Herbert Mark Thomas (May 26, 1902 – December 4, 1991) was a right-handed minor and major league baseball player and minor league manager. Although his major league career lasted only three seasons, 1924, 1925 and 1927, for two different teams, the Boston Braves and New York Giants, his minor league career spanned 17 seasons. He played professionally in three different decades.

Features
Thomas threw and batted right-handed. He was only  tall and he weighed only 157 pounds.

Before professional baseball
Prior to playing professionally, Thomas served in World War I.

Professional baseball career

Thomas' minor league career began in 1922 at the age of 20 with the Jacksonville Indians. He played in 112 games with them, hitting .298 with 19 doubles, 14 triples and four home runs in 426 at-bats. The following season, Thomas played for the Daytona Beach Islanders, hitting .387 with 13 doubles, five triples and no home runs in only 297 at-bats. He played for the Islanders in 1924, who became the Clearwater Pelicans partway that season, hitting .345 with 32 doubles, eight triples and three home runs in 94 games. His minor league performance that season was so impressive that he was purchased by the Braves from Daytona Beach on August 9, and on August 18 he made his major league debut. In 32 major league games in 1924, he hit .220 with only six extra-base hits in 127 at-bats.

In 1925, Thomas mostly played for the Worcester Panthers, hitting .338 with 33 doubles, five triples and four home runs in 126 games. He also spent five games in the big leagues that season, hitting .235 in 17 at-bats. With the Providence Rubes in 1926, the 24-year-old Thomas hit .326 with 38 doubles, 12 triples and three home runs in 620 games, over the course of 153 games.

Thomas did not play in the minors in 1927. He spent 24 games with the Braves, hitting .230 in 74 at-bats with them. On June 12, he was traded to the Giants with Larry Benton and Zack Taylor for Doc Farrell, Kent Greenfield and Hugh McQuillan. He played 13 games with the Giants, hitting .176 in 17 at-bats. Overall, he hit .220 in 37 games that year. On September 22, he played his final big league game.

Although his major league career was over, Thomas' minor league career was years from completion – he would end up playing until 1942. He played for the Buffalo Bisons in 1928, hitting .326 with 34 doubles, seven triples and ten home runs in 154 games. He played for the Bisons and Toledo Mud Hens in 1929, hitting a combined .307 with 22 doubles, five triples and 14 home runs in 137 games. With the Newark Bears and Bisons in 1930, Thomas played a total of 168 games, hitting .322 with 43 doubles, 12 triples and 19 home runs in 677 at-bats.

His averaged dipped to .276 in 1931, while playing again for Newark. That season, he hit 34 doubles, four triples and six home runs. For the Montreal Royals in 1932, Thomas hit .306 with 36 doubles, seven triples and five home runs in 142 games. In 1933, he struggled mightily while splitting the season between three teams – the Harrisburg Senators, Jersey City Skeeters and Albany Senators – hitting only .235 with 26 doubles, no triples and one home run in 107 games. He played only eight games in 1934, all for the Lima Buckeyes. In those eight games, he hit only .148 with one double and one triple.

Thomas did not play professionally in 1935, although he did play in 1936. He split the season between the Jacksonville Tars and Augusta Tigers, hitting a combined .277 with 18 doubles, four triples and no home runs in 94 games. As in 1935, Thomas did not play professionally in 1937. He came back in 1938, however, hitting .250 with five doubles, no triples and no home runs in 52 games for the Palatka Azaleas.

Once again, Thomas skipped a season, not playing professionally in 1939. He came back strong in 1940, when – at 38 years old – he hit .352 with 25 doubles, one triple and no home runs in 389 at-bats for the Fort Lauderdale Tarpons. He hit above .300 in 1941 as well, hitting .301 in 96 games, splitting the season between Fort Lauderdale and the Greenville Lions. 1942 was his final professional season – in only eight games for the West Palm Beach Indians, he hit .185 in 27 at-bats.

Overall, Thomas' major league career lasted only 74 games. He hit only .221 with 11 doubles, four triples and one home run in 235 big league at-bats. His minor league career was far more successful, however. In 17 seasons, he hit .312 in 1760 games. In 6676 at-bats, he collected 2080 hits, 397 of which were doubles, 88 of which were triples and 71 of which were home runs.

After professional baseball
Thomas served in World War II following his baseball career. He engaged in the lumber business and later operated Herb's Restaurant in Starke, Florida.

Following his death, he was interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Palatka, Florida.

References

1902 births
1991 deaths
Albany Senators players
Augusta Tigers players
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Florida
Boston Braves players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Clearwater Pelicans players
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Fort Lauderdale Tarpons players
Greenville Lions (minor league) players
Harrisburg Senators players
Jacksonville Indians players
Jacksonville Tars players
Jersey City Skeeters players
Lima Buckeyes players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minor league baseball managers
Montreal Royals players
New York Giants (NL) players
Newark Bears players
Palatka Azaleas players
Providence Rubes players
Toledo Mud Hens players
West Palm Beach Indians players
Worcester Panthers players
People from Starke, Florida
Child soldiers in World War I
United States Army non-commissioned officers

Herb Thomas (outfielder)


The Sechelt Peninsula is located on the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia, just northwest of Vancouver.  It is bounded to the west by Malaspina Strait (separating it from Texada Island), to the north by Agamemnon Channel (separating it from Nelson Island) and Jervis Inlet, to the east by Sechelt Inlet (separating it from mainland British Columbia), and to the south by the Strait of Georgia (separating it from Vancouver Island.  Its approximately 350 km2 is a mixture of drier and wetter temperate rain forest.  The Caren Range extends north–south along the shore of Sechelt Inlet.  The peninsula is a popular outdoor recreation destination, containing many lakes and opportunities for shoreline and woodland hiking, including to the renowned Skookumchuk Narrows. There are several parks, the largest of which is Spipiyus Provincial Park in the interior of the peninsula.

The population of approximately 28,000 is strung out along Highway 101, which generally traces the southern and western coastline.  The major economic activities are tourism and logging.

There is just one incorporated district on the peninsula - Sechelt, located at the isthmus between Sechelt Inlet and the Georgia Strait.  Other communities include:

  Earls Cove:  Site of the ferry terminal to the upper Sunshine Coast communities of Powell River and Lund.
  Egmont
  Halfmoon Bay
  Madeira Park
  Pender Harbour
  Secret Cove

Peninsulas of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast Regional District

Sechelt Peninsula


Debra Hayward (born 15 April 1964) is a British film producer. As Head of Film at Working Title Films, Hayward frequently served as an executive producer for the company's feature films, working alongside fellow Working Title executive Liza Chasin. After producing Les Misérables, she started her own production company, Monumental Pictures.

Life and career
Born in Liverpool in 1964, the daughter of John I. Hayward and his wife Annetta Lansky, Hayward joined Working Title Films in 1989, working as a producer's assistant on films that include Fools of Fortune and Dakota Road. She later became a development executive for the company, and produced several films such as London Kills Me and Map of the Human Heart. Hayward served as Head of Film for Working Title and was creatively responsible for the company's entire slate of feature films in conjunction with her American counterpart, Liza Chasin. Both Hayward and Chasin have served as executive producers on films that include Bridget Jones's Diary, Atonement and The Boat That Rocked. More recently Hayward has worked on critically acclaimed hits Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and Senna. September 2011 saw the launch of her new production company Monumental Pictures.

Hayward's first solo film as producer was Les Misérables, which went on to win multiple awards, raising her profile.

In 2014 she started her own production house, Monumental Pictures, with fellow producer Alison Owen.

On 14 October 2018, it was announced that late singer Amy Winehouse's family had respectively signed a multi-million pound deal with Hayward's film company, Monumental Pictures to make a biopic about her life, which will be directed by Alison Owen and produced by Hayward.

She is married to the English screenwriter Will Osborne and has four children. He returned from California to marry Hayward, and they moved from London to Glandford, Norfolk.

Filmography

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
English film producers
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
British women film producers
Film people from Liverpool

Debra Hayward


The LaRue family was a family of American pioneers, primarily in Virginia and Kentucky, in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Name
The name "LaRue" is French and was spelled in many different ways over the years. Today the most common form is "Larrew" "LaRue" or "Larue", but other forms include "Larew", "LeRoux" and "LaRoux", "LaRu", "Laro", "Laroe", "l'Rue" and "l'Roe", "de la Rue" and "de la Rew", "Lerue" and "Lerew", and sometimes as only one syllable, such as "Rue" or "Roux".

History
The LaRue family and its descendants trace their ancestry back to the French Huguenot Abraham LeRoux, who sailed to America with his family around 1680 as part of a mass exodus from France. According to LaRue descendant and author of Six Generations of LaRue and Allied Families, Otis M. Mather, several attempts to trace Abraham's family to a particular individual or locality in France have been unsuccessful. However, Don Holland Watson began the search in 1961 and, along with his two sisters, visited Germany and France on several occasions, tracing the family from the sub-province of Lalloeu in France to Mannheim, in Germany, and from there to the USA, then tracking the family until modern times, all across the USA in personal visits. The photograph shown here was duplicated with Don, his wife Margarete, and dozens of LaRue family descendants in 1998. The research is current as of 2015. All of it has been posted online, at Rootsweb and Ancestry.com, originally titled "LaRue and Allied Families."  Although there are dozens of family traditions describing in various ways how Abraham and his family first arrived in America, all sources agree that some of the LaRues were murdered during or soon after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572, and afterward scattered across Europe and, eventually, America, where several members of the family were reunited.

Abraham LeRoux (LaRue) settled in New Jersey, where he died in 1712, leaving behind a son named Peter. Peter had three sons of his own; Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, from which sprang the LaRue families of Virginia and Kentucky. In 1743, Isaac LaRue purchased his first 250-acre parcel of farm land along a little stream known as Long Marsh Run in the Shenandoah Valley, in what is now part of Clarke County, Virginia. Future president George Washington, whose family lived nearby, surveyed the land for Isaac after the sale. Isaac built a log cabin to live in and, later, a two-story, coursed limestone house named Claremont, which was completed in 1778. His son Jacob settled nearby and in 1775 completed his home, Bloomfield. Another son named Jabez built his home, Villa LaRue, further to the east in the 1790s. The three houses have survived and are now part of the Long Marsh Run Rural Historic District, near Berryville, Virginia. Isaac acquired thousands of more acres of land over the years, partly with the help of a friend and neighbor named Squire Boone, who was the brother of Daniel Boone.

Over the next couple of generations, the LaRue family spread west into Kentucky and settled near what later developed into the town of Hodgenville, in LaRue County. Jacob LaRue sold Bloomfield to his brother James and built a new home near Hodgenville in 1800. Just nine years later, on February 12, 1809, future president Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm, amidst "scores of descendants of Isaac LaRue, Sr." Three LaRues are believed to have been present during Abraham Lincoln's birth; Mary Brooks LaRue Enlow, her daughter Margaret "Peggy" LaRue Walters and her cousin Rebecca Hodgen Keith. According to LaRue family tradition, Mary Enlow assisted Nancy Hanks Lincoln in delivering her baby, who was mistakenly thought to be named after Mary's sixteen-year-old son, Abraham Enlow, because Abraham had helped Thomas Lincoln in finding assistance for his pregnant wife earlier that day. They were unaware that Abraham was named after his paternal grandfather .

A few years later, the Lincoln family moved to a new home about five miles away, but Abraham often returned to visit Hodgen's grist mill, near his birthplace. At the time, Hodgen's Mill was owned by Robert and Sarah LaRue Hodgen. Abraham probably spent much of his time in the Hodgen home, which was right next to the mill. Abraham's schoolmate and childhood friend, Austin Gollaher, later wrote in his book The Boyhood of Abraham Lincoln that it was from "his mother and from Mrs. Hodgen Abraham learned his A B C's". He also claimed that Sarah's son, John Hodgen, was Lincoln's "childhood hero". The Lincoln family eventually moved away to Indiana in 1816, when Abraham was nearly eight years old. He never again saw the place of his birth. Hodgen's Mill became the town of Hodgensville just a few years later.

During the Civil War, the LaRue family was split in two. In the 1840 census it was listed that John LaRue owned two slaves. Most remained loyal to the Union, but several descendants served the Confederacy. On the Confederate side, one LaRue became a brigadier general, while another rose to the rank of major. Many others served in lesser positions and in the ranks of the Confederate Army. On the Union side, one man was about to be promoted to colonel when he was elected to serve in Congress. Several others served as captains and lieutenants, enough to "officer a regiment", according to Mather.

Benjamin Hardin Helm was the son of Governor John LaRue Helm and the brother-in-law of Abraham Lincoln through his wife Emilie Todd, who was a half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln. Helm and Lincoln were close friends before the outbreak of the Civil War, but were driven apart like so many other families at the time. Helm later joined the Confederacy, rose to the rank of brigadier general, and took command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade, better known as the Orphan Brigade. Helm was mortally wounded by a sharpshooter in the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863, while leading his men into action against a well-fortified Union line. Lincoln and Mary were greatly disturbed when they heard the news of the death of their old friend, and had to go into private mourning in the White House. Lincoln also allowed Helm's widow, Emilie, to pass through Union lines to visit him and his wife.

Over the years, many LaRues went west, settling in Michigan, Iowa, Arkansas, Kansas, California, Texas, Oregon, and elsewhere. The most successful was Hugh McElroy LaRue, who followed the Oregon Trail and eventually settled in California, becoming one of the founding pioneers of Sacramento. In addition to raising crops and horses, Hugh served as sheriff of Sacramento County, member of the California Assembly, the director of the State Agricultural Association, a railroad commissioner and the president of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers.

Notable family members
 Anthoine, Abraham I, Abraham II, the Immigrant, Peter LaRue
 Isaac LaRue, Sr. (1712–1795); Virginia pioneer, original owner of Claremont
 Jacob LaRue (1744–1821); Virginia pioneer, original owner of Bloomfield
 John LaRue (1746–1792); Kentucky pioneer, namesake for LaRue County, Kentucky
 Jabez LaRue (1768–1823); Virginia pioneer, original owner of Villa LaRue
 Hugh McElroy LaRue (1830–1906); California pioneer, Sheriff of Sacramento County, California
 Mary Brooks LaRue Enlow (1766–1843); Midwife for the birth of Abraham Lincoln
 Sarah LaRue Hodgen (1757–1825); Wife of Kentucky pioneer Robert Hodgen, helped teach Abraham Lincoln how to read
 John Hodgen (1783–1850); Childhood friend of Abraham Lincoln, son of Robert and Sarah LaRue Hodgen
 Rebecca Hodgen Keith (1784–1845); Wife of Major General John Thomas, daughter of Robert and Sarah LaRue Hodgen
 William Anderson Hodgen (1824–1850s); Entire family massacred by Indians in Oregon Territory, son of John and Diedamia LaRue Hodgen
 Philip Oscar Hodgen (1846–1894); Escaped Andersonville Prison during the Civil War, grandson of John and Diedamia LaRue Hodgen
 John LaRue Helm (1802–1867); State Senator and Governor of Kentucky
 Benjamin Hardin Helm (1831–1863); Confederate Brigadier General, Abraham Lincoln's brother-in-law, son of John LaRue Helm
 George Helm Yeaman (1829–1908); Minister to Denmark, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky, grandson of George and Rebecca LaRue Helm
 Margaret Helm Clay (1779–1851); Wife of Kentucky pioneer Colonel Henry Clay, daughter of Joseph and Rebecca LaRue Helm
 Bartell LaRue (1932–1990); American voice actor
 Custer LaRue (b. 1953); Early Renaissance and Baroque soprano vocalist, daughter of James Wilmore LaRue, lead singer for The Baltimore Consort between 1983 and 2004
 Stevie Ray Vaughan (1954-1990); guitarist, fourth great-grandson of Jacob LaRue (1744-1821)
 Rusty LaRue (b. 1973); Professional basketball player and coach

Gallery

See also

 Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln
 Helm Place (Elizabethtown, Kentucky)
 Larue-Layman House

References

American families of French ancestry
History of Virginia
History of Kentucky
Virginia pioneers
Kentucky pioneers
Kentucky in the American Civil War
Abraham Lincoln

LaRue family


BrainBounce! was produced by Megafun Productions and aired on TV Ontario from 2001 to 2004. It currently airs on Discovery Kids in the UK. The series was shot in Montreal and Toronto as a "piggyback" production: the original French version, Le Monde a la Loupe (hosted by Stéphanie Allaire) was shot at the same time in each location.

Each episode begins in an "ordinary" place - a camp site, a dance studio, a movie theatre - and jumps into one fantasy world after another as more questions are discovered. Some have described the show as "stream-of-consciousness" or "encyclopedia" television. Subjects such as art, music, science, animals, the human body are explored by way of sketches, interviews with guest experts, experiments and mini-documentaries.

Content
Julie Zwillich plays herself as the main host of the show, and also plays most of the characters who appear in her "brainbounces". Zwillich also wrote the lyrics for and sings the theme song at the beginning of the show.

Characters
Elsa Fullbrain
Pabla Picante
Salvador Dalí (voice)
Giant Stick of Gum
Barry Metric
Pain (Cavity)
Scott McScotia
Connie Contatious
Cow (voice)
Chanel the Skunk (voice)
Farm Dog (voice)
Silent Film Starlet
Kathleen Kleen
Bedouin
Alien (voice)

Episodes
The Cemetery
The Street Busker
The Cinema
The Cliff
The Pool
The Apartment
The Farm
The Video Store
The Dance Class
The Shopping Center
The Dentist
The Supermarket
The Campsite

External links
Brainbounce! on TV Ontario's website
Brainbounce! poster on Julie Zwillich's website
Brainbounce! on Telefilm's website

2000s Canadian children's television series
TVO original programming
2001 Canadian television series debuts
2004 Canadian television series endings

BrainBounce!


Symbols of the Netherlands are items or symbols that have symbolic meaning to, or represent, the Netherlands.There  symbols are seen in official capacities, such as flags, coats of arms, postage stamps, and currency, and in URLs. They appear less formally as recurring themes in  literature, art and folk art, heraldry, monuments, clothing, personal decoration, and as the names of parks, bridges, streets, and clubs. The less formal manifestations may be classified as national emblems.

Official symbols

Flag

Coat of arms

Dutch orange lion
One of the symbols with which the Dutch associate themselves, is with a Lion called the Dutch Lion. The symbol is especially widely used with football.

National Anthem

Wilhelmus

Other

The colour orange has long been associated with the Netherlands due to Willem van Orange.

Other things commonly associated with the Netherlands include tulips, clogs, Gouda cheese and windmills.

Culture of the Netherlands

National symbols of the Netherlands


Attitudinal analytics is a marketing technology application that involves the integration of online surveys that capture visitor intent and critical demographic attributes with the tracking of explicit behavior through click stream monitoring on websites.   This quantitative user experience collects data from thousands of user sessions rather than hundreds. This data is typically compared against key performance indicators for performance, customer satisfaction and overall customer experience success or failure.  Reports of finding and recommendations are used to improve a website or customer experience program that is heavily dependent upon the use of an online campaigns driving traffic to a website or collection of sites.  Offline measurement can also be incorporated to extend the customer experience understanding to illuminate what elements of the online experience impacted offline behavior such as purchasing in a store or visiting a branch office.

Several vendors provide attitudinal analytics solutions as stand-alone offerings.  Leading web analytics players are also providing partner integration frameworks to better integrate silos of intent, attitudinal and behavioral data.

References

Case Study

https://web.archive.org/web/20080311081258/http://www.usabilitysciences.com/category/case-studies/

Usability
Web analytics
Customer experience

Attitudinal analytics


Henry Marsden (c.1625 – 4 January 1688) was an English landowner and Member of Parliament.

He was the son of John Marsden, a Clitheroe headmaster and educated as an attorney at Staple Inn and Gray's Inn. In 1674 he bought Wennington Hall in Wennington, Lancashire from the Morley family.

He was a Justice of the Peace for the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1667 to his death, for Lancashire from 1676 to his death and for Gloucestershire and Carmarthenshire from 1680 to his death. He was a deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire from 1680 to his death.

He was elected MP for Clitheroe in 1680 and 1681.

He died in 1688. He had married Jennet, the daughter of Adam Mort of Preston, Lancashire, with whom he had six daughters.

References

1688 deaths
Deputy Lieutenants of Lancashire
English landowners
Members of Gray's Inn
1620s births
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1681

Henry Marsden (MP)


Carpe Jugulum (; Latatian for "go for the throat", cf. Carpe diem) is a comic fantasy novel by English writer Terry Pratchett, the twenty-third in the Discworld series. It was first published in 1998.

In Carpe Jugulum, Terry Pratchett pastiches the traditions of vampire literature, playing with the mythic archetypes and featuring a tongue-in-cheek reversal of 'vampyre' subculture with young vampires who wear bright clothes, drink wine, and stay up until noon.

Plot summary
Count Magpyr and family, vampires from Überwald, are invited to the naming of Magrat and King Verence's daughter, to be conducted by the Omnian priest, the Quite Reverend Mightily-Praiseworthy-Are-Ye-Who-Exalteth-Om 'Mightily' Oats, a recent graduate from theological college. During the party after the ceremony, Verence tells Nanny Ogg and Agnes Nitt that the Count has informed him that the Magpyr family intend to move into Lancre Castle and take over. Due to a type of hypnotism, everyone seems to consider this plan to be perfectly acceptable. Only the youngest witch, Agnes, and Mightily Oats seem able to resist the vampiric mind control, due to their being "in two minds about everything" (resulting from her Perdita persona, and his contemplation of the tenets of the myriad schismatic sects of Omnianism). Because of her ability to resist his influence, the Magpyr son, Vlad, is attracted to Agnes and makes many advances on her including trying to convince her to become a vampire. Meanwhile, the castle falconer Hodgesaargh goes out searching for a phoenix after discovering a phoenix feather.

Meanwhile, Granny Weatherwax, feeling slighted by not receiving an invitation to the ceremony, has left her cottage empty and seems to be working towards a life in a cave, almost like a hermit. After they have left the hypnotic influence of the Vampires, Agnes, Nanny Ogg and Magrat attempt to convince her to help them save Lancre, but apparently without success, even after Granny is informed that her gilt-edged invitation was stolen by a magpie.

The three witches return to Lancre to take on the Count and his family without her, but because the Magpyr family have built up a tolerance for the normal methods of defeating a vampire, such as garlic, bright light, and religious symbols, this is not so easily done. Just when it seems all is lost, Granny Weatherwax comes through the front door, soaked to the bone and swaying with exhaustion. Nanny Ogg and Magrat use Granny's assault upon the Count as a distraction to escape, leaving Granny, Agnes and Brother Oats with the Vampires. Granny is unable to get through the Count's mental defences, and the Magpyrs feed on her, with the intention of transforming her into a vampire. Nanny attempts to organise resistance against the Magpyrs, rallying her extended family to form a mob, and promising the Nac Mac Feegle (a race of six-inch-high, blue-skinned militant fairy folk evicted from Überwald by the Magpyrs as an "outdated" race) an uninhabited island in exchange for an alliance against the Magpyrs.

Igor, the servant of the Magpyrs, is hated by the Magpyrs for his traditionalist "more gothic than thou" attitude, as Igor tries to keep the "tradithionalitht" ways alive often against the wishes of the modern current Count Magpyr, including forcing spiders to spin cobwebs. Igor has a pet dog named Scraps, made from the parts of several dogs.

Nanny Ogg, Magrat, and Magrat's infant daughter, Esmerelda Margaret Note Spelling of Lancre, escape with the help of the rebelling Igor (who appears to have a crush on Nanny), but are forced to detour to Überwald and end up in the Magpyrs' castle. Agnes is kidnapped by the Magpyrs' son and their clan, who give chase by flying. After being taken to the village of Escrow where the Magpyrs have established a means of feeding similar to tax-gathering, Agnes instigates a rebellion against the Vampires.

Granny Weatherwax struggles against the vampirism inside her and thrusts the pain this causes into the iron of the castle forge's anvil. She is only able to defeat the vampirism after she looks inside herself and faces the darker side of her nature, but the struggle leaves her barely able to stand, let alone defeat the Count. Granny also surmises that there was a phoenix in the mews the entire times Hodgesaargh was out searching for one, having taken the shape of a hawk (having hatched amongst them).

While Magrat and her daughter hide in Igor's dungeon quarters, Nanny and Igor begin fighting against the Magpyrs, using the considerable stock of Holy water and other religious symbols that were originally collected by old Count Magpyr (who is described as having been "a sportsman"). Surprisingly (for the Magpyr family, at least), the old-fashioned ways to defeat vampires that they thought themselves protected against start to work again (with conditioning against religious symbols resulting in the recognition of such in any random pattern). They don't understand what the problem is, although they start to have bizarre cravings for "hot, sweet strong tea and biscuits", a combination that has them feeling quite upset (it not being their usual craving for blood).

All is revealed when Granny (who has "helped" Mightily Oats to Überwald by being carried by him), tells them that — far from turning her into a Vampire — they have, instead, been 'Weatherwaxed'; she had magically "Borrowed" her own blood, which they drank, allowing her past their mental defences. The Magpyrs find themselves unable to harm Magrat's daughter, or do anything else that Granny herself is unable to do (e.g. fly).  They are even more horrified when they find out that Igor has re-awakened the old Count Magpyr (having gone into his crypt and spilled a drop of blood on the old Count's cremated ashes), and that the people of Überwald would prefer the old Count to their new, modern type of vampirism. Oats gives the new Count a mortal wound across the neck with an axe (though for vampires, mortal wounds aren't necessarily the end), and the old Count is left to teach the two young Magpyrs (Lacrimosa and Vlad) the "old ways." The three vampires are last seen turning into a flock of magpies and disappearing into the darkness of the castle roof. The novel ends with Nanny organising her relatives to attend a sermon by Oats, as he plans to travel to Überwald continue his missionary work; before he leaves, King Verence presents him with an axe-shaped pendent (replacing his Omian turtle pendent which he lost earlier), and Agnes presents him with a poultice for his facial boil.

Characters

Granny Weatherwax
Nanny Ogg
Agnes Nitt
Mightily Oats
Magrat Garlick
Verence II
Esmerelda Margaret Note Spelling of Lancre
Count de Magpyr
Bela de Magpyr
Vlad de Magpyr
Lacrimosa de Magpyr

References

External links

Annotations for Carpe Jugulum
Quotes from Carpe Jugulum

1998 British novels
Discworld books
Vampire novels
1998 fantasy novels
British comedy novels

Carpe Jugulum


Donald McRae (born 1961) is a South African writer.

Born in Germiston in 1961, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1984.

McRae is noted as the only two-time winner of the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award with Dark Trade: Lost in Boxing in 1996 (2nd ed. Hamilcar Publications, 2019) and In Black and White: The Untold Story of Joe Louis and Jesse Owens in 2002. His other works include Every Second Counts: the Race to Transplant the First Human Heart (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2006), The Great Trials of Clarence Darrow: The Landmark Cases of Leopold and Loeb, John T. Scopes, and Ossian Sweet, published in 2009,  A Man's World: The Double Life of Emile Griffith (Simon & Schuster, 2015), Steven Gerrard: My Story (Joseph/Penguin, 2015), and In Sunshine Or In Shadow: How Boxing Brought Hope In The Troubles.

References

1961 births
Living people
South African writers
People from Germiston
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom
The Guardian people

Donald McRae (author)


Brennan Philip Boesch (born April 12, 1985) is an American  former professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2010 with the Detroit Tigers and won the American League Rookie of the Month Award the first two full months he was in the major leagues. He has also played in MLB for the New York Yankees, Los Angeles Angels, and Cincinnati Reds.

High school career
Boesch played high school baseball at Harvard-Westlake School in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. As a junior, Baseball America ranked him one of the top 25 prospects in the country. He won the World Wood Bat Championship as a member of Team Baseball America, was selected Best Hitter at the Area Code Games, Best Power Hitter at the Team One Nationals and won the Daily News Invitational Home Run Derby. In his senior year he batted .490 with seven home runs and was selected First Team All-CIF and a First Team High School All-American for the All-American Game.

College career
On the day University of California coaches came to scout him, Boesch swung at only three pitches – all for home runs. Highly recruited by professional scouts and colleges, Boesch chose the University of California, Berkeley, where he hit the ball out of the park in his first college at bat. Boesch played three years of college baseball at Berkeley from 2004 to 2006. He was awarded All-Pac-10 first team honors as a sophomore center fielder. He was the winner of the 2005 Clint Evans Award as the team's best hitter and co-winner of the team award for most valuable player. In 2005, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Bourne Braves and the Brewster Whitecaps.

Professional career

Minor Leagues

Following his junior season, he was drafted in the third round of 2006 Major League Baseball Draft by the Detroit Tigers.

Boesch began his minor league career in 2006 with the short season Oneonta Tigers, where he was a NY-Penn League All-Star. With the Single-A West Michigan Whitecaps, in 2007, Boesch led all of Single A in RBIs and was third in hits. With the Double-A Erie SeaWolves, Boesch led the Eastern League in home runs (28) and won the MILB Round Trippers Award for leading all of AA in home runs, en route to his selection by Baseball America as Best Power Prospect AA. With the AA Seawolves, Boesch was named the Seawolves' Most Valuable Player, League Mid-Season All-Star, Post-Season All-Star, led the league in total bases and extra base hits. He finished fourth in runs scored and third in RBIs. Boesch also won a Gold Glove as he led the league with 15 outfield assists. Boesch was added to the Tigers 40-man roster and started the 2010 season with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. After winning Tigers Minor League Player of the Month in his first month in AAA, Boesch was called to the Major Leagues on April 23, 2010.

Detroit Tigers

2010

The Tigers called up Boesch from the Toledo Mud Hens to replace the injured Carlos Guillén on April 23, 2010. Boesch made his major league debut the same day in a game against the Texas Rangers. Boesch hit a double off the left-field wall on the first pitch in his first major league at-bat.

Boesch hit his first major league home run—a grand slam off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Joel Piñeiro—on April 30. Coming in the same inning as Scott Sizemore's first career home run, it was the first time two Tigers had hit their first career home runs in the same inning since Pop Dillon and Kid Elberfeld did it in 1901.

Boesch was named the American League Rookie of the Month for May and June 2010 and Tigers Player of the Month in June. In his rookie season Boesch topped all American League rookies with 14 home runs and 67 RBIs. He finished fifth in the AL Rookie of the Year voting.

2011
After placing fifth in American League Rookie of the Year voting, Boesch's 2011 campaign began with him earning a starting position in the Tigers outfield. He started the season strong, leading the American League in June with 41 hits and a .380 batting average, but after establishing career bests with 75 runs scored, 121 hits, 16 home runs, and a .283 batting average, Boesch's season ended when he suffered a torn ligament in his hand in early August. It was the first time in his baseball career that Brennan had been sidelined by a serious injury.

2012
His 2011–12 off-season focused on a long post-surgery rehabilitation, and Boesch started the 2012 season slowly. He had his best month in July, when he hit .295, with 4 home runs and 17 RBIs. But after July, with his playing time reduced, Boesch completed his season with a .240 batting average, 12 home runs and 54 RBIs. Against the Chicago White Sox, in two key games during the pennant race, Boesch hit two game-winning home runs off Sox lefty Chris Sale, the only home runs Sale gave up all year to a left-handed batter.

Eligible for arbitration after three years of MLB service, the Tigers, in January 2013, signed Boesch to a one-year, $2.3 million contract for the 2013 season, but the Tigers also signed free agent All-Star outfielder Torii Hunter.

New York Yankees

2013
With Hunter lodged in right field, the Tigers released Boesch on March 13, 2013.  The very next day the New York Yankees offered Boesch a Major League contract.  In 23 games with the Yankees, Boesch hit .275 with 3 homeruns, and posted career highs with a slugging percentage of .529 and OPS of .831.  On two different occasions, May 8 versus the Colorado Rockies and May 25 versus the Tampa Bay Rays, Boesch delivered clutch game winning hits in the ninth inning.

While Boesch was on a rehab assignment in AAA recovering from a slight muscle tear, the Yankees released him in order to make room on the roster to replace the injured All-Star shortstop Derek Jeter with another infielder.

Boesch, a free agent going into the 2013 off season, played for the Escondigo Leones of the Dominican Republic Winter League where among other things he worked on sharpening his eye.  Boesch was among league leaders in bases on balls and showed no ill effects from the injury that sidelined him.

Los Angeles Angels

2014
On January 28, 2014, Boesch signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels. The contract included an invitation to spring training. On April 16, Boesch was called up and reached base on a fielding error on third baseman Josh Donaldson of the Oakland Athletics in his first plate appearance for the Angels. He was given a jersey numbered 00 – which he later called a distraction – and switched to No. 28.

The Angels designated Boesch for assignment on October 7, 2014. He elected free agency on October 9.

Cincinnati Reds

2015
On November 26, 2014, Boesch signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds. He elected free agency on November 4, 2015.

Boston Red Sox
Boesch signed a minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox in January 2016. He elected free agency following the season on November 7.

Boesch announced his retirement from professional baseball the following spring, on April 11, 2017.

Personal life
Boesch was born in Santa Monica, California. His father, Phil, is a prominent Los Angeles-area attorney with an office in Santa Monica. His mother, Vivian, is the operator of The Venice Beach House, a boutique hotel in Venice Beach, California.

He married interior designer and former Fox Sports Detroit spokesperson Allison Ochmanek in November 2015. They divorced in September 2019.

Boesch is fluent in Spanish.

References

External links

Living people
1985 births
Baseball players from Santa Monica, California
Major League Baseball right fielders
Detroit Tigers players
New York Yankees players
Los Angeles Angels players
Cincinnati Reds players
California Golden Bears baseball players
Erie SeaWolves players
Harvard-Westlake School alumni
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Lakeland Flying Tigers players
Oneonta Tigers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Bourne Braves players
Brewster Whitecaps players
West Michigan Whitecaps players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Salt Lake Bees players

Brennan Boesch


Rebecca Alie O'Connell (née Romijn;  ; , born November 6, 1972) is an American actress and former model. She is known for her role as Mystique in the original trilogy (2000–2006) of the X-Men film series, as Joan from The Punisher (2004) (both based on Marvel Comics), the dual roles of Laure Ash and Lily Watts in Femme Fatale (2002), and Una Chin-Riley on Star Trek: Discovery (2019) and Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022present). She has also had a recurring role as Alexis Meade on the ABC television series Ugly Betty. Her other major roles include Eve Baird on the TNT series The Librarians, voicing Lois Lane in the DC Animated Movie Universe, and as the host of the reality competition show Skin Wars.

Early life
Romijn was born in Berkeley, California. Her mother, Elizabeth Romijn (née Kuizenga), is a community college instructor of English as a Second Language (ESL) and textbook author. Rebecca's father, Jaap Romijn, is a custom furniture maker. Her father is a native of Barneveld, the Netherlands, while her mother is an American of Dutch and English ancestry. Her mother met Rebecca's father as a teenager while living in the Netherlands on a student exchange program. Romijn's maternal grandfather, Henry Bernard Kuizenga, was a Presbyterian minister and seminary professor.

On The Ellen DeGeneres Show, when questioned about always being glamorous and beautiful, Romijn revealed that in her early teens she was an insecure "drama geek" and that, as a result of her growth spurt, she suffered from scoliosis and was in constant pain. Many sources say that she was once nicknamed the "Jolly Blonde Giant" because of her  height, but she has admitted to making that up "for a laugh". While studying music (voice) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, she became involved with fashion modeling and eventually moved to Paris, where she lived for more than three years.

Career
Among other jobs, Romijn started her modeling career in 1991. She has appeared on the covers of American, French, Spanish, Russian and Swedish editions of Elle, Marie Claire, American, Italian, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Russian, Greek, and Mexican editions of Cosmopolitan, Allure, Glamour, GQ, Esquire, and Sports Illustrated.

She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Escada, Christian Dior, La Perla, Tommy Hilfiger, Furla, Liz Claiborne, J. Crew, Victoria's Secret, bebe, La Senza, Dillard's, Pantene, Got Milk?, Miller Lite, and Maybelline. She has walked for Giorgio Armani, Sonia Rykiel, and Anna Molinari along with the likes of Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, Karen Mulder, Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Helena Christensen and Christy Turlington. She was also the host of MTV's House of Style from 1998 to 2000. Romijn has been featured numerous times in annual lists of the world's most beautiful women by publications such as Maxim (2003–2007), AskMen.com (2001–2003, 2005–2006), and FHM (2000–2005). She appeared as a guest in the animated talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode "Chinatown".

In 2000's X-Men, Romijn had her first major film role as Mystique; she returned to the role in 2003's sequel X2 and for X-Men: The Last Stand (2006). In these films, her costume consisted of blue makeup and some strategically placed prosthetics on her otherwise nude body. In X2 she shows up in a bar in one scene in her "normal" look and in X-Men: The Last Stand, as a dark-haired "de-powered" Mystique. The role has since been recast with Jennifer Lawrence playing the younger version of the character. She had her first leading role in Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale (2002). She also has starred in films such as Rollerball, The Punisher, and Godsend. She played the leading role in Pepper Dennis, a short-lived TV series on The WB.

In January 2007, Romijn made her first appearance on the ABC series Ugly Betty as a full-time regular cast member. She played Alexis Meade, a transgender woman and the sister of lead character Daniel Meade. In April 2008, it was reported that Romijn would only be appearing as a recurring character in Season 3 due to a change in direction by the writing staff (aligning with Romijn's pregnancy, which would have been inconsistent with her character's storyline). In November 2007, Romijn made a guest appearance on the ABC series Carpoolers, where she played the ex-wife of the character Laird, played by her real-life husband Jerry O'Connell.

Romijn starred in the ABC series Eastwick, reuniting her with her former Pepper Dennis co-star, Lindsay Price, before ABC canceled the show on November 9, 2009. She appears in an uncredited cameo in the 2011 feature film X-Men: First Class, appearing as an older version of the character played by Jennifer Lawrence. Romijn appeared as lab worker Jessie on the Adult Swim live-action show NTSF:SD:SUV:: for two seasons.
Between June and September 2013, she starred in TNT's series King & Maxwell as Michelle Maxwell, a former Secret Service agent who works as a private investigator.

In addition to her film ventures, Romijn has also recorded music, performing a cover of Prince's "Darling Nikki" for the 2005 album Electro Goth Tribute to Prince. She was also featured on the song "Color Me Love" for RuPaul's eighth studio album Realness in 2015.

She starred as Eve Baird, the guardian of the eponymous group in The Librarians, a direct spin-off of The Librarian film series. She also hosted GSN's original series and reality show Skin Wars. In 2018 she voiced Lois Lane in the DC Animated Movie Universe. In 2019, she was a recurring guest in the second season of Star Trek: Discovery, playing the character of Una Chin-Riley, first officer of the USS Enterprise. She reprised the role in the spin-off series Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, which was released in 2022. She and husband O'Connell are currently the hosts of The Real Love Boat, which premiered October 5, 2022 on CBS.

Personal life
Romijn began dating actor John Stamos in 1994 after they met at a Victoria's Secret fashion show where she was modeling. They became engaged on Christmas Eve 1997, and married on September 19, 1998, at the Beverly Hills Hotel. During the marriage, she used the name Rebecca Romijn-Stamos personally and professionally. They announced their separation in April 2004. Stamos filed for divorce in August 2004, and it became final on March 1, 2005.

Romijn resumed using her maiden name, but revealed in an August 2013 interview on Conan that she had never legally changed her name back from Romijn-Stamos after a Conan staff member noticed "Romijn-Stamos" on her driver's license.

In 2004, Romijn started dating actor Jerry O'Connell. They became engaged in September 2005, and married at their home in Calabasas, California, on July 14, 2007. They have twin daughters, born in 2008.

Filmography

Film

Television

Other work

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1972 births
American female models
American film actresses
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Living people
Actresses from Berkeley, California
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

Rebecca Romijn


A Shi'ite Anthology was written by Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai and translated by William Chittick, State University of New York Press. 1981.
Created by the Prophet Muhammad and his twelve Imams, the Hadith is an ancient and profoundly influential body of religious texts in Shia Muslim literature, second in importance only to the Koran itself.

Texts on the practical aspects of life and pure metaphysics are included in this first English translations of excerpts from the Hadith. Especially selected for the Western reader by the renowned Islamic scholar Tabataba'i, the passages from the hadith shed light on the culture, history, law, and theology of the Shi'ite community and provide direct translations of some of the most famous of Islamic prayers.
"This volume is particularly pertinent at the present moment, when volcanic eruptions and powerful waves of a political nature associated with the name of Islam in general and Shi'ism in particular have made an authentic knowledge of things Islamic imperative, lest ignorance destroy the very foundations of human society and the relations which make discourse between various nations and religious communities possible."—Seyyed Hossein Nasr

Allamah Sayyed Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i is the author of many studies in Islamic philosophy. His book Shia Islam, edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, was also published by the State University of New York Press.

Shia literature

A Shia Anthology


Mischler Financial Group is the American financial services industry's oldest minority investment bank and institutional brokerage owned and operated by Service-Disabled-Veterans and is the first Finra member firm to become a federally-certified-Service Disabled Veteran Business Enterprise (SDVBE). Mischler Financial Group is based in Newport Beach, California, with co-headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut and regional offices in Chicago, Illinois, Boston, Massachusetts, Red Bank, New Jersey, and Detroit, Michigan.

History
In 1989, California established the Disabled Veteran Business Enterprise (DVBE) Program, which formally classified service-disabled veterans (SDVs) as a minority group for the purpose of state and municipal government contract awards and entitled Service-Disabled Veteran Owned Businesses (SDVOBs) the same recognition as that provided to other State-recognized minority business owners, including women-owned businesses, African-American-owned businesses and Hispanic-American-owned businesses. The Act promoted self-reliance for California's disabled veterans by offering veterans the opportunity to gain experience in and provide resources by which disabled veterans could pursue the establishment of their own businesses with the same opportunities available to minority-owned businesses. Soon thereafter, Walter Mischler, then a senior manager for a regional securities brokerage in Southern California whose earlier career path began as a graduate of the United States Military Academy, and who then served two tours in the Vietnam War before sustaining injuries that led to his receiving a service-disabled certification, was determined to create his own investment firm and leverage the resources and opportunities provided to service-disabled veterans under recent state, and soon thereafter, federal legislation.

In 1994, under Walt Mischler's leadership, The Mischler Financial Group became the very first minority broker-dealer to be owned and operated by service-disabled veterans and the soon after, became the first federally-certified SDV-owned business enterprise operating within the financial services industry.
Since its formation, the firm has grown from its role as a small boutique firm with five employees operating out of a Newport Beach office to employing more than 50 financial industry professionals with offices in five major US cities. The firm is committed to mentoring service-disabled veterans as they seek roles within the private sector as well as the financial services industry, advocates on behalf of multiple organizations that promote opportunities and support for the service-disabled veteran community, and is dedicated to hiring qualified veterans for roles within the firm when opportunities arise. 20% of the firm's employees are service-disabled veterans, including Walt Mischler, the founder/chairman emeritus, and Dean Chamberlain, the firm's CEO and principal.

In November 2018, Mischler entered into a strategic partnership with GTS Securities, the NYSE largest Designated Market-Maker and multi-asset electronic market-maker. That arrangement included GTS making an equity investment in Mischler where GTS becomes a minority stake-holder.

In 2019, Mischler expand its company's cash management capabilities and market fund to be led by La-Yona Rauls and Christopher Walsh.

Management

Walter Mischler
Walter Mischler, the founder of the firm (now retired) remains chairman emeritus of Mischler Financial Group. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and served as an infantry officer for the United States Army during the Vietnam War. After sustaining combat injuries that led to his service-disabled veteran certification and leaving the military, Mischler worked in sales for companies like Procter & Gamble, Squibb Pharmaceutical, and Black & Decker. Mischler was working for Liberty Capital Markets Inc. as an account executive when he learned of California's Disabled Veteran Business Enterprise (DVBE) Program, and left his job to start his own business and Mischler Financial Group was created in 1994.

Dean Chamberlain
Dean Chamberlain is the chief executive officer and principal of Mischler Financial Group and has served in this role since January 2013. Chamberlain is a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he received a Bachelor of Science Degree in mechanical engineering management, and thereafter he served 6 years as an officer in the U.S. Army before he sustained injuries in the line of duty that led to his being certified as service-disabled.  He then received a master's degree in business administration from J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University. Prior to being appointed CEO of Mischler Financial Group in 2013, Chamberlain's Wall Street career included senior roles for leading investment banks. Immediately prior to joining Mischler Financial Group, Chamberlain worked for Nomura Securities International, Inc. from 2005 to 2011, where he held many positions, including the head of fixed income for Americas and managing director and deputy head of fixed income. Prior to his employment at Nomura Securities, Chamberlain worked for the  Bank of America Securities LLC managing the Midwest distribution of mortgage-related and structured products.

Doyle Holmes
Doyle Holmes is the president and chief operating officer at the Mischler Financial Group. Holmes attended Golden Gate University in San Francisco, California, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in business administration. Holmes has had a lot of experience working in leadership positions in the financial industry. Holmes has worked as the president and CEO for Liberty Monetary Services, president and CEO for Liberty Capital Markets and managing director of fixed income for Gilford Securities, Inc. Holmes worked at Gilford Securities, Inc. until 1996, when he left to work at Mischler Financial Group.

Lt. General H.R. McMaster (Ret.)
Former US National Security Advisor to the President of the United States, Lt. General Herbert Raymond ("H.R") McMaster (Ret.) was appointed Special Advisor to Mischler Financial Group in December 2020.
General McMaster, whose distinguished military career extended over thirty-four years prior to his retirement in 2018, holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in American history, and serves as a guest lecturer at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business. He is also a member of the Board of Directors for Zoom Video Communications, Inc. As a Special Advisor to Mischler, General McMaster will offer distinctive geopolitical and global macro insight to the firm's Fortune 500 treasury clients and to the institutional investors and asset managers who rely on Mischler for helping them navigate domestic and global financial markets.

Philanthropy
Mischler Financial Group committed to not only hiring and training qualified service-disabled veterans, the firm is committed to giving back to the veteran and SDV community. Mischler Financial Group has advocated SDV legislation since introduced in various States and has helped raise millions of dollars and directly donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to Service-Disabled Veteran support programs including, among others, Wounded Warrior Project,  The Fisher House Foundation,  The Children of Fallen Patriots Foundation,   Bob Woodruff Foundation, and Lead The Way Fund.

Investment banking presence
Thanks in part to Mischler Financial Group's minority (aka diversity-certified) designations [SDVOSB and MBE), coupled with the capital markets capabilities, the firm's management and employees, many of whom are service-disabled veterans, who before joining Mischler had previously served in senior capital markets roles for the financial industry's premier investment firms, Mischler has established a notable presence across the primary debt and equities capital markets. Mischler has played a role as underwriting manager, co-manager and or selling group member on behalf of dozens of Fortune corporations in the course of their issuing billions of dollars of new debt and equity issuance. Mischler Financial Group has helped to underwrite debt capital market deals for among others,  GE Capital, Fannie Mae, Bank of America, Chevron Corporation, PG&E, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup,  Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, and has been awarded mandates to serve as co-manager and/or selling group member for a number of the most widely followed initial public offerings (IPOs), including Uber, Lyft, Snap Inc, Alibaba and Twitter.

Corporate events
In recent years, Mischler Financial has been selected by the New York Federal Reserve Bank on two recent occasions to be one of a very short list of firms designated to participate in pilot programs that intended to level the playing field by enabling those select minority firms to serve side-by-side with the 21 global banks that the Federal Reserve has designated to be primary dealers. This means that Mischler Financial Group is one of only a few non-primary dealers designated by the New York Federal Reserve Bank to serve in the same capacity as the 21 primary government dealers in connection with the distribution of new debt issues from the United States Government and facilitate the US Treasury's QE-related bond repurchase program on behalf of the United States Government.

References

American companies established in 1994
Financial services companies established in 1994
Banks established in 1994
Investment banks in the United States
Financial markets
Financial services companies based in California
Brokerage firms
Companies based in Newport Beach, California

Mischler Financial Group


Krigia virginica, also known as dwarf dandelion or Virginia dwarf dandelion, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. This plant is a spring annual, consisting of a small rosette of leaves up to 6" across and one or more flowering stalks up to 14" tall. Individual plants can bloom while they are a remarkably small size (only 2" across). The basal leaves are up to 3" long and ¾" across. They are light green, oblanceolate, and often pinnatifid with shallow lobes that are pointed at their tips. Their margins are often ciliate, slightly undulate, and sparingly dentate. Each flowering stalk is unbranched and devoid of leaves; it is largely hairless, although there may be a few scattered hairs along its length, especially near the top. Both the basal leaves and flowering stalks contain a white latex.

Each stalk terminates in a flowerhead about ½" across. This flowerhead consists of several spreading ray florets that are truncate with 5 teeth at their tips; these florets are bright golden yellow. The base of each flowerhead consists of 9-18 floral bracts in a single series; these bracts are lanceolate and about ¼" in length. They are erect while the flowerhead is blooming, but eventually become reflexed when the achenes mature. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to mid-summer and lasts about 2–3 months for a colony of plants. The small achenes are bullet-shaped (tapered at the base, but truncate at the top). Each achene has 5 small scales and a tuft of 5 hairs at its apex; the hairs are longer than the scales. These achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system consists of a tuft of fibrous roots. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.

References

External links

Flora of North America: Krigia virginica

Cichorieae
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the United States
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Krigia virginica


Timothy Lee "Tim" Richmond (June 7, 1955 – August 13, 1989), was a NASCAR driver from Ashland, Ohio who had his career cut short when he contracted HIV and died of complications of AIDS.

Richmond was born in Ashland, Ohio, and unlike many other NASCAR drivers, was born into wealth and did not grow up with auto racing, He did not begin racing until the age of 21, when drove a Sprint Car owned by a friend, but he knew instantly that it was to be his vocation.

History
Tim Richmond was a perrineal playboy. Growing up in wealth, he always appreciated that the best things and was flamboyant especially in comparison to other gruff, working class of the drivers like Dale Earnhardt, Richard Petty and Cale Yarborough. Richmond had expensive tastes in food and drink and lived a fast lifestyle that mirrored his on-track preferences.

He continued to the open-wheel circuits, racing in the 1980 Indianapolis 500 finishing ninth, He decided to move on into stock-car racing in NASCAR, where he spent the rest of his days. His first few seasons, He bounced from team to team looking for a permanent ride, which he found 1982, He raced in 26 events, winning twice and finishing in the top 5 seven times, but only finished 26th in Winston Cup standings.

However, at the tail end of the 1986 season, Richmond was feeling noticeably ill, Following the season, he checked into a clinic and discovered that he had AIDS, and which at the time, was a little understood disease, Despite his illness, Richmond worked to regain his strength and in 1987, He returned in midseason and subsequently won two races at Pocono and Riverside. However, his health started deteriorating and so did his results, Richmond would race in six more events before being told not to race by NASCAR.

In 1988, Richmond tried to make another run with NASCAR, but NASCAR was only concerned about Richmond's health, but also about he contracted AIDS in the first place, They subjected Richmond (and Richmond alone) to a drug test, and several days later, NASCAR announced that he was suspended indefinitely for testing positive for banned substances. Richmond was livid saying that he did not take any banned substances and demanded another test, which he passed. NASCAR later admitted that the only two substances found was Sudafed and Advil. They also released the permanent ban, but refused to allow Richmond to drive again until he surrendered his medical records that said he had AIDS.

Tim Richmond finally retired to West Palm Beach, Florida, where he lived in seclusion with his mother until his death on August 13, 1989.

In recent years, NASCAR has suspended drivers with drug violations, Busch Series driver Shane Hmiel was suspended twice (2003 and 2005), before he was suspended for life in 2006, while Kevin Grubb was also suspended for failing a drug test, and Craftsman Truck Series driver Brian Rose was also suspended in 2003 for failing a drug test. Many continue to point the incident with Richmond, to show that an extremely "good ol' boy" system is still in place with NASCAR.

In the movie, Days of Thunder was loosely based on Richmond's life, with Tom Cruise's character (Cole Trickle), inspired by Richmond, while Robert Duvall's (Harry Hogge) inspired by crew chief Harry Hyde, and Randy Quaid's (Tim Daland), inspired by owner Rick Hendrick.

Other info
Richmond was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2002.

Refereneces

Related pages
 List of NASCAR drivers

Other websites
 Two years before his death, Tim Richmond was interviewed by legendary #NASCAR journalist

1955 births
1989 deaths
Sportspeople from Ohio
NASCAR drivers
Deaths from AIDS
Infectious disease deaths in Florida

Tim Richmond


Jonas Gricius (5 August 1928 – 1 February 2021) was a Lithuanian cinematographer. He was known for his work on many classic movies, beginning in the 1950s. His best known movie works were in Hamlet, The Girl and the Echo, and The Blue Bird.

Gricius died on 1 February 2021, at the age of 92.

Bio
In 1954 he graduated from the All-Union Institute of Cinematography, a course by Boris Volchek. He worked at the film studio Lenfilm, as an assistant to director Andrei Moskvin. Since 1958 – Operator of the Lithuanian Film Studio (LKS). Secretary of the LSSR Cinematographers' Union (1963–1968), chairman (1981–1988). Director of the Lithuanian Film Studio (1978–1989). Gricius died on 1 February 2021, at the age of 92.[2]

References

1928 births
2021 deaths
Lithuanian people
Cinematographers

Jonas Gricius


Aethelbald  (also spelled Æthelbald) († 757) was a Mercian nobleman who became the King of Mercia. He brought Mercia back to a position of power not seen since the days of Penda and Wulfhere. Because of his authority and his use of the title "king of the gens Anglorum" his people  began calling themselves English instead of Saxons, Jutes or Angles. But Aethelbald was not a supporter of the Church. He claimed to be Christian but he led a scandalous and wicked lifestyle.

King of Mercia

Aethelbald the son of Alweo and the grandson of Penda's brother Eowa. As an atheling and possible competitor for the throne, he was forced to leave Mercia by his cousin Ceolred. Aethelbald found refuge with his kinsman, (Saint) Guthlac of Crowland. St. Guthlac died in 714 but predicted Aethelbald would be king of Mercia. Two years later at the death of Ceolred, Aethelbald became king. One of his first acts was to begin construction of Crowland Abbey which he promised to build for Guthlac if his prediction came true. At the start of his reign Aethelbald found himself dealing with two strong kings on his borders. Ine of Wessex and Wihtred of Kent had influence in southern England. Aethelbald had influence with other southern kings. Wihtred died in 725 and Ine abdicated his throne in 726. He supported Athelheard of Wessex to become king in 726.

Bretwalda

Aethelbald began taking over parts of Wessex. He obtained Berkshire in 730. Three years later he took Somerton from Wessex.  Aethelbald was able to give the Archbishop of Canterbury a gift of the monastery of Cookham in Berkshire (Wessex). By 731 as Bede was finishing his Ecclesiastical History, Aethelbald was overlord of all the English kingdoms south of the River Humber.  In 740 Aethelbald burned York and destroyed much of Northumbria. The same year Athelheard of Wessex died and was replaced on the throne by Cuthred. Cuthred made it known he was not as weak a ruler as Athelheard and struggled against Aethelbald being his overlord. In the first three years of Cuthred's rule he warred with Mercia but made few gains. In 743 Cuthred joined Aethelbald in fighting the Welsh. In 748 Cuthred's son, Cynric, tried to depose his father and died in the rebellion. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the rebellion was encouraged by Aethelbald. In 752, Cuthred tried to break free of King Aethelbald. This led to a battle at Burford where Cuthred battled against Aethelbald. The battle ended up with Aethelbald fleeing the battlefield. From that time on Cuthred maintained independence from Mercia for the rest of his reign.

Aethelbald and the Church

He influenced the selections of three succeeding Archbishops of Canterbury (in Kent). These were Tatwine in 731, Nothhelm in 734 and Cuthbert in 740.
Mercia was by this time a very wealthy kingdom and Aethelbald himself was very rich. He apparently used church funds for his own purposes. He forced monks to work on his building projects. Aethelbald not only forced himself on nuns but he promoted the same wicked behavior among monks. Saint Boniface complained to King Aethelbald of his evil ways in a letter dated . He pointed out Aethelbald had not taken a lawful wife nor had he observed chastity. He said the king had ruined his good name before men. Finally that the crimes Aethelbald had committed in convents with nuns and virgins doubled his offense. He warned the king to change his ways before he met a terrible death. This had no effect on Aethelbald. He grew impatient with churchmen and interfered with their privileges. Only in his later years did he develop a less high-handed way of dealing with the Church.

In 757 Aethelbald was murdered at night by one of his own bodyguards. The throne was usurped by Beornred temporarily until Offa came to power the same year Aethelbald died. Aethelbald maintained his overlordship of all the south English kingdoms for longer than any other bretwalda. He did this partially by force; Aethelbald was a great war leader. He did this partly through his great wealth through tributes paid to him by other kings. He could afford a large labor force as well as a large army. He also attempted to use the great wealth of the Church to his own advantage. But he also gave grants to the church for building monasteries. He attended great church councils that would not have taken place without his support. He was a powerful king but a less than an ideal Christian.

Notes

References

Year of  birth unknown
757 deaths
Kings and Queens of Mercia

Aethelbald of Mercia


Epistrophe (, "return") is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences. It is also known as epiphora and occasionally as antistrophe. It is a figure of speech and the counterpart of anaphora. It is an extremely emphatic device because of the emphasis placed on the last word in a phrase or sentence.

Platonic epistrophe

Greek epistrophe: "a word coined by Plato as a goal of philosophical education and the term adopted by early Christians for conversion".

Examples
 "Where affections bear rule, their reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued." — Thomas Wilson
 "... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." — Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address
 "When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things." —  The Apostle Paul, in the Bible, 1 Cor 13:11 (King James Translation) "There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem." Lyndon B. Johnson in "We Shall Overcome"
 "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." — Ralph Waldo Emerson
* "Hourly joys be still upon you!
Juno sings her blessings on you. ...
Scarcity and want shall shun you,
Ceres' blessing so is on you." — Shakespeare, The Tempest ''(4.1.108–109; 116–17)
 It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the destiny of a nation.Yes we can.It was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail towards freedom through the darkest of nights.Yes we can.It was sung by immigrants as they struck out from distant shores and pioneers who pushed westward against an unforgiving wilderness. Yes we can. It was the call of workers who organized; women who reached for the ballot; a President who chose the moon as our new frontier; and a King who took us to the mountaintop and pointed the way to the Promised Land. Yes we can to justice and equality. Yes we can to opportunity and prosperity. Yes we can heal this nation. Yes we can repair this world. Yes we can.
In the beginning of this quotation by Barack Obama epistrophe is evoked, while the latter part makes use of anaphora.

See also
 Anaphora
 Antimetabole
 Anthimeria
 Figure of speech
Epistrophy (composition), a jazz standard composed by Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke in 1941

References

External links
 Audio illustrations of epistrophe
The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France 1981–1982

Figures of speech
Literary terminology
Poetic devices

Epistrophe


Abul Kashem Khan (best known as A. K. Khan; 5 April 1905 – 31 March 1991) was a Bangladeshi lawyer, industrialist and politician. In 1945, he founded A K Khan & Company, one of Pakistan's leading conglomerates until 1971, when it became one of Bangladesh's leading conglomerates. Khan served as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. He was a federal minister of Pakistan and member in the Pakistan National Assembly.

Early life
He was born in an aristocratic family in the village of Mohara in Panchlaish in Chittagong in 1905. His father, Abdul Latif Khan, was a government sub-registrar at Fatehabad, Chittagong, and his mother's name was Wahabun Nessa Khan. Khan's great-great-great grandfather, Shamsher Khan, was a rich politician and minister in the city of Gour in the 16th century. Khan studied law at Presidency College, Calcutta. In 1934 he joined the Kolkata High court as an advocate. He joined the judicial branch of the Bengali Civil service in 1935. He continued in the service till 1944.

Career
Khan entered business during the Second World War in 1945, when Chittagong was a key base for Allied Forces. A variety of industries, including a match factory, a plywood factory, a garment mill, and a dockyard, have been stepped up by him. He was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly of India from the All-India Muslim League candidate in 1946. He joined the Pakistan Constituent Assembly after the partition of India. In 1951-1952 budget he spoke against the economical discrimination of East Pakistan.

"Sir, I cannot help' remark ' which I hope will not be misinterpreted as an indication of petty provincial-mindedness. Sir, these are the days of decentralisation and regional self-sufficiency. We find that in this six-year plan, the total sum allocated to East Bengal where 56 percent of your people live is less than 23 percent. Under the head 'Agriculture', provision has been made for 82 crores and a sum total of all the projects envisaged for East Bengal is only 5.6 crores. Under the head 'Development of Hydro-Electric Power', a provision for 45 crores has been made and the share of East Bengal is only 5 crores. Under the head 'Industries', provision has been made for textile industries' [for West Pakistan] to the tune of 30 crores and the provision for jute industry' [for East Bengal] is only 11 crores. Now, Sir, this gives a clear indication that not only in the past, not only in the present, but in the future development plans of the country, East Bengal is not expected to get its legitimate share."

Politics
He was the minister of Industries, Works, Irrigation, Power and Mineral Resources from 1958 to 1962. From 1962 to 1964 he was a member of the national assembly of Pakistan. He retired from politics in 1965.

Personal life
Khan married his wife Shamsun Nahar Khan in 1935. She was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, Abdul Bari Chowdhury, who owned industries in British Burma. Abdul Bari owned a shipping company and multiple rice mills in Rangoon until the Japanese invasion of Burma, after which he moved to Chittagong. In Chittagong, he established a shipping company called the Bengal-Burma Steam Navigation Company, the first maritime company in the area to challenge the dominance of the British India Steam Navigation Company.
Chowdhury also served as a director of the Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation.

Khan had nine children with Shamsun Nahar: five sons and four daughters; Zahiruddin (Bambu), Shamsuddin (Jambu), Salahuddin, Sadruddin, Ziauddin (Pablo), Latifa (Kohinoor), Zebun Nahar, Yasmin, and Shamima.

Khan's eldest daughter, Latifa, was married to Bangladesh's first minister of commerce and the first Bangladeshi ambassador to the United States, Mustafizur Rahman Siddiqi.

Death
He died on 31 March 1991. His wife, Shamsun Nahar Khan, died the same year just two months after his death. He left behind nine children – five sons and four daughters.

In popular culture
AK Khan More is a circle located in Chittagong, Bangladesh near Dhaka-Chittagong Trunk Road.

References

20th-century Bangladeshi businesspeople
Bangladeshi politicians
1905 births
1991 deaths
Bangladeshi Muslims
Members of the Constituent Assembly of India
Federal ministers of Pakistan
University of Calcutta alumni
Pakistan International Airlines people
20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers
Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965
20th-century Pakistani businesspeople
People from Chittagong District
Politicians from Chittagong Division
20th-century Bengalis
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

Abul Kashem Khan


From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab–Jewish Conflict over Palestine is a 1984 book by Joan Peters, published by Harper & Row, about the demographics of the Arab population of Palestine and of the Jewish population of the Arab world before and after the formation of the State of Israel.

It was initially positively received by reviewers such as Barbara W. Tuchman. A short time later, the book's central claims were contradicted by Norman Finkelstein, then a PhD student at Princeton University, who argued that Peters misrepresented or misunderstood the statistics on which she based her thesis.

Reputable scholars and reviewers from across the political spectrum have since discredited the central claims of Peters's book. By the time the 1985 British edition was reviewed, the book was widely regarded as wrongheaded at best and a fraud at worst, including by historians that were politically conservative or supportive of Israel. Ian Gilmour, a former British Secretary of State for Defence, ridiculed the book as "pretentious and preposterous" and argued that Peters had repeatedly misrepresented demographic statistics, while Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath called it "sheer forgery". In 2004, From Time Immemorial was the subject of another academic controversy, when Finkelstein accused Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz of largely plagiarizing his book The Case for Israel from it.

Synopsis
According to Peters, most people who call themselves Palestinians are not actually Palestinians, but instead descendants of recent immigrants from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Syria, who came to the land in waves of immigration starting in the 19th century and continuing through the period of the British Mandate. She argues that what is referred to as the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight was not ethnic cleansing, but actually a population exchange that resulted from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Reception
When the book came out in the US in 1984, it was initially lauded by American writers and public figures including Elie Wiesel, Saul Bellow, Barbara Tuchman, Bernard Lewis, Martin Peretz, Alan Dershowitz, and others. It was—and still is, for some—held as "totemic" on the Jewish right.

When it came out in the UK in 1985, it was met with a more hostile response, receiving critical reviews from publications such as the London Review of Books.

The book provoked public debate, but has since been thoroughly discredited by reputable scholars, in Israel and elsewhere.

Initial reception
On its release in the US the book received considerable critical approval. According to Norman Finkelstein, it had garnered some two hundred favorable notices in the United States by the end of its publication in 1984. In April 1985 it was awarded the National Jewish Book Award in the "Israel" category.

Theodore H. White called Peters' work a "superlative book" that traces Middle East history with "unmatched skill".

Saul Bellow's endorsement on the cover of the book stated:
Every political issue claiming the attention of a world public has its "experts"—news managers, anchor men, ax grinders, and anglers. The great merit of this book is to demonstrate that, on the Palestinian issue, these experts speak from utter ignorance. Millions of people the world over, smothered by false history and propaganda, will be grateful for this clear account of the origins of the Palestinians. From Time Immemorial does not grudge these unhappy people their rights. It does, however, dissolve the claims made by nationalist agitators and correct the false history by which these unfortunate Arabs are imposed upon and exploited.

The book was also praised by Arthur J. Goldberg and Martin Peretz who said: "If (the book is) read, it will change the mind of our generation." Peretz suggested that there was not a single factual error in the book. Walter Reich wrote on the book "fresh and powerful ... an original analysis as well as a synoptic view of a little-known but important human story".

Jehuda Reinharz described the book as "valuable synthesis" and "new analysis" that "convincingly demonstrates that many of those who today call themselves Palestinian refugees are former immigrants or children of such immigrants". Ronald Sanders wrote that Peters' demographics "could change the entire Arab–Jewish polemic over Palestine". Sidney Zion wrote that Peters' book was "the intellectual equivalent of the Six-Day War". Timothy Foote acclaimed that the book is "part historic primer, part polemic, part revelation, and a remarkable document in itself". Lucy Dawidowicz wrote that Peters "brought into the light the historical truth about the Mideast". Barbara Probst Solomon called the book "brilliant, provocative and enlightened". Elie Wiesel described the "insight and analysis" of the book. Similar views were expressed by Paul Cowan and others.

Some reviewers, while describing the book in favourable terms, did point to some deficiencies in Peters' scholarship. Martin Kramer in The New Leader (May 1984) wrote that the book raises overdue questions about the demographic history of Palestine in a way that cannot be ignored, but also referred to "serious weaknesses" in the book, and Peters' "rummaging through archives and far more balanced historical studies than her own for whatever evidence she can find to back up her thesis". He goes on to say that "It is specially unfortunate because on the central point of her book, the demographic argument, Peters is probably right." Daniel Pipes in Commentary (July 1984) initially stated that Peters' "historical detective work has produced startling results, which should materially influence the future course of the debate about the Palestinian problem." He did, however, caution readers that "the author is not a historian or someone practiced in writing on politics, and she tends to let her passions carry her away. As a result, the book suffers from chaotic presentation and an excess of partisanship", and said that critics of her hypothesis should feel obliged to 'make a serious effort to show her wrong by demonstrating that many thousands of Arabs did not emigrate to Palestine in the period under question.'

Two years later Pipes wrote in a letter to The New York Review of Books explaining positive initial reactions and later academic reviews, with the latter showing technical deficiencies of her book, but adding that Peters' central thesis, of large-scale Arab immigration into Palestine, had still not been refuted:From Time Immemorial quotes carelessly, uses statistics sloppily, and ignores inconvenient facts. Much of the book is irrelevant to Miss Peters's central thesis. The author's linguistic and scholarly abilities are open to question. Excessive use of quotation marks, eccentric footnotes, and a polemical, somewhat hysterical undertone mar the book. In short, From Time Immemorial stands out as an appallingly crafted book.Granting all this, the fact remains that the book presents a thesis that neither Professor Porath nor any other reviewer has so far succeeded in refuting.

Initially the book received very few unfavorable reviews. According to Norman Finkelstein, by the end of 1984 only three critical reviews had appeared, those by Finkelstein in In These Times (September 5–11, 1984), Bill Farrell in the Journal of Palestine Studies (Fall 1984) and Alexander Cockburn in The Nation (October 13, 1984). Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg, professor of religion at Dartmouth College and vice president of the World Jewish Congress remarked that he thought Peters had "cooked the statistics" and that her scholarship was "phony and tendentious", recycling ideas promoted by right-wing Zionists since the 1930s. Finkelstein claimed that at an international conference on Palestinian demography at Haifa University in Israel in mid 1986, the theses of her book were, citing Haaretz as his reference, almost unanimously ridiculed by the participants.

Criticism
Peters' claims in the book have been thoroughly discredited by reputable scholars.

Norman Finkelstein
Norman Finkelstein wrote that Peters' book was 'among the most spectacular frauds ever published on the Arab-Israeli conflict,' arguing that its substance was based on extensive plagiarization of a work by Ernst Frankenstein published in the 1940s. His 1984 review was based on his doctoral thesis, later expanded and published in Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine Conflict. Finkelstein went into a close examination of all of Peters' notes and sources, and argued that her work persistently misrepresented or distorted the primary documents. His systematic critique of the book, attacking the two major pillars of Peters' thesis, which he regarded as a 'threadbare hoax' supported by the 'American intellectual establishment', had a major impact of later reviews of the book, especially those in Great Britain.

Firstly, in a number of lists, tables and examples Finkelstein juxtaposes the historical evidence Peters presents with extended quotations of the primary and secondary source material showing its original context. By doing so Finkelstein argues that the "evidence that Peters adduces to document massive illegal Arab immigration into Palestine is almost entirely falsified." For example, Peters cites the Hope Simpson Enquiry as having said that "Egyptian labor is being employed" in supporting her thesis of Arab immigration to Palestine. The actual Hope Simpson Report passage says "[In Palestine] Egyptian labor is being employed in certain individual cases ..." In another instance, Peters cites the Anglo-American Survey of Palestine as having found that "the 'boom' conditions in Palestine in the years 1934–1936 led to an inward movement into Palestine, particularly from Syria" when, as Finkelstein demonstrates, the Survey, in the very next sentence, notes that "The depression due to the state of public disorder during 1936–1939 led to the return of these people and also a substantial outward movement of Palestinian Arabs who thought it prudent to live for a time in Lebanon and Syria."

Secondly, in a detailed analysis of the demographic study central to Peters' book, Finkelstein argued that Peters' conclusions are not supported by the data she presents. Finkelstein asserts that the study "is marred by serious flaws: (1) several extremely significant calculations are wrong; and (2) numbers are used selectively to support otherwise baseless conclusions". His primary contention is that Peters divided up Palestine into five regions for her demographic study to confuse the reader, assigning regions I, II, and IV as Israel and III and V as the West Bank, then claiming that most of the refugees from 1948 had actually emigrated from the West Bank and Gaza (Area V) a year earlier, when Finkelstein argues they just as well could have come from northern Israel (Area IV). Finkelstein's deconstruction of the evidential basis for what had become a best-selling book, hailed for its quality by numerous American intellectuals, initially encountered difficulties in securing a publishing venue that might have given his findings a wider airing. In a retrospective reflection he opined that:

The periodicals in which From Time Immemorial had already been favorably reviewed refused to run any critical correspondence (e.g. The New Republic, The Atlantic Monthly, Commentary). Periodicals that had yet to review the book rejected a manuscript on the subject as of little or no consequence (e.g. The Village Voice, Dissent, The New York Review of Books). Not a single national newspaper or columnist contacted found newsworthy that a best-selling, effusively praised "study" of the Middle East conflict was a threadbare hoax.

He also said that many of the statistics Peters cited were in Turkish, a language that Peters was unable to read. Finkelstein also mocked as a racist absurdity Peters's argument that, because Palestinians ranged so much in skin tone, from fair skinned to dark brown skinned, that they could not be descended from the same land. On the occasion of Peters' death, Finkelstein, in a long interview with Adam Horowitz, contextualized the thesis and the book's reception within Israel's emerging image problem after its invasion of Lebanon in 1982.

Other criticism
Noam Chomsky defended and promoted Finkelstein's critique, commenting in his book Understanding Power:
[As] soon as I heard that the book was going to come out in England, I immediately sent copies of Finkelstein's work to a number of British scholars and journalists who are interested in the Middle East—and they were ready. As soon as the book [From Time Immemorial] appeared, it was just demolished, it was blown out of the water. Every major journal, The Times Literary Supplement, the London Review, The Observer, everybody had a review saying, this doesn't even reach the level of nonsense, of idiocy. A lot of the criticism used Finkelstein's work without any acknowledgment, I should say—but about the kindest word anybody said about the book was "ludicrous," or "preposterous."

Chomsky recounted that, on its UK release, the book was subject to a number of scathing reviews. David and Ian Gilmour in the London Review of Books (February 7, 1985) heavily criticized Peters for ignoring Arab sources, and "censorship of Zionist sources that do not suit her case". They also present examples that in their view show that Peters misuses the sources which she does include in her work. They accuse Peters of basic errors in scholarship, such as the citation of Makrizi, who died in 1442, to support her statements about mid-nineteenth century population movements. Albert Hourani, reviewing the book in The Observer (March 3, 1985) stated:

The whole book is written like this: facts are selected or misunderstood, tortuous and flimsy arguments are expressed in violent and repetitive language.  This is a ludicrous and worthless book, and the only mildly interesting question it raises is why it comes with praise from two well-known American writers.

Following the book's negative reception in the UK, more critical reviews appeared in the United States. Columbia University professor Edward Said wrote unfavorably in The Nation (October 19, 1985), while Robert Olson dismissed the book in The American Historical Review (April 1985), concluding:

This is a startling and disturbing book. It is startling because, despite the author's professed ignorance of the historiography of the Arab-Israeli conflict and lack of knowledge of Middle Eastern history (pp. 221, 335) coupled with her limitation to sources largely in English (absolutely no Arab sources are used), she engages in the rewriting of history on the basis of little evidence. ...The undocumented numbers in her book in no way allow for the wild and exaggerated assertions that she makes or for her conclusion. This book is disturbing because it seems to have been written for purely polemical and political reasons: to prove that Jordan is the Palestinian state. This argument, long current among revisionist Zionists, has regained popularity in Israel and among Jews since the Likud party came to power in Israel in 1977.

Reviewing the book for the November 28, 1985 issue of The New York Times, Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath described it as a "sheer forgery," stating, "In Israel, at least, the book was almost universally dismissed as sheer rubbish except maybe as a propaganda weapon." In 1986, Porath repeated his views in The New York Review of Books, and published a negative review that cites many inaccuracies.

Further debate
The book, though widely acclaimed when it was issued, came to be treated with disdain by a number of scholars and historians, whose analyses gave rise to a controversy. In the pages of The New York Review of Books (March 1986), Daniel Pipes and Ronald Sanders, two of the book's early supporters, engaged in an exchange with Yehoshua Porath, one of its most vehement critics. Pipes gave his overview of the state of the argument, stating Peters' work had "been received in two ways at two times. Early reviews treated her book as a serious contribution to the study of the Arab-Israeli conflict and late ones dismissed it as propaganda."

In the exchange both Pipes and Sanders accepted some of the charges that had been leveled at the book. In reference to the harsh criticism, Sanders said that Peters had "brought this upon herself" and acknowledged that "patient researchers have found numerous examples of sloppiness in her scholarship and an occasional tendency not to grasp the correct meaning of a context from which she has extracted a quotation." Pipes stated that he would not dispute the technical, historical, and literary faults identified by the book's critics.

Ronald Sanders argued that all of that does little to undermine the central thesis of Peters:

But the fact remains that there is an original and significant argument at the heart of her book, and this has scarcely been dealt with by critics, apart from Mr. Porath, who only weakly challenged it.

According to Rael Isaac, "most notices in Israel were favorable, and the book is being published by the Kibbutz Hameuchad—a Labor publishing house—which has assigned it to one of Israel's top translators." Rael Isaac defended the book in Commentary, claiming: "Much of Finkelstein's malevolent attack is similarly wrong. He incorrectly adds 40,000 Arabs to Miss Peters's projections of the number of Arabs who could have been expected, on the basis of natural increase, to live in the Galilee and Negev (what she calls "Area IV") in 1947, and then accuses her of not accounting for them properly. He charges her with "falsifying" the Anglo-American Survey of Palestine of 1945-46 by claiming that it discloses tens of thousands of Arab illegal immigrants who had been brought into Palestine during the war when in fact (according to Finkelstein) it states only that 3,800 laborers had been brought in. Yet the Survey does list many thousands of laborers who were brought in under official arrangements or came on their own." Peters was criticized for relying on different sources for establishing the Jewish and non-Jewish population in 1893, but Isaac defended this on the grounds that the Ottoman census would have excluded most Jews as non-citizens, while the figures cited from French geographer Vital Cuinet were likely close to the truth. Isaac conceded that Peters' attempts to reconstruct the population were tentative and overstated, and acknowledged some errors in the book, but concluded that they did not undermine Peters' thesis. Isaac also cited Arieh Avneri's The Claim of Dispossession as further supporting Peters' claims "with regard both to Arab in-migration and to Arab immigration."

Anthony Lewis, in an opinion piece for The New York Times, compared American and Israeli responses to the book:

Israelis have not gushed over the book as some Americans have. Perhaps that is because they know the reality of the Palestinians' existence, as great Zionists of the past knew. Perhaps it is because most understand the danger of trying to deny a people identity. As Professor Porath says, "Neither historiography nor the Zionist cause itself gains anything from mythologizing history."

William B. Quandt, in the June 1996 edition of Foreign Affairs, stated that it had been demonstrated Peters' claims in the book were based on "shoddy scholarship". Quandt praises Finkelstein's "landmark essay" on the subject, crediting him and other scholars with bringing to light the deficiencies in Peters' work. In 2005 Israeli historian Avi Shlaim credited Finkelstein with proving that the book was "preposterous and worthless". Shlaim stated that the evidence adduced by Finkelstein was "irrefutable" and the case he had made against Peters' book was "unanswerable".

Writing for The New Yorker in 2011, David Remnick described the book as "an ideological tract disguised as history", "propaganda" and "pseudo-scholarship". He stated that while the book was a commercial success and had been praised by a number of writers and critics, it had been thoroughly discredited by Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath along with many others. He points out that even some right wing critics who had originally favoured the book later accepted the flaws in its scholarship.

In an online article entitled, "The Hazards of Making the Case for Israel" Professor Alan Dershowitz, writes:

The Chomsky-Finkelstein-Cockburn mode of ad hominem attack proved particularly successful against Peters because the words "hoax," "fraud," "fake," and "plagiarism" are so dramatic and unforgettable, as is the charge that Peters did not actually write the book. ... It did not seem to matter that none of these charges made by Chomsky, Finkelstein and Cockburn were even close to the truth. All Finkelstein had managed to show was that in a relatively small number of instances, Peters may have misinterpreted some data, ignored counter-data, and exaggerated some findings—common problems in demographic research that often appear in anti-Israel books as well.

Both Alexander Cockburn and Finkelstein have argued that Dershowitz's own book on the subject reproduced verbatim some key points of Peters' research as his own.

See also

 Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine Conflict

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1984 non-fiction books
Books about the Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict books
Demography books
Harper & Row books
Pseudohistory
Anti-Arabism
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups

From Time Immemorial