Tsinghua University (; THU) is a national public university in Beijing, China. The university is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. It is part of the Double First Class University Plan, former Project 985, and former Project 211, while being a member in the C9 League.

Tsinghua University's campus is situated in northwest Beijing on the site of the former imperial gardens of the Qing dynasty and is surrounded by a number of historical sites. Currently, the university has 21 schools and 59 departments with faculties in science, engineering, humanities, law, medicine, history, philosophy, economics, management, education and art. In 2023, Tsinghua University has more than 20,000 doctoral students, about 3,800 faculty members, and more than 2,800 postdoctoral fellows. Annual income in 2023 will exceed $6 billion.

The current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader of China, Xi Jinping, graduated from the school in 1979. The CCP General Secretary and former Paramount Leader of China Hu Jintao also graduated from Tsinghua in 1964.

History

Early 20th century (1911–1949)

Tsinghua University was established in Beijing during a tumultuous period of national upheaval and conflicts with foreign powers which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion, an uprising against foreign influence in China. After the suppression of the revolt by a foreign alliance including the United States, the ruling Qing dynasty was required to pay indemnities to alliance members. US Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US$30 million Boxer indemnity allotted to the United States was excessive. After much negotiation with Qing ambassador Liang Cheng, US president Theodore Roosevelt obtained approval from the United States Congress in 1909 to reduce the indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the funds would be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States.

Using this fund, the Tsinghua College () was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden to serve as a preparatory school for students the government planned to send to the United States. Faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States, and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. The motto of Tsinghua, "Self-Discipline and Social Commitment", was derived from a 1914 speech by prominent scholar and faculty member Liang Qichao, in which he quoted the I Ching to describe a notion of the ideal gentleman.

In 1925, the school established its own four-year undergraduate program and started a research institute on Chinese studies. In 1928, Tsinghua changed its name to National Tsing Hua University.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, many Chinese universities were forced to evacuate their campuses to avoid the Japanese invasion. In 1937, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Nankai University merged to form the Changsha Temporary University in Changsha, which later became the National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming, Yunnan. Tsinghua University returned to Beijing at the end of World War II.

Later 20th century (post-1949)
After the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, China experienced a communist revolution leading to the creation of the People's Republic of China. Tsinghua University's then president Mei Yiqi, along with many professors, fled to Taiwan with the retreating Nationalist government. They established the National Tsing Hua Institute of Nuclear Technology in 1955, which later became the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan, an institution independent and distinct from Tsinghua University.

In 1952, the Chinese Communist Party regrouped the country's higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet style system where each institution specialized in a certain field of study, such as social sciences or natural sciences. Tsinghua University was streamlined into a polytechnic institute with a focus on engineering and the natural sciences.

In 1953, Tsinghua established a political counselor program, becoming the first university to do so following the Ministry of Education's 1952 directive to begin piloting such programs. As political counselors, new graduates who were also Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries. The program was later expanded to other universities following its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping and became further institutionalized across China in the 1990s and 2000s.

During the Third Front construction, Tsinghua established a branch in Mianyang, Sichuan province.

From 1966 to 1976, China experienced immense sociopolitical upheaval and instability during the Cultural Revolution. Many university students walked out of classrooms at Tsinghua and other institutions, and some went on to join the Red Guards, resulting in the complete shutdown of the university as faculty were persecuted or otherwise unable to teach. It was not until 1978, after the Cultural Revolution ended, that the university began to take in students and re-emerge as a force in Chinese politics and society.

During the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign of 1973 to 1976, critique groups formed at Tsinghua and Peking University disseminated commentaries under the pseudonym of "Liang Xiao". The pseudonym sounds like a person's name but is a homophone for "two schools".

In the 1980s, Tsinghua evolved beyond the polytechnic model and incorporated a multidisciplinary system emphasizing collaboration between distinct schools within the broader university environment. Under this system, several schools have been re-incorporated, including Tsinghua Law School, the School of Economics and Management, the School of Sciences, the School of Life Sciences, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, the School of Public Policy and Management, and the Academy of Arts and Design.

In 1996, the School of Economics and Management established a partnership with the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. One year later, Tsinghua and MIT began the MBA program known as the Tsinghua-MIT Global MBA.

In 1998, Tsinghua became the first Chinese university to offer a Master of Laws (LLM) program in American law, through a cooperative venture with the Temple University Beasley School of Law.

21st century
Tsinghua alumni include the current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader of China, Xi Jinping '79, who graduated with a degree in chemical engineering, along with the CCP General Secretary and former Paramount Leader of China Hu Jintao '64, who graduated with a degree in hydraulic engineering. In addition to its powerful alumni, Tsinghua has a reputation for hosting globally prominent guest speakers, with international leaders Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Henry Kissinger, Carlos Ghosn, and Henry Paulson having lectured to the university community.

As of 2018, Tsinghua University consists of 20 schools and 58 university departments, 41 research institutes, 35 research centers, and 167 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. In September 2006, the Peking Union Medical College, a renowned medical school, was renamed "Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University" although it and Tsinghua University are technically separate institutions. The university operates the Tsinghua University Press, which publishes academic journals, textbooks, and other scholarly works.Through its constituent colleges, graduate and professional schools, and other institutes, Tsinghua University offers more than 82 bachelor's degree programs, 80 master's degree programs and 90 PhD programs.

In 2014, Tsinghua established Xinya College, a residential liberal arts college, as a pilot project to reform undergraduate education at the university. Modeled after universities in the United States and Europe, Xinya combines general and professional education in a liberal arts tradition, featuring a core curriculum of Chinese and Western literature and civilization studies and required courses in physical education and foreign languages. Furthermore, while most Tsinghua undergraduates must choose a specific major upon entrance, Xinya students declare their majors at the end of freshman year, enabling them to explore several different fields of study.

In 2016, Schwarzman Scholars was established with almost US$400 million endowment by Steven Schwarzman, the chairman and CEO of the Blackstone Group and other multinational corporations and global leaders. Schwarzman Scholars annually selects 100–200 scholars across the world to enroll in a one-year fully-funded master's degree leadership program designed to cultivate the next generation of global leaders. 40% students are selected from the United States, 20% students are selected from China, 40% are selected from rest of the world. These scholars reside on the university campus at Schwarzman College, a residential college built specifically for the program.

In 2016, Tsinghua's expenditures were RMB 13.7 billion (US$3.57 billion at purchasing power parity), the largest budget of any university in China.

According to a 2018 Financial Times report, Tsinghua University has been linked to cyber-espionage.

Academics
Tsinghua University engages in extensive research and offers 51 bachelor's degree programs, 139 master's degree programs, and 107 doctoral programs through 20 colleges and 57 departments covering a broad range of subjects, including science, engineering, arts and literature, social sciences, law, medicine. Along with its membership in the C9 League, Tsinghua University affiliations include the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, a group of 50 leading Asian and American universities, Washington University in St. Louis's McDonnell International Scholars Academy, a group of 35 premier global universities, and the Association of East Asian Research Universities, a 17-member research collaboration network of top regional institutions. Tsinghua is an associate member of the Consortium Linking Universities of Science and Technology for Education and Research (CLUSTER). Tsinghua is a member of a Low Carbon Energy University Alliance (LCEUA), together with the University of Cambridge and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Admissions
Admission to Tsinghua for both undergraduate and graduate schools is extremely competitive. Undergraduate admissions for domestic students is decided through the gaokao, the Chinese national college entrance exam, which allows students to list Tsinghua University among their preferred college choices. While selectivity varies by province, the sheer number of high school students applying for college each year has resulted in overall acceptance rates far lower than 0.1% of all test takers.

Admission to Tsinghua's graduate schools is also very competitive. Only about 16% of MBA applicants are admitted each year.

Research
Research at Tsinghua University is mainly supported by government funding from national programs and special projects. In the areas of science and technology, funding from these sources totals over 20 billion yuan, which subsidizes more than 1,400 projects every year conducted by the university. With the prospective increase of state investment in science and technology, research at Tsinghua is projected to receive more financial support from the state.

Each year, the university hosts the Intellectual Property Summer Institute in cooperation with Franklin Pierce Law Center of Concord, New Hampshire.

The scientific research institutions in Tsinghua University are divided into three categories, including government-approved institutions, institutions independently established by the university and institutions jointly established by the university and independent legal entities outside the university.

As of December 31, 2022, Tsinghua University has 428 university-level scientific research institutions in operation.

Rankings and reputation

General Ranking

Tsinghua University is consistently ranked among the top universities in the Asia-Pacific according to major international university rankings. Tsinghua University ranked No. 1 in China, the whole of Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries according to the Times Higher Education, with its industry income, research, and teaching performance indicator placed at 1st, 4th and 9th respectively in the world. Internationally, Tsinghua was regarded as the most reputable Chinese university by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where, it has ranked 9th globally and 1st in the Asia-Pacific.

Tsinghua University ranked 10 among Global Innovative Universities according to the World's Universities with Real Impact (WURI) 2020 ranking released by United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

Since 2013, Tsinghua also topped the newly created regional QS BRICS University Rankings. Tsinghua graduates are highly desired worldwide; in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017, Tsinghua was ranked 3rd in the world and 1st in the whole of Afro-Eurasia & Oceania region. In 2020, Tsinghua was ranked 15th in the world by QS World University Rankings, and ranked 6th globally and 1st in Asia in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings.

As of 2023, the Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed Tsinghua University 22nd in the world and 1st in Asia & Oceania region. The U.S. News & World Report ranked Tsinghua at 1st in the Asia-Pacific and 23rd globally in its 2023 Best Global Universities Rankings.

Tsinghua was the best-ranked university in the Asia-Pacific and the 18th worldwide in 2022 in terms of aggregate performance (THE+ARWU+QS) as reported by the Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities.

Research Performance
As of 2021, it ranked 3rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings. The Nature Index 2022 Annual Tables by Nature Research ranked Tsinghua 7th among the leading universities globally for the high quality of research publications in natural science.

For sciences in general, the 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Tsinghua University 3rd in the world after Harvard and Stanford based on the number of their scientific publications belonging to the top 1% in their fields. In 2022, Clarivate Analytics ranked Tsinghua second in the whole of Afro-Eurasia & Oceania region after Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and 5th in the world after (Harvard, CAS, Stanford and National Institutes of Health) for most cited researchers.

Subjects Rankings
Tsinghua University ranked 10th globally (first in the Asia & Oceania region), and it ranked first globally in 13 fields, including "Artificial Intelligence", "Chemical Engineering", "Energy & Fuels", "Electrical & Electronics Engineering", "Engineering", "Environmental Engineering", "Information & Computing Sciences", "Materials Engineering", "Mechanical Engineering", " Nanoscience & Nanomaterials", "Robotics & Intelligent Systems", "Sustainable & Renewable Energy", and "Technology" by the University Ranking by Academic Performance. Tsinghua is ranked 1st in the Asia & Oceania region and 14th globally by the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities with specific fields and subjects, ranked number one globally, including "Chemical Engineering", "Chemistry", "Civil Engineering", "Computer Science", "Electrical Engineering", "Material Science" and "Physics".

As of 2021, it ranked 6th globally in "Education", 7th in "Clinical, pre-clinical and Health", 11th in "Business and Economics", 12th in "Computer Science", 13th in "Life Science", 17th in "Engineering and Technology", 18th in "Physical Science", 33th in "Social Science", 37th in "Law", and 40th in "Arts and Humanities" by the Times Higher Education Rankings by Subjects, which are historical strengths for Tsinghua.

Since 2015, Tsinghua University has overtaken the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to top the list of Best Global Universities for Engineering published by the U.S. News & World Report and as of 2021, is also ranked number one globally in Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Energy and Fuels. As of 2021, the U.S. News & World Report placed "Chemical Engineering", "Chemistry", "Civil Engineering", "Computer Science", "Condensed Matter Physics", "Electrical and Electronic Engineering", "Energy and Fuels", "Engineering", "Environment/Ecology", "Material Science", "Mechanical Engineering", "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology" "Physical Chemistry" and "Physics" at Tsinghua in the global Top 10 universities.

In the ARWU's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020, Tsinghua ranks in the world's top five universities in "Telecommunication Engineering", "Instruments Science & Technology", "Civil Engineering", "Chemical Engineering", "Mechanical Engineering", "Nanoscience & Nanotechnology", "Energy Science & Engineering", and "Transportation Science & Technology" and falls within the global top 10 for "Electrical & Electronic Engineering", "Computer Science & Engineering", "Materials Science & Engineering", "Environmental Science & Engineering", and "Water Resources".

List of university departments and institutions

Department of Electrical Engineering
The department of electrical engineering at Tsinghua University plays a pioneer role in state power grid of China. The research focus of the department include following areas.
 Power System and its Automation: Security, stability, control and marketization of power systems;
 High Voltage and Insulation Technique: High voltage insulation, over voltage and its protection, electromagnetic compatibility, equipment detection and high voltage measurement;
 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus: Large-scale machines, special machines, motor systems in electrical vehicles, machine protection, high voltage switchgear;
 Power Electronics and Electrical Drive: Basic theory and topology research in power systems and industrial application, flexible AC transmission system, electrical machine drive and control, interface and application of renewable energy system, power quality;
 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering: Basic theory of electromagnetic field and its numerical calculation, electromagnetic measurement, wireless transmission of power energy, fault diagnosis based on electromagnetic theory.

Department of Industrial Engineering
Department of Industrial Engineering (Tsinghua IE) has three institutes:
 Operations Research & Data Science
 System Operation and Digital Management
 Human Factors and Human-System Interaction

The Department also operates two university-level multi-disciplinary application-oriented institutes or centers:
 Institute of Quality and Reliability
 Established jointly by Tsinghua University and State Administration for Market Regulation
 Institute of Industrial Culture
 Established jointly by Tsinghua University and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
 Center for Smart Logistics and Supply Chain Management
 Established jointly by Tsinghua University and Jiaozhou City at Qingdao City, Shandong Province.

Department of Mathematical Sciences
The Department of Mathematical Sciences (DMS) was established in 1927.

In 1952, Tsinghua DMS was merged with the Peking University Department of Mathematical Sciences. Then in 1979 it was renamed "Department of Applied Mathematics", and renamed again in 1999 to its current title.

Tsinghua DMS has three institutes at present, the institute of Pure Mathematics which has 27 faculty members, the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Probability and Statistics which has 27 faculty members, and the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Operations Research which has 20 faculty members. There are currently about 400 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students.

Department of Precision Instrument
The Department of Precision Instrument was called the Department of Precision Instrument and Machine Manufacturing in 1960 when it was separated out from the Department of Machine Manufacturing to be an independent department. Later, in 1971, it was renamed the Department of Precision Instrument. The mission of the Department of Precision Instrument at Tsinghua University, as its dean said, is "supporting the national development and improving the people's well-being."

Research
Research in the Department of Precision Instrument is divided to four main parts, led by its four research institutes: the Institute of Opto-electronic Engineering, the Institute of Instrument Science and Technology, the Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology, and the Center for Photonics and Electronics. At the same time, the Department of Precision Instrument has three key laboratories: the State Key Laboratory of Tribology, the State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, and the Key Laboratory of High-accuracy Inertial Instrument and System. It also has two national engineering research centers, which are the National Engineering Research Center of Optical Disk and the CIMS National Engineering Research Center.

 The Institute of Opto-electronic Engineering
The Institute of Opto-electronic Engineering (IOEE) was established in 1958. It obtained the Chinese government's authorization to offer PhD program in 1981 and the approval to build the post-doctoral research site in 1988. The research of the IOEE covers opto-electronic instruments, precision metrology and measurement, modern optical information processing, the theory and components of binary optics, and the birefringent frequency-splitting lasers. Several famous scientists work in the IOEE, including Professor Guofan Jin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and Professor Kegong zhao, formerly the president of the Chinese National Institute of Metrology.

 The Institute of Instrument Science and Technology
The Institute of Instrument Science and Technology is the most important institute in the State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument Science at Tsinghua University. The institute is equipped with advanced instruments and facilities, and its research has included every major area in modern instrument science and technology. Up to 2012, the institute have produced over 1500 publications, more than 100 patents, and acquired many significant awards.

 The Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology
The Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology is a relatively young institute in the Department of Precision Instrument which was established in 2000, with the intention to "[pursue] excellence in the research and development in the field of high-accuracy inertial instruments and navigation technology, as well as in MEMS inertial sensor fields, and to provide advanced training for future scientists and engineers in the field of inertial technology." Its research interests cover high-accuracy inertial instruments and navigation technology, MEMS inertial sensors and systems, and precise electro-mechanical control systems and their application. As of 2012, the area of the center is 2900 square meters, including approximately 550 square meters of clean rooms. Equipment and instruments in this center are worth over 50 million RMB (US$7.56 million).

 The Center for Photonics and Electronics
The center for Photonics and Electronics works on advanced laser and photonic technology. It houses 200 square meters of clean rooms and very modern laser instruments and equipment. The research of this Center covers solid-state laser technology, fiber laser technology, active optics technology, and laser detection technology. The center has published more than published more than 100 scientific papers including 40 indexed by SCI, has 18 national patents, and also frequently exchange visits and academic conferences with foreign scholars.

 The State Key Laboratory of Tribology
Under the authorization of China's State Planning Commission and Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Tribology (SKLT) was established in November, 1988. The present director of the SKLT is Professor Yonggang Meng, and the present chair of the Academic Committee of the SKLT is Professor Jue Zhong, who is also a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering.

The SKLT has one central laboratory and four sub-laboratories. It has been awarded numerous awards, including "two National Natural Science Awards, two National Invention Awards, one National Award for Science and Technology Progress, two National Excellent Science Book Awards, 25 awards from ministries or provinces of China, Edmond E. Bisson Award in 2003 from STLE, the 2008 PE Publishing Prize by the Editor and Editorial Board of the Journal of Engineering Tribology." Moreover, China's Ministry of Education recognized the SKLT as one of the creative groups in 2005, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China recognized the SKLT as one of the creative research groups in 2007. The TRibology Science Fund of the Key Laboratory of Tribology cooperates with National Natural Science Foundation of China in founding research projects in various applied sciences and technologies.

 The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments
Established in 1995, The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments is a joint laboratory of Tsinghua University and Tianjin University. It is a national key laboratory with two recognized national first-level key disciplines and their second-class disciplines. The research of The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments can be categorized into four major parts: laser and optoelectric measurement technology, sensing and information measurement technology, micro- and nano- measurement and fabrication technology, and quality control in manufacturing technology.

 The Key Laboratory of High-accuracy Inertial Instrument and System
The Key Laboratory of High-accuracy Inertial Instrument and System was established with the intention to support the research in the Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology. Since its establishment, it has won 5 provincial and ministerial level scientific awards.

Education
Currently, there are two disciplines in the Department of Precision Instrument: the discipline of the instrumental science and technology of precision instrument and mechanology and the discipline of optical engineering.

There are six teaching laboratories or centers which serve significant roles in undergraduate and graduate education in the Department of Precision Instrument. They are:
 The Teaching Lab of Manufacturing Engineering
 The CAD Teaching Centre
 The Engineering Graphics Teaching Laboratory
 The Creative Machine Design Teaching Laboratory
 The Experimentation Teaching Center for Measurement and Control Technology
 The Teaching Laboratory of Optics and Length Measurement
The department provides more than 40 courses of the undergraduate level and 25 courses of the graduate level.

School of Life Sciences
School of Life Sciences was first established in 1926 under the name Department of Biology. Botanist Qian Chongshu took up the first dean.

During the nationwide reorganization of universities in the early 1950s, the Department of Biology was merged into other universities, namely Peking University etc., resulting in a vacancy in the field of biological research in Tsinghua for almost 30 years.

In June 1984, decisions were made about the reestablishment of the Department of Biology, and the department officially reopened in September. During the reestablishment the Department of Biology of Peking University, the Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and many other institutes as well as biologists provided valuable support and help. The department changed its name to the current name in September 2009. As of 2013, structural biologist and foreign associate of National Academy of Sciences of United States Dr. Wang Hongwei (王宏伟) is the current dean of School of Life Sciences. The school currently has 129 professors and employees, around 600 undergraduates (including the candidates of Tsinghua University – Peking Union Medical College joint MD program).

Peking Union Medical College

The Peking Union Medical College was established in 1917 by the Rockefeller Foundation and was modeled on the US medical education system. Tsinghua first established its medical school in 2001 and in 2006, Tsinghua's medical school merged with the Peking Union Medical College renaming it "Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University". The school remains the top ranked medical school and general hospital in China according to CUCAS in 2015. The Peking Union Medical College is also the only medical school to be affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. It runs one of the most competitive medical programs in the country, accepting 90 students a year into its 8-year MD program. Students in the 8-year program spend 2.5 years at Tsinghua studying premedical education before moving onto Peking Union Medical College to complete the last 5.5 years in clinical medicine, basic medical education and research.

School of Economics and Management

The School of Economics and Management dates back to 1926, when Tsinghua University established its Faculty of Economics.

School of Journalism and Communication
The Tsinghua School of Journalism and Communication (TSJC) was established in April 2002. Its predecessor was Communication Studies in the Department of Chinese Language and Literature and its establishment of coincides with the development of media increasingly influencing world affairs in a time of fast-growing globalization. The school's research fields include International Communication, Film and Television Studies, New Media Studies, Media Operation and Management, and Business Journalism and are based on comprehensive academic research in journalism and communication theories. The objective of the school is to bring full advantage of Tsinghua University's comprehensive academic structure to Chinese and international media, to construct a first-rate discipline in journalism and communication studies, to cultivate talented professionals in the field and to explore advanced concepts in journalism and communication. The school also offers a two-year graduate program in international business journalism, sponsored by Bloomberg L.P. and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), that trains talented students and media professionals from around the globe in financial media and corporate communication.

The school has five research-oriented centers to organize and conduct academic research activities. They are: Center for International Communications Studies, Center for New Media Studies, Center for Film and Television Studies, Center for Media Management Studies and Center for Cultural Industry Studies.

School of Law

The legal studies at Tsinghua University can be dated back to the "Tsinghua College" era (1911–1929), where many students were sent to universities in western countries for legal studies. Graduating from institutions such as Columbia, Yale, and Harvard, those Tsinghua alumni have played an important role in areas of law and diplomacy. Famous legal scholars Tuan-Sheng Ch'ien, Yan Shutang (燕树棠), Wang Huacheng (王化成), Kung Chuan Hsiao (萧公权), Pu Xuefeng (浦薛凤), Mei Ju'ao (梅汝璈), Xiang Zhejun (向哲浚) and diplomat Tang Yueliang (唐悦良) are all graduates from Tsinghua College or went to study abroad after passing exams in Tsinghua College.

Tsinghua University School of Law was established in 1929 after Tsinghua College was renamed Tsinghua University. Legal education in Tsinghua University at the time focused on international affairs and Chinese legal studies. Courses on political science and economics could also be found on students' curriculum. Before the Japanese army invaded Beijing in 1937, the School of Law developed greatly. Many Chinese legal scholars graduated during that era, including Wang Tieya (王铁崖), Gong Xiangrui (龚祥瑞) and Lou Bangyan (楼邦彦).

In 1952, in response to the government policy of turning Tsinghua University into an engineering-focused university, the law school was dismissed; the faculty were appointed to other universities, including Peking University and Peking College of Political Science and Law (the predecessor of China University of Political Science and Law). Until 1995, there was no formal "school of law" at Tsinghua University, yet courses on law were still taught in Tsinghua University from the early 1980s.

On September 8, 1995, the Tsinghua University Department of Law was formally re-established; on April 25, 1999, the 88th anniversary of Tsinghua University, the university formally changed the department into the "School of Law". The "new" law school inherited the spirit of the "old" law school and has endeavored to add international factors to its students' curriculum. Due to its outstanding faculty members and students, the Tsinghua University School of Law has risen to become one of the leading law schools in China and since 2011, has been consistently ranked as the best or the second-best law school in mainland China by QS World University Rankings.

Graduate School at Shenzhen

The Graduate School at Shenzhen was jointly founded by Tsinghua University and the Shenzhen Municipal Government. The school is directly affiliated with Tsinghua University in Beijing. The campus is located in the University Town of Shenzhen since 18 October 2003.
The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, was jointly founded by Tsinghua University and the Shenzhen Municipal Government for cultivating top level professionals and carrying out scientific and technological innovations.
The academic divisions are the following:
 Division of Life Science and Health
 Division of Energy and Environment
 Division of Information Science and Technology
 Division of Logistics and Transportation
 Division of Advanced Manufacturing
 Division of Social Sciences and Management
 Division of Ocean Science and Technology

Campus

The campus of Tsinghua University is located in northwest Beijing, in the Haidian district, which was designated for universities and other academic institutes.

It is located on the former site of Qing dynasty royal gardens and retains Chinese-style landscaping as well as traditional buildings, but many of its buildings are also in the Western-style, reflecting the American influence in its history. Along with its rival and neighbor the Peking University, it is known throughout China and the wider world for having one of the most beautiful campuses. Tsinghua University's campus was named one of the most beautiful college campuses in the world by a panel of architects and campus designers in Forbes in 2010; it was the only university in Asia on the list.

Numerous architects were involved in the designing of buildings on the campus. American architect Henry Killam Murphy (1877–1954), a Yale graduate, designed early buildings such as the Grand Auditorium, the Roosevelt Memorial Gymnasium, the Science Building and the east side of the Old Library. Yang Tingbao designed the Observatory, the Life Sciences building, the Mingzhai of the student dormitory buildings and the middle and west side of the Old Library. Shen Liyuan designed the Mechanical Engineering Hall, the Chemistry Hall and the Aviation Hall. T. Chuang, a 1914 graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, helped design the campus grounds of the Tsinghua University with influences of Neoclassical and Palladian architectural styles and architectures. Other notable 20th-century Chinese architects such as Li Daozeng, Zhou Weiquan, Wang Guoyu and Guan Zhaoye have all designed various buildings on the Tsinghua University campus.

The university's Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology is on a separate campus in a northern suburb of Beijing.

The Tsinghua History Museum covers a construction area of 5,060 m2. A collection of old documents, pictures, artworks, maps, graphics, videos and music tells the visitors the history of Tsinghua University. The exhibition also pays tribute to the people who contributed to the development of the institution.

Notable people

Notable alumni
Tsinghua University has produced many notable graduates, especially in political sphere, academic field and industry. Forbes has referred to Tsinghua as China's "power factory", citing the amount of senior Chinese politicians the university has produced.

Notable alumni who have held senior positions in Chinese politics include current general secretary and president of China, Xi Jinping, former general secretary and president of China Hu Jintao, former chairman of the National People's Congress Wu Bangguo, former premier Zhu Rongji, and the former first vice premier Huang Ju. This also includes politicians like Wu Guanzheng, former governor of the People's Bank of China Zhou Xiaochuan, former minister of finance Lou Jiwei, general Sun Li-jen, Liang Qichao, and more. Since 2016, Tsinghua graduates who have political prominence are disproportionately greater in number than graduates of other famous universities.

Notable alumni in the sciences include Nobel laureate Yang Chen Ning, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with Tsung-Dao Lee on parity nonconservation of weak interaction; mathematician and winner of the Wolf Prize in Mathematics Shiing-Shen Chern, biologist Min Chueh Chang, theoretical physicist Zhou Peiyuan, astronomer Zhang Yuzhe, Leslie Ying, professor at the University at Buffalo and Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, James G. Dwyer Professor of Mechanical Engineering Qingyan Chen, architect and general director at the Beijing branch of the ISA Internationales Stadtbauatelier Yajin Zhang, Jianhua Lu, anthropologist Fei Xiaotong, sociologist and ethnologist Wu Wenzao, political scientist K. C. Hsiao, and Pan Guangdan.

Tsinghua is known for having educated the most billionaires of any university in China, and since 2017 counts 152 billionaires amongst its alumni. These include billionaires Sun Hongbin (real estate), chairman of Goertek Jiang Bin (components), Xu Hang (medical devices), and Zhang Zetian (e-commerce), among others.

Notable alumni in the arts and poetry include author Qian Zhongshu, Wen Yiduo, painter Xinyi Cheng, historian and poet Wang Guowei, Chen Yinke, and architect Xu Tiantian.

Tsinghua clique

The term Tsinghua clique refers to a group of Chinese Communist Party politicians that have graduated from Tsinghua University. They are members of the fourth generation of Chinese leadership, and are purported to hold reformist and hesitantly pro-democratic ideas (a number have studied in the United States following graduation from Tsinghua, and some are said to be influenced by the reform ideals of Hu Yaobang). In the PRC, their ascendance to power began in 2008 at the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

See also
 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
 Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute
 Anti-Corruption and Governance Research Center
 Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology
 Peking Union Medical College
 National Tsing Hua University
 SMTH BBS
 Tsinghua clique
 Tsinghua Holdings
 Tsinghua University Press
 Education in the People's Republic of China
 High School attached to Tsinghua University
 List of colleges and universities in Beijing
 Wudaokou

Note

References

External links

 Tsinghua University
 Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University
Project 211
Project 985
Plan 111
Universities and colleges in Haidian District
Architecture schools in China
Universities and colleges established in 1911
1911 establishments in China
C9 League
Vice-ministerial universities in China

Tsinghua University


Jeff Bean (born January 11, 1977) is a Canadian freestyle skier.

Bean competes in aerials, and made his World Cup debut in January 1996, and made his first World Cup podium later that season, finishing third in Kirchberg. One year later, Kirchberg was the site of his first two career World Cup wins, as he won events on back-to-back days.

Over his career, Bean placed on the podium at 17 World Cup events, and claimed 4 titles over a 10-year span. His most successful season came in 2003, when he placed 3rd overall in the World Cup standings. His lone medal at the World Championships came in 2005, when he finished second behind countryman Steve Omischl.

Bean competed in three Olympic games, beginning in 1998 and ending in 2006. His best finish was 4th in 2002, missing out on a medal by only two-tenths of a point. He also made the final in 1998, but finished 11th out of 12 competitors. In 2006, he was well positioned to make the final after the first jump, but a poor second jump left him in 19th place.

Additionally, Bean competed on the television show "Mantracker" in season 2, episode 8. He and fellow Olympian Steve Omishl, completed a gruelling 42 km route on foot in the Ontario wilderness over 2 days to beat the star of the show, Terry Grant, and sidekick Phil Lemieux to the finish line.

World Cup Podiums

References

External links
FIS profile

1977 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Canada
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Ottawa
Canadian male freestyle skiers

Jeff Bean


Joyce Mina Lundeen Holmberg (née Lundeen; June 19, 1930 – March 20, 2017) was an American politician and educator.

Born in Rockford, Illinois, Holmberg graduated from East High School in Rockford and was married to Eugene Holmberg. She received her bachelor's degree in education from Northern Illinois University and her master's degree in counseling psychology from Adler School of Professional Psychology. She also did graduate work at Rockford University. Holmberg worked as a teacher in the Rockford Public Schools and was an instructor at Rock Valley College. In the 1982 general election, Holmberg defeated Republican incumbent W. Timothy Simms to represent the 34th legislative district. From 1983 to 1993, Holmberg served in the Illinois Senate and was a Democrat. Dave Syverson, a Republican, defeated Holmberg in the 1992 general election. Holmberg died at Fairhaven Christian Retirement Center in Rockford, Illinois.

Notes

External links

1930 births
2017 deaths
Politicians from Rockford, Illinois
Northern Illinois University alumni
Rockford University alumni
Educators from Illinois
American women educators
Women state legislators in Illinois
Democratic Party Illinois state senators
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women

Joyce Holmberg


The Old Calton Burial Ground is a cemetery in Edinburgh, Scotland. It located at Calton Hill to the north-east of the city centre. The burial ground was opened in 1718, and is the resting place of several notable Scots, including philosopher David Hume, scientist John Playfair, rival publishers William Blackwood and Archibald Constable, and clergyman Dr Robert Candlish. It is also the site of the Political Martyrs' Monument, an obelisk erected to the memory of a number of political reformers, and Scotland's American Civil War Memorial.

The burial ground was altered following the construction of Waterloo Place in 1819, which divided the graveyard into two sections. Along with Edinburgh's other historic graveyards, Old Calton is managed by City of Edinburgh Council. The burial ground, including screen walls, and its monuments are protected as a category A listed building.

History

The villagers of Calton, a village at the western base of Calton Hill, buried their dead at South Leith Parish Church. This was so inconvenient that, in 1718, the Society of the Incorporated Trades of Calton bought a half acre of ground at a cost of £1013 from Lord Balmerino, the feudal superior of the land, for use as a burial ground for the village. Permission was granted for an access road, originally known as High Calton and now the street called Calton Hill, up the steep hill from the village to the burial ground.

The Society of the Trades of Calton expanded the burial ground a number of times. Burials ceased in 1869 but the Society remained in control until 1888. A new road, named Waterloo Place after the contemporary victory at Waterloo, was approved in 1814 and built between 1815 and 1819. This road cut through the existing graveyard, requiring major removal of bodies and stones which was done with a high degree respect, bones being carefully grouped and wrapped for removal to New Calton Burial Ground,  eastwards, where several of the more substantial stones were also re-erected. These transported stones belie the age of that burial ground, as it is odd to find 18th-century stones in a 19th-century cemetery. Due to the cut, a small section of the graveyard is isolated to the north side of Waterloo Place, and is accessed from Calton Hill (the street). The building to its east, part of Archibald Elliot's Waterloo Place development, was originally the Calton Convening Rooms for the Incorporated Trades of Calton built as a replacement for their old convening rooms, which were demolished to make way for Waterloo Place and the Regent Bridge.

In 1795, Herman Lion (one of several versions of his name), a Jewish dentist and chiropodist of German nationality who had moved to Scotland in 1788 and who could not be buried in a Christian graveyard, petitioned the Town Council of Edinburgh for a small piece of ground as a burial ground for himself and his family. A council minute of 6 May 1795 records that the Council agreed to convey to Lion a piece of ground on Calton Hill for seventeen pounds sterling. The location of this burial ground is indicated on the 1852 Ordnance Survey map as "Jews' Burial Vault (Lyons Family)" just outside the north wall of William Henry Playfair's City Observatory.

Monuments and burials

Martyrs' Monument

In 1793 several members of The Friends of the People, an early universal suffrage movement, were brought to trial and sentenced to 14 years' deportation, being charged before Lord Braxfield with "unconscious sedition" and treason for attempting to correspond with the French. Their true crime in the eyes of the judges was to push for universal suffrage, and the rights of the common man to control his destiny, i.e. voting rights for all, not just landowners. The men became known as the Chartist Martyrs. Thomas Muir of Huntershill was their leading figure, and he, along with four others who followed him, was banished to Botany Bay in Australia on 30 August 1793.

The huge obelisk (designed by Thomas Hamilton buried just behind), clearly visible from many central Edinburgh viewpoints, is the focal point of Old Calton Burial Ground, and was erected in their memory. The choice of this site is probably linked to the graveyard's lack of affiliation to any church, and prominent position. There is no known connection between any of the martyrs and Calton parish. The inscription reads:

The Scottish Reform Act 1032 eventually brought about their aim, and the men were pardoned in 1838. The monument was erected some 50 years after their stand, but was inspired by the Reform Act brought about by their original actions.

Scottish-American Soldiers Monument
(See also: List of statues of Abraham Lincoln)

The American Civil War Memorial, also known as the Scottish-American Soldiers Monument, was dedicated on 21 August 1893 to Scots who fought and died in the American Civil War. Depicting a standing figure of Abraham Lincoln, with a freed slave giving thanks at his feet, it is a focal point of the burial ground, located just in front of Hume's tomb.

It is the only monument to the American Civil War outside the United States and was the first statue to a US president outside her own borders. It is the only statue of Lincoln in Scotland.

Sculptures were by George Edwin Bissell and stonework by Stewart McGlashan & Son.  The base consists of polished red Aberdeen granite, 9 feet in height. A bronze shield bears the old US flag, and is wreathed in thistles to the left, and cotton to the right. Two regimental flags lie furled, the battle being over. The black man holds a book, indicating that he is not only free, he is also now educated. The monument was erected at American expense to a small group of Scots (only one of whom, William Duff, is buried under the monument, the rest being nearby) to whom it felt indebted, and wished their graves to be marked, despite their later poverty. They had all fought for the Union (the North) in the American Civil War.  The inscription, "To preserve the jewel of liberty in the framework of Freedom" is a quotation from the writings of Abraham Lincoln.

Those interred and commemorated are:
Sergeant Major John McEwan, Company H, 65th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry
Lt Col William L. Duff, 2nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Light Artillery (died of wounds on return to Edinburgh)
Robert Steedman, Company E, 5th Regiment Maine Volunteer Infantry
James Wilkie, Company C, 1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Cavalry
Robert Ferguson, Company F, 57th New York Volunteer Infantry
Alexander Smith, Company G, 66th Regiment New York Volunteer Infantry (this name was added in 1993 following research)

The following appears in the Town Council records

Five thousand dollars was subscribed in one-hundred dollar subscriptions from fifty gentlemen including:Levi P Morton, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, John S Kennedy, William Rockefeller, J. Pierpont Morgan, William Waldorf Astor, John Sloane, George Peabody Wetmore, Daniel Appleton Harper & Brothers, J. Kennedy Tod, John B. Dutcher, Solomon Turok, Caledonian Club, and Henderson Brothers of New York, David A Boody, John Arbuckle, Henry R. Heath, Francis H. Wilson, Andrew D. Baird, Andrew R Baird, Alexander S. Baird, William W. Baird and Joseph Stewart of Brooklyn, E. C. Benedict of Greenwich Conn.; James Benedict of Norwalk Conn.; Lynde Harrison of New Haven, Conn; John Beattie of Leete's Island, Conn.; Henry L Young, Andrew Smith, John Donald, and Wallace Bruce of Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; Peter Kinnear of Albany, N.Y.; George Munger of Fishkill, N.Y.; S. D. Coykendall of Rondout, N.Y.; J. Watts de Peyster of Tivoli, N.Y.; Edwin B. Sheldon of Delhi, N.Y.; E. Lemon and Nathan Bickford of Washington, D.C.; R. B. Leuchare and Henry Norwell of Boston, Mass.; W. J. Murphy of Phoenix, Arizona; J. B. White and friends of Fort Wayne, Ind.; Mr. McDonald of Cincinnati, Ohio; Thomas Waddell of West Pittston, Penn.; and George W. Childs of Philadelphia.It was the widow of Sgt Major McEwan who originally initiated the request by writing a letter of complaint to the United States government.

Tradesmen's monuments

A number of 18th-century monuments to local tradesmen are interesting for their detailed carving. The largest and most elaborate of these is that of John Morton, heelmaker, who died in 1728, aged 54. Although a long inscription is given, the stone is more notable for its form and decoration. It has a portico-style frame, with a pediment bearing a crest with two lions rampant. Two carved female figures flank the monument, exposing their breasts and holding a book open to view.

Another stone, dated 1762, bears a skull and the motto "Memento Mori", with an hourglass lying on its side, indicating the sands of life have stopped, as well as crossed bones and crossed turf cutter and spade, the tools of the sexton indicating more symbols of mortality together they remind us that death will come to us all. It is inscribed "Here lyes Margrat Thomson, spous to James Forsyth, shoemecker in Calton. She died Apl 30th 1760 and aged 43 years & allso 8th of her children".

David Allan

Even from an early age, the painter David Allan (1744–1796) showed artistic talent, being expelled from school for caricaturing a master. Known as "the Scottish Hogarth", he illustrated The Gentle Shepherd by Allan Ramsay and importantly much of Robert Burns' work. His grave was originally unmarked. The headstone was erected in 1874, almost 80 years after his death, by the Royal Scottish Academy, and includes a profile medallion insert of his likeness by John Hutchison.

David Hume

Historian and philosopher David Hume (1711–1776), author of Treatise of Human Nature, was a household name across Europe in the 18th century, and a critical figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. He was a strong influence on many other thinkers and public figures, Adam Smith among them. However, his grave had to be guarded for 8 days after burial, due to strong public hostility towards him at the time of his death, largely due to his professed atheism.

In his will Hume requested that a "Monument be built over my body ... with an Inscription containing only my Name and the Year of my Birth and Death, leaving it to Posterity to add the Rest." The tomb is a large cylindrical tower on the Edinburgh skyline.  It was designed by Robert Adam in 1777. While Hume was not religious, leading to his being buried in this non-denominational site, other family members did not hold his views. His niece is also interred here and she added a particularly Christian sentiment to her panel, which reads "Behold, I come quickly, thanks be to God which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ".

Hume's home, between 1771 and 1776, was relatively close by, on the corner of St David Street and St Andrew Square, but that location has never been visible from Hume's tomb (as some claim).

John Gray's stone

The very well-carved stone erected by Captain John Gray in memory of his parents, c1760, is in excellent condition, and is arguably the most interesting in the whole burial ground. It is inscribed with his name and then a carved anchor, beneath which is a carving of a 3-masted ship, flying the ensign, shown in bold relief. Down the left side of the stone is a death head and bearded, male head wearing a cap, which could presumably refer to his father. From the mouth spill two ribbons that link symbols of mortality: The King of Terrors main weapon of death, the scythe, is crossed with another implement, most likely a lance or dart, both of which are favoured symbols to be crossed with a scythe in funeral art; below, crossed bones. Down the right side is a female head, wearing a bonnet (his mother). Ribbons from the bonnet link again to symbols of mortality: a spade crossed (Tool of the sexton) with a coffin, and again crossed bones.

John Leishman McDougall VC

This very recently erected stone commemorates John McDougall (VC) (1840–1869), a soldier awarded the Victoria Cross for his infiltration of Taku Forts during the Second China War. The medal was later stolen from his home and its whereabouts are unknown.

Charles Mackay
Charles Mackay (1787-1857), comedian and actor, was particularly distinguished in his portrayal of the character of Baillie Nicol Jarvie, and other characters of Walter Scott's invention or adaption (most famously as Rob Roy). Mackay is allegedly the figure referred to in the phrase "the real McCoy".

In the 1830s Charles Mackay of the Theatre Royal is listed as living at 23 Dublin Street in the New Town.

He was born in Edinburgh but died in Glasgow. He was portrayed by Sir Daniel Macnee.

William Woods
From about 1772 to 1802 William Woods was the favourite and leading actor on the Edinburgh stage. The main marble tablet is eroded and illegible; a new inscription has been added to the rear, which reads "Re-erected 1865 by a few gentlemen who thought it well that the last resting place should not be forgotten of one who contributed largely to the enjoyments of his fellow creatures and whose taste and talents recommended him to the friendship of the poets, Fergusson and Burns".

John Haig
The Scots distiller John Haig is buried here, together with several members of the Haig whisky family. Haig is of most note for being instrumental in the enterprising promotion of whisky at the failure of the wine and brandy market in the late 19th century. As part of this venture he effectively invented blended whisky and turned whisky in Scotland into a true industry rather than a practice simply supplying local needs. The family business later became United Distillers. John Haig was the father of Field Marshal Lord Douglas Haig, of World War One fame. The latter does not lie in this family vault but is buried at Dryburgh Abbey.

Dr Robert Candlish
Dr Robert Candlish (1806–1873) was a clergyman and leader of the Disruption of the Scottish Church in 1843, when 470 ministers rose during the General Assembly, and left never to return due to growing differences of opinion on how the church was practicing. Together with Rev Thomas Chalmers he set up the Free Church of Scotland. Dr Candlish was previously minister of St George's Parish Church. He was a fervent author of religious books, and became Moderator of the Free Church in 1861. The Free Churches lost their right to burial in the parish churchyards due to the split. Most new churches are in restricted urban areas and most lack burial ground. Consequently, most Free Church members had to rely on burial grounds for burial. In this instance, Candlish has chosen to be buried in this more traditional, but still effectively non-denominational graveyard. His stone makes no mention of his achievements.

James Candlish, his father, was a medical lecturer in Edinburgh University and is also buried here. He was a friend of Robert Burns, who in 1791 described him as "the earliest friend, except me only brother, that I have on earth, and one of the worthiest fellows that ever any man called by the name of friend". Jean Smith, James' wife and Robert's mother, was one of the "Belles of Mauchline" referred to by Burns.

Thomas Hamilton

Thomas Hamilton RSA (1784–1858), was architect of the Royal High School building on Regent Road, the Bank of Scotland on the Mound, Physicians Hall on Queen Street, the Dean Gallery, and many other notable buildings, mainly in Edinburgh and Ayrshire. He co-founded the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) in 1826. His monument is relatively recent and he was previously undeclared within his family vault. There is now a bronze plaque bearing his likeness on the rear wall of the vault, having been erected by the pupils of the Royal High School on the centenary of the building of the school, June 1929. The stone in front of this vault has interesting Masonic iconography.

Curiously, in terms of the juxtaposition, he was architect of the Martyrs' Monument just a few yards north of his grave.

Daniel Stewart
Daniel Stewart (1741–1814) was the founder of Daniel Stewart's Hospital, one of Edinburgh's leading schools. This later became Daniel Stewart's College before merging with another school to form Stewart's Melville College. His sealed tomb has a heavy-studded timber door.

William Blackwood
William Blackwood (1776–1834), publisher and magistrate, was the founder of the Edinburgh Encyclopedia and Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. He was Sir Walter Scott's publisher for many years. The tomb is an enclosed vault with decorative iron gate.

Archibald Constable
Book collector and publisher Archibald Constable (1774–1827) was a rival of Blackwood, and also published Scott's work (Scott shopped around as he was not popular with publishers), advising him to publish the Waverley novels. Constable started to collect books from an early age, and was apprenticed to a bookseller at 14. By 1795 (aged 21) he had his own bookshop. In 1798 he began his notable career as a publisher. He founded Farmer's Magazine (1800), took over the Scots Magazine (1801), founded the Edinburgh Review (1802) and obtained the publishing rights to the Encyclopædia Britannica (1812). The bankruptcy of Scott and the Ballantyne brothers took Constable with them for a while, as all were linked. This large simplistic monument bears his head in bronze and the date of death but says nothing of his achievements.

Constable's nephew lies some yards to the west against the dividing wall. He was a lawyer of no huge note, but the monument has an interesting detail.  A small oval medallion at the base contains the motif of a caterpillar changing into a butterfly, symbolic of the soul leaving the body. The inscription is in Greek.

Robert Burn

The work of architect Robert Burn (1752–1815) includes Nelson's Monument on Calton Hill. This imposing family vault says nothing of his works. He was a respected architect by most, but not by his near-namesake Robert Burns, who commissioned Burn to erect a monument over the grave of his hero and inspiration, the poet Robert Fergusson who died in the poorhouse and is buried in Canongate Kirkyard, visible from the southern reaches of Old Calton. Such commissions were normal, as many architects specialised in funerary monuments. On this occasion Burns was less than happy, as he indicated in a letter: "Five pounds ten shillings per account, I owe Mr R Burn, architect, for erecting the stone over the grave of poor Fergusson. He was two years in erecting it after I had commissioned him for it, and I have been two years in paying him after he sent me his account, so he and I are quits!" Both William and John Burn, his sons, were also eminent architects. John is also buried here, but with no specific memorial. The monument itself is designed by his first son, William Burn, who is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.

Julius Von Yelin
The German knight and scholar Julius Conrad Von Yelin (1771-1826) came to Scotland to visit Sir Walter Scott, but died before the event, partly due to Scott's prolonged confinement, due to illness brought on by his bankruptcy. They "met" for the first time when Scott attended his funeral: " – and now his funeral will be the first public place that I shall appear at – he dead and I ruined. This is what you call a meeting." This was Scott's first public appearance following his woes. The stone postdates the funeral by a century.

John Playfair
Professor John Playfair (1748–1819) was an important mathematician and scientist of his day. He was brother to architect James Playfair and engineer William Playfair, as well as uncle of the architect William Henry Playfair. He was a close friend of James Hutton. Originally unmarked, his grave, immediately adjacent to Yelin's, was marked by a plaque unveiled in 2011. Playfair's monument (designed by William Henry Playfair) stands on Calton Hill rather than on his grave, and can be seen from the north section of the graveyard.

Peter Williamson
Peter Williamson (1730–1799), nicknamed "Indian Peter", was a colourful character born near Aberdeen. He was kidnapped and sold into slavery at the age of 13, and is one of the few well-documented examples of the early white slave trade. Peter escaped, and lived with Native Americans ("Indians") for some years (hence his nickname). He returned to Scotland and successfully sued Aberdeen Town Council for its part in his enslavement. This made him into a relatively rich man for his day. Partly backed by this cash he set up several enterprises, most notably the first Edinburgh Penny Post in 1773, which was usefully linked to one of the world's first street directories. He is buried in the Scott family grave along with his daughter Agnes Williamson Scott who married into the Scott family, however Peter Williamson's name does not appear on the monument.

Sir John Steell

Sir John Steell (1804–1891) acclaimed Scottish sculptor is buried in an unmarked grave in one of the family vaults to the side.

Others

Other burials include James Lumsden (1836–1899), a well-known singer of his day, Richard Dickson (1792–1857) architect, Thomas Dickson (antiquary) (1825-1904), William Sibbald (d. 1809) architect, Robert Kay (1740–1818) architect, and Prof George Wilson MD (1818–1859), a text book author and biographer. Betty Morton's monument was erected by Archibald Campbell Tait (1811–1882), Archbishop of Canterbury, in memory of his nanny. Iron tablets, such as the one to John and David Paton (builders of much of the Edinburgh New Town), c1830, were in vogue for a decade or two, and it was not realised how badly these items would weather. This one is in surprisingly good condition, and is still legible. The Paton's business rival of William Lunn (builder of Great King Street etc.) also lies here.

Thomas Smith (1752–1815) lighthouse engineer and step-father to Robert Stevenson (civil engineer) lies to the north-east.

Robert Kay (1740-1818) architect of the South Bridge scheme.

Margaret Rowand and James Anderson, the parents of Robert Rowand Anderson with a table stone to his design.

Rev John Barclay (1734-1798) founder of the Beran church is buried here, but the location is not clear.

William Sibbald and his son, architects of the Second New Town.

Margaret Rowand and James Anderson SSC, the parents of Rowand Anderson with a table stone to his design.

References

External links

Listed monuments and memorials in Scotland
Cemeteries in Edinburgh
Monuments and memorials in Edinburgh
Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh
Calton Hill
1718 establishments in Scotland

Old Calton Burial Ground


Ingram's brown snake (Pseudonaja ingrami) is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

Taxonomy
Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger described the species in 1908 as Diemenia ingrami, from a specimen collected on Alexandria Station in the Northern Territory. The specific name, ingrami, is in honour of Collingwood Ingram, who was an English ornithologist and horticulturist. The brown snakes were moved to the genus Pseudonaja by Australian naturalist Eric Worrell in the early 1960s on the basis of skull morphology, and reinforced by American herpetologist Samuel Booker McDowell in 1967 on the basis of the muscles of the venom glands. This classification has been followed by subsequent authors. Genetic analysis indicates that Ingram's brown snake is a diverged from the ancestor of all other brown snakes except the more basal ringed brown snake (P. modesta) and speckled brown snake (P. guttata).

Description
Ingram's brown snake grows to  long. It has a grey-brown to dark brown head and nape, black-brown to golden brown upper parts.  It has 17 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 190 to 220 ventral scales,  55 to 70 divided subcaudal scales (occasionally some of the anterior ones are undivided), and a divided anal scale.

Distribution and habitat
P. ingrami is native to a broad swathe of inland Australia, from northwestern Queensland to northeastern Western Australia. It lives in tussock grasslands on black soil, retreating into earth crevices.

Feeding
Ingram's brown snake eats small birds and mammals.

Reproduction
P. ingrami is oviparous, with clutches ranging between 12 and 18 eggs.

References

Pseudonaja
Reptiles of Western Australia
Reptiles described in 1908
Reptiles of Queensland
Snakes of Australia

Ingram's brown snake


Beauden John Barrett (born 27 May 1991) is a New Zealand professional rugby union player who plays as a fullback for Japan Rugby League One club Toyota Verblitz and who formerly played for the New Zealand national team.

Barrett won the World Rugby Player of the Year award in 2016 and 2017, was also a nominee for the award in 2018, and is only the second player to win the award in back-to-back years, after former teammate Richie McCaw. He also won the overall Sportsperson of the Year Award in the Taranaki Sports Awards in 2013, 2016 and 2019.

Barrett played at under-20 and Sevens levels for New Zealand before being called into the All Blacks' squad in May 2012, and made his international debut as a replacement in the final test against Ireland in Hamilton, when he kicked nine points, on 23 June 2012. He debuted for Taranaki in 2010, and debuted in Super Rugby with the Hurricanes in 2011.

Barrett holds the world record for consecutive wins since his first test (19 wins from 19 tests).

Early life
Barrett was born in New Plymouth to parents Robyn and Kevin Barrett. He grew up on a farm in Pungarehu, a small town in South Taranaki near Ōpunake, with his seven siblings. He has four brothers and three sisters, including Kane, a former Blues representative and Taranaki captain and current All Blacks, Scott and Jordie. Barrett spent a year in Ireland when he was eight years old. He attended St Fiach's National School in Ballinacree, where he and his brother Kane learned how to play Gaelic football. He played for the Rahotu and Coastal Rugby clubs throughout his early childhood rugby, whilst he also represented Francis Douglas Memorial College in New Plymouth, alongside All Black teammate Liam Coltman, where he excelled in its first XV.

Barrett came to the attention of national selectors at the age of 19, after he was selected in the New Zealand Sevens team for the final two legs of the 2010 IRB Sevens World Series in England and Scotland and debuted for Taranaki in the ITM Cup against Northland.

Professional career

Early career
Barrett made his debut for Taranaki in the 2010 ITM Cup competition, coming on as a replacement against Northland. The 19-year-old had made a huge impression in his opening season for the province, especially in his ability to attack the line and create space which saw him named most promising player of the year. Barrett soon enough caught the eyes of coaches, after a solid performance against Manawatu. Coming off the bench to score a 65-metre solo try that secured his side a bonus point win with 10 minutes to play. Barrett's try, his third of the season, helped Taranaki to their eighth win of the season, maintaining their position in the top four.

With his season over with Taranaki, it left Barrett with tough decisions to make on his Super Rugby future. Weighing up whether to take up a wider training group contract with the Hurricanes or look at other offers, including one from the Blues. Barrett decided to opt with the Hurricanes to become a Hurricanes wider squad member in 2011 after turning down the offer from the Blues. He was called up by the Hurricanes before the side's 2011 tour to South Africa where he saw time off the bench, earning his first four Hurricanes caps. He made his debut in a 50–47 win over the Cheetahs in Bloemfontein, a match that saw the Hurricanes prevail on full-time with a try to lock Jeremy Thrush that Barrett converted.

In his second season with the Taranaki squad for the 2011 ITM Cup, Barrett scored 90 points for the season, including an ITM Cup record after he kicked nine penalties in a 39–33 win over Bay of Plenty. With Barrett playing, Taranaki finished a respectable third placing in the ITM Cup and was instrumental in securing his side the Ranfurly Shield off Southland. Barrett was crowned Taranaki best back of the year for his efforts.

2012–13
In 2012, Barrett began with his first Super Rugby match-day start with the Hurricanes against the Stormers. He produced a man of the match performance during a 39–26 loss. Barrett lead effectively with two try assists, one for second five Tim Bateman and another for reserve hooker Motu Matu'u that was later disallowed by the television match official. He scored one himself and landed all of his six attempts at goal.  Barrett also celebrated a record-setting display of goal kicking during the Hurricanes' 66–24 win over the Melbourne Rebels. It saw his 21 points break several franchise records previously held by Jon Preston, including his 1997 mark of 152 points for the season. He landed all nine of his conversion attempts, eclipsing the previous mark of six shared by Christian Cullen, Willie Ripia and Jimmy Gopperth. It was only the second time the Hurricanes have scored nine tries in a match and their total of 66 bettered the 64 scored against Northern Transvaal in 1997.

In June 2012, Barrett was named in the All Blacks squad for the Irish tour of New Zealand. Barrett's Test debut was a memorable one; the first five-eighth coming off the bench after 24 minutes and helping the All Blacks contribute 9 points to a record 60–0 win over the Irish. He went on to play five Tests in 2012.

Due to his international duties, Barrett appeared only four times in 2012 for Taranaki, recording a respectable 60 points. He began the season with a win over Bay of Plenty, whilst scoring a 70-meter intercept try and converting all his goals. Barrett was then released from New Zealand national coach Steve Hansen to start in his first run-on against Wellington since Taranaki's successful Ranfurly Shield defence against Tasman on 1 September. He also featured in 2012 rugby semifinals, when Taranaki took on Canterbury. The match had to go into extra-time after a 27-all draw at full time.

In 2013, Barrett represented the Hurricanes in his third Super Rugby campaign and finished with 186 points for the year. He found his best form of the season playing majority in the number 10 position but was switched to fullback now and then throughout the season after he showed his versatility for the Hurricanes in the position that year. With his international commitments, Barrett was kept from running out for Taranaki. Although he did feature at the launch of the side's 2013 alternative rugby jersey revealing.

Barrett returned to international rugby in 2013, being named in the All Blacks squad for the French tour of New Zealand. Barrett was a key player, playing in the historic 30–0 victory over France, scoring his first test try, which was subsequently voted International Rugby Players' Association's Try of the Year for 2013.

2014–15
Barrett ended speculation concerning his future by signing a two-year contract extension with the Hurricanes in 2014. The then 23-year-old only signed a 12-month deal the previous year after reportedly almost joining the Blues. Along with Julian Savea, he started all sixteen matches for the Hurricanes and by early April, in the 2014 Super Rugby season, Barrett had already scored 100 points. He finished the season scoring 209 points.

In June 2014, Barrett featured in all of the three Tests against England starting on the bench, in the mid-year Test series. He played in the opening 2 Bledisloe Cup Test games against Australia starting from the bench in August.

In September 2014, Barrett got the opportunity to start in the All Blacks No. 10 jersey for the first time in his career. He played against Argentina at McLean Park in Napier following an injury to Aaron Cruden. Despite having a tough night with his goal-kicking, succeeding with only one from five attempts, he produced a strong 55-minute performance and were involved in setting up the team's three tries. He was then subbed-off by Colin Slade in the 55th minute. The following week, he was benched for the home-game clash against South Africa and came on to replace Aaron Cruden in the 58th minute of the All Blacks' 14–10 win over South Africa, kicking a successful penalty goal.

Following Cruden's boozy night out and off-field drama, Barrett got more opportunity to start in the All Blacks No. 10 (Fly Half) role, starting for the last two Tests of the Rugby Championship. He guided the All Blacks to a third straight Rugby Championship Title in the All Blacks' 34–13 win over Argentina in La Plata and then featured in the 25–27 loss to South Africa in Johannesburg. He finished the Rugby Championship with 30 points (6 conversion goals and 6 penalty goals) as 5th highest point-scorer (behind teammate Aaron Cruden with 37 points).

On 18 October 2014, despite Cruden returning to the team squad for the third Bledisloe Cup match in Brisbane, coach Steve Hansen selected Barrett to start at No. 10 for the team's clash against the Wallabies. He played for 72 minutes, kicking 3 goals from 4 attempts and produced a strong performance, before being replaced by Colin Slade. The All Blacks won the game 29–28.
Barrett was selected for the 2015 Rugby World Cup, starting in one fixture against Namibia, and coming off the bench to cover wing and fullback in the rest.

In 2015, Barrett had a couple of injuries throughout the Hurricanes 2015 season. He first had a frustrating month of rehabilitation for a knee injury suffered against the Crusaders on 2 May after Barrett's scans revealed a grade-two tear of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in his right knee. He had been ruled out of the Hurricanes' Super Rugby derby match against the Chiefs with a calf strain. Barrett returned to Hurricanes just in time for the 2015 Super Rugby final in which the Highlanders created an upset and heaped heartbreak on the Hurricanes with a 21–14 win in Wellington.

Barrett returned to Taranaki in 2015, after missing the 2013 and 2014 seasons for the province after featuring at first five-eighth against Otago in round three of the competition. His performance did not go unnoticed after a break, from set play, saw him break the Otago line with ease, and speed, to find wing Jackson Ormond in support to take his pass for the opening try in the 12th minute. With three minutes left in the first half, he sized up his options perfectly again to slip a kick across field where right wing Codey Rei was waiting in clear space to secure the ball and score.

All Black Head Coach, Steve Hansen, selected Barrett for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Barrett started in one fixture against Namibia, and coming off the bench to cover wing and fullback in the rest. On 31 October 2015, Barrett scored the final try in the 2015 Rugby World Cup final match against Australia, having been substituted on for the injured Nehe Milner-Skudder. Dan Carter converted his try to make the final score 34–17.

2016–17
In 2016, Barrett scored the most individual points that season with 223, in addition he was the only player in the 2016 Super Rugby season to surpass 200 points. He was named man of the match in the Super Rugby final, scoring 15 points as the Hurricanes beat the Lions 20-3 to win their first title.

During the Wales tour to New Zealand, Barrett came off the bench in the second test after Aaron Cruden was injured, he scored 11 points in the second test which New Zealand won 36-22. Barrett started in the final test against Wales; he was praised heavily for his 26-point haul in a 46-6 demolition of a tired Wales side.

Due to his superb form for the Hurricanes and against Wales during their tour; Barrett supplanted an injury-plagued Aaron Cruden at fly-half for the 2016 Rugby Championship. He seemed to cement his position as New Zealand's first choice fly-half as New Zealand beat Australia by a record 42-8, away; he followed this with another 29-9 victory over Australia in round 2. Barrett only seemed to get better as the Rugby Championship continued as New Zealand comfortably beat Argentina 57-22 and South Africa 41-13, winning the Championship with two rounds to spare. Barrett finished as the highest point scorer of the tournament, scoring 81 points across the 6 matches played. Barrett supplanted Aaron Cruden as New Zealand's first-choice by the end of the competition and carried on being a regular starter in the end of year tour.

Barrett managed to convert his brother Scott Barrett's first test try in the All Blacks' 40-29 loss against Ireland in November, after Scott scored on debut.

Barrett won the award for World Rugby Player of the Year, later in the year, beating teammate Dane Coles to the award and becoming the next All Blacks player after Dan Carter to win that award. Barrett's 95-meter individual try against France in New Zealand's final match for the year saw Barrett overtake Ben Smith as the second to highest try scorer in the All Blacks for the year, scoring 9 tries throughout the calendar year, having doubled his career total. Barrett finished behind winger Israel Dagg, who scored 10 tries that year.

Barrett played in most Hurricanes fixtures, during the 2017 Super Rugby season, but lent his kicking duties to younger brother, Jordie Barrett, during the season due to a leg problem. Despite this, Barrett still scored 58 points in the season. Barrett's discipline was also notably off, with Barrett ending the season as the most-carded player of the year. Barrett received four yellow cards, as well as a red card during the season. Barrett earned this red card, which was the first of his career, for being awarded two yellow cards against the Waratahs, having performed a deliberate knock-down and an offside against the Waratahs.

Barrett was selected for the All Blacks' 33-man squad to face Manu Samoa and the British and Irish Lions in 2017. His brothers Scott and fellow Hurricane Jordie were selected too. This meant the Barrett family were the first to have three siblings selected for the same All Blacks squad. Barrett scored 24 points including two tries in his 50th test match, against Samoa, on 16 June 2017, which was also his brother Jordie's debut. Although Beauden and Jordie were not on the pitch at the same time, Scott shared game time with both of them.

Barrett went on to score 41 points in the three tests against the British and Irish Lions, being the highest points scorer of the series. The All Blacks drew the series with the Lions, with Barrett missing three of his ten kicks during the second test of the series.

Barrett was retained as a regular starter for the 2017 Rugby Championship, despite calls from the public to replace Barrett with outstanding Highlanders first-five Lima Sopoaga. Barrett was named as the All Black Vice-Captain, for the rest of 2017, replacing Ben Smith who took a sabbatical leave. In the final match of the Rugby Championship against South Africa, Barrett was subbed off after only 33 minutes for a concussion test, being replaced by Lima Sopoaga. The All Blacks went on to win 25-24 after Barrett failed to make it back on the field.

Barrett returned from concussion to captain the All Blacks for the first time, in a non-cap match over the Barbarians on 4 November, which the All Blacks won 31-22 (Barrett slotting 3 conversions). Barrett started in all three tests on the end-of-year tour, scoring the winning try against Scotland in a tense 22-17 win.

Barrett was awarded World Rugby Player of the Year for the second time in 2017, beating team-mate Rieko Ioane to the award, joining former team-mates Richie McCaw and Dan Carter to become the third player to win the award on more than one occasion, as well as becoming only the second player to win the award twice in successive years. Barrett also scored the second-to-most tries of any All Black in 2017, tying with Waisake Naholo and scoring six tries in 2017. Ioane was the only All Black to score more than Barrett, scoring 10 tries in 2017.

2018
On 10 March 2018, Barrett as well as his Hurricanes team-mate Ben May, played their 100th game for the Hurricanes, in Round 4, against the Crusaders. The Hurricanes won the match 29-19, with Barrett lasting the full 80 minutes. Barrett finished the Super Rugby season with 117 points, including five tries.

Barrett scored the first All Black try of 2018, but he had limited participation in the three-test 2018 Steinlager series against France, due to injury. On 16 June 2018, Barrett was replaced by Damian McKenzie only 12 minutes into the test. Barrett was taken off the field for a concussion test, which he failed, due to a mid-air clash with French fullback Benjamin Fall. Fall was controversially red-carded, by referee Angus Gardner, for causing Barrett's dangerous landing, although Fall was later cleared and was not suspended for doing so. Barrett did not play in the third test of the series, with the All Blacks going on to win all three tests.

The 2018 Rugby Championship was somewhat of a mixed competition for Barrett. He was the second-to-highest point scorer in the Rugby Championship, with 61 points. This included five tries, bringing Barrett's career try tally to 30 tries, a major career milestone. Four of the tries Barrett scored in the competition, were all in one test, on 25 August 2018, against the Wallabies. Barrett became the first All Black to score four tries in a test since his former team-mate Zac Guildford scored four against Canada in 2011. Barrett also won Man of the Match for that performance, becoming the first player to ever score more than three tries against the Wallabies, scoring 30 points in the process. Barrett was deemed to have silenced critics who wanted him replaced by Crusaders first-five and new All Black, Richie Mo'unga, but also arguably cost the All Blacks a win with his follow-up performance.

On 15 September 2018, in his following performance, Barrett managed to kick only two of the six goals he attempted against South Africa. The All Blacks then narrowly lost to South Africa, by 34-36. Had Barrett kicked two more of his goals, the All Blacks could have won by two points. Barrett's performance against South Africa was answered by the All Black selectors, with Mo'unga chosen over Damian McKenzie as Barrett's back-up off the bench. Barrett performed well in the last round of the competition, when he was moved to fullback, after Richie Mo'unga replaced winger Waisake Naholo. Barrett, Mo'unga and Hurricanes loose forward, Ardie Savea, had a commanding teamwork in the last 20 minutes, allowing the All Blacks to beat South Africa 32-30.

Barrett's 2018 end-of-year tour saw him surpass Dan Carter as the most prolific try-scorer to ever play at first-five, as he scored the 31st of his career in the third Bledisloe Cup test, against the Wallabies, off a pass from Rieko Ioane, during a 37-20 win.

After being rested and missing out on a test against Japan, Barrett was retained in the starting lineup for the test against England, on 10 November 2018, after New Zealand went for four years without playing England. With Richie Mo'unga on the bench, and Damian McKenzie at fullback, Barrett was one of three first-fives fielded by New Zealand on the day. Barrett's performance against England also saw him kick the first drop-goal of his professional career, in the 46th minute, answering the ongoing criticism for his goal-kicking. Barrett's performance made a big contribution to the final score, 16-15, a win for New Zealand. However, Barrett did concede what could have been the match-winning try to England. England's then third-choice openside flanker, Sam Underhill, outran Barrett to score what would have been a try. Underhill's try was ruled out due to an offside charge down from replacement forward, Courtney Lawes, which left Barrett's 100% kicking percentage as the way New Zealand won the test.

The week following the England test, Barrett also kicked a drop goal against Ireland in an ill-fated loss, 9-16. Barrett was New Zealand's only point-scorer in the loss, also kicking two penalty goals. Barrett was subbed off in the final test of the year, against Italy, scoring a 15-point haul during the 66-3 win.

2019

Following the 2019 Super Rugby season, Barrett re-signed with New Zealand Rugby through to 2023, also announcing that he would be switching Super Rugby clubs, from the Hurricanes, to the Auckland-based Blues. Barrett finished his career with the Hurricanes as their all-time leading points-scorer, with 1238 points, also finishing as the fourth-to-most capped Hurricane of all-time, behind Conrad Smith, Ma'a Nonu and current All Blacks teammate, TJ Perenara.

In the All Black's 2019 Rugby Championship campaign, Barrett started one game at first five and two games at fullback. Even after partially handing over the kicking duties to Richie Mo'unga, Barrett was able to score a total of 20 points across the All Black's 3 games, making him the All Black's top point scorer (10 points vs Argentina, 5 points vs South Africa, and 5 points vs Australia.

After continued poor performances by Ben Smith and Rieko Ioane, Barrett started his third consecutive test at fullback, against Australia during the second Bledisloe Cup test of 2019. The 36-0 win was also a success for Barrett's partnership with Richie Mo'unga, the new regular at first-five, with Mo'unga having overtaken Barrett as the first-choice.

All Blacks Head Coach, Steve Hansen named Barrett in New Zealand's 31-man squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup on 28 August 2019, with the competition set to be Barrett's second World Cup. Barrett went on to play in five tests during the competition, although it ended in disappointment for New Zealand, who finished in third place.

2020

In a season disrupted by COVID-19 Barrett played for the Blues in the 2020 Super Rugby season until it was suspended and in the subsequent 2020 Super Rugby Aotearoa season.

In October and November the All Blacks played six tests and Barrett appeared in five of them, three against Australia and two against Argentina. He started as first five-eighth in the last test against Australia but in the other four tests he started at Fullback. He did not score any tries or points, Richie Mo'unga and Jordie attended to goal kicking duties.

2021

In 2021 Barrett had a sabbatical in Japan with Top League club Suntory Sungoliath so he did not appear for the  Blues in the 2021 Super Rugby Aotearoa or Super Rugby Trans-Tasman.

Barrett returned for the international season and on 30 October 2021 he played his 100th test match, in the fixture against Wales at Principality Stadium in Cardiff. He scored two tries.

Personal life
Barrett proposed to his long-time partner Hannah Laity in 2018 and they married the following year in a private ceremony on Rakino Island. Together they have two children.

Career statistics

Club summary

List of international tries

|-
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| 15 June 2013
| AMI Stadium, Christchurch, New Zealand
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|
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| Test match
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| 22 June 2013
| Yarrow Stadium, New Plymouth, New Zealand
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|
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| Test match
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| 5 October 2013
| Emirates Airline Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
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| 2013 Rugby Championship
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| 2 November 2013
| Prince Chichibu Memorial Stadium, Tokyo, Japan
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|
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| Test match
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| rowspan="2" | 22 November 2014
| rowspan="2" | Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | Test match
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|
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|-
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| 24 September 2015
| London Stadium, London, England
|
|
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| 2015 Rugby World Cup
|-
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| 24 October 2015
| Twickenham Stadium, London, England
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|
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| 2015 Rugby World Cup
|-
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| 31 October 2015
| Twickenham Stadium, London, England
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|
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| 2015 Rugby World Cup
|-
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| 18 June 2016
| Westpac Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand
|
|
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| Test match
|-
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| rowspan="2" | 25 June 2016
| rowspan="2" | Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin, New Zealand
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | Test match
|-
|
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|-
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| 20 August 2016
| ANZ Stadium, Sydney, Australia
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|
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| 2016 Rugby Championship
|-
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| 10 September 2016
| FMG Stadium Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
|
|
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| 2016 Rugby Championship
|-
|
| rowspan="2" | 8 October 2016
| rowspan="2" | Growthpoint Kings Park, Durban, South Africa
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | 2016 Rugby Championship
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|
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|-
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| 19 November 2016
| Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland
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|
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| Test match
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| 26 November 2016
| Stade de France, Paris, France
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|
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| Test match
|-
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| rowspan="2" | 16 June 2017
| rowspan="2" | Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | Test match
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|
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | 26 August 2017
| rowspan="2" | Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin, New Zealand
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | 2017 Rugby Championship
|-
|
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|-
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| 9 September 2017
| Yarrow Stadium, New Plymouth, New Zealand
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|
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| 2017 Rugby Championship
|-
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| 18 November 2017
| Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland
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|
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| Test match
|-
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| 9 June 2018
| Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand
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|
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| Test match
|-
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| 18 August 2018
| ANZ Stadium, Sydney, Australia
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|
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| 2018 Rugby Championship
|-
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| rowspan="4" | 25 August 2018
| rowspan="4" | Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand
| rowspan="4" |
|
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" | 2018 Rugby Championship
|-
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|-
|
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|-
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|-
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| 27 October 2018
| Nissan Stadium, Yokohama, Japan
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|
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| Test match
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| 24 November 2018
| Stadio Olimpico, Rome, Italy
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|
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| Test match
|-
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| 10 August 2019
| Optus Stadium, Perth, Australia
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|
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| 2019 Rugby Championship
|-
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| 2 October 2019
| Ōita Bank Dome, Ōita, Japan
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|
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| 2019 Rugby World Cup
|-
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| 19 October 2019
| Tokyo Stadium, Tokyo, Japan
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|
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| 2019 Rugby World Cup
|-
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| 1 November 2019
| Tokyo Stadium, Tokyo, Japan
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| 2019 Rugby World Cup
|-
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| 23 October 2021
| FedExField, Washington, D.C., United States
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|
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| Test match
|-
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| rowspan="2" | 31 October 2021
| rowspan="2" | Principality Stadium, Cardiff, Wales
| rowspan="2" |
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| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | Test match
|-
|
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|-
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| 9 July 2022
| Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin, New Zealand
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|
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| Test match
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| 3 September 2022
| FMG Stadium Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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|
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| 2022 Rugby Championship
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| 8 July 2023
| Estadio Malvinas Argentinas, Mendoza, Argentina
|
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| 2023 Rugby Championship
|}

Honours

New Zealand

 Rugby World Cup / Webb Ellis Cup
Winner: 2015
Third-place: 2019
Runner-up: 2023

References

External links

 Beauden Barrett at IRB (archived)

1991 births
Living people
Beauden
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Hurricanes (rugby union) players
New Zealand international rugby sevens players
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand people of Irish descent
New Zealand rugby union players
People educated at Francis Douglas Memorial College
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from New Plymouth
Taranaki rugby union players
Tokyo Sungoliath players
2015 Rugby World Cup players
2019 Rugby World Cup players
2023 Rugby World Cup players

Beauden Barrett


Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) was an American geneticist. He was known for his work on bacterial transduction, artificial intelligence, and space exploration. He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that bacteria can mate and exchange genes. He shared the prize with Edward Tatum and George Beadle who won for their work on the genetics of the fungus Neurospora.

In addition to his contributions to biology, Lederberg did extensive research in artificial intelligence. This included work in the NASA experimental programs seeking life on Mars and the chemistry expert system Dendral.

Lederberg was of Jewish descent.

Bacterial genetics
In 1946 and 1947, Lederberg took a leave of absence to study under Edward Tatum at Yale University. Lederberg and Tatum showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information through bacterial conjugation.  With this discovery and some mapping of the E. coli chromosome, Lederberg got his PhD. from Yale University in 1947.

Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder went on to show in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in Salmonella. This process, called transduction, explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic quickly. This was followed in 1952 by papers written by Zinder and Lederberg dealing with bacteriophage lambda.

In 1957, Lederberg founded the Department of Medical Genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Post Nobel Prize research
In 1958, Joshua Lederberg received the Nobel Prize and moved to Stanford University where he was the founder and chairman of the Department of Genetics. He collaborated with Frank Macfarlane Burnet to study viral antibodies.

With the launching of Sputnik in 1957, Lederberg became concerned about the biological impact of space exploration. In a letter to the National Academies of Sciences, he outlined his concerns that extraterrestrial microbes might gain entry to Earth onboard spacecraft, causing catastrophic diseases. He also argued that, conversely, microbial contamination of manmade satellites and probes may obscure the search for extraterrestrial life. He advised quarantine for returning astronauts and equipment and sterilization of equipment before launching.

Teaming up with Carl Sagan, his public advocacy for what he termed exobiology helped expand the role of biology in NASA. In the 1960s, he collaborated with Edward Feigenbaum in Stanford's computer science department to develop DENDRAL.

In 1978, he became the president of Rockefeller University, until he stepped down in 1990 and became professor-emeritus of molecular genetics and informatics at Rockefeller University.

Throughout his career, Lederberg was active as a scientific advisor to the U.S. government. Starting in 1950, he has been a member of various panels of the Presidential Science Advisory Committee. In 1979, he became a member of the U.S. Defense Science Board and the chairman of President Jimmy Carter's President's Cancer Panel. In 1989, he received National Medal of Science for his contributions to the scientific world. In 1994, he headed the Department of Defense's Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects, which investigated Gulf War Syndrome.

In 2006, Lederberg was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

References

1925 births
2008 deaths
Stanford University faculty
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Rockefeller University faculty
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Scientists from New Jersey
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Yale University alumni

Joshua Lederberg