Treaty 8, which concluded with the June 21, 1899, signing by representatives of the Crown and various First Nations of the Lesser Slave Lake area, is the most comprehensive of the eleven Numbered Treaties. The agreement encompassed a land mass of approximately . Treaty territory, which includes thirty-nine First Nation communities in northern Alberta, northwestern Saskatchewan, northeastern British Columbia, and the southwest portion of the Northwest Territories, making it the largest of the numbered treaty in terms of area. The treaty was negotiated just south of present-day Grouard, Alberta.

The Crown had between 1871 and 1877 signed Treaties 1 to 7. Treaties 1 to 7 cover the southern portions of what was the North-West Territories. At that time, the Government of Canada had not considered a treaty with the First Nations in what would be the Treaty 8 territory necessary, as conditions in the north were not considered conducive to settlement. Along with the Douglas Treaties, Treaty 8 was the last treaty signed between the Crown and the First Nations in British Columbia until the Nisga'a Final Agreement.

The boundary between Treaty 8 and Treaty 11 is ambiguous. The Yellowknives Dene First Nation is a signatory to Treaty 8, but according to the text of the treaties the Yellowknives Nation's territory, known as Chief Drygeese Territory, is within Treaty 11.

Overview
According to the official Treaty 8 web page, the terms of the treaty were accepted by the signatories for "reasons of peace and friendship" as part of a partnership. It was the most comprehensive of all the Numbered Treaties which included approximately  of land that spanned the northern regions of what are now three provincesBritish Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewanand the Northwest Territories. There are thirty-nine First Nations communities that are included in Treaty 8. Grand Chief Arthur Noskey of the First Nations of Treaty 8 Alberta was re-elected on July 30, 2021.

Background
In the late 1890s, as prospectors and settlersinspired by the Klondike Gold Rushtravelled to unceded territories that were north of Treaty 6, the Canadian government extended the treaty process north to include that region. It included Lake Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, some areas around the Peace River region. By that time, the Geological Survey of Canada had also published reports that there was petroleum in the Athabaska region.

Treaty
The land covered by Treaty 8, , is larger than France and includes northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, northwestern Saskatchewan and a southernmost portion of the Northwest Territories.  Adhesions to this agreement were signed that same year on July 1, 1899, at Peace River Landing, July 6 at Dunvegan, July 8 at Fort Vermilion, July 13 at Fort Chipewyan, July 17 at Smith's Landing (now Fitzgerald), July 25 and 27 at Fond du Lac, August 4 at Fort McMurray, and August 14 at Wabasca Lake. Further adhesions were in 1900 on May 13 at Fort St. John, June 8 at Lesser Slave Lake, June 23 at Fort Vermilion and July 25 at Fort Resolution.

Chief Keenooshayoo was one of the First Nations signatories to Treaty 8. First Nations that are considered signatories to Treaty 8 include Woodland Cree, Dane-zaa (or Beaver) and Chipewyan. Other signatories included David Laird, Father Albert Lacombe, Rev. George Homes, Bishop Émile Grouard, J.A.J. McKenna, James Hamilton Ross, W.G. White, James Walker, A. Arthur Cote, A.E. Snyder, H.B. Round, Harrison S. Young, J.F. Prud'Homme, C. Mair, H.A. Conroy, Pierre Deschambeault, Joseph Henri Picard, Richard Secord, Matthew McCauley, Headman Moostoos, Headman Felix Giroux, and Headman Wee Chee Way Sis, Headman Charles Neesotasis.

According to the University of Lethbridge's historian, Raymond Huel, prior to entering negotiations for Treaty, officials turned to Oblate (OMI) missionaries for assistance as they had lived among the First Nations. The Oblates, had been eye-witnesses to the rapid deterioration of the lifestyle of First Nations since the 1870s, and considered the treaties to be the "lesser of two evils", according to Huel. Government officials chose the Catholic missionary, Albert Lacombe, (OMI) as Treaty 8 signatory and government consultant and mediator, because of his many years of experience with the First Nations who had come to trust him. Lacombe was charged by the government to be present to help convince First Nations that it was in their interest to enter into a treaty.  He was present on June 21, 1899, and assured the First Nations that their lives would remain, more or less, unchanged.  He was also present at some of the meetings at which adhesions were signed. The elements of Treaty 8 included provisions to maintain livelihood for the native populations in this  region, such as entitlements to land, ongoing financial support, annual shipments of hunting supplies, and hunting rights on ceded lands, unless those ceded lands were used for forestry, mining, settlement or other purposes.

See also
 List of treaties
 Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia
 The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada

References

External links
 Treaty Texts - Treaty No. 8 from the Government of Canada
 Treaty 8 First Nations of Alberta
 Treaty 8 Tribal Association (British Columbia)
 List of Treaty 8 First Nations in Saskatchewan

Numbered Treaties
Dane-zaa
Political history of British Columbia
Political history of Alberta
Political history of Saskatchewan
History of the Northwest Territories
First Nations history
Treaties concluded in 1899
Treaties concluded in 1900
1899 in Alberta

Treaty 8


Johann Stumpf of the Charlottenburg Technical College in Berlin is best known for popularising the uniflow steam engine, in the years around 1909, and his name has always been associated with it. The basic uniflow principle had been invented many years before.

Idea

Stumpf's 'Uniflow' system aroused interest among engine designers in the years before the First World War, at first in his native Germany and later elsewhere. The Uniflow principle was known previously, and Stumpf's work was really its practical application. In Stumpf's system steam was admitted at one end of the cylinder, and the used steam left through a ring of ports at the other end of the cylinder. This allowed the admission end to stay hot, as it was not cooled by the exhaust on its way out, and so improved efficiency. In a double-acting engine the exhaust ports were in the middle of the cylinder.

Almost all uniflow engines were large stationary types, but the system was tried by, among others, the North Eastern Railway in England, as described by Tuplin (see sources). Briefly, the system worked well and obtained a small increase in economy by decreasing fuel consumption, but at the price structure prevailing at that time the extra constructional and maintenance costs were greater than the coal economy. H.W. Dickinson's A Short History of The Steam Engine makes it clear that the concept of the uniflow engine reached back to Montgolfier and Jacob Perkins (who patented the idea) and Leonard Jennett Todd (Patent No. 7801): Dickinson then gives Stumpf of Charlottenburg University his due citing a paper by T.B. Perry Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 1920 (1922?).

Patents

5429/1908 Application (original: 7 March 1908), UK 6 March 1909, Accepted 15 July 1909. Improvements in four-cylinder locomotive engines
25,531/1910 Application 3 November 1910, Accepted 2 March 1911. Improvements relating to manoeuvring and like gear for uni-directional flow steam engines
16,442 /1910 Application (original: 5 March 1910) 9 July 1910, Accepted 23 March 1911. Improvements relating to valves
16,383/1910 Application (original: 18 June 1910) 8 July 1910, Accepted 20 October 1910. Improvements relating to uni-directional flow steam engines

Sources

The Unaflow steam engine. 1912 (translated Stumpf Uniflow Engine Co., Syracuse (NY))

Year of birth missing
19th-century births
Year of death missing
20th-century deaths
Steam engine engineers
Engineers from Berlin
German mechanical engineers
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin

Johann Stumpf (engineer)


Eímhín Craddock, former drummer with Galway band, The Saw Doctors, born 1986.

A native of Caherlistrane, Craddock began drumming around 1996. His interest in music developed while at secondary school in Headford, County Galway. A fan of The Saw Doctors since childhood, he joined the band in January 2007, having previously performed with Tuam musician, Noelie McDonnell.

The Saw Doctors' 2010 Album "The Further Adventures Of..." includes Eímhín's writing, evident on songs such as "Takin' The Train" and "Be Yourself."

Craddock has toured extensively with the group since he first joined, performing in the UK, Australia and the US.

Eímhín now plays with the Headford band "EDFT" and is a drum teacher at Cloughanover School of Rock.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100701061317/http://www.galwayindependent.com/profiles/profiles/eimhin-cradock-%11-drummer-with-the-saw-doctors/

Musicians from County Galway
Irish male drummers
Living people
1986 births
21st-century Irish drummers
21st-century Irish male musicians
The Saw Doctors members

Eímhín Craddock


Francisca Lucas Pereira Gomes (born 1942), normally known as Francisca Pereira, is a former Bissau-Guinean nurse, independence activist and current politician.

She was born in Bolama, the former capital of the Portuguese colony of Portuguese Guinea.

As a young woman she joined the Guinea-Bissau Liberation Movement (Movimento para Independência Nacional da Guiné Portuguesa) (later the PAIGC) in 1959/60. She first worked in the Secretariat of the PAIGC in Conakry, being sent in 1965 to Kiev in the former USSR to receive training as a nurse. From 1967, she was deputy director of the Escola Piloto in Conakry, a training centre for Guinea-Bissauan child soldiers and war refugees.

During the years of revolution she worked as a nurse in PAIGC-occupied areas in Guinea and then at the PAIGC hospital at Ziguinchor in Senegal. Between 1970 and 1975 she represented the women's corps at several PAIGC conferences.

Since independence, Pereira held various offices in the Guinea-Bissau state. She was the Mayor of her home town of Bolama and chairman of the Guinea-Bissau Women's Union (União Democrática the Mulheres da Guiné-Bissau). After the democratization of Guinea-Bissau and the introduction of the multi-party system, Pereira held positions such as Minister for Women's Affairs (from 1990 to 1994), the first Deputy President of the National Assembly (from 1994 to 1997) and Minister of the Interior (from 1997 to 1999).

In 2002 she was appointed Minister of State for political affairs and diplomacy.

References

 This article is based on a translation of the equivalent article in German Wikipedia.

1942 births
Living people
Bissau-Guinean activists
Bissau-Guinean women activists
Bissau-Guinean nurses
Women's ministers
Government ministers of Guinea-Bissau
Female interior ministers
Women mayors of places in Guinea-Bissau
Mayors of places in Guinea-Bissau
People from Bolama Region
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde politicians
20th-century women politicians
21st-century women politicians
Women government ministers of Guinea-Bissau
African women in war

Francisca Pereira


Himbo, a portmanteau of the words him and bimbo, is a slang term for an attractive but unintelligent man. The first known use dates back to 1988; the word gained renewed popularity and attention in the 2020s. Since its inception, the term and the stereotype it describes have generated a range of commentary and reactions from writers, entertainers, linguists, and cultural analysts.

Etymology and definitions

Several dictionaries cite 1988 as the first time the word himbo was used. By then, the word bimbo, which earlier in the 20th century had been used for both males and females, was being used predominately for females, so himbo, a combination of "him" and "bimbo", was coined to refer specifically to males. The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English cites a 1988 Washington Post description of a "macho himbo who strutted the Croisette wearing a 16 foot python like a stole around his shoulders and neck".<ref name=Partridge>Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor, The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Routledge, Nov 27, 2014</ref>

Partridge defines himbo as "a man objectified by his good looks and presumed lack of intellectual qualities, a man who trades on this image, a gigolo".

Merriam-Webster's definition is "an attractive but vacuous man".

As the word generated popularity in the early 2020s, the word himbo began to be associated with a positive masculine archetype of being attractive, stupid, but also kind and goodhearted, as the "human version of a golden retriever—beautiful, incredibly well-intentioned, and dumb."

 Use in popular culture

20th century
In 1995, Sherri Sylvester of CNN interviewed male Hollywood celebrities about the use of the term "himbo" and sexual objectification of men in entertainment and received a range of reactions. "There's a great word," said actor Keanu Reeves. "I love that. I read that and laughed my head off." Tom Selleck said he was "always flattered to be called a sex symbol" but Sylvester Stallone said he had fought "the stereotype that brawny means brainless" for years. David Charvet of Baywatch noted, "You find yourself doing a show for three years where you are sticking your chest out and your shoulders are back and you're holding in your stomach and you realize that that's so boring after a while."

In a 1994 interview, sociologist Michael Kimmel, who analyzes the himbo stereotype in his book Manhood in America: A Cultural History, said there are two types of himbos, those created for women, like the model Fabio, and those created for men, like Arnold Schwarzenegger or Sylvester Stallone. The man's himbo, says Kimmel, is usually known for having some kind of prowess, like Charles Atlas or Stallone, whereas the woman's himbo is 'kinder and gentler' like Woody Harrelson or, like Fabio, "a male Zsa Zsa Gabor... famous for doing very little."Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History Oxford University Press, 2012 -

"You could legitimately call it a victory for men, that we now have men famous for doing nothing," Kimmel noted. He also observes that the origin of the himbo stereotype can be seen in mid-twentieth century television shows, whose audiences were primarily women, "that traditionally present Mother as the all-wise and Father as a bit of a bumbling idiot".

In her 1995 book, Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership, communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson uses bimbo and himbo as examples of 'linguistic reversal' which "creates a range of condemnation applicable to men that mirrors that for women."
"Each of these moves invites us to examine our presuppositions", she states, and "makes it less likely that language penalizing women will be taken for granted in future exchanges." Another example she cites is trophy wife and trophy husband.

Season 1 Episode 8 of the TV series Oh, Grow Up was called "Himbo" (1999).

21st century

In 2006, Seventeen editor Atoosa Rubenstein and psychologist Jeff Gradere spoke on the Today Show about the "himbo cultural phenomenon". Rubenstein describes variations of himbos like the Hound Dog Himbo and the Socialite Himbo, and compares current actors to the different categories. ""The girls love [himbos] because they are malleable." she said. "As women become more successful, they want a guy who isn't going to take over their lives....they are the wave of the future." Gradere was more critical of the phenomenon, saying that boys trying to 'dumb down' or use their sexuality to get attention or financial support was no better than girls doing the same thing." "We understand the value of women taking on more masculine roles and men assuming what were once considered more traditional female roles. However, somewhere along the way, himbos have warped this idea and turned it into a free ride at the expense of women, which is disrespectful and manipulative."

By the early 2000s, himbo was frequently being used in entertainment. In an interview for the 2004 documentary Frodo Is Great... Who Is That?!!, Jemaine Clement stated that fans of the eponymous Lord of the Rings extra "[make] him out to be quite a himbo".
A 2006 episode of the TV series Freddie was called "Freddie the Himbo".
In 2007, the Ugly Betty character Daniel Meade was described as a "himbo" in Season 1, Episode 11 of the show.

Lauren Bans of GQ Magazine discussed the rise of the himbo character in entertainment in her 2012 article, "Bimbos with Balls", noting the proliferation of "a new breed of buffed up hollow men" was replacing female bimbo characters in shows like New Girl, Cougar Town, and Parks and Recreation, 30 Rock, as well as movies like Magic Mike and Showgirls. Citing even earlier himbo appearances in Seinfeld and Friends, Bans theorizes that the 21st century has spawned a "Golden Age of himbodom", based on a new Hollywood vision of women as "crass sexual aggressors" who "need subjects to crassly sexually aggress".

In the chapter "Let's Hear it for the Boy Toy" of their book The Hookup Handbook: A Single Girl's Guide to Living It Up, authors Jessica Rozler and Andrea Lavinthal describe a variety of himbo 'types' such as actors, bartenders, models, and personal trainers, as well as identifying features of different kinds of "Himbo Hookups", including The Beauty and The Beast Complex, the Sugar Mama, and so on.

Noreen Malone of The New Republic correlates the rise of the himbo stereotype and its "ornamental masculinity" in 2012 with the disappearance of opportunities for 'real expressions of manly manliness', especially for working-class men, as well as to a shift in power dynamics between men and women.

In the early 2020s, after a Twitter user called the term himbo "ableist", a flurry of news articles and commentary about the term appeared, some of which defended the positive attributes of the himbo stereotype, like emotional  intelligence and loyalty.

Synonyms

Synonyms for himbo include bimboy, mimbo, boy toy and Blank Chuck.Miles Jaffe, The Hamptons Dictionary: The Essential Guide to Class Warfare, Red Wheel Weiser, Apr 1, 2008

The Jamaican version, according to Dancehall Dictionary, which defines himbo as "a young man paid for his sexual services by an older woman", is 'tadpole'.

In a speech on hookup culture at Chico State University, a presenter included himbo on a list of synonyms for 'sexually promiscuous man' that also included Casanova, ladies man, prostitute, man hoe, and Benedict".

In a UK reader survey reported in the book Language, Power and Society, himbo was offered as a synonym for toy boy, along with other expressions like joy boy, lap chap, and boncubine''.

Some commentators have continued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to use the original term "bimbo" when referring to someone as an unintelligent, vacuous, or brutish man, such as a reporter's description of Dan Quayle or Stephen Richter's reflections on Donald Trump. In 2020, Biden got the same treatment.

References

Stereotypes of men
Slang
Slang terms for men
Sexual slang
Male stock characters
1980s neologisms
Terms for men
Stereotypes
Popular culture neologisms
Pejorative terms for men

Himbo


Edward II is a ballet in two acts, with music by the English composer John McCabe.

Commissioned by Stuttgart Ballet, with a narrative conceived by choreographer David Bintley, the ballet largely follows the plot of Christopher Marlowe's play of the same name, rather than the life of the real Edward. Bintley incorporates elements of the 14th century satire Roman de Fauvel with the character of Edward, replacing that of the ass Fauvel, Piers Gaveston as the Fool, and Queen Isabella as the Virgin. As such, the narrative depicts the self-obsessed sexual relationships of the three main characters with the increasing civil unrest in the country as a backdrop.

Although McCabe's score uses motifs associated with music of medieval times, the treatment is modern, with the orchestra including a large battery of percussion as well as a celesta and electric guitar.

The ballet was premiered in Stuttgart on 15 April 1995. The UK première was given by the Birmingham Royal Ballet at the Birmingham Hippodrome on 9 October 1997. The score was recorded by Hyperion Records in 1999, with the Royal Ballet Sinfonia conducted by Barry Wordsworth.

See also
 List of historical ballet characters

References

Ballets by David Bintley
Compositions by John McCabe
1995 ballet premieres
Cultural depictions of Edward II of England

Edward II (ballet)


One Town One Product (OTOP) is a project begun in 1989 and supervised by the Small and Medium Enterprise Administration (SMEA) of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Republic of China (ROC) to promote products from the territories in the ROC jurisdiction.

History
In 1989, to promote local companies in Taiwan, the Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, an organization under the control of Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs, had adapted the concept of "One Town One Product" from Japan and formed an expert team to research local industries and distinctive products in Taiwan. This expert team was composed of specialists from design, financing, marketing working side by side with local companies to promote excellent products from Taiwan, especially ones that are blend of tradition and the unique art of Taiwan. OTOP at the present time has regroups more than 100 companies around Taiwan, Pescadores, and Matsu Islands.

Under the close supervision and help from Small and Medium Enterprises Administration, companies have transformed the natural simple resources into masterpieces of Taiwanese traditional art which is blended by the touch of Taiwanese artist. Today, with more than 1000 products have exhibited daily in OTOP centers around the island.

Products
Under the supervision and encouragement from the Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, all the products of OTOP are handcrafts and have made from locally available material using wisdom and skill handed down from generation to generation.

The OTOP project has strong support from the Taiwanese government on different levels – identifying the potential OTOP product, advising on design and production, packaging and design that can attract both local and international markets.

Challenges
With the support of Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, many selected products have exhibited in OTOP centers and many fairs organized by SMEA to promote these quality products into domestic and international markets. Many websites were set up to market Taiwanese town products.

OTOP Shop
From last year and this year two OTOP shops were opened in Kaohsiung and in Taipei 101 to provide a greater access to international buyers and tourists varieties of traditional products developed under the OTOP – Taiwan Project.

See also
One Tambon One Product
One Village One Product
One Town, One Product (OTOP) - Philippines

References

External links
OTOP Online OTOP – Taiwan official site

Product management
Economic development programs
Economy of Taiwan
Development in Asia

One Town One Product (Republic of China)


Dr. František Sláma (3 November 1850 in Chotěboř – 25 April 1917 in Brno) was a Czech writer, traveller, lawyer and politician. He is known as the first person who spread the knowledge about Silesia to the Czech lands.

He came to Silesia in 1882 when began working as a judge in Cieszyn, the centre of the Duchy of Teschen. He then decided to travel across the Silesian territory, as he was fascinated by local history and traditions. His travels are documented in his most known book Vlastenecké putování po Slezsku (Patriotic Journeys through Silesia).

He was also a deputy in the Bohemian Diet in Prague from 1895 to 1907, and in the Austrian House of Deputies in Vienna from 1891 to 1911. Sláma was active in the Young Czech Party as well as many other organizations.

Works
 Vlastenecké putování po Slezsku (1886)
 Ze zápiskův soudce (1888)
 Dějiny Těšínska (1889)
 U Trúby Štramberské (1890)
 Pán Lysé hory (1891)
 Černá kněžna (1891)
 Slezské pohádky a pověsti (1893)
 Z naší minulosti (1895)
 Jak stíhal strýc Bečka mořské loupežníky (1900)

References

External links

  Vlastenecké putování po Slezsku online at Książnica Cieszyńska Library

1850 births
1917 deaths
People from Chotěboř
Young Czech Party politicians
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1891–1897)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1897–1900)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1901–1907)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1907–1911)
Czech journalists
20th-century Czech judges
Czech male writers
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
University of Zagreb alumni
19th-century Czech judges
Writers from Austria-Hungary
Jurists from Austria-Hungary

František Sláma (politician)


Dionysius of Cyrene (), lived c. 150 BC, was a Stoic philosopher and mathematician.

He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus.

He was famed as a mathematician, and he is probably the Dionysius whose arguments are attacked by Philodemus in his book On Signs (), where Dionysius is reported as arguing that the Sun must be very large because it reappears slowly from behind an obstruction.

Notes

Hellenistic-era philosophers from Africa
Stoic philosophers
2nd-century BC Greek philosophers

Dionysius of Cyrene


The Ebbe Nielsen Prize was an international science award made annually between 2002 and 2014 by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), to recognize a researcher who had made substantial contributions to the field of biodiversity informatics. The prize was established in memory of prominent entomologist and biodiversity informatics proponent Ebbe Nielsen, who died of a heart attack in the U.S.A. en route to the 2001 GBIF Governing Board meeting.

History
The award was created in 2001 to honour the recently deceased Danish-Australian entomologist Ebbe Nielsen, who was a keen proponent of both GBIF and the biodiversity informatics discipline. At the time of its creation, the prize was the only global award for work in biodiversity. Initially set at US$35,000 and later €30,000, the award comprised a cash prize plus an invitation to give a guest lecture to address the annual meeting of the governing body of GBIF in whichever country the meeting was being held for that year. In its 2003 call for submissions, the prize was stated as being "[awarded] annually, to a promising researcher, normally within ten years of their entering the research field of biodiversity informatics. Candidates should be combining biodiversity informatics and biosystematic research in novel and exciting ways ... The primary selection criterion is scientific excellence as evidenced by the nominee's research and publication record, and in particular, the innovation shown in combining biosystematics and biodiversity informatics research in their field of activity." Over the life of the prize, it was won by researchers from Japan, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, United States (twice), Australia (twice), United Kingdom, Colombia, Canada, Denmark and Portugal.

In 2015, GBIF revamped the award as an incentive competition, now known as the Ebbe Nielsen Challenge.

List of recipients from 2002–2014
The following list of recipients is given on the GBIF web site:
2002: Nozomi Ytow (Japan)
2003: Stefan Schröder (Germany)
2004: Johan Nilsson (Sweden)
2005: Pablo Goloboff (Argentina)
2006: John Wieczorek (United States)
2007: Paul Flemons (Australia)
2008: Vince Stuart Smith (United Kingdom)
2009: Andy Jarvis (Colombia)
2010: Sujeevan Ratnasingham (Canada)
2011: Jens-Christian Svenning (Denmark)
2012: Nathan Swenson (United States)
2013: Miguel Bastos Araújo (Portugal)
2014: Tony Rees (Australia)

References

Biodiversity
Academic awards
International awards
Science and technology awards

Ebbe Nielsen Prize


National Lampoon The Up Yourself Book was an American humor book that was published on January 1, 1977. Although it appears to be a book, this was a "special edition" of National Lampoon magazine, and as such it was sold in newsstands along with the regular monthly issue of the magazine. It is a parody of self-help books.

The book was conceived and edited by Gerald Sussman, although the cover claims the book was written by "PETER AND PEGGY POPE, PH Ds" and gives it the subtitle "SEARCHING FOR THE WAY TO BE A BETTER YOU UNTIL YOU DIE". The cover was drawn in a naive style and shows a couple driving a red Mercedes down a road towards a setting sun which is a visual pun referring to self-absorption.

References

National Lampoon books
1977 books
Parody books
Satirical self-help books

National Lampoon The Up Yourself Book


The 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot was a riot that took place on June 15, 2011 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

The riot took place after the Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in Game 7 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals. It happened immediately after the Bruins defeated the Canucks. There were at least 140 people that were reported as being injured in the incident, one critically and at least four people were stabbed. Close to 100 people were arrested.

People were angry over the result of the final game and threw objects at the large screens that were at the viewing area. They set fire to Boston Bruins flags, overturned and set fire to two vehicles in front of the main Canada Post headquarters. There were reports of similar car fires in a nearby parking garage that included two police cruisers. The rioters smashed windows and looted stores. The riot ended around midnight when people in the crowd either went home or were arrested. The mayor of Vancouver, Gregor Robertson, called the rioters "a small group of troublemakers". Several of the participants in the riot turned themselves in to the police after their faces were shown on TV, including the person responsible for setting the first car on fire. According to CBC News, the destruction caused by the rioters was worse than the riot that followed the Canucks loss in Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals, especially the looting aspect.

References

2011 crimes
2011 in Canada
2011 in ice hockey
2010s riots
Arson
2010s crimes in Canada
June 2011 events

Vancouver Canucks

2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot


Isala Van Diest (7 May 1842 – 9 February 1916) was the first female medical doctor and the first female university graduate in Belgium.

Early life and education
Anne Catherine Albertine Isala Van Diest was born in Louvain, Belgium, 7 May 1842. She was the daughter of an open-minded surgeon and obstetrician, Pierre Joseph Van Diest. Van Diest and her sisters received the same education as their brother. Their mother also took them on a trip to England, where they came into contact with the progressive environment.

Secondary high schools were not yet at that time available to girls in Belgium, so Van Diest travelled to Bern, Switzerland to prepare for university. She returned to Belgium in 1873 and attempted to register with the Medical Faculty of the Catholic University of Louvain, but was hampered by the refusal of the Roman Catholic religious hierarchy, who suggested to her that she instead become a  midwife. She refused this proposal and returned to Bern, since the Swiss universities were the first of Europe to open up to women and she could pursue medical studies there.

She graduated in 1879.

Career
Van Diest practised her profession for two years in England, where women doctors were free to practise since 1866. She was attached to the New Hospital for Women, and during the time she met many British feminists.

She once again returned to Belgium, however, to be able to have her medical qualifications recognized, she was forced to complete additional courses at the Free University of Brussels, open to women since 1880. It then took a Royal Decree in 1884, in order to be allowed to open her own medical practice in Brussels.

Many of her patients came from the upper classes of Brussels society, but she also treated pensioners at a nursing home for elderly prostitutes and fought for better treatment for prostitutes. A feminist, she founded the Belgian Women's Rights League (Ligue belge du droit des femmes) with Marie Popelin, the first Belgian woman to receive a degree in Law.

In 1902, progressively losing her eyesight, she ended her professional activities and moved to Knokke, where she passed her final years.

Death and legacy
She died in Knokke, Belgium, 9 February 1916. Van Diest and Marie Popelin were together depicted on the 2 euro commemorative coin, 5 million of which were minted in 2011 by the National Bank of Belgium on the occasion of the centenary of International Women's Day. In Belgium, this was the first time that women who were not part of the royal family appeared on a piece of Belgian money.

See also

 Women in medicine
 Feminism

References

Belgian women physicians
Belgian feminists
Belgian expatriates in Switzerland
1842 births
1916 deaths
19th-century Belgian physicians
University of Bern alumni
19th-century women physicians

Isala Van Diest


James 'Jim' Wilson Voss is an American senior nuclear engineer who has managed nuclear materials and radioactive waste since graduating from Arizona University in the 1970s. Voss became known to Australians through his managing directorship of Pangea Resources, a consortium which planned to establish a nuclear waste repository in Australia in the late 1990s. Pangea's proposal was ultimately rejected following the efforts of the anti-nuclear movement in Australia. Voss is currently working at UCL Australia as an Honorary Reader. As of 2015 Voss is a partner at Predicus Consulting and a director of companies in the USA and the United Kingdom.

Career
In 1998, Voss attempted to build a case for the establishment and private management of a nuclear waste repository at Billa Kalina in Australia.

He has been responsible for what he describes as "nuclear waste engineering and radioactive facility and site remediation activities" in North America, Europe, Australia and Japan. Voss has also held Chief Executive positions in several companies in the USA, Europe and Australia through which he has managed project financing, revenue streams and corporate strategies. Voss has served in the Executive Office of the President of the United States under two Presidents and has advised senior government officials in many countries.

Voss is a licensed engineer in the European Union (EurIng), a Chartered Engineer in the UK and a Fellow of the UK Nuclear Institute. He organises the Waste Management Symposium, which is held annually in Tucson, Arizona.

On 25 March 2014, Voss delivered a UCL Grote Lecture in Adelaide, South Australia. His presentation was entitled Energy and environmental public policy: Joining the dots between public policy, economics and implementation.

In late 2015, Voss gave testimony on nuclear fuel leasing as an expert witness to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission in South Australia.

In May 2016, Voss spoke at another Grote Lecture series event at UCL Australia entitled Circular Economy Series: Nuclear: A waste of time, energy and money?

Voss is the Managing Director of the waste management symposium Australian Nuclear Fuel Cycle '16. Its inaugural event was held in Adelaide, South Australia on 15–16 November 2016.

References

21st-century American engineers
Nuclear engineers
Living people
University of Arizona alumni
Academic staff of University College London Australia
Year of birth missing (living people)

James W. Voss


Disappointment is the feeling of dissatisfaction that follows the failure of expectations or hopes to manifest. Similar to regret, it differs in that a person who feels regret focuses primarily on the personal choices that contributed to a poor outcome, while a person feeling disappointment focuses on the outcome itself. It is a source of psychological stress. The study of disappointment—its causes, impact, and the degree to which individual decisions are motivated by a desire to avoid it—is a focus in the field of decision analysis, as disappointment is, along with regret, one of two primary emotions involved in decision-making.

Etymology
Disappoint is traced to the Middle English disappointen by way of the Old French desapointer. In literal meaning, it is to remove from office. Its use in the sense of general frustration traces to the late 15th century, and it first appears recorded in English as an emotional state of dejection in the middle 18th century.

Psychology
Disappointment is a subjective response related to anticipated rewards. Disappointment recovery time depends on the intensity of the disappointment, as well as the person experiencing the disappointment. For some it can take a few minutes while for others the same disappointment can take a few days.

Disappointment, and an inability to prepare for it, has also been hypothesized as the source of occasional immune system compromise in optimists. While optimists by and large exhibit better health, they may alternatively exhibit less immunity when under prolonged or uncontrollable stress, a phenomenon which researchers have attributed to the "disappointment effect". The "disappointment effect" posits that optimists do not utilize "emotional cushioning" to prepare for disappointment and hence are less able to deal with it when they experience it. This disappointment effect has been challenged since the mid-1990s by researcher Suzanne Segerstrom, who has published, alone and in accord, several articles evaluating its plausibility. Her findings suggest that, rather than being unable to deal with disappointment, optimists are more likely to actively tackle their problems and experience some immunity compromise as a result.

In 1994, psychotherapist Ian Craib published the book The Importance of Disappointment, in which he drew on the works of Melanie Klein and Sigmund Freud in advancing the theory that disappointment-avoidant culture—particularly therapy culture—provides false expectations of perfection in life and prevents people from achieving a healthy self-identity. Craib offered as two examples litigious victims of medical mistakes, who once would have accepted accidents as a course of life, and grieving people following the death of a loved one who, he said, are provided a false stage model of recovery that is more designed to comfort bereavement therapists than the bereaved.

Lacanians considered childhood disappointment essential to entry into the symbolic world of culture; disappointment in adulthood - the frustration of our demands by the world - as key to discovering who in fact we are.

Law
Where goods or services have been purchased in the hope of some enjoyment and the delivery of the goods or services fails to generate the anticipated result, customers have at times sought damages for breach of contract on the grounds of disappointment and distress. Such damages are not generally allowed by the courts, but there are cases where an award for damages has been considered and agreed. English law cases include Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd (1972) and Farley v Skinner (2001).

Milner v Carnival (2010) is another example where customers, in this case Mr and Mrs Milner, who took an extended cruise on the Cunard ship Queen Victoria, had expectations of a benefit which did not materialise and for which damages were sought both for "diminution of value" (the quantifiable difference between the payment made and the value derived) and for "distress and disappointment". Judge Simon Tuckey gave permission for an appeal against the trial ruling on damages, noting that this case "may provide the opportunity to give authoritative guidance on the appropriate measure of damages in 'holiday' cases" where disappointment is an issue.

Theory

Disappointment theory, pioneered in the mid-1980s by David E. Bell with further development by Graham Loomes and Robert Sugden, revolves around the notion that people contemplating risks are disappointed when the outcome of the risk is not evaluated as positively as the expected outcome. Disappointment theory has been utilized in examining such diverse decision-making processes as return migration, taxpayer compliance and customer willingness to pay. David Gill and Victoria Prowse have provided experimental evidence that people are disappointment averse when they compete.

Disappointed individuals focus on "upward counterfactuals"—alternative outcomes that would have been better than the one actually experienced—to the point that even positive outcomes may result in disappointment. One example, supplied by Bell, concerns a lottery win of $10,000.00, an event which will theoretically be perceived more positively if that amount represents the highest possible win in the lottery than if it represents the lowest. Decision analysts operate on the assumption that individuals will anticipate the potential for disappointment and make decisions that are less likely to lead to the experience of this feeling. Disappointment aversion has been posited as one explanation for the Allais paradox, a problematic response in expected utility theory wherein people prove more likely to choose a certain reward than to risk a greater reward while at the same time being willing to attempt a greater reward with lower probability when both options include some risk.

While earlier developers of disappointment theory focused on anticipated outcomes, more recent examinations by Philippe Delquié and Alessandra Cillo of INSEAD have focused on the impact of later disappointment resulting when an actual outcome comes to be regarded negatively based on further development; for example, if a person receives higher than expected gains in the stock market, she may be elated until she discovers a week later that she could have gained much more profit if she had waited a few more days to sell. This experience of disappointment may influence subsequent behavior, and, the analysts state, an incorporation of such variables into disappointment theory may enhance the study of behavioral finance. Disappointment is, along with regret, measured by direct questioning of respondents.

See also
 Anticipation
Paris syndrome

Notes

Further reading

External links

Emotions
Risk

Disappointment


Herland is a utopian novel from 1915, written by American feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The book describes an isolated society composed entirely of women, who bear children without men (parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction). The result is an ideal social order: free of war, conflict, and domination. It was first published in monthly installments as a serial in 1915 in The Forerunner, a magazine edited and written by Gilman between 1909 and 1916, with its sequel, With Her in Ourland beginning immediately thereafter in the January 1916 issue. The book is often considered to be the middle volume in her utopian trilogy, preceded by Moving the Mountain (1911). It was not published in book form until 1979.

Plot summary
The story is told from the perspective of Vandyck "Van" Jennings, a sociology student who, along with two friends, Terry O. Nicholson and Jeff Margrave, forms an expedition party to explore an area of uncharted land rumored to be home to a society consisting entirely of women. The three friends do not entirely believe the rumors because they are unable to think of a way how human reproduction could occur without males. The men speculate about what a society of women would be like, each guessing differently based on the stereotype of women which he holds most dear: Jeff regarding women as things to be served and protected; Terry viewing them as things to be conquered and won.

When the explorers reach their destination, they proceed with caution, hiding the biplane they arrive in, and trying to keep themselves hidden in the forests that border the land. They are quickly found by three young women who they realize are observing them from the treetops. After attempting to catch the girls with trickery, the men end up chasing the young women towards a town or village. The women outrun them easily and disappear among the houses, which, Van notes are exceptionally well made and attractive. After meeting the first inhabitants of this new land (which Van names "Herland") the men proceed more cautiously, noting that the girls they met were strong, agile, and completely unafraid. Their caution is warranted, because as the men enter the town where the girls disappeared, they become surrounded by a large group of women, who march them towards an official-looking building. The three men attempt an escape, but are swiftly and easily overpowered by the large group of women and eventually anesthetized.

The men awake to find themselves held captive in a fortress-like building. They are given comfortable living accommodations, clean clothes, and food. The women assign each man a tutor who teaches the men their language. Van makes many notes about the new country and people, commenting that everything from their clothing to their furniture seems to be made with the twin ideals of pragmatism and aesthetics given equal consideration. The women themselves appear intelligent and astute, unafraid and patient, with a notable lack of temper and seemingly limitless understanding for their captives. The women are keen to learn about the world outside and question the men eagerly about all manner of things. Often Van finds himself having difficulty justifying the practices of his own society such as the milking of cows, and the keeping of property, when faced with the apparent utopia the women have managed to build.

After being held captive for a number of months, the men break out of the fortress and escape cross-country to where they left their biplane. Finding the biplane sewn inside a large fabric covering, the men are unable to get away and are resignedly recaptured by the women. They are treated well nonetheless and soon learn that they will be given a freer rein when they have mastered the women's language and proved they can be trusted. Van remarks upon Terry's personal difficulty in dealing with the women, who steadfastly refuse to conform to his expectations of how women should act, though Jeff seems perfectly enamored of the women and their kindness.

Van gradually finds out more information about the women's society, discovering that most of the men were killed 2,000 years ago when a volcanic eruption sealed off the only pass out of Herland. The remaining men were mostly slaves who killed the sons of their dead masters and the old women, intending to take over the land and the young women with it. The women fought back, however, killing the slaves. After a period of hopelessness at the impending end of their race, cut off from the rest of the world and without any men, one woman among the survivors became pregnant and bore a female child, and four more female children after. The five daughters of this woman also grew up to bear five daughters each. This process rapidly expanded their population and led to the exaltation of motherhood. Ever since that time the women had devoted themselves to improving their minds, working together and raising their children; the position of teacher being one of the most revered and respected positions in the land.

As the men are allowed more freedom, each strikes up a relationship with one of the women they had first seen upon their arrival: Van with Ellador, Jeff with Celis, and Terry with Alima. Having had no men for 2,000 years, the women apparently have no experience or cultural memory of romantic love or sexual intercourse. Accordingly, the couples' budding relationships progress with some difficulty and much explanation. Terry in particular finds it hard to adjust to being in a relationship with a woman who is not a 'woman' in his terms. Eventually all three couples get 'married', although the women largely fail to see the point of such a thing, and as they have no particular religion the ceremony is more pagan than Christian.

Their marriages cause the men much reflection; the women they married have no conception of what being a wife or being feminine entails. Van finds it frustrating sometimes, though in the end he is grateful for his wonderful friendship with Ellador and the intense love he feels for her. Terry is not so wise, and out of frustration attempts to rape Alima. After being forcefully restrained and once again anesthetized, Terry stands trial before the women and is ordered to return to his homeland. The other men, while disapproving of Terry's actions, see them as merely impolite rather than criminal. Van explains to Ellador, "[Crime]'s a pretty hard word for it. After all, Alima was his wife, you know."

Van realizes that he must accompany Terry home in the biplane and Ellador will not let him leave without her. In the end, both Terry and Van leave Herland with promises not to reveal the utopia until Ellador has returned and such a plan has been fully discussed. Jeff chooses to stay behind and live in Herland with his now pregnant wife, Celis. Van tries to prepare Ellador for returning to his world but feels much trepidation about what she will find there.

Major themes
The book highlights the theme of community essential to the all-female society. The women maintain individuality while deriving their ideals from reaching a consensus with the majority of the population. The community arrives at decisions on the procreation of children by referring to eugenics. The community of women aim to avoid "negative eugenics" by weeding out those considered incompetent and/or less attractive. Gilman provides commentary on the importance of obtaining a strong sense of community in a Utopian novel.

Gilman's writings are highly popularized by feminists for their undeniable resemblance to contemporary feminism. Gilman promotes feminism with her emphasis on the reproductive rights of women regardless of the man's opinion. For instance, the women of Herland accentuate the value of motherhood, as they reproduce via parthenogenesis, a symbol of their independence and capabilities as women. Gilman openly proposed notions of feminism, regardless of the unconventionality and negative reception in the early 20th century.

Feminist analysis

This book is significant because it dramatically envisions a fictional utopia presenting the philosophy described in Gilman's critically acclaimed feminist book Women and Economics by visually demonstrating her critique on the unnatural dependence of females on male breadwinners. In Herland, the removal of men incites a new economic freedom of women. Gilman uses this utopia to further prove the theories defined in "Women and Economics" such as Lester Ward's "Gynaecocentric Theory," which declares that "the female sex is primary and the male secondary in the organic scheme." However, these ideas are grounded in a mode of Separatist Feminism which some argue is detrimental to the feminist movement.

Herland helps establish a very early economic model favoring the female worker by adhering to social reproduction. In "The Waste of Private Housekeeping," Gilman states: "The principle waste in our 'domestic economy' lies in the fact that it is domestic." When Terry expresses that in the U.S. the majority of women stay home instead of "working," the women wonder what he means by saying the women do not "work."—is caring for children not considered work?

Though Gilman's ideas aim to help empower women in the workplace, the ideas of separatist feminism also extend into a perpetuation of white feminism—a branch of feminism that continually neglects the unique issues of women of color. Gilman's talk of eugenics, racial purity, and "servants" all hint at system of white supremacy where the different struggles of working-class women of color are not addressed.

Additionally, in an effort to subvert the male-dominated system, Gilman inadvertently transcends this male subjugation into a different form—Lynne Evans states that the over emphasis on children invokes a subjugating system similar to the patriarchy. In a society that bans abortion and centers all aspects of social, economic, and political life around the production of children, these "Herlanders" are still tied, without will, to their biological roles as mothers.

Deborah L Madsen argues that a Marxist feminist approach can enhance readers' understanding of Gilman's writing, observing that Gilman exposes "the ideological construction of the self under patriarchy" in Herland by "represent[ing] the world in a utopian fashion, as it should be rather than it is, with women in possession of equal rights and responsibilities and dignity that comes from realising their full human potential."

Literary significance and reception
Following its publication in The Forerunner, Herland and its sequel, With Her in Ourland, were largely forgotten throughout the mid-20th Century. In 1968, the full run of The Forerunner was reprinted in facsimile by Greenwood Reprints as a part of the Radical Periodicals in the United States, 1890-1960 series. However, it was not until the re-printing of Gilman's canonical short-story, "The Yellow Wallpaper" in 1973, that Gilman's work began receiving major scholarly attention.

In 1979, Herland was re-published as a stand-alone novel by Pantheon Books, with a lengthy introduction by scholar Ann J. Lane placing it within contemporary feminist discourses, and appended with the subtitle "A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel." Lane was also the first to suggest in her introduction a "Utopian Trilogy" of novels by Gilman, including Moving the Mountain (1911), Herland, and With Her in Ourland, all of which had been published serially in The Forerunner.
In The Ultimate Guide to Science Fiction, David Pringle referred to Herland as "an important feminist work, long forgotten, and recently published for the first time in bookform."

Publication history
 December 1915, The Forerunner (magazine)
 1968, United States, Radical Periodicals in the United States, 1890-1960, Greenwood Reprints (facsimile reprint of The Forerunner)
 April 1979, United States, Pantheon Books,  (trade paperback)
 March 1979, Great Britain, The Women's Press,  (paperback)
 March 1986, Great Britain, The Women's Press,  (paperback)
 May 1992, Great Britain, The Women's Press,  (trade paperback)
 July 1992, United States, Signet Books,  (paperback) collection: Herland and Selected Stories
 September 1998, United States, Dover Publications,  (trade paperback)
 November 2001, Great Britain, The Women's Press,  (trade paperback)
 June 2008, Canada, LibriVox, audio (MP3)
 June 2008, United States, Project Gutenberg, #32, (ebook)
 November 2012, Canada, Broadview Press,
 2015, United Kingsom, Hesperus Press Limited,

See also

 Beatrice the Sixteenth
 Mizora
 New Amazonia
 "Amazon Women in the Mood"
 Separatist feminism
 Sultana's Dream
 Sexmission
 Feminist science fiction

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Silvia Dreiling. Feminism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's utopian novel "Herland". University of Salzburg: Bachelor Thesis, 2018.
 Clute, John and Peter Nicholls. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993 (2nd edition 1995). .
 Pringle, David. The Ultimate Guide to Science Fiction. London: Grafton Books, 1990. .

External links

 Benigna Machiavelli. Forerunner. 1914.

 Audio book of Herland can be found here

1915 American novels
Utopian novels
Feminism and eugenics
Feminist novels
Feminist science fiction novels
Novels first published in serial form
Single-gender worlds
1915 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Works originally published in Forerunner (magazine)
Pantheon Books books
Novels about rape
Novels set in fictional countries

Herland (novel)


Albert Buckman Wharton III (a.k.a. Bucky Wharton) is an American rancher.

Early life
Albert Buckman Wharton III grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He is the son of Albert Buckman Wharton Jr., a.k.a. Buster Wharton, an heir to the Waggoner Ranch and polo player. His mother was Buster Wharton's third wife. His paternal grandmother was Electra Waggoner and his paternal grandfather, Albert Buckman Wharton. His paternal great-grandfather was William Thomas Waggoner and his paternal great-great-grandfather, Daniel Waggoner.

Wharton was educated at the Culver Military Academy in Indiana. His father died when he was fifteen years old. He attended the University of the Americas in Mexico City, Mexico. He then served at Fort Bragg in North Carolina during the Vietnam War. When he was discharged in 1970, he enrolled at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas, where he went on to receive a Bachelor in Business Administration (B.B.A.).

Career
Wharton inherited half the Waggoner Ranch in 1970, after his mother sued the estate for four years. Indeed, his father had originally left his estate to his widow instead of him, an outcome his mother wouldn't accept.

After multiple lawsuits, the ranch is listed for sale on the real estate market.

Personal life
Wharton is married to Joline Wharton. They have two children. They reside on the Waggoner Ranch.

References

Living people
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Midwestern State University alumni
Ranchers from Texas
Year of birth missing (living people)
Culver Academies alumni

Albert Buckman Wharton III


Tonka Tomicic Petric (, ; born 31 May 1976) is a Chilean model and television presenter of Croatian origin.

Best known for televisions shows  on TVN and Canal 13 as Buenos Dias A Todos, Viña's International Festival and  Bienvenidos. She's considered one of the most important females TV personalities of Chile.  After being a former fashion model in Chile, Tomicic become the face, and spoken celebrity  of "Almacenes Paris" a department store's since 2005 and Garnier's Chilean ambassador  since 2007,  her parents are Croatian immigrants to Chile.

Early life
She was born on May 31, 1976, in Antofagasta, Chile. her parents are Antonio Tomičić, and Marija Petrić, both Croatians immigrants to Chile. Tomicic grew up in the commune of La Florida, Santiago, she completed her primary and secondary education at the Colegio Argentino del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, in  Providencia,  In 1994 she entered the Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana to study design in visual communication, leaving her studies unfinished.

Career

She was discovered as a model  by  New Models Agency, in Chile as 14 yrs old, After the first contact, Tomičić filmed her first television commercial for the Tigre shoe company. She was crowned queen of the XXIV version of the Miss World 1995  Chilean Version pagated, and  representing her country in the Miss World 1995 pageant held in South Africa. Her career as a beauty queen continued when she was crowned Virreina Sudamericana 1996 in Bolivia and Miss Atlántico Internacional 1999 in Uruguay.

In 2002 she was invited to the program Pase lo que Pase of TVN as a fashion commentator. She received her big break when she became one of the principal co-presenters of this program and went on to assume the co-presenter role of Buenos dias a todos, a popular morning television show. In February 2006, Tomicic was presenter of the Viña del Mar International Music Festival,  in 2007 and 2008  with Sergio Lagos. In 2009 Tomic leaves "Buenos Dias a Todos" and TVN thanks to an offer from "Canal 13" to become the presenter of the morning program "Bienvenidos" and the prime shows: "El Hormiguero" , Tonka Tanka and as host of the reality show Mundos Opuestos.

Tomicic is currently face  and spoken celebrity  of Almacenes Paris department store chain since 2005, as well as the Claro telecommunications company and has beene the Garnier's Chilean  brand ambassador since 2007, where there is a dye called "Chocolate Tonka".

Personal life

Since 2004 she has been in a romantic relationship with Marco Antonio López Spagui, better known as Parived. The couple were married according to the Jewish rite on April 16, 2014, in the city of Jerusalem, Israel, after Tomičić renounced Catholicism, thus embracing her partner's Judaism.

Television
 La mañana del 13 (2001 Canal 13)
 Pase lo que pase (2002 TVN)
 Buenos días a todos (2005–2009)
 Teletón Chile (2006)
 Teletón Chile (2007)
 Hijos del Monte (2008)
 Teletón Chile (2008)
 El hormiguero (2010)
 Viva la mañana (2010) - Guest Star
 La movida del festival (2010) - TV Hostess
 Chile ayuda a Chile (2010)
 Tonka Tanka (2010) - TV Hostess
 Primera dama (2010)
 Fear Factor Chile (2010)
 Alfombra roja (2010)
 Teletón Chile (2010)
 Bienvenidos (2011–) - TV Hostess
 Teletón Chile (2011)
 Mundos Opuestos (2012)
 No basta con ser bella: Miss Chile 2012 (2012) - Jury
 Teletón Chile (2012)
 Proyecto Miss Chile (2013) - TV Hostess

References

External links
  Terra.cl Erika Cabrera: Los secretos de belleza de Tonka Tomicic, July 30, 2008, accessed July 30, 2008

 Blog de Tonka Tomicic en Caras.
  Biografias.es Tonka Tomicic

1976 births
Chilean female models
Chilean people of Croatian descent
Chilean television presenters
Living people
Miss World Chile winners
Miss World 1995 delegates
People from Antofagasta
Chilean women television presenters
Chilean television personalities

Tonka Tomicic


Art music is a term which includes classical music, and various kinds of serious modern music. Other terms for it are serious music, and legitimate music.

The need for such terms came with the modern movement in the arts. Clearly the music of, say, Schonberg was serious, bur not classical in the sense of Bach and Beethoven. Stravinsky's music was a bridge between the two genres. It was classical music in part, and touched with African-influenced syncopations and dischords. So terms like "art music" and "modern music" were used by art critics and academics in their writing.

Art music can be defined as serious music with a written musical tradition. The term art music is used often and has a clear meaning. Musicologist Philip Tagg calls it one part of an clear and unquestioned "triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics". He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria. The main tradition in the Western world is usually called classical music. In this regard, it is frequently used as a contrasting term to popular music and traditional or folk music.

References

Music genres

Art music


Authentic TV was a short-lived television home shopping channel in the United Kingdom. It began broadcasting on Sky Digital on 21 January 2005 and ceased broadcasting on 1 September 2005.

Channel History
Authentic TV was the brainchild of Collectibles Guru, Gary Ashburn a leading Collectibles expert who had successfully appeared for many years on QVC and Ideal World TV Home Shopping Channels in the UK. It was conceived by Gary and long-term partner; Paul Lavers as a channel where people could purchase exclusive collectibles, memorabilia and limited editions. Examples of the products on offer included Sports Memorabilia, Rock 'n' Roll Music, Film and TV Memorabilia. The launch team presenters included shopping TV veteran Chloe Marshall and Nikki Vincent.

Without having its own studios, post-production suites, call centres and offices, Authentic TV operated as a kind of virtual channel - even the Sky EPG and Ofcom licence were leased from another channel service provider. Conceptually, creatively and commercially the project seemed attractive but was doomed to failure as Authentic TV became a victim of Sky EPG's over-crowded shopping listings and was listed in a section separate from all other shopping channels. It also underestimated the "stack-em high" sell it cheap philosophy of traditional direct response marketing. A good idea and solid production value that due to factors outside of their control failed to reach its potential.

Shopping networks in the United Kingdom
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2005

Authentic TV


The 7th District Police Station, or Maxwell Street Station in Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1888 in response to the need for increased police presence in "Bloody Maxwell", known colloquially as "the Wickedest Police District in the World." The neighborhood, a changing melting pot of Irish, German, Italian and European Jewish immigrants, grew exponentially in the years following the Chicago Fire of 1871. The housing and sanitation situation in the district was substandard, and the residents poor. Criminal activity flourished.

The Romanesque style station is architecturally significant as an example of pre-1945 police stations in Chicago. It was designed by Willoughby J. Edbrooke and Franklin Pierce Burnham. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

The Chicago Police Department vacated the station in 1998. After extensive renovation, the red brick and limestone building became the home of the University of Illinois at Chicago Police Department. The renovations were done in a manner designed to uphold the historic significance of the building's architecture. "The building's original windows were sent to a company in Kankakee for restoration, the masonry cleaned and repaired, the roof replaced, and parapets at the top of the station rebuilt using custom-made bricks, the exact texture and color of the originals." In order to be handicap-accessible, the renovations included constructing a new street-level main entrance where the vehicle entrance had been, to the east of the original front doors and their six steps.

The building is known in popular culture because the outside was used as the picture of the precinct house in the opening and closing credits, and establishing shots of the iconic television series, Hill Street Blues. It is also used as the exterior of the precinct house in the television series Chicago PD, and the television series Sense8.

References

7
Chicago Police Department
Infrastructure completed in 1888
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Police stations on the National Register of Historic Places
University of Illinois Chicago

7th District Police Station


Charity Wright Cook (1745 - 1822) was an American Quaker minister.

Cook was born in Prince George's County, Maryland but moved with her family to the area of Cane Creek, North Carolina at the age of three; they moved again, probably in 1760, to Bush River, Newberry County, South Carolina. There she met Isaac Cook, a Quaker, whom she would go on to marry. In 1760 an accusation of sexual impropriety was levied against her, and as a result she was estranged from the Quaker community for eight years. Even so, in 1762 she married Isaac Cook, with whom she would go on to have 11 children. By 1772, the controversy having abated, the Bush River Quaker Meeting commissioned her as a preacher. During the American Revolutionary War Cook traveled around the Southern United States preaching adherence to pacifism. In 1797 she traveled to Europe to tour Quaker meetings there; she returned to the United States in 1802, whereupon she and Isaac established new meetings in Ohio and Indiana. Cook died in Clinton County, Ohio and is buried in Caesar Creek Cemetery in Waynesville.

References

1745 births
1822 deaths
American Quakers
Quaker ministers
Women Christian clergy
People from Prince George's County, Maryland
People from Newberry County, South Carolina
People from Clinton County, Ohio
Religious leaders from Maryland
Religious leaders from South Carolina
Religious leaders from Ohio

Charity Wright Cook


Tasiusaq is a settlement in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland, founded in 1933. It is located at the Tasermiut Fjord (), east of Nanortalik. Its population was 53 in 2020. In the Greenlandic language, the name of the settlement means "like a lake", referring to the lake-looking bay it situated on. The inhabitants call it "Tasiisaq", which is the local dialect.

There are several sheep farms in the wider Tasiusaq area; the farms of Nalasut with 10 inhabitants, Saputit with 3 inhabitants, and Nuugaarsuk with four inhabitants.

Until January 2009 the settlement belonged to the Nanortalik municipality. On 1 January 2009 the settlement became part of the Kujalleq municipality, when the Narsaq, Qaqortoq, and Nanortalik municipalities ceased to exist as administrative entities.

Infrastructure and transportation
The settlement has a local school, a church, a general store, and a general repairs workshop maintained by the Kujalleq municipality. The school in the settlement--Malakip atuarfia—had 14 pupils in the year 2005/2006. Additionally, the school runs a camp at Nuugaarsuk by the Tasermiut Fjord. The school also doubles as a kindergarten for the smallest children in the settlement.

There is also a 16-bed youth hostel with camping equipment and horses in the settlement. Transportation is available on request.

Transportation
Tasiusaq Heliport operates year-round, linking Tasiusaq with Narsarsuaq Airport and, indirectly, with the rest of Greenland and Europe.

Tasiusaq is not connected to any other place via roads. Fairly well trodden hiking trails lead north and west from the town, but for any motorized transportation terrain vehicles are needed.

Geography and climate
The settlement lies in a strait connecting the Disko Fjord with the Tasiusaq Bay. Due to its favourable location the area has a remarkably mild climate. The Saputit and Saputit Tasia sheep farms even have minor forms of agriculture.

Further, the nature reserve of Qinngua Valley at nearby Tasersuaq Lake is considered the place with the only natural forest in Greenland; while the forest is only a few acres in size, the sub-arctic willow and birch trees that usually only reach a height of a few centimeters can reach a height of several meters in the valley.

Population
Most towns and settlements in southern Greenland exhibit negative growth patterns over the last two decades, with many settlements rapidly depopulating. The population of Tasiusaq has decreased by 14 percent relative to the 1990 levels, and over 6 percent relative to the 2000 levels.

References

Populated places in Greenland

Tasiusaq, Kujalleq


The Pawnee Bill Ranch, also known as the Blue Hawk Peak Ranch, was the home of Wild West show entertainer, Gordon W. "Pawnee Bill" Lillie. Located in Pawnee, Oklahoma, it is owned and operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. The Pawnee Bill Ranch consists of 500 of the original 2000 acres, original outbuildings, a fully furnished historic home, a modern museum, and a herd of bison, Longhorn cattle, and horses.

History of Blue Hawk Peak

Pawnee Bill believed strongly in the importance of the bison to the history of the American West and to the Plains Indian culture.  He desired to perpetuate and develop the bison and lobbied congress to pass legislation to protect the animal.  This was the beginning of the ranch's time as a bison preservation.  The ranch is an active member of the Oklahoma Bison Association today.

In December 1910, Lillie and his wife May's dream of a home on top of a hill overlooking a bend in the Black Bear River was realized.  The building of their Tudor-style Arts and Crafts home was completed after nearly a year of construction.  James Hamilton, an architect from Chester, Pennsylvania, designed the home with input from Lillie and his wife.  The home was a beautiful crafted residence, both comfortable and modern.  Area laborers worked to construct the nearly  home from native stone quarried from the Ranch grounds.

Between the years of 1910 and 1926, many other buildings were added to the ranch site.  Between 1910 and 1913 the carriage house, log cabin, blacksmith shop, and observation tower were added to the site by the Lillies to accommodate their growing businesses. In 1926, to meet the need for larger livestock accommodations, the Lillies built an impressive three story barn.  The barn housed Pawnee Bill's herd of Scottish Shorthorn cattle.  Its basement level sheltered the ranch horses while the second floor provided housing for the cattle.  The top was used as storage for alfalfa and other feed crops harvested from the ranch property.

On October 10, 1975, the site was included on the National Register of Historic Places under the original title of Blue Hawk Peak Ranch.

Modern use
Since 1962, Blue Hawk Peak has been owned by the State of Oklahoma.  Now operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society, Pawnee Bill Ranch, as it is known today, is open as a historic site dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of history as it relates to Pawnee Bill and May. The site also houses exhibits on ranching, Wild West shows, and the American Indian experience in the Wild West show.  In 1970, a museum was built on the site to house the Western collection as well as provide an educational experience for visitors.  Open year-round, the Pawnee Bill Ranch provides educational programming for adults and children as well as a yearly re-enactment of Pawnee Bill's Historic Wild West Show.

Boy Scouts of America
In 1938, during the latter years of Pawnee Bill's life, he deeded the ranch property to the Boy Scouts of America, an organization for which he had a deep respect.  On May 25, 1940, the Boy Scouts of America declined the offer. Since this time, the Pawnee Bill Ranch has been closely associated with the Boy Scouts, serving as a site for numerous Eagle Projects as well annual campouts for local and council groups. There was a Pawnee Bill District in the Will Rogers Council, and later the Cimarron Council, named in his honor for many years.

References

Links
www.pawneebillranch.org - The official site of the Pawnee Bill Ranch, owned and managed by the Oklahoma Historical Society.
http://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.5773 - The Pawnee Bill Ranch page operated by TravelOK.com, the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department's official site.
http://www.ocgi.okstate.edu/shpo/nhrpdfs/75001571.pdf - The nomination form for Blue Hawk Peak on the National Register of Historic Places.

Oklahoma Historical Society
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Houses in Pawnee County, Oklahoma
Museums in Pawnee County, Oklahoma
Historic house museums in Oklahoma
Biographical museums in Oklahoma
American West museums
Pawnee, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Pawnee County, Oklahoma

Pawnee Bill Ranch


Gameboy Kids is a 1992 Hong Kong action comedy film written and directed by Gordon Chan and starring Andy Lau in dual roles as an idiot savant and triad leader respectively. The plot revolves around the former being mistaken for the latter. The film was produced by Lau's own film company, Teamwork Motion Pictures.

Plot
In Hong Kong, triad leader Uncle Eight Taels (Jeffrey Lau) is terminally ill and calls his son Wong Kau-tai (Andy Lau) back to take over his position before he dies. Eight Tael's brother, 7.5 Taels (Ng Man-tat) and his bodyguard Chung (Aaron Kwok) awaits for Wong's appearance.

Yip Sin-man (Andy Lau) is a grown man with a mentality of a five-year-old who is taken by two members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from China to India to study. Despite his mental condition, Yip is a quick learner. Wong Kau-tau, revealed to be three-foot tall man, is also at the Indian airport before being arrested by the airport police for breaking a telephone. In the process, Wong drops his passport and an Indian kid picks it up. Mistaking Wong for Yip, the kid hands the passport to Yip and he leaves for Hong Kong with the two ministers left behind.

In Hong Kong, Chung picks Yip up from the airport and calls him "Big Brother" while Yip does not know what is going on. Later, triad member Hau-tin (Danny Poon), who planning to kill Yip and take over the gang, comes to his house, Yip asks him to tie his shoes and obliviously humiliating Hau-tin. Worrying about Yip's safety, Chung teaches Yip how to use guns which he has no interest in and closely follows him with the other bodyguards although Yip feels annoyed by it. All Yip wants to do is buy toys and play.

The next day, Yip and his underlings go to the toy store and Yip sees a motorcycle. The manager refuses to sell it and later 7.5 Taels sends his henchmen to beat him up and force him to sell the bike. Yip goes to the police station and meets Superintendent Lam (Lam Sheung Yee). Yip agrees to help Lam by making his underlings participate in a "Anti-Violence Movement". Later at home, Yip punishes his underlings for being cruel by clipping, sticking with super glue and spanking. Chung humorous says that these punishments do not make them look like triads. Then Hau-tin arrives and Yip forbids him to trafficking drugs and makes him sell cigarettes instead.

During this time, Chi-lam (Rosamund Kwan), the daughter of rival gang leader Master Dragon (Yuen Woo-ping), plots to kill Yip in order to help her father. Yip and Chi-lam meet at the same night in which Yip falls in love her in first sight and they go out to dinner together.

The next day, Yip and Chi-lam get married and Chi-lam plots to kill him at night. When they were about to go to bed, Yip spots the assassins and Chi-lam is later reluctant to kill him when she sees a big portrait of her in his bedroom wall. Not wanting hurt Yip anymore, Chi-lam leaves. Later Yip comes to her house and somehow knows that she wants to kill him. However, he still loves her. Chi-lam has also fallen in love with Yip. Master Dragon forbids Chi-lam to leave with him unless Yip can beat his top henchmen. Chi-lam demonstrates Yip how to fight and Yip quickly learns it and beats the henchmen. In that scene, one of Dragon's thug, who is actually Hau-tin's thug, takes Dragon's younger daughter (Vindy Chan) hostage and Yip manages to kill him. After this, Dragon approves of Yip and Chi-lam together and accepts Yip as his son in-law.

Some time later, Chi-lam's sister informs her that Yip is not Wong Kau-tai and gives her a picture of an Italian mob boss who knows Wong Kau-tau and is at Hong Kong. In order to cover up Yip's identity, Chi-lam kills the mob boss at a bar. Hau-tin informs the police about this and the police come to Yip's mansion to arrest Chi-tam. During this time, it is revealed to everyone knew that Yip is not Wong. Yip leaves with 7.5 Taels and his daughter (Sandra Ng).

In the middle of the road, their car dies and Chung arrives to kill Yip under the command Kau-man Lung. Chung gives Yip a gun for a Mexican standoff, but Yip empties the bullets. At the count of 1, 2 and 3, 7.5 Taels shoots Chung with his gun. Later, it is revealed that Chung is carrying an empty gun because Yip needs to kill Hau-tin. Chi-lam's sister arrives and picks them up to the mansion.

Back at the mansion, Hau-tin tries to rape Chi-lam right before Yip arrives. 7.5 Taels also arrives to the scene armed with three guns attempting to shoot at Hau-tin and his henchmen coolly but did not manage to even make a single hit. A gun battle ensues in the mansion and after all of Hau-tin's henchmen are killed, Hau-tin overpowers Yip, Chi-lam and 7.5 Taels when they run out of bullets. Later, an injured Chung comes in and shoots Hau-tin's gun and later Yip finally overpowers Hau-tin. When Yip has the chance to kill Hau-tin, he hesitated at first because he did not want to kill anyone. When Hau-tin tries to fight back, Yip finally kills him.

Cast
Andy Lau as Yip Sin-man / Wong Kau-tai
Aaron Kwok as Chung
Ng Man-tat as Uncle 7.5 Taels
Danny Poon as Hau-tin
Rosamund Kwan as Chi-lam
Sandra Ng as 7.5 Taels's daughter
Vindy Chan as Chi-lam's sister
Yuen Woo-ping as Master Dragon
Lawrence Cheng as Gay Shop Manager
Lam Sheung Yee as Superintendent Lam
Teddy Chan
Jeffrey Lau as Uncle Eight Taels
Mark King as Italian mob boss
Dion Lam as Assassin at roadblock ambush
Lee Diy-yue as bodyguard
Sam Wong as dancer
Leung Kai-chi as triad in meeting
Kong Miu-ting as Master Dragon's fighter
Chan Sek as Master Dragon's fighter
Kwan Yung as thug
Adam Chan as thug
Ho Wing-cheung as thug
Simon Cheung as policeman
Wong Man-chun as policeman

Box office
The film grossed HK$15,001,734 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 12 June to 1 July 1992 in Hong Kong.

See also
Andy Lau filmography
Aaron Kwok filmography

External links

Gameboy Kids at Hong Kong Cinemagic

Gameboy Kids Review at LoveHKFilm.com

1992 films
1992 martial arts films
1992 action comedy films
1990s crime comedy films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Triad films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Gordon Chan
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1990s Hong Kong films

Gameboy Kids


Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (19 February 1721 – 1 April 1750) was a Scottish nobleman.

He was the eldest child of Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch by his first wife Jane, daughter of James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry. In 1732 his father succeeded as second Duke of Buccleuch and Francis assumed the courtesy title Earl of Dalkeith. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and was awarded the degree of Master of Arts on 26 January 1741.

On 2 October 1742 he was married to Lady Caroline Campbell (born 17 November 1717), eldest daughter and co-heiress of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and 1st Duke of Greenwich. They had four sons and two daughters:
 Caroline Scott (1 October 1743 – 10 December 1753)
 John Scott, styled Lord Scott of Whitchester (3 January 1745 – January 1749)
 Henry Scott (2 September 1746 – 11 January 1812), styled Lord Scott of Whitchester after his brother's death, Earl of Dalkeith after his father's death and succeeded as 3rd Duke of Buccleuch in 1751; had issue
 Campbell Scott (17 October 1747 – 18 October 1766)
 James Scott (1 March 1748 – 17 January 1758)
 Frances Scott (26 July 1750 – 31 March 1817), second wife of Archibald Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas; had issue

Lord Dalkeith was elected to Parliament as Whig Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge in a by-election on 22 April 1746. On 1 April 1750 he died of smallpox aged 29, and was buried in the Buccleuch crypt at St Nicholas Church in Dalkeith.

In 1755 his widow was remarried to Charles Townshend, later Chancellor of the Exchequer, by whom she had further issue. She was created Baroness Greenwich in her own right in 1767, and died on 11 January 1794. Her title had been limited to her descendants from her second marriage, and became extinct on her death.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20090810231554/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Bcommons4.htm
 http://thepeerage.com/p10359.htm#i103589
 http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/Places/Churches&Abbeys/St_nicholas_church.html#.WdeKFmhSyUk

1721 births
1750 deaths
Courtesy earls
Deaths from smallpox
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Heirs apparent who never acceded
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies

Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith


Desmond Dube is a South African singer, actor, mime artist and entertainer. He is known for his work in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, Hotel Rwanda, Friends Indeed, Suburban Bliss and Joburg Blues.

He is a trained theatrical actor and has appeared in both commercial and street theatre. On stage he played the lead in Jozi Jozi, Peto and the musical Street Sisters, and also appeared in the poorly received stage play Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat. He appeared in industrial theatre productions for Eskom, Siyabonga and the AIDS Show. He is best known for his role in the "Amaglugglug" commercial for SASOL.

Dube starred in the feature film Inside and Tarzan: The Epic Adventures, and starred alongside Leon Schuster in Panic Mechanic and Millennium Menace.

In 2002, he starred opposite Oscar nominee Armin Mueller-Stahl and Nthati Moshesh in The Long Run, which was produced by Anant Singh. The film was acquired by Universal Focus, the speciality division of Universal Films for distribution worldwide excluding Africa.

Dube on Monday, one of the most popular comedy variety shows on television in South Africa, is broadcast on SABC 3. It is billed as South African television's first local post-weekend "beat the Monday blues" comedy variety show which appeals to all South Africans. However, poor reviews from a number of critics have led to continued calls for the show to be cancelled.

Dube has received the Avanti Award for Best Comedy Actor in Joburg Blues, an Avanti Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in Suburban Bliss, a Stellenbosch Festival Best Supporting Actor and Promising Writer Award, and a Loerie Award for Best Contribution for his role in the SASOL "Amaglugglug" commercial.

In 2004, he was cast in a lead role in the Academy Award-nominated Hotel Rwanda, starring alongside Nick Nolte and Don Cheadle.

In 2008, Dube starred as BK alongside Jill Scott, Anika Noni Rose and Lucian Msamati in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, directed by Anthony Minghella.

See also
Dube on 2
SABC

External links
 TVSA actor profile

Living people
South African male film actors
South African male comedians
1969 births
African comedians

Desmond Dube


The Gregory Rift (Ufa la Gregori, in Swahili) is the eastern branch of the East African Rift fracture system. The rift is being caused by the separation of the Somali plate from the Nubian plate, driven by a thermal plume. Although the term is sometimes used in the narrow sense of the Kenyan Rift, the larger definition of the Gregory Rift is the set of faults and grabens extending southward from the Gulf of Aden through Ethiopia and Kenya into Northern Tanzania, passing over the local uplifts of the Ethiopian and Kenyan domes.
Ancient fossils of early hominins, the ancestors of humans, have been found in the southern part of the Gregory Rift.

Etymology
The Gregory Rift is named in honour of the British geologist John Walter Gregory who explored the geology of the rift in 1892–93 and 1919.

Location

The Gregory Rift lies within the Mozambique belt, often considered to be the remains of an orogenic system similar to the Himalayas. This belt runs from Ethiopia through Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.
The rift is widest at the northern end in the Afar region, narrowing to a few kilometers in northern Tanzania, then splaying out in the North Tanzania Divergence.
The Gregory Rift has shoulders rising over  above sea level,  above the inner part of the graben.
The Tanzanian portion includes Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, and the huge caldera of Ngorongoro In the Crater highlands
This portion also contains Ol Doinyo Lengai, the world's only active carbonatite volcano.

Lakes in the rift other than Lake Turkana are mostly small and shallow, some with fresh water but many being saline. The thickness of lake sediments is mostly unknown. In Lake Turkana they seem to be at most  thick, in the Baringo – Bogoria half-graben from  to  thick and in the Afar depression up to  thick.

Exploration

The first well-known European geologist to explore the region was Joseph Thomson, a member of an expedition in 1879–1880 sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society of Britain. From his observations he deduced the existence of a great fault.

Thomson returned in 1883, traveling through the rift valley in Kenya from Mount Longonot to Lake Baringo. Describing the valley around this lake he said: "Imagine if you can a trough or depression 3300 feet above sea level, and twenty miles broad, the mountains rising with very great abruptness on both sides to a height of 9000 feet". John Walter Gregory visited central Kenya in 1893 and again in 1919. His 1896 book The Great Rift Valley is considered a classic. Gregory was the first well-known European to use the term "rift valley", which he defined as "a linear valley with parallel and almost vertical sides, which has fallen owing to a series of parallel faults".

In 1913 the German geologist Hans Reck made the first European study of the strata in the Olduvai Gorge to the west of the Crater Highlands. He brought a large collection of mammalian fossils back to Berlin. In 1928 Louis Leakey, the anthropologist, visited Berlin, where he saw that some of Reck's materials were artifacts. Leakey began exploring Olduvai in the 1930s and collecting material that has led to the site being recognized as an important center of early hominin occupation.

Development

Volcanism and rifting started in Kenya in the northern region of Turkana between 40 and 35 million years ago and then spread north and south. To the south volcanism and rifting happened together, first in other parts of northern Kenya around 30 million years ago, then around 15 million years ago in the central part of the Kenyan Rift, 12 million years ago in southern Kenya and 8 million years ago in northern Tanzania.
When rifting reached the Tanzanian Craton, the rift split into the eastern Gregory Rift and the western Albertine Rift, which are separated by the  wide East African Plateau.  Large shield volcanoes near the margins of the craton and in the adjacent Mozambique belt issued large volumes of basaltic to trachytic magmatism between five and one million years ago, with faulting around 1.2 million years ago.

Volcanic activity started in the central Ethiopian plateau around 30 million years ago, long before rifting began.
The first period of activity deposited flood basalts and rhyolites from  to  thick.
Uplift of the Ethiopian plateau began around this time or soon after.
Between 30 million and 10 million years ago synrift shield volcanoes deposited from  to  of additional material over the Ethiopian flood basalts.
Rifting in Ethiopia began about 18 million years ago in the southwest and 11 million years ago in northern parts of the Main Ethiopian Rift as the opening of the Gregory rift caused the Afar Triple Junction to form.
Volcanism from the Middle Pleistocene onward formed a chain of volcanoes along the floor of the rift throughout its length, dividing it into separate valleys.

There are some indications that the lithosphere may have thinned below the Gregory rift, although based on basalt geochemistry the lithosphere is at least  thick below the south of Kenya.
The Gregory rift is oriented NS, and in the past the minimum horizontal tectonic stress direction was EW, the direction of extension. The alignment of rows of small vents, cones, domes and collapse pits in the Suswa, Silali and Kinangop Plateau regions support this theory.
However, data from oil and gas exploration wells in Kenya, vents in volcanic shields to the east of the rift at Huri Hills, Mount Marsabit and Nyambeni Hills and recent small cones at Suswa and east of the Silali caldera all indicate that the minimum horizontal stress direction has changed to NW-SE within the last half million years.

References

Sources

Rifts and grabens
Great Rift Valley
Geology of Djibouti
Geology of Kenya
Geology of Tanzania

Gregory Rift


Colonel William Gore-Langton (December 1760 – 14 March 1847), known as William Gore until 1783, was a British politician. He sat in the House of Commons for 45 years.

Background
Born William Gore, he was the son of Edward Gore and Barbara, daughter of Sir George Browne, 3rd Baronet. This branch of the Gore family descends from Sir John Gore, Lord Mayor of London in 1624, younger son of Gerard Gore, whose elder son Sir Paul Gore, 1st Baronet, of Magharabeg was the ancestor of the Earls of Arran, the Barons Annaly and the Barons Harlech. Montague Gore was his nephew.

Political career
Gore-Langton was Member of Parliament for Somerset between 1795 and 1806 and again between 1812 and 1826, for Tregony between 1808 and 1812 and for Somerset East between 1832 and 1847. He was also a Colonel in the Oxford Militia.

Family
Gore-Langton married firstly Bridget, daughter of Joseph Langton (d. 1779), in 1783, and assumed the same year by Royal licence the additional surname and arms of Langton according to the will of his father-in-law. Through this marriage Newton Park in Somerset came into the Gore family. After Bridget's death in 1793 he married secondly Mary, daughter of John Browne. There were children from both marriages. His son from his first marriage, William Gore-Langton, was the father of William Gore-Langton and the grandfather of William Temple-Gore-Langton, 4th Earl Temple of Stowe while his son from his second marriage, Henry Gore-Langton, represented Bristol in Parliament.

References

External links

1760 births
1847 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall
William

William Gore-Langton (1760–1847)


Prozor Fortress ( or ) is a medieval fortress situated in the continental part of Split-Dalmatia County, in inland Dalmatia, just above the town of Vrlika in Croatia. From its origin as a small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae, it developed into a fortress in the 15th century, during the reign of Bosnian feudal lord Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić.

Location
Prozor Fortress sits prominently above the town of Vrlika. It was chain link of near by forts like fort Glavaš - Dinarić and Potravnik. The closest large towns are Sinj, Knin, and Drniš. Prozor Fortress also has views of the Peruća Lake (Perućko jezero) and mountains Dinara and Kamešnica to the east and mountain Svilaja to the southwest.
Prozor Fortress is made of stone like other fortresses in Dalmatia. It is partially restored, and entrance is free of charge.
The way up to Prozor Fortress starts at the Roman Catholic parish church in Vrlika. It takes a  car ride towards small village of Maovice, followed by a 25-minute walk along a dirt trail.

History

Prior to the arrival of the South Slavs, the Dalmatae are said to have lived in the region. The known history of Prozor Fortress begins parallel with the history of Vrlika in the 7th century, when the Croats moved there and formed a village on the spring of the river Cetina, in a field below the mountain Dinara. In the 9th century probably during the time of Duke Branimir of Littoral Croatian Duchy, the old Croatian Catholic Church of Holy Salvation, Cetina () was built near Vrlika, then called Vrh Rike.

After the crowning of Ladislaus as the Hungarian King in Zadar in 1403, and in political maneuvering against his arch political rival and enemy, king Sigismund, he appointed Hrvatinić as his deputy for Croatia and Dalmatia as he promised earlier.
In 1406, king Ladislaus of Naples gifted Prozor Fortress, at that time Castrum Werhlychky, as a center of Vrlička župa to the Hrvoje Vukčić.

Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić was most powerful Bosnian nobleman and magnate of his time, and carried a title of "Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Donji Kraji, and Duke of Split" (later Herzog of Split), and now he was made by Ladislaus his "deputy for this Dalmatian territory, calling him his Vicar General for the regions of Slavonia (in partibus Sclavonie)". He was the most prominent member of House of Hrvatinić, one of the most important of three feudal families in medieval Bosnia at the time, beside royal dynasty.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Hrvoje Vukčić fortified and strengthened the Prozor Fortress over the Vrlika valley to defend inhabitants from the invasion by the Ottoman Empire. After 1416, and Hrvoje Vukčić death, his son Balša Hercegović was unable to hold Prozor Fortress, which then passed to Ivaniš Nelipić, and later to Ivan Frankopan.

In 1421, King Sigismund donated Vrlika with the Prozor Fortress to Mihača Nikolin Vitturi, but Ivaniš Nelipić refused to hand over the fortress. When wealthy Prince Ivaniš Nelipić, the last male member of Frankopan's illustrious clan, died in 1434, the problem of inheritance became acute. According to his will, his only daughter, Princess Catherine or Margarita Nelipić, was to inherit all of his extensive possessions from the Velebit ranges to Cetina river. Her patrimony was argued and eventually shared by Frankopan. In spite of the legality of this bequest, and his consent to the marriage upon request of the late Ivaniš Nelipić, king Sigismund denounced the testament and demanded that Frankopan turn over to him the legacy of his wife's inheritance. When Frankopan refused to obey, Sigismund proclaimed him a rebel and deprived him of all honors and possessions. After that the fortress was lost to Venetian noble Mihača (Mikac) Nikolin Vitturi from Trogir, who was a commissioner of king Sigismund.

The Turks invaded the fortress in 1522, and held it until 1688. After the fortress was taken, the Turks, disregarding the conditions of its surrender, massacred all within it. After the Turks, the fortress belonged to the Republic of Venice, then to the Austrian Empire, when it lost its main strategic importance. From 1805 to 1813, it was under French rule, and from 1813 to 1918 it again under Austrian rule, as was all Croatia.

Architecture

Prozor Fortress was built on isolated rock, detached from the craggy cliff on the end of mountain Svilaja range of hills. The remains of the Prozor Fortress are the ruins of a spacious residential building, a water tank, stone walls and a chapel. The Prozor Fortress was expended while it was owned by Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić at the end of 14th and early 15th centuries from the small stronghold built by the Illyrian tribe of Dalmatae. In Turkish times the mahala, or the housing area of Vrlika fortress, developed around it. Prozor Fortress is dominated by the tall keep or donjon, around which is an open court with houses and a chapel. The courtyard is defended by the lower ramparts and a round tower. A drawbridge once gave access to the keep. Today's condition of Prozor Fortress is poorly, as the fortress is ruined, although slightly renovated.

See also
 List of castles in Croatia
 List of rulers of Croatia

References

Sources

External links
 http://www.vrlika.hr/

Buildings and structures in Split-Dalmatia County
Forts in Croatia
Vrlika
Archaeological sites in Croatia

Prozor Fortress