Stephen Nelson (born March 8, 1989) is an American television personality and play-by-play commentator who works for the NHL Network, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Early life and education
Nelson grew up in Southern California and attended Marina High School in Huntington Beach, California. He went on to attend Chapman University, where he majored in broadcast journalism. Nelson was the sports director for Chapman Radio, where he served as the lead play-by-play broadcaster for school sports games.

During his time at Chapman, Nelson interned for KTLA-TV and Fox Sports West. He also worked as a camera operator and in-game production assistant for the Anaheim Angels and Anaheim Ducks.

In 2011, Nelson graduated magna cum laude from Chapman.

Career
After graduating from Chapman, Nelson worked as a multimedia broadcaster for the Rockford IceHogs during the 2011–12 season. Nelson hosted the pre- and post-game shows, as well as the intermission reports, in addition to filling in as a play-by-play broadcaster and color commentator.

From June 2012 to August 2014, Nelson was a sports reporter and anchor for KEZI-TV in Eugene, Oregon.

In August 2014, Nelson joined Bleacher Report as an on-air talent.

In March 2018, Nelson left Bleacher Report to join MLB Network and NHL Network. In March 2021, after MLB Network declined to renew Chris Rose's contract, Nelson was named the new co-host of Intentional Talk alongside Kevin Millar.

In November 2021, Nelson served as the fill-in play-by-play commentator for three Chicago Blackhawks games on NBC Sports Chicago.

In 2022, Nelson became the primary play-by-play announcer for the MLB Network-produced Friday Night Baseball on Apple TV+.

On January 20, 2023, the Los Angeles Dodgers named Nelson to their broadcast team for games on SportsNet LA that are not broadcast by lead play-by-play announcer Joe Davis. Nelson called joining the Dodgers' broadcast team "a defining moment" in his career and personal, as he represents the Asian American Pacific Islander community in sports broadcasting. Upon joining the Dodgers, Nelson was the only Asian American play-by-play broadcaster working for a Major League team.

Personal life
Nelson is half-Japanese through his mother, Flo, and attended a Japanese school while growing up. Nelson used Japanese to introduce Shohei Ohtani at the Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award ceremony in October 2021.

Nelson is married to news anchor Cori Coffin.

References

1989 births
Living people
American Hockey League broadcasters
American people of Japanese descent
American television sports anchors
American television sports announcers
Chapman University alumni
Chicago Blackhawks announcers
Los Angeles Dodgers announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
MLB Network personalities
National Hockey League broadcasters
People from Huntington Beach, California
Place of birth missing (living people)

Stephen Nelson (sportscaster)


Vector calculus is a branch of mathematics that investigates vector fields and how they change over time. Vector calculus usually studies two- or three-dimensional vector fields, but can be used in higher dimensions, too. It is a part of the study of multivariable calculus. Vector calculus is useful in physics and engineering because of how it can look at electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

Related pages
Curl
Divergence
Gradient

Linear algebra
Vectors

Vector calculus


The North Atlantic Track Agreement was an agreement in November 1898 among thirteen passenger steamship companies to use a set series of trans-Atlantic routes that stretched from the northeast of North America to western Europe for the Atlantic crossing. Following the tracks was recommended but not compulsory.

There were seven routes: three to Canada and four to New York and Boston. The two main routes are  apart to prevent collisions.

The agreement was given government recognition in the 1948 Safety-at-Sea-Convention.

Members
 9 British - White Star Line,
 1 American
 1 Belgian
 1 French
 1 Dutch

References

Sea lanes
1898 establishments in Europe
1898 establishments in North America
1898 in transport
Navigation

North Atlantic Track Agreement


Jake W. Ehrlich (October 15, 1900 – December 24, 1971) was an American lawyer and writer.

Biography
Ehrlich was born near Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland. He earned a law degree and later a doctorate at Georgetown University. He married Marjorie Mercer on June 30, 1920.

Known as "the Master", Ehrlich had a 50-year career as a defense and divorce attorney in San Francisco. He was an early example of a "celebrity lawyer", with a talent for publicity as well as legal expertise. He wrote a dozen books, on such subjects as the law, the Bible, and his own life story.

He was the model for television lawyer Sam Benedict, portrayed by Edmond O'Brien in the early 1960s, and Ehrlich was the series' technical adviser. In the 1950s, Ehrlich had coached actor Raymond Burr when Burr was preparing to play trial attorney and sleuth Perry Mason on television. Some writers contend that Ehrlich was the actual inspiration for the Perry Mason character, who first appeared in novels in 1933, when Ehrlich was a young attorney. But Mason's creator, Erle Stanley Gardner — whose own legal career bore similarities to Ehrlich's — did not make any such statement.

For much of his career, Ehrlich was lead attorney for the San Francisco Police Officer's Association. Ehrlich defended prostitutes and police officers during the 1937 Grand Jury proceedings initiated by the work of Edwin Atherton, hired by the San Francisco DA to investigate police malfeasance.

Ehrlich's slogan was "Never Plead Guilty."

His celebrity clients include actors, writers, night club entertainers, directors, musicians, sports figures, industrialists, madames, murderers, bigamists and petty crooks. Included in his client list were Alexander Pantages for statutory rape, Gene Krupa for cannabis and Billie Holiday for heroin, as well as Errol Flynn and James Mason for divorce, Howard Hughes for the movie The Outlaw, and Gertrude Morris for murdering her husband in 1952. He also defended rapist Caryl Chessman and stripper Sally Rand.

In 1957, he was lead attorney for Lawrence Ferlinghetti, proprietor of City Lights Books along with L. Speiser and Al Bendich, defending the sale of Allen Ginsberg's book Howl and Other Poems in the obscenity trial.  In the 2010 feature film Howl, Ehrlich is played by actor Jon Hamm. In another connection to the world of entertainment, Ehrlich was father-in-law to famed recording star Guy Cherney.

The residence Ehrlich designed with a sliding glass roof at the top of Camino Alto Road in Marin County, in Northern California, was later owned by rock promoter Bill Graham.  Ehrlich loved to tell people visiting his home that the electronic roof was actually powered by clients who were unable to pay their legal bills.

Bibliography
Books authored:

 Ehrlich's Blackstone
 Howl of the Censor ()
 Ehrlich's Criminal Law
 Criminal Evidence
 The Educated Lawyer
 What is Wrong with the Jury System
 The Lost Art of Cross Examination ()
 Trial of The Contested Divorce Case
 The Holy Bible and The Law ()
 A Reasonable doubt
 A Life in My Hands – autobiography
 A Conflict of Interest – with B. Williams
 Howl of the Censor – editor ()

References

External links
 Jake Ehrlich Memorial page
 Jake Ehrlich Sr. on The Tonight Show 1964 Starring Johnny Carson

1900 births
1971 deaths
Lawyers from San Francisco
20th-century American lawyers
People from Rockville, Maryland
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery (Colma, California)

Jake Ehrlich


Nikhil Baran Sengupta (13 December 1943 – 18 February 2014) was a Hindi, Bengali, and Oriya art director, actor, painter and production designer. He made his debut as an art-director with "Gapa hele be Sata" (1975). His contribution to the success of films such as Janani (1984), Sahari Bagha (1985), Maa O Mamata, Suna Chadhei (1987), Jugantar, Tahader Katha, Bagh Bahadur (1989) and Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2002) had always been acknowledged but less talked about.

In his 40 years of career span in the film industry, he was instrumental in encouraging young talents from Orissa to take center stage. In 1994, he was awarded as the Best Art Director for "Janani" and in 2009, he was awarded the Guru Kelu Charan award in the lifetime achievement category.

Early life
Sengupta grew up in Cuttack, the former capital and the largest city of the state of Odisha, India. He did his early schooling at the Ranihat Schooil in Cuttack, and later went to the Ravenshaw University, but his heart was with the world of art, which took him to Kolkata to study art at the Government College of Art & Craft.

Upon completion of his studies in 1969, he worked with a number of advertising firms, as a visualiser and as an illustrator for several magazines. He delved into painting and had a few exhibitions of his works. However, once he got into the film industry, he did not have any time to look back.

Career
A pioneer for the Oriya film industry, Nikhil da has the enviable distinction of working for more than 100 films in three languages – Oriya, Bengali and Hindi – and with 35 directors. He is lone member of the Oriya film industry to work with stalwarts like Aparna Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Manmohan Desai, Amol Palekar, Prasant Nanda, Biplab Roy Choudhury, Nitai Palit, Govind Tej and Raju Mishra.

Winner of three State Awards for art direction – Hakim Baboo, Janani and Hisab Nikas – his distinct debut came with Oriya film industry's first color film Gapa Helebi Sata.
The jury of Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award in recognition of his services and eminence has great pleasure in nominating Shri Nikhil Baran Sengupta for the award in the category of " Eminent Person" in Cinema for the year 2008.

Personal life
Nikhil Da was married to Bijoya Sengupta. They had two sons- Neel Sengupta and Biman Sengupta. Whenever he had time from his shoots, Nikhil da loved to paint with water colours at his leisure. He died 18 February 2014 aged 70.

Filmography

Art director

 Tora mora katha heba chup chap (2011)
 Ae Milana Juga Jugara (2010)
 Aaynate (2008)
 Pari Mahal (2003)
 Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2002)
 House of Memories (2000)
 Nirbachana (1994)
 Suna Bhauja (1994)
 Bastra Haran (1991)
 Chakadola Karuchi Leela (1990)
 Maa Mate Shakti De (1990)
 Asuchi Mo Kalia Suna (1989)
 Bagh Bahadur (1989)
 Bidhira Bidhan (1989)
 Pua Moro Kala Thakura (1988)
 Chaka Aakhi Sabu Dekhuchi (1987)
 Suna Chadhei (1987)
 Tunda Baida (1987)
 Sahari Bagha (1985)
 Chaka Bhaunri (1985)
 Hakim Babu (1985)
 Jaga Hatare Pagha (1985)
 Samay Bada Balwan (1985)
 Janani (1984)
 Hisab Nikas (1982)
 Naiyya (1979)
 Balidan (1978)
 Galpa Helebi Sata (1976)
 Shesha Shrabana (1976)

Actor
 Pari Mahal (2003)
 The Square Circle (1996)
 Nirbachan (1994)
 Asuchi Mo Kalia Suna (1989)

Production designer

 Yugant (1995)
 Shivalika (2013)

References

External links

 Shri Nikhil Baran Sengupta at Srjan

1943 births
2014 deaths
Government College of Art & Craft alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Indian production designers
People from Cuttack
Indian art directors
Cinema of Odisha
People from Chittagong
Bengali male artists
20th-century Indian designers
21st-century Indian designers
Artists from Odisha

Nikhil Baran Sengupta


Hans Heinrich Lammers (German ; Hans Heinrich Lammers ; Born ; 27 May 1879 in Lubliniec,Silesia,Prussia, Germany (Today Poland)–Died ; 4 January 1962 in Düsseldorf,North Rhine-Westphalia,West Germany) was a Nazi German politician and a cruel Nazi War Criminal  . He was a member of Hitler's Cabinet he was also a SS-Obergruppenführer in the Schutzstaffel/SS Secret Police . Hans Heinrich Lammers was on 27 May 1879 in Lublinitz in Silesia,Prussia in the German Empire (Now Today : Poland) he joined the Imperial German Army in 1914 during The Great War at age 35 when Germany and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia,Russia and France after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian-Serb . During World War I, he got the Iron Cross in 1914 . After World War 1 ended in 1918 and when Kaiser Wilhelm II was exiled to the Netherlands and stayed in the Netherlands until 1941 when Kaiser Wilhelm II died at age 82 just a year after the Battle of France in 1940 and 21 year's after World War 1 ended in 1918 . Hans Lammers was sentenced 20 year's but 10 years from 1949-1959 instead and he died in 1962 at the age of 82 just 17 year's after World War 2 and the Holocaust ended in 1945 .

Hans Heinrich Lammers joined the Nazi Party in 1932 at age 53 during the Weimar Era Germany from 1918-1933 he was also involved in Night of the Long Knives in 1934 as well as Kristallnacht in 1938 . In 1940 at age 61 he became SS-Obergruppenfuhrer in the Schutzstaffel Secret Police under the command of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and deputy head of the SS and head of the Gestapo Reinhard Heydrich . He was in the SS as a SS-Obergruppenfuhrer until April 1945 he was arrested by Adolf Hitler and removed from power by the Waffen-SS possibly before Battle of Berlin . He was going to be sentenced 20 year's in prison but 10 year's instead from 1949-1959 since he was a Old aged man .

1879 births
1962 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers

Hans Lammers


Makea Takau Ariki (1839–1911) was a sovereign of the Cook Islands. She was the ariki (queen) of the dynasty Makea Nui (Great Makea), one of the three chiefdoms of the tribe Te Au O Tonga (The mist of the south) on the island of Rarotonga.

She succeeded her uncle Makea Abera Ariki in 1871. Her reign lasted forty years during a crucial time in the history of Rarotonga and the Cook Islands. It was under her reign that the Cook Islands became a British protectorate in 1888 before being annexed to New Zealand in 1900.

Family
Makea Takau was adopted by her uncle, Makea Davida, her birth mother was his sister, Makea Te Vaerua Ariki, who was the eldest daughter of Makea Pori Ariki.

Succession
Makea Davida, was ariki of Te Au O Tonga from 1839 until 1849 and succeeded by his sister, Te Vaerua, until her death in 1857. She was succeeded by her younger brother Makea Daniela, until his death in 1866. He was succeeded by another brother, Makea Abera (also spelled Abela), who was in office until his death in 1871.

Marriage
In the 1860s she married Ngamaru Rongotini Ariki, one of the three high chiefs of Atiu and of the adjoining islands of Mauke, and Mitiaro. The marriage was childless. The Prince Consort, Ngamaru, was known to be more warlike than she; he threatened people who offended him by making the "cannibal sign" at them—rapidly drawing his clenched fist across his teeth; the significance being: "I will tear you with my teeth!" He died in 1903.

According to Beatrice Grimshaw, a journalist from Ireland who visited in 1907, it was a happy marriage.
Their married life was a happy one, in spite of the prince's violent character, and when he died, the widowed queen took all her splendid robes of velvet, silk, and satin gorgeously trimmed with gold, tore them in fragments, and cast them into his grave, so that he might lie soft, as befitted the prince who had been loved so well by such a queen.

Reign
France's armed takeover of Tahiti and the Society Islands in 1843 caused considerable apprehension among the Cook Islands' ariki and led to requests from them to the British for protection in the event of French attack. This nervousness continued for many years and the call for protection was repeated in 1865 in a petition to Governor Grey of New Zealand.

During the 1870s the Cook Islands enjoyed prosperity and peace under the authority of Queen Makea, Makea Takau as she was known. A wily negotiator, she secured good prices for exports and cut the debts which had piled up before she became ariki. By 1882 four of the five ariki of Rarotonga were women. In 1888 she formally petitioned the British to set up a Protectorate to head off what she believed to be imminent invasion by the French.

The British were reluctant administrators and continued pressure was applied to them from New Zealand and from European residents of the islands to pass the Cook Islands over to New Zealand. The first British Resident was Frederick Moss, a New Zealand politician who tried to help the local chiefs form a central government. In 1898 another New Zealander, Major W.E. Gudgeon, a veteran of the New Zealand Wars, was made British Resident with the aim of paving the way for New Zealand to take over from Britain as part of the expansionist ambitions of New Zealand's Prime Minister, Richard Seddon. This was not favored by Makea Takau who preferred the idea of being annexed to Britain. One of the results of the British annexation was freedom of religion and a new influx of missionaries from different denominations. The first Roman Catholic church was dedicated in 1896.

After much maneuvering and politicking, the Cook Islands was formally annexed by New Zealand on 7 October 1900 when a deed of cession was signed by five ariki and seven lesser chiefs without any debate or examination of its ramifications or implications.

Para O Tane Palace
In Avarua are the Para O Tane Palace and its surrounding area, the Taputapuatea marae. Named after a marae in the Society Islands, Taputapuatea was once the largest, most sacred marae in Rarotonga. The palace is where the queen signed the treaty accepting the Cook Islands' status as a British protectorate on 26 October 1888. Beatrice Grimshaw gives a brief description of the palace during her visit to Rarotonga in 1907.

We walked through the blazing hot sun of the tropic afternoon, down the palm-shaded main street of Avarua town, to the great grassy enclosure that surrounds the palace of the queen. One enters through a neat white gate; inside are one or two small houses, a number of palms and flowering bushes, and at the far end, a stately two-storeyed building constructed of whitewashed concrete, with big railed-in verandahs, and handsome arched windows. This is Makea's palace, but her visitors do not go there to look for her. In true South Sea Islander fashion, she keeps a house for show and one for use.

The building was a ruin for many years and was closed to the public, although officially it remained one of the island's main seats of power. In 1990 a group of Auckland University Students joined with local volunteers to rebuild the structure. Over a period of 3 years the building was restored and is now largely as it was in its heyday.

Death
After a prolonged illness, Queen Makea died at midnight on 1 May 1911. During her illness she was looked after by Doctor Perceval, the Chief Medical Officer in Rarotonga. The Resident Commissioner, Captain J. Eman Smith, visited the Palace daily for several weeks and was with her when she died. She was 72 years of age. Her body lay in state until Wednesday 3 May, and viewed by numbers of the residents. She was buried in the family graveyard on the Palace grounds.

Succession
Queen Makea named Rangi Makea as her successor. On 24 October 1911 he was installed as Ariki. The late Queen was head of Government and her successor did not receive a similar appointment, but was of equal status to all the other Arikis.

See also
Kingdom of Rarotonga
History of the Cook Islands
House of Ariki
List of current constituent monarchs

References

Bibliography
 Rev. William Wyatt Gill, B.A., LL.D.
 From Darkness to Light in Polynesia (1894)
The Genealogy of the Kings of Rarotonga and Mangaia (1889)
 Beatrice Ethel Grimshaw, In the Strange South Seas, Ayer Publishing (1909)
 Richard Philip Gilson, The Cook Islands, 1820–1950, Victoria University of Wellington (1980)
 Marjorie Crocombe (editor) & Maretu Cannibals and Converts, University of the South Pacific (1987)

External links

Queen Makea's Country, Auckland Star (1903) (Papers Past)
Hoisting of the British Flag at Rarotonga and other Islands (NZETC)
Pedigree of Makea Takau, as given by herself in 1883 (NZETC)
Rarotongan Genealogy – Genealogy of the Kings of Rarotonga (NZETC)
Kings of Rarotonga, as given by the "Wise Men" of Makea & Tinomana in 1869 (NZETC)
Collections Online – Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Photographs)

1839 births
People from Rarotonga
Rarotongan monarchs
Royalty of the Cook Islands
1911 deaths
19th-century women rulers
20th-century women rulers
19th-century monarchs in Oceania
20th-century monarchs in Oceania

Makea Takau Ariki


Walter Paul Emil Schreiber (21 March 1893 – 5 September 1970) was a medical officer with the German Army in World War I and a brigadier-general (Generalarzt) of the Wehrmacht Medical Service during World War II. He would later serve as a key witness against Hermann Göring during the Nuremberg Trials.

Early life
Walter Schreiber was born in Berlin to Paul Schreiber (a postal inspector) and his wife Gertrud Kettlitz. After completing gymnasium in Berlin, he studied medicine at the universities of Berlin, Tübingen, and Greifswald. In 1914, he enlisted voluntarily for military service and served with the 42nd Infantry Regiment in France. He was injured at the First Battle of the Marne. After his recovery, he continued with his studies and served as a provisional doctor on the Western Front until the end of the war in 1918, at which time he was decorated for valor and humanitarian service by three different countries, Finland, Switzerland and Germany. In 1920, he graduated Dr. med. from the University of Greifswald and began his field studies in epidemiology in Africa. After World War I, the United States sought to assess the feasibility of using biological warfare agents in future military conflicts. As a professor of Bacteriology and Hygiene at the University of Berlin and one of the foremost experts in epidemiology, Schreiber was invited to Walter Reed Army Medical Center, then known as Walter Reed General Hospital, in a scientific exchange between Germany and the United States. During this time, he reported on his studies of sleeping sickness in Africa and exchanged strategies with U.S. military medical personnel and researchers on how to prevent biological warfare.

Nazi Germany
As a member of the medical branch of the German Army, and a representative of the Army Medical Inspectorate, he was charged with preventing the spread of infectious disease and developing vaccines, in particular, to guard against potential biological warfare agents. In 1942, he wrote a memorandum expressing his objections to the Third Reich's development of such weapons, stating during his witness testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, "I personally made a report to Generaloberstabsarzt Handloser... It was an extremely serious matter for us physicians, for if there really should be a plague epidemic it was clear that it would not stop at the fronts, but would come over to us too. We had to bear a very grave responsibility." Schreiber repeatedly reported to his supervising officers objections regarding experimentation being done at SS controlled facilities. In October 1942, Schreiber reported what he heard at a conference where the results of human experiments at Dachau concentration camp were presented.

In May 1943, he headed the third session of the advisory specialists of the Armed Forces. This led to a confrontation in which Schreiber spoke out against human experimentation in general, but especially with biological agents such as plague and typhus, testifying later at the Nuremberg Trials that he "pointed out that bacteria were an unreliable and dangerous weapon" but that he was "confronted with a fait accompli", the decision had already been made, "the Führer had given the Reichsmarschall (Hermann Göring) full powers, and so forth, for carrying out all the preparations." In September 1943, Schreiber accepted the position of the commander of the Training Division C of the Military Medical Academy under the authority of which he denied Kurt Blome, the head of the Posen research institute, permission to conduct his plague research in Sachsenburg. This was later overruled by Himmler. At a medical conference May 16 to 18, 1944, Schreiber learned of research into gas gangrene experiments conducted by Dr. Karl Gebhardt at Hohenlychen Sanatorium. (Nuremberg document 619) In 1944, Schreiber, who had grown increasingly aware of Göring's antagonism toward him, conferred with Dr. Karl Brandt, the attorney for the health care scientific advisory board about what to do. At the beginning of April, 1945, he was stripped of his administrative duties except that of medical officer in charge of the military and civilian sector of Berlin.

Post-war

Captivity
On 30 April 1945, while caring for the wounded in a makeshift hospital in the Reichstag Building in Berlin, he was taken prisoner of war by the Red Army and transported to the Soviet Union. He spent time at Krasnogorsk POW camp and Lubyanka Prison. On 26 August 1946, the Soviets allowed Schreiber to appear as a witness at the Nuremberg Trials, to give evidence against Göring and Kurt Blome, who had been in charge of German offensive biological weapons development. A recording of his testimony at the trial can be found at the online archive of the Imperial War Museum. The transcript became part of the Nuremberg proceedings against German major war criminals. Schreiber himself was not charged with any war crimes at the Nuremberg trials, although he was convicted in absentia by a Polish court of "conducting gruesome medical experiments" at Auschwitz.

In fall 1948, Schreiber escaped Soviet captivity and immediately gave himself over to the Americans. In a press conference on 2 November, he explained that he had initially been held in Lubyanka Prison in the Soviet Union where he became deathly ill. Only when the captured former German ambassador to Soviet Union, , became ill and refused care from anyone but Schreiber, was the doctor's true identity discovered by Soviet authorities. Schreiber reported he was then given medical attention and moved to a series of safe houses in the Soviet Zone of Germany. There he remained to provide medical care to former Nazi generals. Still under Soviet custody, he was later given the rank of starshina, and was ultimately offered the position of Chief Medical Officer in the newly formed East German Police Force, the Volkspolizei. Rejecting this position, Schreiber reported that he was then offered a professorship at the University of Leipzig. However, in hopes of finding his family, he requested the University of Berlin instead. In response, Soviet authorities reported they were holding Schreiber's family in the Soviet Union, thereby convincing him to relocate and join other German scientists who had already been taken there (see Russian Alsos). In the meantime, his daughter, who had presented herself to Allied military authorities in the American Occupation Zone, learned that the Soviets were transporting more German scientists to the Soviet Union, her father presumably among them. Boarding multiple trains, she walked the cars until she caught her father's attention. Seeing an opportunity, Schreiber evaded his handler and on 17 October took a train from Dresden to Berlin where he presented himself to the Allied Control Authority in West Berlin. Schreiber was subsequently hired to work with the Counter Intelligence Corps and beginning in 1949 was employed as post physician at Camp King, a large clandestine POW interrogation center in Oberursel, Germany.

Emigration
In 1951, Schreiber was taken to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip. He arrived in New York on September 17, 1951, on the  with his wife Olga Conrad Schreiber, his son Paul-Gerhard Schreiber, and his mother-in-law, Marie Schulz Conrad. The manifest of the ship does not list travel documents for them, but declares them to be "Paper Clips".

On 7 October 1951, the New York Times reported that he was working at the Air Force School of Medicine at Randolph Air Force Base in Texas in the Department of Preventative Medicine. A Janina Iwańska, who was being treated at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, was shown a photo of Schreiber and asked if he was one of the scientists who had experimented on her at Ravensbrück concentration camp. She said "no," but that he was there. Her physician contacted the Boston Globe and started a petition to have Schreiber investigated. The second article, also by Drew Pearson, published on February 10, 1952 includes Schreiber's claim that he had never been to Ravensbrück nor any other concentration camp and that he never conducted or supervised any experiments on human beings. That same article also includes a statement by the Air Force Surgeon General stating that he questions such accusations because Schreiber was not a defendant at Nuremberg, but a witness. If there was any evidence against him, they would have included him as a defendant at that time. Schreiber, consequently, did not seek to renew his contract with the U.S. Air Force. Instead he left Texas for the Bay Area of California, where one of his daughters lived. And from there, the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency arranged visas for him and his family to move to Argentina, where another one of his daughters was living and had recently given birth to Schreiber's first grandchild. On 22 May 1952, they were flown on a military aircraft to New Orleans and from there to Buenos Aires.

In Argentina, he worked as a practitioner of general medicine, essentially as a country doctor, in the community of San Carlos de Bariloche where he settled. He died suddenly of a heart attack on 5 September 1970 in San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.

Further reading
 McCoy, Alfred. "Science in Dachau's Shadow: Hebb, Beecher, and the Development of CIA Psychological Torture and Modern Medical Ethics". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Volume 43 (4), 2007.

References

1893 births
1970 deaths
Physicians from Berlin
Nazi Party politicians
German Army personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
Physicians from the Province of Brandenburg
University of Greifswald alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Physicians in the Nazi Party
Nazi human subject research
Nazis in South America
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
Operation Paperclip
German emigrants to Argentina

Walter Schreiber


Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln is a stage show featuring an Audio-Animatronic representation of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, best known for being presented at Disneyland since 1965. It was originally showcased as the prime feature of the State of Illinois Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. One year after its debut at the World's Fair, the show opened at Disneyland, where it has undergone several changes and periods of hiatus over the years. Today Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln is an element of the Disneyland attraction The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, which opened in 2009.

Walt Disney originally conceived of a show that would pay tribute to all U.S. Presidents as part of a proposed extension of Main Street, U.S.A. in the 1950s. However, the technology at the time would not permit a show on the scale Disney wanted, and the Main Street extension proposal was abandoned (the presidential tribute was later built as The Hall of Presidents at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom). Disney's Imagineers opted to focus instead on creating a tribute to Lincoln, Disney's boyhood hero. In 1962, Robert Moses visited Disney seeking ideas for attractions for the upcoming World's Fair. Moses was intrigued by a prototype of the Audio-Animatronic Lincoln, and Disney agreed to build it. The show premiered at the World's Fair on April 22, 1964, and consisted of a pre-show highlighting the state of Illinois, followed by a theater presentation in which the Audio-Animatronic Lincoln gave a speech that included excerpts from multiple speeches actually delivered by Lincoln. It ran for the entirety of both of the World's Fair's 6-month seasons, and closed on October 17, 1965.

During the second season of the World's Fair, a duplicate version of the show opened at Disneyland on July 18, 1965. The show ran until 1973, when it was replaced by The Walt Disney Story, a biographical film on Walt Disney. Disneyland was criticized for this move, and in 1975 the show was replaced by The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, a hybrid of the two shows. The 1975 version of The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln underwent several minor changes over the years, and closed in 2000. In 2001, it was replaced with an attraction of the same name, but which had more of a focus on the American Civil War. This version closed in 2004, and from 2005 to 2009 the attraction was replaced with Disneyland: The First 50 Magical Years, a tribute to Disneyland's 50th anniversary which included exhibits on Disneyland in the pre-show and post-show areas and a film narrated by Steve Martin.

The present-day attraction features a pre-show consisting of exhibits on the history of Disneyland. The main show features a short biographical film on Lincoln and an updated version of the original show.

World's Fair attraction
The original version of the attraction opened with the rest of the New York World's Fair on April 22, 1964, as Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, inside the State of Illinois Pavilion. The overall theme of the show dealt with inspiration, justice, and the meaning of the United States Constitution.

The pre-show consisted of a film with a depiction of paintings representing Illinois and a soundtrack featuring the Illinois state song with narration by Royal Dano and Disney Legends recipient Paul Frees. Guests then entered the main theater where the curtains opened to reveal an audio-animatronic figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in a chair. He then stood up and gave a measured, dignified address, lasting 5 minutes and 15 seconds, that was actually a combination of several of his speeches. Royal Dano was also the voice of Lincoln. The show concluded with the curtains opening further to reveal the Rotunda of the United States Capitol Building. An abstract image of the American Flag was revealed behind the Rotunda as a backdrop, and a rendition of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" could be heard.

Lincoln's face was created by sculptor Blaine Gibson (also a Disney Legend) using a copy of a life mask of Lincoln made by Leonard Volk in Chicago in 1860. Lincoln's speech was compiled by James Algar (yet another Disney Legend), who was also the main writer and producer of the show. As performed, the speech ran as follows:

The attraction closed at the end of the Fair's first season on October 18, 1964, and reopened for the second and final season from April 21, 1965, to October 17, 1965. At the end of the Fair, the State of Illinois Pavilion was completely demolished. Only valuable cultural artifacts and collections were returned to Illinois or elsewhere around the world. The original audio-animatronic figure of Lincoln was believed to have been lost. For many years, all that remained of the original version of the attraction were the memories of those who saw it, photographs, audio tapes and film recordings. Years later, it was discovered that the original Lincoln figure had been packed in a crate, shipped back to California and mysteriously forgotten for decades. It is currently on display at the Walt Disney: One Man's Dream attraction at the Hollywood Studios.

In 2009, a CD box set of Walt Disney's contributions to the World's Fair was produced, with the second disc comprising music and dialog from, and Disney's own introduction to, Great Moments.

Disneyland attraction

The attraction has appeared in many forms over the years at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, United States.

Original version (1965–1972)
The first Disneyland version of Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln – named after the World's Fair attraction – opened on July 18, 1965, in honor of the official 10th anniversary of the park, in the new Opera House on Main Street, USA. The show in the main theater with Mr. Lincoln was a duplicate of the World's Fair attraction. The exterior and interiors of the building were given a new theme using Abraham Lincoln and Walt Disney exhibits, displays and films as the attraction was presented by Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, not the state of Illinois. It did not require an "A" through "E" attraction admission ticket. This version of the attraction ended January 1, 1973, along with the sponsorship by Lincoln Savings.

The Walt Disney Story (1973–1975)
On April 8, 1973, a different attraction named The Walt Disney Story opened in the Opera House. While the exterior remained the same with the exception of new signage, the interior was redesigned so the exhibits could reflect the history of Walt Disney, The Walt Disney Company, and Disneyland. The main theater looked the same, but the audio-animatronic Abraham Lincoln and other props and set pieces were either removed or remained in place covered by the projection screen that was added to show the tribute film to Walt Disney. The film, which lasted 23 minutes, stitched together archival film and audio footage that appeared to be an autobiography of Walt Disney. A similar version of this attraction also appeared in the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort from April 15, 1973, until October 5, 1992.

The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln (1975–2000)
While The Walt Disney Story was a fitting tribute to Walt Disney, who had died on December 15, 1966, the show received a great deal of public criticism by those who were upset by the removal of Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln. The attraction closed in early 1975 and reopened on June 12, 1975, as The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln. The motion picture screen in the main theater was removed and the theater was restored to its original form as it had been during Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, including the show itself. However, the entrance, pre-show, post-show, and exit no longer featured exhibits on Abraham Lincoln, but rather Walt Disney. A new, revised film about Walt Disney became the sole pre-show production and the previous 23-minute feature film was eliminated. After the preshow, guests entered the main theater to see the original show which remained the same, but the speech Abraham Lincoln gave was edited; some of the words were adapted from the speech Abraham Lincoln gave in Walt Disney World's Hall of Presidents.

The attraction was updated in 1984 with a new version of the pre-show film on Walt Disney and revisions to the Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln show in the main theater. A new audio-animatronic Abraham Lincoln was created with enhanced movements and facial expressions, new skin, a new costume, and the ability to hold a piece of paper in his hand for his speech. The props and set pieces on the stage were also redressed. The original 1964 World's Fair audio recordings were still used for the narration and speech by Mr. Lincoln, however portions of Lincoln's speech were deleted. Two new songs, "Golden Dream" and "Two Brothers," were added to the production. Both songs came from The American Adventure, a show inside the American Pavilion in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. "Golden Dream" replaced "Battle Hymn of the Republic" as the song in the finale. This version closed in 2000.

The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln: The Journey to Gettysburg (2001–2004)
During refurbishment, the Paul Frees and Royal Dano recordings were removed, and both were eventually replaced by Corey Burton, who voiced Mathew Brady, and Warren Burton who provided the voice of Lincoln. The set was also redone, the background curtains as well as the replica of the US Capitol's rotunda were completely removed. The chair where Lincoln sat was replaced with a small wooden chair. The small columns behind the chair were also removed and replaced with plants and flowers. The big columns from the previous versions of the show were left intact. The Lincoln figure was given an upgrade; its beard was lengthened to match Lincoln's age. It was also given a pair of eyeglasses, as well as a small paper. The main theater was given a minor refurbishment, both sides featuring portraits of Civil War soldiers. Finally, on July 17, 2001, the attraction re-opened, but it was drastically changed to focus on the American Civil War, although it still retained the name The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln. In the pre-show, guests were introduced to American Civil War photographer Mathew Brady and they assumed the role of a fictitious Union soldier named John Cunningham. They then entered the main theater where they wore special headphones with binaural sound technology. In the show, Cunningham met Brady in his photo studio, received a haircut, went back to battle and was eventually wounded. He then met President Abraham Lincoln and attended the Gettysburg Address in person. At this point, the curtains opened to reveal Lincoln standing on the stage to deliver the address. As Lincoln gave the address, the background behind him changed from a normal day to a sky at dawn, closing the show was a rendition of the Battle Hymn of the Republic. As the music was played the background changed to form the American Flag. As Lincoln sat down in his chair, a painting of the statue located at the Lincoln Memorial covered the night sky. At this point, the curtains began to descend and the 12-minute program ended.

Disneyland: The First 50 Magical Years (2005–2009)

The attraction closed temporarily on February 20, 2005, to make room for Disneyland: The First 50 Magical Years. This show had a series of exhibits and a main theater film presented by Steve Martin and an animated Donald Duck. It was part of Disneyland's Happiest Homecoming on Earth 50th anniversary celebration that lasted from May 5, 2005, to September 30, 2006. Disneyland: The First 50 Magical Years continued until March 15, 2009. The movie was shown on a wide-screen television in the Opera House lobby since September 26, 2009. From 2009 to 2013 some scenes were cut for unknown reasons. The shortened version also provided show timing to the Cast Member running the "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln" attraction. When the edited "First 50 Magical Years" ends, it is a cue for the Cast Member to invite guests inside the Opera House to move into the north end of the lobby, and to begin the preshow for "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln".  Beginning on October 18, 2023, the film was replaced with a screening of the animated short, "Once Upon a Studio".

A new room-size model of Disneyland on opening day in 1955 was also added in the lobby.

The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln (2009–present)
Mr. Lincoln returned in a new attraction called The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln on December 18, 2009. The previous hydraulic-based audio-animatronic figure was replaced by an electronic audio-animatronic figure, which Disney Imagineers say greatly extends Lincoln's emotive capabilities. The new show features an abridged version of his autobiography, the first two sentences from his Gettysburg Address, and the song "Two Brothers" (from Epcot's American Adventure pavilion) following the news about the civil war. In the final act, the audio-animatronic Lincoln stands to perform portions of the speech from the original attraction, in which the late Royal Dano once more provides the voice of Lincoln. The script is the same that was used from 1984 to 2001. However, Dano's voice is from a newly discovered recording that is cleaner than the original performance. Also, the song "Golden Dream" is played as guests exit the attraction. As well, the recording of the song "America the Beautiful" from the Circle-Vision 360° film of the same name, opens the show. And on the end of the show, they added the song the "Battle Hymn of the Republic".

The United States Capitol model, previously displayed as the main lobby exhibit, returned and the prior model of Disneyland on opening day was moved into a tilted up position in a large display case.

In April 2022, a bust and portrait of Frederick Douglass was installed in the lobby of the Main Street Opera House. On February 1, 2023, A new pre-show video, produced in collaboration with National Geographic, debuted, telling the story of the historic relationship between Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln. The new video is narrated by Robin Roberts, and includes testimonials from Douglass' third great-grandson Kenneth B. Morris Jr., and Dr. John Stauffer.

Development of the attraction
Walt Disney was always fascinated with the life of Abraham Lincoln. He even recited Lincoln's Gettysburg Address to his elementary class as a small boy. As Disneyland became more prosperous, Walt proposed an expansion of Main Street, U.S.A. in 1957 to be called Liberty Street. It was to be a look back at Colonial-era America. The centerpiece attraction would have been The Hall of Presidents, a stage presentation featuring figures of every single U.S. president, which would later be built at the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World. Walt wanted all the figures to move, but limitations of the audio-animatronics technology of the era made it impossible. After Liberty Street was abandoned, the Imagineers concentrated their efforts on one president: Mr. Lincoln.

In April 1962, Robert Moses approached Walt Disney about contributing attractions to the pavilions of the 1964 New York World's Fair. Walt took Moses around the studio, showing him the new technology his Imagineers were working on. Nothing really sparked Moses' interest. Walt then showed Moses a prototype electronic figure of Lincoln. Moses was astonished at the possibilities and told Walt that he had to have this figure at the Fair. Despite knowing that the figure was years from completion, Walt told Moses it would be ready. Moses then sought the State of Illinois as a sponsor to have Mr. Lincoln as the featured attraction at their pavilion.

Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln performed very well and became one of the big draws to the Fair. It was the first human audio-animatronics figure ever attempted by Walt Disney. In 2009, the attraction was again used to showcase the latest technology when it became the first attraction to use a human autonomatronics figure.

In popular culture
Ray Bradbury's 1969 short story "Downwind from Gettysburg" was inspired by Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln.
The band Negativland used a modified version of the speech from the attraction in the song "God Bull" on their album No Business.
In the 101 Dalmatians: The Series episode "Cruella World" the Great Moments with Cruella Devil attraction in Cruella World is a homage to Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln.
In the Clone High episode "A Room of One's Clone: The Pie of the Storm", the teenaged clone of Abraham Lincoln seeks advice from a "robomatronic" Lincoln in a theme park attraction that also mashes in elements of Disneyland's Enchanted Tiki Room show and the Pirates of the Caribbean ride. This Lincoln concludes his long speech encouraging people to "try the churros".
The Modern Family episode "Disneyland" closes with Jay Pritchett (Ed O'Neill) and his family sitting together watching Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, after a long day of their family trip to Disneyland. Jay reflects that watching the show with his kids when they were young inspired him to stay with his then-wife, DeDe, for the sake of his children. After which, the conversation is interrupted by an off-screen request from Jay's now-wife, Gloria (Sofía Vergara), to join her in their backyard hot tub, he smiles and states that "the universe rewarded me".
An August 16, 2013 the Pearls Before Swine comic strip mentioned the attraction in Rat's "Beerland" themepark. Rat's version of the attraction contained Lincoln sitting drunk at a table trying to hit on women, unsuccessfully. The "Beerland" series also contained more jabs at Disneyland such as a profane/bad maintenance version of It's a Small World.
In the Mickey Mouse episode "Potatoland", Mickey and Donald build a theme park called Potatoland to fulfill Goofy's lifelong dream to go to the park, even though it never existed. One of the attractions featured was a low-budget potato-themed version of Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln with a giant potato in a stovepipe hat and beard with Donald delivering the dialogue.
In the Futurama episode "Insane in the Mainframe", there is a robotic Lincoln, based on Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, in the insane asylum that has 200 split personalities that are all some form of Lincoln.

Notes

See also
The Hall of Presidents, an audio-animatronic attraction/show in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom featuring all Presidents of the United States, including Abraham Lincoln

References

Sources

External links

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Disneyland
Abraham Lincoln in art
1964 New York World's Fair
Main Street, U.S.A.
Audio-Animatronic attractions
Monuments and memorials to Abraham Lincoln in the United States

Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln


The Rench is a right-hand tributary of the Rhine in the Ortenau (Central Baden, Germany). It rises on the southern edge of the Northern Black Forest at Kniebis near Bad Griesbach im Schwarzwald. The source farthest from the mouth is that of the Schöngrundbächle which rises at a height of around  in the parish of Zuflucht near the old youth hostel. After flowing through its steep mountainside klinge it is joined by other streams to form, first, the Old (Alter), then the Wild Rench (Wilder Rench), which first becomes the Rench below Bad Griesbach. The Rench runs in a prominent southerly arc through the Central Black Forest and crosses the hilly region of Ortenau with its orchards and vineyards before breaking out into the Rhine Plain. After just under 57 km it discharges, together with the Mühlbach, into the Rhine at 314.7 km between Helmlingen (Rheinau) and Lichtenau.

The upper Rench valley around Bad Peterstal-Griesbach initially cuts into the forested bunter sandstone plateaux before entering a more open, very rugged valley with steep relief, whose centre is the little town of Oppenau. There it is joined from the right by the Lierbach, well known for the All Saints Waterfalls.
In Lautenbach the valley broadens suddenly into the Foothill Zone with the town of Oberkirch at the foot of the vineyards and the little town of Renchen, whose environs are dominated by orchards.

The B 28 federal road, long an important transverse route across the Black Forest, runs through the Rench valley linking the Strasbourg area with the upper Neckar region. It climbs steeply above Bad Griesbach in hairpin bends to the Alexanderschanze (968 m). The Rench Valley Railway starts at Appenweier and runs as far as Bad Griesbach. It has also contributed to the development of the thermal baths in the Rench valley, which had already been established in the 16th century in Bad Griesbach, but which soon extended to Bad Antogast near Oppenau (especially for the nobility), Bad Peterstal and Bad Freiersbach (today part of Bad Peterstal-Griesbach).

The "Rench Flood Canal" was built between 1936 and 1953 at the Acher Rench Correction to divert flood waters. It branches off the Rench at Erlach, picks up the Acher Canal at Rheinau and merges with the actual Rench at Memprechtshofen.

Gallery

References

External links

 "LUBW-BRSWEB":
 , especially the map sections and layers
 the Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg (LUBW)
 "LUBW-FG10": Rivers, 1:10,000 scale
 "LUBW-SG10": Lakes and reservoirs, 1:10,000 scale
 "LUBW-GEZG": Catchments
 Map of the Rench from source to mouth at OpenStreetMap

Rivers of Baden-Württemberg
Rivers of the Black Forest
Rivers of Germany

Rench


The National Mirror is a daily newspaper published in Nigeria. It has a tabloid format.
The National Mirror was founded by Prince Emeka Obasi in 2006. Editions include the Daily Mirror, Saturday Mirror and Sunday Mirror.
In August 2008 Barrister Jimoh Ibrahim acquired 100% of the shares of the National Mirror.
On 5 May 2010 Global Media Mirror Limited, publishers of National Mirror, took over Newswatch Communications Limited, publishers of Newswatch weekly news magazine.

References

Daily newspapers published in Nigeria
Publications with year of establishment missing

National Mirror


Samuel ("S. D.") Factor (Faktor)  (22 September 1883,  Łódź – 11 January 1949, Chicago) was a Polish-American chess master.

Biography
During World War I, Faktor was one of the strongest chess players in Łódź . In 1916, he lost a match to Hirszbajn (+2 –4 =4). In 1917, he took 3rd, behind Gersz Salwe, and Teodor Regedziński. In 1917/18, he took 2nd, behind Regedziński. In 1919, he won the Łódź  Chess Club Championship. Then, he emigrated, via Holland, to America.

In the end of 1919, he drew a mini-match with Richard Réti (+1 –1 =0) in Rotterdam. In March 1920, he tied for 2nd-3rd with Abraham Speijer, behind Akiba Rubinstein, in Rotterdam. In July 1921, Factor tied for 5-7th in Atlantic City (8th American Chess Congress). The event was won by Dawid Janowski. In October 1921, he took 2nd, behind Edward Lasker, in Cleveland, Ohio (22nd WCA). In August/September 1922, he won in Louisville, Kentucky (23rd WCA). In 1922, Factor won the Championship of Chicago.

In 1928, Factor represented USA at third board (+4 –2 =5) in the 2nd Chess Olympiad in The Hague. He won team silver medal.

In August 1932, he tied for 7–10th in Pasadena, California (Alexander Alekhine won).

According to his obituary in the January 20, 1949 issue of Chess Life, Factor died after a brief illness.  The article highlights that Factor won the Western Chess Association Championship twice—at Louisville in 1922 and at Chicago in 1930 (tied with N. T. Whitaker in the later).  The obituary further notes:As an organizer of chess Factor was prominent.  He had a hand in the development of the original Western Chess Association; he was one of the organizers of the National Chess Federation, and later of the American Chess Federation; and lived to see these three begin to realize his dreams in the final form of the United States Chess Federation of which he was a most valued Director.

It is difficult to be objective in cataloguing a few of Sam Factor's many contributions to chess, for in many respects his own personality was his greatest contribution.  Few master players have won as modestly, lost as graciously, or been as unostentatiously helpful and unselfish with their time and talent.

Factor was survived by his wife Hazel and his children Barbara and Phyllis.

Samuel Factor was a nephew of Max Factor in that Samuel Factor's father Daniel was a brother of Max.

Notable chess games
Samuel Faktor vs Richard Réti, Rotterdam 1919, Dutch Defence, A85, 1-0
Samuel Factor vs Samuel Reshevsky, Detroit 1924, 25th WCA, Queen's Gambit Declined, Semi-Slav, D46, 1-0
Samuel Factor vs Karl Gilg (CSR), The Hague 1928, 2nd Olympiad, Queen's Gambit Declined, Orthodox Defense, Classical, D68, 1-0
Nietsche vs Samuel Factor, Chicago 1942, King's Gambit Accepted, Bishop's Gambit, Lopez Variation, C33, 0-1

References

External links

Polish Website on Samuel Factor

1883 births
1949 deaths
Chess Olympiad competitors
American chess players
Polish chess players
Jewish chess players
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Sportspeople from Łódź
Polish emigrants to the United States

Samuel Factor


Scotch bonnet (also known as Bonney peppers, or Caribbean red peppers) is a variety of chili pepper named for its supposed resemblance to a Scottish tam o' shanter bonnet. It is ubiquitous in West Africa as well as the Caribbean. Like the closely related habanero, Scotch bonnets have a heat rating of 100,000–350,000 Scoville units. For comparison, most jalapeño peppers have a heat rating of 2,500 to 8,000 on the Scoville scale. However, completely sweet varieties of Scotch bonnet called cachucha peppers are grown on some of the Caribbean islands.

Scotch bonnets are used to flavor many dishes and cuisines worldwide and are often used in hot sauces and condiments. The Scotch bonnet has a sweeter flavor and stouter shape, distinct from its habanero relative with which it is often confused, and gives jerk dishes (pork/chicken) and other Caribbean dishes their unique flavor. Scotch bonnets are mostly used in West Africa, West Indian, Sri Lankan, and Maldivian cuisines and pepper sauces, though they often show up in other Caribbean recipes.  It is also used in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama for Caribbean-styled recipes such as rice and peas, rondón, saus, beef patties, and ceviche.

Fresh, ripe Scotch bonnets can change from green to yellow to scarlet red; some varieties of this pepper can ripen to orange, yellow, peach, or even a chocolate brown.

See also

 Bajan pepper sauce
 Caribbean cuisine
 Cuisine of Jamaica
 Cuisine of Nigeria
 Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago
 Jamaican jerk spice
 List of Capsicum cultivars
 Nagabon

References

External links

Capsicum cultivars
Caribbean cuisine
Costa Rican cuisine
Chili peppers
Flora of Jamaica
Guyanese cuisine
Maldivian cuisine
Nicaraguan cuisine
Panamanian cuisine
Sri Lankan cuisine
Surinamese cuisine
West African cuisine

Scotch bonnet


Black Lightning (; translit. Chernaya Molniya) is a 2009 Russian superhero film directed by Alexandr Voitinsky and Dmitriy Kiselev, and produced by Timur Bekmambetov.

Plot

Dmitry "Dima" Maykov (Grigoriy Dobrygin) is a student at Moscow State University. For his birthday, his father (Sergei Garmash), gives him a black '66 Volga. In the glove compartment, Dima finds an old photo of three scientists and an old audio record, but he gives them no mind.

Dima is in love with his classmate Nastya Svetlova (Yekaterina Vilkova). Dima believes that the only way to her heart lies through money and status, which in turn are only attainable through ambitiousness and egoism. This belief is strengthened when Dima sees the success of Nastya's friend, Max (Ivan Zhidkov), who also happens to have a Mercedes.

Dima begins working as a flower delivery boy. During one of the runs, he gets into trouble with Kuptsov's men, and while being chased by them, accidentally engages the car's flight system. Losing control of the flying car, Dima crash lands into an abandoned building. With Max's help, Dima is able to play the record from the glove box which helps him track down two of the scientists in the photo, Pavel Perepelkin and Olga Romantseva, who turn out to be husband and wife. Dima, pretending to be a newspaper reporter, asks them about the car. The Volga is revealed to be a product of a Soviet black project, equipped with multiple rocket engines allowing supermaneuverable flight, as well as a device called "nano-catalyzer" which transmutes ordinary gasoline into high-yield nanofuel to power them. Romantsova gives Dima the car's manual, which the third scientist, Mikhail Yelizarov, wrote. At first, Dima enjoys the flights and makes decent money delivering flowers while avoiding the infamous Moscow traffic jams. But his egotism leads Dima to leave a stabbed man on the street instead of helping him, and that man later turns out to be his own father.

The death of his father changes Dima's outlook on life. He decides to use his car to help people in need. He rapidly gains many fans among the city dwellers, and newspapers grant him the nickname "Black Lightning."

Meanwhile, Kuptsov starts a hunt for the nano-catalyzer, which can produce fuel needed to power his tectonic drill concealed within one of the Moscow City skyscrapers. The drill will allow Kuptsov to reach a layer of diamonds located beneath the tectonic plate, but will likely destroy the city in the process. Kuptsov finds the scientists who worked on the flying Volga and forces them to build the same kind of flight system for his Mercedes, as well as outfit it with weaponry and armor shielding. Kuptsov lures Dima out by letting Perepelkin, one of the scientists, escape to the roof of the skyscraper. Kuptsov then ambushes "Black Lightning" with rocket fire from his Mercedes, stealing the nano-catalyzer and sending the Volga falling down, crashing into the ice and sinking to the bottom of the Moscow River.

A call from his girlfriend, Nastya, that says that she really loves him, brings the hero back to his senses. Dima remembers the emergency backup tank with 30 minutes' worth of nanofuel, bursts out from under the ice, and rushes into Kuptsov's lair, freeing the scientists and recapturing the nano-catalyzer. He then flies to pick up Nastya, but Kuptsov beats him to her, taking her as a hostage and offering to trade her for the nano-catalyzer. Dima and Kuptsov confront each other over the Red Square. Dima flashes his headlights and honks the horn in a special signal that Nastya knows about. Nastya jumps out of Kuptsov's car and Dima grabs her in midair, safely landing her to the earth below. The final battle between the flying cars in the sky above Moscow ends with Dima luring Kuptsov's car to the outer reaches of the atmosphere, where the Mercedes runs out of nanofuel. Kuptsov floats in the Earth's orbit, left for dead.

Dima and Nastya meet on the ground and celebrate the New Year together.

Cast
 Grigoriy Dobrygin as Dimitri (Dima) Maykov/Black Lightning
 Ekaterina Vilkova as Nastya Svetlova
 Viktor Verzhbitsky as Prof. Viktor Kuptsov
 Sergei Garmash as Pavel Maykov (Dmitry's father)
 Yelena Valyushkina as Nastasia Maykova (Dmitry's mother)
 Ekaterina Starshova as Tanya Maykova (Dmitry's sister)
 Ivan Zhidkov as Maxim
 Igor Savochkin as Boria Ivanovich
 Valeri Zolotukhin as Pavel Perepelkin
 Yekaterina Vasilyeva as Olga Romantseva
 Juozas Budraitis as Mikhail Yelizarov
 Dato Bakhtadze as Bahram Makhamedovich
 Mikhail Yefremov as the Drunk guy

Reception
Black Lightning was met with mixed to slightly positive reviews in Russian media, according to review aggregator Kritikanstvo.

Box office
According to KinoPoisk, the movie grossed $19,680,848 in Russia to a total of $21,500,000 worldwide, against a budget of $8,000,000 and a marketing budget of $7,000,000.

Facts about the car
"Black Lightning" "played" 10 Volga GAZ-21 cars. Additionally, 100 computer prototypes were made. The number of "Black Lightning" "19-91 DEE" comes from the famous meme "Leprozoria" - DEE1991GR. In the course of the film, there are other references to "Leprozoria", for example, when the car flies into an abandoned building, it says on the wall: "Leprechaun" and "Hello Leprosy!"

According to the film, the flying car "Black Lightning" weighs four tons, accelerates to 300 km/h and can hang in the air.

Video game
Based on the film, two video games were created. Black Lightning repeated the plot of the film, while Black Lightning: Nastya's Adventures was a spin-off about Nastya Svetlova.

Remake
On June 30, 2010, in Variety, it was reported that Timur Bekmambetov was conducting talks with Universal Pictures about setting up an English remake of this film. However, at the time of 2019, no new news about the remake had been received.

References

 Интервью с Тимуром Бекмамбетовым для Интерфакса //interfax.ru
 Интервью с Александром Войтинским и Дмитрием Киселевым //Lenta.ru

External links

Films directed by Dmitriy Kiselev
2009 films
2000s superhero films
2009 science fiction action films
Russian superhero films
Russian science fiction action films
American superhero films
American science fiction action films
GAZ
Russian superheroes
Universal Pictures films
Focus Features films
Films about automobiles
Films set in Moscow
Films set in 2009
Flying cars in fiction
Bazelevs Company films
2000s Russian-language films
Films directed by Aleksandr Voytinskiy
2000s American films

Black Lightning (2009 film)


Pairwise comparison is any process of comparing things in pairs to judge which of two things is preferred, or has a greater amount of some something, or whether or not the two things are identical. The method of pairwise comparison is used in the scientific study of preferences, attitudes, voting systems, social choice, public choice, requirements engineering and multiagent AI systems.  In psychology literature, it is often referred to as paired comparison.

Overview
If someone shows what they like more between two options, this preference can be expressed as a pairwise comparison.  If the two alternatives are x and y, these three pairwise comparisons are possible:

The person prefers x over y: "x > y" or "xPy"

The person prefers y over x: "y > x" or "yPx"

The person has no preference between both alternatives: "x = y" or "xIy"

Transitivity
It is generally assumed that pairwise comparisons are transitive.  Most agree on what transitivity is, though there is debate about the transitivity of indifference. The rules of transitivity are as follows.

 If xPy and yPz, then xPz
 If xPy and yIz, then xPz
 If xIy and yPz, then xPz
 If xIy and yIz, then xIz

This is linked to (xPy or xIy) being a total preorder, P being the related strict weak order, and I being the related equivalence relation.

Argument for intransitivity of indifference
Some believe that indifference (lack of preference) is not transitive.  Consider the following example.  Suppose you like apples and you prefer apples that are larger.  Now suppose there exists an apple A, an apple B, and an apple C that are the same except for the following. Suppose B is larger than A, but it is not possible to see this without an extremely sensitive measuring device.  Also suppose C is larger than B, but this also can't be seen without a sensitive measuring device.  However, the difference in sizes between apples A and C is large enough that you can see it. In psychophysical terms, the size difference between A and C is above the just noticeable difference ('jnd') while the size differences between A and B and B and C are below the jnd.

You are confronted with the three apples in pairs without a sensitive measuring device.  Because of this, when shown only A and B, you have no preference between apple A and apple B; and you are indifferent between apple B and apple C when shown only B and C.  However, when the pair A and C are shown, you prefer C over A.

Preference orders
If pairwise comparisons are transitive by the four rules shown above, then pairwise comparisons for a list of alternatives (A1, A2, A3, ..., An−1, and An) can take the form:

 A1(>XOR=)A2(>XOR=)A3(>XOR=) ... (>XOR=)An−1(>XOR=)An

For example, if there are three alternatives a, b, and c, then the 13 possible preference orders are:

If the number of alternatives is n, and indifference is not allowed, then the number of possible preference orders for any given n-value is n!.  If indifference is allowed, then the number of possible preference orders is the number of total preorders. It can be expressed as a function of n:

where S2(n, k) is the Stirling number of the second kind.

Related pages

 Analytic Hierarchy Process
 Law of comparative judgment
 Potentially all pairwise rankings of all possible alternatives (PAPRIKA) method
 PROMETHEE pairwise comparison method
 Preference (economics)
 Stochastic Transitivity
 Condorcet method

References

 Y. Chevaleyre, P.E. Dunne, U. Endriss, J. Lang, M. Lemaître, N. Maudet, J. Padget, S. Phelps, J.A. Rodríguez-Aguilar, and P. Sousa. Issues in Multiagent Resource Allocation. Informatica, 30:3–31, 2006.

Further reading

 Bradley, R.A. and Terry, M.E. (1952). Rank analysis of incomplete block designs, I. the method of paired comparisons. Biometrika, 39, 324–345.
 David, H.A. (1988). The Method of Paired Comparisons. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Luce, R.D. (1959). Individual Choice Behaviours: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: J. Wiley.
 Thurstone, L.L. (1927).  A law of comparative judgement. Psychological Review, 34, 278–286.
 Thurstone, L.L. (1929).  The Measurement of Psychological Value.  In T.V. Smith and W.K. Wright (Eds.), Essays in Philosophy by Seventeen Doctors of Philosophy of the 	University of Chicago.  Chicago: Open Court.
 Thurstone, L.L. (1959).  The Measurement of Values.  Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
 Zermelo, E. (1928). Die Berechnung der Turnier-Ergebnisse als ein Maximumproblem der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, Mathematische Zeitschrift 29, 1929, S. 436–460

Psychology

Pairwise comparison


Badagry festival is a yearly even which takes place in Badagry, a town in Lagos State, in Nigeria. It is planned by the African Renaissance Foundation (AREFO). The event shows the importance of the olden town during the slave trade period. It is a showcasing of culture and a display of African pride. The planner brings the native and culture-loving person's from many places of the world to come celebrate the festival. One of the most important is the physical showcasing by the masquerades, dancers, and fire eaters. It also shows football activities, the beating of Sato drum and freedom day happiness.
The festival started in 1999 to celebrate the end of slave trade period and the importance of the olden city during the period.
The SATO drum is a native drum usually beaten during celebrations,it is 3m tall and is played with 7sticks

Category African culture

Badagry festival


Ecolinguistics, or ecological linguistics, emerged in the 1990s as a new paradigm of linguistic research, widening sociolinguistics to take into account not only the social context in which language is embedded, but also the wider ecological context, including other species and the physical environment.

Michael Halliday's 1990 speech New ways of Meaning: the challenge to applied linguistics is often credited as a work which provided the stimulus for linguists to consider the ecological context and consequences of language. Among other things, the challenge that Halliday put forward was to make linguistics relevant to overarching contemporary issues, particularly the widespread destruction of ecosystems. The main example Halliday gave was that of "economic growth", describing how "countless texts repeated daily all around the world contain a simple message: growth is good. Many is better than few, more is better than less, big is better than small, grow is better than shrink", which leads to environmentally destructive consequences.

Overview
Since Halliday's initial comments, ecolinguistics has developed in several directions, employing a range of linguistic tools to investigate language in an ecological context. The International Ecolinguistics Association characterizes ecolinguistics in these terms:"Ecolinguistics explores the role of language in the life-sustaining interactions of humans, other species and the physical environment. The first aim is to develop linguistic theories which see humans not only as part of society, but also as part of the larger ecosystems that life depends on. The second aim is to show how linguistics can be used to address key ecological issues, from climate change and biodiversity loss to environmental justice."In this way, the 'eco' of ecolinguistics corresponds to ecology in its literal sense of the relationship of organisms (including humans) with other organisms and the physical environment. This is a sense shared with other environmental humanities disciplines such as ecocriticism and ecopsychology.

The term 'ecolinguistics' has also been used with a metaphorical sense of 'ecology', for example in 'linguistic ecology', 'communication ecology' or 'learning ecology' in ways which do not include consideration of other species or the physical environment. This is currently less prevalent.

Another aspect of ecolinguistics is linguistic diversity and the embedding of traditional environmental knowledge in local languages. In 1996, David Abram's book, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World, described how the wider environment (or 'the more than human world') shapes language in oral cultures, helping people attune to their environment and live sustainably within it. According to Abram, writing has gradually alienated people in literate cultures from the natural world, to the extent that "our organic attunement to the local earth is thwarted by our ever-increasing intercourse with our own signs". As dominant languages such as English spread across the world, environmental knowledge embedded in local cultures is lost.

There are two main areas of interest for ecolinguistics. The first can be described as 'The ecological analysis of language' and the second as 'Linguistic and biological diversity'.

Ecological analysis of language

The ecological analysis of language draws on a wide range of linguistic tools including critical discourse analysis, framing theory, cognitive linguistics, identity theory, rhetoric and systemic functional grammar to reveal underlying worldviews or the 'stories we live by'. The stories we live by are cognitive structures in the minds of individuals or across a society (social cognition), which influence people's ecocultural identities and how humans treat each other, other animals, plants, forests, rivers and the physical environment. The stories are questioned from an ecological perspective with reference to an ecological framework (or ecosophy), and judged to encourage people to protect the ecosystems that life depends on, or encourage behavior which damages those ecosystems. Ecolinguistics attempts to make a practical difference in the world through resisting destructive stories and contributing to the search for beneficial new stories to live by. Stories which ecolinguists claim are destructive relate to consumerism, unlimited economic growth, advertising, intensive farming, and those which represent nature as a machine or a resource. Using "positive discourse analysis", ecolinguistics has also searched for new stories to live by through exploring nature writing, poetry, environmental writing and traditional forms of language around the world.

This form of analysis started with the application of critical discourse analysis to texts about environmentalism, in order to reveal hidden assumptions and messages and comment on the effectiveness of these in achieving environmental aims (e.g. Harré et al. 1999). It then developed to include analysis of any discourse which has potential consequences for the future of ecosystems, such as neoliberal economics, consumerism, lifestyle magazines, politics, or agribusiness. The cognitive approach and the term 'stories we live by' were introduced by Arran Stibbe in 2015, with eight kinds of story: ideology, framing, metaphor, evaluation, identity, conviction, salience and erasure. The approach was updated in the second edition of Ecolinguistics: language, ecology and the stories we live by in 2021

Linguistic and biological diversity

Language diversity is part of ecolinguistics because of the relationship between diversity of local languages and biodiversity. This relationship arises because of the cultural adaptation to the environment that is encoded in local languages. The forces of globalisation are allowing dominant languages (such as English) to spread, and replace these local languages (Nettle and Romaine 2000). This leads to a loss of both sustainable local cultures and the important traditional ecological knowledge contained within their languages. Ecolinguistic research aims to protect both cultural diversity and the linguistic diversity that supports it. The United Nations Environment Program describes how:

Nettle and Romaine (2000:166) write that "delicate tropical environments in particular must be managed with care and skill. It is indigenous peoples who have the relevant practical knowledge, since they have been successfully making a living in them for hundreds of generations. Much of this detailed knowledge about local ecosystems is encoded in indigenous language and rapidly being lost". Mühlhaüsler states "the rapid decline in the world's linguistic diversity thus must be regarded with apprehension by those who perceive the interconnection between linguistic and biological diversity".

Overall, language diversity is part of ecolinguistics because of the correlation between the diversity of language and biological diversity, with the knowledge of nature embedded in local cultures being the link between the two.

Websites

The International Ecolinguistics Association is an international network of ecolinguists. The website includes a bibliography, online journal (Language & Ecology) and other resources.

The Stories We Live By is a free online course in ecolinguistics created by the University of Gloucestershire and the International Ecolinguistics Association.

See also
Biosemiotics
Ecocriticism
Ecopsychology
Ecosemiotics
Environmental communication
Environmental humanities
Yukio Tsuda (professor)
Language policy
Linguistic ecology
Linguistic rights

References

Communication theory
Branches of linguistics
Human communication
Environmental humanities
Environmental communication

Ecolinguistics


Southdown Plantation is a historic Southern plantation in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana.

Founding and early history
Southdown Plantation was founded in 1828 by William John Minor, son of Stephen "Don Esteban" Minor, former secretary to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Manuel Gayoso de Lemos and James Dinsmore. The land had first been a Spanish land grant and was later owned by brothers Jim and Rezin Bowie, who began planting and harvesting indigo there. Minor purchased the land, approximately 1,020 acres, together with James Dinsmore. In 1831, sugarcane became the principal crop, and the first sugar mill was built in 1830-31. Dinsmore sold his half of the plantation to Van Winder in 1842 & Winder was bought out by William John Minor. By 1852, Southdown was home to 233 slaves, most of whom lived in family units on the property.

The second plantation house was built by Mr. Minor in 1858, and was named for a breed of sheep that the family raised. The house was built of hand-fired brick and wood from local cypress and pine trees.

The original one-story brick home was expanded in 1893, after William's death by his son, Henry Chotard Minor, when a second story and Virginia-style colonnaded walkways were added. In the same year, Favrile glass panels depicting the plantation, palmetto leaves, magnolia branches, and sugar cane stalks were installed in the house. The plantation consisted of over 10,000 acres of sugar cane fields, a sugar mill, and a race track. Through Southdown Plantation, the Minors were instrumental in introducing and sustaining the sugar industry in the area, and ensuring the survival of the crop by developing a variety of sugar cane that was resistant to mosaic disease.

The Minor family was known for frequently entertaining guests and hosting many extravagant balls and receptions.

Modern era
During the Great Depression in the 1930s, the Minor family lost ownership of the house. It was acquired by Realty Operators, which later renamed itself Southdown Sugar Inc. In 1979, the Southdown sugar mill was closed. Its parts were shipped to and reassembled in Guatemala, where it continued operation. It was the last of the 86 sugar mills that had operated in Terrebonne Parish during the sugar boom of the 19th century.

In 1974, the plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The following year, the owner Southdown Land, a subsidiary of Southdown Sugar, donated the property to the Terrebonne Historical and Cultural Society. While the plantation house was being renovated, the original 1893 pink and green paint scheme of the exterior walls was discovered and restored. On June 27, 1982, the plantation house and servants' quarters were opened to the public as a museum.

References

 Books

 Web

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Sugar plantations in Louisiana
Houses in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
Museums in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
Historic house museums in Louisiana
Plantation houses in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
Houses completed in 1858
1828 establishments in Louisiana

Southdown Plantation


Ksenia Sankovich (, Łacinka: Ksienija Andrejeŭna Sankovič; born 27 July 1990) is a Belarusian rhythmic gymnast. She is a two-time Olympic medalist in the group all-around competition.

Career
Sankovich won a bronze medal in the group all-around competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. At the 2009 World Championships, she won silver medals in group all-around and 3 ribbons & 2 ropes, and bronze in 5 hoops. They repeated as the group all-around silver medalists at the 2010 World Championships.

At the 2012 European Championships, Sankovich was a member of the group that won the all-around silver medal and gold in 3 ribbons/2hoops. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she won silver in the group all-around event together with group members Maryna Hancharova, Alina Tumilovich, Nataliya Leshchyk, Aliaksandra Narkevich, Anastasia Ivankova.

Detailed Olympic results

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Belarusian rhythmic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Belarus
Olympic silver medalists for Belarus
Olympic bronze medalists for Belarus
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts from Minsk
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships

Ksenia Sankovich


I Start Counting is a 1970 British coming-of-age drama thriller film directed by David Greene and starring Jenny Agutter and Bryan Marshall. Its plot follows a teenage girl who comes to suspect that her adult foster brother is a serial killer. It was based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Audrey Erskine Lindop.

The film was moderately controversial because of Agutter's squeaky-clean image and youth (16, playing a 14-year-old), when coupled with the film's sexual content.  It also included Simon Ward's first major film role.

Plot
Wynne Kinch, an adopted 14-year-old girl, has a crush on her 32-year-old stepbrother, George. While spying on George in the bathroom, Wynne notices he has several scratches on his back, and finds a jumper she made for him thrown in the rubbish, with blood on it; this leads her to suspect him of being the serial killer of several local teenage girls, who is still at large. Despite this belief, Wynne continues to have romantic sexual fantasies about George, and dreams of marrying him when she comes of legal age.

Throughout the film, she regularly visits the house she previously lived in with her adoptive family.

Later on, Wynne searches the back of George's van, hoping to find clues but is forced to stay inside and hide when he gets in and drives off. He drives to a house and Wynne discovers that he is having an affair with a mentally unstable woman, whose blood was on the discarded jumper after she had slashed her wrists in a suicide attempt.

Wynne's best friend Corinne teases her about her crush on George and when the family goes out on a picnic, Corinne flirts with him; he gets angry at her for acting like a "pathetic little mini-tart" and pins her down roughly on the ground. Corinne runs off and later phones Wynne to tell her she will stay out all night with an unnamed boy who, she says, they both know. Wynne, worried about her friend, goes searching for her at her former home and finds Corinne's dead body. About to leave the house she is confronted and trapped inside by the bus conductor who Wynne and Corinne often meet on the bus. He confesses to having killed the girls. Wynne tries to escape. He chases her and she falls into the pond. While helping her out he breaks down in distress, at which point the police arrive.

The film ends with Wynne and George watching their old house being demolished.

Cast

Production

Filming
The film was shot at Bray Studios in Berkshire and on location around Bracknell. The sets were designed by the art director Brian Eatwell. Young Phil Collins makes a small appearance as an ice cream vendor.

Music
The theme song, also titled "I Start Counting", was sung by Lindsey Moore.

References

External links

online review

1970 films
1970s thriller films
British coming-of-age films
British thriller films
1970s English-language films
Films based on British novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films directed by David Greene
Films scored by Basil Kirchin
British serial killer films
United Artists films
Films shot at Bray Studios
Films shot in Berkshire
Films set in England
1970s British films

I Start Counting


Rollo Davidson (b. Bristol, 8 October 1944, d. Piz Bernina, 29 July 1970) was a probabilist, alpinist, and Fellow-elect of Churchill College, Cambridge, who died aged 25 on Piz Bernina. He is known for his work on semigroups, stochastic geometry, and stochastic analysis, and for the Rollo Davidson Prize, given in his name to early-career probabilists.

Life
At the time of Davidson's birth, his parents lived in The Chantry, Thornbury, Gloucestershire. His mother was Priscilla (née Chilver); his father, Brian Davidson, won a prize at Oxford for his study of classics, was president of the Oxford Union, and worked as a solicitor before becoming an executive with the Bristol Aeroplane Company. Rollo Davidson attended Winchester College before studying mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1962 and becoming a research fellow there in 1967. He completed his PhD in 1968, under the supervision of David George Kendall. He continued at Cambridge as assistant lecturer, lecturer, and in 1970 fellow-elect. He died in a mountain climbing accident in 1970.

Contributions
In stochastic geometry, Davidson is known for introducing the study of line processes, which he modelled as point processes on spaces of parameters of lines. The second winner of the Rollo Davidson Prize, Olav Kallenberg, won the prize for settling (negatively) a conjecture on line processes posed by Davidson in his thesis.

In stochastic analysis, also, Davidson has been described as a "remarkably original mathematician" who left a legacy of "tantalising unsolved problems". He particularly studied Delphic semigroups, a class of topological semigroups introduced by his advisor to study renewal sequences;  write that, despite the many applications of these semigroups, Davidson was "the only one to contribute seriously to Delphic theory" after Kendall, and that "his untimely death certainly deprived this theory of interesting developments".

Legacy
In 1975 a fund was established at Churchill College in his memory, endowed initially through the publication in his honour of two volumes of papers, edited by E. F. Harding and D. G. Kendall. A prize from the Rollo Davidson Trust Fund has been awarded annually since 1976 to early-career probabilists.

See also
 Jacques Herbrand

References

Further reading
.
.

Probability theorists
1944 births
1970 deaths
Scientists from Bristol
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Churchill College, Cambridge
Mountaineering deaths
20th-century English mathematicians

Rollo Davidson


John Gordon Lorimer CIE (14 June 1870 – 8 February 1914), also known as J. G. Lorimer, was a British diplomat, historian and colonial administrator. Working for the British Raj in Punjab and the Northwest frontier province, he later served in the Gulf region as British Political Resident. He is most famous for his encyclopedia, the Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia.

Early life and career

John Gordon Lorimer was born in Glasgow in 1870, a son of the Rev Robert Lorimer (1840–1926) a Free Church minister, and his wife Isabella Robertson.

The Lorimer family was intimately associated with colonial service; his maternal uncle (who served as a judge) was killed during the Indian mutiny of 1857. His younger brother David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer served as British vice-consul in  Arabistan. His other brother Robert worked in the Indian civil service until he was dismissed for refusing to participate in a flogging. His younger brother William Lorimer and younger sister Hilda Lockhart Lorimer were scholars.

Educated at the High School of Dundee, and the University of Edinburgh, Lorimer trained at Christ Church, Oxford for the Indian Civil Service. He was stationed first in Punjab and later in the restive Northwest frontier province. Passionate about languages, he authored a book on the grammar of Waziri Pashto in 1902. In 1903, he was commissioned by the British Raj to compile a handbook for British diplomats and agents in the Persian Gulf region. Initially given only six months, he insisted on being granted more time to ensure the handbook was thorough. The result was the 5,000 page two-volume Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Its geography portion was only completed in 1908 and the history portion was finished & published in 1915, a year after Lorimer's death. Due to the secrecy of the document, it was not acknowledged in his obituaries and public knowledge of the document only became apparent when the document was declassified in 1955.

Death

On the 8 February 1914, while serving as the British Political Resident  in Bushire, Lorimer was found dead from a self-inflicted gun wound in the abdomen at age 43. A contemporary report stated that he was examining his pistol after supposedly emptying the magazine when he apparently overlooked a bullet present. The gunshot pierced major blood vessels, resulting in the loss of consciousness and death. His funeral took place the next day and he was buried at the Indo-European Telegraph Department cemetery. He was survived by his wife Marian Agnes MacLean (d.1959). He is memorialised with his siblings in Warriston Cemetery in Edinburgh and on his wife's grave in Dean Cemetery.

His death was mourned in the Persian Gulf region, particularly in Bahrain where the British Agency was closed as a sign of respect on the following day. Bahraini noblemen, merchants, and foreigners alike made their way at the Agency to offer their condolences. In an offer of commiseration, the ruler of Bahrain, Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, ordered the flags at his residence and at the customs house lowered, while his son Abdullah traveled to the Agency to pay his respects.

Family
He is the older brother of David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer, Hilda Lockhart Lorimer and at least six other siblings.

Bibliography
Customary Law of the Main Tribes in the Peshawar District (1899)
Grammar and Vocabulary of Waziri Pashto (1902)
Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia (1908, 1915)

References

1870 births
1914 deaths
Diplomats from Glasgow
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British historians
Deaths by firearm in Iran
Accidental deaths in Iran
Firearm accident victims
Indian Political Service officers
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
British people in colonial India

John Gordon Lorimer (civil servant)


John Paul Cerminaro, Jr.  (born April 7, 1947) is an American horn player who is best known for his principal tenures with two notable American orchestras, the New York Philharmonic and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.  He was later principal horn of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra.

Early life
Cerminaro was born in Grimes County, Texas, to John and Frances (Felder) Cerminaro, both public school music educators. He was raised in Dallas, where he studied horn with Alfred Resch. His solo debut performance came with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra at the age of 16.  Following his graduation from Sunset High School in Dallas, Cerminaro studied at the Juilliard School, where he was awarded an Elsie and Walter W. Naumburg Scholarship.  He was a student and later faculty member at the Aspen Music Festival.

Career
In 1969 Cerminaro joined the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein.  Other conductors he played under in New York include Erich Leinsdorf, Zubin Mehta and Pierre Boulez. In 1979 he accepted an offer from conductor Carlo Maria Giulini to join the Los Angeles Philharmonic; he performed there under the baton of André Previn as well. During Cerminaro's time in Los Angeles, many new compositions were written for him, including works by William Schuman, William Kraft, Rand Steiger, and Henri Lazarof. His tenure as principal horn in Seattle began in 1996 and ended in 2011.  Cerminaro has been guest principal horn with a number of orchestras, including the Dallas Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony, and Houston Symphony Orchestras.

Cerminaro is a member of the International Horn Society and has contributed various articles to its periodical, The Horn Call.

He is married to Charlotte Lambert Cerminaro, who is also a professional horn player.

References

External links
John Cerminaro's Website

Living people
1947 births
American classical horn players
Aspen Music Festival and School alumni
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Juilliard School alumni
Musicians from Dallas
Educators from Texas
Classical musicians from Texas

John Cerminaro


London Buses route 427 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Uxbridge and Southall, it is operated by Abellio London.

It has a limited stop equivalent route, SL8.

History

The conversion of route 207 to articulated buses resulted in the route no longer being able to serve Uxbridge, due to tight turns in the town centre, so the route was split into two sections on 9 April 2005 with the western end between Uxbridge station and Acton renumbered 427, running from Acton (AT) garage using Dennis Trident 2s cascaded from route 207.

Transport for London were proposing to build the West London Tram between Shepherd's Bush and Uxbridge, running along Uxbridge Road. The tram would have replaced routes 207, 427 and 607. Transport for London claimed that trams would carry more passengers and be more reliable, but due to the Crossrail project going ahead the plans were scrapped.

Upon being re-tendered, First London commenced a new contract on 10 April 2010, with new Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs. From the same date the route was due to be extended to Acton Town Hall in place of the former Horn Lane terminus, which was eventually put in effect in January 2011.

On 22 June 2013, route 427 was included in the sale of First London's Hayes garage to Metroline.

On 8 April 2017, the route passed to Abellio London operating from Hayes garage. This contract was only for three rather the usual five years to allow Transport for London the option of restructuring services after the Elizabeth line opened. On 11 April 2020, Abellio London commenced a new contract.

On 4 March 2023, the section between Acton and Southall was withdrawn. The route was also extended from Southall Town Hall to Southall, Merrick Road via South Road and Southall station on the same day.

Current route
Route 427 operates via these primary locations:
 Uxbridge Park Road
 Hillingdon
 Hayes End
 Hayes bypass
 Southall Town Hall
 Southall station

References

External links

Bus routes in London
Transport in the London Borough of Ealing
Transport in the London Borough of Hillingdon

London Buses route 427