Mysterious Incredible Terminator (, aka The Clue Collector) is a 2008 Taiwanese television series starring Aaron Yan, Gui Gui, Alien Huang and Christine Fan. It was produced by Three Giant Productions (三匠影視有限公司).

It was broadcast on cable TV Gala Television (GTV) Variety Show/CH 28 (八大綜合台) from 8 November 2008 to 21 February 2009, every Saturdays at 22:30 to 00:00 and free-to-air Formosa Television (FTV) (民視) from 7 November 2008 to 20 February 2009, every Fridays at 22:10–23:40.

Synopsis
The legend of the team Pi Li MIT secretly protecting Sheng Ying School was never publicly acknowledged but nonetheless spread wildly among the student body. But for some reason, the team was disbanded and evil began to wreak havoc in the school after years of peace. Students targeted are those who received an anonymous CD, containing a PC game, from someone called Hei Gui (Black Ghost). The last remaining member of the secret team, Teacher Cherry, decides to recruit the best students, "007" (Zhan Shi De), "187" (Qian Fu Hao), "747" (Huang Hui Hong) and "Tian Mo Xing" (Li Xiao Xing), to form a new generation of Pi Li MIT to solve the crimes and restore the school to its former glory. The new generation of Pi Li MIT must not only find out who the "Black Ghost" is, but also work together and resolve their differences while unlocking the secrets of the school, the students, and themselves.

The game
Game No: 1
MIT Player: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007
Game Player: Wen Xin Lan (溫心蘭)
Synopsis:
Zhan Shi De (007), the son of a famous detective, arrives at Sheng Ying School just as a small group of top-graded students who are rumored to be cheating on tests get attacked one after another.

Game No: 2
MIT Player: Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187
Game Player: Jin Ji La (金吉菈)
Synopsis:
A wealthy female student gets kidnapped days before a theater play with her as the lead actress. Her friend fears that she may be the next target. At the same time, Qian Fu Hao (187) receives messages from the kidnapper.

Game No: 3
MIT Player: Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747
Game Player: Huang Xin Yi (黃心怡)
Synopsis:
Rumors of a dead student's ghost begin spreading around the school grounds. In the meantime, weird events begin to occur in the school.

Game No: 4
MIT Player: Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)
Game Player: Chen Yi Hong (陳逸宏)
Synopsis:
Two girl students, whom befriend an online chatter named "Bad Wolf", get attacked when he tells them he wants to meet them face-to-face. For some reason, Li Xiao Xing (Tian Mo Xing) receives the same message from Bad Wolf.

Game No: 5
MIT Player: Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Game Player: Dai Zhi Xun (戴志勛)
Synopsis:
Miss Cherry has attacked two students, one of whom knows her darkest secret. Would she kill to keep that secret from being exposed to the world? And what secret might that be?

Game No: 6
MIT Player: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007
Game Player: Yang Ming Wei (楊明偉)
Synopsis:
An angel has fallen from the heavens and come to Sheng Ying School to purify the unclean students, but at the cost of their souls. Meanwhile, 007's ex-girlfriend transfers to Sheng Ying School.

Game No: 7
MIT Player: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007
Game Player: Cai Ya Qing (蔡雅菁)
Synopsis:
A girl student has been stalked by an unknown stalker for over a week, and she suspects that it is most probably someone from her Science Club. So she turns to 007 for protection. Huang Hui Hong (747) unintentionally reveals his feelings to Tian Mo Xing.

Game No: 8
MIT Player: Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)
Game Player: Lin Bo Qing (林柏青)
Synopsis:
Someone starts attacking students the same way as how Tian Mo Xing wrote in her murder stories, which she posts in her blog. Meanwhile, Tian Mo Xing makes her decision between 007 and 747.

Game No: 9
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Game Player: Xu Wan Xin (許萬欣)
Synopsis:
The members of Pi Li MIT are put in danger while hunting a stalker, who seems to be setting them up every time something happens. The mystery of the last team's splitting begins to unfold...

Game No: 10
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Game Player: Zheng Wen Long (鄭文龍)
Synopsis:
A website known as justice.com.tw has been created. With its creation, the webmaster gets information about whoever gets bullied or hurt, and would punish the culprit with no mercy. While investigating the case, Pi Li MIT finally gets hold of a real PC game and Teacher Angel gets kidnapped...

Game No: 11
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187
Game Player: He Rui Jia (何瑞家) – Black Ghost (黑鬼)
Synopsis:
It's been days since Pi Li MIT got split up. Teacher Cherry is sent to another country while 007 becomes a top-graded student and 187 loses touch with the others. The only ones continuing their spirits as Pi Li MIT are Tian Mo Xing and 747. This time, Black Ghost is personally going after Teacher Angel's son, Lu Ke Ying. Will they be able to solve the case now that the team is no more? Meanwhile, 747 makes the decision of his life.

Game No: 12
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187
Game Player: Chen Yan Xiang (陳彥翔) – Huang Guo Zhong (黃國忠)
Synopsis:
It's Valentine's Day, but Pi Li MIT can't seem to get a break from the coming game players. 187 is reminded of his past by a childhood friend, who was involved in a kidnapping with 187 when he was a child. 007 and Tian Mo Xing are kidnapped and locked inside a room, running out of oxygen. Meanwhile, 007 makes his decision about Tian Mo Xing.

Game No: 13
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Game Players: Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)
Synopsis:
Teacher Angel's dark past catches up to her when someone tries to remind her of a girl student she liked who committed suicide a year ago after she had an abortion. 007 finds Tian Mo Xing strange with her behavior and suspects she might be the one behind all the malicious games.

Game No: 14
MIT Player: Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)
Game Player: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007
Synopsis:
A big panda has kidnapped Tian Mo Xing and is out to expose Teacher Angel's dirty secret. Eventually, the members of Pi Li MIT disappear one after another, but in the end it was 007 and 187 who wanted to test Tian Mo Xing and Teacher Angel. But the game hasn't ended yet and Pi Li MIT still don't know who the true culprit really is.

Game No: 15
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Game Player: Lu Ya Qi (陸雅琪) – Teacher Angel (天使老師)
Synopsis:
Teacher Cherry's father is blackmailed by the game's boss and a colleague. The culprit's identity is finally revealed. Though Tian Mo Xing tries to talk him out of playing further, she fails and runs back to Pi Li MIT for help. Teacher Angel uses her son's mischief to her advantage against the principal to dominate the school.

Game No: 16
MIT Players: Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Game Player: Lu Ke Ying (陸克英) – Game King (遊戲大魔王)
Synopsis:
This is it – the final game. Pi Li MIT must pull together all of their strengths and strategies to win this last game, otherwise evil will completely take over the school.

Cast

Main cast
Aaron Yan (炎亞綸, from Fahrenheit) as Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007
Gui Gui (鬼鬼) as Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)
Alien Huang (黃鴻升 / 小鬼) as Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747
Lu Ting-wei (陸廷威) as Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187
Christine Fan (范瑋琪) as Tao Mei Ren  (陶美人) Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Tian Li (田麗) as Lu Ya Qi (陸雅琪) – Teacher Angel (天使老師)
Zhang Shan Jie (張善傑) as Lu Ke Ying (陸克英) – Game King

Additional Cast

Episode 1
Sandrine Pinna as Wen Xin Lan (溫心蘭)
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner
Ai Er (愛兒) as Xiao Ya Qi (蕭亞琪)
Wan Er (婉兒) as Lin Yi Ting (林宜庭)

Episode 2
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal
Ruby Wang (王心如) as Jin Ji La (金吉菈)
Wei Wei (瑋瑋) as Lin Li Na (林莉娜)
Cai Han Cen (蔡函岑) as Huang Xin Yi (黃心怡)
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner
Qiu Jia Wei (丘家維) as childhood 187

Episode 3
Cai Han Cen (蔡函岑) as Huang Xin Yi (黃心怡)
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner
Mi En (米恩) as Li Gui Ling (李佳玲)
Sam Huang (黃文炫) as Liu Guan Zhi (劉冠志)
Chen Zi Ru (陳子孺) as Li Zi Jie (李子傑)
Xiao Lin Wang Zi (小林王子) as Shen Xiu Jun (沈修君)

Episode 4
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner
Xiao Lin Wang Zi (小林王子) as Shen Xiu Jun (沈修君)
Hank Wu (吳仲強) as Wu Zhi Feng (吳志豐)
Zhou Xiao An (周孝安) as Chen Yi Hong (陳逸宏)
Gao Sheng Yun (高聖雲) as Zhang Xuan Hui (張玄惠)

Episode 5
Qiu Er (球兒) as 187's intel gatherer
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner
Jaline Yeh (葉羿君) as Xie Yi Qian (謝宜倩)
You Ding Gang (游定剛) as Dai Zhi Xun (戴志勛)
Guo Cheng Lin (郭承霖) as Luo Jia Hao (羅家豪)
Wasir Zhou (周詠軒) as Yang Ming Wei (楊明偉)

Episode 6
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner
Wasir Zhou (周詠軒) as Yang Ming Wei (楊明偉)
Xia Rou Zhi (夏如芝) as Lin Yu Jie (林雨潔)
Xiang Bo Tao (相博濤) as childhood Zhan Shi De
Han Ruo Zi (韓若紫) as Cai Ya Qing (蔡雅菁)

Episode 7
Qiu Er (球兒) as 187's intel gatherer
Zhang Hao Ming as Qiu Shi Hong (邱士鴻)
Yuan Da (元大) as Dai Ming Zhe (戴明哲)
Han Ruo Zi (韓若紫) as Cai Ya Qing (蔡雅菁)

Episode 8
Anthony Guo (郭彥均) as Lin Bo Hong (林柏宏)
Angus Guo (郭彥甫) as Lin Bo Qing (林柏青)
Xie Yi Ying (謝易穎) as Du Ming Wei (杜明威)
Qiu Er (球兒) as 187's intel gatherer
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal

Episode 9
Cai Yi Zhen (蔡宜臻) as Xu Wan Xin (許萬欣)

Episode 10
Peng Bo Shao (彭博劭) as Zheng Wen Long (鄭文龍)
Li Xiao Ping (李筱萍) as Yao Qian Hui (姚千慧)
Mi En (米恩) as Li Jia Ling (李佳玲)
Luo Neng Hua (羅能華) as Zhang Shi Chang (張世昌)

Episode 11
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal
Figaro Ceng (曾少宗) as He Rui Jia (何瑞家)
Yang Xin Qiao (楊芯喬) as Rich Girl (腐女)

Episode 12
Xu Shi Hao (許時豪) as Chen Yan Xiang (陳彥翔) / Huang Guo Zhong (黃國忠)
Qiu Jia Wei (丘家維) as childhood 187
Peng Wu Jun (彭武駿) as childhood Chen Yan Xiang
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner

Episode 13
Zhang Jing Zhi (張靜之) as Lin Xiang Ting (林湘婷)
Darren Wang as Yang Sheng Kai (楊聖凱)
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal

Episode 14
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal

Episode 15
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal
Xu Gui Ying (徐貴櫻) as Cherry's mother
Huang Tai An (黃泰安) as restaurant owner

Episode 16
Honduras (宏都拉斯) as Tao Ying Ming (陶英明) – the principal
Chuan Xian Hao (傳顯皓) as childhood Lu Ke Ying

Character Profiles
Tao Mei Ren (陶美人) – Miss Cherry (Cherry 老師)
Daughter of Sheng Ying School's principal, and the leader and founder of Pi Li MIT. She acts as counselor in the school. Cherry is very good at observing people around her, and so finds the four students; Zhan Shi De (007), Li Xiao Xing (Tian Mo Xing), Huang Hui Hong (747) and Qian Fu Hao (187), her best choices in making members of her team.
She hopes to be the guiding light of students, and never fails to spot those who are feeling guilty. One of her other skills include acting.
It was later revealed that she lied about being part of the last Pi Li MIT, and that she was the one who caused the last Pi Li MIT to split up; with the leader breaking his leg when trying to help her. She has felt guilty ever since then.
She is later found out to be the half sister of Lu Ke Ying and Li Xiao Xing.
After the games were over, she became the substitute principal of Sheng Ying College while her father is in America with Teacher Angel and Lu Ke Ying.

Zhan Shi De (詹士德) – 007
The male protagonist of Mysterious Incredible Terminator. He is the son of a famous international detective named Dr. James, and an unofficial member of Pi Li MIT. Zhan Shi De aimed to enter the police academy as their best intern, but because he suffered from Ménière's disease, a disease he has had since childhood, his place in the academy was dismissed. He was later sent to Sheng Ying School and was immediately appointed by Teacher Cherry to join Pi Li MIT under the codename "007", as their most intelligent member. Though he did not want to be a member of the group at first, he eventually finds the interest of being a part of it.
His intelligence goes beyond most people, but his cold personality shields away his feelings, which makes it difficult for him to let his teammate, Tian Mo Xing, know how he feels about her. His love life becomes more complicated when he finds out that his other teammate, 747, is in love with Tian Mo Xing. He always seems to smile whenever something is related to Tian Mo Xing.
Eventually, he accepts Tian Mo Xing just before he finds out that she is one of the culprits behind the dangerous games, but also finds her unwilling to continue and decides to solve the mystery to free her from the ties.

Li Xiao Xing (李曉星) – Tian Mo Xing (天魔星)
The female protagonist of Mysterious Incredible Terminator. She is the adopted daughter of a fortune teller named "Fan Lian Xin". Her innocence and acting skills make her the perfect secret agent. Her potential skills include following her own instincts, which always leads her to trouble. Her codename in Pi Li MIT is "Tian Mo Xing", meaning "Heaven Devil Star"; a name mixed with "Sirius" and "Voldemort". She wants to publish a horror novel, but since she lacks the inspiration, she decides to make use of everything that happens within the school as inspiration.
Tian Mo Xing is very fond of 007, who also has feelings for her, though he tries to hide it. Her love life becomes more complicated when she finds out 747 also has feelings for her. But it eventually decreases when 747 decides to walk away and 007 finally decides to accept her.
It was later found out that Li Xiao Xing is actually Teacher's Angel's abandoned daughter and Lu Ke Ying's twin sister. In addition, she is the half sister of Teacher Cherry. She has been helping her brother with the games from the beginning, but truthfully, she didn't want to play the games or hurt anyone. In the end, she decides to truly join Pi Li MIT to stop her brother.

Huang Hui Hong (黃輝宏) – 747
Very masculine and filled with justice senses. Aims to be the hero whenever something happens. He has been predicted to not be able to live to the age of twenty, which is why he finds joining Pi Li MIT a great opportunity to do something extraordinary before he dies. His codename in the team is "747". Though he lacks intelligence, his speed and hearing goes beyond most people.
He is very fond of the team's girl member, Tian Mo Xing, but his feelings become shrouded when he finds out that she likes 007. After getting provoked by 007 and finding out that he might have a chance to change his fate after all, he decides to reveal his feelings to Tian Mo Xing and declares a rivalry with 007. But in the end, he sees the strong bond between Tian Mo Xin and 007 and decides to give up. After he finds out Tian Mo Xing is one of the game culprits, he still trusts her wholeheartedly.
Since Huang Hui Hong has an overwhelming sense of justice, it is possible that he is the first to join Pi Li MIT.

Qian Fu Hao (錢富豪) – 187
Son of a rich family with an elegant personality and the looks of an idol. He has electrifying eyes, and gathers information from the girls who chase after him. Because of this, Fu Hao is appointed to Pi Li MIT as the most resourceful member under the codename "187". He was kidnapped once as a child, and almost drowned. Somehow, he received a necklace noting "MIT" from the kidnapping, which comes from Pi Li MIT of 1993. Because he almost drowned that time, he had been afraid of fish and the ocean ever since. When one of the game players made him relive the experience, he is reminded that he was kidnapped along with a childhood best friend and lost touch with him after the kidnappers separated them. And the game player was actually his long-lost friend.
A running joke is that he always nicknames his girls "Bao Bei" ("Precious"). And though he is somewhat of a pervert, he is also chivalric.
187 often teases 007, Tian Mo Xing and 747 for their triangle relationship before 007 and Tian Mo Xing became a couple.

Lu Ya Qi (陸雅琪) – Teacher Angel (天使老師)
Known as "the God of Death teacher" and "Teacher Angel" for her strict personality. She accepts no mistake in her work. Because she never seems to get any older, people describe her as the devil.
She is very protective of her son Lu Ke Ying and looks up to people with power and order. And so despises Pi Li MIT because it is gathered with blacklisted students.
Turns out, she was a member of Pi Li MIT between 1989 and 1993. Because she accidentally got pregnant with the principal's children, she was paid by his wife to secretly give birth to her children in America, and has kept their father's identity a secret over the years.
She is trying to create a group called the "Genius Revolution Project" gathered with students that have gone against Pi Li MIT.
Lu Ya Qi gave Li Xiao Xing (Her daughter) to her best friend, Fang Lian Xin, when she was just a baby.
She went to America with her son and ex-lover (the principal) after everything was over to treat her son's illness.

Lu Ke Ying (陸克英)
The son of Lu Ya Qi. He was often bullied by his classmates for being protected by his mother and for having no father. Ke Ying grew up without a real family, and had lived with a mental illness since childhood.
For some reason, he is always involved in Pi Li MIT's cases.
It is later found out that he is Li Xiao Xing's twin brother and that he is also the one behind all of the dangerous games. In addition, he is half siblings with Teacher Cherry. He is using the games to see if his mother truly loves the school or him and his twin sister Li Xiao Xing, and at the same time get back at the principal, who is actually his father.
When his sister falls in love with Pi Li MIT's member, 007, and tells him she wants to stop the games, he becomes more than determined to play to the end.
He went to America for treatment to his mental illness after everything was over.

Production creditsDirector: Lin Qing Zhen (林清振)Screenwriter: Chen Hui Zhen (陳惠真) / Xie Shu Fang (謝叔芳)Producer:''' Lin Qing Zhen (林清振)

Production and release

Actor Julian Yang (楊士萱) was originally the role of 187, but after one month of filming, he was arrested for sexual harassment and the character was replaced by Lu Ting Wei (陸廷威) and filming had to begin anew in February. The series began filming on 1 January 2008, but due to Julian Yang's case, the shooting had to be pushed back and start anew on 18 February.
Hebe Tien Fu Zhen, a member of a popular Taiwan girl group S.H.E is originally the main female lead (Li Xiao Xing/Tian Mo Xing) for Mysterious Incredible Terminator. Due to her hectic schedules, her role was replaced by Gui Gui.
The DVD edition of Mysterious Incredible Terminator started release in December, 2008.
A Cantonese dubbed set of this series is set to be aired on Hong Kong's i-CABLE Entertainment Channel on 9 March 2009.
Pi Li MIT is also airing in Singapore but in a cable channel.
Gui Gui and Aaron Yan won the best onscreen couple after their drama Pi Li MIT.

References

External links
  Three Giant Productions official homepage
  GTV Mysterious Incredible Terminator official homepage
  FTV Mysterious Incredible Terminator official homepage

Taiwanese drama television series
2008 Taiwanese television series debuts
Gala Television original programming
Formosa Television original programming

Mysterious Incredible Terminator


Butriptyline, sold under the brand name Evadyne among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that has been used in the United Kingdom and several other European countries for the treatment of depression but appears to no longer be marketed. Along with trimipramine, iprindole, and amoxapine, it has been described as an "atypical" or "second-generation" TCA due to its relatively late introduction and atypical pharmacology. It was very little-used compared to other TCAs, with the number of prescriptions dispensed only in the thousands.

Medical uses
Butriptyline was used in the treatment of depression. It was usually used at dosages of 150–300 mg/day.

Side effects
Butriptyline is closely related to amitriptyline, and produces similar effects as other TCAs, but its side effects like sedation are said to be reduced in severity and it has a lower risk of interactions with other medications.

Butriptyline has potent antihistamine effects, resulting in sedation and somnolence. It also has potent anticholinergic effects, resulting in side effects like dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, and cognitive/memory impairment. The drug has relatively weak effects as an alpha-1 blocker and has no effects as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, so is associated with little to no antiadrenergic and adrenergic side effects.

Overdose

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

In vitro, butriptyline is a strong antihistamine and anticholinergic, moderate 5-HT2 and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and very weak or negligible monoamine reuptake inhibitor. These actions appear to confer a profile similar to that of iprindole and trimipramine with serotonin-blocking effects as the apparent predominant mediator of mood-lifting efficacy.

However, in small clinical trials, using similar doses, butriptyline was found to be similarly effective to amitriptyline and imipramine as an antidepressant, despite the fact that both of these TCAs are far stronger as both 5-HT2 antagonists and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. As a result, it may be that butriptyline has a different mechanism of action, or perhaps functions as a prodrug in the body to a metabolite with different pharmacodynamics.

Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic concentrations of butriptyline are in the range of 60–280 ng/mL (204–954 nmol/L). Its plasma protein binding is greater than 90%.

Chemistry
Butriptyline is a tricyclic compound, specifically a dibenzocycloheptadiene, and possesses three rings fused together with a side chain attached in its chemical structure. Other dibenzocycloheptadiene TCAs include amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and protriptyline. Butriptyline is an analogue of amitriptyline with an isobutyl side chain instead of a propylidene side chain. It is a tertiary amine TCA, with its side chain-demethylated metabolite norbutriptyline being a secondary amine. Other tertiary amine TCAs include amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, and trimipramine. The chemical name of butriptyline is 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-yl)-N,N,2-trimethylpropan-1-amine and its free base form has a chemical formula of C21H27N with a molecular weight of 293.446 g/mol. The drug has been used commercially both as the free base and as the hydrochloride salt. The CAS Registry Number of the free base is 15686-37-0 and of the hydrochloride is 5585-73-9.

History
Butriptyline was developed by Wyeth and introduced in the United Kingdom in either 1974 or 1975.

Society and culture

Generic names
Butriptyline is the English and French generic name of the drug and its , , and , while butriptyline hydrochloride is its  and . Its generic name in Latin is butriptylinum, in German is butriptylin, and in Spanish is butriptylina.

Brand names
Butriptyline has been marketed under the brand names Evadene, Evadyne, Evasidol, and Centrolese.

Availability
Butriptyline has been marketed in Europe, including in the United Kingdom, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, and Italy.

References

Abandoned drugs
Alpha-1 blockers
Dimethylamino compounds
Dibenzocycloheptenes
H1 receptor antagonists
Muscarinic antagonists
Serotonin receptor antagonists
Tricyclic antidepressants

Butriptyline


Come In is the fourth and final studio album by Children 18:3, released on April 21, 2015 on Tooth & Nail Records. The album was funded via a Kickstarter project.

Critical reception

Awarding the album four and a half stars at HM Magazine, Ben Rickaby stated, "Come In is an inspiringly appropriate sendoff". In five four star reviews by Jesus Freak Hideout, Roger Gelwicks wrote, "Come In is a more than fitting finale for this exceptional trio"; Nathaniel Schexnayder wrote, "The one sure thing is this: the trio brings one last, strong punk-inspired rock project into an underserved genre in Christian music", and Scott Fryberger wrote, "The crowd-funded Come In is a strong effort, and it's everything you'd expect from the band: a lot of energy and passion, with some anti-formulaic approaches to punk rock." Kevin Davis described it in a four and a half star review from New Release Tuesday, as a "most meaningful" album because the music has "emotive vocals and harmonies layered over one catchy and meaningful song after another" where "Children 18:3 saved their best for last."

Track listing

References

2015 albums
Tooth & Nail Records albums
Children 18:3 albums
Kickstarter-funded albums

Come In


Sandoz is a Swiss watch brand, originally established in the late 19th century by Henri Sandoz near Tavannes, Switzerland. There are now many variations of the Sandoz name which are used by at least four different companies around the world.

History

Henri Frédéric Sandoz (sometimes Frédéric Henri Sandoz), born in 1851, was a self-made man of Le Locle who in the 1870s founded Henri Sandoz & Cie., later producing complicated watches under the name of Cyma. In 1890, in partnership with two families named Schwob, Sandoz established a watchmaking firm at Malleray, near Tavannes, in the French-speaking Bernese Jura of Switzerland. Their new business was known as Tavannes Watch Co. By the time of the death of Sandoz on 18 March 1913, many watches were made under the name of Henri Sandoz & Fils. The enterprise occupied a 'model factory' employing one thousand workers and producing 2,500 watches a day. Sandoz was reported to have a paternalistic policy towards his workforce, exercising a fierce social control.

Other names used by the Tavannes company at various times include Tavannes-Cyma, Bijou Watch Co., Tacy Watch Co., and Lisca. After the death of Sandoz, the company he founded went on growing. By 1938, it was manufacturing four thousand items a day.

Present day
Since 1971 the Sandoz brand name has been split into four main areas of production, due to its licences being leased or sold. This has led to four separate brands, Sandoz Singapore, Sandoz Hong Kong, Sandoz Swiss, and Sandoz Spain (Munreco). All of these produce watches under the Sandoz name, but each production company has its own line of products. Sandoz Swiss manufactures high quality watches, while Sandoz Hong Kong and Sandoz Singapore manufacture cheaper watches of lower quality.  Sandoz Hong Kong products are assembled in Hong Kong using Swiss movements from ETA SA.

See also
List of watch manufacturers

Notes

External links
Gary M. Frazier, A Review of the Sandoz Explorer III, The Rolex That Never Was at manthanein.com

Watch manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Swiss watch brands
Swiss companies established in 1888
Manufacturing companies established in 1888

Sandoz (watch company)


Acanthopterygii (meaning "spiny-finned one" ) is a superorder of fish in the class Actinopterygii. Members of this superorder are sometimes called ray-finned fishes by other people for the characteristic sharp, bony rays in their fins. That refers to the Actinopterygii. They are referred to as spiny-finned fishes.

Taxonomy
The superorder Acanthopterygii contains the following orders:

 Series Berycida
 Order Beryciformes, alfonsinos, whalefishes and pricklefishes
 Order Trachichthyiformes, pinecone fishes and slimeheads or roughies
 Holocentriformes, soldier fishes and squirrel fishes
 Series Percomorpha
 Subseries Ophidiida
 Order Ophidiiformes, cusk-eels
 Subseries Batrachoidida
 Order Batrachoidiformes, toadfishes
 Subseries Gobiida
 Order Kurtiformes, nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes
 Order Gobiiformes, gobies
 Subseries Ovalentaria
 Order Mugiliformes, the mullets
 Order Cichliformes, cichlids
 Order Blenniiformes, blennies
 Order Gobiesociformes, the clingfishes
 Order Atheriniformes, including silversides and rainbowfishes
 Order Beloniformes, including the flyingfishes
 Order Cyprinodontiformes, including livebearers, killifishes
 Subseries incertae sedis
 Order Synbranchiformes, including the swamp eels
 Order Carangiformes, jacks and trevallies
 Order Istiophoriformes, barracudas and billfishes
 Order Anabantiformes, labyrinth fishes
 Order Pleuronectiformes, the flatfishes
 Subseries incertae sedis
 Order Syngnathiformes, including the seahorses and pipefishes
 Order Icosteiformes, the ragfish
 Order Callionymiformes, dragonets and slope dragonets
 Order Scombriformes, mackerels and tuna
 Order Trachiniformes, including sandfishes and relatives
 Order Labriformes, wrasses and relatives
 Order Perciformes, diverse order including perches, basses, gouramis, scats, whitings, sticklebacks and snappers
 Order Scorpaeniformes, including the scorpionfishes
 Order Moroniformes, temperate basses, sicklefishes and spadefishes
 Order Acanthuriformes, surgeonfishes and relatives
 Order Spariformes, breams and porgies
 Order Caproiformes, boarfishes
 Order Lophiiformes, anglerfishes
 Order Tetraodontiformes, plectognaths including the filefishes and pufferfishes

References

 Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
 Betancur-Rodriguez; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

Teleosts

Acanthopterygii


Theodore Rothstein (, Fyodor Aronovich Rotshteyn; 14 February 1871  30 August 1953) was a Soviet politician, journalist, writer and communist. He served as a Soviet ambassador in the 1920s.

Life
Theodore Rothstein was born in 1871 in the Imperial Russian city of Kovno, Kovno Governorate (present-day Kaunas, Lithuania), into a Jewish family.

Rothstein left Russia in 1890 for political reasons and settled in the United Kingdom. He worked as a journalist in the area of foreign policy for The Tribune, the Daily News,  The Manchester Guardian, and became a member of the National Union of Journalists. Furthermore, he was active in London as a correspondent for several radical Russian newspapers. Rothstein also wrote articles for Die Neue Zeit, the organ of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which represented the direct way of a consistent Marxism and in which took place debates regarding Marxism and socialism.

In 1895, he joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) which was founded by H.M. Hyndman in 1884. Rothstein occupied the left-wing of the party as a prominent theorist and forward thinker, and in 1900 he was elected to its executive. He also joined the Russian Social Democratic and Labour Party as a British member in 1901, siding with the Bolshevik faction against the Mensheviks and becoming a close comrade of Lenin, who often stayed at Rothstein's house on Clapton Square in the Hackney area of London.

Rothstein published Egypt's Ruin in 1910, a work which argued that Egypt was being exploited under British rule. He used British government documents and correspondent reports from London newspapers regarding Egypt to bolster his arguments. Although Rothstein was a convinced opponent of World War I, he worked for the Foreign Office and the War Office as a Russian translator and interpreter.

Within the SDF's successor, the British Socialist Party (BSP), he was a leader of the opposition to Hyndman's support for the war. After Hyndman and his supporters left the BSP, Rothstein made numerous contributions to their paper, The Call. He played a leading role in ensuring that the BSP played a significant role in the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain. However, following an invitation to Moscow in 1920, he was refused permission to return to Britain. He remained in Russia, became a member of the Bolshevik Party, took on the chairmanship of the "University reform commission" (1920–1921).

Soviet Ambassador to Iran
On 6 January 1921 Rothstein was accredited as the first Soviet Ambassador to Tehran and departed for the posting on 6 February after having had a discussion with Lenin. He took with him an abnormally large entourage of 150 people.

Later career
From 1922 on he was a member of the "Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs". Rothstein was appointed director of the Institute of World Economy and Politics in Moscow.

Rothstein's son, Andrew, remained in Britain and became a prominent communist.

Rothstein died in Moscow in 1953.

References

Works
 The Decline of British Industry, 1903.
 The Russian Revolution, 1907.
 Egypt's Ruin, A Financial and Administrative Record, London, 1910.
 Essays in the History of the British Labour Movement.
 From Chartism to Labourism - Historical Sketches of the English Working Class Movement, Dorrot Press Ltd., London, 1929.

Sources
 Theodore Rothstein, From Chartism to Labourism - Historical Sketches of the English Working Class Movement, Dorrot Press Ltd., London, 1929.
 Theodore Rothstein biography - Marxists Internet Archive
 Compendium of Communist Biography by surname - Graham Stevenson, National Organiser for the Transport and General Workers Union

External links
 Theodore Rothstein at the Marxists Internet Archive
 Theodore Rothstein - Russian article about Rothstein with his photo

1871 births
1953 deaths
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Iran
British political writers
British Socialist Party members
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Lithuanian communists
Jewish socialists
Lithuanian Jews
Marxist writers
Old Bolsheviks
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Social Democratic Federation members
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Jewish Soviet politicians
Writers from Kaunas
People from Kovensky Uyezd
British emigrants to the Soviet Union
Diplomats from Kaunas
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom

Theodore Rothstein


Ventricular fibrillation (often shortened to VF or V-Fib) is a serious type of irregular heart rhythm or cardiac arrhythmia.  This is a Cardiac arrhythmia that requires immediate shocks with a Defibrillator and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). If it's not treated immediately, a patient can suffer brain damage or death. "Arrhythmia" means the heart is not beating normally.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the heart does not beat in any kind of normalized pattern. Instead, it quivers and twitches very quickly.

This problem is called "ventricular" fibrillation because it affects the ventricles of the heart.  The ventricles are the biggest parts of the heart.  Their job is to pump blood (which carries oxygen) to the lungs or the rest of the body.  When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles cannot do this job.  This means that the lungs, brain, and other organs will not get enough blood or oxygen.

Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency.  Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive.  If ventricular fibrillation continues for long enough, the blood will stop circulating around the body.  The person's breathing and heart will stop.  The person will die unless they get treatment quickly.

Treatment
Ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by shocking the heart with shocks from a Defibrillator.  If a defibrillator is not available,Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) should be done to keep the blood flowing until an ambulance comes or a defibrillator is available.

Doctors,Paramedics or other medical personnel can also give special medicines called anti-arrhythmic medicines, which can make the heart start beating normally again.  Some common anti-arrhythmic medicines are Amiodarone and Lidocaine. Epinephrine and Atropine or Sodium Bicarb can also be administered if necessary.

If a person with ventricular fibrillation is treated right away, treatment is 90% successful (it works in 9 out of 10 people).  But treatment gets 10% less successful after every minute (so if treatment starts after one minute, it will work in only 8 out of 10 people.  After 5 minutes, it will work in only 4 out of 10 people.)  So getting treatment as soon as possible is very important.  If a person cannot be treated with medicine or a defibrillator right away, CPR will help keep blood and oxygen flowing through the person's body until treatment arrives.

In patients who are very likely to keep having ventricular fibrillation, a special defibrillator can be put into their chest by a surgeon.  (This special defibrillator is called an "implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.")  Any time the person goes into ventricular fibrillation, the defibrillator will give the person's heart an electric shock, to bring the heart back into a normal rhythm.

Cardiology
Medical emergencies

Ventricular fibrillation


Dashinima (Dashi) Balzhanovich Namdakov (, ; born 16 February 1967) is a Russian sculptor and artist, member of the Russian Union of Artists.

Biography
Dashi Namdakov was born in the Buryat village of Ukurik, Chita Oblast of Russia, on 16 February 1967. His full name is Dashinima ('Dashi Nima') which translates from Buryat as 'Lucky Sun'. He was sixth of 8 children of Balzhan and Buda-Khanda Namdakov.

Dashi's family have their roots in an ancient and respected clan of Darkhan blacksmiths.  Only they were entrusted with working with fire - a sacred symbol of chosenness. Such families have always produced the best craftsmen - jewellers, masters and artists.

Dashi began his apprenticeship in the art studio of Gennady Vasiliev, a Buryat sculptor, in Ulan-Ude.

In 1988 Dashi started his studies at Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Fine Arts. Upon graduation in 1992, he returned to Ulan-Ude in order to continue working.

In the 1990s, Dashi Namdakov opened a small jewelry workshop in Ulan-Ude. He reminisces how all proceeds from that venture, combined with a salary contribution from his wife who worked at Sberbank at the time, were spent on bronze. 'Casting bronze is a complex technological process which cannot be performed on one's own and requires trained staff who need to be paid. We would have had more sculptors among us had the process been made easier to set up.'(2000)

In 2000, Dashi Namdakov had his first personal exhibition in Irkutsk Art Museum. The exhibition was a huge success with the public. Some years later he was invited to put on an exhibition in Moscow. As part of a group exhibition at the Central House of Artists, Dashi presented his works among other young Russian sculptors. Soon the public began to talk about Namdakov's art in the Russian capital. Thus started real nomadic life for the artist - he moved to Moscow in 2004.

Since 2000, the Buryat artist has held dozens of exhibitions around the world, from Tokyo and Beijing to New York and Los Angeles. Dashi has exhibited his work in musea - the State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg, Russia), the Beijing World Art Museum (PRC), in galleries – the Halcyon Gallery (London, UK) , the National Arts Club (USA), and has been involved in government-commissioned projects.

Namdakov's artworks are kept in the vaults of the State Hermitage, the Russian Ethnographic Museum in St.Petersburg, the Museum of Oriental Art, and in other musea around the world. Among the renowned private collectors of works by Dashi are prominent figures from the worlds of politics and business, as well as private collectors from Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, Japan, the USA, Taiwan, and, of course, Russia. Cultural institutions of 25 countries are proud to own artworks by Namdakov in their funds.

Notable works

In April 2012, City of Westminster installed Dashi Namdakov's bronze sculpture of Genghis Khan at Cumberland Gate, Marble Arch.

On May 11, 2015 another statue by Namdakov, She-Guardian (bronze, 11m high) was installed on the same spot.

References
 Personal website of Dashi Namdakov
 Dashi's Exhibition 75 pictures
 Bio of Dashi Namdakov on Halcyon Gallery's web-site
 BBC article on Genghis Khan Statue Installed in London

1967 births
Living people
21st-century Russian sculptors
20th-century Russian sculptors
20th-century Russian male artists
Russian male sculptors
Buryat people
21st-century Russian male artists

Dashi Namdakov


The George Stickney House or simply Stickney House or Stickney Mansion is located in rural McHenry County, Illinois, in the small village of Bull Valley. The Stickney House is currently the Bull Valley Police Headquarters since 1985. The structure has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979. The house is widely considered bizarre due to its design, which was based, in part, on George and Sylvia Stickney's belief in Spiritualism. This house continues to be the subject of several ghostlore stories.

George and Sylvia Stickney
George and Sylvia Stickney built this English country house in 1865. They chose such an isolated place for the peace and quiet and for their spiritualistic activities. Both of them were said to be accomplished mediums and they wanted to host parties and seances for their friends. The seclusion offered by the Illinois countryside made the perfect setting. The Stickneys may have drifted toward spiritualism as a way to communicate with their dead children; they had ten children but only three survived to adulthood. It is known that the family conducted seances on the second floor of the building, in Sylvia's ballroom. In the years since the house left the hands of the Stickney family, owners have reported supernatural occurrences.

Architecture
The house itself was very unusual in its design. It has two stories, although the second floor was reserved for a ballroom that ran the entire length of the building. The house is actually very big for being built in the 1800s.  Upstairs has two rooms, one with a bathroom, and down the hall is Sylvia's ballroom that has three more rooms connecting to it. During the Civil War, the house also served as quarters for Federal soldiers and was home to the first piano in McHenry County. This was not why the house gained its fame though! The Stickneys insisted on adding distinctive features into the design of the house. These features, they assured the architect, would assist them when holding seances and gatherings at the property. They believed that spirits have a tendency to get stuck in 90 degree corners. It has also been suggested that the Stickneys believed that corners attracted the attention of evil spirits as well, a common belief in Spiritualist circles of the time. Therefore, the home's interior was designed with no 90 degree angles between the walls. Rumor has it that there is one 90 degree angle in the house, and this is also where George Stickney died. Not true, Richard confirmed that the house was searched and documented and there was no 90 degree angles found at the time of George's death. He also confirmed that George's death was never documented, so no one knows how he died.

Ghostlore
Today the mansion is occupied by the Village of Bull Valley and its police department.

In 2005 Bull Valley Police Chief Norbert Sauers described his experiences with possible paranormal events in the Stickney Mansion. Sauers said that village employees have heard numerous sounds that seem to defy explanation. He described hearing footsteps in the second floor ballroom, a room that today is used only as storage for village records but was used for seances when the Stickneys owned the mansion. The footstep sounds have extended out onto the stairwell at times. Other occurrences include hearing human sounding noises or voices. They sometimes even hear the toilets flushing when they are alone in the house.

The Chief said he has also personally experienced objects moving around on his desk, lights turning off and, door knobs turning and a door opening, seemingly by themselves, and voices from thin air, having once heard a shout in his ear when no one was around him. Another police officer in Bull Valley claims to have come face to face with an apparition of Stickney's father-in-law.

Photo gallery

Notes

External links

The Stickney Mansion  at Ghosts of the Prairie

National Register of Historic Places in McHenry County, Illinois
Spiritualism in the United States
Houses in McHenry County, Illinois
Reportedly haunted locations in Illinois
Houses completed in 1836
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

George Stickney House


Madame Clicquot (), née Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin (), Widow Clicquot or Veuve Clicquot  (16 December 1777 – 29 July 1866), known as the "Grande Dame of Champagne", was a French Champagne producer. She took on her husband's wine business when widowed at 27. Under her ownership, and her skill with wine, the company developed early champagne using a novel technique. The brand and company of Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin still bears her name.

Biography
Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin, born 16 December 1777 in Reims, was the daughter of a wealthy father, Ponce Jean Nicolas Philippe Ponsardin (from 1813, Baron Ponsardin), a textile manufacturer and politician. Her mother was Jeanne Josephe Marie-Clémentine Letertre-Huart.

She married François Clicquot at the age of 21. Her husband died six years later leaving her a widow at 27 with a six year old daughter Clémentine. Her husband's death may have been suicide, but it was attributed to typhoid. Madame was wealthy by virtue of her very well connected family. Napoleon and Josephine had both stayed at her family's home (L'Hotel Ponsardin was the name of their household, not literally a hotel). Her father was made mayor of Reims by Napoleon's decree.

Her husband François died in 1805, leaving his widow (veuve in French) in control of a company variously involved in banking, wool trading, and champagne production. Under Madame Clicquot's control, the house focused entirely on champagne, and thrived using funds supplied by her father-in-law. Under her management and her skill with wine, the company developed early champagne using a novel technique called riddling. Prior to this invention the second fermentation of wine to create champagne resulted in a very sweet wine with large bubbles and sediment from the remains of the yeast used in the fermentation in the bottle (which creates the bubbles in the wine) resulting in a cloudy wine.

She still used the original English technique of adding sugar, but after this second fermentation was complete the bottles were held upside down. The bottles were regularly turned so that the dead yeast would all gather near the cork (riddling). Once the settling was complete, the wine near the cork was removed, followed by an addition of wine to refill the bottle.

Legacy
Clicquot died 29 July 1866, in Boursault.
She had built the Neo-Renaissance style Château de Boursault in honor of the marriage of her granddaughter Marie Clémentine de Chevigné to Louis de Mortemart-Rochechouart in 1839. Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart inherited the chateau on Madame Clicquot's death in 1866.
Anne was the daughter of Marie Clémentine and Louis.

In 2019, Lisette Glodowski and Richard C. Walter wrote a musical about Madame Clicquot's life, titled "Madame Clicquot: A Revolutionary Musical". The cast recording of the musical was released in 2023.

References

19th-century French businesspeople
19th-century French businesswomen
Champagne producers
1777 births
1866 deaths
Business people from Reims

Madame Clicquot Ponsardin


The 5th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was held from 31 July to 15 August 1955 in Warsaw, capital city of the then Polish People's Republic.

The World Federation of Democratic Youth organized this festival during the rise of the peaceful coexistence concept introduced by Nikita Khrushchev among the socialist bloc. At the end of the 1950s, the colonialism was in its last years, and in the same year, the Bandung Conference was held. The conference strongly criticized the western powers for keeping their colonial possessions. The need for a struggle against the danger of nuclear annihilation and for the end of colonialism dominated the festival.

More than 30,000 young people from 114 countries participated in this edition of the festival.

The motto of the festival was For Peace and Friendship – Against the Aggressive Imperialist Pacts.

The festival's sports programme featured an athletics competition. The Arsenał art exhibition opened at the festival, featuring striking works by young Polish painters. This exhibition was the subject of debate among art critics over its use of expressionist styles.

Influence
Designed to be a vast propaganda exercise, a meeting place for Eastern European communists and their comrades from Western Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. This event brought hundred of thousands of Polish spectators to Warsaw for the five days, watching dancing, theater and other attractions. However, the real attractions for the Polish people were the foreigners, of whom many were from Western Europe and contrasted starkly with local Poles because they shared similar culture but were much richer and more open. Deeply stricken, many Poles realized that a decades' worth of anti-Western rhetoric was false. Poles, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs and others from the Communist bloc actively socialized with one another. With the more exotic visitors, Poles also socialized in private apartments all around the city. College students even held debate meetings with foreigners, many of whom turned out not to be communists.

The event may be viewed as a precursor of Polish October.

References

World Festival of Youth and Students
1955 in Poland
1955 conferences
Festivals in Poland
1955 in multi-sport events
Multi-sport events in Poland
20th century in Warsaw
Sports festivals in Europe


Richard Bland College (RBC) is a public junior college associated with the College of William & Mary and located in Prince George County, Virginia. Richard Bland College was established in 1960 by the Virginia General Assembly as a branch of the College of William and Mary under the umbrella of "the Colleges of William and Mary". The "Colleges" system lasted two years. Although the other three institutions such as Christopher Newport founded as colleges of William and Mary became independent colleges and later universities, Richard Bland has continued as a junior college of the College of William and Mary. Though under its own administration, Richard Bland College is governed by William and Mary's Board of Visitors. It was named after Virginia statesman Richard Bland who lived in Prince George County where the campus is located.

History
Richard Bland College of William and Mary was established as a higher education institution in 1960 by the General Assembly of Virginia under the short-lived The Colleges of William & Mary system. The college serves as the Junior College of the Commonwealth and a branch campus of The College of William and Mary. Its primary mission throughout its history has been to provide higher education opportunities to individuals residing in communities located away from the main campus in Williamsburg, Virginia.

The affairs of Richard Bland College have historically been overseen by the Board of Visitors of The College of William and Mary, which is appointed by the Governor of Virginia. The day-to-day administration and academic programs of the college are led by a president appointed by the Board. The college derives its name from Richard Bland, a prominent Virginia statesman and advocate for public rights. Richard Bland, who was educated at The College of William and Mary, represented the area where the college now stands during his time in the House of Burgesses and the House of Delegates.

Known for his defense of Virginia's rights, Richard Bland played a significant role in the colonies' struggle against taxation imposed by external powers. He authored An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, which became the earliest published defense of the colonial stance on taxation. Additionally, Bland served in the Continental Congress and was highly regarded as a political leader and historian of Virginia.

The present campus of Richard Bland College holds historical significance as well. Prior to the American Civil War, the property was a plantation owned by the Gurley family. During the war, the campus became a part of the Union-occupied territory and witnessed two battles—the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road and the Battle of Globe Tavern. These battles aimed to extend the Union siege lines and capture the Weldon Railroad, crucial for supplying Petersburg. Additionally, around the time of these battles, the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, stayed at a tavern which's remains are located in the forested foliage of the modern-day campus.

In the early 1900s, the Hatcher-Seward family established a dairy farm on the former Gurley property, and a grove of pecan trees was planted, which would be an iconic part of the scenery for the future Richard Bland College. The land later served as a work camp for conscientious objectors during World War I. In 1932, the Commonwealth of Virginia authorized Central State Hospital to purchase the land, leading to the establishment of the Petersburg Training School and Hospital for African-American Youth.  Over the years, the institution underwent several name changes (including: Petersburg State Colony for the Negro Insane, Evergreen Training School, Petersburg Training School, and Petersburg Training School and Hospital) ultimately becoming the Southside Virginia Training Center for the Mentally Retarded before closing in 1959.

Under the guidance of retired Colonel James M. Carson, the former hospital and training facility were transformed into Richard Bland College, with classes commencing in 1961. The campus expanded with the addition of Ernst Hall, a Student Center/Library building, and a gymnasium in the late 1960s. Colonel Carson served as the founding President until 1973 when Dr. Cornelis Laban took on the role of Acting President until 1975. Dr. Clarence Maze succeeded Carson as President, overseeing the expansion of academic programs and the promotion of international awareness and travel opportunities.

In 1996, Dr. James B. McNeer became the third President and played a pivotal role in restructuring the college to fulfill its responsibilities to the Commonwealth of Virginia. Today, Richard Bland College occupies a rural campus spanning 750 acres, which was once a dairy farm owned by the Gurley family. The campus boasts a grove of century-old pecan trees, two restored turn-of-the-20th-century farmhouses (one serving as the President's residence and the other as a guesthouse which is occupied by one of the junior college's administrators), a converted dairy barn used as a theater, and a unique koi pond.

Recognizing the need for residential facilities, the college added campus housing in 2008, becoming the only two-year college in Virginia to offer this accommodation. Richard Bland College has a diverse alumni network comprising more than 18,000 individuals worldwide. Moreover, the college plays a vital role in bolstering the economy of Petersburg, Virginia, and the surrounding regions.

In 2012, Dr. Debbie L. Sydow became the fourth (and first female) President of the junior college after a decade of experience as President of Onondaga Community College, a part of the State University of New York system.

Starting in 2014, there have been discussions regarding the establishment of an independent board of visitors for Richard Bland College, separate from The College of William and Mary. These efforts gained support from the Board of Visitors of The College of William and Mary in a resolution conveyed in November 2022. However, the House Appropriations Committee of Virginia blocked the college's independence in February 2023.

Campus
Richard Bland College of William and Mary has a campus spanning over 700 acres, situated in both Prince George and Dinwiddie Counties, adjacent to the city limits of Petersburg. The rural, park-like campus is split into east and west and offers landscaped grounds with a mix of modern and colonialistic-vintage architecture, pecan orchards, and historical structures, including Maze Hall, the administration building, and the remnants of when the land was under the supervision of Central State Hospital. It also features notable facilities such as the President's Home, the Guesthouse Residence, a water garden, and various maintenance facilities.

Academic buildings on campus include the McNeer Building, which serves as the main science and technology hub, and Pecan Hall, the SSHE (Social Studies, Humanities, and English) Building, housing liberal arts and humanities classes. Ernst Hall, another academic building, is home to classrooms, laboratories, faculty offices, the Academic Computer Lab, and the Division Chair's office.

The campus also encompasses the Barn Theatre, a converted dairy barn serving as the venue for Richard Bland College Players' annual theater productions involving students, faculty, staff, and community members. The Campus Center is a significant hub, housing the library, a snack bar, dining area, student lounge, and bookstore. The Center for Student Affairs hosts offices and services related to admissions, financial aid, student activities, and other student support services. Maze Hall, the administration building, is home to various administrative offices, including those of the President, Provost and Dean of the Faculty, Dean of Administration and Finance, and Director of Institutional Advancement.

Statesman Hall houses the gymnasium, locker facilities, a weight training center, a racquetball court, aerobics classrooms, and faculty offices for physical education and health courses. It also accommodates Instructional Technology Services on the second floor. The campus library offers essential services.

The campus provides housing options in buildings such as Commerce, Freedom, and Patriot Halls. Commerce Hall (formerly the Humanities and Social Sciences Building) is characterized by its arcade walkway and grassy courtyard, which formerly accommodated classrooms and faculty offices for the Division of Humanities and Social Sciences. After 2008, it was repurposed as a student dorm. Freedom and Patriot Halls, on the other hand, offer apartment-style living accommodations. These halls collectively house approximately 500 students, and residents are required to maintain a 2.5 GPA to promote an academic atmosphere.

The campus layout also features a Crim Dell inspired bridge connecting the athletic fields to the Residential Village, offering convenient access for students residing in that area.

Academics
Richard Bland College of William and Mary is a small-sized, residential, public two-year college, with it being the only one of its kind within the state of Virginia. It primarily serves as a pathway to a bachelor's degree at the College of William and Mary, although the junior college also contains additional programming to help students transfer to other public universities within the state. Richard Bland College offers a variety of academic programs designed to provide students with a strong foundation in their chosen fields. The college grants Associate of Arts (A.A.) and Associate of Science (A.S.) degrees in disciplines such as business, humanities, mathematics, sciences, social sciences, and visual and performing arts.

Academic departments
Some of the prominent departments at the college include:

Department of Business and Economics
Department of Humanities
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Department of Social Sciences
Department of Visual and Performing Arts

Each department offers various undergraduate courses.

Student body and admissions

Richard Bland College enrolled 2,528 students in Fall 2021. Women made up 62% of the student body and men 38%. 32% of students at the college are first-generation students and 57% are students of color.

The junior college was the only two-year college within the state of Virginia to grow in enrollment after the COVID-19 pandemic, with its enrollment increasing by 21% compared to the 14% drop that the two-year colleges of the Virginia Community College System suffered.

Rankings
College Factual in 2023 ranked RBC No. 236 out of 1,330 nationally for associate degree-granting colleges. The publication also listed the college at No. 13 out of 64 for overall value in Virginia and ranked it as the 22nd-best college in the state. Overall, College Factual ranks the school No. 778 out of 2,241 schools in the United States, with it ranking above various four-year institutions.

Athletics
The official mascot of Richard Bland College is the Statesman Eagle. The college's athletic teams are known as the Statesmen, a nickname that reflects the institution's connection to its parent university, The College of William and Mary. The junior college's athletic fields are located on the east side of campus and the Statesmen participate in the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), at the Division I level and within Region 10. They compete in a variety of sports, with men's sports including basketball, soccer, and golf, and women's sports including volleyball, softball, and soccer.

Notable alumni
Kirk Cox, 1981, Virginia politician, 55th Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
Kelly Gee, 2008, acting Virginia secretary of the Commonwealth
Javaid Siddiqi, 1998, Virginia Secretary of Education (2013–14).
Samuel Parham, 1996, Mayor of Petersburg, Virginia (2017-present)

References

Educational institutions established in 1960
Public universities and colleges in Virginia
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Petersburg, Virginia
1960 establishments in Virginia
College of William & Mary

Richard Bland College


Shell Processing Support (SPS) is a set of formatted files used for exchanging Land 3D seismic data. They can also be used for 2D.

History
Shell Processing Support data format was initially defined and used by Shell Internationale Petroleum for transferring of seismic and positioning data to the processing centres. In 1993 SEG Technical standards committee on ancillary data formats adopted SPS as the standard format for exchanging Geophysical positioning data.

SPS Format
SPS format is a set of three files called Receiver file, Source file, Cross reference file and an optional fourth file for comments. In addition to the comment file comments can be entered in each of the three files as part of the header and is indicated by starting with the letter H.

Receiver file:
Receiver file contains the information about the geophones their type, position (Easting, Northing, Elevation) and their ID.

Source file:
Source file contains the information about the Seismic source its position and their ID.

Cross reference file:
Cross reference file (also known as relational file) or in short, X file, is basically a relational file relating the source and the receiver when the shot occurred. It contains the details about the Shot ID, Source and receivers associated with that particular shot ID.

Comment file:
This file is an optional file. Any other information regarding the seismic acquisition can be provided in this file for the processing center.

Versions
 The first version of SPS adopted by SEG is now referred to as SPS rev0
 The recent version of SPS is SPS rev2.1

References

External links
 Standards adopted by the SEG including SPS rev0 (1995) and rev2.1 (2006)
 Shell processing support format for land 3-D surveys

Geophysics
Petroleum industry

Shell Processing Support


"I'm My Own Grandpa" (sometimes rendered as "I'm My Own Grandpaw") is a novelty song written by Dwight Latham and Moe Jaffe, performed by Lonzo and Oscar in 1947, about a man who, through an unlikely (but legal) combination of marriages, becomes stepfather to his own stepmother—by tacitly dropping the "step-" modifiers, he becomes his own grandfather.

In the 1930s, Latham had a group, the Jesters, on network radio; their specialties were bits of spoken humor and novelty songs. While reading a book of Mark Twain anecdotes, he once found a paragraph in which Twain proved it would be possible for a man to become his own grandfather. ("Very Closely Related" appears on page 87 of Wit and Humor of the Age, which was co-authored by Mark Twain in 1883.) In 1947, Latham and Jaffe expanded the idea into a song, which became a hit for Lonzo and Oscar.

Genealogy

In the song, the narrator marries a widow with an adult daughter. Subsequently, his father marries the widow's daughter. This creates a comic tangle of relationships by a mixture of blood and marriage; for example, the narrator's father is now also his stepson-in-law. The situation is complicated further when both couples have children.

Although the song continues to mention that both the narrator's wife and stepdaughter had children by the narrator and his father, respectively, the narrator actually becomes "his own grandpa" once his father marries the woman's daughter:
The narrator marries the older woman.
This results in the woman's daughter becoming his stepdaughter.
Subsequently, the narrator's father marries the older woman's daughter.
The woman's daughter, being the new wife of the narrator's father, is now both his stepdaughter and his stepmother. Concurrently, the narrator's father, being his stepdaughter's husband, is also his own stepson-in-law.
The narrator's wife, being the mother of his stepmother, is both the narrator's spouse and his step-grandmother.
The husband of the narrator's wife would then be the narrator's step-grandfather. Since the narrator is that person, he has managed to become his own (step-step)grandfather. The "step-step" concept applies because the step-father of one's step-mother would be one's step-step-grandfather, making a "double step" event possible.

The song continues with
The narrator and his wife having a son.
The narrator's son is the half-brother of his stepdaughter, as the narrator's wife is the mother of both.
Since his stepdaughter is also his stepmother, then the narrator's son is also his own (step-half-)uncle because he is the (half-)brother of his (step-)mother.
The narrator's son is therefore a (half-)brother-in-law to the narrator's father, because the son is the (half-)brother of the father's wife.
The narrator's father and his wife (the narrator's stepdaughter) then had a son of their own.
The child is the narrator's (step-) grandson because he is the son of his (step-)daughter.
The son is the (half-)brother of the narrator because they share a father.

Real-life incidents
According to a 2007 article, the song was inspired by an anecdote that has been published periodically by newspapers for well over 150 years. The earliest citation was from the Republican Chronicle of Ithaca, New York on  April 24, 1822, and that was copied from the London Literary Gazette:

A proof that a man may be his own Grandfather.—There was a widow and her daughter-in-law, and a man and his son. The widow married the son, and the daughter the old man; the widow was, therefore, mother to her husband's father, consequently grandmother to her own husband. They had a son, to whom she was great-grandmother; now, as the son of a great-grandmother must be either a grandfather or great-uncle, this boy was therefore his own grandfather. N. B. This was actually the case with a boy at a school in Norwich.

An 1884 book, The World of Wonders, attributed the original "remarkable genealogical curiosity" to Hood's Magazine.

In 1989, The Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman married Mandy Smith; she was 18 and he 52. In 1993, Wyman's 30-year-old son from his first marriage, Stephen, married Smith's mother, Patsy, who was then aged 46. Had Bill and Mandy not divorced by then, Stephen would have been his own step-step-grandfather.

Cover versions

The cover version by Lonzo and Oscar was recorded in 1947, the same year that Latham and Jaffe released The Jesters original.  A version by Guy Lombardo and The Guy Lombardo Trio became a hit in 1948. The song was also recorded by Phil Harris (as "He's His Own Grandpa"), Jo Stafford (as "I'm My Own Grandmaw"), singer/bandleader Tony Pastor, Kimball Coburn, Homer and Jethro, and "Jon & Alun" (Jon Mark and Alun Davies) on their record Relax Your Mind (1963).

A 1976 episode of The Muppet Show includes a skit in which the song is performed by the all-Muppet Gogolala Jubilee Jugband. Ray Stevens recorded a version for his 1987 album Crackin' Up. In the movie The Stupids, Stanley Stupid, portrayed by Tom Arnold, sings "I'm My Own Grandpa" while on a talk show about strange families.  Willie Nelson performed the song on his 2001 album The Rainbow Connection. This song was also performed by Grandpa Jones, who sang it both at the Grand Ole Opry and on the TV show Hee Haw. It was also later recorded on the album Home is Where the Heart Is by David Grisman and on Michael Cooney's album of songs for children. Folk singer Steve Goodman included it in his live shows, and recorded it on his album Somebody Else's Troubles. This song has also been recorded by Australian Comedy Country artist Chad Morgan and appears on the album Sheilas, Drongos, Dills and Other Geezers and recorded by Australian Country artist, Melinda Schneider with the Schneider Sisters.  It has also been covered by the Asylum Street Spankers and released on the 2002 Bloodshot Records compilation The Bottle Let Me Down.
Larry Wilder of Portland, OR, performs the tune in his Songs From the Heart of the People show.
The humorous folk singer, Anthony John Clarke, frequently covers it in his gigs and has recorded it on his 2004 album Just Bring Yourself.  The song also frequently appears as a Barbershop Quartet arrangement in video-file-sharing websites such as YouTube. The Bar-J Wranglers of Jackson, Wyoming frequently perform the song in their live chuckwagon dinner show, and their studio recording was included on the 1998 album Headin' for the Home Corral.

Logic and reasoning

Professor Philip Johnson-Laird used the song to illustrate issues in formal logic as contrasted with psychology of reasoning, noting that the transitive property of identity relationships expressed in natural language was highly sensitive to variations in grammar, while reasoning by models, such as the one constructed in the song, avoided this sensitivity.

The situation is included in a set of problems attributed to Alcuin of York, and also in the final story in Baital Pachisi; the question asks to describe the relationship of the children to each other. Alcuin's solution is that the children are simultaneously uncle and nephew to each other; he does not draw attention to the relationships of the other characters.

In the Baital Pachisi this is the only riddle that the wise King Vikrama cannot answer.

References

External links
DeadDisc list of cover versions
 I'm My Own Grandpaw Lyrics with Java illustration
 Public domain recording by the Jesters at Internet Archive.

1947 songs
American songs
Guy Lombardo songs
The Muppets songs
Novelty songs
Songs about old age
Songs written by Moe Jaffe
Stepfamily
Songs about grandparents

I'm My Own Grandpa


In logic and philosophy, predicate logic is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things, which are "incomplete propositions" with a placeholder for objects or subjects that must be inserted in order to obtain a valid proposition.

Predicate logic is different from propositional logic, in part because it has the concept of quantifiers. A quantifier is used in conjunction with a variable (say x) in order to talk about a general instance of x, and in doing so, this allows predicate logic to make statements about quantity.

The best-known quantifiers are the existential quantifier, represented by ∃, and the universal quantifier, represented by ∀. The existential quantifier is used to express statements of the form "there exists", and is true precisely when there is at least one mathematical object from the universe of discourse that matches the predicate or formula. On the other hand, the universal quantifier is used to express statements of the form "for all", and is true precisely when all possible mathematical objects of the universe of discourse match the specified predicate or formula.

In the notation of predicate logic, quantifiers directly precede (and thus introduce) variable names, which are then followed by other quantifiers or mathematical expressions, where the said variables are found. For example. one can use the expression  to mean "there is a person x such that for all persons y, y likes x" ("everyone is liked by someone.").

Examples

can be read as: "There is at least one cat which is black, and which likes (one or more) dogs."

can be read as: "It is not true that every cat doesn't like any dog."

can be read as: "There does not exist a cat which is also a dog."

Related pages
 First order logic
 Fuzzy logic
 Rule of inference

References

Logic

Predicate logic


The ruins of Aguntum are an ancient Roman site in East Tirol, Austria, located approximately 4 km east of Lienz in the Drau valley. The city appears to have been built to exploit the local sources of iron, copper, zinc and gold. During the early Christian era, the city was the site of a bishopric, which, having ceased to be a residential diocese, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

History
This area of East Tyrol was the homeland of the Laianci tribe and hilltop settlements, so far hardly investigated, crown many of the hills in the area. A trading vicus developed here at an important intersection in the Drau Valley, with one important road leading to the gold deposits in the Hohe Tauern.

The oldest Roman remains are a two-roomed wooden structure discovered beneath the bath house and dated to the mid-first century BC. According to Pliny the Elder, the emperor Claudius granted Aguntum the status of municipium, a status which is attested by inscriptions, including funerary inscriptions, which refer to cultores Genii municipii Agunti. The official name was Municipium Claudium Aguntum. There does not appear to have been a military camp in this area.

Aguntum was a mining and trading centre which exploited local sources of iron, copper, zinc, and gold. Craftsmen in the town processed the metals to produce a range of goods which were then transported along the Roman roads. Other exports included wood, milk products (cheese) and mountain crystals from the Tauern range.

The discovery of a layer of ash, as well as the remains of a man and a child in the bath house, points to the sack of Aguntum by the invading barbarians under Radagaisus and Alaric. The city's decline was marked when the bishopric was transferred to nearby Lavant, a few miles to the south. A second sack by Attila and his Huns is attested by a coin dated to AD 452 found in a higher layer of ash. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Aguntum passed under the control of the Ostrogoths and was fought over by Franks, Byzantines and Bavarians. Paul the Deacon writes of a major battle fought in 610 between Garibald II of Bavaria and the Avars, in which Garibald was completely defeated. Aguntum was destroyed and even Lavant suffered a major fire. There were no further bishops ordained in the area and the surviving Roman population took refuge in hilltop fortresses while the barbarians settled in the fertile valley.

Repeatedly flooded by the Debantbach, the ruins of Aguntum remained visible until the 16th century, for in 1599 Veit Netlich, a lawyer, mentioned gravestones with "unknown writing" and reported that "according to a myth, here was a heathen city". The historian Theodor Mommsen proposed that the ruins were those of Aguntum, a theory which was confirmed in 1882 when a marble slab inscribed with the name was discovered.

Site description

A small museum contains objects discovered during the excavations. These include painted tombstones, pottery masks, bronze objects, coins and interpretive displays.

A large modern building covers the remains of the Atrium House, an elegant villa with a fountain and marble table in the atrium. The villa covered an area of 3,000 square yards and is the largest residential building so far discovered in Aguntum.

To the right (east) on leaving the Atrium House are the city gates, which still stand 3–4.5 m high. The walls, which were 8' thick, were constructed of a double wall of cut stone infilled with earth and rubble, have been excavated for 30 m to the north and 75 m to the south, but the circuit of the walls has not been traced beyond this. Presumably, the nearby Debantbach has thoroughly covered the site with debris brought down from the mountains.

The date of the wall's construction is uncertain. Materials incorporated in the fill point to the emperor Hadrian, but stylistic grounds favour a 3rd-century AD date. An additional question surrounds the purpose of the wall. The Marcomanni Wars around 170 AD have been suggested as the reason, as has the invasion by the Alemanni in the 3rd century AD, but others have suggested that the walls were built primarily to defend the city against flooding or landslides - a not impossible reason if the industry carried on in the town led to extensive deforestation of the surrounding hills. A final suggestion is that the wall and gate were originally built for show, but hastily extended and improved to withstand the Alemanni.

An extensive artisans' quarter has been uncovered, with workshops for various industries. Many of the buildings have their corners protected by large boulders, presumably against the possibility of damage from wheeled vehicles passing through the narrow streets. There is a very large bath house – an indication of the size of the Roman city – with several marble pools separated from the walls of the rooms in which they stand, to allow hot air to circulate under and around them. This is the largest Roman bath complex so far discovered in Austria and was first constructed during the reign of Tiberius, but was destroyed in the late first century AD by a fire. It was reconstructed in a more "modern" style and further extended in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

A forum has been uncovered, to one side of which stands a  circular building, possibly part of the so-called "Ostentatious Building". The building itself is square, but an interior wall marks out a large circle which is floored with multi-coloured marble slabs. The perimeter of the circle is divided into a number of chambers. Across the middle of the floor – and probably a later insertion as the building fell into disuse - is a narrow channel whose purpose is not clearly understood.

Ecclesiastical history
A Catholic bishopric was founded around 500 AD, as a suffragan of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aquileia, which meanwhile became a princely patriarchate. It was suppressed around 600.

It was nominally revived as a titular see of the (lowest) episcopal rank in 1968, which so far had three successive incumbents:
 Francis Joseph Gossman (1968.07.15 – 1975.04.08)
 Josef Plöger (1975.05.09 – 2005.04.22)
 Romuald Kamiński (2005.06.08 – present), Auxiliary Bishop of Ełk (Poland)

References

  Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Aguntum, East Tyrol, Austria"

External links

 Gigacatholic, with titular incumbents list linking to biographies
 Description of the site

Buildings and structures in Tyrol (state)
Former populated places in Austria
Roman towns and cities in Austria
Archaeological sites in Austria
Catholic titular sees in Europe
Museums in Tyrol (state)
Museums of ancient Rome in Austria
Archaeological museums in Austria

Aguntum


Schellville is an unincorporated community in Sonoma County, California, United States. Schellville was named after Theodore L. Schell, who lived on a ranch nearby. The community is located in the vicinity of the junction of California State Route 12 and California State Route 121 south of Sonoma, and had a post office from 1888 to 1931. Schellville also boasted a newspaper called the Schellville Ray, which was also used to promote local plots of land for sale.Schellville has been a regionally important rail junction since completion of the Santa Rosa and Carquinez Railroad to Napa Junction in 1888. The 2 mile long Northwestern Pacific Railroad railyard is located just south of the Schellville Depot at California State Routes 12/121 and Eighth Street East. Service along the mainline was planned to start again in July 2010, from the California Northern interchange at Schellville, north to Windsor until delays pushed the start date to 2011. The depot building, which was formerly a train station, now houses railroad equipment.

Until it ended in 2014, Valley of the Moon Commute Club operated a once-daily transbay express service to San Francisco via Schellville, Sonoma, El Verano, Boyes Hot Springs, Santa Rosa, and San Rafael.

Due to its low position along Sonoma Creek, the town regularly experiences flooding in high-rain years (about every 5–10 years).

References

External links
Sonoma Wiki's article on Schellville

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Sonoma County, California

Schellville, California


Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist is a non-fiction 300-page memoir by former American lobbyist Jack Abramoff, published by WNDbooks in November 2011. The book, described as an "account of his political triumphs, serial lawbreaking and unethical conduct" by The Washington Post, details the author's life in Washington as a power broker and lobbyist. In its last chapter, titled "Path to Reform", Abramoff lists a number of proposals to eliminate bribery of government officials.

Writing process

Abramoff wrote Capitol Punishment in four weeks, as he states, after having served four years in a federal prison for corruption connected to his lobbying. When asked why he wrote the book, he said in an interview: "When I was in prison, I started thinking about how to fix the system that is there. Because, obviously, throwing Jack Abramoff in jail didn't clean up the system", adding "I had something to give back, some way to make some recompense for what I was by telling what is going on in Washington – from the point of view of somebody who rose very high in that industry – and what goes on behind those doors, and how horrible it really is."

Content
The book details the inner workings of the Washington that Abramoff knew. It discusses Abramoff's relationships with powerful congressional leaders like Tom DeLay and Bob Ney, and shares the names of senators who, according to Abramoff, took tens of thousands of dollars, but offers no significant new details beyond what was known before, and "doesn't help identify the people he corrupted who are still on the Hill", as The Huffington Post notes. Some of the people he accuses of having taken money from his team and clients, particularly members of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee and Democratic Party politicians, have denied the allegations, calling Abramoff "a liar".

The book is meant to expose what Abramoff considers the real problem of the Washington lobby. This real problem, according to Abramoff, is not what is illegal in Washington, but rather what is legal. In the last chapter of the book, Abramoff portrays himself as someone who supports genuine reform. He suggests to shut the "revolving door" between Capitol Hill and the K Street offices of Washington's biggest lobbying firms by banning legislators and their aides for life from becoming lobbyists. He also proposes barring lobbyists from giving gifts to lawmakers, and prohibiting lobbyists and special interest groups from making political donations. In addition to this, he advocates instituting term limits for representatives and senators.

References

External links

After Words interview with Abramoff on Capitol Punishment, January 7, 2012

2011 non-fiction books
American memoirs
American political books

Capitol Punishment (book)


In basketball, a flagrant foul is a serious personal foul. It is considered flagrant if it involves too much or too violent contact that can injure another player. A flagrant foul may or may not be intentional. In the NCAA, if intentional, a flagrant foul is called an "intentional foul".

The NBA made a flagrant foul rule in the 1990s. It is intended to stop contact which puts a player's safety and health at risk. In the NBA, Flagrant 1 and Flagrant 2 are fouls. A player who commits a flagrant 2 foul must immediately leave the game.

Flagrant fouls can also be punished with fines.

Basketball

Flagrant foul


Antonio Bartolomeo Bruni (28 January 1757 – 6 August 1821) was an Italian violinist, composer and conductor. Bruni was born and died in Cuneo, Italy. During most of his life, he resided, played and composed in Paris.

At the height of the French 'terror', c.1791, Bruni authored Un Inventaire sous la terreur which lists musical instruments recovered from noble households. This inventory was published by J. Gallay, editor (Paris: Georges Chamerot, 1890). In the scholarly work The Hurdy-Gurdy in Eighteenth-Century France by Robert E. Green (Indiana University Press, 1995), where the Bruni text is footnoted, Green says of Bruni's inventory "from 111 noble households (it) lists six which possessed vielles (hurdy-gurdies)." p. 17. In the fictional novel The Piano Tuner by Daniel Mason this affair is again referred to thus: "A Temporary Commission of Arts was set up and ... Bruni ... was named Director of the Inventory. For fourteen months he collected the instruments of the condemned. In all, over three hundred were gathered, and each carries its own tragic tale." Mason goes on to say that 64 were pianofortes.

Works
 Metodo per viola seguito da 25 studi
 Claudine, ou Le Petit Commissionnaire (1794)
 La rencontre en voyage (Comédie en un acte) (1798)
 L'auteur dans son ménage (Opéra-comique en un acte) (1799)
 6 Concertant Trios for 2 Violins and Viola or Cello, Op.1
 6 String Trios, Op.2
 6 Duets for Violin and Viola Op.4
 6 String Trios, Book 4 (Op.4)
 6 Duets for Violin and Viola, Op.25
 6 Duettini, Op.34
 6 String Trios, Op.34
 6 Trios for 2 Violins and Viola, Op.36 (La petite conversation)(6th Book of Trios)
 6 duos concertants pour 2 altos,
 6 Quatuors pour 2 Violons, Alto et Basse
 6 String Quartets

External links

1757 births
1821 deaths
Italian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Italian composers
Italian male composers
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian expatriates in France
People from Cuneo
People of the French Revolution

Antonio Bartolomeo Bruni


The 5th Armored Group was an all-black segregated armored formation that served in World War II. The 5th was the only segregated armored group formed during the war and one of only two armored groups that did not deploy, although its assigned tank battalions all saw combat in the European Theater of Operations.

The 5th Armored Group was activated on 23 May 1942. It was composed of the 758th Tank Battalion (Light), 761st Tank Battalion (Medium) and 784th Tank Battalion (Medium).

The 5th Armored Group was commanded by Colonel LeRoy Nichols. However, the assigned battalions deployed individually to Europe where they were attached to various divisions to meet operational requirements. The formation existed as a "paper" headquarters at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, and Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and was inactivated on 1 December 1944.

References

African-American history of the United States military
Groups of the United States Army
Armor units and formations of the United States Army

5th Armored Group (United States)


The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEC; , abbreviated CCEO) is the title of the 1990 work which is a codification of the common portions of the canon law for the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in the Catholic Church. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1546 canons. The code entered into force in 1991.

The western Latin Church is governed by its own particular code, the 1983 Code of Canon Law.

History
The 23 sui iuris Churches which collectively make up the Eastern Catholic Churches had been invited by the Holy See to codify their own particular laws and submit them to the pope so that there may be a full, complete code of all religious law within Eastern Catholicism. Pope John Paul II promulgated the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches on 18 October 1990, by the document Sacri Canones. The code came into force on 1 October 1991.

Language

The official language of the canon law common to all the Eastern Catholic Churches (called "common law") is Latin. Although Latin is the language of the Latin Church and not of the Eastern Churches, Latin was chosen as the language of the common law because there is no common language in use among all the Eastern Catholic Churches. The members of these churches use a diversity of languages, including Greek, Arabic, Romanian, Malayalam, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, but no single one of these languages could be used as the language of the common law. Latin was chosen because it has a long history of legal and juridical tradition and was suitable for serving as the common text from which translations could be made.

Emendations

Ad Tuendam Fidem
In 1998, Pope John Paul II issued the motu proprio , which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, so as to add "new norms which expressly impose the obligation of upholding truths proposed in a definitive way by the Magisterium of the Church, and which also establish related canonical sanctions".

Mitis et Misericors Iesus

On 15 August 2015, Pope Francis issued the motu proprio Mitis et Misericors Iesus which amended canons 1357 to 1377 of the CCEO. It reformed the procedures for matrimonial nullity trials and instituted a briefer process.

Competentias quasdam decernere

The motu proprio Competentias quasdam decernere issued 15 February 2022 changed canons 489, 496, 499, 501, 552. 546, 1052, and 1054.

Vocare peccatores
On 5 April 2023, Pope Francis released the apostolic letter, issued motu proprio, Vocare peccatores. It was signed 20 March 2023, and came into force on 29 June 2023.

It changes 23 canons: canons 1402, 1406, 1407, 1409, 1410, 1414, 1416, 1424, 1429, 1430, 1436, 1442, 1443, 1446, 1449, 1453, 1456, 1459, 1463, 1464, 1466, 1467, and 1152.

Iam pridem
On 17 April 2023, Pope Francis released the apostolic letter, issued motu proprio, Iam pridem. It had been signed on 16 April 2023. The new legislation made it so that Eastern Catholics who are at the age of 80 or more cannot take part in votings of their Synods. Iam pridem states the new legislation does not concern "Patriarchs, Major Archbishops, Eparchial Bishops and Exarchs" who are currently in office "despite them having reached the age of eighty". The new legislation is to enter into force one month after it is published.

It changes canons 66 § 1, as well as canons 102, 149 and 183.

Division
The text of the CCEO is divided into 31 sections, 30 titles and a section of preliminary canons.

Preliminary canons
The six preliminary canons deal with scope and continuity, what is affected by the CCEO and how prior legislation and customs shall be handled.

Can. 1 The CCEO regards solely the Eastern Catholic Churches unless otherwise mentioned.

Can. 2 The CCEO is to be assessed according to the Ancient Laws of the Eastern Churches.

Can. 3 The CCEO does not "for the most part legislate on liturgical matters" and therefore the liturgical books are to be observed unless contrary to the canons of the CCEO.

Can. 4. The CCEO neither degrades or abrogates treaties/pacts entered into by the Holy See with nations and political societies. Therefore, they still have their force, notwithstanding any prescriptions of the CCEO to the contrary.

Churches sui iuris and rites

A church sui iuris is "a community of the Christian faithful, which is joined together by a hierarchy according to the norm of law and which is expressly or tacitly recognized as sui iuris by the supreme authority of the Church" (CCEO, can. 27). The term sui iuris is an innovation of the CCEO, and denotes the relative autonomy of the Eastern Catholic Churches. This canonical term, pregnant with many juridical nuances, indicates the God-given mission of the Eastern Catholic Churches to preserve their patrimonial autonomous nature. The autonomy of these churches is relative in the sense that they are under the authority of the Bishop of Rome.

See also
Canon law (Catholic Church)
1983 Code of Canon Law
1917 Code of Canon Law
Roman Catholic (term)

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Faris, John D., & Jobe Abbass, OFM Conv., eds. A Practical Commentary to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, 2 vols. Montréal: Librairie Wilson & Lafleur, 2019.

External links
Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium, Latin editio typica of the Code
"Code of Canons of Eastern Churches", English translation
Text of Sacri Canones, issued by Pope John Paul II at the promulgation of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

Eastern Catholicism
Eastern Catholic canon law
E

Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches


A bhaji is a type of fritter originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is made from spicy hot vegetables, commonly onion, and has several variants. It is a popular snack food in India, it is also very popular in Pakistan and it can be found for sale in street-side stalls, especially in tapris (Marathi: टपरी) (on streets) and dhabas (Punjabi: ਢਾਬਾ) (on highways). It is also a common starter in Anglo-Indian cuisine across the United Kingdom.

The Guinness World Record for the largest onion bhaji is held by one weighing  made by Oli Khan and Team of Surma Takeaway Stevenage on 4 February 2020.

Regional varieties

Outside Southern and Western India, such preparations are often known as pakora. Its variations include the chili bajji, potato bajji, onion bajji, plantain bajji and the bread bajji (or bread pakora). Another version is called bonda (in south India), vada (in Maharashtra) and Gota (in Gujarat). Bonda has potato or mixed vegetable filling while Gota is made by green fenugreek leaves.

Cultural significance
Bhajis are a component of traditional Punjabi Pakistani and Gujarati Marathi, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu cuisines served on special occasions and at festivals. They are generally served with a cup of coffee, tea, or a traditional serving of yameen. They use banana peppers for making mirchi bhajji.

Onion bhajis are often eaten as a starter in Anglo-Indian restaurants before the main course, along with poppadoms and other Indian snacks. They may be served with a side of salad and slice of lemon, or with mango chutney, and are traditionally made to a mild taste.

Gallery

References

External links

Appetizers
Indian snack foods
Pakistani snack foods
Indo-Caribbean cuisine
Fritters
Tamil cuisine
Onion-based foods

Bhaji


Vittorio Corbo Lioi (born 22 March 1943) is a former Governor of the Central Bank of Chile, who held the post since May 2003 until December 2007.

Biography
Corbo studied economics at the University of Chile in 1967 and has a PhD in economics from MIT which he gained in 1971. He taught at Concordia University in Canada between 1972 and 1979. He was appointed a Professor at the Universidad de Chile (1979 - 1981) and at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica (1981 - 1984) and (1991 - present), and a Professorial Lecturer at Georgetown University in the United States (1986-1991). Mr. Corbo worked at the World Bank from 1984 to 1991 as Head of the Macroeconomic Development and Growth Division.

He is also member of the Management Council of the Fundación Chilena del Pacífico (Chilean Pacific Foundation), the International Advisory Council of the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE) in Warsaw, Poland, and from 1999, a member of the Advisory Board of the Stanford Center for International Development. He has also served as a Vice-President of the International Economic Association (1998-2002). In recent years he has been advisor to the World Bank, the IADB and the International Monetary Fund.

He was Economic Advisor to the Santander-Chile Group (1991-2003), Director of the Santander-Chile Bank (1995-2003), Director of the Universidad de Chile (2000-2003), member of the Management Council of the Global Development Network (1993-2003) and he has been consultant to important national and international firms (1979-1984 and 1991-2003).

Corbo was also Senior Research Fellow at the Research Center for Economic Development and Policy Reform of the Stanford University in California (Summer 1999) and of the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund (Summers 2000 and 2003). He has worked in more than ten countries, lectured at seminars in more than twenty countries and at the most important universities worldwide.

He is author of nine books and over a hundred articles published in books and international periodicals specialising in economic affairs. He is a recognized authority on macroeconomics, international trade and economic development and economic tightness processes. He is also member of the editorial committee of the Journal of Development Economics and of the Journal of Applied Economics.

References

External links
 Vittorio Corbo's CV at the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE)

Living people
Presidents of the Central Bank of Chile
20th-century Chilean economists
Chilean people of Italian descent
University of Chile alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
1943 births
21st-century Chilean economists

Vittorio Corbo


Laminin subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMB3 gene.

LAMB3 encodes the beta 3 subunit of laminin. Laminin is composed of three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma), and refers to a family of basement membrane proteins. For example, LAMB3 serves as the beta chain in laminin-5. Mutations in LAMB3 have been identified as the cause of various types of epidermolysis bullosa. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

References

Further reading

Laminins

Laminin, beta 3