Face the Music is the fifth studio album by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO). It was released in September 1975 by United Artists Records and on 14 November 1975 in the United Kingdom by Jet Records. The album moves away from the large-scale classical orchestrated sound from the previous album, Eldorado, in favour of more "radio-friendly" pop/rock songs, though the string sections are still very prominent. The new sound proved successful for the group as Face the Music was the first ELO album to go platinum.

Overview
By January 1975, bass player Mike de Albuquerque and cellist Mike Edwards had left the band during the Eldorado recording sessions and subsequent tour, respectively. Bass player Kelly Groucutt and classically trained cellist Melvyn Gale both joined the band as their replacements. Following the conclusion of the Eldorado's European leg of the tour, the band began recording the new album at Musicland Studios in Munich, Germany. ELO had frequently opened for Deep Purple for the initial North American leg of the Eldorado Tour, and Deep Purple had recommended Musicland to ELO. This was the first time ELO recorded at Musicland and the band would later return to record most of the future albums here due to frontman Jeff Lynne's great fondness for it and his working relationship with sound engineer Mack.

Lynne, also the band's sole songwriter, wanted to move towards more tunes that would be memorable rather than the usual progressive-rock style of the group's first three albums and straight symphonic sound of the Eldorado. New measures were taken to ensure a more-complex but satisfying sound, such as backing female vocalists of Ellie Greenwich, Susan Collins, Nancy O'Neill and Margaret Raymond, a choir, and the band's string trio of Mik Kaminski, Hugh McDowell and Melvyn Gale mixed into the backing 30-piece string section and also allowing them to perform some of the solos on the records. While Lynne was the lead vocalist for a vast majority of the band's songs, Kelly Groucutt sang lead vocals on "Poker" and (alternating with Lynne) on "Nightrider", giving the tracks a dynamic sound. The backing orchestra was recorded separately from the band's initial sessions, being recorded instead at De Lane Lea Studios in London, England.

The back cover of the record sleeve shows the members of the band with their faces pressed against a glass panel, supposedly watching the "electrocution" depicted on the front cover. Richard Tandy is looking away, because he didn't like the idea and didn't want to participate.

The new lineup introduced for this album became a stabilized and iconic one for the band's next 5 years and has been called by ELO fans the "classic line-up".

Songs

Side One

"Fire on High"

"Fire on High" is the opening track of the album.

It begins with a haunting synthesizer (provided by Richard Tandy) playing a repeating broken chord of E♭, A, C, A along with a backing choir. The backing orchestration is minimal, featuring small bits here and there during which a "knocking" sound suddenly appears and fades out before a baritone voice fades in speaking a back-masked message. Drummer, Bev Bevan provided the voice and when the record is played backwards, he exclaims "The music is reversible but time is not. Turn back, turn back, turn back, turn back". This inclusion was a joke by Jeff Lynne, who faced mild controversy from a Christian fundamentalist group, accusing him of including backwards Satanic messages on the track "Eldorado" from their previous album of the same name. The orchestration grows as a choir chants "Hallelujah" similar to the fashion of Handel's "Messiah". The haunting opening concludes with the backing orchestra repeating the same broken chord as the synthesizer before transitioning into a more symphonic-rock bridge accompanied by the drums. The synthesizer plays an arpeggio during which the strings play riffs. Following this, Lynne provides a guitar-solo and the strings follow after. The song suddenly shifts to a rock sound with a prominent acoustic guitar riff where Kelly Groucutt joins on the bass guitar. Kaminski, McDowell and Gale all solo together on this rock-section. The rock section is followed by another symphonic-rock bridge with another guitar solo which, again, leads into a rock section. The choir at the end of the track chants "Fire on high" several times, providing the song the only set of true lyrics.

Jeff Lynne later remarked the entire concept of the song started with the idea of classical symphonic sound would collide with a rock and roll sound.

"Fire on High" was released as the b-side to the U.S.'s "Sweet Talkin' Woman" single and the U.K.'s "Livin' Thing" single.

"Waterfall"
"Waterfall" is the second track on the album and the shortest track on side one.

Opening with an orchestra intro and guitar solo, "Waterfall" is a slower and softer song in contrast to its predecessor. Lynne sings the lead vocals while Groucutt sings harmony vocals on the chorus. Kaminski, McDowell and Gale all play together mixed with the backing orchestra in the song's entirety, adding an extra layer of orchestration. The guitar and orchestral outro fade into the orchestra opening to "Evil Woman". The song is written in D Major.

The song was not released as a single anywhere with the exception of France and Australia where it became a minor hit.

Jeff Lynne has gone on record saying that "Waterfall" is one of his favorite songs in the ELO catalogue.

The full instrumental (save for the guitar and string fade in) of this song was released as a bonus track for the 2006 Face the Music reissue. It includes a small section of in-studio banter and Lynne doing a count-in and also includes a slightly extended studio ending.

"Evil Woman"

"Evil Woman" is the third track on the album.

The song was written by Lynne in a matter of just a few minutes near the end of the Face the Music studio sessions in June 1975. Originally supposed to be a filler track to give the album a longer runtime, it quickly became a worldwide hit and was released as a single only a month after the album's release. The main song features a more disco-like rhythm (aside from the short orchestral interlude on the album version) with Tandy's piano riff and Lynne's acoustic guitar playing the chords Am, Em7 and Dm7. The female backing vocalists sang on the track during the "ha ha" pieces, the "hey hey hey" in the middle section of the song and the chorus, alongside Lynne and Groucutt. The chorus featured an iconic riff of the clavinet (played by Tandy). The second verse includes the ELO string players playing the string rhythm section behind Lynne's vocals. The lyrics "There's a hole in my head where the rain comes in" is a reference to The Beatles' song "Fixing a Hole". The final chord of the opening section (You made a fool of me) is actually mixed into "Fire on High" during the back-masked message.

The middle section features a piano solo by Tandy and a string ascending melody together before cutting an unusual string break. This break is actually a reversed cut of a string crescendo from the next track "Nightrider" put onto the track merely because, as Lynne described it, "[the two songs] were in the same key." Lynne later remarked how amazed he was on how well the transition fit into place.

An additional verse was written for the song but was cut from the final mix as proven in the stripped mix of the song which is found as a bonus track on the reissue of the album.

"Nightrider"

"Nightrider" is the fourth and final song on side one of the album. It was released as a single but did not chart unlike the other two album singles.

The track is unique for featuring both Lynne and Groucutt (though alternating) singing the lead vocals. It starts with a moog chord progression and string backing. The first verse has the ELO string trio playing the solo bits. The drums, guitar and bass all join on the pre-chorus ("Hold on, nightrider") along with backing harmonies from Greenwich, Collins, O'Neill and Raymond. Just before each chorus, there is a small orchestral and choir break, the third of which is extended and includes a string crescendo which was later reversed and used on "Evil Woman".  Raymond later revealed on an ELO Facebook fan page that Lynne instructed the backing vocalists to emulate the sounds of the strings on the final verse for a specific sound, saying:"On the part where he sings 'desolation degradation row, etc.' listen in the background... You hear string, but its also our voices emulating the string parts... I thought that was simply genius on Jeff Lynne's part to come up with that. Vocals that emulate string parts." — Marge Raymond

Side Two

"Poker"
"Poker" is the opening track to (and shortest track on) side two of the album and the fifth track overall.

The song is a fast-tempo guitar-rocker featuring Kelly Groucutt on both lead and harmony vocals, one of few times where Jeff Lynne does not sing the lead. Bev Bevan plays fast, bombastic drum fills in between verses and Richard Tandy provides a moog synthesizer arpeggio rhythm section. The middle section of the song slows down into a slow, bluesy bridge ("Play me another hand") with Tandy adding in some synthesizer fillers. Lynne's harmony vocals come in on the final verse of the song.

"Poker" was released as a b-side to the U.S.'s "Confusion" single and U.K.'s "Rockaria!" single.

"Strange Magic"

"Strange Magic" is the sixth track on the album and second on side two. It was the second single lifted from Face the Music, being released in February 1976, though was not as successful as "Evil Woman".

The track opens with a 21-second orchestra intro before cutting to a guitar lick with a soft piano. The choruses feature Lynne solely singing "Strange magic" three times, before jumping an octave higher singing "Got a strange magic" along with Groucutt, Greenwich, Collins, O'Neill and Raymond on harmony vocals. Each chorus features more instrumentation than the previous: the first being just a guitar with a phaser effect, piano and mild percussion, the second having drums and an ascending string orchestration added and the third having more layers of strings. The bridge following the third chorus features some of the female singers singing "It's magic, it's magic, it's magic" and the final choruses include an additional different "Strange magic" melody done by the women. The album version fades into a back-masked reprise of the chorus of "Waterfall", ultimately leading into the next track "Down Home Town".

An oddity of the song is the fact that the guitar solo is played by Tandy rather than Lynne, the latter recalled:"I just couldn't work it out. It was such a long run with two fingers." — Jeff Lynne, interview with Uncle Joe BensonLynne also admitted in the Flashback liner notes that he wrote the song on various pianos in separate places while on tour in England with the band, presumably during the Eldorado tour.

Though drums are a feature used in the studio recording of the song, drummer Bev Bevan would leave his drum set and join Lynne and Groucutt on the front of the stage, playing tambourine and singing the baritone parts of the song during live performances.

"Down Home Town"
"Down Home Town" is the seventh track on the album and the third on side two.

The song opens with a backmasked reprise of chorus of the track "Waterfall" but contrasts into an American folk-rock based sound. The ELO string trio has a greater influence on sound of this track, playing independently from the backing orchestra in a more fiddle-like fashion. Lynne sings the lead with a nasally, "Nashville hoedown" style. While the four female singers usually sang in unison, this track features four part harmonies during the "Look away" section and, according to Raymond, the four were also allowed to add small bits with Lynne's approval such as Raymond's line "Ooh, I feel you comin' down now." The song makes direct references to the "Land of Dixie". During the final verse, there is a lyrical reference to The Beatles' song "She Loves You" in "She loves you, no, no, no. Down home town."

"Down Home Town" was released as the b-side to U.S. "Last Train to London" single and the U.K.'s "The Diary of Horace Wimp" single.

"One Summer Dream"

"One Summer Dream" is the eighth and final track on the album.

The song features an orchestral opening with Lynne singing with a soft tenor voice; the main verses and chorus feature Lynne on acoustic guitar with a phaser effect on it. Only Marge Raymond was featured on the track and sang the female chorus parts. The song includes a long fade of the lyrics "One summer dream", concluding the album.

Lynne's father, who had been vocally critical about Lynne's early albums admired the song and Lynne recalled that his father would hum the song.

Though a peaceful, easy-listening ballad, Lynne remarked on the Flashback notes that it was a "protest" song.

"One Summer Dream" was released as the b-side to the "Mr. Blue Sky" single.

Release
The singles "Evil Woman" and "Strange Magic" were the most commercial songs they had recorded up to that point. "Evil Woman" was a big hit in the UK and the US, embracing disco rhythms while still embodying ELO's classic sound. Lynne wrote the chords and melody of this song in only six minutes, making it his fastest feat of composition.

"Nightrider" became the third single from the album; despite an appearance on the UK chart television program Top of the Pops, it failed to chart.

Notwithstanding the success of the singles, the LP failed to chart in the UK. The album was remastered and released in September 2006 with bonus tracks.

Face the Music has been described by Lynne as the turning point for ELO as the success of the album and the singles "Evil Woman" and "Strange Magic" led to the band's popularity changing from minor popularity in the U.S. to major success (though it wouldn't be until their follow-up album A New World Record that they would find true global success).

Track listing
All songs written by Jeff Lynne.

Personnel
 Jeff Lynne – lead vocals, guitars, producer
 Bev Bevan – drums, percussion, spoken intro (backwards), backing vocals
 Richard Tandy – piano, clavinet, Moog, guitar, Wurlitzer electric piano, tack piano
 Kelly Groucutt – vocals, bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Poker", co-lead vocals on "Nightrider"
 Mik Kaminski – violin
 Hugh McDowell – cello
 Melvyn Gale – cello

Additional personnel

 Ellie Greenwich – uncredited vocals
 Susan Collins – uncredited vocals
 Nancy O'Neill – uncredited vocals
 Margaret Raymond – uncredited vocals
Mack – engineer
 Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy and Louis Clark – Orchestral and choral arrangements
 Orchestra conducted by Louis Clark
 Although Greenwich, Collins, O'Neill and Raymond are not credited as vocalists, the liner notes indicated 'special thanks' to them.

Charts and certifications

Weekly Charts

Year-End Charts

Certifications

References

External links
 Face the Music Remastered info at ftmusic

Electric Light Orchestra albums
Albums produced by Jeff Lynne
1975 albums
Epic Records albums
United Artists Records albums
Jet Records albums

Face the Music (Electric Light Orchestra album)


Oak Grove Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at 765 Prospect Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was established in 1855 and greatly improved upon in the years that followed. It features Gothic Revival elements, including an elaborate entrance arch constructed of locally quarried Fall River granite. The cemetery originally contained 47 acres, but has since been expanded to over 120 acres. The cemetery is the city's most significant, built in the planned rural-garden style of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designed and laid out by local architect Josiah Brown, who is also known for his designs of early mills including the Union, Border City, and others.

Oak Grove Cemetery is the final resting place of many of the city's elite, including prominent mill owners and merchants. It also contains the city's Civil War Monument, donated by Richard Borden.

The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is still owned and operated by the City of Fall River.

Notable burials

 Thomas Almy (1819-1882), co-founder of The Herald News.
 Abby Durfee Borden (1828-1892), second wife of Andrew Jackson Borden and murder victim.
 Andrew Jackson Borden (1822-1892), businessman and murder victim.
 Nathaniel Briggs Borden (1801-1865), Mayor of Fall River (1856-1857), US Congressman, and founder of Pocasset Mill.
 Colonel Richard Borden (1795-1874), industrial pioneer, businessman.
 Lizzie Borden (1860-1927), alleged (acquitted) murderer.
 Emma Borden (1851-1927), sister of Lizzie Borden, daughter of Andrew and Sarah Borden.
 Sarah Morse Borden (1823-1863), first wife of Andrew Jackson Borden and mother of Lizzie Borden and Emma Borden.
 Spencer Borden (1872-1952), manufacturer, delegate to 1924 Republication National Convention, served as director on boards of a number of local concerns.
 Charlie Buffinton (1861-1907), Major League Baseball player.
 James Buffington (1817-1875), the first mayor of Fall River.
 Earle Perry Charlton (1863-1930), founder of E. P. Charlton & Co. 5 & 10 stores chain.  Through mergers, he became a co-founder of the F. W. Woolworth Company.
 Benjamin Cook, a District Court judge.
 Sarah M. Cornell (1803-1832), found murdered on the John Durfee Farm in nearby Tiverton, Newport County, RI.  She was originally buried there and moved to Oak Grove.
 Robert T. Davis (1823-1906), mayor of Fall River and United States Representative from Massachusetts.
 Bradford Matthew Chaloner Durfee (1843–1872), born into a wealthy and influential Fall River family, he was a philanthropist who died in his prime. As a memorial, his mother had the local school board erect the B. M. C Durfee High School.
 Nathan Durfee (1799-1876), early industrialist and deacon of Central Congregational Church.
 William Thomas Grant (1876-1972), founder of W. T. Grant Department Store chain and philanthropist.
 William S. Greene (1841-1924), United States Representative from Massachusetts, also mayor of Fall River.
 Cornelius Hargraves (1809-1874), an immigrant from England who, in 1851, founded Hargraves Manufacturing Company, a soap and glue substitute manufacturing operation.
 Reuben Hargraves (1834-1905) and Thomas Hargraves (1836-1904), sons of Cornelius Hargraves are buried in the Hargraves Mausoluem.
 Mary Evelyn Hitchcock (1849–1920), author and explorer
 James Holehouse (1839-1915), received the Medal of Honor for bravery at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 3, 1863. He was a private in Company B, 7th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
 Grace Hartley Howe (1874-1955), wife of Louie Howe and delegate to the 1936 Democratic National Convention.
 Louis McHenry ("Louie") Howe (1871-1936), political strategist who masterminded Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1932 presidential election.  He was the only close friend both FDR and Eleanor Roosevelt shared in common.
 Andrew Jackson Jennings (1849-1923), noted local attorney, now best remembered for successfully defending Lizzie Borden.
 Lewis Howard Latimer (1848–1928), African-American inventor and engineer who collaborated with Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison.
 John O. Milne, co-founder of The Herald News.
 Lt. Joseph S. Milne (1842-1863), mortally wounded at Pickett's Charge, Battle of Gettysburg; died July 8, 1863, temporarily attached to Battery B 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery.
 James Madison Morton (1837-1923), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts.
 James Madison Morton, Jr. (1869-1940), a Federal judge.
 Maude Frances Darling Parlin (1885-1979), pioneer female architect and 1907 M. I. T. graduate who designed many Fall River buildings and homes.
 Cornelia Otis Skinner (1899–1979), actress, biographer, dramatist, essayists, novels, and screenwriter.

Notable monuments
F. H. Stafford (d. 1892), owner of Stafford Mills, is shaped like a textile mill building. Friends of Oak Grove Cemetery page on the Stafford memorial.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts
North Burial Ground (Fall River, Massachusetts)

References

External links
Friends of Oak Grove Cemetery~An Historic Victorian Cemetery in Fall River, Massachusetts
Oak Grove Cemetery History
 Find-A-Grave

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Fall River, Massachusetts
Cemeteries in Bristol County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Fall River, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Fall River, Massachusetts
Rural cemeteries
Cemeteries established in the 1850s
1859 establishments in Massachusetts

Oak Grove Cemetery (Fall River, Massachusetts)


Soldiers Three is a collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. The three soldiers of the title are Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris, who had also appeared previously in the collection Plain Tales from the Hills. The current version, dating from 1899 and more fully titled Soldiers Three and other stories, consists of three sections which each had previously received separate publication in 1888; Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris appear only in the first section, which is also titled Soldiers Three. The books reveal a side of the British Tommy in Afghanistan rarely seen in the Twilight of the British Empire.  The soldiers comment on their betters, act the fool, but cut straight to the rawness of war in central Asia as the British began to loosen their Imperial hold.

Publication history

The first publication of a collection of seven stories called Soldiers Three was as No 1 of A.H. Wheeler & Co.'s Indian Railway Library, a slim volume of 97 pages printed at the "Pioneer" Press, Allahabad in 1888 called Soldiers Three: a collection of stories setting forth certain passages in the lives and adventures of Privates Terence Mulvaney, Stanley Ortheris and John Learoyd, done into type and edited by Rudyard Kipling. In 1899, it became part of the book Soldiers Three and Other Stories, known to most people by the simpler title Soldiers Three. It is this collection whose contents are listed here. To the original Soldiers Three were added nos 2 and 3 of the Indian Railway Library, The Story of the Gadsbys, which is written in dramatic form, and In Black and White, looking more at the native Indians than the British. Both of these were also published in 1888. (The phrase 'Soldiers Three' may be used in writings about Kipling to group the three heroes of this collection: see Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris.)

Soldiers Three (in the Indian Railway Library edition) became the second collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling to be published, after Plain Tales from the Hills (in which the 'Three Soldiers' also appear). Like it, it was collected from some of the fiction he had published in journals; but while Plain Tales was mostly collected from the Civil and Military Gazette, this was "Reprinted in chief from the Week's news", an Allahabad paper.

Contents
The 1899 edition contains:

Soldiers Three: A Collection of Stories Setting forth certain passages in the lives and adventures of Privates Terence Mulvaney, Stanley Ortheris, and John Learoyd

"The God from the Machine"
"Private Learoyd's Story"
"The Big Drunk Draf'"
"The Solid Muldoon"
"With the Main Guard"
"In the Matter of a Private"
"Black Jack"
"Only a Subaltern"

The Story of the Gadsbys: A Tale without a Plot

(first published as no. 2 in the Indian Railway Library: eight 'stories' in dramatic form, with a final poem in four verses)
"Poor Dear Mamma"
"The World Without"
"The Tents of Kedar"
"With any Amazement"
"The Garden of Eden"
"Fatima"
"The Valley of the Shadow"
"The Swelling of Jordan"
"L'Envoi" (a poem)

In Black and White

"Dray Wara Yow Dee"
"The Judgement of Dungara"
"At Howli Thana"
"Gemini"
"At Twenty-Two"
"In Flood Time"
"The Sending of Dana Dee"
"On the City Wall"

References

External links

1888 short story collections
1899 short story collections
Short stories by Rudyard Kipling
Rudyard Kipling stories about India
A. H. Wheeler books

Soldiers Three


Kiddo was a P-Funk offspring group at A&M Records, formed by Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton and writer Donnie Sterling, in the early 1980s.

History
In 1978, one of Kiddo's founding members, Donnie Sterling, was a member of Parlet, a P-Funk girl group created by George Clinton. As Parlet's band leader and bass player, Sterling wrote three songs on Parlet's second album, Invasion of the Booty Snatchers, then became a P-Funk writer for producers Clinton and Ron Dunbar. Sterling wrote songs for Parliament in the late 1970s, and is best known for his vocal performance on "Agony Of Defeet" on the 1980 album Trombipulation. Sterling and his then-wife and Parlet bandmate, Mallia Franklin, left the group in 1979 to form a P-Funk offspring group called Sterling Silver Starship. The group recorded an album that was never released. Some of those tracks can be heard on the George Clinton Family Series.

Franklin continued to do studio work with P-Funk and Zapp, while Sterling partnered with Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton, and both continued to work with Clinton. Hampton had been recruited as Funkadelic's guitarist in 1974 at the age of 17, first appearing on Let's Take It to the Stage.

In 1981, financial and legal difficulties led Clinton to disband Parliament-Funkadelic. After the disbandment, Sterling and Hampton formed Kiddo in 1981. They partnered with Arthur Brown, Willie Jenkins, Leon Goodin, Fred Johnson, Tony "Strat" Thomas, and Leroy Davis, who led a band that included Hazel Payne.

Kiddo went on to record two successful albums for A&M Records, producing hits like "Try My Lovin" and "She's Got the Body".

Discography
1983 - Kiddo - A&M Records
1984 - Action - A&M Records

References

External links

American funk musical groups
American soul musical groups
P-Funk groups
A&M Records artists

Kiddo


Holger Hieronymus (born 22 February 1959) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender.

Career
Born in Hamburg, Hieronymus started his career with local side TuS Hamburg at the age of six and was a promising talent for the sweeper position when the then Hamburger SV general manager Günter Netzer snapped him up from local counterpart FC St. Pauli for DM 75,000 following Hamburger SV's Bundesliga title in 1979. The next Bundesliga season saw the technically gifted player playing his first games, being a starter in the European Cup final defeat of his side against Nottingham Forest at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on 28 May 1980. Failing to claim the Bundesliga trophy of 1980 and 1981, on both occasions Hamburg finished second, Hieronymus won his first trophy in 1982 when Hamburg won the league. That same summer he and his side crashed to Sven-Göran Eriksson's IFK Göteborg in the two-legged UEFA Cup final. In 1983 his club retained the Bundesliga title and, further, beat Juventus in the European Cup final in Athens. He was back as a regular in the line-ups of Hamburg manager Ernst Happel after his career had, for some time, been called to a halt due to his club signing veteran German legend Franz Beckenbauer in November 1980.

The most tragic moment of his playing days, however, happened on 31 March 1984, in the Bundesliga tie against SV Waldhof Mannheim. With less than fifteen minutes left on the clock, Hieronymus received a career-ending injury. A cruciate ligament rupture synchronized with a deltoid ligament rupture and, together with, a caused menisci and knee cartilage damage forced him to retire in 1985, over a year after that incident. At the time he finally abandoned the hope of recovery, merely 26 years of age, the talented sweeper had played in 121 Bundesliga matches (seven goals) for Hamburger SV.

For West Germany Holger Hieronymus was capped three times in between September 1981 and October 1982, each as a substitute and just the final of those (he came on for injured Karlheinz Förster in the fifth minute in a friendly win over England at Wembley on 13 October 1982) for a duration of more than parts of the second-half. Still, he was selected by Jupp Derwall for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, staying unused throughout the competition.

Post-playing career
Looking for a different occupation after his premature retirement, Hieronymus first founded a sports center for the obese and was later, together with his former teammate Ditmar Jakobs (whose career had also abruptly been ended by horrible injury), co-founder of an injury rehabilitation centre. Leaving these jobs aside, Hieronymus enjoyed a return to Hamburger SV in 1997 as the new marketing manager of Die Rothosen. From June 1998 to August 2002 he operated as general manager of the club. On 1 February 2005, he took a leading position at DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga GmbH, which can be seen as the governing entity that governs the Bundesliga competition.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Footballers from Hamburg
Men's association football defenders
Germany men's international footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
1982 FIFA World Cup players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
FC St. Pauli players
Hamburger SV players
West German men's footballers

Holger Hieronymus


Adolf (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was the count of Nassau from about 1276 and the elected king of Germany from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298. He was never crowned by the pope, which would have secured him the imperial title. He was the first physically and mentally healthy ruler of the Holy Roman Empire ever to be deposed without a papal excommunication. Adolf died shortly afterwards in the Battle of Göllheim fighting against his successor Albert of Habsburg.

References

1255 births
1298 deaths
Kings and Queens in Germany

Adolf, King of the Romans


Introduced by Martin Hellman and Susan K. Langford in 1994, the differential-linear attack is a mix of both linear cryptanalysis and differential cryptanalysis.

The attack utilises a differential characteristic over part of the cipher with a probability of 1 (for a few rounds—this probability would be much lower for the whole cipher). The rounds immediately following the differential characteristic have a linear approximation defined, and we expect that for each chosen plaintext pair, the probability of the linear approximation holding for one chosen plaintext but not the other will be lower for the correct key. Hellman and Langford have shown that this attack can recover 10 key bits of an 8-round DES with only 512 chosen plaintexts and an 80% chance of success.

The attack was generalised by Eli Biham et al. to use differential characteristics with probability less than 1. Besides DES, it has been applied to FEAL, IDEA, Serpent, Camellia, and even the stream cipher Phelix.

References

Cryptographic attacks

Differential-linear attack


Charles Robertson (1858–1935) was an American entomologist specializing in bees. He carried out what is still the single most intensive study of flower-visiting insects of a single locality, culminating in a 221-page book published in 1928 under the title Flowers and Insects.

Personal life
Charles Robertson was born to parents Dr. William Robertson (1803 -1880) and Nancy Robertson, née Halliday (b.1821), married October 18, 1842. His father, William, was a physician turned farmer and general merchandiser, and his mother, Nancy, was the daughter of a reverend. Charles married Alice McDonald Venable in November 1879 and they had one child, Mary. Robertson died 17 June 1935 in Carlinville, Illinois.

Work
Charles Robertson carried out what is still the single most intensive study of flower-visiting insects of a single locality, culminating in a 221-page book published in 1928 under the title Flowers and Insects. From among the specimens he collected in the process of doing this study, he named over 100 new species of bees and wasps. Scientists in 1970–1972 did a similar survey, and found that most of the bees noted by Robertson were still present. This is presumably due to the existence of bee habitat in hedgerows, on slopes, and in other non-agricultural land in the survey area. The rare bee Andrena lauracea is known only from these two surveys (one bee specimen each) and from two specimens from Texas. Biologists from Washington University in St Louis are currently studying changes in pollinator activity by comparing these older data sets to new data. Study was published in Science, February 2013, Plant-Pollinator Interactions over 120 Years: Loss of Species, Co-Occurrence and Function by Laura A. Burkle1, John C. Marlin, Tiffany M. Knight.[5]

ITIS records citing taxon author "Robertson, 1903"

Kingdom Animalia
Bombus auricomus (Robertson, 1903)
Megachile campanulae (Robertson, 1903)
Nomada cuneata (Robertson, 1903)
Nomada dentariae (Robertson, 1903)
Nomada ovata (Robertson, 1903)
Sphecodes cressonii (Robertson, 1903)
Sphecodes illinoensis (Robertson, 1903)
Triepeolus micropygius Robertson, 1903
Triepeolus micropygius micropygius Robertson, 1903
Triepeolus simplex Robertson, 1903

Publications
Robertson, C. 1896: Notes on bees of the genus Prosopis, with descriptions of new species. The Canadian Entomologist. 28: 136-138.
Robertson, C. 1897: On the Mexican bees of the genus Augochlora. The Canadian Entomologist. 29: 63-64.
Robertson, C. 1897: Further notes on sections of Augochlora. The Canadian Entomologist. 29: 176.
Robertson, C. 1897: North American bees-Descriptions and synonyms. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. 7: 315-356.
Robertson, C. 1898: Cockerell on Panurgus and Calliopsis. The Canadian Entomologist. 30: 101.
Robertson, C. 1899: On the classification of bees. The Canadian Entomologist. 31: 338-343.
Robertson, C. 1900: Nomada Sayi and two related new species. The Canadian Entomologist. 32: 293-295.
Robertson, C. 1900: Some Illinois bees. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. 10: 47-55.
Robertson, C. 1901: Some new or little-known bees. The Canadian Entomologist. 33: 229-231.
Robertson, C. 1902: Some new or little-known bees - II. The Canadian Entomologist. 34: 48-49.
Robertson, C. 1902: Synopsis of Halictinae. The Canadian Entomologist. 34: 243-250.
Robertson, C. 1902: Some new or little-known bees. - IV. The Canadian Entomologist. 34: 321-325.
Robertson, C. 1902: Synopsis of Andreninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 28: 187-194.
Robertson, C. 1903: Synopsis of Nomadinae. The Canadian Entomologist. 35: 172-179.
Robertson, C. 1903: Synopsis of Epeolinae. The Canadian Entomologist. 35: 284-288.
Robertson, C. 1903: Synopsis of Sphecodinae. Entomological News. 14: 103-107.
Robertson, C. 1904: Synopsis of Anthophila. The Canadian Entomologist. 36: 37-43.
Robertson, C. 1904: Synopsis of Prosopis and Colletes, with supplementary notes and descriptions. The Canadian Entomologist. 36: 273-278.
Robertson, C. 1905: Some new or little-known been. - V. The Canadian Entomologist. 37: 236-237.
Robertson, C. 1918: Some genera of bees. Entomological News. 29: 91-92.

1896: Notes on bees of the genus Prosopis

References

American entomologists
People from Carlinville, Illinois
Blackburn College (Illinois) alumni
1858 births
1935 deaths

Charles Robertson (entomologist)


The Equitable Building is a high-rise located in Des Moines, Iowa.  It is named after the insurance company Equitable of Iowa, which originally owned the building, and is located along Locust Street in the downtown area of the city.  The 19-story Equitable Building, at 604 Locust St. in Des Moines, was completed in 1924, and standing at 318 ft (97m), for 49 years was the tallest building in Iowa. It remained the tallest building in Iowa until the completion of Financial Center in 1973. The Equitable Building is now the eighth tallest building in Iowa.

The building consists of retail, office and residential spaces.  Since early 2006 a developer has been working to convert much of the building to condominiums.  In late 2007 the main retail tenant, Joseph's Jewelry, announced that they would be relocating from the Equitable Building after 83 years to Davis Brown Tower, located at 10th St and Walnut.  The move was completed in 2008.

The Iowa Attorney General's lawsuit vs. Equitable L.P.:

The Iowa Attorney General's Office filed a lawsuit May 5, 2009 alleging numerous asbestos violations from 2005 to 2008. [Go to: .]  The Attorney General's lawsuit alleged that Equitable L.P., while renovating the top 13 floors of the Equitable Building from 2005 to 2008, failed to inspect for asbestos, failed to provide notice to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, failed to remove asbestos-containing material before renovation, failed to properly handle the asbestos-containing material disturbed during the renovation, and failed to properly dispose of the material. The first six floors were occupied during the renovation.

The lawsuit was filed after the Polk County Health Dept. forwarded an anonymous complaint about the renovation project to the DNR in the latter part of 2007, and the DNR investigated and documented numerous violations. The DNR issued an administrative order requiring Equitable L.P. to stop activities until all floors were thoroughly inspected and all asbestos-containing material was removed by a licensed asbestos-abatement contractor – but Equitable L.P. continued with renovation in violation of the order, the suit alleged.  The DNR issued a second Notice of Violation to Equitable L.P. in February 2008 for failing to comply with the earlier DNR administrative order. The renovations were completed in 2008 with no additional violations reported.

On May 5, 2009, Polk County District Court Judge D.J. Stovall entered a "Consent Order, Judgment and Decree" that ordered Equitable L.P. to pay a $500,000 environmental civil penalty for conducting extensive renovations of the historic Equitable Building in downtown Des Moines without taking required precautions for the presence of asbestos-containing material. [Go to ]  Judge Stovall also permanently prohibited any further violations.

"This is the largest civil penalty by far in Iowa for asbestos violations," said Attorney General Tom Miller. "We alleged Equitable L.P. completely ignored asbestos-handling requirements during renovations from 2005 to 2007, until the Iowa DNR became involved."    Department of Natural Resources Director Richard Leopold said the amount of the civil penalty underscores the importance of properly handling and disposing of asbestos during renovation and demolition projects.  "What's important to remember is that asbestos poses potentially serious health implications and that we do not have a situation like this happen again," Leopold said. "This enforcement action should serve as a warning that the regulations relating to asbestos removal and disposal will be vigorously enforced."

In the Consent Order, Judgment and Decree entered May 5, 2009, Equitable L.P. admitted that it:

Failed to thoroughly inspect the Equitable Building for the presence of asbestos prior to starting renovation activities.

Failed to submit written notice of renovation activities to the DNR before beginning the renovation.

Conducted the building renovation without taking precautions for the potential presence of asbestos-containing material.

Asbestos – which often is present in older building materials – is regulated as a hazardous air pollutant. It can cause lung disease and cancer, especially if it is contained in dust when asbestos-containing material is crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder. State and federal laws and regulations have stringent requirements for handling regulated asbestos-containing material during demolition or renovations.

The Criminal Case

A federal grand jury indicted Russell Coco, the supervisor of the Equitable Building renovation, and developer Bob Knapp, owner of the building, on 11 counts, accusing them of gutting several floors of the Equitable Building while large amounts of asbestos were present, then improperly disposing of the material.

Bob Knapp pleaded guilty to two charges in February 2011 for his role at the head of a conspiracy to ignore federal asbestos regulations during a three-year renovation project at the Equitable Building.  Knapp was sentenced on June 22, 2011, to 41 months behind bars.

Knapp was paroled on March 25, 2014. On March 30, 2014, Knapp was found dead in a burned out car near Panora, Iowa, after stealing it from an acquaintance in Waukee whom he had been staying with. Federal authorities had reported Knapp to have escaped home confinement.

Russell Coco also pleaded guilty in February to charges of conspiracy to impede and impair Environmental Protection Agency asbestos removal procedures and violations of the work practice requirements of the Clean Air Act.  Coco was sentenced on July 13, 2011, to three years of probation for his involvement in the illegal removal of asbestos from the building.

Ownership
Local developer Bob Knapp purchased the building for $5 million in 2005 using a loan from Vantus Bank.  His aim was to convert some floors into upscale apartments.  In March 2009 Great Southern Bank, having acquired the loan after the failure of Vantus Bank, foreclosed on the property.  The Equitable Building was scheduled to be sold at a foreclosure auction on September 30, 2010.

The Equitable building was sold to Equitable Lofts LLC, on Feb. 15, 2012 and has been converted into upscale apartments.

See also
 Des Moines, Iowa
 List of tallest buildings in Iowa

References

Office buildings completed in 1924
Residential skyscrapers in Des Moines, Iowa
Apartment buildings in Des Moines, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Des Moines, Iowa
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
1924 establishments in Iowa

Equitable Building (Des Moines)


The Hyde House is a historic house at 400 North Second Street in Augusta, Arkansas.  It is a single-story wood-frame structure, three bays wide, with a front facing gable roof and a temple-front porch sheltering its centered entrance.  The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a three-light transom window.  The porch has a wide freeze and pedimented gable, and is supported by round columns with simple capitals.  Built c. 1865, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Woodruff County, Arkansas

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Greek Revival houses in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1865
Houses in Woodruff County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Woodruff County, Arkansas
1865 establishments in Arkansas
Augusta, Arkansas

Mathis-Hyde House


Percival Farquhar (1865–1953) was an American investor and financier with extensive interests in Latin America and pre-Soviet Russia, including railways, mines, hotels, and restaurants.

Early life
Farquhar was born to a wealthy Maryland-Pennsylvania Quaker family at York, Pennsylvania in 1865. His father was Arthur B. Farquhar (1838–1925), founder of a large agricultural equipment works at York, which was called the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works (1856–1889) and later the A.B. Farquhar Company (1889–1951). His mother was Elizabeth N. (née Jessop) Farquhar (1837–1918). His grandfather was William Henry Farquhar.

Percival attended the York Collegiate Institute, spent two years working in his father's office, and then attended the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, where he studied science and engineering.

Career as a lawyer, legislator, investor, and financier
After Yale he studied law, entered politics, and was elected to the New York State Legislature. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in the 114th (1891), 115th (1892) (both New York Co., 3rd D.), and 116th (1893) (New York Co., 11th D.) sessions.

His father wrote, "In the meantime he had become associated with me as a partner in my business in New York, from which he drifted into financial operations of larger scope, his activities in this direction leading him to Cuba, South America, and Europe." His father's agricultural equipment business had long had a sizeable export component, selling to distributors who resold in Latin America, South Africa, Australia, Russia, and other places.

The era of the 1880s through 1930s would be an era of European colonialism and American activity of analogous neocolonial nature, although that word for it was not coined until later. It was the era of banana republics dominated by U.S. interests, and the overthrow and annexation of Hawaii. In this era, even American businessmen who considered themselves "not racist" believed that it was acceptable to project and maintain de facto white supremacy on a manifest destiny type of basis (albeit often not de jure) and to be on cordial terms with compatriots who were not "not racist". This is the basis on which Farquhar's business activity, like the rest of U.S. business activity in Latin America at the time, is viewed with mixed emotions today.

Farquhar was vice-president of the Atlantic Coast Electric Railway and the Staten Island Railway, which controlled rail services in New York. He was also partner and director of the Compañía de Electricidad de Cuba in Cuba and partner and vice-president of the Guatemala Railway. In 1910 he became the owner of the Paraguay Central Railway Company. His father wrote in 1922, "My son Percival has an international reputation as a promoter of large enterprises. Among other things he was president of the Brazil Railway Co. and of the Mamore Railway Co. in Brazil, and the railroad from Santa Barros to Guatemala City, called the Guatemala R.R., and was active in building the Cuba R.R. from Havana to Santiago, running nearly the length of the island."

Farquhar developed businesses in Cuba and Central America. He owned railways and mines in Russia and dealt personally with Lenin during the years when those assets were being nationalized and foreign specialists were held over to assist.

Farquhar's dream was to control all the railways of Latin America, in a version of manifest destiny.

Visionary, controversial, and audacious, Farquhar became the greatest private investor in Brazil between 1905 and 1918. A history journal article of 1937 described the way that Farquhar's syndicate during this period was viewed by Brazilians nervous about Yankee ambitions and by British competitors. According to the writer and former minister Ronaldo Costa Couto, Farquhar's empire was comparable to those of Count Francisco Matarazzo and Irineu Evangelista de Souza, The Viscount of Mauá.

The writing on Farquhar is full of contradictions, making it very difficult to sort through the legend, hagiography, and libel found in his biographies.

Professor Francisco Foot Hardman in an interview with the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, stated:

One can't say that Farquhar was Satan, but we also cannot take an apologist stance, making him into a great icon of entrepreneurship. He was a typical example of old international capitalism..

A book which exalts his deeds—with a few passages that border on hagiography—is The Last Titan – An American Entrepreneur in Latin America—a dissertation by Charles A. Gauld for Stanford University, under the supervision of Professor Ronald Hilton.

The Brazilian magazine Exame, in a review of the book, said:
Although his admiration of this character is excessive, always treating him as an enlightened capitalist and full of good intentions, Charles Gauld drew from an extraordinary variety of documents and sources....

In contrast, the Brazilian historian Edgard Carone, in his book A República Velha (The Old Republic) says that Farquhar's businesses "lived off government favors".

In the book Chatô – O Rei do Brasil (Chatô – The King of Brazil), the journalist Fernando Morais describes Farquhar as:
king of the Rio Light, the Companhia Telefônica Brasileira and a large number of railways in Brazil, tracks in Russia and coal mines in Central Europe, in addition to sugar mills in Cuba.

It is true that he built and directed numerous businesses in Latin America, many of them in Brazil. His activities were frequently related to governmental concessions and privileges—and to guarantees that governments would receive revenues from the capital invested—which he ably obtained from young and inexperienced local governments, frequently through personal bribery.

A bold and fearless financier, with great experience in the European capital markets, Farquhar considered himself "able to finance anything". According to Gauld, Farquhar "was hungrier for land than anyone in Latin American history since the time of the Incas".

The beginning of the First World War in 1914, cut off his main source of resources and financing, and left Farquhar's already precarious empire—which had created the practicing of issuing debt based on debt—extremely indebted, causing it to crumble. His businesses reached bankruptcy by October 1914. His investors lost all of their capital, and Farquhar was ruined. Despite this setback, he would rise again after the war using the same tactics, to fail again after the 1929 stock market crash. After the revolution of 1930, the government of Getúlio Vargas constrained the areas in which he could work, and Farquhar decided to leave Brazil.

Although the dimensions and scope of his economic activity are impressive due to the large sums of money involved and the fervor of his apparently charitable activities, a more detailed examination of Farquhar's businesses in Brazil shows that they frequently led to the deaths of thousands of native people, the ecological destruction of entire states, abandoned railways, bankruptcies, and even civil wars.

Charles A. Gauld writes:
The genius of Farquhar lay more in his vision and capacity to raise money to expand than in the efficient management or cost control in his 38 businesses.

An avid speculator, he bet especially strongly on his own commercial paper. At the beginning of 1913, Farquhar came to realize that he was bankrupt.

Farquhar had a great ability to get himself into trouble with governments and nationalist groups. But the dislike that he provoked was not totally baseless.

Determined and capable in the promotion of his own self-image, he always made an effort to make the press portray his actions as "the example of a highly successful American capitalist, a true icon of American entrepreneurship", a fact which gained him a few admirers.

Among these were Assis Chateaubriand, King of Brasil, who became the owner of the country's largest journalism network. This friendship greatly contributed to favorable reactions to Farquhar's activities. (Chateaubriand later bought O Jornal, in 1924, using funds provided by Farquhar, supposedly as legal fees.)

Percival Farquhar believed that no country in the world could become developed without good hotels and fine cuisine.

To fill these needs in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, Farquhar built in São Paulo the elegant Rotisserie Sportsman and imported from the famous Elisée Palace Hotel in Paris the chef Henri Galon,  Fernando de Morais tells us in his book Chatô – O Rei do Brasil (Chatô – The King of Brazil).

In 1911, Farquhar purchased from the firm Prado, Chaves & Cia control over the Companhia Balneária de Santo Amaro, founded in 1892 which under the direction of Councillor Antonio Prado had been created to organize a tourist beach resort in the place that is today the center of Guarujá. Farquhar's new business was called Companhia Guarujá. An establishment called the Grand Hôtel de la Plage was involved.

Bibliography

GAULD, Charles. Farquhar, o último titã: um empreendedor americano na América Latina. São Paulo: Editora de Cultura, 2006. Tradução Eliana do Vale.
FAORO, Raymundo. Os Donos do Poder, volume 2. Ed. Globo: São Paulo, 1998 (13ª edição)
FERREIRA, Manoel Rodrigues. A Ferrovia do Diabo. Ed. Melhoramentos: São Paulo, 1959 e 2005.

References

Sources

 ALVES Ivan. O Contestado. Estados, posseiros, companhias – todos brigam pela terra. Coleção Os grandes enigmas de nossa história. Otto Pierre Editores: Rio de Janeiro,1982
 ARAÚJO NETO, Adalberto Coutinho de. A experiência sindical dos ferroviários da E. F. Sorocabana nos anos 1930.Tese de Mestrado, Departamento de História da Faculdade de Letras, Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da USP, São Paulo, 2006
 BROMBERGER, H. A. Les chemins de fer exotiques.... Paris, édition du Moniteur économique et financier, 1913
 Os caçadores de concessões no Brasil e o fantasma de Percival Farquhar; Ceci Vieira Juruá
 HIRST, Mônica. História da Diplomacia Brasileira - A Era Vargas, Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
 A Ferrovia do Contestado

 Governo de Santa Catarina - Site Oficial do Município de Três Barras
 MACHADO, Paulo Pinheiro. Lideranças do Contestado. Editora Unicamp / FAPESP
 Entre a Revolução e o Corporativismo

External links
Grande retrato do rei da privataria, (Elio Gaspari) Folha de S. Paulo, 9 August 2006
A História da Vale (Companhia Vale do Rio Doce)

 O magnata que se tornou mito
O Estado de S. Paulo - Edições Eletrônicas

Percival Farquhar papers (MS 205). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

1865 births
1953 deaths
American businesspeople
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly

Percival Farquhar


Ironclads is a 1991 made-for-television movie produced by Ted Turner's TNT company about the events behind the creation of  from the remains of  and the battle between Virginia and  in the Battle of Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862 – March 9, 1862. Noel Taylor received an Emmy Award nomination for his costume designs for the production.

Plot
Quartermaster's Mate Leslie Harmon is awaiting a court martial when he is brought to Commodore Joseph Smith (E.G. Marshall) and his son Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith, Jr. (Kevin O'Rourke). He deliberately interfered with the militarily necessary demolition of the dry dock at Hampton Roads Naval Base to prevent collateral damage and civilian casualties, as Confederates overran the base.

Harmon is introduced to Miss Betty Stuart, a Virginia belle educated in Baltimore who wishes to help Harmon spy on the Confederate States Navy at Gosport on the raised and refitted Merrimack, now the ironclad Virginia. Once in the South, Harmon encounters many key naval officers and learns that the armor test on  of iron plate is staged to offer misinformation to any Union spies—like him. In reality, the Virginia boasts  of armor and cannot be pierced by any Union guns. Harmon and Betty realize that this information must make it to Washington, D.C. to improve firepower to sink Virginia.

However, Betty has a change of heart upon learning that her childhood friend and lover, Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones, has been reassigned as the second-in-command of Virginia and is now in danger of death due to the very intelligence she intended to send North. She tries to stop Harmon from going north with the intelligence, but he goes anyway. At the commissioning ceremony for Virginia, she confesses to her now-fiancé Lt. Jones that she had helped Leslie Harmon infiltrate the shipyard and spy for the Union, warning him of the possible increase in firepower. He is stunned and distraught at her betrayal, yet sails to war without turning her in as one final act of love for his traitorous fiancé. Virginia sails off to break the Union blockade at Hampton Roads. Betty is promptly arrested by Lt. Guilford (Philip Casnoff), an admiral's aide and spy hunter, on suspicion of espionage.

Virginia first approaches  as her skipper, Lt. Smith, rallies his men on board to do their duty.  Captain Franklin Buchanan (Leon B. Stevens) of Virginia rallies his men similarly. Congress fires a full broadside into Virginia to no effect.  In the ensuing action, Virginia bypasses Congress, promptly sinks , and returns to sink Congress. Lt. Smith is killed; taking over command, executive officer Lt. Pendergrast orders the ship's surrender. Though Virginias crew are jubilant, rifle fire from Union troops ashore enrages Captain Buchanan. He goes topside to return fire and is wounded, thereupon ordering Jones to assume command and set Congress ablaze.

That same night, Lt. Guilford interrogates Betty, who denies being a spy based on an intercepted letter to her from Lt. Smith. She is informed then of Smith's death aboard Congress. When informed that her fate is the gallows if she does not cooperate, she hopes for the courtesy and respect shown an executed spy the day before (whose hanging she witnessed). Lt. Guilford rebuffs her, showing his contempt for her treason when compared to the bravery of the hanged soldier who was honorably fighting for his side.

During the night, Monitor sails in between the burning Congress and Virginia to protect , which has run aground and is defenseless until high tide returns the next day. Only the low tide has prevented Virginia from finishing off Minnesota immediately. Captain Van Brunt (Joel Abel) delivers orders to Captain John Worden (Andy Park) of Monitor, along with Leslie Harmon, who has volunteered his service as a pilot. Worden makes Harmon, familiar with Hampton Roads and CSS Virginia, midshipman on the spot.

The morning of the second day of battle, Jones sights Monitor and describes her as "the test we face." Worden does his best to engage Virginia as far from Minnesota as he can, aided by Monitors shallower draft, greater maneuverability, and the damage sustained by Virginia the previous day. As the two ships exchange fire, Virginia runs aground, but is able to pull free. Jones attempts to ram the Monitor but fails to do significant damage; Worden orders a return ramming attempt, but is blinded when a shell from Virginia strikes Monitors pilot house. Monitor withdraws, having delayed Virginia from sinking Minnesota. In view of the damage to Virginia, the exhaustion of his crew, and the falling tide, Jones also decides to retire back to port.

Both sides claim victory, although the Monitor saved the rest of the blockade from destruction. Her designer, John Ericsson (Fritz Weaver), has an argument with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles (Conrad McLaren) over the use of insufficient powder in Monitors guns to sink Virginia: Welles's officers respond that it was a calculated decision to prevent the guns from exploding and protect the lives of the crew.

Back at Gosport, Lt. Guilford is pleased to release Betty, informing her that she saved Virginia based on a report by Lt. Jones. Demonstrating Southern chivalry, he was pleased to not have to hang her. In reality, Lt. Jones used Betty's confession the day before to send false intelligence to the Union, which resulted in the lesser powder charges used by Monitor. Lt. Jones tells Betty that he couldn't bear to see her hang, but that he can never be with her again due to her treasonous actions. She is sent north, forever marked as a traitor to her family, friends, and fellow Virginians.

A voice-over narrative indicates that Virginia was scuttled two months later after Union troops took Norfolk, and that Monitor sank off Cape Hatteras at the end of the year.

Cast
 Virginia Madsen - Betty Stuart, a double agent for the North and fiancée of Lt. Jones
 Alex Hyde-White - Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones, Betty's Southern fiancée and executive officer of Virginia
 Reed Diamond - Quartermaster's Mate (later Midshipman) Leslie Harmon, a Union sailor and spy
 Philip Casnoff - Lieutenant Guilford, Southern navy officer and spy hunter
 E.G. Marshall - Commodore (later Rear Admiral) Joseph Smith
 Fritz Weaver - John Ericsson, designer of Monitor
 Leon B. Stevens - Captain Franklin Buchanan, commanding officer of Virginia until wounded by rifle fire
 Kevin O'Rourke - Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith, captain of Congress and Northern suitor of Betty
 Joanne Dorian - Blossom Stuart, Betty's mother
 Beatrice Bush - Opal, Blossom's maid and Betty's confidant
 Conrad McLaren - Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Union Navy
 Burt Edwards - Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War
 James Getty - President Abraham Lincoln
 Phil Whiteway - Commander Davis, Union Navy staff officer and member of the Ironclad Board
 Carl Jackson - Cletus, Opal's husband and Leslie Harmon's informant
 Marty Terry - Salome Coyt, Norfolk socialite
 Chris Northup - Spencer Brown, Union spy executed by Guilford
 Joan DeMarrais - Mrs. Fletcher, Norfolk socialite
 Michal Leamer - Ella Mae
 Roy Lind - Stephen Mallory, Secretary of the Confederate Navy
 Greg Baber - Sgt. Collins
 Michael Costello - Lt. Ramsey, chief engineer of Virginia
 J. Michael Hunter - Lt. Simms, gunnery officer of Virginia
 Michael Stanton Kennedy - Pilot Patten, harbor pilot of Virginia
 Gayle Turner - Quartermaster Williams, helmsman of Virginia
 Duke Lafoon - Seaman Yates
 Andy Park - John L. Worden, captain of Monitor
 George Kelly - Lt. Samuel Greene, executive officer of Monitor
 Ford Flannagan - Ensign William F. Keeler, paymaster and messenger of Monitor
 Mark Ransom Eis - Seaman Stodder
 Joel Abel - Captain Van Brunt of USS Minnesota
 Tom Width - Lt. Austin Pendergrast, executive officer of USS Congress
 Ernie Dunn - Ensign Stone

Alex Hyde-White later portrayed Union Major General Ambrose Burnside in the 2003 film Gods and Generals.  Also, Philip Casnoff's character in this film is quite similar in accent and personality to his role in the 1985 miniseries North and South a few years prior, but with Southern chivalry and without the sociopathy.

In 2017, Hyde-White gave an interview to the "A Word on Westerns" YouTube channel, in which he recalled that most of the film's extras were Civil War reenactors using their own gear.

Awards
This film was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects, Outstanding Costume Design for a Miniseries or Special, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries or Special and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Miniseries or a Special. However it did not win any of these awards.

References

External links

1991 films
American Civil War naval films
Films about capital punishment
Films directed by Delbert Mann
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Ironclads (film)


Friedrich Eduard Mezger (13 February 1807 – 16 September 1894) was a Bavarian architect, painter, professor, and a high civil officer of the royal buildings administration, called Oberbaurat (literally "top architect").

Biography
Mezger was born in Pahuppenheim, son of the government building officer Kaspar Mezger. He studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he was a student of Friedrich von Gärtner from 1825 to 1828, who enabled him to take part in monumental works in Athens. After his return in 1833 he became a professor in civil engineering at the Technical University of Munich, then Oberbaurat in 1846. He contributed to the design of several public and private buildings, amongst them the house of the painter Friedrich Dürck. After Gärtner's death in 1847, he completed the works of the Siegestor in 1850.

He died in Munich in 1894, survived by his wife Magareta and his daughter Emilie. He is buried in the Old Southern Cemetery.

Published works (selection)
 Altgriechische Baukunst (ancient Greek architecture)
 Ornamente aus deutschen Gewächsen zum Gebrauch für Plastik und Malerei (ornaments of German plants for the use in sculpture and painting)
 Die Einwirkung der Gesetze der Konstruktion (the effect of construction rules)

References and notices

External links

1807 births
1894 deaths
People from Pappenheim
19th-century German architects
19th-century German painters
German male painters
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Artists from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Gothic Revival architects
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
19th-century German male artists

Eduard Mezger


Fyodor Sologub (, born Fyodor Kuzmich Teternikov, , also known as Theodor Sologub;  – 5 December 1927) was a Russian Symbolist poet, novelist, translator, playwright and essayist. He was the first writer to introduce the morbid, pessimistic elements characteristic of European fin de siècle literature and philosophy into Russian prose.

Early life
Sologub was born in St. Petersburg into the family of a poor tailor, Kuzma Afanasyevich Teternikov, who had been a serf in Poltava guberniya, the illegitimate son of a local landowner. When his father died of tuberculosis in 1867, his illiterate mother. Tatiana Semyonovna Teternikova, was forced to become a servant in the home of the aristocratic Agapov family, where Sologub and his younger sister Olga grew up. The family took an interest in the education of young Fyodor, sending him to a pedagogical institution where Sologub was a model student. Seeing how difficult his mother's life was, Sologub was determined to rescue her from it, and after graduating from the St. Petersburg Teachers' Institute in 1882 he took his mother and sister with him to his first teaching post in Kresttsy, where he began his literary career with the 1884 publication in a children's magazine of his poem "The Fox and the Hedgehog" under the name Te-rnikov.

Sologub continued writing as he relocated to new jobs in Velikiye Luki (1885) and Vytegra (1889), but felt that he was completely isolated from the literary world and longed to be able to live in the capital again; nevertheless, his decade-long experience with the "frightful world" of backwoods provincial life served him well when he came to write The Petty Demon. (He said later that in writing the novel he had softened the facts: "things happened that no one would believe if I were to describe them.") He felt sympathetic toward the writers associated with the journal Severnyi vestnik (Northern Herald), including Nikolai Minsky, Zinaida Gippius, and Dmitry Merezhkovsky, who were beginning to create what would be known as the Symbolist movement, and in 1891 he visited Petersburg hoping to see Minsky and Merezhkovsky, but met only the first.

Early literary career
In 1892 he was finally able to relocate to the capital, where he got a job teaching mathematics, started writing what would become his most famous novel, The Petty Demon, and began frequenting the offices of Severny Vestnik, which published much of his writing during the next five years. There, in 1893, Minsky, who thought Teternikov was an unpoetic name, suggested that he use a pseudonym, and the aristocratic name Sollogub was decided on, but one of the ls was omitted as an attempt (unavailing, as it turned out) to avoid confusion with Count Vladimir Sollogub. In 1894 his first short story, "Ninochkina oshibka" (Ninochka's Mistake), was published in Illustrirovanny Mir, and in the autumn of that year his mother died. In 1896 he published his first three books: a book of poems, a collection of short stories, and his first novel, Tyazhelye sny (Bad Dreams), which he had begun in 1883 and which is considered one of the first decadent Russian novels.

In April 1897 he ended his association with Severny Vestnik and, along with Merezhkovsky and Gippius, began writing for the journal Sever (North). The next year his first series of fairy tales was published. In 1899 he was appointed principal of the Andreevskoe municipal school and relocated to their premises on Vasilievsky Island; he also became a member of the St. Petersburg District School Council. He continued to publish books of poetry, and in 1902 he finished The Petty Demon, which was published partially in serial form in 1905 (in Voprosy zhizni, which was terminated before the final installments). At this time his "Sundays," a literary group that met at his home, attracted poets, artists, and actors, including Alexander Blok, Mikhail Kuzmin, Alexei Remizov, Sergei Gorodetsky, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Léon Bakst, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky and Sergei Auslender. Teffi wrote of him at this period:
His face was pale, long, without eyebrows; by his nose was a large wart; a thin reddish beard seemed to pull away from his thin cheeks; dull, half-closed eyes. His face was always tired, always bored... Sometimes when he was a guest at someone's table he would close his eyes and remain like that for several minutes, as if he had forgotten to open them.
He never laughed... Sologub lived on Vasilievsky Island in the small official apartment of a municipal school where he was a teacher and inspector. He lived with his sister, a flat-chested, consumptive old maid. She was quiet and shy; she adored her brother and was a little afraid of him, and spoke of him only in a whisper. He said in a poem:
"We were holiday children, My sister and I"; they were very poor, those holiday children, dreaming that someone would give them "even motley-colored shells from a brook." Sadly and dully they dragged out the difficult days of their youth. The consumptive sister, not having received her share of motley shells, was already burning out. He himself was exhausted by his boring teaching job; he wrote in snatches by night, always tired from the boyish noise of his students...

So Sologub lived in his little official apartment with little icon lamps, serving his guests mint cakes, ruddy rolls, pastila, and honey cakes, for which his sister went across the river somewhere on a horsecar. She told us privately, "I'd love to ride on the outside of the horsecar sometime, but my brother won't let me. He says it's unseemly for a lady."... Those evenings in the little apartment, when his close literary friends gathered, were very interesting.

Fame and marriage

At the time of the 1905 Revolution his politically critical skazochki ("little tales") were very popular and were collected into a book, Politicheskie skazochki (1906). The Petty Demon was published in a standalone edition in 1907 and quickly became popular, having ten printings during the author's lifetime. Sologub's next major prose work, A Created Legend (1905–1913) (literally "the legend in the making," a trilogy consisting of Drops of Blood, Queen Ortruda, and Smoke and Ash), had many of the same characteristics but presented a considerably more positive and hopeful description of the world. "It begins with the famous declaration that although life is 'vulgar . . . stagnant in darkness, dull and ordinary,' the poet 'creates from it a sweet legend . . . my legend of the enchanting and beautiful.'"

His increasing literary success was tempered for him by his sister's tuberculosis; in 1906 he traveled with her to Ufa Guberniya for treatment, and in June 1907 he took her to Finland, where she died on 28 June. The next month he returned to St. Petersburg and retired after 25 years of teaching. In the autumn of 1908 he married the translator Anastasia Chebotarevskaya (born in 1876), whom he had met at Vyacheslav Ivanov's apartment three years before. Teffi wrote that she "reshaped his daily life in a new and unnecessary way. A big new apartment was rented, small gilt chairs were bought. The walls of the large cold office for some reason were decorated with paintings of Leda by various painters... The quiet talks were replaced by noisy gatherings with dances and masks. Sologub shaved his mustache and beard, and everyone started to say that he resembled a Roman of the period of decline." He continued publishing poems, plays, and translations; the next year he traveled abroad for the first time, visiting France with his wife, and in September the dramatized version of The Petty Demon was published.

Between 1909 and 1911 The Complete Works of Fyodor Sologub were published in 12 volumes, and in 1911 a collection of critical works appeared, containing over 30 critical essays, notes, and reviews by famous writers. In 1913 he presented a lecture, "The Art Of These Days," that was so successful in St. Petersburg he took it on tour all over Russia. In 1914 he started a magazine, Dnevniki pisatelei (Writers' Journals), and went abroad with his wife, but the outbreak of World War I put an end to the magazine. In 1915 two collections of his stories and tales were published in English, and in 1916 The Petty Demon, all translated by John Cournos.

Sologub continued touring and giving lectures, and in 1917 he welcomed the February Revolution. During the summer he headed the Soyuz Deyatelei Iskusstva (Union of Artists) and wrote articles with a strong anti-Bolshevik attitude. He was opposed to the October Revolution but remained in Petrograd and contributed to independent newspapers until they were terminated. In 1918 he spoke on behalf of the Union Of Artists; published Slepaia babochka (The Blind Butterfly), a collection of new short stories; had a play produced in Yalta; and joined the Petersburg Union of Journalists. But by the end of the year, because of Bolshevik control of publishing and bookselling, he did not have any outlets for his writing. Lev Kleinbort wrote of that period: "Sologub did not give lectures, but lived by selling his things."

Even though he was in principle opposed to emigration, the desperate condition in which he and his wife found himself caused him to apply in December 1919 for permission to leave the country; he did not receive any response.  Half a year later he wrote to Lenin personally, again without result. In mid-July 1921 he finally received a letter from Trotsky authorizing his departure, and he made plans to leave for Reval on 25 September. But on the evening of 23 September his wife, weakened by privation and driven to despair by the long torment of uncertainty, threw herself off the Tuchkov Bridge and drowned.
His wife's death grieved Sologub for the rest of his life, and he referenced it often in his subsequent writing. (A poem dated 28 November 1921, begins "You took away my soul/ To the bottom of the river./ I will defy your wishes/ And follow you.") He gave up any thought of leaving Russia and relocated into an apartment on the banks of the Zhdanovka River, in which his wife had drowned.

In 1921 the New Economic Policy was begun, and from the end of the year his books (which had been published abroad with increasing frequency, notably in Germany and Estonia) began to appear in Soviet Russia. In December Fimiamy (Incense), a collection of poems, was published; the next two years more poetry collections and translations were published (Balzac's Contes drolatiques, Paul Verlaine, Heinrich von Kleist, Frédéric Mistral), and in 1924 the fortieth anniversary of Sologub's literary activities was celebrated at the Alexandrinsky Theater in Petersburg, with speeches by Yevgeny Zamyatin, Mikhail Kuzmin, Andrei Bely, and Osip Mandelstam, among others. In April of that year he was elected the honorary chairman of the Division of Translators in the Petersburg Union Of Writers, and two years later he became the chairman of the board of the Union. He had literary gatherings in his apartment, attended by such writers as Anna Akhmatova and Korney Chukovsky. His new poems, which had a classic simplicity, were appreciated by those to whom he read them, but they were not printed anymore.

Death and legacy
In May 1927 Sologub became seriously ill, and by summer he could leave his bed only rarely; his last poem was dated 1 October. After a long struggle, he died on 5 December in Leningrad. Two days later he was buried next to his wife in Smolensk Cemetery.

While Sologub's novels have become his best-known works, he has always been respected by scholars and fellow authors for his poetry.
The Symbolist poet Valery Bryusov admired the deceptive simplicity of Sologub's poetry and described it as possessing a Pushkinian perfection of form. Innokenty Annensky, another poet and contemporary of Sologub, wrote that the most original aspect of Sologub's poetry was its author's unwillingness to separate himself from his literature.

The Petty Demon

The Petty Demon attempted to create a description of  poshlost', a Russian concept that has characteristics of both evil and banality. The antihero is a provincial schoolteacher, Peredonov, notable for his complete lack of redeeming human qualities. The novel recounts the story of the morally corrupt Peredonov going insane and paranoid in an unnamed Russian provincial town, parallel with his struggle to be promoted to governmental inspector of his province. The omniscient third-person narrative allowed Sologub to combine his Symbolist tendencies and the tradition of Russian Realism in which he engaged throughout his earlier novels, a style similar to Maupassant's fantastic realism.

Realistic elements of The Petty Demon include a vivid description of 19th-century rural everyday life, while a fantastic element is the presentation of Peredonov's hallucinations on equal terms with external events. While the book was received as an indictment of Russian society, it is a very metaphysical novel and one of the major prose works of the Russian Symbolist movement. James H. Billington said of it:
The book puts on display a Freudian treasure chest of perversions with subtlety and credibility. The name of the novel's hero, Peredonov, became a symbol of calculating concupiscence for an entire generation... He torments his students, derives erotic satisfaction from watching them kneel to pray, and systematically befouls his apartment before leaving it as part of his generalized spite against the universe.

Works

Novels
Bad Dreams [Tyazhelye Sny] (1896)
The Petty Demon also The Little Demon
The Created Legend
Drops of Blood
Queen Ortruda
Smoke and Ash

Short stories
Light and Shadows
Beauty
In the Crowd
The Glimmer of Hunger
The White Dog
Hide and Seek
The Cave
The Old House
The Uniter of Souls
The Invoker of the Beast
The Smile
The Hoop
The Search
The White Mother

Collections
The Sweet-Scented Name and Other Stories (1915)

Plays
The Triumph of Death
The Petty Demon (1909)

English Translations
The Sweet-Scented Name, and Other Fairy Tales, Fables and Stories trans. Stephen Graham (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1915).
The Old House, and Other Tales trans. John Cournos (London: M. Secker [1915]) (contains: "The Old House," "The Uniter of Souls," "The Invoker of the Beast," "The White Dog," "Light and Shadows," "The Glimmer of Hunger," "Hide and Seek," "The Smile," "The Hoop," "The Search," "The White Mother"). Reprinted: Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press [1974]. .
The Little Demon authorized trans. John Cournos and Richard Aldington (London: M. Secker, 1916).
The Created Legend authorized trans. John Cournos (London: M. Secker, 1916). (This translation only contains the first novel, Drops of Blood, of the trilogy.)
"Hide and Seek" in Best Russian Short Stories comp. and trans. Thomas Seltzer (New York: Boni & Liveright, Inc. 1917).
"The Fatherland for All" in The Shield ed. Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreyev and Fyodor Sologub; trans. Avrahm Yarmolinsky (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1917).
"The White Dog" in Russian Classics (Boston: The Four Seas Co., 1918) (International Pocket Library).
"The Rainment of the Lily and the Clothing of the Cabbage" and "The merry dead man" in Judas Iscariot, and Other Stories ([New York]: Guido Bruno, 1919 [c1916]).
"In Bondage" in Russian stories = Russkie rasskazy ed. Gleb Struve (New York: Bantam Books, 1961) (Bantam Dual Language Edition).
The Petty Demon trans. Andrew Field (New York: Random House, [1962]).
"A Little Man" in A Bilingual Collection of Russian Short Stories ed. Maurice Friedberg (New York: Random House, 1964).
 Melkiĭ bes = Shabby Demon (Letchworth [Herts.]: Bradda Books, 1966).
 "My Grim Genius," "Our Resurrection," "We Can Die Together" and "Song" in Russian Poetry under the Tsars: An Anthology comp. and trans. Burton Raffel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1971). .
"The Poison Garden" in The Silver Age of Russian Culture: An Anthology ed. edited Carl Proffer and Ellendea Proffer (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1975). .
The Kiss of the Unborn, and Other Stories trans. Murl G. Barker (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, c1977) (contains: "The Wall and the Shadows," "The Worm," "The Hoop," "Hide-and-Seek," "Beauty," "The Beloved Page," "The Youth Linus," "Death by Advertisement," "In the Crowd," "The Queen of Kisses," "The Search," "The Red-Lipped Guest," "The Kiss of the Unborn," "The Lady in Bonds," "She Wore a Crown"). .
Bad Dreams trans. Vassar W. Smith (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1978). .
Drops of Blood trans. Samuel D. Cioran (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1979). .
Queen Ortruda trans. Samuel D. Cioran (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1979). .
Smoke and Ashes trans. Samuel D. Cioran (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1979). .
The Created Legend trans. Samuel D. Cioran (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1979). .
The Petty Demon trans. Samuel D. Cioran (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1983) (with an appendix and critical articles ed. Murl Barker). .
"Vanka the Steward and Jehan the Page" in The Unknown Russian Theater: An Anthology ed. and trans. Michael Green and Jerome Katsell (Ann Arbor: Ardis, c1991). .
The Little Demon trans. Ronald Wilk (New York: Penguin, c1994) (Penguin Twentieth Century Classics). .
Consolation, A Story; Selected Verse bilingual ed. English trans. Vassar W. Smith (s.l.: Barbary Coast Books, 1997). .
"The Asteroid" and "A Little Man" in Worlds Apart: An Antholgy [sic] of Russian Fantasy and Science Fiction trans. Alexander Levitsky and Martha T. Kitchen (New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007). .
"The Invoker of the Beast" in 50 Writers: An Anthology of 20th Century Russian Short Stories trans. Valentina Brougher and Frank Miller, with Mark Lipovetsky (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2011). .

References

External links

 Site with biography, bibliography, works

  English translations of 5 poems by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, 1921
 English translations of 3 poems

Soviet writers
Dramatists and playwrights from the Russian Empire

Essayists from the Russian Empire
Novelists from the Russian Empire
Poets from the Russian Empire

People from the Russian Empire of Ukrainian descent
Symbolist poets
Symbolist novelists
Symbolist dramatists and playwrights
Modernist theatre
1863 births
1927 deaths

Fyodor Sologub


Fluid pressure is a measurement of the force per unit area. Fluid pressure can be caused by gravity, acceleration, or forces in a closed container. Since a fluid has no definite shape, its pressure applies in all directions. Fluid pressure can also be amplified through hydraulic mechanisms and changes with the velocity of the fluid.

In a fluid column, as the depth increases, the pressure increases as well. Pressure (P) increases because as you go deeper, fluid at a lower depth has to support fluid above it as well. Therefore to define fluid pressure, we can say that it is the pressure at a point within a fluid arising due to the weight of the fluid.

Pressure in liquids is equally divided in all directions, therefore if a force is applied to one point of the liquid, it will be transmitted to all other points within the liquid.

The pressure in fluids can be calculated using the following relation:

P = hρg  (Pressure = Height or Depth of the liquid × Density of the liquid × Gravitational pull (9.81m/s)).

Pressure is a scalar quantity. The SI Unit (International System of Unit) of pressure is the Pascal, or Newton per meter squared (N/m^2).

Points along the same depth will have the same pressure, while points at different depths will have different pressure.

An object that is partly, or completely submerged in fluid experiences a greater pressure on its bottom surface than on its top surface. This causes a resultant force upwards. This force is called upthrust, and is also known as buoyancy

For moving containers, the pressure changes,(Acceleration is the acceleration of the container)-.

For a vertical acceleration in the upward direction, the pressure in fluids= P = ρh (g+a)

For a vertical acceleration downward, the pressure in fluids= P = ρh (g-a)

For a horizontal acceleration, the pressure in fluids= tan θ

For any random angle of acceleration, the pressure in fluids= ρh (g + a sinθ)

Pascal's law for pressure at a point

The pressure at a point for a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. This is Pascal's law. However, it is only valid under the continuum medium assumption, i.e, the point must be small but large enough in order that the hypothesis of continuum medium to be valid. If the point is smaller, then thermal fluctuations become important and the pressure (if can be defined at such a level) becomes anything but fluctuation (Brownian motion).

References

Fluid mechanics

Fluid pressure


The Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion, also known as the Jemison–Van de Graaf–Burchfield House, is a historic house in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States.  The structure remained a private residence until 1955, when it served first as a library, then publishing house offices, and lastly as a historic house museum.  The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1972, due to its architectural significance.

History
The 26-room Italianate mansion was designed by architect Samuel Sloan for Robert Jemison, Jr., a local planter, politician, and businessman.  John Stewart supervised construction, and had been a partner with Sloan.  Construction began in 1859, as the nearby Alabama State Hospital for the Insane, designed by Sloan, neared completion.  Stewart was in Tuscaloosa supervising the construction of the hospital.  Jemison had been a significant political force in getting the Alabama Legislature to locate the proposed Alabama Insane Hospital in Tuscaloosa, since the state capital had been relocated to Montgomery in 1846.

Construction on the mansion continued into the early years of the American Civil War, being primarily completed in 1862.  Although some items were never completed as planned due to the war and the resulting Union blockade of the South, the house made use of the latest technology.  This included an elaborate plumbing system which featured running water, flush toilets, a hot water boiler, and a copper bathtub.  This was some of the earliest modern plumbing in the state.  The property also had its own coal gas plant, which provided the mansion with gas lighting and fueled a kitchen stove.

Jemison died at the mansion on October 16, 1871.  The property remained in the hands of his descendants into the 20th century. Robert Jemison's best-known descendant, Robert Jemison Van de Graaff, was born there in 1901.  The house was sold to J.P. and Nell Burchfield in 1945, who would later complete the first major restoration.  Following their ownership it was converted to use as Tuscaloosa's Friedman Public Library from 1955 until 1979.  Once the library was relocated it was used by two national publications,  first Horizon and then Antique Monthly.  Finally, it was acquired by the Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion Foundation in 1991.  Since that time it has been fully restored and is now operated as a historic house museum and event location.

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Italianate architecture in Alabama
Houses completed in 1862
National Register of Historic Places in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
Historic house museums in Alabama
Houses in Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama
1862 establishments in Alabama

Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion


South Foreland Lighthouses are a pair of Victorian lighthouses on the South Foreland in St. Margaret's Bay, Dover, Kent, England, used to warn ships approaching the nearby Goodwin Sands. There has been a pair of lighthouses at South Foreland since at least the 1630s. Even after the decommissioning of the Lower Lighthouse the pair continued to be used as leading marks, with Admiralty charts into the 20th century indicating that the 'Lighthouses in line lead south of the Goodwin Sands'.

South Foreland Upper Lighthouse was built in 1843. It went out of service in 1988 and is currently owned by the National Trust. It was the first lighthouse to use an electric light, and was the site chosen by Guglielmo Marconi for his pioneering experiments in wireless radio transmissions.

South Foreland Lower Lighthouse was built at the same time further down the cliff, to the east, where it still stands; decommissioned in 1904, it is now in private ownership.

History
The dangers posed to shipping by the Goodwin Sands have long been recognised and the earliest record of a warning light being used on the Foreland relates to a Brother Nicholas de Legh, who hung a white light from cliffs near St Margaret-at-Cliffe a little to the north.

17th and 18th century

The first pair of lighthouses at South Foreland was built in 1635 by Sir John Meldrum. (He also built the first North Foreland Lighthouse, 15 miles to the north, the following year.) The light at this time was provided by an open fire burning in a brazier on the roof. Responsibility for the lighthouses (and rights to the associated light dues) were passed to a Robert Osboldston in 1643, and then in 1715 to Greenwich Hospital.

In 1730 one William Knott began a period of service as lighthouse keeper at the Lower Lighthouse. Over the next 175 years five generations of the Knott family would serve as lighthouse keepers at South Foreland, making them 'probably the longest dynasty of keepers anywhere in the world'.

In 1793 the Upper Lighthouse was rebuilt with an oil lamp and parabolic reflectors in place of the brazier; the Lower Lighthouse was similarly rebuilt two years later (as a two-storey building, whereas the Upper Lighthouse was three storeys). John Yenn was the architect.

19th century

In 1832 the Corporation of Trinity House purchased the lease for the South Foreland lights from Greenwich Hospital. Ten years later the Upper Lighthouse was heightened and refurbished with a multi-wick oil lamp and a first-order fixed dioptric optic, manufactured by Henry-Lepaute of Paris. Then, the Lower Lighthouse was entirely rebuilt, in 1846, and provided with a fixed array of fifteen Argand lamps and reflectors. The architect and engineer for both these projects was James Walker. At the same time new accommodation for the keepers was built alongside each tower.

Electric light

In the 1850s Michael Faraday, scientific adviser to Trinity House, was exploring the feasibility of electric light being used in lighthouses; several different solutions were proposed. In 1857 Frederick Hale Holmes demonstrated his magneto-electric apparatus to Faraday, proposing its use in conjunction with carbon arc lamps. The initial trial was conducted at South Foreland Upper Light,  which thus became the first lighthouse to use electric light. The South Foreland trial began in December 1858 and continued until early 1860; afterwards Holmes's equipment was installed on a more permanent basis in Dungeness Lighthouse, in 1862. (Meanwhile, at South Foreland that year, experimental use was being made of a Drummond light at the high lighthouse; however, 'the results were not satisfactory' with regard to its potential for lighthouse illumination.)

In 1871 Souter Lighthouse became the first to be designed and built for electric operation, and the following year South Foreland received its own permanent electric installation. A power station was built, mid-way between the two lighthouses, containing four magneto generators driven by a pair of steam engines with coke-fuelled boilers. The building also included additional accommodation for the attendants. At the same time, the two lighthouses were each provided with a medium-sized (third-order) catadioptric fixed optic designed by  James Chance.

Experiments undertaken by John Tyndall
In 1865 John Tyndall had succeeded Faraday as scientific adviser to Trinity House, remaining in post until 1883.

In 1873 Professor Tyndall was engaged by Trinity House to conduct a series of experiments on the relative effectiveness of different types of fog signal. South Foreland, with its recently installed steam power plant, was chosen as the location and a variety of acoustic instruments were set up at the top and bottom of the cliff, to be monitored from a Trinity House vessel offshore. At first three systems were tested: a steam whistle, an air whistle and a pair of air-powered brass trumpets with reeds (designed by Frederick Hale Holmes). Later, other designs of whistle were trialled, as well as a steam 'syren' (provided by Joseph Henry) and three types of gun (operated by gunners from Dover Castle). Tyndall's recommendation was that the siren should provide the standard fog signal at major landfall stations, with reeds judged suitable  at some sites; by 1884 sirens were in use at 22 coastal stations and on 16 lightships. Tyndall presented wider conclusions on the acoustic effects of different atmospheric conditions in a paper delivered to the Royal Society the following year.

In 1876 Tyndall was again engaged to make a comparative study at South Foreland, this time of two different types of electric generator: the magneto and the dynamo. (In 1869 Holmes had speculatively constructed a pair of dynamos and suggested them for the permanent South Foreland installation, but at the time they were not considered sufficiently tried and tested.) The trial took place over the winter of 1876–77, and the dynamo was demonstrated to be both mechanically and electrically superior. A set of Siemens dynamos was shortly afterwards installed at Lizard Lighthouse when it was converted to electrical operation in 1878.

Later, in 1884, Professor Tyndall again conducted experiments for Trinity House at South Foreland, this time on the relative merits of gas lamps, oil lamps and electric lamps. For this purpose three temporary lighthouses were built, at the top of the cliff alongside the Upper Lighthouse, one powered by oil, one by gas and the third by electricity. Each provided space for different configurations of lamps or burners and optics to be tried. More than 6,000 observations were taken, from stations both on and offshore, and it was concluded that electric light was the most powerful under all conditions.

Marconi
In 1898 South Foreland Lighthouse was used by Guglielmo Marconi during his work on radio waves, receiving the first ship-to-shore message from the East Goodwin lightship on Christmas Eve that year. The system was used over the following winter to avert several shipwrecks. In 1899, the first international transmission was made between the lighthouse and Wimereux in France.

20th century

In 1904 the Lower Lighthouse was taken out of commission; the tower was sold and the attached cottage demolished soon afterwards. At the same time a 16-sided second-order rotating optic was installed in the High Lighthouse (it had previously been in use in St. Catherine's Lighthouse). It displayed a single flash every 2.5 seconds with a visible range of .

The lighthouse was connected to mains electricity in 1922, whereupon South Foreland Lighthouse became the first to use an incandescent lightbulb as its light source. At around the same time the 16-sided optic was adapted to give the lighthouse a new group-flashing characteristic (three flashes every twenty seconds). The Holmes generators, which had provided power for fifty years, were then disconnected, and the Holmes arc lamp was given to the Science Museum. The subsequent reduction of required maintenance, and provision of automatic electric equipment (including an electric winder for the clockwork mechanism to turn the lens), led to a reduction in staff numbers from one engineer and four keepers to just a single keeper. In the event of a bulb failure, an automatic lamp changer was activated (and an alarm notified the keeper); if the reserve bulb then failed, the lamp changer caused an acetylene burner to be brought into position and lit.

In 1969 the light became fully automated and the keepers' cottages (being no longer required) were sold.

In the mid-1980s it was decided that modern navigational aids had rendered the South Foreland light obsolete. It was decommissioned on 30 September 1988.

Present day

The lighthouse has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1989. As such it is open to the public. There is no vehicle access to the site; visitors are advised to walk either from Dover or from St Margaret's village, or else to use the nearby cycle route.

The lighthouse had remained unlit since 1988, but in June 2012 the light was reactivated to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. (The clockwork mechanism which turns the optic was restored to working order in 2004 to mark the centenary of its installation). The light was again reactivated on 2 June 2022 to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee.

In popular culture
The South Foreland Lighthouse is one of the landmarks mentioned in the British sea shanty "Spanish Ladies".
The ChuckleVision episode "Finders Keepers" was filmed here.
The Doomwatch episode "The Red Sky" was filmed here.
The Lower Lighthouse was featured in the 1967 film The Shuttered Room, which starred Gig Young, Carol Lynley, Flora Robson and Oliver Reed.

See also

 North Foreland Lighthouse
 List of lighthouses in England

References

External links

 South Foreland Lighthouse information at the National Trust
 Video: South Foreland Lighthouse relit for Queen's Diamond Jubilee
 Video: South Foreland Lighthouse relit for Queen's Platinum Jubilee
 Video: Lighthouses of England - South Foreland, Kent, early 1990's (filmed by P. Halil)

Lighthouses completed in 1840
Grade II listed buildings in Kent
Grade II listed lighthouses
Guglielmo Marconi
Lighthouse museums in England
Lighthouses in Kent
Lighthouses of the English Channel
Museums in Dover District
National Trust properties in Kent
Port of Dover, Kent

South Foreland Lighthouses