The  (Portuguese for National Library of Portugal) is the Portuguese national library, fulfilling the function of legal deposit and copyright.

History

The library was created by Decree of 29 February 1796, under the name of Royal Public Library of the Court (). The library's objective was to allow the general public access to the court's collections, thus bucking the trend of the time only available to scholars and sages could access the treasures, manuscripts, paintings, and books of the royal court.

In the dawn of the victory of the Liberals following the Portuguese Civil War and the abolition of the religious orders (1834), the institution was renamed the National Library of Lisbon and was officially entrusted with all or part of the libraries of numerous monasteries and convents. The arrival of these large collections made it absolutely necessary to move to larger premises, and the choice fell on the Convento de São Francisco.

Over the more than 130 years in which it operated in the Chiado area of Lisbon, the BNL experienced periods of modernisation and enrichment and times of greyness and lethargy. We should particularly note the efforts that were made in the 19th century to absorb the collections of the abolished religious establishments, organise bibliographic exhibitions and publish catalogues of a variety of collections.

The proclamation of the Republic (1910) was followed by the incorporation of a new wave of libraries from another round of abolitions of religious institutions. Between 1920 and 1926 the BNL enjoyed a phase in which it took a major step forward in the field of library and information science and benefited from a flourishing cultural life, all of which was promoted by the so-called "Library Group".

The growth of the collections and the need for conditions suited to the conservation of the Library's rich holdings made it indispensable to construct a purpose-designed building that would provide the largest Portuguese bibliographic collection with a proper home. Work began in 1958, to a design by the architect Porfírio Pardal Monteiro, and the Library was transferred to the new building in the Campo Grande area in 1969.

The process of computerising the Library began in the 1980s, alongside a broader project intended to support all of Portugal's libraries in this respect, which resulted in the creation of the National Bibliographic Database – PORBASE. At the same time as it adapted to the process of technological evolution, the Library continued to enrich its collections. Of particular significance was the creation of an Archive of Writers' Personal Papers, but a number of major initiatives were also undertaken with regard to the standardisation of library and information techniques, preservation and conservation, and cultural activities.

At the beginning of this century the Library has been accompanying the international trend towards the digitisation of bibliographic collections, with the creation of the  (National Digital Library, BND), which is constantly growing and works closely with other European institutions.

Already more than 200 years old, in 2007 the Institution was renamed the National Library of Portugal (BNP) and began a restructuring process that is seeking to help both enrich and publicise the nation's bibliographic heritage, and to modernise, rationalise and improve its own operations in such a way as to serve the public, the professional community, and publishers and booksellers.

Mission and activities
The BNP's mission is to collect, process and preserve the Portuguese documentary heritage, including documents in Portuguese and about Portugal, whatever their format or carrier. It is also charged with studying and disseminating that heritage and ensuring the conditions which people need in order to be able to enjoy it, as well as classifying and inventorying the nation's bibliographic heritage assets.

Under this definition, which is set out in the Organic Law governing the BNP, the Library continues to pursue the essence of the fundamental purposes and objectives for which it was created in 1796, but is also responsible for the provision of a more varied range of services to both Portuguese culture and the public in general – among other ways, via the Online Catalogue of our collections and the Digital National Library – and the professionals in the publishing and information and documentation sectors.

To this end the BNP acts as the National Bibliographic Agency, which is responsible for the mandatory legal deposit of publications and the country's ISSN, ISMN and CIP (Cataloguing in Publication) services, the recording and dissemination of the Portuguese National Bibliography, and the coordination and management of PORBASE – the National Bibliographic Database. In this respect it has also undertaken a variety of actions that help to promote the professional development of libraries, in conjunction with its role as the body with responsibility for national standards concerning documentation and information in Portugal.

Protecting and enhancing the country's bibliographic heritage are another two fundamental aspects of the BNP's mission, in its dual role as the entity that is responsible for preserving and controlling that heritage and the keeper of Portugal's largest collection of bibliographic treasures. It is also charged with studying and publicising the latter in Portugal and abroad, which is accomplished by means of a range of projects involving inter-institutional cooperation, exhibitions, research activities and publications.

Collections

The National Library of Portugal is the largest library in the country and a prestigious institution on the cultural scene. It collects, processes and preserves the nation's bibliographic heritage and makes it available to the intellectual and scientific community.

The National Library of Portugal has a wide variety of collections that encompass documentation from every era, of every type and on every subject. A combination of the legal deposit system, acquisitions and donations mean that the holdings are constantly evolving. A special emphasis is placed on Portuguese works.

General collection
The General Collection is the BNP's largest, with more than 3 million items, most of which are Portuguese publications. It covers the period from the 16th to the 21st centuries.
Initially composed of the holdings of the Library of the Royal Board of Censorship and the libraries of convents that were abolished in 1834, the collection is divided into sections of monographs by major topic, a set of special collections that have been donated to us over the years, and a huge collection of 50,000 Portuguese periodical titles and around 240 foreign ones.
The General Collection systematically contains everything that has been published in Portugal and provided to the Library under the Legal Deposit system since 1931. It also includes the theses and other academic works produced at Portugal's universities, which have also been subject to mandatory legal deposit since 1986.

Rare Books and Manuscripts
The various collections that we generically term "Rare books and manuscripts" encompass the most valuable and important heritage assets in the BNP's holdings.
The collection of Manuscripts is currently actually made up of six collections, with library and archive documents of various genres and types and with a wide range of origins, from the 12th century to the present day. The overall collection contains a total of around 15,000 codices and 36,000 sundry manuscripts.
The collection of rare Printed Books is made up of a selection of works whose rarity, age or publishing characteristics earn them a place in the BNP's "Valuable Reserve" of printed books, which numbers more than 30,000 items. There are two main sections, which are divided on the basis of age: up until 1500 (Incunabula); and printed since 1501 (Rare books). They also have a number of other collections, which are grouped on the basis of a number of different criteria, such as subject, printer, or special characteristics.
The Historical Archive contains archive documents from a variety of sources, with an emphasis on personal and family archives. The oldest documents date from the 11th century. In total there are around 466 separate collections (or parts of collection). The BNP's own Historical Archive is included under this heading.
The Archive of Contemporary Portuguese Culture (ACPC) is currently home to the collections of personal papers of 148 writers and other figures from the 19th and 20th centuries. Leading names include Fernando Pessoa, Eça de Queirós, Camilo Castelo Branco, Camilo Pessanha, Antero de Quental, Oliveira Martins, Jaime Cortesão, Raul Proença, Vitorino Nemésio, Vergílio Ferreira and José Saramago, among others.

Cartography
The Cartography collection holds around 6,800 titles composed of both printed and manuscript atlases, maps and plans that have been made and/or published since the 16th century. Although the collection includes cartographic representations of every part of the world, the majority of the items portray Portugal and its former overseas domains.

Iconography
The Iconographic collections contain around 117,000 images on paper and have constituted a specialised section of the Library since 1976. They were originally formed from three initial collections that belonged to the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division (Prints, Drawings, and Religious Pictures), but were organised into a separate collection when the Library became fully aware of their importance to the study of history, sociology, art and so on, and came to recognise their heritage value.

Music
The BNP's Music Collection is one of the most important in Portugal, and is especially useful for historical and musicological research. It contains more than 50,000 items ranging from the 12th to the 20th centuries, most of which were produced in Portugal. In addition to printed and manuscript scores, it offers books and periodicals on musical subjects, librettos, programmes, posters, photographs, a variety of personal and institutional archives and other material linked to the production of music and musical recordings.

Reading for the Visually Impaired
The reading service for the Visually Impaired has held and produced works in Braille and audio books since 1969. The service uses the paper, magnetic tape and digital formats. It has more than 7,000 items in Braille, including 4,000 musical works, and 1,575 audio titles.

See also
 Torre do Tombo National Archive
 Open access in Portugal

References
This article includes text copied and potentially modified from websites of the Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal. This content has been licensed under the CC By 4.0 license. It was authored by the National Library of Portugal. The content is also hosted at the library's website at the following links: History, Mission and Activities and Collections (and subpages)

Further reading

External links
Official website
 Biblioteca Nacional Digital
  (Includes articles related to the National Library)

1796 establishments in Portugal
Culture in Lisbon
Deposit libraries
Libraries in Portugal
Libraries established in 1796
Portugal
Articles with imported freely licensed text

Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal


The Roman Catholic Church in Greece is composed of
 a Latin hierarchy,  comprising two ecclesiastical provinces (including four suffragan dioceses and an apostolic vicariate) and two dioceses immediately subject to the Holy See)
 two Eastern Catholic rite-specific particular church sui iuris jurisdictions.

Current Latin Catholic hierarchy

(Roman Rite)

Directly subject to the Holy See
 Archdiocese of Athens
 Archdiocese of Rhodes
 Apostolic Vicariate of Thessaloniki

Ecclesiastical Province of Corfu, Zakynthos and Cefalonia
 Archdiocese of Corfu, Zante and Cefalonia (nominal Metropolitan, no suffragan)

Ecclesiastical Province of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos
 Metropolitan Archdiocese of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos
Diocese of Chios
Diocese of Crete
Diocese of Santorini
Diocese of Syros (and united titular see Milos)

Current Eastern Catholic jurisdictions
All exempt, i.e. directly subject to the Holy See, and part of Rite-specific particular churches sui iuris

Greek Catholic Church (Byzantine Rite in Greek language)
 Greek Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Greece, with cathedral see in Athens

Armenian Catholic Church (Armenian Rite in Armenian language)
 Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Greece

Defunct dioceses

Titular Archbishoprics
Metropolitan Titular Archbishoprics
 Corinth(us), Patrae (Veteres) (Patras), Traianopolis in Rhodope, Traianopolis in Rhodope
 TO BE WIKIFIED/CHECKED : Gortyna, Larissa in Thessalia, Mitylene, Nicopolis in Epiro, Novæ Patræ, Philippi, Thebæ (Thebes), Thessalonica

Non-metropolitan Titular Archbishoprics
 TO BE WIKIFIED/CHECKED : Ægina, Ænus, Carpathus, Cassiope, Cypsela, Lemnus, Leucas, Macra, Maronea, Massimianopolis in Rhodope, Methymna, Naupactus, Rhusium, Serræ

Titular bishoprics
 TO BE WIKIFIED/CHECKED : Abdera, Achelous, Aëtus, Amphipolis, Amyclae, Anastasiopolis, Anastasiopolis, Arcadia, Ardamerium, Argos, Astypalæa, Aulon, Bargala, Berrhœa, Bolina, Bonitza, Cæsaropolis, Calydon, Campania, Canea, Cantanus, Cardicium, Carystus, Cassandria, Castoria, Cea, Cernitza, Cesarea in Thessalia, Chalcis in Græcia, Chersonesus in Creta, Christianopolis, Christopolis, Chrysopolis in Macedonia, Ciparissia, Cisamus, Citrus, Cnossus, Corone, Coronea, Cos, Cydonia, Daulia, Demetrias, Diocletiana, Dium, Doberus, Dodona, Dragobitia, Echinus, Edessa in Macedonia, Elatea, Eleutherna, Eleutheropolis in Macedonia, Elis, Epidaurum, Eressus, Eurœa in Epiro, Ezerus, Gomphi, Helos, Heraclea Pelagoniæ, Hierapytna, Hierissus, Ioannina, Ios, Kefalonia, Lacedæmonia, Lamia, Lappa, Lerus, Lete, Lidoricium, Maina, Marmarizana, Megalopolis in Peloponneso, Megara, Messene, Methone, Milos (united with current diocese of Syros), Monembasia, Mosynopolis, Mundinitza, Nauplia, Nisyrus, Olena, Opus, Oreus, Paros, Peritheorium, Pharsalus, Photice, Platæa (Plataia), Platamon, Polystylus, Porthmus, Rheon, Rhithymna (former diocese of Retimo(–Ario)), Salona, Samos, Scarphea, Sciathus, Scopelus in Thessalia, Scyrus, Serbia, Setea, Sicyon, Stagoi, Stobi, Strongyle, Strumnitza, Subrita, Tanagra, Tegea, Thasus, Thaumacus, Thebæ Phthiotides, Thespiæ, Tricca, Trœzene, Velicia, Xanthe, Zapara, Zaratovium

Other defunct jurisdictions
Latin
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Andros
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Hierapetra
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Hierapetra and Sitia
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Malvasia
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Negroponte
 Apostolic Prefecture of Rhodes and adjacent islands
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Sitia
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Tinos / Roman Catholic Diocese of Tinos-Mykonos

Eastern Catholic (Byzantine Rite)
 Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople
 Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Macedonia

See also
 List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)
 List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)

Sources and external links
 GCatholic.org.
 Catholic-Hierarchy entry.

Greece religion-related lists
Greece

List of Catholic dioceses in Greece


The British Arctic Expedition of 1875–1876, led by Sir George Nares, was sent by the British Admiralty to attempt to reach the North Pole via Smith Sound.

Although the expedition failed to reach the North Pole, the coasts of Greenland and Ellesmere Island were extensively explored and large amounts of scientific data were collected.

History
Two ships,  and —captained by Henry Frederick Stephenson—sailed from Portsmouth on 29 May 1875.

On this expedition, Nares became the first explorer to take his ships all the way north through the channel between Greenland and Ellesmere Island —now named Nares Strait in his honour— to the Lincoln Sea. Up to this time, it had been a popular theory that this route would lead to the supposed Open Polar Sea, an ice-free region surrounding the pole, but Nares found only a wasteland of ice.

A sledging party under Commander Albert Hastings Markham set a new record, Farthest North of 83° 20′ 26″ N. Meanwhile, senior lieutenant Lewis Beaumont led another dog sled party from Discovery Harbour heading eastward in April 1876 to explore the northwestern shores of Greenland, reaching Sherard Osborn Fjord before turning back on 22 May.

Overall the expedition was a near-disaster. The men suffered badly from scurvy and were hampered by inappropriate clothing and equipment. Realising that his men could not survive another winter in the ice, Nares hastily retreated southward with both his ships in the summer of 1876. However, naval personnel and topographers, among them Thomas Mitchell, did succeed in documenting, by photograph, Inuit and the landscapes of what would become Canada's Northwest Territories and, later, Nunavut.

The expedition included Petty Officer Adam Ayles, after whom both the Ayles Ice Shelf and Mount Ayles are named. Other features named after the expedition include the Markham Ice Shelf, Nares Strait, Repulse Harbour and Alert, the most northerly permanently inhabited place on earth. Pelham Aldrich was a lieutenant on the expedition and commanded the Western Sledge Party to Ellesmere Island, where Cape Aldrich was named in his honour.

Aftermath
After the expedition returned to Britain, both Nares and the Admiralty faced criticism for the expedition's return after less than one year in the Arctic and for the outbreak of scurvy. Much of the criticism focused on the fact that the expedition's officers had continued to issue a rum ration on sledging journeys. An Admiralty report concluded that this decision had been unwise and had contributed to the scurvy outbreak.

See also
Cartographic expeditions to Greenland
List of Arctic expeditions

Citations

Bibliography
 George Nares: Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875–76 in H.M. ships 'Alert' and 'Discovery, two volumes, London 1878; online book Volume 1 & Volume 2
 John Edwards Caswell. The RGS and the British Arctic Expedition, 1875–76. The Geographical Journal 143(2) (Jul., 1977), pp. 200–210.

19th century in Greenland
19th century in the Arctic
19th-century history of the Royal Navy
Arctic expeditions
Expeditions from the United Kingdom

British Arctic Expedition


Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 American comedy-drama film directed by Jon Avnet and based on Fannie Flagg's 1987 novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. Written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski, and starring Kathy Bates, Jessica Tandy, Mary Stuart Masterson, Mary-Louise Parker and Cicely Tyson, the film tells the story of a housewife who, unhappy with her life, befriends an elderly lady in a nursing home and is enthralled by the tales she tells of people she used to know.

The film was released in theaters in the United States on December 27, 1991, garnered positive reviews from critics and was a box office hit, grossing $119.4 million on a $11 million budget. It was nominated for two Oscars at the 64th Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress (Tandy) and Best Adapted Screenplay.

Plot

Evelyn Couch, a timid housewife in her 40s, meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode at an Alabama nursing home. Evelyn's husband, Ed, has an aunt living there. Over several encounters, Ninny tells Evelyn about the long-abandoned town of Whistle Stop and its residents. The film's subplot concerns Evelyn's dissatisfaction with her marriage, her life, her growing confidence, and a developing friendship with Ninny. The narrative switches several times between Ninny's story set between World War I and World War II, and Evelyn's life in 1980s Birmingham.

Ninny's tale begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode, the youngest member of her family, who would later become Ninny's sister-in-law. Young Idgie is devastated when her beloved older brother, Buddy, is killed by a train. She remains socially withdrawn well into her adolescence. At the Threadgoode family's request, Buddy's former girlfriend, the straitlaced Ruth Jamison, intervenes.

Idgie initially rebuffs Ruth's attempt at friendship, but over the summer they gradually develop a deep attachment and fall in love. Ruth eventually moves to Valdosta, Georgia, to marry Frank Bennett, as she is obliged to do so. When Idgie visits, she discovers that Frank habitually abuses a pregnant Ruth. Against Frank's violent attempts to stop her, Idgie and several men rescue Ruth who returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie, where her baby, Buddy Jr., is born. Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business and help care for Ruth and Buddy Jr. She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe, employing the family cook, Sipsey, and her son, Big George, whose excellent barbecue becomes popular with customers.

Frank returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap his infant son, but an unseen assailant thwarts his attempt; Frank is soon reported missing. About five years later, Frank's truck surfaces in a nearby river. Idgie becomes a suspect, having publicly threatened Frank for beating Ruth. Sheriff Grady Kilgore detains both Idgie and Big George. Kilgore offers to release Idgie and pin Frank's supposed murder solely on Big George, but Idgie refuses. During the subsequent trial, Reverend Scroggins provides false testimony that supports both Idgie's and Big George's alibis. Taking into account Frank's reputation for drunkenness and his body never being found, the judge rules his probable death as accidental and drops all charges against Idgie and Big George.

Shortly after the trial, Ruth is diagnosed with terminal cancer and soon dies. When trains stop running through Whistle Stop, the café closes, and the town folk drift away. Ninny's story concludes, but not before Frank's fate is revealed. When Frank attempted to kidnap Buddy Jr., Sipsey hit Frank over the head with a cast iron skillet, killing him. Frank's truck was pushed into the river, and Idgie convinced Big George to butcher and barbecue Frank's body, which they later served to Sheriff Curtis Smoot, who relentlessly investigated Frank's disappearance. Smoot proclaimed the meal as the best barbecue he ever ate.

Evelyn discovers Ninny was discharged from the nursing home. During her stay there, Ninny's house was condemned and demolished. Evelyn finds Ninny where the house once stood. She wants Ninny to live with her and Ed, to which Ninny agrees. They pass by Ruth's grave which is freshly adorned with a jar containing honey and a honeycomb. A card reads, "I'll always love you, the Bee Charmer". The Bee Charmer was Ruth's nickname for Idgie, and the note reveals that Idgie is still alive.

Cast

Production

Development
Jon Avnet first read the novel in 1987. He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom, with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point. Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story, she insisted he read the book and like her, he loved it. He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear's company, Act III Communications, who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter. He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982's Annie. She wrote a draft for it as a musical, which he was unhappy with. Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg, who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film, to develop the script. Although she had some screenwriting experience, she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one. The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured, but she found it difficult and also left the project, after writing 70 pages of the screenplay. With no money left to hire another writer, Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2–3 years developing it. Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft.

Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind; she expressed excitement about making the film. He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Don't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively. When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy. Mary-Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison. She read for the part several times, initially unhappy with her own tests. When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson, theyand the producersagreed that they had good chemistry.

Location and filming
Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer. Scouting for a location, she found Juliette, Georgia, a town that was, according to Avnet, nearly deserted. The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store. It was redesigned as a cafe, with a horseshoe-shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles.

The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a tree stump for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double. However, after the latter backed out at the last minute, Masterson volunteered to do it herself. The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film.

Flagg based the Whistle Stop restaurant on the real-life Irondale Café in Irondale, Alabama. She was a frequent visitor and it was formerly owned by her great-aunt.

Differences between the film and novel
Unlike the novel, the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit, instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous. The DVD contains an audio commentary by Avnet in which he points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended as a "love scene".

At the time of the film's debut, it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as "glossing over" the lesbian relationship. But it won an award in 1992 from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content.

Although in the book Idgie and Ninny are two distinctly separate characters, at the end of the film it is largely hinted that they are one and the same. This runs counter to Ninny's earlier comment that "I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes; I married her  brother, Cleo". Additionally, the film has Ruth being in love with Buddy Threadgoode, Idgie's brother.

Release
Fried Green Tomatoes was given a limited release in the United States on December 27, 1991, opening in five theaters. It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24, 1992, in 673 theaters. It ran for 19 weeks in total, with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters.

Critical reception
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The critical consensus reads, "Fried Green Tomatoes tearjerking drama is undeniably manipulative, but in the hands of a skilled cast that includes Jessica Tandy and Kathy Bates, it's also powerfully effective." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Critics enjoyed the narrative, but found it conventional and predictable. The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticized by Time Out as "clumsy", Roger Ebert praised the performances, Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score. The cast drew praise for their performances, particularly Masterson and Tandy.

Audience response

After the release of Fried Green Tomatoes, the town of Juliette saw an influx of tourists and, with Jon Avnet's encouragement, locals opened the Whistle Stop Café, recreated to mirror the film set. Although "Whistle Stop Café" is a registered trademark, other establishments have appeared using that name.

The film caused the fried green tomatoes food dish to be known as a delicacy of the Southern United States, when it previously did not have such a status.

Box office
Fried Green Tomatoes grossed $82.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $37 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $119.4 million, against a budget of $11 million. In its opening weekend it earned $105,317, and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940, which was 6.4 percent of its total gross. According to Box Office Mojo, it ranked at no.11 for all films released in the US in 1991, and no.5 for PG‑13 rated films released that year.

Accolades
Fried Green Tomatoes received two Oscar nominations for Best Supporting Actress and Best Adapted Screenplay. It received two BAFTA nominations, including Best Actress in a Leading Role, and garnered three Golden Globe nominations, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. The film was also nominated for the Guldbagge Award for Best Foreign Film.

Home media
The VHS was released by MCA/Universal Home Video in North America on August 20, 1992.

The 137-minute "extended" collector's edition DVD for Region 1 was released by Universal Studios on April 18, 2000. The DVD features a documentary about the making of the film, commentary by Jon Avnet, original theatrical trailer, and the film poster campaign. The region free Blu-ray was released March 4, 2014.

In the United Kingdom, the VHS was released as Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Columbia Tristar Home Video on October 2, 1992. The DVD for Region 2 was released by Carlton Visual Entertainment on September 9, 2002.

Soundtrack

The Fried Green Tomatoes: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was supervised by Arthur Baker, who also produced several of the songs. Baker and American singer-songwriter Grayson Hugh co-arranged and recorded Bob Dylan's song "I'll Remember You" for the end-title song. British singer-songwriter Paul Young appears with the song "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted," which peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1992. The soundtrack featured Patti LaBelle performing Bessie Jackson's 1933 blues song, "Barbecue Bess".

The original score, composed by Thomas Newman, was released as Fried Green Tomatoes in June 1992.

References

External links

 Fried Green Tomatoes at The New York Times movie database (archive)
 Fried Green Tomatoes at AFI Catalog of Feature Films, American Film Institute

1991 films
1991 comedy films
1991 drama films
1991 directorial debut films
1991 LGBT-related films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1990s female buddy films
1990s feminist films
1990s mystery comedy-drama films
American female buddy films
American LGBT-related films
American mystery comedy-drama films
Lesbian-related films
LGBT-related romantic comedy-drama films
Films about domestic violence
Films about families
Films based on American novels
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in Alabama
Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films directed by Jon Avnet
Films scored by Thomas Newman
Films with screenplays by Carol Sobieski
Universal Pictures films

Fried Green Tomatoes


Kilian von Steiner (; 9 October 1833 – 25 September 1903) was a German banker and industrialist.

Life and career
Born in Laupheim as the eighth child of Jewish merchant Viktor Steiner and his wife Sophie, Kilian Steiner spent his youth in the small Upper Swabian town. The family on his father's side had been residents in Laupheim since approximately 1750.

He attended secondary school in Ulm and Stuttgart, after which he went on to go to university to study history, philosophy and law at the universities of Tübingen and Heidelberg. After graduating in 1859, he settled as a solicitor in Heilbronn where he met and became a lifelong friend of economist Gustav Schmoller.

Together with political friends, one of whom was Gustav Siegle, Steiner was one of the founding members of the National Liberal Party in 1865, a party committed to the so-called Kleindeutsche Lösung (Lesser German Solution) and to the unifying policy of Otto von Bismarck.

Steiner was among the most prominent members of economic life in 19th-century Germany. He was involved in the founding of several banks inside and outside of the Kingdom of Württemberg.
In 1869 he was one of the co-founders of the Württembergische Vereinsbank, one of the forerunners of the Deutsche Bank. He was also one of the founders of BASF in 1873, WMF in Geislingen an der Steige in 1880 and the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in Untertürkheim in 1890. During this period, Kilian Steiner was also instrumental in the foundation of several lesser well-known industrial ventures.

In 1876 Kilian von Steiner was awarded a doctorate in law.
Steiner was also a prominent patron of the arts and, through his efforts and financial contributions, ensured the founding of the Schiller National Museum in Marbach and the Swabian Schiller Federation in 1890.

In 1891, Steiner became honorary citizen of Bad Niedernau.

He bought Großlaupheim Castle together with all its lands from his siblings in 1894 and had the castle's interior modernised with all the conveniences of the time so that it could be inhabited. The castle became a focal point for meetings with his friends from the spheres of literature, economics and the arts.

By receiving the Order of the Crown from king William II of Württemberg in 1895 Steiner was ennobled. Shortly afterwards he retired from public life.

Kilian von Steiner died in Stuttgart in 1903.

In 1987 a bust of Kilian von Steiner was unveiled in the rose garden at Castle Großlaupheim. In the same year the local vocational school was named after Kilian von Steiner.

A special room dedicated to Kilian von Steiner was opened in the Museum of the History of Christians and Jews in Laupheim in 1998.

See also
History of the Jews in Laupheim

Further reading

1833 births
1903 deaths
German bankers
19th-century German Jews
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
People from Laupheim

Kilian von Steiner


Sewers are underground pipes that take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places. Sanitary sewers lead to sewage treatment plants that remove the harmful and unwanted parts, returning clean water to the environment. Many rules and regulations exist for how clean the final discharge (effluent) must be. Storm sewers are usually simpler. Houses that do not have a connection to city sewer will have a septic tank.

Cleaning crews use special trucks and tools to help keep the sewers clear of grease, tree roots, and other blockages. More rural areas may have septic systems where sewers do not yet exist.  In many urban areas, street gutters to carry rainwater are combined with sewers.

waste

Drainage

Sewer


Triallam timcheall na Fodla ("Let us wander around Ireland") is medieval Irish-language poetic manuscript about topography.

Overview

Composed by Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin, Triallam  consists of twenty verses divided into four (but sometimes five or even six) lines. The full poem is nine hundred and sixteen lines in length. It identifies various tribes, dynasties and territories of the Gaelic-Irish, as they were immediately before the arrival of the Anglo-Normans. Ó Dubhagáin devotes one hundred and fifty-two lines to Meath, three hundred and fifty-four to Ulster, three hundred and twenty-eight to Connacht, and fifty-six to Leinster. Possibly the work was unfinished at the time of Ó Dubhagáin's death in 1372; sometime after Ó Dubhagáin's death, Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín (d. 1420) completed the poem.

See also

 Críchad an Chaoilli
 Crichaireacht cinedach nduchasa Muintiri Murchada
 Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh
 Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín
 Leabhar Adhamh Ó Cianáin

References
 Topographical Poems by Seaán Mór Ó Dubhagáin and Giolla-Na-Naomh Ó Huidhrín, ed. James Carney, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1943.

External links

Irish-language manuscripts
Irish poems
Medieval manuscripts
Medieval genealogies and succession lists

Triallam timcheall na Fodla


Holyrood Park (also called the Queen's Park or King's Park depending on the reigning monarch's gender) is a royal park in central Edinburgh, Scotland about  to the east of Edinburgh Castle. It is open to the public. It has an array of hills, lochs, glens, ridges, basalt cliffs, and patches of gorse, providing a wild piece of highland landscape within its  area. The park is associated with the royal palace of Holyroodhouse and was formerly a 12th-century royal hunting estate. The park was created in 1541 when James V had the ground "circulit about Arthurs Sett, Salisborie and Duddingston craggis" enclosed by a stone wall.

Arthur's Seat, an extinct volcano and the highest point in Edinburgh, is at the centre of the park, with the cliffs of Salisbury Crags to the west. There are three lochs: St Margaret's Loch, Dunsapie Loch, and Duddingston Loch. The ruins of St Anthony's Chapel stand above St Margaret's Loch. Queen's Drive is the main route through the Park. St Margaret's Well and St Anthony's Well are both natural springs within the park. Holyrood Park is located to the south-east of the Old Town, at the edge of the city centre. Abbeyhill is to the north, and Duddingston village to the east. The University of Edinburgh's Pollock Halls of Residence are to the south-west, and Dumbiedykes is to the west.

The whole of Holyrood Park was made a Scheduled Monument in 2013. It is owned, apart from the roadways which are retained by the Crown, by Scottish Ministers the whole being managed by Historic Environment Scotland. Various archaeological survey has taken place across the site, though findings are not yet fully understood.

Natural features

Arthur's Seat

Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park. The hill rises above the city to a height of , provides excellent views, is quite easy to climb, and is a popular walk. Though it can be climbed from almost any direction, the easiest and simplest ascent is from the east, where a grassy slope rises above Dunsapie Loch, a small artificial loch located between Dunsapie Hill and Arthur's Seat and which is a popular location within the park, supporting several bird species.

Salisbury Crags

Salisbury Crags are a series of  cliffs at the top of a subsidiary spur of Arthur's Seat which rise on the west of Holyrood Park. Below the foot of the cliffs is a large and steep talus slope falling to the floor of Holyrood Park, with a track running in the space between the two. This track was given the name Radical Road after it was paved in the aftermath of the Radical War of 1820 to provide jobs for unemployed radical weavers from the west of Scotland, at the suggestion of Walter Scott.

Creation of the Radical Road gave easy access to the upper rockface, and infamously the official Keeper of the Royal Park, Charles Hamilton, 8th Earl of Haddington, abused his position to start quarrying the rock face around 1821, causing damage that is still visible. The track was closed in 2018 after a large rock fall. A report suggested various possibilities: a sky walkway, reopening the path at users' risk, installing shelters or wire mesh, or permanent closure.

Hugo Arnot suggested in the 18th century that the name Salisbury Crags derives from the first Earl of Salisbury, who accompanied Edward III of England on one of his invasions of Scotland. James Grant's view of this in 1880 is that it was "an idle story", and quoted Lord Hailes' derivation from Anglo-Saxon meaning "waste or dry habitation". The modern Gaelic name of the cliffs is Creagan Salisbury, a direct translation of the English; however in 1128, the cliffs were described in a charter under an older Gaelic name, Creag nam Marbh (the Crag of the Dead).

The cliffs are formed from steep dolerite and columnar basalt and have a long history of rock climbing on their faces starting from the earliest days of the sport. Harold Raeburn was brought up nearby, and became the leading climber of the Scottish Mountaineering Club not long after he joined it in 1896. By 1900 a number of traditional climbing and sport climbing routes had been recorded by Raeburn and W. Inglis Clark.  In recent years the park rangers (previously under the auspices of the Royal Estate and now Historic Environment Scotland, who had taken over management of the park) attempted to regulate access to the cliffs due to hazards to park visitors from loose and falling rocks. Climbers are now restricted to a designated area of the South Quarry, and need to apply for a permit, free of charge, at the education centre in the north of the park in order to be allowed to climb. There is still some activity, though most of it is bouldering rather than free climbing. The finest areas are in the two quarries, although it is only in the South Quarry that climbing is still permitted at this time. The south quarry contains the Black Wall, a well-known bouldering testpiece in the Edinburgh climbing scene. The best known route to climb the Crags is at "Cat Nick" or "Cat's Nick", a cleft in the rocks near the highest point of the Crags. This is named on maps, sometimes leading people to believe that the highest point of the crag is so named.

Samson's Ribs
Samson's Ribs are a formation of columnar basalt.

St Margaret's Loch

St Margaret's Loch is a shallow man-made lochan to the south of Queen's Drive. It is around 500 m east of Holyrood Palace, and about 100 m north of the ruin of St Anthony's Chapel. Once a boggy marshland, the loch was formed in 1856 as part of Prince Albert's improvement plans for the area surrounding the palace. The loch has been used as a boating pond but is now home to a strong population of ducks, geese, and swans.

Other geographical features
Other geographical features include the Haggis Knowe, Whinny Hill and Hunter's Bog, which drains into St Margaret's Loch.

Cultural heritage
There are traces of four prehistoric hill forts within the park, at Arthur's Seat, Salisbury Crags, Samson's Ribs and Dunsapie Hill. The remains of cultivation terraces can be seen on the eastern slopes of Arthur's Seat.

Holyrood Abbey

The ruined Augustinian Abbey of Holyrood was established in 1128, at the order of King David I of Scotland, within his royal deer-hunting park. The Abbey was in use until the 16th century. It was briefly used as a Chapel Royal by James VII, but was finally ruined in the mid-18th century.

Palace of Holyroodhouse

The Palace of Holyroodhouse began as a lodging within the Abbey, but eventually grew into a substantial palace. James IV had the first buildings constructed around 1500, although the bulk of the present building dates from the late 17th century, when it was remodelled in the neo-classical style by Sir William Bruce. It remains as the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland.

Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and her father James V kept sheep in some areas of the park, looked after by John Huntar. In May 1562 Dunsapie Loch was the setting for an entertainment at the wedding of John, Lord Fleming, and Elizabeth Ross, which involved a theatrical recreation of the siege of Leith. Mary had a place made for picnic suppers in the park.

St Anthony's Chapel

The origin and history of the chapel are obscure, but it was certainly built no later than the early 15th century, as in 1426 it is recorded that the Pope gave money for its repair. The chapel may have been linked to the Preceptory of St. Anthony, a skin hospice, which was based in Leith around this time. It may have been linked to the nearby Holyrood Abbey. James Grant says that the tradition was that the chapel was set up to protect a nearby holy spring (St Anthony's Well). This apparently dried up completely in 1674 but after some decades it rematerialised at a lower point.

The chapel was originally rectangular in shape, around , with  walls, and was built with local stone. The tower would have stood just over  high, and probably had a spiral stair inside. The chapel is depicted on Richard Lee's sketch plan of Edinburgh at the time of Lord Hertford's raid on Edinburgh in 1544. The chapel deteriorated over the years and in 1779, Hugo Arnot in his The History of Edinburgh described it as "a beautiful Gothick building, well suited to the rugged sublimity of the rock ... At its west end there was a tower .. about forty feet high."

The chapel is now a ruin: only the north wall and a fragment of the west wall remain next to part of an ancillary building.

Muschat's Cairn

This cairn is situated by the Duke's Walk at the eastern (Meadowbank) end of Holyrood Park. It commemorates an event on 17 October 1720 when Nicol Muschat, an unemployed surgeon, cut his wife's throat at this spot. He was tried and hanged on 6 January 1721 for this crime. At his trial he said that he had simply tired of her.

The present cairn consists of boulders cemented together and was erected in 1823 replacing an earlier cairn which had been removed c.1789. This earlier cairn was formed over several years by the tradition of laying stones on the cairn "in token of the people's abhorrence and reprobation of the deed". It was situated some way to the west of the present cairn with Sir Walter Scott placing it about a furlong to the east of St. Anthony's Chapel. Scott mentions the cairn several times in the novel, The Heart of Midlothian, by siting Jeanie Dean's tryst with the outlaw, George Robertson, at this spot. The site of the so-called Jeanie Deans Cottage can also be seen in Holyrood Park at the south end of St. Leonards Bank.

St Margaret's Well

The medieval well house of St Margaret's Well which was originally at Meadowbank, Restalrig was relocated just north of Salisbury Crags in 1860.

A plaque above the well informs:

"This unique Well House dates from the late 15th Century. It originally stood at Restalrig, close to the Church, and its design is a miniature copy of St. Triduana's Aisle there. In 1860 it was removed from its first site, which was then encroached upon by a railway depot, and was reconstructed in its present position near a natural spring."

Royal Volunteer Review

The most dramatic event in the park's history took place on 7 August 1860 when an immense assembly was made of the several Scottish volunteer regiments to appear before Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The huge number of soldiers were billeted in schools, warehouses etc over the preceding days. These included the larger part of 250 regiments such as the Breadalbane Highlanders led by the aged John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane and Easdale Volunteers. All were under the overall command of Lt Gen George Wetherall.

The "Artists Company" included William McTaggart, John Pettie and Samuel Bough.

The fashion at the time was for ornamental arches along the route to be taken by the monarch, plus other temporary decorations. These were designed by a committee including David Octavius Hill, Joseph Noel Paton and W. B. Johnstone (Keeper of the Scottish National Gallery). Structures included a timber grandstand on the flat ground on the north edge of the park, capable of holding 3000 persons.

The volunteers stood in groups on three sides of the grandstand, mainly along the north edge of the road. Beyond the lower slopes of Arthur's Seat created a natural amphitheatre from which the non-ticketed observers could gather. These were numbered as 100 to 300,000 which was considerably more than the total population of Edinburgh, but as many volunteers brought their families from up north, is not impossible.

Starting at 3pm Queen Victoria first drove by the 21,000 volunteers in an open carriage then sat on the "saluting dias" at the front of the grandstand. The Ross-shire Buffs provided the pipers for the ceremony. The soldiers then marched by the dias, saluting in waves as the were opposite the Queen. This took almost two hours. After readopting their original positions a unified general salute was made, followed by three cheers for the Queen. With the crowd then joining the cheer, the huge volume is said to have spooked multiple horses, upon which the various officers were mounted, and there was temporary confusion.

The parade officially ended at 6pm but the crowds did not fully disperse until sunset. Official thanks were conveyed to the regiments by Adjutant General James Yorke Scarlett.

A second major review took place in August 1881 with 44,000 parading under command of Gen Alastair Macdonald and a third in 1905.

Road network
Up until 1844, no metalled road existed around the Park. The road network in the park today is a product of Prince Albert's reforms in 1844, which added the circular Victoria Road, later called The Queen's Drive.

The roads in Holyrood Park are not part of the City of Edinburgh road network. Holyrood Park, is under the ownership and care of the Scottish Ministers and managed through Historic Environment Scotland (HES) as a Property in Care. HES receives no direct funding for the upkeep of the park roads.

Road closures
HES has the authority to close most roads to motor vehicles when required or requested. HES may open or close roads at any time in the interest of safety or maintenance, or to facilitate organised events.

All roads in the park are closed to vehicles every Saturday and Sunday, with varying summer and winter hours and access to Broad Pavement, Duddingston, and Meadowbank car parks maintained. The road network is also closed for many events and holidays during the year: Christmas, Boxing Day, New Years Day, Edinburgh Marathon, marches etc.

To help close the roads, there are gates at the five motor vehicle entrances: Dukes Walk (north east), Holyrood Gait (north west), Horse Wynd (north west), Holyrood Park Road (south west) and Old Church Lane (south east).

During the COVID-19 lockdowns, the High Road was closed to motor vehicles at all times. This was at first due to the annual toad migration in March and early April, but HES continued the road closure after the toad migration ended. The High Road is now closed to motor vehicles except daytime on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays and for the annual toad migration.

Regulations
As a Royal Park, Holyrood Park is protected under the framework of The Parks Regulations Acts, 1872 to 1974, The Holyrood Park Regulations 1971 and subsequent amendments.

The Holyrood Park Regulations 1971 prohibit:

 soliciting passengers with a hackney carriage;
 driving or using any vehicle designed to seat more than seven passengers (in addition to the driver), or constructed or adapted for the purpose of any trade or business or as a dwelling; effectively prohibiting commercial vehicles.

The Holyrood Park Amendment Regulations 2005 instituted parking charges at Broad Pavement car park.

Coaches require the written permission of the Scottish Ministers to use Holyrood Park. Coach drivers must obtain a permit which is valid for 12 calendar months. Coach Permits are only valid while coaches are carrying passengers. Empty coaches travelling through the Park are classed as commercial vehicles and liable to a fixed penalty notice. Permits only allow coaches access to The Queen's Drive and High Road and do not allow access to the Low Road between Holyrood Park Road (Commonwealth Pool) and Old Church Lane (Duddingston Village).

Traffic reduction
In 2011, Historic Scotland started a campaign to reduce traffic passing through Holyrood Park. Martin Gray, Historic Scotland's Royal Parks Visitor Services Manager, noted increasing motor traffic in the park: "Holyrood Park is a unique green space in the heart of the city. The Park's location makes it very accessible and popular to visitors, but developments around the park have resulted in increasing levels of through-traffic, commercial vehicle misuse and speeding. Large and heavy vehicles cause accelerated wearing of roads surfaces and damage kerbs and traffic islands. They also pose a risk to park users and wildlife who enjoy the use of the Park."

Cycling infrastructure
There is a cycle path on the south side of Queen's Drive from St Margaret's Loch to Broad Pavement car park, but the path is shared between pedestrians and cyclists between Broad Pavement car park and the roundabout by the Royal Commonwealth Pool entrance to the park.

See also
 Holyrood (disambiguation)

References

External links

Parks and commons in Edinburgh
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Edinburgh
1541 establishments in Scotland
Cross country running venues

Holyrood Park


Bob Rigby (born July 3, 1951) is an American retired soccer player who played as a goalkeeper. He played twelve seasons in the North American Soccer League, three in the Major Indoor Soccer League, one in the Western Soccer Alliance and earned six caps with the United States men's national soccer team. Rigby was the color commentator with the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer.

Playing career

Youth
Rigby, the son of school teachers, was born in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. He played soccer while a student at Ridley High School in Folsom, Pennsylvania and continued on the collegiate level at East Stroudsburg (PA) State University and was named a first team All-American in 1972.

Professional
In 1973, Philadelphia Atoms coach Al Miller, an alumnus of East Stroudsburg University, took Rigby as the first pick in the 1973 NASL college draft.  Miller was building his team for the Atoms, which were an expansion franchise that year.  Miller had watched Rigby play and was familiar with his excellent athleticism and technical ability.  Rigby did not disappoint Miller.  He set a league record of 0.62 goals allowed as a rookie that stood until the end of the league.  That year, Philadelphia became the first U.S. professional team in any sport to win a championship their first year in existence.  Rigby became a local and league hero and found himself on the cover of the September 3, 1973 Sports Illustrated, the first soccer player to be so honored.  Rigby continued to provide positive exposure to the young NASL when he took fourth place in ABC's 1976 Superstars, a televised athletic competition pitting athletes from various sports.  February 1974 saw Rigby involved in another significant first.  The NASL was toying with the idea of indoor soccer and the Atoms hosted the Red Army of Moscow team in Philadelphia's Spectrum.  This was one of the first indoor games to use the configuration familiar to future indoor leagues, an astroturf-covered ice rink with small goals set into the far walls.  While the Red Army team won, 6-3, its coach had high praise for Rigby who had stopped 33 of the Soviets' 39 shots.

The New York Cosmos acquired Rigby for the 1976 season, only for him to get injured.  The Cosmos then brought in Shep Messing to replace him in goal and shipped Rigby to the Los Angeles Aztecs at the end of the season.  After three seasons in Los Angeles, Rigby returned to Philadelphia to play for the Fury.  The Fury actually acquired Rigby from the Tulsa Roughnecks who got Rigby from the Aztecs the day prior.  The Fury attempted to build on the Atoms' popularity by bringing back several fan favorites, but the team only lasted two seasons due to incompetent management.  As Rigby was moving back to Philadelphia, the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) was beginning its first season.  The next year, the local MISL club, Philadelphia Fever, which had used a largely amateur team its first season, negotiated an associate relationship with the Fury to use several Fury players in its second season.  As a result, the Fury loaned Rigby to the Philadelphia Fever for the 1979–1980 Major Indoor Soccer League season.  In 1981, Rigby moved to the Montreal Manic for two seasons before moving to the Golden Bay Earthquakes for the 1982–1983 MISL season.  He remained with the Earthquakes for the 1983 and 1984 NASL outdoor season.  When the NASL folded after the 1984 season, Rigby was signed by the Chicago Sting on September 19, 1984, for a 15-day contract.  The Sting released him at the end of the fifteen days and the Tacoma Stars offered him a contract.  Rigby declined the offer to concentrate on his landscaping business.  In February 1985, he signed with the Stars after they again offered him a contract.   He spent most of the season as a backup to John Baretta.  At the conclusion of the season, Rigby moved back to the Earthquakes, renamed the San Jose Earthquakes.  In 1985, the Earthquakes joined with three independent west coast teams to play the Western Alliance Challenge Series.  This was the genesis of the short-lived Western Soccer Alliance/League.  Rigby shared the goal with Hunter Stern during this challenge series and retired from playing at the end of it.

Rigby was named to two NASL Second All-Star teams, in 1973 and 1974.

National and Olympic teams
The mid-1970s also saw Rigby play for both the U.S. Olympic and U.S. national teams.  While Rigby travelled with the U.S. team to the 1972 Summer Olympics, he did not play.  Mike Ivanow played the first two games and Shep Messing the third.  On November 3, 1973, Rigby earned his first cap with the national team in a 1-0 loss to Haiti.  He played a total of six games, his last coming in a loss to Mexico on August 24, 1975.

Coaching career
During his stint with the San Jose Earthquakes in 1985, Rigby coached the Los Gatos High School boys varsity team. After his retirement, Rigby became the head coach of the Ridley High School in Folsom, Pennsylvania.  He remains active as a coach, recently as part of the Star Soccer Academy.

Broadcaster
Rigby served as color commentator for the Philadelphia Union during the 2012 season.

References

External links
 East Stroudsburg University Soccer Records
 Rigby describes the 1973 NASL Championship game
 NASL/MISL stats

1951 births
Living people
All-American college men's soccer players
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Soccer players from Pennsylvania
East Stroudsburg Warriors men's soccer players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Philadelphia Atoms players
New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players
Los Angeles Aztecs players
Philadelphia Fury (1978–1980) players
Montreal Manic players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
Western Soccer Alliance players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Philadelphia Fever (MISL) players
Tacoma Stars players
Golden Bay Earthquakes (MISL) players
Olympic soccer players for the United States
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
United States men's international soccer players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Ridley High School alumni

Bob Rigby


WFLC (97.3 FM) is a radio station in Miami, Florida. Owned by Cox Media Group, WFLC's studios and offices are located on North 29th Avenue in Hollywood.  The transmitter site is off NW 210 Street in Miami Gardens.

WFLC broadcasts in the HD Radio format.  The HD-2 channel carries all-1980's hits. The HD-3 channel carries country music.

History

WIOD-FM, WCKR-FM
On September 1, 1946 the station signed on as WIOD-FM.  It was the FM counterpart to WIOD and mostly simulcast its programs.  The owner was the Isle of Dreams Broadcasting Corporation, reflected in its call letters.  The studios were located on Collins Island in Biscayne Bay, giving the company its "Isle of Dreams" name.  WIOD-FM was one of two FM stations going on the air in 1946 in Miami; the other, WQAM-FM, signed off in the 1950s, making WFLC Miami's oldest, continuously operating FM station.

In 1956, the Biscayne Television Corporation, a partnership of Cox Publishing, owner of The Miami News, and Knight Publishing, owner of The Miami Herald, launched WCKT-TV (now WSVN).  The call letters represented Cox, Knight and Television.  Biscayne Broadcasting also bought WIOD-AM-FM, changing their call signs to WCKR and WCKR-FM.  Just as WIOD-AM-FM were network affiliates of NBC Radio, WCKT-TV was an NBC television affiliate.

In 1962, the Federal Communications Commission stripped the Cox-Knight partnership of its broadcast licenses due to violations of ethics and licensing rules when Cox-Knight sought to build the TV station. On January 1, 1963, the Miami Valley Broadcasting Corporation, which was a subsidiary of Cox, took over control of the two radio stations and returned the call letters to WIOD and WIOD-FM.  An advertisement in Broadcasting Magazine said the stations provided "expertly programmed adult information and entertainment."  The stations aired a mix of middle of the road music, news and talk shows, along with news and features from NBC Radio.

WAIA
In 1966, the simulcast with the AM ended; WIOD-FM adopted a beautiful music format, playing instrumental versions of pop music and Broadway and Hollywood tunes.  In 1971, the station switched its call letters to WAIA, representing the coastal highway known as Florida State Road A1A.  The station moved from instrumental beautiful music to all vocals, mixing Middle of The Road music with Soft Adult Contemporary hits.

In the early 1980s, the station began making the presentation more upbeat and it stepped up the tempo of the music, moving to an adult contemporary format as "97 A1A."

WGTR
In 1986, the station switched to album rock as WGTR.  The previous year, WINZ-FM (now WZTU) had changed from a rock format to Top 40, leaving Miami with no album rock station (WSHE was a Rock 40 station at this point in its history, and very highly rated, while eschewing Classic Rock and older songs). The station called itself "97 GTR" with the call letters standing for GuiTaR.

WFLC

In 1990, Cox flipped the station to hot adult contemporary as WFLC, "Coast 97.3". The station positioned itself between contemporary hit radio (CHR) leader WHYI and soft music outlet WLYF. WFLC's Hot AC format stayed in place for nearly 24 years becoming famous for their'Totally 80s Weekends' under Director of Programming, Gary Williams.

On January 16, 2014, despite top 5 ratings ranking, the airstaff and social media of WFLC began teasing an announcement to come the following day, the 17th, at 10am; at that time, after playing "That's All" by Genesis, WFLC shifted to CHR as Hits 97.3, putting it in direct competition with WHYI. The first song as "Hits" was "Timber" by Miami native Pitbull, featuring Kesha.

On March 27, 2020, the station temporarily rebranded as 97.3 Quarantine Radio, in reference to the stay-at-home order issued by Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic, adding commercial-free dance mixes twice-daily. On June 3, after branding itself as being "under construction" the week immediately prior, WFLC relaunched the Hits format with a new on-air lineup and morning show, while maintaining the existing CHR format. Despite the relaunch, the station failed to make any more traction than before, holding a 2.6 share in the Nielsen Audio Ratings for August 2021, significantly behind that of WHYI, but slightly ahead of WPOW.

On September 23, 2021, director of operations Jill Strada left WFLC as part of a series of layoffs by Cox Media. The following morning at 6AM, the station began stunting for six hours with a loop of songs containing the word "rhythm" in their titles; at Noon, the station flipped to a rhythmic hot adult contemporary format under the Hits branding, now positioned as "The Rhythm of Miami". Mediabase still reported WFLC as a Top 40 station until around June 2022, when it officially moved to the Hot AC panel.

References

External links

FLC
Cox Media Group
1946 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1946
Rhythmic adult contemporary radio stations

WFLC


The LNER Class V2 2-6-2 steam locomotive, number 4771 Green Arrow was built in June 1936 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) at Doncaster Works to a design of Nigel Gresley. The first-built and sole surviving member of its class, it was designed for hauling express freight and passenger trains and named after an express freight service.

Operational life
Initially allotted the number 637, it was fitted with curved nameplates over the middle driving wheels. Before entry into LNER service the number was altered to 4771, and the curved nameplates were replaced with straight nameplates mounted on the sides of the smokebox. In order to do this, the builder's plate (Doncaster Works No. 1837) had to be re-located to below the cab windows.

The locomotive was later allocated no. 700 in 1943, but this never carried and was revised to 800 in April 1946, and that number was applied by the LNER in November 1946, and 60800 by British Railways in February 1949.

Preservation

Green Arrow was withdrawn from British Railways service in August 1962, and selected for preservation within the national collection, it was restored at Doncaster Works.

With work completed in April 1963, it was followed by almost ten years of storage, during which it was moved several times. A transfer from Doncaster to Hellifield occurred in October 1964; the locomotive was moved to Wigston in 1967 - this was intended to be the final temporary home, since it was intended that Green Arrow would become one of the permanent exhibits in a Municipal Museum which was proposed for the nearby city of Leicester. However, before the museum was ready, demolition of Wigston locomotive depot was scheduled, and the locomotive was sent south to the Preston Park shops of the Pullman Car Company in September 1970. The National Railway Museum (NRM) was then being planned, and in November 1971 Green Arrow was selected for the National Collection, items from which would form the main display in the NRM. The locomotive was again moved, this time to Norwich depot in January 1972, where it was returned to working order; the first trial trip, to Ely, was on 28 March 1973. It then commenced a series of runs at the head of special trains, before being moved to Carnforth on 2 July 1973.
In September 1979, Green Arrow headed The Centenary Express, as part of an exhibition tour of the country organised by Travellers Fare to celebrate the centenary of on-train catering. Green Arrow ran in preservation until being withdrawn from service on 21 April 2008, shortly before its boiler certificate expired.

After a series of commemorative runs on preserved railways, the locomotive moved to the North Yorkshire Moors Railway for their LNER gala. Following the first gala weekend the boiler was found to have two cracked superheater tubes; temporary repairs allowed the loco to make a final run on the second weekend before being finally withdrawn. Following this the loco returned to the National Collection and was on static display at the National Railway Museum's Locomotion site at Shildon. In 2015 it was announced that Green Arrow is one of the planned exhibits for the Great Central Railway's proposed railway museum located at Leicester North station.  In February 2021 it was announced that the locomotive had been loaned for 3 years to the newly relocated Danum Gallery.

Models

Bachmann and Graham Farish produce models of Green Arrow for OO gauge and N gauge respectively as part of the 2011 range.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

North Yorkshire Moors Railway - Notification of Green Arrows final outing

2-6-2 locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Preserved London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1936
V2 4771

LNER Class V2 4771 Green Arrow


Román Javier González (El Chuzo, El Gigante (The Giant), El Gordo (The Fat Man), born January 28, 1978, in Lanús, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine-Italian professional basketball player. He is a ,  center. González has dual Argentine and Italian citizenship.

Professional career
González is widely reputed to be a globetrotter, as he cannot settle with a team for a long period of time. González has played in the following leagues: Argentine First Division, Argentine Second Division, Bolivian League, Uruguayan League, Italian Second Division, Spanish Second Division, Saudi Arabian League, Venezuelan League, and the Dominican Republic League. Having started his career in 1996, González debuted in Argentina with Gimnasia y Esgrima Comodoro Rivadavia, averaging 2.6 points per game in 7 games. Continuing with Gimnasia in the 1997–98 season, he only averaged 0.8 points per game in 28 games. In 1998, González signed with San Andres of the TNA League (Argentine Second Division), where he played until 2000.

González signed with Libertad de Sunchales in August 2000. There he went on to win several honors with that team, including one South American Championship in 2002, averaging 11.1 points in 49 games. In 2002, González had a short spell in the Bolivian League club Real Santa Cruz, but he made a comeback to Libertad for the 2002–03 season; averaging 20.2 points in 20 games played. However, González left Libertad in 2003, due to an undisciplined record. He signed with the Uruguayan League club Aguada BC in March 2003, where he averaged 19.3 points per game in 16 games. Therefore, he was regarded as one of the best players in the Uruguayan League in 2003, along with his fellow Argentine national basketball team teammate Paolo Quinteros.

Later that year, González signed a contract with the Basket Crabs Rimini of the Italian Second Division. It was the first time González played in Europe. There too, he was successful with his team, averaging 11.3 points in 35 games in 2003-04 and 14.8 points in 33 games in the 2004–05 season. González helped Rimini to reach the quarterfinals of the league both seasons. González, having claimed that he had declined the chance to continue in Italy, left the team after the 2004–5 season; and returned to Argentina.

González debuted with Argentino Atletico de Junin in September 2005. In 44 games he averaged 18.1 points per game. His performance in that team was stellar, as he led Argentino de Junin to a second-place finish at the 2005 Super 8 Tournament (for Argentine clubs). He was one of the best players on the team and in turn he named was the MVP of that year's Super 8 competition.

2006 was a roundabout year for González, as he played for five different clubs during that year.

National team career
González is also a member of the senior men's Argentine national basketball team. With Argentina's senior national team, he won silver medals at both the 2005 FIBA Americas Championship and the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship. He also won bronze medals at both the 2008 Olympic Basketball Tournament and the 2009 FIBA Americas Championship.

Personal
González was born in Lanús, but when he was young, he moved to Puerto Madryn, and then to Punta Alta. He played for some time with Manu Ginóbili in Bahiense del Norte. He is married to Raxanne, with whom he has two children.

His son is also named Román. He has vacationed in the Dominican Republic.

Awards and accomplishments

Pro career
2× South American League Champion: (2002, 2010)
Super 8 Tournament MVP: (2005)
FIBA Americas League Champion: (2008)
Argentine League All-Star Game MVP: (2009)
Super 8 Tournament Champion: (2009)
Argentine Cup Champion: (2009)

Argentine national team
2003 South American Championship:
2004 South American Championship:
2005 FIBA Americas Championship:
2007 FIBA Americas Championship:
2008 South American Championship:
2008 FIBA Diamond Ball Tournament:
2008 Summer Olympic Games:
2009 FIBA Americas Championship:
2010 South American Championship:

References

External links

FIBA Profile
Latinbasket.com Profile
Sports-Reference.com Profile
Italian Second Division Profile

1978 births
Living people
2010 FIBA World Championship players
Argentine expatriate basketball people in Spain
Argentine men's basketball players
Argentino de Junín basketball players
Atenas basketball players
Baloncesto León players
Basket Rimini Crabs players
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Centers (basketball)
Basketball players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Gimnasia y Esgrima de Comodoro Rivadavia basketball players
Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata basketball players
Libertad de Sunchales basketball players
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic basketball players for Argentina
Olympic bronze medalists for Argentina
Olympic medalists in basketball
Peñarol de Mar del Plata basketball players
Sportspeople from Lanús
Quilmes de Mar del Plata basketball players
Quimsa basketball players
Regatas Corrientes basketball players
Trotamundos B.B.C. players
Pan American Games competitors for Argentina

Román González (basketball)


Ellen Johanna Lie (1833–1914) was a lifesaver from Trondheim in Norway. She saved in total 19 people and she and her husband Petter Lie were honoured for their rescuing actions.

History

Ellen Johanna's last name was Hagen before she got engaged to Petter Lie (1835–1817) in 1861. They had four daughters, and they worked at Ravnkloa selling fish. Petter Lie was a sailor from Trondheim. He is most known for rescuing people from drowning, and he has saved in total 34 people. Ellen Lie was also a lifesaver and she saved in total 19 people. In 1879 Petter Lie got the (borgerdådsmedaljen) medal of citizens in silver. They also received 200 kroner from the  every year for their good actions, which was a lot of money at that time.

The lifesavers location

They lived on Festberget on Østmarksnesset, also called Ararats Berg (Østmarka) at Lade, which is an area in the Norwegian city Trondheim. Ellen and Petter Lie lived by the shore, so when people had problems with their boats the help was near.
In 1937 the politician Throne Holst raised a memory stone at Østmarka to honor Ellen and Petter Lie. Two streets at Østmarka have been named after Ellen and Petter Lie.

References

1833 births
1914 deaths

Ellen Lie


O2 (typeset as O2) is a global brand name owned by the Spanish telecommunications company Telefónica. The company uses the O2 brand for its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and Germany. Since 2018, it is also used as an online-only flanker brand in Spain.

Formerly, all European branches of Telefónica were managed by Telefónica Europe plc, a broadband and telecommunications company. The company originated as a collection of worldwide telecommunications companies, known in the later half of the 1990s as BT Wireless, and a global mobile data business known then as Genie Internet, both subsidiaries of British Telecommunications. As part of a reorganisation of Telefónica in 2014, Telefónica Europe's holdings and operations became direct subsidiaries of its parent: Telefónica S.A.

Telefónica Europe provided mobile telephony operations in the United Kingdom and Germany, and licensed its brand to former operations in Ireland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. O2 has additionally established a joint venture with Tesco Mobile in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in Slovakia, and the Tchibo Mobilfunk network in Germany.

History

1985–2001: BT Wireless era

United Kingdom

Cellnet was launched in January 1985 as a subsidiary of Telecom Securicor Cellular Radio Limited, a 60:40 venture between British Telecommunications and Securicor respectively.

In , BT purchased Securicor's shares in Cellnet for £3.15 billion. The company was later rebranded as BT Cellnet, and it became a part of BT Wireless, a group of subsidiary companies owned by BT. BT invested £2 billion in BT Cellnet, and in , BT Cellnet had over 6 million customers.

In , at a general meeting held in Birmingham, 4.297 billion BT shares voted in favour of BT Cellnet's demerger from BT, with 0.67 million shares voting against. In 2001, BT Cellnet demerged from BT as mmO2 plc, and was relaunched on 1 May 2002 using the O2 brand. The company changed its name from mmO2 to O2 plc in March 2005. In 2021 it merged with Virgin Media to form Virgin Media O2.

Ireland

Digifone was created in 2000, as the demerged mobile business of the prior Esat Digifone which had just been purchased by BT. Esat Digifone was originally a joint venture between Esat Telecom and Telenor. After the acquisition of Esat Telecom by BT the Telenor share in Esat Digifone was also acquired by BT. Subsequently, the fixed operations, Esat Telecom later became BT Ireland and the demerged mobile operations, rebranded without the Esat name as Digifone, became a part of the newly formed separate company, mmO2 plc. Digifone became O2 Ireland in 2001 as a subsidiary of mmO2 plc following the demerger from BT. O2 Ireland became a subsidiary of Telefónica in 2006, after its parent company O2 in the United Kingdom was purchased. In June 2013, Hutchison Whampoa announced it would acquire the Irish arm of O2 for €780m. O2 was merged into Hutchison Whampoa's subsidiary Three Ireland in March 2015.

Germany

Viag Interkom was created in 1995 as a joint venture of the German power supply firm VIAG (45%), British BT Group (then called British Telecommunications) (45%) and Norwegian Telenor (10%) in order to compete for official licence to provide services in the rapidly liberalising German (fixed and mobile) telecommunications market at that time. In 2001 BT acquired VIAG's share (owned by German energy company E.ON) for €11.4 billion following the German UMTS licence auction the previous year. Viag Interkom's mobile operations were transferred into the BT Wireless family and the fixed business became BT (Germany) GmbH & CO. Viag Interkom became O2 Germany as a subsidiary of mmO2 plc in 2001, following the demerger from BT.

The Netherlands
Telfort was created in March 1997 as a 50:50 joint venture between BT and Nederlandse Spoorwegen (the Dutch national railways operator) and headquartered in Amsterdam. Telfort was awarded a licence by the government of the Netherlands to provide fixed telecommunications services in November of that year, and a mobile licence was awarded the following year. In 2000, the mobile operations of Telfort became a part of the BT Wireless family. Telfort became O2 Netherlands as a subsidiary of mmO2 plc in 2001, following the demerger from BT.

In 2003, O2 sold the company to Greenfield Capital Partners which reverted the company back to the Telfort name. Telfort eventually became a wholly owned subsidiary of KPN.

Isle of Man

Manx Telecom was demerged from BT as part of the mmO2 flotation in 2001. Unlike some of the company's counterparts, the fixed and mobile arms of Manx Telecom were not split prior to the demerger, which meant that Manx Telecom was the mmO2 group's only fixed operation at the time.

After the demerger from BT in 2001, Manx Telecom continued to trade under its brand as a subsidiary of mmO2 plc.

On 4 June 2010, Manx Telecom was sold to UK private equity investor HG Capital (who were buying the majority stake), alongside telecoms management company CPS Partners. HG Capital indicated that the enterprise value of the deal was £158.8 million ($232.5 million).

Genie Internet and Genie Asia

Genie Internet Ltd and Genie Asia were created as autonomous but wholly owned subsidiaries of BT in 2000. By the time it became a part of the BT Wireless family of companies in 2001, Genie had mobile portal operations in the UK, Germany, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Hong Kong and Japan, and an Internet MVNO operation in UK called Genie Mobile. Prior to the demerger of O2 from BT, Genie scaled back its global operations in order to align with the mobile businesses demerging with it; namely UK, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands. The Genie Asia business continued portal operations in Asia.

After demerging from BT in 2001, the European Genie business became the basis of a central products and services division called 'Products O2' and the Genie Mobile business was rebranded to 'O2 Online' which continues in the UK as a mobile communications service provider tied to the O2 UK network. The Genie portal properties were rebranded O2 Active in UK, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands, and Genie Asia became O2 Asia. O2 Asia became a subsidiary of O2 UK for governance purposes.

2001–2005: mmO2 plc era
Following the demerger of British Telecommunications plc in 2001, mmO2 plc was created as the holding company for BT's former mobile network assets and was split from the rest of the company, now named BT Group plc. During this period, O2 Netherlands was sold to Dutch investment group Greenfield Capital Partners in 2003. mmO2 plc was later renamed O2 plc before being taken over by Telefónica.

2006–present: Telefónica subsidiary
On 31 October 2005, O2 plc agreed to be taken over by Telefónica, a Spanish telecommunications company, with a cash offer of £17.7 billion, or £2 per share. According to the merger announcement, O2 retained its name and continued to be based in the United Kingdom, keeping both the brand and the management team. The merger became unconditional on 23 January 2006.

Following the completion of the acquisition in February 2006, Telefónica undertook a corporate organisational change that saw the merging of its fixed and mobile businesses in Spain, and the transfer of Telefónica's non-Spanish European telecommunications properties into the O2 brand. Thus, the Český Telecom and Eurotel operations in the Czech Republic as well as the Telefónica Deutschland business in Germany were brought into the governance of O2, which retained its UK registered public company status with its own board of directors and corporate governance structures and processes.

Telefónica chose to keep their existing mobile phone operations in the rest of the world under the brand Movistar. This name is used in Spain and in most Latin America countries, operated by a separate management team.

Telefónica sold its O2 Asia subsidiary in a management buyout in 2007. O2 Asia, headquartered in Singapore, operating in Far East, South Asia, Middle East, and Australasian countries, for a short time developed and marketed a range of wirelessly connected PDA and smartphone products branded Xda for both the Asian and European markets, and further such products under the "MWg" brand, short for Mobile & Wireless Group.

In 2015 there were talks for Li Ka-shing, owner of the rival UK network Three, to buy the company. The following year, the European Commission blocked the takeover.

Operations

Telefónica operates its businesses under the O2 brand through its subsidiaries Telefónica UK and Telefónica Germany. Telefónica Spain uses Movistar as its flagship brand, while O2 is a secondary low-cost brand.

Telefónica owns the Giffgaff MVNO in the United Kingdom, which uses the O2 network.

In May 2020, it was reported that Telefónica and Liberty Global plan to merge the UK operations of O2 with Virgin Media, a pay-TV and broadband provider in that country, owned by Liberty Global.

Former operations

Ireland

Telefónica Ireland was providing broadband and telecommunications in Ireland under the O2 brand. O2 Ireland was previously called Esat Digifone when it was owned by Esat Telecommunications (and Telenor) from 1997 to 2006. O2 Ireland became part of Telefónica in 2006 as part of its purchase of O2 in the UK.

In June 2013, Hutchison Whampoa announced it would acquire the Irish arm of O2 for €780m. O2 is due to be merged with Hutchison Whampoa's subsidiary Three Ireland following completion of the sale.

Czech Republic

Český Telecom was the new name given to a company previously known as SPT Telecom which was formed from the splitting off of the Czech Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications into postal and telecom sides in 1993. The company was renamed to Český Telecom in 2000 and remained a government-controlled company until its complete privatisation in 2004. Along the way, rapid modernisation of the network occurred with the help of funding and expertise of the Dutch and Swiss consortium called TelSource.

In parallel to the evolution of Český Telecom, the Eurotel mobile phone business was established in 1990 in a joint venture between what was then known as the Czechoslovak telecom ministry, Bell Atlantic and US West. In 1996, GSM services were introduced, and in 2003 Český Telecom acquired full control of Eurotel.

The Czech Republic government sold its remaining stake in Český Telecom (along with its Eurotel subsidiary) to Telefónica in 2005 which renamed it to Telefónica O2 Czech Republic and since 2006 started to use the O2 brand for both fixed and mobile services. In 2011 company was renamed to Telefónica Czech Republic and in 2013 was announced that Telefónica would sell its stake in the company to PPF. Under the terms of the sale, the company will continue to use the O2 brand for a maximum of four years.

Slovakia

In 2002 Český Telecom founded Czech Telecom Slovakia, its subsidiary in Slovakia. The company was providing services for large corporations only. In 2006 the company was renamed Telefónica O2 Slovakia and won a tender for the 3rd mobile phone operator in Slovakia. On 2 February 2007, Telefónica O2 Slovakia started providing services in Slovakia for first customers "O2 Jednotky". On 28 February O2 launched classic services and opened first shop in Slovakia (in Bratislava on Obchodná street). In 2013 it was announced that it would be sold with its parent company to PPF.

Marketing

Branding
The BT Cellnet consumer brand was renamed O2 – the chemical symbol for unbound oxygen – as were all the group's other businesses (other than Manx Telecom). The re-branding was designed by the Lambie-Nairn design agency, which developed the idea of the company supplying services that were essential, much the same as oxygen is essential for life. With this, the company logo and associated graphics were designed, using air bubbles to present this.

Sponsorship

O2 currently sponsor the England rugby team, and in 2003 launched a mobile video service allowing customers to download or stream video content related to the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In 2005, Telefónica O2 extended their involvement in rugby union,  signing a new deal with the England rugby team and the Rugby Football Union, as well as O2 rugbyclass and Premier Rugby Ltd for the English Premiership.

Telefónica O2 also had a long-standing relationship with Arsenal F.C., being their shirt sponsor from 2002 to 2006. In 2005, a three-year deal was signed that saw Telefónica O2 become the team's exclusive Mobile Communications Partner.

From 2005 to 2008, O2 sponsored the Wireless Festival, a music festival held annually in London (and near Leeds in 2006 and 2007).

Telefónica O2 was the sponsor of the Cork GAA Football and Hurling teams and the Irish rugby team. The partnership with Irish rugby went interactive in 2006, when Ireland fans were offered access to daily updates from head coach Eddie O'Sullivan. In 2009, O2 launched their 'BeTheDifference' integrated advertising campaign where fans had the chance to have their names included on the O2 Rugby posters and on the Irish Rugby players' jerseys. The integrated campaign was created by O2's two Irish advertising agencies: McConnells (above-the-line) and Brando (below-the-line). The interactive campaign won an award at the 2009 Kinsale Sharks.

Naming rights
On 31 May 2005, Telefónica O2 acquired the naming rights for the redeveloped Millennium Dome in London from Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG). The Dome is therefore now officially known as 'The O2'. The company extended their relationship with music venues in 2008 when all Academy Music venues became known as 'O2 Academies', replacing Carling as venue sponsors.

For short time, the naming rights arrangements with AEG also apply in Germany, with large sport and concert venues known as O2 World in Berlin and Hamburg.

See also
 O2 Airwave

References

External links

Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Telefónica
Companies based in Slough
Telecommunications companies established in 2001
2001 establishments in England

O2 (brand)


Kenneth Lee McMullen (born June 1, 1942) is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman. Born in Oxnard, California, he batted and threw right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Los Angeles Dodgers
McMullen signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers upon graduation from Oxnard High School. After two minor league seasons in which he batted .285 with 42 home runs and 177 runs batted in, McMullen made his major league debut as a September call-up in  at just twenty years old. He collected three hits in eleven at-bats.

He was awarded the starting third base job out of Spring training , but after committing five errors while batting just .205 with one home run and three RBIs through April, he was optioned to triple A Spokane. After Manager Walter Alston shifted left fielder Tommy Davis to third, and tried several other players at third base, McMullen was brought back up from Spokane at the end of June. His first major league home run was a grand slam off the St. Louis Cardinals' Ernie Broglio on the Fourth of July. He raised his average to a far more respectable .236 by the end of the season while hitting five home runs with 28 RBIs. He pulled a hamstring on September 26 against the New York Mets and did not play in the World Series against the New York Yankees.

He started the  season with the Dodgers, but poor fielding and a .209 batting average landed him back with the Spokane Indians by the middle of June. At the end of the season, he was traded with Frank Howard, Phil Ortega and Pete Richert to the Washington Senators for John Kennedy and Claude Osteen.

Washington Senators
McMullen won an everyday job batting second for Gil Hodges' Senators. Though he led the American League with 22 errors in , he soon earned a reputation as one of the slicker fielding third basemen in the AL. On August 13, 1965, he tied an AL record by starting four double plays against the Baltimore Orioles. On September 26, , he set an AL record with eleven assists from third against the Boston Red Sox (a mark later tied by Mike Ferraro). He led AL third basemen in total chances over three seasons from  to , and led AL third basemen in double plays in 1967 and putouts in 1969.

McMullen had his first career multi-home run game on July 16, 1967. Later in the same month, he embarked on a career-high 19-game hit streak, which saw him hit a game-winning home run to end a twenty inning marathon with the Minnesota Twins on August 9. He batted a career-high .272 while driving in a career-high 87 runs in 1969. In all, he clubbed 86 home runs and drove in 327 during five plus seasons with the Senators. Shortly into the  season, he was dealt to the California Angels for Rick Reichardt and Aurelio Rodríguez.

California Angels
After a subpar first season in California, McMullen rebounded in  to hit a career-high 21 home runs. On July 17, 1971, McMullen scored from third on a sacrifice bunt by Bruce Christensen, giving his rookie teammate his first major league RBI. He had a 17-game hit streak from July 23 to August 16, . On November 28, 1972, McMullen was part of a blockbuster trade, as he and Andy Messersmith were sent to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Billy Grabarkewitz, Frank Robinson, Bill Singer, Mike Strahler and Bobby Valentine.

Pinch hitter
McMullen played the  season opener at third base, but was soon displaced by rookie Ron Cey. From there, he served mostly as a pinch hitter, going six-for-nineteen with a walk, two home runs and nine RBIs in that role. He spent two more seasons backing up Cey and pinch hitting in Los Angeles, clubbing a pinch hit grand slam against the San Diego Padres on April 24, . He was released during Spring training , but soon after caught on with the Oakland Athletics. He spent one season in Oakland, serving primarily as a designated hitter and pinch hitter.

He spent his final season with the Milwaukee Brewers before retiring. He hit a pinch hit home run against the Seattle Mariners in his final career at bat.

Personal life
Prior to his 1973 season with the Dodgers, McMullen's wife Bobbie (Goldie McMullen) was diagnosed with breast cancer. Three months pregnant at the time with the couple's third child, she declined treatment that could have prematurely terminated her pregnancy. Her cancer treatment began after she gave birth to son Jonathan in November 1973. McMullen was able to continue with his baseball activities because of the insistence of his wife who died on April 6, . They have three children, Ryan, Tamara, Kenna and Jon.

Career

Robbed of the opportunity to play in the 1963 World Series by an injury, McMullen returned to the post-season in the twilight of his career with the Los Angeles Dodgers. In the 1974 National League Championship Series, he struck out against the Pittsburgh Pirates' Bruce Kison in his only post-season at-bat.

References

External links
, or Baseball Almanac, or Baseball Biography, or Retrosheet

1942 births
Living people
Arizona Instructional League Dodgers players
California Angels players
Dodgers Legend Bureau
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Milwaukee Brewers players
Oakland Athletics players
Omaha Dodgers players
Reno Silver Sox players
Spokane Indians players
Baseball players from Oxnard, California
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
Oxnard High School alumni

Ken McMullen (baseball)


Samba-enredo, also known as samba de enredo, is a sub-genre of modern samba made specifically by a samba school for the festivities of Brazilian Carnival. It is a samba style that consists of a lyric and a melody created from a summary of the theme chosen as the plot of a samba school.

The first sambas sung by the samba schools in their carnival presentations were freely created and generally were about of the samba itself or the reality of the samba musicians. The institution of contests between the Rio de Janeiro samba school from the 1930s onwards compelled them to commit themselves to presented themes, which began to narrate mainly episodes and exalt characters from the official Brazilian historiography.

Background
"Samba-enredo" translates literally in Portuguese a samba-theme, which is thematically bonded to the selected special theme (enredo) of its samba school and narrates the story, which it told by the samba schools, in a lyrical form. Each samba school performs one song in the Carnaval parade. A new song must be written each year for each school; they must be on Brazilian topics. The Carnaval parade is among other things a samba competition, with judges, who rank the new sambas according to their perceived merit. Being by definition topical, sambas-enredo are seldom performed outside of the Carnaval environment. It is important to note that the samba-enredo is one of the criteria used by the Judging committee to decide who is the winner of the Carnaval parade competition. The samba-enredo must be well sung by the samba school's puxador (or singer) or the school will lose points. While the "puxador" (the samba-enredo singer) sings, everyone marching in the Carnaval parade sings the samba-enredo along with him, and harmony is another judging criterion.

For each samba school, choosing the following year's samba-enredo is a long process. Well in advance of the Carnaval parade, each samba school holds a contest for writing the song. The song is written by samba composers from within the school itself ("Ala dos Compositores"), or sometimes from outside composers, normally in "parcerias" (partnerships). Each school receives many—sometimes hundreds—songs, sometimes hundreds of them, each hoping to be the next samba-enredo for that year. The samba-enredo is written by these numerous composers mentioned above only after the Carnival Art Director, or "Carnavalesco", officially publishes the samba school's parade theme synopsis for the year. After a careful explanation of the parade-theme, many times done by the Carnival Art Director himself, composers may ask questions in order to clarify the synopsis, so they can start writing the samba-enredos.

References

Sources

Brazilian styles of music

Samba-enredo


Cover Version is a compilation album released in 2014 by British musician and record producer Steven Wilson. The album compiles the 12 songs originally released as six "2 song" singles. Every release was made up of one original song and one cover song that involved new interpretations of other artist's songs in ways much different from their original versions. The only exception to this format is in "The Unquiet Grave" which is actually an old English folk song, and not an original song written by Wilson.

Track listing

Original release chart

References

2014 compilation albums
Albums produced by Steven Wilson
Steven Wilson albums
Covers albums

Cover Version