Jamie Delgado  (born 21 March 1977) is a British tennis coach and former professional player. Delgado has represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup, most recently in 2006.

Delgado holds the all-time male record for playing in consecutive Wimbledon tournaments, playing for the 23rd time in 2014 at the age of 37.

His best singles performance at Wimbledon was reaching the second round, on three occasions (1999, 2001 and 2006).

He reached the quarter-finals of the President's Cup tournament in Kazakhstan in 2000. In total he has won three singles Challenger Tour titles but as the years passed, he became more predominantly a doubles specialist player where he has had better success winning fifteen challenger Tour titles and making the final of two ATP Tour events both in 2012. He has coached Gilles Müller, Andy Murray, Denis Shapovalov and Grigor Dimitrov.

Early and personal life
Jamie Delgado was born in Birmingham but moved to Spain and was brought up in Tenerife until the age of ten when he moved back to England.

He had a promising junior career that included winning the 1989 under-12 British grass-court championships, he was the first Briton to win the 1991 under-14 Orange Bowl when he defeated Cavallaro. He also captured the 1994 Queen's Club junior tournament defeating Nicolás Lapentti. At Reed's School, he was a member of the David Lloyd Slater Squad, set up by financier Jim Slater and former pro David Lloyd. He turned professional in 1995 at the age of 18. He has a brother called Johnny Delgado who one of the directors of Living Tennis based in Bisham, England.

Senior career

1995–2009

Delgado's best performance at Wimbledon was making the third-round of the men's doubles in 2006 and again in 2009.

2010
Delgado began the 2010 season by winning the Tretorn SERIE+ GEMAX Open in Belgrade. He partnered home Favourite Ilija Bozoljac as they defeated Dustin Brown and Martin Slanar in straight sets 6–3, 6–3. He next competed at the French Open for the first time and this was also his first Grand Slam outside of Wimbledon. He partnered Evgeny Korolev of Kazakhstan but they lost in the first round in straight sets to the French duo Thierry Ascione and Laurent Recouderc 3–6, 5–7. Then at Wimbledon he partnered Josh Goodall to the second round where they lost in straight sets to Mahesh Bhupathi and Max Mirnyi 3–6, 4–6, 4–6. He won his second and final title of the season at the Guzzini Challenger partnering Croatia's Lovro Zovko. They defeated Charles-Antoine Brézac and Vincent Stouff in straight sets 7–6(8–6), 6–1.

2011
In January with now full-time partner Jonathan Marray, they won the Heilbronn Open Challenger defeating Frank Moser and David Škoch in straight sets 6–1, 6–4. They next won the BH Telecom Indoors Challenger in March, defeating Yves Allegro and Andreas Beck in straight sets 7–6(7–4), 6–2. Later that month, they won the Aegon GB Pro-Series Bath, defeating Yves Allegro and Andreas Beck in straight sets 6–3, 6–4. In May, they won their fourth title of the year at the BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux, defeating French duo Julien Benneteau and Nicolas Mahut in straight sets 7–5, 6–3. Then at Wimbledon they made it into the second round, where they were defeated by Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman in four sets 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(6–8), 2–6. They next competed at the US Open, where both Delgado and Marray had their best run at a Grand Slam outside of Wimbledon. They were defeated by sixth seeds and eventual tournament runners-up Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in three sets 7–6(7–5), 2–6, 3–6. This raised his doubles ranking to a career-high No. 74 in the world. They won their fifth and final Challenger title of the year on home soil at the Aegon Pro-Series Loughborough, where they defeated Irish duo Sam Barry and Daniel Glancy in straight sets 6–2, 6–2.

2012

In January Delgado competed at the Australian Open where he partnered Jonathan Marray. They lost in the first round to the sixth seeds Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in straight sets 6–4, 6–4.

June 2012 saw Delgado's first ATP Tour Final, at the Aegon International, partnering Ken Skupski. The pair were defeated by fellow Brits and good friends Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins in straight sets 4–6, 3–6.

Having picked up a good run of form he next competed at Wimbledon again partnering Ken Skupski. They lost in the second round to the second seeds and defending champions Bob and Mike Bryan in straight sets 6–7(2–7), 0–6, 2–6. In the first round they beat German duo Matthias Bachinger and Tobias Kamke in four sets 6–3, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4.

A month after Wimbledon Skupski and Delgado got into their second final of the season at the Farmers Classic. They lost in three sets to Belgium duo Ruben Bemelmans and Xavier Malisse 6–7(5–7), 6–4, [10–7]. However this performance and recent good performances rose his doubles ranking to a career high No.66 in the world. At the 2012 US Open Delgado now with full-time partner Ken Skupski made it to the third round before losing to Spanish sixth seeds Marcel Granollers and Marc López in straight sets 2–6, 4–6. In the second round they defeated the defending champions Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Petzschner in straight sets.

2013
Delgado reached the second round of the men's doubles at Wimbledon, with partner Matthew Ebden.

2014
At Wimbledon, Delgado broke the all-time male record for playing in consecutive Wimbledon tournaments, receiving a doubles wildcard with Luxembourg's Gilles Müller and reaching the second round. This was Delgado's 23rd Wimbledon appearance, at the age of 37, and his debut as a player-coach.

Delgado/Müller's best doubles result was reaching the semi-finals of the Tilia Slovenia Open.

Delgado continued playing with Gilles Müller until the Rakuten Japan Open on 29 September. They lost in the first round, and Delgado retired to concentrate on coaching Müller.

2015
Since Gilles Müller finished 2013 at No 368 in the world rankings after missing the second half of the year with injury, he climbed back into the top 50. At the age of 32 Müller was in the best form of his career, for which he gives much credit to Delgado. Müller said "He's definitely a great coach because he knows a lot".

2016-2019
In May, Andy Murray appointed Delgado as his assistant coach. Delgado coached Murray to the 2016 Wimbledon Championships title, along with multiple other titles including the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals and the year end number one ranking. More recently, he coached Murray to the 2017 Dubai Tennis Championships and the 2019 European Open titles.

ATP career finals

Doubles: 2 (2 runners-up)

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
English male tennis players
English people of Spanish descent
Tennis people from the West Midlands (county)
People educated at Reed's School
British male tennis players

Jamie Delgado


Jackson Square Park is an urban park in the Greenwich Village Historic District in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The  park is bordered by 8th Avenue on the west, Horatio Street on the south, and Greenwich Avenue on the east. The park interrupts West 13th Street.

Its triangular shape arose from the intersection of two Native American footpaths that grew into Greenwich Village streets. Later, the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 created a new street grid for Manhattan, which ultimately resulted in 8th Avenue being built through the intersection.

The triangular area developed from an unimproved public rallying place, to a classic Victorian viewing garden, to a children's playground, and finally a contemporary mixed-use space.

Pre-Colonial: Intersection of footpaths

Two footpaths would emerge as foundational streets in what is today's Meatpacking district and West Village of Manhattan. One footpath led up from the riverbank trading station called Sapohanikan and was both largely perpendicular to the shore and aligned closely to the solar equinox of spring and fall. It would become what we today call Gansevoort Street. Its parallel offspring, Horatio Street, forms the southern border of the park. The other footpath came up from the south and would become what we today call Greenwich Avenue, which forms the east side of the park.

Colonial: Evolution of roads
By the late 18th century the footpaths had evolved into roads, with connecting roads emerging to the north. The city's first war memorial was erected in 1762 among farmland at the northern terminus of Greenwich Avenue (known then as Monument Lane) a few hundred feet north of what is now Jackson Square Park. It was an obelisk honoring British Major General James Wolfe who died in the Battle of Quebec. By 1773, the monument no longer appeared on local survey maps, though why it was dismantled is unknown.

1811–72: Rallying point
On March 22, 1811, the New York State Legislature adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the visionary but rigid grid system of streets to the north.  But the decision to have 8th Avenue continue south below 14th Street appears to have not been implemented until the 1830s.  This 8th Avenue extension would become the western side of the park. At the same time, Gansevoort Street was truncated by half a block, therefore no longer intersecting with what is Greenwich Avenue, in an effort to simplify the multitude of intersecting roads.

It is not certain when the triangular area was formally named "Jackson Square" but it is referred to as such in local newspapers by the early 1850s. It was presumably named for Andrew Jackson, US president from 1829 to 1837, who died in 1845. It is not to be confused with the contemporaneously owned private park of the same name at the foot of Jackson Street at the East River.

Until 1872 the area was simply an open intersection of streets, acting occasionally as a gathering place for political and civic rallies of up to 1,000 and even 2,000 people in attendance, often featuring temporarily constructed platforms for speakers. Nighttime illumination came from burning tar barrels, later gas lighting and then eventually electric lighting. Certainly by the early 1850s Jackson Square had become a regular location for fireworks and music each 4 July, a tradition which would last for decades.

During the second half of the 19th century, the Jackson Square area was referred to as the "Scotch quarter." It was also known for its Irish-born residents from the three northeast counties that are closest to Scotland.

Two great halls, Jackson Hall and Caledonian Hall (housed at the Caledonian Club), were sited on separate lots on what is now 2 Horatio Street, adding to the reputation of the area as a place of assembly. The Jackson Square Branch of The New York Public Library opened in 1888 at adjacent West 13th Street.  George W. Vanderbilt provided funds while renowned architect Richard Morris Hunt was retained for design and construction. The branch closed in 1967.

1872–88: Becoming a park

Parks Commission records show that the following improvements were made by June 1872 at Jackson Square: "5,900 square feet walks graded; 103 cubic yards masonry in foundations; 460 lineal feet railing; 462 lineal feet coping; 6 lamp-posts furnished and set."  The triangular area was enclosed with a high iron railing, sodded and planted with a half dozen small trees.  In 1873 sidewalks of blue-stone were added around the perimeter of the fenced-in greenery. But the interior was not open to the public, so it could only be enjoyed by viewing it from outside.  The New York Tribune reports,  "The children reached through the railings and pulled blades of green seed grass, and on warm nights the neighbors with their babies found seats around the coping where they could catch whiffs of 'county air.'"  The prevailing view at the time was that small green spaces should be kept closed "for the fear of the ravages of the multitudes."

After several years of lobbying from the public, in 1887 Mayor Abram Hewitt promoted a citywide effort to improve public access to small parks and squares that were not open to the public.  In that year Parks superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr. and consulting architect Calvert Vaux collaborated on a .

By August 1888, the City Parks Commissioner officially opened "Jackson Park" after four months of construction. Improvements included a new gateway, an asphalt walk ten feet wide around the interior, 300 feet in length and the circuit of the park, along which seats were placed.  A drinking fountain was added.  Described in city documents and newspapers only in its initial year as "Jackson Park," the name "Jackson Square Park" took hold by 1889. Samuel Parsons later described the design for Jackson Square Park: "Walks…wound around the outskirts along the fence, leaving a border for planting of five or ten feet...[while] the central space was made a great bouquet of brilliant flowers and leaves...the central showy bedding, flanked and nested as it were among masses of trees and shrubs."

20th and 21st centuries
Attitudes toward the use of open space in cities changed in the early 20th century with progressive social reformists reshaping parks to more practically and actively address the needs of urban residents, especially children and mothers.

Between 1910 and 1911 the central idea of the park being a classic Victorian "viewing" park was eliminated when its central feature, the large raised "showy bedding" in the center, was leveled and covered with gravel for use as a playground. Swings and see-saws were erected. A pit was also dug and filled with sand for the children to play in.  By 1913, Jackson Square Park was formally participating in what the City called "little farmers" program which allowed children to tend to their very own, dedicated small plot in which to grow flowers and vegetables. Started in 1902 in DeWitt Clinton Park by Frances Griscom Parsons, the idea quickly spread across New York City and to some degree nationally until the distraction of World War I.

The park underwent renovations in the 1930s—17 pin oaks were planted on the perimeter, the shower basin was replaced by a new wading pool, and new benches were installed. The park had developed a reputation as park ideal for mothers and children. Installed in 1971, an eight-by-thirteen foot "combination fountain and jungle gym...a water spray for children that also serves as a decorative park fountain" replaced a three-foot high conventional shower.

Perhaps because of the opening of the larger Bleecker Street Playground in 1966 there was less of a need for Jackson Square Park to remain a children's playground. In 1990 a capital reconstruction project was completed that changed the park to reflect what is seen today. It included planting new greenery and restoring the historic iron fencing and benches. The centerpiece, a new cast-iron fountain with planters and a granite base, evokes the 19th-century origins of Jackson Square Park but is newly constructed.

Since 2008, the Jackson Square Alliance, a 510c3 non-profit organization, has helped support maintenance of the park and encouraged its use by the public.

References

External links

Jackson Square Alliance

Parks in Manhattan
Squares in Manhattan
Pocket parks
Greenwich Village
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)

Jackson Square Park


Darrell Ray Green (born February 15, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins from 1983 to 2002. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest cornerbacks to have ever played in the NFL. Green was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

The self-proclaimed "itty bitty guy," Green was nicknamed the "Ageless Wonder" by his peers and the general media for his ability to maintain a high level of play well into the twilight of his career.

Early life
Green was born in Houston, Texas and attended Jesse H. Jones High School.  While there, he was an All-State selection in track and an All-City pick in football. Green made the junior varsity football team his junior year, and then made the varsity team as a senior.

College career
Green attended and played college football and ran track at Texas A&I University (now Texas A&M-Kingsville).  He finished his Bachelor of Science degree in general studies at St. Paul's College in Lawrenceville, Virginia.

Football
In 1982, Green was selected by his teammates as captain, was named a first-team All-American, and was the Most Valuable Player in the Lone Star Conference.  During his senior year, Green had 56 tackles, four interceptions and two punt returns for touchdowns.  He was selected to the Lone Star Conference Team of the Decade for the 1980s.

Track and field
In track and field, Green set numerous national and conference records and earned ten All-America certificates.  His first meet was in 1982 in San Angelo, Texas, where he ran a 10.08 in the 100 meters. The mark still stands as the all-time best in the Lone Star Conference. At the 1982 NCAA championships, Green finished sixth in the 100-meter dash and seventh in the 200-meter dash.

Green's all-time collegiate best in the 100 was 10.08, 20.50 in the 200 meters and 45.90 in the 400 meters.  He was named the most valuable track performer at the 1982 and 1983 Lone Star Conference Championships. He won gold medals at the LSC meet in the 100 meters in 1981 and in the 100 meters and 200 meters in 1982 and in 1983.

Green was named to the NCAA Division I All-America roster in 1981 and 1982, and was on the NCAA Division II All-America team in five events in 1981 and 1982. He was NAIA All-America in 1981 and 1982 in four events.

Personal bests

Professional career
Green was the last player selected in the first round (28th overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. The first time he touched the ball, during a pre-season game against the Atlanta Falcons, he returned a punt 61 yards for a touchdown.  During his first regular-season game, he made his first big play when he ran down running back Tony Dorsett of the Dallas Cowboys to prevent a touchdown.  Green started all 16 regular season games during his rookie season and finished fourth on the team in tackles with 109 and led the team in solo tackles with 79.  He was runner-up for the Associated Press NFL Rookie of the Year Award.

During the strike-shortened 1987 season, the Redskins went 11–4 and Green had a very successful year.  He registered a career-high three interceptions in a game against the Detroit Lions on November 15, 1987.  Two of his more notable performances occurred in that postseason. One happened during a divisional playoff game against the Chicago Bears, where he returned a punt 52 yards for the game-winning touchdown.  Green tore rib cartilage while vaulting over a tackler during the return, but he merely grabbed his side and kept running until he scored.  Then in the 1987 NFC Championship game, on a pivotal fourth-down play at the Washington goal line with 56 seconds remaining, Green knocked away a pass intended for Minnesota's Darrin Nelson to secure a Redskins 17–10 victory that enabled the team to go to Super Bowl XXII.

Green was also successful in the 1990s. In 1997, Green returned an interception 83 yards for a touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles, which was the longest return of his career.  Then on December 13, 1997, he played in his 217th career game as a Redskin, breaking Monte Coleman's record for games played.  In a 1999 game against the Arizona Cardinals, he intercepted his 50th NFL pass against Jake Plummer at FedExField.

In the last game of his career on December 29, 2002, Green and the Redskins defeated the Dallas Cowboys 20–14 at FedExField.  During the game, he returned a punt on a reverse from Champ Bailey for 35 yards which is the longest gain of any kind for a player his age (42 years, 327 days).

Green retired after the 2002 season at the age of 42, the oldest Redskin, having played for six head coaches: Joe Gibbs, Richie Petitbon, Norv Turner, Terry Robiskie, Marty Schottenheimer and Steve Spurrier. For several years, Green and former Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams offensive tackle Jackie Slater were the only players in NFL history to play for the same team for 20 seasons; kicker Jason Hanson broke this record when he retired after 21 seasons with the Detroit Lions.

In his 20 NFL seasons, Green recorded 54 interceptions, which he returned for 621 yards and six touchdowns.  He also added two additional touchdowns on interception returns in the postseason.  Three times he recorded a career-best of five interceptions in a season (1984, 1986, and 1991).  Green also returned 51 punts for 611 yards and recovered 10 fumbles, returning them for 131 yards and two touchdowns. Also known for staying healthy, he missed just 25 games throughout his career. He missed two months after sustaining a broken arm in a 24–17 win over the Atlanta Falcons on September 15, 1992.

He is the four-time winner of the NFL's Fastest Man competition, and the only undefeated multiple winner in NFL history. Green is rumored to have the fastest recorded 40 yard dash time of 4.09, which he is said to have run consistently in Washington's 1986 training camp.

Green was with the Redskins for their victories in Super Bowls XXII and XXVI, and started in their loss to the Los Angeles Raiders in Super Bowl XVIII.  Green recorded an interception in Super Bowl XXVI and a then-record 34-yard punt return in Super Bowl XVIII.

Green was named All-Pro in 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1991 and was voted to seven Pro Bowls. He is a member of the National Football League 1990s All-Decade Team as well as winning all four NFL Fastest Man competitions he participated in. His pre-game rituals included eating and sticking Tootsie Rolls in his sock claiming that the candy helped him run fast.

NFL records

 Most consecutive seasons with an interception (19)
 Most seasons with at least one touch (receptions, rushes, returns) (20); tied with Jerry Rice
 Oldest player with a more-than-35-yard gain (lateral on punt return), (42 years, 327 days)
 Oldest player with an interception return for a touchdown in overtime, (35 years, 249 days)
 Oldest player with an interception (41 years, 304 days)
 Oldest player with a more-than-80-yard interception return (37 years, 309 days)
 Oldest player with a non-offensive touchdown in overtime, (35 years, 249 days)
 Oldest NFL Defensive Back (42 years old)
 2nd Oldest player to return an interception for a touchdown (37 years, 309 days)(Albert Lewis is the oldest: 38 years, 26 days)
 Most games played by a defensive player (295)
 4 time NFL's Fastest Man Competition winner, only player to win multiple times and never lose
 Reportedly 40 yard dash time of 4.09 seconds in Washington's 1986 training camp
 1996 Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award

Washington Redskins records
 Most career interceptions (54)
 Most game starts (258) and games played (295)
 Most game starts by a defensive back (258) and games played (295)
 Most consecutive seasons (20)
 Longest fumble return for a touchdown (78 yards)
 Most interceptions returned for touchdown (6)

After football
In 2006, Darrell Green was encouraged to run for the United States Senate by the Virginia Republican Party. The Virginia Republicans wanted Green to enter into politics because of his longtime support for the community and dedication to Christianity.

Green was in the news on February 16, 2010, his 50th birthday, for reportedly running a 4.43-second 40-yard dash.

On April 26, 2013, Green announced that he had accepted a position as Special Assistant for Student–Athlete Development and Public Relations at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

On August 22, 2016, Green announced that he had accepted a position as an associate athletics director and special assistant to the athletic director at George Mason University.

Charities and foundations
In 1988, Green founded the Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation, a faith-based charitable organization, in an effort to "meet the needs of children, their families and the communities in which they live."

In addition, he served as a board member for the Baltimore-Washington 2012 Summer Olympics Bid, NFL/NFLPA September 11 Relief Fund, and the Loudoun Education Foundation.  In 2003, he was selected to serve as the Chair of President Bush's Council on Service and Civic Participation. He currently sits on the boards of the Wolf Trap Foundation as its National Spokesman for Education and Marymount University.

Honors

In 1999, while still active, Green was ranked number 81 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

Green has received honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters from Marymount University in 1999, and St. Paul's College and George Washington University in 2002.

In 2004, Green was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 2, 2008. His fellow Hall of Fame classmates include former Redskins teammate Art Monk, and his former position coach Emmitt Thomas. Green has also been inducted into the NCAA Division II Hall of Fame, the Texas Sports Hall of Fame, the Lone Star Conference Hall of Honor and the Javelina Hall of Fame.

In December 2007, Green was voted the All-Time Redskins Legend in a WUSA-TV Channel 9 online poll.

In Loudoun County, Virginia, where Green lives, State Route 28 is named Darrell Green Boulevard.

On February 4, 2018, as part of the post-game celebrations for the Philadelphia Eagles winning Super Bowl LII, Green was given the honor of bringing the Lombardi Trophy to the podium as it was presented to the Eagles for their 41–33 victory over the New England Patriots.

Personal life
Green, a devout Christian, is married to his wife Jewel and has four children. His eldest son Jared is a pastor. He and his wife live in Ashburn, Virginia.

In 2013, he and Art Monk agreed that the Redskins should seriously consider changing their name due to the possibility of it being racist toward Native Americans.

Business
Green has a professional services company that manages his appearances and autograph requests, www.DarrellGreen.com.  Darrell is currently an associate athletic director at George Mason University working with student-athletes to improve their well-being, and collaborating with the community.
He has also recently started an online fitness company promoting increased physical activity through simply walking called WalkFitHealth Nation.

References

External links

 Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation

1960 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
American football defensive backs
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Houston
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas football players
Washington Redskins players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Sportspeople from Ashburn, Virginia
Saint Paul's College (Virginia) alumni

Darrell Green


A prefecture is a word used in Greece and Japan (called νομός, nomós in Greece and called 県 ken in Japan) for a

part of a country with its own government. It is a kind of local government.

It is like an American state or a British county.

In France, it is the head of the department (see Prefectures in France for more detail).

Prefecture


Nicanor Jesús "Nick/Nicky" Pineda Perlas III (born January 10, 1950 in Manila, Philippines) is a Filipino activist and awardee of the Right Livelihood Award in 2003, which is often referred as an alternative Nobel Prize.

He serves at present as the Chairman of the board of directors and trustees of LifeBank, a rural bank and microfinancial institution in the Philippines.

Early life and education
Perlas is the son of Jesus C. Perlas, Sr. and Anunciacion M. Pineda. Raised into a Spanish Filipino family of Azucarera (sugar mill) owners, he finished his elementary education at the Ateneo de Manila University in 1964 and finished his secondary education in the same school in 1968. While spending his high school years at the Ateneo, he was the Athlete of the Year and the recipient of the Silver Medal of the school's Math and Science Club in 1968.

Perlas pursued his undergraduate studies at the College of Agriculture in Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan. With the highest honors, he graduated Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Agronomy and minor in Agricultural Economics in the said educational institution in 1972. He would then seek to pursue his master's studies at the University of the Philippines Los Baños, but would soon be forced to abandon his studies after being involved in the opposition of the Bataan nuclear power plant under the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos.

Personal life
He was married to American citizen Kathryn Carpenter. Now divorced. Together they have had one son, Christopher Michael Perlas.

LifeBank

Nicanor Perlas sits as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees/Corporation of LifeBank, a  microfinancial institution and rural bank in the Philippines.

LifeBank which is founded in 1970 is divided into two corporate arms each with its own different banking/financing functions - the LifeBank - A Rural Bank (LifeBank RB) and LifeBank Microfinance Foundation, Inc. (LifeBank MFI).

LifeBank RB is one of the fastest growing rural banks supervised under the jurisdiction of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). As of 2020, it operates 4 bank branches and 31 branch-lite units (BLUs) in Western Visayas.

The LifeBank MFI or LifeBank Microfinance, is an offshoot of LifeBank founded in 2003. Presently, it operates as a non-governmental organization (NGO) microfinance institution (MFI) with 477 branches and 20+ zonal and district offices across the Philippines covering 300,000+ loan clients and 400,000+ saving deposits clients. It is the 3rd largest microfinance institution in the country.

LifeBank MFI is also involved in social responsible programs by the Perlas Group/LifeBank Group. Its social and sustainable development programs created a nearly 2000 academic scholars across, built public buildings for government use, promoted healthcare through medical missions in far flung areas, among others, across the Philippines.

Activism
In his university days, Perlas was one of the key organizers of a university-wide education reform movement that resulted in changes in university policies. During this time, he founded the first ecological society in the Philippines. After graduation, he co-organized a successful large scale global campaign, the first of its kind during his time, to halt 12 nuclear plants in the Philippines. Perlas subsequently become a technical adviser to the Presidential Commission on the Philippine Nuclear Power Plant, Office of the President of the Philippines, where he was instrumental in stopping the operation of the fully constructed and operational Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, a $2.2 billion project plagued with design, construction, location, and corruption problems.

Shortly thereafter, Perlas was appointed member of the national technical panel overseeing the regulation of pesticide use in Philippine agriculture. While in this capacity, he simultaneously mobilized and headed a national effort that resulted in the banning of 32 hazardous pesticide formulations in the Philippines. The ban triggered the creation of a P750 million government program to reduce the use of pesticides in Philippine agriculture.

In parallel with these efforts, Perlas pioneered the introduction of large scale commercial organic and biodynamic agriculture in many provinces in the Philippines. All these efforts were the fruition of early advocacies in sustainable agriculture when he was still an agricultural journalist and columnist at the Modern Agriculture and Industry-Asia, where he pioneered the first monthly articles on ecological agriculture in the Asian context. Together with colleagues at the International Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture or IASA, he coined the term sustainable agriculture in 1983, a term which has received wide use and currency until today.

Perlas was the chief negotiator for a network of national networks, which involved 5000 organizations, that successfully stopped the agenda of radical and one sided liberalization in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation or APEC. He successfully introduced strong sustainable development language in the Leaders and Ministerial Declarations in APEC, and constrained the Individual Action Plan of the Philippines to abide by sustainable development principles. The successful negotiations prevented the premature exposure and economic decline of 3 million Philippine rice farmers to subsidized and artificially cheap rice coming from other countries.

Projects and offices
Perlas is the co-founder, president and executive director of the Center for Alternative Development Initiatives or CADI, in Metro Manila and Iloilo City, where he guides research and policy work and develops initiatives on globalization, threefolding and their impacts on civil society, cultural power and sustainable development.

He is also the co-founder and spokesperson of Karangalan which hosted a series of national conferences highlighting important global and national innovations and achievements by Filipinos in many disciplines and fields. Karangalan aims to stimulate the creation of a visionary Philippines. The 1st National Conference and Festival on "Mobilizing Excellence for Creating a Visionary Philippines" was January 21–23, 2005 at the Cultural Center of the Philippines, in partnership with over 40 organizations and networks.

Perlas was the chief facilitator and co-founder of the ABS-CBN "Forum on the Filipino Future", held on December 16, 2004. He was Chairman, Adviser on Strategy and Integral Sustainable Development, and Member, Board of Directors, LifeBank ARB, and Board of Trustees of LifeBank MFI, both of which help close to more than 400,000 (both LifeBank ARB and LifeBank MFI) economically poor families through microfinance and other lending products offerings.

He has been chairman of several national civil society networks including the Green Forum Philippines, the Philippine Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, and the Civil Society Counterpart Council for Sustainable Development.

Social Three-Folding

Co-founder the Global Network for Social Three-Folding, Globenet3 or GN3, with more than 17 geographic and functional nodes in over 12 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the United States of America. GN3 advances profound societal transformation towards integral sustainable development on the basis of socially-engaged spirituality and deep substantive inner change.

Co-founder and spokesperson for Tindog Pilipinas! A national movement for a better Philippines, Professionals for Social Responsibility, and the Philippine Advancement and Renewal through Threefolding Networking, Research & Service, or PARTNERS, which is the Philippine node for GlobeNet3.

Philippine Agenda 21

In the mid-1990s he was one of two technical writers of Philippine Agenda 21 or PA21, which is a creative response to the challenges of elite globalization. He was one of the official civil society delegates from the Philippines at the Earth Summit in Rio. It was out of this experience, among others, that he helped shape the process and substance of PA21. Having emerged from more than 26 regional and national consultations, PA21 was characterized by the former Philippine president as the most consultative policy document in post-martial law Philippines. PA21 is still officially the blueprint for sustainable development in the Philippines, although presently marginalized by the current controversial government of the Philippines.

He was also the technical writer of SIAD: Framework for the Localization of Philippine Agenda 21, which is now used by a number of local governments and civil society organizations to advance sustainable integrated area development in towns.

Speaking and Consultancy
Perlas has been the resource person and keynote speaker in over 70 global conferences and events in over 20 countries, and over 120 national conferences on a range of topics including culture and societal transformation, integral sustainable development, globalization, technology, corporate social responsibility, science and spirituality, social threefolding, strategic microfinance, direct democracy and others.

He has provided consultancy work for several UN agencies, the Philippine Senate, donor agencies and foundations, as well as many other global and national civil society organizations and networks and businesses striving for ecological and social responsibility.

As a technical writer and key formulator of Philippine Agenda 21, as well as co-chair for the Civil Society of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development, Office of the President of the Philippines, Perlas was invited to attend several UN meetings including the UN General Assembly on Sustainable Development, UNGASS and the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, 6th Session, as Technical Adviser to the Philippine Delegation to the UN.

Member, Mikhail Gorbachev's Commission on Globalization

Creative Member, Club of Budapest, Recognized as "highly creative innovators for a social and ecological sustainable world and a culture of peace".
Agenda 21 is a program of action into the 21st century for bringing the Earth into a sustainable future. It was adopted by the participating governments of the world in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), otherwise known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992.

Training
Perlas has conducted hundreds of training sessions in the Philippines and abroad on a wide range of topics convergent with his writings. In this context he has innovated and developed a new framework for advancing integral sustainable development through the harmonious weaving together of profound inner change and radical but peaceful societal transformation. He calls this new framework the Lemniscate Process, which integrates the substance of more than two dozen disciplines and fields, all geared towards unlocking human creativity, enthusiasm and commitment for creating a better world.

Nicanor Perlas is part of the faculty at the graduate program of the Southeast Asian Interdisciplinary Development Institute (SAIDI). Perlas was a professor at the accredited Doctoral program on Applied Cosmic Anthropology of the Asian Social Institute, where he gave in depth theoretical and practical elaborations of the Lemniscate Process. He is also a board member and a resource person for training programs of the Gamot Cogon Institute or GCI, based in Iloilo, Philippines.

Writings
Perlas has written over 500 articles, editorials, monographs and books on a range of topics including globalization, social threefolding, conscious evolution, civil society, multiple intelligence, creativity, cultural power, philosophy of science and biology, technological singularity, sustainable agriculture, appreciative inquiry, neurophysiology and consciousness, anthroposophy, good governance, new politics, associative economics, and the integration of inner change and large-scale societal transformation.

He is the publisher and editor-in-chief for TruthForce! A national and global internet-based news and analysis service which reaches thousands of subscribers and readers in over 60 countries.

Formerly, he was Editor-In-Chief, Ikabuhi Newspaper for Micro-Entrepreneurs (34,000 + circulation)

His book, Shaping Globalization: Civil Society, Cultural Power, and Threefolding, has been translated in 9 languages. It is being used in dozens of universities in the Philippines and various parts of the world.

Presidential Candidate in 2010
On June 17, 2009, Nicanor Perlas announced his intentions to become one of the candidates for the Philippine Presidential Elections in May 2010.  He announced this during a press conference at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City.  He was a Philippine presidential aspirant for the 2010 presidential elections but lost to Liberal Party's President Benigno S. Aquino III.

A month before the Philippines would begin the first automated local and national elections, Perlas petitioned but failed to get the nod of the Commission on Elections to postpone the polls for 90 days, citing irregularities of Comelec to assure that all is set for the election to take place.

Awards
His awards include the William F. Masterson award, the top award for outstanding alumni of Xavier University for his national and global contributions to sustainable agriculture.

He also received highest honors and was valedictorian of his graduating class in the College of Agriculture at Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan with a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Agronomy and minor in Agricultural Economics.

In 2003, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for his work as an environmental activist.

References

Bibliography
 Shaping Globalization : Civil Society, Cultural Power and Threefolding (2000)
 Nicanor Perlas' Personal Decision to Serve His Country (2009)
 Mission Possible! Sow Courage; Harvest a New World. (2011)

External links
Official Website of Nicanor Perlas
Center for Development Alternatives website
Global 500 forum prize
GlobeNet3 website
Truthforce! website
Website for M.I.S.S.I.O.N: Movement of Imaginals for a Sustainable Society through Initiatives, Organizing, and Networking

1950 births
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Filipino activists
Filipino environmentalists
Living people
Candidates in the 2010 Philippine presidential election
University of the Philippines Los Baños alumni
Independent politicians in the Philippines
Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan alumni

Nicanor Perlas


Dark Twilight (re-released in 2001 by Hardscrabble Books under its original title of Lake Monsters) is a 1991 horror novel by author Joseph Citro. It tells the story of a writer-turned-paranormal investigator who has set out to examine the legendary lake monster of Lake Champlain.

This was the first novel Citro wrote, but was not published until his later novels proved to be successful. In the afterword section of the Harscrabble re-release, Citro describes the book as being less refined and cruder than his subsequent works, but sees it as the genesis of his other novels. Like all of his works, Dark Twilight is heavily influenced by Vermont folklore, and also by the works of H.P. Lovecraft. The main character is at least partially modeled after Citro himself.

Notes

1991 American novels
American horror novels
Novels set in Vermont

Dark Twilight


Geoffrey the Baker (died ), also called Walter of Swinbroke, was an English chronicler. He was probably a secular clerk at Swinbrook in Oxfordshire.

He wrote a Chronicon Angliae temporibus Edwardi II et Edwardi III, which deals with the history of England from 1303 to 1356. From the beginning until about 1324 this work is based upon Adam Murimuth's Continuatio chronicarum, but after this date it contains information not found elsewhere, and closes with a detailed account of the Battle of Poitiers. The author obtained his knowledge about the last days of Edward II from William Bisschop, a companion of the king's alleged murderers, Thomas Gurney and John Maltravers.

Geoffrey also wrote a Chroniculum from the creation of the world until 1336. His writings have been edited with notes by Sir Edward Maunde Thompson as the Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke (Oxford, 1889). Some doubt exists concerning Geoffrey's share in the compilation of the Vita et mors Edwardi II, usually attributed to Sir Thomas de la More, or Moor, and printed by William Camden in his Anglica scripta.

It has been maintained by Camden and others that More wrote an account of Edward's reign in French, and that this was translated into Latin by Geoffrey and used by him in compiling his Chronicon. Nineteenth-century scholarship, however, asserts that More was no writer, and that the Vita et mors is an extract from Geoffrey's Chronicon, and was attributed to More, who was the author's patron. In the main this conclusion substantiates the verdict of William Stubbs, who has published the Vita et mors in his Chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and Edward II (London, 1883). The manuscripts of Geoffrey's works are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.

References

Sources

Further reading
Roy Martin Haines, "Baker, Geoffrey le" (fl. 1326–1358), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 4 Aug 2008.

1360s deaths
14th-century English historians
Year of birth unknown

Geoffrey the Baker


Cliff Aldridge is a Republican politician from Oklahoma who is serving as a member of the Oklahoma Senate.  Aldridge is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), serving as Oklahoma state leader.

Early life and career
Aldridge graduated from Henryetta High School in 1980, and attended Oklahoma Christian College. While at college, he met his wife. After graduating, he worked for Farmers Insurance as an agent for 20 years, until he began his life in Oklahoma politics.

Political career
Aldridge was elected to the Oklahoma Senate by Oklahoma's 42nd Senate District in 2002. In 2010, he won his third election, defeating American Federation of Government Employees national vice-president Mike Kelly. Due to Oklahoma's term limits, this will be his final term. In the Senate, he serves as Chairman of the General Government Committee, Vice Chairman of the Retirement and Insurance Committee, and a member of the Finance Committee, the Veterans and Military Affairs Committee, and the Subcommittee on Education.

References

Living people
Republican Party Oklahoma state senators
1962 births

Cliff Aldridge


The Free Conservatives () was a political party in Denmark, with significant influence in the political life of the country in the early 20th century, especially during the J. C. Christensen cabinet. The main leader of the party was Count Mogens Frijs-Frijsenborg. Other prominent figures were Tage Reedtz-Thott, Hans Nicolai Hansen and Christian Michael Rottbøll. The party opposed socialism but it founders could not reconcile with the political line of the main conservative party Højre under the leadership of Jacob Estrup. The Free Conservatives worked for unity between Folketinget and Landstinget.

Founding
The founders of the Free Conservatives, originally eight Landsting members from Højre, had tried to forge unity between the moderate sectors of Højre and Venstre around a new tax reform. The plans of a new unified party failed, and 'the eight' came to function as a separate faction. The tax reform proposal, which 'the eight' and Venstre had agreed upon, was adopted by Folketinget in 1900. However, in Landstinget Højre launched a counterproposal. As a result, 'the eight' broke away from Højre and formed a separate party with nine Landsting members. Informally, the name of the new party was 'the Free Conservatives'. The name was formally adopted by the party in 1902.

Relations with Venstre
Between 1901 and 1912, the Free Conservatives had considerable influence over the policies of the Venstre governments. The party was able to bar universal suffrage to be introduced in the amt council elections. The party was also participant in the fall of Peter Adler Alberti in 1908. However, in 1912 Venstre presented a proposal for a democratic constitution for Denmark. This caused a split between Venstre and the Free Conservatives. After the new constitution was introduced in 1915, the Free Conservatives reunified with Højre, forming the Conservative People's Party. Internal disagreements in the Conservative People's Party resulted in the Free Conservatives being restored in 1917 but they lost their last seat in Landstinget in 1920.

References

Political parties established in 1900
Organizations disestablished in 1915
1915 disestablishments in Denmark
Defunct political parties in Denmark
Liberal conservative parties
Conservative parties in Denmark
1900 establishments in Denmark

Free Conservatives


The Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) () is an American nonprofit pro-Israel organization. Founded in 1897, as the Federation of American Zionists, it was the first official Zionist organization in the United States.  Early in the 20th century, it was the primary representative of American Jews to the World Zionist Organization, espousing primarily Political Zionism.

Today, the ZOA claims to have 25,000 members, down from its 1939 peak of 165,000.

The ZOA opposes Palestinian statehood and advocated for the Trump travel ban.

History

Founding
The ZOA was initially founded in 1897 as the Federation of American Zionists (FAZ), an amalgam of Hebrew societies, Chovevei Zion, and Jewish nationalist clubs that all endorsed the Basle programme of the First Zionist Congress. Initially founded as an organization for the greater New York area, the FAZ was established as a national organization at a conference in New York the next year where the constitution was adopted by the delegates with Richard Gottheil elected as president and Stephen S. Wise as honorary secretary. The FAZ was meant to support the founding of the 'Jewish National Home in Palestine'. Along with its sister organization, Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America, founded 1912, as well as the Labor Zionist Po'ale Zion parties, and the Religious Zionist Mizrachi, the ZOA served as one of the key voices in early American Zionism. Their voice was limited however, since most American Jews and the organized American Jewish Committee were initially strong opponents of the Zionist movement, and worried, with their assimilationist views, about charges of 'dual loyalty', a common antisemitic canard.

In 1917, the FAZ was renamed as the ZOA.

Louis Brandeis and subsequent history
When the secular "people's lawyer" Louis Brandeis became involved in the movement in 1912, just before World War I, Zionism started gaining significant support. By 1917, Brandeis' leadership had increased American Zionist membership ten times to 200,000 members, and "American Jewry thenceforth became the financial center for the world Zionist movement," greatly surpassing its previous European base of support. In addition, during the early years of World War I, he and others established the American Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs to run Zionist affairs on behalf of the worldwide Zionist Organization, which had been rendered largely impotent because its members were divided by allegiance to the different sides in the conflict.

In 1949, the Federal Bureau of Investigation investigated the ZOA under the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act after the organization solicited supporters to accelerate technology transfers to Jews in Palestine. On February 25, 1948, the ZOA was ordered to register as a foreign agent. After a series of conferences with the US Attorney General, the ZOA changed its constitution and "affected a change in the constitution of the World Zionist Organization in an effort to remove itself from agency status. As a result, all attempts to procure the registration of the subject organization were dropped."

Following the founding of Israel, and to unify Jewish representation with the executive branch of US government, the ZOA became a charter member of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations. ZOA was historically a liberal Zionist group, though it has since become right-wing.

Recent history

In 1994, Morton Klein became president.

In 2005, the Los Angeles branch of ZOA elected former actor and singer Ed Ames as president. Tom Tugend of The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles noted that Ames' career was far behind him and made particular note of his role as an actor on the Daniel Boone TV series, before going on to say, "Founded in 1896, ZOA had been in decline from its heyday under the leadership of Louis Brandeis and Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver, but has regained some prominence since the energetic and vocal Klein assumed the presidency 10 years ago," having been elected in 1993 and assuming office in 1994.

The ZOA was strongly opposed to Israel's decision to withdraw from the Gaza Strip in 2005. In January 2009, the ZOA issued a statement calling on supporters of the withdrawal to apologize, stating that the "past three years of rapid security deterioration in the southern part of Israel," and that "in these circumstances, it is high time for all MKs, journalists and others, regardless of party affiliation, who supported the process of unilateral withdrawal to apologize to the Israeli electorate."

In January 2009, the ZOA expressed concern about President Barack Obama's selection of George J. Mitchell as an envoy to the Middle East. The ZOA criticized Mitchell because he "believes both sides are equally at fault" and that "settlements are the main problem, not the Palestinian Arabs' refusal to end terrorism." ZOA was also opposed to the selection of Charles W. Freeman, Jr. as chairman of the National intelligence Council in February, 2009. He withdrew from the post on March 10, 2009.

In 2012 ZOA lost its charitable status in the United States, having failed to provide the Internal Revenue Service with tax returns for three consecutive years. The tax-exempt status was restored by the IRS in 2013.

In 2020, the ZOA supported annexation ("applying Israeli sovereignty") of parts of the West Bank. In the same year it lauded then-President Trump's appointment of Richard Grenell as acting National Intelligence Director, stating "There has never been a better friend of a strong U.S-Israel relationship than Ambassador Grenell".

Qatar controversy
In January 2018, ZOA president Mort Klein went on a paid trip to Qatar to meet with the Emir, at his invitation; he also met with a number of senior officials. The visit was strongly criticized by some supporters of Israel, and according to Mother Jones magazine, the trip coincided with a softening of the ZOA's stance regarding that country. Shortly after Klein's trip to Qatar, he expressed to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz a new attitude about dialogue with Qatar. In a subsequent March 2018 interview, Klein praised Qatar for flying an Israeli flag at a recent handball tournament and said the Emir told him that "last summer they stopped funding terrorist groups."

On June 19, 2018, Mother Jones reported that Qatar had donated $100,000 to the ZOA through lobbyist Joey Allaham, who also invited former Qatari diplomat Ahmed Al-Rumaihi to ZOA's annual gala on November 17.  Allaham's role in the payments to ZOA from Qatar were revealed when a judge ruled that he had to hand over his records of ties to that country. On June 21, Allaham told the Jerusalem Post that he is "proud of the work that Mort Klein has done and all the other Jewish leaders working in collaboration with the Emir and other members of the Qatari Royal Family." ZOA returned the contributions after they were found to not have come Allaham personally.

Current activities
The ZOA today works to strengthen U.S.-Israel relations through educational activities, by combating what it perceives as anti-Israel bias in the media, textbooks, travel guides, and on college campuses. The ZOA also sponsors educational and cultural programs in Israel. The "ZOA House" is a cultural center in Tel Aviv. The ZOA is responsible for founding the Kfar Silver school, which provides education and vocational training for new Jewish immigrants and others on a  campus near Ashkelon. The ZOA's youth division sponsors one of the largest programs for sending young Jews to visit Israel.

The Brandeis Award is given annually to a prominent national or international figure. Recipients include Miriam Adelson, Joseph Biden, Abba Eban, Justice Arthur Goldberg, Ronald Lauder, Natan Sharansky, Simon Wiesenthal, Elizabeth Taylor, Mortimer Zuckerman, Raanan Gissin and Frank Gaffney.

Defender of Israel Awards
The Zionist Organization presents the 'Defender of Israel' award annually to those who have made major contributions in strengthening U.S.-Israel Relations. US National Security Adviser John Bolton was presented with the Defender of Israel award on November 5, 2018.

Media
On January 8, 2019, The Times of Israel reported that the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations reprimanded the ZOA for insulting other members. The report continued that ZOA resorted to making "insults, ad hominem attacks and name-calling." It further stated that "ZOA knew, or should have known, that its repeated, patterned public criticisms of two of the complainants were unnecessarily shrill and personally directed, and that they would be seen as personal or organizational insults as much, or more, than they would be seen as substantive criticisms".

On February 26, 2019, the ZOA was quoted in a Jewish News Syndicate reported amid American Jewish criticism over Otzma Yehudit Party. The ZOA quote in the story states: "It's strange, troubling and hypocritical that the Anti-Defamation League, AIPAC, the American Jewish Committee and the Israel Policy Forum condemned the technical merger of two small right-wing pro-Israeli political parties, Otzma Yehudit (Jewish Strength) and Bayit Yehudi (Jewish Home), but remained silent about mergers of anti-Israel Arab parties led by Arab Knesset members who oppose the Jewish state's existence and engage in outright treacherous conduct, including assisting Palestinian Arab terrorists and inciting anti-Jewish terror."

See also

American Zionist Movement
Association of Reform Zionists of America
Israel lobby in the United States
J Street
Mercaz USA
Nefesh B'Nefesh
Religious Zionists of America

References
Notes

Further reading
Lipsky, Louis (1977) Thirty Years of American Zionism and rainbows, Ayer Publishing.
Reprint of Selected works of Louis Lipsky v.1 (1927), covering the first 30 years of the ZOA

External links

FBI file on the ZOA
Historical archive held at the Central Zionist Archives

American Zionist Movement
Zionist organizations in the United States
Jewish charities based in the United States
Israel–United States relations

Zionist Organization of America


The music of Bermuda is often treated as part of the Caribbean music area. Its musical output includes pop singer Heather Nova, and her brother Mishka. Collie Buddz has also gained international success with reggae hits in the US and the UK.

The island's musical traditions also include steelpan, calypso, choral music, as well as an array of bagpipe music played by descendants of Irish and Scottish settlers; the biggest bagpipe band on modern Bermuda is the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band. Bermuda is also the home of one of the most popular Caribbean music groups in the United States, the Bermuda Strollers.

The islands are also home to gombey dancers, reggae, gospel music, drum majorette bands, jazz and other styles.

Folk music
Bermuda is home to several folk traditions, including pipe bands, the gombey dance and a ballad song.

Gombey
The Gombey dance is an iconic symbol of Bermudan culture. It mixes elements of British, West African and indigenous New World cultures. Traditionally in Gombey, dancers are black and male (though in modern times, female groups have emerged) and their father has to have been a Gombey dancer. They perform in groups of 10-30 in wild masquerade costumes with brilliant colors and odd angles, meant to evoke the plumage of tropical birds; they are sometimes based on Bible verses.  Gombey dances are taught orally, through family members. The dances are energetic, and grow swifter gradually, while the spectators become more wild and energetic. The gombey tradition is at its liveliest during the Christmas season, and is also performed during Boxing Day, Easter, New Year's Day, football and cricket matches and other festivals and celebrations.

The word "Gombey" is related to the Bahamian "Goombay", a similar dance tradition. It also refers to a specific drum of African origin (see List of Caribbean drums). In addition to the Bahamian Goombay tradition, Gombey is similar to some other Afro-Caribbean styles and celebrations (such as the Mummers). Afro-Caribbeans brought to Bermuda as slaves or convicts during colonial times introduced other Caribbean traditions.

Ballad
Bermuda's ballad tradition has declined in the 20th and 21st century, though it remains popular among a devoted subculture on the island. The Bermudan ballad is characterized by "wry, self-deprecating humor", often improvised, and concerned with the rapid change of Bermudan culture.

The most famous Bermudan balladeer is Hubert Smith, a popular local composer who performed for many visiting royalty and foreign heads of state. He is also the composer of "Bermuda Is Another World", an unofficial anthem for the island.

Bagpipe music
Bermuda has a strong Scottish and Irish cultural presence, and is home to well-known bagpipe bands that draw on those traditions, especially the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band. The bagpipe tradition was brought to Bermuda by Scottish and Irish soldiers from the 18th to the 20th centuries.

There were, until relatively recently, two major bagpipe bands in Bermuda, the Bermuda Cadets Pipe Band and the Bermuda Police Pipe Band. Both bands formed in 1955 and disbanded in 1992, the same year the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band was formed. Other historically important bagpipe bands include the Salvation Army Young People's Band, which dates back to the 1930s.

Choirs
Religious choir singing is also popular on Bermuda. Well-known choirs include the Roman Catholic Diocesan Choir, the Mt. Zion Male Voice Choir, as well as the non-church choirs Philharmonic Choir and Post Office Choir.

Calypso
Calypso first became a part of Bermuda music in the 1940s and 50s. It was imported from Trinidad and Tobago. The Talbot Brothers were the island's first major calypsonians; they organized as a group in 1942, and began touring the United States by the early 1950s.

Norman Luboff followed in the footsteps of Jamaican-American calypso singer Harry Belafonte in popularizing Trinidadian calypso. Luboff de-emphasized the saucy, ribald side of calypso and created a popular form that appealed to the masses. His signature song is "Yellow Bird" which became very popular in the 1960s. Genuine Bermudian calypso can only be found on the fine Bermuda Gombey & Calypso 1953-1960. A detailed history of Bermuda calypso and gombey written by Bruno Blum can be read in the CD booklet (available online in both French and English). Artists include Sidney Bean, The Talbot Brothers, Reuben McCoy, Hubert Smith, The Four Deuces, Al Harris, Erskine Zuill and jazzman Lance Hayward, the first musician ever produced by Chris Blackwell, founder of Island Records.

Rock
Being close to the United States, rock'n'roll is also popular. Bermuda's most famous rock group was The Savages, a garage band that are considered important in the genre, especially by collectors, and foreshadowed 1970s punk. Their biggest single was The World Ain't Round, It's Square.

Steelpan
Steelpan music was invented in the late 1930s in Trinidad, and was brought to Bermuda by a number of groups, including the Esso Steel Band, who moved to Bermuda in the 1950s. Esso became known for arranging Western classical music for the steelpan. In the 1960s, local choral traditions were merged with calypso and steelpan to create a distinctively Bermudian style.

Paul A.W. Smith and De Onion Patch Crew are a new steelpan group who perform newer hits like soca and R&B music on steelpan.

Music institutions
Bermuda is home to the Bermuda Ballet Association, which was founded by Patricia Gray in 1962, with support from Ana Roje. Other music institutions include the Bermuda National Youth Jazz Ensemble and the Bermuda Philharmonic Orchestra. There is also a Bermuda Folk Club.  There is a Portuguese Cultural Association which promotes the culture of the large Portuguese population on Bermuda, especially tradition folk dances of the Azores. The Bermuda Philharmonic conductor is Gary Burgess, a former opera singer. Bermuda has also produced notable classical musicians in Marcelle Clamens, an opera singer, mezzo-soprano Jane Farge, pianists Peter Carpenter and Karol Sue Reddington, and Joyce Mary Helen DeShield.

References

Further reading
Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Bermuda - Official Website of the Department of Community and Cultural Affairs
Bermuda Connections: Online Resource Guide - Free Cultural Resources on the community culture and history of Bermuda and its relationship to the global context of culture introducing students to traditional arts in Bermuda and to concepts and methods for understanding more about these expressions of local culture.
"Bermuda's Musicians, Performing Arts groups, Singers and Artistes," Bermuda-online.org. Updated 19 August 2013, Retrieved 19 August 2013.

Notes

Music of British Overseas Territories
Anglophone Caribbean music
Bermudian music

Music of Bermuda


Bimal-Kumar are fictional characters created by Bengali novelist Hemendra Kumar Roy. These are popular figures of Bengali Children's literature. Roy wrote almost thirty Bimal-Kumar stories and novel. Some of them are science fiction.

Characters
They are two Bengali friends named Bimal and Kumar. Both are adventurous, daredevil and intelligent. The duos like to solve mysteries, roam all over the world, search hidden treasure and live a fearless life. They are bachelors. Their old, loyal servant Ramhari and pet dog Bagha accompany them. Ramhari acts as their guardian. Binoy babu, a man with versatile knowledge and a school boy Kamal sometimes joins their adventure.

Stories
 Jawker Dhan
 Abar Jawker Dhan
 Meghduter Martye Agamon
 Maynamatir Mayakanon
 Amabasyar Raat
 Jerinar Konthohar
 Dragoner Duswapno
 Amrita Dwip
 Sonar Pahere Jatri
 Nil Sayorer Achinpure
 Sundorboner Roktopagol
 Kumarer Bagha Goyenda
 Himaloyer Voyonkor
 Surjyanagarir Guptadhan
 Prashanter Agnyeodwip
 Jokkhopotir Rotnopuri
 Kuber Purir Rahasyo
 Sulu Sagorer Vuture Desh
 Asomvaber Deshe
 Kumar Bimoler Rahasyo Adventure
 Adrishyer Kirti
 Pishach
 Daliar Apomrityu
 Agadh Joler Rui Katla
 Baba Mustafar Dari
 Boner Bhetore Notun Voy
 Guhabasi Bivisan
 Je Churi Kotha koy
 Mandhatar Mulluke

Film adaptation
Jakher Dhan (Treasure of the Sacred Spirit), the first and most popular story of Bimal and Kumar, was filmed by director Haricharan Bhanja in 1939. This movie starred Chhaya Devi, Ahindra Choudhury and Jahar Ganguly. Another Bimal-Kumar story Abar Jakher Dhan was telecast as a television serial in the 1990s. A Bengali movie, Jawker Dhan, was released in August, 2017, directed by Sayantan Ghosal. The roles of Bimal and Kumar were played by Parambrata Chatterjee and Rahul Banerjee, respectively. In 2019, the sequel to Jawker Dhan was released titled Sagardwipey Jawker Dhan.

References

Culture of Kolkata
Fictional Bengali people
Fictional Indian people in literature
Male characters in literature
Male characters in comics
Science fiction comics
Characters in children's literature
Bengali-language literature
Adventure novels
Fictional Hindus

Bimal-Kumar


Robert Charroux was the best-known pen-name of Robert Joseph Grugeau (April 7, 1909 – June 24, 1978). He was a French author known for his writings on the ancient astronaut theme.

Career

Charroux worked for the French post office and wrote eight works of fiction between 1942 and 1946 using the pseudonym Saint-Saviol. He also wrote the scripts for a French comic strip, Atomas, about an atomic-powered superhero, appearing in the weekly magazine Mon Journal in the late 1940s. For the same magazine Charroux wrote a science fiction adventure in serial form, "Prof. Barthelemy's Flying Island."  He first began using the pseudonym Charroux in 1942, that became his regular pseudonym from 1962 onwards.

Robert Charroux married Yvette Bernuchot in April 1930. It has been said that they lived on rue St Sulpice in Paris during the late 1950s, however it is unclear whether this is a coincidence or error: they did in fact live on Rue St Sulpice in the village of Charroux in the Vienne for a number of years and there is a plaque attesting to this on the walls of the now derelict building.

In 1976 he began making plans to be buried in the cemetery of Charroux.

Ancient astronauts

Charroux was a pioneer of the theory of ancient astronauts, publishing at least six non-fiction works in this genre in the last decade of his life, including One Hundred Thousand Years of Man's Unknown History (1963, 1970), Forgotten Worlds (1973), Masters of the World (1974), The Gods Unknown (1964, 1974) and Legacy of the Gods (1965, 1974).

The influence that Charroux's first work (in its 1963 version) had on Erich Von Däniken's first books (ca. 1966), as well as the influence that Von Däniken's early books had on Charroux, is widely appreciated, but Von Däniken seems to have been equally familiar with an earlier French work, The Morning of the Magicians by Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier (1960), which is likely to have been a direct inspiration for both Charroux and Von Däniken. Charroux's publisher contacted Von Däniken's in March 1968 concerning evidence of plagiarism, with the result that later printings of Chariots of the Gods and Return to the Stars at least mentioned Charroux in the bibliography.

Charroux's theories concerning Ancient Astronauts were criticised by French archaeologist Jean-Pierre Adam in 1975. His works have been described as pseudohistory.

Other views

Some see his works as examples of Celticism. Celticism, similar to Nordicism, was a popular Nationalistic movement in France and Celtic countries in the early 20th century. He suggested in his book Lost Worlds: Scientific Secrets of the Ancients, that the Mayans and ancient Peruvians were ancient Celtic migrants. According to Charroux, the candle stick of the Andes and the Nasca Lines were created by a pre-Celtic civilization, perhaps the same as those who created the Long Man of Wilmington of Sussex in England. He also related the white skinned Gods mentioned in the Popul Vuh to ancient Celts from Hyperborea.

Writing in his book Lost Worlds Charroux rejected evolution, instead he argued for human devolution. Charroux claimed that man is regressing and was superior in the past; he claimed that "Atlantis and Mu are not dreams of spiritualists, but realities of a mysterious era". He further explained that the Atlantans and Hyperboreans were the ancestors of modern humans, and the first humans on earth were originally aliens.

Unlike most ancient astronaut writers, Charroux took a large interest in racialism. According to Charroux, Hyperborea was situated between Iceland and Greenland and was the home of a Nordic White race with blonde hair and blue eyes. Charroux claimed that this race was extraterrestrial in origin and had originally come from a cold planet situated far from the sun. Charroux also claimed that the White race of the Hyperboreans and their ancestors the Celts had dominated the whole world in the ancient past. Some of these beliefs have influenced Esoteric Nazism such as the work of Miguel Serrano.

Rennes-le-Château

Robert Charroux developed an active interest in the alleged treasure of Rennes-le-Château, following up claims made by Noel Corbu in the local press in 1956 that it was discovered by Bérenger Saunière during the late 19th century. In 1958, with his wife Yvette and Denise Carvenne, member of The Treasure Seekers' Club (that he founded in 1951), he scanned the village and its church for treasure using a metal detector. Charroux also distributed a leaflet about this entitled L'ébouriffante histoire du "curé aux milliards" that has not survived, but is referred to in French newspapers of the period. He described his activities there in his 1962 book Trésors du Monde enterrées, emmurés, engloutis (Fayard) that was published in English in 1967.

Publications
 Trésors du monde (1962)
 Histoire inconnue des hommes depuis 100.000 ans (1963)
 Le livre des secrets trahis (1964)
 Le livre des maîtres du monde (1967)
 Le livre du mystérieux inconnu (1969)
 Le livre des mondes oubliés (1969)
 Le livre du passé mystérieux (1973)
 L'énigme des Andes (1974)
 Archives des autres mondes (1977)

References

 Story, Ronald, The Space Gods Revealed, New York, Barnes and Noble, 1976, .

1909 births
1978 deaths
Ancient astronauts proponents
Atlantis proponents
Fortean writers
French literary critics
French science fiction writers
Pseudoarchaeologists
Pseudohistorians
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
French male novelists
French male non-fiction writers
French comics writers

Robert Charroux


Parkheuvel is a restaurant in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that has been awarded one or more Michelin stars from 1990 to present. At its top it had three Michelin stars. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 18.0 points (out of 20 points).

The restaurant is located at Heuvellaan 21 in Rotterdam, in a semicircular modern pavilion with a view over the Nieuwe Maas and Rotterdam Harbour. The pavilion is decorated in art deco style.

Parkheuvel was in 2002 the first restaurant in the Netherlands to be awarded three Michelin stars. The kitchen staff was at that time led by head chef Cees Helder. In 2006 Erik van Loo, formerly of two-starred restaurant De Zwethheul, took over but lost two stars in the process. In 2009 he had proved that he was worthy to be awarded a second star.

Star history
1990-1994: one star
1995-2001: two stars
2002-2006: three stars
2007-2008: one star
2009–present: two stars

References

Restaurants in Rotterdam
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the Netherlands

Parkheuvel


Richard Bertie (25 December 15169 April 1582) was an English landowner and religious evangelical. He was the second husband of Catherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, Duchess Dowager of Suffolk and a woman whom Henry VIII was considering as his seventh wife shortly before his death; she also received a proposal from the King of Poland.

Life
Richard Bertie was from an unusually humble stock for the connections he made. He was the son of Thomas Bertie (ca. 1480-bef. 5 June 1555), Captain of Hurst Castle and a master mason, and Aline Say. His paternal grandfather Robert Bertie (died 1501/2) was also a stonemason at Bearsted, Kent, and was married to one Marion, by whom he had two more children, a daughter Joan Bertie and a son William Bertie, born after 1480. Richard matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 17 February 1533/1534 and succeeded his father in 1555.

He married Catherine Willoughby, the daughter and heiress of William, 11th Lord Willoughby, and widow of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. The Berties had married for love around 1553, after Bertie had for several years served as her Master of the Horse and Gentleman Usher. The pair fled to the Continent during the reign of the Catholic Mary I and the Counter-Reformation. They ignored commands to return, and their estates were sequestered. They travelled first to Cleves and then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They returned in 1559 soon after the accession of the more Protestant Elizabeth I and had their lands restored to them. Their story is recorded in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

Bertie was the father of Susan Bertie, Countess of Kent and Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, prominent Protestants during the reign of Elizabeth. Peregrine was named for their wandering life in exile.

Bertie was Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincolnshire from 1562 to 1567. In 1564 he attended the Queen in her visit to Cambridge University, and was granted an MA. In 1570 he unsuccessfully claimed the Barony Willoughby de Eresby in right of his wife.

He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Lindsey by 1564 and High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1564–65.

He died at Bourne, Lincolnshire on 9 April 1582.

References

1510s births
1582 deaths
Year of birth unknown
English MPs 1563–1567
Richard
Willoughby family
16th-century Protestants
English Protestants
Marian exiles
16th-century English landowners
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
Year of birth uncertain
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
English courtiers
Court of Henry VIII

Richard Bertie (courtier)


Tabaldak is the androgynous creator among the Abenaki and Algonquian people of northeastern North America. Their name means "The Owner" who "created all living things but one". Tabaldak created people out of stones, but thought these people's hearts were too cold. They broke up these stones and left them scattered over the Abenaki land. Next they tried wood, and out of these came the Abenaki people.

The only creature Tabaldak did not create was Odzihodo, whose name means "He Makes Himself from Something." Initially Odzihodo only had his hand, and as he was not a creator of things, required help from Tabaldak. By the time he was fully formed, Odzihodo had already transformed the world to his vision.

To do this, he piled dirt to make mountains, and dug lines for rivers. He took great care in forming Lake Champlain, and happy with his work, turned into a stone.

References

Abenaki mythology
Gods of the indigenous peoples of North America
Creator gods

Tabaldak


Lance Mackey (June 2, 1970 – September 7, 2022) was an American dog musher and dog sled racer from Fairbanks, Alaska. Mackey was a four-time winner of both the  Yukon Quest and the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

Early life
Lance was born on June 2, 1970, in Anchorage into a family of sled dog mushers. His father, Dick Mackey, was one of the founders of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, and won the event by a one second margin over Rick Swenson in 1978. Lance's half-brother Rick Mackey also won the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in 1983. All three of them won the race on their sixth attempt while wearing bib number 13.

Mackey raced from the time he was a child; his father recalls building a sled for Lance as soon as he was old enough to hold on and then, watching him enter and win his very first race. However, technically speaking, Mackey's first race was from the comfort of his mother's womb, as she placed fourth in the Women's North American Championships while seven months pregnant with Lance.

Mackey's parents divorced at a young age. As a teenager, Lance reports being arrested multiple times for various charges. After living with her for some time, his mother eventually sent Lance to live with his father at the Coldfoot Truck stop. From there, Lance transitioned into a life as a fisherman before eventually returning to his calling as a dog sled musher.

Career

Lance Mackey's career as a sled dog musher began with his first appearance in the 2001 Iditarod–placing 36th out of the 57 who finished the race and winning a mere $1046.00. By 2007, Mackey had quickly moved up the ranks to become the first person to win both the Yukon Quest and Iditarod in the same year.  Mackey continued to set high standards: in 2008, he won the Tustumena 200, followed by his fourth consecutive Yukon Quest win and his second Iditarod win. While he chose not to run the Yukon Quest the next year, Lance captured his third consecutive Iditarod in 2009. In 2010, Mackey rejoined the fray, finishing second in the Yukon Quest and also securing his 4th consecutive Iditarod win before sliding out of the top ten in the 2011 race, much to the dismay of multiple news reporters. After his 2010 win, Mackey was unable to secure a position in the top 10 Iditarod finishers despite five different attempts. On May 7, 2020, the Iditarod announced that due to a failed drug test, Lance Mackey's 21st-place finish at the 2020 Iditarod would be vacated. Mackey's urine sample taken in White Mountain, a standard operating procedure for the first thirty mushers arriving at the checkpoint, tested positive for methamphetamine. After this setback, Mackey did not participate in the 2021 Iditarod.

Kennel practices and dogs

Mackey ran his kennel "Comeback Kennel" on a 5 acre plot of land near Fairbanks, Alaska. The sixty some dogs that he maintained have bloodlines dating back to one of his most legendary dogs, "Zorro." Zorro was born in 2000 and at one point, Mackey's entire team was composed of Zorro's offspring. Unfortunately, Zorro's career was cut short  after a snow-machine accident during the 2008 All-Alaskan Sweepstakes. While Zorro survived and regained the use of his legs after months of treatment, including acupuncture and physical therapy, he was unable to compete again.

Some of Mackey's practices at his kennel were criticized publicly, particularly the use of CBD treatment for his dogs. In response to criticism, Mackey defended his methods of care and argues that the use of CBD for sled dogs helps speed their recovery time. PETA criticized Mackey in a public statement claiming the cruelty of dog racing. Their public criticism followed the death of two of Lance's dogs due to unknown causes during the 2015 Iditarod.

Personal life

Mackey was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2001. Despite this, he did not let his diagnosis impede his career and entered the 2002 Iditarod race. However, he would not finish that race. Due to complications from his cancer treatment, including a feeding tube, Mackey was forced to scratch from that race and take a full year off from racing to recover. After radiation treatment that led to the degradation of his teeth, his cancer was deemed in remission. Cancer is not the only ailment that challenged Mackey. He also suffered from Raynaud's syndrome, a condition often triggered by cold. This syndrome, which caused immense pain in Mackey's finger, led him to voluntarily have his left index finger amputated.

In his personal life, Mackey openly struggled with addiction. After testing positive for methamphetamine during the 2020 Iditarod, Lance announced he would be checking himself into rehab.  He has also previously spoken about his struggles with cocaine and alcohol.

Mackey has been married three times and divorced twice. On October 4, 2020, Mackey's partner, Jenne Smith, tragically died in an ATV accident. Mackey and Smith had parented two children, Atigun and Lozen, who were both under the age of five at the time of the fatal accident.

Mackey died of throat cancer on September 7, 2022, at the age of 52.

Honors and accomplishments
Asteroid 43793 Mackey, discovered by Carolyn Shoemaker and David H. Levy at Palomar Observatory in 1990, was named in his honor.

Mackey was the subject of a 2015 independent feature-length film called The Great Alone, a documentary following his life story and career.

In 2010, Lance was publicly recognized by U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski on his fourth consecutive Iditarod win and acknowledged his determination and perseverance in both his personal and professional matters.

References

External links

  of Comeback Kennel

1970 births
2022 deaths
Dog mushers from Alaska
Iditarod champions
People from Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Deaths from throat cancer

Lance Mackey


Martin Garcia (born October 23, 1984, in Veracruz, Mexico) is a Mexican jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing based in Southern California.

Garcia emigrated to the United States in 2003 and went to work at a delicatessen in Pleasanton, California. The deli's owner, Teri Terry, introduced him to Mark Hanna, a former jockey, who helped him get started in horse racing as a stablehand and exercise rider. Garcia spent six months galloping horses before beginning to ride in races at Golden Gate Fields.

On August 17, 2005, in his third career ride, Garcia rode Wild Daydreamer to victory at the Bay Meadows Fair.

In 2006, he outranked Hall of Fame rider Russell Baze for leading jockey at Golden Gate Fields. Baze had previously dominated that circuit, and would reclaim his supremacy as soon at Garcia took his tack to Southern California. Garcia also won a riding title at Bay Meadows. In April 2006, Garcia relocated to southern California. At the Hollywood Park Racetrack Summer meet, he finished third behind Victor Espinoza and Patrick Valenzuela after riding 46 winning horses.

On May 15, 2010, Garcia rode the Bob Baffert trainee Lookin at Lucky to victory in the 135th running of the Preakness Stakes at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. On August 1, 2010, he rode Lookin at Lucky to win the 43rd Haskell Invitational Handicap at Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey.

On May 6, 2011, Garcia rode the Baffert-trained filly Plum Pretty to win the 137th Kentucky Oaks at Churchill Downs Racetrack in Kentucky.  On July 31 of that year, Garcia rallied from last on another Baffert trainee, Coil, to win his second Haskell Invitational Handicap.

Other top mounts for Garcia include Somethingaboutlaura, Get Funky, Sweeter Still, Sierra Sweetie, Briecat, Z Humor, Dance With Gable, and Strawberry Tart. Garcia also was the back up jockey for Game On Dude, three-time winner of the Santa Anita Handicap.

In 2014 he rode Bayern to a gate-to-wire victory in the Breeders' Cup Classic in a time under two minutes. That race has been subject of much debate due to a stewards' inquiry into the start of the race where Bayern moved to the inside at the start, in front of favorite Shared Belief. Controversy erupted over the question of whether Garcia's mount should have been disqualified for interference in the first few feet.

Year-end charts

References

1984 births
Living people
American jockeys
Mexican emigrants to the United States
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Sportspeople from Veracruz (city)

Martin Garcia (jockey)


The National Maritime Museum (NMM) is a maritime museum in Greenwich, London. It is part of Royal Museums Greenwich, a network of museums in the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site. Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom, it has no general admission charge; there are admission charges for most side-gallery temporary exhibitions, usually supplemented by many loaned works from other museums.

Creation and official opening
The museum was created by the National Maritime Museum Act 1934 under a Board of Trustees, appointed by HM Treasury. It is based on the generous donations of Sir James Caird (1864–1954). King George VI formally opened the museum on 27 April 1937 when his daughter Princess Elizabeth accompanied him for the journey along the Thames from London. The first director was Sir Geoffrey Callender.

Collection

Since the earliest times Greenwich has had associations with the sea and navigation. It was a landing place for the Romans, Henry VIII lived here, the Navy has roots on the waterfront, and Charles II founded the Royal Observatory in 1675 for "finding the longitude of places". The home of Greenwich Mean Time and the Prime Meridian since 1884, Greenwich has long been a centre for astronomical study, while navigators across the world have set their clocks according to its time of day. The museum has the most important holdings in the world on the history of Britain at sea comprising more than two million items, including maritime art (both British and 17th-century Dutch), cartography, manuscripts including official public records, ship models and plans, scientific and navigational instruments, instruments for time-keeping and astronomy (based at the Observatory). Its holdings including paintings relating to Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson and Captain James Cook.

An active loans programme ensures that items from the collection are seen in the UK and abroad.

The museum aims to achieve a greater understanding of British economic, cultural, social, political and maritime history and its consequences in the world today. The museum plays host to various exhibitions, including Ships Clocks & Stars in 2014, Samuel Pepys: Plague, Fire, Revolution in 2015 and Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity in 2016.

The collection of the National Maritime Museum also includes items taken from the German Naval Academy Mürwik after World War II, including several ship models, paintings and flags. The museum has been criticized for possessing what has been described as "looted art". The museum regards these cultural objects as "war trophies", removed under the provisions of the Potsdam Conference.

The museum awards the Caird Medal annually in honour of its major donor, Sir James Caird.

In late August 2018, several groups were vying for the right to purchase the 5,500  relics that were an asset of the bankrupt Premier Exhibitions. Eventually, the National Maritime Museum, Titanic Belfast and Titanic Foundation Limited, as well as National Museums Northern Ireland, joined together as a consortium that was raising money to purchase the 5,500 artifacts. The group intended to keep all of the items together as a single exhibit. The oceanographer Robert Ballard said that he favoured this bid as it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast (where the Titanic was built) and in Greenwich. The museums were critical of the bid process set by the Bankruptcy Court in Jacksonville, Florida. The minimum bid for the auction on 11 October 2018 was set at US$21.5 million (£16.5m) and the consortium did not have enough funding to meet that amount.

The site
The museum was officially established in 1934 within the  of Greenwich Royal Park in the buildings formerly occupied by the Royal Hospital School, before it moved to Holbrook in Suffolk.

The gardens immediately to the north of the museum were reinstated in the late 1870s following construction of the cut-and-cover tunnel between Greenwich and Maze Hill stations. The tunnel comprised part of the final section of the London and Greenwich Railway and opened in 1878.

A full redevelopment of the main galleries, centring on what is now the Neptune Court, which was designed by Rick Mather Architects and funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, was completed in 1999.

In 2008, the museum announced that the Israeli shipping magnate Sammy Ofer had donated £20m for a new gallery.

For a year between 2016 and 2017 the National Maritime Museum reported 2.41 million visitors.

Directors of the National Maritime Museum

1937–1946: Geoffrey Callender
1947–1966: Frank George Griffith Carr
1967–1983: Basil Jack Greenhill
1983–1986: Neil Cossons
1986–2000: Richard Louis Ormond CBE (born 1939)
2000–2007: Rear Admiral Roy Clare (born 1950)
2007–2019: Dr Kevin Fewster
2019–present: Paddy Rogers

Caird Medal

The Caird Medal was instituted in 1984 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the National Maritime Museum Act 1934 that established the museum. The medal is awarded annually to "an individual who, in the opinion of the Trustees of the National Maritime Museum, has done conspicuously important work in the field of the Museum's interests and is of a nature which involves communicating with the public." The medal is named for Sir James Caird (1864–1954), the principal donor at the founding of the National Maritime Museum.

Caird Medallists

 1984: Eric McKee
 1985: Michael S. Robinson
 1987: Jules van Beylen
 1989: C. R. Boxer
 1990: Helen Wallis
 1991: John F. Coates and John Sinclair Morrison
 1992: Richard Ollard
 1993: Gerard L. E. Turner
 1994: Glyndwr Williams
 1995: Margaret Rule
 1996: John de Courcy Ireland
 1997: Felipe Fernández-Armesto
 1998: Elly Dekker
 1999: Elisabeth Mann-Borgese
 2000: John Hattendorf
 2002: Robert Ballard
 2004: Sir David Attenborough
 2005: Paul Kennedy
 2006: David Armitage
 2007: Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow
 2010: Willem F. J. Mörzer Bruyns
 2011: Daniel A. Baugh
 2014: R. J. B. Knight
 2015: Simon Schaffer

Other British maritime museums

The National Maritime Museum Cornwall is a fully independent museum, a development of the original FIMI (Falmouth International Maritime Initiative) partnership created in 1992 and the result of collaboration between the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the former Cornwall Maritime Museum in Falmouth.

See also
 Britain and the Sea
 British Maritime Charitable Foundation
 Greenwich Visitor Centre
 List of history awards
 List of London museums
 National Historic Fleet
 National Waterways Museum—the UK's national museum of inland waterway transport
 Het Scheepvaartmuseum (Netherlands Maritime Museum)

References

External links

 The official prints website of the National Maritime Museum containing a selection of the museum's finest images
 National Maritime Museum Photostream (many photos labelled "no known copyright restriction") at Flickr.com

Museums in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Grade I listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Grade I listed museum buildings
Transport museums in London
Archives in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Art museums and galleries in London
Maritime museums in England
Naval museums in England
History museums in London
Science museums in London
World War I museums in the United Kingdom
World War II museums in the United Kingdom
Marine art museums
Museums established in 1937
Exempt charities
Charities based in London
Maritime history organizations

National Maritime Museum


Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns refers to the four campaigns Safavid king Abbas I led between 1614 and 1617, in his East Georgian vassal kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18). The campaigns were initiated as a response to the shown disobedience and subsequently staged rebellion by Abbas' formerly most loyal Georgian ghulams, namely Luarsab II of Kartli and Teimuraz I of Kahketi (Tahmuras Khan). After the complete devastation of Tbilisi, the quelling of the uprising, the massacre of up to 100,000 Georgians, and the deportation of between 130,000 and 200,000 more to mainland Iran, Kakheti, and Kartli were temporarily brought back under the Iranian sway.

Background
In 1606, Abbas had appointed Luarsab II and Teimuraz I (also known as Tahmuras Khan) on the thrones of Safavid vassals Kartli and Kakheti, at the behest of Kartlian nobles and Teimuraz's mother Ketevan; both seemed like malleable youths. However, tensions between Georgia and the Shah rose in 1612 as Teimuraz and Luarsab executed pro-Iranian nobility including the governor of Karabakh. In 1613, when the Shah summoned them to join him on a hunting expedition in Mazandaran, they did not appear as they feared that they would be either imprisoned or killed. In the spring of 1614 war broke out. This event brought an end to the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha.

Invasion

Iranian armies invaded the two territories in March 1614, and the two allied kings subsequently sought refuge in the Ottoman vassal Imeretia. Abbas, as reported by the Safavid court historian Iskander Beg Munshi, was infuriated by what was perceived as the defection of two of his most trusted subjects and gholams. He deported 30,000 Kakhetian peasants to Iran and appointed a grandson of Alexander II of Imereti to the throne of Kartli, Jesse of Kakheti (also known as "Isā Khān"). Raised up at the court in Isfahan and a Muslim, he was perceived as fully loyal to the Shah.

Abbas threatened Imeretia with devastation if they did not give up the fugitive kings; the Imeretian, Mingrelian, and Gurian rulers jointly refused his demand. Luarsab, however, surrendered voluntarily to the Shah; Abbas initially treated him well but when he learned that Luarsab and Teimuraz had offered an alliance with the Ottomans he demanded that Luarsab accept Islam. When Luarsab refused, he was thrown in prison.

Teimuraz returned to eastern Georgia in 1615, taking advantage of a resurgence in Ottoman-Safavid hostilities, and there he defeated a Safavid force. However, when the Ottoman army postponed its invasion of the Safavids, Abbas was able to briefly send an army back to defeat Teimuraz, and redoubled his invasion after brokering a truce with the Ottomans. The Safavid soldiers met heavy resistance by the citizens of Tbilisi, but Iranian rule was fully restored over eastern Georgia.

Massacres and deportations

In a punitive expedition to Kakhetia, Abbas's army then killed perhaps 60-70,000 or 100,000 Georgians, with twice as many more being deported to Iran, removing about two-thirds of the Kakhetian population. More refugees were rounded up in 1617. In 1619 Abbas appointed the loyal Simon II (or Semayun Khan) as a puppet ruler of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule over districts where the rebellious inhabitants were mostly located.

These deportations marked another stage in the Safavid policy of forcibly resettling huge amounts of Georgians and other ethnic Caucasian groups such as the Circassians and Armenians, to mainland Persia.

Aftermath

Abbas obtained control over eastern Georgia for a time; however the aggrieved Giorgi Saakadze and King Teimuraz led new rebellions in 1625 and 1626 which were more effective at reducing Safavid control of the region.

See also
Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
Treaty of Serav
Bakhtrioni uprising

References

Sources

Further reading
 Ghafouri Ali History of the Iran's battles, from the Medes up to today 2009 .
 Asadollah Matoufi 4000 years history of Iran army, Persian title: Tārīkh-i chahār hazār sālah-i artish-i Īrān 2003

1610s conflicts
Ottoman–Persian Wars
Battles involving the Kingdom of Kakheti
Battles involving the Kingdom of Kartli
Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Kartli
History of Tbilisi
Conflicts in 1614
Conflicts in 1615
Conflicts in 1616
Conflicts in 1617
Battles involving Safavid Iran
1610s in the Ottoman Empire
17th century in Georgia (country)