The following is a list of religious radio stations divided by country.

American Samoa
KKBT Leone
KSBS-FM Pago Pago

Argentina
FM Santa Rosa Pilar, Buenos Aires Province
Radio Betania Pilar, Buenos Aires Province
Radio Buenos Aires Buenos Aires

Australia
1WAY FM                        - Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
96five                         - Brisbane, Queensland
 97seven           - Darwin, Northern Territory
 Faith FM - Australia wide
 Hope103.2       - Sydney, New South Wales
 Juice107.3          - Gold Coast, Queensland
 Life FM     - Adelaide, South Australia
Life FM    - Sale, Victoria
Light FM                       - Melbourne, Victoria
Rhema FM    - Newcastle, New South Wales
Rhema FM - Manning Great Lakes, New South Wales
Sonshine FM                    - Perth, Western Australia
Ultra106five    - Hobart, Tasmania
Vision Radio Network           - Australia wide
Way FM                         - Launceston, Tasmania
96three - Geelong, Victoria
 HCJB                           - Kununurra, Western Australia
Life FM - Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
Live99.9             - Townsville, Queensland
 Pulse94.1 - Wollongong, New South Wales

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Radiopostaja Mir Međugorje – Catholic radio www.radio-medjugorje.com
 Radio Marija – Catholic radio www.radiomarija.ba
 Radio BIR – Islamic radio www.bir.ba

Canada

See List of Christian radio stations in Canada.

Croatia
 Radio Marija – Catholic radio www.radiomarija.hr
 Croatian Catholic Radio – Christian radio

Cyprus
Logos Radio

Finland
Radio Dei

Germany
ERF Radio

Guam
KHMG Barrigada
KOLG Hagåtña
KSDA Agat (Adventist World Radio)
KTWG Agana (Trans World Radio)

Iceland
Lindin (also heard in the Faroe Islands)

Ireland
 Radio North/Gospel 846am http://www.radionorth.net
Spirit Radio
Let The Bible Speak
http://www.ltbs.tv

Israel
Kol BaRama
Kol Chai
Radio Agape

Italy
PfarrRadio Schlern
Radio Evangelo Piemonte
Radio Maria
Radio Mater
Radio In Blu (mainly as Radio syndication)
Radio Torino Biblica

Japan
FEBC Japan - Christian Radio
JOQR-AM - Catholic/Shintoist/Buddhist (Soka Gakkai). (Society of St. Paul is the majority owner.)

Korea, South
 Won Buddhism Broadcasting System (Wonmu Banseong) - FM Radio, Won Buddhism ()

Malaysia
Immanuel FM

Mauritania
Radio Qur'an

Montenegro
 Radio Fatih - Islamic radio
 Radio Svetigora - Orthodox Church radio www.svetigora.com

New Zealand
Life FM (Radio Network)
Star (Radio Network)
Rhema (Radio Network)
United Christian Broadcasters

Philippines
99.9 Country Baguio
105.3 Iloilo
DWGV Angeles City
DWIZ Metro Manila
DWXI Metro Manila
DXVP Zamboanga City
DYMI 94.7 Calinog, Iloilo
DYSA-AM Iloilo
DZAR Metro Manila
DZAS Metro Manila
DZEC Metro Manila
DZEM Metro Manila
DZJV Calabarzon
DZME Metro Manila
DZMM Metro Manila
DZRJ-AM Metro Manila
DZRV Metro Manila
DZXL Metro Manila
Master's Touch 98.7
Power 92.7 San Fernando
DXGN 89.9 FM Davao City

Poland
Radio Maryja
Radio RDN

Portugal
Rádio Maria – Catholic radio www.radiomaria.pt
Rádio Canção Nova – Catholic radio radio.cancaonova.pt

Puerto Rico
WBMJ San Juan
WCGB Juana Díaz
WCRP Guayama
WIDA-FM Carolina
WIVV Vieques
WNRT Manatí
WNVM Cidra
WPPC Peñuelas
WTPM Aguadilla
WYAS Luquillo

Serbia
 Радио Слово Љубве - Orthodox Church radio www.slovoljubve.com

Spain
 Radio María – Catholic radio

The Vatican
Vatican Radio

Trinidad and Tobago
Radio Jaagriti 102.7 FM

United Kingdom
Hope FM - Adventist Hope Media on DAB: Lincolnshire(Block:12A),North Yorkshire(Block:10C), NE Wales W Chesh(Block:10D) ,Hereford-Worcs(Block:12A) website
Hope FM Bournemouth
Cross Rhythms City Radio
Cross Rhythms Plymouth
Radio Cracker
Premier Christian Radio on Sky Channel 0123 website
Revival FM (Scotland)
TWR-UK (Trans World Radio) Christian Radio on Freeview 733, Freesat 790, Sky Channel 0128 website
United Christian Broadcasters Talk Christian Radio on Sky Channel 0135 website
United Christian Broadcasters UK Christian Radio on Sky Channel 0125 website
Flame CCR Christian Community Radio from the Wirral website
Lancashire's Lighthouse Radio
Radio Outreach
Voice Of Islam Radio , VOI website

United States
Air 1 (Network) Rocklin, California Stations: KAGT, WAWE
American Family Radio (Network) Tupelo, Mississippi
Bible Broadcasting Network Charlotte, North Carolina
enLighten (XM)
EWTN Radio, Irondale, Alabama
WEWN Shortwave Radio ,Irondale, Alabama (International shortwave service of EWTN Radio)
Family Radio Oakland, California (Network) Stations: KCLM, KEAR (AM), KEBR, KECR, KFRN, WCUE, WFME-FM, WWFR, and WYMK
WYFR Okeechobee, Florida (International shortwave service of Family Radio—now closed and transmitters sold to WRMI: Radio Miami International) < http://mt-shortwave.blogspot.com/2013/06/wyfr-to-close-all-shortwave-services.html> <http://mt-shortwave.blogspot.com/2013/11/wyfr-facility-to-return-to-shortwave-as.html>
Family Talk XM Satellite Radio (Salem Communications)
KAFC Anchorage, Alaska
KAGV Big Lake, Alaska
KAIM-FM Honolulu, Hawaii (Salem Communications)
KANI Wharton, Texas
KANN Roy, Utah
KATH (AM) Dallas, Texas
KBIQ Manitou Springs, Colorado (Salem Communications)
KBHL Osakis, Minnesota
KBJD Denver, Colorado (Salem Communications)
KBVM Portland, Oregon
KCMM Belgrade, Montana
KCRO Omaha, Nebraska (Salem Communications)
KDAR Oxnard, California (Salem Communications)
KDNW Duluth, Minnesota
KDOV Medford, Oregon
KEXS Excelsior Springs, Missouri
KFAX San Francisco, California (Salem Communications)
KFEL Pueblo, Colorado
KFIA Carmichael, California (Salem Communications)
KFIS Scappoose, Oregon (Salem Communications)
KFNW-FM Fargo, North Dakota
KFSH-FM Anaheim, California (Salem Communications)
KFSI Rochester, Minnesota
KGBI-FM Omaha, Nebraska (Salem Communications)
KGFT Pueblo, Colorado (Salem Communications)
KGNW Seattle, Washington (Salem Communications)
KGTN-LP Georgetown, Texas
KGU Honolulu, Hawaii (Salem Communications)
KHOY Laredo, Texas
KHPE Albany, Oregon
KHRT Minot, North Dakota
KICY Nome, Alaska
KICY-FM Nome, Alaska
KJOL Grand Junction, Colorado
KJON Carrollton, Texas
KJVA-LP San Bernardino, California
KKEQ Fosston, Minnesota
KKFS Lincoln, California (Salem Communications)
KKHT-FM Winnie, Texas (Salem Communications)
KKJM St. Joseph, Minnesota
KKLA-FM Los Angeles, California (Salem Communications)
KKMS Richfield, Minnesota (Salem Communications)
KKSP Bryant, Arkansas
KLBE-LP Bismarck, North Dakota
KLFE Seattle, Washington (Salem Communications)
K-LOVE Winchester, Oregon (Network) Stations: KAKL, KKLC, KLBF, KLDQ, KLFV, KLRX, KLVU, KVID, KVKL, KVLB, KYLV, WAKL, WBKL, WKVB, WKVE, WKVK, WKVW, WLKB, WLKU, WLVE, WYDA, and WZLV
KLUX Corpus Christi, Texas (Diocesan Telecommunications, Catholic Communications Network)
KLTY Arlington, Texas (Salem Communications)
KMTL Sherwood, Arkansas
KMZL Missoula, Montana
KMZO Hamilton, Montana
KNDR Bismarck, North Dakota
KNLR Bend, Oregon
KNLS Anchor Point, Alaska
KNOM Nome, Alaska
KPDQ (AM) Portland, Oregon (Salem Communications)
KPDQ-FM Portland, Oregon (Salem Communications)
KPHN El Dorado, Kansas
KPOF AM91 Denver's Point of Faith Westminster, Colorado website
KPUL Winterset, Iowa
KQOV-LP Butte, Montana
KPSH Coachella, California
KPRZ San Marcos-Poway, California (Salem Communications)
KPXQ Glendale, Arizona (Salem Communications)
KRFF-LP Moorhead, Minnesota
KRKS, KRKS-FM Denver, Colorado (Salem Communications)
KSGN Riverside, California
KSLR San Antonio, Texas (Salem Communications)
KSOS Las Vegas, Nevada
KSPH Springhill, Louisiana
KTIS Minneapolis/St. Paul
KTIS-FM Minneapolis/St. Paul
KTLW Lancaster, California
KVOH Rancho Simi, California
KVRP (AM) Stamford, Texas
KWND Springfield, Missouri
KWTL Grand Forks, North Dakota
KWRD-FM Highland Village, Texas (Salem Communications)
KYFG Omaha, Nebraska
Northern Christian Radio Gaylord, Michigan
Pilgrim Radio (Network) Stations: KCSP-FM and KNIS
Radio Maria (USA) (KJMJ Alexandria, Louisiana
Radio Paz Miami, Florida
Radio Peace Miami, Florida
Relevant Radio Green Bay, Wisconsin (Network) Stations: KVXR, WDVM, WJOK, WKBM, WLOL, WMMA-FM, and WSJP-FM
Smile FM (Network) Stations: WAIR, WCZE, WLGH
Spirit (XM)
The Catholic Channel (XS)
The Message (XM)
The Station of the Cross (Network) Stations: WHIC, WLOF and WQOR
The Torch (XM)
Trans World Radio Cary, North Carolina
KTBN (shortwave) Salt Lake City, Utah (International shortwave service of KTBN)
VCY America Radio Network Milwaukee, Wisconsin
WACQ Tuskegee, Alabama
WAFJ Augusta, Georgia
WAFS (AM) Atlanta, Georgia (Salem Communications)
WAGG Birmingham, Alabama
WAKW Cincinnati, Ohio
WAML (AM) Laurel, Mississippi
WAMV Amherst, Virginia
WAVA Arlington, Virginia (Salem Communications)
WAVA-FM Arlington, Virginia (Salem Communications)
WAYF West Palm Beach, Florida
WAYH Harvest, Alabama
WAYK Valley Station, Kentucky (Salem Communications)
WBIB Centreville, Alabama
WBOZ Woodbury, Tennessee (Salem Communications)
WBTG-FM Sheffield, Alabama
WBVM Tampa, Florida
WBXB Edenton, North Carolina
WCAR Livonia, Michigan
WCGL Jacksonville, Florida
WCKI Greer, South Carolina
WCLN-FM Elizabethtown, North Carolina
WCMD-FM Barre, Vermont
WCPK Chesapeake, Virginia
WCPS Tarboro, North Carolina
WCRJ Jacksonville, Florida
WCSG Grand Rapids, Michigan
WCVC Tallahassee, Florida
WCVK Bowling Green, Kentucky
WCVO Gahanna, Ohio
WDEO (AM) Ypsilanti, Michigan
WDSA Dothan, Alabama
WDTF-LP Berkeley Springs, West Virginia
WEAF (AM) Camden, South Carolina
WEXY Wilton Manors, Florida
WEUP (AM) Huntsville, Alabama
WEUV Moulton, Alabama
WEZE Boston, Massachusetts (Salem Communications)
WFBM-LP Lewistown, Pennsylvania
WFFH Nashville, Tennessee (Salem Communications)
WFFI Nashville, Tennessee (Salem Communications)
WFHM-FM Cleveland, Ohio (Salem Communications)
WFIA Louisville, Kentucky
WFIL Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Salem Communications)
WFSH-FM Athens, Georgia (Salem Communications)
WFTH Richmond, Virginia
WGOK Mobile, Alabama
WGPL Portsmouth, Virginia
WGRB Chicago, Illinois
WHBB Selma, Alabama
WHIF Palatka, Florida
WHKW Cleveland, Ohio (Salem Communications)
WHKZ Warren, Ohio (Salem Communications)
WHLY South Bend, Indiana
WHMA (AM) Anniston, Alabama
World Harvest Radio International Cypress Creek, South Carolina
WIDU Fayetteville, North Carolina
WIGN Bristol, Tennessee
WIHM Taylorville, Illinois
WILB Canton, Ohio
WIMG Trenton, New Jersey
WJOU Huntsville, Alabama
WJUS Marion, Alabama
WLGK New Albany, Indiana
WLPS-FM Lumberton, North Carolina
WLQV Detroit, Michigan (Salem Communications)
WLTA Alpharetta, Georgia (Salem Communications)
WMCA New York, New York (Salem Communications)
WNHG Grand Rapids, Michigan
WNIV Atlanta, Georgia (Salem Communications)
WNOP Cincinnati, Ohio
WOAD (AM) Jackson, Mississippi
WONG Canton, Mississippi
WOOF (AM) Dothan, Alabama
WORD-FM Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Salem Communications)
WPCE Portsmouth, Virginia
WPMH Newport News, Virginia
WRBZ Wetumpka, Alabama
WRCS Ahoskie, North Carolina
WREN Carrollton, Alabama
WRFD Columbus, Ohio (Salem Communications)
WRKS Pickens, Mississippi
WRMK Augusta, Georgia
WRMQ Rejoice, Orlando, Florida (Q Broadcasting - Rejoice)
WROL Boston, Massachusetts (Salem Communications)
WRYT Edwardsville, Illinois
WSEL-FM Pontotoc, Mississippi
WSOK Savannah, Georgia
WTBN Pinellas Park, Florida (Salem Communications)
WTLN Orlando, Florida (Salem Communications)
WTSK Tuscaloosa, Alabama
WTUA St. Stephen, South Carolina
WUAF-LP Lake City, Florida
WVTJ Pensacola, Florida
WWEV Cumming, Georgia
WWCR Worldwide Christian Radio Nashville, Tennessee
WWDJ Boston, Massachusetts (Salem Communications)
WWOS Walterboro, South Carolina
WWOW Conneaut, Ohio
WXKD Monroeville, Alabama
WXQW Fairhope, Alabama
WYCA Crete, Illinois
WYCV Granite Falls, North Carolina
WYLL Chicago, Illinois (Salem Communications)
WYLS York, Alabama
WYNN (AM) Florence, South Carolina
WZAZ Jacksonville, Florida

U.S. Virgin Islands
WDHP Frederiksted
WEVI Frederiksted
WGOD-FM Charlotte Amalie
WIVH Christiansted

External links
Christian Media Australia - Christian Broadcasting in Australia

Religious
 Radio stations

List of religious radio stations


Tomorrow at Seven is a 1933 American pre-Code mystery comedy film directed by Ray Enright and written by Ralph Spence. The plot sees a group of people gathered in an old mansion being menaced by a killer known as "The Black Ace".

Plot
A man unveils a valuable painting he picked up for $50,000 and is killed. A card with a large black ace (of spades) is put on his chest. Another "Black Ace" victim. The killer sends his victims a Black Ace card, warning them they are to die and then kills them, his way of taunting the police. Neil Broderick, an author, intends writing a book about him and is on his way to see Thornton Drake to get more information about him. Austin Winters is his secretary and Neil met his daughter Martha on the train, on the way to Chicago.

Drake has just received a Black Ace, with the words: "At seven tomorrow night", the time he is to be killed. Two plainclothes cops arrive from police headquarters, having had a call, Clancy and Dugan (both incompetents). Martha suggests that they leave for Drake's Louisiana plantation tomorrow morning and be far away from there at seven tomorrow night. Drake agrees and suggests they all go. On the flight, the lights go off for some seconds and when they come on again, Austin Winters is dead without a mark on him.

At the plantation, Clancy ineptly questions the suspects till Neil points out that they are now in another state, so out of their jurisdiction. Neil goes to another room and makes a phone call, then signals to someone outside. After he finishes his call, the line is cut. Meanwhile, one of the pilots has taken off in the plane, leaving the other pilot, Henderson, behind who claims he does not know anything though he was out of the cockpit when Winters was killed.

The coroner finds a letter on the dead man which is to be read if Winters dies. It will reveal the identity of the Black Ace. Clancy starts reading it aloud and unsurprisingly the lights go off and the letter has vanished when the lights are turned on again. People locked in their rooms that night and Neil has a hidden car outside signal to him.

Later that night, the coroner turns up, the real one. Neil goes to Martha's room and asks her what she did with the letter, guessing that she had taken it because was afraid her father might implicate himself with the Black Ace. The letter is gone from where she hid it. In its place are two sheets of plain paper and a Black Ace card. Clancy and Dugan appear and blame Neil.  Clancy and Neil at gunpoint go to Drake's room and while Clancy is hurling accusations, there is a groan from next door and they find a dead man there (Henderson). A search of Neil reveals he has a skeleton key so might have been able to enter the dead man's room.

Downstairs, Dugan has been talking to Martha with his back to her, turns and sees she has gone (a mysterious hand reached out for her only moments before). The housekeeper (Mrs Quincy) is seen leading the fake coroner (Jerry Simons) who is carrying Martha. Drake left with Neil threatens him with a gun, demanding Winters' confession but Neil has signalled Simons (of the Bureau of Criminal Investigations) who disarms Drake who has Winters' confession implicating him. However, the gardener (Pompey) comes into the room with a gun in his hand and now the villains have the upper hand till there is a knock at just the right moment. Two fights ensue. In trying to kill Simons, Pompey kills Drake with the hidden spike in the walking stick. Pompey is subdued and the two cops arrive to take the credit.

Cast

External links

1933 films
American comedy mystery films
1930s comedy mystery films
1930s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Ray Enright
1933 comedy films
1933 mystery films
1930s American films

Tomorrow at Seven


Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800March 2, 1878) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States Senator for Ohio from 1851 to 1869. He is known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans. Had the 1868 impeachment of U.S. President Andrew Johnson led to a conviction in the Senate, as president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Wade would have become acting president for the remaining nine months of Johnson's term.

Born in Massachusetts, Wade worked as a laborer on the Erie Canal before establishing a law practice in Jefferson, Ohio. As a member of the Whig Party, Wade served in the Ohio Senate between 1837 and 1842. After a stint as a local judge, Wade was sworn into the United States Senate in 1851. An opponent of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Wade joined the nascent Republican Party as the Whigs collapsed. He established a reputation as one of the most radical American politicians of the era, favoring women's suffrage, trade union rights, and equality for African-Americans.

During the Civil War, Wade was highly critical of President Abraham Lincoln's leadership. In opposition to Lincoln's post-war plans, which he deemed too lenient and conciliatory, Wade sponsored the Wade–Davis Bill, which proposed strict terms for the re-admittance of Confederate states. He also helped pass the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Morrill Act of 1862. In 1868, the House of Representatives impeached President Johnson for his defiance of the Tenure of Office Act; Wade's unpopularity with his senatorial Moderate Republican colleagues was a factor in Johnson's acquittal by the Senate, having been president pro tempore at the time and next in line for the presidency should Johnson be removed from the presidency. He lost his Senate re-election bid in 1868, though remained active in law and politics until his death in 1878. Although frequently criticized for his radicalism during his time, particularly as he opposed Lincoln's ten-percent plan, Wade's contemporary reputation has been lauded for his lifelong unwavering and persistent commitment to civil rights and racial equality.

Early life and education
Wade was born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts, on October 27, 1800, to Mary and James Wade.  Benjamin Wade's first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal. He also taught school before studying law in Ohio with Elisha Whittlesey. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Ohio.

Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure, in 1831.  He became the prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County by 1836, and as a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate, serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. He established a new law practice with Rufus P. Ranney and was elected presiding judge of the third district in 1847.  Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge of common pleas in what is now Summit County (Ohio).

In 1851 Wade was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. He fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the Republican Party. He was also critical of how certain aspects of capitalism were practiced in the 19th century, opposing the imprisonment of debtors and special privileges for corporations.

Career

American Civil War

In March 1861, Wade became chairman of the Committee on Territories, and in July 1861, along with other politicians, he witnessed the defeat of the Union Army at the First Battle of Bull Run. There, he was almost captured by the Confederate Army. After arriving back at Washington, D.C., he was one of those who blamed the attack on the supposed incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. From 1861 to 1862 he was chairman of the important Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, and in 1862, as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, was instrumental in abolishing slavery in the Federal Territories.

During the American Civil War, Wade was highly critical of President Abraham Lincoln; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery "could only come of one born of poor white trash and educated in a slave State." He was especially angry when Lincoln was slow to recruit African-Americans into the armies, and actively advocated for the bill that abolished slavery and had a direct hand in the passing of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862.

Wade was also critical of Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan; in December 1863, he and Henry Winter Davis sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. The Wade–Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The House of Representatives passed the bill on May 4, 1864, by a margin of 73 ayes to 59 nays; the Senate passed it on July 2, 1864, by a margin of 18 ayes to 14 nays and was brought to Lincoln's desk. Wade signed, along with Davis, the Wade–Davis Manifesto, which accused the president of seeking reelection by the executive establishment of new state governments.

On July 28, 1866, the 39th Congress passed an act to adjust the peacetime establishment of the United States military. Wade proposed that two of the cavalry regiments should be composed of African-American enlisted personnel. After strong opposition, the legislation was passed which provided for the first black contingent in the regular U.S. Army, consisting of six regiments: 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st Infantry Regiments. These units, made up of black enlisted personnel and white officers, were not the first of such units to serve on the Western Frontier. During late 1865 through early 1866, companies from the 57th US Colored Infantry Regiment and the 125th United States Colored Infantry Regiment had been assigned to posts in New Mexico Territory to provide protection for settlers in the area, and escort those going further west.

Blunt, outspoken, and above all uncompromising, Wade was among the best known of the Radicals in American politics. He played a major role in founding the new Republican Party, emancipating the slaves, and battling the enemies of the Freedmen's Bureau. Wade thought Lincoln was laggard in battling slavery, but Lincoln proved the better politician, building a deeper coalition in support of policies that would hold the Union together by destroying the economic base of plantation slavery that supported the Confederacy. Later when the groundwork for Radical Republicanism was being laid, Wade contended that under a new economic and social structure in the South shaped by free labor, both blacks and whites would "finally occupy a platform according to their merits." He also fiercely opposed the admittance to representation of Southern states that continued denying suffrage to blacks.

As the descendant of leading Puritans, and an activist in the militant Western Reserve in Ohio, Wade's constituents enthusiastically supported his radicalism. His defeat for reelection in the Senate in 1868 demonstrated that his statewide base was shaky. In addition to his anti-slavery activities, he also fought for land grants, women's rights, and labor reform.

Impeachment of Johnson, later years

Wade initially expressed optimism in President Andrew Johnson, telling the Tennessee Democrat, "we have faith in you." However, along with most other Radical Republicans, he would become highly critical of Johnson. Wade supported the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills (which he succeeded in extending to the District of Columbia) and was a strong partisan of the Fourteenth Amendment. He also strengthened his party in Congress by forcefully advocating the admission of Nebraska and Kansas.  These actions made him so prominent that at the beginning of the 40th Congress (in 1867), Wade became the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, which meant that he was next in line for the presidency (as Johnson had no vice president).

After many fallouts with the Republican-dominated Congress, the Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Johnson (who had been a Democrat). When Johnson was impeached, Wade was sworn in as one of the senators sitting in judgment, but was greatly criticized because of his unseemly interest in the outcome of the trial.  Although most senators believed that Johnson was guilty of the charges, they did not want the extremely radical Wade to become acting president. One newspaper wrote, "Andrew Johnson is innocent because Ben Wade is guilty of being his successor."

According to John Roy Lynch (R-MS, 1873–77, 1882–83), one of the twenty-two African Americans elected to Congress from the South during Reconstruction, in his book Facts Concerning Reconstruction:

It was believed by many at the time that some of the [moderate] Republican Senators that voted for acquittal [of Andrew Johnson] did so chiefly on account of their antipathy to the man who would succeed to the presidency in the event of the conviction of the [sitting] president. This man was Senator Benjamin Wade, of Ohio, President pro tempore of the Senate who as the law then stood, would have succeeded to the presidency in the event of a vacancy in the office from any cause. Senator Wade was an able man … He was a strong party man. He had no patience with those who claimed to be [Radical] Republicans and yet refused to abide by the decision of the majority of the party organization [as did Grimes, Johnson, Lincoln, Pratt, and Trumbull] … the sort of active and aggressive man that would be likely to make for himself enemies of men in his own organization who were afraid of his great power and influence, and jealous of him as a political rival. That some of his senatorial Republican associates should feel that the best service they could render their country would be to do all in their power to prevent such a man from being elevated to the Presidency … for while they knew he was an able man, they also knew that, according to his convictions of party duty and party obligations, he firmly believed he who served his party best served his country best…that he would have given the country an able administration is concurrent opinion of those who knew him best.

Indeed, some of the Moderate Republican senators who voted to acquit Johnson, including William P. Fessenden of Maine, acted out of antipathy towards the staunchly pro-civil rights Wade, who they did not want to become president. Northern business interests also disdained Wade due to his advocacy of labor unions, high protective tariffs, and a "soft" monetary policy.

Wade lost in the 1868 election as the Democrats gained control over the state legislature. Prior to Wade's defeat presidential candidate Ulysses S. Grant was urged by his fellow Republicans to choose Wade as his vice presidential running mate; but he refused, instead choosing another radical, Speaker Schuyler Colfax (presiding officer of the House), who coincidentally married Wade's niece, Ellen Maria Wade, shortly after the election. Wade returned to his Ohio law practice. Though no longer a government official, Wade continued to contribute to the world of law and politics. He became an agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, continued his party activities, became a member of the commission researching the likelihood of the purchase of the Dominican Republic in 1871 and served as an elector for Rutherford Hayes in the election of 1876.

Stalwart politics, antipathy towards President Hayes

Among Wade's political activities in his post-Congress years included his taking part among the Republican "Stalwart" faction, the wing of the GOP which supported the Reconstruction policies of President Ulysses S. Grant and opposed civil service reform during the 1870s.  He became a lobbyist for Jay Cooke and the Northern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s.

Although Wade enthusiastically supported Rutherford B. Hayes' 1876 campaign for president, he became disillusioned with Hayes' withdrawal of remaining federal troops from the South, an action he viewed as constituting a betrayal of Republican principles. He wrote in a subsequently published letter to Uriah Hunt Painter of The New York Times:

Throughout the summer and fall of 1877, Wade continued his forceful denunciation of the Hayes administration, asserting in November that the president would never have received his vote had he knew Hayes intended to "abandon the Southern Republicans and put in his Cabinet a rebel who had fought four years to destroy the Government." Wade disdained Hayes' selection of David M. Key, a former Confederate officer, to the position of United States Postmaster General. However, Wade's lack of power at this point made him helpless.

Death
Wade, amidst his expressed frustration and grief over President Hayes' betrayal of the Republican Party's commitment to civil rights, fell ill. His progressively worsening health, attributed by doctors to a form of typhoid fever, would subsequently result in his death. On March 1, 1878, Wade, while lying on his bed, summoned his wife Caroline and whispered his last words:

In the following morning, Wade died in Jefferson, Ohio. News reporting quickly spread; The New York Times, which had long criticized him frequently, published an obituary titled: "The Last of the Congressional Champions of Freedom."

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

Secondary sources
 Bogue, Allan G. "Historians and Radical Republicans: A Meaning for Today." Journal of American History, 70.1, 1983, pp. 7–34. online
 Bordewich, Fergus M. "The Radicals' War: How the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War Tried to Shape the Course of the Civil War." in Congress and the People's Contest: The Conduct of the Civil War, edited by Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon, Ohio University Press, 2018, pp. 113–46. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224tvzn.8
 Land, Mary. "'Bluff' Ben Wade's New England Background." New England Quarterly 27.4 (Dec. 1954): 484-509.
 Martinez, J. Michael. Congressional Lions: Trailblazing Members of Congress and How They Shaped American History (2019) pp 57-130.
 Richards, David L., "Senator Benjamin F. Wade and the Influence of Nature, Nurture, and Environment on his Abolitionist Sentiments" (MA Thesis, Wright State University  2016). online

Primary sources
 Wade, Benjamin Franklin, and Daniel Wheelwright Gooch. Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War: Sherman. Vol. 3. (US Government Printing Office, 1865)  online.
 Wade, Benjamin F. Speech, "Nebraska and Kansas Bills" Senate of the United States, March 3, 1854. online

External links

1800 births
1878 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American abolitionists
Ohio Republicans
Ohio state court judges
Ohio state senators
Ohio Whigs
19th-century American legislators
People from Jefferson, Ohio
People of the Reconstruction Era
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Republican Party United States senators from Ohio
Union (American Civil War) political leaders
1868 United States vice-presidential candidates
Whig Party United States senators
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Radical Republicans
Left-wing populists
Stalwarts (Republican Party)

Benjamin Wade


Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram or Wat Phra Kaew, the "Temple of the Emerald Buddha", is one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Thailand. It is in the grounds of the Grand Palace. It is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is famous for the statue of Buddha, which is really made from jade, not emerald. The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha. The king changes the clothes on the Buddha three times every year. In summer the Buddha is dressed in a crown and jewelry; in winter he wears a golden shawl, and  in the rainy months he wears a gold robe and headdress.

The temple was started in 2325 B.E. during the reign of King Rama I and finished in 2327 B.E. The temple was built to hold the Buddha statue which is believed to have been made in Thailand in the 14th century. Captured by the Cambodians in 1552, the statue was kept in Laos for 214 years until King Rama I recaptured it. He brought it with him when he moved his capital to Bangkok in 1784. The design of this temple was copied from Wat Phrasrisanphet in the Ayudhaya period. Because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important, it is renovated every 50 years.

References

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Establishments in Thailand
3rd millennium BC buildings and structures

Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram


The Benue Trough is a major geological structure underlying a large part of Nigeria and extending about 1,000 km northeast from the Bight of Benin to Lake Chad. It is part of the broader West and Central African Rift System.

Location

The trough has its southern limit at the northern boundary of the Niger Delta, where it dips down and is overlaid with Tertiary and more recent sediments.
It extends in a northeasterly direction to the Chad Basin, and is about 150 km wide.
The trough is arbitrarily  divided into lower, middle and upper regions, and the upper region is further divided into the Gongola and Yola arms.
The Anambra Basin in the west of the lower region is more recent than the rest of the trough, being formed during a later period of compression, but is considered part of the formation.

Rifting and sedimentation

The Benue Trough was formed by rifting of the central West African basement, beginning at the start of the Cretaceous period.
At first, the trough accumulated sediments deposited by rivers and lakes.
During the Late Early to Middle Cretaceous, the basin subsided rapidly and was covered by the sea.
Sea floor sediment accumulated, especially in the southern Abakaliki Rift, under oxygen-deficient bottom conditions. In the Upper Cretaceous, the Benue Trough probably formed the main link between the Gulf of Guinea and the Tethys Ocean (predecessor of the Mediterranean Sea) via the Chad and Iullemmeden Basins.
Towards the end of this period the basin rose above sea level, and extensive coal forming swamps developed, particularly in the Anambra Basin. The trough is estimated to contain 5,000 m of Cretaceous sediments and volcanic rocks.

A common explanation of the trough's formation is that it is an aulacogen, a residual, inactive branch of a three-branched radial rift system. The other two branches continued to spread during the break-up of Gondwana, as South America separated from Africa.
The two continents seem to have started to split apart at what are now their southern tips, with the rift extending northward along the modern coastlines to the Benue Trough, then later split along what is now the southern coast of West Africa and the north eastern coast of South America. As the continents were wedged apart, the trough opened. When separation was complete, the southern part of Africa swung back to some extent, with the sediments in the Benue Trough compressed and folded.
During the Santonian age, about 84 million years ago, the basin experienced intense compression and folding, forming more than 100 anticlines and synclines. The deposits in the Benue Trough were displaced westwards at this time, causing subsidence of the Anambra Basin.

Mantle plume theory

A refinement of the model involves the rise of a mantle plume, where abnormal heat results in melting of the upper mantle, thinning and stretching the crust, followed by rifting of the weakened crust. This may have been repeated several times, with the Benue Trough deformed between rifting episodes.
The same plume may be responsible for the line of volcanoes in Cameroon along the Central African Shear Zone and for the volcanic island of St. Helena in the Atlantic ocean.

Three periods of magmatic activity (volcanic action) have been identified, 147–106 Ma, 97–81 Ma and 68–49 Ma.
The first is prominent in the north of the trough, and contemporary with magmatism in Brazil, probably occurring during a period of crustal extension before the Atlantic started to open. The second is found only in the south of the trough, and may belong to a period when the extension of the Atlantic had slowed, ending with a period of compression. The third and last period is also found only in the south of the trough, and may be related to an isostatic response to the earlier crustal thinning.

The mantle plume activity was probably limited in its effect, with most of the basins in the trough being created from a combination of extension and strike-slip faults. The faults extend into the ocean with the Chain and Charcot fault zones, and have their counterparts in northeastern Brazil.

Economic importance

Nigeria is rich in coal deposits derived from terrestrial organic matter, most of which lie in the Benue Trough. These are mined in Enugu State. The Enugu deposits formed in brackish marshes during the Late Campanian – early Maastrichtian ages, around 70 Ma.
During this time, the Anambra Basin became silted up with thick vegetation growing in low-lying marshes on a broad delta fan deposited by rivers from the interior. Later, the deep layer of vegetation became buried under coarse sands.
Coal is potentially a source for oil and natural gas.
An exploratory well drilled in the Gongola Basin of the upper region in 2003 found no oil, although there was a narrow layer of coal between 4,710 ft and 4,770 ft.

Explanatory notes

References

Geology of Africa
Aulacogens
Mesozoic rifts and grabens

Benue Trough


John Knight Waters (December 20, 1906 – January 9, 1989) was a United States Army four-star general who served as commander, U.S. Army, Pacific from 1964 to 1966. He was also the son-in-law of General George S. Patton. During World War II, he was taken prisoner while fighting in Tunisia in 1943, leading Patton to set up the controversial Task Force Baum to break him out.

Early career
Waters graduated from The Boys' Latin School in Baltimore in 1925 and then attended Johns Hopkins University in Maryland for two years before deciding he wanted a military career. He relocated to Illinois in order to obtain an appointment to the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1931 with a commission in the cavalry.

World War II
Waters was captured in Tunisia at Dejebel Lassouda when German forces attacked Sidi bou Zid during World War II.

Waters, who had married General George S. Patton's daughter Beatrice in 1934, was one of many officers interned at Hammelburg. Patton claimed that he did not know that Waters was at OFLAG XIII-B and that he feared the Germans would execute the POWs rather than let them be liberated. According to some sources the Third Army had received intelligence that Waters was indeed at the camp, having recently been moved there from Oflag 64.

The task force, known as Task Force Baum, reached the camp, which was 50 miles behind the front lines, on 27 March 1945 with some losses after running into several German units detraining in a marshalling area. It had been shadowed by a German observation plane while en route, and its intentions were anticipated.

Lt. Donald Prell, who was a POW with Waters at the camp, documented the events of that day, as did Father Paul. W. Cavanaugh, a U.S. Army Chaplain and fellow POW.

Waters had been shot by a defending guard as he and a German officer were trying to contact the task force. Badly wounded, he was treated by a Serbian doctor, Colonel Radovan Danic, the chief surgeon of the former Yugoslavian Army, who was also interned at the camp. The camp was liberated about a week to ten days later, but the only prisoners there were badly wounded and sick, the rest (including the remnants of Task Force Baum) having been moved farther east.

Later career
Waters returned to duty in 1946 and became commandant of cadets at West Point.   In 1949 he became an hereditary member of the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati.

He was promoted to brigadier general in 1952 when he deployed to Korea as Chief of Staff for I Corps. His major command assignments include Commanding General for the 4th Armored Division and Commanding General for V Corps, both in Europe, as well as Commanding General for the Fifth United States Army, then headquartered in Chicago.

Significant other assignments for Waters were as Chief of the American Military Assistance Staff in Yugoslavia from 1955 to 1957, and as Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel Developments, Fort Monroe, Virginia. He also commanded the latter unit before taking command of U.S. Army, Pacific in Hawaii. He retired on August 31, 1966.

Major awards for Waters include the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions leading fellow prisoners, the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and the Korean Service Medal. He died on January 9, 1989, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, due to heart failure.

Family
He married Beatrice Patton, daughter of General George S. Patton, on June 27, 1934.  The wedding took place at St. John's Church in Beverly Farms, Massachusetts, with a reception immediately afterward at the Patton home of Green Meadows, South Hamilton, Massachusetts. The couple had two sons, John Knight and George Patton. The marriage lasted until her death on October 24, 1952.

Dates of rank

Notes

External links
The Hammelburg Raid
North County
 Historic footage of liberation of OFLAG XIII-B prison camp in 1945, where Lt. Col. John K. Waters was held.
Donald Prell

United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
Commandants of the Corps of Cadets of the United States Military Academy
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
American prisoners of war in World War II
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
1906 births
1989 deaths
Military personnel from Baltimore
Place of death missing
Recipients of the Silver Star
Army Black Knights men's ice hockey players

John K. Waters


The Lucy Mackintosh gallery was a commercial contemporary art space located in Lausanne, Switzerland between 2004 and 2013. It exhibited Swiss and international contemporary art and artists. The gallery also regularly invited designers to present their work.

History
The Lucy Mackintosh gallery opened in Lausanne in 2004 in premises previously occupied by the EPFL architecture department. The architecture studio Jean-Gilles Décosterd & Philippe Rahm designed the exhibition space using the concept of the "white canvas" for the refurbishing of the gallery. Gallery Director Cyril Veillon said, "The architect's response to an existing space and the brief for a contemporary art gallery was to create territories using thermal distortions rather than partitions. Elaborate plumbing runs through the main space, whose temperature can be attenuated according to the gallery function. "

In 2005, the gallery was featured in the Can Buildings Curate exhibition by Newbetter and the Architectural Association School of Architecture for its space design. The project closed its doors in 2013.

Projects
Along with exhibitions of artists represented by the gallery, group shows and collaborative projects are presented with national institutions or independent curators.
 News from Nowhere (2005) curated by Justin Hibbs.
 Studies for the Consumption (2005) for the festival Les Urbaines in Lausanne with Perfektron
 Eau Sauvage (2006) curated by Juan Bolivar, Marco Costantini and Jean-Luc Manz.
 Eau Sauvage part II was presented in 2007 at the Fieldgate Gallery in London
 Can Buildings Curate (2006) curated by Newbetter, in collaboration with the Architectural Association, London.
 The Return of the Seven Samurai (2007) with Grizedale Arts.
 Something Material Everything Immaterial (2007) with Newbetter  and the British Council.
 Working Space II (2008) curated by David Ben White and Justin Hibbs, originated from the Arts Gallery at the University of the Arts London.
 Grands Paysages d'Europe / Wide European Landscape (2009) curated by Lorette Coen.
 The Tenth Sentiment (2011) an art installation by Ryota Kuwakubo, work awarded a prize of excellence at the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival.

References

External links
 Gallery's website

Art museums and galleries in Switzerland
Contemporary art galleries in Switzerland
Museums in Lausanne
Art galleries established in 2004
2004 establishments in Switzerland

Lucy Mackintosh Gallery


Golden Harvest (嘉禾娛樂公司) is a film producer and distributor based in Hong Kong. It was the first Chinese film company to be fully successful in the Western market as well. Golden Harvest ceased film production in 2003. Among the more famous names of the company are that of the old producer Raymond Chow and that of Leonard Ho Koon Cheung. Chow and Ho were executives in partnership with another major firm, Shaw Brothers, which ended in 1970. Golden Harvest was successful due to a different organizational approach than Shaw Brothers' centralized model. Golden Harvest contracted with independent producers and bought various talents and creative freedom for their money. In 1971, he struck a deal with martial arts superstar Bruce Lee , turning down Shaws' offer for low pay. In 1972, he entered into a deal with Concord Production Inc. and in 1973 entered into a pioneering co-distribuction with Hollywood for the English-language film Enter the Dragon, a worldwide hit co-produced by Warner Bros. with Concord Production Inc.
Golden Harvest replaced Shaw Brothers as the top production house in Hong Kong from the late 1970s to the 1990s .
Since 1980, he has produced almost all of Jackie Chan 's films , box office stars in Asia. Golden Harvest has also produced a number of films for Jet Li and Donnie Yen. The company was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1994. Li Ka-shing and EMI became shareholders of the company in 2004 .
Golden Harvest's business has declined in recent years. In 2003, film production was abandoned to focus on financing, distribution and management, in Hong Kong and mainland China.

Movies
The company has produced:
 The Big Boss (with starring Bruce Lee in 1971)
 Fist of Fury (with starring Bruce Lee in 1972)
Way of the Dragon (with Concord Production Inc. in 1972)
The Game of Death (with Concord Production Inc. in 1972)
Bruce Lee, the Man and the Legend (with Concord Production Inc. in 1973)
No End of Surprises (1976)
The Boys in Company C (1978)
Game of Death (1978)
The Young Master (1979)
Death Hunt (1981)
Game of Death II (1981)
Winners and Sinners (1982)
Wheels on Meals (1983)
The Seventh Curse (1984)
Eastern Condors (1987)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (English production in 1990)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (English production in 1991)
Death Wish 2 (1992)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (English production in 1993)
Twin Dragons (1994)
The Killer Meteors (1995)
To Kill with Intrigue (1995)
Half a Loaf of Kung Fu (1995)
Spiritual Kung Fu (1995)
New Fist of Fury (1995)
Death Wish 3 (1995)
Ebola Syndrome (1996)
Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1997)
Para Para Sakura (2001)
Game of Death Redux (produced with Niche Pictures and distributed with The Criterion Collection in 2019)

The company has distributed:
Enter the Dragon (with Warner Bros. in 1973)
Concord Production Inc. movies

References

Other websites

 Golden Harvest films at the Internet Movie Database

Companies of Hong Kong

Golden Harvest


Aburi be sum town for de Akuapim South Municipal District insyd of de Eastern Region of south Ghana wey ebe famous for de Aburi Botanical Gardens den de Odwira festival. Aburi get population of 18,701 people as of 2013.

Transport

Road

Aburi dey north east of Accra, wey de journey from Accra go Aburi be about 45 mins.

Secof de altitude of Aburi, de climate be cooler pass Accra. De road wey dey climb de hillside go Aburi be sum toll road, plus de current toll be 0.50 Ghc for car, 1.00 Ghc for 4x4.

Higher charges dey for vans den lorries. From de road most of Greater Accra be visible below, although de one stopping space for de picture for dis section of road top get sum "No Stopping" sign.

Education
Aburi get chaw primary education, secondary education, higher education den further education institutions wey Aburi be home give Aburi Presbyterian Technical Secondary School, wey ein den De Sixth Form College, Farnborough wey dey Hampshire for England get link. Aburi san be home give Aburi Girls' Senior High School(ABUGISS) wey de Presbyterian Church start am. Aburi san dey host de Great Adonten Senior High School. For post secondary education, you go fi find de Presbyterian women's college of Education(PWCE), wey formally be PWTC Training college.

History den economy
De name Aburi be de adulterated version of ABUDE by de European missionaries den traders. Secof Aburi ein location for de mountains of Ghana top den ein proximity go de coast of Ghana, British residents set up sum agricultural research near Aburi for 1891 insyd. Na de area of de garden originally dey consist of 20 hectares, for 1901 insyd na 17.8 hectares dey wey for 1902 insyd ecam more than 40 hectares of new acquisitions, wey dem discover for de last expansion plis considerable resistance. Ultimately, de expansion take place only thru de application of governmental authority ova state expropriation. Na de purpose of de Botanical Garden be originally say ego test field-building opportunities den develop, wey dey contribute give greater financial independence of Ghana. Na de focus of de garden be primarily for culture experiments insyd plus indigenous crops such as cocoa, rubber plants den cola. For addition, na ornamental den fruit plants wey den grow of various kinds den small field trials plus cotton den spices, vanilla den pepper mainly for cardamom top den nutmeg san dey. Sum inventory dem do for 21 July 1900 insyd, dey list 350 different plant species wey dem grow for Aburi insyd. For 1903 insyd, for de center of de garden, na sum plant be dey wey dem dey bell am sanatorium. For 1901 insyd, na de expenditure for de garden be equivalent of 44,312 marks (wey na ebe German marks). Especially for de cotton experiments, dem employ sum cotton planter expert from de United States (Texas) wey ein name be Edmund Fisher, wey however, na he be unfavorable for cotton for de rain forest insyd, wey dey Aburi, wey eget only sum few small test plots. Dem build sum big cotton research station for Edmund Fisher ein recommendation for de grasslands by de Volta River wey dem build, wey wer dem grow de cotton be de native culture from tym immemorial wey dem make clothing from de cotton.

Eno be only sum experimental farm wey dem establish, but esan dey try cheer up de locals so say ego expand demma cotton production. Dem accomplish de latter mainly through de distribution of seeds give de chiefs for connection plus sum purchase guarantee for all cotton wey dem harvest for sum central market wey dey buy for (9 '  N, 0 ° 6 ' O) for de Volta top, wer dem go fi accommodate cotton easily plus water. For de Volta River insyd san go fi be de removal of de cotton. De most distant of de cotton growing area for Eastern region of Ghana insyd, be de landscape area wey be about 13–15 km from de Volta River. Dem san use for treatment of raw cotton den wer dem build de Ginstation.

Today, for de grounds of de only botanical garden top wey dey Aburi, Ghana, be mainly home give many plants wey dem no be original native give Eastern region, but sum collection of tropical plants wey dem add.

Tourism
Aburi be host give one of de finest wood markets wey eno be only for Ghana insyd but for Africa insyd. Rumour dey say Aburi goods wey dem dey manufacture for de Aburi markets find demma way go South Africa say dem dey go sell give tourists.

Aburi Botanical Gardens be result of sum well known Ghanaian tourist destination.

Hotels den lodges
Aburi be home give chaw resorts den lodges give visitors. Peduasi Valley Resort, Hillburi, De Landsdown Resort, De Cactus Creek Hotel

Health

 Kom Presbyterian Clinic

Notable personalities
Aburi be de birthplace for, anaa home give, chaw notable people wey dey include:

 Joyce Bamford-Addo - first female Justice for de Supreme Court of Ghana den first female Speaker of Parliament of de Fourth Republic
 E. A. Boateng - First vice chancellor of de University of Cape Coast
 Josiah Ofori Boateng - Retired Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana
 Alexander Worthy Clerk - Jamaican Moravian missionary den educator to de Gold Coast
 Nicholas Timothy Clerk - Gold Coast theologian, missionary den minister, first Synod Clerk, Presbyterian Church of de Gold Coast
 Carl Henry Clerk - Ghanaian educator, journalist den minister, fourth Synod Clerk, Presbyterian Church of de Gold Coast
 Jane E. Clerk - Gold Coast educator den public education administrator
 Ohene Djan - Ghanaian Sports Administrator
 Samia Nkrumah - Ghanaian politician; daughter of Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana ein first leader

References
Towns insyd Eastern Region (Ghana)
Towns insyd Ghana
Populated places for Eastern Region (Ghana) insyd
Pages plus maps
Ghana

Aburi


The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

Sun may also mean:
 Sunlight
 Sun, an abbreviation for Sunday

Places
 Sun, West Virginia, USA; an unincorporated community
 Sun Glacier, a glacier in Greenland

Companies
 Sun (St. Paul's Churchyard), a historical bookseller in London
 Sun Cellular, a telecommunications provider
 Sun Group, an Indian conglomerate
 Sun Media, a large Canadian media company
 Sun Microsystems, a former computer company
 Sun Orthodontix
 Sun Television and Appliances
 Sun TV Network, Chennai, India

Literature
 Sun Newspapers, a chain of weekly newspapers in Ohio
 List of newspapers named Sun
 List of newspapers named Daily Sun
 Sun, a book of poetry by Michael Palmer

Music

Artists
 Sun (German band), an alternative rock group
 Sun (R&B band), an American group
 Ho Yeow Sun or Sun (born 1972), Singaporean Christian pop music singer
 Joe Sun (1943–2019), born James Joseph Paulsen, American country music singer-songwriter
 Silver Sun or Sun, a British power pop band
 Sun, an Australian group featuring drummer Oren Ambarchi
 Something Unto Nothing (S.U.N.), a band project formed by Brian Tichy

Albums
 Sun (Cat Power album)
 Sun (Nopsajalka album)
 Sun (Thomas Bergersen album)

Songs
 "Sun" (Belinda Carlisle song) (2013)
 "Sun" (Live song)
 "Sun" (Two Door Cinema Club song) (2012)
 "Sun", a 1989 song by Concrete Blond from Free
 "SUN", a 2012 song by Mouse on Mars from WOW

Record labels
 Sun Records
 Sun Records (jazz)

Stage and screen
 Sun (film), a 1929 Italian drama directed by Alessandro Blasetti

Television stations and networks
 Sun News (India), a 24-hour Tamil news channel
 Sun News Network, a defunct Canadian news channel
 Sun Sports, an American television network
 Sun Television, a Japanese television station
 SUN TV (Canada), former Toronto TV station
 Sun TV (India), a Tamil-language regional cable-television station
 INews, previously known as SUN TV, an Indonesian station
 WSUN (FM), a radio station (97.1 FM) licensed to Holiday, Florida, United States
 WSUN-TV, a defunct television station (channel 38) in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
 WSUN (defunct), a radio station in Tampa Bay Area, Florida, United States known as WSUN from 1927 until 2001

Sports
 Connecticut Sun, a professional women's basketball team
 Gold Coast Suns, a professional Australian rules football club
 Phoenix Suns, a professional men's basketball team

Transportation
 Sun (motorcycle)
 Sun-class cruise ship
 GWR Sun Class, a class of locomotives
 Sunny Bay Station's MTR code
 Friedman Memorial Airport's IATA code

People
 Sun Ra (1914–1993), American jazz musician
 Sun (surname), a Chinese surname and list of people with the surname
 Sun Tzu (disambiguation) ()
 Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), Chinese Politician and revolutionary martyr
 Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012), Korean founder of the Unification Church

Fictional characters
 Mr. Sun, a Ni Hao Kai Lan character

Other uses
 Sun (heraldry), representations of the Sun as heraldic charges
 Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, a university in Italy
 Soul of the Ultimate Nation, an online role-playing game
 SU(n), the special unitary group of degree n, a concept in mathematics
 Cun (unit) or sun, a unit of length

Related pages
 Sol (disambiguation)
 Son (disambiguation)
 Sonne (disambiguation)
 Sun FM (disambiguation)
 The Sun (disambiguation)

Sun (disambiguation)


David Rollo (July 1919 – 18 September 2006) was a Scottish nationalist political activist.

Born in Lenzie, Rollo studied at Lenzie Academy and played for Lenzie Rugby Club.  During World War II, he joined the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and rose to become a sergeant, completing more than fifty parachute jumps.  In 1943, he gained admittance to the University of Glasgow to study electrical engineering and, although his time was interrupted by a year recuperating from tuberculosis, he qualified and spent the remainder of his career in the industry.

Rollo joined the Scottish National Party (SNP) and was elected as its treasurer in 1953, serving until 1965.  This was a difficult time for the party's finances, and he often used his personal funds to pay the office secretary.

Believing that the BBC was biased against Scottish nationalism, Rollo used his electrical engineering experience worked with Alvaro Rossi to build a radio transmitter which broadcast sound on the BBC Television frequency.  In 1956, they used this to launch "Radio Free Scotland", based in Rollo's home town of Kirkintilloch.  It broadcast a mix of political comedy and patriotic music after the BBC finished at 11pm.  Rollo stood for the party at the 1959 general election in Hamilton, by which time he was head of the SNP's broadcasting committee.  After the SNP was not given the opportunity to make an election broadcast, he used the radio station to make party political broadcasts to Hamilton,  He stood but his campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, taking only 6.2% of the vote.  The radio was considered a success, and he built a similar transmitter for Plaid Cymru to use for "Radio Free Wales".

Rollo stood again for the SNP in Glasgow Woodside at the 1970 general election, taking 8.4% of the vote, then in Paisley at the February, October 1974 general elections, achieving 21% and then 33% of the vote, although he was not elected.  He stood a final time in 1979, but his vote share fell to 15.7%.

Rollo remained active in the SNP, and in 2004 published Lockerbie: a bum rap?, exploring questions around the Lockerbie disaster.

References

1919 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Electrical engineers
People educated at Lenzie Academy
People from Lenzie
Pirate radio personalities
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers soldiers
Scottish National Party politicians
British Army personnel of World War II

David Rollo (politician)


Prince Bahram Mirza Sardar Mass'oud (1885 – 24 March 1916 (?)) was a Persian Prince of the Qajar Dynasty and constitutionalists, son of Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan and grandson of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar.

He was a well-educated prince and an advocate of Persian Constitutional Revolution. In 1907, when Mohammad Ali Shah came to power, he immigrated with his father to Europe and for a while lived in Nice and Paris.

While returning to Iran, he was killed in a German torpedo attack on the Sussex, a French passenger ferry, on 24 March 1916. His death was reported in Le Figaro and Les Échos newspapers on 2 April 1916.

References
 Soltani, Shahla (2006). Aqajan Shazdeh. Tehran: Farzan Rooz.

Qajar princes
1885 births
1916 deaths
Civilians killed in World War I

Bahram Mirza Sardar Mass'oud


A property manager or estate manager is a person or firm charged with operating a real estate property for a fee. The property may be individual title owned or owned under the sectional title, share block company owned, and may be registered for residential, commercial office, and retail or industrial use. In 2006, the Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Occupational Statistics reported that there were 329,000 property managers employed in the United States, with the number expected to grow to by 50,000 by 2016.

Overview of responsibilities
Typical duties expected of a property manager include finding/evicting, dealing with tenants, and coordinating with the owner's wishes. In addition, such arrangements may require the property manager to collect rents and pay necessary expenses and taxes, making periodic reports to the owner, or the owner may delegate specific tasks and deal with others directly.

A property manager may arrange for a wide variety of services, as may be requested by the owner of the property, for a fee. Where a dwelling (vacation home, second home) is only periodically occupied, the property manager might arrange for heightened security monitoring, house-sitting, storage and shipping of goods, and other local sub-contracting necessary to make the property comfortable when the owner is in residence (utilities, systems operating, supplies and staff on hand, etc.). Property management can also include commercial properties where the property manager may run the business and 	manage the property. Some jurisdictions may require a property manager to be licensed to practice the profession.

The property manager has a primary responsibility to the landlord and a secondary responsibility to the agency. The relationship the property manager has with the landlord and the tenant is crucial in forming the expectations of both parties to the lease since both parties will seek and expect certain rights and benefits.

Professional designations
The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA International) offers industry-standard designations that certify the training to Property Managers:
 Real Property Administrator (RPA)
 Facilities Management Administrator (FMA)
 Systems Maintenance Administrator (SMA)
 Systems Maintenance Technician (SMT)

Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM)
 Certified Property Manager (CPM)
 Accredited Residential Manager  (ARM)
 Accredited Commercial Manager (ACM)
 Accredited Management Organization (AMO)

Manufactured Housing Institute (MHI)
 Accredited Community Manager (ACM)
 Professional Housing Consultant (PHC)

National Apartment Association (NAA) has the following designations:
 Certified Apartment Manager (CAM)
 Certified Apartment Property Supervisor (CAPS)

National Association of Residential Property Managers offers designations to certify ethical and professional standards of conduct for property managers:
 Residential Management Professional (RMP)
 Master Property Manager (MPM)
 Certified Support Specialist (CSS)
 Certified Residential Management Company (CRMC)

National Center for Housing Management offers the following designations for property managers and others involved in housing management:
 Certified Manager of Housing (CMH)
 Certified Manager of Maintenance (CMM)
 Certified Occupancy Specialist (COS)
 Registered Housing Manager (RHM)
 Certified Financial Specialist (CFS)
 Tax Credit Specialist (TCS)
 Blended Occupancy Specialist (BOS)

State-specific designations:
 California - Certified Community Association Manager (CCAM)
 Florida - Community Association Manager (CAM)
 Minnesota - Certified Community Association Manager (CCAM)
 Minnesota - Certified Residential Manager (CRM)

See also
 Property caretaker
 Property management

References

Property management
Legal professions
Management occupations

Property manager


The Schicksalslied (Song of Destiny), Op. 54, is an orchestrally accompanied choral setting of a poem written by Friedrich Hölderlin and is one of several major choral works written by Johannes Brahms. Brahms began the work in the summer of 1868 at Wilhelmshaven, but it was not completed until May 1871. The delay was primarily due to Brahms's hesitation over how the piece should end. Hesitant to make a decision, he began work on the Alto Rhapsody, Op. 53, which was completed in 1869 and first performed in 1870.

Schicksalslied is considered to be one of Brahms's best choral works along with Ein deutsches Requiem. In fact,  argues in his book on Brahms, "Had Brahms never written anything but this one work, it would alone have sufficed to rank him with the best masters." The premiere performance of Schicksalslied was given on 18 October 1871 in Karlsruhe, under the direction of Hermann Levi. One of the shortest of Brahms's major choral works, a typical performance lasts around 15 to 16 minutes.

The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Library of Congress.

Instrumentation
The piece is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, strings, and a four-part chorus.

Form
The work is in three movements, marked as follows:

Text
Ihr wandelt droben im Licht
Auf weichem Boden selige Genien!
Glänzende Götterlüfte
Rühren Euch leicht,
Wie die Finger der Künstlerin
Heilige Saiten.

Schicksallos, wie der Schlafende
Säugling, atmen die Himmlischen;
Keusch bewahrt,
In bescheidener Knospe
Blühet ewig
Ihnen der Geist,
Und die seligen Augen
Blicken in stiller
Ewiger Klarheit

Doch uns ist gegeben
Auf keiner Stätte zu ruh'n;
Es schwinden, es fallen
Die leidenden Menschen
Blindlings von einer
Stunde zur andern,
Wie Wasser von Klippe
Zu Klippe geworfen
Jahrlang in's Ungewisse hinab.
Ye wander gladly in light
Through goodly mansions, dwellers in Spiritland!
Luminous heaven-breezes
Touching you soft,
Like as fingers when skillfully
Wakening harp-strings.

Fearlessly, like the slumbering
Infant, abide the Beatified;
Pure retained,
Like unopened blossoms,
Flowering ever,
Joyful their soul
And their heavenly vision
Gifted with placid
Never-ceasing clearness.

To us is allotted
No restful haven to find;
They falter, they perish,
Poor suffering mortals
Blindly as moment
Follows to moment,
Like water from mountain
to mountain impelled,
Destined to disappearance below.

History
Brahms began work on the Schicksalslied in the summer of 1868 while visiting his good friend Albert Dietrich in Wilhelmshaven. It was in Dietrich's personal library that Brahms discovered "Hyperions Schicksalslied", from Hölderlin's novel Hyperion, in a book of Hölderlin's poetry. Dietrich recalls in his writing that Brahms first received the inspiration for the piece while watching the sea:

In the summer Brahms again came [to Wilhelmshaven], to make a few excursions in the neighbourhood with us and the Reinthalers. One morning we went together to Wilhelmshaven, for Brahms was interested in seeing the magnificent naval port. On the way there, our friend, who was usually so lively, was quiet and grave. He described how early that morning (he was always an early riser), he had found Hölderlin's poems in the bookcase and had been deeply impressed by the Schicksalslied. Later on, after spending a long time walking round and visiting all the points of interest, we were sitting resting by the sea, when we discovered Brahms a long way off sitting by himself on the shore writing. It was the first sketch for the Schicksalslied, which appeared fairly soon afterwards. A lovely excursion which we had arranged to the Urwald was never carried out. He hurried back to Hamburg, in order to give himself up to his work.

Brahms completed an initial setting of Hölderlin's two verses in ternary form with the third movement being a complete restatement of the first. However, Brahms was dissatisfied with this full restatement of the first movement to close the piece, as he felt that it would nullify the grim reality depicted in the second movement. This conflict remained unresolved, and Schicksalslied unpublished, while Brahms turned his attention to the "Alto Rhapsody" from 1869–70. The piece was not realized in its final form until a solution was suggested to Brahms in 1871 by Hermann Levi (who conducted the premiere of Schicksalslied later that year). Levi proposed that in lieu of a full return of the first movement, a reintroduction of only the orchestral prelude should be used to conclude the piece. Convinced by Levi, Brahms composed the third movement as a copy of the orchestral prelude in the first movement with a richer instrumentation and transposed into C major. While Brahms was hesitant to break the desperation and ultimate futility of the second movement by bringing a blissful return to the first, some see Brahms's return to the orchestral prelude as "a desire on the part of the composer to relieve the gloom of the concluding idea of the text by shedding a ray of light over the whole, and leaving a more hopeful impression".

Musical elements
Schicksalslied, which John Lawrence Erb posits is "perhaps the most widely loved of all of Brahms's compositions and the most perfect of his smaller choral works", is sometimes referred to as the "Little Requiem", as it shares many stylistic and compositional similarities with Brahms's most ambitious choral composition. The Romantic characteristics of Schicksalslied, however, give this piece a closer tie with the "Alto Rhapsody" than the Requiem. Whichever piece it most closely relates to, it is clear that Schicksalsied was the work of a master composer working at the height of his skill. John Alexander Fuller Maitland stated that in Schicksalslied, Brahms "set the pattern of the short choral-ballad, to which, in Nänie, Op. 82, and the Gesang der Parzen, Op. 89, Brahms subsequently returned". Likewise, Hadow praises the piece for "its technical beauties, its rounded symmetry of balance and charm of melody, and its marvelous cadences where chord melts into chord like colour into colour".

The first movement, marked Adagio, is in common time and begins in E major. The piece opens with 28 measures of an orchestral prelude (which Brahms later re-orchestrates in the third movement). At measure 29, the altos enter with the initial statement of the choral melody, which is immediately reiterated by the sopranos while the rest of the chorus adds harmony.

The first example of the text painting in Schicksalslied occurs in measure 41, with the "luminous" harmonies as the choir sings "Glänzende Götterlüfte".

The orchestra returns to prominence at measure 52 with harplike accompaniment as the chorus presents a new melody to the line Wie die Finger der Künstlerin Heilige Saiten. At measure 64, the orchestra cadences in the dominant key (B major) before repeating the first thematic melody line originally stated by the alto voices.

This time, however, the melody is taken initially by the horn with the entire chorus repeating the theme on Schicksallos, wie der Schlafende Säugling.

While Brahms does return to the initial thematic material in the dominant tonality, the restatement is a mere 12 bars while the initial statement was 23. This section ends with a similar orchestral cadence in measure 81, this time in tonic.

The melodic theme returns one final time in this first movement at the choral line Und die seligen Augen (measure 84), which cadences in E major (measure 96). The orchestra plays two D diminished triads to conclude the first movement and prepare C minor as the next tonality.

The second movement, in C minor and  meter, is marked Allegro and opens with eight measures of eighth note motion in the strings. The orchestral eighth notes continue for 20 measures as the chorus enters in unison with Doch uns ist gegeben. The eighth notes intensify and climax at a  in measure 132 as Brahms sets the lyric blindlings von einer Stunde zur andern to the chorus dividing into a B diminished seventh chord.

In an effort to elicit an effect of gasping for breath, Brahms inserts a hemiola over the lyric Wasser von Klippe zu Klippe geworfen. By alternating quarter notes with quarter rests, this section feels as though the meter has changed, essentially converting two bars of  into one of .

The ordinary rhythm returns in measure 154 with the choir completing the stanza and ultimately cadencing on a D major triad in measure 172.

After a 21-measure orchestral interlude, Brahms restates the last stanza of text with two separate fugal sections in measures 194–222 and 222–273. Following the fugal sections, Brahms repeats the entire second movement (excluding the fugues) in D minor. The chorus replaces their final D major triad of the first statement with a D diminished chord in measure 322.

The cadential material then repeats, landing on the tonic C minor in measure 332.

The second movement closes by way of a 54-measure orchestral section with a C pedal tone and the chorus intermittently repeating the last line of Hölderlin's poem. The addition of Es starting in measure 364 predicts the coming modulation to C major for the final movement.

The third movement, marked Adagio, is in C major and returns to common time. This postlude is the same as the orchestral prelude, save for some changes in instrumentation and transposition into C major.

Notes

Further reading
 Adler, Guido, and W. Oliver Strunk. "Johannes Brahms: His Achievement, His Personality, and His Position". The Musical Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 2 (April 1933). .
 Bozarth, George S. "The First Generation of Brahms Manuscript Collections". Notes, second series, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 239–262 (December 1983).
 Bozarth, George S. "Johannes Brahms and George Henschel: An Enduring Friendship". Music & Letters, vol. 92, no. 1 (February 2011). .
 Daverio, John. "The Wechsel der Töne in Brahms's Schicksalslied". Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 46, no. 1 (Spring 1993). .
 Harding, H. A., "Some Thoughts upon the Position of Johannes Brahms among the Great Masters of Music". Proceedings of the Musical Association, vol. 33, no. 1 (1906). .
 Jackson, Timothy L. "The Tragic Reversed Recapitulation in the German Classical Tradition". Journal of Music Theory, vol. 40, no. 1 (Spring 1996). .

External links
 Schicksalslied, Op. 54. Brahms' autograph in the Library of Congress

1871 compositions
Choral compositions
Compositions by Johannes Brahms
Musical settings of poems by Friedrich Hölderlin

Schicksalslied


"Piper in the Woods" is a science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1953 in Imagination, and later in The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick. It has since been republished several times, including in Beyond Lies the Wub in 1988.

Plot summary
Henry Harris, an army doctor at a garrison on Earth is puzzled by a case of a soldier who returns from the asteroid Y-3, and claims that he's a plant. When several more men return from Y-3, each thinking they're a plant, Harris travels to the asteroid to solve the puzzle. He soon finds out that the soldiers claim that a certain indigenous people on the asteroid called "Pipers", who live in the woods, made them realize that they're plants. Harris ventures into the woods and discovers that Pipers do not exist, they were merely invented by the soldiers to cope with the pressure of their jobs. The soldiers relaxed by simply turning into plants, or their minds thought so. Harris returns to earth and contemplates all the work that lies ahead of him. He unpacks his suitcases, which, rather than carrying clothes, contain soil from Y-3. Harris lays the soil on the ground, lies in it like a plant, and goes to sleep.

External links

Short stories by Philip K. Dick
1953 short stories
Works originally published in Imagination (magazine)

Piper in the Woods


Dominique de Williencourt is a French cellist and composer, born in Lille in 1959.

Works
 Abraham and Isaac, opus 7, for baritone, flute and string orchestra. First performed in the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées, Paris, February 2007
 Etchmiadzin and Mount Ararat, Opus 3, for cello. It is based on Armenian themes. Commissioned by Rencontres Musicales in Lorraine, first performed July 1998.
 Edgédé, The singing dune, opus 4, for flute. Edgédé means "dune" in Touareg. First performed at Théâtre Marigny, Paris, November 2002.
 Dharamsala, the Mountain of Spices, opus 2, for cello octet. The piece is in homage to Tibetans who were treated in the hospital in Dharamsala which bears the inscription TSV: Torture Survivor Victims. First performed in the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral, by 200 cellos, in December 1999.
 Beer-sheba, opus 5, for cello and string orchestra. Commissioned by the Chamber Orchestra of Vilnius to celebrate Lithuania's accession to the European Union. For flute, viola, cello and string orchestra, commissioned by the Institut de France, in 2005.
 Le Fou de Yalta for soprano and piano.

References

External links
 Composer's website

1959 births
Living people
Musicians from Lille
French classical cellists
French composers
French male composers

Dominique de Williencourt


Jan Šverma (23 March 1901, Mnichovo Hradiště – 10 November 1944, Mt. Chabenec, Low Tatras) was a Czech journalist, communist activist and resistance fighter against the Nazi-backed Slovak State. Šverma was considered a national hero in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

Biography
Ŝverma was born in to the family of a lawyer who briefly served as mayor of Mnichovo Hradiště. He studied law at the Charles University but did not finish his studies and dedicated himself to political activism.

Šverma joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in 1921. He contributed to Rudé právo, the official publication of the KSČ and was its editor-in-chief from 1936 to 1938. From 1929 he was a member of the KSČ Central Committee and Politburo.

Šverma spent time in exile in Paris and Moscow during the existence of the Nazi-backed Slovak State and was close to Klement Gottwald, the Chairman of the KSČ, who later would become the first Communist president of Czechoslovakia.

Šverma assumed the political leadership of Czechoslovak military units formed in the Soviet Union during the Nazi invasion of the USSR. He died of exhaustion on the mountain Chabenec in the Low Tatras mountain range during a snowstorm on 10 November 1944, while leading an insurrection of Slovak communists against the Slovak State.

The circumstances of Šverma's death is described in the book Odsudíde je k život (published in exile in 1976) by Vladimír Přikryl. He was a direct witness to the discovery of an exhausted Šverma, who, according to the witness's testimony, was left lying in the snow by Rudolf Slánský, who had a strained relationship with Šverma. He was suppressed as an important witness, and also thanks to his military past, he ended up in a prison in 1949 (allegedly on the direct orders of Slánský), from which he was released in 1953,  only after Slánský's execution.

Legacy
A bridge in Prague at the former location of the Franz Joseph Bridge was named after Šverma in 1951. The village Telgárt in Slovakia was called Švermovo from 1948 to 1990. The metro station in Prague presently named Jinonice was formerly called Švermova. Many places named after communist-era heroes were renamed after the Velvet Revolution.

References

1901 births
1944 deaths
People from Mnichovo Hradiště
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1935–1939)
Czech communists
International Lenin School alumni
Heroes of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

Jan Šverma


Fidelity is the quality of faithfulness or loyalty. Its original meaning regarded duty in a broader sense than the related concept of fealty. Both derive from the Latin word , meaning "faithful or loyal". In the City of London financial markets it has traditionally been used in the sense encompassed in the motto "my word is my bond".

Audio and electronics

In audio, "fidelity" denotes how accurately a copy reproduces its source.  In the 1950s, the terms "high fidelity" or "hi-fi" were popularized for equipment and recordings which exhibited more accurate sound reproduction. For example, a worn gramophone record will have a lower fidelity than one in good condition, and a recording made by a low budget record company in the early 20th century is likely to have significantly less audio fidelity than a good modern recording.  Similarly in electronics, fidelity refers to the correspondence of the output signal to the input signal, rather than sound quality, as in the popular internet connection technology "Wi-Fi".

The term "lo-fi" has existed since at least the 1950s, shortly after the acceptance of "hi-fi", but its definition evolved continuously between the 1970s and 2000s. In the 1976 edition of the Oxford Dictionary, lo-fi was added under the definition of "sound production less good in quality than 'hi-fi'", and in the glossary of the 1977 book The Tuning of the World, was defined as "unfavourable signal-to-noise ratio". In 2003, the Oxford Dictionary added a second definition: "A genre of rock music characterized by minimal production, giving a raw and unsophisticated sound." A third was added in 2008: "Unpolished, amateurish, or technologically unsophisticated, esp. as a deliberate aesthetic choice."

Scientific modelling and simulation
In the fields of scientific modelling and simulation, fidelity refers to the degree to which a model or simulation reproduces the state and behaviour of a real world object, feature or condition.  Fidelity is therefore a measure of the realism of a model or simulation.  Simulation fidelity has also been described in the past as "degree of similarity". In quantum mechanics and optics, the fidelity of a field is calculated as an overlap integral of the field of interest with a reference or target field.

Program evaluation
In the field of program evaluation, the term fidelity denotes how closely a set of procedures were implemented as they were supposed to have been. For example, it is difficult to draw conclusions from a study about formative assessment in school classrooms if the teachers are not able or willing to follow the procedures they received in training.

Translation

In translation, fidelity is the extent to which a translation accurately renders the meaning of the source text, without distortion. It is contrasted with transparency, which is the extent to which a translation appears to a native speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language.

See also

Erikson's theory of personality – Erikson's fidelity is the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others

References

Concepts in ethics

Fidelity


Tangoa is an island in Vanuatu, located off the southern coast of Vanuatu's largest island Espiritu Santo in Sanma Province. The local inhabitants speak the Tangoa language.

Education
The Teachers' Training Institute (later renamed the Tangoa Training Institute) operated on the island from 1895 to 1970, when the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu established a Presbyterian Bible College there. This operated from 1971 to 1986, when it merged with the Aulua Theological Training Centre to form the Talua Ministry Training Centre.

References

Islands of Vanuatu
Sanma Province

Tangoa Island