In property law of countries with a common law background, including the United States and some Canadian provinces, pur autre vie (Law French for "for another['s] life") is a duration of a proprietary freehold interest in the form of a variant of a life estate.

While it is similar to a standard life estate pur sa vie (for his or her own life), it differs in that a person's life interest will last for the life of another person, the cestui que vie, instead of his or her own.  For example, if Bob is given use of the family house for as long as his mother lives, he has possession of the house pur autre vie.  A life estate pur autre vie can be created when a contingent remainder is destroyed, in a Doctrine of Merger situation, where one person acquires the life estate of another and thereby destroys a remainder not already vested. It can also arise when a life tenant alienates his life estate to another, whereby the person to whom the estate is devised gains a life estate pur autre vie of the original life tenant.

References

Property law

Pur autre vie


The Soldiers' National Monument is a Gettysburg Battlefield memorial which is located at the central point of Gettysburg National Cemetery.  It honors the battle's soldiers and tells an allegory of "peace and plenty under freedom … following a heroic struggle."  In addition to an inscription with the last 4 lines of the Gettysburg Address, the shaft with 4 buttresses has 5 statues:

A large statue representing the concept of Liberty surmounts the pedestal. Eighteen large bronze stars circling the pedestal below this statue represent the eighteen Union states with buried dead. A statue is located at each corner near the base. They represent War, History, Peace, and Plenty. War is represented by a statue of an American soldier who recounts the story of the battle to History. In turn, History records, with stylus and tablet, the achievements of the battle and the names of the honored dead. A statue of an American mechanic and his tools illustrates Peace. Plenty is a female figure with a sheaf of wheat and the fruits of the earth that typify peace and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph.

History
Massachusetts approved appropriations to the Gettysburg Soldiers' National Monument Association on March 14, 1865; and in May, David Wills  invited veterans organizations for the extensive July 4 cornerstone ceremony (lithographs of the "design proposed by J. G. Batterson" were available by July 19, 1865.)  The monument structure was built at Batterson's works at Westerly, Rhode Island, and the Genius of Liberty grasping sword and laurel wreath was sculpted in Rome (arrived October 1868).  The monument without the "Plenty" or "Peace" statues was dedicated in 1869 with the prayer by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, followed by an address by Gen. George G. Meade, oration by Senator Oliver P. Morton, and poem by Bayard Taylor.  The monument's "Plenty" statue was placed on August 26, 1869; and a record of the cornerstone and dedication ceremonies was published in 1874. Contrary to popular belief, the monument does not rest on the site of the oration of the Gettysburg Address (nor does the Gettysburg address monument, 300 yards to the south). Modern scholarship places the site of the speech about 40 yards east of the soldier's monument. When he gave the speech, at a spot that is now within the civilian cemetery, he was facing west, toward a flagpole that stood where the soldier's monument was later erected.

Photo gallery

References

1869 establishments in Pennsylvania
1869 sculptures
Cemetery Hill
Gettysburg Battlefield monuments and memorials
Liberty symbols
Marble sculptures in Pennsylvania
Outdoor sculptures in Pennsylvania
Sculptures of men in Pennsylvania
Sculptures of women in Pennsylvania
Union (American Civil War) monuments and memorials in Pennsylvania

Soldiers' National Monument


mig33 is a global digital media company focused on emerging markets. The company was registered in Australia and was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX:MIG) from 11 August 2014 to 22 August 2017. There is also a secondary listing on the Deutsche Borse (WKN: A117AB). The company was formed in Perth, Australia in 2006 and commenced operations under the name mig33. In 2014, it was rebranded migme (and underwent a product and corporate overhaul). FIH Mobile, a handset unit of Taiwanese consumer electronics group Hon Hai Precision, took a 19.9% stake in the company in 2014. Originally developed as a social chatting and gaming application for feature phones, migme has grown to become a mobile entertainment platform that services Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. The company headquarters are in Singapore.

History
mig33 was founded by Steven Goh and Mei Lin Ng in Perth, Australia in 2006. In 2007, it shifted operations to Silicon Valley where it focused on developing its engineering and technology capabilities and secured new venture capital. During this time, it acquired significant users in emerging markets of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa.

In 2012, it shifted its headquarters in Singapore to be closer to ghg Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Nepal, India and Bangladesh.

The firm develops applications for Android, WAP, BlackBerry and web platforms. It has also released applications on legacy J2ME-based devices. The product was developed using open-source systems, and features group chat, social gaming and blogging functions as well as virtual gifting. Its revamped microblogging service, launched in 2013, enables users to post up to 300 characters.

Rebrand, investment and listing
On 10 June 2014 the company changed its name to migme Limited, and acquired alivenotdead.com, a Hong Kong-based artist community website co-founded by Patrick Lee, former chief executive of film review site rottentomatoes.com. Also in 2014, the firm completed a merger with Latin Gold Ltd., an Australian-listed mining company, which enabled migme to list on the Australian Stock Exchange by way of a reverse takeover, effective 11 August 2014. In 2014, FIH Mobile (a Foxconn-linked handset company) became the migme's largest shareholder through a $9.6 million investment, giving it a 19.9% stake in the company.

In October 2014, the company acquired LoveByte, a mobile app. LoveByte is headquartered in Singapore.

In January 2015, migme enters e-Commerce with acquisition of Sold.sg. Sold is an online pay-to-bid auction house and e-commerce business. Sold operates in Singapore and Malaysia.

Migme currently operates offices in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Manila, and Taipei.

On 20 April 2017 Solaris Power Cells, Inc. announced that it had signed definitive agreements to acquire Migme. However this deal didn't help migme to increase sales, instead they incurred a $23.1 Million after tax loss. The end of the deal with Solaris, on August 10, 2017, was announced via a press brief with Reuters.

Current Status
The mobile app was offline since early 2018.

References

Android (operating system) software
Mass media companies of Australia
Image-sharing websites
Online video game services
Defunct social networking services
Defunct microblogging services

Migme


Eleones, meaning in Greek olive-groves, is a neighbourhood of Pylaia in the municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis, Greece, a suburb of Thessaloniki.

Located on the edge of a forest, it is the location of multiple private schools and many residences.

The Greek Society for the Protection and Assistance of Disabled Children (ELEPAAP, Ελληνική Εταιρία Προστασίας και Αποκατάστασης Ανάπηρων Παιδιών - ΕΛΕΠΑΑΠ), a school for disabled children is there.

Although its name results from olive-groves that were once in abundance in the area, very few olive trees can be found there today.

Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Pylaia-Chortiatis

Eleones


The blanket stitch is a stitch used to reinforce the edge of thick materials.  Depending on circumstances, it may also be called a cable stitch or a crochet stitch. It is "a decorative stitch used to finish an unhemmed blanket. The stitch can be seen on both sides of the blanket."

History

This stitch has long been both an application by hand and as a machine sewn stitch.  When done by hand, it is sometimes considered a crochet stitch, used to join pieces together to make a blanket or other larger item. It is used in sewing leather pieces together, as traditionally done by indigenous American cultures, and even for weaving basket rims. The whipstitch is also a type of surgical suturing stitch.

When done by machine, it may be called a whip stitch or, sometimes, a Merrow Crochet Stitch, after the first sewing machine that was used to sew a blanket stitch. This machine was produced and patented by the Merrow Machine Company in 1877. The defining characteristic of the crochet machine is its ability to sew with yarn and stitch thick goods with a consistent overlock edge. From 1877 to 1925 the machine evolved dramatically, and consequently so did the capacity of manufacturers to produce goods with the whip stitch.

Style
The blanket stitch is commonly used as a decorative stitch on an array of garments.  Besides blankets, it is used on sweaters, outerwear, swimsuits, home furnishings, pillows, and much more.  There are many styles of production blanket stitching, including rolled, narrow, with elastic, and traditional (see photos below).

Additionally, the term "blanket stitch" has become a verb, describing the application of the stitch.

See also

 Whip stitch
 Overcast stitch
List of sewing stitches

References

Embroidery stitches
Sewing stitches

Blanket stitch


Pimenta's point is an anatomical landmark for easy location of the posterior tibial artery or tibialis posterior artery (a peripheral pulse on the inside of your ankle). An imagined line is drawn between the bony prominence of the medial malleolus and the insertion of the achilles tendon. At the exact midpoint of this line place three fingers parallel to the leg and you will either feel the posterior tibial pulsation (normal) or will not (peripheral vascular disease or calcification, anatomical variant).

See also
 List of human anatomical parts named after people

References

 Oxford Handbook for Medical School. Kapil Sugand, Miriam Berry, Imran Yusuf, Aisha Janjua, Chris Bird, David Metcalfe, Harveer Dev, Sri Thrumurthy. Oxford University Press. 2019.
 Emergency Orthopedics Handbook. Daniel Purcell, Sneha A. Chinai, Brandon R. Allen, Moira Davenport. 2019.
 Vascular Surgery: Principles and Practice, Fourth Edition. by Samuel Eric Wilson, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Frank J. Veith, A. Ross Naylor, John A. C. Buckels. CRC Press. 2017.

Arteries of the lower limb
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
Anatomic Landmarks

Pimenta's point


Gustaf Elias Marius Unonius also referred to as Gustav Unonius, Gustave Unonius, Gustavus Unonius, or Gustov Unonius (25 August 1810 – 14 October 1902) was a pioneer and priest in the American Midwest. Unonius served as a catalyst for early Scandinavian emigration to the Upper Midwest.

Background
Unonius was born of Swedish parents in Helsinki (Swedish: Helsingfors)  in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then part of the Russian Empire. His family moved to Sweden when he was a child. In 1830, he graduated from Uppsala University in Sweden and from the Uppsala law department in 1833. In 1841 Unonius emigrated to the United States, settling in Waukesha County, Wisconsin on a lake now called Pine Lake in the village of Chenequa, Wisconsin.

Nya Uppsala
Unonius was founder of the early Swedish-American immigrant settlement known as the Pine Lake Settlement or New Upsala, (Swedish:Nya Uppsala). The settlement was near what is now the town of Merton, Wisconsin. Unonius' letters to Swedish, Danish and Finnish newspapers about pioneer life in America sparked a wave of immigration by Scandinavians to the Midwest. While living in Waukesha County, Unonius befriended James Lloyd Breck, one of the founders of the Episcopal seminary Nashotah House.

Priesthood
In 1845, Gustaf Unonius became the first graduate of Nashotah House and was ordained to the Diaconate by Bishop Jackson Kemper. He was later ordained as a priest in The Episcopal Church, continuing to commute from the Pine Lake Settlement for several years. In 1848, Unonius moved to Manitowoc, Wisconsin and became the first Rector of St. James' Episcopal Church. In 1849, he founded the Swedish Episcopal Church of St. Ansgarius in Chicago, Illinois.

Return to Sweden
Unonius returned to Sweden in 1858, having lived in the United States for 17 years. The stories of his travels to the United States and the trials and tribulations of life on the frontier were the subject of his two-volume memoirs, published in 1862. A partial translation of his memoirs, A Pioneer in Northwest America 1841-1858: The Memoirs of Gustaf Unonius,  was published in 1960 for the Swedish Pioneer Historical Society by the University of Minnesota Press.

Selected works
Haandbog for den Hell. allmindelige Kirkes Bekjendere (1846)
Reply to A Letter of Bp. Chase to the Members of the PEC (1851)
Minnen från en sjuttonårig vistelse i Nordvestra Amerika (1862) Volume one Volume two
Mormonismen: Dess Uprinnelse, Utveckling Och Bekännelse (1883)
Bihang till Minnen från en sjuttonårig vistelse i Nordvestra Amerika (1896)

References

Further reading
 Unonius, Gustaf. A Pioneer in Northwest America 1841-1858: The Memoirs of Gustaf Unonius. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1960. (selection: )
 Hammarsköld, G. Past And Present Relations Between the Anglican Communion and the Church of Sweden. New York: A. G. Sherwood, 1914.

External links

Gustaf Unonius directory on Project Canterbury

1810 births
1902 deaths
Writers from Helsinki
Uppsala University alumni
Nashotah House alumni
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Wisconsin
American Episcopal priests
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Swedish expatriates in Finland
People from Chenequa, Wisconsin
19th-century American Episcopalians
19th-century American clergy

Gustaf Unonius


The starting-point for this is to realize that speech is a relative newcomer in human evolution. Recently evolved behaviours are almost always less reliable than long-existing functions. Speech is evolutionarily recent and is unique to humans. Reading is built on speech (presupposes it). If speech itself is an evolutionary novelty, how much more should we expect reading to be a difficult skill?

If that were not enough, the problem of aliteracy exists. This is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so. Teachers and school librarians are trying to deal with this problem.

Fortune magazine article
Stratford P. Sherman wrote, in a November 18, 1991 article in Fortune magazine, about the need for America to read more.  He began by saying that most Americans could not understand the article.  He referred to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading.  He mentioned the continuing decline in newspaper sales, and referred to a guess by Leonard Riggio, CEO of Barnes & Noble, that 50% of books sold by his company were never read.  He quoted Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book.  Sherman went on, in his article, to mention the growing need for skillful commmunication in American business but also the decreasing quality of the same activity.  He quoted Monsanto CEO Richard Mahoney on the importance of reading in helping a business manager to see connections between events.  He described print media as being first among different media with respect to (1) the amount of information conveyed by so few widely understood symbols, (2) portability, (3) suitability for the user's own speed of use, and (4) economical distribution of broad and deep information which can be used immediately.

Sherman said that Motorola was making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach workers reading and other basic skills, and that, since 1982, Ford Motor Company had already sent 32,000 workers on a similar program. He said that Simon & Schuster  predicted a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations.  He quoted a spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters as saying that "the biggest predictor of scholastic success is the time parents spend reading to their children."  However, Sherman said that the amount of time thus spent meant that the outlook was "not bright".

Related pages
 Book
 Dyslexia
 Literacy

Other websites
 Reducing "Alliteracy" in H.S. Students by Joanne Collison

Literature

Aliteracy


Lodewijk Hartog van Banda (4 November 1916, in The Hague – 2 February 2006, in The Hague) was a Dutch comics writer.

He lived in the Dutch East Indies during the 1930s and early 1940s; when the Netherlands went to war with German and then Japan, he was arrested for being a Conscientious objector and ended up spending the war in an internment camp in Surinam called Jodensavanne

Working for the Toonder Studio, he co-wrote Aram, Kappie, Panda, Tom Puss and his own creation Koning Hollewijn. When Marten Toonder went to Ireland, Lo Hartog van Banda left the studio. Later he would write the scripts for comics such as Arad en Maya, Arman en Ilva, and Ambrosius.

Arman en Ilva was published widely in daily newspapers all across Europe.  It was an eerie and disturbing science fiction future, with the young Arman and his blonde girlfriend Ilva troubleshooting for various potentates and space pirates.  While not on missions, they were being seduced by people of both sexes whose wish was to assassinate them if they were to be refused.

He wrote for the NOS television the TV series Tita Tovenaar, De Astronautjes, and De Bereboot.

In 1975 he won the Dutch Stripschapprijs, a prize awarded to comic writers and cartoonists for their career work.

Outside the Netherlands he is probably best known for his three Lucky Luke stories, Fingers, Nitroglycérine, and Chasse aux fantômes.

References

1916 births
2006 deaths
Dutch comics artists
Dutch comics writers
Dutch comic strip cartoonists
Dutch screenwriters
Dutch male screenwriters
Writers from The Hague
20th-century screenwriters
Marten Toonder
Dutch people of the Dutch East Indies

Lo Hartog van Banda


Alan Harrison Berg (January 18, 1934 – June 18, 1984) was an American talk radio show host in Denver, Colorado. Born to a Jewish family, he had outspoken atheistic and liberal views and a confrontational interview style. Berg was killed by members of the white supremacist group The Order, who believed in killing all Jews and sending all black people to Africa. Those involved in the killing were part of a group planning to kill prominent Jews such as Berg. Two of Berg's killers, David Lane and Bruce Pierce, were convicted on charges of federal civil rights violations for killing him. They were sentenced to 190 years and 252 years in prison, respectively.

Early life
Berg was a native of Chicago, Illinois. His family was Jewish. He attended the University of Colorado Denver before transferring to the University of Denver. At age 22, Berg was one of the youngest people to pass the Illinois state bar examination and he went into practice in Chicago. However, he began to experience neuromuscular seizures and had become an alcoholic. His then-wife, Judith Lee Berg (née Halpern), convinced him to quit his practice to seek help. They moved to Denver, her hometown, and he entered rehabilitation voluntarily. Although he completed his treatment, he continued to be plagued by seizures. He was ultimately diagnosed with a brain tumor. After it was surgically removed, he made a full recovery. For the rest of his life, Berg wore long bangs to hide the surgical scars.

Radio career
Berg worked at a shoe store and later opened a clothing store in Denver where he met KGMC talk show host Laurence Gross. Impressed with Berg, Gross made him a guest on several occasions. When Gross left KGMC to take a job in San Diego, California, he requested that Alan Berg be named his successor.

From KGMC, which changed its call sign to KWBZ, Berg moved to KHOW, also in Denver. After being fired from KHOW, Berg went back to KWBZ before it changed to an all-music format and he again lost his job. The unemployed Berg was courted by both KTOK in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Detroit, Michigan. He was hired by KOA (AM) and debuted on February 23, 1981. He worked at KOA until his death.

His program could be received in more than 30 states. Berg, who held liberal social and political views, became known for upsetting some callers to the point they began sputtering, whereupon he would berate them. Clarissa Pinkola Estés of the Moderate Voice website wrote in 2007: "He didn't pick on the poor, the frail, the undefended: He chose Roderick Elliot and Frank "Bud" Farell, who wrote The Death of the White Race and Open Letter to the Gentiles, and other people from the white supremacist groups... the groups who openly espoused hatred of blacks, Jews, leftists, homosexuals, Hispanics, other minorities and religious groups".

On March 5, 1982, Berg tried to interview Ellen Kaplan, a member of the LaRouche movement, about an incident that had happened on February 7, 1982, at the Newark International Airport. Kaplan had recognized Henry Kissinger, who was on his way to Boston to undergo a coronary artery bypass operation, shouted an abusive question at him ("Is it true that you sleep with young boys at The Carlyle Hotel?"), whereupon his wife Nancy attacked Kaplan. During his program, Berg called Kaplan on the phone. When she answered, he introduced her as "a vile human being" and praised Nancy Kissinger's attack on her. After Kaplan hung up, Berg continued to ridicule Kaplan and abuse her verbally for the remainder of the program. Afterwards, KOA received complaints by listeners and Kaplan's boyfriend, and on suggestion of the lawyers of the station owners General Electric, the station management suspended Berg from work for a few days. After returning to work, Berg toned down his methods somewhat.

Murder
At about 9:30 p.m. on June 18, 1984, Berg returned to his Adams Street townhouse after a dinner date with Judith, with whom he was attempting reconciliation. Berg stepped out of his black Volkswagen Beetle and gunfire erupted with Berg being shot twelve times. The murder weapon, a semi-automatic Ingram MAC-10, which had been illegally converted to an automatic weapon, was later traced to the home of one of The Order's members by the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hostage Rescue Team.

A former producer of Berg's believed that he was on a "death list" both because he was Jewish and because he had challenged on air the beliefs of the Christian Identity movement that Jews are descended from Satan. At the trial for his murder, prosecutors contended that he was singled out for assassination because he was a Jew and because his personality incurred the anger of white supremacists. At the conspiracy trial of members of The Order, the white supremacist organization responsible for organizing the assassination, a founding member of the group, Denver Daw Parmenter, was asked why Berg was targeted. Parmenter responded that Berg "was mainly thought to be anti-white and he was Jewish". Berg's remains were buried at the Waldheim Jewish Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois.

Four members of The Order, Jean Craig, David Lane, Bruce Pierce, and Richard Scutari, were indicted on federal charges for killing Berg. However, only Lane and Pierce were convicted. They were found guilty of racketeering, conspiracy, and violating Berg's civil rights. Lane was sentenced to 190 years and Pierce was sentenced to 252 years. Although Jean Craig and Richard Scutari were acquitted of killing Berg, they continued to serve 40-year and 60-year sentences, respectively, on separate federal racketeering convictions. Craig died in prison on April 18, 2001, while Scutari is scheduled for release on June 26, 2025. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Scutari is revered as a martyr and a "prisoner of war" by the far-right, and has continued to write articles for white supremacist publications and websites from prison.

Lane was a former Klansman who later joined the neo-Nazi Christian Identity group Aryan Nation. He steadfastly denied any involvement in Berg's murder, but neither did he regret that Berg was dead. In an interview presented as part of the History Channel documentary Nazi America: A Secret History, Lane admitted to calling the show and goading Berg into an exchange and stated: "The only thing I have to say about Alan Berg is, regardless of who did it, he has not mouthed his hate-whitey propaganda from his 50,000-watt zionist pulpit for quite a few years".

Lane, incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana, died of an epileptic seizure at age 68 on May 28, 2007. Bruce Pierce, who was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Complex in Union County, Pennsylvania, died of natural causes at age 56 on August 16, 2010. Craig and Scutari were convicted of unrelated crimes. The leader of The Order, Robert Jay Mathews, who was believed to have been a lookout in Berg's murder, albeit it was never proven, was burned to death during a standoff with federal authorities on December 8, 1984, at his home in Coupeville, Washington.

In popular culture
Steven Dietz's 1988 play God's Country and the 1988 film Betrayed were based on the incident, as was the film Brotherhood of Murder (1999). Director Oliver Stone's 1988 film adaptation of Eric Bogosian's play Talk Radio also drew inspiration from Berg's death. His life and death were chronicled in the book, Talked to Death: The Life and Murder of Alan Berg by Stephen Singular.

See also
List of journalists killed in the United States

References

External links

Alan Berg at the Internet Movie Database
Talk Radio Assassination!, WFMU website 1996
"Living Out Loud: Death of a Radiohead", Cincinnati CityBeat July 14, 2004
Judith Lee Berg, a profile of Alan Berg's widow

1934 births
1984 deaths
1984 murders in the United States
20th-century American lawyers
Jewish American journalists
American anti-fascists
American Jewish anti-racism activists
American talk radio hosts
Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States
Assassinated American journalists
Assassinated Jews
Assassinated radio people
Deaths by firearm in Colorado
Journalists killed in the United States
Lawyers from Chicago
Male murder victims
Murdered American Jews
Neo-fascist terrorist incidents in the United States
People murdered in Colorado
Political violence in the United States
Radio personalities from Denver
University of Colorado Denver alumni
University of Denver alumni
Victims of antisemitic violence
Victims of religiously motivated violence in the United States
Burials in Forest Park, Illinois
Shock jocks

Alan Berg


George Greene (fl. 1813), was a traveller, land-steward and writer, born in 1747 or 1748.

In 1787 a decree in the court of chancery deprived him of the greater part of his fortune. Unable to find employment at home, he became at Easter 1790, on the recommendation of Lord Adam Gordon, land-steward to the Prince of Monaco on his estate at Torigny in Lower Normandy. From 14 October 1793 until 24 January 1795 he was imprisoned by the French revolutionary leaders, with his wife Isabella and his five children, in the castle at Torigny.

The Duke of Valentinois, the son and successor of the Prince of Monaco, after being restored to his castle and such part of his estates as remained unsold, appointed Greene his land-steward in February 1796. The coup d'état of 4 September 1797 again threw him out of employment. In 1798, he went to Paris, and tried in vain to obtain passports for England. He returned to Torigny, where he was again arrested on 14 July 1798, and imprisoned in the citadel of St. Lo until December 1799. In February 1800, he was allowed to return to England. To relieve his financial distress, he published by subscription 'A Relation of several Circumstances which occurred in the Province of Lower Normandy during the Revolution, and under the Governments of Robespierre and the Directory; commencing in 1789 down to 1800. With a detail of the Confinement and Sufferings of the Author; together with an Account of the Manners and Rural Customs of the Inhabitants of that part of the Country called the Bocage, in Lower Normandy,' 8vo, London, 1802.

Greene afterwards resided in Russia, and wrote a 'Journal from London to St. Petersburg by way of Sweden,' 12mo, London, 1813. He is mentioned as still alive in the 'Biographical Dictionary of Living Authors,' 1816.

References

1740s births
Year of death unknown
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
English travel writers

George Greene (traveller)


The Victorian Military Society is a British educational charity (Registered Charity No 1117006) which promotes the study of military history – of all nations and races – in the period 1837 to 1914.  Its journal Soldiers of the Queen publishes work by professional and amateur historians as well as articles by academic researchers and the Society provides speakers and lecturers to local groups and seminars as well as organising its own events.

History
The Victorian Military Society was founded in 1974 by the late John Crouch FRIBA, who was an architect employed by the Ministry of Defence in Great Britain.  His work involved him visiting a number of Victorian buildings and military works such as Woolwich Arsenal, Chatham Dockyard and the Palmerston Forts protecting Portsmouth Harbour.  He became interested in their history and the events that had given rise to buildings of such considerable size and complexity.

As the result of a letter to the press asking if there were any other people who might share his interest in the military history of the Victorian period (at the time a somewhat unfashionable one), the Victorian Military Society was formed.  The late Marquis of Anglesey, the distinguished historian of the British Cavalry, became the Society's first President and the late Stanley Baker, the actor and producer of the film Zulu, became the Society's first Vice-President.

Other notable members of the Society have included the military historians Ian Knight (one of the Society's founder members) a noted expert on the Zulu War and Rorke's Drift, Michael Barthorp author of books on the North West Frontier, the Boer War and the Sudan campaigns, and the late Kenneth Griffith, actor, documentary film maker, Boer war historian and author of a book on the siege and relief of Ladysmith.

The Society's current President is General Lord Dannatt and its Vice-Presidents are Allan Mallinson and Colonel Peter Walton.

The Society publishes original research and articles on the Victorian and Edwardian periods in its quarterly Soldiers of the Queen, which takes its name from the popular song of the period. It became an educational charity in 2007.

Over the years, as well as publishing many articles on a wide number of subjects related to the period 1837 to 1914, the journal has also reflected some of the major anniversaries of the time, producing special editions of Soldiers of the Queen to commemorate General Gordon and the attempt to relieve Khartoum, the Boer War, the Territorial Army and its forerunners, and the 150th anniversary of the Indian Mutiny.

A whole edition was also dedicated to the Royal Navy in the Victorian period, recognising the role it played in maintaining the Pax Britannica, as well as in polar exploration, surveying the oceans and the suppression of the slave trade.

The Editor of the journal is Andy Smith and the Reviews Editor is Dr Roger T. Stearn. Regular contributors include Ian Knight, Harold E Raugh, Dr Rodney Atwood, Dr Andrew Winrow, Dorothy Anderson, N.C. Hayes and Ian Cross.

The Society also has a Living History arm, The Diehards, who recreate British infantry regiments of the Victorian and Edwardian periods.

An offshoot chapter of the Society exists in Newport, Rhode Island. Formed in the late 1970s, this group petitioned the main organization for permission to use its name and logo, which was granted. This group organizes a formal mess-style dinner in early February, but has little if any tangible connection with the parent group and its activities.

References

British Library DSC 8327.246000N
System no. 00987978 shelf mark P635/100

David Nalson The Victorian Soldier pub Shire Books.

Denis Edwards & David Langley British Army Proficiency Badges

External links

 Official website

Anglo-Boer War Memorial Project www.casus-belli.co.uk/abwmp/index.html

Educational charities based in the United Kingdom

Victorian Military Society


Gresham Pioneer Cemetery, founded in 1859, lies on the east side of Southwest Walters Road in Gresham, Oregon, United States. The cemetery is bordered by the Springwater Corridor Trail and Johnson Creek on the south and by Escobar Cemetery, adjacent on the west and not clearly separated from Gresham Pioneer Cemetery. White Birch Cemetery, founded in 1888, lies on the west side of Southwest Walters Road across from the other two cemeteries. All are one block west of Gresham's Main City Park and about a half-block south of Southeast Powell Boulevard.

The Gresham Pioneer Cemetery is owned and maintained by Metro, the regional government for the Oregon part of the Portland metropolitan area. Miyo Iwakoshi, thought to be the first Japanese person to live in Oregon, is buried here. Metro provides a downloadable map of the cemetery, although names are not listed.

The three cemeteries are among the 14 pioneer cemeteries in Multnomah County, Oregon, that are managed by Metro. The others are Brainard Cemetery, Columbia Pioneer Cemetery, Douglass Cemetery, Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery, Jones Cemetery, Lone Fir Cemetery, Mountain View Corbett Cemetery, Mountain View Stark Cemetery, Multnomah Park Cemetery, Pleasant Home Cemetery, and Powell Grove Cemetery.

See also
 Escobar Cemetery

References

External links

 Map of Gresham Pioneer Cemetery and Escobar Cemetery

1859 establishments in Oregon
Cemeteries in Oregon
History of Gresham, Oregon
Metro (Oregon regional government)
Protected areas of Multnomah County, Oregon

Gresham Pioneer Cemetery


William Benjamin Sarsfield Taylor (1781–1850) was an Irish artist, a painter of landscapes and military subjects, known also as a writer.

Life
He was the son of John Taylor, a map-engraver in Dublin; through his mother he was descended from Patrick Sarsfield. John Sydney Taylor was his younger brother. He began life in the army commissariat, and served in the Peninsular War, being present at the siege of San Sebastián.

Leaving military service, he devoted himself to art, though with little success. He exhibited landscapes, sea-pieces, and military subjects at the Royal Academy and the British Institution between 1820 and 1847. In 1831 he was a founding member and the first Hon Secretary of the New Society of Painters in Water Colours. He later became better known as an art critic and writer. Towards the close of his life he was curator of the St. Martin's Lane academy. He died on 23 December 1850.

Works
Taylor's best-known book was his History of Dublin University (1845) illustrated with coloured plates and with engravings. It contains biographical notices of many of the alumni of Trinity College, Dublin. He published also The Origin, Progress, and present Conditions of the Fine Arts in Great Britain and Ireland (1841) and A Manual of Fresco and Encaustic Painting (1843). He translated Prosper Mérimée's Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco (1839), and made an abridged translation of the Origin and Progress of the Penitentiary System in the United States (1833), from the report of Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville.

References

Attribution

External links
Biography from A Dictionary of Irish Artists (1913).

1781 births
1850 deaths
Irish artists
Irish writers

William Benjamin Sarsfield Taylor


CJRO-FM is a radio station which broadcasts a community radio format on the frequency 107.7 FM (MHz) in Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, Canada.

History
The station originally began as a tourist information radio station in 2017.

Owned by CJRO Radio inc, the station received CRTC approval to operate a low-power, english and french-language community FM radio station in Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, and with a low-power FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Vars on May 7, 2019.

The station officially launched on January 11, 2020  and also operates an FM rebroadcaster on 107.9 FM at Vars, Ontario. On November 9, 2020, the station received CRTC approval to add another FM transmitter in Embrun, Ontario at 107.7 MHz (channel 299LP) with an effective radiated power of 40 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of the antenna above average terrain of 69 metres).

On May 3, 2021, Carlsbad Springs Community Association applied to add a new FM transmitter at Sarsfield, Ontario which would operate at 107.9 MHz with only two watts of power. The CRTC approved the application on October 4, 2021.

CJRO Radio is a low power bilingual community non-profit FM radio station that promotes local and regional events, provides important information and news to residents and the public in south-east rural Ottawa and the Russell Municipality.  CJRO is licensed by the CRTC to play music (Rock, Country, French pop and Celtic music).   It's available on 107.7 FM in Carlsbad Springs and Embrun and in the village of Vars and Sarsfield on 107.9 FM.

CJRO Radio is owned and operated by CJRO Radio inc.,  a non profit incorporation manage by a volunteer board members.  CJRO Radio broadcast from a studio inside the Carlsbad Springs Community Centre at 6020 Piperville Road in Carlsbad Springs from an antenna broadcasting on 107.7 FM located at Harkness park, another antenna broadcasting on 107.7 FM located at the Russell Township Municipal building and another antenna in the heart of the village of Vars on 107.9 FM.

CJRO started in 2017 as "Carlsbad Info Radio" as a tourist information station and applied to change its mandate to a community radio format in 2018.  It obtained its license from the CRTC in May 2019 and added a transmitter to service Vars on 107.9 FM.   CJRO Radio added a new transmitter in Embrun, Ontario to serve the Russell Municipality also on 107.7 FM.  The transmitter was installed  and operational in June 2021.   The CRTC approved the new Embrun transmitter on November 9, 2020.   In October 2021 the CRTC approved a 4th transmitter for CJRO Radio to broadcast on 107.9 FM in Sarsfield in eastern rural Ottawa.

On May 26, 2022, the CRTC approved an application by CJRO Radio Inc. for authorization to acquire from Carlsbad Springs Community Association the assets of the low-power english and french-language community radio station CJRO-FM Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, and its transmitters CJRO-FM-1 Vars, CJRO-FM-2 Embrun and CJRO-FM-3 Sarsfield, Ontario.

On June 13, 2022, CJRO Radio Inc. submitted an application to operate a new FM transmitter at Casselman, Ontario on 107.9 MHz  which was approved on December 20, 2022.

References

External links
CJRO-FM History - Canadian Communications Foundation

Jro
Jro
Radio stations established in 2020
2020 establishments in Ontario

CJRO-FM


The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors was a mythological group of demigods, rulers, and deities from ancient China.

In myth, the Three Sovereigns were made up of demigods that created life and humans, and gave them common skills.  The Five Emperors were amazing sages who showed great personalities.

Chinese gods and goddesses

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors


Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) is a self-serving cognition whereby an individual associates themselves with known successful others such that the winner's success becomes the individual's own accomplishment.

The affiliation of another's success is enough to stimulate self-glory.  The individual does not need to be personally involved in the successful action. To BIRG, they must simply associate themselves with the success. Examples of BIRGing include anything from sharing a home state with a past or present famous person, to religious affiliations, to sports teams.  For example, when a fan of a football team wears the team's jersey and boasts after a win, this fan is engaging in BIRGing.  A parent with a bumper sticker reading "My child is an honor student" is basking in the reflected glory of their child.  While many people have anecdotal accounts of BIRGing, social psychologists seek to find experimental investigations delving into BIRGing. Within social psychology, BIRGing is thought to enhance self-esteem and to be a component of self-management.

BIRGing has connections to social identity theory, which explains how self-esteem and self-evaluation can be enhanced by the identification with another person's success through basking in reflected glory that is not earned. Social identity is the individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership of social groups. High self-esteem is typically a perception of oneself as attractive, competent, likeable, and a morally good person. The perception of having these attributes makes the person feel as if they are more attractive to the outside social world and thus more desirable to others.

BIRGing is a widespread and important impression management technique to counter any threats to self-esteem and to maintain positive relations with others.  Some positive effects of BIRGing include increasing individual self-esteem and a sense of accomplishment. It can show pride of self, and pride for the other person's success, which in turn boosts one's own self-esteem.  BIRGing can be negative when done over-extensively where the individual engaging in BIRGing becomes delusional or forgets the reality that they did not actually accomplish the successful event.

The opposite of BIRGing is cutting off reflected failure (CORFing).  This is the idea that people tend to disassociate themselves from lower-status individuals because they do not want their reputations affected by associating with the people who are considered failures.

Empirical findings

One of the most influential studies of this phenomenon was done by Robert Cialdini in 1976, known as The Three (Football) Field Study. He discovered that the students sought to have the success of their football team linked to them by wearing school-identified apparel. These students associated themselves with a success, even though they in no way affected or caused the success. Through three different experiments, Cialdini was able to demonstrate the BIRGing phenomenon. The first experiment demonstrated BIRGing by showing that students have a greater tendency to wear apparel with the university's colors and name after the football team had won a game. In the second experiment, subjects used the pronoun "we" to associate themselves more with a positive than a negative source.  This was shown most prominently when their public reputation was at risk. When the subjects failed a task, they had a greater tendency to affiliate themselves with a winner, and less of a tendency to associate themselves with a loser. The third experiment replicated the finding that students used the pronoun "we" more when describing a victory compared to a non-victory by their school's football team. The researchers found that BIRGing is an attempt to enhance one's public image. The tendency to proclaim a connection with a positive source was strongest when one's public image was threatened.  Thus, people bask in reflected glory to boost their self-esteem by associating themselves with a positive source.

A feeling of involvement is also necessary for BIRGing to occur. It is frequently seen as a cognitive process that affects behavior. In Bernhardt et al.'s study published in 1998, researchers examined physiological processes related to BIRGing, specifically, changes in the production of endocrine hormones. Fans watched their favorite sports teams (basketball and soccer) win or lose. The men's testosterone levels increased while watching their team win, but decreased while watching their team lose. Thus, this study shows that physiological processes may be involved with BIRGing, in addition to the known changes in self-esteem and cognition.

The opposite of BIRGing is cutting off reflected failure (CORFing). This is the idea that people tend to disassociate themselves from lower-status individuals because they do not want their reputations affected by associating with the people who are considered failures. In 2002, Boen et al. demonstrate this effect in a political context.  They examined houses with at least a poster or lawn sign supporting a political candidate days before elections in Belgium. The houses that showed support for the winning candidate displayed their posters and lawn signs for a longer period after the elections than did those who supported the loser. CORFing behavior was studied in basketball fans after a defeat, where the fans refuse to take a team poster, removed their posters or paraphernalia, avoided other fans and stayed in a bad mood after a defeat. Thus, the tendency for individuals to display their association with a successful source and to conceal their association with an unsuccessful one was empirically supported.

These empirical studies show how even in controlled situations, people unconsciously seek acceptance by associating themselves with successful individuals.  Whether this is accomplished by wearing brand names or parents covering their car with stickers about how talented their child is, BIRGing has been found in both the naturalistic and experimental setting.

Major theoretical approaches

Although Cialdini's studies introduced the concept of BIRGing to the public and its relevance to social psychology, an operational definition is quite difficult to form. With such a wide range of possible examples, there is no set criteria by which to clearly recognize BIRGing. Rather, by a classical definition, it is more described as a subjective feeling possessed by one individual who seeks to gain acceptance or respect by associating themselves with the successes of others. However, over recent years, advances in technology (among other domains) have challenged the classic definition of BIRGing. For example, when Apple Computers became very successful, many individuals not only purchased Apple  products, but many more sought jobs or other associations with the company. Contemporary BIRGing in today's world can be seen by individuals not only associating themselves with the success of other people or groups, as was originally thought by Cialdini and others, but also with companies, businesses, or activities that are perceived as popular or highly regarded.

Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking sites have increased BIRGing with popular brands, as it allows everyone to post their affinity for or their associations with popular companies, media, businesses, etc. Furthermore, the ability for everyone to follow their favorite athletes, actors, etc. on Facebook or Twitter allows for a closer connection to and knowledge of these celebrities, therefore leading to more BIRGing. Thus, the spread of technology has not only increased the realms under which BIRGing may fall, but also increased the ease with which individuals may partake in BIRGing.

Psychological approaches to BIRGing would include Ludwig Lewisohn's behavioral approach, Charles Darwin's evolutionary approach, and to some extent even Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic approach. The behavioral approach is relevant to BIRGing as it analyzes the behavior and success of others. If one partakes in observing this behavior, they can learn which actions and people are successful or popular and can then engage in BIRGing by associating themselves  with these actions or people. Darwin's evolutionary approach can also be used to analyze BIRGing due to the idea behind survival of the fittest. In contemporary psychology, survival of the fittest applies to achieving the greatest successes possible in order to ensure the passage of one's genes into future generations. From this biological perspective, it is favorable to be popular and respected, as more mating opportunities will present themselves. This can be seen in BIRGing as individuals associate themselves with popular, attractive, or respected actions and people in order to be perceived as having more successes. Freud's psychodynamic theory can be applied to BIRGing in terms of the super ego's relationship to the ego. The super ego refers to the ideal self-image; it constitutes a view of one's self as perfect. The ego refers to the real self, meaning our consciousness and perceptions of our current selves. Thus, if an individual seeks to gain more respect or popularity, the super ego may lead to BIRGing, as that individual will associate themselves  with popular and respected entities in order to increase that individual's notion of ego.

Role of deindividuation

Another equally important contributing influence is deindividuation, a psychological state characterized by partial or complete loss of self-awareness, diffused responsibility, and decreased concern about our own behavior. Often results in the abandonment of norms, restraints and inhibitions due to the involvement in a group. The individual loses their sense of self as they participate in the group's activities and choices. Deindividuation involves a loss of self-awareness, resulting in comparisons against meaningful standards. When spectators become deindividuated, their self-awareness decreases and they cease to compare their behavior against these social norms. The group's norms become their only focus, and therefore the social norms. Consequentially, situational forces are more influential. Without the comparison process of self-awareness, behavior is more likely to be inconsistent with attitude.

Applications

BIRGing is a common aspect of everyday life.  Anecdotal evidence explains how people make connections with highly positive or successful people.  States and cities list the names of famous entertainers, political candidates, beauty contest winners, etc. who were born there.  In encounters with a successful individual or famous celebrity, one may recount the story several times in order to bask in the glory because one has a sense of pride after meeting such an individual. People associate with certain companies and schools in order to establish a connection to individuals or groups that represent these organizations. Humans are always trying to regulate their self-esteem, so they continually engage in BIRGing.

Extra real-world examples:
Bragging about a famous relative (e.g., "my great, great, great grandfather was U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's cousin")
School/Accomplishment car decal in terms of adding a "bumper sticker" (e.g., "Vanderbilt University" or "My son is an Eagle Scout")
Wearing a team jersey after they win (e.g., Wearing a Green Bay Packers jersey after the 2011 Super Bowl or wearing Seahawks paraphernalia during and after they win a game)

Sports

Nationalism
Nationalism relates heavily to the idea of BIRGing in events like the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games. Members of each country unite in support of the athletes who wear their flag during competitions. This is the prime opportunity for citizens of each country to represent their heritage through those competing. Throughout the year, a person may be less inclined to watch "unusual sports", but as the entire world invests in the Olympics, it gives those an opportunity to tune in for the sake of their countries. While nationalism is still prevalent, it is more noticeable through their supporters after that country wins or earns a medal.

Fantasy sports

While the concept of BIRGing has been connected to sports fandom for decades, the phenomena in fantasy sports has only been studied in recent years. A 2014 study discovered that fantasy football players had similar social-psychological reactions to fans of traditional teams. Due to the nature of fantasy football being a more involved fan experience, these effects have even been found to be heightened. Because they feel more responsible for wins and losses: they are more likely to engage in discussion or football media if their fantasy team wins, and less likely to do so if their team loses.

Betting

One is less likely to bet on a team winning if they have already heard someone betting for the same team to lose. Betting on professional sports has become very popular recently. Today, there are multiple different betting cites that you can use in the comfort of your own home. You can also bet on professional sports at casinos as well.

Determining target audience/sports marketing

Most of the time the target audience is geared towards men and not women; you see plenty of commercials where a group of male friends are on the couch with a beer watching Saturday NFL football. Women are usually not in the commercial unless they are being sexualized as the one making food or handing the beer. Most professional sports organizations just assume that men are the main target audience because they watch the most sports. This also refers to sports marketing. Sports marketing tends to focus on the promotion of sports and other products and services relating to sports.You can show sports marketing through sporting events or certain sports teams.

Identity and gender

Significance of pronoun usage

Pronouns play a significant role in BIRGing and CORFing and can help distinguish the two behaviors instantly.

When someone is basking in reflected glory, they often use the pronouns "We" or "Us", insinuating that they contributed and are a part of the success. Inversely, when someone is cutting off reflected failure, they switch to using "They" or "Them", separating themselves from the failure at large. These vernacular choices rely heavily on the success of the team/program and are rooted in our societal identities.

Male vs female differences

Author John S.W Spinda conducted research studying the differences between how males and females react to their NFL team's outcomes. After extensive research, he concluded that the ideas of BIRGing and CORFing are two separate constructs that each had their own separate dimensions. " The overall BIRGing construct included two subscales; basking communication and communication disinhibition. The overall CORFing construct included four subscales; display avoidance, media avoidance, online team distancing, and communication suppression."

From the study:

However, when male and female participants were separately analyzed, noteworthy differences were found in both the BIRGing and CORFing constructs. In regards to BIRGing, female NFL fans employed a large cluster of basking communication activities that stabilized into one large factor. These included seeking out mediated enjoyment (e.g., highlights, news stories), contacting others by using the internet, the phone, or by spending time with family or close others, and by displaying team logos, emblems, or insignias to others (i.e., displaying team). Additionally, female NFL fans exhibited communication disinhibition by "talking trash" to other fans that have experienced defeat or are not performing as well as their favorite team. Meanwhile, male NFL fans isolated many of these celebratory behaviors into four smaller factors; displaying team, mediated enjoyment, communication disinhibition, and online team support.

Conversely, CORFing among female NFL fans was evident in three factors. First, communication avoidance included subduing "trash talk" to fans of more successful teams (i.e., communication suppression), refraining from posting messages online to support the team (i.e., online team distancing) and being less likely to call fellow fans on the phone. Second, display avoidance was exhibited by female NFL fans after a loss. Third, female NFL fans tended to isolate themselves from losing outcomes by avoiding not only mediated reminders of the defeat, but also by avoiding their family or close others after a defeat. Male NFL fans in this study demonstrated CORFing through four factors that paralleled the male BIRGing factors; display avoidance, media avoidance, communication suppression, and online team distancing.

Controversies

BIRGing is a widely used theoretical construct in the field of social psychology. However, it is difficult to define and operationalize BIRGing (discussed in "Major Theoretical Approaches"). Because examples of BIRGing are so different and unique, there is no set criterion. The classical definition of BIRGing describes it as a subjective feeling possessed by one individual who seeks to gain acceptance or respect by associating themselves with the successes of others. However, in recent years changes in culture and industry have challenged this classic definition. With these changes, people are not only associating with other people, but also with companies, brands, and organizations.

Limitations

Limitations that apply to both BIRGing and CORFing are perceptions and expectations about performance and how they have an impact. Many scholars have found that the confirmation and disconfirmation of the expected victory or loss has a significant effect on BIRGing and CORFing. For example, if one predicts that one's favorite team is going to lose, one is less likely to be afraid to associate with that team because they predicted the loss. This supports that a person is more likely to participate in BIRGing or CORFing if their public image is threatened. In addition, most studies only test for the identification with one favorite team, whereas individuals may have multiple favorite teams. Whether having multiple favorite teams increases the occurrences of BIRGing could be investigated further.

A study published by Spinda in 2011 found significant differences between those identifying as male and female in BIRGing and CORFing. However, a study by Ware and Kowalski did not find significant differences among sports fans based on gender, though it found males were more likely to identify as die-hard fans.

See also
 Persuasion
 Social dominance orientation

References

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2010). Social Psychology (Seventh ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Bernache-Assollant, I., Lacassagne, M., & Braddock, J.(2007). Basking in Reflected Glory and Blasting: Differences in Identity-Management Strategies Between Two Groups of Highly Identified Soccer Fans. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(4), 381.  Retrieved April 8, 2011, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1392873641).
Burger, Jerry M. (1985). "Temporal Effects on Attributions for Academic Performances and Reflected-Glory Basking." Social Psychology Quarterly, 48(4), 330–36.
Dijkstra, J. K., Cillessen, A. H. N., Lindenberg, S. and Veenstra, R. (2010), Basking in Reflected Glory and Its Limits: Why Adolescents Hang Out With Popular Peers. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20: 942–958.
Kahle, Lynn R., and Chris Riley. Sports Marketing and the Psychology of Marketing Communication. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Print.
Lee, M. (1985). Self-esteem and social identity in basketball fans: A closer look at basking-in-related-glory, Journal of Sport Behavior, 8, 210-223
Snyder, C.R., Lassegard, M., & Ford, C.E. (1986). Distancing after group success and failure: Basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 382–388.

Cognition

Basking in reflected glory


Bombayla Devi Laishram (born 22 February 1985) is an Indian archer. A member of the national recurve team representing India at the international events since 2007, she has won a silver medal at the World Archery Championships, and four gold, five silver, and four bronze medals at various editions of the Archery World Cup. Laishram peaked at no. 14 in the world rankings in March 2009.

Born in Imphal East, Manipur, Laishram began playing archery at the age of 11 and joined the Sports Authority of India under the guidance of her father. Having participated at the national level since 1997, she made her international debut in 2007. Laishram played as a regular member of the recurve team that represented India at the international circuit, winning gold medals at the 2011 Shanghai, and the 2013 Medellin, and the Wroclaw World Cup stages. She won her first international individual medal, a bronze at the Asian Archery Championships in 2013.

Laishram has represented India at the Olympics on three occasions, reaching the pre-quarterfinals twice. She has also won medals at other multi-sporting events, including a gold at the Commonwealth and a bronze at the Asian Games. Laishram was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2012 and the Padma Shri in 2019 by the Government of India for her contributions to sports.

Early life
Laishram was born on 22 February 1985, in Manipur to M. Jamini Devi, a local archery coach and Manglem Singh, the state coach for Manipur's handball team. She started archery at the age of 11, and later joined the Sports Authority of India and started training there. Laishram revealed in an interview that she started archery following her family's tradition in the sport. She currently resides in Imphal, Manipur.

Career

Breakthrough and career-high ranking (2007–2009)
Laishram's breakthrough came in 2007, when she wonas a part of the women's recurve teamthe bronze medal at the 2007 Asian Archery Championships. She made her debut at the Archery World Cup in 2007. She was seeded no. 11 after the qualifications rounds, with a total score of 1313; the Indian team consisting of her, Dola Banerjee, and Chekrovolu Swuro were had the highest collective score. Laishram lost in the second round of the individual discipline, but reached the semifinals in the team event. India lost to Italy, but defeated Poland to win the bronze medal.

Laishram represented India at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the women's individual as well as team events.  She, along with Banerjee and Pranitha Vardhineni was ranked sixth in the team event qualifiers. They got a bye in the round of 16, but lost to China by 206–211 in the quarterfinals. In the individual event, she was ranked 22nd in the qualifiers, but lost to Iwona Marcinkiewicz of Poland in the round of 64 in a keenly contested match 101–103.

Laishram reached her career high ranking of no. 14 in 2009, having won another bronze medal at the World Cup, earlier in the year.

World Cup and Commonwealth golds (2011–15)

Laishram was a part of the recurve team that represented India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games; she, Banerjee, and Deepika Kumari won the Gold medal defeating England in the final.

Beginning 2011, Laishram won a medal at every Archery World Cup until 2016; the run included the gold medal at the 2011 Shanghai World Cup, where the Indian recurve team beat Italy in the final. The Indian team was the no. 1 seed in the tournament, as they had finished at the top in the qualifications stage. Laishram, herself, was placed at no. 8 in the individual qualification round. She lost in the second of the knock-out stages to Mexico's Avitia Mariana in a shootout. Earlier in 2011, Laishram had won the bronze and silver medals in the recurve team event at the Second (held at Antalya, Turkey) and Third (held at Ogden, Utah) stages of the World Cup respectively.

At the 2012 London Olympics, she bowed out in the second round of the women's individual recurve event losing 2–6 to Mexico's Aída Román on 30 July 2012.  In the team event, India lost in the first round 211–210 to Denmark. Laishram won her first individual medal in November 2013 at the Asian Archery Championships, finishing in the third place.

Rio Olympics and beyond (2016–present)
Laishram was the part of the team that qualified for 2016 Rio Olympics. The Indian women's recursive team, consisting of Laishram, Kumari and Laxmirani Majhi, finished 7th in the ranking round. The team won their match against Colombia in the round of 16 before losing the quarterfinal match against Russia.

Bombayla Devi Laishram faced Laurence Baldauff of Austria in the Women's Individual Round of 64 encounter in the 2016 Olympics, she won the match 6–2 and progressed to the next round. In the Round of 32, Bombayla Devi faced Lin Shih-chia of Chinese Taipei. She won the match 6–2 and advanced to the Round of 16. However, she was not able to get past Alejandra Valencia of Mexico in the round of 16 and she lost with a score of 2 against 6.

Awards and recognition
In 2012, the Government of India awarded Laishram with the Arjuna Award, India's second highest sporting honour. She was later awarded the fourth highest national civilian honour, the Padma Shri in 2019.

References

External links

Living people
1985 births
Indian female archers
Olympic archers for India
Archers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Shooters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Sportswomen from Manipur
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
People from Imphal East district
Archers at the 2010 Asian Games
Archers at the 2014 Asian Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in archery
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Asian Games medalists in archery
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games

Bombayla Devi Laishram


USS Guard was a fourth-class ship-rigged sailing vessel, armed with four  Dahlgren guns and one 21-pdr howitzer, acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

She was placed into service as a storeship and assigned to support the ships blockading the ports of the Confederate States of America. Post-war she was recommissioned several times for various tasks including supporting the American fleet stationed in Europe with supplies and participating in the Darien expedition.

Service history
National Guard was built by George D. Morgan, Portland, Connecticut, in 1857; purchased 6 July 1861 by the Union Navy, and commissioned 23 December 1862, Acting Master William Lee Hays in command. From commissioning until she decommissioned in 1865, National Guard served as supply ship for the West India Squadron based at Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. A routine trip to Key West, Florida, for supplies in June 1865 turned into a voyage to Boston, Massachusetts, for quarantine and decommissioning when yellow fever broke out among the crew, leaving National Guard with a sick list of over twenty. Decommissioned at Boston on 10 November 1865, Guard recommissioned 13 March 1866, Acting Master Lewis A. Brown in command. She was renamed as Guard on 2 June 1866.

After a trip to Norfolk, Virginia, for supplies and minor repairs, she sailed for Cadiz, Spain, arriving there 16 August. For the next 3 years Guard served as supply ship for the U. S. Navy European Squadron, carrying supplies and occasional passengers to such diverse ports as Lisbon, Portugal; Cartagena, Spain; Majorca, Spain; Palermo, Italy; Gibraltar, Naples, Italy; Madeira, Spain; and Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. During this period she also made three voyages to New York City, carrying passengers and some invalids for hospitals there and returning with fresh supplies. Guard returned to New York City 12 October 1869 and decommissioned 5 November.

Guard recommissioned 17 January 1870, Lt. Comdr. Edward P. Lull in command, to take part in the Darien Expedition; she sailed from New York City 28 January, arriving in Caledonia Bay, off the Isthmus of Darien, 18 February. In company with  and , under the overall command of Comdr. Thomas O. Selfridge Jr., Guard conducted hydrographic surveys to determine what route, if any, would be best for a ship canal across the isthmus. The five routes explored during the 2 years she was on this special duty all proved impractical at the time, and the dream of an inter-ocean canal went unfulfilled until the completion of the Panama Canal two generations later. Guard's duty in Central America was interrupted 12 August 1870 – 3 October 1870 when she sailed from New York City to Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia with supplies. Leaving the Darien Expedition in June 1870, Guard returned to New York City 22 July and decommissioned there 3 August.

On 1 February 1873, Guard again recommissioned, Comdr. Charles A. Babcock commanding, and sailed from New York City 22 March with goods, exhibits, and construction materiel for the Vienna Exposition of 1873. She arrived at Trieste, then a part of Austro-Hungary, via Gibraltar and Brindisi 3 May. After discharging her cargo for the exposition, Guard remained there undergoing minor repairs. Many of the articles not disposed of at the exposition were then reloaded, as well as some European goods intended for the American Centennial Exposition in 1876, and Guard sailed for New York City 31 December 1873, arriving there 14 April 1874 via Messina, Sicily, and Gibraltar. She decommissioned 27 April and remained laid up in ordinary until 1877.

Guard's final tour of duty began 18 August 1877 as she recommissioned at New York City, Lt. Comdr. F. M. Green commanding. Her mission was to determine by means of the submarine communications cable the longitudes between Lisbon, Madeira, the Cape de Verde Islands, Pernambuco, and Buenos Aires. Sailing from New York 29 October, she reached Lisbon 30 November and remained there until 3 February 1878, when she sailed to Madeira and from there to the Cape de Verde Islands. Her next stop was Porto Grande, St. Vincente, where she delivered a shipment of astronomical equipment for the observatory there before sailing for Rio de Janeiro 20 April. Arriving there 1 June, Guard conducted further astronomical surveys of the Brazilian coast until, her work completed, she sailed for Portsmouth, New Hampshire, arriving there via Norfolk on 4 December. She decommissioned 15 December 1878 and was laid up in ordinary until 27 September 1883, when she was sold to C. A. Williams & Co. of New London, Connecticut.

References

Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Portland, Connecticut
Steamships of the United States Navy
American Civil War auxiliary ships of the United States
Research vessels of the United States Navy
1857 ships
Stores ships of the United States Navy

USS Guard (1857)


A MIDlet is an application that uses the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) of the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) for the Java ME environment. Typical applications include games running on mobile devices and cell phones which have small graphical displays, simple numeric keypad interfaces and limited network access over HTTP. MIDlet can run on Android devices via the J2ME Loader emulator application.

The .jad file describing a MIDlet suite is used to deploy the applications in one of two ways. Over the air (OTA) deployment involves uploading the .jad and .jar files to a Web server which is accessible by the device over HTTP. The user downloads the .jad file and installs the MIDlets they require. Local deployment requires that the MIDlet files be transferred to the device over a non-network connection (such as through Bluetooth or IrDa, and may involve device-specific software). Phones that support microSD cards can sometimes install .jar or .jad files that have been transferred to the memory card.

Restrictions
Unlike a Java applet, a MIDlet is limited to use of the LCDUI rather than the more familiar widgets of AWT and Swing. There are also restrictions on the size of .jar files and the number of concurrent HTTP connections based on the MIDP specification.

See also

 Mobile Information Device Profile
 Connected Limited Device Configuration

References

Java device platform
Mobile software programming tools

MIDlet


James Neil Hamilton (September 9, 1899 – September 24, 1984) was an American stage, film and television actor, best remembered for his role as Commissioner Gordon on the Batman TV series of the 1960s. During his motion picture career, which spanned more than a half century, Hamilton performed in over 260 productions in the silent and sound eras.

Acting career
An only child, Hamilton was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. His show business career began when he secured a job as a shirt model in magazine advertisements.

After this, he became interested in acting and joined several stock companies, where he gained experience and training as an actor in professional stage productions. This allowed him to get his first film role, in Vitagraph's The Beloved Impostor (1918). He got his big break in D. W. Griffith's The White Rose (1923). He traveled to Germany with Griffith and made a film about the incredibly harsh conditions in Germany after World War I, Isn't Life Wonderful (1924).

While he was filming America (1924), a soldier's arm was blown off. Actor Charles Emmett Mack recalled: "Neil Hamilton and I went to neighboring towns and raised a fund for him—I doing a song and dance and Neil collecting a coin."

Hamilton was signed by Paramount Pictures in the mid-1920s and became one of its leading men. He often appeared opposite Bebe Daniels. He played one of Ronald Colman's brothers in Paramount's original silent version of Beau Geste (1926) and Nick Carraway in the first film of The Great Gatsby (1926), now a lost film. He starred with Victor McLaglen in John Ford's Mother Machree (1928), whose title became the catchphrase of Gordon's associate Chief O'Hara (played by Stafford Repp) on the Batman television series almost four decades later.

In 1930, Hamilton appeared in the original production of The Dawn Patrol (retitled "Flight Commander" after its remake), playing the squadron commander, who was played by Basil Rathbone in the 1938 remake. Hamilton was billed above newcomer Clark Gable in Laughing Sinners (1931), in which he played a cad who deserts Joan Crawford's brokenhearted character. He originated the role of milksop Harry Holt, Jane's fiancé, in Tarzan the Ape Man (1932), where he got top billing. Hamilton reprised the role in the pre-Code sequel Tarzan and His Mate (1934) at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He made five films in England in 1936 and 1937.

"A"-level work in Hollywood dried up for Hamilton by the 1940s, and he was reduced to working in serials, "B" films, and other low-budget projects. He starred as the villain in King of the Texas Rangers (1941), one of the Republic Pictures most successful movie serials.

In Since You Went Away (1944), about life on the home front in World War II, Hamilton is seen only in still photographs as a serviceman away at war. His family's travails during his absence are the center of the movie. Hamilton reportedly shot scenes for the movie before filmmakers decided to keep his character off-screen. He appeared in the film noir When Strangers Marry (1944) with Robert Mitchum.

In a 1970s book interview for Whatever Happened to..., Hamilton said he had been banned from A level work for insulting a studio executive. A Roman Catholic, Hamilton said that his faith got him through the difficult period of late 1942 to early 1944 when he could not obtain film employment and was down on his luck financially.

When television came along, Hamilton hosted Hollywood Screen Test (1948-1953), co-starred in the short-lived sitcom That Wonderful Guy with Jack Lemmon (1949–50), at the same time as Hollywood Screen Test,  and did guest shots on numerous series of the 1950s and 1960s, such as seven episodes of Perry Mason: in 1958 he played murder victim Bertrand Allred in "The Case of the Lazy Lover" and Grove Dillingham in "The Case of the Drifting Dropout" in 1964. He was in five episodes of 77 Sunset Strip. He appeared on Maverick, The Real McCoys, Mister Ed, Bachelor Father, The Outer Limits, and The Cara Williams Show. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, Hamilton performed on Broadway in Many Happy Returns (1945), The Men We Marry (1948), To Be Continued (1952), and Late Love (1953–54).

In 1960, actor Richard Cromwell was seeking a comeback of sorts in 20th Century Fox's planned production of The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come but Cromwell died of complications from liver cancer. Producer Maury Dexter quickly signed Hamilton to replace Cromwell in the film, which co-starred Jimmie Rodgers and Chill Wills. During the 1960s, Hamilton appeared in three Jerry Lewis films: The Patsy (1964), The Family Jewels (1965), and Which Way to the Front? (1970).

Hamilton co-starred in the Season One episode of The Munsters, Autumn Croakus, as a conman named Malcolm. He also appeared as Police Commissioner James Gordon in all 120 episodes of the Batman television series (1966–68) as well as the 1966 film of the same name. Yvonne Craig, who played Commissioner Gordon's daughter Barbara, said Hamilton "came every day to the set letter perfect in dialogue and never missed a beat—a consummate professional."

Personal life
Hamilton was married to Elsa Whitmer from 1922 until his death in September 1984. They had one child.

Hamilton was a Roman Catholic, and a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California.

Hamilton died at the age of 85 on September 24, 1984, in Escondido, California, after suffering a severe asthma attack. After his cremation, his ashes were later scattered into the Pacific Ocean.

Filmography

The Beloved Impostor (1918)
The Great Romance (1919)
The White Rose (1923) as John White
America (1924) as Nathan Holden
The Sixth Commandment (1924) as Robert Fields
The Side Show of Life (1924) as Charles Verity-Stewart
Isn't Life Wonderful (1924) as Paul
Men and Women (1925) as Ned Seabury
The Little French Girl (1925) as Giles Bradley
The Street of Forgotten Men (1925) as Philip Peyton
The Golden Princess (1925) as Tennessee Hunter
New Brooms (1925) as Thomas Bates Jr.
The Splendid Crime (1925) as Bob Van Dyke
Desert Gold (1926) as George Thorne
Beau Geste (1926) as Digby Geste
The Great Gatsby (1926) as Nick Carraway
Diplomacy (1926) as Julian Weymouth
The Music Master (1927) as Beverly Cruger
Ten Modern Commandments (1927) as Tod Gilbert
The Joy Girl (1927) as John Jeffrey Fleet
The Spotlight (1927) as Norman Brooke
Mother Machree (1928) as Brian
The Shield of Honor (1928) as Jack MacDowell
The Showdown (1928) as Wilson Shelton
Something Always Happens (1928) as Roderick Keswick
Don't Marry (1928) as Henry Willoughby
The Grip of the Yukon (1928) as Jack Elliott
Hot News (1928) as Scoop Morgan
The Patriot (1928) as Crown Prince Alexander
Take Me Home (1928) as David North
Three Weekends (1928) as James Gordon
What a Night! (1928) as Joe Madison
Why Be Good? (1929) as Winthrop Peabody Jr.
A Dangerous Woman (1929) as Bobby Gregory
The Studio Murder Mystery (1929) as Tony White
The Love Trap (1929) as Paul Harrington
The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929) as Dr. Jack Petrie
Darkened Rooms (1929) as Emory Jago
The Kibitzer (1930) as Eddie Brown
The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu (1930) as Dr. Jack Petrie
The Dawn Patrol (1930) as Major Brand
Anybody's War (1930) as Red Reinhardt
Ladies Must Play (1930) as Anthony Gregg
The Cat Creeps (1930) as Charles Wilder
Ex-Flame (1930) as Sir Carlisle Austin
The Widow From Chicago (1930) as 'Swifty' Dorgan
Command Performance (1931) as Peter Fedor / Prince Alexis
Strangers May Kiss (1931) as Alan
The Spy (1931) as Ivan Turin
Laughing Sinners (1931) as Howard 'Howdy' Palmer
The Great Lover (1931) as Carlo
This Modern Age (1931) as Robert 'Bob' Blake Jr.
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) as Larry
The Wet Parade (1932) as Roger Chilcote, Jr.
Are You Listening? (1932) as Jack Clayton
Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) as Harry Holt
The Woman in Room 13 (1932) as Paul Ramsey
What Price Hollywood? (1932) as Lonny Borden
Two Against the World (1932) as Mr. David 'Dave' Norton
The Animal Kingdom (1932) as Owen Fiske
As the Devil Commands  (1932) as Dr. David Graham
Terror Aboard (1933) as James Cowles
The World Gone Mad (1933) as Lionel Houston
The Silk Express (1933) as Donald Kilgore
As the Devil Commands (1933) as Dr. David Graham
One Sunday Afternoon (1933) as Hugo Barnstead
Ladies Must Love (1933) as Bill Langhorne
Mr. Stringfellow Says No (1934) as Jeremy Stringfellow
Tarzan and His Mate (1934) as Harry Holt
Here Comes the Groom (1934) as Jim
Blind Date (1934) as Bob
Once to Every Bachelor (1934) as Lyle Stuart
One Exciting Adventure (1934) as Walter Stone
Two Heads on a Pillow (1934) as John C. Smith
By Your Leave (1934) as David McKenzie
Fugitive Lady (1934) as Donald Brooks
Mutiny Ahead (1935) as Kent Brewster
Honeymoon Limited (1935) as Dick Spencer Gordon / Gulliver
Keeper of the Bees (1935) as James 'Jamie' Lewis McFarland
The Daring Young Man (1935) as Gerald Raeburn
Parisian Life (1936) as Jaques
Southern Roses (1936) as Reggie
Everything in Life (1936) as Geoffrey Loring
You Must Get Married (1936) as Michael Brown
Secret Lives (1937) as Lt. Pierre de Montmalion
Mr Stringfellow Says No (1937) as Earle Condon
Lady Behave! (1937) as Stephen Cormack
Hollywood Stadium Mystery (1938) as Bill Devons
Army Girl (1938) as Capt. Joe Schuyler
The Saint Strikes Back (1939) as Allan Breck
Queen of the Mob (unbilled; 1940) as First FBI Chief
Federal Fugitives (1941) as Capt. James Madison / Robert Edmunds
They Meet Again (1941) as Gov. John C. North
Father Takes a Wife (1941) as Vincent Stewart
Dangerous Lady (1941) as Duke Martindel
King of the Texas Rangers (1941) as John Barton
Look Who's Laughing (1941) as Hilary Horton
The Lady Is Willing (1942) as Charlie (uncredited)
Too Many Women (1942) as Richard Sutton
X Marks the Spot (1942) as John J. Underwood
Secrets of the Underground (1942) as Harry Kermit
Bombardier (1943) as Colonel (uncredited)
All by Myself (1943) as Mark Turner
The Sky's the Limit (1943) as Navy Officer on Train (uncredited)
When Strangers Marry (1944) as Lieutenant Blake
Brewster's Millions (1945) as Mr. Grant
Murder in Villa Capri (1955) as Police Capt. Brady
The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (1961) as Gen. Dean
The Devil's Hand (1962) as Francis Lamont
Good Neighbor Sam (1964) as Larry Boling
The Patsy (1964) as The Barber
The Family Jewels (1965) as Attorney
Madame X (1966) as Scott Lewis (uncredited)
Batman (1966) as Commissioner Gordon
Strategy of Terror (1969) as Mr. Harkin
Which Way to the Front? (1970) as Chief of Staff

References

External links

 1941 They Meet Again – Neil Hamilton as Governor John C. North – at Internet Archive
 Photographs of Neil Hamilton

1899 births
1984 deaths
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American male television actors
Actors from Lynn, Massachusetts
Deaths from asthma
20th-century American male actors
Catholics from Massachusetts

Neil Hamilton (actor)


The Adullamites were a short-lived anti-reform faction within the UK Liberal Party in 1866.  The name is based on a biblical reference to the cave of Adullam where  David and his allies sought refuge from Saul.

After the death of Palmerston in 1865, a second Reform Act became a priority for the Liberal Party. However, not all sections of the party agreed with this agenda. The most important internal opposition came from the Adullamites. The faction was led by Robert Lowe and Lord Elcho; the name was coined by John Bright, a biblical reference that would have been widely understood at the time. After repeated attacks on William Ewart Gladstone's bill, they finally defeated the government over an amendment to the Bill on 18 June 1866, which was carried by 315 to 304. This vote gave the Prime Minister, Russell, cause to resign. There was an abortive attempt to form a Conservative/Adullamite coalition. However, the Adullamites were not prepared to accept Disraeli as leader and negotiations broke down. This led to the formation of Derby's 3rd Conservative Minority Administration - who, ultimately, proposed their own reform bill. The Adullamites (with some exceptions) then returned to the Liberal party.

Prominent Adullamites
Augustus Anson
Sir George Bowyer, Bt.
Frederick Doulton
Lord Dunkellin
Lord Elcho
Edward Ellice
William Henry Gregory
The Earl Grey
Earl Grosvenor
Gilbert Heathcote
Edward Horsman
Samuel Laing
The Marquess of Lansdowne
The Earl of Lichfield
Robert Lowe
Sir Robert Peel, Bt.
Sir Richard William Bulkeley, Bt.

See also
 Liberal Unionist Party - split from the Liberals in 1886 over Irish Home Rule
 National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
 Social Democratic Party (UK) - split from the Labour Party in 1981 and ultimately merged with the Liberals

References
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "Cave of Adullam"

Politics of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK)
Political party factions in the United Kingdom

Adullamites


Georg Groscurth (; December 27, 1904 – May 8, 1944), was a German medical doctor and member of the resistance to Nazism in the time of the Third Reich.

Life

Georg Groscurth was born a farmer's son in the village of Unterhaun in the Province of Hesse-Nassau, now part of Hauneck in the Bundesland of Hesse. He studied medicine at the University of Marburg, the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, the University of Graz, and the University of Vienna. He finished his studies in Berlin with a doctorate in medicine. Thereafter, Groscurth worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry. There he got to know Robert Havemann, with whom he founded a resistance group some years later.

From 1933 Groscurth worked as an internist at the Robert Koch Hospital in Berlin, and later at the Moabit Hospital, also in Berlin. In 1940, Groscurth was appointed as a lecturer at Friedrich Wilhelm University, where he came to Rudolf Hess's attention when he became Groscurth's patient.

Since Groscurth witnessed not only his Jewish colleagues being removed from their positions when Hitler came to power beginning in 1933, he knowingly broke his professional discretion and tried to communicate to resistance groups everything that Hess had told him during medical consultations. This included, for example, plans for new concentration camps and for an attack on the Soviet Union. Together with the chemist Robert Havemann, the architect Herbert Richter-Lukian and the dentist Paul Rentsch, Groscurth then founded the resistance group Europäische Union ("European Union"). They hid Jews and fugitives. Whenever he could, Groscurth certified soldiers unfit for combat duty. In 1943, he got to know Galina Romanova, a Soviet doctor from Dnepropetrovsk who had been forcibly brought to Germany as a slave labourer. He treated her with medications, gave her professional advice, and supported her in organizing the resistance.

The European Union resistance group was betrayed in 1943 and Groscurth was seized on September 4, 1943. Afterwards, he was sentenced to death at the Volksgerichtshof. The death sentence was signed by judges, Roland Freisler and Hans-Joachim Rehse. Groscurth was hanged at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison on May 8, 1944.

Posthumous recognition
After the war ended, his widow, Dr. Anneliese Groscurth, lived in Wehrda in Hesse, and later in West Berlin together with the couple's two sons. Friedrich Christian Delius, who later became a writer, grew up with the two Groscurth boys and later wrote the book Mein Jahr als Mörder ("My Year as a Murderer"), a novel with both autobiographical and historical elements, based on the lives of Georg and Anneliese Groscurth. His book played a major role in bringing recognition to the Groscurth's story.

A memorial plaque that recalls Georg Groscurth's activities can be found at the former Moabit Hospital, Turmstraße 21 in Berlin. Furthermore, a street in the Pankow section of Berlin was named Groscurthstraße in his honour on August 31, 1977. In 1980 a memorial to Groscurth with the inscription "I die for a world without hate" was erected within the cemetery of Unterhaun. In 2005, Israel awarded Groscurth with the designation, Righteous among the Nations.

Literature

Friedrich C. Delius: Mein Jahr als Mörder. Rowohlt, Berlin 1999

References

External links

Article in medical newspaper
Biography at gegen-diktatur.de
Inscription on the plaque
Georg Groscurth – his activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website

1904 births
1944 deaths
People from Hersfeld-Rotenburg
People from Hesse-Nassau
German internists
German Righteous Among the Nations
Executed German Resistance members
People executed by Nazi Germany by hanging
People from Hesse executed by Nazi Germany
People executed by Nazi courts

Georg Groscurth


Pier 39 is a shopping center and popular tourist attraction built on a pier in San Francisco, California. At Pier 39, there are shops, restaurants, a video arcade, street performances, the Aquarium of the Bay, virtual 3D rides, and views of California sea lions hauled out on docks on Pier 39's marina. A two-story carousel is one of the pier's more dominant features, although it is not directly visible from the street and sits towards the end of the pier.  The family-oriented entertainment and presence of marine mammals make this a popular tourist location for families with kids.

The pier is located at the edge of the Fisherman's Wharf district and is close to North Beach, Chinatown, and the Embarcadero. The area is easily accessible with the historic F Market streetcars.

From the pier one can see Angel Island, Alcatraz Island, the Golden Gate Bridge, and the Bay Bridge. Blue & Gold Fleet's bay cruises leave from Pier 39.

History
Pier 39 was first developed by entrepreneur Warren Simmons and opened October 4, 1978.

On December 22, 2017, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested Everitt Aaron Jameson, a 25-year-old former Marine, on suspicion of planning a terrorist attack in the Pier 39 area over Christmas.

Sea lions
California sea lions have always been present in San Francisco Bay. They started to haul out on docks of Pier 39 in September 1989. Before that they mostly used Seal Rock for that purpose. Ever since September 1989 the number of sea lions on Seal Rock has been steadily decreasing, while their number on Pier 39 has generally increased. Some people speculate that sea lions moved to docks because of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but the earthquake happened after the first sea lions arrived at Pier 39. It is likely that the sea lions feel safer inside the Bay.

The Bay Ecotarium/Bay.org (501c-3) non-profit watershed conservation group in the Bay Area, operates the Sea Lion Center as an extended education arm of the Aquarium of the Bay on Pier #39. Naturalists and education staff interact with visitors and school groups with programs and demonstration activities. According to President & CEO George Jacob, plans are afoot to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the arrival of sea lions in 2020.

Although the reason for their migration to the pier is unclear, the refurbishing of the docks in September 1989 required the removal of all boats from that area, leaving large open spaces for the sea lions to move into. Once the project was completed, boat owners returned, but did their best to navigate around the sea lions; no efforts were made to encourage the new guests to leave. By the end of that year, fewer than a dozen sea lions frequented the docks at Pier 39.
By January 1990, their numbers had increased to 150 animals. Owners of the 11 boats docked there began to complain about having to avoid the animals who can weigh up to half a ton, and odor and noise complaints began to pour in. News coverage caught national attention, and the sea lions began to attract tourists. Advice from The Marine Mammal Center was to abandon the docks to the animals, and to relocate the boats elsewhere.

Although fluctuations in the number of sea lions at Pier 39 are dramatic, as many as 1,700 have been officially reported at one time (Thanksgiving week in 2009), many of whom are recognizable to researchers and others, and some of whom have been unofficially named.  Volunteers and staff at The Marine Mammal Store and Interpretive Center monitor the sea lion population each day, and educational information is provided to tourists who visit from around the world. Scientists continue to collect information there, adding to knowledge about sea lion health, dietary habits, and behavior.
In November 2009, the more than 1,700 sea lions that had lived at the pier began to leave, and by late December 2009 nearly all were gone; a similar flux in population occurs annually, with the animals returning in the spring. Although the reason for their seasonal appearance and departure is not known for certain, according to Jeff Boehm, executive director of the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, "Most likely, they left chasing a food source," anchovies and sardines.  A handful of sea lions did return in February, and by late May several hundred could once again be seen on Pier 39.  It remains unknown exactly where they went and why. However, in December 2009, nearly 4,000 sea lions that were identified as members of the California sub-species were seen outside  Oregon's Sea Lion Caves, suggesting that they were likely the sea lions from Pier 39.

In early 2017, the estimated number of seals ranged from 150 to 600 around the pier. In June and July however, most were expected to leave temporarily for their breeding grounds near the Channel Islands.

See also

49-Mile Scenic Drive
The World Famous Bushman

References

External links

Official website

Landmarks in San Francisco
Piers in San Francisco
Blue & Gold Fleet
Tourist attractions in San Francisco
Companies based in San Francisco
Shopping malls in the San Francisco Bay Area
Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco
Shopping malls established in 1978
North Beach, San Francisco

Pier 39


Toyota LiteAce and TownAce are commercial or passenger vehicles produced through Toyota. These vehicles were first launched in 1970 and 1976, respectively.

In North America, the vehicles were called "Toyota Vans". They were manufactured between the 1984 and 1989 model years. It was replaced in 1990 by the Toyota Previa in the United States. The Previa was later replaced with Toyota Sienna in 1997.

Toyota LiteAce and TownAce vehicles continue to be sold in other countries.

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

Toyota LiteAce


Alexandre Azaria also known by his alias Replicant (born 3 September 1967) is a French composer, songwriter and musician. He presently signs only by his own name.

In bands
Azaria started in the 1980s as musician in bands. He was in the French rock band Le Cri de la mouche. In 1996, for a brief period, he became part of the famous French band Indochine as guitarist. He co-wrote and co-produced the album Wax for the band and left soon after in 1997.

Soundtracks
He has concentrated on composing for the soundtracks of the following films.
1998: Comme un poisson hors de l'eau by Hervé Hadmar
2002: Peau d'Ange by Vincent Perez
2003: Fanfan la Tulipe by Gérard Krawczyk
2004: Les Dalton by Philippe Haïm
2005: Transporter 2 by Louis Leterrier
2005: Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline (animated series) by Philippe Vidal and Eiichi Sato
2005: La vie est à nous ! by Gérard Krawczyk
2006: Astérix et les Vikings by Stefan Fjeldmark and Jesper Møller
2007: L'Auberge rouge by Gérard Krawczyk
2008: Transporter 3 by Olivier Megaton
2008: Secret défense by Philippe Haïm
2008: 15 ans et demi by François Desagnat
2009: Le Petit Nicolas by Arnaud Bouron
2010: Imogène McCarthery by Alexandre Charlot and Franck Magnier
2011: Case départ by Lionel Steketee, Fabrice Eboué and Thomas N'Gijol
2015: The Transporter Refueled by Camille Delamarre
2016: La Dream Team by Thomas Sorriaux

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
French film score composers
French rock guitarists
French male guitarists
French male film score composers

Alexandre Azaria


James William Cecil Turner (2 October 1886–29 November 1968) was an English first-class cricketer who played 46 matches for Worcestershire either side of the First World War, as well as appearing twice for H. K. Foster's XI.

Cricket career
Turner made his debut for Worcestershire against Essex at Amblecote on 31 July 1911, scoring 27 and 11 in a crushing innings-and-228-run defeat.
A further five appearances that season brought Turner little success, and nor did a handful more the following season. In 1913 he played a solitary match for H. K. Foster's XI, but he wasn't seen again in first-class cricket until after the First World War.

Turner's return to the game, against Gloucestershire at Worcester in June 1919, saw him make his first half-century: he hit 72 in the second innings of a drawn match.
However, he did not again pass 30 that season, although he did pick up the first of his two first-class wickets when he accounted for Warwickshire's Frederick Santall at Worcester at the end of August.

1920 saw Turner both hit another half-century — 85 against Warwickshire in August
— and take his other wicket — that of Sussex's George Stannard.
The following year, which proved to be his last in the game, Turner scored his only century, hitting 106 against Northamptonshire, though Worcestershire suffered a 356-run defeat, which as of 2007 remains Northants' greatest-ever margin of runs victory.

Turner twice captained the Worcestershire side: against Warwickshire at Birmingham in 1919, and against Glamorgan at St Helens in 1921.

Notes

External links
Statistical summary from CricketArchive

English cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
1886 births
1968 deaths
Cricketers from Bromley
People from Girton, Cambridgeshire

J. W. Cecil Turner