Terracotta figurines are a wide range of small figurines made throughout the time span of Ancient Greece, and one of the main types of Ancient Greek pottery. Early figures are typically religious, modelled by hand, and often found in large numbers at religious sites, left as votive offerings. Psi and phi type figurines are two very early and simple types, dating as far back as 1400 BCE.

By the Hellenistic period, as well as a continuing production of religious figures, there was a near-industrial mass-production of sophisticated decorative figures, many of fashionably dressed women, which were often painted. These are the so-called Tanagra figurines, though Tanagra was only one centre of production. Figurines provide an invaluable testimony to the everyday life and religion of the ancient Greeks.

Techniques of manufacture

Modelling

Modelling is the most common and simplest technique for terracotta sculpture. It is also used for the realization of bronzes: the prototypes are made out of raw clay. The small sizes are directly worked with the hand. For the larger models, the coroplast ( koropláthos, maker of figurines) pressed the clay pellets or wads against a wooden restraint.

Molding

The mold is obtained by application of a bed of clay or plaster on the prototype. Simple molds, used by the Greeks of the continent until the 4th century BC, are simply dried. Bivalvular molds, borrowed by the insular Greeks from the Egyptians, require cutting to obtain an obverse and a reverse, with which "keys" are sometimes associated protuberances allowing the two parts to fit better. When the piece becomes complicated, with important projections (arm, legs, head, clothing), the craftsman can cut out the mold in smaller parts. The piece is then dried.

The second phase consists of applying a layer of raw clay inside the mold, which can be incised beforehand in order to obtain effects of relief. The thinness of the layer varies according to the type of object to be realized. The faces of the mold are joined together, the object is then unmolded, and the craftsman can proceed to the final improvements, typically smoothing the junction. The craftsman also creates a small opening, a vent hole that allows steam to escape during the firing. The vent can also be used for assembly, allowing intervention inside the piece. The limbs are then joined to the body either by pasting them with slip, clay mixed with water, or by mortice and tenon joint.

Firing and completion
The piece is then fired in the kiln, with temperature ranging from 600 to 800 °C. Once the figurine is fired, a slip can be applied. The slip is sometimes itself fired at low temperature. In the beginning, the range of colours available was rather limited: red, yellow, black and blue. From the Hellenistic era on, orange, pink mauve, and green were added to that repertoire. The pigments were natural mineral dyes: ochre for yellow and red, coal for black, malachite for green.

Religious functions

Due to their low cost, figurines were widely used as religious offerings. That was their initial purpose, with the decorative aspect coming only later. Excavations at many ancient Greek temples have found abundant quantities of votive or funerary figurines and why there is almost no document written on their subject.

These figurines can present identification issues. These attributes make it possible to recognize a particular god in an unquestionable way, such as the bow for Artemis. Moreover, certain types of statuettes correspond to a precise form of worship related to a specific divinity. Sometimes, however, "visiting gods" complicate matters: these are figurines dedicated to a god who is not of that sanctuary. In addition, the great majority of the figurines simply represent a woman upright, without attribute. These latter figurines were offered in all sanctuaries, independently of the divinity.

The gift of figurines accompanied every moment of life. During pregnancy, future mothers had care to offer a figurine to Ilithyia, goddess of childbirth: the statuette represents a woman squatting, in full labor, according to the Eastern practice. Certain statuettes include a small cavity intended to receive smaller figurines, representative of their babies. During early childhood, figurines of squatting children were given —a representation of Eastern origin, arrived in Greece via Rhodes and Cyprus. The so-called "temple boys" were thought to protect children. Similar representations are also found in tombs. These figurines are of variable size, perhaps to indicate the age of the dead child. Their habit was to bury the dead accompanied by objects of daily custom: jewels, combs, figurines for the women; weapons and strigils for the men; figurines and toys for the children. Figurines were often voluntarily broken before being placed in the tomb.

The terracotta figurines were often purchased at the entry of the sanctuary. They were the offerings of the common people, who could not afford to dedicate more valuable objects. They were also used to replace offerings in kind, like animals or food. They were placed on the benches of the temples or close to the cult statue. They were also deposited in places of worship outdoors: Socrates recognized a sacred spring on seeing figurines on the ground (Phaedrus 230B). Figurines were dedicated to ask favours from a god as well as to thank him. When the figurines were too numerous in a temple, they were thrown in a "sacred dump". In that case, they are frequently broken to avoid recovery.

Ludic and decorative functions

From the 4th century BCE, the figurines acquired a decorative function. They began to represent theatrical characters, such as Julius Pollux recounts in his Onomasticon (2nd century CE): the slave, the peasant, the nurse, the fat woman, the satyr from the satyr play, etc. Figurine features might be caricatured and distorted. By the Hellenistic era, the figurines became grotesques: deformed beings with disproportionate heads, sagging breasts or prominent bellies, hunchbacks and bald men. Grotesques were a speciality of the city of Smyrna, but also produced throughout the Greek world, including in Tarsus and Alexandria.

Tanagra figurines were a mold-cast type of figurine produced from the later fourth century BCE, primarily in the Boeotian town of Tanagra. They were coated with a liquid white slip before firing, and were sometimes painted afterwards in naturalistic tints with watercolors, such as the "Dame en Bleu" ("Lady in Blue") at the Louvre. Tanagra figures depict real women, and some men and boys, in everyday costume, with familiar accessories such as hats, wreaths or fans. They seem to have been decorative pieces for the home, used in much the same way as their modern equivalents, though unlike these they were often buried with their owners. Some character pieces may have represented stock figures from the New Comedy of Menander and other writers. Others continued an earlier tradition of molded terracotta figures used as cult images or votive objects. Typically they were about 10 to 20 centimeters high.

Terracotta was often used for dolls and other children's toys. Examples have been found of articulated figurines or small horses, easy to manipulate for small hands. Sometimes, the nature of a figurine is difficult to determine, such as the curious bell-idols from Boeotia, which appear at the end of the 8th century BCE. They were equipped with a long neck and a disproportionate body, cylindrical and lathe-shaped. The arms were atrophied and the legs mobile. The head was pierced with a hole to hang them. It is uncertain if they were toys or votive offerings.

See also
Ancient Greek vase painting

References

Bibliography
 S. Besque, Figurines et reliefs grecs en terre cuite, ed. Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris, 1994 ()
  V. Jeammet :
 La Vie quotidienne en Grèce : des terres cuites pour la vie et l'au-delà, ed. Réunion des musées nationaux & Musée du Louvre, coll. « Chercheurs d'art », 2001
 Feuillets du Louvre, Louvre et Réunion des Musées nationaux, vol. V, No. 332–334, 2000
 R. Higgins, Greek Terracottas, Methuen, coll. « Methuen's handbooks of archaeology », New York, 1967

  B. Holtzmann and A. Pasquier, L'Art grec, La Documentation française, coll. « Manuels de l'École du Louvre », 1998
  R. V. Nicholls, "La Fabrication des terres cuites", Histoire et archéologie, 81 (1984), pp. 24–31
 W. Stevenson, The Pathological grotesque Representations in Greek and Roman Art, Ann Arbor, 1975

External links

 Greek Terracotta Figurines with Articulated Limbs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Terracotta figurines of Samothrace, Emory University
 Terracotta Figurine of a Boy with Jug in the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology of the University of Michigan

Ancient Greek religion
Figurines
Terracotta

Greek terracotta figurines


Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia. It is named after the Box and Ironbark trees which grow in the forest. These tree species produce a lot of nectar and pollen throughout the year. This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.

History
Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria. During the main years of the gold rush (1851-1870) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields. Large areas of forest were cut down for use in the gold mines and for firewood in surrounding areas.  After the gold rush, the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming.

Description
Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky, often auriferous (gold-bearing), soils, in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150–600 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of is 500–800 mm.  About 40% of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land, with about 20% protected in conservation reserves.  About 55% has been permanently cleared for agriculture, mining and urban development.  Remaining forest is in small scattered areas.

Vegetation
Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box, ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts, growing to 25 m in height. Below them is an understorey of wattles, small-leaved and prostrate shrubs, herbs and grasses.  The main trees are White Box, Red Box, Red Ironbark, Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Gum and Red Stringybark.  In some areas they may grow with, or be replaced by, Yellow Box, Long-leaf Box or Silver Bundy.  The mix of plants in the groundcover includes the largest concentrations of orchids of any Victorian ecosystem. Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea, Philotheca verrucosa, Xerochrysum viscosum, Pultenaea largiflorens, Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri.

Animals
The trees of the Box-Ironbark forest produce a lot of flowers and nectar. They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters, lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates. Flowering of the different species of eucalypts takes place at different times of year so there is always a nectar or pollen source available for migratory, nomadic and resident birds. This means there are both more species, and greater numbers of individuals, of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem. These birds include Black-chinned, Regent, Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters, Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets.  The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales, Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders.

Further reading
 Tzaros, Chris. (2005). Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

References

Ecosystems
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Forests of Australia

Box-Ironbark forest


Caladenia clarkiae, commonly known as pink caps, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a ground orchid which grows singly or in small groups in Victoria and New South Wales. It has a single leaf and usually one or two white to pale pink flowers with darker pink tips.

Description
Caladenia clarkiae is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, sparsely hairy, linear leaf,  long and  wide.

One or two, rarely up to four flowers are borne on a spike  high. The flowers are white, pinkish or purplish with darker pink or magenta tips, sometimes with central red stripes and are about  wide. The dorsal sepal is linear to egg-shaped,  long, about  wide and curves forward over the  labellum. The lateral sepals and petals are  long,  wide with their outer surface covered with light red glandular hairs. The lateral sepals and petals are lance-shaped but curved and spread widely. The labellum is more or less egg-shaped when flattened,  long and about  wide, pink or white with pink blotches. There are golf-stick shape calli along the edges of the labellum and four rows of yellow to white calli in the centre. The column has narrow wings and is greenish with red markings. Flowering occurs from September to November.

Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia clarkiae was first formally described by David L. Jones in 1991 and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The type specimen was collected in the Colquhoun State Forest. The specific epithet (clarkiae) honours "Ruth Clark of Lakes Entrance", an orchid enthusiast and assistant to David Jones.

Distribution and habitat
This caladenia occurs in eastern Victoria and in New South Wales south from Eden where it grows in forest among grasses or low shrubs in well-drained loam.

References

clarkiae
Plants described in 1991
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Taxa named by David L. Jones (botanist)

Caladenia clarkiae


George Michael Pressley (April 25, 1951 – May 22, 2006) was an American educational psychologist. He received the E. L. Thorndike Award in 2004.

He was born on April 25, 1951, in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Northwestern University in 1973 and received his Ph.D. from University of Minnesota in 1977.

He was a senior author of the Open Court Reading program.

He published more than 350 articles and books. He had served as the editor of Scientific Studies in Reading and Journal of Educational Psychology. Pressley died in May 2006 at the age of 55 from cancer, having previously overcome three battles with the disease in his life.

References

1951 births
2006 deaths
American educational psychologists

G. Michael Pressley


The Corvallis Gazette-Times is a daily newspaper for Corvallis, Oregon, United States. The newspaper, along with its sister publication, the Albany Democrat-Herald of neighboring Albany, Oregon, is owned by Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa.

The paper in its current form was created in 1909 as the result of the merger of two competing weekly newspapers, The Corvallis Gazette (established 1863), and The Corvallis Times (established 1888).

Starting June 27, 2023, the print edition of the Gazette-Times will be reduced to three days a week: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Also, the newspaper will transition from being delivered by a traditional newspaper delivery carrier to mail delivery by the U.S. Postal Service.

History

Early Benton County newspapers

In 1854, during the political infighting over where to locate the seat of Oregon state government, Corvallis was briefly chosen by the legislature as state capital. As a result, pugnacious Democrat Asahel Bush, then serving as Territorial printer, moved his weekly Oregon Statesman from Salem to Corvallis to be close to legislative newsmakers. The tenure of the paper in Corvallis, like that of the state capital, was brief and fleeting and soon the town was left with no paper of its own.

Town founder Joseph C. Avery, himself a Democratic partisan, sought to fill the void with a new paper. He purchased press, type, and supplies and hired a small staff to launch a new publication called the Occidental Messenger in 1857. This short-lived publication was followed by a series of others which briefly glimmered and vanished like fireflies, including the Expositor, the Benton Democrat, and the Benton County Blade.

Two publications did manage to gain traction in Corvallis and Benton County, however — The Corvallis Gazette, a Republican paper established in December 1863, and the Benton Leader, a Democratic weekly, launched in 1882.

The Corvallis Gazette

The Corvallis Gazette was launched in December 1863, during the midst of the American Civil War by T. B. Odeneal. The paper was initially operated as a weekly, with publication taking place each Saturday. In February 1866, Odeneal was joined on the staff by William B. Carter, who assumed complete control of the paper in July of that same year, transforming it into an organ of the Oregon division of the International Organization of Good Templars.

Under Carter's editorship the Gazette became a leading voice for prohibition. This general orientation continued until March 1870, when a new ownership group took control of the paper, making Samuel L. Simpson the new editor of the paper. Simpson immediately noted the change in an editorial, writing:

Temperance ceases to be the speciality of this paper, as, in fact, it is not the forte of the present editor..... Right here the bright habiliments of neutrality are laid aside forever, and wheeling into line the good champion of prohibition goes down in the smoke and fury of political war.

This third iteration of the paper would become a vigorous partisan supporter of the agenda of the Republican Party. Carter would soon return to the editorial chair, with the paper's new political line unaltered.

In January 1876, the size of the Gazette was enlarged and in December of that same year the publication was made into a corporation, with editor William Carter one of the three incorporators. Carter's supremacy would end with his death in 1880, with fellow incorporator James A. Yantis taking over the operation of the publication until its eventual sale to M. S. Woodcock in May 1881.

In 1885, Corvallis pioneer Bushrod Washington Wilson and two other investors established the Gazette Publishing Company, which purchased the Corvallis Gazette from its previous publisher, M. S. Woodcock, on December 25. This holding company published the paper for only one year before selling the paper again, this time to Frank Conover.

Later editors of the paper included W. P. Keady, later Speaker of Oregon House of Representatives in the Oregon Legislative Assembly; Will H. Parry who later founded the Capital Journal in Salem, Oregon; and later Springer, who launched the Gazette's daily edition in 1909.

The Gazette was known briefly as a The Union Gazette following its 1899 merger with the Oregon Union which had been founded in 1897. The Union portion of the name was soon dropped. (A previous Corvallis newspaper called Union, published in the 1860s, was not affiliated. It was suppressed following the Civil War.)

The Corvallis Times

The Times traces its lineage first to the founding of The Corvallis Chronicle in 1886. During the 1880s the construction of the Oregon Pacific Railroad dominated local politics in Corvallis and surrounding Benton County. The Gazettes owners, M.S. Woodcock, A.P. Churchill and Wallace Baldwin, who had taken over the paper in 1884 were closely allied with the interests of the railroad.

Gazette editor C.A. Cole, was according to one account fired for refusing to obey instructions of the paper's owners to support a Democratic, pro-railroad candidate for state senator. He lost his job the day after the election. Wishing to explain to the community why he had been fired, Cole secured permission to publish an issue under the condition that the proofs first be submitted for approval by a railroad representative. Cole never did submit the proofs for approval.

Republicans, sensing opportunity, decided to finance another paper. The Corvallis Chronicle debuted as a weekly paper published on Fridays in 1886, with Cole as its editor. The paper did not succeed and soon folded.

In 1888, a local businessman, Robert Johnson, who had previously worked as city editor of The Gazette, bought the Chronicles printing press and assets at a sheriff's auction. He launched The Corvallis Times with the slogan "Independent, Fearless and Free." Johnson operated The Times until 1893, when he sold it to Benjamin Franklin Irvine, a telegraph operator for the railroad. Irvine acquired another area newspaper The Benton Leader, founded in 1882 with The Times.

The Gazette and Times combine

The events leading to the combination of Corvallis' two major newspapers began in 1908.

The Times was operated by N.R. Moore, who had leased the paper from B.F. Irvine, who had left Corvallis to write editorials for the Oregon Journal in Portland, Oregon. The Gazette was under the direction of Charles L. Springer, formerly of Montesano, Washington and owned by M.S. Woodcock, a prominent Benton County lawyer and businessman who later opened a successful bank in the county, and later served as Corvallis Mayor. According to historical accounts, they decided on the name Gazette-Times after a coin toss.

Springer had come to town and purchased the Gazette and on May 1, 1909, published its first daily edition. It had four pages and five columns. Moore also had plans to launch a daily edition. Still, neither Springer, nor Moore had sufficient resources to publish a daily newspaper over the long term. They agreed to consolidate, and flipped a coin to decide the name. The first issue of The Gazette-Times appeared on July 2, 1909.

Claude Ingalls, who came to Corvallis from Washington, Kansas, bought out Springer's share in the paper in 1915. Myron K. Myers bought out Moore's share in 1923. Myers' son, Bruce, later shared ownership with Ingalls' son, Robert C. Ingalls. They assumed the top positions at the paper when their fathers retired in 1950.

Charles A. Sprague, originally from Kansas, spent some time (from 1925-1929) as one-third owner of the Corvallis Gazette-Times before moving to Salem and becoming part owner of the Oregon Statesman there.

Lee Enterprises bought the newspaper on October 1, 1969, and continues to operate it to the present day.

The Philomath Express
On September 23, 2020, The Philomath Express published its last weekly edition. It is now accessed through a community website at the Gazette-Times online edition.

Notes

References

Microfilm availability
 Corvallis Gazette - April 22, 1865 to Dec. 30, 1898 (in 4 reels). OCLC 10520459. Master negative: University of Oregon.
 Union Gazette - 1898-1900: Not extant.
 Corvallis Gazette - April 27, 1900 to April 30, 1909 (in 11 reels). OCLC 30613075. Master negative: University of Oregon.
 Corvallis Times - 1888 (in 1 reel). OCLC 09987367. Master negative: University of Washington.
 Corvallis Times - Aug. 2, 1893 to June 25, 1909. (in 6 reels). OCLC 36710809. Master negative: University of Oregon.
 Daily Gazette Times - Jan. 1, 1910 to June 17, 1921 (in 13 reels). OCLC 36710789. Master negative: University of Oregon.
 Weekly Gazette Times - May 10, 1912 to Dec. 30, 1920 (in 3 reels). OCLC 36710855. Master negative: University of Oregon.
 Corvallis Gazette-Times - 1921 to date. OCLC 10012551.

External links

 The Philomath Express community website at the Gazette-Times

1863 establishments in Oregon
Companies based in Corvallis, Oregon
Daily newspapers published in the United States
Lee Enterprises publications
Newspapers published in Oregon
Oregon Newspaper Publishers Association
Newspapers established in 1863

Corvallis Gazette-Times


The Abert Lake Petroglyphs (Smithsonian trinomial: 35LK475) are a prehistoric archaeological site in Lake County, Oregon, United States. Peoples of the Great Basin cultural tradition pecked the images onto two basaltic boulders near major game migration routes. They are believed to be connected with rituals related to hunting activities, and contribute to the larger understanding of subsistence patterns in the northern Great Basin. They were made within the last 10,000 years, but their age cannot be stated more precisely due to the difficulty of dating petroglyphs.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Oregon

References

National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Oregon
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Petroglyphs in Oregon
Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon

Abert Lake Petroglyphs


Eveready Industries India Ltd. (EIIL) is an Indian company that manufactures and markets batteries and lighting products. The Eveready brand has been present in India since 1905. It also manufactures photogravure plates, castings, carbon electrodes and related products.

The Group's operating facilities are located at Kolkata, Bengaluru, Noida, Haridwar, Lucknow and Matia (Assam).

EIIL is the world's third largest producer of carbon zinc batteries, selling more than a billion units a year. EIIL is India's largest selling brand of dry cell batteries and flashlights (torches), with dominant market shares of about 46% and 85% respectively. In February 2022, the Burman group made an open offer to acquire 1.89 crore shares (around 26%) of the company at Rs 320 per share for an amount of Rs 604.76 crore. Following this, Chairman Aditya Khaitan and Managing Director Amritanshu Khaitan accepted the offer and resigned from the company.

History

Early history
EIIL started its operation in India in 1905. The first dry cell batteries were imported from the US and sold in the major cities of the country. These batteries were primarily used in imported torches.

In 1939, the company set up its first battery plant in Kolkata. This was followed by another battery manufacturing plant in Chennai in the year 1952. A torch manufacturing plant was set up at Lucknow in 1958. Today it is one of the largest torch manufacturing plants in South East Asia. The plant manufactures a wide range of brass, aluminum, and plastic torches.

In 1969, the now infamous factory in Bhopal was opened.

Success
By the time of the Bhopal Disaster in 1984, the company was ranked twenty-first in size among companies operating in India. It had revenues of Rs 2 billion (then equivalent to US$170 million). Fifty-one percent of the company (known at the time as UCIL) was owned by Union Carbide Corporation; remaining shares were held by 24,000 stockholders. Ten thousand people were employed in five operating divisions that manufactured batteries, carbon products, welding equipment, plastics, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and marine products.
EIIL became part of the Williamson Magor Group through McLeod Russel Ltd in the latter half of 1994 following the sale of Union Carbide Corporation's stake in UCIL.  UCIL is primarily a dry-cell battery manufacturer at the time, but as part of the Williamson Magor Group EIIL launched three brands of packet tea under the Greendale Brand umbrella – Tez, Jaago and Premium Gold. Coupled with EIIL's brands of packet tea are now easily available in most states in India. In 1997, the Eveready brand was extended to its packet tea business.  McLeod Russel Ltd. eventually merged with Eveready Industries.

EIIL has the licence for the Eveready brand only in India, Bhutan and Nepal from Energizer Holdings, so it had to create a new brand for export to other markets where Energizer Holdings still has the rights to the Eveready brand. The brand LAVA was launched in 1999. LAVA batteries and flashlights have been sold in Dubai, Bahrain, Jordan, Sudan, Egypt, Bangladesh, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Azerbaijan, Mexico, US, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia and Nigeria.

During the fiscal year 2002, the group sold its wholly owned subsidiaries Dufflaghur Investments Limited and Natex Investment and Marketing Limited.

In 2005, EIIL celebrated its 100 anniversary in India.  That same year, EIIL separated its bulk tea business and de-merged as McLeod Russel.  EIIL also acquired BPL Soft Energy System in 2005.

Timeline

1905: National Carbon starts its Indian operations with the sale of batteries imported from the USA.
1926: Ever Ready Company India sets up the first arc carbon factory at Canal Road, Kolkata.
1934: Eveready Company incorporated as a private company on 12 November.
1939: Camperdown Works – first modern battery plant established at Cossipore in Kolkata.
1941: Union Batteries merges with Eveready Company and the name is changed to National Carbon Company.
1951: Renamed as Union Carbide India Ltd, a subsidiary of worldwide multinational, Union Carbide Corporation.
1958: Company set its torch manufacturing plant in Lucknow, one of the largest in South Asia.
1959: Name of the company changed to Union Carbide India Limited.
1984: Bhopal disaster at Union Carbide India LTD plant in Bhopal.
The Bhopal disaster took place in the early hours of the morning of 3 December 1984, in the heart of the city of Bhopal in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. A Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, immediately killing nearly 3,000 people and ultimately causing at least 15,000 to 22,000 total deaths. Bhopal is frequently cited as one of the world's worst industrial disasters. The International Medical Commission on Bhopal was established in 1993 to respond to the disasters.
1995: Sale of shares of Union Carbide Corporation in Union Carbide India Ltd to McLeod Russel (I) Ltd. belonging to the Williamson Magor Group and a new name – Eveready Industries India Ltd (EIIL).
1996: McLeod Russel (India) Ltd, merged with EIIL, bulk tea business brought into EIIL fold.
2000: Bishnauth Tea Company merged with Eveready Industries India Ltd.
2005: Brand became hundred years old
2009: EIIL acquires controlling stake in Uniross SA of France, which is a leading rechargeable battery manufacturer.

Products
Eveready Industries have business interests spreading across batteries, flashlights, lighting and packed Tea.

Batteries
 Zinc-carbon battery: A zinc-carbon battery which is commonly used for toys, cameras, flashlights (torches), Walkmans, CD players, radios, clocks and cordless mikes.
 Alkaline Battery: Eveready Ultima Alkaline battery is used in electronic gadgets.
 Rechargeable Battery: 'Eveready Recharge' is one of the pioneers as a brand of rechargeable batteries and chargers to be introduced in India.
 Battery Guide

Flashlights
 digiLED Torches: These torches use LEDs in place of the incandescent bulbs.
 Brass TorcheS
 Aluminium & Plastic Torches

Lighting
 Compact Fluorescent Lamps: In 2007, Eveready forayed into the lighting business with the launch of a range of Compact Fluorescent Lamps.
 Halogen Lamps: Eveready offers halogen lamps for outdoor lighting and video-shooting.
 General lighting service/incandescent lamps: A range of incandescent bulbs in different sizes, voltages, and colors are used widely in household and commercial lighting, apart from portable, decorative and advertising lighting.

Marketing

In 1992, Rediffusion Y&R, the agency on record, released the 'Give me Red' tagline that Eveready Industry continues to use. In 2004, Amitabh Bachchan was appointed as brand ambassador for two years, during which the agency came up with another 'Give me Red' campaign. In 2009 Eveready released an ad titled 'Boxing'.

Eveready Industries has launched an advertising campaign for Eveready Ultima Batteries. The animation team created controlled trails of light derived from light painting.  Recognizable shapes were made with a torch and captured on a digital still camera. The film comprises over 3000 such photographs, played back quickly, one after the other, like in a flicker book.

See also
Bhopal disaster
British Ever Ready Electrical Company
Energizer
Eveready East Africa
Union Carbide

References

Chemical companies of India
Companies based in Kolkata
Indian companies established in 1905
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India

Eveready Industries India


Agnès Sulem (born 1959) is a French applied mathematician whose research topics include stochastic control, jump diffusion, and mathematical finance.

Education
Sulem earned a Ph.D. in 1983 at Paris Dauphine University, with the dissertation  Résolution explicite d'Inéquations Quasi-Variationnelles associées à des problèmes de gestion de stock supervised by Alain Bensoussan.

Career
She is a director of research at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) in Paris, where she heads the MATHRISK project on mathematical risk handling. She is currently a professor at the University of Luxembourg in the Mathematics department. She is a coauthor of the book Applied Stochastic Control of Jump Diffusions (with Bernt Øksendal, Springer, 2005; 2nd ed., 2007; 3rd ed., 2019). Sulem is also an associate editor at the Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications and at the SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics.

References

External links
Agnès Sulem publications indexed by INRIA

1959 births
Living people
French mathematicians
French women mathematicians
Control theorists
Mathematical economists

Agnès Sulem


The Inventors was an Australian ABC TV program which ran from 1970 to 1982. At its peak it was one of the ABC's highest rating programs.

In each episode, a number of inventors would show their invention, and it was critiqued by a panel of three judges, who announced a winner at the end of the show. Most episodes were 30 minutes long, though the end-of-year finale, in which a yearly winner was announced, ran longer.

For the majority of the show's run, the host was Geoff Stone, and the panel was Leo Port, Diana Fisher and Vic Nicholson. Port died in 1978 and was replaced by Neville Stephenson. In 1980, all of the presenters except Fisher left to start a similar program on the Nine Network, What'll They Think Of Next?

References

1970 Australian television series debuts
1980s Australian television series
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Australian non-fiction television series
Black-and-white Australian television shows
English-language television shows

The Inventors (Australian TV program)


The Knowsley Hall shootings occurred on the evening of 9 October 1952 in Knowsley Hall, Merseyside, England. Harold Winstanley, a 19-year-old trainee footman at the house, shot his employer, Lady Derby, and three colleagues. Two of those shot died: the butler, William Stallard, and the under-butler, Douglas Stuart. Winstanley fled the scene, assaulting the chef while doing so, and went to a local pub. He later took a bus into Liverpool, where he surrendered to the police. Winstanley was tried for the two murders and found guilty but insane and committed to Broadmoor Hospital.

Background

Knowsley Hall is the ancestral home of the Earls of Derby, located in Merseyside, England. In 1952, it was the residence of John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby, and his wife, Lady Derby, Isabel Milles-Lade, daughter of Henry Milles-Lade. The couple had married in 1948 and were childless. In contrast with some other aristocratic families, who had down-sized their staffs significantly to save costs in the post-war years, the Derbys continued to maintain a large staff at Knowsley, though much of the house was unused and shut off.

Among the staff was Harold Winstanley, a 19-year-old trainee footman. Winstanley had been born in nearby Aintree. His father had died when Winstanley was three years old, and some of his siblings and half-siblings had been taken into care. Winstanley remained with his mother and studied at the Walton Technical College, where he performed well academically. Winstanley's mother was admitted to a mental institution in August 1946 and remained there until after the events of 1952.

Winstanley had briefly served with the Scots Guards but was invalided on account of tuberculosis. After his discharge he spent a period with the Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Wirral before joining the staff at Knowsley Hall on 15 December 1951. Winstanley was trained in his role by the house's 40-year-old butler, William Stallard, and 29-year-old under-butler, Douglas Stuart, and was well-regarded by his colleagues.

On 7 October 1952 Winstanley met a friend at Hoylake and became aware that he owned a Schmeisser MP-40 sub-machine gun. Winstanley expressed an interest in the weapon and agreed to purchase it, together with 400 rounds of ammunition, for £3 () and a pair of trousers. Winstanley took possession of the weapon at 5:00pm on 8 October and smuggled it into Knowsley Hall down his trousers. That evening, he filled the gun's magazines, finding he possessed only 200 rounds. He test-fired the gun in the grounds, showing it to a servant named Cooke. On 9 October, he cleaned and oiled the weapon and showed it to Anne Mitchell, a housemaid, telling her to keep it secret as he could be arrested for not having a gun licence. Later in the day, he asked Lord Derby's secretary when Lord Derby was expected home, but the secretary did not know.

Shootings

At around 8:15pm, Lady Derby was dining alone in the first-floor Smoke Room. She was eating a dinner brought to her by the staff while seated at a table facing the corner of the room, watching a television set to her left. The door from the First Library was to her right, and the locked door to the Second Library was to her left.

Winstanley entered the room from the First Library, smoking a cigarette, which was not permitted for the staff. Lady Derby asked him what he wanted, stood up, and turned to face him when she noticed he was holding the MP-40. Winstanley told Lady Derby to turn around, and when she did, he shot her. Lady Derby was wounded slightly in the neck and fell forwards onto the floor, where she feigned death. She was struck by one round, which had entered the back of her neck and exited near her left ear. In a statement made to the police after his arrest, Winstanley said he had intended to ask Lady Derby to help him dispose of the gun but had shot her after he became frightened. He said he told her to turn around as he did not want to shoot her when she was looking at him.

As she was lying, Lady Derby heard Stallard enter and address Winstanley before he was shot and killed. Stallard was hit by five bullets, two of which caused fatal wounds to his head. It was established at the trial that Stallard was responding to the staff call bell activated from the Smoke Room, and the prosecution stated that only Winstanley was in a position to do so. The prosecution maintained that Winstanley had hidden in the First Library as Stallard passed through and shot him after he entered the Smoke Room.

After Stallard's killing, Lady Derby also heard Stuart, who is thought to have heard the first shots and come to investigate, enter the Smoke Room and say "no". He pled for his life, noting that he had a wife, to which Winstanley told him "I will look after your wife" before shooting a burst of fire. Stuart made for the locked door to the Second Library but was hit by a second burst of fire and killed. He was struck by five bullets in the head, chest, and abdomen, and the police surgeon thought that all bar one would have been fatal alone. The police determined that 17 shots had been fired in the Smoke Room, all from a position near the door to the First Library. They thought seven had been directed at Lady Derby and five each at the butlers.

After killing the two men, Winstanley moved to the first-floor hall where he met William Sullivan, Lord Derby's valet. Sullivan had heard the shots from the second floor and moved to investigate. Sullivan asked Winstanley what he was doing, but he did not answer, instead asking Mitchell and another housemaid, watching from the floor above, to come down. When the housemaids refused, Sullivan ran downstairs to the ground floor, pursued by Winstanley. On reaching the ground floor, Winstanley opened fire, wounding Sullivan in the hand with one of eleven shots. Sullivan collapsed into the entrance to the lift shaft, and Winstanley was aiming at him when other staff arrived on the scene.

The housekeeper, Turley, tried to calm Winstanley down. He told her he had killed Stallard, Stuart, and Lady Derby but would not hurt the female staff. Turley made to call for the police, but Winstanley threatened to shoot her if she did. In the meantime, Lady Derby's lady's maid, Doxford, had found her and called the police from an upstairs telephone at 8:45pm. Winstanley went to his room on the ground floor to get his coat, and the chef, Dupuy, tried to reason with him. Dupuy tried to seize the gun as they walked down a corridor to the exit. Winstanley struck him over the head with it, causing nine rounds to discharge into the wall. Dupuy was only lightly wounded in the head. Winstanley then left the house.

Police search
The Liverpool City Police responded to the call and attended the house. A police surgeon treated Lady Derby and took her to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary in his car. A police search was begun. Winstanley had gone to the Coppull House, a local public house, where he drank a pint of beer. He then caught a bus to Liverpool city centre where, at 11:42pm, he called 9-9-9 from a public telephone box to hand himself in. Liverpool City Police officers arrested him as he was in the act of leaving the phone box and pulling the gun from under his coat. On arrest, Winstanley said repeatedly, "I don't know why I did it". The MP-40 was recovered with a round in the breech and one full magazine, and 131 loose rounds were recovered from Winstanley's person. Under police questioning, Winstanley admitted to carrying out the shootings.

Trial

Winstanley was charged with the murders of Stallard and Stuart. He was brought before Prescot Magistrate's Court for a committal hearing at 10:34am on 5 November. F. D. Barry led the prosecution case, and solicitor Rex Makin the defence. Some 23 witnesses attended, including Lady Derby. The bench of three magistrates judged that there was sufficient evidence to proceed, and Winstanley's case was committed to trial at the court of assizes. Winstanley was held on remand in Walton Gaol.

At the Manchester Assizes in December, Winstanley's case was prosecuted by Henry Ince Nelson QC and Robert Shenstone Nicklin and his defence led by Rose Heilbron QC and George Currie; the judge was Justice Jones. The defence did not dispute the facts of the killings and focussed instead on Winstanley's previous good character and his state of mind at the time of the shootings. Heilbron suggested that Winstanley had suffered a schizophrenic episode and could not, at that time, distinguish between right and wrong. The only witness called was Francis Brisby, the medical officer at Walton Gaol, who stated that Winstanley had schizophrenia.

The case concluded on 16 December. The jury did not need to retire to consider their decision but, in a conference in the jury box, quickly returned a verdict of guilty but insane on the two counts of murder. Justice Jones ordered Winstanley to be detained at Her Majesty's pleasure, and he was committed to Broadmoor Hospital. No motive for the killings was ever established, with Winstanley and the other staff stating that relations with their employers were amicable.

Later developments

Winstanley was later released from Broadmoor; thereafter, he would write to solicitor Rex Makin every year, updating him on his life.

Legacy

Lady Derby made a full recovery from her injury. The killings, together with Lord Derby's role as lord lieutenant, meaning he would need to welcome Elizabeth II to Lancashire on a visit in 1954, led to him ordering a dramatic remodelling of Knowsley Hall by architect Claud Phillimore, 4th Baron Phillimore. As around 40 house rooms were unused, and to save their heating expense and the risk of dry rot, Phillimore decided on a significant reduction in the floor plan.

Between January 1953 and April 1954, an entire wing of the house and a library were demolished, reducing the footprint by a third. Significant remodelling was also carried out to the servants' quarters. This was the last time an English home was designed to accommodate a large domestic staff.

Notes

References

1952 in England
Crime in Merseyside
Murder in England
October 1952 events in the United Kingdom
1952 murders in the United Kingdom
Mass shootings in England
Workplace shootings

Knowsley Hall shootings


The mallee emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee) is a species of bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia.

Its natural habitat is temperate grassland. It is threatened because of habitat loss.

Taxonomy and systematics
The mallee emu-wren is one of three species of the genus Stipiturus, commonly known as emu-wrens. Within the genus, the mallee emu-wren and the rufous crowned emu-wren are sister species.

It was first described in 1908 by Archibald James Campbell on the basis of a male specimen sent to him by C.H. McLennan from the Mallee district. Campbell thought that it was an intermediate form between the southern and rufous-crowned emu-wren and described as Stipiturus mallee. It was later treated as a subspecies of both the southern and rufous-crowned emu-wren, and as a separate species, though biochemical data supports its placement as a separate species.

The species is monotypic, with no recognised subspecies.

The common name of the genus is derived from the resemblance of their tails to the feathers of an emu. The scientific name of the genus comes from the Latin stipitus (stem) and Greek oura (tail), while the specific epithet comes from the aboriginal name for a type of eucalyptus scrub.

Description
The mallee emu-wren is an average  from head to tail.  The adult male mallee emu-wren has olive-brown upperparts with dark streaks, and a pale rufous unstreaked crown, and grey-brown wings. It has a sky blue throat, upper chest, lores, and ear coverts. The lores and ear coverts are streaked with black, and there is white streaking under the eye. Though still long, the tail is not as long as in other emu-wrens, and is composed of six filamentous feathers, the central two of which are longer than the lateral ones. The underparts are pale brown. The bill is black, and the feet and eyes are brown. The female resembles the male but lacks blue plumage. Its crown is paler red and it has white lores. Its bill is dark brown. The mallee emu-wren moults yearly after breeding, and birds have only the one plumage. The most recognizable and identifiable feature is the six emu-like feathers on its tail. This feature is highly distinguishable from other species found in its home range.

Distribution and habitat
The mallee emu-wren is restricted to open mallee woodland with spinifex understory in north-western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. This region is rich in Triodia or as it is commonly known spinifex. The spinifex grass often grows to  in height and provides the optimal habitat for the mallee emu-wren. Formerly classified as a vulnerable species by the IUCN, recent research shows that its numbers are decreasing more and more rapidly. It is consequently uplisted to endangered status in 2008. The mallee emu-wren is listed as nationally endangered under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.  The current estimated total population size is approximately 4,000 birds. Although this species is widely dispersed throughout the Murray Sunset Reserve its home ranges are patchy throughout the  reserve. Recent studies have concluded that the species is more widespread than previously thought. However, the species is much rarer in the southern regions of the preserve. Their dispersion is heavily connected to the prevalence of hummocks formed by grass-like plants of the genus Triodia. This biotic factor is of the most influence in the dispersion of mallee emu-wren.

Behaviour and ecology
Like all emu-wrens, the mallee emu-wren is difficult to observe in clumps of spinifex. It is not a proficient flier. Its diet consists mainly of insects including beetles, seeds, and some vegetation.

Breeding
Breeding is little known, but has been recorded between September and November. The nest is a dome-shaped structure built of grasses generally located deep within a clump of spinifex. Two or three oval eggs are laid which measure  by . They are white with reddish-brown freckles, more concentrated over the larger end.

Threats

Too frequent burning

The vegetation varies in composition from year to year post controlled burn. As the vegetation reaches 30 years from the last burn it is no longer suitable for the mallee emu-wren.  The strongest population numbers occur in regions that are less than 16 years old since their last burn. Although the periodic burning is good for the mallee emu-wren the frequent wildfires or excessive controlled burns are detrimental.

Climate fluctuations

The two main climate aspects that relate to the mallee emu-wren's mating success are temperature and rainfall. The current analysis of bioclimatic data supports the theory that a  in the average temperature would result in a greater than 90% contraction of the mallee emu-wren's population dispersion. This poses a major issue for the survival of the mallee emu-wren because current data shows that since 1997 the Murray Region has had consecutive annual average temperatures that exceed the statistical average yearly temperatures.

Land uses

The current clearing and burning of land creates isolated ecological regions. This isolation of the populations has been detrimental the total population size. Agricultural uses that include grazing animals have decreased the density of grasses in the region. This clearing of the vegetation covering has been detrimental to the mallee emu-wren's habitat. The low lying grass provides the mallee emu-wren with its habitat and food sources.

Conservation
Surveys have been conducted at Billiatt Conservation Park and Ngarkat Conservation Park in South Australia (Clarke 2004; Gates 2003), and at Murray-Sunset National Park, Big Desert Wilderness Park, Big Desert State Forest, Wyperfeld National Park, Wathe Flora and Fauna Reserve and Bronzewing Flora and Fauna Reserve (Clarke 2007), and around Nowingi (Smales et al. 2005), in Victoria.
The conservation status of the species has been re-assessed (Mustoe 2006). The habitat of the species has been modeled (Clarke 2005a). Information on the role and impact of fire in habitats occupied by mallee emu-wren has been summarised (Silveira 1993). A national recovery plan (Baker-Gabb in prep.) is being prepared, and a regional recovery plan is already in place (Clarke 2005; SA DEH 2006). An updated Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement have been drafted for the species in Victoria (DSE 2007).

Bushfires in the Ngarkat Conservation Park in 2014 rendered the mallee emu-wren "functionally extinct" in South Australia, but initial reintroductions of captive-bred birds from Victoria have shown signs of success.

References

Cited text
 P.J. Higgins, J.M. Peter and W.K. Steele, Editors, Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds vol. 5, Oxford University Press, Melbourne (2001).
 H.R. Pulliam and B.J. Danielson, Sources, sinks and habitat selection: a landscape perspective on population dynamics, The American Naturalist 137 (1991), pp. S50–S66.
 R. Schodde, The bird fauna of the mallee – its biogeography and future. In: J.C. Noble, P.J. Joss and G.K. Jones, Editors, The Mallee Lands. A Conservation Perspective, CSIRO, Australia (1990), pp. 61–70.

External links
 Mallee Emu wren Stipiturus mallee Factsheet
Mallee Emu-wren

mallee emu-wren
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
mallee emu-wren
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Mallee emu-wren


A buqsha or bogache ( buqša) is a former monetary unit of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic. 40 buqshas make up one Yemeni rial.

The buqsha coin itself is bronze and approximately 27 mm (1 inch) across. Modern Yemeni currency also includes silver coins worth 5, 10 and 20 buqshas, and bronze half-buqsha coins. These were introduced after Yemeni independence from the Ottoman Empire.

The buqsha was originally used as one fortieth of the Imadi riyal and later the Ahmadi riyal. When the Yemeni rial was introduced, it was decided that 40 buqshas should represent one Yemeni rial, so as to ease the transition.

At first, many buqshas were produced by the Sana'a local mint, and at one stage in the aftermath of the Yemeni revolution it was claimed that the fuselages of crashed aircraft were being used to mint the coins.

Currencies of Asia
Modern obsolete currencies
Economy of Yemen
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Currencies of Yemen

Yemeni buqsha


Happiness C.O.D. is a 1935 American romantic comedy film directed by Charles Lamont and starring Maude Eburne, Donald Meek and Irene Ware. It was produced and distributed by the independent Chesterfield Pictures shortly before it was merged into Republic Pictures.

Plot
When meek widower Thomas F. Sherridan, a construction engineer and owner of the Continental Construction Co., receives a telegram from his eldest son Ken informing him of his impending visit home, he promptly organizes a family reunion. Tom's sister Addie, who raised his three children and still manages his household, prepares a special dinner to celebrate Ken's homecoming. Ken, an architect "with new ideas" shows up with a mustache and a new girl friend, department store heiress Beatrice Manning, and announces that he has quit his job. When younger brother Larry and his sister Carroll arrive, the three siblings make plans to dine out, thoughtlessly leaving Tom and Aunt Addie behind. Once alone, Tom reveals to Addie that he is nearly bankrupt, in part because his extravagant offspring have always charged their various purchases to his account. Addie disapproves of this practice and also of Carroll's boyfriend, Jim Martin, who has been separated from his wife since she became an invalid after being seriously injured in a car accident while out with another man. Shortly after his arrival home, Ken, while dining with Beatrice and her father, sees Carroll and Jim together, and later, he tells Carroll that Jim isn't good enough for her.

Meanwhile, Tom insists on keeping his financial woes a secret from his family, and he is harassed by sleazy businessman Lester Walsh, holder of the $20,000 mortgage on Tom's house. Walsh attempts to bribe Tom into approving the use of an inexpensive and inferior cement for the construction of a hospital in which Walsh has an interest. Addie finally tells Ken, Larry and Carroll how dire their father's financial situation is, and realizing the error of their ways, they all resolve to help. Carroll offers to wed Jim in exchange for $20,000, but he refuses, saying that such an arrangement would spoil their relationship. Addie, who has been courted for several years by Sam Townsend, offers him her hand, and he gladly accepts. The Reverend Huxley, an old friend of Addie's, decides to adopt one of Ken's avant-garde designs, previously rejected by the Manning Department Store, for his new tabernacle, a project on which Tom, Ken and Sam are to be partners. The only dark cloud on the horizon is a series of armed robberies in the locale, which Addie fears may have been committed by Larry, who once bragged about owning a gun; however, it is soon discovered that Larry has sold his gun and car and is working as a soda jerk in order to help his father. The balance of the Sherridans' mortgage is mysteriously paid off, and Carroll soon realizes that the anonymous benefactor is none other than Jim, whose wife has recently died. A grateful Ken invites Jim to a celebration at the Sherridan home as he eagerly begins the design of the future house for the newly united family.

Cast
 Maude Eburne as Aunt Addie
 Donald Meek as Thomas Sherridan
 Irene Ware as Carroll Sherridan
 William Bakewell as Ken Sherridan
 Polly Ann Young as Eleanor
 Lona Andre as Beatrice Manning
 Frank Coghlan Jr. as Larry Sherridan
 Malcolm McGregor as Jim Martin
 Edwin Maxwell as Lester Walsh
 Robert McKenzie as Sam Townsend
 Fred Sumner as Mr. Manning
 Richard Carlyle as Rev. Huxley
 John Dilson as Snyder

References

Bibliography
 Michael R. Pitts. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. McFarland & Company, 2005.

External links

1935 films
1935 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films directed by Charles Lamont
Chesterfield Pictures films
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language romantic comedy films

Happiness C.O.D.


Arthur Fry (born August 19, 1931) is an American inventor and scientist. He is credited as the co-creator of the Post-it Note (though this is disputed by some), an item of office stationery manufactured by 3M. As of 2006, Post-it products are sold in more than 100 countries.

Life
Fry was born in Owatonna, Minnesota and subsequently lived in Iowa and Kansas City, Missouri. He received his early education in a one-room rural schoolhouse. In 1953, while still enrolled in undergraduate school, Fry took a job at 3M (then called Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) as a new product development researcher. He worked in new product development throughout his career at 3M until his retirement in the early 1990s.

Fry earned a BS in chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota in 1955.

The item for which he is best known was created in 1974. That year, Fry attended a seminar which was given by another 3M scientist, Spencer Silver, on a unique adhesive Silver had developed in 1969. Silver's innovation had an unusual molecular structure, yielding an adhesive strong enough to cling to objects but weak enough to allow for a temporary bond. At the time, Silver was still searching for a marketable use for his invention.

As the legend goes, Fry was at church when he came up with the perfect application. Fry sang in his church choir, and he used slips of paper to mark the pages of his workbook. When the book was opened, however, the makeshift bookmarks often moved around or fell out altogether. It occurred to him that Silver's adhesive could be put to use to create a better bookmark. If it could be coated on paper, Silver's adhesive would hold a bookmark in place without damaging the page on which it was placed.

The next day, Fry requested a sample of the adhesive. He began experimenting, coating only one edge of the paper so that the portion extending from a book would not be sticky. Fry experimented with writing notes to his boss, which broadened his original concept into the innovative Post-it Note product.

Success
It took a few years for the concept to come to fruition, due to both technical problems with production and management's doubts about the product's saleability. Post-it Notes were released to the national market in 1980.  In 1981, 3M named Post-it Notes its Outstanding New Product.  In 1980 and 1981, the Post-it Note team received 3M's Golden Step Award, given to teams who create major new products that are significantly profitable.  3M named Fry a corporate researcher in 1986.  He is also a member of 3M's Carlton Society and Circle of Technical Excellence.

Fry currently resides in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He was mentioned in the 1997 film Romy and Michele's High School Reunion as the true inventor of Post-its.

In 2003 the Post-it Note played a central role in a new play titled Inside a Bigger Box that premiered in New York at the 78th Street Theatre Lab (written by Trish Harnetiaux and directed by Jude Domski).  In conjunction with the show Harnetiaux, Domski and the artist non-profit NurtureART curated an International Post-it Note Art exhibit and a panel discussion took place with various artists.  Post-it Note inventor Arthur Fry participated in the panel which was curated by current MOMA head of design Paola Anton.

During the summer of 2004, Fry acted as a judge for eCybermission, an Army-sponsored Math and Science competition.

In 2008 Post-it helped sponsor a drama series in Taiwan, Fated to Love You, a romantic comedy about a hard-working young woman who would complete any task left to her on a Post-it. The drama constantly features Post-it Notes in the storyline, and in episode 9 the lead male character cited Art Fry as the creator of Post-it Notes as well as the success the product had for 3M.

In 2010, Art Fry was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

Competing claims

Inventor Alan Amron claimed to have disclosed the technology used in the Post-it Note to 3M in 1974. His 1997 suit against 3M was settled and 3M paid Amron. As part of the settlement, Amron undertook not to make future claims against the company except if ever a breach of the settlement agreement should occur. However, in 2016, he launched a further suit against 3M, asserting that 3M were wrongly claiming to be the inventors, and seeking $400 million in damages. At a preliminary hearing, a federal judge ordered the parties to undergo mediation.

References

External links
 Century of Innovation: The 3M Story (PDF) - From the 3M United States website.
 Art Fry and the Invention of Post-it Notes - From the 3M United States website.
 Inventor of the Week Archive: Art Fry & Spencer Silver - From the Lemelson-MIT program websent Bio of Art Fry, 3M] - From the innovate Europe conference website.
 Fated to Love You official website from TTV

1931 births
Living people
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
20th-century American inventors
Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Stationers (people)
Minnesota CEMS

Arthur Fry


Jodelet astrologue is a French five-act comedy in verse by Antoine Le Metel, sieur d'Ouville, created for the 17th-century comic actor Jodelet and premiered at the Théâtre du Marais in 1646.

Plot
Jodelet holds from Nise, the maid he loves, love secrets of several suitors and their beauties and since "the language of a valet is worse than a trumpet", but the secrets are soon disclosed.

The unfortunate Nise is ruthlessly hunted by her mistress, but Jodelet has more than one trick in his bag and saves the day: he says he is an astrologer and claims to hold from the revelation of the stars everything Nise told him.

The comedy becomes a satire against astrologers and soothsayers who retailed their nonsense to Parisian onlookers.

Commentary
Thomas Corneille would draw inspiration from that play to write his Feint Astrologue in 1648, with the difference that Corneille gave the role of the so-called astrologer to the master instead of the servant to make all the incidents of the play more likely, and his Devineresse in 1679.

External links
The play and its presentations on CÉSAR

Comedy plays
French plays
1646 plays

Jodelet astrologue


Johann Gottfried Scheibel (16 September 1783 – 21 March 1843) was a German theologian and a leader of the Old Lutherans.

Education and Ministry
Johann Scheibel was born in Breslau, Silesia, and studied at the University of Halle from 1801 to 1804.  He went on from there to be the assistant minister at St Elisabeth's Church in Breslau from 1804 to 1815, then advancing to deacon. Between 1811 and 1830 he was a professor of theology, first on an extraordinary, since 1818 on an ordinary chair, at the Silesian Frederick William's University in Breslau until he was suspended from his post.

Scheibel came to prominence as a leader of the Old Lutherans in the dissent against the Prussian Union of churches. He became noted "in 1817 when he was the only theology professor to refuse to take part in the united Holy Communion service for the anniversary of the Reformation. Later when the new liturgy was first recommended and then obligatory, he totally rejected it."  He spoke, preached and wrote against the Union, which consequently resulted in the suspension from his post as theological professor and deacon of St. Elisabeth's. He then collected fellow Lutherans from many congregations in Breslau, about 300 families, and founded a Lutheran congregation seceded from the Union church. 16 persons were elected as the new Collegial Body of Representatives (Repräsentantencollegium) governing the independent Lutheran church. The Prussian government considered these acts as illegal.

Undaunted, Scheibel continued in his dissent as he moved to new cities. In 1832 he emigrated from Prussia and found refuge in Lutheran Saxony. He was at Dresden in 1832 where he was ordered to leave that same year, indeed leaving in 1833. Then he stayed in Hermsdorf in the Ore Mountains until 1836 where likewise he was asked to leave, then in Glauchau, Saxony, and Nuremberg in Bavaria. He died at Nuremberg about the time that he was being restored to his post as professor at Breslau. Only two years after his death the separate Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia gained royal recognition and established its Supreme Church Collegial Body (Oberkirchenkollegium) in Breslau, formed after his initial Collegial Body of Representatives.

References

 Christian Cyclopedia:
 Scheibel, Johann Gottfried
 Germany, Lutheran Free Churches in
:
 Lutherans - Scheibel at Breslau
 Scheibel, Johann Gottreid

1783 births
1843 deaths
18th-century German people
19th-century German people
19th-century German Protestant theologians
19th-century Lutheran clergy
German Lutheran theologians
People from the Province of Silesia
Clergy from Wrocław
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

18th-century Lutheran theologians
19th-century Lutheran theologians

Johann Gottfried Scheibel


Nirmalananda, born as Tulasi Charan Dutta in Calcutta, was a direct disciple of Ramakrishna, the 19th-century mystic and Hindu saint from India, and took Sanyasa (monastic vows) from Vivekananda along with Brahmananda and others. He was initiated by Sri Ramakrishna, on which fact a few latter-day antagonists tried to cast doubt in the Bangalore Court, but into which question the Court refused to get into. Nirmalananda played a key role in establishing Ramakrishna Math and Mission chiefly in South India, in Kerala and Bangalore and Tamil Nadu and also in the USA (in Brooklyn), Burma and Bangladesh (Life of Swami Nirmalananda and old issues of Prabuddha Bharata).

Biography

Initial days
Tulasi Charan Dutta was born on 23 December 1863, in Bosepara Lane in the Bagbazar area of Calcutta, to Debnath Dutta and Thakamani Devi. He was the youngest among his brothers. At a very young age he was delicate in health, and was accordingly sent to school at a relatively late age. His family had establishments in Benaras and Calcutta. Tulasi lost his mother at the age of 10 years. Subsequently, he got admitted to the Bengali Tolla High School in Benaras and became the classmate of Hariprasanna Chattopadhyay who subsequently came to be known as Vijnanananda, another great monk of Ramakrishna Mission and a direct disciple of Ramakrishna. At home he learnt Sanskrit. And later he taught the Upanishads, Brahmasutras and Gita to the Brahmacharins at Belur, and he was also able to converse fluently in Sanskrit with the scholars who visited South India. Tulasi also visited Trailanga in Benaras. His father died in his Calcutta residence in November 1877, while Tulasi was still in Benaras. Thereafter, Tulasi came to Calcutta to appear for the Entrance examination of Calcutta University. He also engaged himself in physical training and became an able gymnast and athlete, and also trained other young men in physical exercises. He passed the Entrance examination in 1883 and got a certificate of appreciation and a medal from Raja of Talcher.

He first met Ramakrishna in the house of his neighbour Balaram Bose, a lay disciple, in 1882, when Nirmalananda was eighteen years of age. He visited Dakshineswar temple to meet Ramakrishna, first with his friend Harinath and later alone. In the second visit he met Ramakrishna. Tulasi used to meet Ramakrishna occasionally in the house of Balaram Bose and got his initiation from him. He also met Ramakrishna when the latter was lying ill in Cossipore garden house.
After the death of their master the a few of the future monastic disciples, led by Narendranath Dutta, later Vivekananda formed the Baranagar Math which Tulasi would visit now and then. The brother disciples also used to spend some time in his house in Bagbazar. Later in early 1887. Tulasi joined the Baranagar Math as a permanent resident and became the right hand of Sashi (Swami Ramakrishnananda).

Monastic life
Tulasi, like several of his other brother disciples, got his monastic vow from Vivekananda and took the new name Nirmalananda (Nirmala – without blemish/pure, Ananda – bliss, "The pure and untarnished joy and bliss"). Nirmalananda assisted Ramakrishnananda in serving the brother disciples in both Baranagar and Alambazar Math and was a tireless worker.

Travels
In 1888, Nirmalananda went out as an itinerant monk along with a few of his brother disciples. He first went to Kamarpukur, the birthplace of the Master to stay for a few days with Sarada Devi, the wife of Ramakrishna. They went to Ghazipur by foot and met monk Pavhari Baba and Hariprasanna, later Vijnanananda. They also went to Benaras, Ayodhya, Rishikesh, Uttarkashi, Devaprayag, Kedarnath and trekked up to Gomukh. On their way back they met Vivekananda in Rishikesh. Later he travelled with Sarada Devi, Saradananda, and Yogananda to Koilwar on Sone river. He stayed for some time in caves of the Himalayas during winter, and travelled in Tibetan hills. Later in 1899 he travelled to Rajputana for famine relief work. At the time of the death of Vivekananda he was in the Himalayas. After his return from the Americas he travelled first to East Bengal and Assam and then to Kashmir. That was his first visit to Kerala, where he would spend his later life. Nirmalananda travelled to Trivandrum in response to the invitation of the Vedanta society of Trivandrum in 1911. There he stayed for some time and delivered several lectures. He travelled to Kanyakumari the same year. Early next year he went to Ootacamund in Nilgiris to preside over the third anniversary of Vivekananda Association, Kaity. He also met a disciple of Ramakrishna from Malabar, and on his invitation visited Vatakara in British Malabar. From there he travelled to Calicut; in 1914 he travelled to Ottapalam, which was to be his future place of work.
He travelled once or twice a year to Kerala and Malabar to establishing ashramas, meet devotees and deliver lectures.

Relations with Vivekananda
When Vivekananda returned to India from the West in 1897, Nirmalananda was very devoted to the leader and rendered many a service to him, like cooking for him, working as his private secretary and tending to his needs. Tulasi Maharaj arranged for the initiation of Shuddhananda, from Vivekananda., Tulasi often accompanied the leader in playing percussion instruments like Pakhawaj while the latter sang devotional songs. He was deeply affected by the demise of Vivekananda in 1902.

Major work
On 10 February 1901, when Vivekananda wanted to register the Ramakrishna Math as a Trust, while all other living disciples of Ramakrishna agreed, Nirmalananda and Adbhutananda refused to become Trustees. At Vivekananda's and other disciples' insistence, Nirmalananda became the assistant secretary of the newly established Ramakrishna Math and Mission. After the demise of Vivekananda, Nirmalananda was sent to Americas by Brahmananda in 1903 upon a call from Abhedananda. He taught Yoga classes in New York, and started a Vedanta centre at Brooklyn. He also gave lectures and taught Sanskrit and the Upanishads. He stayed in America for two and half years, then returned to India, when Brahmananda called him for 'the regeneration of the Motherland'. Nirmalananda helped in developing and establishing the Ramakrishna Mission centres in Bangalore and Kerala. He was also instrumental in getting Sarada Devi to Bangalore Ramakrishna Math. In 1904 the Bangalore centre was established by Ramakrishnananda and an Ashrama was built there by Brahmananda, the then president. Nirmalananda was sent to head the Bangalore Ashrama in 1909. He delivered many lectures and also looked after the day-to-day affairs of the Ashrama. In 1911 when Sarada Devi travelled to Rameswaram, Nirmalananda brought her to Bangalore for a visit.
The Ashrama in Haripad was opened on 4 May 1913. Nirmalananda established strict observance of the end of all caste-based discrimination, usual in Kerala at the time, in this Ashrama.,
In 1916 Nirmalananda began constructing an ashrama near Trivandrum. He desired to have the foundation stone laid by Brahmananda, president of Belur Math. On 26 November, Nirmalananda and Brahmananda reached Kerala. They travelled to various places including Ottapalam, Kottayam, Haripad, Quilon, and reached Trivandrum on 8 December, and the next day Brahmananda laid the foundation for the ashrama.,

In March 1924 the main building of the ashrama in Trivandrum was completed. The consecration was on 7 March, the birthday anniversary of Ramakrishna. In 1925 he stayed in Trivandrum Ashram for about a month and gave Sanyasa to seven disciples namely Nrisimhananda, Ojasananda, Oorjasananda, Puranjanananda, Balakrishnananda, Arjavananda and Umeshananda. In December 1926, The Ramakrishna Niranjana Ashrama was opened in Ottapalam. Foundation stone for Ashrama at Coorg was laid on 7 February 1927.
He also established schools for the education of children in Palaparam – sarada Vidyalaya and Niranjana Vidyalaya, and continued acting against caste discrimination. He also gave Sannyas or the supreme vow of renunciation to many of his followers and attendants. He started the Kumari Puja and worked for the betterment of women of Namboodiri caste who were socially oppressed.

In 1929, When a break-away group of monks and devotees of the Ramakrishna Mission, started the Ramakrishna Sarada Math at Baghbazar, Swami Nirmalananda accepted their request to take the post of being its first president. The corresponding philanthropic mission was named Vivekananda Mission. The motive for accepting the Presidency might have been to heal the wounds caused by this dissention and to act as a bridge between the dissenting groups. By a quirk of Providence, this act caused further disquiet in the minds of some minor Trustees of the Ramakrishna Mission, and led to them filing a lawsuit against Swami Nirmalananda in the Bangalore Court. (as given below)

Later there were differences in the approach to the Mission's Work between Swami Nirmalananda and some of the younger administrators in Belur Math which resulted in a lawsuit being filed by Belur Math in Bangalore Court in 1930, asking the court to state that the Ramakrishna Math in Bangalore was a branch centre of the Belur Math. After five years, in 1935, the court ruled that Ramakrishna Math, Bangalore was indeed a branch of Belur Math, but it also gave the option to Swami Nirmalananda to continue as President of the Bangalore monastery and mandated that a Committee consisting of suitable citizens be formed who would be aiding the President. Swami Nirmalananda chose to leave the place rather than working in the shadow of such a Committee and went to Trivandrum centre of the Ramakrishna Mission and later retired to the monastery at the Ottapalam Centre of the Ramakrishna Mission.

Characteristics
He performed many of the household chores in the monasteries and also taught Sanskrit grammar and other scriptures to the new members in the Math.
He nursed sick patients, including those suffering from contagious diseases. When the new Math was established in Belur, Tulasi Maharaj worked in gardens and fields together with the new inmates, helped in training them in physical exercises, taught them scriptures and used to play with them. He played musical instruments and would often accompany Vivekananda's singing on percussion instruments.

Death
Nirmalananda died in April 1938 in the branch centre of the Ramakrishna Math near Ottapalam in Kerala. This centre is now administered by friends of Ramakrishna Mission.
His Obituary Notice appears in the 1940 General Report of the Ramakrishna Mission. A Memorial Temple to him was built the monks of devotees of the Ramakrishna Mission and was consecrated by Swami Saswathananda, the then President of the Ramakrishna Math and a Trustee of the Ramakrishna Math and a Member of the Governing Body of the Ramakrishna Mission.

Quotes
To make real progress in meditation, a part of the mind should always be given to God, whatever be the work you are engaged in. If you are able to do that, your mind will get concentrated as soon as you sit down for meditation. The thought of God can be kept continuously under all conditions, by a little practice. Suppose you have a tooth-ache. Are you not able to attend to all your daily duties in spite of the continuous pain. Similarly by a little practice you will reach a state in which you cannot give up the thought of God even for a single moment.

References

External links

Scholars from Kolkata
Indian Hindu missionaries
1863 births
1938 deaths
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali Hindus
19th-century Indian scholars
20th-century Indian scholars
19th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission

Nirmalananda


The Reincarnation Orchestra () is an Armenian reggae band from Yerevan, initiated by vocalist Roland Gasparyan in 2000.

Over the years the band has gone through several musicians, which influenced the style by experimenting with the essentials of Armenian folk music by reinterpreting melodies from many famous artists such as Sayat-Nova and adding big influences of ska & reggae to the mix.

History
In 2007, the band released their first EP titled «Janfida to Jamaica 60 km», for the first time in history blending ska and reggae beats with Armenian style melodies. The hit single «Jan Rastaman» was released later that year, gaining success in Armenia for its unique style. Reincarnation Orchestra has also been known for their strong and meaningful words in their lyrics, always describing the sheer beauty of their hometown Yerevan, as well as life, corruption, and peace.

From 2006, The Reincarnation orchestra actively started to give out concerts around in Armenia, and in some cases, small gigs in Moscow and all the way to Europe.

In 2010, the band released their first album titled «One Spoon of Love». The release of their first album gave a far wider recognition to the band in the country and as well throughout the world amongst Armenians of the diaspora. The song «A Spoon of Love» from the album of the same name was released along with a music video and became a hit single in late 2010. In 2011, they released more hit songs like «Eli Lav A» and »Sirunik Es».

In 2013, they released their second album titled «Agh u Hac» (Salt & Bread).

2014-present
In August 2014, the band released their third album titled «Spitak». They originally broadcast the news over the internet and made the album available for free download on their website.

Since then, the band has also participated in numerous festivals and clubs in the hundreds of concerts. Roland Gasparyan is also involved in charity, carrying out various programs aimed to help orphans. In a recent interview, Roland Gasparyan commented on how he is open to changing the line up of the band because he would like to work with different musicians. On June 7, the band's first live video recording took place. The DVD includes a documentary about the group's European tour and concert recording.

In February 2022, the band released their fourth album titled «H2O», after 7 years.

Discography
Anoren (2005)
Janfida to Jamaica 60 km (2007)
One Spoon of Love (2010)
Agh u Hac (2013)
Spitak (2014)
H2O (2022)

References

External links

Armenian reggae musical groups

Reincarnation (band)


Iyatiku is the corn goddess of the Keresan Puebloes. From Shipap, her underground realm, humanity first emerged, from there infants today are born and tither go the dead.
To provide food for them, she plants bits of her heart in fields to the north, west, south, and east. Later the pieces of Iyatiku's heart grow into fields of corn.
The Cochiti Puebloes regard Mesewi as the hero who had led the ancestors of the tribe out of Shipap.

She is associated with compassion, agriculture, and children.
Her symbols are Beans, Cavern, Corn, Seeds and Soil.
She has no Totem Animal.

External links
GodChecker.com – IYATIKU: Underground Corn Goddess

Goddesses of the indigenous peoples of North America
Agricultural goddesses
Childhood goddesses

Iyatiku