"The Grimm Who Stole Christmas" is the 7th episode of season 4 of the supernatural drama television series Grimm  and the 73rd episode overall in the series, which premiered on December 5, 2014, on NBC. The episode was written by Dan E. Fesman and was directed by John Gray.

Plot
Opening quote: "I have but to swallow this, and be for the rest of my days persecuted by a legion of goblins, all of my own creation. Humbug, I'll tell you; humbug!"

During a Christmas party in a home, the doorbell rings, but there is no one there, only an enormous wrapped box at the door. Two guests bring in the parcel and put it down by their hosts' Christmas tree. Later that night, a goblin-like Wesen gets out of the box. He unlocks the front door and lets two more goblin-like Wesen in and they begin to wreak havoc in the house, waking the couple. The husband goes down stairs to see what is happening and the three goblin like Wesen severely attack him before escaping.

Monroe (Silas Weir Mitchell) invites Rosalee (Bree Turner) on their delayed honeymoon, and she accepts. Nick (David Giuntoli), Hank (Russell Hornsby) and Wu (Reggie Lee) investigate the home invasion and question the wife Emma (Charissa J. Adams). Nick and Hank find that the gift was opened from inside and there's fruitcake surrounding the gift. Meanwhile, Trubel (Jacqueline Toboni) is leaving the house when Josh (Lucas Near-Verbrugghe) asks to go with her, since he wants to prove his valor. They watch over Shaw (Donald MacEllis), who is telling everyone of Trubel's abilities. She sneaks around the outside of the house, peering in a window, and is found by a Schakal, who was just arriving. Josh knocks out the Schakal before he can attack Trubel. Trubel discovers the mask that belongs to the Secundum Naturae Ordinem Wesen and they go.

Trubel reports this to Nick, who tells her to go with Bud (Danny Bruno) to get names. Based on the location of three crimes related to the home invasion, Nick and Hank discover that a church is in the center of the invasions. Renard (Sasha Roiz) talks with Nick, discussing Elizabeth's departure in search of Kelly and Adalind's daughter, left and Wu's growing suspicion of the Wesen issues. Nick and Hank are then called to a house where the goblins are causing chaos. Two of them flee while another attacks Nick until Hank knocks him out. Unsure if it's Wesen, they decide to take it to Monroe and Rosalee to learn more about it. They go to the trailer and find that they are dealing with Kallikantzaroi, a condition that affects Indole Gentile children and makes them commit acts without them knowing. They also find that if they eat fruitcake, they would be cured of the condition.

Juliette (Bitsie Tulloch) confides to Rosalee that she has been having nausea every day and Rosalee suggests that she may be pregnant. Then, the Kallikantzaroi escapes from his confinement and two others arrive at the house. They cause chaos across the house until Monroe arrives and scares them with his Blutbad roar. While cleaning the room, Rosalee finds a medical bracelet for asthma. Nick and Hank identify him as John Katsaros (Greg Goran) and question his parents, who explain that he performs in a youth choir in the church. Nick and Hank manage to guide the boys to a truck that is full of fruitcakes just outside the church, curing them. The next day, Trubel tells Nick that Josh is going back to Philadelphia and she will go with him and they hug a goodbye. Nick gives them Aunt Marie's car and they drive off to Philadelphia. Meanwhile, Juliette takes a pregnancy test but the result of the test is not revealed.

Reception

Viewers
The episode was viewed by 4.96 million people, earning a 1.2/4 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale, ranking third on its timeslot and sixth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind The Amazing Race, Last Man Standing, 20/20, Shark Tank, and a college football game. This was a 5% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 5.17 million viewers with a 1.2/4. This means that 1.2 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 4 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. With DVR factoring in, the episode was watched by 7.56 million viewers and had a 2.2 ratings share in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"The Grimm Who Stole Christmas" received positive reviews. Kathleen Wiedel from TV Fanatic, gave a 4 star rating out of 5, stating: "'Tis the season for holiday-themed episodes, and Grimm is no exception. This time, Nick and friends were faced with a trio of destructive Christmas gremlins! Though silly and mostly light-hearted, Grimm Season 4 Episode 7 had some great moments, too."

MaryAnn Sleasman from TV.com, wrote, "However, alongside the seasonal antics, 'The Grimm Who Stole Christmas' featured enough plot development and STUFF going down that at times, it felt like a mid-season finale. Wu has all but figured out that Nick and Hank lied about the Wesen he saw. Juliette is probably preggers with not-Adalind's-but-probably-somehow-tied-to-her sex-magic baby (my head hurts). Trubel took off on a road trip with Josh in Aunt Marie's old car to make sure he doesn't get his non-Grimm ass killed. Renard and Nick are worried that their mommies are going to murder each other. The Christmas plot was weird and featured a lot of oddly cheesy camerawork, but the episode as a whole was far from a loss."

Christine Horton of Den of Geek wrote, "The cliffhanger, if you could call it that, is that it does indeed seem Juliette is pregnant. (The possibility dawns on her after a bout of nausea that lasts about four seconds before she's fine again and chasing down four foot tall Grinches.) Of course, her worry is that she fell pregnant while in the guise of Adalind, which makes the whole thing quite confusing. I may be alone in feeling it's a little too soon for another baby storyline, but it's a way to keep Juliette in the show I suppose, without having to write in her veterinary skills to aid the plot."

References

External links

Grimm (season 4) episodes
2014 American television episodes
Kallikantzaros

The Grimm Who Stole Christmas


The following is a list of the highest-income urban areas in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau defines two types of urban areas. They are listed below, along with their Census definitions.

 Urbanized Area (UA), an area consisting of a central place(s) and adjacent territory with a general population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile of land area that together have a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people. The Census Bureau uses published criteria to determine the qualification and boundaries of UAs.
 Urban Cluster (UC), a densely settled territory that has at least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000.

Urban areas ranked by per capita income

Urban areas of any population

Urban areas with at least 100,000 inhabitants

Sources
Statistics derived from U.S. Census Bureau data; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business; and DataQuick Information Systems, a public records database company located in La Jolla, San Diego, CA.

References

United States demography-related lists
Income in the United States

List of highest-income urban areas in the United States


Armenian studies or Armenology (, ) is a field of humanities covering Armenian history, language and culture. The emergence of modern Armenian studies is associated with the foundation of the Catholic Mechitarist order in the early 18th century. Until the early 20th century, Armenian studies were largely conducted by individual scholars in the Armenian communities of the Russian Empire (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, New Nakhichevan, Tiflis), Europe (Venice, Vienna, Paris, London, Berlin, Leipzig), Constantinople and Vagharshapat in Armenia. After the establishment of Soviet rule, Armenian studies, and sciences in general, were institutionalized in Armenia and put under direct control of the Academy of Sciences. Today, numerous  research centers in many parts of the world specialize in Armenian studies.

Notable scholars who have worked in the field of Armenian studies

Early scholars
Maturin Veyssière La Croze (1661–1739), historian and orientalist
Lord Byron (1788–1824), English poet
Marie-Félicité Brosset (1802–1880), French orientalist
Johann Heinrich Hübschmann (1848–1908), German philologist
Victor Langlois (1829–1869), French historian
Arthur Leist (1852–1927), German writer, journalist and translator
Mkhitar Sebastatsi (1676–1749), the founder of Mechitarist Congregation
Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823), Mechitarist monk and historian
Ghevont Alishan (1820–1901), Mechitarist historian

Modern scholars
Manouk Abeghian (1865–1944), scholar of literature and folklore
Hrachia Adjarian (1876–1953), linguist, etymologist, philologist
Nicholas Adontz (1871–1942), historian
Arakel Babakhanian (pen-name Leo) (1860–1932), historian
Karapet Basmadjian (1864–1942) historian
Robert Pierpont Blake (1886–1950)
Grigor Ghapantsyan (1887–1957)
Yaroslav Dashkevych (1926–2010), archaeographer, archivist, historian, studied Kipchak-Armenian documents, doctor of historical sciences
Anaïd Donabédian-Demopoulos linguist, INaLCO Paris, specialist in syntax, corpus linguistics, teaching of Armenian as a second language
Ashkharbek Kalantar (1884–1942), archaeologist
Toros Toramanian (1864–1934), architectural historian
Vahan Kurkjian (1863–1961), historian
Sirarpie Der-Nersessian (1896–1989), art historian
Joseph Orbeli (1887–1961), Orientalist
Josef Markwart (1864–1930), historian, orientalist
Alexey Jivelegov (1875–1952), historian
Nikolai Marr (1865–1935), Russian historian, archaeologist, and linguist
Antoine Meillet (1866–1936), French linguist
Stepan Malkhasyants (1857–1947), philologist, linguist, and lexicographer
Sen Arevshatyan (1928–2014), historian
Stephan Astourian, Professor of History and Director of the Armenian Studies Program at the University of California, Berkeley
Armen Ayvazyan (born 1964), historian, political scientist
Walter Bachmann, architectural historian, traveller
Vahan Baibourtian (born 1933), historian
Peter Balakian (born 1951), poet, writer and academic
Rouben Paul Adalian
Hagop Barsoumian (1936–1986), historian
Hrach Bartikyan (1927–2011), academician
George Bournoutian (1943–2021), historian at Iona College
Peter Charanis (1908–1985)
S. Peter Cowe, Narekatsi Professor of Armenian Studies, UCLA
Vahakn Dadrian (1926–2019), sociologist, historian, genocide scholar
Charles Dowsett (1924–1998)
Paul Essabal, linguist
Rouben Galichian (born 1938), cartographer, map researcher
Vartan Matiossian (born 1964), historian
Aram Ter-Ghevondyan (1928–1988), historian
Vartan Gregorian, (1934–2021), historian
Edmund Herzig, historian
Robert H. Hewsen (1934–2018), Professor Emeritus of History at Rowan College
Tessa Hofmann (born 1949), historian
Richard G. Hovannisian (1932-2023), Professor Emeritus of Armenian and Near Eastern History, UCLA
Edward Jrbashian (1923–1999), literary critic
Raymond Kévorkian (born 1953), historian
Hranush Kharatyan (born 1952), ethnographer
Dickran Kouymjian (born 1934), writer, publisher, editor, historian
David Marshall Lang (1924–1991)
Gerard Libaridian (born 1945), historian
Theo Maarten van Lint (born 1957), Calouste Gulbenkian Professor of Armenian Studies at the University of Oxford
Christina Maranci, art and architectural historian, Tufts University
Louise Nalbandian (1926-1974), historian
Vrej Nersessian (born 1948), priest, curator
Christopher J. Walker (1942-2017), historian
Dennis Papazian (1931-2023), Professor Emeritus and founding director of the Armenian Research Center at the University of Michigan, Dearborn
Simon Payaslian, Professor of History at Boston University
James R. Russell (born 1953)
Alexander Sahinian (1910–1982), architectural historian
Gagik Sarkisyan (1926–1998), historian
John A. C. Greppin (1937–2016)
Michael E. Stone (born 1938), professor emeritus of Armenian Studies and of Comparative Religion at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Ronald Grigor Suny (born 1940), historian
Jean-Michel Thierry (1916–2011)
Giusto Traina (born 1959)
Robert W. Thomson (1934–2018)
Cyril Toumanoff (1913–1997)
Bagrat Ulubabyan (1925–2001), writer and historian
Armen Hakhnazarian (1941–2009), expert on architecture
Samvel Karapetian (1961–2020), historian and expert on medieval architecture
Bert Vaux (born 1968), linguist at University of Cambridge, expert on Armenian dialects, phonology
Claude Mutafian (born 1942), historian
Levon Zekiyan, scholar
Artsvi Bakhchinyan (born 1971), philologist, film researcher
Suren Yeremian (1908–1992), historian, cartographer
Karen Yuzbashyan (1927–2009), historian, orientalist
 Ara Sanjian, historian
 Sebouh Aslanian, historian at UCLA, Richard Hovannisian Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History
 Razmik Panossian (born 1964), political studies and history

Armenian studies programs

Worldwide and online
The Armenian Virtual College - AGBU
Armenology Research National Center - ARNC
Armenian Institute - AI

Austria

 University of Salzburg – Armenian Studies

Brazil

University of São Paulo / Faculty of Armenian Language and Literature

Belgium

Université Catholique de Louvain / Institut Orientaliste

Bulgaria

Sofia University / Armenian and Caucasus Studies

Cyprus

University of Cyprus

France

Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales

Iran

University of Isfahan / Department of Armenian Studies
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch / Armenian Language Department

Israel

Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Armenian Studies Program

Germany

 Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg – Oriental Institute / Department of Oriental Christian and Byzantine Studies,
 University of Jena – Caucasian Studies
 Ruhr University of Bochum – Foundation for Armenian Studies
Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe (GWZO) - Publication series "Armenier im östlichen Europa – Armenians in Eastern Europe"

Hungary

 Pázmány Péter Catholic University - Department of Armenian Studies

Lebanon

Haigazian University / Faculty of Humanities

Netherlands

Universiteit Leiden –  Department of Near Eastern Studies / Armenian Studies Program

Romania

Babeș-Bolyai University – Institute of Armenology

Switzerland

University of Geneva – Department of Mediterranean, Slavic, and Oriental Languages and Literatures (MESLO), Armenian Studies Programme

United Kingdom

Oxford University / Faculty of Oriental Studies
Programme of Armenian Studies, independent body based in London

United States

Arizona State University / Russian and East European Studies Consortium
Boston University
California State University Fresno / Armenian Studies Program
California State University Northridge / Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures
Clark University / Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
Columbia University / Department of Middle Eastern and Asian Languages and Cultures

Harvard University / Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Iona University / History and Political Science
Rutgers University
St. Nersess Armeanian Seminary
Tufts University / Armenian Art and Architectural History
University of California at Berkeley / Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies
University of California at Los Angeles / Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations / Armenian Studies Program
University of Chicago / Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor / Armenian Studies Program
University of Michigan–Dearborn / Armenian Research Center
University of Southern California / Institute of Armenian Studies
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Wesleyan University
Worcester State College

Research centers and associations

Periodicals

Further reading
  Harutyunyan, Shmavon Ṛ. Պատմագիտության զարգացումը Սովետական Հայաստանում, 1920–1963 [The development of the study of history in Soviet Armenia, 1920-1963]. Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1967.
Mamigonian, Marc A. "From Idea to Reality: The Development of Armenian Studies in the U.S. from the 1890s to 1969," Journal of Armenian Studies 10/1-2 (2012–2013), pp. 153–84.
"Special Issue: Rethinking Armenian Studies: Past Present and Future," Journal of Armenian Studies 7/2 (Fall 2003).
 A. Simavoryan, T. Ghanalanyan, V. Hovyan, CENTERS FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES ABROAD: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL, Yerevan,2014 (in Armenian), online
Jan Henrik Holst, Armenische Studien (2009)
Hac̣ik Rafi Gazer, Studien zum kirchlichen Schulwesen der Armenier im Kaukasus (2012)
Armenuhi Drost-Abgarjan, Hermann Goltz, Armenologie in Deutschland: Beiträge zum Ersten Deutschen Armenologen-Tag (2005)

References

External links
Fundamental Scientific Library of the NAS
A digital library on Armenian literature, language and history
The National Association for Armenian Studies and Research
UCLA: Armenian Studies
Armenian Studies Program, California State University, Fresno
Armenian Studies: Harvard University
Armenian Studies: Hebrew University
Armenian Studies: University of Michigan
Armenian Studies: University of São Paulo
Armenology Research National Center
https://web.archive.org/web/20070629100518/http://aiea.fltr.ucl.ac.be/centres/pays.htm
http://www.commercemarketplace.com/home/naasr/Academic_Links.html

Middle Eastern studies
Culture of Armenia
Society of Armenia
Christianity in Armenia
European studies
Indo-European studies

Armenian studies


Wesley Wade Bankston (born November 23, 1983) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics . At Plano East High School, he played baseball and football as an outfielder and starting quarterback, respectively.

Career
Bankston was committed to playing for the University of Texas before the Tampa Bay Devil Rays drafted him in the 4th round (104th overall) in the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft. On June 17, 2002, he signed with the Devil Rays. Bankston started his professional career off well in 2002. Playing primarily as an outfielder for the Rookie League Princeton Devil Rays and the Single-A Hudson Valley Renegades, he hit a combined .301 with 18 home runs in 70 games. His impressive 18 home runs set the Princeton record, breaking Jared Sandberg's record of 17. Baseball America rated Bankston as the 2nd best prospect in the Appalachian League and the 6th best prospect in the Devil Rays organization.

In , his performance dropped while playing for the Single-A Charleston RiverDogs. In 103 games, he hit just .256 with 12 home runs. Baseball America placed him on the Devil Rays organization prospect list as the 7th best prospect. Due to his poor performance in 2003, he spent the  season again in Charleston. Converting to a full-time first baseman, he hit .289 with 23 home runs; his 23 home runs were a career high for him. His good performance also got him named as the team's Player of the Year and was also named to the South Atlantic League midseason All-Star team.

Bankston missed the first month of the season in  with a torn left meniscus. After being activated from the disabled list, he played with the Single-A Visalia Oaks. After 17 games in which he hit .387 with 3 home runs, he was promoted to Double-A Montgomery, where he would be for the remainder of the season. Bankston played in 82 games for the Montgomery Biscuits and had a batting average of .292 with 12 home runs. Baseball America also rated him again as the 7th best prospect in the organization. His contract was purchased by the Devil Rays on November 18, 2005.

Bankston began the  season for the Biscuits. Playing third base for the first time in his career, Bankston hit just .263 with 4 home runs in 45 games for the Biscuits. Regardless of his poor performance, he was still named to the Southern League midseason All-Star team as the starting third baseman. After the All-Star game, he was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls on July 13, finishing the rest of the season at Durham. Bankston played in 52 games in his first year at the Triple-A level and batted .297 with 5 home runs.

Bankston's performance plummeted in , playing the whole season in Triple-A. His .238 batting average was the worst to date in his career and his status as a prospect is not as high as it was before. He was designated for assignment on September 19, 2007, and was claimed off waivers by the Kansas City Royals on September 21. The Royals designated him for assignment on November 20, 2007, and was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Athletics. Bankston was designated for assignment on February 8, . He cleared waivers and was outrighted to the minor leagues on February 13, 2008.

Bankston made his major league debut on July 2, , with the Athletics against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. His first major league home run came on July 7 against the Seattle Mariners. He was designated for assignment on August 18 and became a free agent at the end of the season. On December 18, he signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds, where he spent the 2009 season in their minor league system.

On February 24, 2010, Bankston signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Guasave players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Dallas
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Charleston RiverDogs players
Durham Bulls players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Guerreros de Oaxaca players
Hudson Valley Renegades players
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Mayos de Navojoa players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Montgomery Biscuits players
Oakland Athletics players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Piratas de Campeche players
Plano East Senior High School alumni
Princeton Devil Rays players
Sacramento River Cats players
Visalia Oaks players

Wes Bankston


Geodesy, sometimes called geodetics, is a scientific branch of geography which accurately measures the surface of the Earth.

Friedrich Robert Helmert (18431917), who started the discipline, talked about measuring and mapping the surface of the earth. This includes its geometric description (the geoid) and the measurement and description of its gravitational field.

Some people involved in the discipline look at geodynamics, the crusts, the tides, or the movement of the geographical poles.

Geodesy


Alexander Robert "Sandy" Nairne  (born 8 June 1953) is a British art historian and curator. From 2002 until February 2015 he was the director of the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Life and career
Nairne is the son of senior civil servant Sir Patrick Nairne, attended Radley College and studied at University College, Oxford in the early 1970s and rowed for the Oxford University second crew Isis.

Nairne came into contact with Nicholas Serota, while working at the Museum of Modern Art, Oxford in 1974–76.

After a period as an Assistant Curator at the Tate Gallery (1976–80) - during which he additionally worked on international curation projects such as the Irish biennial EVA International - Nairne was appointed Director of Exhibitions at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA), a position he held until 1984 - exhibitions included "Brand New York," Robert Mapplethorpe, Mary Miss, "Women's Images of Men," and "About Time."

In 1987, Nairne wrote the television documentary series "State of the Art" for Channel 4. The series and Nairne's accompanying book acts as a follow on to the Robert Hughes series The Shock of the New and provides a critical survey of contemporary visual arts from America and Europe through the 1980s.

In 1988, Nairne was appointed as the director of the Visual Arts Department at the Arts Council. In this capacity, Nairne oversaw the re-invigoration of the British Art Show, the establishing of the Institute of International Visual Arts (InIVA) as a permanent organisation to promote culturally diverse projects, the furtherance of Percent for Art and the creation of the Curating Contemporary Art Course at the Royal College of Art.

In 1996, Nairne co-edited with Reesa Greenberg and Bruce W. Ferguson the book Thinking about Exhibitions (1996), a review of international practice in contemporary art exhibitions.

Nairne became Director of Programmes for the Tate Gallery under Nicholas Serota. In this capacity, Nairne was responsible for the restructuring of the Tate's collection administration in preparation for the opening of Tate Modern and the redevelopment of the original Tate Gallery in Millbank as Tate Britain.

Nairne was responsible for the successful recovery of two late J. M. W. Turner paintings, stolen in Germany in 1994, and put back on display at Tate Britain in early 2003. He negotiated secretly for 8 years on behalf of the Tate to get the two paintings back. His experience is chronicled in his 2011 book, Art Theft and the Case of the Stolen Turners.

Nairne became Director of the National Portrait Gallery in London in 2002. On 12 June 2014 he announced his resignation which took effect in early 2015. He was succeeded by Nicholas Cullinan.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to the arts.

Nairne was among those appointed on 29 January 2015 to the Bank of England's Banknote Character Advisory Committee, whose first task would be to decide who should appear on the next £20 banknote.

Personal life
Nairne's wife is the art historian Lisa Tickner, with whom he has a son, the lighting designer Christopher Nairne, and a daughter, the curator and art historian Eleanor Nairne. His brother, Andrew Nairne, is Director of Kettle's Yard Gallery, Cambridge. His other brother, James Nairne, Andrew's twin, is head of Art at Cranleigh School, Surrey.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People educated at Radley College
Alumni of University College, Oxford
English curators
English male non-fiction writers
English book editors
Directors of the National Portrait Gallery, London
People associated with the Tate galleries
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
20th-century English historians
21st-century English historians

Sandy Nairne


HMCS Cape Breton was a  that served the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) during the Second World War. She served primarily as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic during the war. She was named for Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. She was the first to carry her name,  was the second.

Cape Breton was ordered in October 1941 as part of the 1942-43 River-class building program. She was laid down 5 May 1942 by Morton Engineering and Dry Dock Company in Quebec City, Quebec and launched on 24 November later that year. Cape Breton was commissioned into the RCN on 25 October 1943 at Quebec City.

Background

The River-class frigate was designed by William Reed of Smith's Dock Company of South Bank-on-Tees. Originally called a "twin-screw corvette", its purpose was to improve on the convoy escort classes in service with the Royal Navy at the time, including the Flower-class corvette. The first orders were placed by the Royal Navy in 1940 and the vessels were named for rivers in the United Kingdom, giving name to the class. In Canada they were named after towns and cities though they kept the same designation. The name "frigate" was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy and was adopted later that year.

Improvements over the corvette design included improved accommodation which was markedly better. The twin engines gave only three more knots of speed but extended the range of the ship to nearly double that of a corvette at  at 12 knots. Among other lessons applied to the design was an armament package better designed to combat U-boats including a twin 4-inch mount forward and 12-pounder aft. 15 Canadian frigates were initially fitted with a single 4-inch gun forward but with the exception of , they were all eventually upgraded to the double mount. For underwater targets, the River-class frigate was equipped with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar and depth charge rails aft and four side-mounted throwers.

River-class frigates were the first Royal Canadian Navy warships to carry the 147B Sword horizontal fan echo sonar transmitter in addition to the irregular ASDIC. This allowed the ship to maintain contact with targets even while firing unless a target was struck. Improved radar and direction-finding equipment improved the RCN's ability to find and track enemy submarines over the previous classes.

Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941. The design was too big for the shipyards on the Great Lakes so all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the west coast or along the St. Lawrence River. In all Canada ordered the construction of 60 frigates including ten for the Royal Navy that transferred two to the United States Navy.

Service history
After her commissioning, Cape Breton worked up in St. Margaret's Bay before being assigned to Escort Group 9 in 1944 based out of Derry. She operated out of several ports throughout England and in April 1944, sailed to North Russia returning with a convoy. Cape Breton participated in Operation Neptune, the naval part of the Normandy landings in June 1944.

Cape Breton returned to Canada late in 1944 where she underwent a major refit at Shelburne, Nova Scotia. This took until April 1945, after which she was sent to Bermuda to work up. She returned to EG 9 upon her reactivation, escorting her final convoy in May 1945 before making her way to Vancouver for a tropicalization refit. The refit, begun on 26 June, was cancelled before completion and Cape Breton was paid off 26 January 1946 and laid up at Esquimalt, British Columbia. She was sold in 1947 to Capital Iron & Metals Ltd., Victoria, British Columbia and her hull was expended as a breakwater at Kelsey Bay, British Columbia in 1948.

References

Notes

Sources
 Arbuckle, J. Graeme. Badges of the Canadian Navy. Halifax, NS: Nimbus Publishing, 1987. .
 Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John. The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910-1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto, ON: Collins, 1981. .

River-class frigates of the Royal Canadian Navy
1942 ships

HMCS Cape Breton (K350)


The St George region of Sydney is part of the southern suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The area includes all the suburbs in the local government area of Georges River Council and the part of Bayside Council which was Rockdale City prior to 2016. This is everything within the boundaries of Salt Pan Creek to the west, The Georges River to the south, Botany Bay to the east and the M5 Motorway and Wolli Creek to the north. This area corresponds to the southern portion of the cadastral Parish of St George, from which the region derives its name and the area was later covered by the St George County Council, the electricity supplier for the councils in this region. This southern portion of the parish below The M5 and Wolli Creek is the more contemporary definition of The St George Region that is considered part of Southern Sydney.

The northern portion of the Parish of St George that's north of The M5 and Wolli Creek but south of the Cooks River is considered South-Western Sydney rather than Southern Sydney. This northern portion of the cadastral parish was formerly in the City of Canterbury but now within the amalgamated City of Canterbury-Bankstown. In some instances, the whole cadastral Parish of St George (both north and south) is grouped together and considered the inner south-west due to its geographical location from Sydney CBD.

History

Indigenous Australians
The first inhabitants of the St George area were Australian Aboriginals.  At the time of the arrival of the First Fleet,  the Eora tribe inhabited land from Port Jackson to Botany Bay and the Georges River. There is evidence to suggest that these people belonged to the Gweagal, Bidjigal and Cadigal clans.

European settlement

James Cook sailed HMS Endeavour into Botany Bay in 1770 for his first landing on the continent of Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet into the bay on 18 January 1788 to found a penal colony there but found the sandy infertile soil disappointing and moved the site of the settlement north to the natural harbour of Port Jackson. The ridge between the Cooks River and Georges River was covered in a dense forest which first attracted timber cutters to the area. Wood gatherers, bark collectors, sawyers and charcoal burners moved into the area to work the forests of Simeon Lord and supply Sydney's timber needs. By the 1840s, Major Mitchell was building the Illawarra Road (now Forest Road) on the ridge through 'Lord's Bush', which required enormous amounts of trees and bush to be cleared. Irishman Michael Gannon was innkeeper at Cooks River in the 1840s. He acquired land in the area, part of which became known as 'Gannons Forest' which later was the centre of Hurstville. By 1851, it was estimated that 50 to 100 carts of timber and lime crossed the Cooks River daily.

St George Parish was one of the original parishes within Cumberland County. It is one of nine parishes named after saints, of which only St George and St James are still commonly used as place names. A map of the parish revealed that the land was cut into areas ranging from 30 to  and a few large land grants of . The recipients were William Packer, Josh Thorp, James Oatley, Hannah Laycock, F. W. Unwin, Reuben and David Hannam, Patrick Moore, J. Beehag, John Porter and the larger grants were James Chandler and John and Robert Townson. The parish also covers the former City of Canterbury, now the eastern part of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown, although most customary references to the "St George area" today do not include that part of the parish.

In 1920, the local councils in the St George area constituted St George County Council, to deal with distribution of electricity in the region. St George County Council was merged with Sydney County Council (another inter-council electricity supplier) to form "Sydney Electricity" in 1989.

The regional identity was reinforced by the creation in 1949 of a federal electorate, the Division of St George, in the area. The Division was abolished in 1993. The area's identity is reflected in the name of the St George Illawarra Dragons team who play in the National Rugby League, and the St. George Bank.

Suburbs in St George Area

Culture and sport
The St George area is a culturally diverse region. Major centres feature a substantial number of Southern European and Asian migrants and their families.

In terms of sport, the area is known as the home of the St George Illawarra Dragons and the St George District Cricket Club.

Commercial areas
The biggest commercial areas in the St George area are located at Hurstville, Kogarah and Rockdale. Hurstville is the largest central business district in southern Sydney and features a large shopping centre called Westfield Hurstville. Additionally Rockdale features another large shopping centre, Rockdale Plaza.

Transport
The St. George area is serviced very well by public transport. The Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line, South Coast Line and Airport Line have frequent services to the city directly or via Wolli Creek.

There are also abundant bus routes serving the region operated by Transit Systems and U-Go Mobility.

Population
The population of the St George region, as estimated in 2020, was 285,214.

St. George name
Several major local institutions have 'St. George' in their title:

 St. George Asian Business Association
 St. George Bank
 St. George Basketball Association
 St. George College, TAFE NSW Sydney Institute
 St. George & Sutherland Community College
 St George AFC
 St. George Dragons District Junior Rugby League
 St. George Girls High School
 St George Christian School
 St George Cricket Club
 St. George Hospital
 St. George Illawarra Dragons (NRL Rugby league Team)St. George Leagues Club
 St. George Masonic Club
 St George Model Boat Club
 St. George Motor Boat Club
 St George Rowing Club
 St. George Rugby Union Club
 St. George Sailing Club
 St. George Soccer Football Association
 St George and Sutherland Shire Leader newspaper

References

Regions of Sydney
Georges River

St George, Sydney


Chiefs is the first novel in the Will Lee series by Stuart Woods. It was first published in 1981 by W. W. Norton & Company.  The novel takes place in the fictional town of Delano, Georgia, over three generations, as three different police chiefs attempt to identify a serial killer operating in the area.  It is Woods' first published novel.  As the author explains in a note, it was inspired by the story of his grandfather's death while serving as a police chief. Chiefs was made available in e-book format on January 23, 2012.

Plot summary
The First Chief: Will Henry Lee:
The novel opens in 1919, when the growing town of Delano, Georgia hires its first police chief. The city council, led by banker and prominent investor Hugh Holmes, chooses farmer Will Henry Lee over Foxy Funderburke, an eccentric, wealthy dog breeder and gun collector, for the job. Will Henry is unschooled as a policeman but is honest and determined to do the job well.  Not long after he assumes his new responsibilities, the dead body of a young man is found naked at the bottom of a cliff. A medical examination concludes that the boy died from a broken neck as a result of his fall but also that he had been tortured—cuffed and beaten with a rubber hose—for some time before his death. The medical examiner tells Will Henry that the crime had a strong sexual component, and that while the boy had not yet been sodomized, the assault on him could have gone further had the boy not evidently escaped.

Will Henry conducts a thorough investigation but is frustrated in his attempts to locate the killer, not least because the uncooperative Skeeter Willis, the sheriff of Meriwether County, of which Delano is a part, insists that the boy was killed by some of the many transients in the area at the time. Will Henry is unconvinced, but eventually runs out of leads.  He believes that a second murder, taking place some four years later and just outside his jurisdiction, is connected to the first but has no real proof and no real authority to pursue the matter.

Finally, Will Henry hears from Skeeter Willis about a young runaway who might be passing near Delano and also learns that someone with a Delano PO Box had attempted to purchase a pair of handcuffs from a police supplier. The box belongs to Foxy Funderburke, whom Will Henry had questioned after the two murders, since the bodies were discovered near Foxy's property. Other clues also point in Foxy's direction. Looking around Foxy's property, Will Henry notices the outline of what appears to be a freshly dug grave but, unbeknownst to him, he has been seen by Foxy. As he rushes to obtain a search warrant, Foxy follows, intending to kill him, and so is nearby when Will, diverted by a problem involving the Coles, a black family that had once worked for him, is shot and killed by the black father, who is in the grip of a malaria-induced delirium.  Will Henry dies as the shooter's teenage son, Willie, is escaping to relatives in another town.

The Second Chief: Sonny Butts:
The scene shifts to 1946. After World War II, Delano welcomes home its returning veterans, including Billy Lee, the late chief's son, a young lawyer who served as a bomber pilot in Europe, and Sonny Butts, a decorated Army infantryman. Billy has become a protégé of Hugh Holmes and the two men decide to launch Billy into politics by having him run for Holmes's seat in the Georgia State Senate, from which the banker intends to retire. Sonny lands a position on the Delano police force, which now consists of a chief and two officers. He is a quick success as a police officer, but rumors of abuses at the police station are heard. When the chief dies, Sonny is named his replacement.

Examining old police files, Sonny comes across Chief Lee's notes on the two murders in the 1920s. He also begins to track the last known sightings of a number of young men, likely runaways, in the years since and notices a geographical pattern in the disappearances:  Delano is at their center. Seeing in Will Henry's notes a reference to interviewing Foxy Funderburke, Sonny decides to keep an eye on Foxy as a possible suspect.

Sonny is undone by his virulent racism and propensity to violence. After he beats and kills a local black businessman, a grand jury is empaneled for the purpose of indicting him, though perjured testimony lets him off the hook. But Sonny was also observed beating a man at the county fair the evening before, and Hugh Holmes is determined to fire him. Desperate to hang onto his job, Sonny heads to Foxy's property after getting a tip on a missing person, and catches Foxy digging a fresh grave for a recent victim. Momentarily distracted by the chance to save his reputation, Sonny is attacked by Foxy, who shoots him and buries him in the new grave with his police motorcycle.

The Third Chief: Tucker Watts:
The time frame changes once again, this time to 1963. Billy Lee is now Georgia's lieutenant governor and is planning to run for governor in the next election. Hugh Holmes asks Billy's help in searching for a new chief, who will now supervise six officers. An integrationist, Billy is alerted to the résumé of Major Tucker Watts, a retiring Army MP, who is black. Mindful that Delano has yet to hire a black officer, let alone a chief, Billy decides to forward Watts's résumé to Holmes and recommends his hiring. Holmes makes a persuasive case for Watts at the city council hearing and he is hired as chief, setting off a media frenzy over the first black hired to head a police force in the South.

Tucker assumes his duties as chief welcomed by many residents but scorned by others. He makes a good impression on the overall community, however, and at first seems able to weather the problems he faces. But Tucker harbors a painful secret: he is Willie Cole, whose father killed Chief Lee decades earlier and who, so far as Delano knows, died in an accident not long after fleeing. Tucker is deathly afraid of being discovered and considers killing a man who recognizes him. After coming to his senses, he relaxes and, like Sonny Butts, begins to organize old police files. He, too, reads Chief Lee's report on the old murders and observes Sonny Butts's notations regarding the pattern of subsequent disappearances. Building on the work of his two predecessors, Tucker also begins to suspect the now-aged Foxy Funderburke and makes inquiries about him.

A confluence of events distracts Tucker, including his own arrest on trumped-up charges and Billy Lee's race for governor, in which Tucker's hiring becomes an issue.  These problems leave him inclined to do nothing about Foxy for the time being. Then John Howell, a reporter for The New York Times, convinces Tucker to take his evidence to the FBI and obtain a search warrant through them. Because Tucker's evidence is totally circumstantial, the FBI only reluctantly agrees to issue the warrant, which is limited to observation (no digging, prying up floorboards, etc.)  When Tucker and federal agents search Foxy's property and find nothing at first, Tucker fears that he might have dealt a fatal blow to Billy Lee's campaign, but then one of the agents trips on what proves to be a motorcycle handlebar protruding from the ground. As Foxy emerges from the house, armed and intending to kill Tucker and the agents, he is distracted by John Howell and is himself shot dead. The ensuing investigation determines that Foxy had tortured, sodomized, murdered, and buried at least forty-three young men over the decades.

John Howell discovers Tucker's true identity but decides to keep it a secret. The novel ends as Hugh Holmes, pleased for Billy's success in the election but crushed by the revelations about Foxy and the shame the murders will bring to the city he did so much to build, is suffering a potentially fatal heart attack.

1983 TV movie

Chiefs was made into a CBS miniseries in 1983 starring Charlton Heston as Hugh Holmes, Keith Carradine as Foxy, Wayne Rogers as Will Lee, Brad Davis as Sonny Butts, Stephen Collins as Billy Lee, Billy Dee Williams as Tyler (Tucker) Watts and a cameo by Stuart Woods as "Pope". It was nominated for 3 Emmys. It varies from the novel mostly in the Tucker Watts section in that there is not as much focus on Billy Lee being a potential running mate for JFK in the 1964 presidential election. Tucker's true identity is not discovered by the NY Times reporter, but after the election Tucker reveals his identity to Billy by remembering word for word the conversation they had on the day Billy's family left the farm and moved to town.

External links
Stuart Woods official site

Stuart Woods on the real-life inspiration for Chiefs

1981 American novels
American thriller novels
Novels set in Georgia (U.S. state)
W. W. Norton & Company books

Chiefs (novel)


The status and social roles of women in Mali have been formed by the complex interplay of a variety of traditions in ethnic communities, the rise and fall of the great Sahelien states, French colonial rule, independence, urbanisation, and postcolonial conflict and progress. Forming just less than half Mali's population, Malian women have sometimes been the center of matrilineal societies, but have always been crucial to the economic and social structure of this largely rural, agricultural society.

In addition, their role has been shaped by the conflicts over religion, as animist societies gave way gradually to Islam in the 1100–1900 period. In recent years, the rise of religious fundamentalism has posed a threat to women's wellbeing.

Contemporary problems faced by women in Mali include high rate of violence against women, child marriage and female genital mutilation.

Cultural background
Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa. It obtained independence from France in 1960. The Northern Mali conflict has destabilized the country. Mali has more than 18 million inhabitants, and it is ethnically diverse being formed of the following groups: Bambara 34.1%, Fulani (Peul) 14.7%, Sarakole 10.8%, Senufo 10.5%, Dogon 8.9%, Malinke 8.7%, Bobo 2.9%, Songhai 1.6%, Tuareg 0.9%, other Malian 6.1%, from member of Economic Community of West African States 0.3%, other 0.4%. The vast majority of the population follows Islam. The urbanization is 42.4%. The fertility rate is almost 6 children born/woman, one of the highest in the world.

Education and economic development

Education

Education is compulsory from ages six to 15. However, many children do not attend school, and girls' enrollment is lower than that of boys at all levels due to factors such as poverty, societal preference to educate boys, child marriage and sexual harassment. In Malian households, the sons help with family farms, enterprises, and market purchases. They are in charge of all the major decision-making. Malian men are expected to acquire resources and earn the family income. The daughters quickly begin doing domestic chores and caring for younger siblings. Women are expected to handle the household chores and tend to garden plots. In polygamous households, women share and split up their tasks.

It is common for Malian parents to take their daughters out of school for early marriage and fear of pregnancy. There is a prevailing notion that women in Mali will engage in adultery. Farming households typically keep their daughters out of schools to help with agricultural labor. Some families also fear that educated women are less likely to participate in arranged marriages and worry those women will know how to file for divorce. Additionally, women are not expected to send money back to their parents. Therefore, education is not viewed as equally important for women as it is for men in Mali. Once married, women are seen as the 'property' of their husbands. In 1949, Malian girls only made up 21% of students enrolled in primary school.

Mali's democratization in 1991 improved access to education. Following the transition, girls in Mali's net enrollment in educational institutions increased by 27% by 2004 (16% to 43%). However, primary school completion rates for girls and boys are 40% and 60% respectively. Only 6% of girls enroll in secondary education. Women's literacy rate (aged 15 and over) is significantly lower than that of men: female 22.2%, compared to male 45.1% (2015 est.).

Employment

Malian women with more resources experience less employment security. Factors such as higher fertility and education levels contribute to a lack of opportunities for a steady job. In Mali, increasing age, job stability of one's partner, and occupation in the agricultural sector raise women's employment security. The increase in job stability is especially true for Malian women who participate in more social situations. Generally, regardless of the factors mentioned, women of childbearing age are discouraged from working and are expected to begin tending to family responsibilities.

Women are greatly discriminated against in Malian workspaces. They have a low compensation, showing a difference of over 30 percent in pay packages compared to their public sector male counterparts in 2001. In the private sector, the difference was approximately 15 percent in 2001.

Rural women typically take up work in the farming industry. However, their lack of resources limits their ability to store, process, and market their products. Additionally, their lack of education on proper conservation and processing leads to spoilage in seasons of high yield. These limitations result in poor economic returns. Child labor is also a significant component of Malian employment. Girls typically work with women, and boys with men. Girls in rural areas tend to have larger workloads than boys and men. They are expected to do household chores in addition to their fieldwork. These chores include cooking for the family, doing laundry, and shopping on 'market days.' Their farm work involves plowing fields with cows and picking plant seeds. The overworking of young girls affects their education; they lack attendance and struggle with academic performance.

Work in the formal sector is typically given to women in urban areas. Examples of such work include governmental careers, state-owned companies, and private enterprises.

Health care

Mali is one of the world's poorest nations and is severely affected by poor health and sanitation. Women's health is negatively impacted, although
the government provides subsidised medical care to children as well as adults of both sexes. The Constitution of Mali guarantees the right to health. Healthcare is free for pregnant women and children up to the age of 12. The healthcare policy is based on community involvement, cost recovery and the availability of essential medicines, and it is developed by the Ministry of Health and implemented by the National Health Directorate. In Mali, maternal mortality and infant mortality are very high. Studies conducted by UNICEF have shown that out of 1200 women who get pregnant each day, 230 experience complications and 20 die. Early marriage, lack of family planning, very high fertility, and female genital mutilation contribute to women's ill health.

Malian healthcare has improved drastically over the last fifteen years. This conclusion is drawn from improvements in child mortality rate (237% to 191%) and maternal mortality rate (582 per 100000 to 464 per 100000) between 1996 and 2006. However, life expectancy remains at 48 years old and approximately 1 in 5 children die before the age of five.

There are discrepancies between rural and urban physicians. Less than 10% of Malian physicians are based in rural areas. Rural physicians have less access to technology like echographs and laboratories. These physicians typically work in community health centres and the family physicians are employed by religious/associative providers. Families living in urban areas have taken up more family planning methods whereas rural families are reluctant. In such spaces children are regarded as gifts of Allah. The healthcare providers in rural areas do not give women contraceptives without their husband's permission. The village centers are generally cheap and most Malian babies are delivered there. Urban areas have private practices and hospitals that are their main medical providers. The practices usually have two full-time physicians and hospitals have five. There is a prevailing issue of weak cooperation between the private and public medical sectors in Mali.

Marriage

Child marriage is common in Mali, fueled by lax laws, and lack of enforcement of even the existing laws. The minimum age to marry without parental consent is 16 for girls and 18 for boys. However, this law is not enforced and earlier marriage is typical, especially in rural areas. A 15-year-old girl may marry with parental consent if a civil judge approves. The mean age of marriage for men and women is roughly 26 and 18, respectively. The age gap is attributed to inequalities in bargaining and decision-making power. Men are regarded as the head of the household and women are required by law to obey their husbands. These customs have led to many Malian women experiencing controlling behaviors from their partners (38.18%).

The culture of early marriage in Mali contributes to lesser opportunities for women. The women experience reduced access to education, employment, and independence.

A Malian NGO reported that at least 10 girls-—some below the age of 13—-lost their lives between 2005 and May 2007 because of medical complications resulting from early marriage. In Mali, about 75% of girls up to age 14 and 89% of women age 15-49 are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), a practice which endangers their health.

Interpersonal violence (IPV) in mali
Mali's geographrical location has some of the highest rates of interpersonal violence (IPV). 49% of Malian women have experienced emotional, physical, or sexual IPV. Mali does not have laws against IPV. Mali has laws that legally bind Malian women to obey their husbands. Interpersonal violence is condoned in Malian society, with 76% of Malian women claiming it is justified in one or more situations.

Generally, polygamous marriages increase the likelihood that women in Mali experience more than one form of interpersonal violence. Polygamous marriages in Mali are reported to have weaker communication where women often experience jealousy and neglect. The need to split resources evenly induces more conflict. The risk factors for IPV are substantially higher in polygamous child marriages and monogamous marriages of older women. The monogamous marriages of older women exacerbate IPV risks because those marriages deviate from cultural norms. A study conducted in 2022 shows that 37.22% of Malian women experienced physical abuse, a 10% increase since 2013. Most women in the study were under 18, middle class, and had no education.

Studies have shown varying results regarding the relationship between women's level of decision making, education, employment, and IPV. Some results show it increases the likelihood of IPV, specifically in women working outside the home, as accomplished women challenge Mali's traditional gender roles. Whereas some studies show decreased IPV as women pursue education and employment.

Family law
Women do not have equal status and rights, particularly concerning divorce and inheritance. The law allows polygamy. Women are legally obligated to obey their husbands and are particularly vulnerable in cases of divorce, child custody, and inheritance. Even the limited rights that women have are often unenforced, due to lack of education and information, as well as cultural views which consider women as inferior. According to the law, the Ministry for the Promotion of Women, the Family, and Children is responsible for ensuring the legal rights of women.

Rights of women under law

Article 2 of the Constitution of Mali states that "All Malians are born and live free and equal in their rights and duties. Any discrimination based on social origin, color, language, race, sex, religion, or political opinion is prohibited", while Article 3 states that "No one will be put to torture, nor to inhumane, cruel, degrading, or humiliating treatment".

Abuse and exploitation of girls
Abuse of girls includes child marriage and female genital mutilation. There are no comprehensive government statistics on child abuse, and the problem is widespread. Child abuse is usually unreported. The police and the social services department in the Ministry of Solidarity and Humanitarian Action have investigated and intervened in some reported cases of child abuse or neglect.

Child marriage is very prevalent in Mali, with a majority of girls being married before 18. There is a very strong link between child marriage and lack of education, as well as polygamy, with child brides being more likely to be a 2nd, 3rd or 4th wife.

A 2004 governmental study, which involved 450 interviews, found that the children most at risk for sexual exploitation were girls between the ages of 12 and 18 who worked as street vendors or domestic servants, or who were homeless children or the victims of child trafficking. Such exploitation was most prevalent in areas in which the population and economy were in flux, such as border zones or towns on transportation routes or in mining areas. The study noted that most cases of sexual exploitation went unreported and recommended that the country strengthen its laws to protect children.

Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is common, particularly in rural areas, and is performed on girls between the ages of six months to six years. About 75% of girls up to age 14 and 89% of women age 15-49 are estimated to have undergone FGM. Girls are often married at age 13–15, so FGM is performed before this age.

The government has launched a two-phase plan to eliminate FGM, originally by 2008. According to the local human rights organisations fighting FGM, the educational phase (workshops, videos, and theatre) continues in cities, and FGM reportedly has decreased substantially among children of educated parents. In many instances, FGM practitioners have agreed to stop the practice in exchange for other income-generating activity. The National Committee Against Violence Towards Women linked all the NGOs combating FGM, and high-profile work by Former Teachers' Union leader Fatoumata Sire Diakite, president of the Association for the Progress and Defense of Women (APDF) have led efforts to educate rural women and community leaders about the danger FGM poses.

Mali has one of the highest rates of FGM in the world, partly due to the fact that there is a very high ongoing support for the practice among the population: only 20% of Malian women and 21% of men think the practice should end.

Rape and violence
The law criminalises rape. The 2011 US Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Mali states that "There is no law specifically prohibiting spousal rape, but law enforcement officials stated the criminal laws against rape apply to spousal rape." Rape is a widespread problem. Most cases are not reported because of societal pressure, particularly due to the fact that the attackers are frequently close relatives and victims fear retaliation.
A report concluded that while 300 women came forward to report sexual abuse every year in Bamako alone, in 2007 only two men were convicted of the crime. Malian organisations like Bamako's Women and Law and Development in Africa, led by lawyer Sidibe Djenba Diop, push for education, strengthening laws, and forcing their application.

Domestic violence against women, including spousal abuse, was tolerated and common. Spousal abuse is a crime, but police were reluctant to enforce laws against or intervene in cases of domestic violence. Assault is punishable by prison terms of one to five years and fines of up to $1,000 (465,000 CFA francs) or, if premeditated, up to 10 years' imprisonment. Many women were reluctant to file complaints against their husbands because they were unable to support themselves financially.

The Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children, and the Family produced a guide on violence against women for use by healthcare providers, police, lawyers, and judges. The guide provides definitions of the types of violence and guidelines on how each should be handled. NGOs Action for the Defense and Promotion of Women Rights and Action for the Promotion of Household Maids operated shelters.

Sexual harassment occurs routinely, including in schools, without any government efforts to prevent it, and the law does not prohibit it.

Economic rights and access

While the law gives women equal property rights, traditional practice and ignorance of the law prevents women—even educated women—from taking full advantage of their rights. A community property marriage must be specified in the marriage contract. In addition, if the type of marriage was not specified on the marriage certificate, judges presume the marriage was polygynous. While 48% of Malian women are engaged in agriculture, the vast majority may only access land to which men hold the primary rights. While the Constitution and some laws in Mali support equality between men and women, in practice Malian women do not enjoy equal status with men with respect to property rights and inheritance.

Women's access to employment and to economic and educational opportunities is limited. The labor law prohibits discrimination in employment and occupation based on race, gender, religion, political opinion, nationality, or ethnicity; but this is not effectively enforced, and discrimination is common. Most women in Mali work in the informal sector and in agriculture. The government, which is the major formal sector employer, ostensibly pays women the same as men for similar work, but differences in job descriptions result in pay inequality.

Under a 2004–8 national plan of action to promote the status of women, the government continued efforts to reduce inequalities between men and women and to create links between women within the Economic Community of West African States and throughout Africa.

Prostitution and trafficking in persons
Prostitution is legal, but third party activities (procuring) are illegal. Prostitution is common in Malian cities, and has increased due to the armed conflict.

Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for adults and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. Internal trafficking is more common than transnational trafficking.   There are also women and girls from other West African countries, particularly Nigeria and Benin, who are exploited in prostitution and sex trafficking in Mali. These women are often recruited with promises of legitimate jobs in Bamako but then exploited in sex trafficking throughout Mali, including in Chinese-run hotels, and especially in small mining communities. There are reports of corruption and complicity among local police and gendarmes.

The legislative framework was strengthened: Law 2012-023 Relating to the Combat against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices, as amended, criminalizes forced labor and sex trafficking. The law prescribes penalties of five to 10 years imprisonment for sex and labor trafficking—except forced begging—and separately criminalizes forced begging with lesser penalties of two to five years imprisonment and a fine.

The Ministry of Justice and the Ministry for the Advancement of Women, Children, and the Family have created programs meant to curb such abuses.

Contemporary slavery

In 2008, the Tuareg-based human rights group Temedt, along with Anti-Slavery International, reported that "several thousand"  members of the Tuareg Bella caste remain enslaved in the Gao Region and especially around the towns of Menaka and Ansongo.  They complain that while laws provide redress, cases are rarely resolved by Malian courts.

Women's pressure groups
Several women's rights groups, such as the Association of Malian Women Lawyers, the Association of Women in Law and Development, the Collective of Women's Associations, and the Association for the Defense of Women's Rights (Association pour le Progres et la Defense des Droits des Femmes Maliennes – APDF), worked to highlight legal inequities, primarily in the family code, through debates, conferences, and women's rights training. These groups also provided legal assistance to women and targeted magistrates, police officers, and religious and traditional leaders in educational outreach to promote women's rights.

Malian women's rights NGOs, such as Action for the Promotion and Development of Women, the Committee for the Defense of Women's Rights, and the Women's and Children's Rights Watch (CADEF), educated local populations about the negative consequences of underage marriage. The government also helped to enable girls married at an early age to continue in school.

Women in politics

A small number of Malian women have reached the highest level of business, academia and government, with women holding several government Ministerial posts and seats in the National Assembly of Mali.  Aminata Dramane Traoré, author and political activist has served as the Minister of Culture and Tourism of Mali, coordinator of the United Nations Development Programme, and board member of the International Press Service.

Sidibé Aminata Diallo, a professor at the University of Bamako, is leader of the Movement for Environmental Education and Sustainable Development political party, and in 2007 became the first woman to stand for President of Mali as one of eight candidates in the April 2007 presidential election. Diallo received over 12,000 votes in the election, 0.55% of the total.

See also
 Human rights in Mali
 Children's rights in Mali
 Education in Mali
 Culture of Mali
 Education in Africa
 Women's rights
 Human rights

References

External links

Mali

Women in Mali


Interstate 80 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. It goes from San Francisco, California east to Teaneck, New Jersey (just outside of New York City). The route is  long, making it the second longest Interstate Highway in the United States behind I-90. It goes through 11 states: California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.

I-80 is the Interstate Highway that closely follows the route of the historic Lincoln Highway, the first road across America. The highway traces other historical routes in the Western United States: the Oregon Trail across Wyoming and Nebraska, the California Trail across most of Nevada and California, and except in the Great Salt Lake area, the entire route of the First Transcontinental Railroad.

From near Chicago, Illinois, east to near Youngstown, Ohio, Interstate 80 is a toll road, containing the majority of both the Indiana Toll Road and the Ohio Turnpike. It also has a small part of the Illinois Tollway. I-80 and Interstate 90 share the same road from near Portage, Indiana to Elyria, Ohio. I-80 becomes the Keystone Shortway (a freeway built across rural northern Pennsylvania.) The eastern end of I-80 is its junction with the New Jersey Turnpike and Interstate 95 just west of the George Washington Bridge entering New York City.

References

80

Interstate 80


The Water Resources Development Act of 1990 (WRDA 1990), , was enacted by Congress of the United States on November 12, 1990. Most of the provisions of WRDA 1990 are administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

Title I: Water Resources Projects

Authorizes public works projects in specified locations for improvements to navigation, flood control, storm damage reduction, and the construction of recreation features. Specifies the total cost, as well as the estimated Federal and non-Federal cost, of each project.

Modifies various public works projects previously authorized under prior water resources development Acts.

Directs the studies for the completion of flood control projects in Arkansas, Indiana, Texas, and West Virginia. Increases the maximum amount authorized under the Flood Control Act of 1948 for a flood control project in the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Authorizes shoreline projects in Michigan and Pennsylvania.

Authorizes continuation of specified water resources projects notwithstanding a specified provision of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 limiting the length of such projects.

Authorizes design and construction of certain flood control measures Kentucky as determined necessary for the prevention of further flood control damage.

Directs completion of a project for the removal of silt and aquatic weeds in Minnesota.

Directs projects for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Federal flood control levees on the Arkansas River and the Red River.

Authorizes
 a project for flood protection in New Mexico
 planning, engineering, and design for the rehabilitation of the Lower Truckee River, Nevada, and for facilities to enable the passage of cui-ui fish and Lahontan cutthroat trout through its delta to obtain access to spawning grounds
 planning, engineering, and design for modifications to the Arkansas Post Navigation Canal
 design for replacement of a bridge Ohio
 design for the construction of a bridge between Kentucky and Ohio.

Authorizes the Secretary of the Army to undertake, complete, review, or act upon specified studies in connection with various water resources development projects. Authorizes appropriations.

Authorizes a study of wastewater treatment options for transporting contamination in Rhode Island to a facility in Rhode Island. Authorizes appropriations.

Directs technical assistance with respect to a comprehensive review of New York Harbor and a system investigation of the channels and anchorages of the Port of New York and New Jersey.

Deauthorizes specified water resources development projects.

Title II: Land Transfers

Directs or authorizes transfer of specified real property in Florida, Michigan, and Washington.

Directs release to Clay County, Georgia, of the reversionary interest of the United States to specified real property in the County, subject to the condition that such property be used solely for the development of a retirement community.

Authorizes conveyance of certain Oakland Inner Harbor Tidal Canal property in Oakland, California, to the cities of Oakland and Alameda, California, under specified terms and conditions.

Title III: Generally Applicable Provisions

Amends the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 to treat as construction the costs of planning and engineering of projects for which non-Federal interests contributed 50 percent or more of the cost of the feasibility study.

Includes preparation for emergency response to any natural disaster (currently, flood emergency preparation only) with actions for which emergency response funds are authorized to be used. Authorizes the use of such funds for certain emergency dredging.

Authorizes the Secretary to complete and transmit to the appropriate non-Federal interest any study for improvement to harbors or inland harbors initiated pursuant to the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960 or, upon request, to terminate such study and transmit the partially completed study to the non-Federal interest.

Requires biennial reports beginning in 1992 concerning water resources project modifications for improving the quality of the environment in the public interest. Provides annual funding for such modification projects.

Directs environmental protection as one of the primary missions of the United States Army Corps of Engineers in planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining water resources projects.

Establishes as part of the Corps of Engineers' water resources development program an interim goal of no net loss of the Nation's remaining wetlands base, and a long-term goal of increasing the quality and quantity of wetlands in the United States. Outlines goals and an action plan for the development and restoration of wetlands. Authorizes a program to evaluate and demonstrate the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, as well as methods by which such projects contribute to meeting the objectives of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Authorizes a demonstration program to determine the feasibility of wetlands restoration, enhancement, and creation as a means of contributing to achieving the wetlands goals.

Authorizes a program for the training and certification of individuals as wetlands delineators.

Prohibits certain new or substantially improved structures built in specified flood plains from being included in the benefit base for justifying Federal flood damage reduction projects. Requires a cost-sharing report and regulations in connection with such projects.

Directs a report to Congress on the advisability of not participating in the planning, implementation, or maintenance of any beach stabilization or renourishment project unless the State in which the proposed project will be located has established a beachfront management program that includes certain restrictions and provisions.

Directs the Secretary to establish for each major reservoir under the jurisdiction of the Corps a technical advisory committee to provide recommendations on reservoir monitoring and options for reservoir research. Requires ample public participation in the development or revision of reservoir operating manuals of the Corps. Directs a study of the operations of reservoir projects under Army jurisdiction and report the results to the Congress.

Directs, whenever necessary to meet the requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, removal of contaminated sediments outside the boundaries of and adjacent to the navigation channel as part of the operation and maintenance of a navigation project. Terminates such dredging requirement five years after enactment except for the completion of commenced projects.

Directs, in planning any water resources project, consideration of its impact on existing and future recreational and commercial uses. Requires any changes adversely affecting the recreational use of a project to be mitigated. Terminates such requirements five years after the enactment of this Act except for restoration already commenced on such date. Requires project costs to be shared by the beneficiaries of such recreation.

Provides that activities currently performed in connection with the operation and maintenance of hydroelectric power generating facilities of the Corps are to be considered inherently governmental functions and not commercial activities.

Amends the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 to include preservation and enhancement of the environment in matters to be addressed in water resources planning under such Act; and (2) increase from 40 to 100 percent of eligible operation and maintenance costs assigned to commercial navigation of all harbors and inland harbors of the United States the amount authorized to be appropriated out of the Harbor and Maintenance Trust Fund.

Authorizes Corps of Engineers' research and development laboratories to provide assistance to corporations, partnerships, limited partnerships, consortia, public and private foundations, universities, and nonprofit organizations operating within the United States or its territories or possessions under specified conditions, including that providing such assistance is in the public interest and within the mission of the Corps.

Amends the Water Resources Development Act of 1974 to authorize the Secretary, in order to recover 50 percent of the cost of providing assistance to States for the development, utilization, and conservation of water and related resources of drainage basins, to establish and collect appropriate fees from States and other non-Federal public bodies to whom such assistance is provided. Requires the Secretary to phase in such cost-sharing program.

Amends the Flood Control Act of 1960 to authorize collection of fees from Federal agencies and private individuals in order to recover costs of providing certain flood control information collection and dissemination services.

Authorizes water supply storage space requested by a low-income community if such space is available in a water resources development project operated by the Secretary.

Title IV: Miscellaneous Provisions

Authorizes technical, planning, and engineering assistance to States and local governments in connection with Great Lakes remedial action plans identified under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978.

Amends the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (WRDA 1986) to deauthorize the Cross Florida Barge Canal project located between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Transfers Canal project land to the State of Florida.

Adds the removal of silt and aquatic growth at Wappingers Lake and at Lake George, New York, to water resources projects authorized under the WRDA 1986.

Amends WRDA 1986 to extend for five years the Upper Mississippi River Management Plan.

Authorizes Federal financial assistance for construction projects in the Virgin Islands to be made available to the Secretary in lieu of the Virgin Islands upon request of the Governor of the Islands.

Directs a local cooperative agreement with the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, for beach nourishment.

Declares certain portions of Lake Erie to be nonnavigable waters of the United States.

Directs the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Governor of New York to jointly convene a management conference for the restoration, conservation, and management of Onondaga Lake, New York. Authorizes grants to New York for research, studies, surveys, and activities in connection with the development of a management plan for the Lake. Authorizes appropriations.

Directs EPA to report on the feasibility of designating an alternative site to the Mud Dump site in the New York/New Jersey harbor region for the disposal of dredged material. Requires a report to the Congress on a plan for the long-term management of such dredged material. Authorizes appropriations.

Requires the Army, the Bureau of Reclamation, and Bonneville Power Administration to issue a joint report on the regulation of Dworshak Dam, Idaho. Requires conduct public meetings in the area of the Dam in order to keep the public informed about projected drawdowns.

Directs relocation of the Southeast Light on Block Island, Rhode Island, to a more suitable location on such island. Authorizes appropriations.

Authorizes research and development activities on magnetic levitation (maglev) technology or to provide for such activities. Authorizes appropriations.

Authorizes the General Services Administration to exchange certain mineral and royalty interests in the Prado Flood Control Basin in Riverside, California, for excess Federal property, if requested to do so by the current holder of such interests.

Directs a study of the requirements of the use of materials and products produced in the United States Buy American Act requirements as they apply to water resources projects.

Expresses the sense of the Congress that priority consideration will be given to the authorization of water resources development projects which are recommended by the Chief of Engineers.

Authorizes the EPA to undertake a demonstration project to eliminate contamination of the waters near Woodlawn Beach, Hamburg, New York, from nonpoint sources of pollution resulting from surface runoff and septic system contamination entering Rush and Blasdell Creeks. Specifies the non-Federal share of the cost of the project.

References

See also
Flood Control Act
Rivers and Harbors Act

United States federal defense and national security legislation
United States federal public land legislation
United States federal environmental legislation
1990 in the environment
1990 in American law

Water Resources Development Act of 1990


One Writer's Beginnings  is a collection of autobiographical essays by Eudora Welty. The book is based on three lectures she delivered at Harvard University in April 1983, as part of the William E. Massey Sr. lecture series. The three essays are entitled: Listening, Learning to See, and Finding a Voice. Well received by both critics and fans alike, One Writer's Beginnings was on The New York Times bestseller list for almost a year.

In the essays, Ms. Welty explains the inescapable bond between her childhood in Mississippi and her later career as a writer. She shares details from her childhood and her relationship with her parents, Christian Welty and Chestina Andrews Welty. She discusses how these two critical relationships, and other relationships from her childhood, contributed to her literary voice. The book has been praised as revealing "the confluence of past and present as the design of Welty's life and art by making such intersection the structural principle behind her life story as an artist."

The book includes a number of Welty family photos.

The lectures were published in book form by Harvard University Press in 1984.

References

External links
Eudora Welty: One Writer's Beginnings. 1989 PBS profile of Eudora Welty, based on her book of the same name.

Literary autobiographies
1984 non-fiction books
Harvard University Press books
Works by Eudora Welty

One Writer's Beginnings


The Indian cricket team toured Sri Lanka from 6 August to 1 September 2015 to play a tour match and three Test matches.[1] On 27 June, Sri Lankan batsman Kumar Sangakkara said he would retire from international cricket after the second Test of the series.[2] The Board of Control for Cricket in India(BCCI) and Sri Lanka Cricket Board confirmed the schedule of India's tour to Sri Lanka in August to September 2015. The tour started with a three-day warm-up game against Sri Lanka Board President's XI, followed by three Test matches. The Test matches were played at Galle, P Sara Oval, and SSC Colombo.[3] The Indian team arrived in Sri Lanka on 4 August 2015.[4]

Three different openers for India Shikhar Dhawan (134), Lokesh Rahul (108) and Cheteshwar Pujara(145) made centuries in the series. This was fifth time in Test history. The last happened in 1970 Ashes by John Edrich, Geoff Boycott and Brian Luckhurst for England.[5]

India won the three-match series 2–1, with Virat Kohli winning his first Test series as captain of India, and this was the first series win by India in Sri Lanka since 1993.[6] This series win also gave India their first overseas Test series victory since the 2011 tour in the West Indies.

ඉන්දීය ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරඟ සංචාරය 2015


Masked woodswallow (Artamus personatus) is a species of bird in the family Artamidae.

Description
A.personatus is a common, gregarious and highly nomadic species, appearing in large flocks usually with white-browed woodswallow (Artamus superciliosus). Among the few passerines that have powder down through their plumage. Listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.

Field identification
Ranging from 18–20 cm in length with a wingspan of 32–34 cm, weighing approximately 37 grams, the masked woodswallow is similar in size to the white-browed woodswallow. Sexes differ markedly in colour and also in immature plumage. This difference between sexes is unique only to the masked woodswallow and white-browed woodswallow. Adult males have a sharply defined black face mask with a pale edge. This mask covers the lores, ear coverts, chin and throat. Upperparts are dark blue grey with a prominent white tip on the tail. The underbody is pale grey, fading to greyish white on under tail coverts. Legs and feet are grey to grey black or black.  Adult females are similar to adult males but slightly browner and mask is indistinct. Juveniles are similar to adult females but slightly browner with fletched and mottled buff.

Ecology

Diet

A.personatus is a mainly insectivorous species that has been observed to hawk or pounce on its prey. Nectar also comprises part of its diet and has been observed occasionally eating fruit.

Breeding

Exclusively pair breeders, consistent with being migratory. A.personatus shows no ecological segregation with A.supercilious but no co operative breeding has been recorded as with other Artamus species. A.personatus breeds throughout most of its distribution range with the exception of eastern and south eastern coastal areas and north of latitude 20°. Usually breeds during spring and summer with annual variation. Breeding frequency is usually once, occasionally twice a year.

Nesting

Similar to the nest of white-breasted woodswallow (Artamus leucorynchus) but less substantial. Usually only one to two metres above the ground, often only a shallow, frail bowl. Has been recorded in stumps, fallen limbs, bush or scrub, fence posts and protruding bark. Nest materials include twigs and grass, with an upper layer of dry or green grass. Both sexes build the nest.

Eggs

Pale greyish white to pale greenish grey to light creamy brown. Measuring approximately 22mm x 17mm, usual shape, tapered oval. Indistinguishable from the White-browed Woodswallow. 2-3 per clutch, less commonly 1-4.

Distribution and habitat

Widespread on mainland Australia, less common in coastal and near coastal areas, Vagrants have been recorded in Tasmania, New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. Mainly inhibit open forest, woodland, heath, roadside and farm tree belts. Mostly occur in arid and semi arid zones.

References

masked woodswallow
Endemic birds of Australia
masked woodswallow
Articles containing video clips
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
masked woodswallow

Masked woodswallow


Andrew John Herbertson FRSE FRGS FRMS (11 October 1865  –  15 July 1915) was a Scottish geographer.

Life
He was born in Galashiels, Selkirkshire to parents Andrew Hunter Herbertson and Janet Matthewson. He went to school locally at Galashiels Academy and in Edinburgh at Edinburgh Institution. From 1886 to 1889 he studied in  the University of Edinburgh, but he never gained a degree. He then gained a place at Oxford University where he graduated MA.

In 1892, he was appointed to assist Patrick Geddes with the teaching of botany at University College, Dundee. in 1892 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He then moved in 1892 to Fort William, Scotland to work on a metereological observatory on Ben Nevis. In 1894 he moved to Manchester to become a lecturer in political and commercial geography in the University of Manchester.

From 1896 to 1899, he lectured in industrial and commercial geography at Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. In 1896 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Peter Guthrie Tait, Sir John Murray, Ralph Copeland and Alexander Buchan.

In 1898, he received a doctorate (PhD) from University of Freiburg-im-Breisgau. In 1899 he moved to the University of Oxford to become a reader of geography; then became the first Oxford Professor of Geography in 1905. He would become head of the geography department at Oxford in 1910. In 1908 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society.

He died of a heart attack in Radnage, Buckinghamshire. He is buried with his wife Frances Dorothy (who died two weeks later) in Holywell Cemetery nearby.

Their son, Lt. Andrew Hunter Herbertson, was killed at Arras in the First World War in May 1917.

References

1865 births
1915 deaths
People educated at Stewart's Melville College
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Oxford
People from Galashiels
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Freiburg alumni
Academics of Heriot-Watt University
19th-century geographers
20th-century geographers
Burials at Holywell Cemetery

Andrew John Herbertson


Oakland Plantation, originally known as the Jean Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme Plantation, and also known as Bermuda, is a historic plantation in and unincorporated area of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana.  Founded as a forced-labor farm worked by enslaved Black people for White owners, it is one of the nation's best and most intact examples of a French Creole cotton plantation complex. The Oakland Plantation is now owned by the National Park Service as part of the Cane River Creole National Historical Park.

It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 29, 1979. It is designated as a notable destination on the state's Louisiana African American Heritage Trail. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 3, 2001.

Geography
The Oakland Plantation grounds and structures are within the Cane River Creole National Historical Park, in the National Park Service's Cane River National Heritage Area. The plantation is situated on a bend of the Cane River Lake, with access by Louisiana Highway 119 in the Bermuda community near the parish seat of Natchitoches. Oakland Plantation is located near the Magnolia Plantation, which is another National Historic Landmark within the Cane River Creole National Historical Park; and the Melrose Plantation.

Oakland Plantation is associated with the Atahoe Plantation (of Natchez), which was developed by one of the Prud'homme family. The Cherokee Plantation was built by a granddaughter of Jean Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme. It is also associated with the community of Isle Brevelle, a local Creole community.

History

19th century
The original owners, Jean-Pierre Emanuel Prud'homme and his wife Marie Catherine (Lambre) Prud'homme, completed building the Oakland Plantation house in 1821.  The family tradition claims that Oakland was one of the first plantations in the area to grow cotton on a large scale, which was cultivated and harvested by enslaved African Americans. They also raised and used farm animals, which were served by extant buildings, such as the dipping vat, the turkey shed, the mule barn, two pigeonniers, and several chicken coops.

The Prud'hommes also owned and operated a general store on the plantation, which also housed the Bermuda U.S. Post Office for many years.  The plantation flourished in the 19th century.

20th century
Descendant J. Alphonse Prud'homme won the gold medal at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis for growing the highest-grade cotton in the South.

The Cane River Creole National Historical Park was authorized by Congress in 1994, with support by US Senator J. Bennett Johnston (R-LA). In 1997, the National Park Service acquired the main buildings and surrounding land of Oakland Plantation for the park. The NPS has reached advanced stages in the preservation and conservation of the many outbuildings, and of the plantation house. They have completed furnishing interiors with furniture, paintings, and textiles as it was in the 1860s at the end of the antebellum plantation era.

The park's program includes interpretation of emancipation and the history of freedmen and Creoles of color, and their descendants, who lived and worked on Oakland Plantation for nearly 100 years after the American Civil War.  They were all integral to the region's community life.  The community has strongly associated the plantation with the Prud'homme family, many of whose descendants still reside in the area today.

See also
Antebellum architecture
National Register of Historic Places listings in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Cane River National Heritage Area topics
Plantations in Louisiana

References

External links

NPS Cane River National Heritage Area: Oakland Plantation history
NPS Cane River National Heritage Area: a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

Houses completed in 1821
Plantation houses in Louisiana
Houses in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Historic house museums in Louisiana
Museums in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Open-air museums in Louisiana
Cane River National Heritage Area
Louisiana African American Heritage Trail
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Antebellum architecture
Creole architecture in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
1818 establishments in Louisiana
Cotton plantations in Louisiana

Oakland Plantation (Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana)


"Birds of a Feather" is a 1998 song by the American band Phish. It is the second track from their 1998 album The Story of the Ghost and was released as their twelfth promotional single by Elektra Records. The song is a funk rock song written by the entire band and lyricist Tom Marshall, and was influenced by Talking Heads.

The song premiered on April 2, 1998 at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, the first of the four shows in the "Island Tour". This show is available as Live Phish 04.02.98. Musically, it was one of the more upbeat tracks from the predominantly slow and funky The Story of the Ghost album.

"Birds of a Feather" is one of the few Phish songs to be performed three times on U.S. national television. The song was first performed at the 1998 Farm Aid concert, on October 3, 1998, and shown live on CMT. It was also played at PBS's Sessions at West 54th on October 20, 1998 which was broadcast on PBS affiliates starting on January 9, 1999. The third performance was on the October 27, 1998 episode of CBS's Late Show with David Letterman.

The song also was featured on the October 7, 1998 episode of the WB teen drama Dawson's Creek, entitled "The Kiss".

"Birds of a Feather" was a Top 20 hit on Billboards Adult Alternative Songs chart, reaching a peak of #14 in December 1998.

Track listing

"Birds of a Feather" (Trey Anastasio, Jon Fishman, Mike Gordon, Tom Marshall, Page McConnell) - 4:14

PersonnelMusicians'''
Trey Anastasio – guitars, vocals
Page McConnell – keyboards, vocals
Mike Gordon – bass guitar, vocals
Jon Fishman – drums, vocals

Also appears onLive Phish Volume 6 (2001)Live Phish Volume 8 (2002)Live Phish Volume 16 (2002)Live Phish Volume 17 (2003)Live Phish 04.02.98 (2005)Live Phish 04.04.98 (2005)Live In Brooklyn (CD/DVD) (2006)
Live in Utica (DVD) (2011)
Ventura (2013)

Notes

1998 singles
1998 songs
Phish songs
Elektra Records singles
Songs written by Trey Anastasio
Songs written by Tom Marshall (singer)

Birds of a Feather (Phish song)


The Bernoulli distribution is a probability distribution. It takes a value of 1 with probability p and a value of 0 with probability 1-p. It is sometimes written as . It is used in probability theory and statistics. It is named after a Swiss scientist Jacob Bernoulli.

Overview
A Bernoulli distribution is useful because it can be used to approximate the outcomes of an experiment (such as tossing a coin) as a range of percentages. It represents a "yes or no" type experiment. If the experiment succeeds, then it is given the value 1. If the experiment does not succeed, it is given value 0. This can be used, for example, in tossing a coin, where "1" means it lands on "heads", and "0" means it lands on "tails" (or the other way around).

This distribution has only one parameter, the probability of a success (p). In fact, Bernoulli distribution is the binomial distribution with n=1, and n independent and identically distributed Bernoulli distributions also give rise to binomial distribution.

Related pages

 Poisson distribution

References

Probability distributions

Bernoulli distribution


The Lincoln Theological Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, simply known as the Lincoln Theological Institute, is a research centre at the University of Manchester, UK. Established in 1997, its research focuses on theology, faith and society.

History
Founded in 1997 as the successor body to Lincoln Theological College, the Lincoln Theological Institute was initially located at the University of Sheffield. In 2003, the Lincoln Theological Institute moved to the Department of Religions and Theology at the University of Manchester. The Institute's first director, appointed in 1997, was Martyn Percy. He left in 2004 to become Principal at Ripon College Cuddesdon. He was succeeded in 2005 by Peter Manley Scott, who joined from the University of Gloucestershire.

The Lincoln Theological Institute charity (chaired by Rt Revd Stephen Platten, Bishop of Wakefield), funds the research activities of the Institute. It owns Chad Varah House on Drury Lane, Lincoln, the building occupied by Lincoln Theological College until it closed in 1995.

Staff
 Martyn Percy, director, 1997-2004
 Peter Manley Scott, director, 2005–present
 Ian Jones, 2000-2007
 Stefan Skrimshire, 2007-2010
 Susannah Cornwall, 2011-2013

The Lincoln Theological Institute also has a number of affiliated honorary research fellows and doctoral students.

Research projects
The Lincoln Theological Institute's research has taken place across a number of projects focusing on themes including place, location, habitation and ecology; global threats and powers; religion and civil society; technology, limits and transformation; power and institutions (including the Church); liberation, political, ecological and public theologies; and culture - including religious cultures - and sources of hope.

Major projects have included:
 Women and Ordination
 Hospital Chaplaincy
 Divinity After Empire
 Future Ethics: Climate Change, Political Action and the Future of the Human
 Remoralizing Britain
 Belonging and Heimat
 Systematic Theology for a Changing Climate
 The Common Good
 A Shaking of the Foundations? Reconsidering Civil Society
 Intersex, Identity, Disability: Issues for Public Policy, Healthcare and the Church

Publications
 Hospital Chaplaincy: Modern, Dependable?, Helen Orchard, Sheffield Academic Press, 2000
 Women and Priesthood in the Church of England: Ten Years On, Ian Jones, Church House Publishing, 2004
 Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches: International Perspectives, Ian Jones, Janet Wootton and Kirsty Thorpe (eds.), T&T Clark, 2008
 Remoralizing Britain, Peter Scott, Chris Baker and Elaine Graham (eds.), Continuum, 2009
 Future Ethics: Climate Change and Apocalyptic Imagination, Stefan Skrimshire (ed.), Continuum, 2010
 Beyond the Tipping Point? (documentary), dir. Stefan Skrimshire, 2010
 Decolonizing the Body of Christ: Theology and Theory After Empire?, David Joy and Joseph Duggan (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2012
 At Home in the Future: Place and Belonging in a Changing Europe, John Rodwell and Peter Scott (eds.), LIT Verlag, 2013
 Systematic Theology and Climate Change, Peter Scott and Michael Northcott (eds.), Routledge, 2014
 Intersex, Theology and the Bible: Troubling Bodies in Church, Text and Society, Susannah Cornwall (ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2015

References

External links
 Lincoln Theological Institute website

Departments of the University of Manchester
Educational institutions established in 1997
Christianity studies
Lincoln Theological College
1997 establishments in England