Figure It Out is an American children's panel game show that aired on Nickelodeon. The original series, hosted by Summer Sanders, ran for four seasons from July 7, 1997, to December 12, 1999. The show was revived in 2012, with Jeff Sutphen as host, with the revival airing from June 11, 2012, to July 16, 2013. The series was originally recorded at Nickelodeon Studios at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. The revival episodes were filmed on stage 19 at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles.

Children with special skills or unique achievements compete as contestants on the show while a panel of four Nickelodeon celebrities try to guess the predetermined phrase that describes the contestant's talent. The series is a loose adaptation of What's My Line? and I've Got a Secret, both established panel shows created by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman.

Shortly after the series aired its last first-run episode, Figure It Out began airing repeats on Nick GAS until the network ceased at the end of 2007 (2009 on Dish Network). Several episodes of the Sanders-hosted series also aired in 2012 as part of The '90s Are All That, a 1990s-oriented rerun block that aired on TeenNick.

Gameplay
Each episode has two sets of three timed rounds (originally all 60 seconds in length, for the revival series, rounds two and three were played for 45 seconds), in which the panel takes turns asking yes-or-no questions to try to guess the contestant's talent. For every "yes" answer, the panelist's turn continues. Once a panelist asks a question with a "no" answer, their turn ends and the next panelist's turn starts. If at any time a panelist cannot think of a question on their turn, they may pass their turn to the next panelist. Each time a panelist mentions a word that is part of the phrase that describes the secret talent, the word is turned over on a game board displaying the puzzle. This game board was referred to as Billy the Answer Head during the original series run and is known simply as the "It" Board in the show's later adaptation.

This game board shows which words of the phrase are guessed, along with blanks denoting words that the panel did not solve. Prepositions and articles, such as "of" and "an," are provided automatically. During the very early episodes of the show, synonyms of words that were on the board were accepted by the judges (e.g.: A panelist revealing the word "song" by saying the word "carol" and another episode featured a panelist revealing the word "tossing" by saying the word "throw"). This was later changed to a panelist having to say the exact word in a contestant's talent in order for that word to be revealed on the board.

The contestant wins a prize after each round that their talent remains unguessed. The prize for winning the third round is a trip. In Season 1, prizes consisted mainly of leftover props from then-defunct Nickelodeon shows such as Double Dare, Legends of the Hidden Temple and Global Guts. Merchandise prizes (such as a Nintendo 64) and gift cards for stores including Kids Foot Locker, Toys "R" Us, and Loew's began to appear as prizes during later seasons. If Round 3 ends with at least one word left unrevealed, each panelist takes one final guess as to what the contestant's talent is (any correct words given during the final guess are revealed, as during the game). The game ends when a panelist either guesses the secret talent or if no panelist guesses the secret talent correctly after the "last guess" stage.

During each Round, the panelists receive one clue as a hint to one of the words of the secret phrase. The clue usually takes the form of physical objects - such as dates to indicate a clue about calendars - sounds (rarely used), the clue-cano (seasons 4-6), featured messy clues erupting out of the clue boxes all over the panel, making them just as messy as a sliming, especially in the Sutphen era which made the panel cautious when opening the clue boxes  or pantomime (the "Charade Brigade" (Season 1-4), "Clue Force 3" (Seasons 5-6), usually two or three cast members that act out a word from the phrase during Round 3) with "Clue Force 3" pictionary was sometimes used instead of pantomime. At the start of the second and third rounds, a recap of two or three clues are shown on the monitor next to the contestant and host.

At the end of the game, after the secret talent is revealed, the contestant demonstrates or displays their skill and discusses it with the host and panel.

Secret Slime Action
In each game, from the start of round 2, a randomly selected member of the studio audience plays for a prize (a merchandise prize, such as a Nintendo 64 or a mountain bike in season 1 or a Figure It Out-branded article of clothing in seasons 2-6). If at least one or more panelists perform the Secret Slime Action, those panelists will be slimed by the end of round 3 especially when one of the panelists tries to break the rules and get a second chance (during season 1, the secret slime action could be triggered anytime after the end of round 1, including between rounds and when the contestant is performing their secret) and the audience member wins that prize. "J", the regular announcer for the original show, would disclose what the Secret Slime Action was for each episode in which he appeared.

The action designated as the Secret Slime Action is typically simple and almost guaranteed: touching a clue, looking to the left, which was reflexive, as clues were commonly wheeled out on a small track from a tunnel to the panel's left; using the phrase "Are you..." or "Is it...", looking to the audience behind the panel, who was sometimes used for clues, saying "I don't know," which panelist Danny Tamberelli was notable for saying out loud whenever he got confused, having a certain name, and even being a panelist. For example, Steve Burns (from Blue's Clues) was slimed because the Secret Slime Action was "having a blue dog," Alex Heartman (from Power Rangers Samurai) was slimed because the Secret Slime Action was "wearing a red unitard to work", Jade Ramsey (from House of Anubis) was slimed because the Secret Slime Action was "having an identical twin sister", Ryan Potter (from Supah Ninjas) was slimed because the Secret Slime Action  was "being a supah ninja", and in the second game of the first episode of the 2012 Revival, the entire panel was slimed because the Secret Slime Action was "wearing underwear".

Some Actions are logically not able to be forced, such as "thinking about coconuts" or "thinking about mushroom soup." Especially in the latter seasons, a successful Action has mostly been a foregone conclusion - the variables have only been when it will be triggered, and by whom (not necessarily a panelist).

When the Secret Slime Action is triggered, all play stops (including the clock) while the panelist is slimed, the action is revealed, and a replay of the sliming is shown, after which gameplay resumes. The host knows of the action and sometimes tricks the panelists into performing it by making them say or touch something (in one episode, the action was "touching your head." Sanders touched her head and said, "Have you done something with your hair?," which caused the panel to touch their heads in reaction).

Word of Honor
In the 2012 revival, prior to each game, one word of either the first or second contestant's secrets may be designated as the "Word of Honor." Should the panel guess this word, the contestant is slimed. As the contestant is slimed, gameplay and the clock are paused. Once the Word of Honor was revealed, either by a panel guess or the contestant filling in unguessed words, it would be out of play for the rest of the show (if this word was in game 1, it would not carry over to game 2). If a player got slimed by the Word of Honor, Elle Young, the announcer for the revival, would tell the player that they got slimed when she recaps the prizes that player won.

Panelists
Either three or all four panelists are taken from Nickelodeon shows airing at the time. Regulars during the original run included All That cast members Amanda Bynes, Lori Beth Denberg, Kevin Kopelow and Danny Tamberelli (who also starred in the Nickelodeon program The Adventures of Pete & Pete). Bynes (occasionally), Kopelow and Tamberelli were notorious for frequently asking silly questions and acting goofy, while Denberg was the serious panelist, who asked well-thought out questions, and frequently was the one to guess the secret phrase, during the final guesses. The only four panelists who appeared on every season of the original run of the show were Kopelow, Bynes, Tamberelli, and Irene Ng (from The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo).

The first seat on the panel was usually reserved for an adult panelist, either an adult actor from a Nickelodeon program (usually Kopelow) or a non-Nickelodeon celebrity (such as Taran Noah Smith of Home Improvement). In several episodes, CatDog, rendered in CGI, and Cousin Skeeter, a puppet character, were panelists. In Seasons 5 and 6, the first seat was not reserved for an adult, but Matt Bennett from Victorious and Ciara Bravo from Big Time Rush regularly appeared in the first position. Other guest panelists included Coolio, Colin Mochrie (regular on Whose Line Is It Anyway?), and professional wrestlers Chris Jericho, The Giant and "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan.

In one episode of the second season, for the first half, Lori Beth Denberg hosted the show and Summer Sanders was in her place as a panelist.

Production
Production on the original version of Figure It Out started on March 24, 1997, and ended a month later, at Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando, Florida, with a planned 40-episode order.

In 2013, Sutphen confirmed via Twitter that no new episodes of the revival of Figure It Out would be produced.

Format changes

 Season 3 (fall 1998) — The series became Figure It Out: Family Style, featuring two or three contestants who were related, typically parent-child or siblings. Sometimes on the 2nd half, the panel can have a family member of the contestant. Sometimes, the Charade Brigade can have family members of the panelists and the host. Figure It Out: Family Style also features Little Billy. If the panelists figured out the contestants' secret, then Little Billy (a miniature version of Billy the Answer Head with hair and on wheels) would come out. Summer reads a question about the family's talent and then each panelist will try to guess one (impossible) answer. If they cannot figure it out (no panel ever did since they simply treated it as a free-for-all most times by guessing answers intended for comedic response), then the answer in Little Billy would reveal and which gives the family another chance to win a prize (usually the Figure It Out apparel used for the Secret Slime Action Rounds). For certain episodes, J's mother, Joanne Dumas filled in as the show's announcer.
 Season 4 (fall 1999) — The show was re-titled Figure It Out: Wild Style and focused solely on talents involving animals; in addition, Billy the Answer Head was reshaped into various animals. During these episodes, the panelists went wild with hair, wigs and make-up, sporting a different, distinctive look. Sometimes, instead of J himself doing the narration work, some episodes would instead be narrated by J's dog. This is the only Figure It Out season that does not include Lori Beth Denberg, as she had moved on to work on The Steve Harvey Show. During these episodes, seven different panelists such as Steve Burns, Shane Sweet, Erin J. Dean, Christy Knowings, Irene Ng, Kevin Kopelow and Kareem Blackwell permanently replaced Denberg in the chair she always sat in. This season also featured recurring panelist appearances from legendary animal expert and TV personality, "Jungle" Jack Hanna, who would be holding an animal in the first half, before having the animal taken backstage so he had a chance to be slimed with the rest of the panelists.
 Season 5 (summer 2012) — The show reverted to its original title and Jeff Sutphen took over as host. Elle Young took over as the announcer. The set, host, panelists, theme music and logo were all modified to serve Nickelodeon's contemporary audience. Gameplay was also slightly modified to include the Word of Honor component and to shorten the lengths of rounds two and three (originally, all rounds were 60 seconds; in the newer version, rounds two and three are 45 seconds). Also, Billy the Answer Head was changed to the "It Board," the Clue Express was renamed the "Clue Coaster" and the Charade Brigade was changed to "Clue Force III" featuring Lorenz Arnell, Gevorg Manoukian and Julia Srednicki.
 Season 6 (fall 2012 and summer 2013) — The show was brought back after the long gap in the summer. The style of the show stays the same, but with some changes, such as a fifth seat and slime spewer added to the panel desk for the child panelist who won a summer contest to appear for one entire episode (the fifth panel desk was gone before and after the winning child's episode).

International versions
Figure It Out had first sold the franchise to Thailand which became Figure It Out Thailand นักคิดพิชิตล้าน
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Famous contestants
On April 7, 1998, future country music singer/songwriter Hunter Hayes was a contestant on Figure It Out when he was six years old. His talent was playing the accordion and singing.

Sam Roberts, Podcaster, WWE Personality, and host of Jim Norton & Sam Roberts on Sirius XM, appeared on an episode in Season 2. His talent was flipping quarters off his ankle.

Marcus Stroman of the Chicago Cubs was a prize winner in episode 13 of Season 1.

Gentry Haukebo, Albuquerque rap artist better known as 1oK, was a contestant and prize winner in an episode during the show's fifth season. Her talent was being a shovel racing champion.

Julia Srednicki, character designer for OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes'' was a member of the "Clue Force 3" during the final two seasons hosted by Jeff Sutphen.

References

External links

1990s American children's game shows
1990s Nickelodeon original programming
1997 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
2012 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2010s American children's game shows
2010s Nickelodeon original programming
Nickelodeon game shows
Panel games
American television series revived after cancellation
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Orlando, Florida
Television shows filmed in Florida
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles

Figure It Out


Ramanathan V. Guha (born 1965) is the creator of widely used web standards such as RSS,  RDF and Schema.org. He is also responsible for products such as Google Custom Search. He was a co-founder of Epinions and Alpiri.  He currently works at Google as a Google Fellow.

Education
Guha did his schooling from Loyola High School, Pune and graduated with Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Master of Science from University of California, Berkeley and Ph.D from Stanford University.

Career
Guha was one of the early co-leaders of the Cyc Project where he worked from 1987 through 1994 at Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation in collaboration with Douglas Lenat. He was responsible for the design and implementation of key parts of the Cyc system, including the CycL knowledge representation language, the upper ontological layers of the Cyc Knowledge Base and some parts of the original Cyc Natural Language understanding system.

Leaving what became Cycorp, Guha founded Q Technology, which created a database schema mapping tool called Babelfish.  In 1994, he moved to work at Apple Computer, reporting to Alan Kay, where he developed the Meta Content Framework (MCF) format. In 1997 he joined Netscape where, in collaboration with Tim Bray, he created a new version of MCF that used the XML language and which became the main technical precursor to W3C's  Resource Description Framework (RDF) standard.

Guha also contributed to the "smart browsing" features of Netscape 4.5 and was instrumental in Netscape's acquisition of NewHoo, which Netscape rebranded the Open Directory Project. He created the first version of RSS as part of a move in which the My.Netscape portal was opened to wider participation in March 1999. In 1999 he left Netscape and in May co-founded Epinions, where he worked until 2000.  Guha founded Alpiri in late 2000 which created TAP, a semantic web application and knowledge base.  In 2002, he became a researcher at IBM Almaden Research Center.

In 2005 Guha joined Google and became a Google Fellow. While at Google he has been responsible for Google Custom Search and a number of enhancements to Adwords. He is also one of the founders of Schema.org.

Awards
On January 26, 2013, Guha  was named as a Distinguished Alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras.

December 8, 2015 named as a ACM Fellow for contributions to structured data representation and specification and their impact on the Web

References

Apple Inc. employees
Google employees
Google Fellows
IBM employees
Living people
1965 births
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery

Ramanathan V. Guha


"Welcome To The Garden Party'" is a 1986 single by British neo-progressive rock band Marillion released exclusively in West Germany to accompany a series of concerts the band played at festivals in that country as second bill to Queen, following their commercial breakthrough with the album Misplaced Childhood and the hit singles "Kayleigh" and "Lavender" the year before. The single was released on 7" and 12" vinyl; neither version contained any new or previously unreleased material. The 7" and 12" versions contained completely different recordings from each other. The A-side, "Garden Party", originally the second single from the band's debut album, Script for a Jester's Tear, had reached #16 on the UK Singles Chart in 1983, but—like all Marillion singles before "Kayleigh"—had failed to chart in Germany. However, the single received little airplay and failed to enter the German top 100.

While the 7" single contained the edited studio version of "Garden Party" also found on the original 1983 7" single (on which the line I'm fucking was replaced with I'm miming to avoid airplay problems), the A-side of the 12" single featured a live recording made at De Montfort Hall, Leicester, on 5 March 1984, previously released on the 1984 live album Real to Reel (on which the aforementioned line is sung by the audience). The B-side of the 7" single was the edited version of the 1984 re-recording of "Market Square Heroes" (originally the band's 1982 non-album debut single) first released on B-side of the 1984 7" single Punch & Judy. In its place, the B-side of the 12" single featured  the two live tracks "Kayleigh" and "Script for a Jester's Tear". These versions, recorded at London's Hammersmith Odeon in January 1986, are the same as on Brief Encounter, an EP released only in the USA a few months earlier. Accordingly, the title printed on the 12" version was "Welcome To The 'Garden Party' (LIVE)".

The cover was, as usual, designed by Mark Wilkinson and features artwork based on promotional material for the band's series of open-air concerts in the summer of 1986. As the band did not release any new material domestically in year following their commercial breakthrough, both this single and Brief Encounter were in demand by fans in the UK and thus widely stocked by record shops as imports. Today it is a sought-after collectors' item.

Having been released in Germany only, "Welcome to the Garden Party" was not part of the collectors box-set released in July 2000 and was re-issued as a 3-CD set in 2009 (see The Singles '82–'88); however, both tracks of the 7" single are included as they featured on the singles "Garden Party" and "Punch and Judy".

Track listing

7" version

Side A
"Garden Party" (edited version)—4:29 (Dick/Rothery/Kelly/Trewavas/Pointer)

Side B
"Market Square Heroes"(edited re-recorded version)—03:58 (Dick/Rothery/Kelly/Trewavas/Pointer)

12" version

Side A
"Garden Party" (live)—6:56 (Dick/Rothery/Kelly/Trewavas/Pointer)

Side B
"Kayleigh" (live version)—4:10 (Dick/Rothery/Kelly/Trewavas/Mosley)
"Script for A Jester's Tear" (live)—8:50 (Dick/Rothery/Kelly/Trewavas/Pointer)

Personnel
Fish – vocals
Steve Rothery - guitars
Mark Kelly - keyboards
Pete Trewavas - bass, backing vocals
Ian Mosley - drums on "Garden Party" (live) / "Kayleigh" / "Script for A Jester's Tear"
Mick Pointer - drums on "Garden Party" (edited version)
John Marter - drums on "Market Square Heroes"

References

Marillion songs
1986 singles

Welcome to the Garden Party


Barré Lyndon (pseudonym of Alfred Edgar) (12 August 1896 – 23 October 1972) was a British playwright and screenwriter. The pseudonym was presumably taken from the title character of Thackeray's 1844 novel.

Born in London, he may be best remembered for his stage play The Man in Half Moon Street, which opened at London's New Theatre on 22 March 1939 and ran for 172 performances, starring Leslie Banks, Malcolm Keen and Ann Todd, as well as for three screenplays from the 1940s: The Lodger (1944), Hangover Square (1945) and The Man in Half Moon Street (1945). The last was remade by Hammer Film Productions in 1959 as The Man Who Could Cheat Death.

Lyndon began his writing career as a journalist, particularly about motor-racing, and short-story writer before becoming a playwright. His first play, The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse, was made into an Edward G. Robinson film in 1939.  After that success, Lyndon moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1941, to concentrate on writing for films full-time. He was naturalised as a United States citizen in the United States District Court in Los Angeles as Alfred Edgar Barre Lyndon in 1952.

Alfred Edgar had two sons, Roger Alvin Edgar (b. England, 1924) and Barry Davis Edgar (b. England, 1929) .

Partial filmography
The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse, directed by Anatole Litvak (1938, based on the play The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse)
They Came by Night, directed by Harry Lachman (UK, 1940, based on the play They Came by Night)
The Man in Half Moon Street, directed by Ralph Murphy (1945, based on the play The Man in Half Moon Street)
The Man Who Could Cheat Death, directed by Terence Fisher (UK, 1959, based on the play The Man in Half Moon Street)

Screenwriter
Sundown, directed by Henry Hathaway (1941)
The Lodger, directed by John Brahm (1944, based on the novel The Lodger by Marie Belloc Lowndes)
Hangover Square, directed by John Brahm (1945, based on the novel Hangover Square by Patrick Hamilton)
The House on 92nd Street, directed by Henry Hathaway (1945)
Night Has a Thousand Eyes, directed by John Farrow (1948, based on the novel Night Has a Thousand Eyes by Cornell Woolrich)
To Please a Lady, directed by Clarence Brown (1950)
The Greatest Show on Earth, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1952)
The War of the Worlds, directed by Byron Haskin (1953, based on the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells)
Man in the Attic, directed by Hugo Fregonese (1953, based on the novel The Lodger by Marie Belloc Lowndes)
Sign of the Pagan, directed by Douglas Sirk (1954)
Omar Khayyam, directed by William Dieterle (1957)
The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come, directed by Andrew V. McLaglen (1961, based on the novel The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come by John Fox Jr.)
Dark Intruder, directed by Harvey Hart (1965)

Partial bibliography
  London: Harrap
Barré Lyndon (1932). The Luck of the Game Again. UK: The MG Car Company
— (1933). Combat: A Motor Racing History. London: Heinemann
— (1934). Circuit Dust. London: John Miles
 — (1935). Grand Prix. London: John Miles
 London: Batsford

References

External links

English dramatists and playwrights
English male screenwriters
Edgar Award winners
Writers from London
1896 births
1972 deaths
English male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century English male writers
Authors of Sexton Blake
20th-century English screenwriters

Barré Lyndon


Giorgi (George) V. Tsereteli FRAS (alternately transliterated as Cereteli) (გიორგი წერეთელი in Georgian, 8 October 1904 – 9 September 1973) was a Georgian scientist and public benefactor, founder of the well-known Georgian scientific school of Oriental Studies.  He founded both the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Tbilisi State University (TSU) the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS), the latter of which he was the first Director.  He was also an Academician of GNAS, a Meritorious Scientific Worker of Georgia, a Doctor of Philological Sciences and a Professor.

Life and works
Giorgi Tsereteli was born in Tianeti, Eastern Georgia. In 1927, he  graduated from the Tbilisi State University (TSU). From 1928 to 1931, he was a Post-Graduate Student at the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Union (since 1991 - Russian Academy of Science), and from 1931 to 1933, he held the position of Associate Professor at the Leningrad (now St.Petersburg) State Institute of Living Oriental Languages. Between 1933 and 1973 he was Associate Professor (1933-1942) and Professor (1942-1973) of the Tbilisi State University. 1933-1937 - Senior Research Fellow of the State Museum of Georgia. In 1940-1960 Tsereteli was a Head of the Department of Oriental Languages of the Institute of Linguistics of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS). In 1942 he received a degree of the Doctor of Philological Sciences and scientific title of Professor.

In 1945 Tsereteli was a founder of the Faculty of Oriental Studies of TSU, In 1945 he led the Department of Semitic studies at the TSU Faculty of Oriental Studies which he founded; a position he held until 1973. In 1946 he was elected as Academician (Full Member) of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS). In 1957-1967 he was Academician-Secretary (Chairman) of the Department of Social Sciences of GNAS, in 1967-1970 Vice-President of GNAS, in 1970-1973 member of the Presidium of the Academy. For 13 years he was the Director of the Oriental Studies of GNAS which he also founded. In 1959, Giorgi Tsereteli was invited by the Polish Academy of Sciences and the University of Warsaw to Poland with academician Sergi Jikia to give lectures. In 1968 he was elected as Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Union (now Russian Academy of Science). He was also an Honorary Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of the Great Britain and Ireland (1964) and an Honorary Member of the Society of Orientalists of Poland (1966).

Main fields of scientific activity of Giorgi Tsereteli were: Arabic dialects of the Central Asia, Arabic linguistics and folklore, Hebrew and Aramaic studies, history of old languages of the Near East, history of writing systems, history of the Georgian script, source studies of the history of Georgia and the Caucasus, Rustvelology, questions of theoretical linguistics, etc. He was author of more than 100 important scientific-research works, among them 10 monographs.

Giorgi Tsereteli died in 1973, in Tbilisi. He is buried in the garden of the Tbilisi State University.

Some of main scientific works
 "The Urartian inscriptions of the State Museum of Georgia" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1939, 110 pp. (in Georgian, Russian and English).
 "The Armazi inscription of the period of Mithridats the Iberian" – Proceedings of the XXV International Congress of Orientalists, Moscow, 1962, pp. 374–378 (in Russian, English summary).
 "The Bilingual inscriptions from Armazi" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1941, 80 pp. (in Russian, English summary).
 "Arabic Dialects of the Central Asia. Bukhara Dialect" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1956, 343 pp. (in Russian, English summary).
 "The ancient Georgian inscriptions from Palestine" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1960, 110 pp. (in Georgian and English).
 "The Meter and Rhyme in Shota Rustaveli's Poem "The Man in the Panther's Skin" (a monograph) – "The Meter and Rhyme in "The Man in the Panther's Skin"". Edited by G.V. Tsereteli, Tbilisi, 1973, pp. 2-120 (in Georgian).
 "The influence of the Tajik language on the vocalism of Central Asian Arabic dialects" – BSOAS, vol. XXXIII, Part 1, London, 1970, pp. 167–170.
 "The Verbal Particle m/mi in Bukhara Arabic" – "Folia Orientalia", vol. XII, 1970, pp. 29–35.

See also
 List of Georgians
 Georgian Academy of Sciences
 Tbilisi State University

References

External links
 Professor Giorgi Tsereteli's Memorial Page
 The G. Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies
 The Georgian National Academy of Sciences

1904 births
1973 deaths
People from Mtskheta-Mtianeti
20th-century historians from Georgia (country)
Semiticists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Tbilisi State University
Arabists from Georgia (country)
Orientalists from Georgia (country)
Members of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences

Giorgi Tsereteli (orientalist)


The United States Tennis Association (USTA) is the national governing body for tennis in the United States. A not-for-profit organization with more than 700,000 members, it invests 100% of its proceeds to promote and develop the growth of tennis, from the grass-roots to the professional levels. The association was created to standardize rules and regulations and to promote and develop the growth of tennis in the United States.

The USTA runs the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center which hosts the US Open every year.

The USTA has leagues in most places for adults skill levels between beginner and pro. The USTA also hosts tournaments across the country every weekend for club players or professionals.

History
The USTA was previously known as the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) and was established in 1881 by a small group of tennis club members in New York City and northeastern clubs, where most lawn tennis was played. In 1920 the word 'National' was dropped from the organization's name, making the abbreviation USLTA. In 1975, the word "Lawn" was officially dropped from the name.

Organization
The USTA has 17 geographical sections with more than 700,000 individual members, 7,000 organizational members, and a professional staff. The USTA (B)team is located in White Plains, NY. The (A) team is located at the National Campus located in Orlando, FL.

Geographical sections

 USTA Caribbean
 USTA Eastern
 USTA Florida
 USTA Hawaii Pacific
 USTA Intermountain
 USTA Mid-Atlantic
 USTA Middle States
 USTA Midwest
 USTA Missouri Valley
 USTA New England
 USTA Northern
 USTA Northern California
 USTA Pacific Northwest
 USTA Southern
 USTA Southern California
 USTA Southwest
 USTA Texas

NTRP Ratings

The USTA (along with the USPTA) created the National Tennis Rating Program (NTRP) or more commonly NTRP ratings to place players into various skill levels. NTRP ratings range from the beginner 1.5 with .5 increments all the way up to 7.0 or world-class players. NTRP ratings are used in the leagues and tournaments to help provide more compatible matches. At the end of each calendar year, the USTA calculates and publishes everyone's year-end rating online (http://tennislink.usta.com). Ratings are calculated using a computer algorithm that adjusts ratings based on how actual outcomes compare to expected outcomes for each match. Expected outcomes are determined based on the difference between the ratings in hundredths of the players on the court. How many matches you've won and if it was a singles or doubles match is not a part of the calculation. New players or anyone with an expired NTRP rating go through the self-rate process to determine their entry point. Specific answers to a series of questions allow the computer to provide a suggested rating for players to start.

Programs
The USTA hosts adult tournaments in most cities with populations over 150,000 people. Leagues for adults with ratings ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 are organized in the Spring and/or Fall. In most areas, the adult seasons consist of singles, doubles, and  mixed doubles leagues in the Spring. Fewer cities have Fall leagues for singles and/or alternate league types such as "combo", "mixed combo", or "tri-level".

In most states, there are between one and five tournaments each weekend. Adults with a 3.0 to 4.5 rating can usually play in these tournaments.

Leagues include: 10 and under; Juniors; Adults 18-40; and Adults 40 or older. Anyone over 40 may request placement in the 18-40 league.

Tournaments

 US Open
 Cincinnati Masters
 New Haven Open at Yale (until 2019 )
 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
 Boys' Junior National Tennis Championship – under-16 and under-18
 USTA Pro Circuit – men's and women's tournaments
 USTA Tennis on Campus

Presidents

*First female to be elected USTA president.**First African-American and first former professional tennis player to be elected USTA president.

Awards

 Samuel Hardy Award - The International Tennis Hall of Fame annually presents the Samuel Hardy Award to a USTA volunteer in recognition of long and outstanding service to the sport of tennis. The recipient must exemplify those qualities of personal unselfishness and devotion to the game which have been an inspiration to others. The award is presented at the USTA annual meeting. The honorees are selected by a committee appointed by the chairman of the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
 Tennis Educational Merit Awards for Men and Women - The International Tennis Hall of Fame annually presents the Tennis Educational Merit Awards for Men and Women to individuals who are citizens or residents of the United States. The awards are presented to a man and woman who have made notable contributions in the tennis educational field at the national level and have demonstrated leadership and creative skills in such areas as instruction, writing, organization and promotion of the game of tennis. The awards are presented at the USTA annual meeting. The selection of recipients is made by a committee appointed by the chairman of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. The award was initially created to honor and recognize services to the development of the game by Harry A. (Cap) Leighton, to whom the first honor was awarded posthumously in 1967.
 ITF Awards for Services to the Game (American Recipients) - This award is presented to persons who have rendered long and distinguished services to the game of tennis through their national tennis associations. Persons may be nominated by their national association or by ITF's board of directors.
 USTA Volunteer Service Award - The USTA Volunteer Service Award recognizes USTA volunteers for their years of national service to the association. Recognition awards are presented at the annual meeting to those volunteers achieving five years of service and for each five years of service thereafter. The association is proud to demonstrate its esteem and appreciation to an outstanding group of volunteers.
 Ralph W. Westcott USTA Family of the Year Award - This award was initiated in 1965 by Martin L. Tressel, President of the USTA, 1965–66, to emphasize the theme that "Tennis Is a Family Game." The honor is awarded annually to the family who in recent years has done the most to promote amateur tennis, primarily on a volunteer basis. All members of the family should participate in some way, either as players or by offering their services in running programs or tournaments or in junior development activities. The selection of recipients is made by the USTA Awards Committee from nominations submitted by the 17 USTA sections. Ralph W. Westcott donated a large silver tray as the perpetual award. This trophy was given to him upon retiring as president of the Western Tennis Association and secretary of the USTA. The names of the recipients are engraved on this tray. The trophy is presented at the USTA annual meeting.
 Service Bowl Award - "To the Player Who Yearly Makes the Most Notable Contribution to the Sportsmanship, Fellowship, and Service of Tennis"—this inscription is engraved on the Service Bowl trophy donated by Mrs. Lyman H.B. Olmsted and a group of 30 New England women in 1940 to honor the example of Mrs. Hazel H. Wightman. The Service Bowl Award is an annual award that was limited to New England women tennis players for the first four years. Since 1944, it has been awarded on a nationwide basis, usually by the USTA president at a stadium court ceremony or an executive committee meeting during the US Open.
 President's Award - Established in 1999, the President's Award annually honors an individual who has given unusual and extraordinary service to tennis and generally will be a person not considered for other USTA awards.
 Eve Kraft USTA Community Service Award - The USTA Community Service Award was established in 1974 to honor persons for outstanding field work in recreational tennis. It was renamed the Eve Kraft USTA Community Service Award in 2001. The award is given for significant contributions by individuals actively involved in tennis development through community tennis associations, parks and recreation departments, schools or community centers.
 USTA Adaptive Tennis Community Service Award - The USTA Tennis Special Populations Community Service Award was established in 2003 to recognize either an individual or a program that has demonstrated excellence, dedication and service related to tennis for special populations or those with disabilities. It was renamed the USTA Adaptive Tennis Community Service Award in 2006. For a program to qualify, it must have been in existence for a minimum of three consecutive years and be either a registered USTA Tennis Special Populations program or affiliated with one. For an individual to qualify, he or she must have worked with such a program for a minimum of three consecutive years.
 USTA CTA of the Year Award - The USTA CTA of the Year Award was established in 2002 to honor a CTA (Community Tennis Association) for outstanding service rendered in growing and developing the sport of tennis in its community. The award recipient is selected from 17 nominees, one from each of the USTA sections, by a panel of USTA Community Tennis Association Development Committee members. The award is presented each February at the Community Tennis Development Workshop.
 USTA NJTL of the Year Award - The USTA Tennis NJTL Chapter of the Year Award is designed to honor an outstanding USTA Tennis NJTL (National Junior Tennis League) chapter or chapters that have demonstrated continued excellence in recreational tennis. The award recipient or recipients are selected by a panel of USTA Tennis NJTL Committee members and the Community Outreach national staff. The award is presented each February at the Community Tennis Development Workshop.
 Seniors' Service Award - A trophy for service to senior tennis is awarded each year to the person the USTA Adult/Senior Competition Committee deems most deserving of the respect and honor of all seniors. First awarded in 1958, it is awarded on the basis of the recipient's willingness, cooperation and participation, either in play or organizational work for the betterment and furtherance of senior competition. Each year the winner's name and the year are engraved on the trophy and a replica of the trophy is given to the winner.
 Super Senior Service Award - The Super Senior Service Award is given annually, since 1975, to the person who, in the opinion of the Super Senior Tennis Board of Directors, has made a notable contribution to the promotion of tennis for the 55-and-over USTA-recognized age divisions. This contribution can be made by a player, a tennis enthusiast, a tournament director or a non-player who has helped to promote tennis for the "young at heart."
 Barbara Williams Leadership Award - The Barbara Williams Leadership Award was established in 2004 to honor  Barbara Williams, a long-time USTA volunteer who gave of her time and energy to promote the sport of tennis. This award recognizes a female volunteer who, through her leadership and by her example, has encouraged and inspired others to become volunteers and assume leadership roles at the community, sectional and/or national levels of the United States Tennis Association. The selection of recipients is made by the USTA Awards Committee from nominations submitted by the 17 USTA sections.
 Brad Parks Award - The Brad Parks Award was established in 2002. It recognizes outstanding contributions to the game of wheelchair tennis and was named after Brad Parks, a pioneer of wheelchair tennis and the first wheelchair tournament champion, who has been instrumental in the development of wheelchair tennis around the world. The award is presented at the USTA annual meeting to an individual or group that has provided opportunities to wheelchair players through the development of programs that promote the growth of wheelchair tennis at the sectional or national level. The recipient may be involved through playing, coaching, sponsoring or promoting wheelchair tennis. Each annual recipient's name will be added to the permanent trophy, which will be housed at the USTA National Tennis Center, and a replica will be given to the recipient.
 John T. McGovern Award - In 1949, John T. (Terry) McGovern presented a beautiful, gold-plated trophy for an annual award to that umpire or linesman who contributed most to the cause of tennis officiating during the previous year. In addition to the trophy, McGovern contributed gold-plated medals to be given annually for the permanent possession of the award recipient. McGovern was a well-known leader in amateur sports. He was legal advisor to the United States Olympic Committee for many years, a former president of the Cornell University Alumni Association and president of the Sandlot Baseball Association. Almost from the inception of the USTA Umpire Association, he was a devoted tennis linesman. The McGovern Committee selects the winner of the John T. McGovern Award. The committee consists of all previous recipients of the award.
 Jr. McGovern Award - With qualifying conditions similar to the John T. McGovern Award, the Jr. McGovern Award recognizes service and excellence by younger tennis officials. The award winner is presented with a perpetual trophy and receives a silver-plated medal for his or her permanent possession. The McGovern Committee selects the winner of the Jr. McGovern Award. The committee consists of all previous recipients of the John T. McGovern Award.
 Jack Stahr Award - Awarded since 1984, the Jack Stahr Award is presented annually to an umpire, age 21 or over, who in one of his or her first three years at the US Open, is recognized for hard work, professionalism, technical ability and cooperative attitude. It recognizes his/her outstanding work primarily as a line umpire.
 Nicholas E. Powel Award - Given each year to a sectional chair or line umpire, the Nicholas E. Powel Award recognizes the importance of officiating at the local level. 1990
 Bill Talbert Junior Sportsmanship Awards - The Bill Talbert Junior Sportsmanship Awards are presented each year by the Board of Directors of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Four recipients are selected by the USTA Awards Committee from nominations submitted by the 17 USTA sections. 1987
 USTA Girls' 18 National Championship Sportsmanship Award - The USTA Girls' 18 National Championship Sportsmanship Award is presented each year at the USTA Girls' 18 National Championships to the girl who, in the opinion of the committee of judges, exemplifies outstanding sportsmanship, conduct and character. since 1982
 Dr. Allen B. Stowe Sportsmanship Award - In 1957, shortly after the death of Dr. Allen B. Stowe, longtime director of the National Junior and Boys' Tennis Championships, a group of Kalamazoo, Mich., tennis enthusiasts sought to establish a fitting and lasting memorial to the former Kalamazoo College professor and tennis coach. The group contributed a sum of money for a trophy to be presented annually to the Junior Boys' 18 player who, in the opinion of the National Junior and Boys' Championships Committee, best combines the qualities of outstanding sportsmanship and outstanding tennis ability. The name and hometown of the recipient are inscribed on the trophy.
 Bobby Kaplan Sportsmanship Award - Presented annually at the USTA Boys' 16 National Championships, the Bobby Kaplan Sportsmanship Award is awarded to that boy who best combines sportsmanship and outstanding tennis ability. The award was first presented by the Eastern Tennis Association in 1978 shortly after the death of Mr. Kaplan, a prominent teaching professional on Long Island who devoted his career to junior tennis.
 Maureen Connolly Brinker Outstanding Junior Girl Award - The Maureen Connolly Brinker Outstanding Junior Girl Award was approved in February 1969 at the USTA annual meeting. The award, created by the Maureen Connolly Brinker Tennis Foundation Inc., is presented each year at the USTA National Girls' 18 Championships in San Jose, California, at the Almaden Valley Athletic Club.
The award and the foundation were the dream of the late Maureen Connolly Brinker. This award is presented each year to the girl player considered by the committee to have had the most outstanding full-season performance. She must be exceptional in ability, sportsmanship and competitive spirit. The silver bowl, which is kept at the Almaden Valley Athletic Club, is inscribed with the name of each year's winner. The recipient of the award receives a small engraved silver tray.
 Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award - The USTA Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award honors a Tennis On Campus programs/college club tennis team(s) for significant contributions made to the USTA Tennis On Campus program on their respective campus. Eligible applicants must be in good standing with their college or university and the USTA. The award(s) are distributed at the annual USTA National Campus Championships.
 Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award - The USTA Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award honors a Tennis On Campus programs/college club tennis team(s) for significant contributions made to the USTA Tennis On Campus program on their respective campus. Eligible applicants must be in good standing with their college or university and the USTA. The award(s) are distributed at the annual USTA National Campus Championships.
 Member Organization of the Year Award - The Member Organization of the Year Award was instituted in 1981 to recognize the services rendered to the USTA by its member organizations. Selection is made on the basis of service to the tennis community, service to the organization's members and service to the game of tennis. The program is decided on a two-tiered basis: 1) Each section selects its Member Organization of the Year. The selected organization shall receive an appropriate award emblematic of its selection. Once selected, that organization shall not be eligible for the sectional award for the following seven years. 2) Each section may nominate a candidate for the National Member Organization of the Year Award. Said nominee may be the sectional winner of that year or may be another organization of the section's choice. A section may submit any candidate for as many years as it wishes. The National Member Organization of the Year Award winner is announced at the USTA annual meeting.
 Tennis Facility Award - The Tennis Facility Awards Program honors outstanding tennis facilities and encourages excellence in future construction and/or renovation. Facilities must be under the jurisdiction of: (1) a parks and recreation department, (2) an educational institution or (3) an industrial complex. All facilities are judged in one of four categories, depending upon the number of courts and spectators accommodated. Since 1981.

Discontinued awards
 USTA Girls' Sportsmanship Trophy Award - The USTA Girls' Sportsmanship Trophy Award was presented annually at the close of the International Girls' 18 Grass Court Championships to the player in the championship who, in the opinion of the committee of judges, most nearly approaches the ideal in sportsmanship, appearance, court manners and tactics. The trophy was first presented in 1936 by the late Mrs. Harrison Smith and was henceforth awarded annually. The trophy was a sterling silver plate. The name of the recipient of the award was engraved on the trophy every year and a small silver plate similar to the trophy in design and engraving was given to the recipient. The award was retired in 2004 and donated to the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
 Harry Fogleman Memorial Trophy - The Harry Fogleman Memorial Trophy was awarded each year at the USTA Boys' 12 National Championships to the boy who, in the opinion of the Tournament Committee, exemplified outstanding sportsmanship, conduct, character and tennis ability. The award, a large pewter loving cup, was donated to the USTA by the 1973 Boys' 12 National Championships Committee at the Knoxville Racquet Club, Knoxville, TN, in memory of Harry Fogleman. Mr. Fogleman was not only an outstanding tennis coach but served on various committees of the USTA devoted to Junior development. For several years he was Tournament Director of the 12 and 14 National Championships in Chattanooga, TN. Before his sudden death in December 1972, he was honored as the 1972 recipient of the Tennis Educational Foundation Merit Award given annually by the USTA. The trophy was displayed by the club which hosted the Boys' 12 National Championships. The winner of the award was given a suitably inscribed pewter replica as a memento of his achievement. It was retired in 1989.
 Colonel James H. Bishop Award - The Colonel James H. Bishop Award was presented annually at a place and time determined by the USTA Junior Davis Cup Committee Chairman to that U.S. Junior Davis Cup squad member who, in the opinion of the chairman and the team captains, best exemplified the objectives of the Junior Davis Cup Program in regard to highest standards of character, conduct, sportsmanship, appearance, amateurism on and off the tennis court, and tennis accomplishment. The award, a sterling silver tray, was donated by Dorothy W. and Thomas E. Price to the USTA in memory of Colonel James H. Bishop—the founder of the Junior Davis Cup Program in 1937 (the forerunner of the Junior Wightman Cup Program in 1938) and a well-known and highly regarded friend of youth, educator, and tennis leader until his untimely death in 1961. The name of the recipient of the award was engraved on the tray and a suitably inscribed small silver replica was given to the recipient as a memento of the award. The last award in 1987 was to Patrick McEnroe.
 William M. Johnston Award - The William M. Johnston Trophy was awarded to that male player who, by character, sportsmanship, manners, spirit of cooperation and contribution to the growth of the game, ranks first in the opinion of the selection committee. Another basis for the award was the help a player renders not only to players in the recipient's own class but also to a lesser class and to junior players as well. The award was the result of a suggestion by the late "Little Bill" Johnston, who gave one of his championship cups to the International Lawn Tennis Club of the United States to be used for this purpose. The name of the winner of the award was engraved on the trophy, and a small silver tray suitably inscribed was given to the recipient as a memento of the award. It was awarded from 1947 through 2006.
 Sarah Palfrey Danzig Award - The Sarah Palfrey Danzig Trophy was awarded to that female player who, by character, sportsmanship, manners, spirit of cooperation and contribution to the growth of the game, ranks first in the opinion of the selection committee. Another basis of the award was the help a player renders not only to players of her own class but also to players of a lesser class and to junior players. The award was the result of a suggestion by the late Mrs. Danzig that it was fitting and proper that there should be an award for women comparable to and with the same criteria as the William M. Johnston Award for men. To that end, she gave one of her national championship cups to the International Lawn Tennis Club of the United States to be used for this purpose. The name of the winner was engraved on the trophy, and a silver tray suitably inscribed was given to the recipient as a memento of the award. Awarded from 1986 through 2006.

See also

 American Tennis Association
 United States Professional Tennis Association
 History of tennis

References

External links

Tennis in the United States
Tennis
National members of the International Tennis Federation
1881 establishments in the United States
Sports organizations established in 1881

United States Tennis Association


Hell Isn't My Home is the debut full-length studio album by October Sky, released on September 2, 2008. It was originally released independently on October 10, 2007, but was released officially as a double album under TRX Distribution, a Quebec-based record distributor. The second disc is a bonus disc which features the first three songs of the band's first EP October Sky EP. In 2009, the company was bought out by DEP under Universal Music Canada, and October Sky and Universal failed to reach an agreement to continue distributing the album.

The record was recorded, produced, mixed and mastered by the band in their home studio in Montreal. The album art and design was done by graphic designer and art director Vill Mak.

The first single from the album is "Hit the Ground (October Sky song)," which was playlisted on over 20 commercial radio stations across Canada. The music video for "Hit the Ground" debuted at #4, ahead of Madonna and Justin Timberlake, on MusiquePlus' "Plus sur commande," a television show playing the most requested music videos of the week., and was also playlisted on MuchLOUD. The second single is the title track "Hell Isn't My Home."

The album won the Toronto Exclusive Magazine Award in 2008 for Best Provincial Rock CD Album.

Track listing

References

External links
Official Website

2008 debut albums
October Sky (band) albums

Hell Isn't My Home


Centre-Avia Airlines (Авиакомпания "ЦЕНТР-АВИА") was an airline based in Moscow, Russia, operating domestic and international services. Its main base was Bykovo Airport, Moscow, from where it operated charter flights, plus, on working days, a scheduled flight from Moscow Domodedovo Airport to Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In March 2007, the aircraft fleet of Centre-Avia consisted of four Yakovlev Yak-42.

History
Centre-Avia was founded in 2000 and was owned by Bykovo Aircraft Repair Plant (29.4%), Bykovo Airport (20%), MRIK Investment (20%) and Resourcetrustbank (10.8%). In 2010, the company was liquidated.

References

External links

  Centre-Avia official website

Companies based in Moscow
Airlines established in 2000
Airlines disestablished in 2010
Defunct airlines of Russia

Centre-Avia


Alan Gordon (14 May 1944 – 18 February 2010) was a Scottish football player who is notable for playing for the two senior sides of both Edinburgh and Dundee, and is thought to be the only player to do so.

Life and career

School and youth level
Though Edinburgh born, the earliest account of young Alan's precocious footballing talent recalls a blonde eight-year-old scoring freely for Sunnybank Primary School in Aberdeen. The family sojourn in the North East was brief, however, and back home in Edinburgh, he thrived as part of the Murrayburn Primary School which had won The School Board Cup in 1954, 1955 and 1956 and four other trophies in those three seasons. He was selected to play for Edinburgh Primary Schools and would go on to captain the team that beat Bellshill Primary Schools 3–0 in the second leg of the Scottish Cup Final for the Wilson Trophy at Tynecastle, winning 4–2 on aggregate. Gordon scored once in a match which was played on 14 May 1956, his twelfth birthday. Naturally left footed, he was by now confirmed in the inside left position.

Despite winning a scholarship to the rugby union-playing George Heriot's School, and trying rugby for one season, Gordon continued to nurture his footballing prowess. Initially, for two seasons, he turned out for his local Boys Brigade 43rd Company team and then, for a single season, for Sighthill Thistle who finished second in the Lothian Amateur Under 18 League. The following season, Alan was playing for the Scottish Juvenile (Under 18) side, Edinburgh Athletic. With his awareness in the box, lethal left foot and uncanny heading ability he proved a perfect foil for the mesmeric wing play and crossing of teammate, Willie Henderson and he scored 120 goals in 80 games over two seasons. In the 1959/60 season Edinburgh Athletic won the prestigious Lord Weir Cup at New Meadowbank, beating league rivals Edina Hearts 4–1 in the final with both Gordon and Henderson on target. By the time Henderson had completed his final appearance before moving to Rangers, Gordon had scored twice and Athletic had trounced Edina Hearts again, this time 9–1 in the Insurance Cup final at Saughton Enclosure. The consolation goal for Edina near the end of the game that day was scored by John Greig, who also signed for Rangers that summer. Gordon had already signed a provisional contract with Hearts in early September 1959 at the age of 15 and, henceforth, would train twice a week at Tynecastle.

Hearts
Having scored 13 goals in eight games for the reserves, Alan made his first team debut at Hearts, whilst still a pupil at Heriots, in a 1st Division match on 21 October 1961 against reigning League champions Celtic at Tynecastle . He was now 17 and his opposite man that day was the redoubtable Scotland international "right half", Pat Crerand. In only his second match, he played in the 1961 Scottish League Cup Final against Rangers at Hampden in front of 88,000 fans . He was fouled for the penalty from which John Cumming equalised for Hearts but the game finished a draw and he did not play in the replay, which Hearts lost. Gordon scored his first goal in senior football on his fourth appearance in an away league match against Raith Rovers and it proved the winner. He scored again in the next game at home against Motherwell but Hearts lost 6–2. In that maiden season he made 22 league appearances scoring 5 goals, including a double in a 4–1 victory against Hibs at Easter Road, with a further hat-trick coming in a Scottish Cup tie against Vale of Leithen. The highlight for the schoolboy may have been turning out on several occasions alongside Hearts' idolised forward, Willie Bauld and the friendships he struck up with other teammates such as Danny Ferguson and Billy Higgins.

Gordon continued his studies after leaving Heriot's and gained a Master of Arts degree in economics from the University of Edinburgh, where he also studied Moral Philosophy and Spanish Literature. By the 1964–65 season he had developed into a first team regular, scoring 23 times as the Maroons narrowly missed out on the League title.

Dundee United
Following a spell in South Africa in 1967 and 1968, where he played for Durban United and worked as a company representative for Beare Brothers, Gordon left Tynecastle permanently in 1969 when Jerry Kerr paid £8,000 to take him to Dundee United. While with the Tannadice club he remained Edinburgh-based as he was now studying towards his professional Chartered Accountancy qualification, training twice a week with the Terrors. When Jim McLean was appointed manager a policy requiring all United players to live in Tayside was instigated, however, Gordon refused.

Hibernian
Eddie Turnbull paid £12,000 to take Gordon back to Edinburgh, but this time with Hibernian. It was with the Easter Road side that he enjoyed his career highlights. In 1972–73 he helped Hibs to victory in the League Cup and Drybrough Cup, while the following season they retained the Drybrough Cup. He also featured in one of the most celebrated matches in Hibs' history, the 7–0 victory over rivals Hearts in the 1 January 1973 derby, a match in which he scored the second and seventh goals.

Dundee
Despite this success, Gordon was sold to Dundee for £13,000 in 1974, earning the unique distinction of having represented both of Dundee and Edinburgh's senior sides. His spell with the Dark Blues was less successful, however. Following their last-day relegation in 1976, due to a goal difference inferior to his former side United, Gordon retired from football aged 32.

After football
After ending his playing career, Gordon continued to work in the accountancy profession, with his clients including Irvine Welsh. During the 1980s, he co-presented the "Sportsbeat" programme on Radio Forth. He also appeared regularly on Scotsport with Arthur Montford and continued to work as a football reporter on both radio and television. In addition, following the election of Archie McPherson as Rector, by dint of being a graduate of that establishment, he was asked to undertake a three-year period of office as Rector's Assessor at the University of Edinburgh. Gordon died on 18 February 2010, from a brain tumour, having suffered a recurrence of the cancer which had initially prompted the removal of part of his tongue eight years earlier and which curtailed his media involvement.

References

External links
Appearances  at londonhearts.com

1944 births
2010 deaths
Men's association football forwards
Deaths from brain cancer in Scotland
Dundee F.C. players
Dundee United F.C. players
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Hibernian F.C. players
People educated at George Heriot's School
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Scottish Football League players
Scottish men's footballers
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish league football top scorers

Alan Gordon (Scottish footballer)


Ernst Wilhelm Adalbert Kuhn (7 February 1846, in Berlin – 21 August 1920, in Munich) was a German Indologist and Indo-Europeanist. He was the son of philologist Adalbert Kuhn.

He studied at the universities of Berlin and  Tübingen, receiving his doctorate in 1869 with a dissertation-thesis on Kaccāyana, the grammarian, Kaccâyanappakaraṇae specimen. In 1871 he obtained his habilitation for Sanskrit and comparative grammar at the University of Halle, and during the following year relocated to Leipzig as a lecturer. In 1875, he became a full professor at the University of Heidelberg, and from 1877 to 1917 served as a professor of Aryan philology and comparative Indo-European linguistics at the University of Munich.

From 1873 he worked on the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, a journal founded by his father, and since 1892 was an editor of Orientalische Bibliographie, a publication founded by August Müller in 1887. In 1883, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.

Selected works
 Ueber die sprache der Etrusker (with Wilhelm Paul Corssen; 2 volumes, 1874–75) – On the language of the Etruscans.
 Beiträge zur Pali-grammatik, 1875 – Contributions to Pali grammar / considered to be his best work.
 Mythologische studien von Adalbert Kuhn (1886, as editor) – Mythological studies of Adalbert Kuhn.
 Barlaam und Joasaph; eine bibliographisch-literargeschichtliche Studie, 1894 – Barlaam and Josaphat; a bibliographical-literary-historical study / In this work Kuhn pointed out the Buddhist influence on Christian legends.
 Grundriss der iranischen philologie (as editor; main author Wilhelm Geiger) – Outline of Iranian philology.

References

1846 births
1920 deaths
Writers from Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Linguists from Germany
German Indologists
German philologists
Iranologists

Ernst Kuhn


996 was a leap year.

Events
 March/April – Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor. Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope.
 May 3 – Twenty-four year old Bruno of Carinthia, grandson of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and first cousin of Otto III, is elected Pope Gregory V. He is the first German Pope.
 May 21 – Sixteen year old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.
 October 24 – Hugh Capet, King of France dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II of France.
 Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Caliph in Egypt dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
 November 1 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).
 Niujie Mosque constructed in Beijing

996


Geoffrey Herbert Blackburn OAM (7 November 1914 – 13 July 2014) was an Australian Baptist minister who served as Secretary and President General of the Baptist Union of Australia.

Blackburn was born in Melbourne in 1914 and began his ministry as a home missionary at Beechworth Baptist church in 1934. He completed his studies at the Baptist College of Victoria in 1939, obtaining B.A. and LTh degrees, and ministered in the parishes of Hopetoun and Elsternwick. He also served as an army chaplain during World War II.

In 1947 Blackburn was appointed as the Baptist Union of Victoria's first full-time Youth Director, during which time he completed a BEd at the University of Melbourne. He served in the capacity of Editor of Sunday School Publications from 1949 to 1972, before returning to parish ministry at Syndal until his retirement in 1986. In addition to this, Blackburn was Secretary of the Baptist Union of Australia from 1949 to 1971 and its President General from 1971 to 1975. He also served as vice-president of the Baptist World Alliance from 1975 to 1980.

Blackburn obtained an M.A. from the University of Melbourne in 1965, examining the development of the Jewish elementary school. In 1969 he received a PhD from the same institution. His doctoral thesis involved methods of biblical study in the Early Christian Church. He also obtained a DMin from Fuller Theological Seminary in 1991, writing on cross-cultural ministry.

Blackburn was granted the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1998 for "service to the Baptist church". The Geoffrey Blackburn Library at Whitley College is named in his honour, and he was one of the inaugural inductees into the Camberwell Grammar School Gallery of Achievement. Rowland Croucher described Blackburn as one of the four most admired Australian Baptists, alongside G. H. Morling, F. W. Boreham and Noel Vose.

After his official retirement Blackburn engaged in several interim ministries in Victorian churches, including Heathmont and Diamond Valley Baptist Churches. From 2001 he served as part-time Pastoral Care minister at Scots' Church, Melbourne. In April 2012 Blackburn retired for the final time, at the age of 97. In 1940 he married Edna Atkins, who died in 1967. They had two sons. In 1969 he married Jessie Campbell, who died 29 March 2019. He was survived by Jessie, sons Keith and Alan and five grandchildren.

Further reading
Geoffrey Blackburn, Beyond Imagining: 65 Years of Christian Ministry ()

References

1914 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Australian Baptist ministers
Religious leaders from Melbourne
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
University of Melbourne alumni
Fuller Theological Seminary alumni
Australian military chaplains
World War II chaplains
21st-century Australian Baptist ministers

Geoffrey Blackburn


Matthew Hittinger (born June 1, 1978) is an American poet and printmaker.

Biography

Matthew Hittinger was born and raised in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, not far from the grave of H.D., and earned his Bachelor of Arts in Art History and English from Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 2000, and his Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing from The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 2004.

He is the author of the poetry collections The Masque of Marilyn, The Erotic Postulate, and Skin Shift, which earned him a 2012 Debut Poet nod from Poets & Writers Magazine, and three chapbooks including Pear Slip, winner of the Spire Press 2006 Chapbook Award. Shortlisted for the National Poetry Series, the New Issues Poetry Prize, and twice for the Walt Whitman Award, Matthew's honors include a Hopwood Award and The Helen S. and John Wagner Prize from the University of Michigan, the Kay Deeter Award from the journal Fine Madness, two Sundress Best of the Net nominations, and eleven Pushcart Prize nominations.

His work has appeared on Verse Daily and in over fifty journals including American Letters & Commentary, Barn Owl Review, Center, Crazyhorse, DIAGRAM, Dusie, Michigan Quarterly Review, Phoebe, StepAway Magazine and elsewhere, including a feature in Blue Fifth Review, the cover feature for the December 2008 MiPOesias, and in many anthologies including Best New Poets 2005, Ganymede (literary journal)|Ganymede Poets, One, Villanelles, Divining Divas: 100 Gay Poets on the Women Who Inspire Them, A Face to Meet the Faces: An Anthology of Contemporary Persona Poems, The Rumpus Original Poetry Anthology, and Love Rise Up: Poems of Social Justice, Protest and Hope. Hittinger's work has also been featured by the preeminent American poetry organization, The Academy of American Poets.

A collaborative artist, Hittinger has worked on a number of projects with artists in other disciplines, including the Canadian painter Kristy Gordon, the American painter Judith Peck, Chicago-based composer Randall West, and New York City-based composer John Glover. Glover's art song setting of Hittinger's poem "8:46 A.M., Five Years Later" was included in the Five Boroughs Music Festival's Five Borough Songbook (2012).

Hittinger is married to photographer and educator Michael Ernest Sweet.

Publications
 Pear Slip. Spire, 2007. .
 Narcissus Resists. Goss183, 2009.
 Platos de Sal. Seven Kitchens, 2009.
 Skin Shift. Sibling Rivalry, 2012. .
 The Erotic Postulate. Sibling Rivalry, 2014. .
 The Masque of Marilyn. Goss183, 2017. .

References

External links

1978 births
University of Michigan alumni
American male poets
Living people
Writers from New York City
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
American LGBT poets
American gay writers
LGBT people from Michigan
Gay poets

Matthew Hittinger


Torbjørn Gaarder (1885–1970) was a Norwegian chemist. He has been called "a pioneer of biochemistry in Norway".

He was born in Kristiania, took the dr.philos. degree and studied biochemistry and physiology in Copenhagen and the United States. He was appointed professor at Bergen Museum in 1931, and served at the University of Bergen from 1948 to 1955. He was also editor-in-chief of the periodical Naturen between 1925 and 1946, succeeding Jens Holmboe.

References

1885 births
1970 deaths
Norwegian science writers
Academic staff of the University of Bergen

Torbjørn Gaarder


Bernadette Mary Allen (born 1956) is a United States foreign service officer and ambassador. She is the former U.S. Ambassador to Niger.

Education and career
Allen was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Seat Pleasant, Maryland. She earned a B.A. in French Civilization and Linguistics at Central College in Pella, Iowa in 1978. She studied abroad for a year in 1977, earning a Certificate in French Civilization from the Sorbonne in Paris. From 1987–1989 she completed an M.A. in Human Resources Management from George Washington University while handling her regular duties at the Department of State. She speaks French and Mandarin Chinese.

Allen was commissioned into the U.S. diplomatic service in January 1980. On October 26, 2005,  President George W. Bush nominated her to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Niger. She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 16, 2006, and sworn in as ambassador on March 28, 2006.

State Department career

Foreign assignments
General Services Officer/Vice Consul at the U.S. Embassy in Bujumbura, Burundi (1980–1982)
Temporary duty assignment as Consul at the U.S. Consulate in Fukuoka, Japan (1984)
Consul at the U.S. Embassy, Manila, Philippines (1982–1984)
Consular Section Chief at the U.S. Consulate General in Guangzhou, China (1991–1994)
Chief of the Montreal Consular Section (2000–2002)
Consul General at the U.S. Consulate General in Montreal (2002–2005)

Domestic assignments
Desk officer in the Africa Bureau's Regional Affairs Office (1985–1987)
Visa officer in the Visa Office Coordination Division (1985–1989)
Studied Mandarin Chinese at National Foreign Affairs Training Center (NFATC) (1989) and in Taipei, Taiwan (1990)
Deputy Director of Consular Training at the National Foreign Affairs Training Center (NFATC) (1994–1996)
Legislative Management Officer (1996–1998)
Director of the Visa Office Coordination Division (1998–2000)

Awards
Superior Honor Award for leadership as Consul General in Montreal
Meritorious Honor Award for outstanding managerial and professional skills in Guangzhou, China
Superior Honor Award for outstanding leadership and performance as Visa Coordination Division Director

Affiliations and activities
Lifetime membership in the U.S. Tennis Association
Big Sisters of the Washington, DC Metropolitan area volunteer
Usher Board Chairman at the Carmody Hills Baptist Church in Seat Pleasant, Maryland
President of the Central College African-American Student Organization (Pella, Iowa)
Member of service sorority Alpha Delta Epsilon (Pella, Iowa)

References

Sources
United States Department of State: Biography of Bernadette M. Allen
 . Gale Biography In Context. Gale Document Number: GALE|K2021365388

1956 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Niger
Central College (Iowa) alumni
People from Washington, D.C.
People from Seat Pleasant, Maryland
George Washington University alumni
African-American diplomats
United States Foreign Service personnel
American women ambassadors

Bernadette M. Allen


Burl Stevens Watson Sr. (7 November 1893 – 16 August 1975) was the president and CEO of Cities Service Company during parts of the 1950s and 1960s. He became president in 1954 and was chairman of the board and CEO beginning in 1962, taking the place of W. Alton Jones, who died in the crash of American Airlines Flight 1. Watson was extremely influential as the leader of one of the largest oil companies in the United States. He was quoted often in newspaper and magazine publications on his views on the status of the petroleum industry and served as a national leader of the American Red Cross and Salvation Army. Watson served for many years as the director of the American Petroleum Institute.

Born in the small town of Lincoln, Alabama, to farmer Byron Alexander Stephens Watson, he was the first graduate of Lincoln High School and went on to the University of Alabama, where he majored in electrical engineering. There is a scholarship in his name at Alabama to this day due to a donation he made to the university, which was later enhanced by Cities Service Company.  He was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Alabama in 1957.

After serving in the Army Engineer Corps during World War I, he rose through the ranks of the large corporation, eventually moving to New York City and working at the corporate office.

He married Emitom Burns, daughter of state senator and agricultural innovator Robert Burns. They had two children, including Burl Stevens Watson Jr. who went on to become director of corporate finance of Cities Service Company. Burl Sr. had an oil tanker named after him, the Burl S. Watson, which was built at the Sörviksvarvet A/B shipyard at Uddevalla, Sweden, being released for duty in 1961. He died in 1975 in Port Washington, New York, at the age of 81.

References

External links
 "Business: Personal File: Sep. 1, 1961". Time. September 1, 1961.
The ship W. Alton Jones and the ship Burl S. Watson
Lincoln, Alabama, website, citing Burl S. Watson as notable graduate
Cities Service Ends Joint Venture with Conoco
Photo of the Cities Service oil tanker Burl S. Watson
Note the large Cities Service advertisement on page two, with Burl S. Watson as president
Burl S. Watson inducting Billy Graham into the New York Southerners' Society
 Note that CITGO was the 19th largest oil company in the United States by 1982

1893 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Talladega County, Alabama

Burl S. Watson


Major General Sir William Throsby Bridges,  (18 February 1861 – 18 May 1915) was a senior Australian Army officer who was instrumental in establishing the Royal Military College, Duntroon and who served as the first Australian Chief of the General Staff. During the First World War he commanded the 1st Australian Division at Gallipoli, where he died of wounds on 18 May 1915, becoming the first Australian general officer to be killed during the war. He was the first Australian officer—and the first graduate of Kingston—to reach the rank of major general, the first to command a division, and the first to receive a knighthood. He is one of only two Australians killed in action in the Great War to be interred in Australia.

Early life
Born 18 February 1861 in Greenock, Scotland, the son of William Wilson Somerset Bridges, a Royal Navy captain, and his Australian wife, Mary Hill Throsby. He was educated at Ryde on the Isle of Wight, before attending the Royal Naval School at New Cross, London, in 1871. He remained there until mid-1872 when his family moved to Canada, after his father was badly injured in an accident and forced to retire from the navy. For the next three years, Bridges was a boarder at the Trinity College School, at Port Hope, Ontario. On 10 April 1877, at the age of 16, he entered the newly established Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, as part of the college's second intake, and was assigned the student number of 25.

Although tall, Bridges was of slight build and was not noted for his involvement in sport while at the college, spending most of his spare time reading; nevertheless, he became a keen canoeist as a cadet. Although he was a good student, he became unsettled and began failing his courses when his family migrated to Australia leaving him in Kingston. In June 1879, having received his Certificate of Military Qualifications, Bridges was permitted to leave the college, becoming its first drop out after his father paid a $100 fine to withdraw him. Travelling on the transport Zealandia, Bridges arrived in Sydney in August and joined his family who had settled in his mother's home town of Moss Vale, New South Wales. Shortly after his arrival, he began working for the Department of Roads and Bridges at Braidwood, and by 1884 he had become an inspector in the Narrabri district.

Military career

Early career and Boer War
In early 1885, in response to the fall of Khartoum and the death of General Charles Gordon during the British campaign against the Dervish revolt in Sudan, the colony of New South Wales raised a military contingent consisting of an infantry battalion, with artillery and supporting units, for service with the British. In an effort to enlist, Bridges travelled to Sydney from Narrabri, but by the time he had arrived, the force had already been raised. Nevertheless, due to concerns about Russian intentions in Afghanistan, the Australian colonies began expanding their military forces, and on 19 May that year he was commissioned as a lieutenant into the New South Wales Artillery. Initially his appointment was only temporary, but he was later offered a permanent position.

The following year Bridges undertook an artillery officers' course at the School of Gunnery at Middle Head, after which he was posted there as a staff officer. In 1889 he qualified as a gunnery instructor and in October 1890, having been promoted to captain the month before, he was sent to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and to the Royal School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness for training. Upon returning to Australia in 1893 he became Chief Instructor at the Middle Head School of Gunnery. He was promoted to major in September 1895, and he held positions on several military committees and conferences. In late 1899 Bridges became one of four New South Wales officers seconded to serve with British Army units during the Second Boer War. During his time in South Africa he took part in actions around Kimberley, Paardeberg and Driefontein before contracting typhoid. After being evacuated to England, he returned to Australia in September 1900.

Upon his return, Bridges took command of the Brigade Division of Field Artillery as well as holding various staff appointments. In 1901 the Australian colonies federated, and the various colonial military forces coalesced into the Australian Army. Bridges undertook a quick succession of appointments: Assistant Quartermaster General of the Army HQ in Melbourne; Chief of Military Intelligence; Chief of the Australian General Staff, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel in July 1902 and then colonel in October 1906. In 1909, he went to London as Australia's representative on the Imperial General Staff.

In 1910 Bridges was promoted to brigadier general and, on the recommendation of Lord Kitchener, was recalled to Australia to become the first commandant of the Royal Military College at Duntroon. On his way back to Australia, Bridges inspected various military academies, including Sandhurst, Woolwich, and West Point. He chose the site of the old Campbell homestead and in line with Kitchener's recommendations, Bridges largely modelled Duntroon on the United States Military Academy at West Point. He remained commandant of the college until May 1914, when he was appointed Inspector General of the Army.

First World War

When war broke out, Bridges was in Queensland on an inspection tour, and he returned to Melbourne on 5 August 1914. He met the Australian cabinet, was promoted to the rank of major general, and was charged with the creation of an expeditionary force of 20,000 men for overseas service, known as the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). As this force was raised, Bridges convinced the government to graduate the first class of Duntroon cadets early. Once the force was raised, Bridges and his command sailed from Albany, Western Australia and Fremantle, Western Australia in late October, bound for England, where they were to undertake a period of training before being committed to the fighting on the Western Front. En route, the destination was changed from England to Egypt, where they landed on 1 December. In Egypt, Bridges set to work training his troops, which were organised as the 1st Australian Division. On 25 April, as part the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, Bridges' command was among the first ashore at Anzac Cove, at the start of the Gallipoli campaign.

After the initial landing, the Australian and New Zealand troops established a beachhead around Anzac Cove, but during early May a period of stalemate followed as the Turkish defenders prevented them from advancing inland. Bridges suggested withdrawing the force, but he was over-ruled. During this time, Bridges inspected the front lines on a daily basis, despite the risks. On 15 May 1915, he was shot through the femoral artery in his right leg by a Turkish sniper. Dragged to safety, he was evacuated to the hospital ship Gascon. Infection set in but amputation was deemed impossible since he had lost so much blood.  On 17 May 1915, Bridges was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, although the award was not formally gazetted until 22 May. He was also posthumously Mentioned in Despatches, having died on board the hospital ship on 18 May.

Bridges was buried in Alexandria but in June his body was returned to Melbourne where he received a state funeral. Bridges is the only identified Australian killed in the First World War to have had his body repatriated and buried on Australian soil. His funeral service was conducted at St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. He was buried on 3 September 1915 at Duntroon on the slopes of Mount Pleasant.

Personal life
On 10 October 1885, Bridges married Edith Lilian Francis (1862–1926), daughter of Alfred John Dawson Francis and Margaret Agnes Anne Francis (formerly Wilson, born Green) at St John's Church, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, which was the same church in which his parents had married in 1858. They had seven children, three of whom died young. Bridges was survived by Edith and their four living children; one of his sons, William Francis, later followed in his footsteps, serving on the Western Front, achieving the rank of major in the AIF and receiving the Distinguished Service Order.

He was also survived by his horse "Sandy", the only Australian Waler horse to return from the First World War, due to quarantine restrictions. It is not clear when Bridges met Sandy but after his death Sandy was cared for by a number of Army vets until, by order of the Minister of Defence, the horse was returned to Australia where he lived at the Remount Depot at Maribyrnong, before being put down in 1923 due to ill health.

Dates of rank

Honours, awards and decorations

Legacy
Sir William Throsby Bridges is memorialised by a memorial tablet in the Anglican Church of St John the Baptist, in Canberra, where his wife is buried.  The tablet was unveiled on 9 December 1930, on the final Duntroon graduation day before the college temporarily moved to Victoria Barracks, in Sydney, having been paid for by subscriptions from former AIF officers. His epitaph reads: "Major General Sir William Throsby Bridges KCB CMG died on 18 May 1915 from wounds received at Gallipoli peninsula whilst in command of the Australian Imperial Force. A gallant and erudite soldier, he was the first commandant of this College, where in recognition of faithful service his remains were publicly interred on Third September 1915". As an ex- Kingston cadet, Bridges' name is also listed on the Memorial Arch at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, and he is commemorated on the Canadian Virtual War Memorial and on page 566 of the Canadian First World War Book of Remembrance.

References

Sources
 Books

Websites

Further reading

External links

 , Digger History: an unofficial history of the Australian & New Zealand Armed Forces
 Major General Sir William Throsby Bridges, biography, www.firstworldwar.com
Bridges at www.aif.adfa.edu.au

1861 births
1915 deaths
Australian generals
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Burials in the Australian Capital Territory
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
People from Greenock
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
People educated at the Royal Naval School
Trinity College School alumni
British emigrants
Immigrants to Canada
Immigrants to Australia
Chiefs of Army (Australia)

William Bridges (general)


Warriors Orochi 2, known in Japan as , is a 2008 video game developed by Koei and Omega Force for the PlayStation 2. It is the sequel to Warriors Orochi, a crossover video game of the Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors series. The game was released on September 23 in North America and September 19 in Europe. A version for the Xbox 360 was released on September 4, 2008 in Japan, and alongside the PS2 releases in North America and Europe. A PlayStation Portable version has been released in Japan, North America and Europe.

Plot
The game starts with the defeat of Orochi at the end of the first game, the new land consisting of the warriors from the Three Kingdoms Era of China and the Warring States period of Japan found peace. It was, however, not destined to last. Former officers under the Orochi army broke away and formed their own armies, while others not affiliated with Orochi began to create armies of their own as well. All the while, an evil plot is in motion behind the scenes, to revive the greatest evil the world has ever known: Orochi himself.

As in the first game, the game is told in several subplots that connect with each other. Each subplot is named after the three kingdoms from the Three Kingdoms era of China and one from the Warring States period of Japan. The game adds one more subplot titled "Orochi" which is actually a prequel of the first game told from the Orochi Army's perspective, showing his rise of power. Again, the characters are scattered to join different kingdoms due to the plot, though they are still placed in their original kingdoms in the character selection screen.

Shu story
In the Kingdom of Shu story, Liu Bei is concerned with the growing threat of his enemies fighting for power over the dimensional world after Orochi's defeat. He soon forms an alliance with several allies, such as Ieyasu Tokugawa, Yoshimoto Imagawa, and Sun Shang Xiang to defend Shu from collapsing. They are soon joined by a mysterious mystic named Taigong Wang. Trying to capture Da Ji (who has escaped after Orochi's death), he asks Shu for their assistance.

Wei story
In the Kingdom of Wei story, Cao Cao begins reforming his forces when he sees that the Orochi Army has started to grow in strength despite Orochi's death. He is joined by a mystic named Nu Wa who, despite her assistance to help Cao Cao, refuses to answer questions regarding anything related to Da Ji or the monkey king Sun Wukong, who recently leads an army of "circus". Regardless, both try to uncover the secrets behind Da Ji and Sun Wukong, who seem to be working for the same goal.

Wu story
In the Kingdom of Wu story, Wu has lived in peace following Orochi's death. The leader of the kingdom, Sun Jian does not build an army despite the other warlords such as Cao Cao forming their own. He does, however send several of his men as spies in anticipation of their attacks. One of his sent officers, Ranmaru Mori reports the sighting of a man named Yoshitsune Minamoto battling Lu Bu. After rescuing him, he requests Wu's help to find his nemesis Kiyomori Taira, who actually has a secret plan in progress.

Samurai story
In this story, after Orochi's defeat, Sakon Shima is on his way to visit Shingen Takeda when he sees the Yellow Turbans (led by Zhang Jiao) being attacked by Dong Zhuo. Realizing the threat caused by the hunger of warlords, he begins forming his forces by inviting the three daimyōs Shingen Takeda, Nobunaga Oda, and Kenshin Uesugi. He also meets a mystic named Fu Xi, who tells him that the Orochi Army is planning something.

Orochi story
This story is a prequel of the first game, showing how Da Ji frees Orochi from the mystic world and him twisting the Three Kingdoms era of China and the Warring States period of Japan to form a new dimensional world. Joined by Dong Zhuo, they begin their quest to defeat all warriors and make them their slaves. Meanwhile, a group of mystics led by Taigong Wang, Fu Xi, and Nu Wa, try to stop Orochi and imprison him again.

Characters

The first Warriors Orochi boasts a roster of 79 playable characters spanning both the Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors series. This game introduces a total of 13 new characters, including characters new to the Warriors franchise. Along with all the characters from the first game returning, 92 characters encompass the roster of Warriors Orochi 2.

Several existing characters from the Warriors games that did not appear in Warriors Orochi make their debut in the sequel. For the first time since Dynasty Warriors 3, Fu Xi and Nu Wa are playable, complete with updated character models. Additionally, because this game is released after Samurai Warriors 2: Xtreme Legends, Yoshimoto Imagawa's updated character model, Kojiro Sasaki, Katsuie Shibata, Toshiie Maeda, Motochika Chōsokabe and Gracia are included.

In addition, there are other characters, new to the Warriors franchise, that appear as well:
Taigong Wang (太公望, Taikō Bō), also known as Jiang Ziya, was a legendary military strategist and the most famous Prime Minister from the Zhou Dynasty of China. He is the one who can easily outmatch Da Ji's strategic thinking and ordered her execution personally in their own world. He has a rather cocky and egotistic personality. He uses a fishing rod as a weapon.
Kiyomori Taira (平清盛, Taira no Kiyomori) was a military general from the Heian Period of Japan. He is allied with Orochi and is part of his resurrection. He uses a set of gigantic prayer beads as a weapon.
Yoshitsune Minamoto (源義経, Minamoto no Yoshitsune) was another military general from the Heian Period, opposing Kiyomori. He can fight Lu Bu in an even match and even unscathed, which surprised Wu. He wields a lightsaber-like gauntlet that is attached to his arm and can fire energy projectiles with it. He is a rather typical samurai.
Sun Wukong (孫悟空, Son Gokū), also known as The "Monkey King", is the main character from Journey to the West, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature (which includes Romance of the Three Kingdoms). As in every incarnation of him, he utilizes his famous Jingu Staff as his weapon. In order to be released from confinement by Kiyomori, Sun Wukong fights for the Orochi army.
Himiko (卑弥呼) was the ancient Japanese shaman queen known for her relationship with the Kingdom of Wei of China. She utilizes a set of energy-firing Dogu dolls.  She has a sister-like relationship with Da Ji and both are very protective of each other.
Orochi X (真・遠呂智, Shin Orochi) is the revived form of Orochi. Having been revived by Kiyomori Taira and Da Ji, this new form of Orochi is more powerful and evil than before. He utilizes his same scythe as his first form, but has a more powerful moveset.
There are also two characters, Dodomeki and Gyuki, that are playable only in Survival and VS modes only. They are modeled after two new classes of Orochi generic generals. Dodomeki is a speed-type character that shares a similar moveset to Kotaro Fuma, while Gyuki is a power-type character that possess a unique moveset.

* Denotes new characters to the series.

** Denotes new characters added through ports.

Bold denotes default characters.

Gameplay
In addition to the Story, Free and Gallery Modes from the first game, there are other new modes of gameplay:

New Weapon Upgrades and Fusions is a feature introduced in the first Warriors Orochi, upgrading and modifying weapons has been given a new twist by fulfilling the requirement for a much better skill imbued on a weapon.
Treasure Hunt Side Quest" In addition to normal game objectives and missions on each map, hidden Treasures are placed on each map. Each map has different hidden Treasures.
Versus mode" A feature from Dynasty Warriors 4 and the original Samurai Warriors, Versus Mode pits two players against each other in four separate modes. Players can select teams of three characters different from each other. This mode pits two players against each other in a traditional fighting game (which the very first Dynasty Warriors is). Tag Team gives each player three characters as a team, while Elimination gives players one character each.
Tower: The objective of this game mode is to knock out more enemies than the opponent.
Steeple Chase resembles a traditional arcade style racing game. Two players ride horses and race to the finish line. Items are available in-game to give players added abilities.
Survival mode follows the same concepts of Tag Team. The difference is the number of computer opponents is infinite.
In the all-new Dream Mode, players can select three of the available 92 characters in this game and play through a special scenario tailored to the chosen team. None of the characters that appear outside the Three Kingdoms and Sengoku periods are part of any teams. There are 28 stages total.

Twenty new stages are included in the sequel. Most of the stages were brought over from Dynasty Warriors 5: Xtreme Legends and Samurai Warriors 2 Xtreme Legends. Most, if not all, stages from the first Warriors Orochi return in the stories, while others are used in Dream Mode stages.

Unlike the first game's character palette swaps, Warriors Orochi 2 features different costumes for each character. Each character has three costumes; the same 2 palette swap costumes as in the first game return, and a different costume that is either their Dynasty Warriors 4 costume or their Samurai Warriors costume (with the exceptions of Oichi and Masamune Date). Characters that debuted after Dynasty Warriors 4 or the original Samurai Warriors have new alternate costumes entirely. To unlock these 3rd costumes, the characters must have their proficiency at level 10.

To promote Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce, the PSP version of Warriors Orochi 2 features the Musou Awakening forms of Zhao Yun, Xiahou Dun and Sun Shang Xiang as usable costumes, unlocked by completing the story modes.

The North American, European and Taiwan releases have additional features exclusively to the PSP version of the game.  These features include the addition of the Japanese voices, an installation to the Memory Stick Duo to decrease load times, and additional characters, such as Benkei and San Zang, and contents from the unreleased Musou Orochi Z which KOEI announced would not be released outside Japan.

Reception

Warriors Orochi 2 was met with very mixed to negative reception.  GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 58.75% and 56 out of 100 for the PSP version; 54.17% and 52 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; and 44.64% and 44 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version.

As of July 9, 2008, the game has sold 946,131 copies in Japan, according to Famitsu, which also gave the Xbox 360 version a score of 8, 9, 8, and 9, up to a total of 34 out of 40.

References

External links
Official Warriors Orochi 2 website
Official Musou Orochi - Maou Sairin website
Koei Warriors - Musou Orochi - Maou Sairin section

2008 video games
Crossover video games
Crowd-combat fighting games
Hack and slash games
Koei games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Omega Force games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Portable games
Video games about samurai
Video games based on Chinese mythology
Video games based on Japanese mythology
Video games developed in Japan
2
Wuxia video games
Xbox 360 games

Warriors Orochi 2


Demeter Press is a not-for-profit feminist academic publisher headquartered in Ontario, Canada. Founded in 2006 by Andrea O'Reilly, it focuses on the topic of motherhood and is partnered with the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement (MIRCI), formerly the Association for Research on Mothering at York University. It is named in honour of the goddess Demeter.

References

External links
Official website

Book publishing companies of Canada
Feminist organizations in Canada
Publishing companies established in 2006

Demeter Press