is a 1978 shoot 'em up arcade video game developed and released by Taito in Japan, and licensed to Midway Manufacturing for overseas distribution. Space Invaders was the first fixed shooter and set the template for the genre. The goal is to defeat wave after wave of descending aliens with a horizontally moving laser to earn as many points as possible.

Designer Tomohiro Nishikado drew inspiration from North American target shooting games like Breakout (1976) and Gun Fight (1975), as well as science fiction narratives such as the novel The War of the Worlds (1897), the anime Space Battleship Yamato (1974), and the film Star Wars (1977). To complete development of the game, he had to design custom hardware and development tools. Upon release, Space Invaders was an immediate commercial success; by 1982, it had grossed $3.8 billion ($ billion in -adjusted terms), with a net profit of $450 million ($ billion in  terms). This made it the best-selling video game and highest-grossing entertainment product at the time, and the highest-grossing video game of all time.

Space Invaders is considered one of the most influential video games of all time. It ushered in the golden age of arcade video games. It was the inspiration for numerous video games and game designers across different genres, and has been ported and re-released in various forms. The 1980 Atari VCS version quadrupled sales of the VCS, thereby becoming the first killer app for video game consoles. More broadly, the pixelated enemy alien has become a pop culture icon, often representing video games as a whole.

Gameplay

Space Invaders is a fixed shooter in which the player moves a laser cannon horizontally across the bottom of the screen and fires at aliens overhead. The aliens begin as five rows of eleven that move left and right as a group, shifting downward each time they reach a screen edge. The goal is to eliminate all of the aliens by shooting them. While the player has three lives, the game ends immediately if the invaders reach the bottom of the screen. The aliens attempt to destroy the player's cannon by firing projectiles. The laser cannon is partially protected by stationary defense bunkers which are gradually destroyed from the top by the aliens and, if the player fires when beneath one, the bottom gets destroyed.

As aliens are defeated, their movement and the game's music both speed up. Defeating all the aliens brings another wave which starts lower, a loop which can continue endlessly. A special "mystery ship" will occasionally move across the top of the screen and award bonus points if destroyed.

Development
Space Invaders was developed by Japanese designer Tomohiro Nishikado, who spent a year designing the game and developing the necessary hardware to produce it. The game was a response to Atari's arcade game Breakout (1976). Nishikado wanted to adapt the same sense of achievement and tension from destroying targets one at a time, combining it with elements of target shooting games. The game uses a similar layout to that of Breakout but with different game mechanics; rather than bounce a ball to attack static objects, players are given the ability to fire projectiles at moving enemies.

Nishikado added several interactive elements that he found lacking in earlier video games, such as the ability for enemies to react to the player's movement and fire back, and a game over triggered by the enemies killing the player (either by getting hit or enemies reaching the bottom of the screen) rather than simply a timer running out. He replaced the timer, typical of arcade games at the time, with descending aliens who effectively served a similar function, where the closer they came, the less time the player had left.

Early enemy designs for the game included tanks, combat planes, and battleships. Nishikado, however, was not satisfied with the enemy movements; technical limitations made it difficult to simulate flying. Humans would have been easier to simulate, but the designer considered shooting them immoral. After the release of the 1974 anime Space Battleship Yamato in Japan, and seeing a magazine feature about Star Wars (1977), he thought of using a space theme. Nishikado drew inspiration for the aliens from a novel by H. G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, and created initial bitmap images after the octopus-like aliens. Other alien designs were modeled after squids and crabs. The game was originally titled Space Monsters after a popular song in Japan at the time, "Monster", but was changed to Space Invaders by the designer's superiors.

Hardware

Nishikado designed his own custom hardware and development tools for the game. The game uses an Intel 8080 central processing unit (CPU), displays raster graphics on a CRT monitor using a bitmapped framebuffer, and uses monaural sound hosted by a combination of analog circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip. The adoption of a microprocessor was inspired by Gun Fight (1975), Midway's microprocessor adaptation of Nishikado's earlier discrete logic game Western Gun, after the designer was impressed by the improved graphics and smoother animation of Midway's version.  Space Invaders also adopted the multi-chip barrel shifter circuit first developed by Midway for Gun Fight, which had been a key part of that game's smoother animation. This circuit allowed the 8080 CPU to shift pictures in the graphics framebuffer faster than it could using only its own native instructions.

Despite the specially developed hardware, Nishikado was unable to program the game as he wanted—the Control Program board was not powerful enough to display the graphics in color or move the enemies faster—and he ended up considering the development of the game's hardware the most difficult part of the whole process. While programming the game, Nishikado discovered that the processor was able to render each frame of the alien's animation graphics faster when there were fewer aliens on the screen. Since the alien's positions updated after each frame, this caused the aliens to move across the screen at an increasing speed as more and more were destroyed. Rather than design a compensation for the speed increase, he decided that it was a feature, not a bug, and kept it as a challenging gameplay mechanism.

Taito released Space Invaders in July 1978. They released both an upright arcade cabinet and a so-called "cocktail-table" cabinet; following its usual practice, Taito named the cocktail version T.T. Space Invaders ("T.T." for "table-top"). Midway released its upright version a few months later and its cocktail version several months after that. The cabinet artwork featured large humanoid monsters not present in the game; Nishikado attributes this to the artist basing the designs on the original title of "Space Monsters", rather than referring to the actual in-game graphics. In the upright cabinets, the game graphics are generated on a hidden CRT monitor and reflected toward the player using a semi-transparent mirror, behind which is mounted a plastic cutout of a moon bolted against a painted starry background. The backdrop is visible through the mirror and thus appears "behind" the graphics. Both Taito's and Midway's first Space Invaders versions had black-and-white graphics with a transparent colored overlay using strips of orange and green cellophane over certain portions of the screen to add color to the image. Later Japanese releases used a rainbow-colored cellophane overlay, and these were eventually followed by versions with a color monitor and an electronically generated color overlay.

Music

Despite its simplicity, the music to Space Invaders was revolutionary for the gaming industry of the time. Video game scholar Andrew Schartmann identifies three aspects of the music that had a significant impact on the development of game music:
 Whereas video game music prior to Space Invaders was restricted to the extremities (i.e., a short introductory theme with game-over counterpart), the alien-inspired hit featured continuous musicthe well-known four-note loop, consisting of the first four notes of the descending D minor natural scalethroughout, uninterrupted by sound effects: "It was thus the first time that sound effects and music were superimposed to form a rich sonic landscape. Not only do players receive feedback related directly to their actions through sound effects; they also receive stimulus in a more subtle, non-interactive fashion through music."
 The music interacts with on-screen animation to influence the emotions of the player: "That seemingly pedestrian four-note loop might stir us in the most primitive of ways, but that it stirs us at all is worthy of note. By demonstrating that game sound could be more than a simple tune to fill the silence, Space Invaders moved video game music closer to the realm of art."
 The music for Space Invaders popularized the notion of variability—the idea that music can change in accordance with the ongoing on-screen narrative. The variable in Space Invaders, the tempo, is admittedly simple, but its implications are not to be underestimated. "Over the years, analogous strategies of variation would be applied to pitch, rhythm, dynamics, form, and a host of other parameters, all with the goal of accommodating the nonlinear aspect of video games."

Next Generation editor Neil West also cited the Space Invaders music as an example of great video game art, commenting on how the simple melody's increasing tempo and synchronization with the enemies' movement chills and excites the player.

Reception and versions

Arcade version
When Nishikado completed the game, it was initially met with a mixed response from within Taito and among amusement arcade owners. His colleagues praised it, applauding his achievement while queuing up to play, whereas his bosses predicted low sales as games often ended more quickly than other timer-based arcade games at the time. A number of amusement arcade owners initially rejected the game, but some pachinko parlors and bowling alleys adopted it; it quickly caught on, with many parlors and alleys clearing space for more Space Invaders cabinets. In the first few months following its release in Japan, Space Invaders became popular, and specialty video arcades opened with nothing but Space Invaders cabinets.

By the end of 1978, Taito had installed over 100,000 machines and grossed  ( adjusted for inflation) in Japan alone. By June 1979, Taito had manufactured about 200,000–300,000 Space Invaders machines in Japan, with each unit earning an average of  or  in 100 yen coins per day. However, this was not enough to meet the high demand, leading to Taito increasing production to 25,000–30,000 units per month and raising projections to 400,000 manufactured in Japan by the end of 1979. In order to cope with the demand, Taito licensed the overseas rights to Midway for distribution outside of Japan. By the end of 1979, an estimated 750,000 Space Invaders machines were installed worldwide, including 400,000 in Japan, 85,000 in the United Kingdom, and 60,000 within a year in the United States (where prices ranged from $2,000 to $3,000 for each machine); the game eventually sold 72,000 units in the United States by 1982. By 1979, it had become the arcade game industry's all-time best-seller.

Space Invaders had about  daily players in Japan, with daily revenue peaking at  or . Space Invaders machines had grossed more than four billion US quarters ( at the time, or  adjusted for inflation) by 1979. It remained the top arcade game for three years through 1980. In 1981, several years after its release, it still had weekly earnings of  in the United States, second only to Pac-Man. By 1982, it had crossed $2 billion in quarters (equivalent to $ adjusted for inflation), with a net profit of $450 million (equivalent to $ adjusted for inflation). This made it the best-selling video game and highest-grossing "entertainment product" of its time, with comparisons made to the then highest-grossing film Star Wars, which had grossed $486 million, with a net profit of $175 million. By 1982, it had grossed , equivalent to over  as of 2016. Space Invaders earned Taito profits of over .

Home versions
The 1980 Atari VCS (Atari 2600) version was the first official licensing of an arcade game for consoles and became the first "killer app" for video game consoles after quadrupling the system's sales. It sold over one million units in its first year on sale as a home console game, then over  copies by the end of 1981, and over  by 1982; it was the best-selling Atari 2600 game up until the Atari version of Pac-Man (1982). Space Invaders for the Atari 2600 had sold  cartridges by 1983, and a further  between 1986 and 1990, for a total of over  cartridges sold by 1990.

Other official conversions were released for the Atari 8-bit computer line and Atari 5200 console, while Taito later released it for the Nintendo Famicom in 1985, but only in Japan. By 1982, versions of Space Invaders were available for handheld electronic game devices, tabletop dedicated consoles, home computers, watches and pocket calculators. The Atari VCS conversion was programmed by Richard Maurer, while the Atari 5200 conversion was programmed by Eric Manghise and animated by Marilyn Churchill.

More than a hundred Space Invaders video game clones were released for various platforms, such as the popular computer games Super Invader (1979) and TI Invaders (1981); the latter was the top-selling game for the TI-99/4A through at least 1982.

Legacy
As one of the earliest shooting games, Space Invaders set precedents and helped pave the way for future titles and for the shooting genre. Space Invaders popularized a more interactive style of gameplay, with the enemies responding to the player-controlled cannon's movement, and was the first video game to popularize the concept of achieving a high score, being the first to save the player's score. While earlier shooting games allowed the player to shoot at targets, Space Invaders was the first in which multiple enemies could fire back at the player, and in contrast to earlier arcade games which often had a timer, Space Invaders introduced the "concept of going round after round." It was also the first game where players were given multiple lives, had to repel hordes of enemies, could take cover from enemy fire, and use destructible barriers, in addition to being the first game to use a continuous background soundtrack, with four simple diatonic descending bass notes repeating in a loop, which was dynamic and changed pace during stages, like a heartbeat sound that increases pace as enemies approached.

An urban legend states that Space Invaders' popularity led to a shortage of 100-yen coins in Japan. However, Nishikado himself was skeptical of the story. In actuality, 100-yen coin production was lower in 1978 and 1979 than in previous or subsequent years. Additionally, arcade operators would have emptied their machines and taken the money to the bank, thus keeping the coins in circulation. Reports from those living in Japan at the time indicate "nothing out of the ordinary ... during the height of the Space Invaders invasion".

Space Invaders was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame in 2016. Space Invaders cabinets have become collector's items, with the cocktail and cabaret versions being the rarest.

Impact
Game developers including Shigeru Miyamoto (creator of the franchises Donkey Kong, Mario, and The Legend of Zelda), Hideo Kojima (Metal Gear), Satoshi Tajiri (Pokémon), and John Romero and John Carmack (both Doom) have cited Space Invaders as their introduction to video games. Miyamoto said Space Invaders had revolutionized the video game industry. According to Alexander Smith, by "allowing targets to attack the player and eliminating the timer, Nishikado created a new paradigm in video games." It also inspired Eugene Jarvis (Defender, Robotron: 2084) to become a video game designer, stating it "laid the groundwork for a whole generation" of video games with the "animated characters, the story, this amazing crescendo of action and climax" and that many games "still rely on the multiple life, progressively difficult level paradigm" of Space Invaders. Deus Ex creator Warren Spector said: "Space Invaders and games like it represent the roots of everything we see today in gaming. It represents the birth of a new art form, one that literally changed the world. Space Invaders is important as an historical artefact, no less than the silent films of the early twentieth century or early printed books."

Edge attributed the shift of games from bars and amusement arcades to more mainstream locations, such as restaurants and department stores, to Space Invaders. Its popularity was such that it was the first game where an arcade machine's owner could make up for the cost of the machine in under one month, or in some places within one week.

Space Invaders helped action games become the dominant genre in arcades and on consoles. Guinness World Records considered Space Invaders one of the most successful arcade shooting games by 2008. In describing it as a "seminal arcade classic", IGN listed it as the number eight "classic shoot 'em up". Space Invaders set the template for the shoot 'em up genre. Its worldwide success created a demand for a wide variety of science fiction games, inspiring the development of arcade games, such as Atari's Asteroids, Williams Electronics' Defender, and Namco's Galaxian and Galaga, which were modeled after Space Invaders gameplay and design. This influence could be said to extend to most shooting games released to the present day, including first-person shooters (FPS) such as Wolfenstein, Doom, Halo and Call of Duty. Space Invaders also influenced other genres, including maze games such as Sega/Gremlin's Head On (1979) which adopted the concept of "going round after round" instead of a timer, and early computer dungeon crawl games such as Dungeons of Daggorath, which used similar heartbeat sounds to indicate player health.

The technology journalist Jason Whittaker credited Space Invaders with ending the video game crash of 1977, caused by Pong clones flooding the market, and beginning the golden age of video arcade games (1978–1980s). According to The Observer, home console versions of Space Invaders were popular and encouraged users to learn to program; many became industry leaders. 1UP.com stated that Space Invaders showed that video games could compete against the major entertainment media at the time: films, music, and television. IGN attributed the launch of the "arcade phenomenon" in North America in part to Space Invaders. Electronic Games said it was the impetus behind video gaming becoming a rapidly growing hobby, and as "the single most popular coin-operated attraction of all time." Game Informer considered it, along with Pac-Man, one of the most popular arcade games; it tapped into popular culture and generated excitement during the golden age of arcades.

Rankings
In 1995, Flux magazine ranked Space Invaders #1 on their "Top 100 Video Games." In 1996, Next Generation magazine put Space Invaders at number 97 on their list of the "Top 100 Games of All Time", saying that it "provides an elegance and simplicity not found in later games like Phoenix [1980]." IGN listed it as one of the "Top 10 Most Influential Games" in 2007, citing it as a source of inspiration to video game designers and the impact it had on the shooting genre. The Times ranked it No. 1 on its list of "The ten most influential video games ever" in 2007. 1UP ranked it at No. 3 on its list of "The 60 Most Influential Games of All Time," stating that, in contrast to earlier arcade games which "were attempts to simulate already-existing things," Space Invaders was "the first video game as a video game, instead of merely a playable electronic representation of something else."

In 2008, Guinness World Records listed it as the top-rated arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact. Entertainment Weekly named Space Invaders one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 home console in 2013. In 2018, it was ranked 87th in Video Game Canon's statistical meta-analysis of 48 "top games" lists published between 1995 and 2017. The list aggregator site Playthatgame currently ranks Space Invaders as the 57th top game of all time, game of the year, & game of the 1970s. In 2021, The Guardian listed it as the third-greatest video game of the 1970s, just below Galaxian and Asteroids.

Remakes and sequels

Space Invaders has been remade on numerous platforms and spawned many sequels. Re-releases include ported and updated versions of the original arcade game. Ported versions generally feature different graphics and additional gameplay options—for example, moving defense bunkers, zigzag shots, invisible aliens, and two-player cooperative gameplay. Ports on earlier systems like the Atari home consoles featured simplified graphics, while later systems such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and PlayStation featured updated graphics. Later titles include several modes of gameplay and integrate new elements into the original design. For example, Space Invaders Extreme, released on the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable, integrated musical elements into the standard gameplay. A 2008 spin-off for WiiWare, Space Invaders Get Even, allows players to control the aliens instead of the laser cannon in a reversal of roles.

In 1980, Bally-Midway released a pinball version of the game. However, few elements from the original game are included, and the aliens instead resemble the xenomorphs from the film Alien; Bally-Midway was later sued over the game's resemblance to the designs by H. R. Giger. It became the third highest-grossing pinball machine of 1980 in the United States.

Ports of the game have been met with mixed receptions; the Atari 2600 version was successful, while the Nintendo Entertainment System version was poorly received.

Taito has released several arcade sequels. The first was Space Invaders Part II in 1979; it featured color graphics, an attract mode, new gameplay elements, and added an intermission between gameplay. According to the Killer List of Video Games, this was the first video game to include an intermission. The game also allowed the player with the top score to sign their name on the high score table. This version was released in the United States as Deluxe Space Invaders (also known as Space Invaders Deluxe), but it featured a different graphical color scheme and a lunar-city background. Another arcade sequel, Space Invaders II, was released exclusively in the United States. It was in a cocktail-table format with very fast alien firing and a competitive two-player mode. During the summer of 1985, Return of the Invaders was released with updated color graphics and more complex movements and attack patterns for the aliens. Subsequent arcade sequels included Super Space Invaders '91, Space Invaders DX, and Space Invaders 95. Each game introduced minor gameplay additions to the original design. Like the original game, several of the arcade sequels have become collector's items, though some are considered rarer. In 2002, Taito released Space Raiders, a third-person shooter reminiscent of Space Invaders.

The game and its related games have been included in video game compilation titles. Space Invaders Anniversary was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 and included nine Space Invader variants. A similar title for the PlayStation Portable, Space Invaders Pocket, was released in 2005. Space Invaders, Space Invaders Part II and Return of the Invaders are included in Taito Legends, a compilation of Taito's classic arcade games released in 2005 on the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PC. Super Space Invaders '91, Space Invaders DX, and Space Invaders 95 were included in Taito Legends 2, a sequel compilation released in 2006. In April 2017, a redemption game by Raw Thrills, Space Invaders Frenzy, was released.

A stand-alone version was released by Super Impulse as part of its Tiny Arcade series, along with the Namco games Pac-Man, Ms. Pac-Man, and Galaxian.

A Space Invaders title for the Atari Jaguar was being worked on by Virtuality Entertainment, which would have featured support for the unreleased Jaguar VR peripheral; however, the project never entered full development beyond reaching pre-production stages, with the only remaining proof of its existence being a game design document.

In popular culture
Many publications and websites use the pixelated alien graphic as an icon for video games in general, including the video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly, technology website Ars Technica, and concert event Video Games Live. There has also been Space Invaders-themed merchandising, including necklaces and puzzles. The trend continues to this day, with handmade sites like Etsy and Pinterest showcasing thousands of handmade items featuring Space Invaders characters.

The game—and references to it—has appeared in numerous facets of popular culture. Soon after the game's release, hundreds of favorable articles and stories about the emerging video game medium as popularized by Space Invaders aired on television and were printed in newspapers and magazines. The Space Invaders Tournament, held by Atari in 1980 and won by Rebecca Heineman, was the first electronic sports (eSports) event, and attracted more than 10,000 participants, establishing video gaming as a mainstream hobby. The Arcade Awards ceremony was created that same year to honor the best video games, with Space Invaders winning the first Game of the Year (GoTY) award. The impact of Space Invaders on the video game industry has been compared to that of The Beatles in the pop music industry. Considered "the first 'blockbuster' video game," Space Invaders became synonymous with video games worldwide for some time.

Within a year of the game's release, the Japanese PTA unsuccessfully attempted to ban the game for allegedly inspiring truancy. In North America, doctors identified a condition called the "Space Invaders elbow" as a complaint, while a physician in The New England Journal of Medicine named a similar ailment the "Space Invaders Wrist". Space Invaders was also the first game to attract political controversy when a 1981 Private Member's Bill known as the "Control of Space Invaders (and other Electronic Games) Bill", drafted by British Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Foulkes, attempted to allow local councils to restrict the game and those like it by licensing for its "addictive properties" and for causing "deviancy". Conservative MP Michael Brown defended the game as "innocent and harmless pleasure", which he himself had enjoyed that day, and criticized the bill as an example of "Socialist beliefs in restriction and control". A motion to bring the bill before Parliament was defeated by 114 votes to 94 votes; the bill itself was never considered by Parliament. Similarly in the United States, in Westchester County, New York, there was a controversial political debate in 1981 over a resolution to place age restrictions on Space Invaders and other arcade games, following complaints that schoolchildren wasted time and lunch money, and went to school late; the resolution drew national attention.

Music
Musicians have drawn inspiration for their music from Space Invaders. The pioneering Japanese synthpop group Yellow Magic Orchestra reproduced Space Invaders sounds in its 1978 self-titled album and hit single "Computer Game", the latter selling over 400,000 copies in the United States. Other pop songs based on Space Invaders soon followed, including disco records such as "Disco Space Invaders" (1979) by Funny Stuff, and the hit songs "Space Invader" (1980) by The Pretenders, "Space Invaders" (1980) by Uncle Vic, and the Australian hit "Space Invaders" (1979) by Player One (known in the US as 'Playback'), which in turn provided the bassline for Jesse Saunders' "On and On" (1984), the first Chicago house music track. The Clash sampled sound effects from the game on the song "Ivan Meets G.I. Joe" from its 4th studio album, Sandinista!

Video Games Live performed audio from the game as part of a special retro "Classic Arcade Medley" in 2007. In honor of the game's 30th anniversary, Taito produced an album titled Space Invaders 2008. The album was released by Avex Trax and features music inspired by the game. Six songs were originally used in the PSP version of Space Invaders Extreme. Taito's store, Taito Station, also unveiled a Space Invaders-themed music video.

Television and film
In the 1982 original pilot of the series The Powers of Matthew Star, David Star uses his powers to cheat the game. The game is shown with a colored backdrop of the moon. Multiple television series have aired episodes that either reference or parody the game and its elements; for example, Danger Mouse, That '70s Show, Scrubs, Chuck, Robot Chicken, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and The Amazing World of Gumball. Elements are prominently featured in the "Raiders of the Lost Arcade" segment of "Anthology of Interest II", an episode of the animated series Futurama.

Space Invaders also appears in the films Cherry 2000 (1987), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), and Pixels (2015) while its Deluxe game made an appearance in Fast Times At Ridgemont High (1982). It also appears in Disney's Wreck-It Ralph (2012). A film adaptation of the game is in the works by Warner Bros. Pictures with Akiva Goldsman producing. On February 13, 2015, Daniel Kunka was set to write the script for the film. On July 12, 2019, Greg Russo was set to write the script for the film, with Goldsman still producing alongside Safehouse Pictures partners Joby Harold and Tory Tunnell.

Books

Various books have been published about Space Invaders, including Space Invaders: An addict's guide to battle tactics, big scores and the best machines (1982) by Martin Amis, Tomb Raiders and Space Invaders: Videogame forms and Contexts (2006) by Geof King and Tanya Krzywinska, and Space Invaders (1980) by Mark Roeder and Julian Wolanski.

Miscellaneous

In the mid-1990s, the athletics company Puma released a T-shirt with a stamp having references to Space Invaders, i.e. a spaceship aiming at the company's logo (see picture on the right).

In 2006, the game was one of several video game-related media selected to represent Japan as part of a project compiled by Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs. That same year, Space Invaders was included in the London Science Museum's Game On exhibition, meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history, development, and culture. (The game is a part of the Barbican Centre's traveling Game On exhibition.)

At the Belluard Bollwerk International 2006 festival in Fribourg, Switzerland, Guillaume Reymond created a three-minute video recreation of a game of Space Invaders as part of the "Gameover" project using humans as pixels. The GH ART exhibit at the 2008 Games Convention in Leipzig, Germany, included an art game, Invaders!, based on Space Invaderss gameplay. The creator later asked for the game to be removed from the exhibit following criticism of elements based on the September 11 attacks in the United States.

There is a bridge in Cáceres, Spain, projected by engineers Pedro Plasencia and Hadrián Arias, whose pavement design is based on the game. The laser cannon, some shots, and several figures can be seen on the deck. A French street artist, Invader, made a name for himself by creating mosaic artwork of Space Invader aliens around the world.

In 2014, two Brazilian zoologists (Kury & Barros) described a new species of arachnid as Taito spaceinvaders. They were inspired by the game because of the resemblance of a fleck in the dorsal scutum of the animal to a typical alien in the game. The genus Taito is named for the company that produces Space Invaders.

In 2018, Highways England launched a campaign titled "Don't be a Space Invader, Stay Safe, Stay Back" to raise awareness on the dangers of tailgating. People were also able to order free car bumper stickers to raise awareness of the campaign.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Game manual, for arcade game, stored at archive.org
 Game manual for Atari 2600 game, stored at archive.org

1978 video games
Arcade video games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 5200 games
Atari 8-bit family games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Cancelled Atari Jaguar games
Fixed shooters
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Color games
Game Boy games
IOS games
NESiCAxLive games
Midway video games
Mobile games
MSX games
NEC PC-9801 games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Portable games
SG-1000 games
Single-player video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Taito arcade games
Tiger Electronics handheld games
Virtual Console games
Windows games
WonderSwan games
Alien invasions in video games
World Video Game Hall of Fame
Video games developed in Japan
Nuon games

Space Invaders


Long gu are remains of ancient life (such as fossils) prescribed for a variety of ailments in Chinese medicine and herbalism. They were historically believed, and are traditionally considered, to be the remains of dragons.

Description

Long gu are generally mammal fossils, petrified wood, or even oracle bones. Animals which can be identified as long gu include rhinoceros, bears, hipparion, stegodon, hyena, mastodon, orangutan, pocupine, and giant panda.

History

Background

Depictions of Chinese dragons (龍, lóng) first appear in the archaeological record circa 3000 BC, before any literary descriptions appear. Dragon worship may have its origin in constellations associated with the lengthening days and rainfall in spring, later being given more abstract meanings. However, "the dragon flourished in art without a set of specific associations."

Ancient and traditional use
Dragon bones have been prescribed in Chinese medicine since at least the Shennong Bencaojing, composed circa 100 AD. There is historical discussion regarding the origin of long mu recorded in the Bencao Gangmu, which compiles a wide variety of Chinese medical sources. The Mingyi bielu claims that dragon bones are found in Jin and around Mt. Tai, and that dead dragons can be located in riverbanks and caves throughout the year; while Tao Hongjing states they can be found in Liang, Yi, and Ba. Lei Xiao reports that bones from Tanzhou, Cangzhou, and Taiyuan are of the highest quality. There was debate as to whether long mu were from dead or living dragons, and whether they were bones or secretions. Li Shizhen listed several subcategories of dragon material, including tooth, horn, brain, fetus, and saliva.

Fr. d'Incarville, a French Jesuit, noted that "petrified bones" were among the pharmacopeia sold by druggists in Beijing in 1751. However, he did not refer to these as dragon's bones. Robert Swinhoe described the use of dragon's teeth in 1870:
Shangai is a great center for [fossil trade]; and the raw article can be procured here in quantity. In other large towns you can only get the prepared drug in a calcined state. These fossils are called Lungche, or 'Dragon's teeth;' and the idea about them is that in olden time the world consisted of monsters who were incessantly fighting and killing one another [...] The monsters were large and powerful brutes; and in their teeth and bones existed their strength; hence the remains of these ground to powder and taken internally must give strength to the weak invalid.

In 1885, 20 tons of fossil bones came through Chinese ports. Searching Chinese pharmacies for new fossil specimens was "an established stratagem of fossil-hunters in the Far East." Western investigation of dragon bones led to the discovery of Peking Man and Gigantopithecus blacki. Wang Yirong identified the ancient Chinese oracle script on long gu in 1899.

Use
An 18th century medical treaty prescribes long gu for heart, kidney, intestine, liver ailments, and to calm the spirit. It is also used for constipation, nightmares, epilepsy, excessive perspiration, night sweats and chronic diarrhea. It is considered to have neutral, sweet, or astringent properties. It is taken raw, fried, or simmered in rice wine. The Bencao Gangmu describes white dragon bones (白龍骨, bái lónggǔ) as
..control[ing] frequent passage of essence, and discharge of essence with urination [...] They dispel evil qi, pacify the spirit of the heart, and end sexual intercourse with demons during nightly dreams. [...] They end intestinal wind and discharge with blood. Nose flood and blood spitting. They end outflow and free-flux illness with thirst illness. They strengthen the spleen, and contract intestines and stomach [...] They boost the kidneys and press down fright. They end yin-type malaria. They absorb moist qi and [cure] anal prolapse. They let muscles grow and help wounds to close.

Dragon bones are still used today in some parts of China, and it remains an economically important resource. Rural people still collect long gu for traditional use and this practice has important effects on Chinese paleontology.

Efficacy
Traditional Chinese medicine is considered pseudoscience and there is no evidence of the efficacy of dragon bones; however, they are a significant source of calcium.

Similar traditions
A centuries-old controversy in the West concerned whether the medically-important cinnabar was a natural mineral or a mixture of elephant and dragon blood.

In the Araripe Basin of South America, Testudine fossils, mainly that of marine turtles, are sympathetically used to treat hyperactivity and similar conditions. Fossil shells are scraped and taken orally as a sedative. In Cyprus, the fossilized remains of pygmy hippos (Hippopotamus minor) are identified as relics of Saint Phanourios, and were taken medicinally as a panacea from the 16th century until the 1970s. A junior synonym of H. minor is Phanourios minutus, named for the saint.

See also
 Chinese dragon
 Peking Man
 Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body

References

Bibliography

  Illustrated guide to the Special Exhibition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. Govt. Publ. No. 1009100250.

Further reading
 Bernard Emms Read. Chinese Materia Medica: Dragon & Snake Drugs (Beijing: Peking Natural History Bulletin, 1934, reprinted 1982 by Southern Materials Center, Taipei)

External links

Traditional Chinese medicine
Paleontology in China

Long gu


Peter John Giblin (10 July 1943) is an English mathematician whose primary research involves singularity theory and its application to geometry, computer vision, and computer graphics. Giblin is an emeritus professor of mathematics at the University of Liverpool where he has served on staff for more than 40 years. His positions at Liverpool have included Head of Department (of mathematical sciences), and Head of Division (of pure mathematics).

He is the author or co-author of eight published books, some of which have been translated into Russian. The foreword for the Russian translation of his book Curves and Singularities was written by V. I. Arnold. Giblin has also authored or co-authored over a hundred peer reviewed published articles. The first of these was published in 1968.

Publications

References

Academics of the University of Liverpool
Living people
English mathematicians
1943 births

Peter Giblin


Wonsan Agricultural University () is a nonprofit agricultural university in Wonsan, North Korea. The university was established in 1948 and is accredited by the North Korean Ministry of Education.

History
Before becoming a university in 1948, Wonsan Agricultural University was the site of the Territorial Abbey of Tokwon. German Benedictine monks belonging to the Congregation of Missionary Benedictines of Saint Ottilien founded the abbey in 1927-28. First, a seminary building was built, and then between 1929 and 1932 a Neo-Romanesque monastery and a church were both built.

Following World War II, after the liberation of Korea and surrender of Japan in 1945, the abbey remained and continued operating. In 1948-49, the abbey was closed and was turned into Wonsan Agricultural University. The seminary was turned into the No. 2 Teaching building and the monastery-church was turned into the No. 1 Teaching Building. The university was the first agricultural university in the county of North Korea.

During the Korean War, the No. 1 Teaching Building was bombed and partially destroyed. Following the bombings, the building was repaired. The monks, still part of the Territorial Abbey of Tokwon moved to South Korea and established Waegwan Abbey in 1952.

Around 1980, a four story dormitory was built for the purpose of housing foreign students.

Currently, Wonsan Agricultural University is the largest agricultural university in North Korea.

Education
Students at Wonsan Agricultural University learn under the Juche ideology. At the university, students learn about farming, agricultural management economics, veterinary sciences, animal husbandry, agricultural biology, fruit farming, geology/mineral sciences, and other agricultural related fields.

Wonsan Agricultural University offers a five-year degree program.

Foreign students are able to apply to the university and if accepted, they are taught Korean until they can integrate with the regular students.

Faculties
Wonsan Agricultural University's campus is composed of the No. 1 Teaching Building and the No. 2 Teaching Building, a library, administration buildings, dormitories, miniature practice farms, and a greenhouse that Kim Jong-il once stood in. The greenhouse has a red triangle marking the location where Kim Jong-il stood and he was also known to often visit the university. The area surrounding the university grounds is dense with trees and contains a pine tree planted in 1890, which is considered one of the "State Natural Treasures" by the North Korean government.

Wonsan University of Fisheries
The Wonsan University of Fisheries was founded in 1959 and was a former department of the Wonsan Agricultural University. The University of Fisheries trains fishery technicians in marine product processing, fish breeding and aquaculture, and mechanical engineering. The Wonsan University of Fisheries also has its own training ship.

References

Link
 http://www.tourismdprk.gov.kp/place/143
 https://www.flickr.com/photos/kernbeisser/2549943610

Universities in North Korea
Universities and colleges established in 1948
1948 establishments in North Korea
20th-century architecture in Korea

Wonsan Agricultural University


Jagat Pati Joshi (born 14 July 1932) is an Indian archaeologist who discovered the Indus Valley sites of Dholavira and Surkotada. Joshi served as the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1987 to 1990.

Early life and education
Joshi was born at Almora, United Provinces on 14 July 1932 and educated at Lucknow University where he obtained his M. A. in Ancient History and Culture in 1954. Joshi did his P. G. Diploma from the School of Archaeology of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1961.

Career
Joshi served in the ASI from 1956 to 2001. Joshi discovered the Indus Valley site of Dholavira in 1966 and excavated Malvan along with F. Raymond Allchin. He also excavated the Harappan site of Surkotada.

In 1987, Joshi succeeded M. S. Nagaraja Rao as Director General of the ASI and served till 1990. When archaeologist M. C. Joshi was replaced with civil servant Achala Moulik in 1993 in the wake of the demolition of the Babri Masjid, Joshi was chosen as an advisor to Moulik. However, Joshi resented a civil servant at the helm of affairs in the ASI and differences arose. As a result, the post of advisor was abolished in 1995.

See also
 Shambhudan Gadhvi

References

1932 births
Living people
Directors General of the Archaeological Survey of India
Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation
People from Almora
Scientists from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian archaeologists

J. P. Joshi


Cameron "Cam" Jerrell Newton (born May 11, 1989) is an American football quarterback who is a free agent. He played college football at Auburn University, where he won a National Championship in 2011.

Biography
Newton was born in Savannah, Georgia to parents Cecil and Jackie Newton. His father also played professional football in the NFL. He grew up in College Park, Georgia. He attended Seaborn Lee Elementary School and then Camp Creek Middle School. In 2003, he attended Westlake High School in Fulton County, Georgia, where he played football and basketball.

In 2007, as a freshman at the University of Florida, Newton earned the spot over fellow freshman quarterback John Brantley as the back-up for star quarterback and eventual Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow. He played in five games and threw for 40 yards on 5-of-10 passing and ran the ball 16 times for 103 yards and three touchdowns. In 2008, during his sophomore season, Newton played in the season opener against Hawaii. He then suffered an ankle injury and decided to take a medical redshirt season.

On November 21, 2008, police arrested Newton for stealing a laptop computer from a student at the University of Florida. He was subsequently temporarily suspended by the team after the laptop was in fact found to be in his possession. Investigators tracked the stolen laptop to the athlete. Newton tossed the computer out his dorm window in an attempt to hide it from the Police. (A friend scooped up the laptop and hid it behind a dumpster at a nearby school building). Newton was suspended indefinitely and announced his intention to transfer three days before Florida's national championship win over Oklahoma. All criminal charges against Newton were dropped after he completed a court-approved pretrial diversion program. Foxsports.com reported that Newton left the University of Florida after the fall semester in 2008 rather than face suspension or expulsion in part because of three instances of academic cheating.

In January 2009, Newton transferred to Blinn College a junior college in Brenham, Texas. In fall 2009, he was quarterback for the team. The team won the 2009 NJCAA National Football Championship. Newton then wanted to transfer to a four-year college, and his father allegedly sought money from the schools competing for Newton's attendance. Newton transferred to Auburn University where he also played quarterback.

Eligibility controversy
Newton spent much of the second half of the 2010 football season haunted by allegations that his father, Cecil Newton, who wanted a fair amount of money money in return for his son playing for a major-college team. If true, this would violate National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules. In early November, officials with Mississippi State University charged that Cecil Newton said that it would take "more than just a scholarship" to secure his son's services. This demand was apparently spread by Kenny Rogers, a recruiter who formerly played for the Bulldogs, to John Bond, his former teammate at MSU. Rogers later said in a Dallas radio interview that Cecil Newton said it would take "anywhere between $100,000 and $180,000" to get his son to transfer to MSU. Auburn maintained throughout the scandal that they were not involved in any pay-for-play scheme, and that Cam Newton was allowed to play.

On December 1, the NCAA announced that Auburn had declared Cam Newton to be ineligible. Auburn found evidence that Cecil Newton did in fact solicit Mississippi State for money in exchange for Cam Newton's athletic service. Auburn immediately asked the NCAA to reinstate Newton. The NCAA quickly reinstated Newton, declaring him eligible for the 2010 SEC Championship Game three days later. The NCAA said that there was not sufficient evidence that Cam Newton or anyone from Auburn had any knowledge of Cecil Newton's actions. Auburn subsequently limited the access Cecil Newton had to the football program as result of NCAA findings. Also due to increased pressure by the media and the NCAA investigation, Cecil Newton announced he would not attend the Heisman Trophy Ceremony. The NCAA reinstatement did not clear Cecil Newton of any wrongdoing. The NCAA action did make Cam Newton eligible to win the Heisman Trophy. He won the award with 2,263 points and 729 first-place votes.

In October 2011, the NCAA closed its 13-month investigation into the Auburn University recruitment of Newton. The NCAA conducted over 50 interviews, and reviewed bank records, IRS documents, telephone calls, and e-mail messages. The NCAA found nothing that would indicate Auburn participated in a pay-for-play in recruiting Newton to become an Auburn student. The NCAA would say that the charges failed to "meet a burden of proof, which is a higher standard than rampant public speculation online and in the media". The NCAA's Stacey Osburn would say "We've done all we can do. We've done all the interviews. We've looked into everything, and there's nothing there. Unless something new comes to light that's credible and we need to look at, it's concluded."

Professional career
Newton was selected 1st overall by the Carolinia Panthers in the 2011 NFL Draft. On July 29, 2011, Newton signed a four-year deal worth over $22 million that is fully guaranteed. He was the number one quarterback for the team, above Jimmy Clausen and Derek Anderson. In his first NFL game on September 11, 2011, Newton was 24–37 passing for 422 yards, 2 touchdowns and 1 interception in a 28–21 road loss to the Arizona Cardinals. With a quarterback rating of 110.4, he also rushed for a touchdown, and became the first rookie to throw for over 400 yards in his first career game. His 422 passing yards broke Peyton Manning's rookie record for most passing yards on opening day.

In his second career game, his team lost 30–23 to the defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers. Newton broke his own record, set the weekend previously, with 432 yards passing, throwing and rushing for a touchdown. Newton's 854 passing yards in the first two games of the season was the most in league history by a rookie. Newton broke the NFL record of 827 set by Kurt Warner in the 2000 season and stood as the most by any quarterback in the first two weeks of the season until New England's Tom Brady broke the mark again later in the day with 940. He also became the only player to begin his career with consecutive 400-yard passing games He broke the Carolina Panthers franchise record of 547 yards previously held by Steve Beuerlein. After Newton's second career game, Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers commented "I think someone said in the locker room that I'm kind of glad we played him early in the season because when he figures it out fully, he's going to be even tougher to stop." Newton's three additional interceptions against the Packers tied him for the most interceptions thrown in the league. He passed a total of 1,012 yards in the first three games.

The Panthers won for the first time in the season against the Jacksonville Jaguars 16–10. Newton threw for 158 yards and one touchdown. The Panthers played the Atlanta Falcons, losing 31–17 while passing for 237 yards with no passing touchdowns. Newton's three interceptions returned him to leading the NFL in interceptions. On October 23, 2011, the Carolina won over the Washington Redskins, 33-20. Newton completed 18 of 23 passes for 256 yards and a touchdown. Newton also ran for 59 yards and a touchdown. Despite his bad interception count, Newton was voted the 2011Offensive Rookie of the Year.

References

African American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Living people
1989 births
People from Savannah, Georgia

Cam Newton


Jamie-James Medina is a British photographer, filmmaker and record label founder. He grew up in Dhaka, Bangladesh, where his father worked as an expert in tropical medicine.  Medina edits The Tourist, a limited edition newsprint publication focusing on music and travel and runs Hot Charity, an independent record label distributed by XL Recordings.

In 2010, Medina presented his American Music Legends project, a special collection of images of the last surviving greats of rock' n 'roll, blues, jazz and country, it includes portraits of Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, Etta James and Pinetop Perkins. This was followed by the first issue of The Tourist, featuring candid photographs of The xx, taken by Medina during their 2010 world tour. In 2011, Medina directed the music video for Jamie xx & Gil Scott-Heron's "I'll Take Care Of U" . He later directed the music video for King Krule's "The Noose of Jah City". In 27 October 2011, he travelled to India with Lady Gaga, where he shot an intimate series of portraits of the singer for The Observer magazine.

Medina is a boxing fan and supporter of the NFL's Cincinnati Bengals. In 2008, a short-story he wrote detailing his personal experiences with photography and the supernatural world was turned into a feature film titled Shutter, starring Joshua Jackson as the lead character. He is credited as Executive Producer on Cerebral Ballzy's self-titled debut album after discovering Honor Titus, the group's frontman, in a New York pizza parlor in 2009.

In 2012, Medina launched Hot Charity, a Bronx-based independent record label distributed by XL Recordings. The label's first signing was Chicago-based singer songwriter Willis Earl Beal. In April 2012, Hot Charity released Beal's album "Acousmatic Sorcery". The label's second release, RATKING's WIKI93 EP, was released in November 2012.

References

External links

  Hot Charity hotcharity.com
 The Tourist the-tourist.org

British photographers
Living people
British contemporary artists
Photographers from New York (state)
Photographers from the Bronx
People from Dhaka
21st-century American photographers
Year of birth missing (living people)
British emigrants to the United States

Jamie-James Medina


Ádám Balogh de Bér (c. 1665 in Bérbaltavár, Kingdom of Hungary – 1711 in Buda) was one of the most famous kuruc colonels of the Hungarian army during Rákóczi's War for Independence against the rule of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty.

Life
Balogh was born to a Catholic noble family. His father was István Balogh, who died in 1678, and his mother was Rebeka Káldy, a catholic noble lady. Balogh married Julianna Festetics, and they had seven children.

He began service at a young age as the infantry's voivode in Csobánc castle and took part in campaigns of the Turkish wars. In 1705 he saw action with the kuruc troops who almost captured the Austrian king near Vienna. Francis II Rákóczi promoted him to colonel in 1708. He was executed in 1711 by Habsburgs in Buda Castle. Rákóczi tried to save him but was unsuccessful.

Legacy
Balogh is famous in Hungarian literature and film. His character appears in the movie Captain of Tenkes.

1665 births
1711 deaths
Hungarian nobility
Hungarian soldiers
17th-century Hungarian people

Ádám Balogh


The Russian Orthodox Cross (or just the Orthodox Cross by some Russian Orthodox traditions) is a variation of the Christian cross since the 16th century in Russia, although it bears some similarity to a cross with a bottom crossbeam slanted the other way (upwards) found since the 6th century in the Byzantine Empire. The Russian Orthodox cross has three horizontal crossbeams, with the lowest one slanted downwards. Today it is a symbol of the Russian Orthodox Church and a distinctive feature of the cultural landscape of Russia. Other names for the symbol include the Russian cross, and Slavonic or Suppedaneum cross.

The earliest cross with a slanted footstool (pointing upwards, unlike the Russian cross) was introduced in the 6th century before the break between Catholic and Orthodox churches, and was used in Byzantine frescoes, arts and crafts. In 1551 during the canonical isolation of the Russian Orthodox Church, Ivan the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow, first used this cross, with the footstool tilted the other way, on the domes of churches. From this time, it started to be depicted on the Russian state coat of arms and military banners. In the second half of the 19th century, this cross was promoted by the Russian Empire in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a symbol of its Russification policy.

One variant known as the Russian cross has only two horizontal crossbeams with the lower one slanted; another is the cross over crescent variant. Some Russian sources distinguish the Russian Orthodox cross from the Orthodox cross. In Unicode the symbol (☦) is denoted as Orthodox cross. The same USVA headstone emblem is called Russian Orthodox cross.

Name
According to many sources the name of the three beam slanted cross is Russian (Orthodox) cross ().

Sometimes it is also called the Byzantine cross. Alternatively, "Byzantine cross" is also the name for a Latin cross with outwardly spreading ends, as it was the most common cruciform in the Byzantine Empire. Other crosses (patriarchal cross, Russian Orthodox cross, etc.) are sometimes denominated as Byzantine crosses, as they also were used in Byzantine culture.

Sometimes it is also called just Orthodox cross. At the same time the various Orthodox churches use different crosses, and any of them may be called an "Orthodox cross". Moreover, there are no crosses universally acknowledged as "Orthodox" or "Catholic": each type is a feature of local tradition. The cross has also been referred to as the "Eastern Cross," and "has a special place in Ukrainian religious life" and has been used by Ukrainian Orthodox and Ukrainian (Greek) Catholic churches. For example, this particular cross is also claimed to be Kievan and "Ukrainian" by Ukrainian Catholics and Orthodox Christians.

Meaning

The topmost of the three crossbeams represents Pilate's inscription which in the older Greek tradition is "The King of Glory", based on John's Gospel; but in later images it represents . The middle crossbeam is the main bar to which the victim's hands are fixed, while the bottom crossbeam represents the footrest which prolongs the torture. In many depictions, the side to Christ's right is higher, slanting upward toward the penitent thief St. Dismas, who according to the apocryphal tradition was crucified on Jesus' right, but downward toward impenitent thief Gestas. It is also a common perception that the foot-rest points up, toward Heaven, on Christ's right hand-side, and downward, to Hell, on Christ's left. The cross is often depicted in icons "of the crucifixion in historic Byzantine style."

One variation of the Russian Cross is the 'Cross over Crescent', which is sometimes accompanied by "Gabriel perched on the top of the Cross blowing his trumpet." Didier Chaudet, in the academic journal China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, writes that an "emblem of the Orthodox Church is a cross on top on a crescent. It is said that this  symbol was devised by Ivan the Terrible, after the conquest of the city of Kazan, as a symbol of the victory of Christianity over Islam through his  soldiers".

Another variation is the monastic Calvary Cross, in which the cross is situated atop the hill of Calvary, its slopes symbolized by steps. To the viewer's left is the Holy Lance, with which Jesus was wounded in his side, and to the right, the pole topped by a hyssop sponge with which he was given vinegar. Under Calvary are Adam's skull and bones; the right-arm bone is usually above the left one, and believers fold their arms across their chests in this way during Orthodox communion. Around the cross are abbreviations in Church Slavonic:  — «Царь Славы», Lord of Glory;  - Иисус Христос, Jesus Christ;  — «Сын Божий» Son of God; НИКА - Victor; К - копьё, spear; Т - трость, pole (with a sponge); М Л Р Б — «место лобное рай бысть» "place of execution is paradise", Г Г — «гора Голгофа» "mount Golgotha" (Calvary), Г А  — «глава Адамова» "Adam's head". This type of cross is usually embroidered on a schema-monk's robe.

Current usage

The Russian (Orthodox) cross (☦) is widely used by the Russian Orthodox Church, and has been widely adopted in the Polish Orthodox and the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Churches, which received their autonomous status from the Patriarch of Moscow in 1948 and 1951 respectively. It is also sometimes used by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (e.g. in the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese). "Though commonly associated with the Russian Orthodox Church, this [cross] is found also in the Greek and Serbian Orthodox churches" and is also used by Eastern Rite Catholic Churches.

This cross is also found in Byzantine frescoes in churches now belonging to the Greek and Serbian Orthodox churches.
Also the Cross is used by the AIPCA churches in Kenya.

History

The slanted cross with three horizontal crossbeams existed already in the 6th century, long before the Great Schism. However, it was used only in church paintings, arts and crafts, and never on church domes. There are old frescoes depicting this type of cross in the regions of modern Greece and Serbia. One Byzantine icon featuring the three-bar cross, with the slanted crossbeam for the feet of Christ, is an 11th century mosaic of the resurrection. The three-bar cross "existed very early in Byzantium, but was adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church and especially popularized in Slavic countries."

At the end of the 15th century this cross started to be widely used in Muscovy when its rulers declared themselves the "Third Rome", successors of Byzantium and defenders of Orthodoxy. In 1551 at the council of the canonically isolated Russian Orthodox Church, the Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan the Terrible decided to standardize the cross on Russian church domes to distinguish Muscovy from the "Lithuanian, Polack cross". This was the first time the Russian Orthodox Cross was used on church domes. During 1577–1625, the Russian Orthodox cross was depicted between the heads of a double-headed eagle in the coat of arms of Russia. It was drawn on military banners until the end of the 17th century.

In 1654, the Moscow council, erasing the vestiges of the canonical isolation of 1448–1589, coordinated Russian Orthodox liturgy with that of other Orthodox churches. At this council, Patriarch Nikon ordered the use of the Greek cross instead of Russian Orthodox cross. These reforms provoked the Raskol schism. Replacement of the Russian Orthodox cross by Greek cross was caused by Russian disrespect for the second one. Soon, however, the Russian Orthodox Church began to use the Russian Orthodox cross again. According to the Metropolitan of Ryazan and Murom Stefan, the Russian Orthodox cross was worn by Czar Peter I (1672–1725), who transformed the Moscow Patriarchate into the Most Holy Synod.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Russian Orthodox cross was promoted by the Russian Empire and USSR in Belarus, Poland and Ukraine as a part of Russification policies. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian Orthodox Church replaced many traditional Greek Orthodox crosses in Belarus with Russian Orthodox crosses. This suggests that it was understood as an nationalist Russian symbol rather than a religious Orthodox one.

The Russian Orthodox cross is depicted on emblems of several Russian ultra-nationalist organizations such as Brotherhood of Russian Truth and Russian National Unity.

Gallery

See also

 Cross of Lorraine

References

External links

Byzantine Rite
Crosses by form
Crosses by culture
National symbols of Russia

Russian Orthodox cross


The Dodge B-Series were a series of passenger or cargo vans which began around 1971 and ended in 2003. These vans were full sized. They had the names of Sportsman for the passenger van. The cargo vans were named Dodge Tradesman. This was before 1979, beginning in which year these vehicles were renamed Dodge Ram. The vehicles were marketed under Dodge. The B-Series vans were discontinued in June 2003 and replaced with the Dodge Sprinter, a rebadged Mercedes which was already on sale since 2002, the model line competes with the Chevrolet Van, Chevrolet Express, Ford Econoline, and GMC Savana.

Vans

Dodge Ram Van


Sheila Keith (9 June 1920 – 14 October 2004) was a British character actress, active in theatre, films and TV. She was born to Scottish parents in London while they were visiting the city and brought up in Aberdeen, Scotland. Longing to act, she trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.

Her stage career took her from repertory theatre at the Bristol Old Vic and Pitlochry, to West End appearances including Noël Coward's Present Laughter, Mame with Ginger Rogers, An Italian Straw Hat, Anyone for Denis?, and Deathtrap.

The Scotsman wrote: "In the Sixties, she was often seen in series such as The Saint, Public Eye and Sherlock Holmes. But she gained a national popularity when she went into Crossroads in 1967 as Mrs Cornet. It was the era when the soap was hugely popular and Noelle Gordon ruled the motel with a rod of iron...She played Lady Rosina in the BBC's mammoth production of The Pallisers, Aunt Morag (keen on her whisky) in Hinge and Bracket's TV series Dear Ladies, Auntie Ethel in Moody and Pegg. She was also seen in the first run of Dr Finlay's Casebook.". Also, too, the Housekeeper, Mrs. Mitcham, in the Lord Peter Wimsey (TV series), The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club episode, 1973.

But Sheila Keith remains best known for her excellent performances in the cult horror films of director Pete Walker, having played leading roles in shockers such as House of Whipcord, Frightmare, House of Mortal Sin, The Comeback and House of the Long Shadows. She played variously, a lesbian prison warder, a one eyed housekeeper, and an elderly cannibal, amongst other parts.

In her obituary, The Times described her as an "Actress of film, stage and television who became a 'British horror icon' ...It was with her portrayal of sinister, sadistic and deranged women in the horror movies of the director Pete Walker that she acquired her most devoted following".

Sheila Keith also had a memorable role as the Reverend Mother Stephen opposite Arthur Lowe, in all three series of the LWT sitcom Bless Me, Father.

Her final role was in the first episode of a horror spoof TV series, Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible, starring Steve Coogan, in 2001.

Films

External links

References

1920 births
2004 deaths
British stage actresses
British film actresses
British television actresses
Scottish film actresses

Sheila Keith


This painting, now known as Tysoe Saul Hancock, his wife Philadelphia, their daughter Elizabeth and their Indian maid Clarinda was previously misidentified as George Clive and his Family with an Indian Maid is an oil painting by Joshua Reynolds. It measures 140 cm x 171 cm (67.3 in x 55.1 in). It was painted in 1765. It hangs in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin. Lord George Clive was cousin of Robert Clive, founder of the empire of British India. He made his fortune there. Clearly the painter found the Indian nurse's depiction his greatest pleasure.

Paintings by Joshua Reynolds
1760s paintings
1765 works


City Oval (formerly Alexandra Park and sometimes called the Pietermaritzburg Oval), is a multi-purpose stadium in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. The 12,000 capacity stadium is currently used predominantly for cricket matches, with the ground being used by KwaZulu-Natal Inland men's and women's teams, KwaZulu-Natal and Dolphins (who also play at Kingsmead, Durban), and hosted two matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. It is one of only three first-class cricket grounds in the world to have a tree within the boundary ropes
(the others being St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury, United Kingdom and VRA Cricket Ground in Amstelveen, Netherlands), and any cricketer that scores a century or takes a five-wicket haul in a match at the City Oval gets to plant a tree at the ground. The City Oval Pavilion is based on the design of Queen's Park cricket ground in Chesterfield, United Kingdom.

History
The City Oval, then known as Alexandra Park, hosted its first first-class cricket match in 1894/95.
Between 1895 and 1957, the City Oval hosted 9 first-class matches between Natal and Marylebone Cricket Club.

The ground has been used to host many matches between South African A sides and touring cricket teams. First class matches were also played between Natal and Australians touring team in 1950 and 1958. In 2000, the City Oval hosted a List A match between Bangladesh and the South African Board President's XI; Charl Langeveldt took 5/7 as Bangladesh were bowled out for 51, and lost the match by 10 wickets. South Africa A have additionally played List A matches at the City Oval against Australia A in 2002/03 and Sri Lanka A in 2008/09. In July 2015, City Oval hosted three youth ODIs between South Africa U-19 team and Bangladesh U-19 team; South Africa U-19 won 2 matches, and Bangladesh U-19 won one match.

In December 2015, the ground hosted a warmup match between South Africa A and England, which England won by an innings and 91 runs; Alastair Cook and Joe Root both hit centuries, and Moeen Ali took 6/77 in the second innings.

2003 Cricket World Cup
The City Oval has hosted two One Day International (ODI) matches, both of them in the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

Prior to the World Cup, the ground was renovated, with the introduction of the Jubilee Stand, named to commemorate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee in 1897.

The first ODI at the ground was played between Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. In the first over of the match, Sri Lankan Chaminda Vaas took 4 wickets, including a hat-trick with the first three balls of the match, the first time this had occurred in international cricket. Vaas' wickets were Hannan Sarkar bowled off the first ball, Mohammed Ashraful caught and bowled off the second ball, Ehsanul Haque was caught by Mahela Jayawardene at slip off the third ball, and Sanwar Hossain off the fifth ball, making the score 5/4 from 1 over. He finished with figures of 6/25 from 9.1 overs with 2 maidens, as Sri Lanka beat Bangladesh by 10 wickets.

The second ODI was between India and Namibia; Indian batsmen Sachin Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly scored a 244 run partnership for the second wicket, the seventh highest partnership at the Cricket World Cup as of 2016. Ganguly made 112 from 119 balls, and Tendulkar made 152 runs from 151 balls, his highest score in World Cup matches. India scored 311 runs, eventually winning the match by 181 runs. Tendulkar was awarded the man of the match award.

International centuries
Two ODI centuries have been scored at the venue.

Five-wicket hauls
There has been only one five-wicket haul at the venue.

References

External links
 Cricinfo Website – Ground Page
 Cricket Archive page

Cricket grounds in South Africa
Multi-purpose stadiums in South Africa
Sports venues in KwaZulu-Natal
1888 establishments in the Colony of Natal
Sports venues completed in 1888
Pietermaritzburg
2003 Cricket World Cup stadiums
19th-century architecture in South Africa

City Oval


Diana is a musical with music and lyrics by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro, and a book by DiPietro, based on the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. A filmed performance was added to the streaming service Netflix on October 1, 2021, to negative reviews.

Productions
Previews for Diana began on February 19, 2019, at the La Jolla Playhouse. The world premiere of Diana opened the following month on March 3. The limited run was extended twice and closed on April 14, 2019. The production was directed by Christopher Ashley with choreography by Kelly Devine. Costumes were designed by William Ivey Long and Nic Rackow, Scenic design was designed by David Zinn, Lighting was designed by Natasha Katz, and Sound was designed by Gareth Owen. The production's orchestrations were composed by John Clancy.

Following the La Jolla production, the producers continued workshopping the musical. The production was eventually picked up and began previews at the Longacre Theatre on Broadway on March 2, 2020 with the same directing team.

The show was planned to open on March 31, 2020, but on March 12 the show suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On March 30, 2021, it was announced the show would resume previews on December 1, with an official opening set for December 16. On May 14, 2021, it was announced that previews would begin on November 2, with an opening night set for November 17, nearly a month earlier than initially announced.The New York Times reported that the show played to 51 percent capacity and grossed $374,000 in the week ending December 12, 2021. The show closed on December 19 after a total of 33 performances and 16 previews.

As of January 11, 2023, the show is now available for licensing through Broadway Licensing for both professional regional and amateur productions.

On June 14, 2023, a concert version of the musical was announced to premiere in London, at the Eventim Apollo, on 4 December 2023. The concert will star Maiya Quansah-Breed as 19-year-old Diana Spencer and Kerry Ellis playing an older Princess Diana, reflecting back on her life. Guest starring as Queen Elizabeth, British actress Denise Welch.

Live stage filming
Before opening, the Broadway production was recorded in the summer of 2020 with COVID-19 safety protocols in place and no audience. This capture, also directed by Ashley, was released on Netflix on October 1, 2021. The recording was universally panned by critics and won five of its nine nominations at the 42nd Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture, the first filmed stage performance with this distinction.

Plot

Act 1

In 1980, Diana Spencer attends a party thrown by Prince Charles, and meets Camilla Parker Bowles, Charles' mistress ("Underestimated"). Meanwhile, Queen Elizabeth II is looking for Charles to get married, and he brings up Diana as a possibility, although he has recently broken off a relationship with her older sister Sarah. The Queen encourages Charles to begin the courting process, as she believes Diana would be perfect for what the staff calls "The Worst Job in England".

Charles sends Diana a necklace and invites her to a performance by cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. There, she meets Camilla again and starts to become a lot more suspicious of her and her relationship with Charles. While the performance is going on, she imagines a more punk-rock version of the concert, more in line with her interests ("This Is How Your People Dance"). The press takes note of Diana's growing relationship with Charles and starts hounding her ("Snap, Click"). Charles is still unsure about marrying Diana, but the Queen tells him that he can keep his close relationship with Camilla while marrying Diana. Charles proposes to her, but tells Camilla he will break it off if that's what she wants. Camilla tells Charles to go ahead with the wedding, and he assures her he will be there for her. A nervous Diana moves in to Buckingham Palace ("Whatever Love Means Anyway"). Soon after, despite some reservations from Diana, she and Charles get married. ("I Will"). Camilla's husband Andrew, having affairs of his own, assures Camilla that they will make their own complicated marriage work ("I Will (Tag)").

Diana's first public appearance happens in Wales, and even though the townsfolk are skeptical at first, they, as well as the whole country, become enamored with Diana. Charles starts to become jealous of Diana's newfound fame ("The World Fell in Love"). Camilla tells Charles that Andrew has cut off all his other relations, hoping to reignite their own marriage, and Camilla breaks up the affair, saying she would be the most hated woman in England if she was found out. Diana tells Charles that she is pregnant, and soon after their son William is born. Diana walks in on Charles talking sweetly on the phone to Camilla, who he hasn't talked to in months. Camilla says that Andrew is being stationed more and more overseas. Diana is very hurt by Charles' lack of affection towards her and becomes depressed, even after having their second child Harry. This culminates in her smashing a window with her hand ("Happiness/Simply Breathe").

Sarah convinces Diana to fight back and do more with her power, so she decides to become more and more involved with charity, leading to even more popularity, especially after a surprise performance at the Royal Ballet Christmas Gala ("She Moves in the Most Modern Ways"). Charles is enraged at this and reminds Diana that her only achievement is marrying him ("Diana (The Rage)"). Diana realizes this might be the end of any hope of love in her marriage ("As I Love You"). Charles visits Camilla late at night and she says she still loves him and would like to continue their affair ("I Miss You Most on Sundays"). Diana decides to use the press and newfound popularity to get back at Charles and fight back against the norms of British society. Despite Charles' attempt to fight back, she succeeds and becomes more popular ("Pretty, Pretty Girl").

Act 2

Barbara Cartland, novelist and Diana's step-grandmother, introduces the audience to James Hewitt, a war hero who has recently come home. He and Diana begin their own affair ("Here Comes James Hewitt"). Barbara notes that the two affairs between Diana and James as well as Charles and Camilla are filled with more love and happiness than Charles and Diana's marriage ("Him and Her (and Him and Her)"). Diana tries to talk to Charles, but he wants to "Just Dance". Charles' valet Colin lets him know of Diana and James' relationship, but he decides to let it go as he is happy with Camilla.

Diana goes to a clinic for AIDS patients and bonds with the men there ("Secrets and Lies"). Soon after, Diana learns that Charles and Camilla go out almost every night with their friends, and Diana decides to crash a party for Camilla's sister. At the party, their friends, usually bored by Charles, are excited that they get to witness "The Main Event", which leads to a confrontation between Diana, Camilla, and Charles. On the car ride home, Charles reveals he knows about Diana's relationship with James, which he says he doesn't care about and that the boys will be fine as long as they both love them ("Whatever Love Means Anyway (Reprise)"). Diana is excited to tell James, but he reveals that he has been stationed in Germany and will be there for two years. Diana, suspecting Charles, vows to get revenge ("Pretty, Pretty Girl (Reprise)"). The press increasingly hounds Charles about his failing marriage ("Snap, Click (Reprise)"). Diana contacts Andrew Morton, a writer who is writing a book on her, and agrees to give anonymous quotes to him, bashing Charles, Camilla, and the monarchy. The book is published and is the talk of the country ("The Words Came Pouring Out").

Charles tries to get the Queen to meet Camilla, but she refuses. Charles decides to go on TV, tell the truth about his affair, and try to win back some favor from the public ("I Miss You Most on Sundays (Reprise)"). Diana learns about the interview from Paul, her butler and friend, who comes up with the idea that she draw attention away from it by wearing a "F-You" Dress ("The Dress"). The Queen has had enough and agrees to a divorce between Diana and Charles. She laments that it didn't work out while reflecting on her own marriage ("An Officer's Wife"), and tells Diana "don't be foolish". Diana is excited to start a new life with her boys, however it is tragically cut short by a car accident. Charles and the company tell the audience that "the people who will change the world are not the ones you think will change the world." ("If (Light of the World)")

Musical numbers
La Jolla Playhouse

Act 1
 "Once Upon a Time"
 "In the Pages of Her Books"
 "Snap, Click"
 "This Is How Your People Dance"
 "Whatever Love Means Anyway"
 "The Wedding"
 "Welcome to the Windsors"
 "Perfect Princess"
 "Happiness"
 "Simply Breathe"
 "Princess Di Floating"
 "Diana (The Rage)"
 "As I Love You"
 "Pretty, Pretty Girl"

Act 2
 "Here Comes James Hewitt"
 "Him & Her (& Him & Her)"
 "Just Dance"
 "Secrets and Lies"
 "The Show"
 "The Words Came Pouring Out"
 "Diana (Reprise)"
 "The Dress"
 "An Officer's Wife"
 "If"

Broadway

Act I
 "Underestimated" - Diana and Ensemble
 "The Worst Job in England" - Servants, Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles
 "This Is How You People Dance" - Diana, Prince Charles and Ensemble
 "This is How You People Dance – Tag" † - Camilla
 "Snap, Click" - Ensemble
 "Whatever Love Means Anyway" - Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Camilla, Barbara Cartland, Diana, Paul and Ensemble
 "I Will" - Diana, Prince Charles and Ensemble
 "I Will (Tag)" † - Andrew, Camilla
 "The World Fell in Love" - Prince Charles, Queen Elizabeth, Diana and Ensemble
 "Happiness/Simply Breathe" - Diana, Prince Charles and Ensemble
 "She Moves in the Most Modern Ways" - Queen Elizabeth, Camilla, Sarah, Prince Charles, Paul, Colin and Ensemble
 "Diana (The Rage)" - Prince Charles
 "As I Love You" - Diana
 "I Miss You Most on Sundays" - Camilla
 "Pretty, Pretty Girl" - Diana, Sarah, Camilla, Prince Charles, Queen Elizabeth and Ensemble

Act II
 "Here Comes James Hewitt" - Barbara, James and Ensemble
 "Him & Her (& Him & Her)" - James, Diana, Barbara, Prince Charles and Camilla
 "Just Dance" - Prince Charles, Diana, James, Colin, Camilla and Ensemble
 "Secrets and Lies" - Graham, Diana and Ensemble
 "The Main Event" - Diana, Camilla, Prince Charles and Ensemble
 "Whatever Love Means Anyway – Reprise" - Prince Charles
 "Pretty, Pretty Girl – Reprise" - Diana
 "Snap, Click (Reprise)" † – Ensemble
 "The Words Came Pouring Out" - Diana, Andrew Morton, Camilla, Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles and Ensemble
 "I Miss You Most on Sundays – Reprise" † - Camilla
 "The Dress" - Paul, Diana, Queen Elizabeth and Ensemble
 "The Servant Quartet" † - Servants
 "An Officer's Wife" - Queen Elizabeth and Ensemble
 "If (Light The World)" - Diana and Ensemble
† Not featured on the cast recording.

Casting

Reception
The La Jolla production received mostly negative reviews from critics. Charles McNulty of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "The score is actually closer to commercial Broadway in the early aughts, an even more dated style to my ear." The Guardian gave the Netflix recording a one-star review, stating "If it was deliberate satire it would be genius, but it's not."

Jesse Green, chief theater critic for The New York Times, negatively reviewed the production at Broadway's Longacre Theatre, deeming it tawdry and exploitative, and writing, "if you care about Diana as a human being, or dignity as a concept, you will find this treatment of her life both aesthetically and morally mortifying."

The Netflix presentation currently has a score of 12% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 3.10/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Diana done dirty". Metacritic gave the film a rating of 29.

Accolades

References

External links
 Diana at La Jolla Playhouse
 Diana on Rotten Tomatoes
 Official website
 Netflix
 Official trailer

2019 musicals
Biographical musicals
Cultural depictions of Diana, Princess of Wales
Cultural depictions of Charles III
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II
Filmed stage productions
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
Musicals set in the 1980s
Musicals set in the 1990s
Musicals set in the United Kingdom
Sung-through musical films

Diana (musical)


Photograph is a photography book by Ringo Starr. The book is a collection of 240 photographs of Starr's that also serves as an autobiography through the photo captions. The title of the book is the also the title of his 1973 single "Photograph". The book was first published in 2013 in a deluxe 2,500-copy limited edition by Genesis Publications, and later in a mass edition in 2015.

Background
The book contains photographs of Starr and his family while growing up, and photographs he took himself during his time with the Beatles.  According to Starr, he did not want to write a autobiography but wanted instead to do it in the form of photographs. He said: "Pictures are great because they remind you of so much. If one of these pictures is, let's say, September of 1964, if you were just to ask me 'What did you do then?' No idea! But oh, there's the shot, and all those memories kick in."

Starr thought he had lost the photographs he took, but found them including two boxes of negatives in storage in a basement while looking for material for a Grammy Museum exhibit. Some of these photographs were displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in London starting 9 September 2015 to coincide with the release of the mass edition. This edition as well as a limited edition of sets of photographic prints were initially released for sale at the gallery, but later became available in book shops on 21 September 2015.

References

External links
 Photograph at Genesis Publications

English-language books
2015 non-fiction books
Books about photography
Books by Ringo Starr
Genesis Publications books

Photograph (book)


John Thomas may refer to:

Politics

United Kingdom
 John Thomas (c. 1490–1540/42), British Member of Parliament for Truro
 John Thomas (c. 1531–1581/90), British Member of Parliament for Mitchell
 John Thomas (British politician) (1897–1968), British Member of Parliament for Dover
 John Thomas (Welsh politician) (1852–?), Welsh county councillor and miners' agent
 John Thomas, Baron Thomas of Cwmgiedd (born 1947), British judge
 Sir John Thomas, 1st Baronet, Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1700
 John Aeron Thomas (1850–1935), British Member of Parliament for Gower, 1900–1906
 John Stradling Thomas (1925–1991), Welsh Conservative Party politician

United States
 Elmer Thomas (John William Elmer Thomas, 1876–1965), U.S. Senator from Oklahoma
 J. Parnell Thomas (1895–1970), U.S. congressman from New Jersey
 John Thomas (Idaho politician) (1874–1945), U.S. Senator from Idaho
 John Thomas (New York politician) (1792–1866), New York politician
 John Thomas (Ohio politician) (1857–1936), Ohio politician
 John Addison Thomas (1811–1858), U.S. Assistant Secretary of State
 John Charles Thomas (judge) (born 1950), Virginia supreme court justice
 John Chew Thomas (1764–1836), U.S. congressman from Maryland
 John E. Thomas (politician) (1829–1910), Wisconsin state assemblyman and senator
 John J. Thomas (1813–1895), Confederate politician
 John Lewis Thomas Jr. (1835–1893), U.S. congressman from Maryland
 John M. Thomas (1926–2012), U.S. Assistant Secretary of State in the 1970s
 John O. Thomas (1867–1961), Wisconsin state assemblyman
 John R. Thomas (1846–1914), U.S. congressman from Illinois
 John W. Thomas (sheriff) (1815–1888), sheriff of Norfolk County, Massachusetts
 John W. Thomas (Wisconsin politician) (1846–1925), Wisconsin state legislator and railroad commissioner
 John W. E. Thomas (1847–1899), American businessman, educator, and Illinois politician
 John Warwick Thomas (1800–1871), North Carolina state legislator and founder of Thomasville, North Carolina

Military
 John Thomas (American general) (1724–1776), American general in the American Revolutionary War
 John Thomas (colonel) (1720–1811), American colonel in the American Revolutionary War
 John Thomas (VC) (1886–1954), English soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross
 John Wallace Thomas (1888–1965), Newfoundland and Canadian merchant mariner who served in First and Second World Wars
 John Wellesley Thomas (1822–1908), British military officer

Religion and theology
 Jack Thomas (bishop) (John James Absalom Thomas; 1908–1995), Bishop of Swansea and Brecon
 John Thomas (Christadelphian) (1805–1871), British Christian theologian, and founder of the Christadelphians
 John Thomas (bishop of Rochester) (1712–1793), previously Dean of Westminster
 John Thomas (bishop of Salisbury) (1691–1766), previously Bishop of St Asaph and Bishop of Lincoln
 John Thomas (bishop of Winchester) (1696–1781), previously Bishop of Salisbury
 John Thomas (priest, born 1736) (1736–1769), Welsh Anglican priest and antiquarian
 John Thomas (priest, born 1891) (1891–1959), Welsh Anglican priest
 John Christopher Thomas (born c. 1955), American Pentecostal theologian
 John H. Thomas (born c. 1950), American clergyman, General Minister and President of the United Church of Christ, 1999–2009
 John Lloyd Thomas (1908–1984), Anglican clergyman

Sport
 John Thomas (American football) (born 1935), American football player for the San Francisco 49ers
 John Thomas (athlete) (1941–2013), American high jumper
 John Thomas (Australian cricketer) (1852–1915), cricketer for Tasmania
 John Thomas (Australian footballer) (1935–2011), Australian rules footballer for Geelong
 John Thomas (baseball), American baseball player
 John Thomas (basketball) (born 1975), American basketball player
 John Thomas (English cricketer) (1879–1949), cricketer for Somerset
 John Thomas (figure skater) (born 1960), Canadian ice dancer
 John Thomas (footballer, born 1958), English footballer for Preston North End and Bolton Wanderers
 John Thomas (ice hockey) (1936–1995), Australian ice hockey player
 John Thomas (Irish footballer), Irish international footballer
 John Thomas (lacrosse) (born 1952), American lacrosse player
 John Thomas (Welsh footballer) (died 1920), Welsh footballer for Sheffield United and Gainsborough Trinity in the 1890s
 John Webster Thomas (1900–1977), American college football player for the Chicago Maroons
 Ron Thomas (bowls) (John Ronald Thomas), Welsh international lawn and indoor bowler

Music
 John Thomas (harpist) (1826–1913), Welsh composer and musician
 "Big" John Thomas (1952–2016), British lead guitarist with Budgie
 John Charles Thomas (1891–1960), American baritone opera singer
 John Rogers Thomas (1830–1896), American composer
 John Weston Thomas (1921–1992), Welsh harpmaker

Art
 John Thomas (sculptor) (1813–1862), British sculptor who worked on British palaces
 John Evan Thomas (1810–1873), Welsh sculptor
 John Paul Thomas (1927–2001), American artist, principally in Hawaii

Film
 John Thomas (cinematographer), winner of the 1995 Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography
 John Thomas (screenwriter) (fl. late 20th century), co-screenwriter for the movie Predator
 John G. Thomas (born 1948), American filmmaker

Education
 John Hunter Thomas (1928–1999), American botanist
 John L. Thomas (c. 1927–2005), American historian
 John Martin Thomas (1869–1952), Twelfth president of Rutgers University
 John Peyre Thomas Sr. (1833–1912), South Carolina educator, politician and historian
 John R. Thomas (professor), American intellectual property professor

Other areas
 John Thomas (fur trader) (–1822), Canadian fur trader
 John Thomas Idlet (1931–2002), American Beat poet
 John Thomas (photographer) (1838–1905), Welsh photographer
 John B. Thomas (1925–2018), American electrical engineer, educator and professor
 John E. Thomas (1926–1996), Canadian philosopher
 John Floyd Thomas Jr. (born 1936), Californian murderer
 John Henry Thomas (1854–1928), Australian composer, editor, and conductor
 John Henry Thomas (shipping) (1869–1931), American shipping business and port director
 John Henry Malamah Thomas, Sierra Leonean entrepreneur and mayor of Freetown, Sierra Leone
 John Hudson Thomas (1878–1945), American architect
 John Jacob Thomas (1841–1889), Trinidadian linguist and writer
 John Meurig Thomas (1932–2020), British chemist and materials scientist
 John Rochester Thomas (1848–1901), American architect

Other uses
 UK slang for penis
John Thomas sign

See also

 Johnny Thomas (disambiguation)

John Thomas


Tancred (fl. 1104) was the Count of Syracuse and a member of the Hauteville family. He was appointed by his relative Roger I of Sicily to govern one of the first and only feudal counties created in Sicily after the Norman conquest. His predecessor was Roger's son, Jordan. His descendant, Simon, still ruled Syracuse in the middle of the twelfth century.

References
Abulafia, David (1977). The Two Italies: Economic Relations between the Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Northern Communes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

Italo-Normans
Norman warriors
12th-century counts in Europe
Counts of Syracuse

Tancred, Count of Syracuse


Calenzano () is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about  northwest of Florence. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 15,557 and an area of .

Calenzano borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Campi Bisenzio, Prato, San Piero a Sieve, Sesto Fiorentino, Vaglia, Vaiano.

Main sights
Villa Ginori a Collina, a patrician villa
Church of San Niccolò e Oratorio della Compagnia del Santissimo Sacramento, rebuilt before 1386. It includes frescoes by Jacopo and Nardo di Cione and a panel by Domenico Cresti.
Pieve  di San Donato (9th-11th centuries), with a Renaissance cloister built in 1460 by Carlo de' Medici.
Pieve di Santa Maria (built before the 11th century). It houses a Madonna with St. Thomas from Lorenzo di Credi's workshop and a St. Anthony the Abbot from Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio's school.
The ancient Pieve di San Severo, with frescoes from the 14th-15th centuries.
Church of Santa Lucia a Settimello (before 10th century, rebuilt in Baroque style in the early 18th century). It houses a terracotta by Benedetto Buglioni (1507) and a wooden crucifix by Baccio da Montelupo (early 16th century)
Parco del Neto (park), at the foot of Monte Morello.

Transportation
Calenzano has a station on the regional railway connecting it to Prato, Florence, Pistoia and Lucca. It can be reached by road from the A1 Motorway. Bus services connect it to Prato, Florence, Campi Bisenzio and Barberino di Mugello.

Demographic evolution

References

External links

Cities and towns in Tuscany

Calenzano


Purim, Hebrew: פורים , meaning allotment, is a Jewish cheerful feast in memory of the liberation of the Jewish people during their stay in ancient Persia.

The origins of Purim are to be found in the Book of Esther.

It is celebrated on the 14th of Adar (in Jerusalem on the 15th of Adar).

Date
 2017: sunset, 11 March - sunset, 12 March

Jewish festivals and holidays

Purim


Horse theft is the crime of stealing a horse. A person accused of stealing a horse is known as a horse thief. Horse theft was fairly common throughout the world prior to widespread car ownership. Punishments were often severe for horse theft. In several places the sentence of death was carried out. This was seen as a deterrent against horse theft. Death for an agricultural crime such as horse theft is seen as inhumane under most modern systems of law. Horse theft is an uncommon crime today.

References

Theft

Horse theft