Jean-Louis-Brigitte Espagne, Count d'Espagne and of the Empire (born 16 February 1769 in Auch, died 21 May 1809 on the island of Lobau) was a French cavalry commander of the French Revolutionary Wars, who rose to the top military rank of General of Division and took part in the Napoleonic Wars.

Revolutionary Wars
Born in Auch in a modest family, Jean-Louis-Brigitte Espagne enlisted in 1787 as a soldier in the Dragons de la Reine (Queen's Dragoons) regiment and then saw a very slow promotion through the ranks. In 1792, Espagne was maréchal-des-logis (roughly equivalent to sergeant) but the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars that year offered numerous opportunities for promotion. During the campaigns of the Revolution, he served successively in the armies "of the North," "of the Pyrenees," "of Italy," and "of the Rhine," subsequently fighting in the War in the Vendée. His talents were much appreciated and he gained the rank of General of Brigade in July 1799, before being sent to serve in General Jean Victor Marie Moreau's army. In this capacity, he distinguished himself throughout the 1800 campaign in Germany of the War of the Second Coalition, leading particularly impressive cavalry actions at the battle of Messkirch and battle of Hohenlinden.

Napoleonic Wars

In 1805, General Espagne was promoted to General of Division, then the top military rank in the French army. With the outbreak of the War of the Third Coalition, he was promptly sent to serve in Italy, in command of a  chasseurs à cheval light cavalry division, combating at the battle of San Michele, on 29 October. The next day, at the battle of Caldiero, Espagne led a very significant and successful action. He then took the strategic town of Gradisca. In 1806 Espagne was sent to serve in Marshal André Masséna's army in the Kingdom of Naples, where he fought against Fra Diavolo. Recalled to the Grande Armée at the beginning of 1807, he served in the army corps of Marshal Lefebvre during the successful siege of Danzig. Then, on 10 June that year, he took part to the battle of Heilsberg, where he was wounded. The next year, Espagne was created a Count of the Empire and in 1809 he was called to the command of a cuirassier division in the Army of Germany during the War of the Fifth Coalition. During the desperate battle of Aspern-Essling, Espagne led his cuirassiers in a series of heroic charges, but was wounded in action during the first day of fighting. He was immediately transported to the Danubian island of Lobau, but his wound was too serious and he died that same day.

The name Espagne is inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

References

Sources
 Fierro, Alfredo; Palluel-Guillard, André; Tulard, Jean - "Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire", Éditions Robert Laffont,

French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
1769 births
1809 deaths
Cavalry commanders
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

Jean-Louis-Brigitte Espagne


Exile is either an entity who is, or the state of being, away from one's home while being explicitly refused permission to return.

Exile, exiled,  exiles, The Exile, or The Exiles may also refer to:

Exiles
 Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile of the 6th century B.C., during which a number of people were deported from the Kingdom of Judah to Babylon
 Cuban exile, the large exodus of Cubans since the 1959 Cuban Revolution
 Francoism, or the exile of Republicans in Spain, the large number of people who fled from Spain to other countries (France, Mexico, the United States) during the regime of Francisco Franco
 Malta exiles, men of politics, high rank soldiers, administrators and intellectuals of the Ottoman Empire who were sent to exile in Malta
 Marian exiles, more than 800 English Protestants who mostly fled to Germany, Switzerland, and France and joined with reformed churches
 Project Exile, a controversial federal program started in Richmond, Virginia in 1997
 Tax exile, one who chooses to leave their native country and instead to domicile themselves in a foreign nation where taxes are lower or nil
  (Crimean Tatar: 'exile'), the forced population transfer, ethnic cleansing and genocide of Crimean Tatars carried out by Soviet authorities in 1944

People with the name
 Exile (producer), American hip hop producer
 Tim Exile, British electronic musician

Books
 Exile (Deeping novel) (1930), by Warwick Deeping
 Exile (Forgotten Realms novel) (1990), a novel in The Dark Elf Trilogy written by R. A. Salvatore
 Exile (Patterson novel) (2007), by Richard North Patterson
 Exile (Star Wars novel) (2007), by Aaron Allston, the fourth book in the Legacy of the Force series
 Exile, the English title of Deoraíocht (1910), by Pádraic Ó Conaire
Exiles, a 2022 murder mystery novel by Jane Harper
Exiles trilogy, a fantasy novel series by author Melanie Rawn
 The Exile (Buck book), a biography by Pearl S. Buck about her Presbyterian missionary father, Absalom Sydenstricker
 The Exile: Sex, Drugs, and Libel in the New Russia, a 2000 memoir by Matt Taibbi and Mark Ames
 The Exile, a 2004 novel by Allan Folsom
 The Exile, a 1987 novel by William Kotzwinkle in which a famous actor in Los Angeles becomes a Nazi during World War II
 The Exile: The Flight of Osama bin Laden, a 2017 book by Adrian Levy and Cathy Scott-Clark
 "The Exiles" (Bradbury story), a 1949 science fiction short story by author Ray Bradbury
The Exiles (Harper novel), a 2023 novel by Jane Harper
 "The Exiles", a story by Horacio Quiroga
 The Exile, a WWII fortnightly camp magazine in Changi Prison with contributions by Ronald Searle and George Sprod
 The Exiles, a novel and series by Hilary McKay

Periodicals
 The Exile, a short-lived literary magazine published by Ezra Pound
 The eXile, a biweekly English language newspaper published in Moscow

Plays and audiodrama
 Exile (audio drama), in Doctor Who
 Exiles (play), a 1918 play by James Joyce

Comics
 Exile, the fourteenth book of the series Guardians of Ga'Hoole by Kathryn Lasky
 Exiles (Malibu Comics), one of two series published in 1993 and 1995 by Malibu Comics
 Exiles (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics superhero team
 Exiles (comic book), a series published by Marvel Comics starting in 2001

Fictional entities
 Exile (Last Exile), space ship in the anime series Last Exile
 Exile (Road Rovers), a fictional anthropomorphic Siberian Husky from the Warner Bros. cartoon Road Rovers
 Exiles (Middle-earth), the Noldor in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium who left under Fëanor and Fingolfin
 Jedi Exile, the main character in the PC/Xbox videogame Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords

Film and TV

Films
Exile (1917 film) , an American silent drama film
 Exile (1994 film), an Australian film
Exile (2013 film), a film by Charles-Olivier Michaud
 Exile (2016 film), a film by Rithy Panh
 Exile (2020 film), a Kosovan film
Exiled (2006), a film by Johnnie To
 Exiled: A Law & Order Movie (1998), a television movie based on the television series Law & Order
 Exils (2004), a film by Tony Gatlif
 The Exile (1914 film), a Hungarian film
 The Exile (1922 film), a Soviet Georgian film
 The Exile (1931 film), directed by Oscar Micheaux
 The Exile (1947 film), directed by Max Ophüls
 The Exiles (1923 film), directed by Edmund Mortimer
 The Exiles (1961 film), a documentary by Kent MacKenzie

Television
 Exile (TV series), a 2011 psychological thriller TV series from BBC
 Exiled (TV series), a spinoff series of the MTV reality show My Super Sweet 16
 The Exile (TV series), an American television series
 The Exiles, a cycle of four plays written for television by Lynn Foster

Episodes
 "Exile" (Casualty), a 2015 episode of the BBC series Casualty
 "Exile" (Smallville), a 2003 episode of the WB series Smallville
 "Exile" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a 2003 episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 "Exile", a second-to-last episode of  The Dead Zone
 "Exile", a 2018 episode of Law and Order: SVU

Games
 Exile (1988 video game), a space-based computer game
 Exile (1988 video game series) (1988, 1991, 1993), a Sega Genesis and Turbo CD console game trilogy set during the time of the Crusades
 Exile (1995 video game series) (1995, 1996, 1997), a series of shareware computer role-playing games for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS
 Myst III: Exile (2001), the third installment of the Myst computer game series

Music

Classical
 "Exile", a Russian art song composed by Georgy Sviridov

Groups
 Exile (American band), an American country band
 Exile, a 1973 album by this band
 Exile (1983 Exile album), a 1983 album by this band
 Exile (Japanese band), a Japanese pop music group

Albums
 Exile (Aloud album), 2010
 Exile (Anorexia Nervosa album), 1997
 Exile (Gary Numan album), 1997
 Exile (Geoffrey Oryema album), 1990
 Exile (Hurts album), 2013
 Exile (Steve Reynolds album), 2006
 Exile, a 2012 album by To-Mera
 Exhile, a 2007 album by Sole
 Exiles (Dan Fogelberg album), 1987
 Exiles (Max Richter album), 2021
 Exile (Demon Hunter album), 2022

Songs
 "Exile" (song), a 2020 song by Taylor Swift, featuring Bon Iver
 "Exile", by Enya from the album Watermark, 1988
 "Exile", by Geoffrey Oryema from the album Exile, 1990
 "Exile", by Gary Numan from the album Exile, 1997
 "Exile", by Slayer from the album God Hates Us All, 2001
 "Exile", by Soilwork from the album Sworn to a Great Divide, 2007
 "Exile", by Hurts from the album Exile, 2013
 "Exiles", by King Crimson from the album Larks' Tongues in Aspic, 1973
 "Exiles", by Dan Fogelberg from the album Exiles, 1987

Brands and enterprises
 Exile Studios (see: Hollow Earth Expedition), a role-playing game company
 Exiles Bookshop, a Sydney bookshop which hosted many poetry readings

Sports
Exiles rugby league team, an international rugby league team
 Exiles, a name used for an Other Nationalities rugby league team, comprising European based Australian, New Zealand, and Pacific Island players
 The Exiles, a frequently used nickname for London Irish RFC, an English rugby union club
 The Exiles, a nickname of Newport County A.F.C., a Welsh football club

Other uses
 Exile, Wisconsin
 Exile (moth) (Apamea zeta ssp. marmorata)
 Ex-ile, a set of games on the 2014 reality TV show The Challenge: Battle of the Exes II

See also
 X Isle (2009 novel) a young adult novel by Steve Augarde
 In Exile (disambiguation)

Exile (disambiguation)


Paul Lange (12 October 1857 – 2 December 1919) was a German musician, teacher, orchestra and choir leader living and working in Istanbul. Lange "europeanized" Turkish military music and was one of the pioneers to bring German and European classical music to the Ottoman capital in the years between 1880 and 1920.

Life

Lange was born in Kartzow, Prussia, the descendant of an old Prussian teacher family.  He was trained at the teacher's college in Neuruppin to become a school teacher. He graduated from that college in 1879 with honors. Because of his high musical skills, he was then admitted to the "Royal Academic Institute for Church Music" in Berlin, where he received training as church organist.

In 1880, Lange moved to Constantinople, where he assumed a position as music teacher at the German School (Alman Lisesi) as well as organist of the Chapel of the German Embassy.

Subsequently Lange also became music teacher at various other institutes of higher education in Constantinople, including several Greek and Armenian high schools (lycées) as well as American colleges such as Robert College and American College for Girls.

Lange became a successful piano teacher and subsequently also formed his private conservatory, which however had to declare bankruptcy after two years. He transformed an existing Italian orchestra into a large German-style symphony orchestra with which he conducted the first performances ever of Beethoven symphonies and Wagner operas in the Ottoman Empire,  with enormous success.

Finally, during his visit to Constantinople in 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who had already appointed him a "Kaiserlicher Musikdirektor" in 1894, became aware of Lange and helped him gain a position as head of a naval military orchestra of the Ottoman Navy. Subsequently, he took over several other military ensembles, before finally being appointed  Director of the Sultan's music after the revolution in 1908. Since then Lange carried the Ottoman Court title "Bey". As a member of the Ottoman court, Lange was allowed to stay in Istanbul  by the Allied Military Administration when all other Germans and Austrians were deported from the city. When Lange died in Üsküdar, Ottoman Empire, in December, 1919, he received a state funeral, and the British Embassy chaplain performed the funeral at Feriköy Protestant Cemetery. However, his widow and his youngest daughter, who had stayed with him in Istanbul, were deported to Germany only a few months later in May 1920.

The  German-American conductor Hans Lange (assistant of Arturo Toscanini in New York City, later conductor at the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,  best known for numerous recordings with the Wagner soprano Kirsten Flagstad) was the oldest son of Paul Lange.

Paul Lange was a close friend of fellow German lecturer Dr Friedrich Schrader, also faculty member at Robert College in the 1890s.

References

 John Freely, A History of Robert College: Yapi Kredi, Istanbul; 1st edition (July 2000),   (mentions Paul Lange as teacher at the American College for Girls in the 1890s)
 Schlegel, Dietrich: Paul Lange Bey – Ein deutscher Musiker im Osmanischen Reich, Mitteilungen der Deutsch-Türkischen Gesellschaft, 115(12/1992), S. 36-47
 Emre Araci: Paul Lange Bey: in: Memleketimiz Dersaadet (Daheim in Konstantinopel), Pagma Verlag, Nürnberg, 2014, , S. 165-184 (in German and Turkish)

1857 births
1919 deaths
Emigrants from the German Empire
19th-century German musicians
19th-century German male musicians
German emigrants to the Ottoman Empire

Paul Lange (musician)


Spring-heeled Jack  is an entity in English folklore of the Victorian era. The first claimed sighting of Spring-heeled Jack was in 1837. Later sightings were reported all over the United Kingdom and were especially prevalent in suburban London, the Midlands and Scotland.

There are many theories about the nature and identity of Spring-heeled Jack. This urban legend was very popular in its time, due to the tales of his bizarre appearance and ability to make extraordinary leaps, to the point that he became the topic of several works of fiction.

Spring-heeled Jack was described by people who claimed to have seen him as having a terrifying and frightful appearance, with diabolical physiognomy, clawed hands, and eyes that "resembled red balls of fire". One report claimed that, beneath a black cloak, he wore a helmet and a tight-fitting white garment like an oilskin. Many stories also mention a "Devil-like" aspect. Others said he was tall and thin, with the appearance of a gentleman. Several reports mention that he could breathe out blue and white flames and that he wore sharp metallic claws at his fingertips. At least two people claimed that he was able to speak comprehensible English.

History

Precedents
In the early 19th century, there were reports of ghosts that stalked the streets of London. These human-like figures were described as pale; it was believed that they stalked and preyed on lone pedestrians. The stories told of these figures formed part of a distinct ghost tradition in London which, some writers have argued, formed the foundation of the later legend of Spring-heeled Jack.

The most important of these early entities was the Hammersmith Ghost, which in 1803 and 1804 was reported in Hammersmith on the western fringes of London; it would later reappear in 1824. Another apparition, the Southampton ghost, was also reported as assaulting individuals in the night. This particular spirit bore many of the characteristics of Spring-heeled Jack, and was reported as jumping over houses and being over  tall.

Early reports

The first alleged sightings of Spring-heeled Jack were made in London in 1837 and the last reported sighting is said in most of the secondary literature to have been made in Liverpool in 1904.

According to much later accounts, in October 1837 a girl by the name of Mary Stevens was walking to Lavender Hill, where she was working as a servant, after visiting her parents in Battersea. On her way through Clapham Common, a strange figure leapt at her from a dark alley. After immobilising her with a tight grip of his arms, he began to kiss her face, while ripping her clothes and touching her flesh with his claws, which were, according to her deposition, "cold and clammy as those of a corpse". In panic, the girl screamed, making the attacker quickly flee from the scene. The commotion brought several residents who immediately launched a search for the aggressor, but he could not be found.

The next day, the leaping character is said to have chosen a very different victim near Mary Stevens' home, inaugurating a method that would reappear in later reports: he jumped in the way of a passing carriage, causing the coachman to lose control, crash, and severely injure himself. Several witnesses claimed that he escaped by jumping over a  high wall while cackling with a high-pitched, ringing laughter.

Gradually, the news of the strange character spread, and soon the press and the public gave him the name "Spring-heeled Jack".

Official recognition
 A few months after these first sightings, on 9 January 1838, the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Cowan, revealed at a public session held in the Mansion House an anonymous complaint that he had received several days earlier, which he had withheld in the hope of obtaining further information. The correspondent, who signed the letter "a resident of Peckham", wrote:

Though the Lord Mayor seemed fairly sceptical, a member of the audience confirmed that "servant girls about Kensington, Hammersmith and Ealing, tell dreadful stories of this ghost or devil". The matter was reported in The Times on 9 January, other national papers on 10 January and, on the day after that, the Lord Mayor showed a crowded gathering a pile of letters from various places in and around London complaining of similar "wicked pranks". The quantity of letters that poured into the Mansion House suggests that the stories were widespread in suburban London. One writer said several young women in Hammersmith had been frightened into "dangerous fits" and some "severely wounded by a sort of claws the miscreant wore on his hands". Another correspondent claimed that in Stockwell, Brixton, Camberwell and Vauxhall several people had died of fright and others had had fits; meanwhile, another reported that the trickster had been repeatedly seen in Lewisham and Blackheath.

The Lord Mayor himself was in two minds about the affair: he thought "the greatest exaggerations" had been made, and that it was quite impossible "that the ghost performs the feats of a devil upon earth", but on the other hand someone he trusted had told him of a servant girl at Forest Hill who had been scared into fits by a figure in a bear's skin; he was confident the person or persons involved in this "pantomime display" would be caught and punished. The police were instructed to search for the individual responsible, and rewards were offered.

A peculiar report from The Brighton Gazette, which appeared in the 14 April 1838 edition of The Times, related how a gardener in Rosehill, Sussex, had been terrified by a creature of unknown nature. The Times wrote that "Spring-heeled Jack has, it seems, found his way to the Sussex coast", even though the report bore little resemblance to other accounts of Jack. The incident occurred on 13 April, when it appeared to a gardener "in the shape of a bear or some other four-footed animal". Having attracted the gardener's attention by a growl, it then climbed the garden wall and ran along it on all fours, before jumping down and chasing the gardener for some time. After terrifying the gardener, the apparition scaled the wall and made its exit.

Scales and Alsop reports

Perhaps the best known of the alleged incidents involving Spring-heeled Jack were the attacks on two teenage girls, Lucy Scales and Jane Alsop. The Alsop report was widely covered by the newspapers, including a piece in The Times, while fewer reports appeared in relation to the attack on Scales. The press coverage of these two attacks helped to raise the profile of Spring-heeled Jack.

Alsop case
Jane Alsop reported that on the night of 19 February 1838, she answered the door of her father's house to a man claiming to be a police officer, who told her to bring a light, claiming "we have caught Spring-heeled Jack here in the lane". She brought the person a candle, and noticed that he wore a large cloak. The moment she had handed him the candle, however, he threw off the cloak and "presented a most hideous and frightful appearance", vomiting blue and white flame from his mouth while his eyes resembled "red balls of fire". Miss Alsop reported that he wore a large helmet and that his clothing, which appeared to be very tight-fitting, resembled white oilskin. Without saying a word he caught hold of her and began tearing her gown with his claws which she was certain were "of some metallic substance". She screamed for help, and managed to get away from him and ran towards the house. He caught her on the steps and tore her neck and arms with his claws. She was rescued by one of her sisters, after which her assailant fled.

Scales case
On 28 February 1838, nine days after the attack on Miss Alsop, 18-year-old Lucy Scales and her sister were returning home after visiting their brother, a butcher who lived in a respectable part of Limehouse. Miss Scales stated in her deposition to the police that as she and her sister were passing along Green Dragon Alley, they observed a person standing in an angle of the passage. She was walking in front of her sister at the time, and just as she came up to the person, who was wearing a large cloak, he spurted "a quantity of blue flame" in her face, which deprived her of her sight, and so alarmed her, that she instantly dropped to the ground, and was seized with violent fits which continued for several hours.

Her brother added that on the evening in question, he had heard the loud screams of one of his sisters moments after they had left his house and on running up Green Dragon Alley he found his sister Lucy on the ground in a fit, with her sister attempting to hold and support her. She was taken home, and he then learned from his other sister what had happened. She described Lucy's assailant as being of tall, thin, and gentlemanly appearance, covered in a large cloak, and carrying a small lamp or bull's eye lantern similar to those used by the police. The individual did not speak nor did he try to lay hands on them, but instead walked quickly away. Every effort was made by the police to discover the author of these and similar outrages, and several persons were questioned, but were set free.

Popularisation
The Times reported the alleged attack on Jane Alsop on 2 March 1838 under the heading "The Late Outrage at Old Ford". This was followed with an account of the trial of one Thomas Millbank, who, immediately after the reported attack on Jane Alsop, had boasted in the Morgan's Arms that he was Spring-heeled Jack. He was arrested and tried at Lambeth Street court. The arresting officer was James Lea, who had earlier arrested William Corder, the Red Barn Murderer. Millbank had been wearing white overalls and a greatcoat, which he dropped outside the house, and the candle he dropped was also found. He escaped conviction only because Jane Alsop insisted her attacker had breathed fire, and Millbank admitted he could do no such thing. Most of the other accounts were written long after the date; contemporary newspapers do not mention them.

After these incidents, Spring-heeled Jack became one of the most popular characters of the period. His alleged exploits were reported in the newspapers and became the subject of several penny dreadfuls and plays performed in the cheap theatres that abounded at the time. The devil was even renamed "Spring-heeled Jack" in some Punch and Judy shows, as recounted by Henry Mayhew in his London Labour and the London Poor:

But, even as his fame was growing, reports of Spring-heeled Jack's appearances became less frequent if more widespread. In 1843, however, a wave of sightings swept the country again. A report from Northamptonshire described him as "the very image of the Devil himself, with horns and eyes of flame", and in East Anglia reports of attacks on drivers of mail coaches became common. In July 1847 "a Spring-heeled Jack investigation" in Teignmouth, Devon led to a Captain Finch being convicted of two charges of assault against women during which he is said to have been "disguised in a skin coat, which had the appearance of bullock's hide, skullcap, horns and mask". The legend was linked with the phenomenon of the "Devil's Footprints" which appeared in Devon in February 1855.

Last reports
In the beginning of the 1870s, Spring-heeled Jack was reported again in several places distant from each other. In November 1872, the News of the World reported that Peckham was "in a state of commotion owing to what is known as the "Peckham Ghost", a mysterious figure, quite alarming in appearance". The editorial pointed out that it was none other than "Spring-heeled Jack, who terrified a past generation". Similar stories were published in The Illustrated Police News. In April and May 1873, it reported there were numerous sightings in Sheffield of the "Park Ghost", which locals also came to identify as Spring-heeled Jack.

Aldershot

This news was followed by more reported sightings, until in August 1877 one of the most notable reports about Spring-heeled Jack came from a group of soldiers in Aldershot Garrison. This story went as follows: a sentry on duty at the North Camp peered into the darkness, his attention attracted by a peculiar figure "advancing towards him." The soldier issued a challenge, which went unheeded, and the figure came up beside him and delivered several slaps to his face. A guard shot at him, with no visible effect; some sources claim that the soldier may have fired blanks at him, others that he missed or fired warning shots. The strange figure then disappeared into the surrounding darkness "with astonishing bounds."

Lord Ernest Hamilton's 1922 memoir Forty Years On mentions the Aldershot appearances of Spring-heeled Jack; however, he (apparently erroneously) says that they occurred in the winter of 1879 after his regiment, the 60th Rifles, had moved to Aldershot, and that similar appearances had occurred when the regiment was barracked at Colchester in the winter of 1878. He adds that the panic became so great at Aldershot that sentries were issued ammunition and ordered to shoot "the night terror" on sight, following which the appearances ceased. Hamilton thought that the appearances were actually pranks, carried out by one of his fellow officers, a Lieutenant Alfrey. However, there is no record of Alfrey ever being court-martialled for the offence.

Lincolnshire
In the autumn of 1877, Spring-heeled Jack was reportedly seen at Newport Arch, in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, wearing a sheep skin. An angry mob supposedly chased him and cornered him, and just as in Aldershot a while before, residents fired at him to no effect. As usual, he was said to have made use of his leaping abilities to lose the crowd and disappear once again.

Liverpool
By the end of the 19th century the reported sightings of Spring-heeled Jack were moving towards the north west of England. Around 1888, in Everton, north Liverpool, he allegedly appeared on the rooftop of Saint Francis Xavier's Church in Salisbury Street. In 1904 there were reports of appearances in nearby William Henry Street.

Aftermath and impact upon Victorian popular culture
The vast urban legend built around Spring-heeled Jack influenced many aspects of Victorian life, especially in contemporary popular culture. For decades, especially in London, his name was equated with the bogeyman, as a means of scaring children into behaving by telling them if they were not good, Spring-heeled Jack would leap up and peer in at them through their bedroom windows, by night.

However, it was in fictional entertainment where the legend of Spring-heeled Jack exerted the most extensive influence, owing to his allegedly extraordinary nature. Three pamphlet publications, purportedly based on the real events, appeared almost immediately, during January and February, 1838. They were not advertised as fiction, though they likely were at least partly so. The only known copies were reported to have perished when the British Library was hit during The Blitz, but their catalog still lists the first one.

The character was written into a number of penny dreadful stories during the latter half of the 19th century, initially as a villain and then in increasingly heroic roles. By the early 1900s he was being represented as a costumed, altruistic avenger of wrongs and protector of the innocent, effectively becoming a precursor to pulp fiction and then comic book superheroes.

Theories
No one was ever caught and identified as Spring-heeled Jack; combined with the extraordinary abilities attributed to him and the very long period during which he was reportedly at large, this has led to numerous and varied theories of his nature and identity. While several researchers seek a normal explanation for the events, other authors explore the more fantastic details of the story to propose different kinds of paranormal speculation.

Sceptical positions
Sceptical investigators have dismissed the stories of Spring-heeled Jack as mass hysteria which developed around various stories of a bogeyman or devil which have been around for centuries, or from exaggerated urban myths about a man who clambered over rooftops claiming that the Devil was chasing him.

Other researchers believe that some individual(s) may have been behind its origins, being followed by imitators later on. Spring-heeled Jack was widely considered not to be a supernatural creature, but rather one or more persons with a macabre sense of humour. This idea matches the contents of the letter to the Lord Mayor, which accused a group of young aristocrats as the culprits, after an irresponsible wager. A popular rumour circulating as early as 1840 pointed to an Irish nobleman, the Marquess of Waterford, as the main suspect. Haining suggested this may have been due to him having previously had bad experiences with women and police officers.

The Marquess was frequently in the news in the late 1830s for drunken brawling, brutal jokes and vandalism, and was said to do anything for a bet; his irregular behaviour and his contempt for women earned him the title "the Mad Marquis", and it is also known that he was in the London area by the time the first incidents took place. In 1880 he was named as the perpetrator by E. Cobham Brewer, who said that the Marquess "used to amuse himself by springing on travellers unawares, to frighten them, and from time to time others have followed his silly example." In 1842, the Marquess married and settled in Curraghmore House, County Waterford, and reportedly led an exemplary life until he died in a riding accident in 1859.

Sceptical investigators have asserted that the story of Spring-heeled Jack was exaggerated and altered through mass hysteria, a process in which many sociological issues may have contributed. These include unsupported rumours, superstition, oral tradition, sensationalist publications, and a folklore rich in tales of fairies and strange roguish creatures. Gossip of alleged leaping and fire-spitting powers, his alleged extraordinary features and his reputed skill in evading apprehension captured the mind of the superstitious public—increasingly so with the passing of time, which gave the impression that Spring-heeled Jack had suffered no effects from ageing. As a result, a whole urban legend was built around the character, being reflected by contemporary publications, which in turn fuelled this popular perception.

Paranormal conjectures
A variety of wildly speculative paranormal explanations have been proposed to explain the origin of Spring-heeled Jack, including that he was an extraterrestrial entity with a non-human appearance and features (e.g., retro-reflective red eyes, or phosphorus breath) and a superhuman agility deriving from life on a high-gravity world, with his jumping ability and strange behaviour, and that he was a demon, accidentally or purposefully summoned into this world by practitioners of the occult, or who made himself manifest simply to create spiritual turmoil.

Fortean authors, particularly Loren Coleman and Jerome Clark, list "Spring-heeled Jack" in a category named "phantom attackers", with another well-known example being the "Mad Gasser of Mattoon". Typical "phantom attackers" appear to be human, and may be perceived as prosaic criminals, but may display extraordinary abilities (as in Spring-heeled Jack's jumps, which, it is widely noted, would break the ankles of a human who replicated them) and/or cannot be caught by authorities. Victims commonly experience the "attack" in their bedrooms, homes or other seemingly secure enclosures. They may report being pinned or paralysed, or on the other hand describe a "siege" in which they fought off a persistent intruder or intruders. Many reports can readily be explained psychologically, most notably as the "Old Hag" phenomenon, recorded in folklore and recognised by psychologists as a form of hallucination. In the most problematic cases, an "attack" is witnessed by several people and substantiated by some physical evidence, but the attacker cannot be verified to exist.

Counterpart in Prague
A similar figure known as Pérák, the Spring Man of Prague was reported to have been seen in Czechoslovakia around 1939–1945. As writers such as Mike Dash have shown, the elusiveness and supernatural leaping abilities attributed to Pérák bear a close resemblance to those exhibited by Spring-heeled Jack, and distinct parallels can be drawn between the two entities. The stories of Pérák provide a useful example of how the traits of Spring-heeled Jack have a broad cultural resonance in urban folklore. Pérák, like Spring-heeled Jack, went on to become a folklore hero, even starring in several animated superhero cartoons, fighting the SS, the earliest of which is Jiří Trnka's 1946 film Pérák a SS or Springman and the SS.

In contemporary popular culture
The character of Spring-heeled Jack has been revived or referenced in a variety of 20th and 21st century media, including:

Spring-Heeled Jack (1989) – a combination prose and graphic novel by Philip Pullman in which Spring-heeled Jack saves a group of plucky orphans from the malevolent Mack the Knife.

The Strange Affair of Spring-Heeled Jack (2010) – an alternate history novel by author Mark Hodder, portraying Spring-Heeled Jack as a time traveler.

The Springheel Saga (2011) – a three-series audio drama produced by the Wireless Theatre Company.

See also
 Devil's Footprints
 Jack the Ripper
 Jersey Devil
 Jiangshi
 Krampus
 London Monster
 Mothman
 Owlman
 Batman
 The Shadow

References

Further reading
 Bell, Karl. The Legend of Spring-Heeled Jack: Victorian Urban Folklore and Popular Cultures, Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press, 2012.
 Berlitz, Charles. Charles Berlitz's World of Strange Phenomena. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1989. .
 Clark, Jerome. Unexplained!: Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences and Puzzling Physical Phenomena. Detroit: Visible Ink, 1993. .
 Clarke, David. Strange South Yorkshire: Myth, Magic and Memory in the Don Valley. Wilmslow: Sigma Press, 1994. .
 Cohen, Daniel. The Encyclopedia of Monsters. Dodd Mead, 1982. .
 Dash, Mike. Spring-heeled Jack: To Victorian Bugaboo from Suburban Ghost, in Fortean Studies, vol. 3, Moore, Steve [ed.], (1996), pp. 7–125. .

 Haining, Peter. The Legend and Bizarre Crimes of Spring Heeled Jack. London: Muller, 1977. .
 Matthews, John. The Mystery of Spring-Heeled Jack: From Victorian Legend to Steampunk Hero. Destiny Books, 2016. .
 Nevins, Jess. The Encyclopaedia of Fantastic Victoriana. Austin: MonkeyBrain, 2005. .
 Paton, James. The Black Book of Ghosts, Ufo's and the Unexplained. Amazon Kindle 2013. .
 Randles, Jenny. Strange and Unexplained Mysteries of the 20th Century. New York: Sterling, 1994. .
 Robins, Joyce. The World's Greatest Mysteries. London: Treasure, 1991. .
 Simpson, Jacqueline. Spring-Heeled Jack (leaflet, January 2001). International Society for Contemporary Legend Research.

External links

 "Spring-heeled Jack: To Victorian Bugaboo from Suburban Ghost" by Mike Dash
 "Spring Heeled Jack". Local Legends. BBC.
 Spring-heeled Jack: The Terror of London . Anonymous. Unknown novel at Project Gutenberg Australia.
 "The Complete Spring-heeled Jack Page"—Fortean Page on SHJ

English folklore
Jack tales
Mass psychogenic illness
People whose existence is disputed
Supernatural legends
Victorian era

Spring-heeled Jack


Natalia Mikhailovna Dudinskaya (; , in Kharkiv – 29 January 2003, in Saint Petersburg) was a Soviet prima ballerina who dominated the Kirov Ballet from the 1930s to the 1950s.

Dudinskaya's mother was Natalia Tagliori, a ballerina who had been coached by Enrico Cecchetti. Trained by Agrippina Vaganova, Dudinskaya matriculated from her school in 1931. She danced all the classical leads at the Kirov Theatre including the starring role in Cinderella. She later originated leading roles in Boris Asafyev's Flames of Paris and Taras Bulba. She was best known in La Bayadère, Don Quixote and in the title role of the eponymous Laurencia, which she originated. She was frequently partnered by her husband, Konstantin Sergeyev, famed Georgian dancer Vakhtang Chabukiani and, at the end of her career, a 21-year-old Rudolf Nureyev who she picked to partner her in Laurencia. Frail health forced her to retire in 1961. She did, however dance in her husband's 1964 film version of Sleeping Beauty in the role of Carabosse. During her career, she received a total of four Stalin Prizes. In 1957, she was named a People's Artist of the USSR.

Upon her retirement, Dudinskaya became the ballet mistress of the Kirov Ballet and one of the most famed teachers at the Vaganova Institute. After Nureyev's defection to the West in 1961, she and her husband, Konstantin Sergeyev, were subjected to reprimands from Soviet officials. They ultimately lost their company positions after the defection of Natalia Makarova in 1970 but Dudinskaya continued to teach up and coming dancers. Anastasia Volochkova and Ulyana Lopatkina were among the last ballerinas coached by her. Dudinskaya also helped her husband stage his productions of Russian classics outside Russia, turning up at the Boston Ballet, for example, in the 1980s and 1990s to work on Giselle, Swan Lake, La Bayadère and Le Corsaire. She died in 2003 at the age of 90.

References
Movsheson A.G. Natalia Mikhailovna Dudinskaya. Leningrad, 1951.
G. Kremshevskaya. Natalya Dudinskaya. Leningrad-Moscow, 1964.

External links
Website about Dudinskaya
Photogallery

1912 births
2003 deaths
Dancers from Kharkiv
People from Kharkovsky Uyezd
Prima ballerinas
Soviet ballerinas
People's Artists of the USSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples

Natalia Dudinskaya


Crustaceans belong to the subphylum Crustacea (), and form a large, diverse group of arthropods including decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, opossum shrimps, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group can be treated as a subphylum under the clade Mandibulata. It is now well accepted that the hexapods (insects and entognathans) emerged deep in the Crustacean group, with the completed group referred to as Pancrustacea. The three classes Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda and Remipedia are more closely related to the hexapods than they are to any of the other crustaceans (oligostracans and multicrustaceans).

The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to  and a mass of .  Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by their larval forms, such as the nauplius stage of branchiopods and copepods.

Most crustaceans are free-living bottom feeders aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice, sandhoppers), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian. More than 7.9 million tons of crustaceans per year are harvested by fishery or farming for human consumption, consisting mostly of shrimp and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a carcinologist.

Structure

The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head, the pereon or thorax, and the pleon or abdomen. The head and thorax may be fused together to form a cephalothorax, which may be covered by a single large carapace. The crustacean body is protected by the hard exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.

Each somite, or body segment can bear a pair of appendages: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of antennae, the mandibles and maxillae; the thoracic segments bear legs, which may be specialised as pereiopods (walking legs) and maxillipeds (feeding legs). Malacostraca and Remipedia (and the hexapods) have abdominal appendages. All other classes of crustaceans have a limbless abdomen, except from a telson and caudal rami which is present in many groups.
The abdomen in malacostracans bears pleopods, and ends in a telson, which bears the anus, and is often flanked by uropods to form a tail fan. The number and variety of appendages in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.

Crustacean appendages are typically biramous, meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is usually uniramous, the exception being in the Class Malacostraca where the antennules may be generally biramous or even triramous. It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. Trilobites, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.

The main body cavity is an open circulatory system, where blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart located near the dorsum. Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins. The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format. Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.

In many decapods, the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the Christmas Island red crab) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as woodlice, lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.

Ecology

Most crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments, but a few groups have adapted to life on land, such as terrestrial crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land. Most crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts (including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a sessile life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of salinity and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species. Krill are the bottom layer and the most important part of the food chain in Antarctic animal communities. Some crustaceans are significant invasive species, such as the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, and the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Since the piercing of the Suez Canal, close to 100 species of crustaceans from the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific realm have established themselves in the eastern Mediterranean sub-basin, with often significant impact on local ecosystems.

Life cycle

Mating system
Most crustaceans have separate sexes, and reproduce sexually. In fact, a recent study explains how the male T. californicus decide which females to mate with by dietary differences, preferring when the females are algae-fed instead of yeast-fed. A small number are hermaphrodites, including barnacles, remipedes, and Cephalocarida. Some may even change sex during the course of their life. Parthenogenesis is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male. This occurs in many branchiopods, some ostracods, some isopods, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the Marmorkrebs crayfish.

Eggs
In many crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are released into the water column, while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most decapods carry the eggs attached to the pleopods, while peracarids, notostracans, anostracans, and many isopods form a brood pouch from the carapace and thoracic limbs. Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects. Most leptostracans and krill carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some copepods carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.

Larvae

Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. This has three pairs of appendages, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the zoea (pl. zoeæ or zoeas). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species. It follows the nauplius stage and precedes the post-larva. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic appendages, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its carapace, which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming. In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved.

To camouflage themselves against predators, the otherwise black eyes in several forms of swimming larvae are covered by a thin layer of crystalline isoxanthopterin which gives their eyes the same color as the surrounding water, while tiny holes in it allows light to reach the retina. As the larvae mature into adults, the layer migrates to a new position behind the retina where it works as a backscattering mirror that increase the intensity of light passing through the eyes, as seen in many nocturnal animals.

DNA repair

In an effort to understand whether DNA repair processes can protect crustaceans against DNA damage, basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp).  Repair of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be predominantly carried out by accurate homologous recombinational repair.  Another, less accurate process, microhomology-mediated end joining, is also used to repair such breaks.  The expression pattern of DNA repair related and DNA damage response genes in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus was analyzed after ultraviolet irradiation. This study revealed increased expression of proteins associated with the DNA repair processes of non-homologous end joining, homologous recombination, base excision repair and DNA mismatch repair.

Classification and phylogeny

The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of Pierre Belon and Guillaume Rondelet, but the name was not used by some later authors, including Carl Linnaeus, who included crustaceans among the "Aptera" in his . The earliest nomenclaturally valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was Morten Thrane Brünnich's  in 1772, although he also included chelicerates in the group.

The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described species, which is thought to be just  to  of the total number as most species remain as yet undiscovered. Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world – the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of  – and the smallest, the 100-micrometre-long (0.004 in)  Stygotantulus stocki. Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special larval form known as the nauplius.

The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled . Studies based on morphology led to the Pancrustacea hypothesis, in which Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and allies) are sister groups. More recent studies using DNA sequences suggest that Crustacea is paraphyletic, with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea clade.

The traditional classification of Crustacea based on morphology recognised four to six classes.
Bowman and Abele (1982) recognised 652 extant families and 38 orders, organised into six classes: Branchiopoda, Remipedia, Cephalocarida,
Maxillopoda, Ostracoda, and Malacostraca. Martin and Davis (2001) updated this classification, retaining the six classes but including 849 extant families in 42 orders. Despite outlining the evidence that Maxillopoda was non-monophyletic, they retained it as one of the six classes, although did suggest that Maxillipoda could be replaced by elevating its subclasses to classes. Since then phylogenetic studies have confirmed the polyphyly of Maxillipoda and the paraphyletic nature of Crustacea with respect to Hexapoda. Recent classifications recognise ten to twelve classes in Crustacea or Pancrustacea, with several former maxillopod subclasses now recognised as classes (e.g. Thecostraca, Tantulocarida, Mystacocarida, Copepoda, Branchiura and Pentastomida).

The following cladogram shows the updated relationships between the different extant groups of the paraphyletic Crustacea in relation to the class Hexapoda.

According to this diagram, the Hexapoda are deep in the Crustacea tree, and any of the Hexapoda is distinctly closer to e.g. a Multicrustacean than an Oligostracan is.

Fossil record

Crustaceans have a rich and extensive fossil record, which begins with animals such as Canadaspis and Perspicaris from the Middle Cambrian age Burgess Shale. Most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda (including barnacles and tongue worms) and Malacostraca; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly ostracods, which would otherwise start in the Ordovician. The only classes to appear later are the Cephalocarida, which have no fossil record, and the Remipedia, which were first described from the fossil Tesnusocaris goldichi, but do not appear until the Carboniferous. Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous period onwards.

Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for krill, while both Hoplocarida and Phyllopoda contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: mantis shrimp are extant, while Aeschronectida are extinct; Phyllopoda: Canadaspidida are extinct, while Leptostraca are extant). Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous, as are the first true mantis shrimp. In the Decapoda, prawns and polychelids appear in the Triassic, and shrimp and crabs appear in the Jurassic. The fossil burrow Ophiomorpha is attributed to ghost shrimps, whereas the fossil burrow Camborygma is attributed to crayfishes. The Permian–Triassic deposits of Nurra preserve the oldest (Permian: Roadian) fluvial burrows ascribed to ghost shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea, Gebiidea) and crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea, Parastacidea), respectively.

However, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the Cretaceous, particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the adaptive radiation of their main predators, bony fish. The first true lobsters also appear in the Cretaceous.

Consumption by humans
Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 tons were harvested in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of decapod crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, and prawns. Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total. Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of krill being caught, despite krill having one of the greatest biomasses on the planet.

See also

 Pain in crustaceans

References

Sources

Powers, M., Hill, G., Weaver, R., & Goymann, W. (2020). An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus. Ethology., 126(3), 344–352. An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus

External links

Crustacea.net, an online resource on the biology of crustaceans
Crustacea: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Crustacea: Tree of Life Web Project
The Crustacean Society
Natural History Collections: Crustacea: University of Edinburgh
Crustaceans (Crustacea) on the shore of Singapore
Crustacea(crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, barnacles) : Biodiversity Explorer

Cambrian Series 2 first appearances
Extant Cambrian first appearances
Paraphyletic groups
Pancrustacea

Crustacean


Fundação Getulio Vargas (Getulio Vargas Foundation, often abbreviated as FGV) is a Brazilian higher education institution and think tank founded on December 20, 1944.

FGV is considered by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program of the University of Pennsylvania as the top think tank in Latin America and best managed worldwide, it ranks seventh best think tank in the world.

FGV offers undergraduate,  MBA, as well as Master's & PhD programs in economics, business administration, public administration, law, social sciences, applied mathematics and international relations. The foundation has over 90 research centers and produces a large amount of academic research. The subjects cover macro and microeconomics, finance, business, decision-making, law, health, welfare, poverty and unemployment, pollution, and sustainable development. FGV also maintains research programs in the fields of history, social sciences, education, justice, citizenship, and politics. FGV executes projects at the request of the public sector as well, as private enterprises and international agencies such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).  Examples include assistance for the successful Rio de Janeiro bids for the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2016 Summer Olympics.

FGV's main office is based in Rio de Janeiro, and is also present in São Paulo and Brasília. In addition, it offers educational programs in over 100 cities in Brazil, through a network of affiliate partner institutions, with Executive Education and MBA programs in several areas of knowledge.

Schools of Administration
Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (FGV EBAPE)
São Paulo School of Business Administration (FGV EAESP)
School of Public Policy and Government (FGV EPPG)

Schools of Law
São Paulo Law School (FGV Direito SP)
Rio de Janeiro Law School (FGV Direito Rio)

Schools of Economics
São Paulo School of Economics (FGV EESP)
Brazilian School of Economics and Finance (FGV EPGE)

Schools of Social Sciences
School of Social Sciences (FGV CPDOC)
School of International Relations (FGV RI)

School of Applied Mathematics
School of Applied Mathematics (FGV EMAp)

Institute for Educational Development
 Executive Education
 FGV Online
 FGV In Company

Services, Indexes and Publications
 FGV Press
 FGV Projetos
Brazilian Institute of Economics

Centers and Divisions
 Business Cooperation Committee
 Chamber FGV of Mediation & Arbitration
 Center for the Development of Mathematics and Science
 Center for Global Economics
 Center for Regulation and Infrastructure Studies
 Department of Public Policy Analysis
 FGV Energy - Center for Energy Studies
 FGV Social - Center for Social Policy
 Growth & Development - Center for Growth and Economic Development Studies
 International Affairs Division
 International Intelligence Unit

General Administration
 Applied Research and Knowledge Network
 Communications and Marketing Division
 Controllership Superintendent's Office
 Division of Operations
 FGV Library System
 Human Resources Division
 Internal Control Division
 Provost Office
 Treasury

Accreditation
The São Paulo School of Business Administration is the only Brazilian school to receive Triple accreditation from all three major international accreditation institutions (and one of only 82 schools worldwide):
AACSB
AMBA
EQUIS (EFMD)

International Partnerships
FGV has over 200 academic cooperation agreements with renowned institutions all over the world, which include research, joint projects and exchange of students and professors.

See also

Brazil University Rankings
Universities and Higher Education in Brazil

References

External links
 Fundação Getúlio Vargas' main website
 FGV Annual Report
 FGV Research
 FGV Periodicals

Institute for Educational Development
 FGV Executive Education
 FGV In Company
 FGV Online

Schools in Rio de Janeiro
 CPDOC - School of Social Sciences
 Direito Rio - Rio de Janeiro Law School
 EBAPE - Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration
 EMAp - School of Applied Mathematics
 EPGE - EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance

Schools in São Paulo
 Direito SP - Sao Paulo Law School
 EAESP - Sao Paulo School of Business Administration
 EESP - Sao Paulo School of Economics
 RI - School of International Relations

Services, Indexes and Publications
 FGV Press
 FGV Projetos
 Brazilian Institute of Economics

Centers and Divisions
 DAPP - Department of Public Policy Analysis
 FGV Energy - Center for Energy Studies
 FGV Social - Center for Social Policy
 Growth & Development - Center for Growth and Economic Development Studies
 DINT - International Affairs Division
 IIU - International Intelligence Unit

General Administration
 FGV Library System (SB)

1944 establishments in Brazil
Educational institutions established in 1944
Private universities and colleges in Brazil
Universities and colleges in São Paulo
Getúlio Vargas

Fundação Getulio Vargas


Glitterball is a live, late night, interactive television quiz show in the United Kingdom. It was broadcast under the ITV Play branding on ITV a few nights a week from around midnight (usually), and from 1.00am on ITV2. The show launched on 19 February 2007. Both Glitterball and Make Your Play alternated their days of broadcast. Glitterballs final show broadcast on the morning of Sunday 30 September 2007.

 Overview
Glitterball was created by Ludus:ETV (who also produced The Mint) and produced from studios at 3SixtyMedia, Manchester. The programme was broadcast on ITV and ITV2 from Sunday to Wednesdays.

The show started on 19 February 2007. In order to win money, holidays and various other special prizes, viewers are required to either call in at a cost of 75p from a BT landline, text the word 'BALL' to an automated call back service or enter via the ITV website. If successful, they would be placed on hold and then transferred live to the studio to deliver their answer.

An announcement on 12 September 2007 confirmed that the show, along with similar late night phone-ins, would be phased out by the end of 2007.

The Starlight Theatre
Similar to The Mint, presenters refer the studio set as "The Starlight Theatre" and if a caller wins, they are transferred to "The Box Office" to claim the cash prize. The Starlight Theatre was originally an attraction at the now-defunct Granada Studios Tour in Manchester, and is now a production space as part of 3sixtymedia, the facilities company co-owned by ITV and BBC Resources.

The studio was also used to produce sister programme Make Your Play.

 Presenters
Kéllé Bryan
Zoe Hardman
Alex Kramer - formerly a presenter on Make Your Play and Quiz Call.
Katy Pullinger
Craig Stevens - formerly a presenter of The Mint.

Like The Mint, Glitterball was presented by two presenters at a time. Later on in the show, the presenters' screen times were split up.Guest Presenters'''
Yolly Koppel
Charlie McArdle
Russ Spencer

Games
Most of the Glitterball's'' games were shown on a big screen in the studio, rather than on the viewers television screen at home.

Glitterword
This game started off with a long word, called the "Glitterword". The viewers had to then make a three or more letter word from the letters in the "Glitterword". For example, the word for the first show was "Thrilling", so the word "ring" can be made. There were a total of eleven possible winning answers per game, ten which could win callers normally £500 or £1,000 (but can vary), and one word called the "Glitterword" which, if guessed, potentially won the callers either thousands of pounds, or free holidays. if the "Glitterword" was guessed, the game ended.

Picture Perfect
The viewers were shown pictures of five celebrities which were numbered from one to five, and the callers had to sort them out in order of youngest to oldest and just say the numbers.

Crossword
This was a 3D crossword setup in the studio, and a copy was also shown on the big studio screen. Callers had to guess the words in the crossword, answers were all based on a theme. To make the answer appear on the 3D crossword, the presenter had to flip each letter over. A "Winner Board" was also on the screen on the studio, to show who had won, and their winnings.

Spellcheque
The game had six lines of letters in total. Callers were given two letters on the top line, they then had to add another given letter to this first line, to create a three letter word. They were then given another letter to add to the previous line, to create a four letter word, and so on, until a seven letter word was made.

Example (from 1st show):

Start Word: AT
Clue: E - TEA
Clue: S - EAST
Clue: D - DATES
Clue: L - TALES
Clue: E - SEDATE
Clue: They will then reveal another clue letter here to make a new word.

References

External links

Glitterball Fansite at MySpace

2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
ITV (TV network) original programming
Phone-in quiz shows

Glitterball


"Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question" is an essay by the Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle. It was first published anonymously in Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country of London in December 1849, and was revised and reprinted in 1853 as a pamphlet entitled "Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question". The essay was the spark of a debate between Carlyle and John Stuart Mill. It was in this essay that Carlyle first introduced the phrase "the dismal science" to characterize the field of economics.

Origins
The article began as a devil's advocate work with the aim of challenging what Carlyle perceived to be a hypocritical movement for the abolition of slavery in Britain. Although the slave trade had been abolished by 1807, and slavery in the British Empire by 1833, nations such as the United States, Cuba and Brazil continued to legally allow slavery. In its original publication, Carlyle presented it as a speech "delivered by we know not whom" written down by an unreliable reporter by the name of "Phelin M'Quirk" (the fictitious "Absconded Reporter"). The manuscript was supposedly sold to the publisher by M'Quirk's landlady in lieu of unpaid rent – she found it lying in his room after he ran off.

In its 1849 publication, a fictitious speaker makes various controversial points ranging from derogatory comments concerning the appearance and intelligence of black people to radical alternative solutions to the issue of slavery. These opinions had probably been gathered from his proslavery friends, including several who had spent time in the West Indies, such as his friend and fellow Scotsman John Sterling, all fused into one. The speaker suggests that the conditions on most slave ships are not nearly as awful as have been widely reported, and that many other countries are still involved in the slave trade, and that trying to stop the trade would be impossible. Additionally, he proposes that rather than simply setting the enslaved free, into a world of which they have little understanding, enslavers should be obliged to look after them like members of their families, by caring for them into old age.

Throughout the delivery of the speech to the public, M'Quirk reports that members of the audience got up and left in disgust, suggesting how Carlyle expected the essay would be received. Just as he had expected, the work met with widespread disapproval, and in the minds of many people, Carlyle's reputation was forever tarnished. Carlyle's closest friends criticized him for his stand, but rather than back down he grew contrary and isolated. In later publications, the M'Quirk framework was entirely omitted, and Carlyle expressed the opinions as if they were his own.

Debate with John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill's reply, in the next issue of Fraser's Magazine, under the title, "The Negro question" was also published anonymously. Mill criticised Carlyle's view of human nature, the poor, and the existing power structure's complicity in societal wealthy inequality. He argued that any supposedly self-defeating actions are explained by class oppression.

See also
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
The Race Question

Notes

References
 The Carlyle-Mill "Negro Question" Debate.
 Christianson, Aileen (1980). "On the Writing of the Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question", Carlyle Newsletter, Vol. II, pp. 13–19.
 Neff, Emery (1924). Carlyle and Mill. New York: Columbia University Press.

External links

 Full text of "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"
 Full text of "Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question"

Works by Thomas Carlyle
1849 essays
Works about slavery
National questions
Essays about politics


Packwood Lake is a freshwater lake in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. It is located near the town of Packwood and is a popular day hiking and overnight camping area. The southern half of the lake lies within the Goat Rocks Wilderness area.

The lake was named after William Packwood, an early settler.

Geology
Packwood Lake lies at approximately  above sea level and about   southeast of Mount Rainier. Its main source of water is glacier-fed Upper and Lower Lake Creeks, which descend from Old Snowy Mountain. The lake is approximately  long and  wide.

The lake is held in place by a natural dam. Approximately 1,200 years ago, Snyder Mountain, which borders the lake to the northwest, broke and slid down into the (then) Lake Creek valley, effectively plugging it and forming the lake. Maximum depth is approximately . The island in the lake is officially named Agnes Island, and also referred to by locals as both Wizard Island or Enchantment Island. The island is protected by the U.S. Forest Service and no landings are permitted there.

Biology
Packwood Lake is home to a genetically distinct species of rainbow trout. This trout has evolved for over a thousand years, separated from other populations of fish. It is known for its excellent taste, large size, and drab creamy coloring. Due to many years of stocking, however, the fish is becoming less and less prominent as its gene pool becomes diluted by stocked fish.

Also calling this lake home are several species of birds, including heron, bald eagle, and wood duck. Black bears are also fairly common, as are deer, elk, raccoon, cougar, and (in the higher elevations above the lake) mountain goats.

History

Packwood Lake has been used for several thousand years by Native Americans as summer quarters and hunting territory. Due to extremely cold winters and subsequent heavy snows, the area is considered largely uninhabitable during the winter.

Prospectors thoroughly searched the area of the lake in the early 1920s. Although some gold and silver was found, the small quantities and remoteness of the area proved mining to be not economical.

Packwood Dam
Packwood Lake was dammed in 1964 to produce electricity. There is a small 27-megawatt dam at the foot of the lake which has taken over the job of holding back the lake from the Snyder Mountain landslide. Great care was used when designing and building the dam so as not to affect the abundant wildlife that calls the lake and surrounding area home. The actual dam structure is only a couple of feet tall, creating only a small holding pond which feeds the penstock.

Water from Packwood Lake is also piped to the town of Packwood and supplies the greater Packwood area.

Recreation
Packwood lake is a popular hiking destination for both day hikers and campers. The trail leading to the lake, Packwood Lake Trail #78, is also a popular entrance to the Goat Rocks Wilderness and surrounding area. The lake is also used as a stopping ground for travellers headed to Mosquito and Lost Lakes to the north, and Gilbert Peak to the southeast.

An all-terrain vehicle trail (the 'low trail') was completed some years ago and offers ATV and horse access to the lake. The 'upper trail' is reserved for hikers and horses. Both trails, upper and lower, are approximately 5 miles (8 km) to the lake from a well-maintained and paved parking lot. Continuing past the lake, hikers are offered hundreds of miles of trails covering breathtaking scenery, and the Pacific Crest Trail may be reached about 7 miles (11.3 km) beyond the lake.

The lake itself is a very popular fishing hole and may be fished from shore or paddle boat (motors are prohibited). Additionally, fishing with a two-pole endorsement is not allowed.

References

Lakes of Washington (state)
Lakes of Lewis County, Washington
Gifford Pinchot National Forest
Tourist attractions in Lewis County, Washington
Goat Rocks
Landslide-dammed lakes

Packwood Lake


Verride Palace, or the Palace of Santa Catarina, (Portuguese: Palácio de Verride; Palácio de Santa Catarina) is an 18th-century Portuguese palace located in Lisbon, Portugal.

History
Located in the Santa Catarina parish in Lisbon, the palace was built in the 18th century.

In 2003, the palace was acquired for its architecture.

In 2010, the palace became the seat of POP UP LISBOA 2010, an urban artistic movement.

In December 2017, the former palace made its debut as a newly restored, ultra-chic, 19-room boutique hotel called Verride Palacio de Santa Catarina, in which there's a rooftop bar and gastropub overlooking the Tagus, a swimming pool and a restaurant, Criatura.

Sources
Former Palace Santa Catarina Lisbon: history, art gallery, international 'Pop Up' festival & popular viewpoint Adamastor near the Tagus River
Câmara de Lisboa desiste de Santa Catarina e procura novo espaço para Museu do Design (In Portuguese)
POP UP LISBOA 2010 OCUPA PALÁCIO VERRIDE (In Portuguese)
Pop Up Lisboa 2010 (In Portuguese)

Palaces in Lisbon

Verride Palace