Margaret Elizabeth Fountaine (16 May 1862 – 21 April 1940), was a Victorian lepidopterist (a person interested in butterflies and moths), natural history illustrator, diarist, and traveller who published in The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. She is also known for her personal diaries, which were edited into two volumes by W.F. Cater for the popular market and published posthumously.

Fountaine was an accomplished natural history illustrator and had a great love and knowledge of butterflies, travelling and collecting extensively through Europe, South Africa, India, Tibet, America, Australia and the West Indies, publishing numerous papers on her work. She raised many of the butterflies from eggs or caterpillars, producing specimens of great quality, 22,000 of which are housed at the Norwich Castle Museum and known as the Fountaine-Neimy Collection. Her four sketch books of butterfly life-cycles are held at the Natural History Museum in London. The butterfly genus Fountainea was named in her honour.

Early life
Fountaine was born in Norwich, the eldest of seven children of an English country clergyman, Reverend John Fountaine of South Acre parish in Norfolk. John Fountaine had married Mary Isabella Lee (died 4 July 1906) on 19 January 1860 – she was the daughter of Reverend Daniel Henry Lee-Warner of Walsingham Abbey in Norfolk. Fountain was baptised on 30 September 1862. After Fountaine's father's death in 1877, the family moved to Eaton Grange in Norwich.  On 15 April 1878, Fountaine, who was educated at home, began keeping a diary and she did this until her death in 1940.

Scientific practice

Fountaine travelled the world, collecting butterflies in sixty countries on six continents over fifty years, and became an expert in tropical butterfly life-cycles. Fountaine undertook most of her work collecting butterflies alone. In the summers she would return to England to arrange her collection of butterflies. Fountaine compiled reports and drawings of the butterflies she found and sent them to entomological journals. However, many of her discoveries of tropical butterflies were not written up.

At the age of 27, Fountaine and her sisters became financially independent, having inherited a considerable sum of money from their uncle. Fountaine and her sister travelled to France and Switzerland, relying on the Tourist Handbook by Thomas Cook & Son. In Switzerland Fountaine felt the desire to acquire specimens of the Scarce Swallowtail and Camberwell Beauty butterflies, when discovering them in the valleys. Her interest in serious entomology grew and she started to use the Linnean rather than the common names for butterflies in her diary. Back in England, in the winter of 1895, she visited the estate of Henry John Elwes. Elwes was a seasoned scientific traveller and had served as vice-president of the Royal Horticultural Society and was fellow of the Royal Society. His butterfly specimen collection was the largest private collection in the country, and Fountaine felt her entomological efforts were childish in comparison.

Inspired, she travelled to Sicily with declared entomological ambitions. She was the first British butterfly collector to brave the south Italian Brigande. In Sicily she contacted the leading lepidopterist Enrico Ragusa and her research in Sicily led to her first publication on the subject in The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation in 1897. In the article she shared original knowledge of the local habitats and the butterfly varieties of Sicily. Her article was discussed in subsequent issues of The Entomologist. In 1897 several of her specimens were admitted to the British Museum's collection, which only accepted specimens of extraordinary quality.

Following her expedition to Sicily Fountaine became a reputable collector and she formed professional relations with lepidopterists in the Natural History Department of the British Museum. In 1898 she travelled to Trieste, and met entomologists in Austria-Hungary and the German Empire. Her second article in The Entomologist was on species variation. In 1899 she went on an expedition to the French Alps, where she met up with Elwes, whose reference book on European butterflies she used. Fountaine started to collect caterpillars in the French Alps, which she breed to produce adult butterfly specimens. In subsequent articles in The Entomologist, she wrote on food plants, plant hosts and the environmental conditions that were needed to grow perfect butterfly specimens. Back in Britain she was praised by Elwes for the quality of her work and her collection. In her diary she wrote "yet I know that if I did not turn my long days of toil to some scientific account when I got the chance, for what else have I toiled?".

In 1898 she was elected as a fellow to the Royal Entomological Society and participated in the meetings. In her diaries she noted "I well know, of my being the sole representative of my sex present, with the exception of one lady visitor." In the summer of 1900 she and Elwes collected butterflies in Greece and they published an account of their findings in The Entomologist. She cooperated with Elwes on his Grecian Lepidoptera exhibition.

The money she had inherited from her uncle allowed her to travel extensively and expand her collection. It is however difficult to establish exact dates for her scientific expeditions, as she travelled mostly without a passport and did not record dates of arrival or departure in her diary. Between 1901 and her death in 1940 a number of important expeditions can nevertheless be established. In 1901 she went on an expedition to Greater Syria in the Ottoman Empire which led to a publication in The Entomologist. In the article she discussed the breeding of rare butterfly species. In Syria she hired the dragoman Khalil Neimy, who would become her travel companion. In 1903 she went on expedition to the Ottoman Empire and she returned to Istanbul with nearly 1,000 butterflies. Her articles in The Entomologist on the expedition discussed seasonal and geographical influences on butterfly species, prompting notes and letters on the subject in subsequent issues.

In 1904 and 1905 she was on scientific expeditions in Cape Colony and Southern Rhodesia. There she wrote and illustrated sketch books to document eggs, caterpillars and chrysalises. Norman Riley, who went on to become the head of the Entomology Department at the British Museum, said "these sketchbooks were most beautifully done and illustrated the metamorphosis of many species which had not been previously known to science". Her research on the life cycles, food plants and seasonal timings of skin and colour changes was published in Transactions of the Entomological Society. This highly scientific article was reviewed and praised by entomologists. When she was back in London Fountaine set her African specimens. Subsequently, she went on expedition in the United States, Central America and the Caribbean. In Kingston, Jamaica she held a talk at the Kingston Naturalists' Club on "The sagacity of caterpillars".

The scientific societies of Britain had historically excluded women. Like the Royal Entomological Society, the Botanical Society of London and Zoological Society only admitted women in the first half of the 19th century. But when Fountaine attended the Second International Congress of Entomology held in Oxford in 1912, she was invited by Edward Poulton, president of the Linnean Society, to formally join the society. This marked the height of her entomological career. 15 years earlier Beatrix Potter had been unable to attend a reading of her own paper at the society, because she was a woman. The botanist Marian Farquharson had petitioned learned societies to admit women. Farquharson's petition prompted members of the Linnean Society to put the matter to a vote in 1903. Female fellows were allowed, and in 1904 a ballot was taken on 15 prospective women fellows.

In the run-up to World War I Fountaine was on expedition in India, Ceylon, Nepal and the territories of the Qing Dynasty in what is considered Tibet. On the trip she produced watercolours of caterpillars and butterflies, which were published in The Entomologist. During the war Fountaine travelled to the US, and in 1917 published articles on her collection while volunteering for the Red Cross. In 1918 she ran out of money because she could not get her money wired to the USA. Thus she accepted paid work on specimens from the Ward's Natural Science Establishment. After the war Fountaine's last entomological expedition was to Khalil in the Philippines. An account of the expedition was published in The Entomologist and would 50 years later serve as a reference for conservation work.

Fountaine was in her mid-sixties, and while she continued to travel for expeditions, she focused her efforts on watercolours and collecting. She only published the occasional note on the expeditions in The Entomologist. She travelled to various places in West and East Africa, Indo-China, Hong Kong, the Malay States, Brazil, the West Indies and Trinidad. Her letters to Riley reveal that she was on the hunt for rare specimens. Aged 77 she suffered a heart attack in Trinidad. Reportedly she was found dead on a path on Mount St. Benedict, with a butterfly net in her hand. The Benedictine monk who discovered her, Brother Bruno, brought her body back to Pax Guest House, where she was staying at the time. She was buried in an unmarked grave at Woodbrook Cemetery, Port of Spain, Trinidad.

It was after her death that she acquired general fame, when her collection and diaries were unsealed. After her death her literary and artistic talent for drawing butterflies became known more widely. She left a large collection of scientifically accurate watercolours to the British Museum of Natural History.

Butterfly collection
Fountaine's extensive butterfly collection was only opened 38 years after her death. In accordance with her will it had been deposited at Norwich Castle Museum in the year of her death. She had also provided that the collection was only to be opened in 1978. A box and ten display cases with more than 22,000 specimens had been deposited.

Diaries
In the box that was unsealed alongside her butterfly collection were Fountaine's diaries. She had filled twelve large volumes of cloth-bound books with some 3,203 pages and more than a million words, displaying a blend of Victorian reserve and startling candour. The diaries were edited by the assistant editor of the Sunday Times W. F. Cater into two books, published under the titles Love among the Butterflies and Butterflies and Late Loves.

Cater had produced an abridged 340 page version of her diaries, for the popular market. Fountaine's scientific work and career was reduced to her activities as a collector of butterflies. Cater compiled a selection of passages on romance and travel, while the work of collecting, breeding and mounting specimens got short shrift. The former senior curator of Natural History at the Norwich Castle Museum, Dr Tony Irwin had announced the existence of the diaries, and started to promote Fountaine's romantic life above her entomological contribution. He was of the opinion that her butterfly collection was "not outstanding" and said of her that "she was a girl in love" who "sought refuge in the pursuit of butterflies". A recent biography of Fountaine by Natascha Scott-Stokes draws a similar picture, condemning Fountaine as globetrotting "obscure lady amateur".

During Fountaine's lifetime entomology was very fashionable among the affluent in Britain, and natural history societies were well attended. Naturalist publications were no longer produced only by elite scientists. A popular scientific publication was Emma Hutchinson's 1879 book "Entomology and Botany as Pursuits for Ladies", which encouraged women to study butterflies instead of just collecting them. Natural history was particularly popular among women in the Victorian era. Far from being eccentric, Fountaine's work as entomologist followed in the footsteps of Victorian amateur women scientists. A survey of The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation reveals that all editions, except the 1917 and the 1925 edition, have article contributions from women. However, Fountaine's membership of learned societies was pioneering. In 1910 the Royal Entomological Society only had six female fellows.

Legacy and eponyms
In 1971 A. H. B. Rydon named the butterfly genus Fountainea in Fountaine's honour. Kenneth J. Morton named the Odonata species Ischnura fountainei in Fountain's honour after she collected the type specimen of the species.

Fountaine's illustrations of African flora and fauna were featured in the 2019 Natural History Museum exhibition, Expeditions and Endeavours. Her illustrations have also been featured in the Natural History Museum 2014 publication, Women Artists: Images of Nature by Andrea Hart.

Bibliography
 Fountaine, M. E. 1897. Notes on the butterflies of Sicily. Entomologist 30: 4–11.
 Fountaine, M. E. 1898. Two seasons among the butterflies of Hungary and Austria. Entomologist 31: 281–289.
  Fountaine, M. E. 1902. Butterfly hunting in Greece in the year 1900. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 14: 29–35, 54–57.
  Fountaine, M. E. 1902. A few notes on some of the butterflies of Syria and Palestine. Entomologist 35: 60–63, 97–101.
  Fountaine, M. E. 1904. A "Butterfly Summer" in Asia Minor. Entomologist 37: 79–84, 105–108, 135–137, 157–159, 184–186.
 Fountaine, M. E. 1907. A few notes on some of the Corsican butterflies. Entomologist 40: 100–103.
  Fountaine, M. E. 1911. An autumn morning in the Alleghany Mountains. Entomologist 44: 14–15.
 Fountaine, M. E. 1911. IV. Descriptions of some hitherto unknown, or little known, larvae and pupae of South African Rhopalocera, with notes on their life-histories. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 59(1): 48–61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1911.tb03076.x
  Fountaine, M. E. 1911. Note on the roosting habits of Heliconia charitonia. Entomologist 44(583): 403–404): 403–404.
  Fountaine, M. E. 1911. Remarkable aberration of Terias elathea. Entomologist 44(575): 153–154.
  Fountaine, M. E. 1913. Five month's butterfly collecting in Costa Rica in the summer of 1911. Entomologist 46(601, 602): 189–195, 214–219.
 Fountaine, M. E. 1915. XIV. Notes on the life history of Papilio demolion, Cram. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 62(3‐4): 456–458. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1915.tb02986.x
Fountaine, M. E. 1917. A list of butterflies taken in the neighbourhood of Los Angeles, California. Entomologist 50: 154–156.
 Fountaine, M. E. 1921. Pyrameis gonerilla in New Zealand. Entomologist 54: 238–239
  Fountaine, M. E. 1925–1926. Amongst the Rhopalocera of the Philippines. Entomologist 58–59: 235–239, 263–265 (1925); 9–11, 31–34, 53–57 (1926).
  Fountaine, M. E. 1938. Rapid development of a tropical butterfly. Entomologist 71: 90

References

External links
Norwich Castle Museum: Fountaine-Neimy Butterfly Collection
Linda Hall Library Scientist of the Day – Margaret Fountaine

1862 births
1940 deaths
People from Norwich
English lepidopterists
British entomologists
Women entomologists
Scientific illustrators
British women biologists
People from Norfolk
Women of the Victorian era

Margaret Fountaine


Vrmac Tunnel () is a vehicular tunnel in southern Montenegro.

The tunnel, which is 1,637 m long, connects town of Kotor with the Adriatic Motorway and the rest of Montenegro. It passes under Mount Vrmac, thus eliminating the journey along the old curvy road that passes over the mountain.

The tunnel was half-finished in 1991, but was then opened to the public as it was, because of the lack of funding to finish it. In 2004 work began to finish the tunnel, and to bring it up to European standards. The construction works, undertaken by Austrian company Strabag, were finished early in 2007, and the tunnel is now equipped with up-to-date lighting, ventilation and security systems.

See also
Vrmac
Fort Vrmac

References

Road tunnels in Montenegro
Tunnels completed in 2007

Vrmac Tunnel


Michael Perry (born 30 September 1977) is an Australian triple jumper.

Winning the 2005 Australian National Championships in Sydney after defeating Andrew Murphy in his last attempt and ending Murph's reign of 12 consecutive National titles.
He finished ninth at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

His personal best is 16.67 metres, achieved in Brisbane November 2005.

References

1977 births
Living people
Australian male triple jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)

Michael Perry (triple jumper)


(stylized as Λucifer) was a Japanese visual kei rock band, best known for contributing several of their songs to the popular anime, Kaikan Phrase. The band was formed in 1999, and disbanded in early 2003. They officially debuted on 15 September 1999 with their big hit single Datenshi BLUE, and became increasingly popular thereafter.

History
Lucifer was put together for the Kaikan Phrase anime to promote it. The anime was based on the a popular shōjo manga by Mayu Shinjo. The band members of real life Lucifer changed their names to match with their anime/manga counterparts, except for the vocalist, who kept his name instead of changing it to Sakuya (the main character's name). Several of Lucifer's songs were used in the anime, along with songs from other bands like Glay, Feel and e.MU. However, the band decided to go on even after the anime had ended, and continued to release more music afterwards.

Then finally on 25 October 2002, over two and a half years after the anime had ended, they announced that they were breaking up. Following the announcement, they did their last tour entitled "Lucifer Last Live 2002-2003 Energy" from 16 December 2002 to 10 January 2003, which included 9 shows. After that, they appeared for the last time in a TV music show, PopJam, on 11 January and then did their very last show (which was also their first show done abroad) at the Impact Arena in Bangkok, Thailand on 19 January.

On the first album, the music was written by Takuya Asanuma (Judy and Mary), Chisato (Penicillin) and Ippei and Taizo (Feel) but after that, the members of the band started writing more. Beatrip featured one song from Atsuro and one from Santa, and the rest were by Takuya and Chisato, but by the third album, nearly all the music had been written by members of the band, save for one song by Takuya, and two of the songs Makoto did that were done as a collaboration with Masaki.
The lyrics on the first two albums were all written by Mori Yukinojo (except for one song on Beatrip, which Makoto wrote). On the third album, only the lyrics to the song by Takuya were written by Mori and the rest were done by the band members.

After the break-up of the band
 Makoto has gone on a solo career (first using his given name, then used his full name). Towa and Santa also played on his first mini-album "Vibration".
 Towa is in two bands called Olive Sunday and Birth of Life and has done some solo work as well. He is also arranged many songs for J-pop idols AKB48 and other related groups.
 Santa is with Towa in Olive Sunday. He is also a working actively as a session drummer and has played a few soundtracks. These include Anna Tsuchiya's first mini-album "Taste My Beat". Since 2007, He has been taking part in many of Miliyah Kato's live tours.
 Yuki formed Dustar-3 with two ex-members of Sex Machineguns, Noisy and Himawari. He is also collaborating with Janne Da Arc's yasu on his solo project, Acid Black Cherry. In 2010, he joined Rayflower, a rock band started by Sophia's keyboardist Keichii Miyako.
 Atsuro has been playing session guitar for J-pop artists like meg rock, Marika and Chieko Kawabe. He briefly joined a rock band Tokyo Anastasia. He also produces and arranges songs for an extraordinary number of J-pop artists, including Aya Hirano, Shoko Nakagawa, and Minori Chihara.

They were reunited in November 2009 and signed with new label T.N.B. Entertainment.

Members
 Makoto Koshinaka - vocals
 Atsuro (Daisuke Kato) - guitar
 Yuki (Masahiko Yuki) - guitar
 Towa (Taguchi Tomonori) - bass
 Santa (Abe Toru) - drums

Discography
Studio albums
Limit Control (Dec 8 1999, No. 6 Oricon)
Beatrip (Feb 21 2001, No. 10)
Element of Love (Mar 13 2002, No. 17)

Compilations
The Best (Dec 5 2002, No. 15)

Singles
"Datenshi Blue" (Sep 15 1999, No. 16)
"C no Binetsu" (Nov 3 1999, No. 8)
"Tokyo Illusion/Lucy" (Feb 16 2000 No. 11)
"Carnation Crime" (Jun 7 2000, No. 9)
"Junk City" (Aug 2 2000, No. 9)
"Tsubasa" (Nov 8 2000, No. 11)
"Hypersonic Soul" (Aug 1 2001, No. 16)
"Regret" (Feb 6 2002, No. 18)
"Realize" (Aug 7 2002, No. 15)

DVDs
Be-Trip Tour 2001 (live DVD, May 30, 2001, No. 1)
Vision File Film: Escape (PV compilation DVD, Jun 28 2000, No. 4)
Vision File Film: Escape 2 (PV compilation DVD, Nov 7 2001)
Last Tour 2002-2003 Energy Tour Final at Tokyo Kokusai Forum (live DVD, Mar 26 2003)
10th Anniversary Live Tour Rinne 2010.09.01 AKASAKA BLITZ (live DVD, Dec 25 2010)

References

External links
 T.N.B. Entertainment

Japanese hard rock musical groups
Japanese alternative rock groups
Visual kei musical groups
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan

Lucifer (Japanese band)


We are What We Are is an American horror and thriller movie released in 2013. The movie is about a seemingly wholesome family who always keep to themselves. As a severe rainstorm hits, bad things happen. Daughters Iris and Rose have to take more responsibility than in a normal family. Kelly McGillis plays Marge.

The reviews were mostly positive. This movie was marked R (restricted) by the MPAA for "disturbing violence, nudity".

2013 horror movies
2013 thriller movies
American horror movies
American thriller movies
American independent movies

We Are What We Are


Charanjit Singh (1940 – 5 July 2015) was an Indian musician from Mumbai, who performed as a session musician, often as a guitarist or synthesizer player, in numerous Bollywood soundtrack orchestras from the 1960s to 1980s, working with filmi composers such as Shankar-Jaikishan, R.D. Burman, S.D. Burman, and Laxmikant–Pyarelal.

In the 21st century, Singh became known for his 1983 album Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat following retrospective associations with acid house, both of which prominently feature the Roland TB-303. It received re-release in 2010 on the Bombay Connection label.

Biography
Singh led a wedding band and recorded and released a number of albums covering popular film songs. These were a form of instrumental elevator music, some of which have since been re-released by Sublime Frequencies, such as his steel guitar renditions of "Manje Re" from Bandhe Haath in 1973 and "Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne" from Yaadon Ki Baaraat in 1975. In 1981, he produced synthesizer-based electronic renditions of the Silsila soundtrack in his record Charanjit Singh: Plays Hit Tunes on Synthesizer of Silsila.

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, an album of original electronic disco compositions Singh recorded in 1982, was a commercial failure at the time of its original release, but its re-discovery in 2002 and re-issue in early 2010 garnered attention due to comparisons with acid house from the mid to late 1980s. Since then, certain commentators in the music press have recast Singh as an originator of acid house music. He also used the same drum machine and synthesizers for his experimental electronic calypso record, Experiments in Calypso. His son Raju Singh is a composer, who has scored for films and television shows.

Charanjit Singh died of cardiac arrest in his sleep during the midnight of 4 July 2015 at his home in Bandra, Mumbai.

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat

In the 21st century, Charanjit Singh gained attention for his 1982 release Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, an album originally intended as a fusion of electronic disco music with Indian classical ragas. Singh's use of both the TR-808 drum machine and TB-303 bass synthesizer has led some music journalists to suggest that it is perhaps the earliest example of acid house music; predating Phuture's seminal Chicago acid house record "Acid Tracks" (1987) by five years. Comparisons have also been made with the work of other electronic dance musicians who were inspired by acid house such as Ceephax, Phuture 303, and Aphex Twin. According to The Guardian writer Stuart Aitken, Singh's record was "far ahead" of its time.

Production
Singh produced Ten Ragas using three electronic musical instruments made by the Roland Corporation: the Jupiter-8 synthesizer, Roland TR-808, and Roland TB-303. It was one of the first records to use the TB-303, a machine that has become synonymous with acid house. Singh had bought his TB-303 in Singapore soon after its introduction in late 1981. He didn't know much about the three machines at first, so he spent much time in figuring out how to use them, and eventually discovered that it was possible to synchronise the TR-808 and TB-303 with the Jupiter-8 keyboard. According to Singh: "At home I practised with the combination and I thought 'It sounds good – why not record it'." While the TB-303 was originally designed to fill in for a bass guitar, it was awkward when it came to reproducing conventional basslines, so he found a different way to employ the machine, particularly its glissando function which made it suitable for reproducing the Indian raga melodies.

Besides Indian raga music, he also took inspiration from contemporary Bollywood music, or filmi music, specifically the Indian electronic disco scene that had only just become popular in the early 1980s (sparked by the success of Pakistani pop singer Nazia Hassan and Indian producer Biddu), at a time when disco's popularity had declined in the United States. In parallel to the Euro disco scene at the time, the continued relevance of disco in India and the increasing reliance on synthesizers led to experiments in minimalist, high-tempo, electronic disco, such as R.D. Burman's "Dil Lena Khel Hai Dildar Ka" (Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai, 1981) which had a "futuristic electro feel" and Bappi Lahari's "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" (Disco Dancer, 1982). Such developments eventually culminated in the work of Singh, who increased the tempo and made the sounds more minimalistic, while pairing them with instrumental Indian ragas using his new equipment setup.

According to Singh: "There was lots of disco music in films back in 1982. So I thought why not do something different using disco music only. I got an idea to play all the Indian ragas and give the beat a disco beat – and turn off the tabla. And I did it. And it turned out good." The first track "Raga Bhairavi" also features a synthesised voice that says "Om Namah Shivaya" through a vocoder.

Release
The album was released under the label Gramophone Company of India (now Sa Re Ga Ma), having been recorded at their HMV Studio in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1982. Following the LP record's release in 1982, it garnered some interest in India, finding its way onto Indian national radio, but it became a commercial failure and was largely forgotten until recent years. However, Singh may have played a role in popularising electronic music in Bollywood at the time, and a somewhat similar "techno-sounding interlude" had later appeared in Lahiri's song "Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki" from the film of the same name in 1984.

Live performance
From 2012 until his death in 2015, Singh performed the material from Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat live.

Track listing
Both the original 1982 and 1983 LP records and the 2010 CD and LP re-releases contain the following five-minute-long tracks named after ragas:

"Raga Bhairavi" – 4:59
"Raga Lalit" – 4:55
"Raga Bhupali" – 4:53
"Raga Todi" – 4:52
"Raga Madhuvanti" – 4:59
"Raga Meghmalhar" – 5:01
"Raga Yaman" – 5:06
"Raga Kalavati" – 5:08
"Raga Malkauns" – 5:02
"Raga Bairagi" – 5:07

See also
Goa trance
House music
Indi-pop
Music of India
Psychedelic music
Raga rock

References

External links

Musicians from Mumbai
Indian male classical musicians
Acid house musicians
House musicians
Disco musicians
Techno musicians
2015 deaths
1940 births
20th-century Indian male musicians

Charanjit Singh (musician)


Peter Schidlof  (born Hans Schidlof; 9 July 1922 – 16 August 1987) was an Austrian-British violist and co-founder of the Amadeus Quartet.

Life and career
Born in Göllersdorf near Vienna, Schidlof fled Austria for England following the Nazi Anschluss in 1938.  He left Austria in December 1938, together with his younger sister Ilse, as part of the Kindertransport programme.  He won a scholarship to Blundell's School in Devon.  Following the start of World War II in September 1939 and enactment of Defence Regulation 18B, he was interned in Onchan Internment Camp on the Isle of Man as an enemy alien.  He was interned from August 1939 to April 1941.  It was while he was interned that he first met Norbert Brainin and Siegmund Nissel.  After years of internment, like Brainin and Nissel, Schidlof became a pupil of Max Rostal, and it was Rostal who became the mentor of the Amadeus and persuaded Schidlof, who had been a violinist, to become a viola player.  With Martin Lovett as cellist, the Amadeus gave their first concert at the Wigmore Hall in 1948.  Schidlof's separate contribution to the Amadeus is difficult to assess, so much were the four a team, although his nickname "Eagle ears" shows his particular insistence on technical accuracy.  His calm, questing manner and his close knowledge of a wide range of music beyond the chamber music repertory, combined with his cultivated and kind manner as a person, were an important part of the quartet's chemistry.

Schidlof's playing was noted for its warm, sensitive and rich tone.  This was also clear in his solo playing away from the Amadeus.  Brainin and he often came together for Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante.  Schidlof performed solos on many occasions in Harold en Italie, where he characterised the solo part with a keen sense of Berliozian romanticism.  He was always ready and willing to tackle contemporary work, and gave several premieres.

The quartet gave their first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in London on 10 January 1948. Touring extensively, the Amadeus performed throughout Europe, Canada, the United States, Japan, and South America.  The quartet made some 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W.A. Mozart. Though they emphasized a standard Classical and Romantic repertory, they also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet expressly for them). The group disbanded upon the death of Schidlof in 1987.

He played for many years on the "MacDonald" Stradivarius of 1701 as well as owning fine examples by Testore and Bergonzi.

Schidlof died in 1987 in Cumbria, England. His ashes and those of his wife are interred in the gardens of Golders Green Crematorium, London.

Awards and recognition
The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century, and its members were awarded numerous honors, including:

 The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
 The highest of all German awards, the Federal Grand Cross of Merit.
 The Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art.
 Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.

References

 Campbell, Margaret. Peter Schidlof. A Profile, in: The Strad, 94 (1983/84), p. 261-264.
 Riley, Maurice W. The history of the viola, Vol. II, 1991.
 Townend, P. Who's Who in Music and Musicians' International Directory 1962, Hafner Publishing Co., 1962.

External links
Peter Schidlof Is Dead Obituary in The New York Times, August 17, 1987 (retrieved January 22, 2010)
 Video recording of a solo performance

British classical violists
Austrian classical musicians
Jewish classical musicians
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United Kingdom
1922 births
1987 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British musicians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
20th-century violists

Peter Schidlof


SHETRAN is a hydrological modelling system for water flow, solute and sediment transport in river catchments. SHETRAN is a physically based, distributed model (PBDM) that can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle including surface water flow and groundwater flow. The plan area of the catchment in SHETRAN is usually in the range of one to a few thousand square kilometres and the horizontal depth of the subsurface is usually less than 100m.

In the 1980s the Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) model was developed by a consortium of three European organizations:  the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark).  Its successors are MIKE SHE (DHI) and SHETRAN (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University).

The SHE model was renamed SHETRAN at School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, after the introduction of the sediment and solute transport component. Since then it has undergone further improvements. The biggest change was the introduction of a fully 3-dimensional subsurface or variably saturated subsurface (VSS) component. Recent changes have focused on making the model more user friendly with the introduction of a Graphical user interface. This includes the automatic generation of river channels from a Digital elevation model so that a catchment simulation can be set up rapidly.

See also
Hydrological transport model

References
Abbott, M.B., Bathurst, J.C., Cunge, J.A., O'Connell. P.E. and Rasmussen J. (1986).  An introduction to the European hydrological system - Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, "SHE", 1: History and philosophy of a physically-based, distributed modelling system.  Journal of Hydrology, 87, 45-49.
Ewen, J., Parkin, G. and O'Connell, P.E. (2000).  SHETRAN: Distributed River Basin Flow and Transport Modelling System. Journal Hydrologic Eng., 5, 250-258.
Birkinshaw, S.J., James, P. and Ewen, J. (2010). Graphical User Interface for Rapid Set-up of SHETRAN Physically-Based River Catchment Model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25, 609–610.
Lewis, E., Birkinshaw, S., Kilsby, C., and Fowler, H. J. (2018). Development of a system for automated setup of a physically-based, spatially-distributed hydrological model for catchments in Great Britain. Environmental modelling & software, 108, 102-110.

External links
 Shetran web site

Integrated hydrologic modelling
Hydrology models
Newcastle University

SHETRAN


Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape is a 1986 nonfiction book by Barry Lopez. It won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, the Christopher Medal, a Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award, and an Oregon Book Award for literary nonfiction. It was a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist.

Arctic Dreams (1986) describes five years in the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic, where Lopez worked as a biologist. Robert Macfarlane, reviewing the book in The Guardian, describes him as "the most important living writer about wilderness". In The New York Times, Michiko Kakutani argued that Arctic Dreams "is a book about the Arctic North in the way that Moby-Dick is a novel about whales".

References

1986 non-fiction books
National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works
Books about the Arctic

Arctic Dreams


Pietro Giacomo Porcelli (30 January 1872 – 28 June 1943) was an Italian-born sculptor responsible for many statues in Western Australia, including the Explorers' Monument, and those of C. Y. O'Connor and Alexander Forrest.

Biography
Born in Bisceglie in the province of Bari, he moved to Sydney with his fisherman father at the age of 8. After initial training at the New South Wales Academy of Art, he furthered his study of sculpture and drawing in Naples, before returning to Fremantle with his father in 1898. Later that year, he completed his first commission – a bust of Sir John Forrest that now stands in the main entrance hall of Parliament House in Perth. His 1902 statue of Alexander Forrest was the first such statue of a prominent public figure to be completed in Perth. He also created the imposing figure which stood atop the seven-storey AMP Chambers at the corner of St George's Tce and William St, which was completed in 1915, but demolished in 1972.

Porcelli also completed war memorials in Kalgoorlie, Boulder, Victoria Park, West Leederville and Moora, and numerous headstones in Karrakatta and Fremantle Cemeteries, including that of Sir John Forrest in 1918.

After a period of work in Melbourne in the 1920s, he returned to Perth in 1939, where he died in 1943. He is buried in Karrakatta Cemetery.

Major works

References

1872 births
1943 deaths
20th-century Australian sculptors
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Artists from Perth, Western Australia
People from the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani
Italian emigrants to Australia
19th-century Australian sculptors

Pietro Porcelli


Baron  was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in the First Sino-Japanese War and Chief of Staff of the Japanese Third Army during the Siege of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War. His wife was the niece of Marshal Oyama Iwao.

Biography
Ijichi was born to a samurai family in Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain (present-day Kagoshima prefecture). He was a graduate of the 2nd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. After serving in the Imperial Guard, he was sent in 1880 to France for four years of training at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, and from there to Germany. He was recalled before the start of the First Sino-Japanese War to serve on the planning department of the Imperial General Headquarters. After the war, he was sent as a military attaché to Great Britain from 1898 to 1900.

Promoted to major general in 1900, he held numerous staff positions within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff pertaining to field artillery. He was also briefly assigned to the staff of the Japanese embassy in Seoul, Korea in 1903. With the start of the Russo-Japanese War, he was assigned as Chief of staff to General Nogi Maresuke's Third Army, in charge of the operation against the Imperial Russian stronghold of Port Arthur during the Siege of Port Arthur. There were several reasons for his choice: Ijichi had wide experience with foreign tactics from his years overseas, spoke several languages fluently and could interface with foreign military observers. He was also a specialist in artillery. And furthermore, his Satsuma background provided for a balance to Nogi's Chōshū origins, which was thought necessary in an army still divided by regional loyalties. However, Ijichi clashed with Nogi on several occasions during the Port Arthur campaign over the extremely high rate of casualties the Japanese forces were taking, and the long months without appreciable progress against the heavily fortified Russian positions. The Japanese command blamed Ijichi, rather than Nogi, for incompetence, and for continuing to order ineffective human wave attacks against Russian positions. Marshall Yamagata Aritomo, on the General Staff of the Manchurian Army pushed strongly to have Ijichi replaced by General Kodama Gentarō. Due to these issues, Nogi replaced him as chief of staff after the fall of Port Arthur, and refused him a position in the 3rd Army at the Battle of Mukden, reassigning him back to the Japanese home islands to assume command of the coastal artillery at Tokyo Bay.

After the war, Ijichi was promoted to lieutenant general and given the rank of danshaku (baron) in the kazoku peerage in 1907. He attempted to resign, citing health reasons; however, he was persuaded to stay on as commander of the IJA 11th Division until 1908. He retired in 1913.

References

Notes

1854 births
1917 deaths
People from Satsuma Domain
Kazoku
Japanese generals
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
Military personnel from Kagoshima Prefecture

Ijichi Kōsuke


Job strain is a form of psychosocial stress that occurs in the workplace. One of the most common forms of stress, it is characterized by a combination of low salaries, high demands, and low levels of control over things such as raises and paid time off. Stresses at work can be eustress,  a positive type of stress, or distress, a negative type of stress. Job strain in the workplace has proved to result in poor psychological health, and eventually physical health. Job strain has been a recurring issue for years and affects men and women differently.

Causes of work stress

Eustress causes
Examples of positive causes of stress in the workplace include starting a new job and receiving a raise. Both of these situations improve performance.

Distress causes
On the negative side, one cause of job strain is low salaries. Low pay causes job strain due to living expenses.  Housing expenses are extremely high, which makes it difficult for minimum wage workers to afford housing.  As the minimum wage increases, the cost of living increases as well.

The second cause of job strain comes from excessive workloads. Being exhausted from overworking is a common stressor in the workplace and can often lead to poor communication between coworkers. A 2019 survey by Cartridge People identified workload as the main cause of occupational stress.

A lack of support from employers and employees may also cause stress. Making decisions and participating is a way of support from employers and employees.

Health effects
When experiencing job strain in the form of distress at work, people are subject to headaches, stomachaches, sleep disturbances, short temper, and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety, insomnia, high blood pressure, a weakened immune system, and heart disease may occur if stress at work becomes more persistent. A 2012 meta-analysis found a positive association between job strain and coronary heart disease risk. A 2015 meta-analysis found a similar association between job strain and stroke; the association was especially strong for women. Time poverty has been found to heighten the risk for depression, inflated BMI, and cardiovascular disease in women. Job strain has been found to increase the risk of higher blood pressure, but not obesity.

Gender differences
Men and women react differently when exposed to work situations involving stress. A survey was taken by Canadian Community Health in 2012 that showed women experience higher job strain than men. It also showed that women feel they have lower levels of control, yet experience more coworker support, than men. Because women have lower levels of control at work, they experience more mental health risks such as depression and anxiety. Men tend to suffer from physical risks such as heart disease from carrying higher roles at work.

A 2022 study by McKinsey & Company concluded that women are 41% more likely to be subjected to a toxic workplace culture and that their risk of burnout is elevated.

See also
 Karoshi
 Workload
 Labor rights
 Occupational burnout
 Occupational stress
 Paid time off
 Right to rest and leisure
 Work–life interface

References

Occupational stress

Job strain


Edgar's Creek is a minor creek tributary of the Merri Creek in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.

Edgars Creek has a catchment on the basalt plains in Wollert and flows south through the suburbs of Epping, Thomastown and Reservoir, to join the Merri Creek at North Coburg.

Sites of geomorphological significance located along the creek include a silurian bed waterfall, a high cliff which exposes the Melbourne Formation sediments, and Pleistocene alluvial terraces and meanders where bones of extinct marsupials such as Diprotodon have been found. These flats have been shown to contain Aboriginal archaeological material and were used for Market Gardens and associated with the McKay farm in the nineteenth century.

The origin of the name is unclear, but was first used in 1853, and possible candidates are Francis Edgar, the second teacher at the Merri Creek Aboriginal School or Edward Edgar, who was a prominent auctioneer in Port Phillip in the 1840s and 50s.

Much of the waterway has been altered by forming into an artificial channel, concrete lining and construction of a dam at Edwardes Lake. However, there are plans to rehabilitate the creek to a more natural appearance.

References

External links
 Friends of Edgars Creek

Melbourne Water catchment
Rivers of Greater Melbourne (region)
Tributaries of the Yarra River
City of Merri-bek
City of Whittlesea

Edgars Creek


"Necessary Evil" is a 2019–2020 crossover comic book event by Boom! Studios and Hasbro, based on the Power Rangers franchise created by Haim Saban. The event is written by Ryan Parrott and Sina Grace through the ongoing comic book series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and Go Go Power Rangers, making it the second crossover event in the Power Rangers comics by Boom! after 2018's "Shattered Grid".

Publication history
In September 2018, the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers creative team was changed by writer Marguerite Bennett and artist Simone di Meo, introducing a storyline titled "Beyond the Grid"; Ryan Parrott continued to write Go Go Power Rangers.

In February 2019, Parrott and artist Daniele Di Nicuolo were introduced as the creative team for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, starting with issue #40, with the next crossover event titled "Necessary Evil".

In March 2019, Ryan Parrott was announced to be co-writing Go Go Power Rangers alongside Sina Grace from issue #21.

The event concluded in June 2020, with the Go Go Power Rangers series ending after 32 issues.

Background

"Beyond the Grid"
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #31–39 by Marguerite Bennett and Simone di Meo.

After escaping from Lord Drakkon's destruction of reality, the Promethea crew led by Grace Sterling and the alternate Kimberly Hart (Ranger Slayer) was transported to an unknown dimension, where most of the surviving Rangers cannot access their powers. Upon meeting Ellarien (Solar Ranger) and her friend Remi, the Rangers realize that she possesses a mysterious Morpher known as the Solarix, which leads to them being chased by the Crimson Raiders, led by a tyrant known as the "Praetor".

To fight this enemy, Kimberly unites a new team consisting of Tanya Sloan (Yellow Zeo Ranger), Andros (Red Space Ranger), Mike Corbett (Magna Defender), Cam Watanabe (Green Samurai Ranger) and Heckyl (Dark Dino Ranger). Meanwhile, Ellarien reveals a stranger gave her the Solarix before dying, and the Praetor wants it to access the Morphin Grid. During a fight with the Crimson Raiders, the Promethea crew manage to fight them off, welcoming Ellarien and Remi afterward.

While searching for the Morphin Grid's source, Heckyl explains how he became the Dark Dino Ranger at the cost of his planet's destruction and his mentor's death. While Ellarien and Remi spend time with the Promethea crew, they manage to find the Splintered Star, the place composed of Zeo Crystals where the Solarix was created.

Upon arriving on the Splintered Star, the Rangers deduce that Ellarien's dimension was once linked to the Morphin Grid, but that it was cut off on purpose. The Praetor attempts to manipulate Mike to steal the Solarix for him in exchange for sparing the Promethea crew. However, Mike manages to resist his influence, and returns the Solarix to Ellarien. She then learns the Praetor was a Morphin Master who wants to destroy the Solarix in order to prevent someone else from obtaining it. After learning the Solarix's true purpose, Ellarien shares its power with Kimberly's team, turning them into Solar Rangers.

After a brief fight, the Rangers manage to use the Solarix to reconnect Ellarien's dimension to the Morphin Grid, as well as sending the Praetor away to another dimension. Having restoring life, the Promethea Rangers return the Solarix's pieces to Ellarien and Remi, who have become determined to lead their own Power Ranger team, and return to their universe.

"Forever Rangers"
 Go Go Power Rangers #13–20 by Ryan Parrott and Eleonora Carlini.
 Go Go Power Rangers: Forever Rangers by Ryan Parrott and Eleonora Carlini & Francesco Mortarino.

Following the Ranger Slayer's revelation, Matthew Cook implores his girlfriend Kimberly to entrust her secret as a Power Ranger to him, but she refuses to say anything. Disheartened, he breaks up with her and begins distancing himself from the other Rangers.

As the Rangers fight one of Rita's monsters, she casts a spell that sends herself, Jason, and Trini, to another planet. As a result, their Ranger colors are switched. While the other Rangers figure out a way to bring their friends back, Rita visits her estranged daughter, Queen Adriyel, for the Green Power Coin. While Jason and Trini admit their feelings for each other, Kimberly has a failed date with Skull. When Rita and Adriyel have a disagreement, the Rangers intervene, forcing Rita to escape with the Coin.

Billy and Zack receive a visit from a strange robot named Alpha-1, who has been discussing how to protect the universe from Master Vile with Alpha-5. Meanwhile, Rita summons the spirit of her mother, Lady Fienna, to deceive her into unlocking the Green Power Coin's energy. Fienna later realizes this and confronts her daughter. Goldar attacks Angel Grove High to find a person worthy of the Green Power Coin. When Alpha-1 intervenes, he attempts to kill Goldar in cold blood, but the Rangers prevent it; causing Zordon to realize how ruthless and dangerous Alpha-1 is.

When Alpha-1 traps the Rangers in a force field, Goldar reluctantly frees them so they can confront the robot, who self-destructs upon his defeat. With the Green Power Coin's power unlocked, Rita punishes Goldar for his actions and transfers Fienna's soul into it. Kimberly and Matthew give themselves another opportunity to reconcile while Jason trains for a championship against Tommy Oliver.

Plot

Part 1
 Go Go Power Rangers #21–32 by Ryan Parrott & Sina Grace and Francesco Mortarino.

After some time fighting alongside the Power Rangers, Tommy Oliver begins to lose his Green Ranger powers and contemplates leaving the team. Aware of Tommy's condition, Lord Zedd (who has usurped his underling Rita and destroyed the Dinozords) plans to take advantage. At night, Jason receives a visit from the Blue Emissary, who not only warns him about the Green Ranger's fate, but also warns him about other people being infected with Morphin Energy after the Morphin Grid was shattered. When Jason tries to consult Zordon, the Blue Emissary incapacitates him and restores his memories of the war against Lord Drakkon; insisting he must do it alone.

Meanwhile, Kimberly discusses Tommy's condition with her ex-boyfriend, Matthew Cook, until Zedd turns the school's pet rabbit into a monster called Warbunny to attack people, though the Rangers turn him back. Following this, Jason tells the Blue Emissary he remembers everything from Lord Drakkon's rampage and had a vision about other people infected with unchecked Morphin Energy.

The Blue Emissary tries to convince Zordon and Alpha-5 to find a new power source for Tommy. Grace Sterling reveals the Command Center has secret rooms. Zack and Trini suspect something is wrong with Jason and demand an answer, but he is unable to locate Zordon and Alpha-5 to help him before they encounter the Blue Emissary, who restores Zack and Trini's memories, so they can join him. Meanwhile, Tommy travels to the Tower of Light, where the White Ranger power is protected by its guardian, Saba, who is doubtful of Tommy. Suddenly, Zedd appears and corrupts Saba into a dark blade, he reveals he stole the Green Ranger's power from Tommy in order to find the Tower before offering him a place in his empire. Tommy refuses and seemingly sacrifices himself to stop Zedd, only to pass out. He later awakens to find Saba, who explains the fight was a test to prove he was worthy to wield the White Light before guiding Tommy back to Earth to aid the other Rangers and their Thunderzords.

After receiving his new powers, Tommy agrees to become the new leader while Jason, Trini and Zack travel to the planet Khoojdah aboard the Spectrum, with the Blue Emissary and his robot companion Xi. After arriving at Khoojdah, they meet Kiya being chased by her people, but the Rangers manage to rescue her in time.

Back on Earth, Zedd plans to power up his zord, Serpentera, by infiltrating Promethea and steal its secrets through the Hodgepodge Hedgehog in search of a dagger that is Promethea's power source but Grace fakes its destruction; Tommy uses the Tigerzord combined with Promethea's Mechazord to destroy the Hodgepodge Hedgehog.

When Zedd unleashes Serpentera on a deserted planet, the reunited Ranger team manage to escape and retrieve the Sword of Light in time. By using it, Jason, Trini and Zack's powers get transferred to new members Rocky DeSantos, Aisha Campbell and Adam Park.

Back on Safehaven, Jason, Trini, Zack and Kiya become Omega Rangers for the first time.

Part 2
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #40–50 by Ryan Parrott and Daniele Di Nicuolo.

Tommy Oliver (White Ranger), Kimberly, and Billy welcome new members Rocky, Aisha and Adam, who succeed Jason, Trini, and Zack as the Red, Yellow and Black Rangers. While the new Rangers adapt to their new lives, Tommy attempts to become a better leader and acclimate to his new Ranger Power. Meanwhile, Jason, Trini, and Zack are relocated to the planet Safehaven as Omega Rangers to join up with Kiya, Xi, and the Blue Emissary. Together, they travel to Zernox-2, where they confront Garrison Vox, who gained energy powers similar to those augmented by the Morphin Grid. Following his imprisonment, Kiya reveals that she accidentally killed her family after she was infected with Morphin Grid Energy. The Omega Rangers travel to Breel, where an alliance of villains is hosted by Rita Repulsa's estranged daughter, Queen Adriyel. When the Omega Rangers attempt to escape, Adriyel comes close to capturing them until she is killed by Cavotus, a member of her people who had been enslaved and tortured for some time. After the Rangers escape Breel, the Blue Emissary suggests imprisoning Cavotus.

On Earth, Lord Zedd hires a mercenary named Dayne for his next plan. After analyzing the Rangers' data, Dayne disables their blasters and overpowers them. During the fight, Tommy gets injured. In his second encounter, Dayne almost destroys the Thunder Megazord. However, the Omega Rangers arrive in time to capture Dayne, though they cannot reveal their identities to the other Rangers to keep the timeline stable. While Tommy fully recovers, his team debates whether they need help for a similar situation. Meanwhile, Jason persuades the Blue Emissary to let the Omega Rangers attack Lord Zedd's castle on their own. After a brief fight on the Earth's moon, the Omega Rangers capture Zedd. However, Goldar, Squatt, Baboo, and Finster escape with Zedd's broken staff.

Sometime later, Kiya becomes obsessed with preventing Tommy from becoming Lord Drakkon after briefly connecting to Jason's mind and seeing his memories, so she murders the Blue Emissary after they confessed to turning Tommy into the White Ranger and almost destroys Xi. She also frees Garrison Vox and Cavotus from their jars to form her own team, the Anointed, so they can eradicate all Rangers. With Xi's help, Jason, Trini, and Zack travel back to Earth, where they are forced to reveal their identities to the other Rangers and have them tend to an injured Jason.

Following this revelation, both teams are fraught by distrust. While Jason continues recovering, Rocky, Aisha, and Adam offer to help Trini and Zack travel to Safehaven, where Kiya plans on gathering followers for her Anointed. Meanwhile, Tommy argues with Jason about how the latter was forced to lie to everybody, but they later come to terms with returning to Safehaven. When Cavotus attacks Xi's spaceship, Rocky, Aisha, Adam, Trini, and Zack are saved by the Ranger Slayer, who kills Cavotus before explaining her team's journey to the Splintered Star.

In the final battle, Ellarien and Remi, the Solar Rangers, return and use the Solarix to strip the Anointed from their Morphin Energy, Jason and Tommy defeat Garrison Vox, Trini defeats Kiya, and Dayne frees Lord Zedd as they both retreat. The Ranger Slayer and the Solar Rangers return to their respective universes, Kiya and Garrison Vox are locked up, and the rest of the Anointed are forgiven. Jason, Trini and Zack still remain as Omega Rangers while the others receive the unexpected return of Tommy's evil counterpart, Lord Drakkon, who has survived the Shattered Grid's effects, and delivers them a warning about a new threat.

Subplots
 The Emissaries Three watch over the timeline to make sure it remains stable, but as the Blue Emissary decides to help the Rangers, the Red Emissary looks for Lord Drakkon, but he ends up being murdered by an unknown figure.
 Bulk and Skull seek to broadcast a video about the Rangers, only to rescue four students trapped during a battle, including Skull's new love interest.
 While Rita Repulsa and her minions were trapped inside their prison, they were forced to experience simulations designed to teach them to show empathy toward others.

Checklist

Future
In July 2020, Boom! Studios announced the 2016 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers comic book series would conclude in October 2020, with a new event titled "Unlimited Power" being presented through two new separate series to debut in November 2020.

See also
 Power Rangers (Boom! Studios)

References

Power Rangers
2019 comics debuts
2020 comics endings
Boom! Studios titles
Comics set on fictional planets
Crossover comics
Storylines in comics
Comic books suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Necessary Evil (comics)


Sham Shui Po Police Station situated at the junction of Lai Chi Kok Road and Yen Chow Street, Sham Shui Po. It was built in 1924 with three storeys. It is graded as Grade III historic building.

The police station is adjacent to former Sham Shui Po Camp and later Dragon Centre.

History
Shortly after the British executed the 99-year lease of the New Territory, a police station, also served as the Harbour Master's Station, was built at Sham Shui Po. British established a base at Sham Shui Po with military camps and police stations as it overlooked the western side of the Victoria Harbour. The current Sham Shui Po Police Station building was completed in 1924 to replace the older station at the area.

The building was built before World War II for a small population, before the rapid industrial and residential development of the area after the war. In addition, a large influx of immigrants from mainland China, settling in the area after the war, caused the district to become one of the worst squatter areas in Hong Kong. Therefore, the station underwent a series of additions and alterations to cater for its growing need for personnel and facilities.

Sham Shui Po Station is still serving its community today even though its role changed from the station for the whole district to a sub-station in 1967.

See also
 Historic police station buildings in Hong Kong

References

External links

Infrastructure completed in 1924
Police stations in Hong Kong
Sham Shui Po
Grade III historic buildings in Hong Kong

Sham Shui Po Police Station


Eremophila physocalyx is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with soft, grey-green leaves and cream-coloured flowers with unusual inflated sepals.

Description
Eremophila physocalyx is an erect shrub which grows to a height of between  with rough branches due to the presence of raised leaf bases. Its leaves are linear to lance-shaped,  long,  wide and grey-green in colour due to a covering of soft, branched hairs. There is a raised mid-vein on the lower surface.

The flowers are borne singly or in groups of three in leaf axils on hairy stalks  long. There are 5 green to reddish-brown, somewhat inflated sepals, which are  but which enlarge after flowering. They are glabrous on the outer surface but there are branched hairs on the margins and near the ends of the inner surface. The petals are  long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is cream-coloured, faintly tinged lilac and mostly glabrous except that the inside of the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from May to August and is followed by fruits which are oval-shaped with a pointed end and about  long.

Taxonomy and naming
This species was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The specific epithet (physocalyx) is derived from the Ancient Greek φῦσα (phûsa) meaning "bellows" and κάλυξ (kálux) meaning "cup" or "outer envelope of a flower", referring to the expanded sepals of this species.

Distribution and habitat
Eremophila physocalyx grows in sandy soil between Mullewa and Woodleigh Station in the Carnarvon, Murchison and Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

Conservation
This eremophila is classified as "Priority Three" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

Use in horticulture
This eremophila has not often been grown in gardens but its large, brown sepals are unusual and the plant has horticultural potential. It is usually propagated by grafting onto Myoporum rootstock and grows best in well-drained soil in a sunny position. It rarely needs watering, even during a long drought and is tolerant of frost but need to be pruned from an early age to keep its shape compact.

References

Eudicots of Western Australia
physocalyx
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Plants described in 2007
Taxa named by Robert Chinnock

Eremophila physocalyx


Carl Heinrich "Charles Henry" Wilcken (October 5, 1831 – April 9, 1915) was a German-American artilleryman who was awarded the Iron Cross by the King of Prussia, Frederick William IV.

On arrival in the United States in 1857, lacking English and possessing military skills and discipline, he signed on with what came to be known as Johnston's Army, a part of the United States Army sent to put down the so-called "Mormon Rebellion" (also known as the Utah War). He got permission to hunt for game to supplement the military rations.  On one such trip he met some Mormons and decided to desert to join them.  Later, to cover his defection, it was claimed that he had been captured by the Utah Territorial militia (the "Nauvoo Legion") at Fort Bridger. Wilcken later joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and served as water commissioner directing irrigation, as a municipal policeman, and as superintendent of the Deseret Telegraph Company.

Wilcken's granddaughter Anna Amelia Pratt was the mother of American politician George W. (George Wilcken) Romney.

Biography
Wilcken left Holstein, then ruled as a Duchy by the King of Denmark as Duke of Holstein, while a member of the German Confederation, in 1857, ahead of his wife Eliza Christina Carolina Reiche Wilcken (1830-1906) and two small children.  He planned to emigrate to Argentina to join his brothers there; however, while waiting in London to sail, he ran out of funds and could only afford to go to New York City. Wilcken's family joined him in the U.S. in 1860. Wilcken eventually had three additional wives and fathered 18 children.

Six foot four inches tall, Wilcken worked as a miller in Salt Lake City, a skill he learned in Prussia.  Later he served as the friend, driver, and bodyguard for LDS Church presidents John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff.  He assisted leaders of the LDS Church to relocate their polygamous families and he served as a go-between for them and their families when they were imprisoned.

References

External links

1830 births
1915 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Bodyguards
Converts to Mormonism
Prussian emigrants to the United States
German Latter Day Saints
Mormon pioneers
Nauvoo Legion
People from Ostholstein
Military personnel from Salt Lake City
People from the Duchy of Holstein
People of the Utah War
United States Army soldiers

Charles Henry Wilcken


Darren McAsey (born 16 June 1965), also known as Harry McAsey, is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Sydney Swans in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

Career
McAsey, the son of 1950s Footscray player Alan McAsey, played his junior football at Spotswood, but was residentially tied to the Swans, which recruited him into the Under 19s in 1982. He kicked 60 goals for the Under 19s in his first season and captained the side in 1983. During this time he was also a Victorian Teal Cup representative.

He played reserves football in 1984, then made his senior debut in the opening round of the 1985 VFL season and made a total of 11 league appearances that year. Still living in Altona in 1985, McAsey made the move to Sydney the following year.

The 1986 season didn't begin for McAsey until round 20, when he called into the side to play Richmond at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He kicked three goals in a 48-point win, which he followed up with four goals from a forward pocket when Sydney defeated  St Kilda in round 21. His final two games of the season were both against Fitzroy, the second in a semi-final.

A back injury caused McAsey to miss the entire season in 1987 and he played only two league games in 1988. He managed 10 games in 1989, then four in 1990, before being delisted. Sydney however redrafted in the 1991 pre-season and he added a further three games to his tally.

In six seasons of league football he had four different numbers on his guernsey over the source of his career, 46, 12, 33 and 50.

Before retiring, McAsey played a season with Strathmerton, which were coached by one of his former teammates David Bolton.

McAsey ran the Alexandria Hotel in Sydney until 2015.

References

External links

1965 births
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Sydney Swans players
Living people

Darren McAsey


Ham salad is a traditional Anglo-American salad. Ham salad resembles chicken salad, egg salad, and tuna salad (as well as starch-based salads like potato salad, macaroni salad, and pea salad): the primary ingredient, ham, is mixed with smaller amounts of chopped vegetables or relishes, and the whole is bound with liberal amounts of a mayonnaise, salad cream, or other similar style of salad dressing, such as Miracle Whip.

Overview
Ham salad generally includes cooked or canned cold ham which has been minced, cubed, or ground; the mayonnaise or other dressing; diced sour or sweet cucumber pickles or cucumber pickle relish; and perhaps chopped raw celery, green pepper, or onion. Raw cucumber, shredded carrot, pimento, sweet corn kernels, or tomato are sometimes used. The salad can be mixed or garnished with generous quantities of chopped hard-boiled egg; grated cheese may be used, or peas or boiled potato may be added to bulk out the dish. The salad is typically chilled and served cold.

Like other mayonnaise-bound meat salads, the finished dish typically has a chunky, grainy, or pasty texture, and is frequently served as a spread upon crackers or upon bread in a sandwich.

As with other Anglo-American salads, the recipe for ham salad has many regional and family variations. Similar salads are made using chopped or ground bologna, Spam, and other cured or potted meats and sausages.

Ham salad is popular in the Upper Midwest, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, which have long histories of pork and ham production.

See also
 Deviled ham
 List of ham dishes
 Salad Olivier
 Wurstsalat

References

Ham dishes
British pork dishes
Cuisine of the Southern United States
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Canadian cuisine
British cuisine
Australian cuisine
American salads
American pork dishes
British salads

Ham salad


A clam pie is a savory meat pie prepared using clams, especially quahogs as a primary ingredient, and it is a part of the cuisine of New England. It likely predated the English settlements in Southern New England, having been a feature of indigenous people's diet. It can also be prepared as a type of pizza pie. White clam pie is a pizza variety that originated in New Haven, Connecticut.

Overview
A clam pie is a savory pie prepared using clams as a main ingredient. Ingredients in addition to whole or chopped clams and pie crust can include potatoes, corn, onion, celery, garlic, clam juice, milk, eggs, hard-boiled eggs, butter, crushed crackers, seasonings, salt and pepper. Fresh or canned clams can be used to prepare the dish, and flour can be used to thicken the mixture. The dish is typically cooked by baking. Clam pie is a part of the cuisine of New England.

History
There is evidence that the Wampanoag tribe of present-day Southern New England and Cape Cod ate pies made from clams before encountering English Settlers in the early 1600s. Pies had been common in medieval Europe and the English settlers to the Plymouth Colony cooked a variety of pies because it was a sure way to preserve foods, so it kept meats and seafood fresh through the long winters before refrigeration.

Variations and famous versions

Pizza

Clam pie can be prepared as a pizza pie using clams as a topping. Fresh or canned clams can be used, and the clams can be minced or whole.

White clam pie is a pizza variety in New Haven, Connecticut, and is typically prepared using pizza dough, clams, olive oil, grated Romano cheese, garlic and oregano. The dish originated at the Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana restaurant in the Wooster Square neighborhood of New Haven, and was first prepared there sometime in the 1950s.

Bonac Clam Pie
In Eastern Long Island, New York there is a well-known version of clam pie, called Bonac Clam Pie, after the Bonackers, or descendants of the first white settlers of the area who settled around Accabonac Harbor. For many generations, the inhabitants of this part of East Hampton were clammers and fishermen. The recipes used here are handed down from generation to generation and thus vary in ingredients across generations and family lines.

See also
 Fish pie
 List of clam dishes
 List of pizza varieties by country

References

External links
 East End Clam Pie. Saveur.
 "Reader shares clam pie recipe from his Cape Cod mom". Cape Cod Times.

Clam dishes
Pizza varieties
American pies

Clam pie


The Mongol conquest of Persia comprised three Mongol campaigns against Islamic states in the Middle East and Central Asia between 1219 and 1258. These campaigns led to the termination of the Khwarazmian dynasty, the Nizari Ismaili state, and the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate government in their place in Persia.

Genghis Khan had unified the Mongolic peoples and conquered the Western Xia dynasty in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. After a series of diplomatic provocations on the part of Muhammad II, the ruler of the neighbouring Khwarazmian Empire, the Mongols launched an invasion in 1219. The invaders laid waste to the Transoxianan cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, and Gurganj in turn, before obliterating the region of Khorasan, slaughtering the inhabitants of Herat, Nishapur, and Merv, three of the largest cities in the world. Muhammad died destitute on an island in the Caspian Sea. His son and successor, Jalal al-Din, tried to resist the Mongols, but was eventually defeated and forced into exile. Genghis returned to his campaign against the Jin dynasty in 1223, only retaining governance of the northern Khwarazmian regions.

The war had been one of the bloodiest in human history, with total casualties estimated to be between two and fifteen million people. The next three decades saw conflicts of lesser scale but equal destruction in the region. Soon after his accession to the khaganate in 1227, Ögedei Khan sent an army under Chormaqan Noyan to end Jalal al-Din's resistance and subjugate several minor polities in Persia. This was carried out gradually: al-Din was killed in 1231, with Isfahan and Maragheh being besieged and captured the same year; Irbil was captured in 1234; and Georgia was gradually subjugated and vassalised before Chormaqan's death in 1241. Several other Persian towns and cities, such as Hamadan, Ray, and Ardabil, were also captured by the Mongols.

The final stage began in 1254. On the orders of his brother, the Khagan Möngke Khan, Hulagu Khan systematically captured the fortresses of the Nizari Ismaili state in northern Persia, seizing their capital of Alamut in 1256. Hulagu then marched on the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad; capturing the city, he ended the 500-year-old Abbasid dynasty by killing the caliph Al-Musta'sim, marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age. Persia would later become the heartland of the Mongol Ilkhanate.

Background

Iran's military and political conditions before the invasion

Expansion of Sultan Muhammad's territory and war with Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir

After the fall of the Seljuks of Persian Iraq, with the defeat of Toghrul III by Ala al-Din Tekish, the father of Sultan Muhammad, a severe enmity arose over the governance of Western Iran between Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir and Ala al-Din Tekish. These conflicts continued during the reign of Sultan Muhammad. Therefore, during the reign of Sultan Muhammad, Western Iran became the Battleground of the Khwarazmi troops and the Caliphate troops. In order to destroy Khwarazmian Empire, Al-Nasir not only provoked Ghurid sultans and fanatical religious scholars from Transoxiana against him, but also asked help Nizari Ismaili state, Qara Khitai Empire and Mongol tribes to fight against Khwarazmian Empire. This action not only led to the overthrow of Khwarazmian Empire, but also the overthrow of the Abbasid government.

Simultaneously with the coronation of Sultan Mohammad, the Ghurids captured the remaining lands of Ghaznavid empire and Khorasan cities such as Balkh city after the Overthrow of the Ghaznavids. Sultan Muhammad defeated the Ghurid dynasty in 1212 and captured Ghaznin in 1215, thus he extended the border of his territory to India from the east. In 1209, he conquered Mazandaran, which had been held by the Bavands for a long time. In the 12th century, a group of Khitan people from North China, who were Buddhists, had formed a large government in the province of Kashgar and Hotan called Qara Khitai. In order to block their way, the Khwarazmians had agreed to pay them a yearly tribute. This custom continued until the time of Sultan Muhammad, but he refused to pay tribute to the a "polytheist" king. Sultan Muhammad fought three times with the Qara Khitais. At last In 1210, the Sultan asked help from Kuchlug Khan, a prince of the Naimans and the leader of them, to defeat Qara Khitais. Kuchlug defeated them in Transoxiana and conquer Bukhara and Samarkand, he also managed to usurp the empire from his father-in-law Yelü Zhilugu.

After conquesting Transoxiana, Kuchlug alienated both his subjects and the Khwarazmian empire with anti-Muslim measures. As a Mongol detachment led by Jebe hunted Kuchlug down, he fled; meanwhile, Muhammad was able to vassalize the territories of Balochistan and Makran in modern-day Pakistan and Iran, and to gain the allegiance of the Eldiguzids.

After extending the borders of Khwarazmian Empire from the north-east and east to Kashgar and the Sindh, Sultan Muhammad decided to conquer the west, i.e. Iraq. At that time, these countries were in the hands of Eldiguzids and Salghurids, and the authority of the Abbasid caliph's clergymen remained in these two regions partly. Sultan Muhammad was at enmity with the Caliph, because the caliph asked for help from the Ismailis and Qara Khitais to overthrow his rule and also because the Sultan wanted the authority of the Khwarazmians sentence in Baghdad. As a result of this dispute and enmity, Sultan Muhammad received a fatwa from the scholars of her country that "Bani Abbas" do not deserve the caliphate and one of "Husayni Sadat" (a person from the generation of Imam Husayn) should be chosen for this position. Therefore, he declared the caliph deposed and ordered that the name of the Abbasid caliph should not be mentioned in sermons and not be inserted on coins, and appointed one of the Termezi Alawi Sadats, as the caliphate. In 1217, Sultan Muhammad marched towards Baghdad, but because it was winter, his troops suffered a lot from the snow and cold in the Asadabad pass Between Kermanshah and Hamadan, and he returned to Khorasan.

The reasons for the invasion

The incident of killing the Mongol merchants in Otrar
Genghis conquered Beijing after raiding northern China.Then he forced the Uyghur clans to obey him, Kuchlug Khan, the leader of the Naiman tribes, who had dominated the lands of the Qara Khitai tribes, was driven from there, and in this way, and thus Genghis found a common border with Khwarazmian, whose eastern border had reached these areas. What emerges from the evidence is that Genghis' campaign to Iran was not to gain a new land and gain trophies, because of the rich and huge country of China that he had under his control, so he didn't need to campaign to Iran because. Genghis was very interested in the spread of commerce and the movement of merchants, therefore he encouraged commerce and tried to establish friendly relations with Sultan Muhammad, whom he considered as a powerful king. So, he sent a group of his merchants headed by Mahmud Yalavach with gifts to visit Sultan Muhammad and informed him about the size of his country, prosperity of his possessions, and the strength of his army. Sultan Muhammad, who was trying to expand Khwarazmian's territory, got angry that Genghis had called him "his son" in his letter, but Mahmud Yalavach quelled his anger and made him agree to establish friendly relations with Genghis Khan.

In this way, the first ambassador of the Sultan Muhammad was accepted in Beijing, and Genghis declared trade between the Mongols and Khwarazmians as a necessity for establishing friendly relations. During this situation, a number of Muslim merchants from Sultan Muhammad's territory took some goods to the Mongol Empire, and although Genghis treated them violently at the beginning of their arrival, he finally appeased them and sent them back With respect. At the time that they were returning in 1218, a number of Mongol merchants, whose number reached 450 and apparently most of them were Muslims, was send by Genghis with some goods and a letter containing his advice and request to establish relations between the two governments. But Inalchuq, the ruler of Otrar who was the nephew of the Terken Khatun (Sultan Muhammad's mother) and supported by her, was greedy for the wealth of the merchants and arrested the Mongol merchants on the charge of espionage on the border of the territory under his rule, and then with the permission of Sultan Muhammad, who was in the Persian Iraq at that time, massacred all these merchants. Then the officials of Khwarazmian sold the cargo of the caravan, which included 500 camels of gold, silver, Chinese silk artefacts, precious skins and such on, and sent the resulting amount to the capital of Khwarazmian government.

When the news of Otrar incident reached Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan decided to control his anger and made his last attempt to gain satisfaction through diplomacy. He sent a Muslim, who was previously in the service of Sultan Tekish and was accompanied by two Mongols, to protest against the performance of Inalchuq and requested to surrender him the Mongols. Sultan Muhammad didn't want to surrender Inalchuq because most of the leaders of Khwarazmian army were his relatives, and also Terken Khatun who had influence in the Khwarazmian court was supporting him. Therefore, Sultan Muhammad not only didn't accept Genghis Khan's request, but also killed his Muslim envoy who came to Samarkand, the capital of Khwarezmian, and sent his companions back to Genghis with their beards and mustaches cut off. This bellicose behavior of Sultan accelerated Mongol invasion of Central Asia. Historians cite the fact that Genghis was already bogged down in his war against the Jin in China, and that he had to deal with the Hoi-yin Irgen rebellion in Siberia in 1216. So he didn't want to start another war.

Economic factors
The Mongols had a need for the goods of more advanced regions; therefore, it was very important for them to keep trade routes open since ancient times. From the beginning of his monarchy, Genghis Khan attached great importance to commerce because he needed to procure weapons from India and Damascus; he also needed markets to sell Mongolian and Chinese products. But the conflict between Sultan Muhammad and Kuchlug Khan, the leader of the Naimans, had caused the closure of the roads and the interruption between the east and west trade. At the same time as this interruption in the land routes, the sea route of the Persian Gulf was also blocked due to the war between the ruler of Kish and the ruler of Hormuz, which resulted in a trade crisis in the Central Asian region. The merchants wanted the end of the conflicts and the opening of the roads. Hence, In the Mongols' attacks, some Muslim merchants helped Genghis to progress to the west. To solve this crisis, Kuchlug Khan was killed by the Mongols in 1218. Sultan Muhammad didn't care to the importance of trade relations with the Far East and the location of his land on the Silk Road, and he was indifferent to the merchants' needs and the Genghis' wishes, so after removing Kuchlug Khan, it was Sultan Muhammad's turn.

Genghis' army raid

ِDespite Muhammad II's apparent authority, he was unprepared to defend his polity in case of the Mongol attack. During preparations for the war, he collected taxes from his people three times in one year, causing dissatisfaction and unrest among the population. Before the invasion, Sultan Muhammad formed a council composed of his army commanders. Imam Shahab al-Din Khiyoqi, one of the famous jurists and teachers of Khwarazm, proposed to bring as many soldiers as possible from different corners of the empire and prevent Mongols from crossing Seyhan, but the commanders of the Khwarazmian army did not fancy his plan. They suggested that they wait for the Mongols to arrive to Transoxiana and reach the difficult straits. They also proposed to attack the Mongols when they would be having certain difficulties considering their supposed lack of knowledge of the loсal terrain. The Sultan didn't give importance to the counsel of Shahab al-Din, and accepted the plan of the latter before scattering his troops to protect major cities of the empire. Sultan Muhammad, meanwhile, left for Balkh.

The conquest of Transoxiana
In September 1219, Genghis Khan arrived at Utrar, on the border of the Khwarezmshah territory, and divided his forces into three part; He assigned one part to his sons Ögedei and Chagatai to besiege Otrar, sent another part under the command of Jochi to take the cities around Seyhan River towards the city of Jand, and he himself moved towards Bukhara with his son Tolui at the head of the main forces. Genghis always used the services of advisers, roadmen and merchants during his campaigns. Therefore, there was always a group of Muslim merchants, who were familiar with roads of Khwarzamia, were in his camp for their advice. Also, after the start of the invasion, some of the commanders of Kwarazmia who were hostile to him like Badr al-Din Omid, whose father and uncle were killed by the order of Sultan Muhammad, also joined Mongol army and gave a lot of information to Genghis about the situation in the Sultan's court and the roads. From the method of attack, the division of the army and other decisions of Genghis, it can be said that Genghis was familiar with the geographical situation of Transoxania really well.

The conquest of Bukhara, Samarkand and Otrar

In 1220, Genghis Khan attacked Bukhara with the main forces of his army. The Sultan was caught completely unaware. He had anticipated that Genghis would attack Samarkand first, where both his field army and the garrison stationed at Bukhara would relieve the siege. The Khan's march through the Kyzylkum had left his field army impotent, unable to either engage the enemy or help his people. The Khan faced strong resistance from the defenders of the city; But this resistance did not last long. The city fell in less than two weeks, because the city's communication routes was cut off from all sides, they gave up their resistance Inevitably. After capturing Bukhara, the Mongol invaders killed thousands of unarmed and defenseless citizens and took the rest as slaves. Genghis summoned the elders of Bukhara and told them that the purpose of summoning them is collecting the assets that Sultan Muhammad sold to merchants (The Otrar incident), because these objects belong to Mongols. They brought all the property they had from Otrar caravan and handed them over to the Genghis Khan. Then they took the road to Samarkand.

Sultan Mohammad greatly emphasized the defense of Samarkand and had gathered a large force in this city and the fortifications of the city had been repaired. According to various historians, between 50,000 and 110,000 soldiers had gathered in Samarkand to defend the city. It seems that the city could have resisted the siege for several years. On the third day of the siege, a group from defenders of the city came out of their positions and attacked the enemy. They killed some of the Mongol soldiers, but then they were surrounded by the enemy, and most of them perished on the battlefield. This unsuccessful attack had an unfortunate effect on the morale of the defenders. Some influential people of the city decided to surrender and sent the judge and Shaykh al-Islām of the city to Genghis Khan to talk about surrender. Finally, they opened the gate of the city to the enemy, and Genghis' army entered the city and massacred and looted the people. After the attack, the city of Samarkand became a ruin and was deserted.
Mongol soldiers took the city of Otrar after a decisive attack, but the fortress of Atarar resisted for a month (according to some documents, six months). After taking the fortress of Otrar, Mongols killed all the defenders of the city and the castle.

References

13th-century conflicts
13th-century Islam
13th century in Iran
Expeditionary warfare
Khwarazmian Empire
Invasions of Iran
Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire

Mongol invasion of Persia


Various Positions is a 2002 film directed by Ori Kowarsky and starring Carly Pope and Tygh Runyan.  Various Positions won the 2002 Prix de Montréal at the Montreal World Film Festival.  Although the film takes its title from an album by (and Ira Nadel's biography of) Leonard Cohen, the subject of the film is not Cohen, nor does he have any affiliation with the work.

Synopsis
In this briskly-paced romantic drama, college student Josh is on track for law school and a place at his father's firm. As his Orthodox Jewish family prepares for their traditional Passover celebrations, Josh hits a brick wall in the form of the alluring and troubled - and not quite Jewish - Cheryth.

As things heat up at the dorm and at home, Josh is suddenly questioning his faith, his father and his future. Even worse, Josh is caught in the middle as his father moves to cover up a scandal involving the Jewish cemetery, forcing Josh to take a stand for what he believes is right.

Passion and new love collide with family values and the demands of tradition as Josh, Cheryth, and Josh's family find themselves questioning their lives. Love and loyalty look a lot different when examined from various positions. In the end, Josh follows a road of his own choosing and it leads to a future of his own making.

References

External links

Canadian romantic drama films
English-language Canadian films
Films shot in Vancouver
2002 films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
Canadian independent films

Various Positions (film)