La chute de la maison Usher (The Fall of the House of Usher) is an unfinished opera in one act (divided into two scenes) by Claude Debussy to his own libretto, based on Edgar Allan Poe's 1839 short story "The Fall of the House of Usher". The composer worked on the score between 1908 and 1917 but it was never completed.

Composition
Debussy had long been fascinated by the stories of Edgar Allan Poe, familiar to French readers through the translations by Charles Baudelaire. As early as 1890, André Suarès wrote in a letter to Romain Rolland that "Monsieur Claude Debussy ... is working on a symphony that will unfold psychological ideas based on the stories of Poe, in particular, The Fall of the House of Usher." Nothing came of this plan but in the wake of the success of his only completed opera, Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902, Debussy turned to Poe for material for a potential successor. He worked on his first attempt at a Poe-inspired opera, the comedy Le diable dans le beffroi, for several years before finally abandoning it in 1911 or 1912. By mid-June 1908 Debussy had begun another opera based on a Poe tale, the darker Fall of the House of Usher. On 5 July he signed a contract with the New York Metropolitan Opera guaranteeing the house the right to stage the premiere of his projected Poe double-bill as well as another unwritten opera La légende de Tristan. That summer he wrote to his friend Jacques Durand: "These days I have been working hard on The Fall of the House of Usher... There are moments when I lose the feeling of things around me and if the sister of Roderick Usher were to come into my house, I shouldn't be very surprised."

In 1909 Debussy wrote that he had almost finished Roderick Usher's monologue: "It almost makes the stones weep ... as a matter of fact it is all about the influence of stones on the minds of neurasthenic people. The mustiness is charmingly rendered by contrasting the low notes of the oboe with the harmonics of the violin (a patent device of my own)." Debussy had believed he had been subject to neurasthenia but around this time his doctor diagnosed him as suffering from the rectal cancer which was to kill him. According to Robert Orledge, "Debussy began increasingly to identify with Roderick Usher, whose mental breakdown Poe had identified with the crumbling House itself." Debussy made three attempts at writing a libretto. Only when he was satisfied with the third one did he produce a short-score draft of the music to the first scene and part of the second in 1916–17. He went no further with Usher before his death in 1918. The surviving manuscript of the libretto is held at the Harry Ransom Center.

Roles
There are four characters: Roderick Usher, his friend (ami), the doctor (le médecin) and Lady Madeline. Debussy assigned all three male roles to the baritone range. Jean-François Thibault writes: "One does not know what exact baritone ranges Debussy would have used for his three male characters, or if, as in Pelléas, he would have graduated them from Deep Bass, to Bass-Baritone, to Baritone-Martin. The assignation of the three roles to baritones of the same range is significant in that it opens up the strong possibility that the characters are three incarnations of one single consciousness."

Synopsis
Roderick Usher is the last male descendant of his family. He lives in his crumbling ancestral home with his twin sister, Lady Madeline, who is afflicted by a wasting disease, and her doctor. Roderick's friend (the narrator in Poe's tale) has been summoned to the house. During his visit, Lady Madeline is found dead and is buried in a vault under the house. The friend reads Roderick a tale from a medieval romance in order to comfort him as a storm rages outside. As the friend reads the climax of the tale, Lady Madeline appears covered in blood. She had been buried alive and now turns on her brother, dragging him to his death. The House of Usher collapses as the friend makes his escape under a blood-red moon. Debussy follows Poe's tale but places more emphasis on Roderick's incestuous feelings for his sister and makes the doctor into a more prominent, more sinister character, who is also Roderick's rival for Madeline's affection.

Attempts at reconstruction
In the 1970s, two musicians made attempts at producing a performing edition of the incomplete opera. Carolyn Abbate's version, with orchestration by Robert Kyr, was performed at Yale University on 25 February 1977.

In the same year the Chilean composer Juan Allende-Blin's reconstruction was broadcast on German radio. Allende-Blin's version was staged at the Berlin State Opera on 5 October 1979 with Jesús López Cobos conducting, the baritone Jean-Philippe Lafont as Roderick Usher, the soprano Colette Lorand as Lady Madeline, the baritone Barry McDaniel as the doctor, and the bass  as Roderick's friend. Blin's reconstruction was later recorded by EMI –  the music has a running time of approximately 22 minutes.

In 2004, Robert Orledge completed and orchestrated the work using Debussy's draft. His reconstruction has been performed several times. It has also been recorded on DVD (Capriccio 93517) (see Recordings below). The first German staging of Orledge's reconstruction took place in Mannheim in 2019, expanded to 90 minutes with other music by Debussy.

Recordings
On the progressive rock album Tales of Mystery and Imagination by The Alan Parsons Project the orchestral prelude to "The Fall of the House of Usher", is in fact – although uncredited – the opening music of Debussy's La chute de la maison Usher in an alternative orchestration made by band member and composer Andrew Powell. The album was released in 1976 and was therefore the first recording ever of music from La chute de la maison Usher.
La chute de la maison Usher (in the reconstruction by Juan Allende-Blin) Jean-Philippe Lafont, François Le Roux, Christine Barbaux, Pierre-Yves le Maigat, Monte Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Georges Prêtre (EMI, 1984)
A video recording of the reconstructed opera (including a ballet set to Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune and Jeux) performed at the 2006 Bregenz Festival was released on 26 June 2007, with Lawrence Foster, Nicholas Cavallier, John Graham-Hall and Katia Pellegrino; the music was performed by the Wiener Symphoniker.
Claude Debussy: The Edgar Allan Poe Operas : The Fall of the House of Usher, The Devil in the Belfry. Göttinger Symphonie Orchester William Dazeley  2016  Double CD

References
Notes

Sources

Unfinished operas
Operas completed by others
Operas by Claude Debussy
French-language operas
Operas
1917 operas
One-act operas
Operas based on The Fall of the House of Usher

La chute de la maison Usher (opera)


Matthew Carle (born September 25, 1984) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the San Jose Sharks and Philadelphia Flyers.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Carle played parts of 2 seasons with the US National Team Development Program, 1 season with the River City Lancers of the United States Hockey League (USHL), and 3 years of college hockey with the University of Denver Pioneers. During his time with the Pioneers, Carle won the Hobey Baker Award in 2006 for being the top National Collegiate Athletic Association men's ice hockey player. He was also the only junior defenseman in history to win the award.

He was drafted 47th overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. On March 25, 2006, Carle made his NHL debut and scored his first NHL goal against Manny Fernandez of the Minnesota Wild in a 5-1 win. On November 21, 2007, Carle was signed to a four-year, $13.75 million contract extension to stay with San Jose.

On July 4, 2008, the Sharks traded Carle along with Ty Wishart and a first round pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and a fourth round pick in 2010, to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Dan Boyle and Brad Lukowich.

After 12 games with the Lightning, they traded him along with a 2009 third round draft pick to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Steve Eminger, Steve Downie and a 2009 fourth round pick on November 7, 2008. Carle missed 5 games at the start of December because of a rib injury. During the home opener of the 2009–10 season for the Flyers, Carle tied the NHL record for assists in a single period by a defenceman when he set up four goals in the second period against the Washington Capitals and also helped Mike Richards achieve his second career hat trick, which was also his personal best for assists in a game.

On July 4, 2012, Carle signed a six-year; $33 million contract to return with the Tampa Bay Lightning.

References

Other websites

1984 births
American ice hockey defensemen
Living people
Philadelphia Flyers players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Tampa Bay Lightning players
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players

Matt Carle


Paul Edward Brown (born February 19, 1952) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns, the Washington Redskins, and the Los Angeles Rams.  He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers.

Brown attended Marion County High School in Jasper, Tennessee, and graduated in 1970.  At the University of Tennessee, he was a safety and punt returner.  In 1973, he was team captain as a senior and was a first-team All-America selection by Football News.

Brown was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the eighth round of the 1974 NFL Draft.  He was traded to the Washington Redskins during the 1975 season, and was an All-Pro and Pro Bowl selection during the 1976 and 1977 seasons.  In 1976, he led the National Football League in punt return yardage with 646 and was second in yards per return at 13.5.  He also had a 71-yard return for a touchdown that season.  In 1977, he led the NFL in punt returns with 57. On October 9, 1977, his 11 punt returns against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers set an NFL single-game record.

Traded to the Los Angeles Rams in 1978 for offensive lineman Jeff Williams, Brown played that season and 1979 for the Rams.

In 1979 the Rams won the National Football Conference championship and played the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XIV on January 20, 1980.  Brown had an interception in the third quarter, but Pittsburgh won, 31-19.

Brown returned to professional football in 1983 with the Chicago Blitz of the United States Football League.  He had six interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown, that season.  He played for the USFL's Arizona Wranglers in 1984 and had two interceptions.

Brown was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats

1952 births
Living people
People from Jasper, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Chattanooga metropolitan area
American football safeties
American football return specialists
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Cleveland Browns players
Washington Redskins players
Los Angeles Rams players
Chicago Blitz players
Arizona Wranglers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Tennessee

Eddie Brown (safety)


Wang Li (; born 1974 in Beijing, China) is a pianist. He began his piano studies under his father, Wang Yanqiao, a composer In China, and was accepted to study at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing at the age of 6.  His studies later continued in Japan under Hiroko Edo, and in France at the Conservatoire national superiere de musique in Paris, under Brigitte Engerer.  He went on to study in Canada at The Glenn Gould School of the Royal Conservatory of Music, where he was a student of James Anagnoson.  He currently resides in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Wang was awarded both the 2nd prize and Best Concerto Prize at the AXA Dublin International Piano Competition in May 2003.  He was also a first prize winner in Brazil's Arts Livre Competition, a Gold Medalist in the First Canadian Chopin Competition (as well as receiving a special prize for both best Mazurka and best Polonaise), a Silver Medalist in the 9th Southern Missouri International Piano Competition, 3rd prize in the 37th Maria Canals International Piano Competition in Barcelona, and a finalist at the Liszt Competition in Budapest.

His playing has been broadcast on CBC and CJRT radio, and both BRAVO! arts channel and City TV.   Wang's appearances with orchestra include concertos with the Hungarian Symphony Orchestra, the Sinfonia Cultura Orchestra, and the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra.

References

Chinese pianists
Musicians from Beijing
1974 births
Living people
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
Central Conservatory of Music alumni
21st-century pianists

Wang Li (pianist)


"Bo Knows" was an advertising campaign for Nike cross-training shoes that ran in 1989 and 1990 and featured professional baseball and American football player Bo Jackson. It was also used as an advertising campaign for EA Sports' Madden 22.

Jackson was the first athlete in the modern era to play professional baseball and football in the same year. He was a suitable spokesman for Nike's shoe geared toward an athlete engaged in more than one sport or with little time between activities to switch to sport-specific footwear.

Original ad
The original "Bo Knows" ad was a television commercial by firm Wieden & Kennedy. The spot opens with a shot of Jackson playing baseball and fellow ballplayer Kirk Gibson saying, "Bo knows baseball." The next scene shows Jackson on the gridiron, with quarterback Jim Everett explaining, "Bo knows football." Jackson then plays basketball, tennis, ice hockey, and goes running, with Michael Jordan, John McEnroe, and Joan Benoit vouching for Jackson's knowledge of their sports (Wayne Gretzky, when confronted with Jackson laying a body check, simply says "No.") The ad concludes with Jackson trying to play the guitar—and failing badly—whereupon blues legend Bo Diddley exclaims, "Bo, you don't know Diddley!" Coincidentally, the spot first aired during the commercial break immediately following Jackson's lead-off home run in the 1989 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The music for the "Cross Training" ads was written and performed by Diddley.

Subsequent ads
Later "Bo Knows" ads saw Jackson trying his hand at cycling (in 2012, he launched a Gran Fondo in Alabama after the Alabama tornadoes of March 2012 sponsored by Nike), soccer (featuring Ian Rush), cricket (featuring Ian Botham), surfing, weightlifting, auto racing, and horse racing as a jockey. A revision of the original "Bo Knows" ad ended with Jackson having learned the guitar and sharing licks with Bo Diddley.

In one version of the commercial, after Jackson is shown trying several activities, a confused Sonny Bono walks into the shot and says (playing off the tag line), "I thought this was another Bono's commercial."

In another, Bo Jackson grew frustrated with an over-the-top musical number and walked off the set. George Foreman, sensing an opportunity to seize the spotlight, took his place in the musical number.

The ad campaign was very successful, making cross-trainers Nike's number-two line behind its famous basketball shoes. It was subsequently parodied by the ProStars cartoon, which featured likenesses of Jackson, Wayne Gretzky, and Michael Jordan. While the character based on Jackson spoke normally, he would say in the third person "Bo knows []" when asked or prompted to do something in almost every episode.

There was also a public service announcement variant encouraging students to stay in school, which had multiple copies of Bo appearing simultaneously humorously discussing how Bo knows various academic subjects.

The "Bo Knows" campaign also appeared in Madden NFL 22.

In popular culture

In the song "Scenario" by A Tribe Called Quest, Phife Dawg states "Bo knows this, and Bo knows that, but Bo don't know jack, 'cause Bo can't rap..."

A Sesame Street sketch (1991) where Jackson demonstrated various things that the show teaches (letters, numbers, opposites), with the Sesame Street Muppets making "Bo Knows" comments in between.

The single Here Comes the Hotstepper includes the lyric "I know what Bo don't know".

In a Homestar Runner short from 2008, two characters come across a very rotten Easter egg with "BO KNOWS EASTER EGGS" written on it, implying it has been there for several years.

References

Adweek citation as one of the best TV commercials of the 1990s.
""Say It Ain't Bo!", Entertainment Weekly, July 27, 1990 (retrieved June 8, 2007).
"The Sneaker Wars: Going Toe-to-Toe" by Bernice Kanner, in The Super Bowl of Advertising: How the Commercials Won the Game, Bloomberg Press, 2004. (PDF file)

External links
Bo Knows at YouTube

American advertising slogans
Bo Jackson
Nike, Inc. advertising
American television commercials
1980s television commercials
Wieden+Kennedy
1990s television commercials
Cultural depictions of baseball players
Cultural depictions of American men
Quotations from sports
1989 neologisms

Bo Knows


The Fryske Akademy (Frisian for Frisian Academy), founded in 1938, is the scientific centre for research and education concerning Friesland (Fryslân in West Frisian) and its people, language and culture, this in its broadest sense. The institution is based in the Coulonhûs and adjacent buildings in Leeuwarden. Together with several other institutes it belongs to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). It has about 60 employees. In addition, some 300 scientists, amateurs and professionals, are active in the scientific societies hosted by the Fryske Akademy.

Activities
Although the academy's mission includes a wide scope of Friesland-related topics, a great deal of its work focuses particularly on the West Frisian language. It has also done a great deal to regulate the language. The Fryske Akademy publishes the  (Dictionary of the (West) Frisian Language), which serves as the language's principal authority.

It also does a good deal of research regarding the language, history, and culture of the Frisian people. Since its inception, it has published almost 1,000 scientific books, thousands of articles, and a large number of reports on these subjects. A few larger projects include:
 the authoritative dictionary of the West Frisian language, in 25 volumes;
 a West Frisian–English dictionary;
 the Historical Geographical Information System (HISGIS), in which historical registers of real property have been linked to other information like parish registers;
 the Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, which has been financed in part by the Council of Europe, the province of Friesland, and the municipality of Leeuwarden.

Function in society/social function
The social purpose of the Fryske Akademy is, as its statutes have it, the maintenance of societies for the study of Friesland, in which professional scientists and amateur scientists participate.  The societies are in part responsible for the large number of books which the Fryske Akademy produces. Very active societies include the Genealogical Society, the Archaeological Society, and the Biological Society. Active or passive participation in these societies is open to everyone paying his dues as a donor of the Fryske Akademy. There are about 3000 donors, each paying a minimum of 25 euro a year.

In addition, the Fryske Akademy carries out contract research for third parties, such as the provincial authorities for whom the Fryske Akademy investigated the quality of language education at primary level. It also contributed to the development of test for speech therapy for West Frisian, which made it possible to assess children's linguistic progress in West Frisian. Up till then, only a Dutch test had been used, which gave distorted results in the case of bilingual children.

The academy is also the home of Fryske Rie foar Heraldyk, a heraldic advisory board for the Frisian region.

History
The Fryske Akademy was founded in 1938 with the support of the provincial authorities at the behest of many pro-Frisian politicians and scientists, notably the historian Geart Aeilco Wumkes and the theologian Titus Brandsma. Before the foundation of the Fryske Akademy, two societies were concerned with Frisian science:
 The Frisian society for History, Archaeology, and Linguistics
 The society for the Frisian language and book knowledge
These 19th-century societies regarded themselves as the intellectual heirs to the University of Franeker, which was abolished by Napoleon and which the government of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands failed to reopen. To some extent, the Fryske Akademy considers itself a successor to the University of Franeker.

References
 Johan Frieswijk (2000) "De oprjochting fan 'e Fryske Akademy (1938)" in It Beaken 62, 245–265.
 H.H. Munske et al. (red.), Handbuch des Friesischen. Handbook of Frisian Studies. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2001.

External links

Mercator Research Centre
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)

Learned societies of the Netherlands
Language regulators
Frisian languages
West Frisian language
1938 establishments in the Netherlands
Organizations established in 1938

Fryske Akademy


Marie Laberge (born November 29, 1950) is a Quebec actress, educator and writer.

Biography
She was born in Quebec City and studied dance with Ludmilla Chiriaeff. Laberge began the study of journalism at Laval University but entered the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Québec soon afterwards. She began work in comedy before branching out into playwriting, staging productions and teaching drama. From 1977 to 1980, Laberge was administrator for the Théâtre du Trident at Quebec City. From 1978 to 1981, she was administrator for the Centre d'essai des auteurs dramatiques (CEAD); she was president of CEAD from 1987 to 1989.

Laberge published a number of poetry collections during the 1960s that were generally not as well-received critically as her other work. Selected poetry from this period was published as Aux mouvances du temps: Poésie 1961-1971 (1981).

Her play C'était avant la guerre à l'Anse à Gilles won the Governor General's Award for French-language drama in 1981. In the same year, the play Éva et Évelyne was awarded second prize in the short production category by the Communauté radiophonique des programmes de langue française. Her plays are written in the way that people in Quebec speak French everyday as opposed to a more literary formal style of speech. In 1988, the French summer school at McGill University hosted an international colloquium on her work. In 2002, Laberge was named a Chevalier in the French Order of La Pléiade. She was named a Chevalier in the National Order of Quebec in 2004. In the same year, she became an Officier in the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Laberge wrote the lyrics for the Celine Dion song "Le temps qui compte" which was included on the D'elles album.

Selected works
 L'Homme gris, play (1986), earned the author the grade of Chevalier in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Oublier, play (1987)
 Aurèlie, ma soeur, play (1988)
 Juillet, novel (1989)
 Le Faucon, play (1991)
 Quelques adieux, novel (1992), received the prize of the readers of Elle-Québec
 Le poids des ombres, novel (1994)
 Annabelle, novel (1996), received the Prix des Libraires du Québec in 1996 and the Ludger-Duvernay Prize in 1997
 La cérémonie des anges, novel (1998), received the Prix des Libraires du Québec in 1999
 Gabrielle (2000), first volume in the trilogy Le Goût du bonheur
 Adélaïde, novel (2001), second volume in the trilogy Le Goût du bonheur, received the Prix du Grand Public Salon du livre - La Presse
 Florent, novel (2002), third volume in the trilogy Le Goût du bonheur, received the Prix du Grand Public Salon du livre - La Presse
 Sans rien ni personne, novel (2007), received the Grand Prix littéraire Archambault
 Revenir de loin, novel (2011), received the Prix du Grand Public Salon du livre - La Presse

References

External links
 Laberge at Athabasca University, French-Canadian writers

1950 births
Living people
Canadian dramatists and playwrights in French
Canadian novelists in French
Governor General's Award-winning dramatists
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Canadian women dramatists and playwrights
Canadian women novelists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian women writers
Writers from Quebec City
Université Laval alumni

Marie Laberge


Punti () is a Cantonese endonym referring to the native Cantonese people of Guangdong and Guangxi. Punti designates Weitou dialect-speaking locals in contrast to other Yue Chinese speakers and others such as Taishanese people, Hoklo people, Hakka people, and ethnic minorities such as the Zhuang people of Guangxi and the boat-dwelling Tanka people, who are both descendants of the Baiyue – although the Tanka have largely assimilated into Han Chinese culture.

In Hong Kong, Punti as a group refers in a strict sense to the Cantonese-speaking indigenous inhabitants of Hong Kong who settled in Hong Kong before the New Territories of Hong Kong were leased to the British Empire in 1898. Prominently represented by the "Weitou people" () – the Hau (), Tang (), Pang (), Liu (), and Man () – these indigenous Punti inhabitants were afforded additional privileges in land ownership enshrined in the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory and the Basic Law of Hong Kong.

When used to designate a language, "Punti" is equivalent to the Standard Cantonese mainly used in Guangzhou (formerly Canton), Hong Kong and Macau. "Punti" became a word often used in the legal system of Hong Kong and other official settings; when a defendant chooses to use Punti in court, he/she elects to use Cantonese as the language of the proceedings instead of English. Despite the reference to Punti, in this context the word means nothing more than "Cantonese Chinese" as a spoken language, particularly Hong Kong dialect; there are political and practical reasons for not using the term "Cantonese Chinese".

Modern use of the demonym Punti is promoted by the Hong Kong Museum of History, which maintains an extensive collection of Punti artefacts.

See also
 Agriculture in Hong Kong
 Agriculture in Macau
 Cantonese people
 Hoklo people
 Punti-Hakka Clan Wars
 Tanka people
 Small House Policy
 Weitou dialect

References

Citations

Sources

Society of Hong Kong
Cantonese words and phrases
Asian diaspora in Hong Kong
Cantonese people

Punti


Reed Technology and Information Services Inc. is a company that provides electronic content management services, engaging in data capture and conversion, preservation, analysis, e-submission and publication for corporate, legal and government clients.  The company was founded in 1961 and is based in Horsham, Pennsylvania, with an additional office in Alexandria, Virginia.

History
The company was incorporated in 1966 as International Computaprint Corporation (ICC). In 1969, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) contracted ICC to develop and operate a computer system for use in the patent publishing process. As part of the company's core business in managing and converting data, the company launched the ReedFax service in 1992, making copies of U.S. and foreign patent and trademark documents available to law firms, corporate legal departments and patent practitioners.

In 1995, the company changed its name to Reed Technology and Information Services Inc.

When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated that all prescription drug labeling information must be submitted in Structured Product Labeling Extensible Markup Language (SPL XML) format in 2005, Reed Tech created an SPL XML submission solution for the pharmaceutical sciences and other life sciences industries, for which the company won a 2010 CIO100 Award. The company also achieved Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) certification for its data center operations in 2006.

In 2012, Reed Technology achieved SOC2 SSAE-16 accreditation from the AICPA.

Products and services
As a LexisNexis company, Reed Tech specializes in the field of content management and intellectual property services in the areas of life sciences, patent prosecution, research and analysis.

Intellectual property
The Reed Tech Intellectual Property products span a range of capabilities, including data capture and conversion, preservation, analysis, e-submission and publication for corporate, legal and government clients. In 2013, Reed Tech, in collaboration with PatentCore, announced the launch of the PatentAdvisor service, designed to deliver searchable and actionable data for patent attorneys and IP-driven companies focused on the prosecution and management of patents by providing searchable, filterable access to historical behavior data for nearly every U.S. patent examiner and art unit. In addition, document retrieval, translations, and research and analysis of U.S. and international patent documents are offered through the company's IP Services (formerly ReedFax).

Life sciences
The company's Life Sciences products focus on electronic data conversion and submissions to regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a solution for the FDA's Structured Product Labeling (SPL) format and the XEVMPD format for the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Since the inception of SPL in 2005, Reed Tech has worked closely with the pharmaceutical industry and the FDA, and is a member of the Health Level 7 (HL7) working group. Utilizing the SPL XML format, Reed Tech also offers label printing and publishing solutions, allowing pharmaceutical companies to reuse FDA-approved drug labels for printed marketing and manufacturing materials.

Reed Tech helps companies find detailed human and animal health drug product label information online with its PDR3D digital drug database and LabelDataPlus.com.

In September 2013, the FDA issued a final rule requiring medical device manufacturers to provide a Unique Device Identification (UDI) to a centralized Global UDI (GUDID) database, much like the FDA's SPL database. Reed Tech has developed a UDI / GUDID solution to meet the growing demand from device firms for help in complying with the time- and resource-intensive submission process.

References

Legal research
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Companies based in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Online law databases
American companies established in 1961
1961 establishments in Pennsylvania

Reed Tech


The asset-based economy is a post-industrial macroeconomic state of capitalism in which growth is based largely on appreciation of equity assets, typically financial instruments such as stocks, as well as real estate.

The term has been applied, often in a derogatory sense, to the economic conditions in the United States in the 2000s, during the recovery from the bursting of the dot-com bubble.

Overview
In an asset-based economy, manufacturing, as well as perhaps services, no longer provide the engine for growth. Rather the appreciation of assets leads to an increased net worth among individuals which, in the direct sense, can serve as collateral for borrowing, which in turn creates greater demand for goods and services. Proponents of the model often advocate reduction of tax rates in order to stimulate greater demand for assets, which in turn raises asset prices yielding even greater equity.

Critics of the asset-based economy contend that it is highly flawed because it depends on the continuation of low interest rates to stimulate the borrowing that will finance the purchase of assets at a rate sufficient to sustain the upward trend in asset prices. Thus, they reason, the model is highly vulnerable to the perhaps inevitable decreases in the real estate and financial markets.

Defenders of the model argue that the asset-based model need not be a permanent condition, but can be viewed as a stop-gap measure until demand for goods and services increases enough to sustain growth without low interest rates.

See also
New Economy
Deindustrialization

External links
The benefits and history of asset based history in the Appalachian region by the regional committee, from the US government archive.

Economic growth
Capitalist systems

Asset-based economy


Fluorine (symbol F) is a chemical element that is very poisonous. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 9, and its atomic mass is 19. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements.

Properties
Fluorine is a light yellow diatomic gas. It is very reactive gas, which exists as diatomic molecules. It is the most reactive element. Fluorine has a very high attraction for electrons because it is missing one. This makes it the most powerful oxidizing agent. It can rip electrons from water (making oxygen) and ignite propane on contact. It does not need a spark. Metals can catch on fire when placed in a stream of fluorine. After it is reduced by reacting with other things, it forms the stable fluoride ion. Fluorine is very poisonous. Fluorine bonds very strongly with carbon. It can react with the unreactive noble gases. It explodes when mixed with hydrogen. The melting point of fluorine is -363.33°F (-219.62°C), the boiling point is -306.62°F (-188.12°C).

Chemical compounds
Chemical compounds containing fluorine ions are called fluorides. Fluorine only exists in one oxidation state: -1.
Aluminium fluoride
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony pentafluoride
Arsenic trifluoride
Arsenic pentafluoride
Bismuth(III) fluoride
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Bromine trifluoride
Bromine pentafluoride
Chlorine monofluoride
Chlorine trifluoride
Cobalt(II) fluoride
Cobalt(III) fluoride
Disulfur decafluoride
Hydrofluoric acid, a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water
Hydrogen fluoride
Iodine trifluoride
Iodine pentafluoride
Iodine heptafluoride
Manganese(II) fluoride
Manganese(III) fluoride
Manganese(IV) fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Selenium tetrafluoride
Selenium hexafluoride
Silver(I) fluoride, brown-yellow
Silver(II) fluoride, highly reactive, white or gray
Sodium aluminium fluoride, cryolite
Sodium fluoride
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur tetrafluoride
Tellurium(IV) fluoride
Tellurium(VI) fluoride
Thallium(I) fluoride
Thallium(III) fluoride
Tin(II) fluoride
Tin(IV) fluoride
Zinc fluoride

Occurrence

Fluorine is not found as an element on the earth becase it is too reactive. Several fluorides are found in the earth, though. When calcium phosphate is reacted with sulfuric acid to make phosphoric acid, some hydrofluoric acid is produced. Also, fluorite can be reacted with sulfuric acid to make hydrofluoric acid. Fluorite naturally occurs on the earths' crust in rocks, coal and clay.

Preparation
Fluorine is normally made by electrolysis. Hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in potassium fluoride. This mixture is melted and an electric current is passed through it. This is electrolysis. Hydrogen is produced at one side and fluorine at the other side. If the sides are not separated, the cell may explode.

Someone made fluorine in 1986 without using electrolysis. They produced manganese(IV) fluoride by using various chemical compounds, which released fluorine gas.

Uses
Fluorine is used to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons. It is also used to make sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is used to propel stuff out of an aerosol can. It is also used to make integrated circuits. Fluorine compounds have many uses. Fluoride ions are in fluorine compounds. Fluoride ions can be in toothpaste. Some are used in nonstick coatings. Freons contain fluorine.

Safety
Fluorine as an element is extremely reactive and toxic. It can react with almost everything, even glass. Fluorine is also poisonous.

Fluoride ions are somewhat toxic. If too much toothpaste containing fluoride is eaten then fluoride poisoning may occur. Fluoride is not reactive, though.

Related pages
 :Category:Fluorine compounds
 List of common elements
 Halogen

Sources

Halogens

Fluorine


Curb Records is a record label started by Mike Curb in 1973, after leaving MGM Records. Curb Records' first national success was the release (through Warner Bros. Records) of The Four Seasons comeback album, Who Loves You, and the singles that came from it in late 1975 and early 1976.

Curb's roster includes several country music artists, including Tim McGraw, LeAnn Rimes, and Hank Williams, Jr. In late 2002, Curb Records also acquired a stake in Word Records from then-owners Time Warner. Curb still has a stake in Word even though Time Warner's stake was sold to the newly formed spin-off Warner Music Group in 2004.

2006 GMA Music Award Female Vocalist of the Year Natalie Grant signed with Curb Records. Former American Idol Kimberley Locke is also a member of the Curb roster.

In 2006, Curb launched a sister imprint, Bruc Records, whose name is an acronym for "Blues, Rock, Urban, Country" (the name is also "Curb" spelled backwards). Hank III's third studio release, Straight to Hell, was the first album to be released on the new label.

Curb Records supports charitable programs through the Mike Curb Family Foundation. Some of the supported programs include; the Mike Curb Family Welcome Centre at Second Harvest, Curb Youth Symphony, Curb Young Musicians Competition, Curb Concerto Competition, Curb Family Music Education Centre at the Nashville Symphony, and the Nashville Alliance For Public Education.

Curb Records in the UK
In the UK, Curb artists (apart from those sub-licenced to the majors) are eligible for UK "independent" charts, as the label is called Proper Distribution. In January 2006, Curb scored a top ten hit with Brian Kennedy and Peter Corry's Tribute to George Best, an EP featuring recordings of "You Raise Me Up" amongst others.

Independent record labels
1973 establishments in the United States

Curb Records


Lt.-Colonel Joseph Bouchette (May 14, 1774 – April 8, 1841) was the Canadian Surveyor-General of British North America. His book, Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada was published at London in 1815 and also translated into French. It contained the sum knowledge of the territory at that time. The township of Bouchette, Quebec, was named for him. During the War of 1812 he raised and commanded the Quebec Volunteers. In 1813, he was gazetted Lt. Colonel on the Staff of Governor-General Sir George Prévost.

Background

Born at Quebec City in 1774, he was the son of Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bouchette, a topographer, and Marie Angelique Duhamel, daughter of Captain Julien Duhamel (1723-1778), of Quebec City. In 1775, his father rescued General Guy Carleton, Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in North America, by navigating him and his family along the Saint Lawrence River from Montreal, through the American lines, and up to Quebec. This bold move reversed the outcome of the Battle of Quebec (1775), and for his part Joseph's father was handsomely rewarded with nearly 6,000 acres of land and considerable military advancements by the grateful Governor, Sir John Graves Simcoe. Like his father, Joseph Bouchette's career would be marked by a tradition of loyalty and devoted service to his country.

Early career

Bouchette studied art and architecture under François Baillairgé. In 1790, he entered the service of his uncle Samuel Holland, the first Surveyor-General of British North America. The following year he joined his father with the Royal Navy's Provincial Marine on the Great Lakes. In 1793, while serving on Lake Ontario, he came into contact with Governor John Graves Simcoe who commissioned him to make the first survey of the York Harbour, that included making maps of the Toronto Islands. Bouchette, a member of the Royal Canadian Volunteers, remained in York for sometime assisting Augustus Jones with surveying the new provincial capital. Bouchette's proposals for fortifying York as at Quebec City were not heeded, much to his dismay after the Battle of York.

In Autumn, 1793, HMS Onondaga was run aground by a young Lieutenant outside Toronto Harbour and it was feared it could not be salvaged until after winter. After it had been abandoned, Bouchette assumed command and distinguished himself by managing to get it afloat and sailing it back to Niagara-on-the-Lake. For this exploit, the twenty-year-old Bouchette was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant in May, 1794. In 1799, Bouchette was at Halifax studying military tactics under orders from the Duke of Kent, with whom he had become a friend. He returned to Quebec City in 1801 to take up in the offices (which he found in a state of great disorder) of his elderly uncle, Samuel Holland, Surveyor General of The Canadas. Bouchette reorganised the offices and Governor Robert Shore Milnes reported in 1802 that, "Mr. Bouchette has responded perfectly to the opinion which we had formed of him". Following the death of his uncle, Bouchette officially replaced him in August, 1803.

Surveyor General

He served during the War of 1812. He reviewed the territory of Lower Canada for the Government. From 1805 to 1807 he served with Charles Burton Wyatt as interim Surveyor of Upper Canada. In 1815, he published his great book Topographical Description of the province of Lower Canada, which was the sum of knowledge of the territory for that day. The book, complete with some essential maps, was published in London in English and French, and was updated in English only in 1831–1832. His regional maps and two topographical descriptions of Lower Canada are still considered an essential reference for knowledge of the territory.

Bouchette returned to Montreal to become Surveyor General of Lower Canada, replacing his uncle Samuel Holland. After his death in 1841, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

The Township of Bouchette in Quebec was named in his honour, as well as Bouchette Street in Toronto

Family

In 1797, at Notre-Dame, Montreal, Joseph Bouchette married Adélaïde Chaboillez (1781-1847), daughter of Charles Chaboillez. Colonel de Longueuil represented the groom's father at the wedding. Through this marriage he became a brother-in-law of Simon McTavish and Roderick Mackenzie of Terrebonne. They were the parents of six children,

Marguerite-Adelaide Bouchette, died at Quebec, 1803.
Joseph Bouchette (1800-1881), succeeded his father as Surveyor General. In 1826, he married Margery Elspie Fraser (1806-1854), the eldest daughter of Simon Fraser (c.1760-1839), Seigneur de Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue and his wife Catherine, sister of William McKay. It while staying with the Frasers that Thomas Moore wrote A Canadian Boat Song. Joseph died at Pont-Rouge.
Samuel Louis Bouchette (d.1873), became a lawyer and solicitor at Montreal, Quebec.
Lieut. Jean-Francois Bouchette, of the 63rd Light Infantry, died in Europe.
Robert Shore Milnes Bouchette (1805-1879), godson of Sir Robert Shore Milnes, Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada. After travelling in France and Italy, he met Marianne Gardner (1807-1834), granddaughter of Admiral Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner, to whom he was married at Dover in 1834, before she died a few months later. For Robert's part in the Rebellions of 1837 he was exiled to Bermuda, but died at Quebec. He is the ancestor of the Bouchettes of Ottawa, Ontario.
Louisa Bouchette, was born and educated in Quebec. She married, first, at Quebec, November 8, 1851, Alexander Hart, C E, who died. In 1878, at Quebec, she married second The Hon. Sir Ambrose Shea, Governor of the Bahamas.

References

1774 births
1841 deaths
French Quebecers
History of Toronto
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery

Joseph Bouchette


Annelies or Anneliese Marie Frank (12 June 1929 February or March 1945) was a German-born Jewish girl who kept a diary in which she documented her life in hiding from the Nazis during World War II. Her diary is seen as a classic in war literature and history, and is one of the most widely read books today. Several plays and movies have been made on it.

Anne was born in the city Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany. She lived most of her life in or around Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. She was officially seen as a German until 1935. This was when she lost her nationality because of the anti-Semitic rules of Nazi Germany. She became famous around the world after her death when her diary was printed. In it she described her experiences hiding during the Nazi German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. Frank family moved from Germany to Holland's capital, Amsterdam in 1933. This was the same year that the Nazis grew powerful in Germany. By the beginning of 1940, because of the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, the Frank family was trapped in Amsterdam. Persecution of Jewish people increased in July 1942, and the family decided to hide. They hid in some secret rooms of her father Otto Frank's office building. After two years, they were betrayed and taken to concentration camps. Anne and her sister, Margot, were later taken to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. There, they both died from typhus in 1945.

Otto Frank was the only person in his family who survived. He went back to Amsterdam after the war and found  that Anne's diary had been saved. He helped print a version of it in 1947. It was translated from Dutch and first printed in English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl. It has been translated into many languages. The diary had been given to Anne on her 13th birthday. In it she wrote of her life from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944.

Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany. She was the second daughter of Otto Frank (1889–1980), a German businessman, and Edith Frank-Holländer (1900 – 45). Margot Frank (1926–45) was her older sister. The Franks were Jews, and they lived with many Jewish and non-Jewish citizens. Anne and Margot grew up with Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish friends. The Frank family did not follow all the customs of Judaism. Edith Frank was very religious, though her husband was more interested in studying. He had a large library, and both parents encouraged the children to read.

On 13 March 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won. Acts of Antisemitism began almost immediately. The Franks were afraid of what might happen to them if they stayed in Germany. Therefore, later that year, Edith and the children went to Aachen. They stayed there with Edith's mother, Rosr.a Hollände Otto remained in Frankfurt, but after getting an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to begin the business and to find a place to live with his family. The Franks were included in the 300,000 Jews who ran away from Germany between 1933 and 1939.

Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works. Opteka was a company that sold pectin. Otto Frank found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in Amsterdam. By February 1934, Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and Anne and Margot began going to school. Margot went to public school and Anne went to a Montessori school. Margot enjoyed math, while Anne preferred reading and writing. Her friend Hanneli Goslar later remembered that from when she was young, Anne often wrote, though she tried to hide what she wrote and did not like talking about it. Margot and Anne had very different personalities. Margot was polite, quiet, and thoughtful, while Anne was brave, energetic, and friendly.

In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon. Pectacon sold herbs, salts and mixed spices that were used to make sausages. Hermann van Pels worked at Pectacon as a helper about spices. He was a Jewish butcher. In 1939, Edith's mother came to live with the Franks. She stayed with them until she died in January 1942.

In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands. The government began to hurt Jews by making rules and laws about their freedom. The Frank sisters were both studying well and had many friends. But a new law that Jewish children could only go to a Jewish school made them move to a Jewish school. The companies that Otto Frank worked at still gave him some money, but they became poorer. It was not enough to support their family.

Before hiding
For her 13th birthday on 12 June 1942, Anne Frank got a book she had shown her father a few days before. It was actually an autograph book with red-and-white cloth and a small lock on the front, but Anne decided to use it as a diary. She began writing in it almost immediately. Most of her first writings are about normal parts of her life, but she also wrote about some other things.

In July 1942, the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordered Margot Frank to come to be taken to a work camp. Otto Frank told his family that they would hide in rooms above and behind the place where his company worked on the Prinsengracht. The Prinsengracht was a street next to one of Amsterdam's canals, where some of his most trusted employees would help them. The notice to Margot made them move a few weeks earlier than they had expected.

Hiding
Anne's father, Otto Frank, was scared that the Nazis would find him and his family which he needed to protect, he then spoke to some of the people who worked in his business. One of them was a young woman of about 33 years old, and was named Miep Gies.  He told her he needed help - he was going to turn the top floor of his business into a secret hiding place for himself and his family called "The Secret Annex". Miep and the others would have to help them keep their secret, and bring them food. They hid in their secret hiding place for two whole years, without being discovered by the Nazis. Anne Frank left all her other belongings in Frankfurt.

Miep agreed to help. In 1942, the Frank family, together with the Van Pels (And their son Peter) and a dentist named Fritz Pfeffer, moved into the Secret Annex that they had prepared. They planned to stay there until the end of the war. They hoped the war would end soon, but it did not. They spent around two and a half years in their hiding place, never able to go out into the sunshine. During the day, the family had to be very quiet, because the business continued downstairs, and not all the workers knew that the Frank family was in hiding in the upper part of the building.

A few months before the Franks went into hiding, Anne was given a diary, for her birthday. She called her diary "Kitty" and wrote in it about all the things that were happening to her and to her family. Anne was only a young girl, but she knew how to write beautifully. She wrote about all the things that young girls think about - how she was getting along with her friends and parents, boys (pretty much Peter), her life and emotions. After a while, Anne had one strong ambition, she aspired to be a writer. She hoped to write a book that everyone would read.

A total of 78 families lived hiding in the same building which was a total of 700 people.

After 2 years a thief had come and took not much, but after about two and a half years in hiding, not long before the end of the war, the thief was caught and, in exchange of not going to jail or death, he told the Nazis that a Jewish family - the Franks - were in hiding. Nazi soldiers came into the Frank's secret hiding place. They sent the Franks and the others to a concentration camp. Miep Gies found Anne's diary and put it into a drawer. She wanted to keep it safe until after the war. She hoped that Anne would return, and she would be able give her her diary back to her.

However, that was not to be. Anne's father, Otto Frank, lived through the war and came back to Amsterdam in June. Unfortunately, Otto Frank was the only person in the hiding place to survive.

Death
Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, a Holocaust survivor, testified that
around January or February 1945, while in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, she discovered Anne was walking emaciated and wrapped in a single blanket. When she asked her where her clothes were, Anne claimed she had thrown them away because lice were crawling all over them. Anne then told Janny to also organize something for her sister Margot because she was gravely ill. She promised Anne to organize some clothing for her and organize something for Margot, and gave Anne some morsels of bread, before she left.
Three days later, Janny learned that both Margot and Anne were dead. She then said that Margot fell out of her bed and died almost instantly from shock. One day later, Anne fell into a coma whilst asleep, and died shortly afterwards. Anne's cause of death was most likely typhus fever.
Janny and her sister Lientje were given Margot and Anne's bodies and buried them in a mass grave.
She also testified that shortly after Margot and Anne's deaths, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by British troops.

Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the British on April 15, 1945 (the same year Margot and Anne died).

Janny's sister, Lientje, also survived the Holocaust.

After World War II ended in Europe (because the Germans did not record Anne's date of death) Lientje was asked when Anne died. Lientje then said that she believed Anne died sometime around March 1945. So Dutch authorities believed that Anne likely died two weeks before the camp was liberated.

Later in 1954, the German Red Cross army declared that Margot and Anne died sometime between 1 March 1945 and 31 March 1945.

In 2015, the Anne Frank House researchers indicated that Anne died around February 1945. So the Anne Frank House researchers believed that Anne likely died two months before the camp was liberated.

Diary

When World War II ended, Miep Gies gave Otto Frank Anne's diary and a bundle of notes. Otto Frank then decided to publish her diary to commemorate her.

Miep Gies was with Otto Frank when he got the letter telling him that his two daughters were dead. Now she knew that Anne would never return for her diary. She went to the drawer where the diary was kept, and she gave it to Otto Frank. People who were close to Anne read the diary. They told Otto Frank that he should publish it. Anne had wanted to be a famous writer. Now, people would be able to read her book, and they would also learn about the difficult time that the Jews had during the war, and about the wonderful people who helped them.

Otto had Anne's diary printed. It became one of the world's most widely-read books. It has been printed in over 60 languages, and people across the world have read and enjoyed this true story. Today, for an admissions fee, you can visit the house in Amsterdam where Anne Frank and her family hid during the war. You can also see the diary that she wrote.

Related pages
 Etty Hillesum, an diarist from Auschwitz
 Miriam Chaszczewacki, an diarist from the Radomsko Ghetto
 Renia Spiegel, an diarist from Przemyśl
 Rutka Laskier, an diarist from Kraków
 Tanya Savicheva, an diarist from Leningrad, USSR
 Věra Kohnová, an diarist from Plzeň
 Marta Hillers, an diarist from Berlin
 Yoko Moriwaki, an diarist from Hiroshima, Japan
 Marie Vassiltchikov, an diarist of the 20 July Plot from Berlin
 Yuri Ryabinkin
 Rywka Lipszyc
 Mihail Sebastian, an diarist from Bucharest, Romania
 Hélène Berr, an diarist from Paris, France
 List of posthumous publications of Holocaust victims

Notes and references

Bibliography
 ; This edition, a new translation, includes material excluded from the earlier edition.
 Frank, Anne and Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation (1989). The Diary of Anne Frank, The Critical Edition. Doubleday. .

 ; With a note from Miep Gies.
 van der Rol, Ruud; Verhoeven, Rian (for the Anne Frank House); Quindlen, Anna (Introduction); Langham, Tony & Peters, Plym (translation) (1995). Anne Frank - Beyond the Diary - A Photographic Remembrance. Puffin. .
 Westra, Hans; Metselaar, Menno; Van Der Rol, Ruud; Stam, Dineke (2004). Inside Anne Frank's House: An Illustrated Journey Through Anne's World. Overlook Duckworth. .

Other websites

1929 births
1945 deaths

Deaths from typhus
Diarists
Dutch people of World War II
German people of World War II
Holocaust victims
Infectious disease deaths in Germany
Jewish German writers
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from Amsterdam
Writers from Frankfurt
European Jews
Dutch people

Anne Frank