Longovicium (or Lanchester Roman Fort) was an auxiliary fort located on Roman Dere Street, in the Roman province of Britannia Inferior. It is located just southwest of Lanchester () in the English county of Durham, roughly  to the west of the city of Durham and  from Consett.

Etymology

The name Longovicium is of Brittonic origin. The first element is *longo- meaning "ship" (c.f. Welsh llong). The second element may be wīg broadly meaning "settlement" (Welsh gwig; compare Wigan), or else *uic-, "warrior/fighter". Longovicum may represent an adaption of a tribal name, Longovices.

History

The fort was situated between Vindomora (Ebchester), and Vinovia (Binchester) on Dere Street, the main Roman road linking Eboracum (York) with Hadrian's Wall. It is about  south of the wall, and was built on high ground with clear views around the site. Some archaeologists have postulated that a road may have existed connecting the fort at Longovicium to the one at Concangis (modern-day Chester-le-Street), but this has yet to be proven.

A construction slab identifies the Legio XX Valeria Victrix (Twentieth Legion) as having built the fort, but this gives no real clue as to when the fort was built. In 88 AD, the Emperor Domitian had ordered the Legio XX  abandon the fort they had been building in Scotland at Inchtuthil and redeploy to garrison the legionary fortress Deva Victrix (Chester). But the fort is estimated to have been built later than the other forts on Dere Street, around 150 AD. There is evidence it was rebuilt around 230/240 AD and again in the early 4th century.

The fort is listed both in the Notitia Dignitatum and in the Ravenna Cosmography.

The rectangular fort, which had rounded not square corners, had four gates and was surrounded by a ditch. Despite never having systematically excavated, archaeologists have found the remains of the headquarters buildings, a bathhouse and some barracks buildings through the use of geophysical survey. Remains of a nearby vicus have been found, and its traces can be seen through aerial photography. A cemetery was also discovered in the 20th century to the southwest of the fort, with examples of stone-lined burials and cremations sites. The fact that the fort is located on fields that have not been ploughed means its condition is remarkable, although stone robbing has taken its toll. A column, probably from the colonnade of the Commandant's House, can be found in the nearby All Saints' Parish Church, as can an altar dedicated to the goddess Garmangabis.

Professor Andrew Breeze, of the  University of Navarra, has argued that the Battle of Brunanburh took place at Longovicium. He interprets Brunanburh as meaning 'stronghold of the Browney', the river which passes the fort.

Aqueducts and reservoirs

Longovicium is also interesting in having had a copious water supply from two aqueducts, one of which was fed from an impounded source to the west. The dam harnessed the water of 21 springs and was  high and  in length, being stone faced and clay lined on the inside. Despite not being on the scale of those supplying cities, the Longovicium aqueduct was nevertheless a significant feat of engineering, being considered one of the best preserved aqueducts in Britain. There is also a receiving reservoir near the fort itself. The Dolaucothi gold mines had a larger number of aqueducts, and numerous reservoirs, which are also very well preserved. The water supply at Dolaucothi was used for hydraulic mining and hushing gold deposits, while that at Longovicium is currently unknown.

Industry

The above-average usage of water might be attributed to the demands of the baths, latrines and the possible Armamentarium, although industrial usage is more likely, since all forts would have baths and latrines. Large-scale smithing or smelting is assumed to have been carried out within the fort or the associated vicus judging by the large quantities of slag and cinders found at the site. This would seem to support the thesis that this particular fort was home to an Armamentarium, or arms store, where weaponry was fabricated and stored. This would supply not only Longovicium but other nearby forts. However, the site is almost unique in Britain for the size of its water supply, and the remains imply large-scale iron smelting, perhaps assisted by watermills for forging iron products.

Much of what is known about the site is due to the large number of altars, dedication slabs and a milestone dedicated to emperor Gordian III found half a mile away from the fort on the path of Dere Street. Gods worshipped include traditional Roman deities such as Jupiter, Mars, Mercury and Silvanus and Celtic and Germanic ones such as Garmangabis. From such stones and building inscriptions it is known who built the fort and eventually garrisoned it.

Garrison

During the 1st century AD, two stones (an altar and an inscription) attest that the Cohors Primae Fida Vardulorum Milliaria Equitata Civium Romanorum (The First Cohort of Faithful Varduli, one-thousand strong, part-mounted, citizens of Rome) were present at Longovicium. This unit of Varduli had its origins in Hispania Tarraconensis, Gipuzkoa, in northern Spain, where the unit was raised. This unit was also present at other forts in the Britannia Superior, such as Castlecary on the Antonine Wall, Bremenium (High Rochester), Corstopitum (Corbridge) and milecastle 19 on Hadrian's Wall. The Tarraconensis region of Spain was the most important source of gold, tin, copper and other metals and minerals in the entire Roman Empire, and the Romans applied water power on a large scale for hydraulic mining using aqueducts to tap the local rivers. The remains of their mining efforts can be seen today at Las Médulas, for example. It may not be coincidental that Lanchester possesses so many aqueducts and reservoirs, although they must have been adapted for some other purpose.

Another two stone inscriptions, dated AD 238 and 244, attest to the Cohors Primae Lingonum (First Cohort of Lingones) and the Cohors Primae Lingonum Gordiana equitata (First Cohort of Lingones, Gordian's own, part mounted) as also being present there. The Lingones inhabited the Plateau de Langres in the Bourgogne region of France, near Dijon. There was also a detachment of Suebians (or Suevi) from Lusitania present at this time.

The 4th century AD saw the fort garrisoned by a native unit of Longovicians, an irregular part-mounted auxiliary unit commanded by Roman knights.

Future projects
The Friends of Longovicium society, Durham County Council, Durham University and Newcastle University have been working together with the owner of the lands on which the fort is situated to eventually open the area for the public, turning it into a tourist attraction. Possible excavations are also envisaged. The project is currently worth a couple of million pounds, funds which the County Council is pursuing through the English Heritage.

See also
Dolaucothi Gold Mines
Roman aqueducts
Roman engineering
Roman military engineering
Dere Street
Castra
Roman sites in the United Kingdom

References

External links

Historic England Info on Fort

Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
Roman fortifications in England
Roman sites in County Durham
English Heritage sites in County Durham
Tourist attractions in County Durham
Former populated places in County Durham
History of County Durham
Scheduled monuments in County Durham
Roman auxiliary forts in England
Lanchester, County Durham

Longovicium


Geodat was a commercial project, begun in 1980 and completed by 1991, that provided digital geographic mapping data for commercial users at scales equal to or greater than 1:1,000,000. The term "Geodat" was derived from "GEOgraphic DATa".  Geodat data was primarily "medium scale", a nominal 1:100,000, but ranged from 1:50,000 to 1:250,000.  The cartographic data was vector-based digitisation of coastline, hydrography, internal and international political boundaries, primary transportation routes and city locations.  The data was intended to be used on its own to produce quick, cheap, consistent maps, initially for oil exploration firms. Harry Wassall, the founder of Petroconsultants SA, a Geneva-based energy information services firm, began the project in 1979 by hiring a researcher from the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Michael Mainelli, to explore how to automate Petroconsultants' extensive paper map series.  Mainelli became Project Director in 1981.  Petroconsultants concluded that a cooperative project among the oil firms acknowledged the high degree of overlap in their computer mapping interests.

Petroconsultants SA assessed client interest at a meeting in Geneva on 20–21 August 1981 with attendees from Amoco, BP, Cities Service, Deminex, Elf Acquitaine, Exxon, Gulf and Shell.  The need for computerised mapping data was high and the response positive enough to form an advisory committee with paid sponsorship.  The sponsors commissioned Petroconsultants to produce four sample digitised maps of the Ivory Coast.  The Ivorian pilot project resulted in four 1:200,000 maps with 800 features and 40,000 data points. The pilot established Common Geographic Format (CGF) records, for a time the industry standard for computer cartographic information exchange.  These digitised map files, and their attendant file structures, feature codes, segment records, map records, annotation records and set records were reviewed at a meeting in Dublin on 10–11 November 1981 with participation from Amoco, BP, Chevron, Cities Service, Elf Acquitaine, Exxon, Gulf, Phillips Petroleum and Shell.  Geodat was formally launched in Houston on 9–10 February 1982 with attendees from Amoco, BP, Chevron, Elf Acquitaine, Exxon, Getty, Gulf, Texas Easter and Union Texas.  Four primary sponsors were Shell, BP, Elf Acquitaine and Chevron, while ten other firms were partial sponsors.  Full sponsors received a guarantee of six million digitised points (approximately 360 maps) digitised to a specified quality level.

First data delivery was in June 1983, consisting of 57 maps and 1.24 million points.  By the end of 1985, Geodat had delivered twenty million data points and 750 map sheets in the 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 scale range.  Alongside mainstream production for the project sponsors, the Geodat project produced a complete digital map of the world at a scale of 1:1,000,000, MundoCart, in 1985.  MundoCart was based on digitisation of paper prints of the United States Defense Mapping Agency's (DMA) Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) 1:1,000,000 scale paper map series, produced by the US, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. ONC charts were designed to meet the needs of pilots and air crews in medium-and low-altitude navigation and to support military operational planning, intelligence briefings, and other needs.  Some 270 1:1million maps, plus six 1:2million maps for Antarctica, resulted in 30 million data points.  MundoCart provided numerous commercial and academic Geographic information system (GIS) users with their first complete vector map of the world. The data was sold, along with a complete set of FORTRAN mapping software, by Petroconsultants (CES), a UK subsidiary of Petroconsultants SA, subsequently sold to IHS in 1996, that sponsored the project.

Prior to Geodat, the only complete digital map of the world was World Data Bank 2 (WDB-II), a dataset digitized between 1972 and 1977 by the US Department of State's (DoS) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).  WDBII was of variable scale, nominally 1:3,000,000 but digitised from sources ranging from 1:1,000,000 to 1:4,000,000, and of variable quality.  WDB-II was released at nominal cost from 1977, but users desired higher resolution and more consistent quality.  Until the release of the US Department of Defense's Digital Chart of the World in 1992, and subsequent free issue from 2006, MundoCart was the primary global GIS database for commercial users.

Geodat was unusual in the 1980s in that the software was often given away free, while data downloads or tapes were charged.  Geodat set out a quality management process for digitisation covering acquisition, cataloguing, map stability, transformation algorithms, merging and node coalescing.  Geodat also set out a quality standard for comparing digitised maps with source maps, based on using generalisation and interpolation against a maximum orthogonal offset distance.  Originally delivered as five large tapes, MundoCart was burned on CD-ROM in 1987.   MundoCart was one of the first CD-ROM applications not brought out by the creators, Philips and Sony.  In the early releases of MundoCart, a CD-ROM reader accompanied each purchase.

Production was based from late 1982 to 1991 in Burleigh House, Newmarket Road in Cambridge, England.  Coincidentally, Burleigh House had been the former Star Brewery headquarters and the cellars provided good storage facilities for paper maps.  At its height, the project employed 30 people, principally programmers and digitisers.  Processing was based on hand digitisation using DEC PDP-11 minicomputers alongside digitisation tables.  Further processing was done on DEC VAX computers.  The computer programs were almost entirely written in FORTRAN, though some PL/1 and assembler programming was used.  At the time, scanning systems were not suitable for large-scale production, but the project did help design, build and use a laser line-following digitiser, combining a laser photovoltaic feedback system with stepper motors, mounted on a cowboy boot sewing machine chassis from the USA.  The effect of the laser line-following digitiser was that the operator felt as if he or she was directing the laser along a "groove" that followed the line being acquired.

The Geodat project drew heavily on the experience of the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, founded in 1963 and disbanded in 1991.  Unable to purchase the Laboratory's software while Harvard University was exploring licensing options, Geodat developed its own software.  The Laboratory and Geodat both employed "flat" computer files and streamed processing, instead of hierarchical and direct access processing.  Wherever possible, the software operated in FORTRAN processing sequential files to enhance portability among operating systems.  Geodat also emulated other Laboratory ideas, most notably the idea of "cycling", using software to resolve disconnected vectors.

References

Geodesy
Geographical technology
Surveying

Geodat


Robert Summers Yellowtail (August 4, 1889 – June 20, 1988) was a leader of the Crow Nation.  Described as a "20th Century Warrior", Yellowtail was the first Native American to hold the post of Agency Superintendent at a reservation.

Early life and education
Yellowtail was born in Lodge Grass, Montana in 1889. Throughout his life, Yellowtail went by three Crow names. He was referred to as Bíawakshish, or "Summer", then Shoopáaheesh, or "Four War Deeds", and finally Axíchish, or "The Wet", which was shared with another war chief who was in the same clan as Yellowtail. Separated from his mother at the age of 4 years old, Yellowtail was culturally assimilated into a reservation boarding school. When he was 13 years old, he went to the Sherman Institute, in Riverside, California, graduating in 1907. He then attended the Extension Law School in Los Angeles, transferring to the University of Chicago Law School, where he gained his Juris Doctor degree.

Personal life
Yellowtail was married four times. In 1911, he married a daughter of Spotted Horse, and after she died during the 1920's, he then married Lillian Bull Shows. His second marriage ended in divorce, and in 1932, he married his late wife, Margaret Picket. After which in 1960, he entered his fourth marriage to Dorothy Payne. He also has seven children and many grandchildren.Yellowtail's grandson, Cary Morin is a singer-songwriter.

Political activism
In 1910 Yellowtail was enlisted by Crow chief Plenty Coups to defend the Crow Indian Reservation against a bill sponsored by Montana Senator Thomas J. Walsh that sought to open the reservation to homesteading. The bill was defeated after seven years of work in Washington. Yellowtail's first official position, in 1912, was as a district representative on a tribal business committee where he negotiated grazing leases and gave the tribe a voice during land disputes. Initially, Yellowtail was in this committee to fight disputes related to Crow land, but caught the attention of other political leaders like Plenty Coups. Less than a year later he made his first trip to Washington D.C. He attended the National Indian Memorial in New York City as an interpreter for Medicine Crow, Plenty Coups and other leaders. In 1920, he helped to draft the "Crow Allotment Act" that protected Crow lands, and was instrumental in obtaining voting rights for Native Americans in 1924. From 1934 until 1945, Yellowtail was the Superintendent of the Crow Indian Reservation, the first superintendent to administer his own tribe. During this time, Yellowtail was able to get white ranchers to return 40,000 acres of land to the tribe, built a Crow Hospital, brought horses and cattle from Canada, and buffalo from Yellowstone National Park.

Yellowtail was a leading figure in the opposition to a dam on the Bighorn River in the southern portion of the reservation. The dam would flood the Bighorn Canyon, sacred to the Crow. Yellowtail was unable to prevent the dam's construction, which began in 1961, but won a modest increase in compensation to the tribe after a divisive fight. In a final irony, Yellowtail Dam was named after Yellowtail. Yellowtail continued to fight for compensation for the Crow people in the 1980s, arguing against sales of coal from reservation mineral rights controlled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Yellowtail was the subject of a 1985 video, Contrary Warriors: A Story of the Crow Tribe.

References

External links

1988 deaths
Chairpersons of the Crow Nation
Crow tribe
1889 births
People from Lodge Grass, Montana
20th-century Native Americans

Robert Yellowtail


Alexander Philadelpheus (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Θ. Φιλαδελφεύς; 1866–1955) was a distinguished Greek archaeologist, historian, painter, writer and philosopher.

Life

Born in Athens to an old aristocratic family, Alexander Philadelpheus displayed an exceptional interest in the arts and literature from a very young age. He was sent to Munich to study at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts as a pupil of the famous Greek painter Nikolaos Gyzis, and later continued his studies at the University of Athens before proceeding to further studies in the Universities of Paris and Rome.

In 1896 he was appointed associate professor in archaeology at the University of Athens. He was later appointed director of the Acropolis, (Acropolis Museum), Epidaurus and the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. As an Ephor of Antiquities, he directed a number of important excavations in Greece, including Nicopolis, Corinth, Hermione, Mycenae and Athens amongst others.

As an artist, he produced a number of paintings and frescoes, found both in private collections as well as churches all over Greece. As a writer, he produced poetry and literary work contributing greatly to the philosophical and cultural thought of his time. His most renowned works include the book Monuments of Athens (Μνημεία Αθηνών), published in 1924 in Greek, English and French.

He received numerous honors including, being named Knight of the Royal Order of the Saviour and Knight Commander of the Royal Order of George I, Knight Commander of the Bulgarian order of Saint Alexander, Knight Commander of the Order of the Rumanian Crown, Officer of the French Order of the Legion of Honor, Officer of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau and Knight of the Spanish Order of Fealty. He also received the Medal of the City of Athens and the German Olympic Decoration for his proposal of lighting the Olympic torch directly from the sun using a refractive medium, thus referring to the symbolic enlightenment of the torch directly from the ancient Greek gods.

External links

 namuseum.gr
 theacropolismuseum.gr

Archaeologists from Athens
1866 births
1955 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Officers of the Legion of Honour
19th-century Greek painters
20th-century Greek painters

Alexander Philadelpheus


Andrew Mukuba (born December 7, 2002) is a Zimbabwean American football safety for the Clemson Tigers.

Early life and high school career
Mukuba was born and initially grew up in Harare, Zimbabwe. His parents and older siblings were refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He immigrated to Austin, Texas with his family when he was nine years old after being granted asylum. Mukuba attended Lyndon B. Johnson High School. Mukuba was rated a four-star recruit and committed to play college football at Clemson over offers from LSU and Texas.

College career
Mukuba joined the Clemson Tigers in January 2021 as an early enrollee. He was named a starter at safety and became the first defensive back to start in a season opener for Clemson since freshman became eligible to play in 1973. Mukuba was named the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Defensive Rookie of the Year and third team All-ACC after finishing the season with 54 tackles, two tackles for loss, one sack, nine passes broken up and a fumble recovery.

References

External links
Clemson Tigers bio

2002 births
Living people
Clemson Tigers football players
Players of American football from Texas
American football safeties
Zimbabwean players of American football

Andrew Mukuba


Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid (, July 1901 – after 1950) was the first Pakistani governor of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan and a former Chief Commissioner of Balochistan. Prior to the independence of Pakistan, the governor had been appointed by the government of British India (based in Calcutta and later Delhi). For almost two years after independence, Pakistan continued to have British governors until the appointment of Sahibzada Khurshid.

Sahibzada Muhammad Khurshid was educated in India and then at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant onto the Unattached List for the Indian Army on the 31 August 1922. He was attached to the 2nd battalion, the Cameronians, as of 12 October 1922, as all new Indian Army officers did a year attached to a British Regiment in India. He was admitted to the Indian Army and posted to the 1st battalion 14th Punjab Regiment as of 23 October 1923. He was promoted Lieutenant 30 November 1924.

He transferred to the Foreign and Political Department of the Government of India 30 June 1927, and by January 1931 he was the Assistant Political Agent, Zhob (Baluchistan).

He was promoted Captain 31 August 1931.

By January 1939 he was the Assistant Political Officer, Chitral, and by October 1939 he was the Political Agent Dir, Swat & Chitral.

He was a competent bureaucrat which brought him in the good graces of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and thus earned him the highest nomination in KPK.

References

Governors of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
British Indian Army officers
1901 births
Year of death missing

Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid


Deutsche Borse AG or the Deutsche Borse Group, is a marketplace organizer for the trading of shares and other securities. It is also a transaction services provider. It gives companies and investors access to global capital markets. It is a joint stock company and was founded in 1993.  The headquarters are in Frankfurt. As of December 2010, the over 765 companies listed had a combined market capitalization of EUR 1.4 trillion. On 1 October 2014, Deutsche Borse AG became the 14th announced member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative.

Clearstream
Clearstream is a post-trade services provider owned by Deutsche Borse AG. It provides settlement and custody as well as other related services for securities across all asset classes. It is one of two European International central securities depositories (Euroclear being the other).

Clearstream operates securities settlement systems  based in both Luxembourg and Germany, which allow for the holding and transfer of securities.

Clearstream operates its International Central Securities Depository (ICSD) from Luxembourg. It is also a joint partner in the Luxembourgish Central Securities Depository (CSD), LuxCSD, together with the Central Bank of Luxembourg. In Germany, Clearstream operates the German CSD, Clearstream Banking AG. Clearstream has links to over 50 domestic markets worldwide, and also issues and safekeeps Eurobonds.

In 2014, the value of assets under custody on behalf of customers averaged 12.2 trillion euros; furthermore, Clearstream processed 43.65 million ICSD and 82.68 million CSD settlement transactions.

Clearstream has around 2,500 customers in 110 countries. Clearstream accepts central banks and AML-regulated credit institutions (such as regulated banks) as customers. Clearstream does not accept natural persons as customers and no account is opened in the name of a natural person. Clearstream has therefore been described as a "bank for banks" ("Plumbers and Visionaries, a history of settlement and custody in Europe", Peter Norman).

Eurex
Eurex Exchange is an international exchange which primarily offers trading in European based derivatives and it is the largest European futures and options market. The products traded on this exchange vary from German and Swiss debt instruments to European stocks and various stock indexes. All transactions executed on Eurex Exchange are cleared through Eurex Clearing, which functions as a central counterparty (CCP) for multi-asset class clearing of the above-mentioned exchange-traded product range  as well as over-the-counter traded products.

According to the 2015 Futures Industry Association's annual survey, Eurex Exchange is ranked as the world's third-largest derivatives exchange by contract volume.  The Exchange is headquartered in Eschborn, Germany, near Frankfurt am Main and it is operated by Eurex Frankfurt AG and Eurex Zurich AG, which are public companies wholly owned by the German stock exchange operator Deutsche Borse AG.

References

Companies of Germany

Deutsche Borse


Scott Riggs (born September 29, 1969) is an American radio personality. He is the Director of Radio Programming at Slacker, Inc. where he programs the Alternative and Indie Hits radio stations as well as oversees the programming for the entire station line-up.

Radio background
Riggs started his career in radio at KCR (SDSU's College Radio) in 1992 and worked as a DJ on every air shift offered at the station. After less than six months at KCR, Riggs became the Program Director and remained at that position for several years until he advanced to the position of Operations Manager. His tenure at KCR lasted over four years until he left in February 1997.

Riggs secured his first Broadcast radio job in San Diego, California, in 1995, taking the overnight shift at 102.9 KKBH-FM (The Beach). In 1996, he moved over to 92/5 XHRM-FM (The Flash/Independent Radio) co-hosting the local show (The Local Fix) with his younger brother Jason Riggs, producing the morning show and working weekends for Program Director Mike Halloran. He left 92/5 in 1998 when the programming rights of the station were sold to Jacor and the station flipped formats to "Old Skool R&B".

In 2001, Riggs was recruited by Halloran at another independent alternative station in San Diego, 92/1 KFSD-FM (Premium Radio). There he co-hosted the local show (Go Loco) with Rick Savage, a new music show, an interview show (Coup D'état) and work various air shifts throughout the week. In 2003, when 92/1 started negotiations to sell the signal to KSON-FM, Riggs was hired by the popular San Diego rocker, ROCK 105.3 KIOZ-FM where he hosted an alternative/indie rock show (The Inside Track) and a unique interview show (Guerilla Radio) on Sunday nights. In January 2007, Riggs left ROCK 105.3 to concentrate on his job as Director of Radio Programming at Slacker, Inc.

References

External links
 Official Web Site
 MySpace
 Slacker

Articles and interviews
 Chick Rawker
 SignOnSanDiego - Scenemakers
 SignOnSanDiego - Best of 2006

American radio DJs
American radio producers
1969 births
Living people

Scott Riggs (radio personality)


Cape Reinga Lighthouse is a lighthouse at Cape Reinga in the Northland Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is owned and operated by Maritime New Zealand. The lighthouse is a common New Zealand icon and a popular tourist destination although the lighthouse itself is not open to the public.

History

The lighthouse was built in 1941 and first lit during May of that year. It was the last manned light to be built in New Zealand and replaced the Cape Maria Van Diemen Lighthouse, located on nearby Motuopao Island, which had been built in 1879. Accessing that lighthouse was difficult due to the rough seas in the area, so in 1938, it was decided to move the lighthouse to Cape Reinga for safety reasons. The complete lantern fittings from Motuopao Island were reused at Cape Reinga, though the new lighthouse was fitted with a 1000 watt electrical lamp instead that could be seen for 26 nautical miles (48 km). The lamp was powered by a diesel generator.

In 1987, the lighthouse was fully automated and the lighthouse keepers were withdrawn.  The lighthouse is now monitored remotely from Wellington.  In May 2000 the original lens and lamp were replaced by a 50 watt beacon.  The beacon is powered by batteries that are recharged by solar cells.  The beacon flashes every 12 seconds and can be seen for 19 nautical miles (35 km).

See also

 List of lighthouses in New Zealand

References

External links

 Lighthouses of New Zealand Maritime New Zealand

Lighthouses completed in 1941
Lighthouses in New Zealand
Far North District
Transport buildings and structures in the Northland Region
Tourist attractions in the Northland Region
1940s architecture in New Zealand

Cape Reinga Lighthouse


Randy Jackson's Music Club, Vol. 1 adalah album studio pertama produser rekaman Randy Jackson. Album ini dirilis pada tanggal 11 Maret 2008. Jackson sendiri tidak menyanyikan lagu-lagu pada Music Club, tetapi dia memproduseri semuanya.

Daftar lagu
 "Dance Like There's No Tomorrow" Edwin "Lil Eddie" Serrano, (DEEKAY et al.) - Performed by Paula Abdul
 "Just Walk on By" Burt Bacharach, Hall David, Jay E, Joss Stone - Performed by Joss Stone*
 "What am I So Afraid Of?" Carman Michelle, Curtis Wilson - Performed by Keke Wyatt, Trisha Covington and Kiley Dean
 "Like A" Monyea Crawford, Richard Rollie, Crunk Squad- Performed by Crunk Squad featuring Ghostface Killah
 "Who's Gonna Love You Now" Written by Kelli Love, Rich King, Mirella Castellano, produced by Randy Jackson/Kelli Love/J.R. Rotem - Performed by Kelli Love
 "Wang Dang Doodle" (Howlin' Wolf) - Performed by Sam Moore, Keb' Mo' and Angie Stone
 "Something to Believe In" Tom Leonard, Lindy Robbins, Jess Cates - Performed by Jason Mraz, Van Hunt and Jon McLaughlin
 "Home" (Bublé et al.) - Performed by John Rich & Anthony Hamilton
 "My R&B" - Performed by Barbi Esco
 "Real Love" (Lee Ryan) - Performed by Katharine McPhee and Elliott Yamin
 "Willing to Try" (Richie Sambora) - Performed by Richie Sambora, Travis Tritt and Lucy Woodward
 "I Understand" - Performed by Bebe Winans, Kim Burrell, Rance Allen, Mariah Carey and Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Tabernacle Church Choir
 "We're an American Band" (Don Brewer) - Performed by Aly & AJ (iTunes and Wal-Mart Bonus Track)
 "When I Fall in Love" - Performed by Brian McKnight (Wal-Mart Exclusive Bonus Track)

Referensi

Pranala luar
 Situs resmi

Album tahun 2008

Randy Jackson's Music Club, Vol. 1


Steven Anton Jozef Chamuleau (Amsterdam, October 28, 1969) is a cardiologist and professor at the University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU)  in the Netherlands, specializing in cardiac regenerative therapy, valvular disease and cardiac imaging.

Biography
Before he attended medical school at the University of Amsterdam, Chamuleau started a study Econometrics and received a propaedeutics in Biology. He finished medical school in Amsterdam and subsequently received his PhD degree cum laude in 2001 on intracoronary derived physiological parameters for clinical decision making at the Academic Medical Center (AMC) in Amsterdam under supervision of prof. Jan Piek. After his PhD he started his residency at the AMC, where he also did his fellowship training in cardiology and cardiac imaging. After a year in Louisville in the lab of prof. Bolli, focusing on cardiac stem cell treatment, he became a staff cardiologist at the UMC Utrecht. In 2016 he was appointed a professor position at the UMCU.

Publications
Chamuleau has published over 90 peer-reviewed papers and is an active member in the European Society of Cardiology and American Heart Association. He is a reviewer for many cardiac journals, such as  Heart, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, International Journal of Cardiology and Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. He is on the editorial board of 'Frontiers in Heart Surgery'. He is a (co-)PI in several large international research consortia and clinical trials, primarily focused on stem cell treatment and valvular disease.

External links
 Regenetive medicine, video where Chamuleau and Sluijter elaborate on cardio vascular tissue regeneration

References

Living people
1969 births
Physicians from Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam alumni
Dutch cardiologists
Utrecht University alumni

Steven Chamuleau


Inspector Ghote Hunts The Peacock is a detective/mystery novel by H. R. F. Keating

Plot introduction
An injury to Inspector Ghote's commanding officer prevents him from attending an international police conference on drug smuggling that is to be held in London. Inspector Ghote is ordered to go to England, attend the conference, take notes and produce a presentation on behalf of his superior.

On arrival Inspector Ghote is met by his cousin who, with his wife, runs an Indian restaurant in London. He stays with them for the duration of the conference but quickly learns that they expect him to find their missing 17-year-old niece, Ranee, who is nicknamed "The Peacock" for her bright attitude and dress.

In between attending the conference Ghote investigates the girl's disappearance, has his high expectations of Great Britain dashed by a grey and grimy London and tries to acquire a gift to take home to his wife.

Explanation of the novel's title
The title refers to Inspector Ghote's search for the missing girl.

Plot summary

Inspector Ghote is tasked by his Superintendent to attend the London police conference and present a prepared speech. On arrival at the airport, Ghote is met by his cousin, Vidur Datta, who runs with his wife a London restaurant. Their niece, 17-year-old Ranee – known as the "Peacock" for her brightness – has disappeared. The family suspects her boyfriend, 35-year-old pop music star Johnny Bull. Ghote interviews the Peacock's friends, who believe she has been murdered but don't know who did it.

Ghote pays a visit to Johnny, who claims to have not seen the Peacock since she disappeared and has taken up with another girl, Susan. Johnny, a self-confessed opium user, informs Ghote that the Peacock herself acquired drugs from a local public house known as the "Robin's Nest". There, Ghote extracts a confession from the owner of having supplied opium to Peacock. He learns of a protection racket being run by the Smith brothers and is surprised to find that the Peacock's uncle, Vidur Datta, is an opium user.

Later, Ghote manages to confront the Smith brothers at their home, only to find himself in immediate danger. He is rescued by a passing policeman, who warns him not to interfere with a Scotland Yard investigation into the brothers. Finding no help from the British police and believing he is at a dead end to his enquiries, Ghote decides to drop the case. Mrs Datta quickly changes his mind by making it an issue of professional pride.

Ghote keeps watch on the Smith home the following night and gains access while they are out. While talking to their mother, he learns they were in police custody during the Peacock's disappearance. Returning to the "Robin's Nest," Ghote accuses the owner of lying and attempting to steer him into harm's way. However, Ghote satisfies himself that the man could not have murdered the Peacock.

Ghote attempts to interview Johnny again, but fails to get past Susan. He learns that Johnny will be at a particular recording studio that afternoon. Returning to the conference, Ghote listens to a superb presentation and learns that his own presentation must follow it the next day. He begins to become nervous about addressing a crowd. At the recording studio, Ghote conceals himself and eavesdrops on Susan, realising that Johnny could not have kidnapped or murdered the Peacock.

Ghote is scolded by the Dattas for his lack of progress and develops a cold as a result of the British climate. He finds the conference has moved into a much larger and grander room for the conference's final day, when he will give his speech. Nervous and irritated by the tardiness of the conference's emcee, Ghote makes a botch of his presentation. Frustrated and angry at everything that has happened, he adds what he has learned about Johnny's opium habit and walks out.

That evening at his cousin's restaurant, Ghote realises he has solved the mystery of the Peacock's disappearance. Ghote accuses his cousin, Vidur Datta, of murdering the Peacock because she was blackmailing him with his secret opium habit. The body is concealed under the restaurant's rubbish. No sooner has Ghote forced Mr Datta to confess than the police arrive, eager to congratulate him on the information he supplied about Johnny. It is revealed that Johnny has confessed to smuggling drugs in the Indian harmonium he used for his latest songs.

Characters in "Inspector Ghote Hunts The Peacock"

Inspector Ganesh Ghote: A hard working Indian Police Inspector who normally lives and works in Mumbai, India.

Johnny Bull: A fading pop music star who is now in his thirties, he is trying to change his look in the hope it will help him appeal to the younger generation. His new look includes an Indian aesthetic. He became addicted to opium on a trip to India, where he met Ranee.

Ranee "Peacock" Datta: A 17-year-old girl raised in both India and the United Kingdom. She is missing throughout the novel but her character is central to the plot. She is very western in her attitudes, described as being bright and confident with a love of new clothes and pop music, particularly Johnny Bull's.

Jack Smith: Eldest of the Smith brothers, a criminal trio who run a protection racket and who are possibly involved with drugs.

Pete Smith: Described as "not right in the head" by Ghote's informant, Pete keeps a dangerous dog and appears to be mentally disabled. He is, however, very strong.

Billy Smith: Youngest of the Smith brothers, Pete flirted with Ranee but failed to achieve a relationship.

Mrs Smith: Mother to the Smith brothers, who live at home with her. She appears to have a frank and open relationship with them concerning their criminal activities, of which she is happy to accept the benefits.

Sandra: Johnny Bull's new girlfriend and a white British girl the same age as Ranee. Hostile to Ghote's investigation and protective of Johnny Bull, she is willing to bully Johnny when it comes to his career and drug habit.

Robin: Owner and bartender of the "Robin's Nest". Also a dealer in opium who supplies the Peacock and Vidur Datta.

Major themes
Inspector Ghote deals with themes of culture clash, post-imperial relations between Britain and India, racism, crime, drugs and murder.

Literary significance & criticism
This is the fourth in the Inspector Ghote series of novels. The series itself has won two Gold Daggers, awarded by the Crime Writers' Association.

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
This novel takes place in London, the capital city of the United Kingdom, and includes famous landmarks such as the Thames river, Tower Bridge and the Tower of London.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

Inspector Ghote Hunts the Peacock was adapted for television as part of the BBC series Detective. It was broadcast on 12 October 1969 as the sixth episode in season three. Hugh Leonard dramatized the novel and it was directed by Ben Rea. The role of Inspector Ghote was played by Zia Mohyeddin. Vidur Datta was played by Marne Maitland. The name of Johnny Bull was changed to Johnny Britain and the role was played by Alan Tucker.

Release details

1968, United Kingdom, E. P. Dutton, , June 1968, Hardback
1969, United Kingdom, Penguin Books Ltd,  / 978-0-14-003020-4, September 1969, Paperback
1985, United Kingdom, Constable,  / 978-0-09-466320-6, April 1985, Hardback
1985, USA, Academy Chicago Publishers,  / 978-0-89733-179-1, November 1985, Paperback
1988, United Kingdom, Arrow Books Ltd,  / 978-0-09-957960-1, April 1988, Paperback
1991, USA, Curley Publishing,  / 978-0-7927-1135-3, December 1991, Paperback
1992, USA, Curley Publishing,  / 978-0-7927-1136-0, March 1992, Paperback

Sources, references, external links, quotations

1968 British novels
British crime novels
E. P. Dutton books

Inspector Ghote Hunts the Peacock


A stroller (Canada & U.S.A.)  or pram (U.K) is a hand-pushed vehicle to carry babies and young infants. More general terms include child carrier, baby transport or baby carrier.

Criticism

They're criticised for reducing physical activity, a study in toronto concluded it could increase obesity by reducing physical exercise.

Strollers (including foldable ones) are also hard to carry in public transportation, take place when stored, and several designs are criticised.

They are also one of the most expensive pieces of furniture for babies. Theft of those is reported to happen, sometimes bycicle locks have been used to prevent them from being stolen.

Are strollers really necessary for a baby?
Strollers are not absolutely necessary for a baby, but they can be a great convenience for parents. Strollers can provide a safe and comfortable way to transport a baby, and can be a great way to get out and about with a baby. Ultimately, whether or not strollers are necessary for a baby depends on a variety of factors, including lifestyle, living situation, and personal preference. While strollers can be a helpful tool for many parents, they are not a requirement for raising a healthy and happy baby.

Types of stroller
There are several different types of strollers:
 Standard strollers - also called full-size or regular strollers, are usually designed to allow babies to lie on their backs for the first few months. Some are are designed to hold infant car seats for when the baby is older. They are usually built with enclosed sides or some type of containment. Some baby strollers may have features to stop babies from slipping through leg openings.
 Jogging strollers - are for serious runners. Using lightweight-frames and air-filled tires, a jogging stroller provides a smooth ride for a child on nearly any surface.
 Travel systems - include an infant car seat and a toddler stroller in a single system. The infant car seat can be used for car journeys and clicks into the toddler stroller base. Once the child has outgrown the infant seat, the toddler stroller can be used by itself.
 Tandem or double strollers - can hold two children. In tandem designs, one child sits in back of the other, making it easier to maneuver through stores or crowds because a tandem is the same width as a single stroller.
 Lightweight strollers or umbrella strollers - are not equipped with much padding and at times not very modifiable; however, they are normally cheaper. Lightweight strollers are best suited for toddlers and older babies, or children who are one year old and older. They are not suitable for babies because they have little head support and do not recline completely.
 Side by side double stroller - holds two children. In side-by-side design, the children are sitting side by side.

References

Childhood
Human-powered vehicles
Safety

Stroller


Jesús Manuel Santiago, better known as Jess Santiago, is a Filipino male poet, songwriter, singer-composer, protest musician and translator.

Early life and family
He was born in Obando, Bulacan, Philippines. He was married to Lilia Quindoza Santiago, a professor in Filipino literature at the University of the Philippines, and also an accomplished poet and writer. They have four children: Haya Pagasa, Halina Mandala, Balagtas Himig Bayan, and Daniw.

Career

Literary work
His poems had been published in both national and international magazines and anthologies including the Caravan magazine of the global group Alliance for the Responsible and United World. Caravan published his poem There is a Village in the Making which has also been translated from English into French. He was the Institute of Philippine Languages's Poet of the Year in 1978 and 1979. Santiago translated Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman", Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman into the Filipino language, as well as some songs and poems of Latin American and African-Asian writers.

Musical work
Among his music albums are Halina (1990) and Obando (1993). These albums include the songs Huling Balita (Last News), Martsa ng Bayan (March of the Nation), the lullaby Meme Na (Sleep Now) and Pitong Libong Pulo (Seven Thousand Islands). His themes and the Filipino lower-class characters in his songs evolved from the political and social realities during the decade of Marcos despotism in the 1970s.

Santiago was also awarded the Mother Country Award by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines because of his role as a figurehead in the people's music movement in the Philippines. He was a member of the Galian sa Arte at Tula, Cultural Action Program of the Asian Cultural Forum on Development (ACFOD), Asia-Pacific Regional Consultation on People's Culture, and National Union of Writers in the Philippines (PANULAT). He had been composing and performing for 15 years. He also has a column Usapang Kanto (Street Corner Talk) on the pages of the Pinoy Weekly newspaper in the Philippines.

References

Writers from Bulacan
Musicians from Bulacan
Tagalog-language writers
Filipino translators
Linguists from the Philippines
20th-century Filipino poets
20th-century Filipino male singers
Filipino folk composers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Filipino male poets
20th-century male writers

Jesús Manuel Santiago


Esther Whitley (1755–1833) was an American pioneer who was the third woman of European descent to cross the Cumberland Mountains. Traveling with her husband, William Whitley, she came to Kentucky on Wilderness Road.  They built the first brick house in Kentucky which is maintained at the William Whitley House State Historic Site in Crab Orchard, Kentucky.

Early life
Esther Gill Fullen was born in Augusta County, Virginia. Fullen married William Whitley in Virginia, and together they had eight daughters and three sons.

In November 1775, she began the trip west along Wilderness Road with her husband and their family.

Sportman Hill
The Whitleys built an estate called Sportman Hill which contained the first brick house in Kentucky. Sportman Hill had an oval race track for horse racing that ran in a counterclockwise direction, differing for the direction of British horse racing.

Death
Esther died at the home of her daughter, Ann Harper, in Woodford County, Kentucky, on November 20, 1833.

References

1755 births
1833 deaths
People from Augusta County, Virginia
People from Lincoln County, Kentucky
18th-century American women
19th-century American women
American pioneers

Esther Whitley


A breastplate (also referred to as a breastcollar, breaststrap or breastgirth) is a piece of tack (equipment) used on horses. Its purpose is to keep a saddle from sliding back. It is also a safety feature—if the saddle's girth or billets break, a rider may have enough time to stop the horse and dismount before the saddle slips off the animal's back. The breastplate is used on both English and Western saddles. Western riding involving working cattle use a thicker sturdier style than in English riding or Western riding horse shows. A breastplate is most helpful for horses with large shoulders and a flat ribcage. A breast collar as part of a harness is used to pull a load.

History
When the Spanish Conquistador Cortez invaded Mexico in 1519 his small group of cavalry men all rode the old centerfire rigged War Saddle. Since the saddle was prone to slip back on the horse, a breast collar was used, usually with a shoulder strap to hold it up. Adding a crupper under the horse's tail, attached to the saddle was also required to maintain stability.

From the formation of the American cavalry in 1812 military saddles were single cinched and both a breast collar and crupper were used. Many Civil War photos show horses rigged with these pieces of equipment. It wasn't until the McClellan saddle was adapted that they were discarded.

Early Mexican vaqueros soon moved the front cinch forward, hanging the rigging directly under the fork, and solved the problem of saddle slippage. The unneeded breast collar was discarded, probably because it would catch on limbs when chasing a cow through brush. Both North American cowboys and South American gauchos followed their example and breast collars were seldom seen. The Texas development of the full double rigging in the early 1800s added even more saddle security.

Only on the Pacific Coast and Nevada ranges did the centerfire rigging remain popular. A martingale of the time (a leather loop around the horse's neck with an additional strap down to the cinch) helped stabilize the saddle in addition to being a fashion accent.

The rise of contest roping in the early 1900s returned the breast collar to popularity. While the first generation of contest hands didn't use one, those that followed learned that a breast collar was necessary. It not only kept the saddle in place during a hard start but was a "plus" when they laid their slack behind a 900-pound steer and rode by for the trip. It was also a handy place to tuck up the 2nd rope that they carried. The calf ropers and steer wrestlers quickly followed by example. By 1940, the majority of timed event contestants used a breast collar.

Hunting or stockman's breastplate

Being the classic breastplate for English riding, campdrafting or stockwork, the stockman's or hunting breastplate is the most common type. It consists of a yoke (with a neck and wither strap), a breast strap at the bottom of the yoke which runs through the horse's front legs and attaches to the girth, and two straps at the top of the yoke which attach to the D-rings of a saddle. There are usually buckles for adjusting the size of the yoke as well as the length of the straps which attach to the saddle and girth. The hunting breastplate not only helps to prevent the saddle from slipping, but also may be used to attach a Market Harborough or standing and running martingales, which are clipped or buckled onto a ring at the chest.

The hunting breastplate is most commonly made of leather, and some have elastic inserts on the yoke to help prevent it from restricting the horse's shoulders. Those used in endurance riding are commonly made of lightweight nylon or another synthetic material.

The hunting breastplate is worn by endurance horses, show hunters, fox hunters, equitation horses, eventers (it can be seen used in all three phases), and show jumpers. It is also occasionally see in flat racing, as well as steeplechase.

Because the hunting breastplate is attached to the D-rings of the saddle (which are known to be pulled out under great pressure), it is not as reliable as equipment attached to the saddle by means of the billets. Therefore, the breastcollar is sometimes preferred on cross-country. The hunting breastplate also tends to have a restrictive effect on the shoulder, even when correctly fitted. Additionally, a hunting breastplate may cause the tree points of a poorly fitting saddle to dig into the sides of the horse's withers, creating rubs and great discomfort. In this case, it is best to get the saddle properly fitted before using a hunting breastplate.

Western styles

The variation of a breastplate used for western riding is referred to as a breast collar. The term "breastplate" is occasionally used, though western riders generally use "breast collar" to refer to both designs. A working western breast collar may be of either a breastplate or breastcollar design.  attach to the d-rings that hold the latigo of the cinch, while one suitable for a horse show may attach to decorative dees located above the cinch rings, nearer the swells of the saddle.  In either case, an additional strap usually runs between the front legs and attaches to the cinch.  Some, though not all breastcollars for western riding also have a wither strap.

The breastplate should not be fitted in any way that will restrict the horse's movement. Special attention should be paid to the shoulders, chest, and the area between the horse's front legs. In general, a fist should fit between breastplate and the horse's chest, and there should be a hand's width between the wither strap and the withers. The breast strap should have some slack, and care should be taken that its buckle doesn't rub the sensitive skin in the area.  It should also be adjusted so that the chest straps lie above the point of the shoulder so that the horse's motion is not restricted.

Racing or polo breastplate

The breastcollar consists of a chest strap, which buckles to one billet of the saddle, runs around the horse's chest, and attaches to the first billet on the other side. It also has a wither strap, which is used to adjust the height of the breastcollar, and prevents it from slipping down too far. The breastcollar is often made of leather, strong elastic, or webbing.

The breastcollar is more secure than the hunting breastplate, because it attaches to either the front billet of the saddle, or to the front branch of a split-end girth (which is even more secure). It is therefore most desirable in eventing, especially on the cross-country phase, polo, and  other jumping disciplines. It is not used in dressage, hunt seat, or equitation.

This style of breastcollar does not interfere with the horse's shoulders, as some other styles do.  However, this style may interfere with the horse's ability to breathe when it puts its head far down.  Thus, this style is not desirable for jumping and riding in steep terrain.

One disadvantage is it tends to restrict the shoulders more so than other breastplates.

The breastcollar should be fitted so the chest strap is horizontal from chest to girth. The wither strap should be adjusted so that it is not so low that it interferes with the horse's shoulders, or so high that it presses against the animal's windpipe. As a general rule, a fist should fit between the wither strap of the breastcollar and the withers, and the chest strap and the chest of the horse.

Breastgirth or loop breastplate

The breastgirth is made of strong elastic, and runs from either the D-rings of the saddle, or is attached to a loop that runs around the saddle's stirrup bars. Although similar to the breastcollar, there is no wither strap. Breastcollars are usually seen in show jumping and eventing (usually on the cross-country phase). They are desirable because they tend to be less-restrictive to the shoulders, so the horse is better able to pick up his front legs and fold over a jump.

If the breastgirth is not adjusted correctly, it will restrict the horse's breathing because it will press on the windpipe. Additionally, it is not as secure as the breastcollar when it is attached to the D-rings.  The breastgirth should be adjusted so it does not restrict the horse's breathing. It should cross at the base of the neck, and may be adjusted snugly.

Harness

Unlike the breastplates used for securing the position of a riding saddle, the breast collar in a driving horse harness is the strap used to pull the weight of a vehicle or load, and does not have a function of securing something in place.

The breast collar is a wide padded strap that passes around the front of the horse's chest. A neck strap goes over the neck to raise or lower the position of the breast collar—low enough to stay clear of the horse's windpipe, and high enough that it doesn't rub on the points of the shoulder. A pole ring or dee may be sewn into the center of the breast collar to attach a pole when driving two horses side-by-side. A yoke strap is sometimes attached to the pole ring of two side-by-side horses to keep them together; common in Hungarian harnesses. Occasionally a short strap, called a false martingale may be attached to the center of the breast collar, run between the horse's forelegs, and attach to the girth.

The breast collar harness is one of two main harness designs. The other design is the collar and hames design, also called a "full collar", which is required in order to pull very heavy loads because it distributes pressure over a larger area of the horse. One of the main advantages of using a breast collar style harness is that it fits on almost any size or shape of horse, unlike a full collar which must be sized appropriately for each horse. A breast collar should only be used with a singletree or you risk chafing the horse's shoulders.

References

Horse harness
Saddles

pl:Podpierśnik

Breastplate (tack)


Adventures of the Yellow Suitcase () is a 1970 children's film directed by Ilya Frez based on the eponymous story by Sofia Prokofieva.

Plot
In one sunny city live two cute and unusual children; boy Petya and girl Toma. Toma is an "ice queen" because she never smiles and often cries, and Petya is a coward who lacks courage. One day Petya's mom and Toma's dad decide to turn to the doctor. The doctor is unusual, he has candies against fear, and with the help of other sweets he can heal from anger and cunning, stupidity, sadness, lies, gossip.

But, by an incredible coincidence, a suitcase of yellow color with miracle drugs comes into the wrong hands. Under threat are the lives of Toma's grandmother, the pilot Verevkin - Toma's father, the tamer of tigers Bulankin.

Toma's grandmother, doctor, Toma and Petya set off on a quest for the suitcase containing the magic medicines.

Cast
Tatyana Pelttser as Anna Petrovna, Toma's grandmother
Yevgeni Lebedev as children's doctor
 Andrei Gromov as Petya
 Viktoria Chernakova as  Toma
Natalya Seleznyova as Petya's mother  Petya
Boris Bystrov as pilot Veryovkin, Toma's dad
Viktor Tikhonov as Fyodor Bulankin
 Yevgeniy Vesnik as Airport manager
 Konstantin Kuntyshev as foreman

References

External links

Soviet children's films
Russian children's fantasy films
1970s children's adventure films
Films directed by Ilya Frez
1970s children's fantasy films

Adventures of the Yellow Suitcase


Catch-22 is a 1970 American satirical black comedy war film adapted from the 1961 novel of the same name by Joseph Heller. In creating a black comedy revolving around the "lunatic characters" of Heller's satirical anti-war novel set at a fictional Mediterranean base during World War II, director Mike Nichols and screenwriter Buck Henry (also in the cast) worked on the film script for two years, converting Heller's complex novel to the medium of film.

The cast included Alan Arkin, Bob Balaban, Martin Balsam, Richard Benjamin, Italian actress Olimpia Carlisi, French comedian Marcel Dalio, Art Garfunkel in his acting debut, Jack Gilford, Charles Grodin, Bob Newhart, Anthony Perkins, Austin Pendleton, Paula Prentiss, Martin Sheen, Jon Voight, and Orson Welles. Garfunkel's songwriting partner Paul Simon also appeared but his scenes were cut.

Plot

Captain John Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Force B-25 bombardier, is stationed on the Mediterranean base on Pianosa during World War II. Along with his squadron members, Yossarian is committed to flying dangerous missions, but after watching friends die, he seeks a means of escape.

While most crews are rotated out after 25 missions, his commanding officer, Colonel Cathcart keeps raising the minimum number of missions for this base before anyone can reach it, eventually to an unobtainable 80 missions; a figure resulting from Cathcart's craving for publicity, primarily a mention in the nationally syndicated Saturday Evening Post magazine.

Futilely appealing to Cathcart, Yossarian learns that even a mental breakdown is no release when Doc Daneeka explains the "Catch-22" the Army Air Force employs: An airman would have to be crazy to fly more missions, and if he were crazy, he would be unfit to fly. Yet, if an airman were to refuse to fly more missions, this would indicate that he is sane, which would mean that he would be fit to fly the missions. The airman is thus in an impossible "damned if you do, damned if you don't" situation.

Yossarian is haunted, in several recurring flashbacks during the film, by the bloody death of Snowden, the young turret gunner on his B-25. After Snowden's death, Yossarian temporarily refuses to wear his uniform, which Snowden bled on. He shows up at a medal ceremony naked, and later morosely sits naked in a tree, where he is visited by Lt. Milo Minderbinder, who rapidly progresses from squadron supply officer to a capitalistic tycoon involved in black-market money-making schemes. The bomber squadron is populated by many other comically strange characters. Major Major Major, the squadron's operations officer, is promoted to a squadron commander without ever having flown in a plane, and refuses to see anyone in his office while he is in, instructing Sergeant Towser that people can see him when he's out. The person has to wait in the waiting room until Major Major Major is gone, then can go right in.

Trapped by this convoluted logic, Yossarian watches as individuals in the squadron resort to unusual means to cope; Lt. Milo Minderbinder concocts elaborate black market schemes while crazed Captain "Aarfy" Aardvark commits murder to silence a girl he has raped. Lieutenant Nately falls for a sex worker, Major Danby delivers goofy pep talks before every bomb run and Captain Orr keeps crashing at sea. Meanwhile, Nurse Duckett occasionally beds Yossarian.

Nately dies as a result of an agreement between Milo and the Germans, trading surplus cotton in exchange for the squadron bombing its own base. While on a pass, Yossarian shares this news with Nately's romantic partner, who then tries to kill him.

Because of Yossarian's constant complaints, Cathcart and Lt. Colonel Korn eventually agree to send him home, promising him a promotion to major and awarding him a medal for the fictitious saving of Cathcart's life; the only requirement being that Yossarian agrees to "like" the colonels and praise them when he gets home.

Immediately after agreeing to Cathcart's and Korn's plan, Yossarian survives an attempt on his life when stabbed by Nately's partner, who had disguised herself as a janitor. Once recovered, Yossarian learns from the chaplain and Major Danby that Captain Orr's supposed death was a hoax and that Orr's repeated "crash" landings had been a subterfuge for practicing and planning his own escape from the madness. Yossarian is informed that Orr ditched the plane and paddled a rescue raft all the way to Sweden on his last run.

Yossarian decides to abandon the deal with Cathcart, leaps out of the hospital window, takes a raft from a damaged plane and, while a marching band practices for the ceremony to award Yossarian the promotion and medal, he hops into the sea, climbs into the raft and starts paddling.

Cast

Main cast (as appearing in screen credits):

 Alan Arkin as Captain John Yossarian (Bombardier)
 Bob Balaban as Captain Orr (Bomber Pilot)
 Martin Balsam as Colonel Chuck Cathcart (Group Commander, 256th Bomb Group)
 Richard Benjamin as Major Danby (Group Operations Officer)
 Susanne Benton as Dreedle's WAC
 Marcel Dalio as Old Man in Whorehouse
 Norman Fell as First Sgt. Towser (Major Major's Desk Clerk, later Acting Squadron Commander)
 Art Garfunkel (billed Arthur Garfunkel) as Lt. Edward J. Nately III (Pilot)
 Jack Gilford as Dr. "Doc" Daneeka (Group Flight Surgeon)
 Charles Grodin as Captain "Aarfy" Aardvark (Navigator)
 Buck Henry as Lt. Colonel Korn (Group XO / Roman policeman)
 Bob Newhart as Captain/Major Major (Laundry Officer, later Squadron Commander)
 Austin Pendleton as Lt. Col. Moodus
 Anthony Perkins as Capt. Fr. Albert Taylor "A. T." Tappman (Chaplain)
 Paula Prentiss as Nurse Duckett (Army Medical Nurse Corps)
 Martin Sheen as 1st Lt. Dobbs (Pilot)
 Jon Voight as 1st Lt. Milo Minderbinder (Mess Officer)
 Orson Welles as Brigadier General Dreedle (Wing Commander)

Production

Development
Orson Welles first tried to buy the rights to Heller's novel to independently produce and direct it in 1962, but was unsuccessful. He wound up cast in the role of General Dreedle.

Columbia Pictures purchased the rights to it in 1965 and attempted to develop the film with Richard Brooks or Richard Quine as potential directors, while Jack Lemmon was considered as Captain Yossarian. Heller grew dissatisfied with the two as he believed they were "incapable of pursuing the wildly satirical (and anti-military) point of view of his novel." The studio subsequently sold the rights to Martin Ransohoff at Filmways in 1967, which had already hired Mike Nichols to direct. Nichols originally announced that principal photography would begin in "late 1967-early 1968" in Yugoslavia and Italy. However, the project was delayed for several years as Nichols and John Calley searched for Italian terrain that had not been destroyed by World War II.

Daily Variety in the period 1967-69 reported that Andre Previn would score the picture and that Nichols sought to cast Walter Matthau and Al Pacino in the movie, but none of them participated in the picture. Stacy Keach was also cast in the film before departing a month prior to filming.

Filming
Nichols eventually decided on Mexico as the primary shooting location of the film. Production began on January 13, 1969, at an air field constructed for the film on the Pacific Coast of Mexico near Guaymas, Sonora. The filmmakers spent $180,000 building a five-mile runway specifically for the film and an additional $250,000 for a 6,000-ft. runway. After a week of filming, Nichols sent back 200 of the American extras in order to give the base in the film a more isolated atmosphere. Welles filmed his cameo appearance as General Dreedle in eight days. Some filming also took place at the Palazzo Farnese and the Palazzo Navona in Rome. Production concluded in August 1969 after a final two months of interior filming in Hollywood.

Adaptation
The adaptation changed the book's plot. Several story arcs are left out, and many characters in the movie speak dialogue and experience events of other characters in the book. Despite the changes in the screenplay, Heller approved of the film, according to a commentary by Nichols and Steven Soderbergh included on a DVD release. According to Nichols, Heller was particularly impressed with a few scenes and bits of dialogue Henry created for the film, and said he wished he could have included them in the novel.

The pacing of the novel Catch-22 is frenetic, its tenor intellectual, and its tone largely absurdist, interspersed with brief moments of gritty, almost horrific, realism. The novel did not follow a normal chronological progression; rather, it was told as a series of different and often (seemingly, until later) unrelated events, most from the point of view of the central character Yossarian. The film simplified the plot.

Aircraft

Paramount assigned a $17 million budget to the production and planned to film key flying scenes for six weeks, but the aerial sequences required six months of camera work, resulting in the bombers flying about 1,500 hours. They appear on screen for approximately 10 minutes.

Catch-22 is renowned for its role in saving the B-25 Mitchell aircraft from possible extinction. The film's budget accommodated 17 flyable B-25 Mitchells, and one hulk was acquired in Mexico, and flown with landing gear down to the Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico filming location. The aircraft was burned and destroyed in the crash landing scene. The wreck was then buried in the ground by the runway, where it remains.

For the film, prop upper turrets were installed, and to represent different models, several aircraft had turrets installed behind the wings representing early (B-25C/D type) aircraft. Initially, the camera ships also had mock turrets installed, but problems with buffeting necessitated their removal.

Many of the "Tallmantz Air Force fleet" went on to careers in films and television, before being sold as surplus. Fifteen of the 18 bombers remain intact, including one displayed at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.

Death on the set
Second unit director John Jordan refused to wear a harness during a bomber scene and fell out of the open tail turret  into the Pacific Ocean to his death.

Release
A half-hour preview of the film was held at the San Francisco International Film Festival on October 31, 1969.

The film had premieres on June 24, 1970, in New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Toronto.

Home media
Catch-22 was released for home viewing on VHS and Beta in 1979, Laserdisc in 1982, and SelectaVision CED disc. Some of the music was changed for the 1992 VHS Hi-Fi re-release.

Catch-22 was re-released to DVD by Paramount Home Video on May 21, 2013; a previous version was released on May 11, 2001. The DVD contains commentary by director Mike Nichols moderated by Steven Soderbergh.

Reception

Critical reaction

Vincent Canby of The New York Times praised the film as "the most moving, the most intelligent, the most humane--oh, to hell with it!--it's the best American film I've seen this year." He felt the film was "complete and consistent", and commended its balance of comedy and seriousness as well as the ensemble cast. In a cover story about Mike Nichols, Time wrote "It is the book's cold rage that he has nurtured. In the jokes that matter, the film is as hard as a diamond, cold to the touch and brilliant to the eye. To Nichols, Catch-22 is 'about dying'; to Arkin, it is 'about selfishness'; to audiences, it will be a memorable horror comedy of war, with the accent on horror." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "a disappointment, and not simply because it fails to do justice to the Heller novel." He noted that the film "recites speeches and passages from the novel, but doesn't explain them or make them part of its style. No, Nichols avoids those hard things altogether, and tries to distract us with razzle-dazzle while he sneaks in a couple of easy messages instead." Similarly, Gene Siskel for the Chicago Tribune gave the film  stars out of four arguing the film "spends too much time accommodating a huge cast", and instead the film should have properly focused on "Yossarian's combat, with the catch into his head where it belongs". Nevertheless, he wrote "The film's technical credits, photography, and special effects are uniformly outstanding. Of the huge supporting cast, Dick Benjamin, Bob Newhart, and Jack Gilford are the best." Charles Champlin, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, felt that Catch-22 is awfully good, and also a disappointment: Chilly brilliant at its best but flawed at last by its detachment and by its failure to catch fire and give off heat. Its fury is cold and intellectual and cannot reach us or involve us at gut level."

Richard Schickel in LIFE panned the film, saying it failed to translate what made Joseph Heller's novel a generational phenomenon to the screen. In his review entitled "One of our novels is missing," Schickel wrote:Mike Nichols' movie version of the novel is, in tone, as hot and heavy as the original was cool and light. Charitably, one might say that he was seeking the visual equivalent of the book's verbal style. But he failed abysmally, and in the process he and Writer Buck Henry have mislaid every bit of the humor that made the novel emotionally bearable and esthetically memorable, replacing it with desperately earnest proof they hate war.... [T]he key to the film's almost total failure lies in its restructuring of the novel. It is shot as if it were a single hallucinatory flashback suffered by Yossarian, Heller's Everyman-turned-Bombardier.... Far from seeming wild and free, this dream structure struck me as inhumanly manipulative, for it imposes on both the material and the audience a single, simple point of view: I'm crazy, they're crazy, we're all crazy in this crazy world. The characters can't wiggle free of it and live for so much as a single wayward, truly human moment. We, as an audience, are never allowed to think, feel, respond as we will. We are as trapped at a single level of response as ever we were in those hack war movies Nichols mocks.

Box office
Upon the initial release, Catch-22 earned US$24.9 million out of the budget of US$18 million, earning it a spot in the top ten box office hits of 1970, but falling short of being profitable to Fox. It was director Mike Nichols' third film, after the acclaimed Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and The Graduate. It was not regarded as a comparable success, earning less money and critical acclaim than the film version of MASH, another war-themed black comedy released earlier the same year. In addition, some critics believed that the film appeared as Americans were becoming more resentful of the bitter and ugly experience of the Vietnam War, leading to a general decline in the interest of war pictures, with the notable exceptions of MASH and Patton. Critic Lucia Bozzola wrote "Paramount spent a great deal of money on Catch-22, but it wound up getting trumped by another 1970 antiwar farce: Robert Altman's MASH." Film historians and reviewers Jack Harwick and Ed Schnepf characterized it as deeply flawed, noting that Henry's screenplay was disjointed and that the only redeeming features were the limited aerial sequences.

Adaptations in other media
A pilot episode for a Catch-22 television series was aired on ABC in 1973, with Richard Dreyfuss in the Captain Yossarian role.

A six-part Catch 22 miniseries, produced by Hulu and Sky Italia, premiered worldwide in 2019.

There have been other films with "Catch-22" in their names, including the documentary Catch-22 (2007) and the short films Catch 22: The New Contract (2009) and Catch22 (2010), but they have been unrelated to either the book or film adaptation.

In popular culture
The anti-war song "Survivor Guilt" by punk rock band Rise Against features samples of dialog from the movie, specifically the discussion between Nately and the old man about the fall of great countries and potential fall of the US, and their argument about the phrase "It's better to live on your feet than die on your knees." The same excerpts from the film previously were used by lead singer Tim McIlrath, in the song "Burden", recorded by his former band, Baxter.

See also
 List of American films of 1970

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Bennighof, James. The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. .
 Evans, Alun. Brassey's Guide to War Films. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. .
 Farmer, James H. "The Catch-22 Air Force." Air Classics, Volume 8, No. 14, December 1972.
 Harwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
 Nichols, Mike and Steven Soderbergh. "Commentary." Catch-22 DVD (Special Features). Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment, 2001.
 Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. .
 Tallman, Frank. "The Making of Catch-22." Warbirds International, Vol. 27, no. 4, May/June 2008.
 Thegze, Chuck "I See Everything Twice": An Examination of Catch-22, University of California Press.
 Thompson, Scott A. "Hollywood Mitchells." Air Classics, Vol. 16, No. 9, September 1980.

External links

 Catch-22 camera aircraft history

 (film)
1970 films
1970 black comedy films
1970s satirical films
1970s war comedy-drama films
American aviation films
American black comedy films
American satirical films
American war comedy-drama films
American World War II films
Anti-war comedy films
Anti-war films about World War II
1970s English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films based on military novels
Films about the United States Army Air Forces
Films directed by Mike Nichols
Italian Campaign of World War II films
Military humor in film
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Buck Henry
World War II aviation films
Films set in Italy
1970 comedy films
Film controversies in Portugal
1970s American films

ja:キャッチ22#映画
Films shot in Mexico
Films shot in Rome

Catch-22 (film)


In economics and game theory, an all-pay auction is an auction in which every bidder must pay regardless of whether they win the prize, which is awarded to the highest bidder as in a conventional auction. As shown by Riley and Samuelson (1981), equilibrium bidding in an all pay auction with private information is revenue equivalent to bidding in a sealed high bid or open ascending price auction.

In the simplest version, there is complete information. The Nash equilibrium is such that each bidder plays a mixed strategy and expected pay-offs are zero. The seller's expected revenue is equal to the value of the prize. However, some economic experiments and studies have shown that over-bidding is common. That is, the seller's revenue frequently exceeds that of the value of the prize, in hopes of securing the winning bid. In repeated games even bidders that win the prize frequently will most likely take a loss in the long run.

The all-pay auction with complete information does not have a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies, but does have a Nash equilibrium in mixed-strategies.

Forms of all-pay auctions

The most straightforward form of an all-pay auction is a Tullock auction, sometimes called a Tullock lottery after Gordon Tullock, in which everyone submits a bid but both the losers and the winners pay their submitted bids. This is instrumental in describing certain ideas in public choice economics.

The dollar auction is a two player Tullock auction, or a multiplayer game in which only the two highest bidders pay their bids. Another practical examples are the bidding fee auction and the Chinese auction.

Other forms of all-pay auctions exist, such as a war of attrition (also known as biological auctions), in which the highest bidder wins, but all (or more typically, both) bidders pay only the lower bid.  The war of attrition is used by biologists to model conventional contests, or agonistic interactions resolved without recourse to physical aggression.

Rules
The following analysis follows a few basic rules.

 Each bidder submits a bid, which only depends on their valuation.
 Bidders do not know the valuations of other bidders.
 The analysis is based on an independent private value (IPV) environment where the valuation of each bidder is drawn independently from a uniform distribution [0,1]. In the IPV environment, if my value is 0.6 then the probability that some other bidder has a lower value is also 0.6. Accordingly, the probability that two other bidders have lower value is .

Symmetry Assumption
In IPV bidders are symmetric because valuations are from the same distribution. These make the analysis focus on symmetric and monotonic bidding strategies. This implies that two bidders with the same valuation will submit the same bid. As a result, under symmetry, the bidder with the highest value will always win.

Using revenue equivalence to predict bidding function
Consider the two-player version of the all-pay auction and  be the private valuations independent and identically distributed on a uniform distribution from [0,1]. We wish to find a monotone increasing bidding function, , that forms a symmetric Nash Equilibrium.

If player  bids , he wins the auction only if his bid is larger than player 's bid . The probability for this to happen is

, since  is monotone and

Thus, the probability of allocation of good to  is .
Thus, 's expected utility when he bids as if his private value is  is given by

.

For  to be a Bayesian-Nash Equilibrium,  should have its maximum at  so that  has no incentive to deviate given  sticks with his bid of .

Upon integrating, we get .

We know that if player  has private valuation , then they will bid 0;  . We can use this to show that the constant of integration is also 0.

Thus, we get .

Since this function is indeed monotone increasing, this bidding strategy  constitutes a Bayesian-Nash Equilibrium. The revenue from the all-pay auction in this example is

Since   are drawn iid from Unif[0,1], the expected  revenue is

.

Due to the revenue equivalence theorem, all auctions with 2 players will have an expected revenue of  when the private valuations are iid from Unif[0,1].

Bidding Function in the Generic Symmetric Case

Suppose the auction has  risk-neutral bidders. Each bidder has a private value  drawn i.i.d. from a common smooth distribution . Given free disposal, each bidder's value is bounded below by zero. Without loss of generality, then, normalize the lowest possible value to zero.

Because the game is symmetric, the optimal bidding function must be the same for all players. Call this optimal bidding function . Because each player's payoff is defined as their expected gain minus their bid, we can recursively define the optimal bid function as follows:

Note because F is smooth the probability of a tie is zero. This means the probability of winning the auction will be equal to the CDF raised to the number of players minus 1: i.e., .

The objective now satisfies the requirements for the envelope theorem. Thus, we can write:

This yields the unique symmetric Nash Equilibrium bidding function .

Examples
Consider a corrupt official who is dealing with campaign donors: Each wants him to do a favor that is worth somewhere between $0 and $1000 to them (uniformly distributed). Their actual valuations are $250, $500 and $750. They can only observe their own valuations. They each treat the official to an expensive present - if they spend X Dollars on the present then this is worth X dollars to the official. The official can only do one favor and will do the favor to the donor who is giving him the most expensive present.

This is a typical model for all-pay auction. To calculate the optimal bid for each donor, we need to normalize the valuations {250, 500, 750} to {0.25, 0.5, 0.75} so that IPV may apply.

According to the formula for optimal bid:

The optimal bids for three donors under IPV are:

To get the real optimal amount that each of the three donors should give, simply multiplied the IPV values by 1000:

This example implies that the official will finally get $375 but only the third donor, who donated $281.3 will win the official's favor. Note that the other two donors know their valuations are not high enough (low chance of winning),  so they do not donate much, thus balancing the possible huge winning profit and the low chance of winning.

References

All-pay auction
Mathematical economics

All-pay auction


Linda Smith (1949–2007) was a Canadian writer.

Biography
Born in Lethbridge, Alberta, on April 12, 1949, Linda grew up in Calgary, Alberta. She obtained a B.A. with Distinction from the University of Calgary in 1969, and then a Bachelor of Library Science degree from the University of Alberta in 1970. She worked as a children's librarian in Truro, Nova Scotia and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where she was also manager of the Carlyle King Branch of Saskatoon Public Library.  From 1982 to 1984 she pursued a master's degree in Children's Literature from Simmons College in Boston, and it was there that she took a writing for children course from Nancy Bond. Returning to Canada, she became children's librarian at Grande Prairie Public Library in northern Alberta, and also began writing.

Her first book Windshifter was published in 1995 . She wrote primarily for children and young adults, and her books benefited from her years of experience as a children's librarian and her love of children's literature.  She published two linked fantasy trilogies aimed at upper elementary and junior high readers, The Freyan Trilogy, and The Tales of Three Lands Trilogy, and wrote two books for younger readers: a picture book, Sir Cassie to the Rescue, and a beginning chapter book called Kelly's Cabin.  Coteau Books posthumously published two other young adult fantasies by her: The Broken Thread, in 2008, which in 2010 won the Alberta Literary Award for children's literature and The Piper of Shadonia in 2012. In addition, several of her short stories were published in magazines such as On Spec, or read on CBC Radio's Alberta Anthology program.

Bibliography
Wind Shifter (1995)
Sea Change (1999)
The Turning Time (2001)
Sir Cassie to the Rescue (2003)
The Minstrel's Daughter (2004)
Talisa's Song (2005)
Weathermage  (2006)
Kelly's Cabin (2006)
The Broken Thread (2008)
The Piper of Shadonia (2012)

See also

List of Canadian science fiction authors

References

External links
Linda Smith Author Home Page
Review of Wind Shifter
Review of Minstrel's Daughter
Review of Sir Cassie to the Rescue
Review of Broken Thread

Smith, Linda (novelist)
Smith, Linda (novelist)
Canadian children's writers
Canadian science fiction writers
Writers from Lethbridge
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Canadian women children's writers
Canadian women novelists
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century Canadian women writers

Linda Smith (novelist)


The Pride is the fifth studio album from the band InMe. It is the first full-length album of new material to feature lead guitarist Gazz Marlow.  It was released via PledgeMusic on 19 February 2012. The album was awarded KKKK by Kerrang! and 8/10 by Rock Sound magazine, and described on Twitter as "magnificent" by XFMs Rich Walters.

Development of the album
The development of the album started as early as 2009. Dave McPherson wrote a whole album's worth of material more in the vein of Herald Moth's technical metal style but scrapped all but two songs, which feature on the band's best of compilation.

The second wave of writing started in 2010 and continues through until mid-2011, with the track list gradually being built up. Songs such as "A Great Man" were finished earlier, whereas other tunes such as "Moonlit Seabed" were completed just prior to the final recording session in October 2011.

Style
Having drawn a line under the technical metal trappings of 2009's Herald Moth, The Pride is said to take on a much more song based approach. Whilst there are still technical aspects, there is a greater focus on the songs rather than the progressive aspects of the band's music. The album is said to resemble both White Butterfly and Daydream Anonymous in terms of style and sound. Lyrically and Vocally, the album is more positive than Daydream Anonymous and Herald Moth, with soaring melodies conveying poetic lyrics.

Track listing
All songs/lyrics written by Dave McPherson. All music by InMe.

 Reverie Shores
 Moonlit Seabed
 A Great Man
 Silver Womb
 Pantheon
 Escape to Mysteriopa
 Guardian
 Beautiful Sky Gardens
 Halcyon Genesis
 Legacy
 You Had My Heart [iTunes Bonus Track Version]

Personnel

Band
 Dave McPherson – vocals, guitar
 Gazz Marlow – lead guitar
 Greg McPherson – bass guitar
 Simon Taylor – drums, percussion

References

InMe albums
2012 albums

The Pride (album)


Infoshare was a program established by the USDA in 1993 to merge and coordinate the business management and information technology (computer) activities of its agencies, particularly in the field, in order to support consolidation of field offices into one-stop field service centers for farmers and other USDA clients.  However, the program, which initially had been budgeted at nearly $3 billion, was terminated by early 1996 in the wake of critical reviews by USDA's Office of Inspector General, the General Accounting Office, and others, which found, among other things, that despite Infoshare, individual USDA agencies were continuing to buy their own computers, were not sharing information technology with each other, and were still not operating in a common computing environment.  Infoshare was replaced by another computer modernization initiative designed and coordinated by the Farm Service Agency.

References

United States Department of Agriculture

Infoshare


Wage slavery is a situation where the pay a person receives for work is so low it barely or doesn't cover their expenses. The worker's wages are used up to pay for their basic needs, and they are unable to earn more. This person then doesn't have any money left to save, or for the expenses of an emergency.

Wage slavery is caused when bosses have more power than their employees and pay them very little money. The term "wage slavery" is used by Marxists and other people who do not like capitalism.

References

Capitalism
Employment

Wage slavery


Maria Chalon, or Susanna Maria van der Duyn (1698, The Hague – 1780, Amsterdam), was an 18th-century actress from the Northern Netherlands. She is best known as the wife of Cornelis Troost.

Biography
She was the illegitimate daughter of the actress Anna Maria Rigo and the gentleman Nicolaas van der Duyn of Rijswijk. Her mother married the 12-year-younger actor Louis Chalon when Susanna was ten, and from that moment called herself Maria Chalon. She later married the actor Cornelis Troost, whom she had met when they were both accepted as actors for the Amsterdam Schouwburg in 1717 where they were paid one guilder per play. After the death of her mother, Maria travelled in a travelling actor troupe with her father. In 1720, she married Troost in Zwolle, and they settled for a steady job in Amsterdam, where they both acted and he made the backdrop decorations until 1724, when they quit, he to take up portrait painting and she to take care of the family.

References

External links
 Susanna Maria van der Duyn on inghist

1698 births
1780 deaths
Actresses from The Hague
18th-century Dutch actresses

Susanna Maria van der Duyn


The Strait of Otranto connects the Adriatic Sea with the Ionian Sea.  It separates Italy from Albania. Its width at Punta Palascìa, east of Salento is less than . The strait is named after the Italian city of Otranto.

During World War I, the strait was of strategic importance. The Allied navies of Italy, France, and Great Britain kept the Austro-Hungarian Navy from freely entering the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1997 and 2004, nearly 100 people lost their lives trying to illegally cross the strait.  This was following the 1997 unrest in Albania and poor economic conditions in the Tragedy of Otranto and the Karaburun tragedy.

In 2006, the Albanian government said that motor-powered sailing boats could not sail on all lakes, rivers, and seas of Albania.  This was to prevent organized crime. Government owned boats, foreign owned boats, fishing boats, and jet boats are still allowed. In 2010, the rule was extended for 3 more years, until 2013.

References

Other websites

Geography of Albania
Geography of Italy
Straits
Mediterranean Sea

Strait of Otranto


Synodontis albolineatus, known as the mustard catfish, or the mustard squeaker, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Gabon and Cameroon, where it occurs in the Ntem and Ivindo rivers.  It was first described by French zoologist Jacques Pellegrin in 1924, based upon a holotype discovered in the Djoua River at Madjingo, Gabon.  The holotype specimen resides in the Musee National d' Histoire Naturelle de Paris. The specific name "albolineatus" is a composite from the Latin word albus for "white" and the Latin word linea for "line", which refers to the white midlateral stripe of the species.

Description
The body of the fish is a dark brown to black with turquoise-brown marbled or spotted markings; spots are smaller on the head. A thick, white lateral line appears in adults that horizontally along the length of the fish.  The fins are clear with brown spots.  The dorsal fin is composed of one prominent hard spine and seven soft rays.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is forked with two equal lobes.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in the wild.

Habitat
In the wild, the species has been found in only four locations on the Ntem and Ivindo rivers.

References

External links

albolineatus
Fish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Fish of Cameroon
Endemic fauna of Gabon
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin
Fish described in 1924

Synodontis albolineatus


Armageddon is, according to the Bible, the site of a battle during the end times.

Armageddon may also refer to:

Films
 Armageddon (1997 film), a Hong Kong film starring Andy Lau
 Armageddon (1998 film), an American disaster film starring Bruce Willis and Ben Affleck
 Armaguedon, a 1977 film directed by Alain Jessua
 Deathline or Armageddon, a 1997 science fiction action film starring Rutger Hauer
 Warlock: The Armageddon, a 1993 American horror film

Games
 Armageddon chess, a variant of chess
 Armageddon (MUD), a multi-player text-based online roleplaying game running since 1991
 Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, a 2006 video game in the Mortal Kombat series
 Red Faction: Armageddon, a 2011 video game in the Red Faction series
 Worms Armageddon, a 1999 video game in the Worms series
 Worms 2: Armageddon, a 2009 video game in the Worms series
 Armageddon: Tactical Combat, 3000-500 BC, a 1972 board wargame simulating Bronze Age warfare

Literature
 Armageddon (novel), a 2003 novel in the Left Behind series by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins
 Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin, a 1964 novel by Leon Uris
 Armageddon (underground comic), a comic book published by Last Gasp
 Armageddon 2001, a crossover event in the DC universe
 Wildstorm: Armageddon, a crossover event in the Wildstorm universe
 Armageddon, a 2004 novel in the Dreamland series by Dale Brown with Jim DeFelice
 Armageddon, a 1997 Battlestar Galactica novel by Richard Hatch
 Armageddon (1988–92), a series of three novels by Robert Rankin
 Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944-45, a 2004 historical book by Max Hastings
 Armageddon: The Second World War, a 1995 historical book by Clive Ponting
 Armageddon? (1987), essay anthology by Gore Vidal

Music

Performers
 Armageddon (British band), a 1970s hard rock supergroup
 Armageddon (Swedish band), a Swedish melodic death metal band
 Armageddon, a former member of the hip hop collective Terror Squad

Albums
 Armageddon (Aria album), 2006
 Armageddon (Armageddon album), 1975
 Armageddon (Equilibrium album), 2016
 Armageddon (Guy Sebastian album) or the title song, 2012
 Armageddon (Prism album) or the title song, 1979
 Armageddon: The Album, a soundtrack album from the 1998 film

Songs
 "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon", also released as "Arma... geddon", by Marilyn Manson, 2009
 "Armageddon", by Against Me! from Against Me!, 2001
 "Armageddon", by Alkaline Trio from From Here to Infirmary, 2001
 "Armageddon", by Altern-8 from Full On... Mask Hysteria, 1992
 "Armageddon", by Blue Stahli from The Devil, 2015
 "Armageddon", by Primal Fear from Black Sun, 2002
 "Armageddon', by Trippie Redd from Mansion Musik, 2023
 "Armageddon", by Wayne Shorter from Night Dreamer, 1964

Other uses
 Armageddon (beer), a beer brewed in Scotland
 Armageddon (convention), an annual New Zealand science-fiction and comics convention
 Armageddon – Les Effets Speciaux, an attraction at Disneyland Paris
 Getter Robo Armageddon, a 1998-9 OVA and manga
 WWE Armageddon, a former annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event

See also
 Armageddon 2001, a 1991 DC Comics crossover event
 "The Battle of Armageddon" (Hank Williams song), a 1949 hymn

 Harmagedon (disambiguation)
 Carmageddon (disambiguation)
 Karmageddon (disambiguation)
 Armour-Geddon, a 1991 video game

Armageddon (disambiguation)