Kenneth V. Georgetti  (born 1952) is a Canadian labour leader. Georgetti served as president of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) from 1999 to 2014. Prior to this, Georgetti served as president of the British Columbia Federation of Labour, and was the youngest person to hold the role.

Trade union career
Georgetti arrived at the head of the Canadian Labour Congress after a quarter century of union activism in British Columbia, home to Canada's most polarized politics and of a vibrant labour movement. Born in Trail, in the southern interior of the province, Georgetti first went to work in the giant Cominco smelter, just like his father. He worked in most areas of the smelter and earned his trade ticket as a pipefitter. Following the family tradition, Georgetti became active in the United Steelworkers of America Local 480, rising through the ranks to become president of the Local in 1981.

Elected vice-president of the British Columbia Federation of Labour in 1984, he became its youngest-ever president two years later. At the same time, he broadened his national labour involvement by becoming a provincial vice-president of the CLC.

Strategies
Georgetti has long advocated what he describes as "intelligent militancy". This proactive approach makes use of a wide range of strategies and tactics to achieve labour's goals. For example, as B.C. Fed President, Georgetti in 1987 led unionized workers in British Columbia in the largest one-day general strike in Canadian history, followed by a successful five-year boycott to protest labour laws and institutions established by the then Social Credit Party of British Columbia government.

CLC goals
Georgetti's priorities as the leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress included the campaign to double the Canada Pension Plan benefits,  defence and strengthening of public medicare, organizing greater numbers of workers, providing lifelong learning opportunities, enhancing youth's involvement in unions, increasing literacy levels for all Canadians and combating child labour. Promotion of labour rights and protection of employment standards in an increasingly globalized economy, and international development that respects workers' and human rights, are also key priorities. Under Georgetti's leadership, the CLC has spearheaded worldwide campaigns against corporate globalization, sweatshop manufacturers and the use of child and forced labour.

Georgetti were also involved in international issues, continuing a long CLC tradition. He served as a Vice-President and member of the Executive Board of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions before it merged with World Confederation of Labour, and was a member of its Human and Workers' Rights Committee. He is currently a Vice-President and member of the Executive Board of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), and the chair of the ITUC Committee on Workers' Capital. He is also an executive member of the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Awards
Georgetti has been recognized by various levels of government for his contributions to labour relations and the overall well-being of Canadian society. In 1998, he became the first union leader to be appointed to the distinguished Order of British Columbia. In 2000, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada – only the tenth labour leader to be so honoured.

External links
 Ken Georgetti biography from the Canadian Labour Congress

1952 births
Living people
Trade unionists from British Columbia
Canadian trade unionists of Italian descent
People from Trail, British Columbia
Members of the Order of British Columbia
Members of the Order of Canada
United Steelworkers people
Presidents of the Canadian Labour Congress

Ken Georgetti


Sir Richard Owen  (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Owen is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils.

Owen produced a vast array of scientific work, but is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria (meaning "Terrible Reptile" or "Fearfully Great Reptile"). An outspoken critic of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Owen agreed with Darwin that evolution occurred but thought it was more complex than outlined in Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Owen's approach to evolution can be considered to have anticipated the issues that have gained greater attention with the recent emergence of evolutionary developmental biology.

Owen was the first president of the Microscopical Society of London in 1839 and edited many issues of its journal – then known as The Microscopic Journal. Owen also campaigned for the natural specimens in the British Museum to be given a new home. This resulted in the establishment, in 1881, of the now world-famous Natural History Museum in South Kensington, London. Bill Bryson argues that, "by making the Natural History Museum an institution for everyone, Owen transformed our expectations of what museums are for."

While he made several contributions to science and public learning, Owen was a controversial figure among his contemporaries, both for his disagreements on matters of common descent, and for accusations that he took credit for other people's work.

Biography

Owen became a surgeon's apprentice in 1820 and was appointed to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1826. In 1836, Owen was appointed Hunterian professor at the Royal College, and in 1849, he succeeded William Clift as conservator of the Hunterian Museum. He held the latter office until 1856, when he became superintendent of the natural history department of the British Museum. He then devoted much of his energies to a great scheme for a National Museum of Natural History, which eventually resulted in the removal of the natural history collections of the British Museum to a new building at South Kensington: the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum). He retained office until the completion of this work, in December 1883, when he was made a knight of the Order of the Bath.

Owen always tended to support orthodox men of science and the status quo. The royal family presented him with the cottage in Richmond Park and Robert Peel put him on the Civil List. In 1843, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1844 he became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. When this Institute became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1851, he joined as foreign member. In 1845, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

He died at home on 15 December 1892 and is buried in the churchyard at St Andrew's Church, Ham, near Richmond, Surrey.

Work on invertebrates
While occupied with the cataloguing of the Hunterian collection, Owen did not confine his attention to the preparations before him but also seized every opportunity to dissect fresh subjects. He was allowed to examine all animals that died in London Zoo's gardens and, when the Zoo began to publish scientific proceedings, in 1831, he was the most prolific contributor of anatomical papers. His first notable publication, however, was his Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (London, 1832), which was soon recognized as a classic. Thenceforth, he continued to make important contributions to every department of comparative anatomy and zoology for a period of over fifty years. In the sponges, Owen was the first to describe the now well-known Venus' Flower Basket or Euplectella (1841, 1857). Among Entozoa, his most noteworthy discovery was that of Trichina spiralis (1835), the parasite infesting the muscles of man in the disease now termed trichinosis (see also, however, Sir James Paget). Of Brachiopoda he made very special studies, which much advanced knowledge and settled the classification that has long been accepted. Among Mollusca, he described not only the pearly nautilus but also Spirula (1850) and other Cephalopoda, both living and extinct, and it was he who proposed the universally-accepted subdivision of this class into the two orders of Dibranchiata and Tetrabranchiata (1832). In 1852 Owen named Protichnites – the oldest footprints found on land. Applying his knowledge of anatomy, he correctly postulated that these Cambrian trackways were made by an extinct type of arthropod, and he did this more than 150 years before any fossils of the animal were found. Owen envisioned a resemblance of the animal to the living arthropod Limulus.

Fish, reptiles, birds, and naming of dinosaurs

Most of his work on reptiles related to the skeletons of extinct forms and his chief memoirs, on British specimens, were reprinted in a connected series in his History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols. London 1849–1884). He published the first important general account of the great group of Mesozoic land-reptiles, and he coined the name Dinosauria from Greek δεινός (deinos) "terrible, powerful, wondrous" + σαύρος (sauros) "lizard". Owen used 3 genera to define the dinosaurs: the carnivorous Megalosaurus, the herbivorous Iguanodon and armoured Hylaeosaurus, specimens uncovered in southern England.

With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, Owen helped create the first life-size sculptures depicting dinosaurs as he thought they might have appeared. Some models were initially created for the Great Exhibition of 1851, but 33 were eventually produced when the Crystal Palace was relocated to Sydenham, in South London. Owen famously hosted a dinner for 21 prominent men of science inside the hollow concrete Iguanodon on New Year's Eve 1853. However, in 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Gideon Mantell had realised that Iguanodon, of which he was the discoverer, was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as Owen was proposing, but had slender forelimbs

Work on mammals

Owen was granted right of first refusal on any freshly dead animal at the London Zoo. His wife once arrived home to find the carcass of a newly deceased rhinoceros in her front hallway.

At the same time, Sir Thomas Mitchell's discovery of fossil bones, in New South Wales, provided material for the first of Owen's long series of papers on the extinct mammals of Australia, which were eventually reprinted in book-form in 1877. He described Diprotodon (1838) and Thylacoleo (1859), and extinct species kangaroos and wombats of gigantic size. Most fossil material found in Australia and New Zealand was initially sent to England for expert examination, and with the assistance of the local collectors Owen became the first authority on the palaeontology of the region. While occupied with so much material from abroad, Owen was also busily collecting facts for an exhaustive work on similar fossils from the British Isles and, in 1844–1846, he published his History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds, which was followed by many later memoirs, notably his Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (Palaeont. Soc., 1871). One of his latest publications was a little work entitled Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (London, 1884).

Owen, Darwin, and the theory of evolution

Sometime during the 1840s Owen came to the conclusion that species arise as the result of some sort of evolutionary process. He believed that there was a total of six possible mechanisms: Parthenogenesis, prolonged development, premature birth, congenital malformations, Lamarckian atrophy, Lamarckian hypertrophy and transmutation, of which he thought transmutation was the least likely.

The historian of science Evelleen Richards has argued that Owen was likely sympathetic to developmental theories of evolution, but backed away from publicly proclaiming them after the critical reaction that had greeted the anonymously published evolutionary book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in 1844 (it was revealed only decades later that the book had been authored by publisher Robert Chambers). Owen had been criticized for his own evolutionary remarks in his Nature of the Limbs in 1849. At the end of On the Nature of Limbs Owen suggested that humans ultimately evolved from fish, as the result of natural laws, which resulted in Owen being criticized in the Manchester Spectator for denying that species such as humans were created by God.

During the development of Darwin's theory, his investigation of barnacles showed, in 1849, how their segmentation related to other crustaceans, showing how they had diverged from their relatives. To both Darwin and Owen such "homologies" in comparative anatomy were evidence of descent. Owen demonstrated fossil evidence of an evolutionary sequence of horses, as supporting his idea of development from archetypes in "ordained continuous becoming" and, in 1854, gave a British Association talk on the impossibility of bestial apes, such as the recently discovered gorilla, standing erect and being transmuted into men, but Owen did not rule out the possibility that humans had evolved from other extinct animals by evolutionary mechanisms other than transmutation.

Working-class militants were trumpeting man's monkey origins. To crush these ideas, Owen, as President-elect of the Royal Association, announced his authoritative anatomical studies of primate brains, claiming that the human brain had structures that apes brains did not, and that therefore humans were a separate sub-class, starting a dispute which was subsequently satirised as the Great Hippocampus Question. Owen's main argument was that humans have much larger brains for their body size than other mammals including the great apes.

During the reaction to Darwin's theory, Huxley's arguments with Owen continued. Owen tried to smear Huxley, by portraying him as an "advocate of man's origins from a transmuted ape" and one of his contributions to the Athenaeum was titled "Ape-origin of man as tested by the brain".

In 1862 (and later occasions) Huxley took the opportunity to arrange demonstrations of ape brain anatomy (e.g. at the BA meeting, where William Flower performed the dissection). Visual evidence of the supposedly missing structures (posterior cornu and hippocampus minor) was used, in effect, to indict Owen for perjury: Owen had argued that the absence of those structures in apes were connected with the lesser size to which the ape brains grew, but he then conceded that a poorly developed version might be construed as present without preventing him from arguing that brain size was still the major way of distinguishing apes and humans.

Huxley's campaign ran over two years and was devastatingly successful at persuading the overall scientific community, with each "slaying" being followed by a recruiting drive for the Darwinian cause. The spite lingered. While Owen had argued that humans were distinct from apes by virtue of having large brains, Huxley claimed that racial diversity blurred any such distinction. In his paper criticizing Owen, Huxley directly states:
 ... "if we place , the European brain, , the Bosjesman brain, and , the orang brain, in a series, the differences between  and , so far as they have been ascertained, are of the same nature as the chief of those between  and '''".

Owen countered Huxley by saying the brains of all human races were really of similar size and intellectual ability, and that the fact that humans had brains that were twice the size of large apes like male gorillas, even though humans had much smaller bodies, made humans distinguishable.

Legacy

He was the first director in Natural History Museum in London and his statue was in the main hall there until 2009, when it was replaced with a statue of Darwin.
A bust of Owen by Alfred Gilbert (1896) is held in the Hunterian Museum, London.

A species of Central American lizard, Diploglossus owenii, was named in his honour by French herpetologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron in 1839.

The Sir Richard Owen pub in central Lancaster is named in his honour, and there is a blue plaque in his honour at Lancaster Royal Grammar School.

Conflicts with his peers

Owen has been described by some as a malicious, dishonest and hateful individual. He has been described in one biography as being a "social experimenter with a penchant for sadism. Addicted to controversy and driven by arrogance and jealousy". Deborah Cadbury stated that Owen possessed an "almost fanatical egoism with a callous delight in savaging his critics." An Oxford University professor once described Owen as "a damned liar. He lied for God and for malice". Gideon Mantell claimed it was "a pity a man so talented should be so dastardly and envious". Richard Broke Freeman described him as "the most distinguished vertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist ... but a most deceitful and odious man". Charles Darwin stated that "No one fact tells so strongly against Owen ... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower."

Owen famously credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the Iguanodon, completely excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell. This was not the first or last time Owen would falsely claim a discovery as his own. It has also been suggested by some authors that Owen even used his influence in the Royal Society to ensure that many of Mantell's research papers were never published. Owen was finally dismissed from the Royal Society's Zoological Council for plagiarism.

Another reason for his criticism of the Origin, some historians claim, was that Owen felt upstaged by Darwin and supporters such as Huxley, and his judgment was clouded by jealousy. Owen in Darwin's opinion was
 "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about".

"It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which Owen hates me".

Owen also resorted to the same subterfuge he used against Mantell, writing another anonymous article in the Edinburgh Review in April 1860. In the article, Owen was critical of Darwin for not offering many new observations, and heaped praise (in the third person) upon himself, while being careful not to associate any particular comment with his own name. Owen did praise, however, the Origin's description of Darwin's work on insect behavior and pigeon breeding as "real gems".

Owen was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Attacks on Hooker and Kew), orchestrated by Acton Smee Ayrton:
"There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Hooker and Owen ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden."

It has been suggested by some authors that the portrayal of Owen as a vindictive and treacherous man was fostered and encouraged by his rivals (particularly Darwin, Hooker, and Huxley) and may be somewhat undeserved. In the first part of his career he was rightly regarded as one of the great scientific figures of the age. In the second part of his career his reputation fell.

Owen's lost scientific standing was not due solely to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it was also due to serious errors of scientific judgement that were discovered and publicized. A fine example was his decision to classify man in a separate subclass of the Mammalia (see Man's place in nature). In this Owen had no supporters at all. Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on. Owen continued working after his official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had garnered in his younger days.

Bibliography
 Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (1832)
 Odontography (1840–1845)
 Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth (1842)
 On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (1848)
 History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols., 1849–1884)
 On the Nature of Limbs (1849)
 Palæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations (1860)
 Archaeopteryx (1863)
 Anatomy of Vertebrates (1866) Image from
Available at Google Books:
Volume I, Fishes and Reptiles
Volume II, Birds and Mammals
Volume III, Mammals
 Memoir of the Dodo (1866) Full book on Wiki commons
 Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (1871)
 Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa (1876)
 Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (1884)

References

Further reading

  Amundson, Ron, (2007), The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of Evo-Devo.  New York: Cambridge University of Press.

Cosans, Christopher, (2009), Owen's Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Desmond, Adrian & Moore, James (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group. .
Darwin, Francis, editor (1887). The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Including an Autobiographical Chapter (7th Edition). London: John Murray.
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C., editors (1903).  More letters of Charles Darwin: A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray.

 Richards, Evellen, (1987),  "A Question of Property Rights: Richard Owen's Evolutionism Reassessed", British Journal for the History of Science, 20: 129–171.
 Rupke, Nicolaas, (1994), Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist.  New Haven: Yale University Press.
 Shindler, Karolyn. Richard Owen: the greatest scientist you've never heard of'', The Telegraph, 16 December 2010. (accessed 16 December 2010)

External links

1804 births
1892 deaths
English anatomists
English biologists
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Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
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19th-century British biologists
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Richard Owen


Yossef Gutfreund (1 November 1931 – 6 September 1972) was an Israeli wrestling judge for his country's 1972 Olympic team. He was murdered in the Munich massacre by Black September terrorists along with 10 other members of the Israeli team.

Biography
Yosef Gutfreund attended medical school in Romania, planning to become a veterinarian, but later took up wrestling.  Munich was his third Olympics as a wrestling referee.

Kidnap and death
On 5 September 1972, Gutfreund was sleeping in the Israeli coaches' quarters in the Olympic Village. At around 4:30 am he heard a noise outside the door and went to investigate, thinking that it might be wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, who had the other key to the door. He saw the door begin to open and caught a glimpse of masked men with guns on the other side. Gutfreund threw his 6-foot 3-inch, 290 pound frame against the door and screamed a warning to his fellow Israelis. The force expended by Gutfreund on one side of the door and the eight fedayeen on the other was enough to twist the hinges and doorjambs out of place. The precious few seconds allowed his roommate, weightlifting coach Tuvia Sokolsky, to smash a window and escape.  In the adjacent Apartment 2, race-walker Dr. Shaul Ladany was jolted awake by Gutfreund's screams and also managed to escape the building.

Gutfreund and eight other members of Israeli's Olympic team were captured by the terrorists. Two others who resisted the kidnappers, wrestling coach Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano, were killed by the intruders during the initial break-in.

Twenty-one hours later, on 6 September, Gutfreund was shot and killed by the terrorists during a failed rescue attempt by West German authorities.

References

1931 births
1972 deaths
Citizens of Israel through Law of Return
Romanian emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Deaths by firearm in Germany
20th-century Israeli Jews
20th-century Romanian Jews
Israeli wrestling coaches
Victims of the Munich massacre
Sportspeople from Craiova
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Yossef Gutfreund


Video game consoles
The TurboGrafx 16 was a video game console. It was originally released on 30 October 1987 in Japan and 29 August 1989 in North America. It was also known as PC Engine in some areas of the world. It was made by Hudson Soft and NEC. It was the first game console ever to have a compact disc (CD) add-on.

It was the first console marketed in the fourth generation era, usually known as the 16-bit era. This means it competed with the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and the Sega Genesis. The console has an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) with a 16-bit graphics processor.

In Europe, the console is known as the PC Engine, after the Japanese model was imported and distributed in the United Kingdom and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was a competitor to the Famicom, but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with the Sega Genesis and later the Super NES.

TurboGrafx-16


Black film is a classification of film that has a broad definition relating to the film involving participation and/or representation of black people. The definition may involve the film having a black cast, a black crew, a black director, a black story, or a focus on black audiences. Academic Romi Crawford said, "I think a black film is a film work that takes into account in some way the relationship of African-Americans or blacks from the African Diaspora to filmmaking practice, means and industry. For me, it's in that relation between blacks and the film industry. How one engages in that relationship can be a mixture of black director and black acting talent; black director and black content in story; black content in story, no black director; black production money, nothing else that reads as black."

Chicago Tribunes Allan Johnson said in 2005 that the definition is blurred by black actors who star in films where their ethnicity is unrelated to their character, such as Denzel Washington, Jamie Foxx, Will Smith, and Halle Berry. Several black directors also have directed films unrelated to their ethnicity, including Antoine Fuqua, Angela Robinson, and Tim Story.

The American Black Film Festival was created by marketing executive Jeff Friday, who created the criteria for a film to qualify as a best picture candidate. A film must have eight points to qualify. Four points are given for each executive producer, producer, writer, director, and lead actor and actress involved with the film. Two points are given for each supporting actor and actress. Friday acknowledged the varied possibilities of the scoring system and said part of the goal of the award ceremony was also to recognize people of color behind the camera.

See also

Afrofuturism in film
List of black films of the 2010s
Blaxploitation
Race film
List of films about black girlhood
Hood film

References

Bibliography

African-American cinema
Film genres

Black film


Brilliant Pool is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Brilliant Pool is part of the Daisy Group and is interconnected with the Daisy and Splendid Geysers. Prior to an eruption by Daisy or Splendid, the pool is filled.

When Daisy erupts, the water level in Brilliant Pool drops a few inches then is refilled as Daisy refills. A Splendid eruption has a larger effect on Brilliant Pool, dropping the level lower than a Daisy eruption. On occasion, Splendid will have a series of eruptions, preventing Brilliant Pool from refilling completely before the next eruption. In the event of a sustained series of Splendid eruptions or a dual Daisy/Splendid eruption, the water level in Brilliant Pool may drop low enough that it will have its own eruptions. These eruptions are short, usually lasting a few seconds, spaced a few minutes apart. The size of the fountain can reach as much as 15 feet but usually just breaks the surface of the pool.

Most of the time, the two geysers influence the behavior of the pool. On occasion, however, the pool can have an effect on a geyser. In the early 1950s, Brilliant Pool experienced a phase where it was overflowing. During this time, Daisy was dormant until the pool returned to its normal behavior.

References

Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park
Hot springs of Wyoming
Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming
Hot springs of Teton County, Wyoming

Brilliant Pool


Henry Edward Kerr (28 January 1879 – 17 May 1951) was a New Zealand athlete who competed mainly in walking events. He competed for Australasia in the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London in the 3500 metre walk where he won the bronze medal. This was the first time a New Zealand-born person had won an Olympic medal.

Biography

Kerr was born in Taranaki and was a champion shooter and keen rugby player, as well as competing in a variety of track and field events. Competing for a time as a professional he was required to stand down from competition for two years in order to regain his amateur status. After winning numerous national titles Kerr virtually retired in 1912 and briefly served in World War I in mid-1918, but returned to win two more national titles in 1925 at the age of 46.

Kerr was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.

On 13 July 2008 to commemorate the first Olympic Games medal by a New Zealander (actually on 14 July 1908) the Harry Kerr Centennial Walking Relay was held at Sovereign Stadium, Mairangi Bay, Auckland. Two events were held, a 5×10 km relay and a 3500 m individual event. A shield for the winning team was presented by Kerr's daughter-in-law. It is proposed that this will be an annual event.

Kerr's great-grandson is New Zealand film director and rugby union player Winston Cowie.

References

External links

 Harry Kerr Centennial Relay on Racewalking Auckland website

1879 births
1951 deaths
New Zealand male racewalkers
Olympic bronze medalists for Australasia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Australasia
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
People from Inglewood, New Zealand
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
New Zealand military personnel of World War I

Harry Kerr (racewalker)


José Ernesto Medellín Rojas (March 4, 1975 – August 5, 2008), born in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, was a Mexican national who was executed by lethal injection for the murders of Jennifer Ertman and Elizabeth Peña in Houston, Texas.

Medellín was convicted of raping and killing 16-year-old Peña and 14-year-old Ertman in June 1993.

His case gained notoriety when Mexico sued the United States in the International Court of Justice on behalf of 51 Mexican nationals asserting that the US had violated the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, which requires that local authorities inform foreign nationals being held on criminal charges of their right to consult with their country's diplomats. That court ruled that the United States was obliged to have the defendants' cases reopened and reconsidered. The Supreme Court of the United States agreed to hear the case on May 1, 2007.

The Bush administration briefed the Supreme Court on the obligation to comply with international treaties. On March 25, 2008, in Medellín v. Texas, the court rejected the Bush administration's arguments and cleared the way for Texas to execute the sentence. The International Court of Justice later ruled that the United States had violated its treaty obligations.

Rape and murder

On June 24, 1993, Medellín carried out a gang initiation at T.C. Jester Park in Houston, Texas, along with five others: Peter Cantu, Ramon Sandoval, Efrain Perez, and Derrick Sean O'Brien.  Two others, Frank Sandoval and Venancio Medellín, were present, but did not participate in the initiation.  The initiation involved the new member, Raul Villareal, submitting to beatings from the others.  After this, the gang members remained in the park, drinking alcohol.

Two girls who had attended a birthday party, 14-year-old Jennifer Ertman and 16-year-old Elizabeth Peña, took a shortcut through the park to get home before an 11:30 pm curfew.  They encountered the gang, and Medellín began talking to Peña and then grabbed her. She attempted to flee, but he forced her to the ground.  When Peña cried for help, Ertman ran back to aid her. In response, Cantu and O'Brien pushed her to the ground, as well.  Ramon and Frank Sandoval chose to leave at that point.

The remainder of the gang, as well as Venancio Medellín, took turns anally, orally, and vaginally raping the two girls.  Afterwards, they were beaten, then the gang decided to murder the girls so they would not be identified as the rapists.  Medellín, along with Cantu and Perez, killed Peña by using her shoelaces to strangle her, then crushing her neck with his foot. Villarreal and O'Brien strangled Ertman with O'Brien's nylon belt, until the belt snapped.

Medellín, Villarreal, Perez, and Cantu then gathered at Cantu's home, where he lived with his brother, Joe Cantu, and sister-in-law, Christina Cantu. Christina Cantu questioned why Villarreal was bleeding and Perez had a bloody shirt. This prompted Medellín to say the gang "had fun", and that details would appear on the news. He then elaborated that he had raped both girls. Peter Cantu then returned, and divided valuables that had been stolen from the girls.  Medellín got a ring with an "E", so he could give it to his girlfriend, Esther. Medellín reported that he had killed a girl, and noted that he would have found it easier with a gun. Derrick Sean O'Brien was videotaped smiling at the scene of the crime. After the gang left, Christina Cantu convinced Joe Cantu to report the crime to police. Four days after the crime, the bodies were found in the park. They were badly decaying, and dental records were used for identification. The medical examiner corroborated the cause of death as strangulation.  All those believed responsible were ultimately arrested. Medellín gave both written and taped confessions.

Case history
 128 S. Ct. 1346; 170 L. Ed. 2d 190; 2008 U.S. LEXIS 2912; 76 U.S.L.W. 4143; 2008-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) P50,242; 21 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 126

In the International Court of Justice, Mexico sued the United States on behalf of Mexican citizens who had been sentenced to death without having their national consulate notified. The court ruled that the United States acted in error and required that the defendants' cases be reopened.

Initially, the US government described Mexico's suit as "an unjustified, unwise, and ultimately unacceptable intrusion in the United States criminal justice system." Reversing that position in early 2005, with Medellín's death-penalty appeal pending before the Supreme Court, the White House announced that it would abide by the decision by instructing the states to reconsider the convictions and sentences of the Mexican nationals on death row. The Supreme Court then dismissed Medellín's case to enable the Texas courts to comply with that directive.

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals refused to change their rules barring reconsideration of such cases. In that decision, one of the court's judges accused the White House of an "unprecedented, unnecessary, and intrusive exercise of power over the Texas court system".  In response, the Bush administration entered the case on  Medellín's behalf and urged the Supreme Court to overturn the Texas court's decision. The case, Medellín v. Texas, No. 06-984, was argued on October 10, 2007, and decided on March 25, 2008. The US government's brief, filed by Solicitor General Paul D. Clement, told the justices that the Texas court's decision, if not reversed, "will place the United States in breach of its international law obligation" to comply with the International Court of Justice's decision and would "frustrate the president's judgment that foreign-policy interests are best served by giving effect to that decision." Chief Justice Roberts, joined by Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito, rejected the Bush administration's arguments. Justice Stevens wrote a concurring opinion.  Justice Breyer, joined by Justices Souter and Ginsburg, dissented.

On May 5, 2008, Medellín's execution was scheduled for August 5, 2008 at 6:00 p.m.

On July 16, 2008, the International Court of Justice asked for a stay of execution on behalf of Medellin and four other Mexican nationals who also did not receive consular notification.

On July 17, 2008, Robert Black, spokesman for Texas Governor Rick Perry, said the state would continue with the scheduled August 5, 2008, execution despite the International Court of Justice order for a stay.  "The world court has no standing in Texas and Texas is not bound by a ruling or edict from a foreign court. It is easy to get caught up in discussions of international law and justice and treaties. It's very important to remember that these individuals are on death row for killing our citizens."

Execution

Medellín was executed at 9:57 p.m. CST on August 5, 2008, after a 3-hour delay while the Supreme Court heard a late appeal, which was denied. He is buried at Captain Joe Byrd Cemetery along with Cantu and O'Brien.

See also

 Capital punishment in Texas
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Texas, 2000–2009
 List of people executed in the United States in 2008

References

External links
World Court rules US execution of Mexican national defied international law World Socialist Web Site
Letters to and from Jose Medellin

1975 births
2008 deaths
1993 murders in the United States
Male murderers
People from Nuevo Laredo
People executed by Texas by lethal injection
Mexican people executed abroad
Mexico–United States relations
People convicted of murder by Texas
People executed for murder
21st-century executions by Texas
Mexican people convicted of murder

José Medellín


Aluf Dan Tolkowsky (or Tolkovsky, ; born January 17, 1921) is a retired Israeli Air Force officer who served as a major general in the Israeli Air Force (IAF) from 1953 to 1958. A noted investor, he helped start the first Israeli venture capital fund.

Education and early life

Tolkowsky was born in Tel Aviv in 1921 to Shmuel Tolkowsky, and was the grandson of Isaac Leib Goldberg. He was educated at the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, and in 1936, he joined the Haganah. In 1938, he went to London to study at Imperial College London and graduated with a B.Sc. in engineering in 1941.

Military service
In 1942 Tolkowsky volunteered for the Royal Air Force. He was part of a group of Palestinian-Jewish RAF pilots sent to train at a flight school in Southern Rhodesia (present day Zimbabwe). He earned his wings in 1943, being the first in his group to complete the course, and went on to serve as a fighter pilot and later in reconnaissance aircraft. He saw action in the Mediterranean theater, Germany, and France. At the end of World War II, he served as a transport pilot, and was later stationed in Palestine at RAF Lydda (now Lod). He was discharged from the RAF in June 1946 with the rank of flight lieutenant.

After his discharge, Tolkowsky moved to Britain and worked as a mechanical engineer. In December 1947 he secretly began helping efforts to purchase aircraft for Sherut Avir, the Haganah's air arm and forerunner of the Israeli Air Force. In 1948, a few days before the Israeli Declaration of Independence, Tolkowsky returned to Palestine. He served in the Israeli Air Force during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, participating in bombing attacks on the Egyptian front.

He was initially discharged from the IAF, but reenlisted in 1951. He first served as Inspector-General, and then as Chief of Staff to the Commander. He was appointed Commander of the IAF in May 1953 and served until July 1958. During his time as commander, the IAF received its first fighter jets and took part in the Suez Crisis. He was seconded to the Israeli Ministry of Defense in 1958-1959. He holds the rank of major-general (Res.) in the Israel Defense Forces.

Civilian life
In 1959 Tolkowsky joined the Discount Bank Investment Corporation  (DBIC), originally an arm of the Bank, later a public company in Israel. He was appointed as Managing Director in 1965 and Vice-Chairman in 1980. Beginning in 1962, DBIC was the first financial institution in Israel to invest in local hi-tech industry. Tolkowsky helped Uzia Galil start the technology holding company Elron Electronic Industries in 1962. In 1985 Tolkowsky, in partnership with his son Gideon and Frederick Adler, a noted American venture capital investor, founded Athena, the first venture fund in Israel, to invest in Israeli  and American ventures, mostly hi-tech, which operated until 1997.

Tolkowsky also held a series of minor government posts. In 1963, he joined the National Council for Research and Development. He served as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Radiation and Radioisotopes of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission. In 1970, he headed a commission of inquiry that investigated an accident at Lod Airport. From 1978-1980 he was a member of the Israel Securities Authority plenum. In 1997, he served on the Ciechanover Commission, which investigated a failed Mossad assassination attempt against Hamas leader Khaled Mashal in Jordan. He also was a member of a committee examining the organizational structure of higher education institutions.

Tolkowsky is a Commandeur of the French Legion d'Honneur (1958), holds a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the Technion Israel Institute of Technology (1980), and holds an award from the joint US-Israel Science and Technology Authority named after Yitzhak Rabin. He is married to Miriam and has a daughter and two sons, Roni, David, and Gideon.

Notes

References
 Jews from Palestine are sent to the RAF pilot course in Rhodesia, IAF Official Site. Accessed June 9, 2006.

1921 births
Living people
Israeli centenarians
Israeli military aviators
Israeli Air Force generals
Israeli Jews
Men centenarians
Reconnaissance pilots
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Alumni of Imperial College London
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
20th-century Israeli businesspeople

Dan Tolkowsky


Club 40 is a French weekly music chart that reflects spinning of tunes in French clubs. It was established by Yacast France Institute in collaboration with Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) in response to the need of music label producers and publishing houses to test the commercial viability of certain dance releases. Most electronic music is propagated initially through limited music releases and promoted through various clubs. In case a certain title gets notoriety on the dance floor of such clubs, a bigger label can take on and promote it on a bigger scale in general charts. Many of the biggest club dance hits appeared initially in Club 40 charts before becoming famous on general music charts in France and worldwide.

Broadcasts
Club 40 chart commenced in September 2002. It was initially broadcast September 2002 on Europe 2 on Saturday from 10 pm to 1 am by Christophe Marceaux in two parts: a top 5 a general chart encompassing all styles (including R'n'B and electro), followed by a top 40 of Techno and House music. Europe 2 stopped its broadcasting of Club 40 chart on 31 July 2004.

The chart was picked up in September 2005 by French Fun Radio under the alternative title Fun Club 40 , and was broadcast Saturdays from 5 pm to 7 pm and was presented by Mico. The broadcast consisted of two parts, the top 5 Fun Club 40 being the previous week's chart toppers followed by the Club 40 chart of the week.

Since September 2008, Club 40 chart has been broadcast on French NRJ radio station under the new title NRJ Club 40 mixed every Saturday evening by DJ Morgan Nagoya and presented by Romuald Boulanger. For 2008–2009 season the time slot allocated was 10 pm to midnight and for 2009–2010 season 9 to 10 pm. Beginning 2010, it was relegated to Friday-Saturday night from 2 to 3 AM and without the presence of a live DJ animator.

Starting 2010, the chart is also being broadcast on French MTV Idol'' Saturday midnights until 1:30 am.

Methodology

Yacast France Institute publishes Club 40 chart weekly based on spinning of the songs in 80 selected French discothèques deemed a representative sample of such clubs. Monitoring is done through "black boxes" attached to DJ mixers in these clubs on week-end shows running Fridays and Saturdays from 11:45 pm to 4:30 am with recordings relayed to Yacast production center for analysis and classification.

See also
 List of Club 40 number-one hits
 List of record charts

References

External links
 Archives of Club 40 chart
 Yacast France website

Electronic music
French record charts

Club 40


Hunald, also spelled Hunold, Hunoald, Hunuald or Chunoald (;  or Chunoaldus), is a masculine given name of Germanic origin. It may refer to:

Hunald I, duke of Aquitaine (735–45)
Hunald II, duke of Aquitaine (768–69)
Hunold of Cambrai, bishop (1040–50)
Hunald of Toul (fl. 11th century), poet who wrote Carmen de anulo et baculo
Hunald (fl. 11th century), Benedictine monk, sculptor, stonemason and architect from Dijon
Hunald of Béarn (fl. 1073–91), abbot of Moissac
Hunald (fl. 12th century), Premonstratensian canon from Bonne-Espérance Abbey
Raymond Hunaud (d. 1299), Dominican friar from Toulouse

Hunald


John Robertson FRS (born 1950) is a Professor of Electronics, in the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge. He is a leading specialist in the theory of amorphous carbon and related materials.

Education
Robertson received his Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from the University of Cambridge. His PhD was awarded in 1975 for research on electronic states in amorphous semiconductors.

Research and career
Following his PhD, Robertson worked at the Central Electricity Research Laboratories for 18 years, and in 1994 returned to Cambridge. He has published over 600 journal papers with around 33,000 citations. His main topic of research is theory of carbon materials. Other research interests include: carbon nanotubes, graphene, chemical vapour deposition, electronic applications (experimental and calculation); modelling of CVD mechanisms; carbon interconnects, carbon conductors, carbon for supercapacitors; high-κ dielectrics for complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistors; high-κ oxides on high mobility substrates such as InGaAs, Ge (modelling); transparent conducting oxides, amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) such as indium gallium zinc oxide, their thin film transistors, instability mechanisms (calculations); density functional calculations of semiconductors, oxides, carbon materials, and hybrid density functional calculations for correct band gaps; functional oxides, TiO2.

His research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

Awards and honours
Robertson is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Materials Research Society, and an Emeritus Editor of the journal Diamond and Related Materials. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015, his certificate of election reads: "In recognition of his sustained contribution to the production and development of electronic devices".

References

English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Living people
1950 births
Members of the University of Cambridge Department of Engineering
British electrical engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellow Members of the IEEE

John Robertson (physicist)


Bryn Mawr College ( ; Welsh: ) is a women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.  Founded as a Quaker institution in 1885, Bryn Mawr is one of the Seven Sister colleges, a group of historically women's colleges in the United States. It is one of 15 Quaker colleges in the United States. The college has an enrollment of about 1,350 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students. It was the first women's college to offer graduate education through a PhD.

History
Bryn Mawr College is a private women's liberal arts college founded in 1885. The phrase  literally means 'large hill' in Welsh. The Graduate School is co-educational. It is named after the town of Bryn Mawr, in which the campus is located, which had been renamed by a representative of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Bryn Mawr was the name of an area estate granted to Rowland Ellis by William Penn in the 1680s. Ellis's former home, also called Bryn Mawr, was a house near Dolgellau, Merioneth, Gwynedd, Wales. The college was largely founded through the bequest of Joseph W. Taylor, and its first president was James Rhoads. Bryn Mawr was one of the first institutions of higher education in the United States to offer graduate degrees, including doctorates, to women. The first class included 36 undergraduate women and eight graduate students. Bryn Mawr was originally affiliated with the Quakers (Religious Society of Friends), but by 1893 had become non-denominational.

In 1912, Bryn Mawr became the first college in the United States to offer doctorates in social work, through the Department of Social Economy and Social Research. This department became the Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research in 1970. In 1931, Bryn Mawr began accepting men as graduate students, while remaining women-focused at the undergraduate level.

From 1921 to 1938 the Bryn Mawr campus was home to the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, which was founded as part of the labor education movement and the women's labor movement.  The school taught women workers political economy, science, and literature, as well as organizing many extracurricular activities.

The college celebrated its 125th anniversary of "bold vision, for women, for the world" during the 2010–2011 academic year. In September 2010, Bryn Mawr hosted an international conference on issues of educational access, equity, and opportunity in secondary schools and universities in the United States and around the world. Other festivities held for the anniversary year included publication of a commemorative book on 125 years of student life, and, in partnership with the Philadelphia Mural Arts Program, creation of a mural in West Philadelphia highlighting advances in women's education.

Transgender students
On February 9, 2015, the Board of Trustees announced approval of a working group recommendation to expand the undergraduate applicant pool allowing transgender women and intersex individuals identifying as women to apply for admission. This decision made Bryn Mawr the fourth women's college in the United States to accept trans women. Bryn Mawr "recognizes that gender is fluid and that traditional notions of gender identity and expression can be limiting," and has the official policy of accepting nonbinary students who were assigned female at birth as well. All current, past, and future students are fully recognized as members of the Bryn Mawr community, regardless of current gender identity. Due to the wide array of gender identities represented in both current and past students, the undergraduate population has embraced "historically women's college" rather than "women's college" as a label for their school that more accurately reflects the community. This change has yet to take effect on the administrative level.

Presidents
 1885–1894 James Rhoads
 1894–1922 M. Carey Thomas
 1922–1942 Marion Edwards Park
 1942–1970 Katharine Elizabeth McBride
 1970–1978 Harris Wofford
 1978–1997 Mary Patterson McPherson
 1997–2008 Nancy J. Vickers
 2008–2013 Jane Dammen McAuliffe
 2013–present Kimberly Wright Cassidy

Campus

The campus is in the municipality of Lower Merion Township. Most of the campus is in the Bryn Mawr census-designated place.

The campus was designed in part by noted landscape designers Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted, and has subsequently been designated an arboretum (the Bryn Mawr Campus Arboretum).

Student residences
The majority of Bryn Mawr students live on campus in residence halls. Many of the older residence halls were designed by Cope & Stewardson (same architects who designed a large part of Washington University in St. Louis and Princeton University) and are known for their Collegiate Gothic architecture, modeled after Cambridge University. Each is named after a county town in Wales: Brecon, Denbigh (1891), Merion (1885), and Radnor (1887), and Pembroke East and West (1892). Rhoads North and South was named after the college's first president, James E. Rhoads; Rockefeller is named after its donor, John D. Rockefeller. Erdman was opened in 1965, designed by architect Louis Kahn. In addition, students may choose to live in Batten House (an environmentally friendly co-op). Perry House, which was originally established as the Spanish language house in 1962, was redefined as the Black Cultural Center in the 1970s. In 2015, Perry House was relaunched by the college in the former French tower of Haffner, which had undergone renovations and reconstruction the previous year. Along with Perry, now known as the Enid Cook '31 Center, a new residence hall was built where the old Haffner Language and Culture House once stood.

Glenmede (formerly graduate student housing) is an estate located about a half mile from the main campus which at one point was available housing for undergraduate students. In 2007, it was sold to a conservation buyer as the annual costs of upkeep were too great for the college.

Blanca Noel Taft Memorial Garden
In 1908, John C. Olmsted designed a private garden for M. Carey Thomas adjoining the Deanery. The garden was later modified and renamed as the Blanca Noel Taft Memorial Garden. In its current form, the garden is a small, serene enclosure with two wall fountains, one with a small basin and the other with a sunken reflecting pool. The decorative wall tiles above the smaller wall fountain and basin were purchased from Syria.

Erdman Hall dormitory

In 1960, architect Louis I. Kahn and Bryn Mawr College president, Katharine Elizabeth McBride, came together to create the Erdman Hall dormitory.

Marjorie Walter Goodhart Theater

The Marjorie Walter Goodhart Theater houses a vaulted auditorium designed by Arthur Ingersoll Meigs of Mellor, Meigs & Howe, two smaller spaces that are ideal for intimate performances by visiting artists, practice rooms for student musicians, and the Office for the Arts.  The building's towers and gables, friezes, carvings and ornamental ironwork, designed by Samuel Yellin, were done in the gothic revival style.  In the fall of 2009, the college completed a $19 million renovation of Goodhart, which included expanded stage and rehearsal space, updated sound and lighting, a teaching theater, and renovated seating for audiences.

Old Library (previously M. Carey Thomas Library and College Hall)

Previously named after Bryn Mawr's first Dean and second president, Old Library was used as the primary campus library until 1970, when Mariam Coffin Canaday Library opened. The Great Hall (formerly the reading room of the library) was designed by Walter Cope (of Cope and Stewardson) in 1901 and built by Stewardson and Jamieson several years later, although M. Carey Thomas played a large part in its construction. Today, it is a space for performances, readings, lectures, and public gatherings. Old Library encloses a large open courtyard called "The Cloisters", which is the site of the college's traditional Lantern Night ceremony.  The cremated remains of M. Carey Thomas and Emmy Noether are located in the Cloisters. Georgiana Goddard King is also buried in the cloister. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991. The Great Hall was once the home of an Athena Lemnia statue (damaged in 1997) that is now located in a high alcove in the Rhys Carpenter Art and Archaeology Library. A plaster cast of that Athena now stands in her place at the Great Hall. Students often leave offerings to this statue in the hope that she will intervene on their behalf during testing and other trying circumstances. In 2018, the Board of Trustees formalized the use of the name "The Old Library."

Old Library was formerly known as "Thomas Hall" after Bryn Mawr's second president, M. Carey Thomas. The building was informally known as "College Hall" for a year before being officially renamed to "Old Library" in 2018. This renaming was in response to student protests, which claimed that many of M. Carey Thomas's views did not represent the values of the college. Student protesters identified that M. Carey Thomas was a virulent eugenicist, antisemite and racist who strongly opposed the admission of students who were not elite white women. Today, the building houses a plaque explaining the controversy of the former name and affirming the college's current dedication to equity and inclusion, which was unveiled during the 2019 Community Day of Learning.

Rhys Carpenter Art and Archaeology Library

Named for Bryn Mawr's late professor of Classical Archaeology, the Rhys Carpenter Library was designed by Henry Myerberg of New York and opened in 1997.  The space is connected to the rear of the M. Carey Thomas Library. The entrance is a four-story atrium. Names of art and archaeology faculty are displayed on the main wall of the atrium, along with a series of plaster casts of the metopes of the Parthenon.  Most of the stacks, study areas, lecture halls and seminar rooms are located underground.  The roof comprises a wide grassy area used for outdoor concerts and picnics.  The building won a 2001 Award of Excellence for Library Architecture from the Library Administration and Management Association and the American Institute of Architects. Carpenter Library also houses the college's renowned collections in Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology, History of Art, and Classics. The building also contains a large lecture hall and several seminar rooms.

The Deanery

The Bryn Mawr College Deanery was the campus residence of the first Dean and second President of Bryn Mawr College, M. Carey Thomas, who maintained a home there from 1885 to 1933. Under the direction of Thomas, the Deanery was gradually enlarged and elaborately decorated with the assistance of the American artist Lockwood de Forest and furnished with art from Thomas' world travels. From 1933 until 1968, the Deanery served as the Alumnae Center and Inn for the college. The building was demolished in the spring of 1968 to make space for the construction of Canaday Library, which stands on the site today. At the time of its demolition, many of the Deanery's furnishings were re-located to Wyndham, an 18th-century farmhouse (with several modern additions) which became the college's new Alumnae Center.

Academics

Bryn Mawr is a small, four year, residential baccalaureate college. Although the college offers several graduate programs, the majority of enrollments are from students enrolled in the undergraduate arts and sciences program.

Students at Bryn Mawr are required to complete divisional requirements in the social sciences, natural sciences (including lab skills) and humanities. In addition, they must complete one year of a foreign language and fulfill a quantitative skills requirement and an Emily Balch Seminar requirement. The Emily Balch Seminars are similar to courses in freshman composition at other institutions, though focus on a specific topic. The seminars stress development of critical thinking skills and are discussion-based, with "intensive reading and writing."

Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
English Language and Literature (31)
Biology/Biological Sciences (27)
Psychology (24)
Mathematics (23)
Computer Science (22)

Admissions

For the Class of 2023 (enrolling fall 2019), Bryn Mawr received 3,332 applications, admitted 1,102 (30%), and enrolled 374 students. For the freshmen who enrolled, the middle 50% range of SAT scores was 640–740 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 650–770 for math, while the middle 50% ACT composite score range was 29–33.

Traditions

The four major traditions held at Bryn Mawr College include Parade Night, which traditionally took place on the first day of classes each academic year, but has been moved to the Friday of the first week of classes; Lantern Night, which takes place in late October or early November; Welcome the First Years Week (previously known as Hell Week), which takes place in mid-February; and May Day, which takes place on the Sunday after classes end in the spring semester. The Dar Williams song "As Cool As I Am" has recently become part of the tradition of May Day; it is played during the "May Hole" celebration, which is the feminist answer to the traditional maypoles displayed on campus. In the bi-campus newspaper shared with Haverford College, one student called it the college's unofficial anthem.

Bryn Mawr students gather quarterly for "Step Sings," or evenings spent outside Taylor Hall, singing hymns, traditional feminist songs and contemporary songs. Step Sings follow each major tradition, except WTF Week.

Two Traditions heads, elected by the student body, are in charge of organizing and running traditions.

In addition to events, Bryn Mawr's traditions extend to superstitions around the campus, some of which date back to the opening of the college in 1885. Many of these superstitions involve not being able to graduate, and can be rectified by leaving an offering at the statue of Athena in the Great Hall.

Sustainability
Bryn Mawr has signed the American College and University President's Climate Commitment, and in doing so, the school agreed to make all new buildings comply with a LEED silver standard or higher; to purchase Energy Star products whenever possible; and to provide and encourage the use of public transportation. The school's dining halls strive to be environmentally sustainable by working to expand their local and organic offerings, recycling in all dining areas, and recycling used fry oil as bio-diesel fuel. The dining halls previously offered biodegradable takeout containers, but reverted to Styrofoam in the 2009/10 academic year. Additionally, all leftover food is donated to a local food bank. On the College Sustainability Report Card 2011, published by the Sustainable Endowments Institute, Bryn Mawr received a B+. The school's highest category score was an A in Investment Priorities, since Bryn Mawr invests in renewable energy funds.

Athletics
Bryn Mawr fields intercollegiate teams in badminton, basketball, cross country, fencing, field hockey, lacrosse, rowing, rugby, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.  The badminton team won national intercollegiate championships in 1996 and 2008.  The mascot of the college is the owl, the symbol of Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom.

Notable alumnae and faculty

Alumnae

A large number of Bryn Mawr alumnae and former attendees are notable in their respective fields. The list includes Drew Gilpin Faust (class of 1968), the first woman president of Harvard University; Hanna Holborn Gray (1950), the first woman president of a major research university (University of Chicago); modernist poets Hilda "H.D." Doolittle (attended), and Marianne Moore (1909); classics scholar Edith Hamilton (M.A. 1894); author, social activist and feminist Grace Lee Boggs (Ph.D. 1940); Nobel Peace Prize winner Emily Greene Balch (1889); geneticist Nettie Stevens (Ph.D. 1903); physicist Elizabeth Laird (Ph.D. 1901); physicist and astronomer Frances Lowater (Ph.D. 1904); mathematician Ada Isabel Maddison (Ph.D. 1896); Physician Martha Tracy (1898) a pioneer in medical education and in public health; 1891 Fellow in Mathematics Ruth Gentry; artist Anne Truitt (1943); author Ellen Kushner (attended); economist and founding Director of the Congressional Budget Office Alice Rivlin (1952); four-time Academy Award-winning actress Katharine Hepburn (1928); novelist and poet Ellis Avery (1993); novelist Andrea Portes (1993); poet Jane Hess Flanders (1962); Jo Ellen Johnson Parker (B.A., 1975), the 10th president of Sweet Briar College; Hadley Richardson (attended), first wife of Ernest Hemingway; Martha Gellhorn, (attended) journalist, and third wife of Ernest Hemingway; Julia Fahl, mayor of Lambertville, New Jersey; Agnes E. Wells, women's equal rights movement activist and dean of women at Indiana University; Carol Alonso, nuclear physicist; Mary Elizabeth Taylor, former aide to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Forbes 30 under 30; Carolyn Goodman, mayor of Las Vegas from 2011–; Betsy Hodges, mayor of Minneapolis from 2013 to 2017; Renata Adler, novelist and journalist; Dame A.S. Byatt, novelist and Booker Prize winner; Joan Slonczewski, biologist and science fiction novelist; Caroline Stevermer, fantasy novelist; Rachel Simon, author and memoirist; Maggie Siff, actor (1996). Neuroscientist Candace Pert (1970) helped discover opioid receptors. Ana Botín is chair of the Santander Group, one of the world's largest banking groups. Indie musician Michelle Zauner (who performs as Japanese Breakfast) attended Bryn Mawr as well. The social reformer, Alice P. Gannett (1898), for whom the Goodrich-Gannett Neighborhood Center is named, attended Bryn Mawr, as did Maya Ajmera, CEO of Society for Science & the Public. Jeannette Piccard, American balloonist, scientist, teacher and priest.

Faculty
Notable faculty include Woodrow Wilson, chemists Arthur C. Cope and Louis Fieser, Arthur Lindo Patterson of the Patterson function, Edmund Beecher Wilson, Geraldine Richmond, philologists Catherine Conybeare, Grace Frank and Louise Holland, archaeologists Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway, Leicester Bodine Holland, Thomas Hunt Morgan, historian Caroline Robbins, mathematician Emmy Noether, neurobiologist Paul Grobstein, and Lillian Rosanoff Lieber, Richmond Lattimore, Tenney Frank, Mabel Louise Lang, and Lily Ross Taylor, French literature professor and decorated French Resistance officer Marcelle Pardé, the Spanish philosopher José Ferrater Mora, Germanic philologist Agathe Lasch, Classical philologist Wilmer Cave Wright, Hispanist and medievalist Georgiana Goddard King, poet Karl Kirchwey, and historian and author Amy Kelly.

Notes

References

Further reading
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. The Power and Passion of M. Carey Thomas. New York: Knopf, 1994.
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. Alma Mater: design and experience in the women's colleges from their nineteenth-century beginnings to the 1930s; 2nd ed. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.

External links

 The Bi-College News, Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges' Student Newspaper

Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union
Universities and colleges established in 1885
Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Liberal arts colleges in Pennsylvania
Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Seven Sister Colleges
Universities and colleges in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1885 establishments in Pennsylvania
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Quaker universities and colleges
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Women's universities and colleges in the United States

Bryn Mawr College


National Fuel Gas , Co.  is an energy company. It is made up of five business divisions:

 Utility
 Pipeline and Storage
 Exploration and Production
 Energy Marketing
 Timber

National Fuel Gas was incorporated in 1902 and is based in Williamsville, New York.

The Utility division sells natural gas or moves natural gas from one part of the country to another. The Pipeline and Storage division provides interstate natural gas transportation and storage services for related and non-related companies. The Exploration and Production division prospects for and extracts natural gas and oil from the ground. The Energy Marketing division markets natural gas to industrial, commercial, government, and residential customers. The Timber division markets wood from its New York and Pennsylvania forests, and it owns two sawmills in northwestern Pennsylvania, to cut wood into useful sizes and treat it with chemicals to make it last longer.

History
National Fuel Gas was one of the first gas utility companies in the United States, and so they have been the first to create some new technologies.  Engineers at the company discovered that empty underground gas fields could be used to store gas that has been taken from the ground somewhere else.  Thus, the first such storage facility in the US was set up at Zoar Field, about forty miles south of Buffalo.  This turned out to be a good financial decision for NFG in the 1940s and 50s, when increased demand for natural gas led to long pipelines in the eastern states being connected to new pipelines and fields in the southwestern states.  NFG could then buy huge amounts of cheaper summer gas from the southwest, pipe it to the New York storage fields, pump it down into the ground, then take it back out when demand and prices went up in the winter months.

The company was also the first in the industry to make a gas-fired generator to electrify pipelines so they wouldn't corrode so much. (Natural gas can eat away at metal, over time.)

In 1975, with the introduction of "Balanced Billing", the company claimed that it was "the only gas utility in the country" with a flexible plan for customers to pay bills in eleven equal monthly payments, with settlement of any overpayment or underpayment in the twelfth month.  This is a sort of system of installment credit.

Shareholder information
National Fuel Gas Co. is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol NFG.  Its fiscal year ends September 30.

References

Portions of the above article are adapted from the following sources under the GNU Free Documentation License, under other applicable licenses, or by permission of the copyright holders.

Other websites
  National Fuel Gas, Co., official website
 Company profile at Google Finance

1902 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York (state)
American fuel companies

National Fuel Gas


"Loser" is a song by Arjen Anthony Lucassen's progressive rock/metal opera Ayreon, originally released under the title "Day Sixteen: Loser" as a part of the 2004 album The Human Equation. It is the fifth track of the second disc, and the sixteenth track of the overall album. It was later released as the fifth single by Ayreon under the new title "Loser"; this version, very different, features several new musicians.

In the original version, lead vocals are provided by Mike Baker from Shadow Gallery, who is playing the character Father in his only album appearance. Devin Townsend provides vocals at the end of the song, in his third and final appearance as the character Rage. In addition to composing the song, Lucassen also wrote Father's lyrics; however Rage's lyrics are written by Townsend himself, as for the other songs the character is featured in.

In the single version, Peter Vink is replacing Lucassen as bass guitarist while Joost van den Broek is featured as a second keyboardist;. The most notable difference is the substitution of the original Hammond solo by Ken Hensley to a duel between Lucassen and Van den Broek.

Lyrics
The song follows the plot of the main story of the album. For more information of it, see the plot at the article of the album.
The sixteenth day is marked with a rather strange event: Father, Me's nemesis, comes to visit Me. Calling him "Loser", and belittling him as always, it is later revealed that the Father is the true loser, having had several failed marriages and with lawsuits against him by each of those wives, while half of the many neglected children he has with them are in jail. Rage reawakens and refuses Father's words, reflecting upon the intensity of Me's hatred towards him. ("You're killing it from afar, go tell it in a bar/You're killing it from afar my father!")

Music video
A music video was shot for the song. It features live footage of Star One performing the song, plus images of the band in the middle of some fields and also Mike Baker singing his part on the song.

Track listing
Loser (Star One version) - 3:31
How You Gonna See Me Now (Acoustic Alice Cooper cover, with Mike Baker) - 3:52
Into the Black Hole (Acoustic live version, with Irene Jansen) - 4:22
The Castle Hall (Acoustic version, with Irene Jansen) - 4:07

Personnel
Arjen Lucassen - All electric, acoustic and bass guitars, mandolin, lap steel guitar, keyboards, synthesisers.
Ed Warby (Gorefest, Elegy and Hail of Bullets) - drums
Mike Baker (Shadow Gallery) - vocals
Devin Townsend (Devin Townsend Band, Strapping Young Lad, Devin Townsend Project) - Vocals
Irene Jansen - Vocals
Gary Wehrkamp (Shadow Gallery) - backing vocals
Peter Vink - Bass (Loser)
Joost van den Broek (After Forever) - Keyboards (Loser and Castle Hall)
Robert Baba - Electric violin (Loser)
Jeroen Goossens - Didgeridoo (Loser)
John McManus - Flute (Loser)

References
Loser page at Ayreon's official website
Loser review at Prog-nose.com

External links
Ayreon official website

2004 singles
Ayreon songs
2004 songs

Loser (Ayreon song)


Jane West Clauss (September 23, 1907 – January 12, 2003) was an American architect and educator who collaborated on one of the earliest International Style housing developments in the United States.

Biography
Jane Beech West was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1907. Both her father, historian Willis Mason West, and her mother, Elizabeth Sophia (Beech) West, were professors at the University of Minnesota. She attended the University of Minnesota, receiving her B.A. in interior architecture in 1929. She went on to work for about two years in the Paris atelier of Le Corbusier, the first American woman to do so. During her time with Le Corbusier, she worked on the design of his Swiss Dormitory for the City University of Paris.

She married the German architect Alfred Clauss in 1934, and between 1934 and 1945, they lived in Tennessee, where they collaborated on the design of the prewar "Little Switzerland" suburb of split-level houses outside Knoxville, Tennessee. Sponsored by the Tennessee Valley Authority as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, it is regarded as one of the earliest examples of the International Style in the United States. Laid out along a ridge of Brown's Mountain six miles southeast of downtown Knoxville, Little Switzerland consists of twenty 120 x 240–foot lots, on which 10 houses were designed by Jane and Alfred.

In 1945, Clauss and her husband settled in Philadelphia, where she took up a position teaching interior architecture at Beaver College (1946-1967). During this period, she was a participating associate in Clauss & Nolan, a firm founded by her husband. Among the Philadelphia buildings she collaborated on with Alfred are the Federal Courthouse Complex next to Independence Hall and the Riverview Home for the Aged.

Clauss became a member of the American Institute of Architects in 1964.

On the death of her husband in 1998, Clauss moved to Madison, Wisconsin, where she died in early 2003.

Partial list of buildings
Little Switzerland development (Tennessee, 1941; with Alfred Clauss)
Riverview Home for the Indigent and Aged — addition (Philadelphia, 1953;  with Alfred Clauss)
Federal Courthouse complex — in collaboration with two other firms and Alfred Clauss (Philadelphia)

References

External links
Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Jane West Clauss
Little Switzerland — Knoxville, Tennessee
Seymour-Tanner House restoration
https://www.knoxmercury.com/2016/10/13/south-knoxville-alfred-jane-west-claussprewar-  vision-modern-living-restored/.

1907 births
2003 deaths
American women architects
20th-century American architects
Architects from Minnesota
University of Minnesota College of Design alumni
Modernist architects from the United States
Architecture academics
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

Jane West Clauss


In mathematics, an orientation of a real vector bundle is a generalization of an orientation of a vector space; thus, given a real vector bundle π: E →B, an orientation of E means: for each fiber Ex, there is an orientation of the vector space Ex and one demands that each trivialization map (which is a bundle map)

is fiberwise orientation-preserving, where Rn is given the standard orientation. In more concise terms, this says that the structure group of the frame bundle of E, which is the real general linear group GLn(R), can be reduced to the subgroup consisting of those with positive determinant.

If E is a real vector bundle of rank n, then a choice of metric on E amounts to a reduction of the structure group to the orthogonal group O(n). In that situation, an orientation of E amounts to a reduction from O(n) to the special orthogonal group SO(n).

A vector bundle together with an orientation is called an oriented bundle. A vector bundle that can be given an orientation is called an orientable vector bundle.

The basic invariant of an oriented bundle is the Euler class. The multiplication (that is, cup product) by the Euler class of an oriented bundle gives rise to a Gysin sequence.

Examples
A complex vector bundle is oriented in a canonical way.

The notion of an orientation of a vector bundle generalizes an orientation of a differentiable manifold: an orientation of a differentiable manifold is an orientation of its tangent bundle. In particular, a differentiable manifold is orientable if and only if its tangent bundle is orientable as a vector bundle. (note: as a manifold, a tangent bundle is always orientable.)

Operations
To give an orientation to a real vector bundle E of rank n is to give an orientation to the (real) determinant bundle  of E. Similarly, to give an orientation to E is to give an orientation to the unit sphere bundle of E.

Just as a real vector bundle is classified by the real infinite Grassmannian, oriented bundles are classified by the infinite Grassmannian of oriented real vector spaces.

Thom space

From the cohomological point of view, for any ring Λ, a Λ-orientation of a real vector bundle E of rank n means a choice (and existence) of a class

in the cohomology ring of the Thom space T(E) such that u generates  as a free -module globally and locally: i.e.,

is an isomorphism (called the Thom isomorphism), where "tilde" means reduced cohomology, that restricts to each isomorphism

induced by the trivialization . One can show, with some work, that the usual notion of an orientation coincides with a Z-orientation.

See also
The integration along the fiber
Orientation bundle (or orientation sheaf) - this is used to formulate the Thom isomorphism for non-oriented bundles.

References

 J.P. May, A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology. University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Linear algebra
Analytic geometry
Orientation (geometry)

Orientation of a vector bundle


Lindsay Tuckett (6 February 1919 – 5 September 2016) was a South African cricketer who played in nine Test matches from 1947 to 1949.

Biography
The son of one Test player, Len Tuckett, and the nephew of another, Joe Cox, Lindsay Tuckett was just a month past his 16th birthday when he made his first-class cricket debut for Orange Free State in March 1935. A lower-order right-handed batsman and a fast-medium right-arm bowler who specialised in in-swingers, he took regular wickets for one of the weaker provincial sides for the next 20 years, but had a much shorter career in Tests.

Picked for the 1947 South African tour of England, he began promisingly, and even though he strained a muscle in the first Test and was less effective afterwards, he was picked for all five Tests and finished with 15 wickets, the joint highest number for the side. In the first innings of the first match at Trent Bridge, he took five England wickets for 68 runs and it was a dropped catch off his bowling in the second innings that, according to the report in the 1948 Wisden, allowed England to escape from the match with a draw after following on 325 runs behind. At Lord's in the second Test, he again took five wickets in the first innings, this time for 115 runs as England amassed 554 runs with centuries by Bill Edrich and Denis Compton. On the 1947 tour as a whole, Tuckett took 69 wickets at an average of 25 runs per wicket.

When the Marylebone Cricket Club toured South Africa in the 1948–49 season, Tuckett was again chosen as an opening bowler in four out of the five Tests, but could not repeat his form of 18 months earlier. He took only four wickets in the series and did not play for South Africa again. In the first Test, he bowled the last possible over of the match, and on the eighth and final ball England's ninth wicket pair of Alec Bedser and Cliff Gladwin scrambled the single run that gave the touring side victory.

Following the death of Norman Gordon on 2 September 2014, Tuckett was the oldest living Test cricketer. He died on 5 September 2016 at the age of 97.

See also
 List of South Africa cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
South Africa Test cricketers
South African cricketers
Free State cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut

Lindsay Tuckett


The House of Representatives of the Philippines is the lower house of Congress. The House of Representatives has existed from 1945 to 1972, and since 1987. Whenever a bicameral system is used, a lower house has existed under the name of the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1934. When a unicameral system is in use, the sole house of the legislature has been called as the National Assembly from 1935 to 1941 (the Commonwealth National Assembly) and from 1943 to 1944 (the Second Republic National Assembly). When a parliament is in use, they were all in a unicameral setup and were known as the Malolos Congress during the 19th century, and the Batasang Pambansa from 1978 to 1986. All of their members are noted here.

Members per legislature

Members per district

See also
List of Senators of the Philippines

External links
Online roster of Philippine legislators from congress.gov.ph

List of members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines


Rue Crémieux is a one-block pedestrian street in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, originally built as workers' housing. The street has been widely recommended to tourists for its quaint painted housefronts, and has become a popular destination for filming and for social media photos.

History
The street was planned as the Millaud development in 1857, to provide housing for workers, and almost all the buildings were constructed at that time. It was known as Rue Millaud from 1865 to 1898, when it was renamed for Adolphe Crémieux. During the 1910 Great Flood of Paris, the water from the Seine reached as high as  on one of the  buildings. A commemorative plaque marks the location. The street was closed to vehicles in 1993.

Appearance and popularity
Rue Crémieux is  long, running between Rue de Lyon and Rue de Bercy, and cobbled, lined on both sides with relatively small terraced houses, on one side a little over one room deep. One houses an unmarked hostel, the Hôtel particulier. Most of the house-fronts are painted in pastel colours, described by one writer as "candy-hued", and some also have trompe-l'œil decoration, including lilac trained around an entrance and a cat stalking birds. It has been compared to Portobello Road in London and the Venetian island of Burano and widely recommended for tourist photos and used for fashion shoots.

The street's popularity for selfies, Instagram posts, and video shoots has come to annoy the residents, who have started an Instagram account of their own to depict those taking and posing for photos and asked the city council for a gate to close off Rue Crémieux on weekends, in the evening, and at the golden hour.

References

External links

 Clubcremieux on Instagram

Streets in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Tourist attractions in Paris

Rue Crémieux


Arroz caldo is a Spanish term meaning "warm or brothy rice". It is derived from the Spanish dish Arroz caldoso.

In  Philippine cuisine, it is made of rice and chicken gruel heavily infused with ginger and garnished with toasted garlic, scallions, and black pepper. It is usually served with calamansi or fish sauce (patis) as condiments, as well as a hard-boiled egg. Most versions also add safflower (kasubha) which turns the dish characteristically yellow. Arroz caldo is also known as pospas in Visayan regions, though pospas has slightly different ingredients.

Arroz caldo is a type of lugaw. It is regarded as a comfort food in Philippine culture and is a popular breakfast meal.

Etymology
The name is derived from Spanish arroz ("rice") and caldo ("broth"). It originally referred to all types of rice gruels (Tagalog: lugaw), but has come to refer to a specific type of lugaw that uses chicken and is heavily infused with ginger.

While Arroz caldo is derived from the Spanish brothy rice dish "Arroz caldoso". A similar local derivative dish known as "Lugaw" or congee was introduced by Chinese migrants. It has diverged over the centuries to use Filipino ingredients and suit the local tastes.

Description

Arroz caldo typically uses glutinous rice (malagkit), but can also be made with regular rice boiled with an excess of water. The chicken pieces are usually cooked first in a broth with a large amount of ginger. The chicken are taken out and shredded once tender then re-added along with the rice. The rice is continually stirred while cooking to prevent it from sticking to the pot. The characteristic yellow color of the dish is due to the addition of kasubha (safflower). In more expensive versions, saffron may be used, which further enhances the flavor, unlike safflower. When neither are available, some versions use turmeric instead.

Arroz caldo is served in individual bowls with a single hard-boiled egg. It is garnished with toasted garlic, chopped scallions, and black pepper. Crumbled chicharon can also be added to augment the texture and taste. While arroz caldo is very fragrant, it is usually quite bland in taste and thus need to be seasoned further with various condiments. The most commonly used condiments are calamansi and fish sauce (patis). Lime or lemon may be substituted for calamansi.

Arroz caldo is regarded as a comfort food in Filipino cuisine. It is usually eaten for breakfast, during colder months, during rainy weather, and by people who are sick or bedridden. It is eaten hot or warm, since the dish congeals if left to cool. It can be reheated by adding a little bit of water.

Philippine Airlines is particularly known for its arroz caldo, reportedly a favorite of President Corazon Aquino.

Variants

In Visayan regions, savory lugaw is known as pospas. Chicken pospas is regarded as the direct equivalent of arroz caldo. However, unlike arroz caldo, pospas traditionally does not use safflower.

A much rarer variant of arroz caldo is arroz caldong palaka, which uses frog legs (palaka means "frog" in Tagalog). Non-traditional variants include vegan versions which use mushrooms or tofu instead of meat.

Goto is closely related to arroz caldo but is regarded as a different type of lugaw since it does not rely heavily on ginger. It is prepared similarly as arroz caldo but uses beef tripe that has been soaked and boiled for hours until very tender. It is also known as arroz caldo con goto or arroz con goto, from Tagalog goto ("tripe").

See also
Bubur ayam
Ginataang mais

References

Rice dishes
Philippine rice dishes
Philippine chicken dishes
Garlic dishes
Ginger dishes
Porridges

Arroz caldo


Ben Peterson  is a Canadian social entrepreneur and venture capitalist. In 2002 he co-founded Journalists for Human Rights (JHR), a leading Canadian non-governmental organization (NGO), where he served as Executive Director until November 2011.  He now holds the position of Chair Emeritus at the charity. In January 2012, he co-founded Newsana, an online news community. He served as Newsana's CEO until September 2015, when the business was sold to a Toronto-based creative agency. He current holds the position of Senior Partner at AHL Venture Partners, an impact-focused venture capital firm in Africa.

Early life
Peterson is the son of former Liberal Premier of Ontario, David Peterson and Canadian actress Shelley Peterson. He is the nephew of Jim Peterson, former Canadian Minister of International Trade, and Tim Peterson, former Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament, and Deb Matthews, a former Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament, President of the Treasury Board and Deputy Premier of Ontario.

Peterson graduated high school from North Toronto Collegiate Institute. He holds a BA in Economics and a BAH in Political Studies from Queen's University (Kingston), and a MSc in Political Theory at the London School of Economics (LSE) where he played varsity basketball and studied under David Held.

While completing university Peterson worked for Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lloyd Axworthy and for David Bonior, the Democratic Whip in the United States House of Representatives.

Time in Ghana
From 2001 to 2002 Peterson worked at the Ghanaian Ministry of Justice on an internship funded by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, where he helped write Ghana's reports to the UN on various international human rights treaties.

While in Ghana, Peterson met Alexandra Sicotte-Levesque, employed with a similar internship in Côte d'Ivoire, and created the idea behind JHR over MSN Messenger.

Journalists for Human Rights (JHR)
Peterson co-founded JHR with Sicotte-Levesque in 2002. JHR was founded with the mission of building the capacity of the African media to report more effectively on human rights issues.

Peterson and Sicotte-Levesque both lived in their respective parents' houses, taking no salary. JHR received start up funding from Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada in 2003 to start a small project in Ghana.

Sicotte-Leveque left JHR in 2005, making Peterson the sole executive director. Sicotte-Levesque has since remained on jhr's advisory board and board of trustees.

Under Peterson's leadership, JHR grew into a leading media development organization, working in over 15 countries across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Peterson resigned from his role as the organizations Executive Director in November 2011. Upon his resignation he was appointed Board Chair, a role occupied until April 2013, at which point he was given the ceremonial title of Chair Emeritus.

Newsana
Peterson founded Newsana in January 2012, in partnership with Jonathan Wong. Newsana is "an online community of experts and thought leaders who share, discuss and work together to choose the five most essential news stories and ideas of the day on the topics of their expertise." Newsana was sold to Toronto-based creative agency Relish Interactive in September 2015.

Honors
Peterson has been awarded the Action Canada Fellowship, Canada's Top 40 Under 40 Award, and the Queen's University Alumni Humanitarian Award for his work with JHR. The Toronto Star named Peterson one of the "People to Watch" in 2014. In 2016, Peterson was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal (MSM), one of Canada's highest civilian honours.

References

External links
Ben Peterson, LinkedIn

Canadian male journalists
Living people
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Year of birth missing (living people)

Benjamin Peterson


William Ellis Russell (born October 21, 1948) is a former shortstop, coach and manager in Major League Baseball. Russell played his entire 18-year, 2,181-game career with the Los Angeles Dodgers as the starting shortstop for four National League pennant winners and one World Series championship team.  He also served as the team's manager from 1996 to 1998.

Playing career
A right-handed batter and thrower, Russell came to the Dodgers as a 20-year-old outfielder in , and his first two MLB seasons were spent in the outfield (veteran Maury Wills was the Dodgers shortstop). During the 1970–71 offseason, Russell was converted to a second baseman, and then – the following year – to shortstop. With Wills out of shape at the start of the 1972 season and mired in a slump, Russell got the start at shortstop on April 29 and held onto the position for the next eleven years. He anchored an infield that included third baseman Ron Cey, second baseman Davey Lopes and first baseman Steve Garvey for eight and one half years. Russell batted .263 over his regular season career, and – coincidentally – posted the same average in 23 World Series games in 1974, 1977, 1978, and 1981. Russell's finest Fall Classic was in 1978, when he garnered 11 hits and batted .423 in a losing effort against the New York Yankees. He also hit .337 over five National League Championship Series. Russell wore number 18.

Russell was hit in the hand with a pitch in September 1980 by Mike LaCoss of the Cincinnati Reds, shattering his right forefinger. He had the finger surgically repaired but was never really the same player afterward and retired in October 1986. Only Zack Wheat played more games as a Dodger and no one in the West Coast portion of Dodgers history has played more games. He played shortstop exclusively from 1974–1983 and alternated playing time at second base, shortstop and the outfield for his final three seasons. Tommy John, who pitched in the major leagues for 26 years, called Russell "the best shortstop that ever played behind me."

Coaching career
Russell became a coach on manager Tommy Lasorda's staff in 1987. In 1992–93, he piloted the Dodgers' Triple-A farm club, the Albuquerque Dukes of the Pacific Coast League, but posted losing records each season. He then rejoined Lasorda and the Los Angeles coaching staff in 1994 and was considered by general manager Fred Claire and team owner Peter O'Malley to be the heir apparent to Lasorda's job. On June 24, , the 68-year-old skipper suffered a mild heart attack and Russell became acting manager on June 25. Although Lasorda's health recovered, the Dodger front office decided to make Russell's appointment permanent on July 29 when Lasorda formally announced his retirement, thus making him only the third man to manage the Dodgers in 43 years. Russell finished the 1996 season, compiling a record of 49–37 and bringing the Dodgers home in second place, earning the NL wild card spot in the playoffs before being swept in three games by the Atlanta Braves in the Division Series. The following year, he directed the Dodgers to an 88-74 mark and another runner-up finish in the NL West. However, when the 1998 club stumbled to a 36–38 start – and with the News Corporation poised to buy the team – Russell was fired on June 21 along with Claire in a general housecleaning, ending a 30-year association with the team. His final managing record was 173–149 (.537).

His departure from the Dodgers followed the new ownership's decision to trade Mike Piazza along with third baseman Todd Zeile to the Florida Marlins. Neither Russell nor Claire knew about the trade. Claire, who like Russell had been with the Dodgers in various capacities since 1969, discussed his and Russell's ouster in his book My 30 Years in Dodger Blue.

Russell went on to coach for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and managed farm teams of both Tampa Bay and the San Francisco Giants, the Dodgers' archrival.  He currently works for Major League Baseball's umpiring division.

Tommy John was good friends with Russell. He described Russell as "a quiet midwesterner...He wasn't a flashy dresser, didn't have a fancy house or car. Those things weren't important to him."

Managerial record

See also

List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

Baseball Gauge
Retrosheet
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

1948 births
Living people
Arizona Instructional League Dodgers players
Baseball players from Kansas
Bakersfield Dodgers players
Dubuque Packers players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Los Angeles Dodgers coaches
Los Angeles Dodgers managers
Los Angeles Dodgers players
National League All-Stars
Pittsburg State University alumni
People from Pittsburg, Kansas
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball shortstops
Minor league baseball managers
Ogden Dodgers players
Spokane Indians players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays coaches

Bill Russell (shortstop)


Reborrowing is when words of a certain language are borrowed into a different language, when the new language creates new words using the loanwords or roots they borrowed, and either when the newly created words are introduced to the language that the old loanwords came from.

Examples of this can be found in many languages.

From Greek to English, and back into Greek
English uses many loanwords borrowed from French, Latin, and Greek, which is why many scientific words are made using words and word roots from these same languages. For example, the word "telegram" comes from the Greek roots "tele-", which means "distant/far", and "-gram/-graph", which means "writing", thus a telegram is a machine that sends written messages from far away. This word came back into Greek as τηλεγράφημα telegráfima.
Linguistics

Reborrowing


Paul Couture (April 15, 1833 – November 30, 1913) was a dairy farmer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Chicoutimi—Saguenay in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1891 as an Independent member.

He was born in Saint-Charles, Bellechasse County, Lower Canada. In 1857, he married Philomène Boulanger. He operated a butter and cheese factory at Laterrière; Couture established this facility in 1883 with his brother Octave as a model facility to educate others in the region in the production of butter. He was also involved in the production of wool.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1889 AJ Gemmill

1833 births
1913 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec

Paul Couture (Canadian politician)