The Irish language () is, since 2022, an official language in Northern Ireland. The main dialect spoken there is Ulster Irish (Gaeilge Uladh). Protection for the Irish language in Northern Ireland stems largely from the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

In the 2021 census, Irish was the main language of 0.3% of the population aged 3 and up, an increase from 0.2% in the previous survey,
while 12.4% of that population had some ability in Irish, also an increase from previous census results. As well, for the first time, the census asked the frequency of speaking Irish. 43,557 said they spoke Irish on a daily basis, which accounts for 2.43% of Northern Ireland's population.

History

Language in Gaelic Ireland
As in other parts of Ireland, Irish was the main language in the region of present-day Northern Ireland for most of its recorded history. The historic influence of the Irish language in Northern Ireland can be seen in many place names, for example the name of Belfast first appears in the year 668, and the Lagan even earlier ("Logia", Ptolemy's Geography 2,2,8). The Plantation of Ulster led to a decline in Gaelic culture, of which Irish was part – while some Scottish settlers were Scots-Gaelic speakers, English was made widespread by the plantation. Despite the plantation Irish continued to be spoken in non-planted areas until the mass immigration in the 19th century caused by economic factors (see below for further).

Irish Revival in the North
Intellectuals in Belfast took an antiquarian interest in Irish-language culture towards the end of the 18th century, and an Irish-language magazine Bolg an tSolair was published in 1795. The Ulster Gaelic Society was founded in 1830. Attitudes among the Anglican and Presbyterian middle class, however, changed in the second half of the 19th century as the Gaelic Revival began being associated with support for Home Rule or Irish Republicanism. The English-born MP for South Londonderry, Thomas Lea proposed an amendment to the draft of the second Home Rule Bill that would have prevented the passing of laws which would increase Irish language use in state schools, legal courts and other public spheres. A branch of the Gaelic League was founded in Belfast in 1895 with a non-sectarian and widely based membership, but the decline in Irish as a first language continued.

Irish was in sharp decline throughout the whole of Ireland from the mid-1800s. From the late 1600s and early 1700s, the Church of Ireland made some attempts to revive the declining Irish language. The church printed Bibles and Prayer Books in Irish, and some churches, and some Protestant clergymen like William King of Dublin, held services in the language. However, the English language had been the language of learning and the Roman Catholic Church continued to use Ecclesiastical Latin for Mass and English in sermons. English was the language of the industrial east of the island, and Irish started to become confined to the more rural west.

By the 1860s, of all the Roman Catholic seminaries, only St Jarlath's in Tuam was teaching in Irish. The Roman Catholic Church had, at that time, desired to "stamp out any lingering, semi-pagan remnants", which included the Irish language. Sir William Wilde in 1852 accordingly blamed the Catholic Church for the quick decline and was "shocked" by the rapid decline of both the language and Gaelic customs after the Famine.

The power of the English language, in business and learning throughout much of the world also influenced the decline of Irish in Ireland. A letter from Dennis Heraghty of Letterkenny in 1886 to the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language complained that the parents in his area all wanted their children to learn English. Bishop MacCormac of Achonry, also in 1886, suggested that "People are apathetic about the preservation of our ancient language" and, "They see that Shakespeare's tongue is the one in use in America and the Colonies."

Although there had been attempts and societies formed to reverse the declining trend for the language, it was not until the rise of the Gaelic League, founded in 1893, that any measure of success was achieved. By the 1851 census, only 23% of the population of Ireland still spoke Irish as a first language.

Douglas Hyde, in New York in 1905, said, "The Irish language, thank God, is neither Protestant nor Catholic, it is neither a Unionist nor a Separatist." By then, however, the Gaelic League was already being covertly infiltrated and politicised by operatives working for Thomas Clarke and the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

At the same time, however, the Catholic Church in Ireland also began to believe in the worth of the language and had begun to take steps to ensure its survival. Ironically, however, both the state and Church interference became something that Irish people began to resent.

Protestants and Unionists alike began to back away from the Gaelic revival as, besides the dominant role of the Roman Catholic Church by then, Irish people were starting to be described as a "race". James Alexander Rentoul, MP for Down East, stated at Westminster in July 1900 that the Irish language had no value and should not receive any support by the public education system. He also stated that Irish-speaking children should continue being subjected to coercive Anglicization in the schools so that the Irish language would soon become extinct. Even so, in 1905 the Irish Unionist Party had an Irish slogan, which it proudly displayed at a convention.

The British civil service officials of the Intermediate Board, the organisation through which public education policy was implemented, attempted to frustrate the improvement of Irish-medium education provision so severely that the sitting Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, John Hamilton-Gordon, had to write to the Board on 25 July 1906 to demand that the provision be implemented. In response, John Lonsdale, MP for Mid Armagh and member of the Ulster Unionist Council, claimed that the Gaelic movement which supported the Irish language was simply inspired by Irish republicanism and hatred of all things English. He opposed any teaching of Irish in primary schools as "money wasted" and "useless" as well as claiming that Irish was a vehicle for the dissemination of "seditious views."

Since the partition of Ireland
Following the partition of Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland (which remained part of the United Kingdom), the largest Irish-speaking area in the former Province of Ulster; County Donegal; had gone into the Irish Free State. However, there were Gaeltacht areas (communities who continued to speak Irish as their first language) in Northern Ireland at the time; the most prominent of these were the Sperrin Mountains in County Tyrone and County Londonderry, Rathlin Island and the Glens of Antrim in County Antrim, Aghyaran in County Tyrone, parts of south Armagh and Cashel in south-west County Fermanagh. Since 1921, the Irish language has been regarded with suspicion by many unionists in Northern Ireland, who have associated it with the Republic of Ireland and with Irish republicanism.

The Irish-language movement in Northern Ireland after 1921 responded to a lack of establishment support by pursuing a self-help social and recreational movement aimed at preserving Ulster Irish (an issue which had split the Belfast Gaelic League in 1911). By 1923, only one branch of the Gaelic League was left in operation in Northern Ireland, but from a handful of branches in 1926 the number of branches peaked at 182 in 1946. In contrast to the perception of the Irish Free State's policy of preserving areas of Irish-speaking countryside, activists in Northern Ireland concentrated on ensuring Irish could survive in urban contexts, organising trips to Irish-speaking areas to bolster urban enthusiasm.

From the early years of the Northern Ireland government, education in Irish was marginalised. The number of primary schools teaching Irish was halved between 1924 and 1927, and numbers studying Irish as an extra subject fell from 5531 to 1290 between 1923 and 1926. The subsidy for Irish as an extra subject was abolished in 1934.

The last speakers of varieties of Irish native to what is now Northern Ireland died in the 20th century. Irish as spoken in Counties Down and Fermanagh were the first to die out, but native speakers of varieties spoken in the Glens of Antrim and the Sperrin Mountains of County Tyrone and County Londonderry survived into the 1950s and 1970s respectively, whilst the Armagh dialect survived until the 1930s or '40s. Varieties of Irish indigenous to the territory of Northern Ireland finally became extinct when the last native speaker of Rathlin Irish died in 1985. Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaigh, who died in 1983, was reportedly the last native-speaker of Antrim Irish. A wealth of recordings and stories told by Mac Amhlaigh, however, were recorded before his death by researchers from Queen's University in Belfast.

At the same time, The Troubles exacerbated the politicisation of the Irish language in Northern Ireland. Many republicans in Northern Ireland, including former Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams, learned Irish while in prison. Furthermore, co-operative housing scheme in West Belfast aimed at creating an urban neo-Gaeltacht opened in 1969 in Shaw's Road.

According to Innti poet and scholar of Modern literature in Irish Louis de Paor, this resulted in Belfast Irish, "a new urban dialect", of Ulster Irish, that was "forged in the heat of Belfast during The Troubles" and which is now the main dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht Quarter.

To lend support for this effort during the early 1980s, Dublin-based Connaught Irish Modernist poet Máirtín Ó Direáin chose to risk both crossing what was still a "hard border" and the danger of falling victim to the ongoing paramilitary violence by Ulster Loyalists during The Troubles. Ó Direáin travelled to Northern Ireland and gave a poetry reading at the Cumann Chluain Ard, an urban language revival club in the Gaeltacht Quarter of West Belfast.

The Belfast Irish dialect, according to Louis de Paor, has even developed a "street slang", which been used in the poetry of Gearóid Mac Lochlainn and other radically innovative writers of Modern literature in Irish like him.

Status

Most Irish speakers in Ulster today speak the Donegal dialect of Ulster Irish.

Irish received official recognition in Northern Ireland for the first time in 1998 under the Good Friday Agreement, and status as an official language in 2022. A cross-border body known as Foras na Gaeilge was established to promote the language in both Northern Ireland and the Republic, taking over the functions of Bord na Gaeilge.

The British government in 2001 ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Irish (in respect only of Northern Ireland) was specified under Part III of the Charter, thus giving it a degree of protection and status comparable to the Scottish Gaelic in Scotland. This included a range of specific undertakings in relation to education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities and other matters (a lower level of recognition was accorded to the Ulster variant of Scots, under Part II of the Charter). Compliance with State obligations is assessed periodically by a Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe.

The Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 states: "It shall be the duty of the Department (of Education) to encourage and facilitate the development of Irish-medium education."

A question about the Irish language was asked until the 1911 census of Ireland, but after partition was not included in the Northern Ireland census until it was reintroduced in 1991. According to the 2001 Census, 658,103 people (36% of the population) had "some knowledge of Irish" – of whom 559,670 were Catholics and 48,509 were Protestants and "other Christians".

Knowledge of Irish by people over the age of 3 (2001 Census):
 Speaks, reads, writes and understands Irish: 223,678
 Speaks and reads but does not write Irish: 160,183
 Speaks but does not read or write Irish: 108,596
 Understands spoken Irish but cannot read, write or speak Irish: 87,479
 Has other combination of skills: 78,167
 No knowledge of Irish: 1,152,760

The ULTACH Trust (Iontaobhas ULTACH) was established in 1989 by Irish language enthusiasts to attract funding from the British Government for language projects and to broaden the appeal of the language on a cross-community basis (among both Protestants and Catholics)

The Shaw's Road Gaeltacht was joined in 2002 by the Gaeltacht Quarter in west Belfast.

Citizenship services
The lack of provision for legal and citizenship services in the Irish language, including for the Life in the United Kingdom test, has been met with criticism from the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, of which the UK has ratified for the Cornish language, the Irish language, Manx Gaelic, the Scots & Ulster Scots dialects, Scottish Gaelic and the Welsh language. In a 2014 report detailing the application of the charter in the UK, the Committee were given no justification for the inequality in the treatment of Irish speakers in contrast to that of English, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh speakers, and that efforts to rectify the inequality were non-existent.

Education

Six families in Belfast established a Gaeltacht area in Belfast in the late 1960s and opened Bunscoil Phobal Feirste in 1970 as the first Irish-medium school in Northern Ireland, and in 1984 was granted the status of a voluntary maintained primary school. The first Naíscoil (Irish-medium nursery school) opened in 1978. Not long after the opening of Bunscoil Phobal Feirste, a second all-Irish primary school opened, Gaelscoil na bhFál, situated on the Falls Road. Founded by the parents of children that wanted Irish education but couldn't find a space in 'BPF', one of the parents, named Sue Pentel, played a major role in the making of the school and about two years after the opening of Gaelscoil na bhFál, a daycare service, Ionad Uíbh Eachach, was opened and founded and managed by Sue Pentel. The school and daycare both provide services through the Irish language and work together in the way that many of the children that attended Ionad Uíbh Eachach then go on to attend nursery- Primary 7 (Naí ionad- R7) in Gaelscoil na bhFál. This is a very valuable connection that not that many schools have and what with the Ionad providing after-school care it is both convenient for the school and parents.

Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta (CnaG) is the representative body for Irish-medium Education.  It was set up in 2000 by the Department of Education to promote, facilitate and encourage Irish-medium Education. One of CnaG's central objectives is to seek to extend the availability of Irish-medium Education to parents who wish to avail of it for their children. Irish language pre-schools and primary schools are now thriving and there are official Irish language streams in secondary schools in Maghera, Donaghmore, Castlewellan and Armagh.

In December 2014 Minister for Education for Northern Ireland John O'Dowd announced that the Department of Education were going to set up Northern Ireland's second gaelcholáiste in Dungiven Castle in County Londonderry. Gaelcholáiste Dhoire opened in September 2015.

In the academic year 2018/19, over 6,000 children are enrolled in Irish-medium education:
43 nurseries (Naíscoileanna) with over 1,000 pupils
35 primary schools (Bunscoileanna) with over 3,000 pupils
2 second level gaelscoileanna (Gaelcholáiste) with over 800 pupils
3 Irish language streams (Sruith Lán-Ghaeilge)

The British Council administers a scheme to recruit Irish language assistants for English-medium schools in Northern Ireland.

In 2013, there were 309 entries for A-Level examinations in Irish and 2,078 for GCSE.

Media

BBC Radio Ulster began broadcasting a nightly half-hour programme, called Blas ('taste'), in Irish in the early 1980s, and there is now an Irish-language programme on the station every day. BBC Northern Ireland broadcast its first television programme in Irish in the early 1990s, SRL ('etc.'). In March 2005, TG4 began broadcasting from the Divis transmitter near Belfast, as a result of agreement between the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Northern Ireland Office. Following Digital Switchover for terrestrial television transmissions in both parts of Ireland in 2012, TG4 is now carried on Freeview HD for viewers in Northern Ireland (channel 51) as well as to those households in Border areas that have spillover reception of the ROI Saorview platform (channel 104). TG4 also continues to be available on other TV delivery platforms across Northern Ireland: Sky (channel 163) and Virgin Cable customers in Belfast (channel 877).

RTÉ's Irish-language radio station, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta based in the Republic of Ireland is also available in many areas in Northern Ireland. Raidió Fáilte a community radio station based in West Belfast covers the Greater Belfast area and started broadcasting in 2006 and broadcasts 24 hours per day seven days per week. It broadcasts a selection of programmes; music, chat, news, current affairs, sports, arts, literature, environmental and community issues. It is also available worldwide on the internet at RaidióFáilte.com.

Residents of Northern Ireland have access to web based media in Irish such as online newspaper Tuairisc.ie or online lifestyle magazine Nós. An Irish-language daily newspaper called Lá Nua ("new day") folded in 2008 due to lack of funding.

The Northern Ireland Film and Television Commission administers an Irish Language Broadcast Fund (announced by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in April 2004) to foster and develop an independent Irish-language television production sector in Northern Ireland. The European Commission authorised public funding for the fund in June 2005 considering that "since the aid aims to promote cultural products and the Irish Language, it can be authorised under EU Treaty rules that allow state aids for the promotion of culture".

Political aspects
The Irish language in Northern Ireland has long been associated with identity. Prior to the turn of the 20th century, the Irish language was embraced by both sides of the community, although in decline. But the partition of Ireland in 1921 was a turning point in attitudes towards the language. Nationalists in Northern Ireland who felt that they had been abandoned by their southern counterparts felt that the Irish language was a significant marker of identity they now needed as a minority group.

During The Troubles, the Irish language revival became increasingly politicised. Its survival is sometimes described as largely due to families in the nationalist Shaw's Road neighborhood of west Belfast, who during the 1960s tried to make the area a neo-Gaeltacht (a new Irish speaking area outside the traditional Gaeltachtaí). The result was a neighborhood now known as the Gaeltacht Quarter, which has become a centre for Modern literature in Irish. A second wave of the Irish language revival movement in Northern Ireland during the 1970s occurred in another locale – the Maze Prison. For republican prisoners, learning the Irish language in prison (aka 'Jailtacht') became a way in which to set themselves apart vis-a-via the British authorities. More broadly, this use of the Irish language inspired many nationalists in Northern Ireland to use the language as a form of cultural expression and resistance to the British occupation. In particular, the Irish language has been used extensively by the Irish Republican legitimist Sinn Féin political party, which has been accused by unionists of exploiting the Irish language revival for political gain.

The favouring of the Irish language by "physical force republicans" has therefore led to it receiving mixed responses from unionist communities and politicians. In many unionist communities, the Irish language is regarded as a foreign language or the language of terrorists and therefore – unlike Catholic communities – in Protestant communities its inclusion in school curriculum and public notices continues to be strongly opposed. On the other hand, some moderate nationalists have been reluctant to use Irish too due to the paramilitary connotations associated with the language revival. Issues around the use of the Irish language were intensified when a unionist MLA was accused of mocking Irish in the Northern Irish Assembly. In November 2014, in response to a question about minority language policy the DUP's Gregory Campbell said "Curry my yoghurt can coca coalyer" in what was meant to sound like "Thank you, speaker" in Irish which he later claimed was in an attempt to make a point about the continued political use of the language by some Sinn Féin MLAs in post 1998 Good Friday Agreement.

In recent years, cross-community efforts have attempted to make the Irish language more appealing to both sides of the community. Many local councils now use Irish bilingually with English (sometimes with Ulster Scots too) on many of its services in an attempt to neutralise the language. Some former loyalist prisoners such as Robin Stewart have even taken up learning the Irish language in east Belfast in an attempt to reclaim Irish identity and challenge Republicans about their version of Irish history and what it means to be Irish. The former Red Hand Commando prisoner William Smith learnt the language whilst in jail. The motto of the Red Hand Commando was the Irish phrase Lamh Dhearg Abu which translated means 'Red Hand to Victory'. Linda Ervine, the sister-in-law of former Ulster Volunteer Force member and politician David Ervine, began learning the language and set up the Turas Irish-Language Project in the predominately Unionist East Belfast area for others to learn the language in 2011.

See also
 An Cumann Gaelach, QUB
 Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta
 Forbairt Feirste
 Languages of Northern Ireland
 Líofa
 Líonraí Gaeilge
 Literature in the other languages of Britain
 Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022
 Irish language in Britain
 POBAL

References

External links
 List of Irish-medium schools in Northern Ireland
 Foras na Gaeilge
 Ultach Trust
 Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta
 BBC Northern Ireland Irish language
 Pobal
 In the trenches of a language war

Irish language
Culture of Ireland
Languages of Northern Ireland
Culture of Northern Ireland

Irish language in Northern Ireland


Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bambawala is a Hindi comedy television series that aired on SAB TV. The show was premiered on August 18th, 2014, and ended on November 12th, 2014. The show revolved around a fire brigade employee of Marathi origin who belonged to a middle-class family.

The show hit the small screen every week from Monday to Friday at 10 p.m. The TV series showcased the funny incidents in which the firefighter gets involved and which then results in a comedy of errors. Every time he gets trapped into hilarious events, his cosmopolitan friends or family members or his neighbors assist him.

The serial explores the life of the Chiplunkar family and their interesting mix of neighbours who always come together to help each other. The lead protagonist is being played by Prashant Damle, as Chandrakant Chiplunkar, a fire brigade employee. Kavita Lad and Anang Desai played supportive cast in the serial.

2014 Indian television series debuts
2014 Indian television series endings

Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bamba Wala


Elisha Scott Loomis (September 18, 1852 – December 11, 1940) was an American teacher, mathematician, genealogist, writer and engineer.

Ancestry and early life
Elisha Scott Loomis, of English–Scottish and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, was born in a log-cabin in Wadsworth, Ohio, which at that time was a village in Medina County. He was the eldest son of Charles W. Loomis, a descendant of the pioneer Joseph Loomis of Windsor, Connecticut.

His mother was Sarah Oberholtzer, descendant of pioneer Jacob Oberholtzer, of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
When Loomis was 12 his father died. By that time he had six younger brothers and a sister, and for seven years from the age of 13 he helped his mother make ends meet by working as a farm labourer during summertime. Four months each winter he attended district schools, working for his board while doing so. During his schooldays he wished to learn algebra, and as his district school teacher knew no algebra, he walked several miles to a neighbouring town where he bought Ray's Elementary Algebra. He proceeded to master the material without any support except encouragement of his mother, who had had too little schooling to learn to write.

Loomis proved to be a sufficiently apt scholar to become a teacher himself in 1873. He taught during the summer and managed not only to save enough money to help his mother support her family, but also for himself to attend and assist at Baldwin University at Berea, Ohio, during the winter. His industry and thrift enabled him to buy a home, in Shreve, Ohio, where he established his mother and brothers the fall of 1876. This was partly possible because of his abstemious habits, eschewing both tobacco and strong drink. He joined the Presbyterian church early in his adult life, but later converted to Methodism.

After he attained his B.S. degree in mid-1880, Loomis married a teacher from Loudonville, Ohio, Miss Letitia E. Shire.

Further education and career
While teaching, Loomis continued his own studies and earned postgraduate degrees. While in Berea, studied civil engineering and became the village engineer. He attained his B.S. at Baldwin University in 1880 under Professor Aaron Schuyler, and then his A.M. in 1886 and Ph.D. in 1888 from Wooster University, Ohio. In 1900 the Cleveland Law School awarded him the LL.B. degree, and he was admitted to the State Bar in June 1900.

From 1880 to 1885 he served as principal, first at the Burbank Academy in Burbank, Ohio, then at the Richfield Township High School, in Summit County, Ohio. In 1885, he accepted the chair of mathematics in Baldwin University, succeeding Professor Aaron Schuyler, where he served for ten years.

In 1895, he accepted the post of head of the Mathematics Department at West High School, Cleveland, Ohio, where he taught for 29 years, not retiring until 1923 as required by law for Ohio state teachers. In writing his own obituary  he estimated that in his 50 years as a teacher he had ploughed "habit-formation grooves in the plastic brains" of over 4000 boys and girls and young men and women and said that  he prized the title of "Teacher" more than any other honour.

Written works
His written works included his thesis for his Ph.D. degree in metaphysics: "Theism the Result of Completed Investigation", a genealogy of "The Loomis Family in America", and "The Genealogy of Jacob Oberholtzer and His Descendants"'. He also wrote "The Teaching of Mathematics in High Schools", and "Original Investigation Or How to Attack an Exercise in Geometry". Possibly his best-known work however, is "The Pythagorean Proposition", in which he collected, classified, and discussed 344 proofs. The book is still a work of reference.
Also he prepared in manuscript, ready for publication, books and articles estimated to number over one hundred, but it is not clear how many of them ever were printed. Titles that he mentioned include: "Recollections and Reflections of a Log-Cabin Boy", "This and That, from 50 Years of Experience as a Teacher", a genealogy of his family, a biography of Dr. Aaron Schuyler, and many articles on educational, mathematical and genealogical subjects.

He held that true teaching, worth-while education and right living consist in ethical and moral habit formation to control one's social contributions throughout life; and that service should guide one's action rather than profits.

At the time of his death he had a son, Elatus G. Loomis of Cleveland, Ohio, a daughter, Mrs. R. L. Lechner of Buenos Aires, and three grandchildren.

References

Mathematics educators
American mathematicians
American genealogists
People from Wadsworth, Ohio
Baldwin Wallace University alumni
1852 births
1940 deaths
Historians from Ohio

Elisha Scott Loomis


Alexander "Sandy" McCall Smith, CBE, FRSE (born 24 August 1948), is a British legal scholar and author of fiction. He was raised in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and was formerly Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh. He became an expert on medical law and bioethics and served on related British and international committees. He has since become known as a fiction writer, with sales in English exceeding 40 million by 2010 and translations into 46 languages. He is known as the creator of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series. The "McCall" derives from his great-great-grandmother Bethea McCall, who married James Smith at Glencairn, Dumfries-shire, in 1833.

Early life
Rodney Alexander Alasdair McCall Smith was born in 1948 in Bulawayo in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe), to British parents. He was the only son, having three elder sisters. His father worked as a public prosecutor in Bulawayo. McCall Smith's paternal grandfather, Dr. George Marshall McCall Smith, born at Nairn, abandoned his wife and four children in Scotland and ran off with one of his patients to New Zealand in 1914. They settled in Rawene where he became the medical doctor and a community leader. McCall Smith was educated at the Christian Brothers College in Bulawayo before moving to Scotland at age 17 to study law at the University of Edinburgh, where he earned his LLB and PhD degrees. He soon taught at Queen's University Belfast, and while teaching there he entered a literary competition: one a children's book and the other a novel for adults. He won in the children's category.

Professional career

McCall Smith returned to southern Africa in 1981 to help co-found the law school and teach law at the University of Botswana. While there, he co-wrote The Criminal Law of Botswana (1992).

He was Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh and is now Emeritus Professor at its School of Law. He retains a further involvement with the university in relation to the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

McCall Smith is the former chairman of the Ethics Committee of the British Medical Journal (until 2002), the former vice-chairman of the Human Genetics Commission of the United Kingdom, and a former member of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO. After achieving success as a writer, he gave up these commitments. He was appointed a CBE in the New Year's Honours List issued at the end of December 2006 for services to literature. In June 2007, he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws at a ceremony celebrating the tercentenary of the University of Edinburgh School of Law. In June 2015 he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at a graduation ceremony at the University of St Andrews.

Personal life
He settled in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1984. He and his wife Elizabeth, a physician, bought and renovated a large Victorian mansion in the Merchiston/Morningside area of the city. They lived there for almost 30 years, raising their two daughters. Nearby lived the authors J. K. Rowling, Ian Rankin, and Kate Atkinson.

An amateur bassoonist, he co-founded The Really Terrible Orchestra. He has helped to found Botswana's first centre for opera training, the Number 1 Ladies' Opera House, for whom he wrote the libretto of their first production, a version of Macbeth set among a troop of baboons in the Okavango Delta.

In 2009 he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa.

In 2012 he appeared in a documentary about the life and work of author W. Somerset Maugham, Revealing Mr. Maugham.

In 2014 McCall Smith purchased the Cairns of Coll, a chain of uninhabited islets in the Hebrides. He said, "I intend to do absolutely nothing with them, and to ensure that, after I am gone, they are held in trust, unspoilt and uninhabited, for the nation. I want them kept in perpetuity as a sanctuary for wildlife – for birds and seals and all the other creatures to which they are home."

During a visit to New Zealand in 2014 McCall Smith visited Rawene, where his grandfather, George McCall Smith, ran the hospital for 34 years and created the Hokianga area health service.

Author

McCall Smith is a prolific author of fiction, with several series to his credit. He writes at a prodigious rate: "Even when travelling, he never loses a day, turning out between 2,000 and 3,000 words [a day] – but more like 5,000 words when at home in Edinburgh. His usual rate is 1,000 words an hour." He has gained the most fame for his No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency series, featuring Mma Precious Ramotswe and set in Gaborone, Botswana. The first novel was published in 1998. By 2009, the No 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series had sold more than 20 million copies in English editions.

According to his publisher in Edinburgh, "He was, until 2005, a professor of medical law at the University of Edinburgh, but gave up the position to concentrate on his writing and now writes full time."

He published 30 books in the 1980s and 1990s before he began the series that has brought him the world's notice. In 2008 he wrote a serialised online novel Corduroy Mansions, with the audio edition read by Andrew Sachs made available at the same pace as the daily publication. He wrote more than ten chapters ahead of publication, finding the experience of serialised publication to be "a frightening thing to create a novel while his readers watched. 'I am like a man on a tightrope.'"

In 2009 he donated the short story "Still Life" to Oxfam's "Ox-Tales" project, comprising four collections of stories written by 38 British authors. McCall Smith's story was published in the "Air" collection.

In 2020 he published a collection of poetry entitled In a Time of Distance: And Other Poems.

Selected bibliography

See also

White people in Zimbabwe

References

External links

 Prof. Alexander McCall Smith's homepage at the Law School, University of Edinburgh
 Author's homepage at Random House
 Author's homepage at Polygon & Birlinn Limited
 Author's homepage at Little, Brown

 Alexander McCall Smith interviewed on Conversations from Penn State
 Write TV Public Television Interview with Alexander McCall Smith
 Interview with the author at Powells.com

1948 births
Living people
People from Bulawayo
Writers from Edinburgh
Alumni of Christian Brothers College, Bulawayo
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Law
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
British Book Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Scholars of medical law
People associated with Edinburgh
Rhodesian novelists
Scottish children's writers
Scottish crime fiction writers
Scottish legal scholars
Scottish novelists
Scottish short story writers
Zimbabwean children's writers
Zimbabwean novelists
Zimbabwean male writers
British male novelists
Zimbabwean male short story writers
Zimbabwean short story writers
Zimbabwean people of Scottish descent
Scottish people of Zimbabwean descent
Audiobook narrators
Zimbabwean emigrants to the United Kingdom
Academic staff of the University of Botswana

Alexander McCall Smith


A golf simulator is a simulator that consists of a screen (or projector), some kind of mat, and golf clubs and balls. There's also sensor, camera and radar systems in most cases. Golf simulators can be used in lieu of actual golf courses when not enough space is available even for mini golf.

Golf

Golf simulator


Iurie Colesnic (born 12 August 1955) is a technical literature corrector, former publishing director, literary historian, politician and writer of the Republic of Moldova.

Biography
Iurie Colesnic was born on 12 August 1955 in the village of Dereneu, Calarasi district, in a family of teachers. He was a Komsomol member (1969-1983). He graduated from the faculty of energy at the Technical University of Moldova in 1978.

Iurie Colesnic has been a member of the Parliament of Moldova since 2009 and has been a member of the European Action Movement since 2010. Before Colesnic had been a member of the Party Alliance Our Moldova.

Works
 Binecuvântare, 1989
 Buburuza, 1991
 Harap Alb (în colaborare), 1991
 Filozofii din Cubolta, 1997

Awards
 Medalia Sfântul Daniil (2000).
 Membru - Correspondent al Academiei Internaţionale de Cadre (Kiev, 2000).
 Doctor "Honoris Cauza" al Universităţii Umaniste (Chişinău, 2000)

Bibliography
  Tudor Ţopa.Condamnaţi la zbucium. Chişinău. Ed. Universul. 2003, pp. 224
  Petru Soltan (colectiv). Calendar Naţional.
  Tudor Ţopa. Voievozii inspiraţiei. Chişinău. 2007.

External links
 Catalogul on-line Library of Congress
 Site-ul Parlamentului Republicii Moldova
 Alianţa Moldova Noastră

References

1955 births
Living people
Romanian people of Moldovan descent
Our Moldova Alliance politicians
Moldovan MPs 2009–2010
Save Bessarabia Union politicians

Recipients of the Order of Honour (Moldova)

Iurie Colesnic


Bertram James Head (6 June 1916 – February 2002) was an English professional football player and manager.

Playing career
Head was born in Midsomer Norton and began his career with his local team before joining Welton Rovers. He moved to Torquay United in October 1936 and made his debut, at right-back, in a 1–0 win at home to Aldershot on 7 November 1936. He was not a regular for his first two seasons with Torquay, but was an ever-present in the 1938–39 season before his career was interrupted by War. When league football resumed in August 1946, Head was again a first choice in the Torquay team, although by now had moved to the centre of defence. He went on to make over 200 league appearances for Torquay before joining Bury in February 1952.

He played eleven times for Bury that season, with a further eleven league appearances the following season before retiring to the Bury coaching staff.

Coaching and managerial career

After beginning his coaching career at Gigg Lane, Head progressed to Chief Scout and then Assistant Manager with the club before taking over as manager of Swindon Town in October 1956.

It was an unenviable job. Swindon finished the season just one place off the bottom in the 1956–57 season, and having to apply for re-election. With the league being restructured at the end of the 1957/58 season, it would be crucial for the Town to finish in the top half of the table – to avoid having to become founder members of the newly created Fourth Division. Against all the odds, Swindon finished just three points behind the leaders, Brighton & Hove Albion in fourth place, and took their place in Division Three. In contrast, Head's former side, Torquay, had finished runners-up to Ipswich Town on goal average the previous season, but finished fourth from bottom in 1957–58 and found themselves in the new Division Four.

With little money available for transfers, Head set up a youth system, which aimed to develop young players in some of the local leagues. Gradually, these players were blooded in the first team. Shortly before the 1960/61 season, Head arranged a trial match between the "Probables" and the "Possibles" – the Probables were the older, experienced players, the Possibles were a team of youngsters. When the Possibles won the game convincingly, it persuaded Head to start the season with a young team, which included the youngest ever full-back pairing of John Trollope and Terry Wollen – both of whom were aged just seventeen.

This system produced many future Swindon greats – Trollope, Mike Summerbee, Bobby Woodruff, Ernie Hunt, Keith Morgan, Roger Smart, Rod Thomas, David 'Bronco' Layne and Don Rogers to name but a few – and, as they gradually climbed the league table, the team earned the nickname, "Bert's Babes". After finishing 9th in 1961/62, Head guided Swindon to their first ever promotion the following season.

Swindon's first season in Division Two started brilliantly. The young side won their first six games, leaving them three points clear at the top of the table – and didn't lose until the tenth game, when they were brought crashing back down to earth with a 4–0 defeat at Northampton Town. Suddenly, their form deserted them and in November 1963, they went five games without scoring a goal. They finished the season in a respectable mid-table position.

The 1964–65 season started as it meant to go on. An early injury to goalkeeper Norman Oakley sent Town crashing to a 6–1 defeat. As the season went on, more players succumbed to injury – and crucially, the highly rated forward Ernie Hunt was missed most often – firstly with appendicitis, then with a broken foot. Gradually, Town were sucked into a relegation battle, and, when the final day of the season came, Swindon and Portsmouth were level on points, with the Town having superior goal average.

Both teams were away – Swindon at Southampton, Portsmouth at Northampton. Amazingly, the League allowed the Pompey game to kick off later in the evening, and when Town lost 2–1 at The Dell, Portsmouth knew they needed only a draw to keep them up. With Northampton already promoted, Pompey got their draw, and condemned Town back to Division Three. They had been unlucky – but the Town board showed no mercy, rather harshly sacking Head in August 1965 – the man who had previously turned the fortunes of the club.

Head returned to Bury as manager the same month, where he was forced to sell Colin Bell to Manchester City, a move that infuriated many Bury fans.

He left Bury in April 1966 to manage Crystal Palace, having been identified by Palace chairman Arthur Wait as the right man for the job. Although he had limited financial resources at his disposal he guided Palace into the top flight in 1969 for the first time in their history, and kept them up for the following three seasons. In March 1973 he was moved upstairs to a general manager's post until the end of the season, replaced by the flamboyant Malcolm Allison who took Palace back to Division Three over the course of the next two seasons. Head left Palace in May 1973 and also managed Bath City for a spell in the same year.

He became a director of Bath City in 1975, resigning from the board in 1982. He also worked as a scout for Swindon Town.

Head died in February 2002 in Reading, Berkshire, aged 85. His wife Ginny had died eight years previously, but he left two sons, David, who played professionally for Reading, and Roger and a daughter, Sue.

References

External links
Manager profile at Swindon Town FC

1916 births
2002 deaths
People from Midsomer Norton
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Welton Rovers F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
English Football League players
Watford F.C. wartime guest players
English football managers
Swindon Town F.C. managers
Bury F.C. managers
Crystal Palace F.C. managers
Bath City F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Southern Football League managers

Bert Head


is a Japanese professional wrestler, currently signed to All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he is a six time Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion. He was trained by Kensuke Sasaki and started his career in his Kensuke Office promotion in February 2008, before joining AJPW in January 2014. He won his first title, the All Asia Tag Team Championship, in August 2014. He has also held AJPW's World Tag Team Championship. In February 2016, Miyahara won AJPW's top title, the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, becoming the youngest winner of the title in the process. He has since won the title five more times and is tied with Toshiaki Kawada for the most title defenses with ten. He is known for his charismatic and energetic demeanor in his matches and segments, with him adding brash and anti-authority rhetoric within his later years as the "Best of the Best".

Professional wrestling career

Kensuke Office / Diamond Ring (2008–2013)
With a background in judo, Miyahara made his professional wrestling debut on February 11, 2008, at a Kensuke Office event, losing to All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) representative Seiya Sanada. Through Kensuke Office's relationship with Pro Wrestling Noah, Miyahara also began making appearances for Noah, taking part in both the NTV G+ Cup Junior Heavyweight Tag League and Mauritius Cup later in the year. Miyahara continued working regularly for both Kensuke Office and Pro Wrestling Noah for the next few years, being pegged as the "next Kensuke Sasaki". On May 17, 2012, Miyahara made his Mexican debut for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), when he represented a team of Japanese wrestlers in the 2012 Copa Higher Power. In February 2013, Miyahara entered a storyline, where he turned on Sasaki and the former Kensuke Office, now known as Diamond Ring, by joining the villainous Voodoo Murders stable. Backed by his new partners, he then started a storyline rivalry with the remaining Diamond Ring representatives such as Katsuhiko Nakajima and Satoshi Kajiwara.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2013–present)

Xceed (2013–2015)
In August 2013, it was announced that Miyahara would be taking part in AJPW's 2013 Ōdō Tournament the following month. On September 9, Miyahara announced he was officially breaking off his affiliation with Diamond Ring and becoming a freelancer. On September 14, Miyahara was eliminated from the Ōdō Tournament in his first round match by Suwama. In AJPW, Miyahara formed a new partnership with Go Shiozaki due to the similarities between the two in both size and age. On November 14, Voodoo Murders held a press conference to announce that Miyahara was also leaving the stable to fully concentrate on working for AJPW. On November 21, Miyahara and Shiozaki came together with Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki to form the new Xceed stable. The following month, Miyahara and Shiozaki made it to the finals of the 2013 World's Strongest Tag Determination League, but were defeated there by Evolution (Joe Doering and Suwama). In January 2014, Miyahara signed a contract to officially become affiliated with AJPW. On March 18, Miyahara received his first shot at AJPW's top title, the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, Akebono. On August 16, Miyahara won his first professional wrestling title, when he and Kotaro Suzuki defeated Keisuke Ishii and Shigehiro Irie to win the All Asia Tag Team Championship. In December, Miyahara and Go Shiozaki made it to the finals of their second World's Strongest Tag Determination League in a row, this time contested for the vacant World Tag Team Championship, but were again defeated there by Wild Burning (Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori). Miyahara and Suzuki's reign as the All Asia Tag Team Champions ended in their second defense on January 3, 2015, when they were defeated by Dark Kingdom representatives Mitsuya Nagai and Takeshi Minamino. On March 27, Miyahara received another shot at the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, Xceed stablemate Go Shiozaki. On May 6, Miyahara and Shiozaki defeated Akebono and Yutaka Yoshie to win the World Tag Team Championship. On June 4, Miyahara scored a major win, when he led Xceed to a six-man captain's fall tag team match win over the Evolution stable, scoring the deciding pinfall over Suwama. Following the win, Miyahara announced his intention of becoming the youngest Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion in history, challenging Akebono to a title match. However, the title match on June 21 ended with Miyahara once again being defeated. On September 28, Miyahara and Shiozaki vacated the World Tag Team Championship due to Shiozaki resigning from AJPW. On November 16, Xceed was disbanded, when Kotaro Suzuki also announced his departure from AJPW.

With Xceed gone, Miyahara was offered a spot in the Evolution stable. Though he turned down the offer, he agreed to team with Suwama in the 2015 World's Strongest Tag Determination League. On December 6, the two defeated Bodyguard and Zeus in the finals to win the tournament. Following the final match, Miyahara expressed interest in continuing to team up with Suwama, but was attacked by Suwama, who instead announced Naoya Nomura as the newest member of Evolution. Miyahara responded by announcing a new partnership with Jake Lee, vowing to start a generational change in AJPW. On December 25, the new team was named "Nextream".

Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion (2016–2020)
On February 12, 2016, Miyahara defeated Zeus in a decision match to win the vacant Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the first time. At 26 years and  days, Miyahara became the youngest Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion in history, beating the previous record held by then 29-year-old Terry Gordy. On February 21, Miyahara failed in his bid to become a "Quintuple Crown Champion", when he and Jake Lee were defeated by Zeus and Bodyguard in a match for the World Tag Team Championship. Miyahara made his first successful defense of the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship on March 21 against Takao Omori. His second title defense took place on May 25, when he defeated 2016 Champion Carnival winner Daisuke Sekimoto. On June 15, Miyahara defeated Kengo Mashimo for his third successful title defense and afterwards nominated Jun Akiyama as his next challenger, whom he went on to defeat in his fourth title defense on July 24. On August 27, Miyahara made his fifth successful title defense against Ryoji Sai. On November 27, Miyahara defeated Suwama in the main event of AJPW's first show in Ryōgoku Kokugikan in three years to make his sixth successful defense of the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. The following month, Miyahara and Jake Lee won their block in the 2016 World's Strongest Tag Determination League with a record of four wins and one loss, advancing to the finals of the tournament. On December 18, Miyahara and Lee were defeated in the finals of the tournament by Get Wild (Manabu Soya and Takao Omori).

After announcing his goal for 2017 of breaking the record for most successful defenses of the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, held by Toshiaki Kawada with his ten defenses, Miyahara made his seventh successful defense on January 15 by defeating Takao Omori. En route to his next defense, Miyahara teamed up with Jake Lee to unsuccessfully challenge Bodyguard and Zeus for the World Tag Team Championship on February 17. On February 26, Miyahara defeated Bodyguard for his eighth successful title defense. On May 21, Miyahara lost the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship to 2017 Champion Carnival winner Shuji Ishikawa in his ninth defense. AJPW experienced greatly increased business during Miyahara's fifteen-month title reign. On August 27, Miyahara defeated Ishikawa at AJPW's 45th anniversary event in Ryōgoku Kokugikan to regain the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. He lost the title to 2017 Ōdō Tournament winner Suwama in his first defense on October 9. On February 3, 2018, Miyahara and Yoshitatsu defeated Suwama and Shuji Ishikawa to win the World Tag Team Championship. However, on February 25, they would lose the titles in their first defense to The Big Guns (Zeus and Bodyguard). Miyahara captured the Triple Crown for a third time on March 25, 2018 at a show at the Saitama Super Arena Community Hall by defeating Joe Doering. Throughout April, Miyahara, while still champion, participated in the 2018 Champion Carnival, where he won his block with a record of five wins and two losses. However, in the finals on April 30, he was defeated by Pro Wrestling NOAH's Naomichi Marufuji. He defeated Marufuji in a rematch on May 24 to successfully defend the title. On June 12, he defeated Dylan James for his second successful defense. However, on July 29, he lost the championship in his third defense to Zeus. On September 24, Miyahara defeated Kengo Mashimo to win the Ōdō Tournament, thus, giving him his rematch for the Triple Crown Championship. He defeated Zeus on October 21 to regain the Title and begin his fourth reign. Miyahara participated in the 2018 World's Strongest Tag Determination League along with Yoshitatsu, both of them would make 10 points, winning 5 matches and losing 5, failing to advance to the finals.

On January 3, 2019, Miyahara made his first successful defence against KAI. On February 24, he made his second defence against long-term rival Suwama, right after the match, Naoya Nomura came to the ring and challenged Miyahara to a title match, which the champion accepted. This led to a match between the former partners on March 19, where Miyahara became victorious. He participated in the Champion Carnival, making 10 points, winning 5 matches and losing 3, advancing to the finals. On April 29, the champion defeated Jake Lee to win the Champion Carnival for the first time. Miyahara successfully defended his title against Shuji Ishikawa on May 20. 2019 became the third year when the Triple Crown did not change hands, Miyahara's fourth reign becoming the third overall in terms of length, after Mitsuharu Misawa's first reign (705 days, lasted all of 1993), and Toshiaki Kawada's fifth reign (529 days, lasted all of 2004), before finally losing the belt back to Suwama on March 23, 2020.

NEXTREAM Revival & Zennichi Shin Jidai (2020–present)
After being dethroned from the Triple Crown, Miyahara would compete mainly in the tag division, teaming with the likes of Jiro Kuroshio, Francesco Akira and Yoshi Tatsu from March up until August. This would climax with Miyahara & Kuroshio unsuccessfully challenging the Violent Giants (Suwama & Shuji Ishikawa) for the AJPW World Tag Team Championship belts on August 30. With the arrival of September, so came the arrival of the AJPW 2020 Champion Carnival. Miyahara would round off his score with three victories and one loss (6 points) in the B-Block, and make it to the finals, yet would be defeated by Zeus on October 5. While Miyahara would be lying on the mat defeated, an old ally and foe in the form of Yuma Aoyagi would come to his aid. Aoyagi who had been a member of the original Nextream , was ousted from the stable when he would be defeated by Miyahara on February 11, in a bid for the Triple Crown. Soon later Miyahara & Yuma would regularly be teaming together under the umbrella of a revived form of Nextream.

Into November, the team would take part in the 2020 AJPW Real World Tag League, and would accumulate a score of 10 points, with two losses and five wins, including the tournament final against Jake Lee & Koji Iwamoto on December 7. With the title of being the 2020 Real World Tag League victors, they would defeat the Violent Giants on January 1, 2021 and become the new World Tag Team Champions. Kento would then induct two new members into the stable: Yuma's brother Atsuki & Rising HAYATO. On February 23, Miyahara & Aoyagi would defeat the team of Abdullah Kobayashi & Daisuke Sekimoto, who had challenged them on February 2, and would complete their first successful defense of the World Tag Team belts.

On January 23, 2022, Miyahara defeated Ryuki Honda in a tournament final to win the vacant Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the fifth time. In April, Miyahara took part in the 2022 Champion Carnival, finishing the tournament with a record of two wins, two draws and one loss, failling to advance to the finals of the tournament, after drawing with Nextream stablemate Yuma Aoyagi on the final day. On June 20, Miyahara lost the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship to Jake Lee, suffering his first singles loss against him. On August 20, Miyahara defeated Lee in the finals to win the 2022 Ōdō Tournament. On September 18, Miyahara defeated Suwama to win the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the sixth time. From November 13 until December 7, Miyahara and Takuya Nomura took part in the 2022 World's Strongest Tag Determination League as "Miyaken to Takuya", winning the tournament, with a record of four wins and three losses;, the two defeated Shuji Ishikawa and Cyrus in the finals to win the tournament. On January 2, 2023, Miyahara and Nomura defeated Suwama and KONO to win World Tag Team Championship. They lost the titles to Yuma Aoyagi and Naoya Nomura on January 22.

On February 4 2023, after successfully defending the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship against Yuma Aoyagi, Miyahara formed a stable alongside Yuma and his brother Atsuki Aoyagi, Rising HAYATO, Shuji Ishikawa, Yuma Anzai and Ryo Inoue, dubbed "Zennichi Shin Jidai" (New Age of All Japan), serving as a reaction against the influence of wrestlers from other promotions, who appeared or held titles in AJPW making them an anti-invader stable. On February 19, Miyahara lost the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship to New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Yuji Nagata. Later that month, Miyahara began feuding with Pro Wrestling NOAH's Masa Kitamiya, who was his junior during their years as part of Diamond Ring. On February 27, Kitamiya's partner Yoshiki Inamura confronted Miyahara, leading to a match between the two on March 14, with Miyahara demanded that Kitamiya came as Inamura's second. At the event, Miyahara defeated Inamura. Afterwards, Miyahara requested that NOAH competed in a match on March 21 and that Kitamiya should be involved. On March 21, Miyahara, Yuma Anzai and Ryo Inoue faced Kitamiya, Inamura and Kinya Okada in a losing effort, ending their feud. From April 8 and May 7, Miyahara took part in the 2023 Champion Carnival, finishing the tournament with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals of the tournament. On June 15, Miyahara and Aoyagi defeated Kongo's Kenoh and Manabu Soya to win the World Tag Team Championship, Miyahara's sixth individual reign. On June 17, Miyahara was challenged by Katsuhiko Nakajima to a singles match at NOAH's One Night Dream event on July 15. Their match was made official on June 21 in a press conference, with Miyahara slapping Nakajima to the floor during a stand-off. To Nakajima, Miyahara's behavior stemmed from jealousy, which he said was a "hindrance"; to Miyahara, it was a sense of incompatibility and a battle to overcome his senior for the position in wrestling he had seen Nakajima hold for so long. At One Night Dream, Miyahara was defeated by Nakajima in a match that was rated 5 and a quarter stars by Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter.

Championships and accomplishments

All Japan Pro Wrestling
All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kotaro Suzuki
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
World Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Go Shiozaki (1), Yoshitatsu (1),, Yuma Aoyagi (2) and Takuya Nomura (1)
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2015) – with Suwama
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2020, 2021) – with Yuma Aoyagi
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2022) – with Takuya Nomura
Nemuro Shokudō Cup 6-Man Tag Tournament (2017) – with Jake Lee and Yuma Aoyagi
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2022)
Royal Road Tournament (2018, 2022)
Champion Carnival (2019)

Kensuke Office
Summer Volcano Tag Tournament (2011) – with Antonio Honda

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 24 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019 and 2020

Pro Wrestling Noah
One Night 6-Man Tag Tournament (2012) – with Kensuke Sasaki and Takeshi Morishima
Global Tag League Fighting Spirit Award (2012) – with Kensuke Sasaki
Global Tag League Outstanding Performance Award (2011) – with Kensuke Sasaki
NTV G+ Cup Junior Heavyweight Tag League Outstanding Performance Award (2009) – with Katsuhiko Nakajima
NTV G+ Cup Junior Heavyweight Tag League Outstanding Performance Award (2011) – with Satoshi Kajiwara

Tokyo Sports
Outstanding Performance Award (2016, 2019, 2022)

References

External links
All Japan Pro Wrestling profile
Puroresu Central profile

Official blog

1989 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Fukuoka (city)
Japanese male judoka
All Asia Tag Team Champions
World Tag Team Champions (AJPW)
Triple Crown Heavyweight Champions
21st-century Japanese people

Kento Miyahara


An electric switchboard is an electrical device that directs electricity from one place to another. It is usually in the form of electrical panel in an enclosure, which contains switches for such purposes.

One of the more common configurations for an electric switchboard is a series of interconnected electrical panels.  Each of the panels in turn features a series of switches that make it possible to control the flow of electricity.  Making use of the switches, it is possible to adjust the voltage that is transmitted to connected devices, ensuring that the flow is not sufficient to cause damage to the circuitry.  From this perspective, the electric switchboard can be viewed as a way of enhancing the safety of using electricity in the operation of various appliances, machinery, and other devices.

Electricity

Electric switchboard


Gary Farrant (born 7 September 1946) is a former Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne Football Club and was a regular defender during the late 1960s until 1971.

During 1972 he went back to his home club Cohuna Football Club and also return to his farming commitments. However, he was persuaded by Ron Barassi to come back to the club and returned to the club in 1973. Gary Farrant was a member of North Melbourne's first VFL Premiership, where he played at centre half back. This was his final year at North Melbourne. He also had a brother Doug Farrant, who was a forward at North Melbourne.

References

1946 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
North Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club premiership players
Living people
VFL/AFL premiership players

Gary Farrant


Her Third () is a 1972 East German (then GDR) film directed by Egon Günther and starring Jutta Hoffmann, Barbara Dittus, Rolf Ludwig and Armin Mueller-Stahl. The film is based on the short story Unter den Bäumen regnet es zweimal by Eberhard Panitz and tells the story of the single mother Margit looking for a new partner. The film was produced in 1971 by the DEFA film studio and premiered on 16 March, 1972 in East Berlin.

Plot
Margit Fließer (Jutta Hoffmann) is in her mid-thirties, has two children and has been divorced twice. She works as a mathematician in a medium-sized company where she is well respected by her colleagues. Margit has a shy and repressed personality due to her past and her childhood. Margit became a nurse in a Protestant order following the early death of her mother. Realizing that this vocation is not really for her she starts her studies at a university preparatory school. She falls in love with the lecturer Bachmann (Peter Köhncke), who becomes her first husband. The marriage fails, and she enters a second marriage with a blind man (Armin Mueller-Stahl). But her new husband is a disappointment and this second marriage also fails. She now decides to find "her third" husband herself and not leaving it up to fate. She chooses Hrdlitschka (Rolf Ludwig), a colleague, but only after some efforts and with the help of her friend Lucie (Barbara Dittus) she is successful and wins Hrdlitschka as her third husband.

Cast
 Jutta Hoffmann as Margit Flieser
 Barbara Dittus as Lucie
 Armin Mueller-Stahl as The Blind Man
 Rolf Ludwig as Hrdlitschka
 Peter Köhncke as Bachmann
 Erika Pelikowsky as Reverend Mother
 Christine Schorn as Young Woman
 Jaecki Schwarz as Young Man
 Klaus Manchen as Lucies's friend

Awards and honors
Her Third won two National Prizes in 1972, a third class national prize for Egon Günther for Achievements in Directing and a second class national prize for Jutta Hoffmann for Achievements in Acting. The film was screened at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 1972 and at the Venice Film Festival in 1972, where Jutta Hoffmann won an award for Best Actor in the category Venezia Critici. Her Third was also chosen as East Germany's official submission to the 46th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination.

See also
 List of submissions to the 46th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

 Her Third at filmportal.de/en
 Der Dritte  on the DEFA-Stiftung web site

1972 films
East German films
Films set in Berlin
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Egon Günther
1970s German-language films

Her Third


Anagnorisis is a black metal band from Louisville, Kentucky. They have released two demos, three full-length albums, and two EPs.

Overview
Anagnorisis was formed in 2003 by Austin Lunn as a solo project, adding bassist Zachary Kerr, drummer Adam Pierce, and guitarist Zak Denham before releasing the Overton Trees Sampler in 2005. The band signed to Shiven Records in 2007, whereupon they released their first full-length, Overton Trees, in November of the same year. Lunn exited the band in 2008, leaving to form Panopticon, and the band added vocalist Nathan Bowling to the line-up. After several tours in 2008 and 2009, Bowling and drummer Adam Pierce both left the band. The band also released Alpha & Omega, a three-song EP, in early 2009, with Bowling handling vocal duties.

In 2012 it was announced that the band had gained two new members: drummer Chris Smith and bassist Josh Mumford. The group released the two-song tribute EP Ghosts of Our Fathers, featuring then-bassist Zachary Kerr on vocals, along with guest vocalist Julian Kersey of the band Rose Funeral. After a brief tour with Abigail Williams  the band began writing and recording Beyond All Light. The album continued the theme of being recorded by the band themselves (led by guitarist Zak Denham), with the addition of the mixing being performed by Denham on Beyond All Light. The group released the album in July 2013 to much acclaim from fans and critics alike. Music webzine Pitchfork wrote of Beyond All Light: "An album of massive builds, harsh climaxes, and ambitious track lengths..." and Stereogum editor Michael Nelson called the album "one of my very favorite black metal albums of 2013...Beyond All Light features some of the best black metal vocals I've heard in a long time."

In late 2015, the band announced they were working on the follow-up to Beyond All Light, a full-length album scheduled to be released in 2016. The album, Peripeteia, was released on October 21, 2016, on Vendetta Records, a Berlin-based label, on vinyl, tape, CD, and digital formats. In 2017, the band announced the amicable departure of longtime keyboardist Samuel Hartman, leaving the group as a four-piece with now full-time drummer Cody McCoy.

Band name
The term "anagnorisis" refers to the moment in a play or other work when a character makes a critical discovery. This name was chosen by Lunn when founding the band, but the band without Lunn has stated they still apply the meaning to their current works and ideology.

Discography
 Demo (2005)
 Overton Trees Sampler (2006)
 Overton Trees (2007)
 Alpha & Omega (2009)
 Ghosts of Our Fathers (2012)
 Beyond All Light (2013)
 Peripeteia (2016)

References

External links
 Official Bandcamp site

Heavy metal musical groups from Kentucky
Musical groups from Louisville, Kentucky
2003 establishments in Kentucky
Musical groups established in 2003

Anagnorisis (band)


Susanne Maria Meyerhoff (born 7 July 1974 in Kalundborg) is a Danish sport shooter. She has competed for Denmark in pistol shooting at three Olympics (1996 to 2004), and has recorded a career tally of eighteen medals in a major international competition, a total of seven (four golds, one silver, and two bronze) under both junior and senior categories at the European Championships, a total of ten (three golds, four silver, and three bronze) at numerous meets of the ISSF World Cup series, and a silver as a junior at the 1994 ISSF World Championships in Milan, Italy.

Career
Meyerhoff started out as a successful junior at the age of eighteen, and eventually became a runner-up in air pistol shooting at the European Championships in Milan, Italy, when she was twenty. Two years later, Meyerhoff competed internationally on her senior debut for Denmark at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, finishing fifteenth in the air pistol and thirty-fourth in the sport pistol with scores of 379 and 564 respectively.

Between 1997 and 1999, Meyerhoff was able to back up her performance from the Olympics by successfully claiming gold medals in air pistol at three meets of the ISSF World Cup series. She also simultaneously captured her first ever European title on the same discipline that marvelously culminated in a selection of being one of the favorites vying for an Olympic medal at the succeeding Games.

On her second appearance in Sydney 2000, Meyerhoff put up a dismal display from her outstanding pre-Olympic aim in shooting, as she stumbled down the leaderboard to a distant thirty-fifth in the air pistol with 372, and then shot a tally of 562 (289 in precision and 273 in the rapid-fire) to force in a two-way tie alongside Germany's Anke Schumann for thirty-ninth place in the sport pistol.

Meyerhoff showed her most potential form in bouncing back to the range at the 2002 European Championships in Thessaloniki, Greece, claiming the gold for the first time in air pistol after four years at 486.2 points. The next season contributed to a tremendous success for Meyerhoff, as she dominated the field to defend her European title in Gothenburg, Sweden with a personal best of 492.7. She had gone into the 2003 ISSF World Cup meet in Munich, Germany, having registered a minimum qualifying score of 384 to assure an Olympic quota place for Denmark on her third Games.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Meyerhoff decided to focus on her signature event, the women's 10 m air pistol. She fired a substandard 379 out of a possible 400 to force in a four-way tie with South Korea's Park Ah-young, Hungary's Dorottya Erdős, and Australia's Lalita Yauhleuskaya for twenty-first place in the qualifying round, finishing five points below the Olympic final cutoff.

Personal life
Meyerhoff is the mother of 4 children: Julie (1997), Viktoria (2001), William (2008) and August (2012) and married to skeet shooter and 2004 Olympian Michael Nielsen.

Olympic results

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Danish female sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Denmark
Shooters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Kalundborg
21st-century Danish women

Susanne Meyerhoff


Pavel Timofeevich Lebeshev (; 15 February 1940, in Moscow – 23 February 2003, in Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian cinematographer. Pavel Lebeshev graduated from the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography in 1972 and worked with many famous Soviet and Russian directors, including Nikita Mikhalkov, Georgi Daneliya  and Larisa Shepitko.

Selected filmography
Belorussian Station (1970); directed by Andrei Smirnov
At Home Among Strangers (1974); directed by Nikita Mikhalkov
A Slave of Love (1976); directed by Nikita Mikhalkov
The Ascent (1976); directed by Larisa Shepitko
An Unfinished Piece for a Player Piano (1976); directed by Nikita Mikhalkov
 Time for rest from Saturday to Monday (1984); directed by Igor Talankin
Kin-dza-dza! (1986); directed by Georgi Daneliya
Hard to Be a God (1989); directed by Peter Fleischmann
Anna: 6 - 18 (1993); directed by Nikita Mikhalkov
Nastya (1993); directed by Georgiy Daneliya
Prisoner of the Mountains (1996); directed by Sergei Bodrov
The Barber of Siberia (1998); directed by Nikita Mikhalkov
As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me (2001); directed by Hardy Martins

References

External links

1940 births
2003 deaths
Soviet cinematographers
Russian cinematographers
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography alumni
Recipients of the Nika Award
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
People's Artists of Russia
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery

Pavel Lebeshev


The Edmund S. Muskie Internship Program is a professional exchange program supported by the United States Department of State. It provides summer internship placements, career training, and financial support to Eurasian scholars and graduate students studying in the United States.

Eligible fields of study for the Muskie Program are: business administration, economics, education, environmental management, international affairs, journalism and mass communication, law, library and information science, public administration, public health or public policy.

The program was established by the United States Congress beginning from 1992 fiscal year (, Sec. 227) and was designated Edmund S. Muskie name by the Freedom Support Act of 1992 (, Sec. 801).

The Muskie program with a renewed format and scope was launched by Cultural Vistas in 2015.

In the past, the program was administered by International Research & Exchanges Board and American Council of Teachers of Russian/American Council for Collaboration in Education and Language.

See also
 Edmund S. Muskie
 Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program

External links
 Official Edmund S. Muskie Internship Program website

Internship programs
Scholarships in the United States
Higher education in the United States
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs

Edmund S. Muskie Internship Program


Consisting of about 110 amino acids, the domain in winged-helix transcription factors (see Regulation of gene expression) has four helices and a two-strand beta-sheet.

These proteins are classified into 19 families called FoxA-FoxS.

Mutations in FoxP proteins are implicated in human autoimmune diseases.

See also
 FOX proteins

External links

Transcription factors

Winged-helix transcription factors


Picea aurantiaca is a species of conifer in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is endemic to China, where it is only known from western Sichuan. Its common name is orange spruce.

This tree grows on steep mountain slopes on the edges of forests. It grows in a cold subalpine climate up to about 3800 to 4000 meters in maximum elevation. It can be found alongside Picea likiangensis var. rubescens, Abies squamata, Larix potaninii, and birches.

This species is closely related to Picea asperata and it is sometimes treated as a variety.

References

aurantiaca
Endangered plants
Endemic flora of China
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Picea aurantiaca


Heloxycanus patricki, also known as the sphagnum porina moth, is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae, the ghost moths. It is the only member of the genus Heloxycanus. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It has been classified as having the status of "At Risk, Declining" by the Department of Conservation.

Taxonomy
This species was first described in 1994 by John S. Dugdale using a specimen collected by Brian Patrick at Dansey Pass on 8 April 1979. The species is named for its discoverer. The holotype specimen for this species is held at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection.

Description
The wingspan of the female moth is 48–55mm while the male moth is between 40–45mm. There is a variation in colouration between the southern population in comparison to the northern and western populations. The southern population is more smokey brown in colour with a reduced forewing stripe and a shorter antenna segment at the apex. The other populations are a more yellowish-fawn colour with a distinctive white stripe on the forewings.

Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand. It can be found in the following regions: the Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland, Fiordland and Stewart Island.

Biology and behaviour
H. patricki has a life cycle that runs in two year cycles with peak numbers of adults occurring in odd-numbered years. This species is semiaquatic. Larvae are believed to feed on moss rhizoids. After the adult moths emerge their pupae cases can be found sticking up from the moss. H. patricki are a late autumn emerging moth. They generally begin to emerge in late March and are finished by mid-June although in Otago the emergence times are between mid-April and early June.

Habitat
This moth is found in coastal and alpine moss bogs, mires and blanket bogs, peatland, and in Sphagnum bogs in the southern part of New Zealand.

Conservation status
This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Declining" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. This classification results from the species' limited ability to disperse, its restrictive distribution to the southern part of New Zealand, and habitat loss.

Gallery

References

External links
 Sphagnum porina moth discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 21 September 2018
Image of live moth

Hepialidae
Endangered biota of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand
Exoporia genera
Moths of New Zealand
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by John Stewart Dugdale

Heloxycanus


The Iranian Central Oil Fields Company (ICOFC, Persian:  شرکت نفت مناطق مرکزی ایران) established in 1999, is one of the five major production companies of the National Iranian Oil Company. It is responsible for production of gas and oil from 76 reservoirs, comprising 45 gas fields and 31 oilfields;  among them, 14 gas fields and 13 oilfields are currently in operation,  and by the end of the 20 year outlook plan it will have reached 89 fields in 19 provinces.
The  company, at its establishment, was assigned to develop and to produce oil and gas from onshore fields through utilization of all available technology and know-how. As of 2015, ICOFC is the largest natural gas producer in Iran.

Southern Zagros Oil & Gas Production Company
Based in Shiraz, this firm  is in charge of production from the fields in 5 southern provinces; Fars, Boshehr, Hormozgan, Kohgiloyeh & Boyerahmad, and Charmahal & Bakhtiyari. The refineries feed gas and condensate is produced from four operational regions such as Nar-Kangan, Aghar-Dalan, Parsian, Gheshm-Sarkhon including 10 gas fields known as Aghar, Dalan, Nar, Kangan, Tabnak, Gavarzin, Sarkhon, Homa, Varavi and Shanol.  The oil and gas It produces goes to   the refineries in Farashband, Fajr, Sarkhon and Parsian. In addition to gas fields, some oilfields such as Sarvestan, Sa'adat Abad and Khesht will have been operated in SZOGPC in near future by which some 45 thousand barrels of oil will be added to country's output. Present average gas and condensate production of the company is 250 million cubic meters per day and 74 thousand barrels per day, respectively. Maximum gas and condensate production of the company in 1388 (2009–2010) stood at 255 million cubic meters per day and 76.5 thousand barrels per day, respectively.

West Oil & Gas Production Company
Based in Kermanshah, this firm was established in 2000. There are 5 provinces in its area: Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Qom and some northern parts of Khozestan.  This subsidiary has focused on producing oil and gas from 5 operational regions. : Cheshmeh Khosh, Dehloran, Sarkan, Naftshahr and Tang-e-bijar At the outset, the company started producing 52.8 thousand barrels of oil per day while the trend has boosted through some operational and engineering measures. Currently, average oil production of the company stands at 165 thousand barrels per day and some 7 million cubic meters of gas and 7 thousand barrels of condensate is produced as well.

East Oil & Gas Production Company
Based in Mashhad, this firm  was established in 2001. At the outset, it commenced its activity to produce, separate and transmit gas and condensate in order to provide gas for Hashemi nejad refinery. Activity zone of the company is in Khorasan Razavi province. The  subsidiary producesa gas and condensate from Khangiran and Gonbadli fields in Sarakhs. This company provides gas for household and industrial consumption of provinces like Northern and southern Khorasan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi and Gillan. It is also responsible for supplying gas for Khorasan petrochemical unit and Neka power plant. Its average gas and condensate production 48 million cubic meters per day and 29.2 thousand barrels per day, respectively. Maximum gas and condensate production of the company in 1388(2009–2010) stood at 58 million cubic meters per day and 33 thousand barrels per day, respectively. Gas production capacity of the company is 61mcm/d.

See also

Petroleum industry in Iran
National Iranian Oil Company
National Iranian South Oil Company

References

External links
ICOFC's official website
Zargos
Gharb
Sharg

National Iranian Oil Company
Government-owned companies of Iran
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1999
Iranian companies established in 1999

Iranian Central Oil Fields Company


William Wells (June 10, 1907 – November 12, 1985), known professionally as Dicky Wells (sometimes Dickie Wells), was an American jazz trombonist.

Career
Dickie Wells is believed to have been born on June 10, 1907, in Centerville, Tennessee, United States. His brother was trombonist Henry Wells. He moved to New York City in 1926, and became a member of the Lloyd Scott band.

He played with Count Basie between 1938–1945 and 1947–1950. He also played with Cecil Scott, Spike Hughes, Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, Teddy Hill, Jimmy Rushing, Buck Clayton and Ray Charles.  In the middle years of the 1960s, Wells toured and performed extensively, and the onset of alcoholism caused him  personal problems which led to his semi-retirement.  Publication of his autobiography in 1973 helped to steer Wells back to his profession.

In his later years, Wells suffered a severe beating during a mugging that affected his memory, but he recovered and continued to perform. He played frequently at the West End jazz club at 116th and Broadway, most often with a band called The Countsmen, led by alto saxophonist Earle Warren, his colleague from Count Basie days. A trademark was Wells's "pepper pot" mute which he made himself.

Death

He died of cancer on November 12, 1985, in New York City. Shortly after his death, Wells's family donated his trombone to the Rutgers University Institute of Jazz Studies.

Discography

As leader
 Bones for the King (Felsted, 1958)
 Trombone Four-in-Hand (Felsted, 1959)
 Chatter Jazz with Rex Stewart (RCA Victor, 1959)
 Heavy Duty! (Vocalion, 1965)
 Dicky Wells in Paris 1937 (Prestige, 1968)
 Lonesome Road (Uptown, 1981)
 The Stanley Dance Sessions (Lone Hill, 2005)
 Dicky Wells with the Alex Welsh Band (Jazzology, 2011)

As sideman
With Count Basie
 Blues by Basie (Columbia, 1956)
 The Count (RCA Camden, 1958)
 The Count Swings Out (Coral, 1959)

With Buck Clayton
 Songs for Swingers (Columbia, 1959)
 Goin' to Kansas City (Riverside, 1960)
 One for Buck (Columbia, 1962)
 Copenhagen Concert (SteepleChase, 1979)

With Jimmy Rushing
 The Jazz Odyssey of Jimmy Rushing (Philips, 1957)
 Little Jimmy Rushing and the Big Brass (Columbia, 1958)
 Every Day I Have the Blues (Bluesway, 1967)
 Livin' the Blues (Bluesway, 1968)

With others
 Vic Dickenson & Joe Thomas, Mainstream (Atlantic, 1958)
 Dizzy Gillespie, The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (Bluebird, 1995)
 Tommy Gwaltney, Goin' to Kansas City (Riverside, 1960)
 Nancy Harrow, Wild Women Don't Have the Blues (Candid, 1961)
 John Lee Hooker, It Serve You Right to Suffer (Impulse!, 1966)
 Spike Hughes, Spike Hughes and His All American Orchestra (London 1933 1956)
 Frankie Laine & Buck Clayton, Jazz Spectacular (Columbia, 1956)
 Jay McShann, The Big Apple Bash (Atlantic, 1979)
 Red Prysock, Fruit Boots  (Mercury, 1957)
 Rex Stewart, Henderson Homecoming (United Artists, 1959)
 Buddy Tate, Swinging Like Tate (Felsted, 1958)

References

External links
 1974 interview

1907 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American musicians
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Count Basie Orchestra members
People from Centerville, Tennessee
Swing trombonists
African-American jazz musicians
20th-century trombonists
American male jazz musicians
Uptown Records (jazz) artists
20th-century American male musicians

Dicky Wells


Charles Eustache Gabriel (29 July 1788 - October 1862), known as Rainulphe d'Osmond, count then 5th Marquis (1838) of Osmond. He was one of the menins to duc d'Angoulême (dauphin from the accession of Charles X in 1824).

Career
He was one of the menins (essentially a young nobleman who was made a companion of royal children) to Louis, duc d'Angoulême (dauphin from the accession of Charles X in 1824). As recorded in the memoirs of Queen Hortense, he asked for the post of Chamberlain to Holland, but was denied by the King of Holland Louis Bonaparte (the younger brother of Napoleon, Emperor of the French.

References

People from Versailles
1788 births
1862 deaths
Counts of France
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis

Rainulphe d'Osmond


The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that go to and from the brain. It is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.

Spinal cord segments
Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening between adjacent vertebrae. Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches.

The nerves for incoming sensory information are bundled separately from nerves for outgoing motor instructions for muscles. The system serves the autonomic nervous system as well as the motor activities which we control consciously.

Additional images

Other websites

 Spinal Cord Histology  - A multitude of great Images from the University of Cincinnati
 Spinal Cord Medical Notes  - Online medical notes on the Spinal Cord
 eMedicine: Spinal Cord, Topographical and Functional Anatomy
 WebMD. May 17, 2005. Spina Bifida - Topic Overview  Information about Spina Bifida in fetuses and throughout adulthood. WebMD children's health. Retrieved March 19, 2007.

Anatomy of the nervous system

Spinal cord