Margaret I (; March 1353 – 28 October 1412) was Queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (which included Finland) from the late 1380s until her death, and the founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms together for over a century. She had been queen consort of Norway from 1363 to 1380 and of Sweden from 1363 to 1364 by marriage to Haakon VI. Margaret was known as a wise, energetic and capable leader, who governed with "farsighted tact and caution," earning the nickname "Semiramis of the North". She was derisively called "King Breechless", one of several derogatory nicknames invented by her rival Albert of Mecklenburg, but was also known by her subjects as "Lady King", which became widely used in recognition of her capabilities. Knut Gjerset calls her "the first great ruling queen in European history."

The youngest daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark, Margaret was born at Søborg Castle. She was a practical, patient administrator and diplomat, albeit one of high aspirations and a strong will, who intended to unite Scandinavia forever into one single entity with the strength to resist and compete against the might of the Hanseatic League. In 1363, aged ten, Margaret married Haakon VI. They had a son, Olaf. Following the deaths of her husband and son, Margaret was proclaimed queen of the Scandinavian kingdoms. She was ultimately succeeded by a grandnephew, Eric of Pomerania. Although Eric came of age in 1401, Margaret continued for the remaining 11 years of her life to be sole ruler in all but name. Her regency marked the beginning of a Dano-Norwegian union which was to last for more than four centuries.

Some Norwegian and Swedish historians have criticized Margaret for favouring Denmark and being too autocratic, though she is generally thought to have been highly regarded in Norway and respected in Denmark and Sweden. She was painted in a negative light in contemporary religious chronicles, as she had no qualms suppressing the Church to promote royal power. Margaret is known in Denmark as "Margrethe I" to distinguish her from the current queen, who chose to be known as Margrethe II in recognition of her predecessor.

Early years and marriage
Margaret was born in March 1353 as the sixth and youngest child of King Valdemar IV and Helvig of Schleswig. She was born in the prison of Søborg Castle, where her father had already confined her mother. She was baptised in Roskilde and in 1359, at the age of six, engaged to the 18-year-old King Haakon VI, the youngest son of the Swedish-Norwegian king Magnus IV & VII. As part of the marriage contract it is presumed that a treaty was signed ensuring Magnus the assistance of King Valdemar in a dispute with his second son, Eric "XII" of Sweden, who in 1356 held dominion over Southern Sweden. Margaret's marriage was thus a part of the Nordic power struggle. There was dissatisfaction with this in some circles, and the political activist Bridget of Sweden described the agreement in a letter to the Pope as "children playing with dolls". The goal of the marriage for King Valdemar was regaining Scania, which since 1332 had been mortgaged to Sweden. Per contemporary sources, the marriage contract contained an agreement to give Helsingborg Castle back to Denmark, but that was not enough for Valdemar, who in June 1359 took a large army across Øresund and soon occupied Scania. The attack was ostensibly to support Magnus against Erik, but in June 1359, Erik died. As a result, the balance of power changed, and all agreements between Magnus and Valdemar were terminated, including the marriage contract between Margaret and Haakon.

This did not result in the withdrawal of Valdemar from Scania; he instead continued his conquests on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Visby, which was populated by Germans, was the main town on the island and was the key to domination of the Baltic Sea. On 27 July 1361 a battle was fought between a well-equipped Danish army and an array of local Gotland peasants. The Danes won the battle and took Visby, while the Germans did not take part. King Magnus and the Hanseatic League could not disregard this provocation, and a trade embargo against Denmark was immediately enacted, with agreement about necessary military action. At the same time, negotiations opened between King Magnus and Henry of Holstein about a marriage between Haakon and the latter's sister Elizabeth. On 17 December 1362, a ship left with Elizabeth bound for Sweden. A storm, however, diverted her to the Danish island Bornholm, where the archbishop of Lund declared the wedding a violation of church law because Haakon had already been engaged to Margaret. The Swedish and Hanseatic armies also ultimately withdrew from their siege of Helsingborg. Following this, a truce was concluded with the Hanseatic States and King Magnus abandoning the war, meaning the marriage of the now 10-year-old Margaret and King Haakon was again relevant. The wedding was held in Copenhagen on 9 April 1363.

The marriage of Haakon and Margaret was an alliance, and Margaret likely remained in Denmark for some time after the wedding, but ultimately was taken to Akershus in Oslo Fjord where she was raised by Merete Ulvsdatter. Merete Ulvsdatter was a distinguished noblewoman and daughter of Bridget of Sweden, as well as the wife of Knut Algotsson, who was one of King Magnus's faithful followers. Margaret was brought up with Merete Ulvsdatter's daughter Ingegerd, who likely instructed her in matters of religion and monarchy. Merete's daughters, Ingegerd and Catherine, became her closest female friends, with Margaret later showing favoritism to Ingegerd, who became an abbess, as well as her monastery. It is also likely, though, that her promotion of the Bridgettines was also out of piety and political interest to help the process of integration. Her academic studies were probably limited, but it is assumed that in addition to reading and writing she also was instructed in statecraft. She displayed an early talent for ruling and appears to have held real power.

In the years after Margaret's wedding Scandinavia saw a series of major political upheavals. A few months after her wedding, her only brother, Christopher, Duke of Lolland, died, leaving her father without an obvious male heir. In 1364 the Swedish nobles deposed Magnus and Margaret's husband King Haakon from the Swedish throne and elected Albert of Mecklenburg as king of Sweden.

Regency

Her first act after her father's death in 1375 was to procure the election of her infant son Olaf as king of Denmark, despite the claims of her elder sister Ingeborg's husband Duke Henry III of Mecklenburg and their son Albert. Margaret insisted that Olaf be proclaimed rightful heir of Sweden, among his other titles. He was too young to rule in his own right, and Margaret proved herself a competent and shrewd ruler in the years that followed.  On the death of Haakon in 1380, Olaf succeeded him as King of Norway. Olaf died suddenly in 1387, aged 17, and Margaret, who had ruled both kingdoms in his name, was chosen Regent of Norway and Denmark in the following year. She had already proven her keen statesmanship by recovering possession of Schleswig from the Holstein-Rendsburg Counts. The Counts had held it for more than a generation and received it back as a fief by the Compact of Nyborg in 1386, but under such stringent conditions that the Danish Crown received all the advantages of the arrangement. By this compact, the often rebellious Jutish nobility lost the support they had previously enjoyed in Schleswig and Holstein. Margaret, free from fear of domestic sedition, could now give her undivided attention to Sweden, where mutinous nobles, led by Birger (son of Bridget and brother of Martha), were already in arms against their unpopular King Albert. Several of the powerful nobles wrote to Margaret that if she would help rid Sweden of Albert, she would become their regent. She quickly gathered an army and invaded Sweden.

At a conference held at Dalaborg Castle in March 1388, the Swedes were compelled to accept all of Margaret's conditions, elected her "Sovereign Lady and Ruler", and committed themselves to accept any king she chose to appoint. Albert, who had called her "King Pantsless" returned from Mecklenburg with an army of mercenaries.  On 24 February 1389, the decisive battle took place at either Aasle or Falan near Falköping. General Henrik Parow, the Mecklenburger commander of Margaret's forces, was killed in battle, but he managed to win it for her. Margaret was now the omnipotent mistress of three kingdoms.

Stockholm, then almost entirely a German city, still held out.  Fear of Margaret induced both the Mecklenburg princes and the Wendish towns to hasten to its assistance; and the Baltic and the North Sea speedily swarmed with the privateers of the Victual Brothers.  The Hanseatic League intervened, and under the Compact of Lindholm (1395), Margaret released Albert on his promise to pay 60,000 marks within three years. Meanwhile, the Hansa were to hold Stockholm as surety. Albert failed to pay his ransom within the stipulated time, and the Hansa surrendered Stockholm to Margaret in September 1398 in exchange for commercial privileges.

Eric of Pomerania

It had been understood that Margaret should, at the first convenient opportunity, provide the three kingdoms with a king who was to be a kinsman of all the three old dynasties, although in Norway it was specified that she would continue ruling alongside the new king, while in Sweden, the nobles assured Margaret that they were content to do without a king throughout her lifetime, which they hoped would be long. In 1389 she proclaimed her great-nephew, Bogislav, who changed his name to Eric of Pomerania (grandson of Henry of Mecklenburg), king of Norway, having adopted him and his sister Catherine. In 1396, homage was rendered to him in Denmark and Sweden, while Margaret once again assumed the regency during his minority.

Union of Kalmar
On 20 July, Margaret capitalized on the general rejoicing by publishing the famous Treaty of Kalmar, "a masterly document that sealed the union of Norway, Sweden and Denmark". The date she chose was no coincidence - it was the Feast Day of St. Margaret of Antioch, who like the Lady King herself, was cast off by her father and thrown into prison. The Treaty proposed "everlasting union", which reflected her dearest ambition, that "all three realms should exist together in harmony and love, and whatever befalleth one, war and rumors of war, or the onslaught of foreigners, that shall be for all three, and each kingdom shall help the others in all fealty ...and hereafter the Nordic realms shall have one king, and not several".

Well aware of regional pride and prejudice, Margaret played a careful strategy, assuring her subjects that each state would be governed according to the laws and customs of each, no new laws would be introduced without the consent of the subjects, officials from governors to soldiers would be recruited from the native populations, thus showing her subjects that they would enjoy every benefit of union without any threat to national identity. To weld the united kingdoms still more closely together, Margaret summoned a congress of the three Councils of the Realm to Kalmar in June 1397, and on Trinity Sunday, 17 June, Eric was crowned king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Act of Union resulting from this was never completed. Scholars continue to debate the reasons, but the Union existed de facto through the early 16th century reign of King Christian II, and the union of Denmark and Norway continued until 1814.

A few years after the Kalmar Union, the 18-year-old Eric was declared of age and homage was rendered to him in all his three kingdoms, although Margaret was the effective ruler of Scandinavia throughout her lifetime.

Kalmar Union and royal policy
So long as the union was insecure, Margaret had tolerated the presence of the Riksråd, but their influence was minor and the Royal authority remained supreme. The offices of High Constable and Earl Marshal were left vacant; the Danehof fell into ruin, and "the great Queen, an ideal despot", ruled through her court officials, who served as a superior kind of clerk. In any event, law and order were well maintained and the licence of the nobility was sternly repressed. The kingdoms of Sweden and Norway were treated as integral parts of the Danish State, and national aspirations were frowned upon or checked, though Norway, being more loyal, was treated more indulgently than Sweden.

In 1396, according to Grethe Jacobsen, she issued an ordinance that one should to a higher degree than hitherto respect and enforce peace towards church (pax dei), houses, farms, legal assemblies, workers in the fields – and women, expressed in the word "kvindefred". Jacobsen believes that as punishment for rape was normally not associated with the other forms for upholding peace in the tradition of pax dei, this may be an expression of Margrete's perception of women as being particularly vulnerable in times of unrest, and for her own interpretation of the ruler as protector of personae miserabiles, which included maidens and widows. Another testament was her dispositions of 1411 through which she distributed the sum of 500 marcs among the women who had been 'violated and debased' during the wars between Sweden and Denmark 1388–1389.

Margaret recovered for the Crown all the landed property that had been alienated in the troubled times before the reign of Valdemar IV. This so-called reduktion, or land-recovery, was carried out with the utmost rigour, and hundreds of estates fell into the hands of the crown. She also reformed the Danish currency, substituting good silver coins for the old and worthless copper tokens, to the great advantage both of herself and of the state. She always had large sums of money at her disposal, and much of it was given to charity.

According to Thomas Kingston Derry, Margaret tried to provide the union with a sound economic basis. In the process, each of her measures (recovery of crown lands from nobility and the church, new taxes and new coins) hurt the interests of powerful classes, but she prevented them from having leadership by making little use of separate councils of her three kingdoms, relying on a body of civil and ecclesiastical officials she chose with great skills instead. She placed Danes in Swedish and Norwegian bishoprics, while royal estates and castles were managed by castellans and bailiffs of foreign extraction. While this has been criticized as promoting Danes at the expense of Swedish and Norwegian people, Derry opines that considering she employed more Germans in her native Denmark than elsewhere, she was mainly interested in securing a loyal and efficient administration.

She travelled much, in her later years is said to have spent more time in Sweden than in Denmark. She encouraged intermarriages among the nobility of three realms. Her piety is well-known, and she gave strong backing to the canonisation of St.Brigitta, helped to make Vadstena into a strong cultural centre and encouraged the spread of "Brigittine language", which led to many Swedish expressions coming into use among Danes and Norwegians.

In contrast with the foreign policy of her venturesome father, Margaret's was circumspect and unswervingly neutral in the bloody war between France and England as well as other European conflicts. However, she spared no pains to recover lost Danish territory. She purchased the island of Gotland from its actual possessors, Albert of Mecklenburg and the Livonian Order, and the greater part of Schleswig was regained in the same way.

In 1402 Margaret entered into negotiations with King Henry IV of England about the possibility of a double-wedding alliance between England and the Nordic Union. The proposal was for King Eric to marry Henry's daughter Philippa, and for Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and future Henry V of England, to marry Eric's sister Catherine. According to Marc Shell, Margaret's vision was that one day, two unions would unite to recreate Cnut the Great's Empire of the North. The English side wanted these weddings to seal an offensive alliance that could have led the Nordic kingdoms to become involved in the Hundred Years' War against France. Margaret followed a consistent policy of not becoming involved in binding alliances and foreign wars, and therefore rejected the English proposals. However, although there was no double wedding, Eric married the 13-year-old Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun, at Lund on 26 October 1406, sealing a purely defensive alliance. For Eric's sister Catherine, a wedding was arranged with John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt. Margaret thus acquired a South German ally, who could be useful as a counterweight to the North German Princes and cities.

Death

In 1412, Margaret tried to recover Schleswig, and thus entered a war with Holstein. Before that she had managed the recovery of Finland and Gotland. While winning the war, Margaret died suddenly on board her ship in Flensburg Harbor.

In October 1412, she set sail from Seeland in her ship. She attended several debates, which reportedly had brought matters to a state of promising forwardness. On retiring to her vessel though, with the intention of leaving the port, "she was seized with sudden and violent illness."  Margaret apparently foresaw the end of her life, as she ordered thirty seven marks to be paid to the nearby monastery of Campen for a perpetual mass for her soul. Beyond this, there is no discussion in the historical record regarding her demise. She died on the night of 28 October 1412, the vigil of St. Simon and St. Jude. Possible scenarios that have been suggested include plague, shock from the death of Abraham Brodersson (whom 18th century authors have alleged was the father of a daughter Margareta had, while 19th century authors have blamed the story on a mistranslation), or poisoning by Eric.

Her sarcophagus, made by the Lübeck sculptor Johannes Junge in 1423, is situated behind the high altar in the Roskilde Cathedral, near Copenhagen. She had left property to the cathedral on the condition that Masses for her soul would be said regularly in the future. This was discontinued in 1536 during the Protestant Reformation, though a special bell is still rung twice daily in commemoration.

Appearance and personality

She has been described as a beautiful woman with dark hair, dark eyes, an intimidating gaze and the aura of absolute authority. She was highly energetic well into her old age, autocratic and indomitable, at the same time also described as wise, just, tactful, and kind. Hudson Strode writes "Margaret, who, like St. Bridget, possessed the masculine quality of indomitability, was undoubtedly the strongest. No male public official ever worked harder at his job. She used her constructive ability, her diplomacy, and her force of will to make the Union a success and to maintain the royal prerogative."

Ambiguities concerning titles
In Denmark Margaret was called "sovereign lady and lord and guardian of the entire kingdom of Denmark" (Norway and Sweden later bestowed on her similar titles). This special, double-gendered title bestowed upon the holder the power and authority of a man (lord), of a woman (sovereign lady) and of the gender-neutral guardian. Later, when Erik was elected King of Norway in 1392, she renounced this title in Norway, and in 1396, when he was crowned as King of Denmark and Sweden, she stopped the use of this title altogether, although she continued as Regent.

She only styled herself Queen of Denmark in 1375, usually referring to herself as "Margaret, by the grace of God, daughter of Valdemar King of Denmark" and "Denmark's rightful heir" when referring to her position in Denmark. Her title in Denmark was derived from her father King Valdemar IV of Denmark. Others simply referred to her as the "Lady Queen", without specifying what she was queen of, but not so Pope Boniface IX, who in his letter on 9 September 1390 styled her "our beloved daughter in Christ, Margaret, most excellent queen of Denmark, Sweden and Norway". ("Carissime in Christo filie Margarete Dacie Suecie et Norwegie regine illustri".)

When she married Haakon VI of Norway in 1363, he was co-King of Sweden, making Margaret queen consort, and despite being deposed, they never relinquished the title. From 24 February 1389 to 28 October 1412, she was Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden and founder of the Kalmar Union, which united the Scandinavian countries for over a century. She acted as queen regnant of Denmark, although in those days it was not the Danish custom for a woman to reign.

Reputation

E.C. Otte writes in 1874, that "[i]f Margaret could have been certain of being followed on the throne by rulers as able and just as she had been, this Act of the Union of Calmar might have worked for the good of the three kingdoms. For it was quite true, as the Queen said, that each one alone was a poor weak state, open to danger from every side, but that the three united would make a monarchy, strong enough to defy the attacks and schemes of the Hanse traders and all foes from the side of Germany, and would keep the Baltic clear of danger from foreigners. However no ruler came after Queen Margaret equal to her, as there had been none before her to be compared to her."

According to Imsen, her political genius has never been contested, but her motives have always been the target of much debate. During the first half of the nineteenth century, she was usually depicted as an idealist who fought to counterbalance the German influence. After the defeat of Denmark by the Prussians in 1864, image of Margaret the nationalist prevailed. In recent times, she has been increasingly regarded as a Machiavellist who primarily fought for her power and dynastic interests.

In The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2, McFadden opines that "Margaret 's achievement at a time when all Scandinavia was being threatened by German cultural and economic domination was to unite the kingdoms and not only hold back the Germans but also regain lands lost to the south. At the time of her death, the Scandinavian Union was by far the most powerful force in the Baltic; it was also the second largest accumulation of European territory under a single sovereign."

Family tree

Sources

Citations

Bibliography

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Further reading
 Lindkvist, Thomas.

External links

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1353 births
1412 deaths
14th-century Swedish monarchs
15th-century Swedish monarchs
14th-century Norwegian monarchs
15th-century Norwegian monarchs
People from Gribskov Municipality
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Norwegian royal consorts
Margaret 1363
House of Estridsen
Queens regnant in Europe
Kalmar Union
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Royal reburials
14th-century women rulers
15th-century women rulers
Regents of Denmark
Regents of Sweden
Regents of Norway
14th-century regents
Swedish monarchs of German descent
14th-century monarchs of Denmark
15th-century monarchs of Denmark
15th-century Danish women
14th-century Danish women
14th-century Swedish people
14th-century Swedish women
15th-century Swedish people
15th-century Swedish women
14th-century Norwegian people
14th-century Norwegian women
15th-century Norwegian people
15th-century Norwegian women
Margaret I of Denmark
Queen mothers

Margaret I of Denmark


William Robert Renshaw (1845 – 1923) was an English industrialist and foundryman.

Renshaw was born  to an agricultural family in Handforth in the county of Cheshire, England. He began his career as an apprentice button-maker at the Union Foundry of Barker and Cope in Kidsgrove, Staffordshire.

In 1880 he was in business with his own foundry, the Victoria Works in Tunstall, Staffordshire, where he produced equipment for collieries, forges and mills, before returning to Kidsgrove to acquire the Union Foundry as a member of a partnership known as Renshaw, King and Company.

He later moved to the Phoenix Works at Cliffe Vale, where electrical and railway equipment was manufactured and where specialist railway carriages and wagons were built for use by the Barnum & Bailey Circus, (see Phineas Taylor Barnum) during its tour of Britain and Europe which began in 1886.

Among other children and grandchildren he had two grandsons worthy of note, namely George and John Starr, both of whom were members of the Special Operations Executive organisation
during World War II.

Industrial sites
 Coleham Pumping Station Shrewsbury

External links
 Renshaw bio
 Renshaw bio

1845 births
1923 deaths
People from Handforth
English industrialists
Foundrymen

William Robert Renshaw


Virgin and Child with Saints Barbara and Catherine is a glue-size on linen painting by Flemish artist Quentin Matsys, probably painted –1525. The Virgin Mary is shown on a throne, holding the Infant Jesus, between Barbara and Catherine of Alexandria, two saints popular in the early 16th century and considered the most important of the venerated Fourteen Holy Helpers. Jesus leans forward to place a ring on Catherine's finger, a reference to her vision in which she was to given Jesus by Mary in mystical marriage. Other indicators of the saints identities include the broken wheel - which refers to the torture of Catherine- and the tower, an allusion to Barbara's imprisonment and eventual beheading at the hands of her father.

Because of the high perishability of linen cloth and the solubility of the hide glue used as a binder, this work, along with Dirk Bouts'  Entombment (–55), is rare surviving example of the technique. It is badly damaged and darkened by exposure to light and accumulated layers of surface dirt. The dirt cannot be cleaned by restorers for fear of substantial removal of pigment.

Some effects of texture and light are still discernible, including contrast of the sharp highlights of Catherine's head-dress against the duller highlights of her necklace. The painting was built up in a two-stage process where layers of darker pigments over which progressively lighter tones were added. For example, Catherine's dress began with an underlayer of dark blue over which a lines of brighter blue was added to create the illusion of vertical folds in the cloth. This technique of dark to light is the opposite to the general approach with oils where darker colours are layered on lighter pigments. Infrared photography reveals an underdrawing and a black layer of underpaint.

The painting was donated to the National Gallery in London in 1922 by Charles Bridger Orme Clarke.

References

Bibliography
 Ashok, Roy. The Technique of a 'Tüchlein' by Quinten Massys. National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Volume 12, 36–43
 Jones, Susan Frances. Van Eyck to Gossaert. National Gallery, 2011.

1510s paintings
1520s paintings
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Paintings by Quentin Matsys
Paintings of the Madonna and Child


Sclerocris styphlodes is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It was described by Turner in 1946. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is 21–26 mm. The forewings are pale fuscous with dark fuscous dots and with a whitish costal edge. The discal spots are approximated, the first discal at one-third, the plical beneath it and the second discal at the middle. There is a curved subterminal line of minute dots, sometimes indistinct. The hindwings are grey.

References

Moths described in 1946
Sclerocris

Sclerocris styphlodes


John Andreas Savio (28 January 1902 – 13 April 1938 ) was a Sami artist from Norway who was known for his woodcuts. He is thought to have been autodidact as artist.
Savio was the first Sami artist with a formal arts education; he graduated from The Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry, which is now a part of Oslo National Academy of the Arts.

Early life

Savio was born in Bugøyfjord in Sør-Varanger in Finnmark, Norway. His father was Per Savio, a polar explorer who was one of the first two people to spend a night on the Antarctic continent, and his mother was Ellen Strimp, daughter of a wealthy Sámi merchant. His parents died when he was aged three; first his mother from tuberculosis, then his father from drowning on the Varangerfjord while he was sailing to Vadsø to retrieve his wife's coffin. This left John Savio to be brought up by his maternal grandparents. His grandparents were fairly wealthy by the standards in Finnmark at the time, and they had the means to give the child a good upbringing and education. He was sent to school in Vardø, where he received tutoring in drawing by Isak Saba.

After attending school in Vardø
After Vardø he spent the year 1918–1919 at Kvæfjord Private Middelskole in Borkenes, Kvæfjord in Troms. Then he went on to Bodø Gymnas in Bodø, Nordland, but he only stayed there for a short time before he went to Oslo to study at Ragna Nielsens skole in 1920. In Oslo he also took courses at Statens håndverks- og kunstindustriskole that year, but he became ill with tuberculosis and had to quit school. He had to get a lung removed, and he was hospitalised for months. He just barely recovered, and the poor health hampered him for the rest of his life. After recovering he went back to Oslo for a short time, before he went back north to Finnmark to try to obtain his inheritance from his now dead grandfather. He found that much of the money had been lost, but he still received some money.

Artist's life
The next years he travelled around in Finnmark, making prints, drawings and paintings. In the early 1930s he travelled in Western Norway and Northern Norway. 1934(-1936?) Savio visited Munich and Cologne and spent about a year in Paris. During his life he had only a few exhibitions, two in Tromsø, and one in Paris. He spent much time knocking on doors trying to find buyers for his art. He sold his prints very cheaply, just to get by. At the end of his life he moved to Oslo again, where he lived in poverty.

He "devoted his work to life on the mountain plateau[s]".

Illness preceding death
During the spring of 1938, he got very ill with tuberculosis again, and he died at Ullevål sykehus on 13 April 1938, at the age of 36. He was buried in Oslo, at Vestre gravlund.

References

External links
savio.no

1902 births
1938 deaths
Sámi artists
Kven people
People from Sør-Varanger
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Norwegian Sámi people
Burials at Vestre gravlund
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Norway
20th-century Norwegian male artists

John Savio


The Holden–Leonard Mill Complex, also known colloquially as the Big Mill and now as Vermont Mill Properties, is a historic industrial complex at 160 Benmont Avenue in Bennington, Vermont.  Built of many parts between about 1865 and 1925, it is one of the largest and most architecturally distinctive 19th-century mill complexes in the state, and was a major regional employer for many years.  Now redeveloped into a variety of commercial and industrial uses, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Description and history
The Holden–Leonard Mill is located northwest of downtown Bennington, on the eastern bank of the Walloomsac River, bounded by Holden and Leonard Streets to the north and south, and Benmont Avenue to the east.  The complex includes 28 buildings, many of them connected into a single large structure.  The dominant feature of the complex is the so-called "Big Mill", also known as Building 5, which was the main structure built when the mill was founded in 1865.  It is a large 4-1/2 story brick structure,  wide and  deep, with a six-stage tower projecting from its center.  It is topped by an octagonal louvered belfry and concave flared roof.  The building's basement houses a part of the original penstock that was used to regulate the water that powered the mill's machinery.

Textile development began in Bennington on an industrial scale after the railroad arrived in the early 1850s, with the production of knitwear. The Big Mill was built in 1865 by Seth Hunt and Philip Tillinghast.  They produced paisley women's shawls, a product that turned out to not be popular.  In 1875, the building was taken over by the Bennington Woolen Company, which produced material for overcoats.  Under its aegis and that of successive owners, the plant was significantly enlarged.  Its greatest period of growth followed the First World War, during which the facility produced large amounts of cloth for the war effort.  By 1920 the Holden–Leonard Company was the largest employer in the region, with about 800 workers.  The mill closed due to the effects of the Great Depression, and was operated for about 10 years for knit goods manufacturing.  It has since seen a variety of smaller-scale uses.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont

References

External links
 Vermont Mill Properties

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Industrial buildings completed in 1865
Buildings and structures in Bennington, Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Bennington County, Vermont
Textile mills in the United States
1865 establishments in Vermont

Holden–Leonard Mill Complex


Roy Lee "Rocky" Dennis (December 4, 1961 – October 4, 1978) was an American boy who had craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, an extremely rare, sclerotic bone disease. The condition usually results in neurological disorders and death during childhood. His body was donated to UCLA Medical Center after he died.

References

1961 births
1978 deaths
People from California

Roy L. Dennis


Bring the Jubilee  is a 1953 novel of alternate history by American writer Ward Moore.

The point of divergence occurs in July 1863 when the Confederate States of America wins the Battle of Gettysburg and subsequently declares victory in a conflict referred to within the book as the "War of  Independence" on July 4, 1864, after the surrender of the United States of America. The novel takes place in the impoverished rump United States in the mid-20th century as war looms between the Confederacy and its rival, the German Union. History takes an unexpected turn when the protagonist Hodge Backmaker, a historian, decides to travel back in time to witness the moment when the South won the war.

The phrase "Bring the Jubilee" is a reference to the chorus of the popular military song "Marching Through Georgia".

Setting

History
In the wake of Robert E. Lee's great victory at the Battle of Gettysburg and subsequent capture of Philadelphia, the United States was forced to recognize Confederate independence with the Treaty of Reading on July 4, 1864, which became known as Southron Independence Day. Lee succeeded Jefferson Davis to become the second Confederate President in 1865 (in reality, the Confederate Constitution set the end of Davis's term in early 1868). Although Lee tried to establish a benevolent national policy, and was able to free the slaves, his anti-imperialistic desires were thwarted by a Congress with increasingly imperialistic ambitions, which sent forces to invade Mexico and expanded southward in Latin America. The Confederacy thrived as cities like Washington-Baltimore (merged from those two cities plus Alexandria) and Leesburg (formerly Mexico City) became renowned international centers of culture and learning. The Confederacy stood as one of the world's two superpowers following the German Union's decisive victory in the Emperors' War (1914–1916) in Europe (analogous to World War I). The German Union (an apparent merger of the German and Austro-Hungarian empires) formed an alliance with a rejuvenated Spanish Empire. To maintain the balance of power, the Confederacy  allied with the British Empire. Tensions grew between the CSA and the Germans up until the 1950s, and people around the world lived under constant threat of impending war, with the defenseless United States certain to be the battleground.

Culture
The Confederacy's living standards, economic growth, political influence, education standards, and military strength are reminiscent of the post-World War II United States. Although slavery has been abolished, to a large extent because of the efforts of men such as Robert E. Lee, conditions are still poor for ethnic minorities. Immigration is encouraged nevertheless, with immigrants being made subjects (not citizens) of the Confederacy, similar to the conquered Latin American population. Suffrage is limited to males whose ancestors were Confederate citizens on July 4, 1864. Technology developed along different lines, as the internal combustion engine, incandescent light bulb, and heavier-than-air flying craft were never created. Steam-powered "minibiles" and dirigibles are the primary powered means of transportation in wealthier nations; most people still ride horses for short distances or take trains for longer trips. All communication is done by letter or telegraphs, which by this point had become a fixture in all prosperous homes in much the way that telephones had in reality, and all children learned to understand telegraphy at an early age until the act became as common and as natural as reading. Film is also still developed, with sound being produced by a machine operated by compressed air.

In sharp contrast to the Confederacy's prosperity, the United States is depicted as a rump state trapped in perpetual recession, with unemployment and corruption rampant. The U.S. is so destitute that a transcontinental railroad is never constructed past Iowa, while the Confederacy built seven. The only community of Americans who are generally prosperous are the Mormons in the western State of Deseret, who still practice polygamy. Otherwise, only successful landowners and the few lucky winners of the highly popular national lottery are able to rise above the semi-destitute lives of average citizens; most able-bodied adults are reduced to "indenting" themselves to businesspeople in exchange for the meager economic security that such affords. U.S. citizens are more hostile to Blacks than Confederates, seeing them as a major cause of the Union's downfall, and unwanted competition over the few available jobs. Those blacks who have not left the U.S. for Africa are constantly derided, harassed, threatened, and sometimes mass-lynched by whites. The Republican and Democratic parties have faded away; a new two party system consists of the Confederate-influenced Whigs and the ineffectual Populists. (The narrator lists William Jennings Bryan, George Norris, and Norman Thomas among the most famous Populists and describes the election of Whig Thomas E. Dewey as President in 1940.) The U.S. military is practically nonexistent (apparently a provision of the 1864 treaty), with foreign powers frequently deploying troops unopposed across the U.S. in regions where their nationals have been attacked—a common occurrence, as many rural areas are poorly governed and lawlessness is rampant in them; highwaymen are a constant threat to the few travelers.  The long-standing economic depression has led to a rather puritanical culture favoring late marriage and few children in each family. This, combined with a ban on immigration and the emigration of ambitious young people, has resulted in an overall declining population. Higher education is in a state of decay, being more concerned with status than education, with faculty members being constantly scrutinized and summarily fired if they demonstrate "abnormal ideas", reminiscent of McCarthyism.

Plot
The narrator of the novel is Hodgins "Hodge" McCormick Backmaker, who writes a diary of his life in our timeline, year 1877. Hodge was born in 1921 in the alternate timeline in Wappingers Falls, Dutchess County, New York. In 1938 at age 17, he travels to New York City, the largest city of the United States (and yet a backwater compared to some Confederate cities), in a desperate attempt to gain admittance to a college or university. After being robbed of his few possessions, he comes into contact with the "Grand Army", a nationalistic organization working to restore the United States to its former glory through acts of sabotage and terrorism. One of the Grand Army's operations involves counterfeiting Spanish currency, with the goal of provoking war between the Confederacy and the German Union in Spanish territories, sparing the U.S. from becoming the two superpowers' battlefield. Despite remaining critical of the organization's activities, Hodge accepts work and lodging with a Grand Army member who is using a bookstore as a front. Content to work for food and the opportunity to read at every waking hour, Hodge stays in the bookstore for six years. (Young Hodge's life is largely autobiographical of Ward Moore.) One friend he meets during this time is Consul Enfandin, an emissary of the Republic of Haiti, the only independent American republic south of the Mason–Dixon line.

Hodge leaves New York in 1944 for rural Pennsylvania, where his aspiration of becoming a historian, specializing in the war between North and South, becomes a reality when he is invited to join a co-operative society named Haggershaven. The society was founded by the children of a Confederate Major named Herbert Haggerwells, who settled after the war in the land he had helped defeat. He becomes acquainted with his recruiter Barbara Haggerwells, an emotionally disturbed research scientist on the verge of developing time travel. Many secondary characters with their own subplots are introduced during this part of the story, including some of the last few Asian-Americans alive (after a series of horrifying pogroms against their kind throughout North America) and a mysterious Spanish refugee woman who forms a love triangle with Hodge and Barbara. In 1952, the time machine has been perfected, and Hodge takes the opportunity to finally see in person the Battle of Gettysburg which was fought not far from Haggershaven. Wearing a special watch to keep track of the differences in time, he travels back in time to 1863, where he then inadvertently causes the death of Captain Herbert Haggerwells ("never to be Major now", remarks Hodge when he recognizes that the dead man was a younger version of the exalted portrait on Haggershaven's living room walls), who would have occupied Little Round Top for the South during the battle. In Hodge's timeline, Haggerwells' men held the hill so that the Confederates won the Battle of Gettysburg, paving the way for their victory over the Union in Philadelphia a year later; in the resultant timeline (our own), Union Colonel Strong Vincent's 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry and Colonel Joshua Chamberlain's 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment occupy the hill early on and successfully repel Confederate advances. In the novel, Hodge asserts that Little Round Top is the key to the battle, and thus the war. Hodge's actions have led to Union control of the hill, so events play out as they did in our timeline, much to the surprise of Hodge, who witnesses Pickett's Charge having a different outcome than he read about. The South loses the battle, and eventually the war.

With history changed to make the world we know, Hodge discovers he is unable to return to his previous reality since the circumstances that had made the development of time travel possible have been unalterably changed: technology evolves along different lines, and Haggerwells has died before siring any descendants including Barbara, so Haggershaven and the time machine will never exist. Hodge, stranded in our timeline, hires himself out as a farmhand at the estate which would have been Haggershaven but is now owned by the Thammis family. Between 1863 and 1877 (when he is writing this story), Hodge comes to realize that the changed post-war United States is in some ways superior to the equivalent timeline in his past. He also finds it fascinating that people always talk of the Civil War rather than the War of Southron Independence, since the victors' name for the war takes precedence. However, he has an ominous feeling about the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes, suspecting that it will end the Reconstruction Era prematurely and weaken the cause of civil rights. Hodge then explains why he felt his story had to be written down, because he has considered the possibility of other timelines existing in parallel universes but has come to the conclusion that by preventing the future he was born in, he destroyed the only dimension where travel between them was possible. With this, the story ends abruptly in mid-sentence.

An "editorial note" following the story relates how one Frederick Winter Thammis had found Hodge's diary while remodeling his house in 1953, the year the real life book came out. Frederick's father had grown up knowing Hodge as a beloved ex-servant kept on a pension after he was too old to work. The family enjoyed listening to Hodge's stories of the world he was born in, but had not thought him fully sane. The junior Thammis says the story reminds him of The Wizard of Oz. Thammis notes that he has found a watch of a unique, two-dialed design with the manuscript, and ends the book by quoting from a recent history book which asks what could possibly have caused the Confederates' failure to occupy Little Round Top, "an error with momentous consequences".

Reception
Groff Conklin characterized the novel as "an important original work... richly and realistically imagine[d]." Richard A. Lupoff described it as "one of the most ingenious parallel world stories ever written." Algis Budrys, however, wrote that "Bring the Jubilee has always seemed a little labored to me." P. Schuyler Miller similarly suggested the novel's appeal was limited, although he praised its mature, meticulously thought-out structure.

The Jewish Daily Forward included Bring the Jubilee among "the best literary examples of alternate history." Aldiss and Wingrove listed it as a "brilliant alternate history novel" and noted that its "wit and ingenuity" were influential in the genre.

The theme of the Confederacy winning the Civil War and becoming an independent state was not a new one, as Winston Churchill's segment of If It Had Happened Otherwise and Murray Leinster's Sidewise in Time had toyed with the idea in the 1930s. However, Moore's book was more developed and reached a slightly wider audience than those two works, and encouraged many later writers to take up the same thread. Virtually all of them, however, depicted the USA rump state as doing better than in Moore's book. MacKinlay Kantor's magazine serial novella If the South Had Won the Civil War (1960, published in book form 1961) and Harry Turtledove's The Guns of the South (1992) also include the plot element of Robert E. Lee succeeding Jefferson Davis as President of a victorious Confederacy (Kantor's book also has Lee win at Gettysburg, while Turtledove's has him aided by time travelers the year after losing the battle). Turtledove later depicted a very different version of Confederate independence in the Southern Victory series of 11 books which begins with Lee winning the war almost 9 months before the Battle of Gettysburg would have taken place, making the questions of Pickett's Charge, Little Round Top, etc., irrelevant. Newt Gingrich and some co-authors published a trilogy of books depicting in detail an alternate history in which the Confederacy wins at Gettysburg and still the Union wins the overall war (in fact, quicker than in actual history).

Publication history
A shorter, novella-length version of Bring the Jubilee appeared in the November 1952 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction before publication of the novel. Boucher and McComas praised the expansion for including "a thoroughly justified increase in background detail and depth of characterization"

The novel was originally published in 1953 by Ballantine Books and Farrar, Straus & Young. It was republished in 1965 by Four Square Science Fiction. It was reissued by Avon Books in the 1970s and by Del Rey Books in 1997. In 2001, the novella was included in the anthology The Best Alternate History Stories of the 20th Century.

See also

 American Civil War alternate histories

References

External links

1953 American novels
American Civil War alternate histories
American alternate history novels
1953 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels set during the American Civil War
Novels about time travel
Ballantine Books books

Bring the Jubilee


Michele Gammino (born 16 June 1941) is an Italian actor, voice actor and television presenter.

Career
Born in Rome to parents who originated from Palermo, Gammino began his career during the early 1970s. For his work on Italian television, Gammino has become famous on a number of occasions but mostly as presenter of Giochi senza frontiere, the Italian edition of Jeux sans frontières, which he co-hosted with Ettore Andenna and Milly Carlucci between 1979 and 1982. He also commentated for Italy at the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest. Gammino continued to act for television, he provided newly restored voices in a series of Italian films which include Le ragazze di Piazza di Spagna, Carabinieri 7, Una donna per amico, Linda e il brigadiere, Un medico in famiglia and the third season of I Cesaroni.

Gammino is probably best known in Italy for his roles in dubbing films into the Italian language. He is the official Italian voice actor of Harrison Ford and Steven Seagal. He has even dubbed over 40 characters in films portrayed by actors such as Kevin Costner, Bill Murray, Jack Nicholson, Chevy Chase, Chazz Palminteri and Bob Hoskins. He also performed the Italian voice of James Bond in The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill which both starred Timothy Dalton as Bond. In Gammino's animated roles, he dubbed the voices of Nando in Asterix and Cleopatra and Eddie Valiant in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He also became the new voice of Morbo in Futurama after the death of Sandro Sardone in 2009. In the Disney period, he dubbed speaker of Goofy's shorts, Spyrus in the 2nd edition of the VHS Superstar Goofy and Walt Disney talking about action.

Since 2008, Gammino has been a presenter on Rai Radio 2.

Personal life
Gammino is the father of voice actor Roberto Gammino. His niece Letizia Scifoni is also a voice actress.

Filmography

Cinema
Confessions of a Police Captain (1971)
In Prison Awaiting Trial (1971)
Il padrino, come comparsa (1972)
Un ufficiale non si arrende mai nemmeno di fronte all'evidenza, firmato Colonnello Buttiglione (1973)
Commissariato di notturna (1974)
Professore venga accompagnato dai suoi genitori (1974)
Valentina... The Virgin Wife (1975)
Coeds (1975)
Silent Action (1975)
Professor of Natural Sciences (1976)
Taxi Girl (1977)
La soldatessa alla visita militare (1977)
La soldatessa alle grandi manovre (1978)
Desirable Teacher (1981)
Giovani, belle... probabilmente ricche (1982)
Mollo tutto (1996)
Se lo fai sono guai (2001)
Un'estate al mare (2008)
Young Europe (2012)

Dubbing roles

Animation
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in The Pagemaster
Nando in Asterix and Cleopatra
Chanticleer in Rock-a-Doodle
Morbo in Futurama (seasons 6-7)
Pa Cop in The Lego Movie
Red in All Dogs Go to Heaven 2
Dr. Waddleton Crutchley in Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Captain Holly in Watership Down
Santa Claus in Arthur Christmas
Fox in The Animals of Farthing Wood
Rooster in The Secret Life of Pets 2

Live action
Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark
Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny
Henry Turner in Regarding Henry
Tom O'Meara in The Devil's Own
Rick Deckard in Blade Runner
Rick Deckard in Blade Runner 2049
President James Marshall in Air Force One
Jack Ryan in Patriot Games
Jack Ryan in Clear and Present Danger
Rozat K. "Rusty" Sabich in Presumed Innocent
Robert Stonehill in Extraordinary Measures
Han Solo in Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens
Han Solo in Star Wars: Episode IX - The Rise of Skywalker
Max Brogan in Crossing Over
Branch Rickey in 42
Jack Stanfield in Firewall
Richard Walker in Frantic
Richard Kimble in The Fugitive
Linus Larrabee in Sabrina
Quinn Harris in Six Days, Seven Nights
Dutch Van Den Broeck in Random Hearts
Norman Spencer in What Lies Beneath
Alexei Vostrikov in K-19: The Widowmaker
Joe Gavilan in Hollywood Homicide
Jock Goddard in Paranoia
Hyrum Graff in Ender's Game
Mack Tannen in Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues
Max Drummer in The Expendables 3
William Jones in The Age of Adaline
John Thornton in The Call of the Wild
Harrison Ford in Jimmy Hollywood
Harrison Ford in Brüno
Casey Ryback in Under Siege
Casey Ryback in Under Siege 2: Dark Territory
Robert 'Bobby' Samuels in Born to Raise Hell
Shane Daniels in A Dangerous Man
Forrest Taft in On Deadly Ground
Jack Taggert in Fire Down Below
Wesley McClaren in The Patriot
Austin Travis in Executive Decision
Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man
Orin Boyd in Exit Wounds
Sasha Petrosevitch in Half Past Dead
Jack Foster in Shadow Man
Marshall Lawson in Attack Force
John Sands in Flight of Fury
Simon Ballister in Urban Justice
Ruslan Drachev in Driven to Kill
Tao in Against the Dark
Rolland Sallinger in The Keeper
Rogelio Torrez in Machete
Elijah Kane in True Justice
The Mariner in Waterworld
John J. Dunbar in Dances with Wolves
Gardner Barnes in Fandango
Jim Garrison in JFK
Frank Farmer in The Bodyguard
Robert "Butch" Haynes in A Perfect World
Wyatt Earp in Wyatt Earp
Stephen Simmons in The War
Roy McAvoy in Tin Cup
The Postman in The Postman
Garrett Blake in Message in a Bottle
Billy Chapel in For Love of the Game
Thomas J. Murphy in 3000 Miles to Graceland
Denny Davies in The Upside of Anger
Beau Burroughs in Rumor Has It
Ben Randall in The Guardian
Jonathan Kent in Man of Steel
Jonathan Kent in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
Ethan Renner in 3 Days to Kill
Elliot Anderson in Black or White
Larry Bloom in Molly's Game
Frank Hamer in The Highwaymen
Eddie Valiant in Who Framed Roger Rabbit
Smee in Hook
Gus Klein in Shattered
Jack Moony in Heart Condition
Mario in Super Mario Bros.
J. Edgar Hoover in Nixon
Bart in Unleashed
Bill Nelson in Doomsday
James Bond in The Living Daylights
James Bond in Licence to Kill
Neville Sinclair in The Rocketeer
Chief Inspector Jones in The Tourist
Henry Lloyd South in Goin' South
Frank Chambers in The Postman Always Rings Twice
Eugene O'Neill in Reds
Charlie Smith in The Border
Jack Nicholson in Terror in the Aisles
Nathan R. Jessup in A Few Good Men
Will Randall in Wolf
Melvin Udall in As Good as It Gets
Warren R. Schmidt in About Schmidt
Buddy Rydell in Anger Management
Edward Cole in The Bucket List
Charles Madison in How Do You Know
Grimm in Quick Change
Bob Wiley in What About Bob?
Phil Connors in Groundhog Day
Frank Milo in Mad Dog and Glory
Jack Corcoran in Larger Than Life
Wallace Ritchie in The Man Who Knew Too Little
Kenneth Bowden in Wild Things
Herman Blume in Rushmore
Tommy Crickshaw in Cradle Will Rock
John Bosley in Charlie's Angels
The Writer in The Lost City
Agent 13 in Get Smart
Irwin Fletcher in Fletch
Clark Griswold in National Lampoon's European Vacation
Clark Griswold in Vacation
Emmett Fitz-Hume in Spies Like Us
Andy Farmer in Funny Farm
Deke in Hero
Nick Halloway in Memoirs of an Invisible Man
Ed Grant in Zoom
Al Hart in The Last Laugh
Sonny in A Bronx Tale
Elleroy Coolidge in Mulholland Falls
Tony in Faithful
Ricky in The Last Word
John Pirelli in The Perez Family
Walken in Little Man
Eddie Jillette in No Mercy
Frank Roberts Jr. in Miles from Home
Edward Lewis in Pretty Woman
Mr. Jones in Mr. Jones
Lancelot in First Knight
Homer Eisenhower Graham in Runaway Bride
Jeff Hendricks in Jaws
Jeff Hendricks in Jaws 2
Basil Exposition in Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
Basil Exposition in Austin Powers in Goldmember
Paulie Cicero in Goodfellas
Graham Crockett in Bulworth
Gino Barberini in Mambo Italiano
Vernon Scott in Rules Don't Apply
Viktor in Underworld
Viktor in Underworld: Evolution
Viktor in Underworld: Rise of the Lycans
Apollo Creed in Rocky IV
Jericho "Action" Jackson in Action Jackson
Abraham Whistler in Blade
Harvey Shine in Last Chance Harvey
Jeor Mormont in Game of Thrones
Sam Adekunle in A Good Man in Africa
Chappy Sinclair in Iron Eagle
Dean Edward Parker in Toy Soldiers
Leo Porter in Firewalker
Howard Mierzwiak in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Father Richard Moore in The Exorcism of Emily Rose
Stephen in The Last Kiss
James Reid in The Green Hornet
Reverdy Johnson in The Conspirator
Author in The Grand Budapest Hotel
Judge Turpin in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
Carlo Rizzi in The Godfather
Robert Muldoon in Jurassic Park

Video games
Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine
Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters: The Video Game
Ray McCoy in Blade Runner

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
Male actors from Rome
People of Sicilian descent
Italian male film actors
Italian male television actors
Italian male voice actors
Italian male radio actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male video game actors
Italian television presenters
Italian radio presenters
Italian voice directors
20th-century Italian male actors
21st-century Italian male actors
Eurovision commentators

Michele Gammino


Gibraltar Phoenix Football Club was a football club from Gibraltar.

It has participated in Gibraltar Premier Division and the Rock Cup until its dissolution in August 2019.

History
Gibraltar Phoenix was founded in 2011, and was officially registered as a Gibraltar FA member in 2012.

Phoenix has the distinction of competing in the Gibraltar Premier Division, while failing to score a single point whole season. This happened in the 2013–14 Gibraltar Premier Division season, the first since the GFA's acceptance into UEFA, when they lost all 14 games and got relegated to the Gibraltar Second Division.

One season later, in Gibraltar Second Division, Phoenix finished in 4th place, 14 points behind the 2nd-placed Angels and the promotion spot, which would have secured them promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt.

After a rebrand, Phoenix finished 3rd in the Second Division during the 2015–16 season, six points behind Mons Calpe in second place, who were promoted via the playoff, and further 3 points behind Europa Point, who won the title.

The side lost their first two games of the 2016–17 season due to forfeits on account of the new Home Grown Player rule in effect in Gibraltar. Their first game, a 4–1 victory against Hound Dogs, was overturned in favour of the losing team, while their second game against title rivals Bruno's Magpies wasn't played at all, with the game being awarded to Magpies. After filling their quota for domestic players, Phoenix saw a turnaround in form, which included a club record 20–1 victory against Angels, sitting joint-top of the Second Division at the turn of the year. Phoenix secured the title on the penultimate week of the season, after an 11–0 victory over College 1975, returning to the top flight after a 3-year absence.

They finally managed to score their first ever top flight points on the opening fixture of the new Gibraltar Premier Division season, after an 2–1 victory over Mons Calpe.

In August 2019, the club withdrew from senior football, with club owners citing heavy losses in recent years and a lack of success in selling the club to potential investors as the main reasons to cease operations.

Honours
Gibraltar Second Division
Winners (1): 2016–17
Gibraltar Division 2 Cup
Winners (1): 2017

References

Football clubs in Gibraltar
2011 establishments in Gibraltar
Association football clubs established in 2011
Defunct football clubs in Gibraltar
Association football clubs disestablished in 2019

Gibraltar Phoenix F.C.


B3ta  (stylised as b3ta) is a popular British website, described as a "puerile digital arts community" by The Guardian. It was founded in 2001 by Rob Manuel, Denise Wilton and Cal Henderson.

B3ta's main feature is a newsletter featuring the latest work of the B3ta community and other interesting, humorous or perverse things found on the Web. The newsletter has about 100,000 readers. A message board allows members to post digital images and short animations they have created, the ones considered the best appearing on the front page, along with various announcements. Previously there was a B3ta radio show on the London station Resonance FM.

Many popular Internet phenomena were created by B3ta members (also called "b3tans or "B3tards"). These include the Macromedia Flash cartoons created by Joel Veitch and Jonti Picking, the surrealist animations by Cyriak Harris, and the quizzes by Rob Manuel.

A book entitled The Bumper B3ta Book of Sick Jokes was published in 2006, containing jokes compiled from B3ta contributors and a spin-off wiki humour website, Sickipedia.

Message boards

Main board
On the main board, images and animated GIFs are posted by the members. The B3ta message board has a strong code of "netiquette" – a new thread should generally not be started unless it contains an image, made by that user and not previously posted to /board. Spamming (promoting a website purely for financial gain) is not tolerated.

Newly registered users cannot post on the board until the Tuesday after they register, known as "Newbie Tuesday". This gives an opportunity to discover site etiquette before getting involved.

Internet memes are the lifeblood of B3ta messageboard. Meme is a name given to a clichéd image that is frequently used in images as a cheap gag. Although many older board members may resent the lack of originality shown by using these clichés, some, such as The Quo or The Fear, crop up regularly.

Image Challenge
This is a weekly Photoshop contest, where images are posted along a certain theme – examples include "New Software Products", or "The World If It Was Run By Kittens". The entries are posted as normal threads on the message board, but are marked with a "C" icon to differentiate from normal posts. Entries are collected in a central repository that can be browsed any time, with the highest voted images displayed first. Three "special mentions" are chosen by the site mods, and these are posted along with the theme of the new challenge in the Friday newsletter.

The challenge topics are alternately chosen by board members, and the "Challenge Dictator" (basically a site moderator) on a two-week cycle.

Image Challenge suggestions appear to be generally listed in order of posting, with the newest responses first. However, whilst a question is open, other users can click "I like this!" which gives a score of one point to that answer. Once a question is closed answers are listed by the number of users who have clicked the "I like this!" on that answer; however, as many answers are submitted each week, most are never clicked on and so are sorted by the time they were posted.

Question of the Week (QOTW)
Recognizing that "not everyone wants to muck around with Photoshop", the site asks a question each week hoping to provoke amusing anecdotes. It was originally used as material for the radio show and the newsletter, but realising the popularity of the content, the site owners decided to continue the questions after the close of the show. A new topic is begun every Thursday (at which point it becomes impossible to reply to the previous QOTW) and, as with the other areas of the site, Question of the Week attracts regulars known for their characteristic posts.  Each post is voted for in the same way as the image challenge.

The first question was "Worst Record Ever?" posed by Rob Manuel in 2003; examples of questions since include "Why should you be fired from your job?", "Mad Stuff You've Done To Get Someone To Sleep With You" and "Expensive mistakes".

QOTW Off Topic was invented for those users of QOTW who found they had things in common and liked to talk to each other using the reply system. Over several weeks it became clear that more and more people were preferring to chat to each other through the replies instead of the /talk board which was already set up, so Off Topic was created.

Links board
The links board is another section of the site that was created in response to an equivalent page on the 4rthur website. This board is a place for b3ta members to share interesting links they have found, in preference to the original practise of posting them on the main board. The links board has itself become a place for particular groups of b3tans ( or "b3tards") to congregate, and for links specific memes to proliferate.

Posting something which is deemed to be clichéd is not tolerated. These cliché links are often referred to as "glasscock", named after the famous image of a female golfer kissing a glass trophy, which appeared to be a phallic shape due to the camera angle. The best images of the day are displayed on the front page of the site, reaching many more people. The Board members vote by clicking a button labelled "I like this!", then the site moderators pick their favourites.

Talk board
The talk board is identical to the main message board except for the fact that it is not possible to post images. It was created in response to the arrival of 4rthur, a (now defunct) talk based offshoot of b3ta which drew a couple of hundred members away, and, more recently, cliqr, Dynafoo (both also defunct now) and c4mbodia. Also, the site owners wanted a place where people could banter without worrying about creating images.

Like the many message boards, the b3ta talk board has developed a clique-like atmosphere, with many users having met one another at so called "B3ta bashes". Oxford in particular has become known amongst members as a bash hotspot, and has developed from a few B3tards getting together for a drink to a genuine spectacle. On 31 May 2008, the biggest "bash" so far took place in Earls Court, London, although this was mainly a messageboard event.

B3ta Radio
From August 2003 until July 2004, B3ta had its own radio show, which was broadcast from Resonance FM (104.4 FM in London, also available via streaming broadcast from the Resonance FM website) between 4pm and 5pm. The show was presented by Rob Manuel, a co-owner of the site, and David Stevenson. There were often special guests – sometimes contributors to the site, sometimes semi-famous people, such as the drummer from Blur, Miles Hunt of The Wonder Stuff and "a chap who once played a Dalek in Doctor Who".

The Bumper B3ta Book of Sick Jokes and Sickipedia
In 2006, independent publishers The Friday Project and B3ta launched a venture to publish a collection of "sick jokes" gathered from B3ta contributors. A public wiki site named "Sickipedia" (a pun on "Wikipedia") was established to collect user-submitted humour for the book. The site encouraged submission of jokes intended to be bad taste or taboo, and entries were organised under a categorisation system of topics which included racism, jokes about celebrities, current affairs and sexual humour. Similarly to the main B3ta site, Sickipedia site functionality offered an electronic voting system to subject user submissions to a form of peer review.

The book, entitled The Bumper B3ta Book of Sick Jokes, was published on 20 October 2006 and was made available from both online and real-world bookshops. It claims to offer an "antidote" to political correctness. The book is now published by HarperCollins.

The Sickipedia site was sold in 2012. The new owners released an ebook and a print-on-demand book in 2014 entitled The Best Of Sickipedia: A Collection Of The Sickest, Most Offensive and Politically Incorrect Jokes, along with mobile apps. In February 2016, the Sickipedia website went offline due to a drive failure, resulting in the apps also failing.

Controversy
Virgin asked B3ta to run an image competition in which board members could win PlayStation Portables and an Xbox 360 for creating something on the theme "What would happen if you said Yes to everything?". Virgin later cancelled the challenge early because they did not like some of the images being created, including Richard Branson urinating on Rob Manuel, dressed in baby clothes.

On 4 June 2007, a b3ta member posted an "alternative logo" for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which referenced an image from the former shock site goatse. The BBC then posted this logo on its website and ran it on its BBC News 24 channel as part of a viewer-submitted contest.

In November 2007, lawyers acting for Prince threatened the site and its members with legal action over an image challenge.

A Sickipedia joke about stricken Bolton Wanderers midfielder Fabrice Muamba on the evening of his cardiac arrest on the pitch at White Hart Lane caused outrage on Twitter. In February 2009, the site was criticized as "monstrous" for its jokes about the death of Francesca Anobile, and one of the site's users reported "very real threats of legal action". In October 2012, a 19-year-old from Chorley, Lancashire, was jailed for copying and pasting Sickipedia jokes about abducted children April Jones and Madeleine McCann onto Facebook.

References

External links

 B3ta web site
 B3ta Radio Includes archived B3ta radio shows.
 Homepages of the site owners, Rob Manuel, Denise Wilton & Cal Henderson

British comedy websites
Internet memes

B3ta


Santa's Village is a Christmas-themed amusement park located in Jefferson, New Hampshire.

Most of the 23 rides have Christmas or winter-themed names, such as "Rudy's Rapid Transit Coaster" and "The Great Humbug Adventure".  The rides are designed for families with children under age 13.  There are also three theatres, two of which present live shows and a third that features a 3-D film called A Tinkerdoodle Christmas. Visitors can visit Santa's home, sit in his rocking chair, and have a picture taken with Santa.

History and attractions

Santa's Village was the brainchild of Normand and Cecile Dubois who, in the early 1950s, wanted to create something novel to their region. Seeing deer crossing the road sparked Norman's belief that the North Country in New Hampshire would serve well as Santa and his reindeers' home. On Father's Day, in 1953, the family amusement park was opened for the first time to the general public. In its first year, the park had pony rides and showcased Francis the Famous Mule in a mule performance. The amusement park staff frequently gave her oats from a whiskey bottle to wheedle her to move. The Duboises also invited Santa Claus to the park; he was accompanied by real reindeer and numerous elves. The park was later enlarged to include a "Santa Schoolhouse", a "Blacksmith Shop", "Santa's Workshop" and a chapel. In 1955, the park was open from June to October.

By 1969, the park also had playgrounds, restaurants, and a "Jingle Jamboree". The Dubois family added a dancing chicken and rabbit performance to the park's activities. By 1974, the Dubois' son-in-law, Michael Gaynor, took over the park's management after the couple retired. The admission for people over four years old in 1974 was $3. Peggy Newland of The Nashua Telegraph wrote in 2010 that "[b]y the 1980s, the park had grown to a 'real' amusement park". The park was further expanded, with a "Yule Log Flume" that glided down a Christmas-themed river, carrying people around the park. Macaws performed in the park, roller-skating around the stage and balancing bikes on a tightrope.

In 1986, Jack Barth of Spy wrote that Santa's Village has a "strange arrangement", in that to take pictures, people poke their heads out of a cake made of plaster. The grandchildren of Normand and Cecile Dubois manage the park. They added a "Polar Theater" with 3D shows that include elves that dance and a tree that sings, as well as "Skyways Sleighs", which transport people through the sky to different parts of the park.

Near the park's duck pond is a life-size Nativity scene. The park also has a wishing well, where children can make a wish and toss coins in. The money from the wishing well is given to marginalized children through the form of Christmas gifts. In the first year of the village, more than $1000 from the well was used to buy gifts for marginalized children.

Mick Foley wrote in his autobiography The Hardcore Diaries that he has a Christmas fixation and that "every good thing in my life somehow leads me back to Jefferson, New Hampshire, and the trip to Santa's Village my parents took me on when I was only three years old". In his list of top ten amusement parks, Foley placed Santa's Village first, writing that "[w]hat it lacks in rides, it makes up for in personal nostalgia, a beautiful location, and the magic of Christmas in the summer".

Attractions

Animal attractions
Reindeers rendezvous at reindeers' barn where kids can feed reindeers "cookies" (carrots - available from Santa's helper).

Notes

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Coös County, New Hampshire
Amusement parks in New Hampshire
Amusement parks based on Santa Claus
Tourist attractions in Coös County, New Hampshire
1953 establishments in New Hampshire
Jefferson, New Hampshire
Amusement parks opened in 1953

Santa's Village (Jefferson, New Hampshire)


Opening Day Partners (ODP) is a company that owns and operates independent baseball teams in the United States. Since 1982, Opening Day Partners has owned and operated its own Minor League Baseball teams, operated teams for other organizations, assisted in the sale and purchase of teams, and advised and consulted with international clients.

The company has sought to standardize comfortable ballpark features such as hotel lobby-style box offices, more legroom for fans, padded seats, individual cupholders, 360-degree walkways, picnic areas able to accommodate large groups, and spacious playgrounds. The company was the first in minor league baseball to implement 20-horse carousels and bumper boat attractions able to accommodate children and adults. Currently, the only minor league ballparks in the world that have the bumper boat attraction are Clipper Magazine Stadium and Regency Furniture Stadium.

ODP has placed an emphasis on philanthropy through various fundraisers, charity events, specialty jersey auctions, and children's reading programs. It also incorporates local fans, ranging from the occasional to the hardcore, with fan fests, name-the-team contests, the incorporation of local companies and their products, and homages to each team's baseball and socio-geographic history.

History

Opening Day Partners, formerly  known as Keystone Baseball, has owned and/or operated several Major League Baseball-affiliated, professional baseball teams in the Maryland cities of Aberdeen, Bowie, Frederick, Hagerstown, and Salisbury. The company developed Atlantic League of Professional Baseball clubs in Camden, New Jersey, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, York, Pennsylvania, Waldorf, Maryland and Sugar Land, Texas before transitioning them to local interests.

Baseball & Sports Associates, LLC is an Opening Day Partners-owned company that handles baseball operations, including player development for numerous Minor League Baseball teams.

Relationship with Major League Baseball

Opening Day Partners has a long-standing relationship with Major League Baseball, and many of its individual clubs. The assignments undertaken by Opening Day Partners and its affiliates include:

 Providing the grounds crew for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, under contract to the Commissioner's Office
 Providing stadium refurbishment and grounds crew for the Baltimore Orioles historic exhibition game in Havana, Cuba
 Providing field design and installation advisory services to the Houston Astros
 Advising several Major League Clubs on their Minor League operations
 Operating the Maryland Fall League for minor league players

Stadium design and construction projects

Through its facility management division, Opening Day Partners has provided stadium design, construction, and operation services to numerous communities, in addition to providing such services on its own ballparks. Clients have included:

Food and beverage services

Through its food and beverage entities, Opening Day Partners has provided concession and catering services to minor league parks, arenas and universities nationwide including:

References

External links

American companies established in 1982
Camden Riversharks
Southern Maryland Blue Crabs
1982 establishments in Pennsylvania

Opening Day Partners


In sculpture, an armature is a framework around which the sculpture is built, when the sculpture could not stand on its own. This framework provides structure and stability, especially when a plastic material such as wax, newspaper or clay is being used as the medium. When sculpting the human figure, the armature is analogous to the major skeleton and has essentially the same purpose: to hold the body erect.

An armature is often made of heavy, dark aluminium wire which is stiff, but can be bent and twisted into shape without much difficulty.  The wire is affixed to a base which is usually made of wood.  The artist then begins fleshing out the sculpture by adding wax or clay over the wire.  Depending on the material and technique, the armature may be left buried within the sculpture but, if the sculpture is to be hollowed out for firing, it must be removed.

Large representational sculptures meant for outdoor display are typically fashioned of bronze or other types of sheet metal, and they require armatures for internal support and stability.  For example, a large armature designed by Gustave Eiffel holds up the Statue of Liberty.  The armature can be seen from below by visitors to the base of the sculpture's interior.

Animation

An armature used in stop-motion animation is an articulated metal, wire or even wooden figure covered with material to build the character, but can be made to hold poses for extended periods of time.

In 3D computer animation, the analogous concept is the skeleton or rig used in skeletal animation.

See also
 Lost wax

Notes
 For this reason, much clay work for firing begins with a simple paper and/or wood armature.  These materials can be removed relatively easily from finished piece while it is still fairly plastic, without damaging it.  Any paper left behind will burn out in the kiln.  A metal armature would expand in the heat and burst the piece.

References

Sculpture techniques
Animation techniques

Armature (sculpture)


Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas (17 February 1876 – 14 April 1954) was a Brazilian diplomat who was awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations by  Yad Vashem in June 2003, for his actions during World War II in helping Jews in France escape The Holocaust. It is estimated he saved 800 people, 425 confirmed to be Jewish.  His actions were not limited to saving Jews, but also other persecuted groups, such as communists and homosexuals.

Early life and career

Souza Dantas was born to an aristocratic family in Brazil. After completing law studies at age 21, he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He rose through the ranks of the diplomatic service and served in various world capitals. In 1916, during World War I, he was appointed interim foreign minister for a few months. He reached the rank of ambassador in 1919, when he began to lead the Brazilian embassy in Rome. In late 1922 he was named ambassador of Brazil to France, a position he held until 1944. Between 1924 and 1926, during some periods, he was also the representative of the Brazilian government to the League of Nations.

World War II
Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas was serving as the Brazilian ambassador to France and to the Vichy Government during the German occupation. Despite complaints and investigations into his activities by other Brazilian diplomats, as well as the tightening of Brazilian immigration laws regarding Jewish immigration, he was motivated by "a Christian feeling of mercy" to save hundreds from persecution by the Nazis by issuing diplomatic travel visas for entry into Brazil.

After being ordered to stop issuing these visas, he would often forge the issue date to a date prior to the order. He would also remove any mention of Jewish ancestry from the applicant's history. Unlike other diplomats at the time, Souza Dantas did not grant visas for personal gain or to a select group. In a 1942 letter to Brazil's foreign minister Osvaldo Aranha, he said the camps set up by the Nazis were like something out of Dante's Inferno, where Jews were either slaves or were exterminated. Among those he helped save were the 12-year-old Felix G. Rohatyn, a future investment banker, and the Rohatyn family.

An investigation was opened by the administrative department of the public service in charge of Ambassador Dantas. He was accused of granting irregular visas. In an Itamaraty telegram, Souza Dantas affirmed in his defense that after the prohibition he did not grant "even a visa". It was a lie. Chana Strozemberg, a woman from Poland, obtained a visa issued in January 1941, a month after the prohibition, but with false information.

Eventually the investigation and suspicions of Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas were enough for him to be recalled by Getúlio Vargas, the Brazilian President of the time, where he faced disciplinary hearing for his actions. He was found guilty of breaking the Brazilian Jewish immigration policy. He was able to escape punishment since he was technically retired and only working for the government on special request. After the war he returned to Paris, where he died in obscurity on 14 April 1954.

He married a Jewish woman from San Francisco, Elise Meyer Stern, daughter of Eugene Meyer and widow of Abraham Stern, who had been secretary of Levi Strauss & Co.

References

External links
Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem from Brazil

"The Ambassador" film by Staff Cinema

1876 births
1954 deaths
Brazilian Righteous Among the Nations
Catholic Righteous Among the Nations
Ambassadors of Brazil to France
Diplomats from Rio de Janeiro (city)

Luis Martins de Souza Dantas