Catherine Mitchell Gregg (August 15, 1917 – August 1, 2014) was an American philanthropist, environmentalist and historic preservationist.  Gregg served as the First Lady of New Hampshire from 1953 until 1955 during the administration of her husband, former Governor Hugh Gregg. She was also the mother of another former Governor of New Hampshire, U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, Judd Gregg. An active philanthropist, Catherine Gregg led efforts to preserve and restore the Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion in Portsmouth, the last surviving, original colonial era Royal Governor's residence in the United States.

Life and work
Gregg was born Catherine Warner on August 15, 1917, to Carden F. and Eliza (née Mitchell) Warner. She graduated from Connecticut College.

Gregg served on the Wentworth-Coolidge Commission and is credited with the restoration of Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion, the residency of the British royal governor of the Province of New Hampshire. The Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion, located in Portsmouth, is the last surviving original residence of a British Royal Governor in the United States. Additionally, Gregg served as the director of the Merrimack River Watershed Council. She also active with the New Hampshire Audubon Society,  White Mountain Arts and Music Festival, and the Robert Frost Homestead.

Politically, Catherine Gregg campaigned to preserve New Hampshire's status as the first state to hold a presidential primary election.

Her husband, former Governor Hugh Gregg, died in 2003. Catherine Gregg died at her home at the RiverWoods in Exeter, New Hampshire, on August 1, 2014, at the age of 96. She was survived by two sons, Cy Gregg and former U.S. Senator Judd Gregg, five grandchildren, and seven great-grandchildren.  The current Governor of New Hampshire, Maggie Hassan, ordered flags to be flown at half-staff in her honor.

References

1917 births
2014 deaths
First ladies and gentlemen of New Hampshire
Historical preservationists
Connecticut College alumni
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
20th-century American philanthropists

Catherine Gregg


Lilongwe is the capital city of African country of Malawi. It lies in the center of the country on the Lilongwe river. It is near the border of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. The city has a population of 597,619 people. Lilongwe is the second largest city in Malawi.

Climate
Lilongwe has a damp subtropical climate, bordering a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwa), with pleasantly warm summers and mild winters. Due to its altitude, temperatures are lower than other cities located in the tropics. Lilongwe has a short wet season from December to March and a long dry season during much of the rest of the year. However it has a strong rain season, with around  during the wettest months.

History
The city started as a small village on the banks of the Lilongwe river. It became a British colonial administrative centre at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1974, the capital of the country was moved from Zomba to Lilongwe. Recently, as part of a change in politics in Malawi, the parliament has been moved to Lilongwe. All parliament members must spend time in the new capital. Lilongwe is now the political centre of Malawi, but Blantyre the economic capital of the country.

Transport
Lilongwe is visited by Malawi Railways and Shire Bus Lines, local buses and minibuses go between Old Town, City Centre, Kamuzu International Airport, and other urban places, including Mzuzu and Blantyre.

People can get taxis from hotels and a taxi lane on Presidential Way, North of City Centre Shopping Centre. Most roads have a lot of traffic, so most Malawians prefer to, or can only afford to, walk or use a bicycle. There is also an airport, Kamuzu International Airport, which is about 35 km north of Lilongwe.

Cities in Malawi
National capitals in Africa

Lilongwe


Hans Fredrik Dahl (born 16 October 1939) is a Norwegian historian, journalist and media scholar, best known in the English-speaking world for his biography of Vidkun Quisling, a Nazi collaborationist and Minister President for Norway during the Second World War. His research is focused on media history, the totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century, and the Second World War. He served as culture editor of Dagbladet 1978–1985 and has been a board member of the paper since 1996. He was a professor at the University of Oslo 1988–2009, and is now a professor emeritus.

Personal life
Dahl was born in Oslo, the son of Jacob Dahl, an engineer, and his wife Sophie Harbitz. He was married to jurist and pioneer of feminist jurisprudence Tove Stang Dahl (née Tove Thiis Stang) from 1960 to 1993, and to art historian Elisabeth Elster from 1996. He is a maternal grandson of pathologist Francis Harbitz, and a cousin of historian Francis Sejersted.

In his younger days he defined himself as a Marxist and Socialist, and was elected head of the Norwegian Students' Society as the left-wing candidate in 1963. He converted to Catholicism in the 2000s, after recovering from a serious illness.

Career
Dahl has written two books on the history of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK): Hallo-Hallo (1975) and Dette er London (1978). He was cultural editor of the newspaper Dagbladet from 1978 to 1985, and from 1988 to 2009 professor at the University of Oslo. Dahl has been co-editor of the encyclopaedias Pax Leksikon (1978–1981) and Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (1995), and the four-volume press history Norsk presses historie 1660–2010. He is, however, most famous in the English-speaking world for the book Quisling: A Study in Treachery, a two-volume biography of the politician and Minister-President Vidkun Quisling; it was condensed into one volume upon translation into English.

He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 2000 he received the Fritt Ord Honorary Award.

Selected works
Norge mellom krigene (1971)
Hallo-Hallo. Kringkastingen i Norge 1920–1940 (1975)
"Dette er London". NRK i krig 1940–1945 (1978)
Vidkun Quisling. En fører blir til (biography, 1991)
Vidkun Quisling. En fører for fall (biography, 1992)

References

1939 births
Living people
Writers from Oslo
Dagbladet people
Norwegian encyclopedists
Norwegian editors
20th-century Norwegian historians
Media historians
Historians of World War II
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Norwegian Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism
21st-century Norwegian historians

Hans Fredrik Dahl


Henri-Marie-Ernest-Désiré Pinault (7 September 1904 – 24 February 1987) was the Roman Catholic bishop of Chengdu from 1949 until 1983, four years before his death.

Early life
Pinault was born in 1904 into a family of farmers in Tinténiac deanery in Trévérien commune, Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. In 1905 the Pinault family settled on a farm in Évran commune in the Côtes du Nord department of Brittany. Pinault had his primary school studies in Évran and his secondary schooling at the Cordeliers in Dinan. The Pinaults were devout Roman Catholics and Henri had an uncle who was a priest in the diocese of St. Brieuc and a cousin who was a priest in the diocese of Rennes. In 1922 Pinault was ordained as a priest, and on 29 June 1929 he received his appointment as a Priest of Paris Foreign Missions Society.

Years in China
On 15 September 1929 Father Pinault embarked on his mission to Chengdu, China. When he first arrived in China the country was in turmoil. After spending several months in Chengdu, he was sent to Bazhou to undergo language training. Father Pinault took the Chinese name Peng Daochuan (). The city was captured on 23 February 1933 by forces of the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War and clergymen and Christians were forced to flee. Father Pinault found refuge with Benedictine monks in Chongqing. In 1934 Father Pinault was appointed Supérieur du Probatorium at Hebachang, where he organized a hospice in 1942. In 1945 Father Pinault departed from Hebachang and replaced the deceased pastor at Tsong-Kin-Tcheou.

On 14 July 1949 Pinault was appointed to replace the late Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse as Bishop of Chengdu, the highest post in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu in the Ecclesiastical province of Chongqing; Bishop Pinault received his episcopal ordination on 21 September 1949. Only two months later, on 28 December 1949, the city of Chengdu was captured by communist forces. In order to protect his fellow clergy members, Bishop Pinault took personal responsibility for the ownership of all church property. This act placed him at risk as Communist Party administrators placed heavy taxes on religious properties and imprisoned clergy members. Officials ruled that Bishop Pinault was unable to pay his "debts" and threw him in prison in early 1952, where he underwent repeated interrogations. Finally, Bishop Pinault was expelled from China, leaving Chengdu on 29 March 1952 and arriving in Hong Kong on 14 April. Bishop Pinault arrived in Marseilles on June 30 and shortly after visited his mother in Évran. After his departure from China, Pinault retained the title of Bishop of Chengdu, which he would hold until 1983.

Later life and death
Shortly after his arrival in France, Bishop Pinault accepted an assignment as a military chaplain in the French Air Force in North Africa. On 29 December 1953 Bishop Pinault returned to France and spent time at Voreppe before relocating to Paris, working with la Mission bretonne and the ministère épiscopal de Confirmations et d'Ordinations. Bishop Pinault took part in the Second Vatican Council in Rome from 1962-1965. On his return from Rome, Bishop Pinault retired to Évran, where he lived with his mother, who died in 1975, and served neighboring parishes. In June 1980, Bishop Pinault celebrated Eucharist in Lisieux with Pope John Paul II during the Pope's pilgrimage.  In 1983, Pinault retired from his position as Bishop of Chengdu and became its Bishop Emeritus; the position of Bishop of Chengdu was left vacant. In December 1986 Pinault was hospitalized at Rennes with arteritis and underwent several surgeries. He returned home to Évran on 23 February but at 6:00 p.m. on 24 February 1987 he died. He is buried next to his mother in a small cemetery in Évran.

See also
 Catholic Church in Sichuan

Notes

1904 births
1987 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in China
Roman Catholic bishops in Sichuan
Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan
People from Ille-et-Vilaine
French Roman Catholic bishops in Asia
French military chaplains
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
French Roman Catholic missionaries
French expatriates in China
Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu

Henri Pinault


NAS can also be a shorthand for Network-attached storage.

Nasir Jones (born September 14, 1973), better known as Nas, is an American rapper, songwriter, record executive and actor. He is best known for his first album, Illmatic, which was released in 1994. It has been widely critically praised. He followed up with several commercially successful albums, such as It Was Written, I Am…, Nastradamus, Stillmatic, God's Son, Street's Disciple, Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, Life Is Good, and the King's Disease series. Nas has been nominated for fourteen Grammy Awards; his thirteenth studio album King's Disease took the crown for Best Rap Album of the year during the 63rd Grammy Awards. Famed for his storytelling prowess and lyrical creativity, Nas is regarded as one of the greatest rappers of all time.

Personal life
Nas was born on September 14, 1973 in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Olu Dara, is a musician who plays the trumpet. When Nas was young, his family moved to Queens, New York.

On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny. Nas was married to Kelis from 2005 until they divorced in 2010. She is the mother of his son.

Career

1990s
Nas started making music when he was a teenager. He recorded his first music with a producer called Large Professor, but did not yet publish it. Nas' first published song was "Live at the Barbeque" in 1991. He was a guest artist on this song, which was by the group Main Source. In 1992, Nas released his first single, a song called "Halftime". This song was first published as part of a movie's soundtrack.

Nas released his first album, called Illmatic, in 1994. The album got very good reviews. People especially liked Nas' songwriting skills on the album. Because it was so well liked, Illmatic is often called a classic. Today, many people still say that Illmatic is one of the best hip-hop albums ever. Nas released his second album in 1996. He called the album It Was Written. On this album, Nas tried to make songs that a bigger audience would like. He also made expensive music videos to promote the album.

Nas also joined a hip hop group called The Firm. The other members of the group were Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature. The Firm first appeared as a group on It Was Written. In 1997, The Firm released an album together. The Firm's album sold many copies, but sold less than the group had hoped it would. After this album, The Firm stopped making music as a group. Nas instead started making his third album by himself. He planned to call this album I Am... The Autobiography, and wanted it to be a double album. People leaked many of the songs from this album onto the Internet before it came out. Because of this, Nas decided to record new songs for the album. He also changed the title to I Am.... This album came out in 1999. Nas also released another album, called Nastradamus, in 1999. Nastradamus was originally meant to have the leaked songs from I Am..., but Nas changed his mind and decided to record new songs for it.

2000s
In the late 1990s, Nas began feuding with rapper Jay-Z. In 2001, Jay-Z wrote a song called "Takeover" that insulted Nas. Nas replied by writing a song called "Ether" that insulted Jay-Z in return. "Ether" appeared on Nas' fifth album, Stillmatic, which he released in 2001. Stillmatic was mostly well liked. Its good reception helped to boost Nas' career after his last two albums had received bad reviews. Nas' next album was The Lost Tapes, an album made of songs he had written earlier but never published. The Lost Tapes got good reviews. Some critics said it was his best album since Illmatic.

Nas released several more albums in the 2000s. In 2002, he released God's Son. This album sold many copies, causing it to go platinum. It also included the song "I Can", which became Nas' biggest hit song. After this, Nas' next album was a double album called Street's Disciple. The album got good reviews, but sold fewer copies than his earlier albums.

Nas and Jay-Z ended their fued in 2005. To show that they had made up, Nas made a surprise appearance at a Jay-Z concert in 2005. The two musicians performed Jay-Z's song "Dead Presidents" together. At this time, Jay-Z was the president of the record label Def Jam Recordings. Nas signed a contract with Def Jam in January 2006. On the Def Jam label, Nas released his next album in 2006. This album was called Hip Hop Is Dead. The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart. It was Nas' first number-one album since I Am..., and his third ever. In 2007, Nas announced that he wanted to call his next album Nigger. Because the title was a racial slur, many people were unhappy with this announcement. Nas was criticized by famous progressives like Jesse Jackson, and also by the conservative news channel Fox News. Because of the controversy, Nas decided to release the album without any title at all.

2010s
In 2010, Nas released an album with Damian Marley called Distant Relatives. It entered the Billboard 200 at number five. Three singles were released from the album. In 2012, Nas released his eleventh album Life Is Good. He wrote it after he divorced Kelis. The album received good reviews.

In 2014, a documentary called Nas: Time Is Illmatic was released. The movie celebrated the 20th anniversary of Illmatic. Nas also performed songs from Illmatic at the Kennedy Center. In 2017, Nas did more work in film and TV. He wrote a song for the TV show The Getdown and appeared in a documentary called The American Epic Sessions.

Nas' next album was called Nasir. It was released in 2018. Kanye West produced all of Nasir. The album received mixed reviews. In 2019, Nas released The Lost Tapes 2. He had originally planned to release this album soon after The Lost Tapes. However, the album was delayed several times. In 2020, Nas released an album called King's Disease. This album won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. Nas had been nominated for many Grammy Awards, but this was the first time he won. Nas then released an album called King's Disease II in 2021. He also released the album called Magic in the same year. In 2022, he released King's Disease III.

References

Other websites
Nas at Def Jam.

1973 births
Living people
African-American rappers
Rappers from New York (state)
Hardcore hip hop artists

Nas


Zeilsheim is a quarter of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the Ortsbezirk West and is subdivided into the Stadtbezirke Zeilsheim-Ost, Zeilsheim-Süd and Zeilsheim-Nord.

As the westernmost district of Frankfurt, Zeilsheim is somewhat rural in character and the surrounding fields can give a clear view of the Taunus mountains.

Geography
Zeilsheim borders Kriftel in the west, Liederbach am Taunus in the north, the district of Unterliederbach in the northeast, Höchst in the east, and Sindlingen in the southeast. In the north and west, it is bordered by the Bundesautobahn 66 Wiesbaden-Frankfurt.

Infrastructure
The main street of the district is the Landesstraße 3018 that lead through the L 3016 from Kelkheim through Unterliederbach, through Zeilsheim until Hofheim am Taunus. It is sometimes nicknamed the Pfaffenwiese or the Hofheimer Straße (Hofheim Street). It is also a major street used in public transport. Zeilsheim is linked by bus to the observation tower in Bockenheim, to Griesheim and to Niederrad, as well as by regional bus lines to Schwalbach am Taunus und Hofheim.

Settlement
A settlement in Zeilsheim was initiated by Hoechst AG to provide worker housing located near its factories. A similar settlement is Heimchen in Unterliederbach. The main street of the settlement was called Neu-Zeilsheim. Nearly all of the intersecting streets are ordered alphabetically. Today in the center lies a church erected in 1912. On the western borders stands the building of the Käthe-Kollwitz School erected in 1902.

Taunusblick und Märchensiedlung
In the north and southeast of the district arose the settlements Taunusblick (Taunus view) and Märchensiedlung (Fairy tale settlement). The name of the northwestern settlement derives from the ability to see the Taunus mountains on a clear day. Märchensiedlung is located south of the main road. The name refers to façades of the houses that contain images from the stories of the Brothers Grimm.

History
The district was first founded as the independent town Ciolfesheim in 794.

In 1917 it was incorporated into the city of Höchst. In 1928 it was incorporated along with Höchst into Frankfurt proper.

Zeilsheim became famous for its camp created by the Allies to hold Displaced Persons and exiles after World War II, and in 1946 it was visited by Zionist leader (later Israeli prime minister) David Ben-Gurion and former American First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. A small monument in the park behind the city hall is dedicated to the memory of this community.

There is also a small museum with alternating exhibitions on the district's history.

Sports
The SV Zeilsheim is playing in the Hessenliga, the fifth tier of German football.

Administration
It is divided in into three districts itself, North, South and West (Nord, Süd und West).

References

External links

Portal of Frankfurt/Main-Zeilsheim

Districts of Frankfurt
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II

Zeilsheim


Nyctiphruretus (meaning "Guardian of the Night") is an extinct genus of nyctiphruretid parareptile known from the Guadalupian series (middle Permian) of European Russia.

Many fossils of the type species, N. acudens, were found well preserved near the Mezen River of European Russia in various stages of growth. The dentition identified that Nyctiphruretus is a herbivore. Based on the large numbers of individuals found and the sediment that they were found in, it appears that their diet consisted of aquatic plants. Adults discovered averaged 36 cm in length with a 4.4 cm skull that was crushed but recognisable. Nyctiphruretus was first named by Efremov in 1938 and the type species is Nyctiphruretus acudens. In 2002, a second species was named by V. V. Bulanov. N. optabilis is known from a single jaw, also from Russia, Eastern Europe.

Lee (1997) named the order Nyctiphruretia and the family Nyctiphruretidae, to include Nyctiphruretus. While the family was defined to be monotypic, the order was defined to include both nyctiphruretids and nycteroleterids. However, recent cladistic analyses suggest that nycteroleterids are more closely related to the Pareiasauria instead, thus making Nyctiphruretus the only genus of its order. In 2014, MacDougall & Reisz described and named a second genus of Nyctiphruretidae, Abyssomedon, from the middle Leonardian stage of the late Early Permian of Comanche County, Oklahoma, south-central United States. It contains a single species, A. williamsi, which represents the first nyctiphruretid known from North America, and the oldest species of the family.

References

Procolophonomorphs
Permian reptiles of Europe
Prehistoric reptile genera

Nyctiphruretus


The Philippine National Railways (PNR) (; ) is a state-owned railway company in the Philippines which operates one commuter rail service between Metro Manila and Laguna, and local services between Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi in the Bicol Region. It is an attached agency of the Department of Transportation.

PNR began operations on November 24, 1892, as the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan, during the Spanish colonial period, and later becoming the Manila Railroad Company (MRR) during the American colonial period. It became the Philippine National Railways on June 20, 1964, by virtue of Republic Act No. 4156. PNR used to operate over  of route from La Union to the Bicol Region. However, neglect reduced PNR's service. Persistent problems with informal settlers in the 1990s and natural disasters in the 2000s contributed further to PNR's decline. The government is currently in the process of reinvesting in the railway through numerous projects set to revive defunct lines and create new ones.

History

Manila Railroad

The origins of the Philippine National Railways can be traced to Edmund Sykes' concession, the Manila Railway Company, Limited. Sykes was granted concession rights by the Spanish government to construct a rail line from Manila to Dagupan on June 1, 1887. The line opened as the Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan on November 24, 1892, and the Manila Railway Company was formally incorporated in Manila and in London.

The Manila Railway was later renamed the Manila Railroad in 1906 and became a state-owned enterprise in 1916. By 1923, the MRR elected José Paez as its first Filipino general manager. By 1939, the MRR had  of track throughout Luzon. However, the MRR's network and fleet was heavily destroyed during World War II. With most of the railroads rebuilt by the 1950s, the MRR initiated its transition from steam to diesel power. Flagship services with steam ended on August 12, 1956, while regular services ended in 1963. Not long after, the Manila Railroad was reorganized into the Philippine National Railways.

Creation of the PNR and later decline
The PNR was created in 1964 through the Republic Act 4156 during the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal. According to the PNR's website, the agency experienced its heyday during its early years in the 1960s and early 1970s during the early years of president Ferdinand Marcos. It enjoyed thousands of daily riders in its system and had an expansive commuter rail network in and out of Metro Manila.

The PNR later suffered from a multitude of reasons which contributed to its decline, including natural disasters and a lack of support from the government. Government funding during the 1970s were shifted to road-based infrastructure such as highways. On July 23, 1979, President Marcos issued Executive Order No. 546, which designated the Philippine National Railways as an attached agency of the then-Ministry of Transportation and Communications. This however did not prevent the agency from suffering heavy losses. In 1983, underfunding has resulted in more cutting of services and the layoff of 1,000 employees which resulted in protests the following year.

The North Main Line was later closed in stages. In 1984, services were cut short to Paniqui, Tarlac due to a bridge collapse. Services were then again cut short to Caloocan in 1988 during the term of President Corazon Aquino. However, commuter services were briefly extended to Malolos starting in 1990 under the Metrotren project and was later closed in 1997. When Ramos succeeded Corazon Aquino, he decided to rehabilitate the South Main Line from Tutuban to Legaspi, and appointed Jose B. Dado as the new PNR general manager. A railway system running from Manila to Clark was also set to be constructed in the 1990s, when Ramos signed a memorandum of agreement with Juan Carlos I of Spain for its construction in September 1994, but the project was later cancelled due to disagreement on the source of funding.

Contemporary history

Rehabilitation
The government under the administration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo actively pursued the rehabilitation of the Philippine National Railways through various investments and projects designed to revive Philippine rail transport, despite the numerous problems involved. Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process. The first phase of the South Korea-funded Northrail-Southrail Linkage Project, converting all the lines of the Manila metropolitan area, were completed in 2009. On July 14, 2009, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo presided over the launch of the new diesel multiple units from Hyundai Rotem for the Philippine National Railways. As part of its new image, a new brand name, PNR Filtrack was added and a new PNR logo was unveiled until the succeeding administration decided to revert to the original logo.

The San Cristobal bridge in Calamba, Laguna was rebuilt in May 2011. The Bicol Express train service was inaugurated on June 29, with a maiden voyage between Manila and Naga, Camarines Sur plus a return trip back to the terminus on July 1. This inaugural trip was marred by the collapse of the embankment at Malaguico, Sipocot. It was discovered before the train passed through and was repaired. The restored Bicol Express intercity service was offered on a daily basis, running mostly during night time.

NorthRail project

On September 14, 2002, a memorandum of understanding was signed by NorthRail and China National Machinery and Equipment Group (CNMEG) for the NorthRail project. The NorthRail project involved the upgrading of the existing single track to an elevated dual-track system, converting the rail gauge from narrow gauge to standard gauge, and linking Manila to Malolos in Bulacan and further on to Angeles City, Clark Special Economic Zone, Clark International Airport. The railway project was contracted out by the Arroyo administration in 2003 to China National Machinery and Equipment Corporation (CNMEC) for an original cost of $421 million. This project was estimated to cost around US$500 million, with China offering to provide some US$400 million in concessionary financing. Construction of the railway was halted, then temporarily continued in January 2009, and then stopped again in March 2011, due to a series of anomalies with the foreign contractor, before finally being scrapped in 2011 by the Aquino administration on lingering legal issues and corruption allegations. The project was later restarted as the North–South Commuter Railway in 2013.

Current developments

The PNR is currently working to revive and revitalize the railway network with the establishment of the North–South Commuter Railway, from New Clark City in Tarlac to Calamba in Laguna.

Also in the pipeline is the rehabilitation of the current South Commuter line and the reestablishment of long-haul services to the south. After nearly 20 years, PNR reopened the Metro North Commuter line, and launched the Caloocan–Dela Rosa shuttle line, on August 1, 2018. This would be followed by a steady expansion and reintroduction of rail services to the north, currently reaching to Malabon, which has not seen rail activity for nearly 20 years. A plan to reactivate the Carmona line was bared as well, and the revival of cargo rail from Port Area, Manila to Laguna is now being planned.

On November 16, 2018, PNR became a provisional member of International Union of Railways. On June 14, 2019, PNR became ISO 9001-certified (ISO 9001:2015) for railway repair, rehabilitation, restoration and maintenance, train control and rolling stock maintenance, station operation and other related services. The certification was announced on October 2, 2019.

On February 16, 2023, the Department of Transportation announced a temporary suspension of operations of the PNR system for five years to give way for the construction of the NSCR. Transport Undersecretary for Railways Cesar Chavez said that the temporary suspension would save the government  while construction on the new railway line is ongoing. The Alabang–Calamba segment was the first to be closed on July 2, while the Tutuban–Alabang segment will follow suit in January 2024. New PUV franchises are in the process of issuance to compensate for the five-year closure.

Operations and services

The PNR currently operates in Metro Manila and the neighboring Laguna province. At the last years of regular intercity service along the system's entire length in the late 1980s, it served from Tutuban to San Fernando, La Union on the North Main Line and Legazpi, Albay on the South Main Line. Various branch lines also led to Batangas, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Rizal and Tarlac. One of the branch lines that led to Carmona was intended to be reopened by 2019. This was not yet realized , presumably due to the COVID-19 pandemic, among other developments.

The PNR operates almost every day of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules via the social media pages of the agency and also in newspapers and other mass media. During Holy Week, a public holiday in the Philippines, operations are suspended for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes on Easter Sunday.

Summary of services

Metro Commuter Line

Metro North Commuter
The reactivated Metro North Commuter ran initially from Caloocan to Makati and uses a single special fare matrix of  for ordinary, and  for air-conditioned. This was later extended to reach FTI in Taguig, now with a distance-based fare matrix. A Caloocan-Tutuban shuttle service also exists, using the original right-of-way once used for the Dagupan line. Originally terminating at 10th Avenue station while the historical Caloocan station was still being prepared for activation, the station now terminates at its originally intended station since September 10.

DOTr and PNR are also working on reviving and reactivating rail services in areas prepared for NorthRail, such as Malabon and possibly Valenzuela. First proposed and planned last September 2018, the extension to Gov. Pascual Avenue and the re-establishment of the Governor Pascual Station (formerly called Acacia Station) in Malabon has been done, with new rail ties and narrow gauge rail tracks being restored. It reopened to the public on December 3, 2018.

Another extension, this time targeting Valenzuela City (likely Polo area) has been bared on August 14, 2019, and will require rebuilding a railway bridge crossing Tullahan river that has been previously demolished.

The line is provisional and services will be interrupted when the NSCR elevated tracks are to be constructed, likely after the construction of NLEX Segment 10.1. However, the at-grade reconstructed lines will be retained and are targeted for freight use as well as part of the system's extension to the north.

The trains currently used in this service is the Hyundai Rotem DMUs and 8000 class DMUs, with the KiHa 52 DMU and KiHa 350 DMU formerly used in this service.

Metro South Commuter
The Metro Commuter (also known by then-remaining active service MSC or Metro South Commuter), which was formerly called Commuter Express (also Commex), serves as the commuter rail service for the Manila metropolitan area, extending as far south as Calamba and Los Baños, both in Laguna. The PNR uses GE locomotives such as 900 Class, 2500 Class, and 5000 Class hauling 203 series EMUs, including 18 (3 car trains, 6 sets) Hyundai Rotem DMUs, KiHa 52 DMUs, the PT INKA 8000 class DMUs, 8100 class DMUs, and the INKA CC300 locomotive with 8300 class coaches for this service. The 8000 class DMUs occasionally perform MSC trips when the Hyundai Rotem DMUs occupy the Metro North Commuter trips. The GE locomotives formerly haul 7A-2000 12 series Commex passenger coaches. MSC  service using the Hyundai Rotem DMUs, KiHa 52, KiHa 350, 203 series EMUs, 8000 class and 8100 class DMUs, and the INKA CC300 locomotive with 8300 class coaches is currently offered between Tutuban and Alabang in Muntinlupa.  Currently, MSC makes 32 return services, 16 in each direction.

Shuttle Service
The Shuttle Service is a commuter rail service initially introduced on January 27, 2014. This service used Hyundai Rotem DMUs and JR KiHa 52.  There were 2 routes of the Shuttle Service, where trains stop at all stations along the routes: Tutuban – Sucat and Santa Mesa – Sucat. This train service ended May 23, 2014, to conduct maintenance on the rolling stocks and due to the consecutive three weeks of delays and cancellations of this train service.

Formerly, plans for a third route plying Alabang – Calamba was to be introduced sometime in 2017. This service would use the reliveried two-car KiHa 350; This did not push through in 2018. However, with the commissioning of the new DOST Hybrid Train in 2019, this route is now under test run, currently free of charge, but with limited schedules.

In 2018, a new shuttle line was introduced with the 10th Avenue – Dela Rosa route since August 1, 2018, as part of the renovation of the line and the return of train services to Caloocan. The revived train service had its first extension towards Sangandaan, the original Caloocan station since September 10, extending through FTI. Since December 3, 2018, the line was extended northwards to Governor Pascual (formerly called Acacia) in Malabon, and since December 16, 2019, the shuttle service was extended southwards to Bicutan as its new terminus from FTI.

A new shuttle line leading to the once-abandoned Carmona branch line is planned for reopening in 2019, and will originate from the Dela Rosa station in Makati City.

Bicol Commuter
The Bicol Commuter service is a commuter rail service in the Bicol Region, between stations in Tagkawayan, Quezon, and Legazpi, Albay, with Naga in Camarines Sur acting as a central terminal.  The service was launched on September 16, 2009, in time for the feast of Our Lady of Peñafrancia in Naga. The trains made seven trips a day, alternating between Tagkawayan, Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi.  All services used KiHa 52 in revised blue livery.

After further reductions, only the service between Naga and Sipocot was operating as of December 2013.  Service resumed between Naga and Legazpi on September 18, 2015, with one train a day.

Definitive plans to restore the entire route from Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi were bared with an inspection trip from Tutuban on September 20, 2019, with a rerailment crew, including certain areas of Quezon Province, in preparation of the restoration of more routes previously suspended. As of July 15, 2020, the service has a daily ridership of 400 to 600, with a low ridership implied due to the COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines limiting the capacity of trains to 20%.

, the train used in this service is the KiHa 350 DMU pulled by a 5000/2500 class locomotive. The greatly-varying land gradients in the area necessitated the locomotive's utilization.

Defunct services

Intercity services
PNR's intercity operations on its two main lines, the North Main Line and South Main Line, both located in Luzon, have been indefinitely suspended since 2014.

The South Main Line then served as the primary intercity service after the permanent closure of the northern line in 1991. However, PNR also ended its regular intercity services in 2006 due to natural disasters and poor track conditions, although the Bicol Express ran irregularly between 2009 and 2014. In Camarines Sur, liquefaction of the track's embankment caused a section of the line in Sipocot to sink. This allowed the inaugural service of the new Bicol Express in 2011 to slow down to a near-stop while passing through the area.

There are plans to revitalize both lines. The North Main Line is currently reserved for building the fully-elevated portion of the North–South Commuter Railway to Capas, Tarlac. The South Main Line is planned to be rebuilt and extended to Matnog, Sorsogon. The spur line to Batangas City will also be rebuilt. Test runs along the South Main Line were conducted in September 2019. On September 21, 2019, a KiHa 59 and a rerailment train consisting of a newly repainted PNR 900 class locomotive and a CMC coach conducted a test run from Tutuban to Naga.

North Main Line services

The North Main Line was first opened when the Manila–Dagupan Railway was opened in 1892. At its height between the 1950s and 1960s, the line once boasted full double-track railways from Tutuban to Dagupan and also served until San Fernando, La Union. It also had branch lines to various areas in Central Luzon. However, its services severely deteriorated in the 1980s. All regular operations outside Metro Manila ended in 1988. However, there was irregular service to Meycauayan railway station until all stations in Central Luzon were closed by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.

South Main Line services

Intercity services on the South Main Line ran between Manila and Legazpi between 1916 and 2014, including the intermittent Bicol Express and Mayon/Isarog Limited services between 2009 and 2014. The services also briefly extended to Sorsogon in the 1960s due to the trains' popularity as a form of transportation with the masses.

Non-passenger services

Freight services used to be a key component of PNR's operations, and the same applies to its predecessors being the Manila Railway and Railroad companies. Freight services lasted until 2003 when International Container Terminal Services used PNR tracks to transfer intermodal containers from the Port of Manila to its facility in Cabuyao, Laguna. Since then, there have been proposals to revive freight services as part of its PNR Long Haul projects.

The Manila Railroad was also the owner of the Manila Hotel during its early years prior to its handover to the Government Services Insurance System. They also hosted "hospital trains" in the 1930s, with 70 class tank locomotive No. 79 and a converted American Car-built express coach used as a hospital.

Station list

The Philippine National Railways operates on two main lines, the North Main Line and the South Main Line, alongside three major spur lines, which served various parts of Luzon with its 138 (once) active stations.

Station layout
All PNR stations were and are presently at-grade, with most stations using a side platform layout. Most have only basic amenities, platforms and ticket booths. Rehabilitated stations along the Metro Manila line have been fitted with ramps for passengers using wheelchairs. Several stations have extended platforms, having an upper platform catering to DMU services, and a lower platform for regular locomotive-hauled services. As of August 2017, most of the stations are being extended and equipped with platform-length roofing, better ticketing office, and restrooms.

Future railway systems under the PNR, such as the North–South Commuter Railway line, will have elevated, at-grade, and depressed stations similar to that of Manila LRT and MRT stations.

Modernization and expansion plans

The PNR system has suffered from decades of neglect and therefore, several plans to restore and expand the network has been proposed by various administrations. The Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of China, Japan and Indonesia have contributed to these plans. Most of these concern the revitalization and modernization projects of the mainlines in Luzon. The government plans a complete overhaul of the PNR system, which involves electrification and conversion from narrow gauge to standard gauge, as well as from single to double track. The standard gauge system is estimated to have a total track length of around .

Urban rail systems

North–South Commuter Railway

The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) is the latest project to revitalize both the historic North and South Main Lines, particularly sections in the Greater Manila Area. First planned in the 1990s, the project's previous incarnations were hounded by funding problems and disagreements. It finally came into shape in November 2017 after a resolution of a five-year dispute between the government and a Chinese contractor. The NSCR will be a 36 station,  elevated railway system from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna. It will be the first electrified main line in the country. Construction oon the railway began in 2019. Once fully completed by 2025, it will accommodate at least 300,000 passengers between Northern Metro Manila and Bulacan alone. While the elevated line will be served by electrified trains, the existing lines below will be used for freight trains and/or existing commuter trains.

MRT Line 8

As part of the infrastructure program by president Rodrigo Duterte, East-West Rail was proposed by the East-West Rail Transit Corp., a consortium between Megawide, A. Brown Company Inc., and Private Equity Investment and Development Corp. It involves the financing, design, construction, and maintenance of a mostly-elevated rapid transit line from Diliman in Quezon City to Quiapo in Manila. In 2018, the PNR has said that it will help in building and operating the line. The line will have 11 stations on  of mostly elevated track. The project is currently awaiting approval from NEDA to proceed. It is also currently tackling right-of-way issues, such as that of the España Boulevard alignment.

Intercity rail systems

PNR South Long Haul

The South Long Haul project, also known as PNR Bicol, is a planned reconstruction of the intercity line between Metro Manila and the Bicol Region. Originally proposed as a simple reconstruction of the existing network at narrow-gauge and a maximum speed of , the project now involves a complete overhaul of the railway and its conversion to standard-gauge, replacing the existing line. The line will be initially built as a single-track system. However, there are provisions for an upgrade to double-track or electrification in the future. Stations will be allowed to use passing sidings so that express train travel is uninterrupted.

Mindanao Railway

President Rodrigo Duterte expressed his support for the establishment of a railway system in the entire island of Mindanao which could be in operation after his term ends. The railway system to be built in Mindanao will have about 2,000 kilometers of track, and considered one of Rodrigo Duterte's primary infrastructure projects. The first phase, which is , would start construction in the third quarter of 2018 and was expected to be completed by 2022.

Freight revival
In 2016, PNR has been interested in reviving its freight services with a planned signing of a memorandum of agreement between the railway and rail freight operator MRAIL (a Meralco subsidiary firm) for the rehabilitation of the rail lines to North Harbor and to restart the freight services starting 2017, which will also help reduce traffic congestion and truck use in the NCR. If completed, MRail will jointly operate the freight service with the PNR, which will end a long absence of railway freight services in the country. This will be the second time the PNR will partner with ICTSI.

A statement made by MRail Inc., a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Investments Corp., said that discussions regarding PNR freight service revival from Port of Manila to the Laguna Gateway Inland Container Terminal resulted in the appointment of a new board at the Philippine National Railways. Representatives of PNR and ICTSI conducted an inspection of the ROW where the former railtracks leading to the North Harbor existed, signalling the start of the action to realize the cargo rail revival.

, the freight revival plans are currently not in effect, as with the agency's other railway plans, the cause presumed to be the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rolling stock

PNR has operated several types of locomotives, carriages and multiple units as part of its fleet. As of 2019, the rolling stock used are primarily powered by diesel. The DOST Hybrid Electric Train may also function as a battery electric multiple unit although it is started by a diesel engine. All present rolling stock are in . PNR also has rail mounted cranes as supporting equipment with varying capacities between .

In late 2019, improvements with the current rolling stocks have been seen. KiHa 59 KoGaNe, KiHa 350 Set 3, and two sets of Hyundai Rotem DMUs received a new blue-orange livery with window screen. One unit of 900 Class has been overhauled and repainted to blue-orange and filtrack livery. PNR also have expanded their line and added more trips in their service, KoGaNe has served the Tutuban-Calamba Line (Limited Chosen Stops only) from October 24 to December 2, 2019, then got extended to IRRI in Los Baños, Laguna on December 3, 2019. KiHa 350 Set 3 also have served the Alabang-Calamba-IRRI Line but it only lasted a couple of weeks, PNR train will go to bicol after renovation of railway tracks.

Liveries

The Manila-Dagupan Railway, the Manila Railroad Company and the Philippine National Railways sported various liveries representing various eras of the company, usually to celebrate the arrival of new rolling stock. Each of these are painted by hand.

Steam locomotive era (1892–1954)
There were no available colored images of Manila-Dagupan Railway and the Manila Railroad Company's rolling stock before the war so the color scheme of the carriages remains unknown. However, based on the surviving locomotives, the steam locomotives owned by the two companies sported a black-only livery like most of the notable American steam engines.

Railmotor livery (1948)
The Cummins railmotors were colored black or white, and orange. The pre-war carriages salvaged and refurbished in the late 1940s also used this color scheme.

MRR/PNR livery (1955)

The MRR celebrated the arrival of its first diesel rolling stock with its colors changed to dark green and yellow, or alternately to yellow-orange and dark green. The livery was retained when the Philippine government took over and renamed it the Philippine National Railways. During the transition to PNR, the old MRR monogram with a diamond-shaped seal was painted out and the PNR circular seal and monogram was placed on the front of the cab with yellow wing-like symbols outside it. The PNR acronym is also placed on the sides as well. By the 1980s, the diesel multiple units will have a yellow body and the wing-like symbols are colored dark green. A few locomotives sported a yellow-orange livery at that time.

Commuter Motor Coach livery (c. 1978)
During the late 1970s, the Commuter Motor Coaches used on PNR's local train services in Metro Manila and the Bicol Region was colored white and navy blue.

Metrotren livery (1990)
When President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the rebranded Manila commuter service as "Metrotren" in 1990, the CMC coaches were repainted to navy blue, white and red. This was also used for the 1998 restocking of the Bicol Express with the old Peñafrancia Express IC-888 train. This was used until the mid-2000s when both multiple unit types were changed to the navy blue livery.

Philippines 2000 livery (1997)
The GE Universal Series-based 900, 2500 and 5000 classes sported a red livery celebrating Fidel Ramos' Philippines 2000 program. Although the PNR revised this livery after 2000, some retained it due to lack of maintenance funds and a 900 class survived with this livery in use until 2008. Some of the freight carriages had the Philippines 2000 name spray-painted on top the old green and yellow livery.

Navy blue livery (c. 2000, 2011)

A navy blue livery was introduced after the expiry of the Philippines 2000 program. This followed after PNR acquired locomotive-hauled 12 and 14 series coaches from Japan. There are subtle differences with the coaches used on the Commuter Express (formerly Metrotren) and the Bicol Express. The Commuter Express trainsets were navy blue with orange highlights while the Bicol Express were navy blue with gold highlights. The PNR symbol on the Commuter Express was white while on the Bicol Express was gold. The locomotives' colors were also changed to navy blue and orange.

This livery was re-introduced in 2011 although it was not used on the Bicol Express trainsets.

Filtrack livery (2009)

PNR attempted to revitalize the Bicol Express in 2009 with the support of president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. This was supported with a change of logo and liveries. The coaches in PNR service used white and orange while the locomotives' cabs were colored white while the PNR monogram logo was sealed out. The trains also sported the "Filtrack" brand on the coaches and on the side of the locomotives. However, this was short lived after the Bicol Express stopped its services indefinitely. By 2015, all of the rolling stock followed the 2000s navy blue livery.

INKA livery (2019)

The PNR announced another logo change and changes to its livery in 2019. This is after the Duterte administration under the Department of Transportation announced major reforms to the PNR. The PNR's monogram is now fully incorporated on a seal-type logo, bearing the agency's name and the year it was founded. The seal was also changed from orange and blue to golden yellow and blue. At the same time, the rolling stock also changed its liveries with regards to the arrival of the new rolling stock from Indonesia. The 203 series-based passenger cars' liveries did not change as of 2022.

The first among the old rolling stock was the KiHa 350 and KiHa 59 series trains. After this was the Hyundai Rotem DMUs and finally, 900 series locomotives DEL 917, 902, 913, 921, and 922, 5000 series locomotive DEL 5007 and 5001, and 2500 series locomotive DEL 2540 changed its livery to orange.  All multiple units were fitted with new window screen to resist stoning. The colors however varied from one type of rolling stock to another but the common theme was the inclusion of navy blue-orange (as the highlight color), Blue (as the main stock color), orange (as the side line color) and black (as the bottom color).

CRRC diesel multiple unit livery (2021)

The latest effort to the revitalization of the South Main Line, particularly the Bicol Express intercity service, was unveiled in 2019 dubbed the "South Long Haul" project. A scale model of the train that would have been used was revealed during a contract signing ceremony between the Philippine National Railways, its superior agency the Department of Transportation, and the Chinese rolling stock manufacturer CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive. The three-car train will also feature a red-orange livery with black stripes on its windows. This train would have arrived in 2021.

However, on February 24, 2021, PNR cancelled the contract with CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive due to the procurement process being questioned by the Commission on Audit, and the failure of CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive to submit post-qualification bidding requirements.

NSCR electric multiple unit livery (2021)

In line with the construction of the North–South Commuter Railway, the Department of Transportation ordered 104 train cars (13 sets) of electric multiple units from Sumitomo Corporation and Japan Transport Engineering Company on July 16, 2019. The original proposal featured a bluish-purple livery in the 2019 scale model of the Sustina Commuter.

However, the livery design was changed when PNR revealed a mock-up of the front cab for the PNR EM10000 class trains on June 29, 2021. The livery now features a red-orange color livery and eagle design highlights on the sides of the lead cars of the train.

Appearances in media
Various rolling stocks in the Philippine National Railways appeared in multiple movies. Most of the rolling stock were old ones and they were filmed before becoming inactive or scrapped.

See also

 Department of Transportation
 List of Philippine National Railways stations
 Panay Railways
 Rail transportation in the Philippines
 Strong Republic Transit System

Notes

References

Further reading
 Uranza, Rogelio. (2002). The Role of Traffic Engineering and Management in Metro Manila. Workshop paper presented in the Regional Workshop: Transport Planning, Demand Management and Air Quality, February 2002, Manila, Philippines. Asian Development Bank (ADB).

 Japan International Cooperation Agency Official Page "Revitalization of Main Line South Project(1989)"
 List of stations of East West line
 East West line for icc approval
 Statement from Megawide company
 East West line the PPP Projects
 Megawide Joins Quezon City to Manila railway project

External links

 Philippine National Railways (official website)
 Official Facebook page of Philippine National Railways
 Facebook page of Philippine Railways
 Twitter page of Philippine Railways
 Facebook for Philippine Railway Historical Society

Department of Transportation (Philippines)
Government-owned and controlled corporations of the Philippines
Railway companies of the Philippines
Rail transportation in Metro Manila
Transportation in Luzon
Philippine brands
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in the Philippines
1892 establishments in the Philippines
Railway companies established in 1964
Spanish colonial infrastructure in the Philippines

Philippine National Railways


Wynne Godley (26 September 192613 May 2010) was an economist famous for his pessimism about the British economy and his criticism of the British government. In 2007, he and Marc Lavoie wrote a book about the "Stock-Flow Consistent" model, an analysis that predicted the global financial crisis of 2008. Dirk Bezemer argues that Godley was notable for predicting the nature of the Great Recession of the late 2000s well in advance, and for doing so on the basis of a formal model.

Life

Godley was born in London to Hugh Godley, 2nd Baron Kilbracken and his wife Elizabeth Usborn. He was born six years after his older brother, John who was to become John Godley, 3rd Baron Kilbracken.

Godley attended Sandroyd School in Wiltshire before attending Rugby School then read politics, philosophy and economics at New College, Oxford where Isaiah Berlin and Philip Andrews, one of the main economists of the Oxford Economic Research Group, were two of his most important mentors. Godley trained to become a professional musician, studying at the Paris Conservatoire for three years, and then becoming principal oboist at the BBC Welsh Orchestra. He was however continuously nervous about performing in public, and gave up this career, although he remained interested in music and was director of the Royal Opera from 1976 to 1987. In 1955 he married Kitty Epstein, daughter of Jacob Epstein the sculptor, who used his "impossibly handsome" head as the model for his statue of St Michael at the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral.

After his musical career ended he became an economist at the Metal Box company, and then from 1956 to 1970 he worked at the Treasury where he worked in macroeconomic policy issues and short term forecasting, bridging economic and policy issues, including the 1967 devaluation of the pound under Harold Wilson. While at the Treasury he met Nicholas Kaldor, who persuaded him to move to Cambridge University where he became a fellow of King's College and director of the department of applied economics, although he continued to work as a government economic advisor at times, and was appointed as one of Norman Lamont's 'seven wise men' external economic advisors after Black Wednesday. He predicted that the 1973–74 economic boom would end, and that unemployment would hit 3 million in the 1980s. As one of his proteges noted, these dire warnings "… earned him the title 'Cassandra of the Fens' and were derided – until they came true".

His contributions to Treasury policy thinking over the years were acknowledged by Dave Ramsden, chief economic advisor to the treasury: "In the 2000s, much of which coincided with a period of apparent and widely researched stability, what stands out is his distinctive analysis and his prescience about the looming financial and economic crisis, and the potential role for what had become by then innovative policies in responding." In 1992 he warned that without shared fiscal policy to replace currency movements there would be problems with monetary union in Europe.

In 1983, Godley published a book called Macroeconomics, co-authored with Francis Cripps.

In 1995, Godley took up a post at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College in New York State, where his work focused on the strategic prospects for the US and world economies, and the use of accounting macroeconomic models to reveal structural imbalances. In 1998, he was one of the first to warn that the growing imbalance in the global economy, fuelled by burgeoning American private sector debt, was unsustainable. His book Monetary Economics: Integrated Approach to Money, Income, Production and Wealth (2007), written with Marc Lavoie, deals with stock-flow consistent macro modelling.

Contribution to economics

Economist Martin Wolf gave credit to Godley's "sectoral financial balances" analytical framework in a 2012 analysis of the Great Recession. Wolf explained: "The essential idea is that since income has to equal expenditure for the economy, as a whole, (which is the same thing as saying that savings equals investment) so the sums of the difference between income and expenditures of each of the sectors of the economy must also be zero. These differences can also be described as "financial balances". Thus, if a sector is spending less than its income it must be accumulating (net) claims on other sectors. The crucial point is that, since sectoral balances must sum to zero, a rise in the deficit of one sector must be matched by an offsetting change in the others. It follows that if the fiscal deficit is increasing, the sum of the surpluses of the other sectors of the economy must be increasing in a precisely offsetting manner." Wolf explained that a large increase in the private sector financial balance drove a large increase in government deficits.

Deindustrialisation

Godley developed the "New Cambridge" model of deindustrialisation. It stresses the long-term Decline and competitiveness of British industry. During the 1970s especially, the manufacturing sector  steadily lost its share of both home and international markets. The historic substantial surplus of exports over Imports slipped into an even balance. That balance is maintained by North Sea oil primarily, and to a lesser extent from some efficiency improvement in agriculture and service sectors. The New Cambridge model posits several different causes for the decline in competitiveness. Down to the 1970's, the model stresses bad delivery times, poor design of products, and general low-quality. The implication is that although research levels are high in Britain, industry has been laggard in implementing innovation. The model after 1979 points to the appreciation of sterling against other currencies, so that British products are more expensive. In terms of policy, the New Cambridge model recommends general import controls, or else unemployment will continue to mount. The model indicates that deindustrialization is a serious problem which threatens the nation's ability to maintain balance of payments equilibrium in the long run. The situation after North Sea oil runs out appears troublesome. Deindustrialisation imposes serious social consequences. Workers skilled in the manufacturing sector are no longer needed, and are shuffled off to lower paying, less technologically valuable jobs. Computization and globalization are compounding that problem.

Prediction of the Great Recession
Dirk Bezemer argues that Godley was notable for being one of relatively few economists to predict the nature of the Great Recession of the late 2000s  well in advance, and for doing so on the basis of a formal model.

Bibliography
Books
Wynne Godley and Marc Lavoie, 2007. Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth, Palgrave MacMillan.  Description.
Wynne Godley and T. Francis Cripps, 1983. Macroeconomics,

Papers
Wynne Godley and Marc Lavoie, April 2007. Fiscal Policy in a Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC) Model, Working Paper No. 494, Levy Economics Institute

Bibliographies
Robert A. Cord, 2017. The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics, pp 929–953, Palgrave MacMillan,

References

External links
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 16 May 2008 (video)

1926 births
2010 deaths
Civil servants from London
British economists
Post-Keynesian economists
English classical oboists
Wynne
Male oboists
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Sandroyd School
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Analysands of Masud Khan
Younger sons of barons
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British male musicians

Wynne Godley


The Stumpers-L electronic mailing list, was a resource available for librarians and others to discuss reference questions which they were unable to answer using available resources. It was succeeded by the similar Project Wombat.

Origins

Stumpers-L began in 1992, created by Ann Feeney, a library school graduate student at Rosary College in River Forest, Illinois, in the United States. It was moved to Concordia University, Chicago, then back to Rosary, which was then renamed Dominican University. From 2002 to 2005 it was maintained by the Dominican University Graduate School of Library and Information Science program.  At the end of 2005 Dominican University ceased hosting the list. A replacement list, known as Project Wombat, commenced in January 2006, and is hosted by Project Gutenberg.

Originally the Stumpers-L archive was a gopher resource, but it migrated to the World Wide Web once the web became more universally used in the mid-1990s.

Topics

Typical Stumpers-L topics include:
"Which words in the English language end in -gry?"
"Who wrote The Book of Counted Sorrows, and where can I get a copy?"
"Is there a novel with no letter 'e' in it?"
"Where can I find information on Kombucha/Manchurian Mushroom Tea?"
"If the average human body were broken down into its constituent chemicals, how much would they be worth?"

Public notice
A book of Stumpers-L questions and answers was published in 1998 by Random House, edited by Fred Shapiro of Yale and titled Stumpers! Answers to Hundreds of Questions That Stumped The Experts (). Shapiro was an active member; other prominent members include Barbara and David P. Mikkelson, the co-editors of Snopes.com.

The unofficial mascot of the Stumpers-L list is the wombat.

References

External links
Project Wombat official site
  About the new Project Wombat site (Look for the contact link below the names of the list owners/managers)

Reference
Electronic mailing lists

Stumpers-L


Catholic guilt is the reported excess guilt felt by Catholics and lapsed Catholics. Guilt is remorse for having committed some offense or wrong, real or imagined. It is related to, although distinguishable from, "shame", in that the former involves an awareness of causing injury to another, while the latter arises from the consciousness of something dishonorable, improper, or ridiculous, done by oneself. One might feel guilty for having hurt someone, and also ashamed of oneself for having done so. Philip Yancey compares guilt to the sensation of physical pain as an indication that something should not be ignored but attended to.

The Penitential Act at the beginning of Mass is a liturgical rudiment of this previously sacramental Confession. Private confession to an ordained priest became the normal form of this sacrament, with a strict seal of secrecy on the part of the priest. Sometimes, the practice of the sacrament emphasized doing acts of penance, or making one's sorrow or contrition authentic. Sometimes, it emphasized confessing all of one's serious or "mortal" sins, sometimes it emphasized the power of the priest, acting In persona Christi, to absolve the penitent of sins. Currently, there are forms that include one-on-one Confession to a priest, or communal preparation preceding a one-on-one Confession. After the practice of confession declined in the 1970s, it became common for Catholic theologians and clergy to attribute this to a loss of "healthy guilt".

Examples
Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited involves guilt in the Catholic religion. Distressed by her romantic relationship with Charles Ryder, Julia Flyte exclaims: "I saw to-day there was one thing unforgivable […]; to set up a rival good to God's. […] it may be a private bargain between me and God, that if I give up this one thing I want so much, however bad I am, He won't quite despair of me in the end."

The subject is treated humorously in the 30 Rock episode "The Fighting Irish". Catholic guilt is described by Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin): "That's not how it works, Tracy. Even though there is the whole confession thing, that's no free pass, because there is a crushing guilt that comes with being a Catholic. Whether things are good or bad or you're simply... eating tacos in the park, there is always the crushing guilt".

Research

Guilt can be viewed in terms of constructiveness versus destructiveness: "constructive guilt" is focused on forgiving one's ethical lapses and changing one's behavior, while "destructive guilt" remains mired in self-loathing and does not emphasize learning from one's wrongdoings and moving ahead with life. A study in Psychology of Religion found that Catholic participants demonstrated a higher level of constructive guilt reactions than other groups. Research on a link between Catholicism and guilt appears to be inconclusive.

Guilt is an important factor in perpetuating obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms. Research is mixed on the possible connection between Catholicism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A study of 165 individuals by the University of Parma found that religious individuals scored higher on measures of control of thoughts and overimportance of thoughts, and that these measures were associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms only in the religious participants. Another study noted a link between intrinsic religiosity and obsessive–compulsive cognitions/behaviors only among Catholic participants. However, a study from Boston University found that no particular religion was more common among OCD patients, and that OCD patients were no more religious than other subjects with anxiety. Religious obsessions were connected to the participants' religiosity, but sexual and aggressive symptoms were not. Greater religious devotion among OCD patients was correlated with increased guilt.

A study in American Behavioral Scientist analyzed interviews with participants from Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant backgrounds. The author reported that most participants "eagerly described an experience of guilt."

Ulster University students participated in a study that found a slightly higher level of collective guilt among the Catholic students than the Protestant students.

Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and from the University of Notre Dame examined the concept of Catholic guilt among American teenagers. The authors found no evidence of Catholic guilt in this population, noting that Catholicism both caused and relieved less guilt than other religious traditions. The authors found no evidence that Catholic teenagers experience more guilt than non-Catholic ones. The authors did not find that more observant Catholics feel guiltier than less observant Catholics.  The study also noted no difference in the effect of guilt-inducing behaviors on Catholic versus non-Catholic participants.

A study from Hofstra University reported no difference in total guilt among religions, although religiosity itself was connected to guilt.

Catholic viewpoint

According to the website Catholic Spiritual Direction, guilt is a by-product of an informed conscience but "Catholic" guilt is often confused with scrupulosity, and an overly scrupulous conscience is an exaggeration of healthy guilt.

See also
 Guilt society
 Guilt trip
 On the Genealogy of Morality
 Scrupulosity
 Sin
 Victim soul

References

Further reading

External links
 Egan. Timothy. "The End of Catholic Guilt", The New York Times, April 15, 2016

Guilt
Stereotypes
Catholic spirituality
Catholic culture
Culture-bound syndromes

Catholic guilt


José Toirac (born José Angel Toirac y Batista on April 7, 1966, in Guantanamo, Cuba) is a Cuban artist specializing in painting, drawing, and installation.

Toirac from 1979 to 1981 he studied in the Escuela Elemental de Artes Plásticas 23 y C, in Havana, Cuba. Between 1981 and 1985 he studied painting in the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro" in Havana, Cuba. And since 1985 to 1990 he studied painting in the Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA), Havana, Cuba.

Toirac was a member from 1988 to 1992 of the artistic group Grupo ABTV, along with Tanya Angulo, Juan Pablo Ballester, and Ileana Villazón.

Individual exhibitions
Among his must relevant personal exhibitions we can quote in 1989 Nosotros, Exposición Antológica de la obra de Raul Martínez, in the Centro Provincial de Artes Plasticas y Diseño, Havana, Cuba. In 1992 he presented T&T. Todo para Vender, in the Galería Habana, Havana, Cuba. (José Angel Toirac/Tanya Angulo) (T&T) (Grupo ABTV). In 1996 he exhibited Death and Representation (exhumations), in the Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen, Germany. And in 1997 he made Habana: tenemos lo que a usted le gusta y lo que aún no sabe que le gusta, in the Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales, Havana, Cuba.

Collective exhibitions
He was part of many collective exhibitions like Suave y fresco, in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, in Havana, Cuba, in 1988. (exhibited as grupo ABTV). In 1992 he was part of the Von Dort aus: Kuba, in the Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen, Germany. In 1995 he was included in El rojo y el verde, at the I Bienal Internacional de Grupo. Galerie Cargo, Marseilles, France. In 1996 he also participated in the Foire Internationale d'Art Contemporain (FIAC), in Paris, France. (represented by Galerie Nomade, Paris, France). And in 1997 he was one of the selected artists to conform Cuban Contemporary Art, in the Urasoe Museum, Okinawa. Hillside Forum Daikanyama, Tokyo. Iwaki City Cultural Hall, Iwaki, Japan. In 2010-12 Toirac participated in the exhibit Queloides which was presented in Havana, Pittsburgh, New York City, and Cambridge, Ma.

Awards
During his life he had obtained many awards and recognized, among them we can mention in 1992 the Fellowship, for the Agustin Parejo School, in Málaga, Spain. In 1996 he obtained the Fellowship, for the Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen, Germany. And in 1998 he gained the Prize in Curatorship at the II Art Contemporaine Saloon from the exhibition Jao Moch. Homenaje a Antonia Eiriz, Havana, Cuba.

Collections
His works can be found in the permanent collections of:
 Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, in Aachen, Germany,
 Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana, Havana.
 Centro Atlántico de Arte Moderno, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
 Arizona State University Art Museum, Tempe, AZ.
 Museum of Rubell Family Collection, Miami, FL.
 The Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island.
 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York City.
 Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.
 Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art, Austin, Texas.
 The Bronx Museum of the Arts

References
 Jose Veigas-Zamora, Cristina Vives Gutiérrez, Adolfo V. Nodal, Valia Garzon, Dannys Montes de Oca; Memoria: Cuban Art of the 20th Century; (California/International Arts Foundation 2001);
 Jose Veigas-Zamora, Cristina Vives Gutiérrez, Adolfo V. Nodal, Valia Garzon, Dannys Montes de Oca; Memoria: Artes Visuales Cubanas Del Siglo xx; (California International Arts 2004);

Toirac Batista, Jose Angel
1966 births
Living people
Instituto Superior de Arte alumni

José Toirac


The Agnes Vaille Shelter is a beehive-shaped stone shelter along E. Longs Peak Trail near the summit of Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. The first shelter was built in 1927 by the National Park Service after a number of climbers died ascending Longs Peak. The shelter was named for Agnes Vaille, who died while descending from the first winter ascent of the east face of Longs Peak on January 12, 1925. Herbert Sortland also died of exposure during an attempt to rescue Vaille. Vaille's family rebuilt the shelter in 1935.

Agnes Vaille
Agnes Wolcott Vaille was born in 1890 and graduated from Smith College. She came from a prominent Denver family; her father was president of the first telephone company in Denver. During World War I, Vaille  volunteered to work overseas for the Red Cross. After the war, Vaille was appointed secretary of the Denver Chamber of Commerce.

Vaille was a member of the Colorado Mountain Club, served as Outing Chairman and was an early member of the '14,000 Footers Club'. In 1923, she made a solo winter ascent, the first known, of James Peak. Mountaineer Carl Blaurock called Vaille "a strong, husky woman, just crazy about climbing".

Vaille's death on Longs Peak
Vaille met Walter Kiener in the Colorado Mountain Club; they decided to be the first climbers to make a winter ascent of the east face of Longs Peak. Their first three attempts were unsuccessful. The fourth attempt began on the morning of January 11, 1925. On January 12, 1925, they reached the peak at 4:00 a.m. Kiener noted that the temperature was . On the way down from the summit, the temperature dropped further and the wind picked up. At , Vaille slipped and fell . She survived but was exhausted, and her hands and feet were frozen. Kiener went for help but when rescuers arrived, Vaille had died of hypothermia. One of the rescuers, Herbert Sortland, suffered a broken hip from a fall, and also died of hypothermia. His body was found in late February, a few hundred yards from Longs Peak Inn.

Vaille was buried in Fairmount Cemetery, Denver, Colorado.

The first stone shelter was built in 1927 under the direction of Roger Toll, Superintendent of Rocky Mountain National Park and Vaille's cousin. Recent scholarship asserts that the present shelter was built by Vaille's family in 1935 to replace the 1927 Park Service shelter. The shelter was designed in the spirit of the National Park Service rustic style to blend with the local landscape, located above  elevation on the edge of an area known as the Boulder Field. The stone for the shelter came from this area. It consists of a single circular room with a conical ceiling formed by the walls and roof of the shelter, entered by a single door opening whose door has been removed. As a result, the interior may be partially filled with snow for much of summer. There are two glazed windows and one filled-in opening, and the floor is paved with stone.

A plaque mounted near the shelter reads,

The Agnes Vaille Shelter was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 24, 1992.

Walter Kiener
Kiener was born in Bern, Switzerland, the son of a sausage maker. He left school at 15 to help support his family. In his free time, Kiener became an expert mountaineer in the Alps. After serving his mandatory military service, he immigrated to the United States. Kiener arrived in Denver in 1923, took a job as a butcher, and joined the Colorado Mountain Club where he met Vaille.

Kiener suffered frostbite as a result of the Longs Peak expedition and lost several fingers, most of his toes, and part of a foot. Vaille's father, who was grateful for Kiener's rescue attempt, paid Kiener's medical bills. The accident left Kiener unable to continue his job as foreman of a Denver sausage factory. He was given the job of seasonal ranger, manning the fire lookout station on top of Twin Sisters, by Superintendent Toll. He worked there for five summers, then, with financial assistance from the Vaille family, he enrolled in biology at University of Nebraska, graduating in 1930. He earned his master's degree in 1931 and his Ph.D. in 1940. His doctoral thesis was titled, Sociological Studies of the Alpine Vegetation on Longs Peak.

Kiener taught at the University of Nebraska and served as chief biologist for the State of Nebraska Game, Forestation, and Parks Commission. He also founded the Nebraska Game Commission's Fisheries Research Department. He died of pancreatic cancer on August 24, 1959. Keiner's extensive collection of plant specimens, catalogs, field notes, reference books is housed at the University of Nebraska State Museum.

References

Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
National Park Service rustic in Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park
Buildings and structures completed in 1927
Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado
1927 establishments in Colorado

Agnes Vaille Shelter


USS Grebe (AM-43) was a  in the United States Navy.

Grebe was built by the Staten Island Steam Boat Co., was launched 17 December 1918; it was sponsored by Miss Emma Youmans and commissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard 1 May 1919. It served in many capacities until it was destroyed by a hurricane in 1943.

Post-World War I mine clearance
From 9 July 1919 until 1 October, Grebe, based at Kirkwall, Orkney, was part of a minesweeper flotilla clearing the North Sea of mines laid by the Allies during World War I. She returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 28 November 1919 via Devonport, Brest, Lisbon, the Azores, Bermuda, and New York. After extensive repairs, Grebe moved to the Boston Navy Yard 4 November 1920; from there she sailed the coast from Maine to New Jersey calibrating radio compass stations and doing miscellaneous towing and rescue work. On 29 April 1921 she rescued 139 passengers from the Portuguese steamer , which had run aground off the Massachusetts coast.

North Atlantic operations
Grebe's next duty took her to Newport, Rhode Island, on 2 June; she depth-charged the target submarine  off Taylor's Point, sinking her 23 June in  of water. After participating in salvage operations, Grebe returned to Boston, Massachusetts, on 22 July to resume radio compass station calibration and other duties. From there she made a round trip to Norfolk, Virginia, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Panama Canal Zone which occupied her from 1 December 1921 until 18 March 1922, when she returned to Portsmouth. There she decommissioned 12 May 1922.

Grebe was recommissioned on 15 November 1922, Chief Boatswain Albert C. Fraenzel commanding. On 16 December she sailed for St. Thomas, capital of the Virgin Islands, where she served as station ship until 1931. Grebe made an average of a trip a week between St. Thomas, St. Croix, and San Juan carrying stores and passengers, both military and civilian; she also towed coal barges and dredges to San Juan, Fort de France, Martinique, and other Caribbean ports. While at St. Thomas, Grebe was invaluable in assisting disabled ships, mainly those grounded on coral reefs, and in searches for missing ships. This work was interrupted by a yearly five-week repair period at Charleston, South Carolina.

Hurricane rescue work
Grebe's finest moment came in 1930. A hurricane laid waste large parts of the Dominican Republic and killed thousands in September. Carrying trained medical men and emergency supplies, Grebe was the first ship to reach devastated Santo Domingo. She remained there for two weeks, helping unload other ships and clear debris.

17 March 1931 Grebe brought Dr. Paul M. Pearson, Governor-appointee, and his staff from San Juan to St. Thomas; nucleus of the Virgin Island's first civilian government.

Towing the USS Constitution
Grebe then returned to Boston, Massachusetts. There on 12 July 1931 she took in tow historic sailing frigate . A long campaign had resulted in restoration of the famed ship to its original condition, and Grebe was to spend the next three years as her tender and towing ship as they visited every major American port, East and West Coast. Millions of Americans thrilled to their heritage touring "Old Ironsides" in New York City, Norfolk, Key West, Galveston, Guantanamo, Los Angeles, Seattle, Bellingham, Portland, and the Panama Canal Zone.

Transfer to the Pacific Ocean
On 12 May 1934 Grebe relinquished her duties with Constitution, entering the Philadelphia Navy Yard for overhaul. After a brief tour of duty at Norfolk, Virginia, 21 August to 14 September, she sailed for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, towed for fleet gunnery practice until 12 October, then sailed to San Pedro, California, arriving 19 November. Operating there until mid-1940; she performed a variety of tasks, including towing for target practice, participating in fleet problems, minesweeping exercises, training squadron details, and harbor service. Her tour there was interrupted by two voyages, the first to Pearl Harbor 6–31 May 1935 for fleet problems and the second to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Norfolk, Virginia, 26 December to 7 May 1939 for gunnery exercises.

Pearl Harbor assignment
Sailing from San Pedro, California, 3 June 1940, Grebe arrived in Pearl Harbor on 17 June to tow for gunnery and bombing practice, and participate in minesweeping training. Two trips back to the mainland, 1 August to 9 September and 27 September to 13 October 1941, in company with  on passenger and stores runs interrupted her Hawaiian duty.

Under attack at Pearl Harbor
Grebe was in yard availability at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Her 3-inch guns had been dismantled for the overhaul so she could fight only with rifles and pistols. She was credited with shooting down one of three unidentified planes flying low over the Navy Yard. On 24 January Grebe departed for Palmyra Island with fuel oil barge YO-43 in tow where she arrived five days later. She returned to Honolulu on 5 February and continued from there until autumn. Her classification was changed to Fleet Tug AT-134 on 1 June 1941.

On 30 September Grebe joined a convoy for Johnston Island and returned on 9 October. On 9 November 1942 Grebe was underway again with lighter YC-737 and YB-9 in tow and accompanying YO-44, for Canton Island. Calling there on 25 November she proceeded to Pago Pago, Samoa arriving on 28 November.

Run aground and broken up by a hurricane
On 6 December 1942, Grebe was grounded while attempting to float  at Vuata Vatoa, Fiji Islands. Salvage operations were broken up by a hurricane that destroyed both ships on 1–2 January 1943.  Her name was struck from the Navy List 28 July 1943.

Awards
Grebe earned one battle star for World War II service.

References

External links

 USS Grebe (AM 43)
 US Ships at Hawaii on December 7, 1941
 Pearl Harbor: This is not a drill

Lapwing-class minesweepers
Ships built in Staten Island
1918 ships
World War I minesweepers of the United States
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Ships present during the attack on Pearl Harbor
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Lapwing-class minesweepers converted to tugs
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Maritime incidents in December 1942
Maritime incidents in January 1943

USS Grebe


Justin or Justinus was an early Gnostic Christian from the 2nd century AD recorded by Hippolytus. He is often confused in sources with Justin Martyr as "Justin the Gnostic".

Life
Justin's life is unknown, although he likely came from a Jewish-Christian background. Most information about him comes from Hyppolytus, who might have been familiar with Justin's most important work, Baruch. He is counted among the earliest Gnostics, having lived in the era of Simonians like Simon Magus, Dositheus, Menander and Saturninus.

Teachings
His teachings, synthesized in a gospel called Book of Baruch, were a highly syncretic gnostic current that mixed Jewish Christianity with classical mythology. They are considered one of the first transitions between Jewish monotheism and full-blown gnosticism., although they differ substantially from Sethian and Valentian beliefs. For example, Justin omits any concept of the devolution or fall of the divine, and he presents the creation of the world in a positive light.

According to Justin, there were three primordial, eternal entities. Reigning supreme was the male Good One, owner of foreknowledge (identified with the Monad and the creator of the universe, as well as the Greek Priapus), under which there were the male Elohim (the Jewish god and Demiurge or creator of the world) and the female Edem (identified with Gaia and described as a "half virgin, half viper" being similar to Echidna). Elohim and Edem, ignorant of the existence of the Good One, fell in love and copulated, giving birth to twenty-four angels of both paternal and maternal nature, also creating the world in the process. Those angels then created mankind out of Edem's human part and the animal kingdom out of her snake part. However, Elohim discovered the Good One and ascended to his heaven, where he was charged to stay to redeem himself from having thought himself the greatest. Dominion over the Earth was thus assigned to Edem who, vengeful and heartbroken by Elohim's departure, released the evils of famine and disease on the world. Her twelve angels ruled the world as archons.

Edem further ordered one of her maternal angels, Naas (identified with the serpent of Edem), to cause adulteries and dissolutions of marriages among men. In response, Elohim send one of his own paternal angels, Baruch, in order to warn Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge, which represented Naas himself. However, Baruch failed, as Naas had previously seduced both Adam and Eve, leading them to eat from the tree. Baruch's next attempts to save mankind through Moses and the biblical prophets failed too, so Elohim now chose an uncircumcised man, Heracles, to carry on the task. Heracles defeated all the twelve maternal archons by force, a series of battles known as the Twelve Labors, but he was ultimately seduced and divested of his power by one of the conquered archons, the beautiful Babel or Omphale. Only much later, Elohim found a human who could resist the enticement of the angels, Jesus (son of Elohim in an adoptionist way), who would preach his true word despite being crucifixied by work of Naas.

Only five names of the angels of Elohim are preserved: Baruch, Michael, Gabriel, Amen and Esaddeus. The twelve angels of Edem are Naas, Babel, Achamoth, Bel, Belias, Satan, Sael, Adonaios, Leviathan, Carcamenos, Lathen and Pharaoh.

See also
Sethianism
Barbelo

Notes

Systematic theologians
Gnosticism
Gnostics
2nd-century Christians
2nd-century writers
2nd-century Christian theologians
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Justin (Gnostic)


Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny (c. 1583 to 1599 – 4 July 1657) was governor of New France from 1636 to 1648. He was the first person to bear the title of Governor of New France and succeeded Samuel de Champlain, who governed the colony as Lieutenant General of New France. Montmagny was able to negotiate a peace treaty with the Iroquois at Trois-Rivières in 1645.

Born in Montmagny, Val-d'Oise, to Charles Huault (descended from a noble family headed by Jacques Huault, a counsellor under Henri II of France 1534 to 1580) and Antoinette Du Drac, Huault de Montmagny was educated by the Jesuits in Malta under the Order of the Knights Hospitaller in 1622. He later joined the navy and then became a member of the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France, following the invitation of Cardinal de Richelieu in 1632.

His name 'Montmagny' roughly translated into the Iroquoian languages as "Onontio" (Great Mountain), a title which the Iroquois Confederacy used for all subsequent Governors of Quebec.

Late in his life he was commissioned by the Knights Hospitaller to oversee the Hospitaller colonies in the Caribbean.  His presence there was ineffective, since he was bogged down in power struggles with the sitting governor, Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy.  Montmagny died on Saint Christopher on 4 July 1657.

He became the inspiration of the character Montmagny by Cyrano de Bergerac in his novel L'autre Monde.

Honours
de Montmagny's legacy is found in the province of Quebec:

 Montmagny, Quebec (1966) – formerly located in the Montmagny County and now in Montmagny Regional County Municipality since 1982
 Montmagny Arena
 former provincial districts of Montmagny (1867–1972) and Montmagny-L'Islet (1972–2011)
 Montmagny Regional County Municipality are named after him.
 current federal riding of Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup (2003) – replaced Bellechasse—Etchemins—Montmagny—L'Islet (1996–2003)
 rue Montmagny are found in Sorel, Quebec, Quebec City, Laval, Quebec, Trois-Riveres, Quebec and Sherbrooke, Quebec
 avenue de Montmagny in Montreal
 Montmagny Airport and  Hôpital de Montmagny in Cap-Saint-Ignace, Quebec

See also

 Laurent Bermen
 Chateau St. Louis
 Fort Richelieu

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

Governors of New France
French nobility
1590s births
1657 deaths
17th-century Canadian politicians

Charles de Montmagny


Preston James Richard Wilson (born July 19, 1974) is an American former professional baseball center fielder. He played all or parts of ten seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1998 to 2007 for the New York Mets, Florida Marlins, Colorado Rockies, Washington Nationals, Houston Astros and St. Louis Cardinals. He is both the nephew and stepson of former New York Mets outfielder Mookie Wilson. (Mookie married Wilson's mother after his brother fathered Wilson.)

Professional career

New York Mets
At age 17, Wilson was drafted by the Mets out of Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School in the first round of the 1992 MLB draft. The Baseball America 1992 High School Player of the Year, Wilson was ranked among the top 100 prospects in baseball by the magazine four times between 1993 and 1998. He was known to be an aggressive hitter, according to scouts and media sources, based on his propensity to swing at the first pitch and his high strikeout rates.

After spending five seasons below Triple A and a season in 1998 in the Australian Baseball League with the Hunter Eagles, Wilson finally reached the majors in May 1998. Two weeks after joining the Mets, he was traded to the Florida Marlins with two other minor leaguers for Mike Piazza. He returned to the minor leagues for most of the season.

Florida Marlins
In 1999, Wilson was the Marlins' regular center fielder. Wilson led the team in home runs and runs batted in as a rookie, and he finished second in the NL Rookie of the Year balloting to Cincinnati Reds reliever Scott Williamson.

The following season, Wilson joined the 30–30 club, slugging 31 home runs and stealing 36 bases. He added 121 RBIs, good for eighth in the National League. In 2000, he led the major leagues in power-speed number (33.3). Wilson also lived up to his reputation as a free swinger, nearly setting a new record for most strikeouts in a season. His total of 187 fell two shy of Bobby Bonds' record at the time.

Wilson hit 23 home runs in each of the following two seasons, though his overall production dipped, partially due to missed games.

Colorado Rockies
After the 2002 season, Wilson was involved in a six-player deal which sent him and three other players to the Colorado Rockies for Juan Pierre and Mike Hampton. Wilson rebounded in 2003, when he set career highs with a .282 batting average, 43 doubles, and 36 home runs. He also led the National League with 141 runs batted in and was named to his first All-Star team.

Bothered by a knee injury in 2004, Wilson was limited to 58 games.

Washington Nationals
Wilson was acquired by the Washington Nationals in July 2005 for pitcher Zach Day and outfielder J. J. Davis. He led the team in homers and RBIs during the second half of the season, finishing with 25 and 90 respectively.

Houston Astros
In the 2005 offseason, Wilson signed a one-year deal worth $4 million with the Houston Astros, with a team option of three additional years at $24 million and a buyout of $500,000. Previously a center fielder, Wilson shifted to left since Willy Taveras, the previous season's Rookie of the Year runner-up, was already occupying the position.
On April 17, 2006, Wilson set an Astros record by striking out five times in a single game. This tied the MLB record. Despite early struggles, Wilson was batting .284 with 46 RBIs at the 2006 All-Star Break, with the potential for another 100+ RBI season. However, his power numbers were well below his previous years.

St. Louis Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals signed Wilson on August 18, 2006. The Cardinals took another chance on a discarded veteran since veteran center fielder Jim Edmonds was out with post concussion syndrome. Wilson was designated for assignment by Houston on Saturday, August 12, before ultimately being given his release. He joined his new team six days later and was immediately inserted into the starting lineup. Wilson batted sixth and played right field, with Juan Encarnación moving to center field. He made an instant impact for the Cardinals, hitting a home run in an 11–3 rout of the Chicago Cubs on the 18th. The Cardinals went on to become World Champions, giving Wilson a World Series ring, as his stepfather Mookie had in 1986.

The Cardinals re-signed Wilson for 2007, but he suffered a knee injury in early May and missed the rest of the 2007 season. After the end of the 2007 season Wilson was released. Wilson generated little interest during spring training 2008, leaving him a free agent.

On February 14, 2009, Wilson announced his retirement from Major League Baseball.

Long Island Ducks
On March 21, 2009, Preston was signed by the Long Island Ducks. He played under another former New York Mets player in Gary Carter, who was the manager of the Ducks. Wilson played in 48 games for the Ducks, hitting .304 with 7 home runs, 37 RBI, a .344 on-base percentage, and a .474 slugging percentage. He did not return to the Ducks for the 2010 season, and was considering a comeback to the major leagues, but never played professionally again.

After baseball
Wilson spent several years as an analyst for Fox Sports Florida's coverage of the Miami Marlins alongside former Marlins players Jeff Conine and Carl Pavano. In 2016, Wilson, along with Eduardo Perez and Al Leiter, served as an analyst with play-by-play man Rich Waltz. This analyst rotation came about after the Marlins fired longtime analyst Tommy Hutton after the 2015 season. Also in 2016, when his Marlins schedule did not conflict, Wilson served as an analyst for MLB Network. Additionally, Wilson hosted "Marlins Clubhouse," a magazine-style TV show for Fox Sports Florida.

Starting in the 2018 season, Wilson worked for the AT&T Sports Network covering the Houston Astros as a field reporter.

See also
 30–30 club
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from South Carolina
Binghamton Mets players
Calgary Cannons players
Capital City Bombers players
Charlotte Knights players
Colorado Rockies players
Florida Marlins players
Houston Astros players
Kingsport Mets players
Long Island Ducks players
Major League Baseball center fielders
MLB Network personalities
National League All-Stars
National League RBI champions
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
People from Bamberg, South Carolina
Pittsfield Mets players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Lucie Mets players
Tulsa Drillers players
Washington Nationals players
American expatriate baseball players in Australia
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Preston Wilson