In archaeogenetics, the term Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG), sometimes East European Hunter-Gatherer, or Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Eastern Europe.

The Eastern Hunter Gatherer genetic profile is mainly derived from Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry, which was introduced from Siberia, with a secondary and smaller admixture of European Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG). Still, the relationship between the ANE and EHG ancestral components is not yet well understood due to lack of samples that could bridge the spatiotemporal gap.

During the Mesolithic, the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and downwards to the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Along with Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG) and Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), the EHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe. The border between WHGs and EHGs ran roughly from the lower Danube, northward along the western forests of the Dnieper towards the western Baltic Sea.

During the Neolithic and early Eneolithic, likely during the 4th millennium BC EHGs on the Pontic–Caspian steppe mixed with Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHGs) with the resulting population, almost half-EHG and half-CHG, forming the genetic cluster known as Western Steppe Herder (WSH). WSH populations closely related to the people of the Yamnaya culture are supposed to have embarked on a massive migration leading to the spread of Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia.

Research

Haak et al. (2015) identified the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) as a distinct genetic cluster in two males only. The EHG male of Samara (dated to ca. 5650-5550 BC) carried Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a* and mt-haplogroup U5a1d. The other EHG male, buried in Karelia (dated to ca. 5500-5000 BC) carried Y-haplogroup R1a1 and mt-haplogoup C1g. The authors of the study also identified a Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) cluster and a Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) cluster, intermediate between WHG and EHG. They suggested that EHGs harbored mixed ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians (ANEs) and WHGs.

Researchers have proposed various admixture proportion models for EHGs from WHGs and ANEs.  Posth et al. (2023) found that most EHG individuals carried 70% ANE ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry. The high contribution from Ancient North Eurasians is also visible in a subtle affinity of the EHG to the 40,000-year-old Tianyuan man from Northern China, which can be explained by geneflow from a Tianyuan-related  source into the ANE lineage (represented by Malta and Afontova Gora 3), which later substantially contributed to the formation of the EHG.

EHGs may have mixed with "an Armenian-like Near Eastern source", which formed the Yamnaya culture, as early as the Eneolithic (5200-4000 BC). The people of the Yamnaya culture were found to be a mix of EHG and a "Near Eastern related population". During the 3rd millennium BC, the Yamnaya people embarked on a massive expansion throughout Europe, which significantly altered the genetic landscape of the continent. The expansion gave rise to cultures such as Corded Ware, and was possibly the source of the distribution of Indo-European languages in Europe.

The people of the Mesolithic Kunda culture and the Narva culture of the eastern Baltic were a mix of WHG and EHG, showing the closest affinity with WHG. Samples from the Ukrainian Mesolithic and Neolithic were found to cluster tightly together between WHG and EHG, suggesting genetic continuity in the Dnieper Rapids for a period of 4,000 years. The Ukrainian samples belonged exclusively to the maternal haplogroup U, which is found in around 80% of all European hunter-gatherer samples.

The people of the Pit–Comb Ware culture (PCW/CCC) of the eastern Baltic bear 65% EHG ancestry. This is in contrast to earlier hunter-gatherers in the area, who were more closely related to WHG. This was demonstrated using a sample of Y-DNA extracted from a Pit–Comb Ware individual. This belonged to R1a15-YP172. The four samples of mtDNA extracted constituted two samples of U5b1d1, one sample of U5a2d, and one sample of U4a.

Günther et al. (2018) analyzed 13 SHGs and found all of them to be of EHG ancestry. Generally, SHGs from western and northern Scandinavia had more EHG ancestry (ca 49%) than individuals from eastern Scandinavia (ca. 38%). The authors suggested that the SHGs were a mix of WHGs who had migrated into Scandinavia from the south, and EHGs who had later migrated into Scandinavia from the northeast along the Norwegian coast. SHGs displayed higher frequences of genetic variants that cause light skin (SLC45A2 and SLC24A5), and light eyes (OCA/Herc2), than WHGs and EHGs.

Members of the Kunda culture and Narva culture were also found to be more closely related with WHG, while the Pit–Comb Ware culture was more closely related to EHG. Northern and eastern areas of the eastern Baltic were found to be more closely related to EHG than southern areas. The study noted that EHGs, like SHGs and Baltic hunter-gatherers, carried high frequencies of the derived alleles for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, which are codings for light skin.

Mathieson et al. (2018) analyzed the genetics of a large number of skeletons of prehistoric Eastern Europe. Thirty-seven samples were from Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine (9500-6000 BC). These were classified as intermediate between EHG and SHG. The males belonged exclusively to R haplotypes (particularly subclades of R1b1 and R1a) and I haplotypes (particularly subclades of I2). Mitochondrial DNA belonged almost exclusively to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4).

A large number of individuals from the Zvejnieki burial ground, which mostly belonged to the Kunda culture and Narva culture in the eastern Baltic, were analyzed. These individuals were mostly of WHG descent in the earlier phases, but over time EHG ancestry became predominant. The Y-DNA of this site belonged almost exclusively to haplotypes of haplogroup R1b1a1a and I2a1. The mtDNA belonged exclusively to haplogroup U (particularly subclades of U2, U4 and U5).

Forty individuals from three sites of the Iron Gates Mesolithic in the Balkans were estimated to be of 85% WHG and 15% EHG descent. The males at these sites carried exclusively R1b1a and I (mostly subclades of I2a) haplotypes. mtDNA belonged mostly to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4).

People of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture were found to harbor about 20% hunter-gatherer ancestry, which was intermediate between EHG and WHG.

Narasimshan et al. (2019) coined a new ancestral component, West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG). WSHGs contained about 20% EHG ancestry, 73% ANE ancestry, and 6% East Asian ancestry.

Unlike the Yamnaya culture, in the Dnieper–Donets culture no Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) or Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry has been detected. Dnieper-Donets males and Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups (R1b and I2a), suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females. According to David W. Anthony, this suggests that the Indo-European languages were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe. Other studies have suggested that the Indo-European language family may have originated not in Eastern Europe, but among West Asian populations.

Physical appearance

The EHGs are suggested to have had mostly brown eyes and light skin, with "intermediate frequencies of the blue-eye variants" and "high frequencies of the light-skin variants." An EHG from Karelia was determined by  to have high probabilities of being brown-eyed and dark haired, with a predicted intermediate skin tone. Another EHG from Samara was predicted to be light skinned, and was determined to have a high probability of being blue-eyed with a light hair shade, with a 75% calculated probability of being blond-haired.

The rs12821256 allele of the KITLG gene that controls melanocyte development and melanin synthesis, which is associated with blond hair and first found in an individual from Siberia dated to around 17,000 BP, is found in three Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Samara, Motala and Ukraine , suggesting that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia.

Many remains of East Hunter-Gatherers dated to circa 8,100 BP (6,100 BCE) have also been excavated at Yuzhny Oleny island in Lake Onega. The Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry is by far the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group, and is among the highest within the rest of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG).

Material culture

As hunter-gatherers, the EHGs initially relied on stone tools and artifacts derived from ivory, horns or antlers. From circa 5,900 BC, they started to adopt pottery in the area of the northern Caspian Sea, or possibly from beyond the Ural. In barely three or four centuries, pottery spread over a distance of about 3,000 kilometers, reaching as far as the Baltic sea. This technological spread was much faster than the spread of agriculture itself, and mainly occurred through technology transfer between hunter-gatherer groups, rather than through the demic diffusion of agriculturalist.

See also
 Dnieper-Donets culture
 Sredny Stog culture
 Deriivka
 Samara culture
 Khvalynsk culture

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Archaeogenetic lineages
Genetic history of Europe
Peopling of the world
Indo-European genetics
Last Glacial Maximum
Mesolithic cultures of Europe

Eastern Hunter-Gatherer


George Sewavi Lassey was a Ghanaian judge. He served as a High Court Judge from 1962 to 1965, a Supreme Court Judge from 1965 to 1966 and an Appeals Court Judge from 1966 until his retirement.

Early life and education
Lassey was born in Keta, a town in the Volta Region of Ghana to Moses Adjevi Lassey, a merchant of Keta. He had his secondary education at Achimota School where he studied under the tutelage of William Ofori Atta (who later became a member of The Big Six). He had his tertiary education at the University of London where he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree (llb). He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn.

Career
Prior to his appointment to the Supreme Court bench, he was a High Court judge stationed at Cape Coast. He served on the High Court bench from 1 September 1962 until 1965 when he was appointed to the Supreme Court bench to replace Justice Charles Sterling Acolatse who was due for retirement. In 1966, following the overthrow of Kwame Nkrumah by the National Liberation Council, the Supreme Court was replaced by the Appeals Court and Justice Lassey served as an Appeals Court Judge from 1966 until his retirement in the 1980s.

See also
List of judges of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Supreme Court of Ghana

References

Justices of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Date of birth unknown
Alumni of Achimota School
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century Ghanaian judges
Date of death unknown

G. S. Lassey


Edwin Willis Morgan (November 19, 1914 – June 27, 1982), nicknamed "Pepper", was a backup right fielder/first baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1936 and 1937. Listed at , , Morgan batted and threw left-handed.

Morgan graduated from Lakewood (Ohio) High School in 1931 and is in the LHS Athletic Hall of Fame. Morgan reached the majors in 1936 with the St. Louis Cardinals, spending one year for them before moving to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1937. On April 14, 1936, Morgan hit a pinch-hit home run on the very first pitch he faced in his first career at bat (becoming the first pinch hitter ever to do so), but he saw little action after that, going 5 for 18 in eight appearances. At the end of the season, he was sent by St. Louis to Brooklyn in the same transaction that brought George Earnshaw to the Cardinals.

In parts of two seasons, Morgan hit .212 (14 for 66) with one home run and five runs batted in in 39 games, including eight runs scored and three doubles.

Morgan died in Lakewood, Ohio at the age of 67.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their first major league at bat
 Players who hit a pinch-hit home run in his first ever Major League at-bat

External links

 Retrosheet

1914 births
1982 deaths
Brooklyn Dodgers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball right fielders
Baseball players from Ohio
People from Portage County, Ohio
Miami RedHawks baseball players
Greensburg Trojans players
Bloomington Bloomers players
Columbus Red Birds players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Montreal Royals players
Indianapolis Indians players
Mount Airy Graniteers players
Galax Leafs players
Martinsville A's players
Youngstown A's players
Welch Miners players
Minor league baseball managers

Eddie Morgan (baseball)


Monmouth Beach is a pebble and rock beach stretching approximately  westwards from the harbour at Lyme Regis, West Dorset to Pinhay Bay, East Devon. It is part of the Jurassic Coast, situated below Ware Cliffs, and includes Poker's Pool, Virtle Rock and Chippel Bay. Virtle Rock is the farthest islet from the coast in Poker's Pool.

The name derives from the landing here of Duke of Monmouth in 1685 during his attempt to take the crown from King James II. Following the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth, twelve locals were hanged on the beach on the order of the notorious "Hanging Judge" Jeffreys.

Fossils
Monmouth Beach is now owned by the National Trust, and is very popular with fossil hunters, as ammonites, belemnites, plant fossils and even a few remains of Ichthyosaur vertebrae fossils have been found here. The cliffs are estimated to be 199-189 million years old.

External links
 Monmouth Beach Website
 Lyme Regis Website
 The National Trust Jurassic Coast Webpage

Beaches of Dorset
National Trust properties in Dorset
Jurassic Coast
Lyme Regis

Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis


The 2009 Christy Ring Cup final was a hurling match played at Croke Park on 11 July 2009 to determine the winners of the 2009 Christy Ring Cup, the 5th season of the Christy Ring Cup, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the second tier hurling teams. The final was contested by Carlow of Leinster and Down of Ulster, with Carlow winning by 1-15 to 0-14.

The Christy Ring Cup final between Carlow and Down was the third cup meeting between the two teams, with Down recording two victories to Carlow's lone success. Carlow were hoping to make history by becoming the first team to retain the Christy Ring Cup title. Down were appearing in their second cup final and were hoping to claim their first title.

Carlow began in determined fashion when Shane Kavanagh sent over the opening score from a '65'. The early scoring opportunities fell the Barrowsiders' way, with points from Paul Braniff and Simon Wilson ensuring a 0-2 to 0-1 lead by the tenth minute. Carlow hit back to score four of the next five points and lead by 0-05 to 0-03 with 14 minutes to go before the interval. Braniff and Wilson were again on target, with the sides level at 0-5 apiece, seven minutes before the break. The sides traded scores on two occasions before the interval, ensuring a deadlock for half-time at 0-7 apiece.

Braniff and Wilson added early points in the second half before Down defender Seán Ennis denied Kehoe after Carlow had won a penalty in the 43rd minute. Carlow bounced back with a brace of points to level the tie for the sixth time. The sides went point for point between the 46th and 67th minutes, until Carlow's late surge left the outcome of this game beyond doubt. The crucial goal arrived three minutes from time when Andrew Gaule dispatched the ball from 65 metres out into full-forward Robert Foley who powered the ball to the net. Although there were calls for a penalty after Foley was swung around in the small square by Down full-back Stephen Murray, the referee applied the advantage rule with Foley turning and planting the ball past goalkeeper Graham Clarke. Craig Doyle added a late point to seal the Carlow victory.

Carlow's victory was their second consecutive success. They became the first team to retain the Christy Ring Cup title.

Down's defeat was their second in a Christy Ring Cup decider. They lost the inaugural final to Westmeath in 2005.

Match

Details

References

Christy Ring Cup Final
Christy Ring Cup finals
Carlow county hurling team matches
Down county hurling team matches

2009 Christy Ring Cup final


James Burd (March 10, 1725 – October 5, 1793) was a colonial American soldier in the French and Indian War, during which he played an important role in fortifying the Pennsylvania frontier.

Early life
Born in Ormiston, near Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of Edward Burd, James Burd came to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1747 or 1748 where he worked as a merchant. On May 14, 1748, he married Sarah Shippen, daughter of former mayor Edward Shippen of the prominent Shippen family of Philadelphia. The couple had eleven children, eight of whom lived to maturity, including Edward Burd.

In 1752, he moved his young family to manage his father-in-law's vast land holdings in the area now known as
Shippensburg.

Seven Years' War

In 1756, he settled on a farm in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, but soon joined the military as an officer at the outbreak of the French and Indian War. He was commissioned a major at Fort Augusta (at present-day Sunbury, Pennsylvania) in 1756, and on December 8, 1756, after the resignation of Lt. Col. William Clapham, he took command of the fort. Under his command the fort's construction was completed, as well as the Provincial Road between the fort and Tulpehocken, the location of Conrad Weiser's homestead (near present-day Reading).

In 1758, Burd was promoted to colonel. He went with General John Forbes on the Duquesne Expedition under Colonel Henry Bouquet, and 360 of the 400-man garrison participated in the expedition, leaving 40 men at Fort Augusta. During that campaign, Burd contributed to the construction of Fort Ligonier. After the fall of Fort Duquesne, Burd was sent to the Erie area, where he supervised the construction of roads and fortifications.

Most importantly, upon his return from the Great Lakes region he oversaw the erection, with Joseph Shippen, of Fort Burd (later confusedly called Redstone Old Fort due to its proximity to the Monongahela River tributary Redstone Creek). The confusion comes from its being mistaken for a fort associated with the name "Hangard" which French and Native American forces burned repeatedly. Burd felt ill-advised to repeat the blunder, and directed his engineer, instead, to erect the bastion fort on a high bluff overlooking both the Monongahela River and Dunlap's Creek.  From this site, at the Western terminus of Nemacolin Trail would develop Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and this former trading Post would grow to serve as a historic depot for river transport to Fort Pitt during the war and as the settlement expanded came to build many of the keel boats and later, steam boats that transported settlers to the Northwest Territory, Ohio Country and via the Missouri Valley, the far west and the Oregon Country. He returned to Fort Augusta in 1760, where he remained until the dissolution of the Pennsylvania Regiment.

From 1764 to 1770 he held the office of Justice of Lancaster County.

In 1774, a year before the outbreak of hostilities with Great Britain, Burd was instrumental in garnering local support for the colonial congress in its opposition to the Crown, and by the following year he was assisting in the military organization of Lancaster County as a member of the Committee of Safety. His direct military involvement in the Revolutionary War was brief, however, as he resigned his post in December 1776 because of a dispute concerning rank and insubordination in his command and some criticism from the Committee of Safety. He retired to civilian life, as a county judge.

He died at "Tinian", his farm near Highspire, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, on October 5, 1793. He and his wife (d. September 17, 1784) are buried near the entrance in the Old Presbyterian Cemetery in Middletown, Pennsylvania.

References
Cubbison, Douglas. The British Defeat of the French in Pennsylvania 1758: A Military History of the Forbes Campaign Against Fort Duquesne. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 201.
Nixon, Lily Lee. James Burd: Frontier Defender, 1726-1793. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941.

External links
Portrait and biography at the Augusta Regiment webpage
James Burd Biography, based on John W. Jordan, Genealogical and Personal History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania (New York, 1912), Fayette County, Pennsylvania Genealogical Site
James Burd Pennsylvania Historical Marker
Burd-Shippen Papers, 1708-1792, American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia
Burd-Shippen Family Collection, 1704-1900, at the Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, PA
Burd Family Papers at the University of Delaware Morris Library, Newark, Delaware
James Burd papers at the Historical Society of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Burd-Shippen Papers 1738-1847, at the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan

1726 births
1793 deaths
People from Ormiston
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
People from Shippensburg, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
Colonial American merchants
Burials in Pennsylvania

James Burd


The Renner Village Archeological Site (23PL1) is a prehistoric archaeological site located in the municipality of Riverside, Platte County, Missouri. It was a village site inhabited from approximately 1 CE to 500 CE by peoples of the Kansas City Hopewell culture and through the Woodland period to 1200 CE by peoples of the Middle Mississippian culture. It was added to the National Historic Register on April 16, 1969.

Excavations
Archaeologists have found artifacts relating to the Hopewell and Middle Mississippian at the site, which is one of several Kansas City Hopewell sites located near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River.

The site was first excavated by Waldo Wedel of the US National Museum in 1937. He discovered decorated pottery styles typical of Hopewell pottery. It was excavated for a second time in 1954 by the Kansas City Archaeological Society and a third time by Gary Brenner from 1980 to 1993.

During the summer of 2009 the site was the subject of local controversy over the building of a new playground at the location. The city council of Riverside listened to testimony from archaeologists and local residents and decided to pay for rescue excavations at the site. Cultural Resource Services Group at SCI Engineering was contracted to do the excavation work in the summer of 2009 and the area was opened to the public in the spring of 2010 as Renner-Brenner Park, named for two families who had owned the site.

See also
 Hopewell tradition
 List of Hopewell sites

References

Kansas City Hopewell
Middle Mississippian culture
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
History of Kansas City, Missouri
Geography of Platte County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Platte County, Missouri

Renner Village Archeological Site


Banksia violacea, commonly known as violet banksia,  is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia (family Proteaceae). It generally grows as a small shrub to 1.5 m (5 ft) high with fine narrow leaves, and is best known for its unusually coloured dark purple-violet inflorescences. The colour of the inflorescences, short leaves, and flattened follicles which are sticky when young, help identify this species from others in the field. It is found in low shrubland in southern regions of Western Australia from Esperance in the east to Narrogin in the west, growing exclusively in sandy soils.

First described in 1927 by the West Australian botanist Charles Gardner, the species was at one stage considered a variety of B. sphaerocarpa. Although there are no recognised subspecies or varieties, both lignotuberous and nonlignotuberous forms exist for Banksia violacea. Wasps, ants and flies have been recorded visiting flower spikes. Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia. Regarded as of little value to floriculture, it is rarely cultivated.

Description

Banksia violacea grows as a shrub up to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, with narrow leaves 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) long and about 0.15 cm (0.06 in) wide. New growth occurs in summer, and flowering ranges from November to April with a peak in February, but can be irregular in timing. Flowers arise from typical Banksia "flower spikes", and the inflorescences are made up of hundreds of pairs of flowers densely packed in a spiral around a woody axis. Roughly spherical with a diameter of 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in), the flower spikes arise from lateral stems lie partly within the foliage. Unusually for Banksia species, the inflorescences are often violet in colour, ranging anywhere from a dark violet-black through various combinations of violet and greenish-yellow in less pigmented blooms. Each flower consists of a tubular perianth made up of four fused tepals, and one long wiry style. The styles are hooked rather than straight, and are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis. The old flowers gradually fade to brown. The fruiting structure or follicle is a stout woody "cone", with a hairy appearance caused by the persistence of old withered flower parts. These follicles are crowded around the globular spike (called an infructescence at this point) and are oval to rhomboid, although the crowding makes some irregularly shaped. They measure 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1 in) long, 0.6 cm (0.2 in) high and 0.8–2.2 cm (0.3–0.9 in) wide. They are quite flattened and lack a ridge along the valve line. When young, the follicles are greenish in colour and slightly sticky, and covered in fine white hairs, fading to tan or grey with age. They open with fire, releasing a winged wedge-shaped (cuneate) seed 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 in) long. The mottled dark grey seed body is falcate (crescent-shaped) and measures 1.2–1.8 cm (0.5–0.7 in) long and 0.2–0.25 cm (0.1 in) wide, with a flattened dark brown wing 1.1–1.7 cm (0.4–0.5 in) wide. The woody separator has the same dimensions as the seed.

The bright green cotyledon leaves of the seedlings are oblong to linear in shape and measure 1.5 cm (0.6 in) long by 0.3 cm (0.1 in) wide. The greenish red hypocotyl is hairy, as are the stems of young plants. The hairy seedling leaves are crowded and oppositely arranged. They measure 0.7–1.3 cm (0.2–0.5 in) in length and have recurved margins. Young plants often begin branching within their first year of life.

Taxonomy

The type specimen of Banksia violacea was collected by the West Australian botanist Charles Gardner on 14 December 1926 in the vicinity of Lake Grace. The following year, he published a description of the species in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia. He placed it in section Oncostylis of Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, giving it the specific epithet violacea in reference to the violet flowers. Thus the full name of the species, with author citation, is Banksia violacea C.A.Gardner. The species has been considered a variety of B. sphaerocarpa (Fox Banksia); this view was published by William Blackall in his 1954 How to know Western Australian wildflowers. He considered  B. violacea  to be a variety of B. sphaerocarpa with violet flowers. This description was an invalid publication, however, and a nomen nudum. In 1981 Alex George declared Banksia sphaerocarpa var. violacea Blackall a nomenclatural synonym of B. violacea.

In George's 1981 arrangement, B. violacea was placed in subgenus Banksia because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia "flower spike"; section Oncostylis because of its hooked styles; and series Abietinae because its inflorescence is roughly spherical. It was placed in taxonomic sequence between B. incana (Hoary Banksia) and B. meisneri (Meissner's Banksia).

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published the results of a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia. They retained George's subgenera and many of his series, but discarded his sections. B. ser. Abietinae was found to be very nearly monophyletic and so it was retained. It further resolved into four subclades, so Thiele and Ladiges split it into four subseries. B. violacea appeared in the last of these:

This clade became the basis of B. subseries Longistyles, which Thiele defined as containing those taxa with very long and slender styles, smoothly convex perianth limbs without a costal ridge, and thickened margins. In accordance with their cladogram, their arrangement placed B. violacea first in taxonomic sequence, followed by B. laricina (Rose-fruited Banksia). However, Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, who, questioning the emphasis on cladistics, rejected most of their changes in his 1999 arrangement, restored B. series Abietinae to his broader 1981 definition, and abandoned all of Thiele and Ladiges' subseries. George commented that the species has no close relatives, being "loosely allied" to B. sphaerocarpa (Fox Banksia) and B. telmatiaea (Swamp Fox Banksia). Despite this, the sequence of the series was altered so that B. violacea fell between B. scabrella (Burma Road Banksia) and B. incana, and its placement in George's arrangement may be summarised as follows:

Banksia
B. subg. Banksia
B. sect. Banksia (9 series, 50 species, 9 subspecies, 3 varieties)
B. sect. Coccinea (1 species)
B. sect. Oncostylis
B. ser. Spicigerae (7 species, 2 subspecies, 4 varieties)
B. ser. Tricuspidae (1 species)
B. ser. Dryandroideae (1 species)
B. ser. Abietinae
B. sphaerocarpa (3 varieties)
B. micrantha
B. grossa
B. telmatiaea
B. leptophylla (2 varieties)
B. lanata
B. scabrella
B. violacea
B. incana
B. laricina
B. pulchella
B. meisneri (2 subspecies)
B. nutans (2 varieties)
B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)

Since 1998, an American botanist, Austin Mast, has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different from George's arrangement, and somewhat different from Thiele and Ladiges'. With respect to B. violacea, Mast's results agree with its placement near B. laricina and B. incana, placing it in a clade with these two species and B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla (treated at species rank as B. dolichostyla). However, Thiele's B. subseries Longistyles appears to be polyphyletic, as do both definitions of B. ser. Abietinae—that is, none form a natural grouping.

Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. violacea is placed in B. subgenus Spathulatae.

Distribution and habitat

B. violacea occurs in southern regions of Western Australia, from Woodanilling to Esperance and as far north as Hyden. This distribution includes areas of the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions. It favours white sandy soils, often overlying laterite, clay or quartzite. It usually grows among heath and shrublands, associated with mallee eucalypts and Banksia sphaerocarpa var. caesia. Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under the 1950 Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia.

Ecology

Like most other Proteaceae, Banksia violacea has proteoid roots, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance solubilisation of nutrients, thus allowing their uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the phosphorus-deficient soils of Australia. B. violacea is highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.

Banksia violacea is one of a small number of Banksia species that has both lignotuberous and non-lignotuberous populations. In both cases, plants are adapted to release their aerial seed bank following a bushfire, ensuring seedlings are established on clear and relatively fertile ground; however the possession of a lignotuber makes plants much less reliant on fire regime for population maintenance and regeneration, as maternal plants are not killed by bushfire, but resprout from below ground level. Lignotuberous plants generally occur among the north-eastern populations, in the vicinity of Woodanilling. An investigation into the biogeography of these plants failed to find any vegetative, climatic or other environmental factors associated with the possession of a lignotuber.

Banksia flowerheads in general play host to a variety of birds, mammals and insects. However, only wasps, ants and flies were recorded visiting flower spikes during observations for The Banksia Atlas in the mid-1980s.

Cultivation
Banksia violacea is rarely cultivated. It is a slow-growing plant that tends to become untidy with age, and generally does not flower until four to five years after sprouting from seed. Flowers are an unusual colour, but occur within the bush where they grow within and are usually obscured by foliage. It tolerates light pruning not below the green foliage, except for the variant with a lignotuber, which may be pruned heavily. George recommends a sunny position in light, sandy soil. Professor Margaret Bernard Sedgley of the Waite Institute suggests the species is of no value to floriculture, as the inflorescences are too small and obscured by the foliage, although she does add that the purple colour may be a worthwhile character to select for in plant breeding. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 19 to 50 days to germinate.

See also

References

violacea
Eudicots of Western Australia

Banksia violacea


Corymborkis veratrifolia, commonly known as the white cinnamon orchid is a plant in the orchid family and is native to areas from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia and the Pacific Islands. It is an evergreen, terrestrial orchid with a thin, upright stem, papery, pleated leaves and a short flowering stems with up to sixty crowded, short-lived green and white flowers.

Description
Corymborkis veratrifolia is a terrestrial, evergreen herb that forms clumps and has thin rhizomes and thin, upright, unbranched, wiry stems  tall. There are between six and fifteen narrow elliptic leaves  long and  wide. The leaves are dark green, thin-textured and corrugated. Between twenty and sixty short-lived, cinnamon-scented flowers are crowded along the branched flowering stem, the flowers  wide. The sepals are green, linear to lance-shaped or spatula-shaped,  long and  wide. The petals are white,  long,  wide and wavy. The labellum is pale white,  long and  wide with a narrow tube-shaped base and a broad egg-shaped end with wavy edges. Flowering occurs between December and March in Australia, December to July in New Guinea and in July in China.

Taxonomy and naming
The white cinnamon orchid was first formally described in 1825 by Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt who gave it the name Hysteria veratrifolia and published the description in Sylloge Plantarum Novarum Itemque Minus Cognitarum a Praestantissimis Botanicis adhuc Viventibus Collecta et a Societate Regia Botanica Ratisbonensi Edita. Later the same year, Carl Ludwig Blume changed the name to Corymborkis veratrifolia. The specific epithet (veratrifolia) is derived from the Latin words veratrum meaning "hellebore" and folia meaning "leaves".

Distribution and habitat
Corymborkis veratrifolia grows in shady places in forest and rainforest in China, Taiwan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, the Ryukyu Islands, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, islands in the south west Pacific and northern Australia. In Australia it is found between the Iron Range and Airlie Beach in Queensland.

References

veratrifolia
Orchids of India
Orchids of Sri Lanka
Flora of the Andaman Islands
Orchids of Queensland
Orchids of Vietnam
Orchids of Thailand
Orchids of Indonesia
Orchids of Japan
Orchids of New Guinea
Plants described in 1825

Corymborkis veratrifolia


George Kallis is a film and TV composer based in Los Angeles.

Life and career
Kallis grew up on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, where he studied classical piano and violin while also being influenced by world music, heavy metal and jazz. By the age of 18, Kallis had already won several musical competitions, and he was awarded a scholarship at Berklee College of Music in Boston, where he graduated with a BM in Composition and Film Scoring. Soon after, he was accepted to study with acclaimed British composer Joseph Horowitz at the Royal College of Music in London, where he graduated with a Masters of Music in Composition. George has been nominated twice for an AMAA Academy Award for his scores 93 Days, starring Danny Glover, and A Place in the Stars.

According to film music critics he is "one of the most exciting and talented young composers to emerge in the film music world in quite some time" (Movie Music UK, 2017). His latest scores are Disney fantasy adventure The Last Warrior and the historical drama Cliffs of Freedom, starring Tania Raymonde, Jan Uddin, Raza Jaffrey, Patti LuPone, Christopher Plummer, Billy Zane, and Lance Henriksen. In February 2018, George won "Breakthrough Composer of the Year" voted by the International Film Music Critics Association (IFMCA). Also in 2018, he won The Jerry Goldsmith award for Best Score for a Feature Film - the score for The Last Warrior (The Walt Disney Company CIS).

Feature films
Kallis has composed music for over 25 feature films, including the score to Gagarin, the biopic movie of the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, which he recorded with the Russian State Symphony Orchestra and Choir. His previous work includes the music for Highlander: The Source (Lionsgate) directed by award-winning director Brett Leonard, and the UK prison drama Screwed (Lionsgate), directed by Reg Traviss, with whom he also collaborated on the WWII feature Joy Division (Momentum Pictures). He also scored the Scandinavian Christmas blockbuster Julefrokosten (Fridthjof Films), starring Thure Lindhardt (Angels & Demons) and supermodel Helena Christensen. Kallis' score for the independent road drama Dry Run features spacious acoustic guitars and distorted harmonicas, and in October 2012 he conducted the Budapest Symphony Orchestra for the score recordings of the African movie A Place in the Stars, directed by Steve Gukas. He composed the music for the film Cliffs of Freedom, scheduled to be released on March 1, 2019.

Documentaries and TV
Kallis was the chosen composer to score the opening titles of the BAFTA and Emmy-awarded series Horizon on BBC2. The music was composed to celebrate its 40th year running. His other work for the BBC was the opening titles for the children series My Life produced by BAFTA winning producer Kez Margie. This year, Kallis scored the series Inside the Gangster's Code (Discovery Channel) produced by NerdTV. In addition he collaborated with Emmy award-winning producer Virginia Williams, where he provided music for the IMOW's Global Motherhood/Maternal Health exhibition. The Red Kite Project was also a fascinating project for Kallis, exploring theatrical initiatives, which improved the lives of children with autism. The documentary was directed by award-winning filmmaker Kerry Shaw Brown. Kallis' other documentary work includes music for the Danish "Drengen Dre Ville k Krig", which was part of the international award-winning series, Vores Krig (Our War), and music for the CNN African Journalist Awards in 2009, inspired by the struggles journalists face in Africa.

TV spots and trailer music
Amongst many others, Kallis' TV spot work includes the sci-fi music for the US campaign for McDonalds' "Earth's Treasure" (Moroch), the US campaign for Toshiba's 3D LED Cinema TV displays, and the Sydney Council's "Zero Waste" campaign. Trailer music includes Garfield's Pet Force (20th Century Fox) and Into the White (Zentropa). Kallis is currently launching Superior Music Audio, a music production house and publisher specializing in high-end music for motion picture advertising from his base in London, with a permanent move over to Los Angeles in early 2013.

Licensing / music placements
Kallis' compositions are regularly licensed worldwide on major international and high-profile TV shows including Emmy and BAFTA-awarded programs such as The Fifth Estate on CBS, Fetch on PBS, Ultimate Fighting Championship[ (UFC), America's Most Wanted (20th Century Fox), Farah's Story (NBC/C4), and Will & Grace (NBC), to name a few.

Songwriting
Kallis was introduced to composition through songwriting and won various awards while growing up in Cyprus. His debut CD Where There Is a Child, which included lyrics by Nobel-Prize nominated writer Kypros Chrysanthis, earned Kallis a Gold CD Record by Galaxy Music. Kallis donated all the album's proceeds for the relief of children who suffer from leukemia. During his studies, Kallis represented Cyprus as a songwriter in the Eurovision Song Contest in Jerusalem, which was watched by over 40 million people worldwide. Kallis' recent song, "The Sun Is Gonna Shine", was the theme tune for Highlander: The Source, sung by John Sloman (Uriah Heep).

Filmography
Screwed (2011)
Gagarin: First in Space (2013)
A Place in the Stars (2014)
Anti-Social (2015)
Operator (2015)
93 Days (2016)
Last Knight (2017)
Cliffs of Freedom (2019)
After We Fell (2021)
After Ever Happy (2022)
See you on Venus (2023)
After Everything (2023)

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Cypriot composers
Male composers
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Musicians from Nicosia

George Kallis


Black tea is a kind of tea made from leaves of Camellia sinensis. Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or oolong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like China, it is called red tea, a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "black tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West. All People Consumed tea in a daily life routine. Tea is the most-consumed thing in the world after water. One of the best tea is Black tea and Its benefits is very effective.

Producing area and varieties
Unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced.

India
One of the most famous countries producing black tea, exporting more than 12% of the world's tea. Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri are known as representative producing areas.

Darjeeling
Darjeeling is grown in Darjeeling district on the foothills of the Himalayas in West Bengal, India. The fragrance is outstandingly good and is compared to the incense of flower or the fruit such as muscatel. It is regarded as the "Champagne of Teas".

Assam
Assam district is major producing area in the northeast of India. It has a sweet fragrance and full-bodied taste and suits milk or sugar. The colour of liquid is dark red.

Nilgiri
The Nilgiri region is hilly area in southern India. The liquid is clear red. It is suitable for tea with milk and particularly spice. Nilgiri has fresh and clear fragrance and clean but solid flavor.

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is next to India in the total production of black tea. The generic name for black tea which grown in Sri Lanka is Ceylon tea.

Uva
Kandy
Dimbula
Nuwara Eliya
Ruhuna

China
Tea produced in China has characteristic that the taste is not so bitter. Straight tea is more popular than tea with milk or sugar in China.

Keemun

Blends
Black tea is often blended with other black tea or various other plants.

English Breakfast
One of the most popular blended tea for breakfast. It is blended to go well with milk or sugar.

Earl Grey
The blended tea sprayed  bergamot oil which gives it the smell of a citrus fruit.

Health
Black tea without milk or sugar contains no calories. Black tea also contains tannin and the caffeine. There is a connection between blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) and drinking black tea. According to a 2001 Boston University study, there is a relationship between a more drinking black tea and a decrease in a kind of cardiovascular disease.

References

Tea

Black tea


Pyne is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bernard Pyne Grenfell
Chris Pyne
Christopher Pyne
Douglas Pyne
Frederick Pyne
Ganesh Pyne
George Pyne (disambiguation), multiple people
James Baker Pyne
James Kendrick Pyne
Jim Pyne
Joe Pyne
John Pyne
Ken Pyne, British cartoonist
Louisa Pyne (1832–1904), English soprano and opera company manager
Lydia V. Pyne (born 1979), American writer and historian of science
Moses Taylor Pyne
Natasha Pyne
Parker Pyne
Percy Pyne
Percy Rivington Pyne (disambiguation)
Richard Pyne
Rob Pyne
Robert Allan Pyne
Stephen J. Pyne
Tom Pyne
Valentine Pyne, master gunner of England, Royalist
William Henry Pyne

See also
Pyne (Indian surname)
Arthur Pyne O'Callaghan
Percy Rivington Pyne House
Upton Pyne apple
Jonathan Pyne House
Pyne's Ground-plum
Parker Pyne Investigates
Pyne Mine
Pyne Glacier
Pynes Town District
Upton Pyne

English-language surnames

Pyne


Charles Harrison (1792 – May 8, 1879) was a political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Queen's County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1829 to 1834.

He was born in Sheffield, New Brunswick, the son of Lieutenant James Harrison, a United Empire Loyalist, and Charity Cowperthwaite. Harrison was educated in Sheffield. He married Mary Burpee. He did not run for reelection in 1836. In 1849, Harrison was named to the Legislative Council of New Brunswick.

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion, HJ Morgan (1869)
The Irish In Early New Brunswick, Irish Canadian Cultural Association of New Brunswick

1794 births
1879 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Members of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people

Charles Harrison (Canadian politician)


Queen's Tower (, Pyrgos Vasilissis) is a former royal estate near Athens, Greece. The estate, consisting of 200 hectares (494 acres), was purchased by King Otto, the first king of modern Greece. He built there a small neogothic castle for his wife, Queen Amalia. The architecture resembles Hohenschwangau castle in Bavaria, built for Maximilian II of Bavaria, the brother of King Otto. As the castle is only one tower, it is called the Queen's Tower. After the abdication of King Otto, the estate was sold to the Serpieri family, who still own it. They have a dairy farm and wineyard on the estate. The wines bottled on the estate are called "Tour la Reine" (French for Queen's Tower).

A nearby station of the Proastiakos suburban railway opened in 2014, Pyrgos Vasilissis, is named after the estate.

Bibliography

Royal residences in Greece
Palaces in Greece
Gothic Revival architecture in Greece
Buildings and structures in Attica

Queen's Tower (Serpieri)


HMS Bridgewater was a sixth-rate 20-gun ship of the Royal Navy, built in 1740 and wrecked in 1743.

She was commissioned in August 1740 under Captain Robert Pett for service in the North Sea and English Channel. In December 1741 Bridgewater was assigned to coastal duties off Newfoundland under Captain Frederick Rogers.

On Christmas Day 1742 she engaged and captured an 18-gun privateer, Santa Rita, off the Scilly Isles. A month later she received her third captain, William Fielding, and returned to her Newfoundland patrol.

Bridgewater was wrecked in St Mary's Bay, Newfoundland on 18 September 1743.

Notes

References

1740 ships
Sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in 1743

HMS Bridgewater (1740)


A barcode system is a network of hardware and software, consisting primarily of mobile computers, printers,  handheld scanners, infrastructure, and supporting software. Barcode systems are used to automate data collection where hand recording is neither timely nor cost effective. Despite often being provided by the same company, Barcoding systems are not radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems. Many companies use both technologies as part of larger resource management systems.

History

In 1948, Bernard Silver was a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia. A local food chain store owner had made an inquiry to the Drexel Institute asking about research into a method of automatically reading product information during checkout. Silver joined together with fellow graduate student Norman Joseph Woodland to work on a solution. Woodland's first idea was to use ultraviolet light sensitive ink. The team built a working prototype but decided that the system was too unstable and expensive. They went back to the drawing board.
On October 20, 1949, Woodland and Silver filed their patent application for the "Classifying Apparatus and Method", describing their invention as "article classification… through the medium of identifying patterns".

The first commercially successful barcode reading system was patented in November 1969 by John F. Keidel for the General Atronics Corp.

It was soon realized that there would have to be some sort of industry standard set. In 1970, the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code or UGPIC was written by a company called Logicon Inc. The first company to produce bar code equipment for retail trade use (using UGPIC) was the American company Monarch Marking in 1970, and for industrial use, the British company Plessey Telecommunications was also first in 1970. UGPIC evolved into the U.P.C. symbol set  or Universal Product Code, which is still used in the United States. George J. Laurer is considered the inventor of U.P.C. or Uniform Product Code, which was invented in 1973.
In June 1974, the first U.P.C. scanner was installed at a Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio. The first product to have a barcode included was a packet of Wrigley's Gum.

Hardware

There is a wide range of hardware that is manufactured today for use in Barcode Systems. The best known brand of handheld scanners and mobile computers is Symbol, which is now a division of Motorola. Other manufacturers include Datalogic, Intermec, HHP (Hand Held Products), Microscan Systems, Unitech, Metrologic, PSC and PANMOBIL.

Software

While there is a range of hardware on the market, software is more difficult to find from the hardware manufacturers. Some ERP, MRP, and other inventory management software have built in support for barcode reading   and some even allow the software to run directly on a mobile computer. Besides full management software, there are more than a few software development kits on the market that allow the developer to easily produce custom mobile interfaces and that handle the connect to the database. One such software is RFgen another is PeopleVox. Then there is always the option of developing a custom software solution, using a language such as C++, C#, Java, Visual Basic.NET, and many others. Often developing a custom interface using software such as RFgen or developing new, personalized software is the most effective method since it allows the individual to have a solution that is fitted to their exact needs.

Typical system

A typical barcode system consist of some infrastructure, either wired or wireless that connects some number of mobile computers, handheld scanners, and printers to one or many databases that store and analyze the data collected by the system. At some level there must be some software to manage the system. The software may be as simple as code that manages the connection between the hardware and the database or as complex as an ERP, MRP, or some other inventory management software.

References

Barcodes
Automatic identification and data capture
Mobile computers

Barcode system


Henderson v. United States, 339 U.S. 816 (1950), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States that abolished segregation in railroad dining cars with an 8-0 ruling.

The decision
On May 17, 1942, Elmer W. Henderson, an African-American passenger, was travelling first-class on the Southern Railway from Washington to Atlanta en route to Birmingham in the course of his duties as an employee of the United States.

At about 5:30 pm, while the train was in Virginia, the first call to dinner was announced and he went promptly to the dining car. Under practices then in effect, the two end tables nearest the kitchen were to be reserved initially for African Americans with curtains drawn between them and the rest of the car. If the other tables were occupied before any African-American passengers presented themselves at the diner then those two tables were made available for white passengers.

As the tables were partly occupied by white passengers (with at least one seat at them unoccupied) the dining-car steward declined to seat the passenger in the dining car, offering instead to serve him at his Pullman seat. The passenger declined and the steward agreed to send him word when space was available. No word was sent and he was not served, although he twice returned to the diner before it was detached at 9 pm.

The passenger filed a complaint with the Interstate Commerce Commission in October 1942, alleging this conduct violated provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act. While the Commission acknowledged that he had been subjected to undue and unreasonable prejudice and disadvantage, it dismissed the occurrence as a casual incident brought about by the bad judgment of an employee and refused to enter an order as to future practices.

The United States District Court for the District of Maryland disagreed; the railroad's general practice, as evidenced by its stated policies in effect on August 6, 1942, was in violation of the Interstate Commerce Act.

The US Supreme Court did not rule on the constitutionality of "separate but equal" in this instance but did find that the railroad had failed to provide the passenger with the same level of service provided to a white passenger with the same class of ticket, a violation of principles already established in Mitchell v. United States (1941).

Analysis
The Court refused to rule on the separate but equal doctrine, but the mandate of the Court eliminated the reserved tables and the curtain.

See also

Southern Railway Co. v. United States
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 339

References

Further reading
 Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit, Columbia University Press, 1983.

External links

United States Constitution Article One case law
United States Supreme Court cases
20th-century American trials
United States racial desegregation case law
1950 in United States case law
Southern Railway (U.S.)
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
Railway litigation in 1950
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
Civil rights movement case law

Henderson v. United States (1950)


The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain, also known as Britain Yearly Meeting (and, until 1995, London Yearly Meeting), is a Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.  It is the national organisation of Quakers living in Britain. Britain Yearly Meeting refers to both the religious gathering and the organisation. "Yearly Meeting", or "Yearly Meeting Gathering" are usually the names given to the annual gathering of British Quakers. Quakers in Britain is the name the organisation is commonly known by.

History

First Quaker meetings in Britain (1654–1672)

Britain Yearly Meeting, which until 1995 was known as London Yearly Meeting, grew out of various national and regional meetings of Friends in the 1650s and 1660s and has met annually in some form since 1668. The first meeting of Friends from different parts of Britain to be organised was at Balby in Yorkshire in 1656.  This consisted of representatives from meetings in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire "to consider of such things as might (in the Truth's behalf) be propounded unto them; and to enquire into the cause and matter of disorder, if any be." The Quaker book of discipline, Quaker Faith and Practice:

We may think of that at Swannington in 1654 or Balby in 1656 (the postscript to whose lengthy letter of counsel is so much better known than the letter itself) or Skipton the same year, or the general meeting for the whole nation held at Beckerings Park, the Bedfordshire home of John Crook, for three days in May 1658, and attended by several thousand Friends. This in some ways might be considered the first Yearly Meeting were it not for the fact that the 1660s, through persecution and pestilence, saw breaks in annual continuity. The meeting in May 1668 was followed by one at Christmastime, which lasted into 1669, since when the series has been unbroken. It is 1668, therefore, that we have traditionally chosen as the date of establishment of London Yearly Meeting. But many (though not all) of the meetings up to 1677 were select, that is, confined to "publick" (or ministering) Friends: from 1678 they were representative rather than select in character.

Seventeenth century

Establishment of Yearly Meetings (1672)
In 1660 was a meeting which was attended by representatives from Friends from the whole of Britain.  At this meeting it was decided that an annual "General Assembly of the Brethren" be held in London annually, the first being held in Fifth Month (May) 1661.  For various reasons, this meeting was not held every year, although there has been a national annual meeting of some sort in Britain every year since 1668.

At the "General Meeting of Friends for the Nation" in 1672, it was decided that there would be a:
Generall Meeting of friends held in London once a yeare in the week called Whisun week to consist of six friends for the Citty of London, three for the Citty of Bristoll, two for the Towne of Cochester and one or two from each and every of the Counties of England and Wales respectively (sic)

Minutes are preserved from 1672 which record that this meeting was held in 1673, and from 1674–1677 consisted only of recorded ministers. The Yearly Meeting with representatives from each area as described above was restored in 1678, and has met on an annual basis every year since then.

The end of official persecution in England (1689)

Under James II of England persecution practically ceased. James issued a Declaration of Indulgence in 1687 and 1688, and it was widely held that William Penn had been its author.

In 1689 the Toleration Act was passed. It allowed for freedom of conscience and prevented persecution by making it illegal to disturb anybody else from worship. Thus British Quakerism became tolerated though still not widely understood or accepted and were instead identified in English and Welsh law as a dissenting group.

From almost the very beginning of the movement in the middle seventeenth century, Quakers became notable in the popular imagination not merely for their radical religious ideas and seemingly peculiar social habits but also for their legendary willingness to be jailed or punished for their beliefs.

Eighteenth century

During the first full century of Quakerism, Quakers underwent a transformation from enemies of the Church of England to quiet pursuit of inward faith. Responding to the struggles and persecution of the seventeenth century, Friends insisted on pursuing a practice of "peculiarity" to protect Quaker communities. This often meant that the business of monthly meetings was taken up with incidents of "outside marriage" and Friends who had chosen a path upon which to "walk disorderly". Women were entitled to remain single or choose to defer marriage and according to James Jenkins' records of the time, Quakers recognised the presence of a "call" or "service in all" that existed "beyond their function in family". This parity of roles may have led to a higher rate of literacy for Quaker women than for women in Britain at large during the eighteenth century. Employment and civil rights were a major Quaker concern during this period. John Bellers, a Fellow of the Royal Society and educational theorist called for "the rich to take care of the poor and their education" and in his 1714 text, About the Improvement of Physick advocated for a national system of hospitals to treat the poor and train doctors, a precursor to the National Health Service.

Throughout the century there were a significant number of Quakers who travelled as missionaries to Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Quaker missionaries from England were supported spiritually, financially, and logistically by London Yearly Meeting. The Yearly Meeting "routinely funded" transatlantic crossings for Quaker ministers to Pennsylvania. However, within British society this period is marked as an "inward" era – more commonly known as the Quietist period (a reference to early Christian Quietists). Influenced by Quietists such as Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Motte-Guyon, Francois Fenelon, and Miguel de Molinos, the spiritual practices of nonviolence and inward nourishment resonated with Quaker testimony and significant numbers of Friends adopted plain dress and a "concern against ostentation".

Yearly Meeting for Women (1784–1907)
Participation in Yearly Meeting was originally limited to men but in 1784, the Yearly Meeting for Women was established, which corresponded with equivalent Yearly Meetings for Women abroad, and corresponded with the Monthly Meetings for Women and Quarterly Meetings for Women in Britain. In 1898, London Yearly Meeting produced a minute stating that:
in future, women Friends are to be recognized as forming a constituent part of all our Meetings for Church Affairs equally with their brethren
and since then women have had an equal right to attend London Yearly Meeting.  The Yearly Meeting for Women was laid down in 1907.

Nineteenth century
The actions of British Quakers in the nineteenth century can be characterised by political activism (political and philanthropic), social reform, and industry. The society underwent a number of changes and series of revisions to the Quietist method which ultimately led to the breakaway denominations of Hicksite, Gurneys, White Quakers, Waterites, and Fritchley General Meeting. London Yearly Meeting in the nineteenth century was a central base for political activity, allowing individual Quakers to "distribute doctrine and ideas" supported by the centrally managed Yearly Meeting based at Devonshire House. A significant number of Quakers began to take seats in Parliament during the nineteenth century. Amongst them, Joseph Pease, John Bright, Fowell Buxton, John Ellis, Edmund Backhouse, and Charles Gilpin. Bright was a vocal opponent to the Crimean War, the Quaker peace testimony a central part of his pacifism and campaign, beginning a thirty-year tenure as the MP for Birmingham from 1857–1885. Fowell Buxton was a prolific campaigner for the abolition of slavery, founding the Anti-Slavery Society with Joseph Pease (younger) in 1823 and becoming leader of the abolition movement following William Wilberforce in 1825. Joseph Pease served as the president of the Peace Society for twelve years alongside the Quaker scientist and philanthropist William Allen.
In 1818 on capital punishment Yearly Meeting was not merely preoccupied with introspective consideration of the state of the Society: it sought to awaken the public conscience. A statement in 1856 on liberty of conscience was translated into half a dozen languages and taken by deputations of concerned Friends to ecclesiastics and statesmen from Madrid to St Petersburg.

Fritchley General Meeting (1868)
Fritchley Meeting in Derbyshire split off from London Yearly Meeting in 1868 because they felt that London Yearly Meeting was becoming too evangelical in its outlook. They also objected to Friends in London Yearly Meeting stopping the practices of plain speech and plain dress. They therefore established Fritchley General Meeting as a self-proclaimed Yearly Meeting for Conservative Friends in Britain, which existed as a separate Yearly Meeting entirely independent of London Yearly Meeting, until 1968. Friends from Bournbrook in Birmingham also joined with Fritchley Friends for a few years, before emigrating to Saskatchewan in Canada. The separation was healed in 1968 with Fritchley Meeting rejoining London Yearly Meeting.  Fritchley Quaker Meeting is now a full member of Britain Yearly Meeting, with a variety of theological outlooks amongst its membership.

Twentieth century

Meetings outside London
In the twentieth century, Yearly Meetings started to be held outside London, namely in Leeds in 1905; in Birmingham in 1908; in Manchester in 1912; in Llandrindrod Wells in 1924; in Scarborough in 1925; in Manchester in 1926; in Bristol in 1937; In York in 1941 and in 1942. in Edinburgh in 1948.  In 1945, London Yearly Meeting produced a minute stating that the Yearly Meeting should be held in Eighth Month (August) outside London every four years. These four-yearly meetings, which have become known as "Residential Yearly Meetings" have been held in Exeter in 1986; in Aberdeen in 1989; in Coventry in 1993; in Aberystwyth in 1997; in Exeter in 2001; in York in 2005; in York again in 2009; and in Canterbury in 2011.

London Yearly Meeting in 1994 decided on a change of name to "The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain" in 1994, with the short form being "Britain Yearly Meeting".  This name change came into effect at the start of 1995.

Organisational structure

Britain Yearly Meeting is the name used to refer to both the Yearly Meeting of Quakers and the central organisation of Quakers in Britain, based in Friends House, London. Britain Yearly Meeting is the national organisation of Quakers in Britain.  Its membership consists of the members of all Area Meetings in England, Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands.  Any member of Britain Yearly Meeting is entitled to attend the Yearly Meeting gathering.

The national work of Quakers in Britain is undertaken by Meeting for Sufferings and four central standing committees. The committees are composed of representatives from Meetings throughout Britain. This correspondence and representation means that Quakers in Britain can have unified response on major issues. The central work of Meeting for Sufferings and the standing committees is supported by the staff of Britain Yearly Meeting who work from Friends House (Euston), Edinburgh, Swarthmoor Hall and Vibrancy teams whose work covers large areas of Britain.

Central committees
There are committees set up to deal with particular issues, including long running committees consisting of representatives from all over Britain: Meeting for Sufferings, Quaker Life and Quaker Peace and Social Witness.

Meeting for Sufferings
Meeting for Sufferings is a national representative committee which deals with decisions which need to be made on a national basis for the Yearly Meeting during the year whilst Yearly Meeting is not in session.  It has two representatives from each Area Meeting in England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The General Meeting for Scotland is a member of the ecumenical organisation Action of Churches Together in Scotland.

Standing Committees
Britain Yearly Meeting currently has four standing committees who carry out work at a national level on behalf of Friends in Britain.  Each have representative committees of Friends appointed by Meeting for Sufferings, and accountable to British Yearly Meeting trustees, to oversee the work, as well as a paid secretariat who carry out the day-to-day work of each department:
Quaker Life Central Committee deals with the running of Quaker meetings within Britain, including outreach work within Britain, education and development for Quakers in Britain, activities for children and young people.
Quaker Peace and Social Witness deals with Quakers' peace and development work, both in Britain and overseas.
Quaker World Relations Committee maintains contact with other yearly meetings and with Friends World Committee for Consultation and its Europe & Middle East Section to which Britain Yearly Meeting is affiliated.
Quaker Committee on Christian and Interfaith Relations deals with relationships between Quakers and other Christian and faith groups.

Britain Yearly Meeting assembles and publishes a book of discipline, which since 1995 has been known as Quaker faith & practice. In 2018, Britain Yearly Meeting decided to revise Quaker faith & practice.

Yearly meeting
Before 2009, three out of four yearly meetings of BYM were held at Friends House over one of the May bank holiday weekends, and once every four years a week-long Residential Meeting was held in the summer. In a change to this practice, the first Yearly Meeting Gathering (YMG) was held in York in 2009, with the 2010 Yearly Meeting being held at Friends House in London on May. The second YMG was held in Canterbury in 2011. A new three-year rotation has been established with Yearly Meetings being held two years running at Friends House, and the third year as a residential YMG.

All types of issues are discussed in the standard fashion of Quaker decision making. Among several lectures over the gathering, one of the highlights is known as the Swarthmore Lecture, relating to issues concerning Quakers. There is also an under 19's programme, with activities tailored to each age group.

Events for young Quakers

Under 19s Programme
The Under 19s Programme is held during the annual Britain Yearly Meeting and is attended by young Quakers aged 0 to 19, with appropriate age grouping (i.e. 0–3,...,15–18). The programme aims to provide young Friends with an insight to Quaker beliefs and values, as well as providing a safe environment for relationship building within the society.

Junior Yearly Meeting
Junior Yearly Meeting, commonly known as "JYM", is an event for young Quakers aged 14 to 18. The annual event is normally held around the Easter holidays at the Pioneer Centre in Kidderminster, and coincides biennially with Yearly Meeting Gathering in late July. It acts as a stepping stone for the transition from the Under 19s Programme into the Society of Friends.

Relationship with international Friends
Britain Yearly Meeting participates in the international Religious Society of Friends through the Friends World Committee for Consultation. Britain Yearly Meeting also contributes a large portion of the Quaker United Nations Office budget, through Quaker Peace and Social Witness.

Communications between Yearly Meetings take the form of epistles. Formerly these would be individually addressed to other Yearly Meetings, but now epistles are posted online by the Friends World Committee for Consultation. Quakers are a highly decentralized denomination with a great degree of diversity in beliefs and practices. Britain Yearly Meeting worships in a way that is most similar to Ireland, Canada, Australia and US meetings affiliated with the Friends General Conference characterized by unprogrammed worship and liberal to universalist theology.

See also
 Book of Discipline
 Friends House
 George Fox
 Junior Young Friends
 List of Quakers
 Margaret Fell
 Meeting for Sufferings
 Quaker Life
 Quaker Peace and Social Witness
 Swarthmoor Hall
 Swarthmore Lecture
 Szechwan Yearly Meeting
 Young Friends General Meeting

References

External links
 Britain Yearly Meeting (Official Website)
 Quaker Fellowship in Christ
 Quaker Faith and Practice (Online)

Quakerism in the United Kingdom
Quaker yearly meetings
Quakerism in England
1660 establishments in England
Annual events in the United Kingdom
Quakerism in Scotland
Quakerism in Wales

Britain Yearly Meeting


Jan Peerce (born Yehoshua Pinkhes Perelmuth; June 3, 1904  December 15, 1984) was an American operatic tenor. Peerce was an accomplished performer on the operatic and Broadway concert stages, in solo recitals, and as a recording artist. He is the father of film director Larry Peerce.

Family life
Jan Peerce was born Jacob Pincus Perelmuth  (though his Hebrew gravestone gives his first name as יהושע, or Joshua, not Jacob), to a Jewish family. His parents, Levi (anglicized to Louis) and Henya Perelmuth, came from the village of Horodetz, formerly in Poland, now Belarus. Their first child, a daughter, died in an epidemic. In 1903 they emigrated to America along with their second child, a boy named Mottel. A year later, on June 3, 1904, their third child, Jacob Pincus, was born in a cold water flat in the Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York. He was nicknamed "Pinky" by his neighborhood friends. When he was three years old, his older brother Mottel was killed in an accident as the boy hitched a ride on an ice wagon. Jacob attended DeWitt Clinton High School and Columbia University. At his mother's urging he took violin lessons, and gave public performances, including dance band work as Jack "Pinky" Pearl. Sometimes he also sang and it was soon discovered he was an exceptional lyric tenor.

Peerce became the brother-in-law of fellow American tenor Richard Tucker when Sara Perelmuth, Peerce's only sister, married Tucker, who was then a part-time cantor, in 1936. Jan remained on the Lower East Side until his 1930 marriage to Alice Kalmanovitz (1907–1994), a childhood friend to whom he was married for 54 years, until his death. He died at his home in New Rochelle, New York on December 15, 1984 at the age of 80. Peerce is interred at Mount Eden Cemetery in Valhalla, Westchester County.

Career

Peerce studied singing in New York City with Giuseppe Boghetti. In 1932 he was hired as a tenor soloist with the Radio City Music Hall company by the impresario Roxy, who renamed him John Pierce. They soon compromised on the spelling Jan Peerce, which the singer felt better reflected his ethnicity. Thanks to radio broadcasts and stage programs, Peerce soon had a nationwide following. The legendary maestro Arturo Toscanini heard him singing Wagner on the radio and was able to contact Peerce through a mutual friend to see if he would like to audition for him. Toscanini found him to be the tenor he had sought to sing operatic and choral works with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. The recordings made during, or following, the NBC broadcasts are among the outstanding musical legacies of the mid-20th century. Toscanini was reportedly pleased with Peerce's professionalism, as well as his musical talents and his unusually native-sounding pronunciation of Italian; many have said that Peerce was Toscanini's "favorite tenor" during the Maestro's 17 years at NBC. Peerce recalled that Toscanini never lost his temper with him the way he famously did with other musicians, even though Peerce believed he had the right to, on a few occasions. Peerce first sang publicly with Toscanini on February 6, 1938, in Carnegie Hall in an NBC broadcast performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony; the soloists also included soprano Vina Bovy, mezzo-soprano Kerstin Thorborg, and bass Ezio Pinza.

Peerce joined the roster of principal tenors at the Philadelphia La Scala Opera Company (PLSOC) in 1938. He made his professional opera debut with the company on December 10 of that year as the Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto with Robert Weede in the title role and Fritz Mahler conducting. He also sang Alfredo in La traviata with Annunciata Garrotto as Violetta and Weede as Germont during the company's 1938-1939 season. Peerce sang in several more performance with the PLSOC through 1941, singing Pinkerton in Puccini's Madama Butterfly with Elda Ercole as Cio-Cio-San, and reprising the roles of the Duke and Alfredo a number of times.

In November 1939, Peerce performed his first solo recital in New York City. He made his debut with the Metropolitan Opera on November 29, 1941, singing Alfredo in Verdi's La traviata. He sang also the parts of Cavaradossi in Puccini's Tosca, Rodolfo in La bohème, and in Gounod's Faust. He was hailed by critics as the "All-American successor to the 'greats' of opera's almost extinct 'Golden Age'."

In December 1943, Peerce appeared in the OWI film, Hymn of the Nations, with Toscanini, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and the Westminster Choir in a performance of Verdi's then seldom-heard  cantata. Filmed in NBC Studio 8-H, the soundtrack of the performance of Hymn of the Nations has been issued on LP and CD by RCA Victor and the entire film has been released on video-cassette and DVD.

During the 1950s Peerce performed regularly as a featured soloist before audiences of over 14,000 guests under the conductor Alfredo Antonini at the Lewisohn Stadium in New York City. These Italian Night open-air concerts featured the New York Philharmonic and the Lewisohn Stadium Orchestra along with such operatic luminaries as Richard Tucker, Robert Merrill, and Eileen Farrell.

In 1956 Peerce made a sensation in Moscow as a musical "cultural exchange" ambassador, being the first American to sing with the famed Bolshoi Opera. He remained on the roster of the Metropolitan until 1966, appearing again in 1966-1967. He also taught a master class. In 1971 he made his Broadway debut as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof.

He continued to make occasional appearances until his retirement in 1982, remaining in fine voice. His last concert was on May 2, 1982, as the guest artist with the Beth Abraham Youth Chorale in Dayton, Ohio.

Recordings
Peerce's first recordings were made in 1931-1932, as a vocalist with New York area dance bands, using the names "Jack Pearl" and "Pinky Pearl." Several of these were with the Jack Berger Orchestra, with whom he was appearing at the Hotel Astor. They include popular hits of the day such as "Snuggled on Your Shoulder" and "Dancing on the Ceiling," and were issued on numerous smaller labels including Crown, Perfect, Banner and Melotone.

Peerce recorded almost exclusively for RCA Victor as a "Red Seal" artist from the late 1930s to the early 1960s. Among his first RCA Victor recordings were as a featured soloist in Nathaniel Shilkret's 1939 tribute album to Victor Herbert.  Peerce had been the tenor soloist in Toscanini's 1938 broadcast concert of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, which was rejected for commercial release by Toscanini and RCA Victor; it wasn't until 1952 that Toscanini approved a studio recording of that symphony (with Peerce as tenor soloist) for release.

Peerce also sang in Toscanini's 1944 performance/broadcast of Beethoven's Fidelio with Rose Bampton, followed by the complete performances of Verdi's La traviata, Puccini's La bohème (both with Licia Albanese), and Verdi's Un ballo in maschera (with Herva Nelli), all eventually released by RCA Victor on LP and CD. Peerce did not sing in Toscanini's broadcasts of Verdi's Otello, Aida, or Falstaff; he was offered the tenor parts in the latter two but declined, believing his voice was not right for those roles. He also sang in the Madison Square Garden concert in 1944, which featured the final act of Rigoletto with Leonard Warren, Zinka Milanov, and Toscanini conducting the combined New York Philharmonic and NBC Symphony Orchestra; this performance was recorded and also released by RCA Victor on LP and CD. In 1952, he participated in Toscanini's only studio recording of the Beethoven Ninth Symphony, which the Maestro finally approved for release by RCA Victor.

Among the operas Peerce recorded commercially for RCA Victor were Verdi's Rigoletto in 1950 with Leonard Warren singing the title role, Erna Berger, and Nan Merriman, Bizet's Carmen in 1951 with Risë Stevens in the title role, Licia Albanese, and Robert Merrill, and also Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor in 1957 with Roberta Peters, Philip Maero, and Giorgio Tozzi and Ariadne auf Naxos, with Leonie Rysanek, Sena Jurinac, Roberta Peters, and Walter Berry, conducted also by Erich Leinsdorf. Several opera excerpt albums with Peerce were released by RCA Victor as well including Samson et Dalila with Risë Stevens and Madama Butterfly with Licia Albanese. Many broadcasts of performances from the Metropolitan opera and other houses with Peerce have been released on LP and CD as well. Peerce later recorded several operas and oratorios for Vanguard Records, a good majority of them Handelian.

For Westminster Records in 1961, Peerce again recorded Fidelio opposite Sena Jurinac and Beethoven's oratorio Christ on the Mount of Olives with Maria Stader; for Columbia Records he sang the title role in a 1963 recording of selections from Sigmund Romberg's The Student Prince, opposite Roberta Peters, and also featuring Giorgio Tozzi. Peerce's final religious, pop, and recital albums from the late 1960s through 1980 were released by Vanguard.

Peerce's best-selling record was his 1945 RCA Victor recording of "Bluebird of Happiness" (music by Sandor Harmati, lyrics by Edward Heyman and Harry Parr-Davies). It became his "signature tune" and he recorded it at least three times for RCA Victor. As of the late 1970s, it remained among the all-time best selling recordings by opera and concert singers. According to Peerce and his collaborator in his memoirs, Bluebird was second in sales only to Enrico Caruso's 1918 recording of George M. Cohan's "Over There". Estimated sales of the Caruso recording by discographer John R. Bolig indicate, however, that the 1918 disc was not among the top-selling operatic recordings of the Victor Talking Machine Company.  Peerce titled his 1976 autobiography The Bluebird of Happiness: The Memoirs of Jan Peerce.

Recordings of complete operas
Beethoven, Fidelio, Toscanini/Steber/Bampton/Peerce/Janssen/Belarsky, 1944, NBC Studio 8H, New York, Dec 10 and 17, RCA
Beethoven, Fidelio, Knappertsbusch/Stader/Jurinac/Peerce/Neidlinger/Ernster, 1961, Westminster
Bizet, Carmen, Reiner/Albanese-L/Stevens/Peerce/Merrill, 1951, RCA
Donizetti, Lucia di Lammermoor, Leinsdorf/Peters-R/Peerce/Maero/Tozzi, 1957, RCA
Gounod, Faust, Monteux/los Ángeles/Miller-Mi/Peerce/Merrill/Siepi, 1955, live in New York, Melodram
Mozart, Don Giovanni, Böhm/Steber/della Casa/Peters-R/Peerce/Corena/Siepi, 1957, live in New York, Andromeda
Puccini, La Bohème, Toscanini/Albanese-L/McKnight/Peerce/Valentino, 1946, NBC Studio 8H, New York, Feb 3 and 10, RCA
Puccini, Madama Butterfly, Ormandy/Steber/Carré/Peerce/Bonelli, 1948, live in Los Angeles, VAI
Romberg, The Student Prince, Allers/Peters-R/Peerce, 1963, Columbia Masterworks
Strauss, Ariadne auf Naxos, Leinsdorf/Rysanek/Peters-R/Jurinac/Peerce, 1958, Decca
Verdi, Un ballo in maschera, Walter/Milanov/Greer/Thorborg/Peerce/Warren, 1944, live in New York, Jan 15, Myto
Verdi, Un ballo in maschera, Toscanini/Nelli/Haskins/Turner/Peerce/Merrill, 1954, Carnegie Hall, Jan 17 and 24 and June 3, RCA
Verdi, Un ballo in maschera, Mitropoulos/Milanov/Peters-R/Anderson-M/Peerce/Merrill, 1955, live in New York, Sony
Verdi, Rigoletto, Cellini/Berger/Peerce/Warren, 1950, RCA
Verdi, La traviata, Toscanini/Albanese-L/Peerce/Merrill, 1946, NBC Studio 8H, New York, Dec 1 and 8, RCA

Film appearances

Peerce was cast in a number of films including Something in the Wind, in which he played Tony the jailer. In this 1947 role, Peerce sang the Miserere from Il trovatore in a duet with his jailed charge, the film's star, Deanna Durbin. This performance is available on DVD. In 1953 he was heard (but not seen) as the voice of the tenor-character Gregory Lawrence in "Tonight We Sing," a film based upon the life of Sol Hurok. In 1969, his son Larry Peerce cast his father and his uncles Max and Sender Peerce for a scene in "Goodbye Columbus," which the younger Peerce directed for Paramount Pictures.

References

External links

Discography (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings)
 History of the Tenor / Jan Peerce / Sound Clips and Narration

1904 births
1984 deaths
Hazzans
American male musical theatre actors
American operatic tenors
Jewish American classical musicians
Jewish opera singers
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New Rochelle, New York
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
RCA Victor artists
Vanguard Records artists
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male opera singers
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Columbia University alumni
Majestic Records artists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American Jews

Jan Peerce


Pierre-Joseph Bourcet (1 March 1700 – 14 October 1780) was a French tactician, general, chief of staff, mapmaker and military educator.  He was the son of Daniel-André Bourcet and of Marie-Magdeleine Legier.

Life
Bourcet was born at Usseaux, in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy on 1 March 1700, the first son of Captain Daniele Andrea Bourcet.

At 18 years old, he began serving under his father, a captain in the French armies in the Alps.  He completed his training, studying maths, and became a gunner before entering the infantry and finally the engineers.  With the support of M. d'Asfeld, he joined the engineers corps in 1729.  A long military career followed, ending at the rank of lieutenant-général des armées du roi, in 1762, the highest rank in the ancien régime military.  At the start of his career, he was a protégé of the maréchal de Maillebois, accompanying him on a secret reconnaissance mission to France's Alpine frontier.  He was chief engineer at Mont-Dauphin, from c. 1742, succeeding M. de Pène, whose daughter Marie-Anne de Pène he married.

Bourcet had initially joined the artillery, but by 1741 was already an engineer. Having also worked in secret correspondence with smaller Italian states, he was in 1744 an aide-marechal des logis, which is an assistant to a French chief of staff during the War of the Austrian Succession. An expert in mountain warfare, military engineering and fortifications, he devised the French invasion of Piedmont that led up to the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo in 1744.

In 1752, he accompanied M. de Paulmy in his tour of inspection of the Alps.  Contrary to claims about his role on the army staff in the Seven Years' War, he was director of the fortifications at Dauphiné from 1756 (appointed 1 June 1756) to 1777. At the end of 1759, he was made king's chief commissioner and charged with delineating the border between France and Piedmont-Sardinia, a mission concluded by treaty on 24 March 1760. That year also saw him involved in diplomatic missions to the Sardianian court in 1760. By 1762, he was in Versailles dealing with more secret correspondence. The end of the Seven Years' War saw him back in Grenoble, again working on the delineation of the border.

There is a popular myth that under the direction of the minister of war, Choiseul, in 1764 he established a staff-officer training school at Grenoble (it disappeared in 1771), where he taught on mountain warfare. This myth, designed to suggest that France developed modern military staffs stems from the 1888 printed version of 'Principes de la guerre de montagne' Bourcet's 1775 script, which has the claim made by Arvers, a Lt-Colonel in the French War Ministry, who "has restored the sense of certain passages, which have been altered by the omission or corruption of certain words". The claim is not footnoted. No such college existed. In fact, Bourcet was the Director of Engineering at Grenoble in 1763. On 1 April 1766, Bourcet was charged with "the direction of officers engaged in reconnaissance of the land". It was only in 1783 that Louis XVI ordered the creation of a permanent staff corps (whose members included Berthier)

He advocated officer training  and organised dispersion in the mountains (having a large army march in separate columns along parallel roads, thus allowing them to be rapidly concentrated for attack or defence and to form three columns within each column and thus deploy onto the battlefield faster.  He devised the strategic concept of "a plan with branches" (keeping the enemy confused as to your destination, so he had to split his forces to defend more than one place at once).

He died at Meylan without issue in 1780 - his heart is buried at the church of Notre-Dame du Laus.

Influence
Notably, many of the ideas espoused in his work Principes de la guerre de montagne influenced the strategy employed by Napoleon as brigadier general of the artillery during the Second Battle of Saorgio (1794)

Works
Principes de la guerre de montagne, only published in 1888.
Mémoires militaires sur les frontières de la France, du Piémont et de la Savoie depuis l'embouchure du Var jusqu'au lac de Genève, Berlin, 1802, in-8° et Paris et Strasbourg, Levrault frères, An X, in-8°

References

External links
Bibliothèque Dauphinoise

1700 births
1780 deaths
People from the Province of Turin
French generals
Military theorists
French military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
French military personnel of the Seven Years' War
French military writers
French male non-fiction writers

Pierre-Joseph Bourcet


The County of Lecce was a semi-independent Italo-Norman entity in Apulia, in south-eastern Italy, which existed from 1055 until 1463. Its capital was at the city of Lecce, and it was bounded by the territories of Brindisi to the north, Oria and Nardò to the west, and Soleto and Otranto to the south.

The county was founded by the Normans after their conquest of Apulia in the 1050s. Several Norman monarchs held their court at Lecce, and Tancred of Hauteville, who was Count of Lecce from 1149 to 1194, was born here. His daughter Elvira Maria Albina married Walter III of Brienne, whose family held the duchy of Lecce in the following centuries. In 1384 Mary of Enghien, a granddaughter of  Isabella of Brienne, became Countess of Lecce. When she married Raimondo Orsini del Balzo, Count of Soleto and (from 1393 to 1406) Prince of Taranto, all of the Salento was united into one of the largest fiefdoms in the Kingdom of Naples and Italy. Raimondo improved the administration of the county and the city.

After his death, the county went to his son, Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo, who had also inherited the Principality of Taranto in 1420. At his death in 1463, Ferdinand I of Naples named himself as the heir to Giovanni Antonio's rich legacy, annexing the county to the royal estates of the Kingdom of Naples.

States and territories disestablished in 1463
States and territories established in 1055
Medieval Apulia
Lecce
Norman conquest of southern Italy

County of Lecce


A circumesophageal or circumpharyngeal nerve ring is an arrangement of nerve ganglia around the esophagus/ pharynx of an animal.  It is a common feature of nematodes, molluscs, and many other invertebrate animals, though it is absent in all vertebrate animals and is not structurally possible in simpler ones such as water bears.

The nerve ring, also called a nerve collar, creates a complete and closed loop around the food-entry parts of the animal's anatomy.  In a typical molluscan arrangement, these include the cerebral, pedal, and pleural ganglia, with the esophagus passing through the center of the ring.  In nematodes, the ring consists of only two to four large associative cells connected to two paired lateral ganglia, two ventral ganglia, and a single unpaired dorsal ganglion.

Among arthropods, the usual arrangement is a single ganglion (the cerebral) positioned above the esophagus, a single ganglion or nerve mass (the subesophageal) below it, and commissures connecting the two in a ring.

Among the gastropods, the evolutionary torsion event which relocates the anus to near the head of the animal and allowing it to withdraw into its shell has relocated the commissure of the pleural ganglia into a "twist" (the right ganglion has relocated to the left side, and the left ganglion to the right).

References

Arthropod anatomy
Mollusc anatomy
Animal nervous system

Circumesophageal nerve ring


Palash Nandy (born 17 July 1952) is a retired Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm offbreak bowler. He represented Bengal in first-class cricket and limited overs cricket matches. He had also captained the Bengal team during his playing days and had coached the same team after his retirement. He has been awarded the Life Time Achievement Award By CAB(Cricket Association Of Bengal).

References

Indian cricketers
Bengal cricketers
1952 births
Living people

Palash Nandy


Surayud Chulanont (Thai: สุรยุทธ์ จุลานนท์, RTGS: Surayut Chulanon, ; born 28 August 1943) is a Thai politician. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand and head of Thailand's interim government between 2006 and 2008. He is a former supreme commander of the Royal Thai Army and is currently Privy Councilor to King Vajiralongkorn.

Surayud came from a military family, but his father defected from the Royal Thai Army to the Communist Party of Thailand when Surayud was a boy. Surayud joined the Thai Army and rose to power as an aide to General Prem Tinsulanonda. He commanded troops during Bloody May, the violent 1992 crackdown on anti-government protesters, but he denied giving his men the order to shoot protesters. He was promoted to army commander during the government of Chuan Leekpai and was promoted to supreme commander in 2003, under the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. Upon his retirement from the army, he was appointed by King Bhumibol Adulyadej to the Privy Council of Thailand. Surayud and Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda played a key role in the promotion of General Sonthi Boonratklin to the position of army commander.

References

1943 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Thailand

Surayud Chulanont


Mark Andrew Foster (born 12 May 1970) is an English former competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympics and world championships, and swam for England in the Commonwealth Games. Foster is a former world champion and won multiple medals in international competition during his long career. He competed primarily in butterfly and freestyle at 50 metres.

1970 births
Living people
British swimmers

Mark Foster (swimmer)


Louis Amédée Eugène Achard (19 April 1814  – 25 March 1875) was a prolific French novelist.

Achard was born in Marseille.  After a short stay near Algiers, where he supervised a farm, he went to Toulouse, and then Marseille, where he became a journalist and wrote for the Sémaphore.  He moved to Paris, where he wrote for the Vert-Vert, the Entracte, the Charivari, and the Époque. Achard wrote extensively for the Époque, even writing for his colleagues when they lacked inspiration.  He then collaborated in the satirical journal Le Pamphlet, and was gravely wounded in a duel with a man named Fiorentino, whom he had defamed. While still convalescent, he left for Italy with the French Army to cover the war for the Journal des Débats.

Achard was a prolific writer. In addition to his journalism, he wrote about thirty plays and about forty books. He is known today primarily for his cloak and dagger novels. Some incorrectly claim that he was the originator of the term (Ponson du Terrail used the term a little before him), but he did write a novel called la Cape et l'Épée (The Cloak and Dagger) in 1875. Achard also wrote many books on manners.  He died, aged 60, in Paris.

Works
Belle-Rose (1847)
Les Petits-fils de Lovelace (1854)
La Robe de Nessus (1855)
Maurice de Treuil (1857)
Le Clos Pommier (1858)
La Sabotière (1859)
Les Misères d'un millionnaire (1861)
Histoire d'un homme (1863)
Les Coups d'épée de M. de La Guerche (1863) Republished by Phébus in 1991
Mme de Sarens (1865)
La Chasse à l'idéal (1867)
Marcelle (1868)
Envers et contre tous (1874) (sequel to Les Coups d'épées de M. de La Guerche) Republished by Phébus in 1991
La Cape et l'Épée (1875)
Toison d'or (1875) (sequel to La Cape et l'Épée)

References

External links

1814 births
1875 deaths
Writers from Marseille
19th-century French novelists
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French journalists
French male journalists
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights

Louis Amédée Achard


An attack helicopter is a type of helicopter that is used to attack infantry, vehicles, and buildings. They are sometimes called helicopter gunships because of their weapons.

Attack helicopters can use a lot of weapons. Some of these weapons include machine guns, bombs, autocannons, missiles, and rockets. Some attack helicopters can also use air-to-air missiles for protection against other helicopters and planes.

Attack helicopters have two main purposes. The first purpose is to attack targets on the ground, like infantry, vehicles, and buildings. The second purpose is to protect transport helicopters and other weaker helicopters.

Military aircraft

Attack helicopter


Einar Hovdhaugen (26 February 1908 – 1 July 1996) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.

He was born in Ringebu.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Oppland in 1958, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously served as a deputy representative in the periods 1945–1949 and 1954–1957. Hovdhaugen was a member of Ringebu municipality council in the periods 1945–1947 and 1951–1955.

He was the father of the linguist Even Hovdhaugen.

References

1908 births
1996 deaths
People from Ringebu
Members of the Storting
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Einar Hovdhaugen