George Webb Slaughter (1811–1895) was an American Baptist minister, cattle breeder and drover, and rancher in Texas. Born in Mississippi, he drove cattle to Kansas and Louisiana, from his ranch near Palo Pinto, Texas. According to historian J. Marvin Hunter, "he baptized over 3,000 persons and ordained more preachers and organized more churches than any other person in the state of Texas."

Early life
George Webb Slaughter was born on May 10, 1811, in Lawrence County, Mississippi. His father, William Slaughter (1781-1851), was a farmer who had served in the War of 1812; and his mother was Nancy Moore. With his parents, he moved Copiah County, Mississippi, in 1821, to Louisiana in 1825, and to Sabine County, Texas, five years later, in 1830.

Career
Slaughter was a courier to Sam Houston. In this capacity, he delivered a message from Houston to William B. Travis at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836.

Slaughter joined the United Methodist Church in 1831. However, ten years later, he joined the Baptist Church, becoming an ordained Baptist minister in 1844. He served as a Baptist minister in Sabine County and other parts of East Texas until 1851. He then moved with his family and cattle to Freestone County, Texas. Six years later, in 1857, he established a ranch near Palo Pinto, Texas. There, he also served as a Baptist minister and practised medicine. According to historian J. Marvin Hunter, "he baptized over 3,000 persons and ordained more preachers and organized more churches than any other person in the state of Texas."

During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, Slaughter provided beef from his ranch to the Tonkawa, a Native American tribe who were aligned with the Confederate States Army.

After the war, Slaughter focused on cattle breeding and droving. With his son C.C. Slaughter, he drove cattle from Palo Pinto, Texas to Shreveport, Louisiana, in 1867. The herd was meant for T. H. Johnson. He also sold cattle to James Loving (1836-1902) and Charles Rivers in 1867-1868. In 1870, he drove 3,000 heads of cattle on the Chisholm Trail all the way to Kansas with his son. Living in Emporia, Kansas, from 1870 to 1876, he drove cattle every year.

From 1876 to 1884, Slaughter returned to Texas, where he focused on ranching with another son, Peter Slaughter.

Personal life
Slaughter married Sarah Jane Mason on October 12, 1837. They were the first couple to get married in the Republic of Texas. They had eleven children.

Death
Slaughter died on March 19, 1895, in Palo Pinto, Texas.

References

1811 births
1895 deaths
People from Lawrence County, Mississippi
People from Palo Pinto County, Texas
Ranchers from Texas
American cattlemen
Baptists from Texas
Tonkawa history
Baptists from Mississippi
19th-century Baptists

George Webb Slaughter


Essen Abbey (Stift Essen) was a community of secular canonesses for women of high nobility that formed the nucleus of modern-day Essen, Germany.

A chapter of male priests were also attached to the abbey, under a dean.  In the medieval period, the abbess exercised the functions of a bishop, except for the sacramental ones, and those of a ruler, over the very extensive estates of the abbey, and had no clerical superior except the pope.

History
It was founded about 845 by the Saxon Altfrid (died 874), later Bishop of Hildesheim and saint, near a royal estate called Astnidhi, which later gave its name to the religious house and to the town. The first abbess was Altfrid's kinswoman, Gerswit. Altfrid also built a church for the canonesses, the Stiftskirche, later known as the Essener Münster and from 1958 as Essen Cathedral. Only women from the highest circles of German nobility were accepted.

Because of its advancement by the Liudolfings (the family of the Ottonian Emperors) the abbey became reichsunmittelbar (an Imperial abbey) sometime between 874 and 947. Apart from the abbess, the canonesses did not take vows of perpetual celibacy; they lived in some comfort in their own houses, with their own staff, and wore secular clothing except when performing clerical roles such as singing the Divine Office. They could travel, and leave the abbey at any time to marry.

Its best years began in 973 under the Abbess Mathilde, granddaughter of Otto I and thus herself a Liudolfing, who governed the abbey until 1011. In her time the most important of the art treasures of what is now the Essen Cathedral treasury came to Essen. She acquired from Koblenz the relics of (Florinus of Remüs) for the abbey, and donated the processional Cross of Otto and Mathilde.

The next two abbesses to succeed her were also from the Liudolfing family and were thus able further to increase the wealth and power of the foundation. In 1228 the abbesses were designated "Princesses" for the first time. From 1300 they took up residence in Schloss Borbeck, where they spent increasing amounts of time. In wartime it was also a refuge for common people.

The abbey's territorial lordship, to which belonged the town of Essen that was centered on the monastery, grew up between the Emscher and the Ruhr, The town's efforts to become an independent Imperial city were frustrated by the abbey in 1399 and again, conclusively, in 1670. In the north of the territory was located the abbey's monastery of Stoppenberg, founded in 1073; to the south was the collegiate foundation of Rellinghausen. Also among the possessions of the abbey was the area round Huckarde, on the borders of the County of Dortmund and separated from the territory of Essen by the County of the Mark. Approximately 3,000 farms in the area owed dues to the abbey, in Vest Recklinghausen, on the Hellweg and round Breisig and Godesberg. From 1512 to its dissolution the Imperial abbey belonged to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.

The abbey's Vögte were, in sequence:
 the Counts of Berg
 the Counts of the Mark (1288)
 the Dukes of Cleves
 the Dukes of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
 the Margraves of Brandenburg (from 1609/48)

In 1495 the abbey signed a contract with the Dukes of Cleves and Mark regarding the inheritance of the Vogtei, whereby it lost some of its political independence in that it was no longer able to choose its own Vogt.

The princess Abbess Franziska Christine founded an orphanage for the Essen Abbey Region near Steele.

From 1802 the territory was occupied by Prussian troops. The abbey was dissolved in 1803. The spiritual territory of  passed to Prussia, then between 1806/1807 to 1813 to the Duchy of Berg and afterwards to Prussia again. The last abbess, Maria Kunigunde von Sachsen, died on 8 April 1826 in Dresden.

When in 1958 the Diocese of Essen was created, the former abbey church became Essen Cathedral, to which the abbey's treasury (Essener Domschatz), including the famous Golden Madonna of Essen, also passed.

List of the Abbesses, later Princess-Abbesses, of Essen

The dates of the rule of the abbesses are incompletely preserved. The sequence of the abbesses between Gerswid II and Ida is uncertain, particularly in regard to the Abbess Agana.

 Gerswid I (about 850; relative of Saint Altfrid)
 Gerswid II (about 880)
 Adalwi (d. 895(?))
 Wicburg (about 896–906)
 Mathilde I (907–910)
 Hadwig I (910–951) – it was probably under her that the abbey became reichsunmittelbar
 Agana (951–965)
 Ida (966–971)
 Mathilde II (971–1011; granddaughter of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor)
 Sophia (1012–1039; daughter of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor; Abbess of Gandersheim Abbey from 1001)
 Theophanu (1039–1058; granddaughter of Otto II)
 Svanhild (1058–1085) (de) – founded Stoppenberg Abbey
 Lutgarde (about 1088–1118)
 Oda (of Calw?) (1119–1137)
 Ermentrude (about 1140–after 1154)
 Hedwig von Wied (1154–about 1172; Abbess of Gerresheim Abbey)
 Elisabeth I (1172–before 1216; Abbess of St. Maria im Kapitol (Cologne) and of Vreden Abbey)
 Adelheid (1216–1237)
 Elisabeth II (c. 1237–1241)
 Bertha of Arnsberg (before 1243–1292)
 Beatrix of Holte (1292–1327)
 Kunigunde of Berg (1327–resigned 1337, died 1355; Abbess of Gerresheim)
 Katharina of the Mark (1337–1360)
 Irmgard of Broich (1360–1370)
 Elisabeth III of Nassau (1370–resigned nk; d. 1412)
 Margarete I of the Mark-(Arensberg) (1413–resigned 1426; d. 1429)
 Elisabeth IV Stecke von Beeck (1426–1445)
 Sophia I von Daun-Oberstein (1445–1447)
 Elisabeth V von Saffenberg (1447–1459)
 Sophia II von Gleichen, sister of the Abbot of Werden (1459–1489)
 Meina von Daun-Oberstein (1489–resigned 1521; d. 1525)
 Margarete II von Beichlingen (1521–1534) (Abbess of Vreden)
 Sibylle von Montfort (1534–1551)
 Katharina von Tecklenburg (1551–1560)
 Maria von Spiegelberg (1560–1561)
 Irmgard von Diepholz (1561–1575)
 Elisabeth VI von Manderscheid-Blankenheim-Gerolstein (1575–resigned 1578 and married)
 Elisabeth VII von Sayn (1578–1588) (Abbess of Nottuln Abbey)
 Elisabeth VIII von Manderscheid-Blankenheim (1588–1598)
 Margarete Elisabeth von Manderscheid-Blankenheim (1598–1604; Abbess of Gerresheim, Schwarzrheindorf and Freckenhorst)
 Elisabeth IX von Bergh-s'Heerenberg (1604–1614; Abbess of Freckenhorst and Nottuln)
 Maria Clara von Spaur, Pflaum und Vallier (1614–1644; Abbess of Nottuln and Metelen Abbeys)
 Anna Eleonore von Stauffen (1644–1645; Abbess of Thorn Abbey)
 Anna Salome von Salm-Reifferscheid (1646–1688)
 vacant: Regency of the General Chapter (1688–1690)
 Anna Salome of Manderscheid-Blankenheim (1690–1691; Abbess of Thorn)
 Bernhardine Sophia of East Frisia and Rietberg (1691–1726)
 Francisca Christina of Pfalz-Sulzbach (1726–1776; Abbess of Thorn)
 Maria Kunigunde of Saxony (1776–resigned 1802; d. 1826; Abbess of Thorn)

Burials
 Saint Altfrid

References

Bibliography
 Ute Küppers-Braun: Macht in Frauenhand – 1000 Jahre Herrschaft adeliger Frauen in Essen. Essen 2002.
 Torsten Fremer: Äbtissin Theophanu und das Stift Essen. Verlag Pomp, 2002, .
 Kahnitz, Rainer, "The Gospel book of Abbess Svanhild of Essen in the John Rylands Library, I", 1971, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, John Rylands University Library, Manchester, ISSN 0301-102X, PDF online

External links
  Frauenstift Essen
  Historischer Verein für Stadt und Stift Essen e.V.
  Familienforschung in den Kirchenbüchern des Stifts Essen

Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Monasteries in North Rhine-Westphalia
Roman Catholic churches in Essen
Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
Monasteries of secular canonesses
Imperial abbeys disestablished in 1802–03
States and territories established in the 840s
County of Mark
9th-century establishments in Germany
9th-century churches in Germany
Religious buildings and structures completed in 845

Essen Abbey


A Trillion Shades of Happy is the only album released by New Zealand rock band Push Push.  It was nominated for album of the year in the annual NZ music awards where the band won Band Of The Year.

Track listing

Singles
"Trippin'" was the first single released and went to No. 1 in New Zealand for six weeks, eventually selling platinum and was the third best-selling single for that year. The band performed this live on the first Hey Hey It's Saturday (Australian entertainment) show broadcast in New Zealand. "Song 27" and "What My Baby Likes" were further New Zealand top ten hits for the band.

Charts

References

External links
Elsewhere.co.nz Do Ya Love Me

1992 debut albums
Push Push (band) albums

A Trillion Shades of Happy


Alexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 – 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England.

Life
Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II.

He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.

On the death of Edgar in 1107, Alexander succeeded to the Scottish crown but, in accordance with Edgar's instructions, their brother David was granted an appanage in southern Scotland. Edgar's will granted David the lands of the former kingdom of Strathclyde or Cumbria, and this was apparently agreed in advance by Edgar, Alexander, David and their brother-in-law Henry I of England. In 1113, perhaps at Henry's instigation, and with the support of his Anglo-Norman allies, David demanded and received, additional lands in Lothian along the Upper Tweed and Teviot. David did not receive the title of king, but of "prince of the Cumbrians", and his lands remained under Alexander's final authority.

The dispute over Tweeddale and Teviotdale does not appear to have damaged relations between Alexander and David, although it was unpopular in some quarters. A Gaelic poem laments:It's bad what Malcolm's son has done,dividing us from Alexander;he causes, like each king's son before,the plunder of stable Alba.

The dispute over the eastern marches does not appear to have caused lasting trouble between Alexander and Henry of England. In 1114, he joined Henry on campaign in Wales against Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd. Alexander's marriage with Henry's illegitimate daughter Sybilla of Normandy may have occurred as early as 1107, or as late as 1114.

William of Malmesbury's account attacks Sybilla, but the evidence argues that Alexander and Sybilla were a devoted but childless couple and Sybilla was of noteworthy piety. Sybilla died in unrecorded circumstances at Eilean nam Ban (Kenmore on Loch Tay) in July 1122 and was buried at Dunfermline Abbey. Alexander did not remarry and Walter Bower wrote that he planned an Augustinian Priory at the Eilean nam Ban dedicated to Sybilla's memory, and he may have taken steps to have her venerated.

Alexander had at least one illegitimate child, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, who was later involved in a revolt against David I in the 1130s. He was imprisoned at Roxburgh for many years afterwards, perhaps until his death sometime after 1157.

Alexander was, like his brothers Edgar and David, a notably pious king. He was responsible for foundations at Scone and Inchcolm, the latter founded in thanks for his survival of a tempest at sea nearby. He had the two towers built which flanked the great western entrance of Dunfermline Abbey, where his mother was buried.

His mother's chaplain and hagiographer Thurgot was named Bishop of Saint Andrews (or Cell Rígmonaid) in 1107, presumably by Alexander's order.  The case of Thurgot's would-be successor Eadmer shows that Alexander's wishes were not always accepted by the religious community, perhaps because Eadmer had the backing of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, rather than Thurstan of York.  Alexander also patronised Saint Andrews, granting lands intended for an Augustinian Priory, which may have been the same as that intended to honour his wife.

For all his religiosity, Alexander was not remembered as a man of peace. John of Fordun says of him:

He manifested the terrible aspect of his character in his reprisals in the Province of Moray. Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland says that Alexander was holding court at Invergowrie when he was attacked by "men of the Isles". Walter Bower says the attackers were from Moray and Mearns. Alexander pursued them north, to "Stockford" in Ross (near Beauly) where he defeated them. This, says Wyntoun, is why he was named the "Fierce". The dating of this is uncertain, as are his enemies' identities. However, in 1116 the Annals of Ulster report: "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray." The king referred to is Alexander's father, Malcolm III, and Domnall was Alexander's half brother. The Province or Kingdom of Moray was ruled by the family of Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) and Lulach (Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin): not overmighty subjects, but a family who had ruled Alba within little more than a lifetime. Who the Mormaer or King was at this time is not known; it may have been Óengus of Moray or his father, whose name is not known. As for the Mearns, the only known Mormaer of Mearns, Máel Petair, had murdered Alexander's half-brother Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim) in 1094.

Alexander died in April 1124 at his court at Stirling; his brother David, probably the acknowledged heir since the death of Sybilla, succeeded him.

Fictional portrayals
Alexander was depicted in a fantasy novel, Pater Nostras Canis Dirus: The Garrison Effect (2010). Alexander is depicted as troubled by his lack of direct heirs, having no child with his wife Sybilla of Normandy. He points out that his father-in-law Henry I of England is asking them for a grandson.

References

Sources

Further reading

 Alexander I at the official website of the British monarchy

1070s births
1124 deaths
House of Dunkeld
12th-century Scottish monarchs
People from Dunfermline
Burials at Dunfermline Abbey
11th-century Scottish people
Gaelic monarchs in Scotland

Alexander I of Scotland


Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership, operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better organized for its present needs.

Other reasons for restructuring include a change of ownership or ownership structure, demerger, or a response to a crisis or major change in the business such as bankruptcy, repositioning, or buyout.

Restructuring may also be described as corporate restructuring, debt restructuring and financial restructuring.

Other websites
Infoworld - "HP to slash 14,500 jobs in major restructuring move"
CBC News - "Stelco unveils restructuring plan"
Web site of the TRACE Project, a large scale European trade union project that has created a mass of resources, training materials, etc about restructuring
Web site of the MIRE Project (Monitoring Innovative Restructuring in Europe) including thematic analysis and 30 case studies
Corporate Restructuring Consultants India
 European Restructuring Toolbox on Anticipedia web site of the European Commission

Legal terms

Restructuring


The South China Meeting House, now known as the South China Community Church, is a historic church on Village Street in South China, Maine.  Built in 1884 as a Quaker meeting house, it is now home to multi-denominational congregation.  It is notable as one of the places that influenced Quaker writer Rufus Jones, who was raised in South China and attended services here after this building replaced the Pond Meeting House.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description and history
The South China Community Church is located in the center of South China village, on the north side of Village Street.  It is a rambling single-story structure, whose most prominent feature is a square tower that has a louvered belfry and pyramidal top.  To the right of the tower, a low shed-hip-roof section fronts a taller section with a front-facing gable.  This tall section is the original sanctuary.  To the left of the tower is a short-gable section, which gives way to a longer gabled section with a lower roof.  The main entrance is at the base of the tower, sheltered by a gabled hood, with secondary entrances immediately to its left (under a shed-roof extension of the short ell) and at the far end of the long ell.

The church's original sanctuary was built in 1883 by the local Quaker community, as a replacement for the Pond Meeting House.  It was a simple frame structure similar to its predecessor, and was enlarged about 1900 by the addition of the tower and an extension of the sanctuary space.  The additions to the left are from a later period.  Writer Rufus Jones, who was born and raised in South China, continued to summer here as an adult, and regularly attended Quaker meetings here, and was reported to speak at them often.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

External links
South China Community Church web site

Churches in Kennebec County, Maine
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
China, Maine
1884 establishments in Maine
Churches completed in 1884

South China Meeting House


Green Lantern versus Aliens is a four-issue comic book intercompany crossover mini-series published jointly by DC Comics and Dark Horse Comics monthly from September to December 2000. It is written by Ron Marz and illustrated by penciller Rick Leonardi and inker Mike Perkins, with covers by Dwayne Turner. In 2001, the series was collected into a single volume with a new cover by artist Eric Kohler. The series stars several Green Lanterns, primarily Kyle Rayner, and the titular xenomorphs from the Alien films. The story is apparently outside of DC Comics Universe canon, as Brik and Salaak are alive in current Green Lantern continuity; the series is set sometime after the destruction of the original Green Lantern Corps.

Plot
The story opens in flashback, ten years before the (at the time) current continuity of the Green Lantern comic books, showing an extraterrestrial Barin Char, the Green Lantern of Sector 1522, dying when a chestburster bursts from his chest. Hal Jordan (who, at the time of the series' publication, had long been dead) is then summoned by the Guardians of the Universe to rendezvous with fellow Green Lanterns Kilowog, Katma Tui, Tomar-Re, The Green Man and Salaak on the planet Tirama in Sector 1522. The six Green Lanterns are informed of the disappearance of Barin Char and proceed to the border world where he is believed to have disappeared. Tracing the signal from Char's displaced power ring, they enter a cavern inside a mountainous butte where they discover Char's corpse before being attacked by a swarm of Xenomorphs. Jordan decides that rather than exterminate an alien species—particularly since the Xenomorphs appear to be only the interstellar equivalent of sharks, the perfect killing machine without actually being evil—they would transport the Xenomorphs to the sentient Green Lantern planet Mogo, where they can not harm anyone.

A decade later, the Signet Dawn, a Coluan long-range ore transport vessel, crashes onto the planet. Five extraterrestrials—the Xudarian Tomar-Dar, Brik, Ash, M'Hdahna and the aforementioned Salaak—appear on Earth in the apartment of Kyle Rayner, who at the time, is the Green Lantern of Earth and the only Green Lantern in existence. These five are either former Green Lanterns or were intended to become Green Lanterns at the time of Parallax's destruction of the Green Lantern Corps, and they inform Rayner of the Signet Dawn'''s crash on Mogo. The six then journey to Mogo to rescue the ship's crew. Inside the hull of the ship, they encounter Crowe, the ship's first officer, who tells Rayner that after the crash, the aliens carried off the other 37 crew members but left her for some reason. Crowe leads Rayner and the others deeper into the ship, where the Xenomorphs attack them, taking Rayner's companions captive, leaving only him, Crowe, and Salaak. When Rayner tries to grab Tomar as he is pulled down a shaft, his power ring slips off his finger and falls down the shaft.

The trio then climbs down the shaft—Kyle and Salaak subsequently settling any remaining tension between them when Salaak apologizes for judging Kyle by what he was not rather than what he was—and discover five of Crowe's crewmates cocooned by the Xenomorphs, four of whom have been killed by chestbursters. The Xenomorphs then attack the trio, and Crowe and Rayner flee through a passageway, separated from Salaak. They then come across a chamber where they discover a Xenomorph queen with the remainder of Crowe's crew and Rayner's companions cocooned around the walls and Rayner's power ring on the floor. After exchanging a brief kiss for luck, Crowe jumps into the chamber firing at the aliens to distract them while Rayner goes for his ring. During this attempt, the skin on the right half of Crowe's face is ripped away, revealing that she is a gynoid. Rayner reacquires his ring. Crowe, fatally damaged during the melee, tells Rayner that he shouldn't leave the Xenomorphs alive to endanger someone else in the future as Jordan did, so Rayner destroys the Xenomorphs, rescuing the surviving Signet Dawn crew and his companions. Ash, Brik and Salaak do not survive. Rayner is left with the thought that sometimes the past comes back to haunt no matter what one does, another reminder of the legacy of Hal Jordan that looms over him.

Collected edition
 Green Lantern versus Aliens'' (96 pages, September, Titan Books, , August 2001, Dark Horse, )

Notes

References

Alien (franchise) comics
Comics set on fictional planets
Green Lantern titles
Intercompany crossovers
2000 comics debuts

Green Lantern Versus Aliens


The Veterans' Alliance for Security and Democracy (VETPAC) is a multi-candidate political action committee in the United States.

VETPAC endorses, actively supports and helps fund candidates for national office who they feel share their principles of security and democracy.  These candidates are often (but not always) Veterans and Fighting Dems.

In March 2006, the group endorsed Mike Thompson's plan for redeployment in Iraq. Dubbed the "Change the Course" policy emphasized a massive increase in training of Iraqi forces using Allied training capability outside Iraq.

In August 2006, the VETPAC joined Max Cleland to speak out against the "swiftboating" of John Murtha.

Candidates VETPAC endorses
Ted Ankrum
Mishonda Baldwin
Lee Ballenger
Nancy Boyda
Duane Burghard
Chris Carney
John Courage
Justin Coussoule
Dan Dodd
Andrew Duck
Bill Durston
Jay Fawcett
David Harris
Larry Kissell
John Laesch
Patricia Madrid
Eric Massa
Nancy Nusbaum
Rick Penberthy
Barbara Ann Radnofsky
Gene Scharer
Rich Sexton
Carl Sheeler
Al Weed

See also
Fighting Dems

External links
 Official site (archived)

Political advocacy groups in the United States
American military personnel
2006 elections in the United States
American veterans' organizations


Tomake Chai (; "I Want You" or "I Yearn for You") is a 1992 released Bengali song by Kabir Suman from the album Tomake Chai. This song, which used several new form of technology, is the first song of the album (total 12 songs), which also happened to be the artist's first solo album. This song (along with the album) is often considered as milestone and the one which changed the Bengali music forever. This iconic song was initially directed towards a woman but after few lines got "quickly overshadowed by his [Suman's] love for Calcutta".

References

Kabir Suman songs
1992 songs
Songs in Bengali
Songs with music by Kabir Suman

Tomake Chai


Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role of the UN's Department of Peace Operations as an "instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace". It is distinguished from peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are "mutually reinforcing" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice.

Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including separating former combatants, confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral assistance, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security.
Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops obeying UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army", as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as NATO, the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to perform peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.

Jean-Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peace Operations; he took over from the former Under-Secretary-General Hervé Ladsous on 1 April 2017. Since 1997, all directors have been French. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" was issued in 2008.

Formation

Once a peace treaty has been negotiated, the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a peacekeeping force to supervise various elements of the agreed upon plan. This is often done because a group controlled by the United Nations is less likely to favor the interests of any one party since it itself is controlled by many groups namely the 15-member Security Council and the intentionally diverse United Nations Secretariat.

If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission, then the Department of Peacekeeping Operations begins planning for the necessary elements. At this time, the senior command team is selected. The department will then seek contributions from member nations. Since the UN has no standing force or supplies, it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken. Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a suitable force, and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field. Roméo Dallaire, force commander in Rwanda during the Rwandan genocide there, described the problems this poses by comparison to more traditional military deployments:

It has been shown that contributors deploy their troops with varying speed. While the peacekeeping force is being assembled, a variety of diplomatic activities are being undertaken by UN staff. The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on. The Rules of Engagement must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council. These give the specific mandate and scope of the mission (e.g. when may the peacekeepers, if armed, use force, and where may they go within the host nation). Often, it will be mandated that peacekeepers have host government minders with them whenever they leave their base. This complexity has caused problems in the field. When all agreements have been completed, the required personnel are assembled, and final approval has been given by the Security Council, the peacekeepers are deployed to the region in question.

Financing

The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the collective responsibility of UN Member States. Decisions about the establishment, maintenance or expansion of peacekeeping operations are taken by the Security Council. According to UN Charter every Member State is obligated legally to pay their respective share for peacekeeping. Peacekeeping expenses are divided by the General Assembly based upon a formula established by Member States which takes into account the relative economic wealth of Member States among other factors. In 2017, the UN agreed to reduce the peacekeeping budget by $600 million after the US initially proposed a larger decrease of approximately $900 million.

The General Assembly approves resource expenditures for peacekeeping operations on a yearly basis.  Financing covers the period from 1 July to 30 June of the next year.

Structure

A United Nations peacekeeping mission has three power centers. The first is the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, the official leader of the mission. This person is responsible for all political and diplomatic activity, overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member-states in general. They are often a senior member of the Secretariat. The second is the Force Commander, who is responsible for the military forces deployed. They are a senior officer of their nation's armed services, and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project. Finally, the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics, and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed.

Statistics

In 2007, a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be older than age 25 with no maximum age limit. Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. , there are 100,411 people serving in UN peacekeeping operations (86,145 uniformed, 12,932 civilian, and 1,334 volunteers). European nations contribute nearly 6,000 people to this total. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with about 8,000 people each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 people. Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council.

History

Cold War peacekeeping

United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, commanded by the UN, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be activated when the major international powers (the five permanent members of the Security Council) tasked the UN with helping to end conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security. These included a number of so-called "proxy wars" waged by client states of the superpowers. As of December 2019, there have been 72 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948, with seventeen operations ongoing. Suggestions for new missions are made every year.

The first peacekeeping mission was initiated in 1948. This mission, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created State of Israel, where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states concerning the creation of Israel had just reached a ceasefire. The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has certainly not abated. Almost a year later, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations, which were divided from each other after the United Kingdom's decolonization of the Indian subcontinent.

As the Korean War ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953, UN forces remained along the south side of demilitarized zone until 1967, when American and South Korean forces took over.

Returning its attention to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the United Nations responded to Suez Crisis of 1956, a war between the alliance of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel, versus Egypt, which was supported by other Arab nations. When a ceasefire was declared in 1957, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs (and future Prime Minister) Lester Bowles Pearson suggested that the United Nations station a peacekeeping force in the Suez in order to ensure that the ceasefire was honored by both sides. Pearson had initially suggested that the force consist of mainly Canadian soldiers, but the Egyptians were suspicious of having a Commonwealth nation defend them against the United Kingdom and its allies. In the end, a wide variety of national forces were drawn upon to ensure national diversity. Pearson would win the Nobel Peace Prize for this work.

In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces. The press release stated that the forces "represent the manifest will of the community of nations" and have "made a decisive contribution" to the resolution of conflict around the world.

Since 1991

The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral peacekeeping. In a new spirit of cooperation, the Security Council established larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between belligerents in intra-State conflicts and civil wars. Furthermore, peacekeeping came to involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic functions, such as elections. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in 1992 to assist this increased demand for such missions.

By and large, the new operations were successful. In El Salvador and Mozambique, for example, peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Some efforts failed, perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish. While complex missions in Cambodia and Mozambique were ongoing, the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like Somalia, where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured. These operations did not have the manpower, nor were they supported by the required political will, to implement their mandates. The failures—most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1995 massacre in Srebrenica and Bosnia and Herzegovina—resulted in a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping. As a result, the relatively small United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) transitional administration in Eastern Slavonia received a high degree of commitment and became a "proving ground for ideas, methods, and procedures". It turned out to be considered the most successful UN mission, and was followed by other more ambitious transitional administrations in Kosovo (United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, or UNMIK) and East Timor (United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, or UNTAET).

That period resulted, in part, in the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission, which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on, such as elections. The commission currently works with six countries, all in Africa.

Participation

The UN Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, almost 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that as many as one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served as UN peacekeepers during the last 56 years.

As of June 2013, 114 countries were contributing a total 91,216 military observers, police, and troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.

As of June 2022, 120 countries were contributing a total of 74,892 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Bangladesh leading the tally (6,700), India (5,832), Nepal (5,794), Rwanda (5,283) and Pakistan (4,399). As of 28 February 2015, 120 countries were contributing a total of 104,928 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Bangladesh leading the tally (9,446). As of March 2008, in addition to military and police personnel, 5,187 international civilian personnel, 2,031 UN Volunteers and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions.  Bangladesh's role in UN peace missions, 9593 Bangladeshi peacekeepers were deployed in 10 countries.

Through October 2018, 3,767 people from more than 100 countries had been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions. Many of those came from India (163), Nigeria (153), Pakistan (150), Bangladesh (146), and Ghana (138). Thirty percent of the fatalities during the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993–1995. About 4.5% of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the European Union and less than one percent from the United States (US).

The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop-contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include: $1,028 for pay and allowances; $303 supplementary pay for specialists; $68 for personal clothing, gear and equipment; and $5 for personal weaponry.

United States
In the United States, the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations began with differing philosophies but came to adopt remarkably similar policies using peace operations to assist American foreign policy. Initial ideological concerns were replaced by pragmatic decisions about how to assist UN peace operations. Both administrations were reluctant to contribute large contingents of ground troops to UN-commanded operations, even as both administrations endorsed increases in the number and scale of UN missions.

The Clinton administration had significant operational challenges. Instead of a liability, this was the tactical price of strategic success. American peace operations help transform its NATO alliance.  The George W. Bush administration started with a negative ideological attitude toward peace operations. However European and Latin American governments emphasized peace operations as strategically positive, especially regarding the use of European forces in Afghanistan and Lebanon. However American allies sometimes needed to flout their autonomy, even to the point of sacrificing operational efficiency, much to the annoyance of Washington.

Results
According to scholar Page Fortna, there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare; more peacekeeping troops results in fewer battlefield and civilian deaths. There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help international organizations in bringing combatants to negotiate and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease-fire.

However, there have been several reports during UN peacekeeping missions of human rights abuse by UN soldiers, notably in the Central African Republic in 2015. The cost of these missions is also significant, with the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) costing $1 billion per year for 12,500 UN soldiers unable to prevent the country's civil war. Often missions require approval from local governments before deploying troops which can also limit the effectiveness of UN missions.

Nicholas Sambanis asserts that the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission is correlated with a positive effect on the achievement of peace, especially in the short-term. However, he notes that this effect is lessened over time. Thus, the longer that peacekeepers remain in a country, the greater the likelihood that peace will maintain.  Acknowledging the success that UN peacekeeping operations have achieved in increasing political participation, Sambanis claims that a greater emphasis on economic development would further increase the efficacy of peacekeeping efforts.

Another study suggests that doubling the peacekeeping operation budget, stronger peacekeeping operation mandates and a doubling of the PKO budget would reduce armed conflicts by as much as two thirds relative to a scenario without PKOs. An analysis of 47 peace operations by Virginia Page Fortna of Columbia University found that the involvement of UN personnel generally resulted in enduring peace. Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and Desiree Nilsson of Uppsala University studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, including in Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic, and concluded that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than counterterrorism operations by nation states.

A 2021 study in the American Political Science Review found that the presence of UN peacekeeping missions had a weak correlation with rule of law while conflict is ongoing, but a robust correlation during periods of peace. The study also found that "the relationship is stronger for civilian than uniformed personnel, and is strongest when UN missions engage host states in the process of reform". Likewise, Georgetown University professor Lise Howard argues that UN peacekeeping operations are more effective by virtue of their lack of compelling force; rather, their use of nonviolent methods such as "verbal persuasion, financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including surveillance and arrest" are likelier to pacify warring parties.

A 2021 study in the American Journal of Political Science found that UN peacekeeping in South Sudan had a positive effect on the local economy.

According to a 2011 study, UN peacekeeping missions were most likely to be successful if they had assistance and consent from domestic actors in the host state.

Peacekeeping and cultural heritage
The UN Peacekeeping's commitment to protecting cultural heritage dates back to 2012, when there was extensive destruction in Mali. In this matter, the protection of a country's cultural heritage was included in the mandate of a United Nations mission (Resolution 2100) for the first time in history. In addition to many other advances, Italy signed an agreement with UNESCO in February 2016 to create the world's first emergency task force for culture, composed of civilian experts and the Italian Carabinieri. On the one hand, UN Peacekeeping trained its personnel with regard to the protection of cultural property and, on the other hand, there was intensive contact with other organizations concerned with it. The "Blue Helmet Forum 2019" was one of those events where the actors involved exchanged their previous experiences and tried to strengthen the cooperation. An outstanding mission was the deployment of the UN peace mission UNIFIL together with Blue Shield International in 2019 to protect the UNESCO World Heritage in Lebanon. It was shown that cultural property protection (performed by military and civil specialists) forms the basic basis for the future peaceful and economic development of a city, region or country in many conflict zones. The need for training and coordination of the military and civilian participants, including the increased involvement of the local population, became apparent. After the explosion in Beirut in 2020, the blue helmets were able to take extensive relief measures together with Blue Shield International and the Lebanese Army.

Crimes by peacekeepers

Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution

Reporters witnessed a rapid increase of prostitution in Cambodia and Mozambique after UN peacekeeping forces moved in. In the 1996 UN study "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", the former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented: "In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report, the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution."

Gita Sahgal spoke out in 2004 about the fact that prostitution and sex abuse occurs wherever humanitarian intervention efforts are established. She observed: "The issue with the UN is that peacekeeping operations, unfortunately, seems to be doing the same thing that other militaries do. Even the guardians have to be guarded."

Human rights violations in United Nations missions

The following table chart illustrates confirmed accounts of crimes and human rights violations committed by United Nations soldiers, peacekeepers, and employees.

Proposed reform

Brahimi analysis
In response to criticism, particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations. The Brahimi Report was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions, isolate flaws, and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions. The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future. The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its "Peace Operations 2010" reform agenda. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African Union and European Union. 2008 capstone doctrine entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis.

Rapid reaction force
One suggestion to account for delays such as the one in Rwanda is a rapid reaction force, a peacekeeping force similar to a standing army capable of quickly deploying to crises such as genocides, administered by the UN and deployed by the Security Council. The UN rapid reaction force would consist of military personnel from Security Council members or UN member states who would be stationed in their home countries, but would have the same training, equipment, and procedures, and would conduct joint exercises with other forces.

Restructuring of the UN secretariat
The UN peacekeeping capacity was enhanced in 2007 by augmenting the DPKO with the new Department of Field Support (DFS). Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by co-ordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPKO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions.

Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping
The Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping initiative was established in 2014 by the Information and Communications Technology Division of the former Department of Field Support (DFS) with an objective to bring greater involvement to peacekeeping through innovative approaches and technologies that have the potential to empower UN global operations.

The Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping holds annual symposiums. The fifth International Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping Symposium was held in Astana, Kazakhstan from 28 to 31 May 2019. It was the first time the Central Asian country held an event on peacekeeping. Jean-Pierre Lacroix, UN Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, and Atul Khare, UN Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, participated in the symposium.

See also

References

Further reading
 Blocq, Daniel. 2009. "Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight?"  Armed Forces & Society,abstract
 Bridges, Donna and Debbie Horsfall. 2009. "Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force." Armed Forces & Society, May 2009. abstract

 Holt, Victoria K., and Michael G. Mackinnon. (2008) "The origins and evolution of US policy towards peace operations." International peacekeeping 15.1 (2008): 18–34; regarding the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations. online
 Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. (Cambridge University Press 2008) abstract
 Jenne, Nicole (2022). "Who leads peace operations? A new dataset on leadership positions in UN peace operations, 1948–2019". Journal of Peace Research:
 Powles, Anna, Negar Partow, Nelson (eds). (2015) United Nations Peacekeeping Challenge: The Importance of the Integrated Approach (Routledge, 2015)

External links

Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes

United Nations peacekeeping


JR Motorsports is a NASCAR auto racing team. It is owned by Dale Earnhardt Jr. The team was founded in 2002. It owned street stock cars. These cars were raced locally at Concord Speedway in Midland, North Carolina. In 2006, JR Motorsports began racing full time in the NASCAR Xfinity series. In 2008, JR Motorsports joined with Hendrick Motorsports. They made engines and chassis for both teams. As of November, 20022, drivers for the Xfinity Series team include Josh Berry, Noah Gragson, Sam Mayer and Justin Allgaier. JR Motorsports is located in Mooresville, North Carolina. From its inception in 2006, JR Motorsports has scored 39 Xfinity Series wins.

NASCAR racing teams
2002 establishments
Companies based in North Carolina

JR Motorsports


The Boyhood of Raleigh is an 1870 painting by John Everett Millais in the collection of the Tate Gallery. In the painting, Millais depicts famed Elizabethan-era explorer Walter Raleigh and his brother on the Devonshire coast listening to a Genoese sailor pointing out to sea and telling the pair of "tales of wonder on sea and land".

Inspired by an essay written by historian James Anthony Froude, the painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871. Quickly receiving acclaim, it went on to be the subject of parody by numerous 20th century political cartoons and album covers.

Origins
The painting was inspired by an essay written by James Anthony Froude on England's Forgotten Worthies, which described the lives of Elizabethan seafarers. It was also probably influenced by a contemporaneous biography of Raleigh, which imagined his experiences listening to old sailors as a boy. Millais travelled to Budleigh Salterton to paint the location.

Millais's sons Everett and George modelled for the boys. The sailor was a professional model. Millais' friend and biographer, the critic Marion Spielmann, stated that he was intended to be Genoese. He also argues that the sailor is pointing south towards the "Spanish main".

Literary and satirical use

Cartoons
The painting has been parodied many times in political cartoons.

In 1928, New Zealand cartoonist David Low published a political cartoon showing the Earl of Birkenhead (the incumbent Secretary of State for India), Stanley Baldwin (the incumbent Prime Minister) and Winston Churchill (the incumbent Chancellor of the Exchequer) listening to "Tales of the Dominions" from Leo Amery (the incumbent Colonial Secretary).

In 1993 the Sunday Telegraph ran "The Boyhood of Hurd and Major". The then Prime Minister John Major and Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd, who had recently pushed the Maastricht Treaty through Parliament against the wishes of many Conservatives, were shown as small boys in Elizabethan costume, listening as an old sailor (Sir Edward Heath) gestured towards the coast labelled "Europe" visible on the other side of the water. Former Prime Minister Heath – whose hobby had been yachting – had taken Britain into the EEC (as it was then called) during his premiership, and had grown up in Kent where the coast of France is visible on a clear day. At the time Heath was Father of the House of Commons and enjoying something of an Indian Summer after the ousting of his political nemesis, the eurosceptic Margaret Thatcher, as Prime Minister in 1990.

In 1999 the Daily Telegraph published a Garland cartoon, showing the then Conservative leader William Hague as a small boy (this was common in satire at the time, as Hague had first attained national fame as a teenager in the 1970s), while two old sailors – former Foreign Secretary David Owen and former Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey – gestured inland and away from a ship labelled "Euro". The two elder statesmen described themselves as pro-European but opposed to British membership of the Single Currency.

Postcolonialism
The picture has also appeared in recent explorations of postcolonialism, most notably Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, in which the narrator Saleem Sinai partly misremembers and transforms the meaning of the painting, a copy of which hung on his bedroom wall when he was a child.

Popular culture
Elements of the picture appear on the cover of the English band Talk Talk's 1984 album It's My Life.

The painting is also reproduced in part on the cover of the 1982 single "Almost With You/Life Speeds Up" by The Church.

The painting is referenced in the Lord Peter Wimsey novel A Presumption of Death, by Jill Paton Walsh and Dorothy L. Sayers.

See also
 List of paintings by John Everett Millais

References

Paintings by John Everett Millais
1870 paintings
Cultural depictions of Walter Raleigh
Paintings of children
Water in art
Birds in art

The Boyhood of Raleigh


An operating system shell is a user interface that enables the user to interact with and access the services offered by the operating system. The user gives commands to the operating system through its shell.

In simple words - a shell is a program that accepts the input from users and excutes program on their behalf by creating a new process, and whatever the response from that particular program - which could be input, output or error - it shows back it the the user.

Various shells
There are various types of shells:
Command line shells: the user types commands at the prompt.
Menu driven shells: the user selects commands from menus.
Graphical user interface shells: the user selects  graphical menus and icons.

Examples of command line operating systems are UNIX and Disk Operating System (DOS). Examples of menu driven operating systems are the DOS shell. Finally, examples	of graphical user interface (GUI) operating system are Linux and Microsoft Windows.

Computing

Shell (computing)


Cook's Illustrated is an American cooking magazine published every two months by America's Test Kitchen Limited Partnership (ATK) in Brookline, Massachusetts. On February 2, 2023, Cook's Illustrated was one of ATK's brands included in the sale of its controlling interest to Marquee Brands.

It accepts no advertising and is characterized by extensive recipe testing and detailed instructions. The magazine also conducts thorough evaluations of kitchen equipment and branded foods and ingredients.

History
Founder and former editor Christopher Kimball launched Cook's magazine in 1980 with money raised from investors. Kimball eventually sold Cook's to Condé Nast Publications, which discontinued the magazine in 1989. Kimball later reacquired rights to the name, hired several former Cook's staff members, and launched a rebranded Cook's Illustrated in 1993.

Circulation grew from an initial 25,000 to 600,000 in 2004 and one million subscribers in 2007, maintaining a growth rate substantially higher than the general category of cooking magazines. In 2009, Cook's Illustrated magazine had 1.2 million subscribers, a figure that grew by 11% on average over the previous nine years. The 78% renewal rate is twice the 35–40% rate for all consumer magazines. The website enjoys 300,000 paid subscribers, about half of whom also subscribe to one of the magazines.

The magazine's staff also produces the PBS cooking shows America's Test Kitchen and Cook's Country, and publishes cookbooks including The Best Recipe and America's Test Kitchen series. A sister magazine, Cook's Country, which emphasizes home-style cooking and reader submissions, launched in October 2004; the two magazines come out in alternate months. Though the company is still officially known as Boston Common Press, most of its publishing activity is done under the America's Test Kitchen brand.

On November 16, 2015, a news release from Boston Commons Press announced the departure of Kimball over a contract dispute. The 2016 TV programs had already been filmed and Kimball appeared as host, but his direct participation in the company was ended immediately. He remains a minority stockholder in the closely held company. There had been signs of a dispute between the corporate leadership and Kimball ever since September 2015 when David Nussbaum was appointed from outside the company as CEO, above Kimball.

On February 2, 2023, Marquee Brands became a majority owner of America's Test Kitchen Limited Partnership and its associated brands, including Cook's Illustrated and Cook's Country. Also David Nussbaum was replaced by Dan Suratt as CEO of ATK.

Format

Each issue of Cook's Illustrated is 32 pages in length. While formerly printed almost entirely in black-and-white, the magazine received full color photos and illustrations in 2018, aligning with 25th anniversary of the magazine. The front and back covers contain color illustrations of various foods and ingredients, and the inside of the back cover contains color photographs of the recipes featured in the issue.

Founder Kimball's philosophy, which his magazine reflects, is that there is a "single best way to make a dish" that leads to "nearly bulletproof" results. About 10,000 "friends of Cook's'''" provide feedback that help the magazine choose recipes. Approximately ten recipes are presented in each issue, taking the form of a narrative in which the author discusses the recipe's evolution. The author of each article usually begins by relating the reason why they decided to create the recipe. For instance, they might have enjoyed the dish from their childhood, wanted to simplify a typically time-consuming recipe, or tried a dish in a restaurant that they wanted to recreate. The article then follows the recipe's development, which invariably begins with numerous problems in its original incarnation. The author then describes iteratively modifying the recipe's ingredients and cooking method, each time presenting the recipe to a panel of tasters who provide feedback. At the end of the article, the author reaches a final recipe and lists the ingredients and preparation instructions, often with minor variants. Recipes typically include hand-drawn illustrations of any difficult cuts or other uncommon preparation.

Recipes in the magazine often utilize unorthodox, but easy, inexpensive, and commonplace ingredients and instructions. For instance, a recipe for Chinese barbecued pork substitutes ketchup for the traditional red bean curd, which can be difficult to find in the United States; a method for improving inexpensive beef roasts suggests turning off the oven during the final hour of cooking to improve the beef's texture; and a recipe for low-fat cookies includes pureed dates, an unorthodox ingredient that the author preferred over more traditional low-fat alternatives.

Each magazine also includes a detailed taste test, in which a panel of tasters evaluates different brands of ingredients such as ketchup, dark chocolate or balsamic vinegar. In addition to testing each ingredient by itself, tasters also try the ingredient in several recipes, such as pots de crème and brownies in the case of dark chocolate. Often, a category is sub-organized into purposes, such as "best teas plain" and "best teas with milk". The magazine also applies this process of testing and evaluating to kitchen tools and products.

Every issue includes a detailed equipment test, where a panel of users tries a variety of items such as knives, cutting boards or baking sheets. In the case of more expensive pieces of equipment, an overall winner as well as a "best buy" are selected. Both types of tests sort their results into four categories: Highly Recommended, Recommended, Recommended with Reservations, and Not Recommended. As with recipes, much space is devoted to explaining the selection and testing process, and any exceptions to the general conclusions.

In addition to the featured test, most issues test a few other products with less detail, where the best and worst brands in each category are presented with a brief description of the products' highlights and drawbacks. The magazine also features a "Kitchen Notes" section, providing tips on completing common cooking chores, often relevant to the recipes in the issue; a "Recipe Update", in which the magazine provides variations on recipes from previous issues; "Quick Tips" submitted by readers; and "Notes from Readers", in which the magazine's editors respond to reader questions. Many issues also include a two-page spread illustrating details on a general method or task, such as "Mastering the Art of Stew" or "Stocking a Baking Pantry".

Ratings and reviews
In 2008, Cook's Illustrated'' received widespread online backlash from bloggers who were sympathetic to Melissa, of "Alosha's Kitchen." The issue centered on the claim that Deborah Broide Publicity, the company that handles PR for Cook's Country, America's Test Kitchen, and Cooks Illustrated emailed Melissa and made erroneous claims concerning copyright violations. The company claims copyright on their recipes and refuses permission to reprint them, though copyright does not apply to simple sets of instructions such as recipes. One hundred twenty bloggers wrote letters of support for Melissa according to a post on the BlogHer website.

Other media

Books

Television

See also
 List of food and drink magazines

References

External links
 Official site

1993 establishments in Massachusetts
Advertising-free magazines
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Food and drink magazines
Magazines established in 1993
Magazines published in Boston
2023 mergers and acquisitions

Cook's Illustrated


Timely Comics is the common name for the group of corporations that was the earliest comic book arm of American publisher Martin Goodman, and the entity that would evolve by the 1960s to become Marvel Comics.

Founded in 1939, during the era called the Golden Age of comic books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities all producing the same product. The company's first publication in 1939 used Timely Publications, based at his existing company in the McGraw-Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street in New York City. In 1942, it moved to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building, where it remained until 1951. In 2016, Marvel announced that Timely Comics would be the name of a new imprint of low-priced reprint comics.

Creation

In 1939, with the emerging medium of comic books proving hugely popular, and the first superheroes setting the trend, pulp-magazine publisher Martin Goodman founded Timely Publications, basing it at his existing company in the McGraw-Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street in New York City. Goodman – whose official titles were editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher  – contracted with the newly formed comic book packager Funnies, Inc. to supply material.

His first effort, Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), featured the first appearances of writer-artist Carl Burgos' android superhero, the Human Torch, and Paul Gustavson's costumed detective the Angel. As well, it contained the first published appearance of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, created for the unpublished movie-theater giveaway comic Motion Picture Funnies Weekly earlier that year, with the eight-page original story now expanded by four pages.

Also included were Al Anders' Western hero the Masked Raider; the jungle lord Ka-Zar the Great, with Ben Thompson beginning a five-issue adaptation of the story "King of Fang and Claw" by Bob Byrd in Goodman's pulp magazine Ka-Zar #1 (Oct. 1936); the non-continuing-character story "Jungle Terror", featuring adventurer Ken Masters, drawn and possibly written by Art Pinajian under the quirky pseudonym "Tohm Dixon" or "Tomm Dixon" (with the published signature smudged); "Now I'll Tell One", five single-panel, black-and-white gag cartoons by Fred Schwab, on the inside front cover; and a two-page prose story by Ray Gill, "Burning Rubber", about auto racing.  A painted cover by veteran science-fiction pulp artist Frank R. Paul featured the Human Torch, looking much different from the interior story.

That initial comic, cover-dated October 1939, quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, cover-dated November 1939. The latter is identical except for a black bar over the October date in the inside-front-cover indicia, and the November date added at the end. That sold approximately 800,000 copies. With a hit on his hands, Goodman began assembling an in-house staff, hiring Funnies, Inc. writer-artist Joe Simon as editor. Simon brought along his collaborator, artist Jack Kirby, followed by artist Syd Shores. Goodman then formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.

There is evidence that "Red Circle Comics" – a name that would be used for an unrelated imprint of Archie Comics in the 1970s and 1980s – may have been a term in use as Goodman prepared to publish his first comic book. Historian Les Daniels, referring to Goodman's pulp-magazine line, describes the name Red Circle as "a halfhearted attempt to establish an identity for what was usually described loosely as 'the Goodman group' [made] when a new logo was adopted: a red disk surrounded by a black ring that bore the phrase 'A Red Circle Magazine.' But it appeared only intermittently, when someone remembered to put it on [a pulp magazine's] cover. Historian Jess Nevins, conversely, writes that, "Timely Publications [was how] Goodman's group [of companies] had become known; before this, it was known as 'Red Circle' because of the logo that Goodman had put on his pulp magazines...." The Grand Comics Database identifies 23 issues of Goodman comic books from 1944 to 1959 with Red Circle, Inc. branding, and a single 1948 issue under Red Circle Magazines Corp.

Golden Age of Comic Books
Marvel Comics was rechristened Marvel Mystery Comics with issue #2 (Dec. 1939); the magazine would continue under that title through #92 (June 1949) before becoming Marvel Tales through #159 (Aug. 1957). Timely began publishing additional series, beginning with Daring Mystery Comics #1 (Jan. 1940), Mystic Comics #1 (March 1940), Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940), The Human Torch #2 (premiering Fall 1940 with no cover date and having taken over the numbering from the unsuccessful Red Raven), and Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). Going on sale in December 1940, a year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor and already showing the hero punching Hitler, that first issue sold nearly one million copies.

With the hit characters Human Torch and Sub-Mariner now joined by Simon and Kirby's seminal patriotic hero Captain America, Timely had its "big three" stars of the era fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Rival publishers National Comics Publications / All-American Comics, the sister companies that would evolve into DC Comics, likewise had their own "big three": Superman and Batman plus the soon-to-debut Wonder Woman. Timely's other major competitors were Fawcett Publications (with Captain Marvel, introduced in 1940); Quality Comics (with Plastic Man and Blackhawk, both in 1941); and Lev Gleason Publications (with Daredevil, introduced in 1940 and unrelated to the 1960s Marvel hero).

Other Timely characters, many seen both in modern-day retroactive-continuity appearances and in flashbacks, include the Angel, the next-most-popular character in terms of number of appearances; the Destroyer, an early creation of future Marvel chief Stan Lee; super-speedster the Whizzer; the flying and super-strong Miss America; the original Vision, who inspired Marvel writer Roy Thomas in the 1960s to create a Silver Age version of the character; and the Blazing Skull and the Thin Man, two members of the present-day New Invaders.

Just as Captain America had his teenage sidekick Bucky and DC Comics' Batman had Robin, the Human Torch acquired a young partner, Toro, in the first issue of the Torch's own magazine. The Young Allies—one of several "kid gangs" popular in comics at the time—debuted under the rubric the Sentinels of Liberty in a text story in Captain America Comics #4 (June 1941) before making it to the comics pages themselves the following issue, and then eventually into their own title.

Seeing a natural "fire and water" theme, Timely was responsible for comic books' first major crossover, with a two-issue battle between the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner that spanned Marvel Mystery Comics #8–9 (telling the story from the two characters' different perspectives).

After the Simon and Kirby team moved to DC late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (Jan. 1942), Al Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencilers on the title, with one generally inking over the other. Stan Lee (né Stanley Lieber), a cousin of Goodman's by marriage who had been serving as an assistant since 1939, at age 16, was promoted to interim editor just shy of his 19th birthday. Showing a knack for the business, Lee stayed on for decades, eventually becoming Marvel Comics' publisher in 1972. Fellow Timely staffer Vincent Fago would substitute during Lee's World War II military service.

The staff at that time, Fago recalled, was, "Mike Sekowsky. Ed Winiarski. Gary Keller was a production assistant and letterer. Ernest Hart and Kin Platt were writers, but they worked freelance; Hart also drew. George Klein, Syd Shores, Vince Alascia, Dave Gantz, and Chris Rule were there, too".

In 1942, Goodman moved his publisher operations to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building, where it remained until 1951.

Funny animals, and people

The superheroes were the products of what Timely referred to as the "adventure" bullpen. The company also developed an "animator" bullpen creating such movie tie-in and original talking animal comics as Terrytoons Comics, Mighty Mouse, All Surprise Comics, Super Rabbit Comics, Funny Frolics, and Funny Tunes, renamed  Animated Funny Comic-Tunes. Former Fleischer Studios animator Fago, who joined Timely in 1942, headed this group, which consisted through the years of such writer/artists as Hart, Gantz, Klein, Platt, Rule, Sekowsky, Frank Carin (né Carino), Bob Deschamps, Chad Grothkopf, Pauline Loth, Jim Mooney, Moss Worthman a.k.a. Moe Worth, and future Mad magazine cartoonists Dave Berg and Al Jaffee.

Features from this department include "Dinky" and "Frenchy Rabbit" in Terrytoons Comics; "Floop and Skilly Boo" in Comedy Comics; "Posty the Pelican Postman" in Krazy Komics and other titles; "Krazy Krow" in that character's eponymous comic; "Tubby an' Tack", in various comics; and the most popular of these features, Jaffee's "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal" and Hart's "Super Rabbit", the cover stars of many different titles. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, Powerhouse Pepper. The first issue, cover-dated January 1943, bore no number, and protagonist Pepper looked different from his more familiar visualization (when the series returned for four issues, May–Nov. 1948) as the bullet-headed naif in the striped turtleneck sweater.

Additionally, Timely in 1944 and 1945 initiated a sitcom selection of titles aimed at female readers: Millie the Model, Tessie the Typist and Nellie the Nurse. The company continued to pursue female readers later in the decade with such superheroines as Sun Girl; the Sub-Mariner spin-off Namora; and Venus, the Roman goddess of love, posing as a human reporter. Patsy Walker, Millie the Model, Tessie the Typist and other Timely humor titles also included Harvey Kurtzman's "Hey Look!" one-pagers in several issues.

Future Comic Book Hall of Fame artist Gene Colan, a Marvel mainstay from 1946 on, recalled that, "The atmosphere at Timely was very good, very funny. ... [I worked in] a big art room and there were about 20 artists in there, all stacked up. Syd [Shores] was in the last row on my side, and there was another row on the other side. Dan DeCarlo was there, several other people – Vince Alascia was an inker; Rudy LaPick sat right behind me," with Mike Sekowsky "in another room".

Yet after the wartime boom years – when superheroes had been new and inspirational, and comics provided cheap entertainment for millions of children, soldiers and others – the post-war era found superheroes falling out of fashion. Television and mass market paperback books now also competed for readers and leisure time. Goodman began turning to a wider variety of genres than ever, emphasizing horror, Westerns, teen humor, crime and war comics, and introducing female heroes to try to attract girls and young women to read comics. In 1946, for instance, the superhero title All Select Comics was changed to Blonde Phantom Comics, and now starred a masked secretary who fought crime in an evening gown. That same year, Kid Komics eliminated its stars and became Kid Movie Comics. All Winners Comics became All Teen Comics in January 1947. Timely eliminated virtually all its staff positions in 1948.

Time after Timely

The precise end-point of the Golden Age of comics is vague, but for Timely, at least, it appears to have ended with the cancellation of Captain America Comics at issue #75 (Feb. 1950) –  by which time the series had already been Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale featuring merely anthological horror/suspense tales and no superheroes. Sub-Mariner Comics and Human Torch Comics had already ended with #32 (June 1949) and #35 (March 1949) respectively, and the company's flagship title, Marvel Mystery Comics, starring the Angel, ended that same month with #92, becoming the horror anthology Marvel Tales beginning with issue #93 (Aug. 1949). Goodman began using the globe logo of the Atlas News Company, the newsstand-distribution company he owned, on comics cover-dated Nov. 1951.

In 2015, Marvel registered the trademark "Timely Comics". The following year, Marvel announced that Timely Comics would be the name of a new imprint of low-priced reprint comics.

Marvel branding
Publisher Martin Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of companies all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies under which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled "A Marvel Magazine" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.

Timely characters and creators

List of characters making multiple appearances, either in Timely Comics solely or in Timely and subsequent companies Atlas Comics and Marvel Comics.

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
!width=15%| Character
!width=25%| Debut
!width=25%| Reintroduced (Modern Age)
!width=40%| Creators
|-
|Sub-Mariner
|Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 (April, 1939)
|Fantastic Four #4 (May 1962)
|Bill Everett (writer/artist)
|-
|American Ace
|Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 (April, 1939)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #4 (Nov. 2011)
|Paul J. Lauretta (penciler). Writer unknown.
|-
|Angel
|Marvel Comics #1 (Nov. 1939)
|The Avengers #97 (March 1972);U.S. Agent #3 (Aug. 1993)
|Paul Gustavson (artist). Writer unknown.
|-
|Archie the Gruesome
|Comedy Comics #10 (Jun. 1942)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|Black Marvel
|Mystic Comics #5 (March 1941)
|Slingers #1 (Dec. 1998)
|Al Gabriele (penciller-inker). Writer unknown but not Stan Lee as often mis-credited.
|-
|Black Widow
|Mystic Comics #4 (Aug. 1940)
|Marvels #1 (Jan. 1994)
|George Kapitan (writer), Harry Sahle (penciller)
|-
|Blazing Skull
|Mystic Comics #5 (March 1941)
|The Avengers #97 (March 1972); Invaders #2 (1993)
|Bob Davis (writer-penciler)
|-
|Blonde Phantom
|All Select Comics #11 (Fall 1946)
|The Sensational She-Hulk #4 (July 1989)
|Stan Lee (writer), Syd Shores (penciller)
|-
|-
|Blue Blade
|U.S.A. Comics #5 (Summer 1942)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|Unknown writer and artist.
|-
|Blue Blaze
|Mystic Comics #1 (March 1940)
|
|Harry Douglas (writer-penciler), signed "Harry / Douglas", leading to numerous theories of two creators or other pseudonym situations which have proven incorrect.
|-
|Bucky Barnes
|Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)
|As Winter Soldier:Captain America vol. 5, #1 (Jan. 2005)
|Joe Simon (writer), Jack Kirby (penciller)
|-
|Blue Diamond
|Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)
|Marvel Premiere #29 (April 1976)
|Ben Thompson (penciller). Unknown writer.
|-
|Captain America
|Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)
|The Avengers #4 (March 1964)
|Joe Simon (writer), Jack Kirby (penciller)
|-
|Captain Terror
|U.S.A. Comics #2 (Nov. 1941)
|Captain America #442 (Aug. 1995)
|Mike Suchorsky (penciller). Unknown writer.
|-
|Captain Wonder
|Kid Komics #1 (Feb. 1943)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|Otto Binder (writer), Frank Giacoia (penciller)
|-
|Challenger
|Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)
| Marvel Knights Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 2005)
|Charles Nicholas (penciller). Unknown writer.
|-
|Citizen V
|Daring Mystery Comics #8 (Jan. 1942)
|Thunderbolts −1 (July 1997)
|Ben Thompson (penciler, as "Tom Benson"). Unknown writer.
|-
|Comet Pierce
|Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940)
|
|Jack Kirby (writer-artist)
|-
|Davey Drew (Davey and the Demon)
|Mystic Comics #7 (December 1941)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #3 (October 2011)
|Howard James
|-
|Defender
|U.S.A. Comics #1 (August 1941)
|Daredevil #66 (Dec. 2004)
|Joe Simon and Jack Kirby (writers). Penciler uncertain
|-
|Destroyer
|Mystic Comics #6 (Oct. 1941)
|Invaders #26 (March 1978)
|Stan Lee (writer), Jack Binder (penciler)
|-
|Dynamic Man
|Mystic Comics #1 (March 1940)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
| Daniel Peters
|-
|Electro
|Marvel Mystery #4 (Feb. 1940)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
| Steve Dahlman (writer-penciler)
|-
|Falcon
|Human Torch Comics #2 (June 1940)
|Marvel Knights Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 2005)
| Carl Burgos (writer - artist)
|-
|Father Time
|Captain America Comics #6 (Sep. 1941)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #2 (Sep. 2011)
| Stan Lee (writer)
|-
|Ferret
|Marvel Mystery Comics #4 (Feb. 1940)
|The Marvels Project #3 (Dec. 2009)
|
|-
|Fiery Mask
|Daring Mystery Comics #1 (Jan. 1940)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|Joe Simon (writer-penciller)
|-
|Fighting Yank
|Captain America Comics #17 (Aug. 1942)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #2 (Sep. 2011)
|
|-
|Fin
|Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)
|The Avengers #97 (March 1972); Invaders #5 (March 1976)
|Bill Everett (writer-penciller)
|-
|Flash Foster
|Daring Mystery Comics #1 (Jan. 1940)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|Flexo the Rubber Man
|Mystic Comics #1 (April 1940)
|
|Jack Binder (penciller). Unknown writer
|-
|Human Torch
|Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939)
|Fantastic Four Annual #4 (Nov. 1966)
|Al Fagaly (penciller), Carl Burgos (writer-penciller)
|-
|Hurricane<ref name="makkari">In 1998, the Hurricane and Mercury were revealed in retcon to be the same character, the Eternal named Makkari.</ref>
|Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)
|Marvel Universe #7 (Dec. 1998)
|Jack Kirby and Joe Simon (writers), Jack Kirby (penciler)
|-
|Invisible Man
|Mystic Comics #2 (Apr. 1940)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|Jack Frost
|U.S.A. Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)
|Marvel Premiere #29 (April 1976)
||Stan Lee (writer), Charles Nicholas (penciler)
|-
|Jap Buster Johnson
|U.S.A Comics #6 (Dec. 1942)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #2 (Sept. 2011)
|
|-
|Jimmy Jupiter
|Marvel Mystery Comics #28 (Feb. 1942)
|Captain America #1 (Sept. 2011)
|
|-
|John Steele
|Daring Mystery Comics #1
|The Marvels Project #1 (Oct. 2009)
|Larry Antonette (writer and, as "Dean Carr", penciler)
|-
|Laughing Mask
|Daring Mystery Comics #2
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|Will Harr (writer), Maurice Gutwirth (penciler)
|-
|Major Liberty
|U.S.A. Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)
|
|
|-
|Marvel Boy (first)
|Daring Mystery Comics #6 (Sept. 1940)
|
||Jack Kirby (penciller), Joe Simon and Al Avison (inkers)
|-
|Marvel Boy (second)
|U.S.A. Comics #7 (Feb. 1943)
|Fantastic Four #165 (Dec. 1975)
||Bob Oksner (writer-penciller-inker)
|-
|Marvex the Super-Robot
|Daring Mystery Comics #3 (April 1940)
|All Select Comics 70th Anniversary Special #1 (Sept. 2009)
|Unknown writer and penciler from the Harry "A" Chesler studio
|-
|Master Mind Excello
|Mystic Comics #2
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|
|-
|Mercury
|Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940)
|Marvel Universe #7 (Dec. 1998)
|Martin A. Bursten (writer), Jack Kirby (artist)
|-
|Merzah the Mystic
|Mystic Comics #4 (Aug. 1940)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|Miss America
|Marvel Mystery Comics #49 (Nov. 1943)
|Giant-Size Avengers #1 (Aug. 1974)
|Otto Binder (writer), Al Gabriele (penciller)
|-
|Miss Patriot
|Human Torch Comics #4 (Spring 1941) (as Mary Morgan); Marvel Mystery Comics #50 (Dec. 1943) (as Miss Patriot)
|Captain America: Patriot #1 (Nov. 2010)
|
|-
|Mister E
|Daring Mystery Comics #2
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|
|-
|Monako the Magician
|Daring Mystery Comics #1
|The Marvels Project #1 (Oct. 2009)
|
|-
|Moon Man
|Mystic Comics #5
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #2 (Sep. 2011)
|
|-
|Namora
|Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947)
|Sub-Mariner #33 (January 1971)
|Ken Bald (writer), Syd Shores (artist)
|-
|Nellie the Nurse
|
|
|
|-
|Patriot
|Human Torch Comics #4 (Spring 1941)
|The Avengers #97 (March 1972); The Invaders #5 (March 1976)
|Ray Gill (writer), Bill Everett or George Mandel (penciler)
|-
|Patsy Walker
|Miss America Magazine #2 (Nov. 1944)
|The Avengers #144 (Feb. 1976)
|Stuart Little (writer), Ruth Atkinson (artist)
|-
|Phantom Bullet
|Daring Comics #2 (Feb. 1940)
|The Marvels Project #2 (Nov. 2009)
|
|-
|Phantom Reporter
|Daring Mystery Comics #3
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|
|-
|Red Raven
|Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940)
|X-Men #44 (May 1968)
|Joe Simon (writer), Louis Cazeneuve (penciller)
|-
|Rockman
|U.S.A. Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|
|-
|Silver Scorpion
|Daring Mystery Comics #7 (Jan. 1941)
|Invaders #2 (June 1993)
|Henry Sahle
|-
|Slow-Motion Jones
|U.S.A. Comics #6 (Dec. 1942)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|-
|Sun Girl
|Sun Girl #1 (Aug. 1948)
|Ant-Man: Last Days #1 (Oct. 2015)
|Ken Bald
|-
|Taxi Taylor
|Mystic Comics #2 (Apr. 1940)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|Terror
|Mystic Comics #5 (March 1941)
|Sensational She-Hulk #15 (May 1990)
|Phil Sturm (writer); Syd Shores (penciler).  George Klein may have added background pencils, but that would not be a creator role.
|-
|Thin Man
|Mystic Comics #4 (July 1940)
|Marvel Premiere #29 (April 1976)
|Klaus Nordling (penciller-inker)
|-
|Thunderer
|Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)
|Marvel Premiere #29 (April 1976)
|
|-
|Toro
|Human Torch Comics #2 (Fall 1940)
|Sub-Mariner #14 (June 1969)
|Carl Burgos
|-
|Vagabond
|U.S.A. Comics #2 (Nov. 1941)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #3 (Oct. 2011)
|
|-
|Venus
|Venus #1 (Aug. 1948)
|Sub-Mariner #57 (January 1973)
|Ken Bald (first artist)
|-
|Vision
|Marvel Mystery Comics #13 (Nov. 1940)
|The Avengers #97 (March 1972)
|Jack Kirby & Joe Simon (writers); Jack Kirby (penciller-inker)
|-
|Whizzer
|U.S.A. Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)
|Giant-Size Avengers #1 (Aug. 1974)
|Al Avison (penciller), Al Gabriele (inker). Writer unknown.
|-
|The Witness
|Mystic Comics #6 (Dec. 1941)
|The Twelve #1 (March 2008)
|Stan Lee (writer)
|-
|Young Allies
|Young Allies Comics #1 (July 1941)
|Young Allies Comics 70th Anniversary Special (August 2009)
|Jack Kirby (penciller), Syd Shores (inker)
|-
|Young Avenger|U.S.A. Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|Victory Boys
|Comedy Comics #10 (June 1942)
|All-Winners Squad: Band of Heroes #1 (Aug. 2011)
|
|-
|}

Notes

References

Further reading
 All in Color for a Dime by Dick Lupoff & Don Thompson
 The Comic Book Makers by Joe Simon with Jim Simon
 Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee by Stan Lee and George Mair
 Masters of Imagination: The Comic Book Artists Hall of Fame by Mike Benton
 The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide by Robert Overstreet — Edition #35
 Origins of Marvel Comics by Stan Lee
 The Steranko History of Comics, Vol. 1 & 2, by James Steranko – Vol. 1
 Thomas, Roy, The Golden Age of Marvel Comics'' (Marvel, 1997; ) Introduction, p. 3

External links
 Timely at the Grand Comics Database
 Nevins, Jess. A Guide to Golden Age Marvel Characters. WebCitation archive.

American companies established in 1939
American companies disestablished in 1950
Publishing companies established in 1939
Publishing companies disestablished in 1950
Marvel Comics imprints
Publishing companies based in New York City
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
1939 establishments in New York City
1939 comics debuts
1950 comics endings
1950 disestablishments in New York (state)

Timely Comics