Helen O'Rahilly is an Irish television producer and executive who has worked for RTÉ, the BBC and in commercial broadcasting. She has also worked on a range of factual programming, both as an independent producer, and at the BBC, and was RTÉ's first female Director of Television Production. She later became Director of Digital Television for the BBC, the Corporation's first Channels Executive for BBCi and a deputy Controller of BBC One.

She is a descendant of The O'Rahilly.

Career
O'Rahilly's career started in RTÉ as a researcher in 1986, she then took several roles in the BBC, ITV and Channel 4 before being appointed Editor of BBC One's Watchdog and its accompanying programme Weekend Watchdog in November 1997 and held the position until May 1999. She took over at Watchdog as ten of the UK's largest companies established a pressure group to discuss how to deal with complaints about the series. From Summer 1999 to February 2000 she was Director of Television Production at RTÉ, becoming the first woman to hold that position, but she soon moved back to the BBC to take up the role of Creative Director for Digital Channels in the BBC's General Factual department. There she was responsible for bringing several series to television, including Rock Shrines and Clive Anderson's Conspiracies. In November 2001 she was appointed as the first Channels Executive for BBCi, a job which required her to liaise with the directors of the various BBC channels in order to facilitate links between Television commissioning and the BBC's Interactive Television team.

She later became deputy controller on BBC One. In 2010 she returned to Dublin to address the first "Women on Air" conference at the city's National Library, offering an insight into the television industry from a female perspective.

Criticisms of RTÉ
In May 2011, she launched a scathing attack on RTÉ's flagship programme, The Late Late Show amid criticism that standards on the programme had slipped since Ryan Tubridy took over as presenter in 2009. In an online blog, O'Rahilly wrote, "If I was back in charge of RTÉ, you wouldn't see this utter shite on Friday night".

In January 2015, following Health Minister Leo Varadkar's public coming out on RTÉ Radio, O'Rahilly referred to her own, very different, experiences at RTÉ, commenting on Twitter: "The list of RTE homophobes would give you chills  … all happy to be such in 2000 not now in 2015. Maybe it's time to go public with the 'great and the good' who caused heartache and misery to so many gay people? … I am sick to death of RTE now being the benign channel of acceptance of homosexuality when it was a bastion of creaking, ancient codes. It was fine to be a woman Director at RTE….just not a GAY one! Once they found out I was a big Gayer, RTE wasn't that happy about having me on screen or on public forums …."

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Irish LGBT people
21st-century Irish LGBT people
Living people
BBC executives
RTÉ executives
Irish women television producers
Irish lesbians
LGBT television producers
Mass media people from Dublin (city)

Helen O'Rahilly


Giorgos Pavlidis (; 1956 – 20 October 2016) was a Greek politician of Nea Dimokratia. The long-standing Prefect of Xanthi was narrowly defeated in the 2010 local election, but was elected Governor of the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in the subsequent 2014 election.

Biography
Born 1956, Giorgos Pavlidis studied at Democritus University of Thrace graduating in law. Following his studies, he practised as a criminal defense lawyer and later contended for the rights of syndicalists, workers and farmers.

He was for the first time elected a member of the prefectural council of Xanthi in 1985, served in the local government since 1998. Running on a platform named "Renaissance" () and supported by Nea Dimokratia, he was elected Prefect of Xanthi in the 1998 prefectural election, to be reelected in 2002 and 2006.

In 2004 Pavlidis initiated the Cross-border cooperation network of neighboring Greek, Bulgarian and Turkish prefectures, based in Orestiada. Nominated by the Union of Prefectural Administrations of Greece, Pavlidis has been the head of the Greek delegation to the Congress of the Council of Europe from 2007 until 2012, where he affiliates with the European People's Party group.

When in 2010 Greek prefectures were set to be abolished as part of the Kallikratis reform, he contended the 2010 regional election but was narrowly defeated by the prefect of Rodopi, Aris Giannakidis. In the subsequent 2014 regional election, he however clearly defeated the incumbent Giannakidis with 56.34% in the second round. He died of cancer on 20 October 2016, aged 60.

References

External links

1956 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Greek lawyers
Democritus University of Thrace alumni
Prefects of Xanthi
Regional governors of Greece

Giorgos Pavlidis


Alejo Vera y Estaca (14 July 1834, Viñuelas – 4 February 1923, Madrid) was a Spanish painter in the Romantic style who specialized in history painting.

Biography
At an early age, his teachers in the public school noticed that he had an aptitude for drawing, so they got together to request a study grant from the government of Guadalajara Province. It was given, and he began his studies at the Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. Later, he obtained a position in the workshop of Federico de Madrazo.

With the help of a local banker, he went to Italy, where he became fascinated by the ruins of Pompeii; an influence that can be readily perceived in his later works. One of his first major works there was the "Entierro de San Lorenzo en las Catacumbas de Roma" (The Burial of Saint Lawrence in the Catacombs of Rome), which he sent to the National Exhibition of Fine Arts in 1862, where he received the First-Class Medal. In 1866, he received another for his painting of Saint Valerius.

From 1874 to 1878, he was a professor at San Fernando and painted the ceiling of the Madrid Chamber of Commerce with a scene called the "Allegory of Abundance". In 1878, he obtained a position at the newly created Spanish Academy in Rome, where he painted what is perhaps his best-known work, "Numancia" (also known as "Numancia's Last Day"), which later won First Prize at the National Exhibition in 1881.

He was initially part of the team designated to work on decorating the San Francisco el Grande Basilica in Madrid, but was ultimately excluded because of a dispute with the governing board over remuneration. Some of the sketches for that failed project were used for his painting "El milagro de las rosas" (The Miracle of the Roses), based on an episode in the life of Saint Francis of Assisi.

In 1891, he became the Director at the Spanish Academy; a position he held for six years, after which he retired and returned to Spain. He continued to teach and actively participate in exhibitions until 1919, when his health would no longer allow it. As per his wishes, his death was not announced until after his burial.

References

Further reading
 La pintura de historia del siglo xix en España, exhibition catalog, Madrid, Consorcio para la Organización de Madrid Capital Europea de la Cultura, 1992
 Carlos Reyero, Imagen histórica de España, 1850-1900, Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1987

External links

 Galería Pintores Españoles: Alejo Vera @ Foro Xerbar

1834 births
1923 deaths
People from Guadalajara, Spain
19th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni
19th-century Spanish male artists

Alejo Vera


Clan Schaw is a Lowland Scottish clan.  Clan Schaw does not have a chief recognised by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, therefore the clan has no standing under Scots Law. Clan Schaw is an armigerous clan, meaning that it had at one time a chief who possessed the chiefly arms, however no one at present is in possession of such arms.

The clan has no connection with the similarly named Clan Shaw of Tordarroch (commonly known as Clan Shaw) which is one of the Highland clans of the Clan Chattan Confederation.

Uncertain origins
In George Crawfurd's 18th century publication, History of Renfrewshire, he stated that the antiquary Sir George Mackenzie claimed the clan descended from "Shiach, a son of MacDuff Earl of Fife" from whom the clan took its name. It has also been said the clan descends from a second son of Duncan, Earl of Fife, who was cup bearer to the king of Scots. Later, the 18th century heraldist Alexander Nisbet claimed that the clan may have acted as cup bearers to Alexander II or Alexander III. There is however no real evidence to support any of these claims. Despite this, the arms of Schaw of Sauchie (the principal branch of the clan) allude to the office of cup bearer, and are blazoned as: Azure, three covered cups Or. In this way the arms are similar to those of the Butler family in England. Today members of Clan Schaw may wear a crest badge to show their allegiance to the clan. This crest badge contains the heraldic crest a demi savage Proper, and the heraldic motto I MEAN WELL. The crest within the crest badge is derived from the arms of Schaw of Sauchie.

History
The clan name Schaw is either a topographic name or a habitational name. The topographic name is for person who lived near a copse or thicket. It is derived from the Middle English s(c)hage, s(c)hawe from the Old English sceaga. The habitational name could be derived from several places named with these words. The earliest record of the lowland name is of John de Schau, who witnessed a deed in relation to the Abbey of Paisley in 1284. Another early recorded Schaw is William Schaw who witnessed a charter in 1291 to the Monastery of Paisley. In 1296, Symon de Schawe, Fergus de Shawe and William de Schawe of Lanark, all rendered homage to Edward I, king of England.

Sometime before 1309, the clan acquired the lands of Hayley, Wardlaw and Drumchaber in Ayr from James, Great Steward of Scotland. In 1407, an agreement between John Schaw, lord of Hayley and Alan Cathcart was confirmed by charter under the great seal. John Schaw of Hayley was one of the men who made up the Embassy that negotiated the terms of marriage between James III and Margaret, daughter of the Christian I, king of Denmark. In 1477, a younger son of John Schaw of Hayley received the lands of Sornbeg and Polkemmet. The principal family within the clan was said to have been the Schaws of Sauchie (their residence, Sauchie Tower still stands in Clackmannanshire). A member of this family was John Schaw of Sauchie, who was Comptroller of the Royal Household to James III. Other branches or families within the clan were located in Kirkcudbrightshire and Ayrshire, and also around the towns of Greenock and Stirling.

See also
Schaw, disambiguation page

References

External links
Clan Schaw at ScotClans.com

Scottish clans
Armigerous clans

Clan Schaw


Nizar Baraka (born 6 February 1964) is a Moroccan politician and businessman of the Istiqlal Party. He is the grandson of nationalist Allal Al Fassi.

He was Minister of Economy and Finance in the government of Abdelilah Benkirane.

Education
Baraka holds a PhD in econometrics from Aix-Marseille University in France.

Career
He taught at the University of Rabat and the National Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics, then he joined the Ministry of Finance in 1996 where he held a variety of positions, including that of Deputy Director of the Department of Studies and Financial Forecasts.
In 2007, Baraka was appointed Minister Delegate to the Prime Minister for Economic and General Affairs (2007-2012) then Minister of Economy and Finance (2012-2013). He was named Finance Minister of the Year 2013 for Middle East and North Africa by "Emerging Markets" (The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) and Best Finance Minister for the MENA region for 2012 and Minister of Finance of the year 2012 by The Banker, (the Financial Times press group).

In April 2013, Hamid Chabat, secretary-general of the Istiqlal Party, announced his intentions to leave the coalition that forms the cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane. Consequently, a resignation request was submitted on 9 July 2013 for all the Party's ministers.
On 21 August 2013 he was appointed to head the CESE.
He was also the president of the scientific committee of Cop22, chair of the Economic Working Group of the U.S.-Morocco Strategic Dialogue and member of the Averroès Committee, charged with strengthening cooperation between Morocco and Spain.

On October 7, 2017, Baraka was elected secretary-general of the Istiqlal party, by 924 votes against 230 votes for his rival and outgoing secretary-general Hamid Chabat.

References

External links
Ministry of Economy and Finance

Living people
1961 births
Finance ministers of Morocco
Government ministers of Morocco
People from Rabat
Istiqlal Party politicians

Aix-Marseille University alumni

Nizar Baraka


Vladimir P. Gerdt (21 January 1947—January 5, 2021) was a Russian mathematician and a full professor at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) where he was the head of the Group of Algebraic and Quantum Computations. His research interests were concentrated in computer algebra, symbolic and algebraic computations, algebraic and numerical analysis of nonlinear differential equations, polynomial equations, applications to mathematics and physics, and quantum computation with over 210 published articles.

Biography
Gerdt, who was born in Engels, earned his MSc in theoretical physics from Saratov State University in 1971, his PhD in theoretical and mathematical physics from JINR in 1976, and his D.Sc. in mathematics and computer science from JINR in 1992. He also did graduate studies in theoretical physics at the Lomonosov Moscow State University (1969-1971). After his MSc he worked as an engineer-programmer (1971-1975) and as a junior researcher (1975-1977) at the JINR Department of Radiation Safety developing software for neutron spectroscopy. In 1977 he moved to the JINR Laboratory of Computing Techniques and Automation renamed in 2000 as Laboratory of Information Technologies for doing research in computer algebra. He worked as a researcher (1977-1980) and as a senior researcher (1980-1983), and since 1983 as the head of the research group on computer algebra, currently the Group of Algebraic and Quantum Computations.

Gerdt designed a number of original algorithms and software packages for the investigation of differential equations as well as for the transformation of polynomial and differential systems into the canonical involutive form that alleviates their analysis and the construction of their solutions. In the case of polynomial, differential, and difference systems their involutive form is a Gröbner basis.

He was a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Symbolic Computation, the leading international journal specialized in the area of symbolic and algebraic computation, since its foundation in 1985. In 1997 he co-founded the annual international conference Computer Algebra in Scientific Computing with Ernst W. Mayr and since that time was a general chair of this conference.

Gerdt was married to Evgenia Almazova and had two sons, Anton and Peter.

Gerdt died in 2020 of COVID-19.

Selected works

Gerdt, Vladimir P. Involutive algorithms for computing Gröbner bases. Computational Commutative and Non-Commutative Algebraic Geometry, Amsterdam, IOS Press, 2005.
Gerdt, Vladimir P., Yuri A. Blinkov, and Denis A. Yanovich. "Construction of Janet Bases I. Monomial Bases." Computer Algebra in Scientific Computing CASC 2001. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. 233–247.
Gerdt, Vladimir P., Aleksey Y.Zharkov. "Solution of Chew-Low Equations in the Quadratic Approximation", Sov. Theor. Math. Phys. (Teor. Mat. Fiz., 52, 3, 1982, 384–392), 52, 3, 1983, 868–874.
Gerdt, Vladimir P., Aleksey Y.Zharkov. "A REDUCE Package for Solving of Ordinary Differential Equations", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Systems and Techniques of Analytical Computing and Their Applications in Theoretical Physics (Dubna, 21–23 September 1982), JINR D11-83-511, Dubna, 1983, 171–177.
Gerdt, Vladimir P., Aleksey Y.Zharkov. "Iterative Method of Construction of General Solution of the Chew-Low Equation", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Systems and Techniques of Analytical Computing and Their Applications in Theoretical Physics (Dubna, September 21–23, 1982), JINR D11-83-511, Dubna, 1983, 232–241.
Gerdt, Vladimir P., Aleksey Y.Zharkov."Cubic Approximation and Local Limitations on the Functional Arbitrariness in the General Solution of the Chew-Low Equations", Sov. Theor. Math. Phys. (Teor. Mat. Fiz., 55, 3, 1983, 469–474), 52, 3, 1983, 626–639.
Gerdt, Vladimir P., Aleksey Y.Zharkov. "Methods of Investigating and Solving Differential Equations by Means of Algebraic Computation", In: "Systems for Analytical Transformations in Mechanics", Gorky, 1984, 16–19.

References

1947 births
2021 deaths
Russian mathematicians
Russian people of German descent
Russian and Soviet-German people
People from Engels, Saratov Oblast
Moscow State University alumni
Saratov State University alumni
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia

Vladimir Gerdt


Grape shot is a canvas bag packed with small metal balls ("grapes"). This is protected from the gunpowder charge by metal wadding. As the name suggests, the balls fly through the air in a cluster, shot by a gun or a cannon. Grapeshot was much used until it became obsolete during the 19th century. These days it would be called an antipersonnel weapon.

An artillery shell is a hollow ball packed with explosive and a fuse. The fuse is lit by the explosive charge that sends the shell towards its target. It is designed to explode when it reaches its target. Grape shot does not wait. It begins to spread as soon as it leaves the gun or cannon. Grape shot is quite different from a shell or shrapnel rounds.

Shrapnel, while similar to both, is different and more deadly. Invented by a British officer during the Napoleonic Wars, it is a fused explosive shell filled with many small balls or iron/lead bits. When the shell bursts the small bits scatter in a more or less spherical pattern with usually fatal force.

All three of these rounds, grape shot, shell, and shrapnel, are extremely effective against troops, horses and other livestock. They can also destroy wooden structures. Shells have historically been effective as incendiaries against wooden targets, which they ignite from the heat of their explosive blast. Grape shot sends out mini-missiles across a wide pattern. This is best for human targets, but it may be damaging against nearby wooden structures.

Ammunition

Grapeshot


James Clifford is an American fashion designer specializing in wedding gowns.

Early life
Clifford was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts. As a child, he designed outfits for comic book characters and dreaming of creating clothes for the film and theater industries.

Career

Early career
Clifford attended the New England School of Design. With little intention of entering the bridal industry, his unclear plans after college resulted in him working at the House of Bianchi in Boston where he began his career as a designer.

Following his two years at the House of Bianchi, Clifford worked at Priscilla of Boston. During his time at Priscilla, he designed clothing for the First Family (the daughters of presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon). James often cites the Johnson wedding, in which he designed and created the bridal party's gowns in the Lincoln bedroom, as one of the finest moments of his career. After 19 years at Priscilla of Boston, James moved to New York City as head designer at Galina-Bouquet, Inc., where he was featured in the company's advertisements.

In 1987, Clifford joined a major bridal manufacturer under his own label. His label was the only publicly held bridal house in the country. Originally James Clifford was known as Jim Hjelm, but rights to his name as a designer were taken away by JLM Couture in legal disputes. His gowns veered on the side of traditional and incorporated nets, silks, and lace.

Twenty-first century
In 2004, Clifford joined Mon Cheri to launch The James Clifford Collection. This collection remains popular as James continues to produce timeless gowns.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American fashion designers
Wedding dress designers

James Clifford (designer)


Family Portrait or Družinski portret is a painting by artist France Kralj (1895—1960).  Kralj painted the picture in 1926.  The size of the painting is 45 in. by 51 in. (115.5 cm by 130.3 cm).  The material is oil on canvas.  The painting is in the Museum of Modern Art in Ljubljana.

The title of the painting in Slovenian language is "Družinski portret".  The painting shows Kralj, his wife, and his child.  They are leaving his studio after work.  The painting is an example of the New Objectivity style of art in Slovenia.

There are two special things about the painting.  First, the painting shows the artist's personal life.  Kralj did not usually use his personal life as a subject for paintings.  In this painting, there is no emotional or sentimental part element. This is usual in paintings of the New Objectivity style.  They showed concrete people and objects without their qualities or symbolism.

Second, the painting shows a sculpture in the part of the picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer. The sculpture is a finished work.  It is a sculpture of his wife and child.

Slovenian expressionism

Kralj went to Vienna in 1913 to study sculpture.  In 1915 he stopped his studies because of the war.  In 1919 he returned from the war and went to study in Prague for two years. From 1920-1923, Kralj was in the center of the Slovenian expressionism movement. Expressionism explores philosophical themes.  Kralj left the expressionism movement and was soon in the center of the Slovenian "new reality" movement.  The "new reality" style uses designs of everyday life.

References

Other websites
Three works by France Kralj
Moderna Galerija, Projekt DCA
https://museums.si/sl/author/details/7/france-kralj

1920s paintings
Slovenian culture

Family Portrait


Firhill Stadium is the home ground of the Scottish association football club, Partick Thistle F.C.

In December 2005 Firhill also became the temporary home of Glasgow's professional Rugby Union team, Glasgow Warriors, when they moved from their previous base at Hughenden. The Glasgow Warriors will take up a two-year residency at Firhill from the start of the 2007-08 Magners League season.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland

Firhill Stadium


The Bilberry goat () is a breed of feral goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) which is believed to have lived in one herd on Bilberry Rock in Waterford City in the south of Ireland for hundreds of years.

Unlike any other breed found in Ireland, the Bilberry herd is thought to be related to Pashmina, Maltese or Cashmere goats. Locals believe they came over with the Huguenots from France over 300 years ago and have lived on Bilberry Rock ever since.

The goats are feared close to extinction; numbering only 7 in the year 2000 and 21 in 2005. A group of volunteers formed the Bilberry Goat Heritage Trust in 2000 to protect and support the herd.  The population has continued to recover and reached 42 in 2008. The herd is led by a dominant nanny.  Bilberry goats are large, with shaggy coats and very large horns.  Two members of the British Feral Goat Society, Dr.Shirley Goodyer and Dr. Ray Werner, together with Robert-Jan Prins, a breeder of Dutch Landrace goats, reported that they were "amazed to see a primitive herd still living in the wild", and that the goats are a "unique ancient breed."

Conservation

The Bilberry Goat Trust was set up to protect these goats from extinction. The 14-acre (5.7 ha) piece of land where they graze used to be a commonage but was sold to a developer who wanted to build houses in the whole area. This would render the Bilberry Herd extinct and appeals were made sparking publicity. Zoning authorities decided to reduce the goats' area to . The Irish Wildlife Trust is actively involved in the campaign. The feral goat is not a protected species and Bilberry Rock is not a Natural Heritage Area under the Wildlife Act 2000.

Notes

References
 Bilberry Goats of Waterford
 Bilberry Goats on RTÉ Radio 1

External links
 The Bilberry Goat Heritage Trust website
 Bilberry Goats Blog — by The Bilberry Goats Heritage Trust on Blogspot.

Conservation in the Republic of Ireland
Feral goats
Goat breeds originating in Ireland
Goat breeds
Waterford (city)

Bilberry goat


The New Zealand Order of Merit is an order of merit in the New Zealand royal honours system. It was created by royal warrant on 30 May 1996 by Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand. It is meant to honor "those persons who in any field of endeavour, have rendered meritorious service to the Crown and nation or who have become distinguished by their eminence, talents, contributions or other merits".

The monarch of New Zealand is the Sovereign of the order and the Governor-General is its Chancellor. Appointments are made at five levels:
Knight or Dame Grand Companion (GNZM)
Knight or Dame Companion (KNZM or DNZM)
Companion (CNZM)
Officer (ONZM)
Member (MNZM).

References

New Zealand
Orders, decorations, and medals

New Zealand Order of Merit


Annie Goetzinger (18 August 1951 – 20 December 2017) was a comics artist and graphic novelist from Paris, France. From the mid-1970s until her death in 2017, she worked on award-winning graphic novels as well as press cartoons for newspapers such as La Croix and Le Monde. She had a long-standing relationship with comics publisher Dargaud and the comics writer Pierre Christin.

Graphically, Goetzinger is known for her research and attention to detail, carefully rendered apparel and a style influenced by Art Nouveau. Goetzinger's background in fashion drawing and costume design shows through in her work as well. In 2016, she was recruited to illustrate a recap of New York Fashion Week for New York Magazine.

Her earliest works were illustrations for short comic stories published in French comic magazines like Pilote, Charlie Mensuel and Fluide Glacial. Goetzinger's first graphic novel, Casque d'Or, won her two awards at the 1977 Angoulême International Comics Festival.

Work
Many of her works include female protagonists and strong characters. For instance, Aurore, published in 1978 with story by Adela Turin, tells the story of the novelist best known by her pseudonym George Sand. Goetzinger's 2015 graphic novel Girl in Dior, the first of her works published in English, tells the story of a journalist named Clara who is reporting on Christian Dior's 1947 show.

In a 2015 interview, Goetzinger said, "When I started, I did not know there were so few girls making comics. ... I didn't care; I always felt like kind of a maverick."

Collaborations
In addition to writing the story and text for her own graphic novels, Goetzinger frequently collaborated with authors. She worked with French author Pierre Christin since the early 1980s and Spanish author Víctor Mora, among others.

Death
Goetzinger died on 20 December 2017, at the age of 66.

Bibliography
 Légende et réalité de Casque d'or, Glénat, 1976
 Aurore, éditions des femmes, 1978
 Curriculum BD, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1980
 Portraits souvenirs series
 La Demoiselle de la Légion d'Honneur, story by Pierre Christin, Dargaud, 1980
 La Diva et le Kriegspiel, story by Pierre Cristin, Dargaud, 1981
 La Voyageuse de petite ceinture, story by Pierre Christin, Dargaud, 1985
 Charlotte et Nancy, story by Pierre Christin, Dargaud, 1987
 Barcelonight, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1990
 Rayon Dames, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1991
 L'Avenir perdu, with Jon S. Jonsson and Andreas Knigge, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1992
 Félina, story by Víctor Mora, Dargaud
 Félina, 1982
 Les mystères de Barcelone, 1983
 L'Ogre du Djebel, 1986
 Le Tango du disparu, story by Pierre Christin, Flammarion, 1989
 Mémoires de Barcelone, text by Montserrat Roig, La Sirène, 1993
 Le Message du simple, story by Pierre Christin, Seuil, 1994
 La Sultane blanche, story by Pierre Christin, Dargaud, 1996
 Paquebot, story by Pierre Christin, Dargaud, 1999
 Agence Hardy series, story by Pierre Christin, Dargaud
 Le parfum disparu, 2001
 La Trace pâle, 2002
 Le Poison rouge, 2004
 Banlieue rouge, banlieue blanche, 2006
 Berlin, zone française, 2008
 Boulevard des crimes, 2009
 Les diamants fondent au soleil, 2012
 Marie-Antoinette, la reine fantôme, story by Rodolphe, Dargaud, 2011
 Girl in Dior, Dargaud, 2013
 Les Apprentissages de Colette, Dargaud, 2017

References

1951 births
2017 deaths
20th-century French artists
20th-century French women artists
21st-century French artists
21st-century French women artists
Artists from Paris
French female comics artists
French costume designers
French cartoonists
French women cartoonists
French women illustrators
Women costume designers

Annie Goetzinger


RMV Scillonian was a passenger ferry built for the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company in 1925 by the Ailsa Shipbuilding Company Ltd of Troon, Scotland. She was designed to carry 400 passengers and cargo between Penzance, Cornwall, UK, to the offshore Isles of Scilly.

Formed on 26 March 1920, the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company initially operated services with the Peninnis (ex-HMS Argus), but it had soon become clear that a purpose-built, new steamer was required. During 1924 the directors of the Steamship Company began considering the purchase of a larger ship and at an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders on 16 June 1925, the Directors were empowered to place the order with Ailsa Shipbuilding Company Ltd. In order to keep their yard open during the economic slump, this work was undertaken at cost, the contract price was £24,500 (equivalent to £ as of ).

The new ferry was launched on 17 November 1925 and named Scillonian  by Mrs. A. A. Dorrien-Smith of Tresco Abbey. The ship completed her maiden voyage from Troon at 11 pm on 25 January 1926 and docked at St Mary's. She made her first time-tabled, commercial trip on Thursday 2 February 1926 from St. Mary's to Penzance. It took her three and a quarter hours.

At 429 gross register tons she was considered, by some, as too big and unsuitable for local seas (the same happened when the second Scillonian went into service in 1956 and again with Scillonian III in 1977). However she proved to be a tremendous improvement and became popular over the years.

War service
The Scillonian served the Isles of Scilly in almost continual service for over 29 years, including the war years of 1939-1945, with 40,000 troop movements being recorded. She operated mainly from Newlyn, when shipping troops, and carried  degaussing gear as protection against magnetic mines. Her route out of Newlyn was to creep close to the shore, even between St Clement's Isle and Mousehole, to avoid setting off acoustic mines. On 12 August 1943 one of the St Mary's based Hurricane aircraft crashed into her masts, killing the pilot.

1951 Shipwreck
In thick fog on 10 September 1951 the Scillonian was on her usual journey to St Mary's. Visibility that day was described by the lifeboat secretary, Trevellick Moyle as "I don't think I have ever seen it thicker". The ship did not have radar and the captain, in poor visibility, often found his bearings by listening for the bell buoy of the Spanish Ledge, or the bugle of Vic Trenwith who would play on Peninnis Head. The captain heard neither and the Scillonian continued westward and hit the Great Wingletang Ledge on St Agnes. The fog lifted later that day to find the ship between two rocks and her bow in the air. Nine hours later, at 11 pm, she was refloated by the tide together with her own engines and a line from the lifeboat, and made her way to the harbour. The next day patched with cement and acetylene welding she was cleared by the Board of Trade as seaworthy to make the return journey to the mainland.

References

Ferries of the United Kingdom
Water transport in Cornwall
Transport in the Isles of Scilly
1925 ships
Maritime incidents in 1951

Scillonian (1925)


Foy Willing (May 14, 1914 – July 24, 1978) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and bandleader, who performed Western music and appeared in Western movies. He formed the band Riders of the Purple Sage.

Early years
Foy Lopez Willingham was born in Iredell, Texas, United States. He began his career while attending high school in Texas by working at a local radio station. In 1933, he traveled to New York City to further his radio career. In 1940, he moved to Oklahoma, and in 1942 to California where he became popular during the Golden Age of Radio.

Riders of the Purple Sage
In 1942, Willing co-founded Foy Willing and the Riders of the Purple Sage, with Iowa musician Al Sloey. The band included Patti Page on vocals, fiddler Johnny Paul, and accordionist Ken Coopern. The band's first hit, "Texas Blues", was written by Willing. They grew in fame and over their ten-year career, performed as the musical group backing up Monte Hale and Roy Rogers for Republic Studios.

Willing and his band appeared as performers in many Western movies in the 1940s and early 1950s with Charles Starrett, Monte Hale, and Roy Rogers and Dale Evans. The Willing-led Riders of the Purple Sage disbanded in 1952.

Later years
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Foy Willing and the Riders of the Purple Sage occasionally reunited to record and perform, and Willing went on to appear at Western festivals during the 1970s. Willing also traveled with Gene Autry during Autry's North American tour. On October 30, 1963, Les Paul sued Mary Ford for divorce, in Hackensack, New Jersey, charging that Ford left Paul for Willing. In 1966, Willing married Sharon Lee.

Willing died on July 24, 1978, in Nashville, Tennessee, of a heart attack.

Discography
 2007 Tumbling Tumbleweeds (Varese Sarabande)
 2005 And the Riders of the Purple Sage (BACM)
 2005 Timber Trail (Cattle)
 2005 Trail Herdin' Cowboy
 2003 Sagebrush Swing (Collectors' Choice Music)
 1999 Cowboy/New Sound of American Folk (DRG)
 1998 Collectors Edition (Pickwick)
 1962 The New Sound of American Folk
 1958 Cowboy
 1950 Riders of the Purple Sage

Filmography
 1951 "Texas Carnival"
 1951 "Disc Jockey"
 1951 Heart of the Rockies
 1951 Spoilers of the Plains
 1950 Trail of Robin Hood
 1950 North of the Great Divide
 1950 Sunset in the West
 1950 Trigger, Jr.
 1950 Twilight in the Sierras
 1950 Bells of Coronado
 1949 The Golden Stallion
 1949 Down Dakota Way
 1949 Susanna Pass
 1948 The Far Frontier
 1948 Grand Canyon Trail
 1948 The Timber Trail
 1948 California Firebrand
 1947 Under Colorado Skies
 1947 Along the Oregon Trail
 1947 Last Frontier Uprising
 1946 Out California Way
 1945 Saddle Serenade
 1945 Sing Me a Song of Texas
 1944 Cyclone Prairie Rangers
 1944 Cowboy from Lonesome River
 1944 Swing in the Saddle
 1944 Twilight on the Prairie
 1944 Sundown Valley
 1944 Cowboy Canteen
 1943 Cowboy in the Clouds
 1941 Royal Mounted Patrol
 1941 Prairie Stranger

References

1914 births
1978 deaths
American bandleaders
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American male musicians

Foy Willing


The Southern California Condors are an International Fight League team based in Orange County, California. Coached by MMA legend Marco Ruas, the Condors were one of four new teams established at the beginning of the 2007 season. The Condors have an assistant coach, female MMA star Debi Purcell.

On May 5, 2007, Condor's outstanding Middleweight, Jeremy Williams was found dead of an apparent suicide.

Record/Roster
The Condors are 8-7 as of May 2007 in team competition.
All records are IFL fights only

a= fight was an alternate fight, that does not go towards team record

1= fought when Levens dropped down to Middleweight

GP= fought during individual GP, does not go towards team record

Current fighters as of 2007 season

 Adam Lynn (1-2) (LW)
lost to Shad Lierley by TKO (strikes) in the first round (01/19/07)

lost to Savant Young by KO(punch) in the second round (03/17/07)

def to Josh Odom by decision (unanimous) (05/19/07)

Danny Suarez (2-1) (LW) ALTERNATE
def Tristan Witt by submission (shoulder lock) in the first round (01/19/07)

lost to Zach George by decision (unanimous) (03/17/07)

def Clint Coronel by decision (split) (05/19/07)a

 Rodrigo Ruas (0-2) (WW)
was supposed to face Tiger Sharks' but suffered an eye injury which cancelled the fight at the last second. Instead an alternate bout between lightweights took place.

lost to Antonio McKee by decision (unanimous) (03/17/07)

lost to Donnie Liles by submission (keylock) in the first round (05/19/07)

 Justin Levens (0-3) (LHW)
lost to Reese Andy by decision (unanimous) (01/19/07)

lost to Vladimir Matyushenko by TKO(strikes) in the first round (03/17/07)

lost to Brian Foster by TKO (punches) in the first round (05/19/07)1

 Emmanuel Newton (1-0) (LHW)
def Jeff Quinlan by submission (side choke) in the first round (05/19/07)

 Antoine Jaoude (4-1) (HW)
def Curtis Crawford by decision (unanimous) (01/19/07)

def Wayne Cole by KO (punch) in the second round (03/17/07)

def Dan Christison by decision (unanimous) (05/19/07)

def Shane Ott by submission (arm triangle) in the first round (11/03/07)GP

lost to Roy Nelson by TKO (strikes) in the second round (12/29/07)GP

Former Fighters
 Jeremy Williams (2-0) (MW)
def Bristol Marunde by submission (triangle choke) in the first round (01/19/07)

def Kaz Hamanaka by submission (triangle choke) in the first round (03/17/07)

Died on 5/05/07

2007 season schedule/Results

References

External links
Southern California Condors IFL.tv Team Page

International Fight League

Southern California Condors


The Zuiderzeewerken (Zuiderzee Works) are a system of dams, land reclamation and water drainage works in the Netherlands during the twentieth century. Plans for the works date back to the 1600s, but it was not until a very bad flood in 1916, that the Dutch parliament finally agreed to pay for the works. Now it is one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

First some dams or dykes were built to separate the South Sea () from the North Sea. The biggest was the Afsluitdijk ('closure dyke'). It is  long. When it was finished in 1932, the South Sea was completely cut off and from then on would become a lake called the IJsselmeer.

Land reclamation meant building more dams and pumping out the water inside. The new land is called a polder. Polders make new land for agriculture and make flood protection better, because the lake is smaller.

There are gates and sluices at the ends of the Afsluitdijk. The gates, called locks, can be opened to let ships through. The sluices let water out of the IJsselmeer. If there were no sluices the lake would fill up and flood the countryside. This is because it is always being filled with water from rivers and the polders which are still being drained.

Related pages
 Flood

Other websites

 Nieuw Land Poldermuseum –A Flevoland museum on the Zuiderzee Works and Dutch water management in general.
 The Zuiderzee Museum–Dedicated to the history and culture of the former Zuiderzee.
 Directorate IJsselmeer Region –The administration responsible for maintaining most of the Zuiderzee Works.

Dams in Europe
Water infrastructure
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Geography of the Netherlands
History of the Netherlands
Flevoland

Zuiderzee Works


Phoemela Baranda (born October 1, 1980) is a Filipina model, actress, and served as the Star Patrol segment anchor of ABS-CBN's weekday flagship news broadcast TV Patrol from November 22, 2004 to November 7, 2010. She is a former officer and currently a member of Professional Models Association of the Philippines (PMAP) and appears regularly on magazine covers and advertising campaigns. She has currently already appeared in 5 Tagalog movies, 4 TV series' and was once a host for the Philippine reality show Extra, Extra. Recently in 2008, she was a contestant in the Philippine version of Fear Factor.

Career
Baranda started modelling when she was 13 years old, joining the clothing brand Pink Soda's club search where she was selected. Her first commercial was for Extraderm, a line of facial products. After her runner-up finish at the 1994 Philippine search for the Elite Model Look in 1994, she continued her modeling stints in ramp, mainstream media advertising campaigns and print media, appearing on the covers of the local editions of Uno, Cosmopolitan, Seventeen, T3, Mega Magazine, Preview, Marie Claire and Maxim.

In 2000, she briefly played a minor part in the Philippine television series Pangako sa 'Yo, which she quickly followed up with Cool Dudes. In 2003 she played Esmeralda in the GMA series Narito ang Puso Ko. She got her first hosting stint in Extra Challenge when she did a successful audition when Miriam Quiambao left the reality show in 2003. She has then transferred to ABS-CBN as a segment host for the showbiz gossip show The Buzz, which paved the way for her next project on TV Patrol.

Baranda placed 23rd in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women of the World in 2006; she has also placed 48th in 2003, 29th in 2004, 49th in 2005, and 79th in 2007.

Personal life
Baranda has a bachelor's degree in Interdisciplinary Studies, having graduated from De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde in 2001. She lives an active lifestyle engaging in physical activities such as going to the gym and bikram yoga, she is also active in sports particularly badminton and squash where she has placed in several local open tournaments.

She has one child, Nichole, whom she had at age 19. Nichole gained fame after joining Pinoy Big Brother: All In'' as a teen housemate.

Baranda has been in a longtime relationship with businessman and professional race car driver Jason Choachuy. In November 2020, she announced that the couple were expecting their first child together, due in March 2021.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Filipino television presenters
Filipino women television presenters
Participants in Philippine reality television series
De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde alumni
ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs people
GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs people
Viva Artists Agency
Actresses from Manila

Phoemela Baranda


The 501e Régiment de chars de combat 501e RCC in French, (501e R.C.C, or 501st Combat Tank Regiment) is an armoured tank unit of the French Army created on 13 May 1918, and which took part in the two world wars, the Russian Civil War, the Indochina war, and the Algerian war.

The regiment participated to the campaigns of Free France, then the liberation of Europe at the corps of the 2nd Armoured Division 2e DB of général Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque.

Merged with the 503e Régiment de chars de combat 503e RCC to form the 501e-503e Régiment de chars de combat 501e-503e RCC, the regiment was redesignated as 501e RCC on 23 June 2009.

Creation and different nominations
 1916 : creation of the assault artillery.
 1918 : creation of the 501st Special Artillery Regiment ().
 1920 : became the 501e régiment de chars de combat 501e RCC.
 1939 : the regiment became the 501st Tank Battalion Group ().
 1940 : dissolution of GBC
 1940 : 1st Tank company of Free France.
 1943 : creation of the 501e RCC.
 1944 : merged with the 503e RCC, was designated as 501e-503e RCC.
 2009 : dissolution of GE 503, regiment redesignated as 501e RCC.

History

World War I

On 16 April 1917, 132 Schneider CA1 mounted an assault on Berry-au-Bac. Considered the first mounted tank assault in times. From this tank groupment, the 501st Assault Artillery Regiment () was created on 20 May 1918.

the 501e RAS, designated RCC, would be the first unit formed with the new organization of the armoured troops in the beginning of 1918.

Initially composed of the first Groupment of Schneider tanks and of the 1st and 2nd battalions of light tanks, (the 1er and 2e BCL), created respectively on 19 February and 18 March 1918 and equipped with Renault FT.
the 3rd battalion, formed on 27 March, was initially assigned to the 508e Régiment de chars de combat 508e RCC then transferred to the 501e RCC since 29 May 1918.

Each light tank battalion was composed of three companies numbered from the 301.

Interwar period
The 501e was engaged in outre-mer at the corps of the army of the Orient. The 303rd Company of the 501st supported French and Greek forces around Odesa and Kherson, where they fought Nikifor Hryhorev's partisans. On 13 May 1920 the 501 was designated as the 501e Régiment de chars de combat.

World War II
With the outbreak of the World War II, the regiment formed four combat tank battalions: the 1e and 2e BCC were respectively issued from the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 501e RCC and each comprised 45 Renault R35 tanks while the 30e and 31e BCC were respectively formed and equipped of 63 FT tanks from the reserves. While the 1e, 2e and 31e BCC remained at the corps of GBC 501 and were assigned to the Vth Army, the 30e BCC joined the GBC 502 of the IIIrd Army. These companies were engaged individually.

With the 342e autonomous company back from Narvik out of which a dozen of volunteers joined the Free France, the 1st autonomous tank company of Free France was formed.

The company later served within the ranks of the VIIIth British Army, equipped with British combat Crusader tank. This company was part of the "colonne volante" with the 1st Spahi Regiment.

Two other companies created in 1940 and 1941 merged then with the later to constitute a regiment (the regiment was articulated accordingly into four combat companies).

After having joined the United Kingdom with the 2nd Armoured Division 2e DB, in April 1944, the 501e embarked on August 3 to the Bancs de Grande Vey, on the north-east coast of Carentan. The regiment partook in the liberation of Paris, the tank battle of Dompaire, then Strasbourg and finished the events of campaign series engagements on 5 May 1945. The American command awarded the regiment, the « U.S. Presidential Unit Citation ».

1945 to present
Formed on 1 September 1945, a marching company embarked for Indochina.

The regiment was engaged in Central Europe, Senegal (1982), Lebanon (1984), Central African Republic (since 1985) and Yugoslavia.

On 1 September 1990 the chef d'état major de l'armée de terre CEMAT, created from the 4e Régiment de dragons 4e RD and the 503e Régiment de chars de combat, a regiment composed of 80 Leclerc tanks in two squadron groups (GE).

On 31 August 1994 the 501e Régiment de chars de combat was dissolved. Simultaneously, the squadron group of the 4e RD was designated squadron group 501. This evolution was remarked in the order of battle of the French Army, the 501e-503e Régiment de chars de combat.

On 23 June 2009 the 503 GE was dissolved and formed a fourth combat squadron in the corps of the 501e which became the 501e RCC. Accordingly, the regiment was integrated at the corps of the 2nd Armoured Brigade 2e BB.

Traditions

Insignia

Regimental Colors

Regimental Song
Dans le vent, la pluie et l'orage
Chevaux de fer monstres d'aciers canons pointés
Meilleur des chars toujours avec courage
Marche au combat sous les rafales avec fierté

Au 501 soyons toujours fidèles
De la DB les cœurs plus valeureux
Faisant flotter cette devise belle
Nous resterons toujours fiers et heureux

Prends garde aussi devant sa lunette
Un jour tu passe il restera trois secondes
Pour qu'a jamais ta propre vie s'arrête
Le béret noir t'envoie dans l'autre monde

L'éternité te sera moins pénible
Tu te diras ce n'est pas le hasard
C'est sans retour si l'on devient la cible
Du 501 toujours premier des chars

Au baroud après la bagarre
Si tu reviens avant de partir au pays
Tête levée pense à ton étendard
Car son serment d'Afrique n'a plus jamais trahi

Pense à celui qui reste sur la piste
Dans la fournaise le cœur dans sa tourelle
S'en est allé la haut vers les tankistes
Pour que la vie soit ici moins cruelle

Decorations
The regimental colors of the 501e RCC are decorated with:

 Croix de guerre 1914–1918 with :
 2 palms titled to the 1st Light Tank Battalion of the 501st Special Artillery Regiment
 Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with:
 2 palms
 Croix de la Libération.

Fourragere:
 The regiment is entitled to bear wearing the fourragere with colors of the Croix de guerre 1914–1918 with olive colors of the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 and colors of the Croix de la Libération.

In 1939, six companies were entitled to wear the fourragere with colors of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918. In total, 15 palms were awarded to six companies.
Three companies of the 3rd battalion of the 501e RCC were awarded the fourragere cited at the orders of the Médaille militaire for four citations at the orders of the armed forces.

Honours

Battle Honours

Aisne (1918)
Soissonnais (1918)
Champagne (1918)
Belgique (1918)
El-Alamein (1942)
Paris (1944)
Strasbourg (1944)

Regimental Commanders

See also
31st Brigade

References

Bibliographies
 Général Serge Andolenko, Recueil d'historique de l'arme blindée et de la cavalerie, Paris, Eurimprim, 1968.
 Adrien Bélanger, Auteur en autoédition - , 344 pages A5 - dépôt légal de septembre 2005 - Pour aller délivrer mes frères - Louis Michard (Chamblet, Allier [1914]- Grussenheim, Alsace [1945]- Compagnon de la Libération - 501e RCC de la 2e DB).
 501e régiment de chars de combat. Le chemin le plus long Chronique de la compagnie de char de combat du général de Gaulle (1940–1945). (Éditions Maisonneuve & Larose)
 Avec les chars d'assaut Marcel Fourier. Hachette, 1919 (Témoins, p.|308-310)
 Sturmpionier - Passion histoire et militaria guerre 14-18. Au sommaire du numéro 52 (février/mars/avril 2011).

20th-century regiments of France
21st-century regiments of France
Armoured regiments of France
Military units and formations established in 1918

501e Régiment de chars de combat


Jahorina Ski Resort (), officially named Olympic Center Jahorina, is a mountain resort and the largest and most popular winter tourism resort in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ski resort is situated on the slopes of Jahorina mountain in Dinaric Alps. It is located  from the municipality of Pale in the Republika Srpska entity and  from the Sarajevo International Airport. The Jahorina ski resort hosted alpine skiing competition during the 1984 Winter Olympics.

History
The first written documents recorded skiing on Jahorina mountain in the late 19th century during the Austro-Hungarian rule.  The origins of organized tourism on Jahorina trace back to 1923, founding year of the ski resort. Between the First and the Second World War, ski jumps and a mountain lodge were constructed at Jahorina. The first Yugoslav ski rally was held at Jahorina in 1937.

After World War II, Jahorina hosted the "International Students Winter Week" in 1955, a forerunner to the Winter Universiade that would start five years later in Chamonix, France.

The Jahorina ski resort was the site of the Women's Alpine Winter Olympic competitions during the 1984 Winter Olympics, that took place from 8–19 February 1984 in Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia. Starting from 1984, Jahorina ski resort bares the official name "Olympic Center Jahorina".

Since the 2010s, the Jahorina ski resort went thorough several investment cycles with aim to renew its aging infrastructure. The ski lift system was upgraded from 2012 to 2018 with  new Leitner chairlifts.

During 2017, the brand new snowmaking infrastructure was deployed in ski resort, along with huge artificial lake built on top of Jahorina mountain. In December 2018, the Jahorina ski resort has officially put the new snowmaking system in use, covering all ski slopes with artificial snow.

As of 2018, the Jahorina ski resort is the largest and most popular ski resort in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Apart from alpine skiing, snowboarding, hiking and sledding, it offers a variety of outdoor sports and activities. The nordic skiing tracks, cross-country trails and various other sport facilities offer additional options for athletes and tourists. The floodlighting system enables night skiing on Poljice ski piste. In 2018, the ski resort recorded 185,000 visitors, the biggest count since the 1980s.

The Jahorina ski resort was among the venues where the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival took place during February 2019.

Climate and Geography
The ski resort is located at elevations between 1,300 and 1,916 meters, with over  of ski slopes and modern facilities. Day count under the snow in Jahorina ski resort is on average 175 days annually, spanning from October till May. The average natural snow height on ski pistes in February is . High levels of natural snowfall are complemented by snowmaking equipment.

Transportation
The Sarajevo International Airport is located  away from ski resort, making Jahorina one of the most reachable ski resorts in Europe via plane. The ski resort is located  from the municipality of Pale and  from the capital city of Sarajevo, making it well-connected with all main transport routes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ski resort is reached by maximum of six hour drive from all major cities in the region: Belgrade, Zagreb, Novi Sad, Split, Podgorica and Ljubljana.

Gallery

See also
 Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

References

External links

 Ski resort Jahorina at skiresort.info

Venues of the 1984 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiing venues
Ski areas and resorts in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dinaric Alps

Jahorina Ski Resort


Carlo Fontana (1634/1638–1714) was an Italian architect originating from today's Canton Ticino, who was in part responsible for the classicizing direction taken by Late Baroque Roman architecture.

Biography
There seems to be no proof that he belonged to the family of famous architects of the same name, which included Domenico Fontana, although he is sometimes called his great nephew.

Born in Brusato, near Como (now part of the town of Novazzano in Canton Ticino, Switzerland), Fontana went to Rome before 1655. He became a draughtsman for the architectural plans of Pietro da Cortona, Carlo Rainaldi, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini employed him for nearly a decade in diverse projects. He finished Bernini's Palazzo Ludovisi, which had been started for Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, nephew of Pope Gregory XV; and modified Bernini's plan with the addition of a bell gable above the main entrance.

His first independent project may be the church of San Biagio in Campitelli, completed by 1665. After a fire during the night of Good Friday in 1670 destroyed the roof and part of the interior of the Basilica Cattedrale di Santa Margherita in Montefiascone, the repair and completion of the construction was entrusted to Fontana. Around that time, he also designed the Ginetti Chapel in Sant'Andrea della Valle.

The façade at San Marcello al Corso (1682–83) is described as one of his most successful works. Around 1700, he and his son Francesco designed a new Baroque interior for Santi Apostoli. Innocent XII commissioned Fontana to extend the Ospizio Apostolico di San Michele complex, organized around its church. The first chapel in the south aisle of St. Peter's Basilica is the baptistry, commissioned by Pope Innocent XII and designed by Fontana.

At the request of Clement XI he built the public oil depots (Olearie Papali) within the ruins of the Baths of Diocletian He also built a new granary.

In 1702 Fontana restored the façade of Santa Maria in Trastevere, replacing the ancient porch with a sloping tiled roof. He also restored the octagonal fountain in the piazza in front of the church in the Piazza di Santa Maria in Trastevere.
In 1708 he designed the Biblioteca Casanatense at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Fontana mainly worked in Rome, assisted by his nephews Girolamo and Francesco Fontana (1668–1708), but he sent a model for the Fulda Cathedral, and others to Vienna for the royal stables. Among his other foreign works were the designs for the Sanctuary of Loyola in Spain, where Saint Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit Order was born. This grandiose basilica was a major influence upon baroque architecture of the New World.

Fontana was an able artist and a good designer, but lacked the innovation that characterized early Baroque architects like Cortona and Borromini. In addition, he was  more successful as an architect than as a writer. By order of Pope Innocent XI he wrote a diffuse historical description of the Templum Vaticanum (1694), which included his project for completing St. Peter's. In this work Fontana advised the demolition of that dense nest of medieval houses called La Spina which formed a sort of island from Ponte Sant'Angelo to the piazza of St. Peter's; the project was completed under Benito Mussolini, creating the Via della Conciliazione. Fontana made a calculation of the whole expense of St. Peter's from the beginning to 1694, which amounted to 46,800,052 crowns, without including models. He also published works on the Colosseum; the Aqueducts; the inundation of the Tiber, etc. Furthermore, twenty seven manuscript volumes of his writings and sketches are preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle.

Fontana was principe of the Accademia di San Luca in 1686 and 1692–1700. Fontana's studio was one of the most prolific in Europe; its designs for fountains, tombs, and altars were often imitated or reproduced abroad. Among Fontana's disciples, who spread his fame throughout Europe, were Giovanni Battista Vaccarini in Sicily, Filippo Juvarra in Italy and Spain, James Gibbs in England, Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann in Germany, Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt and Fischer von Erlach in Austria, Nicodemus Tessin the Younger in Sweden, and Nicola Michetti in Italy and Russia.
Other Fontana pupils include Giovan Battista Contini and Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri.

Works in Rome

Palazzo Giustiniani. Rebuilding and refurbishing, with Francesco Borromini and others
 Santa Maria in Traspontina. Main altar (1674)
Palazzo Montecitorio (1694–97); the headquarters of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian parliament since 1871.
Façade of the church of San Marcello al Corso (1682–83). The slightly concave façade with the emphatic portico, the masterfully rhythmic use of Corinthian columns and pilasters, the subtle integration of upper and lower storeys and the independent counterpoint of friezes and cornices all exemplify Fontana's youthful manner, working in the organic Baroque that would be replaced by his later restrained academic Baroque. The conventional scrolls that ordinarily flank the upper central section are appropriately replaced with the martyr's palms.
Church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, in collaboration with Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1662–79).
Church of San Biagio in Campitelli (1655).
Basilica di San Clemente, 1713–19. Restorations.
Interior of Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (1702–08).
The fountain in the left of the Piazza San Pietro (1675).
The fountain in front of Santa Maria in Trastevere, one of the oldest fountains of Rome, was restored by Fontana
The Cybo Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo (1682–87).
Sistine Chapel in Santa Maria Maggiore (1671).
Ginetti Chapel in Sant'Andrea della Valle (1671).
Albani Chapel in San Sebastiano fuori le mura (1705).
Biblioteca Casanatense at Santa Maria sopra Minerva (1708). Fontana's magnificent salone houses the library that was donated by Cardinal Casanate in 1698. The library was opened in 1725 .
The great complex of San Michele a Ripa, with Mattia de' Rossi. The Chiesa Grande dates from 1706.
Baptismal font, St. Peter's Basilica (1692–1698).
The tombs of Popes Clement XI and Innocent XII.
The tomb of Queen Christina of Sweden in St. Peter's Basilica (1702).
 Villa Cetinale in Tuscany.

References

This article incorporates text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article "Carlo Fontana" by Thomas H. Poole, a publication now in the public domain.
Carlo, Fontana, ''Discorso... sopra il Monte Citatorio... (Rome 1694); facsimile (in Italian)

Italian Baroque architects
1630s births
1714 deaths
Architects from Ticino
Baroque architecture in Rome
Italian Baroque people
Italian male sculptors
Italian Roman Catholics
17th-century Italian architects
18th-century Italian architects
17th-century Italian sculptors
18th-century Italian sculptors
18th-century Italian male artists

Carlo Fontana


Délizia Adamo better known mononymously as Délizia (June 23, 1952 – February 9, 2020) was a singer of Italian–Belgian origin and sister of international singer Salvatore Adamo.

She had her debut single "Prend le chien" at age 14. It was written by her brother Adamo. She followed courses in drawing and took part in a comedy production at Théatre de l'Ancre in Charleroi, where she interpreted Kataeiv's "Je veux voir Moscou". She also followed dramatic arts courses at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.

In 1974, Salvatore Adamo wrote her some songs releasing "Qui te retient" and "Aime-moi" as singles. The next year, she took part in some of his tours. In 1976 and again in 1978, she participated in pre-selections for the Belgian entry to Eurovision Song Contest but without success. She had a comeback in 1982 with "Une première danse", a song co-written by Michel Legrand and Charles Aznavour.

Discography

EP
1966: A1 : "Prends le chien"  (S. Adamo) / A2 : "Monsieur le professeur" (S. Adamo) / B1 : "J'ai rendez-vous" (S. Adamo) / B2 : "Laissons passer les années" (S. Adamo)

Singles
(Side A and Side B, writer in parentheses)
1974: "Qui te retient?" – (S. Adamo) / "Aime-moi" – (S. Adamo)
1975: "Vivre avec toi" – (S. Adamo) / "Bye bye love" – (S. Adamo)
1975: "Alors, le bel été" – (S. Adamo) / "Je te suivrai" – (S. Adamo)
1976: "Un hiver avec toi" – (Didier Barbelivien, V. Paradiso) / "Ma prière" – (Roby Facchinetti, Patrick Loiseau, Valerio Negrini)
1976: "Le procès de l'amour" – (Phil Coulter, Bill Martin, Christian Ravasco) / "Le temps pardonne" – (Óscar Gómez, Michel Jouveaux)
1977: "Du côté de l'amour" – (C. Lee, G. Allun Michel, T. Boyce) / "Reviens" – (J. Keller, M. Jouveaux, P. Vance)
1978: "Qui viendra réinventer l'amour?" - (S. Adamo) / "Comme un feu qui dort (Alors le bel été)" - (S. Adamo)

References

External links
Délizia: Discography Encyclopédisque.

1952 births
2020 deaths
Belgian women singers
Belgian people of Italian descent

Délizia


Louis de Pardaillan, Duke o Antin (9 November 1707 – 9 December 1743) wis a French Duke an nobleman. He wis a descendant o Madame de Montespan an o Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke o Noailles. His relation s included
Louis de Noailles, Duke o Noailles an o Philippe de Noailles, Duke o Mouchy. He wuis also a half brither o Thee Duke o Penthièvre  (himsel a grandson o Keeng Louis XIV). He died aged 36 an wis succeeded as Duke of Antin bi his only son Louis. His wife outlived him bi 25 years. His nephew mairit Princess Marie Louise o Savoy, future friend o Queen Marie Antoinette.

Mairiage

On 29 October 1722, he mairit Françoise Gillonne de Montmorency (1704–1768), a granddaughter o François Henri de Montmorency, Duke o Luxembourg, relation o Christian Louis de Montmorency, Duke o Luxembourg an a Marshal o Fraunce. They haed fower bairn, ane son (born in 1727) an three dochters. His son niver mairit an died in Breme during the Seven Years' War.

Issue

 Julie Sophie Gillette de Pardaillan (1 October 1725–1797) Abbess o Fontevraud (1765–1792) died unmairit.
 Louis de Pardaillan, Duke o Antin (15 Februar 1727–14 September 1757), died unmairit.
 Marie Françoise de Pardaillan (13 August 1728–1764), married François Emery de Durfort, Coont o Civrac, haed issue.
 Julie Magdeleine Victoire de Pardaillan (20 Mairch 1731 – 13 September 1799), married François Emmanuel de Crussol, Duke o Uzès an haed issue.

1707 births
1743 daiths
French fowk
18t-century French fowk
Dukes o Fraunce
Dukes o Antin
Hoose o Pardaillan
French nobility

Louis de Pardaillan, Duke o Antin


Yuriy Yakovlev (; 5 October 1930 – 15 August 2002) was a Bulgarian stage and film actor.

He is probably best known for the role of the research worker Robespier Galabov portrayed by him in the Bulgarian hit movie The Past-Master (1970). His character appears also in the sequels The Past-Master on Excursion (1980) and The Past-Master at the Seaside (1982). Other notable film appearances include Gerlovo Event (1971) directed by Grisha Ostrovski and Farsighted for Two Diopters (1976) written by Mormarevi Brothers.  Yakovlev is also known for the numerous roles on the stage of the Theatre "Salza i Smyah" (Tear and Laughter), Sofia.

In 1979, Yuriy Yakovlev was decorated with the high title "Honoured Artist".

Biography and career
Yakovlev was born Yuriy Yurievich Yakovlev on October 5, 1930 in Riga, Latvia. His father Yuriy Dimitrievich Yakovlev, also actor and stage director, was of Russian descent. His mother Jeana Sladkarova - Yakovleva was a well known Bulgarian opera singer. Her brother Angel Sladkarov was among the founders of the operetta genre in Bulgaria. The first appearance on the stage of the young Yuriy Yurievich was at the age of 7 in a staging at Ivan Vazov National Theatre directed by his father. In 1955-56, after the graduation from The National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts, Yakovlev junior was appointed in the Pernik Theatre for a year. Between 1956 and 1966, he played with the so-called "Working Front Theatre" and "People's Stage Theatre". In 1967, Yakovlev joined the troupe of the newly founded theatre "Salza i Smyah" (Tear and Laughter), Sofia where he remained until his retirement from the stage in 1992.

Filmography

References

Sources

External links

Bulgarian male film actors
Bulgarian male stage actors
Bulgarian male television actors
1930 births
2002 deaths
Actors from Riga
Bulgarian people of Russian descent
20th-century Bulgarian male actors

Yuriy Yakovlev (Bulgarian actor)


Helen Rae Bamber OBE, née Helen Balmuth (1 May 1925 – 21 August 2014), was a British psychotherapist and human rights activist. She worked with Holocaust survivors in Germany after the concentration camps were liberated in 1945. In 1947, she returned to Britain and continued her work, helping to establish Amnesty International and later co-founding the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture. In 2005, she created the Helen Bamber Foundation to help survivors of human rights violations.

Throughout her life, Bamber worked with those who were the most marginalised: Holocaust survivors, asylum-seekers, refugees, victims of the conflict in Northern Ireland, trafficked men, women and children, survivors of genocide, torture, rape, female genital mutilation, British former Far East prisoners of war, former hostages and other people who suffered torture abroad.  She worked in many countries including Gaza, Kosovo, Uganda, Turkey and Northern Ireland.

Family and early life
Bamber's father, Louis Balmuth, was born in New York. His family returned to Poland, at a time of Jewish pogroms and moved again to England in 1895 when Balmuth was nine. He was in his late 30s when he married Marie Bader, who had been born in Britain of Polish extraction. Their daughter Helen Balmuth (later, Bamber) was born in 1925, and grew up in Amhurst Park, a Jewish area of North-East London. Louis Balmuth worked as an accountant during the day and as a philosopher, writer and mathematician outside office hours. His wife Marie was a singer and pianist who hoped that their daughter would become a celebrated performer. When Louis's younger brother Michael, who had been financially successful and with whom the entire Balmuth family, including Louis and Michael's parents, lived in Michael's large house, fell on hard financial times, Bamber and her parents moved to a smaller home in nearby Stamford Hill. Bamber was moved from a private Jewish school in London to a multi-denominational primary, from where she won a scholarship to high school in Tottenham. She had spent much time sick as a child and may well have suffered from tuberculosis.

Bamber's grandfather had been a politico who had followed the ideas of Peter Kropotkin and her father's strong beliefs in human rights pervaded the radical household. The family felt the Nazi threat strongly, and during the 1930s, her father, who spoke fluent German, followed Radio Berlin broadcasts in order to track the unfolding political situation. He read out sections of Mein Kampf to the family to underline the issues at stake, and Bamber describes a sense of constant foreboding in her home. As a teenager in the late 1930s, Bamber joined a group of protesters opposing Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists. During World War II, Bamber was evacuated to Suffolk. Her mother's cousins, Chaim and Menachem, were prominent leaders within Hashomer Hatzair, and urged Bamber's parents to send her to live on a Palestinian kibbutz. Menachem Bader would later be involved in the 1944 'blood for goods' negotiations with the SS in an attempt to save Hungarian Jews.

Career

Belsen
Towards the end of the war, Bamber took a job as secretary to a Harley Street doctor, responding to an ad calling for volunteers to help Jewish survivors of the Nazi concentration camps. At the age of 20, she was appointed to one of the first rehabilitation teams to enter the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp with the Jewish Relief Unit to help with the physical and psychological recovery of many of that camp's 20,000 Holocaust survivors. She says: "My father accepted it, almost with a shrug of resignation. I think it was something about repaying a debt. I was aware that if the Nazis had succeeded in invading England, we would have been the victims."  Henry Lunzer, her manager in the Jewish Relief Unit, remembers her as a vivacious girl and a natural organiser. "Helen just took charge of [London] headquarters, administered the whole thing," says Lunzer. "It was amazing at that age. God only knows what made her so efficient!"

She related her experience at Belsen to the BBC in 2002: "I didn't go at the very beginning – I wasn't there at its liberation which was quite horrific and which we know well from our screens and from testimonies. I went there some months later after camp one, which we saw on the screens, had been burnt down. It had been burnt because of typhus and raging disease. [...] By the time I got there, there were mounds – people had been buried in great numbers in ditches. But the survivors, the displaced persons, as they then became called, were herded into what had been the German Panzer Division's barracks. These were stone, very dour, very dark and cold buildings in which people lived many to a room without any facilities. She recounts, "[I saw ] awful sights, amputees, gangrene, festering sores. People still looked terribly emaciated [...] sometimes when you were searching through things you were reminded of the enormity of it: once we came across a vast pile of shoes, sorted according to sizes, including children's, all neatly lined up; you were never safe from that kind of confrontation. She said that survivors  "would dig their fingers into your arms and hold on to you to get to you the horror of what had happened. Above all else, there was a need to tell you everything, over and over and over again. And this was the most significant thing for me, realizing that you had to take it all." She spoke of what she thought of as her essential role: "After a while I began to realise the most important role for me there was to bear witness. Bearing witness to the vulnerability of humanity." "[There] wasn't so much grief as a pouring out of some ghastly vomit like a kind of horror." She described her work by saying, "Sometimes I found it necessary to say to people who I knew were not going to live: 'You are giving me your testimony and I will hold it for you and I will honour it and I will bear witness to what has happened to you.'" Part of her motivation for her journey to Belsen was about overcoming her own fears: "I felt I had to face something, the fear in myself. I had to understand other people's fear, and I had to understand something about overcoming fear – living. How does one live with the knowledge of atrocity?" She remained in Germany for two and a half years, negotiating the evacuation to Switzerland of a group of young survivors suffering from tuberculosis.

Return to England
In 1947, Bamber returned to England. She worked with the Jewish Refugee Committee and was appointed to the Committee for the Care of Young Children from Concentration Camps. During the next eight years she trained to work with disturbed young adults and children while in close liaison with the Anna Freud Clinic. During this time she also undertook a part-time study in Social Science at the London School of Economics. Also in 1947, she married Rudi Bamberger, a German Jewish refugee from Nuremberg. His father had been beaten to death with fists and truncheons during the pogrom of fascist violence known as Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938). He changed his name to the more British 'Bamber' and the couple had two sons –   Jonathan (now a physicist), and David (now a sculptor).  The couple divorced, in 1970 after 23 years.

In 1958, Bamber was appointed Almoner at St. George in the East End Hospital and later at the Middlesex Hospital. Following her campaigning for children, Bamber became one of the founding members of the influential National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital. The organization established in Britain the practice of allowing a mother to remain with her young child. In 1961, Bamber joined the new Amnesty International (founded in May) and became chairman of the first British group. In 1974, she helped establish the Medical Group within the organization and was appointed secretary. In recognition of the Medical Group's work within Amnesty International, the British Medical Association established a Working Party on Torture. She led ground-breaking research into government torture in Chile, the Soviet Union, South Africa and Northern Ireland.

Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture

She resigned from the Executive Council of Amnesty International in 1980 along with other members of the Medical Group. In 1985 they all left Amnesty and set up Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture in rooms at the National Temperance Hospital in London, moving to Kentish Town two years later. As the Medical Group had dealt often with people whose injuries needed specialist physical and psychological help, they set out to provide long-term care to patients. They treated up to 3000 patients a year from over 90 countries, the role of therapist as one of witness –  "to receive, not to recoil" and often "simply sit rocking somebody while they tell their story". In 2001, Comparing her early work with Holocaust survivors in Belsen, she said "I think perhaps then and now – because I am now concerned with present day survivors from over 91 different countries – one is still bearing witness in the same way and that is the first gift you can give somebody who is a survivor". She continued as director until 2002 until stepping down to concentrate on her work with patients.

Helen Bamber Foundation

In 2005, at age 80, in response to changing patterns of global violence and an increasingly hostile political landscape, Bamber set-up the Helen Bamber Foundation to expand her already established rehabilitative work with torture survivors.

The Helen Bamber Foundation (HBF) continues to receive more than 800 referrals each year. HBF provides expert care and support for refugees and asylum seekers who have suffered extreme physical, sexual and psychological violence, abuse and exploitation. Their clients have been subjected to atrocities including state-sponsored torture, religious / political persecution, human trafficking, forced labour, sexual exploitation, and gender-based violence. As a result of their experiences, survivors have multiple and complex needs including: acute psychological health conditions, severe physical injuries and medical conditions, extreme vulnerability to further exploitation, risk of further persecution, homelessness, destitution and intense loneliness. Its specialist team of therapists, doctors and legal experts hold an international reputation for providing therapeutic care, medical consultation, legal protection and practical support to refugees and asylum seekers who have experienced human rights violations.

Retirement
In 2013, it was recognised that she would have to step back from the day-to-day running of the Foundation and Bamber assumed the new role of Director Emeritus (having previously been Clinical Director) of the Foundation. She died in August 2014 in London at the age of 89 and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.

Awards and honours
1993: European Woman of Achievement
1997: OBE
1998: Lifetime's Achievement in Human Rights
2006: Beacon Fellowship Prize
2008: Jewish Care's Woman of Distinction
2009: Cannes Film Festival honoured the Helen Bamber Foundation advertising campaign, directed by Harold Monfils.
2009: Eileen Skellern Lifetime Achievement Award
2009: The Times/Sternberg Active Life Award
2009: Dag Hammarskjold Inspiration Award
2013: Inspiration Awards for Women – Human Rights Award

Honorary degrees
 University of Hull
 Oxford University
 University of Dundee
 University of Glasgow
 University of Ulster
 Kingston University
 The Open University
 Oxford Brookes University
 University of Essex

References

Further reading
 Belton, Neil (1999), The Good Listener: Helen Bamber, a Life Against Cruelty. Pantheon Books.

External links
 The Helen Bamber Foundation
 Radio 4 profile
 BBC news interview and audio file, 25 January, 2001: Bearing witness to the Holocaust
 Guardian Interview with Bamber; 11 March 2000: Small Wonder
 Desert Island Discs appearance  (2 May 1999)

1925 births
2014 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Essex
Amnesty International people
British human rights activists
Women human rights activists
British Jews
British psychotherapists
British women psychiatrists
Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
Jewish psychiatrists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Helen Bamber


The Office of Censorship was an emergency wartime agency set up by the United States federal government on December 19, 1941, to aid in the censorship of all communications coming into and going out of the United States, including its territories and the Philippines. The efforts of the Office of Censorship to balance the protection of sensitive war related information with the constitutional freedoms of the press is considered largely successful.

The agency's implementation of censorship was done primarily through a voluntary regulatory code that was willingly adopted by the press. The phrase "loose lips sink ships" was popularized during World War II, which is a testament to the urgency Americans felt to protect information relating to the war effort. Radio broadcasts, newspapers, and newsreels were the primary ways Americans received their information about World War II and therefore were the medium most affected by the Office of Censorship code. The closure of the Office of Censorship in November 1945 corresponded with the ending of World War II.

History

Immediate predecessors
Censorship by the American press began on a voluntary basis before America's official entry into World War II. In 1939, after the war had already begun in Europe, journalists in America started withholding information about Canadian troop movements. In September 1939, President Roosevelt declared a state of national emergency. In response to the threat of war, branches in the United States government that explicitly regulated censorship popped up within the Military and Navy. These branches were the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, which began in September 1939, and the Censorship Branch in the Military Intelligence Division which formed in June 1941. A Joint Board was also established in September 1939 to facilitate censorship planning between the Military and Navy departments of the US government.

The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, caused the official entry of America into World War II and the reorganizing of government activities responsible for censoring communication in and out of the United States. The First War Powers Act, passed on December 18, 1941, contained broad grants of Executive authority, including a provision on censorship.

Executive Order 8985
On December 19, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8985, which established the Office of Censorship and conferred on its director the power to censor international communications in "his absolute discretion." The order set up a Censorship Policy Board to advise the director on policy coordination and integration of censorship activities. It also authorized the director to establish a Censorship Operating Board that would bring together other government agencies to deal with issues of communication interception. By March 15, 1942, all military personnel who had been working on the Joint Board or on operations at the direction of the Joint Board were moved into the Office of Censorship.

The Director of Censorship
Byron Price, who was the executive news editor at the Associated Press, accepted the position of Director of Censorship on 19 December 1941 under the conditions that he would report directly to Roosevelt and that the president agreed with his desire to continue voluntary censorship. Throughout Price's tenure, the responsibility for censorship in the media was entirely on journalists. His motto for convincing the media to comply was, "Least said, soonest mended." Although over 30 agencies in the US government at the time of World War II had some censorship role, the foundation of government policies relied heavily on the patriotism and voluntary cooperation of news establishments. The American Civil Liberties Union said that Price had "censored the press and made them like it."

Price advocated against decentralizing the Office of Censorship and prevented it from merging with the Office of War Information. Price believed that a merger with the Office of War Information (OWI) would prevent the public from receiving truthful information with regards to war time efforts. While OWI and the Office of Censorship, both primarily dealt with censoring information related to the war, the OWI was also involved in political propaganda campaigns.

Though the official closure of the Office of Censorship did not come until November 1945, one day following Japanese surrender on August 14, 1945, Price hung a sign outside of his office door that read "out of business". In January 1946, then-President Harry Truman praised Price's work at the agency and awarded Price the Medal for Merit, which was at the time the highest decoration that could be awarded to an American civilian.

Activities
To effect closer coordination of censorship activities during the war effort, representatives of Great Britain, Canada, and the United States signed an agreement providing for the complete exchange of information among all concerned parties. They also created a central clearinghouse of information within the headquarters of the Office of Censorship.

Price utilized existing facilities of the War Department and Navy Department wherever possible. On March 15, 1942, Army and Navy personnel engaged in censorship activities moved from the War Department and Navy Department to the Office of Censorship. There they monitored the 350,000 overseas cables and telegrams and 25,000 international telephone calls each week. Offices in Los Angeles, New York City, and Rochester, New York, reviewed films.

Radio was especially vulnerable to government control under the Communications Act of 1934. The voluntary nature of censorship relieved many broadcasters, which had expected that war would cause the government to seize all stations and draft their employees into the army. Such authority existed; Attorney General Francis Biddle issued an opinion to Price in early 1942 that gave him almost unlimited authority over broadcasting. As an experienced journalist who disliked having to act as censor, he feared that a nationwide takeover of radio would result in a permanent government monopoly. Price believed that voluntary cooperation must be tried first with mandatory censorship only if necessary, and persuaded other government officials and the military to agree.

End of the agency
As the military situation improved, plans for adjustment and eventual cessation of censorship were devised. Executive Order 9631 issued the formal cessation of the Office of Censorship on September 28, 1945. The order became effective on November 15, 1945. Price thanked journalists nationwide for their cooperation: "You deserve, and you have, the thanks and appreciation of your Government. And my own gratitude and that of my colleagues in the unpleasant task of administering censorship is beyond words or limit." In a postwar memo to President Harry Truman on future wartime censorship procedures, Price wrote that "no one who does not dislike censorship should ever be permitted to exercise censorship" and urged that voluntary cooperation be again used.

The Code of Wartime Practices for the American Press
The Code of Wartime Practices for the American Press was first issued on January 15, 1942, by the Office of Censorship. It had subsequent versions released on June 15, 1942, and on May 15, 1945, post-victory in Europe. The code set forth in simple terms—only seven pages for broadcasters, and five for the printed press—subjects that contained information of value to the enemy and which, therefore, should not be published or broadcast in the United States without authorization by a qualified government source. Price promised that "what does not concern the war does not concern censorship." Rather than having government officials review all articles and columns, the newspapers and radio stations voluntarily adopted to seek approval from a relevant government agency before discussing information on sensitive subjects. These sensitive subjects included factory production figures, troop movements, damages to American forces, and weather reports. All major news organizations in addition to 1,600 accredited wartime correspondents pledged to adhere to the code. A 24-hour hotline quickly answered media questions on appropriate topics.

"Man in the street"
There was no government mandate to publish or broadcast positive news, unlike the Committee on Public Information during World War I. Complying with the code ended popular media features, however. Radio stations had to discontinue programs with audience participation and man on the street interviews because of the risk that an enemy agent might use the microphone. Similarly, lost-and-found advertisements ended and All Request programs were asked to avoid complying with specific times for music requests, in both cases to prevent encoded transmission of secret data. Stations cooperated despite losing the advertising revenue from sponsors; Price later estimated that losing man on the street programs alone cost stations "tens of millions of dollars" during the war, although the increase in war-related advertisements more than compensated.

Weather
The Office of Censorship and the Weather Bureau saw weather as especially sensitive. Military authorities asked the Office of Censorship to severely limit information about the weather because they feared too much information would help the enemy attack. Weather-related news comprised about half of all code violations. While newspapers could print temperature tables and regular bureau forecasts, the code asked radio stations to use only specially approved bureau forecasts to prevent enemy submarines from learning of current conditions. From January 15, 1942 to October 12, 1943 broadcasters said nothing about rain, snow, fog, wind, air pressure, temperature, or sunshine unless it was approved by the Weather Bureau. After Memphis, Tennessee stations could not discuss tornadoes that killed hundreds in March 1942, the code was changed to permit emergency bulletins but only if approved by the office. The office saw current weather conditions as so sensitive that it considered banning broadcasting any outdoor sports event, but decided that sport's benefit to morale was too important. When fog so covered a Chicago football game in August 1942 that the radio play-by-play announcer could not see the field, the Weather Bureau thanked him for never using the word "fog" or mentioning the weather. In 1942, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt wrote a newspaper column about her travel across the country, in which she described the weather. She received "a very stern letter" from the Office of Censorship reprimanding her.

Presidential travel
The code specifically restricted information on "movements of the President of the United States". As Price reported only to the President, Roosevelt effectively became censor of all news about himself. When he toured war factories around the country for two weeks in September 1942, for example, only three wire service reporters accompanied him on the private railroad car Ferdinand Magellan. They filed articles for later publication, and despite being seen by tens of thousands of Americans, almost no mention appeared in the press of the president's trip until after it ended. Similar procedures were used on later domestic and international trips, such as to Casablanca in 1943 and Yalta in 1945. While the majority of reporters supported voluntarily censoring themselves over such travel, Roosevelt also used the code to hide frequent weekend trips to Springwood Estate and, some believed, the meetings with former lover Lucy Rutherford that began again in 1944. During the 1944 presidential election, he may have used his ability to avoid press reports to hide evidence of worsening health. Such arbitrary use of the code was controversial among Washington reporters, and Price privately wrote that Roosevelt "greatly abused" the press's cooperation.

Restrictions
Price stated throughout the war that he wanted censorship to end as soon as possible. The code of conduct was relaxed in October 1943 to permit weather information except barometric pressure and wind direction, and weather programs returned to radio. Most restrictions ended after V-E Day in May 1945, with the code only four pages in length after its final revision.

Censorship failures
Two censorship failures of World War II:
 On June 7, 1942 the Chicago Tribune announcement of breaking of Japanese Purple (cipher machine).
 In June, 1943 Congressman Andrew Jackson May disclosed that Japanese depth charges were set too shallow-and resulted in the estimated losses of 10 US Submarines and 800 servicemen.
List of US Submarines lost by depth charges: 19 out of 53 lost; 1522 crew lost
USS Barbel (SS-316) 4 February 1945
USS Bonefish (SS-223) 18 June 1945
USS Bullhead (SS-332) 6 August 1945
USS Cisco (SS-290) 28 September 1943
USS Golet (SS-361) 14 June 1944
USS Grayback (SS-208) 27 February 1944
USS Grayling (SS-209) 9 September 1943
USS Growler (SS-215) 8 November 1944
USS Gudgeon (SS-211) 18 April 1944
USS Harder (SS-257) 24 August 1944
USS Lagarto (SS-371) 4 May 1945
USS S-44 (SS-155) 7 October 1943
USS Scamp (SS-277) 11 November 1944
USS Sculpin (SS-191) 19 November 1943
USS Shark (SS-314) 24 October 1944
USS Swordfish (SS-193) 12 January 1945
USS Trigger (SS-237) 28 March 1945
USS Trout (SS-202) 29 February 1944
USS Wahoo (SS-238) 11 October 1943

Censorship of the atomic bomb
Price called the Manhattan Project, the United States' development of the atomic bomb, the best-kept secret of the war. It and radar were the two military topics that, if a code violation occurred, the office did not allow this to be used as a precedent for permitting other media outlets to report the same information. The government made a general announcement on radar in April 1943, and government and military officials frequently leaked information on the subject, but restrictions did not end until the day after Japan's surrender in August 1945.

The Manhattan Project was so secret that the Office of Censorship was not told about it until March 1943. Until the bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, it helped keep the project secret by asking the press and broadcasters to voluntarily censor information they learned about atomic energy or the project. Journalists were asked not to report on various phrases, including "atom smashing", "atomic energy", "secret military weapons", and the elements "polonium, uranium, ytterbium, hafnium, protactinium, radium, rhenium, thorium, deuterium"; only uranium was sensitive, but was listed with other elements to hide its importance.

Perhaps the worst press violation occurred in August 1944, when due to procedural errors a nationwide Mutual Network broadcast mentioned the military creating a weapon in Pasco, Washington involving atom splitting. The Office of Censorship asked all recordings of the broadcast to be destroyed. As with radar, officials sometimes disclosed information to the press without authorization. That was not the first request for voluntary censorship of atomic-related information. Price noted in comments to reporters after the end of censorship that some 20,000 news outlets had been delivered similar requests. For the most part censors were able to keep sensitive information about the Manhattan Project from being published or broadcast. Slips of the tongue occurred with individuals knowledgeable about the project.

Another serious breach of secrecy occurred in March 1944, when John Raper of the Cleveland Press published "Forbidden City". The reporter, who had heard rumors while vacationing in New Mexico, described a secret project in Los Alamos, calling it "Uncle Sam's mystery town directed by '2nd Einstein'", J. Robert Oppenheimer. It speculated that the project was working on chemical warfare, powerful new explosives, or a beam that would cause German aircraft engines to fail. Manhattan Project leaders called the article "a complete lack of responsibility, compliance with national censorship code and cooperation with the Government in keeping an important project secret", and considered drafting Raper into the military, but the article apparently did not cause Axis spies to investigate the project.

After the Office of Censorship's Jack Lockhart turned down the role of becoming the Manhattan Project's press officer, the role was given to The New York Times first science reporter, William L. Laurence, in the spring of 1945; he had interviewed Oppenheimer before the war. After Hiroshima the Times was thus the first to report on the specifics of the Manhattan Project on August 7, 1945. It wrote that the bomb was built in "three 'hidden cities' with a total population of 100,000 inhabitants", Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford, Washington; as press officer, Laurence had visited each major facility. "None of the people, who came to these developments from homes all the way from Maine to California, had the slightest idea of what they were making in the gigantic Government plants they saw around them", the Times said.

See also
Postal censorship
Censorship in the United States
Military history of the United States during World War II
United States home front during World War II

References

Henry T. Ulasek. The National Archives of the United States Preliminary Inventories: Number 54: Records of the Office of Censorship. The National Archives and Records Service: 1953. p. 1-4.
History of the Office of Censorship. Volume II: Press and Broadcasting Divisions. The National Archives and Records Administration. Record group 216, box 1204.

Further reading
Michael S. Sweeney. Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II, (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
Smyth, Daniel. Avoiding Bloodshed? US Journalists and Censorship in Wartime, War & Society, Volume 32, Issue 1, 2013.

External links
L.R. Webb (Chief Administrative Assistant, Office of Censorship) Collection of World War II Posters, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

Government agencies established in 1941
1945 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct agencies of the United States government
United States government secrecy
Agencies of the United States government during World War II
Censorship in the United States

Office of Censorship