Emperor Min of Jin (; 300 – February 7, 318), personal name Sima Ye (司馬鄴 or 司馬業), courtesy name Yanqi (彥旗), was an emperor of the Jin Dynasty (266–420) and the last of the Western Jin.

Emperor Min surrendered in 316 to Liu Yao, a general of the Xiongnu state Han-Zhao, and was later executed by Liu Cong, the emperor of Han-Zhao, in 318 – like his uncle Emperor Huai had been in 313.

Prior to becoming emperor
Sima Ye was a son of Sima Yan (司馬晏) the Prince of Wu, a son of Jin's founding emperor Emperor Wu, and Lady Xun, a daughter of Xun Xu. However, he was posthumously adopted by his uncle Sima Jian (司馬柬) the Prince of Qin, who died in 291, nine years before his birth, and so he inherited the title of Prince of Qin.

When the Jin capital Luoyang fell to Han-Zhao forces in 311, Prince Ye's uncle Emperor Huai was captured, and his father Prince Yan was killed.  Prince Ye himself, at age 13, was able to escape from Han-Zhao forces, and he got to Mi (密縣, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) when he encountered his uncles, the Jin officials Xun Fan (荀藩) and Xun Zu (荀組), who decided to support him as their leader.  Later that year, the general Yan Ding tried to escort Prince Ye into the Guanzhong region (modern central Shaanxi), where he thought the central government could be rebuilt, but on the way, most of the supporters and troops deserted them—including Prince Ye's uncles.  Eventually, however, Yan and Prince Ye were able to arrive in Guanzhong.  They were supported by the general Jia Ya, and Jia was able to capture Chang'an in 312, allowing Prince Ye to enter and set up his headquarters there.  In fall 312, Jia and Yan offered Prince Ye the title of crown prince, and they then organized a provisional government.

Reign
In spring 313, the captured Emperor Huai was executed by the Han-Zhao emperor Liu Cong.  The news, however, took three months to get to Chang'an.  Once it did, Crown Prince Ye held an official mourning for his uncle and then ascended the throne as Emperor Min.  At that time, the city of Chang'an was so poor that it had less than a hundred households, and there were only four wagons available.  The officials lacked official uniforms and seals.  The military matters were largely entrusted to the generals Qu Yun and Suo Chen.  Emperor Min issued an edict ordering Sima Bao, the Prince of Nanyang, who still had a sizable force in Qin Province (秦州, modern eastern Gansu), and Sima Rui, the Prince of Langya, who held large portions of territory near and south of the Yangtze River, to come to his aid, but both Sima Bao and Sima Rui only paid nominal allegiance to him and failed to actually provide any assistance.  Around the new year of 314, Han-Zhao made a surprise attack on Chang'an, and while that attack was thwarted that time, it showed that the Jin regime under Emperor Min lacked the power to defend itself.  Only Zhang Gui, the governor of Liang Province (涼州, modern central and western Gansu), sent small detachments and supplies periodically to Chang'an.  In 315, Sima Bao considered coming to Emperor Min's aid, but ultimately did not do so, and Suo subsequently refused a plan to send the emperor to Sima Bao, reasoning that Sima Bao would then use the emperor as a puppet.

In fall 316, the Han-Zhao general Liu Yao, the Prince of Zhongshan, made a major attack against Emperor Min's territory. After he captured the Beidi Commandery (北地, roughly modern Tongchuan, Shaanxi), the other Jin cities in Guanzhong collapsed. Two relief forces arrived but were hesitant to engage Liu Yao. Liu Yao therefore was able to besiege Chang'an, and after the food supply ran out, Emperor Min resolved to surrender.  He was delivered by Liu Yao to the Han-Zhao capital Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi).

After capture by Han-Zhao
Liu Cong initially created the former Jin emperor the Marquess of Huai'an. In early 318, at a feast, he had the marquess serve as butler, and a number of former Jin officials could not control themselves and cried out loud at their former emperor's humiliation. Furthermore, around this time, there were a number of uprisings against Han-Zhao, each claiming to want to capture Han-Zhao's crown prince Liu Can to exchange him for the former Jin emperor. Liu Can therefore recommended that Sima Ye be executed, and Liu Cong agreed, executing him after receiving Liu Can's report.

Era name
Jianxing (建興 Jiànxīng) 313–317

Ancestry

References

300 births
318 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) emperors
Executed Former Zhao people
4th-century Chinese monarchs
Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
Murdered Chinese emperors
4th-century executions
People executed by Former Zhao
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Executed monarchs

Emperor Min of Jin


Abbi is a town in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. It is an ancient traditional town historically comprising three main communities – Ezikolo, Ejona, and Uwani, with a total of upwards of 60 villages. The villages are spread across the communities in the valleys, upland areas and at farm settlements called "Ogbo".

Ezikolo Abbi has since been recognized by Enugu state government as an autonomous community of its own and includes the villages of Anagoro, Ibeku, Isiama, Umavuruma, Ama-ebo, Apapam, Amanyi; and Ama-eze, Umuagada and Ifuagbo, three of which territory is also called Owerre community. The other settlements of Ezikolo are found at Igbudi, Nwaedor, Oda-Ogbo, Ugwu-Ogazi, Achokonya, Amirowa, Ujobo and Abiamdu where Ezikolo shares borders with Anuka, Okpuje and Edem-Egu.

Ejona Abbi is the largest of the three communities and contains Enugu-Abbi, Umunye, Umunocha, Bebe, Nnuzu, Ala-echara, Ugwuogbada, Ikwoka, Uwenu-okpe, Ama-ngwu, Eziugwuobi, Owereeze, Ama-ugwu and other farm settlements. These are subdivided into Ejona Oda – villages in the valley plain, Ejona Ugwu for those on hill top and Ejona Ogbo for the many villages across farm settlements.
Uwani Abbi has three wards – Alaozara:- Isiyi, Enwerike, U'ba villages. Edem-Eke & Ekaibite:- Ama-eke, Ama-oba, Umuoka, Umushere and other farm settlements like Orukwu etc.

History & Origin

Abbi is said to be Abbi Ugweke Ugwunye. Another appellation of the beautiful ancient kingdom is Abbi Ite-ata Oshimiri. All of this pointed to its greatness - Abbi is a populous land, accommodating Ugweke and Ugwunye. Origin states that the ancient kingdom allowed a free inflow of nomadic hunters some of which settled into villages while others continued to move until there was a halt order in the mid 1600 AD. From that point Abbi was known as "Abbi nari-okooro" – meaning that Abbi people do not migrate and this policy impacted so much on the culture, such that Abbi referred to peoples of other cultures as nde Igbo as if Abbi is not Igbo and early culture viewed intermarriage with such people disdainfully.  Despite the number that left the land earlier,  its population remained enormous - ite-ata oshimiri. Yes, no sea gets dried up by mere fetching of water from it with pots. Certainly, Abbi regarded its people as prime stock of the human race, similar to Aryans,  however, origin is not sure when human activity began in Abbi but has good information on the number of Villages of Abbi and some insightful proofs of its primordial existence and effort is work in progress on the link between Abbi Ite-ata Oshimiri and other Abbis in Delta and Cross River States of Nigeria.

Abbi, one of the largest ancient settlement towns of Uzo-Uwani was made up originally of three strong communities, namely Ezikolo, Ejona, and Uwani wards or communities and there were proper administrative structures to ensure order, peaceful coexistence amongst the communities and even with neighboring towns. Abbi, on arrival for most visitors, is more of a beautiful valley of multiple springs surrounded by evergreen grangehills of fascinating shapes and lush vegetation. But before the civil war, upwards of 14 villages were settled on the north grangehills which have flat tops and sweet springs and easy access to the town's vast farmlands bordering Kogi state & Obinagu villages of Okpuje and Edem. Of course then, Anuka - now an autonomous community - was part of Abbi.  At that time, there were 19 villages settled on the valley plain, making a total of 33 villages in Abbi. But now, Ugwuono, sadly is no more, it's gone extinct; Umavuruma is merged with Ama-ebo and Enwerike is just one village, again, Anuka is a town an autonomous community of its own and not even in Uzo-Uwani LGA.

Invasion
There was an attack on Ejuona-Ogbo Village, a part of the Abbi community, in early February 2016. Two residents (Mr Fidelis Okeja and her immediate sister, Mrs Mercy Okeja) were killed and 19 persons were declared missing, with seven houses and motorcycles being razed by Fulani herdsmen.

References

Towns in Enugu State

Abbi, Uzo-Uwani


Little Russia was an area of Tottenham, London, England. It was on the straight northern boundary of the London Borough of Haringey, specifically adjoining Edmonton, mainly comprising Pretoria Road, Durban Road, and Lorenco Road (west of the railway line between Silver Street and White Hart Lane).

The area had become known as "Little Russia" in the early 20th century due to the influx of Russian immigrants. Immigration peaked when a large number of Russians settled there after fleeing the 1917 Russian Revolution. It developed into one of the toughest areas of North London and the local constabulary usually only policed the area in pairs. The area was mostly redeveloped in the 1970s.

Literature
In An Edmonton Boy, Terry Webb describes the area:
My mother came out of Tottenham, out of a road called Lorenco Road (now demolished). Now that had the nickname of "Little Russia" – why it had that name I don't know, but it was the roughest area. A lot of costermongers lived down there and the barrow boys and the fruit and vegetable people and they nearly all had horses and carts. The area was completely terraced, one end went into Pretoria Road, Tottenham and the other end went into Queen Street. There was an old pub there called the "Sun and Compass/The Three Compasses" (demolished). It's still there and they tell me that they used to take their horses through the house and keep them in the back garden.

Media
In March 2009, Moscow-born novelist and broadcaster Zinovy Zinik travelled to the area to broadcast The Ghosts of Little Russia on BBC Radio 3.

See also
Tottenham Outrage

References

External links
 Lorenco Road Tottenham

Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Haringey
Ethnic enclaves in the United Kingdom
Russian communities
Russian diaspora in the United Kingdom
Tottenham

Little Russia, London


Futtock shrouds are rope, wire or chain links in the rigging of a traditional square rigged ship. They run from the outer edges of a top downwards and inwards to a point on the mast or lower shrouds, and carry the load of the shrouds that rise from the edge of the top. This prevents any tendency of the top itself to tilt relative to the mast.

Climbing a ship's rigging
In the most traditional ships, the futtock shrouds can be used to gain access to the tops. Sailors ascend ratlines on the ordinary shrouds until nearly at the top, then transfer to the futtock shrouds which will be reaching upwards and outwards above them. Using the futtock shrouds involves climbing the underside of an overhanging rope at about 45 degrees. Futtock shrouds may or may not have ratlines.

As well as climbing the futtock shrouds, most ships also allowed access to the top through the "lubber's hole" at the tip of the ordinary ratlines. However, this was generally scorned by experienced sailors, and reserved for those on their first few trips aloft.

Any traditionally-rigged ship will have futtock shrouds, but on some modern ones they are strictly for structural purposes, with climbing forbidden. These ships may also dispense with lubbers' holes, and instead opt for a "Jacob's ladder" that descends from the edge of the top to the ratlines vertically, rather than overhanging like the futtock shrouds.

Futtock band
In the mid-nineteenth century the futtock band was introduced, being a metal collar fitted to the mast below the top, to which the lower point of the futtock shrouds is attached.  Before this the futtock shrouds were attached to the lower shrouds that rose directly to the top. In this arrangement lower shrouds must support a greater load, requiring the use of catharpins to provide bracing between port and starboard shrouds.

Sources
 An Outline of the Practice of Ship-Building. Fincham, John; 1825 (page 196)
 The Elements of Wood Ship Construction. Curtis, W. H.; 1919 (pages 32-44)
 A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing. (Fourth Edition). Dixon, Kemp; 1884 (page 12)

Sailing rigs and rigging

Futtock shrouds


Brilaroxazine (developmental code name RP5063), also known as oxaripiprazole, is an investigational atypical antipsychotic which is under development by Reviva Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and  inflammatory disorders. As of July 2023, it is in phase III clinical trials for schizophrenia. Reviva Pharmaceuticals also intends to investigate brilaroxazine for the treatment of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), psychosis/agitation associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease psychosis, as well as the inflammatory disorders pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and psoriasis (topical gel). The FDA granted brilaroxazine  orphan drug designation for the treatment of PAH and IPF.

Brilaroxazine is a further evolution of third-generation antipsychotics and described as a dopamine-serotonin system stabilizer/modulator due to its unique actions on dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems compared to other antipsychotics. Clinical data from phase I and phase II trials suggest that brilaroxazine may have favorable efficacy and a significantly improved side effect profile compared to existing third-generation drugs.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Brilaroxazine acts as a potent partial agonist of D2, D3, D4 and 5-HT1A receptors, and as an antagonist of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. Brilaroxazine exhibits high affinity for D2S, D2L, D3, D4.4, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7 and H1 receptors, and moderate affinity for D1, D5, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT6 and αβ nicotinic receptors, the serotonin transporter, and the α1B adrenergic receptor. It lacks significant affinity for 5-HT1B, α2 adrenergic, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as for the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters.

Chemistry
Brilaroxazine is identical to aripiprazole in chemical structure except for the replacement of one of the carbon atoms in aripiprazole's quinolinone ring system with an oxygen atom, resulting instead in a benzoxazinone ring system. This structural change is within the molecule's secondary pharmacophore, which plays a major role in modulating its binding and intrinsic efficacy at dopamine and serotonin receptors. The drug is also related structurally to brexpiprazole and cariprazine.

Recent Developments
In October 2023, Reviva Pharmaceuticals released topline results from their pivotal phase III RECOVER clinical trial (NCT05184335). The RECOVER study was a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial where 411 patients received brilaroxazine 15 mg, 50 mg, or placebo once daily. The trial cohort comprised of 60% USA, 34% Indian, and 6% Bulgarian patients with balanced randomization and diverse demographic representation across all three trial arms. The primary endpoint was PANSS Total Score change from baseline vs placebo at week 4. Secondary endpoints were PANSS Positive Symptoms, PANSS Negative Symptoms, PANSS Negative Marder Factor, PANSS Social Cognition, PANSS Excitement/Agitation, CGI-S, and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) score changes from baseline vs placebo at week 4.

Brilaroxazine 50 mg successfully met all primary and secondary endpoints with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements over placebo across all major symptom domains. The primary endpoint PANSS Total Score change from baseline was -23.9 for brilaroxazine 50 mg vs -13.8 for placebo at week 4, resulting in a 10.1 point reduction over placebo (p < 0.001). Within the first week of dosing, brilaroxazine 50 mg already achieved separation from placebo in the primary endpoint and several secondary endpoints.

The lower brilaroxazine 15 mg dose met two secondary endpoints at week 4, PANSS Social Cognition and Personal and Social Performance (PSP), and showed a clear improvement trend and increasing separation from placebo in the primary endpoint PANSS Total Score and PANSS Positive Symptoms score starting at week 3.

Brilaroxazine was very well tolerated and safe, with overall treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) rates of 34.5% for brilaroxazine 15 mg, 35.5% for 50 mg, and 30% for placebo. Discontinuation rates for brilaroxazine were lower than for placebo and were 19% for brilaroxazine 15 mg, 16% for 50 mg, and 22% for placebo. Discontinuation rates due to drug side effects were also lower for brilaroxazine than for placebo and were 1% for brilaroxazine 15 mg, 0% for 50 mg, and 4% for placebo.

There were no incidences of suicidal ideation and no significant change in bodyweight, blood glucose, lipids, prolactin, and thyroid hormones compared to placebo. Common TEAEs (>5%) were headache (<6%) and somnolence (<=7.5%) but these were mild-to-moderate in severity and generally transient in nature. The percentage of patients who gained weight during the trial was 2.1% for brilaroxazine 15 mg, 5.9% for 50 mg, and 2.9% for placebo. This is a significant improvement over currently prescribed third-generation antipsychotics such as aripiprazole (Abilify) and brexpiprazole (Rexulti). In comparable short-term (4-6 week) schizophrenia clinical trials, the percentage of patients taking aripiprazole or brexpiprazole that had clinically relevant weight gain (>= 7% gain) was 9.2% for aripiprazole vs 4.3% for placebo and 10.4% for brexpiprazole vs 4.1% for placebo. The weight gain findings for aripiprazole and brexpiprazole from the clinical trial meta-analysis were compiled across all their schizophrenia dosages, i.e. 10, 15, 20, and 30 mg aripiprazole and 2 and 4 mg brexpiprazole, therefore the brilaroxazine 50 mg results would show even more substantial improvement in weight change versus the comparable highest aripiprazole 30 mg and brexpiprazole 4 mg dosages.

Akathisia and extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) rates were very low and were 0% for brilaroxazine 15mg, 0.7% for 50 mg, and 0% for placebo. The percentage of patients with elevated LDL cholesterol compared to baseline were 0% for brilaroxazine 15 and 50 mg vs 2.9% for placebo, and the percentage of patients with low HDL cholesterol compared to baseline were 0.7% for brilaroxazine 15 mg, 1.4% for 50 mg, and 1.4% for placebo.

Reviva also has an ongoing 52-week, single-arm, phase III open-label extension (OLE) study of stable schizophrenia patients to study long-term safety and tolerability of brilaroxazine as part of the RECOVER program. In this study, rollover patients from the RECOVER 4-week double-blind trial as well as de novo stable schizophrenia patients receive brilaroxazine in a 15-30-50 mg flexible dosing schedule. Completion is expected in Q4 2024. In Q1 2024 Reviva plans to initiate RECOVER-2, a confirmatory 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III clinical trial of 450 acute schizophrenia patients, where patients will receive brilaroxazine 30 mg, 50 mg, or placebo once daily. Completion is expected in early 2025 and brilaroxazine FDA new drug application (NDA) submission is expected afterwards. If successful, commercial availability is anticipated by late 2025 or early 2026.

See also
 List of investigational antipsychotics
 List of investigational antidepressants

References

External links
 Reviva Pharmaceuticals
 RECOVER phase III schizophrenia trial - ClinicalTrials.gov
 Brilaroxazine (RP5063) - AdisInsight

D2-receptor agonists
Dopamine agonists
5-HT1A agonists
5-HT2A agonists
5-HT2B antagonists
5-HT2C antagonists
5-HT6 antagonists
5-HT7 antagonists
Atypical antipsychotics
Benzoxazines
Chloroarenes
Experimental drugs
Piperazines
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Brilaroxazine


Archibald Rutherford Waterston (13 October 1902 – 13 May 1982) was a Scottish professional footballer who played at centre forward for various clubs in Scotland, England and Wales in the 1920s and 1930s. For most of the clubs he played at, he was a prolific goalscorer and he scored the highest number of Football League goals in one season for Southport.

Football career
Waterston was born in Musselburgh, East Lothian and started his football career at Musselburgh Bruntonians in 1922 before moving to England to join Leicester City in July 1923. He was unable to break into the first team at Filbert Street and returned to Scotland to join Cowdenbeath in 1926.

The following year, he joined Welsh club Newport County, then playing in the Football League Third Division South. At Newport, he scored goals at a prolific rate and in a season and a half, he scored 36 goals in 44 league matches. This form attracted him to Southampton of the Second Division, whom he joined in December 1928 for a transfer fee of £300.

At The Dell, he was used as cover for Willie Haines and Dick Rowley and in his six months on the south coast, he was only selected six times, scoring once (against Hull City) and he was sold to Tranmere Rovers in the summer of 1929.

Waterston spent one season with Tranmere Rovers, scoring 18 goals in 30 appearances in the Third Division North. Despite this, at the end of the season he was released and, in October 1930, he applied for a trial at another Third Division North club, Southport.

His arrival at Haig Avenue marked the turning point in Southport's season and his "skill and scoring power inspired the team". He opened his goal-scoring account on 1 November against Doncaster Rovers which was the start of a run of seven consecutive victories. Waterston scored a hat-trick in his next match, at Gateshead on 8 November and topped this with five goals in an 8–1 victory over Nelson on New Year's Day, 1931. Waterston ended the season having scored 31 goals in 29 appearances, as Southport finished fifth in the table.

In the FA Cup, his goals helped the club defeat First Division Blackpool and reach the Sixth Round for the first and only time in the club's history. In the sixth round (quarter-final) match at Everton's Goodison Park, Southport conceded seven goals before half time and ended up losing 9–1 with Waterston scoring the consolation goal. Dixie Dean scored four of Everton's goals.

The following season was not so prolific for Waterston, only managing 13 league goals and in July 1932 he moved on to Doncaster Rovers.

His first season at Rovers saw him scoring 24 goals in 36 League games including two hattricks. He played every match until an injury in April put him out for the rest of the season. The following season Waterston was injured after just two games and struggled to make the first team after then, making just 7 League appearances, though still scored 3 goals. In his two seasons at Belle Vue, he played in 48 League and Cup games, scoring 29 goals.

After two years at Doncaster, he moved back to Hampshire to join Aldershot where he remained for one season, before returning to his home town with Edinburgh City.

Later career
Waterston ended his football career in 1935 after which he was employed at Brunton's Wool Mill in Musselburgh as a foreman in the dye department.

References

External links
Career details on www.11v11.com

1902 births
1982 deaths
Footballers from Musselburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Leicester City F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Aldershot F.C. players
Edinburgh City F.C. (1928) players

Archie Waterston


Heinrich Philipp August Damerow (28 December 1798 – 22 September 1866) was a German psychiatrist born in Stettin, Province of Pomerania, Prussia (today Szczecin, Poland). He made significant contributions in the field of institutional psychiatry.

In 1822 he earned his doctorate in Berlin, where he was a student of Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher and psychiatrist Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn. He continued his education in Paris, where he studied under Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, and at the Siegburg asylum north of Bonn, where he met with Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi. In 1830 he became an associate professor, and in 1836 was appointed director of Provinzial-Irrenanstalt (district mental asylum) near Halle. Two of his better-known assistants at the asylum were Rudolf Leubuscher (1822-1861) and Heinrich Laehr (1820-1905).

Damerow was one of the more influential German psychiatrists during the mid-19th century. He was an advocate of an holistic approach to treating mental illness, and felt that a physician must view the patient as a union of body, mind and soul. With Carl Friedrich Flemming (1799–1880) and Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller (1802–1878), he was co-founder of the psychiatric journal Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie.

Selected writings
 Über die relative Verbindung der Irren-, Heil- und Pfleganstalten (Leipzig 1840) - About the relative connection of the insane, healing, and care institutions.
 Zur Kretinen- und Idiotenfrage (Berlin 1858) - Questions in regards to cretins and idiots.
 Über die Grundlage der Mimik und Physiognomie, als freier Beitrag zur Anthropologie und Psychiatrie (Berlin 1860) - On the basis of facial expressions and physiognomy, as a free contribution to anthropology and psychiatry.

References
  History of psychiatry and medical psychology by Edwin R. Wallace and John Gach
 Find Health Articles- Heinrich Damerow (1798-1866) (short biography]
 NCBI Heinrich Damerow (1798–1866)

1798 births
1866 deaths
Physicians from Szczecin
German psychiatrists
Physicians from the Province of Pomerania
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni

Heinrich Philipp August Damerow


Horsley is a suburb in Wollongong. It is the location of the new Dapto Primary school and a community centre. This suburb has expanded since 1999 and contains many newly developed houses.

Geography
Horsley has a small shop area. It is surrounded by parkland, skatepark grounds and playing fields to the east (in the narrow area separating it from Dapto, and farmland to the north, west and south. West of Horsley is Mount Bong Bong, part of the Illawarra escarpment range and the Dapto cliffs, providing a towering backdrop. Much of the land about is the last remaining land available to housing developers and much growth is possible. There is a shooting range west of Horsley reached via Bong Bong Road.

Demographics
As of the 2016 Census Night there were 8,221 persons counted in Horsley, 48.8% were males and 51.2% were females. Of the total population 2.6% were of Indigenous origin. The previous Dapto primary school was moved here in 2004.

Dapto Public School
The school used to be located on Byamee Street in the neighbouring suburb of Dapto. The school site is now on Sierra Drive, Horsley in a predominantly residential area.

World War II aircraft crash
On 4 November 1942, a Royal Australian Air Force Lockheed Hudson crashed on Bong Bong Mountain, just west of Horsley, killing all four crew members.

References

Suburbs of Wollongong

Horsley, New South Wales


The Golden Age of Mexican Cinema () is a boom period in the history of Mexican cinema, which began in 1936 with the premiere of the film Allá en el Rancho Grande, and culminated in 1956.

In 1939, during World War II, the film industry in the US and Europe declined, because the materials previously destined for film production now were for the new arms industry. Many countries began to focus on making films about war, leaving an opportunity for Mexico to produce commercial films for the Mexican and Latin American markets. This cultural environment favored the emergence of a new generation of directors and actors still considered icons in Mexico and in other Hispanic countries.

Mexican cinema of the Golden Age is also credited with propelling Norteño music into Chilean popular culture.

Origins
In 1939 Europe and the United States participated in World War II, and the film industries of these regions were severely affected. Europe due to its location and the United States because the materials used to produce films (such as cellulose), became scarce and were rationed. In 1942, when German submarines destroyed a Mexican tanker, Mexico joined the Allies in the war against Germany. Mexico won the status of most favored nation. Thus, the Mexican film industry found new sources of materials and equipment and secured its position in the production of quality films worldwide. During World War II, the film industry in France, Italy, Spain, Argentina and the United States focused on war films, which made it possible for the Mexican film industry, with much more versatile themes in its films, to become dominant in the markets of Mexico and Latin America.

Since the beginning of talkies in Mexico, some films like Santa (1932), directed by Antonio Moreno and The Woman of the Port (1934), directed by Arcady Boytler, were a huge blockbuster that showed that Mexico had the equipment and talent needed to sustain a strong film industry.

One of the first blockbusters was the film Allá en el Rancho Grande by Fernando de Fuentes, which became the first classic of Mexican cinema; this film is referred to as the initiator of the "Mexican film industry". In the early 1940s began the emergence of great Mexican film studios settled in Mexico City, they begin to support the mass production of films. Among the most important are CLASA Films, FILMEX, Films Mundiales, Cinematográfica Calderón, Películas Rodriguez and Producciones Mier y Brooks, among others.

Mexican cinema continued to produce works of superb quality and began to explore other genres such as comedy, romance and musical. In 1943, the film Wild Flower, brought together a team comprising the filmmaker Emilio Fernández, the photographer Gabriel Figueroa, the actor Pedro Armendariz and actress Dolores del Río. The films María Candelaria (1943) and The Pearl (1947), were considered pivotal works by Fernández and his team, and gave Mexican cinema enormous prestige, with their works being shown worldwide in major film festivals. María Candelaria was awarded in 1946 with the Golden Palm in the Cannes Film Festival. The Pearl was awarded the Golden Globe of the American film industry, being the first Spanish film to receive such recognition.

Cinematographic genres

Comedy

Many other comedians achieved consecration in Mexican cinema. From comic slapstick couples  (in the style of Laurel and Hardy) to independent actors who achieved a huge poster. Many of these comedians emerged from the called Carpas or Mexican popular theaters.
Joaquín Pardavé, was a popular actor who captivated with the same dramatic or comic characters. Pardavé was also a composer and film director, and his beginnings in the industry, from the Silent films, made him a "symbolic father" of all Mexican comedians from the thirties to the sixties.

Antonio Espino y Mora, better known as Clavillazo was another Mexican actor who began his career in the Carpas. More than 30 films are in his repertoire and is one of the most beloved and remembered artists. Another artist who started in the Carpas and also his sympathy, noted for his picturesque way of dancing was Adalberto Martínez "Resortes", who had a long career, then worked for over 70 years in film and television.

Gaspar Henaine and Marco Antonio Campos better known as "Viruta and Capulina" were a comic duo that were found in the form of white humor win the affection of the people. Viruta and Capulina began their career together in 1952, although individually had worked on other projects. They filmed more than 25 films.

Although they do not have a large number of films together, Manuel Palacios "Manolín"  and Estanislao Shilinsky Bachanska are remembered for their great chemistry in the theaters and later in the films.

Musical and Rumberas films

The Musical film genre in Mexico was strongly influenced by the Mexican folk music or Ranchero music. Stars as Pedro Infante, Jorge Negrete, Luis Aguilar and Antonio Aguilar made dozens of musical films of these genre who served as a platform to promote Mexican music. The songs of important composers like Agustín Lara or José Alfredo Jiménez served as the basis for the arguments of many films. Libertad Lamarque also highlighted by her performances where music and songs were the main protagonists.

The tropical music that was popular in Mexico and Latin America since the 1930s, and was also reflected in Mexican cinema. Numerous music magazines were made in the 1940s and 1950s. In these productions it was common to see figures ranging from Damaso Perez Prado, Toña la Negra, Rita Montaner, María Victoria or Los Panchos. However, the musical film in Mexico was mostly represented by the so-called Rumberas film, a unique cinematic curiosity of Mexico, dedicated to the film exaltation of the figure of the "rumba" (dancers of  Afro-Antillean rhythms). The main figures of this genre were Cubans María Antonieta Pons, Amalia Aguilar, Ninón Sevilla and Rosa Carmina and Mexican Meche Barba. Between 1938 and 1965 more than one hundred Rumberas films were made.

Film Noir
In Mexico, the Film Noir genre popular in Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s was represented by the actor and director Juan Orol. Inspired by the popular Gangster film and figures like Humphrey Bogart and Edward G. Robinson, Orol created a filmic universe and a particular style by mixing elements of classic Film Noir with Mexican folklore, urban environments, cabaret, and tropical music. Examples include the classic film Gangsters Versus Cowboys (1948).

Horror films
Although the 1960s are considered the Golden Age of Horror and science fiction in Mexican cinema, during the Golden Age they were found some remarkable works. Chano Urueta, a prolific director who began in the silent era, had had their approaches with the supernatural in The Sign of Death (1939), however his greatest contributions come with The Amazing Beast (1952), film that first introduced the wrestlers in the genre. Other works in the genre would La Bruja (1954), and Ladrón de Cadáveres (1956).

Decline

On April 15, 1957, the whole country mourned with the news of the death of Pedro Infante. His death was one of the markers of the end of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema.

The first Mexican television transmissions started in 1950. By 1956, TV antennas were common in Mexican homes, and new media grew rapidly in the country outside the capital city. Despite the first black and white television pictures not having the clarity and sharpness of movie films, filmmakers immediately felt sharp competition from this new media, not only in Mexico but throughout the world. The competition forced the film industry to seek new ways to showcase its art, and in the treatment of subjects and genres.

Technical innovations came from Hollywood. Wide screens, three-dimensional cinema, color improvement and stereo sound were some of the innovations introduced by American cinema during the early 1950s. At the time, the high cost of these technologies made it difficult for Mexico to compete; therefore, not for some years was it able to produce films incorporating these innovations.

One of the nations where Mexican cinema was most popular was Yugoslavia, where for much of the 1950s, Mexican films comprised the majority of the films that were screened. The 1950 film Un día de vida, which premiered in 1952 in Yugoslavia, was one of the most popular films of the decade in that nation. The popularity of Mexican films led to the so-called Yu-Mex craze, as Mexican music and fashions were much imitated in Yugoslavia in the 1950s.

The world was changing and so was the way film was produced by other countries. The elimination of censorship in the United States allowed a more bold and realistic treatment of many topics. In France, a young generation of filmmakers educated in film criticism began the New Wave movement. In Italy, the Neorealism had claimed the careers of several filmmakers. The Swedish film with Ingmar Bergman made its appearance, while in Japan Akira Kurosawa appeared.

Meanwhile, Mexican cinema had been stalled by bureaucracy and difficulties with the union. Film production was now concentrated in a few hands, and the ability to see new filmmakers emerge was very difficult due to the demands on the directors on the part of the Union of Workers of Cinematographic Production (STPC). Three of the most important film studios disappeared between 1957 and 1958: Tepeyac, Clasa Films and Azteca.

Also in 1958, the Mexican Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences decided to discontinue the Ariel Award recognizing the best productions of the national cinema. The Ariel was instituted in 1946 and emphasized the thriving state of the industry. Nevertheless, the award was revived in 1972 and has taken place annually since then.

Studios
 Estudios Churubusco
 Televisa San Ángel

References

Further reading
 GARCÍA RIERA, Emilio (1986) Época de oro del cine mexicano Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP)
 GARCÍA RIERA, Emilio (1992–97) Historia documental del cine mexicano Universidad de Guadalajara, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA), Secretaría de Cultura del Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco y el Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía (IMCINE)
 GARCÍA, Gustavo y AVIÑA, Rafael (1993) Época de oro del cine mexicano ed. Clío
 PARANAGUÁ, Paulo Antonio (1995) Mexican Cinema British Film Institute (BFI) Publishing en asociación con el Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía (IMCINE) y el Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA)
 HERSHFIELD, Joanne (1996) Mexican Cinema, Mexican Woman (1940–1950) University of Arizona Press

 AYALA BLANCO, Jorge (1997) La aventura del cine mexicano: En la época de oro y después ed. Grijalba
 MACIEL, David R. Mexico's Cinema: A Century of Film and Filmmakers,  Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1999.

 MORA, Carl J. Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society, 1896–2004, Berkeley: University of California Press, 3rd edition 2005.
 NOBLE, Andrea, Mexican National Cinema, Taylor & Francis, 2005,

 Paxman, Andrew. "Who Killed the Mexican Film Industry? The Decline of the Golden Age, 1946-1960." Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe 29, no. 1 (2018): 9-33.

External links
 More of 100 Years of Mexican Cinema en el sitio del ITESM.
 Cineteca Nacional del Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes de México (Conaculta)

Cinema of Mexico
Mexican cinema

Golden Age of Mexican Cinema


Paula's Party is a show on the Food Network hosted by Paula Deen.  Unlike her other show on the Food Network, Paula's Home Cooking, Paula's Party was originally taped in front of a small  audience at Uncle Bubba's Oyster House in Savannah, Georgia, and Deen herself frequently interacts with audience members.  In 2008, taping of the show moved from Savannah to Food Network studios in New York City.

In the program, Deen offers help to audience members who have culinary problems.  This new format allows her to be friendly with her guests; frequently she sits on the laps of various male audience members and feeds them sensuously, often making food-related double entendres.

Almost all of Paula's family have appeared on the show: sons Jamie Deen and Bobby Deen, husband Michael Groover, daughter-in-law Brooke Deen, grandson Jack Deen, brother Bubba Hiers (owner of Uncle Bubba's Oyster House), and ex-husband Jimmy Deen.

Paula's Party was first broadcast on September 29, 2006, and is currently broadcast on Saturdays at 7:00 PM Eastern Time on the Food Network.

On June 21, 2013, the Food Network announced that they would not renew Deen's contract due to controversy surrounding Deen's use of a racial slur and racist jokes in her restaurant, effectively cancelling the series.  In 2014, Deen's company Paula Deen Ventures bought distribution rights to the episodes from the Food Network.

References

External links

2006 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
Food Network original programming
Television shows set in New York (state)
Television shows set in Georgia (U.S. state)
English-language television shows

Paula's Party


Jewish Renewal is a Jewish religious movement that started in the 1970s and 1980s and works toward the fusing of modern Judaism with incluences from Kabbalah, Hasidism, and various musical and meditation practices. The founder of Jewish Renewal was Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi who was originally from the Chabad Hasidic community. The Jewish Renewal movement has trained rabbis who would go on to serve in Reform and other non-Orthodox synagogues, bringing Hasidic and mystical Jewish practice to these other settings. Because of this, Jewish Renewal is sometimes described as "transdenominational", meaning that its followers and influence are not restricted to a single type of community.

Another major leader of Jewish Renewal is Rabbi Arthur Waskow who emphasised creativity in Jewish practice and the need to combine religion and advocacy on social issues.

The original Jewish Renewal group was called "B'nai Or Religious Fellowship", later renamed from B'nai Or ("Children of Light") to P'nai Or ("Faces of Light"). It was later renamed to ALEPH. The ALEPH organization ordained rabbis, cantors, and other rabbinic pastors. Over 200 rabbis were ordained through Jewish Renewal.

Most Jewish Renewal congregations and other religious activities are in the United States, however, some Jewish Renewal rabbis and centers are located elsewhere around the world.

The relative size of Jewish Renewal is somewhat small, but it is not known exactly. The total number of Jews affiliated with Jewish Renewal is not known. However, Jewish Renewal, along with Reconstructionist Judaism and Humanistic Judaism (and other such minor Jewish religious groups), represent around 4% of the roughly 7.5 million Jews in the United States (or 300,000 Jews).

Judaism

Jewish Renewal


Pasta sauce is a type of sauce made to be served with pasta, a type of food made from wheat and water. There are many different types of pasta sauce, each with its own unique flavor and ingredients. Some common ingredients in pasta sauce include tomatoes, olive oil, garlic, onions, and herbs like basil and oregano.

One popular type of pasta sauce is marinara sauce, which is made with tomatoes, garlic, and herbs. Another popular type is Alfredo sauce, which is made with butter, cream, and Parmesan cheese. There is also Bolognese sauce, which is a meat-based sauce made with ground beef, onions, and tomatoes.

Pasta sauce can be homemade or store-bought. To make homemade pasta sauce, you can start by heating some olive oil in a pan and adding chopped garlic and onions. Then, you can add canned tomatoes or fresh tomatoes that have been pureed, and any other ingredients you like such as vegetables or meat. Bring the sauce to a boil and then let it simmer for a while to let the flavors combine. Finally, you can season the sauce with salt, pepper, and herbs to taste.

Pasta sauce can be enjoyed with many different types of pasta, such as spaghetti, penne, or fettuccine.

Sauces

Pasta sauce


The Fred Harvey Company was the owner of the Harvey House chain of restaurants, hotels and other hospitality industry businesses alongside railroads in the Western United States. It was founded in 1876 by Fred Harvey to cater to the growing number of train passengers.

When Harvey died in 1901, his family inherited 45 restaurants and 20 dining cars in 12 states. During World War II, Harvey Houses opened again to serve soldiers as they traveled in troop trains across the U.S. By 1968, when it was sold to Amfac, Inc. (now Xanterra Parks and Resorts, as of 2002), the Fred Harvey Company was the sixth largest food retailer in the United States. It left behind a lasting legacy of good food, dedication to customers, decent treatment of employees, and preservation of local traditions.

History

The company traces its origins to the 1876 opening of three railroad eatery-hotels located at Wallace, Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, and Hugo, Colorado, on the Kansas Pacific Railway. These cafés were opened by Fred Harvey, then a freight agent for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, who immigrated to the United States from London, England when he was 17 years old. These initial few café operations ended within a year, but their success had convinced Harvey of the potential profitability in providing higher-quality food and service experiences at railroad eating establishments. The Burlington Railroad (Harvey's longtime employer) declined his offer of establishing a system-wide operation with an eatery at every en-route meal stop, but the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) subsequently contracted with Harvey for what would become several "Harvey Houses" on an experimental basis. Harvey initially took over a 20-seat lunchroom at Santa Fe's Topeka, Kansas depot, which began operating under his guidance in January 1876.

In 1878, Harvey started the officially-named first Harvey House dining house-hotel establishment along the AT&SF tracks in Florence, Kansas.  The rapid growth of the chain soon followed, with the second location  opening in Lakin, Kansas in 1879.

Fred Harvey is credited with creating the first restaurant chain in the U.S. Harvey and his company also became leaders in promoting tourism in the American Southwest in the late 19th century. Harvey promoted the region by inspiring the "Indian curio" (native memento) shop, as well as guided tours through the American southwest called "Indian Detours". The company, with its employees including renowned waitresses later known as Harvey Girls, successfully brought higher standards of food service and cuisine to a region then mainly known as "the Wild West". In 1946, the Harvey Girls' popularity grew even stronger when Judy Garland starred in the film version of Samuel Hopkins Adams's novel The Harvey Girls.

Despite the decline of passenger train patronage in the U.S. in the 20th century with the advent of the automobile, the company survived and prospered, by marketing its services to the motoring public. After 1926, Harvey Cars were used in the provision of "Indian Detours" services offered from a number of Harvey hotel locations. Fred Harvey's son Ford began the series of guided tours into the interior of the west. The company purchased a hotel in Santa Fe called La Fonda, and it became headquarters for the Indian Detours, led by guides called Couriers. The company continued to adjust to the trends. During World War II, Fred Harvey Houses reopened across the Southwest to feed American soldiers. In 1943, it is estimated that the Fred Harvey Company served more than one million meals each month in dining cars and Harvey Houses. In the late 1950s it operated, for the first 15 years, the then-new landmark Illinois Tollway "Oases" which were built above the Interstate 294 highway in the Chicago suburbs by Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco).

The Fred Harvey legacy was continued in the family until the death of a grandson in 1965. Portions of the Fred Harvey Company have continued to operate since 1968 as part of a larger hospitality industry conglomerate, Amfac, Inc. which became Xanterra Parks and Resorts in 2002.

Company growth and relationship with AT&SF

Before the inclusion of dining cars in passenger trains became common practice, a rail passenger's only option for meal service in transit was to patronize one of the roadhouses often located near the railroad's water stops. At its worst, fare could be as poor as sometimes rancid meat, cold beans, and sometimes week-old coffee. If passengers lacked time for meals, they could purchase overpriced sandwiches and fruit on the train platform or the cars. Such poor conditions contributed to making westward travel generally unpleasant at the time.

The subsequent growth and development of the Fred Harvey Company was closely related to that of AT&SF. Under the terms of an oral agreement, Harvey opened his first depot restaurant in Topeka, Kansas, in January 1876. Railroad officials and passengers alike were impressed with Fred Harvey's strict standards for high quality food and first class service. Before opening the Topeka restaurant, Harvey ordered entirely new silverware, stemware, and dishes. As a result, AT&SF entered into subsequent contracts with Harvey wherein he was given unlimited funds to set up a series of what were dubbed "eating houses" along most of the route. At more prominent locations, these eating houses evolved into hotels, many of which survive today, such as La Posada in Winslow, Arizona. By the late 1880s, there was a Fred Harvey dining facility located every 100 miles along the AT&SF, The interval in which its trains needed to refuel and load water.

AT&SF agreed to convey fresh meat and produce free-of-charge to any Harvey House via its own private line of refrigerator cars, the Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch, bringing in food from every corner of the U.S. There were often break-ins at the Houses or parked refrigerator cars for the food and ingredients, as they were fresher than other restaurants. The company maintained two dairy facilities (the larger of which was situated in Las Vegas, New Mexico) to ensure a consistent and adequate supply of fresh milk. When dining cars began to appear on trains, AT&SF contracted with the Fred Harvey Company to operate the food service on the diners, and all AT&SF advertising proclaimed "Fred Harvey Meals All the Way".

Harvey's meals were served in sumptuous portions that provided a good value for the traveling public; for instance, pies were cut into fourths, rather than sixths, which was the industry standard at the time. The Harvey Company and AT&SF established a series of signals that allowed the dining room staff to make the necessary preparations to feed an entire train in just thirty minutes. For example, the 'cup code' allowed the waitresses to easily see what drink had been ordered by way of how the cup was placed on the saucer. Harvey Houses served their meals on fine China and Irish linens. Fred Harvey, a fastidious innkeeper, set high standards for efficiency and cleanliness in his establishments, personally inspecting them as often as possible. It was said that nothing escaped his notice, and he was even known to completely overturn a poorly set table. Male customers were required to wear a coat and tie in many of Harvey's dining rooms. The Harvey Houses went on to serve meals to GIs traveling on troop trains during World War II.

This mutually beneficial relationship, characterized as one of the most successful and influential business partnerships in the early American West, endured until 1968, when the Fred Harvey Company was sold to Amfac Inc., now Xanterra Resorts and Parks.

Facilities and Grand Canyon tourism

For the Southwest, Harvey hired architects Charles Whittlesey and Louis Curtiss for influential landmark hotels in Santa Fe and Gallup, New Mexico. The Grand Canyon was the Santa Fe railroad's main tourist destination and a major activity of the Harvey Company, especially after it became a national park in 1919. The rugged, landscape-integrated, and culturally appropriate design principles there influenced a generation of subsequent Western U.S. architecture through the National Park Service and Civilian Conservation Corps structures built during the Great Depression and after. Mary Colter, architect for the company from 1904 to 1949, in particular sought to incorporate her designs into the natural splendor of the Canyon, drawing on its beauty. Colter focused on authenticity. Hopi House and Bright Angel Lodge, both on the south rim of the Grand Canyon, are prime examples of her work, which influenced popular interpretations of "the desert" and indigenous America. Bright Angel Lodge was completed in 1935, during the Great Depression.

The Harvey team, with the backing of the Santa Fe railroad, created an entire set of cultural images based on the region's distinctive, and often overlooked, artistic traditions of the Native American residents and the early Spanish settlers in the area. Especially noteworthy were the buildings on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, including lodges, souvenirs shops, and special lookout points, today on the National Register of Historic Places.

It has been suggested that the Harvey Houses originated the "blue-plate special", a daily low-priced complete meal served on a blue-patterned china plate; an 1892 Harvey menu mentions them, some thirty years before the term became widespread. In addition to the AT&SF, the Harvey Company operated dining facilities for the Gulf Coast & Santa Fe, Kansas Pacific, St. Louis-San Francisco, and the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis railways.

AT&SF maintained and operated a fleet of three passenger ferry boats that connected the railroad with San Francisco by water. Ships traveled the eight miles between the San Francisco Ferry Terminal and the railroad's Point Richmond terminal across the Bay. The service was originally established as a continuation of the company's named passenger train runs such as the Angel and the Saint. The larger two ships, the San Pablo and the San Pedro, each featured a newsstand-lunch counter located on the main deck, and a dining room on the upper deck. Meals, sandwiches, sweet rolls, pastries, and coffee were served. AT&SF discontinued ferry service in 1933 due to the effects of the Great Depression.

Harvey Girls

In 1883, Harvey implemented a policy of employing a female, white-only serving staff. He sought single, well-mannered, and educated American ladies, and placed ads in newspapers throughout the East Coast and Midwest for "white, young women, 18–30 years of age, of good character, attractive and intelligent". The girls were paid $18.50 a month, plus room and board, a generous income by the standards of the time.

The women were subjected to a strict 10 p.m. curfew, administered by a senior Harvey Girl who assumed the role and responsibilities of house mother. The official starched black and white uniform (which was designed to diminish the female physique) consisted of a skirt that hung no more than eight inches off the floor, "Elsie" collars, opaque black stockings, and black shoes. The hair was restrained in a net and tied with a regulation white ribbon.  Makeup of any sort was absolutely prohibited, as was chewing gum while on duty. Harvey Girls (as they soon came to be known) were required to enter into a six-month employment contract, and forfeited half their base pay should they fail to complete the term of service. Marriage was the most common reason for a girl to terminate her employment.

The restrictions maintained the clean-cut reputation of the Harvey Girls, and made them even more marriageable. Cowboy philosopher Will Rogers once said, "In the early days the traveler fed on the buffalo. For doing so, the buffalo got his picture on the nickel. Well, Fred Harvey should have his picture on one side of the dime, and one of his waitresses with her arms full of delicious ham and eggs on the other side, 'cause they have kept the West supplied with food and wives."  However, just the opportunity to leave their homes, enjoy travel, have new experiences, and work outside the home was very liberating for thousands of young women.

So significant was the impact of the Harvey Houses and Harvey Girls that their female employees are said to have helped to "civilize the American Southwest". This legend found expression in The Harvey Girls, a 1942 novel by Samuel Hopkins Adams and in the 1946 MGM musical film of the same name which was inspired by it, starring Judy Garland.

Dining car service
Harvey initially balked at the suggestion that in-transit dining facilities be added to all AT&SF trains operating west of Kansas City. Eventually, Harvey agreed to support the railroad in this endeavor, and the California Limited became the first AT&SF's name trains to feature Harvey Company meal service en route. Later trains, such as the vaunted Super Chief, included dining cars (staffed by Fred Harvey Company personnel) as part of the standard passenger car complement right from the outset. Mary Colter specially designed a china pattern, Mimbreno, for the Super Chief's dining cars.

Separation from AT&SF
Beginning in the 1930s, the Fred Harvey Company began expanding into other locations beyond the reach of AT&SF, and often away from rail passenger routes. Restaurants were opened in such locations as the Chicago Union Station (the largest facility operated by Harvey), San Diego Union Station, the San Francisco Bus Terminal, and the Albuquerque International Airport; the last of these was established at the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal in 1939, and could accommodate nearly 300 diners.

From 1959 until 1975, the Fred Harvey organization operated a series of restaurants in the Illinois Tollway oasis, a set of highway rest stops built on bridges over the tollway. In 1954, the Harvey family purchased the Grand Canyon hotels from the AT&SF, thus ensuring that the Fred Harvey Company would continue to make money. In 1966, Fred Harvey purchased the Furnace Creek Inn, near Death Valley National Park, from U.S. Borax in 1966 after operating it for a decade. The original Fred Harvey Company, as well as the company's close affiliation with AT&SF, lasted until 1968 when it was purchased by the Amfac Corporation of Hawaii. Amfac was renamed Xanterra Parks & Resorts in 2002. In 2006, Xanterra purchased the Grand Canyon Railway and its properties.

Under Amfac
In 1968, Amfac bought Fred Harvey Co. As of the 1970s, Fred Harvey as a division of Amfac ran:
 The Airport Marina Hotel at Manchester and Lincoln in Westchester, Los Angeles, near Los Angeles International Airport
 The Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch in Death Valley (now the Inn at Death Valley)
 Food and beverage and in-flight dining services at Ontario Airport

Select Harvey hotels and facilities
A list of some of the 84 Fred Harvey facilities, in alphabetical order:

A
 Airport Marina Hotel in Westchester, Los Angeles near Los Angeles International Airport (operated by Fred Harvey Co. while a division of Amfac)
 The Alvarado – Albuquerque, New Mexico; closed in 1970, demolished
B
 Belen Harvey House – Belen, New Mexico; closed in 1939, now a Harvey House Museum
 The Bisonte – Hutchinson, Kansas; closed in 1946
C
 The Casa del Desierto – Barstow, California; closed in 1959, refurbished 1999, operating as two museums and city offices
 The Castañeda – Las Vegas, New Mexico; closed in 1948, used in the 1984 film Red Dawn, restored, and reopened in 2019
 Las Chavez – Vaughn, New Mexico; closed in 1936
E
 The Escalante – Ash Fork, Arizona; closed in 1948, demolished in the 1970s
F
 La Fonda – Santa Fe, New Mexico; acquired by the Santa Fe Railway, leased to Fred Harvey in 1925; in operation, different owners
 The Fray Marcos – Williams, Arizona; the site is now The Grand Canyon Railway Hotel, designed to resemble the century-old depot that housed the original Fray Marcos
G
 El Garces – Needles, California; closed in 1958, restored in 2014
H
 Harvey House – Union Station, Los Angeles; designed by Mary Colter, built in 1939, closed in 1967, restored by Cedd Moses' 2013 Hospitality Group and reopened as the Imperial Western Beer Company and Streamliner Bar in 2018
 Harvey House Museum - Florence, Kansas; built in 1876, now a Harvey House Museum
 The Havasu House – Seligman, Arizona; closed in 1955, demolished 2008
N
 El Navajo – Gallup, New Mexico; closed and demolished 1957. This building, designed by Mary Colter as a tribute to Native Americans, became a parking lot.
O
 The Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch in Death Valley (now the Inn at Death Valley)
 El Ortiz – Lamy, New Mexico; closed in 1938
 El Otero – La Junta, Colorado; closed in 1948
P
 La Posada – Winslow, Arizona; closed in 1957; restored and reopened as a historic hotel
S
 The Sequoyah – Syracuse, Kansas; closed in 1936
 The Slaton Harvey House – Slaton, Texas; opened in 1912, restaurant closed in 1942, remained train depot before closing, went into disrepair and was to be demolished, was saved by a few locals, renovated, and reopened—currently in operation as an event center and bed & breakfast
T
 El Tovar – Grand Canyon, Arizona; still in operation. El Tovar's design, done by Charles Whittlesey, an architect for the AT&SF, was done in Santa Fe-style, and has been compared to an interior lodge. Opened in 1905, the hotel is right on the edge of the Grand Canyon.
V
 El Vaquero – Dodge City, Kansas; closed in 1948

See also
 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and its passenger train service
 Dining aboard the Super Chief
 Blue-plate special
 Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company

References

Further reading

External links

 Harvey Girl Historical Society
 A Harvey House home page
 Fred Harvey Collection – University of Arizona
 La Posada – Winslow, Arizona
 .
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Harvey Girls
 Harvey Girls Changed the West  Borderlands (EPCC)

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Defunct hotel chains
Hospitality companies established in 1875
Restaurants disestablished in 1975
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
Railway hotels in the United States
1875 establishments in Kansas
Companies disestablished in 1968
Restaurants established in 1875

Fred Harvey Company


Spring Glen is a hamlet of the Town of Wawarsing in Ulster County, New York, United States. It is located just off US 209 just north of the Sullivan County line. It sits along the Sandburg Creek and has a direct access point for parking and hiking to the highest point of the Shawangunk Ridge Trail at over 1800 feet. It has the ZIP Code 12483.

History
It has been settled since the early 19th century, first as a farming village. Later, the Delaware and Hudson Canal made it a key stop. Spring Glen is its third name. Originally established as Red Bank, it became Homowack (Iroquois for "where the stream begins") in 1851. Later in the century, the residents changed the name again, this time to Spring Glen, to attract more tourist business.

That tourism brought Jews to the region, coined the Borscht Belt and in 1917 they built Spring Glen Synagogue, the first Jewish place of worship in the Catskill region. The community became a concentration of 5 hotels and over 30 vacation rental bungalow properties, most of which occupied only during the summer months. Many of the bungalow colonies became co-ops in the 1960s and 1970s when tourism to the Catskills declined due to the growth of cheap air travel to international destinations.  Most bungalows passed ownership between families, yet in the past decade, there has been an explosion in popularity of bungalows amongst New York City dwellers as second homes, many have been sold to new owners, while most communities have wait lists .  Since 2012 there has been a solid cult following by the blogger community, young families and hipsters alike about bungalow colonies and rehabilitating cooperative living in the country.

As of 2015, Ulster & Sullivan counties began changing zoning code so that new bungalows and bungalow colonies could no longer be built.  Thus, current bungalow colonies are the last of their kind.

Development
Spring Glen Resort - The Beautiful Earth Group, which now owns the old Homowack properties in Spring Glen, has plans to develop a family-oriented and environmentally sensitive resort, powered with the renewable energy sources the New York-based company is known for promoting and building nationwide.

A sports oriented family resort and sports camp facility is planned for the site of the Nevele, just outside Spring Glen.

Houses of worship
Temple of Oriyana - a holy place for followers of the religion of RUNVira which houses one of the Ukrainian relics.

Spring Glen Synagogue - the first Jewish place of worship in the Catskill region.  It still holds Orthodox services on High Holy Days, though any denomination is welcome.

See also
Kiryas Square
New Square

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
Catskills
Shawangunks
Wawarsing, New York
Hamlets in Ulster County, New York

Spring Glen, New York


The Money Club is a business news talk show aired weekdays from 7 to 7:30 PM ET on CNBC until c. 1997. Hosted by Brenda Buttner.

The Money Club was a personal finance show focused on making and saving money. Targeted at casual as well as seasoned investors, the show featured such regular segments as "Money Matters," "Getting Started," "Mutual Fund Investor," "Of Mutual Interest," "Cashing Out," "Winners and Losers," "Worldwise" and "Books & Bytes." Many of the segments were interactive via viewer call-ins and on-line services. Additionally, investor Jimmy Rogers was a regular Friday night guest on the show.

CNBC original programming
1990s American television news shows
Year of television series debut missing
1990s American television talk shows
Year of television series ending missing
Business-related television series
1997 American television series endings

The Money Club


Michael Feast (born 25 November 1946) is an English actor of stage and screen. He was born in Brighton, and trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama. He performed in the original 1968 London production of Hair. He worked several times with John Gielgud, whom he later played in Nicolas de Jongh's biographical play Plague Over England. Feast had a significant role in the acclaimed TV series State of Play. He also played Aeron Greyjoy in the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones.

His film credits include roles in I Start Counting (1970), Private Road (1971), Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972), Got It Made (1974), Hardcore (1977), The Music Machine (1979), McVicar (1980), The Draughtsman's Contract (1982), The Fool (1990), Velvet Goldmine (1998), Prometheus (1998), The Tribe (1998), Sleepy Hollow (1999), Long Time Dead (2002), Boudica (2003), Penelope (2006), The Deaths of Ian Stone (2007) and There Be Dragons (2011).

Selected theatre performances
Hair (Original London Cast Recording) 1968
 Nicholas Beckett in What the Butler Saw by Joe Orton. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1977)
 Henry in The Skin of Our Teeth by Thornton Wilder. Directed by Richard Negri and James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1977)
 Telegin in Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov. Directed by Michael Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1977)
 Roland Maule in Present Laughter by Noël Coward. Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester.  (1977)
 Billy Bigelow in Carousel by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Directed by Steven Pimlott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1984)
 Subtle in The Alchemist by Ben Jonson. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1987)

Filmography

Film

Start Counting (1970)
Private Road (1971)
Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972)
Got It Made (1974)
Hardcore (1977)
The Music Machine (1979)
McVicar (1980)
The Draughtsman's Contract (1982)
The Fool (1990)
Velvet Goldmine (1998)
Prometheus (1998)
The Tribe (1998)
Sleepy Hollow (1999)
Long Time Dead (2002)
Boudica (2003)
Penelope (2006)
The Deaths of Ian Stone (2007)
There Be Dragons (2011)

Selected theatre performances

Television

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
male actors from Brighton
English male stage actors
English male musical theatre actors

Michael Feast


Thomas Mitchell Shakespeare (25 July 1873 – 16 September 1938) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Penrith to engineer Thomas Shakespeare and Margaret Brown. He was educated at Forbes and became a compositor's apprentice at the age of fourteen. In 1894, he founded the Condobolin Lachlander newspaper. In 1896, he married Anne Forster, with whom he had six children. He ran The Grafton Argus from 1902 to 1904 and from 1904 to 1928 was secretary of the New South Wales Country Press Association, becoming president from 1928 to 1929. In 1925, he began Federal Capital Press of Australia Ltd, publisher of The Canberra Times.

He was initially a member of the Labor Party, but he left over conscription in the 1916 Labor split and became a Nationalist. From 1923 to 1934, he was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. From 1930 until his death, he was also a member of the Australian Capital Territory Advisory Council. Shakespeare died in Canberra in 1938.

References

1873 births
1938 deaths
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Australian Capital Territory territorial politicians

Thomas Shakespeare (politician)


The National Historic Trails Interpretive Center (NHTIC) is an  interpretive center about several of the National Historic Trails and is located northwest of Casper, Wyoming on Interstate 25. It is operated through a partnership between the Bureau of Land Management, the City of Casper, and the National Historic Trails Center Foundation. The center offers interpretive programs, exhibits, multi-media presentations, and special events.

History
The idea for an interpretive center in Casper began with the creation of a small trails committee; eventually this committee became the non-profit, National Historic Trails Center Foundation (NHTCF). In 1992 the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) joined with the NHTCF to work on the project, committing to pay half of the $10 million estimated cost. The city of Casper donated 10 acres of land for the center's site.

In 1994, voters in Casper passed the Optional One Cent Tax, which helped fund construction of the center's exhibits. The Wyoming State Legislature also passed a bill to help fund the center that same year. By 1997 plans for the center were complete, and a bill to support construction and operating costs was signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

The groundbreaking for construction took place on June 21, 1999, and the center officially opened August 9, 2002.

Exhibits
The center contains several permanent exhibits and hosts temporary, traveling, exhibits as well.

Permanent exhibits are on the four trails that run together through Wyoming:
The Oregon Trail
The Mormon Pioneer Trail
The California Trail
The Pony Express Trail

Entrance to the center is free.

See also
 Mormon Trail Center at Winter Quarters
 National Historic Trail
 National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center
 Oregon-California Trails Association
 List of Registered Historic Places in Wyoming

References

External links
National Historic Trails Interpretive Center - official site

Oregon Trail
Mormon Trail
California Trail
National Historic Trails of the United States
Buildings and structures in Casper, Wyoming
Museums in Natrona County, Wyoming
American West museums in Wyoming
Tourist attractions in Casper, Wyoming


Fanshawe Pioneer Village is an open-air museum established in 1959 and located in the Fanshawe Conservation Area in London, Ontario. The village uses historical re-enactments to communicate the history of rural communities in the former townships of Westminster, London, North Dorchester, Delaware, West Nissouri and Lobo in Middlesex County from 1820 to 1920 and the founding and development of the City of London up to 1840.

The pioneer village is owned and operated by the London and Middlesex Heritage Museum, a not-for-profit charity, with the support of the City of London, the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, the Municipality of Thames Centre and the Municipality of Middlesex Centre.
The intended purpose of the pioneer village is to involve the community in the preservation of history and tradition through living history experiences.

History
Fanshawe Pioneer Village was first conceived in 1955 under the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority's responsibility to conserve historic structures in the Upper Thames watershed. The Village officially opened on June 26, 1959 with support from Dr. Wilfrid Jury, Director of the University of Western Ontario's Museum of Indian Archaeology and Pioneer Life.
In 1961, the site was enlarged to 2.2 acres and in 1963, the Authority set aside an additional 22 acres for future development. Wilfrid Jury had accumulated a large collection of pioneer artefacts which were exhibited at Middlesex College, University of Western Ontario.  This collection was brought to the Village and formally donated to the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority in 1978. By 1980, the Village consisted of 23 buildings placed throughout the original 22 acres. Today the village consists of 33 original and replica historic structures on 46 acres.

Museum and programmes

Collection
Fanshawe Pioneer Village contains a collection of material culture significant to the history of the city of London and Middlesex County. The collection includes over 25,000 artefacts  representing furniture, decorative arts, costumes and textiles, archival materials, domestic tools, vehicles as well as agricultural and industrial tools and equipment. The collection has been assembled through donations from residents of London and Middlesex County who have donated their artefacts.

Educational events
As part of their attempt to encourage community involvement, Fanshawe Pioneer Village hosts a number of historically based events every year.

Buildings
Fanshawe Pioneer Village is the site of 33 historic buildings with origins spanning one hundred years. The Village is separated into four historical clusters to depict the development of the community.

Fanshawe Settlement 1820-1850

Fanshawe Settlement 1820-1850 is intended to be representative of the impact upon the land and aboriginal people by settlers who immigrated from Europe and other parts of North America to the London area in the first half of the 19th century.

 Log School – A replica building reminiscent of the first log schools built by the Talbot settlers on their concession after homes were established. Circa 1830s.
 Elgie Log House -Representative of the first home of the Talbot settlers in London Township, circa 1820.
 Colbert Log Barn - 1840s drive through barn built with rock elm logs.

Fanshawe Corners 1850-1880

Representative of the first stage of urban development at a transportation crossroads.

Blacksmith Shop-Entrepreneurs, like blacksmiths, chose transportation crossroads to establish off-farm businesses.
Corbett Tavern - An 1840s tavern that provided accommodation, food and stabling for horses to the traveling public and served as the community meeting place.
Lochaber Church - This Free Presbyterian Church was constructed in 1884.
Mount Moriah Lodge - Masonic orders held their first meetings in local taverns until purpose built halls like this one could be constructed. The interior is representative of an early 19th-century London Masonic Hall.
Purple Hill Lodge - Established by the Protestant Irish immigrants who brought Orangeism with them when they came to Canada. Many settled areas in the region of what is now southwestern Ontario built meeting halls for the orange order, including townships in the London district. These buildings were also a focal point for the community, providing a place where settlers could get to know their neighbors through dances, dinners, recitals and concerts.

Fanshawe Township 1880-1910

Tells the story of farming, as it becomes the economic engine that drives development in London and Middlesex County.

The Caverhill Farmstead - The Caverhill Farm represents the established farm of a first generation family after several decades of settlement.
Fanshawe School - Schools for children of the second generation were formalized by the Province with established curricula and required attendance. Even the architecture was standardized, and this 1871 example of a one-room school house is typical of many in Middlesex County.
Jury Farmstead - Boyhood home of Wilfrid Jury, the founder of Fanshawe Pioneer Village.  The Jury Farmstead is representative of a second generation farm at the turn of the 20th century.

The Town of Fanshawe 1910-1920

Tells the story of the rapid changes that marks the 20th century.

Alder's Weaving Shed- Thomas Alder's original weaving shed dating from the 1850s.
Denfield General Store - Here customers could purchase or order any supplies they could not grow or raise themselves, obtain needed credit or communicate with the world through the telegraph, telephone or mail.
Peel House- Boyhood home of London artist Paul Peel. The building is representative of an urban home at the turn of the 19th century.
Harmer Sawmill- Sawmills milled lumber for local construction.  Frame construction quickly overtook log as the dominant architecture style because of the availability of local mills.
Dr. Jones House and Barn– This homestead is located on the edge of the Town.  While the barns are still in use, the farm land is rented to others, indicating that the owner has another income, that of a rural doctor.
The Print Shop- Typical turn of the century print shop which produces the London Free Press and Farmers Advocate as well as printed materials made to order.
Trinity Anglican Church- 1887 Anglican church designated by the Province as an excellent example of carpenter Gothic church architecture.

See also

 Black Creek Pioneer Village
 Kings Landing Historical Settlement
 Upper Canada Village
 Village Québécois d'Antan
 Village Historique Acadien

References

History museums in Ontario
Living museums in Canada
Museums in London, Ontario
Open-air museums in Canada
Rural history museums in Canada

Fanshawe Pioneer Village


United States of America Mathematical Olympiad, or USAMO, is a highly selective (only very good people take it) mathematics competition that takes place in the United States. The first USAMO was in 1972. It is the final round of the AMC series of contests. The United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO) was created in 2010 to recognize top scorers based on their AMC10-based index (score). Qualifying for the USAMO is considered one of the most prestigious, or best, awards for high school students in the United States, with only 264 students qualifying in 2013 out of over 350,000 students competing. Top scorers on the USAMO are invited to the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program to represent the United States at the International Mathematical Olympiad.

AMC Competition Series

Competitions
The AMC Competition Series consists of multiple tests to determine the 6 people that will represent the United States in the International Mathematical Olympiad:
 AMC 8/10/12 is available for everyone who is not over 8th, 10th, or 12th grade, respectively.
 AIME can only be taken by people who have done very well on the AMC 10 and 12.
 USAMO can only be taken by people who have done very well on the AIME and AMC 12.

MOP
Mathematical Olympiad Program, is an intense summer program for the top scorers in the USAMO. In MOP, students take tests called TSTST and TST. 6 top scorers will represent the United States at the IMO.

References

Mathematics competitions
United States


Hannah Russell,  (born 5 August 1996) is a British Paralympic swimmer competing in S12 classification events. In 2012, she became British S12 champion in the 100m backstroke and qualified for the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games where she won a silver in the 400m freestyle and a bronze in the 100m butterfly. In the 2016 Summer Paralympic Games, she won the gold medal in the 100m backstroke with the time of 1:06:06 earning her the World Record.

Career history

Road to London 2012
Russell was born in Ottershaw, Surrey in 1992. Russell, who has a visual impairment, took up swimming at the age of five, first joining Woking Swimming Club, before then moving to Guildford City Swimming Club at the age of twelve. She was educated at Gordon's School in West End in Surrey, before switching to Kelly College in Tavistock. In 2010, she was scouted through the 'Playground to Podium' initiative, a British system of spotting sporting talent in young people with a disability. After being classified as S12 in 2011, she entered the 2011 IPC European Championships, in Berlin. There she won two medals, silver in the 100 m backstroke and bronze in the 100 m butterfly. In 2012, she took part in the 2012 British Championships, taking another two medals, taking gold in the 100 m backstroke and silver in the 400 m freestyle. During the British Championship, Russell broke the European record in the S12 class 100 m backstroke, with a time of 1:09.52. Later that month, at the Nationwide Junior and Youth Swimming Championships in Sheffield, she broke two S12 world records, in the 400 m freestyle and the 100 m backstroke.

Although stating that her sights were set on qualifying for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, Russell's results were good enough to make the Great Britain swimming team for the 2012 Games in London. At 16 years old, she was one of the youngest members of the team, and was entered into five S12 events; the 50 m freestyle, 100 m freestyle, 400 m freestyle, 100 m backstroke, and 100 m butterfly. In her first event, the 400 m freestyle she swam a personal best of 4:38.60 to take the silver, her first paralympic medal. She finished 0.71 seconds behind Oxana Savchenko of Russia. She won her second medal of the Games, a bronze, in the 100 m butterfly.

Montreal to Rio
In 2013 Russell entered her first IPC Swimming World Championships when she travelled to Montreal as part of the Great Britain team. There she won five medals, a bronze in the 400m freestyle, three silver in the 50m freestyle, 100m freestyle and 100m butterfly and became world champion in the 100m backstroke. The following year she took part in the 2014 IPC Swimming European Championships in Eindhoven. At the games she continued her rivalry with Russian Darya Stukalova which began in Montreal. Russell won six medals, all silver, apart from the 100m backstroke for which she took gold on the day of her eighteenth birthday. Just after her eighteenth birthday, she returned to Woking Swimming Club and has had dual membership of Woking Swimming Club and City of Manchester Aquatics since May 2016. Her final major international before the 2016 Paralympics was the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships, held in Glasgow. The 2015 Championships had a narrower list of events for S12 classification swimmers, and Russell entered only three events, winning gold in the 50m freestyle and two silver medals in the 100m backstroke and 100m freestyle.

Mental health break
In 2019 Russell took a break from swimming as a result of anxiety and depression. During this time she completed a degree in sports science from the University of Salford and was inspired to return to swimming by watching the 2019 Para-swimming World Championships.

Tokyo 2020
At the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games Russell won the gold medal in the S12 Women's 100m Backstroke and a bronze medal in the S12 Women's 100m Freestyle, also competing in the S13 Women's 50m Freestyle.

Russell was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to swimming.

At the Commonwealth Games in Birmingham in 2022, Hannah Russell won her first Commonwealth Games medal. She took the silver medal in the Women's 50m Freestyle S13.

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
English female swimmers
British female backstroke swimmers
British female freestyle swimmers
S12-classified para swimmers
Paralympic swimmers for Great Britain
Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain
Paralympic silver medalists for Great Britain
Paralympic bronze medalists for Great Britain
Paralympic medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the World Para Swimming Championships
Medalists at the World Para Swimming European Championships
Swimmers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Sportspeople from Chertsey
People from Ottershaw
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British female butterfly swimmers
Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games

Hannah Russell


Carbon–hydrogen bond activation or C-H activation is a reaction that breaks a carbon–hydrogen bond.  Most times, the reaction involves organometallic complexes. The reaction path has coordination of a hydrocarbon to the inner-sphere of the metal atom ("M"). The reaction path includes either an intermediate "alkane or arene complex" or as a transition state leading to a "M-C" intermediate. The reaction path makes C-H activation different from other reactions. During the C-H breaking event the hydrocarbyl group remains linked in the inner-sphere and under the influence of the metal atom.

Chemists study C-H activation because for many years chemists believed that C-H bonds were unreactive.  Both theoretical studies as well as experiments now show that C-H bonds can be broken. This is done by a nearby metal atom changing the electron distribution of the C-H bond (coordination).  Much chemical research looks at the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can affect C-H activation.  The goal of this research is the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds.

Historians say that Otto Dimroth discovered the first C-H activation reaction. In 1902, he reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate (See: organomercury), but some scholars do not view this reaction as being a C-H activation.  Goldman & Goldberg later wrote, C-H activation looks like H-H activation: both can be achieved by electrophilic or oxidative addition. The first true C-H activation reaction was reported by Joseph Chatt in 1965 with insertion of a ruthenium atom ligated to dmpe in the C-H bond of naphthalene.

References

Further reading
 "Activation of C-H Bonds by Metal Complexes", A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul'pin, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 2879–2932.
 "Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes", A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul'pin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 2000 (552 p) (Springer, ). https://www.springer.com/chemistry/physical+chemistry/book/978-0-7923-6101-5
 "Alkane C-H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect", R. H. Crabtree, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 17, 2437–2450.
 "Organometallic alkane CH activation", R. H. Crabtree, J. Organometal. Chem. 2004, 689, 4083–4091.
 "Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes", M. Lersch, M.Tilset, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2471−2526.
 "Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization", A. N. Vedernikov, Curr. Org. Chem. 2007, 11, 1401−1416.
 "Catalytic C-H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion", H. M. L. Davies, J. R. Manning, Nature, 2008, 451, 417−424,
 "Mechanisms of C-H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment", Y. Boutadla, D. L. Davies, S. A. Macgregor, A. I. Poblador-Bahamonde, Dalton Trans. 2009, 5820−5831.
 "C-H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective", D. Balcells, E. Clot, O. Eisenstein, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 749–823.
 "Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C-H Functionalization Reactions", T. W. Lyons, M. S. Sanford, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1147–1169.
 "Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C-H bonds: A review", G. B. Shul'pin, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8, 4217–4228.

Organometallic chemistry

Carbon–hydrogen bond activation


Yanks is a 1979 drama film directed by John Schlesinger, and starring Richard Gere, Vanessa Redgrave, William Devane, Lisa Eichhorn and Tony Melody. The film is set during the Second World War in Northern England and features no combat scenes.

The film depicts the relationships between American soldiers stationed in semi-rural England and the local population during the build-up to Operation Overlord in 1944. In particular, three romances between US service personnel and local women are shown, in order to explore the effects of the cultural differences between the brash GIs or "Yanks" and the more reserved British population.

The world premiere was held June 1, 1979 at a theater in Bournemouth, England.  Lisa Eichhorn was present at the premiere, which had invited returning D-Day veterans from many American divisions - most notably the American 29th Division.  Leader of the returning 29ers was Sgt Curtis C. Williams who was 19 on D-Day.

Plot
A small northern town soon finds out that a large U.S. Army base is being established for the build-up to the Normandy landings. Soon thousands of rambunctious American troops, or "Yanks" as they are known to the British, descend upon the area. On leave in the town, Technical Sergeant Matt Dyson, encounters Jean Moreton while out to the cinema. She is the fiancée of Ken, a British soldier fighting overseas, and initially rebuffs Matt's advances. He is quite persistent, and she, doubtful about her relationship with Ken, eventually accepts him. The handsome, brash American is in stark contrast to the restrained Englishmen she has known. Soon, she is keeping company with Matt, though it is largely platonic at first.

For her part, Helen is a bit more worldly in her affairs. Captain John comes to her estate often, and a relationship develops. They are both married, but her husband is away at sea, and his wife is thousands of miles distant.

Eventually, the kind-hearted Matt Dyson is accepted by the Moreton family, notwithstanding Jean's engagement. They welcome his visits, when he, as an army cook, often brings hard-to-find foods normally on wartime rationing and other presents. But when news of Ken's death in action arrives, Jean's ailing mother condemns their relationship as a kind of betrayal.

Jean and Matt travel together to a Welsh seaside resort, where they make love but without completion when Matt realizes the uncertainty of the future. Jean is crushed, although Matt says "not like this." She feels spurned, and that her willingness to risk everything has not been matched by him, concluding that he is "not ready" for her.

Shortly afterwards, the Americans ship out by troop train to Southern England to prepare for D-Day. A characteristic last-minute gift and message from Matt prompt Jean into racing to the railway station. With the town and station a hive of activity, hundreds of the townswomen, some of them pregnant from liaisons with men they may never see again, scramble to catch one last glimpse of their American boyfriends before the train leaves. Matt shouts from the departing train that he will return.

Cast

 Richard Gere as Technical Sergeant Matt Dyson
 Lisa Eichhorn as Jean Moreton
 Vanessa Redgrave as Helen
 William Devane as Captain John
 Chick Vennera as Sergeant Danny Ruffelo
 Wendy Morgan as Mollie
 Rachel Roberts as Mrs. Clarrie Moreton
 Arlen Dean Snyder as Henry
 Annie Ross as Red Cross Lady
 Tony Melody as Mr. Jim Moreton
 Derek Thompson as Ken
 Joe Gladwin as Plumber at camp

Production
Schlesinger was able to obtain the finance to make Yanks - which was a personal project - because of the financial success of his 1976 suspense film Marathon Man.

Much of the filming took place on location in Northern England between April and August 1978. Scenes were shot on location in Oldham, Glossop, Stalybridge, Stockport, Salford and other surrounding areas. The opening shot of the film is the war memorial in Stalybridge town centre. Other scenes were filmed at the town hall in Hyde and outside a Type 24 WWII pillbox attached to a former Royal Ordnance Factory in Steeton, West Yorkshire. The main street procession was filmed in the Ordsall area of Salford, where the entire length of Regent Road was redressed to period appearance. All the shop fronts were replaced or covered over and the road-lines were covered by gravel. The cinema sequences, however, were shot at the Davenport Theatre / Cinema, in Stockport. This was chosen because of its authentic, period Art Deco interior, as well as the presence, in the orchestra pit, of a Compton 3 Manual/6 Rank theatre organ on a lift to the left of the stage. This was used in the film for scenes involving an audience sing-along, to such songs as "Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition" and "Deep in the Heart of Texas," Exterior shots of the unnamed Welsh resort were filmed along Happy Valley Road, Llandudno, North Wales.

The ending, where the troops board their train to head to the front, were filmed at Keighley railway station on the line belonging to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway. An authentic Second World War locomotive, which is preserved by the heritage railway, was used for the scene.

Lisa Eichhorn said one of her most difficult scenes in the film was where she offers herself to her boyfriend, Matt, only to be rejected. "The difficult part was dealing with the nudity in that scene," she said. "I'd never done any on the stage, and didn't think I'd have to do it in my first movie. I didn't want to get the reputation of an actress who easily disrobes."

Reception
The film was a box office flop in the US only making $1.6 million in rentals.

The film received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 57% based on reviews from 21 critics.

References

External links

1979 films
1979 romantic drama films
1970s war drama films
American romantic drama films
American war drama films
British romantic drama films
British war drama films
West German films
English-language German films
War romance films
Films directed by John Schlesinger
Films scored by Richard Rodney Bennett
Films set in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Films set on the home front during World War II
Films with screenplays by Walter Bernstein
Films shot in Greater Manchester
Universal Pictures films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s British films

Yanks


Robert E. "Pastor Bob" Miles (January 28, 1925 – August 16, 1992) was a white supremacist theologist and religious leader from Michigan.

Biography
A major "dualist" religious leader, Miles allied himself with various groups that constituted the racist and anti-Semitic political-religious movement known as Christian Identity, including Aryan Nations, founding the Mountain Church of Jesus Christ the Savior on his property in Cohoctah Township. Miles saw Earth as the site of a battle between a true God and a false god, with Jews acting as agents of the false God against the true "chosen people" that would be "white Aryans". According to the political scientist Michael Barkun, his dualistic theology was important despite its idiosyncrasies, and "the avuncular Miles functioned as a kind of elder statesman of the racial movement".

In 1971, Miles, former Grand Dragon of the Michigan Ku Klux Klan (KKK), was arrested for conspiring to bomb school buses in an attempt to stop the forced busing in Michigan. The media billed it as a "Klan trial" even though Miles had not been associated with the KKK for some time. Miles and four others were later convicted and received 5-year sentences for this incident. Miles recceived concurrent 4-year sentences for the tarring and feathering of a school official.

Following the Greensboro Massacre where anti-Klan communist activists were killed, "a number of previously antagonistic White Supremacist groups, including the Posse Comitatus and various Neo-Nazi and Klan factions, began having discussions about how they could formulate a common ideology. These different groups also conducted joint activities and even began establishing informal means of communication including computer bulletin boards and cable TV programs. Many of these groups embraced Christian Identity. Gradually, a White racist alliance emerged. Centers of this movement included Miles' Michigan farm, as well as the Aryan Nations compound in Hayden Lake, Idaho, the site of Identity Pastor Richard Butler's Church of Jesus Christ Christian.

In the early 1980s, Miles endorsed the Northwest Territorial Imperative in his seminar Birth of a Nation. According to him, White Americans constitutes a separate racial nation and urged white nationalists to establish a separate white state in the Pacific Northwest. "Let us go in peace", he wrote, "let us be considered a Racial Nation of Aryans." Coupled with his increasingly anti-US government position, he was referred to as a "Klanarchist".

References

1925 births
1992 deaths
Christian Identity
Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons
American Ku Klux Klan members convicted of crimes
American prisoners and detainees
People from Michigan

People convicted of depriving others of their civil rights
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

Robert E. Miles


The Charles F. and Ruth Chase House, also known as the Judge Whitmore House, is a historic residence located in Atlantic, Iowa, United States.  Charles and Ruth Chase established a local newspaper, the Atlantic News-Telegraph.  Their son, Edwin Percy Chase, joined his father in the business and won the Pulitzer Prize for the best editorial of 1933.  Ruth Chase bought the property the house was built on in 1914 from Dr. F. W. Porterfield for $2,500.  The Porterfield house was torn down and this home was completed the following year. It was designed by Creston, Iowa architect Clarence Yule, and is based upon the architectural style made famous by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.  The two-story, stucco-on-frame, Prairie School dwelling features a hipped roof, enclosed front porch, wide overhanging eaves, ribbons of casement windows on both floors of the front and back elevations, and a full basement. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

References

Houses completed in 1915
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Cass County, Iowa
Houses in Cass County, Iowa
Atlantic, Iowa
Prairie School architecture in Iowa

Charles F. and Ruth Chase House