JCUKEN (ЙЦУКЕН, also known as YCUKEN, YTsUKEN and JTSUKEN) is the main Cyrillic keyboard layout for the Russian language in computers and typewriters. Earlier in Russia JIUKEN (ЙІУКЕН) layout was the main layout, but it was replaced by JCUKEN when the Russian alphabet reform of 1917 removed the letters Ѣ, І, Ѵ, and Ѳ. The letter Ъ had decreased in usage significantly after the reform.

Alternative layouts include the Russian phonetic keyboard layouts, in which Cyrillic letters correspond to similar-sounding Latin letters in QWERTY and other layouts.

JCUKEN

PC

Typewriters
Used on typewriters before personal computers. It is available in Microsoft Windows  as a legacy layout.

JIUKEN
The JIUKEN layout was used before the Russian spelling reform of 1918. It includes the Cyrillic dotted or "decimal" I as well as yat, which were eliminated after the reform, but it does not include the letters fita and izhitsa, which were rare even before the reform. The numbers 1, 3 and 0 do not appear on the layout and were replaced with the decimal I, Ze, and O respectively. The letters Ц and Э are located side-by-side, and between the Che and the Es is the yat. The letter yo is not included in this layout.

Other languages
JCUKEN is the basis for many other Cyrillic layouts. For the current moment  Microsoft Windows supports the following layouts: Azerbaijani (Cyrillic), Bashkir, Belarusian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Tajik, Ukrainian, Uzbek (Cyrillic), Yakut (Sakha). The Belarusian, Ukrainian and Mongolian layouts have been available since Windows 95; Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uzbek since Windows XP; Bashkir and Tajik since Windows Vista; Yakut since Windows 7.

Other operating systems such as Linux may have their own additional custom layouts for the same or other languages.

Belarusian
The short U (Ў ў) is located in place of the shcha (Щ щ). It is the only JCUKEN keyboard that lacks a key for И, as it is the only language in the Cyrillic script that does not contain the letter И itself; the decimal I (І і) replaces it. It also lacks a hard sign (Ъ ъ), usually seen just to the right of letter ha (Х х) as that position is taken by the Apostrophe.

Ukrainian
The decimal I replaces the yeru (Ы ы) and the yest (Є є) replaces the E (Э э). The letter Yi (Ї ї) substitutes for the hard sign (Ъ ъ), and Ghe with upturn (Ґ ґ) is also used.

Tatar
The Russian letters which are rarely used in Tatar are typed with  (right ). This layout is also suitable for Kalmyk and Turkmen (Cyrillic) as their alphabets are practically identical to Tatar. It is called as YÖUKEN.

Bashkir

Kazakh

Kyrgyz
An "upgraded" version based on the basic Russian one, the additional Kyrgyz letters are typed with  (right ). Thus,  + У is Ү,  + О is Ө, and  + Н is Ң.

Yakut (Sakha)

Tajik
This is a modified version of JCUKEN called YQUKEN, in which the Ka with descender (Қ қ) substitutes the C (Ц ц). The yeru (Ы ы) is replaced by the letter Che with descender (Ҷ ҷ). Also, the soft sign (Ь ь) is replaced by the I with macron (Ӣ ӣ). Further, the Kha with descender (Ҳ ҳ) substitutes for Shcha (Щ щ), and the U with macron (Ӯ ӯ), and the ghayn (Ғ ғ) are used. (In Unicode, Kha with descender is known as "Ha with descender".)

Uzbek
The short U substitutes the shcha, like the Belarusian keyboard (see above), and the ka with descender substitutes the yery. Moreover, the letter ghayn substitutes the minus sign and the underscore, while the kha with descender substitutes the plus sign and equal sign.

Azerbaijani
This layout is a modified version called the JÜUKEN, and includes the Che with vertical stroke, shha, Ka with vertical stroke, and the Je. It is the only JCUKEN without the usual Й, as the language lacks the glyph, which was replaced by Je in 1958.

Substitutions to this keyboard are: having the schwa replacing the ya, the oe replacing the yu, the ghayn replacing the soft sign, the Che with vertical stroke replacing the hard sign, the ue replacing the tsa and the shha replacing the shcha.

Mongolian
The Mongolian keyboard uses a modified version of JCUKEN, called FCUZHEN (ФЦУЖЭН), where letters specific to Russian are replaced by letters that see more use in Mongolian.

Other Cyrillic layouts

Serbian
In the Serbian keyboard LjNjERTZ (ЉЊЕРТЗ), letters of the Serbian language are used instead of Russian letters. It lacks the yers and yeru (Ъ ъ, Ь ь and Ы ы), Э, and Ё. It is based on the QWERTZ keyboard layout.

Macedonian
Also utilizing a modification of the Serb-style LjNjERTZ (LjNjERTDz), a single "dead key" is used for input for Macedonian letters Gje "Ѓ ѓ" and Kje "Ќ ќ", as well as the typewritten apostrophe (in combination with the spacebar): «м. к. á», «К к» → «Ќ ќ», «м. к. á», «space» → «'».

Macedonian keyboard layouts under Microsoft Windows (KBDMAC.DLL and KBDMACST.DLL) do not use "dead keys". Instead, letters Gje and Kje are present as dedicated keys, and AltGr is used to access additional letters and punctuation.

Bulgarian
The Bulgarian language utilizes the unique layout ,УЕИШЩ (,UEIShSht) developed for typewriters in the 1900's, with the addition of two Russian letters (Э and Ы) due to vacant keys after spelling reforms. The letter Ы can be typed by Shift + , (comma). The letter Ѝ can by typed through Shift + Ь. Because of this, typing capital Ь, Ы and Ѝ is impossible without the use of the Caps Lock key.

In addition, the Bulgarian language has two additional keyboard layoutsː The Phonetic layout ЧШЕРТЪ (ChShERTǍ) and the more widely used Traditional Phonetic layout ЯВЕРТЪ (YaVERTǍ)

Standard Cyrillic keyboard layout for Bulgarian in 2006 (Also known as ",УЕИШЩ" (,UEIShSht))

Phonetic Cyrillic keyboard layout for Bulgarian in 2006 (Also known as "ЧШЕРТЪ" (ChShERTǍ))

Traditional Phonetic Cyrillic keyboard for Bulgarian in 2006 (Also known as "ЯВЕРТЪ" (YaVERTǍ))

Latin JCUKEN
This was the predominant layout on the Soviet-made microcomputers during the 1980s - the Cyrillic characters on most keys being supplemented with their Latin equivalents, and punctuation filling gaps where no direct Latin equivalent exists.

See also
QWERTY
Ё ("yo") letter, often instinctively disregarded by JCUKEN users.

References

Keyboard layouts
Russian language

JCUKEN


Bevin Alexander (born 17 February 1929 in Gastonia, North Carolina, United States) is an American military historian and author. He served as an officer during the Korean War as part of the 5th Historical Detachment. His book Korea: The First War We Lost was largely influenced by his experiences during the war.

Bevin has served as a consultant and adviser to several groups due to his military expertise, including work for the Rand Corporation, work as a consultant for military simulations instituted by the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, and as director of information at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. He is a retired adjunct professor of Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia.

Awards and honors

Bevin's Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson was honored by the Civil War Book Review, an academic publication of the United States Civil War Center at Louisiana State University, when it was named one of the seventeen books that have most reshaped Civil War scholarship.

Works
 Korea: The First War We Lost (1987)
 The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972 (1992)
 How Great Generals Win (1993)
 The Future of Warfare (1995)
 Robert E. Lee's Civil War (1999)
 How Hitler Could Have Won World War II: The Fatal Errors That Led to Nazi Defeat (2001)
 How Wars Are Won: The 13 Rules of War from Ancient Greece to the War on Terror (2003)
 Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson (2004)
 How America Got It Right: The U.S. March to Military and Political Supremacy (2006)
 How the South Could Have Won the Civil War: The Fatal Errors That Led to Confederate Defeat (2007)
 Inside the Nazi War Machine: How Three Generals Unleashed Hitler's Blitzkrieg Upon the World (2010)
 Sun Tzu at Gettysburg: Ancient Military Wisdom in the Modern World (2011)
 MacArthur's War (2013)
 Such Troops as These: The Genius and Leadership of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson (2014)

References

External links
 Official website
 The Triumph of China, The Middle Kingdom's Long March from Degradation to World Power in the Twentieth Century

University of Virginia people
Longwood University faculty
Living people
1929 births
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers

Bevin Alexander


Athlete(s) may refer to:

 A person who is involved in Athletics (sport), which involves track and field events, long distance, cross-country and road running, and race walking
 Sportsperson, a person who participates regularly in a sport
 In college recruiting for American football, "athlete" refers specifically to an individual with strong all-around athletic ability that indicates the potential to succeed at multiple positions.
 Athlete of the Year
 Athlete (band), an English indie rock band
 Athlete (EP), an EP by the band
 Athlete (film), a 2010 sports documentary film
 ATHLETE, All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer, a lunar rover under development by NASA
 Athletes (moth), a Saturniinae moth genus
 The Athlete, a 2009 film

Related pages
 Athletics (disambiguation)

Athlete


Winneba bi a town den de capital for Effutu Municipal District insyd Central Region wey dey Southern Ghana. Winneba gey a population of 55,331. Traditionally we know Winneba as Simpa, ebi a historic fishing port insyd de southern Ghana, wey edey bia for de south coast, 140 kilometres (90 mi) east beside Cape Coast. Demma current member of parliament bi Alexander Kwamina Afenyo-Markin.

History
From pre-colonial times through de establishment of de British colony de Gold Coast, (Effutu) Winneba come serve as demma port town. Fort Winneba dem build for dere.

De people of Winneba (Efutu) dem were lead by demma fearless spiritual leader den warrior, Kwamena Gyarteh Ayirebi-Gyan plus de support of a large youthful militia dem call dem de Asafo Groups wey edey make up of both men den women. He ensure say ein people dem protecte dem well from external attacks by other migrating families, clans, diseases or as dem dey search for food.

Industry and culture

De main industries wey dey Winneba bi fishing den services. Dem are know for de Aboakyer deer-hunting festival insyd Winneba den ein New Year fancy dress carnival/masquerading festival. De town gey a rich musical tradition den currently dey boasts for several renowned musical groups insyd de country, including de Winneba Youth Choir, de Osimpam Ompeh group, den de Akoo Show Choir. Winneba Senior High School bi one of demma major public secondary cycle educational institute wey dey insyd dis town.

De University of Education, Winneba gey ein three main campus insyd Winneba (South Campus, Central Campus, den North Campus ).

Festivals
Masquerade festival, den san call am as fancy dress, wey dem do am every new year among de people for Winneba. Edey attracts a large number of tourists around de world. Ebi de second most popular festival insyd Winneba. De festival dem dey hold for a football park for de North campus for de University of Education by de five main masquerade groups. Dem dey come together den compete amongst demmaselves go select de winner for de trophy. Dese groups dey consists of Nobles as number one, Egya as number two, Atumu as number three den Red Cross  as number four den Royals as number 5.

Aboakyer festival bi a bushbuck hunting festival wey dem dey celebrate by de people of Winneba insyd de Central Region of Ghana. De name Aboakyer translates as 'hunting for game or animal' insyd Fante dialect as spoken by de people for de Central region. De institution for de festival dem to commemorate de migration for de Simpafo (de aboriginal name for de people of Winneba).

De Aboakyer Festival dem dey celebrate am by de people for Effutu, who bi among de earliest settlers for Ghana, for uncountable number of years. Edey spring up wen de Effutu people wey dey depart from Western Sudan den journey to de present town for Winneba insyd de Central Region for Ghana. Dey come plus demma god, known as Penkye Otu.

Neighborhoods
Winneba gey a number of neighborhoods wey edey stretch from de coastal areas to non-coastal areas. Esan dey include rural areas wey edey provide farm power aside de fishing activity dey employ by de inhabitants for de coasts. Below bi some of de well-known neighborhoods for Winneba.

Urban areas

 Winneba Junction
 Lowcost
 Yepemso
 Nkwantanan
 Kundum
 Abasraba
 Girls-Ase
 Kojo-Beedu
 Gyatakrom
 Central Campus
 North Campus
 South Campus
 Zongo
 Sankor
 Water-works

Rural areas

 Essuekyir
 Woarabeba
 Gyaahadze
 Osubonpanyin
 Ateitu
 Atakyedo
 Gyangyanadze
 Kookrom

Sister cities
List of sister cities of Winneba, designated by Sister Cities International:

Personalities

 Alex Quaison-Sackey, Ghanaian diplomat
 Mike Hammah, Former member of parliament for Effutu Municipal
 Honourable Alexander Kwamina Afenyo-Markin, current member of parliament for Effutu Municipal
 Kojo Botsio, Ghanaian politician
 Jacob Plange-Rhule, physician den academic
 Uncle Ato
 Kwamena Idan
 Sandra Don-Arthur
 Eric Don-Arthur

Notable Institutions

 University of Education, Winneba
 Winneba Community Nursing Training College
 Winneba Senior High School
 Winneba School of Business
 Winneba Vocational Training Institute
 Winneba Trauma and Specialist Hospital
 Winneba Fire Station

San see

 Aboakyer festival
 Best Foods In Winneba

References

Populated places for de Central Region
Central Region (Ghana)
Festivals for Ghana insyd

Winneba


Amnesia is a one-off British crime drama television mini-series broadcast on ITV in March 2004, starring John Hannah as the protagonist, D.S. Mackenzie Stone, whose wife disappeared without trace three months ago. Written by Chris Lang and directed by Nicholas Laughland, the series gathered an average of 4m viewers.

The DVD of the series was released on 4 October 2004, a week prior to broadcast. In the United States, the series aired on PBS as part of the Masterpiece Mystery! block of programming.

Plot
Part 1
D.S. Mackenzie Stone (John Hannah) is distraught after his wife's sudden disappearance on their fifth wedding anniversary, and strives tirelessly to discover what has happened to her. He has very little memory of what happened on the night she disappeared, and struggles to comprehend any reason as to why she took off, except for brief flashbacks and terrible nightmares. Three months on, whilst constantly searching through missing persons reports, Stone comes across two cases: one involving a man named Paul West, who was reported missing after his wife and son were killed in a house fire, and the other the mysterious John Dean (Anthony Calf), an IT consultant who has lost his memory for unknown reasons and that he moved into the town only days after the fire. Stone is convinced that Dean is actually West, and that he murdered his wife and stepson.  Meanwhile, Dean is looking for information to help him find out exactly who he was before he lost his memory. He is asked to take part in an experiment for a memory treatment that shows great promise. At first he refuses, unsure that he wants to rediscover his past as he is happily married to Jenna (Jemma Redgrave), and has a good life - but deciding they need the money, agrees to do it.

Part 2
While Stone doggedly continues his investigation into John Dean's mysterious past, his colleagues begin to harbour serious suspicions about his involvement in his wife's disappearance, but without proof, they can do no more than keep a discreet eye on him. D.C. Ian Reid (Brendan Coyle) becomes convinced that Stone has murdered his wife. Stone, meanwhile, is determined to convince Reid to visit John Dean, convinced that Dean, as West, killed his wife and child and has more than likely killed before - and could be involved in the disappearance of his own wife. Stone is determined to solve the mystery and bring Dean to justice - but before he can prove his guilt, Stone finds himself in a surprising encounter with Dean's wife, Jenna.

Cast
 John Hannah as D.S. Mackenzie Stone
 Jemma Redgrave as Jenna Dean
 Anthony Calf as John Dean
 Patrick Malahide as D.I. Michael Brennan
 Brendan Coyle as D.C. Ian Reid
 Jeremy Child as Dr. Mark Denton
 Rupert Farley as D.I. Mick Challoner
 Beatriz Batarda as Lucia Stone
 Lolita Chakrabarti as Parminder Kelsey

Critical reception
The Guardian said of the series; "Amnesia uncovered so many victims of just one industrious serial killer that he must have started bumping off his wives at about the same time as he was sitting his common entrance exams. John Hannah starred as a cop called Mac who was attempting to cope with a disappeared wife whom, it transpired he may or may not have offed in moment of extreme insobriety. But Mac had not only carelessly misplaced his flashback wife, he was also in danger of losing his memory, his mind and his job, though not necessarily in that order. Instead of taking a sabbatical and having an affair with his therapist, Mac decided to follow a hunch about an alleged fellow amnesia sufferer called John Dean, who had wandered into an A&E department a few years ago claiming he didn't know who he was. Was Dean, now happily married to Jenna, really a murderer called Paul West? And before that, had he been a murderer called something else?

You might have thought that wandering into an A&E department claiming you didn't know who you were would attract a tiny bit of attention, possibly from the News of the World, but no - luckily for those who promulgate Extreme Plot Implausibility, nobody other than a fusty old professor was remotely interested in Dean's bonkers old brain until Mac came along. However, in a denouement that would have been rejected by the producers of Acorn Antiques as being a wee bit on the wobbly side, Dean's guilt was established by a series of random character traits: he liked the Pretenders, he had a nut allergy and he was red-green colour blind. These were all the sort of things a reasonably attentive wife might have picked up on over the years unless, like Jenna, she was the tragic victim of Extreme Plot Implausibility Syndrome by Proxy, a tragic condition which can lead to a beloved husband attempting to turf you out of the marital yacht and into the English Channel as soon as you stumble across his cache of forged passports."

References

2004 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
2000s British crime television series
2000s British drama television series
British detective television series
English-language television shows
ITV television dramas

Amnesia (TV series)


Undead and Unwed is a paranormal romance novel by MaryJanice Davidson. It is the first adventure of Elizabeth Anne "Betsy" Taylor in the Undead series after her transformation into a vampire. The book was released on March 2, 2004 through Berkley Books and was on the Maclean's bestseller list for April 4, 2004.

Plot summary
Betsy Taylor—former model, newly unemployed secretary, 30, and still single—wakes up after being flattened by a Pontiac Aztek in a tacky coffin wearing cheap knock-off shoes. Her mother is glad she is back, albeit as a vampire, but her stepmother is enraged that Betsy has reclaimed her designer-shoe collection. With a wealthy best friend and a newly acquired doctor pal who is not susceptible to her formidable allure, she sets out to right wrongs but is abducted by Nostro, a tacky 500-year-old vampire who rules the undead roost. It seems that Betsy is an anomaly: a vampire who doesn't burn in sunlight, can fight the urge to feed, and is not repulsed by religious articles, all of which may make her the prophesied Queen of the Vampires. Teaming up with gorgeous vampire Eric Sinclair, who is in her opinion a major pervert, she takes on Nostro and his minions.

Characters

Major characters
Undead and Unwed features the following characters.
 Elizabeth Anne "Betsy" Taylor: Betsy is a normal unemployed woman until she is hit by a car and wakes up a vampire.
 Eric Sinclair: Eric is infatuated by Betsy and has plans for the newly risen vampire. He is also quite fond of Betsy himself.
 Jessica: Best friend to Betsy, Jessica is rich and devastated by her friend's untimely death. She is quick to accept Betsy being a vampire.
 Marc: a doctor Betsy meets on top of a building when she saves him from attempting to kill himself. Although he finds her attractive, he informs her that she is not his type as he is gay.
 Tina: is Eric's maker, best friend, and second in command. She is protective of Eric and quick to help Betsy. She gave up on men a long time ago.
 Nostro: is a short-tempered 500 year old vampire who currently controls the vampires.

Other characters
 Nick Berry: Nick was Betsy's dream guy until she died and was reawakened as a vampire. After a very bad sexual encounter, Betsy decides things are over with Nick.
 The Fiends: a group of feral vampires who were starved of blood when they were turned into vampires. These vampires were created by Nostro and reverted to animals.
 Dennis: Sinclair's male vampire companion and butler. Gay.
 Karen: Sinclair's human ladyfriend and meal, whom Betsy has a deep connection with.

Reception
Critical reception has been mostly positive. Kliatt gave the audiobook for Undead and Unwed a favorable review, writing that "Wu adds a bevy of emotions to Betsy's otherwise repetitive one-shoe note, making her both likable and amusing."

References

2004 American novels
Novels by MaryJanice Davidson
Undead series novels
American vampire novels
American romance novels

Undead and Unwed


Charles William Bell (25 April 1876 – 8 February 1938) was a Canadian playwright, lawyer and politician, born in Hamilton, Ontario. He was Rocco Perri's lawyer.

Bell attended Hamilton Collegiate Institute and Trinity College, University of Toronto. He was called to the bar in 1899, after studies at Osgoode Hall. He practiced law in Toronto before moving back to Hamilton, and worked for a couple of local law firms before setting up his own firm, Bell & Yates.

Before 1930 he defended thirteen men on murder charges and all were acquitted. In the mid-1930s he defended David Meisner, accused of kidnapping London Beer Tycoon John Labatt. Despite a valiant effort by Bell (he only charged $400, most of which went to research and getting witnesses to come from the States - he was left with less than $125) to prove Meisner's innocence, the jury found him guilty and the judge sentenced him to 15 years in the Kingston Penitentiary in Ontario.  Bell maintained that Meisner was innocent, and wrongly accused, even writing a book about it: "Who Said Murder?" published by Macmillan in Toronto in 1935. It was later found that Meisner was innocent, and he was acquitted.

He entered the world of politics and represented Hamilton West as a Conservative candidate in the 1925 Dominion election and won with a majority of 12,000 votes. Elected again in 1926 and 1930 and stepped down in 1935 due to the death of his son, Kenneth Clifford in an auto accident. He also enjoyed the theatre and became a playwright for a number of comedic plays. Bell's first successful play was Her First Divorce, which opened at the Comedy Theater on Broadway in New York in May 1913. His most successful play was Parlor, Bedroom and Bath, which opened in 1917 and ran for 232 performances. The play was twice made into a film, the first time in 1920, and again in 1931 starring Buster Keaton.

Combining law and theatre came naturally for he believed that watching an audience's reaction to his plays helped him to judge the character of witnesses in court.
Bell would write in the morning before going to court or his law offices.

Bell was also a member of All Saints' Anglican Church and former Prime Minister Arthur Meighen was an honorary pallbearer at his funeral in 1938.  Bell was buried in Woodland Cemetery.

References

 King of the Mob: Rocco Perri and the women who ran his rackets by James Dubro & Robin Rowland (author)(Toronto)-1987.
 Rocco Perri Scrapbook (Hamilton Herald newspaper articles) 12 April 1927, 14, 16, 18 August 1930
 Hamilton Public Library clippings, Hamilton, Famous and Fascinating, Thomas Melville Bailey and Charles Ambrose Carter.

External links

Politicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario
Lawyers in Ontario
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
University of Toronto alumni
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
1876 births
1938 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers

Charles William Bell


Hav-A-Tampa is a cigar brand currently owned by ITG Brands. It was founded in Tampa in 1902. The company's slogan "Won't you Hav-A-Tampa cigar?" was one of a handful that propelled the city towards the nickname "Cigar City." Its signature product, the "Tampa Jewel" cigar, became widely distributed to service-members in Europe. The factory was located in Ybor City. In 1996, the firm made $140 million on 859 million cigars. In December of 1997 the company was sold to Tabacalera for $275 million dollars. Later, the company was merged into the new company Altadis in 1999, which was later sold to Imperial Tobacco. The Ybor factory was shuttered in 2009, the cigars are now rolled in Puerto Rico. The company was also the first to employ the wooden tip.

Hav-A-Tampa Jewels are the world's bestselling wood-tipped machine-made cigars in the world.

References

Cigar brands
Tobacco brands

Hav-A-Tampa


Cuscuta campestris, with the common names field dodder, golden dodder, large-seeded alfalfa dodder, yellow dodder and prairie dodder, is a parasitic plant which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. It was formerly classified in the family Cuscutaceae.

It is native to central North America. It is a parasite of a wide range of herbaceous plants.

It is a pest of lucerne and other legumes. It has become a widespread weed in many countries. It is known as 'golden dodder' in Australia.

It has been confused in some recent literature with Cuscuta pentagona Engelmann, but the differences between the two species are clear.

Remarkably, the seeds of the plant have been found to become dispersed by waterfowl in significant numbers.

Lifestyle
Parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta have little to no chlorophyll making them unable to undergo photosynthesis, a process by which plants make their own food. This makes them photosynthetically inactive. Cuscuta species are thus referred to as holoparasitic plants, as they depend on their host plant for nutrients. About 10-15 species of Cuscuta, out of the known 200, are considered agricultural weeds which wrap their vines around their hosts and obtain their nutrients from them through their extensions called haustoria. This mechanism for obtaining their food makes them very difficult to remove. Their growth has been cited to cause severe loss to crops that yield alfalfa, tomatoes, carrots and cranberry crops.

The life cycle of the Cuscuta starts with seed germination. The seedlings cannot survive for long periods of time hence, they find the appropriate plant stem by recognizing plant chemo-attractants. Cuscuta campestris is known for restraining the growth of their host plants and even inhibiting their flowering. This causes the host cell to eventually die. This mechanism gives them the ability to control other populations of weeds like Mikania micrantha. Another mechanism by which these dodders recognize which plants to use as hosts depends on the light that's reflected off the plant's surface. Cuscuta campestris is highly attracted to "far red light", which is a wavelength that is reflected by most plant surfaces. Dodders that were exposed to unfiltered light were able to attach to their host before their energy had been totally exhausted, but dodders that were only exposed to red light lost their way. This could be a technique by which to control C. campestris infestations if exposed to red light within the early stages of development, to avoid the spread and growth of the plant.

References

External links

 Calflora Database: Cuscuta campestris (Field dodder)
 GBIF−Species in GRIN Taxonomy: Cuscuta campestris

campestris
Flora of the Great Plains (North America)
Flora of the United States
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Cuscuta campestris


The Nuremberg Laws is the name for three (historically: two laws) that were set into practice in Germany in 1935, and that were valid until 1945. They are named after the city of Nuremberg where the legislative assembly met.

They were:
 Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (Often called Blutschutzgesetz, law concerning the protection of German blood and honour). This law made it illegal for Jews to marry Germans. It also made it illegal for Germans and Jews to have sexual relations. The law against marriage imposed prison time for both sexes violating it. The law against sexual relations provided for long prison terms for men who did not obey it, but no prison time for women. This law also forbade Jews to show the national flag, and guaranteed their right to show Jewish symbols.
 Reich Citizenship Law : This law basically said that only people of German or closely-related blood could become citizens - in other words: Jews (and some others) could not. All Jews employed by the government had to quit their job. They also lost their right to vote and to be in the army.
 Reichsflaggengesetz Strictly speaking this flag law is not one of the Nuremberg Laws, but it was published with the others. It made the swastika the official flag of Germany.
On the 14th of November 1935, the Nuremberg laws were expanded prohibiting Roma (Gypsies), Blacks or any of their offspring from engaging in marriage or sexual relations with 'Those of German or German related blood'.
German legislation
1930s in Germany

Nuremberg Laws


Thomas von Heesen (born 1 October 1961) is a former German football attacking midfielder, and a current coach.

Most of his professional career was spent, as a player, with Hamburger SV, with which he won several accolades, both domestic and continental, appearing in nearly 400 official games for the club.

Playing career
Born in Höxter, North Rhine-Westphalia, von Heesen made his professional – and Bundesliga – debuts in 1980–81 with Hamburger SV, then went on to feature prominently for the club in the following two seasons, as the club won in that timeframe two leagues and the 1982–83 European Cup (during that campaign, he netted twice in just five matches, and appeared 34 minutes in the 1–0 final win against Juventus).

Von Heesen remained with Hamburg until 1994, with exactly 99 first division goals scored. He then switched, at nearly 33, to Arminia Bielefeld, being very important in the club's return to the topflight. In the following campaign, although appearing very rarely, he found the net on 28 August 1996, in a 1–1 home draw against MSV Duisburg, for his 100th, retiring at season's end.

Coaching career

Subsequently, von Heesen took up coaching. Von Heesen became interim head coach of Arminia Bielefeld after Ernst Middendorp was sacked on 17 August 1998. He was head coach for the remainder of the season when Hermann Gerland took over. His final match as head coach was a 5–3 win against 1. FC Köln where they won the 2. Bundesliga championship. He finished his tenure with a record of 20 wins, seven draws, and six losses in 33 matches. He became head coach of 1. FC Saarbrücken on 29 November 2000. His first match was a 1–0 win against Stuttgarter Kickers. He was head coach of Saarbrücken until 17 September 2001 when he became the Sporting Director for Aminia Bielefeld. His final match as Saarbrücken's head coach was a 1–0 against MSV Duisburg. He was also be interim head coach of the club from 17 February 2004 when Benno Möhlmann left for Greuther Fürth to 1 March 2004 when Uwe Rapolder was appointed the new head coach and from 11 May 2005 when Rapolder was sacked to 11 February 2007 when he resigned. He finished his second tenure with one win and one draw in two matches and his third tenure with a record of 18 wins, 16 draws, and 26 losses in 60 matches.

Von Heesen was appointed as the head coach of 1. FC Nürnberg on 12 February 2008. He resigned on 28 August 2008. He finished his Nürnberg tenure with a record of four wins, eight draws, and eight losses.

Two and a half weeks later, von Heesen joined Apollon Limassol. His first match was a 2–1 win AEP Paphos on 15 September 2008. He helped the club to a fifth place in his debut season. After almost two years with the club, on 29 January 2010, he was fired. His final match was a 2–1 win against AEL Limassol.

On 29 November 2011, he was appointed as manager of the Austrian Bundesliga side Kapfenberger SV until the end of the 2011–12 season. His first match was a 0–0 draw against Rapid Wien. Von Heesen got a three-year contract extension despite Kapfenberg being relegated. On 10 November 2012, von Heesen was promoted to Sporting Director and Klaus Schmidt became the new head coach. His final match was a 4–2 loss to Lustenau.

Coaching record

Honours

Player
HSV
 European Cup: 1982–83
 Bundesliga: 1983–84
 DFB-Pokal: 1986–87

Manager
Arminia Bielefeld
 2. Bundesliga: 1998–99

References

External links

 Thomas von Heesen at kicker.de

1961 births
Living people
People from Höxter
Footballers from Detmold (region)
German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Hamburger SV players
Arminia Bielefeld players
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
German football managers
German expatriate football managers
Bundesliga managers
Arminia Bielefeld managers
1. FC Nürnberg managers
Apollon Limassol FC managers
Kapfenberger SV managers
Lechia Gdańsk managers
Expatriate football managers in Austria
Expatriate football managers in Cyprus
2. Bundesliga managers
Expatriate football managers in Poland
West German men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Austria
German expatriate sportspeople in Iran
German expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
German expatriate sportspeople in Poland

Thomas von Heesen


A Schedule of Values (SOV) is a detailed schedule apportioning the original contract sum and all change orders, among all cost code divisions or portions of the work. The Schedule of Values shall be based on the approved budget or the approved Fixed Price, or GMP, Cost-Plus Contract type as applicable. See the executed contract agreement for additional language regarding the Schedule of Values. Each Project/Job shall have a separate Schedule of Values. If multiple Projects/Jobs are included in one contract, then the Contractor/Vendor must create a separate Schedule of Values which clearly segregates costs among each Job for billing, reporting and audit purposes."

"For Projects/Jobs with multiple "extra" categories, the Contractor/Vendor must create separate Schedule of Values which clearly segregates costs among each "Extra" category for billing, reporting and audit purposes (breakdown to be determined by Owner.) The Schedule of Values must be approved prior to first Payment Application. Schedule of Values can only be changed with approved Budget Transfer process in project accounting software, or by Change Order. After the Schedule of Values is approved, it becomes the basis for all Contractor/Vendor invoices for hard and soft costs."

When using the Schedule of Values (SOV) for pay applications the submitter will typically bill on a percentage basis. That is to say that the amount billed that month is __% of the overall line item. This value is then added to the total amount billed from previous pay requests. This total amount would be the total work completed to date. The balance to finish is then calculated by subtracting the total completed to date from the original line item total. The Architect or Owner's representative will then review and approve the amount due to the contractor during that pay period.

A template that can be used for a typical SOV is the ConsensusDocs 293 - Schedule of Values. The American Institute of Architects Contract Documents department does not currently publish a standard schedule of values form.

Further reading

 Cunningham, J.M., "The Contractor Payment Application Audit: Guidance for Auditing AIA Documents G702 & G703",

References

Construction documents

Schedule of values


Meet the Austins is the title of a 1960 novel by Madeleine L'Engle, the first of her books about the Austin family. It introduces the characters Vicky Austin and her three siblings, and Maggy Hamilton, an orphan.

Plot
Vicky Austin's noisy, loving, mostly-happy family is disrupted when the family's honorary uncle dies in a plane crash. His co-pilot was also killed, leaving behind a ten-year-old daughter, Maggy, who has no one to care for her. The Austins take Maggy in, and she proves to be a spoiled, troubled only child who had very little family life. Maggy encourages Vicky's sister Suzy to misbehave, which makes everyone's life more difficult. Meet the Austins is largely episodic; each chapter covers a specific incident such as Vicky's bicycle accident or a family vacation. Throughout the book, Vicky comments on the changes her family experiences during this time, and the reader sees her growing self-awareness. Although Vicky will later appear in three novels that have fantasy and/or science fiction themes, there are no such elements in Meet the Austins.

Characters
Victoria "Vicky" Austin is the protagonist and first-person narrator, as she is in most but not all of the Austin family novels. Born in New York City, she lives with her family in rural Thornhill, somewhere in New England. She is twelve years old at the beginning of the novel. Her uncle Douglas describes Vicky as having an artistic temperament, but Vicky claims not to have a talent for anything.
John Austin, Vicky's elder brother, is a budding scientist whose homemade space suit won a prize in a statewide Science fair. John (like Vicky) was born in New York City when his father was 24 years old. John is fifteen years old as of chapter one of the novel. Vicky describes him as being "the nicest one of us all."
Suzanne "Suzy" Austin, Vicky's sister, is just nine years old as the novel opens, but already knows that she wants to be a doctor.  All of her games are oriented on her playing the doctor, including many mock operations on broken dolls. A year younger than Maggy, she is Maggy's chief friend and playmate. Suzy is blonde and considered the beauty of the family. Suzy's refusal to eat pork after reading Charlotte's Web is based on an actual incident with L'Engle's elder daughter.
Robert "Rob" Austin is Vicky's wise, loving baby brother, age four (almost five) as the story opens. The family enjoys his creative "God bless" litanies and other surprising things he says. His favorite toy is a plush elephant, named Elephant's Child after one of the Just-So Stories by Rudyard Kipling. The toy has a working music box, until Maggy breaks it. L'Engle acknowledged in her book A Circle of Quiet that the character is based on her son, Bion Franklin.
Margaret "Maggy" Hamilton is the orphaned daughter of a jet-setting mother and a test pilot father. She is ten years old, loud and attention-seeking. She spends most of her time with Suzy, and the two often are punished for their mischievous ways. The character's background is one of privilege and neglect. Maggy has many toys but minimal discipline, and little contact with her parents. After Maggy's mother died of pneumonia during a trip to Spain, Maggy went to live with her father, Dick Hamilton, who died a month later.

Rounding out the family are Vicky's father, Dr. Wallace "Wally" Austin, a doctor in general practice; her mother Victoria Eaton Austin, a retired singer; an uncle, Douglas Austin, a painter who occasionally visits; Aunt Elena, actually a close family friend who is the Austins' connection with the orphaned Maggy; and Grandfather Eaton, a retired minister who lives in a converted stable on fictional Seven Bay Island.

Series notes

Although Meet the Austins, as the name implies, is the family's first appearance in terms of the publication date, a short, later book, The Twenty-Four Days Before Christmas (1964), takes place five years earlier. Another short Christmas story about the Austins, A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas, takes place about a year before Meet the Austins. A Full House was first published as a short story in two of L'Engle's collections, and then issued as a picture book in 1999.  Meet the Austins is followed, in terms of internal chronology as well as publication date, by the full-length novels The Moon by Night (1963), The Young Unicorns (1968), A Ring of Endless Light (1980) and Troubling a Star (1994). Suzy Austin appears as a married adult in A Severed Wasp (1982).

Publication details
The 1960 first edition of Meet the Austins was published only after many rejections, reportedly because it begins with a death. The original publication left out a chapter about the children's "Anti-Muffin" club, which advocated diversity and portrayed the Austin children as having a close friend who was poor and Hispanic. ("Muffins" are a metaphor for conformity and snobbery.) This missing chapter was published separately in 1980 as The Anti-Muffins.  In 1997, the hardcover publisher of L'Engle's novels from 1962 on, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, issued a new edition of Meet the Austins that for the first time incorporated the chapter. Paperback editions prior to 1997 did not include this additional material. However, the next book in the series, The Moon by Night, includes a scene in which Vicky tells Zachary Gray about the Anti-Muffin club, in very nearly the same text that introduces it in the originally-omitted chapter. The 1997 Square Fish paperback edition includes "The Anti-Muffins" as Chapter Five of the book.

References

External links

 L'Engle's Official Site

1960 American novels
American children's novels
Novels by Madeleine L'Engle
Novels about orphans
Vanguard Press books
1960 children's books
Series of children's books

Meet the Austins


Constantine VI (, Kōnstantinos; 14 January 771 – before 805) was Byzantine emperor from 780 to 797. The only child of Emperor Leo IV, Constantine was named co-emperor with him at the age of five in 776 and succeeded him as sole Emperor in 780, aged nine. His mother Irene exercised control over him as regent until 790, assisted by her chief minister Staurakios. The regency ended when Constantine reached maturity, but Irene sought to remain an active participant in the government. After a brief interval of sole rule Constantine named his mother empress in 792, making her his official colleague.

Constantine suffered military defeats and made controversial decisions, such as blinding his loyal general Alexios Mosele and illicitly marrying his mistress, Theodote. Taking advantage of her son's unpopularity, Irene had Constantine deposed, blinded and imprisoned in 797 and seized power for herself alone, becoming the first Empress regnant of the Empire. Constantine likely died shortly thereafter.

Constantine VI was the final ruler to be universally recognized as Roman emperor, being recognized as such by both the Empire which he ruled in the east, the papacy and the Western European powers over which the pope held suzerainty. The Byzantines' ability to protect the Papacy had waned following the Arab Conquests, leading to the Papacy to increasingly seek protection from the Franks. This culminated in 800 when Pope Leo III, who owed his power and position to the Franks, crowned Charlemagne as 'Emperor of the Romans'. Based on the assertion that a woman could not be Empress in her own right, this laid the foundations of a new polity, independent of the East, that would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire.

Early life and the regency of Irene
Constantine VI was the only child of Emperor Leo IV and Irene.  Constantine was crowned co-emperor by his father in 776, and succeeded as sole emperor in 780, at the age of nine. Due to his minority, Irene and her chief minister Staurakios exercised the regency for him.

In 787, Constantine, then 16 years old had signed the decrees of the Second Council of Nicaea, but he appears to have had iconoclast sympathies. In 788, Irene herself broke off the engagement of Constantine with Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne. Turning against Charlemagne, the Eastern Romans now supported Lombard pretender Adalgis, who had been forced into exile after the Frankish invasion of Italy. Adalgis was given command of a Roman expeditionary corps, landing in Calabria towards the end of 788 but was defeated by the united armies of the Lombard dukes Hildeprand of Spoleto and Grimoald III of Benevento as well as Frankish troops under Winiges.

After a conspiracy against Irene was suppressed in the spring of 790 she attempted to get official recognition as empress. This backfired and with military support Constantine finally came to actual power in 790, after the Armeniacs rebelled against Irene.  Nevertheless, after campaigning unsuccessfully in the Balkans, Constantine restored his mother in 792 after just two years out of power and made her co-ruler.

Reign
Once in control of the state, Constantine proved incapable of sound governance. Constantine himself suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Kardam of Bulgaria in the 792 Battle of Marcellae. A movement developed in favor of his uncle, the Caesar Nikephoros. Constantine had his uncle's eyes put out and the tongues of his father's four other half-brothers cut off. His former Armenian supporters revolted after he had blinded their general Alexios Mosele. He crushed this revolt with extreme cruelty in 793.

He then divorced his wife Maria of Amnia, who had failed to provide him with a male heir, and married his mistress Theodote, an unpopular and canonically illegal act which sparked off the so-called "Moechian Controversy". Although the Patriarch Tarasios did not publicly speak against it, he did refuse to officiate the marriage. Popular disapproval was expressed by Theodote's uncle, Plato of Sakkoudion, who even broke communion with Tarasios for his passive stance. Plato's intransigence led to his own imprisonment, while his monastic supporters were persecuted and exiled to Thessalonica. The "Moechian Controversy" cost Constantine what popularity he had left, especially in the church establishment, which Irene took care to vocally support against her own son.

On 19 August 797 Constantine was captured, blinded, and imprisoned by the supporters of his mother, who had organized a conspiracy, leaving Irene to be crowned as first Empress regnant of Constantinople. It is unknown when exactly Constantine died; it was certainly before 805, though he may have died of his wounds shortly after being blinded. He was buried in the Monastery of St. Euphrosyne, which Irene had founded.

In the early 820s, the rebel Thomas the Slav claimed to be Constantine VI in an effort to gain support against Michael II.

Family

By his first wife Maria, Constantine VI had two daughters:
 Euphrosyne (790 after 836), who married Emperor Michael II
 Irene (789 after July 796), who became a nun
By his mistress and then second wife Theodote, Constantine VI had two sons, both of whom died young:
 Leo (7 October 796 1 May 797)
 An unnamed son (posthumously 797/8 between 802 and 808)

Gallery

See also

 List of Byzantine emperors

Notes

References

Sources
 Barbe, Dominique  (1990). Irène de Byzance: La femme empereur. Paris.
 .

8th-century Byzantine emperors
Isaurian dynasty
Medieval child monarchs
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
771 births
797 deaths
800s deaths
Saints from Anatolia
8th-century Christian saints
780s in the Byzantine Empire
790s in the Byzantine Empire
Sons of Byzantine emperors
Christian royal saints

Constantine VI


Makronisos (, lit. Long Island), or Makronisi, is an island in the Aegean sea, in Greece, notorious as the site of a political prison from the 1920s to the 1970s. It is located close to the coast of Attica, facing the port of Lavrio. The island has an elongated shape,  north to south and  east to west at its widest point, and its terrain is arid and rocky. It is the largest uninhabited Greek island.

It is part of the Kea-Kythnos regional unit and in the municipality of Kea.

History
In ancient times the island was called Helen (). It protected the ancient harbours of Thorikos and Sounion. It was also called Macris (Μάκρις), from its length. Strabo describes it as 60 stadia (9.4 km) in length; but its real length is seven geographical miles (12 km). It was uninhabited in antiquity, as it is at the present day; and it was probably only used then for the pasture of cattle. Both Strabo and Pausanias derive its name from Helen of Troy, the wife of Menelaus: the latter writer supposes that it was so called because Helen landed here after the capture of Troy; but Strabo identifies it with the Homeric Cranae, to which Paris fled with Helen, and supposes that its name was hence changed into Helena. There cannot, however, be any doubt that the Homeric Cranaë was opposite Gythium in Laconia.

The Kea Channel between Makronisos and neighbouring Kea was the site of the sinking, in 1916, of HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic.

Prison camp

Makronisos was used as a military prison island and concentration camp from the time of the Greek Civil War until the restoration of democracy, following the collapse of the Regime of the Colonels in 1974. Torture methods were used among others. Because of its history, it is considered a monument of the civil war era; therefore the island and the original structures on it are protected from alteration.

Among the prisoners of Makronisos were Apostolos Santas, Nikos Koundouros, Mikis Theodorakis, Leonidas Kyrkos and Thanasis Vengos.

Films
 Le Nouveau Parthénon (1975) by Kostas Chronopoulos and Giogos Chrysovitsianos.
 Happy Day (1976) by Pantelis Voulgaris.
 Makronissos (2008), by Ilias Giannakakis and Evi Karabatsou.
 Like Stone lions at the gateway into night (2012), by Olivier Zuchuat

References

Hamilakis, Yannis, "The Other 'Parthenon': Antiquity and National Memory at Makronisos", Journal of Modern Greek Studies 20:2 (October 2002), pp. 307–338.

External links
http://www.abettergreece.com/Makronissos_en.html

History of Greece (1949–1974)
Uninhabited islands of Greece
Internment camps
Landforms of Kea-Kythnos
Prison islands

Makronisos


A  protégé  is literally a "protected one". It is used of a younger person being being developed under the guidance of an experienced older person. It is a French term.

The younger person might be seen as an apprentice, and the older person as a mentor. If it is a physical activity, such as sport or dance, then the formal term might be 'trainer'. However, the term is not formal or official. It is just a way of describing a relationship. Psychosocial support and career guidance come into it, but usually not money.

So the relationship is informal, but often important for the protégé.

French  words and phrases
Training

Protégé


A silt fence, sometimes (misleadingly) called a "filter fence," is a temporary sediment control device used on construction sites to protect water quality in nearby streams, rivers, lakes and seas from sediment (loose soil) in stormwater runoff. Silt fences are widely used on construction sites in North America and elsewhere, due to their low cost and simple design. However, their effectiveness in controlling sediment can be limited, due to problems with poor installation, proper placement, and/or inadequate maintenance.

Design and installation

Silt fences are often installed as perimeter controls. They are typically used in combination with sediment basins and sediment traps, as well as with erosion controls, which are designed to retain sediment in place where soil is being disturbed by construction processes (i.e., land grading and other earthworks).

A typical fence consists of a piece of synthetic filter fabric (also called a geotextile) stretched between a series of wooden or metal fence stakes along a horizontal contour level. The stakes are installed on the downhill side of the fence, and the bottom edge of the fabric can be trenched into the soil and backfilled on the uphill side, although it is quite difficult to move the trenched "spoil" from the downside to the upside of the trench. The design/placement of the silt fence should create a pooling of runoff, which then allows sedimentation to occur. Water can seep through the silt fence fabric, but the fabric often becomes "blocked off" with fine soil particles (all sediment-retention devices have this challenge, and none of them "filter" storm water for very long). A few hours after a storm event, the fabric can be "disturbed" in order to dislodge the fines, and allow clean water to flow through. Depending on the protected watershed and erosion, larger soil particles will settle out, ultimately filling the silt fence to the top of the structure; requiring another silt fence above or below it (creating a new ponding area), or for the silt fence to be removed, the sediment removed or spread out, and a new fence installed. The fence is not designed to concentrate or channel stormwater. The fence is installed on a site before soil disturbance begins, and is placed down-slope from the disturbance area.

Sediment is captured by silt fences most often through ponding of water and settling, rather than filtration by the fabric. Sand and silt tends to clog the fabric, and then the sediments settle in the temporary pond.

Super silt fence
Some government jurisdictions in the United States recommend or require the use of a reinforced fence, sometimes called a "super" silt fence or an enhanced silt fence, on some construction sites. This design uses filter fabric reinforced by a wire mesh or chain link fence. The metal backing gives the fence increased strength to resist the weight of soil and water which may be trapped by the fence in a large drainage area, and discourages construction site operators from driving vehicles over the fence. However, an improper installation of a super silt fence can create an inadvertent sediment basin when the filter fabric becomes clogged.  This typically causes flooding and increased downstream pollution. Most super silt fence specifications are outdated, requiring the trenching installation method, which has been shown to be highly susceptible to "washing out" under the fabric due to improper back-filling and inadequate compaction.

Static slicing installation

Some state agencies recommend an installation technique called "static slicing" as an improved method for ensuring effectiveness and longevity of a silt fence system on a construction site. The technique involves inserting a narrow blade into the soil with a wedge-type point on its tip to slightly disrupt the soil upward, while simultaneously inserting the silt fence fabric into the slot with a moving pivot, while the machine is moving forward. This step is followed by mechanical soil compaction, setting of fence posts, and attaching the fabric.

Effectiveness

Silt fence fabrics (geotextiles) tested in laboratory settings have shown to be effective at trapping sediment particles. Although there have been few field tests of silt fences installed at construction sites, these tests have shown generally poor results. (Effectiveness testing involved measurements for both total suspended solids and turbidity.) Other studies and articles about silt fence usage and practice document problems with installation and maintenance, implying poor performance.

Since 1998, static slicing the material into the ground has proven to be the most efficient and most effective installation method because slicing maintains the soil on both sides of the fence, and is conducive to proper compaction—which is critical to performance, as well. In 2000 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) co-sponsored silt fence efficacy field research through its Environmental Technology Verification Program, and in general, the report found the static slicing method to be highly effective, and efficient. Silt fence effectiveness is best determined by how many hundreds of pounds of sediment are contained behind a given silt fence after a storm event, and not turbidity, etc. as sediment-retention is the end goal, and not a water-quality measurement used in erosion control, for instance.

Silt fences may perform poorly for a variety of reasons, including improper location (e.g. placing fence where it will not pond runoff water), improper installation (e.g. failure to adequately embed and backfill the lower edge of fabric in the soil) and lack of maintenance—fabric falling off of the posts, or posts knocked down. A silt fence top-full of sediment may need maintenance/replacement, but it is a huge success. The fabric may become damaged with holes and tears if construction materials are stored next to or on top of the fence. During various phases of construction at a site, a silt fence may be removed relocated and reinstalled multiple times. It may be difficult to maintain effectiveness of a silt fence under such operating conditions. Location of fences in areas with high flows may lead to fence failures when the installation is not adequately back-filled and properly compacted, and/or the post-spacing is inadequate.

See also
 Geosynthetics
 Geotechnical engineering
 Nonpoint source pollution
 Sediment basin
 Stormwater

References

Further reading

External links
 International Erosion Control Association—Professional Association, Publications, Training
 WatchYourDirt.com—An Erosion and Sediment Control Video Education Resource

Earthworks (engineering)
Environmental soil science
Water pollution
Water treatment

Silt fence


Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Amsterdam, Geneva, Shanghai, and Dubai. It is owned by Groupe Artémis, the holding company of François Pinault. In 2022 Christie's sold $8.4 billion in art and luxury goods, an all-time high for any auction house. In 2017, the Salvator Mundi was sold at Christie's in New York for $450 million, the highest price ever paid for a single painting.

History

Founding
The official company literature states that founder James Christie (1730–1803) conducted the first sale in London on 5 December 1766, and the earliest auction catalogue the company retains is from December 1766. However, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements for Christie's sales dating from 1759 have also been traced. After his death, Christie's son, James Christie the Younger (1773–1831) took over the business.

20th century

Christie's was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange, from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christie's. He served as chairman of Christie's International plc from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to Lord Carrington, and later was a non-executive director until 1992. Christie's International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977. Christie's growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42% of the auction market.

In 1990, the company reversed a long-standing policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions. In 1996, sales exceeded those of Sotheby's for the first time since 1954. However, profits did not grow at the same pace; from 1993 through 1997, Christie's annual pretax profits were about $60 million, whereas Sotheby's annual pretax profits were about $265 million for those years.

In 1993, Christie's paid $12.7 million for the London gallery Spink & Son, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings; the gallery was run as a separate entity. The company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3 million in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger. Spink-Leger closed in 2002. To make itself competitive with Sotheby's in the property market, Christie's bought Great Estates in 1995, then the largest network of independent estate agents in North America, changing its name to Christie's Great Estates Inc.

In December 1997, under the chairmanship of Lord Hindlip, Christie's put itself on the auction block, but after two months of negotiations with the consortium-led investment firm SBC Warburg Dillon Read it did not attract a bid high enough to accept. In May 1998, François Pinault's holding company, Groupe Artémis S.A., first bought 29.1 percent of the company for $243.2 million, and subsequently purchased the rest of it in a deal that valued the entire company at $1.2 billion. The company has since not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with UK accounting standards, is to convert non-UK results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year.

21st century

In 2002, Christie's France held its first auction in Paris.

Like Sotheby's, Christie's became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. In 2006, Christie's offered a reported $21 million guarantee to the Donald Judd Foundation and displayed the artist's works for five weeks in an exhibition that later won an AICA award for "Best Installation in an Alternative Space". In 2007 it brokered a $68 million deal that transferred Thomas Eakins's The Gross Clinic (1875) from the Jefferson Medical College at the Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia to joint ownership by the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In the same year, the Haunch of Venison gallery became a subsidiary of the company.

On 28 December 2008, The Sunday Times reported that Pinault's debts left him "considering" the sale of Christie's and that a number of "private equity groups" were thought to be interested in its acquisition. In January 2009, the company employed 2,100 people worldwide, though an unspecified number of staff and consultants were soon to be cut due to a worldwide downturn in the art market; later news reports said that 300 jobs would be cut. With sales for premier Impressionist, Modern, and contemporary artworks tallying only US$248.8 million in comparison to US$739 million just a year before, a second round of job cuts began after May 2009.

In 2012, Impressionist works, which dominated the market during the 1980s boom, were replaced by contemporary art as Christie's top category. Asian art was the third most lucrative area. With income from classic auctioneering falling, treaty sales made £413.4 million ($665 million) in the first half of 2012, an increase of 53% on the same period last year; they now represent more than 18% of turnover. The company has since promoted curated events, centred on a theme rather than an art classification or time period.

As part of a companywide review in 2017, Christie's announced the layoffs of 250 employees, or 12 percent of the total work force, based mainly in Britain and Europe.

In June 2021, Christie's Paris held its first sale dedicated to women artists, most notably Louise Moillon's Nature morte aux raisins et pêches.

In 2022 Christie's sold $8.4 billion in art and luxury goods, an all-time high for any auction house.

Commissions
From 2008 until 2013, Christie's charged 25 percent for the first $50,000; 20 percent on the amount between $50,001 and $1 million, and 12 percent on the rest. From 2013, it charged 25 percent for the first $75,000; 20 percent on the next $75,001 to $1.5 million and 12 percent on the rest.

As of 2023, Christie's commission (buyer's premium) is 26 percent of the hammer price of each lot up to £800,000/US$1,000,000, plus 21 percent of the hammer price from £800,001/US$1,000,001 up to and including £4,500,000/US$6,000,000, and 15 percent on the rest.

Locations
As of 2023, Christie's has offices in 46 countries worldwide, with salerooms in London, New York, Paris, Geneva, Milan, Amsterdam, Dubai, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.

Europe
Christie's flagship saleroom is in London on King Street in St. James's, where it has been based since 1823. It had a second London saleroom in South Kensington which opened in 1975 and primarily handled the middle market. Christie's permanently closed the South Kensington saleroom in July 2017 as part of their restructuring plans announced in March 2017. The closure was due in part to a considerable decrease in sales between 2015 and 2016 in addition to the company expanding its online sales presence.

In early 2017, Christie's also announced plans to scale back its operation in Amsterdam.

Americas
In 1977, the company opened its first international branch on Park Avenue in New York City in the Delmonico's Hotel grand ballroom on the second floor; in 1997 it took a 30-year lease on a  space in Rockefeller Center for $40 million.

Until 2001, Christie's East, a division that sold lower-priced art and objects, was located at 219 East 67th Street. In 1996, Christie's bought a townhouse on East 59th Street in Manhattan as a separate gallery where experts could show clients art in complete privacy to conduct private treaty sales.

Christie's opened a Beverly Hills saleroom in 1997. In April 2017, in moved to a  two-story flagship space in Beverly Hills, designed by wHY.

Asia
Christie's has been operating a space in Hong Kong's Alexandra House since 2014. In 2021, the company announced plans to move its Hong Kong headquarters to the Zaha Hadid-designed luxury tower The Henderson in 2024, where it will launch year-round auctions. Measuring more than  over four storeys, the new space, which incorporates a permanent saleroom and galleries, is comparable in size to Christie's London headquarters.

Notable auctions

 In 1848 the sale of the contents of Stowe House after the bankruptcy of the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos was one of the first and most publicised British country house contents auctions. The sale raised £75,400 and included the Chandos portrait of William Shakespeare.
 The 1882 sale of the Hamilton Palace collection raised £332,000.
In March 1987, Vincent van Gogh's Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers fetched an auction record of $39.9 million at Christie's, making it the most expensive painting in the world at the time, at more than three times the price of the previous worldwide record for the highest paid for any painting.
 In November 1987, during the Royal Albert Hall auction, Christie's famously auctioned off a Bugatti Royale automobile for a world record price of £5.5 million ($9.8 million).
 In May 1989, Pontormo's Portrait of a Halberdier was sold to the J. Paul Getty Museum for $35.2 million, more than tripling the previous auction record for an Old Master painting.
 On 11 November 1994, the Codex Leicester was sold to Bill Gates for .
 In 1998, Christie's in New York sold the famous Archimedes Palimpsest after the conclusion of a lawsuit in which its ownership was disputed.
 In November 1999, a single strand necklace of 41 natural and graduated pearls, which belonged to Barbara Hutton, was auctioned by Christie's Geneva for $1,476,000.
In June 2001, Elton John sold 20 of his cars at Christie's, saying he didn't get the chance to drive them because he was out of the country so often. The sale, which included a 1993 Jaguar XJ220, the most expensive at £234,750, and several Ferraris, Rolls-Royces, and Bentleys, raised nearly £2 million.
 In 2006, a single Imperial Qing Dynasty porcelain bowl, another item which belonged to Barbara Hutton, was auctioned by Christie's Hong Kong for a price of US$19.5 million.
 On 16 May 2006, Christie's auctioned a Stradivarius called The Hammer for a record US$3,544,000. It was, at that time, the most paid at public auction for any musical instrument.
 In November 2006, four celebrated paintings by Gustav Klimt were sold for a total of $192 million, after being restituted by Austria to Jewish heirs after a lengthy legal battle.
 In December 2006, one of the three versions of the Givenchy black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's was sold for £467,200 ($920,000) at Christie's South Kensington.
 In 2006, controversy arose after Christie's auctioned off artefacts known to be looted from Bulgaria.
 In November 2007, an album of eight leaves, ink on paper, by China's Ming Dynasty court painter Dong Qichang was sold at the Christie's Hong Kong Chinese Paintings Auction for US$6,235,500, a world auction record for the artist.
In 2008, the ink wash painting of Gundam painted by Tenmyouya Hisashi in 2005 was sold in the Christie's auction held in Hong Kong at a price of US$600,000.
 In June 2008, Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas by Claude Monet was sold for a price of $80.4 million, the highest price ever for a Monet.
 Over a three-day sale in Paris in February 2009, Christie's auctioned the monumental private collection of Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé for a record-breaking 370 million euros (US$490 million). It was the most expensive private collection ever sold at auction, breaking auction records for Brâncuși, Matisse, and Mondrian. The "Dragons" armchair by Irish furniture designer Eileen Gray sold for 21.9 million euros (US$28 million), setting an auction record for a piece of 20th century decorative art.
In 2009, controversy arose again after the auction of two imperial bronze zodiac sculptures (for US$36 million) collected by Yves Saint Laurent, stemming from the fact that these items were looted in 1860 from the Old Summer Palace of Beijing by French and British forces at the close of the Second Opium War.
Christie's Hong Kong, November 2009 sale of Fine Modern Chinese Paintings, sold a work by Fu Baoshi titled Landscape inspired by Dufu's Poetic Sentiments, for HK$60 million (US$7.7 million) – a world record for the artist.
Christie's auctioned Pablo Picasso's Nude, Green Leaves and Bust on 4 May 2010. The piece sold for US$106.5 million, making the sale among the most expensive paintings ever sold.
On 14 June 2010 Amedeo Modigliani's Tête, a limestone sculpture of a woman's head, sold for $52.6 million, making it one of the most expensive sculpture ever sold, and at the time the most expensive work of art sold in France.
On 18 April 2012, the silver cup given to the marathon winner, Greek athlete Spyridon Louis, at the first modern Olympic Games staged in Athens in 1896 sold for £541,250 (US$860,000), breaking the auction record for Olympic memorabilia.
On 22 June 2012, George Washington's personal annotated copy of the Acts Passed at a Congress of the United States of America from 1789, which includes The Constitution of the United States and a draft of the Bill of Rights, was sold at Christie's for a record $9,826,500, with fees the final cost, to The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. This was the record for a document sold at auction.
On 12 November 2013, Francis Bacon's Three Studies of Lucian Freud sold for 142.4 million (including the buyer's premium) to an unnamed buyer, nominally becoming the most expensive work of art ever to be sold at auction.
On 11 May 2015, Pablo Picasso's Les Femmes d'Alger ("Version O") sold for 179.3 million to an unnamed buyer, becoming the most expensive work of art ever to be sold at auction at Christie's New York. In November of the same year, Amedeo Modigliani's Nu Couché (1917–18) sold at Christie's in New York for $170.4 million, making it the second most expensive work sold at auction.
In May 2016, the Oppenheimer Blue diamond sold for 56.837 million SFr, a record price for a jewel at auction.
On 7 July 2016, the highest price ever sold for an old master painting at Christie's was achieved with  £44,882,500 / $58,167,720 / €52,422,760 for Rubens' Lot and his Daughters.
On 11 November 2017, a Patek Philippe Titanium wristwatch Ref. 5208T-010 was sold for 6.226 million US dollars (CHF 6,200,000) in Geneva, making it one of the most expensive watches ever sold at auction.
On 15 November 2017, Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi sold for a record $450.3 million (including buyer's premium).
On 4 July 2019, a bust fragment of Tutankhamun was sold for £4.7 million. The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities had tried to stop the auction, citing concerns that the bust had been looted from a temple and illegally taken from Egypt in the 1970s.
On 25 June 2020, Christie's sold a Timurid Quran manuscript, described as "rare and breathtaking", for £7 million (with fees), ten times its estimate. The price was the highest price ever paid for a Quran manuscript. Probably created at a Timurid prince's court, the manuscript comprised 534 folios of Arabic calligraphy on "gold-flecked, coloured paper from Ming China". The sale was criticized that since the "object apparently has no provenance prior to the 1980s, we can't know anything about the context in which it was removed from its country of origin."
In October 2020, Christie's sold Stan, one of the world's most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeletons for US$31.8 million, setting a new world record for any dinosaur skeleton or fossil ever sold at auction at the time.
In May 2022, Andy Warhol's silkscreen painting Shot Sage Blue Marilyn sold at Christie's New York for $195 million, making it the most expensive work of American art sold at auction and the most expensive work of 20th-century art sold at auction.
In September and October 2022 at Christie's, the James Bond film franchise auctioned off 61 lots of vehicles, watches, costumes, props, posters, and memorabilia from the 25 Bond films. The auction raised nearly £7 million from 28 countries, and proceeds went to over 45 charities.
In November 2022, the art collection of Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen was auctioned at Christie's New York.  It was the biggest sale in art auction history, surpassing $1.5 billion in sales. Six works sold for more than $100 million:  Seurat's Les Poseuses Ensemble (Petite version), ($149 million, with fees); Paul Cézanne's 1888-90 La Montagne Sainte-Victoire ($138 million); van Gogh's Verger avec cyprès ($117 million); and Gustav Klimt's 1903  Birch Forest ($105 million).  The auction also included paintings by Botticelli, David Hockney, Roy Lichtenstein,  Edward Hopper, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns and Jan Brueghel the Younger.  Proceeds from the auction benefitted undisclosed philanthropies.
In May 2023, the jewellery collection once owned by Austrian billionaire Heidi Horten, who died in 2022, set a record for the most valuable single collection of jewels in an auction, fetching million (million). In August 2023, Christie's cancelled a second Horten jewellery sale, which had been scheduled for November, after Jewish charities and organizations refused to accept portions of the proceeds from the first sale citing the source of Horten's wealth.

Criticism

Price-fixing scandal in 2000
In 2000, allegations surfaced of a price-fixing arrangement between Christie's and Sotheby's. Executives from Christie's subsequently alerted the Department of Justice of their suspicions of commission-fixing collusion.

Christie's gained immunity from prosecution in the United States as a longtime employee of Christie's confessed and cooperated with the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. Numerous members of Sotheby's senior management were fired soon thereafter, and A. Alfred Taubman, the largest shareholder of Sotheby's at the time, took most of the blame; he and Dede Brooks (the CEO) were given jail sentences, and Christie's, Sotheby's and their owners also paid a civil lawsuit settlement of $512 million.

Insufficient or invalid provenance for looted works
Christie's has been criticized for "an embarrassing history of a lack of transparency around provenance". In 2003, Christie's was criticized for its handling of two Nazi-looted artworks claimed by heirs of the original Jewish owners. In one case, it refused to divulge to the heirs the location of an Italian painting formerly owned by Jewish Viennese banker Heinrich Graf, looted by the Gestapo. Christie's eventually revealed the holder's name after the Jewish Community of Vienna filed a successful suit in the UK on behalf of Graf's American daughters in late 2004. In the other 2003 case Christie's declined to inform the family that it had discovered that a painting consigned to it had been looted from Ulla and Moritz Rosenthal, a Jewish couple murdered in Auschwitz.

In May 2020, Hobby Lobby sued the auction house for its sale of a Gilgamesh tablet, allegedly while knowing it had a fake provenance. In June 2020, they were forced to withdraw four Greek and Roman antiquities from sale after it was discovered that they came from "sites linked to convicted antiquities traffickers". The same month, they were criticized for putting up a Benin plaque and two Igbo alusi figures for auction. The plaque was tied to similar plaques taken from Nigeria during the Benin Expedition of 1897 and remained unsold after an auction was held. The alusi figures are alleged to have been taken from Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War and were sold for €212,500 (after fees), below their low estimate of €250,000. Christie's claims to require "verifiable documented provenance that the object was taken out of its source nation prior to the earlier date of 2000, or the date which is legally applicable between the country in which the sale takes place and the source nation".

In November 2014, Christie's had to withdraw a prehistoric sculpture from Sardinia, valued at $800,000–$1.2m, put on auction by Michael Steinhardt, a US-billionaire, who was given a lifetime ban on acquiring further antiquities by the Manhattan district attorney's office in 2021. After having acquired artworks with unverified provenance for years, for example by convicted art dealer Giacomo Medici, Steinhard's collection had been subjected to search warrants and investigations since 2017. He finally surrendered 180 looted and illegally smuggled antiquities valued at $70m. According to The Guardian, the district attorney said: "For decades, Michael Steinhardt displayed a rapacious appetite for plundered artefacts without concern for the legality of his actions, the legitimacy of the pieces he bought and sold or the grievous cultural damage he wrought across the globe.

In February 2023 a French court ordered Christie's to unconditionally restitute Dutch painting The Penitent Magdalene, signed Adriaen van der Werff (1707), looted in 1942 from Lionel Hauser in Paris and last sold by the auction house without any provenance in London in April 2005. Christie's had offered the Hauser heirs 50 percent of the sale price; the heirs refused the offer and took the case to court.

Christie's Fine Art Storage Services (CFASS)
Christie's first ventured into storage services for outside clients in 1984, when it opened a 100,000 square feet brick warehouse in London that was granted "Exempted Status" by HM Revenue and Customs, meaning that property may be imported into the United Kingdom and stored without incurring import duties and VAT. Christie's Fine Art Storage Services, or CFASS, is a wholly owned subsidiary that runs Christie's storage operation.

In September 2008, Christie's signed a 50-year lease on an early 1900s warehouse of the historic New York Dock Company in Red Hook, Brooklyn, and subsequently spent $30 million converting it into a six-storey, 250,000 square feet art-storage facility. The facility opened in 2010 and features high-tech security and climate controls that maintain a virtually constant 70° and 50% relative humidity.

Located near the Upper Bay tidal waterway near the Atlantic Ocean, the Brooklyn facility was hit by at least one storm surge during Hurricane Sandy in 2012. CFASS subsequently faced client defections and complaints arising from damage to works of art. In 2013, AXA Art Insurance filed a lawsuit in New York court alleging that CFASS' "gross negligence" during the hurricane damaged art collected by late cellist Gregor Piatigorsky and his wife Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild. Later that year, StarNet Insurance Co., the insurer for the LeRoy Neiman Foundation and the artist's estate, also filed a lawsuit in New York Supreme Court claiming that the storage company's negligence caused more than $10 million in damages to Neiman's art.

Educational and other ventures
Christie's Education previously offered master's degree programs in London and New York, but they were planned to be phased out in 2019. In 2020, in the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd, Christie's noted that there was a lack of racial diversity in the art world, and admitted that Christie's degree programs only exacerbated these inequities.

However, Christie's continue to offer non-degree programmes in London, New York, Hong Kong and Amsterdam as well as online. In addition they offer an Art Business Masterclass Certificate and the Luxury Masterclass Certificate.

With Bonhams, Christie's is a shareholder in the London-based Art Loss Register, a privately owned database used by law enforcement services worldwide to trace and recover stolen art.

Management
Since its acquisition by François Pinault, Christie's CEOs have been as follows:
 1999–2010: Edward Dolman
 2010–2014: Steven Murphy
 2014–2017: Patricia Barbizet
 2017–present: Guillaume Cerutti

References

Bibliography
 J. Herbert, Inside Christie's, London, 1990 ()
 P. A. Colson, The Story of Christie's, London, 1950
 H. C. Marillier, Christie's, 1766–1925, London, 1926
 M. A. Michael, A Brief History of Christie's Education... , London, 2008 ()
 W. Roberts, Memorials of Christie's, 2 vols, London, 1897
 "Going Once." Phaidon Press, 2016. .

External links

 Christie's page on Arcadja Art database with several auction catalogs
 Bill Brooks – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Christie's Fine Art Storage Services – Official website

Auction houses based in New York City
Retail companies established in 1766
London auction houses
Price fixing convictions
1766 establishments in England
British companies established in 1766
Archaeological theft

Christie's


Leon Steven Klatzkin (1914–1992) was an American music arranger, composer, and conductor remembered for his long career in the Hollywood motion picture and television industries.

A prolific film and television composer, orchestra conductor, soundtrack orchestrator and arranger, Klatzkin worked in the music department of the Hal Roach Studios as a musician for eight years, afterwards working throughout Hollywood, notably for 20th Century-Fox. Klatzkin joined ASCAP in 1952, and his list of compositions there numbers over 600, nearly all of them themes for film and television. In the 1960s, Klatzkin was under contract to CBS television, and composed and arranged for many shows there, including 84 episodes of the popular western series Gunsmoke.

The opening and closing theme of the TV series Adventures of Superman is credited to Leon Klatzkin. Despite ASCAP and the Los Angeles Times listing his many compositions for television shows, some suggest that Klatzkin was nothing more than a Mutel employee; A film cutter who helped editors select appropriate tracks for their pictures. There is a veritable industry dedicated to the attribution of the Superman theme to various other composers. Klatzkin reached a settlement with John Williams over Williams' appropriation of the Superman theme - With proceeds going to a children's charity. The dispute with Williams appears to have inspired the noted disparagement.

Selected filmography
 Inner Sanctum (1948)
 As You Were (1951)
 Captain Scarface (1953)
 Go, Johnny, Go! (1959)

References

Bibliography
 Terrace, Vincent. Encyclopedia of Television Pilots, 1937-2012. McFarland, 2013.

External links
   Classic 50's TV Themes

1914 births
1992 deaths
American composers

Leon Klatzkin


Harry Alverson Franck (29 June 1881 – 18 April 1962) was an American travel writer during the first half of the 20th century.

Biography
Harry Alverson Franck was born on June 29, 1881, in Munger, Michigan, the eldest of three children of the blacksmith Charles Adolph Franck (1856–1933) and Lillie Evelyn Wilsey (1861–1955), herself the daughter of a local blacksmith, Peter Alverson Wilsey (1827–1915), and his wife Almira Lincoln Graham (1829–1907). Harry's father Charles was born in Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany, but at less than a year old came to the United States with his elder sister and his parents, Heinrich Franck (1823–1877) and Wilhelmina Christina Magdalena Kort (1829–1912), who remained in contact with family in Schwerin; in the course of his travels, Harry visited these relatives at least twice, detailing these visits in Vagabonding Through Changing Germany, but identifying his relatives only as "a family distantly related to my own".

In the summer of 1900, following his freshman year at the University of Michigan, Harry Franck set out with only $3.18 in his pocket to see Europe. He worked his way across the Atlantic on a cattle boat, visited England and France, and got back to Ann Arbor two weeks after classes had started. While an undergraduate, he bet a fellow student that he could travel around the world without money, and after a year of teaching, proceeded to do so. He spent sixteen months circling the globe, working to earn money along the way and performing feats such as walking across the Malay peninsula. His book, A Vagabond Journey Around the World (1910) sold well enough to encourage him to continue his travels, following five years teaching in two private schools and in the Springfield, Massachusetts Technical High School.

Franck had many adventures, not all of them pleasant, but all described in his plain, somewhat sardonic style, which was the antithesis of the highly romantic prose of other popular travel writers, such as Richard Halliburton. All his books except Winter Journey Through the Ninth (see below), are out of print, but some are now in the public domain and freely available online, and all are readily available secondhand.

His books intimately recorded life as it was lived in the societies he visited, at a time when many of them were changing rapidly under the influence of industrialization. As historical sources they are of value for their pen-portraits of figures such as the "Irish Buddhist" U Dhammaloka. Young readers may find it hard to believe that the societies were true descriptions of situations of less than a century ago, but they ring true in the context of other autobiographical writings and even the fiction of those days and of many decades after. His observations and much of his wording inevitably mirror the racist attitudes and religious prejudices of his time, but it is appropriate to note from incidents retailed in works such as Zone Policeman 88, chapters II, VIII, X and elsewhere, that Franck's personal attitudes towards everyone were basically humane, unpretentious, and courteous, if informal. His tone becomes subtly acrid in retailing examples of explicit racism or other forms of inter-group insensitivity. His unconscious remarks and use of words that nowadays are unacceptable in civilised speech are mainly of interest in revealing the differences between the conventions of the day and those of say, the late 20th century.

In Wandering in Northern China (1923), he visited Korea, which had been a Japanese colony since 1910. The first thing he noted was that Korea was virtually devoid of trees. The aristocracy had been stripped of their duties but were allowed to wear the unique attire of their rank, although many were living in poverty. Franck reported that the women "displayed to the public gaze exactly that portion of the torso which the women of most nations take pains to conceal."

In the same book he reported on a visit to the northern Chinese city of Harbin, which at the time of writing (1923) contained a large population of refugee Russian aristocracy. He reported that the refugees held formal gatherings every Saturday night, complete with formal dress, although most of them were destitute. A former Russian aristocrat approached the director of the YMCA whom Franck was visiting to ask for some food; the director told him he would be welcome to lunch in exchange for cutting the grass. The Russian apologized but said he was unable to comply—manual labor was  declasse—and departed, unfed.

In Zone Policeman 88 (1913), Franck worked as a police officer in the Panama Canal Zone and assisting in the census of its citizens. In Vagabonding Down the Andes (1917), he tells of his trip walking the spine of the Andes, traveling with a camera and a revolver, but without a blanket. He paid for his return trip by selling Edison phonographs. In Vagabonding Through Changing Germany (1920) he reported the turmoil in the aftermath of World War I. He even traveled through the Soviet Union in 1935, not without difficulty, and recorded his impressions in A Vagabond in Sovietland (1935).

In 1938 Franck was 57 and began to travel by air, which was still a novelty at that time. He wrote Sky Roaming Above Two Continents in 1938 and The Lure of Alaska in 1939.

When he was 61 years old, Franck obtained a commission as a Major in the Army Air Force (having served as a lieutenant in the cavalry in World War I) and served with the Ninth Air Force in France in the closing days of World War II, where the fighting was still going on. He reported vividly on the devastated conditions in eastern France. A nearby fortress had been bypassed by the Americans but was still manned by a German garrison. The Germans fired the same number of rounds from their cannon every night at the same time; the Germans, he was told, weren't aiming at anything, they were just following orders not to surrender. Winter Journey Through the Ninth was not accepted for publication at the time because publishers felt the market for war memoirs was glutted. It was privately published by the Franck family in 2000.

Harry Franck married Rachel Latta (1892–1986), a Philadelphian working as a secretary to a correspondent and a volunteer in the US army hospital whom he met in Paris, in 1919. She eventually offered her own point of view on their subsequent travels in her 1939 book, I Married a Vagabond. The couple had five children, all born in different places, but made their home life in New Hope, Pennsylvania, where Harry Franck died of a stroke in 1962.

Works

A Vagabond Journey Around the World (1910)
Four Months Afoot in Spain (1911)
Zone Policeman 88 (1913)
Tramping Through Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras (1916)
Vagabonding Down the Andes (1917)
Working my Way Around the World (1918—Lena Franck's rewriting of the 1910 Vagabond Journey)
Vagabonding Through Changing Germany (1920)
Roaming Through the West Indies (1920)
Under the palm-tree of Haiti (1920 pamphlet)
Working North from Patagonia (1921)
Wandering in Northern China (1923)
Glimpses of Japan and Formosa (1924)
Roving Through Southern China (1925)
East of Siam (1926)
All About Going Abroad (1927)
The Japanese Empire: Geographical Reader (1927)
China: Geographical Reader (1927)
Mexico and Central America: Geographical Reader (1927)
South America: Geographical Reader (1927)
The Fringe of the Moslem World (1928)
Treasures of the Holy Sepulcher (1928)
I Discover Greece (1929)
A Scandinavian Summer (1930)
Marco Polo junior (1931)
Foot-Loose in the British Isles (1932)
Trailing Cortez Through Mexico (1935)
A Vagabond in Sovietland (1935)
Roaming in Hawaii (1937)
Sky Roaming Above Two Continents (1938)
The Lure of Alaska (1939)
The Pan American Highway; From the Rio Grande to the Canal Zone (1940)
Rediscovering South America (1943)
Santo Domingo, the Land of bullet-holes (1959)
Winter Journey Through the Ninth (2001)

Some of Franck's works have been translated into German, Chinese, Spanish, Japanese, Slovak, and Czech.  The Geographical Readers were a series partially based on his earlier works.

References

External links

Harryafranck.com, family website run by his grandson Steve

American travel writers
1881 births
1962 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
People from Bay County, Michigan
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers

Harry A. Franck


Norma Jean Wright (born July 15, 1956) is an American singer and was the lead vocalist of the American group Chic, a soul, R&B and disco band, from 1977 to 1978.

Early life
Norma Jean Wright was born in Ripley, Tennessee. At young age, she relocated to Elyria, Ohio, with her family. She attended Ohio State University.

Career
Wright sang in the female trio, the Topettes, and toured for a short time with The Spinners. In 1977, she joined Chic, a soul, R&B and disco band.

Most notably, she sang lead vocal on Chic's debut album, Chic (1977), which includes the hits "Dance, Dance, Dance (Yowsah, Yowsah, Yowsah)" (#6 Pop, #6 R&B in January 1978) and "Everybody Dance" (#38 Pop, #12 R&B in April 1978).

She left Chic in 1978 to begin a solo career, billed as Norma Jean. In July 1978, she scored her first R&B Top 20 hit, "Saturday" (#15), from her debut album, Norma Jean on the Bearsville Records label, produced by Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers. In January 1980, she scored her second (and last) R&B Top 20 hit, "High Society" (#19), also produced by the Chic team.

Her first album included several popular songs: "Sorcerer", "Having a Party", and "I Like Love." Later popular songs were "Hold Me Lonely Boy" (1979), "Love Attack" (1983), "Shot in the Dark" (1984), and "Every Bit of This Love" (1985). In 2004, "I Like Love" was sampled by the British dance project Solitaire for their club hit "I Like Love (I Love Love)."

Wright has sung as a backing vocalist with C+C Music Factory, Constina, Randy Crawford, Will Downing, Aretha Franklin, Fantasy, Debbie Gibson, Nelson Rangell, Luther Vandross, Madonna, Sister Sledge, Nick Scotti & Freddie Jackson. She frequently appears in a duo with Luci Martin, another former Chic vocalist. In 2018, Wright joined and toured with the female group First Ladies of Disco. In March 2019, Wright released the single "Don't Stop Me Now" with the group.

In 2019, she received The Culture News Award for Lifetime Achievement by David Serero.

Discography
 Norma Jean (1978)

References

External links
 chictribute.com

Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
American dance musicians
American disco musicians
American rhythm and blues singers
American soul musicians
Chic (band) members
People from Elyria, Ohio
Ohio State University alumni
Bearsville Records artists
1956 births
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women

Norma Jean Wright


Werner Villinger (9 October 1887 in Besigheim – 8 August 1961 near Innsbruck) was a Nazi German psychiatrist, neurologist, eugenicist and the leading physician at the Bethel Institution ("Anstalt Bethel"). Villinger's specialities included juvenile delinquency, child guidance and group therapy. He was a Professor of Psychiatry at the Philipps University of Marburg and a leading member of the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH).

Action T4
Under the Germany's Nazi regime of the 1930s and '40s, Villinger acted as an expert in the government's T-4 Euthanasia Program.

On Social Welfare Education Day 1934, Villinger gave a speech on sterilization and described the reaction, fears and resistance of the boys involved.

Post-war
Villinger attended the U.S. White House Conference on Children and Youth. In 1951, he became co-chairman of the WFMH Health and Human Relations Conference at Hiddesen-near-Detmold. In 1952, he was a member of a WFMH group on Educating the Public whose Annual Conference met in Brussels. In 1952, he was elected president of the German Association for Child and Youth Psychiatry, and in 1954 became the head of the medical department of Philipps University of Marburg.

In 1961, the German Federal Authorities announced their intent to try Villinger for his actions under the Nazi regime, but before he was brought to trial Villinger threw himself to his death off a mountain top near Innsbruck.

See also
Ernst Rüdin
Euthanasia
List of Nazi doctors
Nazi eugenics

References
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
In the Name of the People
Medical and Psychological Effects of Concentration Camps on Holocaust Survivors

1887 births
1961 suicides
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
People from Besigheim
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Physicians in the Nazi Party
German psychiatrists
German eugenicists
German neurologists
Aktion T4 personnel
Historians of Nazism
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Nazis who committed suicide in Austria
Suicides by jumping in Austria

Werner Villinger


The Cave () is a novel by Portuguese author José Saramago who received the Nobel Prize in 1998. It was published in Portuguese in 2000 and in English in 2002.

Plot
The story concerns an elderly potter named Cipriano Algor, his daughter Marta, and his son-in-law Marçal. One day, the Center, literally the center of commerce in the story, cancels its order for Cipriano's pottery, leaving the elderly potter's future in doubt. He and Marta decide to try their hand at making clay figurines and astonishingly the Center places an order for hundreds. But just as quickly, the order is cancelled and Cipriano, his daughter, and his son-in-law have no choice but to move to the Center where Marçal works as a security guard. Before long, the mysterious sound of digging can be heard beneath the Center, and what the family discovers will change their lives forever.

See also
Allegory of the Cave
Plato

External links
 Reviews
Amantea, Carlos. The Cave. accessed 2009-01-15
Austin, Page. Yale Review of Books - Shadows on the Wall. accessed 2009-01-15
Keates, Jonathan. New York Times - Shadows on the Wall. Published Nov. 24, 2002. accessed 2009-01-15
The Quarterly Conversation. accessed 2009-01-15
The Independent published 11th Feb 2003

Novels by José Saramago
2000 novels
20th-century Portuguese novels
Metafictional novels
Postmodern novels

The Cave (novel)