Aleksandra Mihailova Monedzhikova  (24 January 1889 – 2 July 1959) (also spelled Monedžikova or Monedjikova) was a Bulgarian geographer, historian, writer and teacher.

Biography
Aleksandra Monedzhikova (in Bulgarian, Александра Монеджикова) was born 24 January 1889 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria; her parents were a judge and a teacher. Her grandmother and grandfather had been refugees from the region of Bansko, Bulgaria, who settled in Plovdiv after the brutal suppression of the Kresna-Razlog uprising of 1878.

In 1906 her parents moved to the country's capital city of Sofia to work. Monedzhikova graduated from the Second Sofia Girls' High School in 1907, after which she became a teacher in the village of Transka Klisura (Transka district, Western suburbs). There she married Naiden Nikolov, a teacher at the same school, and from that time she was sometimes known as Aleksandra Monedzhikova-Nikolova. During the academic year 1908-1909 she was also a student of history and geography at Sofia University, but "due to motherhood, wars, uprisings and other events," she didn't graduate until 1924 from the history and philology department.

During the First World War, Monedzhikova translated and published the book The Teacher of the Workers by Edmondo de Amichis. During the years between 1927 and 1930, she published books titled Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, European Turkey, Greece, Macedonia and Dobrudja. In 1928, the Polish Mutual Aid Society in Bulgaria published her book about Poland.

Teacher
After graduating from the university, she worked for seven years until 1931, as a teacher of geography, history and Bulgarian language at the French College in Sofia. During the academic year 1931-1932 she taught at the Third Sofia Boys' High School, and in 1932-1933 she was a teacher at the First Sofia Boys' High School. She also worked for three years at the private  "St. Maria" German school in Sofia.

Writer
Monedzhikova left teaching to devote herself to active journalistic, social, scientific and promotional activities with the goal of spreading science among the masses. To do so, she engaged in lectures, talks and fairy tales, and often accompanied them with additional activities such as screenings and research presentations.  She also co-authored, geography textbooks for schools, articles in newspapers and magazines, and editorial work. She gave several geographical lectures at the Thessaloniki cinema, in Greece.
She also worked at the Union of French Alumni in Sofia, giving a number of lectures, accompanied by screenings in the capital and in the country about Paris, the French Revolutions, the Museums of Paris and other topics of interest. She was also chosen as the cultural leader of her visit to the World's Fair in Paris in 1937, and the following year, she published her book Paris through the Centuries (1938).

She published a wide variety of original, popular science and translated articles in the newspapers Zarya, Mir, Anvil, etc. She also collaborated with the magazines Bulgarian Tourist, Youth Tourist, Our Village and Fight against Alcoholism.

At the same time, Monedzhikova was an active member of the management of the Bulgarian Geographical Society (BGD), and starting on 9 September 1944, she served as its chairman until 1948. Until the end of her life she remained an honorary member of the BGD as well as the All-Union Geographical Society in Leningrad.

Published author
Monedzhikova was the author and co-author of textbooks on the geography of Bulgaria and historical-geographical essays, including the Geography of Bulgaria (1941) and Geography of Bulgaria in its present borders (co-authored, 1942). For seven years she was the only editor of the newspaper Trezvache.

Her most significant work is considered the book Sofia through the centuries, published in 1946, which recreates the life of the capital from its ancient inception as a settlement through 1944. The book is richly illustrated and was awarded a prize by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Sofia Municipality.

While Monedzhikova was in Moscow, 1947–1950, she sent articles to a number of newspapers and magazines such as "Geographical Review." In 1949 several of her books were published including The Moscow Kremlin, Leningrad, Journey through the Caucasus.

Archivist

From 1950 to 1953 she lived and worked in London, where her husband, Naiden Nikolov, served as Bulgarian ambassador to Britain. While she lived there, she carried out research at the British Museum and in the diplomatic archives of the British Foreign Office. There, she searched for, printed and hand-wrote diplomatic materials related to Bulgarian history in the 19th century. She passed the many materials she collected from these archives to the Institute of Bulgarian History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1953. Based on some of them, she wrote a number of articles, such as: "Documents on the Kresna Uprising, Reflection of the April Uprising in England, France and Italy," and "On the issue of national liberation movements in Bulgaria from 1863 to 1869."

Her personal archive from her research is stored in "fund 1064K" (in Bulgarian) in the Central State Archive consisting of 69 archival items including documents and photographs dating from 1861 to 1956.

Death
Monedzhikova died on 2 July 1959, in Sofia.

Memberships
She was an honorary member of the Bulgarian Geographical Society, the All-Union Geographical Society/Leningrad, and a part-time associate at the Botev-Levski Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

Selected publications
According to WorldCat.org, as of 2020, ten works by Monedzhikova's work can be found in 12 publications in the Bulgarian language and 13 library holdings.

 Monedjikova, Alexandra. Polša. Sofiâ: Pol. G-vo za Vzaimna Pomoŝ v B"lgariâ, 1928. (in Bulgarian)
 Monedjikova, Alexandra. Dobrudža. Sofiâ: Hemus, 1928. (in Bulgarian)
 Monedjikova, Alexandra. Makedoniâ. Sofiâ: Hemus, 1929. (in Bulgarian)
 Monedjikova, A, and St Petrov. Geografija Na Bălgarija V Dnešnitě: I Granici S Mnogo Četiva ; Pomagalo Za Učenici Ot Gimnaziitě I Za Samoobrazovanie. Sofija: Fakel, 1942. (in Bulgarian)
 Monedjikova, A. Sofija Prez Vekovete (Sofia through the centuries). Sofija: Fakel, 1946. (in Bulgarian)
 Monedjikova, A. Leningrad. Sofija: Dăržavno Izdat. "Narodna Prosveta," 1949. (in Bulgarian)
 Monedjikova, A. Pŭtuvane Iz Kavkaz. Sofija: Dăržavno Izdat. "Nauka i izkustvo," 1949. (in Bulgarian)

References

External links

1889 births
1959 deaths
Bulgarian schoolteachers
Bulgarian women educators
Bulgarian educators
Writers from Sofia
Women travel writers
Female travelers
20th-century women writers
Bulgarian women scientists

Aleksandra Monedzhikova


Red Cloud (; 1822 – December 10, 1909) was a leader of the Oglala Lakota from 1865 to 1909. He was one of the most capable Native American opponents whom the United States Army faced in the western territories. He defeated the United States during Red Cloud's War, which was a fight over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana. The largest action of the war was the 1866 Fetterman Fight, with 81 US soldiers killed; it was the worst military defeat suffered by the US Army on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn 10 years later.

After signing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Red Cloud led his people in the transition to reservation life. Some of his opponents mistakenly thought of him as the overall leader of the Sioux groups (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota), but the large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, though some individual leaders were renowned as warriors and highly respected as leaders, such as Red Cloud.

Early life
Red Cloud was born close to the forks of the Platte River, near the modern-day city of North Platte, Nebraska. His mother, Walks as She Thinks, was an Oglala Lakota and his father, Lone Man, was a Brulé Lakota leader. They came from two of the seven major Lakota divisions.

As was traditional among the matrilineal Lakota, in which the children belonged to the mother's clan and people, Red Cloud was mentored as a boy by his maternal uncle, Old Chief Smoke (1774–1864). Old Chief Smoke played a major role in the boy's childhood, as the leader of the Bad Faces. He brought Red Cloud into the Smoke household when the boy's parents died around 1825. At a young age, Red Cloud fought against neighboring Pawnee and Crow bands, gaining much war experience.

Red Cloud's War

Red Cloud's War was the name the U.S. Army gave to a series of conflicts fought with Native American Plains tribes in the Wyoming and Montana Territories. The battles were waged between the Northern Cheyenne, allied with Lakota and Arapaho bands, against the  Army between 1866 and 1868. In December 1866, the Native American allies attacked and defeated a United States unit in what they would call the Fetterman Massacre (or the Battle of the Hundred Slain), which resulted in the most U.S. casualties of any Plains battle up to that point.

Captain William J. Fetterman was sent from Fort Phil Kearny with two civilians and 79 cavalry and infantrymen to chase away a small Native American war party that had attacked a wood-gathering party days before. Captain Frederick Brown accompanied Fetterman; the two were confident in their troops and anxious to go to battle with the Native Americans. They disobeyed orders to stay behind the Lodge Trail Ridge and pursued a small decoy band of warriors, led by a Native American on an apparently injured horse. The decoy was the prominent warrior Crazy Horse. Fetterman and his troops followed the decoy into an ambush by more than 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. Combined Native American forces suffered only 14 casualties, while they killed the entire 81-man U.S. detachment.

Following this battle, a U.S. peace commission toured the Plains in 1867 to gather information to help bring about peace among the tribes and with the U.S. Finding that the Native Americans had been provoked by white encroachment and competition for resources, the commission recommended assigning definite territories to the Plains tribes. The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other bands settled for peace with the U.S. under the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The U.S. agreed to abandon its forts and withdraw completely from Lakota territory.

Treaty of 1868

The treaty established the Great Sioux Reservation, covering the territory of West River, west of the Missouri River in present-day Nebraska (which had been admitted as a state in 1867), and including parts of South Dakota. Uneasy relations between the expanding United States and the natives continued. In 1870, Red Cloud visited Washington D.C., and met with Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Parker (a Seneca and U.S. Army General), and President Ulysses S. Grant.

In 1871, the government established the Red Cloud Agency on the Platte River, downstream from Fort Laramie. By 1874 it had been moved to Nebraska, with Fort Robinson located nearby. Red Cloud took his band to the agency (a predecessor of the Native American reservation), ready to receive government aid. Yet that aid was usually less than stipulated, and usually inferior in quality.

According to Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa) Red Cloud  was the last to sign "..having refused to do so until all of the forts within their territory should be vacated. All of his demands were acceded to, the new road abandoned, the garrisons withdrawn, and new treaty distinctly stated that the Black Hills and the Big Horn were Indian country, set apart for their perpetual occupancy, and that no white man should enter that region without the consent of the Sioux. ... Scarcely was this treaty signed, however, when gold was discovered in the Black Hills, and the popular cry was: "Remove the Indians!"... The government, at first, entered some small protest, just enough to "save its face"... but there was no serious attempt to prevent the wholesale violation of the treaty and the loss of the Black Hills."

Great Sioux War of 1876–1877

Red Cloud settled at the agency with his band by the fall of 1873. He soon became embroiled in a controversy with the new Indian agent, Dr. John J. Saville.

In 1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer led a reconnaissance mission into Sioux territory that reported gold in the Black Hills, an area held sacred by the local Native Americans. Previously, the army had unsuccessfully tried to keep miners out of the region, and the threat of violence grew. In May 1875, Lakota delegations headed by Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, and Lone Horn traveled to Washington in an attempt to persuade President Grant to honor existing treaties and stem the flow of miners into their lands. The Native Americans met on various occasion with Grant, Secretary of the Interior Delano, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs Smith. He told them on May 27 that Congress was ready to resolve the matter by paying the tribes $25,000 for their land and resettling them into Indian Territory. The delegates refused to sign such a treaty, with Spotted Tail saying about the proposal:

When I was here before, the President gave me my country, and I put my stake down in a good place, and there I want to stay. ... You speak of another country, but it is not my country; it does not concern me, and I want nothing to do with it. I was not born there. ... If it is such a good country, you ought to send the white men now in our country there and let us alone.

Although Red Cloud was unsuccessful in finding a peaceful solution, he did not take part in the Lakota war of 1876–1877, which was led by Tȟašúŋke Witkó (Crazy Horse) and Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull).

In the fall of 1877, the Red Cloud Agency was removed to the upper Missouri River. The following year it was removed to the forks of the White River, in present-day South Dakota, where it was renamed the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

Later life and death

Red Cloud became a leader of the Lakota as they transitioned from the freedom of the plains to the confinement of the reservation system. His trip to Washington, DC, had convinced him of the number and power of European Americans, and he believed the Oglala had to seek peace.

In around 1880, he visited (not for the first time) the paleontologist and geologist Othniel Marsh in New Haven, Connecticut. Marsh had first visited the Red Cloud Agency in 1874, alleging, among other things, that "the Indians suffered for want of food and other supplies because they were cheated out of annuities and beef cattle and were issued inedible pork, inferior flour, poor sugar and coffee and rotten tobacco."

In 1884, he and his family, along with five other leaders, converted and were baptized as Catholics by Father Joseph Bushman.

Red Cloud continued fighting for his people, even after being forced onto the reservation. In 1887, he opposed the Dawes Act, which broke up communal tribal holdings, and allocated  plots of land for subsistence farming to heads of families on tribal rolls. The U.S. declared additional communal tribal lands as excess, and sold them to immigrant settlers. In 1889, Red Cloud opposed a treaty to sell more of the Lakota land. Due to his steadfastness, and that of Sitting Bull, government agents obtained the necessary signatures for approval only through subterfuge, such as using the signatures of children. Red Cloud negotiated strongly with Indian Agents such as Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy.

In 1909, Red Cloud died on Pine Ridge Reservation. At 87 years old, he outlived nearly all the other major Lakota leaders of the Indian Wars. He was buried there in a cemetery that now bears his name. In old age, he is quoted as having said, "They made us many promises, more than I can remember. But they kept but one – They promised to take our land ... and they took it."

Legacy and honors
Announcements of Red Cloud's death and recognition of his achievements were printed in major newspapers across the country. As had been typical of the U.S. perception during Red Cloud's prominence in war, The New York Times''' article on his death mistakenly described him as leader of all the Sioux bands and tribes, but noted his abilities as a leader and diplomat. While he was a prominent leader, the Lakota were highly decentralized and never had one overall leader, especially of the major divisions, such as Oglala and Brulé.

Red Cloud was the most photographed American Indian of the nineteenth century. There are 128 known photographs picturing Red Cloud. He was first photographed in 1872 in Washington D.C. by Mathew Brady, just before meeting with President Grant. He was also among the Indians photographed by Edward S. Curtis.

In 2000, he was posthumously selected for induction into the Nebraska Hall of Fame. He has been honored by the United States Postal Service with a 10¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.

In 1871, the town of Red Cloud, Nebraska was named in his honor.

A parochial school on the Pine Ridge Reservation was established at the request of Red Cloud. The Red Cloud Indian School remains in use over a century later. In 2023, the school elected to rebrand to the Lakota language translation of Red Cloud's name - 'Maȟpíya Lúta'

Theodore Sorensen wrote in Kennedy that President John F. Kennedy considered naming one of the 41 for Freedom ballistic missile submarines after Red Cloud, but apparently bowed to Pentagon concerns that the name could be misinterpreted as being pro-Communist even though Red Cloud was not a Communist, owing to the symbolism of the time (early 1960s, during the Cold War era) using the color red to represent Communism.

Descendants of Red Cloud
Red Cloud's descendants have continued to be chosen as traditional leaders of the Lakota people:
Jackson "Jack" Red Cloud, (c. 1858–1918) leader of the Oglala Lakota 1909–1918
James Henry Red Cloud (1877–1960) leader of the Oglala Lakota 1918–1960
Charles Red Cloud (1884–1980) (brother of James Henry Red Cloud), leader of the Oglala Lakota 1960–1979
Oliver Red Cloud (1919–2013) (son of Charles Red Cloud), leader of the Oglala Lakota (1979–2013). He was a fourth-generation direct descendant of Red Cloud. He was a Speaker of the traditional Lakota Sioux Nation and a chairman of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council.

See also

Black Elk
Bone Wars
Charles Eastman
Chief Joseph
Crazy Horse
Fetterman Fight
Geronimo
Sitting Bull

References

Further reading

External links

Red Cloud bronze sculpture
"Chief Red Cloud's Great-Great Grandson on Native American Issues", video interview, Democracy Now! Bob Drury and Tom Clavin about the book, The Heart of Everything That Is: The Untold Story of Red Cloud, An American Legend''
 Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains, By Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa) 1918

1822 births
1909 deaths
People of pre-statehood Montana
People from North Platte, Nebraska
People from Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Red Cloud's War
Lakota leaders
Native American leaders
People of the American Old West
Burials in South Dakota
19th-century Native Americans
Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
Native American Roman Catholics
20th-century Native Americans

Red Cloud


The Cruelty to Animals Act 1849 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (12 & 13 Vict. c. 92) with the long title An Act for the more effectual Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

The Act repealed two previous Acts, the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, and reiterated the offences of beating, ill-treating, over-driving, abusing and torturing animals with a maximum penalty of £5 and compensation of up to £10.
The Act was amended and including a prison sentence for the unlawful killing of any animals covers within the law and expanded by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, and repealed by the Protection of Animals Act 1911.

See also
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
Wild Animals in Captivity Protection Act 1900
Animal welfare in the United Kingdom

References
 The text of the Act
 The British Almanac of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1850, p. 142.

1849 in British law
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1849
Cruelty to animals
Animal welfare and rights legislation in the United Kingdom
Animal testing in the United Kingdom

Cruelty to Animals Act 1849


Parts of Australia, New Zealand and Fiji are areas of Oceania that currently observe daylight saving time (DST).

By country and region

Australia

Present situation
Currently, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory and South Australia apply DST each year, from the first Sunday in October to the first Sunday in April.
The Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia and the external territories do not observe DST.
History
Daylight saving was first used in Australia during World War I, and was applied in all states. It was used again during the Second World War. A drought in Tasmania in 1967 led to the reintroduction during the summer, and this was repeated every summer since. In 1971, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory followed Tasmania in observing daylight saving, Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not. Queensland abandoned daylight saving time in 1972. Originally Tasmania alone commenced daylight saving on the first Sunday in October, while the other states began on the last Sunday in October and finished on the last Sunday in March, until 2008 excepting in 2000 when all the states observing DST moved forward the commencement date to Sunday, 27 August 2000 because of the Sydney Olympic Games which commenced in mid-September. From 2008/09 daylight saving has been extended another four weeks in NSW, Victoria, SA and the ACT, in addition to Tasmania, from the first Sunday in October to the first Sunday in April.

Queensland again trialled daylight saving, for three years between 1989 and 1992, with a referendum on daylight saving held on 22 February 1992, which was defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote - with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan South East Queensland were in favour.

In December 2008, the  Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time.  The party contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received around one percent of the state-wide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.

On 14 April 2010, and after being approached by the  Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.

In Western Australia, four referendums in 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009 have rejected DST.
In 2006, the Parliament of Western Australia approved a three-year daylight saving trial to be followed by a referendum to decide whether DST should be put in place permanently. However, public opposition mounted during the first year of the trial, and the WA Nationals announced a public campaign to bring the referendum forward to 2007. The trial continued until the referendum, held on 16 May 2009. The result was another rejection of DST, by a larger margin compared to the three previous referendums. Although as previously the suburbs of the state capital, Perth, supported the proposal, it was by a much narrower margin than before with significant swings against it in several areas, most notably in the East Metropolitan region. As a result, the Premier of Western Australia has said that the DST issue should not be considered for at least another 20 years.

The Northern Territory experimented with daylight saving in the early part of the 20th century. It was last used in 1944.

Fiji

Despite its proximity to the equator and therefore a relatively small variation of daylight length, Fiji implemented daylight saving time in 1998-99 but it ended after that.  Fiji restarted DST in 2009 starting on November 29 and ending on April 26, 2010. The decision was based on a report by the Attorney-General, Mr Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum. "Mr Sayed-Khaiyum said that from the information available, the implementation of daylight saving in 1998 and 1999 received very encouraging response from the people and the business community. Apart from availability of more daylight time for sport, leisure and shopping, the working people are able to spend quality daylight time in the afternoons and evenings with their family and loved ones, including engaging in healthy activities such as gardening or going for a walk. In 1999, the Ministry of Labour reported that there was an overall increase in economic activity and productive work as a result of daylight saving." For the 2010-2011 summer, DST started on fourth Sunday in October and ended on last Sunday in March. Fiji changed the ending of DST to the last Sunday in January in 2011. In 2021 the Fiji government announced that Fiji would not observe daylight saving time in 2021–22.

Hawaii

Although Hawaii is further away from equator than Fiji, and therefore there is a slightly greater variation in the daylight length, Hawaii does not observe DST. Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, and Oahu, Kauai and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. Therefore advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June.

Hawaii did experiment with DST for three weeks between April 30, 1933 and May 21, 1933; there are no known official records as to why it was implemented or discontinued. Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.

New Zealand

From 30 April 2007, DST begins at 02:00 NZST on the last Sunday in September each year, and ends at 03:00 NZDT (or 02:00 NZST as defined in the Time Act 1974) on the first Sunday in April.

New Zealand time, including DST, is used by several Antarctic bases that are supplied from New Zealand. This results in the oddity that the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station sets its clocks an hour further ahead during the southern summer, when the sun is constantly above the horizon, than in the southern winter, when the sun is constantly below the horizon. The extreme geographic position of the base means that no possible adjustment of the daily activity cycle can have any effect on the amount of sunlight received during those activities. However, the arrangement presumably makes real time communications with New Zealand more practical, particularly in dealing with offices.

The New Zealand dependencies of Tokelau, Cook Islands and Niue do not maintain DST. The latter two are on the other side of the International Date Line and differ between 22 and 24 hours from New Zealand proper.

Samoa

Samoa observed DST from 2010 to 2021, starting on the last Sunday in September and ending on first Sunday in April.

U.S. territories

All U.S. insular territories with civilian government in Oceania, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands lie in the tropics and do not observe DST.

See also

References

Daylight saving time
Time in Oceania

Daylight saving time in Oceania


Frontierland Western Theme Park was a theme park in Morecambe, Lancashire, England, situated on Marine Road West, which operated from 1906 to 7 November 1999, with a final year consisting of only travelling rides in 2000. Frontierland originally operated as West End Amusement Park, Fun City and Morecambe Pleasure Park from 1906 to 1986 before being transformed into Frontierland for the 1987 season, in an attempt to defeat dwindling visitor numbers.

In 2000, Frontierland was officially closed down by Geoffrey Thompson, managing director of Blackpool Pleasure Beach. All of the rides, excluding the "Polo Tower" and "Log Flume" were demolished or dismantled and sold on. The "Rattler" was moved to the Pleasure Beach, whilst "The Wild Mouse" (later called "Runaway Mine Train" for the new-look Frontierland) and the "Chair-o-Planes" were moved to Pleasureland Southport, which later closed down in 2006.

Unlike Pleasureland, Frontierland was never resurrected and the site remained wasteland until 2007, when three outlets were built. These large outlets were positioned at the back of the park, an area that previously featured the "Stampede", "Teacups" and "Parrots" rides.

Brief history
The Thompson family, owners of Blackpool Pleasure Beach, purchased the park in 1936, when it was called West End Amusement Park. The owners, who also owned Pleasureland Southport, which closed in 2006, introduced new rides each year until visitor numbers began to dwindle. A number of tactics were used to save the park, however most failed eventually. Rides such as a  Big Wheel were introduced but were quickly taken down due to neighbour complaints.

In 1986, visitor numbers were at an all-time low so Geoffrey Thompson, owner of the park decided to give the ten-acre site a complete overhaul. This involved turning the park into Frontierland which would hopefully see guests flock back to Morecambe. This worked for a few years but once again, numbers dropped, so in 1989, the "Sky Ride" was introduced – a cable car system that would allow people to fly over the park and out over the promenade before turning around and going back to the station. The ride was initially a big success and once again, visitors flocked to the park. In 1991, visitor numbers were back down to their low standard and investment was not being put into the park so freely as two previous attempts had backfired.

In 1992, Geoffrey Thompson was about to make his biggest investment ever at Blackpool Pleasure Beach by introducing the  "Pepsi Max Big One", a £12 million hyper coaster. One ride which had stood at Blackpool for over ten years was in the way of these plans. With the construction of the Big One due to start in late 1992, the "Space Tower" was to be removed. So, in 1993 Frontierland received the "Space Tower", a  gyro tower. The ride was initially going to be placed at the back of the park but with the sponsorship from Polo Mints secured, the ride was positioned on the front. This resulted in a boost in visitor numbers but nowhere near what Blackpool was about to get from opening their new roller coaster.

The "Polo Tower" was the last major investment at Frontierland, however, fans of the park believe that Geoffrey Thompson had no intention of shutting the park down, as in 1993, with the installation of the tower, he signed a contract allowing a telephone mast to be placed at the top of the tower – this contract allowed the company to have their mast on the tower for 20 years meaning that the "Polo Tower" could not be taken down until the contract had expired.

Demolition
Frontierland began to close in 1998, after 92 years of operation. The demolition of the park was due to take three seasons to complete, with the back of the park going first. As the park began to shrink, rides were sold and transported all over the world. However, the demolition of Frontierland was never fully completed as the "Log Flume" and "Polo Tower" remained on site. In 2009, the "Log Flume" was removed whilst the "Polo Tower" continued to remain in situ, albeit with its gondola removed, as its only purpose was to fulfil a contract for the positioning of a mobile phone mast at its peak.

In 1998, when the park began to downsize, the first ride to leave was the "Stampede" roller coaster which had opened at the park in 1988. It was a standard roller coaster found at many parks, and its subsequent location is unknown. The ride was originally from Blackpool Pleasure Beach, where it operated as the "Cyclone". The ride was removed in 1987 to make way for the "Avalanche". Another ride at the top of the park to be removed was the giant "Teacups" which had been at the park for many years. The "Teacups" were extraordinary in both their size and in the fact that the base was entirely made of concrete and was sunk into the floor so that guests could simply walk onto the ride instead of having to step up onto it. The ride was removed in 1998, with the floor being broken up and the cups being moved to Pleasureland Southport where they were never used. They were disposed of in 2006, when Pleasureland closed down, however some remain on the Southport Zoo site hidden in the undergrowth.
In 1999, the park began to close the lower section by removing rides such as the "Ghost Train" and "Runaway Mine Train" (originally the "Wild Mouse"), which was later moved to Pleasureland as "King Solomon's Mines". Other ride removals included that of the "Slide", "Train" and various other small attractions. 1999 was also the last year of operation for the "Texas Tornado" wooden roller coaster which had operated for 62 years. The ride remained dormant throughout the last few months of the 1999 season and the first half of the 2000 season until the ride was demolished in late 2000. The year 1999 was the last year that Frontierland operated as a permanent theme park with rides that made it such being demolished, removed or made 'standing but not operating'.

In 2000, most of the rides had been removed with the exception of the "Texas Tornado", which was due to be demolished, the "Polo Tower", the "Rattler" and the "Log Flume". The "Rattler" was later removed from the park and put into storage. It would not be used again until 2004, when it was introduced as the "Big Apple" at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, but it only stayed there for one season. In 2007, it was introduced at New Pleasureland where it has remained to the present day. Towards the end of the 2000 season, all the rides, shops and facilities such as toilet blocks were removed. One of the last rides to be removed was the "Sky Ride", a cable car system that took riders from the back of the park, across the front and over to a turnaround on the promenade. The current location of this ride is unknown. By the very end of the 2000 season, only the "Polo Tower" and "Log Flume" remained on site, along with a giant pile of rubble. The park's entrance was sealed off using construction fences and the park remained in this state until 2007.

In 2007, the back section of the park became home to three outlet units which had been constructed by Morrisons supermarket. The outlets opened in 2008 and have remained open since. The construction of the outlets meant the removal of the trees which once surrounded the "Texas Tornado" roller coaster. The company behind the development has announced plans to extend the outlet village to the front section of the park which, initially, allowed theme park fans to believe that both the "Polo Tower" and "Log Flume" would reopen as part of the development, and speculation was fuelled even further when scaffolding appeared around the "Polo Tower" mid-2008 but the ride's cabin was removed and the tower was partially refurbished.

In 2009, the "Log Flume" ride, which had survived ten years after the park officially closed down, was removed from the site leaving the "Polo Tower" as the final element of the former theme park. (Finally removed 17 years after park closure in June 2017)

For a few years after closure, there was still a brown tourist sign annotated "Frontierland 7" attached to the posts showing the "Carnforth A6" destination southbound leaving the A6/A601(M) Carnforth Spur roundabout, this was finally covered over with a plain brown patch sometime during 2013 and finally removed during the second half of 2014 – the exact dates of these changes are unknown.

Rides

Roller Coasters

Water Rides

Flat Rides/Other

"Funhouse" – demolished in 1999.
"Sky Ride" – was opened in 1989, removed in 2000.
"Rattler" – moved to Blackpool Pleasure Beach and later New Pleasureland.
"Stampede" – was relocated from Blackpool Pleasure Beach as Cyclone opened in 1988. Removed in 1998.
"Big Wheel" – was opened in 1980 and it was removed in 1982 due to complaints.
"Tumble Bug"
"Chair-o-Planes"

Redevelopment
A retail park was built on part of the site consisting of three outlets: Homebase, JJB Sports and Next. The retail park was first proposed in 2001, however did not make it off the drawing board until six years later and opened in 2008.

There are now plans for a Premier Inn and Brewers Fayre pub to replace the Ranch House bar fronting Marine Road West as part of further redevelopment of the site.

As of June 2017, the "Polo Tower" is undergoing demolition to make way for a proposed £17m shopping park on the former Frontierland site.

See also
Frontierland (Disney themeparks)
List of amusement parks in the United Kingdom

References

External links

 www.thevisitor.co.uk
 A new photo gallery of pictures from Frontierland (old)
 www.northwestseasidetowns.co.uk/morecambe Featuring pictures and video of the derelict Frontierland site from 2007 and 2008.
 Frontierland Morecambe: How The West Was Lost On themagiceye forum at Joyland Books

History of Lancaster
Defunct amusement parks in England
Morecambe
1909 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Western (genre) theme parks
Amusement parks closed in 1999
Amusement parks opened in 1909

Frontierland, Morecambe


David Stern is a German-born American figurative painter, whose work is rooted in the European figurative art tradition and informed by American Abstract Expressionism. The main theme/motive of Stern's work is the human condition. He works almost exclusively from memory and his accumulated knowledge of the human figure. All of Stern's paintings are done with self-made mixtures of pure pigment and linseed oil. Since 2019 he has changed his practice and uses acrylic binder as a medium for his pigments.

Biography

David Stern was born on February 3, 1956, in Essen, Germany and lives in New York City. Stern has referred to himself as an "action painter," echoing the artistic legacies of New York School painters Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline.  Yet his human forms reach further back to histories of portraiture.

After an apprenticeship as a sign painter Stern attended the Dortmund Fachhochschule für Design and Art (1975–79) and the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (1980–82). He then taught painting at the Dortmund Fachhochschule für Design and Art, while he developed his painting skills living in a village near the town of Münster. In 1986 he moved to Cologne, where he found his artistic voice. From 1987 on, Stern exhibited his work nationally and quickly entered the international scene in the early nineties, with shows in Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, Belgium and Great Britain. Stern's 1992 retrospective exhibition David Stern: Study for a Way at the Hungarian National Gallery in Budapest was the first exhibition by a contemporary Western artist after Hungary opened to the West.

In 1993, Stern showed his work in the US for the first time, immigrated in 1994 and became naturalized in 2000.
Since his arrival, he has been fascinated by his encounters with an intensely urban place defined by its energy, crowding, speed and cosmopolitism. His national traveling exhibition David Stern: The American Years (1995–2008) curated by Karen Wilkin, demonstrates shifts in form and content in Stern's work since the artist moved to New York from Germany in 1995.

Stern has exhibited widely in New York City, the US and Europe.
His work can be found in public and private collections in the United States, Europe and Asia, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), Kupferstichkabinett Dresden (Dresden, Germany), National Museum (Poznan, Poland), Dresdner Bank (Cologne, Germany), Kunstsammlung der Universität Göttingen (Göttingen, Germany), Arkansas Art Center (Little Rock), Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville (Jacksonville, Florida), John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art (Sarasota, Florida), and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum (New York).

September 11, 2001

Stern's paintings The Gatherings are powerful monuments of collective mourning after the events of September 11, 2001. The paintings are in the collection of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York.

Portraits

Throughout his career David Stern has created portraits - always self-portraits and portraits of those close to him - and always in the same close to life size - based on drawings that the model sits for. In addition to portraits of family members, he painted portraits of friends like the philosophers Günther Anders (1986/90) and Abraham Ehrlich (1990), the saxophonist Matze Schubert (1988), the artists Emil B. Hartwig (1990), Al Hansen (1993), Marvin Hayes and Frank Bara (2001/02) and William Wegman (2008), the football player Willis Crenshaw, the diplomats Berel Rodal (2002/03) and Ronald Fagan (1999), the author, screenwriter and poet Jeremy Larner (1999) the actress and therapist Doe Lang (2011/12), or the art critic and curator Karen Wilkin (1999).

Digital Drawings

Stern has been involved with digital drawings since the first drawing apps for the iPhone came on the market. His thoughts about the nature and practice of digital drawings were published in 2013.
In the same year, Stern published the artist book "heros and graces," 21 years after he published "the erotic nature of truth" with the philosopher Abraham Ehrlich (among others in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art). It is a meditation on gender and based on a number of touch screen drawings.

Works on Canvas and on Paper

Stern's work is and has always been figurative, using the universal experience of the visual world as a point of reference. The paintings are developed in a process of action and reaction, without a preconceived plan and/or image of a desired result.
The themes of David Stern's works are always connected to his own experience and observation. He works almost exclusively from memory and his accumulated knowledge of the human figure. All of Stern's paintings are done with self-made mixtures of pure pigments and linseed oil. Since 2019, he uses acrylic binder as a medium for his pigments.

"I regard my paintings as innumerably different shaped vessels, which contents are according to the observing individual's experience (including myself). The content will have to take on the shape of the vessel, eventually." (David Stern, 2011)

Stern's works At the Gates are about the Threshold to the Unknown - Meditations about the Foreign.
Art historian Elizabeth Berkowitz speaks with David Stern about his series "At the Gates" on August 4, 2020.

The paintings The Sons of God refer to a rather strange verse in Genesis 6/6:
 "The Nephilim were on the earth in those days - and also afterward when the sons of God would consort with the daughters of man, who would bear to them. They were the mighty, who, from old, were men of devastation."
The motive of the falling man has interested him for a long time, having seen Max Beckmann's "Der Stürzende" as a young man. In the 1980s, he worked on some paintings with that theme, but deemed them unsuccessful and subsequently destroyed them.
Art historian Eckhart Gillen speaks with David Stern about his series "The Sons of God" on December 17, 2020. German language.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Stern created self-portraits in small format, at home as well as in the studio, in ink (mostly fountain pen) on paper, some washes and Japanese ink. All drawings measure 11 1/2 by 8 inches.

Selected Exhibitions

 2023 David Stern, Lucille Khornak Gallery, Bridgehampton, NY, August 9-18, 2023
 2023 David Stern. Myths and Archetypes, Cigar Factory, Long Island City, NY, May 11-31, 2023
 2014 - 16 "The Gatherings" Diptych at September Memorial and Museum New York City
 2010-12 David Stern: The American Years (1995-2008) (cont.) national traveling exhibition curated by Karen Wilkin, The Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art, Charleston, SC, August 26-October 8, 2010
 2011 David Stern: Five Paintings, Messineo Art Projects/Wyman Contemporary, New York Jan 27 – March 19
 2009 David Stern: Cold Cuts – The American Years, Galerie Brennecke, Berlin, October 24- December 3, 2009
 David Stern: Selections from "One Hundred Simple Things,"Messineo Art Projects/Wyman Contemporary, New York, May 14 – July 16
 2008-09 David Stern: The American Years (1995-2008), national traveling exhibition curated by Karen Wilkin, Yeshiva University Museum, New York,September 18, 2008-February 8, 2009
 Alexander Hogue Gallery, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, October 30-November 28
 2005-06 David Stern at the Starrett-Leihigh (project 1740), NYC presented by Claudia Carr Gallery, November 15-December 20
 2004 David Stern: Braces and Shadows, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC, April 28-June 3
 2002 David Stern: The Gatherings, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC, October 10-November 16
 2001 David Stern: Common Ground, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC, April 25-May 26
 2000 David Stern: Recent Paintings, Louis Stern Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, April 27-June 3
 1999 David Stern: Random Cycles, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC, October 12-November 13
 David Stern: Recent Work, William Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art, College of Charleston, SC, September 2-25
 1998 David Stern: New Paintings, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC, April 28-May 30
 1997 David Stern, Galerie Joachim Blüher, Cologne, Germany
 1996 David Stern: Skypieces and Portraits, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC, September 11-October 19
 1995 David Stern: Drawings and Paintings, Synagogue for the Arts, NYC, May 10-June 11
 1995 David Stern, Galerie Brennecke, Berlin, Germany
 1994 David Stern, Kunstverein, Gütersloh, Germany, November 20 – December 11
 1994 Identity and Relationship: Recent Paintings by David Stern, National Jewish Museum, Washington, DC, December 15 - January
 1994 David Stern: Bilder, Galerie Brennecke, Berlin, Germany, October 14 – November 19
 1993 David Stern: Malerei, Galerie X Sadie Bierl, Munich, Germany
 1993 David Stern: Malerei, Galerie Brennecke, Berlin, Germany, January 23 – March 6
 1992-93 David Stern: Tanulmányok egy útról (Study for a Way), Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest, Hungary, November26, 1992 – January 7, 1993
 1992 David Stern: Malerei, Kunstsammlung der Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, March 15 – April 26
 1992 David Stern: Malerei, Galerie Welz, Salzburg, Austria, September 4 – September 29
 1992 David Stern: Paintings, Martin Ainscough Gallery, Liverpool, England, October 3 – November 2

SELECTED GROUP EXHIBITIONS

 2021 And Yet We Rise: 20 Years Remembrance of September 11th, Embassy of the United States of America London, UK September 1 - March 7
 2014 Painted Faces, Curated by Mark Lewis. Henry Zarrow Center for Art and Education, University of Tulsa, March 7 - April 13
 2012 Positonswechsel, Curated by Kirsten Freundl. BayWa Munich, October 18 – November 10
 2010 Works On Paper. Julia Nitsberg, David Stern, Sylvia Schuster, Messineo Art Projects and Wyman Contemporary, New York, May 13 - July 15
 2008 National Juried Competition: Works of Art on Paper, Long Beach Island Foundation of the Arts & Sciences, June 21 –July 14
 2006 New American Figurative Art. David Stern. Nicholas Straube, Thomas Williams Fine Arts, London, October 10- November 10
 2003 Skin: Contemporary Views of the Body, Jacksonville Museum of Modern Art, Jacksonville, FL, May 2-August 3(with Magdalena Abakanowicz, Tony Oursler and others)
 2002-03 CorpoRealities. Contemporary Figurative Painting, Rollins College, Cornell Fine Arts Museum, Winter Park, FL,October 18-December 1 (with Eugène Leroy, Frank Auerbach and others )
 2002 Portraits. David Stern and Edvins Strautmanis. Drawings and Monoprints, Spokane Falls Community College Art Gallery, Spokane, WA, February 11-March 15
 1998 7th Biennal National Drawing Invitational, The Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, AK, May 7-June 21
 1998 Galerie Brennecke, Berlin, Germany
 1997 About Face, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC One of a Kind, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NYC
 1996 Galerie Joachim Blüher, Cologne, Germany Galerie Brennecke, Berlin, Germany
 1993 Fritz Ascher – David Stern. Two Abstract-Figurative Painters, International Monetary Fund Art Forum, Washington, DCMarch 30 – May 21
 1993 Galerie Seippel, Cologne, Germany
 1989 Der Name der Freiheit. Ein Kölner Symposion zur 200-Jahr-Feier der Französischen Revolution in der KölnerPhilharmonie am 29. April 1989, Cologne, Germany

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

 2020 Jonathan Goodman, "David Stern. Line, Form, Passage" at Ellipsis Art, White Hot Magazine, 2020
 2020 Jonathan Goodman, "David Stern. Composites of Geography, Composites of Form, Tussle Magazine, November 15, 2020
 2013 David Stern, "In the Beginning was a Drawing… (Thoughts on Drawing and Binary Code)" and Chapter 14: "Black and White Magic by David Stern, New York, USA" in David Scott Leibowitz, Mobile Digital Art. Using the iPad and iPhone as Creative Tools, 2013
 2011 Thomas Ketelsen, "Skypieces or 'Epiphanien des Zufalls'. David Sterns New Yorker Skizzenbuch im Dresdner Kupferstich-Kabinett, in Dresden – New York. Zu Ehren des 90. Geburtstages von Henry H. Arnhold, By Nina C. Ilgen and Martin Roth (Editors), Berlin and Munich 2011, pp. 39-42
 2008 David Stern: The American Years (1995-2008), catalogue accompanying the national traveling exhibition curated by Karen Wilkin; New York: YU Museum; Tulsa, OK: Alexandre Hogue Gallery; Charleston, SC: The Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art
 1999 David Stern: Recent Paintings, Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art, NY
 1994 David Stern, Identity and Relationship, National Jewish Museum, Washington, DC
 1992 David Stern, Study for a Way, Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest David Stern, Malerei,Kunstsammlung der Universität Göttingen (Germany)
 2009 Charles Ruas, "David Stern," ARTnews, January 2009, p. 112
 2008 Joel Silverstein, "David Stern at Yeshiva University Museum," artcritical.com, December 2008
 Teel Sale and Claudia Betti, Drawing. A Contemporary Approach, 6th edition, Belmont, CA 2008, p. 34, no. 2.12
 2007 Monica Strauss, "David Stern. Rituelle Gesten," Aufbau, September 2007, p. 10
 2005 Lonnie Pierson Dunbier (Editor), The Artists Bluebook. 34,000 North American Artists. 16th Century to March 2005, Scottsdale(Arizona), 2005, p. 479
 2004 David Grosz, "Human Figures, Broken and Restored, In the Work of One Artist," Forward, March 19, 2004, p. 11
 2003 Karen Wilkin, "At the Galleries," Partisan Review, Winter 2003, pp. 116-17
 2002 Blake Eskin, "A Passion for Impasto," ARTnews Summer 2002, pp. 122-124
 Monica Strauss, "Revisiting those stunned evenings," Aufbau,5 September 2002
 2001 Monica Strauss, "Figurative Paintings and Abstract Means. Paintings and Drawings by David Stern at Rosenberg & Kaufman Fine Art,"Aufbau 10 (May 10), 2001, p. 15
 Mario Naves, "Waving to the 20th Century en Route to the 19th,"The New York Observer , May 20
 Karen Wilkin, "At the Galleries," Partisan Review, Summer 2001
 2000 Lance Esplund, "David Stern at Rosenberg & Kaufman", Art in America, June 2000, pp. 124-25
 1999 Mitchell Cohen, "David Stern's Cosmos", Dissent, Fall 1999, pp. 64-67
 Frank Martin, "Stern's art like a thrill ride of texture, color and imagery", The Post and Courier, September 18, 1999, p. 2D
 1998 Lance Esplund, "Working the Paint," Modern Painters, Spring 1998, pp. 116-18
 1998 Townsend Wolfe, "David Stern," in 7th Biennal National Drawing Invitational, exh. cat. (Little Rock: The Arkansas Arts Center), pp. 57-59, nos. 38-43
 1997 Hearne Pardee, "David Stern," ARTnews, January 1997, pp. 119-121
 1996 Dominique Nahas, "David Stern," Review, October 1, 1996, p. 16
 Jeanne C. Wilkinson, David Stern," Review, September 15, 1996, p. 28
 1995 Sascha Brodsky, "Artist looks beyond Abstract Expressionism," Downtown Express, May 16-29, 1995, p. 27
 1994 Rolf Birkholz, "Das Ringen der Geschlechter," Gütersloher Tagesblatt, November 20, 1994, p. 994
 "Ausstellungsrundgang," Tagesspiegel Berlin, November 5
 C.J. "Tobende Farben," Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 7, 1994
 1993 Christina Wendenburg, "Wie sich aus einem Krater Gesichter herausschälen," Berliner Morgenpost, February 2, 1993
 Prof. Dr. Karl Arndt, "On David Stern's Paintings – Observations and Thoughts" in Fritz Ascher – David Stern. Two abstract-figurative painters, exh. cat. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund Art Forum
 Feature, Sonntagsgespräche with Karl L. Wolff, WDR Television
 1992 Jürgen Kisters, "Vom Zauber der Erfahrung. Der Kölner Maler David Stern bereitet eine Ausstellung in Budapest vor," Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, October 16
 Peter Krüger-Lenz, "Aufgeworfen, schrundig. Malerei von David Stern in der Uni-Kunstsammlung", Göttinger Tageblatt, March 1992
 Cornel Wachter, "Die Schichten der Erscheinungen durchdringen." Göttinger Tageblatt, March 11, 1992
 1991 Jürgen Kisters, "David Stern – Portrait eines Künstlers," Kunst Köln, 4, 1991, pp. 34-37
 Jürgen Kisters, "David Stern," Kunstforum, September 1991, p. 366
 1990 Wim Cox, Kölner Künstler im Portrait, Cologne, pp. 200-203
 1989 Franz Xaver Ohnesorg, "Der Name der Freiheit. Ein Kölner Symposion zur 200-Jahr-Feier der Französischen Revolution in der Kölner Philharmonie am 29. April 1989," KölnMusik Edition 1, Köln, 1989, pp. 40-41
 Künstler in Köln, Artothek der Stadtbücherei Köln, Cologne
 1988 Feature, Aktuelle Stunde, WDR 3 Television

References

Sources
 Text is also released under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL).
 David Stern, "In the Beginning was a Drawing… (Thoughts on Drawing and Binary Code)" and Chapter 14: "Black and White Magic by David Stern, New York, USA" in David Scott Leibowitz, Mobile Digital Art. Using the iPad and iPhone as Creative Tools, 2013, ,
 David Stern, heroes and graces, New York 2013 http://www.blurb.com/b/4234682-david-stern-heros-and-graces
 Thomas Ketelsen, "Skypieces or 'Epiphanien des Zufalls'. David Sterns New Yorker Skizzenbuch im Dresdner Kupferstich-Kabinett, in Nina C. Illgen, Martin Roth: Dresden – New York: zu Ehren des 90. Geburtstages von Henry H. Arnhold. Dt. Kunstverlag, Berlin/Munich 2011
 Karen Wilkin and Lance Esplund in David Stern: The American Years (1995–2008), New York: Yeshiva University Museum (2008/2009); Tulsa, OK: Alexandre Hogue Gallery(2008); Phoenix, AZ: Phoenix College (2010); Charleston, SC: William Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art (2010),
 Teel Sale and Claudia Betti, Drawing. A Contemporary Approach, 6th edition, Belmont, CA 2008, p. 34, no. 2.12,
 Lonnie Pierson Dunbier (Editor), The Artists Bluebook. 34,000 North American Artists. 16th Century to March 2005, Scottsdale (Arizona), 2005, p. 479
 Karen Wilkin and Mitchell Cohen in David Stern: Recent Paintings, New York: Rosenberg + Kaufman Fine Art 1999
 Marc Scheps and Ori Z. Soltes in David Stern: Identity and Relationship, Washington, DC: National Jewish Museum 1994
 Justus Bierich and Cornel Wachter (Hrsg.), David Stern: Studie für einen Weg/Tanulmany egy utrol/Study for a way 1987-1992, Budapest: Hungarian National Gallery 1992, mit Beiträgen von Lorand Bereczky, Werner Schmalenbach, Karl Arndt, Avraham Ehrlich und Jürgen Kisters, Kunstverlag Wolfrum Wien 1992
 Karl Arndt and Gudrun Meyer, David Stern: Malerei, Göttingen: Kunstsammlung der Universität Göttingen 1992

External links

 David Stern Studio: https://www.davidsternstudio.com
 A panel discussion: Identity, Art and Migration: Artist Refugees from Nazi Germany and Today on April 14, 2022, at the School of Visual Arts, New York. With Yasi Alipour, Rebecca Erbelding, PhD, Ori Z Soltes, PhD, and David Stern. Moderated by Jeremy Cohan, PhD. https://youtube.com/TDuBil94g5c
 Lisa Lipkin in conversation with Expats David Stern, Jamie Daley and Bob Bragar. The Brand Called You S3 E428, March 2022. Interview about the immigration experiences of 3 voluntary emigres from Europe to the US and vice versa. https://youtube.com/RJeIjOgci88
 David Stern Studio, December 15, 2020. Short film directed by Alexandra Rowling, produced by Angelica Semmelbauer and Ellipsis Art featuring David Stern. Cinematography by Nick Korompilas, sound-mix by Colin Berry-Jester, edit by Alexandra Rowling and Nick Korompilas. https://youtube.com/8e3YXmDfFYE
 Eckhart Gillen in conversation with David Stern about his series 'the sons of god,' December 17, 2020. German language. https://youtube.com/RwjgE7x2Qb4
 Jonathan Goodman, "David Stern: Composites of Geography, Composites of Form," Tussle Magazine November 15, 2020:  https://www.tusslemagazine.com/david-stern
 Elizabeth Berkowitz interviews David Stern about the 'At the Gates' series, August 4, 2020. https://youtube.com/Dv1jhURxnRQ
 "The Flux of Experience" - feature by the Fred Helm Film Group about the New York artist David Stern, filmed 2006 at David Stern Studio and the project 1740 space at the Starrett Lehigh Building in New York City, narrated by Tsvi Blanchard: https://youtube.com/RcvBEKRxl2k
 A panel discussion: Figuration, Abstraction and the Spiritual on November 18, 2008, at the Yeshiva University Museum, New York. Moderator: Karen Wilkin, Panelists: Lance Esplund, Jill Nathanson, Archie Rand and David Stern: https://youtube.com/GocqYCbKRSI
 Rich Fisher of Studio Tulsa talks with painter David Stern on KWGS, 89.5 NPR on October 29, 2008, about his National Travel Exhibition "The American Years": https://youtube.com/7NKZz1z_6bA

German emigrants to the United States
20th-century German painters
20th-century American male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
1956 births
German portrait painters
Living people
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century German printmakers
Abstract expressionist artists
Abstract painters
American abstract artists
American Expressionist painters
American portrait painters
Painters from New York City
People with acquired American citizenship
Biography articles of living people

David D. Stern


The Dalles Civic Auditorium is a historic building on the National Register of Historic Places located at the corner of Fourth and Federal streets in The Dalles, Oregon. It is currently owned by the Civic Auditorium Historic Preservation Committee, a non-profit corporation formed specifically for the purpose of purchasing it from the City of The Dalles to save it from scheduled demolition, restore it, and operate it as a local and regional cultural center.

"The Civic," as it is most commonly called, was once an important center of cultural and recreational activity for its community and region, and after more than a decade of dereliction and disuse, has been partially restored with plans in place for complete rehabilitation. The facility is becoming, once again, the site of public and private events.

Architecture
The Civic was designed by the Portland architectural firm of Houghtaling & Dougan, whose work includes the Jeffrey Center Building in Portland, and countless other prominent Oregon buildings, many still standing.  The light tan brick building occupies nearly one-quarter of a city block, and is an example of the neoclassical style common to public and governmental buildings of its era, more frequently implemented in stone or concrete block construction.

In addition to its over 1100-seat auditorium proper (or theater), with balcony, which is still at the planning stage for restoration, the building also boasts a grand ballroom with "floating" hardwood floor with its own balcony (or mezzanine), a "fireside room," for meetings, and a gymnasium.

History
The site of the Civic Auditorium was the location of a livery stable which had operated since the 1870s.  In 1921, the era of horse and buggy coming to a close, the property was purchased by the city in 1921 from Frank McCullough. Construction began the following year, and upon completion the Civic was dedicated as a memorial to the local veterans of World War I.

During its heyday, it was the venue for local cultural, entertainment, ceremonial, social, and recreational events ranging from concerts and theatricals to high school graduation ceremonies.

In the 1950s and early 1960s, it was operated by the city Parks & Recreation Department, who held indoor recreational activities and "sock hops," referred to as "Rec Dances," in its gymnasium for local youth.  Toward the end of that era, the facility had largely fallen into disuse, the auditorium proper having been turned into a professional wrestling arena.  It was ultimately condemned for safety reasons.

By the 1970s some initiatives were already beginning to be proposed to the city for its rehabilitation and reopening, but because of budgetary pressures, worsened by local economic conditions, none of these gained approval.

The renovation project currently underway, and as of 2006 approximately 50% accomplished, was one such proposal prepared for consideration by the city in 1984.  By 1991, after over 20 years of disuse, the city decided it needed to be relieved of the burden of maintaining a derelict property, and demolition was scheduled. This, despite the building's status as a historical landmark, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

The same year, a group of concerned citizens formed the non-profit corporation which raised the funds to purchase the property from the city, and undertook the project privately.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wasco County, Oregon

References

Wasco County History & Genealogy Project, "Civic Auditorium," in WascoWiki

External links
The Dalles Civic Auditorium official website

Companies:Houghtaling & Dougan on Emporis
Wasco County Listings, National Register of Historic Places official website

1922 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in The Dalles, Oregon
Government buildings completed in 1922
National Register of Historic Places in Wasco County, Oregon
Neoclassical architecture in Oregon
Historic district contributing properties in Oregon
World War I memorials in the United States

The Dalles Civic Auditorium


Liza Berggren (born 6 February  1986, in Mölndal, Sweden) is a Swedish fashion model and former Miss World Sweden.

Career
In 2005, she  was the Swedish delegate at 2005 Miss World pageant, held in Sanya, China after winning Miss World Sweden. Afterward, Berggren decided to become a fashion model. Berggren started her modeling career with Avenue Modeller. Under Avenue Modeller, she began to modeling other cities such as Milan, Copenhagen, and Berlin.

Berggren is predominantly an editorial model who has been featured in magazines such as Numero Magazine, Zink, Cosmopolitan Magazine, Viktor Magazine, and Love. She has appeared on the cover of Henne Magazine in Norway and was the face of Kristian Aadnevik in the Spring of 2011. Berggren has landed campaigns with AnneKarine, Farzan Esfahani, Carlings, Bjorklund, Christopher Kane, and P2 Summer.

References

Living people
1986 births
Swedish beauty pageant winners
Miss World 2005 delegates
Swedish female models

Liza Berggren


Rockingham is a historic house that was the home of John Berrien (1711–1772) and George Washington's final headquarters of the Revolutionary War. It is located at 84 Laurel Avenue, Franklin Township in Somerset County, New Jersey. The house was originally located on the hillside east of the Millstone River at Rocky Hill. It has been moved within southern Franklin Township several times, and is now closer to Kingston than to Rocky Hill. The residence is a featured part of the Millstone River Valley Scenic Byway.  The oldest portion of the house was built as a two-room, two-story saltbox style house ; a kitchen and additional rooms were added on in the early 1760s, expanding with the Berrien family.  The first reference to the house as "Rockingham" does not appear until a 1783 newspaper advertisement to sell the house, a name given most likely in honor of the Marquess of Rockingham.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970, for its significance in military and social history. Additional documentation was approved on January 11, 2010, after the house was moved in 2001.

John Berrien
John Berrien was a surveyor and land agent from Long Island whose business brought him into the Millstone River valley in the 1730s.  In 1735, he purchased the small house that overlooked the river.  Berrien eventually became a judge, first in Somerset County before eventually being named to the Supreme Court of New Jersey.  His first wife, Mary Leonard, of Perth Amboy, died in 1758 without bearing children; the next year, he married Margaret Eaton, whose father founded Eatontown, New Jersey.  Together, John and Margaret had six children, four boys (including John Berrien Jr.) and two girls.  John Berrien drowned in the Millstone River in 1772, leaving his estate in the hands of his wife.  He is buried in Princeton Cemetery.

George Washington

General George Washington stayed at Rockingham from August 23, 1783, to November 10, 1783.  He was invited to the area by Congress, who were headquartered in Nassau Hall in Princeton while awaiting the news of the signing of the Treaty of Paris to officially end the Revolutionary War.  Washington was accompanied by three aides-de-camp, a troop of between twelve and twenty-four life guards, his servants and, until early October, his wife Martha Washington.  He spent his time at Rockingham entertaining Congress and other local figures until word of the end of the War reached him on October 31.  On November 2, Washington composed his Farewell Orders to the Armies of the United States at Rockingham, a document dismissing his troops and announcing his retirement from the Army.

House sold
In 1802, Margaret Berrien sold the house to Frederick Cruser, who continued the expansion of the house.  Storage space and servants sleeping quarters were added to the kitchen wing, a second-story balcony added to the front of the house, and the roofline raised to accommodate a third-story attic.  The Cruser family occupied Rockingham until 1841. The house changed hands many times until the 1890s when the property was bought by the Rocky Hill Quarry Company.

Moves

1897 move
The first move of the house was in 1897 to remove it from the Rocky Hill Quarry Company property in Rocky Hill. Kate McFarlane and Josephine Swann helped create the Washington Headquarters Association of Rocky Hill, which raised the money to purchase the structure and move it away from the quarry. In August 1897, the house was opened to the public. In 1935, ownership was turned over to the state of New Jersey.

1956 move
By 1956, the quarry had expanded and the house again was too close to active quarrying. Rockingham was moved a half mile eastward along County Route 518.

2001 move
The house made its final move in 2001. It now sits on a  lot on Kingston-Rocky Hill Road, adjacent to the Delaware and Raritan Canal, on the outskirts of Kingston.  The site reopened to the public in 2004 and is open year-round.

Timeline

Rockingham has been owned by many individuals and moved three times since it was built:
 House built on the hillside east of the Millstone River at Rocky Hill:
1735 John Berrien buys house and property
1783 George Washington uses Rockingham as headquarters
1802 House sold to Frederick Cruser
1841 House sold to Henry Duryee
1847 House sold to James Stryker Van Pelt
1869 House sold to David H. Mount
1872 House sold to Martin A. Howell
 House and property sold to Rocky Hill Quarry Company
1897 House moved away from quarry, first move:
1956 House moved farther away from quarry, second move:
2001 House moved near Kingston, third move:

Gallery

See also

 List of the oldest buildings in New Jersey
List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War

References

External links

 Official homepage

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Museums in Somerset County, New Jersey
Houses in Somerset County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey
Relocated buildings and structures in New Jersey
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey
1710 establishments in New Jersey

Rockingham (house)


Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos is a vegetation type that naturally occurs in the Cape Winelands (or "Boland") of the Western Cape, South Africa.

This vegetation type is found on lower mountain slopes and high, rolling plains in the Western Cape Boland of South Africa. The loamy soils are naturally poor, moist and slightly acidic but the biodiversity is rich.

The vegetation consists of a diverse array of Protea, Erica, geophyte and daisy species, as well as some endemic species. In the moister areas, the Ericas predominate over the other plant groups.
This vegetation type is more vulnerable than other types of mountain fynbos, as it typically grows on lower slopes, which tend to be developed for housing or cultivated for farming.

Peninsula Shale Fynbos
An isolated patch of this vegetation can also be found further to the west, within the city of Cape Town. Here it is usually known as Peninsula Shale Fynbos and occurs on the lower slopes of Devils Peak as far south as Newlands Forest and Kirstenbosch. On the northern slopes of Devils Peak, it merges into Peninsula Shale Renosterveld. This ecosystem is usually classed as being a type of Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos, although there are differences.

There is a forest of Silvertrees (Leucadendron argenteum) growing in this spot of Peninsula Shale Fynbos, just above Rhodes Memorial. This rare and enormous Protea is typically restricted to the Peninsula Granite Fynbos of Cape Town. It is not known why it grows in the shale fynbos here.

See also
 Biodiversity of Cape Town
 Peninsula Shale Renosterveld
 Peninsula Granite Fynbos
 Cape Floristic Region
 :Category:Fynbos - habitats and species.

References

Fynbos ecosystems
.
Vegetation types of Cape Town

Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos


Cortisone is a pregnene (21-carbon) steroid hormone. It is a naturally-occurring corticosteroid metabolite that is also used as a pharmaceutical prodrug. Cortisol is converted by the action of the enzyme corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 into the inactive metabolite cortisone, particularly in the kidneys. This is done by oxidizing the alcohol group at carbon 11 (in the six-membered ring fused to the five-membered ring). Cortisone is converted back to the active steroid cortisol by stereospecific hydrogenation at carbon 11 by the enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, particularly in the liver.

The term "cortisone" is frequently misused to mean either any corticosteroid or hydrocortisone, which is in fact cortisol. Many who speak of receiving a "cortisone shot" or taking "cortisone" are more likely receiving hydrocortisone or one of many other, much more potent synthetic corticosteroids.

Cortisone can be administered as a prodrug, meaning it has to be converted by the body (specifically the liver, converting it into cortisol) after administration to be effective. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally, intra-articularly (into a joint), or transcutaneously. Cortisone suppresses various elements of the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling.  Risks exist, in particular in the long-term use of cortisone. However, using cortisone only results in very mild activity, and very often more potent steroids are used instead.

Effects and uses
Cortisone itself is inactive. It must be converted to cortisol by the action of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. This primarily happens in the liver, the main site at which cortisone becomes cortisol after oral or systemic injection, and can thus have a pharmacological effect. After application to the skin or injection into a joint, local cells that express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 instead convert it to active cortisol.

A cortisone injection may provide short-term pain relief and may reduce the swelling from inflammation of a joint, tendon, or bursa in, for example, the joints of the knee, elbow and shoulder and into a broken coccyx.

Cortisone is used by dermatologists to treat keloids, relieve the symptoms of eczema and atopic dermatitis, and stop the development of sarcoidosis.

Side effects
Oral use of cortisone has a number of potential systemic adverse effects, including asthma, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, anxiety, depression, amenorrhoea, cataracts, glaucoma, Cushing's syndrome, increased risk of infections, and impaired growth. With topical application, it can lead to thinning of the skin, impaired wound healing, increased skin pigmentation, tendon rupture, and skin infections (including abscesses).

History
Cortisone was first identified by the American chemists Edward Calvin Kendall and Harold L. Mason while researching at the Mayo Clinic. During the discovery process, cortisone was known as compound E (while cortisol was known as compound F).

In 1949, Philip S. Hench and colleagues discovered that large doses of injected cortisone were effective in the treatment of patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Kendall was awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine along with Philip Showalter Hench and Tadeusz Reichstein for the discovery of the structure and function of adrenal cortex hormones including cortisone. Both Reichstein and the team of O. Wintersteiner and J. Pfiffner had separately isolated the compound prior to the discovery made by Mason and Kendall, but failed to recognize its biological significance. Mason's contributions to the crystallization and characterization of the compound have generally been forgotten outside of the Mayo Clinic.

Cortisone was first produced commercially by Merck & Co. in 1948 or 1949. On September 30, 1949, Percy Julian announced an improvement in the process of producing cortisone from bile acids. This eliminated the need to use osmium tetroxide, a rare, expensive, and dangerous chemical. In the UK in the early 1950s, John Cornforth and Kenneth Callow at the National Institute for Medical Research collaborated with Glaxo to produce cortisone from hecogenin from sisal plants.

Production
Cortisone is one of several end-products of a process called steroidogenesis. This process starts with the synthesis of cholesterol, which then proceeds through a series of modifications in the adrenal gland to become any one of many steroid hormones. One end-product of this pathway is cortisol. For cortisol to be released from the adrenal gland, a cascade of signaling occurs. Corticotropin-releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus stimulates corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which relays the signal to the adrenal cortex. Here, the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, in response to ACTH, secrete glucocorticoids, in particular cortisol. In various peripheral tissues, notably the kidneys, cortisol is inactivated to cortisone by the enzyme corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2. This is crucial because cortisol is a potent mineralocorticoid and would cause havoc with electrolyte levels (raising blood sodium and lowering blood potassium levels) and raise blood pressure if it were not inactivated in the kidneys.

Because cortisone must be converted to cortisol before being active as a glucocorticoid, its activity is less than simply administering cortisol directly (80–90%).

Popular culture
Addiction to cortisone was the subject of the 1956 motion picture Bigger Than Life, produced by and starring James Mason. Though it was a box-office flop upon its initial release, many modern critics hail the film as a masterpiece and brilliant indictment of contemporary attitudes toward mental illness and addiction. In 1963, Jean-Luc Godard named it one of the ten greatest American sound films ever made.

John F. Kennedy was regularly administered corticosteroids such as cortisone as a treatment for Addison's disease.

See also

 Central serous retinopathy
 Corticosterol

Notes

Bibliography

Corticosteroids
Pregnanes
Prodrugs
Triketones

Cortisone


Laguna Seca is a seasonal lake located in south Santa Clara Valley in the Coyote Valley, an area critical to wildlife as the narrowest corridor connecting Mt. Hamilton and the Diablo Range on the east to the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west. It is the largest freshwater wetland in Santa Clara County, California and lies between Tulare Hill and the Santa Teresa Hills just west of Santa Teresa Boulevard and north of Bailey Avenue. Laguna Seca is fed by Fisher Creek. A man-made channel extends Fisher Creek to Coyote Creek.

History
The first written historical account of La Laguna Zeca 'the dry lake' was first described on 31 October 1797.

Rancho Laguna Seca (Alvires) or Refugio de la Laguna Seca is a Mexican land grant presumably named for the seasonal lake. The grant was made July 22, 1834 to Juan Alvires by Governor José Figueroa.

Historically, Laguna Seca was an approximately 1,000-acre spring-fed perennial wetland mosaic of flooded wet meadows and smaller perennial freshwater marshes and lagunas. It occasionally dried up in drought years. From 1916 to 1917, Laguna Seca was largely filled in to permit agriculture.

Geology and ecology
The remnants of Laguna Seca are bordered by and west of Santa Teresa Boulevard, located at the north end of the area now known as Coyote Valley at the base of the saddle between Tulare Hill and the Santa Teresa Hills. The marshes and lagunas formed as the bedrock of the Santa Teresa Hills forced groundwater to the surface and drainage was blocked by the natural levees of Coyote Creek. In addition, the heavy clay soils characteristic of the bottomland areas, often referred to as "black adobe" soils, often forced groundwater to the surface as springs and seeps. The lake helps recharge the aquifer in the Coyote Valley. Laguna Seca could provide major flooding protection to downstream San Jose, if the man-made extension of Fisher Creek from Laguna Seca to Coyote Creek was removed. It has been shown that Fisher Creek currently contributes approximately 57% of peak flows that exceed channel holding capacity during a 10-year flooding event at William Street in downtown San Jose and that hydrologic restoration projects designed to spread, capture, and sink excess stormwater in the Coyote Valley could reduce the risk of flooding to downstream areas while also recharging Coyote Valley's groundwater sub-basin (Robins 2016).

Today the waters of Laguna Seca are ponded above the surface December to May, but near the surface all year-round. It hosts endangered amphibian species such as the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii). It is also an important stopover for migrating waterfowl.

Potential restoration of Laguna Seca provides an unusual opportunity to restore natural wetland functions and a diverse, large, natural, valley floor wetland. Successful wetland restoration at Laguna Seca could support a wide range of threatened species, including rare plants, amphibians, and water birds. It would also act as a natural flood basin moderating flood impacts on downstream Coyote Creek in urban San Jose.

See also
 Rancho Laguna Seca (Alvires)
 Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)
 Mt. Hamilton
WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca

References

External links
 Never Thirst, a blog by Pat Ferraro, former Director, SCVWD
 Laguna Seca Wetland Restoration Project, Santa Clara Valley Water District

Lakes of Santa Clara County, California
Lakes of California
Lakes of Northern California

Laguna Seca (Santa Clara County)


Self-medicating is a contraversial practuice. It involves the use of drugs by a non-doctor to relieve unwanted symptoms the user has. It differs from recreational drug use in that the drug use is not for fun.  Users that administer drugs in this way have usually been diagnosed or have substantial evidence that they have an illness.  Self-medication drugs may be obtained by doctors, on-line or from illegal drug dealers. They may also be so desperate to relieve their symptoms, they might steal from the drug from friends, family and any other route they might find.

Self-medication


Tao (Pinyin Dào ) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more often in ancient Chinese philosophy. The Chinese character translates as "way," "path," or "route,". In Taoism, the Tao was the origin of the whole universe. Taoists believe that the "myriad things", or everything in the universe from animals to materials to ideas, originally came from the Tao, and when something disappears, it's energy (or qi) goes back to the Tao to be absorbed and re-birthed in a different form.

The Tao is a cosmic force that can't be named or described, which is the natural harmony between all living things, and the way they all move together. Taoists thought that if someone "forgot themselves", and let go of intentions, they would be able to "move effortlessly" (wu wei, or "non-action"), and be in harmony with the Tao, like the animals, plants, and everything else. This harmony is the ultimate goal of Taoism.

Taoism
Confucianism

Tao


Legislative elections were held in Kazakhstan on 10 October 1999, with a second round on 24 October. The result was a victory for the new Otan party, which won 23 of the 77 seats. Voter turnout was 62.5%.

Background
President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced by public decree on 7 July 1999 that the elections to both Houses of the Parliament (the Senate and Assembly) would take place on 17 September 1999 and 10 October 1999 respectively.
The former Soviet republic, independent since 1991, wanted to project with these elections a democratic image because its January presidential election had been criticized in the West as unfair. For the first time, 10 of the 77 seats in the Assembly were contested on a party basis and opposition candidates were given access to the media.

Elections
International and domestic observers described the parliamentary election as flawed. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, that had deployed 200 observers to monitor the vote, reported that the election had fallen far short of international standards. It was alleged that innocent candidates had been treated unfairly and that voters had been pressured not to vote for certain candidates.

About 60 percent of the eight million registered voters turned out for the ballot which was a much lower turnout than the one for the 1995 elections, at which voter participation was 79%.

In the election to the Assembly, the ten seats allotted to political parties were decided in the first round on October 10, as well as 20 seats where candidates secured a majority. The remaining 47, where there was no clear majority, were decided at a second round which took place on 24 October.

Kazakhstan's election commission called for new voting to be held in three of the 67 voting districts. The new polls would be held in Atyrau city and the South Kazakhstan and Dzhambul regions. The Kazakh election laws do not allow the original candidates to run again in the new voting in these three districts.

For the Senate, on 17 September, deputies in the regional and city assemblies elected the 16 contested seats. Twelve of the new senators were nominated by Maslihats (provinces) and the other four were self-nominated.

Results

References

External links
Inter-Parliamentary Union Report on 1999 Kazakhstan Elections
Parliament of Republic of Kazakhstan
Central Election Commission

Kazakhstan
Legislative election
Elections in Kazakhstan
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

1999 Kazakh legislative election


A patrol is commonly a group of people like law enforcement officers, military personnel, or private security contractors. These people are assigned to watch over a specific geographic area.

In military, patrol units are sent for gathering information, combat, or both. Outside the military, patrol officers are Police officers are given areas to keep watch over. This is done to know if there are any problems or disputes in the area.

The term need not be so formal, and it applies wider than just humans. Many animals patrol their territory. They may mark the boundary with scent, and challenge any member of the species who enters the territory. This so-called "agonistic behaviour" occurs because resources are limited.

References

Military
Animal communication
Law enforcement

Patrol


Ballograf AB is a Swedish manufacturer of writing implements. Ballograf manufactures its products from raw materials to finished product in its factory in Västra Frölunda, Gothenburg.

Current range of instruments manufactured by Ballograf include mechanical pencils and ballpoint pens. The company is also distributor of several brands in Sweden, such as Sheaffer, Staedtler and Cross, which allow Ballograf to expand its variety to fountain and rollerball pens.

History
In 1945, Austrian Eugen Spitzer, set up a company in Gothenburg with the aim of selling office supplies with the assistance of Friedrich Schaechter, a young Austrian inventor. The manufacturing of ballpoint pens began with Schaechter's experiments on a small scale in a garage on St. Pauli Street. Production subsequently increased and the business moved to Krokslätt Street in Mölndal, with the company now called Ballografverken, where Fritz Schaechter remained until 1951 as head of development.

The Ballograf brand was marketed throughout the Nordic countries and soon became well-known. Ballograf was early in launching a ballpoint pen with a push mechanism, which delivered increased user friendliness. In 1956, Ballograf introduced a ballpoint cartridge containing light-fast ink later certified to become archival ink. This was the major breakthrough for the ballpoint pen as it was now possible for public authorities and companies to use it. Ballograf was the leading brand of ballpoint pen in the Nordic countries. Sales were also progressing in other European countries including Austria, Switzerland and Holland. The company, despite being based on ballpoint pens, also manufactured fountain pens during this period.

In 1959, the company was bought by the French BIC Group, as they wanted to establish their business in the Scandinavian office supplies market.

During 2004, BIC decided to sell the brand, along with manufacture of Ballograf products, to the General Manager of the Nordic operation. The sale was completed on 1 November 2004 and 50% of the company is now owned by Jan Johansson and 50% by Tommy Kvist. Current production is sold world wide with a high acceptance of all its users.

Annual production
Ballograf produces more than 4 million writing instruments per year, with a workforce of only 30 employees. Fifty percent of its output is consumed in Scandinavian countries, while the other half is exported around the world, mainly to Western Europe.

See also
 List of pen types, brands and companies

References

External links
 Official website

Swedish brands
Fountain pen and ink manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Gothenburg
Writing implements

Ballograf


In optics, a tophat (or top-hat) beam such as a laser beam or electron beam has a near-uniform fluence (energy density) within a circular disk. It is typically formed by diffractive optical elements from a Gaussian beam. Tophat beams are often used in industry, for example for laser drilling of holes in printed circuit boards. They are also used in very high power laser systems, which use chains of optical amplifiers to produce an intense beam. Tophat beams are named for their resemblance to the shape of a top hat.

External links
 Video of propagation simulation of TopHat Diffractive Optical Element around focal plane by Holo/Or
 Flat top / Beam shaping application notes - Diffractive optics by HoloOr
 MATLAB function for simulating TopHat beam by HoloOr

See also
Laser beam profiler
Bessel beam

Laser science

Tophat beam


Homens da Luta (Men of the Struggle) is a Portuguese improvisational comedy and musical street performance group consisting of brothers Vasco Duarte (Falâncio) and Nuno Duarte "Jel" (Neto). Their songs are a parody of songs sung during the period after the 1974 Carnation Revolution, and the characters played are caricatures of the revolutionary singers of the time, such as Zeca Afonso and José Mário Branco. Homens da Luta often use the term "struggle" to invoke slogans that became famous during the revolutionary era, such as "A Luta Continua" (The Struggle Goes On).
In 2010 Homens da Luta released an mp3 album called "A Canção é uma arma"  (The song is a weapon) consisting of 14 songs. One of their most popular songs is "E o povo, pá?" (What about the people, man?).

Eurovision Song Contest
In 2010, Homens da Luta took part in the RTP Song Festival 2010, with the song "Luta assim não dá" (The struggle can't go on like this). The song was disqualified as it had been previously performed, which was a breach of the rules of the Festival and the international ESC.

In 2011, they entered the contest again with the song "A luta é alegria" (The struggle is joy), lyrics by Nuno Duarte "Jel" and composed by Vasco Duarte. They were in sixth place until the public vote was counted, at which point they ended up on the first place, winning a place in Düsseldorf. They represented Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany, but did not gain enough votes from other countries for a place in the final round. Since the group are comedians and not singers, and because their victory was also based on popular support rather than the selected jury, there were some negative reactions to their win on the site of the contest.

References

Portuguese musical groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Portugal
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2011

Homens da Luta


The Yale Collection of Musical Instruments, a division of the Yale School of Music, is a museum in New Haven, Connecticut. It was established in 1900 by a gift of historic keyboard instruments from Morris Steinert, and later enriched in 1960 and 1962 by the acquisition of the Belle Skinner and Emil Herrmann collections. Initially housed under the dome of Woolsey Hall, it was moved in 1961 to a historic Romanesque structure on Hillhouse Avenue, constructed in 1895 for the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

Collections
Highlights from the museum's holdings include keyboard instruments from three centuries, featuring an organ by John Snetzler  (London, 1742), harpsichords by Ruckers (Antwerp, 1640), Blanchet (Paris, c. 1740), and Taskin (Paris, 1770), a clavichord by Hoffman (Ronneburg, 1784), and pianos by Könnicke (Vienna, c. 1795), Boesendorfer (Vienna, c. 1830), and Érard (Paris, 1883). The Collection possesses stringed instruments by Stradivari, Guarneri, and Stainer. Also included are a number of historical wind instruments, world instruments, and a large collection of bells given in 1975 by Robyna Neilson Ketchum.

The Collection maintains permanent exhibits, regularly mounts special exhibitions, and is open to the public during regular visiting hours. In addition to presentations made to Yale classes, the Collection offers tours and lecture-demonstrations to school and private groups by appointment.

Concerts
The annual concert series presented by the Collection of Musical Instruments features performers of music in its historical context, often using the appropriate instruments from the Collection that have been restored to playing condition. Performers and ensembles that have appeared on the concert series include: The Alarius Ensemble, Malcolm Bilson, Anner Bylsma, The Flanders Quartet, John Holloway, Monica Huggett, Ralph Kirkpatrick, Jeanne Lamon, Gustav Leonhardt, Amsterdam Loeki Stardust Quartet, Paul O'Dette, London Baroque, Steven Lubin, Paolo Pandolfo, Phantasm, Stanley Ritchie, Jaap Schroeder, Fernando Valenti, and Marion Verbruggen. Also presented in the series is the Collection's resident ensemble, the Yale Baroque Ensemble, directed by Robert Mealy.

See also
 List of music museums
 Wistariahurst § Music Room era, first exhibition of the Belle Skinner instruments

Further reading

References

External links
Official website, Yale Collection of Musical Instruments

Yale University buildings
University museums in Connecticut
Museums in New Haven, Connecticut
Musical instrument museums in the United States
Music museums in Connecticut

Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments


Maithree Wickramasinghe (born 11 August 1954) is a Sri Lankan academic and Professor of English at the University of Kelaniya. The wife of Ranil Wickremasinghe the current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, she is the founder director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Kelaniya and a visiting professor on gender and women's studies at other educational institutions including the University of Colombo and the University of Sussex. Maithree Wickramasinghe has delivered keynotes and plenaries at academic and professional fora in the US, Spain, Kenya, India, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea and China.

Family and education
The only child of the late Senevi B. Wickremasinghe and Shiranee Wickremasinghe (née Bandaratilaka) of Nawala, Koswatte. She graduated from King's College London with a BA (Hons) degree in English and went on to complete her MA degree in Women's Studies at the University of Colombo. She had gained her PhD degree from the Institute of Education, University of London. In 1995 she married Ranil Wickremasinghe.

Related pages
 Ranil Wickremasinghe

1954 births
Living people
Sri Lankan academics

Maitree Wickramasinghe