Konstantinos "Kostas" Mitroglou (, ; born 12 March 1988) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a striker. He is nicknamed "Mitrogoal" and "Pistolero" by fans due to his goalscoring abilities.

Raised in Germany, Mitroglou started his career at Borussia Mönchengladbach, where he established himself as an excellent prospect. He was signed by Olympiacos in the summer of 2007 and had two loan spells at Panionios and Atromitos before establishing himself in the team. He transferred to Premier League club Fulham in 2013 for a club record £12 million, and they were relegated in his only season, in which he was troubled by injury. He then returned to Olympiacos on loan and then to Benfica in Portugal, before joining the latter on a permanent basis in 2016. With Benfica, he would win five major honours, including back-to-back league titles, and set his single-season scoring record with 27 goals.

A full international since 2009, Mitroglou has earned over 60 caps for the Greece national team. He was selected in their squads for UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Club career

Early career
Mitroglou was born on 12 March 1988, in Krinides, Kavala, Greece, and emigrated as an infant with his parents from his native country to Germany. He grew up in Neukirchen-Vluyn, North Rhine-Westphalia. He began his career at TuS Preussen Vluyn. At age 11, he scored 24 goals in 16 matches. He then played for SV Neukirchen. In 2003, he joined MSV Duisburg. Later on, he joined Borussia Mönchengladbach. Mitroglou was a dominant player in the Under 19 Bundesliga. He scored 14 goals in 10 matches.

Olympiacos

2007–08 season
After impressing at the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, Mitroglou was signed by Greek champions Olympiacos. His first official goal for Olympiacos came in a 2–1 away win against Diagoras in the Greek Cup after an assist by Luciano Galletti. His first Superleague goal came in a 4–0 home win against Levadiakos.

During the final stages of the season, Mitroglou played an important part in helping Olympiacos claim their 36th league title, scoring the last-minute winning goal (2–1) in their match against AEL, this time assisted by Mirnes Šišić. His first goal in the Superleague came in a 4–0 home win against Levadiakos. He then scored two goals in the last league fixture against Iraklis to seal a 3–1 win. He also scored in a 2–2 away draw against Iraklis in the Greek Cup semi-finals, after an assist from Michalis Konstantinou. In the 2007 Greek Super Cup, he scored the only goal as Olympiacos defeated AEL 1–0.

2008–09 season
For the 2008–09 season, Olympiacos appointed Ernesto Valverde as their new head coach, who dropped Mitroglou because he wanted his team to play a quicker and more offensive style of football. Mitroglou therefore made fewer appearances than the prior season. He scored in a 2–0 away win against Nordsjælland in the first round of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. In the Superleague, he scored two goals in a home win 4–1 against Panionios.

2009–10 season

After Valverde left Olympiacos, Mitroglou saw increased playing time. He scored his first goal of the season against Sheriff Tiraspol in a 2–0 first leg away win in the UEFA Champions League play-offs, also scoring in the return leg (a 1–0 home win). Mitroglou scored the equalizing goal in an eventual 2–1 defeat of Standard Liège in a UEFA Champions League group stage match on 21 October 2009. He also scored in home wins against Asteras Tripoli (3–0) and Ergotelis (2–1). His next goal came in an away draw (2–2) against PAS Giannina after an assist by Dudu Cearense. He also scored a goal in a heavy 3–1 away loss to Panserraikos.

Mitroglou scored both goals in a 2–0 win against rivals Panathinaikos after assists by Dudu Cearense and Jaouad Zairi. He added two more goals in a 5–1 home win against Levadiakos. He scored in the club's 2–1 loss to Bordeaux in the Champions League round of 16, which saw Olympiacos eliminated following a 3–1 aggregate loss. His next goal came in Olympiacos' 2–0 win against Atromitos.

2010–11 season
Ernesto Valverde returned as head coach of Olympiacos for the 2010–11 season. Despite being a starter and scoring a spectacular goal in the opening league match against Iraklis (1–2 away loss), Mitroglou only made four more appearances as Valverde chose to use Kevin Mirallas and Marko Pantelić instead. Mitroglou participated in the international match "8th Match Against Poverty" on 14 December 2010 (held at the Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium) as a player in the Olympiacos All-Star team and scored two goals.

Loan to Panionios
In January 2011, Mitroglou joined Panionios on a six-month loan from Olympiacos. In his debut, he scored both goals in a historic 2–0 away win against Aris, the first for the club in 50 years. His next goals came at a 1–1 home draw against Panathinaikos and a 1–1 away draw against AEK Athens, the latter after an assist from Georgios Galitsios. He scored the winning goal (2–1) against Atromitos and converted a penalty at the 3–3 home draw against AEL. He added another one at a 1–1 away draw against Iraklis. He scored his last goal at the 2–1 away win against Kerkyra after an assist from Fanouris Goundoulakis. Mitroglou ended this year with nine goals in the Superleague, one with Olympiacos and eight with Panionios.

Loan to Atromitos
Mitroglou was once again loaned, this time to Atromitos for the 2011–12 campaign. He scored his first goal at a 1–0 away win against Aris after an assist from Miguel Sebastián Garcia. He next scored at a 1–1 home draw against Panathinaikos after an assist of Denis Epstein. He scored two goals in a 2–1 home win against Panetolikos and one in a 1–0 away win against Doxa Drama. His next goal was at a 1–1 home draw against Levadiakos, once again assisted by Denis Epstein. He went on to score goals in the victories against Ergotelis (1–0) and OFI Crete (2–0).

Mitroglou's next goal came from the penalty spot in a 1–1 away draw against Panetolikos. He scored a goal in a 2–1 away win against PAS Giannina and scored two goals in another 2–1 away win against his former loan team Panionios. He next scored at a 2–0 home win against Doxa Drama and a 2–2 away draw against Levadiakos. He scored the winning goal (1–0) against Skoda Xanthi His next goal came with a penalty kick in a 2–2 away draw against Ergotelis.

Mitroglou also scored a goal in the semi-finals of the Greek Cup against Asteras Tripoli, sending his team reach the final against parent club Olympiacos. He finished the season with 16 league goals, helping Atromitos to reach the Superleague play-offs for the first time, where he added one more goal in a 1–1 home draw against PAOK after an assist from Ilias Anastasakos. At the end of the campaign, he was voted the Superleague Greece Footballer of the Year.

2012–13 season
The 2012–13 season found Mitroglou back at parent club Olympiacos. After Ernesto Valverde left, Mitroglou was favoured by new head coach Leonardo Jardim. Mitroglou showed a good form in the pre-season training scoring a total of three goals, two of them in a friendly against Spanish side Málaga at the Karaiskakis Stadium. However, the season started a bit irregular for him, as he had to compete with first-choice striker Rafik Djebbour in the starting 11. He therefore did not receive much playing time and often played as a substitute. His first goal of the season came in a 2–1 away win against PAS Giannina after an assist from Djebbour. In the same match, he provided an assist on Olympicaos' second goal, scored by Djebbour.

With Djebbour absent due to injury, Mitroglou was a starter for the second group game of the UEFA Champions League against Arsenal in the Emirates Stadium, where he scored the equalizer in an eventual 3–1 loss. He next scored a goal in a 2–0 home win against OFI Crete after an assist from Paulo Machado. He scored again in the Champions League by scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against Montpellier after an assist from Djamel Abdoun. He also added another goal against Montpellier in the return fixture on 6 November as Olympiacos claimed a 3–1 victory.

Mitroglou's scoring streak continued as he next scored two goals in a 4–0 away win against rivals AEK Athens, and one in each 2–0 victory against AO Kerkyra and Panachaiki, the latter being a Greek Cup fixture. He scored his fourth Champions League goal at the 2–1 home win against Arsenal. His first goal of 2013, came in a 3–0 home win against Veria, after an assist of Juan Pablo Pino. On 9 February, he scored the lone goal against Asteras Tripoli at the last minute of the match, giving Olympiacos the 1–0 away win. He scored the winning goal again at the 1–0 away win against AO Kerkyra.

Mitroglou's next goals came in a comfortable 4–0 away win against Platanias and the classical derby against Panathinaikos, which ended 1–1. In the Greek Cup semi-finals against Panthrakikos, he scored two goals in the first leg to give a 6–2 home win and another two goals at the returning leg (2–1 away win) as Olympiacos progressed to the final 8–3 on aggregate. In the last league match, he scored the opening for a 2–1 home win against Panionios.

2013–14 season
During the pre-season preparation at Seefeld, Mitroglou scored a goal in a 2–1 friendly win against Azerbaijani club Simurq PIK.

On the second matchday of the Superleague Greece, he provided an assist to David Fuster in a 2–1 home win against Atromitos. On 1 September 2013, he scored his first career hat-trick in a 5–0 away win against Levadiakos after three assists from Fuster. He scored his second hat-trick on the next fixture in a 4–0 home win against Skoda Xanthi, becoming the first player in Olympiacos history—as well as the Greek League generally—to score two consecutive hat-tricks, while also having also scored in an international match between these two fixtures.

Mitroglou scored his third hat-trick of the season on 2 October, scoring all three goals in a 3–0 away win against Anderlecht in the UEFA Champions League group stage. He became the first Greek player to complete a hat-trick in the Champions League, and along with Predrag Đorđević is one of only two Olympiacos players to have scored a hat-trick in the Champions League. Mitroglou's scoring streak continued as he scored another hat-trick four days later in a comfortable 6–0 home win against Veria, while also assisting a goal to Joel Campbell. His next goal came in an away win (1–4) against Platanias after an assist from Alejandro Domínguez, a match in which he also provided the assist for Javier Saviola's goal. On 24 October, Mitroglou assisted Domínguez's goal against Benfica in a 1–1 draw in the UEFA Champions League. He next scored two goals at a home win 5–1 against OFI Crete with two headers after two assists from Joel Campbell. He next scored the winning goal in an away win (1–0) against Panathinaikos. He next scored a goal at a home win 4–0 against PAOK after another assist from Joel Campbell.

On 27 November, Mitroglou suffered an injury in a 2–1 away loss against Paris Saint-Germain, keeping him on the sidelines for over a month. On 19 December, amid much transfer speculation, Mitroglou renewed his contract with Olympiacos until 2017. On 10 January 2014, he recovered to come on as a substitute against Atromitos.

Fulham
On 31 January 2014, Mitroglou signed a four-and-a-half-year contract for a transfer fee believed in the region of £12 million with English Premier League club Fulham. On 22 February, he made his debut for Fulham in a 1–1 draw at West Bromwich Albion, replacing Hugo Rodallega after 61 minutes. Mitroglou was the highest transfer fee in Fulham's history, and despite Fulham pinning their hopes of staying in the Premier League on the Greece international, they were relegated in May 2014. Due to various injuries and fitness problems, Mitroglou played in only two more Premier League matches before the end of the 2013–14 season, starting only one, away against Cardiff City.

Loan to Olympiacos
On 31 August 2014, Mitroglou returned to Olympiacos on a season-long loan from Fulham. He made his debut on 13 September, replacing Dimitris Diamantakos in the 55th minute of a 3–0 home win over OFI Crete. Three days later, he scored what proved to be the game winner in a 3–2 win over Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League group stage.

Benfica
On 6 August 2015, Mitroglou joined Portuguese champions Benfica on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut three days later, replacing compatriot Andreas Samaris for the final 18 minutes of a 0–1 loss to rivals Sporting CP in the 2015 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio Municipal de Aveiro. In their first match of the Primeira Liga season against Estoril, he opened the scoring in a 4–0 win at the Estádio da Luz. On 11 September, he scored in each half of a 6–0 win in the league against Lisbon neighbours Belenenses.

On 23 January 2016, Mitroglou scored with a backheel goal in a 3–1 win against Arouca, and on 3 February, he scored a hat-trick against Belenenses in a 0–5 away victory. It was his first hat-trick in the season, scoring for the fifth consecutive match in a row. On 13 February, he opened the score in a 2–1 home loss against rivals Porto, struggling for the win before goalkeeper Iker Casillas made a save at close quarters to stop him from scoring the equalizer. One week later, he scored for the seventh match in a row by opening the score in a 1–3 win at Paços de Ferreira; at the final whistle, a Benfica supporter entered the field and knelt before Mitroglou, and then tried to shine his boots with a scarf. On 5 March, Mitroglou scored the only goal in the Lisbon derby at Sporting CP's Estádio José Alvalade, giving Benfica the lead in the league, ahead of their opponents. Later on, he scored a brace in a 5–1 home win against Braga in the Primeira Liga on 1 April, increasing his tally to 18 goals in the league, with 13 goals scored in 12 matches. He ended the league campaign with 20 goals in 32 matches, winning the Primeira Liga title on 15 May after a 4–1 home win over Nacional.

Two days after the league title celebrations, Benfica announced Mitroglou had signed a permanent contract with the club set to last until 2020, for a €7 million transfer fee, as disclosed by Football Leaks. On 18 January 2017, he scored a hat-trick in a 6–2 home win over Leixões in the Taça de Portugal quarter-finals. On 28 February 2017, Mitroglou scored twice against Estoril in the first leg of the Taça de Portugal semi-finals.

Marseille
On 31 August 2017, French Ligue 1 club Marseille announced the signing of Mitroglou on a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €15 million to Benfica. On 28 September, Mitroglou made his competitive debut for Marseille in a 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage 1–0 away loss against Red Bull Salzburg, coming on as a substitute in the 79th minute for Maxime Lopez.

On 6 February 2018, Mitroglou scored his first hat-trick for Marseille—to go along with one assist,—in a 9–0 blowout win over Bourg-en-Bresse in the Coupe de France.

Loan to Galatasaray
On 31 January 2019, Mitroglou was loaned out to Galatasaray in Süper Lig until 30 June 2020.

Loan to PSV Eindhoven
On 22 August 2019, PSV Eindhoven announced they would take on Mitroglou on a loan until the end of the 2019–20 season.

Aris
On 25 January 2021, Mitroglou signed with Greek club, Aris. On 21 February, he scored his first goal with the new team in the Super League against his former club Olympiacos at the Karaiskakis Stadium, in a match ended 1–1.

SpVgg Rheurdt-Schaephuysen
In January 2023, Mitroglou signed with German club SpVgg Rheurdt-Schaephuysen in amateur league Kreisliga A Moers. The club is currently in the 9th tier of the German football pyramid and is coached by Mitroglou's friend Robert Kruppa with whom Mitroglou played with in the Duisburg academy. The transfer of the former Champions League veteran to Germany's amateur league was described as "sensational".

SV Scherpenberg
On June 27, 2023, Mitroglou signed with Landesliga club SV Scherpenberg. On September 3, after playing five games and scoring three goals, Mitroglou left Scherpenberg.

International career

Junior teams
Mitroglou was first called up for the Greece national under-19 team in 2005. He scored a goal against the Netherlands in a 3–2 away win in 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification. He also scored two goals in a 3–1 home loss against Germany in the same campaign. Mitroglou also scored in a 2–0 away win against Italy, two goals in a 2–2 away draw against Croatia and a goal in a 4–0 home win against Sweden. He participated at the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, in which he scored the only goal against Portugal at Linzer Stadion in the group stage, as well as in a 1–1 draw against Austria at the Waldstadion. In the knock-out stage, he scored a goal against Germany in a 3–2 win at Vorwärts Stadium. Mitroglou finished as the top goalscorer of the competition with three goals.

In 2007, Mitroglou was promoted to the Greece under-21 team. He scored two goals in a 3–1 home win against Macedonia in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers, and later a goal in a 1–1 home draw against England and the only goal against Lithuania as the campaign continued.

Senior team
In 2009, Mitroglou was selected for the senior Greece side for the first time. He scored his first goal in a 3–2 away win over Norway on 15 August 2012. On 11 September 2012, he scored a goal in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Lithuania, which ended in a 2–0 victory. He went on to score both goals in a 2–0 away friendly win against Austria on 14 August 2013.

Mitroglou scored the only goal in a victory over Liechtenstein, after an assist from Vasilis Torosidis, in their penultimate World Cup qualifying match on 6 September 2013. He scored two goals on 15 November in Greece's 3–1 home win against Romania in the first leg of their 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying play-off. Four days later, he scored the opening goal of the return leg in Romania, which ended in a 1–1 draw and sent Greece to the World Cup final stages in Brazil with a 4–2 aggregate victory.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Club
Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
Greek Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2012–13, 2014–15
Greek Super Cup: 2007

Atromitos
Greek Cup runner-up: 2011–12

Benfica
Primeira Liga: 2015–16, 2016–17
Taça de Portugal: 2016–17
Taça da Liga: 2015–16
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2016

Marseille
UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2017–18

Galatasaray
Süper Lig: 2018–19
Turkish Cup: 2018–19
Turkish Super Cup: 2019

International
Greece U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2007

Individual
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Golden Boot: 2007 (3 goals)
Super League Greece Greek Footballer of the Year: 2011–12
Greek Cup Top goalscorer: 2012–13 (5 goals)
SJPF Primeira Liga Team of the Year: 2016
Taça de Portugal Top goalscorer: 2016–17 (9 goals)

Notes

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Filippoi
Greek men's footballers
Greece men's youth international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Greece men's international footballers
Borussia Mönchengladbach players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
Atromitos F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Olympique de Marseille players
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
PSV Eindhoven players
Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Premier League players
Primeira Liga players
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
Eredivisie players
Greek emigrants to Germany
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Men's association football forwards
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Greek expatriate sportspeople in England
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Greek expatriate sportspeople in France
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Greek expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from Eastern Macedonia and Thrace

Kostas Mitroglou


Certificate of Origin (abbreviated as C/O or CO) is a document used in trade between countries. Certificate of Origin gives information about the manufacturing country and required by the Customs department of the importing country to clear the items upon arrival. It is issued by the Chamber of Commerce of the exporting country.

Uses
 To claim benefits of Free Trade agreements
 To clear items from Customs in the importing country
 To verify the authenticity of importing items

Types

Preferential certificate of origin
Used when trade take place according to free trade agreements between countries. This is required to get the benefits according to the free trade agreement. The certificate will include the country of origin and the name of trade agreement.

Non-preferential certificate of origin
This is required to get the items cleared from the customs by proving the items are not from a country that is banned from importing. The certificate will include the country of origin but bot the name of the trade agreement.

References

Commerce
Documents

Certificate of origin


The Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung (International Hegel Association) is a non-profit organization, founded in 1962. Its mission is to promote the study of G.W.F. Hegel's philosophy on at least two different fronts: (1) Hegel's system and its parts; and (2) Hegel's philosophical beginnings and history as it leads up to modern theory.

To accomplish these tasks the International Hegel Association organizes smaller meetings at regular intervals to discuss different topics of Hegel's philosophy, as well as an International Congress every six years, designing the most comprehensive international participation possible.

The International Hegel Association has more than 250 members worldwide. Since March, 2007, its president has been Professor Axel Honneth (Frankfurt), with offices at the Philosophical Seminar of the University of Heidelberg.

All who are occupied with Hegel's Philosophy are invited to join, particularly those who seek scientific advancement for and from this study.

The periodical publication of the International Hegel Association appeared until 1980 as a supplement of the Hegel Studien and after 1980 has been published independently by the Klett Cotta Publishing House, Stuttgart.

External links
 Official Website

Philosophical societies in Germany
Organizations established in 1962
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1962 establishments in Germany

Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung


Body horror is a subgenre of horror movie. This genre shows grotesque changes or transformation of the human body (including diseases, putrefaction, mutation). The genre originates in gothic literature, especially novel Frankenstein by English writer Mary Shelley.

Famous representatives of this genre are movies of David Cronenberg (The Fly, Scanners, Shivers, Rabid, Videodrome), Saw, The Thing, Braindead,  Alien movie series, many Japanese horror movies (Tetsuo: The Iron Man and Ichi the Killer) and so on.

Horror movies

Body horror


Livestreaming, live-streaming, or live streaming is the streaming of video or audio in real time or near real time. It is often referred to simply as streaming, though recorded content, such as video-on-demand, vlogs, and YouTube videos, are streamed as well but not live.

Livestreaming services encompass a wide variety of topics, from social media to video games to professional sports to lifecasting. Platforms such as Facebook Live, Periscope, Kuaishou, Douyu, bilibili and 17 include the streaming of scheduled promotions and celebrity events as well as streaming between users, as in videotelephony. Sites such as Twitch have become popular outlets for watching people play video games, such as in esports, Let's Play-style gaming, or speedrunning. Live coverage of sporting events is a common application.

Chat rooms are a key feature in livestreaming, allowing viewers to interact with the broadcaster and join ongoing conversations. These rooms often include emojis and emotes as additional communication tools.

Social media
In the field of social media, the term live media refers to new media that use streaming technologies for creating networks of live multimedia shared among people, companies and organizations. Social media marketer Bryan Kramer Bryan Kramer describes livestreaming as an inexpensive "key marketing and communications tool that helps brands reach their online audience." Users can follow their friends' live video "shares" as well as "shares" related to specific content or items. Live media can be shared through any Internet website or application; thus, when people browse a specific website, they may find live media streams relevant to them.

Live media can include coverage of various events such as concerts or live news coverage viewed using a web browser or apps such as Snapchat. James Harden and Trolli promoted an upcoming NBA All-Star Game through Snapchat. Many of LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner's performance art were livestreamed, such as a stream of Shia LaBeouf in a theater viewing all his movies.

However, live stream commerce today enables sellers to showcase products through streamers, mimicking in-store sales tactics to encourage customer purchases. Merritt and Zhao mention that Chinese 'live stream-based retailing' has supported the economic growth of China and projected that about GBP 98 billion were generated from e-commerce live streaming in China. The McKinsey report also demonstrates that live stream commerce is expanding in China, the sales from live stream commerce were expected to achieve $423 billion by 2022, and the US live streaming industry was also expected to reach $25 billion by 2023.

Facebook Watch
Facebook introduced a video streaming service, Facebook Watch to select individuals in August 2016, and to the public in January 2017. Facebook watch is a video-on-demand service that allows users to share content live. It allows people to upload videos that cover a wide array of topics including original comedy, drama, and news programming. Facebook Live allows Facebook users to include their own "reactions" when someone is broadcasting. One of the reasons that Facebook Watch is so successful is because the content is recommended to users based on algorithms that determine what the user would most like to watch.

YouTube Live
YouTube was purchased by Google in 2006, and the pair subsequently announced their livestreaming app. Like Periscope, users can comment during the broadcast. Unlike Periscope, livestreams on YouTube can be saved and any user can access them through the app. YouTube head of product for consumers, Manuel Bronstein, stated that livestreaming gives creators the opportunity to "actually create a more intimate connection with their fans."

Lifestreaming
Lifestreaming, also known as lifecasting, is the practice of continuously broadcasting various aspects of one's daily life to an online audience. This modern phenomenon allows people to share even mundane events in real-time, giving viewers an intimate look into someone's routine.

Justin Kan, an entrepreneur and internet personality, is often credited with bringing this concept to the mainstream. He founded Justin.tv, a website initially focused solely on broadcasting his own life 24/7. This lifecasting platform eventually evolved, serving as the foundation for a new style of online sharing and paving the way for more diverse content.

In its early days, Justin.tv was an experimental space where Kan himself was the main focus, capturing everything from his workdays to social interactions. This was not only a unique entertainment format but also a groundbreaking use of technology at the time. Kan's innovation in this area led to the popularization of lifestreaming, which has since evolved to include various forms of content and millions of users worldwide. Today, the influence of the original concept can be seen across multiple platforms and in different variations, extending beyond individual lifecasting to live broadcasts of events, gaming, and more.

Twitch
Twitch is a livestreaming video platform owned by Twitch Interactive, a subsidiary of Amazon. Introduced in June 2011 as a spin-off of the general-interest streaming platform, Justin.tv, the site primarily focuses on video game livestreaming, including broadcasts of eSports competitions, in addition to music broadcasts, creative content, and more recently, "in real life" streams. Content on the site can be viewed either live or via video on demand.

Bigo Live
Bigo Live is a live streaming platform owned by a Singapore-based BIGO Technology, which was founded in 2014 by David Li and Jason Hu. As of 2019, BIGO Technology is owned by JOYY, a Chinese company listed on the NASDAQ. Like YouTube Live, users can watch trendy live streams and comment on the broadcast. Unlike YouTube Live, users on Bigo Live can filter out broadcasters from a certain country on the explore page.

Former

Periscope
In March 2015, Twitter launched a livestreaming app called Periscope. Normally, users would see a hyperlink attached to their broadcast, directing people to a new tab. Using Periscope, videos appear live on the timeline. If the user has allowed the site to share information, others can see where the user is streaming from. During the broadcast, users can comment, talk to the broadcaster, or ask questions. Kayvon Beykpour, CEO of Periscope, and Dick Costolo and Jack Dorsey, CEOs of Twitter, all shared a common goal—to invent something that would merge both teams into one instead of as partners. It was discontinued in March 2021 due to declining usage, product realignment and high maintenance costs.

Mixer
Microsoft entered the livestreaming scene when it acquired Beam, the Seattle-based company, in August 2016. About a year after acquiring the company, the service was renamed to Mixer in May 2017.  The platform was the first to bring multiple features to livestreaming such as interactive gameplay, where viewers could influence gameplay, and co-streaming, where viewers could watch multiple viewpoints of teammates in the same game. Like Twitch, viewers on Mixer could pay to subscribe to streamers on a monthly basis. Viewers could also buy "Embers", which was the e-currency used by the site, and could donate that to streamers as well. While Twitch remained the biggest company in the business, Mixer attempted to raise its stock by signing multiple big streamers to Mixer-exclusive deals. These signings included Tyler "Ninja" Blevins in August 2019, Michael "Shroud" Grzesiek in October 2019, and Cory "King Gothalion" Michael also in October 2019. Mixer announced it would be shutting down its streaming services on July 22, 2020.  In the announcement, Mixer's parent company, Microsoft, announced a partnership with Facebook gaming, and directed current users to the new platform.

Video games

Livestreaming playing of video games gained popularity during the 2010s. David M. Ewalt referred to Twitch as "the ESPN of video games". The website spawned from and grew to overshadow Justin.tv, and was purchased by Amazon.com at the end of 2014 for US$970 million. As one of the leading livestreaming platform, Twitch now have millions broadcasters and have nearly two hundreds millions viewers. Other video-game oriented streaming websites include Smashcast.tv, which was formed after the merging of Azubu and Hitbox.tv, and the South Korea-based afreecaTV. In 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a video gaming-oriented sub-site and app that is intended to compete with Twitch.

An example of a notable livestreamed event is Games Done Quick, a charity speedrunning marathon hosted on Twitch. Viewers are encouraged to donate for incentives during the stream such as naming characters in a run, having the runners attempt more difficult challenges, or winning prizes. Over $10 million has been raised across sixteen marathons.

Professional streamers can generate livable revenue from viewer subscriptions and donations, as well as platform advertisements and sponsorships from eSports organizations, often earning much more from streaming than from tournament winnings. The audiences of professional gaming tournaments are primarily livestream viewers in addition to live audiences inside venues. The International 2017, a Dota 2 tournament with the largest prize pool in eSport history, was primarily streamed through Twitch, having a peak of over five million concurrent viewers.

Sports
Within recent years there has been a large influx in viewership and investment into sports live streaming. Digital streaming across Prime Video, NFL Digital, Fox Sports Digital, and Verizon Media Mobile properties in 2019 surpassed an average audience of over 1 million – up 43% versus the previous year (729,000). Additionally, research and forecasts have shown that consumer spending on traditional pay-TV services fell by 8% to $90.7 billion in 2021 and will decline further to $74.5 billion in 2023. It is expected that U.S. household subscription-based services spending will surpass pay TV for the first time in 2024. Large corporations such as Amazon have looked to expand into sports live streaming. In 2021, Amazon closed an 11-year, $113 billion deal to stream National Football League (NFL) games on their Amazon Prime Video Streaming Platform.

Live streaming in sports targets younger viewers with its easy access and subscriptions. The NFL notably partnered with Nickelodeon for youth-focused livestreams of the 2021 Wild Card Playoff Game and beyond. These broadcasts featured Nickelodeon's signature cartoons and commentary from stars Gabrielle Green and Lex Lumpkin.

Despite the growth of live streaming for sports, there are concerns about unauthorised live streaming and piracy of sports content. In January 2021 alone it was said that humans made 362.7 million visits to sports piracy websites. These concerns are exacerbated when studies show over 54% of millennials have watched pirate sports live streams. This has created issues over the future sustainability and protection of legally broadcast streams.

Metrics
With livestreaming becoming a financially viable market, particularly for esports, streamers and organizations representing them have looked for metrics to quantify the viewership of streams as to be able to determine pricing for advertisers. Metrics like maximum number of concurrent viewers, or number of subscribers do not readily account for how long a viewer may stay to watch a stream. The most common metric is the "average minute audience" (AMA), which is obtained by taking the total minutes watched by all viewers on the stream during the streamed event and for 24 hours afterwards, divided by the number of minutes that were broadcast. The AMA is comparable to the same metric that the Nielsen ratings for tracking viewership.

This also makes it possible to combine standard broadcast and streaming routes for events that are simulcasted on both forms of delivery to estimate total audience size Major events with reported AMA include streamed National Football League games; for example, the average AMA for NFL games in 2018 ranged from 240,000 to 500,000 across streaming services, with the following Super Bowl LIV having an AMA of 2.6 million. In comparison, the esports Overwatch League had an average of 313,000 average minute audience during regular season games in its 2019 season.

Risks in streaming

Many instances of serious crimes such as rape and assault, along with suicides, have been streamed live, leaving little to no time for administrators to remove the offending content. Livestreamed crimes became a trend in the mid-2010s with widely reported incidents such as assaults and suicide streamed through Periscope in 2016 and the kidnapping of a man in Chicago streamed through Facebook Live in 2017. A mass shooting in Jacksonville, Florida, resulting in the deaths of two in addition to the shooter, occurred during a Madden NFL 19 tournament. Part of the Christchurch mosque shootings was streamed on Facebook Live by the perpetrator for 17 minutes.

Additionally, livestreaming to large audiences carries the risk that viewers may commit crimes both remotely and in person. Twitch co-founder Justin Kan had been a frequent target of swatting. An incident occurred in April 2017 at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport when a viewer called in a bomb threat and named streamer Ice Poseidon as the culprit, temporarily shutting down the airport. They may also be victim to stalking as with other celebrities; for example, a teenager showed up uninvited to a streamer's house and requested to live with him after having saved up for a one-way transcontinental flight. A Taiwan-based American streamer fell victim to a doxing and targeted harassment campaign by a Taiwanese streamer, coordinated through a private Facebook group with 17,000 members "whose activities involved tracking [his] whereabouts," death threats and "the distribution of his parents' U.S. phone number and address". Twitch responded by temporarily suspending the harassed streamer.

Research
Live content streaming has been the topic of numerous papers examining ways to cultivate online communities through live interaction and increase attendance numbers with engaging content. The livestreaming platform Twitch is a common focus among researching trying to transfer its user engagement success to other applications such as improving student participation and learning in massive open online courses (MOOCs).

See also
Streaming television
Livestreamed news
National Streaming Day
Online streamer
Webcast

References

External links

New media
Internet broadcasting
Streaming
Blogging

Livestreaming


Arundel House was a London town-house located between the Strand and the River Thames, near the Church of St Clement Danes.

History

During the Middle Ages, it was the London residence of the Bishops of Bath and Wells, when it was known as Bath Inn, similarly to other grand London town-houses like Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn. In 1539, at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, it was granted by King Henry VIII to William Fitzwilliam, Earl of Southampton.

It reverted to the Crown on Fitzwilliam's death and was re-granted in 1545 by King Henry VIII to Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, a younger brother of Jane Seymour (the king's  third wife) and younger brother of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector and uncle of the infant King Edward VI. After Thomas Seymour's execution for treason in 1549, the house was sold to Henry Fitz Alan, 12th Earl of Arundel, for about £40.

It was later inherited through marriage by the Howard family and housed the Arundel Marbles, the famous sculpture collection of Thomas Howard, 2nd/21st Earl of Arundel, 4th Earl of Surrey, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1585–1646), most of which is now at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, although a 2nd-century AD relief from Ephesus kept at the house may be seen in the 17th-century gallery at the Museum of London.

According to The Oxford Dictionary of Music (1994), the first performance of Thomas Tallis's forty-part motet, Spem in alium, probably took place in the Long Gallery of Arundel House in 1568 or 1569.

Around the year 1618, the court architect Inigo Jones designed an Italianate gateway for Arundel House, and probably a wing known from the view by Cornelius Bol, and the building with dormer windows seen in Hollar's engraving.

During the late 1620s and early 1630s, the mathematician William Oughtred had a room at Arundel House, where he instructed the Earl's son and gave direction to other mathematicians. The house also hosted the Earl's protégé, the artist and topographer Wenceslaus Hollar. The Royal Society held its meetings there during the late 1660s.

Under the ancient name of Bath Inn, it had housed Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, after his release from the Tower of London in 1621. Arundel House was eventually demolished, and it is commemorated today by Arundel Street and Surrey Street.

Present-day site
The Strand Lane Baths are situated within the former grounds. They are now in the ownership of the National Trust.

During the late 19th century, a new building named Arundel House was constructed in the Tudor Revival style. It is located at the foot of Arundel Street, on the corner of Temple Place. It is currently a conference centre and serves as the headquarters of the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

References
Walford, Edward.  Old London: Strand to Soho.  London:  The Alderman Press, 1987.  Orig. publ. 1878.
Ben Weinreb, and Christopher Hibbert, eds.  The London Encyclopædia.  2nd edition (1st ed. 1983).  London: Macmillan, 1992.

External links

Arundel House article from The Map of Early Modern London project at The University of Victoria
Hollar's etchings of Arundel House from the North and South, plus the 1647 view of the City from the top of Arundel House
Account of Arundel House, with plan of Arundel and Essex Houses

Episcopal palaces in London
Former houses in the City of Westminster
Strand, London

Arundel House


Nicolaus Pol (c. 1467 – 1532) was a Renaissance-era physician. He entered the service of Sigismund of Austria at Innsbruck in 1487, and continued to serve Sigismund's successors, emperors Maximilian and Charles until his death in 1532, at an age of about 65 years. He received a medical degree in 1494, and marked the inside cover of all the books in his library with Nicolaus Pol, doctor, 1494.

Pol collected a substantial library, estimated at some 1350 volumes, an enormous number at the time. The subject matters included all topics of interest to the "Renaissance man", including medicine, natural sciences, alchemy, astrology and divination, etc.

After Pol's death in 1532, his library passed to Innichen Abbey in South Tyrol.
Surviving volumes of his library are now scattered, some are found in libraries in  Innichen, Innsbruck, and Vienna, and  in the USA in the National Library of Medicine, in Yale and in the Allen Memorial Medical Library (33 volumes bought by the Cleveland Medical Library Association in 1929 from Maggs Brothers, for GBP 2,500).

Work

References
 Max H. Fisch and Dorothy M. Schullian, Nicolaus Pol Doctor 1494, Cleveland Medical Library Association,  1947.
Catalogue of Medical Works from the Library of Dr. Nicolaus Pol: Born c. 1470, Court Physician to the Emperor Maximilian I, Maggs, 1929.

External links
The Nicolaus Pol Collection

1460s births
1532 deaths
16th-century German physicians
16th-century Austrian physicians
German bibliophiles
German people of the Renaissance period
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers

Nicolaus Pol


"The Hucklebuck" (sometimes written "The Huckle-Buck") is a jazz and R&B dance tune first popularized by Paul Williams and His Hucklebuckers in 1949.  The composition of the tune was credited to Andy Gibson, and lyrics were later added by Roy Alfred.  The song became a crossover hit and a dance craze, in many ways foreshadowing the popular success of rock and roll a few years later.  It was successfully recorded by many other musicians including Lucky Millinder, Roy Milton, Tommy Dorsey, Frank Sinatra, Lionel Hampton, Louis Armstrong, Chubby Checker, Bo Diddley, Otis Redding, Quincy Jones, Canned Heat, Coast to Coast, Brendan Bowyer and Crystal Swing.

Original recordings
The tune, structured around a twelve-bar blues progression, was originally recorded by Paul Williams and his band, credited as His Hucklebuckers, in New York City, on December 15, 1948, with producer Teddy Reig.  The composition was credited to Andy Gibson, and the recording was released by Savoy Records.  The personnel on the session were Phil Guilbeau (trumpet), Miller Sam (tenor saxophone), Paul Williams (baritone and alto saxophone), Floyd Taylor (piano), Herman Hopkins (bass), and Reetham Mallett (drums).

Williams had first heard the tune when it was played by Lucky Millinder and his band at a rehearsal earlier that year for a concert, either in Newark or Baltimore, at which both bands performed.  The tune had originally been written by Gibson for Millinder, as "D'Natural Blues" (unrelated to the similarly-titled 1928 Fletcher Henderson tune), and Millinder and his band recorded it with that title, in January 1949, for RCA Records.  The tune itself was strongly influenced by "Now's the Time", a composition by Charlie Parker who first recorded it in 1945, also produced by Reig for the Savoy label, with a band that included Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, and Max Roach.  Millinder later took court action against Gibson and United Music, the publishing company, for copyright infringement, but eventually dropped the case while retaining the rights to "D'Natural Blues".

After Williams began performing Gibson's composition, he noticed that, at a show in Devon, Pennsylvania, audience members were performing a new dance, called the Hucklebuck, to it.  Williams renamed the song as "The Huckle-Buck", and his recording rapidly rose to the top of the R&B chart. It reached the #1 spot in March 1949, staying in that position for 14 weeks, and spending a total of 32 weeks on the chart.  It reportedly sold half a million copies, and broke sales records.  Williams' concerts became increasingly riotous; Reig claimed that he taught Williams to perform vigorously, "kicking as he played, bending and dipping, getting down on the floor while blowing that saxophone."  Though Williams had already had several R&B hits, "The Huckle-Buck" established his popularity, and he was billed as Paul "Hucklebuck" Williams for the remainder of his career.  Millinder's recording of "D'Natural Blues", also an instrumental, reached #4 on the R&B chart, staying on the chart for 12 weeks.

Vocal recordings

The success of Williams' instrumental recording led to words being written to the tune, by Tin Pan Alley lyricist Roy Alfred.  The lines included: "Wiggle like a snake/ Waddle like a duck/ That's the way you do it/ When you do the Hucklebuck." The first vocal version was by Roy Milton, whose recording on the Specialty record label entered the R&B chart in April 1949, rising to #5.  A version by the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, with vocals by Charlie Shavers, entered the Billboard pop chart in May 1949, also rising to #5, and later the same year Frank Sinatra's recording reached #10 on the pop chart.  Recordings were also made in 1949 by Tito Burns, Lionel Hampton, and Pearl Bailey with Hot Lips Page.

The song was later covered by many other musicians – it has been said that "no standard has been covered in as many different styles as the Hucklebuck."  As well as jazz and pop versions, there have been blues versions by Earl Hooker, Canned Heat and others, and recordings in styles such as rockabilly, easy listening, soul, ska, Latin, punk, and R&B.  The 1960 recording by Chubby Checker reached #14 on the US pop chart.  In Ireland, the Royal Showband featuring Brendan Bowyer had a #1 hit with the song in 1965,  and the band Coast to Coast had a #5 pop hit in Britain with it in 1981.

Dance craze
The Hucklebuck became a wildly successful dance craze in 1949, partly due to its sexual connotations.  LeRoi Jones reported that people danced at rent parties in Newark, night after night "until they dropped."  The basic dance has been described as having "a double point with the feet to the side on each side (four counts) then a lift and twist of the leg and a small kick, then a shimmy, hip gyration...  The dance could get very sexual in nature when done as a couple dance with the male dancing behind the female, one hand on her waist or hip and the other on her shoulder, gyrating the hips in unison or with shocking variations such as when the female dancers would lie down on their backs and the male dancers would stand over the center of her, slowly doing hip gyrations, hip rolling, wiggling dance movements, slowly working their way over and past the female's head."

"The Hucklebuck" was featured in one of the original 39 The Honeymooners episodes, number 20, "Young at Heart" in 1956.

References

1948 songs
1949 singles
1960 singles
Rhythm and blues songs
1940s jazz standards
Novelty and fad dances
Songs about dancing
Songs with lyrics by Roy Alfred
Savoy Records singles
Cameo-Parkway Records singles

The Hucklebuck


Max's Bar & Grill (formerly Max's Famous Hot Dogs) is a restaurant in Long Branch, New Jersey known for its hot dogs.  Max's uses quarter pound Schickhaus beef/pork dog slow cooked on a griddle.  Max's Hotdog style is a Jersey Shore variant of Kosher style.  It is popular with local celebrities and is said to be a favorite of Bruce Springsteen and the late Cardinal John O'Connor.  Among those who have visited Max's are Jon Bon Jovi, Steven Van Zandt, Red Buttons, Gov. Brendan Byrne, Connie Francis, actors Joe Pantoliano, Joe Pesci, Nick Puccio, John Travolta, Jackie Mason, Dean Martin and singer Frankie Valli.

History
In 1928, Max Altman, opened a small restaurant on the northern end of the Long Branch pier. Max named the place after himself and did business with Milford Maybaum, who in 1950 bought him out and kept the name. Soon after Max's was purchased, Maybaum expanded the business by moving it south of the Long Branch Pier and amusements. After a short time, Maybaum became known as Mr. Max by patrons and friends.   Max's developed the idea for the Jersey fresh corn on the cob and family style portions of French fries and onion rings.

Located on the Jersey shore, Max's was a seasonal business. Maybaum closed the restaurant each winter, headed south to Miami Beach and indulged in his other passion, horse racing.  During that time, "Max" met Celia Levy through a mutual friend.  In 1967 after a brief but intense courtship, Celia, a New York native, became Celia Maybaum. For the next 13 years, the two ran Max's together during the summers and each winter returned to Florida to race horses.

Celia Maybaum soon became known as "Mrs. Max". Over the years "Mrs. Max" has become an enduring iconic symbol of Max's Famous Hot Dogs. "Max" died in 1980 but the legacy continues as the second and third generations of the Maybaum family keep the tradition of Max's alive.

Today, Maybaum's son Robert "Bobby" Maybaum and his wife Madeline, daughters Jennifer and Michele, and grandmother Celia, continue to work at the restaurant.

In 1978 Gov. Byrne proclaimed Max's as the finest hot dog emporium; in 1991 Joan Haberle, secretary of state, proclaimed Mrs. Max as the Queen of Hot Dogs; and in 1992 Gov. James Florio proclaimed that a trip to the Jersey Shore without a stop at Max's in Long Branch would have been considered an incomplete visit. In 1995 Gov. Christine Todd Whitman proclaimed "Democrats and Republicans are in agreement on very few issues, but we can all concur that Max's in Long Branch serves the most outstanding hot dogs in New Jersey."

Max's is also known for its fierce competition with The Windmill in Long Branch.

References

External links

1928 establishments in New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Companies based in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Hot dog restaurants in the United States
Jews and Judaism in New Jersey
Kosher style restaurants
Long Branch, New Jersey
Restaurants established in 1928
Restaurants in New Jersey

Max's Bar & Grill


Lawrence Columbus "Crash" Davis (July 14, 1919 – August 31, 2001) was an American professional baseball player whose name inspired that of the main character of the 1988 movie Bull Durham.

Biography
Born in Canon, Georgia, and raised in Gastonia, North Carolina, Davis earned the nickname "Crash" at age 14, when he collided with a teammate when chasing down a fly ball. Davis excelled as a middle infielder at Duke University, where he was the captain of the baseball team and a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity until he graduated in 1940.

After graduating from Duke, Davis played three seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics, batting .230 in 148 games. He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1942 amid World War II, and was assigned to Harvard University, where he helped run the ROTC program. Davis also coached Harvard's baseball and squash teams.

When he was discharged from the Navy in 1946, Davis returned to Durham to begin graduate school at Duke and play for the Durham Bulls, then a part of the Carolina League. Davis would play in the minor leagues, with teams including the Reidsville Luckies and the Raleigh Capitals, until 1952.

After Bull Durham was released, Davis became a minor celebrity. He befriended the director of the film, Ron Shelton, and Shelton gave him a bit part in his movie Cobb about controversial baseball player Ty Cobb.

Sometime during the mid 1950s, Davis began working for the textile conglomerate Burlington Industries at their Gastonia Plant and advanced to become the Personnel Manager for the Domestics Division in Greensboro, NC, until his retirement in the mid-1980s.

Davis died on August 31, 2001, from complications of stomach cancer.

External links

The Legend of the Real Crash Davis Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society
Remembering Crash Davis at Baseball America

1919 births
2001 deaths
Duke Blue Devils baseball players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Major League Baseball second basemen
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Lawrence Millionaires players
Pawtucket Slaters players
Durham Bulls players
Raleigh Capitals players
Reidsville Luckies players
People from Franklin County, Georgia
Sportspeople from Gastonia, North Carolina
Deaths from cancer in North Carolina
Deaths from stomach cancer
Harvard Crimson baseball coaches
Harvard Crimson men's squash

Crash Davis


Potty parity is equal or equitable provision of public toilet facilities for females and males within a public space.

Definition of parity
Parity may be defined in various ways in relation to facilities in a building.  The simplest is as equal floorspace for male and female washrooms. Since men's and boys' bathrooms include urinals, which take up less space than stalls, this still results in more facilities for males. An alternative parity is by number of fixtures within washrooms.  However, since females on average spend more time in washrooms more males are able to use more facilities per unit time. More recent parity regulations therefore require more fixtures for females to ensure that the average time spent waiting to use the toilet is the same for females as for males, or to equalise throughputs of male and female toilets.

The lack of diaper-changing stations for babies in men's restrooms has been listed as a potty parity issue by fathers. Some jurisdictions have considered legislation mandating diaper-changing stations in men's restrooms.

Sex differences
Women and girls often spend more time in washrooms than men and boys, for both physiological and cultural reasons. The requirement to use a cubicle rather than a urinal means urination takes longer and hand washing must be done more thoroughly. Females also make more visits to washrooms. Urinary tract infections and incontinence are more common in females. Pregnancy, menstruation, breastfeeding, and diaper-changing increase usage.  The elderly, who are disproportionately female, take longer and more frequent bathroom visits.

A variety of female urinals and personal funnels have been invented to make it easier for females to urinate standing up. None has become widespread enough to affect policy formation on potty parity.

John F. Banzhaf III, a law professor at George Washington University, calls himself the "father of potty parity."  Banzhaf argues that to ignore potty parity; that is, to have merely equal facilities for males and females; constitutes a form of sex discrimination against women. In the 1970s the Committee to End Pay Toilets in America made a similar point: that allowing toilet providers to charge for the use of a cubicle while urinals required no money was unfair to females.

Several authors have identified potty parity as a potential rallying issue for feminism, saying all women can identify with it.

History and developments
Public toilets have historically been divided along the lines of sex, race, class, disability, and other distinctions. In apartheid South Africa and the Jim Crow American South, toilets were segregated by both sex and race. During the Victorian era in the United Kingdom, toilets were segregated by both sex and class.

U.S.

The first bathroom for congresswomen in the United States Capitol was opened in 1962.

Segregation of toilet facilities by race was outlawed in the United States by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Provision of disabled-access facilities was mandated in federal buildings by the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 and in private buildings by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. No federal legislation relates to provision of facilities for women.  The banning of pay toilets came about because women/girls had to pay to urinate whereas men/boys only had to pay to defecate.

In many older buildings, little or no provision was made for women because few would work in or visit them. Increased gender equality in employment and other spheres of life has impelled change. Until the 1980s, building codes for stadiums in the United States stipulated more toilets for men, on the assumption that most sports fans were male.
In 1973, to protest the lack of female bathrooms at Harvard University, women poured jars of fake urine on the steps of the University's Lowell Hall, a protest Florynce Kennedy thought of and participated in.

The first "Restroom Equity" Act in the United States was passed in California in 1989.  It was introduced by then-Senator Arthur Torres after several long waits for his wife to return from the bathroom.

Facilities for female U.S. senators on the Senate Chamber level were first provided in 1992.

Nissan Stadium in Nashville, Tennessee was built in 1999 in compliance with the Tennessee Equitable Restrooms Act, providing 288 fixtures for men and 580 for women.  The Tennessean reported fifteen-minute waits at some men's rooms, compared to none at women's rooms. The Act was amended in 2000 to empower the state architect to authorize extra men's rooms at stadiums, horse shows and auto racing venues.

In 2011 the U.S. House of Representatives got its first women's bathroom near the chamber (Room H-211 of the U.S. Capitol). It is only open to women lawmakers, not the public.

Regulations
Current laws in the United Kingdom require a 1:1 female–male ratio of restroom space in public buildings.  The International Building Code requires range of female to male ratio of toilets depending on the building occupancy. Most occupancies require 1:1 ratio, but Assembly uses can require up to 2:1 ratio of female to male toilets. New York City Council passed a law in 2005 requiring roughly this in all public buildings. An advisory ruling had been passed in 2003. U.S. state laws vary between 1:1, 3:2, and 2:1 ratios. The Uniform Plumbing Code specifies a 4:1 ratio in movie theaters.

Gender-neutral toilets

Gender-neutral toilets are common in some contexts, including on aircraft, on trains or buses, portable toilets, and accessible toilets. In parts of Europe they are also common in buildings. In the United States, they began to appear in the 2000s on university campuses and in some upmarket restaurants. Studies conducted by the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management and by Ghent University have concluded that properly designed unisex restrooms can reduce waiting times for women.

In 2013, the state of California passed bill 1266 ("The School Success and Opportunity Act") requiring provision of facilities consistent with a pupil's gender identity.

Examples

India
Provisions for separate toilets for women workers are found in Section 19 of the Factories Act, 1948; Section 9 of the Plantations Labour Act, 1951; Section 20 of the Mines Act, 1952; Rule 53 of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Rules, 1971; and Rule 42 of the Inter State Migrant Workmen (RECS) Central Rules, 1980.

In 2011 a "Right to Pee" (as called by the media) campaign began in Mumbai, India's largest city. Women, but not men, have to pay to urinate in Mumbai, despite regulations against this practice. Women have also been sexually assaulted while urinating in fields. Thus, activists have collected more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants. In response, city officials have agreed to build hundreds of public toilets for women in Mumbai, and some local legislators are now promising to build toilets for women in every one of their districts.

China
On 19 February 2012, some Chinese women in Guangzhou protested against the inequitable waiting times. This movement has drifted to Beijing, calling for women's facilities to be proportionally larger to accommodate the longer use times and ameliorate the longer queues of females. Since March 2011, Guangzhou's urban-management commission has ordered that new and newly renovated female public toilets must be 1.5 times the size of their male counterparts. The aforementioned movement is pressing for the regulation to be applied retroactively.

See also

 Bathroom bill
 Right to sit
 Workers' right to access the toilet

References

Gender equality
Feminism and health
Labour movement
Labor rights
Occupational safety and health law
Sex segregation
Toilets
Women's rights

Potty parity


, also known as  or "Battleship Island", is a 1.2-km2 Japanese island.  It is one of 505 uninhabited islands in Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

The island is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History
Hashima is a former coal mining site.  People lived on the island from 1887 until 1974.

In 1890, Mitsubishi bought the inhabited island to mine coal from undersea tunnels.  The company built Japan's first large concrete building.  It was nine stories.

This Hashima Island is also known as "The Prison island" or "The island of the Hell", because many teenagers from South Korea forced to work at mines in Hashima Island. When those miners arrived there without knowing that they won't be able to see their homes again, majority of them were 13 years old to 15 years old. They had work under in such a terrible conditions: wearing only under wear to go in the mine also, they never got paid for their work and  for their meals, they had to eat the left overs from making bean oil. Only two out of over a hundred of the young workers survived. They said "I could here my friend yelling that they are hungry all the time." and "I want to eat a bowl of rice grown in my country with a bowl of warm soup". These survivors described Hashima Island as "a prison that I am forced to stay without frames" Also, Japan has rapidly said that the young miners volunteered to come so it is not considered as "forced to work". However, the two survivors does not agree with that. Behind the this island of Hashima there is sad truth.

Since 2005, the island has been part of the city of Nagasaki.

Geography

Hashima island is near the mouth of Nagasaki harbour.  It is about 19 miles from the center of the city.

In popular culture
The island is one of the locations in the 2012 James Bond film Skyfall.

Related pages
 List of uninhabited regions
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites

 "The way to world heritage Gunkanjima
   "Geisterstadt im Ozean" at Der Spiegel
 "Hashima--forgotten island of tragedy" at Korea Times
 Photo images at Gunkanjima.com
  "Abandoned towns of the world" at Telegraph.co.uk

Islands of Japan
1887 establishments
1880s establishments in Japan
Uninhabited regions

Hashima


George Reginald Anderson "Ted" Bowerman (November 3, 1930 – December 20, 2007) was a farmer, civil servant and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Shellbrook from 1967 to 1982 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member.

He was born north of Shellbrook, Saskatchewan in 1930, the son of Edward LeRoy Bowerman and Laura Rosalee Anderson, and was educated in local schools and by taking correspondence courses. In 1959, Bowerman married Dagmar Alma Louise Christiansen. He farmed and was also employed in the Saskatchewan public service. Bowerman also served as chair of the Prince Albert Community Health Clinic Board. He served in the provincial cabinet as Minister responsible for Indians and Métis, as Minister of Mineral Resources, as Minister of Natural Resources and as Minister of Environment. Bowerman was defeated by Lloyd Muller when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1982 and again in 1986.

He died in a car crash in Alberta at the age of 77.

References

Saskatchewan New Democratic Party MLAs
1930 births
2007 deaths
Road incident deaths in Canada
Accidental deaths in Alberta
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan

Ted Bowerman


Starvation Creek Falls, is a two tier waterfall located in the Starvation Creek State Park at the north skirt of the Columbia River Gorge, in Hood River County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area along the Historic Columbia River Highway, where four waterfalls are located in the Starvation Creek State Park: Cabin Creek Falls, Hole In the Wall Falls, Lancaster Falls, and Starvation Creek Falls—all within 2 miles from each other.

The cascade and its river trail are surrounded by forests in the heart of the Columbia Plateau, off the western skirt of Viento Ridge.

History
The waterfall and the river that forms it were originally named Starveout from an incident in the winter of 1884–1885. Two Union Pacific Railroad trains were marooned in a blizzard for two weeks near the river. Supplies were delivered to the passengers and crew members by skis. The river was thus named starveout and later changed to Starvation Creek.

See also
 List of waterfalls in Oregon
 Viento State Park

References

Waterfalls of Oregon
Starvation Creek State Park
Waterfalls of Hood River County, Oregon

Starvation Creek Falls


Variable-geometry turbochargers (VGTs), occasionally known as variable-nozzle turbines (VNTs), are a type of turbochargers, usually designed to allow the effective aspect ratio (A/R ratio) of the turbocharger to be altered as conditions change. This is done with the use of adjustable vanes located inside the turbine housing between the inlet and turbine, these vanes affect flow of gases towards the turbine. The benefit of the VGT is that the optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high engine speeds.

If the aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds; if the aspect ratio is too small, the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses, and ultimately lower power output. By altering the geometry of the turbine housing as the engine accelerates, the turbo's aspect ratio can be maintained at its optimum. Because of this, VGTs have a minimal amount of lag, a low boost threshold, and high efficiency at higher engine speeds.

History
The rotating-vane VGT was first developed under Garrett and patented in 1953.

One of the first production cars to use these turbochargers was the 1988 Honda Legend; it used a water-cooled VGT installed on its 2.0-litre V6 engine.

The limited-production 1989 Shelby CSX-VNT, with only 500 examples produced, was equipped with a 2.2-litre Chrysler K engine with a Garrett turbo called the VNT-25 (because it used the same compressor and shaft as the fixed-geometry Garrett T-25).

In 1991, Fiat incorporated a VGT into the Croma's direct-injected turbodiesel.

The Peugeot 405 T16, launched in 1992, used a Garrett VAT25 variable-geometry turbocharger on its 2.0-litre 16-valve engine.

The 2007 Porsche 911 Turbo has twin variable-geometry turbochargers on its 3.6-litre horizontally-opposed six-cylinder gasoline engine.

In 2007, Acura introduced the RDX with Variable Geometry Turbocharger following a (VFT) design.

The 2015 Koenigsegg One:1 (named after its power-to-weight ratio of 1:1) uses twin variable-geometry turbochargers on its 5.0-litre V8 engine, allowing it to produce 1361 horsepower.

Common designs
The most common implementations of VGTs are Variable-Nozzle Turbines (VNT), Sliding Wall Turbines, and Variable Flow Turbines (VFT).

Variable-Nozzle Turbines are common in light-duty engines (passenger cars, race cars, and light commercial vehicles), the turbine's vanes rotate in unison, relative to its hub, to vary its pitch and cross-sectional area. VNTs offer higher flow rates and higher peak efficiency compared to other variable geometry designs.

Sliding Wall Turbines are commonly found in heavy-duty engines, the vanes do not rotate, but instead, their effective width is changed. This is usually done by moving the turbine along its axis, partially retracting the vanes within the housing. Alternatively, a partition within the housing may slide back and forth. The area between the edges of the vanes changes, leading to a variable-aspect-ratio system with fewer moving parts.

Variable Flow Turbines are another simplified version of a VGT when compared to a VNT. This design uses a two-volute turbine housing with a blend gate located in the neck. The gate can vary the flow between the scrolls to average the optimal A/R ratio. In low flow conditions exhaust gas is routed through the primary volute and under peak flow it is directed through both the primary and secondary.  This design has a lower flow rate compared to VNT types so a wastegate may be incorporated with this design.

VGTs may be controlled by a membrane vacuum actuator, electric servo, 3-phase electric actuation, hydraulic actuator, or pneumatic actuator using air brake pressure.
Unlike fixed-geometry turbines, VGTs do not require a wastegate. Although VGTs do not require a wastegate, some applications requiring a high mass air flow ratio will benefit from an additional wastegate most commonly found in high performance spark ignition engines. This is in contrast to diesel engines.

Use
VGTs tend to be much more common on diesel engines, as lower exhaust temperatures mean they are less prone to failure. Early gasoline-engine VGTs required significant pre-charge cooling to extend the turbocharger life to reasonable levels, but advances in technology have improved their resistance to high-temperature gasoline exhaust, and they have started to appear increasingly in gasoline-engine cars.

Typically, VGTs are only found in OEM applications due to the level of coordination required to keep the vanes in the most optimal position for whatever state the engine is in. However, there are aftermarket VGT control units available, and some high-end aftermarket engine management systems can control VGTs as well.

In trucks, VGTs are also used to control the ratio of exhaust recirculated back to the engine inlet (they can be controlled to selectively increase the exhaust manifold pressure until it exceeds the inlet manifold pressure, which promotes exhaust gas recirculation). Although excessive engine backpressure is detrimental to overall fuel efficiency, ensuring a sufficient EGR rate even during transient events (such as gear changes) can be sufficient to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions down to that required by emissions legislation (e.g., Euro 5 for Europe and EPA 10 for the USA).

Another use for sliding-vane turbochargers is as a downstream exhaust brake, so that an extra exhaust throttle valve is not needed. The mechanism can also be deliberately modified to reduce the turbine efficiency in a pre-defined position. This mode can be selected to sustain a raised exhaust temperature to promote "light-off" and "regeneration" of a diesel particulate filter (this involves heating the carbon particles stuck in the filter until they oxidize away in a semi-self-sustaining reaction - rather like the self-cleaning process some ovens offer). Actuation of a VGT for EGR flow control, or to implement braking or regeneration modes in general, requires hydraulic actuators or electric servos.

VGTs offer improved transient response over conventual fixed geometry turbochargers. This makes VGTs ideal for use in vehicles where power demand is very dynamic. In situations where engine load is constant like in stationary generators, fixed geometry turbochargers can provide higher efficiency over VGTs. This is due to the added exhaust resistance created from the tolerances of the moving parts within a VGT.

Manufacturers
Several companies manufacture and supply rotating-vane variable-geometry turbochargers, including Garrett, BorgWarner, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. This design is mostly limited to small engines and light-duty applications (passenger cars, race cars and light commercial vehicles).

The main supplier of sliding-vane VGTs is Holset Engineering.

References

External links
 How does Variable Turbine Geometry Work?
 Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG) explanation with pictures
 Cummins Turbochargers & Air Handling

Turbochargers

Variable-geometry turbocharger


Prof. Otto Molden (13 March 1918 – 15 June 2002) was an Austrian publicist, federalist and author of various books about European identity and history. He founded the European Forum Alpbach in 1945.

Early life

Otto Molden was born in Vienna shortly before the end of World War I to Dr. Ernst Molden and Paula von Preradović, a poet and composer of Austria's national anthem. His father was a diplomat, writer, opponent to the Nazi regime and later on founder of the leading Austrian daily newspaper Die Presse. He is a great-grandson of Croatian poet, writer and military general Petar Preradović.

He deserted from the Wehrmacht in 1944 and was one of the founders of the Austrian Nazi resistance movement 05 before fleeing to Switzerland. After World War II, he studied history at the University of Vienna and wrote his PhD on the Austrian resistance movement during the German occupation.

European Forum Alpbach
In 1945, together with Simon Moser, Otto Molden founded the European Forum Alpbach as an interdisciplinary forum where ideas for a peacefully united Europe were to be promoted and discussed. From 1945 to 1960 and from 1970 to 1992, Molden was president of the European Forum Alpbach. Nowadays, more than 3000 people from all over the world take part in the European Forum Alpbach per year.

Federalist advocate
Politically, Molden was an active proponent for European integration and founded the Federalist International (FI) in 1959, which subsequently opened sections in Austria, Germany and Switzerland and other countries. He was also active in defending the independence of Taiwan by founding a Committee for Chinese-European Co-operation in the early 1970s. In the late 1990s Otto Molden reactivated the idea of a federalist European party by founding the European National Movement (ENM).

He died in Paphos, Cyprus in 2002.

Bibliography
 Der Ruf des Gewissens. Der Österreichische Freiheitskampf 1938–1945. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Österreichischen Widerstandsbewegung. (Herold Verlag, 1958)
 Geist und Gesicht der Gegenwart: Gesehen durch das Spektrum Alpbach. (Europa Verlag, 1962)
 Zweikampf um das Gelbe Reich. Wer überlebt in Ostasien? (Molden Verlag, 1968)
 Der Mensch in der unvollkommenen Gesellschaft. (1980)
 Der andere Zauberberg: Das Phänomen Alpbach: Persönlichkeiten und Probleme Europas im Spiegelbild geistiger Auseinandersetzung. (Molden Verlag, 1981)
 Zu den Grenzen der Freiheit. Europäisches Forum Alpbach 1976. (Molden Verlag, 1982)
 Konflikt und Ordnung. Europäisches Forum Alpbach 1977. (Molden Verlag, 1982)
 Die Europäische Nation. Die neue Supermacht vom Atlantik bis zur Ukraine. (Herbig Verlag, 1990)
 Dialog Westeuropa - Lateinamerika. (Molden Verlag, 1992)
 Dialog Westeuropa - Schwarzafrika. (Molden Verlag, 1992)
 Odyssee meines Lebens und die Gründung Europas in Alpbach. (Amalthea, 2001)

References

 Otto Molden in Munzinger-Archiv

External links
 Nachruf im Nachrichtenmagazin NEWS
 aeiou Encyclopedia
 Archiv für Zeitgeschichte
 The Private papers of Otto Molden are consultable at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
 Leitartikel Wirtschaftsblatt
 Nachruf Dr. Wolfgang Schüssel

1918 births
2002 deaths
20th-century Austrian historians
Eurofederalism
Austrian public relations people
Austrian people of Croatian descent
Austrian people of Serbian descent
Writers from Vienna

Otto Molden


O Sangue (, Blood) is the Portuguese filmmaker Pedro Costa's first feature film. Released in 1989, in black and white, the film depicts the impoverished life of two brothers, Vicente and Nino, after their father dies. With the help of Clara, Vicente's childhood friend, the trio struggle to survive, caught between their uncle's attempt to abduct/adopt Nino, and mobsters looking to collect the debts Vincente's father left behind. The film was selected as the Portuguese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

The film clearly demonstrates Costa's cinephilic knowledge, as it recalls many scenes, sensations, and styles from classic filmmakers. Despite such references, this is not intended as mere quotation, because in the process Costa engraves his own vision. Adrian Martin writes
"...the poetics of certain filmmakers have been so deeply internalised, we might say say so deeply lived (in the imaginary realm) by Costa, that a unique palimpsest has been formed at the intersection of all these visions, all these worlds, all these memories: his signature is that knotted thicket, too tangled, fused and transformed to ever be cleanly separated, now, into its various separate source elements."

See also
 List of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Portuguese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1989 films
Portuguese black-and-white films
Films directed by Pedro Costa
Portuguese drama films
1980s Portuguese-language films

O Sangue


Appetizer for Destruction is an EP released by Canadian heavy metal band Brown Brigade in October 2006.

It was released before the release of their debut album, mainly to give fans a taste of the band's sound, while the band is working on their full-length album. The EP was sold exclusively at the band's live shows in October 2006, while supporting Pennywise and Circle Jerks on their Canadian tour.

The EP contains 3 songs that basically represent the blend of styles in the upcoming album and the band's musical style. While the EP is all consists of metal songs, each song is different: "E2DMFNF" is more of a rapcore/breakbeat song, "Blues Warrior" is a funk/reggae-influenced song, and finally "Last Writes" is a fast and edgy heavy metal song.

Originally, the EP was set to feature a demo song called "7x4" that was featured on the band's Myspace before. The song was later re-recorded for the debut album and renamed as "Blame the Wizards".

The title of the EP is a reference to the Guns N' Roses debut album Appetite for Destruction.

Track listing
 "E2DMFNF"
 "Blues Warrior"
 "Last Writes"

2006 EPs
Aquarius Records (Canada) EPs
Brown Brigade albums

Appetizer for Destruction


Rahoneen ("Ráth Eoghainín") is a townland of Ardfert in County Kerry, Ireland. It is notable as the location of an ancient Celtic ringfort; at one time this was known as McKenna's fort, but, after the capture and execution of Roger Casement for treason, sabotage and espionage against the Crown, it became known as Casement's Fort. In the early hours of 21 April 1916, Casement was put ashore at nearby Banna strand from U19.Too weak to travel, he was discovered at McKenna's Fort where he had hidden after arranging delivery of German weapons as part of a plan of arming Irish rebels and creating a rising in 1916 against the British to achieve independence.

References

Townlands of County Kerry

Rathoneen


The 2006 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented  Eastern Illinois University as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) during the 2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was led by interim head coach Mark Hutson, as head coach Bob Spoo was unable to coach for medical reasons, and played their home games at O'Brien Field in Charleston, Illinois. The Panthers finished the season with an 8–5 record overall and a 7–1 mark in conference play, sharing the OVC title with . The team received an at-large bid to the NCAA Division I Football Championship playoffs, where they lost to Illinois State in the first round. Eastern Illinois was ranked No. 15 in The Sports Network's postseason ranking of NCAA Division I FCS teams.

Schedule

References

Eastern Illinois
Eastern Illinois Panthers football seasons
Ohio Valley Conference football champion seasons
Eastern Illinois Panthers football


Gold Diggers of '49 is a 1935 Warner Bros. theatrical animated cartoon short in the Looney Tunes series.  This film is the first animated cartoon directed by Tex Avery for Warner Bros., and the second Warners cartoon to feature the character Porky Pig. The star is Beans the Cat, with Porky Pig as the father of Beans' fiancée, Little Kitty. Looking for suitable characters from the Warners stable to embellish, Avery took two child characters from the previous short I Haven't Got a Hat, turned them into adults, and, as Steve Schlesinger writes, "set the studio on track to making adult cartoons."

The short's title alludes to the California Gold Rush as well as to the popular Busby Berkeley musicals Gold Diggers of 1933 and Gold Diggers of 1935 (which were also released by Warner Bros). In the short, Beans and Porky set out to find gold, and run into some meanies along the way.

Plot
In July 1849, in the middle of the dilapidated town Goldville, Little Kitty observes near a gathering, a poster announcing a young prospector Beans about to hunt for gold in Red Gulch. Little Kitty takes the poster and shows it to Porky. Meanwhile, Beans strikes gold from a mountain slot machine, rides off to Goldville and puts the word out, making all the locals leave in pursuit of the gold source. Beans and Porky followed by Ham and Ex head off to the gold source and get digging. Suddenly Beans uncovers a trunk containing a book on how to find gold. Then a greedy bandit spies Beans' bag of gold and snitches it with a lasso fired from his rifle. Beans pursues the bandit on Porky's request hoping to get Little Kitty's hand in marriage. After a wild gunfight, Beans supercharges his car dragging the bandit, the bag of gold and Porky along and back to Goldville. Porky reveals that what the bandit stole was in fact his lunch bag.

Home media
It was released on DVD in 2007 in the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, and in 2017 in the Porky Pig 101 set.

References

External links

1935 films
1935 animated films
1935 short films
American black-and-white films
Animated films about cats
Films about the California Gold Rush
Films scored by Bernard B. Brown
Films scored by Norman Spencer (composer)
Films directed by Tex Avery
Beans the Cat films
Porky Pig films
Films set in 1849
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
1930s Warner Bros. animated short films
Animated films set in the 1840s

Gold Diggers of '49


Brooke Dillman (born Brooke Alley) is an American actress and comedian best known as a series regular on the sketch comedy show Blue Collar TV.

Early life and education
Dillman was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She attended Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village, Kansas. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in theater at the University of Missouri in 1988 and then moved to Chicago.

Career
While in Chicago, Dillman created several of her favorite characters in the local theater scene, including stints at the Factory Theatre and the Organic Theatre. She then moved to Los Angeles in 1998 and was featured in TV commercials prior to being cast as a regular on the variety series The Wayne Brady Show.

Other roles followed, such as the weather-casting nun, Sister Brenda Trogman, in NBC's Good Morning, Miami, a blind date for Michael Scott in the NBC's The Office episode "Chair Model" from season 4, and a recurring role on HBO's Six Feet Under. Dillman has appeared in the feature films National Lampoon's Barely Legal, Larceny, Pot of Gold, and Superbad. After the final season of the sketch comedy TV series Blue Collar TV, in which she was a regular cast member, Dillman reunited with Blue Collar comedian Larry the Cable Guy in his film Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector.
She also appeared on the YouTube comedy-mystery web series 'Where the Bears Are' in Episode 7 "A bear and Honey" on 23 Aug 2012 as 'Honey Garrett'.

She also has a recurring role in the Disney XD show Kickin' It as Joan Malone, the security guard at the strip mall, and played Tink Babbitt on ABC's The Middle from 2009 to 2018. Dillman also played a role in Good Luck Charlie as Karen, Amy Duncan's boss and enemy.
She also starred for three seasons on the TBS comedy Wrecked as Karen Cushman.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Living people
Actresses from Kansas City, Missouri
Comedians from Missouri
American women comedians
American film actresses
American television actresses
University of Missouri alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Brooke Dillman


David Bergman (born 1950) is an American writer and English professor at Towson University, in Towson, Maryland part of the University System of Maryland. He was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, grew up in Laurelton, New York, and graduated from Kenyon College (1972) and earned a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University (1978).

He received the George Elliston Poetry Prize for his work Cracking the Code.  With Karl Woelz, he won a Lambda Book Award for editing Men on Men 2000. He is openly gay and Jewish.

Works
" The Poetry of Disturbance: The Discomforts of Postwar American Poetry," University of Cambridge Press, 2015
"You've Got to Hide it from the Kids" The Gay & Lesbian Review/Worldwide, 2013.
Cracking the Code Ohio State University Press, 1985
Heroic Measures Ohio State University Press, 1998
Gaiety Transfigured: Gay Self-Representation in American Literature University of Wisconsin Press, 1991
(ed.) Men on Men 2000: Best New Gay Fiction for the Millennium Plume, 2000
(essay in) Queer 13: Lesbian And Gay Writers Recall Seventh Grade
The Violet Hour: The Violet Quill and the Making of Gay Culture, Columbia University Press, 2004
(ed.) Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality University of Massachusetts Press, 1993
(ed.) The Burning Library: Essays (by Edmund White) Knopf, 1994
(ed.) Reported Sightings: Art Chronicles 1957-87 (by John Ashbery) Knopf, 1989
(Foreword in) Gay Fiction Speaks: Conversations with Gay Novelists
(essay in) Boys Like Us: Gay Writers Tell Their Coming Out Stories, Patrick Merla (ed.) Avon, 1996

References

Resources

External links
An essay

1950 births
American literary critics
American gay writers
Living people
American academics of English literature
Kenyon College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Towson University faculty
LGBT Jews
Lambda Literary Award winners
People from Laurelton, Queens
LGBT people from Massachusetts
Gay academics
21st-century American LGBT people

David Bergman (American writer)


Brigitte Jaumard is a computer scientist and expert on mathematical programming. She earned a doctorate in 2006 from ENSTA ParisTech under the supervision of Michel Minoux, after previously teaching at Polytechnique Montréal. She is a professor of computer science and software engineering at Concordia University, where she is the holder of an Honorary Concordia Research Chair in Optimization of Communication Networks.

References

External links

Canadian women computer scientists
Canadian computer scientists
Academic staff of Concordia University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Brigitte Jaumard


Bligh Reef, sometimes known as Bligh Island Reef, is a reef off the coast of Bligh Island in Prince William Sound, Alaska. This was the location of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. After the incident, 33 US Code § 2733 mandated the operation of an automated navigation light to prevent future collisions with the reef. Despite these efforts the tug Pathfinder ran aground on Bligh Reef on Dec 24, 2009, rupturing its tanks and spilling diesel fuel. Bligh Reef is also where Alaska Steamship Company's Olympia ran aground in 1910.

Bligh Reef serves as a fishing ground for halibut and a harvesting area for shrimp. The nearest town is Tatitlek, which lies  to the northeast.

The reef was named after William Bligh, of future HMS Bounty fame, who served as Master aboard ship during James Cook's third world voyage.

References

Exxon Valdez oil spill
Landforms of Chugach Census Area, Alaska
Reefs of Alaska
Reefs of the Pacific Ocean

Bligh Reef


The Lost Worlds of 2001 is a 1972 book by English writer Arthur C. Clarke, published as an accompaniment to the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey.

The book consists in part of behind-the-scenes notes from Clarke concerning scriptwriting (and rewriting), as well as production issues. The core of the book, however, comprises excerpts from the proto-novel and an early screenplay that did not make it into the final version. Alternative settings for launch preparation, the EVA scene where astronaut Frank Poole is lost, and varying dialogues concerning the HAL 9000 unit are among the elements and scenes featured.

Also included is the original 1948 short story "The Sentinel", the germ of the film's script.

References

External links

1972 books
Space Odyssey
Books by Arthur C. Clarke
British books
New American Library books

The Lost Worlds of 2001


A pet is a domesticated animal that lives with people, but is not forced to work and is not eaten, in most instances. In most cases, a pet is kept to entertain people or for companionship. Some pets such as dogs and cats are placed in an animal shelter if there is no one willing to take care of them. If no one adopts it or the pet is too old/sick, the pet may be euthanized or in some cases even abandoned.

Dogs, cats, fish, rodents, lagomorphs, ferrets, birds, certain reptiles and amphibians, and a wide variety of arthropods such as tarantulas and hermit crabs are the most common pets in North America.  Horses, elephants, oxen, and donkeys are usually made to work, so they are not usually called pets.  Some dogs also do work for people, and it was once common for some birds (like falcons and carrier pigeons) to work for humans.

Rodents are very popular pets. The most common are guinea pigs, hamsters (especially Syrian and dwarf hamsters), mice and rats. Rabbits are also very popular pets.

Common Pets

Related pages
 Domestication

Pet


Ramamurthi Balasubramaniam (30 January 1922 – 13 December 2003) was an Indian neurosurgeon, author, editor, a pioneer in neurosurgery in India and often recognized as the Father of Neurosurgery of India. He set up the Department of Neurosurgery at the Government General Hospital, Chennai in 1950, the Department of Neurosurgery at the Madras Medical College and founded the Institute of Neurology, Madras in the 1970s. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan and the Dhanvantri Award for his contribution to the field of Neurosurgery in India. He is also a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award of Madras Neuro Trust.

Early life and education

He was born in Sirkazhi. His father Captain T. S. Balasubramaniam was an Assistant Surgeon in the Government Hospital then. His grandfather′s brother was Shri G. Subramania Iyer, one of the founders of the English daily The Hindu. Prof.BRM studied at the ER High School in Trichy. He completed an MS in General Surgery from the Madras Medical College and went on to complete FRCS at Edinburgh in 1947.

Career
In 1960, Dr. B. Ramamurthi and his team, Drs. V. Balasubramaniam, S. Kalyanaraman and T. S. Kanaka supported by their neurologist counterparts Drs.G.Arjundas and K.Jagannathan, became the earliest team in India to perform Stereotactic surgery procedures.

In the early 1970s, Dr. Ramamurthi built the Institute of Neurology, Madras on the lines of the Montreal Neurological Institute at Canada, with all branches of neurosciences under one roof. He started the Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Neurosurgical Centre at the Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital at Adyar in 1977-1978, named after his father-in-law, Dr. A. Lakshmipathi. VHS Hospital was the brainchild of Dr. K. S. Sanjivi. Prof. B. Ramamurthi served as the Dean of the Hospital and Principal of the Madras Medical College and Honorary Vice Chancellor of the University of Madras during his long and extensive years as a teacher, mentor and guide. He was appointed as the President of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies in 1987 and also served as the former President of the National Board of Medical Examinations in India.

Amongst the many units of neurosurgery he helped set up, the National Brain Research Centre (Manesar, near New Delhi), as an apex body for the coordination of brain research in the country, was his dream come true. He also became a Fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences in 1962, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences in 1972, Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1981 and Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine of London in 1983. He was the Founder Secretary of the Neurological Society of India. He was awarded the Raja-Lakshmi Award in the year 1987 by Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation Chennai. He trained many eminent neurosurgeons including Dr. Raja, who is now known as the father of the Neurosurgery department at Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. Dr. Ramamurthi has been himself associated with the Neurosurgery department at Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, having first visited the hospital briefly in 1979 and persuaded his student Dr. Raja to join the Neurosurgery department there, and also having inaugurated the use of advanced medical equipment there in 1991.

Legacy
The Ramamurthi Neurosciences Museum in Chennai is named after him. His autobiography "Uphill all the way" (Tamil translation - "thadaigal pala thandi") was released by the Chief Minister Karunanidhi in January 2000.

References

1922 births
2003 deaths
Indian neurosurgeons
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine
People from Mayiladuthurai district
Madras Medical College alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu
20th-century surgeons

Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi