Dolores Duran (Adiléia Silva da Rocha; 7 June 1930 – 24 October 1959) was a Brazilian singer and songwriter.

Early life
Adiléia Silva da Rocha was born in Rio de Janeiro, and made her public singing debut at age 10 on the radio. At age 16 she came up with the stage name Dolores Duran and became a crooner, working at nightclubs in Rio de Janeiro.

Music career
In 1952, Dolores recorded her debut album, which featured songs like "Canção da Volta" (Antonio Maria-Ismael Neto) and "Bom É Querer Bem" (Fernando Lobo). Her first composition, "Se É por Falta de Adeus", was written with Antonio Carlos Jobim and recorded by Dóris Monteiro. She wrote two other pop music classics with Jobim, "Por Causa de Você" and "Estrada de Sol". Dolores wrote also: "Fim de Caso", "Solidão", "Castigo", as well as "Pela Rua", "Ternura Antiga" and "Idéias Erradas", written with Ribamar. Dolores toured the former Soviet Union in 1958 with other Brazilian performers, and later spent some time in Paris on her way back to South America. She recorded her greatest hit, "A Noite do Meu Bem" a few days before she died.

Death
Duran died of a heart attack at age 29. She always had a weak heart and had already had a milder heart attack a few years before. After her premature death, Dolores' fame increased, and singers like Lúcio Alves and Nana Caymmi dedicated full albums to her music.

Songs
 Por Causa de Você (Don't Ever Go Away)
 Estrada do Sol
 Se É Por Falta de Adeus
 Fim de Caso
 A Noite do Meu Bem
 Solidão
 Ternura Antiga
 Castigo
 Pela Rua
 Idéias Erradas
 Quem Sou Eu
 Se Eu Tiver

External links
Biography at Dicionário MPB Website

1930 births
1959 deaths
Brazilian women composers
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian women singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
20th-century women composers
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Brazilian women singer-songwriters

Dolores Duran


Sutherland este numele unei zone din Highland, Scoția. Imigranții scoțieni au purtat și răspândit numele în mai multe locuri pe glob.

 Sutherland, New South Wales, Australia — the suburb of Sydney
 Sutherland Shire — the local government area of Sydney
 Sutherland, Saskatchewan, Canada — the former town which was annexed by Saskatoon in 1956
 Saskatoon Sutherland, Canada — electoral district
 Sutherland, Northern Cape, South Africa — hosts the country's astronomical observatory hub
 Sutherland, Iowa, United States
 Sutherland, Nebraska, United States

Sutherland may also refer to people with the title or surname, which originates from the Scottish Clan Sutherland:

 Earl of Sutherland, in the Peerage of Scotland
 Duke of Sutherland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
 Alexander Sutherland
 Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
 Beth Sutherland
 Bert Sutherland — researcher
 Catherine Sutherland
 Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland
 Dani Sutherland, fictional character in the Australian soap opera Home and Away
 Daniel Sutherland
 Darryl Sutherland — Canadian politician
 David Sutherland
 David C. Sutherland III — U.S. artist
 Donald Sutherland — Canadian actor, Father of Kiefer
 Doug Sutherland — U.S. politician
 Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. — U.S. physiologist & Nobel laureate
 Edwin Sutherland — U.S. sociologist
 Efua Sutherland — Ghanaian playwright
 Eileen Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
 Elizabeth Sutherland — Scottish Countess of Sutherland, current Chieftain of the Sutherland Clan
 Euan Sutherland
 George Sutherland — U.S. Supreme Court jurist and politician
 George Sutherland (author)
 George B. Sutherland
 George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland
 George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland
 George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland
 Gordon Sutherland
 Graham Sutherland — English artist
 Hal Sutherland
 Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
 Howard Sutherland
 Ian Sutherland
 Ivan Sutherland — researcher
 Jabez G. Sutherland (1825-1902), U.S. Representative from Michigan
 James Sutherland, fictional character
 James Sutherland (Canadian politician)
 Capt. James T. Sutherland
 Jeff Sutherland
 Joan Sutherland — Australian opera singer
 Jock Sutherland
 John Sutherland
 Kev F. Sutherland
 Kiefer Sutherland — Canadian actor, son of Donald
 Kimble Sutherland — Canadian politician
 Kirk Sutherland
 Kristine Sutherland — U.S. actress
 Larry Sutherland — former New Zealand politician
 Luke Sutherland — novelist and musician
 Lynette Sutherland — Canadian researcher and physician
 Margaret Sutherland — 20th century Australian composer
 Maria Sutherland — Coronation Street fictional character
 Matthew R. Sutherland
 Max Sutherland
 Peter Sutherland — Irish politician
 Ranald Ian Sutherland
 Rhys Sutherland
 Robert Franklin Sutherland
 Roderick Dhu Sutherland
 Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood
 Sudz Sutherland
 Sylvia Sutherland
 Thomas Sutherland
 Thomas Sutherland (banker)
 Thomas W. Sutherland
 Victor Sutherland
 Walter Sutherland
 William Sutherland
 William Sutherland (Canadian politician)
 William Sutherland (physicist)

Sutherlands is also the name of a chain of home-improvement warehouse stores in the southern and southwestern regions of the United States.

Vezi și

 HMS Sutherland - Royal Navy ship
 Countess of Sutherland
 Pittsford Sutherland High School

Nume proprii
Nume de familie

Sutherland


Janet Marshall Stevenson (February 4, 1913 – June 9, 2009) was an American writer, teacher and social activist from Oregon who wrote in the areas of civil rights, the women's movement, the peace movement, the environment and the arts. She published works in several fiction and non-fiction genres, and was recognized with several awards. She wrote a biography of California Attorney General Robert W. Kenny, who defended the Hollywood Ten before the House Un-American Activities Committee; she herself was placed on the Hollywood blacklist for her political beliefs and associations, along with her husband Philip Stevenson.

Early life and education
Janet Atlantis Marshall was born on February 4, 1913, in Chicago, Illinois, to John Carter, an investment banker, and Atlantis Octavia (née McClendon) Marshall.

Marshall graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1933 and received an MFA in theater arts from Yale University in 1937.

Marshall married playwright and screenwriter Philip Edward Stevenson in New York City in 1939. They met while working for a summer stock theatre in Surry, Maine. The Stevensons collaborated on several plays, including "Counterattack," which was produced on Broadway in 1944. It was later turned into a successful motion picture of the same name. Janet and Philip had two sons, Joseph and Edward. The Stevensons were divorced in 1964 and Philip died while traveling in the Soviet Union in 1965. Janet Stevenson moved to Astoria, Oregon, the same year.

Career
Stevenson taught theater at the University of Southern California but was fired for her alleged ties to the Communist Party. She taught at Grambling College in Louisiana from 1966 to 1967, and served as a lecturer at Portland State University in 1968.

She served as cultural arts editor of the Chicago Weekly while she was in Chicago in the 1970s.

Stevenson published articles in American Heritage and the Atlantic Monthly among other magazines. Her literary agent was Barthold Fles.

Later life and death
Janet Stevenson lived Clatsop County, Oregon, from 1965 until her death in 2009. She lived at various times in Walluski, Hammond and Warrenton, and served two terms as the mayor of Hammond, beginning in 1986.

Stevenson married Benson Rotstein in 1965. In 1970, Rotstein's contract was not renewed by the Astoria School Board because of his involvement in the peace movement and his use of controversial materials in his classroom. He appealed to the American Association of University Professors, but their decision was still pending when he died in a boating accident on the Columbia River Bar the same year.

Janet Stevenson served as president of the Oregon Women's Political Caucus for many years and helped found the North Coast chapter of the organization.

Stevenson wrote The Slope in 2009 about Clatsop County doctor Bethenia Angelina Owens-Adair to "rescue Bethenia from obscurity"; it was published privately for Portland State University's "Walk of the Heroines" celebration.

Stevenson died in Warrenton on June 6, 2009. Her obituary describes her as "a lifelong campaigner for human rights, social justice and peace and a staunch advocate of equal rights for women."

Her papers include the manuscript for a book, The Last Town in Oregon, about her years as mayor of Hammond. It was not to be opened until her death.

Awards and honors
In 1938, Janet Stevenson won a John Golden Fellowship in playwriting; her fellow recipient that year was Tennessee Williams. She won a C.E.S. Wood Distinguished Writer Award from the Oregon Book Awards in 1990. In 1994, she was honored as an Oregon Woman of Achievement. Her novel Departure was selected in 2005 by the Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission for "Literary Oregon, 100 Books, 1800 – 2000", an exhibition in celebration of the centennial of the Oregon State Library. Her name is included in Portland State University's Walk of the Heroines.

Works

Novels
Weep No More: A Novel (1957)
The Ardent Years: A Novel (1960)
Sisters and Brothers: A Novel (1966)
Departure: A Novel (1985) [1985] (1997)
The Slope (2009)

Juvenile biography
Painting America's Wildlife: John James Audubon (1961)
Marian Anderson: Singing to the World (1963)
Pioneers in Freedom: Adventures in Courage (1969)
Spokesman for Freedom: The Life of Archibald Grimke (1969)

Travel
Woman Aboard [1969], (1981)

Juvenile history
Soldiers in the Civil Rights War: Adventures in Courage (1971)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, December, 1955: American Blacks Demand an End to Segregation (1971)
Women's Rights (1972)The School Segregation Cases (Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and Others): The United States Supreme Court Rules on Racially Separate Public Education (1973)

Drama
"Declaration" with Philip Stevenson (1940)
"Counter-Attack" with Philip Stevenson (1944)Counter-Attack (screenplay) (1945)The Man from Cairo (screenplay) (1953)
"The Third President" (a rewrite of "Declaration") (1976)

BiographyThe Undiminished Man: A Political Biography of Robert Walker Kenny (1980)

References

External links

Janet Marshall Stevenson papers at the University of Oregon
Review of "Departure" from Kirkus Reviews''

Writers from Oregon
1913 births
2009 deaths
American feminists
Writers from Chicago
Mayors of places in Oregon
People from Clatsop County, Oregon
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Grambling State University faculty
Portland State University faculty
Women mayors of places in Oregon
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
People from Warrenton, Oregon
American women academics
21st-century American women

Janet Stevenson


The Syzran Bridge across the Volga River near Syzran, was designed by Nikolai Belelubsky and Konstantin Mikhailovsky. It was the first rail bridge across the Volga in its lower reaches. Opened by Konstantin Posyet in 1880 as a part of the Samara-Zlatoust Railway.

The bridge's diagonal system had 13 spans, each  long. It continued to be the longest in Europe over a sustained period of time with a total length of .

Initially, the bridge was called Alexandrovsky commemorating the 25th anniversary of the reign of the emperor Alexander II of Russia. After the October revolution, the bridge was renamed in Syzransky.

In 1918, during the Russian Civil War, two spans of the bridge were detonated by the retreating troops of Komuch supporters, but were quickly restored.

After the Soviet collapse, the bridge received back its old name, the "new" still remained. Thus, the bridge has two names (Alexandrovsky and Syzransky).

In 1949, the decision on creation of a second track on the bridge was accepted, the building of which was completed in 1957.

In 1980, the tanker "Volgoneft 268" crashed into the bridge, but the damage turned out to be not serious.

In 2004, a total renovation of the bridge was completed, during which the original spans were replaced with new ones.

On August 27, 2010, a commemorative stele was set up on the occasion of the 130th anniversary of the bridge's opening.

External links

Railway bridges in Russia
Truss bridges
Bridges completed in 1880
Buildings and structures in Samara Oblast
Bridges across the Volga River
Rail transport in Samara Oblast

Syzran Bridge


Wealth is the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions. This includes the core meaning as held in the originating Old English word , which is from an Indo-European word stem. The modern concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics, and clearly so for growth economics and development economics, yet the meaning of wealth is context-dependent. A person possessing a substantial net worth is known as wealthy. Net worth is defined as the current value of one's assets less liabilities (excluding the principal in trust accounts).

At the most general level, economists may define wealth as "the total of anything of value" that captures both the subjective nature of the idea and the idea that it is not a fixed or static concept. Various definitions and concepts of wealth have been asserted by various people in different contexts. Defining wealth can be a normative process with various ethical implications, since often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own. A community, region or country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources to the benefit of the common good is known as wealthy.

The United Nations definition of inclusive wealth is a monetary measure which includes the sum of natural, human, and physical assets. Natural capital includes land, forests, energy resources, and minerals.  Human capital is the population's education and skills. Physical (or "manufactured") capital includes such things as machinery, buildings, and infrastructure.

History

Around 35,000 years ago Homo sapiens groups began to adopt a more settled lifestyle, as evidenced by cave drawings, burial sites, and decorative objects.
Around this time, humans began trading burial-site tools and developed trade networks,
resulting in a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
Those who had gathered abundant burial-site tools, weapons, baskets, and food, were considered part of the wealthy.

Adam Smith, in his seminal work The Wealth of Nations, described wealth as "the annual produce of the land and labor of the society". This "produce" is, at its simplest, a good or service which satisfies human needs, and wants of utility.

In popular usage, wealth can be described as an abundance of items of economic value, or the state of controlling or possessing such items, usually in the form of money, real estate and personal property. A person considered wealthy, affluent, or rich is someone who has accumulated substantial wealth relative to others in their society or reference group.

In economics, net worth refers to the value of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed at a point in time. Wealth can be categorized into three principal categories: personal property, including homes or automobiles; monetary savings, such as the accumulation of past income; and the capital wealth of income producing assets, including real estate, stocks, bonds, and businesses. All these delineations make wealth an especially important part of social stratification. Wealth provides some people "safety nets" of protection against unforeseen declines in their living standard in the event of emergency and can be transformed into home ownership, business ownership, or college education by its expenditure.

Wealth has been defined as a collection of things limited in supply, transferable, and useful in satisfying human desires. Scarcity is a fundamental factor for wealth. When a desirable or valuable commodity (transferable good or skill) is abundantly available to everyone, the owner of the commodity will possess no potential for wealth. When a valuable or desirable commodity is in scarce supply, the owner of the commodity will possess great potential for wealth.

'Wealth' refers to some accumulation of resources (net asset value), whether abundant or not. 'Richness' refers to an abundance of such resources (income or flow). A wealthy person, group, or nation thus has more accumulated resources (capital) than a poor one. The opposite of wealth is destitution. The opposite of richness is poverty.

The term implies a social contract on establishing and maintaining ownership in relation to such items which can be invoked with little or no effort and expense on the part of the owner. The concept of wealth is relative and not only varies between societies, but varies between different sections or regions in the same society. A personal net worth of US$10,000 in most parts of the United States would certainly not place a person among the wealthiest citizens of that locale. Such an amount would constitute an extraordinary amount of wealth in impoverished developing countries.

Concepts of wealth also vary across time. Modern labor-saving inventions and the development of the sciences have vastly improved the standard of living in modern societies for even the poorest of people. This comparative wealth across time is also applicable to the future; given this trend of human advancement, it is possible that the standard of living that the wealthiest enjoy today will be considered impoverished by future generations.

Industrialization emphasized the role of technology. Many jobs were automated. Machines replaced some workers while other workers became more specialized. Labour specialization became critical to economic success. Physical capital, as it came to be known, consisting of both the natural capital and the infrastructural capital, became the focus of the analysis of wealth.

Adam Smith saw wealth creation as the combination of materials, labour, land, and technology. The theories of David Ricardo, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, in the 18th century and 19th century built on these views of wealth that we now call classical economics.

Marxian economics (see labor theory of value) distinguishes in the Grundrisse between material wealth and human wealth, defining human wealth as "wealth in human relations"; land and labour were the source of all material wealth. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta links wealth/poverty to rationality. Having a leading position in the development of rational sciences, in new technologies and in economic production leads to wealth, while the opposite can be correlated with poverty.

Global amount

The wealth of households worldwide amounts to US$280 trillion (2017). According to the eighth edition of the Global Wealth Report, in the year to mid-2017, total global wealth rose at a rate of 6.4%, the fastest pace since 2012 and reached US$280 trillion, a gain of US$16.7 trillion. This reflected widespread gains in equity markets matched by similar rises in non-financial assets, which moved above the pre-crisis year 2007's level for the first time this year. Wealth growth also outpaced population growth, so that global mean wealth per adult grew by 4.9% and reached a new record high of US$56,540 per adult. Tim Harford has asserted that a small child has greater wealth than the 2 billion poorest people in the world combined, since a small child has no debt.

According to the 2021 global wealth report by McKinsey & Company, the worldwide total net worth is currently at US$514 trillion in 2020, with China being the wealthiest nation with net worth of US$120 trillion. Another report, by Credit Suisse in 2021, suggests the total wealth of the US exceeded that of China, US$126.3 trillion to US$74.9 trillion.

Philosophical analysis
In Western civilization, wealth is connected with a quantitative type of thought, invented in the ancient Greek "revolution of rationality", involving for instance the quantitative analysis of nature, the rationalization of warfare, and measurement in economics. The invention of coined money and banking was particularly important. Aristotle describes the basic function of money as a universal instrument of quantitative measurement"for it measures all things [...]"making things alike and comparable due to a social "agreement" of acceptance. In that way, money also enables a new type of economic society and the definition of wealth in measurable quantities, such as gold and money. Modern philosophers like Nietzsche criticized the fixation on measurable wealth: "Unsere 'Reichen' – das sind die Ärmsten! Der eigentliche Zweck alles Reichtums ist vergessen!" ("Our 'rich people' – those are the poorest! The real purpose of all wealth has been forgotten!")

Economic analysis

In economics, wealth (in a commonly applied accounting sense, sometimes savings) is the net worth of a person, household, or nation – that is, the value of all assets owned net of all liabilities owed at a point in time. For national wealth as measured in the national accounts, the net liabilities are those owed to the rest of the world. The term may also be used more broadly as referring to the productive capacity of a society or as a contrast to poverty. Analytical emphasis may be on its determinants or distribution.

Economic terminology distinguishes between wealth and income.  Wealth or savings is a stock variable – that is, it is measurable at a date in time, for example the value of an orchard on December 31 minus debt owed on the orchard. For a given amount of wealth, say at the beginning of the year, income from that wealth, as measurable over say a year is a flow variable. What marks the income as a flow is its measurement per unit of time, such as the value of apples yielded from the orchard per year.

In macroeconomic theory the 'wealth effect' may refer to the increase in aggregate consumption from an increase in national wealth. One feature of its effect on economic behavior is the wealth elasticity of demand, which is the percentage change in the amount of consumption goods demanded for each one-percent change in wealth.

There are several historical developmental economics points of view on the basis of wealth, such as from Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Capital by Karl Marx, etc. Over the history, some of the key underlying factors in wealth creation and the measurement of the wealth include the scalable innovation and application of human knowledge in the form of institutional structure and political/ideological "superstructure", the scarce resources (both natural and man-made), and the saving of monetary assets.

Wealth may be measured in nominal or real values – that is, in money value as of a given date or adjusted to net out price changes. The assets include those that are tangible (land and capital) and financial (money, bonds, etc.). Measurable wealth typically excludes intangible or nonmarketable assets such as human capital and social capital. In economics, 'wealth' corresponds to the accounting term 'net worth', but is measured differently. Accounting measures net worth in terms of the historical cost of assets while economics measures wealth in terms of current values. But analysis may adapt typical accounting conventions for economic purposes in social accounting (such as in national accounts). An example of the latter is generational accounting of social security systems to include the present value projected future outlays considered to be liabilities. Macroeconomic questions include whether the issuance of government bonds affects investment and consumption through the wealth effect.

Environmental assets are not usually counted in measuring wealth, in part due to the difficulty of valuation for a non-market good. Environmental or green accounting is a method of social accounting for formulating and deriving such measures on the argument that an educated valuation is superior to a value of zero (as the implied valuation of environmental assets).

Versus social class

Social class is not identical to wealth, but the two concepts are related (particularly in Marxist theory), leading to the concept of socioeconomic status. Wealth at the individual or household level refers to value of everything a person or family owns, including personal property and financial assets.

In both Marxist and Weberian theory, class is divided into upper, middle, and lower, with each further subdivided (e.g., upper middle class).

The upper class are schooled to maintain their wealth and pass it to future generations.

The middle class views wealth as something for emergencies and it is seen as more of a cushion. This class comprises people that were raised with families that typically owned their own home, planned ahead and stressed the importance of education and achievement. They earn a significant income and consume many things, typically limiting their savings and investments to retirement pensions and home ownership.

Below the middle class, the working class and poor have the least amount of wealth, with circumstances discouraging accumulation of assets.

Distribution

Although precise data are not available, the total household wealth in the world, excluding the value of human capital, has been estimated at $418.3 trillion (US$418.3×1012) at the end of the year 2020.
For 2018, the World Bank estimated the value of the world's produced capital, natural capital, and human capital to be $1,152 trillion.  According to the Kuznets curve, inequality of wealth and income increases during the early phases of economic development, stabilizes and then becomes more equitable.

, about 90% of global wealth is distributed in North America, Europe, and "rich Asia-Pacific" countries, and in 2008, 1% of adults were estimated to hold 40% of world wealth, a number which falls to 32% when adjusted for purchasing power parity. According to Richard H Ropers, the concentration of wealth in the United States is "inequitably distributed".

In 2013, 1% of adults were estimated to hold 46% of world wealth and around $18.5 trillion was estimated to be stored in tax havens worldwide.

See also

 Gross National Happiness
 Happiness economics
 Productivity-improving technologies
 Quality of life
 Working time

References

Further reading

Wealth


Rowland Vance Lee (September 6, 1891 – December 21, 1975) was an American film director, actor, writer, and producer.

Biography

Early life
Born in Findlay, Ohio, Lee was the son of a suffragette who founded a newspaper. He studied at Columbia University and served in the infantry during World War I.

Acting career
Lee had early appearances in Wild Winship's Widow (1917), Time Locks and Diamonds (1917), The Mother Instinct (1917), Polly Ann (1917), The Stainless Barrier (1917), The Maternal Spark (1917) and They're Off (1918).

He appeared in the films The Woman in the Suitcase, Water, Water, Everywhere, His Own Law (supporting Hobart Bosworth), and Her Husband's Friend (all 1920).

Directing

Change of profession
Thomas H. Ince suggested Lee make a choice between acting and directing. Lee moved into directing starting with A Thousand to One (1920), Cupid's Brand (1921), and The Cup of Life (1921). He directed two films for former co-star Hobart Bosworth, Blind Hearts and The Sea Lion (both 1921).

Lee made What Ho, the Cook (1921), Money to Burn (1922), The Men of Zanzibar (1922), His Back Against the Wall (1922), A Self-Made Man (1922), Dust Flower (1922), and Mixed Faces (1922).

Fox
Lee went to Fox where he directed Shirley of the Circus (1923). He directed and scripted a 1923 adaptation of the Booth Tarkington novel Alice Adams, which propelled him into the big time. He followed it with Desire (1923) at Metro. He fell ill during the making of Desire.

Back at Fox, Lee directed Gentle Julia (1923), another Tarkington adaptation. After Gentle Julia, Lee spent several months studying filmmaking in Europe, a practice he would continue for the next decade.

Lee did You Can't Get Away with It (1923), In Love with Love (1924) with Marguerite De La Motte, and an expensive adaptation of The Man Without a Country (1925).

Other credits included Havoc (1925), The Outsider (1926) (with Walter Pidgeon), and The Silver Treasure (1927), based on Nostromo by Joseph Conrad. He also directed The Whirlwind of Youth (1927).

Paramount
Lee went to Paramount in 1926 where he directed Pola Negri in Barbed Wire (1927) and The Secret Hour (1928). Doomsday (1928) starred Florence Vidor and Gary Cooper.
He was reunited with Negri for Three Sinners (1928) and Loves of an Actress (1928) then did The First Kiss (1928) with Cooper and Fay Wray.

In 1929, he directed The Wolf of Wall Street featuring George Bancroft. He followed it with A Dangerous Woman (1929) starring Olga Baclanova, then Lee made the first sound Fu Manchu film, The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929). He spent three months touring Europe in 1929.

Lee was one of many directors who contributed to the all-star revue Paramount on Parade (1930). The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu (1930) was a sequel to The Mysterious Dr Fu Manchu. Lee then made Ladies Love Brutes (1930) and Derelict (1930) with Bancroft, and A Man from Wyoming (1930), with Cooper.

England
Lee went to Warners to make The Ruling Voice (1931) with Walter Huston. He based himself in England for the next two years where he wrote an English version script of Captain Craddock (1931), did The Guilty Generation (1931) at Columbia and That Night in London (1931) for Paramount in England; the latter starred Robert Donat.

Back at Fox, Lee directed Zoo in Budapest (1933), I Am Suzanne (1933) and Gambling (1934); the latter starred George M. Cohan.

Edward Small
Edward Small hired Lee to write and direct an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo (1934) for United Artists starring Donat; it was a huge success and ushered in a cycle of swashbuckling films.

Fox had merged to become 20th Century-Fox whose production head Darryl F. Zanuck hired Lee to direct one of the studio's first films, the biopic Cardinal Richelieu (1935) starring George Arliss.

Lee received an offer from RKO to write and direct another swashbuckler, The Three Musketeers (1935). For United Artists he did One Rainy Afternoon (1936) and the English-shot Agatha Christie adaptation, Love from a Stranger (1937).

Back in Hollywood, Lee was reunited with Small for The Toast of New York (1937), a biopic that was a notorious flop. It was made at RKO who also financed Lee's next film, Mother Carey's Chickens (1938).

Universal
Lee signed a contract at Universal, where he directed Service de Luxe (1938). He had a big success with Son of Frankenstein (1939) starring Basil Rathbone and Boris Karloff. Lee followed it with The Sun Never Sets (1939) with Rathbone and Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and Tower of London (1939) with Rathbone and Karloff.

Later films
Lee made another swashbuckler for Small, The Son of Monte Cristo (1940). He returned to RKO to do Powder Town (1942), then made a film for another independent producer, Benedict Bogeaus, The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944). Bogeaus liked Lee's work and used him on the swashbuckler Captain Kidd (1945). Lee announced he would then made a film about Robespierre but he ended up retiring in 1945.

The Rowland V. Lee Ranch and later life
Lee focused on running his ranch in the San Fernando Valley which he had bought in 1935. He raised cattle and alfalfa. In August 1940, two girls drowned in his private lake while Lee was away.

He converted part of his acreage overlooking the Chatsworth Reservoir into a motion picture location. Among the films shot there were I've Always Loved You, Strangers on a Train (1951), At Sword's Point, The Night of the Hunter (1956), Friendly Persuasion (1956),The Light in the Forest (1958) and Back Street (1961). By the early 1960s though the land had become too valuable to use as a location.

Lee decided to return to filmmaking by producing The Big Fisherman from the novel by Lloyd C. Douglas. He wrote the script with Howard Estabrook and hired Frank Borzage to direct it.

In 1975, three months past his 84th birthday, Lee died of a heart attack at home in Palm Desert, California, having just finished writing a screenplay, a mystery called The Belt. He was survived by his wife, Eleanor, and brother, Donald W. Lee, a former Hollywood film writer. While it has been reported incorrectly that the former Rowland V. Lee Ranch was subdivided and developed after his death, in fact development of the property began much earlier. Portions of the ranch had begun to be developed by the late 1950s, with the Corporate Pointe industrial park among the first major projects to be built in the area. Development continued throughout the 1960s, with much of the ranch becoming suburban single-family housing typical of the western San Fernando Valley. The section of the former ranch containing Lee Lake was the last major portion to be developed, becoming the gated community Hidden Lake Estates, which was completed by 1971. The lake remains intact as a part of the gated community.

Lee has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Glendale, California.

Complete filmography

As actor

Wild Winship's Widow (1917) - Archibald Herndon
 Time Locks and Diamonds (1917) - Edgar Seymour
 The Mother Instinct (1917) - Jacques
Polly Ann (1917) - Howard Straightlane
 The Stainless Barrier (1917) - Richard Shelton
The Maternal Spark (1917) - Howard Helms
They're Off (1918) - Randolph Manners
The Woman in the Suitcase (1920) - W.H. 'Billy' Fiske
Water, Water, Everywhere (1920) - Arthur Gunther
Dangerous Days (1920) - Graham Spencer
His Own Law (1920) - Jean Saval
Her Husband's Friend (1920) - Billy Westover (final film role)

As director
Key:
P : also producer
W : also writer
P, W : also producer and writer

A Thousand to One (1920)
Cupid's Brand (1921)
The Cup of Life (1921)
Blind Hearts (1921)
The Sea Lion (1921)
What Ho, the Cook W (1921)
Money to Burn (1922) horror-comedy
The Men of Zanzibar (1922)
His Back Against the Wall (1922)
A Self-Made Man W (1922)
Dust Flower (1922)
Mixed Faces (1922)
Shirley of the Circus (1922)
Alice Adams W (1923)
Desire (1923)
Gentle Julia (1923)
 You Can't Get Away with It (1923)
In Love with Love (1924)
The Man Without a Country (1925)
Havoc (1925)
The Outsider (1926)
The Silver Treasure (1926)
The Whirlwind of Youth (1927)
Barbed Wire P, W (1927)
The Secret Hour W (1928)
Doomsday P (1928)
Three Sinners P (1928)
Loves of an Actress W (1928)
The First Kiss P (1928)
The Wolf of Wall Street (1929)
A Dangerous Woman (1929)
The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu P (1929) (uncredited)
Paramount on Parade (1930) (sequence director)
The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu P (1930)
Ladies Love Brutes (1930)
A Man from Wyoming (1930)
Derelict (1930)
The Ruling Voice W (1931)
The Guilty Generation (1931)
That Night in London (1932)
Zoo in Budapest W (1933)
I Am Suzanne! W (1933)
The Count of Monte Cristo W (1934)
Gambling (1934)
Cardinal Richelieu (1935)
The Three Musketeers W (1935)
One Rainy Afternoon (1936)
Love from a Stranger (1937)
The Toast of New York (1937)
Mother Carey's Chickens (1938)
Service de Luxe P (1938)
Son of Frankenstein P (1939)
The Sun Never Sets P (1939)
Tower of London P (1939)
The Son of Monte Cristo P (1940)
Powder Town (1942)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey P (1944)
Captain Kidd P, W (1945)

As producer

Barbed Wire (1927) (uncredited)
Doomsday (1928)
Three Sinners (1928)
The First Kiss (1928)
The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929) (uncredited)
The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu (1930)
The Sign of Four: Sherlock Holmes' Greatest Case (1932), production supervisor
Service de Luxe (1938)
Son of Frankenstein (1939)
The Sun Never Sets (1939)
Tower of London (1939)
The Son of Monte Cristo (1940)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944)
The Big Fisherman (1959)

As writer

What Ho, the Cook (1921)
A Self-Made Man (1922)
Alice Adams (1923)
Barbed Wire (1927)
The Secret Hour (1928)
Loves of an Actress (1928)
The Ruling Voice (1931)
Le capitaine Craddock (1931)
Monte Carlo Madness (1932)
Zoo in Budapest (1933)
I Am Suzanne! (1933)
The Count of Monte Cristo (1934)
The Three Musketeers (1935)
The Big Fisherman (1959)

See also
Multicolor

References

External links

Rowland V. Lee at TCMDB
Rowland V. Lee at BFI
 Rowland V. Lee at Virtual History
Rowland V. Lee Papers at Library of Congress

1891 births
1975 deaths
Film producers from California
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
20th-century American male actors
People from Findlay, Ohio
People from Palm Desert, California
Film directors from California
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Film directors from Ohio
Film producers from Ohio
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
Military personnel from Ohio

Rowland V. Lee


The Busójárás (Hungarian, meaning "Busó-walking"; in Croatian: Pohod bušara) is an annual celebration of the Šokci living in the town of Mohács, Hungary, held at the end of the Carnival season ("Farsang"), ending the day before Ash Wednesday. The celebration features Busós (people wearing traditional masks) and includes folk music, masquerading, parades and dancing. Busójárás lasts six days, usually during February. It starts on a Thursday, followed by the Kisfarsang (Little Farsang) carnival on Friday, with the biggest celebration, Farsang vasárnap (Farsang Sunday) on the seventh Sunday before Easter Sunday; the celebration then ends with Farsangtemetés (Burial of Farsang) on the following Tuesday (Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras). These traditional festivities have been inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of the UNESCO in 2009.

Locals explain the Carnival with two related but different legends.

According to the most popular legend, during the Ottoman times of the territory, people from Mohács fled the town, and started living in the nearby swamps and woods to avoid Ottoman (Turkish) troops. One night, while they were sitting and talking around the fire, an old Šokac man appeared suddenly from nowhere, and said to them: "Don't be afraid, your lives will soon turn to good, and you'll return to your homes. Until that time, prepare for the battle, carve various weapons and scary masks for yourselves, and wait for a stormy night when a masked knight will come to you."  He disappeared as suddenly as he arrived. The refugees followed his orders, and some days later, on a stormy night, the knight arrived. He ordered them to put on their masks and go back to Mohács, making as much noise as possible. They followed his lead. The Turks were so frightened by the noise, the masks, and the storm in the night, that they thought demons were attacking them, and they ran away from the town before sunrise.

In the older, less popular story, the busós are scaring away not the Turks but Winter itself.

In any case, the locals have celebrated the Busójárás in early February every year ever since, hosting "guest Busó teams" from neighbouring countries (Croatia and Serbia, local Šokci Croats and Slovenia) and also from Poland.

Gallery

See also
Kurentovanje
Kukeri
Pre-Christian Alpine traditions
Zvončari

References

External links
 (More info: http://www.busofest.hu UNESCO: Representative List (2009), The Busó festivities at Mohács)
A film about the festivities in English
 Glas Koncila Stipan Bunjevac: Iz života hrvatskih vjernika izvan Hrvatske - Hrvati u Mohaču: Mohačke buše šokačkih Hrvata, nr.5 (1702), February 4, 2007
Official website of Mohacs

Carnivals in Hungary
Festivals in Hungary
Culture of Croatia
Ritual animal disguise
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Slavic holidays
Spring (season) events in Hungary
Slavic carnival
February observances

Busójárás


Rock N' Roll Climber is a rock climbing simulation video game for WiiWare developed by Japan-based studio Vitei and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on August 10, 2009 and in the PAL regions on November 13.

Gameplay
Players climb up a wall by using the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk to place their hands on divots and edges to grab on to. The game also supports the Wii Balance Board, allowing players to position their feet by shifting their weight as they stand on the board. Players work against both a time limit and a depleting stamina gauge, the latter which can be replenished by picking up energy drink bottles.

The game features a number of walls to climb including artificial indoor climbing walls and outdoor climbing faces that feature natural hazards such as loose footholds, waterfalls and slippery moss-covered rocks. Upon successfully reaching the top of the wall the player's avatar either performs an air guitar solo or picks up and plays an electric guitar in accomplishment.

Development
The game was first revealed at Nintendo's 2009 Game Developers Conference presentation, where it was demonstrated onstage by designer Giles Goddard.

Reception
IGN said the game was a "refreshingly creative idea" and featured a cool use for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, but was also slow and plodding in pace - albeit intentionally so. Nintendo Life also thought that the premise was interesting and its execution of rock climbing was fairly realistic and gratifying, but also noted that the game's slow pace and learning curve may put off some players. Wiiloveit.com thought the Balance Board controls were intuitive and "very rewarding" despite the challenge that came from using the peripheral.

References

2009 video games
Nintendo games
Simulation video games
Video games developed in Japan
WiiWare games
Wii-only games
Wii games
Video games produced by Kensuke Tanabe

Rock N' Roll Climber


Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 February 1924 – 2 June 2014) was an Indian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was the Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in the Roman Curia and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985. His episcopical motto was Aedificare domum Dei which means "To build the house of God". He was the fourth cardinal from India and the first curial cardinal of Asia outside of the Middle East.

Biography
Lourdusamy was born in Kalleri (Archdiocese of Pondicherry), Tamil Nadu state, India, as the seventh of twelve children of Annamarie (aka Matharasi) and Duraisamy Simeon. Lourdusamy was the elder brother of priest and theologian D. S. Amalorpavadass, who was killed in an automobile accident while travelling from Mysore to Bangalore. The two of them played a significant part in the implementation of Vatican II Council reforms in India and leading others to do the same.

He enjoyed a close relationship with Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I, and most especially, with Pope John Paul II and his fellow curial cardinal Joseph Ratzinger and future Pope Benedict XVI.  John XXIII elevated him to the episcopal ranks and appointed him to the See of Bangalore, Pope Paul VI invited him to Rome to serve the Universal Church from 1971.  Cardinal Lourdusamy also worked with Pope John Paul I as Secretary of the Congregation for Evangelization of Peoples. The Cardinal worked very closely with John Paul II for 26 years in various capacities, and he served as Prefect of the Oriental Churches alongside Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) who was the Prefect of the Congregation for Doctrine of Faith.

He had his early education at St. Ann's in Tindivanam. Then he finished his high school studies at St. Joseph Higher School of Cuddalore; then he entered St. Agnes's Minor Seminary in Cuddalore, and completed major seminary education in Philosophy and Theology at St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary, Bangalore from 1946 to 1951.

He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 December 1951 at Seven Dolours Church, Tindivanam, Pondicherry by Archbishop Auguste-Siméon Colas, MEP, the Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore. 1951–1952, pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Pondicherry.

After studying further at Loyola College in Madras (1952–1953), he was sent to Rome to pursue higher studies in the area of Canon Law at the Pontifical Urbaniana University (1953–1956), from where he obtained a doctorate. He obtained 100% in all of his exams in canon law studies, something which had never occurred in other Roman universities. He plays the piano, and has composed the music for devotional songs.

On returning to the Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore, Fr. Lourdusamy served as Archdiocesan Chancellor and private secretary to Archbishop Ambrose Rayappan, as editor of the archdiocesan weekly "Sarva viyabhi" (சர்வ வியாபி), and was choirmaster at the Cathedral in Pondicherry, Director of the Catholic Doctors' Guild, Director of the Catholic Nurses' Guild, Director of the Newman Association, and Director of the Catholic University Students Union.

Bishop
Pope John XXIII appointed Fr. Lourdusamy Auxiliary Bishop of Bangalore and Titular Bishop of Sozusa in Libya on 2 July 1962, at the age of 38. He was consecrated as a bishop on the following 22 August by Archbishop Ambrose Rayappan, with Bishops Rajarethinam Sundaram (bishop of Tanjore) and Daniel Arulswamy (bishop of Kumbakonam) serving as co-consecrators; Bishop (later Cardinal and Major Archbishop of the Syro Malabar Church) Antony Padiyara of Ooty was also present at the consecration.

Bishop Lourdusamy attended the Second Vatican Council (Sessions 2, 3 and 4 as a "Council Father"). On 9 November 1964, he was promoted to titular archbishop of Filippi and appointed the Coadjutor Archbishop of Bangalore. He attended, the First Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 29 September to 29 October 1967. He was appointed to represent the Indian bishops at the Pan Asiatic Catechetic-Liturgical Conference in Manila in 1967 and was elected the vice-president of the conference and president of its liturgical section. He succeeded Thomas Pothacamury as archbishop on 11 January 1968.

As Archbishop of Bangalore, he served as Chairman of the National Liturgical commission of India, founded the National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre in Bangalore, and also played a significant role in the establishment of St.John's Medical College (the first Catholic Medical College in India), also in Bangalore.   Prior to the International Eucharistic Congress in Bogota in 1968, he was invited as a panel member of the International Catechetical study week in Medellin, Colombia.

Pope Paul VI appointed him as Secretary adjunct of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, 2 March 1971. He resigned as Archbishop of Bangalore on 30 April 1971 and left India to serve in the Curial Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in March 1971, Secretary of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, president of the Pontifical Missionary Work and Vice-Grand chancellor of the Pontifical Urbanian University, 26 February 1973, the university at which he was a student from 1953 to 1956. He is the first Asian to become a member of the Roman Curia.

Cardinal

Pope John Paul II created Lourdusamy Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria delle Grazie alle Fornaci fuori Porta Cavalleggeri in the consistory of 25 May 1985; he is the first Tamil to be raised to the rank of cardinal. Cardinal Lourdusamy was named Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches on the following 30 October.

Attended the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 24 November to 8 December 1985, and the Seventh on 1 to 30 October 1987. Special papal envoy to the closing ceremonies of the Year of St. Willibrord, Luxemburg, 3 to 5 June 1990. Attended the Eighth Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 30 September to 28 October 1990.

He became Cardinal Protodeacon (the senior Cardinal-Deacon) on 5 April 1993, and served as a special papal legate to the funeral of Mother Teresa on 13 September 1997. On 5 April 1993 was appointed protodeacon. He chose to become a Cardinal-Priest on 29 January 1996 thereby relinquishing protodeacon post.

Cardinal Lourdusamy accompanied John Paul II on his Apostolic travels to Africa, Asia, Oceania, and The Americas.  He has also visited 110 countries on all continents in the service of Popes John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, and John Paul II, and received numerous distinctions in appreciation of his work and has been honoured by the Governments of Philippines, Republic of China – Taiwan (The Order of the Brilliant Star, First Class – 13 November 1983), France (Commander of the Légion d'honneur – 29 December 1976), and Germany (Das Grosse Verdienstkreuz mit Stern – 10 October 1977), Liberia (Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Africa – 3 November 1977), Luxembourg (The "Grand-Croix de l'Ordre Grand-Ducal de la Couronne de Chêne" – 29 June 1988). He was also awarded a doctorate of laws – "Honoris Causa" (5 February 1979) by Adamson University, Manila, Philippines and a doctorate of letters – "Honoris Causa"  (25 May 1989) by Pondicherry University, India.  Cardinal Lourdusamy was fluent in several languages including Tamil, Latin, English, Italian, French, German, Kannada, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and Swedish.

Pope John Paul II appointed Cardinal Lourdusamy a member of the following Departments of the Roman Curia, in addition to Prefect, Congregation for Oriental Churches:
 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
 Congregation for the Causes of Saints
 Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
 Congregation for Catholic Education
 Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
 Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
 Pontifical Council for the Family
 Pontifical Council for Inter-Religious Dialogue
 Pontifical Council for Interpretation of Legislative Texts
 Pontifical Commission for International Eucharistic Congresses
 Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of the Oriental Canon Law
 Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of Canon Law
 Pontifical Commission for Latin America
 Pontifical Commission for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People
 The Commission of Cardinals and Bishops set up by the Pope to prepare a Catechism for the Church Universal
 The Commission for the Study of the Theological and Juridical Status of the Bishops' Conferences
 The Permanent Interdicastrial Commission for the Formation of the Candidates to the Sacred Orders

Death

Cardinal Lourdusamy died in Rome on 2 June 2014.

A funeral Mass was celebrated for the Cardinal on Thursday, 5 June 2014, with Angelo Cardinal Sodano, Dean of the College of Cardinals, presiding. At the end of the service, Pope Francis led the Rites of Final Commendation and Valediction. His nephew Vincent and Sr. Vellie Fernandez, Sr. Avis Aguiar who cared for him were with him on his 90th birthday four months earlier, again during his final days in the hospital, and accompanied his mortal remains to Pondicherry, India on 6 June 2014.  Cardinal lay in state at Escande's Hall, Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School, where thousands paid their final respects round the clock, over two days and nights.. On 9 June 2014, after a mass of repose, celebrated by the Papal Nuncio for India and Nepal Monsignor Salvatore Pennacchio, the Cardinals, Bishops and hundreds of priests, his remains were entombed in front of St. Joseph's Altar inside Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry.

References

External links

Biography
Cardinal Lourdusamy on Cardinal rating
Cardinal Lourdusamy on Catholic Hierarchy
Cardinal Lourdusamy Foundation

1924 births
2014 deaths
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Indian cardinals
Roman Catholic archbishops of Bangalore
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India
Protodeacons
People from Pondicherry
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Loyola College, Chennai alumni
Tamil priests
Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Indian Roman Catholic archbishops
Indian expatriates in Italy

Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy


The 1922 Dixie Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Texas A&M Aggies and the  on January 2, 1922, at Fair Park Stadium in Dallas, Texas. Texas A&M defeated Centre 22–14. It is also the game in which Texas A&M's 12th man tradition originated.

Centre came into the game undefeated, outscoring its opponents by a margin of 314 to 6. It also upset Harvard in the regular season in what was later deemed one of the greatest upsets in college football history. A&M finished its regular season 5–1–2 and captured a Southwest Conference title.

Game summary
Texas A&M halfback Sammy Sanders received the opening kickoff from Centre kicker Red Roberts, returning it for 45 yards. After the first down of A&M's first drive, Aggie periodback and team captain Heinie Weir suffered a leg injury after getting tackled to the ground. He was moved to the sidelines. After the injury, A&M failed to gain any yards, and was forced to punt. A&M punter Tom Miller punt the ball, which was eventually caught by Tom Bartlett, who was stationed behind his goal line. Bartlett, who tried to run the ball, was immediately tackled by Fred Wilson for a safety. A&M put up two points on the scoreboard to lead Centre. Centre had never trailed in a game all season.

Centre's offensive line gave injuries to Aggie players Sanders and A. B. Morris, who were removed from the field. The Aggies played with four substitute defenders.

Before the half ended, Centre reached A&M's two-yard line. Centre's Red Roberts and Herb Covington attempted to run through for a touchdown, but were stopped by the A&M defense line. On fourth down, Roberts was stopped at the A&M six-inch mark. Referee Ernie Quigley marked the ball at the two-inch line for the Aggies. The half ended with A&M maintaining its 2–0 lead.

During halftime, A&M head coach Dana X. Bible, after noticing the injuries on the team, called E. King Gill to the A&M bench. Gill, a reserve player who had left the A&M football squad at the end of the regular season to play basketball, was assisting sports editor Jinx Tucker in pointing out players in the press box of the stadium. Bible ordered Gill, who was in civilian clothes, to put on a football uniform in case he was needed to play in the game. Gill put on the uniform of Heine Weir, one of the injured football players, underneath the stands, since there were no dressing rooms, while Weir put on Gill's civilian clothes. Gill stood on the sidelines during the second half ready to go in, but ultimately was not called by Bible as the starting roster managed to finish, although Gill was the only substitute player available by the end of the game. However, Gill's readiness to play began the storied Twelfth Man tradition.

Once the third period started, Centre was forced to punt after they failed to gain yards on their first drive of the second half. The Aggies took over on downs, but fumbled on their first play. Centre recovered the ball on the A&M three-yard line. Centre fullback Terry Snoddy rushed in for a touchdown. Centre scored an extra point to put the score at 7–2.

After Centre's first score, A&M coach Bible chose to kick off. Centre received the ball, though fumbled it, causing three A&M tacklers to fall on the return player. Cap Murrah recovered the ball at the Centre thirty-three yard line. On A&M's possession, Puny Wilson threw the ball to Jack Evans for a touchdown. A&M restored their lead to 9–7 after scoring the extra point.

Centre fumbled the ball again on their ensuing possession, allowing the Aggies to recover it on Centre's twenty-four yard line. A&M's Miller rushed to the fourteen-yard line for a first down, and Billy McMillan chalked up five more yards. End Puny Wilson ran for a touchdown on the next down to extend the Aggies' lead to 16–7.

Once Centre got the ball again, their hopes of a comeback failed as Aggie defensive tackle Ted Winn intercepted a ball and ran forty-five yards for another A&M touchdown, increasing the score to 22–7. Centre would score a touchdown afterwards, but the game soon ended 22–14.

Notes

References

Dixie Classic
Dixie Classic (bowl game)
Texas A&M Aggies football bowl games
Centre Colonels football bowl games
Dixie Classic
Dixie Classic

1922 Dixie Classic


William Hamilton  (1751–1801) was an English painter and illustrator.

Life
Hamilton was born in Chelsea, London, but travelled and worked in Italy with Antonio Zucchi for several years. He trained first as an architectural draftsman, but soon moved to theatrical portraits and scenes from plays.

Hamilton became an associate member of the Royal Academy from 1784, and was made a full member in 1789.

Works
Hamilton became very well known for his paintings depicting episodes from the plays of Shakespeare and for his illustrations of poems. He was commissioned to create works for John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, Thomas Macklin's Bible and Robert Bowyer's English History. These were widely reproduced in popular prints. Francesco Bartolozzi engraved a number of Hamilton's best known works.

He also painted modern events, such as the execution of Marie Antoinette, in the manner of epic historical drama. Several battle scenes were also exhibited including The destruction of the Spanish battery ships before Gibraltar in the night of the 13th of Sept. last (1783) and Defence of the Breach at Jean d'Acre by Sir Sidney Smith (1800).

Hamilton's style shows the influence of the cult of sentiment typical of the period, resembling the work of Angelica Kauffman. He also sometimes adopts aspects of Fuseli's dramatic distortions in composition and figure drawing.

Gallery

References

External links

1751 births
1801 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
Royal Academicians
18th-century English male artists

William Hamilton (painter)


Trent Reznor (born Michael Trent Reznor) (May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the creator of the band Nine Inch Nails. For a long time, he was the only member of Nine Inch Nails. That changed in 2016, when Atticus Ross became an official member of the band. He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.

Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.

He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.

He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album Pretty Hate Machine. When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been Broken (1992), The Downward Spiral (1994), The Fragile (1999), With Teeth (2005), Year Zero (2007), Ghosts I-IV (2008), The Slip (2008),  Hesitation Marks (2013), and Bad Witch (2018).

Singers from Pennsylvania
1965 births
Living people
Nine Inch Nails

Trent Reznor


Hōri Mahue Ngata (8 August 1919 – 15 February 1989) was a New Zealand Ngāti Porou farmer, railway worker, workers' camp supervisor, accountant, lexicographer and the grandson of Sir Āpirana Ngata. He served in the 28th New Zealand (Maori) Battalion.

Ngata compiled an English–Māori dictionary, although he died before it was ready for publication. His son Whai Ngata, a broadcaster, completed the work, with the assistance of others, and it was published as English–Maori Dictionary by Learning Media Ltd in 1993. It was later published on the web at www.learningmedia.co.nz/ngata/ as the Ngata Dictionary.

References

1919 births
1989 deaths
New Zealand lexicographers
New Zealand Māori writers
Ngāti Porou people
New Zealand accountants
Māori language revivalists
New Zealand railway workers
Hori Mahue
20th-century lexicographers

Hōri Ngata


Some people who were elected to the United States House of Representatives died before taking their seats. In other cases, they failed to qualify; were rejected by the House; their credentials were successfully challenged; or they were somehow otherwise unable to become members.

This list only includes people who never served in the House. Re-elected incumbents are not included.

List

See also
 Unseated members of the United States Congress

References

Unseated

List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats


Wulgrin (or Vulgrin, Woulgrin) I (c. 830 – 3 May 886) was the Count of Angoulême, Périgueux, and possibly Saintonge from 866 to his death. His parents were Vulfard (Wulfard), Count of Flavigny, and Suzanne, who was a daughter of Bego I, Count of Paris. His brother Hilduin the Young was the abbot of Saint-Denis. Another brother was Adalard of Paris. Ademar of Chabannes is the chief source on his active reign in preserving and moulding Angoulême.

Although a foreigner, Charles the Bald installed Wulgrin as the count of Angoumois, Périgord, and possibly Saintange, in 869. He was the last example in Western Francia of the royal will imposing its preferred administrator on a region, indicating the decline in the power of central administration in the divisions of the former Empire following the Treaty of Verdun.

Between 869 and 878, he built many castles, to defend against the Vikings, and experienced some success limiting their movements in Aquitaine. He appointed a viscount named Ranulf over the fortress called Matas and another named Giselbert over Maurillac.

Wulgrin married Regelindis (Roselinde), a daughter of Bernard of Septimania, Duke of Septimania and Count of Barcelona . Their children were:

Alduin (d. 916), Count of Angoulême
William I (d. 920), Count of Périgord and Agen
Sancha (?), married Adémar, Count of Angoulême

References

Sources

 Histoire P@ssion – Chronologie historique des Comtes d'Angoulême (in French)
 The Descent, Name and Arms of Borlase of Borlase in the County of Cornwall by William Copeland Borlase, Page 13

|-

830s births
886 deaths
Counts of Angoulême
Counts of Périgord
Year of birth uncertain
House of Girard

Wulgrin I of Angoulême


Peter Alexandru Herbolzheimer (31 December 1935 – 27 March 2010) was a Romanian-German jazz trombonist and bandleader.

Biography
Herbolzheimer was born to a Romanian mother and a German father in Bucharest, Romania. His family emigrated in 1951 from Communist Romania to West Germany. In 1953, he moved to the United States, where he enrolled in Highland Park high school in Michigan, graduating in 1954. He was a member of choral groups and orchestra and played guitar in bands in Detroit. In 1957, he returned to Germany and began playing valve trombone in "open mike" groups. He returned to Michigan, but his visa was denied.

For one year he studied at the Nuremberg Conservatory. In the 1960s, he played with the Nuremberg radio dance orchestra and with Bert Kämpfert's orchestra. In 1968, he became a member of the pit orchestra of Hamburg theater (Deutsches Schauspielhaus) directed by Hans Koller. In 1969, he formed the Rhythm Combination and Brass big band for which he wrote most of the arrangements. In the late 1970s, the band toured successfully with a "jazz gala" program with guest stars such as Esther Phillips, Stan Getz, Nat Adderley, Gerry Mulligan, Toots Thielemans, Clark Terry, and Albert Mangelsdorff. In later years, the band played concert tours, television shows, and jazz festivals.

In 1972, Herbolzheimer wrote music for the Edelhagen Band's opening of the Olympic Games in Munich. In 1974, Herbolzheimer's band entered an annual television competition  in the Belgian seaside resort Knokke, winning the Golden Swan Award. He also won the International Jazz Composers Competition 1974 in Monaco. Herbolzheimer's arrangements combine swing, Latin music, and rock music.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Herbolzheimer  led his orchestra for German television networks with guest musicians such as Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, Sammy Davis Jr., Dizzy Gillespie, and Al Jarreau. Between 1987 and 2006, Herbolzheimer was the musical director of Germany's national youth jazz orchestra, the Bundes Jazz Orchester. He conducted regular workshops and clinics for big band jazz. In 2007, he was chosen music director, arranger, and conductor of the European Jazz Band, which toured throughout Europe until 2009.

Herbolzheimer died at the age of 74 in his hometown of Cologne, Germany on 27 March 2010.

Personnel
Brass players included Allan Botschinsky (Denmark), Art Farmer (U.S.), Dusko Goykovich (Serbia), Palle Mikkelborg (Denmark), Ack van Rooyen (Netherlands) and Jiggs Whigham (U.S.) The rhythm section consisted of two keyboards, guitar, bass, drums and percussion and included Dieter Reith (Germany), Philip Catherine (Belgium), Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen (Denmark), Bo Stief (Denmark), Alex Riel (Denmark), Grady Tate (U.S.), and Nippy Noya (Indonesia).

Discography

 Soul Condor, 1970 (MPS)
 My Kind Of Sunshine, 1970 (MPS)
 Wide Open, 1973 (MPS)
 Waitaminute, 1973 (MPS)
 Scenes, 1974 (MPS)
 Live im Onkel Pö, 1975 (Polydor)
 The Catfish, 1975
 Hip Walk, 1976 (Polydor)
 Jazz Gala Concert 1976 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Touch Down, 1977
 Jazz Gala 77 – Telefunken/Decca
 I hear Voices, 1978 (Polydor)
 Quality, 1978 (Acanto/Bellaphon)
 Jazz Gala Concert 79 – Rare Bid/Bellaphon
 Toots Suite  – Alanna
 Dreißig Jahre – Live in Concert – Mons (SunnyMoon)
 Colours of a Band – Mons (SunnyMoon)
 Masterpieces – MPS-Record (Universal)
 Music for Swinging Dancers, 1984 (Koal Reco)
 Latin Groove, 1987 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Fat Man Boogie, 1981 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Fatman 2, 1983 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Bandfire, 1981 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Smile – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Friends and Silhouettes – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Big Band Bebop, 1984 – Koala/Bellaphon
 More Bebop, 1984 – Koala
 Harlem Story, 1984; Koala
 Colors of a Band, 1995 (with Dianne Reeves)

References

External links
 – official website

Peter Herbolzheimer – extended biography
Peter Herbolzheimer – biography and bibliography

Musicians from Bucharest
Big band bandleaders
Romanian people of German descent
Romanian emigrants to Germany
Jazz fusion arrangers
German jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Post-bop arrangers
MPS Records artists
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German composers
German jazz composers
Male jazz composers
1935 births
2010 deaths
20th-century trombonists
20th-century German male musicians
20th-century German musicians

Peter Herbolzheimer


Noah Cicero (born October 10, 1980) is an American novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. He is the author of nine books of fiction, two books of poetry, and two ebooks.

Cicero's stories, poetry, and essays have been published in magazines such as Scarecrow, Brittle Star, Retort, Nth Position, Black Ice, Identity Theory, Prague Literary Review, and many others. His fiction is anthologized in The Edgier Waters, published by 3:AM Magazine in 2006.

Personal life
Cicero grew up in Vienna, Ohio, what he calls "a sleazy, one-red-light town." His mother was a tow-motor driver and his father was a butcher at a Kmart. Cicero has said that he had no books in his house as a child and started to read ghost stories around 13 or 14 years of age. He graduated from Youngstown State University in 2013 with a degree in political science and government. In 2000, he was employed at the Grand Canyon but was fired due to drinking on the job. He later returned to the Grand Canyon, writing about his experiences in Give It to the Grand Canyon (2019). He lived in Seongnam in 2012 while teaching English; many of the poems in Bipolar Cowboy (2015) reference experiences from his time and relationships in South Korea. His first novel, The Human War (2003), was adapted into a movie and won the 2014 Beloit Film Festival award for Best Screenplay. He lives in Las Vegas, where he has worked at a supermarket and as a litigation-trial paralegal.

Writing style
Cicero came to notoriety in the mid-2000s during the "alt-lit" movement, alongside writers like Tao Lin and Brandon Scott Gorrell. His writing covers a range of styles and genres, from poetry to prose and fiction to nonfiction. It focuses on themes such as American life, depression, poverty, existentialism, troubled relationships, consumerism, and Buddhism. Much of Cicero's writing employs a flat, matter-of-fact tone. Of his writing, Cicero has said: "I have always written about humiliation and the failure of expectations, it has never changed." He has cited Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean Rhys, Richard Yates, and Richard Wright as some of his favorite authors. For the poems in Bipolar Cowboy, Cicero said he was influenced by Tang dynasty poets such as Du Fu and Li Bo. His books have been translated into Turkish, Kurdish, and Spanish.

Bibliography
Novels
 The Human War (2003, Fugue State Press; foreign publications include Snowbooks, London 2007; as well as editions in Greek and German)
 The Condemned (2006, Six Gallery Press)
 Burning Babies (2006, Parlor Press)
 Treatise (2008, A-Head Publishing)
 The Insurgent (2010, Blatt)
 Best Behavior (2011, Civil Coping Mechanisms)
 Go to Work and Do Your Job. Care for Your Children. Pay Your Bills. Obey the Law. Buy Products. (2013, Lazy Fascist Press)
 Give It to the Grand Canyon (2019, Philosophical Idiot)
 Las Vegas Bootlegger: Empire of Self-Importance (2020, Trident Press)
Poetry
 Bipolar Cowboy (2015, Lazy Fascist Press)
 Nature Documentary: Poems (2018, House of Vlad)
Nonfiction
 Blood-Soaked Buddha/Hard Earth Pascal (2017, Trident Press)
eBooks
 The Living And The Dead (2006, Bear Parade)
 Nosferatu (2008, Bear Parade)
Anthology
The Collected Works of Noah Cicero Vol. 1 (2013, Lazy Fascist Press)
The Collected Works of Noah Cicero Vol. 2 (2014, Lazy Fascist Press)
The Noah Cicero Bathroom Reader (2014, Lazy Fascist Press)

References

External links
Noah Cicero's blog
Cowboy Koans, a poem by Noah Cicero from Bipolar Cowboy
Noah Cicero's Neutral Spaces profile
Noah Cicero's Goodreads profile

Ones To Watch
Las Vegas Bootlegger: Noah Cicero and The Idea of Authenticity
The Death of Nihilism: A Review of Noah Cicero's Give It to the Grand Canyon
20,000-word interview with Noah Cicero by Tao Lin
Fifteen Questions Literature Interview with Noah Cicero

21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American novelists
Writers from Youngstown, Ohio
Living people
1980 births
Postmodern writers
Alternative literature
21st-century American poets
American male novelists
American male essayists
American male poets
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Ohio

Noah Cicero


Loch is a Gaelic word for lake. It is commonly used in Scotland. The 'ch' at the end is pronounced with a guttural (back of throat) sound which does not occur in modern English. There are also lochs in Ireland, and the word is sometimes used in other countries.

The word is used both for lakes, and for "narrow or landlocked arms of the sea" (OED). The word comes from Proto-Indo-European *lókus ("lake, pool"). It is related to the Latin lacus ("lake, pond") and English lay ("lake").

Sometimes the term sea loch is used for saltwater lochs. Many other lochs are normal freshwater lakes, like Loch Lomond.

The spelling "lough" is often found in place names. In Lowland Scots and Scottish English, the spelling "loch" is always used.

Biggest by surface area: Loch Lomond
Deepest and largest by volume: Loch Ness

References

Loch


Georges Loustaunau-Lacau (17 April 1894 – 11 February 1955) was a French army officer, anticommunist conspirator, resistant and politician.

Loustaunau-Lacau was born in Pau in Basses-Pyrénées (now Pyrénées-Atlantiques), in and in 1912 began his studies at the French Army's officer school, the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. He served on the staffs of Maxime Weygand and Hubert Lyautey.

Loustaunau-Lacau replaced Charles de Gaulle on the staff of Marshal Philippe Pétain. An officer with far-right and anticommunist views, he was one of the founders of the Union des Comités d'action défensive, also known as the Corvignolles network, the military branch of La Cagoule. His complicity with that organisation was discovered during the investigations ordered by Minister of the Interior Marx Dormoy, and he was dismissed from the army in 1938 by order of War Minister Édouard Daladier.

He was recalled to active service at the outbreak of the Second World War but was arrested on the orders of Daladier on 22 March 1940 and imprisoned at Obernai. Later in 1940, under Pétain's new Vichy regime, Loustaunau-Lacau was appointed to head the Légion française des combattants (LFC), a veterans' organisation created by Vichy France.

Loustaunau-Lacau used his new post as a cover to recruit agents for a resistance organisation that was later known as the Alliance network. He was replaced as head of LFC by Xavier Vallat and sent to French North Africa, where his former chief, Marshal Weygand, had him arrested in May 1941. Loustaunau-Lacau escaped and returned to France, where he was arrested and later deported to Mauthausen concentration camp.

He survived his imprisonment and after the war entered conventional politics. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1951 to represent Basses-Pyrénées (now Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Loustaunau-Lacau was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general on 3 February 1955 and died in Paris eight days later.

References

1894 births
1955 deaths
People from Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
French military personnel of World War I
French military personnel of World War II
French Resistance members
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors
Order of the Francisque recipients

Georges Loustaunau-Lacau


The Zanzibar red colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii) is a species of red colobus monkey endemic to Unguja, the main island of the Zanzibar Archipelago, off the coast of Tanzania. It is also known as Kirk's red colobus after Sir John Kirk, the British Resident of Zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of zoological science. It is now classified as an endangered species and in the mid-1990s was adopted as the flagship species for conservation in Zanzibar. The population is still decreasing, and  conservationists are attempting to work with the local government to devise a proper, effective strategy to protect the population and habitat. Challenges include the species' habitat, which is limited to the archipelago. The species has been reclassified three times; it was previously in the genus Colobus, then in the genus Procolobus, and later in the genus Piliocolobus.

Evolutionary history and taxonomy

The Zanzibar red colobus, Piliocolobus kirkii, population on Zanzibar, represents a population of red colobus that is believed to have been isolated on the island after sea levels rose toward the end of the Pleistocene epoch.  Furthermore, it is suggested through mitochondrial analysis, that phylogenetic groups within the red colobus have been genetically isolated from another since the Pliocene.

Examining cranial morphology has shown that P. kirkii has diverged from mainland Piliocolobus to its own species.  It has experienced an acceleration in morphological evolution of size which is suggested to be the result of insularity on the island and environmental pressures such as competition, habitat, predation and/or resource availability.  There has been no evidence for population bottlenecks in the species.

The smaller cranium of P. kirkii in contrast to the mainland colobus monkey, is consistent with Foster's rule (also known as the island rule) in which the original (larger) animal becomes smaller over time when there are limited resources. Males tend to have pedomorphic traits which include a shorter face, large orbits and an enlarged neurocranium. It is not certain how long ago and where this evolutionary change occurred.

Through molecular analyses, it is indicated that P. kirkii is more closely related to the Udzungwa red colobus (P. gordonorum) compared to other red colobus species. This analysis has also placed the divergence of P. kirkii from its sister species P. godronorum at about 600,000 years ago, which actually allows for an older evolutionary age compared to the previous assumption that it had become its own species around the last glacial period. The species has been reclassified twice; it was previously in the genus Colobus, and more recently in the genus Procolobus and then the genus Piliocolobus.

An alternative common name is Kirk's red colobus after Sir John Kirk (1832–1922), the British Resident of Zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of zoological science.

Physical description
This Old World monkey's coat ranges from dark red to black, accented with a black stripe along the shoulders and arms, and a pale underside. Its black face is crowned with long, white hair, and features a distinguishing pink mark on its lips and nose. Also, the Zanzibar red colobus has a long tail used only for balancing—it is not prehensile. Sexual dimorphism is generally decreased in the species, meaning the females have little difference in their body size and colour from their male counterparts.  Females usually outnumber the males in their groups.  The species has a notably small cranium and rotund body shape, with males potentially reaching over  and females, . In adults, highly differentiated facial features help them to distinguish each other in a group.

The word "colobus" comes from Greek ekolobóse, meaning "he cut short", and is so named because of the significant reduction in size, or complete lack of an opposable thumb in comparison to other primates.  To make up for this, they have four long digits that align to form a strong hook, allowing them to easily grasp branches and climb.

Locals on the island have called the Zanzibar red colobus kima punju which means "poison monkey" in Swahili because of their strong smell unlike other monkeys. This has caused people to hold negative views of the monkey and even to say it has an evil influence on trees on which they feed, ultimately killing the trees.

Habitat
The Zanzibar red colobus is found in three forests of the Zanzibar archipelago.   It displays a wide habit tolerance, but it is mainly an arboreal species and prefers drier areas over wet ones. Its habitats include coastal thickets and coastal rag scrub, but it can also be found in agricultural areas and in mangrove swamps; the latter provides food year-round. When found in agricultural areas, the monkey is more used to humans and comes closer to the ground.

About 1,600 to 3,000 individuals remain, and currently, 50% of the monkeys found on the islands live outside protected zones. The largest and most significant area of protection and habitat for the monkey is in Jozani National Park, which provides  of land reserve.  It is located on the main island and the populations here have been greatly studied in regards to both their ecology and behavior.  Even so, many groups have been found in shambas (Swahili for "farmland") in close proximity to the park.  In these shambas adjacent to the park, higher densities of the red colobus have been reported living here in more cohesive groups, compared to inside the park reserve. The incidence of some of these monkeys living permanently outside the zone of the protected park reserve can increase the endangerment of the groups.

Behavior

The groups consist of up to four adult males and many adult females; typically yielding a 1:2 ratio of males to females. Young of varying ages are also incorporated in the group. The number of monkeys in a group can range from 30 to 50 individuals. The species is a very social animal, and can often be observed playing and grooming during the rest periods between meals.  Unlike females, in a group, males actually maintain close bonds, acting together in defense of their group and even in grooming each other.

Feeding
Feeding is also a group activity. It begins to feed in the morning, and is more active during the cooler parts of the day. Loud calls from males indicate the group is ready to move to another tree to feed. This monkey is mainly a foliovore, and on average, half of the leaves consumed are young leaves.  They also eat leaf shoots, seeds, flowers, and unripe fruit. It has also been found eating bark, dead wood, and soil. It is one of the few species that do not eat ripe fruits; it has a sacculated stomach with four chambers specific for breaking down plant materials, however it cannot digest the sugars contained in mature fruits. Because the monkey feeds on young leaves (though not limited to them), there are instances where it consumes charcoal, which is believed to aid their digestion of the toxins (possibly phenolic compounds) found in the young leaves of the Indian almond tree and mango tree. The habit of consuming charcoal is thought to be a learned behavior presumably passed on from the mother to her offspring. The presence of charcoal deposits were shown to result in these monkeys being more likely to inhabit areas that had trees as a food source that were rich in phenolics. It has been noted, however, that not all populations on the islands carry out the behavior, but that it is rather mostly done by those who consume more perennial and exotic foliage.

Since some populations use mangroves as a source of food, it is natural for the monkey to consume more sodium chloride (NaCl). Because of this, those populations have been observed to drink water directly from tree-holes, or licking water off of leaves. This innovative behavior shows the adaptation of the monkey to novel ecological and environmental circumstances.

In the dry season, one of the staple foods, Indian almond tree, as previously mentioned, drops its leaves and can cause the monkey to go beyond park boundaries in order to extend its feeding range. This puts the already endangered colobine at more risk.

Reproduction

Males usually reach sexual maturity at about 3–3.5 years old, while females attain it at about two years old.  Females approaching estrous can be easily identified because of the swelling and bright red coloration of the genital area. This signals to males that the given female is ready for mating.  Moreover, just prior to mating, males will use their fingers to probe the female's birth canal. This is immediately followed by sniffing the area because estrogen and progesterone can be detected by this method, further helping the male conclude if the female is indeed ready to breed.

Gestation is about 6 months for colobus monkeys and one female has about 1–2 new-born every two years. Parental care is intense and often, the role is shared by multiple females of the group. It is observed that about 76% of offspring are born between September and December. Infanticide has also been noted on occasion when a new male joins a given group that has infants.

Research has suggested that the ability for dietary expansion, which consuming charcoal partly allows, explains the higher birth rates and densities due to resource availability. Birth rates for those living in mangroves are higher than colobus monkeys living in coral rag forests.

There are higher birthing rates between October–December for colobines on Uzi Island and then January–February for those in Kiwengwa, located on the eastern side of the main island. Infant mortality can be significantly high with half of the infants born not reaching more than six months of age. The birth rates themselves, however, are actually decreased in comparison to mainland colobus monkeys and interbirth intervals are longer as well. Research has suggested that this is a consequence of disturbed habitats in which mainland colobi are not so affected.

Communication

The red colobus species have a smaller larynx compared to other members of the Colobinae subfamily. The male's call is more of an alto or soprano in contrast to the low bass of a male's in black-and-white colobus species. The Zanzibar red colobus is non-territorial in nature and as so does not typically make loud, territorial threat calls. Zanzibar red colobus distress and warning calls are the "bark", "chist", or "wheet". One of the loudest calls from the monkey is heard when he expresses his dominance over the group and when checking the sexual status of his females.

The call heard most often by people in or near Jozani Forest is the 'alerting signal'. This is an attention-getting call that is derived from the progression call. Chirps and grunts are made when there are changes in the surrounding environment such as changes in weather or animal movement in proximity to the group. With most arboreal animals, there are two different alerting calls, one for when a predator is on land, and another when there is an aerial predator. However, because of the lack of larger birds of prey in Zanzibar, such calls are not often witnessed. The young, on the other hand, because of their smaller size and vulnerability, do at times make such calls when they see shadows.

Because the Zanzibar red colobus is extremely social, it has a specific call for when it is alone for a certain amount of time upon which it feels vulnerable or threatened. The young are typically the ones to make such a call that sounds like a loud scream, but adults are occasionally likely (when deemed necessary) to make some variation of the call as well.

Conservation
A number of factors have contributed to the monkey's endangered status. First, an increase in deforestation has resulted in a significant reduction in resources and habitat; second, it is hunted for meat and pet markets. To counteract the decline in population, various attempts have been made to protect the species. In 1974, specimens were moved to Ngezi Forest on Pemba Island to try to re-establish the monkey's population. It had been found, however, that 20 years after the translocation to the island only one group of Zanzibar red colobus was found and with few sightings and interviews with locals, the population was estimated to be between 15 and 30 individuals. Researchers concluded that the group had certainly survived but did not increase in number possibly due to adverse relations with humans. Some locals in Pemba hold superstitions against the monkey because of the idea that it brings bad luck upon farmers. This may explain the reason that they have not significantly grown in population size.

On Uzi and Vundwe Islands, the Zanzibar red colobus is subject to extensive habitat destruction, particularly with coral rag forests. There is also reported poisoning, netting, and disappearance of monkeys as well as other with animals.

Various attempts have been made for conservation of the species.  One project was with the World Wildlife Fund, specifically in Menai Bay which is located just west of Uzi Island. Another funded by the Wildlife Conservation Society designated the Zanzibar red colobus as the flagship species in a long-term study on population, human influence, and behaviour.

The African Convention has played a role in the conservation of the animal by categorizing it as 'Class A.'  According to the document African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 'Class A' is described as:
species in Class A shall be totally protected throughout the entire territory of the Contracting States; the hunting, killing, capture or collection of specimens shall be permitted only on the authorization in each case of the highest competent authority and only if required in the national interest or for scientific purposes.

It has been suggested that an important way to promote conservation of the monkey is to simply spread awareness about it – that it is not a harmful animal and that it can actually be good for the region's economy because it draws tourism. This has been the case on the island of Unguja (Zanzibar). Furthermore, it would be necessary to establish and designate protected zones.

References

External links

ARKive – images and movies of the Kirk's red colobus (Procolobus kirkii)

Zanzibar red colobus
Endemic fauna of Tanzania
Zanzibar
Mammals of Tanzania
Endangered fauna of Africa
Zanzibar red colobus
Zanzibar red colobus
Primates of Africa

Zanzibar red colobus


Cité Europe is a shopping centre located next to the French terminal of the Channel Tunnel at Coquelles. Inaugurated on March 21, 1995, approximately 10 months after the Tunnel opened, Cité Europe has over 140 shops, a hypermarket, a 12-screen cinema complex and around twenty restaurants. Designed by architect Paul Andreu, it is intended to echo the design of the Tunnel. It is easily accessible by public transport, and has free parking for more than 4000 cars.

References

External links
Official website

Shopping centres in France
Channel Tunnel
Shopping malls established in 1995
1995 establishments in France

Cité Europe


Vesselowskya rubifolia, commonly known as southern marara, red ash, mountain marara or Dorrigo southern marara, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cunoniaceae plant and has a restricted distribution in eastern New South Wales. It is a shrub or small tree with compound leaves with three or five leaflets with serrated edges, and small whitish flowers arranged along a raceme.

Description
Vesselowskya rubifolia is a shrub or tree that typically grows to a height of  with a trunk up to  in diameter, the bark thin and fawn brown. Its young growth, parts of the leaves and flowers are covered with long hairs flattened against the surface. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, each with three or five elliptical leaflets with sharply-pointed serrations on the edges, the leaflets all attached to a single point on the end of the petiole. The end leaflet is  long and  wide on a petiolule  long, the side leaflets  long and  wide on a petiolule  long. The two basal leaflets, when present, are  long and  wide and sessile or on a petiolule up to  long.

Male and female flowers are arranged along separate racemes  long in leaf axils, the female racemes elongating to  long as the fruit develops. Each flower has three whitish sepals and three whitish petals about  long. Flowering occurs in spring and the fruit is an oval, pale brown capsule about  long maturing from March to August.

Taxonomy
Southern marara was first formally described in 1860 by Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae and was given the name Geissois rubiflora, from specimens collected from Clouds Creek by Hermann Beckler. In 1905, Renato Pampanini changed the name to Vesselowskya rubifolia in the journal Annali di botanica.

Distribution and habitat
Vesselowskya rubifolia is usually found in cool temperate rainforest with Antarctic Beech and occurs from Barrington Tops to north-west of Dorrigo.

References

Flora of New South Wales
Cunoniaceae
Oxalidales of Australia
Plants described in 1860
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Vesselowskya rubifolia


The 1918 Vancouver Island earthquake occurred in British Columbia, Canada at 12:41 a.m. Pacific Standard Time on December 6.
The earthquake was most likely of the strike-slip type, and was estimated to have a maximum perceived intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The epicenter was located east of the Stewardson inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island, with damage occurring at the Estevan Point lighthouse on the Hesquiat Peninsula. The event registered 7.2 on the moment magnitude scale and was felt as far as northern Washington state and the interior of British Columbia.

The earthquake took place in the vicinity of the Cascadia subduction zone where the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Explorer Plate are being subducted under the North American Plate at a rate of  and less than  per year respectively, but the event was a crustal intraplate earthquake and was produced from the complicated interaction between the plates in the area. The source of the earthquake was the Nootka transform fault, which separates the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates and has been the origin of at least five additional moderate to large events since 1918.

See also
List of earthquakes in 1918
List of earthquakes in Canada
1946 Vancouver Island earthquake

References

Bibliography

External links

Vancouver Island Earthquake, 1918
Vancouver Island Earthquake, 1918
1918 Vancouver
1918 disasters in Canada

1918 Vancouver Island earthquake


George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur. The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.

In 1999 Williams shared the Crafoord Prize, with Maynard Smith and Ernst Mayr, for developing the concept of evolutionary biology.

Academic work
Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology. It contains three important ideas. In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be  generally synchronized by natural selection.
"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system."

This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting. By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.p100

In his first book, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Williams advocated a "ground rule  or perhaps doctrine would be a better term  ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book The Selfish Gene.

Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine.

Books
 Williams G.C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C., ed. 1971. Group selection. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
 Williams G.C. 1975. Sex and evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C. 1992. Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Nesse R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine. Times Books, New York.
 Williams G.C. 1996. Plan and purpose in nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as The Pony Fish's glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature. Basic Books, New York).

References

1926 births
American evolutionary biologists
2010 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease

George C. Williams


Joseph is a town in Sevier County, Utah, United States. The population was 269 at the 2000 census. The town was named for Joseph Angell Young, an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Joseph was settled in 1871.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 269 people, 92 households, and 73 families residing in the town. The population density was 301.7 people per square mile (116.7/km2). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 122.3 per square mile (47.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.05% White, 0.74% African American, 0.37% Asian, 2.97% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.69% of the population.

There were 92 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.6% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 16.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $36,563 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,456. About 17.4% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.9% of those under the age of eighteen and 25.0% of those 65 or over.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Utah

References

External links

Towns in Sevier County, Utah
Towns in Utah
Populated places established in 1871
1871 establishments in Utah Territory

Joseph, Utah