Suvorexant, sold under the brand name Belsomra, is an orexin antagonist medication which is used in the treatment of insomnia. It is indicated specifically for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or maintenance in adults. Suvorexant helps with falling asleep faster, sleeping longer, being awake less in the middle of the night, and having better quality of sleep. Its effectiveness is modest, and is similar to that of other orexin antagonists, but is lower than that of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Suvorexant is taken by mouth.

Side effects of suvorexant include somnolence, daytime sleepiness and sedation, headache, dizziness, abnormal dreams, dry mouth, and impaired next-day driving ability. Rarely, sleep paralysis, sleep-related hallucinations, complex sleep behaviors like sleepwalking, and suicidal ideation may occur. Tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and rebound effects do not appear to occur significantly with the medication. Suvorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA). It acts as a selective dual antagonist of the orexin OX1 and OX2 receptors. The medication has an intermediate elimination half-life of 12hours and a time to peak of about 2 to 3hours. Unlike benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, suvorexant does not interact with GABA receptors, instead having a distinct mechanism of action.

Clinical development of suvorexant began in 2006 and it was introduced for medical use in 2014. The medication is a schedule IV controlled substance in the United States and may have a modest potential for misuse. In other places, such as Australia, suvorexant is a prescription-only medicine and is not a controlled drug. Suvorexant is not available in generic formulations. Besides suvorexant, other orexin receptor antagonists like lemborexant and daridorexant have also been introduced.

Medical uses
Suvorexant is used for the treatment of insomnia, characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance, in adults. At a dose of 15 to 20mg and in terms of treatment–placebo difference, it reduces time to sleep onset by up to 10minutes, reduces time awake after sleep onset by about 15 to 30minutes, and increases total sleep time by about 10 to 20minutes. A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of suvorexant for insomnia likewise found that the medication improved subjective sleep onset, subjective total sleep time, and subjective sleep quality when assessed at one to three months of treatment. The effectiveness of approved doses of suvorexant (≤20mg) in the treatment of insomnia is said to be modest.

Network meta-analyses have assessed the sleep-promoting effects of suvorexant and have compared them to those of other orexin receptor antagonists like lemborexant and daridorexant as well as to other sleep aids including benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, antihistamines, sedative antidepressants (e.g., trazodone, doxepin, amitriptyline, mirtazapine), and melatonin receptor agonists. A major systematic review and network meta-analysis of insomnia medications published in 2022 found that suvorexant had an effect size (standardized mean difference (SMD)) against placebo for treatment of insomnia at 4weeks of 0.31 (95%  0.01 to 0.62). Suvorexant appeared to be similarly effective at 4weeks to lemborexant (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.63) and daridorexant (SMD 0.23, 95% CI –0.01 to 0.48), whereas benzodiazepines and Z-drugs generally showed larger effect sizes (e.g., SMDs of 0.45 to 0.83) and antihistamines (e.g., doxepin, doxylamine, trimipramine) showed more similar efficacy (SMDs of 0.30 to 0.55).

Orexin receptor antagonists like suvorexant increase total sleep time predominantly by increasing rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep, whereas they have no effect on or even decrease non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. This is in contrast to most other hypnotics, which either do not affect REM sleep or decrease it. The implications of these differences are not fully clear. Unlike certain other hypnotics like benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, orexin receptor antagonists do not disrupt sleep architecture, and this might provide more restful sleep.

It is unclear if suvorexant is safe among people with a history of substance addiction or alcoholism, as these individuals were excluded from clinical trials of suvorexant. A Cochrane review found suvorexant to be effective in the short-term treatment of sleep disturbances in people with dementia with few adverse effects. It is unknown if suvorexant is effective and safe for treatment of sleep problems in children and adolescents as suvorexant has not been studied in this context.

Suvorexant is approved for the treatment of insomnia by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at doses of 5 to 20mg and by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) at doses of 15mg (in the elderly) and 20mg (in younger adults). In the United States, the recommended starting dose is 10mg and the maximum recommended dose is 20mg. Higher doses of 30 and 40mg were also submitted to regulatory agencies for approval but were not authorized due to lack of clearly superior efficacy to doses of 15 to 20mg and concerns about next-day effects and associated impairment (e.g., driving). In addition to the preceding doses, suvorexant has been assessed at higher doses of up to 100mg in clinical trials. These higher doses appeared to be more effective at promoting sleep than lower doses but produced greater next-day effects. Lower approved doses of suvorexant in the United States in the range of 5 to 10mg were not extensively evaluated in clinical trials.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2017 clinical practice guidelines recommend the use of suvorexant in the treatment of sleep-onset and sleep-maintenance insomnia along with various other sleep medications. Orexin receptor antagonists are not used as first-line treatments for insomnia due to their costs and concerns about possible misuse liability. Generic formulations of orexin receptor antagonists including suvorexant are not yet available.

Available forms
Suvorexant is available in the form of 5, 10, 15, and 20mg oral film-coated tablets. It is provided as 10- and 30-tablet blister packs as well as 3-tablet starter packs. The availability of these different packs varies by country (all three available in Australia but only 30-tablet packs available in the United States).

Contraindications
Suvorexant is contraindicated in people with narcolepsy as it may worsen their symptoms. This is its only absolute contraindication. Suvorexant has not been studied in people with severe hepatic impairment and is not recommended in these individuals due to the likelihood of increased suvorexant exposure. On the other hand, suvorexant may be used in people with mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment as well as renal impairment of any severity and no dose adjustment is necessary in these situations. Concomitant use of suvorexant with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended due to potential for increased suvorexant exposure while concomitant use of suvorexant with strong CYP3A4 inducers may result in loss of suvorexant exposure and effectiveness. Suvorexant should be used carefully in people with a history of drug misuse or alcoholism due to its drug-liking effects and possible misuse potential at doses higher than those approved for therapeutic use. Similarly, suvorexant should be used carefully in people with a history of depression or suicidality as it may rarely increase suicidal ideation. The medication is indicated for use in adults and the elderly but has not been studied in children and adolescents and hence is not recommended for these individuals.

Suvorexant has shown teratogenic effects in animals such as decreased body weight at doses much higher than the equivalents of those approved for therapeutic use in humans. Teratogenic effects with therapeutic doses of suvorexant in humans have not been established due to lack of research and available data. Suvorexant is pregnancy category C in the United States. It is unknown whether suvorexant is present in the breast milk, whether it affects lactation in breastfeeding women, or whether it affects breastfed infants. However, suvorexant has been found to be present in mammary milk in rats and this is likely to be the case in humans as well. Suvorexant should be used in pregnant and breastfeeding women only if the potential benefit justifies the potential for harm to the baby.

Side effects
Side effects of suvorexant (at doses of 15–20mg) include somnolence (7% vs. 3% for placebo) and headaches (7% vs. 6% for placebo). Somnolence with suvorexant appears to be dose-dependent, with rates of 2% at 10mg, 5% at 20mg, 10–12% at 40mg, and 11–12% at 80mg, relative to 0.4% for placebo. Less common side effects (at 15–20mg) may include dizziness (3% vs. 2% for placebo), abnormal dreams (2% vs. 1% for placebo), diarrhea (2% vs. 1% for placebo), dry mouth (2% vs. 1% for placebo), upper respiratory tract infection (2% vs. 1% for placebo), and cough (2% vs. 1% for placebo). High doses of suvorexant (80mg) have also been found to produce greater incidence of dizziness (5% vs. 0% for placebo) and abnormal dreams (5% vs. 1% for placebo).

Less commonly, suvorexant may cause sleep paralysis, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations, and complex sleep behaviors (0.2–0.6% vs. 0% for placebo). Complex sleep behaviors include sleepwalking, sleep-driving, and engaging in other activities while not completely awake (e.g., making or eating food, making phone calls, and having sex). Other narcoleptic-like symptoms such as cataplexy (sudden weakness or paralysis) may also rarely occur. Suvorexant may sometimes cause worsening of depression or suicidal ideation. A dose-dependent increase in suicidal ideation as assessed with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale was seen with suvorexant in clinical trials although rates were very low (0.2% (1/493) at low doses (15–20mg) and 0.4% (5/1291) at high doses (30–40mg) relative to 0.1% (1/1025) for placebo). It has also been stated however that suicidal ideation was reported in 0% to 1.6% of people taking 10 to 20mg and 3.4% to 8.2% taking 40 to 80mg relative to 0% to 0.3% with placebo. Suicidal ideation with suvorexant is considered to be mild. In any case, caution is warranted in use of suvorexant in people with depression, and people with worsening depression or suicidal thoughts should be promptly evaluated. Besides the clinical trial data, a case report of rapidly worsened depression and onset of suicidal ideation with suvorexant has been published.

The next-day effects of suvorexant have been studied. Besides the side effect of daytime somnolence, suvorexant may dose-dependently reduce alertness and motor coordination and impair driving ability. It may also increase the risk of falling asleep while driving. Driving ability was found to be impaired at doses of 20 and 40mg in clinical studies. Driving impairment may also occur with lower doses of suvorexant due to variations in individual sensitivity to the medication. In three of four studies, 30mg suvorexant had no influence on next-day memory or balance, whereas in the remaining study, there was a decrease in morning word recall with 40mg and an increase in body sway with 20 and 40mg doses. In another study in elderly people who were awakened in the night, impaired balance was present at 1.5hours after taking 30mg suvorexant whereas memory was unaffected.

A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of suvorexant for the treatment of insomnia found that the medication significantly increased the rate of somnolence by 3.5-fold, daytime sleepiness/sedation by 3.1-fold, fatigue by 2.1-fold, abnormal dreams by 2.1-fold, and dry mouth by 2.0-fold. Conversely, suvorexant did not significantly differ from placebo in the rates of any other assessed adverse effects. This included back pain, diarrhea, dizziness, falls, headache, car accidents/traffic violations, nasopharyngitis, nausea, potential drug misuse, suicidal ideation, complex sleep behaviors, hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. The overall risk of any adverse event was increased 1.07-fold while discontinuation due to adverse events was unchanged ( = 0.93, 95%  0.60 to 1.44).

Tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and rebound effects do not appear to occur with suvorexant in the treatment of insomnia at studied doses. In three-month clinical studies, no rebound insomnia as assessed by measures of sleep onset or maintenance was observed with discontinuation of suvorexant at doses of 15 to 40mg. Similarly, no withdrawal effects were observed with discontinuation of suvorexant at these doses. However, in other reports, some tolerance as assessed by diminishing somnolence and rebound insomnia upon discontinuation has been noted.

The orexin neuropeptides augment the signaling of the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway and are thought to potentiate hedonic tone. Conversely, low orexin signaling may result in low hedonic tone and orexin receptor antagonists are of interest for the potential treatment of addiction. In line with these findings, suvorexant and other orexin receptor antagonists have not shown misuse liability in animal studies in rats and non-human primates. Paradoxically however, orexin receptor antagonists, including suvorexant, lemborexant, and daridorexant, have consistently shown drug-liking responses in human studies of recreational sedative users. Suvorexant at higher-than-approved doses (40, 80, and 150mg vs. 20mg maximum recommended dose) showed similar drug liking to the Z-drug zolpidem (15 and 30mg) in such individuals. On the other hand, it showed lower misuse potential on all other measures (including an overall rate of misuse potential adverse event of 58% for zolpidem and 31% for suvorexant). In another study, suvorexant at a dose of 150mg showed greater drug liking than daridorexant (50mg) but similar drug liking to zolpidem (30mg) and higher doses of daridorexant (100–150mg) in recreational sedative users. There was no apparent dose–response relationship for positive measures of misuse potential with suvorexant, in contrast to zolpidem. In the phase III clinical trials, misuse potential adverse events were reported in 3.0% with placebo, 4.1% with 15 or 20mg suvorexant, and 2.6% with 30 or 40mg suvorexant. The misuse liability of suvorexant is considered to be at most modest, and further research is needed to characterize the misuse potential of orexin receptor antagonists. In any case, suvorexant is a controlled substance in the United States due to concerns about the possibility of misuse.

Besides its subjective side effects, suvorexant has been found to cause dose-dependent increases in serum cholesterol levels in clinical trials. These changes in cholesterol levels were +1.2mg/dL at 10mg, +2.3mg/dL at 20mg, +3.1mg/dL at 40mg, and +6.0mg/dL at 80mg relative to –3.7mg/dL for placebo. Although the increases in cholesterol levels with approved doses of suvorexant (10–20mg) are small, they could be important over a long duration of treatment.

Early studies in rodents found that orexins (derived from Greek "orexis" meaning "appetite") stimulate appetite, feeding behavior, and weight gain while orexin receptor antagonists block these effects. However, subsequent animal studies were more mixed, with the effects being limited and depending on the animal strain. In humans, orexin receptor antagonists including suvorexant have not been found to affect body weight in rigorous clinical trials that lasted up to 12 to 14months.

Overdose
There is limited experience with overdose of suvorexant. Suvorexant has been assessed in single doses of as high as 240mg in clinical studies. The medication dose-dependently produces somnolence. High doses of suvorexant may also cause sleep-onset paralysis in some individuals (2% incidence at doses of 40–240mg). Treatment of suvorexant overdose is based on symptoms and is supportive. Gastric lavage may be used where appropriate whereas the value of dialysis has not been determined. Because suvorexant has high plasma protein binding, hemodialysis is not expected to enhance elimination of suvorexant.

Interactions
CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase exposure to suvorexant while CYP3A4 inducers can decrease exposure to suvorexant. Combination of suvorexant with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole increased suvorexant overall exposure by 2.79-fold and peak levels by about 1.25-fold, combination with the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor diltiazem increased suvorexant overall exposure by 2.05-fold and peak levels by about 1.25-fold, and combination with the strong CYP3A4 inducer rifampin decreased suvorexant overall exposure by 88% and peak levels by about 65%. The elimination half-life of suvorexant (about 12hours for suvorexant alone) was increased to 19.4hours with ketoconazole and to 16.1hours with diltiazem while it was decreased to 7.7hours with rifampin. Concomitant use of suvorexant with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended, while lower doses of suvorexant are recommended with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (5mg starting dose and 10mg maximum dose generally). The substantial decrease in suvorexant exposure with strong CYP3A4 inducers may result in loss of effectiveness. Suvorexant does not appear to have been assessed in combination with moderate CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., modafinil).

Examples of important CYP3A4 modulators which are expected to interact with suvorexant include the strong CYP3A4 inhibitors boceprevir, clarithromycin, conivaptan, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lopinavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, posaconazole, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, and telithromycin (concomitant use not recommended); the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors amprenavir, aprepitant, atazanavir, ciprofloxacin, diltiazem, dronedarone, erythromycin, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, fosamprenavir, grapefruit juice, imatinib, and verapamil (lower doses of suvorexant recommended); and the strong CYP3A4 inducers apalutamide, carbamazepine, efavirenz, enzalutamide, phenytoin, rifampin, and St. John's wort (expected to decrease suvorexant effectiveness).

Coadministration of suvorexant with other CNS depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, and tricyclic antidepressants may increase the risk of CNS depression and daytime impairment. Alcohol and suvorexant do not appear to interact in terms of pharmacokinetics but consumption of alcohol in combination with suvorexant is not advised due to additive CNS depression. Dosage adjustment may be necessary when suvorexant is combined with other CNS depressants. Use of suvorexant in combination with other medications used in the treatment of insomnia is not recommended.

Suvorexant is not expected to cause clinically meaningful inhibition or induction of various cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters. It has been found to not substantially influence the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate), warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate), digoxin (P-glycoprotein substrate), or combined birth control pills. However, coadministration of suvorexant with digoxin may result in slightly increased digoxin exposure due to inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein by suvorexant. Concentrations of digoxin should be monitored during coadministration of suvorexant and digoxin.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Suvorexant acts as a selective dual antagonist of the orexin (hypocretin) receptors OX1 and OX2. These receptors are the biological targets of the endogenous wakefulness-promoting orexin neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B. The binding affinities (Ki) of suvorexant at the human orexin receptors are 0.55nM for the OX1 receptor and 0.35nM for the OX2 receptor. The antagonistic potencies or functional inhibition (Kb) of suvorexant at the human orexin receptors are 65nM for the OX1 receptor and 41nM for the OX2 receptor. Hence, suvorexant shows similar affinities and antagonistic activities at the OX1 and OX2 receptors in vitro. Suvorexant is highly selective for the orexin receptors over a large number of other targets (170 screened off-target receptors, enzymes, and transporters). In contrast to certain other sedatives and hypnotics, suvorexant is not a benzodiazepine or Z-drug and does not interact with GABA receptors.

Mechanism of action
Suvorexant is thought to exert its therapeutic effects in the treatment of insomnia by blocking the orexin receptors and thereby inhibiting the effects of the endogenous wakefulness-promoting orexin neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B. The orexin neuropeptides are produced exclusively by a relatively small population of 20,000 to 80,000 neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus in the brain. These neurons project widely throughout the brain and mediate excitatory signaling to key centers involved in sleep–wake regulation, including the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus, serotonergic raphe nucleus, and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area. The orexin system shows circadian rhythmicity in its activity, with high activity during waking and low to no activity during sleep or at night. Orexin system activity during wakefulness is also higher with behavioral activation and with high-intensity emotions.

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations, as well as sleep attacks and fragmented sleep. Narcolepsy with cataplexy, also known as type 1 narcolepsy, is thought to be caused by loss of orexin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, possibly mediated by autoimmune mechanisms related to environmental triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. There is an 80 to 100% loss of orexin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and very low or undetectable levels of orexin-A in cerebrospinal fluid in people with narcolepsy. Similarly, narcolepsy with cataplexy in dogs is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the OX2 receptor, and knockout mice for genes encoding orexin system proteins such as prepro-orexin or the OX2 receptor show a narcolepsy-like phenotype. Although there is hypersomnolence in narcolepsy, people with the condition do not sleep more overall than normal individuals but instead experience more sleepiness and sleep during daytime in tandem with disturbed sleep at night. They do not usually feel well-rested during the day. Besides narcolepsy, the orexin system may also be involved in the etiology of insomnia. In addition, orexin signaling appears to change with age, and this may be involved in age-related sleep disturbances.

Orexin receptor antagonists may be expected to produce effects similar to those in narcolepsy. However, the effects of acute transient pharmacological antagonism of the orexin receptors are not necessarily the same as in the chronic and severe orexin deficiency in narcolepsy. Modulation of orexin signaling with orexin receptor antagonists produces effects that occur more at night when drug levels are high and less during the day when levels are low. In addition, long-term neural changes may develop in narcolepsy to compensate for the orexin deficiency in the condition. In animals and humans, orexin receptor agonists such as orexin-A and danavorexton dose-dependently produce wakefulness and locomotor activity while orexin receptor antagonists like suvorexant transiently reduce locomotor activity and dose-dependently promote sleep. Acute orexin receptor antagonists can promote sleep in animals to a greater extent than what occurs in narcolepsy-like orexin system loss. In addition, little to no cataplexy has been observed even with high doses of orexin receptor antagonists in animals and humans. It is unknown if long-term use of orexin receptor antagonists may produce compensatory neural changes or narcolepsy-like symptoms. An animal study of chronic high-dose suvorexant administration that showed development of narcolepsy-like changes suggests that this may be possible however.

Endogenous orexinergic tone is expected to play an important moderating influence in terms of the effects of orexin receptor modulators. As an example, rising orexin levels during the day may help to competitively offset the next-day residual effects of nightly-dosed orexin receptor antagonists.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption
The absolute bioavailability of suvorexant is 82% at a dose of 10mg. Suvorexant exposure does not increase dose-proportionally over a dose range of 10 to 100mg, which is likely due to decreased absorption at higher doses. Exposure to suvorexant increases by about 75% with a doubling of dose from 20mg to 40mg. The time to peak levels of suvorexant is 2 to 3hours regardless of dose but with wide variation (range 30minutes to 8hours). Taking suvorexant with food does not modify suvorexant peak levels or area-under-the-curve levels (overall exposure) but does delay the time to peak concentrations by about 1.5hours. Steady-state levels of suvorexant with once-daily continuous administration are reached within 3days. Levels of suvorexant accumulate minimally, by about 1.2- to 1.6-fold, with repeated once-daily administration.

Distribution
The volume of distribution of suvorexant is approximately 49L. It crosses the blood–brain barrier and distributes into the central nervous system.

Suvorexant has high plasma protein binding (99.5%). It is bound to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid).

Metabolism
Suvorexant is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via CYP3A enzymes. CYP2C19 also contributes to suvorexant metabolism to a minor extent. The major circulating forms are suvorexant and its metabolite hydroxysuvorexant. The hydroxysuvorexant (M9) metabolite is not expected to be pharmacologically active. It showed 10-fold lower affinity for the orexin receptors than suvorexant in vitro, was a substrate for P-glycoprotein making it unlikely to cross the blood–brain barrier, and did not show sedative effects in animal studies. Suvorexant also has several other minor metabolites.

Elimination
Suvorexant is eliminated mainly via metabolism. It is excreted primarily in feces (66%) predominantly as metabolites and to a lesser extent in urine (23%).

The elimination half-life of suvorexant at a dose of 40mg is 12.2hours, with a range of 8 to 19hours. In another study, the half-life of suvorexant was 15hours with a range of 10 to 22hours. In one study, the half-lives of suvorexant (mean ± SD) were 9.0 ± 7.2hours at 10mg, 10.8 ± 3.6hours at 50mg, and 13.1 ± 5.8hours at 100mg. With doses of 120 to 240mg, the half-lives of suvorexant were 12.1 to 14.5hours in healthy young males and 14.4 to 15.8hours in healthy young females. The half-life of suvorexant's inactive metabolite hydroxysuvorexant is similar to that of suvorexant.

Specific populations
Age and race do not influence the pharmacokinetics of suvorexant in a clinically meaningfully way. Exposure to suvorexant is slightly higher in women compared to men (Cmax 9% higher, AUC 17% higher), however dose adjustments based on gender are generally unnecessary. Suvorexant exposure is greater in people with higher body mass index, such as obese people (Cmax 17% higher, AUC 31% higher). This is particularly the case in obese women relative to non-obese women (Cmax 25% higher, AUC 46% higher). Suvorexant exposure with a single dose is not greater in people with moderate hepatic insufficiency compared to healthy individuals. However, the half-life of suvorexant at a dose of 20mg was prolonged from 14.7hours (range 10–22hours) to 19.1hours (range 11–49hours) in these individuals. Suvorexant exposure is unchanged in people with severe renal impairment and no dosage adjustment is necessary in these individuals. Similarly to hepatic impairment, the half-life of suvorexant was increased to 19.4hours when used in combination with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole and to 16.1hours with the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor diltiazem while it was decreased to 7.7hours with the strong CYP3A4 inducer rifampin.

Miscellaneous

The delayed time to peak levels (2–3hours) and long elimination half-life (12hours) of suvorexant are less than ideal for an insomnia medication as they result in a delayed onset of effect and significant next-day side effects such as daytime sedation. Orexin receptor antagonists with shorter half-lives and faster onsets of action are theoretically more optimal for therapeutic use as sleep aids. The ideal insomnia medication would not have a duration of action extending beyond about 8hours. Relative to suvorexant, daridorexant has a shorter half-life (8hours) while lemborexant has a longer half-life (17–55hours). However, although lemborexant has a longer terminal elimination half-life than suvorexant, it appears to be more rapidly cleared in the earlier phases of elimination. The investigational agents seltorexant and vornorexant, which are still in clinical trials, have comparatively very short half-lives in the range of 1.5 to 3hours.

Suvorexant dissociates from the orexin receptors slowly. As a result, its duration may be longer than that suggested by its circulating concentrations and half-life.

Chemistry
Suvorexant is a small-molecule compound. The chemical name of suvorexant is [(7R)-4-(5-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)hexahydro-7-methyl-1H-1,4-diazepin-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone. Its molecular formula is C23H23N6O2Cl and its molecular weight is 450.92g/mol. Suvorexant is a white to off-white powder and is lipophilic and insoluble in water. It is structurally related to other orexin receptor antagonists like lemborexant, daridorexant, and seltorexant.

History
The orexin neuropeptides were discovered in 1998 and the role of the orexin system in the etiology of narcolepsy was identified between 1999 and 2000. Subsequent research further established the role of the orexin system in sleep–wake regulation. Due to the promising potential of orexin system modulation in the treatment of sleep disorders, these findings led to translational efforts to bring orexin receptor modulators to medicine as therapeutic agents.

Suvorexant was developed by Merck. It entered clinical development in 2006 and was first described in the medical literature in 2010. The medication was approved by the FDA for the treatment of insomnia in the United States on August 13, 2014. Suvorexant was initially released November 2014 in Japan, then later reached the United States in February 2015, Australia in November 2016, and Canada in November 2018. It was the first orexin receptor antagonist to be introduced for medical use, and was followed by lemborexant in 2019 and daridorexant in 2022. Development of almorexant (ACT-078573) and filorexant (MK-6096) was discontinued, while seltorexant (MIN-202, JNJ-42847922) and vornorexant (ORN-0829, TS-142) are still in clinical trials.

Suvorexant marketing exclusivity in the United States was set to expire in January 2023 and patent protection is set to expire in 2029 to 2033.

Society and culture

Names
Suvorexant is the generic name of the drug and its , , and . The medication was developed by Merck under the code name MK-4305 and is marketed under the brand name Belsomra.

Availability
Suvorexant has been marketed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Russia, and Japan. Although previously available, suvorexant appears to have been discontinued in Canada. It does not appear to be available in the United Kingdom or other European countries besides Russia.

Legal status
Suvorexant is a schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act in the United States. It is not a controlled drug in Australia, instead being classed as a prescription-only medicine (Schedule 4 (S4)) in this country.

Controversy
Public Citizen, a progressive consumer rights advocacy group, issued a letter in June 2013 urging the FDA not to approve suvorexant. In its reasoning, it cited marginal benefits and excessive potential for harm, including next-day effects like driving impairment and possible accidents. Consumer Reports also published articles encouraging consumers to avoid suvorexant due to it being expensive, having limited effectiveness, and posing safety concerns.

Research

Delirium
Suvorexant is under development for the treatment of delirium. As of October 2021, it is in phase III clinical trials for this indication.

Psychiatry
Suvorexant has been studied in the treatment of insomnia in people with psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. It was reported to improve psychiatric symptoms and to decrease cortisol levels in these individuals. A phase IV clinical trial of suvorexant as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in people with major depressive disorder and residual insomnia was underway as of 2019. Although orexin receptor antagonists including suvorexant could be useful for treatment of depression and anxiety, there is also indication that they could have harmful effects in these conditions (e.g., animal studies and suicidal ideation in clinical trials). More clinical research is needed to determine the place of orexin receptor antagonists in the treatment of people with depression and anxiety.

There is interest in suvorexant and other orexin receptor antagonists in the potential treatment of substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder, cocaine use disorder, and opioid use disorder.

Alzheimer's disease
Suvorexant and other orexin receptor modulators are of interest for possible use in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Diabetes
Suvorexant has been studied in people with type 2 diabetes and insomnia and has been reported to improve sleep and metabolic parameters in these individuals. The improvement in metabolic parameters appeared to be related to improved sleep.

References

Further reading

External links

Benzoxazoles
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Orexin antagonists
Sedatives
Triazoles

Suvorexant


Lausus was the son of the ousted Etruscan king Mezentius, and fought with him against Aeneas and the Trojans in Italy. He appears in Virgil's Aeneid in Books VII and X. When his father is wounded by Aeneas, Lausus steps in between them, and Aeneas strikes them down. In doing so, Lausus embodies the idea of pietas that Virgil praises throughout, exemplified in the relationships of Anchises and Aeneas and of Pallas and Evander. Aeneas immediately feels remorse for having killed the boy, and reproaches Lausus' men for keeping a distance rather than caring for the body: "Then to the stripling's tardy followers / he sternly called, and lifted from the earth / with his own hand the fallen foe: dark blood / defiled those princely tresses braided fair."

Lausus is considered a foil to Pallas, the son of King Evander: both are young, come down from royal blood, are handsome, strong, full of filial piety, and both die at the hands of greater heroes.

References

Characters in the Aeneid
Etruscan heroes

Lausus


M.J. (Marc) de Vries (born 1958, Haarlem), is professor of Reformational Philosophy at the Delft University of Technology.

Biography

Marc de Vries studied physics at the Free University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and graduated in 1982 on the subject: dissolving problems in physical education. In 1988 he got his promotion at the Eindhoven University of Technology on the subject: technology in physical education.

He was a teacher in Physics at a school in Papendrecht (1982-1983). In 1983-1984 he was a teacher in Physics, Mathematics and Didactics at the Institute for Teacher Education, Eindhoven University of Pedagogical Technology (PTH). Thereafter, 1984-1988, he was as researcher in Physics and Technology education allied to the Eindhoven University of Technology. In 1988 he was guest researcher at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Technology Education Programme. In 1988-1991 he was head of the Technology Education department (teachers' educations program) at the Eindhoven University of Pedagogical Technology. In 1990 he began as an assistant professor in Philosophy and methodology of technology (now: Philosophy and ethics of technology) at the Eindhoven University of Technology (chair of Prof. Dr.ir. Anthonie Meijers).

M.J. de Vries is currently professor of Reformational Philosophy at the Delft University of Technology and thereby succeeded Prof.Dr. Egbert Schuurman of the Association for Reformational Philosophy. He is currently the editor in chief of The International Journal for Technology and Design Education.

In Januari 2019, he approved the Nashville Statement. This led to demands from action group TU Delft Feminist that he be fired. De Vries apologized in February, clarifying that he had not signed the statement, but approved it "in the context of a discussion that was taking place in the Church among Christians".

Selected publications
 Vries, M.J. de (2005). Analyzing the complexity of nanotechnology. Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, 8-3, 62-75
 Vries, M.J. de (2005). The nature of technological knowledge: philosophical reflections and educational consequences. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 15, 149-154
 Vries, M.J. de (2004). Nieuwe Delftse bijdragen aan een reformatorische techniekfilosofie. Beweging, 68-1, 24-27
 Broens, C.J.A.M., Vries, M.J. de (2003). Classifying technological knowledge for presentation to mechanical engineering designers. Design Studies, 24, 457-471
 Vries, M.J. de (2003). De aard van technische kennis: algemene onderzoeksvragen en de gevalstudie 'LOCOS' Filosofie, 12-6, 37-39
 Vries, M.J. de (2003). Design matters, and so does philosophy of design. Journal of Design & Technology Education, 8-3, 150-153
 Vries, M.J. de (2003). Filosofische reflecties op de aard van technische kennis. Kort verslag van een internationale conferentie. Filosofie, 13-4, 41-43
 Vries, M.J. de (2003). Toward an empirically informed epistemology of technology. Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, 6-3, 1-21

References

External links

 Marc de Vries Profile at TUDelft

1958 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch philosophers
21st-century Dutch philosophers
Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands
20th-century Dutch physicists
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
Scientists from Haarlem

Marc de Vries


TIAA Bank Field is an American football stadium located in Jacksonville, Florida that primarily serves as the home for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The stadium opened in 1995 as Jacksonville Municipal Stadium on the site of the old Gator Bowl Stadium (erected 1927), and included some portions of the older stadium. Located on the St. John's River, it sits on 10 acres of land in Downtown Jacksonville.

National Football League venues
Sports buildings in Florida

TIAA Bank Field


The Tuna Club of Avalon is a private members's club in Avalon on Santa Catalina Island in California.

History
The club was founded by Charles Frederick Holder (1851–1915) in 1898.

Early members included Zane Grey, Bing Crosby, Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, Hal Roach, Cecil B. DeMille, Herbert Hoover and George S. Patton. Among the first honorary members were Theodore Roosevelt, then Governor of New York, author Henry Van Dyke (both elected in 1898), Henry Markham (elected in 1899), ex-President Grover Cleveland (1899), Gifford Pinchot (1906) and Charles Hallock (1907). Against widespread opinion and popular belief, the future prime minister Winston Churchill was not part of the membership. The club hosted  Churchill once, for a unique visit in 1929. On that occasion the then Chancellor of the Exchequer caught a 125-pound marlin.

The club was all-male for many years, but membership to women is now welcome.

Beyond its listed clubhouse, it also leases waterfront facilities.

Clubhouse
The clubhouse is located at 100 St. Catherine Way in Avalon on Santa Catalina Island in California. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 2, 1991. It is also listed as a California Historical Landmark.

The state marker on the site reads:
NO. 997 TUNA CLUB OF AVALON – The Tuna Club of Avalon marks the birthplace of modern big game sportfishing in 1898. Led by Dr. Charles Frederick Holder, the club's founding members adopted the rules of conduct stressing conservationist ethics and sporting behavior. Today, their work remains the basis for the sport's internationally accepted principles.

The clubhouse was used as a location for the 1974 film Chinatown. In the film, the Tuna Club was renamed the Albacore Club.

Bibliography

References

External links

Buildings and structures in the Channel Islands of California
Santa Catalina Island (California)
California Historical Landmarks
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
Buildings and structures completed in 1916
1916 establishments in California

Tuna Club of Avalon


Kaimur Range (also spelt Kymore) is the eastern portion of the Vindhya Range, about  long, extending from around Katangi in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh to around Sasaram in Rohtas district of Bihar. It passes through the Rewa and Mirzapur divisions. The range never rises more than a few hundred metres above the surrounding plains and has a maximum width of around 80 km.

The range
The southern part of the Vindhyan Range up to Katangi is called Bhander Range. Beyond this point the escarpment enclosing the land-locked valley of Sirampur and the hill range in continuation is called the Kaimur Range.

The most important physiographic feature in eastern Madhya Pradesh is the great Kaimur escarpment. This forms the watershed or divide for two of the major rivers of peninsular India, the Son on the south and Tamsa or Tons on the north. Throughout its length of 300 miles and throughout its continuation into Narmada valley, it is not breached at any point by any stream flowing northwards, with a few minor exceptions. Everywhere the scarp rises to a height of 500 to 1000 feet above the low ground at its feet. The unique feature of the absence of any gorge or wind gap across the Kaimur scarp indicates that no stream of considerable size ever flowed due north across the scarp.

The Kaimur Range runs through the entire length of Maihar and Amarpatan tahsils of Satna district in an easterly direction slightly inclined to the north. At Jhukehi, the strike of the Kaimurs is displaced, producing the only gap in the whole length of the Vindhyas. Advantage of the gap is taken in the construction of the Mirzapur road and the Jabalpur-Allahabad railway line.

Plateaus and waterfalls
A series of plateaus runs along the Kaimur Range. These fluvial plateaus, consists of a series of descending plateaus, starting with the Panna Plateau in the west, followed by Bhander Plateau and Rewa Plateau and ending with Rohtas Plateau in the east.

There is a well-marked fall line along these plateaus, extending from Purwa or Tons Falls on the Tons River in the north-western part of the Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh in the west to Sasaram in the east. Hundreds of waterfalls ranging in height between 15m and 180m are found along this fault line as all the major rivers emerging from the Kaimur Range and draining due northwards make tremendous waterfalls while descending through the northern foreland of the Indian peninsula. Significant waterfalls along this fault line are: Purwa or Tons Falls (70m) on the Tons River (in Rewa district, MP), Chachai Falls (127m) on the Bihad River, a tributary of Tons River, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of Tons River, Odda Falls (145m) on the Odda River, a tributary of Belah River, which is itself a tributary of Tones River, Devdari Waterfall  (58m) on the Karmanasa River (Rohtas plateau, Bihar), Telhar  (80m) on the Suara West River (Rohtas plateau), Suara Falls (120m) on the Suara East River, Durgawaati Falls (80m) on the Durgavati River  (Rohtas plateau), Okharean Kund Falls (90m) on Gopath River (Rohtas plateau), Dhuan Kund Falls  (30m) (Rohtas plateau near Sasaram) on the Dhoba River, Kuaridah Falls (180m) on the Ausane River, a tributary of Son River, Rohtas plateau, Rakim Kund Falls (168m), on the Gayghat River, a tributary of Ausane River (Rohtas plateau)

Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in the Kaimur hills, Nawada and Jamui. A Neolithic settlement was also discovered in the thick of the alluvium, over the bank of the Ganges at Chirand. The rock paintings depict prehistoric lifestyle and natural environment. The paintings display the sun, moon, stars, animals, plants, trees, rivers and are believed to represent love towards nature. The paintings also highlight daily life of the early humans in Bihar, displaying hunting, running, dancing, and walking. The rock paintings in Bihar are not only identical to those in central and southern India, but also are similar to those in Europe and Africa. The rock paintings of Spain's Altamira and France's Lascaux are almost identical to those found in Bihar. Adi Satguru Ashram situated near Maa Mundeshwari Temple near Bhabhua (Kaimur) is a must see.

Protected areas
Protected areas in the Kaimur Range include:
 Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh
 Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh
 Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary in Bihar

References

External links

Landforms of Bihar
Landforms of Madhya Pradesh
Landforms of Uttar Pradesh
Mountain ranges of India
Rock art in India
History of Bihar
Cultural history of India
Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests

Kaimur Range


Russell W. "Russ" Meyer Jr. (born 1932 in Davenport, Iowa, United States) is the Chairman Emeritus and former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Cessna Aircraft Company. He was awarded the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, the Collier Trophy on two separate occasions (once jointly with Cessna), and the Meritorious Service Award from the National Business Aircraft Association (NBAA). In 2009, he became inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.

Meyer graduated from Yale University with a B.A. degree in 1954 and was awarded a Doctor of Law degree from Harvard Law School in 1961.

He was a jet pilot in the U.S. Air Force from 1955-1958 and served with the Marine Corps Reserves from 1958–1961.

Between 1961 and 1966, Meyer was an attorney with Arter & Hadden in Cleveland, Ohio. He was President and CEO of the Grumman American Aviation Corporation from 1966 to 1974, and joined Cessna in 1974 as an Executive Vice President, recruited by long-time Cessna President Dwane Wallace. Meyer was elected the company's CEO in 1975 by Wallace and the rest of the Board of Directors, and would serve in that role from 1975 to 2000 and again from June 2002 to 2004, succeeded by Jack J. Pelton.

He conceived the Citation Special Olympics Airlift in 1986, which uses Cessna Citation Jets to transport thousands of disabled athletes to the National Special Olympics. That same year, he and Cessna were awarded the Collier Trophy for the worldwide safety record of the Cessna Citation fleet of business jets. Ten years later, in 1996, under his leadership, the Collier Trophy was again awarded to Cessna for developing the Citation X, the first commercial aircraft to achieve a cruising speed of Mach .92, making it the fastest business jet in the world. Meyer also helped lead the passage of the 1994 General Aviation Revitalization Act, and was involved in various programs throughout his career that aimed at growing and strengthening the aviation industry.

He was a close and longtime friend of legendary golfer, pilot and Cessna owner Arnold Palmer.

He and his wife Helen have five children.

References

External links
 Russell W. Meyer, Jr. Chairman Emeritus, Cessna Aircraft Company - Wichita Aero Club

1932 births
Living people
Yale University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Collier Trophy recipients
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Davenport, Iowa
American aviation businesspeople
American aerospace businesspeople
Cessna
United States Army Air Forces pilots
Military personnel from Iowa

Russell W. Meyer Jr.


Toby Saks (January 8, 1942 – August 1, 2013) was an American cellist, the founder of the Seattle Chamber Music Society and a member of the New York Philharmonic.

Music history
Born in New York City to an immigrant family, Saks began music lessons at the age of five, first on the piano and then, at age nine, on the cello. She studied at New York's High School of Performing Arts and later at the Juilliard School with Leonard Rose. She gave prize-winning performances at the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and the Casals Competition in Israel. In 1964, she won a Young Concert Artists's award.

In 1971, she joined the New York Philharmonic, one of the first women to do so. However, over the years, Saks grew to dislike playing in an orchestra and, in 1976, accepted a faculty position in the University of Washington's music department, where she replaced the retiring Eva Heinitz.

Seattle Chamber Music Society
In 1982, Saks averred that she missed performing publicly but at the same time observed that Seattle lacked a major outlet for the expression of "classical" music. Saks decided to correct that shortcoming and founded the Seattle Chamber Music Society, which has continued to host summer festivals that feature some forty artists every season. During her thirty-year career as artistic director of the Society, Saks hired some 266 artists, many of whom were housed by Saks and her immediate neighbors. In 2012 Saks chose her replacement. He was James Ehnes, a former festival artist.

Personal life
In the late 1960s, Saks married philosopher and author David Berlinski and had two children, daughter Claire (born 1968) and son Mischa (born 1973), both of whom are published authors. Saks and Berlinski later divorced.

In 2013, Saks was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer after persistent abdominal problems. Hoping to attend the Society's festival, she chose to forgo treatment and, on August 1, died at the age of 71. She is survived by her husband of 25 years, Martin Greene, and her two children.

References

1942 births
2013 deaths
American classical cellists
University of Washington faculty
Juilliard School alumni
Musicians from New York City
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Washington (state)
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Musicians from Seattle
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century cellists
Berlinski family

Toby Saks


Rhyme & Reason is the second album by the American new wave band Missing Persons, released in 1984. It was a commercial disappointment. A video was created for "Surrender Your Heart" featuring animations from Peter Max. "Give" and "Right Now" were also released as singles, and videos made for both received airplay on MTV. Missing Persons embarked on a successful tour, but the album quickly fell off the sales charts.

Critical reception

The Christian Science Monitor wrote that "the most accurate description of the album's tone is that it's consistently bland... The pace, beat, and modulation of the music sounds the same; the only change is in the lyrics." The Omaha World-Herald concluded that "Missing Persons continues to show why it is one of the worst of the trendy Los Angeles new wave bands."

Track listing
"The Closer That You Get" (Dale Bozzio, Terry Bozzio, Warren Cuccurullo) – 4:54
"Give" (D. Bozzio, T. Bozzio, Cuccurullo, Patrick O'Hearn) – 4:54
"Now Is the Time (For Love)" (T. Bozzio) – 3:40
"Surrender Your Heart" (D. Bozzio, T. Bozzio, Cuccurullo, O'Hearn) – 4:22
"Clandestine People" (T. Bozzio, Cuccurullo) – 3:00
"Right Now" (D. Bozzio, T. Bozzio) – 3:29
"All Fall Down" (D. Bozzio, T. Bozzio) – 3:23
"Racing Against Time" (T. Bozzio, Cuccurullo) – 3:24
"Waiting for a Million Years" (D. Bozzio, T. Bozzio, Cuccurullo) – 5:23
"If Only for the Moment" (D. Bozzio, O'Hearn) – 3:47

CD Bonus Tracks

* = previously unreleased

CD Bonus Tracks (2021 Rubellan Remasters edition)

Personnel
Dale Bozzio – vocals
Terry Bozzio – synthesizer, percussion, drums, vocals
Warren Cuccurullo – guitar, electric guitar, vocals
Patrick O'Hearn – synthesizer, bass, electric bass
Chuck Wild – synthesizer, keyboard

Production
Producers: Terry Bozzio, Bruce Swedien
Mastering: Kit Watkins
Art direction: Larry Vigon
Design: Larry Vigon
Photography: Bob Leafe, Helmut Newton
Liner notes: Ken Sharp

Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)

Singles – Billboard (United States)

References

Missing Persons (band) albums
1984 albums
Capitol Records albums

Rhyme & Reason (Missing Persons album)


Cohee—also spelled coohee, kohee, quohee—was a name that Irish, Scotch-Irish and German immigrants to the colonial-era Southern United States gave themselves. They settled in the Shenandoah Valley and differentiated themselves from the Anglican planters of eastern Virginia who were called Tuckahoes. The Cohees were the first Europeans to settle in what are now Amherst County and Nelson County, Virginia.

The word comes from the Scots and Ulster Scots phrase "quo he", which corresponds to "quoth he" in standard English. It has come to mean "a backwoods settler of Scots or northern Irish origin". It primarily refers to inhabitants who lived west of the Blue Ridge Mountains in what is now West Virginia. The term also applied to German, Scottish, or Irish people in Pennsylvania.

References

Pre-statehood history of Virginia
Pre-statehood history of North Carolina
Pre-statehood history of South Carolina
Pre-statehood history of West Virginia
History of the Southern United States
Virginia society
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Scotch-Irish American culture in South Carolina
Scotch-Irish American culture in North Carolina
Scotch-Irish American culture in Virginia
Scotch-Irish American culture in West Virginia
Scotch-Irish American history
North Carolina society
South Carolina society
West Virginia society
American regional nicknames

Cohee


James E. Dooley (1886–1960) was a leading sports figure in Rhode Island. He became part owner of the Providence Steam Roller of the National Football League from 1916 until 1933 when the team folded. The 1928 team won the NFL Championship with an 8-1-2 record. He has a decades-long association with the Narragansett Park race track in Pawtucket. Dooley was also a founder of the Providence Reds of the Canadian-American Hockey League (CAHL) and was also the one-time President of the CAHL.

Dooley was a graduate of Georgetown Law School. Early in his career, in 1916, Dooley became a judge, succeeding Willis Knowles, who was a murder victim, as judge of the Rhode Island Eighth District Court. He served in that post for a year before resigning. However, the title "Judge" stuck to him for the rest of his life.

Judge Dooley was a member of the Rhode Island General Assembly. As a state legislator, he fought to win approval for horse race pari-mutuel gambling in Rhode Island. On May 18, 1934, his bill passed the state legislature and, by a 4-1 margin in a special election, horse race gambling became legal in Rhode Island.

The purchase of the What Cheer Airport, on the Pawtucket/ East Providence, Rhode Island line, was arranged for $150,000 during his tenure.

On August 1, 1934, 74 days after the state referendum, Narragansett Park opened for horse racing. Walter E. O'Hara, a Fall River, Massachusetts industrialist, formed the Narragansett Racing Association and was named president and manager. Judge Dooley was appointed racing secretary. He later became president of the association in 1938, succeeding O'Hara, and held onto the post until his death in 1960.

Dooley's son, J. Alden Dooley, took over as president after his father's death and ran the track until 1975. His son, James A. Dooley, Jr., took over until Narragansett Park closed in September 1978.

References

1886 births
1960 deaths
National Football League owners
Providence Steam Roller
Providence Reds
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Members of the Rhode Island General Assembly
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American judges

ja:ナラガンセットパーク競馬場

James Dooley (Rhode Island politician)


Hiawatha (/ˌhaɪəˈwɒθə/ HY-ə-WOTH-ə, also US: /-ˈwɔːθə/ -WAW-thə: Haiëñ'wa'tha [hajẽʔwaʔtha]) was a legendary Native American leader. According to stories, he was one of the founders of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was leader of the  Onondaga people and the Mohawk people. A famous account of Hiawatha is in the The Song of Hiawatha. This is a poem by Henry Longfellow.

Native American people

Hiawatha


In baseball, a foul ball is any hit ball that goes in foul territory, which is the area of the field not in between the bases (when looking from home plate to the pitcher's mound), without first going beyond the bases nearest to home plate, or being touched by a player, umpire, or an object not part of the ground while on or over fair territory (which is the part of the field that is not foul territory).

Each foul ball is a strike against the batter, except when this would result in the batter being struck out. The batting team can not score on a foul ball unless the batter flies out.

Other sports
Other bat-and-ball games have things that are similar to foul balls. For example, some forms of street cricket, like bete-ombro, penalize the batter if the ball goes behind them, which gives the batter 180 degrees of fair playing area, rather than the 90 degrees of fair playing area in baseball.

References

Baseball rules

Foul ball


Teodosio César Brea (4 December 1927 – 12 June 2018) was an Argentine lawyer. Brea obtained his law degree from the "Universidad de Buenos Aires" in 1950 and a Master in Comparative Jurisprudence from the New York University School of Law in 1954.  He validated his law degree at the "Universidad Complutense de Madrid" and was admitted to the bar in Spain in 1976.

Early life
Teodosio César Brea was born in Buenos Aires on 4 December 1927. He attended the University of Buenos Aires, graduating from law school in 1950. He then attended New York University, taking a master's degree in comparative jurisprudence in 1953. In 1955, he was appointed professor of constitutional law at the University of Buenos Aires and helped to devise the present political studies programme in the School of Law.

Career
Brea founded the firm Allende & Brea, one of the biggest law firms in Argentina. The law firm was founded together with Juan Martín Allende in 1957 for the practice of international and corporate law in his home country (the law firm was the first in Buenos Aires to follow the model of U.S. law firms). In the 1970s, he expanded the practice to Spain and the United States (the law firm used to have an office in New York and another one in Florida).

Brea was assistant professor of constitutional law at the Universidad de Buenos Aires for ten years (1955-1965).

Brea was member of the Bar Association of the City of Buenos Aires; The Association of the Bar of the City of New York; Royal Bar Association of Madrid; The American Society of International Law; American Foreign Law Association; Inter-American Bar Association; and the International Bar Association.

Brea was the chairman of the National Park Service of Argentina (1966-1970); chairman of Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina; vice-chairman and trustee of the World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF) (1982-1995); vice-chairman of the advisory board and Comparative Law Center of the Southwestern Legal Foundation, Dallas.

Brea played an active part in the creation of several non-governmental organizations, such as Fundación Bariloche (1962), Fundación Invertir (1993) and Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina (1977).

Apart from being a founding member of a law firm in Buenos Aires, Brea also devoted much of his time to a major conservation agency, the Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina.

From 1965, Brea was increasingly active in conservation in Argentina. His early efforts resulted in the passing of new legislation covering the management of natural areas in Argentina. In 1968, he founded the National Ranger School for the training of specialized personnel in conservation; even today, this is still only one of four centres of its type active in the world.

Brea was also one of the founders of the Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina where he served as secretary until 1987. The Fundación has developed into the most active non-governmental organization in this field in Argentina and one of the leading institutions of its type in Latin America.

Death
Teodosio César Brea died in Buenos Aires on 12 June 2018, at the age of 90.

References

Links
  Allende y Brea medio siglo de un estudio jurídico innovador, Diario La Nación del 10 de septiembre de 2007.
  Allende Brea expande su area de influencia a Miami, Diario La Nación del 12 de junio de 2002
  Teodosio Brea 1990 Jury member of The Rolex Awards for Enterprise

1927 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Argentine lawyers
Lawyers from Buenos Aires

Teodosio César Brea


The Oyster card is a form of electronic ticketing used on public transport services within London. It is promoted by Transport for London and is valid on a number of different travel systems across London including London Underground, buses, the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), London Overground, trams, some river boat services and most National Rail services within the London Fare Zones. More importantly, it is very similar to Travelcard, a branch from the original London's e-payment cards.

A standard Oyster card is a blue credit card-sized stored value card which can hold a variety of single tickets, period tickets and travel permits which must be added to the card prior to travel. It is also a contactless smart card which passengers must touch onto an electronic reader when entering and leaving the transport system in order to validate it or deduct funds. The cards may be "recharged" in person from numerous sales points, by recurring payment authority or by online purchase. The card is designed to reduce the number of transactions at ticket offices and the number of single paper tickets sold on the London transport network. Use is encouraged by offering substantially cheaper fares on Oyster than payment with cash.

The card was first issued to the public in July 2003 with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2010, over 34 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on services run by Transport for London used the Oyster card.

References

Transport in London

Oyster card


Emil W. Henry, Jr. (born December 28, 1960) is an American business leader and public policy expert on economics, financial institutions, capital markets, and financial regulation. He is a former Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions of the U.S. Treasury Department serving from 2005 to 2007 under Secretaries John Snow and Hank Paulson. He is the CEO and Managing Partner of Henry Tiger LLC and Tiger Infrastructure Partners, a private equity firm.

Upon his departure from the Treasury, Hank Paulson awarded Henry the U.S. Treasury Department's highest honor, the Alexander Hamilton Award.

Henry holds a bachelor's degree from Yale University and an MBA from Harvard Business School.

Early life and education

Henry was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He graduated from Yale University in 1983 with a B.A. in Economics, cum laude, and from the Harvard Business School in 1987.

At Yale, Henry was a member of the famed The Whiffenpoofs, America's oldest a cappella singing group.

Henry met his wife, Jody Cregan Henry, at Yale University where she also graduated in 1983. They live in New York City and East Hampton, NY and have three children: Madeleine, Parker, and Emil III.

His parents, also from Memphis, have been politically active. Henry's father, E. William Henry, served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from 1962-66.

His mother, Sherrye Patton Henry, a well-known author, radio personality and feminist activist, was appointed by President Clinton to head the Women's  Business Ownership of the SBA. For 15 years she hosted the Sherrye Henry Program on WOR radio in New York City. She hosted WOMAN! On WCBS-TV. She was author of "The Deep Divide, Why Women Resist Equality".

Business career

Henry has been a financial executive for over 30 years.  He is currently CEO of private equity firm Henry Tiger LLC and Tiger Infrastructure Partners in which hedge fund titan Julian Roberston was a seed investor. From 2007-2008, Henry was the Global Head of a Lehman Brothers' private equity investment business. From 1990-2005, Henry was a partner and Chairman of Asset Management for Gleacher Partners, a global investment firm. From 1987-1990 Henry was a member of the principal investment arm of Morgan Stanley in New York City where he executed private equity investments.

Government Service and Political Activities

Henry is politically active and a prominent member of the Republican Party.

Henry was appointed by President George W. Bush as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Institutions. In October, 2005, Henry was unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. As a member of Secretary Snow's and Secretary Paulson's senior team, Henry led a number of initiatives including the Treasury Department's activities in financial, capital markets, and regulatory policy. He coordinated the President's Working Group on Financial Markets, developed administration policy on hedge funds and derivatives, and led initiatives to reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and overall financial regulatory structure. He led the Department's efforts to develop emergency response protocols in the event of a financial crisis.

Henry was an ardent reformer of the GSEs, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and is recognized as the first public official to outline publicly and prior to the financial crisis the systemic risks presented by the GSEs.

Henry was designated by Secretary Paulson to serve on the boards of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), which oversees member broker-dealers and restores funds to investors from bankrupt and otherwise financially troubled US brokerage and securities firms.

Upon Henry's departure from the Treasury, Secretary Paulson said "Emil is a consummate team player.  He has always put the Department and his duties as a public servant before himself." and praised him for taking on the additional duties of the Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets. "One job is a handful; two an unprecedented commitment. He managed both jobs with excellence", Paulson said.

Henry has been active in Republican politics including the 2012 Romney presidential campaign where he was an economic adviser, media surrogate, and member of the transition team. He was a delegate for Mitt Romney at the 2012 Republican National Convention in Tampa Florida.

In 2009, Ed Cox, the New York State Republican Chairman, reached out to Henry to consider running for Governor and courted him intensively. The potential for a strong Henry candidacy prompted Cox to lobby Rudy Giuliani to consider running for US Senate rather than Governor. .

Notable Statements

Henry has given numerous speeches, lectures and interviews and has been profiled in television and print media on a variety of financial and political topics. Among the places he's been interviewed or published commentary are CNN, FOX, MSNBC, CNBC, Bloomberg, the Wall St. Journal, National Review, The American Spectator, and The Financial Times.

In a June, 2006 speech before the Housing Policy Council,  Henry correctly warned of the potential for a financial crisis with the GSEs (Fannie Mae and Freddie at the center): "…these types of concerns are not simply theoretical. Like the case of a single gunshot setting off an avalanche, there are times when even seemingly modest or localized events in particular financial markets can trigger adverse consequences of enormous proportions"... "we at the Treasury are confident we are not simply "crying wolf"", and "Do we really want to be faced with unwarranted and irresponsible calls for bailing out another failed GSE?".

The GSEs were bailed out in October 2008.

In an April 2006 speech, Henry correctly questioned whether "our large financial institutions properly value and disclose their derivative exposure".

References

1960 births
Living people
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Treasury
Yale University alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Tennessee Republicans

Emil Henry


Daniel John Harding  (born 31 August 1975) is a British conductor.

Biography
Harding was born in Oxford. He studied trumpet at Chetham's School of Music and was a member of the National Youth Orchestra at age 13. At age 17, Harding assembled a group of musicians to perform Pierrot Lunaire of Arnold Schoenberg, and sent a tape of the performance to Simon Rattle in Birmingham.  After listening to this tape, Rattle hired Harding as his assistant at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra for a year, from 1993 to 1994.  Harding then attended the University of Cambridge, but after his first year at university, Claudio Abbado named him his assistant with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Harding first conducted the Berlin Philharmonic at age 21.  At the time of his first conducting appearance at The Proms in 1996, he was then the youngest-ever conductor to appear there. Harding has stated that he has never had formal conducting lessons. He is a former Seiji Ozawa Fellow in conducting at Tanglewood Music Center.

In 1997, Harding was the Music Director of the Ojai Music Festival alongside pianist Emanuel Ax. Harding has been music director of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra (1997–2000), the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen (1999–2003) and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (2003–2008).  Harding now has the title of conductor laureate with the Mahler Chamber Orchestra.  He conducted the 2005 opening night at La Scala, Milan in Idomeneo, as a substitute after the resignation of Riccardo Muti earlier in 2005.

In 2004, Harding was appointed principal guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO), as of 2006.  One of his new projects with the LSO involved the Sound Adventures program for new compositions. With the LSO, he has conducted a commercial recording of the opera Billy Budd for EMI Classics. He became the Principal Conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra in 2007.  In September 2009, he extended his contract as the orchestra's principal conductor through 2012. In April 2013, the orchestra further announced the extension of Harding's contract to 2015. With the orchestra, he has recorded commercially for the Sony Classical label.  In June 2015, the Orchestre de Paris announced the appointment of Harding as its 9th principal conductor, effective September 2016. Harding concluded his tenure in the Orchestre de Paris post following the close of the 2018–2019 season.  In October 2018, the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra announced the extension of Harding's contract as principal conductor through 2023, along with granting him the new title of konstnärlig ledare (artistic leader).  In November 2021, the orchestra announced an additional extension of Harding's contract through 2025.  Harding is scheduled to conclude his tenure with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra at the close of the 2024–2025 season.

Outside of Europe, in September 2010, Harding took the title of music partner of the New Japan Philharmonic.  In April 2012, Harding became artistic director of the Ohga Hall in Karuizawa, Japan.

In 2021, Harding conducted the annual Vienna Philharmonic Summer Night Concert for the first time, the first British conductor to lead this concert.  In March 2023, the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia announced the appointment of Harding as its next music director, effective with the 2024–2025 season, with an initial contract of 5 seasons.

Personal life
Harding has two children, Adele and George, from his past marriage to Béatrice Muthelet, a violist and co-principal violist of the Mahler Chamber Orchestra.  The marriage ended in divorce. Harding is a particular fan of the football club Manchester United.  Harding is a licensed airline pilot, and in 2019 had announced his intention in 2020 to take a sabbatical from conducting to be a commercial pilot with Air France, plans delayed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.  Harding was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to music.

References

External links
 Askonas Holt, artist management

1975 births
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
20th-century British conductors (music)
Musicians from Oxford
People educated at Chetham's School of Music
Sony Classical Records artists
21st-century British conductors (music)
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Erato Records artists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Oxfordshire
Commercial aviators
Grammy Award winners

Daniel Harding


B'nai Jacob Synagogue is a Conservative congregation in Ottumwa, Iowa. Established in 1898, it was originally Orthodox. It constructed its current synagogue building in 1915, and joined the Conservative movement in the 1950s. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

History
The first Jewish settlement in Ottumwa in the 19th century was dominated by German Jews, and in the early 1880s, there was an organized German congregation. By 1884, this had dissolved as most of the original German pioneers died out and their children left town. In 1886 there were about 20 Jewish families in town. The Ottumwa Jewish cemetery, founded by the Ottumwa Hebrew Association in 1876, was the lasting legacy of this period of Ottumwa's history.

Edna Ferber lived in Ottumwa as a child in the 1890s. Her father operated The Fair, an Ottumwa department store. At the time, Ottumwa was a coal mining town, and the antisemitism of the town had a lasting influence on Ferber. She wrote of her years in Ottumwa: "I don't think that there was a day when I wasn't called a sheeny."

By the turn of the 20th century, Ottumwa had fewer than 50 Jewish families, immigrants from Germany and across eastern Europe. Most were "in the junk and second-hand business", but there were also laborers, shoemakers, tailors and one prominent merchant. Some families were extremely observant, "wearing two types of phylacteries", while others believed "in no Judaism at all." One local Jew had a personal Torah scroll and a private mikvah, but there was no organized community.

In the early 1900s, many people called the area around the 300, 400 and 500 blocks of Main Street "Jew Town" because the stores in the neighborhood were mostly owned by Jewish families, many of whom lived above their stores. The B'nai Jacob congregation was organized in 1898. In 1907, the congregation was located at 404 E. Main St., and had 15 members out of an estimated Jewish population of 150. The Hebrew school had 15 pupils and met once per week. By 1919, the Jewish population of Ottumwa had risen to 412 and the congregation had moved one block into the current building. The school still only had one teacher on staff, but there were 21 pupils and the school met daily. The B'nai Jacob congregation numbered around 250 in the 1930s and 1940s. The synagogue affiliated with the Conservative movement in the 1950s.

The Jewish population of Ottumwa was 231 in 1951. By 1960, the Jewish population was estimated at 175, and by 1962, 150. For the next two decades, through 1983, the population estimate remained unchanged. By 2010, the congregation on a typical Saturday morning had shrunk to seven or so, and by 2018, as few as two. In August of that year, the congregation donated its Torah scroll "to a new synagogue forming in South America", and ceased functioning.

Building

B'nai Jacob's Renaissance or Deco Vernacular synagogue building at 529 East Main Street (at Union Street) was constructed in 1915. The architect was George M. Kerns and L.T. Chrisman and Company was the contractor. The exterior is brick, with an addition in the back holding a kitchen and social hall, built some time in the 1950s.

As originally built, the bimah was in the center of the sanctuary, but in an earlier modernization of the building, the central bimah was removed. The woodwork around the Torah ark is original, as is the 7-branched menorah in front of the ark. The ark doors and interior, however, are not original.

The sanctuary features a woman's gallery against the south-west wall, built over the front entrance foyer and classroom, although it is rarely used. In traditional Judaism, women were seated separately from men, separated by a mechitza which frequently took the form of a balcony. The separation of men and women at B'nai Jacob ended when one woman's health problems prevented her from climbing the stairs to the balcony.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2004 (reference number 4000815), and underwent major historic restoration in 2004–2005.

In February 2019 the building was donated to the American Gothic Performing Arts Festival and renamed Temple of Creative Arts, to be used as meeting and performance space.

References

External links

 B'nai Jacob Synagogue, Facebook

German-American culture in Iowa
German-Jewish culture in the United States
Synagogues completed in 1915
Synagogues in Iowa
Conservative synagogues in the United States
Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Religious organizations established in 1898
Renaissance Revival synagogues
Renaissance Revival architecture in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Ottumwa, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Wapello County, Iowa
Former synagogues in the United States

B'nai Jacob Synagogue (Ottumwa, Iowa)


Robert J. "Bob" Kaehler (born April 5, 1964, in San Mateo, California) is an American rower. He finished 5th in the men's eight at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Education
Kaehler is a graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (1991) with an MS in Physical Therapy.

Career
Kaehler started his sports career as an athlete on the U.S. National Rowing Team. His athletic career spanned over a decade and included two world university games, several world cup events, seven world championships, and three Olympic games.  Kaehler's results include: Olympics—1992 (M4X—8th), 1996 (M8+ -- 5th), 2000 (M8+ -- 5th); World Champion M8+ -- 1994, 1997, 1998, and 1999.

Kaehler trained with some of the world's most successful rowing coaches including Igor Grinko, Mike Spracklen and Mike Teti.  The exposure to these diverse training methods and philosophies helped shape Kaehler's singular perspective on conditioning and athletic performance.

Kaehler remains the most successful U.S. male heavyweight rower at the world championships level with his four world titles, including a three-straight streak (1997–1999) with U.S. coach Mike Teti.  For his wins and contributions to the sport of U.S. rowing, Kaehler was inducted into the Rowing Hall of Fame in March 2012.

Along with three titles (San Diego Training Center U.S.A. -- Men's 8+) Kaehler still holds current records at the Henley Royal Regatta (Barrier and Fawley).  Held annually since 1839 (except for two world wars), the Henley Royal Regatta is one of the world's oldest and most prestigious rowing races held in Henley-on-Thames, England.

Personal life
Kaehler lives with his wife and three children in Pennsylvania.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Rowers from Buffalo, New York
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic rowers for the United States
American male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Rowers at the 1995 Pan American Games

Robert Kaehler


Milan Zver (born 25 May 1962) is a Slovenian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Slovenia. He is a member of the Slovenian Democratic Party, part of the European People's Party. He is the Vice-President of the Slovenian Democratic Party. He served as Minister of Education and Sports from 2004 to 2008.

He is a member of the Reconciliation of European Histories Group.

Life and career
Zver was born in Ljubljana, FPR Yugoslavia, but spent most of his childhood in the village of Destrnik in the eastern Slovenian region of Styria. After finishing high school in Ptuj, he enrolled in the University of Ljubljana, where he studied sociology and political science at the Faculty of Social Sciences. He graduated in 1987 and continued his studies at the University of Graz under the supervision of the scholar Horst Haselsteiner. He obtained his MA in 1990, but in 1992 he left the research work at the university and decided to undertake public service in Slovenia instead. A member of Slovenian Social Democratic Party since 1990, Zver served as advisor to the Deputy Prime Minister Jože Pučnik and later to the Minister of Defence Janez Janša. After the Social Democratic Party left Janez Drnovšek's coalition government in 1994, Zver served as a secretary of the Municipal Council of Ljubljana until 1999, and later as an advisor to the parliamentary group of the Slovenian Social Democratic Party (now known as the Slovenian Democratic Party) in the National Assembly of Slovenia. From 2002 to 2004, he served as member of the Municipal Council of Ljubljana.

In 1998, Zver obtained his PhD at the University of Ljubljana under the supervision of historian Janko Prunk. The same year, he started teaching sociology at the University of Maribor. He has written several articles and monographs in political analysis and history of political thought.

In the 2004 parliamentary elections, Zver was elected to the Slovenian National Assembly. He left the Parliament shortly afterward in order to serve as the Minister of Education and Sports in the centre-right government led by Janez Janša. Until 2007, he also served as the chairman of the commission for the improvement of the conditions of the Romani community in Slovenia.

As the Minister of Sports, he attended the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics as the representative for Slovenia.

Recent activities
At the initiative of Milan Zver, the European Parliament announced on 11 June 2018 that a conference room will bear the name of Jože Pučnik.
The official inauguration took place on 28 June 2018 in Brussels, where President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani, Chairman of the EPP Group in the European Parliament Manfred Weber, President of Slovenia Borut Pahor, President of Slovenian Democratic Party Janez Janša and initiator Milan Zver were among the honorary speakers. Family of Jože Pučnik was present at the inauguration as well.

After the victory of the left-wing coalition led by Borut Pahor in the 2008 parliamentary elections, Zver was replaced by Igor Lukšič as Minister of Education of Sports.

In 2009, he was chosen to head the Slovenian Democratic Party's list of candidates to the European Parliament. The list obtained the highest procentage of votes in Slovenia, while Zver received the highest number of preferential votes in the country, resulting in the election to the European Parliament.

Zver has been member of several executive bodies of the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) since 1992, at first as an adviser and subsequently as a member. He is currently vice president of the party. He has also been active on the international political scene, mostly within the European People's Party and in conservative think tanks such as the International Republican Institute and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation.

He is a signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.

Private life
Zver is married with two daughters.  One, Manca Zver is a model and television host. Zver is also an amateur football player.  Besides Slovene, he is fluent in English, German and Serbo-Croatian.  He has been married twice.  His current wife is the Slovenian historian Andreja Valič Zver.

Selected bibliography
  ("Concepts of Democracy among Slovenian Socialists in the Interwar Period"; Ljubljana, 1988);
  ("And the Day Shall Shine: Political Essays"; Ljubljana, 1996);
  ("Hundred Years of Social Democracy in the Slovene Lands"; Ljubljana, 1996);
  ("The Notion of Democracy in the Classical Slovenian Political Thought"; Ljubljana, 2002);
 ' ("The Scientific and Political Thought of Jože Pučnik", editor; Ljubljana, 2004).

References

External links

 Profile at Slovenian Government website
Zver's curriculum vitae

1962 births
Living people
Ministers of Education and Sports of Slovenia
Politicians from Ljubljana
MEPs for Slovenia 2009–2014
MEPs for Slovenia 2014–2019
Slovenian Democratic Party MEPs
Slovenian Democratic Party politicians
Slovenian sociologists
University of Graz alumni
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Maribor
Members of the National Assembly (Slovenia)
MEPs for Slovenia 2019–2024

Milan Zver


Eenadu (; ) is the largest circulated Telugu-language daily newspaper of India sold mostly in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

It was founded by Ramoji Rao in 1974. He remained Chief Editor till 2020.

Name
Eenadu is a polysemic word which has two meanings in Telugu language  "today/this day" and "this land".

History

Early days in Visakhapatnam
Eenadu was launched from Visakhapatnam on 10 August 1974 by Ramoji Rao, a businessman who had previously achieved success with Priya Pickles and Margadarsi Chitfunds. At that time, the Andhra Prabha, owned by the Indian Express Group, was the leading regional newspaper.

Initially, the circulation of Eenadu was limited. When launched in the city of Visakhapatnam, it wasn't able to sell more than 3,000 copies a week. Eenadu found itself struggling to become a daily publication among publication. However, it was popular in certain regions and rivalry was still an issue. Eenadu hired a new set of directors to be part of its key decision and management group which drove it towards what it is today: the most highly circulated newspaper in the region.

Expansion to other regions
Eenadu began with a print order of 4,000 copies, composed by hand and produced using a second-hand printing press. But by the time it was admitted into the Audit Bureau of Circulations in 1976, its circulation had already reached a readership of 48,000. By 1978, Eenadu surpassed Andhra Prabhas circulation and, by 1995, two other rivals Andhra Patrika and Udayam folded, leaving Eenadu with over seventy-five percent of the audited circulation of Telugu dailies.

Its expansion has partially been attributed to its use of regional dialects, colloquialisms, idioms and sarcasm in its reporting, as well as colorful pictures with captions.

When Eenadu expanded to Hyderabad in 1975, it divided the city into target areas, recruited delivery boys three months in advance and handed out the paper freely for a week. During the 1980s, technology enabled Eenadu to spread over larger areas beyond only the main cities. Earlier, it was difficult to manage even the three editions of the 1970s (the Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Hyderabad editions) because the only communication facilities available to the publication at the time were the telegram, telephone, and teleprinter, all of which had limited presence in rural Andhra Pradesh.

Political impact and TDP support
Support of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) by Eenadu has been recorded since the party's foundation in 1982. This has been attributed to Ramoji Rao's disdain for the Congress government, to the point that he planned to create a regional party on his own accord, and a personal rapport he formed with party founder and leader N. T. Rama Rao, who he had first doubted but eventually saw political potential in. Another factor that has been cited is caste politics, with both Eenadu and the TDP being perceived as Kamma-oriented organisations and both Raos being Kammas themselves, although this view has been challenged. During the 1983 elections, the party and the paper formed a symbiotic relationship as Eenadu not only publicised, promoted and ran positive stories on Rama Rao's campaign, but also gave more direct support, such as utilising its network of journalists to inform and advise Rama Rao on local issues for his stops and designing party advertisements through Ramoji Rao's marketing agency. This coverage led to a massive increase in subscriptions, with Eenadu going from a circulation of 230,000 copies to 350,000 in the six months of Rama Rao's electoral campaign and becoming one of the state's most popular newspapers. The TDP would go on to successfully sweep the election, making Rama Rao the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and over half a million copies were printed of Eenadu to declare this victory. Reportedly, Ramoji Rao sent a bill to Rama Rao for 3 million (30 lakh) rupees for the assistance he had given to the campaign. In response, film personality Dasari Narayana Rao and industrialist Gireesh Kumar Sanghi would launch pro-Congress newspapers of their own and eventually become members of the Rajya Sabha on the Congress ticket.

When Rama Rao and his government faced crises and parliamentary revolts in the 1980s, Eenadu continually supported him and clamored for his restoration to power. Despite Rama Rao's growing unpopularity in the later part of the decade due to perceptions of failed promises, the paper refrained from criticising him before expressing some concerns about his leadership in response to his continued loss of public support and the Congress victory in the 1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. In the 1990s, as fissures developed between Rama Rao and his son-in-law and prominent party leader Chandrababu Naidu, Eenadu ultimately took Naidu's side, publishing mocking portrayals of Rama Rao depicting him as being manipulated by his new wife Lakshmi Parvathi, and eventually played a key role in the internal party coup by supporting Naidu's power grab. This paved the way for Naidu to become the next Chief Minister and ensured a friendly relationship between the paper and his administration. During the reign of Congress governments, Eenadu went on the offensive and became their "chief critic"; both Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy and his son Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy would "fight back" during their time in power. This took on multiple forms, from the 2004 investigation of Margadarsi for irregular financial practices to the launch of Sakshi in 2008 under Jagan Mohan Reddy's ownership as a "counter" to what his father, the CM at the time, claimed was "biased news" from traditionally TDP-supporting papers.

Further publications
With the introduction of offset printing, photocomposing software and computers, Eenadu was able to launch editions in smaller towns like Tirupathi in 1982. From the 1980s, the news editor of Eenadu oversaw an enormous local-based news gathering and disseminating organization from his Hyderabad office.

By the end of the 1980s, there were six substantial Telugu dailies running, and the business was highly competitive. In 1989 Eenadu introduced "district dailies (tabloid edition)" to carry its presence not only into district towns like Rajamahendravaram, Karimnagar, Guntur and Adilabad, but also taluka towns like Suryapet and Tadepalligudem. Each publication center required forty engineers to run its printing presses. Eenadus district dailies were based on market research asserting that heavy local content would generate new groups of readers and boost advertising revenue. Currently, the district dailies print local news specifically for each major location in the area, thereby negating the need for any separate local daily. Few special sections are published every day of the week. To support the local tabloid dailies, Eenadu hired "stringers" working for commission who coordinated their reporting with editors over the telephone and contracted bus companies to transport their reports back to the district headquarters for publication. Additionally, to increase revenue, the newspaper recruited salespersons to convince local businesses to buy ad spots.

Eenadu later ventured into other markets such as finance and chit funds (e.g. Margadarsi chits), foods (Priya Foods), film production (Ushakiran Movies), film distribution (Mayuri Films), and television (ETV). All the businesses are organized under the Ramoji Group.

Ownership
Eenadu newspaper is owned by Ushodaya Enterprises Private Limited, a part of Ramoji Group. As per the 2018 report of Media Ownership Monitor, Ramoji Rao and family own 97.56% stake in Ushodaya Enterprises. In terms of individual ownership, Ramoji Rao holds 42.26%, his eldest son Cherukuri Kiron holds 28.36%, and his daughter-in-law Cherukuri Vijayeswari (wife of the deceased younger son, Cherukuri Suman) holds 25.38% shares in Ushodaya Enterprises.

Circulation
According to the Audit bureau of circulation for the H12022, Eenadu had a circulation of 1,223,862, ranked at 7th place among daily newspapers in India. For Q2 2019, Eenadu ranks eighth among the most circulated Indian-language dailies with a circulation of 1,614,105. Thus there was a loss of 24.18% over three year period.

References

Bibliography

See also
 Sakshi

External links

Daily newspapers published in India
Telugu-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1974
Newspapers published in Hyderabad
Ramoji Group
1974 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Newspapers published in Vijayawada

Eenadu