A financial sponsor is a private equity investment firm, particularly a private equity firm that engages in leveraged buyout transactions.

Sponsors and management
In addition to bringing capital to a deal, financial sponsors are expected to bring a combination of capital markets expertise, various important contacts, strategies for operational improvement, and the experience of owning leveraged companies.  As the owners of the company, financial sponsors rarely manage a company directly and are most active in issues relating to the company's capital structure and balance sheet as well as strategic initiatives including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and management restructurings.  The company's CEO and other senior management maintain responsibility for day-to-day operational issues.

Sponsors and other investors
Various investor classes look to the financial sponsor to generate value in a company as much as the management or operations of the company.  In particular, debt providers are willing to extend credit in the form of bank loans, high-yield debt and mezzanine capital based in part on the reputation of and relationship with the financial sponsor.

Additionally, many companies owned by financial sponsors will raise equity in the public markets through an initial public offering or (IPO) as a means of exiting an investment. Public investors will seek to align their own interests as much as possible with those of the financial sponsor by limiting the financial sponsor's ability to sell shares and managing the use of proceeds from the offering.  Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of financial sponsor ownership on the performance of IPOs.

See also
Private equity
Private-equity firm
Leveraged buyout

References

Private equity
Investment

Financial sponsor


Tom Newell is an American former professional basketball coach.

Attended University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1971, he began his career working as a scout for the Golden State Warriors in the 1980s. After serving as the Indiana Pacers' Director of Player Personnel in 1984, he moved on to be an assistant coach for the Seattle SuperSonics (now in Oklahoma City). During the 1990s, he served as assistant coaches for the New Jersey Nets, college scout Milwaukee Bucks, and asst. coach Dallas Mavericks. In 1995, he became the head coach of the Greek professional team Iraklis Thessaloniki B.C. and began his works on international programs. With extensive experience, he later joined the coaching staff of the short-lived WNBA team Portland Fire. Coach Newell also has been the Men's National Team Coach of Japan (2000), as well as Coach of the Jilin NE Tigers China Basketball Association team. His extensive travels since leaving the NBA have spanned the globe: Vladivostok, Russia...Yakutsk, Russia...Ireland...Belgium...St.Kitts, St. Vincent Grenadines...Seoul, Korea...Caracas, Venezuela...Guatemala...Canada...Madrid, Spain...Taipei, China...Manila, Philippines...He currently represents the State Department as a Sports Ambassador, teaching coaches and players about the game of basketball...he also represents FIBA as one of the Expert Instructors in their Olympic Development Program for Third World countries. Coach Newell is very active in his community with free camps and clinics for kids ages: 7–15...This camp program is designed to teach kids about being on a team, working together and making right choices away from home and school environs...The themes of his Best Effort Camps & Clinics are: "Eat Right to Play Right" and "Let's Cease to be Obese"...This program received the prestigious "Denny Award" from the City of Seattle Parks and Recreation Department, acknowledging those citizens who volunteer projects in education and environment that enhance the lives of others in the Seattle community (2008)...

References

Living people
American men's basketball coaches
Dallas Mavericks assistant coaches
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors basketball players
Iraklis Thessaloniki B.C. coaches
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Seattle SuperSonics assistant coaches
Japan national basketball team coaches
Portland Fire coaches
American men's basketball players
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tom Newell (basketball)


Bilsham Chapel is a deconsecrated former chapel in the hamlet of Bilsham in West Sussex, England.  Founded in the 13th century as a chapel of ease to the parish church of Yapton, the nearest village, the small flint building fell out of religious use around the time of the Reformation.  It has subsequently been used for storage and as labourers' cottages, and since 1972 it has been a single residential property.  English Heritage has listed it at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.

History
Bilsham, a hamlet within the parish of Yapton on the West Sussex coastal plain, is  southwest of the village centre and its parish church.  Evidence of Anglo-Saxon settlement has been found around the single-street settlement, which has grown northwards towards Yapton in the 20th century.  The manor of Bilsham, one of several in Yapton parish, was mentioned in the Domesday survey of 1086.

No place of worship existed at Bilsham until the 13th century.  The earliest surviving features of the present building, on the north side of Bilsham Lane, are a pair of windows which have been dated to the 13th century (or, by Nikolaus Pevsner, specifically to the 1260s).  Other sources suggest they may be 14th-century, contemporary with the pointed-arched east window.

The chapel was never dedicated to any saint.  During the religious upheaval of the 16th century, rural chapels of ease were usually either upgraded to full parochial status or taken out of religious use.  The latter happened at Bilsham: the chapel was closed in around 1551.  Nothing is known about the building's use for the next three centuries, but a study of West Sussex churches in 1860 noted that it had been "converted into two tenements" for workers.  This may have happened in around 1840.  One wall was rebuilt in brick at this time, and more structural alterations were carried out in 1878.  The pair of cottages were converted into a shed before 1965, but the building became residential again when it was turned into a single house, described as a "homely dwelling", in 1972.

Under the name The Chapel, Bilsham Chapel was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 5 June 1958.  This defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest".  As of February 2001, it was one of 913 Grade II listed buildings, and 960 listed buildings of all grades, in the local government district of Arun.

Architecture

The small rectangular building was always a single-cell chapel with no internal division.  It has two storeys and walls of flint and sandstone with red-brick quoins and window dressings.  The oldest structural features are the two lancet windows in the north wall, which have -tracery in a style typical of the early 14th century.  The pointed-arched lancet in the east wall has two lights and is either 14th- or 15th-century.  Two pairs of single-light lancets with red-brick surrounds were added in the south wall during the 1878 renovations, which also added a timber roof with tie-beams.  The two simple windows in the west wall may have been inserted then as well.  A pair of dormers on the south side date from the 1972 conversion into a house.  A survey in 1860 noted that the original arched entrance on the north side was blocked, and described the "three solid stone buttresses" on that side.  At that time, markings in the adjacent field (then part of Bilsham Farm) still identified the limits of the former churchyard, which was said to be large.

See also
List of places of worship in Arun

References

Bibliography

Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Former churches in West Sussex
Arun District
Grade II listed churches in West Sussex
Chapels in England

Bilsham Chapel


Darkest Hour is a 2017 war drama movie directed by Joe Wright and written by Anthony McCarten. It is set in May 1940. It stars Gary Oldman as Winston Churchill. It is about Churchill's early days as prime minister during the Second World War. The movie also stars Kristin Scott Thomas, Lily James, Ben Mendelsohn, Stephen Dillane, and Ronald Pickup.

It began a limited release in the United States on 22 November 2017, followed by general release on 22 December, and was released on 12 January 2018 in the United Kingdom. It had strong positive reviews.

Oldman won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Churchill. At the 90th Academy Awards, the movie earned six nominations, including Best Picture, and won for Best Actor and Best Makeup and Hairstyling.

References

2010s biographical movies
2010s war movies
2017 drama movies
British war movies
British drama movies
Movies set in the 1940s
World War II movies
British biographical movies
Movies featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies set in London
English-language movies
Movies directed by Joe Wright

Darkest Hour (movie)


Dipole anisotropy is a form of anisotropy and the progressive difference in the frequency of radiation from opposite directions due to the motion of the observer relative to the source. As a result of that motion, one end of the 360-degree spectrum is redshifted, whereas the other end is blueshifted. That effect is notable in measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, due to the motion of the Earth.

Physical cosmology

Dipole anisotropy


Caleb Manasseh Mutfwang  (born 12 March 1965) is a Nigerian lawyer and politician who is the current governor of Plateau State since 2023. He is a former Chairman of Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State.  Mutfwang was sworn in as governor on 29 May 2023.

Early Life And Education
Born on the 12th of March, 1965 in Wussasa, Zaria. He had his primary education at LEA Primary School Ampang-West, Mangu LGA from 1973 to 1977, went to Boys' Secondary School, Gindiri graduating in 1982.

Mutfwang worked briefly with the then Federal Office of Statistics and the defunct Nigerian Bank for Commerce of Industry (NBCI) before continuing his educational pursuit at the School of Preliminary Studies, Keffi from 1983 to 1984.

He was at the University of Jos and graduated between 1984 and 1988 and the Nigerian Law School from 1988 which qualified him to be called to the Nigerian Bar as a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court on the 14th of December 1989.

Caleb served the mandatory National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) programme in Kaduna State during which he was elected by his colleagues as the President of the Nigerian Christian Corpers' Fellowship in Kaduna State.

Personal life
Caleb Mutfwang is married to Helen Caleb Mutfwang and the marriage is blessed with three kids: Timothy, Nanbam, and Enoch.

References

1965 births
Living people
People from Plateau State
21st-century Nigerian politicians
Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) politicians
Governors of Plateau State

Caleb Mutfwang


Kris Thomas (born December 17, 1984) is an American singer. He competed in Season 4 of The Voice, earning a spot on Team Shakira and reaching the Top 10. His self-titled debut EP was released on December 17, 2013.

Early life
Kris Thomas was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He began performing publicly at the age of 14 with his church choir.

He joined the Young Actors Guild, where he gained experience in stage performance and experimented in acting. The following year Thomas joined the Stax Music Academy, where he became a member and lead vocalist of StreetCorner Harmonie. Thomas later featured the Stax students in the music video "Two Kings", in which he joined Pam Tillis.

While obtaining his college degree from Middle Tennessee State University Thomas performed in various talent showcases. Thomas' R&B cover of "I Know You Won't" by Carrie Underwood landed him a deal with Universal Republic Records.

Career

The Voice

At the blind auditions on March 25, 2013, Thomas performed Whitney Houston's "Saving All My Love for You", prompting Shakira to turn her chair. At the Battle rounds, Thomas faced C. Perkins where they sang the song "It Will Rain". During the Knockouts, Thomas sang "What a Wonderful World" against Mary Miranda.

During the Live Playoffs, Thomas sang "When I Was Your Man" and  "I'll Be There". Thomas' final run was during Week Three of the playoffs, where he sang "Adorn".

2013: Kris Thomas EP
On December 17, 2013 Kris Thomas released his first self-titled EP. The first single off of this EP is "Count Me In".

EP Track Listing
 Count Me In
 Long Goodbye
 Back Into Your Heart
 My Symphony
 Right To Be Gone

Concerts
Friends Forever Charity Concert Live In Kuala Lumpur

Discography

Releases from The Voice
 When I Was Your Man
 I'll Be There
 Saving All My Love For You
 Adorn
 It Will Rain
 What a Wonderful World

Singles
 I Know You Won't
 Balloons
 Two Kings

External links

1984 births
African-American male singers
Living people
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
The Voice (franchise) contestants
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers

Kris Thomas


Ramayana is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India.

Ramayana, Ramayan, or Ramayanam may also refer to:

Medieval works
 Bhanubhakta Ramayana, a Nepali version of Valmiki Ramayana, written by Bhanubhakta Acharya
 Bilanka Ramayana, an Odia version of Ramayana, by 15th-century poet Sarala Dasa
 Jagamohana Ramayana, an Odia version of Ramayana by 15th-century poet Balarama Dasa
Saptakanda Ramayana, the 14th century Assamese version, written by Madhava Kandali
 Ranganatha Ramayanam, the Telugu version, written by Gona Budda Reddy
 Ramcharitmanas, the 16th century Hindi version, written by Tulsidas
 Ramavataram, the Tamil version, written by Kambar
 Krittivasi Ramayan, the Bengali version, written by Krittibas Ojha
 Kakawin Ramayana, an Old Javanese rendering of the Sanskrit Ramayana
 Ramakien, a Thai derivative of Kamba Ramayanam

Modern works
 The Ramayana (Narayan book), a 1972 English translation of Kamba Ramayana
 Ramayana (Rajagopalachari book), a 1957 abridged retelling of the Ramayana in English
 Sampoorna Ramayana, 1961 Hindi film directed by Babubhai Mistry
 Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film), a 1971 Telugu film directed by Bapu
Ramayana, a 1943 Japanese Tokusatsu film from Toho
 Ramayan 3392 A.D. or Ramayana Reborn, a comic book series
 Ramayan (1954 film), a Hindi religious film
 Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama, 1992 Indo-Japanese film
 Ramayan (1987 TV series), an Indian television series on DD National
 Ramayan (2001 TV series), an Indian television series on Zee TV
 Ramayan (2008 TV series), an Indian television series on NDTV Imagine
 Ramayan (2012 TV series), an Indian television series
 Ramayanam (1996 film), a mythological Telugu film
 Geet Ramayan, a 1955 Marathi rendering in poetic format by G. D. Madgulkar
 Siya Ke Ram, a 2015–16 Indian television series on StarPlus

Other uses
 Ramayana bridge, a bridge connecting Rameswaram to Mannar, India
 Ramayana Centre, Port Louis, Mauritius
 Ramayana (department store), a major department store chain in Indonesia
 Ramayanam Sarveswara Sastry (1889–1962), Indian actor
 Versions of Ramayana

Ramayana (disambiguation)


The Little Marionette company was established in 1975 by Hansie Visagie and Reinette Kruyswijk, since then Althea Labuschangne, Ann Bailes, Con Visagie, Frauke Kröger and Thys Stander became involved with the company for many years.

During the past 45 years the company has designed and produced numerous puppet theatre productions in various genres. Performances have been staged at a variety of venues in South Africa, including the State Theatre (Pretoria), as well as abroad in France, Austria, the United States of America and Denmark, in 1999

The company has been involved in conceptualizing, designing, manufacturing, manipulating, directing and producing puppets for television in South Africa since 1980, especially for children's programmes screened over the years on SABC TV, previously TV 1, 2 and 3, CCV, BOP TV, M-Net, e TV and Kyk-Net.

Various freelance artists are included in productions according to the needs of the projects the company designs and makes.

Puppet theaters
Puppetry in South Africa
Theatres completed in 1975
1975 establishments in South Africa

The Little Marionette Company


Oddworld Inhabitants is a video game and film company founded in 1994 by Lorne Lanning and Sherry McKenna. The company is known for creating the Oddworld Quintology series released from 1997 to 2005. The series includes: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee, Oddworld Abe's Exoddus, Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee and Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath, as well as two Gameboy and one Gameboy Advance games that were short versions of Abe's Oddysee, Abe's Exoddus, and Munch's Oddysee. They were titled: Oddworld Adventures, Oddworld Adventures II, and Munch's Oddysee.

In 2005, Oddworld Inhabitants temporarily redirected their focus into the film industry, and eventually released a science fiction thriller called Citizen Siege.

They then released games under Just Add Water (Developments) UK LTD where they only sell digital products as of 2008 when the original PC games went up on Steam. They also made available the original PS1 games on the Playstation Network store in 2010 for the PS3 and PSP. The classics were made available for PS Vita in August 2012.

They started work by porting the original Xbox version of Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath to PC. They then made an HD version and had several improvements made to it and it was released in 2011 for the PC and PS3. In 2012 Oddworld announced that Abe's Oddysee was getting a complete remake game from the ground up and its title which was chosen by fans is called Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty. They also released Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee HD for PS3 in December 2012.

In 2013, it was announced that New 'n' Tasty will be coming in Spring 2014 and at the Game Developers Conference in California.

Released titles
The developers originally stated that the Oddworld series would consist of five games referred to as the Quintology. Only two of those five games have been produced, while two additional games from the same universe were developed as expansion titles outside of the Quintology. Production on the Quintology's final three games was halted when the company decided to redirect its efforts toward film production. Those plans, too, were shelved.

In 2009, a partnership was created with developers Just Add Water to continue developing the abandoned video games with Oddworld Inhabitants Inc. becoming the publisher of the titles. To raise the money to fund the rest of the Quintology, Just Add Water began by porting the studio's first two titles to new consoles and producing high definition remasters of Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee and Stranger's Wrath.

A high definition rebuild of Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee subtitled New 'n' Tasty! was next. Stewart Gilray has confirmed that all five Quintology games are titled Oddworld: X's Oddysee where X is the name of the protagonist.

References

Fictional universes
Oddworld

Oddworld Inhabitants


Leichhardt was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1860 to 1932.

Taking in areas of central Queensland west of the Great Dividing Range, the district in its original form stretched as far as Mackay in the north and as far south as Taroom. Originally a dual member constituency, it was one of the sixteen districts contested at the first colonial election in 1860. It became a single member constituency in 1873 but reverted to being a dual member electorate in 1878. A single member constituency again in 1888, it remained that way thereafter. One of the district's first members was Robert Herbert, the first Premier of Queensland.

By the time of its abolition—at the 1932 state election—the district was based on Clermont and Springsure. Its territory was split between the pre-existing districts of Barcoo and Normanby.

Members for Leichhardt

See also
 Electoral districts of Queensland
 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
 :Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name

References

Former electoral districts of Queensland
Constituencies established in 1860
1860 establishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1932
1932 disestablishments in Australia

Electoral district of Leichhardt (Queensland)


Anti-abortion movements, also self-styled as pro-life or abolitionist movements, are involved in the abortion debate advocating against the practice of abortion and its legality. Many anti-abortion movements began as countermovements in response to the legalization of elective abortions.

Historical
In the 19th century United States, Anthony Comstock launched an 'anti-vice crusade' that included opposition to contraception and abortion. He successfully got the US congress to pass laws later known as the Comstock laws that included provisions that made it illegal to send materials used for abortion through the mail. These laws have been referenced by modern anti-abortion campaigners in the US and cited in court cases to stop the mailing of abortion medication.

Europe

In Europe, abortion law varies by country, and has been legalized through parliamentary acts in some countries, and constitutionally banned or heavily restricted in others. In Western Europe this has had the effect at once of both more closely regulating the use of abortion, and at the same time mediating and reducing the impact anti-abortion campaigns have had on the law.

France

The first specifically anti-abortion organization in France, Laissez-les-vivre-SOS futures mères, was created in 1971 during the debate that was to lead to the Veil Law in 1975. Its main spokesman was the geneticist Jérôme Lejeune. Since 2005, the French anti-abortion movement has organized an annual March for Life.

The 1920 abortion laws of France have not been entirely repealed leading to ambiguity in the nation's policies. By 1975, Simone Veil, the minister for health, introduced legislation that specifically in cases of distress "tolerated" abortion up to ten weeks. Abortions after this date are only cleared by the government if the pregnancy endangers the health of the woman or will result in the birth of a child with a severe and incurable disease. After twelve weeks, abortion, except for "therapeutic abortion, under the terms of Article 317 of the Criminal Code, is a crime, punishable by 6 months to 10 years in prison, a fine of between 1800 and 250,000 Francs, and loss of professional license."

Catholics and right-wing political groups continue to protest abortion. The far-right party National Rally (formerly National Front), has attempted unsuccessfully to decrease funding for abortions.

Ireland

There are several major anti-abortion groups in the Republic of Ireland, including Pro Life Campaign, Youth Defence and the Iona Institute. The Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (2018) provided for legal abortion in Ireland, but several anti-abortion parties still campaign, including Aontú and the National Party (Ireland, 2016).

Liechtenstein

In Liechtenstein, an application to legalize abortions was rejected by a slim majority in a referendum in 2011. The opponents, which included Prince Alois, got 500 votes more and eventually settled at 52.3 percent compared with 47.7 percent.

Prince Alois had announced the use of his veto in advance if necessary to prevent the introduction of abortion.

Russia

Abortion is legal in Russia as an elective procedure up to the 12th week of pregnancy, and in special circumstances at later stages. The abortion issue gained renewed attention in 2011 in a debate that The New York Times says "has begun to sound like the debate in the United States". Parliament passed and President Dmitri Medvedev signed several restrictions on abortion into law to combat "a falling birthrate" and "plunging population". The restrictions include requiring abortion providers to devote 10% of advertising costs to describing the dangers of abortion to a woman's health and make it illegal to describe abortion as a safe medical procedure. Medvedev's wife Svetlana Medvedeva has taken up the anti-abortion cause in Russia in a weeklong national campaign against abortion called "Give Me Life!" and a "Day of Family, Love and Faithfulness" by her Foundation for Social and Cultural Initiatives in conjunction with the Russian Orthodox Church.

Spain

In Spain, over one million demonstrators took part in a march in Madrid in October 2009 to protest plans by the government of José Luis Zapatero to legalize elective abortions and eliminate parental consent restrictions.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the most prominent anti-abortion organization is the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children. It was formed at the time of the passage of the 1967 Abortion Act which liberalized abortion law. The group campaigns against abortion, often using questionable claims, and supports protests at pregnancy clinics. The Abortion Act of 1967 had a significant effect in Britain (excluding Northern Ireland). The Act states that if at least two doctors deem the reasons for abortion to be in alignment with the Act, it can legally be performed. This still means that the punishment for women who obtain abortions contrary to the Act are faced with potential life imprisonment. Doctors too can be prosecuted if they are found administering abortions without reasonable cause. The Abortion Act of 1967 did not apply in Northern Ireland. Women living there who sought abortions either had to travel to Britain to receive an abortion or potentially face criminal charges for purchasing abortion pills illegally.

To this day, anti-abortion activists routinely stand outside many abortion clinics; their goal is to discourage women from entering the clinics. This is through two processes, known as "prayer vigils", which are sometimes quiet and other times said aloud to actively dissuade; and "pavement counseling", where activists approach women entering clinics in order to persuade them to continue with their pregnancies. This is a practice held in low regard by many, as it causes anxiety and distress.

Middle East

Israel

In Israel, the major anti-abortion organization is Efrat. Efrat activists primarily raise funds to relieve the "financial and social pressures" on pregnant women so that they will not terminate their pregnancies. However, this activity is only carried out in the Jewish sector in Israeli society, as Efrat officially views abortion among Jews as a demographic threat to the Jewish people.

Americas

United States

The United States anti-abortion movement formed as a response to the landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade  and Doe v. Bolton U.S. Supreme Court decisions with many anti-abortion organizations having emerged since then. There is also a smaller consistent life ethic movement, favoring a philosophy which opposes all forms of killing, including abortion, war, euthanasia, and capital punishment.

The current movement is in part a continuation of previous debates on abortion that led to the practice being banned in all states by the late 19th century. The initial movement was led by physicians, but also included politicians and feminists. Among physicians, advances in medical knowledge played a significant role in influencing anti-abortion opinion. Quickening, which had previously been thought to be the point at which the soul entered a human was discovered to be a relatively unimportant step in fetal development, caused many medical professionals to rethink their positions on early term abortions. Ideologically, the Hippocratic Oath and the medical mentality of that age to defend the value of human life as an absolute also played a significant role in molding opinions about abortion.

Meanwhile, many 19th-century feminists tended to regard abortion as an undesirable necessity forced upon women by thoughtless men. The "free love" wing of the feminist movement refused to advocate abortion and treated the practice as an example of the hideous extremes to which modern marriage was driving women. Marital rape and the seduction of unmarried women were societal ills which feminists believed caused the need to abort, as men did not respect women's right to abstinence.

Anti-abortion groups like Focus on the Family, Students for Life of America, and Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America are considered part of the Christian right. They call themselves "pro-life" because they are often united in their belief that a fetus is a person that has legal rights. Since the U.S. Supreme Court decision Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, some of these organizations have turned their attention to banning abortions at the state and local level and asking the U.S. Supreme Court to recognize fetal personhood under the Constitution.

Canada

A Conservative MP, Cathay Wagantall, introduced a bill in 2020 seeking to ban abortions for the purpose of choosing a child's sex. Abortion in Canada is legal at all stages of pregnancy and funded in part by the Canada Health Act. In 2013, the Conservative prime minister, Stephen Harper, barred the members of Parliament from discussing the matter in the Commons. Harper's move was linked to his repeated declarations that he wouldn't allow the abortion debate to be re-opened. Since the 1980s, at least forty-three private member bills that are against abortion have been sent to the House of Commons yet none of them have been passed. Canadian anti-abortion discourse increasingly "aims at changing cultural values more than legislation; is explicitly framed as 'pro-woman'; largely avoids appealing to religious grounds; and relies on a new 'abortion-harms-women' argument that has supplanted and transformed traditional fetal personhood arguments".

Since 1998, Catholics and allies have held national anti-abortion March for Life rallies at Parliament Hill. Two have gathered over 10,000 protesters. In addition to the national protests, anti-abortionists protest abortion clinics across the nation in attempts to stop abortions from continuing.

Australia

A number of anti-abortion organizations exist in Australia, including Cherish Life, Right to Life Australia, and Australian Christian Lobby. These organizations undertake various campaigning activities, including political campaign fundraising.

A large portion of Australian law surrounding abortion was originally derived from the British law. Until 1967, British law stated that "an induced abortion is unlawful in all situations save the (probable) exception of situations where it is necessary to save the life of the mother." Australia partook of this law until Britain changed it in 1967 towards a more liberal standpoint.

All states and territories, except Western Australia, have laws prohibiting anti-abortion campaigners from harassing visitors and staff of abortion clinics by setting exclusion zones around abortion clinics.

Religion

Christianity

Evangelical Christianity
In Evangelical Christianity, international organizations like Focus on the Family are involved in the anti-abortion movement.

See also

 180 (2011 American film)
 Anti-abortion violence
 Crisis pregnancy center
 Fetal rights
 Forced abortion
 History of abortion law debate
 Mildred Fay Jefferson (founder of National Right to Life PAC)

 Unplanned (anti-abortion movie)

References

External links

 List of international anti-abortion organizations

Abortion

Anti-abortion movements


Kmetijske in rokodelske novice (), frequently referred to simply as Novice (News), was a Slovene-language newspaper in the 19th century, which had an influential role in the Slovene national revival. For its first two years of publication (1843–1844) the newspaper's name was spelled Kmetijſke in rokodélſke novize (using the Bohorič alphabet), and from 1845 onward Kmetijske in rokodélske novice (using Gaj's Latin alphabet).

It was established in 1843 by the conservative editor Janez Bleiweis, who later became one of the main leaders of the Slovene national movement. Between 1843 and 1852, it was issued on a weekly basis, between 1852 and 1857 two times a week, and after 1857 again once a week. It was edited by Bleiweis until his death in 1881.

Between the 1840s and the 1870s, it was the most influential newspaper in Slovene and, together with the German-language Laibacher Zeitung, the most widespread newspaper in the Slovene Lands. Its role in the cultural formation of the Slovene people was great. The newspaper was crucial in the development of standard Slovene in the mid-19th century, including the introduction of Gaj's Latin alphabet in the 1840s. Matija Majar's manifesto on United Slovenia was first published in the newspaper, as was France Prešeren's poem Zdravljica, the 7th stanza of which would later become the Slovenian national anthem. Many other important Slovene authors wrote in the newspapers, including Fran Levstik, Janez Trdina, Simon Jenko, and Josip Jurčič.

In the beginning, the newspaper was mostly diffused in Carniola, but in the 1850s its readership spread throughout the Slovene Lands. In the early 1860s, it served as the main herald of the Slovene national movement.

With the rise of political differentiation within Slovene nationalism in the late 1860s, and the establishment of two rival daily newspapers, the national liberal Slovenski narod (1868) and the national conservative Slovenec (1873), the influence of Novice declined. After the pluralization of the media scene in the 1880s and 1890s, it became completely marginal, and it ceased publication in 1902.

Slovene-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1843
Publications disestablished in 1902
Defunct newspapers published in Slovenia
Mass media in Ljubljana
1843 establishments in the Austrian Empire

Kmetijske in rokodelske novice


Ellory Elkayem (born 12 August 1970) is a New Zealand film director.

Born in Christchurch, Elkayem began making films at a young age. He later attended a film school designed to give students practical experience and preparation for a career in the film business. He learned the ropes firsthand while working in the camera department on many commercials, music videos, and television shows such as The Adventures of the Black Stallion starring Mickey Rooney.

During this time, Elkayem also made several short films with support and financial assistance from the New Zealand government. His big break came with Larger than Life, a 13-minute black-and-white, FX-driven homage to the 1950s Hollywood horror genre, featuring a giant, man-eating spider.

Produced by Academy Award winner Jamie Selkirk, and financed with the largest grant of its kind from the New Zealand Film Commission, Larger than Life received critical acclaim at the 1998 Telluride Film Festival and later caught the eye of the Hollywood producers Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich (Independence Day, Godzilla, The Day After Tomorrow), who then recruited Elkayem to write and direct Eight Legged Freaks, a $30 million feature film based on Larger than Life, starring David Arquette, Kari Wührer, and Scarlett Johansson, and distributed by Warner Bros.

He has since worked on a number of low-budget horror films, including Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis and Return of the Living Dead: Rave to the Grave sequels and Without a Paddle: Nature's Calling.

Filmography

References

External links

New Zealand film directors
New Zealand screenwriters
New Zealand male screenwriters
1970 births
Living people
Mass media people from Christchurch
Horror film directors

Ellory Elkayem


The Keith Prowse company originated from a partnership in 1830 between two musical instrument makers who opened a shop selling their goods. It later became a theatre ticket agency and music publisher; after a merger with the Peter Maurice company it became KPM and was acquired by EMI in 1969.

Keith Prowse remains as a trading name used by two separate companies. Within the United Kingdom it is used by the Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Division of Compass Group Plc (who provide catering facilities). The company operates at numerous venues for major sporting and cultural events including Cirque du Soleil, Chelsea Flower Show, Wimbledon and test cricket.

History
Robert William Keith (1767–1846), a musical composer, instrument maker and organist at the New Jerusalem Church, Friars Street, London, opened a shop in London in the late 18th century. In 1830 he entered a partnership with another musical instrument manufacturer and music publisher, William Prowse (1801–1886), to form Keith, Prowse & Co.

The company entered the theatre ticketing business after acquiring "Theater Ticket Messengers" a company which used young message boys to go to theatres and either hold seats or collect seat tokens for favoured clients. The first reference to the firm's selling theatre tickets appeared in an article published in 1786 in the Morning Chronicle, referring to "The New System of Ticket Agents". One of the first ticketing companies to have a telephone installed, Keith Prowse appeared in the first UK telephone directory published in 1880. In 1886, the company first represented Royal Ascot, opened the World's first flight ticket booking office at Brooklands near Weybridge, Surrey, in 1911 and soon opened another at London Aerodrome. In 1924, they first represented the Wimbledon Championships.

In 1954, Peter Cadbury borrowed £75000 from his father to buy the Keith Prowse ticket agency, which went public in 1960, and later became a subsidiary of Westward Television. In 1955, to focus the business on the ticket agency, Keith Prowse Music Publishing was spun off and sold to the holders of the original London weekdays commercial television franchise, Associated-Rediffusion. In 1959, Associated-Rediffusion purchased the successful Peter Maurice publishing company and merged it with Keith Prowse Music Publishing to form KPM – Keith-Prowse-Maurice (often referred to incorrectly as "Keith Prowse Music"). In 1969, EMI bought Keith-Prowse-Maurice and Central Songs. KPM Music Recorded Library released many recordings of library music by composers such as Alan Hawkshaw. Today, KPM is owned by Sony Music Publishing which acquired EMI Music Publishing in 2012.

In 1981, the Keith Prowse agency opened its first office outside the UK in New York City and a further office was established in Dublin in 1982. In the same year, the company was officially appointed by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club through its purchase of Ashton & Mitchell which held royal appointment and rights to Wimbledon tennis.

Administration, internal and external sale

The company saw a period of external administration in 1991 with debts of £7m ($12m), prompting its purchase by Wembley plc (former owner of Wembley Stadium) which in March 2002 sold Keith Prowse Ltd to the company's management for £5.5m ($7.8m/EUR8.9m).

In 2004 the business split:
Compass Group Plc acquired the Keith Prowse corporate hospitality business sectors for £20m.
The remaining business of selling tickets to theatres, tours and attractions became operated by Keith Prowse Travel

References

External links
 Keith Prowse Hospitality web site
 Management buy out (Guardian.co.uk)

1780s establishments in Great Britain
Defunct companies based in London
Hotel and leisure companies of the United Kingdom
Travel and holiday companies of the United Kingdom

Keith Prowse


Jacques Roubaud (; born 5 December 1932 in Caluire-et-Cuire, Rhône) is a French poet, writer and mathematician.

Life and career
Jacques Roubaud taught Mathematics at University of Paris X Nanterre and Poetry at EHESS. A member of the Oulipo group, he has published poetry, plays, novels, and translated English poetry and books into French such as Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark. French poet and novelist Raymond Queneau had Roubaud's first book, a collection of mathematically structured sonnets, published by Éditions Gallimard, and then invited Roubaud to join the Oulipo as the organization's first new member outside the founders.

Roubaud's fiction often suppresses the rigorous constraints of the Oulipo (while mentioning their suppression, thereby indicating that such constraints are indeed present), yet takes the Oulipian self-consciousness of the writing act to an extreme. This simultaneity both appears playfully, in his Hortense novels (Our Beautiful Heroine, Hortense Is Abducted and Hortense in Exile), and with gravity and reflection in The Great Fire of London, considered the pinnacle of his prose. The Great Fire of London (1989), The Loop (1993), and Mathematics (2012) are the first three volumes of a long, experimental, autobiographical work known as "the project" (or "the minimal project"), and the only volumes of "the project", at present, to have been translated into English.  Seven volumes of "the project" have been completed and published in French. To compose The Loop, Roubaud began with a childhood memory of a snowy night in Carcassonne and then wrote nightly, without returning to correct his writing from previous nights. Roubaud's goals in writing The Loop were to discover, "My own memory, how does it work?", and to "destroy" his memories through writing them down.

Roubaud has participated in readings and lectures at the European Graduate School (2007), the Salon du Livre de Paris (2008), and the "Dire Poesia" series at Palazzo Leoni Montanari in Venice (2011).

He married Alix Cléo Roubaud in 1980; she died three years later.

Selected bibliography
La Belle Hortense (1985). Our Beautiful Heroine, trans. David Kornacker (Overlook Press, 1987).
Quelque chose noir (1986). Some Thing Black, trans. Rosmarie Waldrop. Photographs by Alix Cléo Roubaud (Dalkey Archive Press, 1990).
L'Enlèvement d'Hortense (1987). Hortense Is Abducted, trans. Dominic Di Bernardi (Dalkey Archive Press, 1989).
Échanges de la lumière (1990). Exchanges on Light, trans. Eleni Sikélianòs (La Presse, 2009).
Le Grand Incendie de Londres (Branch 1 of the Project) (1989). The Great Fire of London, trans. Dominic Di Bernardi (Dalkey Archive Press, 1991).
La Princesse Hoppy ou Le Conte du Labrador (1990). The Princess Hoppy, or The Tale of Labrador, trans. Bernard Hœpffner (Dalkey Archive Press, 1993).
L'Exil d'Hortense (1990). Hortense in Exile, trans. Dominic Di Bernardi (Dalkey Archive Press, 1992).
La Pluralité des mondes de Lewis (1991). The Plurality of Worlds of Lewis, trans. Rosmarie Waldrop (Dalkey Archive Press, 1995).
La Boucle (Branch 2 of the Project) (1993). The Loop, trans. Jeff Fort (Dalkey Archive Press, 2009).
Poésie, etcetera : ménage (1995). Poetry, etcetera: Cleaning House, trans. Guy Bennett (Green Integer, 2006).
Mathématique (Branch 3, Part 1, of the Project) (1997). Mathematics, trans. Ian Monk (Dalkey Archive Press, 2012).
La forme d'une ville change plus vite, hélas, que le cœur des humains (1999). The Form of a City Changes Faster, Alas, than the Human Heart: 150 Poems, 1991–1998, trans. Rosmarie Waldrop and Keith Waldrop (Dalkey Archive Press, 2006).
Poésie (Branch 4 of the Project) (2000).
La Bibliothèque de Warburg (Branch 5 of the Project) (2002)
Impératif catégorique (Branch 3, Part 2, of the Project) (2008)
La Dissolution (Branch 6 (Final) of the Project) (2008)

Awards and honors

 1986: Prix France Culture, for Quelque chose noir
 1990: Grand prix national de la poésie du ministère de la Culture, for his body of work
 2008: Grand prix de littérature Paul-Morand, for his body of work

References

Further reading
Poucel, Jean-Jacques. "Jacques Roubaud and the Invention of Memory". North Carolina Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Puff, Jean-François. "Mémoire de la mémoire. Jacques Roubaud et la lyrique médiévale". Paris : Editions Classiques Garnier, coll. "Etudes de littérature des XXe et XXIe siècles", 2009.
 Reig, Christophe. Mimer, Miner, Rimer : le cycle romanesque de Jacques Roubaud (La Belle Hortense, L'Enlèvement d'Hortense, L'Exil d'Hortense) – préface de Bernard Magné, New-York/Amsterdam, Rodopi, coll. " Faux-Titre" n°275, 2006. ()

External links
Documentation critique sur J. Roubaud / commented bibliography about Jacques Roubaud
Jacques Roubaud reading an English translation of one of his poems

2009 BOMB Magazine interview of Jacques Roubaud by Marcella Durand

1932 births
Living people
People from Caluire-et-Cuire
Oulipo members
20th-century French poets
20th-century French mathematicians
French male poets
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
21st-century French poets
21st-century French male writers
21st-century French mathematicians
French male novelists
Writers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
20th-century French male writers
University of Rennes alumni
Academic staff of European Graduate School
Prix Fénéon winners
Prix France Culture winners

Jacques Roubaud


A ballistic knife is a knife with a detachable blade that can be ejected to a distance of several meters/yards by pressing a trigger or operating a lever or switch on the handle. Spring-powered ballistic knives first appeared in books and press reports on Soviet and Eastern Bloc armed forces in the late 1970s.  Commercially-produced ballistic knives briefly gained notoriety in the United States in the mid-1980s after they were marketed and sold in the United States and other Western countries. Since then, the marketing and sale of ballistic knives to civilians has been restricted or prohibited by law in several nations.

Usage
In its spring-propelled form, the blade of a ballistic knife is theoretically capable of being fired to an effective range of around 5 meters (about 16 feet) at a speed of 63 km/h (39 mph). Ballistic knives using compressed air or gas propulsion to fire the blade can be made somewhat more powerful, and do not suffer from spring fatigue over time.

In addition to spring, air, or gas propulsion, the blade of a ballistic knife may also be propelled by an explosive charge, such as a blank pistol cartridge.

Development, usage, and laws

Soviet Union
The first press reports of what became known as the ballistic knife appeared in the late 1970s in connection with the Soviet Union's special operations forces.  In his book Inside The Aquarium, Viktor Suvorov described a ballistic knife as part of a Soviet spetsnaz trooper's equipment.

An NRS-2 combination knife/gun was designed and developed during the 1970s at the order of the Russian Ministry of Defence and KGB of the USSR. However, the NRS-2 was not in fact a ballistic knife, but a gun hybrid (instead of launching the blade, a small barrel aligned with the blade fires a non-standard 7.62mm bullet).

United States
Commercial versions of the ballistic knife first appeared in the US market in the mid-1980s.  After hearing uncorroborated testimony from a congressional witness that ballistic knives could be used to defeat body armor typically worn by police officers, and witnessing a staged demonstration against a wood-backed target, Senator Alphonse D'Amato of New York introduced the Ballistic Knife Prohibition Act, a bill to ban sale or possession of ballistic knives. The bill eventually failed. However, after gaining the support of Senators Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, and Dennis DeConcini of Arizona, congressional support for a ban on import or possession of ballistic knives quickly gained traction. In September 1986 senators supporting the ballistic knife ban attached their bill to popular legislation designed to eradicate drug crops in foreign countries and halt international drug trafficking operations. The bill was subsequently enacted into law. The new federal statute prohibited future importation or possession of such knives in interstate commerce. Some individual states following the example set by the federal law and passed even tighter restrictions, sometimes banning ownership of the knives outright within their state.

Similar to conventional automatic knives, federal law makes ballistic knives with a spring-operated blade illegal to possess, manufacture, sell, or import "in or affecting interstate commerce." This means they are illegal to import from outside the United States, as well as buy or sell over state lines, including possessing or making them with intent to sell over state lines. The federal law also makes it a separate crime to use or possess a ballistic knife during the commission of a federal crime of violence, with a minimum sentence of 5 years in a federal prison. Federal law does not prohibit the possession, manufacture, or sale of a ballistic knife within a state's boundaries, and the individual laws of each state or territory must be consulted to determine whether possession, manufacture, or sale within a given state is legal (many states have statutes that regulate or prohibit the acquisition or possession of ballistic knives, and penalties vary from state to state). Like the federal switchblade law, an exception is made for sale to the United States Armed Forces within the confines of a contract, as well as possession by duly-authorized members of the Armed Forces in performance of their duty.

A ballistic knife with a blade propelled by an explosive charge falls outside the Federal law pertaining to these devices, but still may be restricted as this makes it a firearm subject to the Any Other Weapons (AOW) category of the National Firearms Act.

United Kingdom
Possession of ballistic knives and pilum knives is illegal under current legislation in the United Kingdom. and this has resulted in a tendency to interpret any bladed object of questionable status as falling within the definition of a prohibited knife.

Whilst "ballistic knives" are not specifically mentioned in any legislation, the marketing, sale, transfer, or possession in a public place of a ballistic knife could be construed to be illegal under the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, the Knives Act 1997, the Criminal Justice Act 1988, and the Prevention of Crime Act 1953. The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 imposes criminal penalties for anyone who manufactures, sells or hires, or offers for sale or hire, or lends or gives to any other person "any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button, spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife." The Knives Act 1997 prohibits the marketing of knives as offensive weapons, while the Criminal Justice Act 1988 prohibits the carrying of blades or sharply pointed objects in a public place without "good reason or lawful authority". Finally, the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without "lawful authority or reasonable excuse." The term "offensive weapon" is defined under the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 as: "any article made or adapted for use to causing injury to the person, or intended by the person having it with him for such use". Under the Prevention of Crime Act, knives otherwise 'exempt' from penalty under the Criminal Justice Act 1988 when carried for "good reason or lawful authority" may still be deemed illegal if authorities conclude the knife is being carried as an "offensive weapon" without "lawful authority or reasonable excuse". 'Lawful authority' means those occasions where people from time to time are required to carry weapons as a matter of governmental duty, such as police officers or members of the armed forces, not private persons, hence the 'lawful authority' language cannot be relied upon to establish an exemption from prosecution of private individuals. Furthermore, as the ballistic knife was originally designed as an offensive weapon and given current prosecutorial directives, it may be difficult to establish "reasonable excuse" for carrying such a knife before a UK prosecutor or court, especially as the carrying of a knife in public for self-defence is not acceptable as a "reasonable excuse". In the eyes of the law, claims of self-protection are presently viewed as an admission that the defendant intends to use the knife in violation of the law as an "offensive weapon" - albeit in a defensive manner, and in otherwise justifiable circumstances.

See also

 Throwing knife
 Combination weapons
 Knife legislation
 Pistol sword
 Switchblade

References

External links

Blade weapons
Knives
Military knives
Projectile weapons

Ballistic knife


The 1995 Waigani Convention is a treaty that bans the exporting of hazardous or radioactive waste to Pacific Islands Forum countries, and prohibits Forum island countries from importing such waste. The convention has been ratified by Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. It entered into force in 2001.

States that are eligible to ratify the convention but have not yet done so are France, the United Kingdom, Marshall Islands, the United States, and Palau. Palau has signed the agreement but has not ratified it.

References

Treaties concluded in 1995
1995 in Papua New Guinea
Treaties entered into force in 2001
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of the Cook Islands
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Kiribati
Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Niue
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of Tonga
Treaties of Tuvalu
Treaties of Vanuatu
Pacific Islands Forum treaties

Waigani Convention


Christian Pander (born 28 August 1983 in Münster) is a German footballer who plays as a left back. He is currently a free agent, having most recently served Hannover 96 of the Bundesliga. He is known for his powerful left-foot free-kicks and willingness to burst up the left wing.

Club career

FC Schalke 04

Pander spent his youth career at SC Nienberge, 1. FC Gievenbeck, SC Greven 09 and Preußen Münster before becoming a product of the Schalke 04 youth system. He made his Schalke 04 debut on 19 September 2002 where he played for 17 minutes, in a 4–1 win over Gomel in the first round of the UEFA Cup and also made another appearance in the first round of the UEFA Cup the following season, in a 0–0 draw against Kamen Ingrad.

It was not until 2004 when Pander was promoted to the first team at Schalke 04 and made his Bundesliga debut on 6 August 2004 in a 1–0 away loss to Werder Bremen. However, his debut was a forgettable one when he made a mistake, leading Nelson Valdez to score the only goal in the game, though manager Jupp Heynckes praised his debut performance. Pander continued to be in the first team and  scored the first goal of his professional career in a 3–2 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach on 18 September 2004. However, as the 2004–05 season progressed, Pander suffered a knee injury during a 3–0 loss against Stuttgart on 9 April 2005 and was out for the rest of the season.

Despite signing a contract with the club, keeping him until 2008, the 2005–06 season saw Pander making no appearance as he recovered from his knee injury. In April, it was announced that Pander's return was delayed when he was sidelined for six more months.

In the 2006–07 season, Pander remained sidelined and returned to training from injury in early September 2006. He made his first appearance after eighteen months on 5 November 2006, in a 2–2 draw against Bayern Munich. After that, Pander played eight of the fourteen matches, which saw Schalke 04 unbeaten between November and February, scoring two goals against Energie Cottbus and Borussia Dortmund. Pander tore his ligament in training on 26 January 2007 and was sidelined for two months. He returned to the first team on 17 March 2007 in a 1–0 win over Stuttgart and was given a handful of first team appearances until he missed out on the last game of the season, due to injury. He made sixteen appearances and scored two times despite the injuries.

In the 2007–08 season, Pander started the season well when he scored in the first round of the DFB-Pokal, in a 9–0 win over Eintracht Trier on 5 August 2007. On 14 August 2007, Pander signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2011. Four days later on 18 August 2007, he scored and set up one of the goals, in a 4–1 win over Borussia Dortmund. The rest of the 2007 saw Pander again sidelined with injuries. It was not until on 8 March 2008 when he returned to the first team, making his first start in months, in a 2–0 win over Arminia Bielefeld. After suffering from another injury, Pander made his return to the first team in the last game of the season, where he provided two assists in a 2–0 win over Nürnberg. He scored two times in twenty-six appearances in all competitions.

The 2008–09 season saw Pander making a good start to the season by helping the club go unbeaten throughout August. Against Atlético Madrid in the Champions League qualifier, he scored in the first leg in a 1–0 win, but was sent–off in the second leg, which saw Schalke 04 eliminated from the Champions League. Three weeks later, he was once again sent-off for a second bookable offence, in a 3–3 draw against Borussia Dortmund. Pander scored his first goal of the season on 2 October 2008 in a UEFA Cup match, resulting a 1–1 draw against APOEL. However, Pander's season was overshadowed with injuries. After scoring in the league against Energie Cottbus on 17 April 2009, Pander's last competitive game for Schalke was on 10 May 2009 where he injured his knee against Borussia Mönchengladbach and had to be taken off in the 16th minute. Despite this, Pander finished the 2008–09 season, making twenty-three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.

Pander missed out nearly the whole 2009–10 season, as he continued to recover from his knee injury despite having hopes of making a comeback attempt. He made his comeback in April. The 2010–11 season saw Pander continue to recover from his knee injury and he returned on 5 December 2010 where he played for 13 minutes in a 2–0 win over Bayern Munich. After a four appearances, Pander suffered a toe injury that saw him sidelined for the rest of the 2010–11 season.

At the end of the 2010–11 season, it was announced that Pander's contract with Schalke 04 would not be renewed following the expiry of his contract.

Hannover 96

Pander agreed to join league rival Hannover 96 on 19 June 2011, signing a one-year contract.

Pander made his Hannover 96 debut in the opening game of the season in a 2–1 win over Hoffenheim. Then in the group stage matches in the UEFA Europa League, Pander scored two goals against Vorskla Poltava and Copenhagen. On 23 October 2011, Pander scored his first league goal for the club, in a 2–1 win over Bayern Munich. It was announced on 19 January 2012 that Pander extended his contract with the club until 2015. On 19 February 2012, Pander scored his second league goal of the season and set up two goals in a 4–2 win over Stuttgart. After suffering from an illness, he made his first team return from illness on 3 March 2012, in a 2–2 against Augsburg. Pander made forty-four appearances and scored four times in all competitions.

In the 2012–13 season, Pander started the season well when he scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 win over St Patrick's Athletic in the UEFA Europa League Qualifiers and went on to win 5–0 on aggregate. However, the 2012–13 season saw Pander suffering  injuries restricting him to twenty-seven appearances in all competitions.

In the 2013–14 season, Pander appeared in the opening game of the season, in a 2–0 win over Wolfsburg. However, he suffered a ligament injury and after an operation, it was announced that he was out for months. It was not until on 7 December 2013 when he returned to the first team in a 4–2 loss against Stuttgart. His return was short-lived as he twisted his knee. This injury kept him again out for months. He made his return against Hamburg on 12 April 2014. Although his season was disrupted by injuries, Pander went on to make ten appearances in all competitions.

The 2014–15 season was again injury-ridden and restricted his appearances to nine in all competitions.

At the end of the 2014–15 season, he left Hannover as his contract ran out. Pander previously hinted that he would like to end his career in America once he left Hannover 96.

International career
After being featured for the Germany U20 and Germany U21, Pander was called up by the national team for the first time on 17 August 2007.

Pander was capped twice for his country. He scored on his debut for Germany on 22 August 2007, a powerful strike from roughly 25 yards against England. The game ended with Germany winning 2–1. Pander also made another appearance for the national team, a 2–0 win over Wales on 8 September 2007. It was his last one.

Personal life
Pander's hobbies include listening to R'n'B and hip hop music. Outside of football, Pander is working to become a businessman.

International goals

|}

Honours

Club
Schalke 04
 DFB-Pokal: 2010–11

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
German men's footballers
FC Schalke 04 players
FC Schalke 04 II players
SC Preußen Münster players
Hannover 96 players
Germany men's international footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Bundesliga players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Münster

Christian Pander


William A. Attley (born 5 April 1938) is a former Irish trade unionist and football referee.

Born in Rathcoole, Dublin, Attley studied at the National College of Industrial Relations.  He became active in the Workers' Union of Ireland (WUI), being elected as a branch secretary in 1968, then Deputy General Secretary in 1977 and General Secretary from 1982.  In 1990, he led a merger of the WUI with the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, forming SIPTU (Services, Industrial, Professional and Technical Union), serving as joint General President until 1994, then as General Secretary until his retirement in 1998.

Outside trade unionism, Attley was active in the Labour Party, and was a keen football referee, ultimately working with UEFA to recruit and train referees, and in his retirement becoming chief referee assessor for the Football Association of Ireland.

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
Republic of Ireland association football referees
Trade unionists from County Dublin
People from Rathcoole, County Dublin
Sportspeople from South Dublin (county)
Alumni of the National College of Ireland

Bill Attley


The JOOX Thailand Top 100 is a weekly record chart published by JOOX Thailand, a music streaming service owned by Tencent. It ranks the most popular songs in Thailand based on the streaming activity of its app users and claims to be the only record chart in the country.

See also
 JOOX Thailand Music Awards

References

External links

Record charts
Thai music

Joox Thailand Top 100


Birgit Radochla (later Birgit Michailoff, born 31 January 1945) is a retired German gymnast. She competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and finished in fourth place with the German team. Individually she won a silver medal in the vault and finished fourth in the floor exercise and all-around. She also won three medals in individual events at the 1965 European championships.

Her father Helmut was a substitute gymnast for the German Olympic team in 1936, and in 1949 became the first champion of East Germany on pommel horse.

After retiring from competitions, she completed her training as a kindergarten teacher at the Fröbel-Institut Berlin-Köpenik in 1971 and then worked as a clerk at her club SC Dynamo Berlin. She later received two more degrees of beautician and sports coach via evening school and distance learning. She married Michail Michailoff, a Bulgarian engineer and researcher in electronics and later also sports journalist.

Eponymous skill
Radochla has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.

References

See also

1945 births
Living people
German female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for the United Team of Germany
Olympic silver medalists for the United Team of Germany
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics
SC Dynamo Berlin athletes
People from Bezirk Cottbus
People from Spree-Neiße
Sportspeople from Brandenburg
East German female artistic gymnasts

Birgit Radochla


The United States Soccer Federation (USSF), often called U.S. Soccer, is a non-profit organization recognized under section 501(c)(3). It's the official governing body for soccer in the United States. Their main office is in Chicago. This federation is a full member of FIFA and oversees soccer in the United States at various levels, including international, professional, and amateur. This includes managing the men's and women's national teams, Major League Soccer, National Women's Soccer League, youth groups, beach soccer, futsal, Paralympic soccer, and soccer for deaf national teams. U.S. Soccer also approves referees and organizes soccer tournaments for most soccer leagues in the United States. They are also in charge of running the U.S. Open Cup and the SheBelieves Cup.

References

Other websites

 U.S. at FIFA (archived December 15, 2007)
 U.S. at CONCACAF

Sports organizations of the United States

United States Soccer Federation


Bloods Range (or Blood's Range) is a mountain range in central Australia. It stretches roughly east to west across the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It consists of several sets of hills, separated by valleys; the two main valleys are formed by the Hull and Docker Rivers. There are numerous ravines and gorges all throughout the hills. Bloods Range connects with the Petermann Ranges at its western end. In the centre are Mounts Harris (840 m) and Carruthers (1000 m), which are the highest peaks. Further east, the range splits into several branches, including the Rowley Range, McNichol's Range and the Pinyinna Range.

Bloods Range was given its name on 14 March 1874 by the explorer Ernest Giles, when he saw it from the top of Mount Curdie. He named it after the owner of an early pastoral station in South Australia, whose surname was "Blood". On 12 June 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, returned on his own expedition and surveyed the range. He named the two highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he wrote that he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges.

References

Other websites
Bloods Range Formation at Geoscience Australia

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Mountain ranges of Australia

Bloods Range


The 1987 Chilean telethon was the seventh version of the solidarity campaign conducted in Chile, which took place on 4 and 5 December 1987. The theme of this version was "To Believe in Life." The poster boy was Victor Torres.

This Telethon came out after a year's absence. The 1986 edition was suspended due to various reasons.

That year also saw disasters: floods and storms in central Chile, as well as attacks and protests, but again that did not stop the exceeding of the target in 1985: $502,293,311.

Justifications for the suspension of the 1986 edition

 First, 1986 saw changes to the Teletón's administration. These included the creation of a new organizing firm, the , and the reconstruction and enlargement that took place in the Teatro Casino, which was renamed to Teatro Teletón and given to the foundation.
 The second reason is due to time constraints related to Don Francisco, host of the Chilean Teletón. This was because its main show, Sábado Gigante (which had already 24 years in Canal 13), would be exported to Spanish International Network (later Univision) in the United States, and since 2 editions had to be produced in one week (1 for each network), less time was left for Don Francisco's other projects, the Teletón included.
 The third and final reason is due to the events in that year, which included the disasters mentioned above, and the hosting of the 1986 South American Games.

Sponsors

Artists

Nationals
  Los Huasos Quincheros
  Irene Llano
  Miguel Piñera
  Pancho Puelma
  Zalo Reyes
  Miguelo
  Cristóbal
  Luis Dimas
  Myriam Hernández
  Luis Jara
  Patricia Maldonado
  Eduardo Gatti
  Jorge Eduardo
  Luz Eliana
  Patricio Renán
  Santiago Cuatro
  Patricia Frías
  José Luis Arce
  Ginette Acevedo
  Roberto Viking Valdés
  Sergio Lillo
  Maria Inés Naveillán
  Soledad Guerrero
  Analyo
  Mónica De Calixto
  Sonora de Tommy Rey
  Peter Rock
  Gloria Simonetti
  Wildo
  Las Cuatro Brujas
  Alberto Plaza (singer of the 1987 theme Believing in Life (Hands Together))
  Andrea Tessa
  José Alfredo Fuentes
  Juan Carlos Duque

International Artists
  Sandra Mihanovich
  Olé Olé
  Celeste Carvallo
  Jairo
  Silvana Di Lorenzo
  Alejandro Lerner
  Alfredo De Angelis
  Rubén Juárez
  Pablito Ruiz
  Oscar De Fontana
  Fito Páez
  Juka Shepp
  Manuela Bravo
  Braulio
  Claudio
  Hernaldo Zúñiga
  José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma"
  Pedro Prado
  Mónica Posse

Comedians
 Coco Legrand
 Jorge "Chino" Navarrete
 Canelo Huanca
 Checho Hirane
 Gigi Martin
 Luis Arenas
 Ernesto Ruiz
 Jappening Con Ja

In the Children's Section
 The 1987 edition saw a recording of children's TV programmes then airing that year aired.

Transmission
As with previous years, the Teletón was broadcast through all of the TV networks existing back then in Chile.
 Telenorte
 UCV Televisión
 Televisión Nacional de Chile
 Universidad de Chile Televisión
 Universidad Católica de Chile Televisión
However, this edition marked the debut of Canal 9, the secondary channel of Televisión Nacional de Chile, which began its experimental transmissions in 1986.

References

External links
 1987 Chilean telethon (closing)
 La Cuarta - Condenan a ex símbolo de la Teletón

Telethon
Chilean telethons

1987 Chilean telethon


Clifton Mark Snider (born March 3, 1947 and died October 24, 2021) was an American poet, novelist, literary critic, scholar, and educator.

Early life
Clifton Snider was born in Duluth, Minnesota, the second of five sons.  His father, Allan G. Snider, was a minister with the Assemblies of God denomination.  His mother, Rhoda M. Tout, had traveled as an evangelist with Olga Olsson before her marriage to Allan Snider.  Because the father was a minister, the family moved frequently.  By the age of twelve, Snider had lived in Minnesota; Joliet, Illinois; Terre Haute, Indiana; and several cities in southern California.

He had a B.A. and an M.A. from California State University, Long Beach, and a Ph.D. from the University of New Mexico.  He taught at various institutions of higher education in southern California, primarily at Long Beach City College and at California State University, Long Beach.

Critic and scholar
He went to Southern California College (an Assemblies of God institution now called Vanguard University) on music and academic scholarships.  After two years, he transferred to California State University, Long Beach, where he finished his B.A., graduating with honors in 1969, and his M.A. (1971).  He received his Ph.D. in English Literature in 1974 from the University of New Mexico.  Snider's doctoral dissertation is a Jungian analysis of Swinburne's Tristram of Lyonesse, and he has published numerous articles on Victorian literature, as well as twentieth century English and American literatures.  These include introductions to Jungian psychology (or Analytical Psychology) and criticism, histories of Merlin in 19th-century British literature, as well as such authors as W. H. Auden, Emily Dickinson, Edward Lear, Carson McCullers, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde, and Virginia Woolf. A specialist in Wilde, he has taught his own seminars on him at California State University, Long Beach, and published several articles on Wilde using his primary critical approaches of Jungian and Queer Criticism.  He also taught the first course ever on Gays and Lesbians in Literature at Cal State Long Beach.  His book, The Stuff That Dreams Are Made On: A Jungian Interpretation of Literature, contains a chapter on Wilde.  His latest article uses Jungian and Queer Criticism to examine Brokeback Mountain, story and film, and appears in the Jungian journal, Psychological Perspectives, January, 2008.

Snider's shorter pieces of criticism have appeared in many periodicals, among them The Advocate, the Long Beach Press-Telegram, and the Los Angeles Times.  In the early 1980s he was a contributing editor for the Maelstrom Review.

Activism
A political/peace activist, Snider has posted poems on the national web site, Poets Against the War, and maintains his own web page, A Poet Against the War, on which he has posted some of his own poetry.  The page includes many news items, photos, and links regarding the war in Iraq, not the least of which are statistics of the dead and wounded and information about the slaughter in Iraq of academics and gay people.  He has served as an officer in the Long Beach Lambda Democratic Club.

In the midst of the presidential election during the fall semester of 2004 at Cal State Long Beach, Snider became involved in a national controversy over academic freedom when two of his students, a young woman and a young man, went on Fox News to complain about Snider's comments the first night of a freshman composition class.  Because his emphasis in a class that is supposed to promote critical thinking about controversial issues was on morality and spirituality, Snider used the war in Iraq as an example of immorality.  He invited any student who disagreed to say so, and these two did.  A number of others in the class agreed with Snider.  Fox News, however, and a number of other right-wing commentators, responding to a complaint by the female student on David Horowitz's site, Students for Academic Freedom, concentrated on Snider's argument paper topics and his book list for a book review, both of which were perceived as biased (the student said the list had "a dominant theme: Sexual [sic] perversion and anti Bush [sic] rhetoric").  The homophobic drumbeat was picked up by other sites, such as Agape Press.

The hate mail and death threats were such that for a time Snider received police protection while teaching that class ("Attack of the Killer Hipublicans," Whole Life Times).  The student became a spokesperson for Horowitz, writing numerous articles for right-wing blogs and other web sites and appearing again on national television on Paul Gigot's The Journal Editorial Report on September 23, 2005, which at that time was on PBS.  Not allowed to respond to his former student's accusations on the Gigot program or on its web site, Snider, who had felt constrained by his employer to keep silent, finally told his side of the story on Insidehighered.com.  His former student was claiming Snider had been unfair to her by giving her a "B" on a paragraph she wrote on the film Fahrenheit 9/11 when she had been achieving a "straight-A record" in the class.  Snider wrote he had "the grade book" for the class which proved she was not telling the truth.  Neither she nor Horowitz ever contested what Snider said, and indeed neither she nor the male student ever followed university policy regarding complaints against professors.

Career as a poet and critical reception
All of Snider's books of poetry, fiction, and literary criticism have been critically acclaimed.  Cadence Collective has called him "one of the most magnificent and prolific poets of our time."  His first chapbook, Jesse Comes Back (1976), was followed by the elegiac Bad Smoke  Good Body (1980), written for the poet's older brother, Evan, who had disappeared under circumstances indicating foul play in October 1976.  The loss of his older brother, who was gay, as is Snider, has run through Snider's work through the years, culminating in the frankly autobiographical novel, Wrestling with Angels: A Tale of Two Brothers (2001).  Indeed, Snider uses each of the twelve poems from Bad Smoke as epigraphs for each of the twelve chapters of the novel.

Snider's criticism and poetry have been translated into Russian, French, Spanish, and Arabic, and his poetry, fiction, and criticism have been published around the world in countries as diverse as Algeria, Canada, England, France, Ireland, and the United States.  Much of his work concerns the foreign places he's visited, and though his home is Long Beach, California, the spiritual core of his poetry is often centered in New Mexico, with its rich mixture of Native, Hispanic, and Anglo cultures.  In New Mexico he has held a number of residence grants at the Helene Wurlitzer Foundation, Taos.  (Other residence grants he has held have been at Yaddo, Saratoga Springs, New York, and the Karolyi Foundation, Vence, France.)  In addition to drawing on his own Christian roots for his work, Snider also draws on a multitude of other religious/spiritual traditions, from Native American to East Indian, African, and Nordic peoples, myths, and legends.  Of particular interest are his poems about the paleolithic European caves of Niaux and Pech-Merle. Robert Peters examines Snider's work in a chapter titled "Poems for an Autobiography" in The Great American Poetry Bake-off (1987).

In 1986 at The Works Gallery, Long Beach, California, Out Theater produced as its premier production Edwin: A Performance Art Event, based on Snider's book, Edwin: A Character in Poems (1984), and his one-act play, A Little Get-Together.

Although, with the exception of Bad Smoke  Good Body, Snider's early books focused on characters he invented, fellow Long Beach poet and critic Gerald Locklin maintains in Western American Literature that Snider's fifth book of poems, Blood & Bones (1988), "completes, with the dropping of the 'Jesse' and 'Edwin' personae, [Snider's] transition from modern to postmodern artist. The confidence he now exhibits renders accessible to artistic use a rich though often painful personal history."  Of the same book, Richard Labonte writes in the national gay and lesbian magazine, The Advocate: "Southern California poet Clifton Snider explores the unexpected, the near tragic, and the adventurous.  In three sections, he writes of a trip through Europe in the '70s, of his sudden hospitalization with a bleeding ulcer, and of his return to travel in Europe in the mid '80s.  Poems of the first trip are soaked with the blood oozing into his guts; poems of the second trip reflect good health, a good eye, and maturity.  The contrast is appealing; the poems, beguiling."

Impervious to Piranhas (1989), the chapbook that followed Blood & Bones, collects poems, early and late, which Snider had not found places for in his earlier collections.  The Age of the Mother (1992), the full-length book that Snider published next, was praised by Glenn Bach ("In these beautifully spare words, Snider weaves personal mantras of birth, death, and transcendence. He announces the return of the Goddess after centuries of patriarchal dominance," Small Press Review) and Marilyn Johnson ("Out of ... profound insight and spiritual wisdom he ... has created an offering, a magnificent poetic vision, a prayer-book for the coming New Age," Pearl).

His collection of poems, The Alchemy of Opposites (2000), has received the greatest praise of Snider's fairly lengthy career.  Eva von Kesselhausen, for example, writes in the Small Press Review: "Clifton Snider has been writing and publishing for over 25 years to establish himself as one of American's best . . . contemporary poets.  The Alchemy of Opposites . . . stands as his most outstanding book to date . . . [with] poignant poetry which is highly crafted and easy to read."  And in the International Gay and Lesbian Review, Arnold T. Schwab declares, "The Alchemy of Opposites is Clifton Snider's . . . best work in verse, his most personal and moving"; Schwab also admires "Snider's emotional directness and the admirable accessibility of his imagery. . . . The Alchemy of Opposites indeed contains outcroppings of pure gold."  Two poems from this collection, "Le Mont Saint- Michel" and "Honey from Heaven," won "In the Spotlight" awards from the online magazine, The Poetry Page, in 1999.

Snider published his collection of poems, Aspens in the Wind, in 2009.  His much-anticipated career retrospective, covering his 40 years of publishing history, Moonman: New and Selected Poems, came out from World Parade Books in the spring of 2012.  In the national online journal, Lambda Literary, Tony Leuzzi writes, "Moonman traces Snider's fluid movement from one idiom to another: restrained poems in traditional forms; intellectual utterances that demonstrate his awareness of Western and Eastern philosophical systems; chatty, casual poems that respond to aspects of popular culture; and, most impressively, concise and memorable imagist verse. . . . [In Edwin: A Character in Poems] the persona functions as an effective objective correlative whose dual obsessions with thought and body echo a whole generation of gay men. . . . [Other poems] are lit with a delirious, visionary glow."

Snider's collection of poems, The Beatle Bump, is a creative, often irreverent take on the greatest rock band of all time, with a variety of poetic forms and styles, including ekphrastic poems on the infamous "Butcher Sleeve" and John Lennon's erotic lithographs.  There are song lyrics, a sonnet, and nonsense verse inspired by Lennon's own books.  Snider draws on his background in Jungian and Queer criticism to create a unique and refreshing book of poetry and prose (there are two fan letters) about the Beatles.

On July 7, 2018, Snider was awarded the inaugural Lorde-Whitman Award for "outstanding achievement in the arts and service to the LGBTQ community" from OUT LOUD: A Cultural Evolution, Long Beach, California.

On October 24, 2021, Snider suffered a fatal heart attack as he was hiking with a group, in Athens, Greece. He is commemorated by his brother, Merlin Snider, on social media, who stated that "…our circle in this plane is complete with love and without regret."

Novels
In 2000-2001 Snider published in rapid succession three novels he had written in the 1980s: Loud Whisper, Bare Roots, and Wrestling with Angels: A Tale of Two Brothers.  All were well received by the critics in journals such as the International Gay and Lesbian Review,  Sexuality and Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, and Chiron Review. The latter two novels are autobiographical stories about the coming of age and coming out of sensitive young men with deep Christian fundamentalist roots.  Loud Whisper chronicles the frontman for an 80's rock band who, drunk and drugged out, falls from stage during a concert and becomes paralyzed.  As always, Snider is concerned with spiritual decline and revitalization.  Through the eyes of the frontman, Adam, his band members, his male and female lovers, and a journalist doing a story on him, Adam's spiritual and physical struggles unfold.

A long-time lecturer at Cal State Long Beach, Snider retired in 2009. His first historical novel, The Plymouth Papers, was published by Spout Hill Press in February, 2014. The short novel examines the relationships between the 17th-century English settlers of Plymouth Colony and the native peoples they encountered, with a frame character from the 19th century who discovers the papers.

Snider continued to write poetry, fiction, and criticism until his death.  His full curriculum vitae is available on his own university web site.

Bibliography

Poetry
 Jesse Comes Back (1976)
 Bad Smoke  Good Body (1980)
 Jesse and His Son (1982)
 Edwin: A Character in Poems (1984)
 Blood & Bones (1988)
 Impervious to Piranhas (1989)
 The Age of the Mother (1992)
 The Alchemy of Opposites (2000)
 Aspens in the Wind (2009)
 Moonman: New and Selected Poems (2012)
 The Beatle Bump (2016)
Stubborn Heart: New Poems (2021)

Novels
 Loud Whisper (2000)
 Bare Roots (2001)
 Wrestling with Angels: A Tale of Two Brothers (2001)
 The Plymouth Papers (2014)

Literary criticism
 The Stuff That Dreams Are Made On: A Jungian Interpretation of Literature'' (1991)

References

External links
Clifton Snider biography and other information
Clifton Snider Home Page

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American gay writers
Writers from California
1947 births
Living people
American literary critics
Writers from Duluth, Minnesota
Analytical psychology
American LGBT poets
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Minnesota
Novelists from Minnesota
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American male poets
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Gay poets

Clifton Snider


Dumitru Cornilescu (4 April 1891 – 1975) was a Romanian archdeacon who produced a popular translation of the Bible into Romanian, published in 1921. Although referred to as "Father Cornilescu", he was never ordained as a Romanian Orthodox priest. After his conversion, he served as a Protestant minister. Cornilescu's translation is the most popular version of the Bible among Romanian Protestants.

Early life
Cornilescu was born in Slașoma, Mehedinți County, the son of a teacher. Both his grandfathers were Orthodox priests. He studied at the Central Seminary from 1904, quickly becoming noted for his scholarly diligence. He felt that existing Romanian versions of the Bible, notably the Bucharest Bible of 1688, were written in an archaic form of the language and that a modern version was badly needed. In 1913 he became a Romanian language tutor to Rev. John Howard Adeney who was the Anglican priest in Bucharest, and also agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), and in this way Cornilescu started a relationship with the Bible Society. In 1914 Cornilescu became a monk so that he could concentrate on translating. His work was supported financially by the Princess Ralu Callimachi, a Moldavian noblewoman, who was also a supporter of the Bible Society. His version of the Psalms appeared in 1920, followed by the New Testament in 1921, and, later in the same year, the full Bible. The printing was paid for through Bible Society friends in Switzerland and England.

Bibles

1924 Cornilescu Bible
From 1923 to 1924 Cornilescu lived in London, where he worked on the revision of the Bible with the Bible Society. The revised edition was published in 1924.  Cornilescu gave his text to the Bible Society, and the text was adopted as the official BFBS Bible text for Romania, and this is basically the main Cornilescu Bible which is used in Romania today.

Controversies
Initially the Bible was widely circulated, but by 1924 a number of objections had been raised by Orthodox priests and theologians. For example the Greek word presbyteroi was translated literally as prezbiteri (elders) and not preoți (priests), a decision that was seen as a threat to the Orthodox belief in apostolic succession. Cornilescu's translation was not approved by the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. By the early 1930s, its huge success led the Orthodox religious authorities to try to stop its dissemination in rural areas. To this end, they appealed to Gheorghe Mironescu, the Minister of the Interior, who in 1933 prohibited the Bible's distribution in Romanian villages.  However the translation had the support of many people, including King Carol II.

The controversy prompted the creation of an approved Orthodox version, translated by Vasile Radu and Grigorie Pișculescu, published in 1938 (revised 1968 and 1975).

In 1924 another controversy occurred when Scripture Gift Mission (SGM) reproduced the text without permission of Cornilescu nor the Bible Society, and Cornilescu made it clear that he wanted his text to be published only by the Bible Society.

Because of the opposition, Cornilescu left the Orthodox Church. Along with Tudor Popescu (a former priest at the Cuibul cu barză Church in Bucharest), he founded the Evangelical Church of Romania, which initially met in the hall of the Anglican Church. His translation became the standard Protestant version in Romania and had numerous reprints and editions.

1931 Cornilescu Bible
From 1927 Cornilescu worked on revising the old BFBS Romanian translation from 1911, to update the existing more literal translation. In September 1927, with his Swiss wife and their son, he returned to England, where he lived in Brighton and worked with the Bible Society on a Bible revision. In August 1929 the family returned to Switzerland. This bible was printed in 1931 as a Family Bible and is sometimes known as the Traducere Literală Cornilescu (Cornilescu literal translation).

Later life
Following the strong doctrinal differences between Cornilescu and other theologians of the time, and the emergence of the ultra-orthodox and fascist Iron Guard, Cornilescu was advised by Patriarch Miron Cristea to leave Romania for a period, which he did in 1923. He moved to Switzerland, settling briefly in Montreux before moving to England for two years. Afterwards, he returned to Switzerland, where he married and had a son.   Then the war and the post-war Communist take over of Romania gave him no incentive to return.  He lost his Romanian citizenship and became a Swiss national.  From 1947 to 1953 his brother Prof. George Cornilescu ran the Bible Society offices in Bucharest. On 8 February 1971, Dumitru Cornilescu was made a Honorary Life Governor of the British and Foreign Bible Society, in recognition of the translation which he had done for the Bible Society. He died in Switzerland in 1975, survived by his wife Anne and son, and was buried in Clarens-Montreux Cemetery, where his wife Anne was also buried in 2007.

Legacy
All Cornilescu's letters and correspondence about his translation work for the Bible Society are preserved in the BFBS archives at Cambridge University.  Today his Bibles are copyright the British and Foreign Bible Society, operating in Romania through the Interconfessional Bible Society of Romania.  The Cornilescu Bible has been digitised and corrected by the Bible Society, and they brought out a special 90th anniversary definitive edition of the Cornilescu Bible in 2014.  The story of Cornilescu, the Bible Society and his translation was published as book by Emanuel Conțac in November 2014.
A modern revision of the Cornilescu Bible is now underway by the Bible Society. The pilot edition of the revision project, containing Genesis, Mark, John and Romans, was published in November 2016. The introduction of the edition offers a comprehensive explanation of the methods and criteria used by the translators.

See also
 Bible translations into Romanian

References

External links
 Interconfessional Bible Society of Romania

1891 births
1975 deaths
People from Mehedinți County
Romanian theologians
Converts to Protestantism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Romanian Orthodox Christians
Romanian Protestant clergy
Translators of the Bible into Romanian
20th-century translators
20th-century Christian biblical scholars
European biblical scholars
Romanian biblical scholars

Dumitru Cornilescu


The Wallenberg family is a prominent Swedish family renowned as bankers, industrialists, politicians, bureaucrats, and diplomats, present in most large Swedish industrial groups, like Ericsson, Electrolux, ABB, SAS Group, SKF, AIK, Atlas Copco and more. In the 1970s, the Wallenberg family businesses employed 40% of Sweden's industrial workforce and represented 40% of the total worth of the Stockholm stock market.

The most famous of the Wallenberg family, Raoul Wallenberg, a diplomat, worked in Budapest, Hungary, during World War II to rescue Jews from the Holocaust. Between July and December 1944, he issued protective passports and housed Jews, saving tens of thousands of Jewish lives. Their flagship company, Investor AB, has a market capitalization of around $60 billion. The family is also heavily involved in philanthropy through the Wallenberg foundations, especially the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

History

The earliest known member of the Wallenberg family is Per Hansson (1670–1741) who, in 1692, married Kerstin Jacobsdotter Schuut (1671–1752). Their son, Jakob Persson Wallberg (1699–1758) married twice.  The children of his first marriage called themselves Wallberg and those of his second called themselves Wallenberg. Jakob Persson Wallberg was the great-grandfather of André Oscar Wallenberg who, in 1856, founded Stockholms Enskilda Bank, the predecessor of today's Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken.

André Oscar Wallenberg's son Knut Agathon Wallenberg took over as CEO of Stockholms Enskilda Bank in 1886.
Like many other Wallenberg relatives, Knut Agathon Wallenberg was also involved in Swedish politics and diplomacy becoming Minister for Foreign Affairs 1914–1917, and member of the Riksdags first chamber (Parliament of Sweden) 1907–1919. In 1916, new legislation made it more difficult for banks to own shares in industrial companies on a long-term basis. Investor was formed as an investment part of Stockholms Enskilda Bank.

Knut Agathon Wallenberg's younger brother Marcus Wallenberg (senior) carried on the tradition and took over as the bank's CEO in 1911, replacing his older brother who was appointed Stockholms Enskilda Bank chairman of the board.

Jacob Wallenberg, eldest son of Marcus Wallenberg (senior), became the bank's CEO after Joseph Nachmanson died in 1927, joined by younger brother Marcus Wallenberg (junior) as the bank's deputy CEO. In 1938, Knut Agathon Wallenberg died. He had no children. Marcus Wallenberg (senior) was appointed Stockholms Enskilda Bank chairman of the board.

During the War the Bank collaborated with the German government. The Secretary of the US Treasury, Henry Morgenthau Jr. considered Jacob Wallenberg strongly pro-German, and the US subjected the Bank to a blockade that was only lifted in 1947.

The fourth generation of Wallenbergs joined the family business in 1953, including heir apparent Marc Wallenberg, eldest son of Marcus Wallenberg (junior), who became a deputy CEO at Stockholms Enskilda Bank in 1953, before taking over as CEO in 1958. After a power struggle between Jacob Wallenberg and his younger brother Marcus Wallenberg (junior), Jacob Wallenberg resigned from the board of directors in 1969.

The resignation opened a seat on the bank's board of directors to Peter Wallenberg (senior), younger son of Marcus Wallenberg (junior). Marcus Wallenberg (junior) pushed through a merger agreement between Stockholms Enskilda Bank and rival Skandinaviska Banken in 1971. Soon after, tragedy struck when Marc Wallenberg committed suicide, observers suggested that the act came possibly because Marc Wallenberg felt himself inadequate to the task of leading what was to become the Scandinavia banking giant Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. The merger went through in 1972.

Marcus Wallenberg (junior), and younger son Peter Wallenberg (senior), focused their interests on the family's investment companies, Investor and Providentia. Investor now became the family's new flagship business, and, under Marcus Wallenberg (juniors) leadership began actively promoting the restructuring of most of the industrial companies under its control, replacing board members and promoting younger CEO and other management.

Peter Wallenberg (senior) took over after Marcus Wallenberg (junior's) death in 1982. For many outsiders, the change in leadership marked a final moment in the family's more than 100-year dominance of the Swedish banking and industrial sectors. Yet Peter Wallenberg (senior) rose to the challenge, guiding Investor and Sweden's industry into a new era. In 1990, it was estimated that the family indirectly controlled one-third of the Swedish Gross National Product. Peter Wallenberg (senior) stepped down from leadership of Investor in 1997.

In 2006, the fifth generation took over the Wallenberg sphere. Marcus Wallenberg, son of Marc Wallenberg, Jacob Wallenberg and Peter Wallenberg (junior) both sons of Peter Wallenberg (senior).

Modern business
The Wallenbergs have a very low-key public profile, eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth. The family motto is "Esse, non Videri" (Latin for "To be, not to be seen"). Wallenbergs business empire is often referred to as the Wallenberg sphere, the Wallenberg sphere is a large group of companies where their investment company, Investor AB, or foundation asset management company, Foundation Asset Management (FAM), have the controlling interest.

Notable family members

References

External links
Wallenberg Family Tree on Kindo
Investor AB and Wallenberg family history

Raoul Wallenberg
Banking families
Swedish families
Swedish businesspeople

Wallenberg family