Charles Roberts (6 April 1883 – 7 August 1939) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre-half in the Football League for Grimsby Town, Manchester United and Oldham Athletic. He spent nine years at United, where he was captain, helping the club to two First Division titles and an FA Cup. He won three caps for England in 1905.

Playing career
Born in Darlington, Roberts started his football career with Bishop Auckland, but soon moved to Grimsby Town.

In 1904, he was transferred to Manchester United for £600. The United manager at the time was Ernest Mangnall who had embarked on a spending spree which would later see Manchester City players Billy Meredith and Sandy Turnbull arrive at Bank Street, United's ground at the time. Roberts arrival at United was extremely important to the development of the club; a strong, skilful, fast centre half and a rebel to boot. He flouted FA rules by wearing his shorts above the knee and was politically minded in favour of the unionisation of professional footballers.

Playing as centre-half he helped Manchester United win the 1908 and 1911 league titles as well as the 1909 FA Cup. Not until 1983, when a United side captained by Bryan Robson lifted the FA Cup for the fifth time, did another Englishman captain the club to FA Cup glory, as United's captains of their second and third triumphs were both Irish and their fourth FA Cup winning side was captained by a Scotsman.
He left the club in August 1913 for a then record fee of £1,500 to Oldham Athletic, who he also went on to manage, after appearing in 299 matches and scoring 23 goals for United.

Roberts was capped three times for England in 1905, Manchester United's first England international.

Players' Union

On 2 December 1907, Roberts and Meredith were instrumental in setting up the Players' Union. The organisation was not recognised by the FA but it did attract considerable support from fellow League clubs. In August 1909, the FA threatened to suspend any player who admitted to being a member of the Union, following which Roberts and his Manchester United's teammates were summoned to a meeting with the club's management. The players refused to relinquish their Union membership, forcing the club to contact their first opponents of the new season, Bradford City to cancel the fixture, as it could not field a team. The FA's threat had seen the membership of the Union fall so that the only members were the Manchester United players, who called themselves "The Outcasts". It was only after Tim Coleman of Everton renewed his support by siding with The Outcasts that the FA relented and Roberts' Union was saved.

Coaching career
In 1928, together with former colleague Billy Meredith, he became a coach for the ambitious Manchester Central. Roberts' son, Charlie Jr., was a player for Central's first season.

He died, aged 56, at Manchester Royal Infirmary in August 1939 following a cranial operation after suffering extended "dizzy spells".

Personal life
Roberts' cousin, Harry Hooper, played at full-back for Southampton, Leicester City and Queens Park Rangers. His nephews, Danny, Bill, Mark and Carl Hooper, were all professional footballers, and his nieces, Sarah and Bessie Hooper, played for Darlington Quaker Ladies. His great-great-granddaughter, Lucy Roberts, played for Manchester United W.F.C. in their inaugural season.

Honours

Club
Manchester United
Football League First Division (2): 1907–08, 1910–11
FA Cup: 1908–09

Individual
English Football Hall of Fame: 2017

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Article on "Spartacus"

1883 births
1939 deaths
Footballers from Darlington
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Darlington St Augustine's F.C. players
Bishop Auckland F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. managers
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
English football managers

Charlie Roberts


John Hamilton Bowie  (born 16 July 1938) is an Australian scientist and academic, best known for his contributions to research in the fields of the chemistry of negative ions in the gas phase and of bio-active peptides in skin glands.

Bowie was born educated in Melbourne, and graduated from the University of Melbourne where he obtained an MSc for his work on the colouring matters of Australian plants, obtained his PhD at the University of Nottingham.  He subsequently took up an ICI fellowship at the University of Cambridge under Lord Todd. In 1966 he was appointed to a lectureship at the University of Adelaide, rising to become head of department.  In 1968 he was awarded the Rennie Memorial Medal for his work on the rearrangement of positively charged organic molecules.  In 1974 he was awarded the H. G. Smith Memorial Medal of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute.  From 1989 to 1992 he was Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the university.

In 2017 Bowie was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for significant service to science in the field of mass spectrometry, and to education as an academic, researcher and author.

References

1938 births
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
Australian chemists
Living people
Members of the Order of Australia

John Hamilton Bowie


Blue Springs State Park is a public recreation area located  east of Clio in Blue Springs, Barbour County, Alabama. The  state park features a clear blue, natural underground spring that pumps  of water per minute into two concrete-ringed swimming pools. The park's recreational area was expanded in 2013 when the Forever Wild Land Trust purchased  adjoining acres for the purpose of providing hiking trails.

History
Harrison's Hotel, built in 1890, was among the first efforts to turn the village of Blue Springs into a health spa. Ten years later, J.T.E. Whigham began work on the Blue Springs Hotel, which eventually featured 28 rooms and modern bathhouse. In 1913, the spring pool was lined with concrete and another smaller pool designed for use by children was added to the site. The area became a popular spot for political rallies, three-day horse-trading events, and annual reunions of Confederate soldiers. The large pool remained in operation until about 1938. J.D. McLaughlin sold the property to the state resulting in creation of the state park in 1963.

Features
At the entrance to the park is a stone monument dedicated to Dr. James Daniel McLaughlin (1880-1953), a medical doctor who attended Atlanta College for Physicians and Surgeons and the medical extension program of the University of Alabama in Mobile.

Activities and amenities
Swimming: The natural spring for which the park is named has a sandy bottom, pumps  of water per minute and stays at a constant temperature of . Swimming (without lifeguards) is permitted.
Camping: The park has modern and primitive campsites, rental cabins, and rental campers.
Fishing: A small pond is stocked with catfish, bass, and bream.
Picnicking: The park's picnicking facilities include pavilions for rent.
Playground: A playground made from 100% recycled material with two main structures suitable for children ages 2–5 and 5-12 and a large sandbox for younger children was added in 2014.
Volleyball: The park's sand volleyball court offers tournaments in spring and summer.
Hiking: The Magnolia Trail, along with two short connector trails, opened in 2018. The trail crosses 2 miles of southeast Alabama forest and provides views of the west fork of the Choctawhatchee River. The trailhead is located in the park with most of the trail traversing the adjacent Forever Wild Blue Springs State Park Addition.

References

External links
Blue Springs State Park Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

State parks of Alabama
Protected areas of Barbour County, Alabama
Springs of Alabama
Bodies of water of Barbour County, Alabama
Protected areas established in 1963
Swimming venues in Alabama
1963 establishments in Alabama

Blue Springs State Park


Grey Island is  south of Michelsen Island and  west of the southern part of Fredriksen Island, in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It was first charted and named Holmen Graa (Grey Island) on a map by the Norwegian whaler Captain Petter Sorlle, who made a running survey of the South Orkney Islands in 1912–13. The anglicised form appears on the chart by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery II who surveyed the islands in 1933.

Important Bird Area
The island lies within an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 111).  It is also part of the Southern Powell Island and adjacent islands Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because it supports significant seabird breeding colonies.

See also
 List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

References

Islands of the South Orkney Islands
Important Bird Areas of Antarctica
Seabird colonies
Antarctic Specially Protected Areas

Grey Island (South Orkney Islands)


Uproxx (stylized in all caps) is an entertainment and popular culture news website. It was founded in 2008 by Jarret Myer and Brian Brater, and acquired by Woven Digital (later renamed Uproxx Media Group) in 2014. The site's target audience is men aged 18–34. It was acquired by Warner Music Group in August 2018, with Myer and CEO Benjamin Blank remaining in control of the company's operations.

History
Uproxx was founded in 2008 by Jarret Myer and Brian Brater. The two also founded hip hop label Rawkus Records in 1996 and YouTube media company Big Frame in 2011. Uproxx was initially a network of blogs and formed when the founders partnered with the owners of other blogs, including acquiring With Leather and FilmDrunk from Fat Penguin Media founder Ryan Perry, who later signed on as creative director.

Uproxx was acquired by Woven Digital in April 2014. Myer joined Woven as general manager of publishing.

In December 2014, Woven raised US$18 million in Series A funding. A portion of the capital was allocated to growing Uproxx through staff hires and video development, including new web series. Uproxx acquired Dime Magazine in January 2015 to expand the sports division of the site. Warner Music Group acquired Uproxx in August 2018.

Content
Uproxx is a news and discussion website that is geared toward millennials, specifically males aged 18–34. The site covers viral news stories related to entertainment and culture, with an emphasis on sports, film, TV, and music. Uproxx is divided into verticals including Entertainment, Sports, and Life, each of which comprises multiple blogs. These blogs include "With Spandex", about pro wrestling; and Dime Magazine, which focuses on basketball. In addition, Uproxx offers a platform for live Q&As with celebrities and creators to promote upcoming projects.

Video
Video makes up a significant portion of the site's content and Uproxx produces both original and sponsored video.

In 2013, Uproxx partnered with 5-Second Films to produce longer content for Uproxx Video on YouTube. Since its acquisition by Woven, Uproxx has placed more emphasis on video content and released several web series.

The site launched "Luminaries", its first original series in January 2015. The show profiles young inventors and the first two episodes generated 18.5 million views within the first four months. The series was nominated for a Webby Award in 2015.

The site's second series, a parodic news series called The Desk, debuted in March 2015. The next month, in April 2015, Uproxx began a documentary series centered on pop culture called Uproxx Docs. It commenced with a three-part piece about rock band Guns N' Roses.

Also in 2015, Uproxx launched several sponsored video series. Among these were "Uncharted: Power of Dreams", a show that profiles rising musicians, with Honda, and "Human", a video series about artisans and others who preserve traditional work, sponsored by Coors Banquet. Human won an OMMA award in 2015.

Staff and operations

Uproxx is headquartered in Culver City, California.

The editorial staff is led by editor-in-chief Brett Michael Dykes, and head of publishing Kris Maske.

Other staff members include Steve Bramucci, managing editor of the site's Life section, Phil Cosores, music managing editor, Brian Grubb, senior TV editor, Cherise Johnson, digital media manager for Uproxx Music's original programming, Mike Ryan, senior entertainment writer, and Vince Mancini, senior film writer.

Uproxx Media Group
Uproxx Media Group, originally named Woven Digital, was the owner of Uproxx and its related properties until their acquisition by Warner Music Group in August 2018.

History
The company was founded as Woven Digital in 2010 by Scott Grimes and Michael Laur as an ad network with Grimes serving as the CEO. The network's intended audience was young men, 1834 year old. Woven's mission was to bring the passion points of guys together in one place via a platform agnostic network of websites, videos, and branded content.

The company grew through purchases of websites with large followings. Its first acquisition was lifestyle site BroBible in 2012. Following this were the acquisitions in 2013 of Animal New York, Guyism, and Brotips Media. As Woven's CEO, Grimes drove the 2014 acquisition of Uproxx more than doubling Woven's viewership. In that same year, Woven's reach, including its affiliated sites, exceeded that of Vox Media or Vice Media. Woven was included in the top ten of Fast Company list of "Most Innovative Companies in Hollywood" in early 2015 for "helping brands speak a young man's language". In 2015, Woven Studios was built in Culver City to produce original digital content. The company expanded Uproxx's coverage of sports with the 2015 acquisition of Dime Magazine, diversifying in film and TV by acquiring HitFix in 2016.

The company changed its name in 2017 to Uproxx Media Group, to consolidate under its most public-facing brand and to focus on Uproxx's original, long-form content.

On August 2, 2018, Warner Music Group announced that it had acquired Uproxx and its properties (except for BroBible, which will continue to publish independently) for an undisclosed sum, although Uproxx has raised around $43M (£33 million) from previous investment, which provides some sense of the firm's valuation.

Operations
Uproxx Media Group was a digital media company that owned multiple entertainment sites and created branded content focused on a male millennial audience. , it had six main brands: Uproxx, HitFix, Dime, Real Talk, With Spandex, and BroBible. The company's sites reached more than 90 million unique viewers per month. Uproxx was the company's largest brand, with a viewership of 40 million per month. Headquartered in Culver City, the company also had production facilities in New York and Chicago. The Culver City offices housed a full production studio staffed by writers, illustrators, presenters and video editing staff; the company produced all of its own sponsored videos.

Benjamin Blank was the company's chief executive officer and chief creative officer, and Colin Digiaro served as executive chairman for mergers and acquisitions and fundraising. Other key personnel included Scott Grimes, executive chairman overseeing revenue, Jen Sargent as president, and Uproxx co-creator Jarret Myer, who served as publisher.

Original programming
Uproxx Media Group developed web originals, long- and short-form series and films through Uproxx Studios. Specializing in documentary-style productions, the studio created a piece of  branded content for fast food chain Checkers in 2017 featuring rapper Rick Ross. The short documentary-style video received a positive critical reception and was a featured entry in PR Week and Campaign's 2017 Brand Film Festival. Uproxx Media Group also created a short documentary on Guns N' Roses in 2015, and as of 2017 it has released several original series. The Uproxx series "Uncharted" was created in partnership with Honda Stage, and has won numerous awards, most notably a Gold Clio Award in 2016. Uproxx worked with MillerCoors on "Human" and "Human Limits", a series of short documentary videos that profiled "inspirational" people, entrepreneurs, and artists that was nominated for several awards. It was a MERIT winner for 2017 The One Show and a winner at the 2017 D&AD Awards. Uproxx has also partnered with the United States Marine Corps to create sponsored content.

References

External links

American entertainment websites
Internet properties established in 2008
Mass media about Internet culture
American companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
Companies based in Culver City, California
Warner Music Group
2018 mergers and acquisitions

Uproxx


Mudsill theory is the proposition that there must be, and always has been, a lower class or underclass for the upper classes and the rest of society to rest upon.

The term derives from a mudsill, the lowest threshold that supports the foundation for a building.

History
The theory was first articulated by James H. Hammond, a Democratic United States senator from South Carolina and a wealthy Southern plantation owner, in a speech on March 4, 1858. Hammond argued that every society must find a class of people to do menial labor, whether called slaves or not, and that assigning that status on a racial basis followed natural law, while the Northern United States' social class of white wage laborers presented a revolutionary threat.

It was directly used to advocate slavery in the rhetoric of other antebellum Democrats, who were struggling to maintain their grip on the Southern economy. They saw the abolition of slavery as a threat to their powerful new Southern market that revolved almost entirely around the plantation system, which was furthered by the use of primarily-African slaves but also used destitute whites.

Criticism
Many saw the argument as a weak justification for exploitation and a flimsy example of creating science to reference as proof. An obvious flaw lies in that there are no indications as to which class or race rightfully belongs to the mudsill other than the pre-supposed regional groups that were already in place at the "bottom," thus causing a circular argument.

Mudsill theory and similar rhetoric has been dubbed "the Marxism of the Master-Class" which fought for the rights of the propertied elite against what were perceived as threats from the abolitionists, lower classes and non-whites to gain higher standards of living.

Abraham Lincoln argued forcefully against the mudsill theory, particularly in a speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1859, where he delineated its incompatibility with Free Soil. In his view, mudsill advocates "conclude that all laborers are necessarily either hired laborers, or slaves" since to them, "nobody labors unless somebody else, owning capital... induces him to do it." Further, mudsillers believed that these laborers were "fatally fixed" in their status. Lincoln contrasted his view that labor was in fact the source of capital by noting that a majority of persons in Free States were "neither hirers nor hired" but in such professions as farming, where they worked for themselves.

See also

References

External links
  The 'Mudsill' Theory speech at Wikisource
  "Mudsill Theory" introductory speech given by James Henry Hammond
 "Mudsill Theory", from John Taylor Gatto's The Underground History of American Education

1858 establishments in the United States
1858 introductions
Culture of the Southern United States
Political controversies in the United States
Rhetoric
Slavery in the United States
Sociological terminology
Sociological theories
Social class in the United States

Mudsill theory


Free Walking Tour – free of charge walking tour, where participants give tips tour guide for his work. Guide can take money or give it to his Free Walking Tour organization. Free Walking Tour typically has a schedule. Weather and number of coming participants doesn't matter.

History
The movement appeared in 2004 in Berlin. According to the portal freetoursnetwork in 2016 free walking tour exists in 206 cities in 75  countries around the world.

The logotype Free Walking Tour has often picture of the legs or left traces.

Analogy
The concept of Free Walking Tour in the tourism branch can be compared with a freeware on the IT-market. Free software can be an advertising of the commercial product or its manufacturer. The organizers of the Free Walking Tour often provide some business services such as a shuttle service, different entertainment, thematic, motorized and individual tours; however, the free tour model has developed as a hugely popular way to tour cities in its own right in recent years, with more and more tour companies offering free walking tours exclusively, such as Generation Tours in Dublin, Ireland, for example. Following this trends, online platforms offering free walking tours were also created. The first such platform was FREETOUR.COM in 2014. Later, other platforms of this type started, such as GuruWalk in 2017. The concept can be a little confusing, the traveler has to pay the guide at the end of the tour based on his experience. This concept is commonly referred to as a pay-what-you-please walking tour, because it empowers the client to pay based on their satisfaction with the tour and encourages the guide to always do their best.  Free Walking Tour guides can be compared with the street performers who entertain passers-by and offer for donations as well as compared to history professors who bring a city and it's stories to life. Because tour guides only work for gratuities, the quality of a free tour tends to be significantly and consistently better than traditional "pay first" tours, which can take advantage of unknowing travelers.

References

Tourism

Free Walking Tour


Abolitionism in the United Kingdom was the movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to end the practice of slavery, whether formal or informal, in the United Kingdom, the British Empire and the world, including ending the Atlantic slave trade. It was part of a wider abolitionism movement in Western Europe and the Americas.

The buying and selling of slaves was made illegal across the British Empire in 1807, but owning slaves overseas was permitted until it was outlawed  completely in 1833, beginning a process where from 1834 slaves became indentured "apprentices" to their former owners until emancipation was achieved for the majority by 1840 and for remaining exceptions by 1843.

Origins

In the 17th and early 18th centuries, English Quakers and a few evangelical religious groups condemned slavery (by then applied mostly to Africans) as un-Christian.  A few secular thinkers of the Enlightenment criticised it for violating the rights of man. James Edward Oglethorpe was the first to act on the Enlightenment case against slavery on humanistic grounds. In his "Georgia Experiment" he convinced Parliament to ban slavery in his Province of Georgia from 1735.  However, slavery was reinstated in 1751.  He also encouraged his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to pursue the cause vigorously.  Soon after his death in 1785, they joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect.

The slave trade had been banned in England in 1102, by the Church Council of London, convened by Anselm. However, the council had no legislative powers, unless decreed and signed by the monarch.  In Cartwright's Case of 1569 regarding the punishment of a slave from Russia, the court ruled that English law could not recognise slavery, as it was never established officially.  This ruling was overshadowed by later developments.  It was upheld in 1700 by Lord Chief Justice Sir John Holt when he ruled that "As soon as a man sets foot on English ground he is free".

English colonists imported slaves to the North American colonies and by the 18th century, traders began to import slaves from Africa, India and East Asia (where they were trading) to London and Edinburgh to work as servants. Men who migrated to the North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as East Indians have been documented in colonial records. David Olusoga wrote of the sea change that had taken place:

To fully understand how remarkable the rise of British abolitionism was, both as a political movement and as a popular sentiment, it is important to remember how few voices were raised against slavery in Britain until the last quarter of the eighteenth century.

Some of the first freedom suits, court cases in Britain to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769. The cases were Montgomery v. Sheddan (1755) and Spens v. Dalrymple (1769). Each of the slaves had been baptised in Scotland and challenged the legality of slavery. They set the precedent of legal procedure in British courts that would later lead to success for the plaintiffs. In these cases, deaths of the plaintiff and defendant, respectively, brought an end to the action before a court decision could be rendered.

African slaves were not bought or sold in London but were brought by masters from other places. Together with people from other nations, especially non-Christian ones, Africans were considered foreigners and thus ineligible to be English subjects; England had no naturalisation procedure. The African slaves' legal status was unclear until Somersett's Case in 1772, when the fugitive slave James Somersett forced a decision by the courts. Somersett had escaped and his master, Charles Steuart, had him captured and imprisoned on board a ship, intending to ship him to Jamaica to be resold into slavery. While in London, Somersett had been baptised and three godparents issued a writ of habeas corpus. As a result, Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice of the Court of the King's Bench, had to judge whether Somersett's abduction was lawful or not under English Common Law. No legislation had ever been passed to establish slavery in England. The case received national attention and five advocates supported the action on behalf of Somersett.

In his judgment of 22 June 1772, Mansfield held,

The state of slavery is of such a nature that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasions, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory. It is so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged.

Although the legal implications of the judgement are unclear when analysed by lawyers, the judgement was generally taken at the time to have determined that slavery did not exist under English common law and was thus prohibited in England. By 1774, between 10,000 and 15,000 slaves gained freedom in England. The decision did not apply to British overseas territories; e.g. the American colonies had established slavery by positive laws. Somersett's case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world and it helped launch the movement to abolish slavery.

After reading about Somersett's Case, Joseph Knight, an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master John Wedderburn in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with a child, he filed a freedom suit, on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in Great Britain. In the case of Knight v. Wedderburn (1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The Court of Session of Scotland ruled against him, saying that chattel slavery was not recognised under the law of Scotland and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in the colonies.

At this point the plantocracy became concerned, and got organised, setting up the London Society of West India Planters and Merchants to represent their views. From its inception in 1780, the organisation played a major role in resisting the abolition of the slave trade and that of slavery itself. The Society brought together three different groups: British sugar merchants, absentee planters and colonial agents.

Writing critically of English altruism in abolishing the slave trade, African-American historian W. E. B. Du Bois in 1948 said,
The rise of liberal and philanthropic thought in the latter part of the eighteenth century accounts, of course, for no little of the growth of opposition to slavery and the slave trade; but it accounts for only a part of it. Other and dominant factors were the diminishing returns of the African slave trade itself, the bankruptcy of the West Indian sugar economy through the Haitian revolution, the interference of Napoleon and the competition of Spain. Without this pressure of economic forces, Parliament would not have yielded so easily to the abolition crusade. Moreover, new fields of investment and profit were being opened to Englishmen by the consolidation of the empire in India and by the acquisition of new spheres of influence in China and elsewhere. In Africa, British rule was actually strengthened by the anti-slavery crusade, for new territory was annexed and controlled under the aegis of emancipation. It would not be right to question for a moment the sincerity of Sharpe, Wilberforce, Buxton and their followers. But the moral force they represented would have met with greater resistance had it not been working along lines favorable to English investment and colonial profit.

Activists organize

Antislavery sentiment may have grown in the British Isles in the first few years after the Somersett case.  In 1774, influenced by the case and by the writings of Quaker abolitionist Anthony Benezet, John Wesley, the leader of the Methodist tendency in the Church of England, published Thoughts Upon Slavery, in which he passionately criticised the practice.  In his 1776 A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals, the clergyman Humphry Primatt wrote, "the white man (notwithstanding the barbarity of custom and prejudice), can have no right, by virtue of his colour, to enslave and tyrannise over a black man."  In 1781 the Dublin Universal Free Debating Society challenged its members to consider if "enslaving the Negro race [is] justifiable on principles of humanity of [sic] policy?"

Despite the ending of slavery in Great Britain, the West Indian colonies of the British Empire continued to practice it. British banks continued to finance the commodities and shipping industries in the colonies they had earlier established which still relied upon slavery, despite the legal developments in Great Britain. In 1785, the English poet William Cowper wrote,

In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began in Britain. That year a group of Quakers founded their first abolitionist organisation. The Quakers continued to be influential throughout the lifetime of the movement, in many ways leading the campaign. On 17 June 1783, Sir Cecil Wray (one of the Members of Parliament for Westminster) presented the Quaker petition to parliament. Also in 1783, Beilby Porteus, Bishop of Chester, issued a call to the Church of England to cease its involvement in the slave trade and to formulate a policy to improve the conditions of Afro-Caribbean slaves. The exploration of the African continent by such British groups as the African Association (1788) promoted the abolitionists' cause. Such expeditions highlighted the sophistication of African social organisation; before this, Europeans had considered them 'other' and uncivilised. The African Association had close ties with William Wilberforce, who became known as a prominent figure in the campaign for abolition in the British Empire.

Africans themselves played a visible role in the abolition movement. In Britain, Olaudah Equiano, whose autobiography was published in nine editions in his lifetime, campaigned tirelessly against the slave trade. Also important were horrific images such as the famous Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion of 1787 and the engraving showing the ghastly layout of the slave ship, the Brookes.

Growth of the movement

After the formation of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787, William Wilberforce led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign. It finally abolished the slave trade in the British Empire with the Slave Trade Act 1807. He continued to campaign for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, which he lived to see in the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

The Atlantic slave trade, also called Triangle trade, encompassed the trafficking in slaves by British merchants who exported manufactured goods from ports such as Bristol and Liverpool, sold or exchanged these for slaves in West Africa (where the African chieftain hierarchy was tied to slavery), and shipped the slaves to British colonies and other Caribbean countries or the American colonies. There traders sold or exchanged the slaves for rum and sugar (in the Caribbean) and tobacco and rice (in the American South), which they took back to British ports. The merchants traded in three places with each round-trip. Political influence against the inhumanity of the slave trade grew strongly in the late 18th century.

Europeans and Africans worked for abolition of the slave trade and slavery. Well-known abolitionists in Britain included James Ramsay, who had seen the cruelty of the trade at first hand; the Unitarian William Roscoe who courageously campaigned for parliament in the port city of Liverpool for which he was briefly M.P., Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, Josiah Wedgwood, who produced the "Am I Not A Man And A Brother?" medallion for the Committee; and other members of the Clapham Sect of evangelical reformers, as well as Quakers.

Quakers made up most of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and were the first to present a petition against the slave trade to the British Parliament. As Dissenters, Quakers were not eligible to become British MPs in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Anglican evangelist William Wilberforce led the parliamentary campaign. Clarkson became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of data and gaining first-hand accounts by interviewing sailors and former slaves at British ports such as Bristol, Liverpool and London.

Mainly because of Clarkson's efforts, he trailed the country setting up a network of 1,200 local abolition groups. They campaigned through public meetings and the publication of pamphlets and petitions, a petition in 1792 got 400,000 signatures and the petition in 1814 got 1,375,000 signatures. One of the earliest books promoted by Clarkson and the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was the autobiography of the freed slave Olaudah Equiano. The movement had support from such freed slaves, from many denominational groups such as Swedenborgians, Quakers, Baptists, Methodists and others. They reached out for support from the new industrial workers of the cities in the Midlands and north of England. Even women and children, previously un-politicised groups, became involved in the campaign especially the successful sugar boycott. At this time, women often had to hold separate meetings as there were social rules against their appearing in public meetings. They could not vote, nor could the majority of the men in Britain at the time.

In 1792, after multiple petitions had been presented, the House of Commons voted in favour of the gradual abolition of the slave trade, a decision subsequently reversed by the House of Lords, which wanted to hear its own evidence for and against the trade.

The abolitionists negotiated with chieftains in West Africa to purchase land to establish  'Freetown' – a settlement for former slaves of the British Empire (the Poor Blacks of London) and the United States. Great Britain had promised freedom to American slaves who left rebel owners to join its cause during the American Revolutionary War.  It evacuated thousands of slaves together with its troops and transported 3,000 Black Loyalists to Nova Scotia for resettlement.  About a decade later, they were offered a chance to resettle in Freetown and several hundred made the move. Freetown was the first settlement of the colony of Sierra Leone, which was protected under a British Act of Parliament in 1807–08. British influence in West Africa grew through a series of negotiations with local chieftains to end trading in slaves. These included agreements to permit British navy ships to intercept chieftains' ships to ensure their merchants were not carrying slaves.

Also from 1800 the Royal African Corps was recruited from West African volunteers, and eventually included freed slaves from the Caribbean before it was disbanded in 1819.

In 1796, John Gabriel Stedman published the memoirs of his five-year voyage to the Dutch-controlled Surinam in South America as part of a military force sent out to subdue bosnegers, former slaves living in the interior. The book is critical of the treatment of slaves and contains many images by William Blake and Francesco Bartolozzi depicting the cruel treatment of runaway slaves. It was an example of what became a large body of abolitionist literature.

Slave Trade Act 1807
The Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire. It was partly enforced by the West Africa Squadron. The Act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship.

Slave Trade Felony Act 1811

The 1807 act's intention was to entirely outlaw the slave trade within the British Empire, but the lucrative trade continued through smuggling. Sometimes captains at risk of being caught by the Royal Navy would throw slaves into the sea to reduce their fines. Abolitionist Henry Brougham realized that trading would continue, and so as a new MP successfully introduced the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811. This law at last made slave trading a criminal felony throughout the empire, and for British subjects worldwide. This proved far more effective and ended the trade across the Empire, as the Royal Navy ruthlessly pursued slave ships. In 1827, Britain defined participation in the slave trade as piracy and punishable by death.

Between 1808 and 1860, the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. Britain used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to treaties to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to seize their slave ships. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade. For example, the 1851 Reduction of Lagos deposed "the usurping King of Lagos". Britain signed anti-slavery treaties with more than 50 African rulers.

Slavery Abolition Act 1833

After the 1807 Act, enslaved persons could still be held, though not sold, within the British Empire. In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement may have revived the campaign against the institution of slavery. In 1823 the first Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Britain. The Society's members consisted of a union of non-conformist churches and many had previously campaigned against the slave trade. In 1831, enslaved man Sam Sharpe led the Christmas Rebellion (Baptist War) in Jamaica, an event that catalyzed anti-slavery sentiment. This combination of political pressure and popular uprisings convinced the British government that there was no longer any middle ground between slavery and emancipation.

On 28 August 1833, the Slavery Abolition Act received Royal Assent, paving the way for the abolition of slavery within the British Empire and its colonies. On 1 August 1834, all enslaved persons in the British Empire (except for India) were emancipated, but they were indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system that meant gradual abolition: the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838, while the final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840, two years later.

The apprenticeship system was deeply unpopular with enslaved persons. On 1 August 1834, as the Governor in Port of Spain, Trinidad addressed an audience about the new laws, the mostly elderly, unarmed enslaved persons began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out his voice. Peaceful protests continued until the government passed a resolution to abolish apprenticeship and the enslaved persons gained de facto freedom. Full emancipation for all enslaved persons was legally granted on 1 August 1838, ahead of schedule, making Trinidad the first British slave society to fully end slavery. The government set aside £20 million for compensation of slave owners for their "property" across the Empire, but it did not offer formerly enslaved people compensation or reparations  (though that has never happened anywhere). This was because abolitionists had not planned for much more than the long-awaited reform of the law, and felt that freedom along with the option of returning to Africa to live in Freetown, or the nearby state of Liberia, was infinitely preferable to continued chattel slavery.

In context, the £20 million voted by Parliament to compensate slave owners under the 1833 Act can be compared with the Gross Domestic Product of the UK in 1832, which was £443 million and government spending which was £51.5m.

Campaigning after the act

In 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was formed. At the time, the British economy continued to import cotton and other commodities from the U.S. Deep South, which relied on slavery for cotton production, to fuel the spinning and weaving mills in Manchester and other northern cities. The finished goods furnished Britain's low-wage, export, manufacturing economy with surpluses exported to Europe and India. London merchant-banks made loans throughout the supply-chain to planters, factors, ware-housers, carters, shippers, spinners, weavers, and exporters.

The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society campaigned to outlaw slavery in other countries and pressured the British government to do more to enforce the suppression of the slave trade, by declaring slave traders to be pirates and pursuing them as such. It is in operation today as Anti-Slavery International, the world's oldest international human rights organisation, with its headquarters in London.

On 20 December 1841, the first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, was signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia. There was a treaty between Britain and the United States of America in 1862.

See also
 List of Abolitionist Forerunners (by Thomas Clarkson)
 Slavery in the British Isles
 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
 Slavery in the British Virgin Islands
 Abolitionism in the United States
 Abolitionism in France

References

Further reading

 Bader-Zaar, Birgitta: Abolitionism in the Atlantic World: The Organization and Interaction of Anti-Slavery Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010, retrieved: June 14, 2012.
 Brown, Christopher Leslie. Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (2006)
 Davis, David Brion, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (1999); The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1988)
 Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (2009)
 Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Slavery (1999)
 Gould, Philip.  Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the 18th-century Atlantic World (2003)
 Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2006) ; 846pp; 300 articles by experts
 Hochschild, Adam. Bury the Chains, Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves (2005)
 Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
 Olusoga, David. Black and British: A Forgotten History (2016)
 Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. "Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World" (2007)
 Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution (London: BBC Books, 2005) (New York: Ecco, 2006 )
 Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870 (2006).
 Wyman‐McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." History Compass 16.10 (2018): e12480.

Slavery in the United Kingdom
Human rights in the United Kingdom

Abolitionism in the United Kingdom


Kliff Timothy Kingsbury (born August 9, 1979) is an American football coach and former quarterback, who is currently a senior offensive analyst and QB coach at USC. He previously served as the head coach of Texas Tech (2013–2018) and the Arizona Cardinals (2019–2022). Kingsbury is known for developing quarterback prospects including Case Keenum, Johnny Manziel, Baker Mayfield, Patrick Mahomes, and Kyler Murray.

Early life
Kingsbury was born in San Antonio, Texas, to Tim and Sally (née Moeller) Kingsbury.  Kingsbury played high school football at New Braunfels High School (Texas), where his father, Tim, was head coach. Kingsbury also was a member of the baseball, basketball, and track teams. As a quarterback at New Braunfels, Kingsbury threw for 3,009 yards and 34 touchdowns while leading the team to the Class 5A Division II semifinals and a 13–2 record. He was named the offensive MVP in the Texas High School Coaches All-Star Game. Kingsbury graduated 3rd in his class of 450, and was an Academic All-State selection. In May 2018, Kingsbury was formally inducted into the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame.

College career
In college, Kingsbury played quarterback for the Texas Tech Red Raiders for coach Spike Dykes from 1998–1999 and Mike Leach from 2000–2002. Kingsbury played 43 games at Texas Tech, completing 1,229 of 1,881 passes for 12,423 yards with 95 touchdowns and 40 interceptions overall during his career. After his college playing career, Kingsbury held 39 school records, 13 Big 12 Conference records, and 7 NCAA FBS records.

In his redshirt freshman year in 1999, Kingsbury appeared in six games, starting the season finale against Oklahoma. He completed 25 of 57 passes for 492 yards, four touchdowns and an interception in his initial collegiate season. In 2000, he assumed the starting role and connected on 362 of 585 passes for 3,418 yards, 21 touchdowns and 17 interceptions. He added two scores on 78 carries. His season ended with a loss to the East Carolina Pirates in the Gallery-Furniture.com Bowl, with a final score of 40–27.  As a junior in 2001, Kingsbury was an All-District first-team selection and All-Big 12 Conference second-team pick by the league's coaches for his performance. He completed 365 of 528 passes for 3,502 yards, 25 touchdowns and only nine interceptions.

In 2002, Kingsbury averaged 350.2 yards per game, setting a new record with 5017 yards and his 45 touchdown passes nearly doubled his mark set during the 2001 season. As a senior, Kingsbury led Texas Tech to a 9–5 record, defeating Big 12 Conference rivals Texas, Texas A&M and Baylor, in addition to a 55-15 routing of the Clemson Tigers in the Tangerine Bowl.

Following the 2002 season, he was awarded the Sammy Baugh Trophy, annually presented to the nation's best college passer. He was additionally selected as a Verizon/CoSIDA Academic All-American and Player of the Year, a unanimous All-Big 12 Conference first-team selection, was named the Associated Press Offensive Player of the Year, and finished 9th in Heisman Trophy voting. These awards followed a season during which he shattered his own school single-season records by completing 479 of 712 passes (67.3 percent) for 5,017 yards, 45 touchdowns and just 13 interceptions. He also added two rushing scores on 102 carries.

He, along with Graham Harrell, are the only Texas Tech quarterbacks to have beaten both the Oklahoma Sooners and Texas Longhorns during their careers as starters. Kingsbury led Tech to 3 bowl games in his 3 years as a starter, with a 24-16 overall record. In 2003, he held the NCAA records for career plays, career plays per game, single season and career passing attempts, single season and career passing completions, highest single game completion percentage, career lowest percentage of passes intercepted, and most single season and career games gaining 200 yards or more.

Kingsbury was only the third player in college football history to throw for over 10,000 yards, gain over 10,000 yards in total offense and complete over 1,000 passes in a career. He also became just the fourth player in college football to throw for over 3,000 yards three times during his career.  Kingsbury was also an Academic All-Big 12 Conference choice following his sophomore campaign in 2000.

College statistics

Professional career

Kingsbury was selected by the New England Patriots with the 201st overall selection (6th round) of the 2003 NFL Draft. He did not play in his rookie season of 2003, spending the year on the Patriots' injured reserve with an arm injury. He did, however, get a Super Bowl ring. He was waived by the Patriots on September 6, 2004.

He was signed by the New Orleans Saints to the team's practice squad, where he spent the entire 2004 season. He went to training camp with the Saints that season and completed 10-of-21 passes for 139 yards with a long of 57 yards and two interceptions.

He was signed to the Denver Broncos' practice squad on September 6, 2005, and was released on September 21, 2005.

He then signed with the New York Jets on September 28, 2005. Kingsbury made his NFL debut on November 20, 2005, playing part of the fourth quarter for the Jets against the Denver Broncos. He completed one of two pass attempts for 17 yards.

The Buffalo Bills signed Kingsbury in 2006 and he attended training camp with the Bills but he was cut before the regular season.

NFL Europe
The New York Jets assigned Kingsbury to the Cologne Centurions of NFL Europe in 2006. He posted the top quarterback rating of any Cologne quarterback (73.7) while completing 58 of 102 passes for 633 yards and two touchdowns. He also led Cologne with a 56.9 completion percentage.

Canadian Football League
On March 30, 2007, Kingsbury signed with the Montréal Alouettes. He spent part of training camp in Montréal before being traded to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers on June 20 in exchange for quarterback Brad Banks. He was the third-string quarterback for the 2007 Blue Bombers season behind Kevin Glenn and Ryan Dinwiddie.

Coaching career

Houston
In August 2008, Kingsbury joined the University of Houston football staff in the position of quality control.
Kingsbury received recognition for the performance of the Houston offense in 2009 with Case Keenum at the helm. Keenum finished his Houston career with multiple NCAA Division I passing records. With Holgorsen departing to become the offensive coordinator at Oklahoma State University, Kingsbury was promoted to the position of co-offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Cougars serving alongside former UH receiver Jason Phillips. Kingsbury quickly gained Coach Kevin Sumlin's trust and began calling all the offensive plays and was recognized as the 2011 Offensive Coordinator of the year after Houston led college football, averaging 50 points and nearly 600 yards of offense per game.

Texas A&M
After a record-breaking 2011 season in which Houston led the NCAA in yards, points, and virtually every offensive category, Kingsbury joined former Houston head coach Kevin Sumlin to be the offensive coordinator for Texas A&M for the 2012 season, coaching Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel. The Aggies led the Southeastern Conference in rushing, passing, total and scoring offense, and were the nation's only offense ranked in the top 15 of the NCAA statistics in all four categories. For his performance, Kingsbury was named the 2012 Footballscoop.com Offensive Coordinator of the Year and was named a finalist for the Broyles Award.

Texas Tech

Kingsbury returned to his alma mater as Texas Tech's 15th full-time head coach on December 12, 2012, following the abrupt departure of coach Tommy Tuberville to Cincinnati preceding the 2012 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas. Texas Tech athletic director Kirby Hocutt announced the hire with a video linked from his Twitter account. The video panned over to Kingsbury, who flashed the Guns Up sign and said, "Wreck 'em, Tech." Kingsbury's contract included a base salary of $10.5 million over 5 years, and creative control over the team's uniforms.

At 33, Kingsbury was the second-youngest head coach of a team in an AQ conference, and the third-youngest head coach in college football. Only Matt Campbell of Toledo and P. J. Fleck of Western Michigan were younger.

2013 season
Kingsbury made his head coaching debut August 30, 2013 with a 41–23 victory over the SMU Mustangs. Kingsbury chose walk-on true freshman quarterback Baker Mayfield for the starting role at the position, and Mayfield was named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. Mayfield is believed to be the first walk-on true freshman to start a season opener for a BCS school.

Mayfield was later supplanted by Davis Webb, another true freshman quarterback, due to a knee injury during the Kansas game. Following Webb's first start against Iowa State, Webb was also named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week. Texas Tech became the only school in the Big 12 Conference to have had three different freshman quarterbacks win the award, with the first being Kingsbury himself in 1999.

The Red Raiders made their Associated Press Top 25 debut in the Kingsbury era following a win over TCU on September 12, 2013. It was the earliest a first year coach at Texas Tech achieved a spot in the rankings. Kingsbury also became the first coach in Texas Tech history to start the season 6–0 in their debut season after the Red Raiders defeated Iowa State on October 12, 2013. Following a victory against West Virginia on October 19, 2013, Kingsbury led the Red Raiders to a 7–0 start for only the fourth time in program history. The 10th-place ranking the team received in the BCS also marked the highest the program had been ranked since the 2008 season. With the win over West Virginia, Kingsbury became the first Big 12 coach to start his career 7–0. The Texas Tech Red Raiders finished Kliff Kingsbury's first year at Texas Tech by losing the last 5 games of the season, finishing the rookie coach's first regular season at 7–5. Tight end Jace Amaro was also named as a Consensus All-American, the first Red Raider to be selected as such since Michael Crabtree in 2008.

Kingsbury and the Red Raiders capped off the season with a 37–23 upset over the #14 ranked Arizona State in the 2013 Holiday Bowl following an impressive performance by quarterback Davis Webb. Two of Kingsbury's players would be selected in the 2014 NFL Draft, Amaro and Will Smith. Following the season, Baker Mayfield transferred to Oklahoma. He eventually won the 2017 Heisman trophy and was selected 1st overall in the 2018 NFL Draft.

2014 season
On August 29, 2014, Kingsbury received a $1 million raise to $3.5 million and a contract extension through 2020. The extension specified that Kingsbury's salary would increase by $200,000 a year to a maximum of $5.5 million in 2020. The extension was given following an announcement for a $185 million athletic fundraising campaign. Under Kingsbury's leadership Texas Tech sold out 2014 season tickets for the first time since Texas Tech's inaugural 1925 season. The 2014 team struggled with numerous injuries, finishing 4–8 on the season.

2015 season
The Red Raiders made numerous changes heading into the 2015 season. Kingsbury added defensive coordinator David Gibbs hoping to bolster a defense that ranked amongst the worst in the country. The Red Raiders rebounded with a strong season as running back DeAndré Washington finished with 1,492 yards and 16 touchdowns and Patrick Mahomes finished with 4,653 yards and 36 passing touchdowns. Although the offense rebounded quite nicely and finished the season in the top 3 nationally, the defense finished 2nd to last only better than Kansas. Kingsbury finished his 3rd season with signature wins at Arkansas and at Texas showing promise heading into 2016. The 2015 season concluded at 7–6, 4–5 in Big 12 play good for a 5th-place finish. Tech lost in the Texas Bowl to LSU. Three of Kingsbury's players were selected in the 2016 NFL Draft, Le'Raven Clark, DeAndré Washington, and Jakeem Grant.

2016 season
The Red Raiders finished 5–7, 3–6 in Big 12 play. The team disappointed with conference wins against Kansas, TCU, and Baylor and finished in 8th place in the Big 12. The Red Raiders finished the 2016 season with a 55–34 victory over Baylor. This victory snapped a 5-game losing streak against the Bears. The 2016 team finished with the 6th best offense and the worst defense in Division I FBS. Patrick Mahomes was the lone Red Raider drafted after a disappointing campaign going in the first round #10 overall to the Kansas City Chiefs.

2017 season
The Red Raiders entered a make or break season in 2017 for Kingsbury. The team responded positively finishing the 2017 season improved from the prior season finishing 6–7, 3–6 in Big 12 play. The team showed signs of improvement as the offense finishing #16 in the country overcoming the loss of first round pick Patrick Mahomes. The defense also showed signs of improvement jumping up to joint #58 overall, a vast improvement for a defense that was the worst in the NCAA the prior season. At the conclusion of the season, athletic director Kirby Hocutt confirmed that Kingsbury would be returning for his 6th season as the Red Raiders coach.

2018 season
The 2018 season started quickly with the Red Raiders defeating Houston and Oklahoma State on their way to a 5–2 record. Texas Tech then dropped its final five games of the season to finish at 5–7. Three straight losing seasons overall and six straight losing seasons in the Big 12 ultimately sealed the fate for Kingsbury. Athletic director Kirby Hocutt announced on November 25 that Kingsbury would not be retained for the 2019 season. He left with an overall record of 35–40 (including 13 victories over lower tier Group of Five and FCS competition) and 19–35 in Big 12 play.

USC Trojans
Kingsbury was hired by USC as their new offensive coordinator in December 2018. In January 2019, reports surfaced that Kingsbury was a candidate to interview for the New York Jets and Arizona Cardinals head coaching jobs. USC athletic director Lynn Swann blocked requests from NFL teams to interview Kingsbury because he already signed the contractual agreement. One month into being USC's offensive coordinator, Kingsbury resigned from the position, leading to decommittments from his recruits. Kingsbury would be subsequently replaced by fellow former Texas Tech Red Raiders QB, Graham Harrell.

Arizona Cardinals

After interviewing with the New York Jets, Kingsbury flew to Arizona and met with the Arizona Cardinals. On January 8, 2019, Kingsbury took the job as the head coach of the Arizona Cardinals. Some attributed Kingsbury's hiring to the "Sean McVay effect", or the rising trend of teams hiring younger head coaches that focused on offensive strategy.

2019 season

Kingsbury won his first preseason game 17–13 against the Los Angeles Chargers on August 8, 2019. However, the Cardinals started the season 0–3–1. On October 6, 2019, Kingsbury won his first regular-season game against the Cincinnati Bengals by a score of 26–23. Despite a 3–3–1 start, Kingsbury led the Cardinals to a record of 2–7 down the stretch, finishing the season 5–10–1 and 4th in the NFC West.

2020 season

On September 13, 2020, Kingsbury led the Cardinals to win their first game of the 2020 NFL season by defeating the defending NFC champions San Francisco 49ers by a score of 24–20, marking Kingsbury's first win of the season. It marked the first time the Cardinals won a Week 1 game since 2015. It also marked Kingsbury's 6th win of his NFL head coaching career. In Week 7, Kingsbury's Cardinals defeated the undefeated Seattle Seahawks by a score of 37–34 in overtime to improve to 5–2 on the season. Although they lost their next game to the Miami Dolphins following a Week 8 bye, they rebounded with the Hail Murray win over the Buffalo Bills to improve to 6–3 on the season. Ultimately, Kingsbury and the Cardinals would suffer a late-season collapse as they would go 2–5 over their final seven games and finish with an 8–8 record, good for 3rd in the NFC West, but not good enough for a playoff berth as they lost out on the NFC's final playoff spot due to losing a tiebreaker to the Chicago Bears.

2021 season

On September 12, 2021, Kingsbury led the Cardinals to win their first away game of the 2021 NFL season by defeating the Tennessee Titans by a score of 38–13. The following game on September 19 was a win at home against the Minnesota Vikings in which a missed late-game field goal attempt by the Vikings ensured a Cardinals victory with a score of 34–33. This marks the seventh time in Arizona Cardinals history that the team has started a season 3–0 and only the fourth time that a coach has led the team to consecutive 2–0 starts. On October 15, 2021, it was revealed that Kingsbury and several others on the Cardinals coaching staff tested positive for COVID-19, thus rendering them ineligible to coach the Week 6 matchup against the Cleveland Browns. Defensive coordinator Vance Joseph and special teams coordinator Jeff Rodgers assumed head coaching duties for the game and led the Cardinals to a 37–14 win. After starting the season 10–2 and 1st in the NFC West, Kingsbury and the Cardinals would suffer another late-season collapse as the team ultimately finished 2nd in the NFC West with an 11–6 regular season record. In his playoff debut, Kingsbury and the Cardinals lost 34–11 in the first round of the playoffs to the eventual Super Bowl champion Los Angeles Rams.

2022 season

On March 2, 2022, Kingsbury signed a six-year extension through 2027. After an offseason with great expectations, Kingsbury led the Cardinals to a record of 4–13, their worst record since Kingsbury arrived in Arizona. Kingsbury was fired on January 9, 2023. He finished his tenure with the Cardinals with a 28–37–1 record with only one playoff appearance.

USC (second stint)
In 2023, Kingsbury joined USC as a senior offensive analyst and quarterbacks coach under head coach Lincoln Riley.

Personal life
Kingsbury was born in San Antonio, Texas. His father, Tim Kingsbury, is a Vietnam War veteran and Purple Heart recipient. Kingsbury's mother Sally died in 2005 of soft tissue sarcoma. He graduated from New Braunfels High School where he was starting quarterback.
 Kingsbury graduated from Texas Tech University in 2001 with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Management from the Rawls College of Business.

Head coaching record

College

NFL

See also
 List of NCAA Division I FBS career passing touchdowns leaders
 List of NCAA Division I FBS career passing yards leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders

References

External links
 Arizona Cardinals bio
 Texas Tech Red Raiders bio

1979 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
American expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Arizona Cardinals head coaches
Canadian football quarterbacks
Cologne Centurions (NFL Europe) players
Houston Cougars football coaches
New Braunfels High School alumni
New England Patriots players
New Orleans Saints players
New York Jets players
Players of American football from San Antonio
Players of Canadian football from San Antonio
Rawls College of Business alumni
Sportspeople from San Antonio
Sportspeople from New Braunfels, Texas
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
Texas Tech Red Raiders football players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
National Football League offensive coordinators

Kliff Kingsbury


Debabarrena (Scots: Lawer Deba) is a comarca locatit in Gipuzkoa, Basque Kintra (Spain). It haes a aurie o 180,3 km². It is north frae the comarca o Debagoiena, east from the province o Biscay, an sooth frae the Gulf o Biscay.

The municipalities which compone Debabarrena are Eibar, Placencia de las Armas, Elgoibar, Mendaro, Deba an Mutriku. Eibar is the biggest ane wi aboot 28,000 inhabitants. The seicont biggest ane is Elgoibar, wi aboot 11,000 inhabitants, an the ither municipalities hae less nor 10,000 ceetizens.

Natural environs

Debabarrena is surroondit bi mony muntains, which are no vera heich. The heicher anes hae a hicht o aroond 800 metres. Urko (791 metres), Arno (612 metres) an Andutz (610 metres) are the heichest anes. Aw the region is full o forests an prairies, an haes mony streams an aw, maist o thaim tributars o the Deba river, which names the comarca. These streams are uisually short an hae a heich level o contamination, despite the fact that the level o contamination haes been reducit considerably syne the 1980s.

Communication

Debabarrena is locatit in the centre o the Basque Kintra, which benefits the region's communications. The main heich-gate is the AP-8, which connects Debabarrena wi Bilbao an the French border, but the AP-1 an aw, which connects Eibar wi Debagoiena an Álava.

The railwey line that communicates Bilbao an San Sebastian is uised in Deba, Mendaro, Elgoibar an Eibar an aw mainly as a short-distance train. The harbours o Deba an Mutriku are no uised for guids an passengers.

Population

The total population o Debabarrena is aboot 72,000 fowk. The ceety wi maist citizens is Eibar, wi nearly 28,000 habitants. Elgoibar is the seicont biggest ane wi 10,000, an the ither smaw touns wi less nor 5,000. Thare is a notable landwart population in the baserri (Basque) or caseríos (Spainyie) an aw, the fermhooses that are teepical o the Basque Kintra.

The region haed aroond 100,000 inhabitants in the 50's an 60's acause o the big industrial development an the resultin immigration. But, the industrial creesis o the 70's an 80's made the population decrease.

Economy

The economy o the region is heichly industrial, but the primar sector is notable an aw. In the primar sector, thare is a big nummer o smaw exploitation land, aroond 1,000, maist o thaim for sheeps and bovinae livestock. Fishin is anerly remarkable in Mutriku.

Industry is the primar activity in the region, an mair nor hauf o the population wirks in that aurie. The industrialization wis vera important till the mid-20t hunderyear, when sewin machines an bicycles wur producit, but syne then the metal industry haes haed a vera big importance, thegither wi the automotive industry.

The service sector haes a lot o activity an aw, wi the 40% of population wirkin on it. It is vera remarkable in Eibar, an tourism in Mutriku an Deba.

Freemit airtins
Offeecial steid
Tourism steid

Comarcas o Gipuzkoa

Debabarrena


I Dood It (UK title By Hook or by Crook) is a 1943 American musical-comedy film starring Red Skelton and Eleanor Powell, directed by Vincente Minnelli, and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The screenplay is by Fred Saidy and Sig Herzig and the film features Richard Ainley, Patricia Dane, Lena Horne, and Hazel Scott. John Hodiak plays a villain in this production, just his third movie role. Jimmy Dorsey and his Orchestra provide musical interludes.

Plot
Fed up with the wandering eye of her fiance' Larry West, Broadway star Constance Shaw impulsively marries her number one fan, Joseph Renolds. Unable to go through with her wedding night, she tries to give Joe a sleeping potion but ends up drinking it herself.

Roy Hartwood is a Nazi Fifth Columnist tasked with the job of blowing up the War Surplus Materials Warehouse next door to the theatre. Joe manages to foil this plot, if only by tripping over the wiring and defusing the bomb. Constance is a hit in her new Broadway show, which is based on an idea by Joe.

Cast
 Red Skelton as Joseph Rivington Renolds
 Eleanor Powell as Constance Shaw
 Richard Ainley as Larry West
 Patricia Dane as Suretta Brenton
 Sam Levene as Ed Jackson
 Jimmy Dorsey as Jimmy Dorsey
 Thurston Hall as Kenneth Lawlor
 Lena Horne as Lena Horne
 Hazel Scott as Hazel Scott
 John Hodiak as Roy Hartwood
 Butterfly McQueen as Annette
 Charles Judels as Stage Manager
 Lionel Braham as Mr. Gillingham (uncredited)
 Tommy Dorsey as himself
 Joe Yule Sr. as theatre doorman (uncredited)
 Margaret Seddon as elderly lady sitting next to Joe (uncredited)
 Bob Eberly and Helen O' Connell as themselves (singers in Jimmy Dorsey Band)

Production
Powell's most notable performance in the film comes near the beginning when she executes a complex dance routine involving lariats and cowboys. Powell, in her introduction to the book Gotta Sing, Gotta Dance, recalled that she knocked herself unconscious while rehearsing a stunt for this sequence involving a rope and ultimately had to don a football helmet to protect herself. The final dance scene with Powell was taken from Born to Dance (1936).  Many of the physical gags were done by Buster Keaton in the film Spite Marriage (1929). Keaton had an uncredited role in writing gags for some of Skelton's early MGM films.

Skelton and Powell had previously worked together in Ship Ahoy (1942). In that film, they appeared with Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy's brother.

This was Powell's final starring role at MGM. After this, she would make a cameo appearance in Thousands Cheer, play a lead role in the  United Artists film Sensations of 1945, and return to MGM for a cameo in  Duchess of Idaho (1950) before retiring from the screen for good.

The rather ungrammatical title was from one of Red Skelton's radio catchphrases of the day.  In 1942 Jack Owens, The Cruising Crooner, wrote a song for Skelton based on it: "I Dood It! (If I Do, I Get a Whippin')", but that song does not appear in this film.

Jimmy Dorsey's theme song "Contrasts" appears in the film. He also performs the jazz and pop standard "Star Eyes" which he was the first to release. The film opens with the Jimmy Dorsey orchestra performing Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump". As the tempo and energy of the music increases several couples can be seen dancing in the confined space in front of their theater seats, and other fans leave their seats to stand in front of the band stage.

Dance direction in the film was by Bobby Connolly, and the "Western Rope Dance," assisted by Bob Eberly and Jimmy Dorsey's Orchestra, is the second scene in the film.
Joe Yule Sr. is Mickey Rooney's father.

One bit has somebody making a disparaging remark about Jimmy Dorsey's orchestra behind Joe's back. Joe turns around to find himself
face-to-face with Jimmy's brother Tommy. (The two brothers notoriously feuded in real life).

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $1,615,000 in the US and Canada and $542,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $319,000.

References

External links

1943 films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Vincente Minnelli
Films scored by Georgie Stoll
1943 musical comedy films
1943 romantic comedy films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1940s romantic musical films
American romantic musical films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

I Dood It


Requiem of Hell is a 2004 roleplaying video game developed by Digital Red and published by Nokia for the Nokia N-Gage.

Story

When a master demon from Hell named Dalu raises an army of undead, demons and fiends to ravage the world, an old wizard (Shaman) steps forth to stop Dalu and his forces. In a pitched battle, Shaman uses most of his power to decimate much of the demon army and fools Dalu into fleeing briefly. However, the old man realizes his weakened state won't stand up to another assault once Dalu returns from Hell. Shaman tells the fairy accompanying him (Gigi) to choose and revive a recently killed corpse that can fight against Dalu's minions and eventually gain enough power to defeat Dalu. After the introductory cinema, the player can choose to revive either a male (Troy) or female (Linda) who will take on enemies in different (and increasingly tougher) levels as the game progresses. Each character has a back story that ties them together, but the tragic connection between the two only becomes apparent as the endgame approaches...

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

2004 video games
N-Gage games
Role-playing video games
Video games about death
Video games about demons
Video games developed in Poland
Video games about witchcraft
Nokia games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Requiem of Hell


Homero Rómulo Cristalli Frasnelli (January 20, 1912 – May 14, 1981), better known under the pseudonym J. Posadas or sometimes Juan Posadas, was an Argentine Trotskyist whose personal vision is usually described as Posadism. Originally a collective pen name of the leadership of the Grupo Cuarta Internacional in Argentina in the 1940s, it was also used by Dante Minazzoli initially.

Early life
Born in Argentina to Italian immigrants from the Southern town of Matera, Cristalli grew up in intense poverty in Buenos Aires with at least nine siblings. After the death of his mother, he and his brothers and sisters had to beg from neighbours and do odd jobs for pennies in order to survive. Malnourishment left him with permanent health problems but also influenced his views of capitalism.

He gained fame playing football for Estudiantes de La Plata in his youth. In the 1930s, he worked as a  shoemaker  and organised a shoemakers' and leather workers' union in Córdoba, Argentina.

During this period he stood as a candidate for election in Buenos Aires province for the . He then joined the Partido de la Revolución Socialista, which affiliated to the Fourth International in 1941 but the party quickly declined. In 1947, Cristalli and Dante Minazzoli founded the Grupo Cuarta Internacional (GCI) as a small circle of working class militants committed to Trotskyism.

In the Trotskyist movement
Posadas did initially organize the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International for the International Secretariat faction of the Fourth International in the 1950s. Under his guidance, the movement gained some influence in the region, particularly among Cuban railway workers, Bolivian tin miners and agricultural workers in Brazil.

When the Fourth International split in 1953, Posadas and his followers sided with Michel Pablo and the International Secretariat of the Fourth International. By 1959, however, he and his followers were quarrelling with the leadership of the ISFI accusing them of lacking confidence in the possibility of revolution. They also differed over the issue of nuclear war with Posadas taking the view that "War–Revolution" would "settle the hash of Stalinism and Capitalism" and that nuclear war was inevitable as a socialist society would rise from the ashes.

With Luis Naguill, Posadas directed the "subversive apparatus" founded according to instructions from the Tri-Continental—the Peasant Workers Alliance.

Conflicts between Posadas and the ISFI started to get worse. The man Homero, who is known as Posadas today, received his new name as it was used as the penname for the letters written to the ISFI. In those letters, Posadas and his followers made bold criticisms such as Trotskyist movements worldwide were largely influenced by the Bureau of Latin America (BLA) of the Fourth International at that time, and that the Europeans had become a passive force. Despite the alleged efforts of both the BLA and ISFI to reconcile, in the April of 1962, Posadas made a daring move as he called for a congress and completely reorganized the executive committee of the ISFI, now led by BLA leaders. The ISFI responded to this action in June by suspending BLA from the Fourth International. Posadas and his international followers, who were concentrated in Latin America, decided to split from the ISFI in 1962 (prior to its reunification with the International Committee of the Fourth International which formed the United Secretariat of the Fourth International) and founded a new group.

Posadista Fourth International
The "Posadists" founded their own Fourth International in 1962 after having called an Emergency Conference. The first regular international meeting of the Posadists should only happen in March 1964. It was announced as the "Seventh Congress of the Fourth International". Said Congress was - according to a post conference communique - held "in Europe" without giving further elaboration, and the communique claimed that "delegates representing thirteen countries of Africa, Europe, and Latin America" were in attendance. The new International only started using the name Fourth International (Posadist) at a later time (in the early 1970s).

The Posadist Fourth international developed a concept of its organizational nature, with changes that were introduced in 1966 which varied substantially from the rest of the Trotskyist movement. Posadas commented on their "Tenth World Congress" in 1975:

"There was not a single dispute. It is the most homogeneous Congress, not because we put disputes aside, but because there was no room for disputes. [... I]f the movement is not monolithic and centralizedly monolithic, it leaves the condition open to insecurity, to doubt, to preoccupation with irrelevant problems or secondary problems: then it distracts attention."[sic]

"Atomic War"
At their 1964 "Seventh World Congress" the following resolution was adopted:

"We are preparing ourselves for a stage in which before the atomic war, we shall struggle for power, during the atomic war we shall struggle for power and we shall be in power, and immediately after the atomic war we shall be in power. There is no beginning, there is an end to atomic war, because atomic war is simultaneous. Simultaneity doesn't mean the same day and the same hour. Great historic events should not be measured by hours or days, but by periods. The working class alone will maintain itself, will immediately have to seek its cohesion and centralization"[sic]

This stance was made more specific at a 1966 meeting of the International Secretariat, where a manifesto written by Posadas was adopted:

"After destruction commences, the masses are going to emerge in all countries – in a short time, in a few hours. Capitalism cannot defend itself in an atomic war except by putting itself in caves and attempting to destroy all that it can. The masses, in contrast, are going to come out, will have to come out, because it is the only way to survive, defeating the enemy… The apparatus of capitalism, police, army, will not be able to resist… It will be necessary to organise the workers' power immediately."

One of the best-known positions of J. Posadas was his enthusiasm for nuclear war. More precisely, at the height of the Cold War, Posadas thought that nuclear war was inevitable. His idea was that rather than wait for the forces of capitalism, the nuclear-armed socialist states should launch a preemptive attack that would destroy the nuclear capabilities of capitalist countries. Additionally, he believed that this sort of catastrophe could spark the world revolution.

Posadas vocally opposed the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom, believing that a nuclear war between the US and the Soviet Union was inevitable and desirable, and would create the conditions for socialism, with the "workers' states" winning and resetting society.

Outlook towards the Soviet-Bloc regimes
The Posadists held to mainstream Trotskyist notions of describing the Soviet Republics that were established with the end of World War 2 as "deformed workers' states" based on the existence of generally nationalized mean of production, but unlike the rest of the Trotskyist movement, Posadas went further, declaring other Regimes (such as "Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Mali, Guinea, Congo Brazzaville etc.") - sometimes with, sometimes without clarifying adjectives - to be "workers' states".

The justifications for these classifications as well as the explanations for the supposed progressive role of these regimes were compiled into Posadas' 1969 book "The Revolutionary State".

Cuba

The Posadist group in Cuba, the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) or POR(T), gained importance due to the Cuban Revolution, in which it had a minor role. Posadist guerrillas fought alongside Fidel Castro and Che Guevara in 1959. When the Posadists split from the Fourth International in 1962, they took the Cuban section with them, leaving no other Trotskyist group represented in Cuba in the 1960s.

In 1961 the POR(T) argued that the Cuban government should forcibly expel the American military base at Guantanamo Bay. According to state media, the Posadists organised workers in the town of Guantanamo to march on the nearby military base. The POR(T) denied the allegation, but it was repeated by the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party in the US, which was pro-Castro and denounced the Posadists as ultra-left. Cuban officials affiliated with the Popular Socialist Party, then raided the headquarters of the Posadist group and smashed its printing press, which was in the process of printing an edition of Trotsky's The Permanent Revolution (1930).

Guevara, when asked in an interview about this event, commented:

"That did happen. It was an error. It was an error committed by a functionary of second rank. They smashed the plates. It should not have been done. However, we consider the Trotskyist party to be acting against the revolution. For example, they were taking the line that the Revolutionary Government is petty bourgeois, and were calling on the proletariat to exert pressure on the government and even to carry out another revolution in which the proletariat would come to power. This was prejudicing the discipline necessary at this stage."

The Cuban Posadist section became increasingly militant and was banned by the government; Castro denounced them as "pestilential" at the Tricontinental Conference held in January 1966. Cuban Posadists went on to claim that Castro had Guevara killed when, it turned out, he was actually in Bolivia fighting with the guerrilla movement there. Conversely, after Guevara was executed by Bolivian authorities, Posadas claimed in 1967 that it was unclear how Che Guevara was killed.

Extraterrestrial life
Beginning in 1968, Posadas also became known for his theories concerning UFOs and extraterrestrial life. If anything like UFOs existed, they could demonstrate the existence of agents able to master a very sophisticated technology, something that would be compatible with what in this planet was advocated by socialism. If UFOs existed, they could be allied in addressing some of the major problems in the earth.

One of his most well-known works is a 1968 pamphlet called Les Soucoupes Volantes, le processus de la matiere et de l'energie, la science et le socialisme (Flying Saucers, the process of matter and energy, science and socialism). Here, he connects the existence of extraterrestrial life and UFOs to communism. He argues that the UFOs being spotted at that time indicates the advancements of life in other planets and that can be only possible due to communist ideologies. He also writes that capitalism tends to make people self-centered and focus on profits, rather than work on the scientific and civilizational progress of mankind. Since extraterrestrial beings have developed technology advanced enough to visit other planets, this indicates that they have surpassed the bane of a capitalistic society. Along with that, they have also surpassed their impulsion—the need to kill or control to assert dominance. Posadas shows enthusiasm to collaborate with extraterrestrial beings. He writes, "We must appeal to the beings on other planets, when they come here, to intervene and collaborate with Earth's inhabitants in suppressing poverty." With his argument, Posadas defines communism as a civilizational progress rather than an alternative political system. Although this is a single work of Posadas on extraterrestrial life, this idea has gained much popularity among his followers and later Trotskyists.

Posadas remarks that aliens "have no aggressive impulse, they have no need to kill in order to live: they come only to observe. We can foresee the existence of such beings, even taking into account the fantasies that exist among the reports, stories, observations, and statements"

Long live Posadas!
Posadist newspapers such as Red Flag, published by the Revolutionary Workers Party (Trotskyist) in Britain, ran headlines praising Soviet cosmonauts and the launching of Chinese rockets as well as articles on local industrial disputes.

Posadas was also thought to have a large ego as indicated by his habit of ending his articles by exclaiming "Long live Posadas!"

This actually stemmed from the way Posadas "wrote" his documents. They were usually the transcript of speeches delivered at party events, whether with a small group of closest collaborators, or larger activities. In the early years, after Posadas ended his speeches with "¡Viva la Revolución Mundial!" and "¡Viva la Cuarta Internacional!", someone else would traditionally yell "¡Viva el camarada Posadas!" – all this would be duly reported in print.

Scholarly discourse on Posadism
Due to the radical nature of the Posadist theories and the egocentric administration of the Fourth International Posadist, there were many backlashes against it soon after its foundation. Joan Benevant, an Argentine militant, compared the organization to a church where Posadas acted as "the pope". Several member nations quit, the prominent ones being Brazil and Argentina. With the loss of several members and lack of support from scholars, Posadas continued to practice his principles nonetheless. Many scholars during at that time viewed his work in a satirical way, as seen in Teresa Hayter's autobiography Hayter of the bourgeoisie, where she describes Posadas as "the craziest of all deviators from Trotskyism." A very recent work on Posadism was done by A. M. Gittlitz called I Want to Believe: Posadism, UFOs and Apocalypse Communism. The author reviews the history of Posadism and its ultimate collapse, and analyzes the significance of the current rise of interest on this topic. Taking the theme of approaching Posadism as a "crazy subfield" of Trotskyism like earlier scholars, Gittlitz expands on it by exploring the current thoughts on Posadism, how that has changed from its previous cult-like nature in the late 20th century.

Publications
Articles
 "The Argentine Elections and the Tasks of the Proletariat." Fourth International (Amsterdam), no. 2 (March 1958), pp. 17–21. Full issue.
 "For Support and Extension of the Cuban Revolution." Fourth International (Amsterdam), no. 10 (June 1960), pp. 28–31. Full issue.

Pamphlets
 Les soucoupes volantes, le processus de la matière et de l'énergie, la science, la lutte de classes et revolutionnaire et le future socialiste de l'humanité. [Flying Saucers, the Process of Matter and Energy, Science, the Revolutionary and Working-Class Struggle and the Socialist Future of Mankind.] (in French). Paris: Éditions Réed (June 26, 1968). Audiobook available.
 Translated into English and transcribed by David Broder.

References

Further reading
 Almeyra, Guillermo, and Anaté Almeyra, Adolfo Gilly. A Critical Assessment of the Former Latin American Bureau Tendency Within the Fourth International. Translated by Nicolas Allen. Introduction and annotations by A.M. Gittlitz.
 Salusbury, Matt. "Trots in Space." Fortean Times, no. 183 (April 2, 2004). Full issue.
 Gittlitz, A.M. I Want to Believe: Posadism, UFOs and Apocalypse Communism. London: Pluto Press (2020). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzsmdvh.15 . . .

External links

 Ufology
 Posadist International
 Posadas archive collection at Senate House Library, University of London
  Works by J. Posadas at Marxists Internet Archive

1912 births
1981 deaths
Argentine people of Italian descent
Marxist theorists
UFO writers
Argentine Trotskyists
Fourth International Posadist

J. Posadas


SIRPAUL  (born Paul Cucinello, January 5, 1976) is an American music producer, singer/songwriter, and performer based in New York, New York. SIRPAUL described his music as "Next Generation New Wave Electro-Folk, combining acoustic and electric guitars with old school Hip-Hop and ElectroBeats."

Biography

Early life
SIRPAUL was born in Port Jefferson, New York, to Joanne and Albert Cucinello. They had five children; Brendan, Lisa, Christine and Cherylyn.  Both Joanne and Albert were musicians. "My father was a drummer and he played on The Ed Sullivan Show once with his band and my mother and her sister were a singing duo called Judy & Jo. They signed to Capitol Records when they were teenagers and they had put out some records. One of them was an answer song to Elvis Presley's "Good Luck Charm" called "Don't Wanna Be Your Good Luck Charm". Their songs were GREAT!"

Growing up musical household, SIRPAUL and his siblings, were encouraged toward music. Aged 12 SIRPAUL played the keyboard his parents had bought, writing and making music with his sister, Cherylyn. Growing up, SIRPAUL was surrounded by the music of his siblings. "They each had artists they listened to the most: Madonna, Prince, Stevie Nicks, George Michael, and Van Halen. You can hear all of those elements in my music...But I was OBSESSED with Cyndi Lauper. My entire room was wallpapered with images of her. I had every single piece of memorabilia that was available and I would sit in my room and listen to She's So Unusual over and over and over! I really felt like she was the only person in the world that I could relate to at the time because she looked crazy and I did too!"

By 16, SIRPAUL and Cherylyn put together a freestyle/techno group called Double Exposure and made their first demo tape. The group was offered a contract from a company in Japan, but turned it down as they felt it was not what they were looking for.

Recording career

In 1998, SIRPAUL moved from Port Jefferson to New York City to pursue his dreams. He also recorded his eponymous first album, SIRPAUL, now out of print. The album was recorded in his room, and remixed it himself. He released his first single, I Disagree. Shortly thereafter, SIRPAUL showed up at the club Twirl in Chelsea with single in hand, and soon DJ Alex Lauterstein was spinning the song in the club, and SIRPAUL was making a name for himself with a sound inspired by the New Wave music of the 1980s, with a Euro-flavor. His first performance of I Disagree was at El Flamingo, on West 21st Street between 10th and 11th Avenues in Chelsea, following a performance of The Donkey Show. He had two backup dancers for that performance: Andreas Anastasis and Teresa Napolitano.

In 2000, he wrote and recorded "Sexual.Human.Being." an album that first introduced acoustic guitars and old-school hip hop sampling into his overall sound. The album artwork was created as a collaboration between Andreas Anastasis (Creative Director), Karina Sonowski (Logo, Icon, Graphic Design & Digital), Christopher Kassowski (photographer) and SIRPAUL (Executive Producer).  The photographs displayed SIRPAUL nude, draped in white satin sheets, in a Christ-like pose on a bed. The imagery was to represent religious sacrifice, magic, and self-empowerment. The album was never released. "I loved that album so much. It was so personal to me, but I found myself with limited funds at the time and, without the ability to distribute the album properly, I felt it was pointless for me to release it. The people I gave it to saw huge growth in my songwriting and singing ability but I still felt I could do better.  I wanted my next statement to make more of a bold statement. I know it will be a limited edition release one day...for die hard fans." The song "Clarity (The Center of Insanity)" was the only club single and was playing regularly at the NYC hot spot of the moment Cheetah, primarily by DJ Merritt. SIRPAUL performed "Clarity" there and continued to perform at Cheetah throughout the earlier part of his career.

In Spring 2003, he released the EP Thrust, as well as the single of the same name. The video for Thrust was a safe-sex PSA that stirred up some controversy by showing every possible configuration of couples in erotic situations using condoms as a sexy accessory. The video did not pass standards and was not cleared for air although there was nothing more graphic in it than same sex kissing and very clever editing. That summer, he released the album Robotika, which was an experiment in electronic "sound manipulation." No real instruments were used and Robotika became more of an alter ego for SIRPAUL, under which some of his more experimental remixes and production are categorized. Next SIRPAUL found himself writing and recording much more in the Pop vein. The result was the album Switch, released in the Spring of 2004. The sound and style more mainstream Pop, with Middle Eastern and R&B influences. SIRPAUL set out on a tour to support the album, which included a highly touted show in Paris, France, at the Le Red Light for a party called Paris Rouge with DJ Alex Lauterstein and sold-out shows in NYC at the legendary Club Fez and The Cutting Room. He was also named one of the Top Emerging Artists by the Gay City News.

Dismantle was released in 2006, with a moody sound incorporating some rock instrumentation, as well as Techno and Breakbeat elements. "I think Dismantle was just about taking yourself apart and examining every single aspect of your person and the way you love both yourself and other people differently sometimes. I was just creating and that's what came out." The only video off Dismantle was for the song "Addicted" (Directed by Andreas Anastasis.) The following year, SIRPAUL was approached by French producers Human Body to write and record vocals for an electropop dance song. "I heard the song and fell in love with it immediately.  I wrote the lyrics while I was out dancing at Mr. Black in NYC and immediately recorded the vocals and remixed it myself. The song was called Do U and was featured the following year on the "Do U" Remix EP, headlined by the song Do U. The song went into heavy rotation in the clubs and for many NYC DJs, and a super polished music video followed. That video (Directed by Andreas Anastasis) went into heavy rotation on MTV/LOGO and eventually was named one of the Top 10 videos of 2008. The popularity lead to strong sales on iTunes and the song being chosen to be the theme for Logo's 2008 NewNowNext Awards.

Late in 2008, he released Objectified, SIRPAUL's return to his dancefloor roots. Objectified was built off of the song "Do U" and had a strong, masculine, electronic feel. "The running theme in all of my work is always the concept of Technology vs. Nature. I just think these two forces are constantly battling to dominate one another." Videos for the title song and 'Killer' made quite the splash on LOGO, while the video for 'Swinger' made an impact online, censorship issues kept the video from airing on TV. "You can only bleep out so many words from a song before the entire impact is lost. The video was supposed to be an LGBT take on a stereotypical hip-hop video. I truly believe that if it were a heterosexual rap video it would've been played in heavy rotation."

SIRPAUL's music was licensed by noted design house Giorgio Armani for various campaigns, including their Giorgio Armani Show Online website.

On June 1, 2010, SIRPAUL released Music & Me. For this album, SIRPAUL adopted the "Not Equal" symbol as his icon. The concept was developed with childhood friend, longtime collaborator, and renowned lifestyle designer Anthony Passarelli. The album release coincided with a sold-out CD Release Show at the Triad Theater in Manhattan and an appearance on the Red Carpet at the 2010 Logo NewNowNext Awards in Los Angeles. When asked about the album, he said  "I feel like this album is like a shattered mirror image of me. All these songs are fragments that reflect different aspects of my personality and I always bare my soul through my music." Music & Me scored positive reviews, including favorable comparisons to Lady Gaga from That's My Jam Radio  and references to George Michael, Fischerspooner and Nine Inch Nails from ElectroQueer.  Plans are in the works to extend the tour and the first scheduled music video to be produced will be for the lead single Music & Me.  The video for "Colors" (a combination live concert/previous work montage video Directed by Andreas Anastasis) is said to be released in 2011.

Music producer

SIRPAUL is the President/CEO and Co-founder of Controversial Records, has written over 350 songs and has remixed others for artists like Britney Spears, La Roux, Sacha Sacket and The Inertia Kiss.

Discography

Albums

EPs and remixes

References

14. US Serial No. 77749485 Trademark SIRPAUL

External links
 Official Site
 Official FaceBook site
 Official MySpace site
 Official Twitter page
 Official YouTube page
 Official YouTube page 2

1976 births
Songwriters from New York (state)
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
Living people
People from Port Jefferson, New York

SIRPAUL


Aurelian was Roman emperor from 270 to 275.

Aurelian or Aurelianus may also refer to:

People
"Aurelian" is the adjectival form of Aurelius and often refers to the emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180).
Aurelian of Limoges, 2nd bishop of Limoges
Aurelianus (consul 400) (fl. 393–416), Eastern-Roman politician, twice Praetorian prefect of the East, Consul in 400
Aurelianus (Gallo-Roman) (5th century), chief advisor to Clovis I, made the first count of Meledunum (Melun)
Ambrosius Aurelianus, 5th-century Romano-British war leader
Aurelianus of Arles (6th century), bishop
Paul Aurelian, 6th century Welsh saint
Aurelian of Réôme (fl. 840–850), 9th century Frankish music-theorist
Aurelian Smith, professional wrestler known as Grizzly Smith (1932–2010)
Aurelian Smith, Jr., his son, professional wrestler known as Jake Roberts (b. 1955)

Other uses
Aurelianus (genus), seed bugs
Aurelian (entomology), archaic term for lepidopterist
"The Aurelian", a 1930 short story by Vladimir Nabokov
Aurelians, an alien race in the video game Advent Rising
Lorgar Aurelian, primarch of the Word Bearers in the fictional Warhammer 40000 universe

Given names derived from colors

Aurelian (disambiguation)