Naomi & Wynonna: Love Can Build a Bridge is a 1995 American made-for-television biographical film about the mother-daughter country music duo The Judds, directed by Bobby Roth. It was originally broadcast in two parts by NBC on May 14–15, 1995.

Plot
Kathleen York stars as Naomi Judd (then known as Diana Judd) a single mother of two daughters, who turned to music as way to help positively influence her increasingly belligerent and rebellious eldest daughter Wynonna, (then known as Christina). The movie chronicles Naomi's struggle to provide for her daughters (the youngest of whom grew up to become actress Ashley Judd, who narrates the film), the singing duo's rise from Nashville fame to national celebrity, the ups and downs that accompanied a working family relationship, and Naomi's eventual retirement from the music business. The movie was based on Naomi's autobiography Love Can Build A Bridge.

Reception
Variety described this production as "above average for the genre, with a lot of good music in addition to the expected hard times and heartaches."  Entertainment Weekly called it "mostly misguided" but nevertheless thought that "the stars fit the bill to perfection" and gave particular credit to the work of casting executive Molly Lopata. Joyce Millman of the San Francisco Examiner praised the "surprisingly perceptive and hugely entertaining NBC miniseries" and its lead performers' "fearless, intelligent performances as determined, stubborn women who remain admirable even when they're unlovable."

References

External links

1995 television films
1995 films
1990s biographical films
American biographical films
Biographical films about musicians
Country music films
The Judds
NBC network original films
Films directed by Bobby Roth
Cultural depictions of country musicians
Films scored by J. A. C. Redford
1990s American films


Petr Vasiliev (also Pyotr Vasiliev, ; born April 21, 1981) is an Uzbek former swimmer, who specialized in freestyle events. He is a two-time Olympian (2000 and 2004), and a top 16 finalist in the 200 m freestyle at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea.

Vasiliev made his first Uzbek squad at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where he competed only in the 4×100 m freestyle relay, along with Ravil Nachaev, Oleg Tsvetkovskiy, and Oleg Pukhnatiy. Vasiliev supposedly swam a third leg in the first heat, but his team was disqualified due to an early relay takeoff by Pukhnatiy.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Vasiliev qualified as an individual swimmer for the men's 200 m freestyle. He cleared a FINA B-standard entry time of 1:54.94 from the World Championships in Barcelona, Spain. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat two, including dual citizen Mihail Alexandrov of Bulgaria. He rounded out the field to last place by less than 0.18 of a second behind Kazakhstan's Vitaliy Khan, outside his entry time of 1:56.93. Vasiliev failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed fifty-seventh overall in the preliminaries.

References

1981 births
Living people
Uzbekistani male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Uzbekistan
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1998 Asian Games
Swimmers at the 2002 Asian Games
Swimmers at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Uzbekistan
21st-century Uzbekistani people

Petr Vasiliev


This is a list of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1966.

1966 United States and Canadian Fellows

Peter Agostini, deceased. Fine Arts: Sculpture: 1966.
Philip Aisen, Professor of Biophysics and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University: 1966
Calvin Albert, Sculptor; retired Professor of Art, Pratt Institute: 1966.
René Albrecht-Carrié, deceased. Political Science: 1966.
, Professor of Chemistry, Princeton University: 1966, 1967.
Robert B. Alter, Class of 1937 Professor of Hebrew and Comparative Literature, University of California, Berkeley: 1966, 1978.
A. R. Ammons, deceased. Poetry: 1966.
Ansel Cochran Anderson, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1966.
John Kinloch Anderson, Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Hal Oscar Anger, researcher, Berkeley, California: 1966.
Daniel Edward Atkinson, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
Kenneth Kyle Bailey, Professor of History, University of Texas at El Paso: 1966.
S. George Bankoff, Walter P. Murphy Professor of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University: 1966.
Hubert Lloyd Barnes, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geochemistry, Pennsylvania State University: 1966.
Donald Barthelme, deceased. Fiction: 1966.
Irving H. Bartlett, John F. Kennedy Professor Emeritus of American Civilization, University of Massachusetts Boston: 1966.
Richard Reeve Baxter, deceased. Law: 1966.
Robert E. Beardsley, Professor of Biology, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York: 1966.
Clifford O. Berg, deceased. Professor of Limnology, Cornell University: 1966.
Klaus Berger, University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Art History, University of Kansas: 1966.
Olga Bernal, Retired Professor of French, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1966.
Lloyd Eason Berry, deceased. 16th & 17th Century English Literature: 1966.
William B. N. Berry, Professor of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Haim Blanc, deceased. Linguistics: 1966.
David Bodansky, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Washington: 1966, 1974.
Dietrich von Bothmer, Distinguished Research Curator of Greek and Roman Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art: 1966.
Frank Brady, deceased. Biography: 1966.
Irving A. Breger, deceased. Chemistry: 1966.
Walter E. Bron, Professor of Physics, University of California, Irvine: 1966.
George John Buelow, Emeritus Professor of Musicology, Indiana University: 1966.
Peter Burchard, writer, Williamstown, Massachusetts: 1966.
David P. Calleo, Dean Acheson Professor of European Studies and Director, Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research, Johns Hopkins University: 1966.
Malcolm John Campbell, Class of 1965 Professor Emeritus, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania: 1966.
Paul Caponigro, photographer, Rockport, Maine: 1966, 1975.
Harry Gilbert Carlson, Emeritus Professor of Drama and Theatre, Queens College, City University of New York: 1966.
Thomas A. Carlson, retired Chemist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory: 1966.
Diego Catalán, Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature, University of California, San Diego: 1966.
Giorgio Cavallon, deceased. Fine Arts-Painting: 1966.
John Angus Chamberlain, sculptor, Shelter Island, New York: 1966, 1977.
Arthur Barclay Chapman, Professor Emeritus of Genetics and Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison: 1966.
Sterling Chaykin, Professor of Biochemistry, University of California, Davis: 1966.
Philip Stanley Chen, Jr., senior advisor to the Deputy Director for Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: 1966.
William Chinowsky, Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of California, Berkeley: 1966, 1978.
Tse-tsung Chow, Professor of East Asian Languages and Literature and History, University of Wisconsin–Madison: 1966.
Howard H. Claassen, Professor Emeritus of Physics, Wheaton College, Illinois: 1966.
James W. Cobble, Professor of Chemistry and Dean, Graduate Division and Research, San Diego State University: 1966.
Roger David Cole, Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
James Samuel Coleman, deceased. Sociology: 1966.
Richard Michael Cyert, President, Carnegie Bosch Institute and Professor of Economics and Management, Carnegie Mellon University: 1966.
Robert Damora, architect, Bedford, New York: 1966.
Alfred David, Professor Emeritus of English, Indiana University: 1966.
Cecil Dawkins, writer, Santa Fe: 1966.
John M. Day, Research Associate, CNRS; Instructor in Economic History, University of Paris VII: 1966.
Dante Della Terza, Irving Babbitt Professor Emeritus of Comparative Literature, Harvard University: 1966.
David Del Tredici, Distinguished Professor of Music, City College of New York: 1966.
Stanley Deser, Enid and Natlian S. Ancell Professor of Physics, Brandeis University: 1966.
Richard M. Diamond, Senior Scientist Emeritus, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Joseph Francis Dillon, Jr., Adjunct Professor of Applied Physics, Yale University: 1966.
Peter C. Dodwell, Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Queen's University at Kingston: 1966.
Sherman Drexler, painter, New York City: 1966.
Edward Dugmore, deceased. Fine Arts-Painting: 1966.
Alan Dundes, Professor of Anthropology and Folklore, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Richard S. Dunn, Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania: 1966.
Friedel Dzubas, deceased. Fine Arts: Painting: 1966, 1968.
Stanley Lawrence Elkin, deceased. Fiction: 1966.
Albert Elsen, deceased. Fine Arts Research: 1966.
Klaus Epstein, deceased. German and East European History: 1966.
Robert Marvin Epstein, Harold Carron Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine: 1966.
Charlotte J. Erickson, Paul Mellon Professor Emeritus of American History, Cambridge University: 1966.
Robert Carl Erickson, deceased. Composer; Professor Emeritus of Music, University of California, San Diego: 1966.
Bernard B. Fall, deceased. Political Science: 1966.
George Siemers Fayen, Jr., scholar, New Haven, Connecticut: 1966.
Raymond Federman, Melodia E. Jones Distinguished Professor of French and Comparative Literature, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1966.
Eugene Feldman, deceased. Fine Arts: 1966.
Morton Feldman, deceased. Music Composition: 1966.
Donald Finkel, poet; Emeritus Poet-in-Residence, Washington University: 1966.
Constantine Fitzgibbon, deceased. General Non-Fiction: 1966.
Eleanor Flexner, deceased. Biography: 1966.
Jesse Hill Ford, deceased. Fiction: 1966.
Edward Frank, Architect, Middletown, New Jersey: 1966.
Avner Friedman, director, Institute of Mathematics, University of Minnesota: 1966.
Vincent Sauter Frohne, Professor of Theory and Composition and Special Lecturer in New Music, Western Illinois University: 1966.
Frank Gallo, Sculptor; Professor of Art, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1966.
Paul Roesel Garabedian, Professor of Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University: 1966, 1981.
Edward T. Gargan, deceased. French History: 1966.
Peter Gay, Sterling Professor Emeritus of History, Yale University: 1966, 1977.
William Gale Gedney, deceased. Photographer; Assistant Professor of Photography, Pratt Institute: 1966.
Ernest M. Gifford, Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of California, Davis: 1966.
Gerald Ernest Paul Gillespie, Professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature, Stanford University: 1966.
Hans Goedicke, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Johns Hopkins University: 1966.
Jack Stanley Goldstein, Professor of Physics, Brandeis University: 1966.
Eugene Goldwasser, Chairman, Committee on Developmental Biology; Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago: 1966.
Robert Allen Goldwin, retired Resident Scholar and Director of Seminar Program, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C.: 1966.
Charles Montgomery Gray, Professor of History, University of Chicago: 1966.
John Colton Greene, Professor Emeritus of History, University of Connecticut: 1966.
Robert A. Gross, Percy K. and L. W. Hudson Professor Emeritus of Applied Physics and Dean Emeritus, Columbia University: 1966
Donald Harris, Professor of Music, The Ohio State University: 1966.
Francis Russell Hart, Professor of English, University of Massachusetts Boston: 1966.
Van Austin Harvey, George Edwin Burnell Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies, Stanford University: 1966, 1971.
Larry A. Haskin, R. E. Morrow Distinguished University Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Professor of Chemistry, Washington University: 1966.
Bernhard Heiden, composer; Professor Emeritus of Music, Indiana University: 1966.
Al Held, painter, Boiceville, New York: 1966.
Fredric William Hill, Professor of Nutrition, University of California, Davis: 1966.
Stanley P. Hirshson, Professor of History, Queens College, City University of New York: 1966.
Richard Hofstadter, deceased. U.S. History: 1966.
C. Hugh Holman, deceased. American Literature: 1966.
Fernando Horcasitas, deceased. Anthropology: 1966.
Richard Joseph Howard, poet and translator; Professor of Practice, Columbia University: 1966.
Herbert Howarth, deceased. 20th Century English Literature: 1966.
Gerald Humel, Composer, Berlin: 1966.
William Paul Jacobs, Professor Emeritus of Biology, Princeton University: 1966.
Owen H. Jander, Catherine Mills Davis Professor Emeritus of Music History, Wellesley College, 1966.
James Allister Jenkins, Professor of Mathematics, Washington University: 1966.
Winthrop Donaldson Jordan, Professor of History and Afro-American Studies: University of Mississippi: 1966.
Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., writer; Senior Editor, American Heritage Publishing Company, New York City; Chairman, Board of Trustees, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution: 1966.
Wolf Kahn, painter, New York City: 1966.
Attallah Kappas, Sherman Fairchild Professor of Medicine, Rockefeller University; Physician-in-Chief Emeritus, The Rockefeller University Hospital: 1966.
Howard Clark Kee, William Goodwin Aurelio Professor Emeritus of Biblical Studies, Boston University: 1966.
Maurice Kelley, deceased. 16th and 17th Century English Literature: 1966.
Young B. Kim, Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California: 1966.
Solon T. Kimball, deceased. Education: 1966.
Adolf D. Klarmann, deceased. Germanics: 1966.
Janet E. Knapp, Professor Emeritus of Music, Vassar College: 1966.
Ernest John Knapton, deceased. French History: 1966.
Gabriel Morris Kolko, Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus, York University, Canada: 1966.
Arnold Kramish, consultant, Reston, Virginia: 1966.
Edwin G. Krebs, Senior Investigator and Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology, University of Washington: 1966.
Karl Kroeber, Mellon Professor of the Humanities, Columbia University: 1966.
Donald Newton Langenberg, Chancellor, University of Maryland: 1966.
John Clarke Lapp, deceased. French: 1966, 1973.
George G. Laties, Professor of Plant Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
David M. Lee, Professor of Physics, Cornell University: 1966, 1974.
Tsung-Dao Lee, University Professor, Columbia University: 1966.
Isaac Levi, John Dewey Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University: 1966.
David Levine, graphic artist, Brooklyn, New York: 1966.
Richard Warrington Baldwin Lewis, Emeritus Professor of English and American Studies, Yale University: 1966, 1975.
Robert Hall Lewis, Professor of Music, Goucher College; Professor of Composition, Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University; Artistic Director, Chamber Music Society of Baltimore: 1966, 1979.
Richard B. Lillich, deceased. Law:: 1966.
John Clyde Loftis, Jr., Margery Bailey Professor Emeritus of English, Stanford University: 1966.
Val R. Lorwin, deceased. Economics: 1966.
Marshall Luban, Professor of Physics, Iowa State University: 1966.
Sven Lukin, painter, New York City: 1966.
Malcolm Harris Macfarlane, Professor of Physics, Indiana University: 1966.
Frank Manley, Charles Howard Candler Professor of Renaissance Literature, Emory University: 1966, 1978.
Jay Martin, Edward S. Gould Professor of Humanities, Claremont McKenna College: 1966.
Ramón Martínez-López, deceased. Spanish & Portuguese Literature: 1966.
John D. Martz, Professor of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University: 1966.
Ralph Noel Maud, Professor of English, Simon Fraser University: 1966.
David Mayer, III, Emeritus Professor of Drama, University of Manchester: 1966.
Tom Mayer, writer: 1966.
Donald B. McCormick, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, Emory University: 1966.
Earl W. McDaniel, Regents' Professor of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology: 1966.
A. Douglas McLaren, deceased. Biology: 1966.
Terrence McNally, playwright, New York City: 1966, 1969.
Donald William Meinig, Maxwell Research Professor of Geography, Syracuse University: 1966.
DeForest Mellon, Jr., Professor of Biology, University of Virginia: 1966.
H. Roy Merrens, Emeritus Professor of Geography, York University, Canada: 1966.
Matthew Stanley Meselson, Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Natural Sciences, Harvard University: 1966.
Ray K. Metzker, photographer; Professor of Photography, Philadelphia College of Art: 1966, 1979.
Alfred F. Michael, Dean, Regents' Professor of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School: 1966.
Eleanore Mikus, Emeritus Professor of Art, Cornell University: 1966.
David P. Milby, Painter; Associate Professor of Visual and Integrative Arts, Pennsylvania State University (Ogontz): 1966.
Clarence H. Miller, Dorothy McBride Orthwein Professor of Literature, St. Louis University: 1966.
William Wright Milstead, deceased. Biology: 1966.
N. Scott Momaday, Professor of English, University of Arizona: 1966.
Cathleen S. Morawetz, Emeritus Professor of Mathematics, New York University: 1966, 1978.
Ruth Mortimer, deceased. Bibliography: 1966.
Rhoads Murphey, Professor of Geography and Director, Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan: 1966.
Fredric Myrow, composer, Los Angeles, California: 1966.
Thomas Nagel, Professor of Philosophy and Law, New York University: 1966.
Robert James Nelson, Professor Emeritus of French, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1966.
Louis Nirenberg, Professor of Mathematics, New York University: 1966, 1975.
Lewis Harold Nosanow, Vice-Chancellor for Research, Dean of Graduate Studies and Professor of Physics, University of California, Irvine: 1966.
Holger Olof Nygard, Professor Emeritus of English, Duke University: 1966.
Joan L. L. Oates, tutor and Director of Studies in Archaeology, Girton College, University of Cambridge: 1966.
Gerhard Oertel, Professor Emeritus of Geology, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
Frank Sumio Okada, painter; Professor of Art, University of Oregon: 1966.
Susumu Okubo, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester: 1966.
Philip Moore Orville, deceased. Geology: 1966.
John Harold Ostrom, Professor of Geology and Geophysics and Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology in the Peabody Museum, Yale University: 1966.
Albert L. Page, Emeritus Professor of Soil Science, University of California, Riverside: 1966.
Alwin M. Pappenheimer, Jr., deceased. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: 1966.
William Nelson Parker, Philip G. Bartlett Professor of Economics and Economic History, Yale University: 1966.
Talcott Parsons, deceased. Sociology: 1966.
Herbert Penzl, Professor Emeritus of Germanic Philology, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
George Perle, composer; Professor Emeritus of Music, Queens College, City University of New York: 1966, 1974.
Robert Louis Peters, Emeritus Professor of English, University of California, Irvine: 1966.
Otto Pflanze, Emeritus Professor of History, Indiana University: 1966.
Burton E. Pike, Professor of Comparative Literature and German, CUNY Graduate School, NYC: 1966.
Thomas Clive Pinney, William M. Keck Distinguished Service Emeritus Professor of English, Pomona College: 1966, 1984.
Taylor M. Potter, writer, architect, and minister, Centre Hall, Pennsylvania: 1966.
Henry Primakoff, deceased. Particle Physics: 1966.
Walter H. Principe, deceased. Medieval History: 1966.
William M. Protheroe, Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, The Ohio State University: 1966.
Michael C. J. Putnam, MacMillan Professor of Classics, and Professor of Comparative Literature, Brown University: 1966.
Kenneth Eyre Read, Professor of Anthropology, University of Washington: 1966.
Luciano Rebay, Giuseppe Ungaretti Professor in Italian Literature, Columbia University: 1966.
William Henry Reinmuth, deceased. Chemistry: 1966.
F. David Roberts, William E. Collis Professor Emeritus of History, Dartmouth College: 1966.
Warren Everett Roberts, deceased. Professor of Folklore, Indiana University: 1966.
Dean Wentworth Robinson, Professor of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University: 1966.
Francis John Rolle, deceased. Biology: 1966.
Thomas G. Rosenmeyer, Professor Emeritus of Greek and Comparative Literature, University of California, Berkeley: 1966, 1982.
Russell Ross, deceased. Biochemistry-Molecular Biology: 1966.
Klaus Ruedenberg, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Emeritus Professor of Physics, Iowa State University: 1966.
Charles A. Ryskamp, Emeritus Director, The Pierpont Morgan Library and The Frick Collection, New York City: 1966.
Gerald Enoch Sacks, Professor of Mathematical Logic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Professor of Mathematical Logic, Harvard University: 1966.
Theodore Saloutos, deceased. Economic History: 1966.
Irene Samuel, deceased. 16th & 17th Century English Literature: 1966.
Hiroshi Sato, Ross Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Engineering, Purdue University: 1966.
David Schachter, Professor of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Director M.D.-Ph.D. program, Columbia University: 1966.
Evert Irving Schlinger, Professor Emeritus of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
David M. Schneider, deceased. Anthropology and Cultural Studies: 1966.
J. Robert Schrieffer, University Eminent Scholar Professor, Florida State University System and Chief Scientist, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee: 1966.
Juergen Schulz, Andrea V. Rosenthal Emeritus Professor of Art, Brown University: 1966.
Hisham B. Sharabi, Professor of History, Georgetown University: 1966.
Stanford Jay Shaw, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
Tsung-Yuen Shen, Emeritus Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis: 1966.
Irwin William Sherman, Emeritus Professor of Biology, University of California, Riverside: 1966.
David S. Shwayder, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1966.
Philip Warnock Silver, Professor of Spanish, Columbia University: 1966.
Joseph Silverman, Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park: 1966.
Rita J. Simon, University Professor, American University: 1966.
Marcus Singer, deceased. Biology: 1966.
Aaron H. Siskind, deceased. Photography: 1966.
Robert A. Skotheim, President, The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens, San Marino: 1966.
Glen A. Slack, Research Professor, Rensselaer Polytech Institute, Troy, New York: 1966.
Susan Sontag, Writer, New York City: 1966, 1975.
William E. Stafford, oDeceased. Poetry: 1966.
Peter D. Stansky, Frances and Charles Field Professor of History, Stanford University: 1966, 1973.
Leonard David Stein, retired director, Arnold Schoenberg Institute, University of Southern California: 1966.
Martin Stevens, Professor of English, Baruch College, City University of New York and Dean, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences: 1966.
John Edward Sunder, Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin: 1966.
Andrew G. Szent-Győrgyi, Professor of Biology, Brandeis University: 1966.
William Walker Tait, III, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago: 1966.
Willard Thorp, deceased. Holmes Professor Emeritus of Belles-Lettres, Princeton University: 1966.
Peter Larsen Thorslev, Jr., Professor Emeritus of English, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
Douglas Young Thorson, Professor of Economics, Bradley University: 1966.
Harold K. Ticho, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of California, San Diego: 1966, 1973.
Peter H. Tsao, Emeritus Professor of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside: 1966.
Sho-Chieh Tsiang, deceased. Economics: 1966.
George L. Turin, Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and Dean, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Frank Johannes Tysen, writer: 1966.
Lloyd Ulman, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Ernest van den Haag, Distinguished Scholar, The Heritage Foundation: 1966.
Robert Lawson Vaught, Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
David Vestal, photographer, Bethlehem, Connecticut: 1966, 1973.
Friedrich von Huene, President of von Huene Workshop, Brookline, Massachusetts: 1966.
Peter E. Wagner, deceased. Engineering: 1966
James Jerome Walsh, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University: 1966.
Lewis William Wannamaker, deceased. Medicine: 1966.
Aileen Ward, Albert Schweitzer Emeritus Professor of Humanities, New York University: 1966.
Ahmed R. Frank Wazzan, Professor of Engineering and Applied Science and Dean, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles: 1966.
Richard Allen Webster, Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley: 1966.
Robert Clark Wentworth, geophysicist, Golden Gate University, San Francisco: 1966.
Wolfgang Lothar Wiese, Chief, Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division, National Bureau of Standards: 1966.
Charles Frederick Wilcox, Jr., Professor of Chemistry, Cornell University: 1966.
Donald Roger Willis, deceased. Engineering: 1966.
Frank Roy Willis, Emeritus Professor of History, University of California, Davis: 1966.
Emil Wolf, Wilson Professor of Optical Physics, University of Rochester: 1966.
Aaron D. Wyner, deceased. Applied Mathematics: 1966.
James Harvey Young, Candler Professor Emeritus of American Social History, Emory University: 1966.
La Monte Young, composer, New York City: 1966.
Milton Zaitlin, Emeritus Professor of Plant Pathology, Cornell University: 1966.
George Zames, Professor of Electrical Engineering, McGill University: 1966.
Charles Zemach, physicist, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California: 1966.
Alexander Zucker, Professor of Physics, Rome State College, 1966.

1966 Latin American and Caribbean Fellows

Jorge Eduardo Allende, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Chile: 1966, 1971.
Isabel Aretz de Ramón y Rivera, Director, Interamerican Institute of Ethnomusicology and Folklore, Caracas: 1966.
Homero Aridjis, poet, México City; International President, International PEN, London, England: 1966, 1979.
Max Aub, deceased. Fiction, Biography: 1966, 1968, 1971.
José Fernando Bonaparte, research paleontologist, National Research Council of Argentina; Head, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences, Buenos Aires: 1966, 1972.
Luis Jaime Cisneros, Professor of Literature, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru: 1966.
Alberto W. Collie, sculptor, Dallas, Texas: 1966.
Joao Garcia Leme, retired Professor of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo: 1966.
José A. Gautier, deceased. Iberian & Latin American History: 1966.
José Henrique Guimarães, entomologist, Zoological Museum, University of São Paulo: 1966,
Aylthon Brandao Joly, deceased. Biology-Plant Science: 1966.
Kenneth Stephen Julien, head, Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of the West Indies, Trinidad: 1966.
Miguel A. Klappenbach, National Museum of Natural History, Montevideo: 1966.
Francisco Curt Lange, deceased. Music Research: 1966.
Marta Minujín, artist, Buenos Aires, Argentina: 1966.
Honorio Morales, painter: 1966.
Enrique Carlos Pezzoni, editor and translator, Buenos Aires: 1966.
Luis Felipe Ramón y Rivera, academic advisor, Interamerican Instituto of Ethnomusicology and Folklore, Caracas: 1966.
Gabriela Roepke Bahamonde, Playwright; Faculty, University of the Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 1966.
Rafael Ramon Romero Castañeda, deceased. Biology, Plant Science: 1966.
Pablo Rubens San Martín, deceased. Biology: 1966.
Prem Prakash Srivastava, deceased. Professor of Theoretical Physics, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Rio de Janeiro: 1966.
José Roberto Teixeira Leite, Professor of Art History, State University of Campinas; Art Critic, São Paulo: 1966.
Ricardo Yrarrázaval, painter, Santiago, Chile: 1966.
Iris Milagros Zavala, chairwoman, Professor of Spanish and Portuguese Literatures, University of Utrecht: 1966.

External links
Guggenheim Fellows for 1966

See also
Guggenheim Fellowship

1966
1966 awards

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1966


Wonder Boys is a 2000 American British German Japanese comedy-drama movie directed by Curtis Hanson and is based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Michael Chabon. It stars Michael Douglas, Tobey Maguire, Frances McDormand, Robert Downey Jr., Katie Holmes, Rip Torn, Richard Knox, Jane Adams, Michael Cavadias, Richard Thomas, Alan Tudyk and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. The movie won 1 Oscar and was nominated for two Academy Awards in 2001. It also won 1 and was nominated for three Golden Globes in 2001.

Other websites

2000 comedy-drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
British comedy-drama movies
British LGBT movies
German comedy movies
German drama movies
German LGBT movies
Japanese comedy movies
Japanese drama movies
Japanese LGBT movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Curtis Hanson
Movies set in Pennsylvania
Movies set in Pittsburgh
Movies about educators

Wonder Boys (movie)


The first Congress of Visegrád was a 1335 summit in Visegrád in which Kings John I of Bohemia, Charles I of Hungary and Casimir III of Poland formed an anti-Habsburg alliance. The three leaders agreed to create new commercial routes to bypass the staple port of Vienna, which made merchants offer their goods there before they could try elsewhere, and to obtain easier access to other European markets.

The summit was triggered by the sudden expansion of Habsburg power in the region, which had taken over Carinthia and Carniola after the death of duke Henry of Gorizia-Tyrol, who had unsuccessfully claimed the Bohemian and the Polish crowns.

It also recognized Czech sovereignty over the Duchy of Silesia, which the Czech kings had controlled de jure with the Crown of Poland. John I relinquished the Polish crown to Casimir III in exchange for 1,200,000 Prague groschen. The Duchy of Silesia thus became part of the Czech Crown until 1742, when most of it was lost to Prussia and joined Poland after World War II in 1945. A small part is now in the Czech Republic.

A second meeting took place in 1339 and chose the new king of Poland.

See also
 Congress of Visegrád (1339)
 Visegrád Group
 Treaty of Trentschin
 Treaty of Namslau

External links
 RÁCZ, György. Visegrád 1335 [online]. Bratislava: International Visegrad Fund, 2009, [cit. 2013-08-02]. On-line book. (CZ, SK, HU, PL, EN, Latin)

Visegrad
Visegrad
1335 in Europe
14th century in Bohemia
14th century in Hungary
14th century in Poland

Congress of Visegrád (1335)


Fritz Riemann (2 January 1859, Weistritz, near Schweidnitz – 25 November 1932, Erfurt) was a German chess master.

Born in Silesia (then Prussia), he was a chess pupil of Adolf Anderssen in Breslau. In 1876, he won a match against Arnold Schottländer (5 : 0) there.

In 1879, he took 5th in Leipzig (1st DSB–Congress, Berthold Englisch won), and took 2nd in Wesselburen. In 1880, he took 2nd, behind Louis Paulsen, in Braunschweig (13th WSB–Congress), and drew a match with Emil Schallopp (+2 –2 =2) in Berlin. In 1881, he tied for 13-14th in Berlin (2nd DSB–Congress, Joseph Henry Blackburne won). In 1883, he tied for 6-7th in Nuremberg (3rd DSB–Congress, Szymon Winawer won). In 1885, he tied for 8-9th in Hamburg (4th DSB–Congress, Isidor Gunsberg won), and drew a match with Ernst Flechsig (+5 –5 =0) in Breslau. In 1888, he shared 1st with Curt von Bardeleben in Leipzig.

He wrote a book :  Riemann, Fritz: Schach-Erinnerungen des jüngsten Anderssen-Schülers. Mit vielen Diagrammen im Text und einem Bildnis des Verfassers. de Gruyter, Berlin und Leipzig 1925.

References

External links

1859 births
1932 deaths
German chess players
People from the Province of Silesia

Fritz Riemann


Silver Dollar is a 1932 American pre-Code biographical film starring Edward G. Robinson, Bebe Daniels and Aline MacMahon. Based on David Karsner's biography of the same name, it tells the story of the rise and fall of Horace Tabor (renamed Yates Martin), a silver tycoon in 19th century Colorado.

A copy is preserved in the Library of Congress.

Plot
Kansas farmer Yates Martin uproots his uncomplaining wife Sarah  and baby son to 1876 Colorado in search of gold. He buys a claim, then immediately abandons it when two prospectors tell him of a strike in Leadville. Taking Sarah's prudent advice, he sets up a store there. To her dismay, however, he stakes miners in return for partnerships in their diggings. Just as the Martins run out of money and decide to return to Kansas, prospectors Rische and Hook show up with the news that they have struck it rich, not with gold but with silver, and Yates has a third share of it.

Yates spends his new-found riches with great abandon, purchasing, among other things, a claim from a seemingly downtrodden miner for $50,000, over his suspicious wife's objections. He is asked to run for Lieutenant Governor of Colorado. When his foreman informs him that the claim he bought is worthless, Yates tells him to keep on digging, at least until the election is over, so that he will not look like a fool. As it turns out, not only does he win the election, the claim yields a lode even richer than his first.

Yates decides to build Denver an opulent opera house. As he is inspecting its construction, he meets the alluring Lily Owens, who becomes his mistress. At the grand opening of the opera house, Yates' guest of honor is none other than General Ulysses S. Grant.

Yates sets his sights higher, using his money to take the vacated seat of a U.S. senator. He divorces a heartbroken Sarah and marries Lily in Washington, DC, with the President as a wedding guest.

However, when the president decides to put the country on the gold standard, the price of silver plummets, and Yates loses everything except the Matchless mine, which is not worth working at the current price. He declines Sarah's offer of money. A friend obtains the post of postmaster of Denver for him, but Yates collapses and dies penniless.

Cast
 Edward G. Robinson as Yates Martin
 Bebe Daniels as Lily Owens Martin
 Aline MacMahon as Sarah Martin
 DeWitt Jennings as George, the Mine Foreman
 Robert Warwick as Colonel Stanton
 Russell Simpson as Hamlin
 Harry Holman as Adams
 Charles Middleton as Jenkins
 Emmett Corrigan as President Chester A. Arthur
 Christian Rub as Rische
 Lee Kohlmar as Hook
 Wade Boteler as Mike, a Miner
 Leon Ames as Secretary (uncredited)
 Charles Coleman as Butler (uncredited)
 Walter Long as Miner (uncredited)
 Walter Rodgers as General Ulysses S. Grant (uncredited)

References

External links

American black-and-white films
Films based on biographies
Films directed by Alfred E. Green
First National Pictures films
Films set in Colorado
Films about mining
Cultural depictions of Ulysses S. Grant
Cultural depictions of Chester A. Arthur
Films set in the 19th century
American historical drama films
1930s historical drama films
1932 drama films
1932 films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Silver Dollar (film)


Ming the Merciless is a fictional character in the sci-fi world of Flash Gordon. Ming first appeared in the Flash Gordon comic strip in 1934. He is the main villain of the strip. He is also the villain in the Flash Gordon movie serials, television series, and movie adaptation. He rules the Planet Mongo. Charles B. Middleton played the character in the movie serials.

Villains
Galactic emperors
Flash Gordon

Ming the Merciless


Edith Alice Waterworth  (18 October 1873 – 6 November 1957) was an Australian welfare worker, columnist and women's rights activist from the 19th century. She fought to liberalise Tasmania for women and she often petitioned the government to implement these changes.

Early life

Edith Alice Waterworth was born on 18 October 1873 in Castleton, Lancashire, England, the daughter of Henry Hawker and Irish born Emma (née Hamilton). Waterworth's family eventually moved to Queensland, Australia and she was educated at Brisbane Girls Grammar School.

Career

Waterworth became a teacher and she taught at state schools for years.

Politics
In 1922 and later in 1925 Waterworth ran two unsuccessful campaigns for the Parliament of Tasmania. During these two unsuccessful campaigns for the parliament, Waterworth's campaign ran on a platform for widows, deserted wives and for their children. She also advocated for the admission of women on juries and to be made justices in addition to cross-examination changes for women. For health-related issues, Waterworth campaigned for better maternity hospitals and bush nursing services and for a domestic science training centre. Her 1922 vote percentage (6.5 per cent of the primary vote), was the highest per cent of a vote that a female candidate got in such an election in Australia until 1955 when Amelia Best became the first female elected to the House of Assembly.

Despite these unsuccessful campaigns, Waterworth became president of the Women's Non-Party League in 1929. In 1943 she ran unsuccessfully for the Tasmanian Legislative Council.  Waterworth was also a member of the Women's Criminal Law Reform Association.

Advocacy
Waterworth attended advocacy events like the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in Washington, DC in 1924 and the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship in Berlin in 1929. In 1935, Waterworth embarked on a fundraising tour throughout Tasmania for the King George V and Queen Mary maternal and infant welfare appeal; her motto for this was 'Make Motherhood Worthwile.' Waterworth advocated that the betterment of women in their homes would improve the falling birthrates. Waterworth helped create and chair the Tasmanian Council for Mother and Child through her bridging the welfare work for women. Moreover, she founded the Child Welfare Association in 1917 due in part to her views eugenic views.

Despite being known to campaign for women's rights, Waterworth also campaigned for boys too. In 1925, she was appointed to a committee by the Australian government to report on the workings of the Boys' Training School (aka State Farm and School for Boys). The committee recommended that the boys be encouraged instead of harshly disciplined and classified based on certain facts like age, mental health, qualifications and behaviour. They also asked for the Navy to accept boys from reformatories. These changes sought to touch up the 1918 Children of the State Act to be more innovative and gentle.

Further career

Waterworth was also on the National Council of Women and the Free Kindergarten Association and the Board of Censors of Moving Pictures. She was a columnist in The Mercury where she was outspoken and earned the nickname 'Mrs Hot Waterworth'.  Waterworth was also a eugenicist. and she also stated that sex offenders were not normal mentally and she called for them to be cured via operations. She was appointed O.B.E in 1935 in recognition of her work in maternal and child welfare.

Personal life

Waterworth was married to John Newham Waterworth for 46 years until his death on 3 August 1949 and they had three children together. She died on 6 November 1957 in Sandy Bay.

References

English emigrants to colonial Australia
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian columnists
Australian women columnists
Australian women activists
Australian women's rights activists
1873 births
1957 deaths
19th-century Australian writers
19th-century Australian women writers
People from Rochdale
Australian women journalists
English people of Irish descent
Australian schoolteachers
Australian women educators
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
19th-century Australian educators
20th-century Australian women writers
20th-century Australian educators
20th-century Australian writers
19th-century Australian women educators
20th-century Australian women educators
The Mercury (Hobart) people

Edith Alice Waterworth


The Global Migration Group (GMG) is a group consisting of fourteen UN agencies, the World Bank and the International Organisation for Migration that work to address global migration issues.

GMG was created in 2006 by then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to better coordinate multilateral migration governance initiatives. The Group's primary aim is to improve the management of cross-border migration, to promote further research and to develop international norms relating to migration.

GMG organization
GMG is chaired on a six-month rotating basis by a member agency.  For each six-month term, GMG adopts a thematic topic to guide its activities. For example, UNICEF chaired the Group during the first half of 2011 and focused on youth. UNESCO Chaired GMG during the second half of the year and focused on climate change impacts on migration.

The GMG also coordinates its activities with the Global Forum on Migration and Development, although the two organizations are not formally affiliated.

GMG working themes for 2011

Climate change and global migration theme (July – December 2011)
During UNESCO's 2011 chairmanship, GMG focused on linkages between the environment, human settlement and population movement.

GMG is working identify the challenges inherent in the links between climate change and migration, displacement and relocation. Such challenges include the legal and normative framework applicable to environmentally induced displacement and migration. There remains a lack of clarity on issues such as the legal status of people fleeing environmental disasters, the need for better data collection and monitoring, and the consideration of migration as a de facto adaptation strategy in national climate change strategies, for example in National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs).

Youth and global migration theme (January – June 2011)
During UNICEF's 2011 chairmanship, GMG focused on bringing greater attention to a rights based approach to adolescent and youth issues within the discussion on international migration. These issues are considered from an equity, human development and gender perspective.

The GMG focuses on the medium and long-term impacts of migration on youth and adolescents. Young people are more likely to take on the risks of international migration in pursuit of its expected gains, including education. Greater equality of opportunity in communities of origin, transit and destination can ensure the wellbeing of young migrants and maximise their contributions as workers, entrepreneurs, students and members of society. Exploring issues such as looking into how best to address inequality of opportunities for adolescents and youth in countries of origin may reduce migration by necessity.

Special attention is paid to identifying common policy and programmatic approaches for enhancing cooperation among governments, agencies and relevant stakeholders. This effort aims to increase policy coherence and develop the capacity of stakeholders in data collection, analysis, evidence-based policymaking, and dissemination of best practices at country, regional and global levels.

See also
 Global Forum on Migration and Development
 KNOMAD

References

Migration-related organizations
Organizations established by the United Nations
Human migration

Global Migration Group


Negreet is an unincorporated community in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located near the intersection of Louisiana Highway 191 and Louisiana Highway 476, just east of the Toledo Bend Reservoir.

History
Negreet was founded in 1822 and families began settling in sizeable numbers as the completion of nearby Fort Jesup brought the once lawless "Neutral Strip" under control.

The community flourished with farms and plantations until the Civil War, which devastated the area and displaced many of its residents.

In January 2014, the ACLU filed suit against the Sabine Parish School Board, Superintendent Sara Erarb, Principal Gene Wright and teacher Rita Roark of Negreet High School, alleging officials at one of its schools harassed a sixth-grader because of his Buddhist faith and that the district routinely pushes Christian beliefs upon their students.   In March 2014, the U.S. District Court ruled against the school board.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Negreet has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Education
Public schools in Sabine Parish are operated by the Sabine Parish School Board. The community of Negreet is zoned to Negreet High School (Grades PK-12).

References

External links
 Sabine Parish
 Sabine Parish School District

Unincorporated communities in Sabine Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana

Negreet, Louisiana


The Durham Plant-Name Glossary (MS Durham, Cathedral Library, Hunter 100) is a glossary translating Latin and Greek plant-names into Old English/Middle English. It was copied in Durham in the early twelfth century. Its principal sources were Greek-Latin-Old English plant-name glossary whose lemmata come from Dioscorides's De materia medica, which also contributed lemmata and glosses to the Épinal-Erfurt glossaries, and those entries in the Old English Herbarium which translate Latin plant-names with vernacular plant-names. A text very like the Durham Plant-Name Glossary was one major source of the more extensive Laud Herbal Glossary.

References

Old English literature
Glossaries
12th-century books
Botany books

Durham Plant-Name Glossary


Kensuke Shinzaki (新崎 健介 Shinzaki Kensuke, born December 2, 1966) is a Japanese professional wrestler and professional wrestling executive, better known by his ring name, Jinsei Shinzaki (新崎 人生 Shinzaki Jinsei). He is currently signed to the Michinoku Pro Wrestling promotion where he is the promotion's president. He also performs for Michinoku Pro as a wrestler, serving as the sole heavyweight wrestler on the roster. Shinzaki is also known for his appearances with other Japanese promotions such as All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), and Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). To American fans, Shinzaki is perhaps most known for his stint in the United States based World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1994 to 1996 under the ring name Hakushi (白紙).

Professional wrestling career

Universal Lucha Libre (1992–1993)
A former soccer player, Shinzaki trained in amateur wrestling in high school. He first worked as an actor, but he left for professional wrestling after meeting Gran Hamada. Shinzaki trained in the Mexican style of lucha libre before debuting in Hamada's promotion Universal Lucha Libre in 1992, wrestling under a mask and the name of Mongolian Yuga.

Michinoku Pro Wrestling (1993–1994)
In 1993, Shinzaki followed The Great Sasuke to his promotion Michinoku Pro Wrestling, becoming one of its founders. In June 1993, Kensuke unmasked and changed his gimmick, re-debuting as Jinsei Shinzaki ("Jinsei" meaning "life" in Japanese), an aruki henro or Shikoku pilgrim. Under this persona, Shinzaki wrestled in a slow, meditated style, and constantly performed prayers in the ring before every movement. He also came to the arenas in full pilgrimage garments, including white robes and suge-kasa hats, and carried a shakujo staff and a kongo-zue. Jinsei debuted as a silent heel, being introduced by Mr. Yamaguchi as a special member of Super Delfín's heel unit in order to "curse" The Great Sasuke with his prayers. However, after disagreements with them, Shinzaki turned face in 1994 and joined Sasuke and his allies.

In May 1994, Shinzaki wrestled on a World Wrestling Federation tour of Japan. This led to him being offered a contract with the promotion later that year. The promotion was looking for a Japanese wrestler for the roster;  Hayabusa had rejected an offer, choosing to work for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling instead, and Shinzaki was given the Japanese wrestler spot.

World Wrestling Federation (1994–1996)

In November 1994, Shinzaki traveled to the United States to wrestle for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He wrestled as Hakushi (白紙, "White Paper"), a derivation of his Michinoku Pro Wrestling persona. This new character resembled Jinsei Shinzaki, but he was characterized by sporting Buddhist shakyo written all over his skin, in a reference to Japanese folk character Hoichi the Earless. He was also accompanied by a facepaint-wearing cultist named Shinja. Initially a heel, his first few matches were highlighted by victories over jobbers which included future star Matt Hardy and midcarders like Aldo Montoya, and 1-2-3 Kid. Hakushi brought the wrestling style of lucharesu to the company, utilizing many aerial maneuvers, and stood out for using many of them to finish his matches as opposed to a single, established finishing move.

Hakushi had a brief alliance with ninja wrestler Kwang, calling themselves collectively "Shogun". After losing a tag team match, Hakushi blamed Kwang and turned on him. Hakushi subsequently  defeated Kwang, in the Shogun team's breakup and blow-off match. This also happened to be the Kwang's last appearance. Hakushi then feuded with former WWF Champion Bret Hart, wrestling a number of competitive matches against him. He also participated in a three-way feud with perennial jobber Barry Horowitz and Bodydonna Skip. Horowitz, who lost for years on WWF programming to get over new talent, surprisingly used his three-quarter nelson to secure a victory over Skip. Hakushi would also fall to Horowitz soon after because of interference from Skip. His loss was a surprise to the fans, not only given Horowitz's long time losing record, but also given how well Hakushi did during his feud with Bret Hart in what had been Hakushi's first major feud in the company. Hakushi and Horowitz would briefly form a tag team, leading to a face turn for Hakushi. In Survivor Series, Hakushi was a member of The Underdogs team, but was eliminated after a kick from his enemy 1-2-3 Kid. He also was a competitor in the 1996 Royal Rumble, where he was eliminated by Bret Hart's brother, Owen Hart.

During a match on Raw against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw on the March 6 episode, Hakushi was hit by Bradshaw's branding iron after a loss. That week on WWF Superstars, commentator Jim Ross reported that he had been so humiliated by the branding that he (kayfabe) left the WWF.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1996, 1997)
Upon leaving his stint in WWF, Shinzaki returned to Japan. He made a single night appearance with New Japan Pro-Wrestling at "Battle Formation" on April 29, 1996, where he wrestled The Great Muta. Shinzaki was introduced as a mystic, supernatural character very much like Muta, who embodied evil while Shinzaki embodied good. Shinzaki was defeated in a spirited brawl. One year later on January 4's Wrestling World In Tokyo Dome 1997, he faced and defeated Heisei Ishingun member Michiyoshi Ohara, who had a similar gimmick to his, and mimicked everything Shinzaki did.

Return to Michinoku Pro (1996–1997)

Shinzaki returned to Michinoku Pro Wrestling in October 1996 at the Michinoku Pro 3rd Anniversary event, defeating Hayabusa. Once again aligning himself with The Great Sasuke, Shinzaki was undefeated in singles matches until 1997.

In October 1997, the Hakushi character was brought up to go against WWF's "Dead Man" The Undertaker. Hakushi was now an undead as well due to having been "killed" in his match with Muta, and was introduced in a coffin by an entourage of Japanese traditional pallbearers, showing in his clothes the same blood stains he had got in said match. He faced Undertaker, but was defeated after a Tombstone Piledriver and entombed in the mountains of Tohoku.

Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (1997–1998)
In mid-1997, Shinzaki started appearing in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling helping Hayabusa in his battles against Mr. Gannosuke. They also had a brief stint in Extreme Championship Wrestling competing against Rob Van Dam and Sabu.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (1998–2002)
Shinzaki and Hayabusa competed in All Japan Pro Wrestling's Real Tag League 1998. In January 1999, they won the All Asia Tag Team Championship from Jun Izumida and Tamon Honda. They retained it until June 1999, when they lost it to Takao Omori and Yoshihiro Takayama. Shinzaki then kept a feud against Mitsuharu Misawa's Untouchables faction, but his appearances in AJPW became more sparse until ceasing in favour of Michinoku Pro in 2002.

In 2001, still as an AJPW representative, Shinzaki made a surprise appearance in New Japan Pro-Wrestling, wearing a white mask and causing Kazunari Murakami's defeat to Keiji Mutoh. Jinsei then unmasked, and Mutoh introduced him as the new member of his personal faction Bad Ass Translate Trading.

Second return to Michinoku Pro (2002–present)
Shinzaki has been the president of Michinoku Pro Wrestling company since 2003 as a result of Sasuke dedicating more of his time to his political career as a member of the Iwate Prefectural (state) Assembly.

Shinzaki is also the co-founder of the joshi promotion Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling along with joshi wrestler Meiko Satomura.

On April 15, 2011, Shinzaki returned to the United States to wrestle for Chikara in the 2011 King of Trios tournament, where he would represent Michinoku Pro with Dick Togo and the Great Sasuke. In their first round match Team Michinoku Pro defeated Team Minnesota (1-2-3 Kid, Arik Cannon and Darin Corbin). The following day, Team Michinoku Pro defeated Jigsaw, Manami Toyota and Mike Quackenbush to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On April 17, Team Michinoku Pro was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinal stage by F.I.S.T. (Chuck Taylor, Icarus and Johnny Gargano).

Personal life
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Shinzaki helped victims in the Tōhoku region by travelling around and providing them with food and drinks. Initial reports falsely noted that Shinzaki himself was living in his car due to losing his home and restaurant. However, this was incorrect as he was really just spending a lot of time traveling to help the needy.

Championships and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hayabusa
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Tohoku Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Último Dragón (1 time), Gaina (2 times), Kesen Numajiro (1 time) and The Great Sasuke (1)
UWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Great Sasuke
Futaritabi Tag Tournament (1994) – with Super Delfin
Michinoku Trios League (2005) – with The Great Sasuke and Kesen Numajiro
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 48 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1995
Ranked No. 209 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003
Tokyo Sports
Newcomer Award (1993)

References

External links

1966 births
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestling executives
Sportspeople from Tokushima Prefecture
People from Tokushima (city)
Professional wrestlers who use face paint
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
All Asia Tag Team Champions
Tohoku Tag Team Champions
UWA World Tag Team Champions

Jinsei Shinzaki


Wulfad (died 876) was the archbishop of Bourges from 866 until his death. Prior to that, he was the abbot of Montier-en-Der (from 856) and Soissons (from 858). He also served as a tutor to Carloman, a younger son of King Charles the Bald. Carloman succeeded Wulfad as abbot of Soissons in 860.

Wulfad was ordained a priest by Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, who had been deposed in 835 and re-instated in 840. Wulfad was ordained during Ebbo's second incumbency, which ended in 841. He may have served the anti-king Pippin II of Aquitaine, an opponent of Charles the Bald, as a notary during 847–48, a period in which support for Pippin reached a high. In 857, Charles tried to promote him to the vacant see of Langres, but was successfully blocked by Ebbo's successor, Hincmar. In 859, Wulfad was removed from his priestly office, along with all the other priests, deacons and subdeacons ordained by Ebbo, at the synod of Savonnières, held under Hincmar's presidency.

Neither Wulfad's support for Pippin nor his defrocking by Hincmar deterred Charles the Bald from appointing him archbishop of Bourges in 866. He had probably supported the king during the Neustrian rebellions of 858–60, for in a charter of 859 Charles calls him "our dearest abbot and minister". Although Hincmar disputed Wulfad's eligibility for the episcopate, the synod held at Soissons in August 866 refused to adjudicate the case. In 868 Charles convinced Pope Nicholas I that Wulfad's "prudence and vigour" were needed to counter the Vikings that threatened the region around Bourges. The pope confirmed him in the see.

In Wulfad's day, all books were copied by hand, thus friends lent books to friends to allow them to copy them out for their own libraries. A list of books in Wulfad's library, probably intended to circulate among his friends, has survived on the back of a manuscript copy of the philosopher John Scotus Eriugena's Ambigua. Wulfad was a close associate of Eriugena, who dedicated to him his Periphyseon and called him a "collaborator in philosophical disputes". Wulfad's list of books includes titles by Eriugena, including the latter's translations of Pseudo-Dionysius and Maximus the Confessor's Ad Thalassium. There is a poem preserved in the manuscript F. 67 in the Leiden Universiteitsbibliothek that preserves a poem addressed to Wulfad by a monk suffering from the cold while his fellow monk, Wulfad's former student, Carloman, was by a warm fire.

Notes

Sources

Further reading

876 deaths
Archbishops of Bourges
Year of birth missing

Wulfad


Carcassonne () is a tile-based German-style board game for two to five players, designed by Klaus-Jürgen Wrede and published in 2000 by Hans im Glück in German and by Rio Grande Games (until 2012) and Z-Man Games (currently) in English. It received the Spiel des Jahres and the Deutscher Spiele Preis awards in 2001.

It is named after the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne in southern France, famed for its city walls. The game has spawned many expansions and spin-offs, and several PC, console, and mobile versions. A new edition, with updated artwork on the tiles and the box, was released in 2014.

Gameplay

The game board is a medieval landscape built by the players as the game progresses. The game starts with a single specific terrain tile face up and 71 others shuffled face down for the players to draw from. Each player's turn consists of three distinct phases:

 Draw and place a terrain tile
 Station a follower on the newly-placed tile (optional)
 Score completed feature(s) (if relevant)

To start each turn, a player draws a new terrain tile and places it adjacent to tiles that are already face up. The new tile must be placed in a way that extends terrain features on the tiles it touches: roads must connect to roads, fields to fields, and cities to cities. Connections are made across adjacent edges only; corners do not connect. A cloister tile may be placed adjacent to another cloister tile, as there are no connecting features. If the newly-drawn tile cannot be placed anywhere legally, the players may choose to remove the tile from the game, or return it to the draw pile.

After placing each newly drawn tile, the placing player may opt to station a marker (called a "follower" or "meeple") on a terrain feature (i.e., a road, city, cloister, or field) of that newly placed tile to claim control of it. However, if the feature is connected to a feature already claimed by another player, the follower cannot be stationed on that feature. When stationing a follower, the marker is placed upright on the feature to claim that feature, except for a field, where the follower is laid down instead to emphasize that fields are not scored until the end of the game; the follower's role depends on the feature claimed, changing from thief/highwayman (road) to knight (city), monk (cloister or monastery), or farmer (field). It is possible for terrain features to become "shared" by opposing players when tile(s) are placed in subsequent turns that connect previously unconnected features. For example, two separate fields (each with a follower/farmer) can become connected into a single field subsequently by a newly-placed terrain tile.

If any feature (except a field) is completed during a player's turn, the score for the completed feature is counted for the player that controls that feature; after scoring, the controlling "meeple" is removed from the board and returned to the player's stock. Each player has eight followers; since one is used to keep track of the player's score, only seven can be in play at any moment.

The game ends when the last tile has been placed. At that time, all incomplete features (including fields) score points for the players with the most followers on them. The player with the most points wins the game.

Scoring
During each player's turn, completed cities, cloisters, and roads (but not fields) are scored before that player's turn ends. A player may complete a feature by drawing placing a tile, claim it by stationing a follower on the newly-placed tile, and receive the score for completing it all in the same turn, but the sequence of that turn means the player cannot redeploy the follower after it is returned to their stock. The stationing phase of the turn was completed by claiming the completed feature.

Cities are completed when they contain no unfinished edges from which they may be expanded, roads are similarly completed when they have closed both ends or form a loop, and cloisters are completed when surrounded by eight tiles. Points are awarded to the players with the most followers in a feature. If there is a tie for the most followers in any given feature, all of the tied players are awarded the full number of points. Once a city, cloister, or road feature is scored, all of the followers in that feature are returned to their owners. In general (see table), points are awarded for the number of tiles covered by a feature; a completed cloister scores nine points for the cloister plus eight neighboring tiles.

At the end of the game, when there are no tiles remaining, fields and all other claimed but incomplete features are scored. The score of each field is based on the number of completed cities that field touches. It is possible for a field to be completely enclosed by a road without touching any completed cities, or a field can touch only incomplete cities, in which case those fields will score no points.

Older editions
There are two older editions of Carcassonne, differing in scoring of cities and fields. The current scoring rules were introduced in the German version in 2004, but until 2008, the first edition scoring rules were still included with the English releases of Carcassonne, third edition rules are now included with all editions (including the Xbox 360 and travel versions), and are assumed by all expansions in all languages.

In the first and second editions of the game, completed cities covering just two tiles scored two points (one per tile) and one extra point for every pennant that resides in the city. This exception is removed from the third edition, in which there is no difference between "small" two-tile cities and cities of larger size.

The greatest divergence in scoring rules between the editions of Carcassonne is in scoring for fields. In the first edition, fields were considered from the point of view of the cities. The player(s) with the greatest number of farmer/followers adjacent to a city were awarded four points for that city. Thus, followers from different fields contributed to the scoring for a city, and followers on a field may contribute to the scoring for multiple cities. The second edition considered different fields separately – for each field, the players with the greatest number of followers in a field scored three points for each city adjacent to the field, although points were only scored once for any given city. The third edition removes these exceptions and brings field scoring in line with the scoring of other features.

Examples

Consider the sample game #1 in progress on the 5×5 board shown; there are four complete cities: [B1]*[C1]*[C2] scoring eight points (three tiles plus one pennant) and three two-tile, four-point cities [C3]*[D3], [D3]*[E3], and [C4]*[C5]. There are two complete roads, scoring two points each: [A2]—[B2] and [B1]—[B2].

The largest field, bounded on the north by the roads in [A2]—[B2]—[C2], touches the two complete cities [C3]*[D3] and [C4]*[C5] and would score six points at the end of the game, more if the incomplete cities at [A2] and [C4]*[D4] are completed . In addition, the field could be extended by an appropriate piece in [D2] to touch the complete city [D3]*[E3].

Consider sample game #2 on the 6×10 board. In this example, followers are stationed on the board according to the capital first letter of the color name: "R"ed, "Y"ellow, "G"reen, "B"lue, and "P"urple, where purple is substituted for "B"lack to avoid confusion with blue.

There are three completed cities at [C2]*[D2]*[C3]*[C3], [F1]*[E2]*[F2]*[F3] and [H2]*[I2]. It is not possible to complete the city at [G4]*[G5]*[G6]; by examination of the available tiles, there is no tile that will fit in [H5] to continue all four edges, which also means the city in [H6] cannot be completed.

Similarly, because any piece that can be placed in [E1] must continue the three bordering edges, that piece in [E1] will connect the two fields that are currently claimed by the green farmer in [G1] and the red farmers in [C2] and [D2] alongside the yellow farmers in [H4], [H1], and [J3]. If no one else adds a farmer, yellow would claim the field by having the most followers in that merged field. The other shared-field situation is the red farmer in [D4] sharing a field with one blue farmer in [G5]. However, if a tile is played at [F6], it will connect to the field to the southeast; even though blue would have two farmers in the merged field, including the farmer in [G6], and would control the merged field, that field still does not touch any completed cities and would score no points unless the city at [C6]*[D6]*[E6] is completed.

There are two fields that have been completed and enclosed by loop roads in [I1]+[I2]+[J2]+[J1] and [C3]+[D3]+[E3]+[F3]+[F4]+[E4]+[D4]+[C4]. Neither of these fields touch any completed cities and so they would each score zero points. The Green farmer in [C5] is at risk of being enclosed in a loop and cut off from any completed cities.

The three cloisters at [H3], [E5], and [F5] include stationed monks because they are not completely surrounded by eight tiles; the two cloisters that are surrounded, at [G3] and [D5], are vacant because the claiming player(s) have scored those points. A tile played at [F6] would complete the surroundings for the blue monks at [E5] and [F5], scoring eighteen points for those followers.

Red has one knight follower in [D1], two thief followers in [B3] and [C4], and three farmer followers in [C2], [D2], and [D4]; this means that Red has only one follower remaining that can be stationed unless the roads or city are completed to score and return those followers to their stock. In contrast, purple only has one monk follower on the board at [H3] at this time, but that monk is effectively stranded until the end of the game: there is no possible tile that can be played in [I3] as there are only two single-road tiles (with a cloister) and those are already on the board at [H3] and [D5]. However, that monk will score eight points (one for the cloister and seven for the surrounding tiles) at the end of the game. Worse, the green knight follower in [H6] will not score any points and is stranded because the city will never be completed. Yellow has three farmer followers, one knight [J4], and one thief [I5]; both the knight and thief remain active and can be returned by completing that city and road, respectively.

Tiles
The original board game has 72 tiles with city, field, and road features; the River mini-expansion adds 12 tiles with river features. The version of the game currently in print includes the River and Abbot mini-expansions.

The river tiles are used as an alternative to the standard CRFR start tile and have the same dark-colored back to indicate this. The starting river tile is called the source (a river tile with a single river edge) and the final river tile is called the lake (again with a single river edge); players take turns placing all twelve river tiles to start the game, including follower placement and scoring, if relevant, then after the lake river tile has been played, proceed to place the remaining 71 terrain tiles.

Nomenclature

Kárná used a four-character tile code which described the feature on each edge of the tile as either a road (R), meadow (M, aka field), or city (C), written clockwise from an arbitrary starting edge. For instance, CRMR (modified as CRFR to conform with the terminology of this article) would describe the starting tile, starting from the top edge. With three possibilities for each edge, theoretically there are 81 (=34) possible tile combinations, but as some are duplicates because the tiles may be rotated arbitrarily, there are actually 24 possible combinations. Capaldi and Kolba, professors of mathematics at Valparaiso University, also counted 24 distinct types amongst the 71 non-river tiles of the starting set, although 5 of these were duplicates of other terrain tiles with the addition of pennant/coat of arms features. They assigned a single letter to each of the 24 types.

Reception

Carcassonne is considered to be an excellent "gateway game" by many board game players as it is a game that can be used to introduce new players to board games. In a 2017 Ars Technica holiday buyer's guide, it was described as "one of the absolutely foundational games of the modern board gaming hobby".

The rules are simple, no one is ever eliminated, and the play is fast. A typical game, without any expansions, takes about 35 minutes to play.  There is a substantial luck component to the game; however, good tactics greatly improve one's chances of winning. Examples of tactical considerations include:
 Conserving followers. Since each player has only seven followers, it can be easy to run out. This is especially important with fewer players, because then each player will play more tiles during the game.
 Joining in on other players' features. Often it is possible to add a separate road or castle segment near a big road or castle and join them up. This allows a player to gain points from their opponents' work.
 Avoiding sharing. An advantage can be gained by preventing other players from getting points. This is more important with fewer players, or if the sharing player is doing well.
 Judicious placement of followers in fields. Followers in the right field can be worth a lot of points. However, once placed, they are there for the whole game.
 Trapping opponents' followers. Not all possible tile configurations exist in the game. So if a player knows which tiles exist or are more common, they can create situations where it is hard or impossible for an opponent to complete some feature. The result is the opponent's follower is stuck in something half-completed.
The game has been used in education to teach geographical concepts.

Reviews
Pyramid

Expansions

Several official expansions for Carcassonne have been published, which add numerous additional rules, tiles and new kinds of figures. Together, they can more than double the length of the game. These expansions are generally compatible with each other and may be played together.

Full expansions
"Inns and Cathedrals" ("Wirtshäuser und Kathedralen", 2002)(2015 New Edition) Originally known simply as "Carcassonne: The Expansion," Inns and Cathedrals adds some new tiles, and one new figure.
 A large figure that counts as two followers, when calculating who scores points for the completed feature.
 Special tiles with Inns and Cathedrals can be placed as part of roads and cities to enhance their value—provided they are completed by the end of the game. Inns add one point per road tile, while Cathedrals add one point per tile or pennant in a city. However, if the city or road is not completed, it has zero value.
 Six 50/100 point tiles to help keep score.
 Followers that allow a sixth player to play (grey 2002)(pink 2015)

"Traders and Builders" ("Händler und Baumeister", 2003)(2015 New Edition) Adds additional tile types, two new figures, and trade good tiles.
 Trade goods appear in cities and are collected by the player who completes the city, even if they are not the one who scores it (thus encouraging the completion of other people's cities).
 A "pig" follower which increases the value of a field it is placed in.
 A "builder" follower which grants an extra turn to the owning player whenever the feature is extended or completed.
 An opaque cloth bag which players can use while drawing tiles.

"The Princess and the Dragon" ("Burgfräulein und Drache", 2005)(2016 New Edition) The Princess and the Dragon adds new tiles and figures.
 Tiles with "magic portals" allow players to place followers on an incomplete feature of a previously placed tile.
 Volcano and Dragon tiles that place and move the dragon.
 Princess tiles and Dragon figure allow for followers to be removed.
 A Fairy figure also allows protection to a follower and its tile from the dragon.

"The Tower" ("Der Turm", March 2006)(2016 New Edition) The Tower adds a vertical element to Carcassonne, adding new tiles and tower pieces.
 Eighteen tiles with tower foundations, which allow a player to add a tower section and capture nearby followers.
 Tower pieces to build with.
 A cardboard tile tower for easy tile storage, also acting as a mechanism from which tiles are drawn.

 "Abbey and Mayor" ("Abtei und Bürgermeister", October 2007)(2016 New Edition) Another full-sized expansion, featuring:
 Abbey tiles that can fill in holes in the board and complete features.
 Mayors who can be placed as followers in cities.
 A barn that causes field scoring.
 Wagons that can score features and then move to a nearby unclaimed and incomplete feature.
 Additional tiles that, in response to fan feedback, fix specific situations that have been previously impossible to complete.

 "Count, King & Robber" ("Graf, König und Konsorten", 2008)(2017 New Edition)
 12 tiles from River II mini expansion.
 12 tiles forming the city of Carcassonne as a 3x4 starting tile from the Count mini expansion. (New Edition has 2 large (2x3) tiles that form the city.)
 Count meeple to be placed in the city of Carcassonne.
 5 tiles from King mini expansion.
 King and Robber Baron tiles for the player/s who have completed the largest city and road respectively. (New edition also has 2 King and 2 Robber Baron tokens to mark the largest city and road scored so far.)
 5 tiles with Shrines from the Cult mini expansion.

 "The Catapult" ("Das Katapult", 2008) An expansion, featuring:
 A physical catapult.
 12 fairground tiles that initiate a round using the catapult.
 Tokens to be launched by the catapult.

 "Bridges, Castles & Bazaars" ("Brücken, Burgen und Basare", February 2010)(2018 New Edition) An expansion, featuring:
 12 Bridge pieces enabling players to bridge roads over field tiles.
 12 Castle tokens so players can gain additional points from 2-tile cities.
 12 new tiles, eight featuring bazaars which introduce a new auction element to the game and four miscellaneous tiles.

 "Hills & Sheep" ("Schafe und Hügel", June 2014)(2018 New Edition) An expansion, featuring:
 16 sheep tokens, featuring either one, two, three or four sheep each.
 2 wolf tokens.
 1 cloth bag for the sheep and wolf tokens.
 1 "shepherd" follower in each of the six colors (one for each player).
 18 new tiles, 8 featuring hills, 8 featuring vineyards and 2 featuring cloisters.

 "Under the Big Top" ("Manege Frei", March 2017) An expansion, featuring:
 20 new tiles, featuring Big Top or Acrobat tower
 16 animal tokens
 6 Ringmaster meeples, 1 in each player color
 1 wooden circus tent figure

Mini expansions
Carcassonne — The River (Carcassonne — Der Fluss, 2001) Originally distributed for free as a give-away by the publisher at trade fairs. It was being included with many purchased versions by 2004. Early 2009 saw a slightly different version available at stores. The 2007 Xbox Live Arcade version includes a toggle option for the expansion. This expansion was added to the base game in August 2012, and also included in the 2014 Redesign of the base game.
 12 River tiles that replace the single initial tile.

Carcassonne — King and Scout (Carcassonne — König und Späher, 2003) 'King and Scout' is two expansions: King for Carcassonne and Scout for Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers.
 King and Robber Baron tiles used to keep track of who built the largest road and city.
 5 additional tiles, with combinations that were previously missing

Carcassonne — The Cathars (Carcassonne — Die Katharer, 2004) Originally published in the German board game magazine Spielbox, and republished in their Carcassonne almanac with an English translation.
 Four siege tiles where Cathars break city walls. These halve the value of the city but double its contribution to field scores. Monasteries allow followers in cities to escape and come back to their players.

The Count of Carcassonne (Der Graf von Carcassonne, 2004) Via new tiles, provides an incentive to complete other players' features: when a player does so, that player may place a follower in the city of Carcassonne, and then later move that follower into a feature as it completed (commonly known as "paratrooping").
 Twelve tiles depicting the city of Carcassonne itself. These replace the initial starting tile and support new game mechanics.
 A count figure, which can block paratrooping.

Carcassonne — The River II (Der Fluss II, November 2005) Similar to the original River expansion, The River II tiles include features from previous expansions, for example a volcano to invoke the dragon. The 2012 Xbox Windows Phone version includes a toggle option for the expansion.

 12 new tiles to create a larger, forked river

 Carcassonne — The Mini-Expansion (Winter 2006) Published in Games Quarterly Magazine, Issue No. 11,
 A new spring with a road, which separates a field, thereby preventing some very large fields as allowed by the original River.
 11 additional tiles.

 Carcassonne — The Cult (Carcassonne — Die Kultstätte, 2007) Published originally in Count, King & Robber, then republished as a standalone expansion in Spielbox: Hans im Glück Almanach 2008. Later available by Rio Grande Games in Cult, Siege & Creativity,
 Six tiles depicting heretical shrines that can be used in rivalries with cloisters and abbeys

 Carcassonne — Tunnel (Carcassonne — Der Tunnel, 2009) Published in Spielbox: Issue 2009/6
 Four new tiles and twelve chips to create tunnels
 Tunnels can also be built with The Princess and the Dragon tunnel entrances

 Carcassonne — Crop Circles (Carcassonne — Die Kornkreise, 2010) Published with German versions of the Carcassonne base game.
 Six new tiles depicting three pairs of symbols allowing players to add or remove followers from other tiles

 Carcassonne — The Plague (Carcassonne — Die Pest, 2010) Published in Spielbox, Issue 2010/6
 Six new tiles depicting plague zones allowing players to remove followers from tiles.
 Six small tiles numbered from 1 to 6
 18 flea chips

 Carcassonne — The School (Carcassonne — Die Schule, 2011)
 2 additional starting tiles depicting a school with six roads branching off. When a road attached to the school is completed, the player claims the Teacher meeple included, and then gains the same points as the next scored feature, and returning the Teacher to the school.

 Carcassonne — The Festival (Carcassonne — Das Fest, 2011) (2016 New Edition - 15th Anniversary) Included as a bonus with the 10th anniversary edition of the base game.
 Ten additional tiles (1 for each year since the game's release represent the festival) which allows players to either place a follower as normal, or take one back from any tile.

 Carcassonne — The Phantom (Carcassonne — Das Gefolge, 2011) Released as stand-alone mini expansion
 Six additional followers, 1 for each color that represent phantoms and allow a second follower to be placed on a turn.
 This is the first expansion that does not include tiles, and is also the first time meeples have been released in plastic. Each meeple is a see-through acrylic of a different color to represent a phantom.
 0 additional tiles.
 Not compatible with the 10th anniversary edition of the base game (10th edition replaced all of the wooden meeples with the same plastic meeples used in the phantom expansion, which makes it impossible to tell them apart even though they would use new rules)

 Carcassonne Minis (2012)
Six stand-alone mini expansions, with each containing a tile for a seventh mini expansion.

 1. Carcassonne — The Flying Machines (Carcassonne — Die Fluggeräte)
 8 tiles which allow the player to "fly" to claim an unfinished feature (even if already occupied), or to "crash" by landing where there are no tiles, by rolling a die that gives only 1/2/3.
 1 Custom Die
 Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 2. Carcassonne — The Messengers (Carcassonne — Die Depeschen)
 6 new Messenger Meeple for the scorecard which allow for possible bonus points by drawing from a new stack of action tiles.
 8 action tiles
 Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 3. Carcassonne — The Ferries (Carcassonne — Die Fähren)
 8 tiles featuring roads leading to lakes. Players may place an included ferry piece to extend a road.
 8 Ferry pieces
 Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 4. Carcassonne — The Gold Mines (Carcassonne — Die Goldminen)
 8 tiles which incorporate the included gold bar pieces, which allow for bonus points at the end of the game
 16 Gold Bar pieces
 Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 5. Carcassonne — Mage & Witch (Carcassonne — Magier & Hexe)
 8 tiles which allow placement of the Mage or Witch on incomplete features. Resulting in adjusted scoring when completed.
 1 Mage figure & 1 Witch figure
 Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 6. Carcassonne — The Robbers (Carcassonne — Die Räuber)
 8 tiles which allow placement of a Robber, resulting in stealing some of another player's points.
 6 Robber Meeples
 Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 7. Carcassonne — Corn Circles II (Carcassonne — Die Kornkreise)
 6 tiles making a new Corn Circles expansion composed of each of the bonus tiles from the 6 minis.
 Corn circles allow for placement of a second follower in a feature already claimed by that player, or to remove a follower from the board.
 Different Corn Circle tiles from that of the previous Corn Circles expansion. (Can both be combined for more Corn Circles.)
 Not available as a stand alone.

 Carcassonne — The Wind Roses (Die Windrosen) (2012-2013)
 6 land tiles with wind roses

 Carcassonne — The Watchtower (Carcassonne — Die Wachtürme, 2014) Released through cundco.de

 12 tiles depicting watchtowers with specialized bonuses on each tile.
 Players placing a meeple on the bonus feature of the watchtower tile get the bonus when that feature is completed.

 Carcassonne — Halflings (Carcassonne — Halb so wild I & Halb so wild II, 2014)

 24 triangular land tiles

 Carcassonne — The Markets of Leipzig (Carcassonne — Die Märkte zu Leipzig, 2017) Released through cundco.d

 Includes 4 double-sized tiles that form the market town of Leipzig with 4 roads extending out to replace the starting tile.

 Whenever a player scores on one of the attached road networks, they may move their meeple to one of the 4 quarters of Leipzig and potentially score additional points at the end of the game.

 Carcassonne — The Fruit-bearing Trees (Carcassonne — Die Obstbäume, 2018) Released through cundco.de

 Includes 6 tiles with fruit trees on them.

 When the fruit-bearing tree tile is placed, 4 tokens are stacked face down on top of it. When another tile is placed adjacent to the fruit-bearing tree tile, the player may either collect the top token from the tree and score the points depicted or sell their collected tokens at the market.

 Carcassonne — The Toll Keepers (Carcassonne — Die Zöllner, 2019) Released through cundco.de

 Includes 6 tiles and 6 toll tokens (1 in each player color).

 Instead of placing a meeple, you may place your toll token on an open crossroads. When a road that ends at your tolled crossroads, you score points for the travelers, farms, stables, highwaymen, and gardens on the road.

 Carcassonne — Maps (2019-)
 Each map sold separately.
 Set of 30 chips sold separately
 Map selections include France, Benelux, Great Britain, Península Ibérica (Iberian Peninsula), Deutschland (Germany), USA West und East, Taiwan, Nordics, and Ukraine.

 Carcassonne — The Peasant Revolts (Carcassonne — Bauernaufstände, 2020)

 12 terrain tiles with icons denoting revolt in a city, road, or cloister

 Carcassonne — The Gifts (Carcassonne — Die Geschenke, 2020)

 25 cards

 Carcassonne — The Signposts (Carcassonne — Die Wegweiser, 2021)

 "12 new land tiles, each depicting 2 of 3 different types of signposts"

 Carcassonne — The Bets (Carcassonne — Die Wetteinsätze, 2022)
 10 bookmaker tiles (land tile with a betting office depicted) & 36 betting chips

 Mists over Carcassonne (Nebel über Carcassonne, 2023)
 spin-off played as a cooperative game, or acts as a competitive expansion called Ghosts, Castles and Cemeteries (Geister, Schlösser und Friedhöfe)
 60 land tiles (roads, cities, castles, cemeteries, mist), 4x4 starting tile, scoring track with 2 hound tiles (Rufus & Ronja) and 1 goal tile, 30 guard meeples, 15 ghosts

Compilations
 Carcassonne Big Box
 The original game,
 Inns and Cathedrals
 Traders and Builders
 The Princess and the Dragon
 Tower
 River (only in Rio Grande version)

 Carcassonne — Cult, Siege, and Creativity (2008)
 Cult (with one additional tile)
 Siege (an adaptation of the Cathars expansion)
 Two blank white tiles for use in making custom expansions

 Carcassonne Big Box 2 (2008, 2009) This Big Box is the same size as the previous Big Box, but with a slightly different component mix.
 The original game
 Inns and Cathedrals
 Traders and Builders
 The Princess and the Dragon
 Abbey and Mayor
 Count, King and Cult
 River II

 "Wheel of Fortune" ("Das Schicksalsrad", July 2009) A full replacement for the base game and/or expansion, featuring:
 72 tiles with some new/different tiles as compared to the original base game.
 40 followers (in 5 colors) and a scoreboard.
 A new start-tile which depicts the Wheel of Fortune
 The Wheel of Fortune – a new mechanic based on icons on 16 tiles allowing an element of "fate" into the game. Events that can be triggered include famine, plague, and fortune, among others.
 A large pink pig animeeple that moves along the rim of the wheel.

 Carcassonne Big Box 3 (2010, 2011)
 The original game
 Inns and Cathedrals
 Traders and Builders
 The Princess and the Dragon
 Abbey and Mayor
 Bridges, Castles and Bazaars

 Carcassonne 10 year anniversary edition (2011) A stand alone release of the original game to celebrate the 10th anniversary with special packaging, "crystal" meeples made from see through acrylic and a special mini expansion, the festival.
 The original game,
 The Festival
 Meeple shaped storage box (holds only the base game and meeples, no room for expansions)
 Acrylic meeples (not compatible with phantom expansion which uses the same figures to create new rules options)

 Carcassonne Big Box 4 (2012) This Big Box edition is published by Z-Man Games.
 The original game
 Inns and Cathedrals
 Traders and Builders
 Mini Expansion 1 – The Flying Machines
 Mini Expansion 2 – The Messengers
 Mini Expansion 3 – The Ferries
 Mini Expansion 4 – The Gold Mines
 Mini Expansion 5 – Mage & Witch
 Mini Expansion 6 – The Robbers
 Mini Expansion 7 – The Crop Circles II

 Carcassonne Big Box 5 (2014) This Big Box edition is published by Z-Man Games.
 The original game
 Inns and Cathedrals
 Traders and Builders
 Hills & Sheep
 The Wheel of Fortune
 Mini Expansion – The River
 New Meeples for 7 & 8 player games

 Carcassonne Big Box 6 (2017) This Big Box edition is published by Z-Man Games.
 The new edition of the original game with river and abbot expansions
 Inns and Cathedrals
 Traders and Builders
 Mini Expansion 1 – The Flying Machines
 Mini Expansion 2 – The Messengers
 Mini Expansion 3 – The Ferries
 Mini Expansion 4 – The Gold Mines
 Mini Expansion 5 – Mage & Witch
 Mini Expansion 6 – The Robbers
 Mini Expansion 7 – The Crop Circles II

Spin-offs

Following the success of Carcassonne, a number of games have been spun off from the main game, all sharing similar mechanics. There is also a travel-sized version of the original game, Travel Carcassonne (Reise-Carcassonne), released in 2007.
Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers (Carcassonne: Die Jäger und Sammler, 2002) Hunters and Gatherers is a stand-alone game that involves the building of forests, rivers and wildlife rather than cities and roads.  This game attempted to rectify some perceived faults in the original by eliminating cloisters, introducing a "special tile" system to encourage players to complete cities (now forests) owned by other players, and making the value of meadows vary both up and down with animals that appear on the tiles.
The Ark of the Covenant (2003) Ark is a biblical-themed version of Carcassonne by Inspiration Games based on the Old Testament, which includes the animal feature found in Hunters and Gatherers, as well as the Ark itself which may be moved in lieu of follower placement, scoring points for followers that they pass through.
Carcassonne: The Castle (Carcassonne: Die Burg, 2003) The Castle is a two-player spin-off, designed by Reiner Knizia, where the game is played within the confines of a fixed castle.  Players gain extra abilities by scoring an exact number of points, and tile placement rules are relaxed. A downloadable expansion called The Falcon was released in 2015.
Carcassonne: The City (Carcassonne: Die Stadt, 2004) The City is a "deluxe-style" stand-alone game similar to The Castle, where tile placement is relaxed. The significant new rules involve the addition of city walls when the city grows beyond a certain size.
Carcassonne: The Discovery (Carcassonne: Neues Land, 2005) An exploration-themed stand-alone game that involves mountains, seas and meadows. The significant change in this game is that followers are no longer automatically removed when a terrain feature is completed: they must be removed as a game action, in lieu of placing a new follower that turn. Players may choose to remove a follower from, and score for, a terrain feature before it is completed, albeit for fewer points; followers remaining on the map at the end of the game also suffer a score penalty even if the features they are standing on are completed.
New World: A Carcassonne Game (Carcassonne: Mayflower, 2008) New World is a stand-alone game that allows players to play Carcassonne in the New World, aka America. Players begin the basic tile-laying from a coastal edge and move westward, creating towns, hunting, farming, and trail blazing as they go along. Although terminology has changed, this game follows the basic rules of Carcassonne very closely but is more restricted than the basic game.
My First Carcassonne (Die Kinder von Carcassonne, 2009) Unveiled at the Nuremberg International Toy Fair in February 2009 this is a short game for younger children inspired by Carcassonne, designed by Marco Teubner.
Cardcassonne (2009) This is a card game based on Carcassonne.
Carcassonne: The Dice Game, 2011 A set of 9 specialized dice with city segments, meeples, and catapults, where players roll the dice to create cities to gain points.
Carcassonne: Winter Edition (2012) is a standalone Carcassonne game where the tiles are depicted with Winter Snow, the set contains the base-72-tiles plus an additional 12 tiles . An expansion called The Gingerbreadman was released in 2012.

Carcassonne: South Seas (Carcassonne: Südsee, 2013) South Seas is the first title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series. A tropical-themed version, varying gameplay by adding a resource element that affects the point score. An expansion called Friday was released in 2013.
Carcassonne: Gold Rush (Carcassonne: Goldrausch, 2014) Gold Rush is the second title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series of tile-laying games. Gold Rush, players return to the 19th century in the United States. Players mine for gold and complete railroads to score points. A new mechanic is the Tent which can be used to steal Golden Tokens from other players before they complete their mountain. An expansion called The Sheriff was released in 2014.
Carcassonne: Over Hill and Dale (Carcassonne: Über Stock und Stein, 2015) Over Hill and Dale is a standalone game in the Carcassonne series. In this new game, towns and castles are replaced by fields of fruits and vegetables. Fruit is collected, stables are built to house animals, and paths can be walked down to score points.
Carcassonne: Star Wars (Carcassonne: Star Wars, 2015) In this Star Wars version, the known rules of Carcassonne are simplified by removing the farmer mechanic, but Cloisters are replaced with Planets that can be attacked, by rolling dice to beat one's opponent.  Co-op play is introduced with a 2v2 mechanism. A boxed expansion for this game was released in 2016.
Carcassonne: Amazonas (2016) Amazonas is the third title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series. It takes players to the Amazon rainforest, where players can expand villages, forests, and the Amazon River and tributaries.
Carcassonne: Safari (2018) Safari is the fourth title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series.

Video games
Carcassonne for Facebook A Facebook application.
Carcassonne for iOS An iPhone and iPad application developed by TheCodingMonkeys. This version has a Metacritic rating of 93% based on 10 critic reviews.
Carcassonne for Windows Phone An Xbox Live-enabled Windows Phone 8 application.
Carcassonne on mobile- and smartphones (Android, J2ME) Developed by exozet games. Release: July/August 2011.
Carcassonne: The Computer Game A PC-based version of Carcassonne that included AI, online, and hotseat modes. It was distributed only in Germany by games company Koch Media and discontinued in 2006.
Carcassonne on BrettspielWelt (BSW) Includes the expansions: The River, Inns & Cathedrals, Traders & Builders, Princess & Dragon, and King & Scout, as well as options to score based on different rulesets used across various editions of the game.
Carcassonne for Xbox 360 In 2006, Microsoft announced in a press release that Carcassonne would be an Xbox Live Arcade title alongside Catan and Alhambra. The title was published by Sierra Online and released on 27 June 2007; it includes all the tiles of the original game and those of "The River" expansion. This version of the game uses the 3rd Edition scoring rules by default; the game allows alternate and/or older rules for non-ranked and single player games. Sierra had promised to release the expansions as well. As of 30 October 2009, The River II expansion and King & Baron (King & Scout) expansions are available. On 15 November 2007, Microsoft made Carcassonne available free of charge for seven days to celebrate the fifth anniversary of their Xbox Live service.
Carcassonne for Nintendo DS Video game news website Kotaku announced on 9 July 2009 that an iteration of the game will be released on Nintendo DS in 2009.  According to Kotaku, the game will include the "River" expansion as well as three new "worlds" described as "Asian, Nordic and Arabic."
JCloisterZoneA PC-based application implemented in Java.
"Age of Thieves"A game made for AmigaOS 4.1
ConcarneauA web version of the game implemented in JavaScript.
Carcassonne: Tiles & TacticsThe official adaptation of the board game published on Steam. The game includes the Abbots and the River expansion as a DLC. A port based on Tiles and Tactics (Asmodee Digital). It was announced in a September Nintendo Direct. It was released on 29 November 2017.

Tournaments and World Championships
International Carcassonne tournaments were held in Germany in 2003–2005.

The first official Carcassonne World Championship was held at SPIEL in Essen, Germany, in 2006. An annual world championship has been held at SPIEL every year since 2006 with the exceptions of the 2010  and the 2023 championships, which were held during SPIEL but at an alternate location in Herne, Germany; and the 2020 edition which was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the cancelation of the 2020 World Championship, in the 2021 edition each country was allowed to participate with two players (except Romania, that was allowed to participate with three players including the 2019 champion Marian Curcan).

Ralph Querfurth has been the World Champion in four editions.

World Team Carcassonne Online Championship

As a result of the cancelation of World Championship in 2020, the community of Carcassonne Catalonia decided to create an online world championship  for teams, to be played online for several weeks on the online platform Board Game Arena. It is called the World Team Carcassonne Online Championship (WTCOC) and the Japanese team won the first edition. A second edition was played in 2021, and during this edition the publisher Hans Im Gluck and Spielzentrum made official their support for the championship. The second edition in 2021 and the third edition in 2022 were won by Japan. The fourth edition held in 2023 was won by China.

Notes

References

External links

 Carcassone product page on Z-Man Games website
 Comprehensive set of rules for all Carcassonne editions and variants on WikiCarpedia

Board games introduced in 2000

Deutscher Spiele Preis winners
Rio Grande Games games
Spiel des Jahres winners
Tile-laying board games

Carcassonne (board game)