Constance Georgine Markievicz ( ;  Gore-Booth; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927), also known as Countess Markievicz and Madame Markievicz, was an Irish politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragist, socialist, and the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament, and was elected Minister for Labour in the First Dáil, becoming the first female cabinet minister in Europe. She served as a Teachta Dála for the Dublin South constituency from 1921 to 1922 and 1923 to 1927. She was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Dublin St Patrick's from 1918 to 1922.

A founding member of Fianna Éireann, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Citizen Army, she took part in the Easter Rising in 1916, when Irish republicans attempted to end British rule and establish an Irish Republic. She was sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment on the grounds of her sex. On 28 December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the UK House of Commons, though, being in Holloway Prison at the time and in accordance with party policy, she did not take her seat. Instead, she and the other Sinn Féin MPs (as TDs) formed the first Dáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position, as Minister for Labour, from 1919 to 1922.

Markievicz supported the anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War. She continued as (abstentionist) Dáil member for Sinn Féin until 1926 when she became a founding member of Fianna Fáil. She died in 1927.

Early life

Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was born at Buckingham Gate in London in 1868, the elder daughter of the Arctic explorer and adventurer Sir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, an Anglo-Irish landlord who administered a  estate, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth, née Hill. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their father's example inspired in Gore-Booth and her younger sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people and the poor. The sisters were childhood friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who frequently visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic and political ideas. Yeats wrote a poem, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz", in which he described the sisters as "two girls in silk kimono, both beautiful, one a gazelle" The gazelle being Eva, whom Yeats described as having "a gazelle like beauty". Eva later became involved in the labour movement and women's suffrage in Great Britain, although initially Constance did not share her sister's ideals.

Gore-Booth wished to train as a painter, to her family's dismay; in 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London, where she lived at the Alexandra House for Art Pupils, Kensington Gore, founded five years before by Sir Francis Cook, a wealthy great-uncle of Maud Gonne. One of her contemporaries there was Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy. It was at this time that Gore-Booth first became politically active and joined the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her future husband, Casimir Markievicz, an artist from a wealthy Polish family from present-day Ukraine.

The Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter. In 1905, along with artists Sarah Purser, Nathaniel Hone, Walter Osborne and John Butler Yeats, she was instrumental in founding the United Arts Club, which was an attempt to bring together all those in Dublin with an artistic and literary bent. This group included the leading figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde. Although formally concerned only with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, the league brought together many patriots and future political leaders. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters first met in 1882, when she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular salon where artists, writers and intellectuals on both sides of the nationalist divide gathered. At Purser's house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John O'Leary and Maud Gonne. In 1907, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin. The previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule. Markievicz read them and was propelled into action.

Politics
In 1908, Markievicz became actively involved in nationalist politics in Ireland. She joined Sinn Féin and Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement founded by the actress and activist Maud Gonne, muse of WB Yeats. Markievicz came directly to her first meeting from a function at Dublin Castle, the seat of British rule in Ireland, wearing a satin ball gown and a diamond tiara. Naturally, the members looked upon her with some hostility. This refreshing change from being "kowtowed"-to as a countess only made her more eager to join, she told her friend Helena Molony. She performed with Maud Gonne in several plays at the newly established Abbey Theatre, an institution that played an important part in the rise of cultural nationalism. In the same year, Markievicz played a dramatic role in the women's suffrage campaigners' tactic of opposing Winston Churchill's election to Parliament during the Manchester North West by-election, flamboyantly appearing in the constituency driving an old-fashioned carriage drawn by four white horses to promote the suffragist cause. A male heckler asked her if she could cook a dinner, to which she responded, "Yes. Can you drive a coach and four?" Her sister Eva had moved to Manchester to live with fellow suffragette Esther Roper and they both campaigned against the anti-suffragist Churchill with her. Churchill lost the election to Conservative candidate William Joynson-Hicks, in part as a result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.

In 1909 Markievicz founded Fianna Éireann, a nationalist scouting organisation that instructed teenage boys in scouting, in the style of Robert Baden-Powell's then-paramilitary Boy Scouts. At the Fianna's first meeting in Camden Street, Dublin, on 16 August 1909, she was almost expelled on the basis that women did not belong in a physical force movement. She had drawn in Bulmer Hobson, who had earlier founded a less successful boy scout group in Belfast. He supported her, and she was elected to the committee. She was jailed for the first time in 1911 for speaking at an Irish Republican Brotherhood demonstration attended by 30,000 people, organised to protest against George V's visit to Ireland. During this protest, Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great banners emblazoned Dear land thou art not conquered yet, participated in stone-throwing at pictures of the King and Queen and attempted to burn the giant British flag taken from Leinster House, eventually succeeding, but then seeing James McArdle imprisoned for one month for the incident, despite Markievicz testifying in court that she was responsible. Her friend Helena Molony was arrested for her part in the stone-throwing and became the first woman in Ireland to be tried and imprisoned for a political act since the time of the Ladies Land League.

Markievicz joined James Connolly's socialist Irish Citizen Army (ICA), a volunteer force formed in response to the lock-out of 1913 to defend the demonstrating workers from the police. Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in the basement of Liberty Hall while she and others worked on distributing the food. As all the food was paid out of her own pocket, Markievicz was forced to take out loans and to sell her jewellery. That year, with Inghinidhe na hÉireann, she ran a soup kitchen to feed poor children and enable them to attend school.

In the Inghininidhe na h-Éireann magazine Bean na h-Éireann, Markievicz's advice to women was: "Dress suitably in short skirts and strong boots, leave your jewels in the bank and buy a revolver."

Easter Rising

As a member of the Citizen Army, Markievicz took part in the 1916 Easter Rising. She was deeply inspired by the founder of the ICA, James Connolly. Markievicz designed the Citizen Army uniform and composed its anthem, based on the tune of a Polish song.

Markievicz fought in St Stephen's Green, where on the first morning —according to the only two pages surviving of the diary of an alleged witness — she shot a member of the Dublin Metropolitan Police, Constable Lahiff, who subsequently died of his injuries. Other accounts place her at City Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later. It was long thought that she was second in command to Michael Mallin, but in fact it was Christopher "Kit" Poole who held that position. Markievicz supervised the setting-up of barricades on Easter Monday and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a British army sniper. Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green.

The Stephen's Green garrison held out for six days, ending the engagement when the British brought them Pearse's surrender order. The British officer, Captain (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their surrender was married to Markievicz's first cousin, Selina Maude Beresford Knox.

They were taken to Dublin Castle and then to Kilmainham Gaol through what Matt Connolly described as "several groups of hostile people". There, she was the only one of 70 women prisoners who was put into solitary confinement. At her court-martial on 4 May 1916, Markievicz pleaded not guilty to "taking part in an armed rebellion...for the purpose of assisting the enemy," but pleaded guilty to having attempted "to cause disaffection among the civil population of His Majesty". Markievicz told the court, "I went out to fight for Ireland's freedom and it does not matter what happens to me. I did what I thought was right and I stand by it." She was sentenced to death, but the court recommended mercy "solely and only on account of her sex". The sentence was commuted to life in prison. When told of this, she said to her captors, "I do wish your lot had the decency to shoot me".

Markievicz was transferred to Mountjoy Prison, Holloway Prison and then to Aylesbury Prison in England in July 1916. She was released from prison in 1917, along with others involved in the Rising, as the government in London granted a general amnesty for those who had participated in it. It was around this time that Markievicz, born into the Church of Ireland, converted to Catholicism.

First Dáil

In 1918, she was jailed again for her part in anti-conscription activities. At the 1918 general election, Markievicz was elected for the constituency of Dublin St Patrick's, beating her opponent William Field with 66% of the vote, as one of 73 Sinn Féin MPs. The results were called on 28 December 1918. This made her the first woman elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons. However, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she did not take her seat in the House of Commons.

Markievicz was in Holloway prison when her colleagues assembled in Dublin at the first meeting of the First Dáil, the Parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. When her name was called, she was described, like many of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh). She was re-elected to the Second Dáil in the elections of 1921.

Markievicz served as Minister for Labour from April 1919 to January 1922, in the Second Ministry and the Third Ministry of the Dáil. Holding cabinet rank from April to August 1919, she became both the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and at the same time, only the second female government minister in Europe. She was the only female cabinet minister in Irish history until 1979 when Máire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed to the cabinet post of Minister for the Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil.
Her Labour department was concerned with setting up Conciliation Boards, arbitrating labour disputes, surveying areas and establishing guidelines for wages and food prices.

Civil War and Fianna Fáil

Markievicz left the government in January 1922 along with Éamon de Valera and others in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. She worked actively for the Republican cause in the Irish Civil War, including directing the Citizen Army in the occupation of Moran's Hotel in Dublin. After the civil war she toured the United States. She was not elected in the 1922 Irish general election but was returned in 1923 for the Dublin South constituency. In common with other Republican candidates, she did not take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again in November 1923. In prison, she went on hunger strike, and within a month, she and other prisoners were released.

She left Sinn Féin and joined the Fianna Fáil party on its foundation in 1926, chairing the inaugural meeting of the new party in La Scala Theatre. In the June 1927 general election, she was re-elected to the 5th Dáil as a candidate for Fianna Fáil, which was pledged to return to Dáil Éireann, but died only five weeks later, before she could take her seat. Her fellow Fianna Fáil TDs signed the controversial Oath of Allegiance and took their seats in the Dáil on 12 August 1927, less than a month after her death. The party leader Éamon de Valera described the Oath as "an empty political formula".

Family life

Constance's husband, Casimir Markievicz, was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, a title that was the norm for large landowners in Poland at this time. When the Gore-Booth family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title "without right", and that there had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland. However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility. Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time they met; his wife died in 1899 and he and Gore-Booth married in London on 29 September 1900. She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901. The child was mainly raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents. Stanislas, Casimir's son from his first marriage, accompanied the couple to Ireland after their honeymoon visit to his homeland.

In 1913 Markievicz's husband moved back to Ukraine, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, they did correspond and he was by her side when she died.

Death
Markievicz died at the age of 59 on 15 July 1927, of complications after two appendicitis operations, a dangerous surgery in the days before antibiotics. She had given away the last of her wealth, and died in a public ward "among the poor where she wanted to be". One of the doctors attending her was her revolutionary colleague Kathleen Lynn. Also at her bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington. Prior to her death, Esther Roper maintained a vigil at Constance's bed with Marie Perolz, Helena Molony, Kathleen Lynn and other friends. Refused a state funeral by the Free State government, she was laid out in the Rotunda, where she had spoken at so many political meetings. Thousands of the Dubliners who loved her lined O'Connell Street and Parnell Square to pass by her body and pay their respects to 'Madame'. It took four hours for the beginning of the funeral, starting from the Rotunda, to reach the gates of Glasnevin Cemetery. Eamon de Valera gave the funeral oration, while Free State soldiers stood on guard to prevent the rifle salute that Michael Collins had called "the only speech which it is proper to make above the grave of a dead Fenian".

Her former Citizen Army colleague the playwright Seán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was clothed as with a garment."

Tributes
In County Sligo Markievicz Road and Markievicz Park (the main GAA stadium in the county) both bear her name. In Dublin, the flat complex Countess Markiewicz House also bears her name.

In 2018, a portrait of Markievicz was donated by the Irish parliament to the British House of Commons to commemorate the 1918 Representation of the People Act, under which, some women were allowed the right to vote for the first time in the United Kingdom.

In 2019, a Dublin City Council Commemorative Plaque was unveiled at Markievicz's former home in Dublin, Surrey House on Leinster Road in Rathmines.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Constance Markievicz Archive at marxists.org
 'Women, ideals and the nation' speech available from the Digital Library@Villanova University
 Her speeches in the Treaty Debates
 Article on Constance Markievicz
 Life As A Rebel & Co-Founder of The Irish Citizen's Army
 Countess Markievicz and Easter 1916

1868 births
1927 deaths
Académie Julian alumni
Anglican socialists
British suffragists
Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
Catholic socialists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Cumann na mBan members
Daughters of baronets
Early Sinn Féin TDs
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Irish constituencies
Fianna Fáil TDs
Constance
Irish Citizen Army members
Irish revolutionaries
Members of the 1st Dáil
Members of the 2nd Dáil
Members of the 4th Dáil
Members of the 5th Dáil
20th-century women Teachtaí Dála
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
People of the Easter Rising
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
19th-century Polish nobility
Politicians from County Sligo
Protestant Irish nationalists
Irish socialist feminists
UK MPs 1918–1922
Women government ministers of the Republic of Ireland
Women in war 1900–1945
Women in war in Ireland
Women of the Victorian era
Female revolutionaries
20th-century Polish nobility

Constance Markievicz


Tropical Storm Ingrid was a weak tropical storm that existed from September 12 – 17, 2007. It was the ninth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed as Tropical Depression Eight. Tropical Depression Nine appeared at the same time as Eight but was much quicker to develop. Tropical Depression Nine strengthened into Humberto–the next name on the list–before Eight became a named storm. Tropical Storm Ingrid was a weak storm. It only lasted for a short amount of time. The storm got weaker in the Atlantic because of high wind shear. Ingrid died out before reaching land areas. There was rain in Saint Martin and Antigua because of the storm.

Storm history

The system formed from a big tropical wave that moved off the coast of west Africa on September 6. Because of strong wind shear, it did not get stronger over the next three days. On September 9, it developed an area of low pressure in the central Atlantic, between the coast of Africa and the Lesser Antilles. Slowly, the wind shear began to go away. Dvorak classifications were started on the weather system on September 11. By the morning of September 12, it had developed into Tropical Depression Eight. This took place about  east of the Lesser Antilles. The same tropical wave eventually created another area of weather activity that became Tropical Depression Ten, with the help of other weather systems.

The system moved towards the west-northwest for almost all of its life. It stayed on the southern edge of a meteorological ridge. Wind shear slowed down development greatly. The system stayed a tropical depression for 24 hours before convection increased. The storm became a weak tropical storm early on September 13. The storm kept getting stronger that afternoon. It reached its highest strength of 45 mph (75 km/h) that evening.

The storm did not get stronger because of a very strong wind shear from a strong tropical upper tropospheric trough. Despite the high shear, Ingrid remained a weak tropical storm until the afternoon of September 15. It then weakened to a tropical depression while east of the Leeward Islands. Ingrid kept getting weaker as it passed to the northeast of the islands. The system stayed a tropical depression, because it continued to create strong thunderstorms. Ingrid became more organized for a short time on September 16. This event was short-lived. The storm became very disorganized once again that afternoon. It kept getting weaker. The final National Hurricane Center advisory was given out early on September 17 as the system weakened into a tropical wave while remaining north of the Leeward Islands. The remnant low turned to the northwest within the low-level steering flow. It died out on September 18 without any reforming.

Impact
Ingrid stayed just to the east and northeast of the Lesser Antilles. It weakened without impacting any land. Its remnants produced rain and thunder to Antigua. On Saint Martin, the system produced  of rain in about an hour. This caused some roads to become flooded. No damage or deaths were caused by the storm. No ships reported tropical storm-force winds.

Because there was no damage from Tropical Storm Ingrid, the name "Ingrid" was not removed from the tropical cyclone names list, and will be used again during for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season. This was the first time that the name "Ingrid" was used for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean. However, the name has been used in other parts of the world.

Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
 Tropical cyclone
 Tropical Storm Melissa (2007), a storm like Ingrid

References

Other websites

 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Ingrid
 Tropical Cyclone Report

Atlantic tropical storms

Tropical Storm Ingrid (2007)


Naval Aviation is the air force branch of a navy.  Its aircraft can be airplanes and helicopters.

Missions

Missions for naval aviation include:
 Maritime patrol, with aircraft like Lockheed P-3 Orion or Ilyushin Il-38 May.  It is for air reconnaissance over oceans and seas.  This is looking for enemy warships, and in particular submarines.  Weapons are generally torpedoes, missiles, mines, and light rockets.
 Coastal Survey, with aircraft like Dassault Falcon 50M or Fokker 50 MPA. It is like maritime patrol, but closer to the coast. Some of the aircraft used are armed.
 Search and rescue, with aircraft and helicopters like Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon or Lockheed HC-130 Hercules. It is to find and rescue the victims of accidents at sea. This is done after a shipwreck or in heavy storms.
 Fighting and air combat, is the mission of naval fighters that fly from an aircraft carrier. Famous aircraft in 2013 are Dassault Rafale M, and F/A-18 Hornet.
 Fighting against submarines, is the mission of naval helicopters like Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk or Mil Mi-14. Weapons are generally torpedoes and mines.

Countries
In 2013 the following countries had a naval aviation: Argentina, Brazil, France, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States.

History

The first naval aviation was the British Royal Naval Air Service, that was created on 13 April 1912. On April 1, 1918 the RNAS and the Royal Flying Corps were merged into the Royal Air Force. During World War I and after World War II, naval aviation were used for all kinds of combat missions. Famous battles were Pacific War, Normandy Landings, Dieppe Raid and Battle of Midway. After the World Wars it was used for the Falklands War, the Libyan Civil War, and the Gulf War.

USMC Naval aviation

U.S.M.C. aviation was used in World War II,Korean War and the Vietnam War

U.S. Naval aviation

U.S. Naval aviation was used in World War II,Korean War and the Vietnam War

Military aviation
Navy

Naval Aviation


Arthur Amory Houghton Jr. (December 12, 1906 – April 3, 1990) was an American industrialist who served as the president of Steuben Glass Works, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the New York Philharmonic.

Early life
Houghton was born in Corning, New York, on December 12, 1906.  He was the son of Mahitbel "Mabel" (née Hollister) Houghton (1867–1938) and Arthur Amory Houghton Sr. (1866–1928), a former president of Corning Glass.  His parents lived in Corning and in New York City at 920 and 941 Park Avenue.  He had two older sisters, Phoebe Hollister Houghton, who died young, and Gratia Buell Houghton, who married writer and playwright Alan Rinehart.

His paternal grandparents were Amory Houghton Jr., a former president of Corning, and Ellen Ann (née Bigelow) Houghton.  Arthur was nephew of Alanson Bigelow Houghton (a U.S. Representative and Ambassador to England and Germany) and a great-grandson of Amory Houghton Sr., a founder of Corning Glass Works in 1851.  Among the many prominent family members of his generation were the U.S. Ambassador to France, Amory Houghton, and Alice Tully, who donated the funds for a chamber music hall at Lincoln Center named in her honor (Alice Tully Hall built in 1963).

Like his father before him, Houghton attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire in 1925, and graduated from Harvard University in 1929.

Career
After his graduation from Harvard, Houghton joined the family business.  In 1933, he began his forty-year service as president of Steuben Glass Works, a subsidiary of the Corning Company, where he is credited for a change of artistic direction toward more modern forms, which incorporated Art Deco and modernist themes.  He hired renowned sculptors including Sidney Waugh, Massimo Vignelli.

In 1940, while remaining in his role as president of Steuben but relinquishing day-to-day operations, he began to serve as the curator of rare books at the Library of Congress, in Washington, D.C., under Archibald MacLeish, the Librarian of Congress.  Houghton served in this role for two years until the outbreak of World War II, where he served as an officer in the Army Air Corps for three years, retiring in 1945 as a Lieutenant colonel.  He also served as a director of the USX Corporation (formerly U.S. Steel) and the New York Life Insurance Company as well as an honorary trustee of The United States Trust Company.

In 1951, along with his cousin Amory Houghton, he co-founded the Corning Museum of Glass.

Philanthropy
In 1942, he endowed Houghton Library at Harvard as a repository for the university's collections of rare books and manuscripts, and, later, donated Wye River, his plantation on the Eastern Shore of Maryland where he bred Black Angus cattle, to the Aspen Institute, the international public policy organization, which is today the Aspen Institute Wye River Conference Centers.

In 1952, he joined the board of the New York Philharmonic, serving as chairman from 1958 to 1963 and on the board itself until 1965.  While he was on the board, and during his presidency, the Philharmonic moved from Carnegie Hall to the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, while he served, as vice-chairman, alongside John D. Rockefeller III, as chairman, of a committee to create Lincoln Center.  He was also a vice president of the Pierpont Morgan Library, a president of the English-Speaking Union of the U.S., a trustee and chairman of the Cooper Union, a trustee and chairman of the Parsons School of Design, and chairman of the Institute of International Education.

In 1960, Mr. Houghton gifted 273 acres of land on Spencer Hill in Corning, New York for the development of Corning Community College. Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde Architects of New York City were selected as campus architects. When the College's permanent library was completed on the Spencer Hill campus in May 1964, it was appropriately dedicated to Arthur A. Houghton, Jr.

In September 1964, Houghton was elected to replace Roland L. Redmond as the 10th president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and became chairman in 1969 (and serving until 1972).  Houghton, who was a member of more than 100 education and arts organizations, served on the board of the Museum from 1952 to 1974.  He was succeeded as president by C. Douglas Dillon, a former investment banker who had worked with the Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson Administrations.

Personal life
On June 12, 1929, Houghton married Jane Olmsted (1909–1982) at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Harrisburg.  Jane was the daughter of Gertrude (née Howard) McCormick and Marlin Edgar Olmsted, a Republican member of the U.S. Congress from Pennsylvania.  Before their divorce in July 1938, they were the parents of:

 Jane Olmsted Houghton (1930–1989), who married Rollin Van Nostrand Hadley Jr. in 1950. She later married Robert Gordon Hankey, Horace E. Henderson, and George R. Kneeland.
 Sylvia Houghton (b. 1933), who married Richard Gordon Garrett in 1963.

His first wife remarried to Hugh McMillan in 1947.  On June 7, 1939, he was married for the second time to Ellen Crenshaw (1906–1961) in Queenstown, Maryland.  Ellen was a friend of Washington journalist Joseph Alsop.  Before their divorce in January 1944, they were the parents of one child:

 Arthur Amory Houghton III (b. 1940), who married Sherrill Jean Mulliken in 1968.  He later married Linda Livingston Davis, daughter of Goodhue Livingston Jr., in 1987.  Arthur was the assistant curator in antiquities at the J. Paul Getty Museum.

On January 15, 1944, he married for the third time to Elizabeth Douglas McCall (1919–1996), a daughter of Arthur May McCall.  They lived at 3 Sutton Place, a four-story brick townhouse that was built in 1921 for Anne Morgan, daughter of financier J.P. Morgan. In 1971, Mr. Houghton Jr donated it to the United Nations for use as the official residence of the Secretary-General in 1972) and before their divorce in 1972, were the parents of one child:

 Hollister Douglas "Holly" Houghton (b. 1945), who married equestrian William D. Haggard III in 1968.

After their divorce, Elizabeth remarried to prominent architect Walker O. Cain in 1973.  On May 22, 1973, he married for the fourth, and final time, to Nina (née Rodale) Horstmann (b. 1937) at Annapolis.  Nina, the daughter of J. I. Rodale of Rodale, Inc. and sister of Robert Rodale, was previously married to Robert Horstmann. In 1979, the philanthropic couple donated the Wye Plantation, their previous compound, to the Aspen Institute.

Houghton, who also had a home in Boca Grande, died at Venice Hospital in Venice, Florida, on April 3, 1990.  He was buried at the Old Wye Episcopal Church Cemetery in Wye Mills, Maryland. Nina went on to live at their compound in Queenstown, Maryland until her death on March 15, 2020.

In 1949, Houghton was awarded permanent, honorary membership at The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America. The organization sought to recognize him for funding the Houghton Memorial Carillon, a 23-bell carillon located at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, in 1933.

In 1971, he was awarded the Skowhegan Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney Award by the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture for his outstanding efforts as "a patron of the arts."

References
Notes

Sources

External links

1906 births
1990 deaths
St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni
Harvard University alumni
Presidents of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
20th-century American philanthropists

Arthur A. Houghton Jr.


Barry Vance Downs  (June 19, 1930 – July 19, 2022) was a Canadian architect and urban planner. He was known for his contributions to West Coast Modern architecture and for his works that blended buildings with their surrounding natural landscapes.

Early life
Downs was born on June 19, 1930, in Vancouver, British Columbia. His mother was a homemaker while his father was a sales executive. He grew up in the West Point Grey neighborhood of the city and graduated from Lord Byng Secondary School. During his time at the school, he was introduced to Art Phillips, who would later go on to become a mayor of the city of Vancouver and also be one of Downs's clients.

After graduating, he enrolled in a commerce course at the University of British Columbia, which he quit after two years. He then moved to Seattle and studied architecture at the University of Washington. During his time at the university, he was influenced by the architectural and design themes of minimalism advanced by architects such as the German-American Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Career
Downs returned to Vancouver after getting his degree in 1954. He started out as an apprentice at Thompson Berwick and Pratt and Partners, a prominent architecture and design firm in the city. During his time there, he was introduced to other architects, including Ronald Thom, Doug Shadbolt, and Freddy Hollingsworth, shaping his early views of West Coast Modern architecture. Themes of his work during this stage included moving away from design ideas of austerity. While he did not move away from the ideas of minimalism, he was introduced to the addition of "organic texture and form".

In 1956, he took an architectural tour around the world with his wife, visiting landmarks including Frank Lloyd Wright's houses in Oak Park, Illinois, and the Johnson Wax Headquarters in Wisconsin, before traveling to Europe to see Le Corbusier's Unité d'habitation residential buildings in Marseille, France. These radical architectural examples further influenced him towards modernist architecture.

Downs partnered with Hollingsworth between 1963 and 1967 before starting DA Architects + Planners with Richard Archambault in 1969. Downs has been noted for advancing the use of understated exteriors allowing for a natural flow of space, which has since been a characteristic of modern architecture in the Pacific Northwest. In the 1990s, Downs was part of the team that redeveloped the site of Expo 86 along False Creek, converting it into the largest private development in North America at that time.

Downs received the Order of Canada in 2014 for his contributions to architecture. The citation specifically called his contributions to the West Coast Modernist style of architecture and his works that blended buildings and their surrounding natural landscape. He was also a member of the City of Vancouver's civic design and heritage panel.

Personal life
Downs married Mary Stewart (1931–2021) in 1955. The couple had met a few years earlier in Bowen Island, an island off the coast of Vancouver. The couple had two children, a son and a daughter. Downs died on July 19, 2022, aged 92.

Select works
Sources:
 North Vancouver Civic Center, North Vancouver, British Columbia
 Britannia Communia Community Services Center, Vancouver, British Columbia
 Lester Pearson College, Pedder Bay, British Columbia (collaboration with Ronald Thom)
 Vancouver Library Square, Vancouver, British Columbia (collaboration with Moshe Safdie)
 Campbell River Museum, Campbell River, British Columbia
 Canada Place, Vancouver, British Columbia
 Yaletown Roundhouse, Vancouver, British Columbia

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Canadian architects
People from Vancouver
University of British Columbia alumni
University of Washington alumni

Barry Downs (architect)


Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (January 26, 1838 – September 15, 1933) was a rabbi in Eastern Europe who was known as the leader of of Orthodox Jewry. He also wrote very famous books, including Sefer Chofetz Chaim, and therefore, he is usually referred to as the Chofetz Chaim. He is also famous for being the rosh yeshiva of the Radin Yeshiva.

Childhood

Rabbi Kagan was born on January 26, 1838 in Dzyatlava, a town that was in those days part of the Russian Empire (nowadays in Belarus). His parents were Rabbi Aryeh Zev and Dobrusha Kagan. When he was nine years old, his father brought him to Vilnius to study in the yeshiva that Rabbi Chaim Nachman Parnes ran. His father was a teacher in the yeshiva as well. Rabbi Kagan's father died when he was eleven years old. His mother married a second husband, whose name was R' Shimon, and their family moved to Radun where R' Shimon came from. Rabbi Kagan married R' Shimon's daughter, whose name was Freida.

Later Years

In 1869, Rabbi Kagan opened up a yeshiva in Radun, Belarus that became known as the Radin Yeshiva, and was sometimes also called "Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim", since Rabbi Kagan, who opened it, was called "the Chofetz Chaim". In the 1870s, he wrote the Sefer Chofetz Chaim, a book that discusses the halachos (Jewish laws) about not saying hurtful things. The book was very popular, and nowadays, he's known as the "Chofetz Chaim." In 1907, he completed a six volume series called the Mishna Berurah, in which he discussed the halachos pertaining to Jews' everyday life, Shabbat, and holidays. He became famous to Orthodox Jews and many people came to visit him for blessings; he was considered the leader of Orthodox Jewry. He died on September 15, 1933.

References

1838 births
1933 deaths
European Rabbis

Yisrael Meir Kagan


Bedford Depot is a historic railroad depot in Bedford, Massachusetts, United States. Bedford was the junction of the Reformatory Branch and the Lexington Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad; it saw passenger service until 1977 as the stub of the Lexington Branch. The original 1874 depot and 1877 freight house are listed on the National Register of Historic Places; along with a restored Budd Rail Diesel Car, they form the centerpieces of the Bedford Depot Park.

History

Early service

The Lexington and West Cambridge Railroad was built to what is now Lexington Center in 1845–46, and bought by the Boston and Lowell Railroad in 1870 in order to prevent the line from building an alternate route to Lowell via Bedford. In August 1873, the subsidiary Middlesex Central Railroad opened an extension to Concord Center via Bedford. A Victorian-style passenger station was built in 1874.

In 1877, the Billerica and Bedford Railroad, a  narrow-gauge line, opened from Bedford Depot to North Billerica. The line built a two-stall engine house and a turntable at the Bedford terminus. The Billerica and Bedford was markedly unsuccessful, and closed down in 1878. In 1879, the Middlesex Central was extended to Reformatory station in Concord; this permitted short-lived through service to Nashua via a connection to the Nashua, Acton, and Boston Railroad. In 1885, the Boston & Lowell rebuilt the route to Billerica as part of their standard gauge network. The depot, originally west of South Road, was moved to its present location at the junction. The narrow gauge engine house was also moved and turned into a freight depot. Two years later, the Boston and Maine Railroad absorbed the Boston & Lowell, including the two routes through Bedford.

Decline
After the Cambridge subway opened in 1912, streetcar lines connecting at Harvard Square began to siphon off passenger traffic from the northwestern suburban lines. Within six years, about half of Lexington Branch trains (through trains from Reformatory and Lowell, plus short turns from Bedford, Lexington, and Arlington) had been cut from schedules. Passenger service ended on the Reformatory Branch in 1926, and on the Lexington Branch beyond Bedford in 1933, though freight service continued for several more decades. A wye with an engine house in the center was built just west of the station around this time to turn trains. By 1950 service was down to three daily round trips from Bedford; this decreased to two several years later and one on May 18, 1958. When the newly formed MBTA began subsidizing B&M commuter service in 1965, the MBTA intended to drop the single Lexington Branch and Central Mass Branch round trips, but they were instead kept.

On January 10, 1977, a major snowstorm blocked the line for several days. The MBTA decided then to discontinue service on the lightly used and poorly maintained line. After lawsuits, the MBTA agreed to help construct the Minuteman Bike Path from Alewife to Bedford in exchange for being released from requirements to restore service. The trail was to be constructed so as not to preclude future restoration, nor an extension of the MBTA Red Line along the corridor. However, local opposition in Arlington prevented such a subway extension (which might have terminated in Arlington, Lexington, or even Bedford at a Route 128 park-and-ride station).

NRHP and RDC #6211

The depot and freight house were sold by the B&M to private businesses in the 1950s, and a second story was added to the depot in the 1960s. The town of Bedford purchased both in 1999, following a four-year effort by the Friends of Bedford Depot Park, and restored them as the centerpieces of the Bedford Depot Park. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as part of the Bedford Depot Park Historic District. The freight house received a $350,000 renovation from 2006 to 2008 and serves as a museum run by the Friends; the depot continues to house private businesses.

In 1998, Budd Rail Diesel Car #6211, an ex-B&M car that had been used for Lexington Branch service decades earlier, was brought from Billerica Repair Shops to the former railroad yard west of South Road for rehabilitation. The $125,000 project, funded by the town and done under the watch of a former B&M worker, restored the car to its original specifications but not to running condition. In 2003, the car was moved across South Road to its present location next to the freight house.

References

External links

Friends of Bedford Depot Park

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Bedford, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Railroad museums in Massachusetts
Former MBTA stations in Massachusetts
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations

Bedford Depot


William Doyce "Buddy" Killen (November 13, 1932  – November 1, 2006) was an American record producer and music publisher, and a former owner of Trinity Broadcasting Network and Tree International Publishing, the largest country music publishing business, before he sold it to CBS Records in 1989.  He was also the owner of Killen Music Group, involved with more diverse genres of music, such as pop and rap.

Life
Killen was born in Florence, Alabama.  He was a bass player in the Grand Ole Opry before he was hired, in 1953, to listen to new songs in a new business started by Jack Stapp, the manager of the Grand Ole Opry.  When Stapp died in 1980, Killen became the sole owner of Stapp's company, Tree International Publishing.  During his early career he worked with artists such as Dolly Parton, Dottie West, Louise Mandrell, Diana Trask, Exile, Roger Miller, Joe Tex, Ronnie McDowell and T. G. Sheppard.

Later career
With his Killen Music Group, Killen published some songs on the soundtrack to the film Idlewild.  He also co-published the popular "Me and My Gang" by Rascal Flatts and worked with artists such as Faith Hill, Trace Adkins, Kenny Chesney, Reba McEntire and Bill Anderson. He also worked at the W.O. Smith School of Music.

Death
Killen died in Nashville, Tennessee on November 1, 2006, twelve days before his 74th birthday. The cause of death was pancreatic cancer.

References

External links
[ Allmusic]
Killen-related business stories from NashvillePost.com
Alabama Music Hall of Fame 1985 inductee Buddy Killen

1932 births
2006 deaths
Musicians from Florence, Alabama
Record producers from Alabama
American country songwriters
American male songwriters
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Deaths from cancer in Tennessee
20th-century American musicians
Songwriters from Tennessee
Songwriters from Alabama
20th-century American male musicians

Buddy Killen


Paul Lir Alexander, also known as El Parito Loco, is a Brazilian drug lord. He is one of the richest drug lords in Brazil, having a net worth of more than $170 million.

Biography
Alexander was born in Santa Catarina and joined military service in the Israeli Army and the Mossad. He later worked as a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent before becoming the leader of a drug-smuggling ring in Brazil. He was reported to have been among the wealthiest of Rio de Janeiro's drug lords, with an estimated $20 million in assets, primarily in the form of real estate. Alexander specialized in sending cocaine to the United States inside electrical transformers. He owned various ranches in Brazil, his own business jet and a yacht worth $25 million.

Alexander was arrested by the DEA in 1993 and spent 17 years in prison. He was arrested again in Brazil and sentenced to 42 years' imprisonment before disappearing while on a temporary release from a Brazilian prison in 2010.

References

Brazilian drug traffickers
Brazilian prisoners and detainees
1956 births
Living people
Brazilian gangsters

Paul Lir Alexander


Lucy Maynard Salmon (July 27, 1853 – February 14, 1927) was an American historian. She was a professor of history at Vassar College from 1889 until her death. She was the first woman to be a member of the executive committee of the American Historical Association. She published widely in historical journals and general magazines,  and was highly active in civic affairs, supporting civil service reform and world and women suffrage.

Education and early career
Salmon was born in Fulton, Oswego County, New York, to George and Maria Clara Maynard Salmon. Her mother, Maria Clara Maynard, was the first principal of the Fulton Female Seminary. Salmon attended Falley Seminary, in Fulton. She moved to Ann Arbor in 1871, and graduated from Ann Arbor High School in 1872. She received her bachelor's degree in history from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1876. Salmon served as assistant principal and later principal of McGregor High School in McGregor, Iowa, from 1876-1881. Salmon received her M.A. from the University of Michigan's School of Political Science in 1883. A version of her master's thesis, "History of the Appointing Power of the President," was published in the first volume of the Papers of the American Historical Association in 1886. In 1886 she attended Bryn Mawr where she studied with Woodrow Wilson. The following year, Vassar College hired Salmon to establish its history department and serve as Associate Professor of History. She was appointed a full professor at the end of her second year, in 1889.

Professional service
Salmon joined the fledgling American Historical Association (AHA) in 1885. In 1897 the Executive Committee of the AHA asked Salmon to serve on the Association's Committee of Seven, which largely defined the way history would be taught at the high school level. She was the only woman to serve on the committee. As part of her work on the Committee, Salmon traveled to Germany to study the way history was taught in the secondary schools there. She delivered her findings to the AHA in an address in December 1897, and they were also published as an appendix to the Committee's report The Study of History in Schools.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Salmon was one of the few women historians to speak regularly at the annual meetings of the AHA.  In 1915 the Association's members elected Salmon to serve on the Executive Council; she was the first woman to serve on the committee.

Career
Salmon was a member of the "new social history" of her time. She believed that political history had been overemphasized, at the expense of other topics. She considered domestic documents, such as family cookbooks, as historical sources as valuable as the Constitution or Bill of Rights. Not only did she work with these sources herself, but she encouraged the undergraduate students she taught at Vassar College to consult primary sources themselves and to look at their home communities as historical subjects. Rather than only teaching historical facts, she taught her students how to do the work of a historian. In order to conduct seminars, despite having been denied permission by the College, she invited students to her rooms twice a week for informal discussions.
In 1912, Salmon received an honorary Doctor of Human Letters from Colgate University, and an honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Michigan in 1926. In February 1926, a group of Vassar College alumnae and friends of Salmon established the Lucy Maynard Salmon Fund, which enabled her to continue her research. The Fund continues to endow Vassar faculty research.

Adelaide Underhill, a Vassar graduate who returned in 1892 as head librarian for the college, worked closely with Salmon to improve the library. The two women were "lifelong companions", exchanging frequent letters when apart and sharing a house in Poughkeepsie from 1901 until Salmon's death from a stroke in 1927.

Works
History of the Appointing Power of the President (1886)
"The Teaching of History in Academies and Colleges," in Woman and Higher Education (1893)
Domestic Service (1897)
Progress in the Household (1906)
The Newspaper and Historian (1923)
The Newspaper and Authority (1923)
Why Is History Rewritten? (1929)
Historical Material (posthumous), Adelaide Underhill, ed. (1933)
History and the texture of modern life, Nicholas Adams and Bonnie G. Smith, eds. (2001)

References

Further reading
 Bohan, Chara Haeussler. Go to the Sources: Lucy Maynard Salmon and the Teaching of History. New York: P. Lang, 2004.
Bohan, Chara H. "Lucy Maynard Salmon: Progressive historian, teacher, and democrat." in  M. S. Crocco & O. L. Davis, Jr. (Eds.) 'Bending the future to their will': Civic women, social education, and democracy (1999)  pp. 47–72.  Online
 Brown, Louise Fargo. Apostle of Democracy; the Life of Lucy Maynard Salmon. New York and London: Harper & Bros., 1943.
 Salmon, Lucy Maynard. History and the Texture of Modern Life: Selected Essays. Edited by Nicholas Adams and Bonnie G Smith. Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

External links

1853 births
1927 deaths
Vassar College faculty
Historians from New York (state)
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Historians of the United States
American women historians
Daughters of the American Revolution people
People from Fulton County, New York
19th-century American historians
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
Writers from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Historians from Michigan
American LGBT historians
American LGBT academics

Lucy Maynard Salmon


Tuberville v Savage (1669) 1 Mod Rep 3; 86 ER 684 is an English decision about the requirements for both the tort of assault and the common law criminal offence of common assault. It involved plaintiff Tuberville versus defendant Savage. The court held that a conditional threatening statement, without an imminent threat of harm, does not constitute an assault.

Facts
Savage had made some insulting comments to Tuberville. In response, Tuberville grabbed the handle of his sword and stated, "If it were not assize-time, I would not take such language from you." Savage responded with force, causing Tuberville to lose his eye. Tuberville brought an action for assault, battery, and wounding, to which Savage pleaded provocation, to-wit Tuberville's statement.

Judgment
The Court considered the language used in the statement and found that Tuberville did not express any intention to do any harm to Savage in the given circumstances.  Tuberville's expressed words indicated that he was not going to harm Savage because the justices of assize were in town, and his laying his hand on his sword was to be interpreted in conjunction with those words, namely as an indication or description of what he would have done were the judges not nearby.  Therefore, Tuberville's conduct was insufficient to put a reasonable person in Savage's situation in apprehension of immediate violence, as it involved neither a subjective intent to do so nor an act reasonably construable as doing so, at least one of which would have been required for Tuberville's action to constitute an assault.  As such, Tuberville's conduct constituted neither an attack that would have justified Savage in defending himself nor even provocation sufficient to mitigate Savage's culpability for his response.  Thus, Savage's defence was unsuccessful, and Tuberville prevailed in his action.

See also
English tort law

External links
 Full text from BAILII.org
 Full text from archive.org

1669 in law
English tort case law
1669 in England

Tuberville v Savage


Tokyo Debut is a live album by saxophonist Art Pepper recorded in Japan in 1977 by TBS Radio and originally released on the Japanese Polydor label in 1990 as First Live in Japan before being rereleased on the Galaxy label in 1995.

Reception

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow noted "The unexpected enthusiasm of the crowd really got to Pepper and his improvisations (even though he is not playing with his regular group) are quite inspired. Memorable music".

Track listing
All compositions by Art Pepper except where noted.
 Introduction - 2:23
 "Cherokee" (Ray Noble) - 12:03
 "The Spirit Is Here" - 8:58
 "Here's That Rainy Day" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) - 6:47
 "Straight Life" - 6:27
 "Manteca" (Dizzy Gillespie, Chano Pozo, Gil Fuller) - 12:59
 "Manhã de Carnaval" (Luiz Bonfá, Antônio Maria) - 7:49
 "Samba de Orpheus" (Luiz Bonfa) mistitled as Felicidade on CD and incomplete  - 3:00

Personnel
Art Pepper - alto saxophone
Clare Fischer - electric piano
Rob Fisher - bass
Peter Riso - drums
Poncho Sanchez - percussion - except tracks 3,4 and most of track 2
Cal Tjader - vibraphone (tracks 6–8)
Bob Redfield - guitar (tracks 6–8)

References

Art Pepper live albums
1995 live albums
Galaxy Records live albums

Tokyo Debut