Matthew James Sutherland Dawson, MBE (born 31 October 1972) is an English retired rugby union player who played scrum half for Northampton Saints and then London Wasps. During his international career he toured with the British & Irish Lions three times and was part of England's 2003 Rugby World Cup winning side. He won 77 caps for his country in total, including nine as captain and was England's most capped scrum half until passed by Danny Care.

Dawson was best known for his trademark 'sniping runs' and played the whistle well, often scoring tries from 'tap and go' penalties. When called upon, he could also demonstrate his versatility by kicking goals.

Since retiring, Dawson has become a team captain on A Question of Sport besides appearing on various reality shows and is a commentator and presenter on BBC Radio 5 Live's rugby programme. Dawson currently works as a health ambassador for Sodexo, a global food and facilities provider. In early 2014, he was appointed as director for business development at the flexible workplace company, Instant.

Rugby career

Club
Dawson joined Northampton in 1991 after leaving school and was among the last generation of players to have started their careers during the amateur era. Before rugby union became openly professional in 1995 he worked as a security guard and coached at Spratton Hall School. He formed a successful half-back partnership with Paul Grayson, winning the 2000 Heineken Cup (though he missed the final through injury) and finishing runner-up in the Anglo-Welsh Cup three times. In the club's 130th anniversary poll he and Grayson were voted by fans into the all-time dream XV.

In 2004, Dawson moved from Northampton to London Wasps after his contract was not renewed and won the Premiership title in his first season.

On 7 April 2006, Dawson announced that he would be retiring from rugby completely at the end of the season and on 14 May 2006, he played his last game of Premiership rugby, when Sale denied Wasps their chance of winning the Premiership title four years in a row and so equalling Leicester's record.

International
In 1993, Dawson was a member of the England Sevens team which won the inaugural Sevens World Cup in Scotland. Dawson and competition teammate Lawrence Dallaglio were the first players to win the World Cup at both the 15- and 7-a-side games. Ma'a Nonu & Mils Muliaina have since repeated this feat.

Dawson made his international debut for England in December 1995, against Western Samoa, but would have to fight with Andy Gomarsall, Austin Healey but mostly Kyran Bracken for the England number 9 shirt.

Dawson went on the 1997 British Lions tour to South Africa as third-choice scrum-half behind Healey and Rob Howley, but injury to Howley and some good performances saw Dawson make the starting line-up. In the first test with ten minutes to go, Dawson broke from the base of a scrum and threw an overhead dummy that checked the four Springboks allowing him to scamper in for the winning try. That victory was the start of a 2–1 series win, clinched when he fed Jeremy Guscott for the series-winning drop goal.

Dawson captained England for the first time when he was chosen as captain for the infamous 1998 "tour from hell" in the absence of more experienced internationals. Despite the disastrous results he would go on to establish himself in the starting XV. He became first-choice scrum half at the 1999 Rugby World Cup after Bracken's withdrawal due to injury and scored England's first try of the competition just eight minutes into the opening match, a 67–7 win, against Italy.

He was captain in the 2000 Six Nations and often in the absence of Martin Johnson.

In the 2001 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia, Dawson went as second-choice scrum half behind Howley. Howley played in the first two tests but was injured for the third, where Dawson played. Controversially however, Dawson was one of the mid-week sides opposed to the training regime of coach Graham Henry and publicly criticised him, although this did not cause as much stir as Healey's similar comments. He and Healey avoided being sent home but were fined by the disciplinary committee. Later in the week he redeemed himself by converting Healey's try during extra time to win a closely tied match against the Brumbies.

Dawson's career nearly ended after sustaining a neck injury during the record 53–3 win against South Africa in November 2002, when he was headbutted by Springbok skipper Corné Krige. He became an integral part of the England side, winning his 50th cap against Ireland on the same day England won the 2003 Six Nations Grand Slam. That same year he was a crucial part of the team that won the World Cup. He played a vital role in winning the final tie against Australia in Sydney on 22 November 2003. With less than a minute remaining in extra time he made a completely unexpected break gaining a vital 20 metres upfield. From the later ruck he fed the ball to Jonny Wilkinson for the winning drop goal.

In the autumn of 2004, he failed to turn up to an England training camp due to a previously arranged commitment to appear on A Question of Sport, resulting in him being dropped from the England squad for the 2004 Autumn internationals. A return to the 2005 Six Nations was expected and Dawson rejoined the Elite Player Squad for the tournament, playing well enough to earn a place on the 2005 British Lions tour to New Zealand, managed by Sir Clive Woodward.

Dawson returned to the England fold in 2005 but had limited opportunities in a disappointing Six Nations campaign as Harry Ellis started at number nine for four of the five matches.

Media career
In 2004 Dawson joined the long running BBC TV quiz show A Question of Sport, featuring as a regular team captain opposite Ally McCoist and subsequently, Phil Tufnell.

In September 2006 he appeared in BBC One's Celebrity MasterChef programme, beating Roger Black and Hardeep Singh Kohli, to win the final.

He took part in Strictly Come Dancing in 2006, partnered by Lilia Kopylova. Although appearing initially to be an unlikely contender, he came second, only beaten in the final by cricketer Mark Ramprakash. He later returned to the show in 2008 to dance with Elaine Paige in Sport Relief does Strictly Come Dancing to raise money for Sport Relief, where they came second.

In January 2007 it was announced that Dawson would be joining BBC Radio Five Live as summariser for the commentary on England's forthcoming Six Nations Championship games. He went on to cover the 2007 Rugby World Cup for the BBC. He also presents 5-Live's weekly Rugby show. He was recently on an edition of www.888.com TV poker special where he finished second.

In 2008 Dawson co-hosted Mitch and Matt's Big Fish, a seafood lovers tour of the British coast, in which he and Mitch Tonks tasted and cooked a variety of fish dishes using the catch of the British fishing ports.

In 2010 Dawson hosted Monster Munchies for Good Food, where he challenged two teams to make a monster sized local delicacy in 24 hours, which were unveiled at a local show and were judged on size, presentation and taste. The size they were aiming for was that of a small car.

Charitable work
Dawson is the 2013 President of children's medical research charity Sparks, whose mission is to ensure that all babies are born healthy and stay healthy. Matt attended their 2012 Winter Ball along with other supporters of the charity such as Lady Gabriella Windsor, who was in attendance in place of her mother, Sparks Royal Patron, Princess Michael of Kent.  In 2015, he fronted a cycle ride for the charity from the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to Twickenham in London, 150 mile in one day.

He is an Honorary President of the rugby charity Wooden Spoon improving the lives of disadvantaged children and young people in Britain and Ireland. He posed nude in the women's magazine Cosmopolitan in support of the testicular and prostate cancer charity Everyman.

Dawson has been supporting the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) since 2004 and became a UNICEF UK ambassador in 2009. In June 2009, he took time out while broadcasting for the Lions tour in South Africa to visit UNICEF programmes focusing on education, shelter and HIV/AIDS.

He completed the 2007 London Marathon for charity, in 4 hours 35 minutes and 39 seconds.

Patron of The National Hospital Development Foundation (NHDF)
Patron of Beating Bowel Cancer – a leading UK charity for bowel cancer patients, working to raise awareness of symptoms, promote early diagnosis and encourage open access to treatment choice for those affected by bowel cancer.

Personal life
Born in Birkenhead, Dawson was raised in Buckinghamshire and attended the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe after passing the 12-plus (Buckinghamshire students at the time took the exam a year later). While in school he excelled in cricket and football before deciding to concentrate on rugby.

He was married to German-born former model, Carolin Hauskeller, and the couple have two sons. Dawson announced their separation via social media on 21 September 2020. Dawson is a supporter of Everton F.C.

Dawson published his autobiography, Nine Lives, in 2004.

In 2016, Dawson revealed how his family went through "two weeks of hell" as his two-year-old son battled meningitis W135.

In 2017, Dawson joined forces with The Big Tick Project, which looks to raise awareness about the dangers of ticks and tick-borne disease in the UK after revealing he had contracted Lyme disease. He was bitten by a tick in a London Park early the previous year.

See also
 List of top English points scorers and try scorers

References

External links
Premiership Profile
 Profile & Statistics on ESPN Scrum
 Sporting heroes 1 2 3

1972 births
Living people
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby sevens players
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Male rugby sevens players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Northampton Saints players
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe
Reality cooking competition winners
Rugby union players from Birkenhead
Rugby union scrum-halves
Wasps RFC players
English autobiographers
1999 Rugby World Cup players
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Matt Dawson


The International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (CIBB) is a yearly scientific conference focused on machine learning and computational intelligence applied to bioinformatics and biostatistics.

Organization and history
The CIBB conferences are typically organized by members of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE CIS) and the International Neural Network Society (INNS), among others. Their main themes are machine learning, data mining, and computational intelligence algorithms applied to biological and biostatistical problems.

The CIBB conference was originally started by Francesco Masulli (Università di Genova), Antonina Starita (Università di Pisa), and Roberto Tagliaferri (Università di Salerno) as a special session within other international conferences held in Italy: the 14th Italian Workshop on Neural Networks (2004), the 6th International Workshop on Fuzzy Logic and Applications (2005), the 7th International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence (2006), and the 7th International Workshop on Fuzzy Logic and Applications (2007). Because of the broad participation of researchers to the CIBB special session at the latter meeting, which included twenty-six submitted papers, the CIBB steering committee decided to turn CIBB into an autonomous conference starting with the 2008 edition in Vietri sul Mare, Italy.

During their first editions, the CIBB conferences were organized and attended mainly by Italian researchers at various academic locations throughout Italy. As international audience and importance of the conference grew, following editions moved outside Italy. The 2012 CIBB conference was held for the first time outside Europe, in Houston, Texas.

Format
The conference is a single track meeting that includes invited talks as well as oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. It usually lasts three days in September, and traditionally includes some special sessions about the application of computational intelligence to specific aspects of biology (for example, the "Special session on machine learning in health informatics and biological systems" at CIBB 2018,) and occasionally some tutorials.

At the 2011 conference edition in Gargnano, the scientific committee gave a young researcher best paper award.

Publications
Proceedings of the conferences are published as a book series by Springer Science+Business Media, whereas selected papers are published in journals such as BMC Bioinformatics.

References

External links

CIBB conference series on WikiCfp.com

Artificial intelligence conferences
Computer science conferences
Bioinformatics


ORF 1 (ORF eins) is an Austrian public television channel owned by ORF. It was the first television channel in Austria, started in 1955.

ORF 1 is one of four public TV channels in Austria. It is funded by a mixture of advertising revenue and television licence fees: as such, unlike the German TV stations (which are generally available free-to-air), ORF 1 and its sister channels are encrypted over satellite.

Programming
ORF 1 mainly shows films, TV series and sporting events; this is in contrast to ORF 2, which focuses more on news, documentaries and cultural programming. As the target audience of ORF 1 is younger than that of ORF 2, ORF's children's output, okidoki, is broadcast on ORF 1 every morning. Popular sporting events, such as skiing, Formula One and association football are also usually shown on ORF 1. ORF has exclusive rights to many sports; for example, it holds the rights to Formula One until 2020. In addition to the regular commentary, some sporting events, as well as some dramas, carry special commentary tracks for the visually impaired, via the Zweikanalton system.

Until 9 April 2007, ORF's flagship news programme Zeit im Bild (The Times in Pictures) was broadcast at 7:30pm on both ORF 1 and ORF 2; as part of a major programme overhaul, this was replaced on ORF 1 with the soap opera Mitten im 8en. Due to poor ratings, the soap was short-lived and was replaced on 2 July 2007 by Malcolm in the Middle. To fill the void left by removing Zeit im Bild from ORF 1, two new news programmes entitled ZiB 20 and ZiB 24 were introduced; as their names suggest, they are broadcast at 8pm (20:00) and midnight (24:00) every night. In addition, short bulletins known as ZiB Flash are shown several times throughout the day.

Feature films form a key part of the primetime output on ORF 1, and are shown several nights a week: many movie premieres are shown at the same time as on German broadcasters, but without the commercial interruptions that are commonplace on private German channels. Certain films and series are broadcast with both the German dub and the original (usually English) soundtrack via Zweikanalton (Two-channel sound).

Children

Fireman Sam
Marsupilami (Marsupilami - die neuen abenteuer) (2008-2015) (Season 1)
Maya the Bee (Die Biene Maja) (2013–present)
Princess Sarah
Peg + Cat
Story of the Alps: My Annette
Tales of Little Women
The Bugs Bunny Show (1980s - 1990s)
The Bush Baby
Zig & Sharko

Entertainment
Eurovision Song Contest

Information
Zeit im Bild

Series

9-1-1 (2018–present)
About a Boy (2018)
Altes Geld (2015, 2017)
Babylon Berlin (2018–present)
Desperate Housewives (2005-201?)
Devious Maids (Devious Maids - Schmutzige Geheimnisse) (2014, 2016-2017)
Ghost Whisperer (2007-201?)
Glee (2011–present)
Grey's Anatomy (2006–present)
Kupetzky (2006)
Last Man Standing (2014-2017)
Liar (2018)
Magda macht das schon! (2017–present)
NCIS: Los Angeles (2010-)
Seinfeld (2007)
Stalker (2015, 2017-2018)
Station 19 (Seattle Firefighters - Die jungen Helden) (2018–present)
Tatort (2006-2009, 2016)
Touch (2012, 2014, 2018)
The Big Bang Theory (2010–present)
The Defenders (2011, 2013–2014)
The Mentalist (2009-201?)
The Unusuals (2013-2014)
Two and a Half Men (2005-2017)
Who Is America? (2018–present)
Young Sheldon (2018–present)

Sport
 FIFA World Cup
 Formula One
 UEFA European Football Championship

High definition broadcast
On 28 January 2008, ORF started its high-definition services. The first broadcast was a ski race called The Nightrace in Schladming. A special HDTV event, introducing HD technology, was scheduled in all regional ORF stations right after. The technological partner for HD productions is Telekom Austria. Test operations began on 1 May 2008: ten days later, these were made available to any households with an ORF card showing a trailer. Those who could receive ORF 1 HD would see a trailer which showed excerpts from sports footage, films and documentaries.

ORF 1 HD officially launched on 2 June 2008, five days before the start of 2008 UEFA European Football Championship.

Reception
ORF 1 HD is broadcast on Astra 19.2° east on 10,832 GHz horizontal (SR 22000, FEC 5/6). The channel is also available through Cable and IPTV.

Programming
Initially, the vast majority of programmes were upscaled, save for some sporting events, movie premieres and American television series. However, this has gradually increased; more and more of ORF's productions have been in HD, and many older copies of movies and TV series were re-sourced and replaced with HD scans; for example, older episodes of The Simpsons have been remastered in HD and, as of 2017, are broadcast in this format on ORF 1.

Parental guidance
ORF abridges some movies due to child-protection rules, but less often than German stations. ORF identifies its programs with initials: X (not suited for children; parental guidance advised), O (adults only), or with no initial. The sign K+ (recommended for children) is shown only on teletext.

Branding

From 1968 until 1992, ORF 1 prominently featured the red "ORF eye" logo in its television idents alongside several stylised number "1" logos. In 1992, the first version of the "green cube" ORF 1 logo was introduced, designed by Neville Brody. In 2000, ORF 1's logo was updated into a moving, soft-edged, gelatinous cube with the number 1 inside. This particular logo has been nicknamed "Jelli." In 2005, there was another update to ORF's on-screen design: to avoid the logo being burnt in to plasma screens, it was changed from green to grey all-over.

In 2010, it was announced that ORF 1 would be rebranded as "ORF eins" from 8 January 2011.

On 26 April 2019, ORF eins was renamed back to ORF 1 with a brand new logo and on-screen design by design agency Bleed.

Logos

References

External links
ORF 1 TV listings

Television stations in Austria
Television channels and stations established in 1955
1955 establishments in Austria
ORF (broadcaster)

ORF 1


Presbyterian Women's College of Education formerly Aburi Women's Teacher Training College is an all-female college of education, Aburi in the Eastern Region Ghana.  The college was established by the Basel missionaries in 1928. The school's first principal was Ms. Elsie McKillican. The school started with two pioneer students.

The college participated in the DFID-funded Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme.

History
Presbyterian Women's College of Education at Aburi was established by the Basel Missionaries in 1928. The first principal of the college was Ms Elsie McKillican. The Basel Evangelical Missionary Society established the Presbyterian Women's Training College at Aburi. The  expansion of economic opportunities through the education of women on the Gold Coast was central to the society's mission besides the propagation of the Gospel. For each male only school the Basel Mission set up, it established a female counterpart as well. In 1858, a primary school – the first all girls' boarding school was started by the Basel missionaries. Several of pupils were drawn from the Abokobi, Aburi, Akropong, Odumase and Osu mission stations. A middle school department was added to the institution in 1916 so girls could complete their education at Standard Seven.

At the onset of World War I in 1914, the Basel mission was expelled from the Gold Coast by the British colonial government as many missionaries were German-speaking citizens of Germany and Switzerland. The colonial administration viewed them as "alien security risks".  Presbyterian missionaries of the Free Church of Scotland who were then based in Calabar, Nigeria replaced the Basel missionary activities including running of its schools on the Gold Coast. In 1920, three British teachers Miss Wallace, Miss Efie Sutherland and Miss Agnes Gray were posted to Aburi in 1920.

The British educator, Miss E. H. Mackillican replaced Miss Agnes Gray who was relocating to Calabar to take over a school there. In that same year, a class on pedagogy or teaching methods was introduced, forming the basis for the formation of a women's normal school. In 1925, a kindergarten - the first in the country, was added to the school by Miss C. P. Moir. Miss E. M. Beveridge, author of "Kan Me Hwe" series of readers for schools in the Akan areas of Ghana and Miss Ophelia Som were put in charge of running the kindergarten.

In 1928, the British colonial government ratified the founding of the women's teacher training college at Aburi. There were two pioneer students, including the public education administrator, Jane E. Clerk in the first batch in 1928. The two-year curriculum  was designed to train women teacher trainees in the methods of teaching. Following this development, the Education Committee of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast in collaboration of the Basel and Scottish missionaries explored the possibility of a girls' grammar high school on the Aburi campus of the teachers' college. The secondary school started in 1946 sharing classes with the teacher training department. In 1948, the middle school was moved to a different site and was operated under the auspices of the church with local staff who were trained at the women's college.

On 10 December 1953, the secondary and teacher training college moved to new premises. The school at the time had 76 high school and 60 teacher training college students. The secondary school was moved again to its permanent site on 11 December 1954. On 1 February 1954, the first batch of local teachers for the college was transferred from Agogo. The first African principal was Gladys Adum Kwapong whose tenure of office was from 1963 to 1980. The college's traditions therefore has elements from the Basel, Scottish and indigenous African periods.

In 1961, male students were admitted for the first time in the college's history followed by 30 more men in 1962. The attempt to convert the college into a co-educational institution failed due to limited infrastructure and the high level of indiscipline the college experienced when it became co-educational, men were no longer admitted after 1964.

Over the years, the school has run craft specialist, ordinary and post-secondary teacher training courses.

Programmes
The college started with 2-year Teacher's Certificate 'B' course, and has gone through the following programmes since then:

 4-year Post Middle Teacher's Certificate 'A'
 2-year Post 'B' Teacher's Certificate 'A'
 2-year Post Secondary Teacher's Certificate's 'A'
 3-year Post Secondary Teacher's Certificate 'A'
 3-year Diploma in Basic Education

Principals
The following individuals have served as principal of the college:

Notable alumnae
 Jane E. Clerk, first student of the college, teacher and pioneer woman education administrator on the Gold Coast

See also
 Akrofi-Christaller Institute
 Education in Ghana
 Presbyterian College of Education, Akropong
 Salem School, Osu
 Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon

References

Women's universities and colleges
Christian universities and colleges in Ghana
Colleges of Education in Ghana
Christian schools in Ghana
Universities and colleges established in 1928
Presbyterian schools in Africa
Presbyterian universities and colleges
Presbyterian Women's College of Education alumni
1928 establishments in the British Empire


In mathematics, particularly in category theory, a morphism is a structure-preserving map from one mathematical structure to another one of the same type. The notion of morphism recurs in much of contemporary mathematics. In set theory, morphisms are functions; in linear algebra, linear transformations; in group theory, group homomorphisms; in analysis and topology, continuous functions, and so on.

In category theory, morphism is a broadly similar idea: the mathematical objects involved need not be sets, and the relationships between them may be something other than maps, although the morphisms  between the objects of a given category have to behave similarly to maps in that they have to admit an associative operation similar to function composition. A morphism in category theory is an abstraction of a homomorphism.

The study of morphisms and of the structures (called "objects") over which they are defined is central to category theory. Much of the terminology of morphisms, as well as the intuition underlying them, comes from concrete categories, where the objects are simply sets with some additional structure, and morphisms are structure-preserving functions. In category theory, morphisms are sometimes also called arrows.

Definition
A category C consists of two classes, one of  and the other of . There are two objects that are associated to every morphism, the   and the . A morphism  from  to  is a morphism with source  and target ; it is commonly written as  or  the latter form being better suited for commutative diagrams.

For many common categories, objects are sets (often with some additional structure) and morphisms are functions from an object to another object. Therefore, the source and the target of a morphism are often called  and  respectively.

Morphisms are equipped with a partial binary operation, called . The composition of two morphisms f and g is defined precisely when the target of f is the source of g, and is denoted g ∘ f (or sometimes simply gf). The source of g ∘ f is the source of f, and the target of g ∘ f is the target of g. The composition satisfies  two axioms:
 For every object X, there exists a morphism idX : X → X called the identity morphism on X, such that for every morphism  we have idB ∘ f = f = f ∘ idA.
Associativity h ∘ (g ∘ f) = (h ∘ g) ∘ f  whenever all the compositions are defined, i.e. when the target of f is the source of g, and the target of g is the source of h.

For a concrete category (a category in which the objects are sets, possibly with additional structure, and the morphisms are structure-preserving functions), the identity morphism is just the identity function, and composition is just ordinary composition of functions.

The composition of morphisms is often represented by a commutative diagram. For example,

The collection of all morphisms from X to Y is denoted HomC(X,Y) or simply Hom(X, Y) and called the hom-set between X and Y. Some authors write MorC(X,Y), Mor(X, Y) or C(X, Y). The term hom-set is something of a misnomer, as the collection of morphisms is not required to be a set; a category where Hom(X, Y) is a set for all objects X and Y is called locally small. Because hom-sets may not be sets, some people prefer to use the term "hom-class".

The domain and codomain are in fact part of the information determining a morphism. For example, in the category of sets, where morphisms are functions, two functions may be identical as sets of ordered pairs (may have the same range), while having different codomains. The two functions are distinct from the viewpoint of category theory. Thus many authors require that the hom-classes Hom(X, Y) be disjoint. In practice, this is not a problem because if this disjointness does not hold, it can be assured by appending the domain and codomain to the morphisms (say, as the second and third components of an ordered triple).

Some special morphisms

Monomorphisms and epimorphisms
A morphism f: X → Y is called a monomorphism if f ∘ g1 = f ∘ g2 implies g1 = g2 for all morphisms g1, g2: Z → X. A monomorphism can be called a mono for short, and we can use monic as an adjective. A morphism f has a left inverse or is a split monomorphism if there is a morphism g: Y → X such that g ∘ f  idX. Thus f ∘ g: Y → Y is idempotent; that is, (f ∘ g)2  f ∘ (g ∘ f) ∘ g  f ∘ g. The left inverse g is also called a retraction of f.

Morphisms with left inverses are always monomorphisms, but the converse is not true in general; a monomorphism may fail to have a left inverse. In concrete categories, a function that has a left inverse is injective. Thus in concrete categories, monomorphisms are often, but not always, injective. The condition of being an injection is stronger than that of being a monomorphism, but weaker than that of being a split monomorphism.

Dually to monomorphisms, a morphism f: X → Y is called an epimorphism if g1 ∘ f = g2 ∘ f implies g1 = g2 for all morphisms g1, g2: Y → Z. An epimorphism can be called an epi for short, and we can use epic as an adjective. A morphism f has a right inverse or is a split epimorphism if there is a morphism g: Y → X such that f ∘ g  idY. The right inverse g is also called a section of f.  Morphisms having a right inverse are always epimorphisms, but the converse is not true in general, as an epimorphism may fail to have a right inverse.

If a monomorphism f splits with left inverse g, then g is a split epimorphism with right inverse f. In concrete categories, a function that has a right inverse is surjective. Thus in concrete categories, epimorphisms are often, but not always, surjective. The condition of being a surjection is stronger than that of being an epimorphism, but weaker than that of being a split epimorphism. In the category of sets, the statement that every surjection has a section is equivalent to the axiom of choice.

A morphism that is both an epimorphism and a monomorphism is called a bimorphism.

Isomorphisms
A morphism f: X → Y is called an isomorphism if there exists a morphism g: Y → X such that f ∘ g = idY and g ∘ f = idX. If a morphism has both left-inverse and right-inverse, then the two inverses are equal, so f is an isomorphism, and g is called simply the inverse of f. Inverse morphisms, if they exist, are unique. The inverse g is also an isomorphism, with inverse f. Two objects with an isomorphism between them are said to be isomorphic or equivalent.

While every isomorphism is a bimorphism, a bimorphism is not necessarily an isomorphism.  For example, in the category of commutative rings the inclusion Z → Q is a bimorphism that is not an isomorphism. However, any morphism that is both an epimorphism and a split monomorphism, or both a monomorphism and a split epimorphism, must be an isomorphism. A category, such as a Set, in which every bimorphism is an isomorphism is known as a balanced category.

Endomorphisms and automorphisms
A morphism f: X → X (that is, a morphism with identical source and target) is an endomorphism of X. A split endomorphism is an idempotent endomorphism f if f admits a decomposition f = h ∘ g with g ∘ h = id.  In particular, the Karoubi envelope of a category splits every idempotent morphism.

An automorphism is a morphism that is both an endomorphism and an isomorphism.  In every category, the automorphisms of an object always form a group, called the automorphism group of the object.

Examples
 For algebraic structures commonly considered in algebra, such as groups, rings, modules, etc., the morphisms are usually the homomorphisms, and the notions of isomorphism, automorphism, endomorphism, epimorphism, and monomorphism are the same as the above defined ones. However, in the case of rings, "epimorphism" is often considered as a synonym of "surjection", although there are ring epimorphisms that are not surjective (e.g., when embedding the integers in the rational numbers).
 In the category of topological spaces, the morphisms are the continuous functions and isomorphisms are called homeomorphisms. There are bijections (that is, isomorphisms of sets) that are not homeomorphisms.
 In the category of smooth manifolds, the morphisms are the smooth functions and isomorphisms are called diffeomorphisms.
 In the category of small categories, the morphisms are functors.
 In a functor category, the morphisms are natural transformations.

For more examples, see Category theory.

See also
 Normal morphism
 Zero morphism

Notes

References
 .
  Now available as free on-line edition (4.2MB PDF).

External links

Morphism


Back It Up!! is a promotional "live" album from Nils Lofgren initially released 1975. The title of the original vinyl LP was Back It Up!! – Nils Lofgren Live – An Authorized Bootleg.  Although the recording was officially released by A&M Records, the artwork was designed to give the appearance of a live bootleg recording, similar to Decca Records' original vinyl release of the Who's Live at Leeds in 1970, which was a legitimate live album designed to look like a bootleg. Back It Up!! was not officially available to the public until it was issued on CD in 2007, 32 years after its original release.

Background
The songs were recorded at the Record Plant in Sausalito, California, on October 31, 1975, and primarily features material from Lofgren's first solo album which had been released earlier in the year. At the time of the recording, Lofgren had recently signed with A&M and had just begun a solo career following the dissolution of his previous group, Grin. Despite its limited release, songs from Back It Up!! were featured on FM radio broadcasts during the 1970s and had been generally praised by the musical press as worthy of a proper release.

The CD re-release includes the same seven songs from the original vinyl release in 1975. An additional song, "Rock and Roll Crook", was also performed at the concert (following "Goin' Back"), but was not included on the 1975 vinyl release or the CD reissue. Currently, all of the songs from Back It Up!!, along with "Rock and Roll Crook", are available as a digital download from the Wolfgang's Vault website.

Track listing
All songs by Nils Lofgren unless otherwise indicated
 "Take You to the Movies Tonight / Back It Up" – 6:59
 "Keith Don't Go (Ode to the Glimmer Twin)" – 6:26
 "I Don't Want to Know" – 3:48
 "The Sun Hasn't Set on This Boy Yet" – 3:41
 "Goin' Back" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 6:04
 "Like Rain" – 6:21
 "Beggar's Day / Soft Fun" – 10:53

Personnel

Musicians
 Nils Lofgren – guitars, piano, vocals
 Tom Lofgren – guitar, backing vocals
 Scotty Ball – bass
 Michael Zak – drums
 Al Kooper – electric piano (special guest)

Technical
 Mark Omann – mastering engineer
 Michele Horie – art direction
 Greg Rose – design
 Richard Aaron – photography
 Bud Scoppa – liner notes

References

1975 live albums
A&M Records albums
Hip-O Records albums
Nils Lofgren live albums

Back It Up!!


The organ of the St. Jacobi Church (St. James' Church) in Hamburg, was built from 1689 to 1693 by the most renowned organ builder of his time, Arp Schnitger. The organ boasts four manuals and pedal with 60 stops, 15 of which are reeds – and has approximately 4000 sounding pipes. All in all, from the organ's original installation and its condition today (despite the partial destruction during World War II) not much of its conception has changed. The old pipework and the prospect pipes have been preserved in almost original format. It is the largest organ in existence from before 1700 and is one of the most eminent Baroque instruments that have been preserved.

Building history

Preceding instruments
It is not yet documented when the very first organ at St. Jacobi was built. Nevertheless, it can be attested to that there was a certain organist at St. Jacobi named "Meister Rudolf" around 1300. It is known that from 1512 – 1516 a two-manual instrument was built by Jacob Iversand and Harmen Stüven. A Rückpositiv (positive organ division) was added before 1543. Further refurbishments followed in the 16th and 17th centuries by several builders. Among them were Jacob Scherer (from 1551), his son-in-law Dirk Hoyer (1577–1578) who built a new Rückpositiv and two new pedal towers; also Hans Bockelmann (1588–1589) and Hans Scherer the Elder (1588–1592) who provided a new Oberwerk (upper division). Scherer's sons Hans and Fritz refurbished the organ in 1606/7. At the end of the 16th century, musician Hieronymus Praetorius thus ended up having one of the most impressive and large instruments in the country at his disposal. The earlier disposition of 1592 with 53 stops and 3 manuals is provided by Michael Praetorius in his treatise, Syntagma Musicum:

Disposition of 1592

 Annotations

Between 1635 and 1636, Gottfried Fritzsche greatly expanded the instrument from its previous Renaissance keyboard range. It was enlarged to span four octaves and four manuals. Ulrich Cernitz, St. Jacobi organist of the time (who had studied with Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck) reported extensively on these expansions which led to the instrument having more than 56 registers. Renovations were also made by his son, Hans Christoph Fritzsche, in 1655.

New build by Schnitger in 1693

Arp Schnitger used the existing instrument and kept 27 of the stops (including some of the oldest pipes of the original 1516 organ) for his project. Schnitger built the rest of the stops himself. He then expanded the four-manual instrument to 60 stops. Despite the advice of one of the most prominent organists at the church of St. Katharinen in Hamburg, Johann Adam Reincken, Schnitger installed both a Principal 32' and Posaune 32' into the pedal. This brought a tremendous prestige factor to the instrument. The total costs for this project was 29.108 Marks. The different divisions have the following (German) names: Werck (Hauptwerk), Rückpositiv, Oberpositiv, Brustpositiv and Pedal. The prospect of the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi is the largest existing example of the so-called "Hamburg Prospects": those having many-tiered divisional structures that was developed by the organ builder family Scherer in Hamburg around 1600. Typical for these fronts are the symmetrical case with the large pedal towers at each side and the staggered arrangement of the manual divisions, although the Oberpositiv did not appear in these frontal prospects. Instead, it was located in a higher position behind the Great (having no back panel). The directness of the sound is in part created by the wide downward shaping arches of the building. These create excellent acoustics. The figures on the prospect were cut by Christian Precht and belong to his latest known works.

In 1720, Johann Sebastian Bach applied for the position of organist at St. Jacobi. However Bach, despite being a famed organist, did not get the position. Instead it was awarded to Johann Joachim Heitmann, who was able to pay the required high sum of 4000 Mark into the church fund and also marrying the pastor's daughter.
In the records of Johann Mattheson we find part of a rather severe sermon by the pastor of St. Jacobi at the time, Erdmann Neumeister: "He believed with certainty that – if one of the angels were to descend from heaven and, wanting to become an organist of St. Jacobi, played divinely – but if this angel from Bethlehem had no money, they would simply have to fly away again."

It is confirmed that Bach also played the organ in the neighbouring church of St. Katharinen. Apparently the condition of the St. Jacobi instrument was (temporarily) not very good. He therefore left before playing the official audition for the post.

The disposition of 1721 was notated by organbuilder Otto Diedrich Richborn:

Disposition of 1721

 2 tremulants
 Zimbelstern, Trommel
 5 stop valves, 1 main valve

Later work
In 1722 Otto Diedrich Richborn made a small change in the organ's disposition. Later, in 1761, organ builder Johann Jacob Lehnert from Hamburg also slightly changed the disposition. From 1774 to 1775, Johann Paul Geycke renewed the console. Further renovations were carried out in 1790 by Johann Daniel Kahl; then once again in 1836 and 1846 by Johann Gottlieb Wolfsteller. In 1866, new wind channels and compensatory bellows were built. Jürgen Marcussen made a further disposition change by installing an additional pneumatic system with five registers in 1890.

Restorations
In 1917 there was a serious invasion of the tonal quality of the instrument. This happened when the tin prospect pipes had to be taken down and handed over to the army administration's metal collection during the First World War. After World War I, Hans Henny Jahnn and Gottlieb Harms discovered and realized the value of this instrument. They advocated for the repair and replacement of the missing front pipes. Substantial funds were raised for this purpose with a series of benefit concerts (called Ugrino concerts) in 1922. Jahnn managed to secure Günther Ramin, organist of the Leipzig Thomaskirche, for these concerts. Ramin brought back compositions of Hamburg organists of the 17th century alongside works of Buxtehude and Bach to the concert space for the first time in a long while. At the organ convention, initiated by Jahnn in Hamburg and Lübeck in July 1925, the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi became a great focus of interest in the organ scene of Northern Europe. It became known as a model instrument for Baroque and pre-Baroque organ music.

Because the wind chests, pipework and carvings were removed in 1942, this prevented these sound-producing parts of the organ from being destroyed in World War II. When the church completely burned down, Schnitger's case, the bellow enclosure and the console of 1774 were lost. The southern nave was only slightly destroyed, and after its restoration in 1950 the Lübeck organ workshop Kemper made a provisional installation. Kemper had already carried out the restoration work of previous decades under the direction of and cooperation with Hans Henny Jahnn.

Another step along the way towards restoration was at the old site in the west of the main nave, completed in 1961. It included a new case for the old divisions, a new console with carved heads for register knobs (1950), an extension of the keyboard ranges with the necessary technical adjustments and an extremely stiff action by Kemper.
This effort resulted in a sound that was phonetically uneven, and an action that was unsatisfactory. The use of different wind pressures in the manual divisions and the pedal did not correspond to historical building practice. The pipework had been shortened in different ways during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries to emulate modern pitch. Many pipes on the wind chests became displaced. The sound of the principal choir was too similar to that of the flutes. The reeds had no stability. Furthermore, the proportions of the case were incorrect, because the keyboard extensions led to many additional large pipes that had to be considered. Despite all this, the sound quality of the instrument was still recognizable and continued to fascinate listeners.

The push for a fundamental restoration of the organ came from St. Jacobi organist Rudolf Kelber in 1982. He wanted to get rid of all the technical defects and problems in sound quality. A consensus was reached to restore it to the old state i.e. that of the Jacobi organ as it was in the late 18th century, with all its surviving components. These included the registers by Johann Jacob Lehnert from the year 1761 (the Viola di Gamba 8 'in the Werck and the Trommet 8' in the Rückpositiv).  No attempt was made to reconstruct the console from 1774. Instead it made more sense to return to the concept of Schnitger, with the short octave in the manual keyboards. This was done according to the model of the Schnitger console received from the Lübeck Dom organ. The recovery of the original case proportions with original Schnitger wind chest dimensions was essential. A compromise here was the addition of the note D sharp (or E flat) in the bass octave of the pedal. This was placed on an auxiliary chest outside the case. The wind supply was set up with six wedge bellows located in the upper area of the tower space, behind the organ.

Jürgen Ahrend, regarded as a connoisseur of Schnitger organs (and who had all the resources needed for this project in his workshop) was commissioned for this project. The materials included a provision of wood that had been stored up for decades. Three hundred years after the completion of the organ built by Arp Schnitger, the restored instrument was inaugurated in 1993. Cornelius H. Edskes, the leading Dutch organologist and Schnitger specialist, made sure the restoration was done as fundamentally secure as possible by creating the meticulous documentation needed. The result was a collection of more than 60,000 pieces of data.

The discussion regarding the tuning of the organ led to the decision for modified mean tone temperament. It is a compromise between the standard pure thirds of the mean tone tuning and the requirements for playing organ literature from the 17th and 18th centuries in keys that contain multiple sharps/ flats. The discovery of the mean tone temperament was read off of the pipe lengths of the inner pipes of the Principal 32' in the pedal.

The Schnitger organ in Hamburg's main church of St. Jacobi has become one of the most influential models for organ building in the last 100 years.

Disposition
Today's disposition dates back to the restoration of 1993, which in effect restored the state of 1762.

 Couplers: IV/II, II/III
 Two tremulants
 Zimbelstern
 Trommel (Drum)

Sch = Scherer (16th/17th century)
F = Gottfried Fritzsche (1636)
S = Arp Schnitger (1693)
L = Johann Jakob Lehnert (1761)
A = Jürgen Ahrend (1993)

Technical data
 60 stops, about 4000 pipes
 Wind supply:
 12 wind chests (Schnitger)
 One main valve, five stop valves (Ahrend)
 6 wedge bellows (Ahrend)
 Wind pressure: 80 mm
 Tuning:
 Pitch: a1 = 495.45 Hz at 18 degrees Celsius
 Modified meantone (−1/5 syntonic comma)

Bibliography
 Cornelius H. Edskes, Harald Vogel, translated by Joel Speerstra (2016): Arp Schnitger and His Work. Bremen: Edition Falkenberg. , pp. 66–69, 178–179.
 Cornelius H. Edskes (1996): Über die Stimmtonhöhe und Temperatur der Arp-Schnitger-Orgel von St. Jacobi in Hamburg. In: Hans Davidsson (ed.): Cornelius H. Edskes doctor honoris causa. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, Depart. of Musicology. , .
 Gustav Fock (1974): Arp Schnitger und seine Schule. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Orgelbaues im Nord- und Ostseeküstengebiet. Kassel: Bärenreiter. , pp. 240–241.
 Ibo Ortgies (2007): Die Praxis der Orgelstimmung in Norddeutschland im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und ihr Verhältnis zur zeitgenössischen Musikpraxis. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet (gbv.de online).
 Heimo Reinitzer (ed.) (1995): Die Arp-Schnitger-Orgel der Hauptkirche St. Jacobi in Hamburg. Hamburg: Christians. .

References

External links

 St James' Church
 Arp Schnitger Organ Database
 Page of  NOMINE
 Page of Hans-Werner Coordes
 www.arpschnitger.nl Link to the specification and history of the organ
 Discography of Arp Schnitger organs

Culture in Hamburg
Individual pipe organs

Schnitger organ (Hamburg)


Øivin Fjeldstad (2 May 1903 – 16 October 1983) was a Norwegian conductor and violinist.  Fjeldstad was artistic director and principal conductor of the Oslo Philharmonic from 1962 to 1969.

Biography
A native of Oslo, Øivin Fjeldstad debuted as a violinist in 1921 following musical instruction in the conservatories of Oslo Conservatory of Music under the direction Gustav Lange and University of Music and Theatre in Leipzig under instruction of  Walther Davisson.
Ten years later, having studied with Clemens Krauss in Berlin, he began his conducting career in Oslo and, after the end of World War II and the founding of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra (Kringkastingsorkestret) in 1946, he became its head conductor. Between 1958 and 1960, the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet had Kirsten Flagstad as its general manager and Øivin Fjeldstad as its first artistic director. In 1962 he, along with Herbert Blomstedt, succeeded Odd Grüner-Hegge as head conductor of Oslo Philharmonic, the nation's leading orchestra, becoming one of the most influential figures in his country's postwar musical history.

Personal life
He was awarded the King's Medal of Merit (Kongens fortjenstmedalje) in 1954 and was made a  Knight 1st Class in the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav during 1962.  In 1934 he married Julie Antoinette Skappel (1910–1996). Their daughter, Lise Fjeldstad, is a film and stage actress while his son Øivin Skappel Fjeldstad is a banker and  Member of the Storting. Øivin Fjeldstad died in 1983 and was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo.

References

External links
Catalog of Øivin Fjeldstad recordings

1903 births
1983 deaths
Musicians from Oslo
Norwegian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Norwegian violinists
Male violinists
20th-century violinists
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit
Burials at Vestre gravlund
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Norwegian male musicians

Øivin Fjeldstad


Pleurosticta acetabulum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is common and widespread throughout Europe, where it grows on tree bark. It has also been recorded in Algeria.

Taxonomy
Pleurosticta acetabulum is the type species of Pleurosticta – a genus circumscribed by mycologist Franz Petrak in 1931. Petrak's original type species was named Pleurosticta lichenicola, but this is now known as a synonym of P. acetabulum. It was originally described as Lichen acetabulum by Belgian physician and botanist Noël Martin Joseph Necker in 1768. It has been shuffled to several genera in its taxonomic history, acquiring many synonyms. For example, Georg Franz Hoffmann placed it the genus Lobaria in 1796, while Duby considered it a Parmelia in 1830. In more recent history, Maurice Choisy placed it in Parmotrema, while Ted Esslinger moved it to Melanelia. Most recently, John Elix and H. Thorsten Lumbsch transferred it to Pleurosticta when they resurrected that genus in 1988.

Chemistry
The lichen contains several secondary chemicals, including atranorin, salazinic, norstictic, protocetraric, and evernic acids.

Ecology
Lichenicolous fungi that have been recorded growing on Pleurosticta acetabulum include Abrothallus acetabuli, Lichenoconium erodens, and Stigmidium acetabuli.

Research
Pleurosticta acetabulum has been used for research investigating its tolerance to extreme environmental conditions, such as those that might be found on planet Mars. It was shown that following exposure to complete dehydration, extremely low temperature (-196°C/77K), and oxygen depletion, the lichen was able to recover and its ability to produce a high yield of hydrogen was unchanged. This suggests that it might have use in astrobiological applications as a hydrogen producer in bioregenerative life support system for extraterrestrial environments.

References

Parmeliaceae
Lichen species
Lichens of North Africa
Lichens of Europe
Taxa named by Noël Martin Joseph de Necker
Lichens described in 1768

Pleurosticta acetabulum


An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.

Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader, but specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability (especially in sunlight), and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantages over printed books are portability since an e-reader is capable of holding thousands of books while weighing less than one and the convenience provided due to add-on features in these devices.

References

Books
Computer science
Electronics

E-book reader


Harry Clay "Heinie" Aderholt  (January 6, 1920 – May 20, 2010) was an American brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a prominent figure in air force special operations.

Biography
Aderholt was born in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1920. He entered active military duty through the aviation cadet program in April 1942 and graduated from pilot training with a commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Air Forces in May 1943.

During World War II, from October 1943 to August 1945, Aderholt served in North Africa and Italy as a B-17 and C-47 pilot.

In September 1945 Aderholt went to Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, assigned as a staff pilot with the Army Air Forces Eastern Flying Training Command. After completion of Air Tactical School at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, in December 1948, Aderholt returned to Maxwell and served as a flight instructor and flying safety officer with the 3800th Air Base Wing.

During the Korean War, from July 1950 to September 1951, Aderholt commanded a Special Air Warfare Detachment of the 21st Troop Carrier Squadron. He next was assigned as an operations staff officer with the 1007th Air Intelligence Service Group in Washington, D.C. In June 1953 he was transferred to Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina, where he served with Headquarters Eighteenth Air Force as tactical and operations staff officer in the Directorate of Operations and Training.

In October 1954, Aderholt was assigned to Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe, Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany, and served in the Directorate of Plans as an unconventional warfare planning staff officer.

In September 1957 Aderholt returned to Washington, D.C., assigned to the 1007th Air Intelligence Service Group as a special warfare staff officer, and in September 1959 joined the 1040th United States Air Force Field Activity Squadron in the same capacity.

Aderholt left for Okinawa in January 1960 where he became commander of the 1095th Operational Evaluation Training Group. During this assignment, he contributed to the pioneering of special air warfare techniques, and was instrumental in developing the Laos airfield complex known as Lima sites. These fields were used throughout Southeast Asia as support sites for special warfare operations and as CH-3 "Jolly Green" helicopter forward staging bases for rescue and recovery operations in Laos and North Vietnam.

From August 1962 to February 1964, Aderholt served as special advisor to the commander of the United States Air Force Special Air Warfare Center (SAWC) at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. During this period, he contributed to and participated in RAND Corporation studies which resulted in the publication of the Single Integrated Attack Team Study. He then was transferred to Hurlburt Field, Florida, (Eglin Auxiliary Field 9) where he served as vice commander and commander of the famed 1st Air Commando Wing.

Aderholt left for the Republic of the Philippines in August 1965 where he was assigned as deputy commander for plans and operations with the 6200th Materiel Wing at Clark Air Base. While in this assignment, he joined the United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, where he conceived and activated the Joint Personnel Recovery Center in Saigon, and served as chief from July to December 1966. He then was selected by Headquarters Pacific Air Forces to activate the 56th Air Commando Wing at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. This wing, which he organized and commanded from December 1966 to December 1967, conducted low-level night interdiction missions over the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos and North Vietnam, using prop-driven aircraft. The efforts of this wing were so successful in slowing infiltration that the enemy reacted by greatly increasing anti-aircraft defenses and committing a large amount of his total assets to keep the trail open.

In January 1968 Aderholt was reassigned to the United States Air Force Special Air Warfare Center, later redesignated United States Air Force Special Operations Force (SOF), at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, to serve as deputy chief of staff for operations.

Aderholt returned to Thailand in June 1970 for a two-year tour of duty as chief of the Air Force Advisory Group, Joint United States Military Advisory Group, in Bangkok. He retired from active military duty in December 1972 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

He was recalled to active duty in October 1973 and assigned as deputy commander, United States Military Assistance Command Thailand, and deputy chief, Joint United States Military Advisory Group - Thailand, with headquarters at Bangkok.

Aderholt became commander, USMACTHAI, and chief, JUSMAG, Thailand, in May 1975.

Evacuation of the Hmong
One of Aderholt's prouder moments was his assistance in evacuating Hmong leaders from Laos as the Pathet Lao communist army advanced on their base at Long Tieng in May 1975. The United States by that time had withdrawn all its civilian and military personnel from Indochina, except for a few Embassy personnel in Laos. Aderholt was the last American general on the ground in Southeast Asia. He had few resources. Aderholt was informed that help was needed to evacuate the Hmong who for more than a decade had comprised the "secret army" in Laos assisting the United States in fending off the North Vietnamese Army in the Lao Civil War. He located one American C-130 (leaving star and bar marking) transport aircraft and two CASI C-46 aircraft and pilots in Thailand. He had the planes "sheep dipped" to remove all markings identifying them as American-owned and sent them to Long Tieng. In four days of intense activity, the transport planes evacuated more than 2,000 Hmong, including General Vang Pao and Jerry Daniels, his CIA case officer.

During the last few years of his life, from 2002 until 2010, Aderholt was directly involved with the Thailand Laos Cambodia Brotherhood as a member of the TLC Assistance Committee working to raise many thousands of dollars of funds and also made several trips back to Northeast Thailand and Laos hands on involved with humanitarian aid.  The TLC Brotherhood has dedicated an assistance project in his memory and many of the members of the TLC Brotherhood served at Nakhon Phanom at all phases.

Decorations
His military decorations and awards include the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, Bronze Star Medal with oak leaf cluster, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with eight oak leaf clusters, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal, Presidential Unit Citation Emblem, and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Ribbon with oak leaf cluster. He is a command pilot and wears the Parachutist Badge.

Aderholt was promoted to major in February 1951; lieutenant colonel in March 1961; and colonel in January 1964.  He was promoted to the grade of brigadier general effective May 31, 1974, with date of rank May 25, 1974.

References
 This article incorporates text from the biography of General Aderholt in the US Air Force Library, whose work is in the public domain.

Further reading

1920 births
2010 deaths
United States Air Force generals
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
American expatriates in Germany
People of the Laotian Civil War
United States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II

Harry C. Aderholt


Claude Castonguay,  (May 8, 1929 – December 12, 2020) was a Canadian politician, educator, and businessman.

Career
Born in Quebec City, Quebec, the son of Émile Castonguay and Jeanne Gauvin, he studied science at Université Laval, followed by actuary science at the University of Manitoba.

He taught at Université Laval from 1951 until 1957. He was elected in the 1970 Quebec election to the National Assembly of Quebec in the riding of Louis-Hebert. He served as Minister of Health, Family and Social Welfare. He did not run in 1973. In 1978, he was the President-elect of the Canadian Institute of Actuaries. From 1982 until 1989, he was the chief executive officer of the Laurentian Group Corporation and president of the Laurentian Bank of Canada. From 1989 to 1990, he was the chairman of the Conference Board of Canada. He was the Chancellor of the Université de Montréal from 1986 until 1990.

He was appointed to the Senate, as a member of the Progressive Conservative caucus.
He represented the senatorial division of Stadacona, Quebec, from September 23, 1990, until his resignation on December 9, 1992.

Castonguay-Nepveu Commission

During the 1960s, the Jean Lesage Quebec government mandated Castonguay to chair a Commission (with Gerard Nepveu)- The commission on health care and social services (Commission d'enquête sur les services de santé et les services sociaux)- on the state of health care in Quebec much of which, before the Quiet Revolution, was still largely under the jurisdiction of the Clergy. The result was the Castonguay-Nepveu Report published in 1967. This report recommended a new state-run health insurance policy, a new health care network, as well as a new network of social service clinics now known as the CLSC. The plan was to give a broader access to health and psychiatric care for the Quebec population. Major changes were made following the recommendation, most notably the introduction of hospitalisation and medication insurance. Castonguay is so closely identified with health care in Quebec that many people refer to the Quebec health card (Carte d'assurance-maladie au Québec) as a Castonguette.

Castonguay task force on Quebec health care
In 2007, the minority Liberal government of Quebec appointed Castonguay to a closed-door committee examining the health-care system's finances.  Castonguay is a long-serving advocate of greater privatization, user fees and private insurance.

The Castonguay task force released in February 2008 said Quebec residents should pay $25 for every visit to a doctor.  The report also called for an increase of up to one percentage point in the Quebec sales tax to help pay for medicare.  Castonguay said health care is growing 5.8 per cent a year as a share of the provincial budget, while total government spending increases 3.9 per cent annually.

Most of the report was publicly dismissed by the government of the day.

Forty years after being one of the pioneers of public health care, Castonguay's commission advocates both an increased role for private enterprise in medicine and increased public investment in the socialized system both through taxes and through user fees.  Castonguay was quoted as saying "We are proposing to give a greater role to the private sector so that people can exercise freedom of choice." While concerned about the financial stresses the system places on the government, Castonguay does not advocate dismantling publicly financed health insurance altogether.

Death
He died on December 12, 2020, at the age of 91.

Honours
 In 1974, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
 In 1991, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2014, he was promoted to Grand Officer.
 He was awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws from Bishop's University, McGill University, the University of Toronto, the University of Manitoba, Laurentian University, Concordia University, the University of Western Ontario and York University.

References

External links

1929 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from Quebec
Canadian bank presidents
Canadian senators from Quebec
Canadian university and college chancellors
Companions of the Order of Canada
French Quebecers
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Politicians from Quebec City
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Université Laval alumni

Claude Castonguay


The tuhu (土胡, pinyin: tǔhú) is a Chinese bowed string instrument in the huqin family of instruments.  It is used primarily by non-Han ethnic groups of southern China, particularly the Zhuang, who live in the Guangxi province and use it in their bayin (八音, lit. "eight sounds") ensemble.  It is also used in Yunnan, most prominently in Funing County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.

The instrument's sound box is made from a bottle gourd, which is covered on the playing end with snake skin.  The instrument has two strings that are tuned to the interval of a fifth.  It is held vertically and produces a lower pitched sound than the maguhu, another southern Chinese fiddle with which it is sometimes played.

See also
 Chinese music
 List of Chinese musical instruments
 Huqin

External links
Tuhu page (Chinese)

Bowed instruments
Chinese musical instruments
Drumhead lutes
Huqin family instruments

Tuhu


The Robinsons Equitable Tower, formerly known as the Robinsons PCI Bank Tower, is an office skyscraper located in Pasig, Philippines. It was completed in 1997 and stands at 175 metres (574 feet).

The Project Team

The Robinsons Equitable Tower is owned and developed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the real estate arm of JG Summit Holdings. Originally intended to be a 40-storey condominium project between Robinsons Land Corp. and the former PCI Bank (which later on became Equitable PCI Bank after the merger of Equitable Bank and PCI Bank, hence the name change) and will follow the original model of the Robinsons Galleria complex. It was then changed to a taller office building which is different in design as originally planned.

The building was masterplanned by the renowned architectural firm Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum (HOK), and was designed by Philippine architectural firm W.V. Coscolluela & Associates. R.S. Caparros Associates & Company, an established undertook the structural design consulting for the building.

Construction Management services were provided by D.A. Abcede & Associates, an established  construction management company in the Philippines, the Project Management services were provided by Veldon Corporation Phils. Inc. led by its Project Manager Anthony Gulliver and his Assistant Project Manager Nelson G. Evangelista, MSCE, MBA, MSML, an established project management company, while the general contractor for the project is D.M. Consunji, Inc., one of the largest construction companies in the country.

Design

The building's exterior made use of green-shaded aluminum high-performance glass curtain walls and punched windows, with a sleek semi-circular and almost cylindrical portion rising from the corner of ADB Avenue and Poveda Drive. The building also has a rooftop master antenna provided for the entire building's communication system needs, and has a distinctive rooftop crown serving as an architectural highlight to the entire building.

Location

Strategically situated along ADB Avenue as part of the Robinsons Galleria complex in Pasig, the Robinsons Equitable Tower is accessible and near major destination in Ortigas Center. Part of the complex is the Robinsons Galleria shopping mall, Galleria Corporate Center, and The Holiday Inn hotel. It is also near educational institutions like the Saint Pedro Poveda College; shopping centers like The Podium and SM Megamall; and the Asian Development Bank headquarters.

With this the building has direct access to more than a hundred shops, dining facilities, banks, travel agencies, appliance centers, service outlets, parcel delivery stations, computer centers, a full-line supermarket and department store, a multi-theater cineplex, a bowling center and a complete family entertainment center.

Amenities

The building is equipped with a building management system and security system, fire protection safety and CCTV surveillance, ample provision for entrance cables of telephone lines, space provisions for unit owner-supplied variable refrigerant volume (VRV)airconditioning systems, and individual metering systems for effective operation and maintenance. It is also equipped with a centrally located service core housing twelve high-speed passenger lifts and one services lift, and 4 basement and 5 upper-level parking areas.

References

External links
 Robinsons Equitable Tower at Emporis
 Robinsons Equitable Tower at Skyscraperpage

Skyscrapers in Ortigas Center
Skyscraper office buildings in Metro Manila
Office buildings completed in 1997
HOK (firm) buildings

Robinsons Equitable Tower


Steven John Thompson (born 12 January 1963) is an English football manager and former player and former manager of Dorchester Town. He played for England at semi-professional level and also played for the RAF and Combined Services sides.

Career
Thompson joined the Royal Air Force from school and played for Saltash United in the Western League. He progressed to be a Fitness Instructor in the RAF, but continued his football career, joining Bristol City in July 1981 and making his Football League debut the following season.

He joined Torquay United in February 1983 on a free transfer, but made just one appearance, as a substitute, before returning to the Western League with Falmouth Town and then rejoining Saltash United. In 1987, he was on the verge of joining Yeovil Town, but the RAF posted him to West London and he joined Slough Town instead.

He joined Martin O'Neill's Wycombe Wanderers in February 1992 for a fee of £15,000 and was part of the Conference and FA Trophy double-winning side. The following season, Wycombe's first as Football League side, Thompson played in the victorious Division Three Play-off final at Wembley in 1994.
He moved to Woking in August 1996, winning a second FA Trophy winners medal against Dagenham and Redbridge in 1997 and scored the last minute equaliser in Woking's surprise 1–1 draw with Premiership side Coventry City in the FA Cup.

Together with Kevan Brown, Thompson joined Yeovil Town in March 1998 for a combined fee of £7,500, playing in the side while also acting as the club's fitness coach and working part-time in the postal service. When Yeovil manager Colin Lippiatt resigned at the end of September 1999, Thompson took over, initially as caretaker, but was awarded the job permanently on 10 November 1999.

In March 2000, David Webb took over as manager, with Thompson becoming player-assistant manager. He remained as assistant manager after Webb left, working under Colin Addison and Gary Johnson. Johnson left to manage Bristol City in September 2005 and Thompson was appointed as manager for a second time the following month.

In May 2006, Thompson reverted to his first team coaching role at Yeovil and was replaced as manager by Russell Slade, and enjoyed a successful spell as assistant to Slade, the highlight of which was reaching the League 1 Play-off Final at Wembley Stadium in 2007.

Since leaving the first team at Yeovil Thompson took up positions there as coach, assistant manager and eventually manager. However, during his time on the coaching staff Thompson appeared in some friendlies and reserve team games. Despite being 45 years old and believed to be retired from first team football, Thompson was selected as a substitute on 12 August 2008 for the first team's League Cup win over Charlton Athletic due to a lack of players, but he never made it onto the pitch.

Thompson returned yet again to the caretaker role for just 1 game after the resignation of Russell Slade on 16 February 2009. Two days later he was released from the club after nearly 11 years. He was replaced by new player-manager Terry Skiverton.

After leaving Yeovil he started playing again at the age of 46 on non-contract basis for Bridgwater Town and also had a spell at Shaftesbury Town.

On 29 December 2009 Thompson was appointed manager of Southern Football League Premier Division team Truro City.
On 29 March 2010 Thomson left the club by 'mutual consent' after only winning 5 out of his 18 games in charge and any chance of reaching the play-off's unrealistic

Following the appointment of Garry Hill as manager of Woking in January 2011, Thompson was appointed as assistant manager at the Conference South club. He helped the team win the Conference South title, the club finishing the season with over 100 points.

On 20 September 2017, Thompson was hired as the new first-team manager of Southern League Premier Division side Dorchester Town.

He was sacked by Dorchester Town Fc on 5 March 2019 due to poor run form and the club relegated to a lower zone than what they were previous to his joining; fans called for his removal.

Managerial stats
Updated 20 February 2010

References

External links
Steven Thompson profile at the League Managers Association

1963 births
Sportspeople from Plymouth, Devon
Living people
English men's footballers
England men's semi-pro international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bristol City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Falmouth Town A.F.C. players
Saltash United F.C. players
Slough Town F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Bridgwater United F.C. players
Shaftesbury F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Yeovil Town F.C. managers
Yeovil Town F.C. non-playing staff
Dorchester Town F.C. managers
Truro City F.C. managers

Steve Thompson (footballer, born 1963)


Harold John Colley VC MM (26 May 1895 – 25 August 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
He was born at 60 Winson Street in the Soho district of Birmingham, England. The family moved to nearby Smethwick sometime prior to the 1911 Census, where they can be found at 74 Cheshire Road. This remained his home address during the First World War,

Military career
Colley was 24 years old, and an acting sergeant in the 10th Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 25 August 1918 at Martinpuich, France, during a strong counter-attack Sergeant Colley's company was holding an advanced position with two platoons in advance and two in support. The forward platoons were ordered to hold on at all costs and Sergeant Colley went, without orders, to help these two platoons. He rallied the men, then formed a defensive flank and held it, although out of the two platoons only three men remained unwounded and the sergeant himself was dangerously wounded and died the same day. It was entirely due to his action that the enemy was prevented from breaking through.

Legacy
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Fusilier Museum, Bury, Lancashire.  Colley is the subject of a bronze memorial plaque in the vestibule of Smethwick Council House, as well as being included in the list of names on the memorials at Bearwood Baptist Church and St. Mary's Church - both in Bearwood.
On 25 August 2018, the centenary of his death, a commemorative paving stone in his honour was unveiled in Smethwick.

Bibliography

References

External links

1895 births
1918 deaths
Burials in Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in France
People from Smethwick
Lancashire Fusiliers soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
British military personnel killed in World War I
Recipients of the Military Medal
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry soldiers
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from Birmingham, West Midlands

Harold John Colley


Beverly Archer is an American actress who is perhaps best known for her television roles as Iola Boylen on Mama's Family and as Gunnery Sgt. Alva Bricker on Major Dad.

Career
Early roles for Archer included portraying Nancy Walker's daughter in The Nancy Walker Show, the breadwinner of the family in We've Got Each Other, and a congressman's secretary on Washingtoon.

She became known in the late 1980s and early 1990s for her roles as Iola Boylen on Mama's Family (1986–1990) and as Gunnery Sgt. Alva Bricker on Major Dad (1990–1993). In addition to those roles, she also appeared on The Young and the Restless, ALF, and the movie Project: ALF. She played Charlie's dull teacher in Vice Versa, a thieving teacher in The Brady Bunch Movie, and appeared in two episodes of Married... with Children as Miss Hardaway, a sexually repressed librarian and abstinence counselor who is in love with Bud.

She also appeared in a 1994 episode of Full House, where she played the role of an unsympathetic SAT test monitor. She made guest appearances on episodes of Family Ties, The Fall Guy, and Grace Under Fire.

Archer appeared in a 1987 episode of Rosie, where she played the role of Kate Boston the former student at Peachtree Academy. In addition to acting, Archer also wrote three ALF episodes, and one episode of Mama's Family.

She retired from acting in 2002.

References

External links

Living people
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American women television writers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women
Year of birth missing (living people)

Beverly Archer


Conjola National Park covers 11,060 hectares and lies on the mid south coast of New South Wales, Australia, between Sussex Inlet and Lake Conjola, 165 km southwest of Sydney.

Flora
Conjola National Park is home to 18 distinct plant communities including 4 that are endangered due to urban development on the East coast of Australia. The national park is listed as being a biodiversity hotspot containing 429 species although this number is likely to rise due to further surveying of the area. Of these species 5 are threatened they include the endangered Wilsonia rotundifolia, vulnerable Wilsonia backhousia, Syzygium paniculatum, Cryptostylis hunteriana and Galium australe which was believed to be extinct in NSW. A further 8 significant species occur in the park, along with Grevillea macleayana and Pultenaea villifera which are on the national register of rare or threatened Australian plants. 'At least thirty-five terrestrial and epiphytic orchid species occur in the park.'

Fauna
Due to the great diversity of the plant world, many species of birds and wild animals can be found here. Eastern grey kangaroos and echidnas are common, but the favourite resident of park visitors is the noisy yellow-tailed black cockatoo (Zanda funerea).

Geology
The underlying geology of the park is mainly composed of the Permian Conjola formation, a series of sandstone and shale units. This is overlain by large areas of Wandrawandian Siltstone around Swan Lake. There is areas of sandstone that outcrop around Berringer Lake and West of the park. There is a sandstone shelf located approximately 30 cm under the surface of the water in Berringer lake that extenders approximately 1 metre under the surface before dropping to a depth of 8–15 metres.

Aboriginal heritage
Conjola National Park has been home to both the Budawang and Yunin people for approximately 6000 years. Aboriginal artefacts in the area include rock shelters, midden and campsite. In the middens mussels and oysters can be found. Axe grinding grooves can be found in sandstone outcrops.

See also
 Protected areas of New South Wales

References

National parks of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales)
Protected areas established in 1994
1994 establishments in Australia

Conjola National Park


Carcoar School of Arts is a heritage-listed former municipal chambers and library and now community centre and museum at Icely Street, Carcoar, Blayney Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as the Municipal Council Chambers. The property is owned by the School of Arts Community Hall Carcoar Inc. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
The School of Arts is the most recent of the public buildings built in Carcoar which reflect its former status as the second most populous town west of the Blue Mountains. In the past the building was used as the Municipal Council Chambers before being used as a community centre for functions and meetings.

The School of Arts building opened in July 1901. It was designed by a Bathurst architect, Mr. Copeman, and built by local builders Messrs. Watson and Darrington at a cost of £1011. The building was designed in the Victorian classical style with a Federation period influence.

In 1983, the building underwent a works program consisting of external wall sealing, provision of damp coursing, plaster work to damaged walls, external drainage extension and painting.

In December 2017, the building's new trustees announced that they were seeking funding for urgent repairs.

In addition to serving as a community centre, the building also houses the Carmenhurst Military Museum on the second floor.

Description
The Carcoar School of Arts is part of an Urban Conservation Area classified by the National Trust of Australia . It is a T-shaped building constructed from locally made muddy-grey bricks. It is in the Victorian Classical style of earlier buildings in Carcoar - the courthouse, railway station, hospital and C.B.C. Bank - but also displays a strong Federation period influence, particularly in its roof construction and use of multi-coloured windows. However, the dominant classical style is evidenced by its symmetry, central pediment, banded string courses and plastered bays.

The front two-storey section of the building contains a supper room, kitchen, dressing rooms, toilets and upstairs meeting room. The main body of the building, a single storey hall with stage, reflects the classical style of the exterior in its plastered detailing.

Heritage listing
The larger scale of buildings, common building line and a number of street trees in front of these buildings, create a group of significant importance.

Carcoar School of Arts was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Whilst the most recent (public) building in Carcoar, the building achieves harmony with other buildings of similar scale through detail and form. it is a significant feature of the historic buildings comprising the focal centre of the village.

The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The previous uses of the building as Municipal Chambers and School of Arts endorses its community importance to the residents of Carcoar. This importance continues as it is the main community facility for functions, dances and social events.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Carcoar, New South Wales
City and town halls in New South Wales
Schools of Arts in New South Wales
Community buildings in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register

Carcoar School of Arts


The Andean region, located in central Colombia, is the most populated natural region of Colombia. With many mountains, the Andes contain most of the country's urban centers. They were also the location of the most significant pre-Columbian  indigenous settlements. Beyond the Colombian Massif in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño, the Colombian Andes divide into three branches known as "cordilleras" (from the Spanish for mountain range): the West Andes run adjacent to the Pacific coast and is home to the city of Cali.  The Central Andes run up the center of the country between the Cauca and Magdalena river valleys (to the west and east respectively) and includes the cities of Medellín, Manizales and Pereira.  The East Andes extend northeast towards the Guajira Peninsula, and includes the cities of Bogotá, Bucaramanga and Cúcuta.

The climate and vegetation of the region vary considerably according to altitude, but as a general rule the land can be divided into the tierra caliente (hot land) of river valleys and basins below 1,000 m; the more temperate conditions of the tierra templada (temperate land, approximately 1,000 m to 2,000 m) and tierra fría (cold land, 2,000 m to 3,200 m), which include the most productive land and most of the population; and the alpine conditions of the zona forestada (forested zone, 3,200 m to 3,900 m), páramos (3,900 m to 4,600 m) and tierra helada (frozen land, 4,600 m and above).

Biogeographical subregions

 Pasto Massif
 Colombian Massif
 West Andes
 Central Andes
 East Andes
 Cauca River Valley
 Magdalena River Valley

Biodiversity

Protected areas

West Andes from south to north:  Munchique, Farallones de Cali, Tatamá, Las Orquideas, Paramillo

See also
 Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia
 West Andes
 Central Andes
 East Andes
 Paisa Region

References

Andean forests
Natural regions of Colombia
Tropical Andes

Andean natural region


ǃKweiten-ta-ǁKen ( ; name derived from an unknown language local to the Katkop Mountains) (also known as Rachel or Griet) was a noted ǀXam (San) chronicler of ǀXam culture and knowledge. She played an important role in contributing to the Bleek and Lloyd archive of "Specimens of Bushman Folklore" providing a female perspective on the life, rituals, and beliefs of |Xam society. She was the primary source on ǀxam folklore, customs, and coming-of-age rites. She travelled to the Cape in June 1874 with her family and stayed until January 1875 during which she was interviewed by Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd. She was from the Katkop mountains north west of Brandvlei in what is today South Africa.

References

External links
Bleek and Lloyd Archive online
 authors: !kweiten ta ||ken (Rachel) (VI)

Women in Red 2020
San people
19th-century South African people
19th-century South African women
South African folklore

ǃKweiten-ta-ǁKen


Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground is a themed camping resort located in the Magic Kingdom Resort Area at the Walt Disney World Resort in the U.S. state of Florida. It officially opened on November 19, 1971. The resort is situated adjacent to Bay Lake, near Disney's Wilderness Lodge. It also formerly contained Disney's River Country, a water park which closed on November 2, 2001.

Resort

Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground is a rustic themed camping resort aimed to evoke the timeless beauty of the American frontier. Located on 750 acres of Pine and Cypress forest, the campsite consists of two main camping areas: a portion used for campsites where visitors with tents or recreational vehicles can stay, and the remainder of the lodging area is occupied by permanent trailers, designed to resemble log cabins.

Dogs are allowed to camp on certain pet-friendly loops, but are not allowed to stay in pop-up trailers or tents.

Dining
The resort hosts a dinner show, the Hoop-Dee-Doo Musical Revue, which offers all-you-care-to-enjoy fried chicken and smoked pork ribs with mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, and cowboy beans. Other dining options include the Trail's End Restaurant, a Quick Service Restaurant, and the Chuckwagon food truck.

Recreation
The resort features playgrounds and two heated swimming pools. One of the pools, the Meadow Swimmin' Pool, features a winding water slide that includes the water tower from the now-closed River Country water park. Other activities include fishing and horseback riding. A  paved and sand exercise trail extends from the pony farm to Disney's Wilderness Lodge Resort. They also provide canoes, kayaks, bikes, and tennis rackets to rent at the bike barn. Guests can make reservations to learn archery and go horseback riding. At the marina, pontoon boats and other watercraft are available for rent to travel the waterways of Bay Lake and the Seven Seas Lagoon.

Entertainment
Located next to the beach, guests can visit the Tri Circle D ranch, where the horses that work at Magic Kingdom live. Trail rides, carriages, and hay rides, are also available for an additional cost. Each night, the campground features the Campfire Sing-Along with Chip 'n' Dale presented by Pop Secret. A Disney cast member leads songs in an outdoor amphitheater, while the characters Chip 'n' Dale approach seated audience members, signing autographs and posing for photos. Two firepits are available for roasting marshmallows and making s'mores. Following the sing-along, a Disney movie is shown on an outdoor screen. At night the Electrical Water Pageant and the Happily Ever After Fireworks Spectacular can be seen from Clementine's beach.

Transportation
Public transport within the resort is provided by Disney Transport buses. From late 1973 to early 1980, the Fort Wilderness Railroad, a ,  narrow-gauge heritage railroad, provided transportation to the resort's various campsites, as well as to the nearby River Country water park, prior to its closure on November 2, 2001.

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground official site (Cabins)
Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground official site (Campsites)

1971 establishments in Florida
Buildings and structures in Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Campgrounds in the United States
Tourist attractions in Orange County, Florida
Walt Disney World
Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort


H. Neville Sepala Karunatilake (1930 – 24 January 2010) was a Sri Lankan economist and civil servant. He was the former Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.

Born to Ariyaratna Karunatileke and Neeta Freeda Karunatileke, his father was a land settlement officer in the Land Department. He received his primary education at St Thomas Preparatory College, Kollupitiy, and secondary education at Trinity College, Kandy.
Thereafter he gained a scholarship to University of Ceylon, graduating in 1951 with a BA special degree in economics. Later he gained an MSc in economics from the London School of Economics on a Colombo Plan scholarship and an MPA and MA in economics from Harvard University in on a Fulbright Research Fellowship. He went on to gain his PhD in economics from the University of London.

After graduating from University of Ceylon, he served as a tutor until he joined the Central Bank of Ceylon in 1952 and was appointed director of Economic Research in 1975. In 1978, he was appointed Senior Deputy Governor of the Central Bank. From 1988 to 1992 he served as the governor of the Central Bank.

He was president of the Royal Asiatic Society (Sri Lanka Branch), Society for International Development (Sri Lanka Chapter), Sri Lanka Economic Association, and was the first editor of the Sri Lanka Economic Journal. He served in the board of governors of the Trinity College and St Thomas Preparatory College. Karunatilake authored 17 books on economics and banking in Sri Lanka and more than 150 articles published in local and foreign journals.

See also
Central Bank of Sri Lanka

References

External links
Life and times of Dr. H.N.S. Karunatilake
Dr. H. N. S. Karunatilake commemorative lecture

1930 births
2010 deaths
Sri Lankan economists
Governors of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka
Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan civil servants
Alumni of S. Thomas' Preparatory School, Kollupitiya
Harvard Kennedy School alumni

Neville Karunatilake


Eudald Pradell (1721–1788) was a typographer. He was born in Ripoll in Catalonia, a little village below the Pyrenees, and belonged to a family of gunsmiths. Pradell learned the armourer's trade from his father and studied the craft of punchcutting.

He established his own workshop in Barcelona. Although he was illiterate, he produced one of the most admired typefaces ever cut in Spain. King Carlos III gave him a pension in order to provide new typefaces at the Imprenta Real in Madrid, where he eventually moved and set up his own foundry. By the time of his death, he was considered the leading punchcutter in Spain.

References

1721 births
1788 deaths
Artists from Catalonia
Spanish designers
Spanish typographers and type designers

Eudald Pradell


Ismael "Milo" Valenzuela (December 25, 1934, in McNary, Texas – September 2, 2009, in Arcadia, California) was a Thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He was one of 22 children born to parents who had immigrated to the United States. Shortly after Valenzuela's birth, the family returned to their native Mexico. At age 14, Valenzuela came back to the United States where he began working with quarter horses, then launched his career as a jockey at a racetrack in Tucson, Arizona. He eventually began riding in California and came to national prominence as a jockey competing for the American Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

Leading up to the 1958 Kentucky Derby, the California horse Silky Sullivan received much publicity for his habit of coming from very far behind to win races. It was the first time television played a major role in the publicizing of a racehorse, and after Valenzuela won the Derby on board Tim Tam, the next day he was flown to New York City to make a guest appearance on CBS Television's The Ed Sullivan Show. Two weeks later, Valenzuela and Tim Tam won the Preakness Stakes, but in the final leg of the Triple Crown, they finished second at the Belmont Stakes after the horse fractured a sesamoid bone near the end of the race.

For over three years in the early 1960s, Valenzuela was the regular rider of Kelso. On Kelso, Valenzuela won twenty-two important graded stakes races, passed Round Table to become the No. 1 money winner in Thoroughbred racing history, and earned the most prestigious Horse of the Year award every year. In 1963, Valenzuela was the recipient of the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award given to a top thoroughbred jockey in North America who demonstrates high standards of personal and professional conduct, on and off the racetrack. In 1966, he won the Canadian International Stakes and in 1968 history repeated itself when he again won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes with Forward Pass but fell short of winning the Triple Crown when they finished second in the Belmont Stakes.

After having won 2,545 races, Valenzuela retired from racing to a home near Santa Anita Park. In December 1998, his wife died suddenly of liver failure at age 63. Rosa Delia Valenzuela had been taking the doctor-prescribed drug Rezulin that a few months later was withdrawn from the market when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that Rezulin use had "possibly or probably" resulted in 90 liver failures, including 63 deaths and seven nonfatal organ transplants.

In 2008, Valenzuela was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In poor health, he was unable to travel to the annual induction ceremony on August 4 at Saratoga Springs, New York and was inducted in a special ceremony at Santa Anita Racetrack on June 22, 2008.

Seventy-four-year-old Ismael Valenzuela died on September 2, 2009, and was buried in the Live Oak Memorial Park Cemetery in Monrovia, California.

Valenzuela had three brothers who also became jockeys as did his nephew, Pat Valenzuela.

References

External links
 Website about Ismael Valenzuela

American jockeys
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
People from Hudspeth County, Texas
1934 births
2009 deaths

Ismael Valenzuela