Odaesan, also known as Mount Odae-san or Mount Odae (), is a major cluster of mountains and national park in eastern Gangwon Province, South Korea, standing at the junction of Gangneung City, Pyeongchang County and Hongcheon County. It stands at the junction of the Taebaek Mountains and the Charyeong Mountains, a spur range stretching to the west and serving to divide the South Han River / Namhan River from the North Han River / Bukhan River. It stands just to the south of Seoraksan and north of Dutasan along the Baekdu-daegan Mountain-system mainline, the range of granite peaks that make up the symbolic spine of the Korean Peninsula, but its peaks are more rounded and forested than most. National Highway 6 runs through the park, between the south main-entrance and the northeast corner descending to the east coast. It contain five main peaks surrounding a deep main valley running north to south, and several other subsidiary peaks, such as Noin-bong (see Attractions below), with gorges between, a watershed forming a river leaving this area to the south. Just outside the western boundary of the national park area, another mountain Gyebang-san rises to 1,577 m (5,174 ft), higher than conventional Odae-san's summit, and they are connected by a 10 km long ridge; it is controversial whether or not to include this within the cluster or consider it as separate.

The Odaesan mountains are a famous site for tourism and the practice of, and pilgrimage for, Korean Buddhism. The five main peaks were the reason for granting its name 五臺山 or "Five Platforms Mountains" (or terraces, cliff-tops; a "platform" being the base-table on which a Buddha statue sits, and on which a master sits upon to give formal lectures. These five lofty peaks are conceived of as five base-tables on which each of the five most important cosmic Buddhas of Mahayana Buddhism sit, teaching the world). This name was borrowed from China's famous Wutaishan. The peaks were named after the Buddha who was believed to have sat on them, and also by their relative positions according to the Chinese "Five Directions" (a factor of the Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) system). The highest summit, with elevation of , is named Biro-bong () "Vairocana Peak", and also Jungdae-bong () "Central Platform Peak". There are then also the South, North, West and East Platform Peaks, each having their own designated Buddha and with hermitages on their slopes dedicated to particular Bodhisattvas.

History
Odae-san has been a highly sacred mountain-cluster of Korean Buddhism ever since Master Jajang founded Woljeongsa Temple in its main valley and interred purported relics of Sakyamuni Gautama Buddha halfway up the southern slope of the Biro-bong Summit in 643 CE, after determining that it was geographically similar to China's Wutaishan and therefore also a doryang "residence" for Manjushri the Bodhisattva of Wisdom (Munsu-bosal in Korean).  This was a result of his having visited Wutai-shan on Pilgrimage, and having had a revelation-vision of that deity in which he was told that he could find such a set of five peaks in his nation and would experience the Bodhisattva also living there.

One of the four mountain-based (for protection) royal archive buildings of the Joseon Dynasty is located near the center of the Odae-san cluster, just north of Woljeong-sa, reconstructed near the end of 20th century. It was founded in 1606 to house the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and Uigwe or "Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty". This is the only one of those archive buildings that was not burned during the Japanese invasions of Korea. This site for the archives within Odae-san was traditionally thought to be able to withstand fire, wind and water.  In 1922 during the Korea under Japanese rule, many volumes and other relics from this archive were transferred to the Tokyo Imperial University, now the University of Tokyo, and later stored at the Imperial Household Agency. Some of them were lost in the Great Kanto earthquake of 1927. In August 2010, the Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the return of the remaining volumes and relics, to mark the centenary of the Japanese annexation of Korea. This was followed by the return of 1,200 volumes, including 150 from the Uigwe, in December 2011. They were received with great ceremony and subsequently exhibited at the National Palace Museum of Korea and then stored in the Gyujanggak Library of Seoul National University.

In 1964, Iris odaesanensis was first discovered on the mountain and then named after the mountain.

In a remote part of Odae-san, three peat high-moor fens (a rarity in Korea) in an area of just 2300 m2 were designated as the Odaesan National Park Wetlands under the international Ramsar Convention, on October 13, 2008.  This area remains closed to the public due to ecological delicacy.

Attractions
The central areas of the Odae-san mountain-cluster are preserved as the Odaesan National Park, famous for hiking, tourism, pilgrimage and public recreation, especially in October when the leaves of its many deciduous trees turn red, gold and yellow.  It contains two of Korea's most prominent Buddhist monasteries, Woljeongsa in the south of the main valley (at the entrance to the park)) and Sangwonsa at its northern terminus, as well as a half-dozen major hermitages (subsidiary temples), all members the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism.

The temples host a variety of Korean cultural treasures, including four National Treasures: the Bronze Dharma Bell (NT#36), the Wooden Seated Child Manjusri Statue (NT#221), the Documents (NT#292) of Sangwon-sa, and the Octagonal Nine-story stone Pagoda with Stone Manjusri Statue (NT#48) of Woljeong-sa. There are also many designated Treasures and Provincial Cultural Heritage Items, with many on display at the museum at Woljeong-sa Temple. The most prominent hermitages are Saja-am, Gwaneum-am, Mireuk-am, Yeombul-am, Jijang-am, and Sujeong-am.

It is said that there are no steep or high mountainsides in Mt. Odae, and so there is no risk of avalanche even if the snow is heavy in winter.  The northeast arm of the national park begins at Noinbong (Korean: 노인봉; Hanja: 老人峰) "Elderly Person [Grandfather] Peak"), and soars 1,338 m (4,390 ft) above Highway 6. From Noinbong flows the long, beautiful waterfall-gorge Sogeumgang Valley (Korean: 소금강계곡; Hanja: 小金剛溪谷) or "Minor Diamond Scenic-Gorge" to the northeast until exiting at the northern tip of Gangneung City. Sogeumgang Valley is compared to a beautiful sector of the famous Kumgangsan (Geumgang-san) or "Diamond Mountains" of North Korea. It includes the Guryong Falls or "Nine Dragons Waterfalls", and the Cheonghak-dong or "Azure-Cranes Village" area of high, steep cliffs. This rocky gorge is renowned for its captivating natural features and is a favorite for hikers. Legend tells that "Yulgok" Yi I granted its name in the 1500s. In the center resides a small Buddhist temple named Geumgang-sa or "Diamond Temple".

See also
 Odaesan National Park Wetlands
 Wutai Shan, a Chinese mountain of the same name
 Baekdudaegan
 List of mountains in Korea

References

External links
 Odaesan National Park

Mountains of South Korea
Hongcheon County
Pyeongchang County
Gangneung
Mountains of Gangwon Province, South Korea
One-thousanders of South Korea
Taebaek Mountains

Odaesan


Zhang Cang 張蒼 (253–152 BC) was a Chinese military general, philosopher, and politician during the Western Han dynasty. He was the representative thinker of the Yin-Yang School, as well as a Confucian scholar , army general and prime-minister under Liu Bang (Han Gaozu, the founder of the Han dynasty). Evidence on his life is contained in the Book of Han and some other sources.

Early life
Zhang Cang was born in Yangwu 陽武 (present day Yuanyang, Henan Province).

In his youth, Zhang studied in Xun Kuang's circle, which was known for teaching prominent figures such as Han Fei and Li Si. When the state of Qin conquered other vassal states of Zhou Dynasty, he came to Qin's capital Xianyang and became an official to manage the imperial books. During the rule of Er Shi huang, Zhang Cang broke the imperial law and fled to his hometown. At that time, people, and the nobles of former six vassal states rose up against the Qin's rule. Liu Bang, a general from Chu, was ordered by King Huai of Chu to lead his army westward. Zhang Cang enrolled Liu Bang's troops upon their passing of Yangwu.

Military career
Zhang Cang became a general in Liu Bang's army and arrived in Nanyang. When the Chu troops attacked Nanyang, Zhang's misbehavior became the reason for his condemnation to death. However, he was saved by Wang Ling (王陵), an old friend of Liu Bang and the commander-in-chief, who later succeeded Cao Can on the post of prime minister of the Han Empire. Zhang Cang appreciated Wang Ling greatly from that day on, and regarded him as his father. Later on, after becoming the prime minister, Zhang would always visit Wang Ling's residence after court meeting to care Wang Ling's wife as his mother after Wang Ling died. According to the Book of Han, Wang Ling saw the stripped Zhang Cang on the spot of execution and wondered at his impressively tall and beautiful body and persuaded Liu Bang to spare Zhang.

In BC 206, Liu Bang was named King of Han by Xiang Yu, another Chu general and claimant on the succession of the rule in China and Liu Bang's future arch-rival. Liu Bang went to Han, his kingdom. Zhang Cang followed him and went to Hanzhong. Some months late, some former generals who had no gains from Xiang Yu's post-war arrangement rebelled (cf. Tian Rong and his activity in reestablishing the unified Kingdom of Qi, despite Xiang Yu's will). Xiang Yu drove Emperor Yi of Chu, the lord to all the kings in name, to Chen (modern Chenzhou, Hunan Province), and then ordered King of Jiujiang and King of Linjiang secretly to murder the Emperor Yi.

Liu Bang was also unsatisfied with Xiang Yu. After Xiang Yu went eastward to Pengcheng (modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province), he conquered three kingdoms which Xiang Yu founded. Then Han's troops matched eastward and the small kingdoms between Han and Chu surrendered to Han troops and joined the war against Xiang Yu's West Chu. Zhang Cang was one of the generals. Liu Bang ordered his generals to attack West Wei, Zhao and Dai. The three kingdoms were conquered, their kings surrendered or killed. Liu Bang nominated Zhang Er as the King of Zhao, and Zhang Cang as the Prime Minister to Zhang Er. Then Zhang Cang was changed as the governor of Dai, and then as the Prime Minister when Dai became a kingdom.

Zhang Cang finished his military career after Han Empire put down the rebellion of King Yan.

Political career
For his merits, Zhang Cang was titled Marquis of Beiping. When Xiao He became the empire's prime minister, Zhang Cang was appointed as the Minister of Audit, working as assistant to Prime Minister, because of his expertise in mathematics and music.

In 195 BC, Ying Bu the King of Huainan Kingdom rose up against Han Empire and soon was defeated and killed, Liu Bang nominated his youngest son Liu Chang as the King of Huainan Kingdom. Zhang Cang was appointed as the Prime Minister of Huainan. In 181, Zhang Cang came back to Chang'an, the capital of Han Empire, and took the position of Yushi Daifu, the vice Prime Minister and the Supreme Justice of the Empire. The next year, as the member of the clique of meritorious generals and minister, Zhang Cang took part in the coup d'état against Empress Dowager Lü and extinguished the Lü's family as soon as she died. Then Zhang Cang also took part in electing Liu Heng the King of Dai Kingdom as the Emperor.

In BC176, Guan Ying died, and Zhang Cang succeeded to his position of Prime Minister of the Empire; staying in the position for more than ten years. At the end of rule of Emperor Xiaowen (Liu Heng), he participated in the cosmological argument concerning the position of the Han Dynasty in correlation with the wu xing. Some scholars thought Han Dynasty corresponded to Earth, and must change the color of emperor and minister's uniforms into yellow. Meanwhile, the right correlate was Water, and so the empire must continue to use black as the noblest color as usual. The current correlate was established by Zhang Cang upon the foundation of the empire. However, a yellow dragon was found in Chengji (modern Gansu Province) was used as an argument against his theory. Correspondingly, the Emperor established a new era, to Zhang's discontent. As a result, Zhang Cang resigned his post saying that he was enough old and ill.

Zhang Cang died in 152 BC, being more than 100 years of age. He was given the posthumous title "Wen" (), and entered history as Marquis Wen of Beiping.

Scholarly legacy
Zhang Cang is described as a prominent master of the calendar and music theory of his time, making great contributions to System Construction of Han Dynasty according to Sima Qian's record. Zhang Cang is regarded as the representative of Yin-Yang School; his writings edited into the book bearing his name.

It is believed that The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, the most important book in early history of Chinese mathematics, was edited by him.

Zhang Cang was also a representative Confucian scholar of the transition period from the Warring States to Han. Kong Yingda (574 – 648) names him as recipient of Xunzi's transmission of the Zuo Zhuan (The Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Chronicle)  His expertise in the Zuo Zhuan did not constitute the mainstream in the field, since the Zuo Commentary was related to the Old Text school, while in his time the New Text school was more popular (see New Text Confucianism).

Being a student of Xunzi, he transmitted his teaching to Jia Yi.

References

Position career

253 BC births
152 BC deaths
Chinese Confucianists
Chinese music theorists
Chinese political philosophers
Generals from Henan
Han dynasty generals
Han dynasty philosophers
Han dynasty chancellors
Natural philosophers
Philosophers from Henan

Zhang Cang


The Acushnet River is the largest river,  long, flowing into Buzzards Bay in southeastern Massachusetts, in the United States.  The name "Acushnet" comes from the Wampanoag or Algonquian word, "Cushnea", meaning "as far as the waters", a word that was used by the original owners of the land in describing the extent of the parcel they intended to sell to the English settlers from the nearby Plimouth colony.  Quite naturally, the English mistook "Cushnea" for a fixed placename or the name of a specific river.

Path of the river
The source of the Acushnet River is Long Pond in Lakeville, Massachusetts.  The root tributary, Squam Brook, flows out of Long Pond and through the settlement called Freetown before it fills the New Bedford Reservoir in the town of Acushnet.  From the reservoir, the river continues southward, forming the dividing-line between Acushnet and the city of New Bedford.  Then it divides New Bedford, on its western bank, from Fairhaven, on its eastern bank, before spilling into Buzzards Bay, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean.

The six bridges
The river is crossed by bridges six times.  There are three short bridges in Acushnet, where the river is narrow.  As the river leaves Acushnet, it widens to form an estuarine harbor, New Bedford harbor, which is flanked by New Bedford and Fairhaven.  Shortly after the river leaves Acushnet, a larger bridge, the Coggeshall Street Bridge, crosses between Fairhaven and New Bedford.  The fifth bridge is one that carries a large limited-access highway, Interstate 195, across the river, about 150 metres south of the Coggeshall Street span.

The sixth and last bridge is actually a complex of three small bridges that hopscotch from islet to islet across the breadth of New Bedford harbor, carrying US Route 6.  Beginning on the western (New Bedford) side of the river, there is a short bridge over the shallow gut dividing the New Bedford bank from Fish Island.  The second part of the traverse involves crossing the main river channel between Fish Island and Pope's Island via the New Bedford-Fairhaven Bridge, a swing bridge that originally opened in 1902. Finally, the road crosses the shallow eastern passage from Pope's Island to Fairhaven along the low-lying Pope's Island Bridge.

The hurricane barrier
Beginning in 1958, the New Bedford Harbor Hurricane Barrier was built from a point about 300 feet north of Fort Phoenix, in Fairhaven, to Gifford Street on the New Bedford coast.  The 20-foot high barrier continues onto land, where three large doors allow street traffic to pass through during calm seas. The longer segment continues along the New Bedford coast to just before Frederick Street.  A discontiguous segment protects the top of Clark's Cove in New Bedford, roughly to the Dartmouth border.

The barrier consists of an arc of riprap and fill, approximately three kilometres long, surmounted by a service road.  At the center of the marine structure is a control tower and a set of hydraulically operated doors that can be closed, when necessary, to shut out the surge of seawater that typically accompanies a major storm or hurricane. Taken as a whole, the barrier is the largest stone structure on the East Coast of the United States.

A structure with the same purpose, the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier, was constructed across the throat of Narragansett Bay, near Providence, Rhode Island, about forty kilometres from this structure spanning the mouth of the Acushnet.

Historical significance
At the start of early America, it was foundational to the earliest European settlers. It provided them the basic essentials – water, food, travel and more. The success of the earliest communities depended on this river. The early communities developed from homestead to hamlet, to village, town, and city. This process of accretion was based on that initial discovery of the waterway. The Acushnet River served many homesteads that would develop into larger communities along its 8.6-mile course, from its source at Long Pond in Lakeville to its emptying into Buzzard's Bay. It has directly contributed to the success of New Bedford on its West Bank, Fairhaven on its East Bank, Lakeville, Freetown, and Acushnet. Indirectly it has allowed many more towns to thrive.

Historically, the river's banks were home to many mills, especially on the New Bedford side of the river.  The river's mouth, which forms a small but well-sheltered harbor, has long served as the home port of New Bedford's commercial fishing fleet.  It is also the birthplace of New Bedford's whaling industry; the Dartmouth, the first ship whose keel was laid in New Bedford, first set sail on this river.  (The ship would go on to fame as one of those involved in the Boston Tea Party.)  On the eastern (Fairhaven) shore, the mouth of the river is guarded by Fort Phoenix, a fortification that was involved, in 1775, in the first naval engagement of the American Revolutionary War.

References

External links
 The Hurricane Barrier - historic pictures, videos, and descriptions
 New Bedford Hurricane Barrier Construction - Historic photos and modern maps
 New Bedford Hurricane Barrier: Not An 'Impermeable Line Of Defense' Against Climate Change

Rivers of Bristol County, Massachusetts
Massachusetts natural resources
Lakeville, Massachusetts
Freetown, Massachusetts
Acushnet, Massachusetts
New Bedford, Massachusetts
Fairhaven, Massachusetts
Rivers of Massachusetts
Flood barriers

Acushnet River


Lazarus Ercker (c. 1530 – 1594) was a Bohemian metallurgist and assay master of a mint near Prague who wrote some of the earliest known treatises on metallurgy entitled Beschreibung allerfürnemisten mineralischen Ertzt und Berckwercksarten (1574) and Münzbuch, wie es mit den Münzen gehalten sind (1563).

Life

Ercker was born at St. Annenberg (Annaberg, Saxony) around 1530 and studied at the University of Wittenberg between 1547 and 1548. Around 1554 he became an assayer at Dresden through the patronage of Elector Augustus with the influence of Johann Neese (a relative of his wife). In 1558 he became master of the mint at Goslar for Prince Henry of Brunswick. In 1567 his wife died and he tried to return to Dresden. His brother-in-law Caspar Richter helped him get a job as a tester at Kutna Hora near Prague. His 1574 book Beschreibung allerfürnemisten mineralischen Ertzt und Berckwercksarten described the production of alloys and refining of several metals including silver, gold, copper, antimony, bismuth, tin, lead and mercury. It was in Ercker's book that the word "wolfram" is first used for a mineral found in Saxony which Ercker thought contained tin and the metal only much later identified as the element tungsten. The book went through several editions and led to his appointment as courier for mining affairs under Emperor Maximilian II. Under Rudolf II he became master of the mint in Prague and was knighted (and known as Lazarus Ercker von Schreckenfels) on 10 March 1586. The eighth edition of his book published in 1672 was retitled Aula subterranea  alias  Probierbuch. Ercker's 1574 book was translated into English by Sir John Pettus as Fleta Minor in 1683 with the original woodcuts redrawn with some modifications. His book was also plagiarized by Georg Engelhardt von Löhneyss in his Bericht vom Bergwerck (1617).

References

External links
Fleta Minor by Sir John Pettus
Scanned editions of Ercker's publication

German metallurgists
1530 births
1594 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

Lazarus Ercker


Antoine de Mouchy (Antonius Monchiacenus Demochares)  (1494 – 8 May 1574) was a French theologian and canonist, at Paris.

A traditional explanation of the French term mouchard, meaning police spy or informer, is that it derived from his use of intelligence-gathering networks, when working as an inquisitor. This folk-etymology was adopted by Voltaire, following François-Eudes de Mézeray. It has been plausibly contested, on the grounds that the word is found used in the fifteenth century.

Life
De Mouchy was born at Ressons-sur-Matz, near Beauvais, in Picardy.  In 1539 he was appointed rector of the University of Paris. He was also professor at the Sorbonne and canon Penitentiarius of Noyon. He was one of a group of Sorbonne doctors who in the 1550s began detailed scholarship on lists of bishops, to support the apostolic succession.

As inquisitor fidei he exerted his influence against the Calvinists, and was a judge at the heresy trial of Anne du Bourg. In a 1560 book he accused Calvinists of sexual libertinism, practiced after the end of religious services.

In 1562 he accompanied Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine to the Council of Trent, and in 1564 was present at the Synod of Reims.

Works

Mouchy wrote a work in defence of the Mass (Paris, 1562). His scholarly edition of the Corpus juris canonici is called "pioneering".

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Scherer in Kirchenlexikon, s.v.

1494 births
1574 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Rectors of the University of Paris
16th-century French Catholic theologians
Canon law jurists
Participants in the Council of Trent
16th-century French lawyers
16th-century French writers
16th-century writers in Latin

Antoine de Mouchy


Sasak architecture refers to the vernacular architecture of the Sasak, the majority indigenous ethnic group of the Indonesian island of Lombok.

Background
Lombok lies immediately east of Bali and approximately the same size, however, its climate and terrain differ. The majority of the island's population is the central plain between the mountainous north and the barren, arid south. Lombok's west has a large immigrant Balinese population and their houses and temples are similar to those of Bali.

The Muslim and animist Sasak majority live in the drier eastern part of the island. Their houses rise in tiers up the hot bare hills of Lombok's southern peninsula. The majority of the traditional houses in the more developed parts of the island are no longer used. However, in the southern part of the island they are still lived in as most villagers cannot afford to change their way of life, but also because they are proud of their culture and as tourism increases there is a financial incentive to maintain the structures.

Villages are clustered on low escarpments to conserve arable land. A village is approached via a path leading to a narrow gateway, and the village rises to the crown of the hill with a few lateral paths and many zig-zagging trails accessing houses. A thatched roof mosque with a square pyramid or double pyramid mosque forms the centre of the village.

Lumbung
Pile-built, bonnet-rice barns known as lumbung are the pride of Sasak vernacular architecture. They are built in rows along the easier lower paths of a village. The structures have only one opening, which is a high window into which rice is loaded twice a year. Four 1.5 metre hardwood posts are mounted on a level, sundried mud and buffalo-dung platform, and discs known as jelepreng are set towards the top to prevent rodent ingress. Two lateral beams are carried by the posts on which sits a cantilevered frame which in turn supports the bamboo rafters.

Several lumbung owned by separate families are built end to end a few metres apart.

See also

Architecture of Indonesia

References

Rumah adat
Vernacular architecture

Sasak architecture


A first-person narrative (also known as a first-person perspective, voice, point of view, etc.) is a mode of storytelling in which a storyteller recounts events from that storyteller's own personal point of view, using first-person grammar such as "I", "me", "my", and "myself" (also, in plural form, "we", "us", etc.). It must be narrated by a first-person character, such as a protagonist (or other focal character), re-teller, witness, or peripheral character. Alternatively, in a visual storytelling medium (such as video, television, or film), the first-person perspective is a graphical perspective rendered through a character's visual field, so the camera is "seeing" out of a character's eyes.

A classic example of a first-person protagonist narrator is Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1847), in which the title character is telling the story in which she herself is also the protagonist: "I could not unlove him now, merely because I found that he had ceased to notice me".

This device allows the audience to see the narrator's mind's eye view of the fictional universe, but it is limited to the narrator's experiences and awareness of the true state of affairs. In some stories, first-person narrators may relay dialogue with other characters or refer to information they heard from the other characters, in order to try to deliver a larger point of view. Other stories may switch the narrator to different characters to introduce a broader perspective. An unreliable narrator is one that has completely lost credibility due to ignorance, poor insight, personal biases, mistakes, dishonesty, etc., which challenges the reader's initial assumptions.

Point of view device
An example of the telling of a story in the grammatical first person, i.e. from the perspective of "I", is Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, which begins with "Call me Ishmael."

First-person narration may sometimes include an embedded or implied audience of one or more people. The story may be told by a person directly undergoing the events in the story without being aware of conveying that experience to readers; alternatively, the narrator may be conscious of telling the story to a given audience, perhaps at a given place and time, for a given reason.

Identity
A story written in the first person is most often told by the main character, but may also be told from the perspective of a less important character as they witness events, or a person retelling a story they were told by someone else.

Reliability
First-person narration presents the narrative through the perspective of a particular character. The reader or audience sees the story through the narrator's views and knowledge only. The narrator is an imperfect witness by definition, because they do not have a complete overview of events. Furthermore, they may be pursuing some hidden agenda (an "unreliable narrator").

Character weaknesses and faults, such as tardiness, cowardice, or vice, may leave the narrator unintentionally absent or unreliable for certain key events. Specific events may further be colored or obscured by a narrator's background since non-omniscient characters must by definition be laypersons and foreigners to some circles, and limitations such as poor eyesight and illiteracy may also leave important blanks. Another consideration is how much time has elapsed between when the character experienced the events of the story and when they decided to tell them. If only a few days have passed, the story could be related very differently than if the character was reflecting on events of the distant past. The character's motivation is also relevant. Are they just trying to clear up events for their own peace of mind? Make a confession about a wrong they did? Or tell a good adventure tale to their beer-guzzling friends? The reason why a story is told will also affect how it is written. Why is this narrator telling the story in this way, why now, and are they to be trusted? Unstable or malevolent narrators can also lie to the reader. Unreliable narrators are not uncommon.

In the first-person-plural point of view, narrators tell the story using "we". That is, no individual speaker is identified; the narrator is a member of a group that acts as a unit. The first-person-plural point of view occurs rarely but can be used effectively, sometimes as a means to increase the concentration on the character or characters the story is about. Examples include:
 William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily" (Faulkner was an avid experimenter in using unusual points of view; see also his Spotted Horses, told in third-person plural).
 Frank B. Gilbreth and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey's memoir Cheaper by the Dozen.
 Theodore Sturgeon's short story "Crate".
 Frederik Pohl's Man Plus.
 Jeffrey Eugenides's The Virgin Suicides.
 Karen Joy Fowler's The Jane Austen Book Club.
 Joshua Ferris's Then We Came to the End.
 Heidi Vornbrock Roosa's short story "Our Mother Who Art".

Other examples include Twenty-Six Men and a Girl by Maxim Gorky, The Treatment of Bibi Haldar by Jhumpa Lahiri, During the Reign of the Queen of Persia by Joan Chase, Our Kind by Kate Walbert, I, Robot by Isaac Asimov, and We Didn't by Stuart Dybek.

First-person narrators can also be multiple, as in Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's In a Grove (the source for the movie Rashomon) and Faulkner's novel The Sound and the Fury. Each of these sources provides different accounts of the same event, from the point of view of various first-person narrators.

There can also be multiple co-principal characters as narrator, such as in Robert A. Heinlein's The Number of the Beast. The first chapter introduces four characters, including the initial narrator, who is named at the beginning of the chapter. The narrative continues in subsequent chapters with a different character explicitly identified as the narrator for that chapter. Other characters later introduced in the book also have their "own" chapters where they narrate the story for that chapter. The story proceeds in a linear fashion, and no event occurs more than once, i.e. no two narrators speak "live" about the same event.

The first-person narrator may be the principal character (e.g., Gulliver in Gulliver's Travels), someone very close to them who is privy to their thoughts and actions (Dr. Watson in Sherlock Holmes stories) or one who closely observes the principal character (such as Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby). These can be distinguished as "first-person major" or "first-person minor" points of view.

Narrators can report others' narratives at one or more removes. These are called "frame narrators": examples are Mr. Lockwood, the narrator in Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë; and the unnamed narrator in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Skilled writers choose to skew narratives, in keeping with the narrator's character, to an arbitrary degree, from ever so slight to extreme. For example, the aforementioned Mr. Lockwood is quite naive, of which fact he appears unaware, simultaneously rather pompous, and recounting a combination of stories, experiences, and servants' gossip. As such, his character is an unintentionally very unreliable narrator and serves mainly to mystify, confuse, and ultimately leave the events of Wuthering Heights open to a great range of interpretations.

A rare form of the first person is the first-person omniscient, in which the narrator is a character in the story, but also knows the thoughts and feelings of all the other characters. It can seem like third-person omniscient at times. A reasonable explanation fitting the mechanics of the story's world is generally provided or inferred unless its glaring absence is a major plot point. Three notable examples are The Book Thief by Markus Zusak, where the narrator is Death, From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, where the narrator is the titular character but is describing the story of the main characters, and The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold, where a young girl, having been killed, observes, from some post-mortem, extracorporeal viewpoint, her family's struggle to cope with her disappearance. Typically, however, the narrator restricts the events relayed in the narrative to those that could reasonably be known. Novice writers may make the mistake of allowing elements of omniscience into a first-person narrative unintentionally and at random, forgetting the inherent human limitations of a witness or participant of the events.

Autobiography
In autobiographical fiction, the first-person narrator is the character of the author (with varying degrees of historical accuracy). The narrator is still distinct from the author and must behave like any other character and any other first-person narrator. Examples of this kind of narrator include Jim Carroll in The Basketball Diaries and Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. in Timequake (in this case, the first-person narrator is also the author). In some cases, the narrator is writing a book—"the book in your hands"—and therefore he has most of the powers and knowledge of the author. Examples include The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco, and The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon. Another example is a fictional "Autobiography of James T. Kirk"  which was "Edited" by David A. Goodman who was the actual writer of that book and playing the part of James Kirk (Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek) as he wrote the novel.

Detective fiction
Since the narrator is within the story, he or she may not have knowledge of all the events. For this reason, the first-person narrative is often used for detective fiction, so that the reader and narrator uncover the case together. One traditional approach in this form of fiction is for the main detective principal assistant, the "Watson", to be the narrator: this derives from the character of Dr. Watson in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.

Forms
First-person narratives can appear in several forms; interior monologue, as in Fyodor Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground; dramatic monologue, also in Albert Camus' The Fall; or explicitly, as Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Other forms include temporary first-person narration as a story within a story, wherein a narrator or character observing the telling of a story by another is reproduced in full, temporarily, and without interruption shifting narration to the speaker. The first-person narrator can also be the focal character.

Styles
With a first-person narrative it is important to consider how the story is being told, i.e., is the character writing it down, telling it out loud, thinking it to themselves? And if they are writing it down, is it something meant to be read by the public, a private diary, or a story meant for one other person? The way the first-person narrator is relating the story will affect the language used, the length of sentences, the tone of voice, and many other things. A story presented as a secret diary could be interpreted much differently than a public statement.

First-person narratives can tend towards a stream of consciousness and interior monologue, as in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time. The whole of the narrative can itself be presented as a false document, such as a diary, in which the narrator makes explicit reference to the fact that he is writing or telling a story. This is the case in Bram Stoker's Dracula. As a story unfolds, narrators may be aware that they are telling a story and of their reasons for telling it. The audience that they believe they are addressing can vary. In some cases, a frame story presents the narrator as a character in an outside story who begins to tell their own story, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.

First-person narrators are often unreliable narrators since a narrator might be impaired (such as both Quentin and Benjy in Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury), lie (as in The Quiet American by Graham Greene, or The Book of the New Sun series by Gene Wolfe), or manipulate their own memories intentionally or not (as in The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro, or in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest). Henry James discusses his concerns about "the romantic privilege of the 'first person'" in his preface to The Ambassadors, calling it "the darkest abyss of romance."

One example of a multi-level narrative structure is Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness, which has a double framework: an unidentified "I" (first person singular) narrator relates a boating trip during which another character, Marlow, uses the first person to tell a story that comprises the majority of the work. Within this nested story, it is mentioned that another character, Kurtz, told Marlow a lengthy story; however, its content is not revealed to readers. Thus, there is an "I" narrator introducing a storyteller as "he" (Marlow), who talks about himself as "I" and introduces another storyteller as "he" (Kurtz), who in turn presumably told his story from the perspective of "I".

Film
First-person narration is more difficult to achieve in film; however, voice-over narration can create the same structure.

An example of first-person narration in a film would be the narration given by the character Greg Heffley in the film adaptation of the popular book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid.

See also
 Narration

References

Narratology
Fiction
Style (fiction)
Point of view

pl:Narrator pierwszoosobowy

First-person narrative


Apolosi Vonowale Satala (born 14 August 1978 in Namoli, Lautoka Fiji) is a Fijian rugby union footballer.  He plays as a wing, centre, number eight and Flanker . His nickname is Apo. He is the cousin of Namoli steelman, Viliame Satala. He is married to Olivia and they have two children and is a private in the Army serving with 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland. He grew up in the city of  Lautoka and he played for Lautoka in the National Provincial Rugby Tournament in Fiji.  He has represented Fiji in the Rugby Sevens as well as in fifteens.  He plays as a prop/hooker in the sevens code.  He  is a member of the British Armed Forces and he also played sevens rugby for the army team winning many tournaments.

He represented Fiji in the 2006 Commonwealth Games where Fiji won the bronze medal defeating Australia. He was picked by the Leeds Carnegie rugby club  which plays in the National Division One. He played 8 games for them scoring his first try against Saracens in the EDF Energy Cup and scored a further 2 against defending champions, Bath. A member of the winning Army Middlesex Sevens team in both 2001 and 2004, he  played for Fiji in the  2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens and returned from Hong Kong with a winners medal and the Melrose Cup. he made his debut for Fiji in the XV's man code in June 2005 against Tonga. he has also played for the Heriot's Rugby Club and the Edinburgh Gunners briefly and Taunton RFC. He now plays for the Gloucester rugby  as a replacement for injured flanker and fellow Fijian, Akapusi Qera. He signed a contract with Gloucester until the end of the 2009/2010 season. He has signed to join Sale Sharks for the 2010/2011 season on a 1-year contract.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lautoka
Rugby union players from Ba Province
People educated at Lelean Memorial School
Fijian rugby union players
Rugby union wings
Rugby union centres
Rugby union flankers
Fiji international rugby union players
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Fiji
Rugby sevens players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Fijian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Fijian expatriate sportspeople in England
Sale Sharks players
Gloucester Rugby players
Leeds Tykes players
Fiji international rugby sevens players
Fijian soldiers
I-Taukei Fijian people
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for Fiji
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Apolosi Satala


The 2004 Houston Cougars football team, also known as the Houston Cougars, Houston, or UH represented the University of Houston in the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season.  It was the 59th year of season play for Houston. The team was coached by second year head football coach, Art Briles.  The team played its home games at Robertson Stadium, a 32,000-person capacity stadium on-campus in Houston.

Schedule

References

Houston
Houston Cougars football seasons
Houston Cougars football

2004 Houston Cougars football team


Stephen (; died after 1176) was a Hungarian prelate in the twelfth century, who served as Archbishop of Kalocsa in the first half of the 1170s. As one of the confidants of the pretender Géza, he strongly opposed the rule of King Béla III, who therefore deprived from his dignity in 1176.

Career
Church historian József Udvardy identified his person with that certain Stephen, who served as chancellor and royal chaplain for queen mother Euphrosyne of Kiev in 1163, when issued the royal charter of Stephen III, who confirmed the privileges of the Archdiocese of Split. Stephen was also styled as member (or presumably provost) of the collegiate chapter of Titel by the document.

The archiepiscopal tenure of Stephen was mentioned only by one of the entries of the Annales Posonienses under the year 1187. Accordingly, he was deprived from his dignity in that year. Early scholars, including György Pray and István Katona accepted the data without doubt and interpreted the term "deponitur" as the burial of Stephen. József Udvardy examined other events that were recorded during that year's entry and put the correct date to 1176. Accordingly, Stephen belonged to those magnates and prelates, including Queen Euphrosyne, who supported the claim of Duke Géza to the Hungarian throne against his elder brother Béla III, who arrived from the Byzantine Empire to ascend the kingship. Béla's coronation took place on 18 January 1173, performed by an unidentified Archbishop of Kalocsa (possibly Chama), thus Stephen definitely did not yet hold the position during that time, in accordance with Udvardy's narration. Béla imprisoned his younger brother, but Géza escaped from prison and fled to Austria in 1174 or 1175. It is possible that Stephen accompanied  the pretender, along with the former judge royal Lawrence. Later, Géza tried to persuade Soběslav II of Bohemia to help him meet Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor against Béla III, but Soběslav seized Géza and handed him over to the Hungarian king in 1176 or 1177. His faithful partisan, comes Vata was blinded, while Archbishop Stephen was officially deprived from his dignity around the same time. His successor, Andrew was transferred from the Diocese of Győr to the Archbishopric of Kalocsa in 1176 (it is possible that he was elected in the absence of Stephen, who fled Hungary by that time).

According to historian Ferenc Makk, the author of the Annales Posonienses, mixing up the name and dating the event over ten years later, in fact recorded the temporary disposal of Archbishop Andrew by Béla III around 1178 and such "Archbishop Stephen" never existed. Nevertheless, historian Attila Zsoldos accepted Udvardy's argument and added the name of Stephen with the year 1176 in his archontology.

Notes

Sources

|-

Archbishops of Kalocsa
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Hungary
12th-century Hungarian people

Stephen I, Archbishop of Kalocsa


David Carroll (born January 13, 1963) is a U.S. physicist, materials scientist and nanotechnologist, Fellow of the American Physical Society, and director of the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials at Wake Forest University.  He has contributed to the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology through his work in nanoengineered cancer therapeutics, nanocomposite-based display and lighting technologies, high efficiency nanocomposite photovoltaics and thermo/piezo-electric generators.

Education
Carroll earned his BS (1985) in physics from NC State University (Raleigh, NC) and his PhD (1993) in physics from Wesleyan University in (Middletown, CT) with Dr. Dale Doering (thesis advisor).  Carroll's thesis examined the thermodynamics of charged defects in complex oxide materials.  As a postdoctoral associate for Professor Dawn Bonnell at the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Carroll worked on the application of scanning probes to size and dimension related phenomena in oxide supported metal nanoclusters.  From there Carroll became a research associate at the Max-Planck-Insitut für Metallforschung (MPI) in Stuttgart, Germany under the direction of Professor Manfred Rühle.  His primary research was on nanoscale phenomena at metal-ceramic interfaces using a combination of microscopy techniques.

At the MPI Carroll first began working with carbon nanotubes and their variants.  Specifically, Carroll was the first to identify the signature for one-dimensional behavior in multiwalled nanotubes (the so-called van Hove Singularities) as well as the signatures for defect states for those systems.  This work helped to open the door to the use of scanning probe spectroscopies in understanding the electronics of low-dimensional systems.

Research
Carroll's research contributions have been in the areas of: Growth and assembly of novel nanostructures, Optics of nanostructures and Nano-photonics, Quantum-functional properties of nanophase blends, Organic material nanocomposite devices and technologies including organic photovoltaics, lighting systems, and IR sensors, Biomedical-nanotechnology including smart therapeutics, hyperthermia approaches to Cancer, advanced/responsive tissue scaffolding technology, and biological-technology signal transduction.

In 1997, Carroll moved to Clemson University (SC) as an assistant professor where he received early promotion and tenure in the department of physics.  While at Clemson he established a program in organic devices based upon carbon nanotube nanocomposites demonstrating enhanced lifetime and performance in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) for the first time.  This work was among the first to establish that nanotube-based nanocomposite systems could be used to enhance a variety of organic device performance metrics.

In 2003, Carroll's group moved to Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, NC to establish the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials.  With this move the research team expanded its work into biomedical nanotechnologies and continued to push the state-of-the-art in performance of organic electronics, announcing the development of highly efficient lighting devices based on field activation of polymers (FIPELs) and fabrics that generate power from body heat in recent years. Carroll's team at the NanoCenter at Wake Forest University was among the first to realize morphology control in organics through the use of heating or multiple solvents setting the world record for the highest efficiency organic solar cells at the time.

Since becoming faculty, Carroll has published over 240 articles in scholarly journals (h-index = 40).  He has published 1 textbook: "One Dimensional Metals" and edited two books on nanoelectronics. He holds 44 patents with numerous patent filings.  Carroll is a frequent speaker at international conferences with more than 150 invited talks in the past few years.  Since 2003, six different spin-off companies have been based on technologies from his labs.

Personal

Prof. Carroll has become a well known speaker on the topic of technology and human society.  He has appeared on numerous television and radio programs including the History Channel, CNN, NPR, BBC, and CNBC as well as in newspapers and popular magazines around the world.

References

External links
Wake Forest Center for Nanotechnology
Power Felt uses nanotubes to generate power heat-to-electricity invention; March 25, 2012

1963 births
Living people
North Carolina State University alumni
University of Pennsylvania people
Wesleyan University alumni
Clemson University faculty
Wake Forest University faculty
21st-century American physicists
American nanotechnologists
Fellows of the American Physical Society

David Carroll (physicist)


Carlo Lurago (also spelled Luraghi) (1615 – 22 October 1684) was an Italian architect, who was most active in Prague.

He was born in Pellio Superiore in the Val d'Intelvi, near Como. At the age of 23, as an already an accomplished plasterer, he moved to Prague.  He would build several different Jesuit churches and cloisters there, including some at the Clementinum, in the early baroque style.  His first commission was the stucco decoration on the gothic St. Saviour Church in Prague.  He also worked on the Saint Eligius Chapel there in 1654, before his work was redone by Domenico Orsi.

Lurago was also successful outside of Bohemia. He developed the plans for the Passau Cathedral. It is notable because the main altar has a series of flat elliptical domes. This arch design foreshadows many other buildings of the baroque style. Another notable example of his work is the pilgrimage church of Maria Taferl, which had to be completed by Jakob Prandtauer after Lurago died in Passau.

Works
 1637–1659: Baroque town hall, Náchod
 1638–1648: St. Saviour, Prague
 1640–1642: Jesuit Church and College House, Březnice
 1650–1659: Modifications and enlargement of Náchod Castle
 c. 1650:   Modification of the Church of St. Mary-under-the-Chain, Malá Strana, Prague
 1651:      Modification of the Lobkowicz Palace, Prague
 1653–1660: The Clementinum, Old Town, Prague
 1653–1658: Modification and baroquification of the castle annex for the Counts of Herberstein, Gorzanów, Silesia
 1654–1666: Jesuit Church of the Assumption, Hradec Králové
 1654–1679: Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary and of Saint Ignatius, Klatovy
 1655–1661: Modification of the Castle in Nové Město nad Metují
 1657–1739: Church of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, Svatý Jan pod Skalou
 1658:      "Stone Birdhouses", Prague
 1659–1674: Cloister of the pilgrimage church of Svatá Hora in Příbram
 1578–1653: Clementinum, St. Salvator, Old Town, Prague
 1654–1690: Jesuit College Kłodzko, Silesia
 1663–1668: Cloister "im Waldl", Kladno
 1664:      New Inn, Tursko
 1665–1670: St. Ignatius Church, Prague
 1665–1670: Church of the Holy Trinity, Klášterec nad Ohří
 1666–1668: Hunting lodges for Humprecht Jan Czernin, Sobotka
 1668:      St. Stephen's Cathedral, Passau
 1670:      Pilgrimage church in Maria Taferl
 1673:      Jesuit college by the Church of St. Nicholas, Malá Strana, Prague
 1688:      Remodeling of St. Ignatius Church in Chomutov

References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.

1615 births
1684 deaths
People from the Province of Como
Italian Baroque architects

Carlo Lurago


An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise is a classical orchestral composition by the English composer Peter Maxwell Davies. It is notable for being one of the few pieces in classical repertoire to feature a bagpipe solo.

One of Davies's lighter pieces, it lasts for approximately twelve minutes, and vividly depicts the riotous celebrations after a wedding in Orkney. The piece closes with the entry of the bagpipes, which Davies describes as symbolic of the rising sun over Caithness. In concert performance, the piper, dressed in traditional Scottish regalia, is required to enter the hall from the back, parading to the stage and taking the soloist's position only as the piece concludes.

It was written to a commission by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, who premiered it under John Williams with Nancy Crutcher Tunnicliffe as bagpipe soloist on May 10, 1985. It has since been performed and recorded many times (twice by the composer himself) and has been established as one of Davies's most enduringly popular pieces.

References

Compositions by Peter Maxwell Davies
1985 compositions
Compositions for symphony orchestra
Music commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra
Orcadian culture

An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise


Nampa () is the most populous city in Canyon County, Idaho, United States. Its population was 100,200 at the time of the 2020 census. It is Idaho's 3rd most populous city. Nampa is about  west of Boise along Interstate 84, and six miles (10 km) west of Meridian. It is the second principal city of the Boise metropolitan area. The name "Nampa" may have come from a Shoshoni word meaning either moccasin or footprint. According to toponymist William O. Bright the name comes from the Shoshoni word /nampai/, meaning "foot".

History
Nampa had its beginnings in the early 1880s when the Oregon Short Line Railroad built a line from Granger, Wyoming, to Huntington, Oregon, which passed through Nampa. In Nampa there is a history museum marking the significance of the railroad company. More railroad lines sprang up running through Nampa, making it a very important railroad town. Alexander and Hannah Duffes established one of the town's first homesteads, eventually forming the Nampa Land and Improvement Company with the help of their friend and co-founder, James McGee. In spite of the name, many of the first settlers referred to the town as "New Jerusalem" because of the strong religious focus of its citizens. After only a year the town had grown from 15 homes to 50. As new amenities were added to the town, Nampa continued its growth and was incorporated in 1891.

Unlike most towns in that historic era with streets running true north and south, Nampa's historic roads run perpendicular to the railroad tracks that travel northwest to southeast through the town. Thus, the northside is really the northeast side of the tracks, and the southside is really the southwest side of the railroad tracks. Founder Alexander Duffes laid out Nampa's streets this way to prevent an accident like one that occurred earlier in a town he had platted near Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In that town, a woman and her two children were killed by a train when they started across the railroad tracks in a buggy and the wheel got stuck. As the Oregon Short Line railroad originally bypassed Boise, Nampa has the fanciest of many railroad depots built in the area.

The first elementary school was built in the 1890s. Lakeview School was on a hill on 6th Street and 12th Avenue North, with a view of Lake Ethel. Just after the school's centennial celebration, it was condemned as a school and sold to the First Mennonite Church. In 2008 the building was refurbished, and is now being used by the Idaho Arts Charter School.

Lake Ethel – an irrigation reservoir – had long been the site of community picnics, and many citizens fished, swam, boated and even hunted on the lake and its surrounding property. The hunting didn't last for long, however, as O.F. Persons, owner of the adjoining homestead, took offense when local hunters started shooting his pet ducks.

The city later auctioned off the lake. E.H. Dewey (a former Nampa mayor) was the only bidder. But occasional flooding led to a series of lawsuits from neighbors. Dewey eventually drained Lake Ethel. Not long after, the city council became interested in buying back the Fritz Miller property as well as the Dewey home. Pressure had been building for more than four years. Nampa citizens wanted another park. On August 7, 1924, the city council passed an ordinance to purchase the Miller property and name it Lakeview Park. A bandstand was completed in 1928, and the municipal swimming pool opened on August 13, 1934. Swim tickets cost 10 cents each or 15 for a dollar. It is Nampa's largest park and many community celebrations are held there.

Colonel William H. Dewey, a man who made a fortune mining in Silver City, built the Dewey Palace Hotel in 1902 for a quarter of a million dollars. Colonel Dewey died in his hotel in 1903, leaving his son one million dollars. The hotel survived the great fire of 1909, which burned several blocks of downtown Nampa, but was razed in 1963 after redevelopment plans failed. Relics from the hotel, such as the chandelier and the hotel safe can be found at the Canyon County Historical Museum, which is housed in the old train depot on Front Street and Nampa City Hall. After demolition the location on First Street between 11th and 12th Ave. South was sold to private enterprise including a bank and tire store replacing this historic building with the current modern structures. A public-use postage stamp sized park was later placed across the street from the old palace property as a collaboration between the Downtown Alliance of Nampa (the local business council) and an Eagle Scout Project for the Boy Scouts of America. The park includes a large mural/wall sculpture of running horses commissioned for the project.

A Carnegie library was built downtown in 1908; it burned down after the library moved in 1966. Nampa Public Library was then located on the corner of 1st Street and 11th Avenue South in the old bank building. A new library, located on 12th Avenue South, was opened in March 2015.

Deer Flat Reservoir, an offstream irrigation storage reservoir, was constructed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation between 1906 and 1911. Known locally as Lake Lowell, it is surrounded by the Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge, which was established in 1909 by President Theodore Roosevelt. The refuge is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Lake Lowell is filled by the concrete New York Canal; the water is diverted from the Boise River a few miles below Lucky Peak Dam.

The Idaho State School and Hospital was built northwest of Nampa in 1910, for the state's developmentally challenged population, and opened in 1918. The institution was largely self-sufficient, with a large farm staffed by the residents. The higher-functioning residents also cared for residents who could not care for themselves. Much has changed in the care of persons with developmental disabilities from the time of the state school's opening. The land for the old farm was sold and are now golf courses (Centennial and Ridgecrest), and the residents no longer give primary care to other residents. The institution is modernized and remains in operation, though a few of the oldest buildings are now used to house juvenile offenders.

Nampa held an annual harvest festival and farmers' market from about 1908, a time of celebration and community fun. From this festival emerged the Snake River Stampede Rodeo in 1937, which continues to this day. It is one of the top 12 rodeos in the pro rodeo circuits.

A local congregation of the Church of the Nazarene built a small elementary school in 1913, later growing to Northwest Nazarene College in 1915 and finally to Northwest Nazarene University. The university currently has a student body of 2,500 undergraduate and graduate students.

Karcher Mall opened in 1965, the first enclosed shopping mall in the Treasure Valley. Many area residents have memories of having an Orange Julius, sitting on Santa's lap, or playing games at the Red Baron arcade in the mall. Karcher Mall was "the place to gather" for several decades until the Boise Towne Square mall was built in Boise in 1988, drawing business away. Karcher Mall was later renamed to District 208 in 2022.

The Idaho Press-Tribune is the local newspaper for the Canyon County area. Since early 2009, the facility has been the contract printer for The Idaho Statesman, whose antiquated press equipment was retired and not replaced.

Geography
Nampa is located at  (43.574807, -116.563559).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which,  is land and  is water.

ZIP codes: 83651, 83653, 83686, 83687.

Demographics

2020 census

Population
As of the census of 2020 there were 100,200 people. The population density was 2,992.7 inhabitants per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81.2% White, 0.6% Black or African American alone, 1.0% American Indian or Alaskan Native alone, 0.9% Asian alone, 0.4% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone, 5.6% two or more races, 24.8% Hispanic or Latino. 69.6% of people identified as White alone, not Hispanic or Latino. The median age was 33 years old. 6.6% of residents were under 5 years of age, 25.8% were under 18 years, 14.6% were over 65 years, and 49.8% were female.

Households
There were 34,164 households, with 2.78 persons per households in the city. The owner-occupies housing rate was 66.3% and the median value of an owner-occupied unit was $191,800. 78.4% lived in the same household as of a year ago. In 17.6% of households, language other than English was spoken at home.

Educational attainment
87.2% of people were high school graduates (diploma or equivalent), 4.9% of people had less than a 9th grade education and 7.9% had a 9th-12th grade education with no diploma. 19.9% had a bachelor's degree, and 5.9% had a graduate or professional degree.

The percentage of people who graduated high school (diploma or equivalent) by racial makeup: 91% White, 94.9% Black, 75.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 75.6% Asian, 88.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 91.3% Two or more races, and 66.7% Hispanic or Latino Origin.

21.2% of people with less than a high school diploma (or equivalent) lived in poverty. 12.6% of high school graduates lived in poverty, and 4.0% of bachelor's degree holders lived in poverty.

Income, employment, business, and health
Household 12-month income was $53,205 and per capita income was $22,422. 63.5% of residents were in the workforce (age 16 and above). 57.0% of the female population were in the civilian workforce (age 16 and above). 13.9% of residents lived in poverty. The mean travel time to work (commute) was 23.4 minutes. As of 2017, there were 1,833 businesses with 939 being owned by men and 212 owned by women.

11.4% of people had a disability and 13.8% of people under the age of 65 did not have health insurance.

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 81,557 people, 27,729 households, and 20,016 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 30,507 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 82.9% White, 0.7% African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 10.7% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.9% of the population.

There were 27,729 households, of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.8% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.36.

The median age in the city was 30.1 years. 32.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.6% were from 25 to 44; 18.8% were from 45 to 64; and 10.3% were 65 years of age or older. The city's gender makeup was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 51,867 people, 18,090 households, and 13,024 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 19,379 housing units at an average density of . The city's racial makeup was 83.45% White, 0.40% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.93% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 11.25% from other races, and 2.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.90% of the population.

There were 18,090 households, of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.25.

The city's population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

The city's median household income was $34,758, and the median family income was $39,434. Males had a median income of $28,580 versus $22,022 for females. The city's per capita income was $14,491. About 8.7% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Ford Idaho Center
The Ford Idaho Center is a city-owned complex of entertainment venues managed by Spectra Venue Management. Venues include a 10,500-capacity amphitheater built in 1998 that features a 60-by-40-foot stage; a 12,279-seat arena featuring  of arena floor space; the Idaho Horse Park, used for horse shows; and the Sports Center, used for indoor horse shows in the summer, and track and field events, including the home meets of the Boise State University Broncos track teams, in the winter. The Idaho Center hosts the Snake River Stampede Rodeo, Monster Jam, music concerts, trade shows, sporting events, and other events.

Brandt Center
Northwest Nazarene University's Brandt Center has a 1,500-seat auditorium, two art galleries, multiple meeting spaces, and a 9,000 square-foot lobby. Art, music, dance, theater, speakers, and other events are hosted here.

Civic Center
The Nampa Civic Center hosts theater, music, films, and other events. It includes the 640-seat John Brandt Performing Arts Theater.

Hispanic Cultural Center of Idaho
The Hispanic Cultural Center of Idaho (HCCI) opened in September 2003. The center hosts events, classes, and festivals including Día de los Muertos, Hispanic Heritage Month, and Día Internacional de la Mujer. It serves as a meeting place for associations and groups. Displays of cultural history are available to the public.

Nampa Train Depot Museum
The Nampa Train Depot Museum is a historical depot with displays and archives of the area's railroad and cultural history. The Canyon County Historical Society saved the depot from demolition in 1972.

Annual Festival of the Arts
This festival is held in Lakeview Park every year and includes art, music, dance, and food. They celebrated their 34th event in 2021.

Warhawk Air Museum
The Warhawk Air Museum was established in 1986 and relocated to Nampa in 2001. The museum displays aircraft and veterans' history. Their collection includes a P-51C Mustang, P-40N Warhawk, F-86F Sabre Jet, N3N, Fokker DR-1, UH-1C Huey, L-19 Bird Dog, MiG-17, MiG-21, F-104 Starfighter, and a F9F Panther Jet.

Farmer's Market
The weekly Nampa Farmer's Market started in 1989 and runs from April to October in Lloyd Square. It includes over 100 regional vendors from within a 100-hundred miles radius.

Parks and recreation
Nampa has 27 parks and 14 miles of pedestrian pathways.

Lakeview Park is the largest (44 acres) and includes a public swimming pool, 1,000 seat capacity amphitheater, baseball-softball fields, BMX track, rose garden, basketball courts, playground, duck pond, sand volleyball court, horseshoe pits, and water wise garden. Historic displays at the park include a Northrop F-89B Scorpion fighter jet, M-60 Tank, and a Union Pacific Engine No. 616, a class 2-8-0 locomotive.

The Nampa Recreation Center, a  facility with a six-pool aquatic center, three gymnasiums, racquetball courts, indoor walking/running track, a weight room and exercise equipment, a climbing wall, and other activity areas, opened in 1994. It was later renamed to Harward Recreation Center.

The City of Nampa owns and operates the Centennial Golf Course (18 holes) and Ridgecrest Golf Club (27 holes). The city also owns and operates the Kohlerlawn-Cemetery.

Wilson Springs is a 55-acre nature area that includes trails and fishing ponds serviced by Idaho Fish and Game and Canyon County Parks.

Government
On January 2, 2018, and then again on January 3, 2022, Debbie Kling was sworn in as the second female mayor of Nampa. Current Nampa City Council members are Victor Rodriguez (Seat 1, elected 2017 and re-elected 2021), Darl Bruner (Seat 2, reelected 2019), Natalie Jangula (Seat 3, elected 2021), Darl Reynolds (Seat 4, appointed 2022), Randy Haverfield (Seat 5, reelected 2017 and 2021) and Jacob Bower (Seat 6, elected 2019).

The Nampa City Council increased from four to six members after voters approved the increase in May 2013.

Education

K-12
The Nampa School District includes 18 elementary schools, five middle schools, and four high schools, and one alternative high school that serves students who struggle in traditional high schools. The high schools include Nampa High School (the original and oldest), Skyview High School, Columbia High School, and Union High School.

Vallivue School District is partly in Nampa and partly in Caldwell, Idaho. It has seven elementary schools, two middle schools, and two high schools (one in Nampa).

Book bans
In May 2022, local officials ordered the banning of 24 books from local libraries, including anti-Taliban book The Kite Runner.

Post-secondary
College of Western Idaho (CWI) is a public, 2-year community college offering associate degrees and Technical Certificates. It was established in 2007. The college is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) and it serves approximately 10,000 students.

Northwest Nazarene University (NNU) is a private Christian university located in Nampa. It was originally established in 1913 as a grade school and Bible school, but was later established as a four-year degree institution in 1937. It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) and it serves approximately 2,000 students total.

Infrastructure

Transportation
Major thoroughfares includes Interstate 84, which has four exits into Nampa, State Highway 55, and State Highway 45. Principal roads include the Nampa-Caldwell Boulevard (which connects Nampa with Caldwell), 12th Avenue Road, 16th Avenue, and Garrity Boulevard. The Union Pacific Northwest Corridor railroad line, connecting Salt Lake City and points east with the Pacific Northwest, runs through Nampa. Public bus transportation includes several bus lines operated by ValleyRide. Private bus transportation includes a single Greyhound bus stop. The Nampa Municipal Airport is used for general aviation.

Notable people

George L. Bartlett, U.S. Marine Corps Brigadier general and veteran of three wars
Ronee Blakley, actress, singer-songwriter, known for her role in Nashville
Bud Clark, mayor of Portland, Oregon
Dolores Crow (1931–2018), politician and legislator lived in Nampa and represented its district
Henry Hajimu Fujii, farmer, Japanese-American spokesman, lapidary
Davey Hamilton, race car driver, competed in Indianapolis 500
Larry Jackson, Major League Baseball pitcher (1955–68)
Mark Lindsay, lead vocalist of rock band Paul Revere and the Raiders
Zack Lively, actor
Rob Morris, former NFL linebacker for Indianapolis Colts
 Don Mossi, Major League Baseball pitcher for several teams.
Gracie Pfost, former U.S. representative; first woman to represent Idaho in Congress
Jake Pitts, musician. guitar player, Black Veil Brides
Steve Symms, former U.S. senator
Ted Trueblood, outdoor writer, Idaho conservation leader, editor of Field & Stream magazine
Edwin P. Wilson (1928–2012), CIA agent convicted of arms trading
Julie Yamamoto, educator and member of the Idaho House of Representatives

See also
 Amalgamated Sugar Company

References

External links

 Official City of Nampa website
 Nampa Chamber of Commerce

Cities in Idaho
Cities in Canyon County, Idaho
Populated places established in 1886
Boise metropolitan area
Idaho placenames of Native American origin

Nampa, Idaho


Matthew 10:16 is a verse in the tenth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort for this verse is:
Ἰδού, ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς ὡς πρόβατα ἐν μέσῳ λύκων· γίνεσθε οὖν φρόνιμοι ὡς οἱ ὄφεις, καὶ ἀκέραιοι ὡς αἱ περιστεραί.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.

The New International Version translates the passage as:
I am sending you out like sheep among wolves. Therefore be as shrewd as snakes and as innocent as doves.

Analysis
Lapide notes that the wolves are usually interpreted as either the Scribes and Pharisees, or any enemies and persecutors. This is said to show the power of Christ since in this way innumerable wolves are overcome by very few sheep (the twelve apostles), which are the most defenceless of all animals. St. Jerome comments that by being wise the apostles are to avoid snares, and by being harmlessness and simple they are not to do evil.

The Greek word for harmless ἀκέραιοι, which St. Basil says comes from ἀ (not), and κεράννυμι (to mix), i.e. to be unmixed, that is, pure, sincere, being someone who expresses with their mouths what they think in their hearts.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: "Having removed all care and anxiety from the Apostles, and armed them with the miraculous powers, He proceeds to foretell the evils which should befall them. First, that they might know his knowledge of the future; secondly, that they should not think that these things befel them because of the want of power in their Master; thirdly, that they might not be amazed if these things had come upon them unexpectedly; fourthly, that after hearing these things, they might not be dismayed in the season of His cross; and lastly, that they might learn a new method of warfare. He sends them unprovided, bidding them look to those who should receive them for support; but rests not in that, but shows his power still further, Lo, I send you as sheep in the midst of wolves. Where observe that He does not say merely 'to wolves,' but in the midst of wolves, to show His excellent might therein, that the sheep would overcome the wolves though they were in the midst of them; and though they received many bites from them, yet were they not destroyed, but rather convert them. And it is a much greater and a more wonderful power that can change their hearts than that can kill them. Among wolves He teaches them to show the meekness of sheep."

Gregory the Great: "For he who undertakes the office of preacher ought not to do evil, but to suffer it, and by his meekness to mollify the wrath of the angry, and by his wounds to heal the wounds of sinners in their affliction. And even should the zeal of right-doing ever require that He should be severe to those that are placed under Him, His very severity will be of love and not of cruelty, outwardly maintaining the rights of discipline, and inwardly loving those whom He corrects. Too many, when they are entrusted with the reins of government, burn to make the subjects feel them, display the terrors of authority, and forgetting that they are fathers, rather desire to be thought lords, changing a station of lowliness into that of lofty dominion, if they ever seem outwardly to fawn on any one, they inwardly hate him; of such He spoke above; They come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. (Mat. 7:15.) For prevention whereof we ought to consider that we are sent as sheep among wolves, whose innocence we ought to preserve, not having the tooth of malice."

Jerome: " He calls the Scribes and Pharisees who are the clergy of the Jews, wolves."

Hilary of Poitiers: " The wolves indeed are all such as should pursue the Apostles with mad fury."

Chrysostom: " Their consolation under their hardships was the excellent power of Him who sent them; wherefore He puts that before all, Lo, I send you. Be not dismayed, though you be sent into the midst of wolves; for I am able to bring it to pass that you suffer no hurt, and that ye should not only prevail over the wolves, but be made more terrible than lions. But it is good that it should be thus; hereby your virtue is made brighter, and My power is more manifested. Also that somewhat should proceed from themselves, that they should not think themselves to be crowned without reason, He adds, Be ye therefore wise as serpents, simple as doves."

Jerome: " Wise, that they might escape snares; simple, that they might not do evil to others. The craft of the serpent is set before them as an example, for he hides his head with all the rest of his body, that he may protect the part in which life is. So ought we to expose our whole body, that we may guard our head which is Christ; that is, that we study to keep the faith whole and uncorrupt."

Rabanus Maurus: " The serpent moreover seeks out narrow chinks through which it crawls to draw off its old skin; so the preacher passing through the narrow way lays aside the old man."

Saint Remigius: " Beautifully the Lord bids the preacher have the wisdom of the serpent; because the first man was beguiled by a serpent; as though He had said, The foe is subtle to deceive, be ye therefore wise to rescue; he commended the tree, do ye also commend the tree of the Cross."

Hilary of Poitiers: " He first attempted the softer sex, allured her by hope, and promised a share of immortality. Do you in like manner seize every opportunity, look well into each man's nature and inclination, use wisdom of speech, reveal hope of good things to come; that what he promised falsely we may preach truly according to God's promise, that they that believe shall be like to the Angels."

Chrysostom: " But as we ought to have the wisdom of the serpent, that we should not be hurt in any deadly part, so also we should have the simplicity of the dove, not to retaliate when we are hurt, nor to avenge ourselves on those who have designed aught against us."

Saint Remigius: " The Lord unites these two things; because simplicity without wisdom might be easily deceived, and wisdom is dangerous unless it be tempered with simplicity that does no man hurt."

Jerome: " The harmlessness of doves is shown by the assumption of that form by the Holy Spirit; as the Apostle speaks, In malice be ye children."

Chrysostom: " What is harder than these commands? It is not enough that we suffer ill, but we must not be angry thereat, as is the dove's nature, for anger is extinguished not by anger, but by meekness."

Rabanus Maurus: " That by the wolves above He intended men, He shows when He adds, Take heed of men."

References

External links
Other translations of Matthew 10:16 at BibleHub

010:16

Matthew 10:16


The '''Salle Jean Louis Fencing Club''' is one of New Zealand's oldest Fencing clubs and is located on the North Shore of Auckland New Zealand. Founded in 1955, the Club has been home to a number of elite fencers and has won multiple national championships.

History

This New Zealand club was founded by Bert Raper in 1955 in Auckland city and was originally based in Pitt street in Auckland. The club then moved to the North Shore in the 1970s using high school gyms. The club has been operating out of Rangitoto College since around 2004.
Salle Jean Louis can directly trace itself back to one of the great fencing masters Jean-Louis Michel himself, through his Prevost, one Emmanuel Broutin who ran the club Salle D'Armes Jean Louis in Paris around the turn of the 19th century. The line then passed to his son C. Leon Broutin, to two English fencers (John and Victor Millard), to Bert Raper. Salle Jean Louis was founded in Auckland by Bert Raper in 1955. He in turn instructed Brian Pickworth and Dot Guard.
The club moved to the North Shore of Auckland in the 70s and was run by Les Penny for numerous years until his passing.
From there it has stayed on the North Shore situated at first Glenfield college, then Westlake Girls. Around this time the club changed its name to Salle d'armes Jean-Louis - Académie d'escrime and for the last 20 years has been located at Rangitoto College, and recently running sessions from Northcote College.
SJL was at its hey day in the 60s New Zealand's elite fencing club, with an ex National selector remarking that he could make the National team but was unqualified to make the club team.

Current Club
Salle Jean Louis currently fences at North Shore Brass Band Hall on the North Shore of Auckland, New Zealand on Tuesday nights from 7:00-9:00 pm.
The club is non-profit and takes anyone of an age greater than 13 years.

Professional Affiliations
Salle Jean Louis (SJL) is fully affiliated to the Regional Province (Fencing North), the National body (FENZ), which is in turn affiliated to the International body Fédération Internationale d'Escrime . (FIE)

References

External links
 Salle Jean Louis Club Facebook page
 Fencing New Zealand Clubs web site
 Salle Jean Louis Club web site

Fencing organizations
Sports organisations of New Zealand
Fencing clubs

Salle Jean Louis


The Schmidt net is a manual drafting method for the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection using graph paper. It results in one lateral hemisphere of the Earth with the grid of parallels and meridians. The method is common in geoscience.

Construction
In the figure, the area-preserving property of the projection can be seen by comparing a grid sector near the center of the net with one at the far right of the net. The two sectors have the same area on the sphere and the same area on the disk. The angle-distorting property can be seen by examining the grid lines; most of them do not intersect at right angles on the Schmidt net. A single Schmidt net can only represent one hemisphere of the earth; typically a pair of Schmidt nets is used to represent both sides of the globe.

It is relatively simple to re-plot a gridded map of the world onto a Schmidt net if the azimuth is chosen to be the junction of the equator with any particular meridian from the world-map's grid. Each grid square surrounding this chosen longitude is simply re-plotted into the corresponding distorted grid-square in the Schmidt net. Points of latitude-longitude can be plotted relative to the azimuth's longitude, interpolating between grid lines in the Schmidt net. For greater accuracy, it is helpful to have a net with finer spacing than 10°; spacings of 2° are common.

The Schmidt net is not an appropriate grid for representing the Earth's northern or southern hemisphere (because the lines would not correspond to meridians or parallels in such a projection). However, it can be used as a scalar measuring device for projecting latitude-longitude points onto a blank circle of the same size, to produce a Lambert equal-area projection with the azimuth at the north or south pole. The intersection of the parallels with the outer circle can be used as a de facto protractor for plotting a point's longitude as the angle in the polar projection. The Schmidt net's horizontal axis can then be used as a scalar measuring device to convert the point's latitude (relative to the pole) into a radial distance from the centre of the circle.  Alternatively, the Schmidt net could be replaced entirely with a correctly projected polar grid, and grid squares from a map re-drawn into this disc.

Use
Researchers in structural geology use the Lambert azimuthal projection to plot lineation and foliation in rocks, slickensides in faults, and other linear and planar features. In this context the projection is called the equal-area hemispherical projection. The Schmidt net is often used to sketch out the Lambert azimuthal projection for these purposes. Conversely, the Wulff net ("equal-angle projection") is used to plot crystallographic axes and faces.

Sources

References

Technical drawing
Map projections

Schmidt net


A closet (especially in North American English usage) is an enclosed space, with a door, used for storage, particularly that of clothes. Fitted closets are built into the walls of the house so that they take up no apparent space in the room. Closets are often built under stairs, thereby using awkward space that would otherwise go unused.

A piece of furniture such as a cabinet or chest of drawers serves the same purpose of storage, but is not a closet, which is an architectural feature rather than a piece of furniture. A closet always has space for hanging, where a cupboard may consist only of shelves for folded garments. Wardrobe can refer to a free-standing piece of furniture (also known as an armoire), but according to the Oxford English Dictionary, a wardrobe can also be a "large cupboard or cabinet for storing clothes or other linen", including "built-in wardrobe, fitted wardrobe, walk-in wardrobe, etc."

Other uses of the word
In Elizabethan and Middle English, closet referred to a small private room, an inner sanctum within a far larger house, used for prayer, reading, or study.

The use of "closet" for "toilet" dates back to 1662. In Indian English, this use continues. Related forms include earth closet and water closet (flush toilet). "Privy" meaning an outhouse derives from "private", making the connection with the Middle English use of "closet", above.

Types

Airing cupboard: A closet containing a water heater, with slatted shelves to allow air to circulate around the clothes or linen stored there.
 Broom closet: A closet with top-to-bottom space used for storing cleaning items, like brooms, mops, vacuum cleaners, cleaning supplies, buckets, etc.
 Coat closet: A closet located near the front door. Usually used to store coats, jackets, hoodies, sweatshirts, gloves, hats, scarfs, sunglasses, and boots/shoes. This kind of closet sometimes has shelving. It only has a rod and some bottom space used for clothes stored in boxes or drawers. Some may have a top shelf for storage above the rod.
Custom closet: A closet that is made specifically to meet the needs of the user, like a kids closet.
 Linen-press or linen closet: A tall, narrow closet. Typically located in or near bathrooms and/or bedrooms, such a closet contains shelves used to hold items such as toiletries and linens, including towels, washcloths, or sheets.
Pantry: A closet or cabinet in a kitchen used for storing food, dishes, linens, and provisions. The closet may have shelves for putting food on.
 Spear closet: A closet made to use up otherwise unused space in a building.
Supply closet: A closet most commonly used for storing office supplies.
 Utility closet: A closet most commonly used for storing house appliances and cleaning supplies
 Walk-in closet: A storage room with enough space for someone to stand in it while accessing stored items. Larger ones used for clothes shade into dressing room.
 Wall closet: A closet in a bedroom that is built into the wall. It may be closed by curtains or folding doors, in which clothes can be stored folded on shelves.
 Wardrobe: A small closet used for storing clothes.

Closet tax question in colonial America
Though some sources claim that colonial American houses often lacked closets because of a "closet tax" imposed by the British crown, others argue that closets were absent in most houses simply because their residents had few possessions.

Closet organizers
Closet organizers are integrated shelving systems. Different materials have advantages and disadvantages:
 Wire shelving: Moderately difficult to install, wire shelves cannot hold much weight without giving in but are cheap.
 Wood shelving: Difficult to install, wood shelving is sturdier and more expensive than wire.
 Tube shelving: Easy to install, tube shelving involves few pieces and requires no cutting or measuring.

See also
Cubby-hole, one name for the cupboard under the stairs

References

Home
Cabinets (furniture)
Clothing containers
Rooms

Closet


is the 9th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Kaika to be a legendary person; and the name Kaika-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to the emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The Gukanshō records that Kaika ruled from the palace of Isakawa-no-miya at Kasuga in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history
Kaika is almost certainly a legend. The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy. The  Nihonshoki includes Kaika as the eighth of .

Kaika was the second son of Emperor Kōgen.

Some scholars question the existence of the first nine emperors. These critics consider Kōgen's son (Suijin) to be the earliest to have actually existed.

Events of Kaika's life

The absence of information about Kaika does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kaika.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Nara.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Kaika


"POD" (also known as "The Pick of Destiny") is a song by American rock band Tenacious D, featured on their 2006 second album The Pick of Destiny. Written by Jack Black and Kyle Gass, the song was released as the lead single from the album on October 30, 2006.

Music video
The music video for "POD" was directed by Liam Lynch, produced by Grant Jue, of the Oil Factory production company and edited by David Rennie and Liam Lynch. Robert Brinkmann was the director of photography. In the video, Jack and Kyle go to a movie theatre to watch Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, but wind up disturbing the audience with their antics to the point where they are forcibly thrown out of their own movie. The version seen on TV is slightly different from the one found on the DVD. Instead of "fuckin' insane," the lyric is changed to "freakin' insane" and "flippin' insane" and "completely profane." When Jack Black is kicked out of the movie theater, he tells a man to "sniff on my booty"; on the DVD Jack Black asks a man to "suck on my boney."

Formats and track listing
CD single (Epic Records #88697029612)
"POD" – 2:32
"Master Exploder"– 2:24
"Training Medley"– 1:11
"Pick of Destiny" (video)

7" single (Epic Records #88697030227)
"POD"
"Kong"

Promotional CD (Epic Records #88697007462)
"POD" (Clean version) – 2:40
"POD" (Album version) – 2:32

Chart positions

Personnel
 Jack Black (vocals/acoustic guitar)
 Kyle Gass (backing vocals/acoustic guitar)
 John Konesky (electric guitar)
 John Spiker (bass)
 Dave Grohl (drums)
 John King (production)
 Ken Andrews (mixer)

References

2005 songs
2006 singles
Tenacious D songs
Epic Records singles

POD (song)


Space Invasion is a text-based online browser game. Space Invasion is a Space-strategy themed game. It currently has over 500,000 Players. Space Invasion was created by the company Bigpoint.

Resources

There are 4 types of resources. They are:
 Pig Iron
 Metal
 Kryptonite
 Spice

Pig Iron is for upgrading buildings and also to help create Metal Slabs.

Metal is harder, more resistant and more mouldable than pig iron, and is used mostly for ship construction and better structures. This is the most used substance in the game

Kryptonite is used for almost all types of ships and buildings. It's also used for research.

Spice is a mostly a rare raw material. As a result, it is that much more valuable. Spice provides a good performance in ship drives, in research and also in alloys. Spice even plays a vital role in food production. It is essential for an up-and-coming empire.

In this game you can trade the various resources with the rule of thumb being 6:3:4:1 in the order Pig Iron, Metal, Kryptonite, Spice.

e.g. 6k Pig Iron would be traded for 3k Metal, or 4k Kyrptonite, or 1k Spice.

Mining

Mining is the first task you start in the game. In order to mine the four resources you must upgrade each mine. Every upgrade increases the amount of resources the mine produces every hour. But every upgrade uses more energy. So accordingly you must also upgrade the Fusion Plant, which produces energy for the mines.

Every upgrade uses another field. On your first planet there is 240 fields.

Building

This is the second possibility after mining. You can build and upgrade the Development Center which decreases your building times for factories and such. The research lab unlocks different types of research, and decreases research times. The weapons factory is needed for all ships and defenses. With every level the weapons factory decreases production time.

Online games

Space Invasion


The Magadha-Vajji War was a conflict between the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha and the neighbouring Vajjika League which was led by the Licchavikas. The conflict is remembered in both Buddhist and Jain traditions. The conflict ended in defeat for the Vajjika League, and the Māgadhīs annexing their territory.

Conflict

The relations of the Licchavikas with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of Magadha, were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika  Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of Kusinārā over acquiring the relics of the Buddha after his death.

In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the Gaṅgā, and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.

The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of Ajātashatru, who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of Aṅga, Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of Ceḍaga, who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.

Tensions between Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore Ajātasatru decided to destroy the Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the ancient Greek kingdom of Sparta to the democratic form of government in Athens, and the hostilities between the ancient Macedonian king Philip II to the Athenian and Theban republics.

As members of the Vajjika League, the  Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas were also threatened by Ajātasattu, and the Vajjika  Ceḍaga held war consultations with the s of the Licchavikas and Mallikas before the fight started. The Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas therefore fought on the side of the League against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Licchavi, Videha, and Nāya to the kingdom of Magadha, while the Mallakas maintained their independence but lost their political importance. The Licchavikas nevertheless survived their defeat by Ajātasattu, and the structures of the older Licchavi republic subsisted within a degree local autonomy under Māgadhī rule, as attested by how the Licchavika Council instituted a festival in the memory of the decease of the Jain Tīrthaṅkara Mahāvīra.

See also
 Avanti-Magadhan Wars
 Magadha-Anga war

References

Sources

History of Bihar
480s BC conflicts
Wars involving Magadha
History of India
5th century BC in India
5th-century BC conflicts

Magadha-Vajji war