A heptatonic scale is a musical scale that has seven pitches, or tones, per octave. Examples include:
 the diatonic scale; e.g., in C major: C D E F G A B C—and in the relative minor, A minor, natural minor: A B C D E F G A
 the melodic minor scale, A B C D E FGA ascending, A G F E D C B A descending
 the harmonic minor scale, A B C D E F GA
 the harmonic major scale, C D E F G AB C.

Indian classical theory postulates seventy-two seven-tone scale types, collectively called melakarta or thaat, whereas others postulate twelve or ten (depending on the theorist) seven-tone scale types.

Several heptatonic scales in Western, Roman, Spanish, Hungarian, and Greek music can be analyzed as juxtapositions of tetrachords. All heptatonic scales have all intervals present in their interval vector analysis, and thus all heptatonic scales are both hemitonic and tritonic. There is a special affinity for heptatonic scales in the Western key signature system.

Diatonic scale

A diatonic scale is any seven-note scale constructed sequentially using only whole tones and half tones, repeating at the octave, having a tonal center, and comprising only one tritone interval between any two scale members, which ensures that the half tone intervals are as far apart as possible. In Western music, there are seven such scales, and they are commonly known as the modes of the major scale (Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian).

Melodic minor scale

In traditional classical theory, the melodic minor scale has two forms, as noted above, an ascending form and a descending form. Although each of these forms of itself comprises seven pitches, together they comprise nine, which might seem to call into question the scale's status as a heptatonic scale. In certain twentieth-century music, however, it became common systematically to use the ascending form for both ascending and descending passages. Such a use has been notably ascribed to the works of Béla Bartók and to bop and post-bop jazz practice. The traditional descending form of the melodic minor scale is equivalent to the natural minor scale in both pitch collection (which is diatonic) and tonal center.

Harmonic minor scale

The harmonic minor scale is so called because in tonal music of the common practice period (from approximately 1600 to approximately 1900) chords or harmonies are derived from it more than from the natural minor scale or the melodic minor scale. The augmented second between its sixth degree and its raised seventh degree (the "leading tone"), traditionally considered undesirable in melodic progression, is avoided by placing these pitches in different voices in adjacent chords, as in this progression: F A D, F G B, F A C (ii°b–V7d–iv in C minor). The A in the middle voice does not ascend to B, and the B in the upper voice does not descend to A.

Heptatonia prima and secunda
The names heptatonia prima and heptatonia secunda apply to seven-note scales that can be formed using five tones (t) and two semi-tones (s), (also called whole-steps and half-steps), but without two semi-tones in succession. Throughout history and to the present day, some have occurred much more commonly than others, namely Ionian (also called the major scale), Aeolian (also called the natural minor scale), melodic ascending minor, Dorian, Mixolydian, Lydian, Lydian dominant, Aeolian dominant, and altered scales.

Heptatonia prima
In these scales the semi-tones are maximally separated. They are known most commonly as the diatonic modes. Beginning on keynote C and working up the notes of the 'natural minor' scale (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A), the seven modes are:

 Aeolian mode (natural minor) t-s-t-t-s-t-t

 Locrian mode s-t-t-s-t-t-t

 Ionian mode (major) t-t-s-t-t-t-s

 Dorian mode t-s-t-t-t-s-t

 Phrygian mode s-t-t-t-s-t-t

 Lydian mode t-t-t-s-t-t-s

 Mixolydian mode t-t-s-t-t-s-t

Heptatonia secunda
While the diatonic modes have two and three tones on either side of each semitone, the heptatonia secunda modes have one and four.
These are sometimes called modes of the melodic ascending minor since that is the most commonly used scale of this type, but other modes can be produced by starting on the different scale notes in turn.
Thus starting on keynote A as above and following the notes of the ascending melodic minor (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) yields these seven modes:

 Ascending melodic minor scale t-s-t-t-t-t-s
 Dorian %E2%99%AD2 scale or Phrygian 6 scale s-t-t-t-t-s-t combines the Phrygian flat second and Dorian raised sixth
 Lydian augmented scale t-t-t-t-s-t-s combines the Lydian fourth with a raised fifth

 Acoustic scale or Lydian dominant scale t-t-t-s-t-s-t So-called because it is close to the scale built on natural overtones and combines Lydian raised fourth with Mixolydian (Dominant) flat seventh
 Aeolian dominant scale or Mixolydian 6 scale t-t-s-t-s-t-t Like natural minor (aeolian) but with a major third

 Half diminished scale t-s-t-s-t-t-t This is like the Locrian with a raised second

 Altered scale s-t-s-t-t-t-t Like Locrian with diminished fourth

These modes are more awkward to use than those of the diatonic scales due to the four tones in a row yielding augmented intervals on one hand while the one tone between two semitones gives rise to diminished intervals on the other. For example, the last two modes listed above both have 'Locrian' diminished triads built on their tonics, giving them unstable tonality, while the third mode not only has an augmented fourth a la the Lydian mode but also an augmented fifth making the dominant and subdominant essentially unusable.

Heptatonia tertia

The last group of seven-note tone/semitone scales is heptatonia tertia, and consists of scales with two adjacent semitones—which amounts to a whole-tone scale, but with an additional note somewhere in its sequence, e.g., B C D E F G A. One such example is the Neapolitan major scale.

Other heptatonic scales

If the interval of the augmented second is used, many other scales become possible. These include
Gypsy I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII
Hungarian I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII
The scales are symmetrical about the tonic and dominant respectively and the names are sometimes used interchangeably.

The double harmonic scale, also known as the Byzantine or Hungarian, scale, contains the notes C D E F G A B C.

Phrygian dominant or dominant harmonic minor I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII
This differs from the Phrygian in having a major third. It may also be considered built on the dominant of the harmonic minor scale.

Neapolitan minor differs from the Phrygian in having a major seventh.

Verdi's Scala Enigmatica I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII i.e. G A B C D E F, which is similar to the heptatonia tertia mentioned above, differing only in that the second degree here is flattened.

Melakarta

Melakarta is a South Indian classical method of organizing Raagas based on their unique heptatonic scales. The postulated number of melakarta derives from arithmetical calculation and not from Carnatic practice, which uses far fewer scale forms. Seven-pitch melakarta are considered subsets of a twelve-pitch scale roughly analogous to the Western chromatic scale. The first and fifth melakarta tones, corresponding to the first and eighth chromatic tones, are invariable in inflection, and the fourth melakarta tone, corresponding to the sixth or seventh chromatic tone, is allowed one of two inflections only, a natural () position and a raised () position. The second and third melakarta tones can be picked from the 4 chromatic tones (second through fifth), and similarly for the sixth and seventh.  Thus the number of possible forms is equal to twice the square of the number of ways a two-membered subset can be extracted from a four-membered set:

Thaat

Hindustani heptatonic theory additionally stipulates that the second, third, sixth and seventh degrees of heptatonic scale forms (saptak) are also allowed only two inflections each, in this case, one natural position, and one lowered (komal) position. Arithmetically this produces 25, or thirty-two, possibilities, but Hindustani theory, in contradistinction to Carnatic theory, excludes scale forms not commonly used.

Chinese Gongche notation
Gongche notation heptatonic scale gives a do, re, mi, (between fa and fa), sol, la, (between ti and ti) heptatonic scale.

See also
 Diatonic and chromatic
 Modes of the ancohemitonic heptatonic scales and the key signature system

References

Heptatonic scale


Clemency Castle (,  ) is located in the little town of Clemency which is close to the Belgian border in south-eastern Luxembourg. The small residential castle adjacent to the church was built in the 1660s in the Renaissance style. It had fallen into disrepair but was fully renovated in 2009 and is occasionally open to the public.

History

The castle was built in 1665 by Johann Ferdinand von Blanchard, a sire of Clemency. For building materials, he used the ruins of an earlier castle which stood on a site some 30 metres away from today's castle. Fifty years later, it was transformed into the Baroque style of the times. In 1721, after von Lanser had bought the property, it once again underwent transformations. In 1982, Jean Weis acquired the property which was inhabited until 2004.

See also
List of castles in Luxembourg

References

Castles in Luxembourg
Käerjeng

Clemency Castle


5 Seconds of Summer, often shortened to 5SOS, are  an Australian pop rock band from Sydney, New South Wales, formed in late 2011. The group consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Luke Hemmings, lead guitarist Michael Clifford, bassist Calum Hood, and drummer Ashton Irwin. Originally beginning their career as YouTube celebrities, they rose to international fame while touring with English-Irish boy band One Direction on their Take Me Home Tour. Since 2014, 5 Seconds of Summer have sold more than 10 million albums, sold over 2 million concert tickets worldwide, and have attained more than 7 billion streams of their songs on music streaming services, making them one of the most successful Australian musical acts in history.

In early 2014, the band released "She Looks So Perfect" which topped the charts in four countries. Their self-titled debut album was released in 2014, peaking at number one in 11 countries. The band released their second album Sounds Good Feels Good in 2015, topping the charts in 8 countries. The band's third album Youngblood, released in 2018, was yet another commercial success and became their third number one album in their home country. In the US, 5 Seconds of Summer became the first Australian act to achieve three number one albums on the Billboard 200 album chart. They also became the first band (not vocal group) to have their first three full-length albums debut at the top in the US. The album's single, "Youngblood" is the fourth highest selling Australian single of the 2010s decade and is the eleventh best-selling single in Australian history, selling over five million adjusted copies worldwide within the first six months of its release. With the release of "Youngblood", 5 Seconds of Summer became the first Australian act in 13 years to top the ARIA year-end chart and remain the second longest stint at number one in ARIA chart history. In 2020, the band released their fourth studio album Calm. The album was a commercial success, receiving positive reviews from critics, charting in more than 25 countries on multiple charts, peaking in the 10 top on 17 charts and debuting atop the charts in 4 countries. With Calm earning the band their fourth consecutive number one in their home country, 5 Seconds of Summer became the second Australian band in history to have their first four full-length studio albums debut at number one on the ARIA albums chart.

All singles from the band's four studio albums have charted in multiple countries, received multiple official sale certifications, and have been featured in numerous weekly and year-end charts, as well as making appearances on decade-end charts. The band has received numerous accolades and awards, including being honored with the prestigious APRA Outstanding International Achievement Award in 2019, being placed on Billboard's Top Artists of the 2010s chart, which lists the most popular and successful artists of the 2010-2019 decade and being credited in the exclusive APRA AMCOS 1,000,000,000 List in 2020. As of mid-2020, the band's estimated net worth is approximately US$81 million.

History

2011–2014: Origin and debut

5 Seconds of Summer formed in late 2011 when Luke Hemmings, Michael Clifford, and Calum Hood, who all attended the same high-school: Norwest Christian College, began posting videos of themselves performing covers of popular songs together on Hemmings' YouTube channel. In December 2011, the trio invited drummer Ashton Irwin, and the four-man lineup was completed. The band's name was created by Clifford. On 3 December 2011, the band played their first show at Sydney pub, Annandale Hotel, reportedly playing for only 12 people. In 2020, the band paid homage to their first performance in their "Old Me" music video, which featured a video clip of their Annandale Hotel performance and a recreation of the show.The band attracted interest from major music labels and publishers and signed a publishing deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Despite having no promotion apart from on Facebook and Twitter, their first music release, an EP titled Unplugged, reached number 3 on the iTunes chart in Australia and the Top 20 in both New Zealand and Sweden. 5 Seconds of Summer spent the second half of 2012 writing and developing their sound with Christian Lo Russo and Joel Chapman of Australian band Amy Meredith, with whom they wrote two songs ("Beside You" and "Unpredictable") that were featured on their second EP Somewhere New. The EP was also co-produced by Chapman. The band released their first single "Out of My Limit" on 19 November 2012. The video clip received over 100,000 views within the first 24 hours. In December 2012, the band embarked on a songwriting trip to London where they wrote with various artists including McFly, Roy Stride of Scouting for Girls, Nick Hodgson of Kaiser Chiefs, Jamie Scott, Jake Gosling, Steve Robson and James Bourne of Busted.

As their fame and dedication to the band grew, the band members eventually dropped out of school, with Clifford having left school two years prior in Year 10 and later completing a year at TAFE. Hood dropped out in Year 11 in 2012 due to the band's move to London. Irwin had already graduated from Richmond High School in 2012, and studied music performance at a TAFE college, before choosing to leave to pursue the band. Hemmings continued with distance education up until 2013, dropping out in the final year of secondary schooling: year 12, due to the commitment of the band.

On 14 February 2013, it was announced that 5 Seconds of Summer would support One Direction on their worldwide Take Me Home Tour. The tour kicked off at the O2 Arena in London on 23 February 2013, and 5 Seconds of Summer joined One Direction for shows in the UK, US, Australia and New Zealand, including seven shows at Allphones Arena in 5 Seconds of Summer's home town of Sydney. While on a break from the Take Me Home Tour, 5 Seconds of Summer returned home to Australia where they played a national headlining tour, with all dates selling out within minutes. It was around this time when the band began to gain popularity and become more well-known. On 21 November 2013, the band announced that they had signed to Capitol Records. On 5 February 2014, 5 Seconds of Summer listed their debut major label single "She Looks So Perfect" for pre-order on the iTunes Store. On 5 March 2014, it was announced that 5 Seconds of Summer would join One Direction again, supporting them on their Where We Are Tour in the US, Canada, UK and Europe.

2014: 5 Seconds of Summer and LIVESOS
In late March 2014, the band's single "She Looks So Perfect" was released in UK. Despite spending only one day on top in the British iTunes store and ending its week in the lower end of the top 10, 5 Seconds of Summer became the fourth Australian band to have a UK number-one single, and the first to do so in 14 years. On 9 April 2014, their third EP She Looks So Perfect debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 Chart. On 9 May 2014, they released their second single, "Don't Stop". It peaked at number one in 4 countries, debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart and was in the top 10 of 8 countries overall. Billboard said that, "In the vein of Green Day's "She" and Blink-182's "All The Small Things," "Don't Stop" is 5SOS' bid for a deceptively charming pop-punk anthem, with lyrics that are stickily sweet in their awkward flirtatiousness. The bridge could be more polished, but that hook is a highlight of the whole album." On 15 June 2014, the band released their fourth EP Don't Stop which was unavailable for purchase in the US, Canada and Mexico.

On 13 May 2014, the band announced that their debut self-titled album would be released on 27 June 2014 in Europe and Australia. The album debuted on the top of the Billboard 200 Chart, peaked at number one in 13 countries, and peaked in the Top 10 of 26 countries. On 15 July 2014, the band released their third single, "Amnesia". Billboard described the track as "a surprisingly affecting vocal performance and the most searing lyrics on the album. [...] Taking older listeners back to the relative heartache of dissolving high school romance." Billboard further stated that "'Amnesia' demonstrates the versatility of 5SOS, and one wonders why it's buried at the end of the group's debut album." On 5 September 2014, the band released their fifth EP Amnesia which was not available in US and Mexico. On 12 October 2014, the band released their fourth single, "Good Girls", and the music video logged over two million views within 48 hours. On 16 November 2014, they released their sixth EP Good Girls which topped the UK iTunes Chart. The band released a cover song "What I Like About You" by American rock band The Romantics as the first single from their live album LIVESOS. The band released their first live album, LIVESOS, on 15 December 2014.

2015–2016: Sounds Good Feels Good
In May 2015, the band embarked on their first headlining world tour, the Rock Out With Your Socks Out Tour, taking place across arenas in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and North America.

On 17 July 2015, the band released "She's Kinda Hot" as the first single from their second studio album. On 12 August, they announced that their second studio album was titled Sounds Good Feels Good. On 28 August, they released their seventh EP, She's Kinda Hot, in the UK and Ireland only. On 9 October, they released "Hey Everybody!" as the second single and announced their Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour. Sounds Good Feels Good  was released worldwide on 23 October 2015. It became the band's second number one in their home country and the first in the United Kingdom. In the United States, 5 Seconds of Summer became the first band (not vocal) to have their first two full-length albums debut at the top of the charts. The band released their third single "Jet Black Heart" on 17 December 2015, together with a music video which featured some of their fans. In 2016, the band embarked on their Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour which included sold-out stadiums and arenas across North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.

On 3 June 2016, the band announced their single "Girls Talk Boys". The song was included on the Ghostbusters (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) and was released on 15 July. On 2 December 2016, the band announced the release of their B-sides and rarities, titled This Is Everything We Ever Said, to celebrate their fifth anniversary as a band.

After years of intense touring and the completion of the successful Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour in October 2016, the band announced that "2016 for 5SOS [had] ended," and that they would be taking the remainder of the year to rest and develop the sound for their next studio album. The break lasted nearly two years, with Hood later stating "After six years of being on the road, we needed to get our heads right for the longevity of the band." Hemmings later revealed that the band had briefly considered breaking up due to their intense schedules, stating: "'Seven years as a band may seem like a long time, but we were teenagers when we started." He further went on to say: "We had to look at each other and say 'are we going to stop now, or do this forever? Because if we continue, then we have to go further than we ever have before.'" Ultimately the band chose to continue to release new music and explore new musical directions.

2017–2018: Youngblood

On 13 January 2017, the band was featured on Japanese rock band One Ok Rock's song, "Take What You Want". On 11 May 2017, the band announced they would be playing at several music festivals across Asia, Europe, and South America from August to September 2017, including Brazil's Rock in Rio. The band spent the remainder of the year creating their third studio album with Alexandra Tamposi, Andrew Wotman, Rivers Cuomo, Andrew Goldstein, and various others. In a Billboard interview, Irwin stated that outside of working on the album, the band spent time "redefining who [they were] as adult men" after years of intense touring.

On 22 February 2018, the band released the single "Want You Back" which reached several charts in over 15 countries and peaked in the top 40 on thirteen charts, including the US, the UK, Ireland, and Australia. Following the release of "Want You Back", the band announced they would be embarking on a 2018 promotional tour entitled 5SOS III. The tour sold out within approximately three minutes with the critics praising it as "a nice teaser for what [would] be a much larger-scale fall tour." The tour began on 20 March 2018 and ended on 6 June with the band performing at intimate venues across Europe, US, Singapore, Australia, Mexico, and Brazil. Besides the tour, the group performed at music festivals, had acoustic sessions at radio stations, and made TV show appearances to promote the upcoming album. On 9 April 2018, the band announced that their third studio album, Youngblood, would be released on 22 June 2018. The band announced the dates for their fourth headlining world tour, the Meet You There World Tour, which took place across Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, United States, and Europe.

On 22 May 2018, the album's title track was released as the second single. "Youngblood" achieved massive worldwide success, and peaked at number one in Australia in May 2018 and stayed on top of the ARIA Chart for eight consecutive weeks. It also stayed at number one on Official New Zealand Music Chart for four consecutive weeks, peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart, and became the band's first single to reach Canada's Top 5 and the US Billboard Hot 100's top 10. In the radio format, it became the band's first single to peak at number one in the US's Pop Songs chart and Adult Pop Songs chart, and Canada's Contemporary Hit Radio chart. The song peaked at number one on US top 40 radio, making 5 Seconds of Summer the first Australian band to top the chart in 21 years. As of 2020, "Youngblood" is certified 11× platinum in Australia, 4× platinum in Poland, 3× platinum in New Zealand, 2× platinum in the US, the UK, Norway, Denmark and Sweden and platinum in Canada, Belgium, and Italy. On 1 June 2018, the band announced that the release date of the album was moved forward to 15 June 2018. Youngblood was a commercial success and debuted at number one in Australia and the US Billboard 200, becoming their third consecutive number one album in both countries. It debuted in the top 3 in the UK and seven other countries. Overall, the album reached the top 10 of 20 countries.

The band performed their lead single "Want You Back" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on 11 April 2018 and on The Voice (U.S. season 14) on 8 May 2018. On 25 May, the group performed for selected fans for a Spotify Fans First Event in Sydney, Australia. The band performed their second single "Youngblood" on The Voice Australia and on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 12 June 2018. In June 2018, Apple Music released "On the Record: 5 Seconds of Summer – Youngblood", a documentary detailing the band's two-year break and return. To celebrate the release of the documentary, the band held a one-night sold-out show in New York. On 22 June 2018, the band performed on The Today Show's Summer Concert Series. On 25 June 2018, Tumblr organized an intimate sold-out show in New York City, as part of its Tumblr IRL event series, where the band performed for their fans whilst they celebrated their album debuting number one in the US. In August 2018, the band released a Spotify-exclusive version of their track "Lie to Me", along with a cover of Post Malone's song "Stay". In October 2018, the band was featured in an episode of Billboard's Pop Shop podcast, talking about the making of their single "Youngblood", and their upcoming third single "Valentine". In December, they performed at the 2018 ARIA Awards in Australia, where they won three awards. On 21 December 2018, the band released a rendition of their "Lie to Me" track which featured Julia Michaels. The accompanying music video for the track was later released on 18 January 2019 and an acoustic version of the single was then released on 1 February 2019, along with the accompanying music video.

In December 2018, the band was listed on several Billboard year-end charts, including being named in the Top 10 of the "Top Artists - Duo/Group" chart. The band also made appearances on the "Top Artists," "Hot 100 Artists," and "Top Billboard 200 Artists" charts. The band's third album, Youngblood, was listed in the Top 100 of the Billboard 200 Albums and Top Canadian Albums charts. The album's single, "Youngblood", was listed in the Top 20 of the Billboard Pop Songs chart, the Top 40 of the Hot 100 Songs, Radio Songs, Adult Pop Songs, Dance/Mix Show Airplay Songs, and Digital Song Sales, as well as making an appearance on the Canadian Hot 100 charts, the Top 100 of the Streaming Songs and On-demand Songs charts. "Youngblood" was the top selling single in 2018 in Australia and the Youngblood album was the most-streamed Australian album of 2018. In the 2018 Guinness World Records, 5 Seconds of Summer were named as the most popular group on Snapchat.
"Youngblood" peaked in more than 15 other year-end charts in 2018, was officially certified Australia's 2018 song of the year and won the ARIA Award for Song of the Year. 5 Seconds of Summer became the first homegrown act in 13 years to top ARIA year-end tally and remain the second longest stint at number one atop the ARIA chart in history. The song was ranked at number seven in The UK's Official Top 40 Biggest Song of the Summer 2018. In 2019, "Youngblood" peaked in more than 10 year-end charts and has since received official platinum and gold notable achievement certifications in over 15 countries. As well as appearing on a multitude of weekly and year-end charts over several countries and receiving multiple certifications, "Youngblood" impacted the ARIA decade-end chart (2010-2019), which ranks the most popular songs of the decade, at number thirty-seven.  "Youngblood" was the fourth highest selling Australian single of the 2010-2019 decade. In Australia, "Youngblood" is the eleventh best-selling single of all time in the country. "Youngblood" sold over five million adjusted copies within six months of its release and is the most streamed Australian song of all time on Apple Music. In February 2020, 5 Seconds of Summer were honored in the APRA AMCOS' The 1,000,000,000 List, for "Youngblood" having been streamed over 1 billion times. As of May 2020, "Youngblood" has spent over 110 consecutive weeks (over 2 years) in the Top 20 on the ARIA Australian Singles chart.

2019–2022: Calm
On 5 February 2019, the band shared teasers for their upcoming single "Who Do You Love", a collaboration with American DJ duo The Chainsmokers. The single was released on 7 February, along with the lyric video on YouTube. The song peaked in several countries and weekly and year-end charts, including peaking at number one on the Australia Dance chart In March, the band performed the single, along with The Chainsmokers, on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and the official music video was released on 25 March 2019. The band later joined  the duo on the North American World War Joy Tour, alongside Lennon Stella during the last quarter of 2019. The band's performance on tour was very well received by critics, who praised the band for having "captivated everyone's attention" with their "incredible energy" and for "turning the concert into their own as  [...] a 5 Seconds of Summer concert with a free EDM show to follow."

On 23 May 2019, the band released "Easier" as the lead single from their upcoming fourth studio album and the first with their new label, Interscope Records. The song charted in several countries,on both weekly and year-end charts and included peaks at number twelve in Australia, number twelve in the US Mainstream Top 40  and number twenty-seven in the UK. "Easier" was nominated for the ARIA 2019 Song of the Year Award. Billboard included the song on their 100 Best Songs of 2019 list at number 79. The album's follow-up single, "Teeth", from Season 3 of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why, was released on 21 August 2019. The song charted in several countries and included peaks at number fifteen in Australia, and number twenty-one in the US Mainstream Top 40 The song features Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, who provides the guitar riff in the outro of the track. In 2020, the song was nominated for the prestigious Song of the Year award at the APRA Music Awards of 2020 and won the ARIA 2020 Song of the Year Award. At the end of the decade, 5 Seconds of Summer were named on Billboard's Top Artists of the 2010s Chart, which lists the most popular and successful artists of the 2010-2019 decade.

On 5 February 2020, the band announced their fourth studio album Calm, and released "No Shame", the third single from the album, at the same time. On 16 February 2020 the band performed at Fire Fight Australia, a televised concert at ANZ Stadium in Sydney raising money for bush-fire relief. Their performance, which included the very first live performance of "No Shame", was widely praised both by critics and viewers and dubbed the "best performance" of the show, with Billboard writing "They were raised playing stadiums and as such were, perhaps surprisingly, the perfect warm-up act for Queen -- though such a term diminishes the impact they had in fifteen short minutes." On 21 February 2020, the band released "Old Me," as a promotional single from Calm, before releasing it to radio as the album's fourth single on 6 March 2020.. Although the song was given very minimal promotion, it charted in a number of countries, including a peak at number thirty-nine in Australia and number twenty-six on the US Mainstream Top 40. On 25 March 2020, the band released "Wildflower" as the fifth and final single from Calm. With song promotion halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the song peaked at number twelve on the Australian Artists chart.

On 27 March 2020, the band released their fourth studio album Calm. The album was a commercial success and received generally positive reviews from critics who praised the band's artistic growth and maturity. The album charted in more than 25 countries on numerous charts, and debuted atop the charts at number one in Australia, the UK and Scotland. The album peaked in the top 10 on 17 charts, including number two in Mexico and number four in Austria, Estonia, Ireland, New Zealand and Portugal.  In the US, due to an alleged shipping error, approximately 15,000 copies of the album were released early, which resulted in Calm debuting a week early on the Billboard 200 chart. Had the shipping error not occurred, Calm would have debuted at number one in the US, earning the band's fourth consecutive number one in the country. Despite the shipping error, the album peaked at number two in the US, earning the band their fifth top 10 album on the Billboard 200 chart. In June, Billboard named the album as one of the Top 50 Best Albums of 2020 So Far. With Calm earning the band their fourth consecutive number one in their home country, 5 Seconds of Summer became the second Australian band in history to have their first four full-length studio albums debut at number one on the ARIA albums chart. Calm remains the best-selling cassette album of 2020 in the UK. The No Shame Tour, later renamed the Take My Hand World Tour, was originally set to begin in May 2020 in support of the album, but had to be postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 23 September 2020, Irwin announced the release of his debut solo album, titled Superbloom, released on 23 October 2020. He is the first member of the band to release a solo project. Irwin stated, "It brings me the greatest joy of all that I am in a band that allows me to create freely inside and outside of it".

On 13 August 2021, Hemmings released his debut solo album When Facing the Things We Turn Away From.

On 3 December 2021, in celebration of their ten-year anniversary, the band released the single "2011" as well as The 5 Seconds of Summer Show - A 10 Year Celebration, an over one-hour long YouTube video that features a mix of live performances, interviews and comedic sketches.

2022–present: 5SOS5
On 2 March 2022, the band released "Complete Mess" as the lead single from their upcoming fifth studio album. The second single, "Take My Hand", was released on 1 April 2022. On 3 April 2022 the band embarked on the postponed Take My Hand World Tour, which had originally been planned for 2020. The third single, "Me, Myself & I", was released on 11 May 2022. In May 2022, the band announced their fifth studio album, 5SOS5, which was released on 23 September 2022. The album is the band's first released independently under BMG Rights Management. The fourth single "Blender" was released on 13 July 2022 and the fifth single "Older" (featuring Sierra Deaton) was released on 7 September 2022, both of which were released with no prior announcement. On the eve of the album release, the band performed a concert entitled The Feeling of Falling Upwards at the Royal Albert Hall in London alongside a choir and orchestra. The concert was also streamed globally and subsequently available on-demand for three days. 5SOS5 charted in numerous countries, and debuted atop the album charts in Australia, the UK, Scotland, and the Netherlands, and at number two on the Billboard 200 chart. The album was praised for its lyricism, maturity, and for both paying homage to the band's previous albums as well as experimenting and taking risks.

On 30 November 2022 the band started their seven show Australian leg of the Take My Hand World Tour, which ended with two concerts at the forecourt of the Sydney Opera House on 9 and 10 December 2022.

Band members
 Luke Hemmings – lead and backing vocals, rhythm and lead guitar, keyboards (2011–present)
 Michael Clifford – lead and rhythm guitar, keyboards, backing and lead vocals (2011–present)
 Calum Hood – bass guitar, keyboards, backing and lead vocals (2011–present)
 Ashton Irwin – drums, percussion, keyboards, backing and lead vocals (2011–present)

Artistry and band status

Musical style
5 Seconds of Summer have experimented with several musical and artistry styles through each of their albums and throughout the span of their career.  The band has expressed that they do not want to be confined to a single genre, stating in a 2019 GQ interview:
5 Seconds of Summer's musical style has been described as pop rock, pop, pop punk, power pop, and new wave. In 2015, Rolling Stone magazine called them "emo-gone-pop" and John Feldmann of Goldfinger stated that, "[5 Seconds of Summer] is the best pop-punk band I've ever heard". In 2017, Matt Collar of AllMusic described the band as having a reminiscent of "'90s punk-pop" and "2000s boy band pop" in their sound. Through the release of Youngblood and Calm, the band has evolved from their pop-punk roots to explore musical depth within pop, new wave, rock and pop rock. The band's quintessential developing sound has now been described as "classic pop-rock sentiments setting up the layering for the catchy hook."

For their first studio album the band heavily cited Sum 41, Blink-182, Green Day, All Time Low, Good Charlotte, Nirvana, Mayday Parade, Busted, McFly, A Day to Remember, Boys Like Girls, and My Chemical Romance as their influences In one of their first interviews as a band, 5 Seconds of Summer cited American rock band All Time Low as one of their biggest inspirations and dream collaboration. In 2020, it was announced that on the 5 Seconds of Summer's headlining No Shame Tour, All Time Low would be the opening act for the European leg of the tour.

For their second album, Sounds Good Feels Good, they cited All Time Low, The Used, Yellowcard, State Champs, Good Charlotte, INXS, Sugarcult, Green Day, and Mayday Parade as influences.

5 Seconds of Summer has been labelled a boy band by the media. Largely due to their past affiliation with English-Irish boy band One Direction and previously having a mostly female audience. Members of the group have long rebutted claims that they are a boy band, with Irwin, in the past, comparing the band's fanbase to Fall Out Boy, who also boast a large female fanbase. John Feldmann, frontman of Goldfinger, attributed 5 Seconds of Summer's fanbase to "a fundamental change in the pop punk demo[graphic]", mentioning its gradual shift away from the majorly-male audiences of early 1990s pop punk acts, such as Blink-182 and Green Day. Hemmings previously described the band as being a pop rock band with a boyband fanbase. In a 2018 interview with Vice, in response to a question about the band's thoughts on being mistakenly referred to as a boy band, Irwin responded:

The band's third studio album, Youngblood, cited inspiration from the likes of Gorillaz, The Beatles, and Queen. Hemmings described the title track single of the album as the lifestyle the band were living at the time of writing the song and further referred to the Youngblood 'persona' as dynamic waves of  "give and take". The distinct musical differences from their previous albums to Youngblood was credited to the band's desire to move out of their sonic comfort zone of pop punk. Clifford later stated that in order for the band to feel satisfied as artists, they had to push themselves "to make something new" and that the unpredictability that resulted was "the best thing" for the band.

For their fourth studio album, Calm, the band stated that there was an intentionally "darker sound" and that they were "inspired by dark, synth-heavy groups of the Eighties and Nineties" including Depeche Mode, Tears for Fears, and Nine Inch Nails' song "Closer". They also stated that the direction of the album had been influenced by their listening to Gesaffelstein, Health, St. Vincent, Disclosure and Bob Moses. The band's lead single for their fourth album "Easier" was inspired by Nine Inch Nails' song "Closer with the band citing inspiration to the "derivative of the driving drum groove". The second single off the fourth album, "Teeth" featured Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, who provided a guitar riff solo on the outro of the track.

On the band's diverse and ever-changing musical style change, Hemmings has stated:

Net worth
5 Seconds of Summer have established two known and confirmed companies, both London-based. The initial 5 SECONDS OF SUMMER LLP was created in January 2013, followed by the 5SOS LLP which was established in June 2014. The band also has multiple known Australian touring and business companies.

The secondary company, 5SOS LLP was established in association with company ONE MODE PRODUCTIONS LLP, with One Direction members, Liam Payne and Louis Tomlinson, signed as directors to the latter.  In late 2014, Billboard Magazine revealed that all five One Direction members: Niall Horan, Harry Styles, Liam Payne, Zayn Malik and Louis Tomlinson, collectively held a 20% stake in the 5SOS LLP. It was also reported that the 20% stakes were further split evenly between the members of One Direction and London-based Modest Management, with 5 Seconds of Summer owning the remainder 80% of the company's shares. It was estimated that within the span of three months, the members of One Direction had earned $25,000 each, based on 5 Seconds of Summer's music sales alone.

In January 2015, it was revealed that both Payne and Tomlinson had resigned as directors of One Mode Production.

Despite 5 Seconds of Summer being in a period of inactivity for the majority of 2017, both of the band's companies continued to significantly increase in worth. In September 2018, it was reported that the 5 Seconds of Summer's networth increased by 193.23% within the span of a year.

The band's two British companies do not factor in the monetary amounts earned from their global ventures and other companies. Both LLP accounts' information are made available through the British government page, Companies House. As of mid-2020, the band's estimated net worth is approximately $81 million (USD).

Hi or Hey Records and departure from Capitol Records

On 27 January 2014, the band announced that they would be setting up their own record label, Hi or Hey Records. The record label's name was chosen via a fan voting system on Twitter. On the label's website, the band stated that aside from releasing all of their music through Hi or Hey Records in conjunction with Capitol Records, they would also be signing bands via the label. On 24 March 2015, the label signed pop rock band Hey Violet.

5 Seconds of Summer's first three studio albums: 5 Seconds of Summer (2014), Sounds Good Feels Good (2015), and Youngblood (2018) were all released through the Hi or Hey Records imprint.

In May 2019, it was announced that 5 Seconds of Summer had departed from Hi or Hey Records/Capitol Records and signed with Interscope Records for their fourth studio album Calm. Their 2022 album 5SOS5 is set to be released via BMG Rights Management.

As of 2020, Hi or Hey Records remains active as all of Hey Violet's recordings are released via Hi or Hey Records in conjunction with Capitol.

Philanthropy and supported causes

In October 2018, prior to the scheduled premiere of Queen's biopic,"Bohemian Rhapsody", 5 Seconds of Summer released a cover of British rock band Queen song, "Killer Queen".  All proceeds from the cover were presented to the Mercury Phoenix Trust, an organization founded by Queen's band members aiming to provide support against HIV/AIDS. In response, Queen's manager, Jim Beach, expressed his gratitude and excitement towards the band for supporting the cause.

In December 2018, the band appeared on 24 Hours of Reality: Protect Our Planet, Protect Ourselves, a two-day web-telecast organized by The Climate Reality Project, an organization led by former US Vice President Al Gore, to help raise awareness about the effects of climate change.

In a June 2019, 5 Seconds of Summer starred in a season 6 episode of Celebrity Family Feud, a televised game show in which celebrity teams compete against each other for a $50,000 top prize to be donated to the charity of the winning team's choice. The band competed against The Chainsmokers for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, an organization granting the wishes of children with life-threatening illnesses.

In February 2020, the band performed at Fire Fight Australia, a televised fundraising concert for Australian Bush-fire Relief held at the ANZ Stadium. The concert grossed a total of $9.85 million (AUD). The band's performance was widely praised both by critics and viewers and dubbed the "best performance" of the show, with Billboard writing "They were raised playing stadiums and as such were, perhaps surprisingly, the perfect warm-up act for Queen -- though such a term diminishes the impact they had in fifteen minutes". In March 2020, a compilation album titled Artists Unite for Fire Fight was released, consisting of performances from the concert. The album includes 5 Seconds of Summer's live performance of "Youngblood."

For the release of their fourth studio album Calm in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the band released several limited edition vinyls, CDs and merchandise bundles with  a portion from every US purchase being donated to the PLUS1 COVID-19 Relief Fund, and a portion from all UK purchases being donated to the NHS charity initiative, COVID-19 Urgent Appeal. In April 2020, 5 Seconds of Summer collaborated with Universal Music Group on their We've Got You Covered campaign, which featured popular and influential artists' logos on reusable face masks available for purchase, with 100% of net proceeds donated to MusiCares and its COVID-19 relief program. The initiative also delivered 50,000 masks to front-line workers, free of charge. On 23 April 2020, 5 Seconds of Summer were featured as the vocals and acoustic guitar in BBC Radio 1's "biggest ever" Live Lounge "Times Like These" cover version as part of their Stay at Home project during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among various charities worldwide, profits from the single were primarily donated to Children in Need and Comic Relief. The song charted number one in the UK on its second week, earning 66,000 chart sales.

In May 2020, 5 Seconds of Summer partnered with The Big Band Bus Raffle campaign, a sweepstakes created to provide aid to NHS frontline staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. The band donated four concert tickets and a pre-show soundcheck experience to the raffle. On 21 May 2020, 5 Seconds of Summer took part in the NBC "Sixth Annual Red Nose Day Special," designed to raise money and awareness for children in need. The funds raised through the campaign were directed to help mitigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and donated to youth aid organizations. The band served as the final act and were praised by viewers for the performance of their Calm album track, "Best Years".

In reaction to Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, the band participated in Global Citizen's "Stand Up for Ukraine" campaign. On 26 September 2022 the band released a music video for the song "Bad Omens" created entirely by a crew of Ukrainians, sharing that "This was the very first international commercial/video shoot in Ukraine since the war began so we want to thank Alyona, Mitri, and all the people involved in Ukraine who made this video possible."

Friends of Friends
On 13 May 2019, the band announced the creation of their philanthropic brand, Friends of Friends, with the release of a limited-edition clothing collection. All profits from the first initiative were donated to Safe Place for Youth, a project that focuses on helping and empowering homeless youth in Los Angeles. On 21 May 2019, the band announced they would be hosting their first benefit concert under the Friends of Friends name. On 29 May 2019, the first-ever Friends of Friends show was held in a sold-out venue in Venice, California, with 5 Seconds of Summer as featured headliners and All Time Low, Sierra Deaton, among various other artists as supporting acts. All proceeds from the event were donated to the Safe Place for Youth project.

On 26 June 2019, Friends of Friends released another limited edition clothing range with the announcement of their second benefit concert. This time taking place in Sydney, Australia on 3 July 2019, the sold-out concert featured 5 Seconds of Summer as headliners, with Amy Shark, Genesis Owusu, and several other artists as support acts. All proceeds from the show and the clothing range were donated to Blacktown Youth Services Association, an Australian organization that works to inspire young people to positively impact their community.

On 23 January 2020, in response to the 2019-20 Australian bushfires, the band stated that they were "devastated by the tragic fires that [had] affected so many [...] in Australia," and wanted "to contribute as best [they could] to relief efforts". The band later announced the release of a limited-edition clothing range designed by artist, Micah Ulrich. All proceeds from the clothing collection were donated to the Australian Red Cross.

On 27 July 2020, amid the George Floyd Protests, the band collaborated with Haitian-American transgender artist Sanyu Nicolas to release a charitable clothing collection with all proceeds being donated to The Marsha P. Johnson Institute. Along with the launch of the clothing collection the band stated that they "stand with the Black transgender community in their fight for equality, recognition, and justice". The band also added additional resources to the Friends of Friends website and the brand's official newsletter, which detailed the Black Lives Matter Movement and LGBT Movement with petitions related to the movements.

For the 2020 American presidential election, Friends of Friends released a clothing collection, accompanied by an appeal urging people to vote, stating, "You've been given the privilege to use your voice; now it is your job to show up to the polls." All proceeds from the collection were donated to Vote Save America, to "benefit [their] efforts to ensure fair & equal access to the polls."

Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Friends of Friends set up a fundraiser and released a tote bag and stickers designed by Ukraine-based artist Ulyana Nesheva on 6 May 2022, with all donations and profits going to Voices of Children, an organization that "provides psychological and psychosocial support to children, helping them overcome the consequences of armed conflict and develop." The band also encouraged people to protest, contact their elected officials, and boycott companies dealing with Russia.

Awards

5 Seconds of Summer have received numerous accolades and awards over the course of the band's active career including ten MTV European Music Awards, five ARIA Awards, three APRA Awards, three BMI Awards and two MTV Video Music Awards. In 2019, the band was awarded the prestigious APRA Music Awards' Outstanding International Achievement Award for their excellence and outstanding worldwide success in sales and airplay performance. In 2020, 5 Seconds of Summer were awarded and honored in the APRA AMCOS' The 1,000,000,000 List, which recognizes excellence among Australian songwriting artists who have achieved massive international success. The band was awarded for their single, "Youngblood", reaching over a billion streams. There are currently only 16 artists in history who have been awarded a position on the list.

Videography

Filmography

Television

Discography

 5 Seconds of Summer (2014)
 Sounds Good Feels Good (2015)
 Youngblood (2018)
 Calm (2020)
 5SOS5 (2022)

Tours

Headlining
 Mini Australian Tour (2012)
 Twenty Twelve Tour (2012)
 Pants Down Tour (2013)
 UK Tour (2014)
 5 Countries 5 Days European Tour (2014)
 Stars, Stripes and Maple Syrup Tour (2014)
 There's No Place Like Home Tour (2014)
Rock Out with Your Socks Out Tour (2015)
Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour (2016)
Meet You There Tour (2018)
Take My Hand World Tour (2022)
 The 5 Seconds of Summer Show (2023)

Promotional
 5SOS III Tour (2018)

Opening act
 Hot Chelle Rae – Whatever World Tour (2012)
 One Direction – Take Me Home Tour (2013)
One Direction  – Where We Are Tour (2014)
One Direction  – On the Road Again Tour (2015)
 The Chainsmokers – World War Joy Tour (2019)

Publications

 Hey, Let's Make a Band!, HarperCollins (14 October 2014)
 5 Seconds of Summer, Hal Leonard (1 January 2015)
 5SOS Annual 2016, HarperCollins (21 September 2015)
 5 Seconds of Summer Book of Stuff, HarperCollins (6 October 2015)

References

External links

2011 establishments in Australia
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian new wave musical groups
Australian pop punk groups
Australian pop rock groups
Australian power pop groups
Australian YouTubers
Capitol Records artists
Interscope Records artists
Kerrang! Awards winners
MTV Video Music Award winners
Musical groups established in 2011
Musical groups from Sydney
NME Awards winners
Vocal quartets

5 Seconds of Summer


A food-feed system is an integrated livestock-crop production system where crops grown on farms are harvested for human consumption and the crop-residues or by-products are used as feed for livestock.  For example,  intercropping of cowpeas between rows of cassava. The legumes can enrich soil fertility and enhance the crop productivity. Further, the cassava hay can be used as dairy feed.

References

Further reading

Agronomy

Food-feed system


To sponsor something is to support an event, activity, person, or organization. The support can be with money or giving something else useful, such as advertising, or time. A sponsor is the individual or group that gives the support, similar to a benefactor. A sponsor may also be a personal sponsor, a political sponsor or a state sponsor. There are many different kinds of sponsors.

Commercial sponsor
A sponsor is one (usually a company) who gives cash, goods or services in return for promoting the sponsor's company. There is a distinct difference between sponsorship and philanthropy. A sponsor expects a return on  investment (ROI), usually in the form of advertising. A philanthropist donates something as a charitable contribution. In sports, sponsors compete to advertise in the most popular sports. In India, sponsors all want to be associated with Cricket. It is much harder to find sponsors for other sports.

Legislative sponsor
A sponsor or patron, usually a legislator, is someone who presents a bill or resolution for consideration. Others who join the sponsor are known as cosponsors or copatrons. In the United States Congress a sponsor is the first person listed among the lawmakers who introduce a bill to either the Senate or the House of Representatives. The process is very similar to sponsoring a bill in Parliament.

Personal sponsor
This is someone who agrees to help another person or persons, and be responsible for them. For example, an employer may sponsor a foreign national to become a permanent resident of the United States by guaranteeing that person a job. Sponsorship can also mean an individual who helps an organization. Many charitable organizations offer personal sponsorship of a boy or girl to help them. Many public radio and television stations ask for sponsors to provide funds for them to operate. At a Ceremonial ship launching the person breaking the champagne bottle over the ship's bow is called the sponsor of that ship. In many religions, godparents are the baptized child's sponsors.

State sponsorship
Sponsorship is not always for the purposes of doing good. A state (or government) may sponsor terrorism for their own purposes. While not engaging in activities against another country (or countries) themselves, they may sponsor other groups to do it for them. The United States currently lists four countries who sponsor terrorism. They are: Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria. State sponsors may also be called affiliates and/or supporters.

References

Other websites
 Ways to Sponsor a Child
 Become a Sponsor, Make-A-Wish
 Sponsoring an Animal
 Find sponsors for your next event

Economics

Sponsor


David Crowder Waybur (September 29, 1919 – March 28, 1945) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. During the Allied invasion of Sicily, he led his small patrol in its defense against an attack by four Italian tanks. Despite being seriously wounded, he continued to lead and personally disabled a tank with only a Tommy gun. After receiving the Medal of Honor for these actions, he returned to combat and was killed in action in Germany.

Biography
Waybur was from Piedmont, California and worked as a grocery store clerk and ranch hand in his teenage years. After high school, he enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley, where he continued a family tradition of joining Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He enlisted in the Army as a private on November 22, 1940, but later became a commissioned officer. By the time of the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, he was a first lieutenant commanding the 3rd Reconnaissance Troop, 3rd Infantry Division.

On the night of July 17, 1943, one week after the invasion of Sicily began, Waybur volunteered to lead a reconnaissance patrol into enemy territory near Agrigento in order to locate a missing Ranger unit. The patrol, consisting of three Jeeps, was cut off and attacked by four Italian tanks. In the ensuing firefight, Waybur and three of his men were wounded, Waybur seriously so. When the patrol's three machine guns ran out of ammunition, he ordered his men to take cover and single-handedly disabled one tank by standing in the open and killing its crew with a Thompson submachine gun. After sending one patrol member to get help, Waybur continued to lead his men in holding off the three remaining tanks through the night. American reinforcements arrived in the morning, and the Italian tanks withdrew. Three months later, on October 21, Waybur was issued the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle. The medal was formally presented to him by Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark, commander of the Fifth Army, during a ceremony in North Africa later that year.

Waybur was sent back to the United States to work on war bond tours, but he eventually asked to be returned to combat duty. He was killed in action in Germany on March 28, 1945—two years after earning the Medal of Honor. Waybur was buried at the Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial in Saint-Avold, France. In addition to the Medal of Honor, he had also received the Silver Star and a Purple Heart.

Medal of Honor citation

First Lieutenant Waybur's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty in action involving actual conflict with the enemy. Commander of a reconnaissance platoon, 1st Lt. Waybur volunteered to lead a 3-vehicle patrol into enemy-held territory to locate an isolated Ranger unit. Proceeding under cover of darkness, over roads known to be heavily mined, and strongly defended by road blocks and machinegun positions, the patrol's progress was halted at a bridge which had been destroyed by enemy troops and was suddenly cut off from its supporting vehicles by 4 enemy tanks. Although hopelessly outnumbered and out-gunned, and himself and his men completely exposed, he quickly dispersed his vehicles and ordered his gunners to open fire with their .30 and .50 caliber machineguns. Then, with ammunition exhausted, 3 of his men hit and himself seriously wounded, he seized his .45 caliber Thompson submachinegun and standing in the bright moonlight directly in the line of fire, alone engaged the leading tank at 30 yards and succeeded in killing the crewmembers, causing the tank to run onto the bridge and crash into the stream bed. After dispatching 1 of the men for aid he rallied the rest to cover and withstood the continued fire of the tanks till the arrival of aid the following morning.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1919 births
1945 deaths
United States Army officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
People from Piedmont, California
Burials at Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial
Military personnel from California

David C. Waybur


Gavello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about  southwest of Venice and about  southeast of Rovigo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,616 and an area of .

The municipality of Gavello contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Chiavica Pignatta, Magnolina, and Veneziano.

Gavello borders the following municipalities: Adria, Ceregnano, Crespino, Villanova Marchesana.

Demographic evolution

References

Cities and towns in Veneto

Gavello


The discography of Letlive, an American rock, consists of four studio albums, one extended play (EP), four singles and seven music videos. Letlive was formed in Los Angeles, California in 2002 and released its debut EP Exhaustion, Salt Water, and Everything in Between on At One Records the following year. In 2005, the band released its full-length debut album Speak Like You Talk. After a number of lineup changes, the group signed with Tragic Hero Records and released its second studio album Fake History in 2010.

In 2011, Letlive signed with Epitaph Records and reissued Fake History with a number of additional tracks. After more lineup changes, in 2013 the band released third album The Blackest Beautiful, which was well received by critics. The album also gave the group its first experience of chart success, reaching number 62 on the UK Albums Chart. 2016's follow-up, If I'm the Devil..., charted in the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as in Australia, Germany and New Zealand for the first time in the band's career.

Studio albums

Extended plays

Demos

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
Letlive official website
Letlive discography at AllMusic
Letlive discography at Discogs
Letlive discography at MusicBrainz

Discographies of American artists
Post-hardcore group discographies

Letlive discography


Terrence Jon "Terry" Francona (born April 22, 1959), is the manager of the Cleveland Guardians. He has previously managed the Philadelphia Phillies and the Boston Red Sox. He won the World Series with the Red Sox in 2004 and 2007. As a player, he was a first baseman and outfielder for the Montreal Expos, Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, and Milwaukee Brewers between 1981 and 1990. His father was baseball player Tito Francona.

Other websites

Living people
1959 births
Sportspeople from South Dakota
Major League Baseball managers
Boston Red Sox managers
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Guardians
Cleveland Indians players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Montreal Expos players
Philadelphia Phillies

Terry Francona


Bird feet are adapted to the life they lead, and the patterns are often use in avian classification. They are derived from the basic limb of ancestral tetrapods, the pentadactyl limb. Humans (and other primates) have the original five fingers and five toes. Birds have no more than four toes, inherited together with over a hundred anatomical features from theropod dinosaurs. These four toes are arranged into four main patterns.

Arrangement of toes
Anisodactyly. This is the most common arrangement of toes in birds, with three toes forward and one back. It is the basic pattern in passerine birds, especially the songbirds, and hunting birds like eagles, hawks, and falcons. The anisodactyl arrangement lets passerine birds perch on vertical surfaces, such as trees and cliffs. The hind toe joins the leg at the same level as the front toes. The leg arrangement of passerine birds has a special adaption for perching: a tendon-locking mechanism. A tendon in the rear of the leg is automatically pulled and tightened when the leg bends. This makes the foot curl stiffly round when the when the bird lands on a branch. The tendon is locked in place by another tendon. So passerines sleep while perching without falling off. Certain species of passerines have stiff tail feathers, which help the birds balance themselves when perching on vertical surfaces. Syndactyly is like anisodactyly, except that the third and fourth toes  or three toes, are fused together. This is characteristic of Coraciiformes (kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and relatives).
Zygodactyly. This has two toes facing forward (digits 2 and 3) and two back (digits 1 and 4). This arrangement is most common in arboreal species, particularly those that climb tree trunks or clamber through foliage. Zygodactyly occurs in the parrots, woodpeckers (including flickers), cuckoos (including roadrunners), and some owls. Zygodactyl tracks have been found dating to 120110 million years ago (Lower Cretaceous), 50 million years before the first identified zygodactyl fossils.
Heterodactyly. Heterodactyly is like zygodactyly, except that digits 3 and 4 point forward and digits 1 and 2 point back. This is found only in trogons.
Pamprodactyly is an arrangement where all four toes may point forward, or birds may rotate the outer two toes backward. It is a characteristic of swifts (Apodidae).
Didactyly. The ostrich has just two toes on each foot, with the nail on the larger, inner toe resembling a hoof. The outer toe has no nail. The reduced number of toes is an adaptation to its life on open land. Ostriches can run at a speed over  and can cover  in a single stride.

Parts of the leg

Knee joint
The bird knee joint between the femur and tibia (or rather tibiotarsus) points forwards, but is hidden in the feathers. The backward-pointing "heel" (ankle) that is easily visible is a joint between the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus.

Tarsometatarsus
The tarsometatarsus is the third segment of the leg. Only birds have this. It evolved from bones of the ankle in their ancestors. The tarsometatarsus is the extended foot area, which gives the leg extra lever length.

Scales
The scales of birds are made of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found on the toes and sometimes further up on the ankle. The scales and scutes of birds are thought to be homologous with those of reptiles, and feathers have developed from the scales of Archosaurs.

References

Birds

Bird feet


Robert Duncan Wilmot,  (16 October 1809 – 13 February 1891) was a Canadian politician and a Father of Confederation.

Early life and family
Wilmot was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick on 16 October 1809. He was the son of John McNeil and Susanna (Susan) Harriet (born Wiggins) Wilmot. He moved to Saint John with his family at around the age of five, and there he was educated. In 1833 he married Susannah (Susan) Elizabeth Mowat of St Andrews. His father, John McNeil Wilmot, was a big tank and ship owner. Wilmot worked for his father's business and represented the company in Liverpool, England from 1835 to 1840. It is there that his son, Robert Duncan Wilmot, Jr., a future Member of Parliament, was born.

Political career

New Brunswick
Wilmot served as mayor of Saint John from 1849 to 1850. He represented Saint John County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1847 to 1861, and from 1865 to 1867, and was  member of the Executive Council of New Brunswick, serving as the Surveyor-General from 1851 to 1854, and provincial secretary from 1856 to 1857.

He was a New Brunswick delegate to the London Conference of 1866, which settled the final terms for Canadian Confederation.

Federal politics
Following Confederation, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 23 October 1867 by royal proclamation, and represented the Senate division of New Brunswick. In 1878, he became Speaker of the Senate, and was also a member of the ministry of John A. Macdonald.

Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick
Wilmot resigned from the Senate on 10 February 1880 and was appointed the sixth Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.  He served in that position until 1885.

Death
Wilmot died at his estate in Sunbury County at the age of 81. His home was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1975.
He is buried in Sunbury County Oromocto Anglican Church cemetery on Broad Road.

References

External links

1809 births
1891 deaths
Members of the Executive Council of New Brunswick
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Lieutenant Governors of New Brunswick
Speakers of the Senate of Canada
Canadian senators from New Brunswick
Fathers of Confederation
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick
Politicians from Fredericton
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Provincial Secretaries of New Brunswick

Robert Duncan Wilmot


The Silver Chamber of Sorrows (Traditional Chinese: 銀樓金粉) is a TVB period drama series broadcasted in 2008.

Watak

Sinopsis
A Rich Family is Ruled by Lust
A Hymn is Mourned Over by Feuds

"Sheung's Silver Chamber", the largest jewel company in Foshan, Guangdong Province China, is facing serious financial difficulties. In order to obtain a loan from Shum's family, Sheung Hang (Paul Chun), owner of the Chamber, together with his primary wife, CHOI SIU-DIP (Nancy Sit Ka Yin), plot to arrange marriage between Sheung Wan (Ng Wai Kwok), Hang's younger brother, and Shum Wing-Tung (Winnie Yeung), daughter of Shum's family. Fueled by hatred, Ching Sau-Hang (Christine Ng), Wan's lover, marries Hang and ironically becomes Wan's sister-in-law. Wan falls out with Hang, and opts to live abroad and disconnects from his family. After leaving home for years, Wan does not return home until the occasion to celebrate his father's birthday. Tension between the two brothers comes to a head when Hang is reluctant to pay ransom to save the youngest son of Wan. Wan is determined to disconnect completely from his family ever since.

Since Wan's return, Sau-Hang suffers from her husband's neglect and gets framed for causing the fourth concubine Fei Fei's (Nancy Wu) miscarriage. Hatred leads her to commit act that revenge. She seeks to subvert Sheung's family by luring Kwan. Intentionally, she unveils Tsau Guk (Shirley Yeung), the maid in the family, is Hang's illegitimate daughter. The dark age of a once-prominent family begins.

Viewership ratings

|align="center" colspan="12"|Best Selling SecretsMac 12 2007 - Ogos 10 2008
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|align="center" colspan="3"|Sebelum:A Journey Called Life  - April 25
|align="center" colspan="6"|2008The Silver Chamber of Sorrows April 28 - Mei 23
|align="center" colspan="3"|Selepas:The Money-Maker Recipe Mei 26 - Jun 29
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|align="center" colspan="7"|Catch Me Now  - Mei 16
|align="center" colspan="5"|Forensic Heroes II Mei 19 - 22 Julai

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The Silver Chamber of Sorrows


Vanitrochus semiustus is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The height of the shell attains 2½ mm, its diameter 2 mm. The very small shell is profoundly umbilicated, and has a conoidal shape. The 5 to 6 whorls are separated by impressed sutures. They are rather convex, planulate at the sutures and subgradate. The color pattern of the first whorl is white the remainder brownish-red, streaked with white, ornamented with a zone of chestnut interrupted with white above. They are spirally lirate, and elegantly clathrate with lamellose radiating striae. There are four spiral cinguli on the penultimate whorl. The convex body whorl is elongated, with a zone of white and chestnut spots at the periphery, convex beneath, whitish or maculate with chestnut, clathrate, with about 4 concentric lirae. The aperture is subrhomboidal. The lip is subduplicate within. The columella is a little arcuate. The umbilical area is funnel-shaped, spirally plicate, and carinated at its edge.

Distribution
This marine shell occurs off New Caledonia and Australia (Queensland).

References

 Fischer, P. 1879. Diagnoses Trochorum novorum. Journal de Conchyliologie 27: 22-25
 Iredale, T. 1929. Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 9(3): 261–297, pls 30-31

semiustus
Gastropods described in 1879

Vanitrochus semiustus


Spanish Fort is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States, located on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay. The 2020 census lists the population of the city as 10,049. It is a suburb of Mobile and is part of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley metropolitan area.

City Hall
In November 2012, Spanish Fort built a community center to house its administrative offices and city amenities. The center is home to the city library, administrative offices, the office of the mayor, and other city-run services. The municipal complex is roughly 30,000 square feet and cost around $5 million to build. It sits on 17-acres of prime land and features a large pond with two fountains and a pavilion. The city also hosts community outreach events along with city council and budget meetings.

Geography
Spanish Fort is located at 30°40'7.403" North, 87°55'19.844" West (30.668723, -87.922179), above the east shore of the Blakeley River where it enters Mobile Bay. U.S. Routes 90 and 98 (Battleship Parkway) lead west across the Mobile River and its distributaries  to Mobile. Interstate 10 passes just to the south of Spanish Fort, with access from exits 35 and 38, and leads west across Mobile Bay to Mobile as well.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Spanish Fort has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 14.08%, is water.

Demographics

2010 Census Data
As of the census of 2010, there were 6,798 people, 2,861 households, and 1,910 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,250 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.0% White, 4.8% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 2.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,861 households, out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $65,244, and the median income for a family was $76,469. Males had a median income of $58,958 versus $36,695 for females. The per capita income for the city was $32,856. About 1.8% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

2020 Census Data

The 2020 Census calculated a population in Spanish Fort, Alabama as 10,049, with 3,278 households and 1,946 families. With a 47.8% increase in population from the 2010 census, Spanish Fort is now the 2nd fastest growing city in the state of Alabama, right behind Gulf Shores, Alabama.

Economic development
Since incorporating on July 19, 1993, Spanish Fort has seen significant growth. Eastern Shore Centre, an open air regional shopping complex, opened on November 17, 2004. Spanish Fort Town Center contributed to the municipality's substantial commercial development, despite having ongoing issues with vacancies.

History

The city of Spanish Fort is rich in history dating as far back as 1712 with the founding of Mobile by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville of France. Spanish Fort was originally the site of a trading post established by French-occupied Mobile. Following the French and Indian War, a large area on the Gulf Coast including the trading post was ceded to the British in 1763. During the Revolutionary War after the Spanish took Mobile and surrounding areas in the Battle of Fort Charlotte, a presidio or military fort was built on the site of the old trading post. This "Spanish Fort" was the site of a counterattack by British forces dispatched from Pensacola in 1781. The British were driven back and unsuccessful in recapturing the area. Following the Adams–Onís Treaty, Spanish Fort, as it was now commonly referred to, was officially property of the United States.

During the American Civil War, Spanish Fort was heavily fortified as an eastern defense to the city of Mobile. Fort Huger, Fort (Battery) Tracey, Fort (Battery) McDermott, Fort Alexis, Red Fort, and Old Spanish Fort were all part of the Mobile defenses in what is now Spanish Fort. After the Union victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay, Mobile nevertheless remained in Confederate hands. Union forces embarked on a land campaign in early 1865 to take Mobile from the east. Spanish Fort was the site of the Battle of Spanish Fort in the Mobile Campaign of the war. Its fall allowed Union forces to concentrate on Fort Blakeley to the north, and hence destroy the last organized resistance east of the Mississippi River. The falls of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley permitted Union troops to subsequently enter Mobile unopposed after the conclusion of the Civil War.

On November 1, 2012, groundbreaking ceremonies were held at the northwest corner of Spanish Fort Boulevard and Blakeley Way (map), site of the new Spanish Fort Community Center.  Forrest Daniell & Associates, P.C., was contracted to design the center, working with the City's Community Center Advisory Board on the conceptualization and functionality of the facility.  J.F. Pate & Associates was awarded the contract to construct the Community Center.  Though progress on the construction was often hindered by rainy weather and other hurdles, the administrative staff officially occupied the new facility in September 2015. The center is home to the city library, administrative offices, the office of the mayor, and other city-run services. The municipal complex is roughly 30,000 square feet and cost the city approximately $5 million to build.

Education
Spanish Fort is a part of the Baldwin County Public Schools system under direction of Superintendent Eddie Tyler. Two elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school serve Spanish Fort. Both the elementary school and high school have had substantial building additions in recent years as the enrollment numbers rise. Baldwin County Public Schools was approved by the County Commission to establish a four-year, $60 million loan to fund the new additions across the county.

Schools

Secondary schools
 Spanish Fort High School (9-12)
 Spanish Fort Middle School (6-8)
Elementary schools (both K-5)
 Spanish Fort Elementary School
 Rockwell Elementary School
 Stonebridge Elementary School

See also

Eastern Shore (Alabama)

Notes

External links
City of Spanish Fort official website
Historic Blakeley State Park, north of the city
5 Rivers Delta Resource Center

Cities in Alabama
Cities in Baldwin County, Alabama
Populated places established in 1712
Populated coastal places in Alabama

Spanish Fort, Alabama


Heptasartorite is a very rare mineral with formula Tl7Pb22As55S108. It belongs to sartorite homologous series. It is related to other recently approved minerals of the series: enneasartorite and hendekasartorite. All three minerals come from a quarry in Lengenbach, Switzerland, which is famous of thallium minerals. Chemically similar minerals include edenharterite and hutchinsonite.

References

Sulfosalt minerals
Thallium minerals
Lead minerals
Arsenic minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14

Heptasartorite


Derek "Doc" Pace (11 March 1932 – 17 October 1989) was a footballer who played in the position of striker for Sheffield United and Aston Villa.

Early career

Pace went to Essington junior school in Essington and was captain for Walsall Schoolboys playing at centre half. On leaving school, he went on to play for amateur sides Bloxwich Scouts in the Bloxwich Combination, Bloxwich Wesley in the Walsall Minor League and had a spell with Walsall Wood in the Walsall Senior League during the 1948–49 season.

Derek was signed by Aston Villa from Bloxwich Scouts in September 1949, not long after his signing for Villa; he was called up for two years National service in the Medical Corps where he obtained the nickname "Doc". Derek was small in stature for a centre forward at five feet eight inches, and less than 12 stone, but was nonetheless hardy and tough, and a real problem for defenders to cope with. He came out of the Army in June 1953.

Professional career

Aston Villa

He played as an inside-forward with Aston Villa, and although he enjoyed lengthy runs in the side, he did not quite fully establish himself at Villa Park, although he did score on his debut against Burnley on 17 March 1951.

In 1953–1954 season, Derek was one of seven forwards who appeared for Aston Villa following the departure of regular forward Trevor Ford – who had joined Sunderland. He seized his opportunity and scored six goals from six league matches. The following season, he played in 18 league matches scoring one goal also made one appearance in the FA Cup.

In 1955–56, Villa were next to bottom of the league three points behind Sheffield United with three matches remaining. Sheffield United manager Joe Mercer had tried to sign Pace in mid-season, but his attempts were blocked by Villa. And in the closing games it was Derek's goals that did a great deal to save Villa from relegation, they eventually finished third from bottom on goal difference and avoided relegation. In 1956–57 Derek played in 21 league matches scoring six goals and in six cup games scoring two goals. Although he missed out on being selected for the Aston Villa 1957 FA Cup Final side, being twelfth man after playing in all the rounds up to the semi-final.

He started the 1957–58 season with Villa and played in 12 games scoring three goals – including the Charity Shield side that was beaten by Manchester United. In total he scored 42 league and FA Cup goals in 106 matches for Aston Villa.

Sheffield United

On 26 December 1957, he was finally signed by Sheffield United manager Joe Mercer for £12,000. It was with the Blades he began to excel as a striker. He made his debut for United on the day he had signed – scoring after just eight minutes, against Blackburn Rovers at Bramall Lane on 26 December 1957.

At Sheffield United he switched his playing position to centre-forward, and met with increasing success. Pace was a superb header of the ball and some of the goals he scored with his head were spectacular. He could also shoot with both feet and had outstanding anticipation and timing. Many of his goals were scored from half chances in the goalmouth.

He was an ever-present in the side when United achieved First Division status again in season 1960–61 with Pace scoring 26 goals, including a FA Cup run in which the team reached the Semi-finals. He became a great favourite with the Blades fans, who warmed to his enthusiasm, sportsmanship, quick shooting and brilliant heading ability, and his signing was undoubtedly a major factor in bringing better days ahead to the Lane.

Immediately after his signing, the improvement to the Blades team was instantly apparent. Between 22 February 1958 and 5 April 1958, United won eight consecutive league matches, with Pace scoring nine of the goals in this period. The spell included one of United's most memorable FA Cup victories. The occasion was a 4th Round against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in front of 51,536 spectators. Pace put United ahead in the first minute and United won the tie 3–0. Pace was a consistent scorer for the Blades, and started 1960 in great form. Between 2 January and 5 March that year, he scored 16 goals in eight matches, including a hat-trick against his former club and (at the time) Division Two league leaders Aston Villa at Villa Park on 27 February 1960.
His last match for Sheffield United was against Burnley at Bramall Lane on 29 August 1964. In total he had scored 140 goals in 253 league appearances (175 goals in 302 league and cup games) for United. He was the Blades top scorer for six successive seasons.

After the Blades

In December 1964, he moved to Notts County where he scored 15 goals from 29 matches. He then left to join Walsall in July 1966, only playing four matches plus one as substitute, and scoring one goal – a flying header at Grimsby Town on 27 August 1966.

In his career he scored a grand total of 233 goals in 444 games.

After Football

After retiring from football Derek became a sales representative for Churchfield Springs Ltd of West Bromwich. He died on 17 October 1989.

References

Clarebrough, Denis (1989). Sheffield United F.C., The First 100 years. Sheffield United Football Club. .
Young, Percy A. (1962). Football in Sheffield. Stanley Paul & Co. Ltd .
A to Z Encyclopedia, Sheffield United Match Day Programme, 25 January 1986.
They Played at the Lane, Sheffield United Match Day Programme, May 1989.

Notes

1932 births
1989 deaths
English men's footballers
Sheffield United F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
People from Bloxwich
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall
Men's association football forwards
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers

Derek Pace


Wu Jiaji (, 1618–1684) was a Chinese poet, and an associate of the official and literary figure Zhou Lianggong.

Wu's writings provide us with a glimpse of conditions just prior to the Manchu Qing conquest and especially descriptions of social conditions in rural society. Wu was from Taizhou, Jiangsu, an area already known for radical intellectualism. The area had once experienced economic prosperity, but by the 17th century was in decline.

Wu lived in the midst of poverty in a dilapidated home with broken tiles. Members of the local community still attempted to uphold old standards of education and culture. The area was one of salt production and Wu's ancestors engaged in this profession. Wu himself engaged in variety of occupations. It is popular to view Wu, and others of his station, as hermits in protest against the newly established Manchu regime. Wu's accounts of China's new masters on a local level are of course revealing. Among Wu's associates were seal carvers who came to the attention of the scholar Zhou Lianggong. Zhou would publish a collection of their biographies, the Yinren Zhuan ().

References
 Carpenter, Bruce E., 'Wu Chia-chi and Life at the Bottom', Tezukayama University Review (Tezukayama Daigaku ronshu), Nara, Japan, 1989, pp. 15–30.
 Luo, Dongsheng, "Wu Jiaji". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
 Chaves, Jonathan, 'Moral Action in the Poetry of Wu Chia-chi' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.46,  No.2, Dec., 1986 .

Ming dynasty poets
Qing dynasty poets
1684 deaths
1618 births
Writers from Taizhou, Jiangsu
Poets from Jiangsu

Wu Jiaji


Francis Schüssler Fiorenza is an American theologian who currently holds the post of Charles Chancey Stillman Research Professor of Roman Catholic Theological Studies at Harvard Divinity School.

Biography
Born Francis Fiorenza in 1941, as a young man he entered St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland, from which he earned the degree of Master of Divinity, even though he did not intend to pursue ordination. In 1963 he won a fellowship to study theology in Germany under the Jesuit theologian Karl Rahner at the University of Munich. Because that university would not accept doctoral candidates to work under Rahner, he instead enrolled at the University of Münster, where he eventually earned the degree of Doctor of Theology, having studied under Johann Baptist Metz and Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI). It was while studying there that he met his future wife, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, a feminist Catholic theologian. Rahner transferred to Münster two years later, so he was able to accomplish his original goal.

Now Francis Schüssler Fiorenza as a result of his marriage, he returned to the United States with his wife, where they obtained teaching positions at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. Subsequent to that, he taught at Villanova University in Pennsylvania, and The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

In 1986, Fiorenza joined the faculty of the Harvard Divinity School, where his wife also became a professor. In 2021, he retired from active teaching duties and became a research professor. His primary interests are in the fields of fundamental or foundational theology, in which he explores the significance of contemporary hermeneutical theories as well as neo-pragmatic criticisms of foundationalism. His writings on political theology engage recent theories of justice, especially those of John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas, and have dealt with issues of work and welfare. He has also written on the history of 19th- and 20th-century theology, focusing on both Roman Catholic and Protestant theologians.

Fiorenza was awarded the Henry Luce III Fellowship for 2005-06 for research in the history of 20th-century Roman Catholic theology, namely, the direction known as the nouvelle théologie ("new theology"). This was a school of thought which originated at the Jesuit seminary of Lyons, France, and the work of the Jesuit theologian Henri de Lubac, and which sought to explore a perspective in theology from the earlier roots of the Church, prior to Scholasticism and the theology of the Council of Trent.

Foundational Theology: Jesus and the Church is one of his earliest and best-known books. He has published widely, with more than 150 essays in the areas of fundamental theology, hermeneutics, and political theology, as well as several other books.

Works
 Foundational Theology: Jesus and the Church (Crossroad Publishing Company, 1984)
 Systematic Theology, volumes 1 and 2 (Fortress Press, 1991)
 Modern Christian Thought: The Twentieth Century James C. Livingston and Francis Schüssler Fiorenza, 2nd edition (Fortress Press, 2006)
 Systematic Theology: Roman Catholic Perspectives, Francis Schüssler Fiorenza and John P. Galvin, editors, 2nd edition (Fortress Press, 2011)
 Rights at Risk: Confronting the Cultural, Ethical, and Religious Challenges (Continuum, 2012)
 Political Theology: Contemporary Challenges and Future Directions Francis Schüssler Fiorenza, Klaus Tanner and Michael Welker, editors (Westminster John Knox Press, 2013)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
St. Mary's Seminary and University alumni
University of Münster alumni
20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians
Lay theologians
Systematic theologians
University of Notre Dame faculty
Catholic University of America faculty
Villanova University faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
Political theologians

Francis Schüssler Fiorenza


Sara Shapiro Miller (July 8, 1924 – October 29, 2016) was an American real estate executive and sculptor.

Born Sara Shirlee Shapiro on the west side of Chicago, Miller was the daughter of Philip Shapiro, a baker, and Rose Morris Shapiro, a boarding house proprietor. The tenth of twelve children, she grew up in the Lincoln Park neighborhood. After graduation from Jones Commercial High School she entered the world of real estate, taking a job as a professional realtor with Arthur Rubloff. Beginning in the field of office leasing, she later moved to commercial and industrial real estate, eventually becoming a vice president at Rubloff's firm. Married in 1946 to Ira J. Miller, she was the mother of three children. Miller and her husband were among the founders of Little City, and did philanthropic work on behalf of the developmentally disabled, raising money to build a home for them in Palatine, Illinois. The couple were members of Anshe Emet Synagogue. Miller began studying ceramics and sculpture in her retirement years, studying at Truman College and at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and working with Anna Varalla and Morino Moretti, the latter in Orvieto. She was a member of Chicago's Palette and Chisel Artist's studio. In later years she lived at the Hancock Tower, where she died.

Miller produced a number of public sculptures for Chicago institutions during her career. Among these were busts of Saul Bellow, installed in the Harold Washington Library in 1993, and Gwendolyn Brooks, commissioned for the same location the following year. Brooks honored the artist with a poem upon completion of her portrait. The library also owns a 1994 bust of Ernest Hemingway by the artist. Copies of the busts of both Bellow and Brooks are owned by the National Portrait Gallery.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
American women sculptors
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from Chicago
Artists from Chicago
Sculptors from Illinois
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American women artists
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni

Sara Miller


Lê Khắc Xương (黎克昌, 1440 – 1476) was a prince of the Lê dynasty in Vietnam. He was the second prince of Emperor Lê Thái Tông, also elder brother of Emperor Lê Nhân Tông, and Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. He was given the title Cung vương (恭王, "Reverent Prince").

Biography
Born in 1440, as a son of Emperor Lê Thái Tông and Lady Bùi thị of Đậu Liêu Bùi clan. His maternal grandfather is Bùi Cầm Hổ, one official in era of Emperor Lê Thái Tổ.

In Thiên Hưng Coup in 1460, Prince Lê Nghi Dân killed Emperor Lê Nhân Tông and then became the fourth emperor of Lê dynasty with the name of Thiên Hưng Đế, but after 8 months of his reign, he was disposed by a group of officials – notably Lê Lăng, Nguyễn Xí, Đinh Liệt. Officials who launched the coup wanted to put Prince Lê Khắc Xương to the throne, but he refused. Therefore, the youngest Prince Lê Tư Thành became the next ruler, Emperor Lê Thánh Tông.

However, during the early time of his reign, Emperor Lê Thánh Tông started to worry about his elder brother who should have been the real king, not him. He killed the official Lê Lăng, one of main leaders of coup, and drove Prince Lê Khắc Xương to suicide. Prince Lê Khắc Xương died in 1476 in Đông Kinh. His children were not allowed to keep the family name of the royal court as Lê, and all were requested to change their clan name to Bùi of their grandmother.

See also
 Lê Thái Tông
 Lê Thánh Tông

References

Later Lê dynasty
Vietnamese princes
1440 births
1476 deaths

Lê Khắc Xương


The Dunn Index (DI) is a metric for judging a clustering algorithm. A higher DI implies better clustering. It assumes that better clustering means that clusters are compact and well-separated from other clusters.

There are many ways to define the size of a cluster and distance between clusters.

The DI is equal to the minimum inter-cluster distance divided by the maximum cluster size. Note that larger inter-cluster distances (better separation) and smaller cluster sizes (more compact clusters) lead to a higher DI value.

In mathematical terms:

Let the size of cluster C be denoted by:

Let the distance between clusters i and j be denoted by:

Algorithms
Statistics

Dunn index