Jacques Côté (born April 19, 1944) was a politician and notary in Quebec, Canada. He was a Parti Québécois member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the electoral district of Dubuc from 1998 to 2008.

Côté holds a bachelor's degree in arts and a law license from the Université Laval, a bachelor's degree in political science from the Université du Québec à Montréal and a diploma from the Canadian Securities Institute. He then became a notary and legal adviser.

Cote was an active member of the Parti Québécois since 1970 as he was a member of the executive council, the treasurer, the legal adviser and the vice-president and president of the party for the Dubuc riding. He was also part of the YES committee for the 1980 Quebec referendum on sovereignty. He was also involved in the economic development of the La Baie region in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, and the regional board of the Caisses Desjardins.

He was first elected in the 1998 provincial election. He was Minister for Housing from January 30, 2002 until April 29, 2003. He was re-elected in the 2003 and 2007 elections. During his second mandate, he was named the assistant whip for the PQ until his retirement in 2008.

References

Parti québécois press release, February 25, 2007 – Jacques Côté sollicite un nouveau mandat dans Dubuc

1944 births
Living people
Parti Québécois MNAs
Politicians from Saguenay, Quebec
Université du Québec à Montréal alumni
Université Laval alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians

Jacques Côté


Narela Hanumant Singh is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block. It is located on the banks of Kaliasot River.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Narela Hanumant Singh has 88 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 79.51%.

References

Villages in Huzur tehsil

Narela Hanumant Singh


The Ouse is a tidal estuary in northern Shapinsay, Orkney Islands. This water body has been shown on early maps of the island in a very similar shape to its current geometry. The Ouse is fed by small rivulets and upland springs that rise on the western part of the island's northeast spur. pH levels of these feed waters are moderately alkaline, in the range of 9.1.

See also
Burroughston Broch
Mor Stein
Vasa Loch

Footnotes

Shapinsay

The Ouse


Home Nations is a collective term with one of two meanings depending on context. Politically it means the nations of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales). In sport, if a sport is governed by a council representing the island of Ireland, such as the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), the term can refer to the nations of the constituent countries on the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the island of Ireland as a whole.

The term was originally used when the whole island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The synonymous "Home Countries" (not to be confused with the "home counties") is also sometimes used.

Association football

In association football, the Home Nations originally referred to the then four national teams of the United Kingdom: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Today, the term refers to the teams of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales – the teams that contested the British Home Championship until 1984 – although references to the Home Nations sometimes erroneously include the Republic of Ireland team.

In the Summer Olympics, a single Great Britain team has always represented the UK as a whole with the team winning gold in 1900, 1908, and 1912. This was the case until the 1976 Summer Olympics when a dispute arose with the football associations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland complaining about equal representation within the GB squad.

Ahead of the 2012 Summer Olympics, a debate took place amongst the football associations that govern the sport in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, over whether they would allow their members to participate in the event as a single UK team due to the fact the UK was hosting the tournament. The English Football Association, the only association in favour of participation, and the news media used the term Home Nations to describe the parties to the debate. Eventually an agreement was reached for a united Great Britain team to compete, with the men's team consisting of English and Welsh players only, and the women's team consisting of English and Scottish players (nb: A Northern Irish player was listed as a reserve). In regards to the men's tournament, the Football Association of Wales opposed to the idea of a single UK team but decided against sanctioning any players wishing to participate.

With the relative success of London 2012, with both sides reaching their respective quarter finals, it was hoped that Great Britain could regularly compete in Olympic football again ahead of the 2016 Games, however no agreement between the four football associations was reached. Ahead of the 2020 Games, an agreement was reached for a women's team to compete in the event based on the qualification ability of a predetermined Home Nation. The agreed Home Nation was England, and should England have qualified via their placement at the 2019 World Cup, Great Britain would be allowed entry into the event. England qualified Great Britain at the 2019 World Cup, which saw Great Britain reach the quarter finals for a second time at the 2020 Olympics.

Cricket

Cricket in the British Isles is governed independently by the home nations except with a unity between England and Wales. The England and Wales Cricket Board organise domestic competitions and the England cricket team which, despite its name, is the national cricket team of England and Wales. Despite this there is a Wales national cricket team but this is more of a ceremonial team and doesn't regularly compete in international tournaments. Cricket in Ireland is operated on an all-Ireland basis.

Field hockey

Different field hockey competition see a different team split within the UK and Ireland. Some competitions see a United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland split, whereas others see a England, Scotland, Wales, and all-Ireland split.

Rowing

The Home International Regatta is a rowing regatta held every year for the countries of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Events are held for both men and women at junior (under 18) and senior levels, including Para-rowing events. The race has been held since 1962 and each country takes it in turns to host the event. Rowing Ireland is operated on an all-Ireland basis. In almost all other international regattas representatives from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland compete for 'Team GB' which represents Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Rowers from Northern Ireland can opt to represent either Ireland or Great Britain in international competition - several of whom have represented both at different times during their careers.

Rugby league

Historically, Great Britain ran one unified national team, the GB Lions administered by one governing body for Great Britain – the Rugby Football League. In 1995 the GB Lions began competing less in major tournaments in favour of the home nations of England, Scotland, and Wales competing individually. Scotland Rugby League and Wales Rugby League eventually formed to administered the respective national sides with the RFL becoming the governing Body for England. The RFL still had a large amount of control over the domestic league in Scotland and Wales due to the domestic system being a British rugby league system. However this control is somewhat non-existent in Scotland due to no Scottish teams having ever played in the top three tiers of the system. Rugby league in Ireland has always been separate, being governed by Rugby League Ireland on an all-Ireland basis.

The Amateur Four Nations competition in rugby league, run annually from 2002 to 2007 for the A sides of Wales, England, Scotland and Ireland, was also referred to as the "home nations championship".

Rugby union

In 1883, the first Home Nations Championship was played between England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. At this point in its history, the competition contained only teams from the UK. In 1910, France officially joined the competition and it was renamed the Five Nations Championship.  Despite the partition of Ireland and the secession of the Republic of Ireland from the United Kingdom, the island of Ireland still fields a single sports team and is referred to as a Home Nation in the context of rugby union. When France was expelled from the international championship in 1932, the tournament reverted to being known simply as the Home Nations tournament until the readmission of France immediately after the 1939 tournament, just before World War II caused its suspension until 1947. Since the admission of Italy in 2000, the tournament has been known by its current name, the Six Nations Championship.

Victories by any Home Nation over all of the other three Home Nations in one Championship season is a Triple Crown. The Home Nations also contribute players to a unified team known as the British and Irish Lions. Southern Hemisphere teams who beat all four home nations in one tour are said to have a Grand Slam Tour.

See also
 All-Ireland
 Countries of the United Kingdom
 Sport in the United Kingdom
 Terminology of the British Isles

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
Sport in England
Sport in Ireland
Sport in Northern Ireland
Sport in the Republic of Ireland
Sport in Scotland
Sport in Wales
Sport in the United Kingdom
Terminology of the British Isles

Home Nations


Livonia Marketplace is an open-air shopping mall in the Detroit suburb of Livonia, Michigan. Opened in 2010, the center is anchored by Kohl's and Walmart. It occupies the site of the former Livonia Mall, which was an enclosed mall built in 1964. Livonia Mall lost the majority of its tenants in the 2000s, including its previous anchor stores of Crowley's (later Value City), Sears, Mervyns, and Children's Palace. The mall was closed in May 2008, with only the Sears remaining from the original property. Sears closed in April 2020.

History

Livonia Mall opened on October 29, 1964 as the second mall to be constructed in Livonia with Kresge and Sears as the original anchors. The site had been zoned for agriculture and was rezoned by the Livonia City Council for commercial use.  A farm house, a large barn and other agricultural structures were demolished before construction began.  The Livonia Mall became one of the first enclosed shopping malls to open in the state of Michigan.  The site now hosts one of the many strip malls located within Livonia and Metro Detroit.

The mall was developed by the Schostak Brothers as an enclosed mall. At the time of its opening, Detroit's suburbs were expanding and new shopping malls were being developed within their boundaries. Livonia already featured an open outdoor mall in Wonderland Center (later Wonderland Mall), which opened in 1959 and closed in 2004. A year after the mall opened, a  General Cinema theater, the first multiplex cinema in Michigan, was added in the Crowley's wing.  During the early years of operation the facility housed two grocery stores and provided space for a doctor's office and a dentist.

Julius Young opened the first Hot Sam Pretzels at the mall in 1966.

Livonia Mall remained largely unchanged until the late 1980s. In 1987, a new wing ending in a Mervyns department store was added. Children's Palace, a toy store chain, was added to the west end of the mall in 1989. This store closed three years later and was eventually converted to a paintball arena which closed in the mid-2000s.  Value City bought the Crowley's store and two other mall-based Crowley's stores (at Universal Mall and Macomb Mall) in 1999, operating these as Crowley's Value City but later removing the Crowley's name. Konover Properties bought the mall in 2005.

By 2007, Dollar Tree, GameStop, Jo-Ann Fabrics and Foot Locker were the only national chains with a presence there (besides the anchor stores), and the remaining tenants were local, independent shops. The mall also lost its Mervyns store in early 2006 when the chain exited Michigan. Konover Properties announced plans in 2007 for a possible redevelopment of the mall, including the addition of a new big box retailer. Originally, plans called for the demolition of everything but the Sears and Value City stores. Value City subsequently closed in March 2008 when the chain went out of business, and the entire mall was shuttered except for Sears and Jo-Ann Fabrics on May 31, 2008. Demolition began in February 2009.

Redevelopment
In September 2008, the City Council held a meeting to discuss redevelopment plans for the mall. Demolition of the vacant mall began in February 2009, and concluded in August of the same year. The Marketplace opened in mid-2010 with a Walmart Supercenter as a second anchor. Walmart opened in August 2010 along with Great Clips, a Verizon dealer, a Dots clothing store and a coney island restaurant.  A Kohl's store opened March 2012.

On February 6, 2020, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 31 stores nationwide. The store closed in April.

References

Shopping malls in Wayne County, Michigan
Livonia, Michigan
Shopping malls established in 2010
2010 establishments in Michigan

Livonia Marketplace


Mount Franklin is a mountain in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The mountain is named after Benjamin Franklin and is part of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains. Note that Ben Franklin was not a president. Mount Franklin is flanked to the northeast by Mount Monroe, and to the southwest by Mount Eisenhower.

Mount Franklin drains on the northwest side into the Ammonoosuc River, thence into the Connecticut River and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut. On the southeast side, Franklin drains into the Dry River, thence into the Saco River, and into the Gulf of Maine in Maine.

The Appalachian Trail, a  National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, crosses Mount Franklin as it traverses the main ridge of the Presidentials from Crawford Notch to the summit of Mount Washington. Franklin stands on the northwest side of the Dry River Wilderness.

Although well over  in height, the Appalachian Mountain Club doesn't consider Franklin a "four-thousand footer" because it stands no more than  above the col on the ridge from Mount Monroe, making it a secondary summit of that peak.

See also

 List of mountains in New Hampshire
 White Mountain National Forest

References

External links

Mountains of New Hampshire
White Mountains (New Hampshire)
Mountains of Coös County, New Hampshire

Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)


A boot loader is a program on your computer. It starts other programs, namely operating systems. Boot loaders run booting instructions so your operating system works and appears. This makes using your computer much easier than it would be otherwise.

Boot loaders work on all, or almost all, systems, from MBR (Master Boot Record) to UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). If a boot loader does not work on your system, you may need to install a different one, use a different configuration, or fix the one it came with.

One of the most common boot loaders is the Windows Boot Manager, also known as bcdboot. It is the only official boot loader for Windows. It also comes preinstalled. Most of the time, there is no real reason to alter it. If you do alter it without full understanding, it is very hard to fix .

A common boot loader on Linux is the GRand Unified Bootloader Two, commonly known as GRUB2 or just GRUB. Other boot loaders include systemd-boot, syslinux, and LILO.

Software

Boot loader


The 2012 Asia Cup was the 11th edition of the Asia Cup tournament. It was held in Bangladesh. Pakistan became the champion of this tournament as the host's Bangladesh became runner-up. It was the second time when Pakistan became champion of Asia Cup. On the other hand, in their history of Asia Cup Bangladesh qualified for the final first time.

2012 in Asia
2012 in sports
Cricket in Asia
2010s in Bangladesh

2012 Asia Cup


Witse is a Dutch language crime drama produced by Belgian broadcaster VRT and broadcast on their één channel. It is also shown on BVN. It was first broadcast in 2004 and was popular enough to run for nine seasons, with the final one airing in 2012. It starred Hubert Damen as the eponymous Witse, a driven inspector in the Belgian federal police based in Halle. It was one of the most popular Flemish television programmes with some 1.6 million viewers.

There are also Witse books. The first three were based on the last two episodes of each season, but since 2010 every six months a brand new story was published, written and invented by established Belgian (crime) writers, as Bob Van Laerhoven and Bart Van Lierde.

The music for Witse is composed by Steve Willaert.

External links
 Official website

 Bob Van Laerhoven
 Bart Van Lierde

Flemish television shows
Belgian drama television shows
2004 Belgian television series debuts
2012 Belgian television series endings
2000s Belgian television series
2010s Belgian television series
Fictional Belgian police detectives
Fictional police officers in television
Television shows adapted into novels
Television shows set in Belgium
Male characters in television
Fictional characters from Flanders
Fictional Belgian police officers
Eén original programming

Witse


Albertus "Albrecht" Petrus Josephus Mansuetus Ferdinandus Rodenbach (; 27 October 1856 – 23 June 1880) was a Flemish poet, and a leader in the revival of Flemish literature that occurred in the late 19th century.  He is more noteworthy as a symbol of the Flemish movement, than for his actual activities, since he died at the age of 23. Hugo Verriest called Rodenbach the poet, the soul, the heart, the mind, the word of Reborn Flanders!

Early life
Rodenbach was born in Roeselare into a bourgeois family, the eldest of 10 children and cousin to the novelist Georges Rodenbach. Albrecht Rodenbach's father was Julius Rodenbach (1824–1915) from the Rhineland, brother to Felix Rodenbach, the Flemish political propagandist. Albrecht Rodenbach's mother was Silvia de la Houttre (1834–1899).  Although his mother was a Walloon from Tournai, she had adopted the Dutch spoken in Roeselare.  From an early age, Rodenbach was exposed to Flemish nationalistic feeling by his father and his uncle.

Rodenbach attended the Minor Seminary, Roeselare, where he was exposed to the ideas of the Flemish literature movement by Hugo Verriest and others. Rodenbach was also influenced at this time by Guido Gezelle. In the 1874-1875 school year, this led to a conflict between the Flemish students and the school's francophile director. At the annual songfest the students traditionally sang French songs, Rodenbach led the protest and the predominantly Dutch-speaking students sang a protest song in Dutch. This protest led to similar protests all over Belgium. Despite this and other activism, Rodenbach graduated with a first in rhetoric in 1876.

Flemish movement

At the University of Leuven he met the poet Pol De Mont who was a year older.  Together they sought to promote a Flemish artistic revival and equal rights for Flemish students as a student movement, creating the "Algemene Vlaamse Studentenbond" (All Flemish Student Association) in 1876. Among their objectives were to have classes in Dutch and to have classes include Flemish culture.  The association's illustrated magazine Het Pennoen (The Pennant) published Rodenbach's essays anonymously.  Rodenbach maintained his contacts in Roeselare through a committee of correspondence. Their ideology was a mixture of the philosophy Guido Gezelle, with the romantic nationalism of Hendrik Conscience, and the righteousness of true belief. Robenbach and de Mont called their student movement Blauwvoeterie after the blauwvoet (blue-footed booby) whose flight announces the coming storm.  The rallying cry of the Blauwvoeterie was Vliegt de blauvoet, storm op zee! (When the bluefoot flies, there is a storm at sea!) Rodenbach compared it to the German Burschenschaften movement.

Additionally, Rodenbach made contacts with the Flemish liberals, such as poet Jan van Beers and author Max Rooses, which served to publicize the movement and to expose its members to more political aims.

Rodenbach died in Roeselare of tuberculosis before his 24th birthday, and almost immediately became the pre-eminent symbol of the Flemish student movement. On Rodenbach's death, Pol de Mont took over the leadership of the "Algemene Vlaamse Studentenbond".

Literature
In 1876 Rodenbach published some essays under the pseudonym "Harold". His book Eerste Gedichten (First Poems) was published in 1878. The rest of his work, including his verse play Gudrun, a dramatized epic of the Vikings, was not published until after his death.

Rodenbach was known at the time of his death for his songs, poems and tonal works which have remained inspiring symbols for the Flemish movement. He was the inspiration for Hendrik Conscience's novel Kerels van Vlaanderen.  Flandria Film made a film about him in 1930 entitled Albrecht Rodenbach and directed by Clemens De Landtsheer. The cultural organization Rodenbachfonds was named after him.

References

External links
 Albrecht Rodenbach brief biography in Dutch;
 Albrecht Rodenbach brief biography in Dutch;

1856 births
1880 deaths
People from Roeselare
Flemish activists
Flemish poets
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
19th-century Belgian poets
19th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Belgian male writers
Belgian male dramatists and playwrights

Albrecht Rodenbach


The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. The river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia. The bridge has border posts on both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia.

History
The bridge was the idea of Cecil Rhodes. It was part of his grand plan to build a railway from Cape Town to Cairo.  He never visited the falls and died before the building of the bridge began. Rhodes told the engineers to "build the bridge across the Zambezi where the trains, as they pass, will catch the spray of the Falls".  It was designed by George Anthony Hobson, of consultants Sir Douglas Fox and Partners, not as is often stated, Sir Ralph Freeman, the same engineer who designed the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Freeman, who also worked for Sir Douglas Fox and Partners, did the calculation of stresses for the bridge.

The bridge was built in England by the Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company. It was then shipped to the Mozambique port of Beira and  transported on the newly built railway to the Victoria Falls. It took just 14 months to put together and was completed in 1905.

The bridge was officially opened by Professor George Darwin, son of Charles Darwin, and President of the British Association (now the Royal Society) on 12 September 1905. The American Society of Civil Engineers lists the bridge as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Made from steel, the bridge is  long, with a main arch spanning . It is  above the lower water level of the river in the gorge below. It carries a road, railway and footway. The bridge is the only rail link between Zambia and Zimbabwe, and one of only three road links between the two countries. The other road links are at Chirundu Bridge and Kariba Dam.

The Victoria Falls Bridge did not bring the first train or the first railway to Zambia. In order build the railway north as fast as possible, Cecil Rhodes wanted the Livingstone to Kalomo line built before the bridge was finished. A locomotive was carried in pieces across the gorge by the temporary electronic cableway used to carry the bridge materials. The cableway was called the 'Blondin' by the bridge engineers. The locomotive was put back together and started work months before the bridge was complete.

For more than 50 years the bridge was used by passenger trains as part of the main route between the then Northern Rhodesia, southern Africa and Europe. Freight trains carried mainly copper ore (later, copper ingots) and timber out of Zambia, and coal into the country.

The age of the bridge and maintenance problems have led to traffic restrictions at times. Trains cross at less than walking pace and trucks were limited to loads of 30 tons. Bigger trucks have to take the longer road using the Kazungula Ferry or Chirundu Bridge. The limit was raised after repairs in 2006. The bridge needs to be extensively rebuilt or replaced.

During the Rhodesian UDI crisis and Bush War the bridge was often closed (and regular passenger services have not been successful). In 1975, the bridge was the site of unsuccessful peace talks when the parties met in a train carriage above the gorge for nine and a half hours. In 1980 freight and road services restarted and have continued without interruption except for maintenance.

Today one of the Victoria Falls Bridge's main attraction are historical guided tours about the construction of the bridge and which include a walking tour under the main deck. On the Zambian side there is a small museum about the bridge which is free to enter and contains cafe selling refreshments.
Also located on the bridge is the Shearwater  bungee jump including a bungee swing and zip-line. Concerns about safety of the attraction were raised in late 2011 after the bungee's cord snapped and a young Australian woman fell  into the fast flowing river with many crocodiles.

The bridge was originally called the Great Zambesi or Zambezi bridge, later becoming known as the Victoria Falls Bridge.

Map

 The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap

Gallery

References

Steel bridges
Zimbabwe
Transport in Africa
1905 establishments
1900s establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Zambia

Victoria Falls Bridge


Julien Reverchon ( – ) was a French botanist and naturalist.
He was born in the commune of Diémoz.

Biography
Julien was the son of Maximillian and Florine Jacques Reverchon.
His father was a follower of Charles Fourier, and he made the decision of joining Victor Prosper Considerant, who lived in the Fourier Colony, in Texas, U.S.
Julien, who was already interested in the natural world at a young age, had already collected nearly 2,000 species of plants with his brother.

The family moved to Réunion Vicinty in December 1856, and learned of the failure of the Fourier Colony. Jacques Reverchon then bought a small farm in the vicinity. Julien began to study the plant life. He married Marie Henri on 24 July 1864, and they had two sons. Unfortunately, both of their sons died of typhoid fever in 1884.

After leaving botany for a few years, he started collecting plants in 1869, when he made an expedition to collect fossils with Jacob Boll (1828–1880) in West Texas. With later collections, he provided to the productions of noted studies of plants by Asa Gray and Charles Sprague Sargent and the improvement of many American collections. He thought botany at the end of his life in Dallas. At the time of his death in 1905, more than 2,600 species were cultured in his farm, and he possessed a rich herbarium of 20,000 specimens. Today, it is kept at the Missouri Botanical Garden in the city of St. Louis.

Death
Julien Reverchon died on , at the age of 68.

Legacy
 The Reverchon Park in Dallas, Texas, was named in Julien's honor.

Julien Reverchon


Corneille – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo (3 July 1922 – 5 September 2010), better known under his pseudonym Corneille, was a Dutch artist.

Corneille was born in Liège, Belgium, although his parents were Dutch and moved back to the Netherlands when he was 12.  He studied art at the Academy of Art in Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. He was one of the founders of the REFLEX movement in 1948 and in 1949 he was also one of the founders of the COBRA movement, which has had great influence on Scandinavian art.
He was active within the group from the beginning, not only painting but also publishing poetry in the Cobra magazine.  He was a cofounder of the .
Corneille was inspired by the drawings of children, and believed in the importance of approaching children with art that connects with their experience. When he heard during a Cobra Museum visit in the nineties that there was an "Art Lending for Children" he talked with the founder Roby Bellemans and asked him to send more information to his home in Paris about this project. He decided to promote the initiative. He started with a support list and persuaded other artists such as Shinkichi Tajiri to sign.

The poetic Corneille was strongly influenced by Miró and Klee. After the group dissolved in 1951 he moved to Paris and began collecting African art. These artifacts became evident in his works, which began to take on a more imaginative style, like landscapes seen from a bird's eye view, exotic birds and stylised forms.  His work is in the collection of the Centre Georges Pompidou.

Until his death Corneille lived and worked in Paris, and made visits to Israel where he worked with the Jaffa Atelier.

On 24 September 2003 an exhibition of his prints opened at the Ramat Gan Museum of Israeli Art, Israel.  He died at Auvers-sur-Oise, France.

References

External links

estampe.fr
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
Art Signature Dictionary – See Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit
Sculptures & Graphic edition by Corneille produced in Israel 2000–2010

1922 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
21st-century Dutch painters
20th-century Dutch sculptors
Dutch male sculptors
21st-century Dutch sculptors
Abstract painters
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Artists from Liège
People with bipolar disorder
Pseudonymous artists
Dutch expatriates in France
Dutch expatriates in Belgium
20th-century Dutch male artists

Corneille Guillaume Beverloo


Hymns to the Silence: Inside the Words and Music of Van Morrison is a book published via Continuum Books in June 2010, written by English academic Peter Mills. The book is the first full-length study of Van Morrison's work which does not claim to be a biography. Mills focusses completely on the music, and also casts light on parts of Morrison's songbook that are usually skipped over in career-overviews and synopses.

He concentrates especially on a number of case studies of key albums, particularly on Veedon Fleece, Into the Music and Common One. The book contains interviews with several artists including Ben Sidran, Kevin Rowland (of Dexys Midnight Runners), Folk singer Kate Rusby and Maria McKee. Like Ben Sidran, Mills is a musician as well as a writer so the book offers insight from inside the music as well as in-depth scrutiny of records and shows. The book covers Morrison's musical debt to America, his 'Irishness', his approach to live work, analyses of studio recordings from Them right through to the present day and a whole chapter devoted to a study of Morrison as a singer and a musician.

References

External links
Continuum books site

Van Morrison
British books
2010 non-fiction books

Hymns to the Silence (book)


Gawalmandi Food Street in Gawalmandi, Lahore, is a centre of traditional Pakistani food. It is located near the old walled part of the city and is surrounded by centuries-old buildings.

The Food Street is open to traffic in the morning but is closed to motorized vehicles at sunset. Visitors come and stay until late at night, enjoying some of the best local food available in the country.

It is one of the unique tourist attractions in Lahore. It is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, except during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan when food is not served during the day.

Buildings and structures in Lahore

Gawalmandi Food Street


Vyacheslav Ivanovich Zof (Russian: Вячеслав Иванович Зоф) (6 January 1890  – 20 June 1937) was a Soviet military figure and statesman of Czech descent.

Biography
Zof joined the revolutionary movement in 1910. Three years later he became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). During World War I, Zof worked as a fitter at an arms factory in Sestroretsk, where he was in charge of the Bolshevist underground. After the February Revolution in 1917, Zof led the Bolsheviks' organization in Sestroretsk and was a deputy of the Petrograd Soviet.

In July 1917, he prepared fake identity papers for Vladimir Lenin and organized his move from Petrograd to Razliv at the request of the RSDLP Central Committee. Zof would then establish contact between Lenin and the Central Committee.

In 1918–1919, he was appointed brigade and division commissar and supplies manager for the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front. In 1919–1920, Zof was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Baltic Fleet and a member of the Petrograd defense committee. In 1921–1924, he held a post of a commissar at the office of the commander-in-chief of the naval forces of the Republic. Between December 1924 and 1926, Zof was the commander of the naval forces and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. In 1927–1929, he headed the Sovtorgflot (Soviet Commercial Fleet) office. In 1930–1931, Zof was a deputy People's Commissar of Railroad Transportation. In 1931, he was appointed first deputy People's Commissar of Water Transportation.

Later Zof fell into disgrace and was appointed director of the "Kompresor" factory in Moscow. In 1937, he was arrested and sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on June 19 on accounts of being involved in an "anti-Soviet terrorist organisation". Zof was executed the next day.

He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.

Awards
 Order of the Red Banner.

References

External links

1890 births
1937 deaths
People from Dubno
People from Volhynian Governorate
Old Bolsheviks
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Soviet politicians
Soviet Navy officers
People of the Russian Revolution
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Soviet rehabilitations
People from the Russian Empire of Czech descent
Ukrainian people of Czech descent
Soviet people of Czech descent

Vyacheslav Ivanovich Zof


Holland is a town in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,360 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The unincorporated community of Idlewood Beach is located in the town. The unincorporated community of Dacada is also located partially in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 40.9 square miles (105.9 km2), of which, 40.9 square miles (105.8 km2) of it is land and 0.02% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,360 people, 828 households, and 693 families residing in the town. The population density was 57.8 people per square mile (22.3/km2). There were 1,019 housing units at an average density of 24.9 per square mile (9.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.43% White, 0.21% African American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.

There were 828 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.4% were married couples living together, 3.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.3% were non-families. 13.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $57,419, and the median income for a family was $60,750. Males had a median income of $36,803 versus $28,152 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,195. About 0.9% of families and 1.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 Peter Daane, Wisconsin State Representative, merchant, and farmer, lived on a farm in the town; Daane served as chairman of the Holland Town Board

References

External links
Town of Holland

Towns in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Holland, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin


Ona is a small unincorporated community along US 60 (the old Midland Trail) in Cabell County, West Virginia, United States. It is situated roughly halfway between the towns of Barboursville to the west and Milton to the east.

Ona is a part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 287,702. New definitions from February 28, 2013 placed the population at 363,000.

Landmarks
Ona is home to three notable places. The first is Cabell Midland High School, which is the consolidated regional secondary school for students living in the eastern half of Cabell County. This is a rather large high school of modern construction, with extensive athletic facilities. The student population varies from 1,500 to 2,000 students.

A second landmark is the Ona Speedway. This is a prime location for local stock-car racing competitions. The track has had its share of financial difficulties and has been closed several times in prior years. It has, however, been operating continuously since 2006.  The last time NASCAR held a Cup level race on a Tuesday was August 11, 1970, when Richard Petty won the West Virginia 300 in Ona.

The third landmark is the Ona Airpark. This airstrip consists of a 3154x40 foot runway (heading 064/244 magnetic) with an associated taxiway, 48 hangars, FBO and a parking lot. Flying lessons are offered Hangar 9 Aviation on site. The airport's IATA Airport Code is 12V, and its CTAF frequency is 122.8 MHz. Landing and departure control are conducted from Charleston's Yeager Airport. Ona Airpark does not have its own control tower.

Ona is also home to the Ona Little League Athletic Complex, part of the Ona Milton Little League, which sits just across the Mud River from the Ona Airpark.  Spectators from around the tri-state come every spring and fall to enjoy a relaxing afternoon or evening of baseball or softball.

References

External links
Ona Airpark Website

Unincorporated communities in Cabell County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Ona, West Virginia


The Grand Prix des Nations was an individual time trial (against the clock) for both professional and amateur racing cyclists. Held annually in Cannes, France, it was instituted in 1932 and often regarded as the unofficial time trial championship of the world and as a Classic cycle race. The race was the idea of a Parisian newspaper editor called Gaston Bénac. The beret-wearing sports editor was looking for a race to make a name for Paris-Soir, the biggest French evening paper before the war.

He and his colleague Albert Baker d'Isy had been inspired by the world road race championship in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1931. That, unusually, had been run as a time trial, and the two were impressed and also, they said, aware that a time-trial cost less to organise than a conventional road race. Baker d'Isy decided the name Grand Prix des Nations.

There is a dispute over who devised the first route. The American-French writer René de Latour said in the UK magazine Sporting Cyclist that he did; Baker d'Isy says that he did. The route started near the Versailles château and ran round a triangle through Rambouillet, Maulette, Saint-Rémy-les-Chevreuse, Versailles and Boulogne to finish on the Vélodrome Buffalo where the founder of the Tour de France, Henri Desgrange, had become the world's first hour record holder in 1893. There were three hills, one in the first 100 km, plenty of cobbles, and the last 40 km went through the woods of the Vallée de Chevreuse, a popular area for bike riders. The distance was 142 km.

The introduction of an official time trial champion at the UCI Road World Championships in 1994 and an Olympic individual time trial championship (1996) reduced its importance. With the introduction of the UCI ProTour in 2005, the event was removed from the calendar.

History
Race distances have varied. Until 1955, it was approximately 140 km; six years later, the distance was 100 km; from 1965 onwards the distance rarely exceeded 90 km, with many events run of around 75 km. The events were in the Vallée de Chevreuse in the Paris area, then near Cannes on the French Riviera; for five years from 1993, it was held at the Madine Lake in the Meuse; from 1998, it has taken place in Seine-Maritime département, two circuits of 35 km around Dieppe.

The roll of honour includes cycling's greatest time trialists, but the event's history was dominated by two Frenchmen: Jacques Anquetil won nine times, Bernard Hinault five.

British amateur woman Beryl Burton competed in 1968, finishing only minutes behind her male rivals.

Winners (professionals)

|-style="color:gray"
|2000
|colspan="4"|Result Void

References

Cycle races in France
Defunct cycling races in France
Recurring sporting events established in 1932
1932 establishments in France
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2004
UCI Road World Cup races
2004 disestablishments in France
Super Prestige Pernod races

pl:Grand Prix des Nations

Grand Prix des Nations


Avoca, also known as Avoca Museum, is a historic home located near Altavista, Campbell County, Virginia. It was designed by Lynchburg Architect, John Minor Botts Lewis and built in 1901, after the original and second dwellings were destroyed by fire in 1879 and 1900.  It is a large -story, asymmetrical, wood-frame residence in the Queen Anne style.  It has a hipped roof and features a tower and verandah.  Also on the property are a contributing -story brick kitchen, a wood-frame smokehouse, tenants house and office, and family cemetery.

Property and family history
Avoca was originally the private residence of Colonel Charles Lynch (1736–1796). He established his home here in 1755 as part of a land grant from King George II of Great Britain to his father, in 1740, and called it Green Level. Colonel Charles Lynch was a planter and distinguished himself as a lawmaker and soldier during the turbulent times of the American Revolution era. The term "Lynch's Law" (which became "lynching") may derive from his name, although he did not practice lynching in the later, murderous sense of the word.

The property was passed down through the Lynch family and upon the death of Charles Henry Lynch (1800–1875), the property went to his niece, Mary Anna Dearing Fauntleroy. Her grandson, Dr. Lindley Murray Winston, deeded the property to the Town of Altavista in 1981 as a memorial to his family.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Avoca Museum
The Avoca property is maintained as a historical museum. The collection, displays, programs and interpretations are planned to take account of the cultural and natural history of the region. The property is used for education and recreational purposes and serves the people of the greater Altavista area.

Because the house was unoccupied since the mid-1970s, there was need for interior repair before it could be opened to the public. In the meantime, the small Staunton River Valley Museum was opened weekends in the brick kitchen. Prior to its opening, the kitchen, exterior painting of the main house, and seed money were provided by $15,000 grants from E. R. English and Abbott Laboratories.

Gradually, through the generosity of benefactors and hard work of volunteers, one room at a time in the main house was stabilized. Gifts of furniture enhanced the revitalization efforts and in 1986 Avoca opened for tours. Due to the growth of the museum, a need for increased fund-raising, and more volunteer involvement, a historical society was founded in 1987. At this time the Staunton River Valley Museum became Avoca Museum and Historical Society and Rusty Hicks served as its first president.

In 1991 an administrator was hired to oversee issues dealing with current policies, operations, facilities and programs, member recruitment, hiring a director to manage day-to-day operations (hired in 1995), and the feasibility of acquiring or constructing storage, exhibition, and administrating offices.

1991 and 1992 were a watershed for Avoca. The Lane Company, in collaboration with Country Living Magazine, refurbished the main house. Donations of furniture by the Lane Company, fabrics, window treatments, and accessories transformed the house. National and local media coverage expanded visitation and Avoca enjoyed a successful year.

A five-year campaign was launched in 1995 to restore the exterior of the house, rehabilitate the farm office, and expand the school and community outreach programs. Grants were awarded to Avoca by the Commonwealth of Virginia and the Town of Altavista for $30,000 each. The Timken Foundation of Canton provided $85,000 toward the restoration.

Annual Harvest Jubilee & Wine Festival
Held each fall at the Avoca Museum, this festival includes many vineyards from the local area and has grown larger over the past few years. Some wineries that participate are Rebec, Hickory Hills, Tomahawk, Gabriele Rausse, Stonewall, and Peaks of Otter.

References

External links
Avoca Museum website

Museums in Campbell County, Virginia
Historic house museums in Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses completed in 1901
Houses in Campbell County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Campbell County, Virginia

Avoca (Altavista, Virginia)


Heinrich Eduard Heine (16 March 1821 – 21 October 1881) was a German mathematician.

Heine became known for results on special functions and in real analysis. In particular, he authored an important treatise on spherical harmonics and Legendre functions (Handbuch der Kugelfunctionen). He also investigated basic hypergeometric series. He introduced the Mehler–Heine formula.

Biography
Heinrich Eduard Heine was born on 16 March 1821 in Berlin, as the eighth child of banker Karl Heine and his wife Henriette Märtens. Eduard was initially home schooled, then studied at the Friedrichswerdersche Gymnasium and Köllnische Gymnasium in Berlin. In 1838, after graduating from gymnasium, he enrolled at the University of Berlin, but transferred to the University of Göttingen to attend the mathematics lectures of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Moritz Stern. In 1840 Heine returned to Berlin, where he studied mathematics under Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, while also attending classes of Jakob Steiner and Johann Franz Encke. In 1842 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Berlin for a thesis on differential equations submitted with Enno Dirksen and Martin Ohm as advisors. Heine dedicated the doctoral thesis to his professor Gustav Dirichlet. Next he went to the University of Königsberg to participate in the mathematical seminar of Carl Gustav Jacobi, while also following mathematical physics classes of Franz Ernst Neumann. In Königsberg Heine got in contact with fellow students Gustav Kirchhoff and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel.

In 1844 Heine went for a teaching position at the University of Bonn, passing his habilitation and starting as a privatdozent. He continued his research in mathematics in Bonn and, in 1848, was promoted to extraordinary professor. In 1850 he married Sophie Wolff, the daughter of a Berlin merchant; the couple had five children, four daughters and one son. In 1856 Heine moved as a full professor to the University of Halle, where he remained for the rest of his life. From 1864 to 1865, he served as a rector of the university. In 1875, the University of Göttingen offered Heine a mathematics chair but he decided to reject the offer and remain in Halle. In 1877, at the centenary of Gauss' birth, he was awarded the Gauss Medal for his research. Eduard Heine died on 21 October 1881 in Halle.

Selected works
 De aequationibus nonnullis differentialibus (Berlin, 1842)
 Handbuch der Kugelfunctionen (G. Reimer, Berlin, 1861)
 Handbuch der Kugelfunctionen, Theorie und Anwendungen (Volume 1) (2nd ed., G. Reimer, Berlin, 1878)
 Handbuch der Kugelfunctionen, Theorie und Anwendungen (Volume 2) (2nd ed., G. Reimer, Berlin, 1881)

See also
Basic hypergeometric series
Andréief–Heine identity
Heine–Borel theorem
Heine–Cantor theorem
Heine definition of continuity
Heine's Reciprocal Square Root Identity
Heine–Stieltjes polynomials
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
Limit of a function
List of things named after Eduard Heine

References

External links

1821 births
1881 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Scientists from Berlin
Köllnisches Gymnasium alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Königsberg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg

Eduard Heine


Anselm or Anselme may refer to:

People

Saints
 Anselm, Duke of Friuli (s), Benedictine monk and abbot Nonantula
 Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033–1109), philosopher, Abbot of Bec, and Archbishop of Canterbury
 Anselm of Lucca (1036–1086), better known as Saint Anselm of Lucca

Bishops
 Anselm I (bishop of Milan) ( 813–818), bishop  of Milan
 Anselm II (archbishop of Milan) (died 896), also known as Anselm II Capra
 Anselm I of Aosta (994–1026), the last bishop to serve as count of Aosta, and brother-in-law of Burchard, bishop of Aosta
 Anselm I of Lucca (died 1073), better known as Pope Alexander II
 Anselm II (1070s  1090s), bishop of Aosta
 Anselm III (archbishop of Milan) (;  1086–1093)
 Anselm IV (archbishop of Milan) (;  1097–1101)
 Anselm of Havelberg (–1158), Premonstratensian canon and archbishop of Ravenna
 Anselm V (Archbishop of Milan) ( 1126–1136), also known as Anselmo della Pusterla
 Anselm of Meissen (13th century), bishop of Warmia
 Anselmo Guido Pecorari (born 1946), Roman Catholic cardinal

Clerics
 Antoine Anselme (1652–1737), French preacher
 Anselm of Besate, 11th-century churchman and rhetorician
 Anselme Chiasson (1911–2004), Catholic priest, educator and writer
 Anselm of Farfa (died 883), also known as Zelmo
 Anselm Grün (born 1945), German Benedictine monk and religious writer
 Anselm de Guibours, a French Augustinian friar and genealogist
 Anselm of Liège (1008–1056), chronicler of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
 Anselm of Laon (died 1117), French biblical scholar, properly known as Ansel
 Anselm of Gembloux (died 1136), abbot of Gembloux Abbey in Namur, Belgium
 Anselm of St Saba and of Bury (died 1148), Benedictine monk elected bishop of London but refused consecration by Innocent II

Other people
 Bernard Anselme (born 1945), 6th Minister-President of Wallonia in Belgium
 Éric Anselme (born 1978), French former professional rugby league footballer
 Anselme Bellegarrigue, French anarchist
 Anselm of Capraia, 13th-century Pisan count
 Anseau de Cayeux, also known as Anselm de Cayeux, French knight from Picardy
 Anselme Délicat, Gabonese football manager
 Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest, French zoologist and author
 Anselm Feuerbach (1829–1880), German painter
 Anselme Jourdain (1731–1816), French dentist and surgeon
 Anselm Kiefer (born 1945), German painter and sculptor
 Anselme Laugel (1851–1928), French-Alsatian author and politician
 Anselme Mathieu (1828–1895), French Provençal poet
 Anselme-Homère Pâquet (1830–1891), French Canadian physician and parliamentarian
 Anselme Payen (1795–1871), French chemist
 Anselme de Peellaert (1764–1817), Belgian nobleman
 Anselme Riedlé (1765–1801), French gardener
 Anslem de Silva (born 1940), Sri Lankan biologist

Other uses
 Saint Anselm College, a liberal arts college in the United States
 Anselme Selosse, a Champagne producer and grower
 List of ships named Anselm
 Anselme Payen Award,an annual prize named in honor of Anselme Payen
 Archibald Higgins, the main character in a set of scientific novels; he is known in French as "Anselme Lanturlu"

Related pages
 Ansel (disambiguation) and Ansell (disambiguation), the German form of the name
 Anselmo (disambiguation), the Italian form of the name
 Anselmus (disambiguation), the Latin form of the name
 Saint Anselm's (disambiguation), various places, usually named for St Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm


Kvens (Kven language/Finnish: kveeni, Norwegian: kvener, Northern Sami: kveanat) or Kven people are a Finnic ethnic minority in Norway. They are descendants from Finnish peasants and fishermen who moved from the northern parts of Finland and Sweden to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1996, the government of Norway officially said that Kvens were a minority group. In 2005, Norway officially made Kven language a minority language.

References

Norway
Nordic people

Kven people


Keep in Style is a 1934 Fleischer Studios animated short film starring Betty Boop.

Plot
Betty holds a "Betty Boop Exposition", where she displays the latest modern inventions. Her creations included an ultra-streamlined car, a roadster with multiple rumble seats (for those with a large family), a multi-level baby carriage for quintuplets, and a grand piano that can change into other useful contraptions. Her final invention is her dress, which can change into a flower, a butterfly, and a high-collared gown with a train. The dress is a sensation, and soon everyone is wearing the latest Boop creation.

References

External links
 Keep in Style at the Big Cartoon Database.
 Keep in Style on YouTube.

1934 films
Betty Boop cartoons
1930s American animated films
American black-and-white films
1934 animated films
Paramount Pictures short films
Fleischer Studios short films
Short films directed by Dave Fleischer

Keep in Style


Hradisko Monastery or Monastery Hradisko (Czech language: Klášter Hradisko or Klášterní Hradisko, or simply Hradiště; colloquially also: Moravský Escorial, English: Castle Monastery or Hillfort Monastery) is a former monastery and a former village north-east of the city of Olomouc, nowadays a suburb of Olomouc. Originally a Benedictine monastery, from the mid-12th century a Premonstratensian monastery, located in the historical principality of Moravia and Margraviate of Moravia, now part of present-day Czech Republic. The large complex occupies an area of more than one hectare, since 1995 declared a cultural heritage site and is occupied by the Olomouc military hospital.

Etymology
In Moravia, Hradisko more often refers to a castle settlement—from Czech Hradiště (Hillfort, Gord): a fortified settlement from the Neolithic to Early Middle Ages, the forerunner of medieval castles and towns.

History
North of Olomouc Castle, on the opposite left bank of the Morava River, lies a small rocky hill named Hradisko. A Přemyslid castle (settlement) was originally built on the site in 1030, which had been the seat of prince Otto I of Olomouc, the youngest son of Bretislav I Duke of Bohemia. Earlier colonization has also been evidenced by the archaeological finds around Hradisko monastery of abandoned settlements. In 1077, Otto and his wife Euphemia of Hungary invited the Benedictine monks from Břevnov Monastery to establish a monastery "in honour of the Saviour and Saint John the Apostle", and furnished the founding of Hradisko monastery with rich endowments. The abbey church was consecrated to Saint John in 1078 by the Olomouc  and in 1087 the site was therefore designated as "Saint John's Monastery of Olomouc suburb". Under the reign of the Přemyslid princes in Olomouc during 11th and 12th centuries, the monastery became the centre of spiritual life and a burial site for the Olomouc Přemyslids. Around 1140, the oldest Moravian chronicler, the so-called "Hradisko analyst" (hradišťský analista), a Benedictine monk, was in residence at the monastery.

In 1151, the monastery reached a significant milestone when the Benedictine monks were expelled from Olomouc and the monastery was assigned to the Order of the Premonstratensians. The Benedictine monks were forced to leave Hradisko and found reception at the Opatovice nad Labem monastery (:cs:Opatovický klášter) in east Bohemia. This change may have been linked more broadly with the former trend when the Premonstratensians became a mainstay of religious reform and the papacy, and therefore their arrival in the Czech lands was accompanied by hostility towards the Benedictines. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II abolished the monastery, ending more than six hundred years of the Premonstratensian monastery. At the time, more than 70 monks lived in the monastery, who mostly devoted themselves to spiritual administration.

In the 18th century the monastery was a centre of Jansenism. After the secularization of church property in 1783, the monastery served as the Moravian General Seminary for the priesthood education until 1790. After the death of Emperor Joseph II, the seminary was cancelled and the former monastery was handed over to the army. The army established a warehouse at first and during the Napoleonic wars in 1800 a French prisoner of war camp. From 1802 it was used as a military hospital. Today, the freely accessible facility continues as home to the Olomouc military hospital.

Architecture
The monastery grounds changed its appearance as the result of various historical events. During the centuries, Hradisko monastery was plundered, devastated and destroyed several times: 1241 by the Mongol invasion of Europe, 1429 by the Hussite Wars, 1432 by the Taborites, 1642 by the Swedish in the Thirty Years' War.

The present-day buildings were built in the spirit of Italian Mannerism and High Baroque between 1661-1737 according to the plans of the Italian-Swiss architect  known for his work in Moravia in the service of the Bishop of Olomouc, and the Italian architect Domenico Martinelli. The monastery building is one of the most valuable preserved works of Central European Baroque architecture and belong to the architectural splendours of its time. The almost square floor plan, 100 × 115 metres, consisting of the four-winged building with a rectangular platform, with corner towers and a moat, was built on the foundations of the old monastery, and is divided by an inner lateral wing into two parts - the Convent and the Prelature.

Attractions
The abbey church was comprehensively redesigned in 1730. The Moravian "high baroque" painter Johann Christoph Handke (:cs:Jan Kryštof Handke) created the ceiling artwork.
The interior prelature decoration was presumably established according to plans by the Italian architect Domenico Martinelli, and adorned with sculptures by the Ticino sculptor, stucco plasterer and architect of "late baroque" , the Italian painter Innocenzo Monti, the Moravian baroque sculptor  and the German sculptor Josef Winterhalder. The hallway paintings were created by the leading Austrian painters Daniel Gran and Paul Troger who created the monumental ceiling fresco on the theme of Christ's Feeding of the 5000 in the year 1731. The fresco is surrounded by a painting of illusive architecture by the Italian painter Agostino Tassi.
Equally significant is the painting and stucco decoration of the library's vaults.

The former refectory ceiling artwork and sculpture of saint John of Nepomuk among other sculptures and reliefs in the ceremonial hall were created by Josef Winterhalder the Elder:

List of abbots
List of abbots of Hradisko Monastery till 1350:

 Jan (1078–1081)
 Bermar (1081–1116)
 Paulinus (1116–1127)
 Deocarus (1138–1144)
 Jiřík (cca 1149–1159)
 Blažej (mentioned to 1160)
 Michal (mentioned to 1174)
 Dětřich (1184–1189)
 Hilar (mentioned to 1200)
 Heřman (1201–1216)
 Bonifác (1221–1223)
 Petr (1225–1230)
 Řivín (mentioned to 1232)
 Gerlach (1233–1238)
 Bonifác (1238–1239)
 Robert (1240–1267)
 Budiš (1269–1290)
 Roman (1290–1300)
 Bohuslav (1310–1315)
 Jindřich (1315–1322)
 Tomáš (1322–1332)
 Frydrych (1332–1336)
 Augustin (1336–1350)
 Mikuláš Rús (~1453)

External links
 Description and virtual tour of the monastery
 Description and history of the monastery

Buildings and structures in Olomouc
Premonstratensian monasteries in the Czech Republic
Benedictine monasteries in the Czech Republic
Tourist attractions in the Olomouc Region
National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic

Hradisko Monastery


The Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini is a villa with notable 19th-century park in the English romantic style and a small botanical garden. The villa now houses the Museo di Archeologia Ligure, and is located at Via Pallavicini 13, immediately next to the railway station in Pegli, a suburb of Genoa, Italy. The park and botanical garden are open daily except mondays.

The estate was begun in the late 17th century by Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi, who established the Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi at that time. Today's park was created by her nephew Ignazio Alessandro Pallavicini after he inherited the property.

The park was designed by Michele Canzio, set designer for the Teatro Carlo Felice, and built between 1840 and 1846. It covers some 97,000 m2 of hillside behind the villa. Although recognizably in the English romantic style, the garden is highly theatrical, to the point of being organized as a series of scenes forming a play with prologue and three acts (Return to Nature, Memory, Purification). Structures and statues through the garden form focal points to this libretto.

When the park opened in September 1846, on the occasion of the VIII Congresso degli Scienziati Italiani, it quickly gained national fame. In 1928 its current owner, Matilde Gustinani, donated both park and botanical garden to Genoa for use as a public park. Through the remainder of the 20th century, the garden fell into some disrepair, and indeed was threatened in 1972 by construction of a nearby highway. Its restoration began in 1991, however, in honor of Columbus' discovery of America. As of 2006 about half of the park is open for visitors.

In 2017 the park was elected the most beautiful garden in Italy.

The park contains two ponds, a dozen notable structures, various statues, and an extensive grotto. The grotto represents a Dantesque inferno, with walkways and subterranean lake through which the visitor may ascend to paradise. In former years, visitors could explore the grotto by boat. Structures include a Coffee House in the shape of triumphal arch, Rustic House, Madonna's Chapel, Mausoleum of the Captain, Temple of Diana, Flower House, Turkish Temple, Obelisk, and Chinese Pagoda.

The park also contains a number of plantings of botanical interest, including mature specimens of Araucaria bidwilli, Cedrus libani, Cinnamomum camphora, Jubaea chilensis, Notelaea excelsa, Firmiana simplex, Quercus suber, Podocarpus macrophyllus, many exotic palms and a stand of some 160 Camellia japonica.

See also
 Villa Gandolfi Pallavicini, Bologna

References

 Villa Pallavicini: Parco Romantico di Pegli, Genova Città Inaspettata, Sagep Libri & Comunicazione Srl, Genoa, 2002. .
 A.Valenti Durazzo "I Durazzo da schiavi a dogi della Repubblica di Genova", 2004.
 A.Valenti Durazzo "Il Fratello del Doge. Giacomo Durazzo un illuminista alla Corte degli Asburgo tra Mozart, Casanova e Gluck", 2012.

External links
 Museum of Ligurian Archaeology

Gardens in Liguria
Durazzo-Pallavicini
Museums in Genoa
Archaeological museums in Italy

Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini


The Little Foxes is a 1941 American drama movie directed by William Wyler and was based on the 1939 play of the same name by Lillian Hellman. It stars Bette Davis, Herbert Marshall, Teresa Wright, Richard Carlson, Dan Duryea, Patricia Collinge, Charles Dingle, Jessica Grayson, Russell Hicks and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. It was nominated for 9 Academy Awards in 1942.

References

Other websites

1941 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by William Wyler

The Little Foxes


The Italian plague of 1629–1631, also referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, was part of the second plague pandemic that began with the Black Death in 1348 and ended in the 18th century. One of two major outbreaks in Italy during the 17th century, it affected northern and central Italy and resulted in at least 280,000 deaths, with some estimating fatalities as high as one million, or about 35% of the population. The plague may have contributed to the decline of Italy's economy relative to those of other Western European countries.

Outbreaks
Thought to have originated in Northern France in 1623, the plague was carried throughout Europe as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years' War and was allegedly brought to Lombardy in 1629 by soldiers involved in the War of the Mantuan Succession. The disease first spread to Venetian troops and in October 1629 reached Milan, Lombardy's major commercial centre. Although the city instituted a quarantine and limited access to external visitors and trade goods, it failed to eliminate the disease. A major outbreak in March 1630 resulted from relaxed health measures during the carnival season, followed by a second wave in the spring and summer of 1631. Overall, Milan suffered approximately 60,000 fatalities out of a total population of 130,000.

East of Lombardy, the Republic of Venice was infected in 1630–31. The city of Venice was severely hit, with recorded casualties of 46,000 out of a population of 140,000. Some historians believe that the drastic loss of life, and its impact on commerce, ultimately resulted in the downfall of Venice as a major commercial and political power.

The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.

Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy occurred in the city of Florence in 1630–1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656–57.

Population before the plague and death toll, selected cities:

A 2019 study argues the plague of 1629–1631 led to lower growth in several cities affected by the plague and "caused long-lasting damage to the size of Italian urban populations and to urbanization rates. These findings support the hypothesis that seventeenth-century plagues played a fundamental role in triggering the process of relative decline of the Italian economies."

Literature
The 1630 Milan plague is the backdrop for several chapters of Alessandro Manzoni's 1840 novel The Betrothed (). Although a work of fiction, Manzoni's description of the conditions and events in plague-ravaged Milan are completely historical and extensively documented from primary sources researched by the author.

An expunged section of the book, describing the historical trial and execution of three alleged "plague-spreaders", was later published in a pamphlet entitled Storia della colonna infame (History of the pillar of infamy).

See also
 Ludovico Settala
 Naples Plague (1656)
 List of epidemics
 Second plague pandemic
 Santa Maria della Salute, a church in Venice built as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from the plague
 Lazzaretto Vecchio, small island in the Venetian lagoon used as a cemetery for plague victims

References

Sources

1629 in Italy
1630 in Italy
1631 in Italy
1629 disease outbreaks
1630s disease outbreaks
1630 disasters
1631 disasters

17th century in the Republic of Venice
17th-century epidemics
Second plague pandemic
Disease outbreaks in Italy
Duchy of Milan
History of Milan
Thirty Years' War
War of the Mantuan Succession

1629–1631 Italian plague


The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic. Edgar F. Codd proposed it in 1969. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is called relational database.

The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it. The structure in which the data is stored, and the task of responding to users' requests and retrieving the data is left to the database system, and is not visible to the user.

Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language; these systems implement what can be regarded as an engineering approximation to the relational model. A table in an SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable; the contents of a table to a relation; key constraints, other constraints, and SQL queries correspond to predicates.  Today, many database systems are different from the original model. Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles.

References

Database modeling

Relational model


Plume hunting is the hunting of wild birds to harvest their feathers, especially the more decorative plumes which were sold for use as ornamentation, such as aigrettes in millinery. The movement against the plume trade in the United Kingdom was led by Etta Lemon and other women and led to the establishment of the Royal Society for the Protection of  Birds. The feather trade was at its height in the late 19th and was brought to an end in the early 20th century.

By the late 19th century, plume hunters had nearly wiped out the snowy egret population of the United States. Flamingoes, roseate spoonbills, great egrets, and peafowl have also been targeted by plume hunters. The Empress of Germany's bird of paradise was also a popular target of plume hunters.

Victorian-era fashion included large hats with wide brims decorated in elaborate creations of silk flowers, ribbons, and exotic plumes. Hats sometimes included entire exotic birds that had been stuffed. Plumage often came from birds in the Florida Everglades, some of which were nearly extinguished by overhunting. By 1899, early environmentalists such as Adeline Knapp were engaged in efforts to curtail the hunting for plumes. By 1900, more than five million birds were being killed every year, including 95 percent of Florida's shore birds.

In Hawaii, Kāhili are feather standards worn by the chiefly class. Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) did not hunt and kill the birds. Native American war bonnets and various feather headdresses also feature feathers.

Hunt for plumes

At the turn of the 20th century, thousands of birds were being killed in order to provide feathers to decorate women's hats. The fashion craze, which began in the 1870s, became so widespread that by 1886 birds were being killed for the millinery trade at a rate of five million a year; many species faced extinction as a result. In Florida, plume birds were first driven away from the most populated areas in the northern part of the state, and forced to nest further south. Rookeries concentrated in and around the Everglades area, which had abundant food and seasonal dry periods, ideal for nesting birds. By the late 1880s, there were no longer any large numbers of plume birds within reach of Florida's most settled cities.

The most popular plumes came from various species of egret, known as "little snowies" for their snowy-white feathers; even more prized were the "nuptial plumes", grown during the mating season and displayed by birds during courtship. So-called "osprey" plumes, actually egret plumes, were used as part of British army uniforms until they were discontinued in 1889. Poachers often entered the densely populated rookeries, where they would shoot and then pluck the roosting birds clean, leaving their carcasses to rot. Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators, as were newly hatched birds, who also starved or died from exposure. One ex-poacher would later write of the practice, "The heads and necks of the young birds were hanging out of the nests by the hundreds. I am done with bird hunting forever!"

Egrets, including the great egret, were decimated in the past by plume hunters, but numbers recovered when given protection in the 20th century.

In 1886, 5 million birds were estimated to be killed for their feathers. They were shot usually in the spring when their feathers were colored for mating and nesting. The plumes, or aigrettes, as they were called in the millinery business, sold for $32 an ounce in 1915 — which was also the price of gold then. Millinery was a $17 million a year industry that motivated plume harvesters to lie in wait at the nests of egrets and other birds during the nesting season, shoot the parents with small-bore rifles, and leave the chicks to starve. Plumes from Everglades water birds could be found in Havana, New York City, London, and Paris. Hunters could collect plumes from a hundred birds on a good day.

Nomenclature
According to Gilbert Pearson, there was "a special trade name for the feathers of almost every kind of bird known in the millinery business."

 Black cock feathers, coque
 Snowy egret feathers, cross aigrettes
 Feathers of eagles, bustards, albatrosses, bush turkeys, turkey buzzards, eagle quills
 Crowned pigeon feathers, goura
 Manchurian eared pheasant feathers, numidie
 Marabou stork feathers, maribou
 New Guinea paradise birds, paradise plumes

Guy Bradley
In 1885, 15-year-old Guy Bradley and his older brother Louis served as scouts for noted French plume hunter Jean Chevalier on his trip to the Everglades.  Accompanied by their friend Charlie Pierce, the men set sail on Pierce's craft, the Bonton, ending their journey in Key West.  At the time, plume feathers—selling for more than $20 an ounce ($ in 2011)—were reportedly more valuable per weight than gold.  On their expedition, which lasted several weeks, the young men and Chevalier's party killed 1,397 birds of 36 species. Bradley eventually became a warden protecting birds from the plume hunting trade.

Conservation

In Florida, in an effort to control plume hunting, the American Ornithologists Union and the National Association of Audubon Societies (now the National Audubon Society) persuaded the Florida State Legislature to pass a model non-game bird protection law in 1901. These organizations then employed wardens to protect rookeries, in effect establishing colonial bird sanctuaries.

Such public concern, combined with the conservation-minded President Theodore Roosevelt, led to his executive order of President on March 14, 1903, establishing Pelican Island as the first national wildlife refuge in the United States to protect egrets and other birds from extinction by plume hunters. This resulted in the initial federal land specifically set aside for a non-marketable form of wildlife (the brown pelican) when  Pelican Island was proclaimed a Federal Bird Reservation in 1903. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is said to be the first bona fide "refuge". The first warden employed by the government at Pelican Island, Paul Kroegel, was an Audubon warden whose salary was $1 a month.  Plume hunter guide turned game warden Guy Bradley was shot and killed after confronting plume hunters.

Following the modest trend begun with Pelican Island, many other islands and parcels of land and water were quickly dedicated to the protection of various species of colonial nesting birds that were being destroyed for their plumes and other feathers. Such refuge areas included Breton National Wildlife Refuge in Breton, Louisiana (1904), Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge in Passage Key, Florida (1905), Shell Keys National Wildlife Refuge in Shell Keys, Louisiana (1907), and Key West National Wildlife Refuge in Key West, Florida (1908).

Bird City
Bird City is a private wildfowl refuge or bird sanctuary located on Avery Island in coastal Iberia Parish, Louisiana, founded by Tabasco sauce heir and conservationist Edward Avery McIlhenny, whose family owned Avery Island. McIlhenny established the refuge around 1895 on his own personal tract of the  island, a  estate known eventually as Jungle Gardens because of its lush tropical flora in response to late 19th century plume hunters nearly wiping out the snowy egret population of the United States while in pursuit of the bird's delicate feathers.

McIlhenny searched the Gulf Coast and located several surviving egrets, which he took back to his estate on Avery Island.  There he turned the birds loose in a type of aviary he called a "flying cage," where the birds soon adapted to their new surroundings. In the fall McIlhenny set the birds loose to migrate south for the winter.

As he hoped, the birds returned to Avery Island in the spring, bringing with them even more snowy egrets. This pattern continued until, by 1911, the refuge served as the summer nesting ground for an estimated 100,000 egrets.

Because of its early founding and example to others, Theodore Roosevelt, father of American conservationism, once referred to Bird City as "the most noteworthy reserve in the country."

Today, snowy egrets continue to return to Bird City each spring to nest until resuming their migration in the fall.

Empress of Germany's bird of paradise and captive breeding
The Empress of Germany's bird of paradise was one of the most heavily hunted birds of paradise in the plume-hunting era and was the first bird of paradise to breed in captivity. It was bred and observed by Prince R.S. Dharmakumarsinhji of India in 1940.

References

Sources
Douglas, Marjory (1947). The Everglades: River of Grass. 60th Anniversary Edition, Pineapple Press (2007).
Grunwald, Michael. The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2006. .
Huffstodt, Jim. Everglades Lawmen: True Stories of Danger and Adventure in the Glades. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 2000. .
McCally, David (1999). The Everglades: An Environmental History. University Press of Florida. .
McIver, Stuart B. Death in the Everglades: The Murder of Guy Bradley, America's First Martyr to Environmentalism. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2003. .
Shearer, Victoria. It Happened in the Florida Keys. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2008. .
Tebeau, Charlton W. They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1963.

Further reading

Fowling
Bird conservation
Hatmaking
Feathers

Plume hunting


The Donald Pollock House is a historic house in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.  Designed by architect Bruce Goff, Nelson Brackin accompanied Goff in the renovation for Laura and Joe Warriner in 1966.

Description and history
The house, designed by Bruce Goff and constructed in 1957, features steep hipped roofs over interlocking square areas, with skylights. The interior is partitioned by folding wood partitions. A studio with a screened porch on its roof is connected by a walkway over a reflecting pool.

Its NRHP nomination describes it as "an excellent example of the mature architecture of Bruce Goff" and "one of Goff's finest designs". It is related to the Goff-designed Wilson House in Pensacola, Florida. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 13, 2001.

References

Bruce Goff buildings
Residential buildings in Oklahoma City
Houses completed in 1957
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Houses in Canadian County, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma City

Donald Pollock House


HMS Wessex (pennant number: R78) was one of eight W-class destroyers built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in 1944, the ship spent most of the war assigned to the Eastern and Pacific Fleets. She screened British aircraft carriers as their aircraft attacked targets in the Japanese-occupied Nicobar Islands, the Dutch East Indies and Okinawa.

Wessex was then reduced to reserve after arriving home in December 1945.  She was then transferred to Simon's Town, South Africa in 1947, to form the South Atlantic Reserve Force. The ship was purchased by the South African Navy in 1950 and renamed HMSAS Jan van Riebeeck. She was placed in reserve in 1953 and continuing shortages of manpower kept the ship in reserve for most of the rest of her career even though she was converted into a fast anti-submarine frigate in 1964–66. Jan van Riebeeck was converted to serve as a training ship in 1971–72 and remained in that role until she was decommissioned in 1975. The ship was sunk as a target in 1980.

Description
The W-class ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a mean deep draught of . The ships were powered by a pair of Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  which gave a maximum speed of . They carried  of fuel oil that gave them a range of  at . Their crew numbered 179 officers and ratings.

The W-class destroyers were armed with four single 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns, one quadruple mount for 2-pounder (40 mm) Mk II "pom-pom" anti-aircraft (AA) guns and eight Oerlikon  light AA guns on twin mounts. They also were equipped with two quadruple mounts for 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. For anti-submarine work, the ships were fitted with ASDIC and two rails and four throwers for 70 depth charges. They were equipped with a Type 272 surface-search radar, Type 282 and 285 gunnery radars and a Type 291 early-warning radar.

To better defend the ship against Japanese kamikaze suicide aircraft, Wessex had her searchlight replaced by a  Bofors AA gun in mid-1944. As part of her 1964–66 refit, the ship's aft torpedo tubes were removed to make room for a small flight deck and hangar for two Westland Wasp helicopters and a pair of American Mk 32 triple-barrelled anti-submarine torpedo tubes were added, one on each side of the hangar. The guns were replaced by two twin-gun turrets fitted with 4-inch (102 mm) Mk XVI guns, one forward of the bridge and the other aft of the hangar. Her electronics were modernized as well although she retained the existing search radar. The changes increased her crew to 186–210 officers and ratings.

Construction and career
Wessex was ordered from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company on 3 December 1941 under the name of Zenith and was laid down at their Govan, Scotland, shipyard on 20 October 1942. She was renamed in January 1943 and was launched on 2 October 1943. Completed on 11 May 1944, the ship was assigned to the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean and escorted the aircraft carriers  and  while their aircraft attacked Nancowry harbour and other targets in the Nicobar Islands as part of Operation Millet, 15–19 October. During Operation Robson, an aerial attack on the oil refinery complex at Pangkalan Brandan, Sumatra, on 17–22 December, Wessex escorted the main body of the fleet. The ship did much the same during Operation Meridian, multiple aerial attacks on the refineries in Sumatra 16–29 January 1945, although she was held back to pick up radar spare parts and did not rendezvous with the fleet until the 19th.

Now part of the British Pacific Fleet, Wessex continued to escort ships and screen operations during the Battle of Okinawa until she began a refit at Auckland that lasted from 5 July to 27 August. The ship rejoined the fleet in September and ferried Allied prisoners of war back home. She arrived at Devonport on 28 December and was reduced to Category B Reserve on 14 March 1946 after being refitted in January–February. Wessex was recommissioned on 28 August 1947 and was refitted at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard in August–September in preparation for the voyage to South Africa in company with her sister ships, ,  and . Upon arrival, they formed the South Atlantic Reserve Force in Simon's Town.

Wessex was sold to the South African Navy on 29 March 1950 for £450,000 and commissioned that day as Jan van Riebeeck. Two years later she participated in Cape Town's celebration of the 300th anniversary of its founding by her namesake in April 1952. Later that year, the ship visited ports in French Madagascar and British East Africa. Jan van Riebeeck was placed in reserve in early 1953 to allow the navy to man her newly purchased sister ship, HMSAS Simon van der Stel. She remained in reserve for nearly 20 years, despite her conversion into a Type 16 frigate between 1964 and 1966. Jan van Riebeeck began a refit in March 1971 to prepare her to replace her sister as a training ship that was completed on 12 April 1972 when she was recommissioned. The ship was reduced to reserve again in late 1975 and Jan van Riebeeck was sunk as a target on 25 March 1980,  south of Cape Town. The hulk was initially struck by a Skerpioen missile fired by the fast attack craft  from over the horizon, but had to be finished off by gunfire.

Notes

References

External links
HMS Wessex at Uboat.net
HMS Wessex's career
Flag-showing cruises of the South African Navy

W and Z-class destroyers
Ships built in Govan
1943 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
Type 15 frigates of the South African Navy
Jan van Riebeeck
Maritime incidents in 1980
Ships sunk as targets
Shipwrecks of South Africa

HMS Wessex (R78)


Riziero Ortolani (; 25 March 192623 January 2014) was an Italian composer, conductor, and orchestrator, predominantly of film scores. He scored over 200 films and television programs between 1955 and 2014, with a career spanning over fifty years.

Internationally, he is best known for his genre scores, notably his music for mondo, giallo, horror, and Spaghetti Western films. His most famous composition is "More," which he wrote for the infamous film Mondo Cane. It won the 1964 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Theme and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 36th Academy Awards. The song was later covered by Frank Sinatra, Kai Winding, Andy Williams, Roy Orbison, and others.

Ortolani received many other accolades, including four David di Donatello Awards, three Nastro d'Argento Awards, and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. In 2013, he received a Lifetime Achievement from the World Soundtrack Academy.

Early life
Ortolani was born on 25 March 1926 in Pesaro, Italy. He was the youngest of six children. Ortolani's father, a postal worker, gave his son a violin at age 4. Ortolani later switched to flute after injuring his elbow in a car accident. He studied at the Conservatorio Statale di Musica "Gioachino Rossini" in his hometown of Pesaro before moving to Rome in 1948 and finding work with the RAI orchestra. Though the chronology is unclear, he also likely served as a musician in the Italian Air Force orchestra, formed a Jazz ensemble, and came to the United States as a Jazz musician in Hollywood, all before scoring his first film.

Ortolani married Katyna Ranieri in 1956.

Career
In the early 1950s, Ortolani was founder and member of a well-known Italian jazz band. One of his early film scores was for Paolo Cavara and Gualtiero Jacopetti's  1962 pseudo-documentary Mondo Cane, whose main title-song More earned him a Grammy and was also nominated for an Oscar as Best Song. The success of the soundtrack of Mondo Cane led Ortolani to score films in England and the United States such as The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), The Spy with a Cold Nose (1966), The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968) and Buona Sera, Mrs. Campbell (1968). He also scored the 1972 film The Valachi Papers, directed by Terence Young and starring Charles Bronson.

Ortolani scored all or parts of over 200 films, including German westerns like Old Shatterhand  (1964) and a long series of Italian giallos, Spaghetti Westerns, Eurospy films, Exploitation films and mondo films. These include Il Sorpasso (1962), Castle of Blood (1964), Africa Addio (1966), Day of Anger (1967), Anzio (1968), The McKenzie Break (1970), The Hunting Party (1971), A Reason to Live, a Reason to Die (1972), Seven Blood-Stained Orchids (1972), The Fifth Musketeer (1979), From Hell to Victory (1979), the controversial Ruggero Deodato films Cannibal Holocaust (1980) and The House on the Edge of the Park (1980), and the first series of La piovra (1984). In later years he scored many films for Italian director Pupi Avati.

His music was used on soundtracks for Grand Theft Auto: London 1969 (1999), Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003), Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004), Drive (2011) and Django Unchained (2012).

In 2013, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the World Soundtrack Academy.

Death
Ortolani died on 23 January 2014 in Rome, aged 87.

Selected filmography

References

External links

 Riz Ortolani at Epdlp (Spanish)

1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Pesaro
Italian film score composers
Italian male film score composers
Grammy Award winners
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Golden Globe Award-winning musicians
20th-century Italian musicians
Italian jazz pianists
Italian male pianists
20th-century Italian male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Varèse Sarabande Records artists

Riz Ortolani


The Fahrenheit hydrometer is a device used to measure the density of a liquid.  It was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), better known for his work in thermometry.

Operation

The Fahrenheit hydrometer is a constant-volume device that will float in water.  In the figure shown here, the hydrometer is floating vertically in a cylinder containing a liquid.  At the bottom of the hydrometer is a weighted bulb and at the top is a pan for small weights.  To use the hydrometer, one first accurately determines its weight (W) while it is dry.  Next, the device is placed in water, and a weight (w) sufficient to sink a marked point on the rod to the water-line is placed on the pan.  At that point, the weight of water displaced by the instrument equals W + w. The hydrometer is then removed, wiped dry, and placed in the liquid whose density is to be determined. A weight (x) sufficient to sink the hydrometer to the same marked point is placed in the pan.  The density (D) of the second liquid is then given by D = (W + x) / (W + w).

The Fahrenheit hydrometer can be made of either glass or metal.

The Nicholson hydrometer is similar in design, but instead of a weighted bulb at the bottom there is a small container ("basket") into which a sample can be placed.

See also

 Hydrometer

References

Measuring instruments
Dutch inventions

Fahrenheit hydrometer


Herman Johan Christiaan Berendsen (22 September 1934 – 7 October 2019) was a Dutch chemist. He was a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Groningen from 1967 to 1999.

Career
Berendsen was born on 22 September 1934 in Apeldoorn. In 1962 he obtained his PhD cum laude from the University of Groningen, with a dissertation titled: "An NMR study of collagen hydration". In March 1963 Berendsen was appointed lector of physical chemistry at his alma mater, and four years later became full professor. He retired in 1999. At Groningen Berendsen was group leader of molecular dynamics.

In 1976 Berendsen and Wilfred van Gunsteren together with the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners Martin Karplus and Michael Levitt were involved in the start of theories on molecular calculating.

Berendsen was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1979. In 2013 he was awarded the Berni J. Alder Prize by the Centre européen de calcul atomique et moléculaire. The jury amongst other points praised his development of the GROMOS type of force field.

References

External links
 Personal website of Berendsen
 Profile at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1934 births
2019 deaths
Dutch physical chemists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Apeldoorn
University of Groningen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Groningen

Herman Berendsen