Fenagh () is a village in County Leitrim in the west of Ireland. It is  north of Mohill on the R202 road.

History
The area was the site of the battle of Fidhnacha in 1094.

Fenagh Abbey is one of the oldest monastic sites in Ireland, believed to date back to the earliest period of Celtic monasticism. The founder was St. Caillín, thought to have arrived in Fenagh from Dunmore in County Galway in the 5th century (according to the Book of Fenagh). The Abbey had a monastic school, and was "celebrated for its divinity school, which was resorted to by students from every part of Europe".

Magnus, son of Muirchertach Muimnech (from the Annals of Connacht), wrote in 1244:
Fedlimid mac Cathail Chrobdeirg made an immense hosting eastwards into Brefne against O Raigillig, to avenge his fosterson and kinsman, Tadc O Conchobair. They encamped for a night at Fenagh. At that time there was no roof on the church of Fenagh, and the coarb was away that night. And as he was not present, the common soldiers of the host burned the huts and tents which were inside the church, without permission of their leaders, and the coarb's foster-child, God's gift, was suffocated. Now learned men relate that the coarb received this foster-child by finding him on a large stone which stood in that place, and [the people] never knew of his having either mother or father; and the coarb loved him and gave him, as it is said, milk from his own breasts. Next day he came to them in anger and indignation at the death of the boy, requiring O Conchobair to pay the blood-fine for his foster-child, and O Conchobair said he could choose what fine he pleased. 'I choose' said he 'the best man among you, as compensation for the child of God whom you have burnt.' 'That' said O Conchobair 'is Magnus, the son of Muirchertach Muimnech.' 'Nay, not so,' said Magnus 'but he who is leader of the host.' 'I will not go from you so' said the coarb 'until I get the fine for my foster-child.' After this the host departed from that place, and the coarb followed them to Ath na Cuirre on the Yellow River, which was flowing over its banks, so that they could not cross it till they broke up the spital-house of John the Baptist, which stood beside the ford,{{refn|group=n|Ath na Cuirre on the Yellow River and the spital-house of John the Baptist, which stood beside the ford' refer to Ballinamore|abbr=ath-an-cuirre-is-ballinamore}} and used its materials to bridge the river for the host to pass across. Magnus son of Muirchertach Muimnech and Conchobar son of Cormac Mac Diarmata went into the house, and Magnus spoke to a man who was above him, at work on the house-breaking; 'That' said he, pointing upwards with the chape of his sword, 'is the nail which keeps the house from falling.' As he spoke, a rafter(?) fell on his head and smashed it to pieces on the spot. He was buried outside the doorway of the church of Fenagh, and thrice the capacity of the Bell of the Kings of silver and thirty horses were given as an offering with him. Thus, then, did the coarb of St. Caillin at last recover compensation for his fosterling of God from them. A beautiful monument of carved stone with an excellently wrought stone cross was afterwards made [and set up] over him, but after a while the Ui Ruairc in their enmity demolished it.

Rail transport

The Fenagh railway station opened on 24 October 1887 and closed on 1 April 1959. It was part of the narrow-gauge Cavan and Leitrim Railway from Belturbet to Dromod with a line to Arigna from Ballinamore.

Fenagh Abbey
At Fenagh, two church ruins stand on the site of an earlier monastery founded by St. Caillin in the 6th century. The main ruins of the Gothic church have (among other features) an east window of unusual design and a relief-carved 17th-century penal cross. A number of standing stones in the vicinity represent the petrified bodies of druids who tried to expel St. Caillin from Fenagh. There are a number of other prehistoric remains located in or near the village. A portal tomb at the north of the village is said to be the burial place of King Conall Gulban. 19 Gaelic kings are said to be buried in the graveyard. There was also a divinity school at Fenagh. It is believed that community life continued until 1652, when Cromwellian soldiers sacked it. It was damaged by cannon fire during the Williamite wars in 1690, and the last service was said in 1729. The site is on the northern shore of Fenagh Lough.

Book of Fenagh

The Book of Fenagh was completed at the monastery in 1516, and a copy is now kept at the Royal Irish Academy. It was written in Irish, and contains verse and prose of the "life" of St Caillin of Fenagh transcribed and translated from the, now lost, Old Book of St. Caillin. The original Old Book of St. Caillin apparently "only contained prose" but the Book of Fenagh / Leabar Chaillín / Leabar Fidhnacha of 1516, contained both prose and verse.  Some poems relevant to the politics of 11th-13th-century Tyrconnell, are thought to date from an earlier period than the rest of the manuscript.

The Book of Fenagh, in Irish and English, is available to read for free.

Notable residents
John McGahern (1934–2006), writer who lived, wrote and farmed in Fenagh for the last 30 years of his life. Much of his inspiration for Amongst Women, That they May Face the Rising Sun and  Memoir comes from the area.
John Ellis, politician

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland.

Notes and references

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

Towns and villages in County Leitrim
Places of Conmaicne Maigh Rein

Fenagh, County Leitrim


Les Fleurs du Mal is a collection of poems, by Charles Baudelaire. It was published between 1857 and 1868, there are three versions of the work. The first version of the book was forbidden, because it was seen to be against decency laws of the time. In total, six poems were forbidden. The poems in Les Fleurs du mal frequently break with tradition: they use  suggestive images and unusual forms. The poems deal with themes relating to decadence and eroticism, particularly focusing on suffering and its relationship to the original sin, disgust toward evil and oneself, obsession with death, and aspiration toward an ideal world. Les Fleurs du mal was highly influential toward several notable French poets, including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stéphane Mallarmé.

French literature

Les Fleurs du mal


Stanley C. Armstrong (February 22, 1888 – July 12, 1950) was an American politician and lawyer.

Armstrong was born in Steuben County, New York. He graduated from Savona High School in Savona, New York, and from Cook Academy in Montour Falls, New York. In 1907, Armstrong moved to Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Chicago–Kent College of Law in 1911 and was admitted to the Illinois bar. Armstrong lived and practiced law in Chicago. He was a Republican and was the nephew of Edward J. Brundage who served as Illinois Attorney General. Armstrong served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1943 until his death in 1950. Armstrong died from a heart attack while eating at a restaurant in Chicago, Illinois.

Notes

External links

1888 births
1950 deaths
People from Steuben County, New York
Politicians from Chicago
Lawyers from Chicago
Chicago-Kent College of Law alumni
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers

Stanley C. Armstrong


The Guelph Police Service (GPS) is the police force for the city of Guelph, Ontario. The GPS was formed in 1827 with the founding of the city. The Guelph Police Service is the 14th largest municipal police service in Ontario with 331 members and serves a population of around 150,000. The Chief of Police is Gordon Cobey and the departmental headquarters are located at 15 Wyndham Street South. The force is governed by the Ontario Police Services Act, under which a five-member civilian "police services board" is responsible for the Guelph Police.

Administration
223 sworn police officers and 108 civilian employees make up the Guelph Police Service (2022 report). Each officer must contain several prerequisites and complete a series of application stages in order to reach employment. As of January 2020, there is a new first step in being able to apply for policing in Ontario. Hopeful applicants must complete their OACP testing and receive a certificate in order to be able to apply.

The staff of a police service includes various positions and units. Police constable is a position where officers develop relationships through community interaction. Through law enforcement and crime prevention, this position allows officers to ensure public safety. Constable is not the only position, or the only way for the residents of the Guelph region, to fight crime. Several civilian openings are given each year, such as managerial and supportive positions. These job opportunities require specialized skills and knowledge in order to adjust to the ever-changing front-line setting.

The service annually awards valuable contributions with the title of "Member of the Year", "Award for Excellence in Support Services", "Award for Excellence in Criminal Investigation", and "Chief's Commendation for Policing Excellence".

Inquiries and service
In order to perform with efficiency, multiple services have been instituted. Court services, for example, is a unit responsible for maintaining a safe environment for all persons inside a courtroom. The Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (MFIPPA) allows all Ontario residents to request information from all police services. This right also necessitates these police services to protect all information including administrative documents and personal intelligence of all Ontario's inhabitants.

GPS branches

 Critical incident response team (CIRT)
 Downtown/tactical team
 Downtown liaison
 Neighbourhood teams
 Canine
 Traffic
 Strike liaison
 Civil emergencies
 Bike patrol
 Crime analyst
 Criminal investigations
 Drugs and intelligence
 Forensic identification
 Communications
 Community relations
 Training

Fleet

 (Soon to be retired) Ford Taurus police interceptor cruisers (marked and unmarked)
 Ford Explorer  hybrid  police interceptor cruisers (marked and unmarked)

 Mobile command unit - converted RV

Past vehicles
 Ford Crown Victoria LTD cruiser
 Chevrolet Caprice cruiser
 Chevrolet Impala cruiser

References

External links
Guelph Police Service official website.

Law enforcement agencies of Ontario
Municipal government of Guelph

Guelph Police Service


The Ford Prefect is a line of British cars which was produced by Ford UK between 1938 and 1961 as an upmarket version of the Ford Popular and Ford Anglia small family cars. It was introduced in October 1938 and remained in production until 1941. Returning to the market in 1945, it was offered until 1961. The car progressed in 1953 from its original perpendicular or "sit-up-and-beg" style to a more modern three-box structure. Some versions were also built and sold by Ford Australia.

Like its siblings, the car became a popular basis for a hot rod, especially in Britain, where its lightweight structure and four-cylinder engines appealed to builders.

E93A (1938–49)

The Ford Prefect was introduced in October 1938 and built by the Ford plant in Dagenham, Essex. The original Ford Prefect was a slight reworking of the previous year's 7W, the first Ford car designed outside of Detroit, Michigan. It was designed specifically for the British market. It had a  side-valve engine with thermosiphon cooling system (no pump) and with many other cars of the period, the ability to be started by a crank handle should the battery not have sufficient energy to turn the 6-volt starter motor. The windscreen wipers were powered by the vacuum ported from the engine intake manifold — as the car laboured uphill the wipers would slow to a standstill due to the intake manifold vacuum dropping to near nil, only to start working again as the top was reached and the intake vacuum increased.  The windscreen opened forward pivoting on hinges on the top edge; two flaps either side of the scuttle also let air into the car. The car has a durable four-cylinder motor.

The most common body styles were two- and four-door saloons, but pre-war a few tourers and drophead coupés were made. Post-war, only four-door saloons were available on the home market, but two-door models were made for export.

41,486 were made up to 1941 and a further 158,007 between 1945 and 1948.

Australian production
The E93A was also produced in Australia with the Australian-built four-door saloon having an all-steel roof. Two-door saloon, tourer, 5cwt panel van, coupé utility and roadster utility models were also produced. In late 1939 the Australian Prefect models were recoded to E03A.

E03A (Australia: 1939–45)

The E03A replaced the E93A in Australian production in 1939. The E03A saloon differed from the English E93A saloon in having an all-steel roof and stainless steel waistline trim.

A53A (Australia: 1946-48)

The A53A replaced the E03A in Australian production in 1946  with 4-door saloon, coupé utility and 5cwt delivery van versions produced. The A53A saloon differed from the E03A saloon in having an extended boot. From October 1947 the grille slates were chrome-plated.

E493A (1949–53)

Post war, the Prefect design changed little until replaced in 1952. The headlamps moved into the wings and trafficators were fitted (internally lit semaphores springing out from the door pillars to signal left and right turns), though due to space restrictions these were left out on the Australian-built Ute. Only four-door saloons were available on the home market, the two-door sector being left to the Anglia but some were made for export.

The brakes remained mechanically operated using the Girling rod system with  drums and the chassis still had transverse leaf springs front and rear.

A Prefect tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1948 had a top speed of  and could accelerate from 0- in 22.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of  was recorded. The test car which had the optional leather upholstery cost £412 including taxes. In standard form, they commented that it was the cheapest 4-door car on the British market.

192,229 were made.

A493A (Australia: 1949-1953)

The A493A was an Australian produced variant of the English E493A which was offered in 4-door saloon and coupe utility variants. The A493A saloon differs from the E493A saloon in having a solid roof, an extended boot and a swage line on the front doors.

100E (1953–59)

In 1953 a much redesigned Ford Prefect was introduced alongside the similar Ford Anglia and remained in production until 1959. Externally, the Prefect can be distinguished from the Anglia by having vertical bars on the radiator grille and four doors. The old separate chassis had gone, replaced by integral construction, and coil independent front suspension supplanted the transverse leaf spring. Girling hydraulic brakes were fitted, initially  drums but quickly increased to  A new side-valve engine of 1172 cc engine was fitted having the same bore, stroke and layout of the previous engine, but in all other respects completely different - changes included adjustable tappets, raising the compression ratio from 6.3:1 to 7:1 and larger inlet valves, resulting in the power output increasing by 20% to 36 bhp.

Inside there were separate front seats trimmed in PVC with leather as an option and two circular instruments in front of the driver one containing the speedometer and the other, fuel and water temperature gauges.  De Luxe models from the second dashboard update in 1959 included glove box locks.  The gear change was floor-mounted.  The heater was an optional extra. The windscreen wipers were powered by the inlet manifold vacuum;  when the engine was working hard, the vacuum fell away and the wipers slowed or stopped.  The dashboard was revised twice; the binnacle surrounding the steering column was replaced by a central panel with twin dials towards the driver's side in 1956; the last from 1959 had twin dials in a binnacle in front of the driver and AC 'Vivid Arc' speedo similar to the 1957 E-series Vauxhall Velox/Cresta and '58/'59 PA models plus FB and EK Holdens.

In 1955 an estate car version was introduced, marketed as the Ford Squire and mechanically identical to the contemporary Escort, an estate car version of the Ford Anglia 100E, but with wooden strakes and a higher trim level.

The Motor magazine tested a de-luxe 100E in 1957 and recorded a top speed of  and acceleration from 0- in 32.2 seconds. A "touring" fuel consumption of 33.1 miles per gallon (imperial) was recorded. On the home market it cost £658 including taxes of £220.

100,554 were made.

107E (1959–61)

The Prefect 107E utilized a reworked 100E body with the then-new  overhead valve engine, four-speed gearbox and 'banjo' style rear end from the Anglia 105E, produced to offer a four-door model until replaced by the Ford Consul Classic. 38,154 were made, most of them (in UK production) in a two-tone colour scheme and deluxe trim.

Deluxe versions assembled in New Zealand had a rare 'factory fitted' recirculating heater (dealer fit was almost universal at the time) and plush carpet.

Drum brakes of  diameter were fitted, hydraulically operated, and the suspension was independent at the front using MacPherson struts. The rear driven axle used semi elliptic leaf springs.  The steering mechanism used a worm and peg system.

On test, The Motor magazine recorded a top speed of  and acceleration from 0- in 27.2 seconds. A "touring" fuel consumption of 36 miles per gallon (imperial) was recorded. On the home market, it cost £621, including taxes of £183.

Optional extras included a heater, windscreen washers, radio and leather upholstery to replace the standard PVC.

Exports and foreign production
In addition to the United Kingdom and Australia, Ford Prefects were also sold in the US, New Zealand (where they were locally assembled), Argentina and Canada. The Canadian model was left-hand drive. The Prefect was also license-built in Latvia by Ford-Vairogs as the Ford-Vairogs Junior. In Ireland, the Prefect was assembled at the Ford Cork plant until 1962.  In South Africa, they were assembled locally at the Ford Struandale plant in Port Elizabeth. Singapore-based Ford of Malaya had also built the Prefect 100E with imported CKD kits.

In popular culture
In the radio series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams and its novelization, one of the main characters - an extra-terrestrial alien seeking to pose as a human - named himself "Ford Prefect" after the car, not realizing the name would be an unusual one for a person.

See also
 List of Ford vehicles

References

External links

 Documented Restoration Diary of a 1957 Ford 100E Anglia Deluxe
 Ford Sidevalve Owners' Club

Prefect
Cars introduced in 1938
1940s cars
1950s cars
1960s cars
Cars of England
Sedans
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles

Ford Prefect


Einsiedel Dam () is located in the German Free State of Saxony. Its reservoir supplies drinking water to Chemnitz and, in conjunction with the Central Ore Mountains reservoir system, that includes the reservoirs of Neunzehnhain I, II and Saidenbach also supplies water to the entire region covered by the South Saxony Long Distance Water Association (Zweckverband Fernwasser Südsachsen).

Construction, use and history

In May 1883 the population of Chemnitz exceeded 100,000 and it became the 15th city in Germany. The supply of drinking water to the city had been provided by a waterworks built in 1872–1874, that could no longer cope with the increasing water consumption of the growing city. An increase in its capacity was no longer possible due to the limitations of terrain and rising pollution of the Zwönitz, which meant that the source of water supply had to be switched from ground to surface water. The local council of Einsiedel, which lay below the proposed dam, had unsuccessfully objected against the dam site in Stadtguttal in light of the breach of the South Fork Dam in 1889 that had caused approximately 2,200 deaths.
Between 7 November 1890 (laying of the foundation stone) and 14 June 1894 (dam opening) the oldest drinking water-retaining dam in Saxony emerged which, after the Eschbach Dam and Panzer Dam, is also the third oldest in Germany. It cost 1.3 million marks and an average of 142 workers were employed in its construction. A water works was built below the dam that led the treated water through a 3.3 km long tunnel into Chemnitz's water supply network.
At the time of commissioning the Einsiedel Dam was considered a technical masterpiece. It was assessed as excellent at the World Exhibitions in Paris (1900) and St. Louis.
The Einsiedel barrage is a curved gravity dam made of quarrystone, based partly on the Intze principle, but without the Intze wedge, retaining wall drainage and water-side protective layer (facing).
It is a "large dam" by ICOLD criteria and impounds the waters of the Stadtguttalbach, it also receives water channeled from the Neunzehnhain I Reservoir.
The reservoir is used for drinking water, which is why swimming, fishing and recreational sports, etc., are not permitted in the reservoir. The dam is also used to a limited extent for flood control.

See also
List of dams and reservoirs in Germany

Notes

Sources
 Dieter Bock: 100 Jahre Talsperre Einsiedel bei Chemnitz. in: Erzgebirgische Heimatblätter. Heft 5/1994. p. 25–26,

External links
Information on the dam by the Saxon State Reservoir Agency
Comprehensive collection of photographs and data on the history of the Einsiedel Dam

Dams completed in 1894
Dams in Saxony
Protected landscapes in Germany
Ore Mountains
REinsiedel
Chemnitz

Einsiedel Dam


Following the German invasion of Poland, the Kingdom of Nepal declared war on Germany on September 4, 1939. Once Japan entered the conflict, sixteen battalions of the Royal Nepalese Army fought on the Burmese front. In addition to military support, Nepal contributed guns, equipment as well as hundreds of thousands of pounds of tea, sugar and raw materials such as timber to the Allied war effort.

During World War II, there was an internal treaty between Nepal and Britain about the mobilization of Nepalese soldiers. In addition to Royal Nepal Army's troops, Nepalese fought in the British Gurkha units and were engaged in combat all over the world. Gurkha troops were part of the Allied occupation force in Japan.

The Nepali units that took part were Sri Nath, Kalibox, Surya Dal, Naya Gorakh, Barda Bahadur, Kali Bahadur, Mahindra Dal, Second Rifle, Bhairung, Jabbar Jung, Shumsher Dal, Sher, Devi Dutta, Bhairab Nath, Jagannath and Purano Gorakh Battalions. Aside from that, there were many high-ranking Nepalese in the joint Army HQ. Commander-in–Chief Kiran Shamsher Rana and Field Marshal Nir Shumsher Rana were liaison officers from the Royal Nepalese Army.

When Japan went to war with the United Kingdom in December 1941, the British presence was threatened in the Indian subcontinent. Britain deployed its troops in India to the Burma front. Nepalese battalions – Mahindra Dal, Sher, Kali Bahadur and Jagannath - were also deployed. These Nepalese battalions fought under the Allied Command. The Jagannath Battalion took part as engineers in order to construct tracks, bridges, water points, etc.

Nepalese troops fought with distinction in the British 14th Army under Lieutenant General William Slim and helped force the eventual Japanese retreat. Finally, following the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered. Most Nepalese troops were withdrawn to Kathmandu in October 1945. A grand victory parade was held on 28 October 1945 where many Nepalese soldiers, officers and associated British officers were honored for their appreciable performances. In the Victory Parade at London in 1946, the Royal Nepalese Army was led by the Commanding Officer Sir Baber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. His youngest son, Major-General Subikhyat-Tri-Shakti-Patta, Prasidha-Prabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu Sir Brahma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, KCIE fought in the war and was decorated with Assam-Burma Medal (1945), British 39/45 & Burma stars, Defence and War medals (1945).

References

Further reading

External links
 History of Nepalese Army at the official website of the Nepalese Army.

World War II
World War II
World War II
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in World War II
20th century in Nepal

World War II national military histories
Asia in World War II
1939 in Nepal

Nepal in World War II


Thomas Burr Osborne (July 8, 1798 – September 2, 1869) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut. He also served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives and Connecticut Senate.

Early life and family
Born in Easton, Connecticut (called Weston at the time), the son of Jeremiah and Anna (Sherwood) Osborne, he was graduated from Yale College in 1817. He was married to Elizabeth Huntington Dimon, daughter of Ebenezer Dimon. Their daughter Mary Elizabeth Osborne married Henry B. Harrison, Governor of Connecticut from 1885 to 1887. Their son Arthur Dimon Osborne (April 17, 1828 – April 14, 1920) was a lawyer, law professor at Yale University, and president of the Second National Bank of New Haven. His son Thomas Burr Osborne (August 5, 1859 – January 29, 1929) was a biochemist and co-discoverer of Vitamin A.

Political career
He was admitted to the bar in 1820 and commenced practice in Fairfield, Connecticut. He served as clerk of the county and superior courts 1826–1839. He served as member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1836.

Osborne was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1843). He served as chairman of the Committee on Patents (Twenty-seventh Congress).

He served in the Connecticut Senate in 1844, and the same year was appointed judge of the Fairfield County Court, which office he held for several years.

He was again a member of the state House of Representatives in 1850. He served as judge of probate for Fairfield district in 1851.

Later life
He moved to New Haven in 1854. Osborne was a professor at Yale Law School from 1855 until 1865, when he resigned. He died in New Haven, Connecticut and was interred in Evergreen Cemetery.

References
Notes

Sources

1798 births
1869 deaths
Connecticut state court judges
Connecticut state senators
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Lawyers from Fairfield, Connecticut
Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Yale College alumni
Yale University faculty
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
19th-century American politicians
People from Easton, Connecticut
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Thomas Burr Osborne (politician)


The 8GCBC Scout is a two-seat, high-wing, single-engined fixed conventional gear general aviation airplane that entered production in the United States in 1974.  Designed for personal and commercial use, it is commonly found in utility roles such as bush flying—thanks to its short takeoff and landing (STOL) ability—as well as agriculture, pipeline patrol, and glider and banner towing.

Development
The Scout was designed and initially produced by Bellanca Aircraft Corporation, and is a derivative of the 7-series Citabrias and 8KCAB Decathlon; Bellanca had been building these designs since receiving them in the acquisition of Champion Aircraft Corporation in 1970.  The Scout is one of two wholly Bellanca-developed contributions to these aircraft series, and is also one of only two airplanes Bellanca produced in the 7 and 8 series not certified for aerobatics.  (The other model, in both categories, is the 7ACA.)  The Scout carries the model designation 8GCBC, which makes it both a sibling of the 8KCAB Decathlon and descendant of the 7GCBC Citabria.  Bellanca produced more than 350 Scouts before production ended when the company's assets were liquidated in 1981.

The Scout design passed through the hands of a number of companies through the 1980s, including a Champion Aircraft Company, which was unrelated to the Champion Aircraft of the 1960s.  In that period, only one Scout was built, in 1984.  American Champion Aircraft Corporation acquired the Scout design, along with the Decathlon and the group of Citabria and Champ variants, in 1990 and brought the Scout back into production in 1993.

ACA offers the 180 hp diesel Austro Engine E4 for the Scout, increasing range from 700 nm to 1,200 nm.

Design
The Scout traces its lineage back to the Aeronca Champ, by way of the Citabria.  Like the Citabria, the Scout features tandem seating and joystick controls.  The fuselage and tail surfaces are constructed of welded metal tubing.  The outer shape of the fuselage is created by a combination of wooden formers and longerons, covered with fabric.  The cross-section of the metal fuselage truss is triangular, a design feature traceable to the earliest Aeronca C-2 design of the late 1920s.

The strut-braced wings of the Scout are, like the fuselage and tail surfaces, fabric covered, utilizing aluminum alloy ribs.  The wings of Bellanca Scouts were built with wooden spars.  American Champion has been using aluminum spars in the aircraft it has produced and has, as well, made the aluminum-spar wings available for retrofit installation on older aircraft.  Compared to the Citabria's wingspan of , the Scout's wingspan is significantly wider, at over .  The Scout also carries wing flaps, a design feature it shares with the 7GCBC variant of the Citabria.  The added wing area and the flaps contribute to the Scout's STOL abilities and its capacity as a utility aircraft.

The landing gear of the Scout is in a conventional arrangement.  The main gear legs of most Scouts are made of spring steel, though American Champion began to use aluminum gear legs in 2004.  Compared to the Citabria's gear, the Scout's gear legs are considerably taller and the tires larger, again contributing to its capabilities as a utility aircraft.

Bellanca made the Scout available with several Lycoming O-360 engine variants, all of 180 horsepower (134 kW), with the choice of a fixed-pitch or constant speed propeller.  American Champion's Scouts feature the Lycoming O-360-C1G and a choice of a two-blade constant speed propeller (standard) or a three-blade constant speed propeller as an option.

Operational history
The success in utility roles of the  Citabrias, both the 7GCAA and particularly the 7GCBC—the Scout's closest relative in the Citabria line—was the impetus for Bellanca's creation of the Scout, with its greater wing area, larger engine, better ground clearance, and higher gross weight and useful load.  Though the Scout went out of production within less than a decade of its introduction, this was not due to any fault in the design but rather to the slump in general aviation in the United States at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s.  Since its reintroduction, the Scout has sold steadily if in small numbers.  Scouts remain popular as bush planes—including versions fitted with floats or skis, for glider and banner towing, for pipeline patrol, in agricultural uses, and as personal aircraft. The largest single operator of the type the Royal Canadian Air Cadet League, operating over 20 of them in Ontario and the Prairie provinces as tow aircraft for glider training.

Another large operator is Western Australia's Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA), who operate a fleet of ten aircraft in the fire surveillance and Forward Air Control (FAC) roles. DBCA replace each aircraft with a new example as they reach 4000 airframe hours, thus they are also American Champion's largest Scout customer.

Wood spar Airworthiness Directive
A number of Scouts were involved in accidents—many fatal—that involved wing spar failures.  More than a few of these accidents involved aerobatics, maneuvers that the aircraft was neither designed nor approved for.  The Scout suffered, in this respect, from a close resemblance to the Citabria line of aircraft, all of which are capable of aerobatics. To some pilots, the similar appearance suggested similar ability. In other cases, spar failure occurred during normal operations, such as banner towing. The failures occurred during high-stress portions of the flights, but under stresses that the design should have withstood.  Typically, investigations found that these failures during normal operation had been preceded by undetected overstressing conditions from flight outside the aircraft's limitations (such as aerobatics) or accidents where the wings contacted the ground (including ground loops and nose-overs in which the airplane ended up on its back).

This series of failures led the Federal Aviation Administration to issue an Airworthiness Directive (AD 2000-25-02 R1) that affected all wood-spar wing Scouts.  The AD called for immediate and thorough inspections of the wing spars of any Scouts involved in accidents.  Further, the AD mandates meticulous yearly inspections for all Scouts with wood-spar wings.  Scouts built by American Champion, as well as those retrofitted with the factory metal-spar wings, are exempt from the AD's inspection requirements.

Specifications (2003 8GCBC Scout - constant speed propeller)

See also

References

Airworthiness Directive 2000-25-02 R1.  (May 30, 2001.)  Department of Transportation.  Federal Aviation Administration.

Service Letter 406.  Revision A.  (May 6, 1998.)  American Champion Aircraft.
Type certificate data sheet no. A21CE.  Revision 13.  (Oct. 14, 2004.)  Department of Transportation.  Federal Aviation Administration.

External links

 American Champion Aircraft Corporation
 Bellanca-Champion Club

Scout
Scout
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Glider tugs
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974

American Champion Scout


A drumhead court-martial is a military court-martial held in the field to render summary justice for offenses committed in action. The term is said to originate from drums used as improvised tables and drumheads as writing surfaces at fast-track military trials and executions.

Origins

The earliest recorded usage is in an English memoir of the Peninsular War (1807). The term sometimes has connotations of summary justice, with an implied lack of judicial impartiality, as noted in the transcripts of the trial at Nuremberg of Josef Bühler.

According to Sir Arthur Wynne Morgan Bryant, such courts-martial have ordered lashings or hangings to punish soldiers (and their officers) who were cowardly, disobedient, or, conversely, acted rashly; and especially as a discouragement to drunkenness. It is also used as a reference to a kangaroo court in its derogatory form.

World War II

Nazi Germany

From 1934, every division of the German Army had a court martial. After the occupation of Poland, the Oberkommando des Heeres wished to introduce a system which allowed speedy trials to be performed, as it was believed that a fast process would be a more effective deterrent. In November 1939 a law was passed which permitted drumhead trials if it was deemed necessary during warfare. Every commander of a regiment could either decide to inform the court martial of his division, or he could convene a drumhead trial when somebody was accused of a crime. The decision of a drumhead trial could be executed immediately. With the beginning of the year 1944 the high command formed a special police, the "High command Feldjägerkorps", which were in command of special drumhead trials named fliegende Standgerichte, composed of motorized judges.

During the last two months of World War II, Adolf Hitler authorized the use of Fliegendes Sonder-Standgericht ("flying special court martial" or "flying special drumhead"), mobile courts-martial used by the German armed forces. The use of "flying" refers to their mobility and may also refer to the earlier "flying courts martial" held in Italian Libya. Italian military judges were flown by aircraft to the location of captured rebels, where the rebels were tried in a court martial shortly after capture.

An example of this was the summary trial of five officers found guilty of failing to prevent the Western Allies from capturing the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle of Remagen on 7 March 1945. On a direct order from Hitler, Generalleutnant Rudolf Hübner tried Major Hans Scheller, Captain Willi Bratge, Lt. Karl Heinz Peters, Maj. Herbert Strobel and Maj. August Kraft. Hübner, who had no legal experience, acted as both prosecutor and judge. He conducted extremely brief show trials during which he harangued the defendants for their alleged command failures, and then pronounced sentence. All of the officers were sentenced to death. Except for Bratge, who had been captured by the enemy, the others were taken to nearby woods within 24 hours, executed with a shot to the back of the neck, and buried where they fell.

After the failed plot to assassinate Hitler in July 1944, General Friedrich Fromm, after capturing the conspirators, hosted an impromptu court martial sentencing the lead conspirators to death by firing squad. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, accused of association with the assassination plot, was similarly tried and executed.

After Admiral Canaris, head of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, was suspected of involvement in the 20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler, Hitler authorised Heinrich Himmler to have Canaris tried and sentenced to death by a drumhead court-martial.

Imperial Japan

The Enemy Airmen's Act contributed to the deaths of hundreds of Allied airmen throughout WWII in the Pacific Theater. An estimated 132 Allied airmen shot down during the bombing campaign against Japan in 1944–1945 were summarily executed after short kangaroo trials or drumhead courts-martial.

In popular culture

The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Drumhead" is focused on a drumhead court-martial. In that episode, the retired Rear Admiral Norah Satie returns to serve as an investigator, first to investigate possible sabotage, but the investigations scope is quickly expanded to other, unrelated crimes. A major plot device is the use of Betazoid telepathy as a sign of guilt, which is not admissible evidence under Federation law. Captain Jean-Luc Picard denounces the proceedings, which are explained as resembling a "drumhead court martial", hence the name.

References

Informal legal terminology
Court-martial
Human rights abuses
War crimes

Drumhead court-martial


The river Suhre is a 34 kilometer long tributary of the river Aare in the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Aargau. The river rises in Sempachersee (or Lake Sempach) at an elevation of 504 meters above sea level, and joins the Aare east of the town Aarau at an elevation of 362 meters. The most important side valley is the Ruedertal, which joins the Suhretal (or Suhre Valley) at Schöftland.

In the medieval age, the river had several names: Suron (1036), Suranum flumen (1210), Sure (1241). Today, the name is written without "h" in the canton of Lucerne, and with "h" in the canton of Aargau. The most important tributaries are the Ruederchen joining at Schöftland, the Ürke joining at Unterentfelden and the Wyna joining at Suhr.

River and valley
The Suhre flows from the Sempachersee in Oberkirch (LU) north of the lake just next to medieval town of Sursee, which it traverses afterwards. After the underpass of the A2 motorway the creek Ron from the Mauesee joins the Suhre in the Sursiwald from the west (forest; left, Sursee). Chommlibach joins the Suhre right afterwards (right, Sursee). Then it runs further north between the villages Knutwil and Büron in the distance. Then it continues west of Triengen and east of the village Winikon in the middle of the valley and the last one in canton of Lucerne passing in the distance of the now Aargovian villages (Winikon, Reitnau, Attelwil, Moosleerau, Kirchleerau) situated at the bottom of the enclosing hills (about 650 m to 850 m a.s.l.) on each side of the flat, about 2 km wide valley. Just before Staffelbach, the Suhre traverses at 471 m the end moraine (up to 519 m a.s.l.) of the glacier that formed the upper Suhre Valley and flows then through Staffelbach.

Still running north it passes Wittwil in the east before entering Schöftland, where in the middle of this larger village the Ruederchen joins from the east (right, Schöftland). Ruederchen is a larger creek which forms the Ruedertal, which in itself divides from north-west to south-east the north–south mountain range between the Suhretal and the Wynetal in the east.

After Schöftland the Suhre runs west of Hirschthal ad further away from Holziken in the east. Holziken is at the northern bottom end of the eastern mountain range of the upper two-thirds of Suhre Valley. East of Holziken the Ürketal with its Ürke joins the Suhretal and makes the valley again more than 2 km wide. But only 500 metres further north the valley gets even wider (almost 3 km), since the valley of the Mülibach joins now the Suhretal from the west, as well as nowadays the most frequented motorway in Switzerland, the A1. While the Mülibach becomes the Köllikerbach after traversing Kölliken in the west end of the valley, the Ürke passes Kölliken on its east side, both running further north and joining each other before Oberentfelden. The Suhre passes Ober-, Mittel-, and Untermuhen on their west sides, but now on the east side of the valley.

The Suhre, after it underpasses the A1, it traverses Oberentfelden right in the middle of this larger village and also now in the middle of the valley, to be joined by the Ürke in Unterentfelden (406 m a.s.l.) just after Oberentfelden and runs now almost westwards to circumvent the Gönert hill (468 m a.s.l.). About after 2 km it runs through the middle of Suhr, turns again to the north, being joined by the Wyna from the right just before Buchs (AG). After underpassing one of the major Swiss railway lines (running between Bern/Basel/Olten and Zurich), the Suhr passes Aarau on its eastern end and joins the much larger Aare running east-north-east at 362 metres above sea level.

Rivers of the canton of Lucerne
Rivers of Aargau
Rivers of Switzerland

Suhre


The Perth, Almond Valley and Methven Railway was a Scottish railway line that connected Methven with Perth. It opened in 1858.

A line onwards to Crieff was built from a junction on the line south of Methven; that line opened in 1866.

The Methven end of the line closed to passengers in 1937, but the trains to Crieff continued over the first part of the line and then the Crieff extension. The entire line closed to passengers in 1951, and completely in 1967.

History
As the Scottish railway network developed, the Scottish Central Railway opened its line from Castlecary, near Falkirk, to Perth in 1848. It was linked with the Caledonian Railway, giving a continuous line of railway from Carlisle, Glasgow, and London.

The Scottish Midland Junction Railway (SMJR) was authorised by Parliament at the same time and opened its main line in 1848, between Perth and Forfar, connecting there with other lines to connect to Aberdeen.

Towns that were not on the line of railway saw that they were at a disadvantage as the price of minerals brought in was high, and local manufacturers could not compete against connected towns' produce, because of the cost of transport to market. Local interests in Methven promoted a railway connection to the SMJR; the route would be easy, following the valley of the River Almond and a Parliamentary Bill was submitted. It obtained the Royal Assent on 29 July 1856, as the Perth, Almond Valley and Methven Railway; authorised capital was £25,000 with borrowing powers of £8,000.

The SMJR had amalgamated with the Aberdeen Railway, forming the Scottish North Eastern Railway (SNER) in 1856, and the SNER inherited the obligation undertaken by the SMJR to contribute £7,000 to the shareholding.

The line opened on 1 January 1858.

The railway was worked by the SNER, and it was taken over by the larger company on 1 January 1864, although Parliamentary authorisation of the acquisition was not obtained until the following year.

For a time Crieff was reached from Perth over the railway to Methven and then by a connecting road coach; this continued until the Crieff and Methven Junction Railway was opened in 1866, running from a junction near Methven, effectively extending the Almond Valley line.

In LMS days the branch passenger service was light, and it was operated by a steam railcar produced by the Sentinel Waggon Works. The cars had a chain drive and did not have buffers. Thomas and Turnock quote a traveler's narrative of an evening journey; there was an air of self-consciousness in the unaccustomed intimacy of the saloon accommodation;

We seemed very near the ground and the small wheels made an unusual tapping noise as they almost sank into the rail joints. The Sentinel did well enough but we did wonder what would happen if the chain drive failed as, quivering with energy, she made the final steep hill into Methven.

The town of Methven declined considerably towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the Methven section beyond the junction for the Crieff line was eventually closed to passengers on 27 September 1937. The remaining section from Almond Valley Junction ran as a continuous route to Crieff until that too closed on 1 October 1951. Goods traffic continued to serve Methven until 25 January 1965, and the entire route closed on 11 September 1967.

Topography
The line ran from a junction north of Perth, aligned for through running from Perth. At Methven Junction, the Crieff line continued onwards, from the opening of that line in 1866.

 Almond Valley Junction;
 Ruthven Road Crossing; opened May 1859; request stop at first; renamed Ruthven 1938;
 Tibbermuir Crossing; opened February 1859; request stop at first; also referred to as Tibbermuir & Powfoot, and Tibbermuir Halt; renamed Tibbermuir from 1938;
 Methven Junction (station); opened 21 May 1866 on the opening of the line to Crieff; it was an unadvertised exchange station from 1889 until the closure of the Methven section in 1937;
 Methven; closed to passengers 27 September 1937.

Connections to other lines
 Crieff and Methven Junction Railway at Methven Junction
 Scottish Midland Junction Railway at Almond Valley Junction (Perth)

References

Sources

Caledonian Railway
Pre-grouping British railway companies
Closed railway lines in Scotland
Early Scottish railway companies
Beeching closures in Scotland
Railway lines opened in 1858
1858 establishments in Scotland
Transport in Perth and Kinross
Railway lines closed in 1967


Seymour Bernard Sarason (January 12, 1919, Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York – January 28, 2010, New Haven, Connecticut) was Professor of Psychology Emeritus at Yale University, where he taught from 1945 to 1989. He is the author of over forty books and over sixty articles, and he is considered to be one of the most significant American researchers in education, educational psychology, and community psychology. One primary focus of his work was on education reform in the United States. In the 1950s he and George Mandler initiated the research on test anxiety. He founded the Yale Psycho-Educational Clinic in 1961 and was one of the principal leaders in the community psychology movement. In 1974, he proposed psychological sense of community, a central concept in community psychology. Since then, sense of community has become a well-known and commonly used term both in academic and non-academic settings.

Early life
Sarason was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn New York on January 12, 1919. Both of his parents, Maxwell and Anna (Silverlight) Sarason, were Jewish immigrants and his father worked in a children's clothes factory in the garment district of Manhattan. Sarason grew up with his sister, Mildred, and his brother, Irwin (who also became a psychologist). At the age of six his family moved to Newark, New Jersey. Sarason was a teenager during the Great Depression and he sold frozen treats and handkerchiefs to help support his family.

During his junior year in high school, Sarason was diagnosed with polio and he lost mobility in his right arm. After a successful surgery that was financed by the New Jersey State Rehabilitation Commission, he regained some functionality of his right arm. Due to the physical limitations Sarason experienced as a result of polio, he became more interested in writing as a career (one of the activities he could still do with his right arm). He was especially interested in becoming a playwright, and he credited his interest in creative writing as one factor that drew him to psychology.

Education
Sarason attended public schools throughout his childhood. When he was seven years old, he began attending Temple B'Nai Abraham, a Hebrew school in New Jersey, on some afternoons and Sunday mornings. As a result of his polio diagnosis, the New Jersey State Rehabilitation Commission collaborated with Dana College (which was later incorporated into Rutgers University) to provide Sarason with a scholarship loan to attend college. He received a bachelor's degree from Dana College in 1939. He obtained a Master's of Arts (1940) and a Ph.D. (1942) in Clinical Psychology from Clark University. At Clark University his research mentor was Saul Rosenzweig and Sarason was the first student at Clark to obtain practical experience working as an extern at a hospital.

Career

Southbury Training School
After obtaining a Ph.D. from Clark University in 1942, Sarason served for three years as the chief psychologist at the Southbury Training School, a residential facility for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. Sarason noted that the goal of the Southbury Training School was to train and educate residents, and then help them return to their homes and communities. While at the Southbury Training School, Sarason administered many psychological evaluations and conducted psychotherapy. He developed a humanistic view of people with intellectual disabilities after witnessing their creativity and their rich emotional experiences. Based on his work at the Southbury Training School, he published articles on the use of projective psychological tests with people with intellectual disabilities, the use of creativity in therapy, and conducting psychotherapy with people with intellectual disabilities.

While at the Southbury Training School, Sarason became frustrated with individual-based psychological theories that did not consider social context. He also became frustrated by the organization's growing insensitivity toward the well-being of its residents. Sarason stated that the Southbury Training School developed a bureaucratic structure, began to experience departmental rivalries, and lacked effective leadership. He began to wonder why the Southbury Training School deteriorated and whether he could create a setting that effectively and sustainably pursued its purpose.

Yale University
In 1945, Carl Hovland, the chair of the Department of Psychology at Yale, offered Sarason an Assistant Clinical Professor Position. In addition to teaching clinical courses and supervising clinical students in psychological testing and report writing, Sarason also published papers on projective techniques during his first few years at Yale. Although Sarason is not well known for his work on projective techniques, he appreciated this work because it gave him insight into how human problem solving adapts based on the specific task at hand.

Intellectual disability
Based largely on his experiences at the Southbury Training School, Sarason published his first book in 1949: Psychological Problems in Mental Deficiency. This book provided a new approach to intellectual disabilities that emphasized social and cultural factors that affect our understanding of intellectual disability. This book became popular in schools of education, and Sarason became well known in the field of education and, more specifically, special education.

Teacher preparation and school reform
In the 1950s, Sarason developed a close friendship and working relationship with Burton Blatt, the chair of the department of special education at New Haven State College. Burton Blatt was interested in working with Sarason because of Sarason's influential research on intellectual disabilities in the field of education. Both Sarason and Blatt were interested in the preparation of teachers, and they believed that teachers lacked training in how to make educational decisions based on observations of student behavior. To highlight this concern, Sarason, Blatt, and another researcher (Ken Davidson) wrote The Preparation of Teachers: An Unstudied Problem in Education. This book emphasized the importance of taking a historical and sociological perspective when considering school reforms, such as considering the history of teacher training programs and how that history may impact teachers' current work.

In 1965, Sarason predicted that all attempts to reform schools would fail. His prediction still has an accuracy of 100%. He believed that schooling needed fundamental changes. Further, he often stated that it was inconceivable to think that an ingrained human social system such as public schooling was easily reformed. The preparation and training of teachers was a good place to begin reform, according to Sarason.

Test anxiety and situational factors affecting test performance
Sarason's research interests in children's test anxiety developed from his observations that the performance of people with and without intellectual disabilities on intelligence tests could be impacted by anxiety related to the testing environment. For approximately 15 years, Sarason examined how test-taking attitudes and anxiety affect test performance. Summarizing some of his research, Sarason wrote The Clinical Interaction to describe situational factors in testing environments that can lead to inaccurate and confusing test results. Although Sarason's research was considered successful, he described his work as a "research factory" and he was frustrated by the lack of socially-relevant action based on his research (e.g., he was frustrated that his research did not lead to programs to help children who experienced high test anxiety).

Yale Psycho-Educational Clinic
Sarason was frustrated by the lack of social action in his research career, and he seized the opportunity to start a new clinic at Yale University so that he could be more involved in making positive social change. In the late 1950s Sarason was the supervisor of two clinical psychology interns who worked at the Yale Child Study Center, a child psychiatry organization. Because there was a lack of clients available for his supervisees at the Yale Child Study Center, Sarason decided to start a psychology clinic within the Yale Department of Psychology after gaining approval from the chair of the department, Claude Buxton. In the early 1960s Sarason founded the Yale Psycho-Educational Clinic. Although some clients did visit the clinic for psychotherapy and clinical assessments, the clinic was unique in that most of the clinic staff spent the majority of their time in community settings working directly with community organizations. The clinic aimed to expand the role of clinical psychologists to include working in community settings and helping to solve community-based problems. Through his work in the clinic, Sarason also sought to better understand the creation and sustainability of settings. He defined settings as "any instance in which two or more people come together in new relationships over a sustained period of time in order to achieve certain goals."

The history of the Yale Psycho-Educational Clinic can be separated into two time periods. During the first time period from 1963 to 1965, Sarason and his colleagues aimed to gain entrance into various settings by partnering with organizations, including public schools, anti-poverty programs, and a center for intellectually disabled people. During the second time period from 1965 to 1973, Sarason and the clinic staff focused on studying how settings were created and factors that influenced their longevity. Sarason's main method of investigation involved him acting as a participant-observer who collaborated with various organizations to help solve problems (e.g., low student academic performance, low recruitment for anti-poverty programs). Based on this work, Sarason argued that clinical psychologists should expand their individual-based focus and consider how broader settings contribute to both well-being and pathology. He also argued that changing and reforming settings requires a deep understanding of those settings. Finally, Sarason identified several issues that are relevant to the creation and sustainability of settings, such as having positive external relationships with other people and organizations, having strong leadership at the organizational level, and maintaining realistic expectations about the organization's needs and influence. Sararson's and his colleagues' work at the clinic resulted in seven books and many articles.

Publications
Seymour Sarason is considered the "father" and "conscience" of Community Psychology because he advocated for the development of a psychology that focused on contextual factors that impact human behavior, the prevention of pathology instead of treatment, and being a collaborative partner rather than an expert. Many of the ideas important to the field of Community Psychology originated from Sarason's work with the Yale Psycho-Educational Clinic. Sarason's influential publications in the field of Community Psychology include:
 Sarason, S. B., Levine, M., Goldenberg, I., Cherlin, D., & Bennett, E. (1966). Psychology in community settings: Clinical, educational, vocational, social aspects. New York, NY: Wiley.
 Sarason, S. B. (1971). The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
 Sarason, S. B. (1972). The creation of settings and the future societies. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.
 Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (1976). Community psychology and the anarchist insight. American Journal of Community Psychology, 4(3), 221.
 Sarason, S. B. (1976). Community psychology, networks, and Mr. Everyman. American Psychologist, 31(5), 317–328.
 Sarason, S. B. (1978). The nature of problem solving in social action. American Psychologist, 33(4), 370–380.
 Sarason, S. B. (1981). An asocial psychology and a misdirected clinical psychology. American Psychologist, 36(8), 827–836.
Sarason was world-renowned as an expert in school reform. Some of his notable publications on education and school reform include:
 Glazek, S. D., & Sarason, S. B. (2007). Productive Learning: Science, Art, and Einstein's Relativity in Educational Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
 Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., & Blatt, B. (1962). The preparation of teachers: An unstudied problem in education. New York, NY: Wiley.
 Sarason, S. B. (1971). The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
 Sarason, S. B. (1983). Schooling in America: Scapegoat and salvation. New York, NY: Free Press.
 Sarason, S. B. (1990). The predictable failure of educational reform: Can we change course before it's too late? San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (1993). The case for change: Rethinking the preparation of educators. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (1993). You Are Thinking of Teaching? Opportunities, Problems, Realities. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (1995). Parental involvement and the political principle: Why the existing governance structure of schools should be abolished. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (1996). Barometers of change: Individual, educational, and social transformation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (1996). Revisiting "The culture of the school and the problem of change." New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
 Sarason, S. B. (1998). Political leadership and educational failure. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (2001). American psychology & schools: A critique. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
 Sarason, S. B. (2002). Questions you should ask about charter schools and vouchers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
 Sarason, S. B. (2003). The skeptical visionary: A Seymour Sarason education reader. (R. L. Fried & S. B. Sarason, Eds.). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
 Sarason, S. B. (2004). And what do you mean by learning? Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
 Sarason, S. B. (2006). Letters to a serious education president. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Sarason's notable publications on intellectual disability include:
 Sarason, S. B. (1949). Psychological problems in mental deficiency. Oxford, England: Harper.
 Sarason, S. B. (1952). Aspects of a community program for the retarded child. Training School Bulletin, 48, 201–207.
 Sarason, S. B. (1952). Individual psychotherapy with mentally defective individuals. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 56, 803–805.
Sarason served as president of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association from 1978-1979. A selection of Sarason's notable publications within the field of clinical psychology, including test anxiety research, include:
 Sarason, S. B. (1954). The clinical interaction: With special reference to the Rorschach. New York, NY: Harper.
 Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., Lighthall, F. F., Waite, R. R., & Ruebush, B. K. (1960). Anxiety in elementary school children. Oxford, England: John Wiley.
 Sarason, S. B. (1985). Caring and Compassion in Clinical Practice. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.
Sarason also wrote about career expectations, published an autobiography, and wrote a novel:
 Sarason, S. B. (1977). Work, aging, and social change: Professionals and the one life-one career imperative. New York, NY: Free Press.
 Sarason, S. B. (1988). The making of an American psychologist: An autobiography. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Sarason, S. B. (2005). St. James and Goldstein at Yale. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc.

Honors and awards
Sarason received many awards from multiple organizations. These awards include:
 Award for Distinguished Contribution to Clinical Psychology from the American Psychological Association (1969)
 Distinguished Contribution Award from the Divisions of Education and Psychology of the American Association on Mental Deficiency (1973)
 The Special Award in the Field of Mental Retardation from the American Association on Mental Deficiency (1974)
 The Award for Distinguished Contributions to Community Psychology and Mental Health from the American Psychological Association Division 27 (1975)
 American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest (1984)
 Lifetime Contribution to Education Award from the American Federation of Teachers (1989)
 Distinguished Service Medal from the Teachers College at Columbia University (1989)
 Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Contributions by a Psychologist in the Public Interest from the American Psychological Foundation (1996)

Sarason received three honorary degrees:
 Doctor of Humane Letters from Syracuse University (1983)
 Doctor of Science from Queens College at the City University of New York (1985)
 Doctor of Humane Letters from Rhode Island College (1988)

To honor Sarason's legacy, in 1993 the Society for Community Research and Action, Division 27 of the American Psychological Association, established the Seymour B. Sarason Award for Community Research and Action.

Personal life
While working toward his Ph.D. at Clark University, Sarason met Esther Kroop, a fellow graduate student. Sarason married Esther Kroop in 1943, and they had one daughter, Julie. After 50 years of marriage, Esther died in a car accident in 1993. Later in his life, Sarason's companion was Dr. Irma Janoff Miller. Sarason was described as an incredibly warm and welcoming man who made a positive impact on the lives of many students, colleagues, and scholars. Sarason died on January 28, 2010, in New Haven, Connecticut, at the age of 91.

References

External links
"Seymour B. Sarason, Leader in Community Psychology, Dies at 91." New York Times, Feb. 8, 2010, by William Grimes.

1919 births
2010 deaths
American educators
20th-century American psychologists
20th-century American Jews
People from Brownsville, Brooklyn
21st-century American Jews

Seymour Sarason


Jimmy Lee Sudduth (March 10, 1910 – September 2, 2007) was a prominent artist and blues musician from Fayette, Alabama, U.S.

Biography

Early life
Jimmy Lee Sudduth was born on March 10, 1910. He was raised on a farm at Caines Ridge, near Fayette, Alabama. He began making art as a child, surrounding the porch of his parents' house with hand-carved wooden dolls and drawing in the dirt or on tree trunks outside. As his talents became known in the community he began collecting pigments from earth, rocks plants, foodstuffs, and industrial products for use in his finger paintings. He used his fingers because "they never wore out." His numerous works were typically executed on found surfaces such as plywood, doors, and boards from demolished buildings. He experimented with mixing his pigments with various binders to make them adhere better, including syrup, sugar, soft drinks, and caulk.

Career
His first public art exhibition was held in 1968 at Stillman College in Tuscaloosa. A 1971 exhibition in his home town of Fayette earned regional attention and, beginning that year, he became a featured artist at the annual Kentuck Festival of the Arts in Northport, Alabama. In 1976, he was invited to play harmonica and exhibit some of his painting at the Smithsonian Institution's Bicentennial Festival of American Folk Life. He appeared on the Today Show and 60 Minutes in 1980. He was honored with the Alabama Arts Award in 1995 and served as an artist-in-residence at the New Orleans Museum of Art. His work is featured in many collections, including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the High Museum of Art, the Pérez Art Museum Miami, the Corcoran Gallery, the Birmingham Museum of Art and the House of Blues.

He was one of the early masters of southern art. He was an active member of his community, and his work, though idiosyncratic, is firmly grounded in the African American culture of the rural South. He drew his subject matter from the world around him: people he knew (and celebrities), architecture, farm scenes, machinery, flowers, and animals of the woods and barnyard. Very rarely, he portrayed a religious figure such as Christ, Moses, or John the Baptist.

Although it is commonly believed that Sudduth's early paintings were executed exclusively in mud and found pigments, such as motor oil or plant juices, in fact, his earliest known paintings contain large amounts of house paint. As his fame grew, dealers advised Sudduth on ways to make his works more permanent and more colorful, and by the 1990s, no longer able to collect his own materials, he began using commercially-sold acrylic paints, applied with sponge brushes onto wood panels prepared with a flat black ground.

Death
Having resisted leaving his home as long as he could, Sudduth spent his last year at the Fayette Nursing Home. He died at the Fayette Medical Center on September 2, 2007, at the age of 97.

Exhibitions (selection)
 Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Montgomery, Alabama. Jan 15 - Mar 27, 2005, curated by Susan Mitchell Crawley
 What Carried Us Over: Gifts from the Gordon W. Bailey Collection. Sep 13, 2019 - Apr 19, 2020. Pérez Art Museum Miami, FL.

References

Further reading
 Crawley, Susan Mitchell, et al. The Life and Art of Jimmy Lee Sudduth. Montgomery, Alabama: Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts and River City Publishing, 2005.
Rosenak, Jan. Museum of American Folk Art Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century American Folk Art and Artists. Abbeville Press, 1990.
Kemp, Kathy, and Keith Boyer. Revelations: Alabama's Visionary Folk Artists. Crane Hill Publishers, 1994.

1910 births
2007 deaths
African-American artists
American artists
Outsider artists
People from Fayette, Alabama
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

Jimmy Lee Sudduth


In mathematics, a rigid analytic space is an analogue of a complex analytic space over a nonarchimedean field. Such spaces were introduced by John Tate in 1962, as an outgrowth of his work on uniformizing p-adic elliptic curves with bad reduction using the multiplicative group.  In contrast to the classical theory of p-adic analytic manifolds, rigid analytic spaces admit meaningful notions of analytic continuation and connectedness.

Definitions

The basic rigid analytic object is the n-dimensional unit polydisc, whose ring of functions is the Tate algebra , made of power series in n variables whose coefficients approach zero in some complete nonarchimedean field k.  The Tate algebra is the completion of the polynomial ring in n variables under the Gauss norm (taking the supremum of coefficients), and the polydisc plays a role analogous to that of affine n-space in algebraic geometry.  Points on the polydisc are defined to be maximal ideals in the Tate algebra, and if k is algebraically closed, these correspond to points in  whose coordinates have norm at most one.

An affinoid algebra is a k-Banach algebra that is isomorphic to a quotient of the Tate algebra by an ideal.  An affinoid is then the subset of the unit polydisc on which the elements of this ideal vanish, i.e., it is the set of maximal ideals containing the ideal in question.  The topology on affinoids is subtle, using notions of affinoid subdomains (which satisfy a universality property with respect to maps of affinoid algebras) and admissible open sets (which satisfy a finiteness condition for covers by affinoid subdomains).  In fact, the admissible opens in an affinoid do not in general endow it with the structure of a topological space, but they do form a Grothendieck topology (called the G-topology), and this allows one to define good notions of sheaves and gluing of spaces.

A rigid analytic space over k is a pair  describing a locally ringed G-topologized space with a sheaf of k-algebras, such that there is a covering by open subspaces isomorphic to affinoids.  This is analogous to the notion of manifolds being coverable by open subsets isomorphic to euclidean space, or schemes being coverable by affines.  Schemes over k can be analytified functorially, much like varieties over the complex numbers can be viewed as complex analytic spaces, and there is an analogous formal GAGA theorem.  The analytification functor respects finite limits.

Other formulations

Around 1970, Michel Raynaud provided an interpretation of certain rigid analytic spaces as formal models, i.e., as generic fibers of formal schemes over the valuation ring R of k.  In particular, he showed that the category of quasi-compact quasi-separated rigid spaces over k is equivalent to the localization of the category of quasi-compact admissible formal schemes over R with respect to admissible formal blow-ups.  Here, a formal scheme is admissible if it is coverable by formal spectra of topologically finitely presented R algebras whose local rings are R-flat.

Formal models suffer from a problem of uniqueness, since blow-ups allow more than one formal scheme to describe the same rigid space.  Huber worked out a theory of adic spaces to resolve this, by taking a limit over all blow-ups.  These spaces are quasi-compact, quasi-separated, and functorial in the rigid space, but lack a lot of nice topological properties.

Vladimir Berkovich reformulated much of the theory of rigid analytic spaces in the late 1980s, using a generalization of the notion of Gelfand spectrum for commutative unital C*-algebras.  The Berkovich spectrum of a Banach k-algebra A is the set of multiplicative semi-norms on A that are bounded with respect to the given norm on k, and it has a topology induced by evaluating these semi-norms on elements of A.  Since the topology is pulled back from the real line, Berkovich spectra have many nice properties, such as compactness, path-connectedness, and metrizability.  Many ring-theoretic properties are reflected in the topology of spectra, e.g., if A is Dedekind, then its spectrum is contractible.  However, even very basic spaces tend to be unwieldy – the projective line over Cp is a compactification of the inductive limit of affine Bruhat–Tits buildings for PGL2(F), as F varies over finite extensions of Qp, when the buildings are given a suitably coarse topology.

See also

Rigid cohomology

References

Non-Archimedean analysis by S. Bosch, U. Güntzer, R. Remmert
Brian Conrad Several approaches to non-archimedean geometry lecture notes from the Arizona Winter School
Rigid Analytic Geometry and Its Applications (Progress in Mathematics) by Jean Fresnel, Marius van der Put

Éléments de Géométrie Rigide. Volume I. Construction et étude géométrique des espaces rigides (Progress in Mathematics 286) by Ahmed Abbes,
Michel Raynaud, Géométrie analytique rigide d'après Tate, Kiehl,. . .  Table ronde d'analyse non archimidienne, Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. Mém. 39/40 (1974), 319-327.

External links

Algebraic number theory

Rigid analytic space


The international Gaon Digital Chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing international songs in South Korea. The data is collected by the Korea Music Content Association. Below is a list of songs that topped the weekly and monthly charts, as according to the Gaon 국외 (Foreign) Digital Chart. The Digital Chart ranks songs according to their performance on the Gaon Download, Streaming, and BGM charts.

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

References

Korea international
International 2018
2018 in South Korean music

List of number-one international songs of 2018 (South Korea)


Gastrodia procera, commonly known as the tall potato orchid, is a leafless terrestrial mycotrophic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has a robust, dark brown to blackish flowering stem with up to seventy cinnamon brown, tube-shaped flowers that are white inside. It grows in high rainfall forest in southeastern Australia.

Description
Gastrodia procera is a leafless terrestrial, mycotrophic herb that has a robust, dark brown to blackish flowering stem  tall bearing between five and seventy cinnamon brown, tube-shaped flowers that are warty outside and white inside. The sepals and petals are joined, forming a tube  long. The petals have wavy edges. The labellum is  long,  wide and white with orange-coloured edges. Flowering occurs from December to January and flowering is enhanced by fire the previous summer.

Taxonomy and naming
Gastrodia procera was first formally described in 1991 by Geoffrey William Carr from a specimen collected in the Dandenong Ranges near Albany in 1958. The description was published in the Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association Miscellaneous Paper. The specific epithet (procera) is a Latin word meaning "tall", "slender" or "long".

Distribution and habitat
The tall potato orchid is widespread and common in high rainfall forest south from the Barrington Tops in New South Wales, through the Australian Capital Territory and southeastern Victoria to Tasmania.

References

procera
Plants described in 1991
Terrestrial orchids
Orchids of Western Australia

Gastrodia procera


Katholische Academische Verbindung (K.A.V.) Lovania Leuven is a Catholic academic fraternity, founded in 1896 at the Catholic University of Louvain in Leuven, Belgium. It is a German Studentenverbindung and is an affiliated member of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen.  Her motto is Semper Excelsius! (Der Geist lebt in uns allen!).  Its official coulours (Couleur) are green, white and red.

History

The Old University of Leuven, founded in 1425, was closed down during the occupation of the Low Countries in 1797 after the French revolutionaries occupied the country. After the defeat of the revolutionaries and Belgian independence from the Netherlands, the Catholic University of Louvain was founded in 1834 and was able to attract quite a number of Catholic students from Germany, Austria and Switzerland who were fleeing the Kulturkampf.

At first a Swiss Catholic student fraternity was founded, Helvetia Lovaniensis. It existed from 1872 to 1875.  It was succeeded by an all German Catholic student fraternity, Tungria Lovaniensis, that existed from 1877 until 1879. In 1888 a regional student fraternity was founded by students from Luxemburg. Only the last fraternity survived. Out of the ashes of the demise of the Swiss and German fraternities, a new fraternity was founded.

This event was triggered by a public allocution of , a professor in thomistic philosophy at the university, on student life at Germanic universities on January 21, 1896. During his student years in Bonn, Thiéry had become a member of the prestigious student fraternity K.D.St. V. Bavaria Bonn, the oldest Catholic student fraternity in the world. This speech motivated a number of Germanic students to such an extent that they decided to establish a fraternity that same evening. It was called Lovania, which is Latin for Leuven (Louvain). The fraternity quickly expanded and Prof. Thiéry became honorary president. Lovania continued to blossom until the outbreak of the First World War. In 1914 the fraternity was suspended due to the commencement of fighting. At that moment the fraternity already had more than 160 active and inactive members. Numerous members died on both sides of the war.

In post war Belgium it was impossible to re-establish a German student fraternity in 1918. Promising efforts were made during 1927 and 1928 but failed after a short period of time. The Second World War made a quick re-establishment even more impossible. It took until 1996 until the political situation was stable enough to reconstitute the fraternity, within the Dutch-speaking Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven. At that moment many students who belonged to fraternities were members of the Cartellverband and studied in Louvain.  The idea then arose to re-establish the fraternity. The last surviving member gave his blessing to this undertaking and on April 19, 1996 the reactivation became a reality. In 1999 the friendly affiliation to the Cartellverband was formally re-established.  Today the fraternity flourishes and has 137 members to date, originating from Flanders, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States.

Principles

Lovania is founded upon three guiding principles:
religio: the fraternity and all its members publicly adhere to the Roman Catholic faith
scientia: the pursuit of an academic education of all of its members
amicitia: a lifelong friendship between all the members of the fraternity as long as they live whilst demonstrating a strong esprit de corps

The members of Lovania do not practice academic fencing (Mensur) because it is forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church. Academic fencing is common with the more secular student fraternities that already existed in Germanic countries. Due to this restriction, Catholic students had to organize themselves in separate fraternities. Lovania only accepts men into the organization.

Structures
The fraternity has a legislative (the power to make laws), executive (the power to implement laws) and judiciary (the power to judge and apply punishment when laws are broken) body. All full members make up the legislative body, which elects the executive body.  The legislative body also functions as a judiciary body. In this case it assumes the function of an honorary senate.

Traditions

The official dress symbols, that are worn by each member, consist of a vertical green-white-red triband bordered with a golden thread and a green kepi, the historical military cap as worn during the American Civil War.

During official ceremonies and special occasions, the praesidium wears a dress uniform, a traditional Polish military uniform called a Vollwichs which consists mainly of a bekiesza.

Famous members (selection)

Deceased
 Prof. Dr. Prosper Viscount Poullet (December 9, 1871 - December 23, 1935) former prime minister of Belgium and Minister of State
 Pierre Prüm (July 9, 1886 – February 1, 1950) former prime minister of Luxemburg
 Alexander Count von Kolowrat (January 29, 1886 – December 4, 1927) founder of the Austrian movie industry
 Mon De Goeyse (October 1, 1907 - December 21, 1998), Flemish student leader, author of the clubcodex
 Prof. Dr. Albert Carnoy (November 7, 1878 - January 12, 1961), Belgian minister of internal affairs and health
 Mgr. Charles Cartuyvels (February 27, 1835), vice-rector of the Catholic University of Louvain
 Mr. Georges Baron Holvoet (August 16, 1874 - April 23, 1964), governor of the (Belgian) province of Antwerp and chef de cabinet of the Prince-regent Charles of Belgium
 Paul Lebeau (June 29, 1908 - October 18, 1982) Flemish author
 Prof. Dr. Albert Michotte (1881 - 1965), experimental psychologist
 Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Francis Aveling Ph.D. (1875-1941)
 Etienne Baron Orban de Xivry (February 18, 1885 - July 23, 1953), Belgian senator
 Jef van den Eynde (December 21, 1879 - April 12, 1929), Flemish student leader
 Prof. Dr. Adam van Kan (July 18, 1877 - June 6, 1944), Dutch scientist
 Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Ir Can. Armand Thiéry (6. augustus 1868 - 12. januari 1955), priest and founder of the fraternity
 Mr. Charles Baron Woeste (February 26, 1837 - April 5, 1922), Belgian Minister of State

Literature
 Wehr, Florian, Geschichte des CV, 2. Auflage, Berlin, 1900
 Thiéry Armand, Chansonnier des étudiants Belges publié par la Studentenverbindung Lovania, Breitkopf et Härtel, Brüssel, 1901
 Lovania - 10 Jahre deutschsprechenden Studententums in Löwen 1895–1905, Leuven, 1906
 15. Vereinsjahr - Academische Studenten Verbindung Lovania 1895–1910, Leuven, 1910
 Wils J., Les étudiants des régions comprises dans la Nation germanique de l'Université de Louvain, 2, Leuven, 1910
 Katholische Academische Studentenverbindung Lovania - Jahresbericht 1910–1912, Druck. F. Giele, Leuven, 1912
 Wolf Otto, Geschichte der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindung Bavaria 1844–1914, Bonn, 1914
 Contzen Hans, Lovania - Zwanzig Jahre deutschsprechenden Studententums in Belgien, Studentenbibliothek 24), Mönchengladbach, 1916
 Schulze, Friedrich, Ssymank, Paul, Das deutsche Studententum von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart, 1932, Verlag für Hochschulkunde, München (Nachdruck),
 Doergé Robert., 75 Jahre katholische deutsche Studentenverbindung Franconia an der Rheinisch-Westfälischen technischen Hochschule Aachen 1898–1973, Aachen, 1974
 de Bruyne, Arthur (Ed.), Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van een generatie - Een liber amicorum voor mr. Willem Melis, Rinda, 1977, Kemzeke
 de Goeyse Mon., O Vrij-Studentenheerlijkheid, Leuvense Universitaire Pers, Leuven, 1987,
 Schieweck-Mauk S., Lexikon der CV- und ÖCV-Verbindungen, Gemeinschaft für deutsche Studentengeschichte, Würzburg, 1997,
 Bodman, Ernst-Michael, 100 Jahre K.D.St.-V. Franconia Aachen, Aachen, 1999
 Uytterhoeven R., Nostalgia Lovaniensis, Universitaire Pers Leuven, Leuven, 2000,
 Vos Louis, Weets Wilfried, (Ed.), Vlaamse vaandels, rode petten, Uitgeverij Pelckmans, Kapellen, 2002,
 Hartmann, Gerhard, Für Gott und Vaterland - Geschichte und Wirken des CV in Österreich, Lahn-Verlag, Wien, 2006,
 Huys, Jan, Van de Weyer Stefan, De studentikoze erfenis van Rodenbach, Acco Drukkerij, Leuven, 2006

External links
 Website of K.A.V. Lovania Leuven
 Historical postcards of K.A.V. Lovania zu Löwen
 Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen

Lovania
Lovania
Student organizations established in 1896
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)
Christian fraternities and sororities in Belgium
Catholic universities and colleges in Belgium
Student religious organisations in Belgium
Student societies in Belgium
1896 establishments in Belgium

K.A.V. Lovania Leuven


James "Jim" Edgar (born July 22, 1946) is an American Republican politician. He was Governor of Illinois from January 1991 through January 1999. He was the Illinois Secretary of State from January 1981 through January 1991.

Edgar was a very popular governor. Even though Illinois is a Democratic state, he won in landslides as a Republican. He retired with high approval ratings.

Edgar was born on July 22, 1946 in Vinita, Oklahoma. He was raised in Charleston, Illinois. Edgar studied at Wabash College and at Eastern Illinois University. He is married to Brenda Smith.

References

Other websites
 Gov. Edgar reacts to the allegations against Gov. Rod Blagojevich  – link to speech, op-ed, and interview about the 2008–2009 Blagojevich scandal; from the University of Illinois Institute of Government and Public Affairs

1946 births
Living people
American Baptists
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Oklahoma
Republican Party (United States) politicians

Jim Edgar


Resolved White (16151687) was a passenger on the Mayflower.  Resolved was the oldest child and given his name as the family resolved or "determined" to make a new life for themselves.  They were Separatists and did not believe in the teachings of the Church of England.

Voyage
Resolved left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land.  The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

Life in Plymouth Colony
William White, died in 1621. Resolved's mother married Edward Winslow, another Mayflower passenger.  The family grew and he had five step-brothers and sisters.  One of his step-brothers became Plymouth Colony Governor Josiah Winslow.

When Resolved became a young man he was given 100 acres of land and later he was granted more land. In 1658 he was made a Freeman of Plymouth Colony.  This gave him many rights such as the right to vote.

In 1676, Resolved was a soldier in King Philip's War of 1676 and in 1680.

White married Judith Vassall in 1640. They had seven children: William, John, ResolvedSamuel, Anna, Josiah, Susanna,

White died in 1687 at Winslow Cemetery and was bured by his first wife Judith. The burial place of his second wife Abigail is unknown. There is also a monument in the Winslow Cemetery to "The Settlers of Green Harbor Marshfield" with Resolved White, his wife Judith, and his brother Peregrine White are mentioned.

References

Mayflower passengers
1615 births
1687 deaths

Resolved White


Signal 1 is an Independent Local Radio station owned and operated by Bauer as part of the Hits Radio network. It broadcasts to Staffordshire and South Cheshire.

As of September 2023, the station has a weekly audience of 133,000 listeners according to RAJAR.

History
Signal Radio began broadcasting at 6am on Monday 5 September 1983. The first voice on air was breakfast presenter John Evington and the first song played was Beautiful Noise by Neil Diamond. Originally, Signal Radio aired as a single full service station on 104.3 MHz and 1170 kHz (257 metres). The station's name was derived from Signal, the local newspaper in the Five Town novels by Staffordshire writer Arnold Bennett.

Signal began broadcasting to south Cheshire on 96.4 FM in 1989, before opening a new frequency for the Stafford area on 96.9 FM a year later. The two frequencies began carrying a new alternative AOR-led service, Echo 96, in October 1990. Echo continued for around a year in Stafford while the Cheshire frequency was merged with that of the short-lived Stockport ILR station KFM to form Signal Cheshire in 1991. By the end of the year, the Stafford service was relaunched as Signal Stafford, carrying opt-out programming from the Stoke-based service.

In Staffordshire, Signal Radio began carrying a separate Golden Breakfast Show on 1170 AM in 1992 in order to provide separate services on AM and FM and avoid relinquishing frequencies. The AM opt-out gradually expanded into a full-time separate station, Signal 2.

Signal Radio was bought in 1999 by The Wireless Group, which was subsequently acquired by UTV Media six years later for £97 million. Following the sale of its television assets, the group was latterly bought by News Corp in September 2016.

In 2000, Signal's Cheshire service was split into two – 96.4 FM was merged with the Staffordshire service while 104.9 FM was relaunched as Imagine FM, a dedicated service for south Manchester and Cheshire, which was latterly sold onto become a wholly independent station in 2009.

Signal 1 celebrated its 30th birthday on Saturday 10 August 2013 with a special concert at Betley Court Farm in Crewe.

On 8 February 2019, Signal 1 and the Wireless Group's network of local radio stations in Great Britain were sold to Bauer. The sale was ratified in March 2020 following an inquiry by the Competition and Markets Authority.

In May 2020, Bauer announced that Signal 1 would join the Hits Radio network, while retaining its on-air branding.

Signal 1 began carrying off-peak programming from the Hits Radio network in Manchester on 15 June 2020, marking the end of networked output for the Wireless Group's local stations, produced in-house at Signal's studios in Stoke.

Signal 1 officially joined the Hits Radio network on 20 July 2020. Local programming was reduced to a weekday breakfast show, alongside hourly local news bulletins and peak-time traffic updates.

In November 2022 it was announced that from the following January, Signal 1's relay transmitters on 96.4 and 96.9 FM would transition to carrying Greatest Hits Radio, with the main 102.6 FM transmission - to the area where GHR broadcasts on AM via the former Signal 2 - retaining Signal 1 and Hits network output.

Station information

Studios
Signal 1's studios are based on Stoke Road in the Shelton area of Stoke-on-Trent in a building previously occupied as a warehouse. There are seven dedicated studios as well as a studio for live music recordings, previously used for Signal 2 and networked output for the Wireless Group. It is expected that the studios will be vacated and closed later in 2023 as the staff are relocated to Birmingham.

Technical
Signal 1's main transmitter is at Alsagers Bank, broadcasting on 102.6 FM. As well as covering North Staffordshire and South Cheshire, the transmitter can be received well into the North West and down into the West Midlands, due to the height of the transmitter. Signal 1 also had relay transmitters at Pye Green, covering Stafford and the surrounding area on 96.9 FM, and at Sutton Common, covering Congleton, Macclesfield and surrounding areas on 96.4 FM. However in January 2023, these switched over to carrying Greatest Hits Radio Staffordshire and Cheshire.

Signal 1 also broadcasts on the local Stoke and Stafford DAB multiplex 12D.

Signal Radio Media Academy
In 2012, Signal 1 lent its name to the Signal Radio Media Academy, a course run by Stoke on Trent College as a BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Radio Production. For two days a week, the course is based at the Burslem Campus of Stoke on Trent College where the students also run their own radio station, Heatwave Radio. Teaching takes places both at the college in Burslem as well at Signal's studios in Shelton, with specialist input from the station's staff.

Outside broadcasting and events
Occasional outside broadcasts are made in a specially built OB studio on a converted bus. The station's roadshow unit has a self-contained stage and PA system on board. The Signal Radio Street Team also go out and about the area representing the station. Most Street Team members are part of the Signal Radio Media Academy and many have gone on to other roles across the network including presenting, producing and sales.

In recent years, Signal Radio has also hosted annual events for local children's charities under the Help a Signal Child banner.

Programming
All networked programming originates from Bauer's Manchester studios.

Local programming is produced and broadcast from Bauer's Stoke-on-Trent studios each weekday from 6-10am.

News
Bauer's Stoke-on-Trent newsroom broadcasts local news bulletins on the hour from 6am-7pm on weekdays and between 7am-1pm at weekends, with headlines on the half hour during breakfast and drivetime on weekdays. The local bulletins are simulcast on Greatest Hits Radio Midlands in Staffordshire and Cheshire.

National bulletins from Sky News Radio in London are broadcast on the hour at all other times.

References

External links
 Signal 1
 Listening Room – first 25 years of Signal Radio
 History of local radio in Staffordshire
 Alsagers Bank transmitter, near to Newcastle-under-Lyme
 Sutton Common transmitter, near Macclesfield
 Pye Green transmitter, near Stafford

Mass media in Stoke-on-Trent
Radio stations established in 1983
Signal
Bauer Radio
Hits Radio
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United Kingdom

Signal 1


Legler's stream frog (Ptychohyla legleri)  is a species of frogs in the family Hylidae found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

It is named after John M. Legler, a herpetologist at the University of Kansas.

References

Ptychohyla
Amphibians described in 1958
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Legler's stream frog


The Specola Di Lucca is a Neoclassic-style former astronomical observatory built during the early 19th century near the Royal Villa at Marlia, near Lucca, region of Tuscany, Italy. The architect Lorenzo Nottolini was commissioned in 1819 to build the structure by Duchess Maria Luisa di Borbone.

It is stated the contemporary Hungarian astronomer, Baron Franz Xaver von Zach found the location, with views of the countryside, an enchanting place. The prominent French astronomer, Jean-Louis Pons, was recruited to be the director. In 1824, with the passing of the Duchess, the project ceased, and Pons moved in 1825 to teach astronomy at La Specola in Florence. The projected cylindrical observation tower for the Specola di Lucca was never built.

The building became a cafe, and after years of abandonment, a private residence after 1980s. It is undergoing refurbishment.

See also
 List of astronomical observatories

References

Astronomical observatories in Italy
Neoclassical architecture in Tuscany

Specola di Lucca


Simeon Nelson (born 1964) is an Australian sculptor and transdisciplinary artist.

Nelson was born in England in 1964 and came to Australia in 1967. Since 2001 he has lived and worked in London. He is Reader in Sculpture at The University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK and a fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts.

Work

Simeon Nelson was educated at Sydney Grammar School and obtained a Bachelor of Fine Art degree at the Sydney College of the Arts in 1987.  Nelson has exhibited extensively since 1986, his most recent solo exhibitions being Mappa Mundi, University of Hertfordshire Galleries, Hatfield, UK and Terroir/Boudoir, Elastic Residence, London, UK (2005). He is currently inaugural artist-in-residence at the Royal Geographical Society, London. His first major London solo exhibition was at the RGS exhibition space on Exhibition Road, London.

His work has been selected for major national and international exhibitions, including the National Gallery of Australia Sculpture Prize, Canberra 2005; The Jerwood Sculpture Prize, London, 2003; Tempered Ground, Museum of Garden History, London (2004); This was the future: Australian Sculpture of the 1950s, 60s 70s and Today, Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne (2003); Australian Perspecta; Between Art and Nature, Ivan Dougherty Gallery, University of New South Wales, Sydney (1997); Systems End: Contemporary Art in Australia, Hakone Museum, Tokyo, Japan and touring (1996–97).

In 1997 he was the Australian representative to the IX Triennial India, New Delhi. Nelson was awarded the Australia Council's New Work Project Grant in 1997, 1998 and 2003, the Australia Council Studio Residency in New York in 1994 and a Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant in 2000.

He has worked on some major public art projects including "Flume", Ashford Kent, UK, "Proximities:Local histories / Global entanglements", a key public art project commissioned to celebrate the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games; Chifley Square Commission, Sydney 1997; The M4 Freeway Commission, Sydney 2000 and the Progettomoderno Commission, Treviso, Italy, 2002.

He is currently working on major projects in China, Saudi Arabia, Australia and Britain.

Specific projects

His work looks at relationships between nature and technology; how nature is mediated by technology and science on one hand and art on the other.

Nelson has deployed a range of materials, techniques and ideas in his oeuvre.  Much of his work looks at the forms, systems and structures of nature, as described and represented by science. The branching of a tree, the root directory of a website or the infinitely intricate tracery of the lungs or vascular system of the human body form a set of important metaphors in his work.  They are seen as structurally and conceptually analogous.

These works ask questions such as: how organic (natural) form is appropriated by art, science and design; how their visual codes and models of how the world works become fixed in public consciousness. This concern with the connection between the natural and the artificial manifested in a series of ecological installations in the 1990s including Landscope (The Machine in the Garden) .  Representations of nature and nature itself were combined in large scale works that suggest that nature creates art as much as art creates nature.

External links
 Official home page

Living people
1964 births
20th-century Australian sculptors
Academics of the University of Hertfordshire

Simeon Nelson


The Freinberg Transmitter is a broadcasting transmitter on the Freinberg near Linz. It was established in 1928 as medium wave broadcasting station and used until 1936 a T-antenna, which hung up on two guyed masts, which were 45 metres tall.

In 1936, the T-antenna was replaced by a 165 metre tall mast, insulated against ground.

In summer 1950, the antenna mast was shortened to 120 metres, because it was too long for the new frequency and would have a bad radiation diagram.

In October 1957, the mast was again extended to 146 metres and in 1965 the transmitters were replaced by a new device.

At the beginning of the 1980s, medium wave broadcasting ceased at Freinberg. The mast is now used for FM transmission.

See also
List of masts

References

External links

members.aon.at
skyscraperpage.com

Radio masts and towers in Europe

Freinberg Transmitter