Big Jim Mountain Lakes are a set of small freshwater lakes located on the northeast skirt of Big Jim Mountain, East of Icicle Ridge, in Chelan County, Washington. Because of its close proximity to Icicle Ridge Trail, the lake is a popular area for hiking, swimming, and fishing. Lake Augusta is a short distance on the opposite side of Icicle Ridge. The lakes are located approximately 2.5 miles from a trail junction area called "The Badlands".

Geography
The Big Jim Mountain Lakes are located on the northern skirt of Big Jim Mountain, consisting of rocky soils of intrusive rock geology. The exposed rock tends to be quartz-dolerite and granodiorite with influence from the intrusions originated from the Mount Stuart Batholith which underlies the Stuart Range and the nearby Wenatchee Mountains. This batholith is about 13 by 16 miles in extent. Two plutonic masses are separated by a thin screen of Chiwaukum Schist and rocks of the Ingalls Complex.  The more-eastern pluton is 93 million years old, while the more-western rock mass is between 83 and 86 million years old.

The trail to the lakes consists of sandy loam the first half and boulders added in the second half of the trajectory. The west hills of Big Jim Mountain surrounding Lake Augusta grow tonalite and granodiorite corona-bearing dikes. The East hill grew pyroxenites, gabbro amphibolites and other diorites.  Mineral boundaries are sharp along Big Jim Mountain except between these two matrix subdomains, which are not immediately distinguishable.

See also
 List of lakes of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness

References

Lakes of Chelan County, Washington
Lakes of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness
Okanogan National Forest

Big Jim Mountain Lakes


Douglas Benjamin Watt (January 20, 1914 – September 29, 2009) was an American theater critic who spent nearly six decades covering Broadway theatre — and then Off Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway — for the Daily News and also reported on classical music and opera for The New Yorker. He helped establish Porgy and Bess as a classic after it failed in an earlier Broadway run and helped foster the careers of playwrights such as Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams.

Early life and education
Watt was born on January 20, 1914, in the Bronx. He grew up in New Jersey, in both Hackensack and Ridgewood. After graduating early from high school, he enrolled at Cornell University and graduated at age 19.

Theater critic
Watt was hired as a copy boy by the Daily News in 1936. One of his first tasks at the paper was to transport images to the Daily News offices in Manhattan from the Lindbergh kidnapping trial in Flemington, New Jersey.

Beginning in the paper's drama department, he worked his way up to become its theater critic and he remained with the Daily News for over 50 years. After seeing a New Jersey revival of Porgy and Bess in 1941, he encouraged producer Cheryl Crawford to bring the show back to Broadway in a second run that doubled the length of its failed 1935 Broadway debut, and helped earn the play "its landmark place in theater history".

He served in the United States Army during World War II, stationed on Okinawa as a reporter for Stars and Stripes.

William Shawn of The New Yorker tried to hire Watt for the New Yorker in 1945 however Watt was unwilling to give up his beat as a newspaper theater critic and Shawn gave him a column at the New Yorker as a music critic.

In 1971 a favorable review from Watt of Jesus Christ Superstar helped director Andrew Lloyd Webber overcome a negative review from The New York Times and led the play to a lengthy run.

Watt not only covered Broadway, he was also a pianist and songwriter whose songs "After All These Years" and "Heaven Help Me" were recorded by Doris Day and Frankie Laine. He also worked with Duke Ellington on a play adapted from George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra. He was friends with composers Frank Loesser, Richard Rodgers and Kurt Weill, and helped spur the careers of Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams. During his career at the Daily News, he was able to attend the 1949 debut of Death of a Salesman starring Lee J. Cobb in the title role of Willy Loman, as well as the 50th-anniversary production of the play with Brian Dennehy in the lead.

One of the founders of the Drama Desk Awards, Watt served on the nominating committee for both the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Tony Awards.

Death
Watt died at age 95 on September 29, 2009, in Southampton, New York because of pneumonia. At the time of his death, he resided in both Southampton and Manhattan. He was survived by his second wife, the former Ethel Madsen, as well as by two daughters, two sons, eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren. His first marriage had been ended by divorce.

References

1914 births
2009 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Songwriters from New Jersey
Songwriters from New York (state)
American music critics
American theater critics
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Writers from Hackensack, New Jersey
Writers from Ridgewood, New Jersey
People from Southampton (town), New York
Writers from the Bronx
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American musicians
Journalists from New York City
20th-century American non-fiction writers

Douglas Watt (critic)


In statistics, a confidence interval, abbreviated as CI, is a tool that people use when they collect data in order to estimate a certain parameter, such as the mean (average) of a population. A confidence interval gives a range of values that tells others how good we think our estimate is.

Each confidence interval depends on certain properties of the sample(s) that we use to make it. For example, a confidence interval that is made from a sample of 5000 people is going to be much better than a confidence interval made from a sample of only 5 people.

We usually give confidence intervals as a percentage, such as 95%. These percentages are called confidence levels.

Meaning of the term "confidence"

The term confidence has a similar meaning in statistics, as in common use. In common usage, a claim to 95% confidence in something is normally taken as indicating near certainty. In statistics, a claim to 95% confidence simply means that the researcher has seen one possible interval from a large number of possible ones, from which 19 out of 20 intervals contain the true value of the parameter.

Practical example
A machine fills cups with margarine. It is adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250g of margarine. As the machine cannot fill every cup with exactly 250g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable X.

This variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250g, with a standard deviation of 2.5g. To determine if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of n = 25 cups of margarine is chosen at random, and the cups are weighed. The weights of margarine are X1, ..., X25, a random sample from X.

To get an impression of the expectation μ, an estimate is needed. The appropriate estimator is the sample mean:

The sample shows actual weights x1, ...,x25, with mean:

If we take another sample of 25 cups, we could easily expect to find values like 250.4 or 251.1 grams. A sample mean value of 280 grams, however, would be extremely rare if the mean content of the cups is in fact close to 250g.

There is a whole interval around the observed value 250.2 of the sample mean within which, if the whole population mean actually takes a value in this range, the observed data would not be considered particularly unusual. Such an interval is called a confidence interval for the parameter μ.

To calculate such an interval, the endpoints of the interval have to be calculated from the sample, so they are statistics, functions of the sample X1, ..., X25, and hence are random variables themselves.

In our case, we may determine the endpoints by considering that the sample mean  from a normally distributed sample is also normally distributed, with the same expectation μ, but with standard error σ/√n = 0.5 (grams). By standardizing, we get a random variable

which depends on the parameter μ to be estimated, but with a standard normal distribution independent of the parameter μ. Hence it is possible to find numbers −z and z, independent of μ, where Z lies in between with probability 1 − α, a measure of how confident we want to be. We take 1 - α = 0.95. So we have:

The number z follows from the cumulative distribution function:

and we get:

This might be interpreted as: with probability 0.95, we will find a confidence interval in which we will meet the parameter μ between the stochastic endpoints

and

This does not mean that there is 0.95 probability of meeting the parameter μ in the calculated interval. Every time the measurements are repeated, there will be another value for the mean  of the sample. In 95% of the cases, μ will be between the endpoints calculated from this mean, but in 5% of the cases, it will not be. The actual confidence interval is calculated by entering the measured weights in the formula. Our 0.95 confidence interval becomes:

As the desired value 250 of μ is within the resulted confidence interval, there is no reason to believe the machine is wrongly calibrated.

The calculated interval has fixed endpoints, where μ might be in between (or not). Thus this event has probability either 0 or 1. We cannot say:  "with probability (1 − α), the parameter μ lies in the confidence interval." We only know that by repetition in 100(1 − α) % of the cases, μ will be in the calculated interval. In 100α % of the cases, however, it does not. And unfortunately we do not know in which of the cases this happens. That is why we say: "with confidence level 100(1 − α) %, μ lies in the confidence interval."

The figure on the right shows 50 realisations of a confidence interval for a given population mean μ. If we randomly choose one realisation, the probability that it contains the parameter is 95%. However, it is also possible that we may have unluckily picked the wrong one as well.

Related pages

 Margin of error
 Prediction interval

References

Statistics

Confidence interval


Lan Sang National Park () is in the Dawna Range, Tak Province, northern Thailand. Established in 1979, it is an IUCN Category II protected area measuring 65,000 rai ~ . On the Tak-Mae Sot Highway in Mueang Tak District, it became the country's 15th national park.

Toponymy
The precise meaning of the name is not known. Each of the two words have various interpretations.
Lan () may refer to the	fan palm, Corypha umbraculifera, Corypha lecontei, ton laan () fan palm tree, bai laan () leaf of fan palm sometimes used for writing religious texts; noun yard, lawn, court, courtyard, open space, plaza, grounds; (coiled metal) spring; modifier dazzled, flustered, dazzling, overwhelming.
 Sang or saang () may refer to the stench or odor of decaying flesh and as a modifier, putrid, foul, rank; as a noun, ghost, spirit, spook, apparition, spectre, wraith or tiger–like mythical animal; as a verb, to clear out, clear up.

Sights
Lan Sang National Park covers an area of 65,000 rai. Various types of forest, such as rain forest, coniferous forest, hill evergreen forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest, and mixed deciduous forest, are found in different geographical areas. Wild animals found are common wild pig, barking deer, Siamese big-headed turtle, serow, civet, Black-crested Bulbul, and flying lizards

Namtok Pha Lat (น้ำตกผาลาด) This waterfall flows through a split-level hill of rocks down a broad complex ground of rocks. The ground slopes a bit and is 25 m wide and 40 m long.
Namtok Lan Liang Ma (1st tier)(น้ำตกลานเลี้ยงม้า) (ชั้นที่ ๑)  It features a small rocky hill with a hole of around 6 m wide in the middle. The currents of Lam Huai Lan Sang pass through the hole against the water surface below. The waterfall is around 5 m high.
Namtok Lan Sang (2nd tier) (น้ำตกลานสาง)(ชั้น ๒)  The water gushes from a crevice of the mountain and cascades in three tiers before flowing into a pond and falling down to Namtok Lan Liang Ma.
Namtok Pha Ngoep (3rd tier) (น้ำตกผาเงิบ) (ชั้น ๓) The waterfall is 19 m high and has water only in the rainy and cool seasons. A prominent feature is Pha Ngoep, a high steep cliff with angular crevices.
Namtok Pha Phueng (4th tier) (น้ำตกผาผึ้ง) (ชั้นที่ ๔) The waterfall features a 30 m high-flat surface cliff with a slope of 70 degrees. The water of Huai Lan Sang overflows the top of this waterfall and spreads whitewater to flow along the cliff and lower small layers of rocks covering the broad area before falling down to the pond below.
Namtok Pha The (น้ำตกผาเท) This one-tier waterfall features a steep cliff 25 m high. The water of Huai Lan Sang runs quickly through a small narrow channel towards the cliff top where the ground is abruptly low.
Namtok Pha Nam Yoi (น้ำตกผาน้ำย้อย) This waterfall flows through a narrow channel in layers down to a broad and very deep pond.
Namtok Tha Le (น้ำตกท่าเลย์) This waterfall of 50 m high features a slope with water flowing in layers from a cliff.
Viewpoint (จุดชมวิว) The Lan Sang National Park has a viewpoint on the top of Khao Noi overlooking a vista of Tak town.

See also
List of national parks of Thailand
List of Protected Areas Regional Offices of Thailand

References

National parks of Thailand
Protected areas established in 1979
IUCN Category II
Geography of Tak province
Tourist attractions in Tak province
1979 establishments in Thailand
Dawna Range

Lan Sang National Park


Greenpeace Nordic is a regional branch of the non-governmental international environmental organization Greenpeace. Greenpeace Nordic is registered in Stockholm with offices also in Helsinki, Copenhagen and Oslo.

Climate change reports
The main worldwide Greenpeace energy revolution demands are:
 Phase out all subsidies for fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
 Internalise external (social and environmental) costs through 'cap and trade' emissions trading.
 Mandate strict efficiency standards for all energy consuming appliances, buildings and vehicles.
 Establish legally binding targets for renewable energy and combined heat and power generation.
 Reform the electricity markets by guaranteeing priority access to the grid for renewable power generators.
 Provide defined and stable returns for investors, for example through feed-in tariff payments.
 Implement better labelling and disclosure mechanisms to provide more environmental product information.
 Increase research and development budgets for renewable energy and energy efficiency.

Finland
According to the Greenpeace Energy [R]evolution scenario for Finland in 2012, the final energy demand will decreases by 35% compared to current consumption by 2050. By 2050, 94% of the electricity produced in Finland will come from renewable energy sources. 'New' renewables – mainly wind and PV – will contribute 48% of electricity generation. Already by 2020, the share of renewable electricity production will be 52% and 74% by 2030. The installed capacity of renewables will reach 21 GW in 2030 and 45 GW by 2050. Greenpeace is campaigning against E.ON nuclear project in northern Finland. Greenpeace Nordic activists intercepted a Shell-contracted icebreaker, the Nordica, in May 2012.

Sweden
According to Greenpeace Sweden, the nuclear accident at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant will also be seen as a turning point in world energy policy. Germany, Switzerland, and Italy decided to phase out existing reactors and Sweden started discussions about the future of nuclear. Environment minister Andreas Carlgren told in summer 2011: "We want Sweden to be the first country in the world to have an energy system based wholly on renewable energy." By Greenpeace the reduction of our greenhouse gas emissions significantly makes both environmental and economic sense. By 2050, Sweden's entire electricity demand will be produced from renewable sources. A capacity of 56,800 MW will produce 169 TWh/a renewable electricity in 2050.

References

External links

 Greenpeace Nordic intercepts Shell ship (again)
 Greenpeace starts campaigning against E.ON nuclear project in Northern Finland 5 October 2011
 Annual report 2011

Environmental organisations based in Finland
Environmental organizations based in Denmark
Environmental organisations based in Norway
Environmental organizations based in Sweden
Greenpeace

Greenpeace Nordic


Joseph Hill (October 1625 – 5 November 1707) was an English academic and nonconformist clergyman, mostly in the Netherlands after 1662. He is known as a lexicographer.

Life
He was born at Bramley, near Leeds, Yorkshire, in October 1625. His father, Joshua Hill (died 1636), was minister successively at Walmesley Chapel, Lancashire and Bramley Chapel, a nonconformist on wearing a surplice. Joseph Hill was admitted at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1644, graduated B.A. earlier than usual, was elected fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and proceeded M.A. in 1649. He was a successful tutor, was senior proctor 1658, and in 1660 kept the act for B.D.

When he declined to conform to the Act of Uniformity 1662, he lost his position.  He went to London, and preached a while at Allhallows Barking. He travelled abroad in 1663, and entered Leiden University as a student 29 March 1654. He was elected (19 June 1667) to the pastorate of the Scottish church at Middelburg, Zeeland. From 1668, a stipend was paid to him by the Provincial States. The Third Anglo–Dutch War of 1672-4 caused him to become a figure in politics. He wrote (November 1672) a political pamphlet, which he had difficulty in getting printed. In April 1673, it appeared, printed at his own expense, in Dutch at Amsterdam, and in English; he advocated the English alliance, and vindicated Charles II from suspicion of popery. On 19 August 1673, he was ordered by resolution of the States to quit Zeeland, with permission to return at the close of the war. In London, he went to Charles, who rewarded him for his pamphlet with a sinecure, and tried the offer of a bishopric if he conformed. On 13 January 1678, he became minister of the English presbyterian church on the Haringsvliet, Rotterdam, and held this office until his death on 5 November 1707.

Works
His chief work was the expansion of Schrevelius's Greek-Latin Lexicon, which he edited 1663, adding eight thousand words. The Latin-Greek portion was edited by J. Hutchinson. He wrote also on the Antiquities of Temples, 1696, and Artificial Churches, 1698; a sermon on Moderation in the Cripplegate morning exercise, 1677; and a funeral sermon for Mary Reeve, 1685.

Notes

References

1625 births
1707 deaths
Ejected English ministers of 1662
English lexicographers
English male non-fiction writers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge

Joseph Hill (lexicographer)


Blue Book is the commonly used name for a United States Marine Corps document officially known as Marine Corps Bulletin 1400 (MCBul 1400).  MCBul 1400 serves to publish lineal precedence and seniority information on officers in the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Marine Corps Reserve.  It is published annually by the U.S. Marine Corps' Deputy Commandant, Manpower and Reserve Affairs.  In addition to determining seniority among officers, it is also used to determine promotion eligibility.

External links
 U.S. Marine Corps Blue Book

United States Marine Corps

Blue Book (United States Marine Corps)


A Round-Heeled Woman: the play is a stage adaptation, by British playwright Jane Prowse, of Jane Juska's book A Round-Heeled Woman: my Late-life Adventures in Sex and Romance.

Background
Juska placed an ad in The New York Review of Books which said "Before I turn 67 – next March – I would like to have a lot of sex with a man I like.  If you want to talk first, Trollope works for me". She received 63 replies, from men aged between 32 and 84.  A Round-Heeled Woman depicts some of the real-life encounters which resulted.

A workshop production ran in San Francisco from 5 January to 7 February 2010, with Sharon Gless in the lead role. A new production, directed by Prowse and also starring Gless, ran in Coral Gables, Florida, from December 30, 2010 to February 6, 2011. The play next ran at the Riverside Studios, Hammersmith, London, from 18 October 2011, again starring Gless, and then transferred to the West End.

References

External links

2010 plays
Plays based on books
British plays
Plays set in New York City

A Round-Heeled Woman: the play


In some countries, resisting arrest is a criminal charge against a person who has ran away from a criminal offense.

What they did
A person resisting arrest has done, depending on the jurisdiction, at least one of the following acts:

 fleeing a police officer while being arrested
 threatening a police officer with physical violence while being arrested
 physically struggling to free oneself from being restrained (handcuffed or put into the police vehicle)
 attacking a police officer while being arrested
 providing an officer with false identification (either verbally or by presentation of a false official document, i.e. a fake ID)

Background
The website Resisting Arrest stated that not all arrests are lawful and based upon probable cause.  However, an attempt at resisting arrest can lead to additional charges.

References

Other websites
Example code  from New Jersey

Law enforcement in the United States

Resisting arrest


Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff (8 July 1803 – 9 August 1851), anglicised as Charles Gutzlaff, was a German Lutheran missionary to the Far East, notable as one of the first Protestant missionaries in Bangkok, Thailand (1828) and in Korea (1832). He was also the first Lutheran missionary to China. He was a magistrate in Ningpo and Chusan and the second Chinese Secretary of the British administration in Hong Kong.

He wrote widely read books and served as interpreter for British diplomatic missions during the First Opium War. Gützlaff was one of the first Protestant missionaries in China to wear Chinese clothing.

He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1839.

Early life
Born at Pyritz (present-day Pyrzyce), Pomerania, he was apprenticed to a saddler in Stettin, but was able to secure admission to Pädagogium in Halle, and associated himself with the Janike Institute in Berlin.

The Netherlands Missionary Society sent him to Java in 1826, where he learned Chinese. Gutzlaff left the society in 1828, and went first to Singapore, then to Bangkok with Jacob Tomlin of the London Missionary Society, where he worked on a translation of the Bible into Thai. He made a brief trip to Singapore in December 1829, where he married a single English missionary, Maria Newell.  The two returned to Bangkok in February 1830 where they worked on a dictionary of Cambodian and Lao. Before the work was completed, however, Maria died in childbirth, leaving a considerable inheritance.  Gützlaff married again, this time to Mary Wanstall, in 1834. The second Mrs. Gützlaff ran a school and a home for the blind in Macau.

China

In Macau, and later in Hong Kong, Gützlaff worked on a Chinese translation of the Bible, published a Chinese-language magazine, Eastern Western Monthly Magazine, and wrote Chinese-language books on practical subjects. Along with East India Company staff Hugh Hamilton Lindsay, Gutzlaff joined a clandestine reconnaissance that visited Amoy, Foochow, Ningbo, Shanghai and the Shantung coast.   He published Journal of Three Voyages along the Coast of China in 1831, 1832 and 1833 in 1834 after the six-month voyage.  Along the way he handed out tracts which had been prepared by another pioneer missionary to China, Robert Morrison.  In late 1833, he acted as naturalist George Bennett's Cantonese interpreter on his visit to Canton.

In 1840, Gützlaff (under the anglicized name Charles Gutzlaff) became part of a group of four people (with Walter Henry Medhurst, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, and John Robert Morrison) who cooperated to translate the Bible into Chinese. The translation of the Hebrew part was done mostly by Gützlaff, with the exception that the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua were done by the group collectively. This translation, completed in 1847, is well-known due to its adoption by the revolutionary peasant leader Hong Xiuquan of the Taipingtianguo movement (who started the Taiping Rebellion) as some of the reputed early doctrines of the organization. This Bible translation was a version (in High Wen-li, ) correct and faithful to the original.

In the 1830s, Gützlaff was persuaded by William Jardine of Jardine, Matheson & Co. to interpret for their ships' captains during coastal smuggling of opium, with the assurance that this would allow him to gather more converts. He was interpreter to the British Plenipotentiary in negotiations during the First Opium War of 1839–42, then magistrate at Ningpo and Chusan.  He was appointed the first assistant Chinese Secretary of the new colony of Hong Kong in 1842 and was promoted to Chinese Secretary in August of the following year.  In response to the Chinese government's unwillingness to allow foreigners into the interior, he founded a school for "native missionaries" in 1844 and trained nearly fifty Chinese during its first four years.

It was observed by a visitor to Hong Kong in 1848 that Gützlaff had turned his back on being a missionary and become a corpulent figure enjoying a large civil service salary.

Gützlaff's second wife, Mary, died in 1849 in Singapore, and was buried there.

Unfortunately, Gützlaff's ideas outran his administrative ability.  He wound up being victimized by his own native missionaries.  They reported back to him glowing accounts of conversions and New Testaments sold.  While some of Gützlaff's native missionaries were genuine converts, others were opium addicts who never traveled to the places they claimed. Eager for easy money, they simply made up conversion reports and took the New Testaments which Gützlaff provided and sold them back to the printer who resold them to Gützlaff.  The scandal erupted while Gützlaff was in Europe on a fundraising tour.  Gützlaff married a third time, to Dorothy Gabriel, while in England in 1850.

Shattered by the exposure of the fraud, Gützlaff died in Hong Kong in 1851, leaving a £30,000 fortune.  He was buried in Hong Kong Cemetery.

Legacy

The Chinese Evangelization Society which he formed lived on to send out Hudson Taylor who founded the successful China Inland Mission.  Taylor called Gützlaff the grandfather of the China Inland Mission.

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China
On 29November 1834, Gutzlaff  became a member of the newly formed "Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China". The committee members represented a wide section of the business and missionary community in Canton: James Matheson (Chairman), David Olyphant, William Wetmore, James Innes, Thomas Fox, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, and John Robert Morrison. John Francis Davis, at that time chief superintendent of British trade in China, was made an honorary member.

Gutzlaff Street in Hong Kong was named after him.

Influences
Gützlaff's writing influenced both David Livingstone and Karl Marx.  David Livingstone read Gützlaff's "Appeal to the Churches of Britain and America on Behalf of China" and decided to become a medical missionary. Unfortunately, it was 1840, and the outbreak of the First Opium War made China too dangerous for foreigners.  So the London Missionary Society sent him to Africa, where (in 1871) Henry Morton Stanley would find him working hard in Ujiji, Tanzania.

While Gützlaff was fundraising in Europe in 1850, Karl Marx went to hear him speak in London.  He also read Gützlaff's many writings, which became sources for Karl Marx' articles on China for the London Times and the New York Daily Tribune in the 1840s and 1850s, all of which are anti-imperialist and anti-religion.

Works

 A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern (London, 1834, German version in 1847), Volume One, Volume Two
  Volume One

 , under pseudonym "Philo-Sinensis"

Archives
Papers of and relating to Karl Gützlaff are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Lutz, Jessie Gregory. Opening China: Karl F.A. Gützlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827–1852. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 2008. .
 Herman Schlyter, Der China-Missionar Karl Gützlaff und seine Heimatbasis: Studien über das Interesse des Abendlandes an der Mission des China-Pioniers Karl Gützlaff und über seinen Einsatz als Missionserwecker (Lund: LiberLäromedel/Gleerup, 1976)
 Winfried Scharlau (ed.), Gützlaffs Bericht über drei Reisen in den Seeprovinzen Chinas 1831–1833 (Hamburg: Abera Verlag, 1997)
 Thoralf Klein/Reinhard Zöllner (eds.), Karl Gützlaff (1803–1851) und das Christentum in Ostasien: Ein Missionar zwischen den Kulturen (Nettetal: Institut Monumenta Serica, Sankt Augustin/Steyler Verlag, 2005)

Further reading

External links

 Scanned version of the <Journal of Three Voyages> at Singapore
 University of Hong Kong library page about book and Gützlaff
 "Gutzlaff, Karl Friedrich August,"  Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity

1803 births
1851 deaths
People from Pyrzyce
Lutheran missionaries in China
German expatriates in China
Lutheran missionaries in Thailand
German Lutheran missionaries
German evangelicals
German lexicographers
People from the Province of Pomerania
Translators of the Bible into Chinese
Translators of the Bible into Thai
19th-century German translators
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
German expatriates in Thailand
German expatriates in Korea
Lutheran missionaries in Korea
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century Lutherans
Missionary linguists
19th-century lexicographers
German magazine founders

Karl Gützlaff


Gerhard Lamprecht (6 October 1897 – 4 May 1974) was a German film director, screenwriter and film historian. He directed 63 films between 1920 and 1958. He also wrote for 26 films between 1918 and 1958.

Life and career
Lamprecht was fascinated by cinema since his childhood and started to work as a film projectionist at age twelve. He studied theatre and art history in Berlin. He also took drama lessons with Paul Bildt and appeared as a stage actor under the name of "Gerhard Otto" in some minor productions. Lamprecht got drafted by the German army in 1917 and was wounded in 1918. Lamprecht had sold his first film manuscript as early as 1914. With the end of World War I, Lamprecht started to work as a screenwriter, notably for director Lupu Pick. Lamprecht's first film as a director was Es bleibt in der Familie. Despite his young age – he was still in his early 20s – Lamprecht won prestige during the following years. He was responsible for the first film adaption of Thomas Mann's "Buddenbrooks" in 1923. Among his most notable films during the 1920s are People to Each Other (1926), Under the Lantern (1928) and The Old Fritz (1928), the latter being a film adaption about Frederick the Great. Lamprecht also worked together with illustrator Heinrich Zille on a series of social realist films which depicted the authentic everyday life in Berlin.

Lamprecht made a successful transition to sound films. In 1931, he directed the internationally acclaimed Emil and the Detectives, an adaption of Erich Kästner's children's book with a screenplay by Billy Wilder. During Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Lamprecht tried to avoid making propaganda films for the State. He mostly directed crime films, melodramas and literature adaptions during that time. One of his most important works during that time was perhaps Madame Bovary (1937), a well-regarded adaption of Gustave Flaubert's book with Pola Negri in the title role. In 1946, Lamprecht made a so-called Trümmerfilm: Somewhere in Berlin, which dealt about the lives of children in the destroyed, post-war Berlin. Somewhere in Berlin was a huge triumph and Lamprecht remained in demand as a director, although his later films are often considered of somewhat lesser quality. Lamprecht's last film was the semidocumentary Menschen im Werk (1957). He was a member of the jury at the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.

Lamprecht owned an enormous collection of film artifacts, which he had collected since his youth. He sold his collection to the City of Berlin in 1962; and it became the founding basis for the Deutsche Kinemathek, a major museum about film and television in Germany whose founding was an idea by Lamprecht. Until 1966, he served as the first director of the Deutsche Kinemathek. Afterwards, Lamprecht worked on a film catalogue with the names of all German silent films. The ten-book-volume Katalogisierung der deutschen Stummfilme aus den Jahren 1903–1931 was published in 1970 and is still considered an important work for German film studies.

Lamprecht was married with Elisabeth Donath from 1923 until his death in 1974, aged 76. He is buried at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf in Berlin.

Awards
Lamprecht was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1967, he was presented with the German Film Award for lifetime achievement ("Filmband in Gold").

Selected filmography

 The Mirror of the World (1918, screenplay)
 Nobody Knows (1920, screenplay)
 The Graveyard of the Living (1921)
 The House Without Laughter (1923)
 And Yet Luck Came (1923)
 The Other Woman (1924)
 Slums of Berlin (1925)
 The Hanseatics (1925)
 Children of No Importance (1926)
 People to Each Other (1926)
 Sister Veronika (1927)
 The Catwalk (1927)
 The Old Fritz (1928)
 Under the Lantern (1928)
 The Man with the Frog (1929)
 Emil and the Detectives (1931)
 Different Morals (1931)
 Between Night and Dawn (1931)
 The Black Hussar (1932)
 Spies at Work (1933)
 What Men Know (1933)
 Just Once a Great Lady (1934)
 A Day Will Come (1934)
 Princess Turandot (1934)
 The Higher Command (1935)
 One Too Many on Board (1935)
 A Strange Guest (1936)
 Madame Bovary (1937)
 The Yellow Flag (1937)
 The Gambler (1938)
 Woman in the River (1939)
 The Girl at the Reception (1940)
 Clarissa (1941)
 Diesel (1942)
 The Noltenius Brothers (1945)
 Somewhere in Berlin (1946)
 Madonna in Chains (1949)
 Quartet of Five (1949)
 The Angel with the Flaming Sword (1954)
 Sergeant Borck (1955)

References

External links

1897 births
1974 deaths
Film people from Berlin
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf

Gerhard Lamprecht


Fino + Bleed is a studio album by the Canadian punk rock band Die Mannequin, released on September 8, 2009.  Fino + Bleed is Die Mannequin's first true studio album because their previously released studio album Unicorn Steak is a compilation of their first two EPs, How To Kill and Slaughter Daughter.  There is also a deluxe CD/DVD version of the album with the DVD containing the Bruce McDonald directed The Raw Side of…Die Mannequin.  The original release date was set for August 25, 2009 but was pushed back to September 8, 2009 in order to accommodate the addition of the documentary.

Track listing
""Intruder" Interlude" (Care Failure) - 1:34
"Miss Americvnt" (Care F./Harry Hess/Peter Lesperance) - 3:02
"Dead Honey" (Care F./Raine Maida/Chantal Kreviazuk) - 3:11
"Start It Up" (Care F./Jason "Space" Smith) - 3:06
"Suffer" (Care F.) - 2:42
"Bad Medicine" (Care F.) - 3:30
"Locking Elizabeth / "Fino + Bleed" Interlude" (Care F./Scott Cutler/Anne Preven) - 4:12
"Candide" (Care F./Anna Wayland) - 4:18
"Where Poppies Grow" (Care F.) - 3:09
"Caroline Mescaline / "Nobody's Graveyard, But Everyone's Skeleton" Interlude" (Care F./Hess) - 5:12
"Guns Not Bombs" (Care F./Space) - 3:37
"Open Season / "Whipper Snapper" Interlude" (Care F./Johnny Andrews) - 5:54

Personnel
Die Mannequin
Care Failure – guitar, lead vocals
Anthony "Useless" Bleed – bass, vocals
Jack Irons – drums

Technical staff and artwork
Produced by Matt Hyde
Recording engineer: Chris Rakestraw
Mixed by Mike Fraser (Except "Intruder", "Fino + Bleed", "Nobody's Graveyard, But Everyone's Skeleton" and "Whipper Snapper" Interludes mixed by Matt Hyde)
Assistant mix engineer: Eric Mosh
Mastered by Tom Baker
Art by Care Failure
Cover photography by Alishia Fox
Photography by David Waldman, Pete Nema, Willem Wernsen, Florian Kehbel and A.I.

See also
Die Mannequin

References

External links
Official website
Myspace

2009 albums
Die Mannequin albums

Fino + Bleed


Stainforth () is a town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster, in South Yorkshire, England. It is around  north-east of Doncaster, close to Hatfield and Thorne.  It had a population of 6,342 in the 2001 census, reducing slightly to 6,282 at the 2011 census.

Etymology
The place-name means 'stony ford' from Old English stanig 'stony' and ford 'ford'. Its name was recorded as 'Stenforde' in Domesday Book in 1086 and is later recorded as 'Staneforde' in 1428.

History
Stainforth was established in the Anglo Saxon period and is recorded in the Domesday Book (1086), as a small settlement of 7 households. In 1066 it was under Earl Harold, but after the Norman Conquest it was given by William the Conqueror to William of (de) Warenne. In 1348, Stainforth received a Royal Charter, entitling it to hold a weekly market on Fridays and an annual ten-day fair.  The town briefly thrived as a commercial centre and port and attracted traders from as far afield as the Isle of Axholme, but the market soon slumped as Bawtry grew in importance.
George Porter (later Lord Porter of Luddenham), the Nobel prize winning chemist, was born in the town in 1920.

Stainforth railway station opened on 7 July 1856 and closed on 1 October 1866. The town is now served by Hatfield and Stainforth railway station.

Speedway racing was staged at the greyhound stadium in the town in 1930. The original "professional" promotion failed and a few meetings organised by a riders' co-operative were staged at the venue.

More recently, Stainforth was a mining village, with the Hatfield Main Colliery at its centre. The colliery was open for around 90 years, from when it entered full production in 1921 up to it closing in 2015.  During the 1972 national strike, a miner from Hatfield Colliery, Freddie Matthews, was killed by a lorry whilst picketing during the strike, which led to a huge crowd at his funeral.

The colliery began reopening in 2006 and resumed full production in January 2008. The colliery closed in June 2015 and the shafts were filled. As a result, the work that was due to begin on a new 900 MW coal-fired power station and industrial estate, Hatfield Power Park is looking unlikely. The power station would have been linked by a 40-mile (60 km) pipeline to Barmston in the East Riding of Yorkshire from where CO2 would have been released into porous layers beneath an impermeable bed of the North Sea as part of a carbon capture and storage scheme.

The colliery and the surrounding area have been used in a number of television series and films, most notably Dalziel and Pascoe and Brassed Off, and more recently Faith.

See also
Listed buildings in Stainforth, South Yorkshire

References

External links
Stainforth Town Council
Stainforth Online
Open Domesday entry

Villages in Doncaster
Towns in South Yorkshire
Civil parishes in South Yorkshire

Stainforth, South Yorkshire


The L'Union Saint Jean-Baptiste d'Amerique is a historic building at 1 Social Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island.  Built in 1926, it housed a fraternal benefit society for French Canadian Roman Catholic immigrants for many years, serving a significant immigrant population in the community.  The building is also a prominent example of Classical Revival architecture, designed by a French Canadian immigrant architect, Walter F. Fontaine.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

Description and history
The L'Union Saint Jean-Baptist d'Amerique building occupies a prominent site at the northern end of Woonsocket's Monument Square, at the southern corner of Social and Worrall Streets.  It is a four-story masonry structure, built mainly out of brick but with a limestone facade.  The facade faces west toward Social Street and Monument Square, and is dominated by monumental Corinthian columns and pilasters that rise from the second floor to an entablature beneath the projecting cornice.  It is eight bays wide, with the outermost bays housing single sash windows, and the inner ones consisting of paired sash windows recessed between the columns.  Panels of garlanded stone separate the windows in the inner bays.  The ground-floor storefronts have a modern exterior, which has been applied over the original pressed metal storefronts.

L'Union Saint-Jean-Baptiste d'Amerique (USJB) was founded in 1900 to serve a burgeoning French Canadian immigrant population in New England and the United States, drawn by the prospect of employment in the many textile mills. In Woonsocket, for example, by 1900 fully 60% of the city's population was of French Canadian extraction, and by 1920 it was among the most French cities in the country.  The USJB was a national organization which provided a support network for French Canadians, particularly supporting the continuation of French Canadian language and culture; its official language was French, and its membership was required to be Roman Catholic.  The organization was originally headquartered in a building on Clinton Street, and had this building erected as its headquarters in 1926.  It maintained its headquarters here until 1991, when it merged with Catholic Family Life Insurance.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island

References

Buildings and structures in Woonsocket, Rhode Island
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
French-Canadian culture in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island

L'Union Saint Jean-Baptist d'Amerique (Woonsocket, Rhode Island)


Siemens AG (  ) is a German multinational technology conglomerate. Its operations encompass automation and digitalization in the process and manufacturing industries, intelligent infrastructure for buildings and distributed energy systems, rail transport solutions, as well as health technology and digital healthcare services. Siemens is the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe, and holds the position of global market leader in industrial automation and industrial software.

The origins of the conglomerate can be traced back to 1847 to the Telegraphen Bau-Anstalt von Siemens & Halske established in Berlin by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske. In 1966, the present-day corporation emerged from the merger of three companies: Siemens & Halske, Siemens-Schuckert, and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke. Today headquartered in Munich and Berlin, Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 311,000 people worldwide and reported a global revenue of around €72 billion in 2022. The company is a component of the DAX and Euro Stoxx 50 stock market indices.

As of 2023, the principal divisions of Siemens are Digital Industries, Smart Infrastructure, Mobility, Healthineers, and Financial Services, with Siemens Healthineers and Siemens Mobility operating as independent entities. Major business divisions that were once part of Siemens before being spun off include semiconductor manufacturer Infineon Technologies (1999), Siemens Mobile (2005), Gigaset Communications (2008), the photonics business Osram (2013), and Siemens Energy (2020).

History

1847 to 1901

Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847. Based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October.

In 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe: 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the founder's younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens, started to represent the company in London. The London agency became a branch office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia. In 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta.

In 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone, but Siemens became the first company to build such devices. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the world's first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming, United Kingdom. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs. In 1885, Siemens sold one of its generators to George Westinghouse, thereby enabling Westinghouse to begin experimenting with AC networks in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In 1887, Siemens opened its first office in Japan. In 1890, the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1892, Siemens was contracted to construct the Hobart electric tramway in Tasmania, Australia, as it increased its markets. The system opened in 1893 and became the first complete electric tram network in the Southern Hemisphere.

1901 to 1933

Siemens & Halske (S & H) was incorporated in 1897 and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co., Nuremberg, in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert.  In 1907, Siemens (Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. (see List of German companies by employees in 1907)

In 1919, S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company.

During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, and electron microscopes.

In 1932, Reiniger, Gebbert & Schall (Erlangen), Phönix AG (Rudolstadt) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH (Berlin) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG (SRW), the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG.

In the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its underpaid workers, only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government.

1933 to 1945

Siemens (at the time: Siemens-Schuckert) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps. The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp.

Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück. The factory was located in front of the camp.

During the final years of World War II, numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids. To prevent further losses, manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war. The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods. According to records, Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945.

In 1972, Siemens sued German satirist F.C. Delius for his satirical history of the company, Unsere Siemens-Welt, and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens's history in Nazi Germany. The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps. The factories had poor working conditions, where malnutrition and death were common. Also, the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created, run, and supplied by the SS, in conjunction with company officials, sometimes high-level officials.

1945 to 2001
In the 1950s, and from their new base in Bavaria, S&H started to manufacture computers, semiconductor devices, washing machines, and pacemakers. In 1966, Siemens & Halske (S&H, founded in 1847), Siemens-Schuckertwerke (SSW, founded in 1903) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke (SRW, founded in 1932) merged to form Siemens AG. In 1969, Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses.

The company's first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980, and in 1988, Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey. Plessey's holdings were split, and Siemens took over the avionics, radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey.

In 1977, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) entered into a joint venture with Siemens, which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market. Siemens purchased 20% of AMD's stock, giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines. The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers (AMC), located in Silicon Valley and in Germany, allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field, in particular based on AMD's second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors. When the two companies' vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged, AMD bought out Siemens's stake in the American division in 1979. AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors.

In 1985, Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers' interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis (formed 1978) which supplied electrical control equipment. It was incorporated into Siemens's Energy and Automation division.

In 1987, Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union, the unit overseeing nuclear power business.

In 1989, Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business, including 3 solar module manufacturing plants, from industry pioneer ARCO Solar, owned by oil firm ARCO.

In 1991, Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG, in order to produce personal computers.

In October 1991, Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments, Inc, based in Johnson City, Tennessee. This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation, Inc., and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation, Inc.

In 1992, Siemens bought out IBM's half of ROLM (Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier), thus creating SiemensROLM Communications; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s.

In 1993–1994, Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system were built in Austria.

In 1997, Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace (BAe) and a German aerospace company, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace. BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively.

In October 1997, Siemens Financial Services (SFS) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens.

In 1998, Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market.

In 1999, Siemens's semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies. Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company: Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co. KG, (which, later that year, was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion.

In the same year, Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG, with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf.

In 2000, Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens's Medical Engineering Group, eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions.

Also in 2000, Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens, The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired, acquisition, Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG, Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG, Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG. Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time. Also, Moore Products Co. of Spring House, PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc.

2001 to 2005

In 2001, Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group; it provides industrial process optimisation, consultancy and other engineering services.

Also in 2001, Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies' nuclear businesses.

In 2002, Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P. (KKR), with its metering business included in the sale package.

In 2002, Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company, established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON, to Shell.

In 2003, Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division. Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software (realtime data organisation and presentation). The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul. Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines; a manufacturer of small, medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion.
On 11 February 2003, Siemens planned to shorten phones' shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines, with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections. On 6 March 2003, the company opened an office in San Jose. On 7 March 2003, the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets. On 18 March 2003, the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones.

In 2004, the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande, Denmark was acquired, forming Siemens Wind Power division. Also in 2004, Siemens invested in Dasan Networks (South Korea, broadband network equipment) acquiring ~40% of the shares, Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008. The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan (UK, CCTV systems), US Filter Corporation (water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions, acquired from Veolia), Huntsville Electronics Corporation (automobile electronics, acquired from Chrysler), and Chantry Networks (WLAN equipment).

In 2005, Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ, forming the BenQ-Siemens division. Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH (Bocholt, Germany, gears/industrial drives), Bewator AB (building security systems), Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc. (Industrial and power station dust control systems), AN Windenergie GmbH. (Wind energy), Power Technologies Inc. (Schenectady, USA, energy industry software and training), CTI Molecular Imaging (Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems), Myrio (IPTV systems), Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd (UK/USA, electrical engineering consulting, acquired from Shaw Group), and Transmitton (Ashby de la Zouch UK, rail and other industry control and asset management).

2005 and continuing: worldwide bribery scandal
Beginning in 2005, Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal. Among the various incidents was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal, where the company was accused of deals with Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympics. This case, along with others, triggered legal investigations in Germany, initiated by prosecutors in Italy, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland, and later followed by an American investigation in 2006 due to the company's activities while listed on US stock exchanges.

Investigations found that Siemens had a pattern of bribing officials to secure contracts, with the company spending approximately $1.3 billion on bribes across several countries, and maintaining separate accounting records to conceal this. Following the investigations, Siemens settled in December 2008, paying a combined total of approximately $1.6 billion to the US and Germany in what was, at the time, the largest bribery fine in history. In addition, the company was required to invest $1 billion in developing and maintaining new internal compliance procedures. Siemens admitted to violating the accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, while its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries pleaded guilty to paying bribes.

Despite initial expectations of a fine as high as $5 billion, the final amount was significantly less, in part due to Siemens's cooperation with the investigators, the upcoming change in the US administration, and Siemens's role as a US military contractor. The payments included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits in the US. Siemens also revamped its compliance systems, appointing Peter Y. Solmssen, a US lawyer, as an independent director in charge of compliance and accepting oversight from Theo Waigel, a former German finance minister. Siemens implemented new anti-corruption policies, including a comprehensive anti-corruption handbook, online tools for due diligence and compliance, a confidential communications channel for employees, and a corporate disciplinary committee. This process involved hiring approximately 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide.

Siemens's bribery culture was not new; it was highlighted as far back as 1914 when both Siemens and Vickers were involved in a scandal over bribes paid to Japanese naval authorities. The company resorted to bribery as it sought to expand its business in the developing world after World War II. Up until 1999, bribes were a tax-deductible business expense in Germany, with no penalties for bribing foreign officials. However, with the implementation of the 1999 OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, Siemens started using off-shore accounts to hide its bribery.

During the investigation, key player Reinhard Siekaczek, a mid-level executive in the telecommunications unit, provided critical evidence. He disclosed that he had managed an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million and provided information about the company's 2,700 worldwide contractors, who were typically used to channel money to government officials. Notable instances of bribery included substantial payments in Argentina, Israel, Venezuela, China, Nigeria, and Russia to secure large contracts.

The investigation resulted in multiple prosecutions and settlements with various governments, as well as legal action against Siemens employees and those who received bribes. Noteworthy cases include the conviction of two former executives in 2007 for bribing Italian energy company Enel, a settlement with the Greek government in 2012 for 330 million euros over the Greek bribery scandal, and a guilty plea in 2014 from former Siemens executive Andres Truppel for channeling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials. Siemens also faced repercussions from the World Bank due to fraudulent practices by its Russian affiliate. In 2009, Siemens agreed not to bid on World Bank projects for two years and to establish a $100 million fund at the World Bank to support anti-corruption activities over 15 years, known as the "Siemens Integrity Initiative." Other substantial fines include a payment of ₦7 billion (US$ million) to the Nigerian government in 2010, and a US$42.7 million penalty in Israel in 2014 to avoid charges of securities fraud.

2006 to 2011

In 2006, Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007, also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron (New York) (ultrasonic flow meters), and also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp., Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd. (now TurboCare Canada Ltd.), Kühnle, Kopp, & Kausch AG, Opto Control, and VistaScape Security Systems.

In January 2007, Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies, including ABB, Alstom, Fuji Electric, Hitachi Japan, AE Power Systems, Mitsubishi Electric Corp, Schneider, Areva, Toshiba and VA Tech. According to the commission, "between 1988 and 2004, the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts, fixed prices, allocated projects to each other, shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information." Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million, more than half of the total, for its alleged leadership role in the activity.

In March 2007, a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing AUB, a business-friendly labour association which competes against the trade union IG Metall. He was released on bail. Offices of AUB and Siemens were searched. Siemens denied any wrongdoing.

In April the Fixed Networks, Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokia's Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture, creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks. Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens. In October 2007, a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya, Russia, and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments. The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros. In December 2007, the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings.

Also in 2007, Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation (Argentina, Industrial Automation), UGS Corp., Dade Behring, Sidelco (Quebec, Canada), S/D Engineers Inc., and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH (GSD) (Germany).

In July 2008, Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group, renamed Unify in 2013. The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake, with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49%.

In August 2008, Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company. In a press release published that month, Peter Löscher, President and CEO of Siemens AG said: "This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies". Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company.

In January 2009, Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome, complaining limited managerial influence. In March, it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities.

In April 2009, Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens's share of the company.

In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications, a facility known as "lawful intercept". The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests, leading to criticism of the company, including by the European Parliament. Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business, and reduced its activities in Iran.

In October 2009, Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems, an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business.

In December 2010, Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos. As part of the deal, Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos, to be held for a minimum of five years. In addition, Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion, under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens. At the same time, Germany's Wegmann Group acquired Siemens's 49-percent stake in armored vehicle manufacturer Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH, establishing Wegmann as the sole shareholder of KMW, pending approval by government authorities.

2011 to present

In March 2011, it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn, but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company, which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints.

In September 2011, Siemens, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy. Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German government's planned Energiewende, its transition to renewable energy technologies, calling it a "project of the century" and saying Berlin's target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible.

In November 2012, Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion. In the same month, Siemens acquired a privately held company, LMS International NV.

In August 2013, Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks, with a buy-out of Siemens AG, ending Siemens role in telecommunication.

In August 2013, Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco, the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company.

In 2014, Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull, England, as Britain's wind power rapidly expands. Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years. The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016. The plant and the associated service center, in Green Port Hull nearby, will employ about 1,000 workers. The facilities will serve the UK market, where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013, representing about 6 percent of total electricity, according to government figures. There are also plans to increase Britain's wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020, to 14 gigawatts.

In May 2014, Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion.

In June 2014, Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstom's troubled energy and transportation businesses (in locomotives, steam turbines, and aircraft engines). A rival bid by General Electric (GE) has been criticized by French government sources, who consider Alstom's operations as a "vital national interest" at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right.

In 2015, Siemens acquired U.S. oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion.

In November 2016, Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion.

In November 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities, including Siemens AG.

In December 2017, Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount.

In August 2018, Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash.

In May 2018, Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount.

In May 2018, Siemens acquired Enlighted, Inc. for an undisclosed amount.

In September 2019, Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants, which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country.

In 2019–2020, Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland (Australia).

In January 2020, Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million (₹2,100 crore). The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020.

In April 2020, Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum.

In April 2020, Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens. The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards.

In August 2020, Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S. cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion.

In February 2021, Roland Busch replaced Joe Kaeser as CEO.

In October 2021, Siemens acquired the building IoT software and hardware company Wattsense for an undisclosed sum.

In May 2022, Siemens made the decision to cease its operations in Russia after 170 years and disassociate itself from any involvement with the Russian government due to the ongoing war of aggression against Ukraine. This decision affected the approximately 3,000 employees working for the company in the country. The announcement came with a financial statement in which Siemens disclosed a second-quarter loss of approximately US$625 million as a direct consequence of the imposed sanctions on Russia.

In July 2022, Siemens acquired ZONA Technology, an aerospace simulation firm.

In October 2022, Siemens announced a strategic partnership with Swedish electric commercial vehicle manufacturer Volta Trucks to deliver and scale eMobility charging infrastructure to simplify the transition to fleet electrification.

In June 2023, Siemens announced a global investment plan of €2 billion to expand its manufacturing capacity, including specific commitments of €200 million for a new high-tech plant in Singapore and €140 million to enlarge a facility in Chengdu, China. The strategy aims to foster diversification across Asia, enhance growth in the Chinese market, and decrease dependency on a single country by utilizing Singapore as a primary export hub to Southeast Asia. Simultaneously, Siemens will allocate €1 billion for the development of new facilities and factories in Germany, including €500 million for the expansion and modernization of a factory in Erlangen, expected to enhance production capacity by 60% by 2029. This coincides with the German government's concerns about the economic and security risks associated with investing in China. Additional German investments will finance a new semiconductor factory in Forchheim and a training center for Siemens Healthineers in Erlangen.

In August 2023, it was announced Siemens had signed an agreement to acquire the Veldhoven-headquartered eBus, eTruck and passenger vehicle fast charging technology company, Heliox.

Operations
As of 2023, the principal divisions of Siemens are Digital Industries, Smart Infrastructure, Siemens Mobility, Siemens Healthineers and Siemens Financial Services, with Siemens Healthineers and Siemens Mobility operating as independent entities. Siemens also operates a number of "Portfolio Companies" with market-specific offerings. In 2020, the energy business was spun off into the separate Siemens Energy AG, with Siemens retaining a stake of 25% as of June 2023. Other business units of the company include Siemens Technology (T) for research and development, Siemens Real Estate (SRE) for corporate real estate management, Siemens Advanta for consulting services (including the management consulting division Siemens Advanta Consulting), next47 as a venture capital fund, and Siemens Global Business Services (GBS) as a shared services unit.

Digital Industries
The Digital Industries division focuses on the automation needs of discrete and process industries. This includes factory automation infrastructure, numerical control systems, engines, drives, inverters, integrated automation systems for machine tools and production machines, and machine to machine communication products. The division also develops industrial control systems, various types of sensors, and radio-frequency identification systems.
In industrial automation and industrial software, Siemens is the global market leader.

In addition to hardware, Digital Industries supplies software for product lifecycle management (PLM), simulation and testing of mechatronic systems, and the MindSphere cloud-based IoT operating system that connects physical infrastructure to the digital world. The software portfolio is supplemented by the Mendix platform for low-code application development and digital marketplaces like Supplyframe and Pixeom. Key customer markets span automotive, machine building, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food and beverage, electronics, and semiconductors.

In 2023, CEO Roland Busch announced the aim to raise software businesses sales share to 20% in the long term. In June 2023, Siemens launched a new open digital platform called "Siemens Xcelerator", which houses a curated portfolio of IoT-enabled hardware, software, and digital services from both Siemens and third parties. Siemens also announced a partnership with Nvidia, aiming to leverage its Omniverse platform with its 3D design capabilities. Xcelerator is part of a broader industry trend towards digital environments ("metaverses"), and is delivered through a software as a service (SaaS) subscription model, targeting accessibility for a range of businesses including small and medium-sized enterprises.

Smart Infrastructure
Siemens Smart Infrastructure offerings are categorized into buildings, electrification, and electrical products. Its buildings portfolio includes building automation systems, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls, and fire safety and security systems, and energy performance services. The electrification portfolio is dedicated to grid resilience and efficiency, encompassing grid simulation, operation control software, power-system automation and protection, and medium to low voltage switchgear. Moreover, it includes charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. In the realm of electrical products, the division offers low-voltage switching, measuring and control equipment, distribution systems, and medium voltage switchgear.

In the renewable energy industry, the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size. It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids. By using primarily renewable energy, microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions, which is often required by government regulations. It supplied a sustainable storage product and microgrids to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Italy.

Siemens Mobility

Siemens Mobility is a division involved in passenger and freight transportation. This includes providing rolling stock, which covers a range of vehicles for urban, regional, and long-distance travel. The division also offers rail infrastructure products and services such as rail automation, digital station solutions, railway communication systems, and yard and depot solutions.

In 2019, the European Commission blocked a merger between Alstom and Siemens Mobility, citing anti-trust regulations. The plan would have seen the creation of a "European champion" to compete with China's CRRC.

Siemens Healthineers

Siemens Healthineers AG is a publicly listed company that was spun off from Siemens in 2017. As of 2022, Siemens retains a 75% majority stake in Siemens Healthineers.

As a global provider of healthcare solutions and services, its range of offerings includes the manufacture and sale of diagnostic and therapeutic products, clinical consulting, and a variety of training services. Its operations are divided into four main sectors: imaging, diagnostics, Varian Medical Systems, and advanced therapies. Imaging includes magnetic resonance, computed tomography, X-ray, molecular imaging, and ultrasound devices. The diagnostics segment offers in-vitro diagnostic products for laboratory and point-of-care settings. Varian, an American company acquired by Siemens Healthineers in 2021, covers technologies related to cancer care, and advanced therapies focus on image-guided minimally invasive procedures.

Siemens Financial Services

Siemens Financial Services (SFS) is a division that delivers a range of financing solutions. These services target both Siemens's customers and external companies, including debt and equity investments. It provides leasing, lending, working capital, structured financing, and equipment and project financing solutions. SFS is also involved in providing financial advisory services and risk management expertise to Siemens's industrial businesses, helping assess risk profiles of projects and business models.

Former operations
Siemens is known for actively refining its core business through strategic divestitures, pursuing a strategy referred to as "Corporate Clarity" that focuses on selling non-core aspects of the business. Major business divisions that were once part of Siemens before being spun off include:

 Infineon Technologies (1999)
 Siemens Mobile (2005)
 Gigaset Communications (2008)
 Osram (2013)
 Siemens Energy (2020)

Joint ventures

Siemens's current joint ventures include:

 Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd. (STEZ), Zhuzhou China, is a joint venture between Siemens, Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co., Ltd. (TEC) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd. (ZELC), which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components.
 OMNETRIC Group, A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014.

Former joint ventures in which Siemens no longer holds any equity include:

 Fujitsu Siemens Computers (sold to Fujitsu in 2009)
 Nokia Siemens Networks (sold to Nokia in 2013)
 BSH Hausgeräte (sold to Bosch in 2014)
 Primetals Technologies (sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 2019).
 Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013. Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets. Services include asset management, design, construction, operations and maintenance. Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation, electrical distribution, manufacturing, mining and telecommunications. In July 2013, Thiess took full control.

Corporate affairs
Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters at the Wittelsbacherplatz in central Munich.

Locations
As of 2011, Siemens has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities.

Research and development
In 2022, Siemens invested a total of €5.6 billion in research and development, equivalent to 7.8% of revenues. As of 30 September 2022, Siemens had approximately 46,900 employees engaged in research and development and held approximately 43,600 patents worldwide.

Leadership
Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board (1903 to 1966)
 Alfred Berliner (1903 to 1912)
 Carl Friedrich von Siemens (1912 to 1919)
  (1919 to 1920)
  (1920 to 1939)
  (1939 to 1945)
  (1945 to 1949)
  (1949 to 1951)
 Friedrich Bauer (1951 to 1962)
 Bernhard Plettner (1962 to 1966)

Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board (1918 to 1966)
 Wilhelm von Siemens (1918 to 1919)
 Carl Friedrich von Siemens (1919 to 1941)
 Hermann von Siemens (1941 to 1946)
 Friedrich Carl Siemens (1946 to 1948)
 Hermann von Siemens (1948 to 1956)
 Ernst von Siemens (1956 to 1966)

Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board (1966 to present)
 , , Bernhard Plettner (Presidency of the Managing Board) (1966 to 1967)
 Erwin Hachmann, Bernhard Plettner, Gerd Tacke (Presidency of the Managing Board) (1967 to 1968)
 Gerd Tacke (1968 to 1971)
 Bernhard Plettner (1971 to 1981)
 Karlheinz Kaske (1981 to 1992)
 Heinrich von Pierer (1992 to 2005)
 Klaus Kleinfeld (2005 to 2007)
 Peter Löscher (2007 to 2013)
 Joe Kaeser (2013 to 2021)
 Roland Busch (2021 to present)

Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board (1966 to present)
 Ernst von Siemens (1966 to 1971)
 Peter von Siemens (1971 to 1981)
 Bernhard Plettner (1981 to 1988)
 Heribald Närger (1988 to 1993)
 Hermann Franz (1993 to 1998)
 Karl-Hermann Baumann (1998 to 2005)
 Heinrich von Pierer (2005 to 2007)
  (2007 to 2018)
 Jim Hagemann Snabe (2018 to present)

Managing Board (present day)
 Roland Busch (CEO Siemens AG)
 Klaus Helmrich
 Cedrik Neike (CEO Digital Industries)
 Matthias Rebellius (CEO Smart Infrastructure)
 Ralf P. Thomas (CFO)
 Judith Wiese

Financials
For the fiscal year 2022, Siemens reported a revenue of €71.977 billion, an increase of 15.6% over the previous fiscal cycle. Siemens's shares traded at over US$78 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$123 billion in July 2023.

* In 2020, Siemens Energy became an independent company.

Shareholders
The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock. The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder, the Siemens family, with a stake of 6.9%, while 62% is held by institutional asset managers, the largest being two divisions of the world's largest asset manager BlackRock. Moreover, 83.97% of the shares are considered public float, however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar (DIC Company Ltd.) with 3.04%, the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04%; and 19% are held by private investors, 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable.  In terms of nationality, 26% are owned by German investors, 21% by US investors, followed by the UK (11%), France (8%), Switzerland (8%) and a number of others (26%).

References

Further reading
 Bundesarchiv Berlin, NS 19, No. 968, Communication on the creation of the barracks for the Siemens & Halske, the planned production and the planned expansion for 2,500 prisoners "after direct discussions with this company": Economic and Administrative Main Office of the SS (WVHA), Oswald Pohl, secretly, to Reichsführer SS (RFSS), Heinrich Himmler, dated 20 October 1942.
 Margarete Buber (1993). 303f: As prisoners of Stalin and Hitler, Frankfurt am Main; Berlin.
 Wilfried Feldenkirchen: 1918–1945 Siemens, Munich 1995, Ulrike fire, Claus Füllberg-Stolberg, Sylvia Kempe: work at Ravensbrück concentration camp, in: Women in concentration camps. Bergen-Belsen. Ravensbrück, Bremen, 1994, pp. 55–69
 Feldenkirchen, Wilfried (2000). Siemens: From Workshop to Global Player, Munich.
 Feldenkirchen, Wilfried, and Eberhard Posner (2005). The Siemens Entrepreneurs: Continuity and Change, 1847–2005. Ten Portraits, Munich.
 Greider, William (1997). One World, Ready or Not. Penguin Press. .
 Sigrid Jacobeit: working at Siemens in Ravensbrück, in: Dietrich Eichholz (eds) War and economy. Studies on German economic history 1939–1945, Berlin 1999.
 Ursula Krause-Schmitt: The path to the Siemens stock led past the crematorium, in: Information. German Resistance Study Group, Frankfurt / Main, 18 Jg, No. 37/38, Nov. 1993, pp. 38–46
 MSS in the estate include Wanda Kiedrzy'nska, in: National Library of Poland, Warsaw, Manuscript Division, Sygn. akc 12013/1 and archive the memorial I/6-7-139 RA. * Woman Ravensbruck concentration camp. An overall presentation, State Justice Administration in Ludwigsburg, IV ART 409-Z 39/59, April 1972, pp. 129ff.
 Karl-Heinz Roth: "Forced labor in the Siemens Group (1938-1945): Facts, controversies, problems". In: Hermann Kaienburg (ed.): concentration camps and the German Economy 1939–1945 (Social studies, H. 34), Opladen 1996, pp. 149–168
 Karl-Heinz Roth: forced labor in the Siemens Group, with a summary table, page 157 See also Ursula Krause-Schmitt: "The road to Siemens stock led to the crematorium past over," pp. 36f, where, according to the catalogs of the International Tracing Service Arolsen and Martin Weinmann (eds.). The Nazi camp system, Frankfurt / Main 1990 and Feldkirchen: Siemens 1918–1945, pp. 198–214, and in particular the associated annotations 91–187.
 Carola Sachse: "Jewish forced labor and non-Jewish women and men at Siemens from 1940 to 1945", in: International Scientific Correspondence, No. 1/1991, pp. 12–24
 Shaping the Future: The Siemens Entrepreneurs 1847–2018. Ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Hamburg 2018, .
 Weiher, Siegfried von /Herbert Goetzeler (1984). The Siemens Company, Its Historical Role in the Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, 2nd ed. Berlin and Munich.

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Londer Tsaava () was the chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers in Exile, which forms part of the Georgian government-in-exile now based in Kodori, Georgia. In this capacity, he served as the government-in-exile's second highest-ranking official, and also had a period as de facto leader.

He has been a strong advocate of Abkhazian reunification with Georgia. In this capacity, he presented a petition of 200,000 signatures to the United Nations Security Council from Georgians demanding the withdrawal of the current peacekeeping force.

In late 2003, a group of Georgian veterans of the war with Abkhazia began a hunger strike in Tbilisi, demanding the resignation of both Tamaz Nadareishvili, leader of the government-in-exile, and Tsaava. Though Nadareishvili was forced to resign, Tsaava managed to retain his position. Around the same time, Tsaava was involved in negotiations with a group of Georgian refugees from Abkhazia that had taken hostages. He was eventually successful in securing their release, which may have been a factor in his survival as chairman.

He was eventually replaced by Irakli Alasania.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Government ministers of Georgia (country)

Londer Tsaava