ArcelorMittal S.A. is a Luxembourg-based multinational steel manufacturing corporation headquartered in Luxembourg City. It was formed in 2006 from the takeover and merger of Arcelor by Indian-owned Mittal Steel. ArcelorMittal is the second largest steel producer in the world, with an annual crude steel production of 88 million metric tonnes . It is ranked 197th in the 2022 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's largest corporations. It directly and indirectly employs around 200,000 people and its market capital is $25 billion. The total value of company assets is estimated to be around $100 billion.

History

ArcelorMittal was formed from the acquisition of Arcelor by Mittal Steel; Mittal Steel was in turn formed from the merger of ISPAT International and LNM Holdings. The company traces its history back to 1976.

2006–2008: Formation and scalebacks
ArcelorMittal was created by the takeover of Western European steel maker Arcelor (Spain, France, and Luxembourg) by Indian-owned multinational steel maker Mittal Steel in 2006, at a cost of €40.37 per share, approximately $33 billion total. Mittal Steel launched a hostile takeover bid, which replaced a previously planned merger between Arcelor and Severstal that had lacked sufficient shareholder approval.

The resulting merged business was named ArcelorMittal and was headquartered in Luxembourg City. The resulting firm produced approximately 10% of the world's steel, and was by far the world's largest steel company. Total revenues in 2007 were $105 billion.

By February 2008, the company had 320,000 employees in 60 countries. In October 2008, the market capitalisation of ArcelorMittal was over $30 billion, after peaking at $32.5 billion in September 2008. At the end of 2008, the company reported operating income of around $12 billion.

In December 2008, ArcelorMittal announced several plant sales, to which it had been ordered by U.S. antitrust authorities as a condition of approval of Mittal Steel's takeover of Arcelor SA, including the Bethlehem Steel plant in Lackawanna, New York, to the Russian company Severstal. Other plants were closed by the company due to economic reasons, including LTV Steel in Hennepin, Illinois.  After purchase of Kryvorizhstal, Ukraine's largest steel producer, employment was scaled back from 57,000 employees to 30,000.

2011–2014: Losses and Senegal agreement
In 2010, the company's operating income had fallen to $4.9 billion, with sales down 10 per cent from the year earlier, and income down 50 per cent as steel prices slumped. In 2011, the company began curtailing its European production to match the reduced demand for steel. It also sold Skyline Steel and Astralloy to a rival, Nucor, for $605 million. On 26 January 2011, the stainless steel division split off as a new company, Aperam.  , due to overcapacity and reduced demand in Europe, it had idled 9 of 25 blast furnaces; in October 2012 it permanently shut down two blast furnaces at Florange, France. On 31 October 2012, the company reported a third-quarter loss of $709 million as compared to a $659 million profit for the same period a year ago, citing the slow down in China's economy. In 2012 ArcelorMittal had $22 billion of debt.

In January 2013, ArcelorMittal bid $1.5 billion to acquire ThyssenKrupp AG's rolling mill in Calvert, Alabama, United States. On 26 February 2014, ThyssenKrupp sold their Calvert carbon steel facility to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.55 billion, as a new joint venture. The facility was renamed AM/NS Calvert through the 50/50 joint partnership with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp. The firm also entered into a $2.2 billion contract to develop an iron ore deposit in Senegal. This included construction of a  railway line.  After it stalled on the contract and failed to build according to schedule, the Government of Senegal sued. In September 2013, the government of Senegal won a court case before an international tribunal to rescind a $2.2 billion deal with ArcelorMittal after the company suspended work on an iron ore mine in the country. In June 2014, the International Chamber of Commerce's arbitration court in Paris awarded Senegal $150 million.

Dealing with price and demand fluctuations in the steel market, from 2012 to 2014 ArcelorMittal restructured its European division by reducing employee numbers and closing plants. In May 2014, ArcelorMittal, citing economic self-interest, declared its opposition to sanctions on Russia. As of June 2014, ArcelorMittal accounted for 7 per cent of world steel production. After being shut out of the Chinese steel industry in 2005, along with other foreign companies, in 2014 the company announced it was planning new plants in China. In 2014, the company had an annual crude steel production of 98.1 million tons.

2008–2016: Price fixing convictions
Following an investigation first launched in 2008, in August 2016 the South African Competition Commission found the company guilty of price fixing.  ArcelorMittal was fined US$110.9 million and, as part of the settlement, also agreed to invest R4.64 billion in capital over five years. According to the findings, the firm had been part of a 17-member-steel group nicknamed "Club Zürich", that later became known as "Club Europe". Between January 1984 and September 2002, the companies fixed the market, prices, and exchanged confidential corporate information.

2015–2016: Recent acquisitions
In 2015, the company had a net loss of $7.9 billion. Between February 2015 and February 2016, share value dropped 60%, making the company the "worst performer" in the FTSEurofirst300 index. The CEO said the company had performed poorly in 2015 due to "Chinese exports depressing prices". Early in 2016, the company announced it had raised $3 billion in new investment capital to help reduce debt to $11.7 billion of debt. In early 2016 the company also announced a program to boost core profit by $3 billion by 2020 "through a mixture of cost-cutting, increased production and a focus on higher-value forms of steel". Chairman Lakshmi Mittal announced doubled earnings the following year in May 2017. Along with the increase in capital, the company also sold its 35% stake in Gestamp Automacion for $979 million, with the goal of reducing ArcelorMittal's debt to less than $12 billion. By February 2016, the company made about 6% of the world's steel. It ranked 108th in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's biggest corporations.

2017: Market changes
In February 2017 ArcelorMittal announced its first annual profits in five years. In February 2017, ArcelorMittal and Votorantim announced plans to combine their long steel operations in Brazil. Under the deal, Votorantim Siderurgia became a subsidiary of ArcelorMittal Brasil. In late May 2017, ArcelorMittal and the Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) agreed on preliminary terms to form a $913 million joint venture to export a fifth of the auto-grade steel made by the venture. In March 2017, the company proposed a new US$6.5 billion steel project in Karnataka, after entering into a pact with the Karnataka government in February 2017. In April 2017, Sanjeev Gupta's Liberty House Group announced it had agreed to acquire ArcelorMittal's Georgetown Steelworks in South Carolina. It is ranked 123 in the 2017 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's biggest corporations.

By March 2017, ArcelorMittal was leading a consortium bidding for Ilva. An Italian company, Ilva owns the Taranto steelworks in southern Italy, which has Europe's largest steel output. The steelworks had been accused of toxic emissions linked to local cancer rates, and had been nationalized by the government years prior. The buyers were the AM Investco consortium, which beyond ArcelorMittal included Marcegaglia and Banca Intesa Sanpaolo. In May 2017, ArcelorMittal was announced as the preferred bidder over a different consortium led by JSW Steel, after it was able to pledge a production increase and guarantee employment levels. The final decision was waiting on Italy's ministry of economic development. On 5 June 2017, ArcelorMittal won approval to purchase Ilva for €1.8 billion. In its bid, AM Investco had pledged to make investments into Ilva of €2.4bn until 2023. On 1 November 2018, ArcelorMittal assumed ownership of Ilva steel operations and ArcelorMittal Italia was formed.

In July 2017 the company reported a 19.3 per cent year-on-year rise in its earnings for the year's second quarter. The amount was lower than predicted by analysts, with the company citing the volatility in market prices. Also, in July 2017, the European Court of Justice ruled against ArcelorMittal in its lawsuit against how the EU allocates free carbon permits.

2018: Black snow controversy

In January 2018, black snow fell in the city of Temirtau, Kazakhstan where an ArcelorMittal plant is located. Local citizens complained that the pollution was caused by an ArcelorMittal plant. A spokesperson for ArcelorMittal explained that the discoloration of the snow was caused by a lack of wind which would otherwise blow the pollution away.

2019: Notice to terminate to Ilva
On 4 November 2019, Arcelor Mittal (Am Investco Italy) sent to Ilva's Commissioners a notice to terminate, the Ilva lease agreement, citing as reasons that the Italian Parliament had removed the legal protection necessary for the company to implement its environmental plan without the risk of criminal liability and that a recent decision by the criminal court of Taranto would effectively force Mittal to close blast furnace #2 by 13 December 2019. A legal and media battle with the Italian state started immediately, as Ilva is not only the single primary steel mill Mittal operates in Italy but also the largest employer in Taranto.

2020: Sale of U.S. Operations to Cleveland-Cliffs
On September 28, 2020, the company sold its US-Business to Cleveland-Cliffs for approximately $1.4 billion.

Company structure
Lakshmi Mittal (owner of Mittal Steel) is the executive chairman. His family owns 40% of the shares and voting shares in the company. After a $3 billion rights issue earlier in April 2016, the company by 21 April 2016 had a share value of 16,616 million euros, distributed in 3,065,710,869 shares.

Predecessor companies
Acquired by Mittal Steel Company:
International Steel Group (acquired 2004)
Bethlehem Steel - United States (acquired 2003)
ISG Weirton Steel - United States (acquired 2002)
LTV-Steel Cleveland, OH - United States (acquired 2002)
Republic Steel - United States (acquired 1984)
Jones and Laughlin Steel - United States (acquired 1984)
Acme Steel - Chicago, US (acquired 2002)
Ispat International (acquired 2004)
ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih - Ukraine (acquired 2005)

Acquired by Arcelor:
Aceralia - Spain (merger 2001)
Usinor - France (merger 2001)
Acesita - Brazil (acquired 1998)
ARBED - Luxembourg (merger 2001)
Acindar - Argentina (acquired 2006)
Dofasco - Canada (acquired 2006)

Board of directors
Comprised as follows by nine people as of June 2017:
Aditya Mittal, CEO and Founder of ArcelorMittal (Chairman of the Board)
Bruno Lafont, Co-chairman and former CEO of LafargeHolcim
Tye Burt, former CEO and President of Kinross Gold
Jeannot Krecké, Member of Parliament for Luxembourg and former Minister for the Economy and Foreign Trade of Luxembourg
Suzanne Nimocks, former Director for Energy at McKinsey & Company
Karel De Gucht, former European Commissioner for Trade and Belgian Foreign Minister
Michel Wurth, former CFO of ARBED
Karyn Ovelmen, CFO of Flowserve

Employees
As of 2012, the company had thousands of workers at 12 major facilities in the United States, in states such as Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. All non-salary employees in North America, with the exception of the Dofasco facility in Hamilton, Ontario, are represented by the United Steelworkers union, the largest industrial union in North America. Also, at the time around 100,000 of the company's 260,000 employees were in Europe. As of 31 December 2013, the company employed over 232,000 people, of which 37% were in the EU, with a further 16% in non-EU European countries, 17% in Asia, 16% in North America, the remainder split between South America and the Middle East and Africa. ArcelorMittal is also Luxembourg's largest private employer. At the beginning of 2014, it employed 4,600 employees in the Grand Duchy. By 2020 the company had over 18,000 employees in North and South America.

Facilities

Headquarters and offices

The head office of ArcelorMittal is in Luxembourg City. The building was the head office of Arbed before that company merged with Aceralia and Usinor.

Major plant locations

Operated by ArcelorMittal:
 ArcelorMittal Timóteo - Minas Gerais, Brazil (through Aperam South America)
 ArcelorMittal Ghent - Zelzate, Belgium
 ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih - Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine (through ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih)
 Plants in Aktau, Temirtau, Kazakhstan
 Plants in Ostrava, Czech Republic
 ArcelorMittal Mexico - Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán, Mexico
 ArcelorMittal Poland - Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
 Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks - Kraków, Poland
 Hunedoara steel works - Hunedoara, Romania
 Galați steel works - Galaţi, Romania (now operated by Liberty Galati)
 ArcelorMittal Annaba - El Hadjar, Algeria
 ArcelorMittal Dofasco - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 Acindar - Villa Constitución, Argentina, Argentina
 Ilva - Taranto, Italy
 Hibbing Taconite - Hibbing, United States
 Vanderbijlpark, South Africa

Joint ventures:
 AM/NS India - Hazira (joint venture with Nippon Steel)
 Annaba steel complex - Anaba, Algeria (joint venture with Sidar)
Ouenza and Boukhadra mines - Algeria (joint venture with Sidar)
I/N Kote - New Carlisle, United States (built 1991, joint venture with Nippon Steel)
AM/NS Calvert - Calvert, United States (50/50 joint partnership with Nippon Steel)
 ArcelorMittal Aços Longos -  Brazil (also owned by Belgo-Mineira)

Carbon footprint
ArcelorMittal reported Total CO2e emissions (direct + indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 150.8 Tg (teragram) (-31,100 /-17.1% y-o-y). The decline accelerated compared to the CAGR of -7.2% since 4Q'18.

Products and activities

The company is involved in research and development, mining, and steel. ArcelorMittal in 2016 produced around 90 million tons of steel. As of May 2017, the company made 200 unique steel grades for automotive purposes, half of which were introduced since 2007. Among the steel varieties are Usibor 2000, which the company announced in June 2016 and released later that year. Upon release, the high-strength automotive steel was said to be about one-third stronger than other steels then available for carmaking.

See also
 List of steel producers
 Steel industry in Luxembourg
 ArcelorMittal Orbit (building sponsored by chairman)
 Economy of Belo Horizonte
 Kostenko mine disaster

References

External links

Multinational companies headquartered in Luxembourg
Companies based in Luxembourg City
Manufacturing companies established in 2006
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2006
CAC 40
IBEX 35
Companies listed on Euronext Paris
Mittal family
Luxembourgian companies established in 2006

ArcelorMittal


Sue Donaldson (also known as Susan Cliffe; born 1962) is a Canadian writer and philosopher. She is a research fellow affiliated with the Department of Philosophy at Queen's University, where she is the co-founder of the Animals in Philosophy, Politics, Law and Ethics (APPLE) research cluster.

Biography
Donaldson was born in Ottawa in 1962, and has lived most of her life in Eastern Ontario. She currently lives in Kingston, Ontario with her husband, Will Kymlicka.

Writing

Donaldson is a philosopher of animal rights. She published a vegan cookbook, Foods That Don't Bite Back, in 2003. She has also co-authored numerous articles in peer-reviewed academic journals on the topic of animal rights.In 2004, she published a young adult novel, Threads of Deceit, under the name Susan Cliffe. This monograph is a historical fiction and mystery novel set in nineteenth century Upper Canada.

She published Zoopolis: A Political Theory of Animal Rights, co-written with Will Kymlicka, in 2011. In this book, as well as their other co-authored work on animal ethics, Donaldson and Kymlicka argue for a group-differentiated political conception of animal rights. Drawing upon citizenship theory, they argue that although all animals should be protected by the same fundamental rights, individual animals should have different rights (and different responsibilities) depending on their group membership. Animals who form a part of mixed human/animal society (domesticated animals) should be conceived of as citizens, while animals who are reliant upon the mixed society without being a part of it (liminal animals) should be conceived of as denizens. Wild animals, who live wholly or mostly separately from the mixed human/animal society, should be conceived of as sovereign over their own territory. Intervention to reduce wild animal suffering would accordingly be acceptable if compatible with respect for their sovereignty.

Awards
In 2013, she won the Canadian Philosophical Association's Book Prize, with Will Kymlicka, for their book Zoopolis.

Selected publications

Foods That Don't Bite Back: Vegan Cooking Made Simple. Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 2003.
Thread of Deceit (as Susan Cliffe). Toronto: Sumach Press, 2004.
Zoopolis: A Political Theory of Animal Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. (With Will Kymlicka)
Chimpanzee Rights: The Philosophers' Brief, Routledge, 2018. (With Kristin Andrews, Gary Comstock, G. K. D. Crozier, Andrew Fenton, Tyler John, L. Syd M Johnson, Robert Jones, Will Kymlicka, Letitia Meynell, Nathan Nobis, David Pena-Guzman, and Jeff Sebo)

References

Further reading

Taylor, Angus (2014). "An Interview with Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka". Between the Species 17 (1).
Wadiwel, Dinesh (2014). "Liberalism and Animal Rights: An Interview with Sue Donaldson". Sydney Environment Institute. Accessed 7 September 2016.

External links
Sue Donaldson at The Writers' Union of Canada

1962 births
Living people
Animal ethicists
Canadian animal rights scholars
Canadian food writers
Canadian philosophers
Canadian political philosophers
21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian women non-fiction writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian women novelists
Canadian writers of young adult literature
Women writers of young adult literature
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Plant-based diet advocates
Pseudonymous women writers
Vegan cookbook writers
Writers from Ottawa

Sue Donaldson


Faith Chemutai (born 4 April 1980) is a Kenyan long-distance runner.

She won the silver medal in 5000 metres at the 1998 World Junior Championships. At the 2006 World Cross Country Championships she finished ninth in the long race. The Kenyan team, of which Chemutai was a part, won the silver medal in the team competition.

Personal bests
5000 metres - 15:34.48 min (1998)
Half marathon - 1:13:51 hrs (2005)

External links

1980 births
Living people
Kenyan female long-distance runners
Kenyan female cross country runners

Faith Chemutai


The Osmund Osmundson House is a historic house in Nerstrand, Minnesota, United States.  The private home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on April 6, 1982. The house is significant for its association with a prominent Rice County pioneer and town founder.

Structure
The Osmund Osmundson House is located in the northeast of the small town of Nerstrand, east of what were the rails for the Chicago Great Western Railway, since removed.  The white, two-story gabled brick house was completed in 1880.  The sprawling structure consists of two sections: each with an intersecting gable roof with wooden shingles.  The south section, the left section of the front facade, is two bays by two bays and has portions that date to 1856.  The north section measures three bays by two bays with a -story extension added to the rear (western) facade.  Two over two windows are regularly spaced and slightly arched.  The structure has two porches: an enclosed porch topped by a balcony on the rear (northwestern) corner as well as a modified front porch across the front section's three bays facade.  The building originally had an elaborate balustraded full front porch and a red brick color.

History and significance

Osmund Osmundson was born in Nedstrand in Tysvær, Norway in 1826 and immigrated to the United States in 1850.  He settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin before joining the California Gold Rush.  In 1856 he moved to Wheeling Township in Rice County, Minnesota.  He homesteaded the present site of Nerstrand, and began to envision a town on the site.  In 1877, he built a store on what became the right-of-way for railroad tracks on what is now Main Street.  In 1885, the Minnesota and North Western Railroad (later the Chicago Great Western Railway) was constructed and Osmundson platted the town on the line, naming it after his hometown.  The area surrounding Nerstrand and Wheeling Township became a close-knit Norwegian American community.  Osmundson went on to be active in county and state government, serving as Rice County commissioner for two terms and in the Minnesota State Legislature; he died in 1914.

The home was built to replace a log house built at the time he settled in the area, as well as a wood-frame house built in 1861.  At the time the building was listed on the NRHP, it was owned and occupied by the third generation of Osmundsons.

See also
Thorstein Veblen Farmstead
Bonde Farmhouse

References

Houses in Rice County, Minnesota
Houses completed in 1880
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Norwegian-American history
Norwegian-American culture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota

Osmund Osmundson House


Batman (also known as Batman: The Movie) is a 1966 American superhero film directed by Leslie H. Martinson. Based on the television series, and the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character of the same name, the film stars Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin. The film hit theaters two months after the last episode of the first season of the television series. The film includes most members of the original TV cast, with the exception of Julie Newmar, who played Catwoman in the first two seasons; for the movie, she was replaced by Lee Meriwether.

Plot
When Batman and Robin get a tip that Commodore Schmidlapp, owner of the Big Ben Distillery, is in danger aboard his yacht, they launch a rescue mission using the Batcopter. As Batman descends on the bat-ladder to land on the yacht, it suddenly vanishes beneath him. He rises out of the sea with a shark attacking his leg. After Batman dislodges it with bat-shark repellent, the shark explodes. Batman and Robin head back to Commissioner Gordon's office, where they deduce that the tip was a set-up by the United Underworld, a gathering of four of the most powerful villains in Gotham City: the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, and the Catwoman.

The four criminals equip themselves with a dehydrator that can turn humans into dust (an invention of Schmidlapp's, who is unaware that he has been kidnapped), escape in a war-surplus, pre-atomic submarine made to resemble a penguin, and recruit three pirate-themed henchmen (Bluebeard, Morgan and Quetch). Batman and Robin learn that the yacht was really a holographic projection and return via Batboat to a buoy concealing a projector, where they are trapped on the buoy by a magnet and targeted by torpedoes. They use a radio-detonator to destroy two of the missiles, and a porpoise sacrifices itself to intercept the last one. Catwoman, disguised as Soviet journalist "Kitayna Ireyna Tatanya Kerenska Alisoff" (acronymed as Kitka), helps the group kidnap Bruce Wayne and pretends to be kidnapped with him, as part of a plot to lure Batman and finish him off with another of Penguin's explosive animals (not knowing that Bruce Wayne is Batman's alter-ego).

After Bruce Wayne fights his way out of captivity, he again disguises himself as Batman, and the Dynamic Duo returns to the United Underworld's HQ, only to find a smoking bomb. Batman is met with frustration rushing all over the docks in hopes of locating a safe place to dispose of the bomb but does so in the nick of time. The Penguin disguises himself as the Commodore and schemes his way into the Batcave along with five dehydrated henchmen. This plan fails when the henchmen unexpectedly disappear into antimatter once struck: the Penguin mistakenly rehydrated them with toxic heavy water used to recharge the Batcave's atomic pile, leaving them highly unstable. Ultimately, Batman and Robin are unable to prevent the kidnapping of the dehydrated United World Organization's Security Council, consisting of ambassadors from Japan, the U.S, the U.S.S.R., Israel, France, Spain, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and Nigeria. Giving chase in the Batboat to retrieve them (and Miss Kitka, presumed by the duo as still captive), Robin uses a sonic charge weapon to disable The Penguin's submarine and force it to surface, where a fist fight ensues.

Although Batman and Robin come out on top, Batman is heartbroken to discover that his "true love" Miss Kitka is actually Catwoman when her mask falls off. Commodore Schmidlapp accidentally breaks the powdered Council members' vials and sneezes on them, scattering the dust. Batman sets to work, constructing an elaborate Super Molecular Dust Separator to filter the mingled dust. Robin asks him whether it might be in the world's best interests for them to alter the dust samples so that humans can no longer harm one another. In response, Batman says that they cannot do so, reminding Robin of the fate of the Penguin's henchmen and their tainted rehydration, and can only hope for people, in general, to learn to live together peacefully on their own.

With the world watching, the Security Council is re-hydrated. All members are restored alive and well, but continue to squabble amongst themselves, totally oblivious of their surroundings; however, each of them now speaks the language and displays the stereotypical mannerisms of a nation other than their own. Batman quietly expresses his sincere hope to Robin that this "strange mixing of minds" does more good than harm. The duo quietly leaves United World Headquarters by climbing out of the window and descending on their bat-ropes.

Cast

 Adam West as Bruce Wayne / Batman
 Burt Ward as Dick Grayson / Robin
 Lee Meriwether as The Catwoman, Kitka
 Cesar Romero as The Joker
 Burgess Meredith as The Penguin
 Frank Gorshin as The Riddler
 Alan Napier as Alfred
 Neil Hamilton as Commissioner Gordon
 Stafford Repp as Chief O'Hara
 Madge Blake as Aunt Harriet
 Reginald Denny as Commodore Schmidlapp
 Milton Frome as Vice Admiral Fangschleister
 Gil Perkins as Bluebeard
 Dick Crockett as Morgan
 George Sawaya as Quetch
 Teru Shimada as Japanese Delegate
 Maurice Dallimore as United Kingdom Delegate
 Gregory Gaye as Russian Delegate
 Albert Carrier as French Delegate
 Van Williams (uncredited voice) as President Lyndon B. Johnson

Production

Development
William Dozier wanted to make a big-screen film to generate interest in his proposed Batman television series by having the feature in theaters while the first season of the series was rolling before the cameras. The studio, 20th Century-Fox, refused because it would have to cover the entire cost of a movie, while it would only have to share the cost of a TV series (a much less risky proposition).

The studio acquiesced after a 1965 screening of Columbia Pictures' 1943 The Batman serial in New York City renewed interest in the character and after the television series became phenomenally successful. The project was announced in a March 26, 1966, issue of Variety magazine.

The film features many characters from the show. It was written by series writer Lorenzo Semple Jr. and directed by Leslie H. Martinson, who had directed a pair of the television series season one episodes: "The Penguin Goes Straight" and "Not Yet, He Ain't". Semple Jr. completed the screenplay in 10 days. Principal photography began on April 28, 1966, and concluded within 28 days, with a further three days to complete second-unit photography.

Casting

The film includes most members of the original TV cast: the actors for Batman, Robin, Alfred, Gordon, O'Hara, Aunt Harriet, the Joker, the Penguin, and the Riddler all reprised their roles. Though Julie Newmar had at this point played Catwoman in two episodes of season one in the TV series, she had other commitments at that time and was replaced by Lee Meriwether in the film. According to the Biography special Catwoman: Her Many Lives aired on July 20, 2004, Newmar was unable to reprise her role because of a back injury. Catwoman was nonetheless played by Newmar once again in the following eleven episodes of season two of the series; Eartha Kitt would then play Catwoman in three episodes of season three.

Jack LaLanne has a cameo as a man on a rooftop with bikini-clad women.

Tone and themes
Even though it is often described (like many contemporary shows) as a parody of a popular comic-book character, some commentators believe that its comedy is not so tightly confined. They felt the film's depiction of the Caped Crusader "captured the feel of the contemporary comics perfectly". The film was made at a time when "the Batman of the Golden Age comics was already essentially neutered".

Certain elements verge into direct parody of the history of Batman. The movie, like the TV series, is strongly influenced by the comparatively obscure 1940s serials of Batman, such as the escapes done almost out of luck. The penchant for giving devices a "Bat-" prefix and the dramatic use of stylized title cards during fight scenes acknowledge some of the conventions that the character had accumulated in various media. However, the majority of Batman's campier moments can be read as a broader parody on contemporary mid-1960s culture in general.

Furthermore, the movie represented Batman's first major foray into Cold War issues, paying heavy attention to Polaris Missiles, war surplus submarines and taking a poke at the Pentagon. The inclusion of a glory-hunting presidential character and the unfavorable portrayal of Security Council Members marked Batman's first attempts to poke fun at domestic and international politics.

Vehicles

Besides the Batmobile, other vehicles used by The Dynamic Duo include:
 Batcycle with side car
 Batboat, provided by Glastron
 Batcopter

Of the three new Batvehicles which first appeared in the Batman film, only the Batcycle properly crossed over into the TV series as the budgetary limits of the TV series precluded the full use of the others. While the Batcopter and Batboat from the movie appeared briefly in episodes (including a use of the Batboat in the conclusion of the first post-film two-parter: "Walk the Straight and Narrow"), they primarily did so in the form of stock-footage scenes from the film intercut into the series.

Music
Nelson Riddle's original score to Batman the Movie was released in 2010 by La-La Land Records and Fox Music. The album contains the entire score as heard in the film in chronological order as well as an unreleased cue. This limited edition includes a lavishly illustrated color booklet which features exclusive liner notes by Brian Baterwhite. This Limited Edition was of 2000 units.

It was newly re-issued in 2016. While the program and master of this release is identical to the 2010 release, this reissue features all-new exclusive liner notes by John Takis and art design by Jim Titus. This new Limited Edition is of 2500 units.

Release

Theatrical
Batman premiered at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas, on July 30, 1966 (between the first and second seasons of the TV series); it was moderately successful at the box office. The Batboat featured in the film was created by Austin-based company Glastron, whose payment was in having the film premiere in their hometown. In conjunction with the premiere, Jean Boone of Austin CBS affiliate station KTBC interviewed the film's cast, including Lee Meriwether, Cesar Romero, and Adam West.

Television
ABC, the network which previously aired the Batman television series, first broadcast the film on the July 4, 1971, edition of The ABC Sunday Night Movie; the film was quickly rebroadcast on ABC September 4 of that year.

Home media
The film debuted on home video via formats VHS and Betamax release in 1985 by Playhouse Video, in 1989 by CBS/Fox Video, and in 1994 by Fox Video.

The film was released on DVD in 2001, and re-released July 1, 2008, on DVD and on Blu-ray by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

Reception

Box office
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $3.2 million in rentals to break even and made $3.9 million (equivalent to $ million in ).

Critical response

Bill Gibron of Filmcritic.com gave the film 3 out of 5 stars: "Unlike other attempts at bringing these characters to life...the TV cast really captures the inherent insanity of the roles". Variety stated in their review that "the intense innocent enthusiasm of Cesar Romero, Burgess Meredith and Frank Gorshin as the three criminals is balanced against the innocent calm of Adam West and Burt Ward, Batman and Robin respectively".

Sequels

West and Ward reprised their roles in Batman animated movies for the show's 50th anniversary along with Julie Newmar returning.

Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders was released on Digital HD and digital media on October 11, 2016, and on DVD and Blu-ray November 1.

A sequel to Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders called Batman vs. Two-Face was released on October 10, 2017. The film starred William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. Adam West died before it was released. West completed his voiceover work; it was one of his final performances before he died from leukemia.

See also
 List of American films of 1966

References

External links

 Batman The Movie at BYTB: Batman Yesterday, Today and Beyond (archived 2006)
 BATMAN (1966, U.S.) at kiddiematinee.com (archived 2010)
 Jean Boone – Interview with the cast of Batman: The Movie (1966) (archived 2008)

Batman (TV series)
1966 films
1960s action comedy films
1960s American films
1960s buddy comedy films
1960s superhero films
1960s English-language films
1960s fantasy action films
1960s fantasy comedy films
20th Century Fox films
American action comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American fantasy action films
American fantasy comedy films
American superhero comedy films
Batman films
Cold War submarine films
Films about violence
Films based on adaptations
Films based on television series
Films directed by Leslie H. Martinson
Films produced by William Dozier
Films scored by Nelson Riddle
Films shot in California
Films with screenplays by Lorenzo Semple Jr.
Sequel films to television series
Live-action films based on DC Comics

Batman (1966 film)


Alexandre Vauthier (born 30 November 1971) is a French haute couture fashion designer.

Career
He was a student at fashion school ESMOD from 1991 to 1994. After being a trainee for Thierry Mugler Couture in 2013, he became an assistant. In 1997 he moved to Jean Paul Gaultier where he was a head designer for the couture collections for eight years.

Vauthier recalls his time with Mugler fondly: "My years at Mugler were extremely formatives at all levels. He taught me to be resourceful, find solutions very quickly."

In 2009, he did his first fashion show with his own label, during Paris Fashion Week. Ever since, Christian Louboutin does the shoes for Vauthier's fashion shows.

In 2010, he created a clothing line for 3 Suisses.

In 2011, after getting a makeover to Beyoncé for her album 4, he created yule logs for the Grande Epicerie de Paris.

For the year 2012 he was the art director for the Premium range of brand Pyrenex. The same year Madonna chose him to create the look on the cover of her single Girl Gone Wild.

In 2014, he created goodies for Lancôme with Jacquemus and Yiqing Yin.

From 2011 to 2014 he was a guest member of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture. Since December 2014, he is an official member, his fashion house being able to use the term "haute couture".

Style
Alexandre Vauthier's collections mostly consist of black and gold. White and Silver also remained prominent in his collection. For the fall-winter 2011–2012 seasons, the collection was all-red.

His clothes often feature Swarovski crystals and embroideries by Maison Lesage.

We can find a "V" (which stands for his name, Vauthier) on several clothes, as well as the jewelry.

References

Further reading

1971 births
Living people
People from Agen
French fashion designers
High fashion brands
Haute couture
Luxury brands

Alexandre Vauthier


Frederick William Lord (December 11, 1800 – May 24, 1860) was an American educator, physician, and politician who served one term as a United States representative from New York from 1847 to 1849.

Early life and education
Born in Lyme, New London County, Connecticut, he attended Lyme Academy and was graduated from Yale College in 1821. He was a professor of mathematics in Washington College (in Chestertown, Maryland) for two years and was in charge of an academy at Baltimore for three years. He studied medicine in Baltimore and was graduated in medicine from Yale College in 1828; he commenced the practice of medicine in Sag Harbor, New York, continuing in his profession there for fifteen years.

Career
Lord was a delegate to the Whig National Convention at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1840, and moved to Greenport in 1846 and engaged in agricultural pursuits and the cultivation of fruit and ornamental trees. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirtieth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1847, to March 3, 1849.

He resumed his former pursuits in Greenport and was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1854 to the Thirty-fourth Congress and in 1856 to the Thirty-fifth Congress.

Congress and death
He was elected a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Chicago in 1860, but on his way to attend the convention was taken ill on the steamer Massachusetts, and died in New York City. Interment was in East Hampton Cemetery, East Hampton.

References

1800 births
1860 deaths
People from Lyme, Connecticut
People from Greenport, Suffolk County, New York
Yale School of Medicine alumni
19th-century American physicians
Politicians from Suffolk County, New York
People from Sag Harbor, New York
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians
Yale College alumni

Frederick William Lord


Ivan Alexandrovich Tcherepnin (Russian: Иван Александрович Черепнин) (February 5, 1943 in Issy-les-Moulineaux, France – April 11, 1998 in Boston, USA) was an experimental, then later modernist/postmodernist, composer and a noted innovator in the field of electronics and modular synthesizers.

Ivan was born into a highly musical family, his father and grandfather, Alexander and Nikolai, being distinguished Russian composers, and his mother Ming (born: Lee Hsien Ming) a well-known pianist. His elder brother, Serge is also a composer. He studied with Leon Kirchner, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Henri Pousseur, and Pierre Boulez. After teaching briefly at both the San Francisco Conservatory of Music and Stanford University, he became director of the Harvard University Electronic Music Studio from 1972, remaining there until his death in 1998. The Tcherepnin legacy continues with two of Ivan's sons, Stefan and Sergei.

Ivan Tcherepnin was the winner of the 1996 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for his Double Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra. His other honors include awards from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (1963–1995) and the National Endowment for the Arts (1977). His performance of "Santur Opera" earned the 1982 Grand Prize of the Ars Electronica Festival in Linz, Austria.

Tcherepnin's notable students include Curt Cacioppo.  He earned his BA from Harvard College in 1964.

Selected compositions
Fêtes (Variations on Happy Birthday) (1975)
Le va et le vient (1978)
Santur Opera (1977)
Flores Musicales (1980)
Double Concerto for Violin, Cello, and Orchestra (1995) – winner of the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition. Tcherepnin described the piece as reminiscent of, and in some places actually borrowing from, the works of Tchaikovsky, Scriabin, Schoenberg, Debussy and Stravinsky, among others. The work invokes a ″celestial″ theme, with the violin descending and the cello ascending into a grand convergence and a brief period of reflection. The instruments then turn back toward the extremes and to a soft, peaceful conclusion.

References

External links
[ AllMusicGuide: Ivan Tcherepnin] by James Reel
Art of the States: Fêtes (Variations on Happy Birthday
Tcherepnin Society
Remembering Ivan Tcherepnin

American male composers
1943 births
1998 deaths
Harvard University staff
Benois family
Ivan
American people of Russian descent
American people of Chinese descent
Russian people of Chinese descent
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Harvard College alumni

Ivan Tcherepnin


Eugene Paul "E. P." Wigner (November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics.

He obtained American citizenship in 1937, and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".

References

1902 births
1995 deaths
Nobel Prize in Physics winners

Eugene Wigner


Mean Hamster Software, Inc. was a video game developer founded by John Swiderski in 1985. Mean Hamster Software created several games for the Atari 5200 from 1999-2004. They then created Myst for Windows Mobile in 2005, and after the release of Riven: The Sequel to Myst for Pocket PC in 2006, Mean Hamster began work on its first casual games. The company was located in Deer Park, Washington (just outside Spokane, WA).

In 2006, Mean Hamster Software acquired the rights to the Exidy catalog, which includes titles such as Crossbow, Venture and Mouse Trap.

The company closed its doors and laid off all its remaining employees in September 2012.

Casual game development
In 2007, Mean Hamster began work on casual games and partnered with PlayFirst to produce a casual game entitled Pet Shop Hop which was released in March 2008. From there, Mean Hamster partnered with Big Fish Games, Namco and Mesmo, Inc. to develop more titles. Games developed by Mean Hamster Software include:

 Pet Shop Hop(March 21, 2008)
 Everything Nice (April 2, 2009)
 Ye Olde Sandwich Shoppe(May 27, 2009)
 Passport to Perfume (July 21, 2009)
 Cat Wash (November 13, 2009)
 Vegas Nights (Facebook)(May 15, 2010)
 Remarkable Farkle (August 1, 2010)
 Crossbow for iPhone (September 9, 2010)
 Sushi Quiz (November 21, 2010)
 Hospitopia(January 10, 2011)
 Vegas Nights (GSN) (April, 2011)
 Lizzie's Royal Dinner (April, 2011)
 Mother Nature (Feb 13th, 2012)
 Bee Craft (July 20, 2012)

Mean Hamster Software was named one of Washington State's "Top Video Game Developers" in the September 2008 Issue of Washington CEO magazine.

References

External links
 Mean Hamster official website
 Games developed by Mean Hamster from MobyGames

Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
Software companies based in Washington (state)
Software companies established in 1985
Privately held companies based in Washington (state)
Companies based in Spokane County, Washington
1985 establishments in Washington (state)

Mean Hamster Software


Graham Edmunds (born 22 September 1974) is a British swimmer who has competed in three Paralympic Games, winning two gold medals in world record times. He was a member of the Reading Swimming Club where he was also a part-time lifeguard  and coached the Cygnets, Reading's club for swimmers with learning difficulties.

Accident
In October 2000, Edmunds was knocked off his motorcycle whilst riding to work on the A4. His injuries were so severe that doctors considered amputating both of his legs and believed that he would never walk again. He spent three months with his legs in casts before beginning swimming again as part of his physiotherapy routine. Because he had limited movement in his ankle joints, he qualified as a disabled swimmer in the S10 category. When Edmunds met the British Paralympic coach Billy Pye he decided to begin training for the 2004 Summer Paralympics, but had to move to Swansea to make use of the High-Performance Training Centre as Reading had no Olympic-size swimming pool.

Paralympics
Edmunds made his first appearance at the Paralympics in 2004. He competed in two individual S10 classification freestyle events as well as the 4×100 m freestyle 34 pts relay team. In the individual 100 m he was knocked out in the heats but he made the final of the 50 m finishing in sixth. The relay team, which also featured David Roberts, Robert Welbourn and Matt Walker, set a new world record time of 3  59.62  seconds to win the gold medal ahead of Australia on the day of Edmunds 30th birthday.

In 2008 Edmunds won a silver medal and set a new British record in the S10 50 m freestyle at the British Swimming Championships.  He made his second Paralympic appearance for Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, held in Beijing, China. Edmunds raced in the same three events as in 2004 as well as the 4×100 m medley 34 pts relay team. he made the finals of both his individual events but failed to win a medal, finishing seventh in the 100 m and eighth in the 50 m. In the medley the Great Britain team made the final but finished fifth, 17 seconds behind the new world record time set by gold medallists Australia. The freestyle relay quartet of Edmunds, Roberts, Walker and Welbourn successfully defended the title they had won in Athens setting a new world record of 3 minutes 51.43 seconds en route to winning gold.

At the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships in Reykjavík, Edmunds won an individual bronze medal in the men's S10 50 m freestyle and a gold medal in the 34 point 4x100 m freestyle competing with Walker, Welbourn and Jonathan Fox.

In 2010 Edmunds was appointed to UK Anti-Doping's newly formed Athlete's Committee along with fellow Paralympian Helene Raynsford.

In 2013 he was reappointed to the Athletes Committee of UK Anti-Doping for a further three years.

In May 2012 it was announced that Edmunds had been selected as part of the ParalympicGB to compete at London 2012. http://www.swimming.org/britishswimming/news/disability-swimming/paralympicsgb-nominees-confirmed-for-london-2012/13764/

Post Swimming

Following on from the London 2012 Paralmpic Games, Edmunds announced that he was retiring from competitive swimming.

In early 2013 Edmunds was appointed chairman of The Swimming Competitors Association, and therefore also appointed to the executive board of British Swimming as the Athletes Representative.

References

External links

 Graham Edmunds, Swimming.org

Living people
British male freestyle swimmers
Paralympic swimmers for Great Britain
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain
1974 births
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
S10-classified para swimmers
Medalists at the World Para Swimming Championships
Medalists at the World Para Swimming European Championships
Paralympic medalists in swimming

Graham Edmunds


Oldsmobile was an automobile maker that was previously owned by General Motors. Oldsmobile was known for producing innovative and iconic vehicles with iconic engines, such as the Oldsmobile 88, Oldsmobile 98, Oldsmobile Cutlass, and Oldsmobile 442. The company went defunct in 2004 due to declining sales. However, these cars are now popular and are still driven today thanks to the resale of their cars.

History

Founding
Oldsmobile was founded in 1897 as the "Olds Motor Vehicle Company" by Ransom E. Olds located in Lansing, Michigan as a competitor to Buick and Cadillac. It was the first high-volume gasoline-powered car manufacturer in 1901. That same year, Oldsmobile was renamed Olds Motor Works and moved to a new plant in Detroit. Not only that, Oldsmobile had a bunch of prototypes ready to be put into production, but the factory that had those prototypes caught on fire and destroyed all of the prototypes except for Oldsmobile's first ever car. In 1903 and 1904, Oldsmobile was the best-selling car company. However, in 1904, Ransom E. Olds left the company due to arguments and disputes with Frederick Smith, his sales manager. Frederick was questioning if Oldsmobile cars had no defects when they were fully produced. This caused Olds to create an experimental engineering shop without Frederick knowing, which would soon go on to create the REO Motor Car Company. Throughout the early to the late 1900s, Oldsmobile produced the first mass-produced car, the Oldsmobile Model R "Curved Dash" on the first ever assembly line, which is incorrectly credited to Henry Ford. The cars were colloquially referred to as "Oldsmobiles", popularizing the lyrics of the 1905 hit song "In My Merry Oldsmobile". It was eventually bought out by General Motors in 1908. Platforms that were shared with Buick had a "Series" prefix, while pre-GM vehicles had a "Model" prefix.

1910s to 1940s
In 1910 (1910s), Oldsmobile produced the Limited Touring Series 23, which had a new body designed by Fisher Body, was considered to be the start of Oldsmobile's innovations throughout the years. Costing US$4,600 at release with an 11.6 Liter engine producing 70 hp, it was considered to be technologically advanced. A Limousine version was introduced the same year, costing US$5,800 at the time. It sold only 275 units but is remembered for winning a race against the 20th Century Limited Train. Oldsmobile then released the Oldsmobile Series 40 and Oldsmobile Light Eight in 1912 and 1916, which had a Cadillac Flathead V8 until 1923 and division-exclusive OHV Straight 6 engine until 1930. In the 1920s, the Oldsmobile Six was released in five body styles using the new "GM B platform". The "Viking" automobile was introduced, but discontinued in 1930 (An additional 353 cars were sold as 1931 models).

In the 1930s, Oldsmobile introduced the Series F and Series L on both Straight-Six and Straight-Eight engines while also introducing the Automatic Safety Transmission, which was originally built by Buick. In the 1940s, Oldsmobile introduces the "Hydramatic", which was the United States' first automatic transmission with four forward speeds. In the early 1940s, Oldsmobile body sizes ranged from 6 to 9 with Straight-Six and Straight-Eight engine, serving as the origin for Oldsmobile models such as the Oldsmobile 98 and Oldsmobile 88. Oldsmobile was a pioneer again in 1949 when the "Rocket" V8 engine was introduced. This engine proved to be popular for hot rodders and stock car racers. This engine would later be redesigned in the 1960s.

1950s to 1990s
Oldsmobile in the 50s was centered on the Rocket engine and the Space Race. During this time, Oldsmobile cars with the Rocket V8 were considered to be the fastest and were redesigned with a wide "open maw" grille. Oldsmobile changed its logo to reflect its "universal appeal" from its customers while changing the grille again in 1958 to reflect the Rocket image. Oldsmobile, along with Buick and Cadillac, were the first to have a hardtop (Cadillac's was the Coupe DeVille, while Buick's was the Riviera) and a wrap-around windshield. Trim models were also introduced in the 1950s that connected with base models. Examples include the Oldsmobile Dynamic 88 and Oldsmobile Super 88. However, the introduction of the "Forward Look" design by Chrysler along with cars by DeSoto and Mercury made Oldsmobile outdated. This made General Motors design the "StratoRoof", which had negative reception from customers and owners alike. 1958 had a decline in sales while also introducing a major facelift for Oldsmobile, especially the 88. Oldsmobile models had another major redesign a year later in 1959 for the exterior and interior. Oldsmobile's peak was in the 1960s, being one of the most innovative companies in automotive industry, such as the first Turbocharger and Water Injection (Oldsmobile Jetfire) and first Front-Wheel-Drive car in the United States since the 1929 Cord Phaeton (Oldsmobile Toronado). It also included Oldsmobile's most known models (Oldsmobile 442, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser, and more).

Oldsmobile's best era was the 1970s and 1980s, with sales being in the all-time high due to positive critics, iconic designs and models, and quality/reliability with the best-selling model being the Oldsmobile Cutlass. This caused it to go into the millions in terms of sales and displacing Pontiac and Plymouth as the third best-selling, just behind the two most popular/known car companies, Chevrolet and Ford. However, this soon became a problem for Oldsmobile, as the production capacity was too high for the Oldsmobile V8 engine. As a result, the engine of Oldsmobile models was replaced by Chevrolet's 350 cubic inch V8 engine, which was discovered by customers years later, which turned into a nightmare for GM. This declined sales, causing GM to create a new 5.7L Diesel V8, which soon turned out to be one of the worst engines in history, causing it to be discontinued in 1985, quickly being replaced by newer, more reliable engines.

1990s to 2000s (2004)
However, Oldsmobile started to decline in the 90s and the 2000s, going from 1 million sales to approximately 40% of its record sales in 1985 (Approximately 1.1 million sales), new competitors such as Acura and Lexus, along with discontinuing its most iconic models (e.g. Cutlass, Cutlass Supreme, 88, 98, and more). Oldsmobile also received a new logo during this time, replacing the iconic Rocket logo. In the mid 90s, Oldsmobile introduced the Oldsmobile Aurora, which would have its models designed derived from the Aurora. In the 2000s, General Motors announced that it would shut down the Oldsmobile brand, while also announcing one of its last models, the Oldsmobile Bravada. Oldsmobile's last cars had the "Final 500" emblems/markings. Then, on April 29, 2004, Oldsmobile filed for bankruptcy with its last model being an Oldsmobile Alero GLS sedan, which was sold for $42,000 at an auction in New York City.

Models
 Aurora
 Oldsmobile Bravada
 Custom Cruiser
 Cutlass
 Delta 88
 Intrigue
 Oldsmobile Silhouette
 Toronado

Gallery

General Motors
1897 establishments in the United States
2004 disestablishments
1897 establishments
1920s automobiles
1930s automobiles
1940s automobiles
1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
19th-century establishments in Michigan
2000s automobiles
Automobile brands
Companies based in Michigan
Defunct companies of the United States

Oldsmobile


In options trading, a box spread is a combination of positions that has a certain (i.e., riskless) payoff, considered to be simply "delta neutral interest rate position".  For example, a bull spread constructed from calls (e.g., long a 50 call, short a 60 call) combined with a bear spread constructed from puts (e.g., long a 60 put, short a 50 put) has a constant payoff of the difference in exercise prices (e.g. 10) assuming that the underlying stock does not go ex-dividend before the expiration of the options. If the underlying asset has a dividend of X, then the settled value of the box will be 10 + x. Under the no-arbitrage assumption, the net premium paid out to acquire this position should be equal to the present value of the payoff.

Box spreads' name derives from the fact that the prices for the underlying options form a rectangular box in two columns of a quotation. An alternate name is "alligator spread," derived from the large number of trades required to open and close them "eating" one's profit via commission fees.

Box spreads are usually only opened with European options, whose exercise is not allowed until the option's expiration. Most other styles of options, such as American, are less suitable, because they may expose traders to unwanted risk if one or more "legs" of a spread are exercised prematurely.

Background

An arbitrage operation may be represented as a sequence which begins with zero balance in an account, initiates transactions at time t = 0, and unwinds transactions at time t = T so that all that remains at the end is a balance whose value B will be known for certain at the beginning of the sequence. If there were no transaction costs then a non-zero value for B would allow an arbitrageur to profit by following the sequence either as it stands if the present value of B is positive, or with all transactions reversed if the present value of B is negative. However, market forces tend to close any arbitrage windows which might open; hence the present value of B is usually insufficiently different from zero for transaction costs to be covered. This is considered typically to be a "Market Maker/ Floor trader" strategy only, due to extreme commission costs of the multiple-leg spread. If the box is for example 20 dollars as per lower example getting short the box anything under 20 is profit and long anything over, has hedged all risk .

A present value of zero for B leads to a parity relation. Two well-known parity relations are:

Spot futures parity: The current price of a stock equals the current price of a futures contract discounted by the time remaining until settlement:

Put call parity: A long European call c together with a short European put p at the same strike price K is equivalent to borrowing  and buying the stock at price S. In other words, we can combine options with cash to construct a synthetic stock:

Note that directly exploiting deviations from either of these two parity relations involves purchasing or selling the underlying stock.

The box spread

Now consider the put/call parity equation at two different strike prices  and . The stock price S will disappear if we subtract one equation from the other, thus enabling one to exploit a violation of put/call parity without the need to invest in the underlying stock. The subtraction done one way corresponds to a long-box spread; done the other way it yields a short box-spread. The pay-off for the long box-spread will be the difference between the two strike prices, and the profit will be the amount by which the discounted payoff exceeds the net premium. For parity, the profit should be zero. Otherwise, there is a certain profit to be had by creating either a long box-spread if the profit is positive or a short box-spread if the profit is negative. [Normally, the discounted payoff would differ little from the net premium, and any nominal profit would be consumed by transaction costs.]

The long box-spread comprises four options, on the same underlying asset with the same terminal date. They can be paired in two ways as shown in the following table (assume strike-prices  < ):

Reading the table horizontally and vertically, we obtain two views of a long box-spread.

A long box-spread can be viewed as a long synthetic stock at a price  plus a short synthetic stock at a higher price .
A long box-spread can be viewed as a long bull call spread at one pair of strike prices,  and , plus a long bear put spread at the same pair of strike prices.

We can obtain a third view of the long box-spread by reading the table diagonally. A long box-spread can be viewed as a long strangle at one pair of strike prices,  and , plus a short strangle at the same pair of strike prices.

The long strangle contains the two long (buy) options.
The short strangle contains the two short (sell) options.

A short box-spread can be treated similarly.

Example
As an example, consider a three-month option on a stock whose current price is $100. If the interest rate is 8% per annum and the volatility is 30% per annum, then the prices for the options might be:

The initial investment for a long box-spread would be $19.30. The following table displays the payoffs of the 4 options for the three ranges of values for the terminal stock price :

The terminal payoff has a value of $20 independent of the terminal value of the share price. The discounted value of the payoff is $19.60. Hence there is a nominal profit of 30 cents to be had by investing in the long box-spread.

Prevalence

Surveys done by Chaput and Ederington on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange's market for options on Eurodollar futures showed that between 1999 and 2000, some 25% of the trading volume was in outright options, 25% in straddles and vertical spreads (call-spreads and put-spreads), and about 5% in strangles. Guts constituted only about 0.1%, and box-spreads even less (about 0.01%). Ratio spreads took more than 15%, and about a dozen other instruments took the remaining 30%.

Diamond and van Tassel found that the difference between the implied "risk free" rate through box spreads and Treasuries, or similar investments in other countries' central banks, is a "convenience yield" for the ease of investment in the central bank's securities. This convenience yield is between 10 and 60 basis points for ten major countries and is approximately 35 basis points for Treasuries, the most widely held government security. The difference between box spreads and government securities will tend to increase when there is financial instability, increase as interest rates rise, and increase for shorter maturities.

Robinhood incident
In January 2019, a member of the Reddit community /r/WallStreetBets realized a loss of more than $57,000 on $5,000 principal by attempting a box spread through Robinhood, which provides commission-free options trading. The user, who initially asserted that "[the spread] literally cannot go tits up," did not realize that the American options he was using carried the risk of being exercised, and had his spread liquidated entirely when this happened to one of its legs. (He had been exposed to as much as $212,500 in risk with the spread open.) Robinhood subsequently announced that investors on the platform would no longer be able to open box spreads, a policy that remains in place as of October 2022.

See also
 Jelly roll (options)

References

Further reading

  The box-spread reveals an arbitrage profit insufficient to cover transaction costs.

 . Post-market simulations with box-spreads on the S&P 500 Index show that market ineffiency increased after the 1987 crash.

  The box-spread is used to test for arbitrage opportunities on Chicago Board Options Exchange data.

Options (finance)
Stock market

Box spread


The Conservation Center for Art & Historic Artifacts (CCAHA), located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was founded by Marilyn Kemp Weidner in 1977, with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and in response to the growing problem of paper deterioration occurring in archives in the Mid-Atlantic region.

Currently one of the largest nonprofit paper conservation facilities in the country, CCAHA specializes in the treatment of art and historic artifacts on paper, including drawings, prints, maps, posters, historic wallpaper, photographs, books, scrapbooks, and manuscripts, as well as related materials like parchment and papyrus. CCAHA serves cultural, research, and educational institutions, such as museums, libraries, archives, and historical societies, both in its region and across the country. It also works with individuals and private organizations.

Treatments include Bruce Springsteen's original lyric notebooks and scrapbooks, Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural drawings, John James Audubon Birds of America prints, Civil War muster rolls, and works by Degas, Matisse, and Picasso. CCAHA was instrumental in the 2014 discovery of two previously-unknown Cézanne sketches belonging to the Barnes Foundation.

In addition to treatment services, CCAHA offers nationwide educational programs on disaster planning, collections care, and records and archives management. These lectures, seminars, and workshops are designed for professional staff who have primary responsibility for the care and handling of artifacts, such as curators, collections managers, archivists, and librarians.

Other services include digital imaging, conservation matting and framing, on-site consultations, emergency conservation services and disaster assistance, and help with grantwriting and exhibition planning.

See also
Preservation: Library and Archival Science

Notes

External links
The Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts
The Regional Alliance for Preservation

Organizations based in Philadelphia
Library-related organizations


West LaSalle Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana.  It encompasses 33 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of South Bend. It developed between about 1870 and 1930, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Late Gothic Revival, and Beaux-Arts style architecture and works by architects Austin & Shambleau. Notable buildings include the St. Peter's Church (1927), Frank Eby House (1904), Lydia Klinger House (1900), Woodworth House (c. 1890), Woolman House (1880), Goetz House (1892), Studebaker House (c. 1880), Kuppler House (1885), and the Gunderman House (c. 1900).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Italianate architecture in Indiana
Queen Anne architecture in Indiana
Gothic Revival architecture in Indiana
Beaux-Arts architecture in Indiana
Historic districts in South Bend, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in St. Joseph County, Indiana

West LaSalle Avenue Historic District


The Atkins diet is a low-carbohydrate fad diet devised by Robert Atkins in the 1970s, marketed with claims that carbohydrate restriction is crucial to weight loss and that the diet offered "a high calorie way to stay thin forever".

The diet became popular in the early 2000s, with Atkins' book becoming one of the top 50 best-selling books in history, and as many as 1 in 11 North American adults claiming to be following it. Atkins died in 2003 and in 2005 Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. filed for bankruptcy following substantial financial losses.

There is no strong evidence of the diet's effectiveness in achieving durable weight loss; it is unbalanced as it promotes unlimited consumption of protein and saturated fat, and it may increase the risk of heart disease.

Effectiveness and risks

There is weak evidence that the Atkins diet is more effective than behavioral counseling for weight loss at 6-12 months.   The Atkins diet led to 0.1% to 2.9% more weight loss at one year compared to control groups which received behavioural counselling for weight loss. As with other commercial weight loss programs, the effect size is smaller over longer periods. Low-carb dieters' initial advantage in weight loss is likely a result of increased water loss, and that after the initial period, low-carbohydrate diets produce similar fat loss to other diets with similar caloric intake.

Atkins did not publish any clinical data on his patients and has thus been criticized for making unsupported statements about health. Because of its high saturated fat content the Atkins diet may increase the risk of heart disease. A medical report issued by the New York medical examiner's office a year after the author's death showed that he had a history of heart attack, congestive heart failure and hypertension. The Atkins diet has been criticized by the American Medical Association, American Dietetic Association and the American Heart Association as nutritionally unbalanced. In 2000, Journal of the American College of Nutrition conducted a study which determined that "the very high fats of Atkins diet: 60%–68%, around 26% of which are saturates, through shifting the metabolic pathway for energy production, deliver a strong boost to free radical production, thereby increasing oxidative stress on different organs".

Modified Atkins and epilepsy

Ketogenic diets are used to treat epilepsy in children, where there is some evidence it has a positive effect in reducing seizures. There is some evidence that adults too may experience seizure reduction derived from therapeutic ketogenic diets, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified Atkins diet, is similarly effective.

Description

The Atkins diet has been described as a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein fad diet. It promotes the consumption of meat, cheese, eggs and other high-fat foods such as butter, mayonnaise and sour cream in unlimited amounts whilst bread, cereal, pasta and other carbohydrates are forbidden. Atkins' book New Diet Revolution has sold 12 million copies. It has been described as "the bestselling fad-diet book ever written."

Preferred foods in all categories are whole, unprocessed foods with a low glycemic index, although restrictions for low glycemic carbohydrates (black rice, vegetables, etc.) are the same as those for high glycemic carbohydrates (sugar, white bread). Due to concerns from medical experts about the high-fat content of the diet, the Atkins Nutritionals company that market foods for the diet, recommends that no more than 20% of calories eaten while on the diet come from saturated fat.

Proposed mechanism
The diet was inspired by a low-carbohydrate approach published by Alfred W. Pennington, based on research Pennington did during World War II at DuPont. The Atkins diet is promoted with claims that carbohydrate restriction is the "key" to weight loss.

In his early books such as Dr Atkins' New Diet Revolution, Atkins made the controversial argument that the low-carbohydrate diet produces a metabolic advantage because "burning fat takes more calories so you expend more calories"; the Atkins diet was claimed to be "a high calorie way to stay thin forever". He cited one study in which he estimated this advantage to be 950 calories (4.0 MJ) per day. A review study published in Lancet concluded that there was no such metabolic advantage and dieters were simply eating fewer calories. Astrup stated, "The monotony and simplicity of the diet could inhibit appetite and food intake." David L. Katz has characterized Atkins' claim as nonsense. The idea of "metabolic advantage" of low-carbohydrate dieting has been falsified by experiment in a study of people following restricted-carbohydrate dieting.

Society and culture

Commercialization
Atkins Nutritionals was founded in 1989 by Atkins to promote the sale of Atkins-branded products. Following his death, waning popularity of the diet and a reduction in demand for Atkins products, Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on July 31, 2005 citing losses of $340 million. It was subsequently purchased by North Castle Partners in 2007 and switched its emphasis to low-carb snacks. In 2010, the company was acquired by Roark Capital Group. In 2017, Roark Capital Group announced that it would merge Atkins Nutritionals with Conyers Park Acquisition Corp to form a public company called Simply Good Foods.

History

Atkins's ideas were first published in his 1972 book Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution: The High Calorie Way to Stay Thin Forever.

The diet gained widespread popularity in 2003 and 2004. At the height of its popularity one in eleven North American adults claimed to be on a low-carb diet such as Atkins. This large following was blamed for large declines in the sales of carbohydrate-heavy foods like pasta and rice: sales were down 8.2 and 4.6 percent, respectively, in 2003. The diet's success was even blamed for a decline in Krispy Kreme sales. Trying to capitalize on the "low-carb craze", many companies released special product lines that were low in carbohydrates.

Around that time, the percentage of American adults on the diet declined to two percent and sales of Atkins brand products fell steeply in the second half of 2004.

A 2021 review article observed that, 50 years after it was first mooted, the Atkins diet was "coming back on the quackery scene again".

Cost
An analysis conducted by Forbes magazine found that the sample menu from the Atkins diet was one of the top five most expensive to eat, of the ten plans Forbes analyzed. This was due to the inclusion of recipes with some high-cost ingredients such as lobster tails which were put in the book to demonstrate the variety of foods which could be consumed on the diet. The analysis showed the median average cost of the ten diets was approximately 50% higher, and Atkins 80% higher, than the American national average. The Atkins diet was less expensive than the Jenny Craig diet and more expensive than Weight Watchers.

Failed lawsuit

In 2004, Jody Gorran sued the estate of Robert Atkins and his company seeking $28,000 in damages. Gorran stated that he had followed the Atkins diet for two years and it raised his LDL-cholesterol so much that a major artery became clogged and he required an angioplasty and stent insertion to open it. On the Atkins diet he was eating large amounts of cheese which is high in saturated fat. Gorran commented that "the issue with the Atkins Diet was not so much that my cholesterol went up but it's the fact that the Atkins empire constantly stated that in the absence of refined carbohydrates, eating a great deal of saturated fat would not be a problem and that was a lie." The lawsuit was dismissed in 2007 as the Atkins diet consists of only "advice and ideas" that are protected by the First Amendment.

See also
 Dukan Diet
 Ketogenic diet
 KE Diet
 List of diets
 Online weight loss plans
 PSMF diet

References

External links

 Official Atkins corporate site

Brand name diet products
Obesity
Diets
Fad diets
Low-carbohydrate diets
American inventions

Atkins diet


"Chip" Huggins (born November 30, 1961 in Columbia, South Carolina) is a Republican member of the South Carolina House of Representatives. He has represented his Lexington County district (the 85th) since being elected in 1999 to succeed André Bauer.

Huggins graduated from Winthrop University in 1987, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon. He married Ginger E. Gilstrap in 1988 and have two children.

Huggins defeated Richard Eckstrom to win his first election in 1999. He generally runs unopposed, and in 2008 when opposed by Democrat Jim Nelson won 13,122 votes (69.43% of the total) to Nelson's 5,769 (30.52%).

Huggins was opposed by Democrat Sam Edwards in the 2018 midterm election. Edwards received 6,273 votes (33.93%) to Huggins's 12,206 (66.01%).

References

External links

Project VoteSmart: Representative Chip Huggins (SC)

Republican Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Living people
1961 births
21st-century American politicians

Chip Huggins


The Muzzle () is a 1938 German comedy film directed by Erich Engel and starring Ralph Arthur Roberts, Hilde Weissner and Charlotte Schellhorn. It was remade in 1958.

The film's art direction was by Robert Herlth.

Cast
 Ralph Arthur Roberts as Prosecutor Herbert von Traskow
 Hilde Weissner as Elisabeth von Traskow
 Charlotte Schellhorn as Trude von Traskow
 Will Quadflieg as Rabanus, painter
 Renée Stobrawa as Billa, maid
 Theodor Loos as Senior Prosecutor
 Paul Henckels as Wimm
 Ludwig Schmitz as Bätes
 Elisabeth Flickenschildt as the lady at the interrogation
 Werner Pledath as dentist
 Hermann Pfeiffer as Mühsaam, detective inspector
 Maria Krahn as Mrs. Tigges
 Gerd Høst as nude model
 Otto Matthies as Thürnagel, trainee lawyer
 Walter Bluhm as Little Match
 Werner Scharf as Ali, painter
 Hugo Werner-Kahle as chairman of the court hearing
 Erich Ziegel as Councilor of Justice
 Adolf Fischer as Schibulski, detective
 Aribert Grimmer as a police officer
 Leonie Duval as owner of the leather goods store
 Valeska Stock as Schmitz` wife
 Hans Meyer-Hanno as police officer
 Werner Funck as a public prosecutor
 Maria Hofen
 Renate Howe as an apprentice
 Karl Junge-Swinburne as a public prosecutor
 Max Wilmsen as dog owner
 Georg A. Profé as artist, guest at the studio party
 Fanny Cotta as guest at the studio party
 Georg Georgi as banker
 Rudolf Fenner as Prosecutor's secretary
 Bernhard Gronau as Meyer, detective
 Kurt Meister as the fifth regular visitor
 Kurt Getke as a detective
 Charly Berger as a police officer
 Walter Ruesta as a newspaper seller
 Otto Lange
 Erich Schuster
 Alfred Haase

References

Bibliography

External links

1938 films
1930s historical comedy films
1930s German-language films
Films based on works by Heinrich Spoerl
Films directed by Erich Engel
Films set in the 1890s
Tobis Film films
German black-and-white films
German historical comedy films
1938 comedy films
1930s German films

The Muzzle (1938 film)


The Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka were a series of agitations which occurred in the Indian state of Karnataka. On 14 September 2019, several Kannada activists and outfits marched from Townhall to Freedom Park in Bengaluru to protest the celebration of Hindi Divas in the state.

Agitations in 2017

Bengaluru Metro
The Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) in the Namma Metro project used three language signboards with Kannada, English and Hindi in the railway stations. Some locals believed that usage of Hindi in the metro as imposition because major portion of the fund to the project given by state government. The pro Kannada activists protested outside the metro stations and started online campaign with Twitter hashtag #NammaMetroHindiBeda (Our Metro, we don't want Hindi).

Banks
After successful campaign against Hindi usage in Bengaluru Metro, the activists demanded more usage of Kannada in Banks. They continued similar online campaign with Twitter hashtag #Nammabankukannadabeku ("Our bank, we want Kannada")

Celebration of Hindi Divas in Karnataka
There was strong opposition towards celebrating Hindi Divas in Karnataka, a non-Hindi speaking state.  Protests were held statewide against this celebration. Activists took to Twitter with #StopHindiImposition to show their support and create awareness on Hindi Chauvinism.

References

Hindi
Language conflict in India
Protests in India
History of Karnataka (1947–present)

Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka


Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University and is located in the Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States. Unlike most other leading medical schools, HMS does not operate in conjunction with a single hospital but is directly affiliated with several teaching hospitals in the Boston area. Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes include Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, McLean Hospital, Cambridge Health Alliance, The Baker Center for Children and Families, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.

History

Harvard Medical School was founded on September 19, 1782, on the initiative of Harvard President Joseph Willard. The founding faculty were John Warren, Aaron Dexter, and Benjamin Waterhouse. It is the third-oldest medical school in the United States, after the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Lectures were first held in the basement of Harvard Hall, then in Holden Chapel. Students paid no tuition but purchased tickets to five or six daily lectures.  The first two students graduated in 1788.

In the following century, the school moved locations several times due to changing clinical relationships, a function of the fact that Harvard Medical School does not directly own or operate a teaching hospital. In 1810, the school moved to Boston at what is now downtown Washington Street. In 1816, the school was moved to Mason Street and was called the Massachusetts Medical College of Harvard University in recognition of a gift from the Great and General Court of Massachusetts. In 1847, the school was moved to Grove Street to be closer to Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1883, the school was relocated to Copley Square. Prior to this move, Charles William Eliot became Harvard's president in 1869 and found the medical school in the worst condition of any part of the university. He instituted drastic reforms that raised admissions standards, instituted a formal degree program, and defined HMS as a professional school within Harvard University that laid the groundwork for its transformation into one of the leading medical schools in the world.

In 1906, the school moved to its present location in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area.

Innovations
Harvard Medical School postdoctoral trainees and faculty have been associated with a number of important medical and public health innovations:

Broadening admissions

Women

In mid-1847, professor Walter Channing's proposal that women be admitted to lectures and examinations was rejected by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. While Harriot Kezia Hunt was soon after given permission to attend medical lectures, this permission was withdrawn in 1850.

In 1866, two women with extensive medical education elsewhere applied but were denied admission. In 1867, a single faculty member's vote blocked the admission of Susan Dimock.
In 1872, Harvard declined a gift of $10,000 conditioned on medical school admitting women medical students on the same term as men.
A similar offer of $50,000, by a group of ten women including Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska, was declined in 1882; a committee of five was appointed to study the matter.
After the medical school moved from North Grove Street to Boylston Street in 1883, professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch's proposal that the North Grove Street premises be used for medical education for women was rejected.

In 1943, a dean's committee recommended the admission of women, the proportion of men and women being dependent solely on the qualifications of the applicants.
In 1945, the first class of women was admitted; projected benefits included helping male students learn to view women as equals, increasing the number of physicians in lower-paid specialties typically shunned by men, and replacing the weakest third of all-male classes with better-qualified women. By 1972, about one-fifth of Harvard medical students were women.

African Americans
In 1850, three black men, Martin Delany, Daniel Laing Jr., and Isaac H. Snowden, were admitted to the school but were later expelled under pressure from faculty and other students.

In 1968, in response to a petition signed by hundreds of medical students, the faculty established a commission on relations with the black community in Boston; at the time less than one percent of Harvard medical students were black. By 1973, the number of black students admitted had tripled, and by the next year, it had quadrupled. In 2011, HMS appointed its first African American full professor of medicine, Valerie E. Stone. That year they also appointed their first African-American professor of radiology, Stone's former classmate Tina Young Poussaint.

In 2019 LaShyra Nolen was the first black woman to be elected class president of Harvard Medical School.

Medical education

Curriculum
Harvard Medical School has gone through many curricular revisions for its MD program. In recent decades, HMS has maintained a three-phase curriculum with a classroom-based pre-clerkship phase, a principal clinical experience (PCE), and a post-PCE phase.

The pre-clerkship phase has two curricular tracks. The majority of students enter in the more traditional Pathways track that focuses on active learning and earlier entry into the clinic with courses that include students from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pathways students gain early exposure to the clinic through a longitudinal clinical skills course that lasts the duration of the pre-clerkship phase. A small portion of each class enter in the HST track, which is jointly administered with MIT. The HST track is designed to train physician-scientists with emphasis on basic physiology and quantitative understanding of biological processes through courses that include PhD students from MIT.

Admissions
Admission to Harvard Medical School's MD program is highly selective. There are 165 total spots for each incoming class, with 135 spots in the Pathways curriculum and 30 spots in the HST program. While both use a single application, each curricular track independently evaluates applicants.

For the MD Class of 2023, 6,815 candidates applied and 227 were admitted (3.3%). There was a matriculation rate of 73%. For the Master of Medical Sciences (MMSc) program in Global Health Delivery, the Fall 2020 admissions rate was (8.2%).

Graduate education

PhD degree programs
There are nine PhD programs based in Harvard Medical School. Students in these programs are all enrolled in the Division of Medical Sciences in Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) and are part of the HILS (Harvard Integrated Life Sciences) inter-program federation.

Master's degree programs
Harvard Medical School offers two types of master's degrees, Master of Medical Sciences (MMSc) degrees and Master of Science (MS) degrees.

Postgraduate certificate programs
Harvard Medical School offers several Postgraduate Certificate programs. These graduate-level programs may run up to twelve months. Admitted participants are awarded a Certificate from Harvard Medical School upon successful completion, and are eligible for associate membership in the Harvard Alumni Association.

Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes
Harvard Medical School does not directly own or operate any hospitals and instead relies on affiliated teaching hospitals for clinical education. Medical students primarily complete their clinical experiences at the following hospitals.  Clinical faculty at Harvard Medical School generally hold a concurrent appointment as a physician or a surgeon at one of the affiliated hospitals. Basic science faculty at Harvard Medical School may hold the primary appointment at the School itself or at one of the affiliated hospitals.

Notable alumni
There are over 10,425 alumni.  Harvard Medical School has trained more current full-time academic faculty, department chairs, and medical school deans than any other single medical school.  It has also trained more Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology than any other medical school.

See also

Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Boston Medical Library
Warren Anatomical Museum
List of Harvard University people
List of Ivy League medical schools
Longwood Medical and Academic Area

References

External links

1782 establishments in Massachusetts
Medical School
Ivy League medical schools

Harvard Medical School


The Constant Princess is a historical fiction novel by Philippa Gregory, published in 2005. The novel depicts a highly fictionalized version of the life of Catherine of Aragon and her rise to power in England.

Plot summary

Catalina of Aragon's arranged marriage to the English crown prince Arthur secretly develops into a loving relationship where they share plans to rule England side-by-side. However, Arthur succumbs to the sweating sickness three months into their marriage. In his deathbed, he convinces Catalina to deny consummating their marriage so she can still be considered a virgin and eligible to marry his younger brother Harry to carry out their plans. Arthur's father, King Henry VII, desires Catalina and refuses to betroth her to Harry. After the death of Queen Elizabeth, Henry offers his own hand in marriage. Catalina accepts, but later insists on marrying Harry as she realizes the duties of a queen will go to Henry's mother Margaret Beaufort and her only role will be to bear Henry's children (who will be behind Harry in the line of succession). She pressures Henry to betroth her to Harry, which he eventually allows.

Years after her betrothal, Catalina and her retinue live in poverty as Henry refuses to sponsor her until her parents, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, pay the second half of her dowry while her parents believe the English crown should pay for Arthur's widow. After Isabella's death, Catalina hears rumors that Henry set aside her betrothal years ago and is arranging a marriage between his children and the children of Catalina's sister Joanna of Castile. Catalina's father commands the Spanish ambassador to return the dowry he had sent, but makes no mention of saving Catalina. Fortunately, Catalina's prospects improve when Henry dies of sickness and Harry marries her despite his father's warnings. Catalina is restored to a position of wealth and respect and manipulates Harry to remove Margaret's power in court so she can act as queen. They are crowned King Henry and Queen Katherine.

Catalina's first pregnancy isolates her for months until she comes to accept that the fetus was miscarried. Upon her return to court, she eventually realizes that the news of a scandal between two courtiers was actually a cover-up for Harry taking a new mistress during Catalina's lying-in. Harry's mistress, a verified virgin, leads Harry to question Catalina's virginity as she acted differently on their marriage bed, but Catalina lies and they reconcile. Their second child, Henry, is made Duke of Cornwall, but his death two months later strains their marriage. Catalina begins to see Harry as childish and demanding, and manipulates him to make her Spanish Ambassador and unites him with her father to invade France together. During his absence, the Scots declare war on England and Catalina successfully leads the English army to victory when the Scots attempt to invade England. She sends Harry a cryptic message hinting at another pregnancy.

Years pass, and Catalina admits to herself that her actions are for her own interests as much as Arthur's. Out of all of Catalina's children, only Princess Mary survived, leaving the fate of England unstable. Harry had more mistresses, all of whom she tolerated quietly as Harry eventually grew bored of them all and were never a threat to her. But his latest mistress, Anne Boleyn, is the most ambitious and is trying to take her spot as queen. Catalina vows to keep her promise to Arthur and proudly decides to fight for her right as queen.  The novel ends, with Katherine entering a court hearing about her marriage to Harry.

Reception
In reviewing the book, Publishers Weekly summarized the book as: "Gregory's skill for creating suspense pulls the reader along despite the historical novel's foregone conclusion." The Historical Novel Society review wrote: "The facts are well known, but the way that Gregory tells the story is a wonder."

In a 2005 book review in Kirkus Reviews noted the history and "how Gregory fills in the gaps is pure romantic fiction." The review summarized; "Gregory makes the broad sweep of history vibrant and intimate—and hinges it all on a bit of romance."

Adaptations

 The Spanish Princess (2019-2020), series directed by Birgitte Stærmose, Daina Reid, Lisa Clarke, Stephen Woolfenden, Chanya Button and Rebecca Gatward, based on novels The Constant Princess and The King's Curse

References

External links

Novels set in Tudor England
2005 British novels
Novels by Philippa Gregory
Cultural depictions of Catherine of Aragon
HarperCollins books
Touchstone Books books
Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England

The Constant Princess


Detlef Hofmann (born 12 November 1963 in Karlsruhe) is a German sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 1000 m event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

Hofmann won five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds (K-4 500 m: 1991, K-4 1000 m: 1995, K-4 10000 m: 1991) and two silvers (K-4 500 m: 1995, K-4 1000 m: 1991).

In May 1992, Hofmann was caught for doping after testing positive for testosterone and kicked off the team. He would return after the 1992 Summer Olympics to compete.

References

New York Times article on doping prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics featuring Hofmann.

Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Fours 1000 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 477–8.

External links

1963 births
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Doping cases in canoeing
German male canoeists
German sportspeople in doping cases
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Germany
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Karlsruhe

Detlef Hofmann


NextWave Wireless Inc. is a wireless technology company that produces mobile multimedia solutions and speculates in the wireless spectrum market.  The company consists principally of various wireless spectrum holdings.

The company is most notable for successfully suing the U.S. government for improperly seizing its assets while under bankruptcy protection.

AT&T announced its acquisition of NextWave in 2012.

History

The company original spun out of QUALCOMM in 1995 and began life as the biggest bidder in the FCC C-Block.  NextWave originally won the licenses in an auction intended for small businesses with limited resources in 1996. NextWave, which bid $4.7 billion for the licenses, made the minimum 10 percent down payment of $500 million for the spectrum.

But shortly thereafter NextWave filed for bankruptcy protection and defaulted on its payments for the licenses. The FCC, in turn, confiscated the licenses and re-sold them to Verizon Wireless and the subsidiaries of AT&T Wireless and Cingular Wireless, among others, for $17 billion in an auction that ended in January 2001.

Ultimately NextWave prevailed in the Supreme Court, 8-1, and was permitted to keep the PCS licenses.  NextWave's bankruptcy protection lasted approximately ten years, during which time the asset value of the licenses had dramatically increased and NextWave was able to repay the original debt and sell their spectrum assets to Verizon Wireless, Cingular (now AT&T) and MetroPCS. They re-emerged as NextWave Wireless with $550M in capital.

The reborn company had several areas of focus: development of a 4G broadband network through its Network Solutions Group in Las Vegas, NV, development of WiMAX baseband and RF integrated circuits and related technology in its Advanced Technology Group in San Diego, CA, and accumulation of spectrum and other carrier assets both in the U.S. and internationally.

NextWave made several significant acquisitions that shaped its business and technology strategy. PacketVideo was acquired in 2005, as was a majority share in Cygnus Multimedia (a start up firm focusing on WiMax). In 2007 NextWave completed the acquisition of GoNetworks (a startup developing beamforming WiFi equipment) and IP Wireless (a UK firm that developed TD-CDMA equipment) for $100M.  The IP Wireless business failed to produce expected revenue and in late 2008 it was sold back to its management team for $1M.  Due to financial difficulties, NextWave was forced to shut down the GoNetworks subsidiary and the Network Solutions Group in 2008, followed by the 3-year-old Advanced Technology Group and the cessation of WiMax development in 2009.

Business Week reported on August 2, 2012 that AT&T agreed to acquire NextWave with its debt for a price of up to $600 million. AT&T wishes to use NextWave's spectrum to bolster its own.

The acquisition closed on January 24, 2013.

References

External links
AT&T Agrees to Pay as Much as $600 Million for NextWave

Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies based in San Diego
Networking companies of the United States

NextWave Wireless