Harry Bolton Seed (August 19, 1922 – April 23, 1989) was an educator, scholar, former professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was regarded as the founding father of geotechnical earthquake engineering.

Biography

Early life
Harry Bolton Seed was born in Bolton, England, on August 19, 1922, into a family of a cotton mill manager. His father was Arthur Bolton Seed, and his mother's maiden name was Annie Wood; his sister Dorothy was nine years older than he was.  He spent his childhood in Lancashire and attended Farnworth Grammar School, where he exhibited talent both at sports and academics. At the age of eighteen he chose a scholarship to King's College London over a possible professional soccer career. Seed's studies were interrupted by the Second World War, when he served the military as a lieutenant. After military service, Seed returned to the University of London to finish his study, and received a BSc in Civil Engineering in 1944 and a PhD in Structural Engineering in 1947. His thesis title was "Non-elastic deformations in concrete and their effects on design". Seed also captained the University of London's soccer team, and the All-England team during this period. Following two years as assistant lecturer at King's College, Seed came to Harvard University to study soil mechanics under the tutelage of engineering giants Karl Terzaghi and Arthur Casagrande. He received his S.M. degree from Harvard in 1948 and spent the next year as an instructor at Harvard, followed by a year as a foundation engineer for Thomas Worcester, Inc., in Boston.

Career at the University of California, Berkeley
In 1950 Seed joined the civil engineering faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, where he finished his career as an educator, researcher and consultant to public agencies and private businesses. He built up the geotechnical engineering program at Berkeley into one of the best in the world. He served as chair of the Civil Engineering Department from 1965 to 1971. He successfully guided fifty PhD degree candidates to complete their dissertations during his career. He died of cancer at his home in Orinda, California on August 23, 1989.

Father of geotechnical earthquake engineering
Professor Seed's published nearly 300 papers and reports on various topics on Geotechnical Engineering. His early research on pile-soil interaction, soil compaction and pavement formed the scientific basis for modern design. In the 1960s he established a new research area, geotechnical earthquake engineering, and he is commonly regarded as the founding father of this area. His pioneering works included the development of equivalent linear method (SHAKE) for seismic site response analysis, soil structure interaction analysis, evaluation and mitigation of soil liquefaction, etc. He investigated many major disasters, such as the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake in California, the 1976 failure of the Teton dam, the 1979 slide at the port of Nice in France, and the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. He served as a consultant on hundreds of projects all over the world, including more than 100 major dams, more than 20 nuclear power plants, and innumerable major buildings and transportation facilities. His research, founded on sound scientific principles, have led to a total revision of concepts and methods for geotechnical earthquake design, as well as revision of codes of practice, design procedures, and regulations throughout the world.

Honors and awards

Seed received numerous awards and honors during his career. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1970 and National Academy of Sciences in 1986. He received the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor, from President Reagan in 1987. The American Society of Civil Engineers accorded him more awards than any other engineer in the history of the society, including two Norman Medals, three James J. R. Croes Medals, four Thomas A. Middlebrooks Awards, and Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize, Wellington Prize, Walter A. Huber Research Prize, the Karl Terzaghi Award. He was elected honorary member in the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1985, honorary member in the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute in 1988. He was awarded the Distinguished Teaching Award and Faculty Research Lecturer from the University of California.
He was the Karl von Terzaghi Lecturer in 1967 and gave the Rankine Lecture in 1979. In 1993, American Society of Civil Engineers established H. Bolton Seed Medal in his honor.

References

External links

James K. Mitchell, "Harry Bolton Seed", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1995)

1922 births
1989 deaths
People educated at Farnworth Grammar School
Alumni of King's College London
Geotechnical engineers
University of California, Berkeley faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
People from Orinda, California
People from Bolton
Scientists from Lancashire

Harry Bolton Seed


Louis Hercule Timoléon de Cossé, 8th Duke of Brissac (14 February 1734 – 9 September 1792), was a French military commander and peer of France. He was the second son and eventual heir of Jean Paul Timoléon de Cossé, 7th Duke of Brissac, who was a Marshal of France.

Life and career
One of the most prominent men at the courts of Louis XV and Louis XVI, he was a Grand Panetier of France, governor of Paris, capitaine colonel of the Cent-Suisses of the Garde du Roi, and a knight in various orders. In his later years, he became the fond lover of Louis XV's last mistress, Madame du Barry.

In 1791, he became commander in chief of the King's Constitutional Guard. On 29 May 1792, the Assembly dissolved this corps, suspecting it of royalist and counter-revolutionary sympathies and accusing the Duke of Brissac of encouraging this and writing a speech ordering his men to go over to the king. He was sent to prison in Orléans to await judgement by the high court before being transferred to Versailles, but the prisoners were separated from their escort and freed by a group of bandits.

He was killed in the 9 September massacres, and his body was mutilated. His head was thrust on a pike and taken on foot by a band of his killers and thrown into a window of Madame du Barry's apartment, at which sight she fainted. With little spirit but much force and courage, he held off his murderers for a long time, receiving several wounds before finally being cut down by a sabre.

Always distinguished for his devotion to Louis XVI, he replied to someone praising him for his conduct: "I only do what I must do for my ancestors and my family". He is mentioned in the fifth verse of Jacques Delille's poem la Pitié, and anecdotes about him are to be found in Paris, Versailles et les provinces.

Marriage and issue
In 1760, he married Adélaïde Diane Mancini (1742–1808), daughter of Louis-Jules Mancini-Mazarini, who was the Duke of Nevers and a grandson of Philippe Jules Mancini (nephew of Cardinal Mazarin). Together, they had two children:
 Adélaïde (1765–1820), who married in 1782 with Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart
 Jules Gabriel Timoléon (1771–1775), who died during childhood

After the death of Louis Hercule in 1792 without a living male-line descendant, the ducal title passed to Timoléon de Cossé (1775–1848). He was the eldest son of Hyacinthe-Hugues de Cossé, Duke of Cossé (1746–1813), whose father was René-Hugues de Cossé, Count of Cossé (1702–1754). René-Hugues was the third son of Artus de Cossé, 5th Duke of Brissac (1668–1709), the father of the 6th and 7th Dukes of Brissac. After Timoléon de Cossé died in 1848, the ducal title was held by his successive descendants in the male line.

Sources

1734 births
1792 deaths
People of the Ancien Régime
French counter-revolutionaries
Military governors of Paris
Dukes of Brissac
People killed in the French Revolution
Burials at the Cemetery of Saint-Louis, Versailles
Politicians from Paris
Dukes of France
Peers of France
French nobility
Military personnel from Paris
House of Cossé


Stuxnet is cyber weapon and computer worm. It was used to sabotage Iran's nuclear program with what would seem like a long series of unfortunate accidents. It was first released in 2006. It became known only after the release of the second version. In 2010, an error in the code led the virus to spread outside the test labs and infect computers around the world.

Both the United States and Israel have been accused of developing and releasing Stuxnet. In 2012 the US confirmed that it developed Stuxnet with Israel.

Stuxnet targets PLCs. They control machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or centrifuges for separating nuclear material. Stuxnet works by targeting machines using the Microsoft Windows operating system and networks. It then looks for Siemens Step7 software. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart. Stuxnet reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's nuclear centrifuges.

Stuxnet is typically introduced to the target environment via an infected USB flash drive. The worm then spreads across the network, scanning for Siemens Step7 software on computers controlling a PLC. If it doesn't find a target, Stuxnet becomes dormant inside the computer.

Stuxnet is special for different reasons:
 It used flaws of the operating system Microsoft Windows which were not known to many people at the time.
 It used stolen digital signatures to install the rootkit.
 The authors had in-depth knowledge of the process visualization system WinCC, which is used to monitor and control technical processes, using the Simatic S7 industrial controller
 It uses another rootkit to infect the computers which ruin the control and monitoring software for the industrial board

Even though it targeted PLCs only very few were infected. The software is written to infect a specific set of PLC, with well-defined modules. In the case of a personal computer, it will infect any computer running the right software.

References

Computer networking

Stuxnet


Ingvar Lars Helle (12 April 1933 – 14 May 2003) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party and later the Liberal People's Party.

Helle was a member of Stavanger city council from 1965 to 1971. In the period 1967–1971, he was also a member of Rogaland county council. He chaired the party chapter in Rogaland from 1962 to 1966, and the local chapter in Stavanger from 1967 to 1969.

He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Rogaland in 1969. During this term, in December 1972, Helle joined the Liberal People's Party which split from the Liberal Party over disagreements of Norway's proposed entry to the European Economic Community. Like most of the Liberal People's Party representatives, he was not re-elected in 1973.

However, he did serve another term in the Rogaland county council, from 1979 to 1983. From 1978 to 1980 he was the Liberal People's Party leader, and representative to the Liberal International. In 1988, when the parties reunited, Helle returned to the Liberal Party to serve as a member of the national party board and deputy leader of the party chapter in Rogaland.

Helle took his education in 1958, graduating from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration as a siviløkonom. He also took pedagogy courses, and worked as a school teacher and principal. From 1981 to 1982, he worked in the oil drilling company Loffland Brothers North Sea Inc. From 1982 to 1997, he worked in Statoil, except for the years 1988 to 1991, when he worked in Norpipe. In 1992, he took the cand.jur. degree at the University of Oslo.

Born in Larvik, he was the brother of Knut Helle.

References

1933 births
2003 deaths
Members of the Storting
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972) politicians
Politicians from Stavanger
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
University of Oslo alumni
Equinor people
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Politicians from Larvik

Ingvar Lars Helle


Susan McCullough is a professor at the Lamont School of Music, University of Denver, in the United States of America, and a respected and experienced French horn recitalist.  She performs regularly at horn society conferences around the world, and as a soloist in America. She often performs in tandem with her son, Jesse McCormick the second horn in the Cleveland Orchestra.  In 2008, Susan Hosted the 40th International Horn Symposium at the Lamont School of Music, University of Denver.  This Symposium set record attendance of over 800 participants.

References
 "Jesse McCormick & Susan McCullough: It's All Relative." CD Baby. 2008. Retrieved on June 10, 2009.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Denver faculty

Susan McCullough


Christiane Charette (born March 29, 1951) is a Canadian radio and television personality, who hosted the national morning program on the Première Chaîne radio network from 2006 to 2011. She also previously hosted the television talk show Christiane Charette en direct for SRC Television.

The daughter of Quebec journalist Raymond Charette, she studied art history at the Université de Montréal and worked for the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts before joining Radio-Canada.

She announced on May 5, 2011, that she would be leaving the network, effective June 3, to pursue other projects.

References

External links
 Christiane Charette

1951 births
Canadian television talk show hosts
Living people
French Quebecers
Canadian talk radio hosts
CBC Radio hosts
Canadian women radio hosts

Christiane Charette


A parabolic torus reflector antenna is a quasi-parabolic antenna, where the defining parabola is not rotated around the main transmission axis, but around an axis which stands vertically to this axis.

Simulsat is a trademark for such antennas designed and manufactured by Antenna Technology Communications.

Whereas parabolic satellite dishes with one low-noise block converter (LNB) are able to receive a satellite television broadcast from one communications satellite at a time, parabolic torus reflector antennas are capable of establishing views to more than 40 C and Ku band satellites simultaneously, by employing multiple LNBs.

Literature
 Alan G. P. Boswell: The parabolic torus reflector antenna. In: Marconi Review, 41, 1978, pp. 237–248.
 Biao Du, Edward K. N. Yung, Ke-Zhong Yang, Shun-Shi Zhong: Design of multibeam parabolic torus reflector antennas. In: Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 27, 5, 2000, pp. 343–347.
 Kenneth S. Kelleher: A new wide-angle microwave reflector. In: Tele-Tech & Electronic Industries, 12, 6, 1953, pp. 98–99, 168–169.

External links
 Simulsat.com
 Antenna Technology Communications, Inc.

Radio frequency antenna types
Consumer electronics
Antennas (radio)

Parabolic torus reflector antenna


The Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center () in Sector La Vega de Taní, Barrio Tibes, Ponce, Puerto Rico, houses one of the most important archaeological discoveries made in the Antilles. The discovery provides an insight as to how the indigenous tribes of the Igneri and Taínos lived and played during and before the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the New World. Tibes is the oldest Antillean Indian ceremonial and sports complex yet uncovered in Puerto Rico. Within its boundaries is also the largest indigenous cemetery discovered to date – consisting of 186 human skeletons, most from the Igneri and the rest from the pre-Taíno cultures. Based on the orientation of the ceremonial plazas, this is also believed to be the oldest astronomical observatory in the Antilles. The museum was established in 1982 and restored in 1991.

Significance
The Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center is one of the largest and most significant indigenous sites in the Caribbean islands, and is the largest ceremonial site in Puerto Rico.

The continuous occupation from Igneri to Taíno times, the presence of the large stone constructions, the presence of shell middens and stratified deposits, all afford an opportunity to investigate some of the major substantive and theoretical problems in Caribbean archeology. Besides lending itself to the traditional problems of culture, history and chronology, the site provides the ideal setting for the study of the cultural processes responsible for the transition from Igneri to Taíno cultural manifestation. There has been some controversy in the literature as to whether there was a direct unilinear, in situ, transition from one to the other or whether the two manifestations actually represent two different groups. The data at this site can contribute significantly to the resolution of this research problem, as well as to other basic questions pertaining to the changes in sociopolitical organization which may have gone along with the changes evidenced in the material culture.

The site also lends itself to the study of problems relating to extra-Antillean influences on the Caribbean. The evidence from the site indicates that possible influences from Mesoamerica, e.g. the ball game, are in evidence in Puerto Rico as early as 700 A.D. The presence of shell middens and refuse heaps at the site will afford an opportunity to study subsistence patterns as well as possibly some information on the paleo-environment. The burials and associated grave goods will provide an insight into social, religious, ceremonial/symbolic systems of these occupants, as well as provide information on prehistoric demographic patterns, nutrition, disease and other prehistoric population characteristics.

Over 186 human remains were found within the boundaries of the ceremonial center, in what is considered to be the largest indigenous cemetery in the region. Most of the remains were from the Igneri Culture and DNA samples have been taken from the remains for further studies. Information such as the ceremonies, eating habits, ceramic styles and much more has been provided from these remains and from the excavations.

The site is now a tourist attraction which was opened to the public on 30 April 1982. Artifacts found on the site are on display and can be seen in a museum on the site and at the Ponce Museum of Art.

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 14 April 1978. It is known as the Centro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes.

Physical appearance
The Centro Ceremonial Indigena at Tibes, Ponce, Puerto Rico, was discovered during the days after heavy rain downpours. The survey was conducted by the Sociedad Guaynia de Arqueologia e Historia and was sponsored by the Puerto Rico Institute of Culture. Clearing the area's high brush revealed a number of shell middens, as well as the major features of the site which were the carefully laid out stone constructions traditionally referred to as ball courts.

A total of seven ball courts and a quadrangular plaza are distributed throughout the site. Five of the ball courts are rectangular, consisting of two parallel lines of flat stones and open at both ends. The remaining two ball courts are U-shaped, bounded on each side by a walk paved with flat river cobbles and boulders. Another major feature of the site is a series of triangular stone arrangements surrounding a flat excavated area.

The main feature of the site is the nearly quadrangular enclosure which has been called a plaza. It is bounded on two sides by a walk paved with flat stones while the other two sides are defined with flat slabs. Many of the stones surrounding the plaza bear petroglyphs. The terrain within the ball courts and plaza have been artificially modified. Several shell middens are scattered irregularly throughout the site and is some instances the ball courts intrude into them, indicating that the site was occupied for an extended period of time with a gradual evolution into a ceremonial center.

A number of test pits have been excavated to establish an absolute and relative chronology as well as to define the potential for the site. These indicate that the site was originally occupied by the earliest agricultural immigrants into the greater Antilles, the Igneri. Radiocarbon dates and pottery analyses have revealed a continuous period of occupation between 400 AD and 1000 AD The last inhabitants of the site were presumably the Taínos.

Pre-Columbian era
The Taínos who inhabited Puerto Rico before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493, played a series of games which were both ceremonial and recreational, such as races, contests involving body strength and fishing. However, the two most important of these sports were the simulated warrior fights (similar to the gladiators) and ball playing.

Body strength games
According to the eyewitness account of Spanish historian Pedro Martir de Angleria, the body strength games were played in front of the whole village in the presence of the "Cacique" (Chief) and in some occasions an invited guest. Two teams would fight with bows and arrows in defense of their possessions as if they were enemies. In one of the events, witnessed by Angleria, four men died and many others were injured in the space of one hour. The contest would come to an end only if the Cacique gave the ending signal.

Ball games

The ball game, called "Batey", was played in the ceremonial ball court, which they also called a "Batey", situated in the middle of the village. The fields were either shaped like a triangle or like a "U". The ball was called Batu and made of rubber and vegetable leaves, which gave it flexibility. Two teams played against each other. One team to the west and the other to the east. The fathers and sons played on the opposite teams. The objective of the game was to keep the ball in constant motion. The players were allowed to use their heads, elbows, shoulders and knees. The team would lose a point, if for any reason the ball stopped moving. The score was kept with a mark on the ground and the game would end after the losing team received a certain number of points. The winners were treated like heroes and the losers were sacrificed. The game had changed by the time the first Spanish settlers arrived. According to Fray Bartolomé de las Casas the game was played in the following manner: "One team served the ball and the other team returned it, using anything but the hands. If the ball arrived at shoulder height, it was returned like lightning. When it came in near the ground, the player rapidly hit the ground, striking the ball with his buttocks. Play continued from side to side until an error was made.

Discovery
The site was discovered in 1975 in the aftermath of Hurricane Eloise. In that year, archaeologists from the Guaynia Society of Archaeology and History at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico, members of the Archaeological Society of the Southwest, announced the discovery of the ruins of a "Batey" in barrio Tibes, on the northern outskirts of the city of Ponce. A total of 9 ball fields were discovered buried under thick forest overgrowth, dating back to AD 25 in the area which is now known as "Centro Ceremonial Indigena de Tibes" (The Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center). The fields varied in size from 12.8 meters (42 ft) long by 10.9 meters (35.8 ft) wide to 35.1 meters (115 ft) long by 9.3 meters (30.5 ft) wide.

Early inhabitants

According to archeologists, the ball parks and ceremonial centers were built by the Igneri Culture, a Pre-Taíno tribe which inhabited the island. Modern technology tells us that the area was populated in 25 AD and that the Igneri abandoned the area in 600 AD for some unknown reason or reasons. The Taínos populated the same area in 1000 AD.

According to archaeologist Osvaldo Garcia Goyco, there is evidence that some of the plazas are oriented in relation to the equinox and solstices of the four seasons of the year. This is not unusual since the Taínos cultivated their crops in accordance to their astrological observations. The Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center is the oldest astronomical observatory in the Caribbean.

Areyto
The Taínos had their own culture, customs and governing structure. Besides using the fields for ball playing, they would also use the plazas to celebrate the "Areyto" which was a celebration consisting of telling an oral history told by singing and dancing accompanied by music. Most of the knowledge and information that we have about the traditions of the Taínos came about the personal observations and historical documentations of Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Fray Bartolomé de las Casas described an "Areyto" in the following manner: "And on this island what I could understand was that their songs which they call "areytos", were their history passed from person to person, fathers to sons from the present to the future, as here uniting many Indians... passing three or four hours or more until the teacher or guide of the dance finished the history, and sometimes they went from one day to the next."

Arrival of the Spaniards
When the Spaniards arrived on the island one of their first actions was to forcibly convert the Taínos into Christianity. They considered the ceremonial and religious practices of the Taínos as uncivilized and a form of paganism. The Taínos were enslaved and forced to build fortifications and to work the mines. Many died because of this harsh treatment, and also because of the introduction to diseases such as smallpox to the island by the Spaniards. However, before the Taíno tribes ceased to exist in Puerto Rico, Spanish historians such as Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, were able to witness and record the life and customs of these people.

Ongoing work
The continued restoration of Tibes by archaeologists is not an easy one. The following are some factors that are taken into consideration:
 Previous archaeological work has been very limited, despite the uncovering and "restoration" of many of the stone alignments.
 Much of the site has yet to be explored and a number of other stone alignments are known to exist outside the mowed area.
 Except in the burial area, previous excavations have been confined to test pits rather than more extensive, areal exposures.
 Previous work has been largely on the bateys rather than the spaces between where ethnohistoric sources suggest houses may have stood. Careful excavation in these places may reveal post holes and hut foundations, as well as refuse disposal areas.
 The pottery at the site spans nearly the entire ceramic history of Puerto Rico and it would be surprising not to find some evidence of Archaic peoples at Tibes also. No other similar site has such a long sequence of material.
 An accurate and detailed topographic map may reveal other features that suggest artificial terracing.

See also

 Ball Court/Plaza Sites of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
 List of museums in Ponce, Puerto Rico
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Ponce, Puerto Rico
 List of archaeological sites sorted by country
 Taínos

References

External links
 Cultura e Historia (Culture and History)
 Parque Ceremonial Caguana (Caguana Ceremonial Park)

 Conozca.
 Tibes, centro activo de investigación.
 Centro Ceremoníal Indígena de Tibes.

1978 in Puerto Rico
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Cultural history of Puerto Rico
Igneri
Museums established in 1982
Museums in Ponce, Puerto Rico
National Register of Historic Places in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Native American museums in Puerto Rico
Natural history museums in Puerto Rico
Taíno
1982 establishments in Puerto Rico
Cemeteries in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Archaeological museums
Open-air museums
Tourist attractions in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Outdoor structures in Puerto Rico
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Archaeological museums in insular areas of the United States

Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center


Domestic (pronounced doe-mes'-tik) or domestique can mean:

 Domestic policy are policies for things happening or being inside a country.
 domesticated Animals & Plants
 A cycling domestique
 A domestic worker, see also housekeeper
 Something that means home
 Domestic airport, no international flights
 Domestic violence
 Domestic is also the anglicized form of the Byzantine title domestikos

Domestic


Melinda's World is a 2003 film adaptation of Marianne Kennedy's novel, directed by David Baumgarten and is also Zac Efron's film debut.

Plot
Set in the American Midwest of the 1950s, Melinda (Jenifer Olivares), the eleven-year-old daughter of sour parents (Christina Raines and Thomas Michael Kappler), finds interest in small things: a spun silver spiderweb, her box of treasures, and an afternoon at Silver Lake on her "day of days". Melinda's often known as a "silly goose" by her best friend, Alice Wasser (Jennifer McClusky). As the movie progresses, Melinda experiences ageless comforts and pains. Eliot Bradley (Chad Stevens), a waylaid college professors enters her life along with a warmhearted waitress (Ruth de Sosa), who introduces Melinda to the blues and Coca-Cola. And she receives her first explorative attention from a teasing boy named Stuart Wasser (Zac Efron). Escalating tragedy, the death of her beloved Aunt Calla (Mary McKowen), is climaxed by her father's eruption into angry drunkenness, shattering Melinda's innocence forever and sending her fleeing into the night. The ultimate triumph of Melinda's spirit culminates when at year's end she once again visits her treasure box with bittersweet memories.

External links
 Allmovie.com listing

2003 films
2003 drama films
American drama films
2000s American films

Melinda's World


Fort Willard is a former Union Army installation now located in the Belle Haven area of Fairfax County in the U.S. state of Virginia.  It is currently undergoing preservation treatment to protect its earthen walls and trenches.

Occupation of Northern Virginia

Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed an ordinance of secession and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The U.S. Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command.

Brigadier General J.F.K. Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, argued that Northern Virginia should be occupied as soon as possible in order to prevent the possibility of the Confederate Army mounting artillery on the hills of Arlington and shelling government buildings in Washington. He also urged the erection of fortifications on the Virginia side of the Potomac River to protect the southern terminuses of the Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge. His superiors approved these recommendations, but decided to wait until after Virginia voted for or against secession.

On May 23, 1861, Virginia voted by a margin of 3 to 1 in favor of leaving the Union. That night, U.S. Army troops began crossing the bridges linking Washington, D.C. to Virginia.

Taking the High Ground

Over the seven weeks that followed the occupation of northern Virginia, forts were constructed along the banks of the Potomac River and at the approaches to each of the three major bridges (Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge) connecting Virginia to Washington and Georgetown.

While the Potomac River forts were being built, planning and surveying was ordered for an enormous new ring of forts to protect the city. Unlike the fortifications under construction, the new forts would defend the city in all directions, not just the most direct route through Arlington. In mid-July, this work was interrupted by the First Battle of Bull Run. As the Army of Northeastern Virginia marched south to Manassas, the soldiers previously assigned to construction duties marched instead to battle. In the days that followed the Union defeat at Bull Run, panicked efforts were made to defend Washington from what was perceived as an imminent Confederate attack. The makeshift trenches and earthworks that resulted were largely confined to Arlington and the direct approaches to Washington.

On July 26, 1861, five days after the battle, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan was named commander of the military district of Washington and the subsequently renamed Army of the Potomac. Upon arriving in Washington, McClellan was appalled by the condition of the city's defenses.

In no quarter were the dispositions for defense such as to offer a vigorous resistance to a respectable body of the enemy, either in the position and numbers of the troops or the number and character of the defensive works... not a single defensive work had been commenced on the Maryland side. There was nothing to prevent the enemy shelling the city from heights within easy range, which could be occupied by a hostile column almost without resistance.

To remedy the situation, one of McClellan's first orders upon taking command was to greatly expand the defenses of Washington. At all points of the compass, forts and entrenchments would be constructed in sufficient strength to defeat any attack. Alexandria, which contained the southern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and one of the largest ports in the Chesapeake Bay, was an object of "anxious study."

Planning and construction
Fort Willard was constructed during the latter part of 1862 and early 1863 as Redoubt "D" to Fort Lyon by detachments of the 34th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel William S. Lincoln of the 34th Massachusetts explains in his memoirs that on January 8, 1863 General Barnard, along with a "party of engineers,"

spent the day running lines for an additional Fort, to be connected by covered ways and rifle pits, with the redoubts we have been constructing; and Lieutenant Schenck [engineer in charge] communicates the not very agreeable information, that the 34th will be required to build the new works. Colonel Wells chafes at this, and says that if we continue our work as we have begun, we shall be converted into a regiment of Engineers.

The fort was named in honor of Colonel George L. Willard, who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, on July 2, 1863. The fort was a small, unflanked enclosure with a bombproof and a magazine. The fort had emplacements for fifteen guns, and its armaments consisted of two 24-pound siege guns, two 12-pound howitzers, four 4.5-inch ordnance rifles, four 6-pound guns, two 10-inch siege mortars and two 24-pounder Coehorn mortars.

It originally contained three barracks, a guardhouse, officers quarters, a cook house and ordnance sergeants' quarters. Two detached batteries supported the fort. These features have all been displaced by construction of the community around the fort in the 1930s.

Some of the regiments garrisoned at Fort Willard included:
34th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery
10th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment
1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G
1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E
1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Regiment

Fort Willard Historic Site
Fort Willard Historic Site is located at 6625 Fort Willard Circle, Alexandria, Virginia 22307-1168. This park contains significant remains of a fort built by the Union Army. The principal features remaining on site consist of earthen fortifications, cannon embrasures or platforms and the remains of a bombproof (bomb shelter) and magazine (arms and gunpowder storage) area. It is owned and maintained by the Fairfax County Park Authority which has designated it as a Resource-based Park.
On October 15, 2011, there was a ribbon cutting for a restoration and interpretive program.

References

External links
Fort Willard - U.S. Civil War Sites on Waymarking.com

Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.
Forts in Virginia
Virginia in the American Civil War
Parks in Fairfax County, Virginia
Buildings and structures in Fairfax County, Virginia
1862 establishments in Virginia

Fort Willard


In Hinduism, the Maruts (; ), also known as the Marutagana and sometimes identified with Rudras, are storm deities and sons of Rudra and Prisni. The number of Maruts varies from 27 to sixty (three times sixty in RV 8.96.8). They are very violent and aggressive, described as armed with golden weapons i.e. lightning and thunderbolts, as having iron teeth and roaring like lions, as residing in the northwest, as riding in golden chariots drawn by ruddy horses.

In the Vedic mythology, the Maruts act as Indra's companions as a troop of young warriors. According to French comparative mythologist Georges Dumézil, they are cognate to the Einherjar and the Wild hunt.

In mythology
Hymn 66 of Mandala VI of the Rig Veda, the ancient collection of sacred hymns, is an eloquent account of how a natural phenomenon of a rain-storm metamorphoses into storm deities.

According to the Rig Veda they wore golden helmets and breastplates, and used their axes to split the clouds so that rain may fall. They were capable causing the mountains to tremble. Though they were the offspring of Rudra, they were previously considered by Indra, The main chieftain of heaven,  who was entitled as Marutvant ("Accompanied by the Maruts"). They are also accompanied by a female deity, Rodasi, who rides with them through the heavens. She is variously described as their mother and wife of Rudra, standing on the clouds that are the Maruts' chariot, or their collective wife and beloved, who symbolizes lightning.

The Maruts assist The King of heaven Indra, to defeat Vritra, lending him their power. The myth continues with Indra disputing them their role on the battle, accusing them of having abandoned him after giving him encouragement before the fight, and they quarrel for the sacrifice given by the sage Agastya. However, their place to his side in mythology is accepted, appearing elsewhere with him.

According to later tradition, such as Puranas, the Maruts were born from the broken womb of the goddess Diti, after Indra hurled a thunderbolt at her to prevent her from giving birth to too powerful a son. The goddess had intended to remain pregnant for a century before giving birth to a son who would threaten Indra.

See also
Ashvins
Kóryos
Wild Hunt

References

Rigvedic deities
Hindu gods
Daityas
Sky and weather gods

Maruts


Władysław III (31 October 1424 – 10 November 1444), also known as Ladislaus of Varna, was King of Poland and the Supreme Duke (Supremus Dux) of Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1434 as well as King of Hungary and Croatia from 1440 until his death at the Battle of Varna. He was the eldest son of Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the Lithuanian noblewoman Sophia of Halshany.

Władysław III of Varna is known in Hungarian as I. Ulászló; in Polish as Władysław III Warneńczyk; in Slovak as Vladislav I; in Czech as Vladislav Varnenčík; in Bulgarian as  (Vladislav Varnenchik); in Lithuanian as Vladislovas III (or Vladislovas Varnietis); in Croatian as Vladislav I. Jagelović.

Royal title
Latin: Ladislaus Dei Gratia Poloniae, Hungariae, Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Rascia etc. rex necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuyauie, Lithuaniae princeps supremus, Pomeraniae, Russieque dominus et heres etc.

English: Vladislaus by the Grace of God king of Poland, Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Búlgaria, Rascia (Serbian Grand Principality) and lands of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Supreme Prince of Lithuania, lord and heir of Pomerania and Ruthenia

Early life

Władysław was the first-born son of Władysław II Jagiełło and Sophia of Halshany. He ascended the throne at the age of ten and was immediately surrounded by a group of advisors headed by Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki, who wanted to continue to enjoy his high status at court. In spite of that, the young ruler and his ambitious mother were aware that there was opposition to them. In 1427, the Polish nobility initiated an anti-Jagiellonian opposition and attempted to have Władysław II Jagiełło's sons Władysław III and Casimir IV Jagiellon declared illegitimate to the Polish throne as they had no blood link to the previous ruling Polish dynasty, the Piasts. Despite the agreements signed between Władysław II and the Polish magnates to ensure the succession for his sons, the opposition wanted another candidate for the Polish throne: Frederick of Brandenburg, who was betrothed to Hedwig, Jagiełło's daughter by his second wife. However, the conspiracy was resolved by the death of the princess, rumoured to have been poisoned by Queen Sophia.

Politics and military career

King of Poland
The young king's reign was difficult from the very outset. His coronation was interrupted by a hostile nobleman, Spytko III of Melsztyn. On the next day, the customary homage of the townsfolk of Kraków did not take place due to a dispute between the temporal and spiritual lords of Mazovia over their place in the retinue. Neither did Władysław have much to say later about matters of state, which were run by the powerful cleric and chancellor Oleśnicki. The situation did not change even after the Sejm (Polish parliament) had gathered in Piotrków in 1438, and declared the fourteen-year-old king to have attained his majority.

King of Hungary and Croatia
This situation continued until 1440, when Władysław was offered the crown of Hungary. However, accepting it would have led to numerous problems. Hungary was under a growing threat from the Ottoman Empire, and some Polish magnates did not want to agree to the king of Poland also being the monarch of Hungary, while Elisabeth, widow of the deceased King of Hungary, Albert II of Germany, attempted to keep the crown for her yet unborn child. Such inconveniences aside, Władysław finally took the Hungarian throne, having engaged in a two-year civil war against Elisabeth. He had received significant support from Pope Eugene IV, in exchange for his help in organising an anti-Muslim crusade. The eighteen-year-old king, although thus far a king solely by title, became deeply involved in the war against the Ottomans, having been brought up in the standard of a pious Christian monarch and ideal Christian knight, and paid no heed to the interests of Poland and of the Jagiellonian dynasty.

Crusade against Muslim Ottomans and Death at Varna

The "bulwark of Christianity" and other slogans put forward by the papal envoy Giuliano Cesarini, together with much more reasonable but only verbal promises of Venetian and papal fleets blockading the Dardanelles Straits, along with an enticing vision of a promise of victory in the Crusade of Varna against the Muslims, persuaded Władysław to engage his freshly victorious forces for another season of war, thus breaching the ten-year truce with the aggressive and still powerful Ottoman Empire. Despite their alleged forthcoming help, the Venetian fleet carried the Muslim army from Asia into Europe but failed to sail to Varna, a surprising move that Władysław and his most senior military commander John Hunyadi failed to anticipate. The Venetian treachery placed the huge Muslim army (60,000) under sultan Murad II in close proximity to the unsuspecting crusaders (20,000). As a result, when the Battle of Varna began on 10 November 1444, the Polish king and his multi-ethnic subjects did not sense that this would be for many of them their final fight. Facing the desperate circumstance the king, seeing the experienced Hunyadi fight and break the Sipahi cavalry, decided to gamble and directly attack the sultan, who was protected by the guard cavalry and formidable Janissary infantry. The young king was killed while personally leading his own 500-strong royal Polish heavy cavalry company, his charge losing impetus and coming to a standstill amongst the unyielding Janissaries protecting the sultan. The Janissaries killed the king's bodyguard and beheaded Władysław, displaying his head on a pole. Disheartened by the death of their king, the Hungarian army fled the battlefield. Neither the king's body nor his armor were ever found.

Personal life

Władysław III had no children and did not marry. The chronicler Jan Długosz, known for his antipathy towards the king and his father, alleged that there was something unusual about Władysław's sexuality, though Długosz did not specify what: "too subject to his carnal desires", "he did not abandon his lewd and despicable habits". Długosz wrote about him some sentences later: "No age has ever seen and will never see a more Catholic and holy ruler who, according to his highest goodness, has never harmed any Christian. [...] Finally, like a holy king and a second angel on Earth, he lived an unmarried and virgin life at home and during the war."

Władysław was succeeded in the Kingdom of Poland by his younger brother, Duke Casimir IV of Lithuania, in 1447, after a three-year interregnum. In Hungary he was succeeded by his former rival, the child-king Ladislaus the Posthumous.

Legend

According to a Portuguese legend Władysław survived the Battle of Varna (although the Ottomans claimed to have his head, his body in royal armor was never found) and then journeyed in secrecy to the Holy Land. He became a knight of Saint Catharine of Mount Sinai (O Cavaleiro de Santa Catarina) and then he settled on Madeira. King Afonso V of Portugal granted him the lands in Madalena do Mar district of the Madeira Islands, for the rest of his life. He was known there as Henrique Alemão (Henry the German) and married Senhorinha Anes (the King of Portugal was his best man), who gave him two sons. He established a church of Saint Catherine and Saint Mary Magdalene in Madalena do Mar (1471). There he was depicted in a painting as Saint Joachim meeting Saint Anne at the Golden Gate on a painting by Master of the Adoration of Machico (Mestre da Adoração de Machico) in the beginning of the 16th century.

According to the tradition, he felt his defeat at Varna was a warning sign from God (since he declared war on a false pretext, violating the truce with the Ottoman Muslims). Thus he wandered as a pilgrim, seeking forgiveness, which he found in Jerusalem. For the rest of his life he would deny his identity. A delegation of Polish monks went to Madeira to question him and certified he was in fact the long lost king, now living in secrecy. He declined their suggestion to ascend the Polish throne again.

According to another version of the legend, promoted by Manuel da Silva Rosa, Władysław (as Henrique Alemão) was the real father of Christopher Columbus.

Remembrance
Following his death, Władysław III was commemorated in many songs and poems.

A main boulevard and residential district in Varna are named after Warneńczyk. In 1935 a park-museum, Władysław Warneńczyk, was opened in Varna, with a symbolic cenotaph of Władysław III built atop of an ancient Thracian mound tomb. There has also been a soccer team named Vladislav Varna (now PFC Cherno More Varna).

Gallery

See also
 History of Poland (1385–1569)
 List of Polish monarchs

Notes

References
K. Łukasiewicz, Władysław Warneńczyk, Krzyżacy i Kawaler Św Katarzyny, Warszawa 2010

External links

1424 births
1444 deaths
15th-century Polish monarchs
Polish Roman Catholics
Kings of Poland
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
Jagiellonian dynasty
People of the Hussite Wars
History of Varna, Bulgaria
Monarchs killed in action
Polish military personnel killed in action
Medieval child monarchs
Christians of the Crusade of Varna
Burials at Wawel Cathedral

Władysław III of Poland


Günter Abel (born 7 November 1947 in Homberg (Efze), Hesse) is a German philosopher and former professor for theoretical philosophy at the Technical University of Berlin.

Abel studied philosophy, history, romance studies and political science at the  University of Marburg and the University of Lausanne. After finishing his PhD thesis on stoicism Abel habilitated in 1981 with a work on Friedrich Nietzsche. Since 1987 he is professor for theoretical philosophy at the Technical University of Berlin. From 1999 to 2001 he was vice-president of the  Technical University of Berlin, from 2002 to 2005 he was president of the German Society of Philosophy (DGPhil). Since 2008 he is board member of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP, Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie).

Abel developed the so-called "general philosophy of sign and interpretation", which holds that language, thinking, action and knowledge are fundamentally tied to the practice of interpretation and use of signs. All aspects of life, from perception to reflection to action, are characterised as interpretative and constructional and constituted by signs. Reality thus depends on systems of description, symbols and interpretations. Consequently, Abel holds that the idea of an uninterpreted reality turns out to be wrong. According to the constitutive role of interpretation he refers to "worlds of interpretation" (in reference to Nelson Goodmans "ways of worldmaking"). Based on this premise Abel advances a three-step model of relations of signs and interpretation, which he applies in different fields of philosophy.

He published about topics of epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of knowledge and science ("knowledge research"), philosophy of language, theory of symbols, philosophy of perception, ethics, theory of creativity and philosophy of art.

Abel is a noted Nietzsche scholar who tries to combine elements of Nietzsche's philosophy with methods of contemporary analytic philosophy. He focusses mainly on Nietzsche's epistemology, which had a strong influence on his own philosophy of interpretation.

References

 Abel, Günter: Stoizismus und frühe Neuzeit. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte modernen Denkens im Felde von Ethik und Politik, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter 1978.
 Abel, Günter: Nietzsche. Die Dynamik der Willen zur Macht und die ewige Wiederkehr, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter 1984.
 Abel, Günter: Interpretationswelten. Gegenwartsphilosophie jenseits von Essentialismus und Relativismus, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp 1993.
 Abel, Günter: Sprache, Zeichen, Interpretation, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp 1999.
 Abel, Günter: Zeichen der Wirklichkeit, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp 2004.

External links
 Abel's Homepage at the Technical University of Berlin

1947 births
Living people
People from Homberg (Efze)
20th-century German philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of mind
German male writers
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin

Günter Abel


was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods, that revitalized the traditional ukiyo-e art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century). It maintained the traditional ukiyo-e collaborative system (hanmoto system) where the artist, carver, printer, and publisher engaged in division of labor, as opposed to the parallel sōsaku-hanga (creative prints) movement.

The movement was initiated and nurtured by publisher Watanabe Shozaburo (1885–1962), and flourished from around 1915 to 1942, resuming on a smaller scale after the Second World War through the 1950s and 1960s. Watanabe approached European artists residing in Tokyo,  and Charles W. Bartlett to produce woodblock prints inspired by European Impressionism (which itself had drawn from ukiyo-e).

Shin-hanga artists incorporated Western elements such as the impression of light and the expression of individual moods. It eschewed ukiyo-e traditions of emulating hand-drawn brushstrokes seeking instead to "create works replete with creativity and rich with artistic quality, by avoiding enslavement to hand-drawn painting or old models".

Watanabe introduced new printing techniques, most notably in the extensive use of printed layers of either baren suji-zuri (printed marks left deliberately by the baren) or goma-zuri (printed speckles), printed on thicker and usually less moist paper than past ukiyo-e prints. Watanabe considered shin-hanga to be fine art (geijutsu) and separate from shinsaku-hanga, the term that he used to describe less labor-intensive souvenir prints such as those by Takahashi Shōtei. Shin-hanga themes, however, remained strictly traditional; themes of landscapes (fukeiga), famous places (meishō), beautiful women (bijinga), kabuki actors (yakusha-e), and birds-and-flowers (kachō-e).

History
Primarily aimed at foreign markets, shin-hanga prints appealed to Western taste for nostalgic and romanticized views of Japan and as such, enjoyed immense popularity overseas. In the 1920s, there were articles on shin-hanga in the International Studio, The Studio, The Art News and The Art Digest magazines. The first shin-hanga exported were Capelari and Bartlett prints in 1916, however, no foreign exhibitions were held until at Boston in March 1924. A larger exhibition of 68 works was held at the Herron Art Institute in October 1926. Later, the promoter of said Boston and Indianapolis touring exhibitions, artist Hiroshi Yoshida, helped organize and promote two very large exhibitions at the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio in 1930 and 1936. Through the 1930s and then after the Second World War, art dealers such as Robert O. Muller (1911-2003) imported shin-hanga to satisfy Western demand.

There was not much domestic market for shin-hanga prints in Japan. Ukiyo-e prints were considered by the Japanese as mass commercial products, as opposed to the European view of ukiyo-e as fine art during the climax of Japonisme. After decades of modernization and Westernization during the Meiji era, architecture, art and clothing in Japan came to follow Western modes. Japanese art students were trained in the Western tradition. Western oil paintings (yōga) were considered high art and received official recognition from the Bunten (The Ministry of Education Fine Arts Exhibition). Shin-hanga prints, on the other hand, were considered as a variation of the outdated ukiyo-e. They were dismissed by the Bunten and were subordinated under oil paintings and sculptures.

As foreign demand for shin-hanga increased through the 1920s, the complexity of prints decreased. Ground layers of baren-suji and goma were less commonly seen and the overall number of printing impressions decreased. To satify foreign collectors, colors became brighter and more saturated. Shin-hanga supplanted shinsaku-hanga in the souvenir market and the latter ceased production.

Shin-hanga declined as the military government tightened its control over the arts and culture during wartime. In 1939, the Army Art Association was established under the patronage of the Army Information Section to promote war art. By 1943, an official commission for war painting was set up and artists' materials were rationed. Overseas market for Japanese prints declined drastically at the same time.

Demand for shin-hanga never regained its momentum postwar. Nevertheless a small number of artists continued in the tradition. Artists such as Itō Shinsui (1898–1972) and  (1907–1980) continued to utilize the collaborative system during the 1960s and 1970s. In the last decades of the 20th century publishers instead concentrated on making reproductions of early 20th century shin-hanga; meanwhile sōsaku-hanga enjoyed immense popularity and prestige in the international art scene. The early 21st century has seen somewhat of a resurgence in shin-hanga popularity notably in market demand for earlier masters such as Kawase Hasui (1883–1957) and Hiroshi Yoshida (1876–1950), and for new artists continuing the shin-hanga aesthetic such as Paul Binnie (1967–).

Steve Jobs, the head of Apple, was among the prominent collectors of shin-hanga.

Shinsaku Hanga vs. Shin-hanga
 and shin-hanga have often been conflated. Shinsaku-hanga  was the forerunner to shin-hanga and similarly created by the publisher Watanabe Shozaburo. It began in 1907 with the prints of Takahashi Shōtei and prospered until about 1927, with its popularity waning inversely to the growing popularity of shin-hanga. It had ceased completely by 1935.

Shinsaku-hanga was essentially modernization of ukiyo-e and especially the prints of Hiroshige. Compared to shin-hanga, it did not depict contemporary Japan, instead it offered nostalgic views of pre-industrial,  pre-Meiji Japan with modern printmaking techniques. Techniques characterized by continuing to replicate the hand-drawn brushstrokes of ukiyo-e (shin-hanga expressly resisted replicating brushstrokes) while beginning to eschew contour lines and large flat areas of color typical of historical ukiyo-e.

This style was very popular early on with tourists in Japan (Watanabe described them as "souvenir prints") and for foreign export. Its typically smaller prints (smaller than shin-hanga) were less expensive to produce and less expensive to purchase, and they ultimately provided the financial stability to Watanabe to nurture the shin-hanga movement.

The best known shinsaku-hanga artists were Takahashi Shōtei, Ohara Koson, Ito Sozan and Narazaki Eisho. Each of these artists later moved to shin-hanga.

Notable artists
Hashiguchi Goyō

Itō Shinsui
Kaburagi Kiyokata
Kawase Hasui
Elizabeth Keith
Kitano Tsunetomi
Kobayakawa Kiyoshi
Natori Shunsen
Ohara Koson
Koichi Okada
Ota Masamitsu (also known as Ota Gako)
Settai Komura

Shiro Kasamatsu
Takahashi Shōtei (also known as Hiroaki)
Takeji Asano
Torii Kotondo
Tsuchiya Koitsu
Tsuchiya Rakusan
Yamakawa Shūhō
Yamamura Toyonari
Yoshida Hiroshi

References

Further reading
Blair, Dorothy. Modern Japanese prints: printed from a photographic reproduction of two exhibition catalogues of modern Japanese prints published by the Toledo Museum of Art in 1930–1936. Ohio: Toledo Museum of Art, 1997.
Brown, K. and Goodall-Cristante, H. Shin-Hanga: New Prints in Modern Japan. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1996.
Hamanoka, Shinji. Female Image: 20th Century Prints of Japanese Beauties. Hotei Publishing 2000.
Jenkins, D. Images of a Changing World: Japanese Prints of the Twentieth Century. Portland: Portland Art Museum, 1983.
Menzies, Jackie. Modern boy, Modern Girl: Modernity in Japanese Art 1910–1935. Sydney, Australia: Art Gallery NSW, c. 1998.
 Merritt, Helen and Nanako Yamada.  (1995). Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.	; ;  OCLC 247995392
Merritt, Helen. Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Early Years. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 1990.
Milone, Marco. La xilografia giapponese moderno-contemporanea, Edizioni Clandestine, 2023, ISBN 8865967463.
Mirviss, Joan B. Printed to Perfection: Twentieth-century Japanese Prints from the Robert O. Muller Collection. Washington D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Hotei Publishing 2004.
 Newland, Amy Reigle. (2005). Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints. Amsterdam: Hotei. ;  OCLC 61666175
Smith, Lawrence. Modern Japanese Prints 1912–1989. New York, London, Paris: Cross River Press, 1994.
Swinton, Elizabeth de Sabato. Terrific Tokyo: A panorama in Prints from the 1860s to the 1930s. Worcester: Worcester Art Museum, 1998.
Masuda, Koh. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991,
Shimizu, Hisao The Publisher Watanabe Shozaburo and the Birth of Shin-Hanga in Water and Shadow: Kawase Hasui and Japanese Landscape Prints edited by Kendall Brown, Hotei Publishing, 2014.
Watanabe, Shozaburo Shin-hanga o tsukuru ni tsuite no watashi no iken [My opinions about how to make shin-hanga] in Bijutsu gaho vol 44 no 8 (August 1921).

External links

Video showing the printing of a shin-hanga work by craftsman David Bull (16 mins)
"The Shin Hanga Movement in America" Video lecture by Dr. Kendall Brown on roles played by artist Hiroshi Yoshida and museum professional J. Arthur MacLean in disseminating the art (50 mins)
Shin hanga — Viewing Japanese Prints website by John Fiorillo
Dream Worlds: Modern Japanese Prints and Paintings from the Robert O. Muller Collection Online Exhibition
Robert O. Muller Information about the man behind one of the most well known collections of Shin Hanga.

20th century in art
20th century in Japan
Ukiyo-e genres
Schools of Japanese art
Impressionism

Shin-hanga


Jan Aling (24 June 1949 – 9 May 2020) was a Dutch road cyclist. Aling was born in Bunne (Drenthe).

He won several races including Omloop der Kempen, stages in the Milk race (now called Tour of Britain), stage in the Olympia's Tour and the Ronde van Overijssel. He became professional in 1974, and would be a professional until 1984. He rode twice in the Vuelta a España (1976 edition, and 1980 edition).

Aling died at a hospital in Eindhoven on 9 May 2020, three days after having had a cardiac arrest, aged 70.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Dutch cyclists
Sportspeople from Drenthe

Jan Aling


Otto Linné Erdmann (11 April 1804 – 9 October 1869) was a German chemist. He was the son of Karl Gottfried Erdmann, the physician who introduced vaccination into Saxony.

He was born in Dresden on 11 April 1804. In 1820 he began to attend the medico-chirurgical academy of his native place, and in 1822 he entered the University of Leipzig, where in 1827 he became an associate professor, and in 1830 a full professor of chemistry. This office he held until his death, which happened at Leipzig on 9 October 1869.

He was particularly successful as a teacher, and the laboratory established at Leipzig under his direction in 1843 was long regarded as a model institution. As an investigator he is best known for his work on nickel and indigo and other dye-stuffs. With R. F. Marchand (1813–1850) he also carried out a number of determinations of atomic weights.

In 1828 he founded the Journal für technische und ökonomische Chemie, which became in 1834 the Journal für praktische Chemie. From 1853 A. F. G. Werther (1815–1869) was an editor of the journal. Erdmann was also the author of Über das Nickel (1827), Lehrbuch der Chemie (1828), Grundriss der Waarenkunde (1833), and Über das Studium der Chemie (1861).

Notes

References

1804 births
1869 deaths
19th-century German chemists
Members of the First Chamber of the Diet of the Kingdom of Saxony
Scientists from Dresden
Academic staff of Leipzig University

Otto Linné Erdmann


Laurelwood is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Oregon, United States. The community is located southwest of the Portland metropolitan area near Oregon Route 47 along Laurelwood Road, to the east of the city of Gaston and Wapato Lake. Laurelwood, a farming community, has a population of approximately 500 people. Settled in the 1860s, the community was home to Laurelwood Academy from 1904 until 2007. A large portion of the community is of the Seventh-day Adventist faith.

History

Laurelwood was settled circa 1860 in a small valley to the east of what is now Gaston. Most of the community is on the former Donation Land Claim of R. D. Walker. In 1904, the Laurelwood Academy was founded in the community as a Seventh-day Adventist school. Adventist-owned Harris Pine Mills opened a furniture plant and milling plant in the village in 1965, growing to a 60-employee operation. At one time, residents called each other villagers as opposed to the students of the academy.

In August 1977, four people were murdered in the community, shot execution-style. The victims—two seven-year-old girls, their 24-year-old mother, and the 19-year-old son of her boyfriend—were killed after the mother had testified against a leader of the Hells Angels. Robert G. McClure was convicted of the killings and Hells Angels leader Odis Garrett was convicted of ordering the murders, in 1994 and 1995 respectively.

Laurelwood Academy closed in 1985 and was sold to an alumni group, who re-opened the school in 1988.

In March 1986, the milling operations of the Harris Pine Mills was closed, followed by the furniture manufacturing facility in 1988. Laurelwood was one of sixteen places studied for a possible minimum security prison in 1988. The prison would have been at the former Laurelwood Academy after it shutdown in 1985, but there was local opposition and the prison was never built. Later that year the Adventist school re-opened.

In 1992, Marvin McDougal, a Laurelwood Academy alumnus, proposed developing  in the area into 54 homes to support the academy. Local residents formed an opposition group and fought the development. The county initially approved the development, but residents appealed the decision. Washington County eventually denied approval for the development. In 2007, Laurelwood Academy moved to a new campus near Eugene, Oregon.

Details

The population is composed partially of retirees and former students and teachers of Laurelwood Academy. Much of the community is of the Adventist faith. Laurelwood is still mostly made up of homes situated on one to . At the 2000 census, the area had 503 people. The community has the Gaston ZIP Code of 97119. Gaston Rural Fire District covers the community, drinking water is supplied by the Laurelwood Water Co-op, and public education is provided by the Gaston School District. Oregon House of Representatives District 32 (Suzanne Weber) and Oregon Senate District 16 (Betsy Johnson) cover Laurelwood. Laurelwood is within Oregon's 1st congressional district, represented by Congresswoman Suzanne Bonamici.

The main road through the community is Laurelwood Road, which windingly descends through dense tree cover from the top of the Chehalem Mountains and past the academy on its way towards Gaston. The name comes from the abundance of laurel trees above the valley that stretch to the top of Bald Peak atop the mountain to the east. By 1981, one of the trees was still standing, but the compiler of Oregon Geographic Names was informed that the trees were in fact Pacific Madrones. The Washington County Scenic Loop passes through the hamlet. The area also lends its name to a type of soil composed of silt loam.

Laurelwood Academy

Laurelwood Academy was established in 1904 on the Walker land claim, with a chapel added in 1908. Initially , Walker sold more land to the school in subsequent years. When it opened it taught grades one through ten under the direction of principal Robert Arye. The first graduate of the academy was Henry Dirkson. In 1907, J. L. Kay became the principal and expanded the school to twelve grades. A Seventh-day Adventist school, the four-year academy grew to as large as 350 students by 1976. The unaffiliated, but adjacent, Laurelwood Adventist Elementary School opened in 1950.

The academy added a manual labor building in 1925 followed by an administration structure in 1943 and a new church in 1957. Laurelwood Academy was closed in 1985 after enrollment had declined at the schools of the Oregon Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. After re-opening in the late 1980s, the school relocated in 2007 when enrollment was at 90 students. Laurelwood Seventh-Day Adventist Elementary School still exists, and now has enrollment of about 20, in grades 1–8. Recently, the former academy buildings housed the Mission College of Evangelism run by Carol and Louis Torres. Even more recently, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, half of the academy buildings housed Ananda Laurelwood, a spiritual retreat.

References

External links

Populated places established in the 1860s
Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Oregon
1860s establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Laurelwood, Oregon


FC Libertas Wien (Latin for freedom) was an Austrian football club from Ottakring, a district of Vienna. From 1932 to 1937 he played for a total of five seasons in the first division.

History
Libertas was founded in 1914 by some high school students. Among them were Josef Gerö, later ÖFB President, UEFA Vice President and Minister of Justice, and Karl Zankl, later WFV President. The rapid-enthusiastic students chose green and white as the colors of their club. The club played  in the lower Viennese leagues for several years. A brief merger in 1922 with the Josefstädter Sportfreunde broke up, until 1928 the club did not get beyond the third class. Nevertheless, the club produced two later internationally very successful players in Josef Horejs and Walter Nausch, who were able to win the Mitropapokal with Sparta Prague and FK Austria Wien.

In 1927 the club merged with the second-rate SC International Vienna to form the International Libertas. The  club appeared as FC Libertas Vienna from the following season in 1928/29. They reached the 2nd division championship in 1931/32 and were promoted to the 1st division. The first game in Austria's highest division took place in front of 16,000 spectators on 27 August  1932 against Rapid and ended 0-0. Libertas played the first few years against relegation. Since the Libertas sports field was too small for the 1st league, the club first played at Dornbacher Sport-Club-Platz and later at  Wacker Wien Schönbrunner Platz.

The 1934/35 season was the highlight of the club's history, and the club finished fifth behind Rapid, Vienna, Admira and Wacker. In 1936  the club was able to reach to the semi-finals of the ÖFB Cup. In 1937, due to the reduction of the league to ten clubs, the club was relegated. The outbreak of the Second World War meant that the Libertas merged with the district rivals SC Red Star Vienna in 1941 in order to be able to guarantee further game operations. This ended the history of the only Ottakringer first division club since there was no reactivation after the end of the war.

Famous players

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vienna
Defunct football clubs

FC Libertas Wien


The James and Mary Forsyth House is located on Albany Avenue near uptown Kingston, New York, United States. It is a brick Italian villa-style house designed by Richard Upjohn in the mid-19th century. When it was finished it was celebrated locally for its lavish decor. James Forsyth, as well as another later resident, left the house after being accused of financial wrongdoing. It has been modified slightly since its original construction with trim in the Colonial Revival style.

Along with the Old Dutch Church by Minard Lafever, it is the only extant pre-Civil War building, and the only house from that period, in Kingston designed by a nationally prominent architect. In the 20th century it was used as a Masonic Lodge. Since 1986 it has been the offices of a local construction company that has restored some of Kingston's other historic buildings. In 2003 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Building

The house is at the front of a  lot on the north side of Albany Avenue across from Academy Green Park, the triangle formed by Albany, Clinton Avenue and Maiden Lane. On the west is a four-story brick Colonial Revival apartment building, built in the mid-1920s as the Governor Clinton Hotel. To the east are other commercial properties, culminating in the eastern terminus of Interstate 587 and NY 28 at the junction of Albany and Broadway. Behind the house, north of the property, is a parking lot and a small pond.

The building itself is a two-and-a-half-story, three-bay structure of load-bearing brick walls on a raised foundation of tooled limestone in an ashlar pattern. All the exterior trim is in wood. The roof, hipped with a gable crossing the center, is shingled in asphalt, with a molded cornice with large brackets supporting the eaves.

Exterior

On the south (front) facade, the first story has a wooden porch covering all three openings. The porch echoes the house, with a modillioned center gable and hipped roof supported by fluted Ionic columns with turned balusters between them. Behind them the windows have been fitted with French doors.

Windows on the second story have segmental brick arches, wooden hoods and cut stone sills. Above them is a single roundel window in the center gable.

The east profile has similar window treatments to the front on a one-bay projecting gabled section with a similar porch. The two flanking bays have porches for their French doors that cantilever out with perforated woodwork railings and large wood brackets with drop pendants supporting the hoods. By contrast, the central projecting bay's porch is similar to the front one. The center-bay second-story window has a round arch and is slightly recessed, giving it a Palladian feel. On the opposite side, the west elevation is similar with a bump-out at the southwest corner.

On the north side are similar windows and another projection, with a small frame addition. A fire escape runs up the side. There are no French doors on this elevation.

Interior
The main entrance consists of a modern door in front of the original paired glazed doors and a round glass transom. It opens into a small vestibule, which in turn leads through another pair of doors with stained glass lights and transom, possibly depicting scenes from Forsyth family history in a Romantic medieval fashion, into the L-shaped main hall with linoleum flooring. The basement stairs are directly ahead; the main stair is off to the right. A library and parlor are on the east and west respectively. Further to the north are a dining room and drawing room. A small bedroom and dressing room are in the addition on the rear.

Both the front parlor and library retain their original parquet flooring, molded baseboards and plaster cornice. The library also has a paneled wooden door with its original silver hardware, paneled pocket shutters on the French doors to the exterior. A set of wooden cabinets have a cornice with running guilloché frieze. In the parlor is a chimney breast with marble Italianate mantelpiece. A wide opening with Corinthian columns leads into the dining room to the north.

The dining room has similar flooring and walls, as well as another mantelpiece in the same material and style. A bracketed wooden frieze runs around the room at a height of six feet (2 m). The drawing room, the largest space on the first story, has  ceilings and many of the same decorative features.

Near the stair to the second floor is a wooden settee. The staircase itself is cantilevered out, and consists of open stringers with carpet on the steps. It is decorated with a turned newel post and balusters. The round arched window on the east profile lights the landing with 19th-century stained glass.

The western half of the second floor is an open meeting room supported by steel I-beams visible from the attic, with carpeted floor and daises on the wall. The original master bedroom is in the northeast corner. It retains its marble mantelpiece in the chimney breast. It is currently carpeted, with acoustic tiles in the ceiling. The walls, baseboards and plaster cornice are original, as are the doors and silver hardware.

The attic has been extensively modified, although it is still possible to see how it was used originally as servants' quarters. The northeast room still has the original door and beaded board enclosures. The basement is still in its original layout, used for storage and service functions. There is an original cast iron stove in the kitchen. The servants' dining room retains its original doors and a Greek Revival wooden mantelpiece.

Aesthetics

A few years before the Forsyth commission, Upjohn had built his first Italian villa, the Edward King House in Newport, Rhode Island. One of the earliest uses of that form in the country, it was praised by Andrew Jackson Downing in his book The Architecture of Country Houses, as "unit[ing] beauty of form and expression with spacious accommodation, in a manner not often seen ... There is dignity, refinement and elegance, all about its leading features".

For the Forsyth house, Upjohn used the center-gable variant of the Italian villa, instead of the tower variant he had used in Newport. His great-grandson, Everard Upjohn, writing about the house in the 1930s, saw similarities between the Forsyth and King houses. "[It] shows the same tendency to break up the mass", he observed. At the same time, he felt that the interior was so tightly divided that there was little possibility of opening it up.

The Forsyth House is also similar to Upjohn's J.J. Johnson House in Brooklyn's Flatbush neighborhood, since demolished. It, too, was an Italian villa with a center gable and roundel, segmented-arch windows with hoods and a bracketed cornice. "While not exciting, and certainly not such as to cause one to stare", wrote Everard Upjohn, "it escaped the most obtrusive faults of its time."

History

A native of Newburgh, James Forsyth moved to Kingston in 1840 at the age of 21. He became a successful lawyer and politician, and married a local woman, Mary Bruyn. In 1847, he visited New Haven, Connecticut, then a center of contemporary architecture. He wrote his wife about the "exquisite private residences ... in every respect superior to any in Kingston".

The couple decided to build such a house in their hometown. After talking to an architect in New Haven, they turned to Upjohn, then enjoying renown for the success of Trinity Church. They consulted closely with the architect on the design throughout the process, and many of his renderings have survived. They are archived in Columbia University's Avery Library, and show that the house was not substantially modified from the original design. Asphalt shingles replaced the planned metal cladding on the roof, the only significant change to the exterior before the house was built. No records have been found from the actual construction.

When the house was finished in 1851, the Forsyths threw a housewarming party, with champagne and oysters, to which they invited many of Kingston's other affluent couples. Nathaniel Booth, a local merchant, echoed the Forsyths' original hope, writing that the house was "a splendid affair throwing all others in Kingston in the shade." The lavish decoration, he wondered, "would rather astonish the honest Dutch who built Old 'Sopus could they revisit old scenes", referring to Kingston's original 17th-century settlers.

Forsyth did not get to enjoy his sumptuous surroundings for long. He had made $200,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) through a number of fraudulent schemes, including forgery and illegal stock sales, and just before this was discovered in 1853 he left the country. After traveling through southern Europe for a while he made his way to the English city of Hereford on the Welsh border. There, under the assumed name of Edward Rashleigh, he drank heavily and died at the age of 36 in the Green Dragon Inn in 1855.

After his flight and death, his wife and children remained in the house. Sometime almost two decades later, in the 1870s, they sold it to William Fitch, a relative of Ezra Fitch. Later it was the property of county treasurer John Broadhead. During his tenure, around the turn of the century, the front porch was redone in a Colonial Revival mode and the columns at the dining room entryway were added. In the early 20th century, Broadhead moved to Connecticut after he was accused of stealing $80–200,000 from the county. At a public auction in 1907 it was sold to Samuel Gray, a grain dealer from Saugerties.

In 1939 the local Freemasons bought it. Local architect George Low supervised some large-scale changes, including the bump-out at the southwest corner and the opening of the western half of the second story to create a meeting room. A fire escape was also built on the rear of the building to comply with the building code.

After remaining vacant for years in the late 20th century when the Masons moved out, it was bought in late 2002 by Carey Construction, a local firm that has restored some city landmarks like the Persen House and City Hall. As part of its restoration, Carey said it might remove the other second floor walls to create a more open space for offices and add skylights to the roof but did not plan to make any other permanent changes.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York

References

External links
Carey Construction home page

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Ulster County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Italianate architecture in New York (state)
Richard Upjohn buildings
Houses completed in 1850
Kingston, New York

James and Mary Forsyth House


Herbert Mohr-Mayer (born September 22, 1933) is a German jeweller who was president of Victor Mayer Co. from 1965 to 2005. He continued the legacy of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé.

He was born to the jeweller Edmund Mohr and his wife Maria Mayer in Pforzheim, Germany. His grandfather was the German jeweler Victor Mayer who founded the Victor Mayer jewelry company in Pforzheim in 1890. Another famed family member is his brother the computer pioneer Manfred Mohr.

Mohr-Mayers childhood was overshadowed by the bombing of Pforzheim in 1945 during World War II. The dramatic event took the lives of many of his childhood friends and destroyed 83% of the inner city. The building he grew up in which also housed the Victor Mayer Co. remained miraculously untouched by the disaster.

In 1960, he received a PhD in business administration at the University of Munich, then he worked with jewellers Asprey in London and Altenloh, Brussels until 1964. There he refined his taste and skills in jewelry making.

In 1965, he and Hubert Mayer became owners of the Victor Mayer Jewelry manufacturing company in Pforzheim.

Mohr-Mayer turned the Victor Mayer company over to his son Marcus O. Mohr in 2001 and retired from his position in 2003. Mohr-Mayer continues to represent the Fabergé workmaster at events of the Collegium Fabergé and gives lectures on the history and making of Fabergé eggs.

Mohr-Mayer is also a nephew of the German women's lib activist Else Mayer. He became instrumental in turning her nunnery in Bonn into a charitable foundation. Herbert Mohr-Mayer has been volunteering in the Else Mayer Foundation since 2004.

Restoring the Fabergé line

Herbert Mohr-Mayer revived the Fabergé line, which had been discontinued by the heirs of Peter Carl Fabergé. The grandsons of Fabergé sold the licensing rights to Fabergé Co. in 1989. In the same year, Fabergé Inc. appointed Victor Mayer as the new licensee.
After years of research in the fields of traditional jewelry making Mohr-Mayer reestablished long-lost manufacturing techniques such as guilloché and vitreous enamel. In 1991 the company presented the first Fabergé-line object since the closing of  the Fabergé workshop in 1917.

Fabergé objects from the house of Victor Mayer have been acquired by the Kremlin Museum, the Art Museum of New Orleans, and many private collections around the world.

See also
Gorbachev Peace Egg

References
http://mohr-mayer.com/
Status news
Mieks.com

Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg
1933 births
Living people
People from Pforzheim

Herbert Mohr-Mayer


St Peter's and St Paul's Church is a parish church in Headcorn, Kent dedicated to saints Peter and Paul. It was begun in the 13th century. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Building

Construction of the church was begun in the 13th century and continued during the 14th and 15th centuries. The church is constructed of Bethersden marble and has plain tiled roofs.

The late 14th-century west tower comprises three stages with buttresses on the external corners and a taller attached polygonal stair turret on the north-east corner. String courses separate each stage and a battlemented parapet forms the top of the walls on each side. The west side contains a three-lighted, cinquefoil-headed and traceried window in the first stage positioned above the small west door. The second stage contains small rectangular windows on the façades and the third stage contains two- or three-lighted belfry windows on each side with either trefoil or quatrefoil decoration.

The nave is probably 14th-century and is flanked on the south side by a late 14th-century aisle with its attached porch of a similar age. The parapets of the aisle and porch are battlemented. The three aisle windows are cinquefoil-topped and the porch inner doorway is of Bethesden marble. The north wall of the nave contains four three-lighted traceried windows separated by buttresses. The chancel is 13th century with the windows replaced probably in the late 14th century or in the 15th century. The east end is gabled with a tall window of two stacked groups of three cinquefoil-topped lights. Abutting the south side of the chancel is the south chapel which also dates from the 14th century. Four two-lighted windows alternate with buttresses on the south chapel wall and the east end contains a five-lighted traceried window.

Internally, the nave and south aisle are separated by an arcade of five pointed arches on octagonal columns with bases and capitals in Bethesden marble. The arch between chancel and nave and between south aisle and south chapel are similar. An arcade of two bays divides the chancel from the south chapel. The collar-rafter roof to the nave is late 14th century or early 15th century with seven  moulded trusses. The pitched roof of the chancel is boarded and the roofs of the aisle and chapel are flat and boarded.

The 15th-century font is octagonal with carved sides. Piscina are located in the south walls at the east end of the aisle and the east end of the chapel and in the chancel. The screen is partly 16th century with linenfold panelling which also features on the late 19th century pulpit.

Monuments and memorials
The churchyard contains a number of Grade II listed 18th-century table tombs.

See also

Grade I listed buildings in Maidstone

References

13th-century church buildings in England
Borough of Maidstone
Grade I listed churches in Kent
Church of England church buildings in Kent
Diocese of Canterbury

St Peter's and St Paul's Church, Headcorn


Krishna Lal Chadha is an Indian horticultural scientist, author and a former National Professor of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.  He was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri.

Biography
Krishna Lal Chadha was born on 15 November 1936 in Bhopalwala, Sialkot, in the British India, presently in Pakistan. His schooling was at the Government High School, Jalandhar from 1948 to 1951 after which he joined Panjab University, Chandigarh from where he secured BSc (Agriculture) in 1955 and MSc (Horticulture) in 1960. Thereafter, he joined the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi for higher research and obtained a PhD in 1964.

Chadha started his career as an Assistant Horticulturist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1963 and worked only for a year to move to Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana as a Fruit Specialist in 1964. After working there for five years, he joined the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru  in 1969 as Senior Horticulturist. In 1972, he moved to the Central Mango Research Station, Lucknow as the Project Coordinator (Fruits) and, later, got promoted as the Head of the Centre. The next move was back to IIHR, Bengaluru as the Director of the institute in 1980 for a stint till 1986 when he was called to the government cadre as the Horticultural Commissioner, Government of India and later, as the Executive Director of the National Horticultural Board. In 1987, he was promoted as the Deputy Director General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research from where he retired in 1996. In 1997, he was selected as the ICAR National Professor, a post he held till 2001 and is an Adjunct Professor of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute ever since.

Krishna Lal Chadha has held the chairs of the Indian Society of Agri-business Professional (ISAP), International Mango Working Group and the Indian Agribusiness Systems (Agriwatch), New Delhi during 2007-08. He is a former president of various national level agricultural societies such as the Indian Society of Agriculture Sciences, the Bougainvillea Society of India, the Orchid Society of India and the Mushroom Society of India. He has also been the vice president of the Indian Society of Vegetable Sciences and the Rose Society of India. He is the chief patron of the Association for Improvement in Production and Utilization of Banana and All India Kitchen Garden Association and has served the Board of Trustees of the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru, seven years as a member and three years as its vice chairman. He has also worked as the secretary of the sub group on Viticulture for South- East Asia and the vice chairman of the Commission on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Horticulture. He has been a consultant to several international agencies such as Food and Agriculture Organization for the fruit production in eight countries of Asia, Genetic Resources in Thailand, USAID on mango production to Horticultural Export Improvement Association (HEIA), Cairo, Egypt, Bioversity International (former IPGRI) on genetic resources in citrus, mango and sub-tropical fruits and the World Bank on nursery production of horticulture and Forestry species. He is the incumbent president of the Horticultural Society of India.

Chadha is a Fellow of the International Society for Horticultural Science, a US based forum of the scientific and technical professionals in the field of horticulture. and is a member of several workgroups within the organization. He also holds fellowships of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Horticultural Society of India and the Indian Society of Vegetable Science. He has been the chairman of such government and professional agencies as National Planning Commission of India working group for Horticulture Development in India, National Committee for oilpalm cultivation, Registration Committee for Pesticides, High Power Committee on Restructuring of Department of Agriculture, High Power Committee for Horticulture in the states of West Bengal, Haryana and Gujarat. He has also been a member of the National Steering Committee for Organic Products, Planning Commission Committee for Mid-term Review of the eleventh Five Year Plan and two Task Forces for the Government of Kerala and Government of Rajasthan.

Krishna Lal Chadha lives in New Delhi, where the Horticultural Society of India has its headquarters.

Legacy
Chadha is credited with 30 books on the topics of agriculture and horticulture, which include Advances in Horticulture, a 13 volume publication covering 9410 pages. He has also brought out a Handbook of Horticulture. Some of the other notable books are Biotechnology of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, Agriculture and Environment, The Grape : Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest Management and The Apple : Improvement, Production and Post Harvest Management. Many books on horticulture and agriculture have cited Chadha in their works.

Awards and recognitions
Krishna Lal Chadha has been conferred the doctoral degree of DSc (Honoris Causa) by the Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology in 1995. Two other universities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology and Rajendra Prasad Agricultural University followed suit in 2008 and 2009 respectively. He received Borlaug Award in 1984, Om Prakash Bhasin Award in 1992, Dr. H. M. Marigowda Award in 1996, S. K. Mitra Award in 1998 and S. S. Ranade Memorial Award in 1999. He is also a recipient of honors such as the All India Kitchen Garden Association Millennium Achievement Award (2001), NAAS Dr. B. P. Pal Memorial Award (2004), HSI-Shivashakthi Life-Time Achievement Award (2007) and the National Agriculture Leadership Award (2008). In 2012, the Government of India included Chadha in the Republic Day honours list for the award of Padma Shri.

See also

 National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
 Indian Council of Agricultural Research
 Indian Agricultural Research Institute
 International Potato Center

References

Further reading

External links

1936 births
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
People from Sialkot District
Indian horticulturists

Krishna Lal Chadha


Carlton House is a historic Spanish Colonial Revival house located in Pine Valley of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It has been used as a residence for Mrs. Albert E. Carlton, a country club called the Pine Valley Club and, among other Academy functions, a residence for the United States Air Force Academy Superintendent.

Overview
Richard Requa, an architect from San Diego designed the Spanish Colonial Revival house. The main house was built in two phases: the first floor was completed in 1930 and the second floor was completed in 1935. A total of nine buildings were built on the Carlton House property, which includes two guest houses, an auxiliary kitchen, a tea house, pool house, bath house, two stables and a swimming pool. The complex sits on 25.9 acres of heavily wooded with pine, scrub oak and many varieties of evergreen. West Monument Creek crosses the southern edge of the property. Rampart Range to the west of the property affords scenic views from the house and property.

Richard Requa's designs were a "Southern California Style" of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture which he defined in his book Architectural Details: Spain and the Mediterranean:
 Buildings simple in mass and pleasing in outline and proportion
 Walls built of rough masonry, finished on the exterior with stucco, whitewashed or tinted light pastel shades
 Roofs either flat or low pitched, covered with well rounded, burned clay tiles
 Ornament used with restraint, discrimination, and with definite reason and purpose
 Exterior interest obtained by wrought iron, wood or stucco, window grilles, shutters, balconies or similar practical features
 Focal point of exterior usually the main entrance where the finest ornamental work is concentrated
 Courts, patios and gardens an indispensable feature of the architectural treatment

Carlton residence
The house was first built as a residence for Albert E. Carlton and his wife Ethel Frizzell-Carlton. In 1928, Carlton purchased the property from William A. Otis to build a home for his wife. Carlton was a successful businessman, having invested in mines, banks and railroads. He was named "King of Cripple Creek" due to the success of his mines there, including Cresson Mine, "one of the most profitable mines in the town".

Mrs. Carlton had become enamored of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture during her travels across Southern California. Subsequently architect Richard Requa was hired to design their home. The house was a "leading social center in the region." However, Carlton preferred to live at The Broadmoor resort and never lived at the Pine Valley home. Mr. Carlton died in 1931. Mrs. Carlton furnished the home with antiques that she purchased in Europe and lived there until 1950. She donated antique furnishings to The Broadmoor.

Country Club
Jack Valentine of Florida purchased the property from Mrs. Carlton for the Pine Valley Club, a popular private country club with a golf course and swimming pool. He landscaped the property and built a pool house and auxiliary kitchen. He sold the property to the government in 1955.

Air Force Academy
The house was used as a Junior-Senior High School during the period in which the School District 20 were completed. Then, due to funding considerations, the house was allocated for use as a home for the Academy Superintendent. Before the Cadet Chapel was completed, weddings were conducted on the property for cadets. It has also been used for visits by foreign dignitaries and Academy functions.

Buildings
All of the following buildings have a stuccoed exterior. The main house has two stories and the rest are one story buildings. Generally the interior walls are plaster. There are multiple courtyards among and between the buildings.

Maintenance costs
In 2000, Congress mandated that maintenance costs for generals' residences should not exceed $25,000 per year. Anything more than that would require approval. An audit of maintenance expenses found that $2.4 million total had been spent between 1987 and June, 1999; $500,000 covered by the military family housing budget and the remainder from the base operation and maintenance budget. It was estimated that an additional total of $1.2 million would be spent through the fiscal year end in 2006.

The auditors found that there were unwarranted expenditures and that there had been inconsistent tagging of public (Academy) vs. private (residential) space and resource usage, which affects which budget is used to pay the expenses. For instance, $300,000 was spent to renovate the kitchen, which had been identified as public space. However, there were about 1.4 functions per month that required the use of the kitchen and most of the improvements were thought to have benefited the residential occupants. Further, renovations were being made more frequently than was standard practice.

The audit stipulated that "Air Force guidance on historical housing facilities states bases should consider major upgrading, alternate uses, or disposing of historic housing if repair and maintenance costs become excessive."

References

Carlton House
Buildings and structures in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Colorado State Register of Historic Properties
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Houses in El Paso County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Houses completed in 1935
1935 establishments in Colorado

Carlton House (United States Air Force Academy)


Matthew "Matt" Stephenson (1735–1808) was a British Classic winning jockey and trainer of the late 18th century.

He trained the 1789 Derby winner, Skyscraper, ridden to victory by Sam Chifney. However, he would surpass that in 1791 when, at the age of 56, he completed the near unique feat of both training and riding the Derby winner, Eager. Owned by the Duke of Bedford, Eager started at odds of 5/2 and beat the 5/4 favourite, Vermin, into second. He trained a third Derby winner in 1797 - an unnamed colt by Fidget, which was ridden by John Singleton.

He also trained a hat-trick of Oaks winners in the 1790s: Hippolyta (1790), Portia (1791) and Caelia (1793). All were Duke of Bedford horses.

Matt married John Singleton's sister, Elizabeth, and both his son and grandson became trainers. He died at Newmarket, Suffolk in 1808. His great-great-granddaughter is British biochemist, Marjory Stephenson.

Major wins (as jockey)
 Great Britain
Epsom Derby - Eager (1791)

Major wins (as trainer)
 Great Britain
Epsom Derby - Skyscraper (1789), Eager (1791), Colt by Fidget (1797)
Epsom Oaks - Hippolyta (1790), Portia (1791), Caelia (1793)

References

1735 births
1808 deaths
British racehorse trainers
English jockeys

Matt Stephenson (racehorse trainer)