Christian Charles Philip Bale (born 30 January 1974) is an English actor. Known for his versatility and physical transformations for his roles, he has been a leading man in films of several genres. He has received various accolades, including an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. Forbes magazine ranked him as one of the highest-paid actors in 2014.

Born in Wales to English parents, Bale had his breakthrough role at age 13 in Steven Spielberg's 1987 war film Empire of the Sun. After more than a decade of performing in leading and supporting roles in films, he gained wider recognition for his portrayals of serial killer Patrick Bateman in the black comedy American Psycho (2000) and the title role in the psychological thriller The Machinist (2004). In 2005, he played superhero Batman in Batman Begins and again in The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012), garnering acclaim for his performance in the trilogy, which is one of the highest-grossing film franchises.

Bale continued in starring roles in a range of films outside his work as Batman, including the period drama The Prestige (2006), the action film Terminator Salvation (2009), the crime drama Public Enemies (2009), the epic film Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) and the superhero film Thor: Love and Thunder (2022). For his portrayal of boxer Dicky Eklund in the 2010 biographical film The Fighter, he won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Further Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations came for his work in the black comedy American Hustle (2013) and the biographical dramedies The Big Short (2015) and Vice (2018). His performances as politician Dick Cheney in Vice and race car driver Ken Miles in the sports drama Ford v Ferrari (2019) earned him a second win and a fifth nomination respectively at the Golden Globe Awards.

Early life
Christian Charles Philip Bale was born on 30 January 1974 in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, to English parents—Jenny James, a circus performer, and David Bale, an entrepreneur and activist. Bale has remarked, "I was born in Wales but I'm not Welsh—I'm English." He has two elder sisters, Sharon and Louise, and a half-sister from his father's first marriage, Erin. One of his grandfathers was a comedian while the other was a stand-in for John Wayne. Bale and his family left Wales when he was two years old, and after living in Portugal and Oxfordshire, England, they settled in Bournemouth. As well as saying that the family had lived in 15 towns by the time he was 15, Bale described the frequent relocation as being driven by "necessity rather than choice" and acknowledged that it had a major influence on his career selection. He attended Bournemouth School, later saying he left school at age 16. Bale's parents divorced in 1991, and at age 17, he moved with his sister Louise and their father to Los Angeles.

Bale trained in ballet as a child. His first acting role came at eight years old in a commercial for the fabric softener Lenor. He also appeared in a Pac-Man cereal commercial. After his sister was cast in a West End musical, Bale considered taking up acting professionally. He said later he did not find acting appealing but pursued it at the request of those around him because he had no reason not to do so. After participating in school plays, Bale performed opposite Rowan Atkinson in the play The Nerd in the West End in 1984. He did not undergo any formal acting training.

Career

Early roles and breakthrough (1986–1999)
After deciding to become an actor at age ten, Bale secured a minor role in the 1986 television film Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna. Its star, Amy Irving, who was married to director Steven Spielberg, subsequently recommended Bale for Spielberg's 1987 film Empire of the Sun. At age 13, Bale was chosen from over 4,000 actors to portray a British boy in a World War II Japanese internment camp. For the film, he spoke with an upper-class cadence without the help of a dialogue coach. The role propelled Bale to fame, and his work earned him acclaim and the inaugural Best Performance by a Juvenile Actor Award from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. Earlier in the same year, he starred in the fantasy film Mio in the Land of Faraway, based on the novel Mio, My Son by Astrid Lindgren. The fame from Empire of the Sun led to Bale being bullied in school and finding the pressures of working as an actor unbearable. He grew distrustful of the acting profession because of media attention but said that he felt obligated at a young age to continue to act for financial reasons. Around this time, actor and filmmaker Kenneth Branagh persuaded Bale to appear in his film Henry V in 1989, which drew him back into acting. The following year, Bale played Jim Hawkins opposite Charlton Heston as Long John Silver in Treasure Island, a television film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's book of the same name.

Bale starred in the 1992 Disney musical film Newsies, which was unsuccessful both at the box office and with critics. Rebecca Milzoff of Vulture revisited the film in 2012 and found the cracks in Bale's voice during his performance of the song "Santa Fe" charming and apt even though he was not a great singer. In 1993, he appeared in Swing Kids, a film about teenagers who secretly listen to forbidden jazz during the rise of Nazi Germany. In Gillian Armstrong's 1994 film Little Women, Bale played Theodore "Laurie" Laurence following a recommendation from Winona Ryder, who starred as Jo March. The film achieved critical and commercial success. Of Bale's performance, Ryder said he captured the complex nature of the role. He next voiced Thomas, a young compatriot of Captain John Smith, in the 1995 Disney animated film Pocahontas, which attracted a mixed critical reception. Bale played a small part in the 1996 film The Portrait of a Lady, based on the Henry James novel of the same name, and appeared in the 1998 musical film Velvet Goldmine, set in the 1970s during the glam rock era. In 1999, he was part of an ensemble cast, which included Kevin Kline and Michelle Pfeiffer, portraying Demetrius in A Midsummer Night's Dream, a film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play of the same name.

Rise to prominence and commercial decline (2000–2004)
Bale played Patrick Bateman, an investment banker and serial killer, in American Psycho, a film adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis's novel of the same name, directed by Mary Harron. While Harron had chosen Bale for the part, the film's production and distribution company, Lionsgate, originally disagreed and hired Leonardo DiCaprio to play Bateman with Oliver Stone to direct. Bale and Harron were brought back after DiCaprio and Stone had left the project. Bale exercised and tanned himself for months to achieve Bateman's chiseled physique and had his teeth capped to assimilate to the character's narcissistic nature. American Psycho premiered at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival. Harron said critic Roger Ebert named it the most hated film at the event. Of Bale's work, Ebert wrote he "is heroic in the way he allows the character to leap joyfully into despicability; there is no instinct for self-preservation here, and that is one mark of a good actor." The film was released in April 2000, becoming a commercial and critical success and later developing a cult following; the role established Bale as a leading man.

In the four years that followed American Psycho, Bale's career experienced critical and commercial failure. He next played a villainous real estate heir in John Singleton's action film Shaft and appeared in John Madden's film adaptation of the Louis de Bernières novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin as Mandras, a Greek fisherman who vies with Nicolas Cage's title character for the affections of Pelagia, played by Penélope Cruz. Bale said he found it refreshing to play Mandras, who is emotionally humane, after working on American Psycho and Shaft. In 2002, he appeared in three films: Laurel Canyon, Reign of Fire and Equilibrium. Reviewing Laurel Canyon for Entertainment Weekly, Lisa Schwarzbaum called Bale's performance "fussy". After having reservations about joining the post-apocalyptic Reign of Fire, which involved computer-generated imagery, Bale professed his enjoyment of making films that could go awry and cited director Rob Bowman as a reason for his involvement. In Equilibrium, he plays a police officer in a futuristic society and performs gun kata, a fictional martial art that incorporates gunfighting. IGNs Jeff Otto characterised Reign of Fire as "poorly received" and Equilibrium as "highly underrated", while The Independents Stephen Applebaum described the two films along with Shaft and Captain Corelli's Mandolin as "mediocre fare".

Bale starred as the insomnia-ridden, emotionally dysfunctional title character in the psychological thriller The Machinist. To prepare for the role, he initially only smoked cigarettes and drank whiskey. His diet later expanded to include black coffee, an apple and a can of tuna per day. Bale lost , weighing  to play the character, who was written in the script as "a walking skeleton". His weight loss prompted comparisons with Robert De Niro's weight gain in preparation to play Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull. Describing his transformation as mentally calming, Bale claimed he had stopped working for a while because he did not come upon scripts that piqued his interest and that the film's script drew him to lose weight for the part. The Machinist was released in October 2004; it performed poorly at the box office. Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel regarded it as one of the best films of the year, and Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote that Bale's "haunted, aggressive and finally wrenching performance" gave it a "strong anchor".

Batman and dramatic roles (2005–2008)

Bale portrayed American billionaire Bruce Wayne and his superhero alias Batman in Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins, a reboot of the Batman film series. Nolan cast Bale, who was still fairly unknown at the time, because Bale had "exactly the balance of darkness and light" Nolan sought. For the part, Bale regained the weight he lost for The Machinist and built muscle, weighing . He trained in weapons, Wing Chun Kung Fu and the Keysi Fighting Method. Acknowledging the story's peculiar circumstances involving a character "who thinks he can run around in a batsuit in the middle of the night", Bale said he and Nolan had deliberately approached it with "as realistic a motivation as possible", referencing Wayne's parents' murder. Bale voiced Wayne and Batman differently. He employed gravelly tone qualities for Batman, which Nolan believed reinforced the character's visual appearance. Batman Begins was released in the US in June 2005. Tim Grierson and Will Leitch of Vulture complimented Bale's "sensitive, intelligent portrayal of a spoiled, wayward Bruce who finally grows up (and fights crime)." The performance earned Bale the MTV Movie Award for Best Hero.

In the same year, Bale voiced the titular Howl, a wizard, in the English-language dub of Hayao Miyazaki's Howl's Moving Castle, a Japanese animated film adaptation of Diana Wynne Jones's novel of the same name. He committed himself to voice the role after watching Miyazaki's animated film Spirited Away. Later that year, he starred as a US war veteran who deals with post-traumatic stress disorder in the David Ayer-helmed crime drama Harsh Times, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. He portrayed colonist John Rolfe in The New World, a historical drama film inspired by the stories of Pocahontas, directed by Terrence Malick. The film was released on 25 December 2005. The following year saw the premiere of Rescue Dawn, by German filmmaker Werner Herzog, in which Bale portrayed US fighter pilot Dieter Dengler, who fights for his life after being shot down while on a mission during the Vietnam War. After the two worked together, Herzog stated that he had considered Bale to be among his generation's greatest talents long before he played Batman. The Austin Chronicles Marjorie Baumgarten viewed Bale's work as a continuance of his "masterful command of yet another American personality type."

For the 2006 film The Prestige, Bale reunited with Batman Begins director Nolan, who said that Bale was cast after offering himself for the part. It is based on the novel of the same name by Christopher Priest about a rivalry between two Victorian era magicians, whom Bale and Hugh Jackman play in the film. While it attracted acclaim from critics, the film performed more modestly during its run in theatres, earning $110 million against a $40 million budget. In his review for The New York Times, A. O. Scott highlighted Bale's "fierce inwardness" and called his performance "something to savor". Bale next starred in the 2007 drama films I'm Not There, portraying two incarnations of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, and in 3:10 to Yuma, playing a justice-seeking cattleman. He characterised his Dylan incarnations as "two men on a real quest for truth" and attributed his interest in 3:10 to Yuma to his affinity for films where he gets to "just be dirty and crawling in the mud". Bale reprised the role of Batman in Nolan's Batman Begins sequel The Dark Knight, which received acclaim and became the fourth film to gross more than $1 billion worldwide upon its July 2008 release. He did many of his own stunts, including one that involved standing on the roof of the Sears Tower in Chicago. The Dark Knight has been regarded by critics as the best superhero film.

The Dark Knight trilogy completion and acclaim (2009–2012)
In February 2008, Warner Bros. announced that Bale would star as rebellion leader John Connor in the post-apocalyptic action film Terminator Salvation, directed by McG, who cited Bale as "the most credible actor of his generation". In February 2009, an audio recording of a tirade on the film's set in July 2008 involving Bale was released. It captured him directing profanities towards and threatening to attack the film's cinematographer Shane Hurlbut, who walked onto the set during the filming of a scene acted by Bale and Bryce Dallas Howard, and culminated in Bale threatening to quit the film if Hurlbut was not fired. Several colleagues in the film industry defended Bale, attributing the incident to his dedication to acting. Bale publicly apologised in February 2009, calling the outburst "inexcusable" and his behaviour "way out of order" and affirming to have made amends with Hurlbut. Terminator Salvation was released in May 2009 to tepid reviews. Claudia Puig of USA Today considered Bale's work to be "surprisingly one-dimensional", while The Ages Jake Wilson wrote he gave one of his least compelling performances. Bale later admitted he knew during production that the film would not revitalise the Terminator franchise as he had wished. He asserted he would not work with McG again.

Bale portrayed FBI agent Melvin Purvis opposite Johnny Depp as gangster John Dillinger in Michael Mann's crime drama Public Enemies. Released in July 2009, it earned critical praise and had a commercially successful theatrical run. Dan Zak of The Washington Post was unsatisfied with the casting of Bale and Depp, believing their characters' rivalry lacked electricity, while The New Republics Christopher Orr found Bale's "characteristically closed off" performance "nonetheless effective". The following year, Bale starred in the role of Dicky Eklund, a professional boxer whose career has ended due to his drug addiction, in David O. Russell's drama film The Fighter. It chronicles the relationship between Eklund and his brother and boxing trainee, Micky Ward, played by Mark Wahlberg. To balance Eklund's tragic condition, Bale incorporated humor in his characterisation. The portrayal, for which he lost , was acclaimed, the San Francisco Chronicles Mick LaSalle describing it as "shrewdly observed, physically precise and psychologically acute". Bale won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance. In 2011, he starred in Zhang Yimou's historical drama film The Flowers of War, which was the highest-grossing Chinese film of the year. Critics described it as "nationalistic", "anti-Japanese" and "too long, too melodramatic, too lightweight".

Bale played Batman again under Christopher Nolan's direction in the sequel The Dark Knight Rises, released in July 2012. He described Batman in the film as a remorseful recluse in poor mental and physical health, who has surrendered following the events of The Dark Knight. Following the shooting at a midnight showing of the film in Aurora, Colorado, Bale and his wife visited survivors, doctors and first responders at The Medical Center of Aurora as well as a memorial to victims. The Dark Knight Rises was the 11th film to gross more than $1 billion worldwide, surpassing The Dark Knight. Nolan's Batman film series, dubbed the Dark Knight trilogy, is one of the highest-grossing film franchises. It is also regarded as one of the best comic book film franchises. Bale's performance in the three films garnered universal acclaim, with The Guardian, The Indian Express, MovieWeb, NME and a poll conducted by the Radio Times ranking it as the best portrayal of Batman on film. Bale later revealed his dissatisfaction with his work throughout the trilogy, saying he "didn't quite nail" his part and that he "didn't quite manage" what he had hoped he would as Batman.

Continued critical success (2013–2018)
In 2013, Bale played a steel mill worker in Scott Cooper's thriller Out of the Furnace. Cooper rewrote the film's script with Bale in mind before the two even met and would not proceed with the project without the actor's involvement. Critics commended the film and deemed it an excellent beginning of the next phase in Bale's career after playing Batman, with Kristopher Tapley of Variety noting his work in the film was his best. That same year, he starred in American Hustle, which reunited him with David O. Russell after their work on The Fighter. To play con artist Irving Rosenfeld, Bale studied footage of interviews with real-life con artist Mel Weinberg, who served as inspiration for the character. He gained , shaved part of his head and adopted a slouched posture, which reduced his height by  and caused him to suffer a herniated disc. Russell indicated that Robert De Niro, who appeared in an uncredited role, did not recognise Bale when they were first introduced. Writing for the New York Daily News, Joe Neumaier found Bale's performance to be "sad, funny and riveting". He was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his work.

Bale portrayed Moses in Ridley Scott's epic film Exodus: Gods and Kings. Released in December 2014, the film faced accusations of whitewashing for the casting of Caucasian actors in Middle Eastern roles. Scott justified casting decisions citing financing needs, Bale stating that Scott had been forthright in getting the film made. Its critical response varied between negative and mixed, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatchs Joe Williams called Bale's performance in the film the most apathetic of his career. Bale appeared in Terrence Malick's drama Knight of Cups, which The Atlantic critic David Sims dubbed a "noble failure". During its premiere at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2015, he said he filmed the project without having learned any dialogue and that Malick had only given him a character description. Later that year, he starred as Michael Burry, an antisocial hedge fund manager, in Adam McKay's The Big Short, a biographical comedy-drama film about the financial crisis of 2007–08. He used an ocular prosthesis in the film. The Wall Street Journals Joe Morgenstern found his portrayal "scarily hilarious—or in one-liners and quick takes, deftly edited". The role earned Bale Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.

In the 2016 historical drama The Promise, set during the Armenian Genocide, he played an American journalist who becomes involved in a love triangle with a woman, played by Charlotte Le Bon, and an Armenian medical student, played by Oscar Isaac. Critics disapproved of the film, which accrued a $102 million loss. Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Jeannette Catsoulis wrote that Bale appeared "muffled and indistinct". In Cooper's 2017 film Hostiles, Bale starred as a US Army officer escorting a gravely ill Cheyenne war chief and his family back to their home in Montana. He calls the film "a western with brutal, modern-day resonance" and his character "a bigoted and hate-filled man". Bale learned the Cheyenne language while working on the film. Empire critic Dan Jolin considered his performance striking and one of the strongest of his career. In 2018, Bale voiced Bagheera in the adventure film Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle. Rolling Stones David Fear wrote that his voice work and that of Andy Serkis, who directed the film, "bring the soul as well as sound and fury".

Recent career (2018–present)

For the 2018 biographical comedy drama Vice, written and directed by Adam McKay, Bale underwent a major body transformation once again, as he gained over  and shaved his head to portray US Vice President Dick Cheney. He described Cheney, who is reckoned the most influential and loathed vice president in US history, as "quiet and secretive". The film reunited Bale with Amy Adams, with whom he had co-starred in The Fighter and American Hustle. It received positive reviews, and The Guardians Peter Bradshaw commended Bale's "terrifically and in fact rather scarily plausible" Cheney impersonation. Lauded by critics, the performance won Bale the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and garnered him an Academy Award nomination. During his acceptance speech at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, Bale thanked Satan for inspiring his Cheney portrayal, which elicited a response from Cheney's daughter and US Representative Liz Cheney, who stated that Bale ruined his opportunity to play "a real superhero".

Bale portrayed sports car racing driver Ken Miles in the 2019 sports drama Ford v Ferrari, for which he lost  after playing Cheney. Directed by James Mangold, the film follows Miles and automotive designer Carroll Shelby, played by Matt Damon, in events surrounding the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The role earned Bale a fifth Golden Globe Award nomination. While promoting the film, he said he would no longer go through weight fluctuations for roles.

Bale played Gorr the God Butcher, a villain, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film Thor: Love and Thunder, which was released in July 2022. He cited a character in the music video for the Aphex Twin song "Come to Daddy" as an inspiration for his characterisation of Gorr. Bale's portrayal drew praise from critics, who deemed it "grounded and non-campy". He produced and appeared in David O. Russell's period film Amsterdam and Scott Cooper's thriller The Pale Blue Eye, reuniting with both directors for the third time. Amsterdam was released in October 2022, receiving dire reviews and failing at the box office. The Pale Blue Eye, adapted from the novel of the same name by Louis Bayard, was released in December 2022, receiving mixed reviews from critics. With his involvement in the 2023 Japanese animated film The Boy and the Heron, Bale voiced a character in an English-language dub of a film by Hayao Miyazaki for the second time.

Artistry and public image
Bale is known for his exhaustive dedication to the weight fluctuations that his parts demand as well as "the intensity with which he completely inhabits his roles", with The Washington Posts Ann Hornaday rating him among the most physically gifted actors of his generation. Max O'Connell of RogerEbert.com deemed Bale's commitment to altering his physical appearance "an anchoring facet to a depiction of obsession" in his performances, while the Los Angeles Timess Hugh Hart likened the urgency that drives Bale's acting style to method acting, adding that it "convincingly animates even his most extreme physical transformations." Bale has said that he does not practise method acting and that he does not use a particular technique. He named Rowan Atkinson as his template as an actor and added that he was mesmerised by him when they worked together. He also studied the work of Gary Oldman, crediting him as the reason for his pursuit of acting.

Bale has been recognised for his versatility; Martha Ross of The Mercury News named him one of his generation's most versatile actors. Known to be very private about his personal life, Bale has said that his objective was to embody characters without showing any aspect of himself. He explained that "letting people know who you are" does not help create different characters, viewing anonymity as "what's giving you the ability to play those characters". During interviews to promote films in which he puts on an accent, Bale would continue speaking in the given accent. Bale has also been noted for portraying roles with an American accent, with The Atlantics Joe Reid listing him among those who "work least in their native accents"; in real life, Bale speaks in an "emphatic, non-posh" English accent.

Bale was ranked at number eight on Forbes magazine's list of the highest-paid actors of 2014, earning $35 million. He has been described as a sex symbol.

Personal life

Bale has lived in Los Angeles since the 1990s. He holds US citizenship. Bale married Sandra "Sibi" Blažić, a former model, in Las Vegas on 29 January 2000. The couple have a daughter and a son. In 2000, Bale became feminist Gloria Steinem's stepson following her marriage to his father, who died in 2003 of brain lymphoma.

Bale became a vegetarian at seven years old but in 2009 said he was "in and out of the vegetarianism now". He had stopped eating red meat after reading the children's book Charlotte's Web. An animal rights activist, he supports the organisations Greenpeace, the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Doris Day Animal League, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International and Redwings Horse Sanctuary. While promoting The Flowers of War in December 2011, Bale, with a crew from the television network CNN, attempted to visit Chen Guangcheng, a confined blind barefoot lawyer, in a village in eastern China. He was forced to retreat after scuffling with guards at a checkpoint. Bale finally met Chen at a dinner held by the nonprofit Human Rights First the following year, during which he presented Chen with an award. Bale voiced Chen's story in Amnesty International's podcast, In Their Own Words.

On 22 July 2008, Bale was arrested in London after his mother and his sister Sharon reported him to the police for an alleged assault at a hotel. He was released on bail. Bale denied the allegations and later called the incident "a deeply personal matter". On 14 August, the Crown Prosecution Service declared they would take no further action against him because of "insufficient evidence to afford a realistic prospect of conviction".

Acting credits and accolades

According to the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, which assigns films scores based on the number of positive critical reviews they receive, some of Bale's highest-scoring films are The Dark Knight (2008), Ford v Ferrari (2019), American Hustle (2013), Little Women (1994), The Fighter (2010), Rescue Dawn (2007), 3:10 to Yuma (2007), The Big Short (2015), Howl's Moving Castle (2005) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012); the first, third and last of which are also listed by the data website The Numbers as his highest-grossing films, alongside Terminator Salvation (2009), Batman Begins (2005), Pocahontas (1995), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) and Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014).

Bale has garnered four Academy Award nominations, including two in the Best Actor category for his work in American Hustle and Vice (2018) as well as two in the Best Supporting Actor category for his work in The Fighter (2010) and The Big Short; he won one for The Fighter. He has earned two Golden Globe Awards, including Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his role in The Fighter and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in Vice, and received two nominations for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performances in American Hustle and The Big Short and a nomination for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for his performance in Ford v Ferrari. Bale has also been nominated for eight Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning in the Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role category for The Fighter and the Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture category as part of the American Hustle cast.

References

Further reading
 Holmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich: Michael Russell. p. 394. .

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Haverfordwest
20th-century English male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century English male actors
American male film actors
American male voice actors
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
English emigrants to the United States
English male child actors
English male film actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Dorset
Male actors from Surrey
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from Bournemouth
People educated at Bournemouth School

Christian Bale


Kwabena Gyima Osei-Bonsu was a lawyer and Ghanaian Politician and a member of the first parliament of the second Republic representing the Asokwa Constituency in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He was a minister of state in the Busia government.

Early life and education
He was born on 13 September 1932 at Mampong in the Ashanti Region. He started schooling at Sunyani Government School and later at the Bechem Presbyterian School from 1939 to 1946. He entered Achimota School in 1947 and later attended the Odorgonno Secondary School where he completed his secondary education in 1951. He spent a year at the University of Bradford before attending Leeds University, England in 1957 to pursue law. He completed his studies in 1960 and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in February, 1962.

Career and politics
Osei-Bonsu began legal practice at Yaanom Chambers in Kumasi from March 1962 to June 1967. In 1966, he
was appointed Director of the Ghana Commercial Bank. That same year, he was appointed Commissioner for the Ministry of Information on 1 July, during the tenureof the  National Liberation Council (NLC). He resigned his post at the Information Ministry in January 1968. At the inception of the Second Republic he was elected the member of parliament for Asokwa and also appointed Minister of State (State Protocol), he served in these positions until 1972.

Personal life
He married Justina Ackah on 16 June 1960. Together they had four children. His hobbies were football, athletics and lawn tennis.

See also
 Busia government

References

1932 births
Living people
Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
Politicians from Ashanti Region
Ghanaian Christians
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Progress Party (Ghana) politicians
Alumni of Achimota School
Alumni of the University of Bradford
20th-century Ghanaian politicians

K.G. Osei Bonsu


In September is the debut album by Canadian singer-songwriter Hayden.  It was released on cassette by both Paul Records and Hardwood Records, with different artwork for the two releases. The Hardwood Records release did not contain two tracks that were on the Paul Records release.

Many of these songs reappear on Hayden's subsequent and much-acclaimed release, Everything I Long For.

Track listing
All songs written by Paul Hayden Desser.

 "Game"
 "In September"
 "Hardly"
 "On & On"
 "Bunkbed"
 "Careful"
 "Bad as They Seem"
 "Life's Like"
 "Less Than"
 "Stem"
 "Cause Me Pain"
 "My Parents' House"

Notes

Hayden (musician) albums
1994 albums
Demo albums

In September


Angela Okorie  is a Nigerian actress. In 2015, she won the best City People Entertainment Awards for Best Supporting Actress. She is also noted to have acted in more than 100 films between 2009 and 2014.

Early life and education
Okorie, the third of five children, was born and raised in Cotonou, Benin Republic. She studies theatre arts at the University of Lagos. She also attended Lagos State University, studying public administration. She is a native of the Ishiagu in Ivo LGA in Ebonyi State.

Career
Okorie ventured into Nollywood in 2009, after a decade of modeling for a soap company. Her first movie was Sincerity in 2009. The film was produced and directed by Stanley Egbonini and Ifeanyi Ogbonna respectively and stars Chigozie Atuanya, Nonso Diobi, Yemi Blaq ,and Oge Okoye. According to Pulse Nigeria, her break into the limelight came after she starred in Holy Serpent. She has also stated her desire to record gospel music in the future. In 2014, she was described as one of the "most sought after actresses" in Nollywood by Vanguard newspaper, as well as a "popular actress" that interprets roles with ease by The Nation newspaper. She also stated that she intends to go into film production. Speaking on her musical aspirations, she explained that she has written numerous songs and would release her album soon, describing music as something that has always been a part of her. In January 2014, she was documented to have acted in more than 80 film productions. In 2015, she won the City People Entertainment Awards for Best Supporting Actress in an English film. In August 2014, she acted in more than 100 films since 2009. In a 2014 interview, she explained that her mother was not comfortable with her acting on religious grounds. She also stated that she wouldn't act nude irrespective of the fee, explaining that even her role models in the Nigerian industry, like Genevieve Nnaji, didn't need to go unclad to become a star. She also cited her cultural beliefs as reasons for dressing conservatively in films.

Personal life and views on lesbianism
She is married with a son. In a publication by the Dailypost newspaper, she explained that she usually makes a conscious effort to separate her family from the media. She also debunked rumors of a breakup in her marriage. Speaking on lesbianism in Nigeria, she explained that she is against it, particularly because "Our culture forbids it. It is a sin and it is uncalled for. Why would a woman be romantically involved with another woman?". In a 2015 post, she downplayed the role of social media by men in relationships. Following the invitation of Nigerian pastor Johnson Suleman by the DSS, Okorie urged all Christians to support the clergyman because his views represented that of most of them.

On 25 July 2020 Angela Okorie remarried, and got engaged to her secret lover, Nwele Michael Chukwudi a.k.a Chuchu. A fellow actress, Chita Agwu Johnson, shared photos from the marriage proposal online. They had a beach wedding on 30 July 2020. A few days later, Angela reacted to the news, and said it was a music video for her new song titled "Baby Chuchu". She mocked the news media for falling for her music strategy.

Filmography
 Sincerity (2009)
Secret Code
Heart of a Widow
Holy Serpent (with Kenneth Okonkwo) (2011)
Royal Vampire
Palace of Vampire

See also
 List of people from Ebonyi State

References

External links

21st-century Nigerian actresses
Living people
People from Ebonyi State
Lagos State University alumni
University of Lagos alumni
Nigerian female models
Igbo actresses
1985 births
Nigerian models

Angela Okorie


Alessio Bax (born 1977 in Bari) is an Italian classical pianist. He graduated from the Bari conservatory at the record age of 14. He won the Hamamatsu International Piano Competition in Japan at age 19 and the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition in 2000 after first participating in 1993. Bax was a member of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center's CMS Two for three seasons, beginning in 2009.  He also received the Avery Fisher Career Grant in 2009. He studied at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas with Basque pianist Joaquín Achúcarro. Bax is a Steinway Artist. He also serves on the faculty of the New England Conservatory of Music as a professor of piano.

Career highlights
Bax has appeared as the soloist with the New York Philharmonic, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Dallas Symphony, Houston Symphony, Seattle Symphony, Orchestre National de Lille, Hungarian Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Symphony, New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra and St. Petersburg Philharmonic.  Bax has collaborated with conductors such as Marin Alsop, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Sir Andrew Davis, Yuri Temirkanov, Jaap van Zweden and Sir Simon Rattle. As a chamber music performer, Bax has performed with musicians such as Emanuel Ax, Joshua Bell, Emmanuel Pahud, Ian Bostridge, Daishin Kashimoto and the Emerson String Quartet

Bax has given recitals at major venues in Rome, Milan, Madrid, Paris, London, Tel Aviv, Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, New York, Washington, Mexico City. Bax made his New York recital debut at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2010. Alessio Bax played the Fugue of Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Sonata for Daniel Barenboim in the documentary Barenboim on Beethoven in 2005, published on EMI.

A track from his release "Bach Transcribed" on Signum Classics was used to great acclaim in the 2017 film "Call Me by Your Name" by director Luca Guadagnino

In addition to his solo career, Bax also performs with his wife, pianist Lucille Chung. They have shared stages at venues around the world and recorded successful albums together. Chung described playing duo with Bax: "It just needs to be at the right time, then we love to say yes, since we are a great team. There is total trust and…we think so much alike, we don't even have to talk while rehearsing. We just know after a halt, where to come in again and how to communicate what we would like to happen. We think as a unit and that is advantageous for improving one's security level within the repertoire. We feel free to take risks during performance and still are aware of the safety net, the complete support at the same time".

Bax is the artistic director of the Incontri in Terra di Siena Festival in Tuscany and co-artistic director with Lucille Chung of the Joaquín Achúcarro Foundation in Dallas.

Awards
In 2013 Bax received the Martin E. Segal Award from Lincoln Center, and the Andrew Wolf Chamber Music Award. In 2009, Bax received the Avery Fisher Career Grant,  and was the first prize winner of the 2000 Leeds International Pianoforte Competition. Bax also won the 1997 Hamamatsu International Piano Competition.

Personal life
Alessio Bax lives in New York City with his wife, Lucille Chung and their daughter Mila, to whom the album "Lullabies for Mila" was dedicated.  In 2016, when Mila was not yet two, they were all featured together in a much loved episode of NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts.  In addition to being a pianist, Bax also loves cooking, hosting "epic" multi-course dinner parties, as chronicled by a 2013 New York Times article.

Discography
On Signum Classics:
Italian Inspirations (Bach/Marcello, Rachmaninoff, Dallapiccola, Liszt)
Beethoven's Emperor Concerto and rare solo works
Poulenc (with Lucille Chung)
Lullabies for Mila
Scriabin/Mussorgsky
Alessio Bax plays Beethoven: Hammerklavier and Moonlight Sonatas, and transcriptions from the Ruins of Athens by A. Bax
Bax & Chung: Piano Four Hands (Brahms/Stravinsky/Piazzolla arr. Bax/Chung)
Alessio Bax plays Mozart: Piano Concertos K. 491 & K. 595
Alessio Bax plays Brahms
Rachmaninov: Preludes & Melodies
Bach Transcribed

On other labels:
Baroque Reflections (Gramophone "Editor's Choice" - Warner Classics, 2004)
Ligeti's complete four-hand and two-piano works (Dynamic Records, 2003)
Carnival of the Animals with the Fort Worth Symphony (2005)
Marcel Dupré Complete works for Organ and Piano duo (Naxos, 1996)

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Italian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Italian male pianists
Musicians from Bari
Prize-winners of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition
Southern Methodist University alumni
Southern Methodist University faculty
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian musicians

Alessio Bax


Victor, Baron Horta (6 January 1861 - 8 September 1947) was a Belgian architect and designer.  John Julius Norwich said he was "undoubtedly the key European Art Nouveau architect." Horta is one of the most important names in Art Nouveau architecture.  Some people say his Hôtel Tassel in Brussels was the first time the style was used on architecture.

In 1932 King Albert I of Belgium gave Horta the title of Baron for his services to architecture. Four of the buildings he designed are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Life and career
Horta had a great interest in music since childhood. In 1873 he went to study musical theory at the Ghent Conservatory. He was removed for bad behaviour.  He then joined the Department of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent instead. In 1878 Horta left for Paris.  He found work with architect and designer Jules Debuysson in Montmartre. There he was inspired by the impressionist and pointillist artists, and also by the possibilities of working in iron and glass.

When Horta's father died in 1880, he returned to Belgium and moved to Brussels.  He married his first wife.  He studied architecture at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts. In Brussels Horta made a friendship with Paul Hankar. He became an assistant for his professor Alphonse Balat, architect to Leopold II of Belgium. Together they designed the royal Greenhouses of Laeken, Horta's first work to use glass and iron.

In 1884 Horta won the first Prix Godecharle to be awarded for Architecture.

By 1885 Horta worked on his own.  He was commissioned to design three houses. The same year he also joined the Central Society of Belgian Architecture. Over the next few years he was in a number of competitions for public work. He worked with sculptors (notably his friend Godefroid Devresse) on statuary and even tombs.  He won a number of prizes. He thought the forms he made were highly practical and not artistic.

During this period, Horta joined the freemasons. This gave him many clients when he returned to designing houses and shops in 1893.

Horta was appointed Head of Graphic Design for Architecture at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1892.  He became Professor of Architecture in 1893. He worked there until 1911.

Heritage

Many of Horta's buildings were destroyed. However, several of Horta's buildings are still standing in Brussels. Most notable are the Magasins Waucquez, formerly a department store, now the Brussels Comic Book Museum and four of his private houses (hôtels), which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
Hôtel Tassel, designed and built for Prof. Émile Tassel in 1892 - 1893.
Hôtel Solvay, designed and built 1895 - 1900.
Hôtel van Eetvelde, designed and built 1895 - 1898.
Maison and Atelier Horta, designed in 1898, now the Horta Museum, dedicated to his work.

References

1861 births
1947 deaths
Belgian artists
Belgian architects
Belgian nobility
People from Ghent

Victor Horta


S-phrases were defined in Annex IV:Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations of the European Union Directive 67/548/EEC - Dangerous Substances Directive. The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, where translations into other EU languages may be found. The list was subsequently updated and republished in Directive 2006/102/EC, where translations to additional European languages were added. The entirety of Directive 67/548/EEC, including these S-phrases, were superseded completely on 1 June 2015 by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 - Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulations.

These safety phrases were used internationally and not just in Europe, and there is an ongoing effort towards complete international harmonization. This harmonization would be carried out by the United Nations's Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, that replaced Directive 67/548/EEC under CLP Regulation. S-Phrases successor in GHS were GHS precautionary statements, which encompasses both s-phrases and R-phrases.

Safety phrases

See also
 List of R-phrases
 Risk and Safety Statements
 GHS precautionary statements - Successor to S-phrases.
 Material safety data sheet

References

External links
 Chemical Risk & Safety Phrases in 23 European Languages
 ChemBlink.com EC Safety Phrases
 Directive 2006/102/EC of 20 November 2006, as published in Official Journal of the European Union L 363, 20 December 2006, pp. 241-343.
 R/S Phrases - European Commission Taxation & Customs Union - (Archived)

Occupational safety and health
International standards
Safety codes

List of S-phrases


An electric skateboard is a personal transporter based on a skateboard. The speed is usually controlled by a wireless hand-held throttle remote, or rider body weight-shifting between front of the board for forward motion and rear for braking. As for the direction of travel to the right or left, it is adjusted by tilting the board to one side or the other. The classification of electric skateboards (e.g. whether they qualify as a 'vehicle') and legality of their use on roads or pavements varies between countries.

History

Early incarnations
The MotoBoard, which was gasoline-powered, was released in the summer of 1975. It was banned in California in 1997 due to noise and pollution.

Modern electric devices

Louie Finkle of Seal Beach, California is often cited as an originator of the modern electric skateboard, offering his first wireless electric skateboard in 1997 and a patent filed in April 1999, however it was not until the 2004–2006 that electric motors and batteries were available with sufficient torque and efficiency to power boards effectively.

In 2012, ZBoard, raised nearly 30 times their target for a balance controlled electric skateboard on Kickstarter, which was well received at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas in January 2013. Their 2015 campaign on Indiegogo was 86 time over-subscribed, raising $1 million.

Types of electric skateboards

There are multiple variations of electric skateboards and longboards, but 5 main types stand out:

 Mini Boards are short, light-weight boards (usually under 11kgs) destined for shorter distance travel and focused on portability. Can be fitted with an easily-detachable, sometimes under 99Wh (air travel safe) capacity battery pack.
 Street Boards or Flexy Boards (similar to the initial Boosted Board) are relatively light-weight boards usually fitted with street wheels (under 115mm diameter) and a flexible board. Most of them are fitted with a two-piece enclosure (battery and ESC) for better flexibility and have an average autonomy.
 AT (all-terrain) Boards or 2-in-1 Boards are a mix between Flexy Boards and Off-Roaders, having bigger wheels (115mm and above), and usually a single-piece battery and ESC enclosure with either a carbon-fibre or wooden deck. These boards are destined for urban environments but can also tackle grass, gravel and light off-roading. They are usually belt-drive dual motor systems better for swapping between different sizes and types of wheels (polyurethane, rubber, pneumatic).
 Off-Roaders are based on mountain board decks and are bigger, heavier boards specialized for tackling rough terrain and high inclines. They have at least a dual motor configuration (sometimes even 4x4) and have a top-mounted, box-type battery enclosure for better ground clearance. They can be fitted with specialized suspension, foot bindings and mud guards. Sometimes they have a metal chassis on top of which the deck is mounted.
 Racing Boards are specialized, high-performance boards that usually have a very low, stiff deck, wide-patch rubber wheels and are used for racing events. Some of these boards have a 3-link truck system which offers better stability during heavy acceleration and high speed. They are fitted with top-end ESCs that can sometimes output over 15KW of peak power. They usually have rear-mounted, dual motor configurations.

Design and operation

The electric skateboard was originally designed for local transport, but later diversified for multiple uses, longer distance travel and off-road use.

The basic design of an electric skateboard consists of an electric motor (out-runner or hub), batteries, speed controller (often the specially designed VESC), and a wireless throttle on top of a regular skateboard, longboard or other variant (e.g. penny board, mountain board).

Motor
Traction is typically provided by one or more of the following:

 Wheel hub motor – the motor is encased in a urethane or rubber 'sleeve' and acts as a wheel.
 Out-runner motors – the motor is mounted close to the wheel and linked with a toothed belt and pulleys. The pulley choice can be used to gear the drive system for desired torque and top speed.
 Direct drive motors - placed between the wheels and the trucks and connected directly to the wheels.

Board deck
Electric skateboards are able to travel at high speeds, as well as go off-road. Stability is determined by some key deck features:

 Length – Achieving high speed almost always requires the use of a longboard. The longer the deck, the more stable the skateboard.
 Wheelbase – The distance between the front truck and rear truck, with a longer wheelbase providing better weight distribution and stability at speed.
 Flexibility – affects the deck's ability to absorb shocks. Greater flexibility reduces stability, so downhill racers require stiffer decks.
 Material - The most common type of deck is multi-layer and made of wood. There are also decks with aluminum or steel chassis. Carbon-fibre decks were introduced later.

Electronic speed controller
All electric skateboards need an electronic speed controller (ESC) in order to vary the speed of the motor for accelerating or braking. Originally, hobbyists would typically use ESCs from radio-controlled model cars, but the rise in popularity and interest in building electric skateboards created demand for bespoke and more sophisticated ESCs. The VESC (Variable Electronic Speed Controller) may include motor and battery protection, regenerative braking, programming options e.g. acceleration and deceleration curves, and other advanced features.

Truck
Trucks are important and extremely durable parts that are mounted under the surface of the electric skateboard. They are part of a T-shaped metal body under the two ends of the skateboard. There are several types of trucks and truck systems, but the most commonly used are:

TKP (traditional king-pin) - usually found in skateboards.

RKP (reversed king-pin) - more stable and better for faster speeds, but with limited turning circle.

DKP (double king-pin) - more nimble and better turning circle but more unstable at higher speeds.

Channel trucks (also knows as C-trucks or Chamber trucks) - wider, more complex trucks most commonly used for off-road applications.

3-link trucks - most commonly used in racing applications.

Drivetrains
There are several types of drivetrain for different uses, but four main types stand out:

Hub drive, using the wheel hub motor, is a system where the motor is inside the wheel and the motion is directly translated to the wheel. It is the most compact, lightweight, silent and efficient type of drivetrain but has less torque, is less comfortable to drive and the tire choices are usually limited. The motors are also more exposed to shocks, vibrations and water splashes.

Direct drive is similar to hub drive but the motors sit outside the wheel, inwards towards the truck, and are integrated in the truck assembly. The main advantage to hub drive is the flexibility in wheel and tire choice. The motor also is able to cool better, but in this case the motors are the most exposed to the elements, sitting as low to the ground as the difference between the motor radius and the wheel radius. These types of configurations are more oriented to street boards.

Belt drive is one of the most popular systems. It connects the motors and wheels via pulleys and belts. The pulleys offer flexibility for different gear ratios and the belts (usually HTD 5M type) are easy to replace and maintain. This system also offers the most flexibility in the positioning of the motors in relation to the truck, either under the board or in the back of the board. Belt drive essentially takes advantage of the high-revving electric motor, offering better acceleration and breaking for the same amount of power as hub/direct drive systems.

Gear drive is a system that connects the motors and wheels via toothed gears. These can be either enclosed or open. The enclosed variant of gear drive offers the same advantages as belt drive for less (almost no) maintenance, and is better suited for off-roading or environments with lots of debris (pebbles/rocks/twigs/grass) which could damage the belts. Disadvantages to belt drive are the added weight of the enclosure and the fixed gear ratio which can't be changed as easily.

Safety
Typical retail boards such as those from Evolve and Boosted are able to reach top speeds of around 20-25 mph (32-40 km/h) on their fastest modes, while specialist and hobbyist boards can be built with very powerful motors for top speeds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and beyond. Braking is typically implemented as Dynamic braking or regenerative braking from the rear wheels only and the stopping distance can vary widely between motors and wheels/tires.

There have been several fatal accidents involving electric skateboards and many accounts of hospital visits. Personal protective equipment including helmet, knee, elbow and wrist pads are recommended for high speed riding.

See also

 Personal transporter#Use and regulation by country
 Self-balancing scooter
 Skateboarding
 Electric scooter
 Electric unicycle

References

Electric vehicles
Skateboards
Personal transporters

Electric skateboard


The 1498 Meiō earthquake (明応地震 Meiō Jishin) occurred off the coast of Nankaidō, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6  and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but between 5,000 and 41,000 casualties were reported. The tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura, although the statue itself remained intact.

Tectonic setting
The southern coast of Honshū runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A–E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years.

Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case, the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. In the 1498 event, the earthquake is thought to have ruptured segments C, D and E and possibly A and B. If both parts of the megathrust ruptured, the events were either simultaneous, or close enough in time, to not be distinguished by historical sources.

Characteristics
Severe shaking caused by this earthquake was recorded from Bōsō Peninsula in the northeast to Kii Peninsula in the southwest. A tsunami was recorded in Suruga Bay and at Kamakura, where it destroyed the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in, although the statue itself survived and has remained outdoors ever since. There is also evidence of severe shaking from records of ground liquefaction in the Nankai area. Tsunami deposits attributed to this earthquake have been described from the coastal plains around the Sagami Trough and the Izu Peninsula.

Uplift of the seafloor of up to 4 m has been estimated for this earthquake, with a much smaller subsidence near the coast. Lake Hamana became a brackish lake because the tsunami broke through low-lying land between the lake and the Pacific Ocean (Enshū Nada); this formed a channel to the sea, which still remains today.

See also

List of historical earthquakes
List of earthquakes in Japan

References

1498 in Asia
1490s in Japan
 Megathrust earthquakes in Japan
 Tsunamis in Japan
15th-century earthquakes

1498 Meiō earthquake


The 1950 Red River flood was a devastating flood that took place along the Red River in The Dakotas and Manitoba from April 15 to June 12, 1950. Damage was particularly severe in the city of Winnipeg and its environs, which were inundated on May 5, also known as Black Friday to some residents.

An estimated 70,000–100,000 residents had to be evacuated, and four of eleven bridges were destroyed. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley, more than . One man died, and property losses due to the flood were estimated at more than $600 million to one billion.

To prevent and reduce future damage, the government constructed the Red River Floodway, which was completed in 1968. It has been estimated to have prevented more than $100 billion (CAD) in cumulative flood damage.

Winnipeg

Although seasonal flooding was common, this flood surpassed the others. The north-flowing Red River was fed by flows resulting from melting of heavy snows in the winter and runoff from heavy rains in the spring. Eight dikes gave way and flooded much of Winnipeg, turning an estimated  of farmland in the area into an enormous lake. A total of more than  in the Red River Valley were flooded, from Emerson to  north to Greater Winnipeg. The depth of the flood waters on the farmland was between . The city turned to the Canadian Army and the Red Cross for help.

Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed and approximately 100,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes and businesses. This was the largest evacuation in Canadian history until the 1979 Mississauga train derailment. In Winnipeg there was one fatality; property damage was severe, with losses estimated at between $600 million and more than a billion dollars. The flood postponed opening day for baseball in the Mandak League due to inundation of Osborne Stadium. The league and president Jimmy Dunn arranged benefit games to raise money for Winnipeg's Flood Fund.

As a result of the damage, the government built the Red River Floodway, to divert flood waters from Winnipeg to more distant portions of the river. The project was completed in 1968 and has been used 20 times. From 1950 to about 1997, it was derogatorily referred to as "Duff's Ditch", after the premier (Dufferin Roblin) that built the floodway. It is estimated to have prevented more than $100 billion (CAD) in cumulative flood damage.  The Floodway was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2000, and is considered an outstanding engineering achievement both in terms of function and effects.

United States
Flooding in the Red River Valley of the United States resulted in five deaths.

See also
Red River floods

References

External links
 SOS! Canadian Disasters, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada.
 Photos and newspapers from the 1950 flood in Manitoba

Red_River_flood, 1950
Red River
Red_River_flood, 1950
Red_River_flood, 1950
1950 natural disasters in the United States
1950s floods in the United States
Floods in Canada
History of Winnipeg
Natural disasters in Manitoba
Red River floods

1950 Red River flood


A jack is a tool for lifting heavy items. There are many kinds of jacks.

Car jack or automotive jack - For lifting vehicles.
Scissor jack - The lifting mechanism is shaped similar to a pair of scissors.
House jack - A jack which can lift small buildings that are made of wood or similar lightweight material.
Hydraulic jack - Uses a liquid that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger.
Inflatable jack - An airbag-like jack that lifts its load when filled with compressed air.
Bottle jack - A jack with a cylindrical body and a bottle-like neck.

Tools

Jack (tool)


Sir Ralph Ellerker (died 1546) of Risby, Yorkshire was an English soldier, knight and Member of Parliament.

Ellerker was the eldest son of Sir Ralph Ellerker of Risby, Yorkshire, by Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Gower of Stittenham. The elder Ellerker took part in the useless Spanish expedition in 1512, was an esquire of the king's body, received a salary as one of the king's spears of honour, and died in 1540. Both father and son were knighted in 1513 by the Earl of Surrey at Flodden Field. Whether it was he or his son who represented Scarborough in the parliament of 1529 is uncertain.

The younger Ellerker was introduced to the court and demonstrated his prowess at tournaments. He was one of the knights who accompanied Henry VIII to his meeting in 1520 with Francis I of France at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.

He was appointed chief steward of the lordships of Cotingham and Rise in 1522, and from that time onward frequently was on the commission of the peace for the East Riding. He was pricked High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1529–30. He was on the royal commission to treat for redress of outrages in the west marches in 1531, when he also served on a commission for the reform of the weirs and fishgarths in Yorkshire. In 1533 he was busy in the north mustering troops and fighting, and in July of that year he was one of the English commissioners who concluded a year's truce with Scotland.

He was returned as knight of the shire for Yorkshire for the parliament of 1542. In that year he was also head of a commission appointed to survey the waste grounds on the border, to describe the condition of 'all castells, towers, barmekins, and fortresses,' and to advise on the best means for strengthening the defences and peopling the district. The official report of this commission is preserved among the Harleian MSS. (292, ff. 97–123). In the same year Ellerker was one of the council at Calais, and in 1544 he was marshal of the English army in Boulogne when that town was captured. He distinguished himself by taking the crest from the dauphin of France. He returned to England in January 1545–6, but in April was at Boulogne again, and died there in battle in that month.

He was buried in the church of St. Mary at Boulogne. He had married Joan, daughter of John or Thomas Arden, by whom he had a son, Ralph. Ralph was High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1529, was knighted by Henry VIII for winning an ensign in France, but was killed by the French on 1 August 1550.

References

1480s births
1546 deaths
People from Rowley, East Riding of Yorkshire
Members of the Parliament of England for constituencies in Yorkshire
English knights
English military personnel killed in action
English MPs 1529–1536
English MPs 1542–1544
High Sheriffs of Yorkshire

Ralph Ellerker


The Volga Finns (sometimes referred to as Eastern Finns) are a historical group of indigenous peoples of Russia living in the vicinity of the Volga, who speak Uralic languages. Their modern representatives are the Mari people, the Erzya and the Moksha Mordvins, as well as speakers of the extinct Merya, Muromian and Meshchera languages. The Permians are sometimes also grouped as Volga Finns.

The modern representatives of Volga Finns live in the basins of the Sura and Moksha rivers, as well as (in smaller numbers) in the interfluve between the Volga and the Belaya rivers. The Mari language has two dialects, the Meadow Mari and the Hill Mari.

Traditionally the Mari and the Mordvinic languages (Erzya and Moksha) were considered to form a Volga-Finnic or Volgaic group within the Uralic language family, accepted by linguists like Robert Austerlitz (1968), Aurélien Sauvageot & Karl Heinrich Menges (1973) and Harald Haarmann (1974), but rejected by others like Björn Collinder (1965) and Robert Thomas Harms (1974).
This grouping has also been criticized by Salminen (2002), who suggests it may be simply a geographic, not a phylogenetic, group.

Mari

The Mari or Cheremis (, cheremisy; ) have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics.
The Mari people consists of three different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Mountain Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan republic. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas.

Merya

The Merya people (, merya; also Merä) inhabited a territory corresponding roughly to the present-day area of the Golden Ring or Zalesye regions of Russia, including the modern-day Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, and Vladimir oblasts. The fact is that by origin the basis of "shim" is Meryan
In the modern Vepsian language, the word meri means "sea" It is likely that they were peacefully assimilated by the East Slavs after their territory became incorporated into Rus' in the 10th century.

In the 6th century Jordanes mentioned them briefly (as Merens); later the Primary Chronicle described them in more detail. Soviet archaeologists believed that the capital of the Merya was Sarskoe Gorodishche near the bank of the Nero Lake to the south of Rostov. The annalists also mention the Merya people in connection with some notable events: in 859 they were taxed by the Vikings, and in 862 they took part in the battle against them. In 882 they accompanied Oleg to Kiev, where he established his power, and in 907 they were among the participants in Oleg's Byzantine campaign. In 1235, the Friar Julian sets out to visit the Hungarians who remain in the east. In his second travelogue, he mentions that the Tatars have conquered a country called Merovia.

One hypothesis classifies the Merya as a western branch of the Mari people rather than as a separate tribe. Their ethnonyms are basically identical, Merya being a Russian transcription of the Mari self-designation, Мäрӹ (Märӛ).

The unattested Merya language is traditionally assumed to have been a member of the Volga-Finnic group. This view has been challenged: Eugene Helimski supposes that the Merya language was closer to the "northwest" group of Finno-Ugric (Balto-Finnic and Sami), and Gábor Bereczki supposes that the Merya language was a part of the Balto-Finnic group.

The Meryans were stated to have fought with the Bolghars in wars against Tatars.

Some of the inhabitants of several districts of Kostroma and Yaroslavl oblasts present themselves as Meryan, although in recent censuses, they were registered as Russians. The modern Merya people have their websites displaying their flag, coat of arms and national anthem, and participate in discussions on the subject in Finno-Ugric networks.

2010 saw the release of the film Ovsyanki (literal translation: 'The Buntings', English title: Silent Souls), based on the novel of the same name, devoted to the imagined life of modern Merya (or Meadow Mari) people.

In the early 21st century, a new type of social movement, the so-called "Merya Ethnofuturism", has emerged. It is distributed across central regions of Russia, for example, in Moscow, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Kostroma Oblast, and Plyos. In May 2014, the New Gallery in the city of Ivanovo opened the art project mater Volga, Sacrum during the "Night of Museums". In October 2014, a presentation of "Merya Language" was held at the III Festival of Languages at Novgorod University.

Meshchera

The Meshchera (, meshchera or , meshchyora) lived in the territory between the Oka River and the Klyazma River. It was a land of forests, bogs and lakes. The area is still called the Meshchera Lowlands.

The first Russian written source which mentions them is the Tolkovaya Paleya, from the 13th century. They are also mentioned in several later Russian chronicles from the period before the 16th century. This is in stark contrast to the related tribes Merya and Muroma, which appear to have been assimilated by the East Slavs by the 10th and the 11th centuries.

Ivan II, prince of Moscow, wrote in his will, 1358, about the village Meshcherka, which he had bought from the native Meshcherian chieftain Alexander Ukovich. The village appears to have been converted to the Christian Orthodox faith and to have been a vassal of Muscovy.

The Meschiera (along with Mordua, Sibir, and a few other harder-to-interpret groups) are mentioned in the "Province of Russia" on the Venetian Fra Mauro Map (ca. 1450).

Several documents mention the Meshchera concerning the Kazan campaign by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. These accounts concern a state of Meshchera (known under a tentative name of Temnikov Meshchera, after its central town of Temnikov) which had been assimilated by the Mordvins and the Tatars. Prince A. M. Kurbsky wrote that the Mordvin language was spoken in the lands of the Meshchera.

In the village of Zhabki (Egorievsk district, Moscow Oblast), Meshchera burial sites were found in 1870. Women's bronze decorations identified as Finno-Ugric were found and dated to the 5th to 8th centuries. Very similar finds soon appeared in the Ryazan Oblast and the Vladimir Oblast, enabling archaeologists to establish what characterized the material culture of the Meshchera. 12 such sites were found from the Moskva River, along the Oka River to the town Kasimov. The general opinion is nowadays, that the Oka-Ryazan culture is identical to that of the Meshchera.
The graves of women have yielded objects typical of the Volga Finns, of the 4th to 7th centuries, consisting of rings, jingling pendants, buckles and torcs. A specific feature was round breast plates with a characteristic ornamentation.
Some of the graves contained well-preserved copper oxides of the decorations with long black hair locked into small bells into which were woven pendants.

In the Oka River valley, the Meshchera culture appears to have disappeared by the 11th century. In the marshy north, they appear to have stayed and to have been converted into the Orthodox faith. The Meshchera nobility appears to have been converted and assimilated by the 13th century, but the common Meshchera huntsman and fisherman may have kept elements of their language and beliefs for a longer period. In the 16th century, the St Nicholas monastery was founded in Radovitsky in order to convert the remaining Meshchera pagans. The princely family Mestchersky in Russia derives its nobility from having originally been native rulers of some of these Finnic tribes.

The Meshchera language is unattested, and theories on its affiliation remain speculative. Some linguists think that it might have been a dialect of Mordvinic, while Pauli Rahkonen has suggested on the basis of toponymic evidence that it was a Permic or closely related language. Rahkonen's speculation has been criticized by other scientists, such as by the Russian Uralist Vladimir Napolskikh.

Some toponyms which Rahkonen suggested as Permic are the hydronyms stems: Un-, Ič-, Ul and Vil-, which can be compared to Udmurt uno 'big', iči 'little', vi̮l 'upper' and ulo 'lower'. Rahkonen also theorized the name Meshchera itself could be a Permic word, and its cognate be Komi mösör 'isthmus'.

Contrary to popular opinion, historian Alimzhan Orlov has contested the Finnic background of Meshchera. He thinks it was originally a Turkic, more specifically, a Polovtsian (Kipchak) tribe that appeared in the 5th-8th centuries in southeastern Europe. He states that it eventually, around 1200-1300, was formed into "two Meshchera's" - one Russian, other Tatar. Orlov claims there is archaeological findings to prove his theory. Also, according to him, Ivan the Terrible originally mistakenly identified them as Mari/Cheremis. Orlov, and researches such as G. Ahmarov and M. Zekiyev, have stated that it would not be possible for a Finnic tribe to have adopted Tatar culture, referring to a theory that Mishar Tatars descend from "Tatarized" part of the tribe. Orlov does think, however, that a Turkic Meschera forms the ancestors of Mishar Tatars.

Mordvins

The  Mordvins (also Mordva, Mordvinians) remain one of the larger indigenous peoples of Russia. Less than one third of Mordvins live in the autonomous republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation, in the basin of the Volga River. They consist of two major subgroups, the Erzya and Moksha, besides the smaller subgroups of the Qaratay, Teryukhan and Tengushevo (or Shoksha) Mordvins who have become fully Russified or Turkified during the 19th to 20th centuries.

The Erzya Mordvins (, Erzyat; also Erzia, Erzä), who speak Erzya, and the Moksha Mordvins (, Mokshet), who speak Moksha, are the two major groups. The Qaratay Mordvins live in Kama Tamağı District of Tatarstan, and have shifted to speaking Tatar, albeit with a large proportion of Mordvin vocabulary (substratum). The Teryukhan, living in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia, switched to Russian in the 19th century. The Teryukhans recognize the term Mordva as pertaining to themselves, whereas the Qaratay also call themselves Muksha. The Tengushevo Mordvins are a transitional group between Moksha and Erzya. They are also called Shoksha (or Shokshot). They are isolated from the bulk of the Erzyans, and their dialect/language has been influenced by the Mokshan dialects.

Muroma
The Muromians (, Muroma) lived in the Oka River basin. They are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle and by the Rogosk Chronicler. The Muromas as an ethnic group was formed around the seventh century AD, according to the date of the Muroma cemeteries. The old town of Murom still bears their name. The Muromians paid tribute to the Rus' princes and, like the neighbouring Merya tribe, were assimilated by the East Slavs in the 11th to 12th century as their territory was incorporated into the Rus'. A group of them migrated to the Carpathian Basin with the Hungarians, or Bulgars, as they are listed by the Rogosk Chronicler, among the peoples who inhabited the Carpathian Basin in 897.

During the excavation of the Muroma tombs, archaeologists uncovered a rich archaeological legacy. Weapons were among the best in the surrounding areas in terms of workmanship, and the jewellery, which is found in abundance in the burials, is remarkable for its ingenuity of form and meticulous workmanship. The Muroma were characterised by arc-shaped head ornaments woven from horsehair and strips of leather, which were spirally braided with bronze wire. This is interesting because it is not observed in other Volga Finnic peoples.

Like other medieval Volga Finns, animal bones were present in the burials as funeral food. Horses were buried separately, bridled and saddled, giving them a pose imitating a living animal lying on its belly with legs tucked up and head raised (it was placed on a step in the grave).

In 2023, 13 Muroma tombs were excavated on the banks of the Oka River, accompanied by a number of artefacts - one of which was a belt buckle, which was most similar to the belt buckles of the conquering Hungarians. Weapons such as spears and axes, as well as coins (dirhams) and five lead weights, among other things, were recovered from the grave of one of the presumably noble men.

The Muroma settlements were located on high ground above the floodplain meadows. Livestock farming formed the basis of the Muroma economy, with pigs, large horned cattle, and to a lesser extent, sheep being raised. Horses played a special role, and they were also bred for meat. The Slash-and-burn agriculture played a minor role in their economy. Their commercial hunting was aimed at fur hunting.

The Muromian language is unattested, but is assumed to have been Uralic, and has frequently been placed in the Volga-Finnic category. A. K. Matveyev identified the toponymic area upon Lower Oka and Lower Klyazma, which corresponds with Muroma. According to the toponymy, the Muroma language was close to the Merya language. A few words have been reconstructed in the Muroma language, based on toponyms, such as: *juga 'river', *vi̮ksa 'river connecting two bodies of water', and *voht(V) 'neck of land between two bodies of water'. The Muroma language died out around the 10th century.

The Primary Chronicle about the Muromians: "Along the river Oka, which flows into the Volga, the Muroma, the Cheremisians, and the Mordva preserve their native languages."The Rogosk Chronicler about the Muromians: "In the year 6405 [897] there were Slavs living along the Danube, as well as the Ugrics, Muromas and the Danubian Bulgars."

Permians
The Udmurts, although part of the Permians, the speakers of Permic languages, are sometimes called Perm Finns and considered to belong in the Volga Finnic group of peoples, because their homeland lies in the northern part of the Volga River basin.

See also
Baltic Finns

References

Aleksey Uvarov, "Étude sur les peuples primitifs de la Russie. Les mériens" (1875).

External links
The Gateway to the Meshchera

Volga Finns


The Segal Design Institute is a design thinking institute at Northwestern University. Segal operates within the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science and is dedicated to the study of human-centered design at the undergraduate and graduate level.

History
The Segal Design Institute was established in 2007 through a significant donation from Gordon and Carole Segal, co-founders of Crate & Barrel.

Academics

Undergraduate

MaDE
Segal administers an undergraduate degree program, Manufacturing and Design Engineering (MaDE), which teaches product and process design, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing management. The MaDE program culminates in a Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern and is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET.

Segal Design Certificate
Segal also administers the Segal Design Certificate, a set of courses that builds design knowledge and skills and is available to any undergraduate at Northwestern. In addition to completing required courses and approved electives, students must produce and present a design portfolio to receive the Segal Design Certificate.

Graduate
At the graduate level, Segal administers three Master's programs and an interdisciplinary doctoral cluster program for PhD students.

Segal administers the Engineering Design Innovation (EDI) program. EDI a 15-month, full-time graduate program that teaches design thinking, a process of user research, visualization, and rapid iteration to engineers. The Master of Science degree in EDI is conferred by the Northwestern University Graduate School.

Segal administers the MMM program, a dual-degree program. MMM graduates receive an MBA from the Kellogg School of Management and an M.S. in Design Innovation from the Segal Design Institute at the McCormick School of Engineering. The MMM program includes lectures, experiential courses and studio-based classes. In addition to required business and design innovation courses, students pursue advanced electives that serve their unique career interests. The MMM program was reframed in 2014. The current iteration of the MMM program incorporates a deeper focus on design innovation.

Segal administers Master of Product Design and Development Management (MPD2) program. The program is intended for active professionals and has both full-time and part-time tracks. The MPD² program began in 2003.

The Segal Design Cluster is an interdisciplinary doctoral cluster program jointly sponsored by Segal, the McCormick School of Engineering, and The Graduate School at Northwestern. The Design Cluster brings together faculty from the Segal Research Faculty Council with PhD students from a variety of disciplines. Design Cluster fellowships are awarded to current Northwestern PhD students interested in research projects involving faculty advisers from at least two different schools.

Notable courses
Segal offers 70 courses including Design Research, Industrial Design, UX Design, Service Design, and Design Thinking and Communication (DTC).

DTC is a two quarter-long interdisciplinary course for all undergraduate students at Northwestern Engineering. The courses are typically taken in the first year. Students learn that both design and communication are iterative, context-centered, problem-solving processes. DTC is co-taught by an instructor from Northwestern Engineering and by an instructor from the Cook Family Writing Program at the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. In January 2016, The Wall Street Journal profiled DTC in an article titled "The Power of Unsolvable Problems." Students enrolled in DTC work on projects for real-world clients. The Chicago Tribune featured the design work of a DTC project in March 2013 and Fast Company featured the design of a DTC project in July 2016.

In 2016, Segal began offering a course called "Designing Your Life" for the first time. Inspired by a class by the same name at Stanford University and created with the support of Stanford Professors Dave Evans and Bill Burnett, the class teaches students to use design thinking to explore bigger life obstacles. The Northwestern version of the course emphasizes fieldwork and prototyping.

In 2017, the Segal Design Institute launched the Bay Area Immersion Program with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern. Based at the Northwestern educational space in downtown San Francisco, students learn from and contribute to the Bay Area's entrepreneurial culture while taking four courses that focus on experiential learning in design innovation, digital communication, and the intersection of technology and culture. ChicagoInno included the program in an article titled "Chicago Students Head West for Tech Culture Immersion" in February 2017.

Additionally, Segal houses Design for America, a national network on 40 campuses engaging over 1,200 students each year to use design innovation for positive social impact. Design for America was founded at Northwestern in 2009.

Prominent faculty
Bruce Ankenman, Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences
Achal Bassamboo, Professor of Managerial Economics & Decision Sciences, Operations at Kellogg School of Management and co-director of the MMM Program
J. Edward Colgate, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Breed Senior Professor in Design, and Director, Master of Science in Engineering Design Innovation program
Elizabeth Gerber, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Breed Junior Professor of Design, and director of the Segal Design Cluster
Greg Holderfield, Clinical Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, co-director of the Segal Design Institute and co-director of MMM Program
Jim Wicks, Associate Professor, Clinical, Segal Design Institute
Haoqi Zhang, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Junior Breed Professor of Design

See also
 user-centered design
 design thinking
 human-centered design

References

External links
Segal Design Institute official website

Engineering universities and colleges in Illinois
Northwestern University
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Illinois

Segal Design Institute


The 1911 Championship of Australia was an Australian rules football match that took place on 11 October 1911.

The championship was contested by the premiers of the VFL, Essendon and the premiers of the SAFL, West Adelaide.

The match was played at Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, South Australia.

The match, played in front of 6,000, was won by West Adelaide by a margin of 3 points, giving West Adelaide its 2nd Championship of Australia Title.

Match details

References

Championship of Australia
Championship of Australia
October 1911 sports events

1911 Championship of Australia


Henry A. "Chic" Ciccarone (February 8, 1938 – November 16, 1988) was an American college lacrosse coach. He was the head coach of the lacrosse team at Johns Hopkins University from 1975 to 1983 during which time he amassed a 105–16 record, including an undefeated record in 1979. Ciccarone guided the Blue Jays to three consecutive national championships from 1978 to 1980. He was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1987.

Early life and college
Ciccarone attended St. Mary's High School and later transferred to the Severn School. He played varsity lacrosse as a midfielder at both institutions, and earned All-State honors in 1956. Ciccarone then attended college at Johns Hopkins University where he continued playing the sport. The United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association named him to the All-America third team in 1960, the second team in 1961, and the first team in 1962. As a senior in 1962, he served as the team captain and participated in the North/South Collegiate All-Star Game.

In addition to playing for the lacrosse team, Ciccarone played tailback for the football team, rushing for over 1,000 yards and passing for over 1,000 yards.

Coaching career
Ciccarone began his coaching career in 1963 as an assistant lacrosse coach at Johns Hopkins, and continued in that role through 1969. He also served as an assistant football coach during that period, and as the head basketball coach from the 1963–64 season through the 1968–69 season. His basketball teams compiled a 35–68 record.

In 1975, Ciccarone became the head coach of the Johns Hopkins lacrosse team. He led Hopkins to the NCAA tournament all nine years of his tenure, and to the championship game seven consecutive times from 1977 to 1983. Ciccarone guided the Blue Jays to the NCAA championship in three consecutive seasons, from 1978 to 1980, which made him the first coach to accomplish that feat.

After defeating Maryland, 15–9, in the 1979 championship final to preserve a perfect 13–0 season, Ciccarone said, "I think you have to call this the greatest Johns Hopkins lacrosse team ever." Sports Illustrated writer Joe Marshall responded, "It might be easier to name the most beautiful Miss America." In the second edition of Lacrosse: Technique and Tradition by Bob Scott and Dave Pietramala, Ciccarone was referred to as "one of the finest coaches in the history of lacrosse."

Don Zimmerman played under Ciccarone in 1975 and 1976, and later served as his assistant coach. Zimmerman took over as Johns Hopkins head coach upon Ciccarone's retirement and led Hopkins to three national championships in his own right.

Later life
In 1983, Ciccarone retired from coaching with a 105–16 career record and entered private business. He became the president of Bestway Distributing Company, where he worked until his death. Ciccarone died of a heart attack on November 16, 1988 at his home in Cockeysville, Maryland at the age of 50. He was married and had four sons: Brent, Henry Jr., John, and Steve, all of whom also played lacrosse at Johns Hopkins.

The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame inducted Ciccarone in 1987. The Anne Arundel County Sports Hall of Fame inducted him in 2000.

The Henry Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease at the Johns Hopkins Hospital was named in his honor by Dr. Roger Blumenthal, who was an assistant sports information director during Ciccarone's tenure.

References

Sportspeople from Annapolis, Maryland
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's basketball coaches
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse players
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse coaches
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football coaches
Mount Washington Lacrosse Club players
1988 deaths
Basketball coaches from Maryland
1938 births

Henry Ciccarone


Molly Pesce ( Molly Scott) (born c. 1963) is an American actress. In 1989 she began her acting career as host of the Nickelodeon variety show Total Panic. She is the host of Animal Planet's Backyard Habitat. She was also one of the co-hosts of the daytime talk show, iVillageLive in its first season in Orlando.  Pesce was also Miss Florida in 1986 and competed at Miss America 1987. She graduated from Lake Brantley High School in Altamonte Springs, Florida, in 1981, and attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.

References

External links

1960s births
Living people
University of Florida alumni
Miss America 1980s delegates

Molly Pesce


Pertica is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early to Middle Devonian (around ). It has been placed in the "trimerophytes", a strongly paraphyletic group of early members of the lineage leading to modern ferns and seed plants.

Description

Pertica quadrifaria (the type species of the genus) was described in 1972 from compression fossils found in the Trout Valley Formation of northern Maine, USA. It was an upright plant which grew to perhaps as much as a metre (3 ft) in height. It comprised a main, straight stem (axis) with side branches which developed dichotomously, branching many times at increasingly shorter intervals. Some of the terminal branchlets bore masses of erect paired, ellipsoidal sporangia in distinctive tight clusters. The branches were arranged in a spiral pattern, forming four vertical rows. The specific epithet quadrifaria refers to this growth habit.

Pertica varia was described in 1976 from the Devonian of Eastern Canada. It was considerably taller than P. quadrifaria, reaching a height of nearly 3 m. The sporangia were similar to those of P. quadrifaria, although there were fewer in each cluster.

Pertica dalhousii was described in 1978 from fossils of Early or Middle Devonian age found in New Brunswick, Canada. The plant appears to have been similar to P. quadrifaria (only part is known), comprising a central stem (axis) with spirally arranged dichotomous side branches, some of which terminated in erect clusters of between 32 and 128 sporangia. Further specimens from the same rocks possibly belonged to another species of Pertica, but were not sufficiently well preserved to be named.

Phylogeny

The clear differentiation between a main stem (axis) and lateral branches in Pertica, as in other "trimerophytes", has been considered to represent an early stage in the development of a growth pattern that later led to the evolution of megaphylls (large true leaves). Consistent with this, a cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Pertica in a paraphyletic stem group basal to the seed plants (spermatophytes) which have such leaves.

Other researchers have produced rather different analyses. Rothwell's analysis separates "trimerophytes", like Pertica, from progymnosperms, like Tetraxylopteris, with only the latter being closely related to seed plants.

References

Early Devonian plants
Middle Devonian plants
Early Devonian first appearances
Middle Devonian genus extinctions
Paleozoic life of New Brunswick
Prehistoric plant genera

Pertica


Persian literature  is literature that is written or expressed in Iran. Persian literature has a history of one thousand and one hundred years. Persian poetry and Persian prose are the two main genres in Persian literature. Some ancient books on non-literary subjects such as history, prayers and various sciences also have literary value and over time have been included in the class of classic works of Persian literature. Persian literature has its roots in the ancient literature of Iran, which was influenced by Avestan texts in the Sassanid period in Middle Persian and Parthian Pahlavi languages.

Persian culture

Persian literature