Clark N. Glymour (born 1942) is the Alumni University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at Carnegie Mellon University. He is also a senior research scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition.

Work
Glymour earned undergraduate degrees in chemistry and philosophy at the University of New Mexico. He did graduate work in chemical physics and obtained a Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana University in 1969.

Glymour is the founder of the Philosophy Department at Carnegie Mellon University, a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, a Phi Beta Kappa lecturer, and is a Fellow of the statistics section of the AAAS. Glymour and his collaborators created the causal interpretation of Bayes nets. His areas of interest include epistemology (particularly Android epistemology), machine learning, automated reasoning, psychology of judgment, and mathematical psychology. One of Glymour's main contributions to the philosophy of science is in the area of Bayesian probability, particularly in his analysis of the Bayesian "problem of old evidence". Glymour, in collaboration with Peter Spirtes and Richard Scheines, also developed an automated causal inference algorithm implemented as software named TETRAD. Using multivariate statistical data as input, TETRAD rapidly searches from among all possible causal relationship models and returns the most plausible causal models based on conditional dependence relationships between those variables. The algorithm is based on principles from statistics, graph theory, philosophy of science, and artificial intelligence.
An algorithm used in learning the structure of Bayesian networks, the PC algorithm, is named after the inventors' first names, Peter Spirted and Clark Glymour.

Publications

Books

Theory and Evidence (Princeton, 1980)
Examining Holistic Medicine (with D. Stalker), Prometheus, 1985
Foundations of Space-Time Theories (with J. Earman), University of Minnesota Press, 1986
Discovering Causal Structure (with R. Scheines, P. Spirtes and K.Kelly) Academic Press, 1987

Causation, Prediction and Search (with P.Spirtes and R. Scheines), Springer, 1993, 2nd Edition MIT Press, 2001
Thinking Things Through, MIT Press, 1994
Android Epistemology (with K. Ford and P. Hayes) MIT/AAAI Press, 1996
The Mind's Arrows: Bayes Nets and Graphical Causal Models in Psychology, MIT Press, 2001

Galileo in Pittsburgh Harvard University Press, 2010.

Journal articles
"The Evaluation of Discovery: Models, Simulation and Search through "Big Data"", Open Philosophy, 2019. Available on-line (Open Access): https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2019-0005
 "When is a Brain Like the Planet?", Philosophy of Science, 2008.
(with David Danks) "Reasons as Causes in Bayesian Epistemology", Journal of Philosophy, 2008.
"Markov Properties and Quantum Experiments", in W. Demopoulos and I. Pitowsky, eds. Physical Theory and Its Interpretation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Bub, Springer 2006.
(with Chu, T. and David Danks) "Data Driven Methods for Granger Causality and Contemporaneous Causality with Non-Linear Corrections: Climate Teleconnection Mechanisms", 2004.
"Review of Phil Dowe and Paul Nordhoff: Cause and Chance: Causation in an Indeterministic World", Mind, 2005.
(with Eberhardt, Frederick, and Richard Scheines). "N-1 Experiments Suffice to Determine the Causal Relations Among N Variables", 2004.
(with F. Eberhardt and R. Scheines), "Log2(N) Experiments are Sufficient, and in the Worst Case Necessary, for Identifying Causal Structure", UAI Proceedings, 2005
(with Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, David Peters, Robert O'Doherty, Melvin Field, Larry Wasserman, Peter Spirtes, and Richard Scheines), "Evidence of systematic expressed sequence tag IMAGE clone cross-hybridization on cDNA microarrays", Genomics, Vol. 83, Issue 6 (June, 2004), 1169–1175.
(with Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, and David G. Peters). "Concerns About Unreliable Data from Spotted cDNA Microarrays Due to Cross-Hybridization and Sequence Errors", Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (October 6, 2004), Article 25.
"Comment on D. Lerner", "The Illusion of Conscious Will", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, in press.
"Review of Joseph E. Early, Sr. (Ed.): Chemical Explanation: Characteristics, Development, Autonomy", Philosophy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 3 (July, 2004), 415–418.
(with Spirtes, and Peter Glymour). "Causal Inference", Encyclopedia of Social Science, in press
"We believe in freedom of the will so that we can learn", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 5 (2004), 661–662.
"The Automation of Discovery", Daedelus, Vol. Winter (2004), 69–77.
(with Serban, Nicoleta, Larry Wasserman, David Peters, Peter Spirtes, Robert O'Doherty, Dan Handley, and Richard Scheines). "Analysis of microarray data for treated fat cells", (2003).
(with Danks, David, and Peter Spirtes). "The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search", (2003).
(with Silva, Ricardo, Richard Scheines, and Peter Spirtes). "Learning Measurement Models for Unobserved Variables", UAI '03, Proceedings of the 19th Conference in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, August 7–10, 2003, Acapulco, Mexico (2003), 543–550.
(with Danks, David and Peter Spirtes). "The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search", Proceedings of IJCAI-2003 Workshop on Learning Graphical Models for Computational Genomics, (2003), 22–31.
(with Frank Wimberly, Thomas Heiman, and Joseph Ramsey). "Experiments on the Accuracy of Algorithms for Inferring the Structure of Genetic Regulatory Networks from Microarray Expression Levels", International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop, 2003
"A Semantics and Methodology for Ceteris Paribus Hypotheses", Erkenntnis, Vol. 57 (2002), 395–405.
"Review of James Woodward, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation", British Journal for Philosophy of Science, Vol. 55 (2004), 779–790.
(with Fienberg, Stephen, and Richard Scheines). "Expert statistical testimony and epidemiological evidence: the toxic effects of lead exposure on children", Journal of Econometrics, Vol 113 (2003), 33–48.
"Learning, prediction and causal Bayes Nets", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2003), 43–47.
(with Alison Gopnik, David M. Sobel, Laura E. Schulz, Tamar Kushnir, and David Danks). "A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets", Psychological Review, Vol. 111, No. 1 (2004).
"Freud, Kepler, and the clinical evidence", in R. Wollheim and J. Hopkins, eds. Philosophical Essays on Freud'', Cambridge University Press 1982.
and many others dating back to 1970.

References

External links
IHMC website
Carnegie Mellon Department of Philosophy faculty page
TETRAD Project

1942 births
Living people
American logicians
Philosophers of science
Indiana University alumni
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition people
20th-century American philosophers
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of New Mexico alumni

Clark Glymour


John Bayley (circa 1847 – 1910) was an English bandmaster, clarinetist, violinist, and organist who was active in his native country and North America. Cornetist Herbert L. Clarke described him in his autobiography as "a finished musician of high order; he was a remarkable organist... and one of the best clarinetists I have ever heard in my life."

Life and career
Born in Windsor, Berkshire, Bayley was named after his father, John Bayley (d 1871), a cornet soloist and conductor who was trained in Chelsea (London) at the Royal Military Asylum for boys. In 1850 the family immigrated to the United States, settling in Philadelphia. The family moved to San Francisco in 1857 and then a year later left there for Victoria, British Columbia in the enthusiasm of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.

In Victoria, Bayley Sr served as the city's inspector of police and was the first conductor of the Victoria Philharmonic Society (VPS). For the VPS's first concert on 6 May 1859 the younger Bayley performed as both a violinist and clarinet soloist. A 10 May 1859 Victoria Gazette review stated that his clarinet solo was "enthusiastically encored".

In 1861 the family returned to England, partly to provide Bayley Jr with superior music teachers than could be found in the United States. He entered the London Academy of Music where Leopold Jansa was his violin instructor and Henry Wylde taught him harmony. From 1869 to 1876 he served as bandmaster of the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot.

In 1877 Bayley returned to Canada where he lived in Montreal through 1879. He served as bandmaster of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada Band & Bugles in Toronto from 1879 to 1901 and was second violinist in the first Toronto String Quartette from 1884 to 1887. In 1887 he created a Citizens' Band which performed for one season on Toronto's Centre Island. He served for one year as first violin in the second Toronto String Quartette in 1894. He moved to Buffalo, New York after leaving the Queen's Own Rifles.

References

1847 births
1910 deaths
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
English cornetists
Canadian bandleaders
Canadian classical musicians
Canadian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Canadian trumpeters
Male trumpeters
Queen's Own Rifles of Canada soldiers
Military personnel from Berkshire
Musicians from Windsor, Berkshire

John Bayley (musician)


The Outsider is a novel by American author Richard Wright, first published in 1953. The Outsider is Richard Wright's second installment in a story of epic proportions, a complex master narrative to show American racism in raw and ugly terms.  It was the kind of racism that Wright knew and experienced, a racism from which most black people of his own time could not escape, and it remained the central element in his fiction.  The Outsider appeared during the height of McCarthyism in the United States and the advent of the Cold War in Europe, two events that had a significant bearing on its initial reception.

Plot summary
The novel's central character, symbolically named Cross Damon, represents the 20th century man in frenzied pursuit of freedom. Cross is an intellectual Negro, the product of a culture that rejects him. He is further alienated by his "habit of incessant reflection," his feeling that the experiences and actions of his life have so far taken place without his free assent, and a profound conviction that there must be more to life, some meaning and justification that have hitherto eluded him.

When Cross is introduced (in "Book One: Dread") he is drinking too much, partly in an effort to forget his problems (of which he has many) but mostly to deaden the pain caused by his urgent and frustrated sense of life. There is an accident in which he is reported dead and so he sets out to create his own identity, and thus, he hopes, to discover truth.

This search for the absolute compels him to commit four murders and ends in his despair and violent death. En route, he encounters totalitarianism in its most-likely-to-succeed form, Communism. Though he agrees with these other "outsiders" that power is the central reality of society and that "man is nothing in particular," he is outraged by their acceptance and cynical exploitation of these "facts". "That's enough," he screams before he kills a Communist who has just told him that there is no more to life.

You say life is just life, a simple act of accidental possession in the hands of him who happens to have it. But what's suffering? That rests in the senses... You might argue that you could snatch a life, blot out a consciousness and get away with it because you're strong and free enough to do it; but why turn a consciousness into a flame of suffering and let it lie, squirming...?

Having rejected religion, the past and present organization of society, the proposed totalitarian alternative and the kindred uncontrollable violence of his own behavior as a "free" man, Cross abandons ideas and pins his last hope on love. But his mistress commits suicide when she sees him as he is.

There follows a chapter in which the Law, personified by a hunchbacked district attorney who understands Cross Damon, convicts him of a crime and condemns him, but is powerless to give his life significance by punishment. After this Cross is murdered.  The district attorney comes to his death bed and asks how was life and Cross dies murmuring, "It was horrible."

Literary significance and criticism

The Outsider was Wright's first book to receive predominantly negative reviews. Reviewers were primarily critical of its characterization, particularly the absence of sufficient motivation for Damon's violence. Many thought that Wright should have "stayed gold". The novel's mix of melodramatic action and lengthy rhetorical exposition seemed disruptive. Black reviewers believed that Wright's interest in existentialism indicated a separation from his roots.  Most reviewers found the unrelieved pessimism of the novel unattractive.

The novel has often been considered the result of Wright's involvement with existential thinkers following his break from Marxism in the 1940s. The novel seems to mark the low point of Wright's despair, for it lacks Camus's humanitarian hope or Jean-Paul Sartre's belief in social change. Later critics, however, have suggested that The Outsider is a rejection of existentialism or is even a Christian existentialist novel.

Existential or not, The Outsider is a logical extension of Wright's earlier fiction and thought. In Native Son (1940), central character Bigger expresses in a less articulate manner the same sort of rage and dread felt by Damon. In Wright's short story "The Man Who Lived Underground", central character Fred Daniels, like Damon, wants to share his hard-earned knowledge with others. In Art and Fiction, Wright maintained that personal freedom was conditioned on the freedom of others. Thus, in The Outsider Wright addressed familiar themes but consciously tried to move beyond the racial limitations of his earlier work.

Wright, influenced primarily by German nihilism and his earlier involvement in the Communist party, condemns Marxism for its repression of individuality inherent in the structure of such group ideologies. Damon, molded by his repressive childhood as an African American child with a Christian mother, spends much of the novel escaping or preventing coercion against him by others. In essence, Wright describes the African American struggle as one inherently in opposition to society's constructs and violence and anger as a direct result of an upbringing rooted in racial oppression. The majority of early criticism aimed at The Outsider falsely regarded it as a form of existential propaganda and failed to effectively analyze the connection between Wright's life and experiences before the train accident and his subsequent violence.

See also

African American literature
Black Boy - 1945 autobiography by Richard Wright
Native Son - 1940 novel by Richard Wright
Black Marxism - 1983 book by Cedric Robinson
Existentialism
Nihilism

References

External links
The Outsider at HarperCollins
Richard Wright's Biography at HarperCollins
Excerpt from The Outsider
Online text of The Outsider at Google

1953 American novels
African-American novels
Harlem in fiction
Harper & Brothers books
Novels by Richard Wright (author)
Novels set in Chicago
Novels set in Manhattan

The Outsider (Wright novel)


The  Reformed Government of the Republic of China (; Japanese: ) was a Chinese puppet state created by Japan that existed from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regime had little authority or popular support, nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself, lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei. Due to the extensive powers of the Japanese advisors within the government and its own limited powers, the Reformed Government was not much more than an arm of the Japanese military administration.

History
After the retreat of KMT forces from Nanjing in 1938, and from their defeat in the Battle of Nanjing, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters authorized the creation of a collaborationist regime to give the semblance of at least nominal local control over Japanese-occupied central and south China. Northern China was already under a separate administration, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, from December 1937. The Japanese Central China Area Army drafted plans that month to set up its own puppet government in the Lower Yangtze region. Several documents were made that laid out the details of providing it with financial support as well as the economic and political goals for forming the regime. The documents also acknowledged the eventual merger of the Provisional Government with the one in Central China. The task they focused on was recruiting political and military leaders to head the government.

The first candidate to lead the government was Tang Shaoyi, a former Kuomintang leader who was in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. He was willing to do it but the Japanese were not able to grant his demand to unite the Provisional Government under his leadership, and thus they decided to save him for a later date. However, Tang was assassinated not too long after that. They ended up finding and negotiating with Liang Hongzhi, a former Anhui clique politician of the early Republican era who had ties to Japan. He and several other recruited candidates met in Tokyo and it was later decided at a meeting on 19 February 1938 that the regime would use the old flag and anthem of the Chinese Republic (Beiyang Government).

The Reformed Government of the Republic of China was established by Liang Hongzhi and others on 28 March 1938, and was assigned control of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui as well as the two municipalities of Nanjing and Shanghai. The regime's manifesto pointed out the consequences of the Kuomintang government and thanked their Japanese allies for "rescuing" China, claiming that the Reformed Government was the solution. Its activities were carefully prescribed and overseen by "advisors" provided by the Japanese China Expeditionary Army. The failure of the Japanese to give any real authority to the Reformed Government discredited it in the eyes of the local inhabitants, and made its existence of only limited propaganda utility to the Japanese authorities.

The Reformed Government was, along with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940.

Armed forces

The Reformed Government army was led by Pacification Minister (绥靖部部长) Ren Yuandao and initially consisted of about 10,000 men at its creation, and later rose to 30,000 by 1939. The army's troops were considered to be unreliable by the Japanese due to their poor training and lack of equipment. A military academy was set up with an initial class of a few hundred cadets, in order to provide a reliable officer corps that was "untainted" by previous service in the National Revolutionary Army. However, the Reformed Government Army remained largely incompetent and was reported to have fled from the insurgents they encountered. A small navy was also established to patrol the rivers and coastline with some small vessels, led by a defected admiral of the Nationalist navy. In addition, an air force was planned to be established and some training gliders were purchased from Japan, but it was not formed by the time the government was merged.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Books

Further reading

1938 establishments in China
1940 disestablishments in China
Anti-communism in China

Client states of the Empire of Japan
Former countries of the interwar period
Former countries in Chinese history
Provisional governments
Second Sino-Japanese War
States and territories disestablished in 1940
States and territories established in 1938


The Judicate of Cagliari (, ) was one of the four kingdoms or judicates (iudicati, literally "judgeship") into which Sardinia was divided during the Middle Ages.

The Judicate of Cagliari occupied the entire southern portion of the island and was composed of thirteen subdivisions called . It bordered the judicates of Arborea to the northwest and Logudoro and Gallura to the northeast.

Origins and extent
The exact date of founding of the Judicate of Cagliari is unknown. After the Byzantine Empire's conquest of Sardinia in 534, the island became one of the provinces of the Exarchate of Africa and was governed by a magistrate of the empire said Iudex Provinciae, resident in Cagliari.

Sardinia remained a Byzantine province until the early 8th century, when Arab and Berber expansionism and piracy on the Mediterranean began to make communications with Byzantium very difficult. The Arabs conquered Sicily in 827, and Sardinia itself endured several Saracen raids. As the empire found it increasingly difficult to supply and defend its westernmost provinces, the Byzantine iudici (judges) heading the local administration in Sardinia were forced to govern autonomously and thus gradually became de facto independent.

Cagliari, the capital in turn of the Roman, Vandal and Byzantine provinces of Sardinia, was historically the largest and most important of the cities on the island. However, starting from the 8th to 9th century the city was abandoned because it was too exposed to attacks by Moorish pirates. Apparently many inhabitants left Cagliari and founded a new town named Santa Igia in an area close to the Santa Gilla swamp to the west of Cagliari, but distant from the sea. Santa Igia then became the capital of the Judicate of Cagliari, one of the four kingdoms that evolved when imperial power receded in the West.

The Judicate of Cagliari comprised a large area of the Campidano plain, the mineral-rich Sulcis region, and the mountainous Ogliastra.

The first judges

The first giudice well known to history is Torchitorio I of the  Lacon-Gunale family. His birth name was Orzocco, Torchitorio being a dynastic name. The first ruling dynasty, the Lacon-Gunale, probably arose from the merger of two families, the Lacon and the Gunale (or Unale). Perhaps in honor of two members of these families (Salusio de Lacon and Torchitorio de Gunale) all rulers of Cagliari traditionally adopted a moniker added to their birth name, alternating between Salusio and Torchitorio. Torchitorio I was judge at a time when Western monasticism was being introduced into Sardinia as part of the Gregorian reform of the Papacy. Cagliari, like the other giudicati, was placed under papal and Pisan authority. Torchitorio was a sponsor of the monks of Monte Cassino who were arriving on the island to bring economic, technological, and religious renewal. Torchitorio succeeded in having his son succeed him around 1089, when Constantine I appeared with the title of rex et iudex Caralitanus: "King and Judge of Cagliari."

Among the traditions of these early giudici was that of confirming one of one's predecessor's acts, usually donations of land or grants of privileges. Constantine II patronised the monasteries founded by monks from Saint-Victor in Marseille. However, surging Pisan religious houses came into conflict the Provençal monasteries, while the archbishop of Cagliari came into conflict with not only the archbishop of Pisa, but also Constantine. Nevertheless, the 1150s saw restoration and renovation of sacred art and edifices. Along with Gonario II of Torres and Comita I of Gallura, Constantine pledged fidelity to the archbishop of Pisa. All this suggests strong allegiance to the reformed papacy despite the still near-autonomous status of Cagliari at the time.

House of Massa and Pisan domination

Constantine II's daughter succeeded him with her husband Peter. The Pisans tried to remove him after her death and they sent Obert, Margrave of Massa, to conquer the giudicato. The son of Obert and one of the daughter of Constantine II of Cagliari, William I became then the new judge of Cagliari.

William spent his reign (1188 – 1214) in constant wars with Arborea, Gallura, and Logudoro. He arrested and imprisoned the judge of Arborea, Peter I and ruled Arborea in his name. He tried to conquer Gallura, but was rebuffed by Lamberto Visconti. He was on fairly good terms with the Pisans throughout his career, but on his death, he left only daughters. Benedetta, his heiress, was married to Barisone III of Arborea and thus those two giudicati were united, to be torn apart on his death (1217). Cagliari slowly declined thereafter, as various factions fought for the control of Benedetta. Pisan interference became stronger than ever. In 1256, John tried to throw off the Pisan yoke and allied with the Republic of Genoa, but was assassinated by Pisan agents. John was succeeded by his cousin William III of Cagliari; soon Pisa and the other Giudicati attacked Cagliari besieging Santa Igia. Cagliari lost the war and in 1258 the history of the giudicato came to a sudden close; his territory was partitioned in three parts that were assigned to the Della Gherardesca family, Arborea and Gallura while Pisa maintained the control over Castel di Castro.

See also
List of judges (judikes) of Cagliari

References

Sources
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 1963 – Present.
Nowé, Laura Sannia. Dai "lumi" dalla patria Italiana: Cultura letteraria sarda. Mucchi Editore: Modena, 1996.
Casula, Francesco. "The History of Sardinia." Sardinia Tourist Board. 1989.
Solmi A., Studi storici sulle istituzioni della Sardegna nel Medioevo, Cagliari 1917.

Cagliari
Cagliari
History of Sardinia
Medieval Italy
2nd millennium in Italy
Former monarchies of Europe

Judicate of Cagliari


Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary is a National Historic Site of Canada, located in the rural municipality of Last Mountain Valley No. 250 in Saskatchewan. The migratory bird sanctuary was the first established in North America. The  area is within the Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area, an International Biological Program site, and includes adjacent uplands.

The site is used as a staging or nesting area by numerous migratory and colonial bird species, including the sandhill crane and the endangered whooping crane. The lake has rich spawning grounds used by numerous fish species, including the vulnerable bigmouth buffalo.

It was recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1987, its centennial anniversary, for its undisturbed natural areas, among them the wetlands, shoreline, forest, and adjacent grasslands, and for being the first bird sanctuary in Canada.

History
In 1887, Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories Edgar Dewdney recommended the establishment of an area to protect wild fowl. On 8 June 1887, an Order in Council established the Dominion bird reserve at Last Mountain Lake. It was the first bird sanctuary established in North America. A parcel of land of about  was reserved as a breeding ground, encompassing the northernmost  of the lake's shoreline. In 1917, it was officially named Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary, and was managed and operated by the Fish and Game League. In 1921, it was protected under the federal Migratory Birds Convention Act.

Description
Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary is located in the northern mixed grasslands, It is characterised by mud flats used by shorebirds and marshes used by waterfowl at the north end of the lake, whose water level is managed "within a series of basin" by control structures built by Ducks Unlimited Canada. A dam at the south end of the lake is used to control overall water depth.

The shoreline is primarily sandy, interspersed with rocky or gravelly tracts, and features numerous peninsulas forming bays between them. The shallow marshes also feature potholes and saline wetlands that support the reeds lining the shore. Throughout the lake are several natural islands. The surrounding uplands consist of native prairie and low-lying grassland, much of it alkaline.

Access to the migratory bird sanctuary is permitted, with seven roads connecting to the site. The site is subject to the federal Migratory Bird Sanctuary Regulations, which prohibits hunting migratory birds, or destroying, disturbing, or removing migratory bird nests and eggs. Permitted activities include hiking, fishing (subject to provincial regulations), and boating.

Fauna
The autumn North American bird migration sees as many as 400,000 anatidae and 75,000 sandhill cranes stopping at the site. The lake's islands also support various prairie bird and waterfowl species that nest in colonies. The whooping crane, an endangered species, has been recorded to use the lake as a staging area during its migration.

Numerous fish species inhabit the lake, which "provides some of the richest spawning and nursery grounds in Saskatchewan", including the vulnerable species bigmouth buffalo, a filter-feeding fish. The land surrounding the lake is inhabited by various prairie mammals, and is used by deer as a wintering site.

National Historic Site
On 24 June 1987, the Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary was officially recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada. The dedication ceremony was presided by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The designation was granted primarily because it was the first sanctuary "to afford protection to migratory birds" that had been established in Canada. Among the elements cited for the designation are undisturbed natural features, including the wetlands, water and shoreline, forest, and adjoining grasslands. Also cited were managed features, including the dam and other water control features, and nearby crop fields that lure birds.

See also
 List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Saskatchewan
 List of protected areas of Saskatchewan
 List of Migratory Bird Sanctuaries of Canada
 Valeport Marsh

Notes

References

IUCN Category IV
Migratory Bird Sanctuaries of Canada
National Historic Sites in Saskatchewan
1887 establishments in Canada
Last Mountain Valley No. 250, Saskatchewan
Important Bird Areas of Saskatchewan

Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary


Greșelile unei nopți este o comedie de moravuri scrisă de autorul irlandez Oliver Goldsmith.

Sumar
Kate Hardcastle, o tânără dintr-o familie bogată din provincie, este anunțată de tatăl ei de venirea lui Charles Marlow, fiul unuia dintre vechii lui prieteni. Domnul Hardcastle speră ca cei doi să se căsătorească.

Tony Lumpkin, fratele vitrg al lui Kate și vărul lui Constance, întâlnește cei doi străini la comes across the two strangers at the alehouse and, realising their identity, plays a practical joke by telling them that they are a long way from their destination and will have to stay overnight at an inn. The "inn" he directs them to is in fact the home of the Hardcastles. When they arrive, the Hardcastles, who have been expecting them, go out of their way to make them welcome. However, Marlow and Hastings, believing themselves in an inn, behave extremely disdainfully towards their hosts. Hardcastle bears their unwitting insults with forbearance, because of his friendship with the father.

Kate learns of her suitor's shyness from Constance and a servant tells her about Tony's trick. She decides to masquerade as a serving-maid (changing her accent and garb) in order to get to know him. Marlow falls in love with her and plans to elope with her but, because she appears of a lower class, acts in a somewhat bawdy manner around her. All misunderstandings are resolved by the end, thanks to an appearance by Sir Charles Marlow.

The main sub-plot is that of the secret romance between Constance and Hastings. Constance needs her jewels, an inheritance, that are guarded by Tony's mother, Mrs. Hardcastle; the latter wants Constance to marry her son to keep the jewels in the family. Tony despises the thought of marrying Constance—he prefers a barmaid at the alehouse—and so agrees to steal the jewels from his mother's safekeeping for Miss Neville, so she will then flee to France with Hastings.

The play concludes with Kate's plan succeeding, thus she and Marlow become engaged. Tony discovers he is of "age", despite his mother not telling him so, thus he receives the money he is entitled to. He refuses to marry Constance, who then is eligible to receive her jewels and to become engaged to Hastings, which she does.

Stil

Recepție

Adaptări

She Stoops to Conquer, un film mut din 1910 cu Anna Rosemond.
She Stoops to Conquer, un film mut din 1914 în regia lui George Loane Tucker cu Henry Ainley și Jane Gail.
She Stoops to Conquer, un film mut din 1923 în regia lui Edwin Greenwood.
She Stoops to Conquer, o adaptare televizată din 1939 adaptation for television starring Morris Harvey, Renee De Vaux and James Hayter
She Stoops to Conquer, a 1971 BBC television production starring Tom Courtenay, Juliet Mills, Ralph Richardson, Thora Hird, Trevor Peacock and Brian Cox
The Kissing Dance, un muzical în regia lui Howard Goodall și Charles Hart: 1998, for the National Youth Music Theatre of Britain[3]
She Stoops to Conquer, a 2003 video presentation recorded live on stage in Bath, Somerset, England
She Stoops to Conquer, a 2008 television adaptation directed by Tony Britten and starring Tim Bell, Simon Butteriss, Judi Daykin and Mark Dexter

Referințe și note

Legături externe
Greșelile unei nopți, adaptare pentru radio

Comedii
Satiră
Piese de teatru irlandeze

Greșelile unei nopți


"777-9311" is the second track and lead single from The Time's second album, What Time Is It?. Recorded for the album at Prince's home studio in May–June 1982, the song was produced, arranged, composed and performed by Prince with Morris Day later adding his lead vocals.

The funky song opens with a drum machine beat, adds guitar, live playing on the cymbals, and finally the bass and keyboards. A similar extended version of this occurs after the main lyrics, but starts with the bass and also includes a lengthy rock guitar solo. The bass is truly the "star" of this song, and Prince has remarked that this is one of his signature basslines, remarking no one can play the line like himself. He also said the same about the bassline of "Let's Work". Despite the song being performed nearly entirely by Prince, Day calls out "Terry" before the bass solo. The drumbeat is also notable for its intricately programmed hi-hat pattern and its off-beat snare, utilizing an on-beat clap during the choruses and outro.

In a Facebook post from 2014, Jesse Johnson stated that the beat was a stock drumbeat from the Linn LM-1, programmed by Tower of Power drummer David Garibaldi, and that Prince played the guitar using his Hondo Stratocaster. However Garibaldi himself denied playing the beat in an article for Reverb.

The U.S. 7-inch single was backed with a non-album track, "Grace", which is a mock-interview between a cocky Day and an interviewer named Bridgette (played by Bridgette Harrington, who was Prince's accountants secretary), who Day keeps referring to as "Grace." The 12-inch single was backed with "The Walk", where Morris also banters with Vanity and calls her "Grace," though it is not known if it is meant to be the reporter once again.

"777-9311" reached number two on the R&B charts and number 88 on the pop charts. It is one of The Time's signature numbers and is played at nearly all of their concerts. A version recorded live in a 1998 concert segues from "Get It Up" and was included on Day's 2004 album, It's About Time.

The song's title, "777-9311", was Prince guitarist Dez Dickerson's actual telephone number at the time the song was written. Once the song became a hit, the phone calls started coming in, and Dickerson ended up having to change his phone number.

Personnel
Credits sourced from Prince Vault

Morris Day - lead and backing vocals
Prince - backing vocals, all instruments

Appearances in other media
Rapper 2Pac sampled "777-9311" in his song "Whatz Ya Phone #?" from the album All Eyez On Me.
Rapper Sir Mix-A-Lot's 1989 single "Beepers", from his album Seminar, refers to this track; during a breakdown, a simulated SkyPager operator says "you wish to send message, 777-9311, enter numeric message or press the pound key now."
Rapper Kutt Calhoun referenced this song on "School Daze" from the album Feature Presentation.
Rapper / producer Madlib referenced this song on "Pillz", the b-side from the 12" single "McNasty Filth" by Jaylib from the album Champion Sound.
MC Common referenced the number "777-9311" in his song "Puppy Chow" from the album Can I Borrow a Dollar?.
Gospel artist J Moss samples this song as the backing track for his single "Dance" featuring Kirk Franklin.
Actress-singer Tichina Arnold sampled this song as the slower backing track for her song "I Know You Want Me" from the album "Soul Free".
Rapper Andre Nickatina referenced this number on "Upgrade Call" from the album Horns and Halos.

Charts

Weekly charts

See also
867-5309
Beechwood 4-5789
Pennsylvania 6-5000

References

Songs about telephone calls
The Time (band) songs
1982 singles
Songs written by Prince (musician)
Telephone numbers in the United States
Song recordings produced by Prince (musician)
1982 songs

777-9311


Walter Herbert Livsey (23 September 1893 – 12 September 1978) was an English first-class cricketer for Hampshire from 1913 until 1929. A wicket-keeper, Livsey played 320 matches and was considered one of the greatest keepers of the 1920s with 649 dismissals. He was also a tidy keeper, allowing only three byes during Oxford's 554–run innings in his first match. For this success he became Hampshire's regular keeper, and performed a noted stumping of Jack Hobbs in 1914. He fought during World War I, and was demobilised for the 1920 season. He continued at Hampshire until 1929, when his health forced him into retirement.

Early life

Livsey was born in Todmorden, Yorkshire, and was registered at birth as Walter Herbert Livesey, though he would use Livsey for the rest of his life. Initially, Livsey hoped to find a career at The Oval however the form of Bert Strudwick, who would later play 28 tests for England and took 1237 catches and 258 stumpings in first-class cricket, meant that he could not find a place. He was later persuaded to move to Hampshire to begin his cricketing career.

Career

Livsey's debut for Hampshire came on 30 June 1913 against Oxford University CC at the County Ground, Southampton. He scored 11* and 7*, taking two catches and making one stumping. He allowed only three byes in the university's first innings of 554. Such tidy keeping prompted Hampshire to take Livsey on as their regular keeper. He played his first full season the following year, playing 28 matches in all. Batting at number ten in the order, Livsey was not out on many occasions, 20 of his 37 innings during this season alone and across his whole career he was not out on 137 occasions. He scored only 130 runs in the 1914 season, with a high score of 42* and an average of 7.64, however he took 39 catches and completed 23 stumpings. The most famous of these, of Surrey player Jack Hobbs, was made on 23 July 1914 during a 3-day match at Portsmouth. Hobbs, on three, was bowled a "sharply lifting ball" by Alec Kennedy which was passing wide of leg stump. Livsey was able to retrieve the ball and remove the bails before Hobbs could get back behind the crease. This dismissal, of such a prestigious player, caused "quite a sensation" according to the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.

Upon the outbreak of World War I at the end of the 1914 cricket season, Livsey joined the war effort. During his military career he played three cricket matches in India, across the winters of 1915–16, 1917–18 and 1918–19, scoring a total of 18 runs and taking two catches and completing three stumpings throughout. The third of these matches, in November 1918, was organised by Lord Willingdon to aid Indian Famine Relief, and was played between two teams dubbed "England" and "India", the former of which was captained by Willingdon himself. Livsey was not demobilised until 1919, and thus missed this season in England. He returned for the 1920 season, however, and enjoyed greater form with the bat: playing 26 matches and scoring 285 runs at 12.95. He also scored his maiden half-century with a season high score of 50*, and enjoyed success with the gloves also, taking 23 catches and completing 26 stumpings. This was to be surpassed in the 1921 season, however, with 48 catches and 32 stumpings from 29 matches. His form with the bat also improved, hitting 471 runs at 15.19, including two half-centuries and a high score of 70*. The latter score formed part of a 192 partnership with Horace Alexander William Bowell against Worcestershire on 10 August 1921.

In 1922, Livsey played 31 matches, with 348 runs at 14.50, 35 catches and 22 stumpings. During this season Livsey forged a partnership of 177 with George Brown against Warwickshire, who had scored 223 in their first innings and bowled Hampshire out for 15. In the follow-on, Hampshire had a lead of 66 when Livsey came in at number ten, however his maiden century, 110* with Brown and later Stuart Boyes, gave Hampshire a 155 run victory. He failed to pass 50 on any other occasions during that season, however.

The 1923 season saw reduced success for Livsey with the bat. He scored one half-century, however his season total was a lower 247 at 9.14, and this included 14 not outs. His glove work continued to be successful, however, taking 38 catches and performing 21 stumpings. In 1924 Livsey improved his batting once again with 369 runs at 12.72, with a high score of 67. In the 29 matches he played during the season, he also took 21 catches and completed 21 stumpings. In 1925 success with both bat and gloves continued, with 425 runs at 15.74, 21 catches and 21 stumpings from 27 matches, and 1926 saw a career-best 562 runs at 19.37, with two half-centuries, a top score of 54, 34 catches and 18 stumpings, all from 29 matches.

Livsey's batting continued to reach new heights in 1927, when he hit another career-best 615 runs from 27 matches at 20.50, the first time he had ever broken into the 20s with his batting average. He scored two half-centuries, the highest being 56*, and took 29 catches and completed 13 stumpings. His form with the bat peaked in 1928. Across 31 matches, Livsey scored 896 runs, including his only other first-class century, 109* against Kent in Dover on 29 June 1928. His average for the season was 22.97, a career best, and he scored two other half-centuries. He also took 38 catches and performed 29 stumpings. His final season in domestic cricket was equally successful with the gloves, taking 44 catches and completing 30 stumpings from 29 matches, however his form with the bat decreased, passing 50 only once and scoring 556 at 13.56. In his final match, played on 28 August 1929 against Gloucestershire, he completed three stumpings and scored four and 27 as Gloucestershire won by 14 runs. By the end of this season, his health forced him into retirement.

He was butler to his county captain, the Hon Lionel Tennyson (subsequently Lord Tennyson).

Notes

References

 Raiji, Vasant. C.K. Nayudu, the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket, 1989.
 Wynne-Thomas, Peter, John Arlott and Victor Isaacs. The History of Hampshire County Cricket Club, 1988.

External links

1893 births
1978 deaths
Hampshire cricketers
People from Todmorden
British Army personnel of World War I
Players cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
North v South cricketers
Wicket-keepers
Cricketers from West Yorkshire

Walter Livsey


Loose Balls: The Short Wil'in Life of the American Basketball Association is a sports book originally published in 1990 by Simon & Schuster. The book, a history of the original American Basketball Association, was written by sportswriter Terry Pluto, although much of his writing is limited to introductions and summaries of each season. Most of the dialogue is from former players, league executives, and journalists, among others.

The Cast
Almost the entire book is told by former players, executives, and journalists, all of whom are listed at the beginning as the "Cast of Characters." Some of those interviewed include:
 Rick Barry
 Pat Boone
 Hubie Brown
 Larry Brown
 Mack Calvin
 Bob Costas
 Mel Daniels
 Julius Erving
 Cotton Fitzsimmons
 Dan Issel
 Slick Leonard
 Rudy Martzke
 George Mikan
 Doug Moe
 Bob Ryan
 Joe Tait
 Lenny Wilkens
 James "Fly" Williams

In the book, the writing is set so that a topic is introduced by Pluto, and then one of the "cast members'" names is highlighted, followed by their memories on the subject.  The book covers the entire history of the ABA, from the league's founding in 1967 through the ABA–NBA merger in 1976.

External links
 Loose Balls at amazon.com
 "Long Shots" at amazon.com

1990 non-fiction books
American Basketball Association
Basketball books

Loose Balls


Springlake Amusement Park was an amusement park in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was originally established in 1922 (some sources say 1924) by Roy Staton about six years after his spring-fed pond at NE 40th and Eastern (now Martin Luther King Blvd) had been open to swimmers and picnickers. Staton expanded the park with the addition of many rides acquired from the defunct Belle Isle Park and construction of a ballroom.

In 1929 he added the Big Dipper roller coaster, which would be a fixture in the park for the next 50 years. Admission was free and the rides and pool were pay-as-you-go, so visitors could picnic by the lake at no cost until the 1960s when pay one price came into being.

The park was popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s and it attracted many of the top entertainers of the era, including Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Righteous Brothers, Roy Acuff, Conway Twitty and The Beach Boys. A race riot in 1971, a change in ownership to Thomas Traveling Shows, poor maintenance, a devastating fire in the arcade and in the owner's nearby home led to the park's demise. A large scale unadvertised garage sale in the spring of 1981 began the end of this popular city attraction. All of the rides, buildings, and memorabilia were offered for sale, some going as far away as Lima, Peru. What remained, huge electric motors from the merry go round and other rides, boxes of paper cups and rolls of tickets, advertising, and an assortment of old bumper cars and coaster cars were buried on site.

The property was purchased in mid 1981 by the Oklahoma City Vo-Tech Board and the Metro Technology Center was constructed on the site. Of the original park structures, only the amphitheater remains; a car from the Big Dipper and many photos of the park are on display at Metro Tech.

References

External links

Amusement parks in Oklahoma
1922 establishments in Oklahoma
1981 disestablishments in Oklahoma
Culture of Oklahoma City
Defunct amusement parks in the United States
Amusement parks opened in 1924
Amusement parks closed in 1981

Springlake Amusement Park


Billy McIsaac (born William McIsaac, 12 July 1949 in Rothesay, Scotland) is a musician, who played mainly keyboards since his early days with different pop bands.

Biography
Previously, he worked as a telephone engineer and played with a band called The Bubbles. In 1972, he joined Salvation, formed by brothers Kevin and Jim McGinlay, along with drummer Kenny Hyslop and guitarist Midge Ure. After Kevin McGinlay left in 1974, the band became Slik and began to release singles, among them, two hits: "Forever and Ever" and "Requiem", both released in eponymous singles, in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Slik fame was growing during 1976, but late that year, punk rock bands were hitting the musical scene, so in 1977, the band changed their name, to PVC2, after McGinlay was replaced by Russell Webb, and began to play as the latter bands did.  In September 1977, Midge Ure left PVC2, and the rest called Willie Gardner to replace him, and the band renamed themselves as Zones. Zones lasted until 1979, and the band finally split up. McIsaac and Hyslop continued with a project called Science, a band considered as a continuation of Zones, but only McIsaac was the supposedly remaining member. Hyslop and bassist Russell Webb joined The Skids, Ure joined Thin Lizzy, Ultravox and Visage and the McGinlay brothers were working alone again.

He had also a solo career, releasing "Love Me Like You Did Before" as a single.

In 1990, he studied piano performance at the Royal Academy of Music, in Glasgow.

In 1995, along with singer Maureen McMullan and saxophonist/keyboardist Gordon Bowie, he formed the Billy McIsaac Band, who claim to be the number-1 wedding band in Scotland. He retired from the band as of 2012.

References

External links

 Billy McIsaac Discogs.com
 Science Discogs.com

1949 births
People from Rothesay, Bute
Scottish rock guitarists
Scottish male guitarists
Scottish keyboardists
Living people
Slik members
Zones (band) members

Billy McIsaac


Mundellsville, Virginia was a community that developed in the late 18th century, near present-day Luray, Virginia, in Page County, Virginia. Located on the west branch of the Hawksbill Creek and predating the 1812 founding of Luray, little evidence of the once thriving village remains today, with the exception of a private residence and Willow Grove Mill. Typical of flour mills found in this area in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the present version of Willow Grove Mill was built after the American Civil War; the original having been destroyed in October 1864, during the portion of Gen. Philip Sheridan's 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign known as "the Burning." The village of Mundellsville was also the birthplace of Dr. Henry Ruffner, the first state superintendent of schools in Virginia under the constitution of 1869.

External links
 Willow Grove Mill at the Historical Marker Database
 Historic Sites of Page County at the Luray-Page County Chamber of Commerce

Populated places in Page County, Virginia

Mundellsville, Virginia


Dimitrios Nikolaou (; born 13 August 1998) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie B club Spezia and the Greece national team.

Club career

Olympiacos
On 29 January 2017, Nikolaou made his debut with the club in a 2–1 away Super League win against Veria. A month later, he scored his first goal in a 2–0 Greek Cup win game against Aris.

On 18 October 2017, Nikolaou scored an own goal and headed goal for his team in a 3–1 away loss in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage against Barcelona.

Loan to Empoli
On 28 January 2019, the 20-year-old Dimitris Nikolaou departed Piraeus, signing for Serie A club Empoli on a loan for the remainder of the 2018–19 season, with a purchase option at the range of €3.5 million. This season, Nikolaou has largely been sitting on the sidelines with Olympiacos, only participating in one Greek Cup match. The young defender is regarded as a prospect for the future and will hope to receive regular playing time with Empoli. On 15 April 2019, he made his debut with the club in a 0–0 away draw game against Atalanta.

Empoli
On 2 June 2019, Empoli activate the option of the 20-year-old international defender who reportedly was worth €3.5 million. Nikolaou played in four games at Campionato, and the leaders of the Italian club decided to activate the option of the young Greek defender, besides their relegation. Nikolaou signed for four years for an undisclosed fee. The announcement from the Italian club stated: "Empoli announces that he has exercised the right to buy and signed with the young international Dimitris Nikolaou from Olympiacos."

Spezia
Since the end of 2020-21 season, it was obvious that Dimitris Nikolaou performance with the Empoli jersey, leading it to the Serie B title and the promotion to Serie A, would hardly keep the 23-year-old central defender in the Azzurri, especially since he was in the last year of his contract. His coach, Alessio Dionisi, wanted him in Sassuolo, since he became head coach at the beginning of the summer 2021, while at the same time, the technical director who brought him to Empoli, Riccardo Pecini, wanted him in his own new team Spezia Calcio, with which he will sign a five-year contract and will increase more than double his current earnings.
On 13 August 2021, he scored his first goal with the club in a Coppa Italia away 3-1 win game against Pordenone Calcio.

Career statistics
As of 22 May 2022 (UTC)..

Honours

Club
Empoli
Serie B: 2020–21
Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2016–17

References

External links

1998 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greece men's youth international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Greece men's international footballers
Super League Greece players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Empoli FC players
Spezia Calcio players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Chalcis

Dimitrios Nikolaou


Lee Scroggins (born 23 October 1981) is an English footballer who played as a midfielder for South Shields.

Scroggins began his career with Darlington, but moved on to Northern Premier League Premier Division club Blyth Spartans in 2001 without having played for Darlington's first team. He spent just over a year with Spartans, before joining Whitley Bay of the Northern League for the remainder of the 2002–03 season. Scroggins then moved to the United States, where he had a successful college soccer career at Lynn University, graduating in Sports Recreation and Management. He played for Virginia Beach Mariners in the USL First Division in the 2006 season, but the club folded, and Scroggins returned to England, where he joined Northern League side South Shields.

References

External links
 Profile at South Shields F.C.
 Profile at USL Soccer

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Darlington
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Darlington F.C. players
Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
Whitley Bay F.C. players
South Shields F.C. players
Virginia Beach Mariners players
USL First Division players
Lynn Fighting Knights men's soccer players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers

Lee Scroggins


Franklin is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 325 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Franklin is located in the town. The ghost town of Rogneys was also located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.6 square miles (94.8 km2), all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 325 people, 129 households, and 94 families residing in the town. The population density was 8.9 people per square mile (3.4/km2). There were 175 housing units at an average density of 4.8 per square mile (1.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White.

There were 129 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 121.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $50,750. Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,891. About 12.4% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Keith C. Hardie, member of Wisconsin State Assembly

See also
 Hegg, Wisconsin

References

Towns in Jackson County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Franklin, Jackson County, Wisconsin


Nel 1976 inventò i grafi concettuali e nel 1991 fu il primo a formulare la "legge di Sowa" sugli standard.

Biografia
Nel 1962 si è laureato presso il Massachusetts Institute of Technology, nel 1966 ha conseguito un master di matematica applicata presso l'Harvard University ed infine ha conseguito un dottorato presso la Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Ha lavorato per circa 30 anni nel dipartimento di ricerca e sviluppo IBM ed è il cofondatore dei laboratori VivoMind. È inoltre membro dell'American Association for Artificial Intelligence ed è stato insegnante nei corsi dei dipartimenti di ricerca dell'IBM e delle università di Binghamton e Stanford.

Nei laboratori VivoMind ha sviluppato nuovi metodi ed approcci per utilizzare la logica e le ontologie informatiche per sviluppare sistemi in grado di ragionare e capire il linguaggio naturale umano.

Pubblicazioni
Sowa è autore di numerose pubblicazioni e collaborazioni:
Peirce's tutorial on existential graphs, Semiotica 186:1-4, Special issue on diagrammatic reasoning and Peircean logic representations, 345-394.
Cognitive Architectures for Conceptual Structures, Proceedings of ICCS 2011, edited by S. Andrews, S. Polovina, R. Hill, & B. Akhgar, LNAI 6828, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011, pp. 35–49.
Future directions for semantic systems, Chapter 2 of Intelligence-based Systems Engineering, edited by Andreas Tolk and Lakhmi C. Jain, Berlin: Springer, 2011, pp. 23–47.
The role of logic and ontology in language and reasoning, Chapter 11 of Theory and Applications of Ontology: Philosophical Perspectives, edited by R. Poli & J. Seibt, Berlin: Springer, 2010, pp. 231–263.
Biological and psycholinguistic influences on architectures for natural language processing, Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010, edited by A. V. Samsonovich, K. R. Jóhannsdóttir, A. Chella, & B. Goertzel, Amsterdam: IOS Press, pp. 131–136.
Responses to five questions on epistemic logic, Chapter 23 of Epistemic Logic:  5 Questions, edited by Vincent F. Hendricks & Olivier Roy, New York: Automatic Press, 2010, pp. 231–241.
Two paradigms are better than one, and multiple paradigms are even better, coauthored with Arun K. Majumdar, in Proceedings of ICCS 2009, edited by S. Rudolph, F. Dau, and S.O. Kuznetsov, LNAI 5662, Berlin: Springer, 2009, pp. 32–47.
Pursuing the goal of language understanding, coauthored with Arun Majumdar and John Stewart, in P. Eklund & O. Haemmerlé, eds, Proceedings of the 16th ICCS, LNAI 5113, Berlin: Springer, 2008, pp. 21–42.
Responses to five questions on signs and meaning, in Signs and Meaning:  5 Questions, edited by Peer Bundgaard and Frederik Stjernfelt, Automatic Press, New York, 2009.
Conceptual Graphs, in F. van Harmelen, V. Lifschitz, and B. Porter, eds., Handbook of Knowledge Representation, Elsevier, 2008, pp. 213–237.
Language Games, A Foundation for Semantics and Ontology, in Game Theory and Linguistic Meaning, edited by Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, Elsevier, 2007, pp. 17–37.
Fads and Fallacies about Logic, IEEE Intelligent Systems, March 2007, 22:2, pp. 84–87.
Review of Language, Cohesion, and Form by Margaret Masterman, Computational Linguistics 32:4, 2006, pp. 551–553.
A Dynamic Theory of Ontology, in B. Bennett & C. Fellbaum, eds., Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2006, pp. 204–213.
Worlds, Models, and Descriptions, Studia Logica, Special Issue Ways of Worlds II, 84:2, 2006, pp. 323–360.
Peirce's contributions to the 21st Century, in H. Schärfe, P. Hitzler, & P. Øhrstrøm, eds., Conceptual Structures: Inspiration and Application, LNAI 4068, Springer, Berlin, 2006, pp. 54–69.
Categorization in Cognitive Computer Science, in H. Cohen & C. Lefebvre, eds., Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science, Elsevier, 2006, pp. 141–163.
Conceptual Graphs, in P. Bernus, K. Mertins, & G. Schmidt, eds., Handbook on Architectures of Information Systems, Second edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2006, pp. 295–319.
The Challenge of Knowledge Soup, in J. Ramadas & S. Chunawala, Research Trends in Science, Technology and Mathematics Education, Homi Bhabha Centre, Mumbai, 2005, pp. 55–90.
Review of Ontological Semantics by Nirenburg and Raskin, Computational Linguistics 31:1, 2005, pp. 147–152.
Graphics and Languages for the Flexible Modular Framework, in K. E. Wolff, H. D. Pfeiffer, & H. S. Delugach, eds., Conceptual Structures at Work, LNAI 3127, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, pp. 31–51.
Analogical reasoning, co-authored with Arun K. Majumdar, in de Moor, Lex, Ganter, eds., Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Creation and Communication, Proceedings of ICCS 2003, LNAI 2746, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003, pp. 16–36.
Laws, facts, and contexts: Foundations for multimodal reasoning, in Knowledge Contributors, edited by V. F. Hendricks, K. F. Jørgensen, and S. A. Pedersen, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 145–184.
Architectures for intelligent systems, IBM Systems Journal 41:3, 2002, pp. 331–349.
Review of Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition, by M. A. K. Halliday and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen," in Computational Linguistics, 27:1, March, 2001, pp. 140-142.
Ontology, metadata, and semiotics, in B. Ganter & G. W. Mineau, eds., Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues, Lecture Notes in AI #1867, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000, pp. 55-81.
Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations, Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., Pacific Grove, CA, 2000.
Review of Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson," in Computational Linguistics, 25:4, December 1999.
Relating templates to logic and language, in Information Extraction: Towards Scalable, Adaptable Systems, ed. by M. T. Pazienza, Lecture Notes in AI #1714, Springer-Verlag, 1999, pp. 76–94.
Conceptual graphs: draft proposed American National Standard, in W. Tepfenhart & W. Cyre, eds., Conceptual Structures: Standards and Practices, Lecture Notes in AI #1640, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999, pp. 1–65.
Signs, Processes, and Language Games: Foundations for Ontology, extended version of an invited lecture presented at the International Conference on the Challenge of Pragmatic Process Philosophy, University of Nijmegen, May 1999.
Ontological categories, in L. Albertazzi, ed., Shapes of Forms: From Gestalt Psychology and Phenomenology to Ontology and Mathematics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999, pp. 307–340.
The infinite variety of logics, in O. Herzog & A. Günter, eds., KI-98: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Lecture Notes in AI #1504, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, pp. 31–53.
Conceptual graph standard and extensions, in M-L Mugnier, & M. Chein, eds., Conceptual Structures: Theory, Tools, and Applications, Lecture Notes in AI #1453, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, pp. 3–14.
Conceptual Graphs, in P. Bernus, K. Mertins, & G. Schmidt, eds., Handbook on Architectures of Information Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, pp. 287–311.
Peircean foundations for a theory of context, in D. Lukose et al., eds., Conceptual Structures: Fulfilling Peirce's Dream, Lecture Notes in AI #1257, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997, pp. 41–64.
Matching logical structure to linguistic structure, in N. Houser, D. D. Roberts, & J. Van Evra, eds., Studies in the Logic of Charles Sanders Peirce, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1997.
Top-level ontological categories, International J. of Human-Computer Studies, 43:5/6, 1996, 669-686.
Processes and participants, in Eklund et al., eds. (1996) Conceptual Structures: Knowledge Representation as Interlingua, Lecture Notes in AI #1115, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–22.
Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of contexts, in Ellis et al. (1995) Conceptual Structures: Applications, Implementation, and Theory, Lecture Notes in #AI 954, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–15.
Lexical structures and conceptual structures, in J. Pustejovsky, ed., Semantics and the Lexicon, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 223–262.
Logical foundations for representing object-oriented systems, Journal of Experimental & Theoretical AI, vol. 5, nos. 2&3, 1993, pp. 237–261.
Relating diagrams to logic, in G. Mineau, B. Moulin, & J. F. Sowa eds., Conceptual Graphs for Knowledge Representation, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993.
Logic-based standards for the conceptual schema, in J. Cuena, ed., Knowledge Oriented Software Design, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 251–280.
Review of Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project by D. B. Lenat & R. V. Guha, Artificial Intelligence 61:1, 1993, 95-104.
Conceptual analysis as a basis for knowledge acquisition, in R. R. Hoffman, ed., The Psychology of Experts: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992, pp. 80–96.
Conceptual graphs summary, in T. E. Nagle, J. A. Nagle, L. L. Gerholz, & P. W. Eklund, eds., Conceptual Structures: Current Research and Practice, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1992, pp. 3–51.
Conceptual graphs as a universal knowledge representation, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, vol. 23, no 2-5, 1992. Reprinted in Fritz Lehmann, ed., Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1992, pp. 75–93.
Logical structures in the lexicon, in Lexical Semantics and Commonsense Reasoning, edited by James Pustejovsky and Sabine Bergler, LNAI 627, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992, pp. 39–60.
Extending and formalizing the Framework for Information Systems Architecture, coauthored with John A. Zachman, IBM Systems Journal 31:3, pp. 590–616, 1992.
A logic-based approach to enterprise integration, coauthored with John A. Zachman, in C. J. Petrie, ed., Enterprise Integration Modeling, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992, pp. 152–163.
Semantic networks, Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, edited by S. C. Shapiro, Wiley, New York, 1987; revised and extended for the second edition, 1992.
Towards a reintegration of AI research, in Future Directions in AI, ed. by P. A. Flach & R. A. Meersman, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 25–33.
Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge, edited by J. F. Sowa, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1991.
Towards the expressive power of natural languages, in J. F. Sowa, ed., Principles of Semantic Networks, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1991, pp. 157–189.
Knowledge representation in databases, expert systems, and natural language, in R.A. Meersman, Zh. Shi, & C-H. Kung, Artificial Intelligence in Databases and Information Systems, North-Holland Publishing Co., New York, 1990, pp. 17–50.
Definitional mechanisms for restructuring knowledge bases, in Z. W. Ras, M. Zemankova, & M. L. Emrich, eds., Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, 5, North-Holland Publishing Co., New York, 1990, pp. 194–211.
Crystallizing theories out of knowledge soup, in Z. W. Ras & M. Zemankova, eds., Intelligent Systems: State of the Art and Future Directions, Ellis Horwood Ltd., London, 1990, pp. 456–487.
Finding structure in knowledge soup, Proc. Info Japan '90, Information Processing Society of Japan, Tokyo, vol. 2, pp. 245–252, 1990.
A prolog to Prolog, in Knowledge Systems and Prolog, by A. Walker (ed), M. McCord, J. Sowa, & W. Wilson, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1987; revised and extended for the second edition, 1990.
Knowledge acquisition by teachable systems, in J.P. Martins and E.M. Morgado, eds., EPIA 89, Lecture Notes in AI #390, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989, pp. 381–396.
Review of Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence by Michael R. Genesereth & Nils J. Nilsson, Artificial Intelligence 38:1, 1989, 125-131.
Knowledge Representation, Lecture notes for the IJCAI-89 tutorial, co-authored with N. Y. Foo, AAAI, Menlo Park, CA, 1989.
Using a lexicon of canonical graphs in a semantic interpreter, in M. Evens, ed., Relational Models of the Lexicon, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 113–137.
Knowledge Representation, Lecture notes for the AAAI-88 tutorial, co-authored with D. Skuce, AAAI, Menlo Park, CA, 1988.
Conceptual graph notation, in J. W. Esch, ed., Proceedings of the Third Annual Workshop on Conceptual Graphs, AAAI, Menlo Park, CA, 1988, pp. 2–1 to 2-22.
Implementing a semantic interpreter using conceptual graphs, co-authored with Eileen C. Way, IBM Journal of Research and Development 30:1, pp. 57–69, January, 1986.
Una metodología para la tecnología de la informatión, Programación Informática: Sistemas Expertos, Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre, Madrid, pp. 23–38, 1985. (Spanish translation of an invited talk presented in November, 1984.)
Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA 1984.
Interactive Language Implementation System (ILIS), IBM Journal of Research and Development 28:1, pp. 28–39, 1984.
Generating language from conceptual graphs, Computers and Mathematics with Applications 9:1, pp. 29–43, 1983.
A conceptual schema for knowledge based systems, Proceedings of the Workshop on Data Abstraction, Databases, and Conceptual Modeling, SIGMOD Record, ACM, 11:2, 193-195, 1981.
Semantics of conceptual graphs, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 39–44, 1979.
Definitional mechanisms for conceptual graphs, Graph Grammars and their Application to Computer Science and Biology, edited by V. Claus, H. Ehrig, & G. Rozenberg, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 426–439, 1979.
Conceptual graphs for a data base interface, IBM Journal of Research and Development 20:4, pp. 336–357, 1976.
Thought clusters in early Greek oral poetry, co-authored with Cora A. Sowa, Computers and the Humanities 8, pp. 131–146, 1974.

Note

Voci correlate
Grafo concettuale
Rete semantica

Collegamenti esterni
http://www.jfsowa.com/ Sito ufficiale di John F. Sowa.
http://www.vivomind.net/  Sito ufficiale dei laboratori VivoMind

John F. Sowa


The yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli), also known as the California magpie, is a large corvid that inhabits California's Central Valley and the adjacent chaparral foothills and mountains. Apart from its having a yellow bill and a yellow streak around the eye, it is virtually identical to the black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) found in much of the rest of North America.
The scientific name commemorates the English naturalist Thomas Nuttall.

Taxonomy
mtDNA sequence analysis indicates a close relationship between the yellow-billed magpie and the black-billed magpie, rather than between the outwardly very similar black-billed and European magpies (P. pica).

The Korean subspecies of the European magpie (P. p. sericea) is more distantly related to all other (including North American) forms judging from the molecular evidence, and thus, either the North American forms are maintained as specifically distinct and the Korean (and possibly related) subspecies are also elevated to species status, or all magpies are considered to be subspecies of a single species, Pica pica.

Combining fossil evidence and paleobiogeographical considerations with the molecular data indicates that the yellow-billed magpie's ancestors became isolated in California quite soon after the ancestral magpies colonized North America (which probably happened some 3–4 mya) due to early ice ages and the ongoing uplift of the Sierra Nevada, but that during interglacials there occurred some gene flow between the yellow- and black-billed magpies until reproductive isolation was fully achieved in the Pleistocene.

The yellow-billed magpie is adapted to the hot summers of California's Central Valley and experiences less heat stress than the black-billed magpie.

Behaviour
The yellow-billed magpie is gregarious and roosts communally. There may be a cluster of communal roosts in one general area made up of a central roost containing many birds and several outlying roosts with fewer.

Yellow-billed magpie flocks are known to engage in funeral-like behavior for their dead. When a magpie dies, a gathering of them congregates around the deceased bird where they call out loudly for 10-15 minutes.

Breeding
The yellow-billed magpie prefers groves of tall trees along rivers and near open areas, though in some cities they have begun to nest in vacant lots and other weedy places. A pair of birds builds a dome-shaped nest with sticks and mud on a high branch. Nests may be 14 meters above the ground and are sometimes built far out on long branches to prevent predators from reaching them. They nest in small colonies, or occasionally alone. Even when nesting close to other birds they may exhibit some territorial behavior. These birds are permanent residents and do not usually wander far outside of their breeding range.

Extra-pair copulation is not uncommon among yellow-billed magpies. After mating, a male will exhibit mate-guarding, preventing the female from mating with other males until she lays the first egg. The clutch contains 5 to 7 eggs which are incubated by the female for 16 to 18 days. Both parents feed the nestlings a diet of mostly insects until fledging occurs in 30 days.

Food and feeding

These omnivorous birds forage on the ground, mainly eating insects, especially grasshoppers, but also carrion, acorns and fruit in fall and winter. They are attracted to recently butchered carcasses on farms and ranches. They pick through garbage at landfills and dumping sites, and sometimes hunt rodents.

Diseases
This bird is extremely susceptible to West Nile virus. Between 2004 and 2006 it is estimated that 50% of all yellow-billed magpies died of the virus. Because the bird tends to roost near water bodies such as rivers, it is often exposed to mosquitoes.

Avian poxvirus is another contagious viral infection that Yellow-billed magpies face hat have raised concerns for their population. It has been documented in some individuals, leading to the development of skin lesions, nodules, and sometimes death. While the prevalence of avian poxvirus in Yellow-billed magpies varies, it is considered a potential concern for the species.

The birds are also at risk of lead poisoning, primarily due to the ingestion of spent lead ammunition fragments found in carrion or discarded game animals. Lead poisoning has been a significant issue for scavenging birds, and efforts to reduce the use of lead ammunition in hunting areas adjacent to Yellow-billed magpie habitats are being undertaken to mitigate this threat.

Conservation
The IUCN classifies the bird as a vulnerable species. The Nature Conservancy places it in the vulnerable category. Besides West Nile Virus, threats include loss of habitat and rodent poison. The bird has a limited area of distribution but is widespread throughout the area and still common in many places.

Habitat Loss is the ongoing urbanization and agricultural development in California's Central Valley have led to the destruction and fragmentation of the Yellow-billed magpie's preferred nesting and foraging habitats. As groves of tall trees are cleared for development, the available breeding sites for these birds are diminishing.

Rodent Poison also is the use of rodenticides and pesticides in agricultural and urban areas poses a direct threat to the Yellow-billed magpie population. These chemicals can contaminate the bird's food sources and have detrimental effects on their health.

Climate Change and its associated impacts, such as increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, may affect the availability of the bird's food sources and nesting sites. Prolonged droughts and extreme weather events can further stress their populations.

Conservation Efforts where several organizations, including The Nature Conservancy and local conservation groups, are actively engaged in efforts to protect and preserve the Yellow-billed magpie. These efforts include habitat restoration, monitoring of populations, and education campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of safeguarding this species.

References

External links

Yellow-billed magpie photo gallery VIREO

Pica (genus)
Endemic birds of the Western United States
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
Endemic fauna of California
Birds described in 1837
Taxa named by John James Audubon

Yellow-billed magpie


Johann Wilhelm Hässler (March 29, 1747 – March 22 (other sources, March 29), 1822), was a German composer, organist and pianist.

Hässler was born in Erfurt.  He first studied under his uncle Johann Christian Kittel, who was an organist at Erfurt.  His first post was as organist of the local Barfüßerkirche in around 1762. His father died in 1769 and from then on he also managed the family fur business, though he still managed concert tours of Germany in the early 1770s, then in other places in Europe in the 1780s and 1790s. On 15 April 1789 he entered an organ competition with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Dresden during Mozart's Berlin journey. On these tours he also came into contact with Johann Nikolaus Forkel, Johann Adam Hiller, Franz Benda, and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. He spent 1790 to 1792 in London and then moved to Saint Petersburg before settling in Moscow in 1794, where he worked as a prominent music teacher and composer.  He remained there until his death.

Works
His publications include many keyboard works, including sonatas, fantasies, preludes, and his best known piano work, the Grand Gigue in D minor, Op. 31; as well as a Grand Concert, Op. 50, a cantata, chamber works and songs.  One of the most unusual of Hässler's compositions is a cycle of 360 preludes in all keys Op. 47, published in 1817.  This massive cycle that lasts for over 95 minutes was premiered in Erfurt by Dmitry Feofanov on September 23, 2012 and in Moscow on September 26, 2012.  It was recorded in 2017.

References

External links

 Biography at hoasm.org
 Biography at classical-composers.org

1747 births
1822 deaths
German Classical-period composers
German classical organists
German male organists
German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Musicians from Erfurt
19th-century German male musicians
Male classical organists

Johann Wilhelm Hässler


The interrupt descriptor table (IDT) is a data structure used by the x86 architecture to implement an interrupt vector table. The IDT is used by the processor to determine the correct response to interrupts and exceptions.

The details in the description below apply specifically to the x86 architecture. Other architectures have similar data structures, but may behave differently.

Use of the IDT is triggered by three types of events: hardware interrupts, software interrupts, and processor exceptions, which together are referred to as interrupts. The IDT consists of 256 interrupt vectors–the first 32 (0–31 or 0x00–0x1F) of which are used for processor exceptions.

Real mode
In real mode, the interrupt table is called IVT (interrupt vector table). Up to the 80286, the IVT always resided at the same location in memory, ranging from 0x0000 to 0x03ff, and consisted of 256 far pointers. Hardware interrupts may be mapped to any of the vectors by way of a programmable interrupt controller. On the 80286 and later, the size and locations of the IVT can be changed in the same way as it is done with the IDT (Interrupt descriptor table) in protected mode (i.e., via the LIDT (Load Interrupt Descriptor Table Register) instruction) though it does not change the format of it.

BIOS interrupts

The BIOS provides simple real-mode access to a subset of hardware facilities by registering interrupt handlers. They are invoked as software interrupts with the INT assembly instruction and the parameters are passed via registers. These interrupts are used for various tasks like detecting
the system memory layout, configuring VGA output and modes, and accessing the disk early in the boot process.

Protected and long mode
The IDT is an array of descriptors stored consecutively in memory and indexed by the vector number. It is not necessary to use all of the possible entries: it is sufficient to populate the table up to the highest interrupt vector used, and set the IDT length portion of the  accordingly.

The IDTR register is used to store both the linear base address and the limit (length in bytes minus 1) of the IDT. When an interrupt occurs, the processor multiplies the interrupt vector by the entry size (8 for protected mode, 16 for long mode) and adds the result to the IDT base address. If the address is inside the table, the DPL is checked and the interrupt is handled based on the gate type.

The descriptors may be either interrupt gates, trap gates or, for 32-bit protected mode only, task gates. Interrupt and trap gates point to a memory location containing code to execute by specifying both a segment (present in either the GDT or LDT) and an offset within that segment. The only difference between trap and interrupt gates is that interrupt gates will disable further processor handling of maskable hardware interrupts, making them suitable to handle hardware-generated interrupts (conversely, trap gates are useful for handling software interrupts and exceptions). A task gate will cause the currently active task-state segment to be switched, using the hardware task switch mechanism to effectively hand over use of the processor to another program, thread or process.

Processor-generated exceptions

All INT_NUM between 0x0 and 0x1F, inclusive, are reserved for exceptions; INT_NUM bigger than 0x1F are used for interrupt routines. (The IBM PC did not always obey this rule; for instance, it used interrupt 5 to indicate that the Print Screen key had been pressed.)

Hooking
Some Windows programs hook calls to the IDT. This involves writing a kernel mode driver that intercepts calls to the IDT and adds in its own processing. This has never been officially supported by Microsoft, but was not programatically prevented on its operating systems until 64-bit versions of Windows, where a driver that attempts to use a kernel mode hook will cause the machine to bug check.

See also
 Global Descriptor Table

References

 General
 Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3: System Programming Guide

External links
 Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3A:System Programming Guide, Part 1 (see CHAPTER 5, INTERRUPT AND EXCEPTION HANDLING and CHAPTER 10, ADVANCED PROGRAMMABLE INTERRUPT CONTROLLER)]
 Interrupt Descriptor Table at OSDev.org

X86 architecture
Interrupts
Memory management

Interrupt descriptor table


Cirque Plume is a contemporary circus company founded in 1984 by Bernard Kudlak in the Franche-Comté region of France.

French newspaper Le Parisien has described Cirque Plume as "the oldest of the New Circuses... It is one of the rare troupes who seem to be able to reconcile both the children, numerous in the audience... and adults, uncomfortable with the traditional circus, but who are rather in search of a certain atmosphere."  According to Le Figaro, "The word circus here is what you see and what you get. The techniques of juggling, acrobatics or flying trapeze are totally respected. Their chief originality is the way in which they are all brought into the gigantic mixer."

History
 1984 : Cirque Plume is founded
 1986 : Avignon "Off" Theatre Festival
 1988 : Spectacle de Cirque et de Merveilles
 1990 : Grand Prix national du cirque
 1991 : No Animo Mas Anima
 1993 : Toiles
 1996 : L'harmonie est elle municipale?
 1999 : Mélanges (opéra plume)
 2001 : First performance in New York City, USA
 2002 : Récréation
 2004 : Plic Ploc
 2009 : L'Atelier du Peintre
 2013 : Tempus fugit ? Une ballade sur le chemin perdu

See also
Nouveau cirque

References

Circuses
Franche-Comté

Cirque Plume


Monkey Business (stylized as Monkey Bu$iness) is the third studio album by Polish singer Margaret. It was released only in Poland. The album was made available to stream exclusively on Tidal on 29 May 2017. Its deluxe edition, with two additional tracks, was released exclusively to Empik on 1 June 2017. The album was officially released on 2 June 2017 by Extensive Music and Magic Records.

Monkey Businesss lead single, "What You Do", was released on 12 May 2017, followed by "Byle jak" ("Anyhow") on 21 December. It also includes the single "Blue Vibes", which was recorded for the Polish-language version of the 2017 animated feature film, Smurfs: The Lost Village, and did not promote the album.

Monkey Business peaked at number eight on Polish Albums Chart.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

2017 albums
Margaret (singer) albums

Monkey Business (Margaret album)


Frankie Stevens (born Francis Donald McKechnie Stevenson in Wellington, 1950), MNZM, is a New Zealand entertainer and singer. He was a judge for all three seasons on the reality series New Zealand Idol.  He is the brother of singer Jon Stevens. He is of Scottish and of Maori descent.

Early career
He got his start singing in a band while at Heretaunga College.
He began his career at the age of 16, when he moved to Sydney, Australia to join a group called "Peter Nelson and the Castaways". After several years of touring and recording with the group, he went solo.

As a solo artist, his first record "My Elusive Dreams" in 1969 was a major hit in New Zealand.

The next year, he moved to London where he won the talent show Opportunity Knocks six times in a row, sang at both The Palladium and Albert Hall, represented Great Britain in several song contests, winning the Silver Prize in the Second Tokyo Music Festival, the Bronze Medal in Caracas Venezuela, and the Gold Medal at the Golden Orpheus Song Festival in Bulgaria.

Through the 1970s, he toured extensively, working with many major acts including Olivia Newton-John, Shirley Bassey, Milton Berle, and Sammy Davis Jr. and acting in Hawaii Five-O. played King Nodos in the Hercules TV series.

Return to New Zealand
In 1982, Stevens returned to New Zealand.

In 1994, he played the High Priest Caiaphas in the New Zealand tour of Jesus Christ Superstar, and later the '94-95' tour of Australia - with his younger brother Jon playing Judas.

From 2004, he was a judge on all three seasons on New Zealand Idol.

In the 2005 New Year Honours, Stevens was made a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to entertainment.

Stevens has been honoured by his home town of Upper Hutt, which named a street in the suburb of Riverstone Terraces, Frankie Stevens Place, after the entertainer.

He is an  ambassador of the Prostate Cancer Foundation of New Zealand.

In October 2015 he was presented with a Scroll of Honour from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand for his contribution to the New Zealand entertainment industry.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091024095418/http://www.frankiestevens.com/home.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112624/http://www.thewholenineyards.com.au/

1950 births
Living people
People from Upper Hutt
New Zealand Idol
New Zealand pop singers
New Zealand Māori musicians
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
New Zealand male musical theatre actors
People educated at Heretaunga College

Frankie Stevens


The Quill Award was an American literary award that ran for three years in 2005-2007. it was created to inspire reading while promoting Literacy.

Winners (2007)

 Book of the year: Angels Fall, Nora Roberts
 Audio book: To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee (read by Sissy Spacek)
 General fiction: Cormac McCarthy
 Romance: Angels Fall, Nora Roberts
 Biography/memoir: Einstein: His Life and Universe, Walter Isaacson

Winners (2006)

 Book of the Year: Don't Make a Black Woman Take off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, Tyler Perry
 Children's Chapter Book/Middle Grade: Lemony Snicket
 Young Adult/Teen: Eldest, Christopher Paolini
 Graphic Novel: Naruto, Volume 7, Masashi Kishimoto
 Poetry: Amazing Peace: A Christmas Poem, Maya Angelou
 Romance: Blue Smoke, Nora Roberts
 Cooking: Rachael Ray 365: No Repeats: A Year of Deliciously Different Dinners, Rachael Ray
 Health/Self Improvement: It's Not Easy Being Green: And Other Things to Consider, Jim Henson
 History/Current Events/Politics: An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore
 Humor: Don't Make a Black Woman Take off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, Tyler Perry
 Sports: Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football, Holly Robinson Peete
 Variety Blockbuster Book to Film: The Devil Wears Prada and its film adaptation author Lauren Weisberger and director david frankel

Winners (2005)

 Book of the Year: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, J. K. Rowling,
 Poetry: Let America Be America Again: And Other Poems, Langston Hughes
 Religion and Spirituality: Peace is the Way: Bringing War and Violence to an End, Deepak Chopra
 Cooking: Rachael Ray's 30-Minute Get Real Meals: Eat Healthy Without Going to Extremes, Rachael Ray
 Humor: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America: A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, Jon Stewart and the Writers of The Daily Show

The foundation awarded a Quills Corporate Literacy Award to Verizon for its support of Literacy programs in the United States

References

Other websites

2005 establishments in the United States
2008 disestablishments in the United States

Quill Award


Ruohonpää is a district in the Kuninkoja ward of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located to the west of the city, and is mainly a low-density residential suburb.

The current () population of Ruohonpää is 2,375, and it is decreasing at an annual rate of 0.59%. 12.04% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 25.89% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 94.32% Finnish, 3.87% Swedish, and 1.81% other.

See also
 Districts of Turku
 Districts of Turku by population

Districts of Turku

Ruohonpää


A doomsday cult is a new religious movement or cult that says that the world is about to end. According to these cults, there will be a catastrophe. The only way to be saved is by joining the group, and by doing what it says. John Lofland first used the term in 1966, in a study of the Unification Church. Some researchers believe that the term should not be used by mass media or by governments, because it will reinforce the beliefs of the respective group, and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Examples of groups said to be doomsday cults include the Peoples Temple, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, and Aum Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo was responsible for an Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, where thirteen people died. The People's Temple organised a forced mass suicide in Guyana, at a facility now known as "Jonestown", where over 900 people died. The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten commandments, in Uganda, predicted the end of the world would be on the 31st December 1999.  When it did not come, people in the movement became skeptical, and wanted their property back, which they had donated to the church leader.  At a religious service on 17th March 2000, the church where the service was held was put on fire, and 530 people died.  During the inquiry, the police found other people dead, at the properties of the movement; they had likely been poisoned. In total, over 1000 people had died. The leader of the movement survived, and has not been seen since then.

In Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism, Brynjar Lia notes that "Doomsday cults are nothing new," but also states that they are "relatively few". Lia cites the mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, the use of salmonella as a poison by followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and actions of Aum Shinrikyo as examples, noting that: "...during the past decades one has witnessed a number of increasingly violent doomsday sects, inflicting mass violence on their members and, in rare cases, also on outsiders".

References

Cults
Religious violence

Doomsday cult


Rehabilitation hospitals, also referred to as inpatient rehabilitation hospitals, are devoted to the rehabilitation of patients with various neurological, musculoskeletal, orthopedic, and other medical conditions following stabilization of their acute medical issues. The industry is largely made up by independent hospitals that operate these facilities within acute care hospitals. There are also inpatient rehabilitation hospitals that offer this service in a hospital-like setting, but separate from acute care facilities. Most inpatient rehabilitation facilities are located within hospitals.

The objective of rehabilitation is to cure a patient completely. However, exact goals vary for each person. For instance, someone with a problem in their lungs might get pulmonary rehabilitation so that their breathing becomes better.

On the other hand, someone with a spine injury may need physical therapy and rehab to help restrict more damage from happening to their backs.

Kinds of therapy
Various types of therapy can be offered at rehabilitation facilities vary:

 Cognitive rehabilitation therapy to help you relearn skills such as thinking, remembering, learning, organizing, etc.
 Mental health counseling
 Assistive devices including tools and devices to enable people with disabilities in performing daily activities
 Speech therapy to assist you in speaking, listening, understanding, writing, and swallowing
 Nutritional counseling
 Pain treatment
 Occupational therapy to perform daily activities smoothly
 Music therapy to express your thoughts and feelings and build social networks
 Recreational therapy to enhance your emotional well-being through games, painting, and other forms of training
 Vocational rehabilitation for developing skills to pursue your education or working at an organization

History
Rehabilitation hospitals were created to meet a perceived need for facilities which were less costly on a per diem basis than general hospitals but which provided a higher level of professional therapies such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy than can be obtained in a "skilled nursing care" facility.  In the United States, rehabilitation hospitals are designed to meet the requirements imposed upon them by the Medicare administration, and to bill at the rates allowed by Medicare for such a facility.  Medicare allows a lifetime total of 100 days' stay in a rehabilitation hospital per person.  A rehabilitation hospital can only be accessed following a stay as an inpatient in a general hospital which has lasted for a certain number of days.  The general hospital will evaluate the patient to determine if the patient will benefit from rehabilitation services.  A positive determination will be made if the patient is deemed to require a certain level of therapies.  If a positive determination is made, a report concerning the patient's needs will be sent to the rehabilitation hospital, which has the discretion to admit or not admit the patient.  If the patient is transferred to the rehabilitation hospital, his/her medical records and a recommended treatment plan will be transmitted with the patient.  The treatment plan will include daily therapies except on weekends.  Some rehabilitation hospitals have physicians on staff; others do not.

See also
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
:Category:Rehabilitation hospitals – Wikipedia articles about rehabilitation hospitals

References

Hospital departments

Rehabilitation hospital


Robert von Ranke Graves  (also known as Robert Ranke Graves and most commonly Robert Graves; 24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was an English poet, novelist, critic and classicist. He wrote more than 140 works. He wrote poems about Greek myths and historical novels. Many of his novels were set in ancient Rome or were about stories from Greek myths. He also wrote about Greek myths and translated them into English.

Life

Graves was born in Wimbledon, now part of London. He was the third of five children. His father was Alfred Perceval Graves (1846–1931). He came from an Irish family. His mother was Amalie von Ranke (1857–1951). She came from a German family. Robert went to many schools when he was young. In 1909 he won a scholarship to Charterhouse, a famous boarding school in Surrey.When the First World War began in August 1914, Graves joined the army right away. He wrote many poems about the war. He became a good friend of another war poet, Siegfried Sassoon. Graves was very badly wounded in the Battle of the Somme. He nearly died and was sent back to a hospital in England. He also had mental problems called by shell shock from the bad experience of battle. His mental problems lasted for several years.

In 1918 he married the artist Nancy Nicholson. He went to study at Oxford University in 1919. At Oxford his good friend was T. E. Lawrence. He later wrote a biography of Lawrence called Lawrence and the Arabs. His marriage to Nancy Nicholson ended in the 1920s. He went to live with the poet Laura Riding in Spain  They lived in Deià, a small village on the island of Majorca. Graves and Laura Riding lived in America during the Spanish Civil War. Their relationship broke down in 1938. Graves went back to England. He fell in love with Beryl Hodge (1915–2003). Graves wrote many beautiful love poems to Beryl. They moved to Spain in 1946 and lived in Deià with their children. They were married in 1950. Their house in Deià is now a museum.  From 1961 to 1966 Graves was Professor of Poetry at Oxford.<ref>O'Prey, Paul (1 November 2003). "Obituary: Beryl Graves". The Guardian.</ref>

Robert Graves died at his house in Deià on 7 December 1985. He was 90 years old. He was buried in a churchyard on a hill near his house. Graves had eight children—four with his first wife Nancy and four with his second wife Beryl.

Novels by Robert Graves
Some of his most important novels were:
 I, Claudius, 1934.Claudius the God and his Wife Messalina, 1934
 Count Belisarius, 1938
 Sergeant Lamb of the Ninth, 1940.Proceed, Sergeant Lamb, 1941
 The Story of Marie Powell: Wife to Mr. Milton, 1944
 The Golden Fleece, 1944
 King Jesus, 1946
 Seven Days in New Crete, 1949
 The Islands of Unwisdom, 1949
 Homer's Daughter, 1955.

References

Other websites

 Robert Graves Trust and Society Information Portal
 Profile at the Poetry Foundation
 Gallery of Graves's portraits, National Portrait Gallery, London
 The Robert Graves Digital Archive  by the University of Oxford
 1965 BBC television interview (29 mins)

1895 births
1985 deaths
English novelists
English poets

Robert Graves