Arijit Singh (born 25 April 1987) is an Indian playback singer and music composer. The recipient of several accolades including a National Film Award and seven Filmfare Awards, he has recorded songs in several Indian languages.

Singh began his career when he participated in the contemporary reality show Fame Gurukul in 2005. He received widespread recognition with the release of successful tracks"Tum Hi Ho" and "Chahun Main Ya Naa" from Aashique 2 in 2013. He was declared the most-streamed Indian artist of 2020, 2021 and 2022 by Spotify. He is the 3rd most followed artist globally and the most followed Asian on Spotify.

Early life
Arijit Singh was born on 25 April 1987 in Jiaganj, Murshidabad, West Bengal to Kakkar Singh, a Punjabi Sikh father and Aditi Singh, a Bengali Hindu mother. His paternal family came from Lahore during the Partition. He began his music training at a very young age at home. His maternal aunt trained in Indian classical music, and his maternal grandmother used to sing. His maternal uncle played the tabla, and his mother also sang and played the tabla. He studied at Raja Bijay Singh High School and later at the Sripat Singh College, a University of Kalyani affiliate. According to him he "was a decent student, but cared more about music" and his parents decided to train him professionally. He was taught Indian classical music by Rajendra Prasad Hazari and trained in tabla by Dhirendra Prasad Hazari. Birendra Prasad Hazari taught him Rabindra Sangeet (songs written and composed by Rabindranath Tagore) and pop music. At the age of three, he started training under the Hazari brothers, and at the age of nine, he got a scholarship from the government for training in vocals in Indian classical music.

Growing up, he listened to Mozart, Beethoven and Bengali classical music. He idolized musicians like Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ustad Rashid Khan, Zakir Hussain and Anand Chatterjee, and enjoyed listening to Kishore Kumar, Hemant Kumar, and Manna Dey.

Career

Career beginnings (2005–2009)

Singh's musical career began when his guru Rajendra Prasad Hazari, who felt that "Indian classical music was a dying tradition", insisted him to leave his hometown and participate in the reality show Fame Gurukul (2005) at the age of 18. He was eliminated by audience polling, finishing in sixth place.

During the show, filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali recognized his talent and had him sing "Yun Shabnami" a song scheduled to be used in his upcoming film Saawariya. During production, the script changed and the song was no longer required. It was never released. After the Fame Gurukul, Kumar Taurani, the head of Tips, signed him for an album which was never released.

He participated in another reality show 10 Ke 10 Le Gaye Dil and won. He chose to move to Mumbai in 2006 to freelance, staying in a rented room in the Lokhandwala area of the city. He invested the prize money of ₹1 million from 10 ke 10 Le Gaye Dil to build his recording studio. He became a music producer and began composing music and singing pieces for advertisements, news channels and radio stations.

Singh spent a part of his early musical career as a music programmer and music producer for music directors such as Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Vishal–Shekhar, Mithoon, Monty Sharma and Pritam. While working with other composers he supervised the vocals, and the chorus sections, but it was while working with Pritam, that he began to produce and program music by himself.

2010–13: Early releases and Aashiqui 2

In 2010, Singh started working with Pritam on three films—Golmaal 3, Crook and Action Replayy. He started with singing scratches in the Telugu Film Industry with the 2010 film Kedi with the song "Neeve Na Neeve Na" composed by Sandeep Chowta. In 2011, Singh made his Bollywood musical debut with the Mithoon composition, "Phir Mohabbat" from Murder 2, which though he recorded in 2009 was released in 2011. The same year, when he was programming for the song "Raabta" from Agent Vinod (2012), Pritam asked him to sing as well. The part was retained in all four versions of the song, and he was made to sing the entire composition in one of the versions. Apart from Agent Vinod, Singh dubbed for Pritam in three other films released during the year : Players, Cocktail and, Barfi!.

He also sang the song "Uska Hi Banana" for Chirantan Bhatt in 1920: Evil Returns. Glamsham in its review of the song "Uska Hi Banana" wrote that Singh had sung the song intensely, emotionally and passionately and at a very high pitch.
He sang on Vishal–Shekhar's composition "Duaa" in the film Shanghai. It won him the Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Playback Singer award. He was nominated in the same category for "Phir Le Aya Dil" from Barfi!.

Singh's breakthrough came in Aashiqui 2 where he was a lead and key vocalist and came to prominence with the release of the song "Tum Hi Ho" from the movie. The song won him several awards and nominations including Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer. In the same year his 3 songs from Telugu movie Swamy Ra Ra were also gained popularity.

Singh continued to work with Pritam, singing "Dilliwaali Girlfriend", "Kabira" and "Ilahi" for Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani. Other than singing the encore version of "Kabira", he was the music producer of the track "Balam Pichkari" from the same film. Singh sang "Main Rang Sharbaton Ka" composed by Pritam from Phata Poster Nikhla Hero as well as "Dhoka Dhadi" for R... Rajkumar.

He sang for Shah Rukh Khan in the song "Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari" from Chennai Express which was composed by Vishal–Shekhar. Apart from rendering the duet version of "Har Kisi Ko" from Boss along with Neeti Mohan, the year marked his collaboration with Sharib–Toshi on the song "Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse" from Jackpot and with Sanjay Leela Bhansali on the semi-classical number, "Laal Ishq" from Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela. Later, in an interview Singh picked "Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse" as one of his favorite songs and chose "Tose Naina" from Mickey Virus as "closest to his heart".

2014

In 2014, Singh got the chance to work with two of his favourite music directors, Sajid–Wajid and A. R. Rahman. He performed two tracks from Main Tera Hero and the song "Raat Bhar" from Heropanti for Sajid-Wajid. He also dubbed the Hindi version of the song "Medhuvaagathaan" from Kochadaiiyaan titled "Dil Chaspiya" for A. R. Rahman.

He rendered three re-mixed songs : Amit Trivedi's "Hungama Ho Gaya", a song for Yaariyan and Sharib-Toshi's "Samjhawan" for Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania. He rendered his voice for "Mast Magan" from 2 States, "Jiya" from Gunday, as well as Arko Pravo Mukherjee's "Aaj Phir" from Hate Story 2. Singh worked with Vishal Bhardwaj, recording two songs from Haider and with Sachin–Jigar on "Jaise Mera Tu" in Happy Ending.

The year marked his collaboration with many other music directors including Tony Kakkar on "Sawan Aaya Hai" and Palak Muchhal on "Tu Hi Hai Aashiqui". During the year, he provided vocals for Mithoon on "Humdard" for Ek Villain and "Hai Dil Ye Mera" for Hate Story 2. He worked with Vishal–Shekhar on "Manwa Laage" for Happy New Year and with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy on "Sajde" for Kill Dil. He sang two songs on Sharib-Toshi's Zid  and on three tracks for Pritam Chakraborty's Holiday which was arranged by Singh himself. Jeet Gannguli's song Muskurane garnered him the most nominations for the year, while he received two Filmfare nominations for "Suno Na Sangemarmar" and the Sufi song "Mast Magan". Singh picked "Gulon Mein Rang Bhare"—originally sung by Mehdi Hassan and re-written for Haider by Vishal Bhardwaj—as his favorite track of the year.

2015

Singh made his Tamil debut in 2015 with the song "Neeye Vaazhkai Enbena" from the film Pugazh. He also provided vocals for the Dance song "Sooraj Dooba Hain" from Roy, which was composed by Amaal Mallik and written by Kumaar. It was promoted as the "Party Anthem of the Year". During the year he sang a duet "Agar Tum Saath Ho" with Alka Yagnik, from the movie Tamasha which is composed by A. R. Rahman and written by Irshad Kamil. He worked again with Amaal Mallik on the song "Khwaishein" from Calendar Girls. Apart from dubbing the Hindi version of the song "Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal" from Rahman's I, along with Shreya Ghoshal, Singh teamed up with Gannguli and Bobby–Imran for Khamoshiyan, where he performed the film's title song. He sang "Baatein Ye Kabhi Na" for Gannguli and "Tu Har Lamha" for Bobby-Imran. He collaborated with Gannguli on two other projects; "Teri Khushboo" for Mr. X and the title track for Hamari Adhuri Kahani.

Besides working with Chirantan Bhatt on "Teri Meri Kahaani" and Sachin–Jigar on "Chunar", he worked with some new composers like Bann Chakraborty, Khamosh Shah, Jatinder Shah and Manj Musik. Moreover, Singh recorded a reprise version of Sonu Nigam's 1999 song "Deewana Tera" for Ek Paheli Leela. The year marked the first collaboration between Singh and Himesh Reshammiya, on the song "Baaton Ko Teri" from All Is Well. He voiced Bhardwaj in "Shaam Ke Saaye" and "Kya Pataa" for Talvar and Drishyam respectively, and he also performed "Saware" from Phantom. Besides recording soundtracks, Singh released his second promotional single during the year. Titled "Chal Waha Jaate Hain", the song is composed by Mallik and features Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon. Singh also made his Marathi debut with the song "Yaar Illahi – Qawwali" from the film Katyar Kaljat Ghusali.

In 2015, Singh recorded a romantic duet titled "Sooiyan", written by Irshad Kamil and Amit Trivedi, with Chinmayi Sripaada for the Bollywood film Guddu Rangeela. Arijit was the lead vocalist on the soundtrack of the 2015 film Dilwale singing "Janam Janam" with Antara Mitra, "Gerua" with Antara Mitra and the dance number "Tukur Tukur". All composed by Pritam and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya, the music videos featuring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol, received a good response.

Arijit completed shooting for his directorial debut in 2015. Titled Bhalobasar Rojnamcha, it is a Bengali feature film compiled with seven short films. Co-written by Singh, a work-in-progress version of the film has been sent to some film festivals abroad.

2016

In early 2016, Singh sang "Yeh Fitoor Mera" written by Swanand Kirkire and composed by Amit Trivedi. Firstpost in its review spoke positively of the song, calling it a trademark song from the Fitoor album. Firstpost also commended Singh's singing. Singh made his Gujarati debut with the song "Satrangi Re" from the film Wrong Side Raju.

Some of his noteworthy Hindi songs of 2016 included "Soch Na Sake" which is a duet with Tulsi Kumar from the movie Airlift, composed by Amaal Mallik written by Kumaar, "Sanam Re" - the title track of the movie Sanam Re, composed and written by Mithoon, "Bolna" from the movie Kapoor and Sons, and "Itni Si Baat Hain", a duet with Antara Mitra, composed by Pritam Chakraborty and written by Manoj Yadav.

Singh was the key vocalist on the Raaz Reboot soundtrack and sang "Lo Maan Liya" composed by Jeet Ganguly written by Kausar Munir from it. He also sang the haunting melody "Raaz Aakhein Teri" and "Yaad Hain Na" from the same film.

He sang the duet "Dharkhaast" from the film, Shivaay with Sunidhi Chauhan, composed by Mithoon and lyrics penned by Sayeed Quadri. Daily News and Analysis in their review of song "Dharkhaast" commended Singh and Sunidhi's singing.

As the key vocalist on the film Ae Dil Hai Mushkil, Singh sang the popular the title track "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" composed by Pritam Chakraborty and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. He also sang "Channa Mereya", which garnered over 110 million views. He rendered another chartbuster hit "Nashe Si Chadh Gayi" from Befikre. The promotional video for the song garnered over 330 million views on YouTube.

He also sang "Naina" from Dangal at the end of 2016. In its review, Zee News wrote Arijit Singh's "Naina song from Dangal will touch your heart",
and the Indian actor Varun Dhawan praised the song.

2017

In 2017, he sang for Shah Rukh Khan and performed a romantic duet with Harshdeep Kaur called "Zaalima", composed by Pritam's JAM8 and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya from the movie Raees. Khan shared multiple teasers of the song before its full release. He provided vocals for Salim–Sulaiman's compositions "Kuch Parbat Hilayein" and "Babul Mora" written by Amitabh Bhattacharya from the inspirational movie Poorna. He rendered "Alvida" from the film Rangoon, which the Deccan Chronicle praised in its review of the movie.

He also sang the song "Roke Na Ruke Naina", composed by Amaal Mallik and written by Kumaar from the film Badrinath Ki Dulhania, and the chorus song "Namami Brahmaputra" (English: I Bow to the Brahmaputra) composed by Papon and dedicated to the river Brahmaputra which flows in Assam and has high cultural, economic and social importance for the northeast Indian and Assamese people. He sang "Haareya" from the movie Meri Pyaari Bindu. and the song "Murshida" from the movie Begum Jaan written by Rahat Indori and composed by Anu Malik.

Singh sang "Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga", composed by Mithoon, with lyrics by Manoj Muntashir from the soundtrack of Half Girlfriend. Zee Music Company released it before their planned date due to public demand. He also sang "Pal Bhar" which is a reprise and extended version of song from Phir Bhi Tumko Chahunga. "Pal Bhar" is written by Muntashir and composed by Mithoon.

He was the lead vocalist on the film Raabta singing "Ik Vaari Aa", composed by Pritam, lyrics are penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Singh lent his vocals and played acoustic guitar with Roland Fernandes for the song "Lambiyaan si Judaiyaan" composed by JAM8 and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya, also on the film's soundtrack. He sang "Tera Hoke Rahoon" song composed by (Kaushik, Akash, Guddu) of JAM8, with lyrics by Bipin Das in the movie Behen Hogi Teri.

He sang "O Saathi", with the music composed and lyrics written by Mithoon from the Hindi film Shab, and the dance song "Main Tera Boyfriend" with Neha Kakkar. It is written by Kumaar and composed by Sourav Roy.

Singh was the lead singer of the Jagga Jasoos Soundtrack singing the dance song "Ullu ka Pattha", a fun song titled "Galti Se Mistake", "Jhumri Talaiyya" and also "Phir Wahi". All songs have been composed by Pritam and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya

He sang for Shah Rukh Khan and performed the dance song "Beech Beech Main" from the film Jab Harry Met Sejal with additional vocals provided by Shefali Alvares and Shalmali Kholgade, as well as "Hawayein", composed by Pritam and written by Irshad Kamil. Indian media wrote that Singh's vocals in the song were "mesmerizing".

Singh sang "Bairagi" for the film Bareilly Ki Barfi. He also sang "Jaana Ve" and "Aaj Zid"  for Aksar 2. The music was composed by Mithoon and written by Sayeed Quadri. He also sang "Main Hoon Saath Tere" from Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana, and besides singing he made an appearance in the music video of the song "Pal", featured in the film Monsoon Shootout. Singh's voice texture in the song garnered favorable reviews from the Indian media.

2018

In 2018, Singh sang "Aaj Se Teri" for the film Pad Man, composed by Amit Trivedi and written by Kausar Munir. He sang "Binte Dil" for the film Padmaavat written by A. M. Turaz and composed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. He also sang another chartbuster titled "Subah Subah" for the film Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety with Prakriti Kakar, composed by Amaal Mallik and written by Kumaar as well as "Tera Yaar Hoon Main". From the movie Kedarnath, he sang "Jaan Nissar" and a duet song "Qaafirana" with Nikhita Gandhi, both the songs composed by Amit Trivedi and lyrics penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. He also sang for the films Dil Juunglee, 3 Storeys, Hichki, Raazi, Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran, Veere Di Wedding, 102 Not Out, Baazaar and Karwaan.

2019
In 2019 Singh sang "Ruan Ruan" from film Sonchiriya composed by Vishal Bhardwaj and penned by Varun Grover, followed by "Mere Pyare Prime Minister" from Mere Pyare Prime Minister on composition of Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and lyrics of Gulzar. In March his song "Ve Maahi" with Asees Kaur from film Kesari composed by Tanishk Bagchi was released. The song garnered 200 million views on YouTube by July 2019.

Then came "First Class" with Neeti Mohan and title song "Kalank" from film Kalank composed by Pritam Chakraborty and penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya.

He rendered "Khairiyat" from the film Chhichhore composed by Pritam and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. It was released in September 2019.

His song "Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage hum" from blockbuster film Kabir Singh in 2019. In October his song "Ghungroo" with Shilpa Rao was released from the movie, War. Lyrics are written by Kumaar and music is given by Vishal–Shekhar.
In Late December 2019, he sang "Dariyaganj" with Dhvani Bhanushali in the film Jai Mummy Di, composed by Amartya Bobo Rahut and written by Siddhant Kaushal.

2020

In January 2020, 10 of his songs were released. Three songs released from the film Love Aaj Kal : "Shayad", "Haan Tum Ho" and "Haan Main Galat", which are composed by Pritam; Title Track of Chhapaak along with "Khulne Do" and "Sab Jhulas Gaya" composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy written by Gulzar; "Dua Karo" from the film Street Dancer 3D is sang along with Bohemia; "Chal Ghar Chalen" is a song from the movie Malang composed by Mithoon; He has sung the songs "Azaadi Ke Liye" and "Mere Watan" from the Amazon Originals The Forgotten Army.

He has also sung a song in a Bengali film, Love Aaj Kal Porshu.

On 18 July 2020, Singh announced his upcoming venture in making non-film music under the banner "Oriyon Music".

He made an appearance in a music video from Sunny M.R.'s new single "Lifafe" on 31 July 2020.

In August 2020, Singh's song "Dil Ko Maine Di Kasam" was released, composed by Amaal Malik featuring actors Asim Riaz and Himanshi Khurana.

Singh released his first single "Rihaa" under his banner Oriyon Music on 4 October 2020; along with the Bengali version "Mukto Kore Dao" on 10 October 2020; with the Hindi lyrics written by Shloke Lal and the Bengali lyrics written by Singh himself.

Singh also sang the songs "Aabaad Barbaad" and "Hardum Humdum" from Ludo. The film is directed by Anurag Basu and composed by Pritam.

2021
In early January, Singh sang "O Saaiyan" from the film The Power, along with Raj Pandit.

On 12 March 2020, Singh revealed that he will be composing music for the film Pagglait under his banner Oriyon Music, making it his first time venture as a music composer in Bollywood. The soundtrack album was released on 15 March 2021 on various music streaming services.

He sang "Tumse Bhi Zyada" from the movie Tadap, composed by Pritam and lyrics penned by Irshad Kamil. Singh lent his voice for the song "Mere Yaara" from 83. From Atrangi Re he sang "Rait Zara Si". He also sang for other films like Sooryavanshi and Bhuj: The Pride of India  etc.

2022

In January, Singh sang two songs "Soch Liya" and "Aashiqui Aa Gayi" from the movie Radhe Shyam. Arijit Singh and Shreya Ghoshal have sung for the movie Bachchan Pandey composed by Amaal Malik and lyrics written by Kumaar. Singh also sang "Kesariya" and a duet "Deva Deva" with Jonita Gandhi from the movie Brahmāstra. "Kesariya" became the first Indian song to cross 300 million and also 400 million streams on Spotify.

Singh's version of "Mere Dholna" and a duet song "Hum Nashe Mein Toh Nahin" with Tulsi Kumar, both the songs composed by Pritam were released from "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2".

His song "Kitni Haseen Hogi" composed by Mithoon was released from the movie "HIT: The First Case". The lyrics are penned by Sayeed Quadri. He had also sang 3 songs from the movie "Laal Singh Chaddha" and 2 songs in the extended version of the Laal Singh Chaddha album .

He sang "Apna Bana Le", composed by Sachin-Jigar and penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya from the movie "Bhediya". He had also sung for other movies like Gangubai Kathiawadi, Samrat Prithviraj, Shamshera, Raksha Bandhan, Thank God, etc.

2023
In January and February, six of his songs were released. He sang "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" for Pathaan, along with Sukriti Kakar, composed by Vishal–Shekhar and written by Kumaar. He sang "Chedkaniyan" for Shehzada, along with Nikhita Gandhi, composed by Pritam and written by Shloke Lal and IP Singh. 3 of his songs - "Tere Pyaar Mein", " O Bedardeya" and "Pyaar Hota Kayi Baar Hai" were released from the movie Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar, all composed by Pritam and penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya.

In May, he sang "Phir Aur Kya Chahiye" from Zara Hatke Zara Bachke, composed by Sachin-Jigar and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. "Barkha" composed by Singh and sung by Sunidhi Chauhan was released under Oriyon Music.

For the film Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani he has sung 4 songs, including "Tum Kya Mile" with Shreya Ghoshal. All the songs are composed by Pritam and penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Composed by Mithoon and lyrics by Sayeed Quadri, he sang "Khairiyat" and "Dil Jhoom" from Gadar 2. He sang "Chaleya" along with Shilpa Rao and "Faraatta" with Jonita Gandhi and Badshah, both composed by Anirudh Ravichander for Jawan. "Chaleya" entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 73 on the chart issued for 30 September 2023. "Chaleya" became the most streamed song in a day and also the fastest to cross 100 million streams on Spotify India.

Singh composed and sang the Theme Song of 2023 Durand Cup along with Divine. The music video featured Singh and Vicky Kaushal. He sang "Oonchi Oonchi Deewarein" and "Blue Hai Paani Paani" from Yaariyan 2. He also rendered "Satranga" from Animal.

Vocals and musical style

Arijit is often compared to singer Atif Aslam for similar voice texture and tone. Regarding this, Aslam said "If God's kind to someone you should also respect them. Arijit has been blessed and people should respect him. I am no one to control anyone. We need to understand there's no such thing as number one." Music director Amaal Malik said: "...can't compare anyone to Atif Aslam, he is a senior and has been around for years", and "Arijit is Arijit, Atif is Atif, they have their own styles and strengths".

In an interview with The Times of India, Singh mentioned that he has a "natural voice" and said he did nothing special to maintain it. He has described his voice as "nasal" and believes that it matches with all the actors. Shekhar Ravjiani of the music director duo Vishal–Shekhar wrote that Singh's "vocal texture is brilliant. The way he emotes and the soul he puts into each song is exemplary." India Today describes his voice as "raw and grainy", whereas the paper's Moeena Halim identifies his voice as soulful and baritone, while the International Business Times considers his voice "soothing". Koimoi, in a review, commended his voice. Bollywood Hungama, in a review of Aashiqui 2, described Singh as a singer with a "rich texture and depth in his voice". However, they suggested he should "sing smoothly", without heavy breaths in between. NewsX acclaimed Singh's voice.

Singh has said that he would most like to explore the classical music style. He has also said that he loves singing folk music and likes all genres except for heavy metal music—since it is too loud for him. Singh is most commonly known for his romantic songs and was associated with the tag "romantic singer". Regarding that, Singh said the tag of romantic singer is unintentional, as he has not planned his career. He is happy with the songs that come his way and tries to do his best. Singh does not believe that doing just one type of song is "hampering" his growth. However, through his career, he has explored different musical styles, including; a club party song "Raat Bhar", an electronic "Blame The Night", a Punjabi Folk "Samjhawan", a Sufi or Qawwali song "Mast Magan" and a ghazal titled "Gulon Mein Rang Bhare". Regarding the variety, Hindustan Times stated; "he can sing nice fun songs as well". According to Krsna "A vocalist needs to have all genres of music at his fingertips and Arijit has that." While reviewing the soundtrack of Main Tera Hero, Bollywood Hungama felt he "shines" in the form, which is a "totally different setup" from what he has done before.

Reviewing the song "Uska Hi Banana", Komoi described Singh's voice as "marvelous" and Glamsham wrote he sang it intensely, emotionally and passionately. Reviewing the emotional song "Chunar" dedicated to a mother from the movie Any Body Can Dance 2 Komoi wrote Singh's voice "truly converse the pain and the Indian musical arrangements work their magic along with the emotionally rich lyrics. The song finds an instant connect with the listener."
Singh's "mispronunciation" of the phonetic 'ta' syllable was criticized by India West while reviewing the song "Chunar". Similarly, Bollywood Hungama considered his pronunciation "flawed" in the title track of Khamoshiyan. However the producer of the film Khamoshiyan, Mahesh Bhatt said, "It is a sensational song. One of the best songs that I have heard in my lifetime and its poetry is simply brilliant."
While reviewing the rest of his tracks in the film, The Indian Express, felt that Singh's rendition of the song sounds as "he's on autopilot", though Rajiv Vijayakar from Bollywood Hungama felt his rendition was "emotional".
Reviewing the song "Soch Na Sake" with music composed by Amaal Mallik from the movie Airlift Bollywood Hungama acclaimed Singh's rendition of the song.

Singh insists on the presence of lyricists during recording sessions for a better understanding of the relevance of the words and feelings behind a song. He has said his favorite lyricists are Irshad Kamil, Sayeed Quadri, and Amitabh Bhattacharya. While talking with Subhash Ghai at a question and answers session at Whistling Woods International Campus on arts and technique of singing at the 5th Veda Cultural Hub, Arijit said "Singing is like talking. It is an art of expression. There are other factors too but they all follow on once you understand your lyrics and rhythm well. There are no rules. You just have to practice well." Sharing his childhood memories he said, "I mostly practiced modern Bengali and Indian classical music. My guru Rajendra Prasad Hazari inspired me to practice more of modern singing as according to him Indian classical was dying."

Public image and influences

Arijit has shared his fondness for singer Kishore Kumar, while citing Mohit Chauhan and Atif Aslam as inspirations with whom he is often compared. Though he has been inspired by many artists, Singh named KK as his favorite singer along with Ayushmann Khurrana. He named Pritam Chakraborty, Vishal–Shekhar, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Amit Trivedi, Mithoon and A. R. Rahman as his favorite music directors. Singh has idolized Ghulam Ali, Jagjit Singh and Mehdi Hassan.

In an interview with Filmbeat in April 2013, he declared that he is the biggest fan of singer Krishnakumar Kunnath (KK). His desire to sing for Aamir Khan came to reality in 2016 with the song "Naina" from Dangal. In an interview with The Indian Express, Singh stated that he loves the work of Shalmali Kholgade, Shefali Alvares, and Irfan. He also mentioned that his "current favorite" singer is Chinmayi.

In 2016 he appeared on the popular chat and comedy show The Kapil Sharma Show aired on Sony TV India. The show's host Kapil Sharma explained the difficulties he had bringing Singh on the show due to his shy nature.

Singh has often been portrayed by the Indian media as a "small-town boy who made it big". He had also been trolled on social media to which he replied "I use my social media sparingly for things that are close to my heart. I don't read the comments. My team filters out the comments for me, I don't involve myself a lot into paying attention to criticism on social media. I speak what I want to speak and my team lets me know the needful."

Arijit enjoys listening to retro songs by singers Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi and the classical and ghazal songs along with the music of Coldplay. He expressed his desire to work with artist Norah Jones someday as he loves her music. He says he is uncomfortable with all the attention that fame has brought.

Singing style, impact and recognition

In an interview music director and composer, Pritam said: "Arijit is a good singer, a smart musician, and an intelligent musician as well." Vishal Dadlani of the music director duo Vishal–Shekhar said Singh is a phenomenal singer. In another interview, he said "Arijit has the ability and the openness needed to make every recording a genuine collaboration. He's also a really nice guy, with no ego. That helps." Filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali in an Interview with The Hindu said, "Arijit Singh is very special".

Shreya Ghoshal remarked that he "is versatile and has a soulful voice". Shankar Mahadevan said "I knew him before he became Arijit Singh. He is an educated musician, he understands his Sargam, and he has got depth. Suresh Wadkar praised him as one of the "great singers of this generation".

Personal life
In 2014, Singh married Koel Roy, a childhood friend and a neighbour of his, shortly after both divorced their former partners. They have two children.
Singh currently resides in Andheri, Mumbai. Singh says apart from being a singer, he is a badminton player, a writer, a movie freak and a documentary maker. He also likes cricket and cites Sachin Tendulkar, Lance Klusener, Sourav Ganguly, and Jonty Rhodes as his favorite sportsmen. He is an ardent football fan, and a Manchester United fan. He has also expressed a wish to sing the anthem for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. In badminton, he likes Saina Nehwal.

Singh's mother, Aditi Singh, died from a cerebral stroke on 20 May 2021. She was 52 years of age.

Humanitarian work
Singh said in an interview that he would love to serve people through his NGO named "Let There Be Light" which works for the Below Poverty Line community. His NGO aims to include activities like blood bank camp (with proof and records and photographs of all the blood being delivered properly), distribution of clothes, books, stationery, etc. to Below Poverty Line children on a huge scale and seasonal human ground activities.

Discography

Some of his popular songs include "Channa Mereya", "Tum Hi Ho", "Phir Bhi Tumko Chahunga", "Uska Hi Banana", "Aayat", "Raabta", "Ik Vaari Aa", "Mein Terah Boyfriend", Ae Dil Hai Mushkil", "Gerua", "Janam Janam", "Khamoshiyan", "Hamari Adhuri Kahani", "Samjhawan", "Sooraj Dooba Hain", "Khairiyat ", "Zaalima", "Laal Ishq",  "Muskurane", "Pachtaoge", "Rait Zara Si", "Shayad", "Tumse Bhi Zyada", "Aashiqui Aa Gayi", "Dhokha", "Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage", "Phir Na Aisi Raat Aayegi", "Apna Bana Le", "Kesariya", "Rasiya Reprise", "O Bedardeya", "Jhoome Jo Pathaan", "Tere Pyaar Mein", "Phir Aur Kya Chahiye", "Tum Kya Mile", and "Chaleya".

Awards and nominations

At the start of his singing career, he received nominations for the Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year award at the 2013 Mirchi Music Awards for renditions of "Phir Le Aya Dil" and "Duaa", winning the award for the latter. Singh was awarded the Wizcraft Honour for the Best Live Performer, and was one of the top 10 artists from across the world to be featured at The SSE Arena, Wembley in the SSE Live Awards 2016.

Singh has received five Mirchi Music Awards, seven Filmfare Awards, a Stardust Award, five IIFA Award, five Zee Cine Awards and four Screen Awards. He received Filmfare awards for five consecutive years from 2016 to 2020. He received nine awards from ten nominations for the song "Tum Hi Ho" from 2013 film Aashiqui 2. He also won the (IIFA) award in the category of "The Best Male Singer" for the song "Tum Hi Ho" in 2014.

In September 2014, The National Indian Students Union UK honored Singh with the Youth Icon – Music Award. He was named the most popular artist of 2014 by Hungama Digital Media Entertainment after winning an online poll conducted by music streaming website hungama.com.  Forbes India magazine's 100 Celebrity List placed him at rank 15 in 2016.

At the seventh Mirchi Music Awards in 2015, he was honored with the award for Best Male Vocalist for his rendition of the song "Samjhawan". He was nominated for the 60th Filmfare Awards, held in 2015 under Best Male Playback Singer category for two songs "Mast Magan" and "Suno Na Sangemarmar". He was voted online as the Best Male Singer by the readers of the IBN Live for the song "Muskurane". He won Best Male Playback Singer award at the 61st Filmfare Awards, held in 2016 for the rendition of the song "Sooraj Dooba Hain".

The GiMA, honoured him with awards for his rendition of the song "Soch Na Sake", He was subsequently honored for his rendition of the most popular film and radio song "Gerua", and the most streamed song "Sanam Re". The Times of India Film Awards 2016, nominated him for his rendition of three songs "Aayat", "Chunar" and "Hamari Adhuri Kahani".
In late 2016, Arijit received his first Stardust Award for Best Playback Singer (Male) for the song "Channa Mereya".  In 2017, he was nominated at Mirchi Music Awards under Male Vocalist of The Year category for four songs "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil", "Channa Mereya", "Bolna" and "Nashe Si Chadh Gayi". He won the award for the song "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil". He received a couple of nominations under Male Playback Singer category for "Channa Mereya" and "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" from Ae Dil Hai Mushkil film in various award ceremonies in late 2016 and 2017.

He won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Tum Hi Ho" in 2014. He also won the (IIFA) award in the category of Best Male Singer for the song "Tum Hi Ho" in 2014. At the 7th Mirchi Music Awards 2015, he was awarded the Best Male Vocalist for his rendition of the song "Samjhawan".
Arijit had won IBN Live Movie Award for the song "Muskurane" in the Best Playback Singer category. He won Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Sooraj Dooba Hain" in 2016.
The GiMA awarded him for his rendition of the song "Soch Na Sake", he was awarded for the song "Gerua", and the most-streamed song "Sanam Re".
He was awarded the Best Male Singer for the song "Channa Mereya at the Stardust Awards 2016.
In 2017, at the 62nd Filmfare Awards, he won Best Male Playback Singer Award for the title song "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil", and also won the Male Vocalist of The Year award at 2017 Mirchi Music Awards, for his rendition of the song. He was awarded the Best Male Playback Singer award for the song at the Zee Cine Awards in 2017.

At the 23rd Star Screen Awards, Singh was awarded the title of Best Male Playback Singer for his rendition of the song "Zaalima" and songs of Jagga Jasoos.

At the 63rd Filmfare Awards of 2018, he was awarded the Best Male Playback Singer for "Roke Na Ruke Naina" from Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya and was nominated for "Zaalima" from Raees. With this win, he won the Filmfare award for four consecutive years.

At the 66th National Film Awards of 2019, he was awarded with the Best Male Playback Singer for "Binte Dil" from Padmaavat.

Singh was awarded the Best Male Playback Singer for his rendition of the song "Ae Watan" from the film Raazi at the International Indian Film Academy awards. Arijit Singh is awarded Filmfare award for best male playback singer for the song "Kalank" from the movie Kalank, with this he won the award for a record five consecutive times and six times overall.

At the 68th Filmfare Awards of 2023, he was awarded with the Best Male Playback Singer for "Kesariya" from Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva. With this Arijit Singh is awarded Filmfare award for best male playback singer for seven times overall.

See also
 List of awards and nominations received by Arijit Singh
 List of Indian playback singers
 List of songs recorded by Arijit Singh

References

External links

21st-century Indian singers
1987 births
Bengali Hindus
Bengali playback singers
Bollywood playback singers
Fame Gurukul contestants
Indian male playback singers
Indian rock singers
Living people
People from Murshidabad district
Pop rock singers
Indian folk-pop singers
Punjabi people
Singers from West Bengal
University of Kalyani alumni
Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners
Filmfare Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Zee Cine Awards winners
Converts to Hinduism from Sikhism

Arijit Singh


The name poppy goddess is often used for a famous example of a distinctive type of large female terracotta figurine in Minoan art, presumably representing a goddess, but not thought to be cult images, rather votive offerings. It was discovered in a sanctuary of the Post-palace period (LM III, 1400–1100 BC) at Gazi, Crete, and is now in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum.

The name comes from the shape of the terminals of opium poppy seedheads rising from the diadem on the head. Other figures have different ornaments to the head, including many birds, and the Horns of Consecration symbol.  They have a round "skirt", shaped like a vessel, and formed on the potter's wheel, after which the upper body was hand-formed while the clay was still malleable. Some have feet peeping out from under their skirt. They always have raised hands, normally with palms pointing sideways or out, and there is often a hole at the top of the head, perhaps to help firing, while the openings at the ears may be intended to suggest readiness to hear prayers.  Most are unpainted.  They relate to other, less stylized, types of Minoan clay goddess figures.

In this period, Mycenean influence particularly on art was strong over the island, showing that Crete had become little more than a province of the Mycenean world after the Mycenean invasion in 1450 BC. Minoan pottery figurines were found in public sanctuaries, not only in palace-sanctuaries, as is usual in earlier periods. Clay figurines of the goddess with raised hands also were found in the shrine of double axes in Knossos, in Gournia, in Myrtos, and also in the sanctuaries of Gortys and Prinias. On the heads of the figures there are various religious symbols, such as horns of consecration, diadems, birds, and the seeds of opium poppies. The female figure known popularly as the poppy goddess is perhaps a representation of the goddess as the bringer of sleep or death.

The figurines found at Gazi, which are larger than any previously produced on Minoan Crete, are rendered in an extremely stylized manner. The bodies are rigid, the skirts simple cylinders, and the poses stereotyped.

Religious significance
Interpreters speculate that the raised hands of the figurine who gazes toward the visitor indicate that it is a deity and that the gesture of the two upraised hands with open palms is an epiphany gesture of the goddess. It is possible that the goddess is giving a greeting, or a blessing, or is praying, or it may symbolize her appearance in earth in human form.

Poppies were mentioned in Greco-Roman myths as offerings to the dead. Robert Graves believed that a second meaning of the depiction and use of poppies in the Greco-Roman myths is the symbolism of the bright scarlet colour as signifying the promise of resurrection after death and that the poppy was the emblem of the goddess Demeter. According to Theocritus for the Greeks Demeter was a poppy goddess bearing sheaves and poppies in both hands (Idyll vii 157).

Karl Kerenyi asserted that poppies were connected with a Cretan cult that was transmitted to the Eleusinian Mysteries in Classical Greece: "It seems probable that the Great Mother Goddess who bore the names Rhea and Demeter, brought the poppy with her from her Cretan cult to Eleusis and it is almost certain that in the Cretan cult sphere opium was prepared from poppies."

Fellow British classicist and scholar, Jane Ellen Harrison shares the view that the imagery of the gathered poppy reeds in the figurine's hands are associated with the Minoan/Cretan "Mother of the Gods".

See also
Great Goddess
Poppy (botany)

References

Hood, Sinclair, The Arts in Prehistoric Greece, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art),

External links
  mekon (poppy): Theoi project

2nd-millennium BC sculptures
Figurines
Terracotta sculptures
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
Minoan archaeological artifacts
Minoan art
Minoan religion
Sculptures of goddesses
Votive offering
Heraklion (regional unit)
Poppy seeds
Opium culture

Poppy goddess


The Broadway Theatre (formerly known as the Lewisham Theatre) is a theatre on Rushey Green, Catford, in the London Borough of Lewisham. A grade II listed building, the theatre was built in 1932 and is an example of Art Deco design. It has two auditoriums, an 800-seat main theatre and a small 80-seat studio theatre. The theatre's programme consists of a diverse mix of theatre and music, including stand up comedy, nostalgia shows, pantomime, drama and children's theatre.

History
The architects of the building were Bradshaw Gass & Hope; the slightly Gothic features were intended to relate to the adjacent Gothic style vestry hall which has since been demolished. The theatre was originally a concert hall, built as part of the town hall extension, which was officially opened by the Duke of York on 22 June 1932. A pipe organ made by John Compton with three manuals was installed at the time the concert hall opened.

Main theatre
The Broadway Theatre is particularly noted for presenting a wide range of black theatre.

Broadway Studio
The Broadway's Studio Theatre runs a continuous programme of productions featuring professional actors and directors. Since 2001's production of Ben Elton's Popcorn the studio has hosted numerous productions including Cabaret, Trainspotting, A Clockwork Orange and their critically acclaimed take on Frank McGuinness's Someone Who'll Watch Over Me.

References

External links

 Broadway Theatre, London, Website

Theatres in the London Borough of Lewisham
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Lewisham
Grade II listed theatres
Art Deco architecture in London
Catford
Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Bradshaw, Gass & Hope buildings

Broadway Theatre, Catford


The Herald is a six-day morning daily newspaper published in Sharon, Pennsylvania, covering Mercer County and the greater Shenango Valley area of Pennsylvania. It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc., Montgomery, Ala.

History
The Sharon Herald, a weekly newspaper, began publication April 14, 1864, founded by R.C. and James Frey. It was converted to a daily newspaper nearly 45 years later, April 12, 1909.

The newspaper's office at the foot of Pitt Street in Sharon was washed into the Shenango River during a flood in March 1913. The newspaper missed only four issues and resumed publication with temporary production first in Farrell and then for about a month at the printing plant of the New Castle News before a new office and pressroom were set up on Chestnut Street in Sharon in the Willsonia Building.

The Herald merged with its main competitor, the Sharon News-Telegraph, May 13, 1935. The News-Telegraph incorporated the old Farrell News (founded 1925) and Sharon Telegraph (a daily since 1893). The new newspaper kept The Sharon Herald as its name but production moved to the News-Telegraph building two blocks away on South Dock Street.

The newspaper diversified during the mid-20th century, founding and owning Sharon radio station WPIC from 1938 to 1959; purchasing four eastern Mercer County weeklies in 1965, eventually merging them into the now-twice-weekly Allied News in Grove City; and founding a weekly newspaper, Hubbard Press, in Hubbard, Ohio in 1997. Hubbard Press ceased publication in 2012.

On Feb. 23, 1970, The Herald dropped "Sharon" from its nameplate to reflect its countywide audience. The next year, it was bought by Ottaway Newspapers, Inc., a division of Dow Jones & Company. Outside ownership brought the first Sunday edition, on September 9, 1990, and the launch of sharonherald.com in May 1996, making it one of the first Ottaway papers to be online. The Herald's Digital Edition (http://pdf.sharonherald.com), a subscription-only facsimile of the print edition available as Adobe Acrobat PDF pages, debuted in November 2001 as one of the first of its kind in the country. Both the website and digital edition were developed by in-house talent.

In 1981, printing was moved from an aging Scott letterpress (which was bought used from Dayton, Ohio, in 1969) at the main office at 52 South Dock Street to the new Dow Jones & Company offset printing plant six miles away in Shenango Township that was built to print regional editions of the parent company's The Wall Street Journal. Page negatives photographed of pasted-up pages – and later, paginated pages sent directly to an imagesetter that produced page negatives – were driven to the plant for platemaking.

CNHI, the current owners, bought The Herald effective March 29, 2002. In the fall of 2002, The Herald switched to morning publication; it had published as a daily in the afternoon since 1909. It was not the first time the newspaper was printed in New Castle nor as a morning publication. Ironically, The Sharon Herald had been published both as a morning daily and at the New Castle News' printing plant as a professional courtesy (and transported to Sharon by train) for about a month after the flood of 1913 until The Herald re-established a pressroom in downtown Sharon and an afternoon publication cycle.

Production
The Herald is printed at the CNHI-owned West Penn Printing plant near New Castle in neighboring Lawrence County, Pennsylvania.  The Herald also publishes a weekly newspaper, Allied News, covering outlying areas of eastern and southeastern Mercer County.

A 14-unit, single-wide DGM press configured with two full-color towers at West Penn Printing, built in five months on a brownfield on Sampson Street outside New Castle and placed in operation in early 2003, replaced an aging Goss Metro offset press that had been installed in 1968 at the News' downtown headquarters. Printing of The Herald, Allied News and Hubbard Press had been transferred to the downtown New Castle press in August 2002 from the TKS press line at the Wall Street Journal printing plant in West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, owned by The Herald's former parent company, Dow Jones & Company Inc. It had been printed there since the spring of 1981 when that plant opened.

Controversy
In April 2016 the media watchdog group, iMediaEthics.org, published How Not to Report on Suicide: Sharon Herald Story Crossed the Line.

The article begins, "Readers were shocked after daily Pennsylvania newspaper The Sharon Herald published an insensitive and gratuitous story that horrifically detailed a local man's death by suicide."

Numerous community members registered their outrage at The Herald'''s lack of ethics on the paper's Facebook page.

Criticisms of The Herald's'' coverage include disregard (or ignorance of) accepted journalistic standards for covering suicide; emotional harm to the deceased's family, friends, and the community at large; sensationally detailing the deceased's unrelated, years' old brush with the law; lack of context for or understanding of mental health issues; encouraging copycat behavior in susceptible individuals by including specific, lurid details of the death; and not providing appropriate suicide prevention information with the story.

References

External links
 The Herald Website
 CNHI Website
 http://www.imediaethics.org/case-study-report-suicide-sharon-herald/

Daily newspapers published in Pennsylvania
Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Newspapers established in 1864
1864 establishments in Pennsylvania

The Herald (Sharon)


The Caldwell Baronetcy of Wellsborough, County Fermanagh was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 23 June 1683 for James Caldwell, High Sheriff of County Fermanagh in 1677. He owned Castle Caldwell at Templecarne, Co Fermanagh and also bought the estate at Wellsborough.

Sir James Caldwell, 4th Baronet fought as an officer in the Austrian Army, was made Deputy Governor of Fermanagh in 1752, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1753 and was High Sheriff of Fermanagh in 1756. His son Sir John Caldwell, 5th Baronet fought in the British Army in India, was Governor of County Fermanagh in 1793 and High Sheriff of Fermanagh in 1798.

Sir John Caldwell, 6th Baronet, lived in Canada, where he was Treasurer General of Canada. His son, the 7th baronet, returned to England and died childless.

Caldwell baronets of Wellsborough, Fermanagh (1683)

 Sir James Caldwell, 1st Baronet (by 1634–)
 Sir Henry Caldwell, 2nd Baronet (died c. 1726)
 Sir John Caldwell, 3rd Baronet (died 1744)
 Sir James Caldwell, 4th Baronet (c.1722–1784)
 Sir John Caldwell, 5th Baronet (1756–1830)
 Sir John Caldwell, 6th Baronet (1775–1842)
 Sir Henry John Caldwell, 7th Baronet (1801–1858) Baronetcy extinct on his death.

References

Burke in the Corrigenda to his "A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire" 1848 omits Henry from the descent of the Baronetcy showing his son John as the 2nd Baronet. Cockayne's "Complete Baronetage" 1900 shows Henry as Baronet from 1717 to 1726.

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of Ireland
1683 establishments in the British Empire

Caldwell baronets


Sidney Clopton Lanier (February 3, 1842 – September 7, 1881) was an American musician, poet and author. He served in the Confederate States Army as a private, worked on a blockade-running ship for which he was imprisoned (resulting in his catching tuberculosis), taught, worked at a hotel where he gave musical performances, was a church organist, and worked as a lawyer. As a poet he sometimes used dialects. Many of his poems are written in heightened, but often archaic, American English. He became a flautist and sold poems to publications. He eventually became a professor of literature at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and is known for his adaptation of musical meter to poetry. Many schools, other structures and two lakes are named for him, and he became hailed in the South as the "poet of the Confederacy".  A 1972 US postage stamp honored him as an "American poet".

Biography
Sidney Clopton Lanier was born February 3, 1842, in Macon, Georgia, to parents Robert Sampson Lanier and Mary Jane Anderson; he was mostly of English ancestry.  His distant French Huguenot ancestors immigrated to England in the 16th century, fleeing religious persecution. He began playing the flute at an early age, and his love of that musical instrument continued throughout his life. He attended Oglethorpe University, which at the time was near Milledgeville, Georgia, and he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He graduated first in his class shortly before the outbreak of the American Civil War. He returned to Oglethorpe the next year, as a tutor, and befriended Milton Harlow Northrup, a New York native, who was a conductor at the school.

During the war, he served in the Confederate signal corps, primarily in the tidewater region of Virginia. Later, he and his brother Clifford served as pilots aboard English blockade runners, and Lanier's ship, the Lucy, was captured by the USS Santiago de Cuba, on November 3, 1864. He was incarcerated in a military prison at Point Lookout in Maryland, where he contracted tuberculosis (generally known as "consumption" at the time). He suffered greatly from this disease, then incurable and usually fatal, for the rest of his life.

Shortly after the war, he taught school briefly, then moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where he worked as a night clerk at the Exchange Hotel (a hotel partly owned by his grandfather; his brother Clifford also worked there and became a part owner after the war), and also performed as a musician.  He was the regular organist at the First Presbyterian Church in nearby Prattville. He wrote his only novel, Tiger Lilies (1867), while in Alabama.

This novel was partly autobiographical, describing a stay in 1860 at his grandfather's Montvale Springs resort hotel near Knoxville, Tennessee. In 1867, he moved to Prattville, at that time a small town just north of Montgomery, where he taught at a small school. He married Mary Day of Macon in 1867 and moved back to his hometown, where he began working in his father's law office.

After passing the Georgia bar, Lanier practiced as a lawyer for several years. During this period he wrote a number of lesser poems, using the "cracker" and "negro" dialects of his day, about poor white and black farmers in the Reconstruction South. He traveled extensively through southern and eastern portions of the United States in search of a cure for his tuberculosis.

While on one such journey in Texas, he rediscovered his native and untutored talent for the flute and decided to travel to the northeast in hopes of finding employment as a musician in an orchestra. Unable to find work in New York City, Philadelphia, or Boston, he signed on to play flute for the Peabody Orchestra in Baltimore, Maryland, shortly after its organization. He taught himself musical notation and quickly rose to the position of first flautist. He was famous in his day for his performances of a personal composition for the flute called "Black Birds", which mimics the song of that species.

In an effort to support Mary and their three sons, he also wrote poetry for magazines. His most famous poems were "Corn" (1875), "The Symphony" (1875), "Centennial Meditation" (1876), "The Song of the Chattahoochee" (1877), "The Marshes of Glynn", (1878) and "A Sunrise Song" (1881). The latter two poems are generally considered his greatest works. They are part of an unfinished set of lyrical nature poems known as the "Hymns of the Marshes", which describe the vast, open salt marshes of Glynn County on the coast of Georgia. (The longest bridge in Georgia is in Glynn County and is named for Lanier.)

Later life
Later in his short 39-year life, he became a student, lecturer, and, finally, a faculty member at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, specializing in the works of the English novelists, Shakespeare, the Elizabethan sonneteers, Chaucer, and the Old English poets. He published a series of lectures entitled The English Novel (published posthumously in 1883) and a book entitled The Science of English Verse (1880), in which he developed a novel theory exploring the connections between musical notation and meter in poetry.

Lanier finally succumbed to complications caused by his tuberculosis on September 7, 1881, while convalescing with his family near Lynn, North Carolina. He was 39. He is buried in Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore.

Writing style and literary theory
With his theory connecting musical notation with poetic meter, and also being described as a deft metrical technical, in his own words 'daring with his poem 'Special Pleading' to give myself such freedom as I desired, in my own style' and also by developing a unique style of poetry written in logaoedic dactyls, which was strongly influenced by the works of his beloved Anglo-Saxon poets.  He wrote several of his greatest poems in this meter, including "Revenge of Hamish" (1878), "The Marshes of Glynn" and "Sunrise". In Lanier's hands, the logaoedic dactylic meter led to a free-form, almost prose-like style of poetry that was greatly admired by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Bayard Taylor, Charlotte Cushman, and other leading poets and critics of the day. The "sprung verse" metric developed by Gerard Manley Hopkins at about the same time superficially resembles Lanier's practice but shows no influence (and there is no evidence that they knew each other or that either of them had read any of the other's works).

Lanier also published essays on other literary and musical topics. He edited a notable series of four abridgements, published by Charles Scribner's Sons, of literary works about knightly combat and chivalry in modernized language more appealing to the boys of his day:
The Boy's Froissart (1879), a retelling of Jean Froissart's Froissart's Chronicles, which tell of adventure, battle and custom in medieval "England, France, Spain, etc."
The Boy's King Arthur (1880), based on Sir Thomas Malory's compilation of the legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.
The Boy's Mabinogion (1881), based on the early Welsh legends of King Arthur, as retold in the Red Book of Hergest.
The Boy's Percy (published posthumously in 1882), consisting of old ballads of war, adventure and love based on Bishop Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.

He also wrote two travelogues that were widely read at the time, entitled Florida: Its Scenery, Climate and History (1875) and Sketches of India (1876) (although he never visited India).

Legacy and honors

The Sidney Lanier Cottage in Macon, Georgia, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The square stone Four Southern Poets Monument, located between 7th and 8th Streets in Augusta, lists Lanier as one of Georgia's four great poets, all of whom were in the Confederate military.  The southeastern side bears this inscription:  "To Sidney Lanier 1842–1880. The catholic man who hath mightily won God out of knowledge and good out of infinite pain and sight out of blindness and purity out of a stain."  The other poets on the monument are James Ryder Randall, Fr. Abram Ryan, and Paul Hayne.

Baltimore honored Lanier with a large and elaborate bronze and granite sculptural monument, created by Hans K. Schuler and located on the campus of the Johns Hopkins University. In addition to the monument at Johns Hopkins, Lanier was also later memorialized on the campus of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Upon the construction of the iconic Duke Chapel between 1930 and 1935 on the university's West Campus, a statue of Lanier was included alongside two fellow prominent Southerners, Thomas Jefferson and Robert E. Lee. This statue, which appears to show a Lanier older than the 39 years he actually lived, is situated on the right side of the portico leading into the chapel narthex. It is prominently featured on the cover of the 2010 autobiographical memoir Hannah's Child, by Stanley Hauerwas, a Methodist theologian teaching at Duke Divinity School.

The United Daughters of the Confederacy worked successfully to enhance Lanier's legacy.

Lanier's poem "The Marshes of Glynn" is the inspiration for a cantata by the same name that was created by the modern English composer Andrew Downes to celebrate the Royal Opening of the Adrian Boult Hall in Birmingham, England, in 1986.

Piers Anthony used Lanier, his life, and his poetry in his science-fiction novel Macroscope (1969).  He quotes from "The Marshes of Glynn" and other references appear throughout the novel.

In 1980, Yugoslav rock band Lutajuća Srca recorded the song "Večernja pesma", featuring lyrics from Lanier's "An Evening Poem" in Serbo-Croatian, the song becoming a minor hit for the band.

Several entities have been named for Sidney Lanier. Among them are:

Inhabited places
Lanier County, Georgia
Sidney Lanier Avenue, residential street, Athens, Georgia
Lanier Avenue, Fayetteville, Georgia
Lanier Street, residential street, Decatur, Alabama
Lanier Heights, neighborhood, Washington, D.C.
(Indirectly) , which was named for the county.

Bodies of water
Lake Lanier, operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers northeast of Atlanta, Georgia
Lake Lanier in Landrum, South Carolina.

Schools
Sidney Lanier High School in Montgomery, Alabama (The Montgomery County Board of Education voted 5–2 on July 14, 2020, to rename the school)
 Sidney Lanier School in Gainesville, Florida
Lanier University, short-lived university; first Baptist, then owned by the Ku Klux Klan for a year, in Atlanta, Georgia
The Sidney Lanier Building (previously Sidney Lanier Elementary School) on the campus of Glynn Academy, in Brunswick, Georgia
Lanier Middle School in Sugar Hill, Georgia
Lanier High School in Sugar Hill, Georgia
 Lanier Elementary School in Gainesville, Georgia
Sidney Lanier Elementary School in Tulsa, Oklahoma
 Sidney Lanier High School in Austin, Texas. Renamed to Juan Navarro High School Feb, 2019
Sidney Lanier Expressive Arts Vanguard Elementary School in Dallas, Texas
 Lanier Middle School in Houston, Texas (Now Bob Lanier Middle School after 90 years as Sidney Lanier Middle School)
Lanier High School in San Antonio, Texas
 Sidney Lanier Elementary School in Tampa, Florida
 Lanier Technical College in Gainesville, Georgia
 Katherine Johnson Middle School in Fairfax, Virginia was named Sidney Lanier Middle School for 60 years before being renamed for Johnson in 2021.
 Lanier Elementary school in Blount County, Tennessee

Other

Sidney Lanier Cottage, the birthplace of Lanier, in Macon, Georgia
Sidney Lanier Bridge over the South Brunswick River in Brunswick, Georgia
Sidney Lanier Monument, a monument in Piedmont Park in Atlanta
Lanier's Oak in Brunswick, Georgia
The Lanier Library, Tryon, North Carolina. Lanier's widow, Mary, donated two of his volumes of poetry to begin the collection when the library was established in 1890.
Sidney Lanier Camp, Eliot, Maine.
Sidney Lanier Boulevard in Duluth, GA
The Sidney Lanier Suite at The Harwood Cottage at Historic Macon, GA
The World War II Liberty Ship  was named in his honor.
A 1972 US eight-cent postage stamp: "Sidney Lanier - American poet"
Sidney Lanier Memorial Scholarship at the University of California, Los Angeles
 Lanier Island, in the Mackay River in Glynn County, Georgia.

References

Further reading
 De Bellis, Jack. Sidney Lanier, Poet of the Marshes, in Southern Literature Series. Atlanta, Ga.: Georgia Humanities Council, 1988.  (assigned to the University of Georgia Press).
 Fish, Tallu. Sidney Lanier, America's Sweet Singer of Songs. Cynthiana, Ky.: Privately Printed ... [for distribution by] Betty Fish Smith, 1988. Without ISBN
 Fishburne, Charles C., junior. Sidney Lanier, Poet of the Marshes, Visits Cedar Keys [in] 1875. Cedar Key, Flor.: Sea Hawk Publications, 1986. Without ISBN
 Gabin, Jane S. A Living Minstrelsy: The Poetry and Music of Sidney Lanier. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985.
 Lamar, May. Brother Sid. Montgomery, AL.: The Donnell Group, 2012. .
 Starke, Aubrey Harrison. Sidney Lanier: A Biographical and Critical Study. Chapel Hill, NC:  The University of North Carolina Press, 1933.

External links

A Biography Of Sidney Lanier at Project Gutenberg
Sidney Lanier papers at the Johns Hopkins University
Sidney Lanier in The New Georgia Encyclopedia
Sidney Lanier Cottage House Museum in Macon, Georgia
Sheet music for "A ballad of trees and the master", Boston: Oliver Ditson Company, 1899, from the Alabama Sheet Music Collection
Sheet music for "Sunset", New York: G. Schirmer, 1877, from the Alabama Sheet Music Collection

1842 births
1881 deaths
Poets from Georgia (U.S. state)
American people of English descent
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Confederate States Army soldiers
Oglethorpe University alumni
Oglethorpe University faculty
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
Musicians from Macon, Georgia
Musicians from Baltimore
Mythopoeic writers
Writers of modern Arthurian fiction
Writers from Macon, Georgia
Poets from Baltimore
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
19th-century American poets
American male poets
19th-century American musicians
19th-century male writers
19th-century American male musicians
Poets of the Confederacy
American male organists
American flautists
American male novelists
Novelists of the Confederacy
Tuberculosis deaths in North Carolina
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Burials at Green Mount Cemetery
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war held by the United States

Sidney Lanier


Charles Repole is an American actor, theater director, and college professor.

Repole made his Broadway debut in Very Good Eddie in 1975, earning a Tony Award nomination and a Theatre World Award for his performance. Additional Broadway credits include the 1979 revival of Whoopee!, which garnered him a Drama Desk Award nomination, Doubles (1985), and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1995), which he directed.

Repole's directing experience ranges from Broadway to the Kennedy Center to Carnegie Hall to regional theatre. He has helmed concert versions of DuBarry Was a Lady with Faith Prince and Robert Morse and Call Me Madam with Tyne Daly for the New York City Center Encores! series. Since 1999, he has conceived and directed the annual fund-raising gala for the 92nd Street Y which included working with such performers as Alvin Ailey, Martha Graham, Angela Lansbury, Bebe Neuwirth, Jerry Herman, Carol Channing, and Elaine Stritch, among many others.  He also conceived and has directed the MAC Awards.

Repole also has directed productions of George M! with Joel Grey, Zorba with Anthony Quinn, Annie with Rue McClanahan, The Solid Gold Cadillac with Charlotte Rae, Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera's 50th Anniversary production of My Fair Lady, and a musical version of Animal Crackers at the Goodspeed Opera House. For his production of A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine in Chicago, he was nominated for the Joseph Jefferson Award. He also directed the 1996 Papermill Mill Playhouse production of Cole Porter's musical You Never Know.

At present, Repole is the Chairperson of the Drama, Theatre, and Dance Department at Queens College in Flushing, New York, where he teaches Acting, Directing, and Musical Theatre Workshop. He also has directed many main stage productions there, including Bus Stop, Carousel, Guys and Dolls and Aaron Copland's opera The Tender Land.

References

External links

American male stage actors
American theatre directors
Queens College, City University of New York faculty
Living people
Tony Award winners
Theatre World Award winners
Year of birth missing (living people)

Charles Repole


Molly Neptune Parker (February 6, 1939June 12, 2020) was an American basket weaver. She became well known for her artistry, with her works selling for thousands of dollars. As a co-founder and president of the Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance, she tutored young people in the traditional craft and also educated four generations of her own family. She was also the first woman lieutenant governor of Indian Township, one of the two governing bodies of the Passamaquoddy tribe.

Biography
Molly Newell was born on February 6, 1939, in Indian Township, Maine. She was the daughter of Irene Newell and Lewey Dana, who had six other children. Her first language was Passamaquoddy and at the school on the reservation that was run by nuns, she was punished for not using English. The nuns baptized her "Jeanette Katherine".

Parker was from a family of basket makers and started weaving as a child, using scraps from the ash wood that her mother discarded in the course of her weaving. While the men were responsible for pounding the wood, the women stripped the bark and split the wood into both thin and thick strips for use in different types of baskets. Some of Parker's later flower designs were the same ones used by her mother and grandmother. Her craft allowed her financial stability and helped her buy a house and educate her children.

Parker's first husband, Moses Neptune, was a truck and school-bus driver as well as a basket maker. Their children were taught to speak English to save them from the trauma in school of having English as a second language. When her children were young she would trade her baskets in return for their dental care. For a few years she would spend the day making baskets, then work on the night shift at a wool factory, and come home to serve her children their breakfast. At one point, she and her husband were making up to one hundred scale baskets a week, used in the fishing industry to collect fish scales for the production of nail polish. When Parker was older and her creations more well-known, she used basket weaving to support her family, buy a home, and contribute to paying for her grandchildren's education.

Artistry
Parker employed techniques enshrined in her tribe's basket-weaving tradition and also developed intricate techniques of her own. Her specialty was a fancy basket with embellishments such as flowers on top. Her "signature creation" was a basket shaped like an acorn; she also made baskets in other shapes, such as strawberries. It would take her a total of five days to make a special basket from start to finish. As her artistry became more well known, her works began selling for thousands of dollars. People would call her by name when they saw her at airports. Her work is included in the Abbe Museum.

As a co-founder and president of the Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance, Parker had the opportunity to tutor apprentices. She revitalized Passamaquoddy basketry by educating young people and teaching four generations of her family. One of her apprentices and grandchildren, Geo Soctomah Neptune, continues the tradition of basket weaving "with her in mind".

Other activities
Parker was the first woman to serve as lieutenant governor of Indian Township, one of the two governing bodies of the Passamaquoddy tribe. She served on the Passamaquoddy council at the time that the U.S. government returned the tribe's land to their control in 1980.

In the 1990s she operated a restaurant called Molly's Luncheonette, which offered "classic American diner food along with Passamaquoddy specialties like hulled corn soup, stewed muskrat and fry bread".

Personal life
Parker gave birth to six children, adopted three more, and was a foster mother to many others. After her divorce from her first husband, Moshe Neptune, she married Terrance C. Parker, a police officer.

Parker died on June 12, 2020, age 81.

Awards and accomplishments

 2012 National Endowment for the Arts Heritage Fellowship
 Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Bowdoin College in 2015
 Maine Arts Commission's Fellowship Award for Traditional Arts
 New England Foundation for the Arts  -  Native Arts Award
 First People's Funds Community Spirit Award
 Demonstrated Basketmaking at 2006 Smithsonian Folklife Festival
 Distinguished Achievement Award from University of Maine at Machias in 2013

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Artists from Maine
Passamaquoddy people
Native American basket weavers
American weavers
Native American women artists
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
People from Washington County, Maine
Women basketweavers
Basket weavers
National Heritage Fellowship winners
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native American artists
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native American artists
Native American people from Maine

Molly Neptune Parker


Donato Barcaglia (Pavia, 1 December 1849 – Rome, 1930) was an Italian sculptor.

Biography
He attended the courses of sculpture taught by Abbondio Sangiorgio at the Brera Academy in Milan. His first work at 17 years of age, was Il Vendemmiatore.  Barcaglia established himself as a portraitist in the 1860s before devoting his energies in the following decade to genre sculpture, for which he achieved distinction at the international exhibitions held in Vienna in 1873 and Philadelphia in 1876. This later gave way to a more rigorous classical style both in public works and in the groups sculpted in the first two decades of the new century for tombs in the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan.

Among his works are:
The First Visit
The Butterfly
The Hunter
Soap Bubble
Love Blinded, won Gold medal at Florentine Exhibition, sold for $68,500 in 1999 and for $167,300 in 2004.
La Vergognosa, (Museum of Trieste)
La Vita che lenta trattenere il Tempo, won a prize in 1876 Exhibition in Philadelphia, then London, Trieste, and Milan in 1881.
The awakening of the senses, Peri e Cacicco, inspired by Guarany del Gomes
Lo Spazzacamino

References
 Laura Casone, Donato Barcaglia, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).

Other projects

Artists from Pavia
Brera Academy alumni
1849 births
1930 deaths
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
19th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
19th-century Italian male artists

Donato Barcaglia


The Grafton bus crash killed 21 people and injured 22 on the Pacific Highway near Grafton,  Australia on 20 October 1989 when a semi-trailer truck collided with a Sunliner Express coach operating an express service from Sydney to Brisbane. At the time, it was the worst in Australian road transport history in terms of number of deaths. Two months later it was surpassed by the Kempsey bus crash that killed 35 passengers.

Incident
At some time between 03:50 and 04:00 on 20 October 1989 a southbound semi-trailer truck carrying a load of tinned pineapple juice veered onto the wrong side of the road and collided with a Sunliner Express bus travelling the other way. The bus was carrying 45 passengers. The impact of the semi-trailer resulted in a penetration of the entire right side of the bus by the trailer, spilling passengers onto the road as well as causing trauma for passengers within the bus interior when it rolled.

The driver of the truck, who was among the dead, was found to have a high concentration of ephedrine in his blood, a stimulant similar in effect to the amphetamines. The concentration found was 80 times in excess of the normal therapeutic level, even for chronic users. It was subsequently found that the truck driver used ephedrine to stay awake and alert, a then-common usage by long-distance drivers.

Coronial inquest
The inquest into the Grafton bus crash was conducted by means of two sets of hearings in early 1990. The first hearings established the specific causes of the crash, such as the narrow width of the highway (6 metres) at the site, and the fact both vehicles were travelling above the speed limit.

The second hearings examined matters relevant to road safety in Australia: speed limits on undivided highways; speed limiters in motor vehicles, particularly in heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses; drivers having multiple licences from different Australian jurisdictions; the transfer of driver and vehicle information among Australian states and territories; the collection, collation, analysis and reporting of road crash statistics; driver fatigue, including drowsiness and obstructive sleep apnoea; the regulation of driving hours for truck and bus drivers; drugged driving; aftermarket fitment of bullbars on motor vehicles; construction standards for buses and bus seats; the use of multi-combination heavy vehicles such as B-double trucks and road trains; mass and dimension standards for trucks; the use of radar detector devices to avoid police speed enforcement; road safety advertising and education; and general matters associated with road construction and national road transport and road freight policies.

Aftermath
This accident and the Kempsey bus crash eight weeks later were described as "arguably Australia's most catastrophic examples of high consequence/low probability incidents in the bus industry" in a bus safety discussion document. The response to these incidents was an effort in Australia, and particularly in New South Wales, to better regulate the heavy transport industry. This included banning "stay-awake" drugs, limiting uninterrupted driving time and mandating rest periods.

The design standards of long-distance buses and their safety equipment were also reviewed. The bus involved in the accident belonged to Sunliner Express. The coroner's report cleared the bus of any responsibility for the accident. The bus company was liquidated in 1991 and the owners later founded Transit Systems in 1995.

The crash also prompted a proposal to upgrade the Pacific Highway to a divided road all the way between Sydney and Brisbane. The section of the Pacific Highway where the collisions occurred was bypassed in May 2020 by a dual carriageway as part of the Pacific Highway upgrades, and is now named Big River Way. There is a memorial to the travellers involved in the Grafton Bus Disaster located on a now closed-off section of the old Pacific Highway at Cowper.

References

External links
Emergency Management Australia summary
Cowper (podcast) – The Daily Examiner

Bus transport in New South Wales
Bus incidents in Australia
Disasters in New South Wales
Bus crash
October 1989 events in Australia
Road incidents in Australia
1980s in New South Wales
1989 disasters in Australia
1989 road incidents

Grafton bus crash


In electronics, a voltage divider  (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between them.

Resistor voltage dividers are commonly used to create reference voltages, or to reduce the magnitude of a voltage so it can be measured, and may also be used as signal attenuators at low frequencies. For direct current and relatively low frequencies, a voltage divider may be sufficiently accurate if made only of resistors; where frequency response over a wide range is required (such as in an oscilloscope probe), a voltage divider may have capacitive elements added to compensate load capacitance. In electric power transmission, a capacitive voltage divider is used for measurement of high voltage.

General case
A voltage divider referenced to ground is created by connecting two electrical impedances in series, as shown in Figure 1. The input voltage is applied across the series impedances Z1 and Z2 and the output is the voltage across Z2.
Z1 and Z2 may be composed of any combination of elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors.

If the current in the output wire is zero then the relationship between the input voltage, Vin, and the output voltage, Vout, is:

Proof (using Ohm's law):

The transfer function (also known as the divider's voltage ratio) of this circuit is:

In general this transfer function is a complex, rational function of frequency.

Examples

Resistive divider

A resistive divider is the case where both impedances, Z1 and Z2, are purely resistive (Figure 2).

Substituting Z1 = R1 and Z2 = R2 into the previous expression gives:

If R1 = R2 then

If Vout = 6 V and Vin = 9 V (both commonly used voltages), then:

and by solving using algebra, R2 must be twice the value of R1.

To solve for R1:

To solve for R2:

Any ratio Vout / Vin greater than 1 is not possible. That is, using resistors alone it is not possible to either invert the voltage or increase Vout above Vin.

Low-pass RC filter

Consider a divider consisting of a resistor and capacitor as shown in Figure 3.

Comparing with the general case, we see Z1 = R and Z2 is the impedance of the capacitor, given by

where XC is the reactance of the capacitor, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, j is the imaginary unit, and ω (omega) is the radian frequency of the input voltage.

This divider will then have the voltage ratio:

The product τ (tau) = RC is called the time constant of the circuit.

The ratio then depends on frequency, in this case decreasing as frequency increases. This circuit is, in fact, a basic (first-order) lowpass filter. The ratio contains an imaginary number, and actually contains both the amplitude and phase shift information of the filter. To extract just the amplitude ratio, calculate the magnitude of the ratio, that is:

Inductive divider
Inductive dividers split AC input according to inductance:

(with components in the same positions as Figure 2.)

The above equation is for non-interacting inductors; mutual inductance (as in an autotransformer) will alter the results.

Inductive dividers split AC input according to the reactance of the elements as for the resistive divider above.

Capacitive divider
Capacitive dividers do not pass DC input.

For an AC input a simple capacitive equation is:

(with components in the same positions as Figure 2.)

Any leakage current in the capactive elements requires use of the generalized expression with two impedances. By selection of parallel R and C elements in the proper proportions, the same division ratio can be maintained over a useful range of frequencies. This is the principle applied in compensated oscilloscope probes to increase measurement bandwidth.

Loading effect
The output voltage of a voltage divider will vary according to the electric current it is supplying to its external electrical load. The effective source impedance coming from a divider of Z1 and Z2, as above, will be Z1 in parallel with Z2 (sometimes written Z1 // Z2), that is: (Z1 Z2) / (Z1 + Z2) = HZ1.

To obtain a sufficiently stable output voltage, the output current must either be stable (and so be made part of the calculation of the potential divider values) or limited to an appropriately small percentage of the divider's input current. Load sensitivity can be decreased by reducing the impedance of both halves of the divider, though this increases the divider's quiescent input current and results in higher power consumption (and wasted heat) in the divider. Voltage regulators are often used in lieu of passive voltage dividers when it is necessary to accommodate high or fluctuating load currents.

Applications
Voltage dividers are used for adjusting the level of a signal, for bias of active devices in amplifiers, and for measurement of voltages. A Wheatstone bridge and a multimeter both include voltage dividers. A potentiometer is used as a variable voltage divider in the volume control of many radios.

Sensor measurement
Voltage dividers can be used to allow a microcontroller to measure the resistance of a sensor. The sensor is wired in series with a known resistance to form a voltage divider and a known voltage is applied across the divider. The microcontroller's analog-to-digital converter is connected to the center tap of the divider so that it can measure the tap voltage and, by using the measured voltage and the known resistance and voltage, compute the sensor resistance. This technique is commonly used to measure the resistance of temperature sensors such as thermistors and RTDs.

Another example that is commonly used involves a potentiometer (variable resistor) as one of the resistive elements. When the shaft of the potentiometer is rotated the resistance it produces either increases or decreases, the change in resistance corresponds to the angular change of the shaft. If coupled with a stable voltage reference, the output voltage can be fed into an analog-to-digital converter and a display can show the angle. Such circuits are commonly used in reading control knobs.

High voltage measurement

A voltage divider can be used to scale down a very high voltage so that it can be measured by a volt meter. The high voltage is applied across the divider, and the divider output—which outputs a lower voltage that is within the meter's input range—is measured by the meter. High voltage resistor divider probes designed specifically for this purpose can be used to measure voltages up to 100 kV. Special high-voltage resistors are used in such probes as they must be able to tolerate high input voltages and, to produce accurate results, must have matched temperature coefficients and very low voltage coefficients. Capacitive divider probes are typically used for voltages above 100 kV, as the heat caused by power losses in resistor divider probes at such high voltages could be excessive.

Logic level shifting
A voltage divider can be used as a crude logic level shifter to interface two circuits that use different operating voltages. For example, some logic circuits operate at 5 V whereas others operate at 3.3 V. Directly interfacing a 5 V logic output to a 3.3 V input may cause permanent damage to the 3.3 V circuit. In this case, a voltage divider with an output ratio of 3.3/5 might be used to reduce the 5 V signal to 3.3 V, to allow the circuits to interoperate without damaging the 3.3 V circuit. For this to be feasible, the 5 V source impedance and 3.3 V input impedance must be negligible, or they must be constant and the divider resistor values must account for their impedances. If the input impedance is capacitive, a purely resistive divider will limit the data rate. This can be roughly overcome by adding a capacitor in series with the top resistor, to make both legs of the divider capacitive as well as resistive.

See also
 Current divider
 DC-to-DC converter
 Voltage amplifier

References

Analog circuits
Divider

Voltage divider


The practice of witchcraft in the Middle East has a long history. In ancient Judaism, there existed a complex relationship with magic and witchcraft, with some forms of divination and mystical practices accepted, yet others viewed as forbidden or heretical. In the medieval Middle East, under Islamic and Christian influences, witchcraft's perception fluctuated between healing and heresy, revered by some and condemned by others. In the present day diverse witchcraft communities have emerged.

Ancient and Medieval Near East
The early stages of the development of witchcraft in Mesopotamia were "comparable to the archaic shamanistic stage of European witchcraft". Witches were not considered evil, but rather helped others using a combination of magical and medical knowledge. They generally lived in rural areas and sometimes exhibited ecstatic behavior, which was more usually associated with the ašipu (exorcist), whose main function at this stage of development was to battle non-human supernatural forces.

By the time of the Code of Hammurabi (about 2000 BC), the use of magic to harm others without justification was subject to legal repercussions:

{{quote|If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcome him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him.}}

The ašipu, who were the predominantly male representatives of the official state religion, eventually came into conflict with the witchcraft tradition and developed an Akkadian anti-witchcraft ritual, the Maqlû, probably composed in the early first millennium BC.

Judaism

Jewish law views the practice of witchcraft as being laden with idolatry and/or necromancy; both being serious theological and practical offenses in Judaism. Although Maimonides vigorously denied the efficacy of all methods of witchcraft, and claimed that the Biblical prohibitions regarding it were precisely to wean the Israelites from practices related to idolatry. It is acknowledged that while magic exists, it is forbidden to practice it on the basis that it usually involves the worship of other gods. Rabbis of the Talmud also condemned magic when it produced something other than illusion, giving the example of two men who use magic to pick cucumbers. The one who creates the illusion of picking cucumbers should not be condemned, only the one who actually picks the cucumbers through magic.

However, some of the rabbis practiced "magic" themselves or taught the subject. For instance, Rava (amora) created a golem and sent it to Rav Zeira, and Hanina and Hoshaiah studied every Friday together and created a small calf to eat on Shabbat. In these cases, the "magic" was seen more as divine miracles (i.e., coming from God rather than "unclean" forces) than as witchcraft. Judaism's most famous reference to a medium is undoubtedly the Witch of Endor whom Saul consults, as recounted in 1 Samuel 28.

Hebrew Bible
According to the New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia:

Verses such as Book of Deuteronomy 18:11-12 and Book of Exodus 22:18 "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live" provided scriptural justification for Christian witch-hunters in the early modern period. The word "witch" is a translation of the Hebrew  kashaf, "sorcerer". The Hebrew Bible provides some evidence that these commandments were enforced under the Hebrew kings:

The Hebrew verb , translated in the King James Version as "cut off", can also be translated as "kill wholesale" or "exterminate".

The King James Version uses the words witch, witchcraft, and witchcrafts to translate the Masoretic   () and  (); these same English terms are used to translate   in the Greek New Testament. Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11–12 and Exodus 22:18 ("Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live") thus provided scriptural justification for Christian witch hunters in the early modern period (see Christian views on magic).

The precise meaning of the Hebrew , usually translated as witch or sorceress, is uncertain. In the Septuagint, it was translated as  or . In the 16th century, Reginald Scot, a prominent critic of the witch trials, translated , , and the Vulgate's Latin equivalent  as all meaning 'poisoner', and on this basis, claimed that witch was an incorrect translation and poisoners were intended. His theory still holds some currency, but is not widely accepted, and in Daniel 2:2  is listed alongside other magic practitioners who could interpret dreams: magicians, astrologers, and Chaldeans. Suggested derivations of  include 'mutterer' (from a single root) or herb user (as a compound word formed from the roots , meaning 'herb', and , meaning 'using'). The Greek  literally means 'herbalist' or one who uses or administers drugs, but it was used virtually synonymously with mageia and goeteia as a term for a sorcerer.

The Bible provides some evidence that these commandments against sorcery were enforced under the Hebrew kings:

In the Tanakh, references to witchcraft are frequent, and the strong condemnations of such practices which we read there do not seem to be based so much upon the supposition of fraud as upon the "abomination" of belief in the magic in itself. Judaism does make it clear that Jews shall not try to learn about the ways of witches and that witches are to be put to death.

Christianity

The New Testament condemns the practice as an abomination, just as the Old Testament had (Epistle to the Galatians 5:20, compared with the Book of Revelation 21:8; 22:15; and Acts of the Apostles 8:9; 13:6).

There is some debate, however, as to whether the word used in Galatians and Revelation,  pharmakeía, is properly translated as "sorcery", as the word was commonly used to describe the malicious use of drugs.

Islam
Divination and magic in Islam encompass a wide range of practices, including black magic, warding off the evil eye, the production of amulets and other magical equipment, evocation, casting lots, and astrology.

Legitimacy of practising witchcraft is disputed. Most Islamic traditions distinguish between good magic and black magic. Miracles belong to licit magic and are considered gifts of God. Magical incantations for healing purposes generally received support as long as they do not contain polytheism. al-Razi and Ibn Sina describe that magic is merely a tool and only the outcome determines whether or not the act of magic was legitimate or not. Al-Ghazali, although admitting the reality of magic, regards learning all sorts of magic as forbidden. Ibn al-Nadim argues that good supernatural powers are received from God after purifying the soul, while sorcerers please devils and commit acts of disobedience and sacrifices to demons. Whether or not sorcery is accessed by acts of piety or disobedience is often seen as an indicator whether magic is licit or illicit. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, a disciple of Ibn Taimiyya,  the major source for Wahhabism, disregards magic, including exorcisms, entirely as superstition. Ibn Khaldun brands sorcery, talismans, and prestidigitation as forbidden and illegal. Tabasi did not subscribe to the rationalized framework of magic of most Ash'arite theologians, and offered a wide range of rituals to perform sorcery. Yet he agrees that only magic in accordance with sharia is permissible.

The reality of magic is confirmed by the Quran. The Quran itself is said to bestow magical blessings upon hearers and heal them, based on al-Isra. Solomon had the power to speak with animals and jinn, and command devils, which is only given to him with God's permission. Surah Al-Falaq is used as a prayer to God to ward off black magic and is, according to hadith-literature, revealed to Muhammad to protect him against Jann, the ancestor of the jinn. The Quran also reports Muhammad being accused of being a magician by his opponents, and denounces these accusations as false. The idea that devils teach magic is confirmed in Al-Baqara. A pair of fallen angels, Harut and Marut, are also mentioned to tempt people into learning sorcery.

Scholars of religious history have linked several magical practises in Islam with pre-Islamic Turkish and East African customs. Most notable of these customs is the Zār.Magic and Divination in Early Islam (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World) by Emilie Savage-Smith (Ed.), Ashgate Publishing 2004.

 Modern Middle East
In the modern Middle East, a complex tapestry of diverse religious and social dynamics unfolds. In the 20th century, the practice of ceremonial trampling and burning the flags of enemy countries emerged, which has been likened to witchcraft as "an attempt to harm the enemy by a kind of sympathetic magic". In June 2015, Yahoo reported: "The Islamic State group has beheaded two women in Syria on accusations of 'sorcery', the first such executions of female civilians in Syria, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said Tuesday."

In Israel, Jewish neopaganism involves exploring forms of modern witchcraft and pagan practices while drawing on ancient Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) or combining it with other influences. There has been a resurgence of interest in Goddess worship, and this intersects with modern witchcraft in certain cases.

Saudi Arabia has continued to use the death penalty for sorcery and witchcraft. In 2006 Fawza Falih Muhammad Ali was condemned to death for practicing witchcraft. There is no legal definition of sorcery in Saudi, but in 2007 an Egyptian pharmacist working there was accused, convicted, and executed. Saudi authorities also pronounced the death penalty on a Lebanese television presenter, Ali Hussain Sibat, while he was performing the hajj'' (Islamic pilgrimage) in the country. In 2009, the Saudi authorities set up the Anti-Witchcraft Unit of their Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice police. In April 2009, a Saudi woman Amina Bint Abdulhalim Nassar was arrested and later sentenced to death for practicing witchcraft and sorcery. In December 2011, she was beheaded. A Saudi man has been beheaded on charges of sorcery and witchcraft in June 2012. A beheading for sorcery occurred in 2014.

In Turkey, a predominantly Muslim country, there has been a mixture of traditional folk practices, Sufi mysticism, and New Age spirituality. Some individuals have expressed interest in alternative spiritual practices and forms of witchcraft, often drawing from local folk traditions, herbalism, and mysticism. However, due to the conservative nature of the country and potential societal pressures, such practices might not be widely visible or openly discussed.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Witchcraft
 Kabbalah On Witchcraft – A Jewish view (Audio) chabad.org

Middle East
Middle East

Witchcraft in the Middle East


Hermann Lebert (born Hermann Lewy, 9 June 1813 – 1 August 1878) was a German physician and naturalist.

Lebert was born in Breslau. He studied medicine and the natural sciences first in Berlin and later in Zurich under Johann Lukas Schönlein. After he received his medical doctorate (Zurich, 1834), he traveled throughout Switzerland, studying botany. For the next year and a half he studied in Paris, particularly under Baron Guillaume Dupuytren and Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. In 1838 he settled in Bex, later changing between Bex and Paris. From 1842 to 1845 he worked mainly in comparative anatomy, which had interested him during his travels as a student on the coast of Normandy and the Channel Islands with Charles-Philippe Robin. On a government assignment, he collected specimens for Musée Orfila. After a stay in Berlin during the winter of 1845–1846 Lebert settled in Paris, where he devoted his efforts to both his practice and scientific work. In 1853 he accepted an invitation to become professor of clinical medicine in Zurich, and six years later he moved on to Breslau, where he held the same job. In 1862, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1874 he returned to Bex, Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life.

Lebert was among the first to use the microscope in pathological anatomy, and thus contributed importantly to both pathology and clinical medicine.

Selected writings
 Physiologie pathologique. 2 volumes and atlas. Paris, Baillière, 1845. (An early work on pathological histology that was instrumental in introducing the cellular idea of pathology).
 Traité d'anatomie pathologique générale et spéciale. 2 volumes. Paris, Baillière, 1857 and 1861. (Known for its excellent hand-coloured copperplate engravings of macro- and micropathology).

References

External links
 Hermann Lebert @ Who Named It

19th-century German physicians
German pathologists
German arachnologists
1813 births
1878 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Breslau
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
University of Zurich alumni
Physicians from Wrocław
19th-century Swiss physicians

Hermann Lebert