Dalmatia (;  ; ; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Central Croatia, Slavonia and Istria, located on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia.

Dalmatia is a narrow belt stretching from the island of Rab in the north to the Bay of Kotor in the south. The Dalmatian Hinterland ranges in width from fifty kilometres in the north, to just a few kilometres in the south; it is mostly covered by the rugged Dinaric Alps. Seventy-nine islands (and about 500 islets) run parallel to the coast, the largest (in Dalmatia) being Brač, Pag, and Hvar. The largest city is Split, followed by Zadar, Šibenik, and Dubrovnik.

The name of the region stems from an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae, who lived in the area in classical antiquity. Later it became a Roman province, and as result a Romance culture emerged, along with the now-extinct Dalmatian language, later largely replaced with related Venetian. With the arrival of Croats to the area in the 6th century, who occupied most of the Hinterland, Croatian and Romance elements began to intermix in language and culture.

After the medieval Kingdom of Croatia, in which most of Dalmatia resided, entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102, its cities and lands were often conquered by, or switched allegiance to, the kingdoms of the region during the Middle Ages. At one time, most of Dalmatia came under rule of the Republic of Venice, which controlled most of Dalmatia between 1420 and 1797 as part of its State of the Sea, with the exception of the small but stable Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) in the south. Between 1815 and 1918, it was a province of the Austrian Empire known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia. After the Austro-Hungarian defeat in World War I, Dalmatia was split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy, which held several smaller parts. After World War II, the People's Republic of Croatia as a part of Yugoslavia took complete control over the area. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Croatia.

Name
The regional name Dalmatia has the same root as the tribal name Dalmatae and the toponym Delminium. It is considered by some to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include the Gheg form delmë, meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term delmer, "shepherd", although there is lack of compelling evidence in ancient literary sources that Delmatae is derived from a word meaning "sheep". According to Vladimir Orel, the Gheg form delmë hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia because it represents a variant of dele with *-mā, which is ultimately from proto-Albanian *dailā. According to Sorin Paliga, the toponym is pre-Indo-European. Other scholars propose that the name comes from the Indo-European roots *dhe/-l*dhol- "vault, cavity" (cf. English "dale"), or (3) *dhel- "to shine". The ancient name Dalmana, derived from the same root, testifies to the advance of the Illyrians into the middle Vardar, between the ancient towns of Bylazora and Stobi. The medieval Slavic toponym Ovče Pole ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic) in the nearby region represents a related later development. According to István Schütz, in Albania, Delvinë represents a toponym linked to the root *dele.

The form of the regional name Dalmatia and the respective tribal name Dalmatae are later variants as is already noted by Appian (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian Velius Longus highlights in his treatise about orthography that the correct form of Dalmatia is Delmatia, and notes that Marcus Terentius Varro who lived about 2 centuries prior of Appian and Velius Longius, used the form Delmatia as it corresponded to the chief settlement of the tribe, Delminium. The toponym Duvno is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form *Delminio in late antiquity. Its Latin form Dalmatia gave rise to its current English name. In the Venetian language, once dominant in the area, it is spelled Dalmàssia, and in modern Italian Dalmazia. The modern Croatian spelling is Dalmacija, and the modern Serbian Cyrillic spelling is Далмација ().

Dalmatia is referenced in the New Testament at , therefore the name has been translated in many of the world's languages.

Definition
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Split-Dalmatia County, stretching from Istria in the north to modern-day Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.

Modern area

Dalmatia is today a historical region only, not formally instituted in Croatian law. Its exact extent is therefore uncertain and subject to public perception. According to Lena Mirošević and Josip Faričić of the University of Zadar:

...the modern perception of Dalmatia is mainly based on the territorial extent of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia, with the exception of Rab island, which is geographically related to the Kvarner area and functionally to the Littoral–Gorski Kotar area, and with the exception of the Bay of Kotor, which was annexed to another state (Montenegro) after World War I. Simultaneously, the southern part of Lika and upper Pounje, which were not part of Austrian Dalmatia, became part of Zadar County. From the present-day administrative and territorial point of view, Dalmatia comprises the four Croatian littoral counties with seats in Zadar, Šibenik, Split, and Dubrovnik.

"Dalmatia" is therefore generally perceived to extend approximately to the borders of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia. However, due to territorial and administrative changes over the past century, the perception can be seen to have altered somewhat with regard to certain areas, and sources conflict as to their being part of the region in modern times:

 The Bay of Kotor area in Montenegro. With the subdivision of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia into oblasts in 1922, the whole of the Bay of Kotor from Sutorina to Sutomore was granted to the Zeta Oblast, so that the border of Dalmatia was formed at that point by the southern border of the former Republic of Ragusa. The Encyclopædia Britannica defines Dalmatia as extending "to the narrows of Kotor" (i.e. the southernmost tip of continental Croatia, the Prevlaka peninsula). Other sources, however, such as the Treccani encyclopedia and the Rough Guide to Croatia still include the Bay as being part of the region.
 The island of Rab, along with the small islands of Sveti Grgur and Goli Otok, were a part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and are historically and culturally related to the region, but are today associated more with the Croatian Littoral, due to geographical vicinity and administrative expediency.
 Gračac municipality and northern Pag. A number of sources express the view that "from the modern-day administrative point of view", the extent of Dalmatia equates to the four southernmost counties of Croatia: Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik-Neretva. This definition does not include the Bay of Kotor, or the islands of Rab, Sveti Grgur, and Goli Otok. It also excludes the northern part of the island of Pag, which is part of the Lika-Senj County. However, it includes the Gračac municipality in Zadar County, which was not a part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and is not traditionally associated with the region (but instead the region of Lika).

Culture and ethnicity
The inhabitants of Dalmatia are culturally subdivided into two groups. The urban families of the coastal cities, commonly known as Fetivi, are culturally akin to the inhabitants of the Dalmatian islands (known derogatorily as Boduli). The two are together distinct, in the Mediterranean aspects of their culture, from the more numerous inhabitants of the Hinterland. Referred to (sometimes derogatorily) as the Vlaji, their name originated from the Vlachs with whom they have no ethnic connection.
According to the Austrian census, they constituted 18.5% of the population in 1857, which decreased to 17.4% by 1900. They formed 19.9% in the 1830-1850 period.

The former two groups (inhabitants of the islands and the cities) historically included many Venetian and Italian speakers, many of whom identified as Dalmatian Italians (especially after the Italian unification). Their presence, relative to those identifying as Croats, decreased dramatically over the course of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The Italian speakers (Italians and italophone Croats) constituted (according to the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatians in the second half of the 18th century. According to the Austrian census it had decreased to 12.5% in 1865 and 3.1% in 1890. There remains, however, a strong cultural, and, in part, ancestral heritage among the natives of the cities and islands, who today almost exclusively identify as Croats, but retain a sense of regional identity. This same regional identity and heritage is displayed in the Hinterland, where the architectural and cultural legacy remains evident in many villages and towns that have a distinct Mediterranean style.

Geography and climate

Most of the land area is covered by the Dinaric Alps mountain range running from north-west to south-east. The hills and mountains lie parallel to the coast, which gave rise to the geographic term Dalmatian concordant coastline. On the coasts the climate is Mediterranean, while further inland it is moderate Mediterranean. In the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. To the south winters are milder. Over the centuries many forests have been cut down and replaced with bush and brush. There is evergreen vegetation on the coast. The soils are generally poor, except on the plains where areas with natural grass, fertile soils, and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers, and poor soils, although olives and grapes flourish. Energy resources are scarce. Electricity is mainly produced by hydropower stations. There is a considerable amount of bauxite.

The largest Dalmatian mountains are Dinara, Mosor, Svilaja, Biokovo, Moseć, Veliki Kozjak, and Mali Kozjak. The regional geographical unit of historical Dalmatia–the coastal region between Istria and the Bay of Kotor–includes the Orjen mountains with the highest peak in Montenegro, 1894 m. In present-day Dalmatia, the highest peak is Dinara (1913 m), which is not a coastal mountain, while the highest coastal Dinaric mountains are on Biokovo (Sv. Jure, 1762 m) and Velebit (Vaganski vrh, 1757 m), although the Vaganski vrh itself is located in Lika-Senj County.

The largest Dalmatian islands are Brač, Korčula, Dugi Otok, Mljet, Vis, Hvar, Pag and Pašman. The major rivers are Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina, and Neretva.

The Adriatic Sea's high water quality, along with the immense number of coves, islands, and channels, makes Dalmatia an attractive place for nautical races, nautical tourism, and tourism in general. Dalmatia also includes several national parks that are tourist attractions: Paklenica karst river, Kornati archipelago, Krka river rapids, and Mljet island.

Administrative division
The area of Dalmatia roughly corresponds to Croatia's four southernmost counties, listed here north to south:

History

Antiquity

Dalmatia's name is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae who lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 1st millennium BC. It was part of the Illyrian Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the Illyrian Wars (220, 168 BC) when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva. The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of the 2nd century BC and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the Krka and Neretva rivers. It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of Illyricum was formally established around 32–27 BC. In 9 AD the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts together with the Pannonians, but it was finally crushed and, in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia, which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast.

The historian Theodor Mommsen wrote in his book, The Provinces of the Roman Empire, that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the 4th century AD. However, analysis of archaeological material from that period has shown that the process of Romanization was rather selective. While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of acculturation, they continued to speak their native language, worship their own gods and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities.

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, with the beginning of the Migration Period, left the region subject to Gothic rulers Odoacer and Theodoric the Great. They ruled Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD, when it was restored to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by Justinian I.

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in Dalmatia were a period of intense rivalry among neighboring powers: the waning Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (later in a personal union with Hungary), the Kingdom of Bosnia, and the Republic of Venice. Dalmatia at the time consisted of the coastal cities functioning much like city-states, with extensive autonomy, but in mutual conflict and without control of the rural Hinterland. Ethnically, Dalmatia started out as a Roman region, with a Romance culture that began to develop independently, forming the now-extinct Dalmatian language.

In the Early Medieval period, Byzantine Dalmatia was ravaged by an Avar invasion that destroyed its capital, Salona, in 639 AD, an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum (Split) by Salonitans, greatly increasing the importance of the city. The Avars were followed by the great South Slavic migrations. According to the work  written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, the Croats had arrived in Roman province of Dalmatia in the first half of the 7th century, and with the Serbs and other Slavs, they founded sclaviniae Croatia, Pagania, Zachlumia, Travunia and Konavle (also small region of Bosnia, with Duklja in near Praevalitana and Serbia in Dalmatia, Praevalitana and Moesia).

The Slavs, loosely allied with the Avars, permanently settled the region in the first half of the 7th century AD and remained its predominant ethnic group ever since. The meaning of the geographical term "Dalmatia", especially in comparison to Dalmatian Croatia, now shrank to the coastal cities and their immediate hinterland. These cities were the Romance-speaking Dalmatian city-states and remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The original name of the cities was Jadera (Zadar), Spalatum (Split), Crepsa (Cres), Arba (Rab), Tragurium (Trogir), Vecla (Krk), Ragusium (Dubrovnik) and Cattarum (Kotor). The language and the laws were initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neo-Latin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the 19th century. The cities were maritime centres with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. The two communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture was more accentuated in Ragusa, Spalatum, and Tragurium.

In the first half of the 10th century Croatia was elevated to a kingdom by Duke Tomislav who also extended his influence further southwards to Zachlumia. As an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the King was given the status of Protector of Dalmatia, and became its de facto ruler.

In the subsequent period, the rulers of Croatia exerted influence over Dalmatian cities and islands, occasionally taking control such as the conquest of Zadar in the mid-11th century. Chronicler Thomas the Archdeacon relates that Stephen Držislav took the title "King of Dalmatia and Croatia", and that all subsequent rulers styled themselves in such manner. Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia expanded his rule to permanently incorporate Dalmatian cities and islands by 1069. Upon the death of King Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia by the end of 1080s, the state entered a period of anarchy and would result in Hungarians under Coloman of Hungary taking control over former Dalmatian possessions along with the rest of the state by 1102.

In the High Medieval period, the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to maintain its power consistently in Dalmatia, and was finally rendered impotent so far west by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The Republic of Venice, on the other hand, was in the ascendant, while the Croatia became increasingly influenced by Hungary to the north, being absorbed into it via personal union in 1102. Thus, these two factions became involved in a struggle in this area, intermittently controlling it as the balance shifted. During the reign of King Emeric, the Dalmatian cities separated from Hungary by a treaty. A consistent period of Hungarian rule in Dalmatia was ended with the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241. The Mongols severely impaired the feudal state, so much so that that same year, King Béla IV had to take refuge in Dalmatia, as far south as the Fortress of Klis. The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success.

At the beginning of the 14th century and until 1322, the Dalmatian cities were under the control of the Šubić noble family and held them until they were defeated at the Battle of Bliska by a coalition of nobles, Dalmatian cities and royal troops loyal to Charles I of Hungary.

In the south, due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area was prosperous during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty, who encouraged law enforcement, which helped the Bay of Kotor to become a safe place for doing business. In 1389, Tvrtko I, the founder of the Kingdom of Bosnia, was able to control the Adriatic littoral between Kotor and Šibenik, and even claimed control over the northern coast up to Rijeka, and his own independent ally, Republic of Ragusa. This was only temporary, as Hungary and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia after Tvrtko's death in 1391. By this time, the whole Hungarian and Croatian Kingdom was facing increasing internal difficulties, as a 20-year civil war ensued between the Capetian House of Anjou from the Kingdom of Naples, and King Sigismund of the House of Luxembourg. During the war, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples, sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice for a mere 100,000 ducats. The much more centralized Republic came to control all of Dalmatia by the year 1420, it was to remain under Venetian rule for 377 years (1420–1797).

Early modern period (1420–1815)

The Republic of Venice, from 1420 to 1797, controlled most of Dalmatia, calling it Esclavonia in the 15th century with the southern enclave, the Bay of Kotor, being called Albania Veneta. Venetian was the commercial lingua franca in the Mediterranean at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal Croatian and Albanian.

The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the Treaty of Zadar when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to Louis I of Hungary. In 1481, Ragusa switched allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to the Black Sea, and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th centuries.

At the end of the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs, other Vlachs and Serbs fled from Ottoman territory to the Military Frontier and Dalmatia. The Republic of Venice was also one of the powers most hostile to the Ottoman Empire's expansion, and participated in many wars against it. As the Ottomans took control of the Hinterland, many Christians took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia. The border between the Dalmatian Hinterland and the Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina greatly fluctuated until the Morean War, when the Venetian capture of Knin and Sinj set much of the borderline at its current position.

After the Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Passarowitz, more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. Napoleon's troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, saving it from occupation by the Russian Empire and Montenegro.

In 1805, Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808, he annexed the just conquered Republic of Ragusa to the Kingdom. A year later, in 1809, he removed the Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces, which were annexed to France, and named Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult the Duke of Dalmatia.

Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to Croatian national revival (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernized somewhat in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought a lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed Marshal of the Empire Auguste de Marmont, the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the Habsburgs once again declared war on France and, by the following year, had restored control over Dalmatia.

Nineteenth century

At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the Emperor of Austria. It was officially known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia.

In 1848, the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia. The Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories, the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood. The President of the Council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was Baron Vlaho Getaldić.

In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature (Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "Pjesma Dubrovniku" (Poem to Dubrovnik). This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to the awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the March Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848–49, did not succeed at that time.

Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy, Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral, Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia.

During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:

Dalmatia, especially its  maritime cities, once had a substantial local ethnic Italian population (Dalmatian Italians), making up 33% of the total population of Dalmatia in 1803, but this was reduced to 20% in 1816. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865, but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910.

While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of the Dalmatia populace, only Italian language schools existed until 1848, and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia.  Only after Austria liberalized elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian. Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favored Italians for government work, thus in the Austrian capital of Dalmatia, Zara, the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority.

In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from the ramparts and exhibiting the slogan Ragusa with Kotor. The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucić, who went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Sabor. During this period, the Habsburgs carried out an aggressive anti-Italian policy through a forced Slavicisation of the region.

Twentieth century

In 1905, a dispute arose in the Austrian Imperial Council over whether Austria should pay for Dalmatia. It has been argued that in the conclusion of the April Laws is written "given by Banus Count Keglevich of Bužim", which explained the historical affiliation of Dalmatia to Hungary. Two years later Dalmatia elected representatives to the Austrian Imperial Council.

Until 1909, both Italian and Croatian were recognized as official languages in Dalmatia. After 1909, Italian lost its official status, thus it could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.

Dalmatia was a strategic region during World War I that both Italy and Serbia intended to seize from Austria-Hungary. Italy joined the Triple Entente Allies in 1915 upon agreeing to the Treaty of London that guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Vis, Lastovo, Šibenik, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast. By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the Treaty of London and by 17 November had seized Rijeka as well. In 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia. Famous Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zadar in an Italian warship in December 1918. However, in spite of the guarantees of the Treaty of London to Italy of a large portion of Dalmatia and Italian military occupation of claimed territories of Dalmatia, during the peace settlement negotiations of 1919 to 1920, the Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson that advocated self-determination of nations took precedence, with Italy only being permitted to annex Zadar from Dalmatia, while the rest of Dalmatia was to be part of Yugoslavia.

At the end of World War I, the Austrian Empire disintegrated, and Dalmatia was again split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held small portions of northern Dalmatia around Zadar and the islands of Cres, Lošinj, and Lastovo. Italy entered World War I in a territorial gamble, mostly to gain Dalmatia. But Italy got only a small part of its pretensions, so Dalmatia mostly stayed Yugoslav.

Despite the fact that there were only a few thousand Italian-speakers in Dalmatia, Italian nationalists continued to lay claim to all of Dalmatia. In 1927 Italy signed an agreement with the Croatian fascist, terrorist Ustaše organization. The Ustaše agreed that once they gained power, they will cede to Italy additional territory in Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor, while renouncing all Croatian claims to Istria, Rijeka, Zadar and the Adriatic Islands.

In 1922, the territory of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia was divided into two provinces, the Oblast of Split and the Oblast of Dubrovnik. In 1929, the Littoral Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was formed. Its capital was Split, and it included most of Dalmatia and parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The southern parts of Dalmatia were in Zeta Banovina, from the Bay of Kotor to Pelješac peninsula including Dubrovnik. In 1939, Littoral Banovina was joined with Sava Banovina (and with smaller parts of other banovinas) to form a new province named the Banovina of Croatia. The same year, the ethnic Croatian areas of the Zeta Banovina from the Bay of Kotor to Pelješac, including Dubrovnik, were merged with a new Banovina of Croatia.

During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria occupied Yugoslavia, redrawing their borders to include former parts of the Yugoslavian state. A new Nazi puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), was created. With the Treaties of Rome, the NDH agreed to cede to Italy Dalmatian territory, creating the Governatorate of Dalmatia, from north of Zadar to south of Split, with inland areas, plus nearly all the Adriatic islands and Gorski Kotar. Italy then annexed these territories, while all the remainder of southern Croatia, including the entire coast, were placed under Italian occupation. Italy also appointed an Italian, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, as king of Croatia.

Italy proceeded to Italianize the annexed areas of Dalmatia. Place names were Italianized, and Italian was made the official language in all schools, churches and government administration. All Croatian cultural societies were banned, while Italians took control of all key mineral, industrial and business establishments. Italian policies prompted resistance by Dalmatians, many joined the Partisans. This led to further Italian repressive measures - shooting of civilian hostages, burning of villages, confiscation of properties. Italians took many civilians to concentration camps - altogether, some 80,000 Dalmatians, 12% of the population, passed through Italian concentration camps.

Many Croats moved from the Italian-occupied area and took refuge in the satellite state of Croatia, which became the battleground for a guerrilla war between the Axis and the Yugoslav Partisans. Following the surrender of Italy in 1943, much of Italian-controlled Dalmatia was liberated by the Partisans, then taken over by German forces in a brutal campaign, who then returned control to the puppet Independent State of Croatia. Vis Island remained in Partisan hands, while Zadar, Rijeka, Istria, Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža became part of the German Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland. The Partisans liberated Dalmatia in 1944, and with that Zadar, Rijeka, Istria, Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža became reunited with Croatia. After 1945, most of the remaining Dalmatian Italians fled the region (350,000 Italians escaped from Istria and Dalmatia in the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus). After World War II, Dalmatia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia, part of the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia.

The territory of former Kingdom of Dalmatia was divided between two federal republics of Yugoslavia and most of the territory went to Croatia, leaving only the Bay of Kotor to Montenegro. When Yugoslavia dissolved in 1991, those borders were retained and remain in force. During the Croatian War of Independence, most of Dalmatia was a battleground between the Government of Croatia and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which aided the proto-state of Serbian Krajina, with much of the northern part of the region around Knin and the far south around, but not including, Dubrovnik being placed under the control of Serb forces. Croatia did regain the southern territories in 1992 but did not regain the north until Operation Storm in 1995. After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated Areas of Special State Concern.

Cities by population
Split (161,312)
Zadar (70,829)
Šibenik (42,589)
Dubrovnik (41,671)
Other large towns include Biograd, Kaštela, Sinj, Solin, Omiš, Knin, Metković, Makarska, Trogir, Ploče, and Imotski.

Gallery

See also

Dalmatian (dog)—notable dog breed originating in the region

References

Bibliography

External links

 Dalmacija.hr – Official website of Split-Dalmatian County (in Croatian)
 Dalmatia.hr  – Official website of Croatian Tourism Board for Dalmatia

Historical regions in Croatia
Regions of Croatia

Dalmatia


The Italian health insurance card (Tessera sanitaria) is a personal card that replaced the Italian fiscal code card for all citizens entitled to benefits of the Italian National Health Service and fitted with tax code. Its rear side acts as a European Health Insurance Card. The Italian Health Insurance Card was issued for Italian citizens by the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance in cooperation with the Italian Agency of Revenue in accordance with Article 50 of dl 269/2003, converted, with amendments, by law 326/2003. The objective of the Italian Health Insurance Card is to improve social security services through expenditure control and performance, and to optimize the use of health services by citizens.

Features
contains biographical data and welfare information
contains the tax code on magnetic band format as well as barcode
valid throughout Italy
almost always grants the holder the right to obtain health services throughout the European Union (there are some exceptions to this)
replaces the E111
replaces the Italian fiscal code card
valid for six years
in the most recent version, with integrated circuit included, offers added functions as a smart card, able to access online service provided by public administrations. This version is called Tessera Sanitaria-Carta Nazionale dei Servizi (TS-CNS), or Tessera Sanitaria-Carta Regionale dei Servizi (TS-CRS), the latter in the Autonomous regions with special statute.

The material consists of a plastic card with identical size and consistency to a typical ATM card. The cards are printed on the front with the tax code, expiration date, biographical data, and the distinctive coat of arms of the Italian region of residence. The front of the card also includes Braille characters for the blind and an integrated circuit. On the back of the card are located the tax code barcodes, the magnetic strip, and the words "Tessera europea di assicurazione malattia", meaning "European health insurance card".

Pharmaceutical expenses
From 1 January 2008 legislation came into force imposing an obligation to issue the "scontrino fiscale parlante" for the certification of medicines to be used for deducting expenses. The receipt shows the amount and type of drugs purchased, in addition to the tax code reviews. To purchase medicine, it is necessary to supply your health insurance card or your Italian fiscal code card.

For information on the Italian health card, or Tessera sanitaria in Italian, you can call the following number, from within Italy, free of charge: 800 030 070

Exceptions
Prior to the end of September 2013, the people of the region of Lombardy might have been in possession of a document, called the (CRS-SISS), which had, in addition to a magnetic stripe, a smart chip to facilitate making payments in the form of a cash card (subject to an individual's request for activation). The CRS-SISS differed aesthetically from the national health insurance cards in regards to colors (shades of yellow / orange), to the use of different graphics, different arrangement of text, and in regards to the absence of the three characters in Braille to 6 points for the blind. Through special card reader, people could use the CRS-SISS to access online services provided by government. The CRS-SISS has been gradually replaced by the smart card version of the national health insurance card.

Notes

External links

Official site of the Agenzia delle Entrate
Official site of the Ministry of Health
Decision of the Board defining characteristics of the card
General information about the CRS-SISS Lombardia Region
Official site of the CRS in Lombardy

Taxation in Italy
National identification numbers
Unique identifiers
Healthcare in Italy
Health insurance cards
Identity documents of Italy

Italian health insurance card


The Mathematical Diary was an early American mathematical journal and mathematics magazine, published between 1825 and 1833.

The Mathematical Diary was founded by Robert Adrain at Columbia College (now Columbia University) after two unsuccessful attempts, in 1808 and 1814, to start a more purely academic mathematics journal, The Analyst, or, Mathematical Museum. The Mathematical Diary contained, in addition to some serious mathematics, articles of general interest such as mathematical puzzles aimed at the amateur problem-solver, which may have helped it attract more laypeople as subscribers and contributed to its greater longevity. Adrain edited the first four issues; after he left Columbia in 1826 for Rutgers, James Ryan, previously the publisher, took over the editorship. A total of thirteen issues were published.

References

Mathematics journals
Defunct journals of the United States
Publications established in 1825
English-language journals
Publications disestablished in 1833

The Mathematical Diary


Mitsuko Thekla Maria, Countess of Coudenhove-Kalergi (; 7 July 1874  27 August 1941), formerly known as , was one of the first Japanese people to immigrate to Europe, after becoming the wife of an Austro-Hungarian diplomat, Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi, in Tokyo. She was the mother of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi and the Catholic author Ida Friederike Görres (née Coudenhove).

Life

Aoyama was the daughter of Kihachi Aoyama, an antiques and oil dealer in Tokyo. The Aoyama family was also a landowner of large estates.

At the age of 17, she met the Austro-Hungarian diplomat Count Heinrich von Coudenhove (from 1903, Coudenhove-Kalergi) when she came to his aid after his horse slipped on ice (Heinrich often visited her father's shop, not far from the Austrian legation). Heinrich gained her father's permission for her to be employed as a parlour maid in the legation and then, after they fell in love, asked his permission for them to marry. The latter request was refused, but the couple defied him, and married on 16 March 1892 in Tokyo with the consent of the Austrian and Japanese foreign ministries. This left Aoyama disinherited and banned from her father's house.

She converted to Catholicism and was baptized by an anti-masonic Catholic priest, Francois A. Ligneul, in Japan. In 1896, she was received at an imperial reception for foreign diplomats' wives by Empress Eishō (as a commoner, Mitsuko would never have been granted such an audience, but as a countess and ambassador's wife, she was) and again at the end of Heinrich's diplomatic work, shortly afterwards.

The couple then returned to Europe, where Mitsuko and their two sons, Johannes and Richard, took over management of the family estates in Bohemian Ronsperg. Once established, Mitsuko learned French, German, Mathematics, geography and history in an attempt to counter the hostility to Heinrich concerning his return with a foreign wife. Five more children would be born to Heinrich and Mitsuko. Heinrich died in 1906 and Mitsuko took over the estates and the children's upbringing and education, while studying law and economics herself.

When her second son Richard proposed to marry an actress, Ida Roland, Mitsuko became intensely angry and forbade their marriage. She disparaged Richard and his bride with the words "beggar" and "witch", because actresses were seen as a lowly occupation in Japan. She disinherited him in a certain period from 1916.

Mitsuko never again returned to Japan. After she died in 1941 due to the second stroke she had suffered in her life, she was buried in the Hietzinger Cemetery.

Children and descendants
Johann Evangelist Virgilio Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi (1893-1965), born in Tokyo
Richard Nikolaus Graf von Coudenhove-Kalergi (1894-1972), born in Tokyo, founder of Paneuropean Union
Gerolf Joseph Benedikt Maria Valentin Franz Coudenhove-Kalergi (1896-1978), born in Austria, father of the journalist Barbara Coudenhove-Kalergi and the artist Michael Coudenhove-Kalergi
Elisabeth Maria Anna Coudenhove-Kalergi (1898-1936), born in Austria, secretary of Engelbert Dollfuss
Olga Marietta Henriette Maria Coudenhove-Kalergi (1900-1976), born in Austria
Ida Friederike Görres (1901–1971), born in Austria, writer
Karl Heinrich Franz Maria Coudenhove-Kalergi (1903-1987), born in Austria

References

External links

(in German) Sojasauce auf dem Grab Die Presse,  25.07.2008

1874 births
1941 deaths
People of Meiji-period Japan
German Bohemian people
Japanese Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism
Coudenhove-Kalergi family
Immigrants to Austria-Hungary
Japanese emigrants
Austrian people of Japanese descent
Czech people of Japanese descent
People from Shinjuku
People from Poběžovice

Mitsuko Aoyama


Harvey Edward Kuenn (; December 4, 1930 – February 28, 1988) was an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). As a shortstop and outfielder, he played with the Detroit Tigers (1952–1959), Cleveland Indians (1960), San Francisco Giants (1961–1965), Chicago Cubs (1965–1966), and Philadelphia Phillies (1966). Kuenn batted and threw right-handed. After retiring, he managed the Milwaukee Brewers (1975, 1982–1983).

Early life and career
Kuenn was born in West Allis, Wisconsin, but raised in neighboring Milwaukee and attended Lutheran High School. He was the only child born to German-Americans Harvey and Dorothy (Wrensch) Kuenn. He once kicked (dropkicked) a 53-yard field goal for Lutheran in a football game, which is tied for the eighth-longest field goal in Wisconsin high school football history. He played collegiate baseball at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity. Signed by Detroit as an amateur free agent in 1952, Kuenn was named the starting shortstop after joining the team late in the season. In his first full season in 1953, he hit .308 with 94 runs and led the major leagues with 209 hits, setting a major league rookie record with 167 singles. He received the American League Rookie of the Year and TSN Rookie of the Year awards. Also in that season, he received the first of his ten consecutive selections to the All-Star Game. On October 29, 1955, he married former Miss Wisconsin 1954, Dixie Ann Sarchet in her hometown of Stevens Point, Wisconsin.

A line drive hitter who hit to all fields, Kuenn showed consistency in the next two seasons, compiling very similar numbers: he hit .306 with 81 runs and 201 hits in 1954, then hit .306 with 101 runs and 190 hits in 1955. In 1956, he set career highs with 12 home runs and 88 RBIs and raised his average to .332, surpassed only by Mickey Mantle (.353) and Ted Williams (.345) in the batting race. A year later, he slumped badly to .277. But he rebounded in 1958 with .319, ending third in the league behind Williams (.328) and Pete Runnels (.322), and surpassing Al Kaline, Vic Power, Bob Cerv, Mantle, Rocky Colavito, Minnie Miñoso and Nellie Fox. In that season, he switched to the outfield, where he played all three positions over the remainder of his career.

Later playing career
After winning the American League batting crown in 1959 with a .353 average, Kuenn was traded to Cleveland for Rocky Colavito, who had won the home run title with 42 homers (the trade that is often referred to by Cleveland fans as "the curse of Rocky Colavito"). With the Indians, Kuenn hit .308 in the 1960 season. He finished his career in the National League playing for the Giants, Cubs and Phillies, retiring at the end of the 1966 season.

In a 15-season playing career, Kuenn was a .303 hitter with 87 home runs and 671 RBI in 1833 games. He led the AL in hits four times and doubles three times, and finished with 2,092 hits. Playing all three outfield positions and the infield except catcher and second base, Kuenn recorded a .966 fielding percentage.

Kuenn had the dubious distinction of making the final out in two of Sandy Koufax's four no-hitters—in 1963 and 1965. In the former, the final out was on a ground ball back to Koufax. In the latter, he struck out for the final out in Koufax's perfect game.

Kuenn was activated by the Brewers for the last two weeks of 1970, in order for him to qualify for a pension. He never appeared in a game, however.

Milwaukee Brewers career
Kuenn became a Milwaukee Brewers coach in 1972 and served as an interim manager in 1975. He experienced a series of medical complications beginning in the mid-1970s, including heart and stomach surgeries, and in February 1980, he had his right leg amputated just below the knee after a blood clot cut circulation. He returned to coaching only six months after the operation, with a prosthetic leg.

In 1982, Kuenn managed the Milwaukee Brewers to their only World Series appearance to date after taking over the team in mid-season. He was selected by the Associated Press as the AL Manager of the Year, after taking the Brewers in June from a 23–24 start to the AL East title with a 95–67 record. Milwaukee then won the AL pennant after rallying from a 2–0 deficit and beating the California Angels in the best-of-five American League Championship Series. They ultimately lost the 1982 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games.

During his tenure, the hard-hitting Brewers were known as "Harvey's Wallbangers". At the time, the Brewers' roster included Cecil Cooper, Ben Oglivie, Gorman Thomas, and future Hall of Famers Paul Molitor, Ted Simmons and Robin Yount.

Kuenn was fired as manager after the Brewers finished fifth in the AL East with an otherwise respectable 87–75 record in 1983. He compiled a 160-118 managerial record.

After being replaced, Kuenn worked as a major league scouting consultant for the Brewers.

Death
Kuenn died from complications from heart disease and diabetes at his home in Peoria, Arizona, in 1988 at the age of 57. The Brewers wore a patch with his initials during the 1988 season to commemorate him. That same year, he was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame. In 2002, his name was added to the Brewers' honorarium with a plaque in the concourse circling American Family Field.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball batting champions
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 Major League Baseball titles leaders

References

External links

Harvey Kuenn at Baseball Almanac

All-American college baseball players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball outfielders
Chicago Cubs players
Cleveland Indians players
Detroit Tigers players
Philadelphia Phillies players
San Francisco Giants players
American League All-Stars
American amputees
Baseball players from Milwaukee
American people of German descent
American League batting champions
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Milwaukee Brewers coaches
Milwaukee Brewers managers
Wisconsin Badgers baseball players
American Lutherans
People from West Allis, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
1930 births
1988 deaths
People from Peoria, Arizona
20th-century Lutherans
Davenport Tigers players

Harvey Kuenn


The Peugeot Concours Design competition was a biennial competition run by the French car manufacturer Peugeot. For each competition, entrants had to submit their designs for a car. A model of the winning design was built by the Peugeot Styling Centre and unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The last competition took place in 2008.

History
The first contest took place in 2000-2001, with the theme "2020" - a challenge to design a Peugeot car for the year 2020. The contest was announced at the Paris Motor Show in 2000, and culminated in the winning design being built by Peugeot, and unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2001.  Since then, the contest has followed a similar schedule every two years. For the 2006-2007 contest, the winning design featured in an Xbox 360 game.

Themes
Each contest has a theme, which contestants must follow when creating their designs:
2000-2001 "2020" - a concept car for the year 2020
2002-2003 "Retrofuturism"
2004-2005 "Design the Peugeot you dream of seeing in the near future"
2006-2007 "P.L.E.A.S.E." - stands for Pleasurable (to drive), Lively, Efficient, Accessible, Simple, Ecological
2008-2009 "Imagine the Peugeot in the worldwide megalopolis of tomorrow"

Rules
The contest runs to a similar schedule, with similar rules, each year. In 2008, the contest opened in June, with the deadline for submissions on July 20. When the deadline for submissions has passed, Peugeot selects 30 entries to go forward to the next stage. These 30 entries are placed on the competition's website and are voted on by visitors to the site and selected industry and press figures. Based on these votes, these 30 entries are narrowed down to ten entries and these entries are posted to the website. This stage is not a majority vote - the ten entries which are selected may not be the highest-voted entries.

In the final stage of voting, the Peugeot Jury select the winner and 2nd and 3rd runners-up from the final ten. The results of this are then posted to the competition's website, usually some time in February.

Prizes
In the 2008-2009 contest, the prize structure will be as follows:

1st place
€10,000
Xbox 360 console
"La Griffe" trophy, presented at the Geneva Motor Show
A 1:43 scale model of the previous contest's winning entry, made by Norev to be sold as merchandise
Construction of a full-scale model of the winning entry to be entered in two auto shows (see below)
Inclusion of their design in a forthcoming Xbox 360 game
Accommodation and expenses to attend the two motor shows
Entry to the Shanghai Motor Show 2009
Entry to the Mondial de Paris 2008

2nd place
€2,500
Xbox 360 console
A 1:43 scale model of the previous contest's winning entry

3rd place
€1,500
Xbox 360 console
A 1:43 scale model of the previous contest's winning entry

4th-10th place
€1,000
A 1:43 scale model of the previous contest's winning entry

11th-30th place
€300

Winners

2000-2001
The winner of the 2000-2001 competition was Moonster by Marko Lukovic. The concept behind this design was that the vehicle should be totally original. It features a wheel-level engine with a raised central compartment capable of seating two people.

2002-2003
This contest, themed "Retrofuturism", was won by Stefan Schulze with 4002. With this design, the artist intended to make the car look like a typical Peugeot. Many commentators felt that he was successful with this, citing the design of the headlights as particularly Peugeot-like.

2004-2005
This contest was won by André Costa with Moovie. His was a bubble-shaped 2-door, 2-seat city car, almost totally enclosed by glass. The creator has stated that the car was designed to be environmentally friendly and ideal for use in cities.

2006-2007
The 2006-2007 competition was won by Mihai Panaitescu with his design, Flux. According to its creator, the car is intended to be sporty and versatile, and able to handle many different environments with ease. Flux is meant to symbolise "the continuous change and flow of our daily lives during work and play" - to this end, the car contains an integrated Xbox 360 console.

See also

 List of motor vehicle awards
 Automotive design
Paris Motor Show
Geneva Motor Show
Frankfurt Motor Show
Peugeot
Inducement prize contest

References

External links
Peugeot Concours Design (English site)
Moonster home page
Peugeot (English site)

Automotive design
Design awards
Experimental vehicles

Peugeot Concours Design


The 120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905 was a howitzer used by Turkey, Japan and a few smaller armies including during World War I. After the Ottoman Empires entrance into World War I in 1914 on the side of the Central Powers, it realized that it needed to modernize its artillery. The Model 1905 was a "stock gun" from Krupp that could be supplied to customers from parts on hand, on short notice and with minor alterations to suit the customers' needs. The Model 1905 was a conventional artillery piece for its time, except for a lack of a Gun shield for the crew. The lack of a Gun shield was not a major liability, as most artillery quickly moved into concealed positions after the first few months of war.

References

Bibliography
Hogg, Ian. (2000). Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Nobles. .

120 mm artillery
World War I artillery
World War I howitzers
Artillery of the Ottoman Empire

120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905


Marina Ripa di Meana (born Maria Elide Punturieri and previously known as Marina Lante della Rovere; 21 October 1941 – 5 January 2018) was an Italian socialite, writer, actress, director, stylist, activist and TV personality.

Early life
Ripa di Meana was born and grew up in Reggio Calabria. Her parents were Lionello Punturieri and Vittorina Bedoni. One of her parents was a lawyer in Rome.

Career
On completing studies in her hometown, Ripa di Meana opened a fashion boutique in Piazza di Spagna, in Rome, in partnership with her friend Paola Ruffo di Calabria. The store was frequented by influential women of high society and Ripa di Meana became involved with leading political, diplomatic, artistic and media figures.

From the 1970s she began to appear on television as a commentator and panel member in debates on politics, the environment and the defense of animals. In 1979 she appeared in a film, Assassinio sul Tevere, directed by Bruno Corbucci, however she declined to continue in films as she said she disliked being commanded. She did however direct a feature film, Cattive ragazze, starring Eva Grimaldi, in 1992. The film attracted some controversy as it had received public funds, allegedly through personal friendships. In 2009 Ripa di Meana participated in a reality TV show, The Farm, and played herself in an episode of the television series I Cesaroni.

Ripa di Meana wrote 14 books and is probably best known for her first two autobiographical books, I miei primi quarant'anni (My First Forty Years, 1984) and La più bella del reame (The Most Beautiful in the Realm, 1988), which became bestsellers and generated two successful movies with the same titles, both starring Carol Alt. Her last books were also autobiographical: Invecchierò Ma Con Calma (I Will Grow Old But Calmly, 2012) and Colazione al Grand Hotel (Breakfast at the Grand Hotel, 2016). In 1990 she launched the monthly magazine Elite, published by Newton Compton Editori, and edited it for two years.

Ripa di Meana was also known for her stance on animal cruelty and environmentalism. From the 1990s she participated in various campaigns against the killing of seals, the use of fur and skin in fashion, bullfights in Spain and French nuclear experiments on Moruroa atoll. In 1995 she became Ambassador to Italy for IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare). She controversially posed naked for an IFAW anti-fur campaign, showing pubic hair with the caption "The only fur that I'm not ashamed to wear'. In 2008, she campaigned against the closure of San Giacomo Hospital in Rome.

Personal life
In 1964 Ripa di Meana married Alessandro Lante della Rovere, a nobleman; they had one daughter, Lucrezia Lante della Rovere. In the 1970s she had relationships with artist Franco Angeli and journalist Lino Jannuzzi. In 1982 she married Carlo Ripa di Meana, a politician. With Carlo, she adopted an adult man, Andrea Cardella Ripa di Meana (born Andrea Cardella).

Death
Ripa di Meana died at her home in Rome on 5 January 2018, aged 76, survived by her husband, daughter and grandchildren. She had had cancer for over 16 years, beginning with the discovery of a renal cell carcinoma in its early stages. She had the kidney removed and underwent chemotherapy, three operations on her lungs, and drug treatments. Ripa di Meana frequently spoke publicly about the impact of the disease and her treatment and urged others to have themselves screened in order to identify cancer early. In May 2017, she appeared on television in an interview with Barbara d'Urso wearing a facial veil; as she had had severe allergic reactions to prescribed medicines, her face was severely disfigured by erythema. She later stated that she wanted to encourage patients to continue with treatments in spite of the side effects or issues involved.

Although she had considered assisted suicide in Switzerland, Ripa di Meana chose to receive deep palliative sedation and discussed this choice in a videotaped announcement which was broadcast by TG5 before her death. Ripa di Meana appeared in the video with Maria Antonietta Coscioni, deputy of the Democratic Party and widow of Luca Coscioni, known for her work with terminally ill people. In it, she said "even at home, or in a hospital, with a tumor, a person must know that they can choose to return to earth without further and unnecessary suffering."

Her husband Carlo died two months later, on 2 March 2018, aged 88.

References

External links

1941 births
2018 deaths
Italian film actresses
Italian television actresses
Italian socialites
Italian autobiographers
People from Calabria
People from Reggio Calabria
20th-century Italian actresses
20th-century Italian writers
Women autobiographers
20th-century Italian women writers
Italian nobility
italian women activists
Italian animal rights activists
Italian environmentalists
Della Rovere family

Marina Ripa di Meana


Abramavičiai Palace is a building in Vilnius Old Town, Rotušė square. Currently it is owned by Vilnius Juozas Tallat-Kelpša conservatory.

History
In 1697, there was a masonry building, owned by merchant Kristapas Staškevičius. After conflagration in 1748, the house was rebuilt by Starodub elder Andrius Abramavičius.

Essential reconstruction was made in 1780 with Marcin Knackfus project. After World War II it was Juozas Tallat-Kelpša High School of Music, which later was transformed into conservatory.

External links
 Vilnius Juozas Tallat-Kelpša conservatory

Palaces in Vilnius
Classicism architecture in Lithuania
Houses completed in 1697
1697 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Abramavičiai Palace


Trilogy of Dispelling Darkness (mun sel skor gsum) - are three commentaries on the Guhyagarbha tantra by Longchenpa. They are named:

Dispelling Darkness in the Ten Directions (gsang snying 'grel pa phyogs bcu mun sel)
Dispelling Darkness of the Mind (gsang snying spyi don yid kyi mun sel)
Dispelling Darkness of Ignorance (gsang snying bsdus don ma rig mun sel)

Nyingma texts

Trilogy of Dispelling Darkness


Katie is an English female name. It is a form of Katherine, Kate, Caitlin, Kathleen, Katey and their related forms. It is frequently used on its own.

People

Sports
Katie Boulter (born 1996), British tennis player
Katie Clark (born 1994), British synchronized swimmer
Katie Hill (born 1984), Australian wheelchair basketball player
Katie Hnida (born 1981), American NCAA football player
Katie Hoff (born 1989), American Olympic swimmer
Katie Ledecky (born 1997), American swimmer
Katie Levick (born 1991), English cricketer
Katie Sowers (born 1986), American football coach
Katie Swan (born 1999), British tennis player
Katie Taylor, Irish boxer and footballer, five-time world boxing and 2012 Olympic champion
Katie Thorlakson (born 1985), Canadian soccer player

Television and film
 Katie Aselton (born 1978), American actress, director, and producer
 Katie Brown (TV personality) (born 1963), American television presenter
 Katie Couric (born 1957), American journalist
 Katie Cassidy (born 1986), American actress and singer
 Katie Featherston (born 1982), American actress
 Katie Finneran (born 1971), American actress
 Katie Griffin (born 1973), Canadian actress, voice actress, and singer
 Katie Holmes (born 1978), American actress
 Katie Hopkins (born 1975), contestant on The Apprentice (UK) Series 3 and far-right political figure.
 Katie Leclerc (born 1986), American actress
 Katie Leung (born 1987), Scottish actress
 Katie Lucas (born 1988), American actress and writer
 Katie McGrath (born c.  1983), Irish actress and model
 Katie Piper (born 1983), British broadcaster and model, wounded in a 2008 acid attack
 Katie Tallo, Canadian filmmaker, screenwriter, and novelist

Music
 Katie Gately, American musician, composer, producer and sound designer
 Katie Gregson-MacLeod (born 2000/2001), Scottish musician
 Katie Kim (born 1993), South Korean-born American singer
 Katie Kissoon (born 1951, Trinidad and Tobago), English singer
 Katie Kittermaster (born 2000), British singer-songwriter
 Katie Knipp American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and blues Americana artist
 Katie Melua (born 1984), Georgian-born British singer-songwriter
 Katie Underwood (born 1975), Australian singer-songwriter
 Katie Waissel (born 1986), British singer and contestant in the seventh series of The X Factor (UK)
 Katie White (born 1983), English singer and front-woman of The Ting Tings

Other
 Katie Bouman (born 1989/90), American computer imaging scientist, led the team that captured the first image of a black hole
 Katie Bush, American digital, net, and installation artist
 Katie Davis (missionary), American missionary and author
 Katie Hafner (born 1957), American journalist
 Katie Heaney (born 1986), American writer
 Katie Hillier (born 1973/74), British fashion designer
 Katie Mack (born 1981), American astrophysicist
 Katie McVicar (1856–1886), Canadian trade unionist and shoe worker
 Katie Mitchell (born 1964), English theatre director
 Katie Perry (born 1980), Australian designer
 Katie Price (born 1978), British model also known as "Jordan"
 Katie Rough (2009-2017), English girl killed by a 15-year-old female
 Katie Savannah Steele (born 1992), American model rocketeer
 Katie Taft, American artist, photographer, and teacher
 Nissan Katie, a car
 Škoda Katieq, a SUV

Fictional characters
 Katie Bell, in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling
 Katie Fitch, in the British teen drama Skins
 Katie Forester, a character from the Yo-kai Watch franchise (originally named Fumika Kodama)
 Katie Gardner, in the Percy Jackson series by Rick Riordan
 Katie (Pidge Gunderson) Holt, in the Netflix animated television series Voltron: Legendary Defender
 Katie the Kitten Fairy, from the Rainbow Magic book series
 Katie Knight, in the American musical sitcom television series Big Time Rush
 Katie Logan, a character in The Bold and the Beautiful
 Katie Matlin, in the Canadian television drama Degrassi
 Katie Mitchell, in the 2021 3D computer-animated sci-fi comedy film The Mitchells vs. the Machines
 Katie Peretti, in the CBS soap opera As the World Turns
 Katie Sugden, in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale
 Katie Walker, the Yellow Time Force Ranger in the children's action television series Power Rangers: Time Force
 Katie, from the Teletoon animated series Total Drama
 Katie, from the 2003 film School of Rock
 Katie, from the Nick Jr. animated preschool television series PAW Patrol
 Katie, a Fireside Girl from the Disney animated television series Phineas and Ferb
 Katie, a yellow fluff from Horton Hears a Who
 Katie, a Wild Kratts Kid from the series Wild Kratts
 Katie, a minor character from the 2004 series 6teen

Other
 Katie (monkey), who played Marcel in the American sitcom Friends
 Katie, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Rally Monkey

See also
Katey
Katy (disambiguation)

References

English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Hypocorisms

hu:Kati

Katie


Dame Florence Ann "Flora" Reid,  (née Brumby; 10 November 1867 – 1 September 1950) was the wife of Sir George Reid, the fourth Prime Minister of Australia.

Early life
Reid was born in Longford, Tasmania, the daughter of a farmer from the small settlement of Cressy. According to her future husband, her family was "extremely poor". At some point she moved to Sydney, where she at one point she was rumoured to be linked romantically with Bernhard Wise. She eventually became engaged to another politician, George Reid.

Flora Brumby and George Reid married on 5 November 1891 at the Presbyterian manse in Wangaratta, Victoria. She was 23 years old and he was 46. The marriage occurred in relative secrecy. Neither of them had any connection with Wangaratta, and no marriage announcement was made until August 1892, when a notice was placed in the Australian Town and Country Journal. George Reid told his journalist friend James Hogue that he did not want it published in the daily newspapers and that he wished to "settle down as quietly as possible"; he also implied that it had occurred recently rather than nine months previously. His wife's maiden name was given as "Bromby" on the marriage certificate, and George Reid incorrectly told Hogue that she was a relative of clergymen Charles and John Edward Bromby.

The couple had three children – Douglas, Thelma, and Clive.

Public life
Reid was a vice-president of the Sydney Women's Electoral League in 1899, along with Jane Barton. Her husband was prime minister from 1904 to 1905. Upon his first knighthood in 1909, she became Lady Reid (he had further knighthoods in 1911 and 1916). She accompanied her husband to London in 1910 on his appointment as the first Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. According to George Reid's biographer W. G. McMinn, "there had been, at the time of his appointment, some doubts about Flora's ability to meet the challenge of London society; in fact she met it with ease". She hosted a reception for Theodore Roosevelt when he attended the funeral of King Edward VII, and put on weekly gatherings for "the wives and daughters of those [her husband] wished to influence".

Honours
For her work in assisting Australian soldiers recuperating in London from World War I, she was appointed a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in August 1917, being in the first list of appointments to the order, which had been created only in June 1917.

Widowhood
Sir George Reid died in 1918, aged 73, and was buried in London. He left the whole of his estate to his "beloved wife as a slight recognition of her devoted love and help during the whole of our married life". Dame Flora Reid died on 1 September 1950 in Rose Bay, New South Wales, aged 82.

References

Sources
 National Library of Australia: Papers of Sir George Reid
 New York Times, 25 August 1917

1867 births
1950 deaths
Spouses of prime ministers of Australia
Australian Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
People from Longford, Tasmania
Wives of knights

Flora Reid


"Gettin' Over You" is a song by French DJ David Guetta. It has vocals from American singer Chris Willis. It is from Guetta's fourth studio album One Love. It also has vocals by Fergie and LMFAO was released as the fifth single from One Love on 12 April 2010.

The song became Guetta's first number-one hit in France. It also topped the dance charts in the United Kingdom and United States. It reached top five positions in Australia, Austria, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand.

David Guetta songs
2010 songs
Fergie (singer) songs

Gettin' Over You


New Brighton Tower Football Club was a short-lived football club based in New Brighton, Merseyside, England. Established in 1896, the club spent three seasons in the Football League before folding in 1901. They played at the Tower Athletic Ground.

History
Like Sheffield United, Liverpool, Chelsea and Thames, New Brighton Tower were formed to play at an already-built stadium. The owners of the New Brighton Tower, a seaside attraction built to rival the Blackpool Tower, decided there was a need to provide winter entertainment, and had built a stadium adjacent to the tower. The football club was formed in 1896 to provide the entertainment, and joined the Lancashire League at the start of the 1897–98 season. After finishing as champions in their first season, the club applied for election to the Football League. Although they were initially rejected, the league later decided to expand Division Two by four clubs and New Brighton Tower were accepted.

The club signed a number of new players, including some who had played international football, and was reasonably successful, finishing 5th (out of 18) in its first season, and 4th in their third season. However, with the club poorly supported (averaging gates of around 1,000), the cost of maintaining a professional football club became too high for the Tower's owners, and the club was disbanded in the summer of 1901, and replaced in the League by Doncaster Rovers.

In 1921, a new club was formed, New Brighton, who would also play in the Football League from 1923 until 1951, though initially they played at Sandheys Park until the ground was destroyed by German World War II bombing.

The tower was taken down during World War I, and the rest of the complex destroyed by fire in the late 1960s.
The Team's nickname was the Towerites and their home kit in their first season was white shirts and blue shorts. This however changed for the following season to salmon pink shirts with a black trim and white shorts.

Honours
Lancashire League
Champions 1897–98

Records
Best FA Cup performance: First round, 1897–98, 1900–01

References

External links
New Brighton Tower Football League results Football Site

Association football clubs established in 1896
Association football clubs disestablished in 1901
Defunct football clubs in England
Lancashire League (football)
English Football League clubs
Defunct football clubs in Merseyside
1896 establishments in England
1901 disestablishments in England
New Brighton, Merseyside
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Defunct football clubs in Lancashire

New Brighton Tower F.C.


Races of Eberron is a supplement to the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.

Contents
Races of Eberron is an accessory for the Eberron setting that provides information on the races originally presented in the Eberron Campaign Setting: the warforged, shifters, changelings, and kalashtar. The includes the psychology, society, culture, behavior, religion, folklore, and other aspects of the races. Races of Eberron also provides new substitution levels, prestige classes, feats, spells, magic items, equipment, and other options for creating characters for any campaign world.

Publication history
Races of Eberron was written by Jesse Decker, Matthew Sernett, Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel, and Keith Baker, and published in April 2005. Cover art was by Wayne Reynolds, with interior art by Daarken, Eric Deschamps, Tomas Giorello, Doug Gregory, Joshua the James, Howard Lyon, Joe Madureira, Nick Percival, Steve Prescott, Ryan Sook, Anne Stokes, Francis Tsai, Franz Vohwinkel, Kev Walker, Anthony Waters, Charlie Wen, Ronald Wimberly, and James Zhang.

Reception
Trampas Whiteman of Dragonlance Nexus felt that this is the best of the races books and introduces players to new races that are interesting. The book also had a few problems with editing and is missing an index. He suggested that for anyone playing in an Eberron campaign, the book provides a lot of character options. This book is more useful than any of the other books in the series.

In June 2005, the sourcebook was also reviewed in issue 92 of the German RPG periodical Anduin.

References

External links
Product information

Eberron supplements
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 2005

Races of Eberron


The University of Maine at Machias (UMaine Machias or UMM) is a public college in Machias, Maine. It is part of the University of Maine System. The institution was founded in 1909 as a normal school for educating teachers, and offers studies in recreation, English, education, social sciences, and physical sciences, including a marine biology program. Enrollment is 760 students.

History
The original name of school was the Washington State Normal School. It was later renamed to the University of Maine at Machias. The prior name is still evident in several locations on campus most prominently on Powers Hall.

In April 2016, the institution announced that it would enter into a partnership with the much larger University of Maine in Orono. The agreement included the sharing of administrators between the institutions.

Academics
The University of Maine at Machias offers 12 undergraduate majors.

Campus
The University of Maine at Machias is part of the University of Maine System. The university was founded in 1909. The campus occupies  in rural downeast coastal Maine on the Machias River.

Student life

Activities
All student organizations are run independently through an elected process with oversight by a Student Senate. Students are responsible for meetings, financial organization, and group meetings and outings.
Additionally, there are a great deal of unofficial activities on campus, ranging from hallway sports to movie nights in the lounge.  UMM offers a wide variety of activities for all manner of students.

Greek organizations
There are seven Greek organizations on campus, four fraternities and three sororities. Some organizations are nationally affiliated, while others are local and exist solely at the University of Maine at Machias. All groups are run independently and jointly form Greek Council, which oversees Greek life as a whole. The recognized Greek fraternities on campus are Psi Delta (a local chapter of the Alpha Delta), Kappa Mu Alpha, Sigma Chi Lambda, and Omicron Delta Pi (a co-ed fraternal organization). The sororities located on campus are Epsilon Sigma Alpha, Kappa Alpha Kappa, and Phi Tau Phi.

Sunrise Senior College
The University of Maine at Machias is the home of Sunrise Senior College, which is one of 16 enrichment experience institutions in Maine for people 50 and over and their partners of any age. Founded in 2002 as part of the Maine Senior College Network, Sunrise Senior College offers most of its classes on the UMM campus. SSC has fall and spring semesters, but they only generally follow UMM's semesters—all of the SSC courses are shorter. The courses are not for credit, are taught by volunteers with expertise in their areas, and no one needs to be a college (or even high school) graduate to attend.

Maine Blackfly Breeders Association Annual Convention
The University of Maine at Machias has for many years been host to the annual Maine Blackfly Breeders Association convention in March. Convention-goers are asked to bring limericks, jokes, stories and songs for annual contests. Exhibits, art, crafts and other items also are sought. Special guests in March 2009 were members of the UMM Ukulele Club. Bloody Merry, an 8-foot-long black fly who made her debut at the 2007 convention, was in attendance, gently flapping her wings and posing for admirers. Breeders also heard the latest buzz on the association's attempts at establishing a blackfly farm in Washington County, first discussed at last year's event. (The blackfly farm would harness the power of black flies to provide renewable energy.)

Athletics
The Maine–Machias (UMM) athletic teams were called the Clippers. The university campus-based college was a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primarily competing in the Yankee Small College Conference (YSCC) from 2011–12 to 2019–20. The Clippers previously participated in the Sunrise Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2002–03 to 2010–11.

UMM competed in five intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included basketball and soccer; while women's sports included basketball, soccer and volleyball.

Suspension
On July 21, 2020, Machias suspended all sports due to financial losses and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Clubs/intramurals
The university also offers several club and intramural sports.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Universities and colleges established in 1909
Machias, Maine
University of Maine System
University of Maine at Machias
Universities and colleges in Washington County, Maine
USCAA member institutions
1909 establishments in Maine
University of Maine Machias

University of Maine at Machias


Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV) (pronounced  or ) () is Iceland's national public-service broadcasting organization.

Founded in 1930, it operates from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the country. RÚV operates an online news service, which is the fourth most visited website in Iceland. In 2016, 88% of Icelanders consumed RÚV content every week.

The service broadcasts an assortment of general programming to a wide national audience via two broadcast radio stations: Rás 1 and Rás 2; and one full-time television channel of the same name, RÚV. A supplamentary, part-time TV channel, RÚV 2, transmits live coverage of major cultural and sporting events, as required, as well as some Icelandic programmes with English subtitles. RÚV also distributes online-only channels content for children and the elderly.

RÚV is funded by a flat earmarked government tax collected from every income tax payer, as well as from on-air advertising. All of RÚV's content is free-to-air and open in Iceland.

History
The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service commenced operations in 1930 with the launch of Icelandic state radio, Útvarp Reykjavík (Radio Reykjavík). RÚV has been a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union since 1956.  In 2023, RÚV announced the retirement of its longwave transmissions by 2024.

Radio

Longwave broadcasts

RÚV began radio broadcasting on longwave in 1930 at Vatnsendhæð, near Reykjavík. In 1938, the transmitted power was increased 100kW. In 1991, the original 1930 longwave transmitter tower at Vatnsendi collapsed. As a result, later in the decade the Hellissandur longwave transmitter was taken into use, converted from a LORAN-C mast.

In 1938, the first medium-wave broadcasting in Iceland commenced in East Iceland at Eiðar. In 1966, the transmitter was converted to longwave, at a power of 20kW. In 1998 the mast was reconstructed at a height of 220m and its power increased to 100kW, at 207kHz.

RÚV has announced the retirement of its longwave transmissions by 2024, citing its inadequacy as a backup service as most vehicles and radios do not support longwave broadcasts anymore. In 2023, the Eiðar longwave transmitter was demolished, ceasing 207kHz transmissions.

Shortwave and medium-wave broadcasting
Shortwave broadcasts were used for long distance transmission, mostly for seafarers and Icelanders abroad. They were used intermittently for important broadcasts. Shortwave broadcasts ceased on 1 July 2007, after the introduction of satellite broadcasts. Smaller medium-wave repeaters were previously operated for areas which were poorly served by the longwave service.

FM broadcasting
FM broadcasting began in 1959 at its main Vatnsendi site, later expanding nationwide. Stereo transmissions began in 1980. In 1983 RÚV's second radio station was launched, Rás 2. The original station was then renamed Rás 1. In 2023, as a result of LW transmissions retiring, RÚV committed to expanding the FM network further.

In 2004, RÚV launched a non-talk, automated classical and jazz radio station called Rondó, based on the word rondo. In 2020, Rondó was discontinued on FM (due to the closure of Vatnsendi site) but continued on DVB and on the internet.

Television

RÚV commenced television transmissions in 1966, and colour transmissions began in 1977. In 1981, the first live satellite programmes were broadcast, from the then-newly inaugurated satellite ground station Skyggnir.

Since 1986, the year in which its monopoly as the only permitted domestic broadcaster ended, RÚV has faced competition from a number of private broadcasting companies, most notably the 365 corporation.

RÚV's teletext service, Textavarpið, was inaugurated on the 25th anniversary of Icelandic television in 1991. As of 2023 it is still operating.

Satellite broadcasting started in May 2007 by RÚV from Intelsat 10-02 satellite with a frequency of 11182 V 3100 7/8. This was later moved to the Thor 5 satellite.

Digital television began broadcasting in 2013. Television was broadcast in analogue until the digital switchover in 2015, when the last analogue transmitter at Vatnsendi was switched off. The analogue transmissions used a network of 180 analogue transmitters.

In 2021, television transmissions for the Reykjavík area were moved from Vatnsendi to Úlfarsfell, ending 70 years of broadcasting from the location.

Programming
RÚV is obliged by the terms of its charter to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules, human rights, and the freedom of speech and opinion". It carries a substantial amount of arts, media, and current affairs programming, in addition to which it also supplies general entertainment in the form of feature films and such internationally popular television drama series as Lost and Desperate Housewives. RÚV's lineup also includes sports coverage, documentaries, domestically produced entertainment shows, and children's programming.

The RÚV newsroom, providing news for both television and radio, is amongst the most time-honoured and respected in Iceland. On weekdays, the Rás 2 radio network includes 35 minutes of regional opt-outs for local news coverage.

Gettu betur is a popular annual quiz tournament pitting teams from senior secondary schools around Iceland against each other in five rounds which are broadcast on radio and TV. Popular viewing also includes the Eurovision Song Contest, to which RÚV has sent participants on Iceland's behalf since 1986. In sports, RÚV traditionally carries live coverage of such major events as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup, although it lost the right to broadcast the 2006 World Cup, having been outbid by commercial broadcaster 365 in 2002. It did, however, show the 2010 World Cup tournament.

Services
RÚV broadcasts two linear television channels and three radio stations, each with a certain target market. In accordance with its duty as a public broadcasting service, Sjónvarpið, the television network, broadcasts a news bulletin in Icelandic Sign Language for the deaf and hard of hearing. In addition, the Rás 1 radio channel broadcasts detailed weather reports for the benefit of Icelandic seafarers and others.

Television channels

 RÚV Television (also known as Sjónvarpið) – main channel with generalist programming
 RÚV 2 – part-time "special events" channel
 KrakkaRÚV – an online service aimed at children and young people, launched in 2015

Those who watch television on the internet outside Iceland can only watch selected programs on RÚV and RÚV 2 channels due to broadcasting rights.

Radio stations

 Rás 1 (Channel 1) – News, weather, current affairs, culture
 Rás 2 (Channel 2) – Pop and rock music
 Rondó – Non-stop classical music and jazz (DVB, digital and web only)

Distribution
As of 2023, most of the population accesses RÚV through the internet. FM radio broadcasts remain popular however, 30% of Icelanders listen to Rás 1 and 61% listen to Rás 2 in a given week. This can be attributed to Iceland's high car ownership.

Radio
RÚV's radio stations, Rás 1 and Rás 2, are broadcast on FM through a network of 230 FM transmitters. RÚV intends to strengthen its FM network over the coming years in light of their plan to closing their longwave services in 2024.

RÚV currently broadcasts on longwave at 189 kHz using Western Europe's tallest radio mast, the Hellissandur longwave radio transmitter. The longwave broadcast is a mix of Rás 1 and 2 content. The longwave transmissions are intended to fill gaps in the FM coverage, serve the Icelandic fishing fleet and serve as an back up during emergencies. RÚV has announced the retirement of its longwave transmissions by 2024, citing its inadequacy as a backup service as most vehicles and radios do not support longwave broadcasts anymore.

The radio stations are also broadcast on DVB-T2, as well as through internet radio. There are no plans to implement DAB radio in Iceland.

Television
The television network, RÚV and RÚV 2, is broadcast terrestrially in 1080i HD on a DVB-T2 network operated by Vodafone Iceland by contract until 2028. The broadcasts are free-to-air and reach 99.9% of the population. According to a 2022 survey, only 1% of the population uses terrestrial broadcasts to watch RÚV.

The main TV channel RÚV and radio stations Rás 1 and Rás 2, are also broadcast on satellite on Thor 5, mostly to cater to the Icelandic fishing fleet. They are also contracted to run until 2028.

Due to the prevalence of fiber internet connections in Iceland, the most popular way to view broadcasts is through the internet. RÚV is available through managed IPTV systems on Síminn and Vodafone. RÚV also offers all of its content on their website, as well as through OTT services. RÚV also offers an app for Apple TV, iOS, Android TV and Android.

See also
 List of Icelandic television channels
 Television in Iceland
 RÚV (television channel)
 Rás 1
 Rás 2
 Telecommunications in Iceland
 Internet in Iceland

References

External links

 About RÚV: official webpage in English
 Live Radio

1930 establishments in Iceland
Companies based in Reykjavík
European Broadcasting Union members
Mass media companies established in 1930
Mass media companies of Iceland
Publicly funded broadcasters
State media

RÚV