In computer networks, goodput (a portmanteau of good and throughput) is the application-level throughput of a communication; i.e. the number of useful information bits delivered by the network to a certain destination per unit of time. The amount of data considered excludes protocol overhead bits as well as retransmitted data packets. This is related to the amount of time from the first bit of the first packet sent (or delivered) until the last bit of the last packet is delivered.

For example, if a file is transferred, the goodput that the user experiences corresponds to the file size in bits divided by the file transfer time. The goodput is always lower than the throughput (the gross bit rate that is transferred physically), which generally is lower than network access connection speed (the channel capacity or bandwidth).

Examples of factors that cause lower goodput than throughput are:
 Protocol overhead: Typically, transport layer, network layer and sometimes datalink layer protocol overhead is included in the throughput, but is excluded from the goodput.
 Transport layer flow control and congestion avoidance: For example, TCP slow start may cause a lower goodput than the maximum throughput.
 Retransmission of lost or corrupt packets due to transport layer automatic repeat request (ARQ), caused by bit errors or packet dropping in congested switches and routers, is included in the datalink layer or network layer throughput but not in the goodput.

Example
Over Ethernet files are broken down into individual chunks for transmission. These chunks are no larger than the maximum transmission unit of IP over Ethernet, or 1500 bytes. Each packet requires 20 bytes of IPv4 header information and 20 bytes of TCP header information, leaving 1460 bytes per packet for file data (Linux and macOS are further limited to 1448 bytes as they also carry a 12-byte time stamp). The data is transmitted over Ethernet in a frame, which imposes a 26 byte overhead per packet. Given these overheads, the maximum goodput is 1460/1526 × 100 Mbit/s which is 95.67 megabits per second or 11.959 megabytes per second.

Note that this example doesn't consider additional Ethernet overhead, such as the interframe gap (a minimum of 96 bit times), or collisions (which have a variable impact, depending on the network load). TCP adds the overhead of acknowledgements (which along with the round-trip delay time and the TCP window size in effect rate-limit each individual TCP connection, see bandwidth-delay product). This example does not consider the overhead of the HTTP protocol itself, which becomes relevant when transferring small files.

Data delivery time
The goodput is a ratio between delivered amount of information, and the total delivery time. This delivery time includes:
 Inter-packet time gaps caused by packet generation processing time (a source that does not use the full network capacity), or by protocol timing (for example collision avoidance)
 Data and overhead transmission delay (amount of data divided by bit rate)
 Propagation delay (distance divided by wave propagation speed)
 Packet queuing delay
 NAT translation delay
 Intermediate node store-and-forward processing delay
 Packet retransmission time (in case of deleted packets in congested routers, or detected bit errors)
 Delayed acknowledge due to flow control, congestion avoidance and processing delay

See also
 Measuring network throughput
 Link and system spectral efficiency

References

Sources
 Goodput calculation
 Energy-Efficient Power and Rate Control with QoS Constraints: A Game-Theoretic Approach
 RFC 2647 — Benchmarking Terminology for Firewall Performance

Network performance

Goodput


Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred tae as the "Imperial Cathedral" (in German: Kaiserdom), is a Roman Catholic kirk in Aachen, Germany. The kirk is the auldest cathedral in northren Europe an wis kent as the "Ryal Kirk o St. Mary at Aachen" during the Middle Ages. For 595 years, frae 936 tae 1531, the Aachen chapel wis the kirk o coronation for 30 German keengs an 12 queens. The kirk is the episcopal seat o the Diocese o Aachen.

Imperial cathedrals
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Germany
Coronation kirk biggins
9t-century kirk biggins
800s airchitectur
Biggins an structurs in Aachen
Kirks in North Rhine-Westphalie
Warld Heritage Steids in Germany
Laundmerks in Germany

Aachen Cathedral


Harry Hillel Wellington (August 13, 1926 – August 8, 2011) was an American legal scholar who served as the Dean of Yale Law School from 1975 to 1985 and the dean of New York Law School from 1992 to 2000.

Biography

Wellington was born in 1926. He received a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1947, and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1952. He taught at Stanford Law School for a year.  He clerked for the Circuit Court Judge Calvert Magruder.  He also clerked for Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter from 1955 to 1956.

He was a member of American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He served as Senior Fellow of Brookings Institution, and on Board of Governors of Yale University Press. He was a scholar at Rockefeller Foundation in Bellagio, Italy. He was a recipient of Ford and Guggenheim Fellowships. He was on the board of directors of the New York Legal Assistance Group. In 1991, Wellington was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

Yale Law School

Wellington started teaching at Yale Law School in 1956 as an assistant professor. In his early years at Yale, he was a contracts scholar, focusing his scholarship on freedom of contract, organized labor, and collective bargaining. Wellington's best-known scholarly works are on legal process. He was made an associate professor in 1957, a full professor in 1960, and the Edward J. Phelps Professor of Law in 1967. He helped persuade John Simon to teach at Yale Law School in 1962.

He became the Dean of Yale Law School in 1975. He helped rebuild the faculty during his deanship, hiring over 30 professors, including Anthony T. Kronman, Barbara Black, Drew Days, Paul Gewirtz, George Priest, Stephen L. Carter, Lucinda Finley, and Oliver Williamson.
He was an excellent fundraiser. Starting with his deanship, Yale Law School became, "the most theoretical and academically oriented law school in America." He became a Sterling Professor in 1983. As Dean, he developed the Yale Law School's loan forgiveness program. In 1985, he was succeeded as Dean by Guido Calabresi.

A professorial lecturership was established in his honor in 1995. He was a Sterling Professor of Law Emeritus and the Harry H. Wellington Professorial Lecturer. He was a Lifetime Honorary Member of the Yale Law School Executive Committee. In 2005, Yale Law School honored him by naming the Harry H. Wellington Dean's Discretionary Fund for Faculty Support after him.

New York Law School Dean

In 1992, he retired from the Yale Law School faculty and became the 14th Dean of New York Law School. Under his deanship, the curriculum was revised to put greater emphasis on the practical skills of a professional attorney. Also, the Ernst C. Stiefel Professorship of Comparative Law was created. He was a John Marshall Harlan Visiting Professor at New York Law School. He retired from teaching in 2007.

Selected works

Contracts and Contract Remedies with Harold Shepherd, 1957
Legislative Purpose and the Judicial Process: The Lincoln Mills Case, with Alexander Bickel, 1957
The role of law in the prevention and settlement of major labor disputes and in the terms of settlement: A preliminary report, 1965
Labour and the Legal Process, 1968
The limits of collective bargaining in public employment, 1969
The Unions and the Cities (Studies of unionism in government), with Ralph K. Winter, 1972
The nature of judicial review (The Cardozo lecture), 1981
Labor Law with Clyde W. Summers and Alan Hyde, 1983
The Least Dangerous Branch: Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, with Alexander Bickel, 1986
Interpreting the Constitution: The Supreme Court and the Process of Adjudication, 1990

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)

Notes

References

1926 births
Yale Law School faculty
American legal scholars
American legal writers
Deans of law schools in the United States
Deans of Yale Law School
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
2011 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
Yale Sterling Professors
University of Pennsylvania alumni

Harry H. Wellington


NASA Astronaut Group 22 (nicknamed "The Turtles") is a group of twelve NASA astronauts selected in June 2017. They were joined by two Canadian Space Agency astronauts for training.

History

NASA announced the creation of this astronaut group in November 2015 and accepted applications for astronaut hires from December 2015 through February 2016. A record number of applications - over 18,300 - were received. The final group of twelve selected candidates was publicly announced on June 7, 2017. The class was introduced at a press conference at the Johnson Space Center by U.S. Vice President Mike Pence. The ages of the seven men and six women ranged from 29 to 42 at the time of announcement.

The Group 22 astronaut candidates arrived at the Johnson Space Center in Houston for training in August 2017, and when their approximately two-year-long training program was complete in January 2020, they became available for future missions.

The group earned their "Turtles" nickname after experiencing flooding from Hurricane Harvey shortly after arriving at NASA. The name was chosen by the preceding astronaut group, "The 8-Balls", according to NASA traditions.

The first astronauts of this astronaut group to fly to space, Raja Chari and Kayla Barron on SpaceX Crew-3 took a toy stuffed turtle as zero-g indicator, to pay a tribute to their astronaut group.

Group members
 Kayla Barron (born 1987): Lt. Cmdr., U.S. Navy
 Mission specialist, SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67)
 Zena Cardman (born 1987): Biologist
 Raja Chari (born 1977): Col., U.S. Air Force
 Spacecraft commander, SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67)
 Matthew Dominick (born 1981): Cmdr., U.S. Navy
 Future Flight, SpaceX Crew-8
 Bob Hines (born 1975): NASA research pilot
 Pilot, SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67)
 Warren Hoburg (born 1985): assistant professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT
 Pilot, SpaceX Crew-6 (Expedition 68/69)
 Jonny Kim (born 1984): LCDR, U.S. Navy, physician, former U.S. Navy SEAL
 Robb Kulin (born 1983): Launch Chief Engineer, SpaceX – Resigned in August 2018 before completing his training.
 Jasmin Moghbeli (born 1983): LtCol., U.S. Marine Corps
 Spacecraft Commander, SpaceX Crew-7
 Loral O'Hara (born 1983): research engineer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 Flight Engineer, Soyuz MS-24
 Francisco Rubio (born 1975): Maj., U.S. Army physician
 Flight Engineer, Soyuz MS-22/MS-23 (Expedition 67/68/69)
 Jessica Watkins (born 1988): postdoctoral fellow, California Institute of Technology
 Mission specialist, SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68)

Canadian partner astronauts
The U.S. astronauts trained alongside two Canadian astronaut candidates:
 Joshua Kutryk (born 1982): LCol, Royal Canadian Air Force, test pilot, fighter pilot, engineer
 Jenni Sidey-Gibbons (born 1988): Mechanical engineer, combustion scientist, and lecturer

References

External links

Turtles class nickname

Lists of astronauts
NASA Astronaut Corps
2017 in spaceflight
2017 establishments in the United States

NASA Astronaut Group 22


Mathilde Mallinger (; 17 February 1847 – 19 April 1920) was a famous Croatian lyric soprano opera singer.

Life and career
Born as Mathilde Lichtenegger in Zagreb, the daughter of composer and teacher Vatroslav Lichtenegger, she studied singing with  at the Prague Conservatory and with  in Vienna. While in Vienna she met Richard Wagner, who, after hearing her sing, recommended her to the Munich Hofoper. The opera house engaged her upon his recommendation and she made her professional opera debut there in 1866 in the title role of Vincenzo Bellini's Norma. She spent the next three years performing at that house, singing primarily Wagner roles like Elsa in Lohengrin and Elisabeth in Tannhäuser. She  created the role of Eva in the world premiere of Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg on 21 June 1868.

Mallinger left Munich to join the roster of principal artists at the Berlin State Opera in 1869. She sang at that house through 1882. She notably sang in the Berlin premieres of Lohengrin (Elsa, 1869), Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1870) and Giuseppe Verdi's Aida (Aida, 1874). She also portrayed Ingeborg in the world premiere of Bernard Hopffner's Frithjof (11 April 1871) and sang in the premiere of Wilhelm Taubert's Cesario oder Was ihr wollt (13 November 1874). Other roles she sang in Berlin included Leonore in Fidelio, Agathe in Der Freischütz, Sieglinde in Die Walküre, Valentine in Les Huguenots and several Mozart heroines, including Pamina, Donna Anna and Countess Almaviva.

Mallinger had a notorious rivalry with the soprano Pauline Lucca while at the Berlin State Opera. The conflict between the two extended among their fans as well, with supporters of Mallinger and supporters of Lucca heckling one another. The tension came to a climax on 27 January 1872 in a performance of Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro in which Mallinger sang the Countess and Lucca portrayed Cherubino. During the performance supporters of Mallinger booed Lucca so severely that she was prevented from singing her aria. So upset by this event, Lucca broke her contract with the opera house and left the German capital to perform elsewhere.

Outside of Berlin, Mallinger made a number of guest appearances at the Vienna State Opera and the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg. Although she retired from the opera stage in 1882, she continued to perform as a concert singer up through 1895. She was married to Baron Otto Schimmelpfenig Oye (1838–1912), who, under the name Otto Düringsfeld, appeared as an actor and later ran the Berlin Palace Theater. Their daughter Marie Mallinger (1878–1959) was an opera singer who performed at the Theater of Elberfeld and at various Berlin theaters. Marie married Martin Zickel (1877–1932), a German actor and theater director active in Berlin.

From 1890–1895, Mallinger worked as a celebrated singing teacher in Prague and then taught at the Eichelberg'schen Konservatorium in Berlin up until her death. Among her pupils were Lotte Lehmann, Johannes Bischoff, Emmy Neiendorff, Henny Trundt and Florence Wickham. She died in Berlin at the age of 73.

Sources

 Ludwig Eisenberg: Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im 19. Jahrhundert. List, Leipzig 1903, S. 634–635.

1847 births
1920 deaths
Croatian operatic sopranos
Musicians from Zagreb
Croatian people of German descent
Place of death missing
19th-century Austrian women opera singers
Prague Conservatory alumni

Mathilde Mallinger


The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them to stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state. The prize was extended to architecture in 1720, music in 1803 and engraving in 1804. The prestigious award was abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, then Minister of Culture, following the May 68 riots that called for cultural change.

History
The Prix de Rome was initially created for painters and sculptors in 1663 in France, during the reign of Louis XIV. It was an annual bursary for promising artists having proved their talents by completing a very difficult elimination contest. To succeed, a student had to create a sketch on an assigned topic while isolated in a closed booth with no reference material to draw on. The prize, organised by the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture), was open to their students. From 1666, the award winner could win a stay of three to five years at the Palazzo Mancini in Rome at the expense of the King of France. In 1720, the Académie Royale d'Architecture began a prize in architecture. Six painters, four sculptors, and two architects would be sent to the French Academy in Rome founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert from 1666.

Expanded after 140 years into five categories, the contest started in 1663 as two categories: painting and sculpture. Architecture was added in 1720. In 1803, music was added, and after 1804 there was a prix for engraving as well. The primary winner took the "First Grand Prize" (called the agréé), and the "Second Prizes" were awarded to the runners-up.

In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte moved the French Academy in Rome to the Villa Medici, with the intention of preserving an institution once threatened by the French Revolution. At first, the villa and its gardens were in a sad state, and they had to be renovated in order to house the winners of the Prix de Rome. In this way, he hoped to retain for young French artists the opportunity to see and copy the masterpieces of antiquity and the Renaissance.

Jacques-Louis David, having failed to win the prize three years in a row, considered suicide. Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Ernest Chausson, and Maurice Ravel attempted the Prix de Rome but did not gain recognition. Ravel tried a total of five times to win the prize, and the last failed attempt in 1905 was so controversial that it led to a complete reorganization of the administration at the Paris Conservatory.

During World War II (1939–45), the prize winners were accommodated in the Villa Paradiso in Nice.
The Prix de Rome was abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, who was Minister of Culture at the time. Since then, a number of contests have been created, and the academies, together with the Institut de France, were merged by the State and the Minister of Culture. Selected residents now have an opportunity for study during an 18-month (sometimes 2-year) stay at The Academy of France in Rome, which is accommodated in the Villa Medici.

The heyday of the Prix de Rome was during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was later imitated by the Prix Abd-el-Tif and the Villa Abd-el-Tif in Algiers, 1907–1961, and later Prix d'Indochine including a bursary to visit the École des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine in Hanoi, 1920–1939, and bursary for residence at the Casa de Velázquez in Madrid, 1929–present.

Winners in the Architecture category
The Prix de Rome for Architecture was created in 1720.

18th century (architecture)

Notes

19th century (architecture)

Notes

20th century (architecture)

First Prize Winners in the Painting category

17th century (painting)

18th century (painting)

19th century (painting)

20th century (painting)

First Prize Winners in the Sculpture category

17th century (sculpture)

18th century (sculpture)

19th century (sculpture)

20th century (sculpture)

First Prize Winners in the Engraving category
The engraving prize was created in 1804.

19th century (engraving)

20th century (engraving)

First Prize Winners in the Musical Composition category
The required composition was originally a cantata for solo voice and orchestra; later one male and female voice were specified; and later still three voices. Titles of the pieces have generally been restricted to "cantata", "lyric scene" or "dramatic scene".

19th century (musical composition)

20th century (musical composition)

 List of all the winners of the Prix de Rome for musical composition

Prix de Rome (Netherlands)

A Prix de Rome was also established in the Kingdom of Holland by Lodewijk Napoleon to award young artists and architects. During the years 1807–1810 prize winners were sent to Paris and onwards to Rome for study. In 1817, after the Netherlands had gained its independence, King Willem I restarted the prize; though it took until 1823 before the new "Royal Academies" of Amsterdam and Antwerp could organize the juries. Suspended in 1851 it was reinstated in 1870 by William III of the Netherlands. Since then the winners have been selected by the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam under the main headings of architecture and the visual arts.

Prix de Rome (Belgium)

The Belgian Prix de Rome (Dutch: Prijs van Rome) is an award for young artists, created in 1832, following the example of the original French Prix de Rome. The Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp organised the prize until 1920, when the national government took over. The first prize is also sometimes called the Grand Prix de Rome. There were distinct categories for architecture, painting, sculpture and music.

See also
 Académie de France Rome
 American Academy in Rome
 American School of Classical Studies at Athens
 American Schools of Oriental Research
 British School at Rome
 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom
 Rome Prize
 List of European art awards

References

External links
 The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting
 The Prix de Rome winners in Sculpture (in French)
 Prix de Rome winners in Music, 1803-1968
 Liste des pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome, donnant les noms de tous les artistes récompensés dans les concours du Prix de Rome de 1663 à 1907

1663 establishments in France
Awards established in 1663
1968 disestablishments in France
Architecture awards
French art awards
Arts awards
Culture in Rome
Education in Rome
French awards

Prix de Rome


Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole (and sometimes used as another word for a game called "straight rail") are a family of billiards games played on cloth-covered tables. In these games, the players strike heavy balls with sticks called cues. Carom billiards tables have no pockets or opening where balls are sunk, that snooker and pool tables do have. In its simplest form, the object of carom billiards games is to score points or "counts" by bouncing one's own ball, called a cue ball, off of the other two balls on the table. The date the first carom game was invented is not exactly known. Also, how exactly the games developed and which game was first is not clear. However, carom billiards games are believed to have started sometime in the 18th-century (the 1700s) in France in Europe.

There are many different games, each with distinct rules, strategies and objects of play, that are all part of carom billiards. Some of the most well known games are straight rail, cushion caroms, balkline, three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards. There are many other carom billiards games that combine aspects of these games, but that are not as well known. For example, the champion's game was a short-lived game that developed during a transitional period between the invention of straight rail and the invention of balkline. Other games are combinations of these games and other games played on tables with pockets (pool or snooker games), such as English billiards played on a snooker table and its related games, American four-ball billiards, and cowboy pool, played on a pool table.

How the name came about
The word "carom" means any strike and bounce off something. It started being used to describe the pocketless billiard games in the 1860s. It is a shortening of the word carambola, used in Spanish and Portuguese and spelled carambole in French. Carambola was earlier used to describe just the red ball used in billiards games, but later was given to the game itself. Some people who study word origins suggest that carambola was originally the name of a yellow-to-orange colored, tropical Asian fruit, known in Portuguese as a carambola.  This was taken from an earlier word,  karambal, from the Marathi language of India, also known as starfruit. The accuracy of the fruit origin has been questioned. It has been said to be just a legend, because the fruit does not look very similar to the big red ball that is used in carom games, and there is no direct proof for the fruit explanation.

Equipment

Cloth

Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th century (1400s). In fact, the company that became the most famous maker of billiard cloth, Iwan Simonis, was formed in 1453. Most cloth made for carom billiards tables is a type of cloth called "baize" that is dyed green in color, and is made from 100% wool that has fibers that are made to be very straight (a process called worsting). Baize cloth provides a very fast surface allowing the balls to travel easily across the table material, called a "bed". The green color of cloth was originally chosen to look similar to grass. Green has been the common cloth color since the 16th century (1500s). However, the color also serves a useful function. Human eyes more easily see green than any other color. This allows players to keep playing for longer periods of time without straining their eyes.

Balls

Modern billiard balls are made from "phenolic resin", which is a type of very strong plastic. The size of carom billiards balls is normally 61.5 mm (27⁄16 in) in diameter. They weigh between 205 and 220 grams (7.23 – 7.75 ounces; 7.5 is average), and are quite a bit larger and heavier than the balls used for pool games. While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, permits balls as small as 61.0 mm (approximately 23⁄8), no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer, and the main standard is 61.5 mm. The three standard balls in most carom billiards games are a completely white cue ball, a second cue ball sometimes having a red or black dot on it (to help people in telling the balls apart), and a third, red ball. In some sets of balls, however, the second cue ball is solid yellow. Both types of ball sets are allowed in tournament play.

Billiard balls have been made from many different materials since the start of the game. For example, they have been made from clay, wood, ivory, plastics (including celluloid, Bakelite, crystalate, and phenolic resin) and even steel. The most common substance from 1627 until the early- to mid-twentieth century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental reasons but based on how expensive they were and fear of danger for elephant hunters. The search was made more enticing when a New York billiard table maker offered a $10,000 prize for a substitute material. The first usable substitute was made from a material called "celluloid". Celluloid, which is an early form of plastic, was invented by a man named John Wesley Hyatt in 1868. There was a problem with the material though. Celluloid was unstable and highly flammable, sometimes exploding when people were making it.

Billiard cues

The stick used to hit billiard balls, called a billiards cue, is different in some ways from the typical pool cue. Compared with pool cues, billiard cues are often shorter, with a shorter end cap (called a ferrule), a fatter bottom portion where the back hand grips the stick (called a butt), a wooden screw in the middle rather than one of metal or plastic, and a smaller tip diameter. These features make the billiard cue stiffer. This stiffness helps players in striking the larger and heavier billiard balls as compared with pool balls. The stiffness also acts to reduce an effect called "deflection" (sometimes called "squirt"). Deflection is an undesirable effect from the use of sidespin. Sidespin is spin placed on a ball by striking it not at its center but off to one side of its center, causing it to spin as it travels down the table. Deflection causes a ball to travel not in a straight line in the direction it was struck.

Heated slate
Underneath the cloth of billiard tables is a very hard rock called slate. The slate bed of a billiard table is often heated to about 5 °C/9 °F above room temperature, which helps to keep moisture out of the cloth to aid the balls rolling and rebounding in a consistent manner, and generally makes a table play faster. A heated table is required under international carom rules and is an important requirement for the games of three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards. Heating table beds is an old practice. Queen Victoria of England (1819–1901) had a billiard table that was heated using zinc tubes, At that time, though, the reason for the heating was different. The heat was used to keep ivory balls from going out of shape (warping). The first use of electric heating was for a tournament in the game of "18.2 balkline", that was held in December 1927 between two players: Welker Cochran and Jacob Schaefer, Jr. The New York Times announced it with fanfare: "For the first time in the history of world's championship balkline billiards a heated table will be used ..."

History of games

Straight rail
Straight rail, sometimes called carom billiards, straight billiards, the three-ball game, the carambole game, and the free game in Europe, is thought to date to the 1700s. No exact time of origin is known though. It was called French caroms, French billiards or the French game in early times, taking those old names from the French who made the game popular. The object of straight rail is simple: one point, called a "count", is scored each time a player's cue ball makes contact with both object balls (the second cue ball and the third ball) on a single strike of the cue ball. Winning is achieved by reaching a certain number of points, agreed to between the players to be the winning number.

When straight rail was first invented there was no restriction on the way points were scored. However, the technique of crotching, meaning to have two balls right next to each other on the area of one of the table's four corners where the rails meet—the crotch—made scoring a lot easier. This resulted in an 1862 rule which allowed only three counts before at least one ball had to be sent away from the corner in order to legally score another point. Techniques continued to develop which increased counts greatly despite the crotching ban. One of these techniques is called "nursing", and made scoring much easier. A "nurse" is a series of shots where the balls are kept very close together, allowing a player to score off of them with very soft strokes without changing their positions much, so the scoring can continue. The most important of these nurse techniques, called the rail nurse, involves nudging the balls down a rail, moving them just a few centimeters on each score and keeping them close together and positioned at the end of each stroke in the same or near the same arrangement so that the rail nurse can be repeated.

Professional straight rail in the United States was only seen for six years, from 1873 to 1879. It was followed by a game designed to reduce the use of the rail nurse so that spectators would not be bored by watching it. Today, straight rail play is not very common in the U.S. but it still popular in Europe, where it is thought to be a good practice game for balkline and three-cushion billiards. Europe hosts professional competitions, known as pentathlons after the ancient Greek Olympic competitions, in which straight rail is one of five billiards games at which players compete. The other four are called 47.1 balkline, cushion caroms, 71.2 balkline and three-cushion billiards.

The champion's game

A new game appeared in 1879, called the champion's game or limited-rail. The champion's game is considered an in-between game—between straight rail and balkline—and was designed to stop the rail nurse. The game uses diagonal lines—balklines—drawn at the table's corners to indicate that if balls were inside those lines, points could not be scored, thus "cutting off four triangular spaces in the four corners, [taking] away 28 inches [711 mm] of the 'nursing' surface of the end rails and 56 inches [1422 mm] on the long rails." Despite its differences from straight rail, the champion's game only expanded the areas of the table where many points in a row could be scored before the balls had to be moved to a new position. This was not sufficient to stop nursing.

Balkline

Balkline came after the champion's game. It added more rules to stop nursing techniques. There are many varieties of balkline, but all divide the table into marked regions called balk spaces. The balk spaces define areas of the surface of the table where a player may only score up to a certain number of points while the object balls are within that region.

In the balkline games, rather than drawing balklines a few inches from the corners as was done in the champion's games, the entire table is divided into rectangular spaces. This is done by drawing balklines a certain distance across the length and the width of the table. The lines are drawn a number of inches parallel from each rail. This divides the table into eight rectangular areas called "balk spaces". Additionally, rectangles are drawn where each balkline meets a rail, called anchor spaces. The anchor spaces were added to the game to stop nursing techniques that developed especially for the challenges of balkline without them.

Generally, the differences between one balkline game and another are defined by two different things: 1) where the balkines are drawn on the table, and 2) the number of points that are allowed in each balk space before at least one ball must leave that region of the table. Balkline games are named by giving two numbers that tell us about the spacing used and how many points can be scored in the balk spaces. The first number  tells us how many inches from the rail the balkine will be drawn. The second number after a "dot", indicates the number of points that can be scored in the balk spaces before the balls must leave it (that number is always either one or two). So, for example, the name 18.2 balkline, tells us that balklines are drawn  distant from each rail, and only two points are allowed in a balk space before a ball must leave that area.

Over its history balkline has had many variations including 8.2, 10.2, 12.2, 13.2, 12½.2, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2, 28.2, 38.2, 39.2, 42.2, 45.1, 45.2, 47.1, 47.2, 57.2 and 71.2 balkline. In its different forms, balkline was the main carom game played from 1883 to the 1930s. After that, other carom games became more popular. This is especially true of three-cushion billiards. Balkline is not very common in the U.S., but remains popular in Europe and the Far East.

Cushion caroms

Cushion caroms, sometimes called by its original name, the indirect game, is thought to have developed in the 1820s in Britain, it developed out of an older game called  the doublet game, that dates to at least 1807. The game is sometimes incorrectly called  one-cushion or one-cushion billiards, which is the direct translation of its name into English from various other languages such as Spanish ("una banda") and German ("einband").

The object of cushion caroms is to score cushion caroms, meaning a bounce off of both of the other balls on the table, with at least one rail of the table being struck by the cue ball before the contact with second object ball. Cushion caroms was not played for a number of years, but came back in the late 1860s. Its return was for similar reasons as to why balkline developed. It was frustration of many people with straight rail. The techniques such as nursing that were invented to make scoring much easier, also made the game very boring to watch. Thus, as straight rail lost popularity, cushion caroms was revived for a time. Cushion caroms is rarely played in the U.S., but it still has some popularity in Europe.

Three-cushion billiards
In three-cushion billiards, sometimes called three-cushion carom, three-cushion, three-cushions, three-rail, rails and the angle game, the object is to carom off both object balls with at least three rails being contacted before the contact of the cue ball with the second object ball. Arising sometime in the 1870s, the origin of three-cushion billiards is not entirely known. It is undisputed that the Internal Revenue Collector of the Port of St. Louis, Wayman C. McCreery, made the game popular. At least one publication states he invented the game as well.

The first three-cushion billiards tournament took place January 14–31, 1878 in C. E. Mussey's Room in St. Louis, with McCreery taking part. The tournament was won by New Yorker Leon Magnus. The high run for the tournament was just 6 points, and the high average a .75. The game was infrequently played prior to 1907, with many top carom players of the era saying they did not enjoy it. However, in 1907 after the introduction of the Lambert Trophy, the game became more popular in the U.S. and internationally.

By 1924 three-cushion had become so popular that two very well know players in other billiard areas agreed to play each other in it at a challenge match. On September 22, 1924 Willie Hoppe (last name rhymes with "poppy"), the world balkline champion and Ralph Greenleaf, the world pocket billiards (pool) title holder, played a well-advertised, multiple-day, 600-point match. Hoppe was the eventual winner with a final score of 600–527. The game's decline in the U.S. came about in 1952 when Hoppe, then 51-time billiards champion, announced his retirement.

Three-cushion billiards is a very difficult game. Averaging one point per turn at the table is professional-level play, and averaging 1.5 to 2 is world-class play. An average of one means that for every turn at the table, a player makes one point and misses once. This means that the player makes a point on only 50% of his or her shots. The highest run at three-cushion billiards for many years was 25, set by the American Willie Hoppe in 1918 during an exhibition. As of 2007, the high run record is 31 points, shared between Semih Saygıner of Turkey and Hugo Patiño who is originally from Colombia but resides in the U.S. The best game at the standard 50 points in a tournament is 9 innings by the Swedish player, Torbjörn Blomdahl in 2000, and 4 innings (count: 19-11-9-11) by Korean and U.S. national champion, Sang Lee in September 1992 in a game at SL Billiards in Queens, New York. The highest tournament average is 2.536 by Dick Jaspers from the Netherlands in 2002 at a tournament in Monaco. Raymond Ceulemans from Belgium has won an unmatchable 21 three-cushion billiards world-championships.

Three-cushion billiards is the most popular carom billiards game played in the U.S. today, where pocket billiards (pool) is far more widespread. Three-cushion retains great popularity in parts of Europe, Asia, and Latin America.

The principal governing body of the sport is the Union Mondiale de Billiard (UMB). That organization has been holding world three-cushion championships since the late 1920s. Decades later, the Billiards World Cup Association (BWA) competed with UMB, but faded in the late 1990s due to financial problems. The International Olympic Committee-recognized World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) cooperates with the UMB to keep their rulesets consistent.

Artistic billiards

In Artistic billiards, sometimes called fantasy billiards or fantaisie classique, players compete at performing 76 planned shots, each assigned a degree of difficulty. Each set shot has a maximum point value assigned for perfect execution, ranging from a 4-point maximum for lowest level difficulty shots, and climbing to an 11-point maximum for shots deemed highest in difficulty level. There is a total of 500 points available to a player. The governing body of the sport is the Confédération Internationale de Billiard Artistique (CIBA).

Each shot in an artistic billiards match is played from a well-defined starting position. In fact, in some tournaments the balls must be placed within two millimeters of a diagrammed position. Each shot must also be done in an established manner in order for points to be awarded. Players are allowed three attempts at each shot. In general,  the 76 shots in the game—even the lowest difficulty 4-point shots—require a high degree of skill, much practice and specialized knowledge to perform.

World title competition first started in 1986 and required the use of ivory balls. However, this requirement was dropped in 1990. The highest score ever achieved in world competition was 374, by the Frenchman Jean Reverchon in 1992. The highest score in competition overall is 427 set by Belgian Walter Bax on March 12, 2006 at a competition held in Deurne, Belgium, beating his own previous record of 425. The game is played mostly in western Europe, especially in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

References

Other websites
Union Mondiale de Billard — world tournament sanctioning body
Archival Billiard Resource
Animation showing the "rail nurse" with a description

Cue sports
Indoor sports

Carom billiards


The Zambretti Forecaster is a weather forecasting instrument used in conjunction with a barometer. It interprets the reading of a barometer into one forecast from a large selection of permutations after making allowances for variable factors. These include wind direction, a rising, falling or steady barometer, and the season.

Negretti and Zambra were scientific instrument makers, noted for their barometers. The Forecaster was produced in 1915 as a portable forecaster which needed minimal instrumentation, a simple barometer and an observation of the wind direction, and was easy to calculate with. It was produced as a small disc calculator made of overlaid discs of ivorine, an early plastic. Despite its simplicity, it achieved 90% accuracy for 12 hour forecasts. The original Zambretti algorithm has since been implemented in a number of electronic forecasters.

References

Weather prediction

Zambretti Forecaster


Foundations of Real-World Economics: What Every Economics Student Needs to Know is a 2019 book by John Komlos that argues that the turbulence of the 21st century, that includes the Dot-Com bubble, the 2008 financial crisis, the rise of right-wing populism the covid-pandemic, and numerous wars, cannot be adequately understood by conventional economics rooted in 20th-century ideas.

Book outline
The book outlines the situation of those hurt by the economic policies by neoliberal economists. It is critical of those who advocated cutting taxes and starving the state, those who supported deregulation that culminated in the Meltdown of 2008, and those who advocated hyper-globalization that led to the rustbelt and the rise of discontent.

The text provides a look at the way the economy actually works for the typical person rather than how academics imagine it works in college classrooms. It presents an alternative perspectives on the economy; it shows that the homo-ocoenomicus rational-agent model does not work in the real world. It shows that oligopolies are a much better description of today's multinational mega-corporations than the perfectly competitive framework.

The textbook demonstrates how misleading it is to apply oversimplified models to the real world.  The book features Kahneman on behavioral economics, Galbraith on the need for countervailing power, Case & Deaton on deaths of despair, Minsky on financial instability, Krugman on new trade theory, Rawls on justice, Stiglitz on the hollowing out of the middle class, Simon on bounded rationality, and Veblen on conspicuous consumption. The book advocates for a humanistic economics and for a Capitalism with a Human Face.

The book has been translated into Russian, German, Hungarian, Romanian,  and Chinese.

References

Economics books
Textbooks

Foundations of Real-World Economics


United Nations Security Council resolution 1582, adopted unanimously on 28 January 2005, after reaffirming all resolutions on Abkhazia and Georgia, particularly Resolution 1554 (2004), the council extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 31 July 2005.

Georgia's attendance at the meeting was opposed by Russia, and therefore the former was not present.

Resolution

Observations
In the preamble of the resolution, the security council stressed that the lack of progress on a settlement between the two parties was unacceptable. It condemned the shooting down of an UNOMIG helicopter in October 2001 which resulted in nine deaths and deplored that the perpetrators of the attack had not been identified. The contributions of UNOMIG and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping forces in the region were welcomed, in addition to the United Nations-led peace process.

Acts
The security council welcomed political efforts to resolve the situation, in particular the "Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi" to facilitate negotiations between Georgia and Abkhazia. It regretted the lack of progress on political status negotiations and the refusal of Abkhazia to discuss the document, further calling on both sides to overcome their mutual mistrust. The council's position on elections in Abkhazia, described in 1255 (1999), was reaffirmed. All violations of the 1994 Agreement on a Cease-fire and Separation of Forces were condemned. The council also welcomed the calm in the Kodori Valley and the signing of a protocol by both parties on 2 April 2002. Concerns of the civilian population were noted and the Georgian side was asked to guarantee the safety of UNOMIG and CIS troops in the valley. Greater efforts to improve security in the Gali region were encouraged.

The resolution urged the two parties to revitalise the peace process, including greater participation on issues relating to refugees, internally displaced persons, economic co-operation and political and security matters. It also reaffirmed the unacceptability of demographic changes resulting from the conflict. Abkhazia in particular was called upon to improve law enforcement, address the lack of instruction to ethnic Georgians in their first language and ensure the safety of returning refugees.

The council called again on both parties to take measures to identify those responsible for the shooting down of an UNOMIG helicopter in October 2001. Both parties were also asked to dissociate themselves from military rhetoric and demonstrations in support of illegal armed groups, and ensure the safety of United Nations personnel. Furthermore, there were concerns about the security of UNOMIG personnel, with repeated abductions of UNOMIG and CIS peacekeeping personnel, which the Council condemned.

Finally, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was asked to report on the situation in Abkhazia within three months.

See also
 Georgian–Abkhazian conflict
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1501 to 1600 (2003–2005)
 United Nations resolutions on Abkhazia

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 1582
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
2005 in Georgia (country)
2005 in Abkhazia
 1582
 1582
January 2005 events

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1582


Pionono describes different sweet or savory pastries from Granada, Spain, the Caribbean, South America, and the Philippines. It is named after Pope Pius IX's name in Spanish, .

By country

Spain
Piononos are small pastries traditional in Santa Fe, a small town adjacent to the city of Granada, Spain. A pionono has two parts: a thin layer of pastry rolled into a cylinder, drenched with different kinds of syrup which give the pionono a sweet and pleasant texture, and crowned with toasted cream. It is typically eaten in one or two bites.

South America and Cuba
In various South American countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Cuba, piononos are prepared using a dough made of flour, eggs, and sugar, which is baked in a thin sheet then rolled around a filling of dulce de leche sometimes with walnuts, or fruits like strawberries with chantilly cream, or in the case of  savory piononos with cured ham, cheese, tomato and mayonnaise, or a savory salad, such as ham salad with asparagus and lettuce, chicken salad or even tuna. A similar cake is called "Brazo de Gitano" or "Brazo Gitano" in Cuba, Spain, and several other Spanish-speaking countries. In Uruguay a similar preparation called massini is not rolled and its dough is filled in between with whipped cream and covered with burnt yolks.

Puerto Rico (U.S.)
In Puerto Rico, piononos are prepared using ripe, or yellow, plantains as the "bread" around a savory filling. It is usually stuffed with a meat filling usually picadillo, seafood or vegetables with cheese; the whole sandwich is dipped in a batter made from flour and eggs and then deep-fried.

Philippines

In the Philippines, pionono is more commonly spelled as pianono. It is a rolled sponge cake and is more accurately a type of jelly roll. It consists of a layer of pastry made from eggs, sugar, and sifted flour baked in a sheet. Once cooled, jelly or other types of filling is spread over the pastry. It is then rolled from one end to the other. Its most common traditional filling is simply sugar and butter (or margarine), similar to the other forms of the Filipino mamón (sponge cakes). Modern versions, however, are commonly frosted and can include a variety of fillings.

Gallery

See also

Brazo de Mercedes
Swiss roll
Yule log (cake)
Nut roll

References

External links
Puerto Rican piononos with lobster
Pianono

Caribbean cuisine
Colombian cuisine
Cuban cuisine
Argentine pastries
Spanish pastries
Peruvian desserts
Puerto Rican cuisine
Venezuelan cuisine
Philippine pastries
Pope Pius IX

Pionono


Walter Wadsworth (7 October 1890 – 12 October 1951) was a footballer who played for Liverpool in the early part of the 20th century.

Life and playing career
Born in Bootle, Liverpool, Merseyside, England, local lad Wadsworth played for Lingdale and Ormskirk before being signed, as an amateur, by Liverpool manager Tom Watson, on 23 April 1912, he was to make his debut on 20 March 1915 in a First Division fixture at Ayresome Park against Middlesbrough, the game ended badly for the Reds as they slumped to a heavy 3–0 defeat. He didn't manage to score his first Liverpool goal until 28 August 1920, this was mainly due to the First World War, it came in a match at Anfield against Man City, more happily for Wadsworth, Liverpool won the match 4–2.

Although the Great War interrupted Wadsworth's career, the uncompromising centre-half did play for Liverpool during this spell in the Lancashire tournament that was set up along with the other 3 regional tournaments. Upon returning to Liverpool after the conclusion of the war, Walter had a strong season playing in 33 of Liverpool's league fixtures, he was joined during this spell by his brother Harold, unfortunately, Harold never had the same impact on the club that Walter had and only made just over 50 sporadic appearances in five years.

Walter was a major player in the back-to-back championship winning seasons, missing just 10 of the 84 leagues games available. He remained a stalwart of the side for the next two campaigns but towards the end of the 1924–25 season, David Pratt replaced him in the starting line-up. He would subsequently make only four appearances during the following season which turned out to be his last as he was allowed to leave for Bristol City on 14 May 1926.

Before finally retiring Wadsworth went on to represent Flint Town, New Brighton and Oswestry Town.

Career details

 Liverpool F.C (1912–1926)†  241 appearances, 8 goals - Two First Division Championships winners medals (1922 and 1923)
†Wadsworth career was interrupted for 4 years due to the 1914/18 war.

External links
Player profile at LFChistory.net
Letter to Daily Telegraph - 11 January 2008
Article at LFCHistory.net

1890 births
1951 deaths
English men's footballers
Bristol City F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
New Brighton A.F.C. players
Flint Town United F.C. players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Bootle

Walter Wadsworth


Awful Orphan is a 1949 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon, directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. It is a sequel to the 1947 Looney Tunes short Little Orphan Airedale.

Plot
Charlie has a crowd around him as he uses a stick in his mouth to turn pages over on a flip board. Each page dramatically builds on the theme that there is something these people should have in their home. When the last page reveals that the to-be-desired item is Charlie, the people who have been watching walk away in disgust. Charlie then stows away in a pet shop truck which makes a delivery to Porky's hotel room. Porky ordered a canary, but when he removes the cage covering it is Charlie, crammed into the cage. Porky proceeds to dial the pet store to complain ("I ordered a canary, not a monster!") He discovers he is actually talking to Charlie, who has pulled the telephone wire from the wall and is speaking through it.

Porky throws the dog out several times but each time, Charlie returns to demonstrate how wonderful he would be to have around. He even pretends to be a baby left in a basket outside the door. Porky leads Charlie on for a minute, then kicks the entire basket down the hall. Disguised as an old lady, Charlie hits Porky with an umbrella while berating him for being a brute to an innocent baby. Porky ends up being chased out of the room; he knocks angrily until Charlie opens the door. At this point, Porky demands the dog get out once and for all. Charlie conducts a fake suicide by jumping from the window onto an unlikely stack of mattresses piled up from the street. Frustrated, Porky slams the window and closes the curtains.

Porky initially believes the next knock on his door is Charlie, but it is his lunch, and he prepares to dig in. When he lifts the warming lid, Charlie is trussed up on the plate. Porky is holding a knife and the dog puts on an over-the-top performance begging Porky not to use it on him. He promises to do several chores if he is allowed to stay. Porky appears to give in. Pretending to be pinning a paper pattern for the coat onto Charlie, Porky succeeds in wrapping the dog up for mailing, and sticks a label on him reading, "To Siberia". In spite of being stuffed into a mailbox, Charlie returns wearing traditional clothing and, while doing the Cossack dance, kicks Porky in the rear end until he ejects him into the hall. The upstairs neighbor phones threatening to come down to stop the noise. Charlie responds by counter-threatening the man. He tricks Porky into going upstairs, and the man beats him up.

The man then drops off the injured Porky, who finally submits to making Charlie his pet. However, Charlie decides otherwise, saying that he thinks Porky's place is too noisy, and that Porky fights with his neighbors (even though Charlie started the fight in the first place). As Charlie starts to leave, Porky approaches him, laughing maniacally and with an evil look in his eyes showing that he has finally snapped. The screen fades to black, then the cartoon returns with a scene similar to an earlier one, but with the roles of dog and master reversed. Charlie tries to sneak away, but Porky's growls force him back into the chair.

Home media
Awful Orphan was released on DVD in 2003 on disc 3 of Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1.

References

External links

1949 films
1949 animated films
1949 short films
Merrie Melodies short films
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
1940s English-language films
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Porky Pig films
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Animated films about dogs
1940s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
Films set in hotels
Charlie Dog films

Awful Orphan


Gallus are a Scottish professional wrestling stable consisting of Wolfgang and real-life brothers Joe Coffey and Mark Coffey. They are currently signed to WWE and perform on the NXT brand.

History

WWE

NXT UK (2018–2022)
On the first 5 December episode of NXT UK, the trio of Wolfgang and the Coffey brothers was officially dubbed Gallus (Scottish slang for daring or confident) during a segment calling out British Strong Style, as well as Travis Banks.

Gallus debuted during the 12 December 2018 episode of NXT UK, with members Mark Coffey and Wolfgang defeating Ashton Smith & Ligero in a tag match.

On the 4 October 2019 episode of NXT UK, Mark and Wolfgang defeated previous champions Mark Andrews and Flash Morgan Webster for the NXT UK Tag Team Championship, going on to hold it for 497 days.

After going on a hiatus for a short period of time, during which Joe Coffey was suspended by WWE.

After Gallus made their return, Mark Coffey won the NXT UK Heritage Cup Championship on the 23 June 2022 episode of NXT UK; but Wolfgang lost to  Ilja Dragunov for the NXT UK Championship on 23 July 2022.

NXT (2022–present)
On NXT Heatwave, Gallus made their NXT 2.0  debuts, attacking Diamond Mine. On 23 August 2022, Gallus made their tag team debut on NXT facing NXT UK Tag Team Champions Brooks Jensen and Josh Briggs, which they would go on to win via countout. At Worlds Collide, Gallus became the second team eliminated from the Fatal four-way tag team elimination match for the NXT and NXT UK Tag Team Championship. Gallus will go on to have a rivalry with Josh Briggs and Brooks Jensen, with the latter winning a No Disqualification tag team match between the teams. Gallus then later were suspended on September for attacking officials.

At New Year's Evil on 10 January 2023, Gallus returned from their suspension and won a gauntlet match to become the #1 contenders for the NXT Tag Team Championship, which they won on Vengeance Day the month after. On the 14 March episode of NXT, Gallus retained their titles against Pretty Deadly. At  NXT Stand & Deliver, Gallus defeated the Creed Brothers and The Family to retain the tag titles with help from a returning Joe Coffey. Gallus would defend against the Creeds and The Dyad in the next months including a triple-threat on the 14 April episode of NXT and against the Creeds at NXT Battleground. At NXT Gold Rush, Gallus defeated Malik Blade and Edris Enofe. At NXT: The Great American Bash, Gallus lost the NXT Tag Team Championship to Tony D'Angelo and Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo, ending their reign at 176 days.

Championships and accomplishments

 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 171 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019 – Joe Coffey
Ranked No. 203 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019 – Mark Coffey
Ranked No. 178 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019 – Wolfgang

 WWE
 NXT Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Mark Coffey and Wolfgang
 NXT UK Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Mark Coffey and Wolfgang
NXT UK Heritage Cup Championship (1 time) – Mark Coffey

References

WWE teams and stables
WWE NXT teams and stables

Gallus (professional wrestling)


Cherven Bryag (, ) is a town in northern Bulgaria, a capital of the Cherven Bryag municipality, Pleven Province.   It is situated on the right shore of the Zlatna Panega in river Iskar, 137 km north-east of Sofia, 53 km south-west of Pleven, 12 km north-west of Lukovit, 56 km east of Vratsa, and 55 km south of Oryahovo.  The name means "red shore" and refers to the reddish clay in the vicinity of the river. As of December 2009, the town had a population of 13,856 inhabitants.

Cherven Bryag is a medieval settlement mentioned in 1431 in Ottoman registers as Dobrolak. Under its present name Cherven Bryag was first recorded in the 16th century as part of the Ottoman region of Nikopol. On 26 June 1929, Prime Minister Andrey Lyapchev proclaimed the former village and station a town.

Cherven Bryag is a railway station on the line Sofia-Gorna Oryahovitsa-Varna/Ruse. It first appeared as a railway station settlement in 1899 on the newly built Sofia-Varna railway line.  Cherven Bryag was a starting point of a narrow-gauge railway line to Byala Slatina and Oryahovo, as well as of a normal railway line to Lukovit and Zlatna Panega. Today those lines are no more, out of service. The railway station is in the southwestern end of the town, opposite the central area.

Among the local landmarks, the St. Sophronius of Vratsa Church located in the central part of the town is notable.

Notable people
 Margarita Lilowa (1935–2012), Austrian opera singer
 Daniel Pavlov (born 1967), athlete
 Lyubomir Neikov (born 1972), actor and comedian

Gallery

References

External links
 Official website of Cherven Bryag municipality

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Pleven Province

Cherven Bryag


Dale Scott Thayer (born December 17, 1980) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, New York Mets, and San Diego Padres.

Playing career

Draft
Thayer was drafted out of high school by the Chicago Cubs in the 47th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign. Thayer went undrafted out of Chico State in 2002, but was signed as a free agent by the San Diego Padres on September 25, 2002.

San Diego Padres minor league system
Thayer was used as a closer for the majority of his minor league career.  In 2003, Thayer had 25 saves and a 2.06 ERA with the Class A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League.  He began 2004 with the High-A Lake Elsinore Storm, where he had a 1.63 ERA and 23 saves, and was promoted to the Double-A Mobile BayBears in August.  Thayer spent all of 2005 with Mobile, posting a 2.34 ERA and 27 saves in 56 games with 9.2 strike-outs per 9 innings.  In 2006, he again spent the year with Mobile except for two appearances with Triple-A Portland in September.  He had a 2.48 ERA and 27 saves in 57 games with Mobile.

Tampa Bay Rays
Thayer was traded to the Tampa Bay Rays on September 15, 2006, as a player to be named later in exchange for Russell Branyan. He started 2007 with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits and was advanced to the Triple-A Durham Bulls in August.  He had a 2.35 ERA in 55 combined games for the year, finishing 47 of them.  Thayer spent all of 2008 with the Bulls and pitched to a 2.77 ERA with 72 strike-outs in 68 innings and 9 saves in 52 games.  Thayer again started 2009 in Triple-A Durham but made his Major League debut on May 22, 2009, at Land Shark Stadium in Miami Gardens against the Florida Marlins. He pitched 3 innings, allowing one earned run and collected his first Major League save.  Thayer had 3 stints with the Rays in 2009, including a September call-up.  He pitched in 11 games with the Rays, giving up 7 earned runs in 13 innings.  At the Triple-A level in 2009, he posted a 2.27 ERA with 17 saves in 51 games.  Thayer spent most of 2010 with Durham, where he had a 3.45 ERA in 46 games with 55 strike-outs in 60 innings.  He was moved up to the majors on August 6, 2010, to add bullpen depth, but only pitched in a single game with the Rays before being sent back down.  He was granted free agency at the end of the season.

New York Mets
The New York Mets signed Thayer to a minor league contract in the off-season.  He was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, where he had a 2.66 ERA in 54 games on the year, earning 21 saves.  The Mets purchased Thayer's contract on May 27, 2011. As part of the move, the Mets brought up Ángel Pagán and sent down Fernando Martínez and Pat Misch. Thayer was sent down to the minors on June 11 after pitching in 4 games, as D. J. Carrasco was brought back up after being demoted in April.  Thayer was recalled in September and pitched in 7 more games for the Mets.  Overall, he had a 3.48 ERA in 10 innings.  He declared for free agency on October 23.

San Diego Padres
Thayer signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres on December 6, 2011. He also received an invitation to spring training. On April 26, 2012, Thayer was called up from Triple-A Tucson to replace Huston Street, who was placed on the 15-day DL, having gone 0-0 with a 0.00 ERA in 8.1 innings at Tucson. In his first full season with a major league team, Thayer had a 2-2 record with a 3.43 ERA and seven saves. In 2013, Thayer opened the season in the Padres bullpen. He finished with a record of 3-5 in 69 games. The following season, Thayer enjoyed his best season of his career, pitching a career high 70 games with a career low 2.34 ERA. Thayer was designated for assignment on August 11, 2015. He ended the season with a 4.06 ERA in 38 games.

Baltimore Orioles
Thayer signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles in February 2016. In March he opted out the contract, making him a free agent.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On April 2, 2016, Thayer signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched in seven games for the Double-A Tulsa Drillers before he was released on May 3.

Atlanta Braves
On May 30, 2016, Thayer signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves. He was assigned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves. Thayer was released on June 11.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Baseball players from Fountain Valley, California
Baseball players from California
Major League Baseball pitchers
Tampa Bay Rays players
New York Mets players
San Diego Padres players
Chico State Wildcats baseball players
Durham Bulls players
Montgomery Biscuits players
Portland Beavers players
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Mobile BayBears players
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Tucson Padres players
Tulsa Drillers players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela

Dale Thayer


Mary E. Miller (née Meyer; born August 27, 1959) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for Illinois's 15th congressional district since 2021. She serves on the House Committee on Agriculture and the Committee on Education & Labor. Miller is a member of the Freedom Caucus and has been described as on the "far right" of the Republican Party.

Early life and education
Born in Oak Park, Illinois, to Annette (Jesh) and Harvey Meyer, Miller graduated from Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois. She earned a Bachelor of Science in business management and did some graduate coursework in education at Eastern Illinois University, but did not complete a graduate degree.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2020

Miller announced her candidacy to represent  in the United States House of Representatives in the 2020 elections to succeed retiring incumbent John Shimkus. She won the Republican Party nomination, the real contest in Illinois's most Republican district, and won the general election with over 70% of the vote. Miller focused her campaign on providing support to farming and bringing manufacturing back to Illinois.

Miller sided with President Donald Trump's false claims that the 2020 presidential election was compromised by voter fraud, calling it "tainted".

2022

In May 2022, the Washington Examiner criticized Miller for employing Bradley Graven, "a man convicted of soliciting sex with a minor, to assist with her re-election campaign." Graven was also seen driving Miller around, raised money for her campaign, and was reportedly responsible for collecting over half the signatures needed to qualify her for the ballot.

After the 2020 redrawing of the Illinois electoral map, Miller won the June 2022 Republican primary by approximately 14 points against fellow incumbent Rodney Davis, whose more moderate views became a liability in the newly redrawn 15th district. Miller had also been endorsed by Donald Trump; Davis had supported the ultimately unsuccessful formation of a January 6 commission in May 2021. Redistricting left her home in Oakland just outside the district. Members of the House are required only to live in the state they represent.

Tenure
On January 6, 2021, when Congress met to formally count the votes of the Electoral College and certify the results of the 2020 presidential election, Miller was one of the members of the House of Representatives who objected to the votes of Arizona and Pennsylvania.

Committee assignments
For the 118th Congress:
 Committee on Agriculture
 Subcommittee on Conservation, Research, and Biotechnology
 Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities, Risk Management, and Credit
 Committee on Education and the Workforce
 Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education
 Subcommittee on Workforce Protections

Caucus memberships
 Freedom Caucus
Republican Study Committee

Political positions
Miller is a member of the Freedom Caucus and has been described as being on the "far right" of the Republican Party.

LGBT rights
On March 2, 2021, Miller introduced the Safety and Opportunity for Girls Act, which would ban transgender girls in schools from using bathrooms that correspond to their gender identity.

Miller criticized House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on the Equality Act and same-sex marriage, saying, "She doesn't represent the American people, and Americans need to wake up and realize that the Left does not represent the traditional values of the American people."

Miller voted against the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified parts of Obergefell v. Hodges. She wrote in a Facebook post, "This attacks the traditional family. All of these initiatives are deeply unpopular with the American people, and I will always vote NO against the radical agenda of the Left."

President Biden and the Biden administration
Miller has accused President Joe Biden of having a plan to "flood our country with terrorists, fentanyl, child traffickers, and MS-13 gang members", and also said that "under President Biden's leadership the left has weaponized the federal government to go after the American people. We face an unprecedented assault on the American way of life by the radical left."

Miller has supported efforts to impeach Biden. During the 117th United States Congress, Miller was co-sponsor of four resolutions to impeach Biden.

During the 117th Congress, Miller also co-sponsored resolutions to impeach Attorney General Merrick Garland and Secretary of State Antony Blinken. In the 118th Congress, she has co-sponsored resolutions to impeach Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas and Vice President Kamala Harris.

Capitol Police medals
In June 2021, Miller was one of 21 House Republicans to vote against a resolution to give the Congressional Gold Medal to police officers who defended the U.S. Capitol on January 6.

Foreign policy

Europe
In February 2022, Miller co-sponsored the Secure America's Borders First Act, which would prohibit the expenditure or obligation of military and security assistance to Ukraine over the U.S. border with Mexico.

Miller voted against H.R. 7691, the Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, which would provide $40 billion in emergency aid to the Ukrainian government.

Miller was one of 18 Republicans to vote against Sweden and Finland joining NATO.

Middle East and Africa
In June 2021, Miller was one of 49 House Republicans to vote to repeal the AUMF against Iraq.

Miller was one of 15 representatives to vote against H.R. 567: Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2021, which would establish an interagency program to assist countries in North and West Africa to improve immediate and long-term capabilities to counter terrorist threats, and for other purposes.

In 2023, Miller was among 47 Republicans to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.

Myanmar
On March 19, 2021, Miller was one of 14 House Republicans to vote against a measure condemning the Myanmar coup d'état that overwhelmingly passed, for reasons reported to be unclear.

Abortion
On June 25, 2022, the day after the Supreme Court of the United States issued Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, Miller spoke at a rally with Donald Trump and called the decision a "historic victory for white life". Later that night, her spokesman said that Miller had misread her notes and meant to say "right to life".

Immigration
Miller sponsored Representative Brian Babin's bill, H.R.140 - Birthright Citizenship Act of 2021, which would eliminate birthright citizenship.

Miller sponsored H.R. 6202, the American Tech Workforce Act of 2021, introduced by Representative Jim Banks. The legislation would establish a wage floor for the high-skill H-1B visa program, thereby significantly reducing employer dependence on the program. The bill would also eliminate the Optional Practical Training program that allows foreign graduates to stay and work in the United States.

In 2023, Miller voted for an amendment that would eliminate funding for immigration and refugee Assistance.

Religious freedom
Miller has called for the return of the role of God in public schools. She has also expressed support for Christian nationalism.

Family leave
Miller introduced and sponsored H.R.1980 - Working Families Flexibility Act of 2021. This bill would cap the accrual of any non-union employee, per year, to 160 hours of compensated time off in lieu of overtime pay (the equivalent of 20 days if working 8 hours a day, or 4 weeks if calculated by a 40-hour work week) and prohibits the interference of employers with regard to forcing an employee to take the compensated time off.

Unions
Miller sponsored H.R.6579 - Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 2022, which would require companies to put workers on the board. This has been described as "company unions".

Trade
Miller expressed support for then-President Donald Trump's protectionist trade policies, expressing the feeling that farmers were taken advantage of in past trade deals such as NAFTA.

Big Tech
In 2022, Miller was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.

Comment about Hitler
On January 5, 2021, two days into her House term, Miller issued a prepared speech to the conservative group Moms for America. She quoted Adolf Hitler, saying: "Each generation has the responsibility to teach and train the next generation. You know, if we win a few elections, we're still going to be losing unless we win the hearts and minds of our children. This is the battle. Hitler was right on one thing: he said, 'Whoever has the youth has the future.'"

A number of groups and politicians condemned the comment, criticized Miller, and urged the Republican party to do likewise. Illinois GOP Chairman Tim Schneider called her language "wrong and disgusting" and urged Miller "to apologize". Public statements were issued by the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), World Jewish Congress, and multiple lawmakers, including Adam Kinzinger and Illinois governor J. B. Pritzker. U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky, U.S. Senator Tammy Duckworth, and the Illinois legislative Jewish caucus called for Miller's resignation. On January 14, Schakowsky said that she would introduce a measure to censure Miller. ADL Midwest regional director David Goldenberg shared with Miller's office a list of 12 anti-Semitic incidents and 17 instances of white supremacist propaganda in the 15th district in 2019 and 2020 in an effort to make Miller aware of "what was going on in and around her district", he said, including information about extremist activity.

On January 7, Miller's office tweeted that her remarks had been intended to compare alleged youth indoctrination efforts by "left-wing radicals" to those of Hitler, while nonetheless encouraging Republicans to aggressively appeal to the youth as a means to collective power. On January 8, Miller apologized for having quoted Hitler in the message, but accused critics of twisting her words.

2024 Republican primary
Miller tweeted her endorsement for Trump the night of his campaign launch.

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Miller was among the 71 Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House.

Personal life
Miller is married to state representative Chris Miller, who represents much of the eastern portion of his wife's district. They own a farm in Oakland, near Charleston, where they grow grain and raise cattle. They have seven children and 17 grandchildren. The Millers are members of Oakland Christian Church.

References

External links

 of Rep. Miller
 Mary Miller for Congress

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1959 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American nationalists
American Protestants
Christians from Illinois
Christian nationalists
Eastern Illinois University alumni
Farmers from Illinois
American far-right politicians
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
People from Naperville, Illinois
People from Oakland, Illinois
People from Oak Park, Illinois
Protestants from Illinois
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
Right-wing politics in the United States
Right-wing populism in the United States
Right-wing populists
Women in Illinois politics

Mary Miller (politician)


Keith Chapman (1945–1989) was an American concert organist known best for his flair at playing in the symphonic style of organ performance, and particularly for his long and distinguished association (1966–1989) with the Wanamaker's Department Store of Philadelphia as the principal organist of the Wanamaker Organ.

Early history

Chapman was born on July 16, 1945 in San Bruno, California and grew up in San Bruno, California. An organ prodigy, he began formal study at age 5 with S. Leslie Grow, a student of Marcel Dupré. Chapman was the accompanist to the Capuchino High School Concert Choir while it was directed by Otto Mielenz.  Having studied with Richard Purvis, the organist at the time of Grace Cathedral, San Francisco, Chapman eventually took up post there as Assistant Organist.

Chapman came to Philadelphia where he attended the Curtis Institute of Music from 1964 to 1968, studying organ under Alexander McCurdy who had also been Purvis's teacher. Chapman received a master's degree from Temple University in 1971 and an honorary doctor of musical arts degree from Combs College of Music in Philadelphia in 1978. He also had several original compositions and arrangements published for organ solo.

In addition to his appointment at Wanamaker's, Chapman performed with the Philadelphia Orchestra and served as organist and choirmaster at Philadelphia's First Presbyterian Church, Wayne United Methodist Church in suburban Philadelphia, and Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel.

Association with Wanamaker

Chapman was appointed principal organist at Wanamaker's in 1966 at age 20 while he was still a student at Curtis. He would preside over the largest fully playable organ in the world, and would remain at that position for the next 23 years until his untimely death in 1989.

At the time of Chapman's appointment, the Wanamaker Organ had been underused.  As one of his first projects, Chapman arranged for the broadcast of Wanamaker concerts which were heard over Philadelphia radio station WUHY (now WHYY-FM) and included his own commentaries about the performances and the organ.

Chapman regularly welcomed visitors into the loft containing the organ console and permitted them to sit during performances.  He also allowed visitors to be photographed with him on the organ bench. In addition to several known instances of Chapman playing practical jokes on customers at the store, he was also known for multitasking while performing by playing chess, reading newspaper stories aloud, or bantering with listeners in the loft.

Compositions
Keith Chapman published a number of pieces, most of which are arrangements of hymns or well-known melodies set in his personal style. They emphasize accent and rhythm for the faster pieces and harmonic variation in all of them, reminiscent of Debussy and Ravel. It is thought likely that many of these works began as improvisations from his daily work at Wanamaker's, where standard numbers, particularly Christmas selections, could be explored through experiment in the daily repetition. Chapman was a practical composer who sought to captivate appreciative audiences and achieve commercial success, while supplying the polished detail and variation that serious musicians would appreciate. Some pieces, such as an improvisation on "We Gather Together" or an arrangement of "Ding Dong Merrily on High" made reference to other compositions ("All Creatures of Our God and King" and "In Dir ist Freude", respectively here). His "Fanfare and Procession" is thought to be a totally original work. He tended to play some of his faster, livelier pieces slightly ahead of the beat, with rhythm invariably being a strong factor. He championed the beauty of the symphonic sound of the pipe organ during an era when it was aggressively criticized by the "musically correct" of the period. Chapman said that an unfulfilled ambition was to be an orchestra conductor. Rights to much of his music are held by Sony Corporation, and attempts at re-publication have not yet (2017) met with success, although performance rights have been granted.

Recordings
At the time of Chapman's death, it was thought that all copies of his historic broadcasts had been destroyed. Eventually it was discovered that two enthusiasts of the Wanamaker Organ had reproduced digitally remastered recordings of these radio broadcasts of very high quality. The Friends of the Wanamaker Organ organization was able to reissue on compact disk three of the half-hour performances. These recordings are of special significance because, shortly after Chapman's death, both the Echo and Ethereal divisions of the organ were damaged in separate accidents and became unplayable for many years.  Other recordings include:
 The Grand Court Organ (1973)
 Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1975)
 Airs & Arabesques (1976)
 Chapman/Wanamaker - The Memorial Release - Vantage VCD 6304
 The Complete Chapman/Wanamaker Recordings - Vantage V2CD 69-694-001
 Keith Chapman - The "Lost Radio Broadcasts" - Vantage V2CD-698-002
 Keith Chapman - The "Lost Radio Broadcasts, Vol. 2" - Vantage WanaRadio2
 Keith Chapman - "Karg-Elert Instrumental Works" - Motette CD60351
 Keith Chapman - "The Wanamaker Store Organ", Karg-Elert, Jongen, Alain, Langlais, Daquin... - PCD60351

After his death, many of Chapman's arrangements were published in

Diamond Anniversary Concert

In 1986, Chapman was featured artist for the landmark concert at the Wanamaker Grand Court that celebrated his 20th anniversary as Wanamaker Organist and the Organ's 75th anniversary. Sponsored by the Wayne Concert Series, this was the first after-hours public organ concert at Wanamaker's in some 50 years. The tradition has been continued into the present day, largely under the auspices of the non-profit organization, The Friends of the Wanamaker Organ.

The 1986 concert was recorded, and has been released on DVD by the Friends of the Wanamaker Organ. Also included is a 2009 update on the restoration of the instrument.

Death
Chapman and his wife, Sally, were killed when their twin-engine Cessna 310 crashed into the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of the Colorado Rockies while they were returning from a performance in California.  The Chapmans were reportedly en route to visit Sally's daughter (from a previous marriage) and new grandchild in Omaha, Nebraska at the time of the crash. Chapman was succeeded at Wanamaker's later that year by Peter Richard Conte.

References

1944 births
1989 deaths
American male organists
Musicians from Philadelphia
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
People from San Mateo, California
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Temple University alumni
20th-century American musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1989
American organists

Keith Chapman (organist)


Bird women are the legendary hybrid creatures with parts of human females and birds. They appear in various stories of many mythological as well as folk tales across different cultures of the world.

Some of the prominent examples include:
 Uchek Langmeidong - Meitei mythology (Manipuri mythology)
 Sirin - Russian folklore (Slavic folklore)
 Kinnara - Hinduism and Buddhism
 Harpy - Greek mythology and Roman mythology
 Gamayun - Russian folklore (Slavic folklore)
 Alkonost - Russian folklore (Slavic folklore)

Women
Legendary creatures

Bird women


A fist is the term given to the hand when the four fingers are clenched, and the thumb closed over the first finger. In this solid form, it can be used for striking in combat. The half-closed fist may be used for some tasks, like knocking.

Making a fist is virtually unknown amongst other primates. Their fingers have different proportions to humans.

Body parts

Fist


Antoine-Alexandre-Joseph Cardon (1739, Brussels – 1822, Brussels), also known as Cardon the elder to distinguish him from his son Anthony Cardon, was a Belgian painter, portraitist and engraver.

Life
He was born in Brussels, then in the Austrian Netherlands.  He lived for a long time on rue de Persil (near place Saint-Michel, now known as Place des Martyrs) in the city, which also passed through French and Dutch hands during his lifetime, and shone in the arts under the Austrian, French and Dutch regimes.

He was a student of Hyacinthe de La Peyne, painter to empress Maria Theresa, the sovereign of the Austrian Netherlands, and once followed his teacher to Vienna.  Thanks to the protection of Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl, Maria-Theresa's minister-plenipotentiary in Brussels, Cardon became a pensionary of the government and was thus able to stay for a time in Rome and Naples.

Recalled to Brussels by Cobenzl, he became a professor at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and made his artistic career in the city - his pupils included Adèle Kindt.  It was there in 1810 that he and Antoine Brice founded an association of professional and amateur artists.  In 1822 Cardon was named a member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands by William II of the Netherlands.

He was a highly enthusiastic member of Freemasonry, then having great success in the nobility of the Austrian Netherlands - his name is among the first initiates of the "loge de l'Union" (third lodge in Brussels, n° 9, inscribed on the tables of 1783 and 1786), and he engraved several Masonic diplomas and emblems.

Cardon died in Brussels.

Works

His secular works include :
 engraving of the painting by Antoine Brice, Consolation of the Austrian Monarchy on the death of emperor Leopold I.
 engravings for d'Hancarville's book on the antiquities collected in Naples by William Hamilton.
 engravings of images after Antoine Watteau.
 portrait of Joseph II engraved after Willem Jacob Herreyns.
 portrait of the prince de Ligne.
 Masonic Diploma of Lodge La Constante Fidelite, Mechelen, Belgium (then Austrian Netherlands)
 engraved portrait of the musician Ignace Vitzthumb.

Family
Antoine Cardon was the father of Philippe Cardon (?–1817) and of the engraver Anthony Cardon the Younger (1772–1813) who set up as an engraver in England in 1793 and died in London.

1739 births
1822 deaths
Artists from Brussels
Belgian painters
Belgian engravers

Antoine Cardon