Prunus domestica is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. A deciduous tree, it includes many varieties of the fruit trees known as plums in English, though not all plums belong to this species. The greengages and damsons also belong to subspecies of P. domestica.

Its hybrid parentage was believed to be Prunus spinosa and P. cerasifera; however recent cytogenetic evidence seem to implicate 2×, 4×, 6× P. cerasifera as the sole wild stock from which the cultivated 6× P. domestica could have evolved.

Description

Typically it forms a large shrub or a small tree. It may be somewhat thorny, with white blossom, borne in early spring. The oval or spherical fruit varies in size, but can be up to  across. The pulp is usually sweet, but some varieties are sour. Like all Prunus fruits, it contains a single large seed, usually called a stone, which is discarded when eating.

Taxonomy

Subspecies
Cullen et al. (1995) recognises three subspecies, though scientific studies favor a more fine-grained separation:

The subspecies cross easily, so that numerous intermediate forms can be found: their sweetness and tartness may vary, their colors varying from bluish-purple to red, orange, yellow or light green.

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Uses

The pulp is edible and usually sweet, though some varieties are sour and require cooking with sugar to make them palatable.

Plums are grown commercially in orchards, but modern rootstocks, together with self-fertile strains, training and pruning methods, allow single plums to be grown in relatively small spaces. Their early flowering and fruiting means that they require a sheltered spot away from frosts and cold winds.

Most prunes (dried plums) are made from fruits of this species.

Notes

References

External links

Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
domestica
domestica
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
Fruit trees

Prunus domestica


Ingrid Eide (born 12 July 1933 in Oslo) is a Norwegian sociologist, United Nations official and politician for Norway's Labour Party.

Political career
From 1973 to 1976, during the second cabinet Bratteli, Eide was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Church Affairs and Education. She served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Sør-Trøndelag during the terms 1977–1981 and 1981–1985. From 1979 to 1981 she met as a regular representative, replacing Knut Frydenlund who was appointed to the first cabinet Brundtland.

Professional career
Outside politics she was a sociologist, having graduated with the master's degree from the University of Oslo in 1960. Her final paper was Noen skolesosiologiske problemer: en organisasjonsanalyse av en folkeskole i Oslo i 1959, an organizational study of a primary school. From 1957 to 1960 she had studied at the Columbia University, working as a research assistant at the Bureau of Applied Social Research there. In 1959 she became a research assistant at the Norwegian Institute for Social Research, and was transferred to the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo upon its establishment in 1966. She was a research assistant at the University of Oslo in 1961 and a research fellow at NAVF from 1964 to 1967. From 1968 to 1973 and 1982 to 1987 she was an associate professor in sociology at the University of Oslo.

From 1987 to 1989 she headed the department for women and development at the United Nations Development Programme. She was a member of the board of INSTRAW from 1985 to 1987 and of UNRISD from 1989 to 1993, and a member of the UNESCO Executive Council from 1989 to 1993, the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee of the Tropical Disease Research Programme from 1994 to 2000 and the UNESCO Culture and Development Steering Committee from 1997.

Returning to Norway, she worked as a counselor for the Ministry of Culture 1989-1993 and for the international department at the University of Oslo 1994-1998. From 2000 to 2002 she was a member of the board for Oslo University College. In 2003 she was elected chair of Nei til Atomvåpen, an interest organization opposed to nuclear arms.

References

1933 births
Living people
Norwegian state secretaries
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Norwegian sociologists
Norwegian women sociologists
Columbia University alumni
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Women members of the Storting
Norwegian women academics
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Norwegian women state secretaries
Norwegian officials of the United Nations
United Nations Development Programme officials

Ingrid Eide


Eduard Hildebrandt (9 September 1818 in Danzig25 October 1868 in Berlin) was a German landscape painter.

Biography
He served as apprentice to his father, a house-painter at Danzig. He was not twenty when he moved to Berlin, where he was taken in hand by Wilhelm Krause, a painter of sea pieces. Several early pieces exhibited after his death—a breakwater, dated 1838, ships in a breeze off Swinemünde (1840), and other canvases of this and the following year—show Hildebrandt to have been a careful student of nature, with inborn talents kept down by the conventionalisms of the formal school to which Krause belonged.

Accident made him acquainted with masterpieces of French art displayed at the Berlin Academy, and these awakened his curiosity and envy. He went to Paris, where, about 1842, he entered the atelier of Isabey and became the companion of Lepoittevin. In a short time he sent home pictures which might have been taken for copies from these artists. Gradually he mastered the mysteries of touch and the secrets of effect in which the French at this period excelled.

He also acquired the necessary skill in painting figures, and returned to Germany, skilled in the rendering of many kinds of landscape forms. His pictures of French street life, done about 1843, while impressed with the stamp of the Paris school, reveal a spirit eager for novelty, quick at grasping, equally quick at rendering, momentary changes of tone and atmosphere.

After 1843 Hildebrandt, under the influence of Humboldt, extended his travels, and in 1864-1865 he went round the world. Whilst his experience became enlarged his powers of concentration broke down. He lost the taste for detail in seeking for scenic breadth, and a fatal facility of hand diminished the value of his works for all those who look for composition and harmony of hue as necessary concomitants of tone and touch.

In oil he gradually produced less, in water colours more, than at first, and his fame must rest on the sketches which he made in the latter form, many of them represented by chromolithography. Fantasies in red, yellow and opal, sunset, sunrise and moonshine, distances of hundreds of miles like those of the Andes and the Himalaya, narrow streets in the bazaars of Cairo or Suez, panoramas as seen from mast-heads, wide cities like Bombay or Pekin, narrow strips of desert with measure-less expanses of skyall alike display his quality of bravura. Hildebrandt died at Berlin on 25 October 1868.

References

External links

1818 births
1868 deaths
Artists from Gdańsk
19th-century German painters
German male painters
19th-century German male artists

Eduard Hildebrandt


Charlie Chan at Treasure Island is a 1939 American film directed by Norman Foster, starring Sidney Toler as the fictional Chinese-American detective Charlie Chan, that takes place on Treasure Island during San Francisco's Golden Gate International Exposition (1939-1940).

Plot
Charlie and Jimmy Chan are traveling by plane to San Francisco. Jimmy befriends insurance executive Thomas Gregory. Charlie's friend, novelist Paul Essex, dies aboard the aircraft after receiving a radiogram warning him not to ignore "Zodiac". His briefcase mysteriously disappears. Charlie meets with Deputy Police Chief J.J. Kilvaine, and runs into reporter and old friend Peter Lewis. Charlie also meets noted local magician Fred Rhadini, and discusses Essex's death with the three men. Rhadini tells Charlie about Dr. Zodiac, a psychic preying on the rich in San Francisco. Charlie, Rhadini, and Lewis go to Dr. Zodiac's home, where Dr. Zodiac conducts an eerie séance. Lewis' fiancée, Eve Cairo, has been meeting with Dr. Zodiac, angering Lewis. Later, Kilvaine reveals that Essex was poisoned, but can't rule out suicide. Jimmy spends the afternoon following Thomas Gregory, whom he believes stole Essex's briefcase when leaving the plane. He discovers Essex's manuscript in Gregory's hotel room.

That night, Charlie attends Rhadini's magic show at the Golden Gate International Exposition on Treasure Island. Rhadini's clumsy, comic acquaintance, Elmer Kelner, is helping to serve food and drink at the club. Charlie meets Eve Cairo and socialite Bessie Sibley, as well as Rhadini's jealous wife, Myra. During her telepathy act with Fred Rhadini, Eve comes into contact with someone thinking about murder and Charlie is almost killed when a knife is thrown at him.

After the show, Charlie, followed by Rhadini and Lewis, break into Dr. Zodiac's home. They find Jimmy already there. Charlie discovers evidence that Zodiac is a fraud. When Zodiac's Turkish houseman, Abdul, arrives, Charlie searches him and finds the holster that fits the knife. Abdul escapes, and the burglars discover Zodiac's vast files which he uses to frighten and blackmail others. Charlie realizes Bessie Sibley is providing information on others to protect herself, and that Zodiac was blackmailing Essex. Charlie burns Zodiac's office to protect the innocent.

Essex's manuscript is a fictional account of Dr. Zodiac's blackmail scheme, and the next morning Charlie finds that the last page revealing who the murder was committed is missing. Charlie meets with Gregory, who says he is an insurance company detective investigating mysterious suicides. Charlie believes Gregory's claim is false, and Gregory fails to steal the manuscript back. Charlie believes Dr. Zodiac suffers from pseudologia fantastica, and Rhadini challenges Dr. Zodiac to a public test of psychic skills. Dr. Zodiac accepts the claim by leaving a note on the front door of the Temple of Magic where Rhadini performs. It's written on the back side of the missing manuscript page. The manuscript mentions a pygmy arrow; a similar arrow from a display in the foyer of the Temple of Magic is missing.

That night, Charlie, Jimmy, Bessie Sibley, Myra Rhadini, and Peter Lewis attend Rhadini's magic show, where he is assisted by Eve Cairo and Elmer Kelner. Dr. Zodiac appears during the show, and is invited on stage. As Rhadini performs a levitation trick, Zodiac is killed with the pygmy arrow. Dr. Zodiac is revealed to be Abdul. Although a bow is found, it is too brittle to have fired the arrow. Zodiac must have been stabbed with the arrow. Gregory gives Rhadini an alibi after discovering Rhadini's wand in the aisle by his seat. Kilvaine reveals that Gregory is Stewart Salsbury, and that he really is an insurance company executive.

At Kilvaine's suggestion, the murder is re-enacted with Lewis standing in for Zodiac. The secret of Rhadini's levitation trick is revealed, and Rhadini is stabbed in the aisle during the act. Myra uses the "sphinx"—an upright metal pseudo-Egyptian coffin with a hidden elevator in its floor—to go from the stage to the below-stage area, where her husband's dressing room is located. Charlie encourages Eve to try to tap into the mind of the killer. Eve reads Charlie's thoughts, which describe the motivations of Stella Essex, Bessie Sibley, Thomas Gregory, Peter Lewis, Fred Rhadini, and Myra Rhadinia (although without mentioning their names). The mind of Dr. Zodiac interferes with Eve's mind. Eve reads Zodiac's mind, and discovers that the real Dr. Zodiac killed Abdul because only Abdul knew Dr. Zodiac's real identity.

The killer attempts to shoot Eve while she is on stage, but Jimmy spots the pistol and pushes the gun away just in time. Dr. Zodiac is revealed to be Fred Rhadini. While all eyes were on Eve, he sneaked into the wings, ran below the stage, and used the elevator in the sphinx to re-emerg on stage and attempt to kill Eve. Charlie reveals that Rhadini used a wand with a spring trigger to fire the arrow that killed Abdul. He then stabbed himself to divert attention from himself as a suspect.

Cast

 Sidney Toler as Charlie Chan
 Victor Sen Yung as Jimmy Chan
 Cesar Romero as Fred Rhadini
 Douglas Fowley as Peter Lewis
 Pauline Moore as Eve Cairo
 Donald MacBride as Deputy Police Chief J.J. Kilvaine
 Wally Vernon as Elmer Kelner
 Billie Seward as Bessie Sibley
 Louis Jean Heydt as Paul Essex
 Sally Blane as Stella Essex
 June Gale as Myra Rhadini
 Douglass Dumbrille as Stewart Salsbury, alias Thomas Gregory
 Trevor Bardette as Abdul
 Gerald Mohr as Dr. Zodiac (uncredited)

Possible cultural influence
Charlie Chan at Treasure Island may have influenced the Zodiac Killer. In the movie, there is a character called "Dr. Zodiac" whom is found after a telegram to Charlie Chan warning about the danger of "Zodiac". In the telegram that provided the clue, the astrological symbol Scorpio is mentioned. Scorpio is the nom de guerre used in messages sent by the serial killer in the movie Dirty Harry, who was inspired by the Zodiac Killer case.

References

External links

 Charlie Chan Movie Home on "Charlie Chan at Treasure Island"

1939 films
Charlie Chan films
American black-and-white films
Films set in 1939
Films set in San Francisco
Films directed by Norman Foster
1930s crime films
20th Century Fox films
American crime films
Films scored by Samuel Kaylin
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Charlie Chan at Treasure Island


Chaffing and winnowing is a cryptographic technique to achieve confidentiality without using encryption when sending data over an insecure channel. The name is derived from agriculture: after grain has been harvested and threshed, it remains mixed together with inedible fibrous chaff.  The chaff and grain are then separated by winnowing, and the chaff is discarded. The cryptographic technique was conceived by Ron Rivest and published in an on-line article on 18 March 1998. Although it bears similarities to both traditional encryption and steganography, it cannot be classified under either category.

This technique allows the sender to deny responsibility for encrypting their message. When using chaffing and winnowing, the sender transmits the message unencrypted, in clear text. Although the sender and the receiver share a secret key, they use it only for authentication. However, a third party can make their communication confidential by simultaneously sending specially crafted messages through the same channel.

How it works

The sender (Alice) wants to send a message to the receiver (Bob). In the simplest setup, Alice enumerates the symbols in her message and sends out each in a separate packet. If the symbols are complex enough, such as natural language text, an attacker may be able to distinguish the real symbols from poorly-faked chaff symbols, posing a similar problem as steganography in needing to generate highly realistic fakes; to avoid this, the symbols can be reduced to just single 0/1 bits, and realistic fakes can then be simply randomly generated 50:50 and are indistinguishable from real symbols. In general the method requires each symbol to arrive in-order and to be authenticated by the receiver. When implemented over networks that may change the order of packets, the sender places the symbol's serial number in the packet, the symbol itself (both unencrypted), and a message authentication code (MAC). Many MACs use a secret key Alice shares with Bob, but it is sufficient that the receiver has a method to authenticate the packets.

Rivest notes an interesting property of chaffing-and-winnowing is that third parties (such as an ISP) can opportunistically add it to communications without needing permission or coordination with the sender/recipient. A third-party (dubbed "Charles") who transmits Alice's packets to Bob, interleaves the packets with corresponding bogus packets (called "chaff") with corresponding serial numbers, arbitrary symbols, and a random number in place of the MAC. Charles does not need to know the key to do that (real MACs are large enough that it is extremely unlikely to generate a valid one by chance, unlike in the example). Bob uses the MAC to find the authentic messages and drops the "chaff" messages. This process is called "winnowing".

An eavesdropper located between Alice and Charles can easily read Alice's message. But an eavesdropper between Charles and Bob would have to tell which packets are bogus and which are real (i.e. to winnow, or "separate the wheat from the chaff"). That is infeasible if the MAC used is secure and Charles does not leak any information on packet authenticity (e.g. via timing).

If a fourth party joins the example (named Darth) who wants to send counterfeit messages to impersonate Alice, it would require Alice to disclose her secret key. If Darth cannot force Alice to disclose an authentication key (the knowledge of which would enable him to forge messages from Alice), then her messages will remain confidential. Charles, on the other hand, is no target of Darth's at all, since Charles does not even possess any secret keys that could be disclosed.

Variations

The simple variant of the chaffing and winnowing technique described above adds many bits of overhead per bit of original message. To make the transmission more efficient, Alice can process her message with an all-or-nothing transform and then send it out in much larger chunks. The chaff packets will have to be modified accordingly. Because the original message can be reconstructed only by knowing all of its chunks, Charles needs to send only enough chaff packets to make finding the correct combination of packets computationally infeasible.

Chaffing and winnowing lends itself especially well to use in packet-switched network environments such as the Internet, where each message (whose payload is typically small) is sent in a separate network packet. In another variant of the technique, Charles carefully interleaves packets coming from multiple senders. That eliminates the need for Charles to generate and inject bogus packets in the communication. However, the text of Alice's message cannot be well protected from other parties who are communicating via Charles at the same time. This variant also helps protect against information leakage and traffic analysis.

Implications for law enforcement
Ron Rivest suggests that laws related to cryptography, including export controls, would not apply to chaffing and winnowing because it does not employ any encryption at all.

The author of the paper proposes that the security implications of handing everyone's authentication keys to the government for law-enforcement purposes would be far too risky, since possession of the key would enable someone to masquerade and communicate as another entity, such as an airline controller.  Furthermore, Ron Rivest contemplates the possibility of rogue law enforcement officials framing up innocent parties by introducing the chaff into their communications, concluding that drafting a law restricting chaffing and winnowing would be far too difficult.

Trivia
The term winnowing was suggested by Ronald Rivest's father.  Before the publication of Rivest's paper in 1998 other people brought to his attention a 1965 novel,  Rex Stout's The Doorbell Rang, which describes the same concept and was thus included in the paper's references.

See also

References

Cryptography

Chaffing and winnowing


Gerald Thomas Smith (July 19, 1943 – October 15, 1986) was an American professional football player who was a tight end for the National Football League (NFL)'s Washington Redskins for 13 seasons, from 1965 through 1977. By the time he retired, he held the NFL record for most career touchdowns by a tight end. Smith publicly announced he had AIDS in August 1986, being the first professional athlete to do so. He died two months later. A 2014 documentary from the NFL Network's A Football Life series profiles his career, as well as his "double life as a closeted gay man and a star athlete."

Professional career

Smith attended Arizona State, where he did not play football until his junior season.  Joining the team as a walk-on wide receiver in 1964, Smith caught 9 passes for 129 yards and 2 touchdowns in 9 games.  The following season, Smith was converted to tight end, and went on to catch 42 passes for 618 yards and 5 touchdowns.

Selected in the ninth round (118th overall) of the 1965 NFL Draft, - where his team mates included Charley Taylor, and his college friends included David Mixner - Smith was also drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 18th round of the 1965 AFL Draft.

Smith developed his Redskins career as a running and catching tight end under head coaches Bill McPeak, Otto Graham and most memorably under Vince Lombardi, who had a positive approach to gay players. After Lombardi's death, under George Allen his role changed to mainly blocking, leading the team to Super Bowl VII at the end of the 1972 season. In the fourth quarter with the Redskins trailing the Miami Dolphins, quarterback Billy Kilmer tried a pass to Smith who was running across the end zone, but the ball hit the goal post. Although the Redskins lost the game 14–7, Sports Illustrated called Smith "an outstanding receiver among tight ends, with the ability to break open for a long gain."

In 1976 the Redskins signed the larger and faster Jean Fugett, who Smith helped and assisted in his integration to the team. In the same year, he was quietly approached by Washington Star journalist Lynn Rosellini with regards her series of gay sports people. Smith contributed on the understanding that neither his name, team or position were revealed. Rosellini opened her article with a description of Smith's hands, which led former team mate Dave Kopay to recognize the player as Smith, and hence lead to Kopay telephoning Rosellini and becoming the first former football player to come out two days later.

Despite his skills having diminished, coach Allen kept bringing Smith back into the Redskins roster due to his work ethic. Smith made one catch in 1977, and spent the 1978 season on the injured list. Smith caught 421 passes, including 60 touchdowns, a career record for tight ends at the time and the 17th highest total in NFL history. His record held for 27 years, beaten by Shannon Sharpe on November 16, 2003.  His 421 receptions were the third highest total ever by a tight end when he retired, trailing only Hall of Famers Mike Ditka and Jackie Smith. Smith was named All-Pro twice and held several NFL records that stood for years. In 2011, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Smith to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2011.

In , as a part of a USO tour in association with the NFL, Smith, along with other stars John Brown, Butch Byrd, Fred Hoaglin, George Kunz, and Tom Woodeshick, visited and signed autographs for wounded military personnel in Vietnam.

From 1967 to 1970, Smith was a full time starter for the Redskins. He missed several games in 1971 to injury, but was back as a full time starter the following season, and would be until his final season in 1977. During his career, Smith made several All-Pro teams.

Coming out
After officially retiring at the end of the 1978 season, Smith quietly came out as gay to a few family members. This allowed him to explain why he moved to Austin, Texas, where he co-owned the gay bar "The Boathouse" – a decision he later regretted.

Smith moved back to the support of his family in Silver Spring, Maryland in 1986, where looking thinner and coughing, he was diagnosed at the Holy Cross Hospital with HIV. After discussing the matter with his family and friends, he contacted Washington Post journalist George Solomon – the ground rule being that they did not discuss how he got the disease – with the resultant front page article published on August 7, 1986. He was subsequently visited and supported by all of his former teammates and coaches.

Death
Smith died of AIDS at age 43 on October 15, 1986, at Holy Cross Hospital in Silver Spring, Maryland. He was the first former professional athlete to die of the disease.  Although he acknowledged that he had AIDS, he never publicly acknowledged he was gay. At a funeral attended by all of his former team mates and coaches—some of whom also acted as coffin bearers—Smith was buried at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Silver Spring.

Head coach Vince Lombardi, who had a gay brother, demanded a homophobia free locker room but "not even the legendary Lombardi could insulate him from the crippling societal homophobia of the era." Shortly before he died, Smith said: "Every important thing a man searches for in his life, I found in Coach Lombardi. He made us men."

Smith's sexuality was confirmed after his death by former teammate pro NFL football player David Kopay, who had come out years earlier. Kopay referred to a sexual encounter with Smith, using an alias for him, in his autobiography. After the book's publication, Smith never spoke to Kopay again. The Redskins logo, along with Smith's uniform number 87, was part of the AIDS quilt.

After a period of time post his death, some of Smith's teammates said they knew he was gay. Brig Owens, a safety for the Redskins at the time who also roomed with Smith, said Smith lived in fear, because if people knew he was gay, he would be done in football. He said Smith was afraid that people would take away something that he loved. Owens was one of the players on the team that knew for sure Smith was gay. Dave Kopay was briefly a teammate of Smith's. Kopay came out in 1972, after his playing career ended. He also wrote an autobiography about having a relationship with a teammate. Even though Kopay used an alias, Smith knew Kopay was talking about him. After the autobiography came out, Smith never spoke to Kopay again. Of all of his teammates, Smith was closer to Owens than perhaps anyone else. Their bond was so tight, Owens' own daughters referred to Smith as 'Uncle Jerry'. Redskins center Len Hauss was another close friend to Smith as well. On one occasion, a player said a word Hauss did not like (most likely a gay slur) and Hauss confronted the player and said he'd better not hear that word in the locker room again - and it never was again.

In 2014, the NFL network aired A Football Life: Jerry Smith. The hour-long show was about Smith, his career, and his death from AIDS. Brig Owens was interviewed during commercial breaks. When asked if Smith belongs in the Hall of Fame, Owens replied that Smith would be in the hall already if he was not gay.

See also
Homosexuality in American football

References

Sources

External links

1943 births
1986 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in Maryland
American football tight ends
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Gay sportsmen
LGBT Christians
LGBT people from Oregon
LGBT players of American football
Players of American football from Eugene, Oregon
Washington Redskins players
20th-century American LGBT people
American LGBT sportspeople
San Lorenzo High School alumni
Players of American football from Alameda County, California

Jerry Smith (tight end)


Mal Lewis Jones is a British children's author.

Background

She was born in Kidderminster, England and attended a private school before moving to Kidderminster High School for Girls at eleven. She continued her education at Warwick University, where she read English and American Literature. Her tutors were Germaine Greer, Harold Beaver and Bernard Bergonzi.

Lewis Jones' main titles concern Cassie at the Ballet School. The books are published by Hodder Children's Books and by Ravensburger in Germany. There have been many "bind-ups" of the stories where two stories are contained in one edition. The covers of the original books show Sophie Bould and Jessie Jones. Sophie Bould starred alongside Connie Fisher in The Sound of Music.

Lewis Jones has published other dance books including the six titles in the Dance Club series, published by McDonald Young books.

She has also adapted The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, for Hodder and WHSmith.

Her strange and mysterious story, The Grey Pony is published by Orion.

Mal Lewis Jones is also well known for the series of educational books published by Heinemann, about Frisky the Lamb. These have been very successful and widely used in UK schools and elsewhere.

She is also joint co-collator of the classic poetry anthology, Good Night, Sleep Tight which is a collection of 366 poems, one for every night of the year. It is published by Scholastic and in America by Scholastic Inc.

She lives in Shropshire with her husband, Ivan Jones. Their daughter was the illustrator (of Poppy Cat Books and numerous others) Lara Jones, who died aged 34, in 2010.

Titles of books
Cassie at the Ballet School;  for books published by Kindle
Ghost at the Ballet School;
New Friends at the Ballet School;
Trouble at the Ballet School;
On Tour with the Ballet School;
Stars of the Ballet School.

Lewis Jones has also written and published many poems in anthologies.

References

The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English (Cambridge University Press 1999. Editor Lorna Sage)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English children's writers
People from Kidderminster

Mal Lewis Jones


Excelsior College Examinations (or ECE) are a series of eight, three-credit nursing theory tests offered by Excelsior College in Albany, New York. The exams are supported by corresponding online courses. Excelsior also offers the Clinical Performance in Nursing Exam, a two-day practical skills exam, as a capstone to the associate degree in nursing.

Excelsior also offers over 50 UExcel exams in liberal arts, business, education, and science. Many colleges and universities will grant college credit for each test, although UExcel credit is not as widely accepted as CLEP and DSST.

The exam administration period is typically 3 hours and the tests currently cost between $110 and $335. Each exam usually corresponds to a one or two semester introductory or secondary course on the topic, and many exams provide upper-division credit. Most ECE exams are considered equivalent to 3 credits in the semester system.

ECE exams are offered through Excelsior College and are administered at Pearson VUE test centers.

External links
ECE Official Website

References

Standardized tests in the United States

Excelsior College Examinations


The Alexander Dennis Enviro300 (previously known as TransBus Enviro300) is a single decker low-floor bus. It was built in two generations from 2001 to 2015. It was built by TransBus International until 2004. It was then built by Alexander Dennis.

First generation (2001–2008)
The first generation TransBus Enviro300 was launched in 2001. In 2004 Transbus was sold to Alexander Dennis. The bus was renamed the Alexander Dennis Enviro300. In 2006 the Enviro300 chassis became available with the East Lancs Esteem bodywork.

Second generation (2007–2015)
The second generation Enviro300 was launched in 2007. With it various chassis could be added on, like the MAN 18.240, Volvo B7RLE and Scania K230UB.

In April 2013 a gas-powered version called the Enviro300SG was launched. It was available on the Scania K230UB chassis. These buses were jointly built by Alexander Dennis and Scania.

Gallery

References

Buses

Alexander Dennis Enviro300


The Fifth Power () is a 1962 Brazilian science fiction thriller film directed by Alberto Pieralisi, and written and produced by Carlos Pedregal. It tells the story of foreign agents who wish to take control of Brazil's natural resources by transmitting subliminal messages to convince the population to overthrow its government, and it is considered one of the first serious Brazilian science fiction films. The film is notable for coming two years before a military coup.

Plot
A team of foreign agents arrive in Brazil and discuss an international plot to take control of the country's natural resources. They begin by installing devices on the country's main radio and TV transmitters. The devices are designed to emit subliminal messages geared towards changing the populace into a pliable and aggressive mob supporting a revolution.

Journalist Carlos, who is out of the country on assignment when the messages begin, and his friend Laura, who does not listen to the radio or watch television, are unaffected by the broadcasts and both soon realize that something has gone wrong in the country. They begin an investigation and uncover the plot by the agents.

Cast
 Eva Wilma - Laura Leal
 Oswaldo Loureiro - Carlos
 Sebastião Vasconcelos - Milton
 Joana Fomm

Production
Carlos Pedregal traveled from Spain to Argentina, his mother's birthplace, and from there received a temporary visa to work in Brazil as a journalist starting in 1947. He then introduced the concept of subliminal advertising in Brazil, and began hosting a program called Revelations of the Subconscious for Rádio Globo in 1951. Later that year, he began hosting a television show dedicated to psychological experiments on Tupi Network; he launched a second television show in 1958. In 1961, Pedregal revealed he was working on the screenplay for what would become The Fifth Power. Seeking to emulate the methods of Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz, which hired foreigners for technical roles in order to produce films of an international quality level, Pedregal hired Italian director Alberto Pieralisi (who had lived in Brazil for a number of years, but had previously worked for Cines and Cinecittà in Italy) and Turkish cinematographer Özen Sermet.

The film, which was set in Rio de Janeiro and featured scenes set on the Sugarloaf Cable Car and at the Christ the Redeemer statue, was at the time the most expensive film made in Brazil. Along with Garrincha: Hero of the Jungle, the film was selected to represent Brazil at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival.

Around the time of the film's release, its negatives and most copies were destroyed in a fire. It was considered lost for decades, until one copy of the negatives was discovered in Berlin. The film was screened at the Festival de Brasília in 2006, with Pedregal in attendance to introduce it.

Reception
Contemporary reviews were positive. O Estado de S. Paulo wrote in a review that "the suspenseful, thrilling atmosphere recalls SF works by William Cameron Menzies and Edgar G. Ulmer. Rio de Janeiro has never featured so beautifully in the cinema." In regards to the novelty of its science fiction elements, Diário de Notícias wrote that the "terrible weapon of subjugation of collective behavior, capable of directing the subconscious of people under its influence..." "has at its mercy unwitting and unconscious accomplices of a campaign without precedents or limits." The film won the Saci Prize for Best Editing (1964) and the Governor of the State of São Paulo Award for Best Screenplay (1964).

After the film's 2006 screening, Luiz Zanin wrote that it has "rare cinematic virtues" and "very sophisticated" camera work. He also said the fight at the Christ the Redeemer was "breathtaking," and noted, "I don't know if today a film director would be able to direct a scene like this." Paulo Teixeira wrote that it is "a gem" and "a rare and excellent Brazilian thriller." He continued, "In fact, this grand finale in Christ the Redeemer is a masterpiece of editing and photography, a masterpiece of suspense and tension," and noted that the battle on the Sugarloaf cable car preceded and surpassed the similar sequence in Moonraker. Teixeira also commented on the film's prescience, describing how it came two years before the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état. Cléber Eduardo wrote after the screening that it was one of the highlights of the festival, and described its similarities to John Carpenter's They Live. Lucas Zoppa labeled the film one of the ten best Latin American sci-fi movies of all time.

Vice said that the film was "very Brazilian in its approach to violence. The disturbances unleashed by the subliminal messages began with a fight between fans at Maracanã, right after a goal by Pelé. True headlines, almost all taken from the lurid tabloid Fight for Democracy, set the tone for the spiral of madness that overwhelmed the population. Generous close-ups on the front pages of newspapers placed viewers in the face of suicides, rapes, crimes of passion and misshapen corpses. Added to the individual tragedies were explicit references to massacres, the case of the Gran Circo Norte-Americano , a riot in the Guanabara State Penitentiary and thewave of popular withdrawals that shook Duque de Caxias in 1962."

References

External links

1962 films
1960s science fiction films
Brazilian science fiction films
1960s Portuguese-language films

The Fifth Power (film)


Social and behavior change communication (SBCC), often also only "BCC" or "Communication for Development (C4D)" is an interactive process of any intervention with individuals, group or community (as integrated with an overall program) to develop communication strategies to promote positive behaviors which are appropriate to their settings and thereby solving the world's most pressing health problems. This in turn provides a supportive environment which will enable people to initiate, sustain and maintain positive and desirable behavior outcomes.

SBCC is the strategic use of communication to promote positive health outcomes, based on proven theories and models of behavior change. SBCC employs a systematic process beginning with formative research and behavior analysis, followed by communication planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Audiences are carefully segmented, messages and materials are pre-tested, and mass media (which include radio, television, billboards, print material, internet), interpersonal channels (such as client-provider interaction, group presentations) and community mobilisation are used to achieve defined behavioral objectives.

BCC should not be confused with behavior modification, a term with specific meaning in a clinical psychiatry setting. SBCC differentiates itself from social impact entertainment primarily through its "impact first", rather than "story first", approach.

Background
Providing people with information and teaching them how they should behave does not lead to desirable change in their response/behavior. However, when there is a supportive environment with information and communication (teaching) then there is a desirable change in the behavior of the target group. Thus, SBCC is proved to be an instructional intervention which has a close interface with education and communication. It is a strategic and group oriented form of communication to perceive a desired change in behavior of target group.

However, it is not as easy as it sounds, as there is no one-size-fits all strategy for any intervention. Interventions are context specific. Therefore, there is a need for proper information management and sharing. It is advised to document and report the interventions that worked somewhere, for example, the kind of messages, the medium and the audience.

Steps
SBCC is the comprehensive process in which one passes through the stages:

Unaware
> Aware
> Concerned
> Knowledgeable
> Motivated to change
> Practicing trial behavior change
> Sustained behavior change

It involves the following steps:
 State program goals
 Involve stakeholders
 Identify target populations
 Conduct formative BCC assessments
 Segment target populations
 Define behavior change objectives
 Define SBCC strategy & monitoring and evaluation plan
 Develop communication products
 Pretest
 Implement and monitor
 Evaluate
 Analyze feedback and revise

Enabling factors
Behavior change is influenced by motivation from others (external influence) as well as from within oneself (internal influence). Internal influence plays a significant role in creating more enjoyment of a behavior change, instilling a sense of ownership of the new behavior, which in turn instills a sense of ownership of the changed behavior. When designing SBCC strategies, enabling factors that affect the outcome must be considered. The following are some of the factors:
 Effective communication
 Enabling environment, which include policies, human rights community values and norms
 User-friendly, accessible services and commodities

Theories
SBCC has several levels at which it can be implemented. Each level includes several theories. Each level (and each theory) employs specific communication channels.

Individual level
 Health belief model
 Theory of reasoned action and planned behavior
 Transtheoretical model/Stages of change
 Social learning theory

Community level
 Diffusion of innovations theory
 Community mobilization

Change in organizations
 4 stage change

Public policy Level
 Distinct stages of initiation, action, implementation, evaluation and re-formulation

Strategies
SBCC is different from the ordinary instructional method of communication and is target specific. A society consists of many sub-groups. The strategy for SBCC will vary from group to group. The following points are important while considering the SBCC strategy.
 Vulnerability/risk factor of the target group
 The vulnerability/risk factor of the group which is to be addressed
 The conflict and obstacles in the way to desired change in behavior
 Type of message and communication media which can best be used to reach the target group
 Type of resources available and assessment of existing knowledge of the target group about the issue which is going to be dealt with

There can be several more points in this list. A successful SBCC requires much research and meticulous planning about the knowledge content of the subject and behavior/attitude pattern of the target group.

Social marketing has been described as a tool for sustainable behaviour change.

Implications
SBCC has proven effective in several health areas, such as increasing the use of family planning methods, reducing the spread of malaria and other infectious diseases, and improving newborn and maternal health.

SBCC is an effective tool for dealing with many community and group related problems. BCC has been adapted as an effective strategy for community mobilization, health and environmental education and various public outreach programs.
Enhanced knowledge about the behavior change process has facilitated the design of communications programs to reduce the risk of HIV transmission and AIDS. A wide variety of health promotion strategies use communication as either an educational or norm-forming strategy. In addition, specific strategies must be designed for high-risk groups such as women, young people, injecting drug abusers, homosexuals and HIV positive groups.

Role in HIV/AIDS
SBCC consists of effective communication which is central to the success of interventions to reduce the risk of HIV infection. It plays a role to:

 Increase knowledge
 Stimulate community dialogue
 Promote essential attitude change
 Advocate for policy changes
 Create a demand for information and services
 Reduce stigma and discrimination
 Promote services for prevention and care

See also
 Attitude change
 Behavior change method
 Behavior change (public health)
 Design for behaviour change
 Entertainment-Education
 Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs
 Lifestyle medicine

References

External links
 Community Mobilization and Participation
 Behavior Change Communication Tools & Publications: FHI
 Development Communication – a research article by Kumar, Rajesh: https://web.archive.org/web/20130927085358/https://caluniv.ac.in/Global%20mdia%20journal/Winter%20Issue%20December%20%202011%20Articles/AR-3%20Kumar.pdf
 The Communication Initiative – a central knowledge base for experts in the field
 C4D Network – a localized, country-specific network for practitioners

Behavioural sciences
Community
Community organizing
Attitude change
Communication


The Palace of Justice () is the seat of the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) of Austria. The Neo-Renaissance building erected from 1875 to 1881 is located in the Austrian capital Vienna on Schmerlingplatz, a square near the Ringstraße boulevard in the central district of Innere Stadt. In addition to the Supreme Court, the Palace of Justice houses the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and the Regional Court for Civil Matters Vienna and the General Prosecution and the Supreme Public Prosecutor for Vienna.

History

The building was projected by the Historicist architect Alexander Wielemans von Monteforte (1843–1911) as the new residence of the Supreme Court established in the course of the 1848 revolutions and headed by President Anton von Schmerling since 1865.

In the Austrian July Revolt of 1927, violent demonstrations took place after a jury had acquitted several nationalist paramilitaries who during an armed conflict with Social Democratic Schutzbund members in Schattendorf had shot a disabled World War I veteran and an eight-year-old child. In the morning of July 15 numerous protesters gathered in front of the Austrian Parliament Building but were pushed towards Schmerlingplatz by the mounted police force. Several demonstrators broke into the ground-floor rooms and began to demolish furniture and files. At about half past twelve, the Palace was set on fire. During their attempts to extinguish the fire the Vienna firefighters were attacked, hoses were cut and hydrants ran out of water. The fire rapidly spread out all over the building and it took until the early morning to get it under control.

Between 1929 and 1931 the palace was restored with significant modifications of the façade and the addition of a new level. The restoration, in a historicist style, was carried out by Viennese architects Heinrich Ried and Alfred Keller.

In a sweeping general renovation a few years ago, the Palace was forced to meet both the stringent requirements of monument protection as well as those of a modern office in order to provide proper service to litigants.

See also
Ministry of Justice (Austria)

References

External links
  360° Panorama in the main hall

Buildings and structures in Vienna
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Courthouses
National supreme court buildings
1881 establishments in Austria
19th-century architecture in Austria

Palace of Justice, Vienna


Central Asian Arabic or Jugari Arabic (in Arabic: العربية الآسيوية الوسطى) is a variety of Arabic currently facing extinction and spoken predominantly by Arab communities living in portions of Central Asia.

It is a very different variant from others known in the Arabic language and, although it bears certain similarities with North Mesopotamian Arabic, it is part of the Central Asian family, an independent linguistic branch of the five mainly groups of the Modern Standard Arabic. There is no diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic.

It is spoken by an estimated 6,000 people in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, countries where Arabic is not an official language, and reported to be declining in number.

In contrast to all Arab countries, it is not characterized by diglossia; The Arab ethnic group use Uzbek and Persian (including Dari and Tajiki) to communicate with each other, and as literary language; Speakers are reported to be bilingual, others speak these languages as mother tongue, and only few members of the communities now speak Jugari Arabic.

History

It was once spoken among Central Asia's numerous settled and nomadic Arab communities who moved there after the fall of Sasanian Empire. They inhabited areas in Samarqand, Bukhara, Qashqadarya, Surkhandarya (present-day Uzbekistan), and Khatlon (present-day Tajikistan), as well as Afghanistan. The first wave of Arabs migrated to this region in the 8th century during the Muslim conquests and was later joined by groups of Arabs from Balkh and Andkhoy (present-day Afghanistan). According to Ibn Al-Athir, the Arabic conquerors settled about 50,000 Arabic families in to Iranian Khorasan, modern day Northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan, but the number is definitely exaggerated. Owing to heavy Islamic influences, Arabic quickly became the common language of science and literature of the epoch. Most Central Asian Arabs lived in isolated communities and did not favour intermarriages with the local population. This factor helped their language survive in a multilingual milieu until the 20th century. By the 1880s many Arab pastoralists had migrated to northern Afghanistan from what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan following the Russian conquest of Central Asia. These Arabs nowadays speak no Arabic, having adapted to Dari and Uzbek.

With the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, Arab communities faced major linguistic and identity changes having had to abandon nomadic lifestyles and gradually mixing with Uzbeks, Tajiks and Turkmen. According to the 1959 census, only 34% of Soviet Arabs, mostly elderly, spoke their language at a native level. Others reported Uzbek or Tajik as their mother tongue.

Varieties
Giorgi Tsereteli and Isaak Natanovich Vinnikov were responsible for the first academic studies of Central Asian Arabic, which is heavily influenced by the local languages in phonetics, vocabulary and syntax.

The Jugari Arabic comprises four varieties: Bakhtiari Arabic (also called Bactrian Arabic), Bukhara Arabic (also called Buxara Arabic), Kashkadarya Arabic and Khorasani Arabic. The first three have their speakers spread across Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Khorasani came to be considered by scholars as part of the Central Asian Arabic dialect family only recently.

It is reported to be spoken in 5 villages of Surkhandarya, Qashqadarya and Bukhara. In Uzbekistan, there are at least two dialects of Central Asian Arabic: Bukharian (influenced by Tajik) and Qashqadaryavi (influenced by Turkic languages). These dialects are not mutually intelligible. In Tajikistan, Central Asian Arabic is spoken by 35.7% of the country's Arab population, having been largely replaced by Tajik. Bakhtiari Arabic is spoken in Arab communities in northern Afghanistan. Recent studies considered Khorasani Arabic (spoken in Khorasan, Iran) as part of the Central Asian Arabic family, and found that it was closely related to Qashqadaryavi.

Numbers
 wahid > fad
 ithnaân > isnen
 thalatha > salaâs
 arba'a > orba'

See also
History of Arabs in Afghanistan
Khoja
:ru:Среднеазиатские арабы - central Asian Arabs

References

Bibliography
 Versteegh, Kees. The Arabic Language. — Edinburgh University Press, 2014. — 410 p. — .

Arabic languages
Mashriqi Arabic
Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Uzbekistan
Languages of Tajikistan
Languages of Iran

Central Asian Arabic


Michael Fielding (born 23 January 1982) is a British comedian and actor, known for his role as Naboo in the British surreal comedy The Mighty Boosh. He was born in Westminster, London, England and brought up in Mitcham, Southwest London. He plays Smooth, the butler, in Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy, as well as other roles such as Doo-Rag.

Career
Michael Fielding appeared on his elder brother Noel Fielding and Julian Barratt's show, The Mighty Boosh. Michael starred in all three series as well as live tours including The Mighty Boosh Live and the Future Sailors Tour. He performs as Naboo the Enigma, as well as other minor characters. More recently, he starred in Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy.

The Mighty Boosh
Fielding is best known for playing Naboo the Enigma, the shaman on The Mighty Boosh, co-written by and co-starring his elder brother, Noel Fielding. He became part of The Mighty Boosh when he accompanied Noel to a show in Australia. Michael and his best friend then decided to live in Australia following the tour. In an audio commentary on the DVD release of the first season of The Mighty Boosh, Noel commented that his brother and friend only lived there for a year but they 'had the time of their lives'. His character is often seen with a hookah pipe and makes a few drug references throughout the series. Noel said in an interview with Jonathan Ross that the abstract name of the show came about from one of Michael's Portuguese friends who described his hair as being like a "mighty bush", owing to Michael's curly hairstyle as a child. Michael has since confirmed his brother's story about The Mighty Boosh name, but revealed that his friend was actually Spanish.

Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy

Michael Fielding is also known for his roles in Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy. He played the main character Smooth, Noel's purple anteater-like butler. He also played the minor character Doo Rag.

References

External links

 Interview Jan 2009 – www.vexedmag.com
 Interview Jan 2012 – Electric Banana

1982 births
Living people
English people of French descent
English male television actors
English male comedians
British surrealist artists
The Mighty Boosh
Male actors from London
Comedians from London

Michael Fielding


Manipulation check is a term in experimental research in the social sciences which refers to certain kinds of secondary evaluations of an experiment.

Overview
Manipulation checks are measured variables that show what the manipulated variables concurrently affect besides the dependent variable of interest.

In experiments, an experimenter manipulates some aspect of a process or task and randomly assigns subjects to different levels of the manipulation ("experimental conditions"). The experimenter then observes whether variation in the manipulated variables cause differences in the dependent variable. Manipulation checks are targeted at variables beside the dependent variable of interest.

Manipulations are not intended to verify that the manipulated factor caused variation in the dependent variable.  This is verified by random assignment, manipulation before measurement of the dependent variable, and statistical tests of effect of the manipulated variable on the dependent variable.  Thus, a failed manipulation check does not refute the hypothesis that the manipulation caused variation in the dependent variable.

In contrast, a successful manipulation check can help an experimenter rule out reasons that a manipulation may have failed to influence a dependent variable.  When a manipulation creates significant differences between experimental conditions in both (1) the dependent variable and (2) the measured manipulation check variable, the interpretation is that (1) the manipulation "causes" variation in the dependent variable (the "effect") and (2) the manipulation also explains variation in some other, more theoretically obvious measured variable that it is expected to concurrently influence, which assists in interpreting the "cause" (i.e., it only help interpret the "cause"; it is not necessary to affirm that the "cause" causes an effect).

See also
 Design of experiments
 Instructional manipulation check

Social research
Design of experiments

Manipulation check


The Sea of Zanj (; Bahari ya Zanj, in Swahili) is a former name for that portion of the western Indian Ocean adjacent to the region in the African Great Lakes referred to by medieval Arab geographers as Zanj. The Sea of Zanj was deemed a fearful zone by Arab mariners and legends regarding dangers in the waters abounded, especially near its far southern limits.

Geography
The term was applied to the sea expanses near the eastern portion of the African continent known by ancient Muslim travelers and chroniclers such as Al Masudi and Ibn Batuta.

Although geographically insufficiently defined, the area of the Sea of Zanj included a vast maritime region roughly stretching as far as ancient navigators reached on their dhows. Subject to Monsoon wind variations, the Sea of Zanj was located to the south of the Erythraean Sea. It stretched off the coast of Southeast Africa as far south as the Mozambique Channel, including the Comoros and the waters off the eastern coast of Madagascar. On its eastern side the sea extended west of the Seychelles and to the northwest of the islands of the Mascarenes.

See also
Zanzibar

References

Bodies of water of Africa
Zanj
Borders of Madagascar
Borders of Mauritius
History of geography

Sea of Zanj


Joseph Paul DiMaggio ( ,  ;  ; November 25, 1914 – March 8, 1999), nicknamed "Joltin' Joe", "the Yankee Clipper" and "Joe D.", was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees. Born to Italian immigrants in California, he is widely considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time and is best known for setting the record for the longest hitting streak in baseball (56 games from May 15 – July 16, 1941), which still stands today.

DiMaggio was a three-time American League (AL) Most Valuable Player Award winner and an All-Star in each of his 13 seasons. During his tenure with the Yankees, the club won ten American League pennants and nine World Series championships. His nine career World Series rings are second only to fellow Yankee Yogi Berra, who won ten.

At the time of his retirement after the 1951 season, he ranked fifth in career home runs (361) and sixth in career slugging percentage (.579). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955 and was voted the sport's greatest living player in a poll taken during baseball's centennial year of 1969. His brothers Vince (1912–1986) and Dom (1917–2009) also were major league center fielders. Outside of baseball, DiMaggio is also widely known for his marriage and life-long devotion to Marilyn Monroe.

Early life
DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914, in Martinez, California, the eighth of nine children born to Sicilian immigrants Giuseppe and Rosalia DiMaggio, from Isola delle Femmine. His Italian birth name was Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio. Rosalia named her son "Giuseppe" after his father in the hopes he would be her last child; "Paolo" was in honor of Giuseppe's favorite saint, Paul of Tarsus.

Giuseppe was a fisherman, as were generations of DiMaggios before him. Joe's brother Tom told Maury Allen that Rosalia's father wrote to her saying Giuseppe could earn a better living in California. Giuseppe and Rosalia decided that he would go to America for one year: if things were better, he would send for her; if not, he would return home. After being processed on Ellis Island, Giuseppe worked his way across the country, eventually settling near Rosalia's father in Pittsburg, on the east side of the San Francisco Bay Area. After four years, he had earned enough money to send for Rosalia and their daughter, who was born after he left. When Joe was a toddler, Giuseppe moved his family to the North Beach section of San Francisco. Giuseppe hoped that his five sons would become fishermen.

DiMaggio recalled that he would do anything to get out of cleaning his father's boat, as the smell of dead fish nauseated him. Giuseppe called him "lazy" and "good-for-nothing". At age ten, he took up baseball, playing third base at the North Beach playground near his home. After attending Hancock Elementary and Francisco Middle School, DiMaggio dropped out of Galileo High School and worked odd jobs.

By 1931, DiMaggio was playing semi-pro ball. Nearing the end of the 1932 season, his brother Vince, playing for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), talked his manager into letting DiMaggio fill in at shortstop. He made his professional debut on October 1, 1932, playing the last three games. In less than two years, DiMaggio made the jump from the playground to the PCL, one notch below the majors.  In his full rookie year, from May 27 to July 25, 1933, he hit safely in 61 consecutive games, a PCL-record, and second-longest in Minor League Baseball history. "Baseball didn't really get into my blood until I knocked off that hitting streak," he said. "Getting a daily hit became more important to me than eating, drinking, or sleeping".

In 1934, DiMaggio suffered a potentially career-threatening knee injury when he tore ligaments of his right knee while stepping out of a jitney. Convinced the injury would heal, Yankees scout Bill Essick pestered his bosses to give DiMaggio another look. After he passed a physical, the team bought him for $50,000 and five players, with the Seals keeping him for the 1935 season.  DiMaggio batted .398 with 154 runs batted in (RBIs) and 34 home runs. The Seals won the 1935 PCL title, and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

Major league career

DiMaggio made his major league debut on May 3, 1936, batting ahead of Lou Gehrig in the lineup. The Yankees had not been to the World Series since 1932, but they won the next four World Series. Over the course of his 13-year Major League career, DiMaggio led the Yankees to nine World Series championships, where he trails only Yogi Berra (10) in that category.

DiMaggio set a franchise record for rookies in 1936 by hitting 29 home runs. DiMaggio accomplished the feat in 138 games. His record stood for over 80 years until it was shattered by Aaron Judge, who tallied 52 homers in 2017.

In 1937, DiMaggio built upon his rookie season by leading the majors with 46 home runs, 151 runs scored, and 418 total bases. He also hit safely in 43 of 44 games from June 27 to August 12. He finished second in American League MVP voting in a close race with Charlie Gehringer of the Detroit Tigers.

In 1939, DiMaggio was nicknamed the "Yankee Clipper" by Yankee's play-by-play announcer Arch McDonald, when he likened DiMaggio's speed and range in the outfield to the then-new Pan American airliner. That year in August, DiMaggio recorded 53 RBIs, tying Hack Wilson's 1930 record for most in a single month. He also won his first career batting title and MVP award, as well as leading the Yankees to their fourth consecutive World Series championship.

DiMaggio was pictured with his son on the cover of the inaugural issue of SPORT magazine in September 1946.

In 1947, DiMaggio won his third MVP award and his sixth World Series with the Yankees. That year, Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Ted Williams, but the trade was canceled when MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra.

In the September 1949 issue of SPORT, Hank Greenberg said that DiMaggio covered so much ground in center field that the only way to get a hit against the Yankees was "to hit 'em where Joe wasn't." DiMaggio also stole home five times in his career.

On February 7, 1949, DiMaggio signed a contract worth $100,000 ($ in current dollar terms) ($70,000 plus bonuses), and became the first baseball player to break $100,000 in earnings. By 1950, he was ranked the second-best center fielder by the Sporting News, after Larry Doby. After a poor 1951 season, various injuries, and a scouting report by the Brooklyn Dodgers that was turned over to the New York Giants and leaked to the press, DiMaggio announced his retirement at age 37 on December 11, 1951. When remarking on his retirement to the Sporting News on December 19, 1951, he said:

I feel like I have reached the stage where I can no longer produce for my club, my manager, and my teammates. I had a poor year, but even if I had hit .350, this would have been my last year. I was full of aches and pains and it had become a chore for me to play. When baseball is no longer fun, it's no longer a game, and so, I've played my last game.

Through May 2009, DiMaggio was tied with Mark McGwire for third place all-time in home runs over the first two calendar years in the major leagues (77), behind Phillies Hall of Famer Chuck Klein (83), and Milwaukee Brewers' Ryan Braun (79). Through 2011, he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-homer, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Ted Williams, Ralph Kiner, Mark Teixeira, Albert Pujols, and Ryan Braun. DiMaggio holds the record for most seasons with more home runs than strikeouts (minimum 20 home runs), a feat he accomplished seven times, and five times consecutively from 1937 to 1941. DiMaggio could have possibly exceeded 500 home runs and 2,000 RBIs had he not served in the military during World War II, causing him to miss the 1943, 1944, and 1945 seasons.

DiMaggio might have had better power-hitting statistics had his home park not been Yankee Stadium. In "The House That Ruth Built", its nearby right field favored the Babe's left-handed power. For right-handed hitters, its deep left and center fields made home runs almost impossible. Mickey Mantle recalled that he and Whitey Ford witnessed many DiMaggio blasts that would have been home runs anywhere other than Yankee Stadium (Ruth himself fell victim to that problem, as he also hit many long flyouts to center). Bill James calculated that DiMaggio lost more home runs due to his home park than any other player in history. Left-center field went as far back as 457 ft [139 m], whereas left-center rarely reaches 380 ft [116 m] in today's ballparks. Al Gionfriddo's famous catch in the 1947 World Series, which was close to the 415-foot mark [126 m] in left-center, would have been a home run in the Yankees' current ballpark. DiMaggio hit 148 home runs in 3,360 at-bats at home versus 213 home runs in 3,461 at-bats on the road. His slugging percentage at home was .546, and on the road, it was .610. Statistician Bill Jenkinson commented on these figures:

For example, Joe DiMaggio was acutely handicapped by playing at Yankee Stadium. Every time he batted in his home field during his entire career, he did so knowing that it was physically impossible for him to hit a home run to the half of the field directly in front of him. If you look at a baseball field from foul line to foul line, it has a 90-degree radius. From the power alley in the left-center field (430 in Joe's time) to the fence in the deep right-center field (407 ft), it is 45 degrees. And Joe DiMaggio never hit a single home run over the fences at Yankee Stadium in that 45-degree graveyard. It was just too far. Joe was plenty strong; he routinely hit balls in the 425-foot range. But that just wasn't good enough in the cavernous Yankee Stadium. Like Ruth, he benefited from a few easy homers each season due to the short foul line distances. But he lost many more than he gained by constantly hitting long flyouts toward center field. Whereas most sluggers perform better on their home fields, DiMaggio hit only 41 percent of his career home runs in the Bronx. He hit 148 homers at Yankee Stadium. If he had hit the same exact pattern of batted balls with a typical modern stadium as his home, he would have belted about 225 homers during his home-field career.

DiMaggio became eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 but he was not elected until 1955. The Hall of Fame rules on the post-retirement induction waiting period had been revised in the interim, extending the waiting period from one to five years, but DiMaggio and Ted Lyons were exempted from the rule. DiMaggio told Baseball Digest in 1963 that the Brooklyn Dodgers had offered him their managerial job in 1953, but he turned it down. After being out of baseball since his retirement as an active player, DiMaggio joined the newly relocated Oakland Athletics as a vice president in 1968 and 1969 and a coach in just the first of those two seasons. The appointment allowed him to qualify
for MLB's maximum pension allowance of which he had fallen two years short upon his retirement. During his only campaign as a coach, he helped improve the talents of players such as Reggie Jackson, Sal Bando, and Joe Rudi who became part of the team's nucleus when it won three consecutive World Series from 1972 to 1974.

1941 hitting streak

DiMaggio's most famous achievement is his MLB record-breaking 56-game hitting streak in 1941. The streak began on May 15, a couple of weeks before the death of Lou Gehrig—who had been DiMaggio's teammate from 1936 to 1939—when DiMaggio went one-for-four against Chicago White Sox pitcher Eddie Smith. Major newspapers began to write about DiMaggio's streak early on, but as he approached George Sisler's modern-era record of 41 games, it became a national phenomenon. Initially, DiMaggio showed little interest in breaking Sisler's record, saying: "I'm not thinking a whole lot about it... I'll either break it or I won't." As he approached Sisler's record, DiMaggio showed more interest, saying, "At the start, I didn't think much about it... but naturally I'd like to get the record since I am this close." On June 29, 1941, DiMaggio doubled in the first game of a doubleheader against the Washington Senators at Griffith Stadium to tie Sisler's record and then singled in the nightcap to extend his streak to 42.

A Yankee Stadium crowd of 52,832 fans watched DiMaggio tie the all-time hitting streak record (44 games, Wee Willie Keeler in 1897) on July 1. The next day against the Boston Red Sox, he homered into Yankee Stadium's left-field stands to extend his streak to 45, setting a new record. DiMaggio recorded 67 hits in 179 at-bats during the first 45 games of his streak, while Keeler recorded 88 hits in 201 at-bats. DiMaggio continued hitting after breaking Keeler's record, reaching 50 straight games on July 11 against the St. Louis Browns. On July 17 at Cleveland's Municipal Stadium, DiMaggio's streak was finally snapped at 56 games, thanks in part to two backhand stops by Indians third baseman Ken Keltner. DiMaggio batted .408 during the streak with 15 home runs and 55 RBI. The day after the streak ended DiMaggio started another streak that lasted 16 games, therefore hitting safely in 72 of 73 games. The closest anyone has come to equaling DiMaggio is Pete Rose, who hit safely in 44 straight games in 1978. During the streak, DiMaggio played in seven doubleheaders. The Yankees' record during the streak was 41–13–2.

Some consider DiMaggio's streak a uniquely outstanding and unbreakable record a statistical near-impossibility. Nobel Prize-winning physicist and sabermetrician Edward Mills Purcell calculated that, to have the likelihood of a hitting streak of 50 games occurring in the history of baseball up to the late 1980s be greater than 50%, fifty-two .350 lifetime hitters would have to have existed instead of the actual three (Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, and Shoeless Joe Jackson). His Harvard colleague Stephen Jay Gould, citing Purcell's work, called DiMaggio's 56-game achievement "the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports". Samuel Arbesman and Steven Strogatz of Cornell University disagree. They conducted 10,000 computer simulations of Major League Baseball from 1871 to 2005, 42% of which produced streaks as long or longer, with record streaks ranging from 39 to 109 games and typical record streaks between 50 and 64 games.

World War II
DiMaggio enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces on February 17, 1943, rising to the rank of sergeant. He was stationed at Santa Ana, California, Hawaii, and Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a physical education instructor. He was released on a medical discharge in September 1945, due to chronic stomach ulcers. Other than being paid $21 a month, DiMaggio's service was as comfortable as a soldier's life could be. He spent most of his military career playing for baseball teams and in exhibition games against fellow Major Leaguers and minor league players, and superiors gave him special privileges due to his prewar fame. DiMaggio ate so well from an athlete-only diet that he gained 10 pounds, and while in Hawaii he and other players mostly tanned on the beach and drank. Embarrassed by his lifestyle, DiMaggio requested that he be given a combat assignment but was turned down.

Parents as "enemy aliens"
Giuseppe and Rosalia DiMaggio, both from Isola delle Femmine, were among the thousands of German, Japanese, and Italian immigrants classified as "enemy aliens" by the government after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Each was required to carry photo ID booklets at all times and was not allowed to travel outside a five-mile radius from their home without a permit. Giuseppe was barred from San Francisco Bay, where he had fished for decades, and his boat was seized. Rosalia became an American citizen in 1945, followed by Giuseppe in 1946.

Marriages

Dorothy Arnold
In January 1937, DiMaggio met actress Dorothy Arnold on the set of Manhattan Merry-Go-Round, in which he had a minor role, and she was an extra. He announced their engagement on April 25, 1939, just before the Yankees were to meet the Philadelphia Athletics (The Yankees won that game 8 to 4, belting out 13 hits, including three by DiMaggio and the only two-hit performance that year by the ailing Lou Gehrig.) They married at San Francisco's Sts. Peter and Paul Church on November 19, 1939, as 20,000 well-wishers jammed the streets. Their son, Joseph Paul DiMaggio Jr. (1941–1999), was born at Doctors' Hospital in Staten Island. The couple divorced in 1944, while he was on leave from the Yankees during World War II.

Marilyn Monroe

According to her autobiography My Story, ghostwritten by Ben Hecht, Marilyn Monroe originally did not want to meet DiMaggio, fearing he was a stereotypically arrogant athlete. They eloped at San Francisco City Hall on January 14, 1954. Although she suffered from endometriosis, Monroe and DiMaggio each expressed to reporters their desire to start a family.

The union was troubled from the start by DiMaggio's jealousy and controlling attitude; he was also physically abusive. A violent fight between the couple occurred immediately after the skirt-blowing scene in The Seven Year Itch that was filmed on September 14, 1954, in front of Manhattan's Trans-Lux 52nd Street Theater. Then 20th Century Fox's East Coast correspondent Bill Kobrin told the Palm Springs Desert Sun that it was director Billy Wilder's idea to turn the shoot into a media circus. The couple then had a "yelling battle" in the theater lobby. After returning from New York City to Hollywood in October 1954, Monroe filed for divorce from DiMaggio after only nine months of marriage. DiMaggio underwent therapy, stopped drinking alcohol, and expanded his interests beyond baseball.

On August 1, 1956, an International News wire photo of DiMaggio with Lee Meriwether gave rise to speculation that they were engaged, but DiMaggio biographer Richard Ben Cramer wrote that it was a rumor started by columnist Walter Winchell. Monroe biographer Donald Spoto claimed that DiMaggio was "very close to marrying" 1957 Miss America Marian McKnight, who won the crown with a Marilyn Monroe act, but McKnight denied it. He was also linked to Liz Renay, Cleo Moore, Rita Gam, Marlene Dietrich, and Gloria DeHaven during this period, and years later to Elizabeth Ray and Morgan Fairchild, but he never publicly confirmed any involvement with any woman.

DiMaggio reentered Monroe's life as her marriage to Arthur Miller was ending. On February 10, 1961, he secured her release from Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic in Manhattan. She joined him in Florida where he was a batting coach for the Yankees. Their "just friends" claim did not stop remarriage rumors from flying. Reporters staked out her Manhattan apartment building. Bob Hope "dedicated" Best Song nominee "The Second Time Around" to them at the 33rd Academy Awards.

According to Maury Allen's biography, DiMaggio was alarmed at how Monroe had fallen in with people he felt were detrimental to her well-being. Val Monette, the owner of a military post-exchange supply company, told Allen that DiMaggio left his employ on August 1, 1962, because he had decided to ask Monroe to remarry him.

Four days later, on August 5, Monroe was found dead in her Brentwood, Los Angeles home after housekeeper Eunice Murray telephoned Monroe's psychiatrist, Ralph Greenson. DiMaggio's son had spoken to Monroe on the phone the night of her death and said she seemed fine. Her death was deemed a probable suicide by "Coroner to the Stars" Thomas Noguchi. It has also been the subject of conspiracy theories.

Devastated, DiMaggio claimed Monroe's body and arranged for her funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. He barred Hollywood's elite and members of the Kennedy family from attending the funeral, including President John F. Kennedy. He had a half-dozen red roses delivered to her crypt three times a week for 20 years. He refused to talk about her publicly or otherwise exploit their relationship. He never married again. According to DiMaggio's attorney Morris Engelberg, DiMaggio's last words were "I'll finally get to see Marilyn." However, Joe's brother Dominic challenged Engelberg's version of Joe's final moments and his motives.

Advertising

In the 1970s, DiMaggio became a spokesman for Mr. Coffee, and was the face of the electric drip coffee makers for over 20 years. Vincent Marotta, the CEO of North American Systems, which manufactured Mr. Coffee at the time, recruited DiMaggio for the advertising campaign. DiMaggio's spots were successful with consumers. In a 2007 interview with The Columbus Dispatch, Marotta joked that "millions of kids grew up thinking Joe DiMaggio was a famous appliance salesman." Despite the commercials, DiMaggio rarely drank coffee due to ulcers; and when he did drink coffee, he preferred Sanka instant coffee rather than coffee brewed by Mr. Coffee machines.

In 1972, DiMaggio became a spokesman for the Bowery Savings Bank. Except for a five-year hiatus in the 1980s, he regularly made commercials for them until 1992. In 1986, he became a spokesperson for Florida's Cross Keys Village, an active retirement community.

Television programs
Beginning in April 1952, DiMaggio had 10-minute programs on Channel 11 in New York City before and after each Yankees' home game. Episodes included interviews with guests and DiMaggio's comments about baseball. The team owned the program, with DiMaggio under contract to the Yankees. He also did Joe DiMaggio's Dugout on Channel 4 in New York City, a weekly filmed program unrelated to the pre-and post-game shows. It featured instructional sessions and quizzes for young people.

Death

DiMaggio was a heavy smoker for much of his adult life. He was admitted to Memorial Regional Hospital in Hollywood, Florida, on October 12, 1998, for lung cancer surgery and remained there for 99 days. He returned to his home in Hollywood, Florida, on January 19, 1999, where he died on March 8 at age 84.

His funeral was held on March 11, 1999, at Sts. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church in San Francisco, and he was interred 3 months later at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. His son also died that year, on August 6, at age 57.

Legacy
At his death, The New York Times called DiMaggio's 1941 56-game hitting streak "perhaps the most enduring record in sports."

In an article in 1976 in Esquire magazine, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter," consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Joe DiMaggio was the center fielder on Stein's Italian team.

According to American geneticist Mary-Claire King, in the spring of 1981 DiMaggio babysat her daughter at the San Francisco airport so King could drop her mother off to her flight to Chicago. According to King, if it were not for DiMaggio's kindness, she would have almost certainly missed her own flight that was taking her and her daughter to Washington, D.C., a trip that eventually resulted in King's getting her first major grant from the National Institutes of Health and the discovery of the breast and ovarian cancer-causing gene, BRCA1.

On September 17, 1992, the doors were opened at Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital at Memorial Regional Hospital in Hollywood, Florida, for which he raised over $4 million.

On April 13, 1998, DiMaggio was given the Sports Legend Award at the 13th annual American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame Awards Dinner in New York City. Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State and a longtime fan of DiMaggio, made the presentation to the Yankee great. The event was one of DiMaggio's last public appearances before taking ill.

Yankee Stadium's fifth monument was dedicated to DiMaggio on April 25, 1999, and the West Side Highway was officially renamed The Joe DiMaggio Highway in his honor. The Yankees wore DiMaggio's number 5 on the left sleeves of their uniforms for the 1999 season. He is ranked No. 11 on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and he was elected by fans to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In addition to his number 5 being retired by the New York Yankees, DiMaggio's number was also retired by the Florida Marlins, who retired it in honor of their first team president, Carl Barger, who died five months before the team took the field for the first time in 1993. DiMaggio had been his favorite player.

In 2000 after some negotiations, the heirs of Joe DiMaggio's estate, two granddaughters and their four children, welcomed the renaming of San Francisco's North Beach playground, the place where Joe DiMaggio first took up baseball as a boy, as the Joe DiMaggio North Beach Playground.

In 2001, Major League Baseball introduced an online daily fantasy game called "Beat the Streak" which required players to pick one or two MLB players to get a hit in a game that day. The goal was to pick correctly 57 times in a row to beat DiMaggio's record streak. , the prize money for beating the streak was $5.6 million; more than 4.5 million players had combined to make over 100 million attempts but none had reached even 52 consecutive hits in the game's history.

In May 2006, the adopted daughters of DiMaggio's son held an auction of DiMaggio's personal items. Highlights included the ball he hit in breaking Wee Willie Keeler's hitting-streak record ($63,250); his 2,000th career hit ball ($29,900); his 1947 Most Valuable Player Award ($281,750); the uniform worn in the 1951 World Series ($195,500); his Hall of Fame ring ($69,000); a photograph Marilyn autographed "I love you Joe" ($80,500); her passport ($115,000); and their marriage certificate ($23,000). Lot 758, DiMaggio's white 1991 Mercedes 420 SEL sedan, which was a gift from the New York Yankees commemorating the 50th anniversary of DiMaggio's 1941 season, sold for $18,000. The event netted a total of $4.1 million.

On August 8, 2011, the United States Postal Service announced that an image of DiMaggio would appear on a stamp for the first time. It was issued as part of the "Major League Baseball All-Star Stamp Series," which came out in July 2012.

DiMaggio insisted on being introduced as the "Greatest Living Ballplayer" at events, including Yankee Old-Timers Day, and he once punched Billy Crystal in the stomach for not introducing him as such.

In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored DiMaggio as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Army Air Force during World War II.

The Joe DiMaggio Fields in his hometown of Martinez, California are named after him.

Career statistics

DiMaggio played in 10 World Series, winning 9. His only loss was in the 1942 World Series. He batted .271 (54-199), with 27 runs scored, 8 home runs, and 30 RBI in 51 post-season games.

In popular culture

An American icon, DiMaggio's popularity during his career was such that he was referenced in film, television, literature, art, and music both during his career and decades after he retired.

Art
 Pierre Bellocq: Canvas of Stars mural for Gallagher's Steak House (2006)
 Robert Casilla: The Continuity of Greatness Devon Dikeou: Marilyn Monroe Wanted to Be Buried in Pucci installation (2008)
Harvey Dinnerstein: The Wide Swing (1979) sold at auction for $95,000
Curt Flood: painting of DiMaggio sold at auction for $9,500
Bart Forbes: illustration of DiMaggio for the July 1999 Boys' Life
Zenos Frudakis: bronze sculpture of DiMaggio for the Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital
Bill Gallo: caricature of DiMaggio and Ted Williams sold at auction for $750
Red Grooms: Joltin' Joe Takes a Swing installation (1985–1988)
Stephen Holland: Joe DiMaggio (2005)
Armand LaMontagne: 1991 giclee of DiMaggio sold at auction for $325
Tommy McDonald: paintings of DiMaggio sold at auction for $4,000, and $2,300
Willard Mullin: 1936 drawing of DiMaggio sold at auction for $2,600
LeRoy Neiman: Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees (1969), Joe DiMaggio, San Francisco Seals (1989), and The DiMaggio Cut (1998)
Bruce Stark: caricature of DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle sold at auction for $700
Mark Ulriksen: illustration of DiMaggio for the cover of the April 12, 1999 The New YorkerCartoons/Comics/Graphic NovelsBoobs in the Woods: Daffy yells at Porky: "Steal home, DiMaggio! It means the game! Attaboy, DiMaggio! Hit the dirt! Slide, DiMaggio! Slide!" Porky then breaks the Fourth wall and says: "Why am I sliding for? I'm not DiMaggio".
DC Comics' 100 Bullets by Brian Azzarello and Eduardo Risso:
"The Counterfifth Detective", DiMaggio is recruited by Graves for the Minutemen
"Idol Chatter", the former baseball player befriended by Graves is based on DiMaggio
Harvey Comics' Babe Ruth Sports Comics (August 1949)
Parents' Magazines True Comics #71 (May 1948)
Revolutionary Comics' Baseball Legends: Joe DiMaggio (July 1992)

Literature
"Buck Wischnewski" is based on him in Alvah Bessie's 1966 novel The Symbol"The Ex-Athlete" is based on him in Joyce Carol Oates's 2000 novel Blonde."The Silent Season of a Hero" by Gay Talese, is a celebrated 1966 piece for Esquire magazine
 In Ernest Hemingway's 1952 novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago is a fan of DiMaggio.

Music
Asia: "Joe DiMaggio's Glove"
Billy Bragg and Woody Guthrie: "DiMaggio Done It Again"
Les Brown & His Band of Renown's "Joltin' Joe DiMaggio"
Kinky Friedman: "Marilyn and Joe"
Mike Plume: "DiMaggio"
Abie Rotenberg: "The Great Joe DiMaggio's Card"
Simon & Garfunkel: "Mrs. Robinson"
Billy Joel: "We Didn't Start the Fire"
Vulfpeck: "1 for 1, Dimaggio"
Bon Jovi: "Captain Crash and the Beauty Queen from Mars"
Madonna: "Vogue"
Tim Curry: "I Do the Rock"
John Fogerty: "Centerfield"

Movies
 61*, played by Michael Nouri
 The Goddess: "Dutch Seymour" is based on DiMaggio
 Insignificance: "The Ballplayer" is based on DiMaggio
 Blonde, played by Bobby Cannavale
 Manhattan Merry-Go-Round (film), Joe DiMaggio played himself

TV movies
 Marilyn & Me, portrayed by Sal Landi
 Marilyn: The Untold Story, portrayed by Frank Converse
 Norma Jean & Marilyn, portrayed by Peter Dobson
 The Rat Pack, portrayed by John Diehl
 The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe, portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan

TheaterInsignificance (1982) by Terry Johnson: The Ballplayer is based on DiMaggioMarilyn: An American Fable (1983): DiMaggio is a characterArthur and Joe (2012) by Allan Havis: DiMaggio is a characterBronx Bombers (2013) by Eric Simonson: DiMaggio is a character

Television
 The Bronx Is Burning, played by Christopher McDonald
 Blonde:  "The Baseball Player" is based on DiMaggio Frasier, "Room Full of Heroes": Martin dresses as DiMaggio, his boyhood heroM*A*S*H:
 "Showtime": Jackie Flash mentions DiMaggio during a routine
 "Pressure Points": Potter mentions DiMaggio while talking to Freedman
 "Bombshells": Hawkeye tries to convince a 20th Century-Fox Switchboard operator that he's DiMaggio's "friend" Ted Williams
 Seinfeld'', "The Note": Kramer tries to convince the gang that he saw DiMaggio at Dinky Donuts

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Official website

1914 births
1999 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
American League home run champions
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League RBI champions
American people of Italian descent
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
New York Yankees announcers
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics coaches
Pacific Coast League MVP award winners
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Marilyn Monroe
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Baseball players from Martinez, California
Baseball players from San Francisco
Catholics from California
People of Sicilian descent
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery (Colma, California)
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

Joe DiMaggio


Julius Hoste Jr. (1884–1954) was a Belgian businessman and liberal politician.

He went to highschool at the Koninklijk Atheneum (E: Royal Atheneum) of Brussels. In 1902 he started at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he obtained a law degree in 1907. Already as a student he had become interested in the Flemish movement, like his father Julius Hoste Sr. While he was a student, he was a member of Geen Taal, Geen Vrijheid, and together with Nico Gunzburg and Frans Van Cauwelaert, he founded the Algemeen Vlaams Studentenbond.

Career
After Hoste graduated, he worked shortly for the bar, but soon started working for the newspaper company founded by his father, which published newspapers such as Het Laatste Nieuws, De Vlaamsche Gazet van Brussel and De Zweep (a Flemish weekly). In 1909, he cofounded the Liberale Volksbond of the district Brussels. This organization was founded in reaction to the Franskiljonism of the Liberal Party of Brussels. In 1913, he also participated in the foundation of the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond.

During World War I, he lived in the Netherlands. He worked for the newspaper De Vlaamsche Stem until it began German-sponsored activism. In reaction he and Frans Van Cauwelaert founded the newspaper Vrij België. Together they also founded the Vlaams-Belgisch Verbond, and worked on the minimumprogramma (E: minimum-program) to establish linguistic uniformity in Flanders (Dutch) and Wallonia (French), Dutch-language usage in Flanders for education, administration, justice and army. After the war this remained the program for the Vlaams-Belgisch Verbond.

After the war Hoste took over the management of the publishing company, and Het Laatste Nieuws became the most popular newspaper in Flanders. The success of the newspaper stood in strong contrast to the bad results for the liberals in Brussels in the elections of 1920. Julius Hoste would become president of the Algemene Belgische persbond (1935–1936), and secretary of the Verbond der Brusselse dagbladbestuurders (1939).

In 1935 he entered the political scene, and campaigned against the fascist parties Rex and VNV, and in 1936 became Minister of Education in the second government of Paul Van Zeeland. While he was in office, he founded the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten and a Dutch and French cultural council (1938).

During World War II he stayed in Great Britain, where he became the under-secretary for education in the Belgian government in exile. After the war, he helped reestablish the Liberale Volksbond and the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond. In 1947, he was one of the main authors of the Oxford Manifesto on liberalism. In 1949 he was chosen as liberal senator for Brussels, which he remained until his death in 1954. As a politician he paid attention to the problems of the Belgian communities (Flanders and Wallonia) and world peace during the Cold War.

Sources
 Julius Hoste Jr.
 Harry Van Velthoven, Zwerver in niemandsland, Julius Hoste en zijn Londens oorlogsdagboek, Willemfonds Brussel 1987

1884 births
1954 deaths

Belgian politicians
Belgian newspaper publishers (people)
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Flemish activists
Members of the Belgian government in exile

Julius Hoste Jr.


The Monumento ecuestre a Carlos María de Alvear located on Plaza Julio de Caro, a landmark in the Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and was raised in honor of Carlos María de Alvear (1788-1852).

It is a work by French sculptor Antoine Bourdelle. It is considered by the author as his masterpiece in the great monuments.

In 1912, Rodolfo Alcorta, a friend of Bourdelle, invited the sculptor to participate in a concours for the realization of this monument. He received the commission in 1913. The author took nearly ten years to complete the sculpture. Once finished the monument was shipped to Buenos Aires from France in 1925.

The sculpture and the pedestal of polished pink granite adorned with additional bronzes by the artist, stands in its current location since 12 October 1926.

Location
Located on the Plaza Julio de Caro, next to the Palais de Glace, located across Avenida Alvear, right next to the Plaza Intendente Alvear, exactly opposite the work that honors her son Torcuato de Alvear. This site is located in the heart of Recoleta.

Gallery

References

Monuments and memorials in Buenos Aires
1925 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Argentina
Tourist attractions in Buenos Aires

Monument to General Carlos M. de Alvear


The hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is a tropical bird found in swamps, river forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco delta in South America.

They are the only bird which eats leaves as a main part of their diet. Their gut has special adaptations which help their digestion.

The hoatzin is also notable for having young with claws on two of their wing digits. They are the only living member of the family Opisthocomidae. Its close relatives probably died out long ago. There has been much debate about the hoatzin's relationships with other birds.

Life-style
Hoatzin chicks are born with hooks on their wings. They use the hooks to climb around in the trees before they are large enough to fly. Hoatzins can fly only short distances even when they are fully grown, so they usually climb.

They build their nests over water. If danger threatens, the birds dive into the water. They climb back up the tree after the danger has passed.
Hoatzins communicate through unusual sounds that resemble wheezing, grunting, growls, and hisses.

Digestion
The hoatzin is the only bird that digests leaves. Their odor has been compared to fresh cow dung. The odor is caused by their digestive system.

The hoatzin eats the leaves and some fruits and flowers of plants which grow in the wet habitats where it lives. It clambers around clumsily among the branches. Once it was thought that the species only could eat the leaves of  arums and mangroves, but the species does eat the leaves of more than fifty species. One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the hoatzin diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers, and 8% fruit.

One of this species' many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material, much as cattle and other ruminants do. Unlike ruminants, however, which have the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation), the hoatzin has an unusually large crop, folded in two chambers, and a large, multi-chambered lower oesophagus. Its stomach chamber and gizzard are much smaller than in other birds.

The crop of the hoatzin is so large that it displaces the flight muscles and keel of the sternum. This is why they fly so poorly. Because of aromatic compounds in the leaves they eat, and the bacterial fermentation, the bird has a disagreeable, manure-like odor. It is only hunted by humans for food in times of great need. If the bird feeds on insects or other animal matter, that is purely accidental.

Relationships
So far (2015) very few birds have had their total genome analysed. More recently, a start was made to sequence the entire genome of the hoatzin.  As of 2011, it was reported that more than 1.4 billion base pairs of hoatzin DNA had been sequenced, roughly equal to its entire haploid genome, but that only about 2.4% of its genome had yet been assembled. Of birds, the genomes of only four species have been sequenced. Much might be learned by coordinating these efforts with analysing the hoatzin foregut ruminant bacterial microflora. At present, the nearest relatives of the hoatzin are not known. There is a fossil record which suggests its lineage is fairly ancient.

References

Birds of South America
National symbols of Guyana

Hoatzin


Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu () Kenyako ereserkia da.

Hitzak

Swahiliz

Ee Mungu nguvu yetu
Ilete baraka kwetu
Haki iwe ngao na mlinzi
Natukae na undugu
Amani na uhuru
Raha tupate na ustawi.

Amkeni ndugu zetu
Tufanye sote bidii
Nasi tujitoe kwa nguvu
Nchi yetu ya
Kenya tunayoipenda
Tuwe tayari kuilinda.

Natujenge taifa letu
Ee ndio wajibu wetu
Kenya istahili heshima
Tuungane mikono pamoja kazini
Pamoja kazini
Kila siku tuwe nashukrani.

Ingelesez
O God of all creation,
Bless this our land and nation.
Justice be our shield and defender,
May we dwell in unity,
Peace and liberty.
Plenty be found within our borders.

Let one and all arise,
With hearts both strong and true.
Service be our earnest endeavour,
And our Homeland of Kenya,
Heritage of splendour,
Firm may we stand to defend.

Let all with one accord,
In common bond united,
Build this our nation together,
And the glory of Kenya,
The fruit of our labour,
Fill every heart with thanksgiving.

Kanpo estekak

  Webgune ofiziala

Ereserkiak
Kenyako politika
Konposizioak do maiorren

Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu


Caleb son of Jephunneh was a person from the Book of Numbers who was one of the twelve spies that Moses sent to Canaan and aside from Joshua was the only one of them who still thought that the Lord could give the Israelites a victory against Canaan. Because of this Caleb and Joshua were the only adult males of that generation allowed to live long enough to come into the Promised Land.

Book of Joshua
At the end of the Book of Joshua, just before Joshua dies, Caleb asks Joshua for permission to conquer Hebron and Joshua gives it to him.

Judges
In the Book of Judges, Caleb's daughter marries Othniel, the first judge.

The Midrash
According to a Midrash in the Talmud, Caleb was one of the two spies that Joshua sent to Rahab.
Old Testament people

Caleb