PeerTracker is a free (licensed as GPL) BitTorrent peer tracker software written in PHP that is designed to be fast and to have a low consumption of system resources.

Details
The focus of this project is to create a tracker in PHP that is fast, uses minimal server resources meanwhile providing full scale tracking capabilities.

PeerTracker does not concern itself with the indexing or uploading of torrents, nor with share ratio monitoring or any other form of user management.

It has been designed from the ground up to be easily deployed and operated from any shared or dedicated hosting environment.

Features
 Operates under BEP 3, additionally supporting BEP 23
 Code is fully PHP 5+ E_STRICT & E_DEPRECATED compliant.
 profiled and optimized for extremely fast execution and minimal cpu/memory/database usage

Requirements
 HTTP Server (Apache, Nginx, lighttpd, Hiawatha, Cherokee etc...)
 PHP 5 (Recommend PHP 5.3+)
 Access to one of the below Databases
 SQLite3 (Integrated in PHP 5.3+)
 MySQL 4.1 (Recommend MySQL 5.1+)
 PostgreSQL (Coming Soon)
 txtSQL (Coming Soon)

External links
 Official PeerTracker Development Site
 Code Mirror at Github

Free network-related software
BitTorrent tracker
Free software programmed in PHP
BitTorrent tracker for Linux

PeerTracker


Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata  (29 July 1904 – 29 November 1993) was an Indian aviator, industrialist, entrepreneur and chairman of Tata Group.

Born into the Tata Family of India, he was the son of noted businessman Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his wife Suzanne Brière. His mother was the first woman in India to drive a car and, in 1929, he became the first licensed pilot in India. He is also best known for being the founder of several industries under the Tata Group, including Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Titan Industries, Tata Salt, Voltas and Air India. In 1983, he was awarded the French Legion of Honour and in 1955 and 1992, he received two of India's highest civilian awards the Padma Vibhushan and the Bharat Ratna. These honours were bestowed on him for his contributions to Indian industry.

Early life

J. R. D. Tata was born on 29 July 1904 to an Indian Parsi family in Paris, France. He was the second child of businessman Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his French wife, Suzanne "Sooni" Brière. His father was the first cousin of Jamsetji Tata, a pioneer industrialist in India. He had one elder sister Sylla, a younger sister Rodabeh and two younger brothers Darab and Jamshed (called Jimmy) Tata. His sister, Sylla, was married to Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, the third baronet of Petits. His sister's sister-in-law, Rattanbai Petit, was the wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who later became the founder of Pakistan in August 1947. Jinnah and Rattanbai's daughter Dina Jinnah, was married to Bombay Dyeing chairman Neville Wadia who was the son of Sir Ness Wadia and Lady Eveylne Clara Powell Wadia. Neville and Dina had two children, Nusli Wadia and Diana N Wadia. Nusli is the current chairman of the Wadia Group. Nusli married Maureen Waida and they have two children, Jehangir Wadia and Ness Wadia.

As his mother was French, he spent much of his childhood in France and as a result, French was his first language. He attended the Janson De Sailly School in Paris. One of the teachers at that school used to call him L'Egyptien.

He attended the Cathedral and John Connon School, Bombay. Tata was educated in London, Japan, France and India. When his father joined the Tata company he moved the whole family to London. During this time, J. R. D.'s mother died at the age of 43 while his father was in India and his family was in France.

After his mother's death, Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata decided to move his family to India and sent J. R. D. to England for higher studies in October 1923. He was enrolled in a grammar school, and was interested in studying engineering at Cambridge University. However, as a citizen of France J. R. D. had to enlist in the army for at least a year. In between grammar school and his time in the army, he spent a brief spell at home in Bombay. After joining the French Army he was posted into a regiment of spahis. Upon discovering Tata could not only read and write French and English, but could type as well, a colonel had him assigned as a secretary in his office. After his time in the French Army, his father decided to bring him back to India and he joined the Tata Company.

In 1929, Tata renounced his French citizenship and became an Indian citizen. In 1930 Tata married Thelma Vicaji, the niece of Jack Vicaji, a colourful lawyer whom he hired to defend him on a charge of driving his Bugatti too fast along Bombay's main promenade, Marine Drive. Previously he had been engaged to Dinbai Mehta, the future mother of The Economist editor Shapur Kharegat.

While he was born to a Parsi father, and his French mother converted to Zoroastrianism, J. R. D. was agnostic. He found some Parsi religious customs like their funeral rites and their exclusiveness irksome. He adhered to the three basic tenets of Zoroastrianism, which were good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, but he did not profess belief or disbelief in God.

Career
When Tata was in tour, he was inspired by his friend's father, aviation pioneer Louis Blériot, the first man to fly across the English Channel, and took to flying. On 10 February 1929, Tata obtained the first license issued in India.
He later came to be known as the "Father of Indian civil aviation". He founded India's first commercial airline, Tata Airlines in 1932, which became Air India in 1946, now India's national airline. He and Nevill Vintcent worked together in building Tata Airlines. They were also good friends. In 1929, J. R. D. became one of the first Indians to be granted a commercial's license. In 1932 Tata Aviation Service, the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India, took to the skies. That same year he flew the first commercial mail flight to Juhu, in a de Havilland Puss Moth.

The first flight in the History of Indian aviation lifted off from Drigh in Karachi to Madras with J. R. D. at the controls of a Puss on 15 October 1932. J. R. D. nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953, when the government of Jawaharlal Nehru nationalised Air India. It was a decision J. R. D. had fought against tooth and nail.

He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925. In 1938, at the age of 34, Tata was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India. He took over as Chairman of Tata Sons from his second cousin Nowroji Saklatwala. For decades, he directed the huge Tata Group of companies, with major interests in steel, engineering, power, chemicals and hospitality. He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining high ethical standards – refusing to bribe politicians or use the black market.

Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100 million to over US$5 billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest.

He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia's first cancer facility, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, Bombay in 1941. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS, 1936), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, 1945), and the National Center for Performing Arts.

In 1945, he founded Tata Motors. In 1948, Tata launched Air India International as India's first international airline. In 1953, the Indian Government appointed Tata as Chairman of Air India and a director on the Board of Indian Airlines – a position he retained for 25 years. For his crowning achievements in aviation, he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India.

Tata cared greatly for his workers. In 1956, he initiated a programme of closer 'employee association with management' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company. He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight-hour working day, free medical aid, workers' provident scheme, and workmen's accident compensation schemes, which were later, adopted as statutory requirements in India.

He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956. In 1968, he founded Tata Consultancy Services as Tata Computer Centre. In 1979, Tata Steel instituted a new practice: a worker being deemed to be "at work" from the moment he leaves home for work until he returns home from work. This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work. In 1987, he founded Titan Industries. Jamshedpur was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life, conditions of sanitation, roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel.

Support of emergency powers in 1975
Tata was also controversially supportive of the declaration of emergency powers by Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, in 1975. He is quoted to have told a reporter of the Times, "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."

Awards and honours

Tata received a number of awards. He was conferred the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force in 1948, was promoted to the Air Commodore rank (equivalent to Brigadier in the army) on 4 October 1966, and was further promoted on 1 April 1974 to the Air Vice Marshal rank. Several international awards for aviation were given to him – the Tony Jannus Award in March 1979, the Gold Air Medal of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1985, the Edward Warner Award of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Canada in 1986 and the Daniel Guggenheim Medal in 1988. He received the Padma Vibhushan in 1955. The French Legion of Honour was bestowed on him in 1983. In 1992, because of his selfless humanitarian endeavours, Tata was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna. In his memory, the Government of Maharashtra named its first double-decker bridge the Bharatratna JRD Tata Overbridge at Nasik Phata, Pimpri Chinchwad.

Following Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's 1975-1977 Emergency, in which she controversially pursued forced sterilizations as a form of population control, Tata built on these efforts by ordering Tata Steel to open nine family planning centers in 1984. Employees and their non-employee partners were compensated for undergoing sterilization, and factory plant departments were awarded for achieving the lowest fertility rate. While such incentives arguably violated the medical ethics principle of personal bodily autonomy, Tata was awarded the 1992 United Nations Population Award for his efforts.

Death and legacy
Tata died in Geneva, Switzerland on 29 November 1993 at the age of 89 of a kidney infection. He said a few days before his passing: "Comme c'est doux de mourir" ("How gentle it is to die").

Upon his death, the Indian Parliament was adjourned in his memory – an honour not usually given to persons who are not members of parliament. He was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

In 2012, Tata was ranked the sixth "The Greatest Indian" in an Outlook magazine poll, "conducted in conjunction with CNN-IBN and History18 Channels with BBC."

See also

The Greatest Indian
R. M. Lala
Jamsetji Tata
Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata
Rattanbai Petit
Dorabji Tata

References

Bibliography

External links

Tata Family Tree
 Brief Lifestory of JRD Tata

 Biography at newindiadigest.com
 Biography at tata.com

1904 births
1993 deaths
Aviation history of India
Aviation pioneers
Indian people of French descent
Indian aviators
Indian chief executives
Parsi people from Mumbai
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Indian agnostics
Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy
Businesspeople in steel
Businesspeople in information technology
Businesspeople in coffee
Chief executives in the automobile industry
Indian founders of automobile manufacturers
Bessemer Gold Medal
Tata Group people
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Businesspeople from Paris
Cathedral and John Connon School alumni
Indian Freemasons

J. R. D. Tata


This is a chronological list of notable classical Portuguese composers.

Middle Ages
King Dinis I (1261–1325),  King of Portugal, composer and troubadour. He composed more than 200 cantigas.

Renaissance
Pedro de Escobar (after 1535), composer and flutist
Cosme Delgado (c. 1530–1596), composer of polyphony, kapellmeister in Évora and pedagogue
Vicente Lusitano (d. after 1561), composer and music theorist
Bartolomeo Trosylho (1500–1567), composer and kapellmeister in the Lisbon Cathedral
Damião de Góis (1502–1574), humanist philosopher, composer, student of Erasmus, secretary at a trading post in Antwerp
António Carreira (1520–1597), composer and organist
Diogo Dias Melgás (1538–1600), composer of polyphony
Pedro de Cristo (1545–1618), composer of polyphony
Manuel Mendes (1547–1605), composer and maestro
Heliodoro de Paiva (fl. 1552), composer, philosopher and theologian
Manuel Rodrigues Coelho (1555–1635), composer and organist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque
Duarte Lobo (1565–1646), composer, choirmaster and musical director
Manuel Cardoso (1566–1650), composer and organist
Gaspar Fernandes (1566–1629), composer and organist
Estêvão de Brito (1570–1641), composer of polyphony of the late Renaissance and early Baroque
Filipe de Magalhães (1571–1652), composer of sacred polyphony and teacher of Estêvão Lopes Morago, Estêvão de Brito and Manuel Correia
Manuel Machado (1590–1646), composer and harpist

Baroque
Manuel Correia (1600–1653), composer and kapellmeister at the La Seo Cathedral
King John IV (1603–1656), King of Portugal and early musicologist, with an essay on Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
João Lourenço Rebelo(1610–1665), composer close to John IV
Filipe da Madre de Deus (1633–1688), composer and kapellmeister of the royal music chamber
King Peter II (1648–1706), King of Portugal and composer (only ten organ pieces)
João Rodrigues Esteves, (1700–1751) composer of religious music
Carlos Seixas (1704–1742), composer and organist
António Teixeira (1707 – after 1769), composer and chief of the choir of Lisbon Cathedral
Frei Jacinto do Sacramento (1712–1780?), harpsichordist, organist and composer in Lisbon
Alberto Joseph Gomes da Silva (v.1713–1795), composer and organist
Francisco António de Almeida (before 1722 – c.1755), composer and organist
João de Sousa Carvalho (1745–1798), composer and harpsichordist
José Joaquim dos Santos (? 1747–1801), graduate of Royal Patriarchal Music Seminary, teacher, composer, singer, organist and conductor (famous for his religious music: Stabat Mater for three voices, 2 sopranos, bass, with 2 violins and violoncello and the 5 Misereres).

Classical period
Pedro António Avondano (1714–1782), composer and organist (the first Portuguese composer of the Classical period)
João Pedro de Almeida Mota (1744–1817), Portuguese composer, worked in Spain for many years, where he died. His works are scattered by these two countries.
João José Baldi (1770–1816), composer (famous for his operas) and pianist
João Domingos Bomtempo (1775–1842), pianist, composer and pedagogue
Marcos Portugal (1762–1830), composer (famous for his operas) and maestro at Teatro S. Carlos in Lisbon
Peter IV of Portugal (1798–1836), King of Portugal and Emperor of Brazil who was also a composer (pupil of Marcos Portugal and Nunes Garcia, as well as Sigismund Von Neucomm, a pupil of Haydn).

Romanticism – early 20th century
Manuel Inocêncio Liberato dos Santos (1805–1887), composer and pianist
Francisco de Sá Noronha (1820–1881), composer and violinist
José Augusto Ferreira Veiga, Viscount of Arneiro, (1838–1903) composer and ballet choreographer
Alfredo Keil (1850–1907), composer of operas and author of the music of the Portuguese national anthem
José Vianna da Motta (1868–1948), pianist, teacher and composer
Luís de Freitas Branco (1890–1955), composer and academic
António Fragoso (1897–1918), pianist and composer
Eurico Thomaz de Lima (1908–1989), composer, pianist and pedagogue

Contemporary

Álvaro Salazar (1938–), composer, songwriter and conductor
António Chagas Rosa (1960–), contemporary composer
António Pinho Vargas (1951–), jazz and contemporary music pianist and composer
António Victorino de Almeida (1940–), contemporary music composer
Bruno Bizarro (1979–), film composer, composer, songwriter
Constança Capdeville (1937–1992), contemporary music composer and teacher
Emmanuel Nunes (1941–2012), contemporary music composer
Eurico Carrapatoso (1962–), composer of mostly orchestral, chamber, choral, and vocal works
Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira (1921–2004), composer
Fernando Lopes Graça (1906–1994), composer and musicologist
Isabel Soveral (1961–), contemporary composer
Jaime Reis (1983–), contemporary composer
Joly Braga Santos (1924–1988), contemporary composer and conductor
Jorge Peixinho (1940–1995), contemporary music composer and teacher
Luís Tinoco (1969–), contemporary music composer
Pedro Macedo Camacho (1979–), concert music composer, videogame and film composer
Rodrigo Leão (1964–), contemporary composer, instrumental music composer, film composer

References

VASCONCELOS, André. Música em Portugal, Porto Editora.
Dicionário de História de Portugal, editado por Joel Serrão
Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa-Brasileira ed. de 1945

List
Portuguese
Composers

List of Portuguese composers


Owen Gray, also known as Owen Grey (born 5 July 1939), is a Jamaican musician. His work spans the R&B, ska, rocksteady, and reggae eras of Jamaican music, and he has been credited as Jamaica's first home-grown singing star.

Biography
Gray was born in Jamaica. He won his first talent contest at the age of nine, and by the age of twelve he was already appearing in public, playing drums, guitar, and keyboards. He attended the Alpha Boys School and turned professional aged 19. Gray was a dynamic performer on stage, who could be gritty or suave as the song dictated. He was the first singer (of many) to praise a sound system on record, with his "On the Beach" celebrating Clement Dodd's Sir Coxsone Downbeat system in 1959, one of the first releases on Dodd's Studio One label. He was one of the first artists to be produced by Chris Blackwell, in 1960, and his "Patricia" single was the first record ever released by Island Records.

Gray's first single, "Please Let Me Go", reached the top of the charts in Jamaica, and featured a guitar solo from Australian musician Dennis Sindrey who was a member of The Caribs, a studio band that played on many early Owen Gray recordings.  The single also sold well in the United Kingdom, as did subsequent releases, prompting Gray to emigrate there in 1962. He toured Europe in 1964, and by 1966 he was well known as a soul singer as well as for his ska songs. During 1966, he worked in the UK and Europe with The Krew, then in 1967 with Tony Knights Chessmen.

In the rocksteady era, he recorded for producer Sir Clancy Collins AKA sir collins . His popularity continued throughout the 1960s, working with producers such as Clement Dodd, Prince Buster, Sydney Crooks, Arthur "Duke" Reid, Leslie Kong, and Clancy Eccles, including work as a duo with Millie Small, with songs ranging from ska to ballads. He continued to record regularly, having a big hit in 1968 with "Cupid". His 1970 track "Apollo 12" found favour with the early skinheads, and in 1972 he returned to Island Records, recording reggae versions of The Rolling Stones' "Tumblin' Dice" and John Lennon's "Jealous Guy", although they met with little success. During this period, he regularly had releases on Pama and Pioneer Internacional label, Camel Records, and one single on Hot Lead Records. He had greater success in Jamaica, however, with "Hail the Man", a tribute to Emperor Haile Selassie, which was popular with the increasing Rastafari following.

In 1978, "This is Reggae", a song he co-wrote with Raymond Morrison and Tamara Edwards was released on Morrison's Hawk label.

Gray spent a short time living in New Orleans before returning to Jamaica where he turned his hand to roots reggae, working with producer Bunny Lee, and achieving considerable success. In the 1980s relocated to Miami. He has continued to release new material regularly, often concentrating on ballads and Gospel music.

Discography

Albums
Owen Gray Hit After Hit After Hit- Sydney Crooks (Pioneer Internacional)
Owen Gray Sings (1961) Starlite (also Island Records in Jamaica)
Cupid (1969)
Forward on the Scene (1975) Third World
Fire and Bullets (1977) Trojan
Turning Point (1977) Venture
Dreams of Owen Gray (1978) Trojan
Battle of the Giants Round 1 (1983) Vista Sounds (with Pluggy Satchmo)
Oldies But Goodies (1983) Vista Sounds (split with Delroy Wilson)
Max Romeo Meets Owen Gray at King Tubby's Studio (1984) Culture Press (with Max Romeo)
Little Girl (1984) Vista Sounds
Owen Gray Sings Bob Marley (1984) Sarge
This is Owen Gray, Pama
Room at the Top (1986) World Enterprise
Let's Make a Deal World Enterprise
Watch This Sound (1986) Sky Note
Stand By Me (1986) Hitbound
Prince Buster Memory Lane (1986) Phill Pratt
Instant Rapport (1989) Bushranger
Ready Willing and Able (1989) Park Heights
None of Jah-Jah's Children Shall Ever Suffer (198?) Imperial
Living Image (1996) Genesis Gospel Singers
Out in the Open (1997) VP
The Gospel Truth vol 1 Bushranger
Something Good Going On Bushranger
Gospel Truth, vol. 2 (1997) Jet Star
Derrick Morgan and Owen Gray (1998) Rhino (with Derrick Morgan)
True Vibration (1998) Jet Star
Do You Still Love Me (1998) First Edition
The Gospel Truth vol. 3 (1999) Bushranger
On Drive (2000) Jet Star
Better Days (2002) Worldsound
Let's Start All Over (2003) Jet Star
Jesus Loves Me (2004) True Gospel
Baby It's You (2005) Worldsound
Mumbo Jumbo (2005) Revenge
Miss Wire Waist -Pioneer Internacional (Sydney Crooks)
Excellence (????), Bushranger
Jamaica's First Homegrown Star (2020)
Owen Gray - Little Girl + Hit After Hit After Hit (2020)
Owen Gray - Singles 1969 - 1972  (2020)

Compilation albums
Hit After Hit After Hit (1998) First Edition Pioneer Internacional
Hit After Hit After Hit Vol 2 Pioneer Internacional
Hit After Hit After Hit Vol 3 Pioneer Internacional
Hit After Hit After Hit Vol 4 (198?) Pioneer Internacional
Sly & Robbie Presents Owen Gray on Top (1994) Rhino
Memory Lane Vol. 1 (2000)  Sydney Crooks (Pioneer Internacional)
Shook, Shimmy And Shake: The Anthology (2004) Trojan

References

External links
Peter I (2004) "A Question of Recognition – Interview with Owen Gray", Reggae Vibes
Owen Gray at Roots Archives

1939 births
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican reggae musicians
Island Records artists
Trojan Records artists
People educated at Alpha Boys School

Owen Gray


John Cardon Debney (born August 18, 1956) is an American composer and conductor of film, television, and video game scores. His work encompasses a variety of mediums and genres including comedy, horror, thriller, fantasy and action-adventure. He is a long-time collaborator of The Walt Disney Company, having written music for their films, television series, and theme parks. He has also collaborated with film directors such as Jon Favreau, Garry Marshall, Tom Shadyac, Peter Hyams, John A. Davis, Brad Anderson, Howard Deutch, Mark Dindal, Robert Rodriguez and Paul Tibbitt.

Debney has been the recipient of three Primetime Emmy Awards, and an Academy Award nomination for his score for Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ (2004).

Early life and education
The son of Disney Studios producer Louis Debney (Zorro, The Mickey Mouse Club), John was born and raised in Glendale, California, nearby to Disney. He began guitar lessons at age six and played in rock bands in college. Debney earned his B.A. degree in Music Composition from the California Institute of Arts in 1979.

Career
After ending his career with Disney, Debney worked for Mike Post. Debney furthered his hands-on training by working with Hanna-Barbera composer Hoyt Curtin. After this, Debney went on to score television projects as diverse as Disneyland, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, SeaQuest DSV, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Cape, The Lazarus Man, Piggsburg Pigs!, The Further Adventures of SuperTed, Doctor Who, Cagney and Lacey, Tiny Toon Adventures, The Young Riders, The New Yogi Bear Show, Police Academy: The Animated Series, Fame, Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future, Dragon's Lair, Freshman Dorm, Pop Quiz and Dink, the Little Dinosaur, for which he won an Emmy for Best Main Title. In the early 1990s, Debney began to score indie films and Disneyland attractions. In 1991, Debney composed the music for Phantom Manor and It's a Small World (also used at Disneyland from 1993 to 2002) in Disneyland Paris and SpectroMagic at Magic Kingdom. In 1993, he scored his first studio feature, the Disney comedy Hocus Pocus starring Bette Midler.

In 1994, Debney wrote Friends Forever with Greg Scelsa from Greg & Steve's album We All Live Together, Vol. 5

Debney has since gone on to have a career composing scores for many films including: Cats & Dogs, The Passion of the Christ, Bruce Almighty, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Elf, Sin City, Chicken Little, Liar Liar, Spy Kids, The Scorpion King, The Princess Diaries and Predators.

Debney has also composed scores for the video games Lair and The Sims Medieval. In 2010, he composed the theme music for the Nickelodeon television series Supah Ninjas.

He composed some of Disney Parks's Nighttime Spectaculars, including: World Of Color Celebrate! in Disney's California Adventure, The Magic, The Memories And You! and Celebrate the Magic in Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom and Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland in Tokyo Disneyland, as well as an arrangement of "When You Wish Upon a Star" as a fanfare for the Walt Disney Pictures logo from 1985 to 2006.

Filmography

Film

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 John Debney Tribute at Filmtracks.com

1956 births
American classical composers
American conductors (music)
American film score composers
American male classical composers
American male conductors (music)
American male film score composers
American television composers
Animated film score composers
Blue Sky Studios people
Classical musicians from California
DreamWorks Animation people
Hanna-Barbera people
Living people
Male television composers
Musicians from Glendale, California
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Greater Los Angeles
Sony Classical Records artists
Sony Pictures Animation people
Varèse Sarabande Records artists
Video game composers
Walt Disney Animation Studios people

John Debney


Polysius AG is a German company and subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp Technologies that manufactures cement plants and builds cement mills, cement kilns, cement factory automation systems and ore grinding facilities. Polysius is active around the world, constructing, installing and managing cement and ore processing plants.

In spring 1859, master machinist Andreas Ernst Gottfried Polysius opened his own workshop in Dessau, thereby laying the foundations for Polysius AG. In 1870, he set up the G. Polysius iron foundry and engineering works, which soon became a designer and manufacturer of mills for the burgeoning construction materials industry. By 1890, the founder's heirs were working on the company's 100th mill contract.
From that time onwards, Polysius specialised in machines for crushing, grinding and dressing/processing raw materials, as well as in the construction of cement works. In 1898, the company built Europe's first rotary kiln and in 1907 constructed a complete cement factory in Egypt.

In the late 1920s, Georg Lellep invented the LEPOL process. This revolutionised conventional cement production, significantly improving the burning process in the rotary kiln and reducing fuel consumption by a third.

In 1946, after the Second World War, Polysius made a fresh start in Dessau. At the same time, Curt Prüssing, a member of the Polysius family, formed Westpol GmbH in Beckum. Three years later, the company was renamed Polysius GmbH. Business quickly picked up, especially exports. Ten years after the new start, Polysius employed 600 people in Germany and 100 abroad.

In 1971, the Essen-based company Fried. Krupp GmbH acquired a majority share-holding in Polysius. In 1992, Polysius AG was integrated into the Krupp Plant Construction Division of Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp.

Locations
Polysius is based in Beckum, Germany; the company has subsidiaries on every continent.

External links
Thyssenkrupp website

Engineering companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia

Polysius


The Abbey of Viboldone is an abbey in Viboldone, a frazione of San Giuliano Milanese, in the province of Milan, northern Italy.

History
The abbey was founded in 1176 and completed in 1348 by the Humiliati, an order of monks, nuns and lay people who worked in the abbey producing wool cloths and cultivated the nearby fields with innovative techniques.

After the suppression of the Humiliati by Pope Pius V (1571), the abbey went to the Olivetan Benedictines, who were forced to leave the abbey in 1773, when Lombardy fell in Austrian hands.

After several years of abandonment, the abbey is currently home to the Community of Madre Margherita Marchi (Benedictine nuns) since 1941.

Architecture
The façade (finished in 1348) is hut-shaped, with mullioned windows and visible brickwork with white stone decorations, and divided into three sectors by two semi-columns. The entrance portal is in white marble, and is surmounted by a lunette with marble sculptures of the "Madonna with Child between the Saints Ambrose and John of Meda". At its sides, two Gothic niches houses statues of the Sts. Peter and Paul. The door is in dark wood, and dates to the 14th century.

The bell tower has an appearance similar to that of the façade, with frames in cotto and small arcades at the bases of the double and triple mullioned windows. The latter are surmounted by small circular windows.

The interior is rather sober, with few decorations, aside from the extensive fresco decoration of the  Giottesque school. It has a rectangular hall plan, with a nave and two aisles with five spans each (the first ones in Romanesque style, while the remaining ones are Gothic with cotto columns and high cross vaults). The arches are ogival.

The fresco decoration includes the Madonna in Maestà with Saints and the large Universal Judgement with, in the middle, Jesus and at his left the Damned, overlook by Satan. Other frescoes, depicting Renaissance musical instruments, are housed in the Music Hall, located in a building annexed to the church.

External links

Official website

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1348
Gothic architecture in Lombardy
Viboldone
Humiliati Order
Olivetan monasteries
Benedictine nunneries in Italy

Viboldone Abbey


Antonia Coello Novello (born August 23, 1944) is a Puerto Rican physician and public health administrator. She was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and served as 14th Surgeon General of the United States from 1990 to 1993. Novello was the first woman and first Hispanic to serve as Surgeon General. Novello also served as Commissioner of Health for the State of New York from 1999 to 2006. Novello has received numerous awards including more than fifty honorary degrees, was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2000, and has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Career

Pediatric nephrologist
In 1976, Novello opened her own private practice in Springfield, Virginia, where she worked as a pediatrician. However, she soon realized that she lacked adequate emotional detachment for her work so she terminated her practice. Novello stated in an interview, "When the pediatrician cries as much as the parents do, then you know it's time to get out."

Public Health Service
In 1979, Novello joined the Public Health Service and received a commission in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC). Her first assignment was as a project officer at the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). From 1976, she also held a clinical appointment in pediatrics at Georgetown University School of Medicine. During her years at NIH, Novello worked on an MPH degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, receiving the degree in 1982.

Novello held various positions at NIH before being appointed to Assistant Surgeon General grade in the PHSCC and assignment as the deputy director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 1986. She also served as Coordinator for AIDS Research for NICHD from September 1987. In this role, she developed a particular interest in pediatric AIDS, which caught the attention of the White House.

Novello made major contributions to the drafting and enactment of the Organ Transplantation Procurement Act of 1984 while assigned to the United States Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, working with the staff of committee chairman Orrin Hatch.

Surgeon General
Novello was appointed Surgeon General by President George H. W. Bush, beginning her tenure on March 9, 1990, and was appointed to the temporary rank of vice admiral in the regular corps while the Surgeon General. She was the first woman and the first Hispanic to hold the position.

During her tenure as Surgeon General, Novello focused her attention on the health of women, children and minorities, as well as on underage drinking, smoking, and AIDS. She played an important role in launching the Healthy Children Ready to Learn Initiative. She was actively involved in working with other organizations to promote immunization of children and childhood injury prevention efforts. She spoke out often and forcefully about illegal underage drinking, and called upon the United States Department of Health and Human Services Inspector General to issue a series of reports on the subject.

Novello also worked to discourage illegal tobacco use by young people, and repeatedly criticized the tobacco industry for appealing to the youth market through the use of cartoon characters such as Joe Camel. A workshop that she convened led to the emergence of a National Hispanic/Latino Health Initiative.

Novello was controversial among abortion rights advocates due to her support of a policy prohibiting family planning program workers who received federal financing from discussing abortion with their patients.

Novello left the post of Surgeon General on June 30, 1993, with the administration of President Bill Clinton praising her for her "vigor and talent."

Later years
After leaving the position of Surgeon General, Novello remained in the regular corps of the Public Health Service. She was assigned to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) as Special Representative for Health and Nutrition from 1993 to 1996 reverting to her permanent two-star rank of rear admiral. In 1996, she became visiting professor of health policy and management at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. She retired from the Public Health Service and the PHSCC shortly after with the grade of vice admiral.

In 1999, Governor of New York George Pataki appointed Novello as the Commissioner of Health for the State of New York. She served until 2006.

From 2008 to 2014, Novello was vice president of Women and Children Health and Policy Affairs at Disney Children's Hospital at Florida Hospital in Orlando, Florida.

As of December 31, 2014, Novello retired from her position as an executive director of public health policy at Florida Hospital - Orlando.

Awards
Selected awards and honors include:

  Public Health Service Commendation Medal, 1983
  Public Health Service Citation Medal, 1984
  Public Health Service Regular Corps Ribbon, 1987
  Public Health Service Outstanding Service Medal, 1988
  Public Health Service Unit Commendation, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994
  Surgeon General's Exemplary Service Medal, 1989
  Public Health Service Outstanding Unit Citation, 1989
  Public Health Service Meritorious Service Medal, 1990
  Public Health Service National Emergency Preparedness Award, 1990
  Public Health Service Foreign Duty Service Award, 1990
  United States Coast Guard Meritorious Service Medal, 1992
  Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal, 1992
  Humanitarian Service Medal, 2018

  Commissioned Officers Association
  Association of Military Surgeons of the United States
  Reserve Officers Association
  Order of Military Medical Merit
 Surgeon General Badge
 Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Badge

1988, 1992, American Men and Women of Science
1990, Life Achievement Award, the National Puerto Rican Coalition
1990, Lillian D. Wald Award
1991, Living Legacy Award, Women's International Center
1991, Medical Achievement Award, American Liver Foundation
1991, Congressional Hispanic Caucus Medal
1991, Simon Bolivar, National Award Recipient
1991 The Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
1992, The Washington Times Freedom Award
1992, Elizabeth Ann Seton Award, National Catholic Education Association
1992, Order of Military Medical Merit, US Army
1993, La Leche League International Award of Recognition
1993 Ellis Island Congressional Medal of Honor, Ellis Island
1993, American Medical Association, Nathan David Award
1993, Department of Defense, Legion of Merit Medal, US Army
1993, Bronze Medal for Commendable Service, US Environmental Protection Agency
1993, Navy Distinguished Public Service Award US Navy
1994, Induction, National Women's Hall of Fame.
1995, Ronald McDonald Children's Charities Award of Excellence
1995, Veterans of Foreign Wars, James E. Van Zandt Citizenship Award
1996, Miami Children's Hospital International Pediatric Hall of Fame
1996, Hispanic Hero Award, U.S. Hispanic Leadership Conference
1998, Hispanic Heritage Awards - Leadership Award
2000, elected to the National Academy of Medicine
2000, YWCA Racial Justice Award
2001, American Cancer Society Humanitarian Award
2002, University Medal of Honor, State University of New York at Stony Brook
2002, American Medical Women's Association, International Women in Medicine Hall of Fame
2002, Smithsonian Institution, The James Smithson Bicentennial Medal
2002, The National Medical Fellowships Lifetime Achievement Award
2003, The Distinguished Service to the Nation's Public Health Award
2003, Homeland Security Award, National Foundation for Women Legislators
2005, National Governor's Association, Distinguished Service to State Government Award
2006, Women of the Américas Award, Unión de Mujeres de Las Américas
2008, Legacy Award for Sciences, Smithsonian Institution Latino Center
2011, El Quixote Award for Lifetime Achievement
2017, Government of Puerto Rico Recognition Award for Services Rendered During Hurricane Maria
2018, Jones Act Centennial Medal of U.S. Citizenship, Government of Puerto Rico
2018, Dolores C. Huerta Woman of Courage Medallion, United States Hispanic Leadership Institute
2018, Impact Leader for Advocacy, Change Maker Impact Awards, United Way
2018, Special Recognition Award, Teachers Association of Puerto Rico
2019, Meritorious Public Service Medal for Exceptional Service during the Recovery Operations in Puerto Rico during Hurricane Maria, U.S. Army
2020, USA Today, 100 Women of the Century
2020, Lifetime Achievement Award, Latina Style Magazine
2021, Premio a la Excelencia del Servicio al Projimo, Sister Isolina Ferré Award
2023, Puerto Rico National Guard, Merit Cross Medal

Novello has been awarded more than 50 honorary doctorates.

Early life
Antonia Novello, born on August 23, 1944, in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, was the oldest of two children; she also had a half-brother. After her divorce, her mother, Ana Delia Flores,  remarried. Novello did not know her father. At birth, Novello was diagnosed with congenital megacolon, a condition that required Novello to spend two weeks every summer in the hospital. Although Novello was told at eight years old that she should have surgery to correct her problem, it would take another ten years before such an operation would happen. Nevertheless, Novello managed to excel in her study to become a doctor. Her experience with that disease, left such an impact on her that she vowed to become a doctor so that "no other person is going to wait 18 years for surgery."

Education
At an early age, Novello's mother, a school teacher and later high school principal, stressed the importance of an education. Novello excelled in her education and graduated from high school at the age of 15. She attended the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras where she received her Bachelor of Science degree in 1965. She went on to the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine in San Juan   where she received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1970. That same year, she married Joseph R. Novello and they both moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan where she continued her medical studies. Novello began a pediatric internship at University of Michigan Medical School. She became the first woman to receive the "University of Michigan Pediatrics Department Intern of the Year" award. In 1973, Novello and her husband moved to Washington D.C. to begin her residency in pediatric nephrology at Georgetown University School of Medicine Hospital until 1976. She earned her Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins University in 1982 and her Doctorate in Public Health also from Johns Hopkins in 2000.

Personal life
Novello was married to former US Navy flight surgeon and psychiatrist, Joseph R. Novello.  She was the sister-in-law of Saturday Night Live alumnus Don Novello, creator of the character persona Father Guido Sarducci.

Felony conviction - Now Sealed

On June 26, 2009, in a plea deal with prosecutors, Novello pleaded guilty to one felony count of filing a false instrument involving a worker's duties. Her guilty plea was accepted by the court on August 13, 2009. She was sentenced to pay $22,500 in restitution, a $5,000 fine, and spend 250 hours doing community service at a medical clinic for uninsured patients. Outside the court immediately after the sentencing, her lawyer called the crime an "administrative processing offense – nothing else." On March 31, 2022, by order of the Albany County Court, Judge Roger D. McDonough, the records were sealed.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican scientists and inventors
History of women in Puerto Rico

References

External links

1944 births
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century women scientists
American people convicted of misusing public funds
American politicians of Puerto Rican descent
Commissioners of Health of the State of New York
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni
Living people
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
New York (state) Republicans
People from Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican people in New York (state) politics
Puerto Rican public health doctors
Recipients of the Humanitarian Service Medal
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal
Republican Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
Surgeons General of the United States
University of Puerto Rico alumni
University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine alumni
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps admirals
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officers
United States Public Health Service personnel
Women in New York (state) politics
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Antonia Novello


James Holman FRS (15 October 1786 – 29 July 1857), known as the "Blind Traveller," was a British adventurer, author and social observer, best known for his writings on his extensive travels. Completely blind and experiencing pain and limited mobility, he undertook a series of solo journeys that were unprecedented both in their extent of geography and method of "human echolocation". In 1866, the journalist William Jerdan wrote that "From Marco Polo to Mungo Park, no three of the most famous travellers, grouped together, would exceed the extent and variety of countries traversed by our blind countryman." In 1832, Holman became the first blind person to circumnavigate the globe. He continued travelling, and by October 1846 had visited every inhabited continent.

Life and travels

Holman was born in Exeter, the son of an apothecary. He entered the British Royal Navy in 1798 as first-class volunteer, and was appointed lieutenant in April 1807. In 1810, while on the Guerriere off the coast of the Americas, he was invalided by an illness that first affected his joints, then finally his vision. At the age of 25, he was rendered totally and permanently blind.

In recognition of the fact that his condition was duty-related, he was in 1812 appointed to the Naval Knights of Windsor, with a lifetime grant of care in Windsor Castle. This position demanded he attend church service twice daily as his only duty in return for room and board, but the quietness of such a life harmonized so poorly with his active habits and keen interests, physically making him ill, that he requested multiple leaves of absence on health grounds, first to study medicine and literature at the University of Edinburgh, then to go abroad on a Grand Tour from 1819 to 1821 when he journeyed through France, Italy, Switzerland, the parts of Germany bordering on the Rhine, Belgium and the Netherlands. On his return he published The Narrative of a Journey through France, etc. (London, 1822).

He again set out in 1822 with the incredible design of making the circuit of the world from west to east, something which at the time was almost unheard of by a lone traveller, blind or not - but he travelled through Russia as far east as the Mongolian frontier of Irkutsk.  There he was suspected by the Czar of being a spy who might publicize the extensive activities of the Russian American Company should he travel further east, and was conducted back forcibly to the frontiers of Poland.  He returned home by Austria, Saxony, Prussia and Hanover, when he then published Travels through Russia, Siberia, etc. (London, 1825).

Shortly afterwards he again set out to accomplish by a somewhat different method the design which had been frustrated by the Russian authorities; and an account of his remarkable achievement was published in four volumes in 1834–1835, under the title of A Voyage Round the World, including Travels in Africa, Asia, Australasia, America, etc., from 1827 to 1832.

His last journeys were through Spain, Portugal, Moldavia, Montenegro, Syria and Turkey. Within a week after finishing an autobiography, Holman's Narratives of His Travels, he died in London on 29 July 1857 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery. This last work was never published, and likely has not survived.

Recognition
Holman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (UK), and of the Linnaean Society (UK). Charles Darwin, in The Voyage of the Beagle, cited Holman's writings as a source on the flora of the Indian Ocean. On Fernando Po Island, now part of Equatorial Guinea, the British Government named the Holman River in his honour, commemorating his contributions to fighting the slave trade in the region during the 1820s.

Holman Prize
Since 2017 the San Francisco-based LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired has awarded an annual Holman Prize, named in Holman's honour. Three blind people are each given up to $25,000 to support them in an adventurous project.

Gallery

See also

The Wool Road (New South Wales)

References

Roberts, Jason (2006). A Sense of the World: How a Blind Man Became History's Greatest Traveler, HarperCollins Publishing, New York, NY, 2006

External links

A Holman site on Jason Roberts' web-site
Audio excerpts of Roberts' book
"Tales of a Blind Traveler" on NPR 19 August 2006 (includes audio)

1786 births
1857 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Royal Navy officers
British travel writers
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
English blind people
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Writers from Exeter
Military Knights of Windsor
Blind writers
British scientists with disabilities
Blind scholars and academics
British writers with disabilities

James Holman


Ardozyga celidophora is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Turner in 1919. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is . The forewings are pale-brown, with the markings and a few scattered scales fuscous. There is an outlined blotch, ill-defined dorsally, including the plical and first discal, a dot above the middle second discal at two-thirds and a large tornal and terminal blotch which is narrower at the apex. There are also some whitish-brown terminal dots. The hindwings are whitish-ochreous with the apical one-third grey.

References

Ardozyga
Moths described in 1919
Moths of Australia

Ardozyga celidophora


Mapinius (also spelled Mappinius, Mappinus or Mapinus) was the bishop of Reims from 535 until 550. His name is of Gaulish (Celtic) origin.

Mapinius did not attend the Fifth Council of Orléans in 549 in person, but he sent the archdeacon Protadius as his representative. Two letters he wrote are preserved in the collection known as the Epistulae Austrasicae. In the first, dated to between about 540 and 550 by the editors, Mapinius congratulates Bishop Vilicus of Metz on his seventieth birthday. He also praised him for not only pastoring sheep, but fattening bishops with his charm. This praise was, however, only prefatory to his true purpose, which was to inquire about the price of pigs around Reims. This may have been related to business or to the payment of taxes in kind (pigs) to the crown.

In the second letter, responding to a letter from Bishop Nicetius of Trier, Mapinius apologizes for being unable to attend the Council of Toul in 550. This latter is a valuable historical source for this council. Mapinius indicates that he was invited to the council through a letter from King Theudebald. When he wrote back demanding to know the purpose of the council, he learned that the king wished to overturn Nicetius' excommunication of certain Franks for incest. In his letter to Nicetius, he claimed not have received this information until too late, but some scholars reject this explanation. It may be that he simply did not wish to become involved or to make the journey. There may, however, have been a genuine breakdown in communication between the bishops, if Mapinius and Nicetius were indeed on the same side. Mapinius scolds Nicetius for not informing him directly of the council's purpose, and he asks about the guilt of the excommunicated parties and whether as a bishop he should receive them.

Notes

Bibliography

6th-century Frankish bishops
Bishops of Reims
Letter writers in Latin

Mapinius


Kaniv is a city located in central Ukraine, in the Cherkasy Oblast (province). It was founded in the 11th century by Kievan Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The city sits on the Dnieper River and is one of the main inland river ports on the Dnieper. It has a population of around 23,172 people.  Kaniv is most famous for being the burial place of Taras Shevchenko, a celebrated Ukrainian poet and painter.  The Kaniv reserve is the oldest historical and cultural reserve in Ukraine. There are many industries in the city, including a hydroelectric power plant, a fruit and vegetable factory, a condiments factory, a large milk and cheese factory, and a poultry processing factory. Kaniv played a prominent role in the Kievan Rus' (Ruthenian state) where it was a center of an apanage principality within the principality of Kyiv. It has been part of Kievan Rus', the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Poland. It was also one of the centers of Cossack culture and military life.

Former countries in Europe
Cities in Cherkasy Oblast

Kaniv


Anand Kumar (born 1 January 1973) is an Indian Mathematics educator, best known for his Super 30 programme, which he started in Patna, Bihar in 2002, known for coaching underprivileged students for JEE- Main &  JEE-Advanced, the entrance examination for the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Kumar was named in Time magazine's list of Best of Asia 2010. In 2023, he was awarded the Padma Shri, country's fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contributions in the field of literature and education.

By 2018, 422 out of 510 students had made it to the IITs and Discovery Channel showcased his work in a documentary. Kumar has spoken at MIT and Harvard about his programs for students from the underprivileged sections of Indian society. Kumar and his school have been the subject of several smear campaigns, some of which have been carried in Indian media sources. His life and work had been portrayed in the 2019 film, Super 30, where Kumar is played by Hrithik Roshan.

Early life

Anand Kumar was born in Bihar, India. His father was a clerk in the postal department of India. His father could not afford private schooling for his children, and Anand attended a Hindi medium government school, where he developed his deep interest in mathematics. In his childhood, he studied at Patna High School, in Patna, Bihar. During his graduation, Kumar submitted papers on number theory, which were published in the Mathematical Spectrum. Kumar secured admission to the University of Cambridge, but could not attend because of his father's death and his financial condition.

Teaching career

In 1992, Kumar began teaching mathematics. He rented a classroom for Rs. 300 per month, and began his own institute, the Ramanujan School of Mathematics (RSM). Within the span of year, his class grew from two students to thirty-six, and after three years almost 500 students had enrolled. Then in early 2000, when a poor student came to him seeking coaching for IIT-JEE, who could not afford the annual admission fee due to poverty, Kumar was motivated to start the Super 30 programme in 2002, for which he is now well-known.

Since 2002, every May, the Ramanujan School of Mathematics holds a competitive test to select 30 students for the Super 30 program. Many students appear at the test, and eventually, he takes thirty intelligent students from economically backward sections, tutors them, and provides study materials and lodging for a year. He prepares them for the Joint Entrance Examination for the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT). His mother, Jayanti Devi, cooks for the students, and his brother Pranav Kumar takes care of the management.

During 2003 to 2017, 391 students out of 450 passed the IITs. In 2010, all the students of Super 30 cleared IIT JEE entrance making it a three in a row for the institution. Kumar has no financial support for Super 30 from any government as well as private agencies, and manages on the tuition fee he earns from the Ramanujan Institute. After the success of Super 30 and its growing popularity, he received offers from the private sector – both national and international companies – as well as the government for financial help, but he has refused it; Kumar wanted to sustain Super 30 through his own efforts.

From 2006 to 2010, 30 out of 30 students cleared the IIT-JEE.  In subsequent years, the pass rates for the 30 students at the IIT-JEE examinations were: 2011 – 24, 2012–27, 2013–28, 2014–27, 2015–25, 2016–28, 2017–30, and 2018–26.

Personal life
In 2019, Kumar revealed that he has been suffering from Acoustic neuroma, a rare kind of brain tumor, and lost 80-90% hearing ability of his right ear due to it. He is under treatment of renowned neurosurgeon B. K. Misra at the Hinduja Hospital in Mumbai.

Recognition

In March 2009, Discovery Channel broadcast a one-hour-long programme on Super 30, and half a page was devoted to Kumar in The New York Times. Actress and former Miss Japan Norika Fujiwara visited Patna to make a documentary on Kumar's initiatives. Kumar has been featured in programmes by the BBC. He has spoken about his experiences at various global-level institutes including Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, a number of IITs, University of British Columbia, Tokyo University and Stanford University. He was also inducted in the Limca Book of Records (2009) for his contribution in helping poor students pass the IIT-JEE by providing them free coaching. Time magazine included Super 30 in the list of Best of Asia 2010. Kumar was awarded the S. Ramanujan Award for 2010 by the Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS) in July 2010.

Super 30 received praise from United States President Barack Obama's special envoy, Rashad Hussain, who termed it the "best" institute in the country. Newsweek Magazine has taken note of the initiative of mathematician Anand Kumar's Super 30 and included his school in the list of four most innovative schools in the world. Kumar was given the top award of Bihar government, "Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad Shiksha Puraskar", in November 2010. He was awarded the Prof. Yashwantrao Kelkar Yuva Puraskar award in 2010 by Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) in Bangalore.

In April 2011, Kumar was selected by Europe's magazine Focus as "one of the global personalities who have the ability to shape exceptionally talented people."  Kumar also helped Amitabh Bachchan in preparing for his role in the film Aarakshan. Many people from Bollywood including renowned directors and producers are interested in making a movie on the life of Anand Kumar. He was named by UK based magazine Monocle among the list of 20 pioneering teachers of the world. He was also honoured by government of British Columbia, Canada. Kumar was given the Baroda Sun Life Achievement Award by Bank of Baroda in Mumbai. Kumar was conferred with the Ramanujan Mathematics Award at the Eighth National Mathematics Convention at function in Rajkot. He was conferred with an Honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc) by Karpagam University, Coimbatore. He was also awarded Maharishi Ved Vyas by Madhya Pradesh Government for extraordinary contribution in education Anand Kumar was honored by ministry of education of Saxony of Germany.

Kumar presented his biography to then-President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, which was written by Canada-based psychiatrist Biju Mathew. Kumar was awarded "Rashtriya Bal Kalyan Award" by president of India Ram Nath Kovind. A Canadian MP Marc Dalton has praised Anand Kumar's "inspiring work" with underprivileged children as a successful model for education in Canadian parliament. Anand Kumar was conferred an honorary PhD by the National Institute of Technology.

Awards
On 8 November 2018, Anand Kumar was honoured with the Global Education Award 2018 by Malabar Gold & Diamonds in Dubai. His efforts in the field of education are considered "pioneering". Anand Kumar has been felicitated in the US with  "Education Excellence Award 2019 " by the Foundation For Excellence in Education (FFE) at a function in San Jose, California. Anand Kumar received "Mahaveer Award" in Chennai.
Anand Kumar recently awarded with Bharat Ganit Ratna Award 2022- a special award declared by DASA India - National VO operated from Agartala Tripura on 10 March 2022, which has been handed over by Anjan Banik, National Chairman of DASA India.

In 2023, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India for his contributions in the field of literature and education.

In 2018, he was awarded Mahaveer Awards for excellence in human endeavour in the field of Education, presented by Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation.

In popular culture
Bollywood director Vikas Bahl has directed a film titled Super 30, with Hrithik Roshan as Anand Kumar, based on his life and works. The movie was successful at the box office and became a great inspiration for many students.

Smear campaigns
On 23 July 2018, an article in Dainik Jagran cited former Super 30 students who said that only three students from the program had passed the IIT JEE exam that year, contrary to Kumar's claim that 26 had passed. The report also claimed that students who sought to enroll in Super 30 were pushed to enroll in another coaching center called Ramanujan Classes, a for-profit institution, on the pretext that Kumar would coach them if they performed well. Furthermore, the article alleged that by asking IIT aspirants to enroll in Ramanujan Classes, Kumar made over Rs 1 crore annually.

Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar Tejashwi Yadav spoke in favour of Anand Kumar and said that "propaganda is being run in media influenced by feudal mindset to discredit and defame Anand Kumar." Union Cabinet Minister and former actor, Shatrughan Sinha, has also spoken in Kumar's favour on Twitter. In August 2018, The Hindu reported that Kumar and his school are frequently the target of smear campaigns, and identified the potential sources of the fabricated stories that appeared in the Dainik Jagran newspaper in July.
Dainik Jagran made amends and presented its 'Editor's Choice Award' to Super 30 founder Anand Kumar in 2021 recognising his work in the field of education.

References

External links

Writers from Patna
Scholars from Bihar
1973 births
Living people
21st-century Indian mathematicians
Indian columnists
Scientists from Patna
Journalists from Bihar
21st-century Indian educational theorists
Indian technology writers
Indian Hindus
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education

Anand Kumar


Aon PLC () is a British-American professional services and management consulting firm that offers a range of risk-mitigation products. The firm also provides data and analytics services, strategy consulting through Aon Inpoint and investment banking advisory through Aon Securities. Aon has approximately 50,000 employees across 120 countries.

Founded in Chicago by Patrick Ryan, Aon was created in 1982 when the Ryan Insurance Group merged with the Combined Insurance Company of America. In 1987, that company was renamed Aon from aon, a Gaelic word meaning "one". The company is globally headquartered in London with its North America operations based in Chicago at the Aon Center. Aon is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under AON with a market cap of $65 billion in April 2023.

History
W. Clement Stone's mother bought a small Detroit insurance agency, and in 1918 brought her son into the business. Mr. Stone sold low-cost, low-benefit accident insurance, underwriting and issuing policies on-site. The next year he founded his own agency, the Combined Registry Co.

As the Great Depression began, Stone reduced his workforce and improved training. Forced by his son's respiratory illness to winter in the South, Stone moved to Arkansas and Texas. In 1939 he bought American Casualty Insurance Co. of Dallas, Texas. It was consolidated with other purchases as the Combined Insurance Co. of America in 1947. The company continued through the 1950s and 1960s, continuing to sell health and accident policies. In the 1970s, Combined expanded overseas despite being hit hard by the recession.

In 1982, after 10 years of stagnation under Clement Stone Jr., the elder Stone, then 79, resumed control until the completion of a merger with Ryan Insurance Co. allowed him to transfer control to Patrick Ryan. Ryan, the son of a Ford dealer in Wisconsin and a graduate of Northwestern University, had started his company as an auto credit insurer in 1964. In 1976, the company bought the insurance brokerage units of the Esmark conglomerate. Ryan focused on insurance brokering and added more upscale insurance products. He also trimmed staff and took other cost-cutting measures, and in 1987 he changed Combined's name to Aon. In 1992, he bought Dutch insurance broker Hudig-Langeveldt. In 1995, the company sold its remaining direct life insurance holdings to General Electric to focus on consulting.

Aon built a global presence through purchases. In 1997, it bought The Minet Group, as well as insurance brokerage Alexander & Alexander Services, Inc. in a deal that made Aon (temporarily) the largest insurance broker worldwide. The firm made no US buys in 1998, but doubled its employee base with purchases including Spain's largest retail insurance broker, Gil y Carvajal, and the formation of Aon Korea.

Responding to industry demands, Aon announced its new fee disclosure policy in 1999, and the company reorganised to focus on buying personal line insurance firms and to integrate its acquisitions. That year it bought Nikols Sedgwick Group, an Italian insurance firm, and formed RiskAttack (with Zurich US), a risk analysis and financial management concern aimed at technology companies. The cost of integrating its numerous purchases, however, hammered profits in 1999.

Despite its troubles, in 2000 Aon bought Reliance Group's accident and health insurance business, as well as Actuarial Sciences Associates, a compensation and employee benefits consulting company. Later in that year, however, the company decided to cut 6% of its workforce as part of a restructuring effort. In 2003, the company saw revenues increase primarily because of rate hikes in the insurance industry. Also that year, Endurance Specialty, a Bermuda-based underwriting operation that Aon helped to establish in November 2001 along with other investors, went public. The next year Aon sold most of its holdings in Endurance.

In the late 2007, Aon announced the divestiture of its underwriting business. With this move, the firm sold off its two major underwriting subsidiaries: Combined Insurance Company of America (acquired by ACE Limited for $2.4 billion) and Sterling Life Insurance Company (purchased by Munich Re Group for $352 million). The low margin and capital-intensive nature of the underwriting industry was the primary reason for the firm's decision to divest.

This growth strategy manifested in November 2008 when Aon announced it had acquired reinsurance intermediary and capital advisor Benfield Group Limited for $1.75 billion. The acquisition amplified the firm's broking capabilities, positioning Aon one of the largest players in the reinsurance brokerage industry.

In 2010, Aon made its most significant acquisition to date with the purchase of Hewitt Associates for $4.9 billion. Aside from drastically boosting Aon's human resources consulting capacity and entering the firm into the business process outsourcing industry, the move added 23,000 colleagues and more than $3 billion in revenue.

In January 2012, Aon announced that its headquarters would be moved to London, although North American operations and jobs remained in Chicago.

On 10 February 2017, Aon announced that it was selling its employee benefits outsourcing business to private equity firm The Blackstone Group for US$4.8 billion (£3.8 billion).

In February 2020, Aon named Eric Andersen as president of Aon after co-president Michael O'Connor departed the company to pursue new opportunities. He will be reporting to Greg Case, the firm's CEO.

In June 2020, Aon announced it was planning to repay the temporary 20% pay cut from 70% of employees that was published in a statement in April 2020 regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. On 30 June 2020, Aon announced it would repay staff in full, plus 5% of the withheld amount.

In June 2020, Willis Towers Watson called its shareholders to two meetings to discuss its acquisition with Aon for August 26, 2020. It was revealed that the US Department of Justice has requested more information on the deal under antitrust rules.

September 11 attacks
Aon's New York offices were on the 92nd and 98th–105th floors of the South Tower of the World Trade Center at the time of the September 11 attacks. When the North Tower was struck by American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m., an evacuation of Aon's offices was quickly initiated by executive Eric Eisenberg, and 924 of the estimated 1,100 Aon employees present at the time managed to get below the 77th floor before United Airlines Flight 175 crashed between Floors 77 and 85 at 9:03 a.m.

Many, however, did not manage to get beneath in the 17 minutes they had between the two impacts. As a result, 176 employees of Aon were killed in the crash or died in the eventual collapse of the tower or from smoke inhalation. At 9:59 a.m., the tower finally collapsed, killing any survivors still within, including Eisenberg and Kevin Cosgrove.

Spitzer investigation
In 2004–2005, Aon, along with other brokers including Marsh & McLennan and Willis, fell under regulatory investigation under New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and other state attorneys general. At issue was the practice of insurance companies' payments to brokers (known as contingent commissions). The payments were thought to bring a conflict of interest, swaying broker decisions on behalf of carriers, rather than customers. In the spring of 2005, without acknowledging any wrongdoing, Aon agreed to a $190 million settlement, payable over 30 months.

UK regulatory breach
In January 2009, Aon was fined £5.69 million in the UK by the Financial Services Authority, who stated that the fine related to the company's inadequate bribery and corruption controls, claiming that between 14 January 2005 and 30 September 2007 Aon had failed to properly assess the risks involved in its dealings with overseas firms and individuals. The Authority did not find that any money had actually made its way to illegal organisations. Aon qualified for a 30% discount on the fine as a result of its cooperation with the investigation. Aon said its conduct was not deliberate, adding it had since "significantly strengthened and enhanced its controls around the usage of third parties".

US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations
In December 2011, Aon Corporation paid a $16.26 million penalty to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice for violations of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
According to the Securities and Exchange Commission, Aon's subsidiaries made improper payments of over $3.6 million to government officials and third-party facilitators in Costa Rica, Egypt, Vietnam, Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates, Myanmar and Bangladesh, between 1983 and 2007, to obtain and retain insurance contracts.

Major acquisitions
On 5 January 2007, Aon announced that its Aon Affinity group had acquired the WedSafe Wedding Insurance program.

On 22 August 2008, Aon announced that it had acquired London-based Benfield Group. The acquiring price was US$1.75 billion or £935 million, with US$170 million of debt.

On 5 March 2010, Hewitt Associates announced that it acquired Senior Educators Ltd. The acquisition offers companies a new way to address retiree medical insurance commitments.

On 12 July 2010, Aon announced that it had agreed to buy Lincolnshire, Illinois-based Hewitt Associates for $4.9 billion in cash and stock.

On 7 April 2011, Aon announced that it had acquired Johannesburg, South Africa-based Glenrand MIB. Financial terms were not disclosed.

On 19 July 2011, Aon announced that it bought Westfield Financial Corp., the owner of insurance-industry consulting firm Ward Financial Group, from Ohio Farmers Insurance Co. Financial terms were not disclosed.

On 22 October 2012, Aon announced that it agreed to buy OmniPoint, Inc, a Workday consulting firm. Financial terms were not disclosed.

On 16 June 2014, Aon announced that it agreed to buy National Flood Services, Inc., a large processor of flood insurance, from Stoneriver Group, L.P.

On 31 October 2016, Aon's Aon Risk Solutions completed acquisition of Stroz Friedberg LLC, a specialised risk management firm focusing on cybersecurity.

On 14 November 2016, Aon acquired CoCubes an online Indian Assessment firm, facilitating hiring of entry-level engineering graduates.

On 10 February 2017, Aon plc agreed to sell its human resources outsourcing platform for US$4.8 billion (£3.8 billion) to Blackstone Group L.P. (BX.N), creating a new company called Alight Solutions.

In September 2017, Aon announced its intent to purchase real estate investment management firm The Townsend Group from Colony NorthStar for $475 million, expanding Aon's property investment management portfolio.

On 9 March 2020, Aon announced its merger with Willis Towers Watson for nearly $30 billion in an all-stock deal that creates the world's largest insurance broker. As of 21 May 2020, Willis board was under probe over merger agreement with Aon. The deal was called off in July 2021.

Operations

Manchester United
On 3 June 2009, it was reported that Aon had signed a four-year shirt sponsorship deal with English football giant Manchester United. On 1 June 2010, Aon replaced American insurance company AIG as the principal sponsor of the club. The Aon logo was prominently displayed on the front of the club's shirts until the 2014/2015 season when Chevrolet replaced them. The deal was said to be worth £80 million over four years, replacing United's deal with AIG as the most lucrative shirt deal in history at the time.

In April 2013, Aon signed a new eight-year deal with Manchester United to rename their training ground as the Aon Training Complex and sponsor the club's training kits, reportedly worth £180 million to the club.

Awards
 Aon was awarded Investment Consultancy of the Year and Fiduciary Manager of the Year at the FT's 2014 Pension and Investment Provider Awards
 Aon received a perfect score on the Human Rights Campaign's 2013 Corporate Equality Index
 Aon was named to Working Mother's list of the 100 Best Companies for 2012
 Aon Risk Solutions was the most recommended broker in 2012 for service and expertise by middle market buyers in Business Insurance's Buyers Choice Awards
 Aon Risk Solutions was named Broker of the Year and Training Programme of the Year in 2012 by Insurance Times
 Aon Benfield was named 2012 European Reinsurance Broker of the Year, Best European Property Reinsurance Broker and Best European Casualty Reinsurance Broker at the European Intelligent Insurer Awards
 Aon Benfield was named Best Global Reinsurance Broking Company for Analytics at Reactions Global Awards 2012
 Aon Hewitt was named Top Retirement Consultant of 2012 by PLANSPONSOR Magazine2
 Aon Hewitt was named Actuarial and Investment Consultant of the Year for 2012 at the Professional Pensions Awards

References

External links
Official website

Actuarial firms
Companies based in London
Financial services companies based in the City of London
Financial services companies established in 1982
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Financial services companies of the United States
Consulting firms established in 1982
Tax inversions
Risk management companies
Human resource management consulting firms
Insurance companies of the United Kingdom
International management consulting firms
Management consulting firms of the United Kingdom
Consulting firms of the United States
British brands
1982 establishments in Michigan

Aon (company)


Cumbia rap  is a spin-off of the original cumbia genre. It consists of a more traditional Colombian rhythm, as well as some hip hop and reggae type additions. Pioneers of cumbia rap include Crooked Stilo from Los Angeles (salvadorian origins) in 2003, El Gran Silencio, Control Machete and Cartel de Santa from Nuevo Leon in the late 90's and early 2000's, Santa Fe Klan from Guanajuato, Chicos de Barrio from Coahuila, in Argentina, as well as the Kumbia Kings from Texas.

Early Tex-Mex or Onda Chicana acts such as La Mafia, La Sombra, and Selena y Los Dinos experimented with rap lyrics over cumbia beats in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Other exponents of the genre from Argentina include cumbia villera/rap fusion band "Bajo Palabra" and Kumbia Queers.

References

20th-century music genres
Cumbia music genres
Hip hop genres

Cumbia rap


Coal Miner is a public artwork by Polish American artist John J. Szaton (1907–1966) which is located in two US State capitals; the original, commissioned in 1963 in Springfield, Illinois, as well as a copy on the west lawn of the Indiana State House in Indianapolis The statues commemorate coal miners who had lost their lives in those states' mining industry. The  tall statue rests on a  square, granite base supported by a cement foundation that is  thick.

Historical information

Illinois
The Coal Miner statue was originally commissioned in 1963 by the State of Illinois, after 15 years of advocacy work by coal miner, artist, and poet Vachel Davis (1898–1966). The Illinois legislature appropriated $15,000 for the construction and casting of a memorial to Illinois coal miners. Davis, who was acquainted with artist John J. Szaton, recommended that he submit a sketch for the monument based on Davis's 1946 painting American Coal Miner. The legislature accepted Szaton's initial sketch. After submitting an  model of the sculpture, which was approved, Szaton received a contract to create the full-scale piece. Szaton created a full-scale plaster sculpture in his Tinley Park studio before casting the statue in bronze. The plaster sculpture is still able to be viewed in the Tinley Park Historical Society Museum. The sculpture, dedicated in Illinois in 1964, was intended to commemorate the Illinois coal miners who had been killed in the state's coal mines. It is installed on the north end of the Illinois State Capitol's lawn in Springfield, Illinois, and faces Second Street. The dedication ceremony took place on October 16, 1964, with speeches from Illinois governor Otto Kerner, Jr. and Paul Powell, former speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.  Michael F. Widman Jr. represented the United Mine Workers of America at the dedication ceremony, standing in for John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers, who was ill and unable to attend. A letter from Lewis commended the State of Illinois for being the first to honor their coal miners with such a memorial. A plaque was added in 1981 citing Szaton as its sculptor. The Illinois statue is owned and administered by the State of Illinois.

Indiana
In 1965 the Indiana General Assembly appropriated funds to commission a copy of the sculpture to memorialize Hoosier coal miners who had been killed on the job. The Indiana statue was dedicated in 1967. As with the Illinois sculpture, it is a public artwork. Indiana's statue of The  Coal Miner is owned and administered by the State of Indiana, Department of Administration.

Szaton's wife donated the full-scale plaster sculpture to the Tinley Park Historical Society in 1986.

Reproductions of small-scale versions of the monument have been mass-produced; over 200 have been given as gifts by the coal industry over the years.

Artist

John J. Szaton was born in 1907 in Ludlow, Massachusetts. He apprenticed under well-known Illinois sculptor Lorado Taft, who invited Szaton to come to Chicago after meeting him on a lecture tour of various high schools and art schools in Massachusetts. Szaton, who became known for his sculpture, studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and at the now-defunct National Academy of Art in Chicago. He also worked on project for Taft and other artists, including the Lincoln Trail State Memorial by Nellie Walker, his  wife's aunt. During the 1940s Szaton created several other sculptures: a War Memorial (1940) at the Northwest Armory, Chicago; Indian Shooting the Stars (1947) for Lane Tech High School, Chicago, as a tribute to students who died in World War II; and Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep (1947) for Cedar Park Cemetery, Calumet Park, Illinois. Szaton continued to work at Taft's studio until it disbanded in 1947, then moved his family to Tinley Park, at that time a small rural suburb of Chicago, and commuted to Chicago to work during the week as a greeting card engraver; income from art commissions was not sufficient to sustain his family. In 1948 Szaton built a large, vaulted-ceiling garage studio behind his home and continued to work on art projects.

In 1963 Szaton collaborated with artist Vachel Davis to reinterpret Davis's iconic 1946 painting American Coal Miner into a permanent, sculptural memorial to coal miners. Szaton's 7-ft. bronze statue, The Coal Miner, is displayed on the lawn of the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield. It was dedicated on October 16, 1964, and became his most widely known sculpture. A second The Coal Miner statue, cast in 1966, is installed on the west side of the Indiana Statehouse and was dedicated in 1967. Szaton died in 1966 and is buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Calumet Park, Illinois.

Statue

Process
The statue was first sculpted in plaster and then cast in bronze to create the Illinois statue, which was dedicated in 1964; the Indiana statue was cast later, in 1966, and dedicated in 1967. Both statues were cast at the Spampinato Art Workshop foundry in Chicago.

Description
The Coal Miner, which measures , is installed in the northwest corner of the Indiana Statehouse lawn and faces west. The figure wears overalls, boots, a belt, a long-sleeve shirt, and a miner's hat. He has a contrapposto stance with his proper left foot forward. He carries a miner's fire safety lamp, or "bug light", in his proper left hand, which is at his side. His proper right hand is raised, gripping the base of a miner's pick axe that rests on his proper right shoulder. The shirt-sleeve on his proper right arm is unbuttoned and hangs open on his forearm. The belt hanging at his waist has three visible belt punches. He wears a MSA Comfo Cap Model P miner's hat with its battery pack clipped to the backside of his belt. The artist's signature, "John Szaton, Sc." appears on the proper left side of the base, toward the front. On the proper left side of the base, toward the back, a foundry mark reads, "Cast by Spaminato [sic] Art Foundry Chicago, Ill. 1966".

The square, granite base measures . Its front-facing side has a bronze, bas-relief plaque depicting a drag-line mining crane at work in a strip mine. A cement foundation,  thick, supports the base.

The plaque on the rear-facing side reads:
Without coal the marvelous social and industrial progress which marks our civilization could not have been achieved. But the production of this vital commodity, so essential to the world's progress, has cost the lives of thousands of "coal miners" in Indiana. It is to the supreme sacrifice of these men that this memorial is dedicated.

Condition
The Indiana sculpture was assessed in November 1992 and added to the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture database. The statue was considered well maintained at the time of the assessment. Photos taken of the sculpture in 2005 show ample presence of lime scale, which was removed between late 2005 and October 2010.

See also
 Workers' Memorial Sculpture

References

External links

 SOS:Save Outdoor Sculpture project
Images of public art at the Indiana Statehouse on Flickr
Indiana Statehouse Tour Office
 Szaton's National Guard reliefs
The Coal Miner, Springfield, Illinois

Springfield, Illinois
Bronze sculptures in Illinois
1963 sculptures
Monuments and memorials in Illinois
Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis
Bronze sculptures in Indiana
1966 sculptures
Monuments and memorials in Indiana
Indiana Statehouse Public Art Collection
Polish-American history
Statues in Indiana
Statues in Illinois
Sculptures of men in Indiana
1963 establishments in Illinois
1966 establishments in Indiana
Mining in Illinois

Coal Miner (statue)


John Lawrence Grattan (June 1, 1830 – August 19, 1854) was a mid-19th century U.S. Army officer, whose poor judgement and inexperience led to the Grattan massacre, which was a major instigator for the First Sioux War.

Early life and military career
Grattan was born in Corinth, Vermont on 1 June 1830. His mother, Sarah Rogers, died when he was only five and his father, Peter Grattan, relocated with his young son, John, and daughter, Mary, to Lisbon, New Hampshire where he worked as a wheelwright.
John L. Grattan entered West Point in 1849, but did very poorly in his courses. Out of a class of 63, he finished 51st in French, and 43rd in Engineering, failing mathematics altogether. Due to this, he was held back for a year. He applied himself the following year, finishing in the top third of his class for that year, only to again fall to the bottom third by his final year. In 1853, he graduated 36th out of a class of 55. Fellow graduates that year were James B. McPherson, Philip Sheridan, John Bell Hood, and John Schofield, all of whom would go on to fame during the American Civil War. Grattan, however, would achieve what fame he did receive due to a mistake during his very first command.

Military service on the frontier
After graduation, Grattan was appointed a second lieutenant by brevet in the 6th Infantry. Given the customary three months leave following his graduation, Grattan was to have reported to Company G, 6th Infantry, at Fort Laramie, by October 1, 1853, but he arrived on November 16. Within his first month, according to recorded reports from Post Surgeon Charles Page, Grattan received a reputation as being brash and boastful, while also giving off the impression that he was proud to serve in the army. The most disturbing trait, according to later accounts given by Page, was that Grattan displayed a disdain and dislike of the American Indians, despite having had no contact with them whatsoever up to that point, save seeing or meeting any who were in or around the post.

In July and August, 1854, new settlers moving west were plagued by raids from the Cheyenne, and calling on the army to do something about it. After one mid-August raid, settlers and traders encountered the Cheyenne warriors and pursued them, only to give up the chase before engaging. When Grattan was told this, he ridiculed the pursuers for fearing a confrontation with the Cheyenne. However, fear had little to nothing to do with the pursuers backing away. In reality, the settlers and traders who were pursuing the band of warriors had enough experience to recognize that the Cheyenne seemed to be baiting them into a possible ambush, thus they stopped their pursuit and reported the incident to Fort Laramie. During his ridicule of the men, Grattan stated that with 10 men he could defeat the entire Cheyenne nation.

Around this same time, in expectation that treaty annuities were soon to come, elements of the Lakota and Oglala had camped near the fort. Collectively the Sioux villages spread across a three-mile area along the North Platte River. In the Native American camps, seasoned chiefs were struggling to control the more impatient young warriors, who were angered by the sight of their people starving, and over former broken promises by the whites. This would be compounded by the fact that Fort Laramie was at the time under the command of two young inexperienced officers, with one being a brash and totally untested young Second Lieutenant.

Tensions build
The Indians were starving, and had been hungry for weeks awaiting the arrival of the annuities. By most reports, a Mormon wagon train passing through had lost a straggling and lame cow. With any game being scarce in the area, the Sioux butchered the cow, and feasted on it. On August 18, 1854, the wagon train reached Fort Laramie, where the owner of the cow complained to Lt. Hugh Fleming that his cow had been stolen by the Indians. Reports vary, with the most reliable accounts stating that the owner noticed that the cow was missing, and returned to find that the Indians had butchered it. Lt. Fleming sent for Conquering Bear, the leader of the band where the cow had been butchered. Although Conquering Bear did not agree with all of the details in the Treaty of 1851, he did understand quite clearly that restitution was required for any property stolen from white settlers.

However, Conquering Bear also knew full well that, by the terms of the treaty, this was not a military matter, a fact that Lt. Fleming was not aware of. In reality, a matter of this sort should have been handled by John Whitfield, the Indian Agent assigned to the area, who was due to arrive within the week. Lt. Fleming wanted the brave who had initially killed the cow, High Forehead, arrested and delivered to the fort. By later Indian accounts, Conquering Bear entered the fort feeling confident that it was a minor affair and would be settled easily enough. However, as negotiations went on, it was quickly evident that Lt. Fleming's inexperience led to him being easily swayed and influenced, in this case by the civilians involved. Conquering Bear offered the owner the choice of any of his 60 horses, but the owner refused. The owner of the cow instead wanted $25 in cash (equivalent to $ in ).

By this time, Lt. Grattan had joined the negotiations, and immediately taken the side of the cow owner. Finding himself encouraged by Lt. Grattan's support, the formerly uncertain Lt. Fleming now demanded that High Forehead be arrested and brought to the fort. Alarmed, Conquering Bear attempted to explain that he had no authority over High Forehead, who was of another tribe and who was a guest in his village, therefore making it impossible by his tribe's traditions to arrest him. Conquering Bear left the fort, riding back to the village. He had offered to show the soldiers the lodge of High Forehead, but insisted that neither he nor any of his people would assist in his arrest. Lt. Fleming was known to the Sioux, and had previously led an attack on a village, with minor casualties, but nonetheless enough to give Lt. Fleming confidence in dealing with the Indians.

Lt. Fleming led a detail into the village, but getting the feeling that an arrest would most certainly result in violence, Fleming initially made a solid decision, that being to await the arrival of the Indian Agent, John Whitfield. However, Lt. Grattan pressed Fleming when the latter returned to the fort, pushing him to allow Grattan to lead a force into the Indian village to arrest High Forehead. The next morning, Lt. Grattan was authorized by Lt. Fleming to depart with a force of 22 troopers. Another poor decision on the part of Fleming, as the entire post was made up of only 75 soldiers, and that day 32 were away on wood and hay cutting details. Thus, once Lt. Grattan left the fort, Fleming was left with only a small number of soldiers. To make matters worse, Lt. Grattan took 29 troopers, 7 more than Fleming had authorized, in addition to two artillery pieces. Sergeant Leodegar Schnyder, would later say he did not volunteer due to his belief that the two inexperienced officers were making bad decisions, and thus, not being ordered to go, he did not. Most of the soldiers accompanying Lt. Grattan were experienced soldiers. However, as their translator the detachment had Luciene Auguste, who spoke the Dakota language poorly, and who was despised by the Sioux. Lt. Grattan, having no prior experience with the Indians whatsoever, was now leading his small force into a major Sioux encampment which was filled with young warriors tired of what they considered to be lies told by the white government.

Grattan Battle

Auguste was drinking heavily while en route to the encampment, and Lt. Grattan either did not notice or ignored this. By the time the party reached the encampment, Auguste was completely intoxicated. Lt. Grattan did notice this intoxication after their arrival, angrily taking Auguste's bottle and smashing it against his saddle. Had he ordered Auguste back to the fort at that point, it might possibly have altered the events that followed. For the first time Lt. Grattan saw the size of the village into which he had led his men. The village was made up of some 600 Sioux lodges, with a population of some 4,800 people, of which approximately 1,200 were warriors. By this point, some of the more experienced soldiers were voicing quietly that their small force was not in a good position, and leaving would be advisable.

Halfway into the village, now seeing painted warriors who were openly hostile and riding aggressively around the column, Lt. Grattan stopped, and asked the advice of James Bordeau, an experienced trader who had lived on the frontier for many years. Bordeau had been at Fort Laramie when the earlier incident happened with Conquering Bear, and was in the village trading when the army column entered. He was not aware that the army intended on arresting High Forehead. Bordeau would later state that Auguste, the translator, was openly intoxicated and yelling to the Indians that the army had come to kill them all. Lt. Grattan spoke with Bordeau and asked how this matter could more easily be solved without bloodshed, to which Bordeau responded that Grattan should speak again with Conquering Bear, and let him handle the matter in his own time.

At this point Auguste was calling the Sioux warriors women, and was riding wildly around on his horse saying they had come to fight, not to talk. Lt. Grattan led his force deeper into the village, and located High Forehead, who upon being ordered to surrender High Forehead dared Lt. Grattan to come fight him man to man, and that he would die rather than surrender. This annoyed Grattan greatly, who now turned to negotiating with Conquering Bear. The Indian leader requested that Lt. Grattan have soldiers go and retrieve James Bordeau to translate, as Auguste would not translate correctly, and, he was intoxicated. One of the Indian leaders, Man-Afraid-Of-His-Horse, went and retrieved Bordeau. However, before Bordeau arrived the tension between Lt. Grattan and Conquering Bear had increased. Bordeau quickly realized before he reached the meeting spot that violence was obviously not going to be avoided, and he turned back.

At some point, Lt. Grattan ordered his two artillery pieces turned to point at the village. Immediately hundreds of warriors surrounded the soldiers. An up-and-coming young warrior at the time, Red Cloud led a group of warriors around to flank the soldiers. Bordeau again decided to go and see what he could do to halt any violence. However, when he reached about twenty five yards distance from the meeting spot, he observed the flanking movements of the Indians, and could hear the heated exchange between Lt. Grattan and Conquering Bear, he again retreated. Bordeau returned to his trading post, where he told all traders inside to load their weapons, as a fight was coming.

Lt. Grattan concluded his meeting, and was apparently intending on departing, as Conquering Bear turned and walked toward his lodge. However, before Lt. Grattan reached his detachment, a nervous soldier fired into some approaching warriors, wounding one man. Grattan initially moved to his artillery, however his gun crews were the first to fall, being hit by a volley of arrows. Lt. Grattan died near to the artillery. His force, now down to 18 men, banded together and attempted to reach a rocky area where they could make a stand. However, they had to cross an open prairie before reaching that point, and encountered Red Cloud's warriors in between. The remainder of Grattan's force was quickly overwhelmed and annihilated.

External links
  (cenotaph at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery)
 Lt. John Grattan and the First Sioux War
 Career Profile

1830 births
1854 deaths
People from Corinth, Vermont
Sioux Wars
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Vermont
Military personnel from New Hampshire
People from Lisbon, New Hampshire
American military personnel killed in the American Indian Wars

John Lawrence Grattan


Central Mount Stuart is a mountain in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It can easily seen from the nearby Stuart Highway, which is about 6 km away. The mountain is made from dark red sandstone.

The mountain is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart who reached the area on 22 April 1860. He worked out that a point about 4 km (2.5 miles) south-southwest of the mountain was the centre of Australia. Modern geographers do not agree with this and now place the centre at Finke.

Stuart climbed to the top on 23 April 1860, writing in his journal:
"Took Kekwick and the flag, and went to the top of the mount, but found it to be much higher and more difficult of ascent than I anticipated...Near the top of the cone I placed a small bottle, in which there is a slip of paper, with our signatures to it, stating by whom it was raised. We then gave three hearty cheers for the flag, the emblem of civil and religious liberty, and may it be a sign to the natives that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them."

The slip of paper was found in 1871 by John Ross during the building of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. It is now in the Library of South Australia.

Stuart called the mountain Central Mount Sturt, after his former expedition leader Charles Sturt. The name was changed on a suggestion from the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard MacDonnell. This happened soon after Stuart's return to Adelaide at the end of the expedition. Central Mount Stuart is the name that was printed in the published expedition journal.

References

Other websites
 Image of Central Mount Stuart on Google Maps

Mountains of the Northern Territory

Central Mount Stuart


Perlilla is a mountain of 5587 m in the Cordillera Blanca range, a part of the Peruvian Andes. It lies within the provinces of Asunción, Carhuaz and Huari. Its eastern summit (5,587) is located in the Huari Province.

The peak was climbed for the first time on July 14, 1966 by M. Ishinabe, A. Kurihara, A. Miyahara, S. Ooe and T. Suzuki).

Features
Perlilla has an area a bit greater than 30 km², 90% of its surface is accessible without much difficulty from the town of Chacas. The 14 km² of snow surface at its northern part are suitable for the practice of winter sports because the slopes do not exceed 50°.

Due to its latitude (9 ° 18'16 "S) so close to the equator, could be considered the ski center at higher altitudes closer to Ecuador, surpassing the Chacaltaya Bolivian track for its vast area of 3000 snowfall hectares and its enormous potential for the development of winter sports.

The beauty of its surroundings comprises the following natural attractions:

 Yanaqucha
 Paqarisha Lake
 Ventanilla Lake
 Quebrada Honda
 Quebrada Ashnuwana
 Juytush River

Gallery

See also
 Copap

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Ancash Region
Glaciers of Ancash Region

Perlilla