The Glengarth Sevens was an annual 7 a-side rugby union tournament held at Davenport Rugby Club. The first Glengarth Sevens was held in 1967 at Headlands Road, home of Davenport Rugby Club.  Its celebrated its 21st anniversary in 1987 which was to be the last Glengarth Sevens held at Davenport rugby club.

How it all began
In June 1966 the North East Cheshire Society for Mentally Handicapped Children opened their day care centre at 'Glengarth' in Station Road, Marple, Stockport.  As a number of the children who attended lived in Bramhall, a Bramhall sub-committee of the society was formed with one of its main objectives being fundraising.  It was thought best to organise events which would be annual to raise regular income.  At the time, a member of the Bramhall sub-Committee, Michael Hodgson, was Captain of Davenport Rugby Club.

The club was approached through, then President Norman Harris, by George Jackson and Michael Hodgson with the properstioion of organising an annual seven a side rugby competition.  George had a ready made carrot to dangle in that he said he could get David Watkins, then of Newport RFC and the 'Prince of all Sevens Players' to bring a side for the first tournament.  It was decided to form a joint committee to organise the event and so the 'Glengarth Sevens' was born.

England Rugby International, Eric Evans was invited to become President and remained throughout providing continuous encouragement, inspiration and leadership.  The England players of his era rated Eric as the finest Captain they had played under and the team went on to win the Grand Slam in 1957 and Triple Crown in 1958.

The tournament was very fortunate to have a number of dedicated sponsors but the most valuable contribution was made by Davenport Rugby Club and its members who worked so hard to make the Glengarth Sevens a national success and a very highly respected seven a side rugby tournament.  The 21 years of the Glengarth Sevens raised more than £60,000.

Many famous teams and players entered the Glengarth Sevens.  Players like David Watkins, Andy Irvine, Les Cusworth, Phil Bennett, Peter Winterbottom, Steve Smith, Fran Cotton and many others; teams like Orrell, who won the competition 8 times and guest sides such as the Public School Wanderers, who won it 4 times.  Famous memories include legendary British and Irish Lions Captain, Willie John McBride running onto the Davenport 1st XV pitch with a lion cub from Longleat.

Previous winners of the Glengarth Sevens
Main Event
1967 - David Watkins Seven
1968 - Loughborough University
1969 - Croeso '69
1970 - Loughborough University
1971 - Orrell
1972 - Orrell
1973 - Public School Wanderers
1974 - Orrell
1975 - Orrell
1976 - Orrell
1977 - Sale
1978 - Welsh Select Seven
1979 - Public School Wanderers
1980 - Orrell
1981 - Orrell
1982 - Blackheath
1983 - Public School Wanderers
1984 - Public School Wanderers
1985 - Orrell
1986 - Waterloo

Davenport Plate
1967 - St. Helens
1968 - Sale
1969 - Wilmslow
1970 - Wilmslow
1971 - Middlesbrough
1972 - St. Helens
1973 - Lymm
1974 - Manchester
1975 - Wakefield
1976 - Fylde
1977 - Wilmslow
1978 - Anti-Assassins
1979 - Orrell
1980 - Public School Wanderers
1981 - Public School Wanderers
1982 - Public School Wanderers
1983 - Blackheath
1984 - Selkirk
1985 - Sale
1986 - Harlequins

Glengarth Reborn
Stockport Rugby Club are recreating the Glengarth sevens atmosphere in June 2012 with the first ever 'Stockport 7s'.  Over the weekend of the 2 and 3 June there will be a Men's tournament, where the Glengarth Cup and Davenport Plate will be presented, and a Women's tournament.  There will also be a beer festival and live music and evening entertainment.  Just like the first Glengarth tournament in 1967, a committee has been formed and the memories are flooding back.  More information is available at stockport7s.com

External links
   Stockport 7s Website

Rugby sevens competitions in England

Glengarth Sevens


Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji is a rare disorder most commonly found in Japan, characterized by pruritic papules that spare the skinfolds, producing bands of uninvolved cutis, creating the so-called deck-chair sign. Frequently there is associated blood eosinophilia.  Skin biopsies reveal a dense lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, eosinophils in the papillary dermis, and increased Langerhans cells (S-100 positive). Systemic steroids are the treatment of choice and may result in long-term remissions.

It was characterized in 1984.

Use of PUVA in treatment has been described.

See also
 Pruritus
 List of cutaneous conditions
 Erythroderma

References

External links

Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions

Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji


Rural radiotelephone service (RRTS) provides basic, analog communications service between locations deemed so remote that traditional wireline service or service by other means is not feasible.  RRTS uses channelized radio to provide radiotelephone services such as Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service between a fixed subscriber location and a remote central office, private line service between a two fixed locations or interconnection between two or more central offices. RRTS does not enable mobile communications.

Licensing
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission issues initial rural radiotelephone service licenses on a site-by-site basis. Once a license is issued, the licensee can sell or lease the license to another party.

The FCC service rules for rural radiotelephone are filed in 47 C.F.R. part 22 subpart F.

Technical information
In the United States, the ULS radio service code and description for rural radiotelephone licenses is CR – Rural Radiotelephone. The licensed spectrum is divided in 44 channels of 20 kHz each.

References

Telephone services
Wireless

Rural radio service


Slavery in Egypt existed up until the early 20th century.  It differed from the previous slavery in ancient Egypt, being managed in accordance with Islamic law from the conquest of the Caliphate in the 7th century until the practice stopped in the early 20th-century, having been gradually abolished in the late 19th century. Slave trade was abolished successively between 1877 and 1884. Slavery itself was not abolished, but it gradually died out after the abolition of the slave trade, since no new slaves could be legally acquired. Existing slaves were noted as late as the 1930s.

During the Islamic history of Egypt, slavery were mainly focused on three categories: male slaves used for soldiers and bureaucrats, female slaves used for sexual slavery as concubines, and female slaves and eunuchs used for domestic service in harems and private households.  At the end of the period, there were a growing agricultural slavery.  The people enslaved in Egypt during Islamic times mostly came from Europe and Caucasus (which where referred to as "white"), or from the Sudan and Africa South of the Sahara through the Trans-Saharan slave trade (which where referred to as "black").

To this day, Egypt remains a source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking, particularly forced labor and forced prostitution (cf. human trafficking in Egypt).

Abbasid Caliphate: 750–935

Egypt was under the Abbasid Caliphate in 750–935.

During this period, slaves in Egypt were either born into slavery, or captives of slavers had who imported them from outside the Realm of Islam, and preserved documents suggest that it was imported slaves who dominated Egypt's slave market. Islam's encouragement to manumit slaves, and the free status granted to children a slave and master (coupled with the fact that most children born to slaves had free fathers), indicate that Egypt was dependent upon a steady flow of new slaves to uphold the slave population, since few slaves born to slaves became slaves themselves.

One slave route was from people with whom Egypt had a treaty. Egypt and Nubia maintained peace on the basis of the famous Baqṭ treaty, in which Nubia annually supplied slaves to Egypt, and Egypt textiles and wheat to Nubia. The baqt did not allow for direct slave raids to Nubia, however egypt did purchase Nubian slaves captured by the Buja tribes living in the Eastern Desert of Nubia, as well as Buja slaves captured by Nubians; Egypt also conducted slave raids to Nubia or Buja whenever they broke the conditions of the treaty. Private Egyptian slave traders also conducted slave raids from Egypt's African hinterland using local violations of the peace agreements as a pretext. Egyptian slave traders often gave wrong origin of their captives on the slave market, making it impossible to know if the slaves had been captured from a people with whom Egypt had a peace agreement.

A second route was from areas with whom Egypt had no treaty, which in Islamic law made slave raids legal. Slave merchants also traded in people captured from nations with whom Muslim authorities had no peace agreement. The History of the Patriarchs noted that slave raides where conducted against the coasts of Byzantine Asia Minor and Europe, during which "Muslims carried off the Byzantines from their lands and brought a great number of them to Egypt (or Fusṭāṭ [Miṣr])". The 10th-century Ḥudūd al-ʿālam claims that Egyptian merchants kidnapped children from the "Blacks" south of Nubia, castrating the boys before trafficking them into Egypt.

A third route was when slave merchant illegally captured other Egyptians, which was forbidden by law. The captured Egyptians were normally either non-Muslim Egyptians, such as Coptic Christians, or the children of black former slaves.

In this period, the perhaps most significant slave market place in Egypt was Fusṭāṭ. Slave merchants from the Near East, Byzantium, Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean islands trafficked and soled slaves in Egypt, where according the Egyptian jurist Aṣbagh b. al-Faraj (d. 839) "people desire above all imported slaves", and among the slaves trafficked were slaves of Slavic, European or Anatolian, Berber, and Sudanic African origin. The merchants sold eunuchs and "slave women (jawārī) and female servants (waṣāʾif)", and slaves are mentioned as perform extra-domestic tasks, ran errands, delivered or collected messages or goods, assisted their masters on business journeys or managed affairs during their masters absence, and was used as sex slaves (concubines).

Fatimid Caliphate: 909–1171

Harem slavery

Female slaves were primarily used as either domestic servants, or as concubines (sex slaves).

The Abbasid harem system came to be a role model for the harems of later Islamic rulers, and the same model can be found in subsequent Islamic nations during the Middle Ages, including the harem of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt. The Fatimid harem consisted of the same model as the Abbasid harem, and was organized in a model in which the mother took the first rank, followed by slave concubines who became umm walad when giving birth; enslaved female Jawaris entertainers, enslaved female stewardesses named qahramana's, and eunuchs.

The slave market classified the slave in accordance with racial stereotypes; Berber slave women were seen as ideal for housework, sexual services and childbearing; black slave women as docile, robust and excellent wet nurses; Byzantine (Greek) as slaves who could be entrusted with valuables; Persian women as good child-minders; Arab slave women as accomplished singers, while Indian and Armenian girls were seen as hard to manage and control; the younger girls, the more attractive on the market.

Mamluk era: 935–1517

Military slavery
From 935 to 1250, Egypt was controlled by dynastic rulers, notably the Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids.  Throughout these dynasties, thousands of Mamluk servants and guards continued to be used and even took high offices. The Mamluks were essentially enslaved mercenaries. Originally the Mamluks were slaves of Turkic origin from the Eurasian Steppe, but the institution of military slavery spread to include Circassians, Abkhazians, Georgians, Armenians, and Russians, as well as peoples from the Balkans such as Albanians, Greeks, and South Slavs (see Saqaliba).

This increasing level of influence among the Mamluk worried the Ayyubids in particular. Because Egyptian Mamluks were enslaved Christians, Islamic rulers did not believe they were true believers of Islam despite fighting for wars on behalf of Islam as slave soldiers.

In 1250, a Mamluk rose to become sultan.  The Mamluk Sultanate survived in Egypt from 1250 until 1517, when Selim captured Cairo on 20 January. Although not in the same form as under the Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but as vassals of the Ottomans.

By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from sub-Saharan Africa, and racist attitudes occurred, exemplified by the Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals."

Ottoman Egypt: 1517–1805

Harem slavery
The Mamluk aristocrats, who were themselves often Circassian or from Georgia, preferred to marry women of similar ethnicity, while black slave women were used as domestic maids, and the majority of the wives and concubines of the Mamluk have been referred to as "white slaves".  The white slave women bought to become concubines and wives of the Mamluks were often from the Caucasus (Circassians or Georgian) who were sold to slave traders by their poor parents.

It was common practice for the men of the Egyptian Mamluk upper class to marry a woman who had previously been the slave concubine of either themselves or another Mamluk, and the practice of marrying the concubine or the widow of another Mamluk were a way of normal Mamluk alliance policy.  The marriage between Murad Bey and Nafisa al-Bayda, widow of Ali Bey al-Kabir, was an example of this marriage policy, similar to that of Shawikar Qadin, the concubine of Uthman Katkhuda (d. 1736), who were given in marriage by Abd al-Rahman Jawish to Ibrahum Katkhuda (d. 1754) after the death of Uthman Katkhuda.

Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805–1914

The number of slaves in Egypt has been estimated to be at least 30,000 slaves in Egypt at any time in the 19th-century. In Egypt, the slave concubines in the harems of rich Egyptian men were often Circiassian women, while the concubines of middle class Egyptians were often Abyssinians; while the male and female domestic slaves of almost all classes of Egyptian society often consisted of Black Africans. Black Africans were also used as slave soldiers as well as enslaved agricultural workers.

Slave trade

The Egyptian slave dealers in Egypt were mainly from the Oases and from Upper Egypt. The slave traders were organized in a guild with a shaykh, and divided into dealers in black and white slaves respectively. Cairo was the main depot of slaves and the base of the slave trade, but the annual mawlid of Ṭanṭā was another important occasion for trading in slaves.

African slaves were trafficked to Egypt via several different routes: from Darfur to Asyūṭ; from Sennar to Isnā; from the area of the White Nile; from Bornu and Wadāy by way of Libya; and, finally, from Abyssinia and the East African by way of the Red Sea. White slaves were trafficked to Egypt from the Black Sea area by way of Istanbul.

Agricultural slavery
The use of Sudanese in agriculture become fairly common under Muhammad Ali of Egypt and his successors. Agricultural slavery was virtually unknown in Egypt at this time, but the rapid expansion of extensive farming under Muhammad Ali and later, the world surge in the price of cotton caused by the American Civil War, were factors creating conditions favourable to the deployment of unfree labour.  The slaves worked primarily on estates owned by Muhammad Ali and members of his family, and it was estimated in 1869, that Khedive Isma'il and his family had 2,000 to 3,000 slaves on their main estates as well as hundreds more in their sugar plantations in Upper Egypt.

Harem slavery
The royal harem during the Muhammad Ali dynasty of the Khedivate of Egypt (1805–1914) was modelled after Ottoman example, the khedives being the Egyptian viceroys of the Ottoman sultans. Similar to the Ottoman Imperial harem, the harem of the khedive was modelled on a system of polygyny based on slave concubinage, in which each wife or concubine was limited to having one son.

The khedive's harem was composed of between several hundreds to over a thousand enslaved women, supervised by his mother, the walida pasha, and his four official wives (hanim) and recognized concubines (qadin).  However, the majority of the slave women served as domestics to his mother and wives, and could have servant offices such as the bash qalfa, chief servant slave woman of the walida pasha.

The enslaved female servants of the khedivate harem were manumitted and married off with a trosseau in strategic marriages to the male slaves (kul or mamluk) who were trained to become officers and civil servants, in order to ensure the fidelity of their husband's to the khedive when they begun their military or state official career.

A minority of the slave women were selected to become the personal servants (concubines) of the khedive, often selected by his mother: they could become his wives, and would in any case become free as an umm walad (or mustawlada) if they had children with him.

The Egyptian elite of bureaucrat families, who emulated the khedive, had similar harem customs, and it was noted that it was common for Egyptian upper-class families to have slave women in their harem, which they manumitted to marry off to male protegees.  Muhammad Ali of Egypt reportedly had at least 25 consorts (wives and concubines), and Khedive Ismail fourteen.

The women harem slaves mostly came from Caucasus and were referred to as "white".

This system slowly and gradually started to change after 1873, when Tewfik Pasha married Emina Ilhamy as his sole consort, making monogamy the fashionable ideal among the elite, after the throne succession had been changed to primogeniture, which favored monogamy.  Around the same time, the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms abolished the custom of training male slaves to become military men and civil servants, and replaced them with free students.

Military slavery

To prepare for the training of his Sudanese slave army, Muhammad Ali sent a corps of Mamluks to Aswan where, in 1820, he had new barracks built to house them. The head of the military academy at Aswan was a French officer who had served under Napoleon, Colonel Octave-Joseph Anthelme Sève, who became a Muslim and is known in Egyptian history as Sulayman Pasha al-Faransawi. When they arrived in Aswan, each of the Sudanese was vaccinated and given a calico vest, then instructed in Islam. The exact numbers of Sudanese brought to Aswan and Muhammad Ali's other military training centre at Manfalut is not known, but it is certain that a great number died en route. Of those who arrived, many died of fevers, chills and the dryness of the climate. Of an estimated 30,000 Sudanese brought to Aswan in 1822 and 1823, only 3,000 survived.

After 1823, Muhammad Ali's priority was to reduce the cost of garrisoning Sudan, where 10,000 Egyptian infantry and 9,000 cavalry were committed.  The Egyptians made increasing use of enslaved Sudanese soldiers to maintain their rule, and relied very heavily on them. A more or less official ratio was established, requiring that Sudan provide 3,000 slaves for every 1,000 soldiers sent to subjugate it. This ratio could not be achieved however because the death rate of slaves delivered to Aswan was so high. Muhammad Ali's Turkish and Albanian troops that partook in the Sudan campaign were not used to weather conditions of the area and attained fevers and dysentery while there with tensions emerging and demands to return to Egypt. In addition the difficulties of capturing and raising an army from Sudanese male slaves during the campaign were reasons that led Muhammad Ali toward eventually recruiting local Egyptians for his armed forces.

Abolition

The Ottoman Empire granted Egypt the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867. Isma'il Pasha (Khedive from 1863 to 1879) and Tewfik Pasha (Khedive from 1879 to 1892) governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882, after which it came under British influence. This influenced the policy around slavery in Egypt.

The Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention or Anglo-Egyptian Convention for the Abolition of Slavery in 1877 officially banned the slave trade to Sudan, thus formally putting an end on the import of slaves from Sudan.  Sudan was at this time the main import of male slaves to Egypt. This ban was followed in 1884 by a ban on the import of white women; this law was directed against the import of white women (mainly from Caucasus and usually Circassians), which were the preferred choice for harem concubines among the Egyptian upper class.  The import of male slaves from Sudan as soldiers, civil service and eunuchs, as well as the import of female slaves from Caucasus as harem women were the two main sources of slave import to Egypt, thus these laws were, at least on paper, major blows on Slavery in Egypt.  Slavery itself was not banned, only the import of slaves. However a ban on the sale on existing slaves was introduced alongside a law giving existing slaves the legal right to apply for manumission.

The anti slavery reforms gradually diminished the Khedive harem, though the harem of the Khedive as well as the harems of the elite families still maintained a smaller amount of both male eunuchs as well as slave women until at least World War I.  Khedive Abbas II of Egypt are noted to have bought six "white female slaves" for his harem in 1894, ten years after this had formally been banned, and his mother still maintained sixty slaves as late as 1931.

Gallery

See also
 Human trafficking in Egypt

References

Egypt
Human rights abuses in Egypt
Islam and slavery
Anti-black racism in Africa

Slavery in Egypt


Scott Poulson-Bryant is an American journalist and author. One of the co-founding editors of Vibe magazine in 1992 (and the editor who gave the magazine its name), Poulson-Bryant's journalism, profiles, reviews, and essays have appeared in such publications as the New York Times, the Village Voice, Rolling Stone, Spin, Essence, Ebony, and The Source. He is the author of HUNG: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America (published by Doubleday Books in 2006) and a novel called The VIPs.

Early life and education
Poulson-Bryant was born and raised in Long Island, New York. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University (2008, though he was originally in the Class of 1988). He recently completed his PhD in American Studies at Harvard University and was a tutor in Kirkland House. He has joined the faculty of Fordham University and will start teaching fall 2016.

Career
Most notable for covering trends in urban youth and popular culture, Poulson-Bryant's 1988 Village Voice cover story about Voguing was the first national coverage of the cultural phenomenon. His ground-breaking VIBE profiles of Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs (1992) and De La Soul (1993) won the ASCAP Deems Taylor Awards for Excellence in Music Journalism. His Puff Daddy profile also won the Best Feature Writing award from New York chapter of the National Association of Black Journalists. Before helping to launch VIBE, he was a staff writer at SPIN, and from 2006–2008, he was editorial director of GIANT Magazine.

Poulson-Bryant has profiled and written cover stories on such media notables as Janet Jackson, Will Smith, Prince, Beyoncé, Eminem, Quincy Jones, R. Kelly, Eddie Murphy, Usher, Lenny Kravitz, Bobby Brown, Chloë Sevigny, Public Enemy, Ice Cube, LL Cool J, Jennifer Hudson, Dennis Rodman, Shaquille O'Neal, Mike Tyson, Pam Grier, Tyson Beckford, Scottie Pippen, Regina Belle, Jody Watley, Boyz II Men, Martin Lawrence, and many others. From 1994 to 1996, he was a panelist on VH1's weekly music roundtable show Four on the Floor.

His short stories and articles have been anthologized in And It Don't Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years, Kevin Powell's Step into a World: A Global Anthology of the New Black Literature, Marita Golden and E. Lynn Harris' GUMBO, and Rachel Kramer Bussell's Best Sex Writing 2008.

In 2008–09, he taught journalism at Brown University, in Providence, Rhode Island.

Works
(2002) What's Your Hi-Fi Q: 30 Years of Black Music Trivia (with Smokey Fontaine)
(2006) HUNG: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America
(2010) The VIPs (a novel)

References

External links

Living people
American male journalists
Brown University faculty
American magazine editors
American short story writers
American music critics
American music journalists
African-American writers
African-American journalists
American male short story writers
Harvard University alumni
Brown University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American people

Scott Poulson-Bryant


The Bridge of Lions is a double-leaf bascule bridge that spans the Intracoastal Waterway in St. Augustine, Florida, United States. A part of State Road A1A, it connects downtown St. Augustine to Anastasia Island across Matanzas Bay. A pair of copies of the marble Medici lions guard the bridge, begun in 1925 and completed in 1927. They were removed in February 2005 and returned in March 2011.

Roads & Bridges magazine named the Bridge of Lions as fourth in the nation's top 10 bridges for 2010. Projects were evaluated based on size, community impact and challenges resolved.

The United States Department of Transportation declared the bridge "structurally deficient and functionally obsolete" in 1999, prompting heated debates on what to do with the structure. A restoration plan was approved, but opponents continued to voice their opposition. Reynolds, Smith & Hills from nearby Jacksonville was awarded the engineering and design contract, estimated at $77 million, and projected to require five years to complete.

First Bridge
Prior to the Bridge of Lions in 1925, there was a wooden bridge, called simply, "The Bridge to Anastasia Island" or "South Beach railroad bridge".  It was built in 1895, and after a major renovation in 1904, the bridge could accommodate a trolley.   The span contained no rise, and had a movable opening for ship traffic, and charged a toll for transit.

Original Bridge of Lions

The old bridge frequently broke down, leading to calls for its replacement over the years.  The man considered the "Father of the Bridge of Lions" was Henry Rodenbaugh, the vice president and bridge expert for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway.  In the early 1920s he organized the bond issue to finance the new bridge, selected engineers J. E. Greiner Company to design it—and had his young daughter Jean pour the first bucket of concrete when the work began in 1925.  Its construction came at the height of the extravagant Florida land boom of the 1920s, and the bridge is one of its greatest landmarks.  It was designed not merely to carry cars, but to be a work of art, and it cost ten times as much as more prosaic bridges constructed nearby at the same time. It was completed after the land boom busted, and the 1927 dedication ceremony had to be paired with the annual Ponce de Leon Celebration in cash-strapped St. Augustine.

The Bridge of Lions is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was included by the National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) on its list of the "11 Most Endangered Historic Sites" in the nation for 1997.  The Bridge of Lions was later featured on the cover of the Trust's 1999 engagement calendar.

From its earliest days, it was hailed as "The Most Beautiful Bridge in Dixie." It has long been a symbol of the nation's oldest city.

It gets its name from two Carrara marble Medici lions statues that are copies of those found in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, Italy.  The statues were a gift of Dr. Andrew Anderson (1839–1924), the builder of the Markland House, who spent the last decade of his life putting works of art in public places in the Ancient City. The statues were his last gift, and he did not live long enough to see them installed.  He had them made by the Romanelli Studios in Florence, Italy, which a decade earlier had provided him with smaller versions which he displayed on the front steps at Markland. The Medici lions are also known for the copies placed in the Throne Room of the Royal Palace of Madrid.

Temporary bridge
A temporary bridge was constructed adjacent to the original bridge and traffic was diverted to this structure while the original bridge was being rehabilitated and reconstructed to look like its predecessor.  After nearly 80 years of service, an official closing ceremony for the original Bridge of Lions was held on May 26, 2006. Isabella Heard, one of the young girls on the lead float in the opening of the bridge in 1927, was there, in a wheelchair, to tie the ribbon for its closing 79 years later.

Several components of the original bridge were either rehabilitated or returned (as lost components) to the rehabilitated bridge.  Primarily, the exterior or fascia steel girders were rehabilitated along with the bascule tower piers. Once the rehabilitation of the original bridge was completed, at a total project cost of $80 million and 4 percent over budget, the temporary bridge was removed and used as part of an artificial reef just offshore. The two lions were in safe storage for the duration of the construction.

New Bridge of Lions
Renovation work was completed on March 17, 2010 when it reopened for use. Following the removal of the temporary bridge (to an offshore reef), and landscaping, the restored Lion statues were returned after a 6-year absence, early in the morning of March 15, 2011, principally completing the bridge renovation project.

The current bridge's west entrance features manicured gazebos, landscaped palm trees and a new publicly accessible dock extending partially into the bay.
Currently per the Code of Federal Regulations, the bridge opens when requested by a vessel, but only on the hour and half hour between 7:00am and 6:00pm, excluding at 8:00am, 12:00pm, and 5:00pm on Monday through Friday other than federal holidays in the United States.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

Bridges completed in 1927
Bascule bridges in the United States
Intracoastal Waterway
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in St. Johns County, Florida
Buildings and structures in St. Augustine, Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in St. Johns County, Florida
Drawbridges on the National Register of Historic Places
Former toll bridges in Florida
1927 establishments in Florida
Steel bridges in the United States
Sculptures of lions

Bridge of Lions


J. M. "Jim" Whorton is the owner of an automobile sales business and a former Democratic member of the Missouri House of Representatives.  He resides with his wife, Beverly, in Trenton, Missouri.

He was born in southwestern Grundy County, Missouri, and graduated from Trenton High School.  He went on to Trenton Junior College, and received a B.S. degree in agriculture from the University of Missouri.  He continued with post-graduate work there and at the University of Minnesota.  He also served nine years with the United States Air National Guard and Reserves.

He is a member of the Wesley United Methodist Church, Trenton Masonic Lodge #111, Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity, the Trenton Area Chamber of Commerce, the National Rifle Association, the American Legion, the Elks Lodge, and the Missouri and Grundy County Farm Bureaus.

He was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in a special election in 2001, and won re-election in 2002, 2004, and 2006. Mr. Whorton was term-limited under Missouri law from running for reelection in 2008.

References

Official Manual, State of Missouri, 2005-2006. Jefferson City, MO: Secretary of State.
''http://www.stjoenews.net/news/2008/feb/27/filings-pour-statewide-offices/?local.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Trenton, Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
American United Methodists

J. M. Whorton


The Encyclopaedia of Oxford is an encyclopaedia covering the history of Oxford in England.

The book was published by Macmillan in 1988 (). It was edited by the Oxford-educated historian Christopher Hibbert with the help of the associate editor, his brother Edward Hibbert.

The encyclopaedia was published in hardback and then a paperback version (Papermac, reissued in 1992, ), but only one edition was produced and copies are now sought, typically selling for more than the original selling price of £25 for the hardback edition, even in paperback form.

The book mainly consists of detailed historical entries in alphabetical order. Many entries concern architecture and buildings, and the University of Oxford and its colleges. Appendices include lists of notable people who have held important offices associated with Oxford, especially the University, in date order.

See also
 The London Encyclopaedia, also edited by Christopher Hibbert

References

1988 non-fiction books
Oxford
Encyclopedias of history
History books about England
History of Oxford
History of the University of Oxford
Books about Oxford
20th-century encyclopedias

The Encyclopaedia of Oxford


Haci Arif Bey (1831-1885) was a Circassian Turkish composer from Istanbul, most known for his compositions in the şarkı form, the most common secular form in Turkish classical music. He was a very prolific composer, who on some days, composed
more than 6-7 songs. From his third wife Nigârnik Hanım he has 4 great grandchildren; Turkish Diplomat Reha Aytaman, Şira Arıkoğlu, Okşan Aytaman and Murat Aytaman.

Biography
He was born in the Eyüp district of Istanbul. He was taught by the famous Dede Efendi. After Sultan Abdülmecid I became aware of his beautiful voice, he was admitted to the Muzika-yi Humayun, which was the Imperial Military Music School in the Ottoman Empire. Due to his closeness to the Sultan, he was
responsible for teaching music to the women in the harem. He fell in love with one of the Circassian concubines, Çeşm-i Dilber, and had two children with her. He composed several songs after she left him for a merchant. His next wife from the harem also met with a  death from tuberculosis, also a cause for several songs by Arif Bey. He was elected the head singer in the palace, and married a third time with Circassian Nigârnik Hanım, and stayed with her until his death.

Toward the end of his life, Haci Arif Bey had a fall out with the emperor Abdul Hamid II at the time, and was jailed for about 50 days. While there, he composed several songs, which were later appreciated by Abdul Hamid II, and he was forgiven. He taught at the Imperial Music School for the rest of his life.

Major works
 Olmaz ilâç sine-i sad pâreme
 Bakmıyor çeşm-i siyah feryâde
 Vücud ikliminin sultanı sensin
 Meyhanemi bu, bezm-i tarahhane-i cem mi
 Çekme elem-i derdini bu dehr-i fenanın
 Deva yokmuş neden bimarı aşka
 Geçti zahm-i tîri hicrin ta dil-i naşadıma
 İltimas etmeye yâre varınız
 Gözümden gitmiyor bir dem hayalin
 Kanlar döküyor derdin ile dide-i giryan
 Hâtırımdan çıkmaz asla ahd u peymânın senin
 Sayd eyledi bu gönlümü bir gözleri âhû
 Gurub etti güneş dünya karardı
 Çözülme zülfüme ey dil rüba, dil bağlayanlardan
 Ben buy-i vefa bekler iken sûy-i çemende
 Humarı yok bozulmaz meclis-i meyhane-i aşkın
 Tasdî edeyim yari biraz da sühanimle
 Bir halet ile süzdü yine çeşmini dildar
 Esti nesîm-i nevbahar açıldı güller subh dem

References
 Who is Who - Hacı Arif Bey (1831 - 1885)
 Culture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey - Biography of Hacı Arif Bey

Composers of Ottoman classical music
Composers of Turkish makam music
1831 births
Musicians from Istanbul
1885 deaths
Turkish classical composers
19th-century classical composers
Male classical composers
19th-century male musicians
Burials at Eyüp Cemetery

Hacı Arif Bey


Three Loves is a 1932 novel by Scottish author A. J. Cronin about the loves of Lucy Moore – her husband, her son, and God. Initially published by Gollancz, the story demonstrates how a virtue can become a vice when misguided in seeking rewards other than those in and of itself.  The self-satisfied Lucy loves her husband, yet she yearns to improve him so that she can love him even more. To teach him hospitality she invites Cousin Anna, against his protest, to their home. Anna's free and easy behavior soon makes Lucy forget hospitality, and she thinks only of her husband's possible infidelity, which eventually alienates him. When her husband is driven from the house, Anna goes with him, but he is drowned in the ensuing pursuit. Lucy then turns to her son, Peter, and works extremely hard so that he may become a doctor.  She accepts no help and refuses to even marry in order to preserve the purity of her motives.  Her motherly love is not so pure as she thinks; when Peter marries, her life is ruined once again.

Disappointed in men, Lucy gives all her love to God. As an aged novice in a Belgian monastery, she forces herself to endure disciplinary mortifications for her new love's sake. However, her wearied body cannot stand the strain, and growing sick, she is sent back to England. When her son, through no fault of his own, fails to meet her train, she waits for him on the station platform until she falls. After a brief agony in a hospital, Lucy dies.

Reception
The novel was listed in Publishers Weekly Bestseller list in 1934.

References

Novels by A. J. Cronin
1932 British novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Little, Brown and Company books

Three Loves


José Manuel Mijares Morán (born 7 February 1958 in Mexico City) is an adult-contemporary pop singer who is billed as Manuel Mijares () or simply as Mijares. He began his career at age 23 and achieved high popularity from the mid-80s to mid 90s in Latin America and Japan mainly. From 1997 to 2011 he was married to Mexican singer/actress Lucero, with whom he has two children.

Biography
He was born in Hospital Español in Mexico City. His mother was a dance teacher and he names her as an artistic influence. As a child, he was part of the elementary school chorus. He later formed musical groups with friends. As an adult, he received a degree in business administration in the Intercontinental University (Universidad Intercontinental México).

On March 4, 2011, after 14 years of marriage, he and Lucero announced to the media that they had separated.

1981 to 1989
He made his professional debut in 1981 in a local festival called Valores Juveniles. After living in Japan, where he performed in a nightclub, Mijares worked as a background singer for Latin pop star Emmanuel.

In 1985, he represented Mexico in the OTI Festival, earning "Revelation of the Festival". In 1986, he started his solo career after signing with EMI, issuing a self-titled album that featured his first international hits: "Bella" ("Beautiful woman"), "Soñador"  ("Dreamer"), "Poco a poco" ("Little by little") and "Siempre" ("Always"), the latter composed by the Nicaraguan songwriter Hernaldo Zúñiga. His debut album was originally credited to "Manuel Mijares", but the disc was later reissued with the billing changed to simply "Mijares." All subsequent recordings were billed under the name "Mijares."

He made his debut as an actor in the 1987 movie Escápate Conmigo. The film was a hit, but his acting career has been limited to cameos, however it was on that shoot he met his wife.

The album Amor y Rock And Roll was released the same year, achieving more success through the single "No se murió el amor" ("The love did not die"), it was his breakout release around the world, it became a number one hit in Mexico and top ten in Japan in the summer of 1987. The album's second single "Un montón de verano" ("A heap of summer"), is also a Hernaldo Zúñiga's composition. Mijares earned the gold medal at the  Yamaha Music Festival, something that few Latin singers have achieved.

Both Uno Entre Mil (1988) and Un Hombre Discreto (1989) continued his winning streak, achieving gold and platinum certification. Singles included "Soldado del amor" ("Soldier of love"), "Uno entre mil" ("One among a thousand"),  "Baño de Mujeres" ("Ladies Room") and "Para Amarnos Más" ("To love each other more"), it was the biggest hit from the album, the single reached the top position in Mexico, Argentina and Spain; it also peaked at number three on the U.S Hot Latin Tracks chart.

He also performed on the Spanish-language soundtrack of Walt Disney Pictures's Oliver & Company.

The 1990s
In 1990, Mijares released a one-off album recorded in Italian, Nuda liberta. He then followed with Que Nada Nos Separe, which became one of the biggest-selling discs in his career.

In 1992, he released Maria Bonita, a collection of boleros with the title track serving as a tribute to actress María Félix. Bebu Silvetti produced the album, which became Mijares' biggest-selling album to date. The disc was named album of the year by El Heraldo.  The same year, he performed the Spanish-language version of the title track to the movie Beauty and the Beast along with Rocío Banquells.

In 1993, he performed the theme of the telenovela Corazón salvaje, a major hit single. The song was included on the disc Encadenado.

In 1996, technology allowed Mijares to sing with the deceased Pedro Infante on the well-received Querido Amigo.

On January 18, 1997, he married Lucero. The news of their marriage would become an international event and Televisa earned the rights to televise it, gaining more than 40 million viewers.

In 1998, El Privilegio de Amar achieved platinum status in Mexico, powered by the title track, which featured Lucero on backing vocals.

2000 - present
In 2000, DreamWorks selected him to perform three songs by Elton John in Spanish for The Road to El Dorado. This same year he released Historias de un Amor, in which he co-wrote some of the songs. Mijares' 2004 album, Cappuccino, was highlighted by a duet with Canadian singer-songwriter Gino Vannelli.  In 2005, Mijares released Honor a Quien Honor Merece, a tribute to Mexican star José José, whom he considers one of his main influences. The album received gold and platinum certification in Mexico. Also successful was Acompañame, a duet album with Yuri that achieved platinum certification in 2006. His 2008 album Hablemos de Amor performed well on the charts, powered by the hit "Te ha robado" ("He has stolen you"), which was the theme from the telenovela Querida Enemiga. The following year, Mijares moved to Warner Music Latina for the album Vivir Así. The disc reached No. 2 on the official Amprofon lists and spent more than two months in the top 10. It was certified Gold during its eighth week of release and received platinum certification a few weeks later. A sequel, Vivir Así Volumen II, was released on April 13, 2010; the album reached the top 10 and earned Gold certification. In 2011, he celebrated the 25th anniversary of his music career with two sold-out concerts at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City. A CD/DVD set capturing the show was issued in September as Mijares 25: Zona Preferente. The release debuted at No. 2 on the official Amprofon chart during its first week of release. It was certified gold a week later. His 2013 release Canto Por Ti debuted at No. 1 in Mexico, ultimately spending five non-consecutive weeks in the top spot.

Albums

Albums
 Canto Por Ti (2013)
 Mijares 25: Zona Preferente (2011)
 Vivir Así Volumen II (2010)
 Vivir Así (2009)
 Hablemos de Amor (2008)
 Swing en tu Idioma (2007)
 Acompáñame (2006)
 Honor a Quien Honor Merece (2005)
 Cappuccino (2004)
 Dulce Veneno (2002)
 En Vivo (2001)
 Historias de un Amor (2000)
 El Privilegio de Amar (1998)
 Estar sin ti (1997)
 Querido Amigo (1996)
 El Encuentro (1995)
 Vive en mí (1994)
 Encadenado (1993)
 María Bonita (1992)
 Que Nada Nos Separe (1991)
 Nuda Libertà (1990)
 Un Hombre Discreto (1989)
 Uno Entre Mil (1988)
 Amor y Rock and Roll (1987)
 Manuel Mijares (1986)

Compilations
 Las Número 1 de Mijares (2005)
 Éxitos Eternos (Mijares album) (2004)
 Yuri y Mijares:Juntos por Primera Vez (2003)
 Latin Classics Mijares (2003)
 30 Éxitos Insuperables (2003)
 Sólo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos (2002)
 Antología (2002)
 Corazón Salvaje (1994)
 Quien Eres (1993)
 Mis Mejores Canciones:17 Super Éxitos (1992)

Spanish version soundtracks
 El Dorado (2000)
 Beauty and the Beast (1992)
 Oliver & Company (1988)

Soap opera themes

Films
 Escápate Conmigo'(1987) as Manuel

See also
List of best-selling Latin music artists

References

Mexican pop singers
Mexican male film actors
1958 births
Living people
Male actors from Mexico City
Singers from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican male actors
20th-century Mexican male singers
21st-century Mexican male singers
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners

Manuel Mijares


Thomas Arnold Herbert (1863 – 22 November 1940) was a British Liberal Party politician and barrister.

Background
He was a son of Professor Thomas Martin Herbert, Professor of Philosophy and Church History at the Lancashire Independent College, whose mother was sister of Ann and Jane Taylor, authors of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. He was educated at Mill Hill School, Owens College, Manchester, and St John's College, Cambridge. He married in 1896, Elizabeth Goodier Haworth. She died in 1917.

Law career
Exhibitioner, Foundation Scholar and M'Mahon Law Student, Double First in Classical and Law Tripos, bracketed Senior in Law Tripos. In 1890 he was the winner of Yorke Prize of Cambridge University for 'The History of the Law of Prescription in England'. In 1891 he had this work published.  Equity Scholarship of the Inner Temple. He received a Call to the bar in 1889 and practised at the Chancery Bar. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1913. He served as a Justice of the Peace in Buckinghamshire.

Political career
He served as Liberal MP for Wycombe from 1906 to 1910. Standing for the first time, he gained Wycombe from the Conservative at the 1906 General Election. He served just one parliamentary term before defending his seat at the January 1910 General Election, when the Conservative Sir Charles Alfred Cripps won the seat with a majority of 17%.

He did not stand for parliament again.

Electoral record

References

External links

1863 births
1940 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
UK MPs 1906–1910

Arnold Herbert


The Niebieskie Źródła Nature Reserve, or Blue Springs in English, is a nature reserve in Poland in the city of Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It is famous for two pools fed by an underground spring which seem to "shimmer" or "ripple" at the bottom due to the action of entering water. The reserve gets its name from the unusual colour of the water. Spring water absorbs red waves, hence the light, reflected from the bottom, has blue-green colour.

The reserve lies next to the Pilica river and is right next to the Open-air museum of Pilica river. The reserve is home to 75 different species of birds.

Gallery

References

Tomaszów Mazowiecki County
Nature reserves in Poland

Niebieskie Źródła Nature Reserve


Décio Esteves da Silva (21 May 1927, in Rio de Janeiro – 25 December 2000, in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian international football player and coach.

Biography

The technically adept and flexible player was used primarily in midfield. From 1950 until 1962 he was amongst the ranks of Bangu AC, a club from the west of Rio de Janeiro, joining the club the same year like the legendary Zizinho. With 221 matches and 88 goals Dézio Esteves  belongs to the outstanding players in the history of Bangu with which he achieved 1951 the second place of the State Championship of Rio under the stewardship of the Uruguayan champion coach Ondino Viera. With coach Tim Bangu reached a third place in this competition in 1959. In the year after he won alongside Zózimo and Ademir da Guia the 1960 edition of the International Soccer League in New York, a tournament with the participation of the then English champions Burnley FC and a number of other reputable European sides. This win has since become part of the clubs folklore and is often happily interpreted as a club world championship.

In 1962 Décio Esteves joined Campo Grande AC, another western Rio side, which had just ascended to the first division of the state championship for the first time. In 1965 he ended his playing years with Olaria AC in the north of the town.

With the Brazil national football team he participated in the 1959 South American Championship in Buenos Aires, where the Seleção finished undefeated second behind the hosts. In 1960 Décio Esteves was part of the team that defeated Argentina in Buenos Aires 4-1 after extra time, winning the Copa Roca, a then regular tournament series between the two countries, for Brazil. Between 1959 and 1960 he played in total three times for his country.

Later he worked as coach for CA Carlos Renaux in Brusque in the state of Santa Catarina. In 1982, he led Campo Grande to victory in the Taça de Prata, the second level of the national Brazilian Championship and thus ascension to the first level, which marks the peak in the club's history.

2006, almost six years after his death, a state law - Lei № 3567/2006, Estado do Rio de Janeiro - gave approval to the renaming of a popular restaurant in Campo Grande, the neighbourhood of his birth, in his honour. In context his long presidency of the local Clube dos Aliados, a sports and social club, was emphasised. His tenure was marked by notable improvements to its structure such as the erection of the current seat, a gymnasium and a pool. His marriage, lasting for more than half of a century, also found mention.

References

External links
 Perfil de atletas que disputaram a Copa América, Confederação Brasileira de Futebol
 Que fim levou? - Décio Esteves, Terçeiro Tempo
 A foto em foco: Décio Esteves, Bangu AC
 Dr. Dilson de Alvarenga Menezes: Historia, Clube dos Alliados

1927 births
2000 deaths
Brazil men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian football managers
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B managers
Bangu Atlético Clube players
Campo Grande Atlético Clube players
Olaria Atlético Clube players
Campo Grande Atlético Clube managers

Décio Esteves


Lester Stanley "Les" German (June 1, 1869 – June 10, 1934) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played in all or part of six seasons in the majors between  and . He played for the Baltimore Orioles in 1890, then spent four seasons pitching for the New York Giants (1893 to 1896), finishing his career with the Washington Senators. His lifetime pitching record was 34 wins and 63 losses.

Baseball career
German pitched in a total of 129 major league games. Winning 34 and losing 63, he was the starting pitcher in 92 games and a reliever in 37. His earned-run-average for six years was 5.49. His best season was 1894 when he won nine games and lost eight for the Giants. His worst season was in 1896 when he won only two and lost 20. He was not exclusively a pitcher, for he appeared in 14 games as a third baseman, two as an outfielder, and two as a second baseman. His lifetime batting average was .206, with 408 at bats, 106 hits, including eight doubles, three triples, and three home runs, and 48 runs-batted-in. In all, he played in 147 ball games at the major league level.

In the 1893 season, German was the most successful pitcher against his old club, the Baltimore's, in the east, and against the St. Louis Browns in the west. Three of the eastern teams and two of the western did not win a game against him. In fact, German and Wilson were the best working team of the New York Batteries in 1893 according to the 1894 edition of Spalding's Official Guide to Baseball.

Personal life
Lester Stanley German, son of David and Mary Forthyse German, was born June 2, 1869. The Garretson Family Bible shows that Lester Stanley German and Alice Mary Garretson of Aberdeen were married in August 1895. They built a large Victorian home at 17 North Philadelphia Blvd. (now Route 40, then known as Broadway). It is just across the street from the Ripken Museum. The house has been converted to modern use, by adding a store front. Les and Alice lived here happily, according to family, when Les was not traveling with a team – either New York or Washington of the National League. Alice went with Les on the road trips until she became a mother.

After the two boys were born, Alice remained at home while Les made the rounds with his team. The little fellows died very early in their lives and are buried at Baker's Cemetery, at the top of the hill, where Alice and Les are both at rest. Alice died at the age of 34 in 1908 and several years later Les married again to another member of an old Aberdeen family, Grace Evans. They had a daughter, Ruth, and a son, Crosby. Much of their time was spent in Florida, but they kept the home on Broadway in Aberdeen. Lester German died in 1934.

Lester's major league career came to an end following the 1897 season. He was, insofar as can be determined, traded to a team in San Francisco where the cold wind and dampness of the Bay Area gave him a sore arm. He then began a new career as a trap-shooter. A born athlete, he was hired by the Dupont Powder Company to do trap shooting in exhibition matches. He often performed with the famous Annie Oakley.

The Aberdeen census of 1900 lists Lester German as a clerk. He sold guns and ammunition locally. He was quite a celebrity, both as a ball player and a trap-shooter, and local sportsmen depended upon him to choose their firearms. He was known for his big appetite, and he carried food with him at all times.

Les German had a remarkable career as a professional shooter for the Parker Gun Co. of Meriden, Connecticut; old Les won far more trapshooting tournaments than baseball games. In 1915 he established a new trapshooting world record by breaking 499 of 500 singles targets at the Westy Hogans shoot in Atlantic City, New Jersey. At this tournament he broke 647 of 650 singles, doubles and handicap targets.

Sources

 Baseball-almanac.com entry

1869 births
1934 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Baltimore
Baltimore Orioles (AA) players
New York Giants (NL) players
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
19th-century baseball players
Allentown Peanuts players
Lowell (minor league baseball) players
Baltimore Orioles (Atlantic Association) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Oakland Colonels players
Augusta Electricians players
New York Metropolitans (minor league) players
Rochester Patriots players
Ottawa Wanderers players
Toledo Mud Hens players

Les German


The Natural History Museum of Utah (NHMU) is a museum located in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The museum shows exhibits of natural history subjects, with an emphasis on Utah and the Intermountain West. The mission of the museum is to illuminate the natural world and the place of humans within it. A new building, named the Rio Tinto Center, opened in November 2011. The museum is part of the University of Utah and is located in the university's Research Park.

History

The museum was conceived in 1959, when the University of Utah faculty committee decided to consolidate natural history collections from around its campus. The museum was established as the Utah Museum of Natural History on the University of Utah campus in 1963 by the Utah State Legislature.

In 1969, the museum opened in the former George Thomas Library and included specimens from the Deseret Museum, as well as from the Charles Nettleton Strevell Museum that was located in the old Lafayette School on South Temple Street from 1939 until 1947.

The paleontology collections acquired a very important amount of new collected specimens during the 1960s, particularly fossilized remains of dinosaurs. It all began when a young local paleontologist called James Henry Madsen Jr. obtained his Master of Science in 1959 in the University of Utah. The following year, as of 1960, Madsen was hired as an assistant for Professor William Lee Stokes of the Princeton University, who at that time performed the dauntless project to extensively dig the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. Since the 1920s, it had been firmly established by geologists that this quarry is one of the most important paleontological sites ever found in the United States, and still in the early 1960s literally tens of thousands of disarticulated dinosaur bones were buried in the rock, awaiting to be excavated. Because the bone bed was so vast and contained a so huge quantity of fossilized bones (mainly from Allosaurus fragilis), it seemed obvious to Stokes and Madsen that it was literally impossible for a single unique institution to dig up a number of specimens being realistically representative of the overall total. To accomplish this task, or at least a reasonable part of it, Stokes and Madsen founded the "University of Utah Cooperative Dinosaur Project", thanks to initial funds allowed by the University of Utah and its Department of Geology. The project worked for 16 years in close collaboration not only with museums and institutions within the US, but also with prestigious international museums and research centers. Since financial assistance was brought by all the institutions who had participated in the project, the Dinosaur Project granted them casts or even original composite specimens of the dinosaurs found in the quarry.

In the running time of the "Cooperative Dinosaur Project" (from 1960 to 1976), literally tons of fossilized bones were dug up from the quarry, numerous remains of species as famous as Camarasaurus, Camptosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Stegosaurus, and, of course, Allosaurus, among others (Allosaurus is by far the most represented species, with 44-46 individuals found). In addition to these already known species, two new species were discovered and named: Stokesosaurus (in 1974); and Marshosaurus (in 1976); both of whose holotypes are preciously preserved in the Natural History Museum of Utah.

In 1976, the University of Utah stopped the "Cooperative Dinosaur Project". To continue financing his research, Madsen founded Dinolab, a company that cast and sold skeletons of dinosaurs to museums, institutions, or private buyers. Madsen died in 2009 and Dinolab disappeared in 2014, but thanks to the "University of Utah Cooperative Dinosaur Project" and Madsen's excavations in the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry back in the 1960s and 1970s, the Natural History Museum of Utah now is able to display the largest collection in the world of Allosaurus skeletons, among some additional dinosaur skeletal mounts belonging to other species.

In 1963, Dr. Jesse D. Jennings, a professor and archaeologist, was appointed director of the museum. The "Utah Museum of Natural History" opened to the public in 1969. Jennings was the director for 10 years.

In 1973, Don Hague, the museum's curator and first paid employee became the director. Hague led the museum for nearly 20 years, retiring in 1992.

Dr. Sarah George was the director of the museum for 27 years, from 1992 to 2019. Dr. Jason Cryan has served as the fourth executive director of the museum since March 2020.

In 2011, the museum moved from the old George Thomas Library location at 1390 Presidents Circle into the Rio Tinto Center, in the University of Utah's Research Park 301 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City.  The move also resulted in a change of name to the Natural History Museum of Utah.

The Rio Tinto Center is a  building set on a  campus in the foothills of the Wasatch Mountains. The building's highest point is a round structure on the back or east side which houses the Native Voices gallery. The architects for the building were Ennead Architects from New York City and GSBS of Salt Lake City. Ralph Appelbaum Associates designed the exhibits.

Collections and research

The Natural History Museum of Utah has more than 1.6 million objects in its collection that are used for research and education. The museum's collections emphasize the natural history of Utah and are accessible to researchers from around the world.  The majority of the collections are from public lands within the inter-mountain region of the United States.

Collections are used in studies on geological, biological, and cultural diversity, as well as the history of living systems and human cultures within the Utah region. The goal of the museum is to increase the collections while providing the widest possible access to that information.

The collection features one million objects related to anthropology.

 Archaeological collections of approximately 750,000 objects
 Associated records from more than 3,800 sites
 Ethnographic collections including more than 2,000 objects
The curator of anthropology is Duncan Metcalfe, and the collections manager is Glenna Nielsen-Grimm.

The paleontology collection includes 12,000 vertebrates, 4,000 invertebrates, and 7,000 plants. The entomology collection includes 140,000 specimens. The collection related to vertebrate zoology includes 30,000 mammals, 20,000 birds, and 18,000 reptiles. The mineralogy collection includes 3,700 minerals. The botany collection includes 123,000 specimens. The malacology collection includes 25,000 specimens.

Permanent exhibitions
The museum has ten permanent exhibitions:

 Past Worlds
 Great Salt Lake
 Life
 Land
 First Peoples
 Gems and Minerals
 Native Voices
 Sky
 Our Backyard
 Utah Futures

The museum houses a special exhibition gallery with rotating special exhibitions.

Rotating exhibitions

Educational programs
The educational programs are organized by the Education & Community Engagement Department.  Development of school programs is closely tied to the public school system's core curriculum. The museum's educational programs include:

 Self-Guided and Partner Field Trips: Students explore the museum in chaperoned groups.
 Junior Science Academy: Classes for fourth- and fifth-grade students tied to the core curriculum and held in the museum.
 Child and family programs:  After-school, Saturday, and summer classes primarily for children in grades K-6, covering natural history and science.
 Adult programs:  Workshops, lectures, and special events intended for an adult audience.

Outreach
Outreach efforts include:

 Museum on the Move:  Museum educators give core-aligned classes on five topics in fourth-grade classrooms statewide.
 Teaching Toolboxes: Teachers are able to check boxes out for 2 weeks at a time.
 Youth Teaching Youth: A program with Glendale Middle School; youth from at-risk environments are trained to instruct elementary school classes using outreach kits.  These middle school youth conduct all classroom outreach in the Salt Lake School District.  As these students graduate to high school, they are offered internships in disciplines at the museum and throughout the university.
 Traveling Treasures

Role at the University of Utah

The museum is part of the academic life of the University of Utah.  The collections offer research opportunities and provide a learning laboratory for students.  Museum programs expose students to many aspects of museum studies:  educational outreach, exhibit design and fabrication development, public relations, and curriculum development.

The museum is a repository for collections that were accumulated by the university's departments of Anthropology, Biology, and Geology.  The collections are held in trust for faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates who have access to the collections for research and teaching purposes.

In-service training is offered by the Utah Museum of Natural History Education Department; university credit can be earned with these courses, leading to salary lane changes for public school teachers.  These courses are coordinated with the Academic Outreach and Continuing Education and the Department of Teaching and Learning.  As the founder of the university's Genetic Science Learning Center, the museum continues to partner in its teacher training program.

The museum meeting rooms are available for rental for on- and off-campus groups.

References

Bibliography

External links

Dinosaur museums in the United States
Museums in Salt Lake City
Natural history museums in Utah
University museums in Utah
Buildings and structures at the University of Utah
1963 establishments in Utah
Native American museums in Utah
Paleontology in Utah
University and college buildings completed in 1963
Museums established in 1963

Natural History Museum of Utah


Solid Gold Cadillac was a British jazz-rock group set up in the early 1970s.
The band featured, variously, Roy Babbington (bass), Mike Westbrook (electric piano), Fi Trench (piano, organ), Chris Spedding (guitar), Brian Godding (guitar), Rick Morcombe (guitars), Malcolm Griffiths (trombone), Phil Minton (lead vocals, trumpet), George Khan (sax, flute), Butch Potter (bass) and Alan Jackson (drums).

The band released two albums on RCA Records: Solid Gold Cadillac (1972) and Brain Damage (1973), re-released together on CD in 1999.

References

British jazz-rock groups
British jazz ensembles
British rock music groups

Solid Gold Cadillac


The 9th Light Infantry Regiment (9e régiment d'infanterie légère) was a French army regiment. One of the most notable infantry regiments in the Napoleonic Wars, it was awarded the title "Incomparable" by Napoleon Bonaparte after their brilliant performance at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800. The regiment went on to serve with distinction in the Ulm Campaign, at the Battle of Dürenstein (11 November 1805), the Jena Campaign (1806), and the Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807). The regiment then served in the Peninsular War taking a notable role at the Battle of Talavera 27–28 July 1809 and the Siege of Badajoz (1812). Battalions from the regiment also fought on the Wagram Campaign (1809), at the Battle of Leipzig (16–19 October 1813), and Napoleon's campaigns in France (1814). During the Hundred Days the 9th Light fought at Battle of Ligny (16 June 1815) and the Battle of Wavre (18–19 June 1815). The regiment was disbanded in the aftermath of the Bourbon Restoration.

Formation

The 9th Light's origins begin in 1758 with the creation of the Volontaires de Clermont-Prince, an irregular corps of foreign mercenaries raised to fight for King Louis XV of France. The regiment was composed of a mixture of infantry, grenadiers and dragoons, and was intended to fight in the advanced guard of the army. After the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), the original regiment underwent a number of reorganizations, becoming the Légion de Clermont in 1763 and then, after a change of proprietor, the Légion de Condé in 1766. The regiment was dissolved in 1776.

In 1784, a battalion of foot chasseurs (chasseurs à pied) was added to the 4th horse chasseurs (chasseurs à cheval) and a new regiment created, called the Chasseurs des Cévennes. Many of the foot battalion's officers were veterans of the Légion de Condé.

On 17 March 1788, a reform saw the creation of twelve independent light infantry battalions. The Chasseurs des Cévennes was therefore reformed. The cavalry component of the regiment was renamed the Chasseurs de Bretagne (later 10th horse chasseurs). The infantry battalion retained the title Cévennes and was ranked ninth among the twelve light infantry battalions.

On 1 January 1791, the French army was stripped of its feudal regimental titles. The Cévennes battalion became known as the 9th Battalion of Foot Chasseurs.

Amalgamations

On 5 March 1794 the 9th Battalion of Foot Chasseurs was amalgamated with two battalions of National Guard Volunteers, both of which had recently created from smaller 'free corps' of light infantry.

28th (b) Battalion of Chasseurs
Formed on 14 February 1794 and composed of:
2nd Company, Chasseurs of the Louvre
Company of Tirailleurs (lit. sharpshooters) of the Meuse
Company of Chasseurs de la Mort (lit. Death)
Company of Chasseurs of Mont d'Havre
Company of Chasseurs of Morbihan
Company of Chasseurs of the Seine and Marne

Battalion of Scouts of the Meuse
Formed on 12 September 1793 and composed of:
Four companies of Chasseurs of the Meuse
Free Corps of the Meuse
Free Corps of Guillaumes
Two Companies, Chasseurs of L'Herault.

This new force became known as the 9th Half-Brigade of Light Infantry. It was unaffected by a second wave of amalgamations which occurred in the spring of 1796. In fact, the 9th Light was unique among France's infantry regiments in retaining the same regimental number from 1791 until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.

On 24 September 1803, the 9th Light was retitled 9th Regiment of Light Infantry (9e régiment d'infanterie légère); often abbreviated to 9th Light (9e léger).

On 1 August 1814, the 9th Light was merged with the first and fourth battalions of the 36th Light. Being the senior regiment, it retained its title.

Military operations

War of the First Coalition (1792-1797)

The 9th Light served principally in the Army of the Ardennes and then the Army of the Sambre and Meuse through this first phase of conflict. Their baptism of fire came on 23 May 1793 at a skirmish with the Austrians near Philippeville in Belgium. It was present at the Battle of Neerwinden (18 March 1793), the Battle of Hondschoote (6 September 1793), the Battle of Wattignies (15–16 October 1793) and the Battle of Fleurus (26 June 1794). The 9th Light saw action in numerous actions serving with the celebrated advanced guard division of General François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers.

War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802)

Earmarked as part of the Army of England in 1797, the 9th was assigned to the Paris garrison and remained in the French capital until the autumn of 1799. After the Brumaire coup d'état, two battalions of the 9th Light were sent to suppress a royalist uprising in the west of France. The third battalion was sent to reinforce the French troops in Switzerland. The 9th Light was assigned to the Army of the Reserve in the spring of 1800 and put in the division of General Jean Boudet, along with the 30th and 59th Line Half-Brigades.
Boudet's division participated in the Battle of the Chiusella (26 May 1800) and numerous actions on the way to seize Milan. The 9th was particularly distinguished in the attempt to force a crossing over the River Po at Piacenza (5–7 June 1800).
On 14 June 1800 the 9th Light distinguished itself at the Battle of Marengo, earning the title L'Incomparable. The day before the battle, Boudet's Division had been sent to block the Alessandria-Genoa road. Under the command of General Louis Desaix, Boudet's troops arrived late on the battlefield, by which time the French army had been forced to retreat. While Desaix conferred with the First Consul, Boudet was ordered to delay the Austrian advanced guard under General Anton von Zach. The 9th Light attacked the Austrian column and forced it to deploy, giving time for French artillery to be brought up and for the remainder of Boudet's infantry to deploy. When preparations for a counterattack were completed, Desaix put himself at the head of the 9th Light where he was killed at the beginning of the attack. A cavalry charge led by General François Étienne de Kellermann crowned the attack and threw the Austrian advanced guard into confusion. By nightfall the Austrians were pushed back and Napoleon was able to declare a famous victory, albeit one plucked from the jaws of defeat.

War of the Third Coalition (1805)

After a spell forming the Paris garrison the 9th Light was ordered to Normandy in the summer of 1803 to prepare for the invasion of England. Towards the end of the year the regiment was transferred by sea to the camps being formed around Boulogne. The 9th Light was based at the camp of Montreuil near Étaples, forming the 1st Brigade of the division of General Dupont in Marshal Ney's VI Corps of the Grand Army. In August 1805 Ney's Corps was ordered to quit the Channel coast and march on Germany to face an Austro-Russian force which was assembling on the Danube. The 9th Light were distinguished at Haslach on 11 October and took part in the pursuit of the Austrian forces attempting to escape from the city of Ulm. Transferring to VII Corps under Marshal Mortier, the 9th Light again distinguished itself at Dürenstein on 11 November 1805. Following this battle, Dupont's Division was considered exhausted and was sent to garrison Vienna. The 9th Light therefore missed the Austerlitz, the culminating battle of the war on 2 December 1805.

War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807)

Peninsular War (1808-1814)

On 27–28 July, the regiment took part in the battle of Talavera where they were part of Ruffins 1st Division when they made a daring night assault on an apparently defenseless hill, initially they beat back two battalions of the Kings German Legion, three British battalions counterattacked and the 9th were beaten back with 300 casualties.

War of the Fifth Coalition(1809)

War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)

The Hundred Days(1815)

Dissolution
Following Napoleon's second abdication and the return of the Bourbons, the Imperial army was disbanded. Through the course of September 1815 the 9th Light's soldiers were either sent home, or marched off to form the nucleus of a new French army.

The regimental stores and treasury eventually went to a new entity called the Legion of Ardennes. This was reformed in 1820 and called the 1st Light Infantry; then the 76th Line Infantry Regiment in 1855.

However, when a new 9th Light Infantry was formed in 1820, this regiment adopted the traditions of its Napoleonic forebears even through there was no administrative link or shared personnel. In 1855 the 9th Light was reformed as the 84th Line Infantry Regiment.

Commanders
The list of commanders for the 9th Light Infantry was wrongly cited in the official regimental history. Based on the surviving correspondence in the French army's archives, the following list of commanders is accurate.

Colonel Viscount François-Emmanuel de Toulongeon (24 September 1784)
Lieutenant-Colonel Chevalier Joseph de Barroussel (1 May 1788)
Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre Justin Marchand de Villionne (1 April 1790)
Lieutenant-Colonel Jacques-Marie-Blaise Segond de Sederon (25 July 1791)
Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu Labassée (6 April 1793)
Brigade Commander (chef de brigade) Michel Eirisch (19 February 1794)
Brigade Commander Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga (4 June 1797)
Brigade Commander Mathieu Labassée (4 January 1800)
Colonel Claude Marie Meunier (19 July 1803)
Colonel Guilhem Dauture (18 February 1810)
Colonel Claude-Marcel D'Eslon (25 November 1813)
Colonel Paul Hyppolite Alexandre Baume (1 August 1814)

Note: Mathieu Labassée enjoyed two spells as commander. His first tenure came to an end with the amalgamation of the original foot battalion in 1794.

Ranks and Hierarchy

 Chasseur
 Chasseur with 10 years service
 Chasseur with 15 years service
 Chasseur with 20 years service
 Caporal
 Caporal with 10 years service
 Caporal-Fourrier
 Caporal-Fourrier with 15 years service
 Sergent
 Sergent with 15 years service
 Sergent-Major
 Sergent-Major with 20 years service
 Adjudant
 Sous-Lieutenant
 Lieutenant
 Capitaine

Equipment

Garrisons and Depot
Following its creation at Carcassonne in 1784, the 9th Light held garrison at a number of locations. Based in Paris during the Directory and Consulate periods, it was mainly based at Longwy during the First Empire.

A forward depot was created at Bayonne during the Peninsular War to manage supplies heading for the regiment in Spain.

The majority of recruits during the First Empire were drawn from the Vosges Department and were processed by a recruitment party based at Epinal. Although principally French, the regiment was assigned conscripts from the Netherlands, Germany and Italy as the Empire expanded.

Political impact of French Revolution
Prior to 1791 the 9th Light's officer corps was almost exclusively of noble birth. By 1793 only two of these officers remained with the battalion, the majority having taken promotions in other regiments where the officers had emigrated from France. A number of officers 'deserted to the enemy' on the outbreak of hostilities in 1792.

In August 1792 the Marquis de Lafayette attempted to stage a coup with the troops under his command, including the 9th Light. The battalion was then involved in the treason of General Charles François Dumouriez in April 1793, where the commander of the battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Segond attempted to steal the army's pay chest and go into exile with Dumouriez. A number of officers and soldiers from the 9th Light went over to the Austrians with Segond.

Honours and flags
The 9th Light was awarded the title 'Incomparable' after its brilliant performance at the [Battle of Marengo] on 14 June 1800.

In June 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte awarded the Ninth three specially commissioned flags. These had a sunburst design with the title L'INCOMPARABLE written in the centre.

The fate of original 1791 flag issued to the 9th Light is unknown. It is likely it went with the Lieutenant Colonel into exile after the Dumouriez treason in 1793.

In 1804 the 9th Light was awarded two 'eagle' standards. It appears to have retained at least one of the special 1802 standards. This remaining flag was hidden in 1814 at the home of a retired officer.

The official battle honours awarded to the regiment in 1811 were Ulm, Friedland, Essling and Wagram.

The 2nd Battalion's eagle was lost in action at Mohrungen on 25 January 1807. The regiment's colonel lied to Napoleon and was able to conceal the loss because actual eagle had been broken from its pedestal in an accident. This was hastily mounted on a hop pole. Napoleon later learned the truth from the Russian gazettes. According to the Russian sources this captured flag may have carried the 1802 pattern silk.

In 1814 Colonel D'Eslon hid the regiment's surviving eagle, revealing it on Napoleon's return from exile in May 1815. The regiment therefore probably embarked on the Hundred Days campaign with its original 1804 Eagle.

Many awards of honour were given to men serving in the 9th light infantry. The most famous was a 'sword of honour' given to Captain Hippolyte Cazaux who daringly captured a rearguard of 80 Austrians at Piacenza on 6 June 1800.

The Napoleonic 9th Light should not be confused with the title 'Un Contre Dix' which belonged to the 84th Line. This honorific title was added to 'L'Incomparable' in the mid-nineteenth century following the creation of a new 84th Line Infantry Regiment.

Regimental histories
The officially recognised regimental history of the 9th Light was published in 1905.  It was written by Lieutenant Léon Loÿ.

A serving officer in the 84th Line, Loÿ's history owed much to a manuscript history written by L. Dubois of the 9th Light in 1839; this author being responsible for collating the dossiers in the archives at the Service Historiques de la Défense (SHD) in the Chateau de Vincennes.

It also used a contemporary historical summary drawn up by the Ninth's commander, Mathieu Labassée in 1802.

A modern history of the regiment was published by Oxford's Osprey Publishing in 2012. By author T.E. Crowdy, this history incorporates a number of pieces of oral history which were not available to Loÿ a century or more before.

Re-enactment group
In 1976 a re-enactment group was set up to depict the 9th Light Infantry. With a wide membership base, this group has been notable for its high standard of uniform and drill interpretation. Formerly based at Chatham's Fort Amherst, the group's membership expanded across Europe. The group has been present at numerous events and celebrations making the bicentennial of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

References

André, Eugène, Le Général Comte Barrois: Grand-Croix de la Légion d'Honneur 1774–1860 (Bar-le-Duc: imprimerie Comte-Jacquet, 1901).
Couvreur, H., Souvenirs d'un officier de Napoléon: d'après les lettres du Capitaine Cardron, de Philippeville (1804–1815) (Namur, imprimerie Jaques Godenne, 1938)
Crowdy, T.E., Incomparable: Napoleon's 9th Light Infantry Regiment (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012).
Crowdy, T.E., Incomparable: a collection of essays(Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012).
Depréaux, Albert, La levée d'un corps de troupes légeres sous Louis XV. Les Volontaires de Clermont-Prince (Carnet de la Sabretache, 1937)
Girod de l'Ain, Général, Dix ans de mes souvenirs militaires de 1805 à 1815 (Paris: J. Dumaine, 1873).
Godet, M., Mémoires de capitaine Godet; Carnet de la Sabretache. Séries 3 (1927).
Loÿ, l., Historiques du 84e régiment d'infanterie de ligne 'Un Contre Dix'; du 9e régiment d'infanterie légère 'l'Incomparable'; et du 4e régiment de voltigeurs de la Garde 1684–1904 (Lille: l. Daniel, 1905)
Metzger, P., La capitulation de Baylen et le sort des prisonniers français, d'après le journal du colonel d'Eslon (1807–1811) (Limoges et Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, 15 novembre 1908).
Michel, Marie-Françoise & Jean-François, Nicolas de Belrupt: Entre Wagram et Waterloo souvenirs d'Espagne du Caporal Nicolas Page (Éditions Saône Lorraine, 1997).
Meunier, C., L'Histoire populaire de Napoléon, suivie de la translation de ses restes mortels à Paris (Paris, B. Renaud, 1842).

Regiments of the First French Empire
Military units and formations established in 1803
Military units and formations disestablished in 1815

9th Light Infantry Regiment


Alka Joshi is an Indian–American author and novelist.

Alka Joshi was born in Jodhpur, India. In the 1960s, Joshi and her family moved to the US when she was nine. She received her BA from Stanford University and her MFA from California College of the Arts. In 2020, she published her debut novel The Henna Artist, part of her Jaipur Trilogy. Inspired by her mother, Joshi began writing the novel in 2010. The Henna Artist was the May pick for Reese Witherspoon Book Club. It has been translated into more than 20 languages and is being made into a TV adaptation by Netflix, starring Freida Pinto. In 2021, Joshi published her second novel The Secret Keeper of Jaipur, the sequel to The Henna Artist.

References

External links
 Official Website

Living people
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian novelists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alka Joshi


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Beer from XXXX, various Tooheys' brands, Victoria Bitter (which is classified as a lager), West End Draught, Swan, Young Henrys, and Foster's Lager, are Australian lagers. An Australian lager with an amber hue and slightly bitter flavour typically brewed with Pride of Ringwood hops or its descendants.

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Australian pub
Beer in Australia

References

External links

Beer in Australia
Beer styles

Australian lager