Saul Stacey Williams (born February 29, 1972) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, musician, poet, writer, and actor. He is known for his blend of poetry and alternative hip hop, and for his lead roles in the 1998 independent film Slam and the 2013 jukebox musical Holler If Ya Hear Me.

Early life
Saul Stacey Williams was born in Newburgh, New York, on February 29, 1972, the youngest of three children. He attended Newburgh Free Academy, where he wrote his song "Black Stacey". He graduated from Morehouse College with a BA in acting and philosophy, then moved to New York City, where he earned an MFA in acting from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts. While at New York University, he became part of the New York café poetry scene. He also lived in Brazil as an exchange student from 1988 to 1989.

Career

Poetry

By 1995, Williams had become an open mic poet. In 1996, he won the title of Nuyorican Poets Cafe's Grand Slam Champion. The documentary film SlamNation follows Williams and the other members of the 1996 Nuyorican Poets Slam team (Beau Sia, muMs da Schemer, and Jessica Care Moore) as they compete in the 1996 National Poetry Slam held in Portland, Oregon. The following year, Williams landed the lead role in the 1998 feature film Slam. Williams featured as both a writer and actor in the film, which would win both the Sundance Festival Grand Jury Prize and the Cannes Camera D'Or (Golden Camera).

Music

Around 1998, Williams was also breaking into music. He had performed with such artists as Nas, The Fugees, Christian Alvarez, Blackalicious, Erykah Badu, KRS-One, Zack De La Rocha, De La Soul, Buckethead, and DJ Krust, as well as poets Allen Ginsberg and Sonia Sanchez. After releasing a string of EPs, he released the LP Amethyst Rock Star with producer Rick Rubin in 2001. In September 2004, he released his self-titled album to much acclaim. He played several shows supporting Nine Inch Nails on their European tour in summer 2005, and has also supported The Mars Volta. Williams was invited to the Lollapalooza music festival around that time, and the Chicago stage allowed Williams to attract a wider audience. He appeared on the Nine Inch Nails album Year Zero, and supported the group on their 2006 tour of North America. On the tour, Williams announced that Trent Reznor would co-produce his next album.

This collaboration resulted in 2007's The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!. The album was available only from its website until a physical CD was issued, featuring new tracks and extended album artwork. The first 100,000 customers on the website had the option to download a free lower-quality audio version of the album. The other option was for users to pay $5 to support the artist directly and be given the choice of downloading the higher-quality MP3 version or the lossless FLAC version. The material was produced by Trent Reznor and mixed by Alan Moulder. It was Reznor who said, after his own recent dealings with record labels, that they should release it independently and directly to the audience.

In early 2008, a Nike Sparq Training commercial featured Williams' song "List of Demands (Reparations)". In a November 2008 interview with Wired.com, Williams talked about his forthcoming projects: "There's one album that I'm waist-deep into. I'm aiming to finish it up next month. Trent wants to work on a sequel for Niggy that I think would be cool, and I also have an album and new songs demoed at home that I'm ready to go into the studio and lay down. It's a complete reflection of how I feel in this country; it's a very transformative time."

Williams' fourth album, Volcanic Sunlight, was released on November 11, 2011. Williams showcased the album at London's Hoxton Bar Kitchen on January 26, 2011. Livemusic interviewed Williams on the evening and made a subsequent film, produced by artist Alex Templeton-Ward. When Williams was asked what the point of poetry was, he said: "I'm making this up, I have no idea but here we go. I think that it would be to express, to share, to relieve, to explore. For me, poetry offers some what of a cathartic experience. I am able to move through emotions and emotional experience particularly, you know, break-ups, difficulties in all the things that I may face, whether that is with an industry or a loved one or whomever, there needs to be an infiltration process, like you have a window open over there. That is the purpose of poetry: it is the window that opens, that allows some air in, some other insight, some other possibility so we can explore all that we feel, all that we think but with the space to see more than what we know, because there is so much more than we know. If I didn't open myself to the possibilities of the unknown, then I would be lost."

Williams' fifth album, MartyrLoserKing, was released on January 29, 2016. The first single released from the album was "Burundi", a collaboration with Emily Kokal of Warpaint.

In March 2018, The Kills released their cover of Williams' "List of Demands (Reparations)" and Williams opened for The Kills' sold-out performance at the Regent Theater in Los Angeles on August 13, 2018.

Writing
As a writer, Williams has been published in The New York Times, Esquire, Bomb Magazine, and African Voices, as well as releasing four collections of poetry. As a poet and musician, Williams has toured and lectured across the world, appearing at many universities and colleges. In his interview in the book Words in Your Face: A Guided Tour Through Twenty Years of the New York City Poetry Slam, Williams explained why he creates within so many genres: "It's not that I balance those arts out, all the different arts balance me out. So, that there is a certain type of emotion that is more easily accessible through music than poetry... some things are meant to be written, some are meant to be sung, some things are meant to be hummed, some things are made to be yelled, and so that's just how life works."

In January 2009, he released NGH WHT  The Dead Emcee Scrolls with The Arditti Quartet, a reading of his 2006 poetry book of the same name. This collaboration with Thomas Kessler (who also set Williams' spoken-word track ",said the shotgun to the head" to music) was released with two payment options: listeners could download chapters 18 to 22 of the 27-minute composition in MP3 format for free, or could download the entire 33-chapter composition in lossless AIFF format for $6, along with the isolated vocal and quartet multitracks. The entire paid download totalled in size at 563 megabytes. Williams contributed to two tracks on the 2011 album Baba Love by Arthur H.

Acting
Williams starred in Slam (1998) and Today (2012). On stage, he was chosen for the lead role in Holler If Ya Hear Me, a Broadway musical featuring music by Tupac Shakur. Though it features Shakur's music, the musical is not about his life. It is an original script written by Todd Kreidler. Rolling Stone described the production as "the first hip-hop jukebox musical in Broadway history". The show opened on June 19, 2014. Williams' role in the musical landed him an interview on The Colbert Report, where he spoke about his career and performed a poem entitled "Amethyst Rocks".

He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Actor at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021, for his performance in the film Akilla's Escape.

Directing
In 2021, Neptune Frost, which Williams wrote and co-directed with Anisia Uzeyman, premiered in Cannes at Directors' Fortnight. The film was supported by a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2018.

Personal life
Williams is a vegan. He is a vocal critic of the War on Terrorism and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Among his better-known works are the anti-war anthems "Not in My Name" and "Act III Scene 2 (Shakespeare)". In 2011, he added his name to Occupy Musicians, supporting the worldwide Occupy movement against income inequality. He identifies as queer.

Williams and Marcia Jones, a visual artist and art professor, began their relationship in 1995 as collaborative artists on the Brooklyn performance art and spoken word poetry circuit. Their daughter, Saturn, was born in 1996. A collection of poems by Williams entitled S/HE is a series of reflections on the demise of his relationship with Jones. Jones created the cover artwork for The Seventh Octave, images throughout S/HE in response to Williams, and set-designed his 2001 album Amethyst Rock Star. Saturn performed with her father on his 2008 concert tour. Williams also has a son named Xuly with renowned choreographer Fatima Robinson.

On February 29, 2008 (his 36th birthday), Williams married actress Persia White after a five-year relationship. They met when he made a guest appearance on the series Girlfriends. On January 17, 2009, White announced via her Myspace blog that she and Williams were no longer together. He is now married to actress Anisia Uzeyman. He lived in Paris for four years but now resides in Los Angeles.

Discography

Studio albums
Amethyst Rock Star (2001)
Saul Williams (2004)
The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust! (2007)
NGH WHT (2009)
Volcanic Sunlight (2011)
MartyrLoserKing (2016)
Encrypted & Vulnerable (2019)
Unanimous Goldmine (The Original Soundtrack of "Neptune Frost") (2022)

Compilation albums
Real Niggery Volume One (2005)
These Mthrfckrs: MartyrLoserKing - Remixes, B-Sides, & Demos (2016)

EPs
Not in My Name (2003)

Singles
"Elohim (1972)" (1998)
"Penny for a Thought" b/w "Purple Pigeons" (2000)
"List of Demands (Reparations)" (2004)
"Black Stacey" (2005)
"The Flaw You Worship" (2018)
"Worship And Prayer" b/w "Kanye West" (2019)
"Three Big Balls" (2019)

Guest appearances

Bibliography
The Seventh Octave, 1998, Moore Black Press,
She, 1999, MTV/Pocketbooks,
Said the Shotgun to the Head, 2003, MTV/Pocketbooks,
The Dead Emcee Scrolls, 2006, MTV/Pocketbooks,
Chorus, 2012,
US (a.), 2015, Gallery Books/MTV Books,

Filmography

Film
Slam (1998)
SlamNation (1998)
Downtown 81 (voice) (1981/2000)
Underground Voices (1996)
I'll Make Me a World (1999)
King of the Korner (2000)
K-PAX (2001)
The N-Word (2004)
Lackawanna Blues (2005)
Today (2012)
Akilla's Escape (2020)
Neptune Frost (2021)
Pussy Island (TBA)

Television
 Girlfriends (2003)
The Colbert Report (2014)

References

External links

 – official site

Saul Williams: Volcanic Sunlight
Interview with Saul Williams (via Talk Rock To Me) May 4, 2012

1972 births
20th-century African-American male singers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American keyboardists
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American poets
20th-century American rappers
21st-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American poets
21st-century American rappers
African-American film directors
African-American male actors
African-American male singer-songwriters
African-American poets
African-American screenwriters
Alternative hip hop musicians
American anti–Iraq War activists
American expatriates in Brazil
American expatriates in France
American industrial musicians
American male film actors
American male bass guitarists
American male poets
American LGBT actors
American LGBT musicians
American LGBT writers
American male television actors
American male musical theatre actors
American percussionists
American spoken word artists
Anti-corporate activists
Big Dada artists
Broadway theatre people
Copyright activists
East Coast hip hop musicians
English-language film directors
African-American LGBT people
American LGBT film directors
LGBT people from California
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT rappers
LGBT male actors
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male actors from New York (state)
Morehouse College alumni
Newburgh Free Academy alumni
Ninja Tune artists
People from Newburgh, New York
Poets from California
Poets from New York (state)
Queer actors
Queer artists
Queer men
Rappers from Los Angeles
Rappers from New York (state)
Slam poets
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Urban fiction
Wichita Recordings artists
Writers from Los Angeles

Saul Williams


Sergey Borisovich Stechkin () (6 September 1920 – 22 November 1995) was a prominent Soviet mathematician who worked in theory of functions (especially in approximation theory) and number theory.

Biography
Sergey Stechkin was born on 6 September 1920 in Moscow. His father (Boris Stechkin) was a Soviet turbojet engine designer, academician.  His great uncle, N.Ye. Zhukovsky, was the founding father of modern aero- and hydrodynamics. His maternal grandfather, N.A. Shilov, was a notable chemist. His paternal grandfather was Sergey Solomin, a science fiction author.

Stechkin attended school 58 and then attempted to matriculate to Moscow State University. He was turned down, likely due to the fact that the Soviet regime viewed his father as a political dissident at the time. He matriculated to Gorky State University instead. A year later, he was nevertheless able to transfer to the Mechanics and Mathematics department at Moscow State University, where he studied mathematics and was a student of D. E. Menshov. Stechkin received his PhD in 1948 with a dissertation titled "On the order of best approximations of continuous functions".

Later he worked as a mathematician at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow. He was the founder and first director of the department of the Institute in Yekaterinburg. Later this department became the Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics at the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Stechkin founded, and, for more than 20 years, served as editor-in-chief for the mathematical journal "Mathematical Notes" ().

Stechkin served as professor of mathematics at Moscow State University and his honors include the Chebyshev Award of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993. He died in 1995 in Moscow from age-related chronic illness.

His contribution to mathematics include the generalization of Jackson's inequality for all  spaces.

References

External links

1920 births
1995 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Moscow State University alumni
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Sergey Stechkin


The Far Frontier  is a 1948 American Western film starring Roy Rogers.

Plot
Tom Sharper of the border patrol stops a truck to inspect its cargo. He is knocked cold by the drivers, who report back to their boss, Bart Carroll.

Coming from a cattle drive, rancher Roy Rogers hopes to visit his old friend Tom, but he's not there. Tom's dad is a former marshal who has tangled before with store owner Willis Newcomb, who is masterminding a scheme to transport U.S. criminal fugitives from Mexico prisons across the border.

Tom has amnesia. Bart decides to frame Tom by shooting a rancher with Tom's gun.  He becomes the object of a manhunt, but Roy finds him first and is able to restore Tom's memory. Together, they fight Bart and Newcomb, and after it appears Tom has been killed by going over a cliff in a barrel, Roy saves the day and discovers that Tom is safe.

Cast
 Roy Rogers as Roy
 Clayton Moore as Tom
 Gail Davis as Susan
 Andy Devine as Cookie
 Roy Barcroft as Bart
 Robert Strange as Newcomb

External links

1948 films
1948 Western (genre) films
Republic Pictures films
American Western (genre) films
Trucolor films
Films directed by William Witney
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Far Frontier


Gasworks is a contemporary art organisation based near The Oval cricket ground in Kennington, South East London, which comprises a gallery and 13 artist studios as well offering residencies, international fellowships and educational projects.

The gallery is part of The Triangle Network, an international network or residencies and workshops offering artists the opportunity develop their practice stimulated by a climate of international exchange and dialogue.

Nine studios are rented to London-based artists and four are reserved for an International Residency Programme for non-UK based artists. Gasworks residencies encourage exchange of ideas between practitioners, instigating experimentation with new concepts and new materials. Since 1994, Gasworks Residency Programme has worked with over 200 artists from more than 50 countries worldwide.

Gasworks residencies include an education and outreach programme, with some residencies dedicated to working with local community groups. Residencies culminate in Open Studios with occasional projects developed in collaboration with the exhibition programme.

Gasworks hosts up to four exhibitions a year and profiles emerging or mid-career international or UK artists who have limited previous exposure in London. The exhibitions are complemented by a programme of education and off-site activities.

References

External links
 Gasworks Website
 Triangle Website

The Oval
Contemporary art galleries in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Lambeth

Gasworks Gallery


Bukit Tengah is an industrial area in Central Seberang Perai District, Penang, Malaysia. This town is situated very close to the North–South Expressway. It is named after Kampung Bukit Tengah which is located next to the Mercedes-Benz automobile showroom which is next to the expressway.  The town is within a proper of a larger town of Bukit Mertajam, which shares the same postcode of 14000.

Jalan Bukit Tengah or Bukit Tengah road, forms the main trunk road which passes through the centre of the town. This road links Jalan Pengkalan to the north with Jalan Bukit Minyak to the south, which connects major towns in Seberang Perai such as Butterworth, Perai in the northwest, Bukit Mertajam in the east and Juru and Simpang Ampat to the south. Along this stretch of road is Bukit Tengah Industrial Park, Sri Rambai Light Industrial Park and Utaria Industrial Park. Among the companies having factories in Bukit Tengah include Dell, Leader Steel, Guppy Plastic Industry and Alpha Master.

Also located in Bukit Tengah is Highway Auto-City, which a one-stop automobile, food and entertainment venue. Many outdoor events and celebrations like roadshows, concerts, carnivals, exhibitions, motor sports and cultural festivals are being held there.

See also
 Bukit Mertajam
 Bukit Minyak
 Butterworth, Seberang Perai
 Juru, Malaysia
 Perai

References

Central Seberang Perai District
Populated places in Penang

Bukit Tengah


The Ahmednagar Fort (Ahmadnagar Qilaa) is a fort located near to the Bhingar Nala near Ahmednagar in Maharashtra. It was the headquarters of the Ahmednagar Sultanate. In 1803, it was taken by the British during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. It was used as a prison during the British Raj. Currently, the fort is under the administration of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.

Major features
In 1803, the Ahmednagar Fort was round in appearance, with twenty-four bastions, one large gate, and three small sally ports. It had a glacis, no covered way; a ditch, revetted with stone on both sides, about  wide, with  water all around, which only reached within 6 or  of the top of the scarp; long reeds grew in it all around. The berm was only about one yard wide. The rampart was of black hewn stone; the parapet of brick in chunam, and both together appeared from the crest of the glacis to be only as high as the pole of a field-officer's tent. The bastions were all about  feet higher; they were round. One of them mounted eight guns en barbet, pointing eastward; all the rest had jingies, four in each. In 1803 two guns were visible in each bastion, and 200 were said to be ready in the fort to be mounted.

A gunshot to the west of the fort was the Pettah of Ahmednagar. The main gate of the fort faced the pettah, and was defended by a small half-circular work, with one traverse and several little towers for men. There was a wooden bridge over the ditch, which could be taken away in time of war, but it was not a drawbridge. It was reported that an iron trough as large as the bridge, could be placed upon it, or on the supporters of it, and fill with charcoal or other combustibles, to which could be ignited as an enemy approached. The fort is also called as Bhuikot Killa which means it is a land fort and is not constructed on any hill. It should not be confused with other Bhuikot Killas in Maharashtra like Solapur Bhuikot Killa.

A small river came from the northward, round the west side of the pettah, and passed to the southward of the fort. A nullah also passed from the northward, between the fort and a town called Bhingar, about a gunshot to the eastward, and joined the river. A potential defensive weakness was a little hill or rising ground close to and east of Bhingar, from which shot from siege guns could reach the fort.

Two nills or covered aqueducts came from the hills, a mile or more to the north, passed through and supplied the pettah and the town, and then went into the fort, either under or through the ditch, into which the wastewater fell.

There were no passages across the ditch from the sally ports, and no part of the aqueducts appeared above the ditch. The nullah mentioned above had steep banks and passed within 60 yards of the fort; the aqueduct from Bhingar passed under it. There was no bridge or even a prominent crossing point at the nullah and hence no clearly defined route between the fort and the town of Bhingar.

There were many small pagodas and mosques around the pettah and the fort, but none exactly between, or between the fort and Bhingar, or nearer to the fort than those towns.

History

The fort was built by Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (after whom the city of Ahmednagar is named) in 1427. He was the first sultan of the Nizam Shahi dynasty and he built the fort to defend the city against invaders from neighbouring Idar. Initially it was made of mud but major fortification began in 1559 under Hussain Nizam Shah. It took four years and was finally finished in 1562.  In February 1596, Chand Bibi the queen regent successfully repulsed the Mughal invasion but when Akbar attacked again in 1600 the fort went to the Mughals.

Aurangzeb died at Ahmednagar fort at the age of 88 on 20 February 1707. After Aurangzeb's death, the fort passed to the Nizams in 1724, to Marathas in 1759 and later the Scindias in 1790. During the period of instability in the Maratha Empire following the death of Madhavrao II, Daulat Scindia had the fort and its surrounding region ceded to him. In 1797, he imprisoned Nana Phadanvis the Peshwa diplomat at Ahmednagar fort.

In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Arthur Wellesley defeated the Maratha forces and the East India Company came into possession of the fort.

Modern era
The fort was known as Ahmednagar Fort and was used by the British Raj as a prison and this was where Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Sardar Patel and nine other members of the Indian National Congress were detained for almost three years after they passed the Quit India Resolution. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote his popular book -the Discovery of India- while he was imprisoned at the fort. During the same time, Congress leader, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also compiled his acclaimed "Ghubar-e-Khatir" (Sallies of Mind) () which is considered as the best example of "Epistolary Essays" in Urdu literature.

During the same time, Odisha's first Chief-Minister and ex-Governor of undivided Bombay State, Harekrushna Mahatab also compiled three volumes of the History of Odisha in Odia. This has later been translated and published in English and Hindi.

Currently, the fort is under the administration of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.

Gallery

See also
 List of forts in Maharashtra

References

Forts in Maharashtra
Ahmednagar
Tourist attractions in Ahmednagar district
16th-century forts in India
Ahmadnagar Sultanate

Ahmednagar Fort


Alfredo Elías Ayub (born 13 January 1950) is the former Director General of the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE; ), which is the Mexican electric state-owned company.

Elías Ayub is of Lebanese descent   was born in Mexico City. Elías Ayub earned a civil engineer's degree from Universidad Anáhuac. He was a member of the first class graduating from the School of Engineering at that university. He graduated with high honors. He also holds an MBA degree from Harvard University's Business School (HBS). He received an Honorary Mention upon graduation from HBS.

His academic activities include holding the position of Deputy Director (1978-1979) and Director (1979) of Universidad Anáhuac's Engineering School, professor of Finance at Harvard University, as well as a Board Member of Harvard University's Business School.

Career
Elías has had an outstanding career in Mexico's public sector.
 He worked as Director of Coordination and Programming of the Mexican Fund for Social Activities (Fonapas) from 1977 to 1979.
 He was Deputy Director General in 1980 and held the position of Director General between 1981 and 1983.
 He became the Executive Coordinator at the State of Mexico government's Urban Development and Public Works Secretariat ("Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Obras Públicas" in Spanish) (1983-1985).
 He then served as Private Secretary of the Secretary of Energy, Mines and State-Owned Industry (SEMIP), Alfredo del Mazo (1986).
 Coordinator of Advisors at SEMIP (1986-1988)
 Deputy Minister of Mines and Basic Industry (1988-1993) and then deputy Energy Minister (1993 - 1995) of SEMIP.
 During his tenure at the Energy Ministry, he served with several secretaries in three different administrations, during the presidencies of Miguel de la Madrid, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León.
 He was then Director General of the Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (Mexican Airport Authority) (ASA) (1996-1999) during Zedillo's administration.
 Finally he held the position of Director General of Comisión Federal de Electricidad from January 1999 until March 2011. He was appointed to this position by president Ernesto Zedillo, and then ratified by president Vicente Fox. He was one of only two members of the PRI political party initially ratified to be part of Fox's administration. In March 2011, Elías Ayub was replaced as Director General by Antonio Vivanco Casamadrid. Elías Ayub "left the post after 12 years for health reasons."

The Federal Electricity Commission reports to the Ministry of Energy. Thus, Elías Ayub reported to Felipe Calderón Hinojosa when he was Secretary. Then, president Calderón also ratified Elías Ayub to continue his long tenure as head of the CFE.

In the private sector, he is shareholder and/or member of the boards of several companies such as Grupo Impulsor del Desarrollo Urbano (IDUSA), Constructora Ideurban, Promociones Metropólis, and other private enterprises.

Boards
He belongs to several boards of directors.
 Banorte, Mexico's third largest bank
 Rotoplas
 Former Member of Dean's board of advisers at Harvard Business School

References

https://www.bmv.com.mx/es/Grupo_BMV/PerfilEmpresa/AGUA-31600
https://www.bmv.com.mx/es/emisoras/perfil/GFNORTE-5433

External links
 CFE's Website

1950 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Mexico City
Mexican people of Lebanese descent
Harvard Business School alumni
Harvard Business School faculty
Academic staff of Universidad Anáhuac México

Alfredo Elías Ayub


Tale of the Mummy (also known as Russell Mulcahy's Tale of the Mummy and Talos – the Mummy) is a 1998 adventure horror thriller film directed by Russell Mulcahy. The film stars Jason Scott Lee, Jack Davenport, Louise Lombard and Christopher Lee.

Tale of the Mummy received a theatrical wide release on August 3, 1998, while it was released direct-to-video in 1999.

Plot

In 1948 Egypt, an archeological dig led by Richard Turkel reaches a tomb identified as belonging to Talos, apparently cursed. The hieroglyphics at the entrance warn that all should avoid the place. Despite this, they open the chamber's door only to be blasted with a cloud of dust, causing the archeologists to crumble apart as if made of fragile stone. Richard manages to blow the tomb shut, killing himself in the process.

In 1999, Richard's granddaughter Sam Turkel continues where he left off. They see Talos' sarcophagus suspended from the ceiling when they break into the burial chamber. One of the team falls to his death, and another, Brad, has a seizure while experiencing Talos' past atrocities.

Nine months later, a power cut occurs. The container holding Talos' sarcophagus is broken into, and a guard has his eyes removed. Detective Riley warns them the killer will undoubtedly strike again. At a party, Talos assaults a guest in the bathroom. Talos attacks a man in a car park while Sam explains the core of Talos' myth to Riley. Talos directed that his followers remove his body parts, and they believed he would someday be resurrected to reclaim them, gaining physical perfection and immortality.

Later, Brad is arrested and tells Talos' history to Riley. Talos was exiled from Greece for sorcery and came to Egypt, where he fell in love, and in a pagan ceremony, married the Pharaoh's daughter, Nefriama. Neighbouring countries ordered the Pharaoh to kill Talos, as all who opposed him were struck with disease or tortured into believing his theology. To save Nefriama from death, the Pharaoh told her about Talos' upcoming execution, and she, in turn, told Talos. When the Pharaoh's army reached Talos' chamber, they saw Nefriama eating Talos' heart. The followers of Talos were all put to death, including Nefriama. Riley guesses that the murder victims are reincarnations of the Pharaoh's followers. Brad believes killing Sam (Nefriama's reincarnation) is the only way to stop Talos, who plans to be reborn when the planets align. Brad further explains that part of Talos' curse is that anyone who knows what is going on will be deemed crazy. After Riley steps out of the interrogating cell, Talos appears and kills Detective Bartone and Brad. A reborn Talos tracks down Sam to her apartment, but she manages to get away; however, Talos captures her after posing as a dog.

Riley, now believing whatever Brad told him, takes part in a ritual where Brad's dead body shows them the possible location Sam might be held hostage, an unfinished construction site. Meanwhile, bound with rags, Sam frees herself and stumbles upon a room where a huge nest of rags used to mummify the deceased forms a womb with dead bodies of Talos' victims lying around. As she watches, the water breaks from the womb, and a horrifying baby creature comes out, which quickly grows up into the true form of Talos with only the heart missing.

Riley and his group arrive at the construction site with eighteen minutes remaining before the planets are supposed to align, and Talos would regain his physical immortality. Riley and Claire separate from Butros and Professor Marcus. The latter encounter Talos who manipulates Marcus into killing Butros by strangling her. Meanwhile, Claire falls down and gravely injures her leg, forcing Riley to go forward without her. Somewhere else, Claire comes to Professor Marcus and, after a brief conversation, kills him by stabbing him with a scalpel, suggesting Talos manipulated Claire into killing Professor Marcus.

Riley finds Sam bound hands and foot, and Talos intercepts them. Sam begs Riley to kill her, which he does by shooting her to stop Talos from achieving what he wants. But, Riley himself is the reincarnation of Nefriama, and his heart is what Talos wants, for which he used Sam to lure him to the right place at the right time. Claire appears and takes out Riley's heart which Talos stuffs within himself just as the planets align.

The police arrive and pull out four dead bodies and a hysterical Claire. Elsewhere in London, the newly reborn Talos is shown disguised as Riley.

Cast

 Jason Scott Lee as Det. Riley
 Louise Lombard as Samantha Turkel
 Sean Pertwee as Bradley Cortese
 Lysette Anthony as Dr. Claire Mulrooney
 Michael Lerner as Prof. Marcus
 Jack Davenport as Det. Bartone
 Honor Blackman as Captain Shea
 Christopher Lee as Sir Richard Turkel
 Shelley Duvall as Edith Butros
 Gerard Butler as Burke
 Jon Polito as Parsons
 Ronan Vibert as Young
 Bill Treacher as Stuart
 Elizabeth Power as Mary
 Roger Morrissey as The Mummy
 Enzo Junior as Prince Talos

Production
The film was devised by Mulcahy and his one-time rock video collaborator Keith Williams as therapy to get over a skiing accident suffered by the director during Christmas 1995 as Williams knew of Mulcahy's affinity for the Hammer Mummy film. Tale of the Mummy was filmed in Luxembourg in the Fall of 1997 under the title of Talos the Mummy. In June 1998, it was announced Miramax's genre label Dimension Films had acquired distribution rights to the film.

Reception
Nicholas Sylvain of DVD Verdict derided the film, saying that while it had an interesting premise, some effects were "merely bad, while others border on the ludicrous", and that the story made no sense. Martin Liebman of Blu-ray.com gave it a 2.5/5 rating, conceding that the film is technically well-done, but calling the plotting unoriginal and characters bland. He recommended viewers only watch Christopher Lee's scenes. British Horror Films reviewer Chris Wood praised Tale of the Mummy as an homage to Hammer Films horror movies of mid-20th century, with the token inclusion of Lee.

Tale of the Mummy currently has a 17% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 4.19/10.

Home media

The North American version is only 88 minutes, shorter than the European version of 115 minutes. A Blu-ray of the film was released by Echo Bridge Entertainment on March 20, 2012.

References

External links

1998 thriller films
1990s adventure films
American supernatural horror films
British supernatural horror films
English-language Luxembourgian films
Luxembourgian horror films
Mummy films
Films directed by Russell Mulcahy
Films scored by Stefano Mainetti
Films set in 1948
Films set in 1999
1998 horror films
1998 films
Miramax films
Dimension Films films
Films about reincarnation
1990s English-language films
Films based on Egyptian mythology
Films about archaeology
Resurrection in film
1990s American films
1990s British films

Tale of the Mummy


Caroline Rose Hunt (January 8, 1923 – November 13, 2018) was an American heiress and hotelier who was at one time the wealthiest woman in the United States. She is known for having been the founder of Rosewood Hotels & Resorts, which she opened in 1979.

Early life
Caroline Rose Hunt was born on January 8, 1923, the daughter of oilman H. L. Hunt (1889–1974) and Lyda Bunker (1889–1955). She had six siblings: Margaret Hunt Hill (1915–2007), H. L. Hunt III (1917–2005), Lyda Bunker Hunt (born and died in 1925), Nelson Bunker Hunt (1926–2014), William Herbert Hunt (born 1929), and Lamar Hunt (1932–2006). While she was growing up, the family lived in the east Texas town of Tyler. Hunt said that as a child, she was unaware of the family's wealth until she found a Life magazine picture of her father, "with a caption that asked, 'Is this the richest man in the world?' "

She was educated at the Hockaday School, an all-girl boarding school in Dallas. She then attended Mary Baldwin College, a private women's college in Staunton, Virginia, for two years, until she transferred to the University of Texas at Austin, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and art history.

Career
Prior to her first marriage, Hunt worked in her father's Dallas office. She later worked as a sales clerk at the Neiman Marcus department store in Dallas. During her first marriage and through much of her second, she focused on her family and charitable work, not holding any job outside the home until she entered the hotel business at age 55.

In 1980, she opened The Mansion Restaurant on Turtle Creek. That same year, Hunt founded Rosewood Hotels & Resorts, where she served as Honorary Chairman at the time of her death. The company owned the Hotel Bel-Air in Bel Air, Los Angeles in the 1980s, but sold it in 1989. It currently owns the Carlyle Hotel on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, among a portfolio of other luxury hotels. It is a subsidiary of a larger company owned by Hong Kong billionaire Henry Cheng as the result of Hunt's 2011 sale of Rosewood and five of its hotel properties. She was inducted into the North Texas Commercial Association of Realtors Hall of Fame in May 2013.

Hunt had a line of bath and skin products called Lady Primrose, an outgrowth of the English country antiques shop she opened in 1987 with a friend.

In 2000, she wrote a novel, Primrose Past: The 1848 Journal of Young Lady Primrose. She also wrote two cookbooks.

Philanthropy
In 1991, together with her sister Margaret, Hunt paid for the restoration of Hilltop, an 1810 building on the campus of Mary Baldwin College which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2013, she received the J. Erik Jonsson Award from the United Way of Metropolitan Dallas in thanks for a history of donations to United Way organizations.

Hunt was also a donor to the National Museum of Women in the Arts, the Tiffany Circle of the American Red Cross, The Heritage Foundation, and the James Madison Council of the Library of Congress. She served on the board of trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., for ten years. She also served as honorary chair of the Retina Foundation of the Southwest, a non-profit organization for research into macular degeneration — a condition from which Hunt herself suffered — and restoration of vision loss. Hunt donated to many other Dallas cultural and educational organizations.

Personal life
Hunt was married twice. Her first husband was Loyd Bowmer Sands, a pilot in the United States Navy. They had five children.

After they divorced in 1973, she married a second time, to Buddy Schoellkopf. They later divorced.

Hunt died on November 13, 2018 at the T. Boone Pickens Hospice and Palliative Care Center in Dallas, at the age of 95 from a stroke.

References

1923 births
2018 deaths
American hoteliers
American Presbyterians
Businesspeople from Texas
Hockaday School alumni
Hunt family
Mary Baldwin University alumni
People from El Dorado, Arkansas
Philanthropists from Texas
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Writers from Arkansas
Writers from Dallas

Caroline Rose Hunt


A nod shot, noddy headshot or noddy is a type of camera reaction shot used in recorded news or current affairs interviews. They consist of nods and other similar "listening gestures" made by the interviewer. If only one camera is available at the interview site, then these shots are recorded after the actual interview takes place. The shots are spliced into the interview during the editing process to mask any cuts that have been made. This editing technique is universally "read" by audiences as expressing realism and therefore creates the illusion of a seamless dialogue in the interview.

The earliest use of the term recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1982. It was explained more fully by John Fiske in 1987: "the camera is then turned onto the interviewer who asks some of the questions again and gives a series of "noddies," that is, reaction shots, nods, smiles, or expressions of sympathetic listening. These are then used to disguise later edits in the interviewee's speech... Without the "noddy", the visuals would show an obvious "jump" that would reveal the edit."

Controversial use
In the United Kingdom, the term came to public prominence in 2007 when it was revealed that a BBC programme inserted noddies featuring the senior broadcaster Alan Yentob into interviews that he did not conduct, creating the impression that he had been present. This controversy, which was covered in many newspapers as Noddygate, came at a time when the BBC was already under scrutiny for falsifying certain aspects of entertainment shows for editorial reasons. These scandals prompted several British broadcasters to reevaluate the use of trick editing on their news programs.

See also
 Cutaway (filmmaking)

References

Media studies
Film and video terminology
Television news

Nod shot


Hugla is an island in the municipality of Nesna in Nordland county, Norway.  The  island lies south of the islands of Tomma and Handnesøya, west of the mainland of Nesna, east of the island of Løkta, and north of the Ranfjorden.  The residents of the island live mostly on the eastern coast, across the fjord from the village of Nesna.

See also
List of islands of Norway

References

Islands of Nordland
Nesna

Hugla


Albert Edward Sammons CBE (23 February 188624 August 1957) was an English violinist, composer and later violin teacher. Almost self-taught on the violin, he had a wide repertoire as both chamber musician and soloist, although his reputation rests mainly on his association with British composers, especially Elgar. He made a number of recordings over 40 years, many of which have been re-issued on CD.

Early life and education
Albert Sammons was born in Fulham, the second eldest of four children.  His father was a shoemaker and good amateur violinist. Sammons started to receive some lessons from his father around the age of seven. Apart from these lessons, he was virtually self-taught. His first professional engagement was in the band at the Earls Court Exhibition in 1898; the conductor was so impressed by the 12-year-old that he made him leader. He left school at this time and became a professional musician – partly to bring extra income to the household, as his father was a compulsive gambler.

Sammons's father took both Albert and his eldest brother Tom to symphony concerts at St James's Hall and Queen's Hall. The boy began to gain a reputation for his reliability and was engaged by many London musical establishments, as well as in the 'Hungarian' and 'White Viennese' bands popular at the time. Sammons also received a few free lessons from the Eugène Ysaÿe-trained Spanish violinist Alfredo Fernandez. At 16, relations with his father reached a point where Albert and his brother left home to stay with friends, only returning when his father walked out to join the band on an ocean liner and the two brothers were therefore obliged to provide for the rest of the family.

Concert career
His first concerto performance was the Mendelssohn E minor Concerto at the Kursaal Concert Hall in Harrogate in 1906. Among the concertos in his repertoire were those by Beethoven, Brahms, Bruch, and the Mozart G major. He married Laura Tomkins in Middlesbrough on 31 October 1907 (divorced 1920). Around this time Sammons was recruited to play at musical parties for the upper classes at their country houses.

He was the leader of the British Symphony Orchestra in a series of Amalgamated Musicians' Union Sunday concerts at the London Coliseum in 1908–1909. Conductors of the concerts included Jimmy Glover and Alick Maclean. He was also engaged by Ernesto Bucalossi at the Waldorf Hotel and Wyndham's Theatre. It was at the Waldorf that Thomas Beecham heard him and in August 1909 offered him the position of sub-leader (soon to be leader) of his orchestra, which later included opera seasons at Covent Garden, and the 1911 Diaghilev season. He also consolidated his solo career by playing the Bruch Violin Concerto No. 1 with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Queen's Hall in 1910. The conductor Adrian Boult commented on his rise in British violin-playing, "he had had no special preparations, no training abroad, no scholarship luxuries".

In 1910, with Thomas Petre (second violin), Warwick Evans (cello), and Harry Waldo Warner (viola) he formed the London String Quartet, with whom he remained until 1917. The quartet gave concerts mainly in the UK but travelled to Amsterdam and Paris, with a repertoire extending from the classical period to contemporary works – including Verklärte Nacht in the presence of the composer.

He mainly appeared in the UK, although he did lead the Beecham orchestra for a six-week season with the Diaghilev company at the Kroll Opera House, Berlin in 1913 and, having played under Pierre Monteux for the Diaghilev seasons, was invited to lead the orchestra at the Casino de Dieppe, giving two concerts a day, and extending both his orchestral and chamber music repertoire.

After the end of the First World War, Sammons all but gave up string quartet and orchestral playing to concentrate on a large, regular programme of solo work and chamber music recitals throughout Britain and Ireland, and later, broadcasts. Sammons, William Murdoch (piano), Lionel Tertis (viola) and Lauri Kennedy (cello), founded The Chamber Music Players in 1921, giving their first private performance on 6 January of that year, and first public concert at Haverstock Hill, London on 13 January, going on to give many concerts at the Wigmore Hall and around the UK.

Elgar, Delius and Debussy
Sammons was particularly associated with Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in B minor, which he first played on 23 November 1914.  He made the first complete recording of the concerto on 18 March and 10 April 1929 with the New Queen's Hall Orchestra conducted by Sir Henry Wood, which displays "wonderfully assured portamenti carried as if on the breath of a great singer" and "immense structural strength". He estimated that he played the concerto over a hundred times, including at The Proms. He gave his last performance of the Elgar on his 60th birthday in 1946, with George Weldon conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He also made the first recording of Elgar's Violin Sonata in E minor in 1935.

In May 1915 a chance encounter in London with Frederick Delius led directly to the composition of a violin concerto in which Sammons probably assisted considerably even to the point of writing some link passages. On 13 July 1916 Sammons gave the first UK performance of the Violin Sonata of Claude Debussy, only six weeks after its Paris premiere.

He played a part in the rehabilitation of Fritz Kreisler, by presenting (along with Dame Nellie Melba) a laurel wreath at the Austrian violinist's first appearance in England after the war in 1920.

Composer
He composed many short pieces for violin and piano, which he included in his recital programmes and recorded. A Cradle Song of 1915 is dedicated to his second daughter and the Lullaby of 1923 to the third, Colleen. His Phantasy Quartet, Op. 8 of 1915 won the Cobbett Competition and was published by Hawkes & Son the following year. The Roumanian Air and Gipsy Dance, Op.23, was published by Hawkes in 1929. He also made editions of others' works and published books of studies and exercises. Among his pedagogical works are The Secret of Technique in Violin Playing, Op. 20 and the Virtuosic Studies, Op. 21 (1921), consisting of 38 studies in two books.

Later life and death
He married his second wife Olive Hobday (the daughter of one of his accompanists) on 5 December 1921. Shortly after, they moved to Bognor Regis (in the same road as William Murdoch), where he lived for the rest of his life. Among other concertos in his repertoire were those by Beethoven, Brahms, Bruch, and the Mozart G major. During the Second World War, he continued his busy concert schedule around the UK, travelling by train, as well as appearing at the National Gallery concerts.

From 1946 Sammons spent less time playing and more teaching. As a teacher, he had worked at the Midland Institute in Birmingham from the 1920s, but from 1939 he taught privately and at the Royal College of Music. His pupils included Alan Loveday, Hugh Bean and Samuel Kutcher. He became a Fellow (FRCM) in 1944.

The onset of Parkinson's disease forced his retirement from public performance in June 1948. He attended a testimonial concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 7 December in a wheelchair, and heard a tribute from Arthur Bliss, with others in the programme from Joseph Szigeti, Fritz Kreisler and Sir Adrian Boult.

He died in Middleton-on-Sea in 1957, aged 71. Boult said of him after his death that he was distinguished by "his selfless interest in music-making of all kinds, whether in Queen's Hall or in some humble mission hall in far-off Wales or Scotland. He was a great musician in every sense of the word".

Instruments
His violins included a Gofriller (he bought another, 1696, Gofriller in 1927), a Felice Guadagnini, and a Nicolas Gagliano. At the Cobbett competition in February 1923 he played in a 'blind' comparison of a 1731 Stradivarius and a modern instrument by Alfred Vincent. When Sammons sold the Gofriller in 1951 he gave the new owner a list of all the works he had played on it.

Premieres
As leader of the London String Quartet (1910–1919):
 23 March 1914, Ralph Vaughan Williams: Phantasy Quintet (1912)
 4 November 1915, Frank Bridge: String Quartet No 2
 16 June 1916, Sally in our alley & Cherry Ripe arranged by Bridge
 12 June 1917, John Ireland: Trio in one movement
 17 November 1916, Frederick Delius: String Quartet (3 movements)
 1 February 1919, Delius: String Quartet (4 movements)
 26 April 1919, Edward Elgar: String Quartet and Piano Quintet (private performance)
 21 May 1919, Elgar: String Quartet and Piano Quintet (public performance, with W. H. Reed, Raymond Jeremy and Felix Salmond; William Murdoch played in the Piano Quintet)
As soloist:
 March 1917, Ireland: Violin Sonata No. 2 (with William Murdoch)
 30 January 1919, Delius: Violin Concerto
 1 May 1920, Eugene Goossens: Violin Sonata
 7 October 1924, Delius: Violin Sonata No 2 (with Murdoch)
 20 March 1925 Herbert Howells: Violin Sonata No. 3
 2 June 1930, Granville Bantock: Violin Sonata
 20 January 1931, Goossens: Violin Sonata No. 2
 14 July 1933, Guirne Creith: Violin Sonata No. 2
 19 May 1936, Creith: Violin Concerto (BBC studio performance)
 26 February 1937 Stanley Wilson: Concerto for Violin and Viola (with Bernard Shore)
 26 November 1940, Edmund Rubbra: Violin Sonata No. 1
 10 May 1942, George Dyson: Violin Concerto (with BBC broadcast)

Recordings
Albert Sammons made his first recording in October 1908; his last was made on 16 April 1946 (Edmund Rubbra's 2nd sonata with Gerald Moore). Other recordings (with dates) include, as leader of the London String Quartet:
 various movements and extracts from string quartets
 Mozart K428, Beethoven op18/2 and Schumann op41/3
 (with Gervase Elwes) "On Wenlock Edge"
As a soloist:
 Elgar: Violin Concerto (abridged October 1916, complete 1929 – see below)
 Elgar: Violin Concerto (recorded by Columbia in London 18 March & 10 April 1929 with New Queen's Hall Orchestra under Sir Henry J. Wood [matrices WAX 4785–4794, 4846–7; released Dec. 1929 on 78s L2346/51]. The performance "possesses a fire, poetry and nobility that have rarely been matched, and certainly not surpassed" – review by Andrew Achenbach in Gramophone Oct. 1998. CD re-issues include Avid Masters AMSC587 [1998]; Pearl GEM0050 [1999]; Naxos Historical 8.110951 [2002])
 Bruch: Violin Concerto No. 1 (December 1925)
 Beethoven: Violin Concerto (March 1927, unpublished, matrixes destroyed)
 Mozart: Sinfonia Concertante (with Lionel Tertis) (September 1933)
 Moeran: Violin Concerto (live performance, April 1946)
 Delius: Violin Concerto (September 1944)
 Delius: Violin Sonatas (recorded in 1929, 1924, 1944)
 Elgar: Violin Sonata (recorded 2 February 1935)

References

1886 births
1957 deaths
English classical violinists
British male violinists
People with Parkinson's disease
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Bognor Regis
English composers
Musicians from Fulham
Academics of the Royal College of Music
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century British male musicians
Male classical violinists

Albert Sammons


An eyeliner (sometimes written eye liner) is a type of makeup used for the eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eyes to create different aesthetic  effects.

In the 20th and 21st century, the use of eye liner has also been associated with Goth and Punk fashion.

History

Eye liner was first used in Ancient India, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as a dark black line around the eyes. As early as 10,000 BC, Egyptians and Mesopotamians wore various cosmetics including eye liner not only for aesthetics but to protect the skin from the desert sun. Eye liner may also have been worn to protect the wearer from the evil eye. The characteristic of having heavily lined eyes has been frequently shown in ancient Egyptian art. They produced eye liner with a variety of materials, including copper ore and antimony. Ancient Egyptian kohl contained galena, which was imported from nearby regions in the Land of Punt, Coptos and Western Asia.

In the 1960s, liquid eye liner was used to create thick black and white lines around the eyes in the make-up fashion associated with designers like Mary Quant. The '60s and '70s also saw new fashion trends which made use of eyeliner, eyeshadow and mascara in new ways. As goth and punk fashion developed, they employed eyeliner for a dark and dramatic effect.

Related pages
 Eye makeup

References

Cosmetics

Eyeliner


Mohamed Lamine Chakhari (born 1957) is a Tunisian politician. He serves as the Minister of Industry under Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali.

Biography

Early life
Mohamed Lamine Chakhari was born on 17 May 1957 in Foussana. He received a PhD in Mechanical engineering.

Career and politics
He works as a university professor at the National School of Engineers of Tunis. He is also the chief executive officer of an industrial company and the head of its mechanical engineering department. He is a member of the Ennahda Movement.

Minister
On 20 December 2011, after former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was deposed, he joined the Jebali Cabinet as Minister of Industry and Commerce. On 16 February 2012, he became Minister of Industry only, and his former deputy minister, Bechir Zaafouri, became Minister of Trade and Handicraft.

In May 2012, he announced that natural gas lines would reach the governorates of Kasserine, Siliana, Jendouba, Beja, and El Kef in Northwestern Tunisia. In June 2012, he unveiled a $2.5 billion investment strategy in solar energy for the Société Tunisienne de l'Electricité et du Gaz (STEG).

References

Living people
1957 births
Tunisian Muslims
Government ministers of Tunisia
People from Kasserine Governorate
Ennahda politicians

Mohamed Lamine Chakhari


"Run with the Fox" is a 1981 Christmas song written, composed, produced, and performed by Chris Squire and Alan White, with Peter Sinfield co-writing lyrics. Both former Yes members, Squire and White recorded the song after a new band (XYZ with Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page) seemed unlikely to happen, and released the single under their own names as a collaborative piece.

Andrew Pryce Jackman, a childhood friend and frequent collaborator of Squire, was in charge of orchestration and since they had both been boy choristers with Barry Rose at St. Andrew's Church, Kingsbury, they contacted him to provide a boys choir to do the backing. By this time Rose was at St Paul's Cathedral, so it is the St Paul's boys who appear on the song. The B-side of the single, "Return of the Fox", is an instrumental variation of "Run with the Fox'. It features Dave Lawson (ex-Greenslade keyboardist) on keyboards, and Squire's then-wife Nikki on backing vocals. Following "Run with the Fox", both musicians collaborated again in the band Cinema which ultimately led to the reformation of Yes. The song would feature on Squire's festive album Chris Squire's Swiss Choir with another choir dubbed onto the track, but otherwise remaining the same.

Personnel
 Chris Squire – lead vocals, bass guitar, production
 Alan White – drums, piano, keyboards, backing vocals, production
 The boys of St Paul's Cathedral – choir
 Unknown recorder player
 Unknown orchestra - strings
 Andrew Pryce Jackman – orchestration
 Nigel Luby – recording
 Gregg Jackman – mixing

References

1981 singles
1981 songs
Atlantic Records singles
British Christmas songs
Songs written by Chris Squire
Songs written by Alan White (Yes drummer)
Songs with lyrics by Peter Sinfield

Run with the Fox


The National Youth Orchestra of Wales (NYOW, ) is the national youth orchestra of Wales, based in Cardiff. Founded in 1945, it is the longest-standing national youth orchestra in the world.

Organisation
The orchestra numbers around 115 young players aged between 13 and 22 years who are auditioned and drawn from all over Wales, and who represent some of Wales' most talented young musicians.

The NYOW has performed in St David's Hall (Cardiff), the Bridgewater Hall (Manchester), the National Concert Hall (Dublin), Waterfront Hall (Belfast), Town Hall (Birmingham), Sage Gateshead, Beethovensaal (Stuttgart), the Salle Erasme (Strasbourg) the Konzerthaus am Gendarmenmarkt (Berlin), and La Mortella on the island of Ischia.

Many Welsh composers have been commissioned to write new works for the orchestra, such as Grace Williams, David Wynne, Daniel Jones, Arwel Hughes, former member Karl Jenkins, and founder member of the orchestra Alun Hoddinott. (Two dozen pairs of clogs were needed for the Orchestra's premiere of Karl Jenkins' Scenes From Wales in 2000).

Conductors

The NYOW has traditionally appointed a resident Principal Conductor and Musical Director. These have included Clarence Raybould (1945–1966), Arthur Davison (1967–1990), Elgar Howarth (1991–1995), Christopher Adey (1996–2002), and Owain Arwel Hughes (2003–2010). 2011's concert series was conducted by Takuo Yuasa.
Carlo Rizzi (2012), Grant Llewellyn (2013), Jac Van Steen (2014), and Paul Daniel (2015). Carlo Rizzi returned for the 2016–2018 season. American conductor, Andrew Litton, conducted the 2019 concert series.

Courses

A residential course is normally held in the summer, followed by a short tour comprising four or five concerts.
Known to its members as the "NASH" the annual residency offers a valuable opportunity for talented musicians to work together with top professionals in an intensive environment, culminating in a series of concerts. Since 2013, a young composers course has run alongside the orchestra's summer residency, giving composers the opportunity to have their music played by members of the orchestra. Works are composed during each residency which are then given their first performances at venues including The Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama, Aberystwyth University and in 2015 in the performing foyer spaces at Sage Gateshead and St David's Hall Cardiff.

Since 2001, the National Youth Orchestra of Wales and the BBC National Orchestra of Wales have worked together on projects culminating in joint concerts or recordings, giving young players the opportunity to play alongside some of the best orchestral players in Britain.

Auditions

Candidates are accepted for audition on the approval of their county Head of Music Service and are expected to support music activity at school/college and county level. The minimum standard for all instruments (except harp) is Grade VIII. Harpists may play at Grade VI.
Auditions take place throughout the autumn around Wales and at selected centres in England for those studying away from home.

History

1945 Orchestra founded by Irwyn Walters
1946 First concert at the Rolls Hall, Monmouth
1948 First appearance at the National Eisteddfod where the first recordings were made for future broadcasting
1953 First broadcast to the Commonwealth to mark the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth
1955 The NYOW appeared at the Edinburgh Festival
1956 First record launched by Qualiton Records
1957 First concert tour abroad

Repertoire

Vaughan Williams' A London Symphony featured in an all British-programme in 2008, alongside the Celtic Dances of Welsh composer, William Mathias. A former member of the National Youth Theatre of Wales, Hollywood actor Matthew Rhys narrated the first-ever Welsh translation of Britten's Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra in a NYOW concert at St David's Hall, on 7 August as part of the National Eisteddfod in Cardiff.

The 2009 programme included Arwel Hughes Prelude for Orchestra, Tchaikovsky Swan Lake Ballet Suite and Mahler Symphony No. 1, with the orchestra performing at Aberystwyth Arts Centre; Prichard-Jones Hall, Bangor; Adrian Boult Hall, Birmingham; Sage, Gateshead; Three Choirs Festival, Hereford Cathedral and St David's Hall, Cardiff

The 2010 programme included Brian Hughes's Troad, Claude Debussy's La mer, and Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2. The orchestra performed at St David's Cathedral; Aberystwyth Arts Centre; St David's Hall, Cardiff; St Asaph's Cathedral; and RNCM Concert Hall, Manchester.

2011's repertoire included Hilary Tann's From the Feather to the Mountain, Liszt's Tasso, Lamento e Trionfo and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 5. Concerts were held at William Aston Hall, Glyndŵr University, Wrexham; Sage Gateshead; RNCM Concert Hall, Manchester; and St David's Hall, Cardiff.

2014's repertoire included Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique, with performances at St David's Hall, Cardiff, Sage Gateshead, St Asaph Cathedral, and at the Fishguard Music Festival at St David's Cathedral.

2015's repertoire included Dukas' La Péri, Schmitt, La Tragedie de Salome and Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, with performances at the Three Choirs Festival in Hereford Cathedral as well as Bangor University and St David's Hall, Cardiff.

The 2016 season included Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra and Strauss' Ein Heldenleben, as well as a new commission Fanfare for our Youth by Gareth Wood (commissioned especially for the orchestra on their 70th anniversary).

In the summer of 2017, the orchestra performed Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier Suite, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Benjamin Britten's Four Sea Interludes from Peter Grimes and Debussy's La mer.

The 2018 season opened with Richard Strauss' Serenade for 13 Wind Instruments. This was followed by a first time collaboration with the National Youth Choir of Wales performing Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms to commemorate Bernstein's 100th birthday. The final item of the program was Gustav Mahler's 5th Symphony.

The 2019 concert season conducted by Andrew Litton opened with Grace Williams' much loved Fantasia on Welsh Nursery Tunes. This was followed by an orchestral suite based on Aaron Copland's only opera; The Tender Land. The final piece was Dmitri Shostakovich's 10th Symphony.

See also
National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain
National Youth Orchestra of Scotland
List of youth orchestras

References

External links
National Youth Orchestra of Wales

British symphony orchestras
Organisations based in Cardiff
Welsh orchestras
Welsh youth orchestras
National youth orchestras
1945 establishments in Wales
European youth orchestras
Musical groups established in 1945

National Youth Orchestra of Wales


John Gerard Beattie MBE (9 November 1926 – 9 July 2020) was a Scottish actor and stand-up comedian whose career spanned over six decades. He appeared on shows including the sketch show Scotch & Wry and the sitcom Rab C. Nesbitt, and later appeared in more dramatic roles including Malcolm Hamilton in the soap opera River City.

Early life and career
Beattie was born in Govan, Glasgow, on 9 November 1926 into a working class family. He grew up there with an older brother, Frank, and two younger sisters, Mary and Cathie. He attended St Gerard's Roman Catholic Secondary School, but left school at sixteen to start an apprenticeship and became involved with amateur dramatics, and by the mid-1950s he had become a stand-up comedian.

Beattie starred in his own sketch show, Johnny Beattie's Saturday Night Show, which featured him playing many different colourful characters, including his alter ego "Glaikit O'Toole". The show ran on BBC One from January 1964 to February 1970. In 1974, Beattie took part in STV's four-part series A Grand Tour, along with Rikki Fulton, Jack Milroy, Billy Connolly, Mark McManus and Stanley Baxter, in which the six performers went on a grand tour of Scotland and took part in useless tasks. Beattie recalled his most renowned moment on the show as when he was made to "Take a long drop off a short pier", in which each of the participants had to compete.

Beattie went on to appear on Rikki Fulton's sketch show Scotch & Wry, at one point appearing as his alter ego Glaikit O'Toole, who encounters Fulton's character Supercop in one of the sketches. While on the set of Scotch & Wry, he met actor Gregor Fisher, with whom he went on to appear in the 1990s sitcom Rab C. Nesbitt. In 1990, Beattie starred in The Big Man alongside Billy Connolly and Liam Neeson. He also appeared in popular Scottish television shows including Taggart, and he was also the original host of the Scottish Television gameshow Now You See It for three years between 1981 and 1984.

He had a couple of local hit records with "Scotch on the Rocks" and "The Glasgow Rap" and presented radio shows on BBC Radio Scotland and Clyde 2 before he was cast as Malcolm Hamilton in the Scottish soap opera River City, a role which he had retained since the show began in 2002. He filmed his last scenes for the show in April 2015 having announced his retirement after more than 60 years. He was the Honorary President of the Scottish Music Hall Society.

Personal life and death

Beattie married Kitty Lamont in 1950. They had two daughters (Maureen, an actress, and Louise, a solicitor and former actress) and two sons (Paul and Mark). Beattie and Lamont separated in 1982, and she died in 1994.

Beattie died on 9 July 2020 at the St. Margaret's Hospice in Clydebank, aged 93.

Awards
Beattie was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2007 New Year Honours list. He received the 1981 Benno Schotz award as TV Personality of the Year. He received the Lord Provost's Performing Arts Award in 1993.

References

External links

1926 births
2020 deaths
Scottish male television actors
Scottish game show hosts
Scottish male soap opera actors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Govan
Scottish male comedians
Male actors from Glasgow
Comedians from Glasgow
20th-century Scottish male actors
21st-century Scottish male actors
20th-century Scottish comedians
21st-century Scottish comedians
Scottish sketch comedians

Johnny Beattie


Peter Leonard Faiman AM (born 1944) is an Australian television producer with experience in film, live television and events. He has had a long-standing working relationship with the Nine Network.

Biography
Faiman was born in Melbourne. He directed/produced the Paul Hogan Show and the Graham Kennedy and Don Lane shows for about six years of its eight-and-a-half-year run. He also produced a show hosted by Bert Newton and one by Ernie Sigley. In 1981, he was awarded the Member of the Order of Australia in the 1981 Queen's New Years Honours List for his services to the media, particularly in the field of television production.

Faiman was involved in several Rupert Murdoch projects, including in the UK as creative and management consultant at BSkyB, and in the US at the Fox Network, where he produced the Emmy Award-winning news magazine program The Reporters and A Current Affair in New York City. He went on to become Vice President of Fox Circle Productions and later President of Programs and Production at 20th Century Fox Television in Los Angeles. He guided the launch of the FX Network in New York in 1994, and was the coordinating director for the opening and closing broadcasts of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games on behalf of the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation (SOBO).

Faiman directed the 1986 blockbuster film Crocodile Dundee, and the 1991 American comedy Dutch, which was a box office disappointment. He also produced the animated feature FernGully: The Last Rainforest.

Since returning to Australia in 2002, he has been a program consultant for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, acting as a consulting producer on Strictly Ballroom, Spicks and Specks and The Pet Show.  Faiman also helped conceptualise the Webby Award-winning multi-platform project SkillsOne.

References

External links

Living people
Film directors from Melbourne
Australian film directors
Australian television producers
Members of the Order of Australia
People educated at University High School, Melbourne
1944 births

Peter Faiman


{{DISPLAYTITLE:Psi3 Piscium}}

Psi3 Piscium, which is Latinized from ψ3 Piscium, is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.562. Based upon an annual parallax shift of  as seen from Earth, it is located about 435 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.33 due to interstellar dust. The star is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7 km/s.

This F-type giant is a candidate horizontal branch star with a stellar classification of F9 IIIa. It is an X-ray source with a luminosity of  in the 0.3−10 keV band. The projected rotational velocity is  and it has an effective temperature of 6,273. It has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and 10.3 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 95.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,554 K.

References

F-type giants
Horizontal-branch stars
Piscium, Psi³
Pisces (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Piscium, 081
006903
005454
0339

Psi3 Piscium


Open access citation advantage (OACA), sometimes known as FUTON bias (for "full text on the net"), is a type of bias whereby scholars tend to cite academic journals with open access (OA)—that is, journals that make their full text available on the Internet without charge (not behind a paywall)—in preference to toll-access publications. The concept was introduced, under the FUTON bias name, by UK medical researcher Reinhard Wentz in a letter to The Lancet in 2002.

Scholars in some fields can more easily discover and access articles whose full text is available online, which increases authors' likelihood of reading and citing these articles, an issue that was first raised and has been mainly studied in connection with medical research. In the context of evidence-based medicine, articles in expensive journals that do not provide open access may be "priced out of evidence", giving a greater weight to open access publications. Open access citation advantage may increase the impact factor of open access journals relative to journals without open access.

One study concluded that authors in medical fields "concentrate on research published in journals that are available as full text on the internet, and ignore relevant studies that are not available in full text, thus introducing an element of bias into their search result". Authors of another study conclude that "the OA advantage is a quality advantage, rather than a quality bias", that authors make a "self-selection toward using and citing the more citable articles—once OA self-archiving has made them accessible", and that open access "itself will not make an unusable (hence uncitable) paper more used and cited".

A similar phenomenon, termed the "no abstract available bias" or NAA bias, is a scholar's tendency to cite journal articles that have an abstract available online more readily than articles that do not—this affects articles' citation count similarly to open access citation advantage.

See also
 Availability heuristic
 Digital divide
 ICanHazPDF
 Predatory publishing
 Sci-Hub

References

Further reading

Bias
Academic terminology
Open access (publishing)

Open access citation advantage


Carlos de Oliveira, GOSE (10 August 1921 – 1 July 1981), was a Portuguese poet and novelist.

Biography
He was born in Belém, Brazil, to a Portuguese family which moved back to Portugal in 1923. They settled in Cantanhede, in the small village of Nossa Senhora das Febres, where his father practiced medicine. In 1933 he moves to Coimbra, where he will stay for 15 years, in order to complete his studies. He graduates from the University of Coimbra in history and philosophy in 1947.

The following year he settles definitively in Lisbon. In 1949 he marries Ângela, whom he had met at the university and was from Madeira, who will become his constant companion and collaborator.

He died in his home in Lisbon on 1 July 1981.

Writings
In 1942 he published his first book of poems Tourism, with illustrations by Fernando Namora, as part of the Novo Cancioneiro collection and in 1943 published his first novel Casa na Duna. In 1944, the novel Alcateia is seized by the censorship of the Estado Novo regime, and the same year is released the second edition of Casa na Duna.

In 1945 he publishes a new book of poems, Mãe Pobre. 1945 and the subsequent years will be very fruitful for Carlos de Oliveira, with his participation in the Seara Nova and Vértice magazines and collaboration on the book by Fernando Lopes Graça Marchas, Danças e Canções - a collection of poems by various poets, with compositions by Lopes Graça, songs that came to be known as "heroic".

In 1953 publishes Uma Abelha na Chuva, his fourth novel, and universally acknowledged as one of the most important works of Portuguese literature, being integrated into the syllabus of the course of Portuguese in secondary schools.

In 1957 he organized, with José Gomes Ferreira, an approach to the Portuguese popular imagination with the two volumes of Contos Tradicionais Portugueses, some of which were later adapted to film by João César Monteiro.

In 1968 he published two new books of poetry, Sobre o Lado Esquerdo and Micropaisagem and collaborates with Fernando Lopes in the film adaptation of Uma Abelha na Chuva, completed in 1971. He published in 1971 O Aprendiz de Feiticeiro, a collection of articles and chronicles, and Entre Duas Memórias, a poetry book. In 1976 he gathers all his poetry in Trabalho Poético, two volumes, which presents his previous books, reviewed, and unpublished poems of Pastoral, book to be published separately the following year. Publishes in 1978 his last novel, Finisterra.

He is counted amongst the neorealist poets. He is one of the greatest poets of the 20th century combining social intervention (Neorealism) with reflection about the creative process of writing. His writing is dense and accurate (Mãe Pobre, 1945, Entre Duas Memórias, 1971). Regarding the novels, he goes from pure neo realism (Casa na Duna, 1943) to the sobriety of the sentiment and the protest (Uma Abelha na Chuva, 1953), ending with the complex (Finisterra, 1978).

He died in Lisbon, aged 59.

Published works
Poetry:
Turismo (1942)
Mãe Pobre (1945)
Descida aos Infernos (1949)
Terra de Harmonia (1950)
Cantata (1960)
Sobre o Lado Esquerdo (1968)
Micropaisagem (1969)
Entre Duas Memórias (1971)
Pastoral (1977)
Trabalho Poético (1977–78)

Fiction:
Casa na Duna (1943)
Alcateia (1944)
Pequenos Burgueses (1948)
Uma Abelha na Chuva (1953)
Finisterra (1978)

Chronicle:
O Aprendiz de Feiticeiro (1971)

His works were translated to English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Russian.

External links
Carlos de Oliveira at Instituto Camões
Carlos de Oliveira at Poetry International Web
http://www.triplov.com/poesia/carlos_de_oliveira/index.htm (Portuguese)

1921 births
1981 deaths
People from Belém
Portuguese male poets
Portuguese male novelists
Portuguese expatriates in Brazil
University of Coimbra alumni
20th-century Portuguese novelists
20th-century Portuguese poets
20th-century male writers
Grand Officers of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

Carlos de Oliveira


Optimal control theory is a theory from mathematics. It looks at how to find a good (usually optimal) solution in a dynamic system. The system is described by a function, and the problem often is to find values that minimize or maximize this function over an interval.

There are several questions that arise:

 Are there any solutions, and can they be found?
 Are there any necessary conditions?
 Are these conditions sufficient?

In addition, there may be state restrictions. The state the system is in at a given point in time has to meet certain conditions.

Most of the foundations of optimal control theory were done by Lev Pontryagin, in the Soviet Union, and Richard Bellman in the United States.

An example of an optimal control problem might be a driver who wants to get from A to B in as little time as possible. There may be more than one route from A to B, and most of the time, the roads have speed limits.

Mathematics

Optimal control


The Bardoli Satyagraha, was a farmers' agitation and nationalist movement in India against the increased taxation of farmers by the colonial government. It demanded a cancellation of the 22% tax hike being levied in Bombay Presidency. The movement began on 12 June 1928. It was eventually led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave rise to Patel becoming one of the main leaders of the independence movement.

Background
In 1925, the taluka of Bardoli in Surat district of Gujarat suffered financial troubles. However, the government of the Bombay Presidency had raised the tax rate by 30% that year, and despite petitions from civic groups, it refused to cancel the raise in the face of the calamities. The situation for the farmers was grave enough that they barely had enough property and crops to pay off the tax, let alone feed themselves afterwards.

Considering options
The Gujarati activists Narhari Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vyas, and Mohanlal Pandya talked to village chieftains and farmers and solicited the help of Gujarat's most prominent freedom fighter, Vallabhbhai Patel. Patel had guided Gujarat's farmers during the Kheda struggle, and had served recently as Ahmedabad's municipal president. He was widely respected by common Gujaratis across the state.

Patel told a delegation of farmers frankly that they should realise fully what a revolt would imply. He would not lead them unless he had the understanding and agreement of all the villages involved. Refusing to pay the taxes could lead to their property being confiscated, including their lands, and many would go to jail. They could face complete decimation. The villagers replied that they were prepared for the worst but definitely could not accept the government's injustice.

Patel then asked Gandhi to consider the matter, but Gandhi merely asked what Patel thought, and when the latter replied with confidence about the prospects, he gave his blessing. However, Gandhi and Patel agreed that neither the Congress nor Gandhi would directly involve themselves, and the struggle would be left entirely to the people of Bardoli taluka.

Struggle

Patel first wrote to the Governor of Bombay, asking him to reduce the taxes for the year in phase of the calamities. But the Governor ignored the letter and reciprocated by announcing the date of collection.

Patel then instructed all the farmers of Bardoli taluka to refuse payment of their taxes. Aided by Narhari Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vyas and Mohanlal Pandya, he divided Bardoli into several zones, each with a leader and volunteers specifically assigned. Patel also placed some  activists close to the government, to act as informers on the movements of government officials.

Above all, Patel instructed the farmers to remain completely nonviolent and not to respond physically to any incitements or aggressive actions from officials. He reassured them that the struggle would not end until all taxes had been cancelled for the year and all seized property and lands had been returned to their rightful owners.

The farmers received complete support from their compatriots in Gujarat. Many hid their most precious belongings with relatives in other parts, and the protestors received financial support and essential supplies from supporters in other parts. However, Patel refused permission to enthusiastic supporters in Gujarat and other parts of India to go on in sympathetic protest.

The government declared that it would crush the revolt. Along with tax inspectors, bands of Pathans were gathered from northwest India to seize the property of the villagers and terrorize them. The Pathans and the men of the collectors forced themselves into the houses and took all property, including cattle (resisters had begun keeping their cattle inside their locked homes when the collectors were about to prevent them from seizing the animals from the fields).

The government began to auction the houses and the lands, but not a single person from Gujarat or anywhere else in India came forward to buy them. Patel had appointed volunteers in every village to keep watch. As soon as he sighted the officials who were coming to auction the property, the volunteer would sound his bugle. The farmers would leave the village and hide in the jungles. The officials would find the entire village empty. They could never find out who owned a particular house.

However, some rich people from Bombay came to buy some lands. There was also one village recorded that paid the tax. A complete social boycott was organized against them, and relatives broke their ties to families in the village. Other ways that the social boycott was enforced against landowners who broke with the tax strike or purchased seized land were to refuse to rent their fields or to work as labourers for them.

Members of the legislative council of Bombay and across India were angered by the terrible treatment of the protesting farmers. Indian members resigned their offices and expressed open support of the farmers. The government was heavily criticised, even by many in the government's offices.

Resolution
In 1928, an agreement was finally brokered by a Parsi member of the Bombay government. It agreed to restore the confiscated lands and properties, to cancel revenue payment for the year and to cancel the 22% raise until after the succeeding year. The government had appointed the Maxwell-Broomfield Commission to look in to the matter. After a rigorous survey, the raise in taxes was decided to be just 6.03%. However, the basic problems of the peasants were left unsolved, and bonded labour continued.

The farmers celebrated their victory, but Patel continued to work to ensure that all lands and properties were returned to every farmer and that no one was left out. When the government refused to ask the people who had bought some of the lands to return them, wealthy sympathisers from Bombay bought them out and returned the lands to the rightful owners.

Commemoration
The momentum from the Bardoli victory aided in the resurrection of the freedom struggle nationwide. In 1930, the Congress would declare Indian independence, and the Salt Satyagraha would be launched by Gandhi.

Patel credited Gandhi's teachings and the farmers' undying resolve, and people across the nation recognised his vital leadership. It was women of bardoli who bestowed the title Sardar for the first time, which in Gujarati and most other Indian languages means Chief or Leader. It was after Bardoli that  Sardar Patel became one of India's most important leaders.

See also

Non-Cooperation Movement
Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha
Farmers' movements in India
Patel: A Life, Rajmohan Gandhi

References

External links

Free India: Sardar Patel - The Hero of Bardoli

Vallabhbhai Patel
Gujarat in Indian independence movement
Gandhism
Tax resistance
1928 in India

Bardoli Satyagraha


The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt began when Lower and Upper Egypt were joined together as one country in about 3100 BC. This was called the Two Lands. The First and Second Dynasties ruled during this time. It ended in about 2686 BC, at the beginning of the Old Kingdom.

The capital city of the Two Lands was moved from Thinis to Memphis. The united Egypt was ruled by an Egyptian god-king. The main features of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture and religion, took shape during this time.

Before the Early Dynastic Period, Egypt was settled with small, separate villages. The rulers were able to set up a government system across the whole country, run by local royal governors. Government buildings were usually open-air temples made of wood or sandstone. Writing, in hieroglyphs began to be used just before this period. Little is known about the spoken language.

Cultural development

By about 3600 BC, neolithic Egyptian societies on the River Nile were growing crops and farming with animals.  Shortly after 3600 BC Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly. They made pottery in a new style and began using copper. The Egyptians began using sun-dried bricks for building. They also started using the arch, and recessed walls for decorative effect.

The societies and towns on the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt began to join together. This was also happening in the Nile Delta, or Lower Egypt. There were often wars between Upper and Lower Egypt. During his rule in Upper Egypt, King Narmer defeated his enemies on the Delta. He joined the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt together under his rule.  Narmer is shown in pictures wearing the double crown, called the Pschent, with the lotus flower of Upper Egypt and the papyrus reed of Lower Egypt. These symbols of a united Egypt were used by all future rulers.  In mythology, the falcon-god, Horus of Lower Egypt, won a battle over the god Seth, of Upper Egypt. This helped start the idea that Egyptian kings were gods and divine, which lasted for 3,000 years. It was the basis of Egypt's government.  The unification of societies of the Nile has also been linked to the drying of the Sahara.

Rich people began to have more complex funeral practices. The Egyptians began building mastabas which became models for later buildings, such as the Old Kingdom's Step pyramid. The growing of cereal crops and the use of central control to organize farm workers helped the success of the state for the next 800 years.

It seems certain that Egypt was unified culturally and economically long before its first king ruled from the city of Memphis. Political unification was a slow process, taking place over a century or so. Local areas started trading networks and governments were able to organize farm workers on a large scale. Divine kingship gained importance as the cults of gods like Horus, Seth and Neith spread across the country.

The Egyptian writing system was further developed. At first Egyptian writing was a few symbols showing amounts of various items. By the end of the third dynasty it had been grown to more than 200 symbols, both phonograms and ideograms.

First Pharaoh

Manetho, an Egyptian historian, said almost three thousand years later that Menes was the first king of the Two Lands. Menes is probably Narmer, the earliest recorded king of the First Dynasty Narmer's name is on the king lists of Den and Qa'a. The first dynasty kings saw Narmer as an important founding figure. Narmer is also the earliest king linked to the symbols of power over the two lands. The Narmer palette, a special cosmetic palette designed for ritual use, shows him wearing the Pschent, the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Another theory is that Narmer was the last king of the Protodynastic Period and that Menes was Hor-Aha.

References

Further reading

Other websites
Narmer Palette

3rd millennium BC in Egypt
4th millennium BC in Egypt

Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)


Eysturoy (, meaning 'East Island') is a region and the second-largest of the Faroe Islands, both in size  and population.

Description
Eysturoy is separated by a narrow sound from the main island of Streymoy. Eysturoy is extremely rugged, with some 66 separate mountain peaks, including Slættaratindur, the highest peak in the archipelago at . The country's two longest fjords, Skálafjørður in the south and Funningsfjørður in the north, almost split the island in two halves. The isthmus in between, Millum Fjarða, is one of the flattest areas in the country. Important settlements on Eysturoy are Fuglafjørður in the north and the densely populated area of the municipalities of Runavík and Nes in the south.

Eysturoy is connected with Streymoy by the Streymin Bridge over the Sundini. Leirvík on the east coast of the island is the gateway for transport connections to the north-eastern islands, particularly Klaksvík on the island of Borðoy, which is the Faroes' second-largest town. In December 2020, the sub-sea Eysturoyartunnilin (the Eysturoy Tunnel) was opened, creating a direct link between Runavík, Strendur and Tórshavn.

Sites of interest on Eysturoy include the villages of Eiði and Gjógv, the latter having a small natural port in a rock column; the Blásastova historical museum in the village of Gøta; and the  varmakelda (thermal springs) of Fuglafjørður. Off the northern tip of the island are the basalt sea stacks Risin og Kellingin.

The town of Glyvrar on the eastern coast of Eysturoy is the home-base for Bakkafrost, the largest company in the Faroe Islands. Bakkafrost is the eighth-largest fishing company worldwide. Four out of ten Premier league football clubs are in Eysturoy: IF (Fuglafjørður), NSÍ (Runavík), Skála ÍF and Víkingur (Leirvík). There are regional rowing festivals in Fuglafjørður (Varmakelda), Runavík (Eystanstevna), and one alternating between Skáli, Strendur and Vestmanna (Fjarðastevna). Accepted grind beaches are in Fuglafjørður, Funningsfjørður, Norðra- and Syðragøta, Norðskáli and Skálafjørður.

Important Bird Area
The north, north-east, and south-east coasts of the island have been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of their significance as seabird breeding sites, especially for Manx shearwaters (2500 pairs), European storm petrels (500 pairs) and black guillemots (300 pairs).

References

Further reading

 Viderö, Kristian Osvald. Saga Eysturoyar. Tórshavn: Bókagarður, 1994.

External links

 Personal website  with 15 aerial photos of Eysturoy

Islands of the Faroe Islands
Important Bird Areas of the Faroe Islands

Eysturoy


Tamago kake gohan  is a Japanese dish that the Japanese people eat for breakfast. It is cooked Japanese rice topped with a raw egg. Some toppings such as soy sauce and salmon can be added to it. It is also served in some known restaurants such as Sukiya.

Japanese food
Rice dishes

Tamago kake gohan


Vocational discernment is the process by which men and women in the Catholic Church discern, or recognize, their vocation in the church and the world. The vocations are the life of a layperson in the world, either married or single, the ordained life of bishops, priests, and deacons, and consecrated religious life.

Process
Each diocese, religious institute, or monastery usually has its own guidelines and advice for men or women discerning religious vocations. Many dioceses and religious institutes encourage men and women with potential vocations to spend time, usually anywhere from six months to a year, praying and asking God to enlighten them. Those who feel they might be called to a religious vocation are encouraged to seek a spiritual director to help them along the way. After the set time, many institutes have a formal discernment process which the candidate will engage in, before entering the institute as a novice, or the seminary.

Men
For men there are a number of vocations in the Catholic Church. The best known is the vocation to the priesthood, as either a diocesan or a religious priest. A diocesan priest serves in a particular diocese and is under the local bishop.  A religious priest (in this sense) is a member of a specific religious institute such as the Trinitarians, Holy Cross Fathers and Brothers, Augustinians or Jesuits. Diocesan and religious priests may also serve for a time in specific apostolates such as military chaplains or the maritime apostolate.

In addition, men may be called to religious life as a non-ordained friar, monk, or a brother. Friars are members of mendicant orders, such the Franciscans or Augustinians. Monks are usually members of cloistered communities. Friars, monks, and religious Brothers all take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Benedictine monks take a vow of stability, which is a commitment to their particular community. Members of societies of apostolic life, without taking religious vows, emphasize apostolic service and are fully active in society.

Other vocations for men in the Catholic Church include those to being permanent deacons, hermits, and consecrated members of a secular institute. It is possible for someone to experience a combination of vocations. Thomas Merton became a Trappist monk, was ordained a priest, and lived for a time in a hermitage on the monastery grounds.

Since the Second Vatican Council, it has become commonplace to consider committed single life, marriage, parenthood, and many other services as "lay" vocations, since each also requires a commitment to Christian faith and practice.

Women
For women, vocational discernment would consist of feeling called to marriage, the life of a religious sister or nun, a consecrated member of a Secular Institute, a hermit, or a Consecrated Virgin. The Catholic Church does not consider possible ordination of women to the priesthood.  Religious sisters are similar to active religious brothers. Nuns, in the strict sense of the word, correspond to monks.

As with men, it has become more popular since the Second Vatican Council to consider committed single life, marriage, parenthood, and many other services as "lay" vocations, since each also requires a commitment to Christian faith and practice.

Vocation to marriage
Traditionally the term vocation was used in the Catholic Church only to refer to priestly or religious vocations, the vocation to live a life directly consecrated to God.  Thomas Aquinas, e.g., only explicitly uses the term vocation to refer to vocation to grace or conversion, or to enter religious life, though it has been argued that his teaching may be logically extended to include marriage as a vocation. In the 20th century there has been a growing movement to extend the use of the term widely. The Second Vatican Council taught that  Christians, whatever their state, are called "to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity". The conclusion drawn from this principle is that any way of life that can be a full expression of Christian charity, and a means for growing towards the perfection of it, can be a vocation. Pope John Paul II taught that "there are two specific ways of realizing the vocation of the human person, in its entirety, to love: marriage and virginity or celibacy".

See also

Catholic religious order
Institute of consecrated life
Secular clergy
Universal call to holiness

References

Major orders in the Catholic Church
Catholic spirituality
Organisation of Catholic religious orders

Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church


Grillo-Theater  is a theatre in Essen, Germany. Named after the industrialist Friedrich Grillo, who made the building possible, it opened on 16 September 1892 with Lessing's drama Minna von Barnhelm.

The building was badly damaged in World War II; it was restored with a much simpler façade and re-opened in 1950 with Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Notable directors included Erwin Piscator, Jean-Louis Barrault, , Hansgünther Heyme. Caspar Neher became head of design in 1927 and designed here eight operas and 11 plays.

In 1988, the role of the Grillo-Theater as Essen's major stage venue was taken by the newly constructed Aalto Theatre which also opened with Die Meistersinger. Following a major reconstruction by the architect  and a reduction of the auditorium from 670 to 400 seats, the Grillo-Theater became a flexible smaller venue; it re-opened in September 1990 with Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

External links

Theatres in Essen
Theatres completed in 1892

Grillo-Theater