Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey,  (circa 23 October 1729 – 14 November 1807) was a British Army general in the 18th century and a scion of the noble House of Grey. He was a distinguished soldier in a generation of exceptionally capable military personnel, serving crucially in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary Wars.

He served in the American War of Independence (1775–1783), rising to be Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in America. Following the Battle of Paoli in Pennsylvania in 1777 he became known as "No-flint Grey" for reputedly ordering his men to extract the flints from their muskets during a night approach and to fight with bayonets only. He later fought in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), capturing Martinique as leverage to force the Treaty of Amiens, and was appointed as Governor of Guernsey.

Early life
Grey was born at his family estate Howick Hall, 30 miles north of Newcastle upon Tyne and one mile from the North Sea. His exact birthdate is unknown, but he was baptized 23 October 1729, so he was probably born in October. He was the third son of Sir Henry Grey, 1st Baronet, of Howick and his wife Lady Hannah Grey (née Wood), daughter of Thomas Wood of Fallodon in Northumberland.  Because he had two older brothers, Grey did not expect to inherit his father's titles and estates, so he pursued a career in the military. His two older brothers Sir Henry and Thomas both died without issue, leaving him as the viable heir.

Military career
In 1744, with financial assistance from his father, Grey purchased a commission as an ensign in the 6th Regiment of Foot. He soon went to Scotland with the Sixth Regiment to suppress the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Following victory there, the Sixth Regiment spent the next few years in Gibraltar. In December 1752, he purchased a lieutenancy in the Sixth Regiment. In March 1755, he formed a new independent company and became their captain. Two months later, he purchased a captaincy in the 20th Regiment of Foot (subsequently titled 'East Devonshire Regiment', and in 1881 the Lancashire Fusiliers), in which James Wolfe served as lieutenant colonel. In 1757, while with Wolfe's regiment, he participated in the unsuccessful attack on Rochefort.

Seven Years' War

In the Seven Years' War, he served as adjutant in the staff of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick and on 1 August 1759 was wounded at Minden. On 14 October 1760 he commanded a Light Company at the Battle of Campen, where he was again wounded. One year later, as Lt. Colonel of the 98th Regiment of Foot (1761), he participated in the Capture of Belle Île, off the coast of Brittany. Next, he served at the Battle of Havana in 1762. Later, he was on the staff of Wilhelm, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe during the Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762). In 1763 he retired on half-pay, but in 1772 he received a promotion to Colonel and served as aide-de-camp to King George III.

American War of Independence
During the American War of Independence he was one of the more successful army leaders. He was rapidly promoted, becoming a major general in 1777 and commanded the 3rd Brigade at the Battle of Brandywine. He earned the nickname "No-flint Grey" after the Battle of Paoli in the same campaign when, to ensure surprise in the night attack on an American encampment, it was said he ordered the infantry of his command to remove the flints from their muskets and use only their bayonets. In fact, he only directed that muskets should be unloaded.  He commanded the 3rd Brigade again at the Battle of Germantown and the Battle of Monmouth. Immediately following his disastrous retreat at the Battle of Monmouth, the American General Charles Lee excused himself from criticism by complaining that he had directly faced the advance Grey's 3rd brigade, suggesting the Earl was a feared and respected opponent by this stage in the war.

In 1778 he led raids at New Bedford on 5–6 September, destroying nearly all the shipping and burning twenty shops and twenty-two houses in the town, and Martha's Vineyard, where between 10 and 15 September, the British carried off all the sheep, swine, cattle and oxen that they could find with promise of payment in New York. On 27 September 1778, Grey used the same methods as he had at the Battle of Paoli in a night attack at Old Tappan, New Jersey, which came to be known as the Baylor Massacre. He was recalled to England and became a knight of the Order of the Bath and a lieutenant general. He later was appointed commander-in-chief of the British troops in America, but hostilities ended before he could take command.

French Revolutionary Wars

At the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, Sir Charles Grey was appointed commander of the West Indian expedition. First, however, he went to Ostend to participate in the relief of Nieuwpoort, Belgium. In early 1794, he and Admiral Sir John Jervis led a British force to capture Martinique. The campaign lasted about six weeks with the British capturing Fort Royal and Fort Saint Louis on 22 March, and Fort Bourbon two days later. The British then occupied Martinique until the Treaty of Amiens returned the island to the French in 1802. Grey was later involved in the invasion of Guadeloupe. Between the years of 1797 and 1807 General Grey held the position of Governor of Guernsey.

Peerage
In late 1794 he returned to England. From 1798 to 1799 he served as Commander of the Southern District, retiring in 1799. In acknowledgment of his service, he was raised in January 1801 to the peerage as Baron Grey, of Howick in the County of Northumberland. In 1806, he was created Earl Grey and Viscount Howick, in the County of Northumberland. He died the next year, at the age of 78.

Family
A member of the House of Grey, he married Elizabeth Grey (1744–1822), daughter of George Grey of Southwick (1713–1746). Their children were:

 Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, (1764–1845), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and abolisher of slavery, married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby.
 Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet of Fallodon, KCB (1767–1828), Flag Captain under Admiral Jervis, Flag Captain of King George III's Royal Yacht (1801–04), married Mary Whitbread, daughter of Samuel Whitbread (1720–1796).
 Bishop Edward Grey (1782–1837) Bishop of Hereford married firstly Charlotte Elizabeth Croft, secondly Elizabeth Adair, and thirdly Eliza Innes.
 Sir Henry George Grey, (1766–1845) GCH GCB, Colonel in the 13th Light Dragoons, who married Charlotte Des Voeux (1789–1882).
 Lady Elizabeth Grey (1765–1846) married Samuel Whitbread.
 Lt. Col. William Grey (1777–1817) married Maria Shirreff.
 Lady Hannah Althea Grey (1785–1832) married firstly George Edmund Byron Bettesworth and secondly Edward 'Bear' Ellice MP.

Grey and his wife brought up Eliza Courtney, the illegitimate daughter of their son Charles with Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire.

Sources

References

External links

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British Army lieutenant generals
Earls Grey
Charles
Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
1729 births
1807 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Younger sons of baronets
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
3rd The King's Own Hussars officers
Gloucestershire Regiment officers
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars officers
7th Dragoon Guards officers
Parents of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George III
People from Howick, Northumberland
Military personnel from Northumberland
Governors of Guernsey (1500–1835)

Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey


Clare Langan (b. 1967) is an Irish artist and movie maker. She has shown her movies at many festivals and museums such as: Kino der Kunst Festival, Munich (2020); Physical Cinema Festival, Reykjavik (2019); Shaping Ireland, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin (2019); The Best of Kino der Kunst, Dirimart, Istanbul (2018), B3 Biennial of the Moving Image, Frankfurt (2017), Lyon Biennale (2007), and Film Trilogy, MoMA, New York (2004). Her movies have won many awards, including the Prix Video Formes 2014, Clermont-Ferrand; the Principle Prize at the Oberhausen International Short Film Festival (2007) and she represented Ireland at the 25th Bienal de São Paolo (2002). In 2019, she was elected a member of Aosdána.

Life and Work
Clare Langan studied Fine Art at the National College of Art and Design, Dublin.  She completed a film workshop at NYU on a Fulbright Scholarship. In 2017 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts from The National University of Ireland. She has represented Ireland in many international Biennales. Her movies and photographs are in a number of international public and private collections including IMMA, The Arts Council of Ireland, The OPW, the Tony Podesta Private Collection, Washington, and the Hugo and Carla Brown Collection, UK.

For the last 20 years, Langan's movies deal with existential issues, where humanity and our relationship to the planet and climate have always been at the fore. Her first trilogy – Forty Below (1999), Too Dark for Night (2001), and Glass Hour (2002) – were shot in a drowned world; in the town being consumed by the desert, and across a molten volcanic landscape. With Langan's 2015 movie Flight from the City made for the late Icelandic composer Johann Johannsson, the camera was turned from focus on the landscape, to focus on humanity itself. Since then the work has combined elements of choreography, landscape, performance with music being a crucial element of the works. Flight from the City premiered at the B3 Biennale of the Moving Image 2015 in Frankfurt, before touring to Beijing and Shanghai. Jóhann Jóhannsson went on to use Flight from the City to launch his 2016 album Orphee.

Langan has made movies in Namibia, Iceland, at Skellig Michael, in the sky above the city of Dubai, and on the largely abandoned island of Montserrat. Langan started making movies in the late 1990s on 16mm film. She use hand-painted glass filters that workedlike eyelids. Later, she started using unusual film stock, including black and white infra-red.

Exhibitions
Her movie Metamorphosis (2007) won the Principal Prize at the Oberhausen International Short Film Festival, Germany. In 2007 it was exhibited at the Lyon Biennale; Houldsworth Gallery, London; Loop, Barcelona; NCA Gallery, Tokyo; Pratt Art Gallery New York and the Miguel Marcos Gallery, Barcelona. Langan's State of Suspension (2012) was shown in Galerie Anita Beckers, Frankfurt, and The Rubicon Gallery, Dublin. She participated in the Glen Dimplex Artists' Award 2000 at The Irish Museum of Modern Art.

The Floating World premiered at Kino der Kunst in 2013, where it was really well received by the jury and the audience. The film went on to win the Prix Videoformes 2014 | Conseil Général du Puy de Dôme at VIDEOFORMES 2014, Clermont-Ferrand, France. It was exhibited as a 3-screen installation in VISUAL Center of Contemporary Art in 2015, and has since been exhibited in Städtische Galerie, Delmenhorst, Germany and The Tom Tomson Art Gallery, Canada, where she also exhibited The Winter of 13 Storms, (2016/17). This movie was also exhibited at the B3 Biennal of the Moving Image Frankfurt 2017 curated by Kelly Gordon.

In 2017, she exhibited her movie The Human Flock at Lismore Castle Arts, Waterford. The movie travelled to Dirimart, Istanbul in July 2018, as part of The Best of Kino der Kunst curated by Heinz Peter Schwerfel.

In 2019, she had retrospective show at The Dock, Carrig on Shannon featuring a number of recent and older works, including The Winter of 13 Storms, 2017 and A Film Trilogy 1999-2002 from the IMMA Collection. It also included the 3-screen movie installation River (2015), with a selection of music curated by Gary Sheehan, director of The National Concert Hall. In 2019, her work was also included in, Of Music and Making, Solstice, Navan; Moving Women, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, Shaping Ireland, The National Gallery of Ireland, The Gifts of Tony Podesta, American University Museum, Katzen Arts Center, Washington. Recent festivals include Ritratti Di Poesia, Poetry Festival, Rome alongside the poets Kate Tempest and Ingrid de Kok, and Physical Cinema Festival, in Reykjavk. In 2020, her movie The Heart of a Tree premiered at Kino Der Kunst, Munich. The Heart of a Tree was then part of Lightmoves Film Festival, Limerick in 2021 before being part of Fondazione In Between Art Film in 2022.

In 2021, her movieFlight from the City (2015) was screened as part of Artist Film International (AFI). In 2022, Langan's movie River (2015) was part of Living Canvas, Dublin City's new cultural program by IPUT.

Recently, a photograph captured from her movie The Heart of A Tree won The Progressive Vision Curtin O' Donoghue Photography Prize as selected by The RHA Annual Exhibition 2022. She was also interviewed by John Kelly in The Works Presents on RTÉ.  Most recent exhibitions include At The Gates of Silent Memory, Luan Gallery, The New Dawn Fades, Golden Thread Gallery, and Elizium at Sarah Walker Gallery.

Publications
Photography books by the artist
 2023, At The Gates of Silent Memory, Luan Gallery
 2013-15, The Floating World, Carlow: VISUAL Centre for Contemporary Art, 978-1-907537-12-7
 2004, Essays by Patrick T. Murphy and Aidan Dunne, A Film Trilogy, Dublin: The Royal Academy
 2002, Too dark for night: Representing Ireland at the 25th Bienal de Sao Paulo Brazil, Dublin: Arts Council of Ireland
 Forty Below, Dublin: The Green On Red Gallery, 0-9524564-8-6

Photography books with contribution by the artist

 2021, In Conversation with Cristin Leach, Kevin Barry and Olivia Smith (ed.), And Now With Feeling, Winter Papers, Vol.7, Dublin: Arts Council of Ireland, Curlew Editions, 978-0-9933029-6-1
 2018, Texts by Jack Rasmussen, Klaus Ottmann, Susan Fisher Sterling, Kathryn Wat, The Gifts of Tony Podesta, American University Museum, 978-1-7321553-2-9
 2011, Noel Kelly and Sean Kissane, Creative Ireland: The Visual Arts, Arts Council of Ireland, 978-1-907683-11-4
 2010, Busan Biennale, Busan Museum of Art, Gwangalli Beach, 2010
 2009, Sounds & Visions: Artists' Films and Videos from Europe, The Last Decade, Milano, Silvana Editoriale
 2008, Representing Art in Ireland, Cork, The Fenton Gallery, 978-0-9544843-8-5
 2008, Singapore Biennale, Singapore, National Arts Council Singapore, 978-981-08-1684-1
 2009, Paysage – Video: Dialogue avec les collections #2, 978-2-905985-69-9
 2005, World Without End, Australian Centre for Moving Image, Australia, 1-920805-11-7
 2005, Irish Museum of Modern Art: The Collection, 1-903811-48-1
 2002, Catalogue, Shimmering Substance, Bristol, Arnolfini, 0-907738-71-0
 2022, Liverpool Biennial, Liverpool Biennial of Contemporary Art Ltd, 0-953671-4-5

Awards

 2022, Winner of The Progressive Vision Curtin O' Donoghue Photography Prize, RHA Dublin
 2019, Elected as a member of Aosdana, The Arts Council Ireland
 2017, Awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Art from The National University of Ireland
 2014, Prix Videoformes, Conseil Général du Puy de Dôme at VIDEOFORMES, Clermont-Ferrand
 2007, Premier Prize, Oberhausen International Film Festival, Germany
 1992, Fulbright Scholarship to attend NYU Film New York
 1994 - Present, Numerous Film Project Funding, Visual Arts Bursaries from The Arts Council of Ireland & The Irish Film Board, Ireland

References

1967 births
Living people
Irish movie directors

Clare Langan


The Attitude Era was a period in the World Wrestling Federation and professional wrestling history. It occurred in response to the Monday Night Wars with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It officially started on November 9, 1997 at Survivor Series 1997, with the Montreal Screwjob and debut of the "WWF Attitude" scratch logo, culminated with the conclusion of the Monday Night Wars in 2001, and ended on May 6, 2002 when WWF rebranded to WWE with the "Get the 'F' Out" marketing campaign.

The Attitude Era professional, like the 1980s wrestling boom, made wrestling more popular in the United States from the late 1990s to early 2000s. Television ratings and pay-per-view reached their highest points. The Attitude Era was different from the more traditional WWF programming. It tried to attract the young adult demographic. It did this by making the product into a more controversial "shock value" form of entertainment. This was similar to the "Trash TV" genre popularized in the 1990s.

Notable moments
November 9, 1997 – At the 1997 Survivor Series, just before the match between Shawn Michaels and WWF Champion Bret "The Hitman" Hart for the WWF Title, a video promo aired featuring the debut of the "WWF Attitude" scratch logo. Towards the end of the match, Michaels locked Bret Hart into Bret's own submission, The Sharpshooter. Vince McMahon was at ringside, and told referee Earl Hebner to ring the bell. The events after the match came were controversial because in the storyline Bret did not tap out when locked into submission, and he was not supposed to lose at all. Due to the fact it took place in Montreal, Canada, the event has been called the Montreal Screwjob. This was also known to be Bret Hart's last match in the WWF.
December 8, 1997 – During this episode of Raw, Stone Cold Steve Austin knocks WWF Chairman Vince McMahon off the ring, thus entering the Austin/McMahon saga.
March 29, 1998 – The Undertaker beats Kane at WrestleMania XIV, making Kane the seventh opponent whom Taker had beaten. Later that night "Stone Cold" Steve Austin wins the WWF Championship from Shawn Michaels.
March 30, 1998 – With Shawn Michaels out because of back injury, Triple H calls himself the leader of DX, which he adds the New Age Outlaws and X-Pac to the group.
April 6, 1998 – In this episode of Raw, DX goes to "war" with WCW when they invaded a WCW Monday Nitro show in the Scope in Norfolk, Virginia. For the first time since June 17, 1996, Raw won over WCW's Monday Nitro in the ratings.
May 11, 1998 – D-Generation X actually invades WCW headquarters.
June 28, 1998 – At the 1998 King of the Ring, Mankind loses against The Undertaker in the third Hell in a Cell match. In the first moments of the match, the Undertaker threw Mankind off the roof of the cage. Later that night, Kane won his first major title from Stone Cold Steve Austin.
June 29, 1998 – Stone Cold Steve Austin wins the WWF Championship back from Kane
July 27, 1998 – Triple H and X-Pac face each other for the first time in a Triple Threat Match, against The Rock.
October 5, 1998 – On this episode of Raw, Mankind visits an injured Vince McMahon. During this part, Mankind introduces Mr. Socko, a hand-drawn sock puppet. Mr. Socko became so popular that it became a part of Mankind. A few moments later, in another part, Stone Cold Steve Austin pretends to be a doctor. He starts to attack McMahon. From this date until Nitro's last episode on March 26, 2001, Raw took the lead in the "ratings war". Nitro never passed it since (except on October 26, 1998).
November 23, 1998 – After his return, Shawn Michaels turned on D-Generation X. He joined Vince McMahon's Corporation after hitting X-Pac with Sweet Chin Music.
December 7, 1998 – The Undertaker has his druids chain Stone Cold Steve Austin to his "Undertaker Symbol" and raised high into the arena in the entrance. This caused controversy within religious groups because it physically showed Austin being crucified.
January 4, 1999 – Shawn Michaels turns against The Corporation and joins DX once again. After joining DX again, the Corporation attacks Michaels. It says he is definitely out. Later that night, Mankind won his first World Title from The Rock.
March 28, 1999 – The Undertaker beats Big Boss Man in the fifth Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania XV. This made Boss Man the eighth opponent to lose against the Undertaker at the pay-per-view event. After the match, Taker (kayfabe) hung Boss Man from the cell. It is also the same WrestleMania that Triple H turns against X-Pac and joins The Corporation.
May 23, 1999 – At the 1999 WWF Over the Edge event, Owen Hart was going under the name The Blue Blazer. He was fighting against The Godfather for the IC Title. Owen fell to his death when he was lowering himself from the rafters, but let go too early. WWF officials decided to continue the show after the accident, a decision that attracted widespread criticism and subsequent debate.
July 25, 1999 – X-Pac and Road Dogg beat Chyna and Billy Gunn for the rights of D-Generation X.
August 9, 1999 – "Y2J" Chris Jericho made his first WWF appearance.

August 26, 1999 - WWF SmackDown! made its season television network premiere on UPN.

September 23, 1999 – Road Dogg and Billy Gunn beat the New Age Outlaws to win the WWF Tag Team titles from the Rock 'n' Sock Connection.
September 27, 1999 – In this episode of Raw, Mankind hosted the famous This is Your Life segment, for The Rock. This part alone had the highest rating for any professional wrestling segment on television (8.4) to date.
November 1999 – August 2000: Triple H left DX when he "married" Stephanie McMahon. Billy Gunn was soon kicked out, and Road Dogg and X-Pac soon split up after a short time as a tag team.
March 26, 2001 – Vince McMahon told the world on Monday Night Raw that he bought WCW. Later in the night during a live Raw/Nitro simulcast, Shane McMahon appeared on WCW Monday Nitro and (kayfabe) announced that it was he who had in fact bought WCW. He also said he wanted to go into competition against his father.
April 1, 2001 – The Undertaker beats Triple H at WrestleMania X-Seven. This was his ninth victory at WrestleMania. Stone Cold Steve Austin beat The Rock with the help of Vince McMahon. This event and WWF's purchase of WCW days ago are considered by many to be both the peak of the Attitude Era and the start of its decline.
May 28–November 18, 2001 – The Invasion angle took over the WWF as couple of WCW and ECW stars invading the WWF after their organizations were shutdown. This rivalry between The Alliance vs Team WWF was spent seven months until the Survivor Series pay per view. Where The Rock and his team defeated The Alliance where they won the battle. Also on that night, every championship from WWF and WCW got unified as well.
December 9, 2001 – Chris Jericho won his first undisputed championship at Vengeance where he defeated both The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin to reclaim both WWF and WCW World Heavyweight Championships.
January 7, 2002 – After 8 months, Triple H returns to the WWF Raw in Madison Square Garden after he accidentally torn his quadriceps.
February 17, 2002 – The nWo (Hulk Hogan, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash made their return to the WWF after the demise of WCW) made their WWF debut at No Way Out.
March 17, 2002 – The Icon vs Icon match between Hulk Hogan and The Rock took place in Toronto, Canada at WrestleMania X8.
March 25, 2002 – The very first draft lottery as the beginning of the Brand Extension took place at Raw in Pennsylvania State University as WWF superstars went to their separate brands between Raw and SmackDown.
May 6, 2002 – The WWF (World Wrestling Federation) changed its name to the WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment), due to a lawsuit between the company and the World Wildlife Fund. Many cited this moment to be the official end of the Attitude Era.

References

Other websites
WWE.com
"Attitude Era" WWE Fan Nation on WWE.com
"Attitude 4 Ever" WWE Fan Nation on WWE.com

Timelines
WWF Attitude Era

The Attitude Era


Quảng Nam () is a coastal province near northernmost part of the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Thừa Thiên Huế to the north, Đà Nẵng to the northeast, Kon Tum to the southwest, Quảng Ngãi to the southeast, Sekong of Laos to the west and the East Sea to the east.

Quảng Nam is known for being a tourist destination in the Hội An cultural site, alongside an export and manufacturing hub within central Vietnam.

History

Human habitation in the province has been continuous for 2,200 years, starting with the Sa Huỳnh culture.

Quảng Nam was once the political and near the geographic centre of Champa and the province was gifted in 1307 in exchange for a marriage to a Vietnamese or Dai Viet princess. For some time both the most powerful city-state and the busiest Cham port (at Hội An) were located in what is now Quảng Nam. Trade in luxury goods from the Central Highlands was the basis of this wealth and power. As a result of warfare with Vietnam, the centre of political power of the Cham shifted south to Vijaya. The trade in luxuries continued for some time under the Nguyễn lords but declined gradually, especially under the Nguyễn dynasty and further in colonial Vietnam, when the economic focus shifted to the agriculture of the large river deltas.

As the site contained several mountain passes, it has historically been a center for conflict between ruling powers and dynastic struggles. The site was the scene of heavy inter-dynastic fighting between the Trịnh–Nguyễn War and the point in which the Nguyen dynasty had escaped following their expulsion from their strongholds in the north. Its primary city of Hội An was destroyed and rebuilt during the Tay Son rebellion.

The province of Quang Nam has historically served as a trade site and was a major port region in Southeast Asia for trading high-grade silk, fabrics, paper, porcelain, areca nuts, pepper, Chinese medicines, elephant tusks, beeswax, mother-of-pearl and lacquer. The Dutch brought Vietnamese slaves they captured from Nguyễn lord territories in Quảng Nam province to their colony in Taiwan.

As a trade hub, Quang Nam would also serve as the site where Western influence would enter into Vietnam. Notably Alexandre de Rhodes who had written the alphabet, and also where a military alliance with France was signed between Nguyen dynasty monarchs fleeing the Tay Son Rebellion. The region would also see the start of French colonization during Cochinchina campaign and the Siege of Tourane.

The province was split into two in 1962, with the southern half known as Quảng Tín province. The province was also the site of heavy fighting during the Vietnam War, until it was captured in the Hue–Da Nang Campaign. The two provinces were merged again after unification in 1976. In 1997 its former capital city of Da Nang was separated into its own administrative entity.

Geography
Quảng Nam comprises flat land along the coast and increasingly high elevations towards the west, with the highest elevations along the border to Laos and Kon Tum province. The highest peak is Ngọc Linh mountain at 2598m. In contrast to the other provinces of the South Central Coast there are no hills or mountains near the coast (with the exception of the Chàm Islands with a peak of 517m).

More than half of Quảng Nam's area is covered by forests, making it one of the most forested provinces in Vietnam. Forests dominate in the west of the province and along the border to Quảng Ngãi province. 111,900ha of land are used for agriculture, mostly in the east of the province.

The Thu Bồn River system covers most of the province (except for the south-east), making it one of the largest river systems in central Vietnam. It led to the rise of an ancient Cham city state that was once Champa's most influential city and also included one of its most important commercial ports at Hội An.

Administrative divisions
Quảng Nam subdivided into 18 district-level sub-divisions:

15 districts:
Bắc Trà My
Duy Xuyên
Đại Lộc
Điện Bàn
Đông Giang
Hiệp Đức
Nam Giang
Nam Trà My
Núi Thành
Phú Ninh
Phước Sơn
Quế Sơn
Tây Giang
Thăng Bình
Tiên Phước
Nông Sơn
1 district-level town:
Điện Bàn (newly created)
2 provincial cities:
Hội An (a UNESCO World Heritage Site)
Tam Kỳ (capital)

They are further subdivided into 13 commune-level towns (or townlets), 213 communes, and 18 wards.

Economy
Quảng Nam has two famous traditional products: the world's highest essential oil content Trà My cinnamon (aka Saigon Cinnamon) and Ngọc Linh ginseng. Quảng Nam is famous for its production of Saigon cinnamon.

The economy of Quảng Nam has been growing rapidly in recent years. GDP growth in 2010 was 12.7% and the goal for 2011 is 13.5%. Growth has been between 12 and 15% in the years from 2005 to 2007, mostly driven by a booming industrial sector (growing more than 20% per year) and to a lesser extent the service sector. GDP per capita in 2007 was 8.76 million Vietnamese đồng, 65.2% of the national average.

Quảng Nam's economy has been diversified significantly during the first decade of the 21st century. Agriculture, forestry, and fishery made up 41.5% of the province's GDP in 2000 but only 21.4% in 2010. This is only a relative decline. Growth of the first sector has been positive but overshadowed by industrial and service growth. It was between 2 and 4% between 2000 and 2007 and 4.5% in 2010. The vast majority of the work force is still employed in this sector: 524,700 out of 778,300 as of 2007 (down from 548,700 in 2000). Harvests of rice, which takes up 75% of the agricultural area, has increased from 329,900 tons in 2000 to 395,100 tons in 2007 (1.1% of the national rice output).
The cultivation of industrial crops has experienced a significant transformation. The production of some crops has declined significantly: sugar cane from 170,400t in 2000 to 46,500t in 2007, tobacco from 2200t to 900t, tea from 1935t to 821t, and coconut from 8741t to 3675t, while the output of other crops has been increased: peanuts from 10,700t to 16,900t, rubber from 0t to 186t, pepper from 22t to 205t, and cashew nuts from 362t to 2345t. Given the recent significant expansion of rubber plantations, this crop is likely to grow further. So far, only peanut cultivation is significant in a national context, making up 3.35% of national output, while the other non-cereal crops contribute less than 1%.

Industrial GDP has been the main driving force of Quảng Nam's economy in the first decade of the century. In 2010 it contributed 40.1% to the provincial GDP, up from just 25.3% in 2000 and employed 99,600 workers in 2007, compared to 51,600 in 2000. Industrial GDP has increased 2.48 times between 2000 and 2007 and continues to grow at around 20%.
Chu Lai Economic Zone is located in the south of the province along National Road 1 and is the site of many of the province's factories. A smaller industrial zone is located in Tam Kỳ with factories producing electrical equipment, garments, and processed wood.
Major industrial export products include leather shoes (US$51.26 million in 2007), garments (US$31.33 million), wooden products (US$8.587 million), and paper materials (US$2.136 million). Industrial products more oriented towards the domestic market include fish sauce (3.69 million liters), bricks (253 million pieces), fabric (52.5 million meters), and hand farming tools (2 million pieces).

Quang Nam has the biggest gas warehouse in the central area: Total Gas & Power Co. Ltd's Ky Ha gas warehouse.

Transportation
National Route 1 runs through the east of the province. Both Tam Kỳ and Chu Lai Economic Zone are located along this road, while Hội An is around 10 km east of it. National Road 14 runs from Thừa Thiên–Huế province through the west of Quảng Nam to Đắk Glei District in Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands. It is connected to National Road 1A by 14B in north and 14E in central Quảng Nam and the border to Laos through 14D.
57.7% of the roads in (national, provincial, or district) are paved with asphalt, which is somewhat above the median value of provinces in Vietnam. The value is much higher and significantly better than the median for provincially managed roads: 87.68%. Only 29% of respondents to a survey of businesses in 2009 stated that road quality is good or very good (slightly above the median).

Vietnam's North–South Railway runs through the provinces. Some, but not all, trains stop at Tam Kỳ Railway Station serving the provincial capital Tam Kỳ.

Da Nang International Airport is located in Da Nang just north of Quảng Nam. Another airport, Chu Lai Airport is located in Núi Thành District in the south of the province near Quảng Ngãi province, serving Chu Lai Economic Zone.

Places of interest
The province has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the ancient town of Hội An and the Mỹ Sơn temple complex. It also lies on the World Heritage Road which connects different World Heritage Sites in Central Vietnam.

Another popular tourist site is Cu Lao Cham (Cham Islands).

Cuisine
Cao lầu
Mì Quảng
Tam Kỳ chicken rice
Tam Kỳ Jasmine tea
Banh dap (rice cake)
Banh vac (cake)
Banh it (cake)

References

External links

Provinces of Vietnam

Quảng Nam province


Major Theodore Woolsey Winthrop (September 22, 1828 – June 10, 1861) was a writer, lawyer, and world traveller. He was one of the first Union officers killed in the American Civil War.

Biography
Winthrop was born in New Haven, Connecticut, a descendant of several prominent Colonial families. He was descended through his father from Governor John Winthrop, and through his mother from theologian Jonathan Edwards and early settlers George (Joris) Woolsey and Thomas Cornell.

He graduated in 1848 from Yale University, where his uncle Theodore Dwight Woolsey was President, and he was a member of the Phi Chapter of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He traveled for a year in Great Britain and Europe and then through the United States, settling in Staten Island in the 1850s. After contributing to periodicals, short sketches, and stories, which attracted little attention, Winthrop enlisted in the 7th Regiment, New York State Militia, an early volunteer unit of the Federal Army that answered President Abraham Lincoln's call for troops in 1861. He wrote a popular essay about the experience titled "Our March to Washington."  He was appointed Major and soon became an aide-de-camp to Major General Benjamin Butler, commander of the Department of Virginia headquartered at Fort Monroe.  Winthrop had, along with his younger brother William Winthrop who later became the nation's leading authority on military law, long been an abolitionist.  Butler credited Winthrop with first formulating the policy that automatically conferred freedmen status on escaped slaves who entered into Union Army held territory.

Battle of Big Bethel
At the Battle of Big Bethel on June 10, 1861, he volunteered for General Ebenezer W. Peirce's staff and drew up a crude plan of battle. After a Federal attack to the enemy right flank was foiled, Winthrop led an ill-fated assault on the Confederate left held by four companies of the 1st Regiment North Carolina Infantry, under the command of Colonel (later Lieutenant General) Daniel Harvey Hill.

In the heat of battle, Major Winthrop leapt onto the trunk of a fallen tree and reportedly yelled, "One more charge boys, and the day is ours."  Soon thereafter, he was killed by a musket ball to the heart and became the first casualty of rank for the Northern side in what history regards as the first pitched land battle of the Civil War. Ironically, ardent abolitionist Winthrop may have been shot by the African-American slave of a Confederate officer in the 1st North Carolina Infantry. (Three different soldiers, as well as this slave, referred to in the records only as "Sam," claimed to have killed him.)

Author
Winthrop's novels, for which he had failed to find a publisher during his lifetime, appeared posthumously. They include John Brent, founded on his experiences in the far West, and Edwin Brothertoft, a story of the American Revolution. Cecil Dreeme, his most important work, was a semi-autobiographical novel dealing with social mores and gender roles set at New York University, where Winthrop had once been a lodger. Other works include The Canoe and the Saddle and Life in the Open Air. His sister, Laura Winthrop Johnson, assembled a collection of his poems and prose organized by the time period of his life Life and Poems of Theodore Winthrop.

Works published during Winthrop's lifetime include a pamphlet accompanying the painting The Heart of the Andes by his friend Frederic Edwin Church, distributed in 1859. After Winthrop's death in 1861, the Atlantic Monthly published sketches of the military campaigns in Virginia based on his own experiences.

See also
Elmer E. Ellsworth

References

External links

 NYU and the Village: Theodore Winthrop
 Life and Poems of Theodore Winthrop

1828 births
1861 deaths
19th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
Cornell family
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Writers from Staten Island
Novelists from New York City
Union Army officers
Military personnel from Connecticut
19th-century male writers
Novelists from Connecticut
Woolsey family
Winthrop family
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War

Theodore Winthrop


Manhattan College is a private, Catholic, liberal arts university in the Bronx, New York City. Originally established in 1853 by the Brothers of the Christian Schools (De La Salle Christian Brothers) as an academy for day students, it was later incorporated as an institution of higher education through a charter granted by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1922, it moved from Manhattan to the Riverdale section of the Bronx, roughly  north of its original location on 131st Street in Manhattanville.

Manhattan College offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, health, engineering, and science. Graduate programs are offered for education, business, science, and engineering.

History

Manhattan College was founded as the Academy of the Holy Infancy in 1853 by five French De La Salle Christian Brothers in a small building on Canal Street. When the need to expand forced them from Lower Manhattan, the college moved to 131st Street and Broadway, in the Manhattanville section of Harlem. The school's name was changed to Manhattan College when it received its state charter in 1863, and moved to its present location in the Riverdale section of the Bronx in 1922 as it outgrew its facilities in Manhattanville. This is often the cause of some confusion as the college is located outside of Manhattan but still within the city limits of New York City.

Originally exclusive to men, Manhattan College established a cooperative program with the College of Mount Saint Vincent after the pair became coeducational in 1973 and 1974, respectively. This partnership lasted until 2007. Since then, Manhattan College and the College of Mount Saint Vincent have been completely separate.

In 2018, Thomas O'Malley (Class of 1963) donated $25 million, the largest donation in the institution's history. The institution's business school has since been renamed the O'Malley School of Business.

Campus

Manhattan College occupies a relatively compact campus divided into a north and south campus in the residential Riverdale section of the Bronx. The North campus overlooks Van Cortlandt Park, and has as its focal point "the Quad", which sits at the center of the campus's four main buildings. Memorial Hall is the main entry onto campus and houses the office of the president as well as most of the other administrative offices on campus. Miguel Hall and De La Salle Hall are the main academic halls that border each side of the Quad. Miguel hosts the liberal arts department and classes, while De La Salle is primarily used by the O'Malley School of Business. The fourth side of the Quad is bordered by the Squeri Hall, which houses Smith Auditorium (used to host receptions, speakers, and performances) on the first floor and the Chapel of De La Salle and His Brothers on the second floor, which features a painting of De La Salle and Brothers behind the altar, a large performing area where musical events and concerts take place on the altar, a grand piano, and a pipe organ in the balcony.

Thomas Hall, one of the institution's student life buildings, houses the offices of the dean of students, the student government, the musical ensembles, and others. Two of the institution's dining halls, Locke's Loft and Cafe 1853 are also located in Thomas Hall.

Kelly Commons, named after notable alumnus Raymond Kelly, is another student life building that was completed in 2014. It holds a Starbucks, a Marketplace, multiple different dining options, a state-of-the-art gym for student and faculty use, the Multicultural Center, halls for lectures and events, the student bookstore and the office for the student-run newspaper, The Quadrangle.

The O'Malley Library is a six-story structure that was joined with the previous library, the Cardinal Hayes Pavilion. Built on a hill, the new library was built directly next to and above the old one, essentially combining the two and creating more floors, while enhancing technology and adding group study spaces. The Office of Admissions is on the sixth floor of O'Malley.

Hayden Hall is on the east side of campus and houses the Kakos School of Science as well as the department of fine arts. The Kakos Center for Scientific Computing may also be found here, which contains a cluster of high performance workstations used for a wide variety of scientific and economic projects.

On the South campus, across 240th street, is the Higgins '62 Engineering and Science Center, which is connected to Leo Hall and the Research and Learning Center (RLC). The buildings are home to all of the engineering departments: electrical, computer, civil, chemical, mechanical, and environmental, along with the math and computer science departments and all communication classrooms, computer labs, and broadcasting studios. Laboratories and classes for these disciplines take place in both buildings. Both biology and chemistry laboratories are also located on the south campus. This building once contained a working nuclear reactor, which was decommissioned and stripped of its nuclear fuel and power generating capabilities in 1999.

In September 2021, the Leo Engineering Building was refurbished with a new 30,000 square foot building with 14 engineering and science labs. The new laboratory building is named the Higgins Engineering & Science Center, thanks to a $5 million gift from Cornelius Higgins (Class of 1962) and his wife, Patricia.

There are currently four on-campus residence halls at Manhattan College. Jasper Hall and Chrysostom Hall are both traditional-style dorms, while Horan Hall and Lee Hall offer suite-style living and apartment-style living.

Draddy Gymnasium is the home of the basketball and volleyball teams, and also features the largest indoor track in New York City. Gaelic Park, on 240th Street, has recently been renovated with an artificial turf and is where soccer, lacrosse, and softball teams play. The institution also utilizes adjacent Van Cortlandt Park for outdoor track and field, golf, and cross country as well as intramural activities. Alumni Hall is the home of the institution's workout facilities as well as the athletic administration.

The Broadway Garage is a five floor parking garage, approved in 2006 and completed soon afterward, located on Broadway. The garage offers parking to students and faculty, as well as visitors. The garage is also connected to Hayden hall via a pedestrian bridge that connects to one of Hayden's top floors, allowing pedestrians to bypass crossing Manhattan College Parkway.

Academics

Manhattan College offers degrees in six undergraduate schools: the School of Liberal Arts, the O'Malley School of Business, the School of Health Professions, the School of Engineering, the Kakos School of Science, and the School of Continuing and Professional Studies. The School for Liberal Arts is the largest school overall at the college, however the School of Engineering is the college's most well-known program. Manhattan currently hosts over 60 programs.

Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
Civil Engineering (89)
Mechanical Engineering (73)
Finance (47)
Communication (44)
Finance (38)
 Psychology (37)

Students are required to take college-wide general education requirements (such as math, college writing, and religion) as well as core requirements in their respective school. For example, the School of Liberal Arts maintains a core curriculum called The Roots of Modern Learning which includes courses such as "Classical Origins of Western Culture."

Classes operate on a semester schedule. The first semester begins in late August and runs to December. The second semester begins in mid-January and runs to mid-May. Winter intersession and summer courses are also offered, but not required.

The institution offers a number of pre-professional programs such as pre-dental, pre-law, pre-medical, pre-physical therapy, and pre-veterinary; and graduate programs in mathematics, education, engineering and business. The graduate School of Engineering allows students studying engineering as an undergraduate the opportunity to continue on to get their master's degree without having to switch institutions, as is the case at colleges with a 3 + 2 engineering program. The B.S. Business / Masters of Business Administration Program offers students an option to complete a five-year multiple award program. The successful completion of the five-year program leads to two awards: a B.S. in business (in one of six majors) and an MBA.

Manhattan College contains chapters of various honor societies as Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi and Tau Beta Pi, Pi Mu Epsilon, a national mathematics honor society. A newly established chapter of Lambda Pi Eta communication honorary has also been added, as well as Kappa Alpha Omicron an interdisciplinary environmental science and studies honorary. Manhattan participates in the Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges and in the New York Cluster of seven colleges and universities supported by the Pew Charitable Trusts for undergraduate science education.

Rankings

In 2019, Money magazine ranked Manhattan as the top "transformative" school in the nation in a study that took into account earnings and graduation rates to determine which schools help students succeed professionally. Manhattan was ranked 78th out of 1,879 schools in return on investment according to PayScale's 2018 rankings. A 2015 Brookings Institution study ranked it as the ninth best school in the country when comparing expected versus actual mid-career earnings.

Athletics

Manhattan College fields 19 Division–I athletic teams for men and women, including basketball, golf, soccer, baseball and softball, lacrosse, volleyball, and rowing. The school's men's sports teams are called the Jaspers; women's teams are known as the Lady Jaspers. Historically track and field has been the school's strongest sport. Manhattan is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC).

In the modern era, basketball is the most popular sport at the institution. The current coach is John Gallagher who was named head coach in March 2023.

The Manhattan College Track and Field program is the richest athletic tradition at the institution, amassing a total of 31 out of a possible 32 MAAC Indoor/Outdoor Track titles. In 1973, Manhattan College won the Indoor NCAA Championship along with setting a new world record in the distance medley relay. Manhattan was also home to former American Record holder in the 5,000m Matthew Centrowitz Sr. The Program was run by legendary coach/runner Fred Dwyer who ran an astounding 4:00.8 mile while at his time at Villanova University. Manhattan still remains a power house on the east coast as one of the top programs around, under the direction of Dan Mecca.

The college annually played the New York Giants in the late 1880s and into the 1890s at the Polo Grounds and Manhattan is credited by the Baseball Hall of Fame with the practice of the "seventh inning stretch" spreading from there into major league baseball. It is written in the Baseball Hall of Fame that "During one particularly warm and humid day when Manhattan College was playing a semi-pro baseball team called the Metropolitans, Brother Jasper noticed the Manhattan students were becoming restless and edgy as Manhattan came to bat in the seventh inning of a close game. To relieve the tension, Brother Jasper called time-out and told the students to stand up and stretch for a few minutes until the game resumed."

Luis Castro, a Manhattan College alumnus, was the first Latin American-born player to play in Major League Baseball in the United States.

Manhattan College had a football program from 1924 until 1942. The team posted an all-time record of 194 wins, 198 losses and 22 ties. The final coach for the football team was Herbert M. Kopf. After the 1942 season, the school suspended intercollegiate football competition for World War II and then did not reactivate the program after completion of the war. The team was invited to the first ever Miami Palm Festival Game, predecessor to the Orange Bowl, played on January 2, 1933, University of Miami defeated Manhattan College, 7–0.  The team was revived in 1965 in the form of a club team, and existed until 1987.

Manhattan College's rowing program holds much history, as well. It is one of the original 8 founding members of the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta, the largest collegiate regatta in the United States. The race attracts over one hundred colleges and universities from the U.S. and Canada and thousands of student-athletes on the second Saturday of May. The team's coach, Allen Walz, along with the football coach at the time, Herbert M. Kopf, served as stewards to the regatta. In 1936 and 1938, Manhattan was one of two teams competing in the regatta, the other being Rutgers, on the Harlem River. Both the men's and women's teams still compete in the Dad Vail Regatta today, as well as in the MAAC Championships, N.Y. State Championships, and Knecht Cup. The women's team became Division I in 2015, while the men's team has remained at the club level. The women's team currently trains out of Overpeck County Park under Head Coach Alex Canale while the men's team has moved to Glen Island Park under Head Coach Kate Hickes. The women's rowing team won the Fall Metropolitan Championship (hosted by Iona College) in the fall of 2018 and the Spring Metropolitan Championship in the spring of 2019, making it the first time in program history that the Jaspers have won either of those titles.

Manhattan's men's lacrosse program became Division I in 1997. They have qualified for the MAAC tournament 7 times (2000, 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2008–2010). In 2002 the Jaspers went undefeated in the MAAC (9–0), and won the MAAC Championship. They finished with an 11–6 record. The Jaspers earned a bid to the NCAA Playoffs in 2002, playing Georgetown. They fell to Georgetown 12–7 in the first round of the NCAAs. They have produced many ALL-MAAC players throughout the 15 years of the program.

Performing arts

Manhattan College Pipes & Drums
Manhattan College Pipes & Drums was established in 1981 by Brother Kenneth Fitzgerald, FSC with the musical assistance of Captain Robert Hogan, of the New York City Police Department Emerald Society Pipes & Drums. The band's members are students, faculty, and alumni of the college.

The band marches in many local parades including the famed New York City Saint Patricks Day Parade.

Pep Band
Also known as the JasperBand, the Manhattan College Pep Band provides musical inspiration to get the Jasper crowds going at Men's and Women's basketball games. The Pep Band travels with teams to important away games to provide support away from home as well. In addition to performances at sporting events, the band also performs in concerts and events such as the MAAC Band Jam prior to the MAAC Basketball tournament. The band performs a variety of music from an expansive repertoire, ranging from Seven Nation Army by The White Stripes and You Can Call Me Al by Paul Simon, to modern day hits such as High Hopes by Panic! at the Disco and Mo Bamba by Sheck Wes. In 2016, New York City drummer Jake Robinson was appointed the director of the band. Under Robinson' direction, the band's size and repertoire continues to grow.

Performing arts ensembles

Manhattan College has eight recognized performing arts groups. In addition to the aforementioned Manhattan College Pipes & Drums and Pep Band, they have a Jazz Band, a choir called Singers, a theater club called Players, an improv troupe called Scatterbomb, an Orchestra and an a cappella group called Manhattones.

Transportation
The institution is located between two major New York City highways: the Henry Hudson Parkway and the Major Deegan Expressway. The Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street station on the New York City Subway's  is located nearby, while the Riverdale station on the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line is located farther west.

Alumni

Manhattan has approximately 50,000 living alumni worldwide. Manhattan alumni are distinguishing themselves in the fields of academics, arts, engineering, literature, business, entertainment, government, and law.
 In the field of academia, Manhattan graduates include: Joseph A. Alutto, executive vice president and provost of the Ohio State University; L. Jay Oliva, 14th President of New York University; Henry Petroski, professor of civil engineering at Duke University.
 In arts and literature, Manhattan graduates include: William Edmund Barrett, author of The Left Hand of God and Lilies of the Field; James Patterson, Edgar Award-winning novelist; Al Sarrantonio, Bram Stoker Award-winning author; and George A. Sheehan, author of Running & Being: The Total Experience
 In the field of business, Manhattan graduates include Sam Belnavis, NASCAR owner; Vincent dePaul Draddy, football player who introduced Izod and Lacoste brands; John M. Fahey, president and CEO of the National Geographic Society; Frank M. Folsom, former president of RCA Victor; John Horan '40, former chairman & CEO of Merck & Co.; Lynn Martin, 68th president of the New York Stock Exchange; Eugene R. McGrath, former chairman and CEO of Con Edison; Eileen Murray, co-CEO of Bridgewater Associates;  Joseph M. Tucci, chairman, president and CEO of the EMC Corporation and Stephen J. Squeri, chairman and CEO of American Express.
 In entertainment, Manhattan graduates include: Frank Campanella, TV and motion picture actor on Captain Video; Joseph Campanella, TV, stage, and motion picture actor on Mannix; Alexandra Chando, TV actress known for role as Maddie on As The World Turns; Dennis Day, TV and radio personality on The Jack Benny Program; Barnard Hughes, Emmy and Tony Award-winning actor on Hugh Leonard's Da; Mike Mazurki, professional wrestler and character actor; Hugo Montenegro, TV and movie soundtrack composer known for theme song for I Dream of Jeannie and The Outcasts; and Glenn Hughes, founding member of The Village People.
 In law and government, Manhattan graduates include: John S. Martin, former U.S. Attorney and U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York; Hugh J. Grant, 91st Mayor of New York City; Rudy Giuliani, 107th Mayor of New York City; Raymond W. Kelly, New York City Police Commissioner; Mike Lawler, member of Congress representing New York's 17th congressional district; Chang Myon, 2nd and 7th Prime Minister of South Korea;  and U.S. Representatives from New York: Mike Lawler, John J. Boylan, John J. Delaney, John J. Fitzgerald, Ambassador Thomas E. McNamara, Bill Owens, Angelo D. Roncallo, Thomas Francis Smith, Andrew Lawrence Somers, and James J. Walsh.
 Other notable Manhattan graduates include: James W. Cooley, mathematician, co-author of the fast Fourier transform algorithm used in digital processing; Austin Dowling, archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis; Patrick Joseph Hayes, Cardinal Archbishop of New York; George Mundelein, Cardinal Archbishop of Chicago; Olympic track gold medalists Lindy Remigino, Lou Jones and Jordan Rand, model .

References

External links

 Manhattan College Athletics website

1853 establishments in New York (state)
Universities and colleges established in 1853
Lasallian colleges and universities
Riverdale, Bronx
Universities and colleges in New York City
Universities and colleges in the Bronx
Catholic universities and colleges in New York (state)
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Liberal arts colleges in New York City

Manhattan College


Iwuchukwu Amara Tochi (1985–26 January 2007) was a Nigerian Igbo national convicted of drug trafficking in Singapore. At quantities above certain weight thresholds, which varies for different types of drugs, drug trafficking carries a mandatory death sentence under Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act, and despite pleas for clemency from Amnesty International, the United Nations, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, as well as other individuals and groups, he was executed by hanging on 26 January 2007 in Changi Prison.

Background
Tochi was born in Nigeria. He was given to his relatives at the age of five. He grew up and attended St. Anthony's Mission School in Ohafia, Abia State. In an interview with his lawyer, he stated that his brother dropped out of school to support his father. His mother died a couple of years later.

Having a passion for football, he joined a football club in Senegal and subsequently played for Nigeria in the West African Coca-Cola Cup Championships when he was 14.

Later, he sought to travel to Dubai to pursue his football career. According to the interview with his lawyer, he travelled to Pakistan to secure a visa before going to Dubai, as he was under the impression that a train service travels there; he would later find out that none existed.

He then sought help from St. Andrew's Church in Islamabad, where he was provided refuge. One Sunday, he met a man known as "Mr. Smith," who claimed to be a distant friend. Tochi claimed Smith gave him pocket money and food and offered to help him obtain a visa in Dubai. However, Tochi could not ultimately obtain the visa because he did not meet the appropriate requirements.

Smith then asked Tochi for a favour. He wanted him to deliver medicine for a sick friend in Singapore, saying that his friend would meet Tochi at Changi Airport and collect the medicine. Tochi alleged that Smith led him to believe that he was delivering African herbs, not heroin.

Arrest
Tochi was arrested on 28 November 2004, in Changi Airport in Singapore while in transit. Authorities became suspicious after discovering that he had spent more than 24 hours in transit. One hundred capsules of diamorphine were found on him with a total weight of 727.02 grammes (a bit over a pound and a half), estimated by authorities to be worth S$1.5m (US$970,000). Tochi claimed that the capsules he carried were for a friend and insisted they were African herbs that tasted like chocolate. He swallowed a capsule to prove this, and police took him to a local hospital where he was given a laxative to flush the capsule out of his system.

His arrest led to the arrest of another African drug figure, Okeke Nelson Malachy, who was the 'sick friend' of Mr. Smith, to whom Tochi had been instructed to deliver the 'African herbs'. Tochi was waiting for Malachy to arrive from Medan, Indonesia, but Malachy's flight had been delayed.

Malachy denied being part of the conspiracy to import drugs, saying he came to Singapore to look for a second-hand car for use in South Africa. He stated that he was in the garment wholesale business; he did not have any business cards on him at the time of his arrest. He carried a South African passport, but officials believed he was Nigerian. Malachy was subsequently classified as stateless by officials. Later, the Department of Foreign Affairs of South Africa officially denied Malachy's South African citizenship.

Malachy's cellphone records and SIM card showed communication between him and "Mr. Smith", shortly after Malachy's plane from Medan landed at Changi Airport. Smith's cellphone number was stored in Malachy's SIM card under the name "Dogo", another of Smith's aliases, according to Tochi. The actual identity and whereabouts of "Mr. Smith" remain unknown.

Immediately after the arrest, Tochi phoned his brother in Nigeria for help. His brother has not informed their parents as he fears that this might add more burden to them.

Trial
Singaporean laws against drug trafficking are to the effect that if a person is found with more than 2 grams of diamorphine, then the court will presume that he is trafficking, unless it is proved that the drug is not for that purpose. If more than 15 grams of diamorphine is found in his possession, the person faces the mandatory death penalty if found guilty.

These two aspects of Singapore law, the non-requirement for proof of mens rea (guilty intention) and mandatory sentencing, have been criticised for being inconsistent with international legal standards. Tochi's lawyers put up a spirited defence. Since the basic element of crime is mens rea, the defence sought to prove that Tochi has no mens rea, that he was just an 18-year-old from a Nigerian village who just wanted to further his career in football and came across Mr. Smith who took advantage of him. More so, there was enough evidence that Tochi was not aware that he was in possession of diamorphine. According to the defence, if Tochi was aware of that, he would have fled when he was notified by the hotel staff that the police was called. He never did, neither did he even attempt to dispose the substances. Rather, he stayed in the transit area of the airport until about 20 minutes later when the police arrived. Thus the conduct of the young man was consistent with his mistaken belief that he was only in possession of African herbs meant for a sick man as opposed to being in possession of diamorphine.

Tochi admitted in his statements that he knew he had the capsules in his possession; and that he had agreed with Smith to deliver the capsules to Marshal for a promised payment of US$2000. In his judgement, Justice Kan Ting Chiu noted that Tochi might not have known that the capsules contained diamorphine. He wrote that "There was no direct evidence that [Amara Tochi] knew the capsules contained diamorphine. There was nothing to suggest that Smith had told him they contained diamorphine, or that he had found that out of his own." paragraph 42 SGHC 233. However, Kan found that the large sum promised should have raised suspicion. Smith was not a rich man. He did not have enough money to buy an air ticket for himself to go from Dubai to Indonesia to visit his sick friend. There must be a reason for Smith to offer him the large sum of US$2000 to deliver the capsules of herbs when he was already funding his passages to Dubai and to Singapore.

Kan found that Tochi knew that Smith was a man who would break the law as Smith had arranged for false visas and endorsements to be entered into the first accused's passport to facilitate his travels. He must have realised that Smith was offering him much more than was reasonable for putting him through the minor inconvenience of meeting up with Marshal at the airport terminal and handing the capsules to him. He should have asked to be shown and be assured of the contents before agreeing to deliver them, and he could have used the ample opportunities he had when he was in possession of the capsules to check them himself, but he did nothing.

Kan also found that he had wilfully turned a blind eye on the contents of the capsules because he was tempted by the US$2000, which was a large sum to him. When Smith, who had befriended him and had appeared to help him get out of Pakistan, also offered him the US$2000, he did not want to ask any questions or check the capsules himself. Consequently, even if he may not have actual knowledge that he was carrying diamorphine, his ignorance did not exculpate him because it is well established that ignorance is a defence only when there is no reason for suspicion and no right and opportunity of examination.

Kan found Tochi guilty. Both Tochi and Malachy were sentenced to death.

Appeals
On 20 February 2006, the Court of Appeal comprising Chief Justice Yong Pung How, Judge of Appeal Chao Hick Tin and Justice Choo Han Teck upheld the sentences issued by the High Court. Singapore President S.R. Nathan later denied Tochi's request for clemency.

On 6 December 2006, CLO (Civil Liberty Organisation, Nigeria) human rights lawyer Princewill Apakpan travelled to Singapore to conduct interviews with the Nigerian embassy in Singapore and to meet Tochi in Changi Prison. His trip was sponsored by a private human rights activist from Germany. Although carrying his legal appointment from Tochi's family to represent Tochi in all matters, Singapore's prison authorities denied him access to visit Tochi. After two weeks, Princewill returned to Nigeria, where he conducted immediate action to force the Nigerian government (which has failed to show any serious concern) to take immediate action on behalf of its national. A lawsuit was issued against Nigeria's attorney general to force actions. This was delayed by the Christmas and New Year holiday season. Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo issued an official appeal only 48 hours prior to the scheduled execution.

Some activists, maintaining that Tochi was innocent, announced a hunger strike in protest against the execution, beginning at 7am on 25 January 2007, at Singapore's Speaker's Corner, moving to outside Changi Prison 12 hours later, and continuing until the execution of Tochi at the prison before dawn on the next day.

Execution
Tochi was executed on 26 January 2007 at around 06:00 SST (22:00 UTC) in Changi Prison, according to Stanley Seah, an assistant superintendent at Singapore's Central Narcotics Bureau. Okele Nelson Malachy was executed together with Tochi. A Catholic funeral service was held for Tochi at the Marymount Convent Chapel.

References

See also

Shanmugam Murugesu
Nguyen Tuong Van

External links
Amnesty International Statement – ASA 36/003/2006

1980s births
2004 crimes in Singapore
2007 deaths
21st-century executions by Singapore
Executed Nigerian people
Foreign relations of Singapore
Nigerian drug traffickers
Nigerian people executed abroad
Nigerian Roman Catholics
People executed for drug offences

Iwuchukwu Amara Tochi


Michael R. Hoffmann is an American environmental engineer. He is currently the John S. and Sherry Chen Professor of Environmental Science at the California Institute of Technology. He is one of the most highly cited engineering researchers in the world.

Hoffman obtained his bachelor's degree from Northwestern University and a doctorate from Brown University, followed by postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology. He subsequently joined the faculty of the University of Minnesota until 1980, when he returned to Caltech as an associate professor. Hoffman attained full professor status in 1986, and was named James Irvine Professor of Environmental Science in 1996. In 2016, Hoffman became Theodore Y. Wu Professor of Environmental Science, which he held until his 2018 appointment as John S. and Sherry Chen Professor of Environmental Science. In 2011, Hoffman was elected member of the United States National Academy of Engineering "for oxidative treatment technologies for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from water." He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2017.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Environmental engineers
California Institute of Technology faculty
Brown University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
University of Minnesota faculty

Michael R. Hoffmann


Michael Frederick McFadden (born September 7, 1964) is an American businessperson and the co-CEO of Lazard Middle Market, a Minneapolis-based investment bank.  McFadden was the 2014 Republican nominee for the United States Senate in Minnesota against incumbent Democrat Al Franken.

Early life and education
McFadden was born in 1964. He grew up in a Catholic family of Irish descent in Omaha, Nebraska, the eldest of five siblings.

McFadden attended the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota, graduating magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He played varsity football for the Tommies alongside his friend and roommate Vince Flynn, the late author of the New York Times best-selling Mitch Rapp book series. After college, McFadden earned a J.D. from Georgetown University.

Career
Between college and law school, McFadden worked as a marketing representative for IBM. After law school, he worked briefly as an attorney in New York City before deciding to move back to Minnesota.

Lazard Middle Market
After moving back to the Twin Cities in the early 1990s, McFadden joined Goldsmith, Agio, Helms and Co., the investment firm that would later become Lazard Middle Market. The firm had approximately a dozen employees. By 2007, the company grew to over 90 employees in five cities. That year, McFadden was named co-CEO and the firm was sold to Lazard. McFadden's role at Lazard Middle Market was to advise privately held companies on mergers and acquisitions. When asked by the Minneapolis Star Tribune to describe what Lazard Middle Market does for its clients, McFadden replied, "it's pretty simple. If you want to sell your house, you hire a Realtor. If you want to sell your business, you hire me."

On May 31, 2013, Lazard Middle Market announced that McFadden had taken a leave of absence from the firm.

Allen Edmonds Shoe Corporation
In 2006, McFadden represented Wisconsin-based Allen Edmonds Shoe Corporation in its sale to Goldner Hawn Johnson & Morrison. After the deal, McFadden was invited to serve on the shoe company's board of directors. Allen Edmonds is in a small minority of companies that still produce most of their shoes domestically. When the Great Recession hit, McFadden and the other board members stopped taking pay, and, in 2009, McFadden invested in the company to help keep it afloat. The company bounced back from the recession, even selling its American-made shoes in countries like China.

Cristo Rey Jesuit High School
McFadden serves on Cristo Rey Jesuit High School's board of directors. The school, in Minneapolis's Phillips neighborhood, has made educating students from poor families its mission. In 2013, 100% of Cristo Rey's graduating seniors were accepted to college or university.

2014 U.S. Senate run

McFadden kicked off his campaign for U.S. Senate on May 29, 2013. It was his first bid for public office. McFadden faced incumbent Democratic Senator Al Franken in the general election. McFadden received endorsements from former U.S. Senators Rudy Boschwitz, Norm Coleman and Rod Grams, all Republicans from Minnesota. His platform included jobs, education and addressing the national debt.

McFadden was critical of the Affordable Care Act, and Franken's vote to pass it. His campaign released a web video featuring Franken promising that people could keep their current plans under the act, but Franken's campaign stated that the video was taken out of context.

In July 2013, McFadden stated, "I'm working with a team of experts to come forward with detailed [plans] on health care. It's not enough just to say no to Obamacare. We need to provide an alternative. And we will, and we're working on that."

A critic of government shutdowns, McFadden has called the tactic "draconian", and criticized Franken for scheduling a celebrity-filled fundraiser during the 2013 shutdown.

In his first four months as a candidate, McFadden raised over $1.5 million for his campaign. In the Republican primary on August 13, McFadden won the party's nomination.

McFadden's Senate campaign was unsuccessful, receiving 42.91 percent of the vote to Franken's 53.15 percent.

Personal life
Mike and his wife Mary Kate live in Sunfish Lake, Minnesota, with their six children. His two eldest sons, Conor and Patrick, played football for Stanford University.

References

1964 births
Living people
American people of Irish descent
American philanthropists

Georgetown University Law Center alumni
University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) alumni
Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
People from Sunfish Lake, Minnesota
Catholics from Minnesota
Minnesota Republicans
Al Franken

Mike McFadden


David VIII (Georgian: დავით VIII; 1273–1311), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Georgia in 1292–1302 and 1308–1311.

Eldest son of Demetre II the Self-sacrificing by his Trapezuntine wife, he was appointed by the Ilkhan ruler Gaikhatu as king of Georgia as reward for his military service during the Rümelian uprising in 1293. Succeeding his cousin Vakhtang II, David's rule actually extended only over the eastern part of the kingdom, whereas western Georgia had been under the Imeretian branch of the House of Bagrationi since 1259.

In 1295, he supported Baidu Khan in an internal conflict in the Ilkhanate. However, Baidu was killed and Ghazan became a khan. Ghazan ordered the Georgian king to arrive to his capital Tabriz. Remembering the fate of his father, David refused to comply and began preparations for war. Ghazan Khan responded with a punitive expedition, and ravaged the country. Supported by the Mongols, Ossetes attacked Shida Kartli province and occupied the Liakhvi River gorge. David entrenched himself in the Mtiuleti mountains and defeated a large Mongol force in a desperate guerilla fighting at Tsikare. Then, the Khan declared him deposed and appointed David's younger brother Giorgi V as king in 1299.

Although backed by the Mongol forces, the power of Giorgi did not extend out of the Georgian capital Tbilisi, and the Khan replaced him by another brother, Vakhtang III, in 1302. The new king led a Mongol army against David, but could not penetrate deeply into the largely mountainous provinces held by the rebels, and a truce was negotiated. David was recognized as joint sovereign with his brother and received the princedom of Alastani in the southern province of Javakheti. He developed friendly relations with the Egyptian Mamluks, the traditional rivals of the Ilkhanate, and, mediated by Byzantium, achieved the restoration of the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem to the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church in 1305.

David was married twice, first to the Mongol princess Oljath, and then to a daughter of the Georgian nobleman Hamada Surameli. He was succeeded by his son Giorgi VI the Little in 1311.

Coinage
Two types of coins issued in David's name survive, silver and copper coins, stuck in 1297 and 1310, respectively. The gap between these two periods is filled with the emissions of David's brother Vakhtang III.

Ancestry

References

 Limper, B.	Die Mongolen und die christlichen Völker des Kaukasus - Eine Untersuchung zur pol. Geschichte Kaukasiens im 13. und beginnenden 14. Jh. Diss. Köln    1980
 Lang, D. M.	Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314–1346) BSOAS 17/1      S 74-91 London 1955
 Kapanadse,D. G.	Gruzinskaja Numizmatika Moskau 1955

External links
დავით VIII (in Georgian)

Kings of Georgia
1273 births
1311 deaths
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia

David VIII of Georgia


Ivor David Munro (1 July 1944 – 5 August 1999) was an English documentary filmmaker. He collaborated on 20 documentary films for television with the Australian-born journalist, John Pilger, with many of their works receiving awards. Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia, their 1979 documentary about the suffering people of Cambodia, resulted in viewers donating more than £45 million in aid.

Early life and education
His parents were Hugh Munro (an actor and television director) and Pamela Barnard (an actress and later longstanding floor manager in Drama at the BBC). His grandfather was the actor Ivor Barnard. Ivor Munro had a brother Tim Munro, who also became an actor, and sister Hatty.

Following a series of jobs, beginning as a farm labourer after leaving school, Munro became an actor for a time. He appeared in such series as Orlando, (1966–67), Z-Cars, Tightrope (1972), and in the play The Bells (Vaudeville Theatre).

Career in film-making
A connection with the actor David Swift via Tempest Films, an independent production company, led to Munro being introduced to the Australian-born journalist John Pilger. The two men first worked together on Do You Remember Vietnam? (1978), first shown by the ITV network.

In 1979 their film, Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia, exposed the extent of the genocide perpetrated by Pol Pot and the Communist Party of Kampuchea against the people of Cambodia. Broadcast on British TV, it resulted in nearly £45 million being donated spontaneously by viewers, to help Cambodians.

In total Munro and Pilger collaborated on 20 films for television, for which Munro gained several awards and commendations. Munro made several films on his own: notably, Knots (with the Actors Company) based on R. D. Laing's poems; Going Back, about the experiences of the first four US soldiers to return to Vietnam after the war; and The Four Horseman, his trilogy of films about war in the Third World.

Marriages and family
He was married three times, the first two relationships were with the actresses Sharon Duce and Susan Penhaligon. His son with Penhaligon, Truan Munro has worked in the film industry. His third wife was Layhing Siu, to whom he was married at the end of his life. Their daughter Natalia, was born eighteen months before Munro's death from cancer. He also had a step-daughter, Pilar.

References

External links

1944 births
1999 deaths
English documentary filmmakers
English male television actors
English television directors
20th-century English male actors

David Munro (documentary filmmaker)


Laura Jones (born 1975) is a British television journalist who is best known for her work on the popular children's television programme Newsround.

She was born in Aberystwyth, Wales, but spent most of her childhood in Lampeter, also in Wales. Laura worked as a journalist for BBC News in Wales before joining Newsround in 2002.

During her career to date Jones has reported from locations across the world, including a visit to New Orleans in 2005 to report on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

She was also a presenter on Your News on BBC News until the programme ended in December 2008.

Since January 2009, Jones can be seen presenting the sports bulletins on the BBC News.

Jones studied Modern Languages at Aston University, Birmingham.

External links
  All about Laura, CBBC Newsround

1975 births
Living people
Alumni of Aston University
British journalists
People from Aberystwyth

Laura Jones (journalist)