This article outlines the timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States.

Prelude
October 24, 1956: Lee Harvey Oswald drops out of high school and joins the U.S. Marine Corps, where he is trained as a sharpshooter.

October 31, 1959: Oswald defects to the Soviet Union and is sent to work at an electronics factory in Minsk.

November 8, 1960: John F. Kennedy wins the 1960 United States presidential election.

June 13, 1962: Oswald returns to the United States with his wife Marina and their child to live in Texas.

October 9, 1962: Oswald rents P.O. Box 2915 under his real name at the Dallas post office. He will maintain the rental until May 14, 1963.

November 6, 1962: Democrat John Connally is elected governor of Texas.

1963: leading up the to day of the assassination
January 15 Connally takes the oath as governor of Texas. As governor, he will assist with planning for President Kennedy's trip to Texas and will serve as Kennedy's host.

February 22 Ruth Paine meets the Oswalds at a party held at Everett Glover's house.

March 13 Klein's Sporting Goods of Chicago receives a mail order in the amount of $21.45 ($19.95 plus $1.50 for postage and handing) for item C20-750, a World War II-surplus Italian 1891 Carcano Model 1938 rifle equipped with a 4× scope that was advertised in the February 1963 issue of American Rifleman. The name on the order slip is A. Hidell, an alias used by Oswald, and the delivery address is Oswald's Dallas post-office box. The rifle sent to Oswald bears serial number C2766.

March 17 Marina Oswald sends a letter to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., asking to be granted an entrance visa to the USSR.

Oswald is given notice in the latter part of March that he will be terminated from his job.

April 6 Oswald works his last day at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall.

April 10 Oswald fires a bullet that nearly misses retired general Edwin Walker, a strongly anticommunist right-wing advocate. The police determine that the shot was fired from a distance of less than 40 yards. The case remained unsolved until two weeks after Oswald's death when Marina Oswald informed the FBI that it may have been her husband who had fired the shot.

April 23 Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, a Texas native, tells reporters in Dallas that President Kennedy may visit Texas sometime that summer. Johnson hopes that Kennedy's schedule would allow him to have a breakfast in Fort Worth, a luncheon in Dallas, an afternoon tea in San Antonio and dinner in Houston.

April 24 In the late evening, Oswald leaves Dallas by bus for his hometown of New Orleans, seeking better employment opportunities.

June 5 President Kennedy, Johnson and Connally are together in a meeting in El Paso when they agree to a second presidential visit to Texas later that year.

June 6 Kennedy decides to embark on the Texas trip with three basic goals in mind: to raise more Democratic Party presidential campaign fund contributions, to begin his quest for reelection in November 1964 and, because the Kennedy-Johnson ticket had barely won Texas in 1960 (and had even lost in Dallas), to mend political fences among several leading Texas Democratic Party members who appear to be fighting politically against themselves.

June 24 Oswald applies for a U.S. passport in New Orleans, Louisiana, stating that he intends to depart from New Orleans during the period from October to December 1963 for proposed travel as a tourist for a duration of between three months and one year. The next day, he is issued U.S. Passport DO 92526, which will be valid for three years to all countries except Albania, Cuba and those portions of China, Korea and Vietnam that are under communist control.

September 17 Jack Valenti sends an invitation to the White House asking whether President Kennedy would attend a dinner in Houston on November 21 honoring congressman Albert Thomas for his decision not to retire from Congress. The invitation is received at the White House on September 19, 1963.

Oswald is issued a 15-day Mexican tourist card using the name "LEE, Harvey Oswald."

September 23 Ruth Paine drives Marina Oswald from New Orleans back to her home in Irving, Texas. Late that night, Lee Oswald also leaves New Orleans to travel to Mexico City hoping to somehow gain entrance to Cuba, a country to which travel has been banned by the United States.

September 24 At a press conference in Austin, Governor Connally announces that he will visit Washington, D.C., from October 2–4, 1963 and that he hopes to see President Kennedy. Connally says that has no plans to invite Kennedy to visit Texas but would be delighted if the president would agree to a visit.

The White House accepts the invitation to the Albert Thomas dinner in Houston and turns it into a two-day political trip encompassing the major cities of Texas. Although Kennedy had wanted to visit Texas at some point, he had not originally planned to go there in November.

September 25 White House sources, in an exclusive to the Dallas Morning News, announce that the president will visit Texas November 21–22, 1963 and that the tour will include Dallas.

September 26 The Dallas Morning News is the first newspaper to announce the Texas visit in an article covering the president's conservation tour in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

September 27 Lee Oswald arrives in Mexico City and registers at the Hotel del Comercio. He visits the Cuban consulate three times in an attempt to secure a visa to Cuba, as well as the Soviet embassy to obtain a visa, but is denied at both places.

September 30 Lee Oswald purchases a bus ticket using the alias "Mr. H. O. Lee." The bus leaves Mexico City for Laredo, Texas at 8:30 a.m. on October 2.

October 3 Oswald arrives in Dallas and spends the night at the YMCA.

October 4 Governor Connally meets with President Kennedy at the White House.

Oswald applies for a job at Padgett Printing but is not hired because of a poor recommendation provided by Robert Stovall, president of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall.

Oswald returns to stay at the Paines' residence in Irving for the weekend.

October 11 Kenneth O'Donnell sends a reply to Jack Valenti formally accepting his invitation for the president to speak at the dinner honoring Rep. Thomas.

October 15 Ruth Paine calls the Texas School Book Depository and arranges for a job interview for Oswald with building superintendent Roy Truly. Truly interviews Oswald later that day and hires him for $1.25 per hour as a temporary clerk filling customer book orders. Oswald starts work the following day. At about the same time, Paine had separated from her husband Michael.

October 20 Kenneth O'Donnell, special assistant and appointments secretary to President Kennedy, calls Jerry Bruno, the advance man for the Kennedy trips, and asks him to come to the White House to discuss the trip to Texas.

October 21 Bruno meets with O'Donnell and is told to contact Walter Jenkins, one of Vice President Lyndon Johnson's top administrative assistants, to solicit his input for the trip.

October 24 Bruno meets with Jenkins, who tells Bruno about the stops that Governor Connally has suggested. The first stop would be to fly to San Antonio on November 21 and drive in a motorcade to Brooks Air Force Base, then fly to Houston and drive in a motorcade to the Rice Hotel, where the Albert Thomas dinner was originally scheduled to take place, and stay overnight at the hotel. Then on the morning of November 22, the president would fly to Fort Worth to receive an honorary degree at Texas Christian University at 9:30 a.m. and then ride in a motorcade for the short distance to Dallas, where he would attend a luncheon at the annual meeting of the Dallas Citizens Council at the Statler Hilton Hotel. Finally, the president would attend a fundraising dinner in Austin before returning to Washington. Jenkins suggests that Bruno visit Texas, meet with Governor Connally and evaluate the sites himself, and also meet with Democratic Texas senator Ralph Yarborough, a bitter political enemy of Connally and Johnson, to avoid any trouble between the two parties on the trip.

United States ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson II delivers a contentious speech on United Nations Day at the Dallas Memorial Auditorium, where he is booed and heckled. After the speech, he is struck on the head with a picket sign and spit upon. Dallas police would later fear that similar demonstrations might occur when Kennedy visited Dallas. Several people, including Stevenson, warned Kennedy against coming to Dallas, but Kennedy ignored their advice.

October 28 Bruno flies to Austin to begin his evaluation of the stops being considered for the Kennedy visit on November 21–22.

October 29 Bruno meets with Henry Brown, president of the Texas AFL–CIO and a friend of Senator Ralph Yarborough, to obtain his input from labor leaders. He then has lunch with Governor Connally to review his itinerary, which includes an honorary degree from Texas Christian University; because Kennedy is Catholic, Bruno considers this event among the highlights of the trip. Connally informs Bruno that he has assigned different members of his staff to each stop on the itinerary and that they would be in charge of the visit. Bruno tells Connally that he welcomes his input and suggestions, but that the final decisions on the itinerary will be made by the White House.

Governor Connally announces that a "Texas welcome dinner" for Kennedy will be held in Austin on November 22. The governor says that the dinner will be a $100-per-plate event held at 7:30 p.m. at the Austin Municipal Auditorium as a climax to the president's Texas trip. It is sponsored by the state Democratic executive committee. No other plans have been completed except those for the November 21 Albert Thomas appreciation dinner in Houston.

October 30 Bruno and Johnson aide Clifton Carter visit the Texas cities that the president will visit. The San Antonio and Houston sites are checked and confirmed as acceptable, but when visiting Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Bruno is informed by school officials that the university does not intend to confer an honorary degree to the president and that they have only approved the use of their campus as the location for a speech. Bruno informs Connally of this development, and Connally says that he will meet with the university's board of regents the next night. Bruno travels to Dallas to evaluate the ballroom at the Statler Hilton Hotel where the luncheon is planned to take place on November 22. He is met there by J. Erik Jonsson, chairman of the Dallas Citizens Council (and an owner of Texas Instruments) and Robert B. Cullum, chairman of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce and owner of the Tom Thumb Food Stores. Cullum informs Bruno that the ballroom at the Statler Hilton is now unavailable because organizers of a bottlers' convention had reserved it and would not surrender it. Jonsson and Cullum suggest the Dallas Trade Mart, but after visiting the site, Bruno dislikes the many catwalks that would be above the president, which, in light of the Stevenson incident that had just occurred a few days earlier, could present a security problem. He asks to be shown other available sites in Dallas.

October 31: Bruno visits two other potential luncheon sites, the Dallas Memorial Auditorium, which he deems too large, and the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, which he believes would be too far out of town and thus impractical. He is also informed that Governor Connally is unhappy with the decision not to use the Trade Mart for the luncheon because of the catwalk issue. Bruno agrees to visit the Trade Mart again but retains his misgivings. Connally telephones that he has met with the TCU board of regents and that they will not confer an honorary degree on the president. Bruno is now faced with two holes in the schedule, Fort Worth and Dallas. One last place is suggested as a luncheon possibility, the Women's Building (now known as the Women's Museum) at the fairgrounds at Fair Park.

President Kennedy is asked at a press conference about rumors that Johnson will not be selected as his running mate in the 1964 election, which Kennedy denies.

November 1 Bruno returns to Washington, D.C., with the Dallas luncheon site location still undecided. The Fort Worth visit is eventually resolved when the city's chamber of commerce agrees to sponsor a breakfast for the president. Because of this, the president's overnight stay is changed from Houston to Fort Worth so that he will have time to attend the breakfast.

November 4 Gerald Behn, the Secret Service Special Agent in Charge (SAIC) for the White House detail, telephones Forrest Sorrels, Secret Service SAIC of the Dallas district. He instructs Sorrels to survey the buildings that the president is planning to visit during the Dallas leg of the trip. The two leading contenders to host the Dallas luncheon are the Trade Mart (strongly favored by Governor Connally) and the Women's Building at the state fairgrounds, which Bruno favors and Connally bitterly opposes. Later that day, Sorrels reports back to Behn that the Women's Building appears to be preferable from a security standpoint, but that it is not a suitable place to take the president. He reports that the Trade Mart has about 60 entrances as well as six catwalks over the area where the luncheon would be held, which could pose a problem in adequately staffing the site with security personnel.

White House Secret Service agent Winston Lawson is informed that he has been assigned to the Dallas visit.

November 5 Bruno visits the White House and has separate meetings with Kenneth O'Donnell, Gerald Behn and Walter Jenkins. It is decided that the Trade Mart poses too great a security risk, and the Women's Building is chosen as the Dallas luncheon site.

November 6 White House press secretary Pierre Salinger announces that First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy will accompany the president on his Texas trip.

November 7 The Albert Thomas appreciation dinner to be held on November 21 sells out a second time. Organizers of the dinner had already moved the venue from the Rice Hotel, where the event had sold out, to the larger Sam Houston Coliseum because of increased demand for tickets once it became known that Kennedy would attend. After it was announced that the First Lady would also attend, tickets to the dinner at the larger venue sold out as well.

Bruno composes a proposed schedule for the Texas trip, which includes the Women's Building as the site for the Dallas luncheon.

November 8 It is announced that First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy will begin resuming her official White House duties on November 20, more than a month earlier than expected. She had previously announced the cancellation of all her events for the rest of the year following the premature birth and death of her third child, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, the past August.

November 9 Oswald is driven by Ruth Paine to take his driver's license permit test, but because there is a special election that day, the office is closed.

Around 2 p.m., Oswald test-drives a new red Mercury Comet Caliente two-door hardtop at a dealership at 118 East Commerce in Dallas. He tells salesman Albert Bogard that he will be back to buy it in two or three weeks when he will have the $300 down payment.

November 12 A special flight carrying all the advance groups that are to work on the preparation for the trip to Houston, San Antonio, Austin, Fort Worth and Dallas departs Andrews Air Force Base at 8:20 a.m.

November 13 Jack Puterbaugh and White House Secret Service agent Winston Lawson, along with Dallas Secret Service agents Forrest Sorrels and Robert Steuart, visit the office of Robert B. Cullum, president of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce, to discuss plans for the Kennedy visit. They reexamine the Trade Mart and the Women's Building and meet with representatives of the Trade Mart.

November 14 Acquiescing to the wishes of Governor Connally, Kenneth O'Donnell reverses his prior decision to hold the Dallas luncheon at the Women's Building and changes the location to the Dallas Trade Mart. According to both O'Donnell and Bruno, this change in the luncheon site, although seemingly insignificant at the time, dramatically alters the motorcade route taken through Dallas.

Oswald appears at the Allright Parking Garage at 1208 Commerce Street to inquire about job openings.

November 15 President Kennedy delivers a speech in New York City at the AFL–CIO convention and then flies to West Palm Beach, Florida to spend his last weekend.

The White House announces that the Dallas Trade Mart will be the site of President Kennedy's luncheon address and that a motorcade will proceed through downtown Dallas. Until that point, there had been speculation in the news media that Kennedy's tight schedule in Texas would not allow enough time for a motorcade through Dallas.

November 16 Dallas civic leaders issue statements urging against demonstrations or incidents that may occur during President Kennedy's visit. Dallas County judge W. L. Sterrett says: "I am hoping we won't have any kind of demonstration here. I have confidence that there won't be anything of that sort. That kind of thing can give a city and county a black eye."

November 18 Kennedy confides to his good friend senator George Smathers of Florida that Vice President Johnson wants First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy to ride in the car with him during the upcoming tour of Texas. The exact motorcade route is finalized.

Dallas police chief Jesse Curry increased the level of security during Kennedy's visit; he put into effect the most stringent security precautions in the city's history. Curry even deputized citizens to take action for any suspicious acts that could endanger the president.

November 19 The White House formally announces the timetable of events for the president's visit, including a planned arrival time of 12:30 p.m. CST at the Trade Mart.

November 21 At 11:07 p.m., Air Force One lands at Carswell Air Force Base on the outskirts of Fort Worth, Texas. The president and his wife are met by Raymond Buck, president of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, and his wife. Air Force Two also lands at Carswell with the vice president Lyndon Johnson, Texas governor John Connally and Senator Ralph Yarborough. Connally and Yarborough dislike each other so much Yarborough is unwilling to travel in the same car with Johnson, who is an ally of Connally. The following day, the president instructs him to ride with Johnson.

At 11:35 p.m., the Kennedys arrive at the Hotel Texas in Fort Worth, after being cheered by well-wishers lined on the route toward the West Freeway. The president and Mrs. Kennedy shake hands with admirers gathered outside the hotel before retiring to their assigned suite (Room 850) for the night.

Friday November 22, 1963
All in Central Standard Time (CST) unless otherwise stated.

7:23 a.m. Oswald goes to work at the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, with Buell Wesley Frazier, a young worker there. Frazier asks about the long, paper-wrapped package in Oswald's arms, to which Oswald says: "Oh, just some curtains."

8:45 a.m. The president speaks before breakfast in a square across Eighth Street. The attendees, members of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, are largely conservative Republicans.

9:10 a.m. Kennedy takes his place in the Hotel Texas' grand ballroom for a scheduled speech. Afterwards, presidential adviser Kenny O'Donnell informs Roy Kellerman, the Secret Service agent in charge of the trip, that the presidential limousine should not be equipped with its bubbletop if the weather is clear in Dallas. Later, assistant (now-ranking), press secretary Malcolm Kilduff  shows the Kennedys a negative advertisement published in The Dallas Morning News with the headline "Welcome Mr. Kennedy to Dallas." Kennedy tells his wife: "We're heading into nut country today."

10:40am Kennedy's motorcade departs Hotel Texas for Carswell Air Force Base.

11:20 a.m.: Air Force One departs Carswell Air Force Base for Dallas, Texas.

11:35 a.m.: Air Force Two arrives at Love Field in Dallas.

11:38 a.m.: Air Force One arrives at Love Field in Dallas.

11:44 a.m.: The Kennedys and Connallys disembark Air Force One and are greeted by the Johnsons. The motorcade cars had been lined up in order earlier that morning.

11:55 a.m.: The motorcade does not depart Love Field until about 15 minutes after the party had arrived there, as the president and his wife take time to shake hands with many of the enthusiastic supporters. The motorcade leaves Love Field for its 10-mile trip through downtown Dallas. The motorcade route took a left turn from the south end of Love Field to West Mockingbird Lane and continued through to central Dallas.  It progressed down Main Street

12:29 p.m. Motorcade turned right (westbound) into Houston Street, fatefully entering Dealey Plaza. The motorcade approached the Texas School Book Depository.

12:30 p.m. Motorcade made a sharp 135 degree left turn onto Elm Street, a downward-sloping road. The giant Hertz Rent-a-Car clock on top of the Depository building was seen to change from 12:29 to 12:30 as the limousine turned into Elm Street.

Witnesses recalled the first shot was fired after the president had started waving with his right hand. Onlookers recalled hearing 3 shots. The Zapruder film shows the president reemerging after being temporarily hidden from view by the Stemmons Freeway sign at film frames 215-223, and his mouth has already opened wide in an anguished expression by frame 225. He has already been impacted by a bullet that struck him in the throat, and another in his mid-back, with his hands clenched into fists. He then raises his fists in front of his face and throat as he turns to the left toward his wife. Connally is also hit. Secret Service Agent Clint Hill testified he heard one shot, then jumped off the running board of the Secret Service follow-up car directly behind Kennedy, at the equivalent of frame 308; about a quarter of a second before the president's head exploded at frame 313. Hill then rapidly ran towards the Presidential limo.

The Warren Commission report states that seconds after the shooting Roy Kellerman consulted his watch and said "12:30" to William Greer, before he radioed to Police Chief Jesse Curry that the President had been shot. Curry then communicated an order for Parkland Hospital to stand by - the Dallas police radio log reflects that this communication was made at 12:30.

As the limousine began speeding up, Mrs. Kennedy was heard to scream and she climbed onto the rear of the limo. At the same time, Hill managed to climb aboard and hang onto the suddenly accelerating limo, and Mrs. Kennedy returned to the back seat. Hill then shielded her and the President. The Connallys stated they heard Mrs. Kennedy say, "I have his brains in my hand!" The limo driver and police motorcycles turned on their sirens and raced at an estimated  to Parkland Hospital, along Stemmons Freeway and Harry Hines Boulevard, approximately four miles away.

12:33 p.m Oswald left the building through its front door. He had been confronted by patrolman Marion Baker and Depository superintendent Roy Truly in the second-floor lunchroom. Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified Oswald as an employee. Oswald was next seen by a secretary as he crossed through the second-floor business office. He left the building through its front door at approximately 12:33 p.m. Initially, Truly and Occhus Campbell, the Depository's vice president, said that they had seen Oswald in the first-floor storage room. When asked during his interrogations about his whereabouts, Oswald claimed that he "went outside to watch P. Parade"(referring to the presidential motorcade), was "out with [William Shelley, a foreman at the depository] in front" and that he was at the "front entrance to the first floor" when he encountered a policeman.

12:34 p.m.: The first United Press International bulletin clears the wire stating: "Three shots were fired today at the president's motorcade in downtown Dallas."

12:36 p.m.: President Kennedy's limousine arrives at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Parkland Hospital admitted Kennedy and Connally and immediately began treatment. Malcolm Perry, assistant professor of surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and a vascular surgeon, was the first to treat Kennedy. Perry performed a tracheotomy followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed with another surgeon. Other doctors and surgeons worked frantically to save the president's life, but the wounds were too severe.

12:40 p.m.: Viewers of the live soap opera As The World Turns receive the first national television report of the shooting from CBS News anchorman, Walter Cronkite.

12:45 p.m.: Dan Rather of CBS calls Parkland Memorial Hospital; a doctor there tells him he believes Kennedy is dead.

12:33 to 12:50 p.m Estimates of when the depository building was sealed off by police range from 12:33 to 12:50 p.m. The streets in and around Dealey Plaza were not immediately closed, and photos taken nine minutes after the assassination show vehicles still driving on Elm Street in front of Depository.

12:50 p.m.: Kennedy's top military aide General Godfrey McHugh calls Air Force One from Parkland to state that they will soon be leaving for Andrews Air Force Base.

1:00 p.m.: President Kennedy is officially pronounced dead. Those who had treated Kennedy observed the president's condition was "moribund," meaning he had no chance of survival upon arrival at the hospital. "I am absolutely sure he never knew what hit him," said Tom Shires, Parkland's chief of surgery. Father Huber, administered the last rites to the president. Huber had needed to temporarily remove a sheet covering Kennedy's face so the last rites could be performed. Connally was taken to emergency surgery, where he underwent two operations.

After receiving word of the president's death, acting White House press secretary Malcolm Kilduff entered the hospital room where new president Johnson and his wife were sitting. Kilduff said, "Mr. President, I have to announce the death of President Kennedy. Is it OK with you that the announcement be made now?" Johnson ordered the announcement be made only after he left the hospital. When asking that the announcement be delayed, Johnson told Kilduff: "I think I had better get out of here...before you announce it. We don't know whether this is a worldwide conspiracy, whether they are after me as well as they were after President Kennedy, or whether they are after Speaker [John W.] McCormack or Senator [Carl] Hayden. We just don't know." He later recounted to Merle Miller: "I asked that the announcement be made after we had left the room...so that if it were an international conspiracy and they were out to destroy our form of government and the leaders in that government, that we would minimize the opportunity for doing so."

After leaving the depository, Oswald walked seven blocks before boarding a bus. When the bus became ensnarled in traffic, he exited the bus, walked to a nearby bus station, and hired a taxi. He asked the driver to stop several blocks past his rooming house at 1026 North Beckley Ave., and he then walked back to the house. He arrived there at around 1:00 p.m.

1:04 p.m. According to housekeeper Earlene Roberts, Oswald departed three or four minutes after arriving at the rooming house. She last saw him standing at a bus stop outside the house.

1:15 p.m. Oswald shot and killed Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit near the intersection of 10th St. and Patton Ave., 0.86 miles from the rooming house. Thirteen people witnessed Oswald shooting Tippit or fleeing the immediate scene. By that evening, five witnesses had identified Oswald in police lineups.

1:16 p.m.: The first report that Police Officer Tippit has been shot.

1:26 p.m.: Lyndon Johnson departs Parkland Memorial Hospital for Love Field.

1:30 p.m.: Johnson, protected by Rufus Youngblood in a car driven by Jesse Curry, along with passengers Congressmen Albert Thomas and Homer Thornberry, arrives at Air Force One. Lady Bird Johnson, Congressman Jack Brooks, and three members of the Secret Service also arrive in a second car, and Jack Valenti, Lem Johns, Cliff Carter, and Cecil Stoughton arrive in a third. They are followed by additional cars containing officials and aides for both Kennedy and Johnson.

1:33 p.m.: White House Assistant Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff announces at Parkland Memorial Hospital that Kennedy is dead.

1:35 p.m.: After killing Tippit, Oswald was seen traveling on foot toward the Texas Theatre on West Jefferson Blvd. At about 1:35 p.m. Johnny Calvin Brewer, the manager of Hardy's Shoe Store, saw Oswald turning his face away from the street and ducking into the entranceway of Brewer's store as Dallas police cars approached with sirens audible. When Oswald left the store, Brewer followed him and watched him enter the Texas Theatre without paying while ticket attendant Julie Postal was distracted.

1:38 p.m.: Anchorman Cronkite reports the official word that Kennedy is dead and Johnson will be sworn in as president.

1:40 p.m.: Johnson phones Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to express his condolences and ask where he should take the oath of office of the president of the United States.

Johnny Brewer notifies Julie Postal that Oswald is in the theatre. Postal in turn informs the Dallas police at 1:40 p.m.

1:45 p.m. 15 police officers surround the movie theater where Oswald is hiding.

1:50 p.m.: Johnson telephones his friend Irving Goldberg, an attorney. The two decide to ask Sarah T. Hughes to administer the oath.

When an arrest attempt was made on Oswald inside the theater, Oswald resisted arrest and punched and attempted to shoot a patrolman after yelling, "Well, it's all over now!"

1:51 p.m. Police report Oswald in custody.

2:00 p.m. Kennedy's body was removed from Parkland Hospital and driven to Air Force One at Love Field. The removal occurred after an angry confrontation between Kennedy's special assistant Ken O'Donnell backed by Kennedy's Secret Service agents and doctors including medical examiner Earl Rose, along with a justice of the peace. The removal of Kennedy's body may have been illegal according to Texas state law because it occurred before a forensic examination could be performed by the Dallas coroner.

Police's parafin tests confirm Oswald recently fired a gun.

2:10 p.m.: Abraham Zapruder arrives at WFAA-TV in Dallas and is interviewed about his film.

2:13 p.m.: Police find the weapon used to kill the president on the 6th floor of the Texas School Book depository.

2:30 p.m. Interrogated for almost 12 hours, Oswald states he had nothing to do with the assassination. Shown photos of him holding a rifle Oswald "sneered, saying that they were fake photographs … [taken] by the police, that they had superimposed upon the photographs a rifle and revolver." He eventually stops answering all questions.

2:38 p.m.: Johnson is sworn in as president by federal judge Sarah Hughes on Air Force One.

2:46 p.m.: Air Force One departs Love Field for Washington, D.C.

7:05 p.m. Oswald was charged with "murder with malice" in the killing of police officer J.D. Tippit.

11:26 p.m. Oswald was then charged with the murder of President Kennedy.

Days following the assassination
November 23 Military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the East Room of the White House, where he lay in repose for 24 hours. The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, issued Presidential Proclamation 3561, declaring Monday to be a national day of mourning, and only essential emergency workers to be at their posts. He read the proclamation over a nationwide radio and television broadcast at 4:45 p.m. from the Fish Room (currently known as the Roosevelt Room) at the White House.

November 24 11:21 a.m. before live television cameras, Oswald was shot and mortally wounded in the basement of Dallas Police headquarters by a local nightclub owner with alleged mafia ties, Jack Ruby. Unconscious, Oswald was put into an ambulance and rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, the same hospital where doctors tried to save Kennedy two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 pm.

Kennedy's coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket, with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.

November 25 Kennedy's funeral service was held at St. Matthew's Cathedral. The Requiem Mass was led by Cardinal Richard Cushing. About 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries, attended. After the service, Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

Investigations and other developments

March 14, 1964 Ruby was convicted of murder with malice and sentenced to death.

September 24, 1964 The Warren Commission's 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson and made public three days later, saying one shot wounded President Kennedy and Governor Connally, and a subsequent shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The Commission concluded a third shot was fired, but made no conclusion as to whether it was the first, second or third shot fired. The Commission concluded Oswald fired all three shots.

October 5, 1966 Appellate court ruled Ruby's motion for a change of venue before the original trial court should have been granted. Ruby's conviction and death sentence are overturned. Arrangements were underway for a new trial to be held in February 1967.

January 1967 Ruby dies of cancer.

March 1, 1967 New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Oswald, David Ferrie, and others.

January 29, 1969 Clay Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court.

March 1, 1969 A jury took less than an hour to find Clay Shaw not guilty. It remains the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy.

March 29, 1979 The House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated the assassination and based on incorrect acoustic evidence states Kennedy was "probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy". The Committee states the American mobsters Carlos Marcello and Santo Trafficante Jr. had the means, motive, and opportunity to assassinate Kennedy."

1982 Panel of 12 scientists appointed by the National Academy of Sciences, unanimously concluded HSCA's acoustic evidence was "seriously flawed". They concluded the recording was made after the President had already been shot and it did not indicate any additional gunshots. Their conclusions were published in the journal Science.

December 20, 1991 Release of the film JFK.

October 26, 1992 President George H. W. Bush signs the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992, establishing the Assassination Records Review Board.

September 30, 1998 Assassination Records Review Board submits its final report.

July 24, 2017 National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) began to release remaining documents related to the assassination previously withheld.

December 15, 2022 NARA released an additional 13,173 documents as ordered by President Biden.

September 9, 2023 Paul Landis, an 88-year-old former Secret Service agent who witnessed the assassination at close range, says he took a bullet from the car after Kennedy was shot, and left it on the president's stretcher at the hospital.

References

Bibliography

Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Assassination
Kennedy assassination

Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination


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Wicker

The term "wicker" is often use in to refer to two things: a type of material, and the method used to create it. Wicker works are generally meant to be lightweight, flexible, and durable; to achieve this, the materials used must have those properties, and the weave pattern must reinforce the structure while using as little material as possible to avoid becoming too heavy or rigid.

Materials
Historically, materials derived from plants have been used to manufacture a variety of wicker products such as baskets, trays, and both indoor and outdoor furniture. One commonly used plant material is rattan, which comes from the rotan "tree", which is actually a vine-like plant. In common usage, the term rattan is sometimes used interchangeably with wicker, but in fact rattan is the name of the specific plant-based fiber often used to create the wicker work. Rattan is somewhat elastic and often used to produce baskets, hampers and chairs. The branch-like material is woven together for the purpose of constructing various wicker items.

Resin wicker is a similar looking material, by design. Polyethylene is the most common resin material used in resin wicker. Synthetic polyethylene fiber resin wicker is generally durable and resistant to stressors such as water damage, sun damage (from UV radiation), and natural decomposition.

Uses
Resin wicker is often used over an aluminum frame to create lightweight outdoor furniture.

See also

 Caning (furniture) – Specific furniture making technique; similar to wicker
 Synthetic fiber – Another synthetic material used in weaving

References

Plastics applications
Synthetic fibers
Woven fabrics

Resin wicker


Efke is the brand name of photographic films, papers, and chemicals that were manufactured by Fotokemika Zagreb d.d., a company located in Samobor, Croatia.

Products description

The Efke films are black-and-white films with high silver content and as a result give a large exposure latitude and high quality grayscale reproduction when compared with modern films. The Efke 25, 50 and 100 products were made using the ADOX formulas that were first introduced in the 1950s.

Efke also made an infrared film sold as Efke IR820, a color film branded as "efkecolor" in ISO speeds of 100/400 (1986-1992), spektar 100/200/400 (~1992-2009) and HG100 (~1996-?) as well as a 100 ISO color reversal film called "efkechrome" (1982-1999).

Color Efke films are very rare and information is almost impossible to find due to the color film being discontinued rather quickly compared to Efke's other product lines.

The black and white Efke films are more forgiving of exposure variations than modern tabular crystal films. The nature of the product also allows large, grain free, enlargements to be made from negatives.

Efke black and white films were coated in one layer, unlike most other films which are coated in multiple layers. This makes the film thinner and the emulsion more easily damaged, especially when still wet after development. A hardening fixer can be used to help protect the emulsion. The film base is also thinner and more transparent, making inspection of the negative easier. However it can also make the film curl more easily.

Efke was the only manufacturer making 127 format film between 1995, when Kodak discontinued the format, and 2006, when a Canadian company also began making 127.

Efke's Infrared Film, sold under the brand name Efke IR820 was the only infrared film manufactured that has good IR sensitivity beyond 750 nm extending out to 820 nm. In the past other films such as Kodak's HIE offered this but have recently been discontinued and are no longer made.

Closing

Fotokemika ceased all production on 30th August 2012.

As a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the subsequent privatization process of the company, its equipment and Real Estate were sold to western companies and many of its workers laid off during the 90s and 2000s, which  ultimately lead the company to its bankruptcy.

For a short while after its closing the company existed as a distributor of medical films and materials made by other manufacturers.

Legacy
There have been efforts to save the Fotokemika heritage.

In late 2020 croatian photographer Silvester Kolbas organized an exhibition about efke, the company Fotokemika Zagreb d.d and its heritage at the Museum of Technology "Nikola Tesla", Zagreb, called "Fotokemika" showcasing old equipment and products, that were left behind in the abandoned factory facilities of Fotokemika Zagreb d.d, as well as photos taken with expired efke black and white film.

References

External links
 Unofficial Fotokemika Website: http://www.fotokemika.hr/ (this site remains incomplete and has not been updated since 2007)

Manufacturing companies of Croatia
Photography companies of Croatia
Croatian brands
Photographic film makers
Defunct photography companies

Efke


WGBH (89.7 FM, "GBH 89.7") is a public radio station located in Boston, Massachusetts. WGBH is a member station of National Public Radio (NPR) and affiliate of Public Radio Exchange (PRX) and American Public Media (APM). The license-holder is WGBH Educational Foundation, which also owns company flagship WGBH-TV and WGBX-TV, along with WGBY-TV in Springfield.

The station, dubbed Boston Public Radio in 2009, renamed Boston's Local NPR, broadcasts a news-and-information format during the daytime (including NPR News programs and PRX's The World, which is a co-production of WGBH and PRX, and formerly the BBC World Service), and jazz music during the nighttime.

Prior to December 1, 2009, the station had a mixed news and entertainment format, featuring local jazz and blues programs, with the station tagline being ''Boston's NPR Arts & Culture Station'', to differentiate it from all news WBUR-FM, also located in Boston and known at the time as "Boston's NPR News Station". Following the rebranding, much of the station's culture-related programming was dropped in favor of nationally syndicated NPR, PRI, and APM programs.

"GBH" stands for Great Blue Hill, the site of WGBH's FM transmitter in Milton, Massachusetts, as well as the original location of WGBH-TV's transmitter. Great Blue Hill has an elevation of 635 feet (193 m), is located within the Blue Hills Reservation, and is the highest natural point in the Boston area. Mai Cramer, longtime host of the program Blues After Hours, jokingly maintained that the station's call sign stands for: "We Got Blues Here!"

According to Nielsen data aggregated by Ken Mills, a Minneapolis broadcast consultant,  the number of WGBH's listeners has nearly doubled since 2012, increasing from 235,200 to 445,200. WGBH is the 10th-most-popular NPR news station in the United States.

Stations

The main WGBH signal operates at 100,000 watts, which is strong enough to cover the eastern half of Massachusetts, as well as Rhode Island, Eastern Connecticut, much of southern New Hampshire, and the southern tip of Maine. Indeed, for years WGBH claimed Providence, Rhode Island, as part of its primary coverage area; the station still provides a strong city-grade signal to Rhode Island's capital.

WGBH also operates a separately-programmed service for the Cape Cod and Islands area, with a full-time news-and-information format. This service is simulcast on three stations: WCAI in Woods Hole, WNAN in Nantucket, and WZAI in Brewster.

WGBH also owns WCRB, a classical music station. This service is simulcast by WJMF in Smithfield, Rhode Island (near Providence).

Both WCAI and WCRB are also simulcast on HD Radio subcarriers of WGBH itself.  The WCRB simulcast on WGBH-HD2 is also relayed by translator W242AA (96.3 FM) East Cambridge, as the Federal Communications Commission regards it as a WGBH translator (from October 1991 until April 8, 2010, W242AA carried WGBH's main service).

WGBH, WCAI, and WCRB all stream their programming worldwide on the Internet.

History

 For more of a history of the Lowell Institute Cooperative Broadcasting Council see the article on John Lowell Jr.

WGBH Educational Foundation received its first broadcasting license (for radio) in 1951 under the auspices of the Lowell Institute Cooperative Broadcasting Council, a consortium of local universities and cultural institutions, whose collaboration stems from an 1836 bequest by textile manufacturer John Lowell Jr. calling for free public lectures for the citizens of Boston.

WGBH signed on October 6, 1951, with a live broadcast of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Within a decade, it had grown enough that it partnered with the Five Colleges to set up a repeater for western Massachusetts, WFCR. That repeater became a full-fledged station in 1962, and is now the flagship NPR outlet for western Massachusetts.

WGBH was a charter member of NPR, and was one of the stations that carried the inaugural broadcast of All Things Considered in 1971.

In the summer of 2016, the station began broadcasting some of its programming from an on-air studio in the newly renovated Boston Public Library Johnson building, fronting on Boylston Street in Back Bay.

Programming

WGBH broadcasts news programming, generally from NPR or PRI. On weekends and some weekday evenings, a variety of public affairs programming and other informational/entertainment programming is featured, such as This American Life, The Moth, Selected Shorts, Freakonomics, On Being, Radiolab, Studio 360, and The New Yorker Radio Hour.

Jazz music is broadcast on weekend evenings and overnights. Until July 2, 2012, WGBH also carried jazz during the evening and overnight hours on Mondays through Thursdays; this programming was cut back to increase news and information programming during the evening and overnight hours.

Saturday programming consists of various syndicated programs such as Weekend Edition, Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, This American Life, and others. Celtic music is featured in the long-running locally produced WGBH show, A Celtic Sojourn, hosted by Brian O'Donovan.

Programs originating from WGBH for the local market include:
 Boston Public Radio, a daily three-hour local public affairs talk show co-hosted by Jim Braude and Margery Eagan.
 Greater Boston: Radio Edition, a radio adaptation of WGBH-TV's nightly public affairs program broadcast on Saturday afternoons
 A Celtic Sojourn,  a three-hour program of Celtic music broadcast on Saturday afternoons
 Arts and Ideas, a three-hour news and arts magazine broadcast on Sunday evenings

Programs originating from WGBH that are also broadcast in other markets include:
 America's Test Kitchen Radio
 Says You!
 The World (co-produced with the BBC World Service)
 The Changing World
 From the Top
 Innovation Hub

2009 format change
Until December 1, 2009, WGBH broadcast a variety of classical music programming, mostly during the day on weekdays, weekend mornings, and Sunday afternoons.  These broadcasts included (in addition to generally available recordings) recordings made by WGBH of regional chamber music and solo recital performances, live in-studio performances and interviews, as well as live broadcasts of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from Symphony Hall (on Friday afternoons when the orchestra is scheduled to play), and Tanglewood (on Sunday afternoons in the summer).

In addition, WGBH's music programming also included folk music on Saturday afternoons and blues on Saturday evenings.

In September 2009, the WGBH Educational Foundation announced a deal to acquire WCRB, a local classical music station. It consolidated all classical music programming on WCRB, and changed WGBH to an all-news and information format. A significant number of WGBH's traditional classical listeners were sacrificed in the transition, as WCRB transmits from the North Shore of Boston, and cannot be received reliably in areas to the south, including Cape Cod.  In November 2009 the station announced that its long-running Saturday afternoon folk and Saturday evening blues programs would be discontinued in December, however A Celtic Sojourn and A Prairie Home Companion would remain.

Jazz cutback
On June 20, 2012, it was announced that WGBH would cut back jazz to nine hours a week, replacing weeknight evening and overnight jazz programming with public radio news and information programming. The cutback in jazz took place on July 2, 2012.  Eric Jackson still does nine hours of jazz programming on weekends; Steve Schwartz's Friday show was eliminated completely.

The same notice announced that in July 2012, WGBH would combine the hour-long Emily Rooney Show and Callie Crossley Show into a two-hour segment named Boston Public Radio.  The station also started carrying the APM show Marketplace.

In February 2013, Jim Braude and Margery Eagan (previously co-hosts of the Jim & Margery Show talk show on WTKK) were brought on to co-host Boston Public Radio.  They brought along with them the monthly Ask the Governor program, a series that WGBH also provides to other local stations free of charge.

Programming overlap
WGBH and WBUR-FM both serve the Boston area, and there is some overlap between programming on the two stations (i.e. All Things Considered, Morning Edition). When WGBH announced plans to convert their daytime hours to news and information, there was speculation as to how much overlap between the two stations there would be.

WGBH broadcasts The World and the sound portion of the PBS NewsHour, while WBUR does not. As mentioned above, The World is locally produced by WGBH. WBUR carries Talk of the Nation, On Point, Here and Now, and Car Talk, which are not heard on WGBH. The latter three programs are produced locally by WBUR.

The two stations also broadcast somewhat different selections from among the programs available through their national network affiliations.

See also
Great Blue Hill
WGBH-TV
WGBH Educational Foundation

References

External links

Audio clip from late 1980s
WGBH Open Vault
WGBH News website

NPR member stations
GBH (FM)
WGBH Educational Foundation
News and talk radio stations in the United States
WGBH
Public Radio International stations
Peabody Award winners
Culture of Boston
Cultural history of Boston
Radio stations established in 1951
1951 establishments in Massachusetts

WGBH (FM)


The Adamawa Plateau () is a plateau region in west-central Africa stretching from south-eastern Nigeria through north-central Cameroon (Adamawa and North Provinces) to the Central African Republic. The part of the plateau that lies in Nigeria is more popularly known as Gotel Mountains.

The Adamawa Plateau is the source of many waterways, including the Benue River. The average elevation is about , but elevations can reach as high as . It is important for its deposits of bauxite. The vegetation is mostly savanna. The endangered toad Amietophrynus djohongensis is known to exist in the wild only in the Cameroonian part of the Adamawa Plateau.

The plateau is sparsely populated, and cattle raising is the main occupation in the area. The province and plateau were named after Fulani Muslim leader Modibo Adama, whose jihads significantly affected the population of the area.

References

Plateaus of Nigeria
Plateaus of Cameroon
Plateaus of the Central African Republic
Cameroonian Highlands forests
Adamawa State

Adamawa Plateau


"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" is the 1st episode for the 1st season of South Park. It was first shown on Comedy Central in the United States on August 13, 1997. The episode introduces the main characters, Stan Marsh and Kyle Broflovski. They try to rescue Kyle's brother Ike from a group of aliens.

Plot
Stan, Kenny, Cartman, Kyle, and his little brother, Ike, are standing at the bus stop. Cartman tells them about the dream about getting abducted by aliens. The boys tell Cartman that it was not a dream and that he was actually abducted by aliens, but Cartman refuses to believe them. Chef drives up and asks the boys if they saw the space ship appearing in the sky. He tells stories about aliens performing anal probes. As the boys get on the bus and drive off they discover the aliens abducting Ike.

The boys are in the cafeteria and after Chef sees a machine emerge from Cartman's rear end, Chef helps the boys escape the school to save Ike by pulling the fire alarm. They escape outside and Cartman believes that being abducted by aliens was a dream until he is hit by a beam that makes him sing and dance and space ship appears. When Kyle throws a rock at the ship, it fires back and hits Kenny, who ends up getting killed by a herd of cows and a police car.

Stan, Kyle, and Wendy Testaburger meet at Stark's Pond and Wendy suggests that they use the device in Cartman's rear-end to contact the aliens, the boys tie Cartman to a tree, and a big satellite dish emerges from Cartman's rear-end. The spaceship appears and Ike leaps to safety. The aliens then begin to talk to the cows seeing them as the smartest species on the planet and Cartman is abducted once again, but is returned to the bus stop the next day.

Other websites

South Park episodes
1997 television episodes

Cartman Gets an Anal Probe


Steve Bartek (born January 30, 1952, in Garfield Heights, Ohio) is an American guitarist, film composer, conductor, and orchestrator. He is best known as the lead guitarist in the band Oingo Boingo and for his orchestration work with composer Danny Elfman.

Career

Early career
Bartek's career started while at William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California, writing songs and playing flute with the psychedelic rock band Strawberry Alarm Clock. In 1974 he graduated from UCLA with a degree in Composition.

After college he worked at the Baked Potato with Leon Gaer under the leadership of Don Randi until joining the theatrical ensemble The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo in 1975, where he met his collaborator Danny Elfman.

Between 1979 and 1995, Bartek was lead guitar in new wave band Oingo Boingo with Elfman.  Bartek also orchestrated the horn arrangements for the band and co-produced many of their albums.

Film and television
Bartek has composed music for television series including The Tick, Tales from the Crypt, Nightmare Ned and Steven Spielberg's Amazing Stories, and movies including An Extremely Goofy Movie, Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, Romy and Michele: In the Beginning, Snow Day, Novocaine, the 1998 remake of Psycho and The Art of Travel. In 1992 he was nominated for a Saturn Award for his soundtrack to Guilty as Charged. In 2005, together with Danny Elfman and Stewart Copeland, he was awarded an BMI Film & TV Award for his work on Desperate Housewives.

As an orchestrator, Bartek has worked on over 50 productions with Danny Elfman as of 2007, including most Tim Burton productions, Mission: Impossible, Good Will Hunting, Spider-Man and Milk, and has done orchestration work with composers Jon Brion and Stephen Trask.

Bartek provided the soundtrack for Donovan Cook's indie film Rideshare: The Movie, alongside former Oingo Boingo member Johnny "Vatos" Hernandez.

In 2015 Steve performed the theme to Harvey Beaks.

Other work
Steve Bartek did horn arrangements for Avenged Sevenfold's song "A Little Piece of Heaven" as well as for John Hiatt's "Little Head". He produced Raya Yarbrough's eponymous album and arranged strings for the song "Early Autumn". He also did a string arrangement for Ricky Martin's "Vuelve".

Bartek played the acoustic guitar on the Bangles cover of "A Hazy Shade of Winter" on the Rick Rubin arranged soundtrack for the 1987 film "Less Than Zero".

Bartek plays guitar for the TV series Battlestar Galactica, Trauma and Walking Dead.

Bartek also contributed music to both the ride queue and exit of Disneyland's short-lived Rocket Rods attraction in 1998, including a synthesizer arrangement of Steppenwolf's "Born to Be Wild" and "World of Creativity (Magic Highways of Tomorrow)", the latter being a radical re-arrangement of "Detroit", a song originally written and composed by the Sherman Brothers for the 1967 Disney film, The Happiest Millionaire.

Bartek is an admirer of composer Raymond Scott, and in 2012, he worked with Ego Plum in arranging a live tribute show held at the Walt Disney Concert Halls REDCAT entitled "Machine Man: The Musical Mayhem of Raymond Scott".

Bartek played guitar on Gerald Casale's 2021 single, "I'm Gonna Pay U Back".

Select filmography
1989 Communion (1989 film)
1991 Guilty as Charged
1991 Past Midnight
1994 Cabin Boy
1995 National Lampoon's Senior Trip
1995 Coldblooded
1997 Romy and Michele's High School Reunion
1998 Meet the Deedles
1998 Psycho
2000 Snow Day
2000 An Extremely Goofy Movie
2000 The Crew
2001 Get Over It
2001 Novocaine
2003 Carolina
2007 The Simpsons Movie
2010 Despicable Me

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
People from Garfield Heights, Ohio
American music arrangers
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American television composers
American film score composers
American male film score composers
American new wave musicians
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American guitarists
Strawberry Alarm Clock members
21st-century American male musicians
Oingo Boingo members

Steve Bartek


Gene Myron Amdahl (November 16, 1922 – November 10, 2015) was an American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur, chiefly known for his work on mainframe computers at IBM and later his own companies, especially Amdahl Corporation. He formulated Amdahl's law, which states a fundamental limitation of parallel computing.

Childhood and education
Amdahl was born to immigrant parents of Norwegian and Swedish descent in Flandreau, South Dakota. After serving in the Navy during World War II he completed a degree in engineering physics at South Dakota State University in 1948.

He went on to study theoretical physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison under Robert G. Sachs. However, in 1950, Amdahl and Charles H. "Charlie" Davidson, a fellow PhD student in the Department of Physics, approached Harold A. Peterson with the idea of a digital computer. Amdahl and Davidson gained the support of Peterson and fellow electrical engineering professor Vincent C. Rideout, who encouraged them to build a computer of their unique design. Amdahl completed his doctorate at UW–Madison in 1952 with a thesis titled A Logical Design of an Intermediate Speed Digital Computer and created his first computer, the Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer (WISC). He then went straight from Wisconsin to a position at IBM in June 1952.

IBM
At IBM, Amdahl worked on the IBM 704, the IBM 709, and then the Stretch project, the basis for the IBM 7030. He left IBM in December 1955, but returned in September 1960 (after working at Ramo-Wooldridge and at Aeronutronic). He quit out of frustration with the bureaucratic structure of the organization. In an interview conducted in 1989 for the Charles Babbage Institute, he addressed this:

On his return, he became chief architect of IBM System/360 and was named an IBM Fellow in 1965, and head of the ACS Laboratory in Menlo Park, California.

Amdahl Corporation
He left IBM again in September 1970, after his ideas for computer development were rejected, and set up Amdahl Corporation in Sunnyvale, California with major financing from Fujitsu.

Competing with IBM in the mainframe market, the company manufactured "plug-compatible" mainframes, shipping its first machine in 1975 – the Amdahl 470V/6, a less expensive, more reliable and faster replacement for the System 370/168. By purchasing an Amdahl 470 and plug-compatible peripheral devices from third-party manufacturers, customers could now run S/360 and S/370 applications without buying actual IBM hardware. Amdahl's software team developed VM/PE (Virtual Machine/Performance Enhancement), software designed to optimize the performance of IBM's MVS operating system when running under IBM's VM operating system.

By 1979, Amdahl Corporation had sold over US$1 billion of V6 and V7 mainframes and had over 6,000 employees worldwide. The corporation went on to distribute an IBM-plug-compatible front-end processor (the 4705) as well as high-performance disk drives, both jointly developed with Fujitsu engineers.

At the 1967 Spring Joint Computer Conference, Amdahl, along with three other computer architects, most notably ILLIAC IV architect Daniel Slotnick, engaged in a discussion on future architectural trends. Amdahl articulated his arguments, both verbally and in three written pages, on the fundamental physical limitations that he theorized would govern the performance of any special feature or mode introduced to new machines. This set of arguments resulted in two, major and lesser, "laws" of computer performance regarding sequential versus parallel processing. These arguments continue to this day.

1979–2015: Entrepreneur
Amdahl left his eponymous company in August 1979 to set up Trilogy Systems, together with his son Carl, and Clifford Madden. With over US$200 million in funds, Trilogy was aimed at designing an integrated chip for even cheaper mainframes, but the chip development failed within months of the company's $60 million public offering; thereafter, the company focused on developing its VLSI technology and, when that project failed, in 1985, Trilogy merged into Elxsi, a computer maker with its own CPU design. Elxsi also did poorly and Amdahl left in 1989, having already founded his next venture, Andor International, in 1987. Andor hoped to compete in the mid-sized mainframe market, using improved manufacturing techniques developed by one of the company's employees, Robert F. Brown, to make smaller, more efficient machines. Production problems and strong competition led the company into bankruptcy by 1995.

Amdahl co-founded Commercial Data Servers in 1996, again in Sunnyvale, and again developing mainframe-like machines but this time with new super-cooled processor designs and aimed at physically smaller systems. One such machine, from 1997, was the ESP/490 (Enterprise Server Platform/490), an enhancement of IBM's P/390 of the System/390 family. Since then, CDS has changed its name and narrowed its focus. As Xbridge Systems, the company now builds software to scan mainframe datasets and database tables for sensitive information such as credit card numbers, social security and other government identification numbers, sensitive medical diagnosis information that can be linked to an individual, and other information such as that needed for electronic discovery.

In November 2004, Amdahl was appointed to the board of advisors of Massively Parallel Technologies.

He died on November 10, 2015, in Palo Alto, California, from pneumonia, six days shy of his 93rd birthday. He also had Alzheimer's disease in the last years of his life.

Awards and recognition
Amdahl was named an IBM Fellow in 1965, became a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1967 and was recognized as the Centennial Alumnus of South Dakota State University in 1986. He has numerous awards and patents to his credit and has received Honorary Doctorates from his two alma maters and two other institutions as well.

Amdahl was elected Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) in 1979, and in 1983 he was awarded the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award by the IEEE Computer Society "in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design, applications and manufacture of large-scale high-performance computers."

In 1998, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his fundamental work in computer architecture and design, project management, and leadership."

In November 2007, Amdahl was recognized with the SIGDA Pioneering Achievement Award. A banquet dinner in his honor featured a short talk by Amdahl on his career, and a panel debate on the future of parallel processing. Panelists included John Gustafson (known for Gustafson's law). The talk and debate were both videotaped, and are available through the SIGDA Web page, and the ACM Digital Library.

See also
 Amdahl's law
 Amdahl Corporation
 IBM mainframe
 FUD – a term coined by Amdahl to describe IBM's competitive tactics

References

External links

 Oral history interview with Gene M. Amdahl Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Amdahl discusses his graduate work at the University of Wisconsin and his design of WISC. Discusses his role in the designing of several computers for IBM including the IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 701, and IBM 704. He discusses his work with Nathaniel Rochester and IBM's management of the design process. Mentions work with Ramo-Wooldridge, Aeronutronic, and Computer Sciences Corporation

1922 births
2015 deaths
American computer businesspeople
American physicists
Computer hardware engineers
IBM employees
IBM Fellows
People from Flandreau, South Dakota
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Swedish descent
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Fellows of the British Computer Society
South Dakota State University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Deaths from pneumonia in California
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Gene Amdahl


The 1887 South Donegal by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of South Donegal on 2 February 1887. It arose as a result of the death of the sitting member, Bernard Kelly of the Irish Parliamentary Party, on 1 January.

The Times reported on 21 January that the seat had been offered by the Irish party leader, Charles Stewart Parnell, to the former member for Tyrone, Thomas Alexander Dickson, but that he had refused unless he could run as an 'independent Gladstonian Liberal' and would not sign the pledge required of members of the Irish Parliamentary Party; instead, it was reported that Tim Healy, who had lost his South Londonderry seat at the last general election, was to be the candidate. On 24 January, however, it was announced that Mr Parnell had asked J. G. Swift MacNeill, Professor of Constitutional and Criminal Law at the King's Inns, Dublin, to be the candidate, saying that MacNeill's election, as a Protestant, by the Catholic electors of South Donegal would have a great effect of dispelling the fears and prejudices of Northern Protestants'.

The other nominated candidate in the by-election was Henry Monsell Munster, representing the Liberal Unionists. Munster received 933 votes; MacNeill received 4,604 and was duly declared elected. He went on to represent the constituency until 1918.

Result

References

1887 elections in the United Kingdom
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in County Donegal constituencies
1887 elections in Ireland

1887 South Donegal by-election


Whittenburg is a ghost town in Hutchinson County, Texas, United States. It was founded by area rancher James A. Whittenburg when oil was discovered in the area in 1926. In 1936, Whittenburg merged with Pantex to form Phillips, since a ghost town.

Another ghost town in the area is Plemons, where the newspaper publisher and Republican politician Roy Whittenburg was born in 1913.

External links

 TexasScapes entry for Whittenburg

Geography of Hutchinson County, Texas
Ghost towns in the Texas Panhandle
1926 establishments in Texas

Whittenburg, Texas


Erik Nels Rasmussen (born January 27, 1957) is an American meteorologist and leading expert on mesoscale meteorology, severe convective storms, forecasting of storms, and tornadogenesis. He was the field coordinator of the first of the VORTEX projects in 1994-1995 and a lead principal investigator for VORTEX2 from 2009-2010 and VORTEX-SE from 2016-2017, as well as involved in other smaller VORTEX offshoots and many field projects.

Biography

Education
Rasmussen was born in Hutchinson, Kansas to James and Ilse Rasmussen in 1957. His younger brother Neal, a software engineer, is also a storm chaser and is an accomplished videographer and photographer.

Rasmussen's undergraduate meteorology study was at the University of Oklahoma (OU) in Norman where he received a B.Sc. in 1980. Here he was introduced to field research under Howard Bluestein, chasing supercells and tornadoes, and learning about thunderstorm structure and processes. He went on to graduate school at Texas Tech University (TTU) in Lubbock where he earned a M.Sc. in atmospheric sciences in 1982. In grad school he developed a reputation as a particularly adept forecaster and interceptor of severe storms and tornadoes and was nicknamed "The Dryline Kid" in reference to the dry line which initiates isolated storms and attendant tornadoes. His thesis was The Tulia Outbreak Storm: Mesoscale Evolution and Photogrammetric Analysis.

From 1982-1984, Rasmussen pursued further postgraduate work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He worked at W.A.R.N. Inc., Now Weather Inc., WeatherData Inc., and PROFS (which became the Forecast Systems Laboratory or FSL before that unit was merged into the Earth System Research Laboratory or ESRL). He finished his Ph.D. at Colorado State University (CSU) in Ft. Collins in 1992. At CSU he participated in more field work, including researching squall lines in Australia and his dissertation was titled Observational and Theoretical Study of Squall Line Evolution.

Career
Rasmussen became a research meteorologist at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and then the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS). After the study of squall lines his interest returned to supercells from the microphysical aspects of cloud particles to mesoscale environments modulating storm behavior. He was the field commander (FC) of Project VORTEX in 1994-1995 where he worked with lead forecaster Charles A. Doswell III, participated in SUB-VORTEX and VORTEX-99, STEPS, IHOP, and served on the steering committee and was a lead principal investigator (PI) for VORTEX2 in 2009-2010 as well as project manager for VORTEX-SE in 2016-2017.

Since his college days Rasmussen was a major contributor to Storm Track magazine although by the mid-1990s his previously intense interest in storm chasing was waning. For years he did research and computer programming through his company Rasmussen Systems located near Grand Junction, Colorado. This work remains supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and he consults for NSSL and CIMMS, private meteorological companies, and other entities. In 2015 Rasmussen moved back to Norman, where he continues this aforementioned work and serves as Program Manager for the VORTEX-SE project.

See also
 Robert Davies-Jones
 David Dowell
 Katharine Kanak
 Paul Markowski
 Jerry Straka
 Joshua Wurman

References

External links
 Rasmussen Systems
 NSSL awards

American meteorologists
Storm chasers
University of Oklahoma alumni
Texas Tech University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Colorado State University alumni
University of Oklahoma faculty
Living people
1957 births
National Weather Service people

Erik N. Rasmussen


Priscus Attalus (Greek: Πρίσκος Άτταλος, died after 416) was twice Roman usurper (in 409–10 and in 414–15), against Emperor Honorius, with Visigothic support. Originally a pagan, he was eventually baptized as an Arian Christian, thus becoming the last pretender to the Roman imperial office who did not profess Nicene Christianity.

Biography
Priscus Attalus was a Greek from the Roman province of Asia, whose father had moved to Italy under Valentinian I. Attalus was an important senator in Rome, who served as praefectus urbi in 409. He was twice proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths, in an effort to impose their terms on the ineffectual Emperor Honorius, in Ravenna.

He held the title of Emperor in Rome for a few months 409–410, and later in Burdigala again for a few months in 414–415. The first reign ended when Alaric believed it was hampering his negotiations with Honorius, and the second ended after he was abandoned by the Visigoths and eventually captured by Honorius's men. Attalus was obliged to participate in the triumph Honorius celebrated in the streets of Rome in 416, before finishing his days exiled in the Aeolian Islands.

See also
 Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
 List of Roman usurpers

References

 Elton, Hugh, "Attalus (409-410, 414-415 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis

5th-century Arian Christians
5th-century deaths
5th-century Roman usurpers
5th-century Western Roman emperors
Ancient Greeks in Rome
Ancient Roman exiles
Late-Roman-era pagans
Urban prefects of Rome
Year of birth unknown

Priscus Attalus


The Wizard of Oz is an American musical movie. It was produced by MGM and released by RKO in 1939. The movie is based on the children's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. This book was first published in May 1900. The book and movie are about a little girl's adventures in the land called Oz. This is still watched from 1939 to 2017.

The song "Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The movie was first televised in 1956. It became an annual Thanksgiving television special for many years. The movie was named the most-watched motion picture in history by the Library of Congress.

In 1998, the movie was sixth on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story

Dorothy (Judy Garland) lives on a drab Kansas farm with her Auntie Em and Uncle Henry (Clara Blandick and Charlie Grapewin). A powerful storm sweeps her and her house away to the Land of Oz. Upon arriving, she arrives in a town of people called "munchkins". She soon realises that her house has crushed a witch and now the witch's magical ruby slippers belong to her. The good witch, Glinda (Billie Burke), tells her that only the Wizard of Oz (Frank Morgan) can send her back home.

She must go to the Emerald City to see him. She sets off on the Yellow Brick Road wearing the witch's ruby slippers. She makes three friends on the road: a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, and a Cowardly Lion (Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr).

On the way to Emerald City, the friends are tormented by The Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton). She is the sister of the witch Dorothy killed. She wants the ruby slippers. Dorothy won't give the slippers to the witch. The friends arrive in Emerald City. The Wizard refuses to help them unless they defeat the Wicked Witch. The friends go to the Witch's castle and are captured. The Witch tries to torture the scarecrow with fire so Dorothy throws a bucket of water over the Witch, causing her to melt.

In the Emerald City, the four friends are welcomed as heroes. It is revealed that the Wizard is not actually magic and is instead just an ordinary scientist. The Wizard prepares his hot air balloon to take Dorothy back to Kansas. But the balloon takes off without her. The good witch called Glinda (Billie Burke) tells Dorothy she can go home by just clicking the heels of the ruby slippers together and thinking about home. She does this. She wakes up in her bed. Her adventures have been a dream.

Main cast

 Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
 Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
 Jack Haley as the Tin Man
 Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
 Margaret Hamilton as the Wicked Witch
 Billie Burke as Glinda, the Good Witch
 Frank Morgan as the Wizard of Oz
 Clara Blandick as Aunt Em
 Charlie Grapewin as Uncle Henry

References

Other websites
Official DVD Website

Greatest Films
RaveCentral
The Wizard of Oz tornado - on the set
Moria.co.nz Review

1939 movies
1930s family movies
1930s fantasy movies
American family movies
American fantasy movies
1930s American musical movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Kansas
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
MGM movies
Movies directed by Victor Fleming
Movies directed by King Vidor
Movies directed by Mervyn LeRoy
Movies about dreams
Movies about witchcraft
Movies about wizards

The Wizard of Oz


Andrew W. DeVries (born 1957 in Rochester, New York) is an American artist and sculptor living and working in the Berkshires of western Massachusetts.  His works, primarily in lost wax cast bronze produced at his own foundry, explore the human body portrayed through dance, though he has a substantial body of work centered in the purely symbolic form as well.

Early life and work

His early years were spent on his parents' dairy farm in Rochester, NY where he first learned to work with his hands.  Frustrated by the limitations of art classes in high school, he dropped out at the age of fifteen, but remained on his parents' farm for 5 years, painting in his spare time.  From 1978 to 1980 he drew dancers in Ballet Denver, the studios of Rieke Maria Love in Denver, CO, and it was Love that first suggested he try sculpture.   Before leaving Colorado, he apprenticed with sculptor Ed Dwight, learned the art of the foundry from Lee Schenkeir and studied mold making with Raelee Frazier. In 1984 he toured Europe, sketching in museums and city squares before settling into Paris for a six-month study at the Paris-American Academy.  Returning to the United States, in 1985 he settled in the town of Middlefield, MA and built a sculpting studio and foundry with the help of his father. Taking casting work from other sculptors at his foundry led to a close connection with Elliot Offner, then Professor of Art at Smith College in Northampton, MA and a past President of the National Sculpture Society.

Awards
 1989 National Sculpture Society's Young Sculptor Award
 1991 awarded  the Walter and Michael Lantz prize from the National Sculpture Society (NSS)
 1994 his work The Chariot was selected for the NSS International Exhibition in Seravezza, Italy
 1996 Awarded the Lindsay Morris Memorial Prize by the NSS
 2003 DeVries invited to exhibit by the Florence Biennale in Italy

Works

DeVries has accepted a number of commissions over the years, producing bronzes of Irish actor and director Vincent Dowling(2005), Congressman Silvio O. Conte(1986) and former Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Gordon H. Mansfield (2010). In 2009, the veterans group SoldierOn commissioned him to create the award they present each year, given that first year to Admiral Mike Mullen and in 2010 to Congressman John Olver.  DeVries exhibits and has done bronze casting demonstrations at museums such as Chesterwood Museum (where he was artist in residence for 12 years), Norman Rockwell Museum, Springfield Museums, Ventfort Hall Museum of the Golden Age, the Berkshire Museum and the Clark Art Institute, and was featured in the WGBY-TV program called Making It Here. He has done large solo exhibitions in Northampton, MA and Old Lyme, CT as well as a town wide installation of 25 large works in Lenox, MA where his gallery DeVries Fine Art International, Inc. is located. From March through November 2013, an exhibition of more than 40 of his bronzes and 20 of his pastel drawings were featured at The National Museum of Dance in Saratoga Springs, NY. DeVries' sculpture is in private and corporate collections around the world, and in the U.S. Library of Congress.

References

External links
 Andrew DeVries Website
 ; Sculpting and Bronze Casting Video

Living people
1957 births
20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors

Andrew DeVries


Ellis Hollins (born 14 November 1999) is an English actor. He is known for portraying the role of Tom Cunningham in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks. In 2006, he appeared in Alpha Male, a family film released in the United Kingdom.

Acting work
At age 3, Hollins was cast as Tom Cunningham in Channel 4's soap opera Hollyoaks.

In 2006, Hollins played the part of Nathan Lamis in the Dan Wilde production of Alpha Male. Hollins' part was dramatic and he undertook all his own stunts.

Hollins has been involved in many dramatic Hollyoaks storylines playing Tom, including the death of both his parents and his brother; starting a fire while playing with matches; going to court for attacking intruder Esther Bloom; getting kidnapped and a teenage pregnancy and adoption storyline when Tom got his on-screen girlfriend Peri Lomax pregnant.

Hollins has also appeared in several Hollyoaks spin-offs. In November 2008, he appeared in all five episodes of series one of Hollyoaks Later, a late night spin-off series to Hollyoaks airing at 10pm on E4 over 5 consecutive nights. Hollins was involved in one of the main stories of the series, which saw Tom kidnapped by crazed Niall Rafferty. Hollins has appeared in all three series of the Hollyoaks Music show which aired on Saturday mornings on T4 over several months in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Hollins appeared as his Hollyoaks character, nicknamed 'Lil Tom' in a segment which saw Tom Cunningham interview various music artists. He also appeared in the October 2009 spin-off series Hollyoaks: The Good, the Bad and the Gorgeous, which took a look back at some of the best moments in Hollyoaks. The special also featured various specially filmed segments and Hollins appeared in one as Tom. Hollins started alongside Carley Stenson (Steph Cunningham).

In 2012, Hollins played the role of a young Hans Christian Andersen in the BBC Radio 4 drama The Beautiful Ugly.

Awards
Hollins has become popular amongst Hollyoaks fans and was nominated for a British Soap Award in the 'Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress' category in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011. He won the award in 2006. Hollins won Best Young Actor at the Inside Soap Awards in 2006 and 2008 and was nominated for the award in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011.  In 2008, he won Best Child Actor at the inaugural Digital Spy Soap Awards. In 2009 in a poll for Inside Soap magazine, Hollins' Hollyoaks character, Tom, was voted 'Soap's Greatest Ever Youngster'. Hollins was also nominated for Best Young Actor at the 2012 Inside Soap Magazine awards.

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
Male actors from Oldham
English male child actors
English male soap opera actors
English male radio actors
21st-century English male actors

Ellis Hollins


28th Guards Order of the Red Banner Missile Division () is a missile division under command of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces of Russia headquartered at Kozelsk in Kaluga Oblast.

History
28th Guards Red Banner Missile Division was formed on May 3, 1961, on the base of 198th Engineer Missile Brigade. On August 4, the Division received its colors.

The first training launch (R-2 missile) was performed on August 18.

On May 30, 1964, two regiments armed with R-9 Desna ICBM were formed under command of the 28th Division. Between 1967 and 1969 eleven UR-100 regiments were formed.

On President's order one of the regiments received title Kaluga. On September 12, 2007, one of the regiments (07390) was disbanded.

There were plans to disband the entire division by 2010, but on November 5, 2008 President Dmitry Medvedev during his speech at the joint session of Russia's Parliament announced that the 28th Division will resume its mission.

In 2013, work began on the rearmament of 10 silos of the 28th Missile Division with the silo complex version of the RS-24 "Yars" which completed in 2018.

Commanders

Equipment
In 1961-1964 the 28th Division received 15 R-9 Desna ICBM launchers, including 6 silos.

In 1967 the first (out of 11) UR-100 regiment was formed.

By 1978 6 out of 11 UR-100 regiments received modified UR-100N (US DOD: SS-19 Stiletto) missiles. As of 2010 UR-100N remains the only ICBM in service with the division.

References

Rocket divisions of the Soviet Union
Rocket divisions of Russia
Military units and formations established in 1961

28th Guards Rocket Division


Caroline Hervé (born 1973), known professionally as Miss Kittin, is a French electronic music producer, DJ, singer, and songwriter. Since rising to prominence in 1998 for her singles "1982" and "Frank Sinatra" with The Hacker, she has worked with other musicians such as Chicks on Speed, Felix da Housecat and Golden Boy. She released her debut solo album I Com in 2004, a second, BatBox, in 2008, and a third, Calling from the Stars, in 2013. She achieved international popularity with the singles "Rippin Kittin" and "Silver Screen Shower Scene".

Life and career

1973–1994: Early life
Miss Kittin was born Caroline Hervé in 1973 in Grenoble, a city in the Alps, in southeastern France. Music such as Genesis, Supertramp, Miles Davis, Maria Callas, Pink Floyd and The Beatles became a prominent part of her and her parents' lives. At the age of 6, Hervé often played piano for fun at her grandparents', and reproduced melodies from the radio. Miss Kittin tried taking piano lessons but gave up after 2 years. In addition, she started practicing ballet when she was 5 years old and continued until she was 22.

After earning her high school degree in 1990, Miss Kittin studied art, first in Marseille (1991), then in the Beaux-Arts of Grenoble to specialize in contemporary art (1993–94). She finished her graphic design program in Amiens in 1995 before starting her full-time DJ job.

1995–1997: Career beginnings
As time progressed, Kittin found herself emulating her parents' musical tastes by developing an interest in musical genres ranging from classic, jazz, funk, and disco to English pop. Finding her niche in electronic music in 1991, Kittin raved all around the country before doing her first mix in April 1993. Her first set came one year later in 1994, at which time she started her career with Tekmics Booking Agency. When she was 22, she began DJing, spinning records in France, Moscow and Chicago with Mike Dearborn. A major break came for the producer/DJ when she received bookings for the Dragon Ball events in southern France. In 1996, she moved to Geneva, Switzerland, and joined the Mental Groove Records group. A trio of early productions on various-artists compilations were scattered throughout 1996 and 1997.

1998–2003: The Hacker, First Album and Or
The first records she bought for DJing were Richie Hawtin's Fuse and Robert Hood's The Protein Valve. It took her three months to earn enough money at her job as a supermarket cashier to buy a secondhand pair of Technics decks, both of which she still uses. In 1997, she met DJ Hell in Marseille, who wanted her to record for his International DJ Gigolo label. In 1998, she presented him with the EP Champagne that she recorded with The Hacker. Champagne included tracks such as "1982" and "Frank Sinatra", which became anthems of the electroclash scene and underground hits in Europe. It further included a cover of the song "Dirty Talk" by Klein + M.B.O. In 1999, the duo released the EP Intimités, which included a cover of the Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)".

Miss Kittin & The Hacker released First Album in 2001. First Album received positive reviews from contemporary critics; according to the music review aggregation of Metacritic, it garnered an average score of 68/100. The album was listed on several Best Albums of the Decade lists. Despite not charting, the album sold over 50,000 copies worldwide. Slant Magazine placed "Frank Sinatra" at number eighty-six on its 100 Greatest Dance Songs list. Other songs on the album include "Stock Exchange" and "The Beach".

While touring with The Hacker in support of their debut album, Miss Kittin met Felix da Housecat at a Swiss festival. The next day, Kittin and Felix composed "Silver Screen Shower Scene" and "Madame Hollywood" in a friend's small studio in Geneva. She also cowrote and was featured on the songs "Voicemail" and "What Does It Feel Like?" from Felix da Housecat's album Kittenz and Thee Glitz. The album received positive reviews from contemporary critics, garnering an average score of 78/100 on the music review aggregation of Metacritic. "Silver Screen Shower Scene" became one of the first electroclash songs to reach the UK Top 40, peaking at number thirty-nine. "Madame Hollywood" peaked at number nineteen on the Canadian Singles Chart. In 2001, Sven Väth featured Miss Kittin on a cover of "Je t'aime... moi non-plus", the Serge Gainsbourg song. After shooting the music video for "Je t'aime... moi non-plus", Miss Kittin decided to move to Berlin and take a job as an A&R consultant at Mute Records Germany.

In 2002, she released the techno music compilations On the Road and Radio Caroline Vol.1. Both albums received positive reviews for showcasing her talents "as a DJ rather than an electroclash diva", who "finally tears down the facade, proving that she is much more than the champagne-toasting chanteuse that her sensual accent and fashionista lyrics have always suggested."

Golden Boy first met Miss Kittin after she remixed one of his songs. In 2001, the duo released the album Or on Ladomat 2000. The single "Rippin Kittin", released in the same year, references the Misfits' song "Mommy, Can I Go Out & Kill Tonight?" from the band's album Walk Among Us. After being endorsed by Neil Tennant of the Pet Shop Boys, the single became a club success in Europe and became Miss Kittin's first No. 1 single on the UK Dance Chart. Pitchfork Media placed "Rippin Kittin" at number four-hundred thirty-five on its Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s list. In addition, Stylus Decade placed the song at number seventy-five on its Top 100 Singles of the 2000s list.

She collaborated with Chicks on Speed and sang on the songs "Shick Shaving" and "Wordy Rappinghood" from their album 99 Cents in 2003. "Wordy Rappinghood" also featured guest vocals by other female musicians such as Kevin Blechdom, Le Tigre, Adult.'s Nicola Kuperus, and Tina Weymouth of the Tom Tom Club. The song became a moderate dance hit in Europe, peaking at number five on the Belgian Dance Chart, and at number sixty-six on the UK Singles Chart.

2004–2007: Solo career and I Com

On 24 May 2004, Miss Kittin released her debut solo album I Com through NovaMute in the United Kingdom, and through Astralwerks in the United States. She collaborated with The Hacker, Toby Neumann and Thies Mynther for the album. Miss Kittin had met Tobi Neumann and Thies Mynther aka "Glove" after working with them on the Chicks on Speed song "Shick Shaving" and after recording lyrics for Steve Bug. The album received positive reviews from contemporary critics, earning an average score of 73/100 on the music review aggregation of Metacritic. I Com yielded three singles: "Professional Distortion", "Requiem for a Hit" and "Happy Violentine". The song "Professional Distortion" became Miss Kittin's first solo single to chart on the French Singles Chart. Several of the remixes of the three singles were later complied and released on Miss Kittin's EP Mixing Me.

In 2004, Miss Kittin created her own label Nobody's Bizzness. The label would eventually release her albums BatBox and Two after her departure from NovaMute. She said of the label's purpose, "I created my own label 'Nobody's Bizzness' to release my finished album and keep the maximum freedom with my music." Additionally, Kittin appeared on the song "Masterplan" from The Hacker's album Rêves Mécaniques in 2004.

She released Live at Sónar in 2006, recorded at the electronic music festival Sónar in Barcelona. For Sónar, Miss Kittin provided impromptu new vocals to her established catalogue. During the festival, she was assisted by Aphex Twin, Modeselektor, Boom Bip, and The Hacker. The album was jointly released by Labels and NovaMute.

Miss Kittin also released the double-disc CD A Bugged Out Mix in 2006 through Resist Music and System Recordings. Disc One Perfect Night combines underground classics (Mike Ink), electro (Cajmere) and minimal techno (Adam Beyer) while the second disc Perfect Day is a mix of Miss Kittin's favourite post-club tracks from artists such as Wagon Christ, Monolake and Biosphere.

In 2007, Miss Kittin & The Hacker reunited to release the single "Hometown / Dimanche" through Good Life Recordings. The music video for "Hometown" was directed by Régis Brochier of 7th floor Productions.

2008–2012: BatBox, Reunion with The Hacker and Two
After two years in the making and almost four years since her debut album I Com, Miss Kittin released her second album, BatBox on 4 February 2008, on her label Nobody's Bizzness. BatBox'''s thirteen original songs were composed whilst touring throughout the world. Miss Kittin described the tracks as a flirtation with Goth culture, as reflected in vocal lines such as "bat in a box / show me what you goth". Artist Rob Reger designed the cover and included his "Emily the Strange" cartoon in a 12-page foldout booklet for the album. Miss Kittin released the singles "Kittin Is High" and "Grace" to promote the album.

In 2008, Miss Kittin & The Hacker reunited as a duo, and toured throughout America and around the world, before they both started recording new songs, some of which were performed whilst touring. Two, their second album together, was released in March 2009. The album was released 8 years after their first and only full LP as a duo. Two received positive reviews from contemporary critics; according to the music review aggregation of Metacritic, it garnered an average score of 62/100. Their first single from the album "PPPO" was released in March 2009 followed by the single "1000 Dreams". Their third and final single from the album "Party in My Head" was released in June 2009. The Thieves Like Us remix of "Party in My Head" was released a free download on XLR8Rs website. Miss Kittin & The Hacker also included a cover of Elvis Presley's "Suspicious Minds" on the album, for which they filmed a promotional music video directed by Régis Brochier of 7th floor Productions. "Suspicious Minds" was later featured on the downloadable for free mixtape Skull of Dreams by Little Boots.

Miss Kittin was featured on Primal Scream's cover of "Diamonds, Fur Coat, Champagne" for a limited-edition 10-inch vinyl pressing. A total of 3,000 copies were pressed and released on 30 March 2009. The song is a part of a series of Suicide covers by other musicians such as The Horrors and Lydia Lunch released on the Blast First Petite label to celebrate Suicide frontman Alan Vega's 70th birthday. Miss Kittin remixed Felix da Housecat's song "We All Wanna Be Prince" in 2009, changing the word "Prince" into "princess". She also appeared on the single "Le Flaneur" from the album Elemental Assets by Estroe in 2009. In 2010, Miss Kittin was featured on the song "DNA" from the album Ever Since by Xenia Beliayeva.

On 10 January 2011, Miss Kittin released the single "All You Need" on Mobilee Records. On 28 March, a free download of her song "Silver Lake" was released through SoundCloud to promote Soul Aid, a program to raise money for Civic Force, an emergency relief organization stationed in Kesennuma after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

2013–2017: Calling from the Stars
Miss Kittin released Calling from the Stars on 19 April 2013. A double album with 23 new songs, it includes a cover version of R.E.M.'s "Everybody Hurts". Some of the tracks were made available prior to the album release, such as "Bassline".
She also released the Track "Hide" on the Vocal Collaboration Album "Features" by Kris Menace. The Video to the Single received an Vimeo Staff Pick.

2018–2021: Cosmos

Miss Kittin released her first concept album Cosmos under the name Kittin on 2 November 2018.
She wrote: "Who are we, why are we here and where are we going?
Metaphysics - Quantum Physics - Science - Philosophy - Spirituality - Art - Poetry - Existential questions.
Everything is energy. Back to the core. Curiosity. Freedom.
Free of pop and dance floor diktats: no chorus no verse no 4/4 beats.
Just chords, organic atmospheres and textures.
A research on the sound reflecting soul and mind, art and science.
Voice as an instrument like any other.
A continuous soundtrack with no break no silence.
An odyssey.
An ode to the most classical form of electronic music that is Electronica, Ambient, IDM (Intelligent Dance Music) and its heroes."

2022: Third

Influences
Caroline has mentioned her admiration for Maurice Dantec, Serge Gainsbourg, Laurent Garnier, Daft Punk,  Kompakt, Thomas Brinkmann, Sven Väth, Chicks on Speed, Madonna, Prince, Adult., Dopplereffekt, Drexciya, Fischerspooner, Rush, Felix da Housecat, Dr. Dre, Bret Easton Ellis, James Ellroy, Frank Sinatra, Mute Records, Warp Records, Cher, Boards of Canada, Andrew Weatherall, Richard D. James, Stanley Kubrick, Cabaret Voltaire, New Order, DAF, Visage, Ultravox, Fad Gadget, Front 242, Depeche Mode, Kiss, Indochine, and David Bowie.

Discography

 Or (with Golden Boy) (2001)
 First Album (with The Hacker) (2001)
 I Com (2004)
 BatBox (2008)
 Two (with The Hacker) (2009)
 Calling from the Stars (2013)
 Cosmos (2018)
 Third (with The Hacker) (2022)

Filmography

See also
 List of electroclash bands and artists

References

External links

 Miss Kittin interview @ Mute/Control (Spanish).

1973 births
A&R people
Astralwerks artists
Club DJs
Electroclash
EMI Records artists
English-language singers from France
Women DJs
French dance musicians
French DJs
French electronic musicians
French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
Living people
Mute Records artists
Musicians from Grenoble
Remixers
Rough Trade Records artists
French women in electronic music
Electronic dance music DJs
21st-century French singers
21st-century French women singers
Women record producers
Hip hop DJs
Hip hop women DJs
Electroclash groups

Miss Kittin