This is a list of astronauts by year of selection: people selected to train for a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Until recently, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the advent of suborbital flight starting with privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.

While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who trains for travels into space—including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists—this article lists only professional astronauts, those who have been selected to train as a profession. This includes national space programs and private industry programs which train and/or hire their own professional astronauts.

More than 500 people have trained as astronauts. A list of everyone who has flown in space can be found at List of space travelers by name.

North American X-15 Pilots Group (USA)
Fourteen pilots were directly involved with the X-15, although only twelve actually flew the vehicles. There was no formal selection process, since everyone chosen was already a qualified test pilot.

Scott Crossfield and Alvin White were the prime and backup North American Aviation test pilots who first became involved with the project. Air Force Captains Iven Kincheloe (prime pilot) and Robert White (backup) were assigned to the X-15 in 1957. When Kincheloe was killed in an accident through a different rocket aircraft program, White became prime pilot and Captain Robert Rushworth became his backup. The first NASA pilots were Joseph Walker and Neil Armstrong. Lieutenant Commander Forrest S. Petersen represented the Navy.

Walker and Armstrong were eventually replaced by NASA pilots John B. McKay (1960), Milton Thompson (1963) and William H. Dana (1965). White and Rushworth were succeeded by Captain Joe Engle (1963), Captain William Joseph Knight (1964) and Major Michael Adams (1966). The Navy selected Lieutenant Lloyd Hoover (1924-2016) as Peterson's replacement, though he never trained or flew.

As of 2022, the only surviving X-15 pilot is Joe Engle.

1958
June 25 – Man in Space Soonest (USA)

Neil Armstrong, William B. Bridgeman, Albert S. Crossfield, Iven C. Kincheloe, John B. McKay, Robert A. Rushworth, Joseph A. Walker, Alvin S. White, and Robert M. White.

Nine test pilots from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the United States Air Force (USAF), North American Aviation (NAA), and Douglas Aircraft Corporation were selected for the Man in Space Soonest project, a USAF initiative to put a man in space before the Soviet Union did. The project was cancelled on August 1, but two of these men would later reach space: Walker made two X-15 flights above 100 kilometers in 1963; and Neil Armstrong joined NASA in 1962 and flew in Project Gemini and Apollo, becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC July 21, 1969.

The last surviving member of this group was Neil Armstrong; he died in 2012.

1959
April 9 – NASA Group 1 – Mercury Seven (USA)

Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton.

The first group of astronauts selected by NASA were for Project Mercury in April 1959. All seven were military test pilots, a requirement specified by President Eisenhower to simplify the selection process. All seven eventually flew in space, although one, Deke Slayton, did not fly a Mercury mission due to a medical disqualification, instead flying a decade later on the Apollo–Soyuz mission. The other six each flew one Mercury mission. For two of these, Scott Carpenter and John Glenn, the Mercury mission was their only flight in the Mercury/Gemini/Apollo era. Glenn later flew on the Space Shuttle.
Three of the Mercury astronauts, Gus Grissom, Gordon Cooper and Wally Schirra, also each flew a mission during the Gemini program. Alan Shepard was slated to fly Mercury 10 before its cancellation and was the original commander for the Gemini 3 mission, but did not fly due to a medical disqualification. After surgery to correct the problem, he later flew as commander of Apollo 14. He was the only Mercury astronaut to go to the Moon.
Wally Schirra was the only astronaut to fly into space on all three types of spacecraft, though Gus Grissom was scheduled to be first to complete that feat before he died in a fire on Apollo 1 during launchpad training. Gordon Cooper was a backup commander for Apollo 10, the "dress rehearsal" flight for the lunar landing, and would have commanded another mission—likely to have been Apollo 13, according to the crew rotation—but was bumped from the rotation after a disagreement with NASA management.

Collectively, at least one member of the Mercury Seven flew on every NASA class of human-rated spacecraft (but neither the Skylab nor ISS space stations) through the end of the 20th century: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle.

The last surviving member of this group was John Glenn; he died in 2016.

1960
March 7 – Air Force Group 1 (USSR)

Ivan Anikeyev, Pavel Belyayev, Valentin Bondarenko, Valery Bykovsky, Valentin Filatyev, Yuri Gagarin, Viktor Gorbatko, Anatoli Kartashov, Yevgeny Khrunov, Vladimir Komarov, Alexei Leonov, Grigori Nelyubov, Andrian Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, Mars Rafikov, Georgi Shonin, Gherman Titov, Valentin Varlamov, Boris Volynov, and Dmitri Zaikin.

The initial group of Soviet cosmonauts was chosen from Soviet Air Force jet pilots.

As of 2021, the only surviving member is Boris Volynov.

April – Dyna–Soar Group 1 (USA)

Neil Armstrong, William H. Dana, Henry C. Gordon, Pete Knight, Russell L. Rogers, Milt Thompson, and James W. Wood.

In April 1960, seven men were secretly chosen for the Dyna-Soar program. Armstrong had previously been part of the MISS program. Armstrong and Dana left the program in the summer of 1962.

The last surviving member of this group was William H. Dana; he died in 2014.

1962
March 12 – Female Group (USSR)

Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomaryova, Irina Solovyova, Valentina Tereshkova, and Zhanna Yorkina.

On March 12, 1962, a group of five civilian women with parachuting experience was added to the cosmonaut training program. Only Tereshkova would fly. A leading Soviet high-altitude parachutist, 20-year-old Tatyana Kuznetsova was, and remains, the youngest person ever selected to train for spaceflight.

September 17 – NASA Group 2 – The Next Nine, aka The Nifty Nine, The New Nine (USA)

Neil Armstrong, Frank Borman, Pete Conrad, Jim Lovell, Jim McDivitt, Elliot See, Tom Stafford, Ed White, and John Young.

A second group of nine astronauts was selected by NASA in September 1962. All of this group flew missions in the Gemini program except Elliot See, who died in a flight accident while preparing for the Gemini 9 flight. All of the others also flew on Apollo, except for Ed White, who died in the Apollo 1 launchpad fire.
Three of this group, McDivitt, Borman and Armstrong, made single flights in both Gemini and Apollo.  Four others, Young, Lovell, Stafford and Conrad, each made two flights in Gemini and at least one flight in Apollo. Young and Lovell both made two Apollo flights. Conrad and Stafford also made second flights in Apollo spacecraft, Conrad on Skylab 2 and Stafford in Apollo–Soyuz.
Six of this group, Borman, Lovell, Stafford, Young, Armstrong and Conrad, made flights to the Moon. Lovell and Young went to the Moon twice. Armstrong, Conrad, and Young walked on the Moon. McDivitt was later Apollo Program Director and became the first general officer and would have been either the prime LM Pilot or backup commander for Apollo 14, but left NASA due to a conflict between Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton. John Young also later flew on the Space Shuttle (STS-1 and STS-9) and would retire from NASA in 2004, 42 years after becoming an astronaut. He was both the first and last of his group to go into space.

September 19 – Dyna-Soar Group 2 (USA)

On September 19, 1962, Albert Crews (born 1929) was added to the Dyna-Soar program and the names of the six active Dyna-Soar astronauts were announced to the public.

1963
January 10 – Air Force Group 2 (USSR)

Yuri Artyukhin, Eduard Buinovski, Lev Dyomin, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Anatoly Filipchenko, Aleksei Gubarev, Vladislav Gulyayev, Pyotr Kolodin, Eduard Kugno, Anatoli Kuklin, Aleksandr Matinchenko, Vladimir Shatalov, Lev Vorobyov, Anatoly Voronov, Vitaly Zholobov

October 17, 1963 – NASA Group 3 – The Fourteen (USA)

Buzz Aldrin, William Anders, Charles Bassett, Alan Bean, Eugene Cernan, Roger Chaffee, Michael Collins, Walter Cunningham, Donn Eisele, Theodore Freeman, Richard Gordon, Russell Schweickart, David Scott, Clifton Williams

While four members of Group 3 died in accidents before ever reaching space—Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire, Bassett, Freeman and Williams in crashes of NASA T-38 jet trainers—the other ten all flew on the Apollo program. Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon. Five of them: Aldrin, Cernan, Collins, Gordon and Scott also flew missions during the Gemini program. Cernan would be the only astronaut from this group to fly to the Moon twice, being assigned to both Apollo 10 and Apollo 17, while Bean would command the Skylab 3 mission.

1964
January 25 – Air Force Group 2 Supplemental (USSR)

Georgi Beregovoi (1921 – 1995)

May 26 – Voskhod Group – Medical Group 1 (USSR)

Vladimir Benderov, Georgy Katys, Vasili Lazarev, Boris Polyakov, Aleksei Sorokin, Boris Yegorov

June 11 – Civilian Specialist Group 1 (USSR)

Konstantin Feoktistov (1926 – 2009)

1965
June 1 – Journalist Group 1 (USSR)

In 1965, three civilian journalists, Yaroslav Golovanov, Yuri Letunov, Mikhail Rebrov, were selected for cosmonaut training in preparation for flight on a Voskhod mission. When the Voskhod program was canceled, Golovanov and Letunov were dismissed. Rebrov, on the other hand, stayed with the space program as a journalist until 1974.

June 1 – Medical Group 2 (USSR)

Three physicians were selected for the long-duration Voskhod flights: Yevgeni Illyin, Aleksandr Kiselyov, Yuri Senkevich. All were subsequently canceled to make way for the Soviet Moon program and dismissed at the beginning of the following year.

June 28 – NASA Group 4 – The Scientists (USA)

Owen Garriott, Edward Gibson, Duane Graveline, Joseph Kerwin, Curt Michel, Harrison Schmitt

Graveline and Michel left NASA without flying in space. Schmitt walked on the Moon with Apollo 17. Garriott, Gibson and Kerwin all flew to Skylab. Garriott also flew on Space Shuttle flight STS-9, becoming the first Amateur radio operator (callsign W5LFL) to operate from orbit.

October 28 – Air Force Group 3 (USSR)

Boris Belousov, Vladimir Degtyarov, Anatoli Fyodorov, Yuri Glazkov, Vitali Grishchenko, Veygeni Khludeyev, Leonid Kizim, Pyotr Klimuk, Gennadi Kolesnikov, Aleksandr Kramarenko, Mikhail Lisun, Aleksandr Petrushenko, Vladimir Preobrazhensky, Valery Rozhdestvensky, Gennadi Sarafanov, Ansar Sharafutdinov, Vasili Shcheglov, Aleksandr Skvortsov, Eduard Stepanov, Valeri Voloshin, Oleg Yakovlev, Vyacheslav Zudov

This cosmonaut group was selected for participation in five separate Soyuz programmes that the USSR was running. These included military programs—with and without the Almaz/Salyut space stations—and two lunar programs, only one of which aimed at an actual lunar landing. In the end, only the orbital program and the space station program went ahead. Few of the cosmonauts from this group ever were given the chance to fly.

November – USAF MOL Group 1 (USA)

Michael J. Adams, Albert H. Crews Jr., John L. Finley, Richard E. Lawyer, Lachlan Macleay, Francis G. Neubeck, James M. Taylor, Richard H. Truly.

This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program. Of this group, only Truly transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program and later flew on the Space Shuttle. In 1989, Truly became the first astronaut to be NASA Administrator.

1966
April 4 – NASA Group 5 (USA)

Vance Brand, John S. Bull, Gerald Carr, Charles Duke, Joseph Engle, Ronald Evans, Edward Givens, Fred Haise, James Irwin, Don Lind, Jack Lousma, Ken Mattingly, Bruce McCandless II, Edgar Mitchell, William Pogue, Stuart Roosa, Jack Swigert, Paul Weitz, Alfred Worden.

Veteran astronaut John Young christened this group the "Original Nineteen," in parody of the original seven Mercury astronauts. Roughly half of them flew in the Apollo program, while others flew during Skylab and the Space Shuttle, with Brand also flying on the American half of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975. Engle was the only NASA astronaut to have earned his astronaut wings before his selection.
Two of this group never flew into space: Givens was killed in a car accident in 1967, and Bull resigned from the Astronaut Corps in 1968 after discovering he had pulmonary disease. Engle, Lind, and McCandless were the only ones from this group who never flew an Apollo spacecraft; Brand, Haise, Lousma, Mattingly, and Weitz all flew both an Apollo and a Shuttle (though Haise only flew the Approach and Landing Tests in the Shuttle program, not into space).

May 23 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 (USSR)

Sergei Anokhin, Vladimir Bugrov, Gennadi Dolgopolov, Georgi Grechko, Valeri Kubasov, Oleg Makarov, Vladislav Volkov, Aleksei Yeliseyev

June 30 – USAF MOL Group 2 (USA)

Karol Bobko, Robert Crippen, Gordon Fullerton, Henry Hartsfield, Robert Overmyer.

This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's MOL program. All transferred to NASA after the MOL program was canceled and all five flew on the Space Shuttle as pilot astronauts.

September – Military Cosmonaut Group (USSR)

Pavel Popovich, Alexei Gubarev, Yuri Artyukhin, Vladimir Gulyaev, Boris Belousov, and Gennadiy Kolesnikov.

Cosmonaut training for the Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda program, a radically modified Soyuz. In December 1967, the project was closed.

1966–67 – Military Cosmonaut Group (USSR)

Cosmonauts training for aerospace system Project "Spiral," 1969, the 4th Division of the 1st Cosmonaut Training Center Management:

German Titov (1966–70), Anatoly Kuklin (1966–67), Vasily Lazarev (1966–67), Anatoly Filipchenko (1966–67), Leonid Kizim (1969–73), Vladimir Kozelskiy (August 1969 – October 1971) Vladimir Lyakhov (1969–73), Yury Malyshev (1969–73), Alexander Petrushenko (1970–73), Anatoly Berezovoy (1972–73), Anatoly Dedkov (1972–73), Vladimir Dzhanibekov (July–December 1972), Yuri Romanenko (1972), and Lev Vorobyov (1973). In 1973, the department was disbanded in connection with the termination of the project.

1967
January 31 – Civilian Specialist Group 2 Supplemental (USSR)

Nikolai Rukavishnikov and Vitali Sevastyanov

February – Soviet crewed lunar programs cosmonauts in two training groups (USSR)

First group: commanded by Vladimir Komarov (Gagarin, Nikolayev, Bykovskiy, Khrunov; Engineer - Cosmonauts: Gorbatko, Grechko, Sevastyanov, Kubasov, Volkov).
Second group: commanded by Alexei Leonov (Popovich, Belyayev, Volynov, Klimuk; Engineer - Cosmonauts: Makarov, Voronov, Rukavishnikov, Artyukhin).

May 7 – Air Force Group 4 (USSR)

Vladimir Alekseyev, Vladimir Beloborodov, Mikhail Burdayev, Sergei Gaidukov, Vladimir Isakov, Vladimir Kovalyonok, Vladimir Kozelsky, Vladimir Lyakhov, Yuri Malyshev, Viktor Pisarev, Nikolai Porvatkin, Mikhail Sologub

May 22 – Academy of Sciences Group (USSR)

Mars Fathulin, Rudolf Gulyayev, Ordinard Kolomitsev, Vsevolod Yegorov, Valentin Yershov

June – USAF MOL Group 3 (USA)

James Abrahamson, Robert Herres, Robert H. Lawrence Jr, and Donald Peterson.

This group was selected for training for the US Air Force's MOL program. Lawrence was the first African-American to be chosen as an astronaut, but was killed in a jet accident before the MOL program was canceled in 1969. Had Lawrence not died, he would have been, if accepted by NASA, the first African-American astronaut candidate, predating Guion Bluford, Ronald McNair and Frederick Gregory by nine years.  Peterson transferred to NASA in 1969 after the MOL cancellation and would fly on the Space Shuttle.  Herres would later become the first Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under the Goldwater–Nichols Act in 1987.

October 4 – NASA Group 6 – XS-11 (The Excess Eleven) (USA)

Joseph Allen, Philip Chapman, Anthony W. England, Karl Henize, Donald Holmquest, William B. Lenoir, Anthony Llewellyn, Story Musgrave, Brian O'Leary, Robert Parker, William Thornton.

This second group of scientist-astronauts were assigned as support crew members for the last three Apollo missions or as backup crew members for Skylab.

Chapman, Holmquest, Llewellyn, and O'Leary resigned from NASA before the end of the Apollo program, and the rest of the group members eventually flew as mission specialists during the Space Shuttle program. With his flight on STS-80 at the age of 61, Musgrave held the title of "oldest astronaut" prior to John Glenn's second flight. England resigned from NASA in 1972 but rejoined the astronaut corps in 1979.

1968
May 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 3 (USSR)

Vladimir Fartushny, Viktor Patsayev, Valeri Yazdovsky

1969
August 14 – NASA Group 7 (USA)
Karol Bobko, Robert Crippen, Gordon Fullerton, Henry Hartsfield, Robert Overmyer, Donald H. Peterson, Richard Truly.

This group is all USAF MOL astronauts who transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program in 1969. All flew on early Space Shuttle flights. Truly, in 1989, would become the first astronaut to be NASA Administrator, holding the post until 1992.

September 10 – Civilian Engineer Group (USSR)

Anatoli Demyanenko, Valeri Makrushin, and Dmitri Yuyukov.

1970
April 27 – Air Force Group 5 (USSR)

Anatoli Berezovoi, Aleksandr Dedkov, Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Nikolai Fefelov, Valeri Illarianov, Yuri Isaulov, Vladimir Kozlov, Leonid Popov, Yuri Romanenko

1971
February 25 – 1971 Scientific Group (USSR)

Gurgen Ivanyan

May – Shuguang Group 1970 (China)

Chai Hongliang, Dong Xiaohai, Du Jincheng, Fang Guojun, Hu Zhanzi, Li Shichang, Liu Chongfu, Liu Zhongyi, Lu Xiangxiao, Ma Zizhong, Meng Senlin, Shao Zhijian, Wang Fuhe, Wang Fuquan, Wang Quanbo, Wang Rongsen, Wang Zhiyue, Yu Guilin, Zhang Ruxiang

1972
March 22 – Civilian Specialist Group 4 (USSR)

Boris Andreyev, Valentin Lebedev, Yuri Ponomaryov

March 22 – Medical Group 3 – USSR

Georgi Machinski, Valeri Polyakov, Lev Smirenny

1973
March 27 – Civilian Specialist Group 5 (USSR)

Vladimir Aksyonov, Vladimir Gevorkyan, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov, Valeri Romanov, Valery Ryumin, Gennady Strekalov

1974
January 1 – Physician Group (USSR)

Zyyadin Abuzyarov

1976
August 23 – Air Force Group 6 – Space shuttle Buran crew (USSR)

Leonid Ivanov, Leonid Kadenyuk, Nikolai Moskalenko, Sergei Protchenko, Yevgeni Saley, Anatoly Solovyev, Vladimir Titov, Vladimir Vasyutin, Alexander Volkov
Protchenko was removed from the squad for health reasons, Ivanov was killed in the crash of a MiG-27 during test pilot training and Kadenyuk was removed from the squad over marital issues (but accepted back into the Cosmonaut Detachment in 1988). Vasyutin concealed a medical condition from doctors that resulted in his falling ill during the Soyuz T-14/ Salyut 7 EO-4 flight causing the premature termination of the mission 4 months early. This resulted in more stringent cosmonaut medical checks which Moskalenko and Saley failed.

November 25 – 1976 Intercosmos Group (USSR)

Mirosław Hermaszewski (Poland), Zenon Jankowski (Poland), Sigmund Jähn (East Germany), Eberhard Köllner (East Germany), Oldřich Pelčák (Czechoslovakia), Vladimír Remek (Czechoslovakia)

1977
July 12 – The first group of test pilots for Buran – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)

Igor Volk, Oleg Grigoriyevich Kononenko, Anatoly Levchenko, Nikolai Sadovnikov, Rimantas Stankevicius, and Alexander Schukin.

1978
January 16 – NASA Group 8 – TFNG Thirty-Five New Guys (USA)

Pilots: Daniel Brandenstein, Michael Coats, Richard Covey, John Creighton, Robert Gibson, Frederick D. Gregory, Frederick Hauck, Jon McBride, Francis "Dick" Scobee, Brewster Shaw, Loren Shriver, David Walker, Donald Williams

Mission specialists: Guion Bluford, James Buchli, John Fabian, Anna Fisher, Dale Gardner, S. David Griggs, Terry Hart, Steven Hawley, Jeffrey Hoffman, Shannon Lucid, Ronald McNair, Richard Mullane, Steven Nagel, George Nelson, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Rhea Seddon, Robert Stewart, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Norman Thagard, James van Hoften

Due to the long delay between the last Apollo mission and the first flight of the Space Shuttle in 1981, few astronauts from the older groups stayed with NASA—though some did, including John Young. Thus, in 1978, a new group of 35 astronauts was selected after 9 years without new astronauts, including the first American female astronauts, with one of them, Judith Resnik, also being the first Jewish American astronaut, as well as the first African-American astronauts to fly, Guion Bluford and Frederick D. Gregory (the first black astronaut was Robert Henry Lawrence Jr), and the first Asian-American, Ellison Onizuka. Bob Stewart was the first Army astronaut to be selected (almost 19 years after the original Mercury Seven). Since then, a new group has been selected roughly every two years.

Two different astronaut groups were formed: pilots and mission specialists. Additionally, the Shuttle Program has payload specialists who are selected for a single mission and are not part of the astronaut corps—mostly scientists, with a few politicians, and many international astronauts.

Of the first of the post-Apollo group, Sally Ride would become the first American woman in space (STS-7). Later, she would fly with Kathryn Sullivan on a Shuttle flight in which Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an EVA. Dr. Thagard, who flew with Ride on STS-7, would later become the first American to be launched on a Russian rocket (Soyuz TM-21 or "Mir-18") to the Mir space station, while Shannon Lucid would serve on Mir for slightly over six months, breaking all American space duration records (both the Skylab 4 record and Thagard's) from 1996 to 1997 until Sunita Williams, who was selected 20 years later, broke Lucid's record.
Of this group, Scobee, Resnik, Onizuka, and McNair would perish in the Challenger Disaster. Of the astronauts chosen, Anna Fisher remained on active duty the longest, retiring in 2017 (although her tenure included an extended leave of absence from 1989 to 1996), while Robert Gibson and Rhea Seddon became the first active-duty astronauts to marry (both are now retired). Shannon Lucid's tenure was unbroken from 1978 until she announced her retirement in 2012. In later years she served as a space shuttle CAPCOM, up to the final day of the final shuttle mission. After the Challenger disaster, Sally Ride would serve on both the Rogers Commission and the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.

March 1 – 1978 Intercosmos Group (USSR)

Aleksandr P. Aleksandrov (Bulgaria), Dumitru Dediu (Romania), Jose Lopez Falcon (Cuba), Bertalan Farkas (Hungary), Maidarjavyn Ganzorig (Mongolia), Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa (Mongolia), Georgi Ivanov (Bulgaria), Béla Magyari (Hungary), Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez (Cuba), Dumitru Prunariu (Romania)

May 1 – Spacelab Payload Specialists Group 1 (ESA)

Ulf Merbold (West Germany), Claude Nicollier (Switzerland), Wubbo Ockels (Netherlands), Franco Malerba (Italy)

1979
August – USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program – Group 1 (USA)

Frank J. Casserino, Jeffrey E. Detroye, Michael A. Hamel, Terry A. Higbee, Daryl J. Joseph, Malcolm W. Lydon, Gary E. Payton, Jerry J. Rij, Paul A. Sefchek, Eric E. Sundberg, David M. Vidrine, John B. Watterson, Keith C. Wright

 Of this group, only Payton ever flew into space, as a Payload Specialist aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle flight.

April 1 – 1979 Intercosmos Group (USSR)

Tuân Pham (Vietnam), Thanh Liem Bui (Vietnam)

1980
May 29 – NASA Group 9 (USA)
 Pilots: John Blaha, Charles Bolden, Roy Bridges, Guy Gardner, Ronald Grabe, Bryan O'Connor, Richard N. Richards, Michael J. Smith
 Mission specialists: James Bagian, Franklin Chang–Diaz, Mary Cleave, Bonnie Dunbar, William Fisher, David Hilmers, David Leestma, John Lounge, Jerry Ross, Sherwood Spring, Robert Springer
International mission specialists: Claude Nicollier, Wubbo Ockels
 Of this group, Franklin Chang-Diaz would become the first Hispanic-American in space, Michael Smith would perish in the Challenger disaster, and John Blaha would fly aboard the Mir space station. Both Jerry Ross and Chang-Diaz currently jointly hold the record of number of crewed spaceflights flown, at seven. Charles Bolden was chosen in 2009 to become the second NASA astronaut and the first African-American to the post of NASA Administrator on a full-time basis (although Frederick Gregory, who is also African-American and a former Shuttle commander, held the post on a temporary basis between the departure of Sean O'Keefe and the appointment of Michael Griffin in 2005). The announcement, made a day before the conclusion of the STS-125 flight to the Hubble Space Telescope, was coincidental, because Bolden was the pilot on the telescope's deployment flight in 1990.

July 30 – LII–1/IMBP–3/MAP/NPOE-5/AN–2 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)
 LII-1: Anatoly Levchenko, Alexandr Shchukin, Rimantas Stankevicius, Igor Volk
 IBMP: Galina Amelkina, Yelena Dobrokvashina, Larisa Pozharskaya, Tamara Zakharova
 MAP: Svetlana Savitskaya
 NPOE: Yekaterina Ivanova, Natalya Kuleshova, Irina Pronina
 AN–2: Irina Latysheva

 1980 – CNES Group 1 (France)
 Patrick Baudry, Jean-Loup Chrétien
 Chrétien and Baudry would become the first Frenchmen in space. Chrétien flew with Soviets to Salyut 7 in 1982, and Baudry on Space Shuttle STS-51-G flight in 1985. Chrétien would later fly to the Space Station Mir and would become a Shuttle mission specialist in the 1990s.

1982
August – USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program (Group 2)

James B. Armor, Jr., Michael W. Booen, Livingston L. Holder, Jr., Larry D. James, Charles E. Jones, Maureen C. LaComb, Michael R. Mantz, Randy T. Odle, William A. Pailes, Craig A. Puz, Katherine E. Roberts, Jess M. Sponable, W. David Thompson, Glenn S. Yeakel

Jones was killed in the September 11 attacks as a passenger aboard American Airlines Flight 11. Of this group, only Pailes ever flew in space, aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle mission as a Payload Specialist.

September 11 – 1982 Intercosmos Group (India)

Ravish Malhotra, Rakesh Sharma

December 1 – Spacelab Payload Specialists Group (Germany)

Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid

1983
April 25 – The second group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group) (USSR)

Ural Sultanov and Magomed Tolboev

December – NRC Group (Canada)

Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Steve MacLean, Ken Money, Robert Thirsk, and Bjarni Tryggvason

This first Canadian astronaut group was selected by the National Research Council and were transferred to the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) when it was created in 1989. All the astronauts flew on the US Space Shuttle by 1997 except Ken Money, who resigned from CSA in 1992.

1984
February 15 – NPOE–6 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)
Aleksandr Kaleri and Sergei Yemelyanov

May 23 – NASA Group 10 – The Maggots (USA)

Pilots: Kenneth Cameron, John Casper, Frank Culbertson, Sidney Gutierrez, Blaine Hammond, Michael McCulley, James Wetherbee

Mission specialists: James Adamson, Ellen Baker, Mark Brown, Sonny Carter, Marsha Ivins, Mark Lee, David Low, William Shepherd, Kathryn Thornton, Charles "Lacy" Veach

Of this group, William Shepherd would become the commander of the first International Space Station crew (Expedition 1). James Wetherbee would become the only person to command five spaceflight missions. Sonny Carter died in 1991 in a plane crash while on NASA business.

June 12 – The third group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)

Victor Zabolotski.

1985
May – ISRO Insat Group (India)

Nagapathi Chidambar Bhat and Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan Nair.

Although selected to fly on the Space Shuttle, none of the group members flew due to the Challenger disaster of 1986. Bhat was assigned to a shuttle flight that was cancelled in the wake of Challenger.

June (Mexico)

Rodolfo Neri Vela, Ricardo Peralta y Fabi

Note: Neri Vela flew on Shuttle mission STS-61-B, in November 1985.

June 4 – NASA Group 11 (USA)

Pilots: Michael A. Baker, Robert D. Cabana, Brian Duffy, Terence Henricks, Stephen Oswald, Stephen Thorne

Mission specialists: Jerome Apt, Charles Gemar, Linda Godwin, Richard Hieb, Tamara Jernigan, Carl Meade, Pierre Thuot

* Thorne was killed in the crash of a private airplane before his first flight assignment.

July 19 – NASA Teacher in Space Program (USA)

Christa McAuliffe, Barbara Morgan

McAuliffe and Morgan were selected as the prime and backup Payload Specialists for the STS-51-L mission in 1985. McAuliffe was killed in the Challenger disaster, 73 seconds after liftoff. Morgan would later join the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1998. She flew on the STS-118 mission in 2007, 21 years after Challenger.

August 1 – 1985 NASDA Group (Japan)

Mamoru Mohri, Chiaki Mukai, Takao Doi

August – USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program – Group 3 (USA)

Joseph J. Caretto, Robert B. Crombie, Frank M. DeArmond, David P. Staib, Jr., Teresa M. Stevens

September 2 – GKNII–2/NPOE–7 Cosmonaut Group (USSR)
GKNII: Viktor Afanasyev, Anatoly Artsebarsky, Gennadi Manakov
NPOE: Sergei Krikalyov, Andrei Zaytsev

September 18 – CNES Group 2 (France)

Claudie André–Deshays, Jean–François Clervoy, Jean–Jacques Favier, Jean–Pierre Haigneré, Frédéric Patat, Michel Tognini, Michel Viso

September 30 – 1985 Intercosmos Group (Syria)

Muhammed Ahmed Faris, Munir Habib Habib

October – Indonesian Palapa Group (Indonesia)

Taufik Akbar, Pratiwi Sudarmono

Due to the Challenger accident, none of the group members flew in space. Sudarmono was assigned to a shuttle flight in 1986, with Akbar as her backup.

December 27 – ATLAS–1 (ESA)

Dirk D. Frimout (Belgium)

1986
January 2 – The fourth group of test pilots for the project "Buran" – Gromov Flight Research Institute group (USSR)

Sergey Tresvyatski and Yuri Schaeffer.

Per the June 5, 1987 decision of the Interdepartmental Qualification Committee (IAC), all Buran test pilots were awarded the qualification test cosmonaut.

1987
January 5 – Shipka Group (Bulgaria)

Aleksandr Aleksandrov and Krasimir Stoyanov

March 26 – TsPK–8/NPOE-8 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)
TsPK: Valery Korzun, Vladimir Dezhurov, Yuri Gidzenko, Yuri Malenchenko, Vasily Tsibliyev
NPOE: Sergei Avdeyev

June 5 – NASA Group 12 – The GAFFers (USA)

Pilots: Andrew M. Allen, Kenneth Bowersox, Curtis Brown, Kevin Chilton, Donald McMonagle, William Readdy, Kenneth Reightler

Mission specialists: Thomas Akers, Jan Davis, Michael Foale, Gregory Harbaugh, Mae Jemison, Bruce Melnick, Mario Runco, James Voss

The group's informal nickname is an acronym for "George Abbey Final Fifteen." Of this group, Mae Jemison would become the first female African-American in space, while Michael Foale would serve on extended missions to both Mir and the International Space Station, as well as a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope.
At the time of the Columbia accident in 2003, William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox was commanding the Expedition 6 crew on the ISS. Chilton, after leaving NASA, became the first NASA astronaut to become a full General in the US Air Force (Lt. Gen. Thomas Stafford, USAF, and VADM Richard Truly, USN were three-star officers) and held the position of commander, US Strategic Command.

August 3 – 1987 German Group

Renate Brümmer, Hans Schlegel, Gerhard Thiele, Heike Walpot, Ulrich Walter

1988
February 12 – OS "Mir" Group (Afghanistan)

Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum, Abdul Ahad Mohmand

1989
January 25 – IMBP–5/GKNII–3/NPOE–9/TsPK–10 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)

IMBP: Vladimir Karashtin, Vasili Lukiyanyuk, Boris Morukov
GNKII: Anatoli Polonsky, Valeri Tokarev, Aleksandr Yablontsev
NPOE: Nikolai Budarin, Yelena Kondakova, Aleksandr Poleshchuk, Yury Usachov
TsPK: Sergei Kirchevsky, Gennady Padalka, Yury Onufriyenko

22 March – The last group of test pilots for the Buran project – Gromov Flight Research Institute group) (USSR)

Yuri Prikhodko
Officially, the cosmonaut corps LII (Letno-ispitatelny Institut = Flight Research Institute) ceased to exist in 2002, having gone through a long period of inactivity since the closure of the Buran program in 1993. Of all those selected and trained, only two cosmonauts traveled to space: Igor Volk and Anatoly Levchenko. More information about the Buran space flight program and Soyuz-Savior, the Soyuz-spasatel program and its cosmonauts, who were trained to fly in space, can be found on the Buran program website.

May 23 – 1989 Italian Group
Franco Malerba, Franco Rossitto, Umberto Guidoni, Cristiano Batalli Cosmovici

September 29 – ATLAS Payload Specialists (NASA)
Charles R. Chappell, Michael Lampton, Byron K. Lichtenberg

November 25 – Project Juno (UK-Soviet Union)
Helen Sharman (UK) and Timothy Mace (UK)
Sharman became the first British-born person to go into space onboard Soyuz TM-12 in May 1991.

1990
January 17 – NASA Group 13 – The Hairballs (USA)

Pilots: Kenneth Cockrell, Eileen Collins, William G. Gregory, James Halsell, Charles Precourt, Richard Searfoss, Terrence Wilcutt

Mission specialists: Daniel Bursch, Leroy Chiao, Michael R. Clifford, Bernard Harris, Susan Helms, Thomas David Jones, William McArthur, James Newman, Ellen Ochoa, Ronald Sega, Nancy Currie, Donald A. Thomas, Janice Voss, Carl E. Walz, Peter Wisoff, David Wolf

Collins would go on to be the first female shuttle pilot, the first female shuttle commander, and then commander of the second "Return to Flight" mission in 2005. The "Hairballs" nickname, according to Jones in his book Sky Walking, came after the group, the 13th NASA astronaut class, put a black cat on its group patch.

February – CNES Group 3 (France)

Léopold Eyharts, Jean-Marc Gasparini, Philippe Perrin, Benoit Silve

 Group 3 was the last group of CNES astronauts chosen. In 1999, all remaining active CNES astronauts were transferred to the ESA Astronaut Corps.

May 11 – TsPK–11 Cosmonaut Group (Soviet Union)
Talgat Musabayev, Vladimir Severin, Salizhan Sharipov, Sergei Vozovikov, Sergei Zalyotin

October 8 – 1990 German Group

Reinhold Ewald, Klaus–Dietrich Flade

1992
March 3 – NPOE-10 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)
Aleksandr Lazutkin, Sergei Treshchov, Pavel Vinogradov

March 31 – NASA Group 14 – The Hogs (USA)

Pilots: Scott Horowitz, Brent Jett, Kevin Kregel, Kent Rominger

Mission specialists: Daniel T. Barry, Charles Brady, Catherine Coleman, Michael Gernhardt, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Jerry Linenger, Richard Linnehan, Michael Lopez-Alegria, Scott Parazynski, Winston Scott, Steven Smith, Joseph Tanner, Andy Thomas, Mary Weber

International mission specialists: Marc Garneau (Canada), Chris Hadfield (Canada), Maurizio Cheli (Italy), Jean-François Clervoy (France), Koichi Wakata (Japan)

Beginning with this NASA Group, non-US astronauts representing their home country's space agencies were brought in and trained alongside their NASA counterparts as full-fledged mission specialists, eligible to be assigned to any shuttle mission. As of 2023, Wakata is the earliest selected astronaut still on active service, and thus this is the earliest group with an active astronaut.

April – 1992 NASDA Group (Japan)

Koichi Wakata

June – CSA Group 2 (Canada)

Dafydd Williams, Julie Payette, Chris Hadfield and Michael McKay

The second Canadian astronaut group were selected by CSA. McKay was selected as an alternate after Robert Stewart left the Canadian Space Agency program to accept a position at the University of Calgary. All the astronauts flew on the US Space Shuttle except Michael McKay, who resigned due to medical reasons.

May 15 – 1992 ESA Group (ESA)

Maurizio Cheli (Italy), Jean–François Clervoy (France), Pedro Duque (Spain), Christer Fuglesang (Sweden), Marianne Merchez (Belgium), Thomas Reiter (Germany)

1994
April 1 – NPOE–11 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)
 Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya, Mikhail Tyurin

December 12 – NASA Group 15 – The Flying Escargot (USA)

Pilots: Scott Altman, Jeffrey Ashby, Michael Bloomfield, Joe Edwards, Dominic Gorie, Rick Husband, Steven Lindsey, Pamela Melroy, Susan (Still) Kilrain, Frederick Sturckow.

Mission specialists: Michael Anderson, Kalpana Chawla, Robert Curbeam, Kathryn Hire, Janet Kavandi, Edward Lu, Carlos Noriega, James Reilly, Stephen Robinson.

International mission specialists: Jean–Loup Chrétien (France), Takao Doi (Japan), Michel Tognini (France), Dafydd Williams (Canada).

Husband, Anderson and Chawla were crewmembers on the final Columbia mission. Chrétien trained as a backup Spacelab crew member in the 1980s and flew on both US and Soviet/Russian spacecraft, along with being the first non-US or Soviet/Russian astronaut to perform a space walk.

1996
February 9 – MKS/RKKE–12 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)
MKS: Oleg Kotov, Yuri Shargin
RKKE: Konstantin Kozeyev, Sergei Revin

March 26 – MKS supplemental cosmonaut group (Russia)
Oleg Kononenko

May 1 – NASA Group 16 – The Sardines (USA)

Pilots: Duane G. Carey, Stephen Frick, Charles O. Hobaugh, James M. Kelly, Mark Kelly, Scott Kelly, Paul Lockhart, Christopher Loria, William Cameron McCool, Mark L. Polansky.

Mission specialists: David McDowell Brown, Daniel C. Burbank, Yvonne Cagle, Fernando Caldeiro, Charles Camarda, Laurel Clark, Michael Fincke, Patrick G. Forrester, John Herrington, Joan Higginbotham, Sandra Magnus, Michael J. Massimino, Richard Mastracchio, Lee Morin, Lisa Nowak, Donald Pettit, John L. Phillips, Paul W. Richards, Piers Sellers, Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, Daniel M. Tani, Rex J. Walheim, Peggy Whitson, Jeffrey Williams, Stephanie Wilson.

International mission specialists: Pedro Duque (Spain), Christer Fuglesang (Sweden), Umberto Guidoni (Italy), Steve MacLean (Canada), Mamoru Mohri (Japan), Soichi Noguchi (Japan), Julie Payette (Canada), Philippe Perrin (France), Gerhard Thiele (Germany).

Brown, Clark and McCool were crewmembers on the final Columbia mission. Mark and Scott Kelly are twin brothers; James Kelly is not related. Loria resigned from his shuttle mission due to injury and never flew before retiring from the astronaut corps. Nowak, who flew on STS-121, was arrested on February 5, 2007, after confronting a woman entangled in a love triangle with a fellow astronaut. She was dismissed by NASA on March 6, the first astronaut to be both grounded and dismissed (prior astronauts who were grounded due to non-medical issues usually resigned or retired).

June – NASDA Group (Japan)

Soichi Noguchi

October – China Group 1996 (China)

Li Qinglong, Wu Jie

 Trained at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, joined other twelve pilots as Chinese Group 1 in 1998.

November – Shuttle-97 Group (Ukraine)

Leonid Kadeniuk, Yaroslav Pustovyi

1997
April (?) – Shuttle Group (Israel)
Yitzhak Mayo, Ilan Ramon

Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut to fly in space and also a Payload Specialist on the final mission of Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107).

July 28 – TsPK–12/RKKE-13 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)
TsPK: Dmitri Kondratyev, Yury Lonchakov, Sergei Moshchenko, Oleg Moshkin, Roman Romanenko, Aleksandr Skvortsov, Maksim Surayev, Konstantin Valkov, Sergey Volkov
RKKE: Oleg Skripochka, Fyodor Yurchikhin

1998
January – Chinese Group 1 (China)

Chen Quan 陈全, Deng Qingming 邓清明, Fei Junlong 费俊龙, Jing Haipeng 景海鹏, Liu Boming 刘伯明, Liu Wang 刘旺, Nie Haisheng 聂海胜, Pan Zhanchun 潘占春, Yang Liwei 杨利伟, Zhai Zhigang 翟志刚, Zhang Xiaoguang 张晓光, Zhao Chuandong 赵传东
In October 2003, Yang Liwei became the first man to be sent into space by the space program of China, and his mission, Shenzhou 5, made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space.

February 24 – RKKE-14 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)
Mikhail Korniyenko

March 2 – OS "Mir" Stefanik Group (Slovakia)

Ivan Bella, Michal Fulier

June 4 – NASA Group 17 – The Penguins (USA)

Pilots: Lee Archambault, Christopher Ferguson, Kenneth Ham, Gregory C. Johnson, Gregory H. Johnson, William Oefelein, Alan Poindexter, George Zamka

Mission specialists: Clayton Anderson, Tracy Caldwell, Gregory Chamitoff, Timothy Creamer, Michael Foreman, Michael E. Fossum, Stanley Love, Leland Melvin, Barbara Morgan, John D. Olivas, Nicholas Patrick, Garrett Reisman, Patricia Robertson, Steven Swanson, Douglas Wheelock, Sunita Williams, Neil Woodward

International mission specialists: Léopold Eyharts (France), Paolo Nespoli (Italy), Marcos Pontes (Brazil), Hans Schlegel (Germany), Robert Thirsk (Canada), Bjarni Tryggvason (Canada), Roberto Vittori (Italy)

This group includes Barbara Morgan, who was the backup "Teacher-In-Space" for Christa McAuliffe of the ill-fated Challenger Disaster in 1986. While often referred to as an Educator Astronaut, Morgan was selected by NASA as a mission specialist before the Educator Astronaut Project was formed.
Patricia Robertson (née Hilliard) was killed in the crash of a private airplane before she was assigned to a Shuttle mission.
 Oefelein was dismissed from NASA in 2007 due to his involvement in a love triangle with fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak.

October 7 – 1998 ESA Group (ESA)

Frank De Winne (Belgium), Léopold Eyharts (France), André Kuipers (Netherlands), Paolo Nespoli (Italy), Hans Schlegel (Germany), Roberto Vittori (Italy)

1999
February – 1999 NASDA Group (Japan)

Satoshi Furukawa, Akihiko Hoshide, Naoko Sumino

1 November – 1999 ESA Group (Europe)

Claudie André-Deshays, Philippe Perrin, Michel Tognini

The three remaining CNES (France) astronauts transferred to the ESA's astronaut corps in 1999.

2000
July 26 – NASA Group 18 – The Bugs (USA)

Pilots: Dominic A. Antonelli, Eric A. Boe, Kevin A. Ford, Ronald J. Garan, Jr., Douglas G. Hurley, Terry W. Virts, Jr., Barry E. Wilmore

Mission specialists: Michael R. Barratt, Robert L. Behnken, Stephen G. Bowen, B. Alvin Drew, Andrew J. Feustel, Michael T. Good, Timothy L. Kopra, K. Megan McArthur, Karen L. Nyberg, Nicole P. Stott

2003
May 23 – TsPK-13/RKKE-15/IMBP-6 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)
TsPK: Anatoli Ivanishin, Aleksandr Samokutyayev, Anton Shkaplerov, Evgeny Tarelkin, Sergei Zhukov
RKKE: Oleg Artemyev, Andrei Borisenko, Mark Serov
IMBP: Sergey Ryazansky

Kazakhstan – Group 1
Aydyn Aimbetov, Mukhtar Aymakhanov

September 11 – SpaceShipOne (Commercial Astronauts) (USA)
Brian Binnie, Mike Melvill, Doug Shane, Peter Siebold
* 2003 marked the first group of commercial astronauts. Only Binnie and Melville reached space, during a SpaceShipOne flight. Siebold has also piloted SpaceShipTwo, but no flights have yet reached space.

2004
May 6 – NASA Group 19 – The Peacocks (USA)

Pilots: Randolph Bresnik, James Dutton

Mission specialists: Thomas Marshburn, Christopher Cassidy, R. Shane Kimbrough, José M. Hernández, Robert Satcher, Shannon Walker

Educator mission specialists: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, Dorothy Metcalf–Lindenburger

International mission specialists: Satoshi Furukawa (Japan), Akihiko Hoshide (Japan), Naoko Yamazaki (Japan)

This group was the first to include educator mission specialists, and the last group to train for Space Shuttle flights.

2006
March 30 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)

Steve Johnson, Alistair Hoy, David MacKay, Alex Tai

September 4 – Angkasawan Group (Malaysia)

Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Faiz Khaleed, Siva Vanajah, Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin
In 2006, four Malaysians were chosen to train for a flight to the International Space Station through the Angkasawan program. Sheikh Muszaphar became the first Malaysian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz TMA-11.

October 11 – TsPK-14/RKKE-16 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)

TsPK: Aleksandr Misurkin, Oleg Novitskiy, Aleksey Ovchinin, Maksim Ponomaryov, Sergey Ryzhikov
RKKE: Yelena Serova, Nikolai Tikhonov

December 25 – Korean Astronaut Program Group

Yi So-yeon, Ko San
Ko San was chosen as the prime candidate over Yi So-yeon in September 2007. Yi So-yeon became prime candidate in March 2008 and made a trip to the ISS with the agency that year.

2008
July – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)

Robert Bendall, Rich Dancaster, Brad Lambert

2009
February 25 – JAXA Group (Japan)

Takuya Onishi, Kimiya Yui

May 13 – CSA Group (Canada)

Jeremy Hansen, David Saint-Jacques

May 20 – ESA Group – The Shenanigans (ESA)

Samantha Cristoforetti (Italy), Alexander Gerst (Germany), Andreas Mogensen (Denmark), Luca Parmitano (Italy), Timothy Peake (United Kingdom), Thomas Pesquet (France).
8413 applications were received. Of those, 1430 (17%) were women. The most common first citizenship of the applicants was France (22.1%), Germany (21.4%), Italy (11.0%), the United Kingdom (9.8%), and Spain (9.4%).

June 29 – NASA Group 20 – Chumps (USA)

Mission specialists: Serena M. Auñón, Jeanette J. Epps, Jack D. Fischer, Michael S. Hopkins, Kjell N. Lindgren, Kathleen (Kate) Rubins, Scott D. Tingle, Mark T. Vande Hei, Gregory R. (Reid) Wiseman
International mission specialists: Jeremy Hansen (Canada), Norishige Kanai (Japan), Takuya Onishi (Japan), David Saint-Jacques (Canada), Kimiya Yui (Japan)
NASA selected the nine members of Group 20 from over 3500 applicants. The NASA candidates were announced in June; international astronauts were added later that year. This was the first group of astronauts chosen for the post-Space Shuttle era and not trained to fly the Shuttle. Fischer, Tingle, and Wiseman were selected as pilots, but there is currently no distinction between pilots and non-pilots: all are considered mission specialists.

September 8 – JAXA Group (Japan)

Norishige Kanai

2010
March – Chinese Group 2 (China)
Cai Xuzhe, Chen Dong, Liu Yang, Tang Hongbo, Wang Yaping, Ye Guangfu, Zhang Lu

April 12 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 1

 Jim Crowell, Bruce Davis, Kristine Ferrone, Amnon Govrin, Chad Healy, Ryan Kobrick, Joseph Palaia, Luís Saraiva, Brian Shiro, Laura Stiles, Veronica Ann Zabala-Aliberto

June 7 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 2 (Commercial Astronauts)

 Ben Corbin, José Miguel Hurtado, Jr, Jason Reimuller, Todd Romberger, Erik Seedhouse, Alli Taylor

October 12 – TsPK–15/RKKE–17 Cosmonaut Group (Russia)

TsPK: Aleksey Khomenchuk (rit.), Denis Matveev, Sergey Prokopyev
RKKE: Andrei Babkin, Ivan Vagner, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov, Svyatoslav Morozov (rit.)

2011
January–February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos astronauts (Russia)
Oleg Artemyev, Andrei Babkin, Ivan Vagner, Andrei Borisenko, Sergei Zhukov, Oleg Kononenko, Mikhail Kornienko, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov, Svyatoslav Morozov, Sergei Revin, Sergey Ryazansky, Yelena Serova, Nikolai Tikhonov.

From 1 January 2011 at the Research Institute of the Y. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is a single detachment of the Russian Space Agency astronauts, which in 2015 consisted of 38 people. The next set of candidates was announced at the beginning of 2016, then postponed until 2017. In September 2016, the unit counted 31 astronauts.

February 28 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 3

 Christopher Altman, Jon-Erik Dahlin, Melania Guerra, Mindy Howard, Kris Lehnhardt, Abhishek Tripathi, Cosan Unuvar, Pavel Zagadailov, Luis Zea

October 26 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)

Keith Colmer

2012
February – Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos cosmonauts (Russia)
Fyodor Yurchikhin

October 30 – TsPK– Addition Group (Russia)

Finalists: Oleg Blinov (rit.), Nikolay Chub, Pyotr Dubrov, Andrey Fedyaev, Ignat Ignatov, Anna Kikina, Sergey Korsakov, Dmitriy Petelin

2013
May 8 Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)
Frederick W. Sturckow (former NASA astronaut), Michael "Sooch" Masucci

June 3 – Association of Spaceflight Professionals – Group 4

 David Ballinger, Jessica Cherry, Michael Gallagher, Jamie Guined, Tanya Markow-Estes, Aaron Persad

June 17 – NASA Group 21 – 8-Balls (US)

Josh A. Cassada, Victor J. Glover, Tyler N. Hague, Christina M. Hammock, Nicole Aunapu Mann, Anne C. McClain, Jessica U. Meir, Andrew R. Morgan

2014
July 24 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)

 Todd Ericson

August 14 – Individual set into a United detachment of Roscosmos astronauts (Russia)

Mukhtar Aimakhanov

2015
January 23 – Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group (Commercial Astronauts) (UK)

 Mark Stucky

July 9 – NASA Commercial Crew Program

Robert Behnken, Sunita Williams, Eric Boe, Douglas Hurley

July – ESA Astronaut Corps

 Matthias Maurer

Copenhagen Suborbitals (Commercial Astronauts) (Denmark)

 Mads Stenfatt, Anna Olsen, Carsten Olsen

2017
June 7 – NASA Group 22 – The Turtles (USA)

Kayla Barron, Zena Cardman, Raja Chari, Matthew Dominick, Robert Hines, Warren Hoburg, Jonny Kim, Robb Kulin, Jasmin Moghbeli, Loral O'Hara, Francisco Rubio, Jessica Watkins.

Kulin resigned from NASA in August 2018 before completing his training.

July 1 – 2017 CSA Group (Canada)

Jennifer Sidey, Joshua Kutryk

April 19 – 2017 Die Astronautin Selection (Germany)
Insa Thiele-Eich, Nicola Baumann (Baumann was later replaced by Suzanna Randall)

2018
August 10 – 17th Cosmonaut Group (Russia)

 Konstantin Borisov, Alexander Gorbunov, Alexander Grebenkin, Sergei Mikayev, Kirill Peskov, Oleg Platonov, Yevgeny Prokopyev (rit.), Alexei Zubritsky

 All but Yevgeny Prokopyev passed the state exam in December 2020 to be qualified for spaceflight assignments; Propkopyev did not qualify and was reassigned to basic space training.

September 3 – Emirati Astronaut Group (United Arab Emirates)

 Hazza Al Mansouri, Sultan Al Neyadi

 In 2018, Al Mansouri and Al Neyadi were announced as candidates to fly to the ISS on a Soyuz, as guest cosmonauts (Al Mansouri flew in 2019, with Al Neyadi as his backup). In 2020, the two were named to be assigned to Houston to train as full-fledged mission specialist astronauts and to join the cadre of International Partner Astronauts. Al Neyadi later flew on SpaceX Crew-6 in March 2023, being the first long duration Emirati Astronaut.

2020
October 8 – Chinese Group 3 (China)

 China announced the selection of 18 new astronauts (17 men, 1 woman), whose names were not revealed, in the following categories:
 7 spacecraft pilots: Tang Shengjie
 7 flight engineers: Zhu Yangzhu, Jiang Xinlin
 4 mission payload specialists: Gui Haichao

2021
January 27 – 18th Cosmonaut Group (Russia)

 Sergey Irtuganov, Alexander Kolyabin, Sergey Teteryatnikov, Harutyun Kiviryan

March 30 - Inspiration4 (USA)

 Jared Isaacman, Sian Proctor, Hayley Arceneaux, Chris Sembroski

 Privately funded by mission commander Isaacman, Inspiration 4 was the first all civilian orbital spaceflight mission and the first human orbital spaceflight not funded by a nation state. 2021's Inspiration4 also made the highest human orbit of the 21st century. Other mission accomplishments of note: Mission pilot Proctor became the first female commercial astronaut spaceship pilot and the first African American female spacecraft pilot, and medical officer Arceneaux became the first astronaut to fly with a prosthesis.

April 10 - Emirati Astronaut Group 2 (United Arab Emirates)

 Nora Al Matrooshi, Mohammad Al Mulla
 The two UAE astronauts will begin training alongside the NASA Astronaut Group 23 class after their selection

December 6 – NASA Group 23 (USA)

 Nichole Ayers, Marcos Berríos, Christina Birch, Deniz Burnham, Luke Delaney, Andre Douglas, Jack Hathaway, Anil Menon, Christopher Williams, Jessica Wittner.

2022
October 2 – Chinese Group 4 (China)

 China announced the selection of 12-14 new astronauts, whose names were not revealed, in the following categories:
 7-8 spacecraft pilots
 5-6 flight engineers
 2 mission payload specialists

November 23 – 2022 ESA Astronaut Group
Career: Sophie Adenot (France), Pablo Álvarez Fernández (Spain), Rosemary Coogan (UK), Raphaël Liégeois (Belgium), Marco Alain Sieber (Switzerland)
Reserve/Project: Meganne Christian (UK), Anthea Comellini (Italy), Sara García Alonso (Spain), Andrea Patassa (Italy), Carmen Possnig (Austria), Arnaud Prost (France), Amelie Schoenenwald (Germany), Aleš Svoboda (Czech Republic), Sławosz Uznański (Poland), Marcus Wandt (Sweden), Nicola Winter (Germany) and John McFall (UK) "astronaut with a disability" feasibility study.

2023

February 12 - Saudi Astronaut Group 2 (Saudi Arabia)

 Rayyanah Barnawi, Ali AlQarni, Mariam Fardous, Ali AlGhamdi
 Two of the Saudi astronauts will participate in Axiom Mission 2.

March 8 - Australian Astronaut Group 1 (Australia)
Katherine Bennell-Pegg

March 17 - HUNOR 1 (Hungary)

Schlégl Ádám, Cserényi Gyula, Kapu Tibor and Szakály András

June - Others

 Alysson Muotri

Commercial advances
The space market exceeds $330 billion today. Current estimates show the number growing to nearly $3 trillion over the next three decades. Human spaceflight is one of the sectors positioned for greatest growth. Commercial astronauts are expected to fill the gap in this transition.

Ansari X Prize

The first commercial astronauts were selected by contenders for the Ansari X PRIZE, the first nongovernmental reusable crewed spacecraft, in 2004. Among them include Starchaser Industries directors Steve Bennett (United Kingdom) and Matt Shewbridge; former NASA astronauts John Bennett Herrington (Pioneer Rocketplane), Richard Searfoss and pilot Dick Rutan (XCOR Aerospace); Canadian engineer Brian Feeney (da Vinci Project); and veteran Wally Funk from Mercury 13 (Interorbital Systems).

Boeing

Boeing hired former NASA astronaut Chris Ferguson to join the Space Exploration Team. Candidates for Boeing's astronaut corps include former NASA astronauts, commercial scientist astronauts and test pilots who have never flown in space.

SpaceX
SpaceX has employed former NASA astronauts, but did not select any SpaceX employees to fly its commercial vehicles to the International Space Station.

SpaceX's former medical director at SpaceX, Anil Menon, is now a NASA astronaut selected in 2021 as a member of NASA Astronaut Group 23.

Association of Spaceflight Professionals

The world's first commercial astronaut corps, the Association of Spaceflight Professionals received funding for a series of crewed spaceflight missions through the NASA Flight Opportunities Program in March 2012.

Several million dollars have been allocated for detailed spectroscopic analysis of high-altitude noctilucent cloud formations on suborbital flights using rapidly reusable, task-and-deploy spaceplanes.

The organization's commercial astronauts go through a selection process modeled after the NASA Astronaut Corps, which involves NASA astronauts. Some of its members serve as astronaut trainers themselves; some have interviewed as finalists in national space agency astronaut candidate selection campaigns. Yi So-yeon, who completed an orbital mission to the International Space Station, is a member of the organization.

Virgin Galactic

Scaled Composites and Virgin Galactic astronauts include Michael Alsbury (killed in the 2014 Virgin Galactic crash), Rob Bendall (Canada), Richard Branson, Peter Kalogiannis, Niki Lauda (Austria), Brian Maisler, Clint Nichols, Wes Persall, Burt Rutan, Peter Seiffert, Peter Siebold, Mark Stucky, and Dave Mackay.

Teachers in Space

The Teachers in Space program began in 2005. In 2012, the United States Rocket Academy announced that the program was expanding to include a broader range of participants, renaming the initiative Citizens in Space. For its first phase, Citizens in Space selected and trained ten citizen astronaut candidates to fly as payload operators, including four astronaut candidates already in training (Maureen Adams, Steve Heck, Michael Johnson, and Edward Wright). Informal educator and aerospace historian Gregory Kennedy was among those listed.

Copenhagen Suborbitals

Copenhagen Suborbitals (2008, Denmark) seeks to make Denmark the fourth nation to launch humans above the Kármán line.

Mars One

Mars One was a private initiative with claims to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023. The project was led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.

A Mars One astronaut selection announcement was made on April 19, 2013, and started its search on April 22, 2013. By August 2013, Mars One had more than 200,000 applicants from around the world. Round Two selection results were declared on December 30, 2013, wherein a total of 1058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.

Mars One received a variety of criticism relating to medical, technical and financial feasibility. Unverified rumors claimed that Mars One was a scam designed to take as much money as possible from donors, including those participating as contestants.

In February 2019, it was reported that Mars One had declared bankruptcy in a Swiss court on January 15, 2019, and was permanently dissolved as a company.

Inspiration Mars

Inspiration Mars Foundation, an American nonprofit founded by Dennis Tito, aimed to launch a human mission to flyby Mars in January 2018, or, as the 2018 date was missed, in 2021. Flight candidates included husband and wife travel duo Jane Poynter and Taber MacCallum, who participated in the Biosphere 2 experiment.

Waypoint2Space

Waypoint2Space was granted FAA safety approval for its training services in 2014. The company works in collaboration with NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston to provide spaceflight training.

Truax Engineering

The first private firm that tried to build a suborbital space rocket, Truax Engineering, selected company employee, engineer and lifelong aviator Jeana Yeager as the first test pilot for its rocket. The project was halted in 1991 due to lack of funds.

See also
Ansari X Prize
Canadian Arrow
Human spaceflight
List of astronauts by name
List of astronauts by nationality
List of astronauts by first flight
List of cosmonauts
List of private spaceflight companies
Private spaceflight
Robert Truax X-3 Volksrocket

References

Citations

Sources

Selection
Astronauts

List of astronauts by year of selection


My Federation were an indie rock outfit based band in Brighton, England. The band were fronted and driven by artist and producer Lee Muddy Baker.

In 2007, "Honey Bee", the band's debut single, was championed by BBC 6 Music's Breakfast Show DJ Shaun Keaveny, winning the people's vote in his inaugural 'Band Aid' feature. The band's debut EP, also titled Honey Bee, was released by Eye Industries on 30 April 2007 and received widespread coverage, including TV play on MTV Two and airplay on Xfm and Kerrang radio.

My Federation's debut album Don't Wanna Die was released in April 2008, along with their second single of the same name. The releases coincided with the band being the support act for James's 2008 Spring UK tour.

In May 2008, the band appeared on the popular BBC TV programme The Culture Show.

The band toured Europe in the summer of 2008, playing at various festivals in the UK, France, Switzerland and Latvia. In the autumn of 2008, EA Sports used "What Gods Are These", from the album Don't Wanna Die, in the soundtrack of their football game FIFA 09.

The band had plans for a second album and a UK tour in 2009 but soon after keyboardist Greg Saunders left the band and their appearance at South by Southwest (SXSW) in Austin, Texas proved to be their last public show. The band split up shortly thereafter, although it was commonly felt that the departure of Saunders had left the band directionless and emotionally bereft.

Discography
 Don't Wanna Die (2008)

References

External links
Official website

2005 establishments in England
2009 disestablishments in England
English indie rock groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from Brighton and Hove

My Federation


The International Pentecostal Church of Christ (or IPCC) is an organization formed in 1976 by the merger of two Pentecostal organizations.

In 1907, Gaston B. Cashwell, called the Apostle of Pentecost in the South, founded a periodical called The Bridegroom's Messenger, in Atlanta, Georgia. About the same time, Paul and Hattie Barth started a church. The Barths became editors of The Bridegroom's Messenger. In 1918, they began Beulah Heights Bible School in Atlanta, and in 1921 they organized an association that became the International Pentecostal Assemblies.

John Stroup, a member of the Methodist Protestant Church, professed receiving the baptism of the Holy Ghost in 1908. Stroup was one of the first individuals to take the Pentecostal message into southern Ohio and parts of Kentucky. He organized the Pentecostal Church of Christ in Flatwoods, Kentucky in 1917. The body originally headquartered in Ashland, Kentucky, and later in London, Ohio.

In 1976, the International Pentecostal Assemblies and the Pentecostal Church of Christ merged to become the International Pentecostal Church of Christ. Headquarters are located in London, Ohio. The church operates two youth camps, and six departments - Education, Global Missions, Home Missions and Evangelism, Christian Education, National Youth, and Women's Ministries. Publications of the church are The Bridegroom's Messenger (considered the oldest Pentecostal periodical in the world) and The Pentecostal Leader, a training magazine.

Doctrines are detailed in a 19-article Statement of Faith ranging from the inspiration of the Scriptures to tithes and offerings. The IPCC is one of the only Pentecostal and Evangelical denominations to elevate the issue of racism to their statement of faith. The church holds two ordinances - water baptism by immersion, and holy communion. The denomination has two practices that are encouraged within the local church - foot washing, and child dedication.  The body is Trinitarian, and, like many related bodies, holds that speaking in tongues is the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost.

Its affiliations are with the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America, Pentecostal World Conference, a charter member of the National Association of Evangelicals, and the World Evangelical Fellowship.

In 2003, the denomination had 4,961 members in 67 churches. Nearly half of its congregations are located in Ohio. The rest are concentrated primarily in Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

External links

International Pentecostal Church of Christ History
Profile of the International Pentecostal Church of Christ on the Association of Religion Data Archives

References

Handbook of Denominations in the United States, by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood.

Pentecostal denominations
Members of the National Association of Evangelicals
Evangelical denominations in North America


Pedro Muñoz Romero (born 29 November 1952), known as Pedro Damián, is a Mexican actor, television producer and director, executive producer of popular teen telenovelas. His works include Clase 406, Lola, Erase Una Vez, Mis XV, Rebelde, Like La Leyenda and RBD: La Familia, distributed within and outside Mexico. He has worked with musical actsRBD and Eiza Gonzalez.

Career

Acting
Damián began his career in 1971, appearing in the Mexican telenovela El amor tiene cara de mujer. Throughout the 1970s he appeared in Mexican films and telenovelas and had roles in two Hollywood films: The Return of a Man Called Horse (1976) and Eagle's Wing (1979). Apart from a role in El vuelo del águila (1990s), Damián's acting career had ceased until 2001; he returned with an uncredited role in an American movie for Showtime television, Warden of Red Rock.

Small roles in two more American films, Collateral Damage (co-starring Arnold Schwarzenegger) and Showtime(co-starring Eddie Murphy and Robert De Niro) followed in 2002. The same year he returned to movies in Mexico in the film Amar te duele, playing the father of "Renata", the main character. In 2007, he appeared in Amar and Deseo, and played a recurring character in the Mexican television series S.O.S.: Sexo y otros Secretos.

As director/producer
Damián was a founder and the musical director of the Mexican youth music group Timbiriche. His first role as TV director was for the Mexican telenovela La Pobre Señorita Limantour in 1983, which was followed by others throughout the 1980s. In 1986, he began directing telenovelas for producer Carla Estrada; the two would continue to collaborate until he became a producer with the network.

His first credit as producer was for Ángeles sin paraiso in 1992. He produced seven more telenovelas for Televisa during the 1990s, including El abuelo y yo, this while continuing to direct. In 2002 he was executive producer for a telenovela for teens, Clase 406, running over four seasons and 365 episodes.

This was followed by Rebelde, which ran for three seasons and 440 episodes. The main young lead cast members of the series formed a band, RBD, which Damián represented and produced for. Damián is executive producer for the spinoff series, RBD: La Familia, and has produced three specials for RBD.

When Damian left the Estrada unit to form his own producing unit, Reynaldo Lopez took his place as director of the Estrada unit's television series, staying until 2007.

Personal life
Damián was born and raised in Mexico City, D.F., Mexico by a Mexican mother and Spanish father. He is the father himself of actresses Alexa (b.1982) and Andrea Damián from his first marriage with Phillipa, brother of actor and TV director Juan Carlos Muñoz, and uncle of actor Yago Muñoz. From his marriage with Vicky Diaz, he has twin children, Roberta and Damian.

Filmography

Actor

Films

 Father of the Bride (2022)

Amar (2008) - Amado
 Cansada de besar sapos (2006) - Juan
 Que Hay Detrás de RBD (DVD) (2006) Doc.
 Amar te duele (2002) - Armando
 Showtime (2002) - Caesar Vargas
 Collateral Damage (2002) - River Rat
 The warden of Red Rock (2001) - Billy
 Gringo viejo (1989) - Capitán Ovando
 Los confines (1987) - pedro
 Mundo mágico (1983) - cosmo
 Caboblanco (1980) - Eduardo
 Mojado Power (1979) - nikolas perez pañacios
 Eagle's Wing (1979) - José
 Anacrusa (1979) - adomari
 La mujer perfecta (1977) - Pablo
 Ronda revolucionaria (1976) - evaº
 The Return of a Man Called Horse (1976) - Standing Bear
 Un Amor extraño (1975) - jaime
 Los 7 pecados capitales (1975)  - ñoño
 La isla de los hombres solos (1974)  -solt
 Los cachorros (1971)  - bold

Tenovelas and soap operas
 S.O.S: Sexo y Otros Secretos (2007) - Genaro
 Clase 406 (2003) - Vargas
 El vuelo del águila (1994) - José María Pino Suárez
 Monte calvario (1986) - Alfonso
 Juegos del destino (1985) - Javier
 Bianca Vidal (1983) - Gustavo
 Cachún cachún ra ra! (1981) - Profesor Buenrostro
 Ángel Guerra (1979)
 Humillados y ofendidos (1977)
 Mundo de juguete (1974)
 Mi rival (1973) - Daniel
 Me llaman Martina Sola (1972)
 El amor tiene cara de mujer (1971) - Aníbal

Producer

Telenovelas and Soap operas
 Like (2018)
 Despertar contigo (2016)
 Muchacha Italiana Viene a Casarse (2014)
 Miss XV (2012)
 Niña de mi Corazón (2010)
 Verano de Amor (2009)
 Lola, érase una vez (2007)
 Rebelde (2004–06)
 Clase 406 (2002/03)
 Primer amor - A 1000 X Hora (2000/01)
 Amor Gitano (1999)
 Preciosa (1998)
 Mi pequeña traviesa (1997/98)
 Si Dios Me Quita La Vida (1995) (primera parte)
 Prisionera de amor (1994)
 Ángeles sin paraíso (1992/93)
 El abuelo y yo (1992)

Director

Telenovelas and Soap operas
 Chispita (1982)
La Pobre Señorita Limantour (1983)
 Quinceañera (1987)
 Carrusel (1989)
 Prisionera de Amor (1994)
 Luz Clarita (1996)
 Los hijos de nadie (1997)
 Mi Pequeña Traviesa (1997)
 Preciosa (1998)
 Amor Gitano (1999)
 Mis XV (2012)
 Muchacha Italiana viene a casarse (2014)

TV series
 RBD: La Familia (2007)
 Adicción R (2005)
 RBD: El fenómeno (2005)

Awards and nominations

Premios TVyNovelas

References

External links

Biography of Pedro Damián at the Esmas

1952 births
Living people
Mexican male telenovela actors
Mexican male television actors
Mexican male film actors
Mexican telenovela producers
Mexican television producers
Mexican telenovela directors
20th-century Mexican male actors
21st-century Mexican male actors
Male actors from Mexico City

Pedro Damián


Albert Fitch Bellows (November 20, 1829November 24, 1883), was an American landscape painter of the Hudson River School.

Early years
Bellows was born at Milford, Massachusetts. He first studied architecture and, in 1849, became the partner of Boston architect John D. Towle as Towle & Bellows. However, Bellows quickly turned to painting. From 1850 to 1856 he taught at the New England School of Design in Boston. He resigned his post to travel and study abroad, and spent time in Paris and at the Royal Academy at Antwerp as well as in England. He exhibited his first work at the National Academy of Design in 1857, becoming a full member in 1861.

Return to New York
Bellows settled in New York City in 1858 on his return to America. He spent most of his remaining career in New York, though he briefly moved to Boston. In 1859, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1861. He visited Europe again in 1867. In New York he kept a studio in the same building as many of the notable Hudson River School artists of the time.

Hudson River School
His landscape work of the 1860s is fully in the late Hudson River School tradition, though Bellows depicted people more prominently in his landscapes than most other artists. He excelled at figurative scenes.

Bellows also differed from most Hudson River School artists in that he became skilled at watercolor, and authored a respected book on the subject, Water-Color Painting: Some Facts and Authorities in Relation to Its Durability. He eventually maintained two studios, one for oil paintings and one for watercolor. He was a member of the American Watercolor Society, and an honorary member of the Royal Belgian Society of Water-Colorists.

Bellows also mastered etching—along with Samuel Colman he was possibly the only other Hudson River School artist to do so—and became a member of the New York Etching Club, the Philadelphia Society of Etchers and the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers in London, England, an esteemed professional organization whose members included James Abbott McNeill Whistler and Francis Seymour Haden.

Bellows taught at the Cooper Union, where among his pupils was Virginia Granbery.

Death
He died in Auburndale, Massachusetts, on the 24th of November 1883. A major Albert Fitch Bellows landscape, The River Bank, is in the collection of the Columbia Museum of Art in Columbia, South Carolina.

Notes

References

1829 births
1883 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
National Academy of Design members
People from Milford, Massachusetts
Painters from Massachusetts
American watercolorists
Hudson River School painters
19th-century American male artists

Albert Fitch Bellows


Escape is the seventh studio album by the American rock band Journey. The album was released on July 31, 1981. It was the group's fourth studio album with vocalist Steve Perry.

Track listing
Don't Stop Believin'
Stone in Love
Who's Crying Now
Keep On Runnin'
Still They Ride
Escape
Lay It Down
Dead or Alive
Mother, Father
Open Arms

1981 albums
Journey (band) albums

Escape (Journey album)


Life As I Know It is a British teen drama series. The series was created by Robyn Forsythe and Bethany Minors, and produced by Matthew Duggan and Robyn Forsythe and premiered on Channel M on 15 May 2010 with episodes airing every Saturday at 9:30pm for the following eight weeks with repeats throughout the week at 11pm.

The series revolves around the lives of a group of students at The University of Manchester.

Cast and crew

Cast

Crew

Technical crew

Screenplay

Post production team

Airing

Life As I Know It begins airing on Channel M from Saturday 15 May 2010 at 9:30pm. The series will run every Saturday for eight weeks.

Plot summary

Sara (Jennifer Quinn) acts as the show's narrator, staying out of the action while keeping a series of video blogs about her friends, studies English. Sara lives with Roxi Jardine (Leila Reid) and Bailey Callaghan (Emily Sinclair). Roxi, a drama student, is described as naïve and childish, sometimes selfish, ambitious but sweet, and someone who often takes her friends for granted.

Bailey is Roxi's best friend (and occasional love rival). She "will stop at nothing to get what she wants". She doesn't care at all about boys' feelings. Fun, spontaneous, flirty, but can be extremely jealous. Not surprising really that she is a psychology student.

Bailey's best male friend is the suave, charming, manipulative Percy Darlington (Christopher Rithin) who cares about no-one but himself. Percy lives with Roxi's moody yet handsome boyfriend Alex (Shafiq Mirza) and Gethin (Brett John).

Then there is Roxi's twin brother Mickey (Brennan Reece) so is who laid back that he is horizontal! The 'Trisha' of the group, caring and wise and a bit of a stoner. Mickey lives with his girlfriend Linda (Martha Brown) and her best friend Isobel. Linda is always up for a good time and is always there when you need cheering up. Her passion for music is just as great as Mickey's. Then there is Isobel (Rachel Ramsay). She's hard working, can be a little spoilt at times and is easily manipulated. She also has a passion for film.

The first series is set in Spring and Summer 2010, at the end of the characters' first year of university.

References

https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/pages/Life-As-I-Know-It-UK-Drama-Series/122880234388825?ref=ts
https://web.archive.org/web/20110831161958/http://twobluelinesthemovie.co.uk/wilmslowexpress.jpg
http://actors.mandy.com/uk/jobs
https://web.archive.org/web/20100802001543/http://www.lifeasiknowit.co.uk/

External links

2010 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
2010s British drama television series
British teen drama television series
2010s British television miniseries
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Manchester

Life as I Know It


Dave Schmelzer (born August 16, 1962) is an American author, playwright, and former pastor in the Association of Vineyard Churches.  He is best known for his non-fiction book, Not The Religious Type, Confessions of a Turncoat Atheist, which details his movement away from atheism and towards the Christian faith, and for founding the Blue Ocean Summit, which gathers ministers and lay leaders interested in addressing matters of faith to a secular world.

Biography
At 18, Schmelzer entered Stanford University as a devout atheist.  His conversion experience, chronicled in Not the Religious Type, led to a growing involvement with his on-campus ministry and ongoing confusion; without a religious background, Schmelzer had to reconcile his secular upbringing with matters of faith.  This interest with addressing God to a secular and Western audience has been a fundamental theme of his pastoral and authorial work. (See Published Works below)

In the late 1990s, Schmelzer and his wife, Grace, moved to Boston to help found the Vineyard Christian Fellowship of Cambridge Massachusetts, since renamed Reservoir Church.  At the time, Cambridge (and the Boston area) had a less than 2% of church attendees on any given Sunday.  During his tenure, the Boston Vineyard peaked at over 1,000 visitors and seeding several church plants, including The River NYC. Since leaving the Boston Vineyard in 2013, Schmelzer transitioned full-time to Blue Ocean Faith, the nonprofit spawned from the Blue Ocean Summit.

Schmezler holds a degree in literature from Stanford University and later received his M.A. in theology from Fuller Theological Seminary.  He maintains the Blue Ocean Faith site, which mixes faith and secular thinking, along with other guest bloggers.

Published works
 SEEK, 2010, Not Religious Inc.
 Blue Ocean Handbook, 2009, Not Religious Inc.
 Confessions of a Turncoat Atheist, 2008, SaltRiver
 Danny Comes Home, 2004, Crawlspace Press

External links
 Blue Ocean Faith site
 Amazon.com author page
 Intro chapter to Not the Religious Type

References

1962 births
Living people
American Christian writers
Stanford University alumni
Fuller Theological Seminary alumni
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American bloggers
Writers from Boston
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Dave Schmelzer


SXM is a software transactional memory system under development at Microsoft Research.

Overview
The SXM API is exposed via managed code and is used to synchronize access to shared memory without using locks. It achieves mutual exclusion using database-like atomicity transactions. SXM uses the Reflection and dynamic code generation capabilities of .NET Framework to emit CIL code to enable atomic transactions on shared data structures directly at runtime. SXM has been written in C#.

See also
Concurrency control
Shared memory

External links
C# Software Transactional Memory

Microsoft Research

SXM (transactional memory)


George Sandison (3 August 1949 – 3 December 2018) was a Scottish operatic baritone known for his roles in Mozart operas, among others.

Born in Aberdeen, Sandison started his studies at the Glasgow College of Dramatic Art where he received his diploma in speech and drama. A James Caird scholarship enabled him to study music at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music; he then received a bursary to study abroad.

Sandison sang more than 30 roles for the Scottish Opera where he made his debut in 1972. He also appeared for Opera North, Kent Opera, Glyndebourne, Wexford Festival, and in several Gilbert and Sullivan roles at New Sadler's Wells Opera and on BBC television broadcasts. He made his debut at the Royal Opera House in 1984. In later years, he taught voice.

References

External links

1949 births
2018 deaths
Musicians from Aberdeen
Scottish operatic baritones
20th-century Scottish male opera singers

Gordon Sandison (baritone)


Joseph W. Sarno (March 15, 1921 – April 26, 2010) was an American film director and screenwriter.

Sarno emerged from the semi-pornographic sexploitation film genre of the 1950s & 1960s; he had written and directed approximately 75 theatrically released feature films in the sexploitation, softcore and hardcore genres as well as a number of shot-on-video features for the 1980s hardcore video market.

Early life
Sarno was born in 1921 and grew up in Amityville on Long Island.

Career
Sarno, a pioneer of the sexploitation film genre, completed his first adult-oriented feature, Nude in Charcoal, in 1961. Among his best-known films in the genre are Sin in the Suburbs (1964), which was about wife swapping, Flesh and Lace, The Swap and How They Made It (1966), in which his wife appeared, and Moonlighting Wives (1966). Sarno's work of the sexploitation period was typified by stark chiaroscuro lighting, long takes, and rigorous staging. He was also well known for scenarios centering on issues of psycho-sexual anxiety and sexual identity development.

During his sexploitation period, Sarno worked with such actors as Uta Erickson, Dyanne Thorne (star of the Ilsa series), Audrey Campbell (Olga's House of Shame series), Michael Alaimo, Patricia McNair, Tod Moore, and his cousin, Joe Santos, who would become a regular on television's The Rockford Files.

Beginning in 1968, Sarno's work became somewhat more explicit, predicting the emergence of soft-core. His breakthrough feature Inga (1968) was one of the first X-rated films released in the United States. Other noteworthy soft-core features include All the Sins of Sodom (1968),  Vibrations (1968), Passion in Hot Hollows (1969), Daddy, Darling  (1970), Young Playthings (1972), Confessions of a Young American Housewife (1974, which was about foursomes), and Misty (1975). Sarno was also the director of Deep Throat Part 2 (1974), the R-rated sequel to the hardcore classic Deep Throat.

After 1968, Sarno's soft-core work was divided between films produced in the United States and films produced in Europe, principally Sweden, Germany, and Denmark. Many of Sarno's European features were made with American backing. In Europe, he was known for having worked with actresses Marie Liljedahl, Christina Lindberg, Helli Louise, and Marie Forså.

Sarno's first hardcore feature was Sleepyhead (1973) featuring Georgina Spelvin and Tina Russell. Reluctant to be associated with the hardcore genre, Sarno began directing explicit films under various pseudonyms, like "Karl Andersson" in Touch of Genie (1974). He acknowledges being the uncredited director of such adult features as Inside Jennifer Welles (1977) starring Jennifer Welles and Deep Inside Annie Sprinkle (1981) starring Annie Sprinkle. Over the course of his hardcore career, Sarno worked with such adult film stars as Harry Reems, Eric Edwards, Jamie Gillis, Marc Stevens, Rick Savage, Marlene Willoughby, Gloria Leonard, Sonny Landham, Seka, and Ron Jeremy.

Personal life and death
Sarno married Peggy Steffans, who was younger than he and was a non-sex performing actress and costumer in some of his films, and they had a son.

Sarno died of natural causes on April 26, 2010, at the age of 89 in his native New York City.

Critical reputation
Singled out for praise by critic Andrew Sarris during the 1970s, Sarno's work has been acknowledged in recent years by tributes at the New York Underground Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival in Turin, Italy, the Cinémathèque Française in Paris, and The Andy Warhol Museum.

Sarno has had a tribute at the British Film Institute in London and has given an honorary lecture at Lund University in Sweden.

His career is being researched for a comprehensive biography by film historian Michael J. Bowen.

Virgile Iscan interviewed Joe Sarno and his wife shortly before Sarno's death in 2010. The interviews appear in Iscan's documentary The Divine Joe Sarno.

A Life in Dirty Movies is a 2013 Swedish documentary about Sarno and his wife, and their attempt to make one last film.

Notes

References

External links

 Joe Sarno director credits at the AFDB
 A Life in Dirty Movies (2013) at the IMDb

1921 births
2010 deaths
American male screenwriters
Screenwriters from New York City
Film directors from New York City

Joseph W. Sarno


Andrew Peter Nicholas (born 10 October 1983 in Liverpool) is an English footballer. He plays as a central defender for Warrington Town.

Nicholas began his career at Liverpool, where he was timed as being faster than England international Michael Owen. Andrew Nicholas was released in the summer of 2003 but was swiftly snapped up by Swindon Town manager Andy King on a one-year contract.

Nicholas did not appear in the Swindon first team until October but soon found himself a regular as the Robins earned a place in the Division Two play-offs only to lose narrowly to Brighton & Hove Albion in the semi-finals. During the season a two-year extension to his Swindon contract was offered which he accepted. Injuries and lack of form kept "Nico" out of the team in his next season and he spent a month out on loan to Chester City before returning for the remaining fixtures of Swindon's season.

He found himself out of the squad at the start of the 2005/06 season, not helped by a poor showing against Oldham Athletic, but Swindon suffered a horrendous run of form which saw King sacked and Iffy Onuora take over as Swindon manager. "Nico" found himself back in the starting line-up for the remainder of the season. Nicholas was offered a one-year contract by Onuora at the end of the season but before agreeing terms, Onuora was dismissed as manager and was swiftly replaced by Dennis Wise. Wise felt it was unfair to withdraw the offer and Nicholas signed up for the 2006/07 League Two campaign becoming Swindon's longest serving player in the process.

He was released by new manager Maurice Malpas at the end of the 2007–08 season, ending his five-year career with Swindon with 6 goals from 141 games in all competitions. He then signed for Rotherham United at the end of August 2008. He spent two seasons in the club, including a loan spell at Mansfield Town. After leaving Rotherham he signed for Barrow of the Football Conference. In May 2011 he was transfer listed by Barrow, but removed from the list in July. He never gained a regular place in the first team squad, and was let go at the end of the 2011–12 season.

References

External links
Andrew Nicholas Profile at BarrowAFC.com

1983 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liverpool F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Footballers from Liverpool
National League (English football) players
Marine A.F.C. players
Vauxhall Motors F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Warrington Town F.C. players

Andrew Nicholas


Francisco de Salinas (1513, Burgos – 1590, Salamanca) was a Spanish music theorist and organist, noted as among the first to describe meantone temperament in mathematically precise terms, and one of the first (along with Guillaume Costeley) to describe, in effect, 19 equal temperament. In his De musica libri septem of 1577 he discusses 1/3-, 1/4- and 2/7-comma meantone tunings. Of 1/3-comma meantone, which is essentially identical to the meantone of 19-et, he remarks that it is "languid" but not "offensive to the ear", and he notes that a keyboard of 19 tones to the octave suffices to give a circulating version of meantone.

The 19th-century musicologist Alexander John Ellis maintained that Salinas really meant to characterize 1/6-comma meantone, and made a mistake due to his blindness. Others point out that Salinas's descriptions of his tuning as "languid" but not "offensive to the ear" seem to apply to 1/3-comma meantone, not to 1/6-comma meantone, which in any case has a much sharper fifth than musicians of Salinas's own time preferred.

Salinas was also interested in just intonation, and advocated a 5-limit just intonation scale of 24 notes he called  instrumentum perfectum.

Biography

Salinas was born in Burgos in 1513, the son of the treasurer to emperor Charles I. He was blind from the age of eleven. He studied humanities, singing and organ at the University of Salamanca. He then entered the service of a relative, archbishop Pedro Sarmiento de Salinas, and accompanied him when Sarmiento followed emperor Charles to Rome in 1538. Sarmiento was elevated to the cardinalate that year, and Salinas took the holy orders and was granted an annual pension by Pope Paul III. Salinas lived in Rome for the next 23 years. In 1553, he became the organist at the court of Naples, where he was under the patronage of the then Viceroy of Naples, the Duke of Alba. While in Naples, he befriended Diego Ortiz, who served there as Kapellmeister; he also became acquainted with Orlando di Lasso and Tomás Luis de Victoria.

In 1559, he returned to Spain and took up a position as organist at the Cathedral of Sigüenza, where he worked until moving to a similar position at the Cathedral of León in 1561. In 1567 he took up the professorship of music at the University of Salamanca, where he met the celebrated poet Fray Luis de León, also a professor at the university. In 1571, alongside Fray Luis de León and Diego de Castilla (then the rector of the University of Salamanca), he formed part of the jury for the literary prize that had been organised to celebrate the Spanish victory at the Battle of Lepanto and the birth of prince Ferdinand. Fray Luis de Leon admired Salinas greatly, and in 1577 wrote a famous ode, the Oda a Francisco Salinas, in homage to the musician.

Most of Salinas' work was published while he worked at Salamanca. In 1577 he authored his treatise De Musica libri septem, where he described meantone temperament for the first time. He taught Vicente Espinel, who later said of Salinas that he was "the most learned man in speculative music that the world has known since antiquity." Although by all accounts a highly reputed organist, all of his own compositions have been lost. He died at Salamanca in 1590.

References

Salinas, Francisco de,  De musica libri septem, Mathias Gastius, Salamanca, 1577, 1592. Reprint M.S. Kastner (ed.), Documenta Musicologica I no. 13 (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1958).
León Tello, Francisco José. "Francisco de Salinas" Estudios de historia de teoría musical (Madrid: IEM, CSIC, 1962), pp. 539–642.
García Matos, Manuel, "Pervivencia en la tradición actual de canciones populares recogidas en el siglo XVI por Salinas en su tratado De musica libri septem," Anuario Musical, XVIII (Barcelona, 1963), 67–84.
"Salinas", in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, (London: Macmillan, 1980).
Fernández de la Cuesta, Ismael, (transl.) Siete Libros sobre la Música. Primera versión castellana (Madrid: Editorial Alpuerto, 1983).
Garcia Fraile, Dámaso. "Salinas, catedrático de la Universidad de Salamanca," in Livro de homenagem a Macario Santiago Kastner (Lisbon: Fund. Calouste Gulbenkian, 1992), pp. 431–62.
Otaola González, Paloma, "Francisco Salinas y la teoría modal en el siglo XVI," Nassare, XI (1995), 367–85.
Alin, José Maria, "Francisco Salinas y la canción popular del siglo XVI," in P.M.PiNnero Ramírez, (coord.) Lírica popular, lírica tradicional: lecciones en homenaje a Don Emilio García Gómez (Seville: Univ. de Sevilla, 1998), I, págs. 137-58.
Otoala González, Paloma, "Las fuentes en el De musica libri septem de Francisco Salinas," in M. de C. Gómez and M. Bernado (eds.),  Fuentes musicales en la Peninsula Ibérica (ca. 1250-ca. 1550). Fonts musicals a la Peninsula Ibérica (Lerida: Inst. d'Estudis Ilerdencs, Univ. de Lerida, 2001), pp. 359-83.
Katz. Israel J. "Francisco de Salinas and 'Conde Claros fraile', in Judeo-Spanish Ballads from Oral Tradition. Carolingian Ballads (2): Conde Claros (Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta, 2008), pp. 293-379.
Rubio de la Iglesia, Fernando, "Las melodías populares en 'De Música libri septem' de Francisco de Salinas: Estudio comparado de algunos ejemplos," in A.S. García Pérez and  P. Otaola González (coords.) Francisco de Salinas: Música, teoría y matemática en el Renacimiento'' (Salamanca: Univ. de Salamanca, 2014), pp. 219–53.

External links
Francisco de Salinas on the Huygens-Fokker Foundation site

1513 births
1590 deaths
People from Burgos
Musicians from Castile and León
Spanish musicians
Spanish music theorists
Spanish classical organists
Male classical organists
University of Salamanca alumni
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca
16th-century musicians
Renaissance composers
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
16th-century Spanish people
Blind classical musicians
Spanish blind people

Francisco de Salinas