The Volunteer Firemen Monument is an outdoor memorial commemorating Texan volunteer firefighters who died while in service, installed on the Texas State Capitol grounds in Austin, Texas, United States. It was erected by the State Firemen's Association of Texas in 1896, and modified in 1905. The monument features a bronze sculpture of a fireman carrying a child in his left arm and a lantern in his opposite, designed by J. Segesman. The statue rests on a granite base designed by Frank Teich, which has a ring of granite pillars with inscribed names of volunteers. According to the Texas State Preservation Board, the memorial has "historical omissions and errors", which have been kept.

See also

 1896 in art

References

External links

1896 establishments in Texas
1896 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Texas
Granite sculptures in Texas
Monuments and memorials in Texas
Outdoor sculptures in Austin, Texas
Sculptures of children in Texas
Sculptures of men in Texas
Statues in Texas

Volunteer Firemen Monument


Franc Noir de la Haute-Saône is a traditional French variety of red wine grape that is a sibling of Chardonnay. It makes thin, tart wine and has largely disappeared from cultivation.

History
DNA fingerprinting has shown that it is one of many grapes to be the result of a cross between Gouais blanc (Heunisch) and Pinot, making it a full sibling of famous varieties such as Chardonnay and Aligoté. Gouais blanc was widely grown by the French peasantry in the Medieval ages.

Other Gouais blanc/Pinot crosses include Aubin vert, Auxerrois, Bachet noir, Beaunoir, Gamay Blanc Gloriod, Gamay noir, Melon, Knipperlé, Peurion, Romorantin, Roublot, and Sacy

Viticulture
Franc Noir de la Haute-Saône is a vigorous vine, producing small compact bunches of grapes.

Wine regions
As the name suggests, Franc Noir de la Haute-Saône is grown in the area north of Burgundy, but like Bachet noir and Beaunoir, it is dying out.

Synonyms
Franc Noir De Cendrecourt, Franc Noir De Gy, Franc Noir De Jussey, Franc Noir De Venere, Gougenot, Gougenot Saône, Plant Jacquot

References

External links
 VIVC Bibliography

Grape varieties of France

Franc Noir de la Haute-Saône


Jennifer Lynn Connelly (born December 12, 1970) is an American actress. She began her career as a child model before making her acting debut in the 1984 crime film Once Upon a Time in America. After having worked as a model for several years, she began to concentrate on acting, starring in a variety of films including the horror film Phenomena (1985), the musical fantasy film Labyrinth (1986), the romantic comedy Career Opportunities (1991), and the period superhero film The Rocketeer (1991). She received praise for her performance in the science fiction film Dark City (1998) and playing a drug addict in Darren Aronofsky's drama film Requiem for a Dream (2000).

In 2002, Connelly won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Alicia Nash in Ron Howard's biopic A Beautiful Mind (2001). Her subsequent films include the superhero film Hulk (2003), the horror film Dark Water (2005), the psychological drama Little Children (2006), the drama film Blood Diamond (2006), the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008), the romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You (2009), and the biopic Creation (2009). In the subsequent decades, she took on supporting roles in Aronofsky's biblical epic film Noah (2014) and in the action films Alita: Battle Angel (2019) and Top Gun: Maverick (2022). She starred in the TNT dystopian television series Snowpiercer from 2020 to 2022.

Connelly was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education in 2005. She has been the face of Balenciaga and Louis Vuitton fashion advertisements, as well as for Revlon cosmetics. In 2012, she was named the first global face of the Shiseido Company. Magazines, including Time, Vanity Fair, and Esquire, as well as the Los Angeles Times newspaper, have included her on their lists of the world's most beautiful women.

Early life
Jennifer Lynn Connelly was born on December 12, 1970, in Cairo, New York, in the Catskill Mountains, the only child of Ilene, an antique dealer, and Gerard Karl Connelly, a clothing manufacturer. Her father was a Catholic of Irish and Norwegian descent. Her mother was Jewish and was educated at a yeshiva; Connelly's maternal ancestors were Jewish emigrants from Poland and Russia. Connelly was raised primarily in Brooklyn Heights, near the Brooklyn Bridge, where she attended Saint Ann's, a private school specializing in the arts. Her father suffered from asthma so the family moved to Woodstock, New York, in 1976, to escape the city smog. Four years later, the family returned to Brooklyn Heights, and Connelly returned to Saint Ann's School.

After graduating from high school, Connelly went to Yale University to study English literature. She has described herself as a conscientious student who "wasn't really concerned with having a social life or sleeping or eating much. I was really nerdy and pretty much stayed in the law school library, which is open 24 hours, most of the time I wasn't in class". After two years at Yale, Connelly transferred to Stanford University to study drama. There, she trained with Roy London, Howard Fine, and Harold Guskin. Encouraged by her parents to continue with her film career, Connelly left college and returned to the film industry the same year.

Career

1980–1985: Modeling and early roles

Modeling for magazines
When Connelly was ten years old, an advertising executive friend of her father suggested she audition as a model. Her parents sent a picture of her to the Ford Modeling Agency, which shortly after added her to its roster. Connelly began modeling for print advertisements before moving on to television commercials.  In an interview with The Guardian, she revealed that, after having done some modeling, she had no aspirations to become an actress. She appeared on the covers of several issues of the American teenage magazine Seventeen in 1986 and 1988. In December 1986, she recorded two pop songs for the Japanese market: "Monologue of Love" and "Message of Love". She sang in phonetic Japanese as she did not speak the language.

Early roles
When her mother began taking her to acting auditions, a then 11 year-old Connelly was quickly selected for a supporting role as the aspiring dancer and actress Deborah Gelly in Sergio Leone's Jewish gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America (filmed 1982–83, released 1984). The role required her to perform a ballet routine. During the audition, Connelly, who had no ballet training, tried to imitate a ballerina. Her performance, and the similarity of her nose to Elizabeth McGovern's, who played the character as an adult, convinced the director to cast her. Connelly described the film as "an incredibly idyllic introduction to movie-making".

Connelly's first leading role was in Italian giallo-director Dario Argento's 1985 film Phenomena. In the film, she plays a girl who psychically communicates with insects to pursue the killer of students of the Swiss school where she has enrolled. During filming, she was attacked by a chimpanzee and had one of her fingers partially bitten off. Connelly next had the lead in the coming-of-age film Seven Minutes in Heaven, released the same year. In a retrospective interview, Connelly said, "Before I knew it, [acting] became what I did. It was a very peculiar way to grow up, combined with my personality." She described feeling like "a kind of walking puppet" through her adolescence, without having time alone to deal with the attention her career was generating.

1986–1999: Mainstream films
Connelly gained public recognition with Jim Henson's 1986 fantasy Labyrinth with David Bowie, in which she played Sarah Williams, a teenager on a quest to rescue her brother Toby from the world of goblins. Although a disappointment at the box office, the film later became a cult classic. The New York Times, while noting the importance of her part, panned her portrayal: "Jennifer Connelly as Sarah is unfortunately disappointing. ... She looks right, but she lacks conviction and seems to be reading rehearsed lines that are recited without belief in her goal or real need to accomplish it." In 1988, she began work as a ballet student in the Italian film Etoile which was released in 1989, and portrayed college student Gabby in Michael Hoffman's Some Girls.

In 1990, Dennis Hopper directed The Hot Spot, in which Connelly played Gloria Harper, a woman being blackmailed. The film was a box office failure but Connelly was praised. Stephen Schaefer wrote for USA Today, "Anyone looking for proof that little girls do grow up fast in the movies should take a gander at curvaceous Jennifer Connelly [...] in The Hot Spot. Not yet 20, Connelly has neatly managed the transition from child actress to ingenue". During an interview with Shaeffer, Connelly commented on her first nude scene: "The nudity was hard for me and something I thought about...but it's not in a sleazy context". In the same year, director Garry Marshall considered her for the role of Vivian Ward in Pretty Woman, but ultimately felt that she was too young for the part.

Connelly's next film was the 1991 romantic comedy Career Opportunities, starring alongside Frank Whaley. People criticized the film for exploiting Connelly's body; the marketing included a life-size cardboard cutout showing Whaley watching Connelly ride a mechanical horse, with the caption "He's about to have the ride of his life". In an interview with Rolling Stone, Connelly said that a Yale professor brought it to her attention and "... that wasn't something I felt all that comfortable about". The big-budget Disney film The Rocketeer (1991) followed later that year, but failed to ignite her career. She played Jenny Blake, a Disney dilution of what was in the original work a Betty Page persona, here the aspiring actress girlfriend of stunt pilot Cliff, "the Rocketeer". New York characterized the film as "pallid" but said of her performance, "Connelly is properly cast; she has the moist, full-to-the-cheek bones sensuality of the Hollywood starlets of that period, but she's a little straight". She appeared alongside Jason Priestley in the Roy Orbison music video for "I Drove All Night" the following year, directed by Peter Care.

Connelly next appeared in Of Love and Shadows, a 1994 Argentine-American drama film written and directed by Betty Kaplan starring Antonio Banderas. In 1995, director John Singleton cast Connelly as a lesbian college student in Higher Learning. She then appeared in the 1996 independent film Far Harbor as Elie, a prominent person in a Hollywood studio who writes a screenplay based on her traumas.

In 1996, Connelly followed up with the neo-noir crime thriller Mulholland Falls, which featured the murder of Allison Pond (Connelly), mistress of General Timms (John Malkovich), and the investigation by a group of detectives led by Maxwell Hoover (Nick Nolte). New York wrote about a scene that reveals the link between Timms and Pond: "This footage is actually dirty. That is, it makes us feel like voyeurs when looking at it, but it's so juicily erotic that we can hardly look away". Regarding the nude scenes in the film, Connelly said: "It kind of shocked everyone who knows me that I wound up doing this movie, because I had always been so careful about nudity, it was very much a part of this character and I couldn't be coy or guarded or self-conscious—otherwise it wouldn't work. It was sort of a challenge I wanted to take on, I guess". Mulholland Falls was a box office failure.

She began to appear in small-budget films which garnered praise from critics, such as 1997's drama Inventing the Abbotts, set in the late 1950s, in which she played the part of Eleanor, one of three daughters of the town millionaire, Lloyd Abbott. The critic from Entertainment Weekly thought Connelly gave a strong performance; writing she "raises the stakes any time she's on screen". Co-producer Ron Howard, who would later direct Connelly in A Beautiful Mind, said, "She not only was beautiful and seductive but gave some difficult psychological moments in the film a lot of depth and complexity. She had an extraordinary combination of talent and beauty, and I guess I stored that information in the back of my brain".

Her next appearance was in the critically acclaimed 1998 science fiction film Dark City, in which she played alongside Rufus Sewell, William Hurt, Ian Richardson and Kiefer Sutherland. Connelly portrayed femme fatale Emma, a torch singer whose husband, John Murdoch (Rufus Sewell), suffers from amnesia. As Murdoch is regaining his memories, Emma is kidnapped by Mr. Hand (Richard O'Brien) and The Strangers, who alter her memories and assign her a new identity. Author Sean McMullen wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is visually splendid as the 1940s femme fatale (Emma)."

2000–2003: Worldwide recognition
In 2000, Ed Harris directed Connelly in the biopic Pollock in which she played Ruth Kligman, Jackson Pollock's mistress. Pollock received mostly positive reception, according to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. In the same year, she appeared as Catherine Miller in the Fox drama series The Street, about a brokerage house in New York.

She appeared in Darren Aronofsky Requiem for a Dream, based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby Jr. Connelly was drawn to the script for its depiction of addiction and its effects on relatives; she played Marion Silver, the girlfriend of Harry (Jared Leto). The film also starred Marlon Wayans and Ellen Burstyn. Marion is a middle-class girl from Manhattan Beach who pursues the dream of establishing a dress shop, but becomes addicted to heroin and descends into a life of prostitution. Connelly prepared for the role by renting an apartment in the building where the character lived; Connelly isolated herself, painted, listened to music that she considered that her character would, designed clothes, and used the time to reflect about addictions and their origin. Connelly also talked to addicts and attended Narcotics Anonymous meetings with a friend who was in recovery. The cast garnered critical acclaim for their portrayal of physical and mental degradation.

The critic Elvis Mitchell wrote in The New York Times:

Ms. Connelly, too, whittled herself down to a new weight class, and it's her performance that gives the movie weight, since her fall is the most precipitous. By the end, when she curls into a happy fetal ball with a furtive smile on her face, she has come to love her debasement.... Her dank realization is more disturbing than anything in the novel, and Ms. Connelly has never before done anything to prepare us for how good she is here.

Also in 2000, Connelly appeared in Waking the Dead, based on the 1986 novel of the same name, playing Sarah Williams, an activist killed by a car bomb in Minneapolis while she was driving Chilean refugees. Initially, director Keith Gordon was reluctant to cast Connelly in this role as he did not consider her a serious actress. Her agent Risa Shapiro persuaded him to watch Connelly's performance in Far Harbor. Gordon later said: "There was a subtlety and depth even to her gaze that captured more of the relationship than I ever could have hoped for." About her role, Connelly said, "Waking the Dead was the first film I worked on where whatever I did felt like my own thing. I was really trying to make something of the part and threw myself into it, so that meant a lot to me". The New York Times described her performance, "As Sarah, Ms. Connelly captures a burning ethereality and willfulness that are very much of the period. And she and Mr. Crudup connect powerfully in love scenes that convey the fierce tenderness of a relationship whose passion carries a tinge of religious fervor."

The script of Ron Howard's 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind, loosely based on Sylvia Nasar's 1998 biography of the mathematician John Nash, sparked her interest in the project. Connelly was invited to an audition after Shapiro sent the producers a tape with a clip of the then-unreleased Requiem for a Dream. She was cast by producer Brian Grazer, as Alicia Nash, the caring and enduring wife of schizophrenic man John Nash, played by Russell Crowe. Howard and the producers eventually chose Connelly and Crowe due to their onscreen chemistry. Connelly met the real Alicia Nash before filming commenced to learn about her life. Upon release, A Beautiful Mind was a critical and commercial success, grossing more than US$313 million worldwide. For her performance, Connelly earned a Golden Globe, an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and a BAFTA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Time magazine critic Richard Schickel called her performance "luminous" and the actress intelligent and passionate. Roger Ebert wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is luminous as Alicia. Although the showier performance belongs to Crowe, it is Connelly's complex work, depicting a woman torn by love for and fear of the same man, that elevates the film to a higher level". A.O. Scott of The New York Times said, "There is, for one thing, Ms. Connelly, keen and spirited in the underwritten role of a woman who starts out as a math groupie and soon finds herself the helpmeet of a disturbed, difficult man."

Connelly said afterwards, "[A Beautiful Mind] is the film I'm really proud of and really love." In relation to previous roles, Connelly said:

There was a period where I felt like I wasn't quite being considered for the projects that I wanted to work on because maybe people were thinking. 'I'm not going to cast the girl who was in that movie for this adult project.' I've felt for a long time that this is what I want to do so I'm happy at this point to just take my time and work on projects that I feel really strongly about and the rest of the time just live my life.

Connelly starred in Ang Lee's Hulk (2003), because she was interested in his philosophical perspective on the Marvel Comics superhero. She played Betty Ross, a scientist and the former girlfriend of the main character, Bruce Banner. The film was a moderate success.

Next in 2003, she appeared in House of Sand and Fog, a drama based on the novel by Andre Dubus III. She portrayed Kathy Nicolo, an abandoned wife whose inherited house is sold at auction to the Iranian emigre and former colonel Massoud Amir Behrani (Ben Kingsley). After reading the script, Connelly said: "(the story is) moving and beautifully written. I liked the fact that there is no good guy and bad guy. I found it really compelling that both sides do things that are morally questionable, because life is often like that." Producer Michael London said about Connelly's portrayal: "I think she understood Kathy and knew in her bones that she could take this character and give her the kind of dimension that she had. I don't think there is another actress who could have played Kathy with such power and grace." The film was critically acclaimed, with a BBC critic commenting, "[Connelly] convinces totally as a selfish, desperate and lonely woman who confesses to her brother, 'I just feel lost.

2004–2009: Hiatus and return to film

After a two-year absence from the film scene, Connelly returned in the 2005 horror-psychological thriller Dark Water, which was based on a 2002 Japanese film of the same name. She played Dahlia, a frightened young woman traumatized by her past, who moves with her daughter to an apartment in New York City where paranormal happenings take place. In his review, critic Roger Ebert wrote, "I cared about the Jennifer Connelly character; she is not a horror heroine but an actress playing a mother faced with horror. There is a difference, and because of that difference, Dark Water works".

She played Kathy Adamson in an adaptation of the novel Little Children alongside Kate Winslet, a film which focuses on the relationship between Sarah Pierce (played by Winslet) and Brad Adamson (Patrick Wilson). Connelly co-starred in Blood Diamond opposite Leonardo DiCaprio where she portrayed journalist Maddy Bowen, who is working on exposing the real story behind blood diamonds. New York magazine praised her performance: "Connelly is such a smart, sane, unhistrionic actress that she almost disguises the fact that her character is a wheeze." Both Little Children and Blood Diamond were nominated for multiple Academy Awards.

Her next appearance was as Grace in the drama Reservation Road with Joaquin Phoenix and Mark Ruffalo, released in 2007. After her son dies in a hit-and-run, Grace gradually tries to overcome her grief, while her husband Ethan (Phoenix) becomes obsessed with discovering who killed him. By her own account, the character she played in the film proved tougher than any of her previous roles. USA Today's Susan Wloszczyna commented, "The strong performances of Jennifer Connelly and Mark Ruffalo ... raise the film above overheated melodrama".

Connelly portrayed astrobiologist Helen Benson alongside Keanu Reeves in the 2008 remake of the 1951 science fiction film The Day The Earth Stood Still. Unlike the original, in which Benson was a secretary and her relationship with Klaatu was the focus, the remake featured Benson in a troubled relationship with her stepson, portrayed by Jaden Smith. This was followed by a role in the 2009 romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You, which also featured Jennifer Aniston and Ginnifer Goodwin. The film was based on the self-help book of the same name. Variety magazine praised her portrayal: "Connelly gives a really rich performance as a woman whose principles back her into a corner."

In 2009, she appeared in the costume drama biopic Creation, in which she played Emma Darwin, wife of Charles Darwin, opposite her real-life husband Paul Bettany. Set during the writing of On the Origin of Species, the film depicts Darwin's struggle with the subject of the book as well as with his wife, who opposed his theories, and their mourning for their daughter Anne. The San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Darwin's wife, a religious woman who disapproved of her husband's theories, is played by Jennifer Connelly, Bettany's real-life wife, in the kind of casting that doesn't always work, but it does here. We believe in the Darwins' history together, their familiarity and affection. Connelly's English accent is also as good as Renée Zellweger's and Gwyneth Paltrow's. She doesn't get just the sounds right, but also the music and the attitude". Connelly then voiced the character named "7", an adventurous warrior in the animated film 9.

2010–present
Dustin Lance Black's Virginia premiered on September 15, 2010, at the Toronto International Film Festival. Two years later, it was announced that it would receive a limited release in May 2012. Connelly portrayed the title role of Virginia, a mentally unstable woman who has a 20-year affair with the local sheriff, whose daughter then starts a relationship with Virginia's son. Connelly prepared for the role by watching documentaries on schizophrenia; she also spent time at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and the New York University Cancer Center to understand the affections and obstacles of her character. During preparation, Black requested Connelly's advice to design the set of Virginia's house, as well as the selection of the apparel to create the character's style. Connelly said of the film, "It's very original, I think, and a very different independent film – it's very personal." According to the critic from Cinema Blend, "Virginia is propped up by a strong central performance, with Connelly doing some of her best work in years".

In 2011, Connelly starred in Ron Howard's comedy The Dilemma with Vince Vaughn. Although the Austin Chronicle'''s review wrote "Vaughn nails it, and his nicely nuanced everyguy performance is aided by the always-excellent Connelly," the film opened to generally negative reviews. Variety magazine remarked, "Connelly, though a shade looser and more spontaneous than usual, seems stuck at an emotional remove from the action". Her next project, George Ratliff's Salvation Boulevard, premiered during the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. In the film, Connelly played Gwen, the wife of Carl Vanderveer (Greg Kinnear); the couple are members of the Church of the Third Millennium, led by pastor Dan (Pierce Brosnan). During the same year, Connelly recorded an audiobook version of Paul Bowles' The Sheltering Sky that was released in March 2012 as part of Audible.com's The A-List Collection.

Her next project, starring alongside Greg Kinnear, was the family drama Stuck in Love, the directorial debut of Josh Boone. Connelly played the ex-wife of Kinnear's character, with whom he is obsessed. The film was premiered during the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival. In August 2013, it was announced that Connelly was cast by her husband, Paul Bettany, in his directorial debut Shelter. Connelly had a role in the 2014 film adaptation of the 1983 Mark Helprin novel, Winter's Tale, the directorial debut of Akiva Goldsman, alongside Colin Farrell, William Hurt and Russell Crowe; as well as starring in the English-speaking directorial debut of Claudia Llosa, Aloft.

Working again in collaboration with A Beautiful Mind co-star Russell Crowe, she portrayed Naameh in Darren Aronofsky's 2014 biblical epic Noah. The film opened to favorable reviews. The Washington Post declared Connelly and Crowe's performances "impressively grounded, powerful"; The Denver Post felt that Connelly portrayed the role with "fine intelligence". Variety deemed her appearance "solid but underused", while Detroit News stated "Connelly has too little to do, but when she lets go, she hits hard." Indiewire wrote that Connelly conveyed the role with a "steady hand", while St. Paul Pioneer Press defined her interpretation as "compelling".

Connelly has starred in the television series Snowpiercer since 2020, her first role in television since the cancellation of The Street in 2000.

Working again with Director Joseph Kosinski, Connelly portrayed Penelope "Penny" Benjamin in the action blockbuster film Top Gun: Maverick released in 2022 after a series of delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

 Personal life

While filming The Rocketeer, Connelly began a romance with her co-star Billy Campbell. They became engaged but broke up in 1996 after five years together. Connelly then had a relationship with photographer David Dugan, with whom she has a son, born in 1997.

On January 1, 2003, in a private family ceremony in Scotland, she married actor Paul Bettany, whom she had met while working on A Beautiful Mind. They have two children, a son, born in 2003, and a daughter, born in 2011. After living together in Tribeca, she and Bettany moved to Brooklyn Heights.

 Charity work
On November 14, 2005, Connelly was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education. She appeared in an advertisement highlighting the global need for clean water, and sought donations for African, Indian, and Central American drilling projects for the non-profit organization Charity: Water. On May 2, 2009, she participated in Revlon's annual 5k Run/Walk for Women. In May 2012, Connelly was named ambassador for Save the Children fund, to advocate for children's rights in the United States and worldwide.

 In the media
Publications such as Vanity Fair, Esquire, and the Los Angeles Times'' have ranked her among the most beautiful women in the world. Parisian fashion house Balenciaga and Revlon cosmetics signed Connelly as the face of their 2008 campaigns.

In February 2012, Connelly was announced as the first global brand ambassador for Shiseido, having previously worked with the company in the 1980s in a series of advertisements for the Japanese market.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
American people of Jewish descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Audiobook narrators
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
People from Brooklyn Heights
People from Cairo, New York
Saint Ann's School (Brooklyn) alumni
People from Tribeca

Jennifer Connelly


Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded systems.

Embedded C programming typically requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support enhanced microprocessor features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. The C Standards Committee produced a Technical Report, most recently revised in 2008 and reviewed in 2013, providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function, variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.

References

C (programming language)
C programming language family
Embedded systems

Embedded C


Industrial music is a music term. It describes a wide range of bands generally mixing rock with samplers and electronic instruments.

Taking its name from a record label formed by the London band Throbbing Gristle, the roots of industrial music are firmly placed in punk rock, although the choice of instrumentation differs from the guitar/bass/drum combo of bands like the Sex Pistols.

The first wave of this music appeared in the late 1970's in the United Kingdom with bands. These are like the afore mentioned Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire and SPK. Blending electronic synthesisers, guitars and early samplers, these bands created an aggressive and abrasive music fusing elements of rock with experimental electronic music. Like their punk cousins, they enjoyed the use of shock-tactics including explicit lyrical content, graphic art and Fascist imagery. The label Industrial Records controversially used an image of a gas chamber. That was in its logo.

Across the Atlantic, similar experiments were taking place. Boyd Rice (aka NON) released several albums of noise music. That was with guitar drones and tape loops creating a cacophony of repetitive sounds. In San Francisco, performance artist Monte Cazazza began releasing albums of atonal rock. In Germany Einstürzende Neubauten were performing acts daring, mixing metal percussion, guitars and even jackhammers in elaborate stage performances. They often damaged the venues they were playing.

In the early 1980s advances in sampling technology, and the popularity of synthesised new wave music bought some industrial musicians greater exposure. As much as some new wave bands were informed by the experiments of the industrial bands, the original industrial groups also began to refine their sound. Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle experimented with dance beats, and the Cab's (as they were known by fans) album The Crackdown (1983) was released on Virgin Records to some success.

Into the 1980's the more experimental side of industrial music became subsumed into dance and rock music. Psychic TV, formed from the remnants of Throbbing Gristle released early albums of acid house music, like Jack The Tab (1988). In America, bands such as Skinny Puppy and Ministry, mixed shock-rock performances with electronic samples and heavy metal guitars and created a genre. It was often referred to as "industrial rock". Other notable artists in this genre enjoyed widespread mainstream success in the 1990's. These included but were not limited to Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson and Fear Factory.

Industrial music


The term decisive victory refers to a military victory that decides a matter or a conflict. A decisive victory has to result in a positive outcome for the victor and create a condition of peace between the two warring states. By comparison, an inconclusive victory is one in which one side won, but the issues between them are not resolved. A desirable goal for all armies fighting conventional wars is a quick and decisive victory with few casualties. For example, in the Six-Day War that started on 5 June 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) achieved a decisive victory over the combined armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. This established Israel as a regional power in the Middle East with about six years of peace. During the Cold War (1947-1991) the idea of a decisive victory (or any victory) seemed obsolete. Instead, the theory of limited war seemed more practical in the age of nuclear weapons as it would not escalate into a full-scale war that would result in mutual assured destruction.

What makes a victory decisive
In his book On War (Vom Kriege), Carl von Clausewitz stated a decisive victory "is to throw [an] opponent in order to make him incapable of further resistance. War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will." He wrote that, to cripple an enemy, a general must find that enemy's "center of gravity". This is the core of what gives an enemy their power. It can be different for different wars and for different enemies, but it is often the enemy's army, people or economy. According to Clausewitz, a war can only end in a decisive victory or it will continue. Clausewitz also wrote: "There is only one decisive victory: the last."

Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) also wrote about decisive victory. In his book The Art of War, he wrote: "Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him". Later in the book he added: "And therefore those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle, and are not brought by him".

Historical examples
The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the ancient Greeks over the Persians. It marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece.

The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. In the battle, the English King Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow through his eye. The victor, William Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later. The Norman conquest was a major turning point in England's history.

Another example of a decisive victory is the Battle of Yorktown (1781) fought at the end of the American Revolutionary War. The American and the French forces defeated the British Army, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis. Cornwallis believed he could end the rebellion in The Carolinas and Georgia by setting up a fortress and naval base at Yorktown, Virginia. Seeing an opportunity to trap the British on the Virginia Peninsula, American General George Washington and French General Rochambeau marched their armies to Yorktown and established a siege. The French navy prevented the British fleet from reinforcing Cornwallis. A month later Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the war.

The World War II Battle of Midway took place from June 4, 1942 to June 7, 1942. It was a decisive victory for the United States Navy over the Japanese Navy. It was the turning point in the war allowing the U.S. forces to go on the offensive against the Japanese. The Japanese fleet commander, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, chose to attack Midway Island to draw out the few remaining U.S. Aircraft carriers and ambush them. Unknown to the Japanese, the Americans had been able to decypher their coded messages. Reading the coded messages, they knew what the Japanese plan was. The result was the complete destruction of the Japanese carrier fleet (the Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu) with 322 aircraft and over five thousand sailors. The Americans lost 147 aircraft and about three hundred sailors. While the battle did not directly end the war, it crippled Japanese sea power and ended the Japanese capability to stop the Americans and their allies.

Related pages
 Strategic victory
 Tactical victory
 Pyrrhic victory
 Victory

References

Other websites
 The Crimean War : Malakoff, the Decisive Victory; YouTube

Military terminology

Decisive victory


Orthogonal array testing is a systematic and statistically-driven black-box testing technique employed in the field of software testing. This method is particularly valuable in scenarios where the number of inputs to a system is substantial enough to make exhaustive testing impractical.

Overview
Orthogonal array testing works on the premise of selecting a subset of test cases from a large pool of potential inputs. This selection is based on statistical methods to ensure that the chosen subset represents the whole input space. As a result, serious bugs can be identified while the number of tests necessary to do so is greatly reduced.

Benefits

 Reduced testing cycle time: By strategically selecting test cases, the testing process becomes more efficient, leading to time savings.
 Simplified analysis: The structured nature of orthogonal array testing makes analysis straightforward and less complex.
 Balanced test cases: This technique ensures that test cases are well-balanced, making it easier to isolate defects and assess performance.
 Cost savings: It offers a significant cost advantage over pair-wise testing, making it an economical choice for testing large-scale software systems.

Cons

 Limited applicability: This technique is most effective when the number of inputs is relatively small. In cases with an extremely large number of inputs, it may not be as efficient.
 Complex implementation: Properly designing orthogonal arrays requires a good understanding of statistical principles, which may pose a challenge for some testing teams.
 May miss specific edge cases: While orthogonal arrays are designed to cover a broad range of scenarios, they may not capture very specific edge cases that could be crucial in certain applications.

Applications

 User Interface Testing: Orthogonal array testing is employed to evaluate the user interface of software applications. It aids in identifying interface-related anomalies and inconsistencies.
 System Testing: It is used to validate the functionality of entire systems, ensuring that they perform as specified in their requirements.
 Regression Testing: Orthogonal array testing is effective in the detection of regressions, ensuring that new updates or modifications do not introduce unintended consequences.
 Configuration Testing: This technique is valuable in assessing different configurations of software, ensuring compatibility across diverse environments.
 Performance Testing: It can be applied to evaluate the performance characteristics of software systems, helping to identify potential bottlenecks or performance issues.

Principle of Orthogonality
Orthogonal array testing works based on something called orthogonal arrays. These are organized lists of different factors. When we use them, we make sure that the results we get from each factor are not connected or related. This means each test gives us new and unique information. This way of organizing inputs helps us avoid repeating tests and get the same info with the least number of experiments.

Orthogonal vector
The concept of orthogonal vectors in orthogonal arrays is fundamental to understanding orthogonal array testing. Orthogonal vectors possess key properties:

 Unique Information: Each vector imparts information distinct from any other vector in the sequence, thereby avoiding redundancy.
 Separability: Through linear addition, the signals can be easily separated.
 Statistical Independence: Each vector is statistically independent of the others, signifying a lack of correlation between them.
 Resultant Summation: When subjected to linear addition, the resultant is the arithmetic sum of the individual components

References

External links

Survival analysis
Design of experiments

Orthogonal array testing


Richard Falbr (born 29 September 1940) is a Czech politician, and a
Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2014 representing the Czech Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

Early life
Falbr was born in Chester, England, during World War II, in which his father served in the fighter squadron. His mother was of Spanish descent. After the end of the war, the family lived briefly in the UK and Czechoslovakia, before Falbr's father was sent to work in the embassy in Venezuela, where Richard attended primary school. The family returned to Czechoslovakia in 1953.

Communist era
Falbr worked as a foreign-language correspondent from 1959 to 1963, then as a language teacher for the communist secret police until 1969.

In 1969, Falbr graduated from the Law Faculty of Charles University in Prague as a Doctor of Jurisprudence. Following this, he worked as a trade union lawyer for 19 years, until the Velvet Revolution.

Post-communist career
From 1990, Falbr was active in trade union politics, as vice-chair of the Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (1990–1994) and chair of the Bohemian-Moravian Service Workers' Trade Union (1990–1998), going on to serve as chair of the Bohemian-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1994 until 2002. He was also involved in international trade union bodies, serving as a member of the administration of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1992–2002), the governing body of the International Labour Organization (1993–2002), and the administration of the European Trade Union Confederation (1995–2002).

He was the vice-chair of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) for 1991–1992, and in 1996 was elected to the Czech Senate representing the city of Most. While a Senator, Falbr was a member (1996-2004) and vice-chair (1998–2002) of the Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, a member of the Committee on Mandate and Parliamentary Privilege (2002–2004), and a member of the Standing Senate Commission on the Constitution of the Czech Republic (2002–2004).

European Parliament
Falbr sat as an MEP from 2004 to 2014. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, and was a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development, a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Mercosur.

See also
 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic

External links

1940 births
Living people
Czech Social Democratic Party MEPs
MEPs for the Czech Republic 2004–2009
MEPs for the Czech Republic 2009–2014
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia politicians
StB
Czech trade unionists
Charles University alumni
People from Chester
Presidents of Bohemian-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions

Richard Falbr


Kevin Mark DuBrow (October 29, 1955 – November 19, 2007) was an American singer of rock music. He is best known as the lead singer of the heavy metal band Quiet Riot from 1975, when the band started, until 2007, when he died.

On December 10, 2007, media reported that DuBrow had been found dead on the afternoon of November 25, 2007. He died because he took an accidental overdose of cocaine.

1955 births
2007 deaths
Singers from Los Angeles

Kevin DuBrow


The State Opera and Ballet () is the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, with venues in Ankara, Istanbul, İzmir, Mersin, Antalya and Samsun. The directorate is bound to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. As of January 2018, Murat Karahan is the General Director.

History

Early history
The first opera staged during the Ottoman period is usually attributed to the reign of Selim III (1761–1808), when Selim, himself a composer and a poet, invited a foreign company to stage an opera at the Topkapı Palace in 1797.

In 1840, Gaetano Donizetti's Belisario became the first opera to be translated into Turkish, and was performed at the newly built theatre by Italian architect Bosco. The theater was transferred to Tütüncüoğlu Michael Naum Efendi in 1844, who continued to arrange opera performances for the following 26 years. An important public opera performance was Giuseppe Verdi's Ernani, staged by an Italian company in Beyoğlu in 1846. Also in 1846, Naum Efendi's theatre was destroyed by fire and was replaced by a new one. During the period of 1846–1877, operas of Verdi, performed mostly by Italian companies, reached a wide audience. One of the earliest Turkish operettas was Leblebici Horhor (Horhor the chickpea seller), by the Armenian composer Dikran Çuhacıyan who is also remembered as the composer of what may have been the first original opera in Turkish, Arif'in Hilesi (Arif's Deception) 1874.

As with other arts, the development of Turkish opera and ballet was brought to a halt from the 1880s by almost constant warfare, peaking in the Balkan Wars and World War I which resulted in the collapse of the empire.

Republican period
The foundation of the new Republic of Turkey in 1923 was followed by Atatürk's Reforms, of which far-reaching cultural reforms were an important step. Under Atatürk's personal guidance, many talented young people were sent to Europe for professional training, who, upon their return during the 1930s, became teachers of music and performing arts at the newly established Musiki Muallim Mektebi in Ankara (opened in 1924) and Darülelhan in Istanbul.

The first Turkish opera, Özsoy, composed by Ahmet Adnan Saygun to a libretto by Münir Hayri Egeli, premiered in 1934. It was shortly followed by Adnan Saygun's Taşbebek and Necil Kazım Akses's Bay Önder.

During 1935, German composer Paul Hindemith and theatre director Carl Ebert were invited to give lectures at Musiki Muallim Mektebi in Ankara, which was subsequently transformed into Ankara State Conservatory. The two lecturers were offered permanent posts at the conservatory, an offer which Paul Hindemith was not able to accept. Nevertheless, he kept visiting Ankara and inspecting the activities at the music school. Carl Ebert stayed in Ankara as the director of the conservatory theatre school and opera studio for the following nine years.

On May 16, 1940, the State Conservatory was firmly established under law, comprising music, opera, ballet, and theatre schools. The first performance staged by the students of the conservatory was Mozart's one-act comic opera Bastien und Bastienne, performed with Turkish text in the accompaniment of the Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra. In 1940, the second act of Puccini's Madama Butterfly was performed in Turkish by the staff of the conservatory opera studio, followed in 1941 by Tosca.

The conversion of the existing Sergievi (Exhibition House) building in Ankara into an opera house was started in 1947 and the building started serving as the Ankara Opera House on April 2, 1948, with the performance of pieces composed by the Turkish Five and the premiere of Ahmet Adnan Saygun's Kerem. The organization of the opera orchestra and chorus was completed between 1950–1953. During the same period, a ballet school was established in Istanbul with prima ballerina Ninette de Valois, who appointed Molly Lake and Travis Kemp to run it. The school was later integrated into Ankara State Conservatory, giving its first graduates in 1956.

Management of the theatre and the opera were separated in 1958, creating the directorates of Turkish State Theatres and State Opera and Ballet. In 1959, the Istanbul City Opera was established by the private effort of Aydın Gün, and it was nationalized in 1970 as the Istanbul State Opera and Ballet.

This was followed by the establishment of İzmir State Opera and Ballet in 1983, Mersin State Opera and Ballet in 1992, Antalya State Opera and Ballet in 1999 and Samsun State Opera and Ballet in 2009.

Venues

Ankara
Ankara Opera House (Opera Sahnesi / Büyük Tiyatro)
Leyla Gencer Sahnesi
Operet Sahnesi

Istanbul
Atatürk Cultural Center
Süreyya Opera House

İzmir
İzmir State Opera and Ballet

Mersin
Mersin State Opera and Ballet

Antalya
Antalya State Opera and Ballet

Samsun
Samsun State Opera and Ballet

Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival

The State Opera and Ballet directorate organizes, since 1994, the annual opera and ballet festival in the ancient theatre of Aspendos, near Antalya, with international participation of opera and ballet companies.

See also
Turkish State Theatres
Ballet in Turkey
Music of Turkey

References

External links
Official website of the directorate and Ankara State Opera and Ballet
Official website of İzmir State Opera and Ballet
A brief history of opera and ballet in Turkey, on the website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism

Turkish opera companies
Turkish music
Cultural organizations based in Turkey
Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)
Performing arts in Turkey

Turkish State Opera and Ballet


Jason Costa (born November 5, 1972) is an American musician, best known as the former drummer for the band Diecast, and the band All That Remains. He has been with All That Remains since late 2006, joining almost immediately after Shannon Lucas left the band. Jason has drummed for six All That Remains albums: Overcome, For We Are Many, A War You Cannot Win, The Order of Things, Madness, and Victim of the New Disease. He is notable for being one of the few heavy metal drummers to play solely with the 'traditional grip'.

Career

Heresy (1989-1991)
Jason Costa was one of the original founding members of Boston based thrash band Heresy. Other founding members, Ken Nasif, Peter Giannacopolous, Mike McKee.

Diecast (1997-2006)
Jason Costa joined the Boston-based band Diecast as the original drummer in 1997. During that year, the band released their album Perpetual War. A year later, in 1998, they released their first label-produced album, Undo the Wicked. After these two album releases they would go to make the albums Day of Reckoning and Tearing Down Your Blue Skies. Then, in 2006, Jason Costa left Diecast to join his current band All That Remains.

All That Remains
Jason Costa auditioned for All That Remains in 2006 to replace former drummer Shannon Lucas. When asked if making the switch from Diecast to All That Remains was difficult, he said, "Nothing for me was a challenge except having to put some time into practicing blast beats, but those are pretty easy... no secret to learning that. Just a metronome and some endurance."
After about a year and a half, All That Remains released their first album with Jason as their drummer: Overcome. The songs in Overcome included the singles Two Weeks and Forever In Your Hands. Music videos were made for the two singles.

On October 12, 2010, All That Remains released their next album, For We Are Many. It spawned the single 'Hold On' in 2010, and two more singles, 'The Last Time' and 'The Waiting One', in 2011. Music videos were made for the first two singles.

In 2012, All That Remains released updates and videos, hinting to new songs and a new album. Then, on March 27, 2012, the vocalist for All That Remains, Phil Labonte, uploaded a video that showcased around ten seconds of the band recording a new song (the song turned out to be a riff from 'Stand Up (Stand Up)'. Finally, on August 13, Phil personally uploaded a video of their new single 'Down Through the Ages', and then on August 29, All That Remains released the official lyrics video for their next, newest single 'Stand Up (Stand Up)'.

On 20th July 2023, Jason announced he was leaving All That Remains, citing "deeply personal reasons" that were unrelated to the band.

Discography

Diecast
Perpetual War - demo (1997)
Sampler - demo (1999)
 Undo the Wicked (1998)
 Day of Reckoning (2001)
 Tearing Down Your Blue Skies (2004)

All That Remains
 Overcome (2008)
 For We Are Many (2010)
 A War You Cannot Win (2012)
 The Order of Things (2015)
 Madness (2017)
 Victim of the New Disease (2018)

References

American rock drummers
Living people
All That Remains (band) members
1972 births
21st-century American drummers

Jason Costa


Peter Browngardt is an American animator, storyboard artist, voice actor, writer and producer currently working as such episode The Signal The Amazing World of Gumball. He is perhaps best known for being the creator of Cartoon Network's Uncle Grandpa, in which he also voices the title character, a spin-off of the earlier Secret Mountain Fort Awesome. Browngardt has had prior experience working on shows such as Futurama, The Simpsons, Chowder and The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack, The Amazing World of Gumball, Uncle Grandpa. His main contribution to the Adventure Time series is storyboarding and writing The 2009 episode "Regular Show Pilot".

American animators
American voice actors
American producers
Living people
1979 births
American cartoonists
American television writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)

Peter Browngardt


Robert Arthur Kardashian (born March 17, 1987) is an American television personality.  He is known for appearing on Keeping Up with the Kardashians, a reality television series that centers on his family, as well as its spin-offs. In 2011, Kardashian also competed in the thirteenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, during which he placed second.

Early life
Robert Arthur Kardashian was born March 17, 1987 in Los Angeles, California, to attorney Robert Kardashian and wife Kris. He has three older sisters, Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé. His parents divorced in 1991, and his mother married Olympic decathlete Caitlyn Jenner the same year. Through their marriage, Kardashian gained step-brothers Burton "Burt", Brandon, and Brody; step-sister Casey; and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner. His father, Robert Kardashian, died in September 2003 from esophageal cancer.

Kardashian graduated from the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business in 2009.

Career
Kardashian was a contestant on season 13 of Dancing with the Stars in 2011. He was paired with two-time champion Cheryl Burke and made it further than his sister Kim did during her appearance in the seventh season. Kardashian was almost eliminated in the fourth week. During the season, Kardashian became the most improved dancer, advancing with his partner Cheryl Burke to the finals, her fifth time doing so. The pair ended up in second place against J.R. Martinez and Karina Smirnoff.

Kardashian has also taken on several business ventures working with PerfectSkin, Rival Spot, the BG5 and working on his own sock line. Kardashian was one of the final judges of Miss USA 2012.

Kardashian announced in August 2012 that he would return to the University of Southern California and study law later in the year. USC's Gould School of Law, however, denied this, and stated via its Twitter account that Kardashian had not even applied to the school.

In 2012, Kardashian participated in Fox's dating game show The Choice. That same year, he launched his sock line titled Arthur George.

The reality series Rob & Chyna premiered on September 11, 2016. It followed Kardashian's relationship with model Blac Chyna as they prepared to welcome their first child. Six hour-long episodes were ordered, excluding a television special featuring the birth of Kardashian and Chyna's newborn. The show concluded that December.

Personal life
Kardashian dated actress Adrienne Bailon from 2007 until 2009. Their relationship was documented on the family reality show Keeping Up with the Kardashians. In 2012, he dated singer Rita Ora.

In December 2015, it was reported that Kardashian was hospitalized after falling ill and diagnosed with diabetes.

In January 2016, Kardashian began dating model Blac Chyna. On April 5, 2016, Kardashian and Chyna announced their engagement via Instagram after three months of dating. In May 2016, it was reported that the couple were expecting their first child together. Their daughter, Dream Renée Kardashian, was born on November 10, 2016. On December 17, 2016, the couple announced their split on social media after Chyna's Instagram account was hacked. Kardashian told his Snapchat followers that his fiancée left him, moved out of their home and took their month old daughter with her. However, the couple reconciled as the split was revealed to be done in the "heat of the moment."  On December 28, 2016, Kardashian was hospitalized again for diabetes, however, he left the hospital the next day.

On July 5, 2017, Kardashian made a series of Instagram posts accusing Chyna of infidelity and posted explicit pictures of her. He was later banned from Instagram for posting revenge porn, but an official account managed by Jenner Communications is active.

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
American socialites
American people of Armenian descent
Armenian Apostolic Christians
Rob
Living people
Marshall School of Business alumni
Participants in American reality television series
Male models from Los Angeles

Rob Kardashian


Once Upon a Time in China IV is a 1993 Hong Kong–Chinese martial arts film and the fourth installment in the Once Upon a Time in China film series. It was directed by Yuen Bun in his directorial debut and produced by Tsui Hark, who directed the first three films. Vincent Zhao starred as Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity, Wong Fei-hung, who was portrayed by Jet Li in the first three films.

Plot
In Beijing, China in 1900 during the Qing dynasty, Wong Fei-hung plans to return to Foshan with his father Wong Kei-ying and apprentices Leung Foon and Clubfoot. He also meets 14th Aunt, 13th Aunt's sister, who has a romantic crush on him.

Just as Wong is about to leave, a Manchu general, Alan Chengdu, shows up and tells him that the Eight-Nation Alliance has challenged China to an international lion dance competition. The general is eager to recruit Wong to join him in representing China in the competition because Wong was the champion of the national lion dance competition. Since the competition is an international one, the contestants are not restricted to using only lion masks; other animal masks, such as dragon, centipede and eagle, are also present. Wong understands the gravity of the situation – China must win to uphold its sovereignty and regain lost national pride - and promises Alan Chengdu that he will join the competition.

The Red Lantern Sect is a feminist and xenophobic cult; that goes around killing foreigners and destroying everything regarded as alien to Chinese culture. Its members are all female and are mainly armed with rope weapons, bows and ether-filled lanterns. When the cult attacks a German medical clinic, Wong intervenes and tries to stop them from killing the foreigners. German soldiers show up and capture Wong and Miao Sanniang, one of the cult members. A Catholic priest, Father Thomas, comes to Wong's aid and helps him and Miao escape from prison. In the meantime, the Red Lantern Sect's leader thinks that Wong has kidnapped Miao so she sends her followers to attack and capture Wong's companions. Wong goes to the cult's headquarters, fights his way through complex formations (with help from Miao) defeats the cult leader and saves his companions.

Wong is late for the lion dance competition because he was busy dealing with the Red Lantern Sect. Alan Chengdu and his dragon dance teams decide to start without Wong. The competition turns out to be a brutal massacre as the other contestants have not only equipped their animal masks with various deadly weapons, but are also resorting to dirty tricks to ensure victory. By the time Wong reaches the arena, it is already too late as Alan Chengdu has been killed by gunfire from a machine gun mounted on top of the stand where the champion's medal is.

After paying his respects at Alan Chengdu's funeral, Wong sends Clubfoot to issue a challenge to the German general who oversaw the competition and request for a rematch. The general agrees. That night, the Red Lantern Sect causes trouble again by attacking a church. Miao attempts to stop her fellow cult members from killing Father Thomas and 14th Aunt but ends up being killed by Iron Fist's accomplices. Wong shows up, defeats the cult members and rescues Father Thomas, 14th Aunt and other foreigners. At the same time, the cult leader fights with Clubfoot while Leung and his friends fight with the rest of her cult members until they are interrupted by German soldiers. Clubfoot, Leung and his friends escape and hide, while the cult leader is slain by the German general's henchmen, Iron Fist and the rapier-wielding Duen Tin-lui, by shooting her and cutting her head off.

The following day, Wong and his well-prepared lion dance teams enter the competition arena to pit themselves against the other contestants. Shortly after they emerge victorious, they receive news that the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance have defeated Chinese forces and occupied Beijing. Wong is enraged and wants to kill the German general to avenge Alan Chengdu. He teams up with Clubfoot to defeat and kill Iron Fist and Duen, who try to stop them from killing the German general. However, the general manages to escape even though he is seriously injured. Wong realises that it would make no difference even if he killed the German general because he cannot reverse the situation in Beijing, so he returns to Foshan from Beijing by train with his companions.

Cast
 Vincent Zhao as Wong Fei-hung
 Jean Wang as "14th Aunt" May
 Max Mok as Leung Foon
 Hung Yan-yan as Kwai Geuk-chat ("Clubfoot Seven Chiu-Tsat")
 Lau Shun as Wong Kei-ying
 Billy Chow as Iron Fist
 Chin Kar-lok as Duen Tin-lui
  as Miao Sanniang
 Louis Roth as Father Thomas
 Chen Jiming as A'lan Chengdu
 Wang Zhiwen as A'lan Chengdu's deputy

Box office
The absence of Jet Li and the reduced input of Tsui Hark heavily affected the film's box office earnings. However, these factors also allowed the film to be produced at a much lower budget. Despite many negative reviews, the film grossed HK$11,301,790, a return significant enough for the producers to go ahead with the next film in the franchise, Once Upon a Time in China V.

References

External links

 HKMDB
 HK Cinemagic

1993 films
1993 directorial debut films
1993 martial arts films
1990s biographical films
Hong Kong biographical films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Kung fu films
Once Upon a Time in China (film series)
Hong Kong sequel films
Films about cults
Films set in the Qing dynasty
1990s Hong Kong films

Once Upon a Time in China IV


Seneca is a town in Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 424 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Fairburn is located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.8 square miles (85.0 km2), of which, 32.7 square miles (84.8 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) of it (0.21%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 424 people, 165 households, and 120 families residing in the town.  The population density was 12.9 people per square mile (5.0/km2).  There were 194 housing units at an average density of 5.9 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.41% White, 0.24% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.24% Pacific Islander, and 1.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 165 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 3.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $48,594, and the median income for a family was $52,788. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,839. About 2.5% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.

References

Towns in Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Seneca, Green Lake County, Wisconsin


Gustav Ernst Hans Jendretzky (20 July 1897 – 2 July 1992) was a German Communist politician. He was a prominent politician of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

He became a member of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1919 and of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1920. In the 1920s, he was one of the most prominents members of the KPD, and was head of the Roter Frontkämpferbund in Berlin. He was a member of the Parliament of Prussia from 1928 to 1932. In 1934, he was sentenced to three years of prison, being charged with "conspiracy to commit high treason."

After World War II, he became active in communist politics in the Soviet Occupation Zone, and was president of the Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB) 1946-1948, First Secretary (head) of the East Berlin SED district from 1948 to 1953. He was a candidate to the politburo from 1950, deputy minister of the Interior from 1957 to 1960, a member of the SED central committee 1957-1989, member of the Volkskammer 1950-1954 and 1958-1989.

Jendretzky famously denounced the Freedom Bell in western Berlin, a gift from Americans as a sign of the fight against communism in Europe, as the "death bell", warning: "The rope of the death bell will become the gallows rope for those who ring it."

Literature
Hermann Weber/Andreas Herbst: Deutsche Kommunisten. Biographisches Handbuch 1918 bis 1945, Berlin: Karl Dietz Verlag 2004, S. 344-345

References

External links

1897 births
1992 deaths
Politicians from Berlin
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Candidate members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Members of the 5th Volkskammer
Members of the 6th Volkskammer
Members of the 7th Volkskammer
Members of the 8th Volkskammer
Members of the 9th Volkskammer
Free German Trade Union Federation members
Rotfrontkämpferbund members
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization

Hans Jendretzky


Harley Rivers Dickinson (20 October 1938 – 4 April 2008) was an Australian politician.

Dickinson was born in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond to Rivers Arthur Dickinson, a solicitor, and Dolina Marion Arbuckle. He attended Croydon State School and then The Geelong College, and graduated from the Australian School of Pacific Administration. He was part of a pioneer expedition to Mount Fubilan in Papua New Guinea in June 1958, and was an officer in the department of the Administrator of Papua and New Guinea until 1970.

On 28 November 1964, he married Nicola Charlotte Nina Payne, with whom he had four children. In 1976, he returned to Australia to become assistant secretary of the Victorian Chamber of Manufacturers, farming at Bannockburn. In 1982, Dickinson was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for South Barwon.

He resigned from the Liberal Party on 20 May 1992, and contested that year's election as an independent, but was defeated.

References

1938 births
2008 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Politicians from Melbourne
Independent members of the Parliament of Victoria
20th-century Australian politicians

Harley Dickinson


Tuna salad is a salad dish consisting of tuna and mayonnaise. The tuna used is usually pre-cooked, canned, and packaged in water or oil. Pickles, celery, relish, and onion are popular ingredients to add. When the mixture is placed on bread, it makes a tuna salad sandwich. Tuna salad is also regularly served by itself, or on top of crackers, lettuce, tomato, or avocado. Chopped boiled eggs may be added. Relish adds a piquant flavor yet, unlike commonly added vegetables, requires no chopping.

Dishes
In Belgium, the dish pêches au thon/perziken met tonijn ('peaches with tuna') is made from halved canned or fresh peaches stuffed with tuna salad. It is widespread throughout the country, and, due to its ease of preparation, it is common fare at potlucks.

In the United States, tuna salad is often considered its own dish. However, it may be added to noodles with its standard ingredients (onions, mayonnaise, and celery) to make a tuna pasta salad. Tuna salad is also commonly seen in American salad bars.

History
Tuna salad has been eaten for over 100 years. The first written reference to tuna salad, in America, appeared in 1907, and by 1914 dozens of recipes had been published. Tuna salad, especially with celery, is similar to chicken salad while also being more convenient (due to the use of canned tuna), a fact that helped its early rise in popularity.

Due to the high nutritional content of tuna salad, it assumed the reputation of a diet food in the 1960s.

See also

 Egg salad
 List of salads
 List of tuna dishes
 Niçoise salad

References

Fish salads
Tuna dishes

Tuna salad


Negrophobia (also termed anti-Blackness) is characterized by a fear, hatred or extreme aversion to Black people and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds, and Black culture worldwide. Caused amongst other factors by racism and traumatic events and circumstances, symptoms of this phobia include but are not limited to the attribution of negative characteristics to Black and Coloured people, the fear or the strong dislike of Black and Coloured men and the objectification of Black and Coloured women.

People of mixed-race descent in South Africa are referred to as Coloureds or Cape Coloureds. This term includes individuals with a mixed-race descent that can include African, Asian, and European heritage. In South Africa, the term "Coloured" is considered neutral and is commonly used to refer to individuals who self-identify as such. However, in some Western countries, such as Britain and the United States, the term "coloured" has a negative connotation and can be seen as derogatory because it was historically used as a means of categorizing black individuals and reinforcing racial hierarchies. The word persists as a neutral descriptor in the names of some older organizations, such as the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

The 1911 census in South Africa played a significant role in shaping racial identities within the country. The enumeration process involved specific instructions for classifying individuals into different racial categories, and the category of "coloured persons" was used to refer to all people of mixed race. This included various ethnic groups such as Khoikhoi, San, Cape Malays, Griquas, Korannas, Creoles, Negroes, and Cape Coloureds.

What's particularly noteworthy about the classification of "coloured persons" is that it included individuals of black African descent, commonly known as "Negroes". As a result, Coloureds or Cape Coloureds, as a group of mixed-race descent individuals, also have black African ancestry and can be considered part of the broader African diaspora.

The racial category of Coloureds is a multifaceted and heterogeneous group that exhibits great diversity. Analogously, they can be compared to the Black American population, which is composed of approximately 75% West African and 25% Northern European ancestry. However, the Cape Coloureds possess an even greater level of complexity due to the presence of Bantu African ancestry in their genetic makeup, which is closely linked to the West African heritage of Black Americans.

While Coloureds in South Africa do have black African ancestry, it is important to recognize that they have a distinct identity and experiences that are a bit different from those of black South Africans.

Despite this, there are instances where Coloureds may face discrimination and prejudice based on their mixed-race descent and black African ancestry.

Furthermore, some individuals who hold prejudiced attitudes towards black people may also hold negative attitudes towards Coloureds, viewing them as inferior or less desirable due to their mixed-race heritage.

Definitions

Lexicology

The hybrid word negrophobia consists of two components: negro and phobia. As such, it literally derives from "Fear of black":

 From Spanish and Portuguese: negro, "Black color"
 From Greek: φόβος, phóbos, "Fear of"

Other terms with similar meanings include antiblackness and blackophobia. However, some publishers have discouraged designating individuals as blackophobes or negrophobes and rather highlight the general epithet that is usually applied to racists.

Although melanophobia is sometimes confused with negrophobia, the former term is more commonly applied to situations involving inanimate objects that are very dark or black. Negrophobia is also distinct from Afrophobia, which is a perceived fear of the various cultures and peoples of Africa and the African diaspora irrespective of their racial origin. Unlike negrophobia, Afrophobia is thus essentially a cultural rather than a racial phenomenon.

Debates over definitions

There are differences in the senses that are applied to negrophobes or the noun Negrophobia. Some senses use the term to describe a discriminatory sentiment towards people who may identify with the Black race. Accordingly, the latter sense adopts the notion that a person with Negrophobia believes that his or her race is superior to the Black race through xenophobia. However, an alternative definition stays true to the original clinical meaning of the suffix phobia. Thereby, Negrophobia would be associated not with racism, but rather with those who critically fear the Black race. In July 2010, a segment on Negrophobia was featured on The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC.

Overview

Historical context

In Europe, Negrophobia finds its roots in the 17th century due to its extensive historical colonisation and slavery. According to certain sources, the term Negrophobia would have been forged on the model of the word Nigrophilism, itself first appearing in 1802 in Baudry des Lozières's Les égarements du nigrophilisme. It further reappeared in January 1927 in Lamine Senghor's La voix des nègres, a monthly anti-colonialist newspaper. The term was later popularised by Frantz Fanon, especially in his works Peaux noires masques blancs and Les Damnés de la Terre. More recently in 2005, an anti-negrophobia brigade (BAN) was created in France to protest against increasing targeted acts and occurrences of police violence. The latter protest movements notably underwent severe police violence in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris during the 2011 and 2013 abolition of slavery commemorations.

Negrophobia and identity

More specifically on Fanon's analysis of Negrophobia, the psychiatrist was the first to introduce the concept of Black Negrophobia, pointing to the hatred of Black people and Black culture by Black people themselves. Indeed, he asserts that Negrophobia is a form of "trauma for white people of the Negro". Equivalent to internalised racism caused by the trauma of living in a culture defining Black people as inherently evil, Fanon emphasises the slight existing cultural intricacies caused by the vast diversity of Black people and cultures, as well as the nature of their colonisation by White Europeans. The symptoms of such Black Negrophobia include a rejection of their native or ethnic language in favour of European languages, a marked preference for European cultures over Black cultures, and a tendency to surround themselves with lighter skinned people rather than darker skinned ones. Similarly, the pattern further includes attributing negative characteristics to Black people, culture, and things. Toni Morrison's novel The Bluest Eye (1970) stands as an illustrative work on the destroying effects of Negrophobia among the Black community on themselves. Indeed, the main character, Pecola Breedlove, through her non-reconciliation with her Black identity, her Black societal indifference and her craving for symbolic blue eyes, presents all the signs of an internalised Negrophobia. She develops an anti-Black neurosis due to her feeling of non-existence both within the White and her own community.

While the latter theoretical framework is academically debated, Fanon insists on the nature of Negrophobia as a socio-diagnosis, thus characterising not individuals but rather entire societies and their patterns. Fanon thereby implies that Negrophobia is a cross-disciplinary area of research, justifying that its analysis and understanding may not be confined to the psychological field.

Negrophobia and law

The notion of involuntary Negrophobia is highly debated in the academic and legal arenas, specifically opposing instrumentalists and non-instrumentalists. The former are favourable to the involuntary nature of a post-traumatic stress disorder, thereby defending the uncontrollable nature of a defendant's actions. This approach focusses on the personal culpability of the individual defendant, thus disregarding any possible social implications. On the other hand, instrumentalists do consider such broader implications, viewing the law as an object of social change and claiming to promote the general welfare by refusing to recognise legal claims damaging the integrity of the legal. This view criticises non instrumentalists for equating Negrophobia with insanity by allowing a person's racial fear to legally justify and even excuse violent behaviour. Following widespread claims that sane but guilty defendants may exploit the insanity defence to escape long prison sentences, a similar skepticism with respect to defences invoking Negrophobia would result in significant distrust in the legal and criminal justice system, thereby indirectly destroying the legitimacy of such courts.

Anti-Blackness in Education and Organization Studies.
In response to Black Lives Matter organizing contemporary scholars of Education, Human Resource Development, and Critical Management Studies have begun focusing on anti-Blackness in schools and places of business. These efforts build on established critical race discourses in their respective field and incorporate concepts from Afropessimism.

See also

 Negrophilia
 Afrophobia
 Missing white woman syndrome
 Ethnocentrism
 List of phobias
 Racial bias in criminal news
 Racism against African Americans
 Stereotypes of African Americans
 Xenophobia

References

Prejudice and discrimination by type

Negrophobia


The Don is a river in Russia and the fifth-longest river in Europe.

Don River or River Don may also refer to:

Australia
Don River (Central Queensland), a tributary of the Fitzroy River
Don River (North Queensland)
Don River (Tasmania)
Don River (Victoria)

Canada
Don River (Ontario)

France
Don (Vilaine), a river in Brittany

United Kingdom
River Don, Lancashire, England
River Don, Tyne and Wear, England
River Don, Yorkshire, England
Little Don River, a tributary
River Don Navigation, the lower River Don
Duke of Northumberland's River or D.O.N. River
River Don, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

See also

 Don (disambiguation)
 Don River Bridge (disambiguation)
 Don Rivers, American politician

Don River (disambiguation)


A  is a hall or place for immersive learning, experiential learning or meditation. This is traditionally in the field of martial arts, but has been seen increasingly in other fields, such as meditation and software development. The term literally means "place of the Way" in Japanese.

History

The word dōjō originates from Buddhism. Initially, dōjō were adjunct to temples and were formal training places for any of the Japanese arts ending in "-dō", from the Chinese Dao, meaning "way" or "path". Sometimes meditation halls where Zen Buddhists practice zazen meditation were called dōjō. The alternative term zen-do is more specific, and more widely used.  European Sōtō Zen groups affiliated with the International Zen Association prefer to use dōjō instead of zendo to describe their meditation halls as did their founding master, Taisen Deshimaru.

In Japan, any facility for physical training, including professional wrestling, may be called a dōjō. In the Western world, the term dōjō (when related to physical activity) is used exclusively for Japanese martial arts such as aikidō, jūdō, karate-dō, etc.

In martial arts

A proper Japanese martial arts dōjō is considered special and is well cared for by its users. Shoes are not worn in a dōjō. In many styles it is traditional to conduct a ritual cleaning (sōji; 掃除) of the dōjō at the beginning and/or end of each training session. Besides the obvious hygienic benefits of regular cleaning it also serves to reinforce the fact that dōjō are supposed to be supported and managed by the student body (or by special students, e.g., uchi-deshi), not the school's instructional staff. This attitude has become lost in many modern dōjō that are founded and run by a small group of people or instructors. In fact, it is not uncommon that in traditional schools (koryu), dōjō are rarely used for training at all, instead being reserved for more symbolic or formal occasions. The actual training is conducted typically outdoors or in a less formal area.

Many traditional dōjō follow a prescribed pattern with shomen (正面; "front") and various entrances that are used based on student and instructor rank laid out precisely.  Typically students will enter in the lower-left corner of the dōjō (in reference to the shomen) with instructors in the upper right corner. Shomen typically contains a Shintō shrine with a sculpture, flower arrangement, or other artifacts. The term kamiza means "place of honor" and a related term, kamidana refers to the shrine itself. Other artifacts may be displayed throughout the dōjō, such as kanban (看板; signboard) that authorize the school in a style or strategy, and items such as taiko drums or armor (Ō-yoroi). It is not uncommon to find the name of the dōjō and the dōjō kun (roughly "dōjō rules") displayed prominently at shomen as well.  Visitors may have a special place reserved, depending on their rank and station. Weapons and other training gear will normally be found on the back wall.

Honbu dōjō
A honbu dōjō (本部道場) is the central training facility and administrative headquarters of a particular martial arts style.

Some well-known dōjō located in Japan are:
 Kodokan Judo Institute (Judo)
 Aikikai Hombu Dōjō (Aikido)
 Noma Dōjō (Kendo)
 Nakazato Karate Weapons Gym (Shōrin-ryū Shōrinkan)

Other names for training halls
Other names for training halls that are equivalent to "dōjō" include the following:

 Akhara (Indian martial arts)
 Dojang (Korean martial arts)
 Gelanggang (silat Melayu)
 Heya (sumo)
 Kalari (kalaripayat)
 Sasaran (pencak silat)
 Wuguan (wushu)
 Võ Đường (Viet vo dao)

In other fields
The term dōjō is also increasingly used for other forms of immersive-learning space.

Zen Buddhism
The term dōjō is sometimes used to describe the meditation halls where Zen Buddhists practice zazen seated meditation. The alternative term zen-do is more specific, and more widely used.  European Sōtō Zen groups affiliated with the International Zen Association prefer to use dōjō instead of zendo to describe their meditation halls as did their founding master, Taisen Deshimaru.

Computer-related
 Coding dōjō: a space and associated technique for groups to practice computer programming skills
 Testing dōjō: a space and time where testers work together on a testing challenge
 Agile coaching dōjō: a space where a cross-functional team works for up to three months, surrounded by an agile coach and technical subject matter experts, to learn and practice agile and technical practices

Notes

References

External links

Architecture in Japan
Japanese martial arts terminology
Zen

Dojo


Mordecai George Sheftall is an American author and scholar living in Japan since 1987.

He is a professor of modern Japanese cultural history and communication in the Faculty of Informatics at Shizuoka University, a branch campus of the Japanese national university system. Sheftall's writing and research activities focus on the modern evolution of Japanese national identity, with particular emphasis on the Japanese experience in World War II and the lingering effects of that conflict on both collective and individual Japanese consciousness.

Fluent and literate in Japanese, he is a frequent commentator on modern Japanese history, culture and identity issues in public symposia and Japanese broadcast and print news media. He has also been a featured commentator and technical advisor on the History Channel series "Dogfights." He has contributed chapters to scholarly volumes on the legacy of the Second World War in modern Japanese society and on the historical, cultural and sociological analysis of the effect of military defeat on modern societies. His most important work to date has been the critically acclaimed Penguin Group title Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (2005), based on interviews with survivors of Japan's wartime kamikaze program.

Sheftall graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City, attended the United States Military Academy at West Point for two years as a member of the Class of 1984, and received a B.A. in Political Science/International Relations from Fordham University in 1985. He holds master's degrees from California State University and the University of Birmingham, and received his Ph.D in International Relations Studies from Waseda University in Tokyo. Sheftall's Waseda dissertation employs a methodological framework based on Terror Management Theory to analyze the evolution of kamikaze ideology during Japan's Imperial Era (1895-1945) and the interpretive discourse of this historical legacy in postwar Japan.

From 2012-2013, he was a visiting research fellow at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, researching discourses of war memory in postwar Japan and the effect of same on modern Japanese culture.

References/Links
Sheftall, M.G. (2007) "Tattoi gisei: the aesthetics of "noble sacrifice" as discourse of re-masculinized national identity in postwar Japan." *Keio University, Global Security Research Institute Working Paper No.14.
Sheftall, M.G. (2005) Blossoms In The Wind: Human Legacies Of The Kamikaze (New York: NAL Caliber)
"In The Face Of Samurai Spirit", Japan Times,  August 15, 2005.

Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Stuyvesant High School alumni
Kamikaze
American expatriates in Japan
Year of birth missing (living people)
Historians from New York (state)
American male non-fiction writers

M. G. Sheftall


The Pyrene Company Limited from their beginning in 1914, until 1971 when they became Chubb Fire Security Limited, were among the world's leaders in the manufacture of fire fighting equipment. The name Pyrene was epitomised by their famous 'pump' extinguisher which was installed on public transport, commercial and private vehicles throughout the western world.

Company history
In 1907, a Scottish engineer, unable to get financial backing in the UK, took his idea for a fire extinguisher to the US. He established what became known as the Pyrene Company of Delaware in 1909.

A British offshoot, The Pyrene Company Limited was founded in 1914 when Wallace B. Phillips, an American businessman, set up in Great Queen Street, London, selling 'pump' extinguishers. The company moved to Grosvenor Gardens, London in 1918, and then to Stoke Newington in 1920, where a factory to manufacture soda-acid and foam fire extinguishers was established.

The London General Omnibus Company awarded Pyrene the contract for its fire extinguishers in 1924.

In  1927, a metal-finishing division was established, which developed the Parkerizing process for metal rust-proofing. Its Pyrene Company Limited sold part of the chemical division to the Brent International Chemical Company which was a stand-alone specialty chemical company who manufactured a variety of industrial cleaning compounds. Pyrene only retained rights to manufacture the off patent firefighting chemicals. Brent continued to manufacture the firefighting chemicals globally for Pyrene for several years until Pyrene redeveloped the chemistry side of their business. Brent America was sold to Oakite and was later acquired by Chemetall GMBH.

Pyrene moved to a new Art Deco style factory in 1930, located on the Great West Road, Brentford and established the concept of major fire demonstrations with the construction of a large demonstration ground alongside the Brentford factory, to simulate an oil storage depot. The factory, now known as Westlink House, is a Grade II listed building.

Pyrene Phomene installations were fitted to many ships during the 1930s, and the 'car bumper' division became well established and by 1960 was producing approximately one third of the car bumpers used in the UK motor industry.

1931 saw the company's equipment providing protection for such events as Brooklands, the RAF Pageant Hendon, and the Tidworth and Aldershot Tattoos.

The liner  was protected by the installation of a Pyrene foam fire-fighting system in 1933.

During World War II, Pyrene designed and manufactured ARP equipment for ordnance factories, industry and power stations. Expansion was rapid with the wartime demand for fire-fighting equipment, and production of projectiles. A major contract was one from the Air Ministry to supply airfield crash tenders.

In 1950, a new factory was opened in Ferndale, South Wales for the manufacture of fire extinguishers.

The Pyrene Manufacturing Company of Canada, the CO2 Equipment Company of Canada and the American Pyrene Company were all acquired during 1953–54. Also in these years the company received commissions from the UK Atomic Energy Authority at Harwell to develop mediums for extinguishing sodium and lithium fires, which they produced under the Pyromet brand-name. The fire extinguisher manufacturer Minimax Limited, was purchased by Pyrene in 1955.

During 1955 the FB5X foam making branch pipe was introduced and the Pyrene ED-HOL system in ships, which recycled the ship's own inert exhaust gases to fight fires in the hold, was developed. Over the years Pyrene fire fighting systems were installed in a number of the world's largest passenger liners including the ,  and . Other important contracts undertaken by the company during the late 1950s included a smoke detection system at the BBC TV Lime Grove Studios in London, smoke detectors for the Bristol Britannia aircraft, CO2 fire-fighting systems for a number of British Rail diesel locomotives, and supplying fire detection and CO2 systems for Lloyd's of London.

Pyrene Panorama Ltd

Pyrene Panorama Ltd was established in 1959 when Pyrene purchased the business of Panorama Equipment Ltd, which itself dated from 1941. This company was originally formed to manufacture an industrial wide-field vision safety goggle which gave rise to the name-"Panorama". Also in 1959, Pyrene acquired Roberts McClean, who in 1931, introduced self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus to the UK and these two companies merged under the Pyrene Panorama brand.

Pyrene was taken over by Chubb and Sons in 1967 and continued to operate under the name Pyrene Panorama. In 1971 Chubb Fire Security Ltd was formed. In that same year a Bristol Britannia aircraft, flown by test pilot Donald Chubb, landed on a carpet of Pyrene foam at Manston.

In 1976 Fireward Ltd, manufacturers since 1964 of plastic-bodied portable dry-powder fire extinguishers, also merged with Pyrene Panorama, to form the new company, Chubb Panorama. A further addition to the group in 1976 was the acquisition of Submarine and Safety Engineering Ltd, specialists in self-contained under-water breathing apparatus and diving equipment. Their "Dominair" range added considerably to the company's comprehensive coverage of safety equipment.

See also

Chubb Fire & Security
Chubb Locks
Read and Campbell Limited
Minimax Limited
Rampart Engineering

References

External links

 http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Pyrene_Co
 http://www.chubb.co.uk
 http://www.mewe.org.uk/londondeco/Factories.html

Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Firefighting equipment
Emergency services equipment makers
Companies based in the London Borough of Hounslow
1967 mergers and acquisitions

The Pyrene Company Limited


The Directorate General of  National Security Intelligence (), commonly known as the NSI, is the principal civilian intelligence agency of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The NSI's headquarters is in 1 Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The NSI is the leading body of the Government of Bangladesh in the field of internal security, counter terrorism, counter intelligence and foreign intelligence. NSI is the largest among the intelligence agencies in Bangladesh, the others being the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), SB, CID, PBI and intelligence directorates of armed and paramilitary forces. The agency stands under the direct authority of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.

This is an independent civilian intelligence agency. Today, its internal security functions are similar to the British Security Service MI5, while the foreign intelligence function does not quite resemble the MI6. The NSI also has territorial units in all of the 64 districts of Bangladesh, headed by a Joint Director/Deputy Director.

Being the only independent civilian intelligence agency in Bangladesh, the NSI's principal activities are gathering information about foreign governments, individuals, corporations, political parties, different religious groups; counter-terrorism, counter-intelligence, political intelligence, and giving protection to the VIPs & VVIPs are among its major functions.

Organization
 National Security Intelligence is headed by a Director General (D.G.), who is a two-star military officer. The key posts of this organization are Director, Additional Director, Joint Director, Deputy Director, and Assistant Director. Some other posts are Computer Engineer, Telephone Engineer, Research Officer. Some directorates of NSI are internal, city internal, border, external, security, media wing, training, administration, research, counter-terrorism cell, and intelligence.
 The force is mostly staffed by civil personnel. Officers are recruited by the  Prime Minister's Office, Class-1 officers directly recruited by the agency starts with the post of Assistant Director (Grade-9).
 Officers are also seconded from Bangladesh Police, Armed Forces of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Ansar.

List of directors general
 A. B. S. Safdar (1977-1990)
 Brigadier General AJM Aminul Haque, Bir Uttom (1993 -1996)
 Major General Golam Kader (1996)
 Major General Mustafizur Rahman (1996 - 1997)
 Colonel Mohammad Wahidul Haque (acting; 1997 – 1998)
 Kazi Moshiur Rahman (1998-2000)
 Major General Abdur Rahim (2001 – 5 January 2005)
 Major General Rezzakul Haider Chowdhury (5 January 2005 –2008)
 Major General Sheikh Md Monirul Islam (20 April 2008 – 17 March 2009)

 Brigadier General (rtd) M Manzur Ahmed (17 March 2009 – 25 March 2014)
 Major General Shamsul Haque (25 March 2014 – 31 July 2018)
 Major General T. M. Jobaer (since 31 July 2018)

Duties
The principal activities of the NSI National Security Intelligence are:
 Gathering information by any or all means about foreign governments, organizations, individuals, and politicians;  monitor Bangladeshi government officials, political parties, politicians, extremist groups, separatists, religious bodies, unions, popular movements, NGOs, and any other group or person who might be relevant to national security;
 Analysing that information, along with intelligence gathered by other Bangladesh intelligence agencies, to provide intelligence assessments to the PM and the National Committee for Intelligence Coordination
 Upon executive orders carrying out or overseeing covert activities overseas, by its own employees, by members of the military, or by other partner forces.

Notable Foreign Operations
Yemen

 On February 11, 2022, Lt. Col. (Retd.) Sufiul Anam, a Bangladeshi individual employed by the United Nations, was abducted from Yemen's Mudiah province by members of al-Qaeda. A ransom of $3 million was demanded for his release. Fortunately, after 18 months in captivity, he has been successfully rescued by the National Security Intelligence (NSI).

Controversies

Human Rights abuses
According to Human Rights Watch's May 2009 issue, during the 2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis in Bangladesh, the NSI was actively involved in harassment and arbitrary arrest of labor activists.

Ten-truck arms and ammunition haul in Chittagong

Several high ranking NSI officers and field officers were sacked by the BNP government after being found connected with the 10-Truck Arms and Ammunition Haul in Chittagong case and were later convicted, who were:
 Former Director General of NSI: Brigadier General Abdur Rahim.
 Former Director: Wing Commander Shahabuddin Ahmed
 Former Assistant Director: Major Liakat Hossain
 Former Field Officer: Akbar Hossain

Killing of labour activists

NSI's name had appeared several times during the trial of the mysterious murder of labor rights activist Aminul Islam in April 2012. The only convict, Aminul's friend Mostafijur Rahman was found a mystery man, about whom no one knew much, who apparently had a cover job at an EPZ clinic and regularly met with security officers, is believed to be linked with NSI, though the court has not asked the agency for clarification and nor did the prosecution try to bring them, media has speculated such controversies, though denied by the agency.

In Fiction

 In the Web TV Series Contract (2021), Arifin Shuvoo played the character of Bastard a fictional codename of a retired NSI Agent and Hitman who was given the last task to hunt down an underworld drug-lord named Black Ranju (played by Chanchal Chowdhury)

See also
 National Committee for Intelligence Coordination
 Directorate General of Forces Intelligence
 Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau

References

Bangladeshi intelligence agencies
1972 establishments in Bangladesh
 Government agencies established in 1972

National Security Intelligence