from Krazy's dream.

See also
 Krazy Kat filmography

References

External links
Southern Exposure at the Big Cartoon Database

1934 short films
American animated short films
American black-and-white films
1934 animated films
Krazy Kat shorts
Films about apes
Columbia Pictures short films
1930s American animated films
Films about nightmares
Films about dreams
Animated films about dogs
Columbia Pictures animated short films
Screen Gems short films

Southern Exposure (film)


The Southern Cross SC-1 was an Australian civil aircraft.

Design and development
During the late 1950s and early 1960s several Australian companies made attempts to launch light aircraft production in Australia. Victa – a company well known for the lawn mowers which featured prominently during the Sydney 2000 Olympic closing ceremony – tooled up to produce their Airtourer and Fawcett Aviation designed and flew a single prototype of their high-wing Fawcett 120. Another development during this period was carried out by the Toowoomba Foundry, an agricultural equipment manufacturer based in Toowoomba, located west of Brisbane in southeastern Queensland.

In 1957 Toowoomba Foundries set up a new division, Southern Cross Aviation Limited, with the intention of designing and constructing a new 4-place training and touring plane. Land was purchased by Southern Cross Aviation adjacent to Toowoomba airport, but due to council planning delays, design work was commenced in a section of Toowoomba Foundry's existing factory. An experienced designer, Newton Hodgekiss, joined the team, responsible for design and drafting of the new aircraft. Hodgekiss had worked at the UK firm Handley Page for seven years, during which he had been a member of the design team for the Victor B.1 bomber.

Construction of the prototype commenced in mid 1959, and the SC1 rolled out for its first taxiing trials in February 1961. The first flight took place on March 1, 1961, with an "unofficial" circuit of the airfield. The "official" first flight took place the following day, with a total of 60 minutes in the air. A total of 25 hours of flight testing was undertaken - all in the hands of one pilot, R.J. Trousdell - before Southern Cross Aviation took the decision to cancel testing. This was due to the economic recession during the early 60s, as well as stiff competition from Cessna and Piper importers, which would have required SCAL to market the SC1 at a price level which doomed the economics of the project.

The SC1 was found to perform very well in the air, its only vice being heavy aileron control. In later test flights the undercarriage was retracted (using a manual system), and the prototype was felt to be very pleasant to fly. In fact the undercarriage used on the SC1 outlasted it by many years, as the same trailing link rubber sprung units were installed on the Transavia PL-12 Airtruk agricultural aircraft. The prototype's good performance was partly due to its small frontal area, a feature which would have been sacrificed on production aircraft, as the cockpit was found to be too narrow for practical purposes and would need to be widened to gain useful elbow room.

Powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-AIA four cylinder engine, the SC1 cruised at 160 mph and had a range of 740 miles fully loaded. The fuselage was of all-metal construction, apart from the fibreglass engine cowling. The wing was also all-metal apart from fibreglass tip fairings, and featured fowler-type flaps on the inner sections and slotted NACA flaps on the outer sections. The outer wing sections were designed to be removable for storage, as well as being capable of carrying wing-tip tanks. The airframe was designed to handle engines up to 260 hp, and was fully stressed for aerobatics.

Following the cancellation of flight testing, the prototype was placed in storage in Toowoomba, where it languished before being recovered by a group of enthusiasts from the Australian Aircraft Restoration Group (who run Moorabbin Aircraft Museum in Melbourne) in January 1970. The sole prototype was shipped to Melbourne (minus its engine and propeller) and was placed in outdoor storage. It suffered the ravages of weather and time until being dismantled and moved indoors, where it was stored for several years. Eventually it was shipped to the Museum of Australian Army Flying at Oakey, Queensland for restoration to its original state.

During its short flying career, the SC1 remained unpainted apart from the engine cowling and wing tips. These were both moulded from fibreglass and painted white. The cowling was also painted black on top in front of the windscreen to reduce glare. A non-slip walkway was painted on the upper surface of the wing adjacent to the cockpit entry doors. The inside of the clear canopy glazing over the pilot's head was also painted white. The aircraft was never placed onto the Australian register, but it wore the radio callsign VH-SCA on the upper starboard wing, lower port wing and either side of the tail fin.

At some point during its subsequent storage and later display at Moorabbin Aircraft Museum, the aircraft was painted white overall, with two different variations of orange and black trim. There may be two explanations for this coat of paint. On outdoor display at the museum, the airframe would need protection from the harsh Australian environment – hence the coat of paint. Alternatively, there was a rumored attempt to interest Ansett Airlines in the SC1 as a basic trainer for their pilots. At that time, Ansett aircraft featured the same white, orange and black trim that appeared on the SC1.

Aircraft on display
The SC-1 is on display in the terminal at Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport just 16 km (9.7 mi) from the Toowoomba Foundry where it was built. The aircraft has once again been returned to its bare metal and white fiberglass appearance.

Specifications (SC-1)

See also

References

 Aviation Heritage Vol. 20 No. 4. The Journal of the Aviation Historical Society of Australia

External links

 Museum of Australian Army Flying

1960s Australian sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1961

Southern Cross Aviation SC-1