Vyasaraya Ballal (Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸರಾಯ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ) (1 December 1923 – 30 January 2008) was a major writer in the Kannada language and Sahitya Academy Award winner  for his novel Bandaya in 1986. His Novels Hemanthagaana, Uttarayana and Bandaya are the major contributions to the Kannada Novel.

Career
Ballal was extremely sensitive in his portrayal of women in his works such as Anurakte, Vatsalya Patha, Hemanthagana, and Uttarayana. A critical analysis on Ballal's novels titled Ballalara Kadambarigalu was brought out by MGM College under the stewardship of its then principal and writer Ku. Shi. Haridasa Bhat.

"Yet some questions still remain a mystery. Why did Ballal not choose to lead his retired life in Udupi, where he was born? Why was Ballal not chosen as president of the 74th All India Kannada Sahitya Sammelan held in Udupi? These questions will torment us for a long time," Prof. Hiriyadka said.

Vyasaraya Ballal had started his literary life by his contributions to a Kannada journal Nudi started in Mumbai. In fact his first novel Anurakte had appeared as a serial in Nudi. It was later published as a novel.

Vyasaraya Ballal and other friends in Mumbai, who were filled with ideas of securing freedom for the country and socialism, and the importance of Kannada.

Ballal writings also focussed on the importance of Kannada medium and Kannada learning.

Ballal's candidature for the post of the president of 74th All India Kannada Sahitya Sammelan in Udupi was not pursued vigorously.

Ballal was a man of few words. He was a sensitive person and this sensitivity was reflected in his works. Ballal brought forth beautifully the working of trade unions in his novel Bandaya.

Vyasaraya Ballala was known for his revolutionary thinking and had written more than 25 books including novels, 100 short stories, politics, two plays and children's books. His novel 'Uttarayana' is acclaimed as his best work, while two other books 'Bandaya' and 'Manjari' received wide critical acclaim. 'Bandaya' brought him Kendra Sahitya Akademi award. The writer, who lived in Mumbai for five decades, had contributed short stories for Akashvani-Mumbai. He also served as the editor of 'Nudi', a Kannada weekly published by Kamaladevi Chattopadhay. He was a prominent member of Karnataka Sangha in Mumbai and also contributed to the columns in the dailies. After his retirement, Mr Ballala settled in Bangalore where he continued to write. Mr Ballala was a disappointed man lately as his name was not considered by the Central Office of Kannada Sahitya Parishat (KSP) for the presidency of 74th 'Akhila Bharatha Kannada Sahitya Sammelan' held in Udupi last month. He was born in Ambalapady near Udupi in 1923. His childhood was tough and after his matriculation he went to Mumbai and worked as a steno in a private company.

Novels

 Anurakhte/ಅನುರಕ್ತೆ
 Hemanthagaana/ಹೇಮಂತಗಾನ
 Vatsalyapatha/ವಾತ್ಸಲ್ಯಪಥ
 Uttarayana/ಉತ್ತರಾಯಣ
 Bandaya/ಬಂಡಾಯ
 Aakashakkonndu Kandilu/ಆಕಾಶಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಕಂದೀಲು
 Hejje/ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ
 Hejje Gurutu/ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ ಗುರುತು (Sequel to Hejje)

Short stories

 Badukina Aadarsha/ಬದುಕಿನ ಆದರ್ಶ
 Kadumallige/ಕಾಡುಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ
 Sampigeya Hoo/ಸಂಪಿಗೆಯ ಹೂ
 Manjari/ಮಂಜರಿ
 Trikaala/ತ್ರಿಕಾಲ
 Aayda Kathegalu/ಆಯ್ದ ಕತೆಗಳು
 Samagra Kathegalu/ಸಮಗ್ರ ಕತೆಗಳು

Travelogue

 Naanobba Bharathiya Pravasi/ನಾನೊಬ್ಬ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪ್ರವಾಸಿ

Life Experiences

 Mumbai Dinanka/ಮುಂಬಯಿ ದಿನಾಂಕ

Drama

 Giliyu Panjaradolilla/ಗಿಳಿಯು ಪಂಜರದೊಳಿಲ್ಲ
 Mullellide Mandara!/ಮುಳ್ಳೆಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮಂದಾರ!

Others

 Samagra Bharathayana/ಸಮಗ್ರ ಭಾರತಾಯಣ
 Kalavida Hebbarara Rekha Lavanya/ಕಲಾವಿದ ಹೆಬ್ಬಾರರ ರೇಖಾ ಲಾವಣ್ಯ
 Aadhunika Sahitya Mimaamse/ಆಧುನಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮೀಮಾಂಸೆ
 Kattuvevu Naavu/ಕಟ್ಟುವೆವು ನಾವು
 Swantathryakke 50 Varsha /ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ೫೦ ವರ್ಷ

About Him/His Literature
 Akkare - Felicitation Volume/ಅಕ್ಕರೆ - ಅಭಿನಂದನ ಗ್ರಂಥ
 Vyasaraya Ballala - G. N. Upadhya/ವ್ಯಾಸರಾಯ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ - ಜಿ.ಎನ್.ಉಪಾಧ್ಯ
 Vyasaraya Ballala - M. Vijayalakshmi/ವ್ಯಾಸರಾಯ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ - ಎಂ. ವಿಜಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ

Awards and honours

 State Award for  "Anurakthe" (1957)
 Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for "Bandaya" (1986)
 Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Bandaya" (1987)
 Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for "Naanobba Bharathiya Pravasi" (1988)
 Maharashtra Shasan Puraskar  for "Bandaya" (1990)
 Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Honorary Award for Lifetime Achievement (1983)
 Gadyabhaskara Award (1996)
 B. M. Shrikanthayya Award (1995)
 A. N. Krishnarao Award (2000)
 Niranjana Award (2000)
 Masti Award (2004)

Movies and Teleserial

 Anurakhte/ಅನುರಕ್ತೆ

 Vatsalyapatha/ವಾತ್ಸಲ್ಯಪಥ

 Bandha/ಬಂಧ (DD Chandana)

References

Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada
Kannada-language writers
1923 births
2008 deaths
Novelists from Karnataka
People from Udupi district
Indian children's writers
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian short story writers
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Dramatists and playwrights from Karnataka
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2005
Tulu male writers

Vyasaraya Ballal


Superman: Tower of Power is a drop tower ride currently located at two Six Flags parks, and two former installments at Kentucky Kingdom and Six Flags St. Louis. Two of the four drop towers were manufactured by Intamin, while the Six Flags Over Georgia version was made by Zamperla, and the Six Flags Over Texas version was made by S&S. The installment at Kentucky Kingdom (then known as Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom) was demolished after an accident that severed a 13-year-old girl's feet. At Six Flags St. Louis, the ride was removed from the park's website in early 2021. Three additional drop towers of the same model by S&S are installed at other Six Flags parks Six Flags New England and Six Flags Fiesta Texas,  each known as Scream and one more built at Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor known as Sasquatch.

Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom (now known as Kentucky Kingdom and Hurricane Bay)

The Superman: Tower of Power at Kentucky Kingdom (park then operating as Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom) was an Intamin Giant Drop model, nearly identical to the one at Six Flags St. Louis. It opened in 1995 as the first ride of its kind. The ride was constructed by Martin & Vleminckx. The original name for this ride was "Hellevator", but it was renamed "Superman: Tower of Power" in 2007 and received a fresh coat of paint at the top of the ride. The same year it was refurbished, its life was cut short after a major accident. The ride was dismantled in 2008.

A new 129-foot drop tower, called "FearFall", was later added to the park in 2014.

Rider experience
Riders sit in one of four seats in several cars attached to the tower. They are quickly taken 177 feet (54 m) in the air at 12 mph (19 km/h), held at the top for several seconds, and then dropped around  at speeds of , before being stopped just  from the ground by magnetic brakes.

Stats
Introduced: 1995
Demolished: 2008
Height: 177 ft (54 m)
Drop height: 154 ft (47 m)
Max speed: 54 mph (87 km/h)
Lift speed: 12 mph (19 km/h)
Manufacturer: Intamin
Height restriction: 48 in (122 cm)

Incidents

On June 21, 2007, a 13-year-old girl was severely injured on Superman: Tower of Power when a cable snapped shortly after the ride began, striking the passengers in Section 3 of the ride, where she was in. The cable wrapped around the girl's feet during the drop, shattering her left femur and sliced both of the girl's feet. Ride operators heard the cable snap and acknowledged unusual screaming as the car climbed, but failed to press the emergency stop button until after the ride had already dropped. The ride cannot be stopped once the carriage begins to drop. Her right foot was successfully reattached, but not her left, which required amputation below the left knee.

Following the accident, the ride was closed indefinitely. Other drop tower rides around the country temporarily closed for inspection, including Drop Tower rides at five Cedar Fair parks. On November 29, 2007, Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom announced that Superman: Tower of Power would be demolished for good. The attraction was removed prior to the 2008 season.

On May 14, 2008, the girl's family spoke and gave support for a bill introduced by Massachusetts State Representative Ed Markey on Capitol Hill, which would have allowed the federal government to oversee permanent rides at amusement parks. The family sued Six Flags and reached a confidential settlement on November 21, 2008, with one of the terms requiring Six Flags to provide a lifetime of care for the injured girl.

Six Flags Over Georgia
The Superman Tower of Power at Six Flags Over Georgia is located in the DC Super Friends themed area with a structural height of  and opened on May 27, 2016. This is the second attraction themed to Superman to operate at the park, with the first one being Superman: Ultimate Flight.

Stats
Introduced: 2016
Total height: 65 ft (20 m)
Manufacturer: Zamperla
Height restriction: 42 in (107 cm)

Six Flags Over Texas

Superman Tower of Power at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas was added to the Tower section of the park in 2003. With a structural height of , it was the tallest ride in the park until the opening of the Texas Sky Screamer. Superman Tower of Power is also the tallest ride to use both space shot and turbo drop pneumatic (air powered) sequences in the United States, as well as the second highest of its kind in the world, with the tallest being La Venganza Del Enigma at Parque Warner Madrid which is structurally at a height of .

It features three towers: blue, red, and yellow positioned so that ride resembles a tripod like structure. Riders are seated facing outwards and are strapped using air-locked shoulder restraints and a safety belt that attaches the restraint to the seat. The ride begins with the weigh process. During this time the cart is raised and lowered as the ride's computer determines the amount of air pressure to use for the ride cycle. Once completed, there is a brief pause and the riders are then launched up the tower (Space Shot) then slow just before reaching the top. This is the first feeling of weightlessness that the riders experience. The cart briskly falls halfway down the tower then brought back up to the top to complete the Turbo Drop portion of the ride. Once at the top the cart locks into the brakes and is held there giving the riders just enough time to view both the Dallas and Fort Worth skylines. The cart is then released from the brakes, and the riders are dropped giving them the second and final experience of weightlessness. The riders are then bounced halfway up the tower and dropped again until they are slowly brought back down to be unloaded.

At night the ride is illuminated by various lights that change color and can be seen for miles.

Stats
Introduced: March 29, 2003
Total height: 325 ft (99 m)
Structural height: 313 ft (95 m)
Drop height: 245 ft (74 m)
Top Speed: 55 mph (89 km/h)
G-force: min -1.0 g, max +4.0
Manufacturer: S&S Worldwide
Height restriction: 52 in (132 cm)

Six Flags St. Louis
The Superman: Tower of Power at Six Flags St. Louis was manufactured by Intamin, and was one of Intamin's "Giant Drop" models. Riders sat in open-air ski lift style seats that face away from the tower, leaving their feet dangling. The cars lifted up slowly at first, but quickly accelerated to 12 mph (19 km/h) after leaving the magnetic brakes. Riders were held at the top of the 23-story tower for several seconds at the top.  The cars were then released in a random order and free fall some 230 ft (70 m), reaching 62 mph (100 km/h) before hitting the brakes.

Stats
Introduced: May 19, 2006
Height: 227 ft (69 m)
Drop height: 217 ft (66 m)
Free fall distance: 230 ft (70 m)
Free fall speed: 65 mph (104.607 km/h)
Lift speed: Up to  per second
Ride Duration: 1 min, 50 sec
Capacity: 6 cars that hold 4 passengers each, for a total of 24 riders per cycle
Manufacturer: Intamin
Height restriction: 48 in (122 cm)

History
 The ride was originally operated at Six Flags AstroWorld in Houston, Texas, where it was known as the "Dungeon Drop". When AstroWorld was closed and demolished in 2005, Dungeon Drop was relocated to Six Flags St. Louis.
 The ride was originally intended to be named "Acrophobia". The tower pieces were painted in an alternating color scheme of orange, green, and teal with white accent ringsprior to being erected at the park during the off-season. When CEO Mark Shapiro made his stop at the park on his national tour of the Six Flags parks in 2006, he ordered the name change to Superman: Tower of Power and the tower was repainted again, but in an alternating color scheme of yellow, blue and red with yellow and blue accent rings.
The ride was closed on June 22, 2007, after the accident occurred on the Kentucky Kingdom location.

The ride was removed from the park website in 2021.

References

External links

 Superman: Tower of Power at the Six Flags Over Texas Official Website
 Superman: Tower of Power at the Six Flags St. Louis Official Website

Drop tower rides
Six Flags attractions
Tower of Power
Kentucky Kingdom
Six Flags Over Georgia
Six Flags Over Texas
Six Flags St. Louis
Towers completed in 1995
Towers completed in 2003
Towers completed in 2006
Amusement rides based on film franchises
Amusement rides based on television franchises
Amusement rides manufactured by Intamin
Amusement rides manufactured by S&S – Sansei Technologies
Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences attractions

Superman: Tower of Power


Nine Stories Productions is a New York–based film, theater and television production company founded by Jake Gyllenhaal and Riva Marker in 2015. Nine Stories has a first-look deal with Bold Films, the company behind Whiplash, Drive, and Nightcrawler, the latter of which Gyllenhaal starred in and produced. Gyllenhaal won an Independent Spirit Award for producing Nightcrawler and was an executive producer on David Ayer's End of Watch. Marker produced Cary Fukunaga's critically acclaimed child soldier drama Beasts of No Nation and was an executive producer on Academy Award nominated The Kids Are All Right.

Following the deal with Bold Films, Gyllenhaal explained: "[They choose] to tell stories that I love—unflinching yet entertaining. I look forward to making movies that are successful both artistically and financially. That's what [Bold CEO] Gary [Michael Waters] and [Chairman] Michel [Litvak] do. They are nonconformists who have already proven to be terrific partners on 'Nightcrawler'—protecting stories and the artists who tell them." Litvak added: "We are thrilled to be back in business with Jake. I truly enjoy our artistic collaboration. His impeccable taste in projects and deep knowledge of how to make high quality films make him a formidable producer."

Nine Stories aims to develop and produce provocative, character-driven material at both the studio and independent levels. The company's first film, David Gordon Green's Stronger, is inspired by the true story of Boston Marathon bombing survivor Jeff Bauman and based on the New York Times bestseller of the same name. The film premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and was released to critical acclaim on September 22, 2017, by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions.

Nine Stories produced Wildlife, Paul Dano's directorial debut in which Gyllenhaal stars opposite Carey Mulligan. The company produced the documentary Hondros about war photographer Chris Hondros—who was killed on assignment in Libya—which premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award for Best Documentary.

Nine Stories is currently in development on a number of titles, including Jo Nesbø's critically acclaimed novel The Son, which Denis Villeneuve will direct; David Leitch's adaptation of Ubisoft's post-apocalyptic video game The Division, in which Gyllenhaal will also star, and a scripted limited series for A&E centered on cults throughout history. The company is also developing Seth Harp's Rolling Stone article "The Anarchists vs. the Islamic State" for the screen, and Theater of War, based on an episode of This American Life with director Alex Timbers for the stage and screen.

In the spring of 2017, the company produced its first Broadway show with a revival of Stephen Sondheim's Sunday in the Park with George at the newly reopened Hudson Theatre, starring Gyllenhaal and Tony winner, Annaleigh Ashford. The production was the first commercially successful run of a Sondheim musical.

Filmography

References

Film production companies of the United States
Television production companies of the United States
American companies established in 2016

Nine Stories Productions


Marc Lowell Andreessen ( ; born July 9, 1971) is an American businessman and software engineer. He is the co-author of Mosaic, the first widely used web browser with a graphical user interface; co-founder of Netscape; and co-founder and general partner of Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. He co-founded and later sold the software company Opsware to Hewlett-Packard. Andreessen is also a co-founder of Ning, a company that provides a platform for social networking websites and an inductee in the World Wide Web Hall of Fame. Andreessen's net-worth is estimated at $1.7 billion. Critics of Andreessen allege he displayed a conflict of interest by effectively negotiating against Facebook shareholders.

Early life and education
Andreessen was born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, and raised in New Lisbon, Wisconsin. He is the son of Patricia and Lowell Andreessen, who worked for a seed company. In December 1993, he received his bachelor's degree in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC).  As an undergraduate, he interned twice at IBM in Austin, Texas. He worked in the AIX graphics software development group responsible for the MIT X Window implementation and ports of the 3D language APIs:  SGI's Graphics Language (GL) and PHIGS.  He also worked at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, where he became familiar with Tim Berners-Lee's open standards for the World Wide Web.  After being shown the ViolaWWW graphic web browser in late 1992, Andreessen and full-time salaried co-worker Eric Bina worked on creating a browser with integrated graphics that could be ported to a wide range of computers, including Windows. The result was the Mosaic web browser released in 1993.

Career
During his career, Andreesen has worked at Netscape, Opsware, founded Andreessen Horowitz and invested in many successful companies including, Facebook, Foursquare, GitHub, Pinterest, LinkedIn and Twitter.

Netscape

After his graduation from UIUC in 1993, Andreessen moved to California to work at Enterprise Integration Technologies. Andreessen then met with Jim Clark, the founder of Silicon Graphics, who had recently exited the firm.  Clark believed the Mosaic browser had great commercial possibilities and suggested starting an Internet software company.  Soon, Mosaic Communications Corporation was in business in Mountain View, California, with Andreessen as co-founder and vice president of technology. The University of Illinois was unhappy with the company's use of the Mosaic name, so Mosaic Communications changed its name to Netscape Communications, and its flagship Web browser was the Netscape Navigator.

Netscape's IPO in 1995 put Andreessen into the public eye. He was featured on the cover of Time and other publications.

Netscape was acquired in 1999 for $4.3 billion by AOL. Andreessen's hiring as its chief technology officer was contingent on the completion of the acquisition. The same year, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

Opsware

After AOL acquired Netscape in late 1998, Andreessen went on to found Opsware with Ben Horowitz, Tim Howes, and In Sik Rhee. Originally named Loudcloud, the company provided computing, hosting and software services to consumer facing internet and e-commerce companies. Loudcloud sold its hosting business to EDS and changed its name to Opsware in 2003, with Andreessen serving as chairman. Acquired by Hewlett-Packard for $1.6 billion in 2007, it was one of the first companies to offer software as a service and to attempt cloud hosting.

Andreessen Horowitz

Between 2005 and 2009, Andreessen and longtime business partner Ben Horowitz separately invested a total of $80 million in 45 start-ups that included Twitter and Qik.  The two became well-known as super angel investors. On July 6, 2009, Andreessen and Horowitz announced their Silicon Valley venture-capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.

The firm had been scrutinized among several other venture capital firms for lack of diversity in its workforce. In an interview with New York Magazine, Andreessen stated the diversity discussion was valid, however, he believed the firm, as well as other venture capital firms of Silicon Valley, had been wrongly accused of intentionally discriminating against women and people of color. When asked specifically about the critique of ethnic and gender diversity in Silicon Valley, Andreessen responded that the issues were the "same thing."

Investments
Andreessen Horowitz began with an initial capitalization of $300 million, within three years the firm grew to $2.7 billion under management across three funds. In 2012, Andreessen Horowitz's portfolio holdings included Facebook, Foursquare, GitHub, Pinterest, Twitter, and Honor, Inc.

On September 1, 2009, an investor group that included Andreessen Horowitz acquired a majority stake in Skype at a valuation of $2.75 billion, which was considered risky. The deal paid off in May 2011 when Microsoft bought Skype for $8.5 billion. In 2010, the firm assisted Silicon Valley attorney Ted Wang in creating the first free standardized seed round financing documents, the Series Seed Documents.

Andreessen first joined the eBay board of directors in 2008, and served on it for six years. In October 2014, Andreessen announced his resignation from the board due to the company's decision to break off its online payments unit PayPal. The decision to cut ties with PayPal was a point of contention between Andreessen and investor Carl Icahn. Icahn advocated for the PayPal split while Andreessen opposed the spin off, resulting in public disputes. Andreessen was accused by Icahn of putting his own interests in front of what was best for shareholders. Icahn published his argument in an open letter that detailed alleged conflicts of interest in eBay's 2009 sale of Skype to a group of private investors, which included Andreessen's own firm.

Industry influence
Andreessen advises the leaders of companies in which Andreessen Horowitz invests, including Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Mark Pincus of Zynga.

Andreessen and Horowitz were ranked No. 6 on Vanity Fairs 2011 New Establishment List, no. 1 on CNET's 2011 most influential investors list and Nos. 2 and 21, respectively, on the 2012 Forbes Midas List of Tech's Top Investors.

In April 2012, Andreessen and Andreessen Horowitz General Partners Ben Horowitz, Peter Levine, Jeff Jordan, John O'Farrell, and Scott Weiss pledged to donate half of their lifetime incomes from venture capital to charitable organizations.

In 2012, Andreessen was named in the Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by Time. His essay "Software is eating the world" has been influential and highly cited.

In 2013, Andreessen was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.

In April 2020, early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Andreessen published an opinion article, "It's time to build", describing the United States' COVID-19 response and suggesting technological and cultural solutions to the problem.

In October 2023, Andreessen published a Techno-Optimist Manifesto arguing that civilization was built on technology, and that, "Technology is the glory of human ambition and achievement, the spearhead of progress, and the realization of our potential."

Ventures
Andreessen cofounded and chaired Ning, the third company he established after Netscape and Loudcloud. In September 2011, it was announced that Ning had been sold to Mode Media for a reported price of $150 million. Andreessen joined Glam Media's board of directors following the sale.

He is a personal investor in companies including LinkedIn and boutique bank Raine.

Andreessen serves on the board of Meta, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Kno, Stanford Hospital, Bump Technologies, Anki, Oculus VR, OpenGov, Dialpad, and TinyCo. Hewlett Packard Enterprise announced in February 2018 that board member Andreessen would not seek reelection at the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders on April 4. In his time at Hewlett Packard, Andreessen had been partially blamed for some of the company's failures, including the recruiting of Leo Apotheker as well as the acquisitions of Autonomy and Palm.

He is advisor to Asana and director of CollabNet. He is a proponent of Bitcoin. Andreessen is on an advisory board for Neom, the Saudi Arabian government's plan to build a futuristic megacity in the desert.

Criticism

In February 2016, Andreessen posted a tweet in response to India's decision to apply net neutrality to Facebook's proposed project Free Basics. The tweet suggested that anti-colonialism had been catastrophic for the Indian people. Andreessen later deleted the tweet following criticism from Indians and non-Indians alike (including Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg). Facebook spent millions advertising Free Basics to the Indian public. The project failed due to violations, setting preferential tariffs in accessing content and setting up a "walled garden" on the internet.

Conflict of interest
In April 2016, Facebook shareholders filed a class action lawsuit to block Zuckerberg's plan to create a new class of non-voting shares. The lawsuit alleges Andreessen secretly coached Zuckerberg through a process to win board approval for the stock change, while Andreessen served as an independent board member representing stockholders.

According to court documents, Andreessen shared information with Zuckerberg regarding their progress and concerns as well as helping Zuckerberg negotiate against shareholders. Court documents included transcripts of private texts between Zuckerberg and Andreessen.

Personal life
Andreessen married Laura Arrillaga in 2006. She is the founder of the Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund and daughter of Silicon Valley real estate billionaire John Arrillaga. They have one son together.

In 2012, Andreessen expressed some support for Republican candidate Mitt Romney. During the 2016 primary season, he endorsed Republican candidate Carly Fiorina, but after Fiorina dropped out of the race, Andreessen switched his endorsement to the Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, citing the Republican nominee Donald Trump's immigration stance.

In 2021, he and his wife bought a property in Malibu for $177 million from Serge and Florence Azria. This was the highest price paid for a California property at that time. As of February 2023, his net-worth is estimated at $1.7 billion by Forbes.

In 2022, Andreessen advocated against the construction of 131 multifamily housing units in their affluent Atherton, California town. In a letter, Andreessen and his wife wrote that they opposed permitting more than one house on a single acre of land. Andreessen's comments sparked criticisms of hypocrisy, as he had previously argued for increased housing supply, in particular in California.

Accolades
Andreessen was one of six inductees in the World Wide Web Hall of Fame announced at the First International Conference on the World-Wide Web in 1994. In March 2022, he was appointed to the Homeland Security Advisory Council by Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas

References

External links

1971 births
American computer programmers
American financial company founders
American technology company founders
American venture capitalists
Andreessen Horowitz
AOL employees
Arrillaga family
California Republicans
Directors of Facebook
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Internet pioneers
Living people
Netscape people
People from Cedar Falls, Iowa
People from New Lisbon, Wisconsin
Silicon Valley people
American billionaires
Midas List

Marc Andreessen


Series 38 of the quiz show University Challenge began on 7 July 2008 and was broadcast on BBC Two. This is a list of the matches played, their scores, and outcomes.

Main draw

 Winning teams are highlighted in bold.
 Teams with green scores (winners) returned in the next round, while those with red scores (losers) were eliminated.
 Teams with orange scores have lost, but survived as highest scoring losers.
 Teams with black scores have been disqualified.

First round

Highest scoring losers playoffs

Second round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

 The trophy and title were originally awarded to the Corpus Christi team comprising Gail Trimble, Sam Kay, Lauren Schwartzman and James Marsden, but on 2 March 2009, the BBC in a joint statement with Granada announced that they had disqualified the team for "breaking the series rules". The title was therefore retrospectively awarded to the Manchester team consisting of Matthew Yeo, Henry Pertinez, Reuben Roy and Simon Baker.
 The trophy was presented by Wendy Cope.

Notable events and press coverage
The 2009 series produced the two lowest team scores since the programme was revived by the BBC in 1994. 15 points were achieved by the University of Exeter in the third quarter-final against the later disqualified Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and 30 points were scored by Lincoln College, Oxford in a semi-final against University of Manchester. In the Exeter v. Corpus Christi match, Corpus Christi captain Gail Trimble answered a record fifteen starters correctly, leading to much interest on internet forums and in the popular press.

James Archer of King's College, Cambridge was questioned by police after wearing an RAF surplus jacket on the show—in combination with a dyed red mohican haircut—had prompted several complaints from viewers. Archer had obtained the jacket legally, and no further action was taken.

The final
The final, between Corpus Christi College and Manchester, was broadcast on 23 February 2009.  Before the final, press coverage focused on the Corpus Christi captain, Gail Trimble, who had gained an exceptionally high proportion of her team's points.  In the final, which was watched by more than 5 million viewers, the show's highest audience share since at least 2001, Trimble scored 125 points in the last four minutes to lead her team to what appeared at the time to be a clear victory. She was described in the British press as the "human Google", and by a defeated contestant as a "relentless juggernaut of intellectual Blitzkrieg".

A few days after the final was broadcast the BBC undertook an investigation into the eligibility of Corpus Christi team member Sam Kay, after it became evident that he had graduated in June 2008, before the filming of the quarter, semi-final and final matches, despite telling viewers he was studying chemistry. Kay left Corpus Christi after failing to get funding for his PhD and at the time of the final was working as an accountant. The captain of the Manchester team, Matthew Yeo, rejected calls for a rematch of the final. However, in a statement on 2 March 2009, the BBC and the programme's makers, Granada, stated that:"The University Challenge rules on student eligibility are that students taking part must be registered at their university or college for the duration of the recording of the series. Whilst obviously not intending to, Corpus Christi broke this important rule where other universities and colleges taking part adhered to it. We therefore find ourselves in the regrettable position of having no choice but to disqualify Corpus Christi from the final. This means they forfeit their hard-fought title which now goes to the Manchester University team."

Another member of the Corpus Christi team, James Marsden, criticised the BBC decision. He stated that the rules were ambiguous and did not state that students had to be registered at their college for the duration of filming. Gail Trimble was subsequently reported as saying that Corpus Christi, rather than Manchester, still had the trophy, "gathering dust somewhere".

References

External links
Blanchflower Results Table from blanchflower.org
A full account of the matches of the lowest-ever scoring team in the Paxman-era, by an Exeter contestant

2009
2008 British television seasons
2009 British television seasons
Corpus Christi College, Oxford

University Challenge 2008–09


KTXD-TV (channel 47) is a television station licensed to Greenville, Texas, United States. Owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, it carries programming from the four digital multicast television networks operated by its partner company, Sinclair Broadcast Group, as well as religious broadcaster SonLife Broadcasting Network. KTXD's studios are located on Inwood Road in Farmers Branch, and its transmitter is located in Cedar Hill, Texas.

The channel largely carried home shopping programming until 2006, when it began broadcasting religious programming from the Promiseland network. Under the ownership of London Broadcasting, KTXD switched to an entertainment-based format, initially as an affiliate of MeTV, and later as an independent station carrying a mix of classic television series, syndicated programs, and local news and lifestyle programming. KTXD was not included in the sale of most of London Broadcasting's stations to Gannett, resulting in its sale to Cunningham in 2017. In March 2018, Cunningham then flipped KTXD's main channel to sports programming from Sinclair's Stadium network.

History

Early years
This station first signed on the air on April 1, 1994 as KTAQ. During its early years, the station carried programming from shopping networks such as The Jewelry Network and Shop at Home. In 2000, the station affiliated with the America's Collectibles Network (now Jewelry Television), though most of the shopping programming was relegated to the nighttime hours. In 2004, the station switched to ShopNBC. In late 2006, KTAQ switched to a 24-hour religious programming format as the flagship station of the Promiseland Television Network after being acquired by Promiseland founder Mike Simons (through Simons Broadcasting, LP).

It was reported in February 2007 that KTAQ was fined $10,000 for failing to place its 2005 Biennial Ownership Report, all required TV issues/programs lists, and Children's Television Programming Reports in the station's public inspection file. The station admitted in its license renewal application that during the previous term, it had failed to timely place all of the documentation required by Section 73.3526 of the rules in its public inspection file.

In November 2008, Simons Broadcasting, LP filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas in Waco. Simons Broadcasting, LP debtor-in-possession sold the station to Platinum Equity, LLC in mid-2010. In early November 2010, KTAQ switched to an infomercial format.

Purchase by London Broadcasting
Platinum Equity later sold the station to the Addison-based London Broadcasting Company, which changed the station's call sign to KTXD-TV. London Broadcasting retained Continental Television to act as "national and local [advertising] sales" for the station, which suggested that KTXD would adopt a general entertainment format rather than a brokered, or foreign language format. The purchase was completed on January 19, 2012.

On March 16, 2012, KTXD (under the verbal K-Tex branding at the time) became an affiliate of MeTV (a digital broadcast network specializing in classic television series, which is nominally carried as a multicast channel in most markets, but is optionally carried as a main channel affiliation in a few cities), carrying its programming part-time on its main channel and MeTV's complete schedule on digital subchannel 47.4. Under London, the station also began to place an emphasis on locally produced lifestyle and entertainment programs.

On October 31, 2013, KTXD declined to renew its affiliation contract with MeTV and dropped the network's programming, which by association, resulted in the 47.4 subchannel going dark. Channel 47 converted to a general entertainment independent station, effectively competing with KTXA (channel 21), featuring local programs as well as a mix of recent and classic television series (including some that have been carried in recent years on MeTV and one of its chief rivals, Antenna TV). The station also acquired the local rights to a Dallas Cowboys regular season road game against the Chicago Bears on December 9, which was part of the ESPN Monday Night Football package. MeTV would return to the Dallas–Fort Worth area on KTXA in December 2013 over a new second digital subchannel.

On May 14, 2014, the Gannett Company announced the purchase of KTXD's sister stations KCEN, KYTX, KIII, KBMT, KXVA, and KIDY for $215 million. London exempted KTXD and Longview sister station KCEB from the deal; in the case of KTXD, the company's retention of KTXD was decided by management; Gannett's existing ownership of ABC affiliate WFAA (channel 8; which was acquired in 2013 as part of the company's merger with Belo), however, did not play a factor as the Dallas–Fort Worth market has enough full-power television stations to allow a fourth duopoly and neither did the FCC's newspaper-broadcast cross-ownership restrictions as the company does not own a newspaper within the market.

Sale to Cunningham Broadcasting
On September 15, 2017, London agreed to sell KTXD-TV to Cunningham Broadcasting, a partner company of Sinclair Broadcast Group, for $9.5 million. Sinclair, which at the time was seeking to acquire KDAF (channel 33) as part of its merger with Tribune Media (which was abandoned on August 9, 2018), indicated that it intended to use KTXD as a lighthouse station during the transition to the ATSC 3.0 broadcast standard. The sale was completed on January 11, 2018.

On March 7, 2018, KTXD replaced its general entertainment format with programming from Sinclair-owned digital network Stadium. There was no formal announcement of the programming change, except on Stadium's Facebook page, welcoming viewers in the Dallas area.

Programming
Upon adopting an entertainment-based schedule, the station began carrying MeTV programming on its main channel from 9:00 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. weekdays, and from 1:00 p.m. to midnight on weekends. The network was later expanded to 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. on weekdays and noon to 11:00 p.m. on Sundays, and reduced to 5:00 to 10:00 p.m. on Saturdays.

From the time MeTV programming was dropped until March 7, 2018, classic television series were added to the schedule, alongside some more recent and barter syndicated programs, giving the station a format mildly similar to KFWD (channel 52, now a SonLife Broadcasting Network affiliate)'s format during its years as an English language independent station. The remainder of KTXD's schedule consisted of locally produced programs on weekdays; syndicated E/I programming on Saturday mornings as well as local interest programming, college sporting events in the afternoon hours on Saturdays; along with religious programming and infomercials. The overnight hours from 2 a.m. to 5 a.m. were occupied by programs from AMGTV.

Local programming
On July 20, 2012, KTXD announced that it would launch an hour-long news and commentary program called The Texas Daily; the program featured several veteran news anchors and reporters formerly seen on KDFW (channel 4), KXAS-TV (channel 5), WFAA (channel 8) and KTVT (channel 11) – including John Criswell, Troy Dungan, Iola Johnson and Tracy Rowlett. The Texas Daily debuted on October 1, 2012, and featured stories relevant to Dallas-Fort Worth and Texas as well as national and international news reports from CNN's affiliate news service CNN Newssource.

Originally airing at 8:00 a.m., the program moved to 6:00 p.m. the following year with a rebroadcast airing at 9:30 p.m. being added. The station canceled The Texas Daily on March 19, 2014, citing low viewership (registering ratings that were marginal or at times, too low to register a measurable ratings point) and that the program "has been difficult to sell advertising into". The last edition of the program aired two days later, and was replaced with syndicated reruns of America's Funniest Home Videos. The station also produced the weekend sports program DFW Sports Beat, hosted by Brady Tinker and Everson Walls, which featured interviews and discussions on area sports; the program was also cancelled in early 2014.

In September 2012, KTXD debuted a talk and lifestyle program titled The Broadcast (originally titled D: The Broadcast until D Magazine dropped their sponsorship of the program in September 2013), which originally aired at noon; the program, which features a panel format similar to the network daytime talk shows The View and The Talk, was moved to 9:00 a.m. and expanded to two hours upon the cancellation of The Texas Daily in March 2014; the program, which like most of KTXD's local programs has experienced low ratings locally, received national attention in May 2014 after co-host Amy Kushnir walked off the set during a heated discussion about controversial remarks from some football players regarding a moment televised on ESPN during the 2014 NFL Draft in which openly gay player Michael Sam was kissed his boyfriend on-camera after being selected by the St. Louis Rams. The Broadcast was finally canceled in March 2015.  On May 6, 2013, the station began carrying a television simulcast of The Mark Davis Morning Show, from KSKY (660 AM), on weekday mornings from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. It was canceled in December 2014.

Notable former on-air staff
 Troy Dungan – contributor for The Texas Daily (2012–2013)
 Iola Johnson – contributor for The Texas Daily (2012–2014)
 Tracy Rowlett – contributor for The Texas Daily (2012–2014)

Technical information

Subchannels
Since June 2011, the station's digital signal has been multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KTXD-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 47, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 46, using [virtual channel]] 47.

KTXD's original analog transmitter was located in Greenville. After the digital transition, the station's transmitter moved to the Cedar Hill antenna farm. Because the digital transmitter site is over  from the Greenville site, over 90,000 viewers in that area no longer receive the station. However, the new digital signal covers the entire Dallas–Fort Worth metro area, resulting in a net change in population covered from 1,364,801 persons (for its analog signal) to 5,306,750 (for its digital signal).

References

External links
Official website

1994 establishments in Texas
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Stadium (sports network) affiliates
TBD (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1994
Television stations in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex

KTXD-TV


The Birke topi (), birkhe topi or Bhanubhakta-styled topi is a traditional cap worn in the western hilly region of Nepal. It was popularized by the poet Aadikavi Bhanubhakta Acharya.

Structure
It resembles the lid of traditional pots with its cylindrical shape and bobble at the top. It is usually available in black without printing or embroidery, but can be in other colors with patterns and designs. It also shares resemblance with the Himachali cap but the Birke topi has a bobble at the top.

Modern usage
The use of this cap is quite rare in the modern Nepalese society. People prefer Dhaka topi and Bhaadgaule topi to Birkhe topi. This topi is now usually worn on special occasion such as anniversary of Bhanubhakta Acharya. In the honor of the poet, the officials of Bhanu municipality in Tanahun district (Acharya's hometown) decided to wear the topi on the job.

Gallery

See also

 Daura-Suruwal
Terai hat

References

Hats
Nepalese clothing
Society of Nepal
Nepalese culture

Birke topi


Big Strides is a London-based 3-piece band that plays an original mix of blues, rock, jazz and funk. With an original lineup consisting of Marcus O'Neill (vocals, guitar, harmonica), Lewis Kirk (drums) and Tom Pi (double bass), Chris Kelly replaced Tom Pi as double bassist in 2006.

Their first album Small Town, Big Strides was released in 2005 on their own label, Tall Order Records. The first single "Suicidal" notched up 300,000 downloads in the US and prompted Jonathan Ross on BBC Radio 2 to comment "I can't decide if I love it or if it upsets me".

After regular appearances at Ronnie Scott's, tours of the UK and performances at Glastonbury, They signed to management  Brett_Leboff at Monumental Management Ltd from 2006 to 2011 and first went to Japan in 2006 to play at Summer Sonic, following a sudden rush of import album sales. Their second album "Cry It All Out" was picked up for release in Japan (EMI) and Germany (India Media/ Rough Trade).

The breadth and variety of Big Strides' influences has seen them support a wide range of artists including Roy Ayers, Horace Andy, Damien Rice, Bloc Party and Arctic Monkeys.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

Musical groups established in 2003
English rock music groups
Musical groups from London

Big Strides


Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (; née Zourabichvili; 6 July 1929 – 5 August 2023) was a French political historian who specialised in Russian history. From 1999 up until her death in 2023, she served as the Perpetual Secretary of the Académie Française, to which she was first elected in 1990.

Carrère d'Encausse was a member of the European Parliament between 1994 and 1999, representing the Gaullist-conservative party RPR. She was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal and Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in 2008 and 2011, respectively. She was a cousin of Salome Zourabichvili, the current President of Georgia. In 2023 she was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in Social Sciences.

Early life and career
Hélène Zourabichvili was born in the 16th arrondissement of Paris to Georges Zourabichvili, a Georgian émigré, and his German-Russian wife. In Georgia, her father had been a doctor of philosophy and economics who spoke five languages. The family had lost their possessions in the October revolution. In France, her father had to make money, first as a cab driver. The family spoke Russian at home, and she learned French at age four.

The family survived the war in Bordeaux where her father worked as a translator for the Germans. He disappeared in 1944 during the Liberation of France, presumably murdered by members of the Resistance.

After completing her secondary education at the 16th arrondissement's Lycée Molière, she studied history at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), graduating in 1952. She completed her Doctorat de troisième cycle in 1963 and, in 1976, earned a Doctorat ès lettres from Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1) with a dissertation supervised by Maxime Rodinson and Roger Portal. She lectured in history at both Sciences Po and the Sorbonne.

Russian scholarship

Due to her interest in her family history, the bulk of Carrère d'Encausse's work focused on Russia and the Soviet Union. She had over two dozen books published in French, many of which have been translated into English. Her 1978 work  (English version, Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt) predicted that the Soviet Union was destined to break up along the lines of its 15 constituent republics, although she was incorrect in foreseeing that demographic pressures from the Muslim-majority republics of Central Asia would be the trigger.

In commenting on current Russian affairs, Carrère d'Encausse warned against applying Western yardsticks to Russian democracy and said she regretted the excessive demonisation of the government of Vladimir Putin. Up until the final days before Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine she refused to countenance such an eventuality, although her opinion of Putin changed after the start of hostilities.

European and domestic politics
In 1992, Carrère d'Encausse was invited by Culture Minister Jack Lang to chair the committee he had founded to promote a "yes" vote in that year's referendum on the Maastricht Treaty, a task that Lang said she performed with "fervour and enthusiasm".

She was elected as a member of the European Parliament in 1994, representing Jacques Chirac's Gaullist-conservative party Rassemblement pour la République (RPR). During her time in the parliament from 1994 to 1999, she sat first with the European Democratic Alliance and later with the Union for Europe group, and she served as one of the vice-chairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as a member of the delegation for relations with Russia.

In 2005, she controversially identified polygamy as one of the causes of France's 2005 civil unrest. During an interview given to the Russian television channel NTV, she claimed: "Why can't their parents buy an apartment? It's clear why. Many of these Africans, I tell you, are polygamous. In an apartment, there are three or four wives and 25 children." She also said that political correctness on French television was "a nightmare" and was almost comparable to media censorship in Russia.

Académie Française
Carrère d'Encausse was elected to seat 14 of the Académie Française on 13 December 1990, then the third woman, and was elected its  on 21 October 1999, making her the first woman to hold its top position. Her  was made by the Franco-Georgian sculptor Goudji.

As a member of the Academy, Carrère d'Encausse opposed both the feminisation of language, insisting that she be styled Madame le secrétaire perpétuel, and gender-inclusive language, describing the use of the interpunct to accommodate both genders (as in les auteur·rice·s) as "stupid" because of its impact on the musicality of a text. Her 2020 ruling that Covid be considered a feminine noun was also fiercely criticised, including by fellow members of the Academy.

Personal life
Born stateless, Hélène Zourabichvili acquired French citizenship in 1950. In 1952 she married Louis Édouard Carrère d'Encausse, with whom she had three children: Emmanuel (born 1957), an author, screenwriter and director; Nathalie (1959), a lawyer; and Marina (1961), a physician and broadcast journalist. Her brother was the composer Nicolas Zourabichvili, and she was a cousin of Salome Zourabichvili, the current President of Georgia.

Carrère d'Encausse died in Paris on 5 August 2023, at age 94. President Emmanuel Macron announced that he would lead a national homage in her honour at the Hôtel des Invalides before the end of the summer.

Honours and awards

Honours
 Belgium: Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 Brazil: Commander of the Order of the Southern Cross
 France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (2011)
 France: Officer of the National Order of Merit
 France: Commander of the Ordre des Palmes académiques
 France: Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Monaco: Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit (November 1999)
 Poland: Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
 Russia: Medal of the Order of Honour (Russia)

Awards
 Princess of Asturias Awards (2023; Spain)
  of the Society for the Encouragement of Progress (2020; France)
 Lomonosov Gold Medal (2008; Russia)
 by Tbilisi State University (2003, Georgia)
  (2000; France)
  (1997; France)
  (1995; France)
 Prix Comenius (1992; France)
  (1978; France)

Honorary degrees
 HEC Paris
 Université catholique de Louvain
 Université de Montréal
 Université Laval
 University of Bucharest
 Sofia University
 Saint Joseph University

Bibliography
Carrère d'Encausse's page on the website of the Académie Française provides the following list of her publications.

 1963: Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l'Empire russe  (Armand Colin)
 1966: Le Marxisme et l'Asie (with Stuart R. Schram), 1853–1964  (Armand Colin)
 1967: Central Asia, a century of Russian rule, Columbia Univ., réédition 1990  (Duke Univ. publication)
 1969: L'URSS et la Chine devant la révolution des sociétés pré-industrielles (avec Stuart R. Schram)  (Armand Colin)
 1972: L'Union soviétique de Lénine à Staline (Éd. Richelieu), in English: History of the Soviet Union, 1917–1953. (Longman, New York 1981, 1982)
 1975: La Politique soviétique au Moyen-Orient, 1955–1975  (Presses de la F.N.S.P.)
 1978:   (Flammarion), in English: Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt. (Newsweek Books, New York 1979)
 1979: Lénine, la Révolution et le Pouvoir (Flammarion), in English: Lenin: Revolution and Power. (Longman 1981)
 1979: Staline, l'ordre par la terreur (Flammarion), in English: Stalin: Order through Terror. (Longman 1982)
 1980: Le Pouvoir confisqué (Flammarion), in English: Confiscated Power: How Soviet Russia Really Works. (Harper and Row, New York 1982)
 1982: Le Grand Frère (Flammarion), in English: Big Brother: The Soviet Union and Soviet Europe. (Holmes and Meier, New York 1987)
 1985: La déstalinisation commence  (Complexe)
 1986: Ni paix ni guerre  (Flammarion)
 1987: Le Grand Défi (Flammarion), in English: The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1930. (Holmes and Meier 1992)
 1988: Le Malheur russe (Fayard), in English: The Russian Syndrome: One Thousand Years of Political Murder (Holmes and Meier 1992)
 1990: La Gloire des Nations (Fayard), in English: The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations. (Basic Books, New York 1993)
 1992: Victorieuse Russie  (Fayard)
 1993: L'URSS, de la Révolution à la mort de Staline  (Le Seuil)
 1996: Nicolas II, La transition interrompue  (Fayard)
 1998: Lénine  (Fayard)
 2000: La Russie inachevée  (Fayard)
 2002: Catherine II  (Fayard)
 2003: L'Impératrice et l'abbé : un duel littéraire inédit  (Fayard)
 2005: L'Empire d'Eurasie  (Fayard)
 2006: La Deuxième Mort de Staline
 2008: Alexandre II. Le printemps de la Russie (Fayard)
 2010:  (Fayard)
 2011: Des siècles d'immortalité. L'Académie française 1635-.... (Fayard)
 2013: Les Romanov – Une dynastie sous le règne du sang (Fayard)
 2015: Six années qui ont changé le monde 1985–1991 – La chute de l'empire soviétique (Fayard)
 2017: Le général de Gaulle et la Russie (Fayard)
 2019: La Russie et la France (Fayard)
 2021: Alexandra Kollontaï. La Walkyrie de la Révolution (Fayard)

References

External links

 Home page at the Académie française  (archive)

1929 births
2023 deaths
Writers from Paris
Sciences Po alumni
Academic staff of Pantheon-Sorbonne University
20th-century French historians
Members of the Académie Française
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Arts
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Members of the Romanian Academy
Central Asian studies scholars
French people of Georgian descent
French people of Russian descent
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Commanders with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Commanders of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco)
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Zourabichvili family
Rally for the Republic MEPs
20th-century women MEPs for France
MEPs for France 1994–1999
20th-century French women politicians

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse


The General Teaching Council for England (GTCE) was the professional body for teaching in England between 2000 and 2012. The GTC was established by the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 which set two aims: "to contribute to improving standards of teaching and the quality of learning, and to maintain and improve standards of professional conduct among teachers, in the interests of the public". The GTC was abolished in 2012 with some of its functions being assumed by the Teaching Agency, an executive agency of the Department for Education, which in 2013 became the National College for Teaching and Leadership.

Functions
In line with the aims set by the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, the GTC had three principal functions.

Maintaining a register of teachers in England
The GTC was the awarding body for Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) in England. Registration with the GTC was a legal requirement for all qualified teachers in maintained schools, pupil referral units and non-maintained special schools. In addition, around a third of teachers in the independent sector were registered with the GTC. There were over 560,000 teachers on the GTC register.

Regulating the teaching profession
The GTC published the Code of Conduct and Practice for Teachers. This code formed the basis of the regulatory process of the GTC. The GTC regulated the conduct and competence of teachers according to this code. Teachers' employers were required to tell the GTC when a teacher had been dismissed because of misconduct or incompetence or where they resigned in circumstances justifying dismissal.

The GTC regulated all "Registered Teachers", in other words any teacher working in maintained ) schools. The GTC could also regulate teachers who were no longer registered provided misconduct or incompetence occurred when they were registered.

The GTC convened panels to hear cases. Each panel was normally held in public, and included two teachers, one lay member, and a legal advisor employed by the GTC. Panels were drawn from members of the Council plus a pool of specially appointed panellists. The GTC employed a presenting officer who was often a leading solicitor in the field of Professional Discipline. A panel had the powers to issue reprimands, issue a conditional registration order (continued GTC registration required the teacher to adhere to certain conditions set at the hearing), suspend a teacher from the register, or prohibit a teacher from registration

The GTC did not pay costs to teachers found not guilty of misconduct at hearings. Legal representation at hearings could cost up to £40,000. Some teachers were represented by trade unions, although Trade Unions employ solicitors and barristers to comply with the Human Rights legislation affording defendants equal representation to the barristers and solicitors employed by the GTCE.

Providing advice to government and other agencies
The GTC gave advice to government and others on a wide range of policy issues that affect the teaching profession including issues relating to standards of teaching and learning. Advice had previously been given on topics including: supporting the professional development of teachers; pupil assessment; teacher retention, and prevention of teachers leaving the profession; equality and diversity in schools and the workforce; working with other (non-teaching) adults in schools; teacher and school accountability; supporting teachers to effectively teach children with Special Educational Needs

Legal requirement
Being fully registered with the GTC was a legal requirement if you were employed in the maintained sector. Those qualified teachers working in independent schools could register voluntarily.

Composition of the council
The GTC had 64 members. Elections to the council were made on a four-year cycle, except the chair and vice chair of the council, which were elected annually. The GTC convened four times a year to discuss policy and regulation of the teaching profession. The GTC was composed of:

25 members elected from GTC registered teachers
9 members who are nominated by professional teaching organisations and trade unions
17 members nominated through other teaching related organisations
13 members nominated the GTC's public appointments procedure

The Council's first Chief Executive from 2000 until 2006 was educationalist Carol Adams.

Primary sources
The archives of the GTC and the GTC Trust are held in the archives of the Institute of Education, University of London and a full catalogue can be found online.

Abolition
The Principal Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, announced on 2 June 2010 of the Government's decision and intention to abolish the General Teaching Council for England by primary legislation.

The Times Educational Supplement lamented the demise of the GTC and criticised the role of school teaching trade unions causing the profession to become little more than an extension to the civil service.

References

External links

Records of the GTC (England and Wales) and the GTC (England and Wales) Trust at the Institute of Education Archives

1998 establishments in England
Department for Education
Educational organisations based in England
Education regulation in the United Kingdom
Higher education regulators
Organisations based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
2012 disestablishments in England
Teaching in the United Kingdom

General Teaching Council for England


Ambulance (Original title: Ambulanse) is a collection of short stories by the Norwegian author Johan Harstad, published in 2002. The collection contains eleven short stories, all connected to each other. The main character in one of the stories shows up as an 'extra' in the next, and several stories are told from different angles. The overall link between the short stories is an ambulance driving through an unnamed city.

Harstad received the Bjørnson Stipend for the collection. It has also been published in France and Finland, and many of the short stories have been published in anthologies in Germany, France, England, United States, Italy and India.

Norwegian short story collections
2002 short story collections

Ambulanse


Hamza Shehata (1910/11-1971/72) was a philosopher, poet and civic leader from the Hejaz in the western part of modern Saudi Arabia. The eccentric Hejazi genius was born in Mecca and raised in Jeddah. He studied at the Al-Falah School (established in 1905), then moved to India where he worked at the Zainal trading house for a number of years. Upon his return, he joined the Jeddah Council of Commerce.

Shehata is regarded as a Saudi pioneer, a leading poet and thinker, and an influential figure in the cultural modernism movement that occurred in the Hejaz in the early 20th century. Along with another Hejazi poet Mohammed Hassan Awwad, he was among the first to compose and publish Arabic poems in modern format, starting in the 1920s.

He is also well known for his writings on ethical issues and social philosophy. In 1940 he gave a famous speech in Mecca addressing complex ethical concerns and advocating social and religious reform. His bold ideas and political activism led to his exile in 1931, along with other Hejazi leaders and youth, in Al-Massmak fort in Riyadh, sent there by King Abdul Aziz. Just after he was pardoned, he left Hejaz for Cairo, opposing the way things were run in his country.

He was influenced by key social and political leaders in the Hejaz such as Qassim Zainal and Mohammed Suroor Sabban. His literary work was influenced by, among others, Khalil Gibran, Iliyya Abu Madi and Mikha'il Na'ima.

Notable works
 Al-Rojollah 'Imad Al-Kholoqu Al-Fadil (speech on ethics)
 Rifat Akkl (work on ethics)
 Himar Hamzah Shihatta (work on ethics, religion and social reform)
 Diwan Hamzah Shihatta (complete poems)
 Ghadat Bulaqu (poetry)
 Eila Ibbnaty Sheiren (romantic literature; letters to his daughter in Jeddah)

Hamza Shehata in film
In 2013, filmmaker Mahmoud Sabbagh created, produced and directed a documentary on Hamza Shahata, titled: "Memories of Old Mecca; Hamza Shahata's Story".

References

People from Jeddah
20th-century Saudi Arabian poets
Saudi Arabian writers
1910s births
1972 deaths
Recipients of Saudi Arabian royal pardons

Hamza Shehata


A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond.  Usually, phosphodiesterase refers to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, which have great clinical significance and are described below.  However, there are many other families of phosphodiesterases, including phospholipases C and D, autotaxin, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, DNases, RNases, and restriction endonucleases (which all break the phosphodiester backbone of DNA or RNA), as well as numerous less-well-characterized small-molecule phosphodiesterases.

The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases comprise a group of enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond in the second messenger molecules cAMP and cGMP. They regulate the localization, duration, and amplitude of cyclic nucleotide signaling within subcellular domains. PDEs are therefore important regulators of signal transduction mediated by these second messenger molecules.

History
These multiple forms (isoforms or subtypes) of phosphodiesterase were isolated from rat brain using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the early 1970s by Weiss and coworkers, and were soon afterward shown to be selectively inhibited by a variety of drugs in brain and other tissues, also by Weiss and coworkers.

The potential for selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents was predicted in the 1970s by Weiss  and coworkers. This prediction has now come to pass in a variety of fields (e.g. sildenafil as a PDE5 inhibitor and Rolipram as a PDE4 inhibitor).

Nomenclature and classification
The PDE nomenclature signifies the PDE family with an Arabic numeral, then a capital letter denotes the gene in that family, and a second and final Arabic numeral then indicates the splice variant derived from a single gene (e.g., PDE1C3: family 1, gene C, splicing variant 3).

The superfamily of PDE enzymes is classified into 11 families, namely PDE1-PDE11, in mammals. The classification is based on:
 amino acid sequences
 substrate specificities
 regulatory properties
 pharmacological properties
 tissue distribution

Different PDEs of the same family are functionally related despite the fact that their amino acid sequences can show considerable divergence. PDEs have different substrate specificities. Some are cAMP-selective hydrolases (PDE4, 7 and 8); others are cGMP-selective (PDE5, 6, and 9). Others can hydrolyse both cAMP and cGMP (PDE1, 2, 3, 10, and 11). PDE3 is sometimes referred to as cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase. Although PDE2 can hydrolyze both cyclic nucleotides, binding of cGMP to the regulatory GAF-B domain will increase cAMP affinity and hydrolysis to the detriment of cGMP. This mechanism, as well as others, allows for cross-regulation of the cAMP and cGMP pathways. PDE12 cleaves 2',5'-phosphodiester bond linking adenosines of the 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates. PDE12 is not a member of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase superfamily that contains PDE1 through PDE11.

Clinical significance
Phosphodiesterase enzymes have been shown to be different in different types of cells, including normal and leukemic lymphocytes and are often targets for pharmacological inhibition due to their unique tissue distribution, structural properties, and functional properties.

Inhibitors of PDE can prolong or enhance the effects of physiological processes mediated by cAMP or cGMP by inhibition of their degradation by PDE.

Sildenafil (Viagra) is an inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5, which enhances the vasodilatory effects of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum and is used to treat erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil is also currently being investigated for its myo- and cardioprotective effects, with particular interest being given to the compound's therapeutic value in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Paraxanthine, the main metabolite of caffeine, is another cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits PDE9, a cGMP preferring phosphodiesterase. PDE9 is expressed as high as PDE5 in the corpus cavernosum.

Pharmacological effect of PDE inhibitors
PDE inhibitors have been identified as new potential therapeutics in areas such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, dementia, depression, asthma, COPD, protozoal infections (including malaria) and schizophrenia.

PDE also are important in seizure incidence. For example, PDE compromised the antiepileptic activity of adenosine. In addition, using of a PDE inhibitor (pentoxifylline) in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure indicated the antiepileptic effect by increasing the time latency to seizure incidence and decreasing the seizure duration in vivo.

Cilostazol (Pletal) inhibits PDE3. This inhibition allows red blood cells to be more able to bend. This is useful in conditions such as intermittent claudication, as the cells can maneuver through constricted veins and arteries more easily.

Dipyridamole inhibits PDE-3 and PDE-5. This leads to intraplatelet accumulation of cAMP and/or cGMP, inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Zaprinast inhibits the growth of asexual blood-stage malaria parasites (P. falciparum) in vitro with an ED50 value of 35 μM, and inhibits PfPDE1, a P. falciparum cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, with an IC50 value of 3.8 μM.

Xanthines such as caffeine and theobromine are cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors. However, the inhibitory effect of xanthines on phosphodiesterases are only seen at dosages higher than what people normally consume.

Sildenafil, Tadalafil and Vardenafil are PDE-5 inhibitors and are widely used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

References

External links

EC 3.1.4
Molecular biology

Phosphodiesterase


Aguadilla Divas is a defunct female professional volleyball team that was part of the Female Superior Volleyball League and  played in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, until January 4, 2006. Its home arena was Luis T. Diaz Coliseum. Willie Lopez ran the team, with practices held in nearby Moca at the Juan Sanchez Acevedo Coliseum.

The record for their first season (2006) was 1-21. In 2007, their record was 4–17.

References

Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
Volleyball clubs in Puerto Rico

Aguadilla Divas


Titus (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 30 December 39 – 13 September 81) was Roman Emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.

Military service
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander. He served as a military tribune in Germany and Roman Britain.

It was he who brought the reinforcements after the revolt of Boudicca. Two tribes had destroyed Colchester, London and St Albans, and wiped out a whole legion, but were finally defeated by the Roman governor of Britain.

Judaea
He served under his father in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War (66–70), where he commanded a legion. The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero in 68, but soon continued in the Year of the Four Emperors.

When Vespasian was declared emperor on 1 July 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion. In 70, he successfully laid siege to Jerusalem. He destroyed the city and Temple in Jerusalem. For this, Titus was awarded a Roman triumph. To this day, the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory circa AD 70.

Rome
When Vespasian became Emperor, Titus and his brother Domitian received the title of Caesar from the Senate. Titus held seven Roman consulships during Vespasian's reign and acted as his secretary, appearing in the Senate on his behalf.

Under the rule of his father, Titus gained notoriety in Rome as a ruthless Prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

Berenice
During the Jewish wars, Titus had begun a love affair with Berenice, sister of Agrippa II. The Herodians had collaborated with the Romans during the rebellion, and Berenice herself had supported Vespasian upon his campaign to become emperor.

In 75, she returned to Titus and openly lived with him in the palace as his promised wife. The Romans were wary of her, and disapproved of their relationship. When the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved in to the pressure and sent her away, but his reputation suffered.

Emperor

Titus ruled to great acclaim after the death of Vespasian in 79. He was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians.

As emperor, he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79 and a fire in Rome in 80.

Because of his supposed vices, many Romans feared he would be another Nero. But Titus proved to be an effective emperor and was well-loved  when people found that he had virtues instead of vices. One of his first acts as an emperor was to stop trials based on treason charges, which had long plagued Rome.

Under Augustus, the law of treason had been revived and applied to cover slander and libel. This led to a long cycle of trials and executions under such emperors as Tiberius, Caligula and Nero. This spawned entire networks of informers who terrorized Rome for decades. Titus put an end to this practice, against himself or anyone else, declaring:

"It is impossible for me to be insulted or abused in any way. For I do naught that deserves censure, and I care not for what is reported falsely".

Consequently, no senators were put to death during his reign; he thus kept to his promise that he would assume the office of Pontifex Maximus "for the purpose of keeping his hands unstained". The informers were publicly punished and banished from the city. Titus then made it unlawful for persons to be tried under different laws for the same offense (double jeopardy|). Finally, when Berenice returned to Rome, he sent her away.

After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81. He was deified (declared a god) by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian.

References

39 births
81 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors

Titus


An Midsayap sarong primera klaseng banwaan kan probinsya nin North Cotabato, Filipinas. An designadong zip code kaini iyo  .
Sosog sa sensus kan , igwa ining  katawong nag-eerok digdi sa  kaharongan.

Igwa ining sukol na  kilometro kwadrado.

An mga kagerok igdi saralak-salak; igwang mga Cebuano, na iyo an pinakadakul, igwang mga Hiligaynon, mga Ilokano, mga Mindanawon asin mga Manobo, asin mga saradit pang ibang grupo.

An Midsayap igwang total na kahiwasan nin daga na nag'abot 33,038.7869 na ektarya na binibilog nin 57 barangay. An iba  kaining mga barangay yaon sa mga gilid kan pampang kaya madali an trasportasyon paagi nin tubig. Pero huli sa bagong tugdok na tulay pasiring Sultan Kudarat asin  pasiring sa probinsya kan Maguindanao asin sa bagong-gibong probinsya nin Shariff Kabungsuan Province, madali na an byahe aging daga. Binabaktas man nin tinampo sa Davao-Cotabato na direksyon asin sa Midsayap-Nakar na ruta.

Mga Barangay

Midsayap LGU Website

An Midsayap nababanga sa 57 barangay.

Mga Eskwelahan Pan-elementarya
PUBLIC

Midsayap Central District
 Agriculture Elementary School under Mrs. Evangeline M. Tiwaquen
 Bagumba Elementary School under Mrs. Mariqueta P. De Jesus
 Central Katingawan Elementary School under Daisy J. Fortinez
 Lagumbingan Elementary School under Lydia D. Jimenez
 Midsayap Central Pilot Elementary School under Leonor O. Garcia
 Miguel Intes Elementary School under Mrs. Edecita P. Ogatis
 Patindiguen Elementary School under Mr. Gil F. Ferolin
 Salunayan Elementary School under Mrs. Juliana A. Tanallon
 San Isidro Elementary School under Mrs. Lydia D. Jimenez
 Simeon Panganiban Elementary School under Mrs. Leonor O. Garcia
 Vicente Rapacon Memorial Elementary School under Mr. Clenio C. Cayacap

Midsayap North District
 Anonang Elementary School under Mr. Leonardo A. Garcia
 Arizona Elementary School under Mr. Ceasar P. Bigwas
 Lt. Andres Calungsod Central Elementary School under Mr. Ceasar P. Bigwas
 Elesio Elementary School under Mrs. Virginia C. Domondon
 Ilbocean Elementary School under Mr. Salvador Q. Caballero
 Kimagango Central Elementary School under Mrs. Herminia O. Nisperos
 Kimagango Central Elementary School- Annex under Mrs. Marissa C. Cenar
 Madendog Primary School under Mrs. Noraina U. Madendog
 Malamote Elementary School under Mr. Edmundo E. Sianda
 Milaya Elementary School under Mr. Roy F. Bigwas
 Upper Bulanan Elementary School under Mr. Maximiano P. De Asis
 Upper Labas Elementary School under Mr. Ernesto F. Nisperos
 Villarica Elementary School under Mr. Elmer V. Castro

Midsayap South District
 Baliki Elementary School under Mrs. Nora M. Diolaso
 Bitoka Elementary School under Mrs. Charlita R. Ragonton
 Central Bulanan Elementary School under Mrs. Florida D. Ragasa
 Central Glad Elementary School under Mrs. Ma. Gina O. Pagasian
 Dilangalen Central Elementary School under Mr. Aguinaldo R. Aniñon
 Dr. C.H. Deles Elementary School under Mrs. Letty G. Hernandez
 Flauta Elementary School under Mrs. Lina I. Reingen
 Lower Kiwanan Elementary School under Mrs. Cecilia T. Hijara
 Rangeban Elementary School under Mrs. Trinidad R. Liboon
 Sadaan Elementary School under Mr. Dioscoro C. Palenzuela
 San Pedro Elementary School under Mr. Cicile D. Go Biao
 Santa Cruz Elementary School under Ms. Elsa L. Lasapin
 Upper Glad II Elementary School
 Upper Kiwanan Primary School under Mrs. Remedios N. Torres

Midsayap West District
 Dabpil Sampulna Primary School under Mrs. Fatima M. Emblawa
 Damatulan Elementary School under Mr. Mak A. Palao
 Datu Dimaudtag Dialangalen Elementary School under Mrs. Dali S. Endaila
 Don Miguel Latada Elementary School (Tumbras) under Mrs. Pelagia S. Salazar
 Guntong Primary School
 Kadigasan Elementary School under Mr. Esmael G. Sapad
 Kadingilan Primary School ( Panago Primary School) under Mr. Abusama M. Pagao
 Kapinpilan-Endaila Silongan Central Elementary School under Mrs. Fatima P. Pilas
 Lower Olandang Elementary School under Mrs. Noria D. Maguid
 Kudarangan Elementary School under Mr. Kadil S. Mamasalido
 Lomopog Elementary School under Mrs. Tayan T. Sapad
 Macasendeg Elementary School under Mrs. Madsobia M. Tioma
 Malingao Elementary School under Mrs. Josefina F. Galvez
 Mudseng Elementary School under Mrs. Mila M. Tugan
 Nabalawag Elementary School under Mr. Mando B. Alamada
 Sambulawan Elementary School
 Upper Olandang Elementary School under Mrs. Fatima M. Emblawa

Private
 Cedar Child Learning Center
 Good Shepherd Learning Center
 Katingawan Adventist Academy
 Midsayap Montessori Center
 Our Lady of Wisdom Academy
 Notre Dame of Midsayap College Elementary Training Department
 Southern Christian College Elementary Training Department

Segundarya
PUBLIC
 Midsayap-Dilangalen National High School under Mrs. Oliva M. Armada
 Agriculture National High School under Mr. Felipe B. Marcos
 Agriculture National High School (Baliki Annex) under Mrs. Josette C. Cornelio
 Arizona National High School under Mr. Rosalio S. Ferolino
 Kimagango National High School under Mrs. Presciosa G. Caingcoy
 Kimagango National High School (Malamote Annex) under Mrs. Presciosa G. Caingcoy
 Olandang National High School under Mr. Tinto P. Pilas
 Patindiguen National High School under Mr. Herbert R. Eugenio
 Salunayan National High School under Mrs. Norma C. Flauta
 Salunayan National High School-Kapinpilan Annex under Mrs. Norma C. Flauta

 Villarica National High School under Mrs. Estelita O. Olivar

Private
 Notre Dame of Midsayap College High School
 Notre Dame of Midsayap Night High School
 Southern Christian College High School
 Katingawan Adventist Academy
 Our Lady of Wisdom Academy
 Caxton College of Technology
 Saint Mary's Academy of Midsayap

Tertiary
 Coland Systems Technology
 Ernest Rutherford College of Business and Technology
 Our Lady of Wisdom Academy
 Midsayap Community College
 Cotabato Medical Foundation College
 Notre Dame of Midsayap College
 Southern Christian College

Agencia sa Midsayap

1. Philippine Rice Research Institute
2. Agricultural Training Institute
3. Bureau of Plant Industry- National Seed Quality Control Services
4. Malaria Control Services
5. National Irrigation Administration Region XII

Mga Institusyon Medikal

 Dela Cruz Medical Clinic
 Dr. Amado Diaz Memorial Provincial Foundation Hospital
 MDC Hospital
 Jalandoni Medical Clinic
 Pesante Surgical, Emergency and Medical Hospital
 Sara Medical Clinic
 Tarongoy Medical Clinic

Demograpiko

Toltolan

Mga panluwas na takod
 PhilAtlas.com
 Philippine Standard Geographic Code
 Local Governance Performance Management System
Midsayap.com
eMidsayap.com Community Portal
Anak Mindanao website

Mga Banwaan kan North Cotabato

Midsayap


Pelagosite is a form of pisolitic aragonite (CaCO3) whose type locality is the Croatian island group of Palagruža (Italian Pelagosa, whence the name) in the middle of the Adriatic. It was identified by R. Moser in Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, new series (Vienna) 1 (1878), 174. It has a higher content of magnesium carbonate, strontium carbonate, calcium sulfate (gypsum) and silicon dioxide(silica) than is found in typical limy sediments elsewhere. It occurs as a superficial calcareous crust no more than a few millimetres thick, which is generally white, grey, or brownish with a pearly lustre. It was believed to be formed in the intertidal zone by saltwater spray and evaporation, but an algal contribution has recently been suggested (Montanari and others (2007)), following an overlooked earlier proposal by E. Onorato in 1926.

References
Montanari, A., et al. (2007) Rediscovering pelagosite, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9

External links

Calcium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Limestone

Pelagosite


The Coburg Football Club, nicknamed the Lions, is an Australian rules football club based in Coburg, a northern suburb of Melbourne, and currently playing in the Victorian Football League (VFL). It is based at Coburg City Oval since 1915, which was partly redeveloped in 2020. Coburg has historically been a proud club and has won 6 VFA/VFL premierships with the most recent premiership in 1989. From 2001 to 2013 the club was aligned with the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), acting as its reserves team. Since 2014, Coburg has operated as a stand-alone club in the VFL.

History

Early history
After competing in junior competitions, Coburg was always keen to be promoted up the ranks. They joined the Melbourne District Association and were premiers in 1913, 1914 and again in 1920 (premiers and champions), their strength helped them get promoted to the Victorian Football League reserves from 1921 until 1924, Coburg was admitted as a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1925 – as a response to ,  and  joining the  VFL

Coburg was immediately successful in the VFA, playing finals in its first season and winning three consecutive premierships from 1926 until 1928; however, these were the club's last top-division premiership for more than fifty years. Coburg was runners-up to the Northcote in three successive seasons from 1932 to 1934, and was also runners-up in 1941. The club was dominant in the junior/seconds competition from its inception in 1928 up to World War II, winning nine seconds premierships in thirteen seasons, including four in a row from 1937 until 1940.

Coburg has the second highest number of reported players in a VFA match, which occurred in the 1933 grand final against Northcote.

The Lions gained prolific goal kickers Lance Collins and Bob Pratt during the 1930s and 1940s. Collins, in his first full season in 1936 (he was injured in 1935 and played one game), kicked 16, 12, 11 and 10 goals in separate games to kick 116 goals for the season; in 98 games for Coburg Football Club (VFA) his tally was 432 goals. Bob Pratt, who crossed from the VFL without a clearance early in the throw-pass era, kicked 183 goals in the 1941 VFA season for Coburg, which was then the highest number of goals kicked in a VFA season until Ron Todd of Williamstown (VFA) beat that record and kicked 188 goals in 1945. Pratt and Collins together hold the record for the most goals by two players in a season: they kicked a total of 256 goals in 1941. Pratt kicked 22 goals in a match against Sandringham Football Club: a club record.

1965–1970: Financial struggle
The club's existence was threatened in 1965, when the City of Coburg leased Coburg Oval to the VFL's North Melbourne Football Club, leaving the club without a home ground. After going into debt attempting to fight the council's move, the club came to an arrangement to merge with North Melbourne, and fourteen committeemen left the club and moved to North Melbourne as part of the merge; but, dissenting committeemen and life members opposed to the merger formed a rival committee, and with the support of the VFA executive, were able to continue operating Coburg as a stand-alone club in 1965, playing games in Port Melbourne. The club's future was still in doubt until it could find a new permanent home ground; but North Melbourne's move to Coburg Oval, which was intended to be long-term, ended up lasting only one season, allowing Coburg to return to Coburg Oval and continue operating there from 1966 onwards.

The only J.J. Liston trophy winner for Coburg was Jim Sullivan in 1967. Prior to 1943 the Best and Fairest Award in the VFA was the 'Recorder Cup'. Coburg VFA winners were Peter Reville (ex-South Melbourne VFL) who was the equal winner in 1936 and E. "Snowy" Martin in 1927.

Jim Sullivan was credited by club statistics to have amassed 54 kicks in a match in 1969, which is the second highest recorded in senior football competition and the highest in the VFA competition.

1978–1990: Premierships and revival
After many years in the doldrums, the club enjoyed somewhat of a rebirth in the late 1970s, with a continued period of success until the 1990. During that time, the club won three flags (1979, 1988 and 1989), finished runner-up another two times (1980 and 1986) and won four minor premierships (1980, 1986, 1988 and 1989). Even so, the club's off-field position was not secure during this time, and the club was at risk of folding in 1982–83. VFA legend Phil Cleary was a member of all these games, as either a player or a coach.

1990–1998: Lean years
After the success of the 1970s and 80s, the 1990s proved to be lean years for Coburg.

After the departure of club legend Phil Cleary as coach in 1992, the club hired the services of Alex Jeaseaulenko, who coached the club to a winless season in 1993.

Coburg would subsequently go onto finish last in both the 1997 and 1998 seasons.

1999–2000: Coburg-Fitzroy Lions
For the 1999 and 2000 seasons, Coburg entered into a partnership with the Fitzroy Football Club.

Fitzroy, which had played in the VFA between 1884 and 1896, then in the VFL/AFL from 1897 until 1996, no longer operated a football team following the creation of the Brisbane Lions in late 1996, but it still had an administrative presence. Under what was effectively a sponsorship arrangement, Coburg became known as the Coburg-Fitzroy Lions, taking its new name at the beginning of August 1999. The club retained navy blue and red as its main colours, but adopted Fitzroy's red, royal blue and gold colours as an alternative strip

Despite large crowds of both Lions fans attending the home games, financial problems and AFL pressure, meant that Coburg were forced to align with an AFL reserves side, and the partnership with Fitzroy was severed at the end of the 2000 season.

2001–2013: Richmond alignment

From 2001 until 2013, Coburg had an alignment in place with the AFL's Richmond Football Club, which saw Richmond's players eligible to play senior football for Coburg when not selected in the AFL. During this time, the club changed its nickname from the Lions to the Tigers. Its best performance during that time was during 2007, when the seniors finished as runners-up and the reserves side won the premiership.

2014–present: Return of the Lions
The affiliation with the Richmond Football Club ended after the 2013 season; Coburg returned to operations as a stand-alone senior club in the VFL from 2014, and returned to the nickname "Lions". The club is yet to achieve any success since its return to stand-alone operation, and has not finished outside the bottom four during this period, with the exception of the 2021 season. During this time, the club was coached by Peter German (2014–2017), Leigh Adams (2018–2019) and Andrew Sturgess (2020-2022).

On 14 November 2022, former Collingwood Development Coach Jamie Cassidy-McNamara was appointed as the Lions new Senior Coach on a two-year deal commencing in 2023, following the shock departure of Sturgess.

Club symbols

Coburg competed as the Lions from 1925 until 2001. The logo was presented in a shield format and was used until the Richmond alignment in 2001. Under its alignment with Richmond, the club changed its logo and its nickname to the Tigers. The design of the Tiger is based around Richmond's logo, which was identical at the time. The colour scheme was changed to match that of Coburg's so the club could still have some of its identity. This was the logo until the severing of the link in 2013. The club went back to its roots in 2014, and became the Lions again. The Lion was back on the emblem.  However, the scroll remained from the Lions' tenure with the Tigers.

Rivalries
The club has strong rivalries with Port Melbourne, Williamstown and Preston. The rivalry with Port Melbourne stems from both clubs particularly spiteful encounters throughout the 1980 VFA season culminating in the 1980 grand final which Port won by 11 points. This was added to further in 2018 when Lions captain Tom Goodwin walked out of the club to play for Port Melbourne and later in 2021 when its star midfielder Marcus Lentini also joined the Borough. The rivalry with Williamstown originated in the 1980s. After the Seagulls narrowly beat Coburg to claim the 1986 VFA premiership, the Lions would go back to back in 1988 and 1989 beating Williamstown on both occasions. Coburg and the Preston/Northern Bullants share a strong local rivalry and compete in the Battle of Bell Street.

Home ground
Coburg City Oval has the home ground of the Coburg Football Club throughout its history, except in 1965, when it served as the home of the North Melbourne Football Club in the VFL season; during that season, Coburg played its home matches at North Port Oval in Port Melbourne. The ground has a grandstand on the southern end near the goals. Terraces surround the rest of the ground. The capacity of the ground is 15,000, and the highest attendance recorded was 21,695. There are seats for approximately 3,000–5,000 people. From 2011, Coburg City Oval was known as Mantello Holden Oval. In 2014, club General Manager Craig Lees signed a three-year naming rights deal with Piranha Foods , with the ground to be known as Piranha Park until 2016. The Naming Rights deal was extended for another three seasons in September, 2016.

From early 2020 to May 2021 the ground underwent a much needed redevelopment, with works done on the grandstand, club offices, club facilities, and ground drainage.

Women's teams
Coburg formed a women's team in 2021, initially competing in the Premier and Second Division of the South Eastern Women's Football competition. Both sides joined the Victorian Amateur Football Association ahead of the 2023 season.

Community
Coburg is seen as a leader in the football world for its work in the local Merri-bek community.

They have close ties with indigenous community through their NAIDOC week game, and also hold the annual Vicky Cleary game, which is a domestic violence awareness raiser dedicated to the late sister of club legend Phil Cleary, who was tragically killed by an ex-partner in 1987.

The club also competes in the Essendon District Football League's junior competition as the Coburg Junior Football Club.

Club song
The club song is to the tune of "California Here I Come". During the club's affiliation with Richmond, the  word 'Lions' was replaced with 'Tigers'.

 We're the Coburg pride you know
 All our coaches tell us so
 We're faster
 We're stronger
 We'll dominate you
 We're triers
 We're flyers
 We're the team of Red and Blue
 And when we reach that final four
 Then we'll kick those goals galore
 Then you'll hear those Lions roar
 Oh yes Coburg will be there

An alternative version based on Richmond's club song was also used during the affiliation years.

 Oh, we're from Coburg town
 A fighting fury, we're from Coburg town
 In any weather, you will see us with a grin
 Risking head or shin
 If we're behind, then never mind
 We'll fight and fight and win
 For we're from Coburg town
 We never weaken 'till the final siren's gone
 Like the burgers of old
 We're strong and we're bold
 Oh we're from Coburg
 The red and the blue
 Oh we're from Coburg town

Current playing list

Club records

Club

Individual
Games records

Dave Starbuck holds the club record for games, with 219, played mostly in the 1950s. He is closely followed by cult figure, Vin "The Tank" Taranto, who played during the 1980s and the dark days of the 1990s, when the club was at its lowest and almost folded. Third on the games list, on 205 games, is Cleary.

Team of the Century

Notes

References

External links

 Full Points Footy Profile for Coburg

Victorian Football League clubs
Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
1891 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1891
Sport in the City of Merri-bek

Coburg Football Club


Lloyd Pettit (March 22, 1927 – November 11, 2003) was a sportscaster in Chicago and Milwaukee as well as the owner of the Milwaukee Admirals.

Early life
Pettit was born in Chicago and moved as a small child to the Milwaukee suburb of Shorewood, Wisconsin where he graduated from Shorewood High School. He went on to study at Northwestern University, and graduated in 1950 with a degree in television and radio journalism. He was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. He worked as a Wisconsin sports broadcaster at WMAW and later WTMJ Radio until 1956.

Chicago sports broadcaster
Pettit returned to Chicago, where he was a sports broadcaster on WGN-TV and WGN Radio for a variety of different teams during the 1960s, including the Chicago Cubs and Chicago White Sox.  He usually worked as the sidekick for the main TV announcer, Jack Brickhouse.  His baseball broadcasting style could be described as low-key and businesslike, compared with the excitable Brickhouse. He also broadcast the Chicago Bears, when Brickhouse was busy covering the Cubs or White Sox.

Pettit is most fondly remembered by fans of the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League.  His first love in sports was ice hockey, and he shone at coverage of that sport. He was the original choice to broadcast the NHL's national games on CBS in the late '60s, but Jack Brickhouse, who ran WGN-TV's sports operations, would not release him from his contract to do the games, and the assignment went instead to Dan Kelly of the St. Louis Blues. That dispute led to his, and the team's, moving to WMAQ Radio in 1970. During his career, the Hawks had a number of highs and lows.  Regardless, Pettit covered the games with enthusiasm and expertise.  His signature catchphrase, which was even worked into the Blackhawks official fight song, "Here Come The Hawks,"  was "There's a shot... AND A GOAL!!!"  He retired from the Blackhawks in 1976, after a dispute over the quality of his broadcast partners, and from all broadcasting in 1980 to pursue other business interests. He was presented with the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award by the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986.

Milwaukee Admirals
After his broadcasting career finished, Pettit and his wife Jane returned to Wisconsin full-time.  They bought the Milwaukee Admirals of the International Hockey League (now in the American Hockey League) in 1976.  The Pettits were instrumental in getting the Bradley Center built, in the hopes of securing an NHL franchise, though the Pettits withdrew their bid when they felt the expansion fee was too high.  The arena became the home of the Admirals and the National Basketball Association's Milwaukee Bucks, with whom they also had minority ownership.

He, and his wife, Jane Bradley Pettit, were both elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1993.

In 1994, Pettit and Jane were honored with the "Lombardi Award of Excellence" from the Vince Lombardi Cancer Foundation. The award was created to honor Coach Lombardi's legacy, and is awarded annually to an individual who exemplifies the spirit of the Coach.

See also
 Pettit National Ice Center

External links
Obituary from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel-November 14, 2003

1927 births
2003 deaths
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Chicago Blackhawks announcers
Chicago Cubs announcers
Chicago White Sox announcers
Foster Hewitt Memorial Award winners
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League announcers
Milwaukee Admirals
National Hockey League broadcasters
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Radio personalities from Chicago
Radio personalities from Milwaukee
Shorewood High School (Wisconsin) alumni

Lloyd Pettit


The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English bar as barristers. (The others are the Inner Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.) It is near the Royal Courts of Justice, within the City of London.

Inns of Court

Middle Temple