Jean Esther Floud  (née McDonald; 3 November 1915 – 28 March 2013) was a prominent educational sociologist and later an academic. She was the Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge, from 1972 to 1983.

Early life
She was born Jean Esther McDonald to working-class parents and went to primary and secondary schools in her home town of Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. In 1927, the family moved to Stoke Newington, north London where she won a free place at North Hackney Central School for Girls, a grammar school.

She studied sociology at the London School of Economics (LSE) under David Glass, TH Marshall, Morris Ginsberg and Karl Mannheim. She graduated from LSE as a Hobhouse Memorial Prize winner in 1936.

Academic work
Floud worked as the assistant director of education in Oxford (1940–46), then returned to LSE and taught there and at the Institute of Education (1947‑62).

With A. H. Halsey and F. M. Martin, she co-authored Social Class and Educational Opportunity (1956). Her next book was Education, Economy, and Society: A Reader in the Sociology of Education (1961), co-authored with Halsey and .

Social Class and Educational Opportunity gave evidence that the 11-plus exam for grammar school entrance was unfair to working-class children. Floud wrote that "within wide limits, the educability of children is determined by the subtle interaction of the social influences of home and school". Their findings started a long debate on the value and fairness of the 11-plus exam.

Academic posts
In 1962 Floud was appointed as the second female Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford (1962–72). She was made an Honorary Fellow at Nuffield in 1983.

Floud was a member of the committee that produced the Franks Report (1957) which proposed reforms to ensure a more efficient administration of Oxford University. Her membership in this led, in 1972, to an invitation to become Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge.

Following her retirement as Principal of Newnham College in 1983 she was elected into an Honorary Fellowship of the college. She was made an Honorary Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge in 1986 and also received honorary degrees from the universities of Leeds (1973), City (1978) and London (2003).

Honours
Floud was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1976 New Year Honours. She turned down the offer of a life peerage from James Callaghan's Labour government.

Publications
 Social Class and Educational Opportunity (1956), co-authored with A. H. Halsey and F. M. Martin
 Education, Economy, and Society: A Reader in the Sociology of Education (1961), co-authored with A. H. Halsey and C Arnold Anderson
 The Sociology of Education: A Trend Report and Bibliography (1965)
 Dangerousness and Criminal Justice (Heinemann, 1981), co-authored with Warren A. Young

Personal life
Jean Esther McDonald was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. Her father was a cobbler and shoe salesman. Her mother was a shop assistant who suffered from frequent ill-health.

While at LSE she met Peter Floud, an Oxford graduate. The couple joined the Communist Party and married in 1938. They had three children: Andrew (1948-1982); Frances (b. 1952); and Esther (b. 1956). Peter died of a brain tumour in 1960; their son Andrew died in a plane crash in 1982.

After Newnham in 1983, Floud retired to Oxford where she died on 28 March 2013. During her retirement, she travelled and continued to serve on university committees. She also spent time with her friends, her books, her music, and with the families of her two surviving children Frances and Esther.

References

1915 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British sociologists
British women sociologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Comprehensive education
Fellows of Newnham College, Cambridge
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
People from Westcliff-on-Sea
Principals of Newnham College, Cambridge

Jean Floud


Sibongile Ndashe is a South African lawyer and human rights activist.  She has been involved in public interest law since 1999 and has worked for several women's rights and human rights organisations.  She founded the Initiative for Strategic Litigation in Africa (ISLA) in 2014 and has worked to help lawyers across Africa bring cases to court involving gender identity and sexual orientation.  She supports the incremental decriminalisation of homosexuality.  In October 2017 she was arrested in Tanzania on charges of "promoting homosexuality" whilst discussing ways to challenge a ban on HIV/AIDS treatment by private health clinics.

Career
Sibongile Ndashe has been involved in public interest law since 1999.  Ndashe has B. Proc and Bachelor of Laws degrees from the University of the Western Cape.  She began her career as an article clerk at the Legal Resources Centre, South Africa.

In 2001 Ndashe worked under Johann Kriegler and Kate O'Regan as a research clerk at the Constitutional Court of South Africa.  She was a legal adviser at the Women's Legal Centre from 2002 to 2007, where she focused on cases involving women's rights.  Ndashe worked as a lawyer with the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (Interights) between 2007 and 2013.  Whilst there she worked on cases across the Southern Africa region involving human rights, discrimination and cases before the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.

Ndashe founded Initiative for Strategic Litigation in Africa (ISLA) in 2014 and serves as its executive director.  ISLA and Ndashe offers legal advice to lawyers from countries across Africa.  She is particularly keen to support regional and domestic movements to bring cases of sexual orientation and gender identity issues before the courts and wants an incremental decriminalisation of homosexuality.  Ndashe helped to establish the African LGBTI Rights Lawyers Network (ALRILaN) to assist lawyers working on such cases and has supported LGTBI cases at the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.

2017 arrest in Tanzania
In October 2017 Ndashe travelled to Tanzania with a South African and a Ugandan lawyer, all ISLAN members, to meet with members of the Community Health and Education Services and Advocacy (Chesa), a Tanzanian sex workers' rights organisation.  They met at a hotel in Dar es Salaam to discuss how to challenge an October 2016 law banning HIV/AIDS outreach projects aimed at gay men, and the resultant closing of many Tanzanian private health clinics providing HIV/AIDS treatment.  Police raided the meeting and arrested the three lawyers, nine Chesa members and the hotel manager for "promoting homosexuality", which is illegal in Tanzania.  Ndashe maintained that the group had not broken any laws as the meeting was not about homosexuality but about general access to HIV/AIDS treatment; nevertheless, the group were held without charge for 10 days, well beyond the 24-hour limit in Tanzanian law.  Ndashe was released and was deported to South Africa around 28 October.  She intends to sue the Tanzanian government over their treatment.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
South African women lawyers
South African women's rights activists
South African LGBT rights activists
University of the Western Cape alumni
Living people

Sibongile Ndashe


Valenciennes (, also , , ; ;  or ; ) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France.

It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced a steady population decline between 1975 and 1990, it has since rebounded. The 1999 census recorded that the population of the commune of Valenciennes was 41,278, and that of the metropolitan area was 399,677.

History

Before 1500
Valenciennes is first mentioned in 693 in a legal document written by Clovis II (Valentiana). In the 843 Treaty of Verdun, it was made a neutral city between Neustria and the Austrasia. Later in the 9th century the region was overrun by the Normans, and in 881 the town passed to them.  In 923 it passed to the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia dependent on the Holy Roman Empire. Once the Empire of the Franks was established, the city began to develop, though the archaeological record has still not revealed all it has to reveal about this period. Under the Ottonian emperors, Valenciennes became the centre of marches on the border of the Empire.

In 1008, a terrible famine brought the Plague. According to the local tradition, the Virgin Mary held a cordon around the city which, miraculously, has since protected its people from the disease. Since then, every year at that time, the Valenciennois used to walk around the  road round the town, in what is called the tour of the Holy Cordon. Many counts succeeded, first as Margraves of Valenciennes and from 1070 as counts of Hainaut.

In 1259 Valenciennes was the site of a General Chapter of the Dominican Order at which Thomas Aquinas together with masters Bonushomo Britto, Florentius, Albert, and Peter took part in establishing a ratio studiorum or program of studies for the Dominican Order that featured the study of philosophy as an innovation for those not sufficiently trained to study theology.  This innovation initiated the tradition of Dominican scholastic philosophy put into practice, for example, in 1265 at the Order's studium provinciale at the convent of Santa Sabina in Rome, out of which would develop the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

In 1285, the currency of Hainaut was replaced by the currency of France: the French écu. Valenciennes was full of activity, with numerous corporations, and outside its walls a large number of convents developed, like that of the Dominicans (whose church was excavated by the Valenciennes Archaeological Service in 1989 and 1990).

In the 14th century, the Tower of Dodenne was built by Albert of Bavaria, where even today, the bell is rung in honour of Our Lady of the Holy Cordon. In the 15th century, the County of Hainault, of which Valenciennes is part, was re-attached to Burgundy, losing its autonomy. Valenciennes in this period, however, had several famous sons – the chronicler Georges Chastellain, the poet Jean Molinet, the miniaturist Simon Marmion, the sculptor Pierre du Préau and the goldsmith Jérôme de Moyenneville). The area had a famous daughter: Philippa of Hainault, Queen Consort of England as the wife of King Edward III from 24 January 1328 to her death on 15 August 1369, was born on either 24 June 1310 or 24 June 1315. In 1346 she acted as regent when her husband was away fighting in the Hundred Years' War.

1500–1793

In 1524, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, arrived at Valenciennes, and – even when Henry II of France allied with him against the Protestants in 1552 – Valenciennes became () an early center of Calvinism and in 1562 was location of the first act of resistance against persecution of Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands. On the "Journée des Mals Brûlés" (Bad Burnings Day) in 1562, a mob freed some Protestants condemned to die at the stake.  In the wave of iconoclastic attacks called the Beeldenstorm that swept the Habsburg Netherlands in the summer of 1566, the city was the furthest south to see such an attack on August 24, 1566. It was also one of the first to feel the hand of repression after the siege and fall of the city on March 23, 1567. One of the victims of that repression was Guido de Bres, the author of the Belgic Confession. Following the "révolte des gueux's victory at Brielle, the army of Louis of Nassau, one of the major commanders of the Dutch rebel forces and supported by the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, invaded the Spanish Netherlands with an army composed of German, English, Scottish and French soldiers, and took Valenciennes on 21 May 1572. However, Louis went on to Mons, and the
Protestant garrison left behind offered only a feeble defence to the Duke of Alba, at the head of the bulk of the Spanish army, who recaptured Valenciennes in early June 1572, depriving Louis' French allies, of one of their main bases.

In 1576, when for a time the Southern Netherlands joined the revolt, the Spanish forces massed at the porte d'Anzin (in a fortress known as "La Redoute") were besieged by Valenciennes. However, in 1580, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma took Valenciennes and Protestantism was eradicated there. Hereafter, Valenciennes remained under Spanish protection, no longer directly involved in later fighting of the Eighty Years' War. With its manufacturers of wool and fine linens, the city was able to become economically independent.

In 1591, the Jesuits built a school and then the foundations of a church of Sainte-Croix. In 1611, the façade of the town hall was completely rebuilt in magnificent Renaissance style. In the seventeenth century the Scheldt was channelled between Cambrai and Valenciennes, benefitting Valenciennes' wool, fabric and fine arts. To use up flax yarn, women began to make the famous Valenciennes lace.

The French army laid siege to the city in 1656 (Vauban participated in this siege without a command).  Defending the city, Albert de Merode, marquis de Trélon was injured during a sortie on horseback, died as a result of his injuries and was buried in the Church of St. Paul (his tomb was found during the archaeological campaign in 1990). The Spanish victory in the Battle of Valenciennes (16 July 1656) lifted the French siege.

In 1677, the armies of Louis XIV of France (this time led by Vauban) captured the city and in 1678 the Treaty of Nijmegen gave the French control of Valenciennes (1678) and the surrounding southern part of Hainault, roughly cutting the former county in half.  The city became one of the main strongholds of northern France, and was fortified by Vauban, who personally visited the town for that purpose shortly after the Treaty.

During the Enlightenment era, the economic situation of Valenciennes was in decline until the discovery of coal. The first pit was dug in Fresnes in 1718 and the discovery of burnable coal in 1734 at the porte d'Anzin led to the formation of the Compagnie des mines d'Anzin. In the eighteenth century, the city was equally renowned for its porcelain – indeed, it was the porcelain furnaces' demand for coal that led to the mining enterprises. Despite their quality of production, the company failed to be sustainable. Valenciennes, rich in artistic talent, became known as the Athens of the North (i.e. North of France), underlining its artistic influence.

1793–1914
The city was besieged by the First Coalition against Revolutionary France in 1793. Following a protracted Siege of Valenciennes the city was captured and occupied in July by Anglo-Austrian forces under the Duke of York and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, and only retaken by the French Revolutionary armies in August 1794. In July 1795, one year after the execution of Robespierre put an end to the Reign of Terror, the Republicans of Valenciennes tortured, and guillotined five Ursuline nuns; by some accounts, the nuns were raped before being executed. After the Napoleonic era, Valenciennes gave itself up to the Bourbons in 1815 for 5 years. After that, the town's sugar-refining and coal industries once more started to expand.

In 1824 Valenciennes became a sous-préfecture. In the 19th century, thanks to coal, Valenciennes became a great industrial centre and the capital of Northern France's steel industry.

On 6 August 1890, a law downgraded the town's fortified status, and so from 1891 to 1893, its fortifications were demolished. The town was granted the Légion d'honneur in 1900.

First World War
During World War I the German army occupied the town in 1914. They were finally driven out by British forces at the Battle of Valenciennes in 1918, 'in which seven British divisions attacked eleven German divisions'. One dramatic first-hand experience of this battle is provided by A. S. Bullock who fought at a section of the front near Maresches.

A significant personality of this period was Louise de Bettignies (born in Saint-Amand-les-Eaux), a pupil of the Ursulines in Valenciennes from 1890 to 1896. Fluent in four languages (including German), in 1915 she created and directed the main British intelligence network behind enemy lines, nearly  from the front around Lille. Arrested at the end of September 1915, and imprisoned in Germany, she died of mistreatment in September 1918 two months before the Armistice. It is estimated that she saved the lives of nearly a thousand British soldiers by the remarkably precise information she obtained. For example, it enabled the British to conduct the first aerial bombing of a train (that of Kaiser Wilhelm II, who came to visit the front at Lille), though both aircraft were not equipped with suitable viewfinders and so the raid narrowly missed its target. The German High Command, based in Brussels, then put all its efforts into neutralising the accursed network that allowed the British to see everything and know everything about this part of the front. Louise's arrest was associated with the escape of Szeck Alexandre, a young Austrian radio operator who got out of Brussels in August 1915, allowing the British to get their hands on the secret German diplomatic code. This code was exploited by Secret Service Room 40 ("Room 40"), under the supervision of Sir Reginald Hall, and in January 1917 allowed the decipherment of the famous Zimmermann Telegram, which triggered the United States' entry into the war in April 1917.

Valenciennes was retaken after bitter fighting in 1918, by British and Canadian troops (one of whose soldiers, a recipient of the Victoria Cross Sergeant Hugh Cairns, was honoured in 1936 when the city named an avenue after him). Canada named a mountain, Valenciennes Mountain, after the town in 1920.

Second World War
On May 10, 1940, the town's inhabitants fled by road and it was abandoned to looters from the French army. A huge fire devoured the heart of the town, fuelled in particular by a fuel depot. German troops then occupied the ruined city on May 27. Former Prince Wilhelm was wounded in Valenciennes and later died of his wounds.

On September 2, 1944, after bloody fighting, American troops entered Valenciennes and liberated the city.

1945 to present
The town's first antenna was set up in Lille in 1964, then the Centre universitaire was set up in 1970, becoming independent in 1979 as the University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambrésis.

In 2005, a local resident, Isabelle Dinoire, became the first person to have a partial face transplant.

Geography

Climate

Valenciennes has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Valenciennes is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Valenciennes was  on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 7 January 2009.

Population

Main sights

The Hindenburg Line ran through Valenciennes during World War I, leading to extensive destruction. Valenciennes was again almost completely destroyed during World War II, and has since been rebuilt in concrete.

A few surviving monuments are: 1) The façade of the town hall, which managed to survive the bombardments of the war; 2) the Basilica of Notre-Dame du Saint-Cordon, to which there is an annual pilgrimage; 3) La Maison Espagnole, the remains of the Spanish occupation, which ended in 1678. The building is now used as the town's tourist information office; 4) The Dodenne Tower, the remaining part of the medieval fortifications after Charles V ordered them reduced; 5) Théâtre le Phenix, a theatre and performing arts venue constructed in 1998; 6) The "Beffroi", a large, pin-like monument  in height, built in 2007 on the site of the former belfry.

Economy
Valenciennes is historically renowned for its lace. Until the 1970s, the main industries were steel and textiles. Since their decline, reconversion attempts focus mainly on automobile production. In 2001, Toyota built its Western European assembly line for the Toyota Yaris in Onnaing near Valenciennes. Because of this and other changes, the average unemployment in the region is now below the national average.

On 15 July 2004 the Administrative Board of the European Union's Railway Agency held its first meeting in Phénix, with representatives of the 25 Member States and François Lamoureux, those days Director General for Energy and Transportation at the European Commission. Valenciennes was picked as the European Railway Agency headquarters in December 2003. International conferences are held in Lille.

Public transport

Line No. 1 of the Tramway de Valenciennes was put into service on 3 July 2006.  long, this tramway crosses the five communes in the Valenciennois Metropolitan area, at a cost of 242.75 million Euros.

Valenciennes railway station offers connections with Lille, Paris and several regional destinations.

Administration
Valenciennes is a subprefecture of the Nord département.

Mayors since 1947
1947–1988: Pierre Carous, resigned (died in 1990)
1988–1989: Olivier Marlière
1989–2002: Jean-Louis Borloo, resigned when he entered the national government
2002–2012: Dominique Riquet
2012–present: Laurent Degallaix

Culture
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827 – 1875), sculptor, painter and tutor.
Louis Cattiaux (1904-1953), philosopher, painter and poet, was born in Valenciennes.
Alphonse Chigot (1824-1917), historical painter, soldier and art tutor, particularly associated with the city of Valenciennes.
Gustave Crauck (1827 - 1905), sculptor and painter
Eugène Chigot (1860-1923), post impressionist painter and official painter for the Marine Nationale.
Henri Harpignies (1819 - 1916), painter and watercolourist.
Fabrice Jaumont, author, educator, advocate for dual-language bilingual education.
Joseph Layraud (1834 - 1912), painter and tutor.
Auguste Désiré Saint-Quentin (1838 - 1906), painter
Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), French painter, was born in Valenciennes.

Sport

Valenciennes FC is based in the city.

Twin towns – sister cities

Valenciennes is twinned with:
 Agrigento, Italy
 Central AO (Moscow), Russia
 Düren, Germany
 Gliwice, Poland
 Medway, England, United Kingdom
 Yichang, China

See also
Vendémiaire Pavot Sculptor of La Faunesse in Valenciennes

References

External links

Discover Valenciennes: in French
Follow real-time news from Valenciennes on the famous social network Twitter : in French
Nordmag History of Valenciennes
Fortifications of Valenciennes
Valenciennes by night, City of Culture in 2007 (pics)

Communes of Nord (French department)
Subprefectures in France

Valenciennes


Matlatzinca is a name used to refer to different indigenous ethnic groups in the Toluca Valley in the state of México, located in the central highlands of Mexico. The term is applied to the ethnic group inhabiting the valley of Toluca and to their language, Matlatzinca.

When used as an ethnonym, Matlatzinca refers to the people of Matlatzinco. Matlatzinco was the Aztec (Nahuatl) term for the Toluca Valley. The political capital of the valley was also referred to as "Matlatzinco"; this was a large city whose ruins are today known as the archaeological site of Calixtlahuaca. In Prehispanic times the Toluca Valley was the home to speakers of at least four languages: Otomi, Matlatzinca, Mazahua, and Nahuatl. Thus speakers of any of these languages could be called "Matlatzinca" if they resided in the Toluca Valley. When the Aztec native historical sources or the Spanish chroniclers refer to "the Matlatzinca" it is often not clear where they mean speakers of the Matlatzinca language, the peoples of the Toluca Valley, or even the inhabitants of Calixtlahuaca.

Language

The Matlatzinca language is part of the Oto-Pamean subgroup of the Oto-Manguean language family, which also includes Otomi, Mazahua, Pame and Chichimeca Jonaz. Linguistically the term "Matlatzinca" refers to speakers of the Matlatzinca language. In ancient, historical and modern times, the Matlatzinca language was spoken in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico, west of the Valley of Mexico. The Matlatzinca language has two subgroups or dialects that are mutually unintelligible: one called Ocuiltec or Tlahuica and Matlatzinca proper. While originally one language they are now so removed that they are often considered separate languages. Matlatzinca is severely endangered and now only spoken by around 100, mostly elderly people in San Francisco Oxtotilpa and Ocuiltec/Tlahuica spoken by between 50-100 in Ocuilan municipio in the villages San Juan Atzingo and Santa Lucía del Progreso.

References
Cazés, Daniel (1965) El pueblo matlatzinca de San Francisco Oxtotilpan y su lengua.
García Castro, René (1999) Indios, territorio y poder en la provincia matlatzinca: la negociación del espacio político de los pueblos otomianos, siglos XV-XII. CIESAS, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, and El Colegio Mexiquense, Mexico City and Toluca.
García Castro, René (2000) Los grupos indígenas del valle de Toluca. Arqueología Mexicana 8(43):50-55.
García Payón, José (1974) La zona arqueológica de Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca y los matlatzincas: etnología y arqueología (primera parte), edición facsimilar de la de 1936, preparada por Mario Colín. Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de México vol. 29. Estado de México, Toluca.
Quezada Ramírez, María Noemí (1972) Las matlatzincas: época prehispánica y época colonial hasta 1650. Serie Investigaciones vol. 22. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
Sugiura Yamamoto, Yoko, Patricia Martel and Sandra Figueroa (1997) Atlas Etnográfico de la Cuenca Alta del Río Lerma: Otomíes, Mazahuas, Matlatzincas y Nahuas en los 32 municipios. Gobierno del Estado de México, Toluca.

Matlatzinca

Matlatzinca people


Robert Desoille (May 29, 1890 - October 10, 1966) was a French psychotherapist. A graduate of the Sorbonne and École centrale de Lille, he worked at EDF and he became known for his studies on waking dreams.

Desoille was born in Besançon into a family of military officers and began a scientific education in engineering that he would never complete after being mobilized in World War I. After his 1923 meeting with Colonel Eugène Caslant, who introduced him to an experimental mental imaging technique, he developed his method of the "directed waking dream" (rêve eveillé dirigé, or RED), explicating it in seven books.

RED protocol
Lying on his back, the subject puts himself into a state of relaxation and closes his eyes in order to create an imaginary scenario in which he is the principal (or sole) hero.  Placing himself behind the subject, the therapist sometimes intervenes to specify part of imaginary space or a possible bifurcation of the scenario.  In another phase of the therapeutic work, the subject writes a written report which will be used in a face-to-face session in order to explore the meaning of the scenario.  For children, the protocol is modified: with his eyes open, the child sits at a table and draws a comic strip of the scenario he imagines.

Influences and legacy
At the theoretical level, Desoille was influenced by first by Sigmund Freud, then by Carl Gustav Jung and finally, following his membership of the French Communist Party, he constrained himself to a Pavlovian theorization.

Desoille's first writings in the 1930s built on the work of Freud, Pierre Janet, and Roland Dalbiez.  He studied the relationship between symbolism, invention, and memory in his early works, underscoring the applicability of the directed waking dream method in exploring sublimation.  In the 1940s, Desoille referenced Jung's collective unconscious and presented his own conception of the mind based on Freud's three instances.  The transference identified by Freud, Desoille believed, could be expressed and resolved in the directed waking dream.  Finally in the 1950s and 1960s, concomitant to his political affiliations, Desoille held to a Pavlovian conception of neurosis, based on reflexes, in what was termed a "rational psychotherapy".  Those reflexes that are poorly adapted could be dissolved through the directed waking dream method, according to Desoille, and, starting in the imagination, new dynamic stereotypes could be formed. Desoille died at age 76 in Paris.

Desoille's pupils now define themselves as "analysts" and interpret their practice along Freudian, Freudo-Lacanian, or Jungian lines.  Authors that cite Desoille's work include Charles Baudouin, Gaston Bachelard, Juliette Favez-Boutonier, Françoise Dolto, Daniel Lagache and Roberto Assagioli; parallels have also been drawn between Desoille's work and that of Milton H. Erickson and neuro-linguistic programming. Desoille's work was used in the development of guided imagery techniques used in psychosynthesis.

Selected works
 Exploration de l'affectivité subconsciente par la méthode du rêve-éveillé: sublimation et acquisitions psychologiques [Exploration of Subconscious Affectivity Using the Waking Dream Method: Sublimation and Psychological Findings] (1938)
 Le rêve-éveillé en psychothérapie: essai sur la fonction de régulation de l'inconscient collectif [The Waking Dream in Psychotherapy: Essay on the Function and Regulation of the Collective Unconscious] (1945)
 Théorie et pratique du rêve-éveillé dirigé [Theory and Practice of the Directed Waking Dream] (1961)

Biography

External links
Robert Desoille's entry in the Psychoanalysis Dictionary
Biography of Desoille
History of waking dreams
Website of the International Group of Waking Dreams in Psychoanalysis (GIREP)

1890 births
1966 deaths
University of Paris alumni
École centrale de Lille alumni
People from Besançon
20th-century French psychologists

Robert Desoille


Sichelle Mcmeo Aksum (born 14 May 1988), better known by her stage name Sichelle, is a Norwegian-Grenadian singer. She has released four singles: Fuck deg, Min, Freaky, and Kun for meg. Her debut album was produced by David Eriksen, and was released in 2008.

Background
Sichelle has a Grenadian father and a Norwegian mother. She was born and grew up in Ullevål Hageby in Nordre Aker, but now lives on Hasle. Sichelle attended Elvebakken videregående skole.

Career
Sichelle became well known when she was selected by David Eriksen to sing Fuck deg. It was originally a Danish song performed by Anna David (who also sings the German and English translations), translated into Norwegian by Kai Lofthus. Fuck deg was number 1 on VG-lista for three weeks, and stayed in the chart for 19 weeks. The single was awarded platinum with more than 10,000 copies sold, and was nominated for Hit of the Year () in Spellemannprisen 2008. In October 2007 Sichelle was a guest on Otto Jespersen's Rikets Røst (The Kingdom's Voice), where Sputnik parodied the song. His version had been aimed at the Minister of Cultural Affairs Trond Giske, and it got Giske to promise a Sputnik scholarship. In 2008 her next single, Min, was released, followed in the summer by her third single, Freaky, a 1980s inspired summer tune with a music video in the same genre. Sichelle participated in Melodi Grand Prix 2009 in the third semi-final held in Skien, where she performed the song Left/Right, and in Melodi Grand Prix 2011 in the first semi-final with the song Trenger mer.

Albums
Sichelle (2008)

Singles

References

External links
Official Website

Melodi Grand Prix contestants
Musicians from Oslo
Norwegian people of Grenadian descent
1988 births
Living people
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian women singers

Sichelle


Samuel William Dodwell RI (1909 in Wandsworth, London – 1990 in Truro) was an English painter.

Life and work

Sam Dodwell discovered painting at an early age and at the age of 18, while visiting Cornwall on holiday, decided that the county would be his future home. He was initially prevented from this ambition by family pressure and by the Depression, and took up a career in banking. He rose to the top of a US bank in London and also served through World War II as an RAF Squadron Leader.

In his late fifties, he suffered three major heart attacks. After then experimental open-heart surgery, predicted to give him four more years of life, he lived 23 years, during which he achieved his ambition. moving to Cornwall to take up a career as prolific painter.

He painted daily, his works inspired by regional subjects, in various media: oils, charcoal, gouache or watercolour. His style was inspired by Impressionism, especially Cézanne, and later Cubism.

During his career he exhibited at the Royal Academy, Royal Society of British Artists, Royal Society of Portrait Painters and the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (of which he was an elected member). His commissions included large sunflower paintings for the Imperial Hotel, Torquay, and a mural for the American Chamber of Commerce in London. He also taught at schools, art societies, studio groups, via television and also to Prince Charles.

He was closely associated with the Mid-Cornwall Galleries at St Blazey Gate from their creation in 1980; he is commemorated at this venue by a Sam Dodwell Gallery. A major retrospective exhibition, including some 50 of his works, was staged there in February 2007.

References

 Work of artist who taught Prince Charles, Western Daily Press, Bristol, England, February 24, 2007
 Sam Dodwell RI, artist profile, MCG
 Play it again, Sam!: A Retrospective of the paintings of Sam Dodwell R.I.

1909 births
1990 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
Members of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
20th-century English male artists

Sam Dodwell


A fishing swivel is a small, usually ball- or barrel-shaped device used in angling to connect sections of fishing lines, consisting of two rings linked via a thrust bearing pivot joint. The line from the rod and reel is tied to the ring at proximal end, and the line leading to the terminal tackles (the hook, lure and/or sinker) is tied to the other ring at the distal end. Snap swivels have a safety pin-like fastener (i.e. "snap hook") linked to at least one of the rings, which allows quick detachment and interchanging of different lures.

The main purpose of the swivel is to allow the two line sections to rotate independently of each other, which allows self-unwinding of any twists formed during line casting and retrieval, preventing undesirable tanglings. This is particularly important for users of monofilament fishing lines that tend to express memory and form coils when released from a fixed-spool reel. A secondary benefit of the fishing swivel is that it may function as a stopper for sliding sinkers, which depending on fishing method may be placed before or after the swivel. Three-way swivels provide an additional ring that serves as a point of connection for side-branching line segments, which are essential for certain line and hook setups.

The presence of the swivel has been said to detract from the effectiveness of some types of lures. Depending on the position of the lure, the hooks can become entangled in various ways with the swivel. It is also noted that swivels can serve as weak points on the line, and therefore lessen the likelihood of landing larger or harder fighting fish.

Fishing swivels, usually made of metal, come in sizes ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters, and are traditionally either anodized black or brass in color. More modern swivels can be obtained in lustrous red and blue varieties. It is somewhat possible that the swivel color plays a role in attracting fish, especially in low-light conditions.

References

External links
Examples of fishing swivels.

Fishing equipment

Fishing swivel


USS New Kent (APA-217) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1949 and from 1951 to 1954. She was scrapped in 1972.

History

Construction
New Kent was of the VC2-S-AP5 Victory ship design type and was named after New Kent County, Virginia. She was laid down 11 July 1944, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MCV hull 565, by Permanente Metals Corporation, Yard No. 2, Richmond, California. She was launched 12 October 1944, sponsored by Mrs. W.J. Maher. The ship was commissioned on 22 November 1944.

World War II
New Kent was outfitted at the Naval Supply Depot, Oakland, California. The ship remained in the San Francisco Bay area until 8 December 1944, at which time she left the area, proceeding to San Pedro and later San Diego where she completed a shakedown period and engaged in amphibious training.

On 20 January 1945, New Kent left San Diego with the January replacements for the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and cargo destined for Majuro and Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands. New Kent arrived at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, on 26 January, and departed on 30 January en route for Majuro escorted by . While underway, the escort in attempting to regain proper station, rammed New Kent amidships sustaining severe damage to herself but was able to proceed under her own power to Pearl Harbor. New Kent proceeded to Majuro arriving on 6 February, and left 7 February, arriving at Kwajalein the following day.

After delivering her troops and cargo New Kent left Kwajalein on 10 February, arriving at Guadalcanal on 13 February. From this time until 15 March, the ship was engaged in combat loading troops and equipment of the 3rd Battalion, 1st Regiment, 1st Marine Division and in rehearsal exercises in the Guadalcanal-Russell Islands area preparing for the invasion of Okinawa.

On 15 March New Kent departed the Guadalcanal area, and after a short stop at Ulithi, arrived off the western beaches of Okinawa on the morning of L-Day, 1 April. Landing her troops that afternoon, New Kent sent a beach party ashore the next day and then remained in the transport area, subject to frequent enemy air attack, until departing in convoy for Pearl Harbor on 7 April. After stopping en route at Guam, the convoy reached Pearl Harbor on 23 April.

New Kent remained in the Hawaiian Islands for one month, engaged in amphibious training exercises off Hawaii and in air-submarine exercises off Nihoa until 29 May. She then loaded and sailed for San Francisco arriving there on 4 June and then sailed up the coast arriving at Seattle 6 June.

She then proceeded to the Lake Washington Shipyards, Houghton, Washington arriving on 8 June. Repairs were to be made to the ship, however, because of a strike in the yards, little work was accomplished.  The ship was moved to Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington where the ship underwent overhaul until 26 June.

On 26 June New Kent loaded general cargo and Army Casual troops at Seattle and departed for Honolulu arriving there on 3 July. The ship then sailed for San Francisco on 5 July, with 300 Japanese prisoners of war along with Army and Navy Casual personnel, arriving on 11 July. While at San Francisco New Kent had her berthing compartments enlarged to accommodate more troops.

New Kent sailed for Leyte on 28 July, with Army casual troops and cargo, stopping en route at Eniwetok and Ulithi, arriving at San Pedro Bay, Leyte on 17 August. While at sea word had been received that Japan had accepted terms of surrender. New Kent remained in the Philippines for a little more than a month transporting Army troops to various positions on Luzon.

On 23 August, she sailed for Manila arriving there 25 August, and on 29 August, the ship proceeded to Subic Bay, returning the same day. On 9 September New Kent sailed in convoy from Manila for Lingayen Gulf and arrived at Aringay Point, Lingayen Gulf the next day. During the period between 10–16 September, the ship was combat loaded with troops and equipment of the 3rd Battalion, 136th Regiment, 33rd Infantry Division, 6th Army and attached units and engaged in rehearsal and training exercises in connection with the forthcoming landing at Wakayama, Honshū, Japan.

New Kent, in company with other transports, left Lingayen Gulf on 20 September, for Wakayama, Japan, where it arrived during the early morning of 25 September. Unloading her occupation troops the next day New Kent then sailed for Subic Bay the same afternoon, arriving 1 October, and then proceeding the same day for Leyte, arriving 3 October.

New Kent departed Leyte on 7 October, and arrived in Davao Gulf on the following day. She moved to Talomo Bay, Davao Gulf on 9 October and departed 15 October, having embarked the 2nd Battalion, 21st Infantry RCT, 24th Infantry Division and attached units bound for Okayama, Japan. The convoy arrived off Hiro-wan, Japan on 21 October, and the troops and cargo were discharged during the next two days. During the week spent in Japan, sightseeing parties from the ship visited the nearby large Japanese naval base at Kure as well as the site where the first atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima.

New Kent together with  sailed on 27 October, for Manus, Admiralty Islands, arriving there on 5 November. There she embarked 2000 passengers for her first Magic Carpet voyage, to bring the troops home to San Pedro, California, 19 November.

On 26 November, Commander C. F. Swanson, USN, relieved Commander J.E. Baker, USNR, as commanding officer. New Kent sailed from San Diego on 5 December for Guam, Marianas Islands to make its second Magic Carpet run. The ship's destination was again changed, this time to Saipan, Marianas Islands, at which port the ship docked 21 December. After loading 1,980 passengers, the ship sailed for San Pedro, California, destination changed en route to San Francisco, where the ship arrived on 1 January 1946. Christmas and New Year's Day were celebrated aboard ship with special programs for all hands including a Roman Catholic mass, Christmas carols, Christmas gifts distributed by Santa Claus, and a turkey dinner.

On 31 December 1945, Commander Swanson reported that since the ship was commissioned it had been underway 228 days and had steamed a total of 195 days, 5 hours or .

Post World War II Service
In mid-March 1946 New Kent steamed through the Panama Canal and arrived at Norfolk, Virginia on 20 March. For the next year she conducted amphibious training exercises along the East and Gulf coasts and in the Caribbean. On 29 July 1949 she was decommissioned, and berthed with the Texas Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. On 10 October 1951 she was re-commissioned and reassigned to amphibious training duty, resuming exercises along the shores of the Atlantic.

With the exception of a voyage to Casablanca in July 1952, New Kent continued her training operations until the Spring 1954, when, again inactivated, she returned to Orange, Texas on 12 July 1954. New Kent rejoined the Reserve Fleet on 17 September 1958 and was struck from the Navy List on 1 October 1958.

Fate
On 28 October 1971, New Kent was sold to Union Minerals & Alloys Corporation, along with eight other ships, for $467,100, with the condition that they would be scrapped. At the time she was based at Orange, Texas, as part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Mobile, Alabama, Group. On 24 July 1972 she was officially withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet.

Awards
American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with 1 battle star), World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp), National Defense Service Medal, Philippine Liberation Medal.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Online resources

Further reading

External links

Haskell-class attack transports
New Kent County, Virginia
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Richmond, California
1944 ships
Mobile Reserve Fleet
Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Texas Group

USS New Kent


Cairine Reay Mackay Wilson  (February 4, 1885 – March 3, 1962) was Canada's first woman to become senator. She served as a Senator for Ontario from 1930 until her death.

Personal life
Cairine Reay Mackay was born in Montreal on February 4, 1885. She was born into a family of Scottish-Canadians that were very wealthy and influential. She was a student at Trafalgar School for Girls.  Cairine was the daughter of Jane and Hon Mackay. Robert Mackay, a Liberal Senator and personal friend of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Cairine Wilson was introduced to her future husband by Laurier's wife, Zoe, at a 1905 state ball. In 1909, she married Norman Wilson, the Liberal Member of Parliament for Russell, who died on July 14, 1956, due to having failing health for some time. Before his death, however, they moved to Cumberland, Ontario, and raised eight children together.

Career
In 1918, Wilson and her family moved to Ottawa, where Cairine performed extensive volunteer work. This includes working with underprivileged children, refugees and the poor, as well as running political organizations that influence women and children to get involved in politics. She helped found the Twentieth Century Liberal Association and the National Federation of Liberal Women of Canada, of which she was President from 1938 to 1948.

Wilson was appointed the first female senator of the country at the age of 45 in February 1930 by the government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King; this was just four months after the Persons Case judgment was handed down by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Previously, women had not been allowed to serve in the Senate, as tradition and lower courts had not considered women to be "qualified persons" as written in the BNA Act, and were prohibited from being called to the Senate.

As president of the League of Nations Society of Canada in 1938, Senator Wilson spoke out against the Munich Agreement's appeasement of Hitler. During the Second World War, the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King was resistant to permitting Jewish refugees from Germany to settle in Canada, but she arranged the acceptance of 100 orphans.

In 1949, at the request of King's successor Louis St. Laurent, Wilson became Canada's first female delegate to the United Nations General Assembly.  She was the chairman of the Canadian National Committee on Refugees and the first woman to chair  Senate Standing Committee (Immigration and Labour). She was given the Cross of the Knight of the Legion of Honor by France in 1950 for her work with child refugees.

Wilson again made parliamentary history in 1955 when she became the first woman Deputy Speaker of the Canadian Senate.

Achievements
Wilson was recognized for her continuous dedication to advocacy-related work. She served as the Chairman of the Canadian-American Women's Committee, President of the Princess Alice Foundation for the Training of Youth Leaders, Vice-President of the Victorian Order of Nurses, Honorary President of the Ottawa Young Women's Christian Association and the Save the Children Fund. In 1930, Wilson established the National Organization of Young Liberals, with the support of her friends and family. Wilson would send groups of youth across Canada on a periodical basis, in hopes of providing them with a better understanding of politics.

Death
Cairine Wilson died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 77 on Saturday, March 3, 1962. She spent three weeks at the Civic hospital in Ottawa with complications that were emerging from her hip fractures that she suffered from a year before her death. Wilson's funeral services took place on a Tuesday at the St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church in Ottawa.

A secondary school in Orleans, Ontario is named after Wilson.

Archives
There is a Cairine Reay Wilson fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

References

External links

1885 births
1962 deaths
Canadian Presbyterians
Canadian senators from Ontario
Politicians from Montreal
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Women members of the Senate of Canada
Anglophone Quebec people
Women in Ontario politics
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
20th-century Canadian women politicians

Cairine Wilson


Homer Lenoir Ferguson (March 6, 1873 – March 14, 1953) was an author and businessman. He was president of Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia, from July 22, 1915, through July 31, 1946.

Biography
Ferguson was born in Waynesville, North Carolina on March 6, 1873. At the age of fifteen he entered the United States Naval Academy and graduated at the head of his class in 1892. His education continued at the Glasgow University from 1892 through 1895, where he studied naval architecture.

While in the Navy he served as assistant naval constructor. He was at the Columbian Iron Works, Baltimore, Maryland, 1895–1896; at the Navy Yard, Portland, Oregon, 1896–1899; the Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, 1899–1900; at the Bath Iron Works, in Bath, Maine as Superintending Naval Constructor, 1900–1902; the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at Newport News, Virginia, 1902–1904; and with the Bureau of Construction and Repair. Washington, D.C., 1904–1905.

In 1905 Ferguson resigned from the Navy and became assistant superintendent of Construction for Newport News Shipbuilding. During the next ten years, as Superintendent and later as general manager, he not only built up the physical property of the plant and improved methods of operation, but strengthened the personnel chiefly by the development of the young men in the organization.  It was under Ferguson that the Apprentice School was founded to develop and train shipbuilders.

On May 7, 1915, shipyard president Albert L. Hopkins was traveling to England on the RMS Lusitania when he died after the ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat off Queenstown on the Irish coast. Another 127 Americans also lost their lives. The Lusitania incident was among the events that brought the United States into World War I. When Albert Hopkins died, Ferguson had been a vice president in the company for three years. By a unanimous decision by the company's Board of directors, he was elected to the presidency the following August. In that capacity, he was to see the company through both world wars.

As war clouds loomed over the U.S. in 1917, Ferguson had a major role in the development of Hilton Village, located just northwest of the shipyard. In January 1918, Ferguson appeared before a United States Senate subcommittee investigating shipyard conditions. Ferguson was very persuasive regarding the impact of the war effort on the lack of housing for shipyard workers. With preliminary designs in hand and with the shipyard's offer to purchase land for the project, Ferguson was able to secure a $1.2 million appropriation to begin construction immediately. The Hilton Village project was the first of its kind and is recognized today as a pioneering urban planning project. Hilton Village served as the prototype of approximately 100 similar wartime government housing projects. After the war, in 1922, Henry E. Huntington, who had a close relationship with Ferguson, acquired it from the government, and helped facilitate the sale of the homes to shipyard employees and other local residents.

Ferguson and his wife, the former Eliza Anderson Skinner, raised 5 children and were active in many civic affairs in Newport News and Warwick County. He was President of the United States Chamber of Commerce, 1919–1920.

At the shipyard, Homer Ferguson served until July 31, 1946, after the second World War had ended on both the European and Pacific fronts. As a noted community leader, he was a co-founder of the Mariners' Museum with Archer M. Huntington and his wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt. Ferguson remained active with the museum until his death.

Homer L. Ferguson died in 1953 of a heart attack at the age of 80. A few years later, his widow joined Martha Woodroof Hiden, another widow of a community leader (Phillip W. Hiden, a former Mayor of Newport News) in cutting the ceremonial ribbon to note the recombining of the former Warwick County, Virginia (which became an independent city in 1952) with Newport News, which had separated from the county to become a separate independent city in 1896, forming the consolidated "new" City of Newport News in 1958.

Legacy
The former Homer L. Ferguson High School of Newport News Public Schools was named for him.

At the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, the Ferguson Society, named for Ferguson, is a patron society for those who donate $1,000 – $2,499. Ferguson, along with the Huntington family, laid the foundation for the Museum.

"Ferguson Avenue" in the National Register of Historic Places neighborhood of Hilton Village is named after Ferguson.

References

1873 births
1953 deaths
People from Waynesville, North Carolina
American shipbuilders
People from Newport News, Virginia

Homer L. Ferguson


Thakur Ram Lal (7 July 1929 – 6 July 2002) was an Indian politician and a leader of the Indian National Congress in Himachal Pradesh.

He was elected to the Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha from Jubbal Kotkhai constituency in 1957. Later, he was re-elected to the Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha from the same constituency in 1962, 1967, 1977, 1980, and 1982.

He became the second Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 28 January 1977 and remained in office till 30 April 1977. He was the leader of opposition in the Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha from 29 June 1977 to 13 February 1980. He again became the Chief Minister of the state on 14 February 1980 and remained in office till 7 April 1983.

Later, he served as Governor of Andhra Pradesh from 15 August 1983 to 29 August 1984. His name got etched in infamy, as he appointed the Finance minister of Andhrapradesh Mr. N Baskar Rao as Chief Minister, when the incumbent CM sri. N.T.Rama Rao  was getting surgery in the USA. This change was supposedly done at the behest of then Congress Leadership, even when Baskar Rao had no more than 20% of MLAs supporting him. NTR returned to Andhra's capital one week later, but was adamantly denied justice by Ram Lal. Then NTR launched massive campaigning against Ram Lal and Congress. 30 days later, President Zail Singh dismissed Ram Lal, and 3 days later NT Rama Rao again became Chief Minister of Andhra.

He was also Minister of Science and technology.

He died in Shimla following a massive cardiac arrest on 6 July 2002. His grandson, Rohit Thakur is an MLA from Jubbal-Kotkhai.

In addition, he is also Chief Whip in the state government.

Political career

Ram Lal had the distinction of having been elected to Vidhan Sabha from Jubbal Kotkhai constituency nine times since 1957 by big margins. Even during the period of worst ever anti-congress wave in year 1977, he was elected to state assembly, securing 60.2 percent of total votes polled. In year 1983 he resigned as Chief Minister and was succeeded by Virbhadra Singh, former Union Minister of State. He served as Chief Minister for 1048 days.

Background

Thakur Ram Lal was survived by four daughters, a grandson and a granddaughter.<ref name="Ram Lal Reference1">

References

Governors of Andhra Pradesh
Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh
People from Shimla
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1972–1977
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1977–1982
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1982–1985
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003
1929 births
2002 deaths
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress politicians
Janata Dal politicians

Thakur Ram Lal


Jade Chantel Cole (born June 19, 1979) is an American fashion and print model and former reality television personality. She first appeared on Cycle 6 of America's Next Top Model. She is the founder of Biracial Butterfly Productions, an agency that represents models with biracial ethnicity.

In 2018, Marie Claire named Cole as one of the best 24 contestants of all time on ANTM, ranking her as number six, followed by Pop Culture naming her one of the "Hottest reality TV villains" in 2019.

Early life
Cole was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and she is of mixed ethnicity: her father is African-American, and her mother is Dutch. Though her ambiguous ethnicity initially caused her annoyance when people questioned her about it, she learned to use it to her advantage in her modeling career.

Career
Before appearing on ANTM, Cole was a Kindergarten teacher in Philadelphia. In early March 2006, cycle 6 of America's Next Top Model aired on UPN. Cole was one of the thirteen female contestants, eventually becoming the last eliminated in the competition. Joanie Dodds took runner-up and Danielle Evans ended up winning the cycle. During her tenure on the show, Cole was described as "obnoxious, self-absorbed, and flamboyant" and "arrogant... and one of ANTMs greatest villains." E! News called Cole one of the "two biggest bitches in the history of the show." In response, Cole has stated that she felt ANTM was a "misrepresentation", an "inaccurate performance" and that she had been exploited.  Entertainment Weekly included her in their list of favorite contestants and worst makeovers.

Cole stated that she had turned down America's Next Top Model cycle 17, "The All Stars", citing contract issues. In an interview, Cole stated, "As much as I would have loved to be back on TV, I felt I possibly would be misrepresented if appearing on [Season] 17. [It's basically] signing your rights and life hypothetically away... Reality shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality. [We're] often persuaded to act in specific scripted ways by off-screen 'story editors' or 'segment television producers,' with the portrayal of events and speech manipulated and contrived to create an illusion of reality through direction and post-production editing techniques."

Cole signed with a number of agencies after her appearance on ANTM, including: Diva Models, based in Singapore; Dream Models, based in Hong Kong; Uber-Warning Models, based in Los Angeles; VMH Models, based in Vancouver; and SMG Models, based in Seattle. She also signed a contract with Elite Model Management.

Cole has partnered with Casa de Amparo, an organization that aims to treat and prevent child abuse and neglect.

Filmography

Television

Music videos

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
African-American female models
African-American models
American people of Dutch descent
America's Next Top Model contestants
Female models from Pittsburgh

Jade Cole


Rudy Autio (October 8, 1926 – June 20, 2007) was an American sculptor, best known for his figurative ceramic vessels.

Rudio Autio was born Arne Rudolph Autio to a family of Finnish immigrants in Butte, Montana. As a child, he first learned to draw by taking evening classes from Works Progress Administration artists working in Butte. He served in the Navy for two years during World War II. After the war ended, he studied art at Montana State University (then Montana State College) in Bozeman, where he first met Peter Voulkos, who became a lifelong friend. Frances Senska taught both of them. Autio earned a Master of Arts degree from Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. In 1952, Autio was a founding resident artist at the Archie Bray Foundation. In 1957, Autio started the ceramics department at the University of Montana, in Missoula. He taught there for twenty-eight years and, until his death, he was retired as Professor Emeritus. Autio died of leukemia in 2007.

Autio's torso-shaped vessels are painted with figures and animals in a free linear style reminiscent of Matisse's drawings. They are found in permanent collections of museums around the world, including the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the Carnegie Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum, the Montana Museum of Art and Culture, the Museum of the Rockies, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution, the Applied Arts Museum in Helsinki, the Canton Museum of Art, the National Museum in Stockholm, the Portland Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Chazen Museum of Art, and the Missoula Art Museum.

Sources

Bibliography
Lackey, Louana. Rudy Autio, American Ceramic Society, 2002.  .

1926 births
2007 deaths
American potters
American people of Finnish descent
Deaths from leukemia
Montana State University alumni
People from Butte, Montana
University of Montana faculty
Audio, Rudy
Deaths from cancer in Montana
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
20th-century American ceramists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Artists from Montana

Rudy Autio


Karlsburg is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The former municipality Lühmannsdorf was merged into Karlsburg in May 2019.

The original name of the place was Gnatzkow. In 1771 King Gustav III of Sweden, then imperially enfeoffed with Swedish Pomerania, renamed the place into Karlsburg after the first name of Carl Heinrich Behrend, Count von Bohlen (1705–1757), who had built the new manor house between 1731 and 1739. In 1745 Carl Heinrich Behrend von Bohlen was raised to the rank of imperial count. Through the marriage of Caroline, Countess von Bohlen, with Theodor Alexander von Bismarck of the Schönhausen branch of the House of Bismarck, Karlsburg Castle was inherited by this family. Theodor Alexander was made a count by King Frederick William III of Prussia in 1818. In 1945, the estate was expropriated following the communist power seizure in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. It has become a hospital since.

References

Vorpommern-Greifswald

Karlsburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern


The Western Apache live primarily in east central Arizona, in the United States and north of Mexico in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua. Most live within reservations. The Fort Apache Indian Reservation, San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Yavapai-Apache Nation, Tonto Apache, and the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation are home to the majority of Western Apache and are the bases of their federally recognized tribes. In addition, there are numerous bands. The Western Apache bands call themselves Ndee (Indé) ("The People"). Because of dialectical differences, the Pinaleño/Pinal and Arivaipa/Aravaipa bands of the San Carlos Apache pronounce the word as Innee or Nnēē:.

Language and culture

The various dialects of Western Apache (which they refer to as Ndéé biyáti' / Nnéé biyáti') are a form of Apachean, a branch of the Southern Athabaskan language family. The Navajo speak a related Apachean language, but the peoples separated several hundred years ago and are considered culturally distinct. Other indigenous peoples who speak Athabaskan languages are located in Alaska and Canada.The anthropologist Grenville Goodwin classified the Western Apache into five groups based on Apachean dialect and culture:
 Cibecue,
 Northern Tonto,
 Southern Tonto,
 San Carlos, and
 White Mountain.

Since Goodwin, other researchers have disputed his conclusion of five linguistic groups. They do agree that there are three main Apachean dialects, with several sub-groupings:
 San Carlos,
 White Mountain, and
 Dilzhę́'é (Tonto).

Some 20,000 Western Apache still speak their native language, and the tribes are working to preserve it. Bilingual teachers are often employed in the lower elementary grades to promote that goal, but many children tend to learn to speak only the widely spoken English, mingled with occasional Spanish, depending on their home languages.

In relation to culture, tribal schools offer classes in native handicrafts, such as basket weaving; making bows, arrows, spears, shields; and cradles for infants. Girls and young women at the elementary and secondary level are taught how to make native regalia from buckskin, in addition to making silver jewelry. In addition, young men often become jewelry makers and are taught skills in this area.

Western Apache bands and tribes

White Mountain Apache
The White Mountain Apache or Dził Łigai Si'án Ndéé "People of the White Mountains" (), are centered in Fort Apache Indian Reservation. It is the most eastern band of the Western Apache group. The White Mountain Apache are a federally recognized tribe. Their traditional area ranged from the White Mountains near present-day Snowflake, Arizona, the Little Colorado River in the north over the Gila Mountains south to the Pinaleno Mountains near Safford (Ich'į' Nahiłtį́į́)) and parts of Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico. They lived near waterways, which they used for their crops, such as along the East Fork and North Fork of the White River, Willow Creek, Black River and the Gila River.
 Western White Mountain band (Łį́nabaahé, Łį́nabaahá – "Many Go to War People", literally, "they scout with horses," often called Coyoteros or Coyotero Apaches)
 Eastern White Mountain band (Dziłghą́'é or Dziłghą'á – "On Top of Mountains People")
 Dził Nchaa Si'án ("Big Seated Mountain People", i.e. "People of Mount Graham")
 Today it includes the Tséé hachíídn or Cháchíídn ("Red Rock Strata People", a group of chief Pedro's Carrizo band of the Cibecue Apaches, who were not forced to move to San Carlos in 1875.

Cibecue Apache
(Spanish derivation of the autonym of the Apache living in the Cibecue Creek Valley and Salt River Canyon known to them as Deshchíí Bikoh, Dishchíí Bikoh, or Deshchííkoh – "Horizontally Red Canyon" or "Red Ridge Valley", therefore the Apache living there were called Deshchíí Bikoh Ndéé, Dishchíídn  – "Horizonally Red Canyon People" – sometimes shortened to "People of the Red Canyon" or "Red Canyon People", possibly of Navajo/Zuni ancestry, ranged north of the Salt River to well above the Mogollon Rim between Cherry Creek in the west to Cedar Creek in the east – sometimes they were found even further west on Tonto Creek, in the Sierra Ancha and the Mazatzal Mountains considered to be Southern Tonto Apache land), today all part of the federally recognized tribe of the White Mountain Apache of the Fort Apache Reservation
 Canyon Creek band (Gołkizhn – "Spotted on Top People" or "Marked on The Ground People", likely refers to a mountain that is spotted with junipers, lived along Canyon Creek, a tributary of the Salt River in the Mogollon Rim area, western band of the Cibecue Apache with five local groups)
 Carrizo band (Tł'ohk'aa hagain, Tł'ohk'aa digaidn Bikoh Ndéé – "White Arrowgrass Goes Up People" or "Canyon of the Row of White Canes People", lived along Carrizo Creek, a tributary of the Salt River, eastern band of the Cibecue Apache with four local groups)
 Cibecue band (Dziłt'aadn, Ts'iłt'aadn, or Dziłtaadn – "Base of Mountain People/Foot of the Mountain People", lived along Cibecue Creek, a tributary of the Salt River, middle or central band of the Cibecue Apache with four local groups)

San Carlos Apache of the San Carlos Reservation
(Tsék'āādn – "Metate Stone People", lived on both sides of the San Pedro River and in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson), a federally recognized tribe composed of the San Carlos Apache proper and several groups of the Cibecue Apache (excluding the Tsēē Hachīīdn ("Red Rock Strata People") clan of the Carrizo band), some Tonto Apache, Lipan as well Chiricahua Apache peoples.
 Apache Peaks band (Nadah doo Golniihé – "Spoiled Mescal People", "Tasteless Mescal People", also called Bích'iltł'éhé Nṉēē – "Fled to the Mountains People", lived northeast of Globe between the Salt River and the Apache Peaks as far east as Íshįįhyú ("Salt") on the Salt River, between Cibicue Creek mouth and Canyon Creek mouths)
 San Carlos band (Tsandee Dot'án – 'It is Placed Alone beside the Fire People', often simply called Tsék'āādn – "Metate People", or San Carlos proper, also called T'iiszhaazhé Bikoh – "Small Cottonwood Canyon People", lived and farmed along the San Carlos River, a tributary of the Gila River)
 Pinaleño/Pinal band (Spanish 'Pinery People', T'iis Sibaan, T'iisibaan, or T'iisebán – "Edge of Cottonwood People", "Cottonwoods in Gray Wedge Shape People", named after the trees at the mouth of the San Pedro River and their farms along Pinal Creek called T'iisébaa, lived from the Mescal Mountains (Nadahchoh Das'án – "Big Mescal Sitting There") in the west to the northern edge of the Apache Peaks in the east, northward across the Salt River and in the north and eastern parts of the Pinaleno Mountains (Pinal Mountains, in Apache: Dził Ndilchí' Biyílé – "pine-burdened mountain", in Yavapai: Walkame – "pine mountains") southeast toward the Gila River, together with their allies, the Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Band ("Pine Mountains People") of Guwevkabaya-Yavapai and their Arivaipa kin they hunted and camped in the Dripping Springs Mountains to the southwest, lived generally north of the Arivaipa band)
 first Pinaleño/Pinal Apache local group or Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan  ("actual" or "real" Walkamepa clan) lived as bilingual group in the southern and western Pinal Mountains, also known in English as "Pinaleño/Pinal Apache Band" of the San Carlos Apache (in Apache: T'iisibaan or T'iisebán).
 second Pinaleño/Pinal Apache local group or Ilihasitumapa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan ("wood-sticking-out-of-middle-of-water People") (lived as bilingual group in the northern Pinaleno Mountains, therefore also known in English as "Pinaleño/Pinal Apache Band" of the San Carlos Apache.)
 Arivaipa/Aravaipa band (Pima: 'cowards, 'women', called by the Apaches Tsēē ch'éheshjiné, Tséch'isjiné, Tséjiné, or Tsézhiné – "Dark Rocks People" or "Black Rocks People", after a well known spot of black rocks around Bassett Peak (Dził Naz'aayú – "Mountain That Sits Here and There") of the Galiuro Mountains, their range encompassed the Aravaipa Creek Valley, the Galiuro Mountains,  the Santa Teresa Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains und Rincon Mountains (Itah Gos'án – "Sits Close Together") and the southern edge of the Pinaleno Mountains, together with their Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Band ("Pine Mountains People") of Guwevkabaya-Yavapai allies and their Pinaleño/Pinal kin they hunted and camped in the Dripping Springs Mountains to the northwest)
 Tsézhiné or Tséjiné – "Dark Rocks People" or "Black Rocks People", Aravaipa proper, because they outnumbered the Tsēē Bénast'i'é "Wrapped Around the Rocks People" their name was used for all Aravaipa.
 Tsēē Bénast'i'é – "Wrapped Around the Rocks People" or "Surrounded by Rocks People"
 Dziłdlaazhé or Ch'ishdlaazhé ("Mount Turnbull Apache") or further Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan (Yavapai name not known) (lived as bilingual group in the Santa Teresa Mountains including Mount Turnbull, in English most widely known as "Aravaipa Apache clan" of the San Carlos Apache.)

Tonto Apache
(autonym: Dilzhę́`é lived from the San Francisco Peaks, East Verde River and Oak Creek Canyon along the Verde River into the Mazatzal Mountains and to the Salt River in the SW and the Tonto Basin in the SE, extending eastward toward the Little Colorado River. They were the most westerly group of the Western Apache.

The Chiricahua called them Ben-et-dine – 'wild', 'crazy'; neighboring Western Apache called them Koun`nde – 'Those who you don't understand', 'wild rough People'. The Spanish adapted the latter term, referring to the people as Tonto –meaning 'loose', 'foolish' in Spanish. The Dine called the Tonto Apache and neighboring Yavapai Dilzh'í' diné'i' – 'People with high-pitched voices', distinguishing them by language.
 Northern Tonto or Tonto, inhabited the upper reaches of the Verde River and ranged north toward the San Francisco Mountains north of Flagstaff. Because they shared hunting and gathering grounds with Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya bands of the Yavapai, they formed bilingual mixed-tribal bands with common headmen. Both the band/local group or its headman usually were given two names: one was Apache (Southern Athabascan) and the other Yavapai (Upland Yuman).
 Bald Mountain band (a bilingual, mixed Apache-Yavapai band known in Apache as: Dahszíné Dahsdáyé Iṉéé – 'Porcupine Sitting Above People', and in Yavapai: Wiipukepaya, meaning ′Oak Creek Canyon People′. In English they were often known as the "Bald Mountain band" (with focus on the Apache) or as "Oak Creek Canyon band" (with focus on the Yavapai). They lived mainly around Bald Mountain or Squaw Peak, on the west side of the Verde Valley, southwest of Camp Verde. They lived entirely by hunting and gathering plant foods.
 Oak Creek band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names: in Apache: Tséé Hichíí Nṉéé – 'Horizontal Red Rock People' and in Yavapai: Wiipukepaya local group – ′Oak Creek Canyon People′; in English often known as "Oak Creek band" (Apache) or as "Oak Creek Canyon band" (Yavapai). Lived near today's Sedona, along Oak Creek, Dry Beaver Creek, Wet Beaver Creek and southward to the west side of the Verde River between Altnan and West Clear Creek, eastward to Stoneman's and Mary's Lakes, and northward to Roger's Lake and Flagstaff.
 Fossil Creek band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names: in Apache: Tú Dotł'izh Nṉéé – 'Blue Water People,i.e. Fossil Creek People' and in Yavapai: Matkitwawipa band – ′People of the Upper Verde River Valley (in Yavapai: Matk'amvaha)′). Lived along and had a few tiny farms on Fossil Creek, Clear Creek and a site on the Verde River below the mouth of Deer Creek, they hunted and gathered west of the Verde River, northwest to the Oak Creek band territory and northeast to Apache Maid Mountain.
 Mormon Lake band (in Apache: Dotł'izhi Ha'it'Inṉéé – 'Turquoise Road Coming Up People') Lived east of Mormon Lake near the head of Anderson's Canyon and ranged up to the southern foot of the San Francisco Mountains, at Elden Mountain near Flagstaff, around Mormon, Mary's, Stoneman's and Hay Lakes, and at Anderson and Padre Canyons. Because they were exposed to the hostile Navajo on the north and east, they depended entirely on hunting and gathering wild plant foods for sustenance. Only the Mormon Lake band was composed entirely of Tonto Apache.
 Southern Tonto or Dilzhę́'é (lived in the Tonto Basin from the Salt River in south northward along and over the East Verde River, including the Sierra Ancha (Dził Nteel – "Wide Flat Mountain"), Bradshaw Mountains and Mazatzal Mountains – like the Northern Tonto Apache with the Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya – they formed with the Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya bands of Yavapai bilingual mixed-tribal bands with common headmen.)
 Mazatzal band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names and broken up in two local groups of the "Tséé Nołtł'izhń Band" ('Rocks in a Line of Greenness People') of Southern Tonto Apache and the "Wiikchasapaya/Wikedjasapa Band" (′People of the McDowell Mountains (in Yavapai: Wi:kajasa)′) of Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya Yavapai). Lived mainly in the eastern slopes of Mazatzal Mountains and eastwards on both sides of Tonto Creek down where Theodore Roosevelt Lake now is.
 Tséé Nołtł'izhń (Apache name) or Hakayopa clan (Cottonwood People, Yavapai name); in English simply known as "Mazatzal band" (Apache). Claimed the area around the community Sunflower Valley, the Mazatzal Mountains south of its highest peak, Mazatzal Peak (2.409 m), and to the east in the area around the former Fort Camp Reno in the western Tonto Basin (also called Pleasant Valley).
 Tsé Nołtł'izhń (Apache name) or Hichapulvapa clan ('bunch-of-wood-sticking-up People', Yavapai name); in English simply known as "Mazatzal band" (Apache). They claimed the Mazatzal Mountains southward from East Verde River and westward from North Peak to Mazatzal Peak.
 Dilzhę́'é semi-band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai group with two names: in Apache: Dilzhę́'é or Dilzę́`é – 'People with high-pitched voices' and in Yavapai: Matkawatapa clan ('red-strata-country People, i.e. Sierra Ancha People'). The Dilzhę́'é semi-band are the first and most important semi-band under which name the five remaining semi-bands were known, those Dilzhę́'é of Sierra Ancha formed with members of the Walkamepa band a bilingual unit).
 second semi-band (lived along Tonto Creek and Rye Creek in the Gisela area, south of the third/Payson semi-band and northeast of the Mazatzal band).
 third semi-band (perhaps one of the principal Dilzhę́'é Apache clans – the "People of the Yellow Speckled Water", their territory encompassed the Tonto Apache Reservation, they were living in the Round Valley–Payson area known in Apache as Tégótsog ("Place of the Yellow Water" or "Place of the Yellow Land").
 fourth semi-band (lived near the confluence of the East Verde with the Verde River, most south of the East Verde between the territories of the Guwevkabaya-Yavapai southwest and Mazatzal band south, the second/Gisela semi-band to the east, and the third/Payson semi-band to the northeast, and the fifth/Pine semi-band north).
 fifth semi-band (lived along the East Verde River north and along Pine Creek in Strawberry and Pine valleys, a tributary of Tonto Creek, in the Pine area).
 sixth semi-band.

Other bands and groups
Often groups of Wi:pukba (Wipukepa) and Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya) of the Yavapai lived together with the Tonto Apache (as well as bands of the San Carlos Apache) in bilingual rancherias, and could not be distinguished by outsiders (Spaniards, Americans, or Mexicans) except on the basis of their first language. The Yavapai and Apache together were often referred to as Tonto or Tonto Apaches. Therefore, it is not always easy to find out whether it is now exclusively dealing with Yavapai or Apache, or those mixed bands. The Wi:pukba (Wipukepa) and Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya) were therefore, because of their ancestral and cultural proximity to the Tonto and San Carlos Apaches, often incorrectly called Yavapai Apaches or Yuma Apaches. The Ɖo:lkabaya (Tolkepaya), the southwestern group of Yavapai, and the Hualapai (also belonging to the Upland Yuma Peoples) were also referred as Yuma Apaches or Mohave Apaches.

Notable Western Apache

White Mountain Apaches
 Alchesay (aka William Alchesay and Áłch'ísé – "The Little One", May 17, 1853 – Aug.6, 1928) was a chief of the White Mountain Apache and an Apache Scout. He received United States militaries highest decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Apache Wars and the Yavapai Wars. He tried to convince Geronimo to surrender peacefully. Became later a prominent stockman, made several trips to Washington, D.C., and was active in Indian affairs.
 Bylas (aka Bailish or Baylas – "One Who Does All the Talking") chief of the Eastern White Mountain band, for whom the present settlement of Bylas on the San Carlos Reservation is named, this Apache settlement is divided into two communities, one of the White Mountain, the other of San Carlos and Southern Tonto Apache.
 Francisco *Indian name (Gochaahá = Big One) killed 11/10 – 1865, chief of the Eastern White Mountain Coyotero Apache band, maybe he had been in his childhood a Mexican captive and thus inherited his Spanish name or he is to be identified with Na-ginit-a ("He Scouts Ahead"), an Eastern White Mountain chief closely engaged with Chiricahua chief Cochise – both Francisco and Na-ginit-a being killed by venom in 1865 at Camp Goodwin – arrested because of his involvement in the Cienega massacre and "executed" in unclear circumstances.
 Esh-kel-dah-sila (Eskiltesela, Esketeshelaw, Hashkéédásiláá – "He Is Constantly Angry", Heske-hldasila – "Angry, Right Side Up", also known as Clear-Eyed Eskeltesela, fl. c. 1850–1875) chief of the Nádots'osn clan (Nádohots'osn, Náhodits'osn, or Nádots'osin – "slender peak standing up people") as of the entire Eastern White Mountain Apache band, most respected and prominent Eastern White Mountain Apache chief in history, he maintained alliances with Hopi and Zuni, offered land for the establishment of Camp Apache (later Fort Apache), Pedro and his Carrizo band of Cibecue Apaches got permission from him to settle near later Fort Apache on White Mountain Apache territory, he and his band were generally ill-disposed toward Cibecue Apache bands of Miguel, Diablo and Pedro, who had enlisted as Apache Scouts in 1871 and were scouting against "troublemakers" of Esh-kel-dah-sila's band.
 Polone, succeeded in 1873 Esh-kel-dah-sila as chief of the Eastern White Mountain Apache band.

Cibecue Apache
 Miguel (also known as One-Eyed-Miguel or El Tuerto, Esh-ke-iba, Es-chá´-pa, Es-ca-pa or Hashkééba – "Aware of His Anger", sometimes called Pin-dah-kiss, ca. ? – †1871) chief of the dominant local group and clan of the Carrizo band, during the 1850s and 1860s most prominent Carrizo chief, in 1869 Miguel and his younger brother Diablo initiated relations between Americans and the Cibecue and White Mountain Apaches, which led to the establishment of Fort Apache (first as Camp Apache in 1870). He supplied recruits for the first unit of Apache Scouts in 1871, because the Cibecue Apaches were forced to settle near Camp Apache on White Mountain Apache territory in spring 1874, he was killed shortly after during a feud with White Mountain Apaches, after that, Diablo took over leadership from his deceased older brother and avenged his death.
 Diablo (El Diablo – "the Devil" or Capitan Grande, Hashkéédásiláá (hash-kay-dah-si-laa) – "His Anger is Lying Side By Side",  c. 1846 – †30. Aug.1880) after the death of his older brother Chief Miguel in 1874 during a feud with the White Mountain Apaches, he became the most prominent chief of the Carrizo band, in the fall of 1874 he enlisted as Scout and was promoted to sergeant, in January 1876 he and his band together with other Cibecue Apache bands were forced to move onto the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, only Pedro's band was allowed to stay at Fort Apache – which led to ill feelings towards the latter, therefore Diablo's band attacked on August 30, 1880, Pedro's band near Fort Apache, which resulted in the killing of Diablo himself, not to be confused with Hashkéédásiláá, the most prominent Eastern White Mountain Apache chief at this time.
 Pedro (Hashkéé-yánáłti'i-dn, Hash-kay-ya-nal-ti-din – "Angry, He Ask for It", also known as Pedro, the Imitator, ca. 1835 – †1885) chief of the Tséé hachíídn clan ("Red Rock Strata People") and local group of the Carrizo band, during a clan dispute in the early 1850s he was driven off the Carrizo Creek by Miguel, was allowed by the great Eastern White Mountain Apache chief Hashkéédásiláá after two years to settle near Fort Apache, Pedro's band intermarried with the White Mountain Apaches and were therefore classed as White Mountain Apaches, however they retained close clan ties with the Carrizo band of the Cibecue Apaches, he and his segundo (or war chief) Yclenny together with White Mountain Apache chiefs Alchesay and Petone killed August 30, 1880 Diablo, (oft mistaken for Hashkéédásiláá, the most prominent Eastern White Mountain Apache chief at this time) in selfdefense, in revenge for the death of Diablo he was shot through both knees but survived, only Petone was mortally wounded, was a constant friend of the Americans.
 Petone succeeded his father Pedro about 1873 as chief of the Carrizo band of Cibecue Apaches – now generally classed as White Mountain Apaches. He was involved in the murder of the influential Carrizo band chief Diablo on August 30, 1880, half a year later in February 1881 members of Diablo's band would avenge his death. In this battle, Pedro was shot through both knees and Alchesay through the chest, both of them survived, but Petone was mortally wounded.
 Capitán Chiquito (also known as Captain Chiquito, Chief of the Cibecue band, not to be confused with the Pinaleño Apache Chief of the same name)
 Nock-ay-dot-klin-ne (Nakąįdotł'ini – "spotted or freckled Mexican", called by the Whites Babbyduclone, Barbudeclenny, Bobby-dok-linny and Freckled Mexican Matthews) chief of the Cañon Creek band and a respected medicine man among his people, held dances and claimed to bring two dead chiefs, the Carrizo band chief Diablo and the Cibecue band chief Es-ki-ol-e to life, fearing an Apache uprising the Army tried to arrest the medicine man which led to the Battle of Cibecue Creek on Aug.30, 1881, after the fighting erupted the Apache scouts mutinied as suspected. The attacking Apaches fought mainly at rifle range, however, when the scouts turned against the soldiers, a brief close range engagement occurred. As the battle ended with a strategic Apache victory, despite their inability to rescue their leader, due to the soldiers retreat. After the battle, the American army buried six soldiers, Nakąįdotł'ini, his wife, and young son, who was killed while riding into battle on his father's pony. The Cibecue affair touched off a regional Apache uprising, in which the leading men of the Chiricahua bands, such as Naiche (c. 1857–1919), Juh (c. 1825 – Nov. 1883), and Geronimo (June 16, 1829 – Feb.17, 1909), left the reservation and went to war in Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. The warfare lasted about two years, ultimately ending in the US defeat of the Apache.
 Ne-big-ja-gy (also called Ka-clenny and Es-keg-i-slaw) was brother of Nakąįdotł'ini, the medicine men and chief of the Cañon Creek band.  He succeeded his brother as chief of the Cañon Creek band.
 Sánchez (Béshbiwoo'dn or Bé-cbiɣo'dn – "Metal Tooth" or "Iron Tooth") was successor of Diablo as Chief of the Carrizo Creek band.  This band of about 250 people lived on Carrizo Creek, twelve miles north of Carrizo Crossing, was closely associated with Nakąįdotł'ini.

San Carlos Apaches
 Casador  (Casadora, Nant'ánchoh – "Great Chief") was recognized as the main chief of the San Carlos band, before he left the reservation.
 Eskinospas (Eskénásbas, Hashkéénásbas– "Angry Circular", called by the Whites Nosy) chief of a local group of the Arivaipa band.
 Santo, an Arivaipa Apache Chief and di-yin, father-in-law of Eskiminzin.
 Eskiminzin (aka Hashkéébánsiziin, Hashkíbáínzín – "Angry, Men Stand in Line for Him", born approximately 1828 near the Pinal Mountains as a Pinaleño) through marriage into the Arivaipa, became one of them and later their chief. He and his band together with the Pinaleño band under Capitán Chiquito were attacked by on April 30, 1871, in the Camp Grant Massacre.  Led by William S. Oury and Jesús María Elías, who blamed every depredation in southern Arizona on the 500 Camp Grant Apaches, contacted an old ally Francisco Galerita, leader of the Tohono O'odham at San Xavier to punish the Arivaipa. In a surprise attack, 98 Apaches were killed and mutilated by Tohono O'odham (all but eight were women and children) and 27 children were sold into slavery in Mexico by the Tohono O'odham and the Mexicans.
 Capitán Chiquito was chief of the Pinaleño band, became together with the Arivaipa Chief Eskiminzin victim of the Camp Grant Massacre by Mexicans and their Tohono O'odham-allies, after the massacre the surviving Arivaipa and Pinaleño bands fled north to their Tonto Apache and Yavapai allies, together they raiding and fought the Americans until into 1875 with its culmination in General George Crook's Tonto Basin Campaign of 1872 and 1873.
 Talkalai (T'alkááli, *1817 – †March 4, 1930, Miami) was chief of the Apache Peaks band, and served as Chief of Scouts for three different United States Army Generals, Crook, Miles, and Howard. In April 1887 he was the leader of the scouts that marched 400 miles into Mexico and captured Geronimo. He once saved the life of his good friend John Clum, first Indian Agent at San Carlos Indian reservation, by shooting his own brother. This act so inflamed some of his band members that he was forced to flee the reservation and move into the town of Miami, Arizona. He was also a friend of the Earps in Tombstone and had been a guest of President Cleveland in the White House.
 Michael Minjarez, actor & Apache dialect supervisor.

Tonto Apaches

 See also
 Western Apache language

 References

Further reading
 Basso, Keith H.  (1969). Western Apache witchcraft. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, (No. 15).  Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 Basso, Keith H.  (1970).  The Cibecue Apache.  Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
 Basso, Keith H.  (1979).  Portraits of "the whiteman": Linguistic play and Cultural symbols among the Western Apache.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Basso, Keith H.  (1996).  Wisdom sits in places: Landscape and language among the Western Apache.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
 Goodwin, Grenville.  (1939).  Myth and tales of the White Mountain Apache.  Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, (Vol. 33).  New York: American Folk-Lore Society (J. J. Augustin).
 Goodwin, Grenville.  (1942).  The social organization of the Western Apache.  Goodwin, Janice T.(Ed.).  The University of Chicago publications in anthropology: Ethnological series.  Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.  [reprinted 1969 by Tucson: University of Arizona Press].
 Goodwin, Grenville.  (1971).  Western Apache raiding and warfare.  Basso, Keith H. (Ed.).  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
 Goodwin, Grenville; & Opler, Morris E.  (1973).  Grenville Goodwin among the Western Apache: Letters from the field.  Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 Gordon, Steve; Martin, Deborah; & Perry, Edgar.  (1998).  Ancient power [Compact Disc Recording].  Topanga, CA: Sequoia Records.
 Kaut, Charles R.  (1957).  The Western Apache clan system: Its origins and development.  University of New Mexico publications in anthropology, (#9). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
 Perry, Edgar.  (1992).  Oral history [Cassette Recording]. In T. Scott, B. Young, H. Cordero, C. Lomahaftewa, J. Ben, E. Perry, E. Salmon, (1949–1995), Film, video and audio collection.  [unpublished open archival collection].
 Roberts, Helen H.  (1929).  Basketry of the San Carlos Apache''.  Anthropology papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 31, Part 2). New York City: The American Museum of Natural History.

External links
 White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
 San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
 Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
 Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website
 Yavapai–Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council)
 White Mountain Apache Tribe
 Fort Apache Reservation Map
 White Mountain Apaches at Fort Apache Reservation: Photos and Facts
 Apache Texts
 White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker–University Collaboration
 Apache Indian Language (Tinde, Nde, Ndee, Tineh, Na'isha)
 Projects.ltc.arizona.edu, American Indian Language Development Institute (has children's video of Cactus Boy story in Western Apache)
 Apaches of Aravaipa Canyon, a nonprofit organization working to preserve the site of and educate people about the Camp Grant Massacre

Apache people
Indigenous peoples in Mexico

Western Apache people


Flanging   is an audio effect produced by mixing two identical signals together, one signal delayed by a small and (usually) gradually changing period, usually smaller than 20 milliseconds. This produces a swept comb filter effect: peaks and notches are produced in the resulting frequency spectrum, related to each other in a linear harmonic series. Varying the time delay causes these to sweep up and down the frequency spectrum. A flanger is an effects unit that creates this effect.

Part of the output signal is usually fed back to the input (a "re-circulating delay line"), producing a resonance effect which further enhances the intensity of the peaks and troughs. The phase of the fed-back signal is sometimes inverted, producing another variation on the flanger sound.

Origin
As an audio effect, a listener hears a "drainpipe" or "swoosh" or "jet plane" sweeping effect as shifting sum-and-difference harmonics are created analogous to use of a variable notch filter. The term "flanging" comes from one of the early methods of producing the effect. The finished music track is recorded simultaneously to two matching tape machines, then replayed with both decks in sync. The output from the two recorders is mixed to a third recorder. The engineer slows down one playback recorder by lightly pressing a finger on the flange (rim) of the supply reel. The "drainpipe" or subtle "swoosh" effect "sweeps" in one direction, and the playback of that recorder remains slightly behind the other when the finger is removed. By pressing a finger on the flange of the other deck, the effect sweeps back in the other direction as the decks progress towards being in sync. The Beatles' producer George Martin disputed this "reel flange" source, attributing the term to himself and John Lennon instead.

Despite claims over who originated flanging, Les Paul discovered the effect in the late 1940s and 1950s; however, he did most of his early phasing experiments with acetate disks on variable-speed record players. On "Mammy's Boogie" (1952) he used two disk recorders, one with a variable speed control. The first hit song with a very discernible flanging effect was "The Big Hurt" (1959) by Toni Fisher.

Further development of the classic effect is attributed to Ken Townsend, an engineer at EMI's Abbey Road Studio, who devised a process in the spring of 1966. Tired of laboriously re-recording dual vocal tracks, John Lennon asked Townsend if there was some way for the Beatles to get the sound of double-tracked vocals without doing the work. Townsend devised artificial double tracking (ADT). According to historian Mark Lewisohn, it was Lennon who first called the technique "flanging". Lennon asked George Martin to explain how ADT worked, and Martin answered with the nonsense explanation "Now listen, it's very simple. We take the original image and we split it through a double vibrocated sploshing flange with double negative feedback". Lennon thought Martin was joking. Martin replied, "Well, let's flange it again and see". From that point, when Lennon wanted ADT he would ask for his voice to be flanged, or call out for "Ken's flanger". According to Lewisohn, the Beatles' influence meant the term "flanging" is still in use today, more than 50 years later. The first Beatles track to feature flanging was "Tomorrow Never Knows" from Revolver, recorded on 6 April 1966. When Revolver was released on 5 August 1966, almost every song had been subjected to flanging.

Others have attributed it to George Chkiantz, an engineer at Olympic Studios in Barnes, London. One of the first instances on a pop recording was the Small Faces' 1967 single "Itchycoo Park", recorded at Olympic and engineered by Chkiantz's colleague Glyn Johns.

The first stereo flanging is credited to producer Eddie Kramer, in the coda of Jimi Hendrix's "Bold as Love" (1967). Kramer said in the 1990s that he read BBC Radiophonic Workshop journals for ideas and circuit diagrams.

In 1968, the record producer for the Litter, Warren Kendrick, devised a method to precisely control flanging by placing two 15 ips (inches per second) stereo Ampex tape recorders side by side. The take-up reel of recorder A and supply reel of B were disabled, as were channel 2 of recorder A, channel 1 of recorder B and the erase head of recorder B. The tape was fed left-to-right across both recorders and an identical signal was recorded on each channel of the tape, but displaced by approximately 18 inches along the length of the tape. During recording, an ordinary screwdriver was wedged between the recorders to make the tape run "uphill" and "downhill." The same configuration was employed during the playback/mixdown to a third recorder. The screwdriver was moved back and forth to cause the two signals to diverge, then converge. The latter technique permits zero point flanging; i.e., the lagging signal crosses over the leading signal and the signals change places.

A similar "jet plane-like" effect can occur naturally in long distance shortwave radio music broadcasts. In this case the delays are caused by variable radio wave propagation time and multipath radio interference.

Artificial flanging
In the 1970s, advances in solid-state electronics made flanging possible using integrated circuit technology. Solid-state flanging devices fall into two categories: analog and digital. The Eventide Instant Flanger from 1975 is an early example of a studio device that was able to successfully simulate tape flanging using bucket-brigades to create the audio delay. The flanging effect in most newer digital flangers relies on DSP technology. Flanging can also be accomplished using computer software.

The original tape-flanging effect sounds a little different from electronic and software recreations. Not only is the tape-flanging signal time-delayed, but response characteristics at different frequencies of the tape and tape heads introduced phase shifts into the signals as well. Thus, while the peaks and troughs of the comb filter are more or less in a linear harmonic series, there is a significant non-linear behaviour too, causing the timbre of tape-flanging to sound more like a combination of what came to be known as flanging and phasing.

"Barber pole" flanging
Also known as "infinite flanging", this sonic illusion is similar to the Shepard tone effect, and is equivalent to an auditory "barber pole". The sweep of the flanged sound seems to move in only one direction ("up" or "down") infinitely, instead of sweeping back-and-forth. While Shepard tones are created by generating a cascade of tones, fading in and out while sweeping the pitch either up or down, barber pole flanging uses a cascade of multiple delay lines, fading each one into the mix and fading it out as it sweeps to the delay time limit. The effect is available on various hardware and software effect systems.

Comparison with phase shifting

Flanging is one specific type of phase-shifting, or "phasing". In phasing, the signal is passed through one or more all-pass filters with non-linear phase response and then added back to the original signal.  This results in constructive and destructive interference that varies with frequency, giving a series of peaks and troughs in the frequency response of the system. In general, the position of these peaks and troughs do not occur in a harmonic series.

In contrast, flanging relies on adding the signal to a uniform time-delayed copy of itself, which results in an output signal with peaks and troughs which are in a harmonic series.  Extending the comb analogy, flanging yields a comb filter with regularly spaced teeth, whereas phasing results in a comb filter with irregularly spaced teeth.

In both phasing and flanging, the characteristics (phase response and time delay respectively) are generally varied in time, leading to an audible sweeping effect. To the ear, flanging and phasing sound similar, yet they are recognizable as distinct colorations. Commonly, flanging is referred to as having a "jet-plane-like" characteristic.  In order for the comb filter effect to be audible, the spectral content of the program material must be full enough within the frequency range of this moving comb filter to reveal the filter's effect.  It is more apparent when it is applied to material with a rich harmonic content, and is most obvious when applied to a white noise or similar noise signal. If the frequency response of this effect is plotted on a graph, the trace resembles a comb, and so is called a comb filter.

See also
 Moiré pattern
 Phaser (effect)

References

External links
 A Scientific Explanation of Phasing (Flanging) from the Audio Engineering Society

Audio effects
Sound recording
Tape recording

Flanging