Ethan Tecumseh Vishniac (born 1955) is an American astrophysicist. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Astrophysical Journal and a professor of Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, after holding positions at University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon,  McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,  and University of Texas in Austin.

Education
Vishniac graduated from University of Rochester and Harvard University. He received his Ph.D. in astrophysics in 1980 from Harvard University while working under the direction of William H. Press. After Harvard, Vishniac spent two years as a post doctoral fellow working under Jeremiah P. Ostriker at Princeton University.

Research
His best known scientific work is the study of instabilities in expanding blast waves.  In Vishniac (1983), he demonstrated that a blast wave expanding in a sufficiently compressible medium would be subject to a linear overstability growing as the square root of time.  This is usually known as the Vishniac instability, and generally occurs in any thin enough slab bounded by a shock on one side and a contact discontinuity to a higher temperature region on the other.  In Vishniac (1994) he then demonstrated that a thin-enough slab bounded by shocks on both sides is subject to a nonlinear instability, usually described as a nonlinear thin shell instability (NTSI).
He has also worked with success in cosmology and the theory of astrophysical dynamos.

Honors and awards
 2001: Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society "for pioneering contributions to the study of blast-wave stability, the generation of secondary anisotropies in the microwave background, and the study of MHD turbulence and dynamos in astrophysical objects."

Personal life
He is the son of microbiologist Wolf V. Vishniac and grandson of photographer Roman Vishniac. His wife Ilene Busch-Vishniac, the ninth president of the University of Saskatchewan (2012-2014), was previously Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at Johns Hopkins, and provost and vice-president (academic) of McMaster University from 2007 until 2012.

References

General references
 Vishniac, E. T. 1983, Astrophys. J., 274, 152
 Vishniac, E. T. 1994, Astrophys. J., 428, 186

External links

A current list of refereed papers from NASA ADS

1955 births
Living people
American astronomers
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Academic staff of McMaster University
Academic staff of the University of Saskatchewan
University of Texas at Austin faculty
University of Rochester alumni
Harvard University alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
The Astrophysical Journal editors
The Astronomical Journal editors

Ethan Vishniac


Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana (SMSSK ) known as Sant Muktabai Cooperative Sugar Factory  is a cooperative factory founded in 1988 by Pratibha Patil and others. The factory is situated at Muktainagar in Jalgaon district in Maharashtra. It was inaugurated by Sonia Gandhi on 23 January 1999, and Patil remained chairperson until 1996.

Loan defaulter
The sugar factory was given a loan by a consortium of four banks, three cooperatives and one nationalised — MSC, DCCB Jalgaon, DCCB Mumbai, and Dena Bank. The factory defaulted in repayment of the borrowed money. The mill owed about 730 million rupees to three banks — Maharashtra State Cooperative (MSC) Bank, Jalgaon District Central Cooperative Bank, and the Mumbai District Central Cooperative Bank.

The Mumbai Central District Cooperative Bank served many notices on the factory for recovering an outstanding loan of 177 million rupees.

The bank sealed the factory on 23 January 2007. This was the second occasion when the mill had been sealed. Earlier, it was sealed in January 2006 but was reopened after the board of directors headed by G. N. Patil — younger brother of Patil requested an opportunity to improve the performance of the mill.

Sugar scam
In 2002 the chief commissioner of central excise and customs, Pune, issued  notices on 24 sugar factories including Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana to recover 87 million rupees due on account of excise duty evasion. The sugar factories, mostly in Pune and Aurangabad regions, have been found guilty of selling export quota sugar in the domestic market at high prices. These sugar factories have not only availed excise duty exemption of 85 rupees per quintal, but also earned a big differential by selling the sugar in the local market.

The scam involved the diversion of export-oriented sugar into the domestic market. In 2001-02, these co-operatives had obtained an export licence for 228,000 tonnes of sugar, but in collusion with export agents, diverted the sugar to the domestic market. This led to the collapse of domestic sugar prices and caused major losses to sugarcane farmers besides excise evasion of nearly 800 million rupees. The Muktabai SSK sugar cooperative factory was one of the companies which figured out the scam.

Public interest litigation
In 2007, Manohar Lal Sharma, an independent advocate, filed a public interest litigation petition in the Supreme Court alleging that Patil was an undischarged insolvent relating to the Sant Muktabai Sugar Factory and hence disqualified to remain in the office of the presidency.

References

Cooperatives in Maharashtra
Pratibha Patil
Sugar companies of India
Companies based in Maharashtra
Food and drink companies established in 1988
1988 establishments in Maharashtra
Indian companies established in 1988

Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana


Roel Wiersma (, 15 April 1932 – 4 February 1995) was a Dutch footballer, who most notably played for PSV Eindhoven and the Netherlands national team.

Wiersma was born in Hilversum and played for amateur side Donar until 1954, when he was signed by PSV Eindhoven. He played at the club for ten seasons, making 316 league appearances. Wiersma served as captain for many years; most notably in 1963 when his team won the Eredivisie title. Between 1954 and 1962, he also played 53 caps for Netherlands national team. In fifteen of his appearances, Wiersma served as captain of the Dutch squad. After a short period at EVV, he retired and committed himself to coaching and policy positions.

Early life

Wiersma was born in Hilversum in 1932, after his parents had decided to move there from Amsterdam five years earlier. Wiersma is a Frisian name; his paternal grandfather was born in Harlingen. At age 8, he joined sports club Donar in his home town. Besides football, Wiersma played a range of different sports at Donar, including baseball, basketball and table tennis.

Club career

In 1949, Wiersma debuted for the Donar first team, which played in the Dutch Fourth Division at the time. In his first season, the club was immediately promoted to the Third Division. Wiersma played for Donar until the 1954-55 season, when the team again won promotion; this time to the Second Division. His games at Donar were combined with his performances at the national Air Force football team (as part of his conscription). For Wiersma's military service, he was stationed in Eindhoven as a sports instructor sergeant. He arranged a match for the Air Force team against an English military team. After Heerenveen's Imke de Jong was outplayed by his English counterpart, Wiersma decided to substitute De Jong and bring himself onto the field. During his service, Wiersma trained several times at PSV Eindhoven and his performances at Donar and the Air Force football team meant that PSV decided to sign him in 1954.

From the 1950s onwards, PSV conducted a shift in player's heritage; the team went from mostly Brabantian men to players nationwide. Part of this policy was Wiersma's transfer, who moved for a fee of 3000 Guilders (although PSV eventually only paid 2500 Guilders to Donar). Every player who signed for PSV, would also work for Philips, as was customary at the time. His father and siblings already worked for the Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek (NSF), which was partially owned by Philips. Consequently, Wiersma started to work at the NSF as well. Throughout his career, Wiersma faced a few problems with PSV: the club promised to financially support his engineering education, but failed to do so until he threatened to move to Feyenoord. And when Wiersma left PSV, he did not receive the conventional 3000 Guilders bonus that every player got. Still, Wiersma remained at PSV for ten years and was captain of the 1963 squad that won the Eredivisie, his first and only trophy. He was present at PSV's first match in the European Cup in September 1955, when they faced Rapid Wien (and lost 6-2 on aggregate). More successful was PSV's 1963-64 European Cup campaign, when they reached the quarterfinals. Wiersma played in all six matches that season.

After PSV appointed Bram Appel as the new coach, he announced a new focus on younger players and notified Wiersma that he was not needed anymore. Disappointed, Wiersma left for rivals EVV in 1965 on a free transfer. In total, he played 316 league matches and scored twice for PSV. Wiersma also appeared in 14 cup matches and eight European matches. His career at EVV was cut short through injury: in a game against Budel, he broke his tibia, forcing him to end his career.

International career

While still playing for Donar in the third tier of the Dutch league system, Wiersma debuted in the Netherlands national team. On 24 October 1954, he appeared in an exhibition match against Belgium. Since his first cap, Wiersma set a 35-match streak for not missing a single Netherlands match. This series of matches in a row (starting from the player's first cap) is a Dutch record until this day. In the match that Wiersma missed and thus ended his record, the Netherlands lost to West Germany 0-7. He mostly appeared in friendly matches; Wiersma played four 1958 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and three 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. Wiersma's most notorious qualification match was an away fixture against Austria. The Dutch team lost 3-2 and Wiersma was stretchered off the field: after a hard tackle by Robert Dienst, he landed on the running track and ended up with an bloody face and a concussion. In 15 of his matches, Wiersma served as captain of the Dutch side. His national team career ended after a row with coach Elek Schwartz, who benched Wiersma after a 4-1 loss against Denmark in 1962. Schwartz blamed Wiersma's bad performance on a disproportionate attention to his engineering study; Wiersma simply condemned his teammates' mentality. The Denmark match later turned out to be his last for The Netherlands.

Style of play

Wiersma was a right-footed right wing back. He was known to be a powerful, physical defender with great stamina. Wiersma usually played a rough but fair game. He was lacking in technical abilities, but he was strong in the air. Wiersma commented about his own game in 1962: "I am a player with very average technical skills. I could only manage so many years at this level because of my combativeness and because apparently, there are no better defenders around."

Post-career

After his retirement, Wiersma remained involved in sports. He became coach for the PSV waterpolo team and also coached amateur football sides TOP Oss and ASV '33. In the 1976-77 season, he coached another amateur side, VV Oirschot Vooruit. In 1961 he was one of the founders of the Vereniging van Contractspelers (VVCS), a union for professional football players. Wiersma started out as vice-chairman and between 1967 and 1975 he served as the chairman of the VVCS. Starting from 1979, Wiersma was also a board member for technical affairs at the KNVB. After he quit his position as board member, he also served in several commissions at the KNVB. He also worked as analyst for Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf. On 4 February 1995, Wiersma died of a heart failure during a game of tennis.

Awards and honours

Club
 PSV Eindhoven
 Eredivisie (1): 1962-63

Career statistics

International

Notes and references

1932 births
1995 deaths
Dutch men's footballers
Netherlands men's international footballers
PSV Eindhoven players
Sportspeople from Hilversum
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from North Holland

Roel Wiersma


Rawson Marshall Thurber (born February 9, 1975) is an American filmmaker and actor.

Early life
Thurber was born in San Francisco, California. He is the son of attorney Marshall Thurber.

He is a 1997 graduate of Union College (Schenectady, New York), where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity and played wide receiver on the football team for two years. He is also a graduate of the Peter Stark Producing Program at USC.

Career
Thurber worked as an assistant to screenwriter John August, beginning with the 2000 August-created television show D.C. In 2002, he wrote and directed the original Terry Tate: Office Linebacker commercials for Reebok.

In 2004, he wrote and directed the hit comedy film, DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story.

He wrote and directed the film adaptation of Michael Chabon's novel The Mysteries of Pittsburgh, released in 2008.

He directed the 2013 hit We're the Millers, starring Jason Sudeikis and Jennifer Aniston. In June 2014, he was rumored to replace Edgar Wright to direct Marvel's Ant-Man, but later turned the job down.

He wrote and directed 2016's action-comedy Central Intelligence with Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart.

Thurber wrote and directed the 2018 action film Skyscraper from Legendary Pictures, reteaming with Dwayne Johnson and released by Universal. He next wrote and directed Legendary's $150 million budget action comedy Red Notice (2021), starring Ryan Reynolds, Gal Gadot, and Johnson. It is the third time he has collaborated with the latter. The project was released by Netflix.

In 2021, Ubisoft announced Thurber would direct the film adaptation of its game series, The Division, starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Jessica Chastain. The film will be released on Netflix.

In 2022, entertainment company eOne announced that Thurber will be writing and producing the pilot for upcoming TV series Dungeons & Dragons. He also signed on to direct a live-action film based on the Voltron franchise.

Filmography

Acting credits

References

External links

Scripts & Scribes Interview with Rawson Marshall Thurber

1975 births
Living people
Writers from San Francisco
Union College (New York) alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
American male screenwriters
Film directors from San Francisco
Film directors from New York (state)
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Union Garnet Chargers football players

Rawson Marshall Thurber


Ermine Cowles Case (1871 – 1953), invariably known as E.C. Case, was a prominent American paleontologist in the second generation that succeeded Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. A graduate of the University of Kansas, with a PhD from the University of Chicago (1896), Case became a paleontologist of international stature while working at the University of Michigan. He was a Member of the American Philosophical Society (1931).

Case began by sorting out some of the taxonomic synonymies and other puzzles created by the "Bone Wars" of the two giants of the age of dinosaur-hunting in the American West, in a series of three monographs dealing with the vertebrates of the Permian or Permo-Carboniferous of North America. He then turned to his lifelong interest, filling in the fossil record of Permian and Carboniferous vertebrates from the Red Beds of Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. He also made extensive Jurassic collections at Como Bluff, Wyoming, in the Cretaceous deposits in Kansas, and Cenozoic formations of the Green River Basin and the Badlands of South Dakota. Among Case's prolific output, several monographs about Permo-Carboniferous vertebrates stand out: Revision of the Amphibia and Pisces of the Permian of North America (1911)), The Permo-Carboniferous Red Beds of North America and their Vertebrate Fauna (1915), The Environment of Vertebrate Life in the Late Paleozoic in North America, a paleographic study (1919), and Environment of Tetrapod Life in the Late Paleozoic of Regions Other than North America (1926). All were published by the Carnegie Institution, Washington D.C.

The Ermine Cowles Case Collegiate Professor of Paleontology is an endowed chair at the University of Michigan, which conserves Case's extensive collections. The Ermine Cowles Case Memorial Lecture is given there annually.

References

American paleontologists
1871 births
1953 deaths
University of Kansas alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Ermine Cowles Case


.sg is the country top level domain for Singapore (ccTLD). It started in 1988. It is  managed by the Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC). It is only for residents of Singapore. However, there are some second-level domains that have more rules when registering.

Second-level domains
 .com.sg - For commercial use.
 .net.sg - Network providers.
 .org.sg - Registered organisations of Singapore.
 .gov.sg - Government agencies.
 .edu.sg - Schools and education institutions.
 .per.sg - For personal use only.
 .idn.sg - For domain names with Chinese and Indian words in them.

Other websites
 IANA .sg whois information
 Singapore Network Information Centre

References

Top-level domains
Singapore

.sg


Warren and Wetmore was an architecture firm in New York City which was a partnership between Whitney Warren and Charles Delevan Wetmore that had one of the most extensive practices of its time and was known for the designing of large hotels.

Partners

Whitney Warren was a cousin of New York's Vanderbilt family, and spent ten years at the École des Beaux Arts. There he met fellow architecture student Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who would in 1897 join the Warren and Wetmore firm.  He began practice in New York City in 1887.

Warren's partner, Charles Delevan Wetmore (usually referred to as Charles D. Wetmore), was a lawyer by training.  Their society connections led to commissions for clubs, private estates, hotels and terminal buildings, including the New York Central office building, the Chelsea docks, the Ritz-Carlton, Biltmore, Commodore, and Ambassador Hotels.  They were the preferred architects for Vanderbilt's New York Central Railroad.

Whitney Warren retired in 1931 but occasionally served as consultant. Warren took particular pride in his design of the new library building of the Catholic University of Leuven, finished in 1928, which he wanted to carry the inscription Furore Teutonico Diruta: Dono Americano Restituta ("Destroyed by German fury, restored by an American gift") on the facade. This post-war propaganda was never added to the building. The library was severely damaged by British and German forces during World War II, but was completely restored after the war.

The architectural records of the firm are held by the Dept. of Drawings & Archives at the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.

Commissions

The firm's most important work by far is the construction of Grand Central Terminal in New York City, completed in 1913 in association with Reed and Stem.  Warren and Wetmore were involved in a number of related hotels in the surrounding "Terminal City".

Among the firm's other commissions were:

 the Racquet House at the Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, New York, 1890-1900
 Newport Country Club, Newport, RI, 1895
 Westmorly Court, part of Adams House at Harvard University 1898-1902
 New York Yacht Club Building, 1899–1901
 High Tide, William S. Miller residence, Newport, RI 1900
 10 West 56th Street, the Edey Mansion, 1901
 Kirby Hill Estate (Eric Kuvykin Mansion), Long Island, New York, 1902
 the Marshall Orme Wilson House, 1903
 the Brooklyn Department of Street Cleaning's Stable and Chateau, Brooklyn, New York, 1904
 49 East 52nd Street, Vanderbilt guest house, New York City, 1908
 Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel, New York City, 1911
 Union Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 1911
 Union Station, Houston, Texas, 1911 (Now a part of Minute Maid Park)
 Condado Vanderbilt Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1911
 Aeolian Hall, New York City, 1912
 Vanderbilt Hotel, New York City, 1912
 Ritz-Carlton, Montreal, Quebec, 1912
 The Pantlind Hotel, now the Amway Grand Plaza Hotel, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1913
 Grand Central Palace, New York City, 1913 with Reed and Stem, demolished 1964
 The unfinished Michigan Central Station, Detroit, Michigan, 1913, also with Reed and Stem
 Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia, PA, 1913, with Horace Trumbauer
 Packard Manor, Chautauqua, New York- A summer home for William Doud Packard, 1915
 the Texas Company, Texaco Building, Houston, Texas, 1915
 New York Central Railroad Station, 1 East Hartsdale Avenue, Hartsdale, New York
 927 Fifth Avenue, New York City, a cooperative apartment house, 1917
The Broadmoor Hotel, Colorado Springs, 1918
 The Ambassador Hotel, Atlantic City, 1919
 Warren Public Library, Warren, Pennsylvania, 1916
 Struthers Library Building, Warren, Pennsylvania, renovations, 1919
 The Commodore Hotel, now the Grand Hyatt New York, part of "Terminal City", 1920
 The New York Biltmore Hotel, also part of "Terminal City"
 Crown Building, formerly the Heckscher Building, New York City, 1921
 The Briarcliffe, 57th Street, New York City
 Ritz-Carlton, Atlantic City, NJ, 1921
 Providence Biltmore Hotel, Providence, Rhode Island, 1922
 Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C., 1922, with Robert F. Beresford
 Asbury Park Convention Hall, 1923, and the adjoining Paramount Theatre, 1930
 Madison Belmont Building at Madison Avenue and 34th Street, New York City, 1925
 Steinway Hall at 111 West 57th Street, New York City, 1925
 Italian Embassy building, Washington DC, 1925
 200 Madison Avenue, New York City, 1926
 Royal Hawaiian Hotel, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1927
 689 Fifth Avenue, New York City, 1927
 St. James Theatre, New York City, 1927
 Consolidated Edison Building at 4 Irving Place in Manhattan, 1928
 Norwood Gardens terrace homes, 36th St., Astoria, New York, planned development by W&W architect Walter Hopkins, 1928
 The Helmsley Building, originally the New York Central Building, part of the Grand Central Terminal complex, 1929
 Empire Trust Company Building, 580 Fifth Avenue, New York; currently the World Diamond Building as of 2013
 the Chelsea Piers
 903 Park Avenue, a Bing & Bing building.

Gallery

References
Notes

Bibliography
Pennoyer, Peter and Walker, Anne. The Architecture of Warren & Wetmore  New York: W. W. Norton, 2006. .

External links

"Warren and Wetmore" at New York Architecture Images
High-resolution photographs of the interior of the New York Yacht Club
Warren & Wetmore architectural drawings and photographs, 1889-1938Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University

Defunct architecture firms based in New York City
American railway architects

Warren and Wetmore


The Horniman Circle Gardens is a large park in South Mumbai, India, which encompasses an area of 2½ acres (10,100 m²). It is situated in the Fort district of Mumbai, and is surrounded by office complexes housing the country's premier banks. Designed to be a large open space with grand buildings in the middle of the walled city, the area had been known as Bombay Green in the 18th century, later Elphinstone Circle. Following India's independence in 1947, the area was renamed in honour of Benjamin Horniman, editor of The Bombay Chronicle newspaper, who supported Indian independence.

History

The building was begun in 1821 and not completed for twelve years. In 1842, the area had been just a dump of coconut shells and debris. The Police Commissioner, Charles Forjett, thought of converting the Green into a circle surrounded by buildings. He was supported by governors Lord Elphinstone and Sir Bartle Frère. The garden was planned in 1869 and completed in 1872 with well laid out walkways and trees planted all around. An ornamental fountain was placed in the centre, but it was replaced by a modern art deco iron pipes design.

The Asiatic Society of Mumbai overlooks the Horniman Circle Gardens and the Reserve Bank of India.  Close by, in Nariman Street is St. Thomas Cathedral, the first Anglican church in Mumbai, completed in 1718.

Events
Horniman Circle hosts the annual Sufi and mystic music festival, Ruhaniyat. It is also one of the venues of the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival when several music and dance concerts are held at the park.

References

Further reading
 Kamala Ganesh, Usha Thakkar and Gita Chadha. eds., Zero Point Bombay: In and Around Horniman Circle, Lotus Collection, Roli Books (2008)

External links

 Elphinstone Circle, Bombay, 1870 British Library

Parks in Mumbai
1872 establishments in India

Horniman Circle Gardens


A computational model uses computer programs to simulate and study complex systems using an algorithmic or mechanistic approach and is widely used in a diverse range of fields spanning from physics, engineering, chemistry and biology to economics, psychology, cognitive science and computer science.

The system under study is often a complex nonlinear system for which simple, intuitive analytical solutions are not readily available. Rather than deriving a mathematical analytical solution to the problem, experimentation with the model is done by adjusting the parameters of the system in the computer, and studying the differences in the outcome of the experiments.  Operation theories of the model can be derived/deduced from these computational experiments.

Examples of common computational models are weather forecasting models, earth simulator models, flight simulator models, molecular protein folding models, Computational Engineering Models (CEM), and neural network models.

See also
 Computational Engineering
 Computational cognition
Reversible computing
 Agent-based model
 Artificial neural network
 Computational linguistics
 Computational human modeling
 Decision field theory
  Dynamical systems model of cognition
 Membrane computing
 Ontology (information science)
 Programming language theory
 Microscale and macroscale models

References

Models of computation
Mathematical modeling

Computational model


Cash on delivery (COD), sometimes called payment on delivery, cash on demand, payment on demand or collect on delivery is the sale of goods by mail order where payment is made on delivery rather than in advance. If the goods are not paid for, they are returned to the retailer. Originally, the term applied only to payment by cash but as other forms of payment have become more common, the word "cash" has sometimes been replaced with the word "collect" to include transactions by checks, money orders, credit cards or debit cards.

Advantages and disadvantages for retailers
Advantages of COD for online or mail order retailers:
The customer does not need to own a credit card to purchase.
Impulse purchases may increase as payment is not due at the time of ordering.
The credibility of retailers may be increased because the consumer only has to pay when the item is delivered.

Disadvantages of COD for online or mail order retailers:
Orders might be returned as buyers are less committed to the purchase than if they had paid in advance (which led to the eventual elimination of C.O.D. with many TV offers in the United States and Canada by the early 1980s).
Logistics partners charge additional fees for COD orders.

Limits
Most operators impose a limit on the amount of money that can be collected per delivery or per day using COD services. Limits may be higher for non-cash payments. Canada Post, for instance, applies a limit of C$1,000 for cash, but C$5,000 for payment by check or money order.

Cash on delivery order management
Cash on Delivery (COD) is a widely practiced payment method in e-commerce, allowing customers to make payments for their orders in cash upon delivery. Managing COD orders involves a straightforward and reliable process to ensure seamless transactions between online retailers and customers.

Order Processing and Payment Status:

When a customer places an order with the cash on delivery option, the online retailer's administrative panel displays the payment status as "Pending." This status reflects the fact that the payment is yet to be collected from the customer.
Upon successful delivery of the ordered item, the delivery personnel collects the payment in cash from the customer. The online retailer is then responsible for updating the payment status to "Paid" on the admin panel. This update confirms that the payment has been successfully received for the order.
The handling of the shipping status may vary depending on the e-commerce platform being used. In some cases, the shipping status is automatically set to "Delivered" once the payment status is updated to "Paid." This process helps track the progress of the order, allowing both the retailer and the customer to verify that the item has been successfully delivered.
Upon placing an order with the COD payment method, customers receive an email confirming that their order has been created and is currently being processed. Subsequently, the merchant and customer communicate to determine the delivery time, manual payment methods, and other details.

Accounting
Cash accounting is an advantageous approach for eCommerce businesses handling Cash on Delivery (COD) payments, allowing revenue recognition only when the payment is received. With real-time revenue recognition, this method ensures accuracy in financial reporting, simplifies the accounting process, and provides a transparent view of the company's financial performance. By recording revenue upon successful collection of payment, cash accounting facilitates efficient management of COD orders, benefiting both the business and its stakeholders.

Popularity in the developing world
In some countries COD remains a popular option with internet-based retailers, since it is far easier to set up for small businesses and does not require the purchaser to have a credit card. Many small businesses prefer cash payment to credit card payment, as it avoids credit card processing fees. Some shops also offer discounts if paid in cash, because they can offer a better price to the consumer.

COD is a widely used model in India. The overwhelming majority of e-shopping transactions in the Middle East are COD. Sixty percent of online transactions in the UAE and Middle East are done by cash on delivery and this has also led to the growth of courier companies offering a COD service.

Cash on delivery is also the most preferred method in Eastern and Central Europe, where a large number of consumers refuse to pay in advance before receiving the product.

See also
 Avis de réception
 Parcel post
 Wrapper

References

External links

Payment methods in retailing
Payment systems
Payment terms
Postal systems

Cash on delivery


Linux-based devices or Linux devices are computer appliances that are powered by the Linux kernel and possibly parts of the GNU operating system. Device manufacturers' reasons to use Linux may be various: low cost, security, stability, scalability or customizability. Many original equipment manufacturers use free and open source software to brand their products. Community maintained Linux devices are also available.

Community maintained devices
These devices were not intended to run Linux at the time of their production, but a community effort made possible either full or partial Linux support. Because of the open source philosophy that free and open source software brings to the software world, many people have ported the Linux kernel to run on devices other than a typical desktop, laptop or server computer. Some ports are performed by committed individuals or groups to provide alternative software on their favorite hardware. Examples include iPods, PlayStations, Xbox, TiVo, and WRT54G.

The original hardware vendors are in some cases supportive of these efforts (Linksys with the WRT54G) or at the least tolerate the use of such software by end users (see TiVo hacking). Others go to great lengths to try to stop these alternative implementations.

Android
Android is a Linux-based operating system optimised for mobile touchscreen environments—smartphones, tablets, e-Books, and the like. Developed, published, and maintained by Google's Android Open Source Project (in consultation with the Open Handset Alliance), Android relieves smartphone manufacturers of the costs of developing- or licensing proprietary handset operating systems.

First unveiled in 2007, Android became the world's most widely deployed smartphone platform in Q4 2010. By September 2012, 500 million Android devices had been activated, with a further 1.3 million devices being activated per day. Google Nexus developer phones are the flagship brand of Android handsets, with features and capabilities that represent the state of the art at the time of launch (typically every eleven months).

License violations
In most of these cases the OEMs are open about their use of such software and fulfil the requirements of their Free software licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL), but in a small number of cases this use is masked, either deliberately or through professed ignorance or misunderstanding. Violators are usually found through public records, where they may be forced to declare their implementations, or through their own advertising, for example "Embedded Software Engineers with Mandatory Linux Experience Required" on their careers pages, and yet their site or product documentation offers no source download or offer to supply the software source as required by the license GPL.

Organizations such as gpl-violations.org, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) are now more organized at pursuing such violators and obtaining compliance. Usually, they seek voluntary compliance as a first step and only enter legal proceedings when blocked. When notified of violations they confirm them by asking the supplier, examining available product samples, or even going so far as to make blind purchases of the product through front companies.

See also

 Linux on embedded systems
 Linux for mobile devices
 Open-design movement
 Open-source robotics

References

External links

  a website on devices that can run embedded Linux
 LinuxDevices Archive a complete LinuxDevices.com archive (15,000 articles)
 LinuxDevices Forum
 LinuxGizmos a reborn implementation of the LinuxDevices website

Linux-based devices
Linux
Consumer electronics

Linux-powered device


Sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is really solar radiation. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface.

Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth. Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.

Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer.  Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night.  A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.

Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System
Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities. The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows:

Use of solar energy
Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space. Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.

Notes

Other websites
Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth

Light
Sun
Natural resources
Solar energy
Electromagnetic radiation

Sunlight


Totterdown is a residential area in Bristol, England. It is just south of the city centre. It is a short walk from Bristol's main train station, Bristol Temple Meads.

Totterdown is known for its steep residential streets and its colourful houses. It has many cafes, bistros and pubs. It is popular for the arts. It hosts The Totterdown Front Room Arts Trail each autumn. The Totterdown Music Festival takes place in the summer. It has easy access to several parks and green spaces - School Road Park, Perrett's Park, Victoria Park and Redcatch Park.

Arnos Vale Cemetery is located in Totterdown.

Bristol

Totterdown


Lăptăria lui Enache (literally "Enache's Milk Bar") was one of the top bars in Bucharest, Romania. Located in a slightly curved space above the main halls of Bucharest National Theatre on Piaţa Universităţii (University Square, Bucharest), the bar is one of the city's best-known gathering spots and music venues. The lobby was decorated with Tristan Tzara and Dadaist memorabilia. During the summer, operations moved to an adjacent terrace (known as La Motor or La Motoare) on the roof of the theatre.

Webcasts of music from Lăptăria lui Enache occur on Friday and Saturday evenings (Eastern European Time).

History
Lăptăria lui Enache dates back to 1920, when it was the meeting place for avant-garde writers in Bucharest. Back then, the bar was located on Baratiei street, near the Jewish Neighborhood in the center of Bucharest.

On 26 October 1931, Lăptăria lui Enache ceased to exist at the old address and moved to its present location.

External links
 Lăptăria lui Enache on the site of Șapte Seri has some photos of the bar

Bars and nightclubs in Bucharest

Lăptăria Enache


Loop AI Labs is an AI and cognitive computing company that focuses on language understanding technology. The company was founded in San Francisco in 2012 by Italian entrepreneur Gianmauro Calafiore, who sold his company Gsmbox to Buongiorno in 2004 and then relocated from Italy to San Francisco. Wanting to start an artificial intelligence company, he recruited two veterans of the DARPA CALO project, the largest government-funded AI project in history, who had worked on the project at SRI International and Stanford University's Center for the Study of Language and Information. The original company name, Soshoma, was changed to Loop AI Labs in 2015 after the company decided to change its focus from consumer-oriented to enterprise. Loop AI Labs is headquartered in San Francisco, California, with offices in New York, Milan, and Singapore. The company is privately funded.

On May 4, 2017, Loop AI Labs entered into a deal with LINK Mobility Group, a leading European provider of mobile messaging and solutions, to bring their cognitive computing technology to LINK's business clients, which cover 234 million people across Europe.

Artificial intelligence

Loop AI Labs


Paul Anthony Terek (born October 20, 1979, in Dearborn, Michigan) is an American Olympic decathlete. He graduated from Livonia Franklin High School in Livonia, Michigan. His personal best in decathlon is 8312 points, achieved in July 2004 in Sacramento at the United States Olympic Trials. Terek won the bronze medal and was placed on the United States Olympic Team. Out of the ten decathlon events, Terek is strongest in the pole vault, and he is comparatively weak in the 100 m and 400 m sprints.

Terek is also a two-time USA champion in the indoor heptathlon, 2003-4.

In September 2010, Terek became the co-host of Living the Run, a health and fitness radio that airs on ESPN 1280 on the Central Coast of California. Terek and his co-host, Ryan Foran, are health and fitness advocates who are entertaining their fans while interviewing guests and sharing health and fitness tips and news on the weekly radio show.

In 2006, Terek participated in the Japanese televised obstacle course Sasuke, currently syndicated in the United States as Ninja Warrior on the Esquire Network. Terek surpassed most of the other competitors but ultimately failed on the third stage obstacle, the Cliff Hanger, which requires traversal over a water pit with only small fingerholds to keep the competitor from falling into the water. Before the competition, his height and weight were recorded as  and . He was by far the heaviest of all the contestants, weighing almost 60 pounds more than most of them (Makoto Nagano, who won the very same tournament, weighed only  at a height of ). It was said that Terek's weight was a factor in him falling from the Cliff Hanger early on. In the fall of 2007, Terek participated once again only to fail on the Jumping Spider obstacle in the first stage. He also helped oversee G4's second American Ninja Challenge prior to the 20th Sasuke competition (although Terek himself did not compete in that tournament). He did return to SASUKE in 2009 for the 22nd tournament, but failed the First Stage again, this time on an obstacle called the Slider Jump.  The Slider Jump was again his downfall in the 24th tournament.

Prior to his SASUKE appearance in fall 2007, Terek competed in another Japanese televised show called "Pro Sportsman No.1" where he won the namesake's title.

In October 2010 he announced his retirement from international competition.

Achievements

SASUKE results

17th competition (86): Failed Cliff Hanger - Third Stage
19th competition (98): Failed Jumping Spider - First Stage
22nd competition (98): Failed Slider Jump - First Stage
24th competition (82): Failed Slider Jump - First Stage

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
American male decathletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Sportspeople from Dearborn, Michigan
Sasuke (TV series) contestants

Paul Terek


Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."

Scope
The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and then the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".

Health promotion involves public policy that addresses health determinants such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions. More recent work has used the term Health in All Policies (HiAP) to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies. Health promotion is aligned with health equity and can be a focus of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) dedicated to social justice or human rights. Health literacy can be developed in schools, while aspects of health promotion such as breastfeeding promotion can depend on laws and rules of public spaces. One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society, to that end, it is seen in preventive healthcare rather than a treatment and curative care focused medical model.

There is a tendency among some public health officials, governments, and the medical–industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills, also known as health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors. However, recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals' philosophical beliefs about morality, politics, and science.

History
This first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 Lalonde report from the Government of Canada, which contained a health promotion strategy "aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health".  Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 Healthy People report of the Surgeon General of the United States, which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help... [people] to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well-being".

At least two publications led to a "broad empowerment/environmental" definition of health promotion in the mid-1980s:
 In the year 1984 the WHO Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health". In addition to methods to change lifestyles, the WHO Regional Office advocated "legislation, fiscal measures, organizational change, community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards" as health promotion methods.
 In 1986, Jake Epp, Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, released Achieving health for all: a framework for health promotion which also came to be known as the "Epp report". This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments".
 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 1986, which resulted in the "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion". According to the Ottawa Charter, health promotion:
 "is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being"
 "aims at making... [political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors] favourable through advocacy for health"
 "focuses on achieving equity in health"
 "demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social organizations."

The "American" definition of health promotion, first promulgated by the American Journal of Health Promotion in the late 1980s, focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio-behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach. Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated. The Health Promotion Glossary 2021 reinforces the international 1986 definition.

The WHO, in collaboration with other organizations, has subsequently co-sponsored international conferences including the 2015 Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges.

In November 2019, researchers reported, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide.

Settings-Based Approach
The WHO's settings approach to health promotion, Healthy Settings, looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation, equity, empowerment, and partnership to actions that promote health. According to the WHO, a setting is "the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing." There are 11 recognized settings in this approach: cities, villages, municipalities and communities, schools, workplaces, markets, homes, islands, hospitals, prisons, and universities.

Health Promoting Hospitals
Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients, staff, and the community. This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts, strategies, and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital. Specifically, this means setting up a management structure, involving medical and non-medical staff in health promotion communication, devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects, and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff, patients, and the community.

The International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services is the official, international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles, standards, and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings.

Workplace Setting

The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live, work, play and love. A common setting is the workplace. The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee. In 1996, the U.S. Public Health Service issued a report titled "Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General" that provided a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual's health status at that time. The report showed that over 60% of Americans were not regularly active and that 25% are not active at all. There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements. Health promotion can be performed in various locations. Among the settings that have received special attention are the community, health care facilities, schools, and worksites. Worksite health promotion, also known by terms such as "workplace health promotion", has been defined as "the combined efforts of employers, employees and society to improve the health and well-being of people at work". WHO states that the workplace "has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century" because it influences "physical, mental, economic and social well-being" and "offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience".

Worksite health promotion programs (also called "workplace health promotion programs", "worksite wellness programs", or "workplace wellness programs") include adequate sleep, cooking classes, exercise, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation, stress management, and, weight loss.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors." Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression, reduce obesity (especially when combined with an improved diet), reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes; and finally improve stamina, strength, and energy.

Reviews and meta-analyses published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following:
 A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed "strong evidence... for an effect on dietary intake, inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity, and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators".
 In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of "comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite," Pelletier (2005) noted "positive clinical and cost outcomes" but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality.
 A "meta-evaluation" of 56 studies published 1982–2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26.8% in sick leave absenteeism, a decrease of 26.1% in health costs, a decrease of 32% in workers' compensation costs and disability management claims costs, and a cost-benefit ratio of 5.81.
 A meta-analysis of 46 studies published in 1970–2005 found moderate, statistically significant effects of work health promotion, especially exercise, on "work ability" and "overall well-being"; furthermore, "sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle".
 A meta-analysis of 22 studies published 1997–2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to "small" reductions in depression and anxiety.
 A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health-promotion programs have attributes such as: assessing employees' health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs; attaining high participation rates; promoting self care; targeting several health issues simultaneously; and offering different types of activities (e.g., group sessions as well as printed materials).

A study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016. This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors (including psychosocial stress) in the workplace setting.

See also

 Breastfeeding promotion
 Health 21
 Health for all
 Health marketing
 Health policy
 Health promoting hospitals
 Health promotion in higher education
 Preventive healthcare
 Right to health

References

Further reading

 Mittelmark, M;  Kickbusch, I;  Rootman, I; Scriven, A and Tones, K. (2008) Health Promotion Encyclopedia of Public Health. London:  Elsevier

  paperback .

External links

 Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
 Health-EU Portal Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
 EuroHealthNet: The European Partnership for Improving Health, Equity and Well-Being

World Health Organization
Health campaigns

Health promotion


John Olorunfemi Onaiyekan (born 29 January 1944) is a Nigerian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Abuja from 1994 to 2019 and was made a cardinal in 2012. He has served as president of the Christian Association of Nigeria, president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria and Bishop of Ilorin.

Education and early career
Onaiyekan was born in the town of Kabba, in what is now Kogi State, to Bartholomew and Joann Onaiyekan. He attended St. Mary's Catholic School in Kabba from 1949 until 1956, Mount St. Michael's Secondary School in Aliade, Benue State, from 1957 until 1962, and Ss. Peter & Paul Major Seminary in Bodija, Ibadan, from 1963 until 1965. He completed his religious studies in Rome in 1969 and was ordained as a priest on 3 August of that year by Bishop Auguste Delisle of Lokoja Diocese. Ahmadu Bello, Premier of Nigeria's Northern Region, had offered him a scholarship to study abroad.

Onaiyekan taught at St. Kizito's College, Isanlu, in 1969. He became rector of St. Clement Junior Seminary in Lokoja in 1971. He completed his Licentiate of Sacred Scripture at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in 1973 and earned his doctorate in 1976. He became Vice Rector of Ss. Peter & Paul in 1977.

Church leader
In October 1980, Pope John Paul II named Onaiyekan to a five-year term on the International Theological Commission. In November, he joined the International Catholic/Methodist Dialogue Commission.

Onaiyekan was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Ilorin, Kwara State, and titular bishop of Thunusuda on 10 September 1982. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1983 by Pope John Paul II. He was named Bishop of Ilorin on 20 October 1984. On 7 July 1990 he was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of the Abuja. When that diocese became an Archdiocese on 26 March 1994, Onaiyekan became its first archbishop.

Onaiyekan was elected Vice-President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria (CBCN) in 1994 and President of that body in 2000.

During the administration of Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, and especially during his second term between 2004 and 2007, Onaiyekan spoke out against the regime for its failure to support democratic principles and its corruption. Speaking in a service in his cathedral in 2005 with the president in attendance, he called on Obasanjo to resist the temptation to stand for a third term, which the Nigerian constitution did not allow, and asked him to "resist the deadly temptation to want to remain in power perpetually by hook or by crook". His stance was credited with saving Nigeria from the imposition of a dictatorship. He was named Pax Christi International's 2012 Peace Laureate.

On 18 September 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named  Onaiyekan one of the Synod Fathers for the October 2012 Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization.

He was created a cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory on 24 November 2012. As Cardinal-Priest he was assigned to the titular church of San Saturnino.

On 31 January 2013, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Onaiyekan a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) and a member of the Presidential Committee of the Pontifical Council for the Family. He can hold these positions until his 80th birthday.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

Pope Francis appointed Onaiyekan the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Ahiara in Imo State in eastern Nigeria on 3 July 2013.

Pope Francis appointed him to a five-year renewable term as a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in October 2016.

He won the election for the position of Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) President on 19 June 2007 with 72 votes over Anglican Primate Peter Akinola who had 33 votes. In 2010 he was succeeded by Ayo Oritsejafor.

Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Abuja on 9 November 2019.

Honours

 Pax Christi International Peace Award, 2012

Works
"The Priesthood in Pre-monarchial Ancient Israel and among the Owe-Yoruba of Kabba: A Comparative Study", unpublished dissertation (1976)
"The shariah in Nigeria: a Christian view", Bulletin on Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations in Africa (1987)

References

External links

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Abuja official website

20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Nigeria
People from Kogi State
1944 births
Living people
Nigerian Roman Catholics
Yoruba Christian clergy
Nigerian cardinals
Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II
Christian Association of Nigeria Presidents
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Roman Catholic archbishops of Abuja
Roman Catholic bishops of Ilorin
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Nigeria

John Onaiyekan


Dame Lesley Howard Rees DBE )<ref name=" is a British professor, medical doctor, and endocrinologist. She was Dean of St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College (Bart's) from 1989–95, the first and only woman to hold this post. Rees led the College to a successful merger with the London Hospital Medical College as part of Queen Mary University of London in 1995. She is currently Emeritus Professor of Chemical Endocrinology at Bart's.

Rees was educated at Pate's Grammar School for Girls, Cheltenham. Rees studied at Bart's and qualified in 1965. She went on to specialise in clinical endocrinology and was appointed Professor of Chemical Endocrinology in 1980. She also became the University of London's public orator, the first science graduate to hold this post. She has published more than 300 articles in peer-reviewed journals, and in 1980 delivered the Goulstonian lecture of the Royal College of Physicians.

In 1984 Rees became the first woman to serve as chairman of the UK Society for Endocrinology and was awarded its Jubilee Medal in 1989. She was chair of the editorial board of the society's academic journal Clinical Endocrinology for 10 years until 2010. Rees also served as Secretary General of the International Society of Endocrinology, the first time the post was held outside the USA.

In 1983, as subdean at Bart's, Rees "was given" the task of reforming medical education. An innovative development was the building of a Clinical Skills Laboratory for medical students, nursing and midwifery training. This was modelled on a laboratory at the University of Limburg in Maastricht which had been shown to raise the performance of clinical skills in medical students.

Rees became the first Director of Education at the Royal College of Physicians in 1997. In 2001, Rees was awarded a DBE for services to medical education.

She is a niece of the conductor, Sir Colin Davis.

References

1942 births
Living people
British endocrinologists
Women endocrinologists
British university and college faculty deans
Women deans (academic)
20th-century English medical doctors
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Pate's Grammar School

Lesley Rees


Sir Alfred Jodrell, 4th Baronet (1847-1929) was the fourth and last of the Jodrell Baronets, assuming the title in 1882. The title became extinct on his death.  Jodrell married Jane Grimston, daughter of James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam.

He founded The Shell Museum in Glandford, near his Norfolk home at Bayfield Hall, to house his collection accumulated over six decades. He was a noted public benefactor, restoring old churches, such as St Nicholas, Blakeney, sending provisions to the Norfolk & Norwich Hospital, and rebuilding and administering his estates and other local buildings, such as the watermill. He was High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1887.

References

1847 births
1929 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
People from Letheringsett with Glandford
High Sheriffs of Norfolk
English collectors
Grimston family

Alfred Jodrell


Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music is a one-hour television special in color, first broadcast by NBC on November 24, 1965, to mark the occasion of Frank Sinatra's 50th birthday. It was directed by the multi-Emmy-winning Dwight Hemion. Frank Peppiatt and John Aylesworth were the head writers. Telecast at a time when television had just switched to full-time color programming (except for feature films shot in black-and-white), the show was an enormous success, so much so that it spawned two follow-ups: A Man and His Music – Part II (1966), featuring Nancy Sinatra, and A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim (1967), starring Ella Fitzgerald and Antônio Carlos Jobim. An album by Sinatra, also titled A Man and His Music, was released at around the same time as the special.

Format
By modern standards, especially, the format of the original show was profoundly simple. It consisted only of Frank Sinatra in a television studio singing many of his hit tunes (such as "It Was a Very Good Year") in front of a live audience. There were no guests on this first program. The orchestra was conducted by long-time Sinatra arrangers Nelson Riddle and Gordon Jenkins, and Ed McMahon served as announcer, a role he returned to in the two subsequent specials.

Production
Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music was shot inside NBC's Studio 1, at its color television facility in Burbank, California. The special was taped in segments on at least two nights in November 1965. Sinatra was suffering from a cold at the time, which limited his time in front of the microphone. He coughs and clears his throat a few times during the show. Writer Gay Talese documented both nights of taping in his April 1966 Esquire magazine profile, "Frank Sinatra Has a Cold".

Budweiser served as network sponsor.

Awards
The special won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Program, and a Peabody Award. It was also nominated for two other Emmys, as well as a Golden Globe.

Revival
Turner Classic Movies rebroadcast the special for the first time in many years, on the evening of May 14, 2008, as part of their month-long commemoration of the tenth anniversary of Sinatra's death.

DVD
The show has been available on DVD since 1999. However, there is also a 1981 special on DVD, the similarly titled Sinatra: The Man and His Music, which is sometimes confused with the earlier program, not only because of the title, but because the keep-case is almost identical.

Tracks
"I've Got You Under My Skin"
"Without a Song"
"Don't Worry 'bout Me"
"I Get a Kick Out of You"
"Nancy (With the Laughing Face)"
"My Kind of Town"
Medley: "It Was a Very Good Year"/"Young at Heart"/"The Girl Next Door"/"Last Night When We Were Young"
"This Is All I Ask"
"Come Fly with Me"
"The Lady Is a Tramp"
"I've Got the World on a String"
"Witchcraft"
"You Make Me Feel So Young"
"Put Your Dreams Away (For Another Day)"

External links
IMDB listing

1960s American television specials
Frank Sinatra television specials
1965 television specials
Films about Frank Sinatra
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
NBC television specials
Television shows directed by Dwight Hemion

Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music


The 1907 German football championship was the fifth season in which teams competed for the national championship title. Six teams qualified to reach the final stages of the competition, and the winners were Freiburger FC, defeating  Viktoria 89 Berlin 3–1 in the final.

For Freiburger FC it was the sole appearance in the German championship final. Viktoria 89 Berlin made its first of four final appearances in 1907, going on to win the 1908 and 1911 championships as well as losing the 1909 final in between.

Viktoria's Helmut Röpnack and Freiburg's Phillip Burkart were the top scorers of the 1907 championship with four goals each.

Six clubs qualified for the competition played in knock-out format, the champions of each of the six regional football championships.

Qualified teams
The teams qualified through the regional championships:

Competition

Quarter-finals
The preliminary round, played on 21 April 1907:

|}

Semi-finals

Final

References

Sources
 kicker Allmanach 1990, by kicker, page 160 to 178 – German championship
 Süddeutschlands Fussballgeschichte in Tabellenform 1897-1988  History of Southern German football in tables, publisher & author: Ludolf Hyll

External links
 German Championship 1906–07 at weltfussball.de
 German Championship 1907 at RSSSF

German football championship seasons
1
German

1907 German football championship


Huang–Lao () was the most influential Chinese school of thought in the early Han dynasty, having its origins in a broader political-philosophical drive looking for solutions to strengthen the feudal order as depicted in Zhou politics. Not systematically explained by historiographer Sima Qian, it is generally interpreted as a school of syncretism, developing into a major religion, the beginnings of religious Taoism.

Emphasizing the search for immortality, Feng Youlan and Herrlee Creel considered said religious Taoism to be different from if not contradictory to the more philosophical strain of Taoism found in the Zhuangzi. Probably originating together around 300 BCE, the more politically dominant Huang–Lao denoted both for much of the Han. Highly favoured by superstitious rulers, it dominated the intellectual life of the Qin and early Han together with "Chinese Legalism", and the term "Taoism" () was probably coined with elements of Huang–Lao literature and the Zhuangzi in mind.

Terminology

Huang–Lao is a portmanteau, with Huang being the Yellow Emperor, and Lao being Laozi. The related Daoist name Daode Tianzun was a deification of Laozi as a reincarnated personification of the Dao.

The term Huang-Lao first appears in the (109 – 91 BCE) Records of the Grand Historian, which was begun by Sima Tan and completed by his son Sima Qian. Sima Tan (at least possibly) studied under a Huang–Lao master with a philosophical lineage dating back to the Warring States period Jixia Academy at the court of Qi in modern Shandong.

Political views
Hans van Ess analyzed the Shiji and Hanshu biographies of 2nd-century BCE individuals described as "Huang–Lao" followers, and found they were either members of a Huang–Lao faction or a Ru "Confucian" and Fa "Legalist" faction. The historian Sima Qian used the term Huang–Lao "as a characterization of persons belonging to a political group which was the faction he belonged to as well." These historical members of the Huang–Lao faction had three political policies in common: "opposing the campaigns in the north" against the Xiongnu, "affiliation to rich and independent families with a power-base far from the capital" at Chang'an, and "opposing the measures to deprive the feudal kings of their power."

The rich families of Huang-Lao may be said to have considered the emperor a first among equals rather than someone vested with absolute authority. Naturally, as someone favoring his class and ideology with it, Sima Tan's work was rather biased towards Daoism and feudalism (or the Chinese version of it). Sima Qian considered Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han, the Empress Dowager Dou, Cao Can, Chen Ping and Tian Shu to be Huang-Lao proponents.

It was probably the earliest movement that linked together Laozi, Zhuangzi, the worship of Yellow Emperor, the School of Naturalists, elements of Chinese folk religion, and aspects from the other Hundred Schools of Thought. Huang–Lao Daoist philosophy was favoured at the Western Han courts of Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BCE) and Emperor Jing (r. 157–141 BCE), before Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BCE) established Confucianism as the state philosophy.

Huang-Lao was eclipsed by the "Legalistic" Gongsun Hong and Zhang Tang, with Gongsun founding the Confucian academy.

Texts
If the term is defined vaguely, a number of pre-Qin texts might retroactively be included under the term Huang-Lao. Excepting the Huangdi Neijing, most Huang–Lao texts vanished, and traditional scholarship associated the philosophical school with syncretist Chinese classics, namely the legalistic Hanfeizi, the Taoistic Huainanzi, but also the more Confucian Xunzi and Guanzi. Other proposals include parts of the Daoist Zhuangzi, sections of the historical Guoyu ("Discourses of the States"), Chunqiu Fanlu ("Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals"), and Lüshi Chunqiu ("Mister Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals"), the Heguanzi ("Book of Master Pheasant-Cap"), and the military Huang Shigong San Lüe ("Three Strategies of Huang Shigong").

Randall P. Peerenboom criticizes the tendency to classify all these texts together and "make of 'Huang-Lao' a dustbin by sweeping too much into it". If defined more strictly, nothing before the Han dynasty could be called Huang-Lao. No pre-Qin text actually uses the term. Modern scholars are reinterpreting Huang–Lao following the 1973 discovery of the legalistic Mawangdui Silk Texts, which included four manuscripts, called the Huang-Lao boshu (黄老帛书 "Huang-Lao Silk Texts"), that are controversially identified as the long-lost Huangdi Sijing ("Yellow Emperor's Four Classics") or a text relared with the Heguanzi.

Early syncretism
The syncretism of "Legalistic" texts like that of Shen Dao and the Han Feizi are sometimes considered early examples of Huang–Lao. The more purely administrative Shen Buhai was said to be the earliest known political philosopher to have been influenced by such ideology. However, Sima Tan's argument that Shen Buhai and Shen Dao studied Huang–Lao is problematic. As its spokesman, Sima Tan probably pushes back Huang–Lao's origin as far as possible. Huang–Lao's rule of law differs fundamentally, for instance, from that of Han Fei, favouring naturalism. It also acts as more of a theoretical constraint on the ruler. Neither Shen Buhai nor Shen Dao ever attempts to articulate natural or ethical foundations for fa (administrative method), nor provide any metaphysical grounds for appointment (xing-ming). The Han Huang–Lao work Boshu grounds fa and xing-ming in the Taoist Dao.

A number of chapters of the Guanzi, which places considerable importance on traditional Confucian values, express a blend of what may be considered Legalistic, Confucian, and Daoistic philosophy that might be termed "Huang-Lao". Having its base in Qi, it spread south to develop in areas belonging to Chu. Chu culture being inherited by the Han dynasty, preceding the consolidation of the realm deft Han Emperors like Jing would be steeped in a Taoistic laissez-faire, and later texts like the Huainanzi include naturalist arguments against rule by law ("Chinese Legalism") in favour of rule by worthies on the basis that one needs their competence for such things as diplomacy. Making use of other aspects of Fa-Jia philosophy, with the dominance of Confucian orthodoxy, historically all such material would often be criticized as Fa-Jia.

Han dynasty
Two influential ministers of Emperor Gaozu of Han reportedly studied and applied Huang–Lao political ideology, Chancellors Cao Shen (d. 190 BCE) and his successor Chen Ping (d. 178 BCE) employed the policy of wuwei ("inaction") and brought peace and stability to the state of Qi. Chao Cuo (d. 154 BCE), Chancellor to Emperor Jing, was another Huang–Lao official. He believed that the imperial rule should combine Huang–Lao and Confucianism, with punishment supplemented by reward, and coercion mitigated by persuasion.

During the Eastern Han period, the Way of the Celestial Masters movement incorporated Daoist immortality techniques with Huang-Lao thought, and was associated with the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion (184 – 215 CE). "Later on, virtually all of the early texts disappeared and knowledge about original Huang-Lao was lost."

Besides these received texts, the imperial library bibliography preserved in the (111 CE) Hanshu ("Han History") lists many books titled with the Yellow Emperor's name. However, with the exception of the medical Huangdi Neijing ("Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic"), all were believed destroyed or lost – until the recent Mawangdui discoveries.

Mawangdui silk texts
The Mawangdui Silk Texts discovered near Changsha in 1973 included four manuscripts that some scholars interpret as primary Huang–Lao texts.

Silk manuscripts found in Mawangdui tomb number three, dated 186 BCE, included two versions of the Daodejing, one of which ("B" or yi 乙) had copies of four texts attached in front. They are titled Jingfa (經法 "Canonical Laws" or "Standards of Regularity"), Shiliujing (十六經 "Sixteen Classics", also read as Shidajing 十大經 "Ten Great Classics"), Cheng (稱 "Weighing by the Scales", a collection of aphorisms), and Yuandao (原道 "Origins of the Way", also the title of Huainanzi chapter 1).

Some Chinese specialists, such as Tang Lan (唐兰), and Yu Mingguang (余明光), interpreted these four manuscripts as the no longer extant Huangdi Sijing (黃帝四經 "Yellow Emperor's Four Classics"), which the Yiwenzhi (藝文志) bibliography of the Hanshu listed as having four sections. Tang's reasons included the Jingfa and Shiliujing titles with jing (經 "classic; canon") and the frequent references to Huangdi ("Yellow Emperor") in the Shiliujing.

Other specialists, such as Robin Yates and Edmund Ryden, interpreted the four manuscripts as mutually incompatible texts deriving from diverse philosophical traditions. Paola Carrozza refers to this approach as "different authors, different times, and different places."
Consequently, many of the interpretations of the nature and characteristics of Huang-Lao Taoist thought that have been based on a reading of the Mawangdui manuscripts are debatable, since they are based on the assumption that these texts form an integral whole and are really affiliated with Huang-Lao.

Philosophical interpretations
Sinologists have long disputed the nature of Huang–Lao philosophy. Before the 1973 Mawangdui excavation, some western interpretations of Huang–Lao were fanciful. For instance, Herbert J. Allen proposed that since Han prince Liu Ying practiced both Huang–Lao and Buddhism, Huang–Lao did not mean Huangdi and Laozi, but "Buddhists (literally Yellow-Ancients, perhaps so-called from the colour of their garments)." Following the Mawangdui discoveries, the "Huang-Lao craze" in scholarship has significantly reshaped our understanding of early Daoism.

Tu Wei-Ming describes five common doctrines in the Huang–Lao silk texts. Dao (道 "way; path") is the ultimate basis for fa (法 "model; law") and li (理 "pattern; principle") essential for sagely governance. The true king uses guan (觀 "see; observe; contemplate") or "penetrating insight" to observe the inner workings of the universe, and cheng (稱 "balance; scale; steelyard") enables timely responses to the challenges of the world. Loewe lists another principal idea of the Huang–Lao silk texts: xingming (刑名 "forms and names"), which is usually associated with Shen Buhai. Xing ("form or reality") exist first and should be followed by their ming ("name or description").
Our limited exposure to the "lost texts" in the Silk Manuscripts seems to indicate that the thought of Huang-Lao contains several apparently unrelated but actually fully integrated philosophical concepts: a cosmological vision of the Way (tao) as the primordial source of inspiration; an administrative technique (fa-li), based on the principle and model of the naturalness of the Way; a concern for the cultivation of penetrating insight (kuan), so that a king could reign without imposing his limited, self-centered view on the order of things originally manifested in nature; and the necessity of attaining a kind of dynamic balancing (ch'eng) in order to ensure a steady flow, as it were, of the political system as a mirror image of the cosmos.
Tu concludes, "The Huang-Lao doctrine is neither Taoist nor Legalist in the conventional sense, nor is it, strictly speaking, a form of Legalized Taoism. It is rather, a unique system of thought."

John S. Major summarizes Huang–Lao ideology. Dao is the "highest and most primary expression of universal potentiality, order, and potency", and "is expressed in cosmic order, which embraces both the world of nature and the human world." Royal government must conform to natural order, thus the king should practice wuwei ("non-striving" or "taking no action contrary to nature") and use his shenming (神明 "penetrating insight") to "learn all that can be learned about the natural order, so as to make his actions conform with it." Therefore, "The government of the true king is neither sentimental nor vacillating, and neither arbitrary nor domineering," it fully conforms with the "pattern of the Dao as expressed in the natural order, it is balanced, moderate, and irresistibly strong."

Randall P. Peerenboom recaps, "Huang-Lao's Boshu, while advocating a rule of law compatible with an organismic cosmology, is unique in that it supports a natural law grounded in the natural order." Peerenboom characterizes Huang–Lao as "foundational naturalism", meaning naturalism based upon a cosmic natural order that includes both the rendao (人道 "way of humans") and tiandao (天道 "way of Heaven"). Huang–Lao ideology gives "normative priority" to the natural order, with human social order based upon and in harmony with the cosmic order.

Jeffrey L. Richey contrasts Huang–Lao and Mohist theories about the cosmic roots of fa "law". In the Jingfa, fa originates with the impersonal Dao; in the Mozi, it originates with the anthropomorphic Tian ("heaven; god").

Harold D. Roth contends that the original meaning of Chinese Daojia (道家 "Daoism") was Huang–Lao instead of the traditional understanding as "Lao-Zhuang" (老莊, namely the Laozi and Zhuangzi texts) Daoism. Sima Tan coined the term Daojia in his Shiji summary of the six philosophical jia ("schools").
The Taoist school enables man's numinous essence to be concentrated and unified, to move in unison with the formless, and to provide adequately for the myriad things. As for its methods, it follows the general tendency of the Naturalists (Yinyang chia), picks out the best of the Confucians and Mohists, and adopts the essentials of the Terminologists (Ming-chia) and Legalists. It shifts with the times and changes in response to things; and in establishing customs and in practical applications it is nowhere unsuitable. The general drift of its teaching is simple and easy to hold onto, much is achieved with little effort.
Thus, Huang–Lao Daoism incorporated concepts from five traditions: School of Naturalists, Confucianism, Mohism, School of Names, and Legalism. Roth describes the hallmarks of Huang–Lao: the ruler should use self-transformation "as a technique of government, the emphasis on the precise coordination of the political and cosmic orders by the thus-enlightened ruler, and a syncretic social and political philosophy that borrows relevant ideas from the earlier Legalist and the Confucian schools while retaining the Taoist cosmological context."

References

Footnotes

Further reading
 Chang, Leo S. and Yu Feng (1998), The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor, University of Hawaii Press.
 Jan Yun-hua (1980), "Tao Yuan or Tao: The Origin," Journal of Chinese Philosophy 7:195-204.
 Loewe, Michael (1994), "Huang Lao Thought and the Huainanzi", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Third Series), 4:377-395.

External links
Huang-Lao Ideology, R. Eno
The Huang-Lao Tradition, FYSK Daoist Culture Centre Database
The Status of Lao-Zhuang Daoism, Chad Hansen
Daoist Syncretism, The Huang-Lao Tradition, Brian Hoffert
Huangdi sijing 黃帝四經 "The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor", Ulrich Theobald

Classical Chinese philosophy
Han dynasty
Taoist philosophy
History of Taoism
Confucian schools of thought

Huang–Lao


Mercy Health St. Rita's Medical Center is a large hospital serving a 70-mile radius of Lima, Ohio, United States.  It was started in 1918 by Sisters of Mercy, an order of Roman Catholic women founded by Catherine McAuley in Dublin, Ireland in 1831.

There are also separate facilities in Delphos, Bluffton, Glandorf and Wapakoneta that serve other parts of the region for rehabilitation, orthopedics and other medical services.

History
In 1918, the Sisters of Mercy opened a hospital in Lima, Ohio.

St. Rita's was the fulfillment of a dream of the Right Reverend Monsignor A.E. Manning, the Reverend William Tobin and Mother Bernardine McMullen, R.S.M. At the time of its opening, the hospital was not completely finished, but was opened in order to administer care to victims of one of the first and most devastating epidemics to plague the Lima area, the Spanish flu influenza pandemic of 1918.

Through the coming years, St. Rita's expanded to add more beds and services to meet the healthcare needs of the community. In 1948, a seven-story addition to the original building was completed which housed modern operating, delivery and X-ray rooms, more office space and an additional 150 beds. Just nine years later, it again became apparent that new facilities, additional beds, and a School of Nursing building would be needed to keep St. Rita's Hospital on the updated move to provide quality medical care for the people of Allen and surrounding counties.

After 59 years as St. Rita's Hospital, on March 9, 1977, the hospital name was changed to St. Rita's Medical Center.

In 2007, St. Rita's opened "The Medical Center of The Future." The campus now looks more like a university campus stretching six blocks with covered walkways, ponds, water fountains, gardens and a track for walking and running.

Inside the Medical Center, additional space has been created to accommodate families whose involvement in the healing process is essential. The spacious rooms within the Medical Center not only provide a private and therapeutic environment for healing but also an aesthetic appeal with the presence of glass atriums, greenery, and decorative water details.

The corridors of the modern looking High Street Walkway lead patients to their physicians' offices and to the new High Street Café and Courtyard Café.

The Henry & Beverly Hawk Heart Center expanded services in 2008 and became The Henry & Beverly Hawk Heart and Vascular Center and now offers vascular screening tests for blockages in the carotid artery, blockages in the legs from peripheral arterial disease and Aortic aneurysm, bulging of the main artery.

St. Rita's has, over the years, emphasized long range planning and keeping completely up-to-date not only with the most sophisticated pieces of equipment, but in medical procedures and services to the community.  In 2008, St. Rita's purchased Lima Allen County Paramedics (LACP) and operates the service of emergency/911 response, interfacility transfers, and Ambulette transports.

In 2018 St. Rita's Medical Center experienced a name change to its parent company's name, Mercy Health. Almost immediately after this change Mercy Health, Mercy Health St. Rita's Medical Center, and all other hospitals owned by Mercy Health were merged into a larger group from the east coast, Bon Secours. This merge has brought no changes to the hospital.

Mercy Health St. Rita's Medical Center is currently in the process of building an on-site education center with multiple classrooms and a 250-seat lecture hall. This expansion will focus on educating up and coming doctors.

Other facilities
The Mercy Health St. Rita's Medical Center provides other facilities across the region including two Urgent Care locations in Lima, Ohio and regional locations in Delphos, Glandorf, and Wapakoneta.

Lima urgent care
St. Rita's added St. Rita's Westside Luke's Urgent Care located at  2195 Allentown Road, Lima, OH 45905. Also St. Rita's Eastside Urgent Care, 967 Bellefontaine Avenue, Lima, OH 45804. West side Luke's Urgent care was shortened to Westside Urgent Care when the hospital was renamed.

Delphos
The Delphos  Ambulatory Care Center, located in Delphos, offers urgent care, outpatient services and specialty physician clinics to the people of Allen and Van Wert counties in Ohio.

The center accepts appointments for the following services or tests.

 cardiology
 gastroenterology
 OB/GYN
 orthopedics
 podiatry
 urology

Glandorf
The Putnam County Ambulatory Care Center located in Glandorf provides a 24-hour emergency care for patients in the Putnam County area who need immediate care, rather than being transported to Lima.

The following tests or services can be completed at the ambulatory care center for greater patient convenience.

 X-rays
 Mammography
 Computed tomography
 Electrocardiogram
 Bone density screenings
 Laboratory Tests
 Audiology Exams
 Ultrasound
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Occupational Health Services
 Outpatient Nursing

Wapakoneta
Mercy Health St. Rita's Medical Center provides comprehensive rehabilitation services at the YMCA in Wapakoneta, which works with St. Rita's to provide the following rehabilitation services in Auglaize County.
 Physical Therapy
 Occupational Therapy
 Speech Therapy
 Aquatic Therapy
 Athletic Training
 Cardiac Rehabilitation
 Digital screening mammograms
 Free blood pressure
 Free bone density screening
 Multi-slice CT scanning
 Routine diagnostic, X-ray
 EKG services
 ABI, carotid, aorta & leg Ultrasound screening

References

External links

Hospital buildings completed in 1918
Hospital buildings completed in 1948
Catholic hospitals in North America
Hospitals in Ohio
Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo
Buildings and structures in Lima, Ohio
Trauma centers

St. Rita's Medical Center


The festival of San Fermín is held each year in the city of Pamplona (Navarre, Spain). Other names for the festival are Sanfermines or Sanferminak. It starts at noon on 6 July with the setting off of a rocket. It ends at midnight on 14 July with the singing of the Pobre de Mí. A bullfight is also part of the celebrations. The festival honors Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre. San Fermín has become the most famous Spanish festival. More than 1,000,000 people watch this festival.

The Running of the Bulls is held the 6th - 14th of July every year. By midnight on July 6th Pamplona is already swarming with locals and tourists all waiting for the fireworks display that marks the start of the fiesta.

The day begins with the "encierro" or running of the bulls, when only the brave and foolish dash ahead of the bulls that are let loose to run through the narrow streets to the bullring where they will be fought later in the day. The runners are usually clad in the typical white trousers and shirt, with a red scarf tied at their neck, and a red beret on their head.

Before and after the daily bullfights, held each evening at 6 pm, bands of music, "txistularis", regional dancing and processions with big giant heads roam the streets. The Sanfermines festival of the running of the bulls in Pamplona is not the only one celebrated in Navarre, although it is the most well-known.

Other websites
 Unofficial website on San Fermin
 Unofficial website on encierro

Festivals in Spain
Pamplona

San Fermín


Shovelware is a term for individual video games or software bundles known more for the quantity of what is included than for the quality or usefulness.

The metaphor implies that the creators showed little care for the quality of the original software, as if the new compilation or version had been created by indiscriminately adding titles "by the shovel" in the same way someone would shovel bulk material into a pile. The term "shovelware" is coined by semantic analogy to phrases like shareware and freeware, which describe methods of software distribution.  It first appeared in the early 1990s when large amounts of shareware demo programs were copied onto CD-ROMs and advertised in magazines or sold at computer flea markets.

Shovelware CD-ROMs
Computer Gaming World wrote in 1990 that for "those who do not wish to wait" for software that used the new CD-ROM format, The Software Toolworks and Access Software planned to release "game packs of several classic titles". By 1993 the magazine referred to software repackaged on CD-ROM as "shovelware", describing one collection from Access as having a "rather dusty menu" and another from The Software Toolworks ("the reigning king of software repackaging efforts") as including games that were "mostly mediocre even in their prime"; the one exception, Chessmaster 2000, used "stunning CGA graphics". In 1994 the magazine described shovelware as "old and/or weak programs shoveled onto a CD to turn a quick buck".

The capacity of a CD-ROM was 450–700 times that of the floppy disk, and 6–16 times larger than the hard disks with which personal computers were commonly outfitted in 1990. This outsized capacity meant that very few users would install the discs' entire contents, encouraging producers to fill them by including as much existing content as possible, often without regard to the quality of the material. Advertising the number of titles on the disc often took precedence over the quality of the content. Software reviewers, displeased with huge collections of inconsistent quality, dubbed this practice "shovelware" in the early 1990s. Additionally, some CD-ROM computer games had software that did not fill the disc to capacity, which enabled game companies to bundle demo versions of other products on the same disc.

The prevalence of shovelware has decreased due to the practice of downloading individual programs from a crowdsourced or curated app store becoming the predominant mode of software distribution. It continues in some cases with bundled or pre-installed software, where many extra programs of dubious quality and functionality are included with a piece of hardware.

Shovelware video games

Low-budget, poor-quality video games, released in the hopes of being purchased by unsuspecting customers, are often referred to as "shovelware". This can lead to discoverability issues when a platform has no type of quality control. Shovelware video games often have a negative reception from critics and players.

Some developers and publishers have become well-known as creators of shovelware. Blast! Entertainment, a defunct video game developer and publisher, was known for releasing licensed shovelware games based on movies, television shows and books such as An American Tail, Beverly Hills Cop, Jumanji, and Lassie, the majority of which received negative reception. Another defunct European publisher, Phoenix Games, was known for its line of value-priced titles for the Playstation 2, Wii, DS, and PC. A number of their in-house games are adaptations of low-budget animated mockbusters, which largely function as interactive "activity centre" games with minimal actual gameplay. Games made by other studios, including Mere Mortals, but published by Phoenix, have a similarly poor reputation.

The Nintendo Wii became known for large amounts of shovelware, including ports of PlayStation 2 games which had previously only been released in Europe. Data Design Interactive became known for creating shovelware for the Wii. Their games Ninjabread Man, Anubis II, Rock 'n' Roll Adventures, and Myth Makers: Trixie in Toyland all used the exact same gameplay and level layouts, but changed the art and character design to make them appear to be unique properties. The eShop on Nintendo's later console, the Nintendo Switch, has also become notorious for featuring an abundance of low-quality games and software.

Asset flips are a subset of shovelware that largely or entirely use pre-made assets in order to release games en masse. Called "fake" games by Valve Corporation, 173 were removed from Steam in one 2017 purge that included several sock puppets of Silicon Echo Studios.

See also
 Freeware
 Pre-installed software
 Product bundling
 Software bloat
 Unwanted software bundling
 Video game crash of 1983

References

External links
 Archive of CD-ROM compilations at Textfiles.com
 Alistair B. Fraser on Academic Shovelware
 Wired: On Wii Shovelware
 PC World: Make your new PC hassle free

Software distribution
Bundled products or services
Computer jargon
Criticisms of software and websites

Shovelware