Constance Miriam Purdue  (née Soljak, 23 May 1912 – 16 March 2000) was a New Zealand trade unionist. Formerly a communist and a Labour Party member, she later became a conservative Catholic and an anti-abortion activist.

Early life

Connie Soljak was the daughter of Miriam Soljak (née Cummings), a New Zealand-born feminist, communist and unemployed rights activist mother of Irish descent, and Peter Soljak, a Croatian gumdigger. They eventually settled in the Auckland suburb of Northcote. Miriam Soljak was one of the founding members of the New Zealand Family Planning Association in 1940. During the 1930s, Purdue was a member of the Young Communists League, sold their newspapers and even distributed material about sex education, before moderating her views on social democracy and industrial relations, and joining the New Zealand Labour Party and the Auckland Clerical Workers Union of which she was a delegate and an organizer. She was elected successfully to the Auckland Hospital Board and appointed to the Accident Compensation Commission.

Purdue had a string of unhappy marriages, each ended by divorce, as she acknowledged herself in her biographical reference for Robyn Rowland's collection of self-descriptions from feminists and anti-feminists in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada and United Kingdom. In her later years, Purdue became celibate. She cherished her grandchildren.

Pro-life activism
While she founded the New Zealand National Organisation for Women, Purdue fell out with many New Zealand feminists when she espoused active anti-abortion views and joined SPUC (the Society for Protection of the Unborn Child). After liberal Catholic novelist Daphne de Jong and others established Feminists for Life in New Zealand, Purdue became an early member. Purdue became increasingly socially conservative from the 1970s onward. In 1983, "Feminists For Life" changed its name to Women for Life, reflecting its change to a socially conservative organization that opposed feminist social and political reforms, as its original members left. As she aged, she suffered from restricted mobility, abandoned the Labour Party after it embraced pluralism and social liberalism, and joined the New Zealand National Party. This occurred despite the introduction of anti-union legislation, the Employment Contracts Act, in the nineties.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Purdue campaigned against incorporation of feminist objectives within the trade union movement in the Working Women's Charter, attacked Māori moves toward reclamation of their land, language and culture, opposed homosexual law reform, and became involved in an ultimately unsuccessful campaign to prevent New Zealand ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

In the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours, Purdue was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for community and public services. In 1993, she was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.

Bibliography
"Connie Purdue" in Robyn Rowland (ed) Women Who Do and Women Who Don't Join the Women's Movement: London: Routledge Kegan Paul: 1984:
Lesley Hall: "The Personal is Also Political: The Relationship Between Political Activism and Family Life Among Members of the Communist Party of New Zealand": Oral History in New Zealand: 17: 1-11.

References

1912 births
2000 deaths
New Zealand activists
New Zealand women activists
New Zealand feminists
New Zealand anti-abortion activists
New Zealand Roman Catholics
New Zealand people of Croatian descent
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand Labour Party politicians
New Zealand National Party politicians
20th-century New Zealand politicians
Recipients of the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993
Members of district health boards in New Zealand
People from Auckland
20th-century New Zealand women politicians

Connie Purdue


Çanakkale Province  is a province of Turkey in the Marmara Region. It takes its name from the city of Çanakkale.

Like Istanbul, Çanakkale province has a European (Thrace) and an Asian (Anatolia) part. The European part is the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) peninsula. The Asian part is mostly the historic region of Troad in Anatolia. The Dardanelles strait is between them.  It connects the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.

The archaeological site of Troy is thought to be in  Çanakkale province.

Çanakkale is the biggest district of the province. The European and Asian parts of the province were connected to each other with the completion of the Çanakkale 1915 Bridge in March 2022.

Çanakkale Province


Karen Ruth Bass (born October 3, 1953) is an American politician who is the Mayor of Los Angeles. She was the U.S. Representative for California's 37th congressional district from 2013 to 2022. A Democrat, she previously represented the 33rd congressional district from 2011 to 2013.

Bass represented the 47th district in the California State Assembly from 2004 to 2010. She served as the 67th Speaker of the California Assembly (2008–2010), and was the second woman and the third African American to be Speaker. Since 2019, Bass has also served as the chair of the Black Congressional Caucus.

Bass was a possible candidate to become Joe Biden's vice-presidential running mate in the 2020 election. In September 2021, Bass announced her retirement from the U.S. House in order to run for Mayor of Los Angeles. She won the mayoral election in November 2022, becoming the first female mayor and the second black mayor of the city.

Early life, education, and medical career
Bass was born in Los Angeles, California. Her parents were Wilhelmina (née Duckett) and DeWitt Talmadge Bass. Her father was a letter carrier. She was raised in the Venice/Fairfax neighborhood and went to Hamilton High School. She studied philosophy at San Diego State University (1971–1973). Then, she got a B.S. in health sciences from California State University, Dominguez Hills (1990).

Bass worked as a physician assistant and as a clinical instructor at the USC Keck School of Medicine Physician Assistant Program. Bass also founded Community Coalition, an organization in South Los Angeles. Later on, in 2015, Bass earned a Master's degree in social work from the University of Southern California (USC).

California Assembly
As the Assemblymember for the 37th district, Bass served the cities and communities of Culver City, West Los Angeles, Westwood, Cheviot Hills, Leimert Park, Baldwin Hills, View Park-Windsor Hills, Ladera Heights, the Crenshaw District, Little Ethiopia and parts of Koreatown and South Los Angeles.

Leadership
She was a part of Barack Obama's national African American Leadership Council. She also served as a california co-chair of Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.

Speaker Fabian Núñez appointed Bass California State Assembly Majority Whip (2005–2006) and Majority Floor Leader for the 2007–2008 legislative session. She was chair of the Select Committee on Foster Care and vice chair of the Legislative Black Caucus.

As chair of the Legislative Black Caucus, she ordered a report to research the basic demographic profile of black californians. The report included their basic social and economic conditions. The State of Black California report included a statewide organizing effort to involve black californians in identifying their concerns and making legislative recommendations.

After the defeat of Proposition 93, Speaker Fabian Núñez left the Assembly at the end of the 2007-2008 session because of term limits. As the next-highest-ranking Democrat in the Assembly, Bass was in a good position to take the role. After gaining the support of some other Legislators who had also been seeking the Speakership, Bass was elected Speaker on February 28, 2008 and then sworn in as Speaker on May 13.

After she left the Speaker's office, Bass was named Speaker Emeritus.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2010
Bass could not run for reelection in the California Assembly 2010 due to term limits. On February 18, 2010, she confirmed that she would run to succeed retiring U.S. Representative Diane Watson in California's 33rd congressional district. Bass won the election with over 86% of the vote, beating Republican James Andion on November 2, 2010.

2012
In 2012 she had no primary opponent, and won the general election with 86%. She raised $692,988.53 and spent $803,966.15, leaving $52,384.92 on hand and a debt of $3,297.59.

Committee assignments
 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet
 Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations
 Committee on Foreign Affairs
 Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Human Rights (Chair)
 Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations

Caucus memberships
 American Sikh Congressional Caucus
 Congressional Black Caucus
 Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
 United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus

2020 U.S. presidential election

In July 2020, Bass was discussed as a potential running mate for Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden.

2022 Los Angeles mayoral election
In September 2021, Bass announced her plans to run for Mayor of Los Angeles in the 2022 election.

Bass won the election, beating real estate businessman Rick Caruso, to become the first woman and second black mayor of Los Angeles.

Political positions
Bass is generally considered a liberal, with ratings of 100% or close from liberal interest group capitol Weekly Positions. Conservative groups like the California Republican Assembly Positions have consistently awarded her a 0%.

Bass is a very strong supporter of gun control. Her National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund Lifetime Score is an F. The Gun Owners of California Positions on Gun Rights have also given Bass an F. Congresswoman Bass recently has voted against the National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act that would reduce general gun control laws. In 2010, while campaigning for Congress Bass supported the expanded firearm registration bill. That bill, with other rules, would have made all gun dealers report their sales to the Department of Justice.

Bass has spoken against President Trump's national emergency declaration in 2019.

Bass, once considered a social liberal, has seen her ratings go down with LGBT organizations. She once had a 100% rating with the Human Rights Campaign but now ranks below most Democrats with a score of 88%. She is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.

Personal life
From 1980 to 1986, Bass was married to Jesus Lechuga. Following their divorce, Bass and Lechuga raised their daughter and four stepchildren together.

Bass suffered the death of her only child, daughter Emilia Wright, and her son-in-law Michael Wright, in a car accident in 2006.

References

Other websites
 Congresswoman Karen Bass  official U.S. House website
 Karen Bass for Congress

1953 births
21st-century American politicians
African American politicians
United States representatives from California
Mayors of Los Angeles
Living people

Karen Bass


Robert Emil Lienau (28 December 1838 – 22 July 1920) was a prolific  German music publisher.

Lienau was born in Neustadt in Holstein and entered the publishing firm of Adolf Martin Schlesinger in Berlin in 1863.
In the following year he acquired the firm, initially merely adding his own name to Schlesinger's.

The firm Robert Lienau issued the works of leading composers such as Anton Bruckner, Jean Sibelius, Leopold Godowsky and Alban Berg. In 1875 he also acquired the Vienna-based publishing company Haslinger, originally founded by Tobias Haslinger, which also brought many works by Beethoven, Liszt, Spohr, Hummel, and Johann Strauss senior and junior into the business.

Robert Lienau withdrew from the management of the company in 1898 (he died in 1920 in Neustadt in Holstein) and inherited it to his son Robert Heinrich Lienau (1866–1949), whose lobbying on the issue of musical copyright influenced the new copyright laws of the German Reich of 1901. From 1910 the company was managed by Robert Heinrich and his brother Friedrich Wilhelm Lienau (1876–1973), but they separated in 1938, with the younger brother taking over responsibility for the Haslinger business in Vienna and the elder remaining in Berlin.

Following the death of Hugo Bock in 1932, Lienau also took over Bote & Bock in 1935. Following Robert Heinrich Lienau's death in 1949 the company was managed by his children. It was sold in 1990 to the publisher Zimmermann in Frankfurt am Main.

References

External links
 Robert Lienau website (in German)

1838 births
1920 deaths
German publishers (people)
Sheet music publishers (people)

Robert Lienau


Heat recovery ventilation (HRV), also known as mechanical ventilation heat recovery (MVHR), is an energy recovery ventilation system that operates between two air sources at different temperatures. It's a method that is used to reduce the heating and cooling demands of buildings. By recovering the residual heat in the exhaust gas, the fresh air introduced into the air conditioning system is preheated (or pre-cooled) before it enters the room, or the air cooler of the air conditioning unit performs heat and moisture treatment. A typical heat recovery system in buildings comprises a core unit, channels for fresh and exhaust air, and blower fans. Building exhaust air is used as either a heat source or heat sink, depending on the climate conditions, time of year, and requirements of the building. Heat recovery systems typically recover about 60–95% of the heat in the exhaust air and have significantly improved the energy efficiency of buildings.

Working principle
A heat recovery system is designed to supply conditioned air to the occupied space to maintain a certain temperature. A heat recovery system helps keep a house ventilated while recovering heat being emitted from the inside environment. The purpose of heat recovery systems is to transfer the thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid, from one fluid to a solid, or from a solid surface to a fluid at different temperatures and in thermal contact. There is no direct interaction between fluid and fluid or fluid and solid in most heat recovery systems. In some heat recovery systems, fluid leakage is observed due to pressure differences between fluids, resulting in a mixture of the two fluids.

Types

Rotary thermal wheels

Rotary thermal wheels are a mechanical means of heat recovery. A rotating porous metallic wheel transfers thermal energy from one air stream to another by passing through each fluid alternately. The system operates by working as a thermal storage mass whereby the heat from the air is temporarily stored within the wheel matrix until it is transferred to the cooler air stream.

Two types of rotary thermal wheels exist: heat wheels and enthalpy (desiccant) wheels. Though there is a geometrical similarity between heat and enthalpy wheels, there are differences that affect the operation of each design. In a system utilizing a desiccant wheel, the moisture in the air stream with the highest relative humidity is transferred to the opposite air stream after flowing through the wheel. This can work in both directions of incoming air to exhaust air and exhaust air to incoming air. The supply air can then be used directly or employed to further cool the air. This is an energy-intensive process.

Rotary air-to-air enthalpy wheel

The rotating wheel heat exchanger is a rotating cylinder filled with an air permeable material, typically polymer, aluminum, or synthetic fiber, providing the large surface area required for the sensible enthalpy transfer (enthalpy is a measure of heat). As the wheel rotates between the supply and exhaust air streams it picks up heat energy and releases it into the colder air stream. The driving force behind the exchange is the difference in temperatures between the opposing air streams (the thermal gradient).

The enthalpy exchange is accomplished through the use of desiccants.  Desiccants transfer moisture through the process of adsorption which is predominately driven by the difference in the partial pressure of vapor within the opposing air-streams.  Typical desiccants consist of silica gel, and molecular sieves.

Enthalpy wheels are the most effective devices to transfer both latent and sensible heat energy. Choice of construction materials for the rotor, most commonly polymer, aluminum, or fiberglass, determines durability.

When using rotary energy recovery devices the two air streams must be adjacent to one another to allow for the local transfer of energy.  Also, there should be special considerations paid in colder climates to avoid wheel frosting. Systems can avoid frosting by modulating wheel speed, preheating the air, or stop/jogging the system.

Fixed plate heat exchanger

Fixed plate heat exchangers have no moving parts, and consist of alternating layers of plates that are separated and sealed. Typical flow is cross current and since the majority of plates are solid and non permeable, sensible only transfer is the result.

The tempering of incoming fresh air is done by a heat or energy recovery core.  In this case, the core is made of aluminum or plastic plates.  Humidity levels are adjusted through the transferring of water vapor.  This is done with a rotating wheel either containing a desiccant material or permeable plates.

Enthalpy plates were introduced in 2006 by Paul, a special company for ventilation systems for passive houses. A crosscurrent countercurrent air-to-air heat exchanger built with a humidity permeable material.  Polymer fixed-plate countercurrent energy recovery ventilators were introduced in 1998 by Building Performance Equipment (BPE), a residential, commercial, and industrial air-to-air energy recovery manufacturer.  These heat exchangers can be both introduced as a retrofit for increased energy savings and fresh air as well as an alternative to new construction.  In new construction situations, energy recovery will effectively reduce the required heating/cooling capacity of the system.  The percentage of the total energy saved will depend on the efficiency of the device (up to 90% sensible) and the latitude of the building.

Due to the need to use multiple sections, fixed plate energy exchangers are often associated with high pressure drop and larger footprints.  Due to their inability to offer a high amount of latent energy transfer these systems also have a high chance for frosting in colder climates.

The technology patented by Finnish company RecyclingEnergy Int. Corp. is based on a regenerative plate heat exchanger taking advantage of humidity of air by cyclical condensation and evaporation, e.g. latent heat, enabling not only high annual thermal efficiency but also microbe-free plates due to self-cleaning/washing method. Therefore the unit is called an enthalpy recovery ventilator rather than heat or energy recovery ventilator.  Company´s patented LatentHeatPump is based on its enthalpy recovery ventilator having COP of 33 in the summer and 15 in the winter.

Fixed plate heat exchangers are the most commonly used type of heat exchanger and have been developed for 40 years. Thin metal plates are stacked with a small spacing between plates. Two different air streams pass through these spaces, adjacent to each other. Heat transfer occurs as the temperature transfers through the plate from one air stream to the other. The efficiency of these devices has reached of 90% sensible heat efficiency in transferring sensible heat from one air stream to another. The high levels of efficiency are attributed to the high heat transfer coefficients of the materials used, operational pressure and temperature range.

Heat pipes
Heat pipes are a heat recovery device that uses a multi-phase process to transfer heat from one air stream to another. Heat is transferred using an evaporator and condenser within a wicked, sealed pipe containing a fluid which undergoes a constant phase change to transfer heat. The fluid within the pipes changes from a fluid to a gas in the evaporator section, absorbing the thermal energy from the warm air stream. The gas condenses back to a fluid in the condenser section where the thermal energy is dissipated into the cooler air stream raising the temperature. The fluid/gas is transported from one side of the heat pipe to the other through pressure, wick forces or gravity, depending on the arrangement of the heat pipe.

Run-around
Run-around systems are hybrid heat recovery system that incorporates characteristics from other heat recovery technology to form a single device, capable of recovering heat from one air stream and delivering to another a significant distance away. The general case of run-around heat recovery, two fixed plate heat exchangers are located in two separate air streams and are linked by a closed loop containing a fluid that is continually pumped between the two heat exchangers. The fluid is heated and cooled constantly as it flows around the loop, providing heat recovery. The constant flow of the fluid through the loop requires pumps to move between the two heat exchangers. Though this is an additional energy demand, using pumps to circulate fluid is less energy intensive than fans to circulate air.

Phase change materials
Phase change materials, or PCMs, are a technology that is used to store sensible and latent heat within a building structure at a higher storage capacity than standard building materials. PCMs have been studied extensively due to their ability to store heat and transfer heating and cooling demands from conventional peak times to off-peak times.

The concept of the thermal mass of a building for heat storage, that the physical structure of the building absorbs heat to help cool the air, has long been understood and investigated. A study of PCMs in comparison to traditional building materials has shown that the thermal storage capacity of PCMs is twelve times higher than standard building materials over the same temperature range. The pressure drop across PCMs has not been investigated to be able to comment on the effect that the material may have on air streams. However, as the PCM can be incorporated directly into the building structure, this would not affect the flow in the same way other heat exchanger technologies do, it can be suggested that there is no pressure loss created by the inclusion of PCMs in the building fabric.

Applications

Rotary thermal wheel
O'Connor et al. studied the effect that a rotary thermal wheel has on the supply air flow rates into a building. A computational model was created to simulate the effects of a rotary thermal wheel on air flow rates when incorporated into a commercial wind tower system. The simulation was validated with a scale model experiment in a closed-loop subsonic wind tunnel. The data obtained from both tests were compared in order to analyze the flow rates. Although the flow rates were reduced compared to a wind tower which did not include a rotary thermal wheel, the guideline ventilation rates for occupants in a school or office building were met above an external wind speed of 3 m/s, which is lower than the average wind speed of the UK (4–5 m/s).

No full-scale experimental or field test data was completed in this study, therefore it cannot be conclusively proved that rotary thermal wheels are feasible for integration into a commercial wind tower system. However, despite the air flow rate decrease within the building after the introduction of the rotary thermal wheel, the reduction was not large enough to prevent the ventilation guideline rates from being met. Sufficient research has not yet been conducted to determine the suitability of rotary thermal wheels in natural ventilation, ventilation supply rates can be met but the thermal capabilities of the rotary thermal wheel have not yet been investigated. Further work would beneficial to increase understanding of the system.

Fixed plate heat exchangers
Mardiana et al. integrated a fixed plate heat exchanger into a commercial wind tower, highlighting the advantages of this type of system as a means of zero energy ventilation which can be simply modified. Full scale laboratory testing was undertaken in order to determine the effects and efficiency of the combined system. A wind tower was integrated with a fixed plate heat exchanger and was mounted centrally in a sealed test room.

The results from this study indicate that the combination of a wind tower passive ventilation system and a fixed plate heat recovery device could provide an effective combined technology to recover waste heat from exhaust air and cool incoming warm air with zero energy demand. Though no quantitative data for the ventilation rates within the test room was provided, it can be assumed that due to the high-pressure loss across the heat exchanger that these were significantly reduced from the standard operation of a wind tower. Further investigation of this combined technology is essential in understanding the air flow characteristics of the system.

Heat pipes
Due to the low-pressure loss of heat pipe systems, more research has been conducted into the integration of this technology into passive ventilation than other heat recovery systems. Commercial wind towers were again used as the passive ventilation system for integrating this heat recovery technology. This further enhances the suggestion that commercial wind towers provide a worthwhile alternative to mechanical ventilation, capable of supplying and exhausting air at the same time.

Run-around systems
Flaga-Maryanczyk et al. conducted a study in Sweden which examined a passive ventilation system which integrated a run-around system using a ground source heat pump as the heat source to warm incoming air. Experimental measurements and weather data were taken from the passive house used in the study. A CFD model of the passive house was created with the measurements taken from the sensors and weather station used as input data. The model was run to calculate the effectiveness of the run-around system and the capabilities of the ground source heat pump.

Ground source heat pumps provide a reliable source of consistent thermal energy when buried 10–20 m below the ground surface. The ground temperature is warmer than the ambient air in winter and cooler than the ambient air in summer, providing both a heat source and a heat sink. It was found that in February, the coldest month in the climate, the ground source heat pump was capable of delivering almost 25% of the heating needs of the house and occupants.

Phase change materials
The majority of research interest in PCMs is the application of phase change material integration into traditional porous building materials such as concrete and wall boards. Kosny et al. analyzed the thermal performance of buildings that have PCM-enhanced construction materials within the structure. Analysis showed that the addition of PCMs is beneficial in terms of improving thermal performance.

A significant drawback of PCM used in a passive ventilation system for heat recovery is the lack of instantaneous heat transfer across different airstreams. Phase change materials are a heat storage technology, whereby the heat is stored within the PCM until the air temperature has fallen to a significant level where it can be released back into the air stream. No research has been conducted into the use of PCMs between two airstreams of different temperatures where continuous, instantaneous heat transfer can occur. An investigation into this area would be beneficial for passive ventilation heat recovery research.

Advantages and disadvantages

Environmental impacts
Energy saving is one of the key issues for both fossil fuel consumption and the protection of the global environment. The rising cost of energy and global warming underlined that developing improved energy systems is necessary to increase energy efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most effective ways to reduce energy demand is to use energy more efficiently. Therefore, waste heat recovery is becoming popular in recent years since it improves energy efficiency. About 26% of industrial energy is still wasted as hot gas or fluid in many countries. However, during last two decades there has been remarkable attention to recover waste heat from various industries and to optimize the units which are used to absorb heat from waste gases. Thus, these attempts enhance reducing of global warming as well as of energy demand.

Energy consumption

Energy recovery ventilation

Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) is the energy recovery process in residential and commercial HVAC systems that exchanges the energy contained in normally exhausted air of a building or conditioned space, using it to treat (precondition) the incoming outdoor ventilation air. The specific equipment involved may be called an Energy Recovery Ventilator, also commonly referred to simply as an ERV.

During the warmer seasons, an ERV system pre-cools and dehumidifies; during cooler seasons the system humidifies and pre-heats.  An ERV system helps HVAC design meet ventilation and energy standards (e.g., ASHRAE), improves indoor air quality and reduces total HVAC equipment capacity, thereby reducing energy consumption.

An ERV system helps HVAC systems design meet ventilation and energy standards (e.g., ASHRAE), improves indoor air quality, and reduces total HVAC equipment loads, thereby reducing energy consumption.

ERV systems enable an HVAC system to maintain a 40-50% indoor relative humidity, essentially in all conditions.  ERV's must use power for a blower to overcome the pressure drop in the system, hence incurring a slight energy demand.

Importance
Nearly half of global energy is used in buildings, and half of heating/cooling cost is caused by ventilation when it is done by the "open window" method  according to the regulations. Secondly, energy generation and grid is made to meet the peak demand of power. To use proper ventilation; recovery is a cost-efficient, sustainable and quick way to reduce global energy consumption and give better indoor air quality (IAQ) and protect buildings, and environment.

Methods of transfer
An ERV is a type of air-to-air heat exchanger that transfers sensible heat as well as latent heat. Because both temperature and moisture are transferred, ERVs are described as total enthalpic devices.  In contrast, a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) can only transfer sensible heat. HRVs can be considered sensible only devices because they only exchange sensible heat.  In other words, all ERVs are HRVs, but not all HRVs are ERVs. It is incorrect to use the terms HRV, AAHX (air-to-air heat exchanger), and ERV interchangeably.

During the cooling season, the system works to cool and dehumidify the incoming, outside air. To do this, the system takes the rejected heat and sends it into the exhaust airstream.  Subsequently, this air cools the condenser coil at a lower temperature than if the rejected heat had not entered the exhaust airstream.  During the heating seasons, the system works in reverse.  Instead of discharging the heat into the exhaust airstream, the system draws heat from the exhaust airstream in order to pre-heat the incoming air.  At this stage, the air passes through a primary unit and then into the space being conditioned.  With this type of system, it is normal during the cooling seasons for the exhaust air to be cooler than the ventilation air and, during the heating seasons, warmer than the ventilation air.  It is for this reason the system works efficiently and effectively. The coefficient of performance (COP) will increase as the conditions become more extreme (i.e., more hot and humid for cooling and colder for heating).

Efficiency
The efficiency of an ERV system is the ratio of energy transferred between the two air streams compared with the total energy transported through the heat exchanger.

With the variety of products on the market, efficiency will vary as well.  Some of these systems have been known to have heat exchange efficiencies as high as 70-80% while others have as low as 50%. Even though this lower figure is preferable to the basic HVAC system, it is not up to par with the rest of its class.  Studies are being done to increase the heat transfer efficiency to 90%.

The use of modern low-cost gas-phase heat exchanger technology will allow for significant improvements in efficiency.  The use of high conductivity porous material is believed to produce an exchange effectiveness in excess of 90%, producing a five times improvement in energy recovery.

The Home Ventilating Institute (HVI) has developed a standard test for any and all units manufactured within the United States.  Regardless, not all have been tested.  It is imperative to investigate efficiency claims, comparing data produced by HVI as well as that produced by the manufacturer. (Note: all units sold in Canada are placed through the R-2000 program, a standard test equivalent to the HVI test).

Types of energy recovery devices

**Total energy exchange only available on hygroscopic units and condensate return units

See also

 HVAC
 Heat exchanger
 Solar air heat
 Renewable heat
 Water heat recycling
 Seasonal thermal energy storage
 Passive cooling
 Solar air conditioning
 Air conditioning - Health implications
 Passive house - "Passivhaus"
 Low-energy house
 Low energy building
 List of low-energy building techniques
 Green building
 Zero energy building
 Sustainability
 Sustainable architecture
 Sustainable design

References

External links
 AIVC Information Paper VIP6 "Air-to-Air Heat Recovery in Ventilation Systems"
 Heat recovery in Industry
 Energy and Heat Recovery Ventilators (ERV/HRV)
 Write-up of Single Room MHRV (SRMHRV) in UK home
 Heat Recovery Ventilation system Cost
 Builder Insight Bulletin - Heat Recovery Ventilation
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-recovery-efficiency-d_201.html
Designing Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems, Stanley A. Mumma
Energy and Heat Recovery Ventilators (ERV/HRV)

Ventilation
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Low-energy building
Energy recovery
Heating
Residential heating
Sustainable building
Energy conservation

pl:Rekuperator

Heat recovery ventilation


Infinite chess is any variation of the game of chess played on an unbounded chessboard. Versions of infinite chess have been introduced independently by multiple players, chess theorists, and mathematicians, both as a playable game and as a model for theoretical study. It has been found that even though the board is unbounded, there are ways in which a player can win the game in a finite number of moves.

Background

Classical (FIDE) chess is played on an 8×8 board (64 squares).  However, the history of chess includes variants of the game played on boards of various sizes.  A predecessor game called courier chess was played on a slightly larger 12×8 board (96 squares) in the 12th century, and continued to be played for at least six hundred years.  Japanese chess (shogi) has been played historically on boards of various sizes; the largest is taikyoku shōgi ("ultimate chess"). This chess-like game, which dates to the mid 16th century, was played on a 36×36 board (1296 squares). Each player starts with 402 pieces of 209 different types, and a well-played game would require several days of play, possibly requiring each player to make over a thousand moves.

Chess player Jianying Ji was one of many to propose infinite chess, suggesting a setup with the chess pieces in the same relative positions as in classical chess, with knights replaced by nightriders and a rule preventing pieces from travelling too far from opposing pieces. Numerous other chess players, chess theorists, and mathematicians who study game theory have conceived of variations of infinite chess, often with different objectives in mind. Chess players sometimes use the scheme simply to alter the strategy; since chess pieces, and in particular the king, cannot be trapped in corners on an infinite board, new patterns are required to form a checkmate. Theorists conceive of infinite chess variations to expand the theory of chess in general, or as a model to study other mathematical, economic, or game-playing strategies.

Decidability of short mates
For infinite chess, it has been found that the mate-in-n problem is decidable; that is, given a natural number n and a player to move and the positions (such as on ) of a finite number of chess pieces that are uniformly mobile and with constant and linear freedom, there is an algorithm that will answer if there is a forced checkmate in at most n moves. One such algorithm consists of expressing the instance as a sentence in Presburger arithmetic and using the decision procedure for Presburger arithmetic.

The winning-position problem is not known to be decidable.  Not only is there a lack of an upper bound on the smallest such n when there is a mate-in-n, there are also positions for which there is a forced mate but no integer n such that there is a mate-in-n.  For example, there is a position such that after one rook move by black, the number of moves until black is checkmated will be one more than the distance by which black moved.

See also
 List of chess variants
 Fairy chess pieces

References

External links
 Infinitechess.org: Online implementation that supports play against the computer, against an opponent in the same room, or against an opponent on the internet.
 Infinite Chess at The Chess Variant Pages

Chess variants
Combinatorial game theory
Abstract strategy games

Infinite chess


The United States Post Office, Custom House, and Courthouse is an historic building of the United States government in Fernandina Beach, Florida. It was constructed in the locally popular Renaissance Revival architecture style, and was completed in 1912 under the supervision of James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department. The building sits at the intersection of 4th and Centre Streets, across from another historic Court House (c. 1898), and adjacent to the pre-Civil War Victorian Lesesne House (c. 1859). It is three stories, comprising , including a basement and a partial attic.

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida met here until the creation of the Middle District in 1962, at which time the building entered use by the Middle District of Florida beginning in 1962. The facility was also in use as a post office during that entire period. Other federal offices vacated the building in the 1930s-1940s, with the post office remaining only on the first floor. Some second and third floor space was used commercially into the 1990s, but the condition of the structure and lack of elevators ultimately led to the end of those uses.

In 1989, the building was listed in A Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.

References

External links

Former federal courthouses in the United States
Buildings and structures in the Jacksonville metropolitan area
Custom houses in the United States
Buildings and structures in Nassau County, Florida
Fernandina Beach, Florida

United States Post Office, Custom House, and Courthouse (Fernandina, Florida)


The Theme of Cephallenia or Cephalonia (, thema Kephallēnias/Kephalonias) was a Byzantine theme (a military-civilian province) located in western Greece, comprising the Ionian Islands, and extant from the 8th century until partially conquered by the Kingdom of Sicily in 1185.

History
During the Roman Empire, the Ionian Islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zakynthos, Ithaca, Leucas and Cythera) were variously part of the provinces of Achaea and Epirus vetus. Except for Cythera, these formed the separate theme of Cephallenia. The islands remained largely unaffected by the Slavic invasion and settlement of the 7th century, and formed a base for the re-establishment of imperial control and the re-Hellenization of the mainland coast.

It is unknown when exactly the theme of Cephallenia was established. Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959) affirms in his work, De administrando imperio, that it was originally a tourma (a division) of the theme of Longobardia in Southern Italy, and that it was raised to a strategis (a "generalship"), but not a full theme, by Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912). This is, however, clearly an error, for several instances of generals (strategoi) of Cephallenia are known through sources before that date. Thus, the Taktikon Uspensky of 842/843 clearly mentions a strategos of Cephallenia, and the Latin chronicle Annales regni Francorum mentions one already in 809. A number of seals further push the establishment of the circumscription of Cephallenia, at least as a strategis if not as a theme, back to the middle or late 8th century.

Constantine VII's confusion, however, reflects the close relation of Cephallenia with the imperial holdings in southern Italy: the Ionian Islands served as the main communication link with and staging base for operations in Italy, and defended the maritime approaches of the Ionian and Adriatic seas against Arab pirates. Contrary to Porphyrogennetos's account, Longobardia was probably initially constituted as a tourma of Cephallenia after the Byzantine recapture of Bari in 876. Nevertheless, in several cases, the commands of Cephallenia and Longobardia (or, alternatively, of Nicopolis on the Epirus mainland) were thereafter held by the same person.

The theme's strategos was probably based mostly at Cephallenia, but is also attested elsewhere, such as Corfu. In the De administrando imperio, the theme ranks seventh among the "Western", or European themes; as with all the European themes, its strategos did not receive his salary, 12 pounds of gold, from the imperial treasury, but was paid from his theme's tax revenue. Cephallenia was important chiefly in a maritime context, and had its own fleet, including a number of Mardaites as marines and rowers, under a tourmarches. Other tourmarchai and subordinate commanders headed the theme's army garrison. The historian Warren Treadgold conjecturally estimates the theme's military forces at some 2,000 men in the 9th century The theme was also frequently used as a place of exile for political prisoners.

The Theme of Cephallenia is frequently mentioned in military operations in the 9th–11th centuries. In 809, the strategos Paul defeated a Venetian fleet off Dalmatia. In 880, the admiral Nasar heavily defeated an Arab pirate fleet that was plundering the theme's islands, and troops from Cephallenia subsequently participated in the Byzantine offensive in Italy. Mardaites from Cephallenia are then recorded in the failed expedition of 949 against the Emirate of Crete. The last mention of a strategos of Cephallenia comes in 1011, when Kontoleon Tornikios was sent to Italy to quell a Lombard revolt. Following the collapse of Byzantine control in southern Italy in the mid-11th century, the theme's importance declined, and it was headed by civilian governors, styled krites ("judges").

From the late 11th century, the Ionian Islands became a battleground in the Byzantine–Norman Wars. The island of Corfu was held by the Normans in 1081–1085 and 1147–1149, while the Venetians unsuccessfully besieged it in 1122–1123. The island of Cephalonia was also unsuccessfully besieged in 1085, but was plundered in 1099 by the Pisans and in 1126 by the Venetians. Finally, Corfu and the rest of the theme except for Leucas were captured by the Normans under William II of Sicily in 1185. Although Corfu was recovered by the Byzantines by 1191, the other islands henceforth remained lost to Byzantium, and formed a County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos under William's Greek admiral Margaritus of Brindisi.

References

Sources

Further reading

Byzantine Greece
Medieval Ionian Islands
States and territories established in the 8th century
Themes of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine navy

Cephallenia (theme)


Armando Fosco Sr. (July 13, 1922 – February 5, 1987) was former Secretary-Treasurer of Local 738 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.

According to FBI documents, the government believed Armando was a member of the Chicago Outfit.  FBI Agents observed Armando working with Outfit heavyweight Ross Prio.  His wife, Gloria M. Nappi, was a blood relation to Outfit political fixer Romie J. Nappi.

In 2009, Armando's son, Joseph Fosco, named Armando in a first of its kind civil RICO lawsuit against a mafia group.  Armando was identified in the lawsuit as a suspected embezzler who failed to make a kickback payment to the Chicago Outfit. According to the complaint, it was alleged that members of the Chicago Outfit, including Outfit boss John DiFronzo, schemed to extort money from the Fosco family, as if the family was in possession of said ill-gotten gains alleged to have been skimmed from the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. The case was ultimately dismissed for statute of limitations issues.

References

1922 births
1987 deaths
American gangsters of Italian descent
Chicago Outfit mobsters
International Brotherhood of Teamsters people
Criminals from Illinois

Armando Fosco


Edge city is a term that originated in the United States for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district, in what had previously been a suburban residential or rural area. The term was popularized by the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for The Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown. Other terms for these areas include suburban activity centers, megacenters, and suburban business districts. These districts have now developed in many countries.

Definitions
In 1991, Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city:
 Has five million or more square feet (465,000 m²) of leasable office space
 Has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) or more of leasable retail space
 Has more jobs than bedrooms
 Is perceived by the population as one place
 Was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago. Then it was just bedrooms, if not cow pastures."

Most edge cities develop at or near existing or planned freeway intersections, and are especially likely to develop near major airports.  They rarely include heavy industry. They often are not separate legal entities but are governed as part of surrounding counties (this is more often the case in the East than in the Midwest, South, or West).  They are numerous—almost 200 in the United States, compared to 45 downtowns of comparable size—and are large geographically because they are built at automobile scale.

Types of edge cities
Garreau identified three distinct varieties of the edge city phenomenon:
 Boomburbs or "boomers" – the most common type, having developed incrementally but rapidly around a shopping mall or highway interchange, for example Tysons, Virginia, near Washington, D.C.
 Greenfields – originally master-planned as new towns, generally on the suburban fringe, for example Reston Town Center in Reston, Virginia, near Washington, D.C.
 Uptowns – an older city, town, or satellite city, upon and around which a major regional hub of economic activity rises, for example Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.

Additional terms are used to refer to edge cities, such as suburban business districts, major diversified centers, suburban cores, minicities, suburban activity centers, cities of realms, galactic cities, urban subcenters, pepperoni-pizza cities, superburbia, technoburbs, nucleations, disurbs, service cities, perimeter cities, peripheral centers, urban villages, and suburban downtowns.

Density and cityscapes
Spatially, edge cities primarily consist of mid-rise office towers (with some skyscrapers) surrounded by massive surface parking lots and meticulously manicured lawns, almost reminiscent of the designs of Le Corbusier.  Instead of a traditional street grid, their street networks are hierarchical, consisting of winding parkways (often lacking sidewalks) that feed into arterial roads or freeway ramps.  However, edge cities feature job density similar to that of secondary downtowns found in places such as Newark and Pasadena; indeed, Garreau writes that edge cities' development proves that "density is back!".

History

Garreau shows how edge cities developed in a U.S. context. Starting in the 1950s, businesses were incentivized to open branches in the suburbs and eventually in many cases, leave traditional downtowns entirely, due to increased use of the automobile and move of middle and upper class residents to suburbs, which in turn led to frustration with downtown traffic and lack of parking. Escalating land values in central downtown areas, and the development of communications (telephone, fax, email and other electronic communication) also enabled the trend.

Despite early examples in the 1920s, it was not until car ownership surged in the 1950s, after four decades of fast, steady growth, that it was possible for edge cities to emerge on a large scale.  Whereas virtually every American central business district (CBD) or secondary downtown that developed around non-motorized transportation or the streetcar has a pedestrian-friendly grid pattern of relatively narrow streets, most edge cities instead have a hierarchical street arrangement centered on pedestrian-hostile arterial roads, making most of this generation of edge cities difficult to get to and get around with public transportation or by walking, although transit was sometimes added in later decades, such as the Silver Line metro linking Downtown Washington, D.C., with Arlington and Tysons edge cities, and government-planned edge cities in London (Canary Wharf) and Paris (La Défense) integrated transit from the start.

The first edge city was Detroit's New Center, developed in the 1920s, three miles (5 km) north of downtown, as a new downtown for Detroit. New Center and the Miracle Mile section of Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles are considered the earliest automobile-oriented urban forms. However the two were built with radically different purposes in mind (New Center as an office park, the Miracle Mile as a retail strip).  Garreau's classic example of an edge city is the information technology center Tysons, Virginia, west of Washington, D.C.

Outside the U.S.
Garreau shows how edge cities have also developed in other countries, specifically citing Canada, Mexico, Australia, and cities such as Paris, London, Karachi, Jakarta, and Tianjin, China. In the cases of London and Paris he notes how these edge cities developed with government planning and with integrated public transportation.

Problems of edge cities

Mobility
Edge cities planned around freeway interchanges have a history of severe traffic problems if one of these freeways goes unbuilt.  In particular, Century City, a pioneering 1960s edge city built on a former 20th Century Fox backlot in western Los Angeles, was built with long-term plans for access via an urban rail system and the planned Beverly Hills Freeway. Neither project ever came to fruition, resulting in massive congestion on the surface streets connecting Century City to existing freeways, every two miles (3 km) distant. More than a half-century later, the D Line subway extension will finally provide rail access, with Century City/Constellation station planned to open in 2025.

Sustainability
As recently as 2003, some critics believed that edge cities might turn out to have been only a 20th-century phenomenon because of their limitations. The residents of the low-density housing areas around them tend to be fiercely resistant to their outward expansion (as has been the case in Tysons and Century City), but because their internal road networks are severely limited in capacity, densification is more difficult than in the traditional grid network that characterizes traditional CBDs and secondary downtowns. As a result, construction of medium- and high-density housing in edge cities ranges was perceived to be "difficult to impossible". Because most are built at automobile scale, it was felt that "mass transit frequently could not serve them well". Pedestrian access to and circulation within an edge city was perceived to be impractical if not impossible, even if residences are nearby. Revitalization of edge cities was seen to be "the major urban renewal project of the 21st century".

Edge cities in the 21st century

Densification
Today, many edge cities have plans for densification, sometimes around a walkable downtown-style core, often with a push for more accessibility by transit and bicycle, and addition of housing in denser, urban-style neighborhoods within the edge city. For example at Tysons, in the Washington, D.C., metro area, the plan remains to see the city become the downtown core of Fairfax County. To this point "…eight districts have been delimited, with four centered on new metro stations being transit-oriented development districts". Future plans to transportation around the area continue to be made, the accessibility of the area is on the rise with many forms of transportation being formed. "The aims of the plan are for 75% of development to be within half a mile of metro stations, an urban center of 200,000 jobs and 100,000 residents, a jobs balance of 4.0 per household".

Outside North America
Despite the lessons of the American experience, in rapidly developing countries such as China and India and the United Arab Emirates, the edge city is quickly emerging as an important new development form as automobile ownership skyrockets and marginal land is bulldozed for development. For example, the outskirts of Bangalore, India are increasingly replete with mid-rise mirrored-glass office towers set amid lush gardens and sprawling parking lots where many foreign companies have set up shop. Dubai offers another example.

Impact of edge cities

Relation with metropolitan area
The emergence of edge cities has not been without consequences to the metropolitan areas they surround. Edge cities arise from population decentralization from large major core cities and has been ongoing since the 1960s. Shifts in socioeconomics in metro areas (including rising real estate prices during periods of stagnant wages), location of metro industrial areas, and labor competition between edge cities and their more central neighbors have been attributed to their development and continued expansion. There has been a considerable debate among economists as to whether "jobs follow people or people follow jobs,"  but in the context of the edge city phenomenon, workers have been drawn from metropolitan business hubs in favor of the edge city economy. Developers of edge cities have been shown to strategically plan expansion of such business areas to draw workers away from more dense port cities and thereby keep profits from surrounding interests.

Edge cities contribute greatly to urban development by creating new jobs by attracting workers from the metropolitan areas around it. Also as a result of the rise of edge cities, more department stores, hotels, apartments, and office spaces are created. There are more edge cities than their downtown counterparts of the same size. Garreau states one reason for the rise of edge cities is that, "Today, we have moved our means of creating wealth, the essence of urbanism - our jobs - out to where most of us have lived and shopped for two generations. That has led to the rise of Edge City." In comparison with urban centers edge cities offer global corporations many advantages: cheaper land, security, efficient land communications, advanced technological installations, and a high quality of life for their employees and executives. The appeal of edge cities attract large corporations as well, boosting the already growing city.

Impact on economy and industries
This concept has showcased the impact that national economies have on the edge city and the surrounding areas. Through Garreau, the term edge city has provided information on how corporate players remain important to the strength of urban and regional subsets. Garreau describes that the edge city has a tendency to have a large service-oriented industry linked to the national economy. The edge city offers supplies to the local area in the form of retail facilities and consumer services. Progressively different services begin to move towards the edge city as the population of corporate businesses increase. The corporate offices fill in space in edge cities and provide connections to exterior locations if decisions are being made from those locales. Not only do corporate, service, and transportation based edge cities exist, but the innovation-driven edge cities will generate extra-metropolitan linkages. These innovative edge cities expand various corporate activities as hosts. Edge cities may create a significant growth in sophisticated retail, entertainment, and consumer service facilities, which in turn leads to a rise in local employment opportunities. The edge city has a tendency to affect the surrounding areas by procuring more opportunities within the labor market. Edge Cities are well suited to an economy which is known for a service-oriented market as well as sustaining major manufacturing sectors.

Political relations
Political groups aid the creation of the edge city in a particular way. There is usually a development commission or similar organization that operates in parallel to, and interact with standard city, county, and state government institutions. Some authors call such commissions private "proto-government" or "shadow governments". According to authors Phelps and Dear, these "shadow governments can tax, legislate for, and police their communities, but they are rarely accountable, are responsive primarily to wealth (as opposed to numbers of voters), and subject to few constitutional constraints", as "edge cities have had substantial investments placed in them". In most cases a 'privatopia' is formed within edge city residential areas, where the private housing developments are administered by homeowner associations. In 1964 there were fewer than 500 associations, but "…by 1992, there were 150,000 associations privately governing approximately 32 million Americans".

As with any city, edge cities go through phases of growth and redevelopment. Politics within Edge Cities are unique in that they typically revolve around developing them. They contribute to a "growth machine" that spreads the urbanization of the United States. They can obscure smaller settlements that are also going through similar phases of redevelopment. Depending on the size of the settlements the modes of urban politics can change. "State interventions are important both conceptually and to the empirical matter of this article since the extent, timing, nature, and legacies of state interventions significantly shape the mode of urban politics in different places and in a single place over time". State interventions are essential to the politics in developing edge cities. Tysons, Virginia is an example that went through the process of development due to the county government's aggressive recruitment of businesses. Similar methods of development can be seen and applied to other edge cities as well. Tysons recruited businesses with the promise of growth in the future. More businesses coming in allowed for the city to grow which led to the businesses growing as well. A chain reaction was created which crafted the modern-day Tysons. This community was also an example of politics playing a role in developing an edge city. It could be traced to a special commission established at the request of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors that examined the fiscal capacity of the County vis-à-vis perceived shortfalls in collective consumption expenditures (County of Fairfax 1976a).

See also
 Bedroom community
 Boomburbs
 List of edge cities
 Urban sprawl

Citations

References

   1992 edition available on archive.org (free registration required).

External links
 Garreau's web site with searchable text of the book
 John McCrory, The Edge City Fallacy: New Urban Form or Same Old Megalopolis?.
 Joel Garreau's vision of the future of edge cities: Edgier Cities

Urbanization
Urban studies and planning terminology

Suburbs
Types of cities

Edge city


The Latrobe Gate (also known as Main Gate, Washington Navy Yard) is a historic gatehouse located at the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, D.C. Built in 1806 and substantially altered in 1881, the ceremonial entrance to the U.S. Navy's oldest shore establishment is an example of Greek Revival and Italianate architecture. It was designed by the second Architect of the Capitol Benjamin Henry Latrobe, whose works include St. John's Episcopal Church, the Baltimore Basilica, and the United States Capitol. The Latrobe Gate is one of the nation's oldest extant examples of Greek Revival architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973, and is a contributing property to the Washington Navy Yard's status as a National Historic Landmark.

History

The Washington Navy Yard was established by an Act of Congress on July 23, 1799. Three years later, President Thomas Jefferson chose Latrobe to design a dry dock and ship repair facility for what was to become an active and strategically located naval yard. Although Congress rejected Latrobe's building plans, the architect was designated "Engineer of the Navy Department" in 1804. Plans for the Main Gate were approved by Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith in 1805, and construction lasted from that year until 1806. Latrobe's Greek Revival design was considered daring and thus criticized by traditionalist architects. William Thornton, the first Architect of the Capitol, described the gate as a "monument to bad taste and design". Thornton predicted that "not until extinction of time will such an arch ever be made again", but the Greek Revival style became popular with 19th-century American architects. The style was considered symbolic of the young nation's democracy, a political system that originated in Ancient Greece.

During the War of 1812, Washington, D.C., was invaded by British forces. The Navy Yard was a primary target during the attack, and was burned along with much of the city in 1814. The gate was one of only three structures at the Navy Yard not destroyed during the fire.

In 1881, a Marine barracks was constructed around and over the Main Gate. The brick, Italianate structure is two stories high above the gate and three stories high on each side of the gate. It is the oldest continuously manned Marine guardhouse in the United States. It is located four blocks south of the Marine Barracks Washington. The Marines manning the Latrobe Gate are responsible for raising and lowering the American flag outside the Chief of Naval Operations' (CNO's) house.

See also
 List of works by Benjamin Henry Latrobe
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.

References

External links

Washington Navy Yard
Barracks on the National Register of Historic Places
Gates in the United States
Residential buildings completed in 1806
Buildings of the United States government in Washington, D.C.
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Historic district contributing properties in Washington, D.C.
Gate
Greek Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.
Italianate architecture in Washington, D.C.
1806 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Latrobe Gate


San Andrés, in translation, St Andrew is a Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church located in Calatayud, region of Aragon, Spain.

History
The church was commissioned  in the 12th century after the Reconquista of the town by Alfonso I el Batallador. Initially likely of Romanesque design, only traces of that church remain above the portal and in the baptismal font.

In town, this church rivaled that of the Colegiata of Santa María for veneration and attention. Documents from 1456, note that Farax and Brahem, both surnamed el Rubio (the Blond) and both Moors, signed a contract with the parishioners of the church of San Juan de Vallupie to make ciborium, no longer extant, that was to resemble that of the church of San Andrés. The bell-tower was built in 1508.

In 1870, the city hall sought to raze the dilapidated church buildings of San Miguel y de San Andrés, while preserving the Tower of San Andrés. In 1966, the church was declared of interés histórico artístico.

Art and Architecture

The church retains its 14th-century Mudéjar layout with Gothic tracery creating elaborate star-shaped geometric lines. The aisles have four chapels: two of Mudéjar design, including the baptistry. The other two were built in the 18th century with gothic tracery ceilings.

The main altar has a Retablo with sculptures of the evangelists Mark and Luke, and two saints. Some panels depict the Fathers of the Roman Church (Augustine, Ambrose, Hieronymus, and Gregory the Great).

The central panel has a statue of St Andrew replacing the original painted icon, and it is topped by an 18th-century canvas of the Immaculate Conception''.

Torre de San Andrés
Like the tower of the Santa Maria la Mayor in town, the architecture is Mudéjar. In reality, the tower is composed of two concentric towers with a stairwell inside the latter. The inner tower, hollow, houses a small octagonal chapel. It is almost certain that construction proceeded over decades if not centuries, and that the final bell-unit was not complete till the 16th century. The brickwork becomes more highly decorated in the higher stories.

See also
Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon

References

Andres
Gothic architecture in Aragon
Mudéjar architecture in Aragon
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain

San Andrés, Calatayud


Angels in the Outfield is a 1951 American comedy film produced and directed by Clarence Brown and starring Paul Douglas and Janet Leigh. Based on a story by Richard Conlin, the film is about a young woman reporter who blames the Pittsburgh Pirates' losing streak on their abusive manager, who begins hearing the voice of an angel promising to help the team if he changes his ways. The film was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on September 7, 1951. It was U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's favorite movie.

Plot
With baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates in last place, their combative, foul-mouthed manager Guffy McGovern has plenty to complain about. His abusive language toward players is publicized by local newspaper reporter and former "household hints" writer Jennifer Paige, who is thoroughly unimpressed with his style of management.

Guffy's fortune changes while wandering through Forbes Field in search of his good luck charm one night, where he is accosted by the voice of an angel, who hints at having been a ballplayer during his earthly life. As the spokes-angel for the Heavenly Choir Nine, a celestial team of deceased ballplayers, he begins bestowing "miracles" upon the Pirates—but only on the condition that Guffy put a moratorium on swearing and fighting. He acquiesces and, with the help of the invisible ghosts of past baseball greats, the Pirates make it into the pennant race.

During a game, 8-year-old orphan Bridget White insists she can see the angels helping out the "live" ballplayers—understandably so, since it was Bridget's prayers to the Archangel Gabriel which prompted the angel to visit McGovern in the first place. Jennifer inadvertently transforms Bridget's angelic visions into a nationwide news story, causing McGovern no end of trouble.

After a line drive hits him in the head during a game, Guffy himself deliriously confirms Bridget's claims to the press. He falls into the hands of vengeful sportscaster Fred Bayles, who has been scheming to have Guffy thrown out of baseball and persuades the Commissioner of Baseball to investigate the manager's fitness to lead the team.

Complication piles upon complication until the pennant-deciding game, wherein Guffy is forced to rely exclusively upon the talents of his ballplayersnotably "over the hill" pitcher Saul Hellman, who the angel declares will be "signed up" by the Heavenly Choir team shortly. Guffy also wins over Jennifer, and they plan to adopt young Bridget.

Cast
 Paul Douglas as Guffy McGovern
 Janet Leigh as Jennifer Paige
 Keenan Wynn as Fred Bayles
 Lewis Stone as Arnold P. Hapgood
 Spring Byington as Sister Edwitha
 Bruce Bennett as Saul Hellman
 Marvin Kaplan as Timothy Durney
 Ellen Corby as Sister Veronica
 Donna Corcoran as Bridget White
 Jeff Richards as Dave Rothberg
 John Gallaudet as Reynolds
 King Donovan as McGee
 Don Haggerty as Rube Ronson
 Paul Salata as Tony Minelli
 Fred Graham as "Chunk"
 James Whitmore as Angel (voice)
 Judy Nugent as Margaret (uncredited)

In addition, short cameos by people playing themselves are "interviewed" regarding the angels: Bing Crosby, at that time a part-owner (approximately 15%) of the Pirates; retired baseball Hall of Famer Ty Cobb; active player (later a Hall of Famer) Joe DiMaggio; and Hollywood songwriter Harry Ruby.

Uncredited members of the real Pittsburgh Pirates, at that time, include Ralph Kiner (hitting a home run and playing first base), George Strickland, Ed Fitz Gerald and George Metkovich, as well as coaches Sam Narron and Lenny Levy.

Production

Authorship
Father Richard F. Grady (1905–1989) wrote the story as a radio comedy under the pseudonym of Richard Conlin. Grady was an English professor and administrator at the University of Scranton in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Development
MGM originally purchased the story as a vehicle for Spencer Tracy, who was later replaced by Clark Gable. When Gable chose instead to make Lone Star, MGM attempted unsuccessfully to borrow James Cagney from Warner Brothers before settling on Paul Douglas. Two years earlier Douglas had played a catcher in another baseball comedy film, It Happens Every Spring. Although he had no background in baseball, Bruce Bennett (billed earlier in his career as "Herman Brix"), who portrays a veteran Pittsburgh pitcher, in real life had played football in the 1926 Rose Bowl and won a silver medal in the shot put at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

Casting
Three athletes, two former and one then-active, have credited roles in the film: Jeff Richards, who appears as Rothberg, had been a minor-league baseball player before becoming an actor; Fred Graham, who appears as "Chunk", had been a semi-pro ballplayer; and Paul Salata, who appears as Tony Minelli, played professional football from 1949 to 1953.

Locations
The film contains extensive baseball action shots, most of which were filmed at Forbes Field, the former home of the Pittsburgh Pirates and Steelers, demolished in 1971, the year after the Pirates and Steelers moved to Three Rivers Stadium. The opening credits acknowledge "the kind cooperation of the Pittsburgh 'Pirates' for the use of the team and its ballpark", while reminding the viewer that the story is fictional and "could be any baseball team, in any league, in any town in America".

Historians may note several distinguishing features of Forbes Field at the time. One is the "Kiner's Korner" inner fence in left field, with the 365-feet left field foul line marker observable on the outer wall, and the 335-feet sign on the inner fence. The other distance markers (376-457-436-375-300) are visible in some scenes. Other objects on the field of play at Forbes are visible from time to time, including the flagpole and batting cage near the 457 foot marker in deep left center field, and the Barney Dreyfuss monument in straightaway center field. The University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning is prominent in many shots filmed in Forbes Field.

A few scenes were shot on location at Wrigley Field, conveniently sited in South Los Angeles. Well-used by film-makers of the era, the ballpark — home to the minor league Angels from 1925 to 1957 — was named for team owner William Wrigley, Jr. when the landmark Chicago stadium was still known as Cubs Park. While Wrigley's ivy-covered outfield wall stands in nicely for that of Forbes Field, "Kiner's Korner" is conspicuous in its absence, and visible distance markers (412 feet in centre field; 345 feet in left) are inconsistent with Forbes Field's grander dimensions.

Some stock footage alleged to be the Polo Grounds in New York City was actually Comiskey Park in Chicago, as evidenced by a quick glimpse of an auxiliary scoreboard reading "Visitors" and "White Sox".

Filming
Since the Hays Code prohibited most profanity in films at the time, the "swearing" uttered by Guffy is audio gibberish, which was made by scrambling recordings of actor Paul Douglas's voice.

The angels themselves are never actually seen by the viewing audience, just the effects of their presence — a feather dropping, or someone being jostled from time to time. The angel who talks to Guffy never reveals who he was in life. However, this angel does reveal his presence to Bayles: when Bayles sarcastically asks "the little angels up there" if they are happy with the Pirates' win over the New York Giants, Bayles hears the angel reply "Oh, why don't you just shut up?" and the angel pulls Bayles' hat down over Bayles' face. Bayles looks up incredulously upon hearing the voice, searching for the speaker.

Release
The film held its world premiere at Pittsburgh's Loew's Penn Theatre on its release day.

Critical appraisal
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 83% approval rating based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10.

Box office
According to MGM records the film made $1,466,000 in the US and Canada and $200,000 elsewhere. Once studio overhead was added, the film recorded a net loss of $171,000.

See also
 Angels in the Outfield, 1994 film
 List of films about angels
 List of baseball films

References

Further reading
 Associated Press. "Pirates Trying for Title May Receive Oscar". The Gettysburg Times. March 22, 1951.
 Danver, Charles. "Pittsburghesque: Movie Triumph". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 2, 1951.
 Fortune, Dick. "Backstage Beat: 'Angels' Premiere Sept. 7'". The Pittsburgh Press. August 15, 1951.

External links

1951 films
1950s fantasy comedy films
American baseball films
American fantasy comedy films
American sports comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films about angels
Films directed by Clarence Brown
Films scored by Daniele Amfitheatrof
Films set in Pittsburgh
Films shot in Pennsylvania
Films with screenplays by George Wells
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Pittsburgh Pirates
Religious sports films
1950s sports comedy films
1951 comedy films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)


Mark Lipka is a comic book artist who has inked comics such as Batman, Star Wars, Justice League of America, Wolverine, Gambit & Bishop, Green Lantern, Swamp Thing, Aliens versus Predator, Daredevil, among others.

He has worked with pencillers including Cary Nord, Rick Leonardi, Yanick Paquette, Roger Petersen, Karl Waller, Adam Hughes, Toby Cypress, Rick Burchett, Steve McNiven, Steve Scott, Joe Phillips and Tom Raney.

Lipka's first professional comic work was for Rock Fantasy Comics, published by Michael Valentine Smith, in 1991, on an ultimately unpublished story in which Mick Fleetwood (of Fleetwood Mac) taught Ozzy Osbourne (Black Sabbath) the magical arts. Throughout the 1990s Lipka worked for several independent comic book publishers while working also on commercial art projects. He was mentored by friend and fellow artist Karl Waller, who lived near Lipka in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and by Nathan Massengill (also a friend and fellow artist). Lipka's first published work with a major publisher was 1997's "Savage Dragon: Sex & Violence" for (Image). Shortly after starting The Savage Dragon book, Mark started to receive mentoring from Brian Stelfreeze.

Lipka is nicknamed "the Jackie Robinson of CrossGen comics". He was the first freelancer to work for CrossGen, who had intended to use only in-house artists on their books.

References

Comics inkers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mark Lipka


Shaun Reid (born 13 October 1965) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the younger brother of Peter Reid and played in a similarly hardworking and tough-tackling manner for Rochdale (in two spells), Preston North End, York City, Bury, Chester City (where he also held coaching roles) and Leigh RMI from 1983 to 2000. He has formerly been in charge at Prescot Cables and Warrington Town

Brotherly Encounters
On-field meetings between Peter and Shaun were confined to pre-season matches, although when Peter was manager of Sunderland they met Shaun's Chester team in the League Cup second round over two legs in September 1998. Shaun had been out through injury for 14 months but returned just in time for the games, which ended in an unsurprising 4–0 aggregate success for Sunderland.

Basement Boy
Unusually, all of Shaun's 432 Football League appearances were made in the fourth tier (Division Four, later renamed Division Three and now known as League Two). He did not make any more appearances for Bury after they were promoted from Division Three in 1995–96. His debut had been a 1–0 win for Rochdale at Crewe Alexandra in January 1984.

Reid's final Football League appearance was as a late substitute for Chester in a 5–0 win over Mansfield Town on 25 March 2000, just six weeks before Chester themselves fell out of the league. He was strongly rumoured to be returning to Rochdale as manager when Graham Barrow was sacked but the job went to Steve Parkin instead. His only subsequent outing at a notable level was again as a substitute for Leigh RMI in a 2–0 Football Conference win over Scarborough in August 2000. He went on to become a football agent.

Coaching and managerial career
Reid holds a UEFA B coaching badge and has had spells coaching at Swindon Town and Plymouth Argyle. In January 2012 he was appointed as manager at Prescot Cables before leaving in March 2012 to become manager at Warrington Town.

In the 2014–15 FA Cup, Reid took Warrington to the first round proper for the first time in their history, where they defeated Exeter City of League Two 1–0., In March 2016 Reid had his contract mutually terminated.

Honours
Bury
Football League Third Division third place: 1995–96

Leigh RMI
Peter Swales Challenge Shield: 1999–2000

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Huyton
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Leigh Genesis F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Chester City F.C. non-playing staff
Swindon Town F.C. non-playing staff
Plymouth Argyle F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
Prescot Cables F.C. managers
Warrington Town F.C. managers

Shaun Reid


Planetarium is a strategy board game designed by Stéphane Vachon. The theme of the game is planetary formation and the birth of a new solar system.

In 2015, the game won the Le Plateau d'or, a game design contest presented during Les journées Ludique de Québec, an annual gaming convention held in Canada. In July 2015, the publishing rights to the game were acquired by tabletop game publisher Game Salute, and for one year Stéphane Vachon and Dann May (Chief Creative Officer at Game Salute) worked together to modify the game design, develop the game play and redesign the components. In June 2016, Planetarium launched on Kickstarter, in a campaign that ran for 3 weeks. 3,000 backers supported the project with funding raised of $126,815. The game is scheduled to be delivered to Kickstarter backers in March 2017 and will be available in the retail market 1 or 2 months later.

Description

Matter swirls around a new born star, coalescing on the planetoids that orbit it. Planets evolve, grow and migrate in their orbits, forming a unique solar system by the end of every game. Planetarium is a game of creation, chaos and terraforming on the grandest scale.

Players are competing to crash combinations of elements onto planets that then allow them to play cards to evolve the planets in a variety of ways, with each player looking to evolve planets in the system to suit their own secret endgame goals.

On a turn a player will firstly move a matter or planet token in a clockwise direction around the star. The board is mapped with a series of lines, tracing orbits around the star, and it is along these lines that the tokens are moved. If a matter token moves onto a space occupied by planet token then the matter token is placed on the player's mat (on the respective planet). In the same way, planets can also be moved onto matter tokens, placing the matter tokens on the player's mat.

In the second part of a turn a player can play Evolution cards from their hand at the cost of the matter tokens they have collected on their player mat (some cards have other special requirements to play). If a player plays a card, they score the cards points and check to see if their card has changed the state of the planet from hostile to habitable by checking the total habitable and hostile points played to the planet (some end game goals require planets to be hostile or habitable). The player may then draw a card from one of three decks, Low Evolution (cards that score less points but require less matter to play), High Evolution (cards that score more and are harder to play), and Final Evolution (cards that can only be played on a player's final turn).

The theme of the game has been developed with an eye on the science, led by a scientist working on NASA's search for life on Mars. Evolution cards thematically include all kinds of planetary phenomenon, from asteroid impacts, atmospheric effects, to geological events. Final Evolution cards mark the relatively stable state a planet is in at the end of the solar system's development and include classifications for the final planets such as Hot Jupiter or an uninhabitable frozen dwarf planet.

The game consists of a beautiful game board with handfuls of matter tokens, approximately 36 Evolution cards and 16 Final Evolution cards (all with unique space art and flavor), player mats, and player and score markers.

The Idea

The idea of the game came from when Stéphane Vachon saw a documentary on a TV show about planetary formation theory. After this he saw many other documentaries on YouTube and made some searches on this subject. Originally, the game included five kinds of matter: water, gas, rock, metal and carbon. The carbon was removed and the final product keeps only 4 kinds of matter.

After 3 years of work, the game was entered in the game design contest at Quebec City.

Plateau d'or

This game contest is a popular in Quebec and has existed for almost 10 years. In 2015, approximately 50 games were submitted. Exactly 25 games were preselected 3 weeks later as part of the first round of judging. In the second round, the list was narrowed to 10 games, and the designers were invited to present their game during the event Les journées Ludique de Québec. Two weeks later, the final round saw 5 games selected and presented to a jury of experts.

The jury played these 5 games during the event and selected one winner. Planetarium was the winner of the contest in 2015.

Reviews

The Board Game Family playtest the game during the Kickstarter Campaign and enjoy the game.

Full Credits
 Designer: Stéphane Vachon
 Additional Design and Development: Dann May
 Science Consultant: James Lewis
 Artist: Dann May, Greg May
 Production Management: Cody Jones
 Publisher: Game Salute

References

External links

Board games
Exoplanetology
Tabletop games
Planetary atmospheres
Board games introduced in 2017

Planetarium (board game)


Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc (; 17 March 1772 – 2 November 1802) was a French Army general who served under Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolution. He was husband to Pauline Bonaparte, sister to Napoleon. In 1801, he was sent to Saint-Domingue (Haiti), where an invasion force under his command captured and deported the Haitian leader Toussaint Louverture, as part of an unsuccessful attempt to reassert imperial control over Saint-Domingue and reinstate slavery on the local population. Leclerc died of yellow fever during the failed invasion.

Biography

To 1801
Leclerc started his military career in 1791 during the French Revolution as one of the army volunteers of Seine-et-Oise and passed through the ranks of sous-lieutenant in the 12th Cavalry, then aide-de-camp to general Lapoype. He was made a captain and divisional chief of staff during the siege of Toulon, at which he first allied himself to Napoleon Bonaparte. Following the revolutionary success there, he campaigned along the Rhine. He began serving under Napoleon Bonaparte in the Alpine and Italian campaigns, fighting at Castiglione della Pescaia and Rivoli and rising to général de brigade in 1797. He was then charged with announcing to the French Directory the signature of the peace preliminaries at Leoben. Pauline Bonaparte was at this time receiving a large number of suitors, thus pressing her brother Napoleon Bonaparte to have her married off. On Leclerc's return, he accepted Bonaparte's offer of Pauline's hand in marriage and they married in 1797, having one child, Dermide, and occupying the Château de Montgobert.

He became chef d'état-major to generals Berthier and Brune and served in the second unsuccessful French Army military expedition to Ireland led by Jean Joseph Amable Humbert in 1798. On Bonaparte's return from the Egyptian expedition in 1798, he made Leclerc a général de division and sent him to the armée du Rhin under Moreau. At this rank Leclerc was able to participate in the coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire (in November 1799) that made his brother-in-law Napoleon First Consul of France – supported by Murat, he ordered the grenadiers to march into the room of the Council of Five Hundred. He was next noted for his participation in the Rhine campaign and the Battle of Hohenlinden, receiving the supreme command of the 17th, 18th, and 19th military divisions. He then passed from that post to being commander-in-chief of an army corps that Napoleon meant to send to Portugal to force it to renounce its alliance with England, though that expedition never took place.

Saint-Domingue

In 1791, black slaves in the Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue had risen up against their French owners in the Haitian Revolution, which was contemporaneous with the French Revolution. In August 1793, the French Republican commissioner Léger-Félicité Sonthonax officially abolished slavery on Saint-Domingue, as part of an effort to recruit rebel slaves to the side of the new French Republic. The prominent rebel leader Toussaint Louverture, himself a former slave, joined the French Republican side shortly afterwards. By 1801, Louverture had consolidated his rule over the entire island of Hispaniola, including the colony of Saint-Domingue. In July 1801, Louverture promulgated a new constitution for the colony that appointed himself governor for life, while simultaneously reaffirming the colony's position as "part of the French empire."

Upon receiving the news in October 1801, Napoleon interpreted Louverture's new constitution as an unacceptable offense to French imperial authority, and subsequently appointed Leclerc commander of a military expedition to reconquer Saint-Domingue. In his initial instructions, Bonaparte directed Leclerc to disarm Louverture's black-controlled government and deport his military officers to France, while publicly maintaining the abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue. Bonaparte announced intentions to reinstate slavery in neighboring Spanish Santo Domingo, which Louverture had recently occupied. It was Napoleon's intention to reinstate slavery in Saint-Domingue once Louverture had been arrested.

Leclerc set off from Brest in December 1801 and landed at Cap-Français in February 1802, with other warships and a total of 40,000 troops (including reinforcements, upwards to 80,000 troops were sent to Saint-Domingue during Leclerc's campaign), publicly repeating Bonaparte's promise that "all of the people of Saint-Domingue are French" and forever free. Louverture's harsh discipline had made him numerous enemies and Leclerc played off the ambitions of Louverture's younger key officers and competitors against each other, promising that they would maintain their ranks in the French Army and thus bringing them to abandon Louverture. The French won several victories and regained control in three months after severe fighting, with Louverture forced to negotiate an honorable surrender and to retire to tend his plantations under house arrest. However, Napoleon had given secret instructions to Leclerc to arrest Louverture, and so Leclerc seized Louverture – during a meeting – for deportation to France, where he died while imprisoned at Fort de Joux in the Jura Mountains in 1803.

Despite his superiors' warnings, Leclerc did not consolidate his victory by disarming Louverture's old officers. After a brief period in which he incorporated many of Louverture's officers into his own forces, Leclerc began suffering mass defections of troops over the latter half of 1802. Those troops, along with the black and Creole population of the colony, rose up in response to news that slavery had been reestablished on Guadeloupe. The prospect of a similar restoration on Saint-Domingue swung the tide inexorably against French hopes for reimposing control, as Leclerc began executing suspected conspirators en masse.

By October 1802, Leclerc wrote to Bonaparte advocating for a war of extermination, declaring that "We must destroy all the blacks of the mountains – men and women – and spare only children under 12 years of age. We must destroy half of those in the plains and must not leave a single colored person in the colony who has worn an epaulette." In that letter to Bonaparte, Leclerc also lamented his assignment, declaring "My soul is withered, and no joyful thought can ever make forget these hideous scenes." In the meantime, more black and mulatto army officers had defected, including Jean Jacques Dessalines, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe. After Christophe massacred several hundred Polish soldiers at Port-de-Paix following his defection, Leclerc ordered the arrest of all remaining black colonial troops in Le Cap, and executed 1,000 of them by tying sacks of flour to their neck and pushing them off the side of ships.

Death
In November 1802, Leclerc died of yellow fever, which had already decimated his invasion force. His wife Pauline returned to Europe, where she later married the Italian nobleman Camillo Borghese. Leclerc was succeeded in command by General Rochambeau, whose brutal racial warfare drove more leaders back to the rebel armies. On 18 November 1803, François Capois defeated Rochambeau's forces in the Battle of Vertières. Dessalines proclaimed the independence of Haïti and its new name on 1 January 1804. In the meantime Leclerc's body had been transported to France by his widow and buried on one of his estates.

Memorials

A statue at Pontoise shows him in Napoleonic uniform, his scabbard touching the earth. It was put up by marshal Davout and his second wife Louise-Aimée-Julie (Leclerc's sister) at the top of a staircase built in 1869 by François Lemot. Around 3m high, the statue is on a square stone pedestal inscribed with information on him in gold majuscule letters. It adjoins the south side of city's cathedral. There is also a statue of him by Jean Guillaume Moitte in the Pantheon de Paris.

References

Bibliography
Girard, Philippe R. "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage : French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue," French Colonial History, Volume 6, 2005, pp. 55–77

External links

 Bob Corbett's Haiti Page – Online collection of resources on the revolution in Haiti. See especially links to the Haiti Mailing List and Corbett's essays on the revolutionary period.

1772 births
1802 deaths
French generals
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
French mass murderers
French war crimes
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Genocide perpetrators
People of the Haitian Revolution
People from Pontoise
Deaths from yellow fever
Infectious disease deaths in Haiti
Governors of Saint-Domingue
1800s in Guadeloupe
18th-century French military personnel
War criminals
White supremacists

Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)


St. Hippolyte's Priory was a Benedictine priory in the village of Saint-Hippolyte in the Haut-Rhin department, Alsace, France.

It was founded in 760, on an estate then called Audoaldovillare, by Saint Fulrad, a powerful politician, diplomat, landowner and churchman, also abbot of St. Denis' Abbey, who is often said to have been born in Saint-Hippolyte. He also obtained from Pope Stephen II the relics of Saint Hippolytus, after whom the new priory was named, and in due course also the village.

St. Hippolyte's was at first a cell of Lièpvre Priory, founded by Fulrad at the same time, but soon became a priory dependent on the abbey of Saint-Denis.

References
 Baquol, Jacques, 1865 (reprint 1976): L'Alsace ancienne et moderne ou dictionnaire topographique, historique et statistique du Haut-Rhin et du Bas-Rhin (3rd edition, revised by Paul Ristelhuber). Salomon, np
 Aubé, Jean-Paul: Saint-Hippolyte au XVIe et XVIIe siècle d'après les archives conservées à Nancy in Ducs de Lorraine: territoires et possessions (Revue d'Alsace, 2003), p. 155-193
 Fleckenstein, Josef, 1957: Fulrad von Saint-Denis und der fränkische Ausgriff in den süddeutschen Raum in G. Tellenbach, Studien und Vorarbeiten zur Geschichte des fränkischen und frühdeutschen Adels, p. 9-39. Freiburg-im-Breisgau

Buildings and structures in Haut-Rhin
Benedictine monasteries in France
8th-century establishments in Francia
Christian monasteries established in the 8th century
Churches completed in 760

Saint Hippolyte's Priory