Christian Frederic Crusé (June 27, 1794 – October 5, 1865) was a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church, born June 27, 1794, in Philadelphia, of Lutheran parentage. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, and graduated Jan. 10, 1815, with distinguished honors. He was appointed professor in the University in 1831, and resigned in 1833. He was a teacher for several years at Dr. Muhlenberg's celebrated boys' school on Long Island.  He was ordained by bishop White about 1822; became rector of Trinity Parish, Fishkill, N.Y., in April, 1846, but resigned the cure in 1851, and afterwards had no parish. He soon after removed to the General Theological Seminary, where, as librarian, he had ample opportunities for those studies in which he was so successful. In the ancient languages — Syriac, Hebrew, and Greek — Dr. Cruse was very well informed. He translated and edited Eusebius's Church History, and his edition is the best in English. He died in New York October 5, 1865. — Church Review, January, 1866.

References

1794 births
1865 deaths
Clergy from Philadelphia
American librarians

Christian Frederic Crusé


Jed Hughes is a former American football coach.  Hughes worked as a graduate assistant for  Stanford University football program from 1972 to 1973.  In 1974, he joined Bo Schembechler's staff at the University of Michigan as a linebacker coach.  He remained at Michigan for two seasons.  In 1977, he joined Terry Donahue's staff at UCLA.  He was UCLA's defensive coordinator from 1977 to 1981.  In 1982, Hughes was hired as the secondary coach for the Minnesota Vikings.  After two seasons with Minnesota, Hughes joined Chuck Noll's staff as the linebackers coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers.  After five years with the Steelers, he finished his football coaching career with the Cleveland Browns in 1989.

References

Cleveland Browns coaches
Minnesota Vikings coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
UCLA Bruins football coaches
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jed Hughes


Crucifix (1837–1857) was an undefeated, Classic Race winning, British-bred Thoroughbred racemare.  She was also the dam of three sires who had a great influence on the breed.

Breeding
Crucifix was a bay filly foaled in 1837, by The Derby winner, Priam; her dam was the then 21-year-old, Octaviana by Octavian. Her breeder was George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Crucifix was a sister to Chesterfield, who sired the stakes-winner, The Hero. Her sire, Priam, also sired The Oaks winners Miss Letty and Industry before he was sold for 3,500 guineas and exported in 1837 to Virginia in the United States.

The powerful racing figure, Lord George Bentinck, bought Crucifix as a foal at foot with her 22-year-old dam for 65 guineas. At maturity, Crucifix stood nearly 16 hands high, with her body being described as "wiry", and she possessed a temperamental disposition.

Racing record

At two years: 1839
Crucifix had nine starts for wins in the Chesterfield Stakes (carrying top weight), Lavant Stakes, July Stakes and Molecombe Stakes, the Hopeful Stakes at Newmarket, the Clearwell Stakes, the Prendergast Stakes, and a walk-over in a sweepstakes at Newmarket; in the ninth race, the Criterion Stakes she dead-heated with Gibraltar. Her prize money for that season was a record £4,587.

At three years: 1840
In her three starts as a three-year-old, Crucifix won the Two Thousand Guineas, One Thousand Guineas and Epsom Oaks. The false starts resorted to at the start of the Oaks lasted about an hour, and it took about 15 attempts to get the 15 runners started. As a result of these tactics to defeat favourites, Lord George introduced reforms to inhibit this practice. Welfare ran second to Crucifix and she, too, was by Priam.  After the running of the Oaks, Crucifix pulled up lame, and was retired with earnings of £10,287.

Crucifix became the shortest odds winner of the 1,000 Guineas when she was 1/10 odds on. She was also the first of only four horses to ever win both the 1,000 Guineas and the 2,000 Guineas in the same year, when the two races were run two days apart. In her dead-heat in the Criterion Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse and her win in the Oaks Stakes at Epsom, Crucifix defeated the good mare Pocahontas and others on each occasion.

Stud record
Crucifix was the dam of:
 1842 colt, Cowl by Bay Middleton, sire
 1844 b colt, Crozier by Lancercost
 1845 b colt, Surplice by Touchstone, won Epsom Derby and St. Leger Stakes, sire of Florin, (won Poule d'Essai des Poulains) and others, and broodmare sire of Queen Bertha
 1846 Cucullus by Bay Middleton, died
 1847 colt, Pontifex by Touchstone
 1849 filly, Rosary by Touchstone
 1850 b colt, Constantine, by Cotherstone
 1851 b colt, Cardinal, by Touchstone
 1852 filly, Chalice by Orlando, won Royal Hunt Cup, second dam of Placida (Epsom Oaks)

In order to pursue his political career Lord Bentinck sold his entire racing interests, including at least 60 horses along with Crucifix and her son, and future Epsom Derby winner, Surplice, for £10,000 to Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn.  Crucifix was later sold to Henry Agar-Ellis, 3rd Viscount Clifden.

Ajax, the undefeated French Derby winner and sire, great broodmare Double Life (dam of Precipitation and Persian Gulf), and many other good horses descend from Crucifix in the distaff line. Crucifix also became the 12th dam of another great race-mare, Meld who won the British Fillies Triple Crown. Crucifix is the taproot mare of Family 2-i.

Crucifix died in 1857 and was buried beside Bay Middleton at the Days' stables, Danebury, near Stockbridge, Hampshire.

Pedigree

See also
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing

References

1837 racehorse births
1857 racehorse deaths
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Undefeated racehorses
Thoroughbred family 2-c
Thoroughbred family 2-i
2000 Guineas winners
1000 Guineas winners
Epsom Oaks winners

Crucifix (horse)


Beat Wyss (born in 1947 in Basle) is a Swiss art historian, professor ordinarius for art history and media theory at Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, Germany, and member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Life

Beat Wyss studied art history, philosophy and German literature at the University of Zurich, where he served as assistant lecturer. In 1980, he was awarded a three-year grant by the Swiss National Fund for research stays at the Free University of Berlin (FU) and at the Istituto Svizzero di Roma. From 1986 to 1989 he worked as an editor for the publishing house Artemis (Zurich/Munich) and taught history of architecture and cultural history at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH).
After a visiting professorship at Bonn University and a scholarship at the Getty Center in Santa Monica, Wyss was appointed professor for art history by Ruhr University Bochum in 1990. Following a visiting professorship at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., in 1996, he was appointed ordinarius for art history by Stuttgart University in 1997. In 1999, he was visiting professor at Aarhus University, Denmark.
In 2001, Wyss was awarded the Art Price of the city of Lucerne. Since 2004 he has been holding the chair in art history and media theory at Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, where he also served as speaker of the Graduate School "Bild – Körper – Medium" (Image – Body -Medium) from 2003 to 2009. From 2008 to 2011 he was professorial fellow at the Swiss Institute for Art Research (SIK-ISEA) in Zurich.Kleinhünigen.

Salient Publications

 Renaissance als Kulturtechnik. Philo Fine Arts, Hamburg 2013.
 Die Pariser Weltausstellung 1889. Bilder von der Globalisierung. Insel, Frankfurt am Main 2010.
 Nach den großen Erzählungen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2009.
 Die Wiederkehr des Neuen. Philo & PhiloFineArts / Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg 2007.
 Vom Bild zum Kunstsystem. 2 volumes, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, Cologne 2006.
 Die Welt als T-Shirt. Zu Ästhetik und Geschichte der Medien. DuMont, Cologne 1997.
 Der Wille zur Kunst. Zur ästhetischen Mentalität der Moderne, DuMont, Cologne 1996.
 Spanish translation: La voluntad de arte. Madrid 2010.
 Trauer der Vollendung. Zur Geburt der Kulturkritik. Matthes & Seitz, Munich 1985.
 reprint: DuMont, Cologne 1997.
 English translation (by Karoline Dobson Saltzwedel): Hegel's Art History and the Critique of Modernity. Cambridge University Press, New York 1999.

References

External links
 short biography and selected publications of Beat Wyss on the website of  Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design

1947 births
Living people
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design

Beat Wyss


Pizzoferrato is a comune and town in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

History
Pizzoferrato was founded in the Middle Ages. Its high vantage point helped protect it from bandits. Very few documents remain so much of the legal history of the town is lost. The church and stronghold of St. Nicola and Madonna del Girone date back to the 10th century.

Geography
Pizzoferrato is in a rocky, mountainous region of Chieti. The defining characteristic of the town is the large cliff around which it is situated. The surrounding countryside is a patchwork of pastures and forests.

Landmarks

Church of St. Nicola and Madonna del Girone
This church is a ruin located on the summit of the cliff around which Pizzoferrato is located. It shows signs of also being a stronghold as well as a church.

The church is made of stone with a plaster facade. Remains of statues of St. Nicholas of Bari and St. Dominic. The church bell resides in a tower to the right of the front entrance and it was cast in the town of Agnone.

Church of San Rocco
The Church of San Rocco resides in the Piazza San Rocco and was built on the ruins of the Chapel of San Rocco. It dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century.

Majella National Park

Maiella National Park is a national park located in the provinces of Chieti, Pescara and L'Aquila, in the region Abruzzo, Italy. It is centered on the Maiella massif and has an area of 740.95 km².

The park contains about 500 kilometres of hiking trails, cave paintings in Grotta Sant'Angelo and Grotta del Cavallone.

Notable people
 Bruno Sammartino – (1935–2018) former wrestler with the WWE. He held the WWWF Champion twice.

References

Cities and towns in Abruzzo
Ski areas and resorts in Italy

Pizzoferrato


Gregory Victor Davis (1939 - 1979) was a New Zealand born, national representative  rugby union player for Australia. He played at flanker and made seven international tours with Wallaby squads. He was the Australian national captain in 47 matches from 1969 to 1972 and led the Wallaby side on three overseas tours.

Playing career
Born in New Zealand, Greg Davis played for Katikati in the Thames Valley, for Otahuhu in Auckland and for Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty. He trialled for the All Blacks in 1961 and moved to Australia in 1963 and there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club
Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the  eight matches including all three Tests.

He represented in Sydney in 1965 in a Test against the Springboks and in 1966 in two Tests British & Irish Lions. The next year he made the 1966–67 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in twenty of the thirty-six matches including all five Tests. In 1967 he was in the Wallaby side that travelled to New Zealand for the 75th Jubilee Test and in 1968 he made the short tour of Ireland and Scotland.

Davis was first honoured with the Australian captaincy in a home match against Wales in 1969 and a few weeks later he led the Wallabies on the 1969 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa where he played in four Tests and a further seventeen tour matches. The squad was selected with an eye to youth and some experienced campaigners were left at home – all four Test matches were lost. Davis continued as national captain for the next three years in Tests at home against Scotland, South Africa and France and also led the Wallabies on the 1971 Australia rugby union tour of France and the 1972 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji. He played in eleven of thirteen matches in this, his final rugby tour, and at its end, he retired from rugby. Howell writes that for Davis, at 33 years and the end of a magnificent career, the seven loss and five win result of the tour was "a disaster and occasioned Davis' retirement". An injury picked up in New Zealand prevented Davis from leading the side in the Test match in Fiji on the way home. Peter Sullivan led the Wallabies to a 21–19 victory against Fiji. He had already captained Australia in two mide-week games during the New Zealand leg. The third Test in New Zealand, a 38–3 romp by the All Blacks was Greg Davis' final match.

All told he made 102 match appearances for Australia; 39 were Test matches. He captained his country in 16 Tests and in 31 other matches.

Captaincy and style
Howell describes Davis as a "lead from the front" captain who "offered a 'never give up' approach that rallied the troops". His position as loose flanker required him to break quickly from the scrum and his speed and "devastating tackling proved a scourge to fly-halves". Howell regarded Davis as "a leader of men who believed a leader should lead....a single minded flanker who gave no quarter and asked for none".

Later life
After retiring from rugby in 1972 Davis moved back to New Zealand the following year to further his business career and intending to work in real estate. In 1979 he died of a brain tumour days short of his 40th birthday. He left a wife, two sons and a daughter. Benefit matches were played in Sydney and elsewhere and funds were raised to provide ongoing support to his family. In October 2014 Davis was inducted into Australia Rugby's Hall of Fame.

References

Further reading
 Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ

1939 births
1979 deaths
Australia international rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australian rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union players from Waikato
Drummoyne RFC players

Greg Davis (rugby union)


Shelley Nitschke (born 3 December 1976) is a female cricketer who played for South Australia and Australia. A left-handed batter and left arm orthodox spinner, she was one of the leading all-rounders in the world until her retirement in 2011. In May 2022 Nitschke became the interim head coach of the Australian women's team and was appointed full-time on a four year contract in September 2022.

Nitschke made her senior debut in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) for South Australia at the relatively old age of 24 in 2000–01. She started her career as a specialist batter and had little effect in her first two seasons, scoring 191 runs at 12.73. Having only taken one wicket to this point, she began bowling regularly and took 13 at 25.38 over the next two seasons and scored 326 runs at 27.16.

During the 2004–05 WNCL season, Nitschke scored 144 runs at 36.00 and took ten wickets at 17.50 and was rewarded with selection in the Australian team for a One Day International (ODI) series in India. She did not have a successful initiation to international cricket and was in and out of the team, ending her debut series with 10 runs and a total of 1/99. Playing as a specialist bowler and batting in the lower-order, Nitschke was retained for the 2005 World Cup in South Africa. After being overlooked for the first two matches, she played in the remaining matches and took 11 wickets at 8.27 to establish herself as an international bowler. She claimed 2/14 in the final as Australia defeated India to win the World Cup without defeat. She only batted once because Australia's strong line-up was rarely threatened, scoring one run.

Nitschke made her Test debut in the subsequent tour of England, and showed her batting ability at international level, scoring 81 and 88 in the two Tests. She then took a record 7/24 in an ODI at Kidderminster. She returned home for the 2005–06 WNCL, scoring 287 runs and taking nine wickets and was retained for the home series against India and New Zealand, again used in the lower order. At the end of the 2006–07 season, the Australians played in a quadrangular tournament in Chennai and Nitschke batted in the upper-order for the first time, making 200 runs at 28.57 and top-scoring with 81, hermaiden ODI half-century, as Australia defeated New Zealand in the final. Since then, Nitschke has batted in the upper-order. During the 2007–08 season, Nitschke made three ODI half-centuries. At the start of the 2008–09 season, Nitschke struck 94 in a seven-wicket win over India, a new highest ODI score.

During the 2009 World Cup, Nitschke made 275 runs at 39.28 and took seven wickets at 28.14 at an economy rate of 3.45. Her best performance was an 87 and 3/43 in a group match against South Africa as Australia eventually came fourth after losing the third-place playoff to India.

In the inaugural Women's World Twenty20 in England in 2009, Nitschke made 130 runs at 32.50 and took five wickets at 17.80 at an economy rate of 5.56 as Australia were eliminated in the semi-finals by the hosts.

Having ended in the nineties on three previous occasions in the WNCL, Nitschke broke through for her maiden century, making two for the season and ending the competition with 486 runs. In the subsequent Rose Bowl series, she made her maiden international century, 113 not out in Invercargill, ending the eight ODIs with 343 runs at 57.16 and 12 wickets at 13.25.

Nitschke won the Belinda Clark Award in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012.

In the South Australian Cricket Association Women's Grade competition Nitschke played for Sturt District Cricket Club.

In July 2011, she announced her retirement from international cricket.

Domestic debut

Nitschke made her debut for South Australia at the relatively old age of 24, playing in all of her state's eight matches in the 2000–01 Women's National Cricket League (WNCL). In her debut match against reigning champions New South Wales, Nitschke made a solitary run before being run out as South Australia lost by seven wickets. At this stage of her career, Nitschke was effectively a specialist batter, and she took her only wicket of the season on the following day, taking 1/9 from three overs—the only time she bowled during the season—and scoring five as New South Wales won again. Nitschke did not pass 15 until the sixth match of the season, scoring 43 to help guide South Australia to a six-wicket win over Queensland. She ended the season with 79 runs at 9.87.

The following season, Nitschke did not bowl at all, and scored 112 runs at 16.00 with a top-score of 27 against Western Australia. South Australia won four of their eight matches and did not reach the final. In 2002–03, Nitschke began bowling on a regular basis and her batting also improved. In the second match of the season, she took 3/18 to help secure a ten-run win over the defending champions New South Wales, and later made an unbeaten 92 in a 132-run win over Western Australia, more than doubling her previous best score in the WNCL. She took 2/18 from ten overs in the final match of the season against Victoria, helping to secure a 38-run win. South Australia won five of their eight matches and did not make the final, but Nitschke scored 190 runs at 27.14 and took seven wickets at 16.57 with an economy rate of 2.57. In 2003–04, Nitschke made 136 runs at 27.20 and took six wickets at 35.66 at an economy rate of 3.24 in a consistent but unspectatular WNCL season; her two best scores of 36 and 35, both unbeaten, came in two wins against Western Australia, and she never took more than one wicket per match. South Australia won four of seven completed matches and did not reach the final.

International debut

In her first three WNCL matches in 2004–05, Nitschke scored 25 not out, 55 and 19, and took a total of 1/81 from 25 overs. This was enough to gain her selection for Australia for the first time, for a seven-match One Day International (ODI) tour to India. Nitschke was used as a specialist bowler on the dry, spin-friendly pitches of India, batting in the tail. She made her debut in the first match of the series in Mysore, taking 0/19 from six overs in a 14-run win; she was not required to bat despite the loss of six wickets. In the second game, she took her maiden international wicket, ending with 1/24 from four overs in a three-wicket win, scoring an unbeaten one from six balls as Australia reached their target with four balls remaining. In the third match in Mumbai, Nitschke made a duck and was hit for 13 runs in her first two overs and removed from the attack as the hosts won by six wickets, and was dropped for the next match. She was recalled after one match on the sidelines but then hit for 17 runs in two overs in the fifth ODI and dropped again, before taking 0/26 from seven overs in the final match and scoring 8 from 27 balls, trying to hold up the tail as Australia were dismissed for 77 and suffered an 88-run defeat. Nitschke's debut ODI series was not a success; she ended with 10 runs at 5.00 with a strike rate of 24.39 and a solitary wicket at 99.00 at an economy rate of 4.71, a high figure for women's cricket.

After the difficult initiation to international cricket, Nitschke returned to Australia for the resumption of the WNCL. She took 4/37 and 2/13 in her first two matches back, helping South Australia to successive victories over Western Australia. She followed this with 33 and 3/19 against Victoria, but was not able to prevent a 12-run defeat. Nitschke ended the season with 144 runs at 36.00 and 10 wickets at 17.50 at an economy rate of 3.43.

The late-season form was enough for Nitschke to be retained for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand held in Western Australia before the Australians departed to South Africa for the 2005 World Cup. Nitschke played in only the third and final ODI against New Zealand, taking 1/16 from her nine overs as the hosts took victory.

2005 World Cup win and ODI regular

After arriving in South Africa, Nitschke was left on the sidelines for the first two round-robin matches against England and New Zealand. She was called into the third match against the West Indies. After scoring one run from her only delivery in the lower-order before being run out in the death overs in pursuit of quick runs, she took 1/15 from eight overs and claimed a catch in a 79-run win. Australia's batting line-up was not threatened and Nitschke was not required to bat in the remaining five matches. She took 2/32 and a catch in a 97-run win over the hosts, and then took 3/5 from six overs and took one catch as Australia dismissed Sri Lanka for 57 and won by eight wickets. In the next match she took 1/3 from six overs, conceding one single each in three of the overs as Ireland managed only 8/66 before Australia completed a ten-wicket victory. The final pool match against India was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to inclement weather, and Australia met England in the semi-finals, where Nitschke took 2/22 from seven overs before Australia overhauled the target of 159 with five wickets in hand. In the final, she took 2/14 from nine overs as Australia bowled India out for 117 to win by 98 runs. Nitschke ended the tournament with 11 wickets at 8.27 and an economy rate of 2.06, establishing herself as a bowler at international level.

Test debut

In the northern hemisphere summer of 2005, Australia toured England and Nitschke established her batting at international level on this campaign. Australia started with a stopover in Ireland, and only the second of the three ODIs was not washed out entirely. Nitschke took 4/15 in a 240-run win. Australia played two Tests in England and Nitschke made her debut in the First Test at County Ground in Hove, Sussex. She became the 146th woman to play Test cricket for Australia. Nitschke was listed to bat at No. 10 as the visitors won the toss and batted first. However, she was soon in action as Australia collapsed to be 8/191 on the first day. Joining fellow bowler Julie Hayes at the crease, Nitschke helped take the score to 236 before her partner was out for 57. Last batter Clea Smith came in and helped Nitschke to add 92 before Australia reached stumps at 9/328 with Nitschke on 70 not out. The next morning, they added a further 27 before Smith was out for 42, ending a rapid final-wicket partnership of 119 from only 101 minutes. The last two wickets put on 164 runs in 159 minutes and Nitschke ended on 81 not out with 13 fours and a six, the top-score of the innings, from 144 balls. After reaching her half-century in 111 balls, Nitschke accelerated, scoring 31 from her last 34 balls, 24 of which came in boundaries.

Nitshcke then took 3/59 from 30 overs as Australia made 355 and took an 82-run lead. She bowled top-scorer Charlotte Edwards for 69 to take her maiden Test wicket and then removed Jenny Gunn and Katherine Brunt at the end of the innings. Batting at No. 11, Nitschke made five in the second innings as Australia were all out for 223 to leave the hosts a target of 306. She hit a four in a one-minute stay at the crease, before being stumped while trying to get quick runs, ending with five from four runs. Nitschke was unable to take a wicket in the second innings, taking 0/40 from 22 overs as the hosts hung on for a draw with three wickets in hand. In the Second Test at New Road, Worcester, Nitschke was promoted to No. 9 but struggled. Coming in at 7/113, she batted 43 minutes but scored only one run from 46 balls as Australia were out for 131. and took 1/30, removing Arran Brindle as England took a 158-run first innings lead. Australia was facing an innings win when they fell to be 4/18 and 7/67 when Nitschke came in to join Kate Blackwell during the third day. The pair saw Australia to 7/179 by the end of the third and penultimate day with Nitschke unbeaten on 60. However, Australia's chances of saving the match was struck a blow at the start of the final day when Blackwell was out for 72 without further addition to the score and Julia Price was out for a first-ball duck. Nitschke and Emma Liddell then put on 53 to take the score to 232 before Liddell was out for 24. Nitschke top-scored with 88 not out from 231 balls from a long innings of four and a half hours. She had hit 16 fours and a six. However, this was not enough as England reached their target of 75 with six wickets in hand. Nitschke's bowling was not used in the second innings. Nitschke ended the series with 175 runs at 87.50 and 4 wickets at 32.25.

Despite her performances with the bat in the Tests, Nitschke was left in the lower-order in the ODIs, batting at Nos. 8 and 9. She played in the first four ODIs, scoring 4, 2 not out and 0 not out. Nitschke also had an uneven run with the ball. After conceding 33 runs from six wicketless overs in a 12-run win in the first ODI, she took unprecedented figures of 7/24 from 7.4 overs in Kidderminster, playing the main role in a 65-run win. She took 1/34 from ten overs in the third ODI and was taken off in the fourth match after conceding 20 runs from three overs. Nitschke ended the series with eight wickets at 13.87 and an economy rate of 4.16.

In the opening match of the 2005–06 WNCL, Nitschke struck 92 to help set up a five-wicket win over Queensland. In the third match, against Victoria, she took 4/11 and then scored 33 as South Australia scraped home to a one-wicket victory over Victoria. However, she failed to make an impact in the two matches against the reigning champions New South Wales, making 12 and 1 and failing to take a wicket as South Australia lost both matches. In the penultimate match of the season, she made an unbeaten 60 in a nine-wicket win over Western Australia. She then took 2/25 from ten overs and scored 30 to help secure a three-wicket win. South Australia won four of their eight matches and failed to reach the finals series, but Nitschke was productive, scoring 287 runs at 41.00 and taking nine wickets at 32.44 at an economy rate of 4.42.

The Australian season ended with a home series against India in Adelaide. In the one-off Test, Nitschke—now promoted to No. 7—came in at 5/130 and made 18 from 27 balls before falling at 6/159, before Australia was out for 250. She then took 2/9 from eight overs, removing Devika Palshikar and Amita Sharma, as the hosts took a 157-run first innings lead and then enforced the follow on. She then took 1/29 from 26 overs, including 15 maidens, again dismissing Sharma, to help dismiss the tourists for 153 and seal victory by an innings and four runs. Nitschke played in all three matches as Australia swept the ODIs. She had a small workload, making six runs in her only innings and totalling 0/30 from 12 overs. In her only innings, she was given an opportunity to bat in the middle-order for the first time for Australia, but she made only six from 22 balls before being bowled.

The following 2006–07 season started with the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, which the Australians hosted at Allan Border Field in Brisbane. The five ODIs were preceded by a T20 match, a tie in which Nitschke did not play. She again started in the lower-order after failing to capitalise on her previous opportunity against India, but gradually worked her way up the order from No. 10 to No. 5 by the end of the series.

She made 87 runs at 43.50 in five innings as Australia took a clean sweep of the ODIs. In the second match, Nitschke took 1/6 from eight overs and then made 31 from 36 balls as Australia reached their target of 176 with one wicket to spare, having been six not out from 14 balls in a one-run win in the opening match. In the fourth ODI, having been elevated to No. 7, Nitschke made 20 not out from 19 balls at the death and took 3/32 in an 85-run win, and she ended the series with 2/36 and three catches in a four-wicket win. In this match, she was promoted to No. 5, but she made only 16 runs from 23 balls before being caught. Nitschke ended with seven wickets at 18.28 and an economy rate of 3.04.

Nitschke started the 2006–07 WNCL with 93 and 1/38, setting up a 12-run win over Western Australia. In the final match of her campaign, she took 3/24 and scored 34 in a seven-wicket win over Queensland. She missed the last two matches against New South Wales and South Australia did not make the finals. She ended with 155 runs at 31.00 and took six wickets at 30.66 with an economy rate of 3.14 from five matches.

After the end of the Australian season, Nitschke was selected for a four-nations ODI tournament in Chennai, India. In addition to the hosts and Australia, New Zealand and England were also participating, and each team played each other twice in round-robin phase. In the first match, Nitschke made 33 as Australia amassed 9/260 but her bowling was attacked by New Zealand, who took 35 runs with the loss of only one wicket from her seven overs en route to a six-wicket win. Nitschke made 17 as Australia reached 8/213 against the hosts, but managed only 1/46 from her ten overs as they reached the target with three wickets in hand. Australia won the next four matches to reach the final, but Nitschke continued to make starts without capitalising, registering scores of 21, 14, 21 and 13. She took 2/27 from seven in the second of the matches against New Zealand, but was then attacked by the English batters, ending with 2/74 from ten overs.

In the final against New Zealand, Nitschke took 0/39 from nine overs. Again pushed up to open, she top-scored with 81 from as many balls, hitting 12 fours and a six to help set up a six-wicket win to take the competition. She has played as an opener since then.

Nitschke ended the series with 200 runs at 28.57. Her bowling was neither penetrative nor economical; she took seven wickets at 41.85 at an economy rate of 4.88.

Australia hosted the Rose Bowl series held in tropical Darwin in July 2007, the middle of the southern hemisphere winter. Nitschke played in all five ODIs. In the first match, she took 2/29 from her ten overs and scored 27 in a seven-wicket win. She then took 3/34 in the third match, which Australia won by six wickets. Nitschke made 47 in the final match but it was not enough to prevent a four-wicket defeat. She ended the series with 112 runs at 22.40 and took eight wickets at 21.12 at an economy rate of 3.52. In the T20 match that preceded the series, she took 1/13 from two overs and was out for 12 as Australia scraped home by one run.

Nitschke started the 2007–08 WNCL season by taking two wickets and being run out in each of the two matches against New South Wales. She then went wicketless in both matches against Queensland while conceding 2.64 runs per over. Up to this point Nitschke had made only 71 runs and South Australia had only won one of their four matches. In the next match, Nitschke took 2/17 from six overs and top-scored with 61 in a seven-wicket win over Western Australia. In the penultimate round-robin match, she hit 74 and took 2/31 in a 140-run win over Victoria. Although South Australia succumbed to the same team the next day, they had won four of their eight matches, and this was enough to qualify them in second place for the final against New South Wales. However, inclement weather washed out the final entirely and New South Wales were awarded the WNCL for placing first in the round-robin phase. Nitschke ended the series with 250 runs at 31.25 and took ten wickets at 25.20 at an economy rate of 3.64. In two T20 matches for her state, Nitschke made 24 runs at 12.00 and totalled 2/34 from six overs.

The domestic competition was followed by two international series against England and New Zealand. Nitschke made 14 and took 1/23 from four overs as Australia won the T20 international against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In the ODIs that followed, drawn 2–2, Nitschke scored 140 runs at 35.00 and took four wickets at 28.25 at an economy rate of 3.53. In the first match, she took 2/38 from ten overs and made 24 in a 56-run loss. With the series levelled at 1–1 she made 54 in a seven-wicket loss in the third match, before making 50 in a 41-run in the final match. In the one-off Test at Bowral, Nitschke batted at No. 5 and scored four as Australia fell to 5/59 before ending on 154 all out. She then took 2/27 from 24.4 overs, removing Lydia Greenway and Isa Guha as England ended on 244 all out with a 90-run lead. She contributed 36 of the hosts' second innings of 9/231 declared. After coming in at 3/34 with Australia still 56 runs in arrears, Nitschke consolidated the innings with Sthalekar, compiling a partnership of 107 runs in 43.2 overs. Nitschke was eventually out after a 122-ball, 159-minute stay at the crease. She took 1/24 in the second innings, trapping Greenway for 26 as the tourists reached their target of 142 with six wickets in hand.

The Australians then headed to Bert Sutcliffe Oval in Lincoln, New Zealand, for a T20 international and five ODIs. Nitschke made a duck and took 2/17 from four overs as the hosts won the T20 by four wickets. She then made 38 of 5/189 and conceded only 12 runs from her six overs in the first ODI to help secure a 63-run win, before making 25 and a duck, both run out as the hosts claimed both matches to take the series lead. Nitschke took 2/45 in the third match but was expensive, conceding 5.62 runs per over. Australia thus needed to win the remaining two matches. In the fourth match, Nitschke made 17 and took 0/20 from an economical quota of ten overs in a six-run Australian win. In the final match, she took 0/23 from 10 wicketless overs. She then made 82 to help steer Australia to their target of 250 and a series-clinching eight-wicket win. Nitschke ended the series with 162 runs at 32.40 and three wickets at 46.00 at an economy rate of 3.13.

The 2008–09 Australian season started with a tour by India. Nitschke started well in two warm-up matches against the Australian Under-21 team, making 57 and 56 and totalling 2/63 from 13 overs. The opposition could not dismiss here; she retired in the first match to give other batsmen an opportunity and retired hurt in the next match.

Nitschke missed the first four matches due to injury. Returning for the final match at Manuka Oval in Canberra, she took 2/16 from her ten overs, and then top-scored with 94 as Australia made 3/178 to win by seven wickets and complete a 5–0 whitewash.

By her standards, Nitschke's performances in the 2008–09 WNCL were mediocre. In eight matches, she scored 181 runs at 22.62 and took five wickets at 51.20 with an economy rate of 3.71. In the third match of the season, she took 2/30 from ten overs and made 41 in a 45-run defeat to Victoria. This was the only time that she took more than one wicket in a match. In the sixth match against New South Wales, she made her top-score for the series, 62. South Australia won by 39 runs despite Nitschke being hit for 42 runs from seven wicketless overs, part of a run of three wicketless matches. South Australia did not make the final. In two T20 matches, she made 6 and 0 and took a total of 2/49 from six overs.

2009 World Cup and World Twenty20

After the WNCL ended, the Australians headed to New Zealand for the Rose Bowl series ahead of the World Cup. Nitschke took one wicket and made single-digit scores in each of the first two matches as Australia went 2–0 down. Australia needed to win the remaining three matches to win the series, and Nitschke made 73 and took 1/20 from seven overs in a 104-run win in the third ODI. She then made 58 and took 1/51 from nine overs to help square the series 2–2. The last match was washed out and Nitschke ended with 144 runs at 36.00 and four wickets at 29.75 at an economy rate of 4.10. The teams returned to Australia for the one-off T20 match, and Nitschke took 3/16 from three overs and then scored 54 not out as Australia won under the Duckworth Lewis method. In a warm-up matches against England ahead of the World Cup in New South Wales and Canberra, Nitschke made six and took 2/31 from eight overs.

In the opening match of the World Cup campaign, Nitschke was attacked and took 0/37 from her six overs as New Zealand made 205 all out. She then made 27 as Australia fell short of their target on the Duckworth-Lewis method. Australia then needed to win their two remaining group matches to reach the Super Six phase. Nitschke made 87 and took 3/43 from ten overs as Australia defeated South Africa by 61 runs. She then scored 45 and took 0/25 from six overs in a 47-run win over the West Indies. In the first Super Six match, Nitschke was economical, taking 1/19 from six overs against India. She then made 17 as Australia made 7/218, falling 17 runs of their target. She then scored 56 and took 1/29 from ten overs in a win over Pakistan by 107 runs. She returned for Australia's final Super Six match against England, and although the hosts won, it was not enough for them to place in the top two in the standings and qualify for the final. Nitschke took 2/14 from ten overs and made 37 as Australia reached the target of 162 with eight wickets in hand. In the third-place playoff against India, she made 6 of Australia's 142, and then took 0/30 from her nine overs in a three-wicket defeat.

Nitschke ended the tournament with 275 runs at 39.28 and took seven wickets at 28.14 at an economy rate of 3.45.

Nitschke was selected for Australia's team for the inaugural Women's World Twenty20 held in England in 2009. The Australians hosted New Zealand for a three-match series in tropical Darwin at the beginning of June before the World Cup, and Nitschke played in the first two matches, making 1 and 25 and taking 1/27 and 1/14, both from four overs. Arriving in the northern hemisphere she made 16 and was hit for 18 runs from two overs in the team's only warm-up on English soil, a five-run win against the hosts.

After making 18 in Australia's 8/123, she conceded 23 runs from her four overs as New Zealand claimed a nine-wicket win in the first match. She then took 1/23 in four overs against the West Indies before sealing an eight-wicket win by top-scoring with 56. Nitschke then made 16 and took 4/21 from four overs as Australia defeated South Africa by 24 runs. This put Australia into the semi-final against England.

Nitschke made 37 of Australia's 5/163, and was economical in taking 0/22 from four overs, but most of her colleagues were attacked by the local batters, who overhauled Australia's score to reach the final, which they won. Nitschke ended the tournament with 130 runs at 32.50 and five wickets at 17.80 at an economy rate of 5.56.

Nitschke and the Australians stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts, who were the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s, after the end of the World Twenty20. She scored 32 and took 1/21 from four overs as Australia upset the hosts in the only T20 match. In the first ODI, Nitschke made a duck and conceded 23 runs from five overs in a nine-wicket loss. She was then attacked and hit for 58 runs from seven wicketless overs in the next match. Despite making 47 herself, Australia fell to a 55-run defeat. Nitschke made another duck in the third ODI, before claiming 2/29, her first wickets of the series, but this was not enough to prevent a two-wicket defeat. She then made 71 and took 2/34 in the fourth match, but England again won by two wickets. Nitschke ended the ODIs with 21 in the final match, which was abandoned due to rain soon after the start of the hosts' chase. Nitschke ended the series with 139 runs at 27.80 and four wickets at 36.00. Her economy rate of 5.76 was far higher than her career norm.

Nitschke played in the one-off Test match at County Road in Worcestershire. Opening the batting for the first time in Tests, she saw her partner Blackwell and Rolton fall for ducks and Sthalekar for six. Nitschke scored 15 and fell at 4/23. The tourists then fell to 5/38 before recovering to make 309. before taking 1/46 from 19 overs, dismissing Sarah Taylor to help Australia take a 41-run lead. She then made 25, putting on a stand of 49 for the first wicket with Blackwell as Australia set the hosts a target of 273 before the match was drawn. She took 0/20 from five overs in the second innings.

Maiden limited-overs centuries

Nitschke started the 2009–10 WNCL season with a series of strong batting performances. After finishing in the nineties in three previous WNCL innings, Nitschke broke through for her maiden century. After hitting 119 not out and 66 in the double-header against the Australian Capital Territory, she made 12 and 82 against Western Australia, before striking her second century in five innings, 109 against Queensland. The centuries set up wins by 34 runs and two wickets respectively. Nitschke was not able to maintain her form in the remaining five matches, scoring 0, 3, 57, 0 and 38 to end the season with 486 runs at 54.00. After taking three wickets in each of the first two pairs of matches, Nitschke went wicketless in two matches against Queensland before totalling four wickets in the last four matches against Victoria and New South Wales. Her best figures of 2/26 came in the final match against New South Wales and she ended with 10 wickets at 36.50 and an economy rate of 4.10, a poor bowling season by her standards. South Australia won only two of then ten matches and missed the finals.

During the 2009–10 season, there was a full T20 domestic tournament was introduced. In six matches, Nitschke scored 161 runs at 26.83 with a best of 67 against Tasmania, and took four wickets at 31.00 at an economy rate of 5.20. South Australia won two of their six matches and missed the final.

After the series, Nitschke played in the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, starting with five ODIs in Australia. Nitschke played in all of the matches and opened the batting, scoring 172 runs at 43.00 and regular got the hosts off to a strong start, passing 30 in each match bar the third. In the second match, she took 2/7 from seven overs and top-scored with 38 in a four-wicket win. In the third match at the Junction Oval, she took 3/31 from ten overs to seal a 102-run win and an unassailable 3–0 series lead. Nitschke took 2/29 from ten overs in the next match and made 44 not out in an unbroken opening stand of 163 with Leah Poulton to guide Australia to a ten-wicket win. In the final match, she hit 43, and then took 4/24 and two catches to help secure a 103-run win. Nitschke ended the series with 11 wickets at 10.36 and an economy rate of 2.85.

The ODIs were followed by three T20s at Bellerive Oval in Hobart and two more in New Zealand at the start of the second phase of the bilateral contests. Nitschke played in every match and was the leading scorer as Australia was whitewashed. In the first match, she took 2/14 from four overs and top-scored with 46. However, Australia lost momentum after her dismissal and ended on 7/115, losing by two runs. She took 1/23 from three overs and made 15 as Australia lost by one run the next day. In the third match, Nitschke was attacked by the touring batters, ending with 2/52 from her four overs. She then top-scored with 56 as Australia lost by seven runs. She went wicketless in the two matches in New Zealand, and scored 12 and 45, top-scoring in the latter match. Australia were bowled out for 73 and 98, losing by 59 and 17 runs respectively. Nitschke ended with 174 runs at 34.80 and took five wickets at 23.20 and the high economy rate of 7.73.

Australia then swept New Zealand 3–0 in the ODIs in New Zealand. In the first match, Nitschke took 1/12 from six overs and made 51 as Australia were able to scrape home by two wickets. The series then ended with matches on consecutive days in Invercargill. Nitschke was attacked on the first day, conceding 18 runs from three overs without taking a wicket, before opening the batting and scoring 113 not out of the tourists' 4/256 in a six-wicket win, registering her maiden ODI century. She made six and was wicketless in a six-wicket win in the final match. Nitschke ended the series with 170 runs at 85.00 and took 1/45 from 13 overs.

2010 World Twenty20 triumph
Nitschke was part of the 2010 World Twenty20 winning team in the West Indies and played in all of Australia's matches.

In the first warm-up match against New Zealand, which Australia lost by 18 runs, Nitschke had a hand in three dismissals. She took 1/20 from her four overs, removing Sara McGlashan before running out Sophie Devine and catching Elizabeth Perry. She then made 31 from 29 balls, hitting two sixes. In the last warm-up match against Pakistan, Nitschke made 11 from 15 balls and hit a six as Australia made 5/166. She then took a catch and 2/15 from three overs as Australia won by 82 runs.

Australia were grouped with defending champions England, South Africa and the West Indies. In the first match against England, Nitschke bowled Beth Morgan for 17, ending the largest partnership of the match (44) with top-scorer Sarah Taylor. This started a collapse as England lost their last eight wickets for 41 runs to be bowled out for 104 with 15 balls unused. Nitschke ended with 1/21 from four overs. In pursuit of 105 for victory, Nitschke and her partner Elyse Villani struggled and Australia lost both to be 2/10 from 3.1 overs; Nitschke made 3 from 8 balls. Eventually, Rene Farrell was run out going for the winning run from the third last ball available, leaving the scores tied.

A Super Over eventuated, and Nitschke was not used as Australia made 2/6 from their over. She was called upon to bowl Australia's over. On the third ball of the over, Claire Taylor was run out by Jess Cameron while trying to take a second run and England were at 1/5 after five balls. Beth Morgan hit Nitschke away and attempted to runs to take England to seven runs and a victory, but was not fast enough for Cameron's throw and was run out, tying the scores once again. Australia was awarded the match because they had hit more sixes in the match—Cameron scored the solitary six.

In the next match against South Africa, Nitschke was prominent with both bat and ball as Australia batted first. After Villani was out in the first over, Nitschke and new batsman Poulton counter-attacked. They brought up Australia's 50 in 33 balls, scoring 41 from 27 balls. Poulton was out for 39 after a stand of 58 runs in 37 balls, and Nitschke was eventually out for the top-score of 44 from 32 balls, including seven fours. This left the score at 3/101 after 11.2 overs, but Australia were unable to capitalise, and were bowled out for 155 in the last over after losing 6/16. Nitschke then took 2/21 from her four overs, removing Trisha Chetty and Susan Benade in the 11th and 13th overs as Australia completed a 22-run win. She was named the player of the match for her effort.

In the final group match against the West Indies, Nitschke scored 19 from 11 balls with four fours to help Australia to reach 33 without loss after 3.2 overs before being dismissed, Australia finished on 7/133. She was the most economical bowler in the match, taking 1/15 from her four overs, dismissing Britney Cooper to end the largest partnership in the match (46) as Australia won by nine runs to finish the group stage unbeaten at the top of their quartet.

Australia went on to face India in the semi-final. Nitschke was the most uneconomical Australian bowler, taking 0/26 from her four overs. In the run-chase of 120, her opening partner Villani fell in the first over. Joined by captain Blackwell, Nitschke counter-attacked and the pair put on 74 runs in 60 balls before Nitschke was out for 22 from 25 balls. The Australians eventually reached their target with seven wickets and seven balls to spare.

Australia batted first in the final against New Zealand, and Nitschke made only three runs from five balls before being trapped lbw by Sian Ruck, leaving Australia at 1/10 after 2.2 overs, and they later fell to be 3/20 in the sixth over, and 6/72 in the 16th over, before ending on 8/106. During the run-chase, Nitschke was the most economical Australian bowler, taking 1/10 from her four overs, dismissing Rachel Priest in the middle of the innings to leave New Zealand were at 5/36 after 11 overs, leaving them with 71 runs to score from the last 54 balls. Australian went on to win by three runs to take the tournament.

Coaching career
Following the appointment of Matthew Mott as England men's limited overs coach, in May 2022 Nitschke became the interim head coach of the Australia women's national cricket team.

In September 2022, she was appointed as the full-time head coach of the Australia women's cricket team.

Awards
 ICC Women's Cricketer of the Year – 2010
 Belinda Clark Award – 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Australia women Test cricketers
Australia women One Day International cricketers
Australia women Twenty20 International cricketers
Cricketers from Adelaide
Australian cricket coaches
Adelaide Strikers (WBBL) cricketers
South Australian Scorpions cricketers
International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year
Sportswomen from South Australia
Coaches of the Australia women's national cricket team

Shelley Nitschke


Siro (also Syro, Siron, or Syron; fl. c. 50 BC) was an Epicurean philosopher who lived in Naples.

He was a teacher of Virgil, and taught at his school in Naples. There are two poems attributed to Virgil in the Appendix Vergiliana, which mention Siro, and where the author speaks of seeking peace in the company of Siro:
I am setting sail for the havens of the blest to seek the wise sayings of great Siro, and will redeem my life from all care.

Cicero also mentions Siro several times and speaks of Siro along with Philodemus as being "excellent citizens and most learned men." The 5th-century commentator  Servius claimed that Siro was commemorated in Virgil's sixth Eclogue as the character Silenus.

Notes

1st-century BC philosophers
Roman-era Epicurean philosophers
Philosophers of Roman Italy

Siro the Epicurean


Eyes Wide Open is an exhibit created by the American Friends Service Committee observing the American soldiers and marines that have died in the Iraq War. It contains a pair of combat boots to represent every American soldier and marine that has died in the war, as well as shoes representing Iraqi civilians who have lost their lives during the invasion and occupation. The exhibit was first shown in Chicago's Federal Plaza in January 2004. At that time, the exhibit contained 504 pairs of boots.

As of March 2007, the national exhibit contained over 3,400 pairs of boots and had visited more than 100 cities in 40 states.  However, as a result of its unmanageable size, the exhibit has been broken down state-by-state. Currently,  nearly every state has its own state exhibit.  The national exhibit in its entirety would currently contain more than 4,000 pairs of empty boots.

Background
According to the American Friends Service Committee, the intent of the exhibit is to present a visual reminder of the "human cost" of the Iraq War and provide a place for public mourning. Based on public information, the American Friends Service Committee writes the name, age, rank and home state of each soldier and attaches it to a representative pair of boots. As the exhibit travels across the country, family members, friends and sympathizers leave flags, flowers and other mementos with individual pairs of boots. If a family wishes to have their child's name removed from the exhibit, AFSC will replace the serviceman's name with the information "name removed request of family". September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows co-sponsors the exhibit.

In addition to boots representing the deaths of service men and women, AFSC has collected shoes representing Iraqis who have lost their lives during occupation. Few names of Iraqi dead are known. Raed Jarrar, an Iraqi social activist, has collected the names of several thousand Iraqi civilians. These are the names that appear on tags of civilian shoes at Eyes Wide Open exhibits and for another exhibit entitled, "Dreams and Nightmares". AFSC's  Dreams and Nightmares is a memorial to Iraqi civilians that includes photographs and stories of individuals who have lost their lives during occupation.

Related exhibits
Since the inauguration of the original exhibit, several other exhibits have been created to assist in the original one's goal.

Eyes Wide Open State Exhibits
The national exhibit had grown so large by spring of 2007 that it had become difficult to transport by semi-truck. As a result, it has been divided into state exhibits. Illinois established the first state exhibit in August 2006. As of July 2008, there are 48 state exhibits: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, two in California, Colorado,  Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky,  Maryland, Maine/Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri/Kansas, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York/New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. With the conclusion of the national exhibit, all but six states currently have their own exhibit. All of the Eyes Wide Open state exhibits continue to be under the leadership of The American Friends Service Committee.

The National Guard Exhibit
The National Guard Exhibit was created in summer of 2005 and contains 400+ pairs of boots for National Guard soldiers that have lost their lives in Iraq. The exhibit often also displays the boots of all soldiers lost from the exhibition state. In addition, the exhibit contains 50 pairs of civilian shoes representing the Iraqi civilians killed during occupation. The exhibit has visited more than 30 cities in 22 states. National Guard units are not often sent abroad.

Cost of War Exhibit
At the conclusion of the National Eyes Wide Open Exhibit in June 2007, AFSC introduced the Cost of War Exhibit.  The Exhibit contains ten 7 by 3 foot vinyl, full-color banners that compare the U.S. budget for the War in Iraq to the U.S. budget for human needs such as health care and education.  Based on a report by economists Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, one day of the Iraq War costs the U.S. $720 million or $500,000 per minute.  In partnership with The National Priorities Project, AFSC has used these numbers on the daily cost of the Iraq War to determine how many human services one day of the Iraq War budget could cover.  For example, "one day of the Iraq War" would buy 1,153,846 children school lunches for a year or provide 163,525 adults with full health coverage for one year.  This exhibit is either shown alone or in conjunction with Eyes Wide Open Exhibits.  There are currently 17 Cost of War Exhibits.

Addition of a veteran suicide component
Alarming studies of the suicide rate among veterans returning from the Iraq War led to the addition of a Veteran Suicide component to several state exhibits.  Veteran suicides are considered a "hidden casualty count" of the Iraq War and are represented by white combat boots.

Exhibit in popular media

The exhibit was featured in blues musician Robert Cray's music video for "Twenty". The song "Twenty" tells the story of a fictional serviceman who returns to The U.S. haunted by his experience in Iraq. The video stars an actual Iraq War veteran, 23-year-old Aidan Delgado. Cray did not know of the Eyes Wide Open exhibit when he came up with the concept for the song, but realized that the exhibit would be a meaningful way for the character in his song to come to terms with the death he faced in Iraq. Robert Cray's album, also titled "Twenty" was nominated for a Grammy as Best Contemporary Blues Album of 2006.

References

External links
Eyes Wide Open website
Contains pictures of the exhibit and addresses how it received by the public
Addresses controversy over the exhibit

Opposition to the Iraq War
Anti-war works
Exhibitions
Peace movement in the United States
Uses of shoes

Eyes Wide Open (exhibit)


Charles Edward Moss (February 7, 1870 Hyde, Cheshire – November 11, 1930 Johannesburg), was an English-born South African botanist, the youngest son of a nonconformist minister, and is noted for being the editor of the first two parts of The Cambridge British Flora published in 1914 and 1920. The Cambridge British Flora, under the editorship of Moss, was intended to be a ten-volume survey of the flora of Britain, with contributions by specialists in particular genera. The two volumes that saw publication were of a very high standard, but the project was subsequently abandoned.

Early education

Moss developed an interest in botany in 1893 when, recovering from a pulmonary abscess, he was advised to go on long outdoor rambles. These took place over the Halifax moors, sometimes in the company of botanists belonging to the Halifax Scientific Society, a society in which he soon became a prominent member. He enrolled as a Queen's Scholar, at Yorkshire College, Leeds in 1895, which at that time was still part of Victoria University, Leeds, and was a part-time editor of the Halifax Naturalist, publishing a number of his own botanical papers. 1898 saw him working at Fairweather Green School, though still keeping in touch with Yorkshire College by assisting William Gardner Smith (1866-1928) in mapping the vegetation of West Riding. In 1901 he was appointed assistant master at Sexey's School in Bruton, where he started studying the vegetation of the area. 1902 found him lecturing in biology at Manchester Municipal Training College. He became a member of the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation which had been started by Arthur Tansley and Smith in 1904, making invaluable contributions.

In 1907 Moss received his doctorate from the University of Manchester and a back bequest from the Royal Geographical Society for a report on the vegetation of the Pennines which he had done during his spare time. He took up the post of Curator of the Herbarium at the University of Cambridge in January 1908. This was the point at which his interests turned to taxonomy. At Cambridge he headed field expeditions and lectured, his lectures being described as "not brilliant ... but full of sense and philosophy". It wasn't long before he conceived the idea of writing a new 'student's Flora' of the British Isles.

Edward Walter Hunnybun

Edward Walter Hunnybun (1848-1918), a Huntingdon solicitor and amateur botanical artist, decided to embark on a project depicting all the species of the British flora. He was not a skilled taxonomist, but his supporting network of advisors made up of botanists and collectors ensured that he portrayed representative and correctly identified specimens. The possibility arose of producing a volume of the drawings, something made more likely by an exhibition of some of his drawings at the Linnean Society. Although of considerable artistic merit, George Claridge Druce (Moss' counterpart at Oxford) criticised them for being scientifically inadequate and lacking in detail. By 1909 the drawings had been donated to the Cambridge University Botany School and were in Moss' possession, who disagreed with Druce about the quality of Hunnybun's work and mulled over producing a student's flora based on the images, an idea which later turned into the much bolder notion of producing a Flora of the British Isles. Moss obtained approval and financial support for the project from the Cambridge University Press and set about gathering contributions from the various specialists. His peremptory manner and high standards, leading to an outright rejection of some manuscripts, resulted in a number of bruised personalities. In January 1912 an agreement was signed giving Moss sole authorship rights for the project. In March 1912 a meeting of potential contributors at the British Museum (Natural History) left Moss firmly in charge, lauded for "his clearness of view and botanical ability", and left a disgruntled Druce complaining about "Germanising our flora" because of plans to use the Engler System for the proposed Flora. Moss had grandiose visions about the structure of the Flora, intending to include not only descriptions, maps and photographs, but also Hunnybun's plates. His ideas ended in a conflict with the Press, so that in 1913 a debate arose as to whether the plates should interleave with the text or be published separately. Albert Seward, Professor of Botany at Cambridge and a Syndic at the Press, supported Moss, but both eventually reluctantly accepted the Press's preferences.

Volume II

In 1914 volume II (Salicaceae to Chenopodiaceae) was the first to be published. In the introduction Moss explained the nomenclature and classification he had used. Despite having turned to botany only six years earlier, Moss displayed a remarkable grasp of the literature of the period, particularly when taking into account that a considerable portion had been written in German. He ignored the 1905 recommendation of the Vienna International Botanical Congress by using lower case initial letters for all specific names (e.g. Hieracium leyi, not Hieracium Leyi) - Moss' way eventually becoming standard practice since it simplified a complex morass of conventions. The text was widely praised, whereas the drawings came in for a lot of criticism. The reproduction technique used had not been kind to the delicacy of Hunnybun's drawings while some of his small illustrations were sometimes lost on the generous page size of .

As a result of a meeting held on 12 January 1915, the Press, under financial strain due to World War I, was deliberately delaying the publication of further volumes of the Flora, which had originally been planned as annual issues. Moss was also being held partly accountable and was facing legal action for the costs incurred by having replacement plates made for those he had rejected as inadequate. To aggravate matters even further salaries
of all teaching staff in the Botany School had been reduced by 10%. Moss wanted to contribute to the war effort, and did so by training recruits in the Officers' Training Corps and later working in a munitions factory.

Emigration to South Africa

Moss' personal life reached a new low in 1916 with the dissolution of his marriage. The scandal of his wife's infidelity rocked Cambridge society. Mrs Wedgwood, a friend of the family, wrote  "it is difficult for us to put ourselves into his [Moss'] position - Mrs Moss entirely deceived me, she had no marks of the seductress about her". Embittered and under immense stress, Moss and his young daughter Beatrice left on the Balmoral Castle for South Africa in 1917, where he took up the newly created post of Professor of Botany at the South African School of Mines and Technology in Johannesburg. Here he applied himself to a study of the Transvaal flora and laid the groundwork for the Witwatersrand University's herbarium, later named the Moss Herbarium in his honour.

Volume III

Moss appointed one of his former students, A. J. Wilmott, to supervise volume III through its publication, and though now in South Africa, he still felt committed to the project and wrote a number of letters spelling out details to be observed. By 1918 his correspondence suggested that he was considering a return to Cambridge. A letter written by Seward expressed an aversion to this idea, because of Moss' having broken his contract. Seward also had doubts about the viability of the series. Volume III was published in 1920, Wilmott finding the task far greater than he had anticipated. Its cost of £6 lSs Od was thrice that of volume II, while the sum budgeted for each volume had almost quadrupled. Included in the introduction was a caustic criticism of James Britten following a long-standing difference of opinion between them on nomenclature.

In 1921 Moss married a fellow Witwatersrand University staff member, later becoming head of the department, and underscoring his ties to his new life.

Demise of project

By 1923 the Press had decided that the work "should not proceed under the current contract". Moss was indignant with this decision, but the Press remained adamant, insisting on tighter rules or abandoning the project. Moss was given the option of complying with more stringent requirements or accepting compensation. He eventually accepted the financial offer of "£150, plus a further sum of £80 in respect of out-of-pocket expenses, in full discharge of any claim against the Syndics in respect of the agreement for the publication of The Cambridge British Flora".

Relationship to Frank Fraser Darling
Moss was possibly also related to the British ecologist and conservationist Frank Fraser Darling. Darling did not know his father,  Frank Moss, and was brought up by his mother. Darling stated that he learned C. E. Moss was his father's brother in about 1964, and that "the interest to me is the persistence of the ecological slant of mind, in this case not influenced environmentally!".

In 1930, (the year of Charles's death), botanist Nicholas Edward Brown published Mossia, a monotypic genus of flowering plants from Southern Africa belonging to the family Aizoaceae and it was named in Moss's honour.

References

External links

 Vegetation of the Peak District - CE Moss 1913

20th-century South African botanists
1930 deaths
1870 births
20th-century British botanists
People from Hyde, Greater Manchester
British emigrants to South Africa

Charles Edward Moss


Football boots, called cleats or soccer shoes in North America, are a type of shoe worn when playing association football (soccer). Those designed for grass pitches have studs on the outsole to aid grip. From simple and humble beginnings football boots have come a long way and today find themselves subject to much research, development, sponsorship and marketing at the heart of a multi-national global industry. Modern "boots" are no longer truly boots in that they do not cover the ankle - like most other types of athletic footwear, their basic design and appearance has converged with that of sneakers since the 1960s.

A variation of the boots are worn for rugby football featuring several key design differences specific to that sport and are therefore known as rugby boots in that context; although boots designed for soccer are often used by rugby players in certain positions.

Although most associated with football and rugby, the shoe is used in other sports that are played on grass surfaces, such as touch, lacrosse, hurling, shinty, quadball and even tug of war.

History

1800s: During the 19th century various forms of football became increasingly popular in Great Britain. Participants would wear their heavy and hard work-boots to play. These were the first ever football boots with the steel toe-cap at the front, with long laces and high-topped. These boots also sometimes had metal studs or tacks put on the bottom so the players would have more grip and stability.

In the later part of the 19th century the first ever football-specific boot was designed, made of thick and heavy leather which ran right to the ankle for increased protection; the first boot weighed  and would double in weight when it was wet.

1900–1940: During this period the style of football boots stayed very basic. They remained so during the inter-war years, despite many famous football-boot producers, such as Gola, Hummel and Valsport becoming ever more popular.

1940–1960: After the Second World War, the designs of the football boot changed dramatically. The South Americans first wore lighter and more flexible boots, which later came to the attention of the world. This design focused on increasing good control and better kicking-power rather than a more protective boot. In 1954 Adi Dassler introduced screw-in studs. which gave the German team a tangible advantage during a rain-lashed  World Cup final that year. (Adi Dassler's older brother Rudolf Dassler - founder of  Puma - disputes the claim that Adi Dassler originated screw-in studs.)

1960s: In the 1960s many football boots featured a lower cut and were designed to be lighter and more flexible. These enabled the best players in Europe and South America to move faster and to change direction more quickly. Mitre, Joma and Asics joined the fray. Adidas became the top manufacturer during this decade, with 75% of players at the 1966 FIFA World Cup wearing Adidas.

1970s: The 1970s saw many major advances and changes in the design of football boots. These included lighter boots and a variety of colours. Boot sponsorship also became more widespread. Adidas was the market leader in this period, releasing new technologies such as padding to provide heel protection. At the end of the decade, in 1979, it cemented its status by releasing what has gone on to become the best-selling boot of all time, the Copa Mundial. During this time period, some of the most common types of natural leather came into use: kangaroo leather, calfskin and full-grain/cow leather. Diadora entered the market in this decade.

1980s: The 1980s saw further development of the technological advances of the football boot in the 1970s. Umbro,  Lotto and Kelme joined the market in this decade.

1990s: New types of sole were introduced to improve the balance of the player. The Adidas Predator, designed by Australian Craig Johnston in the late 1980s, was released in 1994 and enjoyed instant success. Mizuno, Reebok, Uhlsport, and  Nike began making football boots in this decade. Nike's first boot, the Nike Mercurial Vapor, immediately made an impact on its release in 1998 and after Ronaldo wore a pair at the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

2000s: In the first decade of the 21st century laser technology was introduced to produce the first fully customised football boot in 2006. The first laceless boot, the Lotto Zhero Gravity, was also released in 2006. Laceless boots later became very popular in the late 2010s.

2010s: In the era of the modern game that sees the tempo of matches becoming faster and players more technically inclined, manufacturers introduced new technology, including lighter footwear made from alternative materials. Boot customisation also became more prominent with the rise of the internet. Laceless boots became very popular after Adidas released the Ace PureControl in 2016.

Material for football boots
Football boots are an essential part of a player's equipment. They are designed to provide traction on the field and grip the ground in order to avoid slipping and sliding. Football boots can be made from many different materials such as rubber, synthetic such as nylon and polyurethane, or leather. The most popular material for football boots is kangaroo leather. Kangaroo leather is a type of leather that is made from the skin of a kangaroo. It has a unique texture and it's very durable. It's also breathable and lightweight, which makes it perfect for soccer players who need to be agile on the field. Some players prefer leather while others like synthetic or plastic material because they are more durable and cheaper.

Different styles for different sports

Depending on the type of surface, kind of sport and even the wearer's position or role in the game, different styles of boot and particularly stud configurations are available. For hard pitches, amateur participants may wear a sneaker shoe or a plastic-stud boot (known as a "moulded sole" or "firm ground" boot); in most sports and positions this is adequate, although on a well-grassed or sodden field, screw-in studs are recommended for more grip; these may be metal, rubber or plastic and are called "soft ground" boots. When playing on this kind of pitch, some players favor using a boot with screw-in studs in their non-dominant (supporting) foot to provide grip, and a boot with short rubber or plastic studs in the dominant (kicking/passing) foot to provide accuracy. However, most players opt for a consistent configuration on both boots.

For indoor football, indoor boots are used. These come with rubber soles, meant to maximize grip on the floor. Some are built on the design of firm-ground football boots, and some are specifically designed for the indoor game. For football on turf or artificial grass, some players wear regular firm ground football boots. But wearing regular football boots on turf greatly reduces the life of the boot, so companies such as Nike have developed football boots for artificial grass (AG), which have smaller circular studs.

For rugby union, the screw-in stud is preferred, especially in the positions of prop, hooker, and lock, where more grip is required for contested scrums. These screw-in studs have to be of a maximum length of 21 mm. These boots are often heavier than appropriate for other types of football. One of the more obvious differences between association football and rugby boots is the formation of the studs - rugby boots typically have no fewer than nine studs whilst those worn for soccer can have a minimum of six.  Also, some rugby boots tend to have a high cut around the ankles but this type is becoming less popular, especially at elite level. There are several types of rugby boot, meant for players in different positions.

Screw-in studs have been banned in some Australian rules football leagues since the 1990s due to the frequency of severe injuries to players as a result of contact with the metal. In football, referees must now check all boots prior to kick off to check for damage to studs, to prevent injury. Before this time, preference between the screw-in stud was based primarily on weather conditions.

More recently, moulded soles with specially designed boots known as blades have moulded soles facing in multiple directions, theoretically to maximise grip and minimise ankle injury. Recently, however, "bladed" football boots have faced criticism from some UK sporting bodies for causing potentially serious injuries to players. English football club Manchester United have even banned their players from wearing boots with bladed studs after players like Wayne Rooney and David Beckham suffered repeated metatarsal injuries.

Football markets and brands

Originally, football boots were available only in black, but recently, they have become available in various colours such as blue, green, red, white, yellow, silver, gold and even pink. Big name companies such as Nike, Adidas, Puma and the like have made an impact on the market with record sales. Nike's flagship shoes are the Phantom VNM, Phantom VSN, Tiempos and The Nike Mercurial  Vapor worn by Cristiano Ronaldo and others. German company Adidas are responsible for the Predator range worn by David Beckham, Gary Neville, and Steven Gerrard, as well as the long-surviving Copa Mundial. The entire Germany national side wore Adidas boots during the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Another German firm Puma flagship shoes are the Puma King Platinum, Puma Future and Puma One worn by Sergio Agüero, Marco Reus, Cesc Fàbregas and Antoine Griezmann.

The Puma King boots have been worn by legendary players such as Pelé, Eusébio, Johan Cruyff and Diego Maradona.

In recent times, the most successful companies are Nike and Adidas, and their products enjoy great popularity among professional footballers; among Nike's endorsers are two-time FIFA World Player of the Year Ronaldinho, aforementioned duo Wayne Rooney and Cristiano Ronaldo, Brazilian striker Ronaldo, Wesley Sneijder, Zlatan Ibrahimović, and other popular players. Adidas, which has been providing football boots with screw-in studs to the Germany national football team since the 1954 FIFA World Cup, have made their impact on the modern market by signing big name players as endorsers: players such as David Beckham, former France captain Zinedine Zidane, Frank Lampard, six-time world player of the year Lionel Messi, David Villa, and Steven Gerrard. Puma has also made a significant impact in the industry by signing big names such as World Cup winners Antoine Griezmann, Marco Reus, and Gianluigi Buffon, David Silva, Cesc Fàbregas, Romelu Lukaku, Mario Balotelli, and Champions League winner Luis Suárez.

Customization
Many players use personalisation around the world to improve the look of their boots and to make them easily identifiable in the club dressing room. It is now very common to have football boots fully personalised with either a name, initials, number or club logo. Professional players such as Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Neymar have all personalised their boots in some way, either by including their number, the names of their children, or just a flag. Many retailers offer various options and colours to personalise football boots by using the embroidery machinery, such as Nike, Adidas, and Puma.

See also
 Cleat
 Comparison of orthotics

Bibliography

References

Boot
Boot
Boot
Sports footwear

Football boot


Fearless, A Novel of Sarah Bowman is a 1998 novel of historical fiction by Lucia St. Clair Robson.

The novel tells how Sarah Bowman arrived in Corpus Christi, Texas in 1845, to work as a laundress for the army that Zachary Taylor had assembled to invade Mexico in the Mexican–American War. Sarah Bowman was a historical figure and much of what is depicted in this novel is based on actual accounts of incidents. Sarah Bowman also makes an appearance later in life in another of Robson's novels, Ghost Warrior.

Plot summary
In 1845, Mexico would not relinquish its claim to Texas, and the U.S. prepared for war. Under the command of General Zachary "Old Rough and Ready" Taylor, Sarah signed on as a laundress and cook and bivouacked with Taylor's army in Corpus Christi, preparing for an attack by Mexico. Before the war even began, though, her husband was killed. But going home was out of the question. She considered the army her home and its soldiers her family. Nowhere else would her courage and compassion be so much needed and appreciated.

While the battle raged around her, Sarah became a familiar figure through the haze of sulfurous blue smoke and the stench of exploding gunpowder, riding among the flames to retrieve the wounded. Through the long years of bitter battle, she would find love in the arms of a sergeant with eyes as golden as a flame, and friendship in the company of Cruz, a mexican woman whose personal history encompassed the war in all its passions and horrors.

External links
 Fearless, a Novel of Sarah Bowman, author's website

1998 American novels
American historical novels
Western (genre) novels
Novels by Lucia St. Clair Robson
Novels set in Texas
Biographical novels
Novels set during the Mexican–American War
Fiction set in 1845
Culture of Corpus Christi, Texas
Ballantine Books books
Zachary Taylor

Fearless, A Novel of Sarah Bowman


The Peirce–Nichols House is a historic house museum located at 80 Federal Street in Salem, Massachusetts.  Designed early in the career of noted Salem builder Samuel McIntire (1757–1811), and modified later by him, the building gives a unique view into the methods and styles of McIntire.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its significance as an early masterwork of one of the country's first recognized master builders.  It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum.

History
Jerathmiel Peirce (1747–1827), began his career as a leather dresser. In about 1778, he formed a partnership with Aaron Waite, and purchased a two-gun schooner, the Greyhound, to serve as a privateer against British merchant vessels in the Revolutionary War. The partnership prospered, and over the next half a century, purchased/built at least 10 vessels, sending them to ports around the world. In 2000, the National Park Service had a full-scale replica of one of the Waite & Peirce ships built, the Friendship of Salem, which is the centerpiece of Salem Maritime National Historic Site. Waite and Peirce were also major investors in the newly incorporated Beverly Bank, and were members of Salem's merchant aristocracy. Salem was a major center of trade in the early 1800s, and as a result of this, was the home of America's first millionaire, and on a per-capita basis, was the richest city in America. Peirce went from humble beginnings to owning one of the finest homes in Salem.

In 1779, Peirce purchased a large lot in Salem, and in about 1782, he engaged Samuel McIntire to design and build his home there. The property he owned went all the way to the banks of the North River, where his ships tied up and he had a counting house. The house is known to have been completed by 1784, when city tax records show Peirce being assessed for a completed house. Peirce later suffered financial misfortune and was forced to sell the house. It was purchased by friends, who willed it to the children of George and Sally (Peirce) Nichols. The house remained in the Nichols family until 1917, when it was sold to the Essex Institute, predecessor to the Peabody Essex Museum. It was opened to the public in the late 1930s after the last of the Nichols owners died.

McIntire patterned the design of the house fairly closely on patterns found in the Builder's Treasury of Batty Langley, published in 1740. As a result, the house has late Georgian styling. This was altered in some portions in 1801, when Peirce again hired McIntire to redo the hallway east parlor in preparation for the wedding of his daughter Sally to George Nichols. This area features the lighter Federal styling that was being popularized by architect Charles Bulfinch.

The house property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968, cited as a particularly elegant example of late Georgian craftsmanship, and for its association with McIntire. It is also a contributing element of Salem's Chestnut Street District. The Peabody Essex Museum offers tours of the house.

Description
The Peirce–Nichols House is a three-story wood-frame building sheathed in clapboards. It has a low pitch hipped roof that is encircled by a low balustrade at the cornice, which further has a central flat section that functions as a roof deck and is also surrounded by a balustrade.  The corners of the building are decorated by fluted Doric pilasters rising the height of the building.  The front entry is in the center bay (of five), and is sheltered by a pedimented porch supported by Doric columns set on a brownstone step.  Large twin chimneys rise through the interior of the house.  The windows on the first two floors feature 6 over 6 sashes, while the third floor has typical foreshortened 3 over 6 sashes.

Behind the house is a carriage house which is thought to date from the same time as the house.  Its symmetrical front facade is divided into three sections, the center one featuring a projecting triangular pediment.  The flanking sections are also pedimented, and are punctuated by round arched openings topped by keystones.

See also
 List of historic houses in Massachusetts
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Massachusetts
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

External links
 PEM historic houses

Houses completed in 1782
Georgian architecture in Massachusetts
Houses in Salem, Massachusetts
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Peabody Essex Museum
National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
1782 establishments in Massachusetts

Peirce–Nichols House


Timothy James Stauffer (born June 2, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Minnesota Twins and New York Mets.

Amateur career

High school and college
Stauffer attended and played baseball at Saratoga Central Catholic High School in Saratoga Springs, New York. As a senior in 2000, as of June 7, he had a 1.10 earned run average, 163 strikeouts and 14 walks in 82 innings pitched. At the plate, he was hitting .610 with 12 home runs, 53 runs scored and 50 RBI in 95 at bats.

Stauffer attended the University of Richmond through his junior year, where was twice named the Atlantic 10 Conference Pitcher of the Year. As a sophomore in 2002, Stauffer established Atlantic 10 records for wins (15) and strike-outs (140). He posted a 1.54 ERA and was named a first-team All-American. In 2003, Stauffer broke his own Atlantic 10 strike-out record with 146 and posted a 9–5 record with a 1.97 ERA and 10 complete games. He was again selected to the All-America Team.

Summer collegiate league
Stauffer played for the Keene Swamp Bats of the New England Collegiate Baseball League in the summer of 2001, where he set an NECBL record with a 7–0 win/loss mark.  In 2002, he played for the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod League, was named a league all-star, and is featured in the book The Last Best League: One Summer, One Season, One Dream by Jim Collins.

Professional career

San Diego Padres
Stauffer was selected in the first round by the San Diego Padres as the fourth overall pick of the June 2003 draft.  Stauffer had been bothered by shoulder soreness since the end of the college season, and an MRI in July showed weakness in the shoulder joint.  He and his agent went to the Padres with this information during negotiations, and as a result he signed with the Padres for a bonus much less than a fourth overall pick would normally receive.  The Padres scouting director Bill Gayton said about the disclosure, "Their honesty and integrity is second to none.  They didn't have to do that."

Stauffer rested his arm in 2003, and began 2004 with the Class A Advanced Lake Elsinore Storm.  He was quickly promoted through Double-A and reached the Triple-A Portland Beavers in June, posting a 3.54 ERA in 14 starts with the club.  He was being projected as a number 3 starter, soon to reach the major leagues.

Stauffer began the 2005 season in Triple-A.  He made his Major League debut on May 11 against the Cincinnati Reds and earned his first win in a 6-inning, 2-run outing.  He pitched to a 3–6 record with a 5.33 ERA with the Padres in 2005, and was returned to Triple-A after a July 31 relief appearance.

Stauffer spent most of 2006 and 2007 with Triple-A Portland.  He was called up to the Padres for a single appearance on August 21, 2006, in order to temporarily fill a spot in a pitching rotation hampered by injuries. His third and fourth call-ups came on July 29, 2007, and August 26, 2007, where he again made spot starts before being sent back to Triple-A.  He posted a 15–17 record and 4.98 ERA in 46 starts over his 2006 and 2007 Triple-A seasons.

After the 2007 season, Stauffer elected to have surgery to repair a tear in the labrum of his right shoulder.  The surgery and rehab cost him the entire 2008 season, and Stauffer began 2009 with the Double-A San Antonio Missions after a month of extended spring training to build arm strength.

Stauffer was called back up to the big leagues on July 11, 2009.  He made 14 starts for the Padres in the second half, posting a 4–7 record and 3.58 ERA.

In 2010, Stauffer started the season working out of the Padres bullpen and posted a 0.49 ERA in 9 appearances.  He got his first opportunity to start on May 9, taking the place of Kevin Correia, but Stauffer required an emergency appendectomy on May 11, sidelining him for nearly two months.  When he rejoined the club, he worked out of the bullpen until September when he made six more starts.  Stauffer finished the season with a 6–5 record and 1.85 ERA, with 61 strike-outs and 24 walks in  innings pitched.

Stauffer was the Padres Opening Day pitcher in 2011 and was a mainstay of the rotation.  He started 31 games and finished the season with a 9–12 record and 3.73 ERA, with 128 strike-outs versus 58 walks over  innings.

In early 2012, Stauffer and the Padres agreed on a one-year $3.2 million contract to avoid arbitration.   Stauffer was again the planned Opening Day starter, but he suffered an elbow strain in spring training and went on the disabled list.  He only made a single start in May before going back on the DL.  In August, he had surgery on the flexor tendon in his right elbow.  After the season, the Padres did not tender an offer to Stauffer, and he elected for free agency after clearing waivers.

On January 29, 2013, Stauffer re-signed with the Padres on a minor league deal.  After going 2–2 with a 3.16 ERA in Triple A, Stauffer's contract was selected, and he was called up to the Majors on May 17, 2013.  Stauffer settled into a long relief role with the Padres bullpen, pitching multiple innings in 22 of his 43 relief appearances.  He finished the 2013 season with a 3–1 record and 3.75 ERA, recording 64 strike-outs in  innings.

Stauffer signed a new one-year, $1.6 million deal with San Diego on December 2, 2013, avoiding arbitration.  Stauffer again primarily worked out of the pen as long reliever, making three starts in late May and early June after Robbie Erlin went to the disabled list.  He finished the 2014 season with an overall 3.50 ERA, and a 2.56 ERA as a reliever, striking out 67 in  innings.

Minnesota Twins
Stauffer signed a one-year $2.2 million contract with the Minnesota Twins on December 23, 2014. On May 1, Stauffer landed on the disabled list with a strained right intercostal muscle. He was designated for assignment on June 11, 2015, and released on June 17.

Sugar Land Skeeters
After being released by the Twins, Stauffer signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

New York Mets
On July 31, 2015, Stauffer signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets. Stauffer pitched for the Las Vegas 51s of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, and was promoted to the major leagues on September 8. Stauffer was designated for assignment by the Mets on October 12, 2015, thus making him a free agent to make room for Matt Reynolds on the 40-man roster. Stauffer had a 7.94 ERA in five appearances for the Mets.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On December 23, 2015, Stauffer agreed to a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was released on March 28, 2016.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Baseball players from Portland, Maine
Sportspeople from Saratoga Springs, New York
Sports in Capital District (New York)
Major League Baseball pitchers
San Diego Padres players
Minnesota Twins players
New York Mets players
Richmond Spiders baseball players
Chatham Anglers players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Mobile BayBears players
Portland Beavers players
San Antonio Missions players
Arizona League Padres players
Tucson Padres players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Las Vegas 51s players
Rochester Red Wings players
All-American college baseball players

Tim Stauffer