Andreas Wolf (Cyrillic: Андрей Андреевич Вольф, romanized: Andrey Andreyevich Volf; born 12 June 1982) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. He spent nine seasons at 1. FC Nürnberg captaining the team for many years before leaving for Werder Bremen in the summer of 2011. In January 2012, he moved to AS Monaco where he played until summer 2014.

Following an end to his playing career, Wolf has since moved to coaching.

Career

1. FC Nürnberg
After moving to Germany with his parents in 1990 Wolf started playing football for several teams in the Ansbach area before joining 1. FC Nürnberg in 1997. There he played for several junior teams, before breaking into first team football in 2002 when he debuted in the Bundesliga against Hertha on 23 March 2002, which saw Nürnberg lose 2–0. He went on to make three more appearances later in the 2001–02 season while Nürnberg finished in 15th place. Despite initially wanting to leave the club, Wolf eventually stayed at the club by signing his first professional contract, keeping him until 2004.

In the 2002–03 season, Wolf spent the start of the season away from the first team and played for the reserve side instead, also being sidelined due to an ankle injury. On 7 December 2002 he made his first appearance of the season, setting up one of the goals in a 2–2 draw against Energie Cottbus. Despite suffering another injury later in the season, Wolf returned to the first team, but was unable to help the club survive relegation in the 2002–03 season during which played in 18 games for the "Club".

In the 2003–04 season, Wolf became a first team regular during Nürnberg's successful promotion campaign, playing in 31 of 34 games. At the start of the season, he was involved in the first team for the first six matches until his sending off for a second bookable offence, in a 1–1 draw against Greuther Fürth on 22 September 2003. He remained in the first team with his performances earning him a new contract until 2006. He scored his first Nürnberg goal on 2 April 2004, in a 2–1 loss against Jahn Regensburg.

In the 2004–05 season, Wolf remained in the first team at the start of the season until he suffered a muscle injury that kept him out for two months. After making his return from injury in a 3–1 loss against Bochum on 27 November 2004, he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the next game on 3 December 2004, a 2–2 draw against Bayern Munich. As the 2004–05 season progressed, Wolf suffered a shoulder injury that kept him out for the rest of the season. He finished the 2004–05 season making 18 appearances in all competitions.

In the 2005–06 season, Wolf recovered from injury and found himself competing over a centre–back position with Thomas Paulus and Bartosz Bosacki. After featuring in three matches since his return in September, he suffered an injury that kept him out for a month. Following his recovery from injury, he returned to the first team, but was plagued with another injury. Wolf again returned to the first team and finished the season making 22 appearances in all competitions. During the season, he signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2009.

With the start of the 2006–07 season, Wolf was back in the starting line-up alongside fellow centre-back Gláuber. He started the season well and helped the club go undefeated in the first nine matches of the season before losing 2–1 against Hertha BC on 4 November 2006, in which he was suspended after picking five yellow cards this season. Wolf's performance continued to impress, resulting him to sign a contract extension keeping him until 2011. He then scored his first goal of the season on 28 April 2007, in a 1–1 draw against Wolfsburg. Although he missed out again due to a back injury he finished the 2006–07 season making 35 appearances in all competitions.

In the 2007–08 season, Wolf continued to be in the first team at the club and scored his first goal of the season on 1 September 2007, in a 1–1 draw against Energie Cottbus. His second goal came on 11 November 2007, in a 3–1 loss against Arminia Bielefeld. Nine days later, on 20 September 2007, Wolf made his European debut for the club, playing the whole game in a 0–0 draw against Rapid București in the first leg of UEFA Cup first round. He suffered injury setbacks in the first half of the season, and later in the 2007–08 season he was suspended twice. The season saw Nürnberg relegated back to 2. Bundesliga with Wolf making 30 appearances and scoring twice in all competitions.

In the 2008–09 season, Wolf stayed at the club amid speculations linking him to a transfer to La Liga side Racing Santander. Following this, he was appointed the new captain. In the opening game of the season, he scored his first goal of the season, but was substituted off having ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament in the 70th minute. After the match, it was announced that Wolf would be out for six months. He made his return to training in February and returned to the first team on 22 February 2009, starting and playing 74 minutes in a 1–0 win over Wehen Wiesbaden. He was given a handful of first appearances until he suffered a knee injury and was substituted as a result in the second half of a 2–0 win against Koblenz on 3 April 2009. Following the match, it was announced that Wolf would be out for the rest of the season after undergoing an operation on his knee. He finished the 2008–09 season making eight appearances in all competitions. During his absence, the club was able to reach the Bundesliga for the next season.

In the 2009–10 season, Wolf returned to the first team from injury in the pre–season and retained his captaincy ahead of the new season. He was featured in the first team for the side at the start until he was suspended for two matches after being involved in an incident in a friendly match. His return from suspension against Bochum on 25 September 2009 was short–lived when he suffered an injury during the match. After spending weeks on the sidelines, Wolf returned to the first team on 17 October 2009, in a 3–0 win over Hertha BC. As the 2009–10 season progressed, Wolf remained in the first team for the rest of the season despite being absent twice and finished the season making 32 appearances in all competitions.

In the 2010–11 season, Wolf remained the club's captain this season and started the first five matches of the season until his sending off after a second bookable offence in a 2–1 win over Stuttgart on 22 September 2010. After serving a one match suspension, he scored two goals in two matches against Schalke 04 and St. Pauli. He scored his third goal of the season in a 3 –1 win over Hannover 96 on 18 December 2010. Wolf continued to be in the first team as the 2010–11 season progressed while being suspended twice and finished the season making 34 appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.

During the 2010–11 season, Wolf's future at Nürnberg was in doubt after the contract negotiation between the two parties had stalled and by mid-May 2011 this had not changed.

At the end of May, Wolf announced that no agreement had been found.

Werder Bremen
On 3 July 2011, Wolf moved to Werder Bremen on a two-year contract, ending his fourteen years association with Nürnberg.

He made his Werder Bremen debut in the opening game of the season, starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win over Kaiserslautern. He suffered an injury in the next match, but was able to return to the next game against Freiburg on 20 August 2011. On 17 September 2011, he played in a 1–1 draw against his former club Nürnberg. In a 1–1 draw against Augsburg on 21 October 2011 he set up Claudio Pizarro to score the equaliser.

By January, Wolf made 15 appearances and announced his desire to leave the club citing injury concerns and personal reasons as the main factors. He had previously stated that he intended to finish his career at Werder Bremen.

Monaco
On 23 January 2012, Wolf signed a two-year contract with an option of extending for a further year with AS Monaco in the French Ligue 2 for an undisclosed fee.

After recovering from an injury sustained whilst at Werder Bremen he made his Monaco debut on 23 March 2012, starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 win over Châteauroux. This was followed up against Le Mans on 30 March 2012. However, Wolf suffered an injury again when his face was fractured during the match sidelining him for the rest of the season.

After making two appearances for the club in the first half of the 2012–13 season, it was announced that Wolf was appointed new captain of Monaco, under the new manager Claudio Ranieri. His first game as captain came in the opening game of the season, where he started and played the whole match, in a 4–0 win over Tours. He scored his first goal for the club on 30 September 2012, in a 2–2 draw against Gazélec Ajaccio and his second goal for the club came on 10 November 2012, in a 2–2 draw against Auxerre. Despite being appointed captain, Wolf's first team playing time soon became limited due to new signings as well as his own injuries. While on the sidelines, he said he was treated as a "poor man" at the club. In his second season he made 32 appearances and scoring twice in all competitions.

In the 2013–14 season, Wolf had his captaincy replaced when the club signed Eric Abidal ahead of the new season. After no involvement in the first team in the first half of the season, he was on the verge of joining Dutch side Utrecht In January 2014, but the move was not completed and he stayed at the club for the rest of the season. He appeared as an unused substitute on 10 May 2014, in a 2–1 win over Valenciennes and made his first and last appearance of the season in the next match, the last of the season, coming on as a substitute in the second half of a 1–1 draw against Bordeaux.

After two years at Monaco, Wolf was released by the club.

Post-football career
After leaving Monaco, Wolf retired from professional football and intended to take up coaching instead. Two month later, he returned to Germany, joining his former club Nürnberg as a coach to the junior team. In May 2016, he left the club when he and Roger Prinzen were replaced by Michael Köllner.

Personal life
Born in Leninabad, Soviet Union, Wolf moved to Germany, along with his father, mother and sister. In June 2008, Wolf married his girlfriend Sandra. Together, the couple had a daughter, who was born in 2009.

In 2010, the supporters of 1. FC Nürnberg voted Wolf second behind Stefan Reuter as the club's greatest defenders of the century on the club's website.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Monaco
 Ligue 2: 2012–13

1. FC Nürnberg
 2. Bundesliga: 2003–04
 DFB-Pokal: 2006–07

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Khujand
Men's association football defenders
German men's footballers
1. FC Nürnberg players
SV Werder Bremen players
AS Monaco FC players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Russian and Soviet-German people
Tajikistani people of German descent
Citizens of Germany through descent
Soviet emigrants to Germany
Tajikistani emigrants to Germany
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco

Andreas Wolf


Guillermo Gonzalez, better known as Pedro "El Rockero" Alcázar (16 September 1975 in Zapayal, Panama – 24 June 2002) was a Panamanian boxer who won the WBO Super flyweight championship, and then sustained fatal injuries in the ring.

Background
A single parent of two, Alcazar first began boxing at the age of 10 and was the Panamanian Golden Gloves champion and a Gold Medalist in the Central American Games.

He was a protégé of the legendary Hall of Famer Roberto Durán, who was a pallbearer at his funeral.

Death
Alcazar's death shocked the boxing world. He lost his title to Fernando Montiel in Las Vegas, Nevada on 22 June 2002. Immediately following the bout, Alcazar was declared healthy by ringside doctors, with no visible signs of any trauma. He went sightseeing the day after the fight and was in his hotel room getting ready to fly back to Panama when he collapsed. He was taken to hospital, where he died.

This was the first time in boxing history that a boxer is known to have collapsed so long after the end of a fight. The boxing authorities have discussed compulsory medical testing for boxers up to 48 hours after a fight finishes, longer than heretofore. There was already concern following the Michael Watson case, which in the United Kingdom established the principle that the authorities have a wide responsibility for the health and safety of boxers (and also spectators). Alcazar's death highlighted the manner in which it can take an extended time before potentially life-threatening symptoms present themselves.

External links

1975 births
2002 deaths
Deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing
Flyweight boxers
Super-flyweight boxers
World boxing champions
World super-flyweight boxing champions
World Boxing Organization champions
Sports deaths in Nevada
Panamanian male boxers
Central American Games medalists in boxing
Central American Games gold medalists for Panama

Pedro Alcázar


Naproxen, sold under the brand name Aleve among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain, menstrual cramps, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout and fever. It is taken orally. It is available in immediate and delayed release formulations. Onset of effects is within an hour and lasts for up to twelve hours.

Common side effects include dizziness, headache, bruising, allergic reactions, heartburn, and stomach pain. Severe side effects include an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, and stomach ulcers. The heart disease risk may be lower than with other NSAIDs. It is not recommended in people with kidney problems. Use is not recommended in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Naproxen is a nonselective COX inhibitor. As an NSAID, naproxen appears to exert its anti-inflammatory action by reducing the production of inflammatory mediators called prostaglandins. It is metabolized by the liver to inactive metabolites.

Naproxen was patented in 1967, and approved for medical use in the United States in 1976. In the United States it is available over the counter and as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 91st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Naproxen's medical uses are related to its mechanism of action as an anti-inflammatory compound. Naproxen is used to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions and symptoms that are due to excessive inflammation, such as pain and fever (naproxen has fever-reducing, or antipyretic, properties in addition to its anti-inflammatory activity). Naproxen's anti-inflammatory properties may relieve pain caused by inflammatory conditions such as migraine, osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, and bursitis.

Naproxen sodium is used as a "bridge therapy" in medication-overuse headache to slowly take patients off other medications.

Available formulations
Naproxen sodium is available as both an immediate release and as an extended release tablet. The extended release formulations (sometimes called "sustained release", or "enteric coated") take longer to take effect than the immediate release formulations, and therefore are less useful when immediate pain relief is desired. Extended release formulations are more useful for the treatment of chronic, or long-lasting, conditions, in which long-term pain relief is desirable.

Pregnancy and lactation
As with all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), naproxen use should be avoided in pregnancy due to the importance of prostaglandins in vascular and renal function in the fetus. NSAIDs should especially be avoided in the third trimester. Small amounts of naproxen are excreted in breast milk. However, adverse effects are uncommon in infants breastfed from a mother taking naproxen.

Adverse effects
Common adverse effects include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, rash, bruising, and gastrointestinal upset. Heavy use is associated with increased risk of end-stage renal disease and kidney failure. Naproxen may cause muscle cramps in the legs in 3% of people.

In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.

Gastrointestinal
As with other non-COX-2 selective NSAIDs, naproxen can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as heartburn, constipation, diarrhea, ulcers and stomach bleeding. Naproxen should be taken orally with, or just after food, to decrease the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. Persons with a history of ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease should consult a doctor before taking naproxen. In U.S. markets, naproxen is sold with boxed warnings about the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding. Naproxen poses an intermediate risk of stomach ulcers compared with ibuprofen, which is low-risk, and indometacin, which is high-risk. To reduce stomach ulceration risk, it is often combined with a proton-pump inhibitor (a medication that reduces stomach acid production) during long-term treatment of those with pre-existing stomach ulcers or a history of developing stomach ulcers while on NSAIDs.

Cardiovascular
COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs have been linked to increases in the number of serious and potentially fatal cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes. Naproxen is, however, associated with the smallest overall cardiovascular risks. Cardiovascular risk must be considered when prescribing any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The drug had roughly 50% of the associated risk of stroke compared with ibuprofen, and was also associated with a reduced number of myocardial infarctions compared with control groups.

A study found that high-dose naproxen induced near-complete suppression of platelet thromboxane throughout the dosing interval and appeared not to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, whereas other non-aspirin high-dose NSAID regimens had only transient effects on platelet COX-1 and were associated with a small but definite vascular hazard. Conversely, naproxen was associated with higher rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding complications compared with other NSAIDs.

Interactions

Drug–drug interactions
Naproxen may interact with antidepressants, lithium, methotrexate, probenecid, warfarin and other blood thinners, heart or blood pressure medications, including diuretics, or steroid medicines such as prednisone.

NSAIDs such as naproxen may interfere with and reduce the efficacy of SSRI antidepressants, as well as increase the risk of bleeding greater than the individual bleeding risk of either class of agent, when taken together. Naproxen is not contraindicated in the presence of SSRIs, though concomitant use of the medications should be done with caution. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with NSAIDs like naproxen in a dose-dependent manner (that is, the higher the dose of naproxen, the higher the risk of bleeding). The risk is highest for people who are heavy drinkers.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Naproxen works by reversibly inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes as a non-selective coxib.

Pharmacokinetics
Naproxen is a minor substrate of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. It is extensively metabolized in the liver to 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, and both the parent drug and the desmethyl metabolite undergo further metabolism to their respective acylglucuronide conjugated metabolites. An analysis of two clinical trials shows that naproxen's time to peak plasma concentration occurs between 2 and 4 hours after oral administration, though naproxen sodium reaches peak plasma concentrations within 1–2 hours.

Pharmacogenetics
The pharmacogenetics of naproxen has been studied in an effort to better understand its adverse effects. In 1998, a small pharmacokinetic (PK) study failed to show that differences in a patient's ability to clear naproxen from the body could account for differences in a patient's risk of experiencing the adverse effect of a serious gastrointestinal bleed while taking naproxen. However, the study failed to account for differences in the activity of CYP2C9, a drug-metabolizing enzyme that is necessary for clearing naproxen. Studies on the relationship between CYP2C9 genotype and NSAID-induced gastrointestinal bleeds have shown that genetic variants in CYP2C9 that reduce the clearance of major CYP2C9 substrates (like naproxen) increase the risk of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal bleeds, especially for homozygous defective variants.

Chemistry
Naproxen is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid (profen) family of NSAIDs. The free acid is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline substance. It is lipid-soluble and practically insoluble in water. It has a melting point of 152–155 °C.

Synthesis
Naproxen has been industrially produced by Syntex starting from 2-naphthol as follows:

Society and culture

Brand names
Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various brand names, including Accord, Aleve, Anaprox, Antalgin, Apranax, Feminax Ultra, Flanax, Inza, Maxidol, Nalgesin, Naposin, Naprelan, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Narocin, Pronaxen, Proxen, and Soproxen. It is also available as the combination naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium in delayed release tablets under the brand name Vimovo.

Access restrictions
Syntex first marketed naproxen in 1976, as the prescription drug Naprosyn. They first marketed naproxen sodium under the brand name Anaprox in 1980. It remains a prescription-only drug in much of the world. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1994. OTC preparations of naproxen in the U.S. are mainly marketed by Bayer HealthCare under the brand name Aleve and generic store brand formulations in 220mg tablets. In Australia, packets of 275mg tablets of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 pharmacy medicines, with a maximum daily dose of five tablets or 1375mg. In the United Kingdom, 250mg tablets of naproxen were approved for OTC sale under the brand name Feminax Ultra in 2008, for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea in women aged 15 to 50. In the Netherlands, 220mg and 275mg tablets are available OTC in drugstores, 550mg is OTC only at pharmacies. Aleve became available over the counter in some provinces in Canada on 14 July 2009, but not British Columbia, Quebec or Newfoundland and Labrador; it subsequently became available OTC in British Columbia in January 2010.

Toxicology scandal
Naproxen was one of the four substances named in the prosecution of Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories (IBT) for fraudulent toxicology testing  Naproxen passed subsequent legitimate toxicology testing.

Research
Naproxen may have antiviral activity against influenza. In laboratory research, it blocks the RNA-binding groove of the nucleoprotein of the virus, preventing formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex—thus taking the viral nucleoproteins out of circulation.

Veterinary use

Horses
Naproxen is given by mouth to horses at a dose of 10mg/kg, and has shown to have a wide safety margin (no toxicity when given at three times the recommended dose for 42 days). It is more effective for myositis than the commonly used NSAID phenylbutazone, and has shown especially good results for treatment of equine exertional rhabdomyolysis, a disease of muscle breakdown; it is less commonly used for musculoskeletal disease.

References

External links

Analgesics
Antipyretics
Bayer brands
Equine medications
Naphthol ethers
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Propionic acids
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Naproxen


Martin County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Shoals, Indiana. The courthouse was built in 1876 to replace the previous courthouse, which burned down in the same year. At the time of the courthouse's construction, Shoals had only been the county seat for seven years, and it was the ninth county seat in Martin County.

The new courthouse was built with local sandstone and red brick; its design incorporates elements of the Greek Revival and Italianate styles.

The new courthouse proved to be in a stable location, as the county seat has remained in Shoals since its construction. The courthouse served the county until 2002 and now houses the Martin County Historical Museum, which is operated by the Martin County Historical Society.

The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 17, 2005.

References

External links
 Martin County Historical Society

County courthouses in Indiana
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Museums in Martin County, Indiana
Buildings and structures in Martin County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Martin County, Indiana
1876 establishments in Indiana
Government buildings completed in 1876

Martin County Courthouse (Indiana)


The 1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on March 3 and 4, 1789, to elect 6 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the 1st United States Congress.

Background
The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, and then ratified by the States. On July 8, 1788, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution calling the first session of the 1st United States Congress for March 4, 1789, to convene at New York City and the election of U.S. Senators and U.S. Representatives in the meanwhile by the States. New York ratified the U.S. Constitution on July 26, 1788 by a very slim margin.

Congressional districts
On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered.
One district (later back-numbered as the 1st) comprising Kings, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties.
One district (later back-numbered as the 2nd) comprising New York City, and Westchester County except the towns of Salem, North Salem, Cortland, Yorktown and Stephentown.
One district (later back-numbered as the 3rd) comprising Dutchess County and the abovementioned towns in Westchester.
One district (later back-numbered as the 4th) comprising Orange and Ulster counties.
One district (later back-numbered as the 5th) comprising Albany County east of the Hudson River, Columbia, Clinton and Washington counties.
One district (later back-numbered as the 6th) comprising Albany County west of the Hudson River, and Montgomery and Ontario counties.

Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.

Result
Three Federalists and three Anti-Federalists (later known as the Democratic-Republicans) were elected.

Note: This was the first time political parties appeared in the United States. Before the question of establishing a federal government, or not, arose, all candidatures had been personal. Now, politicians aligned in two opposing groups: First those in favor of the establishment of a federal government and those against it, and then - after the federal government had been indeed established - those who supported it and those who did not. The first group are generally known as the Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the "Pro-Administration Party." The second group at first were called the Anti-Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the "Anti-Administration Party", but soon called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.

Aftermath
The 1st United States Congress had convened at Federal Hall in New York City on March 4, 1789, without any members from the State of New York, and without a quorum in either Senate or House. The first day with a quorum in the House was April 1. The representatives elected in and near New York City took their seats soon after the election. The upstate representatives needed some time to arrive, and Peter Silvester took his seat on April 22, John Hathorn on April 23, and Jeremiah Van Rensselaer on May 9. Their term ended on March 3, 1791. In April 1790, all six representatives ran for re-election: Floyd, Hathorn and Van Rensselaer (all Dem.-Rep.) were defeated; Laurance, Benson and Silvester (all Fed.) were re-elected.

See also
 United States House of Representatives elections, 1788 and 1789

Notes

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 65 for district apportionment; pg. 68 for Congressmen)
Members of the First United States Congress
The Documentary History of the First Federal Election 1788-1790 (page XXVI)
Election result 1st D. at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result 2nd D. at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result 3rd D. at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result 4th D. at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result 5th D. at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result 6th D. at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"

1789
New York
United States House of Representatives


Cocktails is the ninth studio album by American rapper Too Short. It was released on January 24, 1995, via Jive Records, making it his sixth album on the label. It is certified platinum and features performances by 2Pac, Ant Banks and The Dangerous Crew. Cocktails debuted at #6 on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 101,000 copies in its first week, in all it sold over 1 million copies and was certified platinum by the RIAA. It was Too Short's second album to reach #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, while missing the Top 5 by one position on the Billboard 200. The album was entirely produced by Ant Banks.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
 List of number-one R&B albums of 1995 (U.S.)

References

Too Short albums
1995 albums
Albums produced by Ant Banks
Jive Records albums
Albums produced by Too Short

Cocktails (album)


The Palazzo Roverella is a Renaissance-style palace located at the corner of Corso della Giovecca #47, at the intersection with Via Boldini, in Ferrara, Italy.

The design and construction of the palace (1508) is attributed to Biagio Rossetti, as commissioned by Gaetano Magnanini, secretary of Duke Alfonso I d'Este. It is built at the land utilized to build the urban expansion of the Addizione Erculea. The palace became property of the Roverella family in the 19th century. The varying rhythm of placement of the windows; and the grotteschi-decorated terra-cotta pilasters with geometric marble bases, give the facade an early-Mannerist-style. Above the pilasters are relief busts.

The palace should not be confused with a Palazzo Roverella, Rovigo, also attributed to Rossetti, and which now serves as the town painting gallery.

See also
 Palazzo Contrari

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1508
Houses completed in the 16th century
Palaces in Ferrara
Renaissance architecture in Ferrara

Palazzo Roverella, Ferrara


Benjamin Carl Unseld (October 18, 1843 – November 19, 1923), better known as B. C. Unseld, was a gospel music teacher, composer, and publisher.

Biography
Unseld was born October 18, 1843, in Shepherdstown, Virginia. In the early 1860s, he moved to Pennsylvania. Though mostly self-taught, he sang in the choir and accepted a position as organist at the Methodist Church in Columbia, Pennsylvania. He studied music under Eben Tourjée and Theodore F. Seward. B. C. Unseld taught at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, and was the school's first secretary. Later he taught at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, and was the first principal of the Virginia Normal School of Music. Unseld and Seward, with Biglow and Main publishers, imported John Curwen's Tonic Sol-fa method of shape note music and promoted it. The method was never widely received in the United States.

During his lifetime, he worked with the Biglow & Main Company (New York City), Fillmore Music House (Cincinnati, Ohio) and the Lorenz Publishing Company (Dayton, Ohio). In 1911, Unseld moved to Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, to serve as dean of the new James D. Vaughan School of Music, one part of that famed entrepreneur's publishing enterprise. After 1914 he also served as editor of The Vaughan Family Visitor, the company's monthly house periodical. Unseld died in Lawrenceburg on November 19, 1923, but was not buried there.  His wife returned with his body to "Old Virginia." He is buried in historic Elmwood Cemetery in Shepherdstown, West Virginia.

Works
The Tonic Sol-Fa Music Reader (with Theodore Seward, 1880), The Choral Standard (1895), Fillmore's School Singer for Day Schools, Juvenile Classes and Teachers' Institutes (with J. H. Fillmore, 1895), and Progress in Song (with E. T. Hildebrand, 1911). B. C. Unseld prepared the rudiments of music for A. S. Kieffer's popular Temple Star. Unseld's tunes accompany hymns by James Rowe and Fanny J. Crosby. His most popular musical piece was entitled "Twilight Is Stealing", written with Aldine S. Kieffer.

Legacy
B. C. Unseld was inducted into the Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2004.

References

Further reading
Biography of Gospel Song and Hymn Writers, by Jacob Henry Hall, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1914.

External links

1843 births
1923 deaths
19th-century American composers
19th-century American male singers
19th-century American singers
American gospel singers
American male composers
American music publishers (people)
Fisk University faculty
Gospel music composers
Musicians from Dayton, Ohio
New England Conservatory faculty
People from Lawrenceburg, Tennessee
People from Shepherdstown, West Virginia
Shape note
Singers from West Virginia

Benjamin Carl Unseld


Hard Wax is a record shop located in the Kreuzberg borough of Berlin, Germany. It was founded in December 1989 by Mark Ernestus at the ground floor of a Reichenberger Straße's building. It is specialized in techno music, reggae, dub and dubstep. Hard Wax also serves as a distributor for several Berlin-based record labels linked to the Basic Channel aesthetic. Some members (or former members) of its staff are prominent DJs like DJ Hell, Gernot Bronsert of Modeselektor,  Marcel Dettmann, DJ Rok, Gabriele "Mo" Loschelder or Electric Indigo (Susanne Kirchmayr) who was in charge of sales from 1993 to 1996. The shop sets place a mail order system through its website (which represented 50% of the sales in 2009).

In 1996 Hard Wax moved to the third floor of an old factory in Paul-Lincke-Ufer 44a sharing its premises with the Basic Channel record label and the Dubplates and Mastering studio. It's one of the oldest record stores in electronic music in Berlin. Playing the role of an important hub for the techno community in the world, the shop helped extensively the development of this burgeoning scene in the 90s. Furthermore, as with Tresor club in Berlin, it shares a privileged relationship with the musicians of Detroit techno in the so-called "Berlin-Detroit axis".

External links

 Killasan and Hard Wax

Music in Berlin
1989 establishments in Germany
Techno
Dub music
Reggae culture
Dubstep

Hard Wax


Chandravati, popularly known as Chandroti, is a village situated near Abu Road on the bank of the West Banas River in the Indian state of Rajasthan. In ancient times it was an extensive town, and present villages such as Dattani, Kiverli, Kharadi and Santpura were its suburbs. The old ruins, such as temples, torans and images scattered over the large area, bear testimony to its past glory.

History

Archeological excavations suggested that there was a large settlement at the place before the establishment of Chandravati by Paramaras. Chandravati was ruled by the Paramaras of Abu. The first Paramara ruler of the area was Sindhuraja in the early tenth century.

Chandravati was the major city in past said to once been eighteen miles in circuit. Its prosperity seems to have lasted from the seventh to the beginning of the fifteenth century. Tradition gives it an earlier origin than Dhar, making it the metropolis of Western India, when the Parmara was paramount lord to whom the nine castles of the desert were the grand subordinate fiefs. In the seventh century,
then subordinate to Dhar, it proved a place of refuge to Raja Bhoj, when, by some northern invader, he was forced to flee from his capital. From the Parmars it was wrested by the Chauhan chieftains of Sirohi, and, on the establishment of the Chaulukya dynasty of Anhilwad Patan (942) the rulers of Chandravati became its vassals. The remains at Chandravati and on mount Abu seem to point to the eleventh and twelfth centuries as the time of greatest wealth and splendour. The materials recovered by excavation suggested that it was established around 7th century and expanded into a large settlement (about 50 hectare) around 10th or 11th century when it was a capital township.

In 1024 AD, Chandravati was attacked and plundered by Mahmud Ghazni when he passed through Rajasthan to attack Anhilwad Patan. After defeating Prithviraj III in 1192 AD, the Muslim army also attacked Chandravati.

In 1197, its rulers Prahladan and Dharavarsh, as feudatories to Bhimdev II (1178 - 1243) of Anhilwad, encamping near Abu, attempted to hold the entrance into Gujarat against Kutb-ud-din Aibak (1192 -1210). Notwithstanding their strong position they were attacked, defeated, and put to flight. Great wealth fell into the victor'shands, and, as he passed on and took Anhilvada, it is probable that, on his way, he plundered Chandravati. Kutb-ud-din's expedition was little more than a passing raid, and Dharavarsh's son succeeded
him. He, or his successor, was about 1270 defeated and driven out by the Chauhans of Nadol. In about 1315 AD Chandravati passed into the hands of Deora Chauhans.

Then (1304) came Alauddin Khalji's final conquest of Gujarat, and Chandravati, with Anhilwad as the centre of Muslim power, lost almost all independence. Another hundred years completed its ruin. In the beginning of the fifteenth century, by the founding of Sirohi (1405), Chandravati ceased to be the seat of a Hindu chief, and, a few years later (1411 - 1412), its buildings and skilled craftsmen were carried off to enrich the new capital of Sultan Ahmed Shah I (1411 - 1443) of Gujarat Sultanate. Since then Chandravati has remained
forsaken and desolate. Even its ruins, sold and carried off as building materials, have all but disappeared. Though some are more modern, most of the Chandravati remains belong to the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the best period of Abu architecture (1032-1247).

Sahasamala Devada shifted his capital to Sirohi around 1450 AD, and from then on Chandravati lost its glory.

In 1824 Sir Charles Colville and his party, the first European visitors to Chandravati, found twenty marble edifices of different sizes. One Brahmanic temple was adorned with rich, very well executed sculptured figures and ornaments in high relief, many of the figures almost quite detached. The chief images were of Brahma, two Shiva, Mahishasuramardini, Yama. The best executed were the dancing nymphs, with garlands and musical instruments, many of them extremely graceful. Except the roof of the domes, whoso outer marble cover was gone, the temple was white marble throughout, the lustre of tho prominent part undimmed. Near the temple, two richly carved columns, supporting an entablature and sculptured pediment, are probably triumphal pillars, kirti stambh, like those at Sidhpur. When visited by British explorer Burgess in 1874, of the twenty buildings not more than three or four were left.

The remains of Chandravati was destroyed further during the construction of the railway track between Malwa and Abu road before independence. It is now a small village.

Arts and literature
There were a large number of temples in Chandravati. They were mainly Shiva temples and Jain temples.

Many European scholars who visited this area in the nineteenth century have written about surviving artistic specimens. James Tod has given pictures of some of these temples in his Travels in Western India. In 1824 Charles Colville and his party visited Chandravati and found twenty marble edifices of different sizes. One temple to Brahma was adorned with rich and finely executed sculptured figures and ornaments in high relief. Another scholar, Ferguson, found the pillars so highly ornamented in details and varieties that no two pillars are exactly alike.

At present not a single temple is in order. The pieces of old temples were removed and used in temples in distant cities. The many monuments were destroyed by contractors of Rajputana Malwa Railway before independence. The remaining were stolen or were destroyed when Abu Road industrial area was extended and Palanpur-Abu Road Highway was constructed. It divided the ancient site into two parts.

Rulers of Chandravati also patronized literature. Jain monks wrote some literary works there.

Archeology
At least three fortified enclosures were discovered during excavations. The largest fortification is spread over four hectares and is located in the valley of Banas river. Three residential complexes; six room complex in south eastern corner, six room complex in north eastern corner and the large hall with few rooms in south central part of the fort; were discovered. Several minor objects were also discovered from the complexes like terracotta beads, copper and iron objects, animal figures.

The other two fortifications, a large settlement, about thirty six temples, around twelve bawaris are located in the valley of Sevarni river which is tributary of Banas.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:

History of Rajasthan
Villages in Sirohi district
Tourist attractions in Sirohi district
Abu Road

Chandravati