Oliver Mandić (Serbian Cyrillic: Оливер Мандић; born 13 July 1953) is a Serbian rock musician, composer, and producer.

Early life
Musically involved from a young age, Mandić first started playing the accordion before taking up the piano. In his early youth, Mandić's family moved to the capital Belgrade where he pursued a career of a pianist after getting accepted at highly reputable Kornelije Stanković musical high school. However, despite a lot of promise, he left school in 1969 to try to branch out into pop music.

Early career
During the early 1970s, Mandić performed in various Belgrade bands as the keyboardist, and was described as "the wunderkind of Belgrade [rock] scene".

Towards the end of 1971, he formed the jazz-rock band Oliver, which consisted of Mandić, members of the progressive rock band Pop Mašina and singer Dušan Prelević. Functioning as a supergroup of sorts, the band had only one live appearance, on 2 January 1972, at a concert in Belgrade's Hala sportova.

After Oliver disbanded, Mandić joined Pop Mašina, performing with them on only several occasions, before entering talks to join YU grupa and Time, neither of which materialized.

In 1974, with Prelević, he recorded the 7-inch single "Tajna" / "Prošlo je sve" ("Secret" / "Everything's Over"), which was released under the Oliver moniker.

In 1976, Mandić performed at the BOOM Festival as member of Beogradska Rock Selekcija, an ad-hoc band assembled specifically for the occasion, featuring Robert Nemeček (bass guitar), Zoran Božinović (guitar), Lazar Tošić (drums), Stjepko Gut (trumpet), Jovan Maljoković (saxophone), Ivan Švager (saxophone), and others. That gig brought Mandić his first eccentric episode in public, something he would become known for later on, as he smashed his synthesizer on stage and walked out in the middle of the performance unhappy with the level of commitment his fellow musicians were putting forth.

Solo career
Mandić started his solo career in 1978 with the single "Ljuljaj me nežno" ("Rock Me Gently"). He composed the song, with Marina Tucaković's lyrics, for the singer Slađana Milošević, since the song was composed after her major hit song "Sexy dama", 1978. as a continuation of her musical style. Slađana Milošević was the one who persuaded her school mate Oliver to start his singing career and sing "Ljuljaj me nežno" by himself. Oliver publicly thanked her for that in several interviews and occasions. Milošević herself did not want to continue down that avenue and after her refusal the song was offered to a singer Maja Odžaklievska, however, since she failed to show up in Split studio Tetrapak for a booked recording session, Mandić agreed to accept another suggestion made by producer Enco Lesić to record it himself. The material was released the same year as a two-side single "Ljuljaj me nežno" / "Šuma" by PGP-RTB, garnering positive reactions both commercially and critically. A year later, Mandić recorded another successful single, featuring the songs "Sutra imam prazan stan" ("Tomorrow I'll Have an Empty Flat") and the ballad "Osloni se na mene" ("Lean on Me").

Zdravko Čolić came calling next, inviting Mandić as guest on his country-wide tour that included stadiums and sports arenas. Mandić's part in the show consisted of coming out in the middle of Čolić's performance and doing only "Ljuljaj me nežno", which had by that time become a sizable hit.

In 1979 he wrote and recorded a track "Cvećke i zloće", which was included in Goran Marković's movie Nacionalna klasa.

Nationwide popularity
In 1981, Mandić released his debut album, entitled Probaj me (Try Me), produced by Peter MacTaggart. All the songs were composed by Mandić, and the lyrics were written by Marina Tucaković. The album brought hits "Nije za nju" ("Not for Her"), "Samo nebo zna (Poludeću)" ("Sky Only Knows (I'll Go Crazy)") and rerecorded "Osloni se na mene". The album was promoted with a TV show Beograd noću (Belgrade at Night), directed by Stanko Crnobrnja. The ambitiously avantgarde programme even won Rose d'Or award at the 1981 Montreux TV festival. Mandić's controversial androgynous image in the show, was conceived by his school mate and good friend Slađana Milošević who, after many days and nights spent in endless persuasions and discussions, finally put Oliver in touch with conceptual artist Kosta Bunuševac who, she thought, would create the outwardly image for Oliver. This had raised quite a public furor due to the singer's cross-dressing and aggressive makeup. His androgynous image, which the Yugoslav audience found especially shocking in the early 1980s, attracted considerable media attention.

In 1982, Mandić released his second studio album, Zbog tebe bih tucao kamen (I Would Break Rocks for You). The album was recorded in Switzerland and produced by Mandić and MacTaggart. It featured Nenad "Japanac" Stefanović on bass guitar, Điđi Jankelić on drums, Aleksandar Milovanović on guitar, Laza Ristovski on keyboards, Mića Marković on saxophone, Stjepko Gut on trumpet, and Bebi Dol on backing vocals, and the cover art was designed by Mirko Ilić. The album brought hits "Smejem se, a plakao bih" ("I'm Laughing, but I Feel Like Crying"), "Neverne Bebe" ("Unfaithful Babies") and "Sve su seke jebene" ("All the fucking girls", with lyrics written after the motifs from Serbian erotic folk poetry collected by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić).

In 1984, Mandić appeared at the MESAM festival for the first time, performing the folk-inspired song "Pitaju me, pitaju" ("They're Asking Me, They're Asking"), for which the lyrics were written by Marina Tucaković. The same year Mandić produced D' Boys album Muvanje (Hitting On).

In 1985, he released the album Dođe mi da vrisnem tvoje ime (I Feel like Screaming Your Name), which brought folk-inspired hits "Pomagajte drugovi" ("Help Me, My Friends"), with which he won the first place at the 1985 MESAM festival, and "Bobane" ("Oh, Boban..."). During the same year, Mandić took part in YU Rock Misija, Yugoslav contribution to Live Aid.

Semi-retirement
After playing a show with Laza Ristovski at Sava Centar in 1985, Mandić began keeping a noticeably lower profile on the pop scene. He got an executive job at the PGP-RTB record label, where he stayed for most of 1986 and 1987, before releasing a greatest hits compilation Sve najbolje (All the Best) that marked the 10th anniversary of his solo career. The same year, 1987, saw Mandić team up with Nikša Bratoš to produce Boris Novković's second album Jači od sudbine, which sold very well. Mandić also received an offer to produce Plavi Orkestar's second album Smrt fašizmu, but turned it down.

For the remainder of the decade Mandić recorded an album of children's music Deca bez adrese (Children without an Address) with popular children's entertainer and TV personality Branko Kockica, and in 1989 he again collaborated with his old friend Dušan Prelević who wrote a screenplay for the movie Poslednji krug u Monci. Mandić recorded the movie's title track "Odlazim, a volim te", which became a sizable commercial hit. The song, along with some other material that Mandić used in the movie, all came from the recordings he made with different musicians such as Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, and Pat Metheny while staying in the United States during the late 1980s.

In the early 1990s, he became involved with Serbian paramilitary leader Željko Ražnatović "Arkan", whom he knew since childhood. Mandić was often seen wearing the Serbian Volunteer Guard uniform, and even made a couple of trips to the front-lines in Slavonia, where according to most accounts, his role was distributing food and cigarettes in the Guard's Erdut headquarters.

Towards the end of 1991, Mandic became an extended member of Riblja Čorba. The idea was to include Mandić in the creative process of the band's planned farewell album Labudova pesma by having him write and compose half of the songs, and later, upon its release, tour as their keyboards player. The material was recorded in Vienna, but as it was being prepared for wide release a huge row erupted between Mandić and band leader Bora Đorđević. As a result, Mandić demanded that all his tracks be removed, and even obtained a court-ordered junction prohibiting their release. In the end, the album's released version contained only eight tracks – half of the originally planned number, and it also ended up not being Riblja čorba's last as they soon changed their minds, deciding to continue playing and recording. On the other hand, raw studio versions of Mandić's unreleased tracks have since then become rare and valuable collector's items.

Occasional brief appearances
Over the next period Mandić placed music on the back-burner completely, choosing to live off releasing greatest hits compilations.  In 1993, the compilation album Smejem se, a plakao bih was released, which sold surprisingly well in the hyperinflation-ridden FR Yugoslavia. In 1994, the compilation was reissued on CD as The Best Of, featuring the previously never officially released, although already widely played hit "Odlazim, a volim te".

In 1997, Mandić finished the recording of his fourth studio album, with the working title Kad ljubav ubije (When Love Kills). The album featured the material recorded in the United States during the late 1980s, as well as new material, and featured guest appearances by Freddie Hubbard, Vlatko Stefanovski, Bebi Dol and Radomir Mihailović Točak. The album, however, remains unreleased until the present day.

In 2004, the 1993 best-of was reissued again as Best Of, featuring one new track, "Ako lažem, tu me seci " ("If I'm Lying"). The video for the song featured pop singer Ksenija Pajčin.

At the end of 2007, Mandić made another partial comeback with a song "Vreme za ljubav ističe" ("Time for Love Is Running Out"), which featured folk singer Svetlana "Ceca" Ražnatović on vocals. The song was released, alongside Mandić's old hits, on the compilation album Vreme za ljubav ističe. Promoting the release of Vreme za ljubav ističe, Mandić stated that this does not mean he is returning to a full singing career that ended in 1985, also stating that he might release Kad vreme ljubav ubije.

In 2010, Mandić wrote the song "Probudi se na čas" ("Wake Up for a Moment"), dedicated to deceased Macedonian pop singer Toše Proeski. He performed the song, with guest appearances by Bebi Dol on vocals and Željko Mitrović on guitar, on a concert held in Skopje and dedicated to Proeski.

Legacy
Serbian glam metal band Karizma covered Mandić's song "Ljuljaj me nežno" on their 1992 album U snovima (In the Dreams). Serbian pop rock band covered Mandić's song "Nije za nju" on their 1993 album Šta bih dao da sam na tvom mjestu (What Would I Give to Be in Your Shoes). Croatian funk band Fali V covered Mandić's song "Sve je propalo" on their 1999 album Visočije od kolena (Up the Knees). Serbian rock singer Viktorija covered Mandić's song "Poludeću" on her 2000 live album Nostalgija (Nostalgia). The song "Odlazim, a volim te" was sampled by the Serbian hip hop band Sha-Ila in their track of the same title, released on their 2000 album Totalito Pervertito. Serbian gothic metal band Darkshines recorded a cover of the song "Pitaju me, pitaju", releasing it as a single in 2011.

The book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music) features two Oliver Mandić albums: Probaj me (polled No. 15) and Sve najbolje (polled No. 51).

The B92 Top 100 Domestic Songs list features three songs by Mandić: "Nije za nju" (polled No. 53), "Osloni se na mene" (polled No. 59) and "Smejem se, a plakao bih" (polled No. 67). In 2011, the song "Osloni se na mene" was voted, by the listeners of Radio 202, one of 60 greatest songs released by PGP-RTB/PGP-RTS during the sixty years of the label's existence.

The lyrics of the song "Govor tvog tela" ("Your Body Language"), written by Marina Tucaković, were featured in Petar Janjatović's book Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967 - 2007 (Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 – 2007).

Personal life
Since the late 1990s, Mandić has been active as a club owner and restaurateur.

On 27 December 2010, Mandić's partner Maja Kozlica gave birth to their daughter.

Discography

With Oliver

Singles
"Tajna" / "Prošlo je sve" (1974)
"Ljuljaj me nežno" / "Šuma" (1978)
"Sutra imam prazan stan" / "Osloni se na mene" (1979)
 "Ne daj mu", double A side (sa Dođe mi da vrisnem tvoje ime (1985))

Solo

Studio albums
Probaj me (1981)
Zbog tebe bih tucao kamen (1982)
Dođe mi da vrisnem tvoje ime (1985)
Deca bez adrese (1988; with Branko Milićević)

Compilations
Sve najbolje (1987)
Smejem se, a plakao bih (1993)
The Best Of (1994)
The Best Of (2001)
Vreme za ljubav ističe (2007)
Ono što ti nisam rekao (2014)

Other appearances
"Mandarina i banana" (1990; with Marina Perazić; on Udvoje je ljepše: 12 popularnih dueta)

References

 EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006, Janjatović Petar;

External links
Oliver Mandić at Discogs

1953 births
Living people
People from Užice
Serbian rock singers
Serbian rock keyboardists
20th-century Serbian male singers
Serbian record producers
Yugoslav rock singers
Yugoslav male singers
21st-century Serbian male singers

Oliver Mandić


Horace Mann (May 4, 1796August 2, 1859) was an American educational reformer, slavery abolitionist and Whig politician known for his commitment to promoting public education, he is thus also known as The Father of American Education. In 1848, after public service as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education, Mann was elected to the United States House of Representatives (1848–1853). From September 1852 to his death, he served as President of Antioch College.

Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn unruly American children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in the Whig Party, for building public schools. Most U.S. states adopted a version of the system Mann established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers. Educational historians credit Horace Mann, along with Henry Barnard and Catharine Beecher as one of the major advocates of the Common School Movement.

Early career

Education
Horace Mann was born in Franklin, Massachusetts. His father was a farmer without much money. From ten years of age to twenty, he had no more than six weeks' schooling during any year, but he made use of the Franklin Public Library, the first public library in America. At the age of twenty, he enrolled at Brown University and graduated in three years as valedictorian (1819). The theme of his oration was "The Progressive Character of the Human Race." He learned Greek and Latin from Samuel Barrett, who later became a famous Unitarian minister.

Legal career
Mann studied law for a short time in Wrentham, Massachusetts and was a tutor of Latin and Greek (1820–1822) and a librarian (1821–1823) at Brown. During 1822, he also studied at Litchfield Law School and, in 1823, was admitted to the bar in Dedham, Massachusetts.

Mann defended James Allen in a robbery trial by placing a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury by pointing out that the victim had previously identified someone else as the man who robbed him. The strategy worked, and there was a hung jury.

Massachusetts legislature
Mann was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1827, and in that role was active in the interests of education, public charities, and laws for the suppression of alcoholic drinks and lotteries. He established an asylum in Worcester, and in 1833 was chairman of its board of trustees. Mann continued to be returned to the legislature as a representative from Dedham until his removal to Boston in 1833. While in the legislature he was a member and part of the time chairman of the committee for the revision of the state statutes, and a large number of salutary provisions were incorporated into the code at his suggestion. After their enactment, he was appointed one of the editors of the work and prepared its marginal notes and its references to judicial decisions. He was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate from Boston in 1835 and was its president in 1836–1837. As a member of the Senate, he spent time as the majority leader, and aimed his focus at infrastructure, funding the construction of railroads and canals.

Personal life
In 1830, Mann married Charlotte Messer, the daughter of former Brown University president Asa Messer. She died two years later on August 1, 1832, and he never fully recovered from the intense grief and shock that accompanied her death.

In 1843, he married Mary Tyler Peabody. Afterward, the couple accompanied Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe on a dual honeymoon to Europe. They then purchased a home in West Newton, Massachusetts at the corner of Chestnut and Highland Streets. Horace and Mary had three sons: Horace Mann Jr., George Combe Mann, and Benjamin Pickman Mann.

Mann was the great-grandson of Samuel Man.

Education reform

It was not until he was appointed Secretary in 1837 of the newly created Massachusetts Board of Education that he began the work which was to make him one of America's most influential educational reformers. Upon starting his duties, he withdrew from all other professional or business engagements as well as politics.

As Secretary of Education, Mann held teachers' conventions, delivered numerous lectures and addresses, carried on an extensive correspondence, and introduced numerous reforms. Mann persuaded his fellow modernizers, especially those in the Whig Party, to legislate tax-supported elementary public education in their states and to feminize the teaching force.  To justify the new taxes Mann assured businessmen that more education in the work force made for a richer and more profitable economy.

Most northern states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers.

Mann traveled to every School in the state so he could physically examine each school ground. He planned and inaugurated the Massachusetts normal school system in Lexington (which shortly thereafter moved to Framingham), Barre (which shortly thereafter moved to Westfield) and Bridgewater, and began preparing a series of annual reports, which had a wide circulation and were considered as being "among the best expositions, if, indeed, they are not the very best ones, of the practical benefits of a common school education both to the individual and to the state". By his advocacy of the disuse of corporal punishment in school discipline, he was involved in a controversy with some of the Boston teachers that resulted in the adoption of his views.

In 1838, he founded and edited The Common School Journal. In this journal, Mann targeted the public school and its problems. His six main principles were:

 the public should no longer remain ignorant;
 that such education should be paid for, controlled, and sustained by an interested public;
 that this education will be best provided in schools that embrace children from a variety of backgrounds;
 that this education must be non-sectarian;
 that this education must be taught using the tenets of a free society; and
 that education should be provided by well-trained, professional teachers.

Under the auspices of the board, but at his own expense, he went to Europe in 1843 to visit schools, especially in Prussia, and his seventh annual report, published after his return, embodied the results of his tour. Many editions of this report were printed, not only in Massachusetts but in other states, in some cases by private individuals and in others by legislatures; several editions were issued in England.

Mann hoped that by bringing all children of all classes together, they could have a common learning experience. This would also allow the less fortunate to advance in the social scale and education would "equalize the conditions of men." Moreover, it was viewed also as a road to social advancement by the early labor movement and as a goal of having common schools. Mann also suggested that having schools would help those students who did not have appropriate discipline in the home. Building a person's character was just as important as reading, writing, and arithmetic. Instilling values such as obedience to authority, promptness in attendance, and organizing the time according to bell ringing helped students prepare for future employment.

Mann faced some resistance from parents who did not want to give up the moral education to teachers and bureaucrats. The normal schools trained mostly women, giving them new career opportunities as teachers. Mann believed that women were better suited for teaching, regardless of their status as a mother, and used his position to push for a feminization of the profession.

The practical result of Mann's work was a revolution in the approach used in the common school system of Massachusetts, which in turn influenced the direction of other states. In carrying out his work, Mann met with bitter opposition by some Boston schoolmasters who strongly disapproved of his innovative pedagogical ideas, and by various religious sectarians, who contended against the exclusion of all sectarian instruction from the schools.

Secular nature
As the Old Deluder Satan Act and other 17th-century Massachusetts School Laws attest, early education in Massachusetts had a clear religious intent. However, by the time of Mann's leadership in education, various developments (including a vibrant populist Protestant faith and increased religious diversity) fostered a secular school system with a religiously passive stance.

While Mann affirmed that "our Public Schools are not Theological Seminaries" and that they were "debarred by law from inculcating the peculiar and distinctive doctrines of any one religious denomination amongst us ... or all that is essential to religion or salvation," he assured those who objected to this secular nature that "our system earnestly inculcates all Christian morals; it founds its morals based on religion; it welcomes the religion of the Bible; and, in receiving the Bible, it allows it to do what it is allowed to do in no other system—to speak for itself. But here it stops, not because it claims to have compassed all truth; but because it disclaims to act as an umpire between hostile religious opinions."

Mann stated that this position resulted in a near-universal use of the Bible in the schools of Massachusetts and that this served as an argument against the assertion by some that Christianity was excluded from his schools, or that they were anti-Christian. A devotee of the pseudoscience of phrenology, Mann believed education could eliminate or reduce human failings and compensate for any biological flaws.

Mann also once stated that "it may not be easy theoretically, to draw the line between those views of religious truth and of Christian faith which is common to all, and may, therefore, with propriety be inculcated in schools, and those which, being peculiar to individual sects, are therefore by law excluded; still it is believed that no practical difficulty occurs in the conduct of our schools in this regard."

Rather than sanctioning a particular church as was often the norm in many states, the Legislature proscribed books "calculated to favor the tenets of any particular set of Christians."

Reading instruction
Like many nineteenth century reformers, Horace Mann believed that "children would find it far more interesting and pleasurable to memorize words and read short sentences and stories without having to bother to learn the names of the letters". According to Diane Ravitch, he condemned the alphabet method, claiming that it was "repulsive and soul-deadening to children". He described the letters of the alphabet as "skeleton-shaped, bloodless, ghostly apparitions". To him, teaching the alphabet was entirely illogical: "When we wish to give a child the idea of a new animal, we do not present successively the different parts of it,—an eye, an ear, the nose, the mouth, the body, or a leg: but we present a whole animal, as one object".

Mann believed that "children's earliest books should teach whole words, skipping the alphabet and the sounds of the letters", though he may have been confused between "the alphabet method of learning letters through words and a word method, now called the look-and-say method, or learning to read through saying the word as a whole".

Mann's endorsement of "word method" for reading instruction made a lasting impression on other reformers of the period, and "by 1890 the alphabet method had virtually died out". Francis Parker and John Dewey used the "word method" as one of the features of the "Progressive" system of education. As Nancy Millichap notes, "Despite the enthusiasm of educators for their new methods of teaching, the illiteracy rate remained high. Among American soldiers enlisted in World War I, 24.9 percent proved unable to read or write, and during World War II approximately the same percentage of British servicemen [who were taught using the same method] were found to be similarly handicapped. In 1940, one-third of high school students were incapable of mastering reading and writing well enough to profit from textbook instruction, and one half of the adult population in the United States was functionally illiterate".

The backlash against "word method" culminated in a 1955 book Why Johnny Can't Read by Rudolf Flesch, in which he condemned this method for "treating children as if they were dogs" and recommended returning to teaching phonics. Nevertheless, the "ill-informed, ineffective reading instruction" remains the norm in American colleges of education and, accordingly, in American elementary schools.

Emulation of the Prussian system

Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837, Mann worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers, based on the Prussian model of "common schools." Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes. Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across the North. Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849, and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852. Mann's crusading style attracted wide middle-class support. Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts:

No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal, non-sectarian, free, and that its aims should be social efficiency, civic virtue, and character, rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends.

An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age. They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them, regardless of differences of aptitude. In addition, he used the lecture method common in European universities, which required students to receive professional instruction rather than teach one another. Previously, schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years. With the introduction of age grading, multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared. Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer. These were "graduated," and were awarded a certificate of completion. This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals.

Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers, especially among fellow Whigs. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the factory model school.

A Whig in Congress
In the spring of 1848 he was elected to the United States Congress as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Quincy Adams. His first speech in that role was in advocacy of its right and duty to exclude slavery from the territories, and in a letter, in December of that year, he said: "I think the country is to experience serious times. Interference with slavery will excite civil commotion in the South. But it is best to interfere. Now is the time to see whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of steel." Again he said: "I really think if we insist upon passing the Wilmot proviso for the territories that the south—a part of them—will rebel; but I would pass it, rebellion or not. I consider no evil so great as the extension of slavery."

During the first session, he volunteered as counsel for Drayton and Sayres, who were indicted for stealing 76 slaves in the District of Columbia, and at the trial was engaged for 21 successive days in their defense. In 1850, he was engaged in a controversy with Daniel Webster concerning the extension of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law, calling Webster's support for the Compromise of 1850 a "vile catastrophe", and comparing him to "Lucifer descending from Heaven". Mann was defeated by a single vote at the ensuing nominating convention by Webster's supporters; but, on appealing to the people as an independent anti-slavery candidate, he was re-elected, serving from April 1848 until March 1853.

Abolitionism

Mann was a staunch opponent of slavery as a member of Congress; in a written address to an 1852 "Convention of the Colored Freemen of Ohio" he stated:  In the same address he opposed plans to forcibly deport freedmen from the United States to other nations:  Mann considered there to be three legitimate methods by which the Africans in captivity in the US could emancipate themselves, including, as a last resort, that   Mann's preferred method for the self-emancipation of the slaves was that free blacks should voluntarily form all-black communities of their own - either in Jamaica or in another Caribbean nation - or perhaps in the American West - in which men like Frederick Douglass, Henry Bibb and Henry Box Brown "instead of making speeches might be making laws.  Instead of commanding the types of a newspaper press [...] might be commanding armies and navies" and could more effectively organize the liberation of their enslaved brethren in the U.S. from these strongholds.

Leadership of Antioch College and last years

In September 1852, he was nominated for governor of Massachusetts by the Free Soil Party, and the same day was chosen president of the newly established Antioch College at Yellow Springs, Ohio. Failing in the election for governor, he accepted the presidency of the college, which he continued until his death. There he taught economics, philosophy, and theology; he was popular with students and with lay audiences across the Midwest who attended his lectures promoting public schools. Mann also employed the first female faculty member to be paid on an equal basis with her male colleagues, Rebecca Pennell, his niece. His commencement message to the class of 1859 was to "Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity".

Antioch College was founded by the Christian Connexion, which later withdrew its financial support causing the college to struggle for many years with meager financial resources due to sectarian infighting. Mann himself was charged with nonadherence to sectarianism because, previously a Congregationalist by upbringing, he joined the Unitarian Church.

Mann was also drawn to Antioch because it was a coeducational institution, among the first in the country to teach men and women in the same classes, Mann and his wife had conflicts with female students, however, who came to Yellow Springs in search of greater equality. The young women chafed at restrictions on their behavior, and wanted to meet with men in literary societies, which Mann and his wife opposed.

He collapsed shortly after the 1859 commencement and died that summer of typhoid fever. Antioch historian Robert Straker wrote that Mann had been "crucified by crusading sectarians." Ralph Waldo Emerson lamented "what seems the fatal waste of labor and life at Antioch." Mann's wife, who wrote in anguish that "the blood of martyrdom waters the spot," later disinterred his body from Yellow Springs. He is buried in the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island, next to his first wife.

Legacy
Historians treat Mann as one of the most important leaders of education reform in the antebellum period.

Commemoration

Many places around the world are named after Mann. Among them are more than 50 public schools in the United States.

Horace Mann's statue stands in front of the Massachusetts State House along with that of Daniel Webster.

At Antioch College, a monument carries his quote, which has been recently adopted as the college motto: "Be Ashamed to Die Until You Have Won Some Victory for Humanity."

The University of Northern Colorado named the gates to their campus in his dedication, a gift of the Class of 1910.

The Springfield, Illinois-based Illinois Education Association Mutual Insurance Company, was renamed in honor of Mann in 1950 as the Horace Mann Educators Corporation.

Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg, Kansas, has a building named Horace Mann School. It currently houses the Student Welcoming Center.

In Massachusetts, public charter schools that are authorized by local school districts are known as Horace Mann charters.

Brown University Graduate School awards an annual Horace Mann Medal to one of its alumni.

Schools

 Horace Mann Academy, Chicago, Illinois
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Anaheim, California
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Bakersfield, California
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Bayonne, New Jersey
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Beverly Hills, California
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Binghamton, New York
 Horace Mann Elementary School (closed), Canton, Ohio
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Cherry Hill, New Jersey
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Dayton, Ohio
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Duncan, Oklahoma
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Fargo, North Dakota
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Glendale, California
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Hominy, Oklahoma
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Huntington, Indiana
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Indiana, Pennsylvania
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Iowa City, Iowa
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Lakewood, Ohio
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Melrose, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Newton, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann Elementary School, North Bergen, New Jersey
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Oakland, California
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Oak Park, Illinois
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Ogden, Utah
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Ottumwa, Iowa
 Horace Mann Elementary School (closed), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Rapid City, South Dakota
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Redmond, Washington
 Horace Mann Elementary (now Lincoln K-8) School, Rochester, Minnesota
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Saint Paul, Minnesota
 Horace Mann Elementary School, San Jose, California
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Sedalia, Missouri
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Springfield, Ohio
 Horace Mann Elementary School, St Joseph, Missouri
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Washington, D.C.
 Horace Mann Elementary School, West Allis, Wisconsin
 Horace Mann Elementary School, Woodward, Oklahoma
 Horace Mann Lab School, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri
 Horace Mann Middle School, Abilene, Texas
 Horace Mann Middle School, Amarillo, Texas
 Horace Mann Junior School, Baytown, Texas
 Horace Mann Middle School, Brandon, Florida
 Horace Mann Middle School, Charleston, West Virginia
 Horace Mann Middle School, Colorado Springs, Colorado
 Horace Mann Middle School, El Portal, Florida
 Horace Mann Middle School, Franklin, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann Middle School, Neenah, Wisconsin
 Horace Mann Middle School, North Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin
 Horace Mann Middle School, San Diego, California
 Horace Mann Middle School, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
 Horace Mann Middle School, Wausau, Wisconsin
 Horace Mann High School, North Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
 Horace Mann School, Bronx, New York
 Horace Mann School, Amesbury, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann School, Seattle, Washington
 Horace Mann School, Salem, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Allston, Massachusetts
 Mann Arts and Science Magnet Middle School, Little Rock, Arkansas
 Mann Elementary School, Long Beach, California
 Mann Elementary School, St. Louis, Missouri
 Mann Elementary School, Tacoma, Washington
 Trevista at Horace Mann Elementary School, Denver, CO
 Buena Vista Horace Mann K-8, San Francisco, California

College and university buildings

 Horace Mann Auditorium, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann Building, East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma
 Horace Mann Building, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas
 Horace Mann Center, Westfield State University in Westfield, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann Hall, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City
Horace Mann Hall, Framingham State University, Framingham, Massachusetts
 Horace Mann Hall, Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island
 Horace Mann House, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Works
  A Few Thoughts for a Young Man (Boston, 1850)
 Slavery: Letters and Speeches (1851)
 Powers and Duties of Woman (1853)
 Sermons (1861)
 Life and Complete Works of Horace Mann (2 vols., Cambridge, 1869)
 Thoughts Selected from the Writings of Horace Mann (1869)
 The Case for Public Schools
 Mann, Horace. The Life and Works of Horace Mann, with an introduction by his second wife, Mary Peabody Mann.

See also
 History of education in Massachusetts

References

Works cited

Further reading
 Cremin, Lawrence A. American Education: The National Experience (1982).
 Curti, Merle. The Social Ideas of American Educators (1935) pp. 101–38 online
 Downs, Robert B. Horace Mann: Champion of the Public Schools (1974) online
 Finkelstein, Barbara. "Perfecting Childhood: Horace Mann and the Origins of Public Education in the United States," Biography, Winter 1990, Vol. 13#1 pp. 6–20

 Hinsdale, Burke A. Horace Mann and the Common School Revival in the United States (New York, 1898), in the Great Educators series  online
 Kalvin, Louis. "The Educational Philosophy of Horace Mann" (PhD dissertation, New York University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1936 7303222).
 Kendall, Kathleen Edgerton. "Education as 'The Balance Wheel of Social Machinery': Horace Mann's Arguments and Proofs," Quarterly Journal of Speech (1968) 54#1 pp.13-21.
 Messerli, Jonathan. Horace Mann; a biography (1972) online, a standard scholarly biography
 Messerli, Jonathan. "The Early Education of Horace Mann: Home, Meeting House, and Village" Historian (1967) 29#3.
 Murphy, Garry Paul.  "Professional development of Massachusetts school teachers: An examination of the Horace Mann Teacher Program" (PhD dissertation, Boston College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1990. 9101677).
 Peterson, Paul E. Saving schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning (Harvard University Press, 2010)

 Stornello, Joe Allen. "Horace Mann and twentieth-century educational historians: Problems of ideology and knowledge in historical texts" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - Kansas City; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1998. 9900319).

 Taylor, Bob Pepperman. Horace Mann's Troubling Legacy: The Education of Democratic Citizens (University Press of Kansas, 2010).
 Vinovskis, Maris A. "Horace Mann on the Economic Productivity of Education," New England Quarterly (1970) 43#4 pp. 550–571. online
 Whiting, George C. "Horace Mann: A comparison of a traditional and a revisionist biography" (PhD dissertation,   The College of William and Mary; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1989. 8923063).
  Woodworth, Jed.  "Horace Mann and the Revolution in American Childhood" (PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2016. 10190139).

External links

 Mission & History. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.antiochcollege.edu/about/mission_and_history.html
The Horace Mann Center at Westfield State College

1796 births
1859 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Activists from Ohio
American abolitionists
American educational theorists
American Unitarians
Antioch College
Bridgewater State University
Brown University alumni
Burials at North Burying Ground (Providence)
Democratic education
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Litchfield Law School alumni
Massachusetts Free Soilers
Massachusetts state senators
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Franklin, Massachusetts
People from Yellow Springs, Ohio
Presidents of Antioch College
Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Educators from Dedham, Massachusetts
19th-century American educators

Horace Mann


Mount Taranaki () (also called Mt Egmont) is a dormant stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island. At , it is the second highest mountain in the North Island, after Mount Ruapehu. It has a secondary cone, Fanthams Peak (), , on its south side.

Name
The name Taranaki is from the Māori language. The mountain was named after Rua Taranaki, the first ancestor of the iwi (tribe) called Taranaki, one of several iwi in the region. The Māori word tara means mountain peak, and naki may come from ngaki, meaning "clear of vegetation." It was also named  ("ice mountain") and  ("hill of Naki") by iwi who lived in the region in "ancient times".

Captain Cook named it Mount Egmont on 11 January 1770 after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, a former First Lord of the Admiralty who had supported the concept of an oceanic search for Terra Australis Incognita. Cook described it as "of a prodigious height and its top cover'd with everlasting snow," surrounded by a "flat country ... which afforded a very good aspect, being clothed with wood and verdure".

When the French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne saw the mountain on 25 March 1772 he named it . He was unaware of Cook's earlier visit.

It appeared as Mount Egmont on maps until 29 May 1986, when the name officially became "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont" following a decision by the Minister of Lands. The Egmont name still applies to the national park that surrounds the peak and geologists still refer to the peak as the Egmont Volcano.

As part of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement with Ngā Iwi o Taranaki, a group of tribes in the region, the mountain will be officially named Taranaki Maunga, and will be the first natural geographic feature with an official name in Māori, rather than English. The settlement was initialled on 31 March 2023, and has been ratified by the iwi of Taranaki.

Some iwi in the region had referred to the mountain as Taranaki Mounga rather than Taranaki Maunga, per the local Māori dialect.

Geology
Mount Taranaki is situated in the sedimentary Taranaki Basin and is part of the Taranaki Volcanic Lineament which has had a  north to south migration over the last 1.75 million years. A Wadati–Benioff zone exists at about  depth and the volcano's magma has the geochemical features of an arc volcano. Under the volcano itself there is high heat flow with only about  crustal thickness although this rapidly normalises for continental crust to  east of the volcano and  to the west.

Volcanic activity
Taranaki is geologically young, having commenced activity approximately 135,000 years ago. The most recent volcanic activity was the production of a lava dome in the crater and its collapse down the side of the mountain in the 1850s or 1860s. Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks, and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every 500 years. Some of these eruptions may have occurred with very brief warning, of only days or less.

Hazards

Taranaki is unusual in that it has experienced at least five of its major eruptions by the method of cone collapse. Few volcanoes have undergone more than one cone collapse. The vast volume of material involved in these collapses is reflected in the extensive ring plain surrounding the volcano. There is also evidence of lahars being a common result of eruption. The major collapse cycles have a potential maximum size of collapse of  every 30,000 to 35,000 years. Another major collapse is expected to occur within 16,200 years.

Much of the region is at risk from lahars, which have reached as far as the coast. A volcanic event is not necessary for a lahar: even earthquakes combined with heavy rain or snow could dislodge vast quantities of unstable layers resting on steep slopes. Many farmers live in the paths of such possible destructive events.

Although volcanic eruptions are notoriously chaotic in their frequency, some scientists warn that a large eruption is "overdue". Research from Massey University indicates that significant seismic activity from the local faults is likely again in the next 50 years and such might be permissive to an eruption. What ever in the next 50 years, the probability of at least one eruption is between 33% and 42%. Prevailing winds would probably blow ash east, covering much of the North Island, and disrupting air routes, power transmission lines and local water supplies.

Older volcanoes in the area

Mount Taranaki is one of four closely associated Quaternary volcanoes in Taranaki province that have erupted from andesite magmas that have not extensively assimilated enriched crust unlike the cone volcanos of the North Island Volcanic Plateau. It sits on the remains of three older volcanic complexes that lie to the northwest. The Indo-Australian Plate is slowly moving relative to the magma source that feeds these volcanoes. This trend is reflected in Fanthams Peak, the newer secondary cone on the southeast side of Taranaki and named after Fanny Fantham who was the first European woman to climb the peak in 1887.

The oldest volcanic remnants consist of a series of lava plugs: Paritutu Rock (156 metres), which forms part of New Plymouth's harbour, and the Sugar Loaf Islands close offshore. These have been dated at 1.75 million years.

On the coast, 15 kilometres southwest of New Plymouth is the Kaitake Range (682 metres), last active approximately 500,000 years ago.

Nearest to Taranaki is the Pouakai Range. Pouakai may have originated around the same time as Kaitake but remained active until about 240,000 years ago. Much of Pouakai's large ring plain was obliterated by the Egmont Volcano, the hills near Eltham being the only remnant to the south.

Māori mythology

According to Māori mythology, Taranaki once resided in the middle of the North Island, with all the other New Zealand volcanoes. The beautiful Pihanga was coveted by all the mountains, and a great battle broke out between them. Tongariro eventually won the day, inflicted great wounds on the side of Taranaki, and causing him to flee. Taranaki headed westwards, following Te Toka a Rahotu (the Rock of Rahotu) and forming the deep gorges of the Whanganui River, paused for a while, creating the depression that formed the Te Ngaere swamp, then heading north. Further progress was blocked by the Pouakai Ranges, and as the sun came up Taranaki became petrified in his current location. When Taranaki conceals himself with rainclouds, he is said to be crying for his lost love, and during spectacular sunsets, he is said to be displaying himself to her. In turn, Tongariro's eruptions are said to be a warning to Taranaki not to return.

History

In 1865 the mountain was confiscated from Māori by the New Zealand Government under the powers of the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, ostensibly as a means of establishing and maintaining peace amid the Second Taranaki War. The legislation was framed with the intention of seizing and dividing up the land of Māori "in rebellion" and providing it as farmland for military settlers. In 1839 the mountain had been climbed by the Swiss trained doctor and naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach. During his initial ascent, he identified the fast-flowing streams as being well suited to water driven mills. Dieffenbach was employed by the New Zealand Company to advise on the potential of land he explored in the North Island in 1839–40.

The mountain was returned to the people of Taranaki in 1978 by means of the Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978, which vested it to the Taranaki Maori Trust Board. By means of the same Act, it was immediately passed back to the Government as a gift to the nation. The Waitangi Tribunal, in its 1996 report, Kaupapa Tuatahi, observed: "We are unaware of the evidence that the hapū agreed to this arrangement. Many who made submissions to us were adamant that most knew nothing of it." It cited a submission that suggested the political climate of 1975 was such that the board felt it was necessary to perform a gesture of goodwill designed to create a more favourable environment within which a monetary settlement could be negotiated.

Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji, Taranaki provided the backdrop for the 2003 film The Last Samurai.

In 2017, a record of understanding was signed between Taranaki iwi and the New Zealand government that will see the mountain become a legal personality. It is the third geographic feature in the country to be granted a legal personality, after Te Urewera and Whanganui River.

On 2 December 2019, an agreement between the crown and Ngā Iwi o Taranaki was announced that the mountain was to only be referred to as Taranaki Maunga. The national park will be renamed from Egmont National Park to Te Papakura o Taranaki. The name change has not yet been ratified by the New Zealand Geographic Board.

National park

In 1881, a circular area with a radius of six miles (9.6 km) from the summit was protected as a forest reserve. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouakai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve and in 1900 all this land was gazetted as Egmont National Park, the second national park in New Zealand. There are parts of the national park where old-growth forests are found. With intensively-farmed dairy pasture right up to the park boundary, the change in vegetation is sharply delineated as a circular shape in satellite images.

Recreation

The Stratford Mountain Club operates the Manganui skifield on the eastern slope. Equipment access to the skifield is by flying fox across the Manganui Gorge.

The Taranaki Alpine Club maintains Tahurangi Lodge on the north slope of the mountain, next to the television tower. The lodge is frequently used as the base for public climbs to the summit held in the summer months. The various climbing and tramping clubs organize these public events and provide informal guides.

Syme Hut is located near Fanthams Peak. It is maintained by the Department of Conservation and is available to trampers on a first come first served basis.

For the average person, Taranaki would be considered a moderate mountain to climb. It takes a person with good fitness level a day to make the up-and-back climb. Weather on the mountain can change rapidly, which has caught inexperienced trampers and climbers unawares. As of 27 June 2017, 84 people have died on the mountain since records began in 1891, many having been caught by a sudden change in the weather. In terms of fatalities this mountain is the second most dangerous mountain in New Zealand after Aoraki / Mount Cook.

Gallery

Access

There are three roads leading part-way up the mountain. The highest is to East Egmont plateau, with a viewing platform and parking facilities for the skifield. It lies at the transition between subalpine scrub and alpine herbfields.

There are park visitor centres at North Egmont and at Dawson Falls on the southeast side.

The eastern side from Stratford leads to the Stratford Mountain House, and the ski field.

There is no road access on the western side. However, a road winds for 10 km through native bush over the saddle between Pouakai and Kaitake. Near the top of this road is the renowned Pukeiti Trust rhododendron garden.

Transmitter
The Mount Egmont transmitter is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Taranaki region. It is located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain adjacent to Tahurangi Lodge. The first transmitter at the site was commissioned by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) in 1966 to relay Wellington's WNTV1 channel (now part of TVNZ 1).

See also
 List of mountains of New Zealand by height
 List of volcanoes in New Zealand
 National parks of New Zealand
 Volcanism of New Zealand

Notes

References

External links

 New Zealand Mountain Safety Council's video on the Mount Taranaki Summit Route
 Climbing Taranaki - from peakbagging.org.nz
 Mt Egmont photos
 Taranaki Volcano Cam
 Volcanic Taranaki - Puke Ariki

Mountains of Taranaki
Volcanoes of Taranaki
Mount Taranaki
Active volcanoes
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
Mount Taranaki
Environmental personhood
Holocene stratovolcanoes

Mount Taranaki


Lidophia graminis, twist fungus, is a fungus found in southern Australia, the Middle East and Europe. Recent research by scientists from Western Australia has found the fungus is capable of controlling organisms that cause the disease of livestock known as annual ryegrass toxicity. An inoculum of the fungus was developed.

References

External links
argt.com.au

Dothideales

Lidophia graminis


Gaston V (died 1170, before 30 April) was the Viscount of Béarn, Gabardan, and Brulhois from 1153 to his death.

He was the son of Peter II and a Matelle de Baux. When his father died in 1153, he inherited his title under the regency of his grandmother Guiscarda. When Guiscarda died in 1154, the Bearnese assembly put him under the tutelage of Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona and did homage to the Catalan at Canfranc. Up until this point, Béarn had been de facto independent. It had long ceased to recognize the suzerainty of the Duchy of Aquitaine and had interacted with the King of Aragon as an equal. With this act, however, it passed into the vassalage of the Aragonese Empire.

After attaining his majority, Gaston married Sancha, daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre, in 1165. However, the couple had no children and he eventually retired to a monastery of the Hospitallers and there he died, leaving Béarn to his sister who became Mary, Viscount of Béarn.

References

1170 deaths
Viscounts of Béarn
Viscounts of Gabardan
Viscounts of Brulhois
Year of birth unknown

Gaston V, Viscount of Béarn


Helen Gurley Brown (February 18, 1922 – August 13, 2012) was an American author, publisher, and businesswoman. She was editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan magazine for 32 years.

Early life
Brown was born in Green Forest, Arkansas on February 18, 1922, the daughter of Cleo and Ira Marvin Gurley.

Career
After working at the William Morris Agency, Music Corporation of America, and Sam Jaffe talent agencies she went to work for Foote, Cone & Belding advertising agency as a secretary. Brown became well-known for her writing skills and moved her to the copywriting department where she advanced rapidly to become one of the nation's highest paid ad copywriters in the early 1960s.  In 1959 she married David Brown, who later became the producer of Jaws, The Sting, Cocoon, Driving Miss Daisy, and other motion pictures.

In September, 2008, she was named the 13th most powerful American over the age of 80 by Slate magazine.

After more than 50 years of marriage, her husband, David Brown, died at age 93 on February 1, 2010.

Together with her husband David, Helen Gurley established the David and Helen Gurley Brown Institute for Media Innovation. This institution will be housed at both the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Stanford University School of Engineering|Stanford's Engineering School. Their $30 million donation to the two schools will be used to develop journalism in the context of new technologies.

Death
Brown died at the McKeen Pavilion at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia after a brief hospitalization; she was 90.  In its statement announcing the news, Hearst Publications did not disclose a cause.

Awards
1985 Matrix Award from New York Women in Communications
 1995: Henry Johnson Fisher Award from the Magazine Publishers of America
 1996: American Society of Magazine Editors' Hall of Fame Award
 1998 Editor of the Year by Advertising Age magazine

References

Other websites
Helen Gurley Brown Papers and finding aid from the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith Collection
(26 June 2003) "Sex and the Octogenarian"  (Telegraph Interview)
Brown Institute for Media Innovation

1922 births
2012 deaths
American editors
American feminists
American chief executives
Writers from Arkansas
American publishers

Helen Gurley Brown


Garndiffaith Viaduct is a largely stone-built railway viaduct that formerly carried the former Brynmawr and Blaenavon Railway over the valley of the Avon Ffrwd at the lower end of the village of Garndiffaith, Torfaen in South Wales. It is Grade II listed.

The viaduct was engineered by John Gardiner between 1876 and 1877 to extend the LNWR line that principally carried coal from Brynmawr and Blaenavon to meet the Great Western Railway at Abersychan and Talywain.

In 1912 the lines were opened to passenger services operated by the GWR as well as mineral trains, making it easier for miners and other workers to travel up and down the valley. This service ceased in 1941 due to the exigencies of the Second World War, but the viaduct remained in use until 1980 when the last mineral train left Blaenavons' Big Pit mine. The track was shortly dismantled by British Rail thereafter.

The viaduct today

Today the viaduct has survived well into preservation and is in relatively good condition, now forming part of the National Cycle Network Route 46. However, reopening the viaduct to railway traffic has become one of the long-term ambitions of the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway as the viaduct is wide enough to accommodate route-sharing, in which the preserved P&BR could expand over it alongside the cycle-route.

References

Viaduct from Incline, June 2008
Photo 1 of Garndiffath Viaduct
Photo 2 of Garndiffath Viaduct

Railway bridges in Monmouthshire
Railway viaducts in Wales
Pedestrian bridges in Wales
Grade II listed buildings in Torfaen
Former railway bridges in the United Kingdom

Garndiffaith Viaduct


This is a list of national slogans used by organized opposing' teams, or by its nationalist citizens who are attempting to organize fellow patriotism respectively.

Glossary of national slogans
  "Joy Bangla"! — Victory to Thee, i.e Mother Bengal
  "Jai Hind"! — May India Triumph Always; Mother Carrier
  "Ireland Forever" — It is used to express allegiance to Ireland.
  "Pakistan Zindabad, Azadi Paendabad"! — lit. Long Live the Pure Land' meaning, ("Victory to Pakistan") is a slogan used by Pakistanis as an expression of victory or patriotism, often used in political speeches.
  "Make Britain Great Again"! — Encouragement more Brits to seek out that made-in-Britain stamp; The epicentre of Britain's maritime heritage.
  "God Bless America"! — For God's blessing and peace for the nation ("... We stand beside her and guide her through the night...").

Nationalism

List of national slogans


Matthew Jason Anderson (born August 17, 1976) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) relief pitcher. The first overall pick in the 1997 MLB Draft, he played for the Detroit Tigers and Colorado Rockies between 1998 and 2005.

Early life and college career
Anderson attended St. Xavier High School, which was also attended by MLB players Paul Byrd, Chris Burke, and Jack Savage. After high school, he went on to Rice University. In 1995, Anderson was a Southwest Conference all-star. In 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and was named the league's top pro prospect. In 1997 he was a Western Athletic Conference all-star and a First Team College All-American. Anderson set Rice University records for career wins (30) and saves (14), and also posted a 1.82 earned run average (ERA) during his final year with the team. In the 1997 amateur entry draft, Anderson was selected first overall by the Detroit Tigers. He eventually signed with the team for a $2.5 million signing bonus.

Professional career
Anderson was named the 24th best prospect in 1998 by Baseball America. In 1998, he was called up by the Tigers from the minors, where he had an ERA under 0.70. In his first Major League season, he went 5–1 with a 3.27 ERA in 42 games. He also struck out 44 batters in 44 innings pitched. Anderson's numbers were never again as impressive as those of his rookie season, although he was able to record 22 saves (with a 4.82 ERA) in 2001.

In May 2002, Anderson tore a muscle in the armpit of his throwing arm while throwing a bullpen session. Earlier the same day, he had participated in a Tigers-sponsored fan octopus-throwing contest along with Jeff Weaver, leading to the perception (though disputed by Anderson) that he'd torn the muscle in hopes of winning Detroit Red Wings playoff tickets. After returning from the injury, he was unable to hit 90 mph on his fastball in his remaining days in Detroit, after regularly topping 100 mph on the radar gun, including a high mark of 103 mph twice.

After spending all of 2004 in AAA for the Tigers, Anderson made his final appearances in the bigs in 2005. Anderson walked 11 batters and gave up 19 hits in 10 innings with the Colorado Rockies that season.

Anderson started the 2006 season with the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies in the San Francisco Giants organization. After going 1–2 with a 9.17 ERA in 29 games in relief with them, he was released by the Giants and signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the independent Atlantic League, where he went 1–1 with a 4.11 ERA in 15 games.

After not pitching at all in 2007, he was signed to a minor league contract with a non-roster invitation to spring training for 2008 by the Chicago White Sox. He did not make the team and pitched for the Charlotte Knights, the White Sox's Triple-A team.

On January 14, 2011, Anderson signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. On April 2, 2011, he was released.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Detroit Tigers players
Colorado Rockies players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Louisville, Kentucky
Lakeland Tigers players
Jacksonville Suns players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Charlotte Knights players
Rice Owls baseball players
Chatham Anglers players
All-American college baseball players

Matt Anderson (baseball)


Senthuran Varatharajah is a German writer of Tamil origin. Born in Jaffna, he moved to Germany as a child. He studied in Marburg, Berlin and London. His debut novel Vor der Zunahme der Zeichen appeared in 2016 and won numerous prizes, among them the 3sat Prize, the Alfred Doblin Fellowship of the Berlin Academy of Arts, the Berlin Senate Fellowship, the Kranichsteiner Literaturförderpreis, the Bremer Literaturförderpreis, the Chamisso Award and the Rauris Literatur Prize.

References

German male writers
German people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Living people
People from Jaffna
Sri Lankan Tamil writers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Senthuran Varatharajah


Yoel Judah (born July 23, 1956) is the eldest member of the Brooklyn-based Judah boxing family.  He has been a martial artist, three-time world champion kickboxer, and boxing trainer and manager.

Boxing and kickboxing career

Johnny Saxton, who twice won the world welterweight championship, was Judah's uncle.  Judah had a brief boxing career in the 1980s, going 1–1 in two fights. He is also a 9th-degree black belt and former three-time world kickboxing champion, trained at one point by Billy Slinker.

Training and managing career
He has been the trainer and manager of his sons Zab Judah, Daniel Judah, and Josiah Judah. He has also trained heavyweight Shannon Briggs.

Melee, license revocation, fine, and aftermath

He received national attention for his involvement in the melee in round 10 of the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Zab Judah fight on April 8, 2006.  After Zab hit Mayweather below the belt and with a rabbit punch, Roger Mayweather (Mayweather Jr.'s trainer) stormed the ring and went after Zab. Referee Richard Steele had Roger restrained until Yoel entered the ring and threw a right hand at Roger—an act that caused the ring to fill with Mayweather's camp members, security officers, and Las Vegas police.  On May 8, 2006, the Nevada State Athletic Commission fined Yoel $100,000 and revoked his training license for one year.

When Zab Judah was involved in a later controversy, this time the recipient of what his angry cornerman Tommy Smalls believed were flagrant low blows by WBA welterweight champion Miguel Cotto in their June 9, 2007, fight before a sold-out crowd at Madison Square Garden, the father this time played a calming role, telling Smalls "What's done is done."

Religion

The Judahs are Black Hebrews, and often attend Jewish Sabbath services.  Judah is an avowed Hebrew Israelite, and Judah's family has declared themselves Jewish.

See also
 List of male kickboxers
 Notable boxing families

References

External links
 Yoel Judah interview at BraggingRightsCorner.com

Boxers from New York (state)
American boxing managers
American boxing trainers
American male kickboxers
Kickboxers from New York (state)
Welterweight kickboxers
Black Hebrew Israelite people
Lightweight boxers
Living people
Judah family
1956 births
American male boxers

Yoel Judah


Frida Escobedo (born 1979) is a Mexican architect. She specifically designs and restores urban spaces: housing, community centers, art venues, and hotels. When creating, Escobedo illustrates her works within a general theme of time, not in a historical context but rather in a social context. She founded her own architectural and Design Studio in 2006 which is located in Mexico City. Escobedo is known for creating temporary and interactive works which can accommodate multiple intended purposes.

In 2018, she became the youngest architect to work on the Serpentine Pavilion, and the second woman to be invited after Zaha Hadid designed the first in 2000. Her architectural work includes projects such as the courtyard at La Tallera in Cuernavaca, while her artistic undertakings can be seen in places such as the Museo Experimental el Eco in the Mexico City or the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Escobedo was named one of the top 30 most influential architects in London by ArchDaily because of her work on the Serpentine Pavilion.

Education and career
Escobedo studied architecture at the Universidad Iberoamericana and received a master's degree in Art, Design and the Public Domain at Harvard's Graduate School of Design. Since 2007 she has been teaching at the Universidad Iberoamericana. She has participated as a judge for the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Boston Architectural College and the Monterrey Institute of Technology in Mexico. Escobedo has taught classes at Columbia University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, Harvard Graduate School of Design, and the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London.

Escobedo is currently still based in Mexico City working in Colonia Juarez central area, where she works as an independent architect in an office with nine other colleagues. she enjoys collaborating  on projects with other architects.

In 2003, with Alejandro Alarcón, she founded the "Perro Rojo" studio. One of the most recognized works is "Casa Negra", which was designed in complete freedom by a person who wished to live surrounded by nature. Her first residential project was influenced by the function of a camera obscura, in the third instalment of a series of short movies about the Mexican architect. The block structure is mounted on four tubes and lifted above the earth, and the rooms are located inside this structure. The design was finished with a large window to create total visibility of the City of Mexico, evoking the sensation of being behind a large camera.

In 2006, "Perro Rojo" was dissolved and Escobedo began her own architecture and design firm. She has designed under her own name from the firms inception to the current day.

In 2010, her installation at the Museo Experimental el Eco featured moveable cement slabs intended to accommodate lectures and speakers.

In 2013 she created a circular arena and in 2015 designed a series of mirrored complexes in the courtyard of the Victoria and Albert Museum. When creating, Escobedo illustrates her works within a general theme of time, but not in a historical context but rather in a social context.

In 2018 Escobedo designed the Serpentine Pavilion for the London's Kensington Gardens. In her design she used materials and architectural styles from both Britain and Mexico in order to create a work that would capture the historical and cultural aspects of each country. The exhibit was open to the public from June 15 to October 7, 2018. The design of the Pavilion is an allusion to courtyards typically attached to houses in Mexico. The structure featured latticed walls of British made cement which allow both light and wind to pass through; the open, yet enclosed structure Escobedo designed is intended to create an illusion of secrecy. She also makes use of a small pool and a mirrored ceiling which creates a contrast between light and shadow that changes throughout the day as the sun moves angles, the shadows that shift resembles the passage of the day.

In 2019, Escobedo designed a Mexican Pre-Columbian inspired bag for Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A., using concrete block patterning inspired by her design of the Mar Tirreno 86 house in Mexico City.

In 2019, Escabado sourced rammed earth from the Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico for the bricks in her design of Aesop's Park Slope, Brooklyn location. "It has a completely different texture and tone [than Brooklyn brick]. It's really special," says Escobedo. Her team arranged the bricks in stacks with opposing diagonal rows creating a grid that just out into the store. Escabado studied Anni Albers' patterns and drawing to aid in the design of this grid. The storefront is a 19th century building at the corner of Fifth Avenue and President Street and had formerly been a veterinarian clinic that specialized in cats. The Park Slope location is her seventh collaboration with Aesop.

In 2022, Escobedo was selected to renovate the Oscar L. Tang and H.M. Agnes Hsu-Tang Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.  Metropolitan Museum of Art director Max Hollein said "Frida Escobedo is an outstanding architect of our time. In her practice, she wields architecture as a way to create powerful spatial and communal experiences, and she has shown dexterity and sensitivity in her elegant use of material while bringing sincere attention to today's socioeconomic and ecological issues. Already through her partnership, Frida has demonstrated her vision to create enthralling galleries that will challenge the embedded hierarchies of our history and chart a more accessible trajectory for the new wing." Escobedo is the first woman to design a wing at The Met.

With each new project, Escobado delves into multiple references before producing the proposed artwork. In the early stages of the circular construction System_01 built for the exhibition Open House in Geneva, for example, she mentioned the archeological sites of Stonehenge in England and Nabta Playa in Upper Egypt with their megalithic monuments arranged in a circle, but also the tepees of the Great Plains Indians and the huts of lake-dwellers as we have long imagined them on the shores of Swiss lakes. Louise Bourgeois's drawings of spiderwebs are just as much a part of the architect's references as Archimedes' treatise Measurement of a Circle. The three cylindrical wooden elements are differently proportioned in terms of their circumference and height, designed according to mathematical relationships, and largely open, like 360° viewpoints on the park. They form spaces that the public is invited to take over and use. Escobedo defends the idea that an architectural design is always brought to completion by the way it is inhabited.

Early years
As a child Escobedo accompanied her father to the hospital where he worked as a doctor. The hospital is where she spent her time staring out the window at near by housing complexes. In an Interview with Architectural Digest, Escobedo says she was "trying to understand how space reflects people's personalities," by looking out the window. She reveals later in the interview that people's emotions and relationships are revealed by building's design.

Escobedo didn't always know she was going to be an architect, "Some people have like a very clear idea of what they want to do in life very early on. I didn't. I was 17 when I had to decide what career I needed to choose". However Escobedo never doubted she was going to be in a creative field. after her first week of architecture school she knew architecture was her passion.

Works

2004 – Casa Negra (in collaboration with Alejandro Alarcón) - Mexico City
 2006 – Restoration at the Hotel Boca Chica (in collaboration with José Rojas) - Acapulco, Mexico
 2008 – Project by Ordos 100
 2008 - Hotel Boca Chica
 2010 – Pavilion at the Museo Experimental el Eco - Mexico City
2010 - Hotel Boca Chica (in collaboration with José Rojas) - Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
 2012 – Restoration de La Tallera, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
 2013 – Plaza Cívica - Lisbon
2014 - Libreria Octavio Paz - Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
 2015 – Installation at the Victoria & Albert Museum
2015 - Aesop Wynwood - Miami FL, EUA
2016 - Aesop Coconut Grove - Miami FL, EUA
2016 - GSB Stanford at Highland Halls, GSB Stanford University - Palo Alto CA, EUA
2017 - Aesop West Loop - Chicago IL, EUA
 2017 - Exhibition at Arthur Ross Architecture Gallery - Columbia University, New York
2017 - Del territorio al habitante at Laboratorio de Vivienda Infonavit - Apan, Hidalgo, Mexico
 2018 - Serpentine Pavilion 2018
 2018 - Casa Julia (Julia House), Ocuilan, State of Mexico, Mexico
2019 - Aesop Park Slope - Brooklyn NY, EUA
2019 - Mar Tirreno - Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
2020 - Niddo Cafe  (in collaboration with Mauricio Mesta) - Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
2022 - System_01 Pavilion - Open House exhibition, Geneva
2022 (announced, opening TBA) - Oscar L. Tang and H.M. Agnes Hsu-Tang Wing (renovation), The Met– New York, NY.

Awards and prizes
 2004 – Young Creators' Scholarship from the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Mexico
 2009 – Winner of the Young Architects Forum, part of Architectural Association of New York.
 2010 – Marcelo Zambrano Scholarship
 2013 – Nominated for Arc Vision Prize for Women
 2012 – Her work was featured at the Venice Biennale of Architecture, at the Mission Cultural Center for the Latino Arts in San Francisco, and at Storefront for Art and Architecture.
 2012 – Finalist for the programme Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative.
 2014 -  Ibero-American Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism Prize (IX BIAU)
 2016 – Emerging Architecture Award, Architectural Review
 2017 - Architectural League Emerging Voices

References

External links

 Interview with Scraper Magazine
Ferris, Natalie, "Frida Escobedo, Sending Ripples Across Space and Time," Space Volume, no. 610 (Sept 2018): p 30-35.
Foges, Chris, "Frida Escobedo's Serpentine Pavilion Explores the Passage of Time," Architectural Record Volume, no. 206 (July 2018): p 27.
"Mar Tirreno Residences, Mexico City: Frida Escobedo, Filtered Light," Domus Volume, no. 1053 (Jan 2021): p 28-33.

Living people
1979 births
Mexican women architects
Universidad Iberoamericana alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
21st-century Mexican architects
Academic staff of Universidad Iberoamericana

Frida Escobedo


Anne Debelle, Princesse d'Essling (28 July 1802 –  28 January 1887), was a French courtier. She served as Grand-Maitresse (senior lady-in-waiting) to Empress Eugénie de Montijo in 1853–1870.

Life

She was the daughter of Jean-François Joseph Debelle and Marguerite Justine Deschaux. She married the amateur ornithologist François Victor Masséna, 2nd Duke of Rivoli and 3rd Prince d'Essling, in 1823. She had four children.

Court career

After the introduction of the Second Empire and the marriage of Emperor Napoleon III to Eugénie de Montijo, she was appointed to the Household of the new Empress. The ladies-in-waiting of the new Empress consisted of a Grand-Maitresse or senior lady-in-waiting, the Princesse d'Essling; a Dame d'honneur or deputy, the Duchesse de Bassano, who both attended court on grand functions; and six (later twelve) Dame du Palais, who were selected from among the acquaintances to the Empress prior to her marriage, and who alternated in pairs fulfilling the daily duties.

As Grande-Maitresse, Anne d'Essling was first in rank of all female courtiers.  It was her task to supervise all the other ladies-in-waiting and their schedule, and receive all applications from people wishing to be given an audience with the empress. In practice, however, she normally delegated this to the next in rank, dame d'honneur Pauline de Bassano.  Alongside the dame d'honneur, it was also her task to be present at the side of the empress at all grander public representational state occasions, and she was as such a well known public figure. She did not attend court daily but only on state functions and important events, such as state dinners. She did, however, make a formal visit to the Tuilieres each day when Eugenie was in Paris, to learn the empress' wishes, and then leave again.  It was noted how she often saved the empress from making a blunder with her naming list, as the functions Eugenie was required to host was so large that she often forgot the names of her guests.  She accompanied the emperor and empress on the state visit to Great Britain in 1857.

She was also a well connected society hostess, and her "elegant and eclectic salon" in the Rue Jean Goujon was "one of the most charming centers of polite Paris".

Anne d'Essling has been described as thin and fragile in her appearance, and stiff, formal and proud in her behavior, though closer acquaintances saw her as friendly and intelligent.
She was described in retrospect:
Pretty and refined in appearance, with an exceedingly lofty manner, though small in stature, the Princesse d'Essling occupied throughout the entire duration of the empire the highest position in her Majesty's service. Scrupulously particular regarding her dignity, she never went out unless she rode in state. [...] She was the sort of woman to mount the steps of the scaffold with dignity, like the ladies of Marie-Antoinette's court. She seemed, on first acquaintance, somewhat stiff and formal, but was in reality extremely kindhearted and intelligent. After the war, being old and feeble, she withdrew almost entirely from social activity; but the number of friends who still clung to her and who remained her faithful adherents proved the high esteem in which she was held.

She remained in service until the fall of the monarchy and was present with the Empress in the Tuileries Palace during the fall of the Second Empire in 1870. She then retired from high society life.

Legacy
She belongs to the ladies-in-waiting depicted with Eugenie in the famous painting Empress Eugénie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting by Franz Xaver Winterhalter from 1855.

René Primevère Lesson named the "Anna's hummingbird" after her.

References

 Seward, Desmond: Eugénie. An empress and her empire.  (2004)
 Allison Unruh: Aspiring to la Vie Galante: Reincarnations of Rococo in Second Empire France
 Philip Walsingham Sergeant: The last empress of the French (1907)
 Carette Madame:  Recollections of the court of the Tuileries (1890)
 Anna L. Bicknell: Life in the Tuileries under the Second Empire

1802 births
1887 deaths
French duchesses
French ladies-in-waiting
People of the Second French Empire
Place of birth missing
Ladies-in-waiting to Eugénie de Montijo

Anne d'Essling


Body is  an album by Australian improvised music trio The Necks first released on the Fish of Milk label in 2018 in Australia and on the Northern Spy label in the US.

Reception

Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, awarded the album a score of 84, based on 9 reviews which is considered as "Universal acclaim".

Pitchfork's Grayson Haver Currin called the album "engrossing and overwhelming" and noted "for the first time, the trio indulges its rock'n'roll instincts, resulting in one of the most powerful albums in the band's catalog ... Body feels newly reflective of our space and time, a stark and jarring statement about the precipice of modern life. This is as high as the Necks have ever taken us and, as such, as low as they've ever left us".

In JazzTimes Mike Shanley noted "it comes as a bit of a surprise that Body, the Australian trio's 20th album, begins with the band in the midst of a groove ... Unlike any jazz group, they sound closer to indie-rock bands such as Yo La Tengo or Stereolab, which have been known to sustain energy for extended periods while playing drones like this ... it's hard to walk away from the music until it's done".

Tiny Mix Tapes' Jazz Scott called it "enthralling" Rolling Stone critic Christopher R. Weingarten wrote that the album "swerves from their 30-year career of gorgeous ambient washes and fragile improv interplay, instead opting for muscle and hypnosis. This nearly 57-minute piece is held together by drummer Tony Buck's right arm, which taps out ride-cymbal eighth notes while the band ebbs and flows, builds and collapses, churns and soars. This album is really Buck's show, his overdubbed percussion accents clanking like a Rube Goldberg machine ... Body doesn't have the telekinetic bond of the Necks' famed live show, or the gorgeous ambience of recent albums like Vertigo and Untold, but it brings these veterans into a different space".

Thom Jurek reviewed the album for Allmusic explaining "This is a single hourlong work with four distinct sections, performed in unhurried articulation and elucidation as a unit -- no one solos, all the time ,,,  The Necks move incrementally forward in their quest for the musical unknown on Body; it displays all their creative strengths in a single typically engrossing work".

Uncut selected it as number 50 on their Best New Albums of 2018 list.

Track listing
Composed by Chris Abrahams, Tony Buck and Lloyd Swanton
 "Body" - 56:38

Personnel
Chris Abrahams – piano, organ
Lloyd Swanton – bass
Tony Buck – drums, guitar

References

2018 albums
The Necks albums
Northern Spy Records albums

Body (The Necks album)


Survival of the fittest is a famous phrase of Herbert Spencer which describes the idea that, in nature, there is competition to survive and reproduce. It is a metaphor, as are the phrases struggle for existence, and natural selection, both of which were used by Charles Darwin. Scientists often use such metaphors as shorthand for key ideas. These metaphors stick in the mind, but they need to be properly understood, or they may be used wrongly.

Spencer invented the phrase
Herbert Spencer was a British social philosopher who applied his personal conception of evolution to many other fields, from the origin of the solar system to economics. He first used the term in his book Principles of Biology, published in 1864. In that book (vol 1 p444) he wrote: "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life".

Spencer later published a book called The Man versus the State. There, he used the phrase to explain why societies of a militant type would not adopt his theories. The way he uses the term suggests he is talking about a general principle.

Thus by survival of the fittest, the militant type of society becomes characterized by profound confidence in the governing power, joined with a loyalty causing submission to it in all matters whatever.

Darwin using the phrase
In the first four editions of On the Origin of Species, Darwin used only the phrase natural selection. It was his way of making an analogy with artificial selection (selective breeding), a practice which was well understood in England at that time.

Spencer's Principles of Biology was the first to use the phrase survival of the fittest in print. Darwin agreed that the phrase survival of the fittest was better than natural selection. Natural selection personified nature, but was really about survival. Survival of the fittest would avoid this problem, but it "lost the analogy between nature's selection and the fanciers" (breeders). The phrase was first used by Darwin in the 5th edition of The Origin published in 1869, in which Chapter 4 describes "Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest".

In the introduction to the 5th edition Darwin gave full credit to Spencer, writing "I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man's power of selection. But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient".

So did Wallace
The co-discoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, also used the terms survival of the fittest and struggle for existence. He rather preferred the last two terms to natural selection. Since both these evolutionists used them, the three metaphors were obviously useful in getting over what were, at the time, unfamiliar ideas.

Current use of the phrase
The phrase survival of the fittest is shorthand for the fact that not all members of a species will contribute equally to the next generation. It is not a value judgement, but a concept of evolution equivalent to natural selection. Fitness is now used in a highly technical sense in population genetics, which should not be confused with its use in everyday language.

Today, the phrase survival of the fittest is widely used in popular literature for many topics, not just those related to biology. It has widely been used both by people who are in favour of Social Darwinism and those who are against it. It has also been used to talk about competition of all kinds. Popular literature often uses the phrase as a catchphrase. All such extensions of a metaphor need to be watched carefully. They may preserve the original meaning, or they may not.

References

Evolutionary biology
Metaphors referring to nature

ta:தக்கன பிழைக்கும்

Survival of the fittest


Andy Hughes (11 November 1965 – 12 June 2009) was an English electronic music producer. He is best known for his work with the Orb, where he helped mix and produce Orbus Terrarum, Orblivion, and Cydonia, as well as The Orb's singles from this period.  Hughes left The Orb during the production of Cydonia, which was reworked after his departure.  In 2009, he mastered the Orb's Baghdad Batteries (Orbsessions Volume III) for release.  He also did additional original production work and performed remixes for the Cranberries and Tangerine Dream.

Prior to his Orb years he had helped to design and build the studios for Bunk Junk & Genius and worked with many famous artists.

Andy Hughes died aged 43 of liver failure, at the Liver Intensive Care Unit at King's College Hospital in London, on 12 June 2009. He had one son and one daughter.

References

External links

Obituary in The Independent by Pierre Perrone

English electronic musicians
English record producers
The Orb members
1965 births
2009 deaths
People from Harrow, London
Deaths from kidney failure

Andy Hughes


M89SR sniper rifle is a gas operated semi-automatic sniper rifle produced by Technical Consultants International (TCI), an Israeli company based in Tel Aviv.

The M89SR was first introduced as the Sardius M36 Sniper Weapon System (SWS) in the 1980s. The rifle is based on the American M14 rifle in bullpup configuration, and uses the same 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. It was intended to replace the M14, though Sardius were unable to secure financing. When Sardius went out of business, Technical Consulting International (TCI) obtained the licence to produce the M36. They made some adjustments, such as adding a new carbon fiber stock, and it was renamed the M89SR (Model 89 Sniper Rifle).

The rifle was used by the Israel Defense Forces, in urban warfare and on the battlefield. The rifle is much shorter than an assault rifle even with a sound suppressor attached, making it easy to conceal. It is also relatively light, and is more accurate than other sniper rifles.

Only a small number were used, in the undercover unit Sayeret Duvdevan. It was more successful abroad, and was sold to some special forces units.

See also
List of bullpup firearms
List of sniper rifles
Science and technology in Israel

References

7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
Sniper rifles of Israel
Bullpup rifles

M89SR sniper rifle