Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. It is a medication used for treating hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and for protecting the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. In the third world it is also used for treating skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. It is a supplement used by people with low dietary intake of iodine. It is administered orally.

Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. Other side effects include allergic reactions, headache, goitre, and depression. While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, its use is still recommended in radiation emergencies. Potassium iodide has the chemical formula KI. Commercially it is made by mixing potassium hydroxide with iodine.

Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Potassium iodide is available as a generic medication and over the counter. Potassium iodide is also used for the iodization of salt.

Medical uses

Dietary supplement

Potassium-iodide is a nutritional-supplement in animal feeds and also in the human diet. In humans it is the most common additive used for "iodizing" table salt (a public health measure to prevent iodine deficiency in populations that get little seafood). The oxidation of iodide causes slow loss of iodine content from iodised salts that are exposed to excess air. The alkali metal iodide salt, over time and exposure to excess oxygen and carbon dioxide, slowly oxidizes to metal carbonate and elemental iodine, which then evaporates. Potassium iodate (KIO3) is used to iodize some salts so that the iodine is not lost by oxidation. Dextrose or sodium thiosulfate are often added to iodized table salt to stabilize potassium iodide thus reducing loss of the volatile chemical.

Thyroid protection

Thyroid iodine uptake blockade with potassium iodide is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which is used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinogen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain iodine, but not in the iodide form. Since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive iodide, it is common to administer non-radioactive potassium iodide to ensure that iodide from these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by the normal affinity of the thyroid for iodide.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved dosing of potassium iodide for this purpose with iobenguane, is as follows (per 24 hours): infants less than 1 month old, 16 mg; children 1 month to 3 years, 32 mg; children 3 years to 18 years, 65 mg; adults 130 mg. Some sources recommend alternative dosing regimens.

Not all sources are in agreement on the necessary duration of thyroid blockade, although agreement appears to have been reached about the necessity of blockade for both scintigraphic and therapeutic applications of iobenguane. Commercially available iobenguane is labeled with iodine-123, and product labeling recommends administration of potassium iodide 1 hour prior to administration of the radiopharmaceutical for all age groups, while the European Association of Nuclear Medicine recommends (for iobenguane labeled with either isotope), that potassium iodide administration begin one day prior to radiopharmaceutical administration, and continue until the day following the injection, with the exception of new-borns, who do not require potassium iodide doses following radiopharmaceutical injection.

Product labeling for diagnostic iodine-131 iobenguane recommends potassium iodide administration one day before injection and continuing 5 to 7 days following administration, in keeping with the much longer half-life of this isotope and its greater danger to the thyroid. Iodine-131 iobenguane used for therapeutic purposes requires a different pre-medication duration, beginning 24–48 hours prior to iobenguane injection and continuing 10–15 days following injection.

Nuclear accidents

In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved potassium iodide to protect thyroid glands from radioactive iodine involving accidents or fission emergencies. In an accidental event or attack on a nuclear power plant, or in nuclear bomb fallout, volatile fission product radionuclides may be released. Of these products,  (Iodine-131) is one of the most common and is particularly dangerous to the thyroid gland because it may lead to thyroid cancer. By saturating the body with a source of stable iodide prior to exposure, inhaled or ingested  tends to be excreted, which prevents radioiodine uptake by the thyroid. According to one 2000 study "KI administered up to 48 h before  exposure can almost completely block thyroid uptake and therefore greatly reduce the thyroid absorbed dose. However, KI administration 96 h or more before  exposure has no significant protective effect. In contrast, KI administration after exposure to radioiodine induces a smaller and rapidly decreasing blockade effect." For optimal prevention, KI must be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodine by either inhalation or ingestion no longer exists.

Emergency 130 milligrams potassium iodide doses provide 100 mg iodide (the other 30 mg is the potassium in the compound), which is roughly 700 times larger than the normal nutritional need (see recommended dietary allowance) for iodine, which is 150 micrograms (0.15 mg) of iodine (as iodide) per day for an adult. A typical tablet weighs 160 mg, with 130 mg of potassium iodide and 30 mg of excipients, such as binding agents.

Potassium iodide cannot protect against any other mechanisms of radiation poisoning, nor can it provide any degree of protection against dirty bombs that produce radionuclides other than those of iodine.

The potassium iodide in iodized salt is insufficient for this use.  A likely lethal dose of salt (more than a kilogram) would be needed to equal the potassium iodide in one tablet.

The World Health Organization does not recommend KI prophylaxis for adults over 40 years, unless the radiation dose from inhaled radioiodine is expected to threaten thyroid function, because the KI side effects increase with age and may exceed the KI protective effects; "...unless doses to the thyroid from inhalation rise to levels threatening thyroid function, that is of the order of about 5 Gy. Such radiation doses will not occur far away from an accident site."

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services restated these two years later as "The downward KI (potassium iodide) dose adjustment by age group, based on body size considerations, adheres to the principle of minimum effective dose. The recommended standard (daily) dose of KI for all school-age children is the same (65 mg). However, adolescents approaching adult size (i.e., >70 kg [154 lbs]) should receive the full adult dose (130 mg) for maximal block of thyroid radioiodine uptake. Neonates ideally should receive the lowest dose (16 mg) of KI."

Side effects
There is reason for caution with prescribing the ingestion of high doses of potassium iodide and iodate, because their unnecessary use can cause conditions such as the Jod-Basedow phenomena, trigger and/or worsen hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and then cause temporary or even permanent thyroid conditions. It can also cause sialadenitis (an inflammation of the salivary gland), gastrointestinal disturbances, and rashes. Potassium iodide is also not recommended for people with dermatitis herpetiformis and hypocomplementemic vasculitis – conditions that are linked to a risk of iodine sensitivity.

There have been some reports of potassium iodide treatment causing swelling of the parotid gland (one of the three glands that secrete saliva), due to its stimulatory effects on saliva production.

A saturated solution of KI (SSKI) is typically given orally in adult doses several times a day (5 drops of SSKI assumed to be  mL) for thyroid blockade (to prevent the thyroid from excreting thyroid hormone) and occasionally this dose is also used, when iodide is used as an expectorant (the total dose is about one gram KI per day for an adult). The anti-radioiodine doses used for  uptake blockade are lower, and range downward from 100  mg a day for an adult, to less than this for children (see table). All of these doses should be compared with the far lower dose of iodine needed in normal nutrition, which is only 150 μg per day (150 micrograms, not milligrams).

At maximal doses, and sometimes at much lower doses, side effects of iodide used for medical reasons, in doses of 1000 times the normal nutritional need, may include: acne, loss of appetite, or upset stomach (especially during the first several days, as the body adjusts to the medication). More severe side effects that require notification of a physician are: fever, weakness, unusual tiredness, swelling in the neck or throat, mouth sores, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling of the hands or feet, or a metallic taste in the mouth.

In the event of a radioiodine release the ingestion of prophylaxis potassium iodide, if available, or even iodate, would rightly take precedence over perchlorate administration, and would be the first line of defence in protecting the population from a radioiodine release. However, in the event of a radioiodine release too massive and widespread to be controlled by the limited stock of iodide and iodate prophylaxis drugs, then the addition of perchlorate ions to the water supply, or distribution of perchlorate tablets would serve as a cheap, efficacious, second line of defense against carcinogenic radioiodine bioaccumulation.

The ingestion of goitrogen drugs is, much like potassium iodide also not without its dangers, such as hypothyroidism. In all these cases however, despite the risks, the prophylaxis benefits of intervention with iodide, iodate or perchlorate outweigh the serious cancer risk from radioiodine bioaccumulation in regions where radioiodine has sufficiently contaminated the environment.

Industrial uses
KI is used with silver nitrate to make silver iodide (AgI), an important chemical in film photography. KI is a component in some disinfectants and hair treatment chemicals. KI is also used as a fluorescence quenching agent in biomedical research, an application that takes advantage of collisional quenching of fluorescent substances by the iodide ion. However, for several fluorophores addition of KI in μM-mM concentrations results in increase of fluorescence intensity, and iodide acts as fluorescence enhancer.

Potassium iodide is a component in the electrolyte of dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC) along with iodine.

Potassium iodide finds its most important applications in organic synthesis mainly in the preparation of aryl iodides in the Sandmeyer reaction, starting from aryl amines. Aryl iodides are in turn used to attach aryl groups to other organics by nucleophilic substitution, with iodide ion as the leaving group.

Chemistry
Potassium iodide is an ionic compound which is made of the following ions: . It crystallises in the sodium chloride structure. It is produced industrially by treating KOH with iodine.

It is a white salt, which is the most commercially significant iodide compound, with approximately 37,000 tons produced in 1985. It absorbs water less readily than sodium iodide, making it easier to work with.

Aged and impure samples are yellow because of the slow oxidation of the salt to potassium carbonate and elemental iodine.
4 KI + 2 CO2 + O2 -> 2 K2CO3 + 2 I2

Inorganic chemistry
Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent,  is easily oxidised to iodine () by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine:
2 KI_{(aq)}{} + Cl2_{(aq)} -> 2 KCl_{(aq)}{} + I2_{(aq)}
This reaction is employed in the isolation of iodine from natural sources. Air will oxidize iodide, as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when aged samples of KI are rinsed with dichloromethane. As formed under acidic conditions, hydriodic acid (HI) is a stronger reducing agent.

Like other iodide salts,  forms triiodide () when combined with elemental iodine.
KI_{(aq)}{} + I2_{(s)} -> KI3_{(aq)}
Unlike ,  salts can be highly water-soluble. Through this reaction, iodine is used in redox titrations. Aqueous , "Lugol's solution", is used as a disinfectant and as an etchant for gold surfaces.

Potassium iodide and silver nitrate are used to make silver(I) iodide, which is used for high speed photographic film and for cloud seeding:
KI_{(aq)}{} + 9AgNO3_{(aq)}  ->  AgI_{(s)}{} + KNO3_{(aq)}

Organic chemistry
KI serves as a source of iodide in organic synthesis. A useful application is in the preparation of aryl iodides from arenediazonium salts.

KI, acting as a source of iodide, may also act as a nucleophilic catalyst for the alkylation of alkyl chlorides, bromides, or mesylates.

History
Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. Some of the earliest uses included cures for syphilis, lead and mercury poisoning.

Chernobyl
Potassium iodide's (KI) value as a radiation protective (thyroid blocking) agent was demonstrated following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster in April 1986. A saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) was administered to 10.5 million children and 7 million adults in Poland as a preventative measure against accumulation of radioactive  in the thyroid gland.

Reports differ concerning whether people in the areas immediately surrounding Chernobyl itself were given the supplement. However the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reported, "thousands of measurements of I-131 (radioactive iodine) activity...suggest that the observed levels were lower than would have been expected had this prophylactic measure not been taken. The use of KI...was credited with permissible iodine content in 97% of the evacuees tested."

With the passage of time, people living in irradiated areas where KI was not available have developed thyroid cancer at epidemic levels, which is why the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported "The data clearly demonstrate the risks of thyroid radiation... KI can be used [to] provide safe and effective protection against thyroid cancer caused by irradiation."

Chernobyl also demonstrated that the need to protect the thyroid from radiation was greater than expected. Within ten years of the accident, it became clear that thyroid damage caused by released radioactive iodine was virtually the only adverse health effect that could be measured. As reported by the NRC, studies after the accident showed that "As of 1996, except for thyroid cancer, there has been no confirmed increase in the rates of other cancers, including leukemia, among the... public, that have been attributed to releases from the accident."

But equally important to the question of KI is the fact that radioactivity releases are not "local" events. Researchers at the World Health Organization accurately located and counted the residents with cancer from Chernobyl and were startled to find that "the increase in incidence [of thyroid cancer] has been documented up to 500 km from the accident site... significant doses from radioactive iodine can occur hundreds of kilometers from the site, beyond emergency planning zones."  Consequently, far more people than anticipated were affected by the radiation, which caused the United Nations to report in 2002 that "The number of people with thyroid cancer... has exceeded expectations. Over 11,000 cases have already been reported."

Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Chernobyl findings were consistent with studies of the effects of previous radioactivity releases. In 1945, several hundreds of thousands of people working and residing in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were exposed to high levels of radiation after atomic bombs were detonated over the two cities by the United States. Survivors of the A-bombings, also known as hibakusha, have markedly high rates of thyroid disease; a 2006 study of 4091 hibakusha found nearly half the participants (1833; 44.8%) had an identifiable thyroid disease.

An editorial in The Journal of the American Medical Association regarding thyroid diseases in both hibakusha and those affected by the Chernobyl disaster reports that "[a] straight line adequately describes the relationship between radiation dose and thyroid cancer incidence" and states "it is remarkable that a biological effect from a single brief environmental exposure nearly 60 years in the past is still present and can be detected."

Nuclear weapons testing
The development of thyroid cancer among residents in the North Pacific from radioactive fallout following the United States' nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s (on islands nearly 200 miles downwind of the tests) were instrumental in the 1978 decision by the FDA to issue a request for the availability of KI for thyroid protection in the event of a release from a commercial nuclear power plant or weapons-related nuclear incident. Noting that KI's effectiveness was "virtually complete" and finding that iodine in the form of KI was substantially superior to other forms including iodate (KIO3) in terms of safety, effectiveness, lack of side effects, and speed of onset, the FDA invited manufacturers to submit applications to produce and market KI.

Fukushima
It was reported on 16 March 2011, that potassium iodide tablets were given preventively to U.S. Naval air crew members flying within 70 nautical miles of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant damaged in the earthquake (8.9/9.0 magnitude) and ensuing tsunami on 11 March 2011. The measures were seen as precautions, and the Pentagon said no U.S. forces have shown signs of radiation poisoning. By 20 March, the US Navy instructed personnel coming within 100 miles of the reactor to take the pills.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the central storage of iodine-pills is located in Zoetermeer, near The Hague. In 2017, the Dutch government distributed pills to hundreds of thousands of residents who lived within a certain distance of nuclear power plants and met some other criteria.

Belgium
By 2020, potassium iodide tablets are made available free of charge for all residents in all pharmacies throughout the country.

Formulations
Three companies (Anbex, Inc., Fleming Co, and Recipharm of Sweden) have met the strict FDA requirements for manufacturing and testing of KI, and they offer products (IOSAT, ThyroShield, and ThyroSafe, respectively) which are available for purchase. In 2012, Fleming Co. sold all its product rights and manufacturing facility to other companies and no longer exists. ThyroShield is currently not in production.

Tablets of potassium iodide are supplied for emergency purposes related to blockade of radioiodine uptake, a common form of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by the short-lived fission product . Potassium iodide may also be administered pharmaceutically for thyroid storm.

For reasons noted above, therapeutic drops of SSKI, or 130 mg tablets of KI as used for nuclear fission accidents, are not used as nutritional supplements, since an SSKI drop or nuclear-emergency tablet provides 300 to 700 times more iodine than the daily adult nutritional requirement. Dedicated nutritional iodide tablets containing 0.15 mg (150 micrograms (μg)) of iodide, from KI or from various other sources (such as kelp extract) are marketed as supplements, but they are not to be confused with the much higher pharmaceutical dose preparations.

Potassium iodide can be conveniently prepared in a saturated solution, abbreviated SSKI. This method of delivering potassium iodide doesn't require a method to weigh out the potassium iodide, thus allowing it to be used in an emergency situation. KI crystals are simply added to water until no more KI will dissolve and instead sits at the bottom of the container. With pure water, the concentration of KI in the solution depends only on the temperature. Potassium iodide is highly soluble in water thus SSKI is a concentrated source of KI. At 20 degrees Celsius the solubility of KI is 140-148 grams per 100 grams of water. Because the volumes of KI and water are approximately additive, the resulting SSKI solution will contain about 1.00 gram (1000 mg) KI per milliliter (mL) of solution. This is 100% weight/volume (note units of mass concentration) of KI (one gram KI per mL solution), which is possible because SSKI is significantly more dense than pure water—about 1.67 g/mL. Because KI is about 76.4% iodide by weight, SSKI contains about 764 mg iodide per mL. This concentration of iodide allows the calculation of the iodide dose per drop, if one knows the number of drops per milliliter. For SSKI, a solution more viscous than water, there are assumed to be 15 drops per mL; the iodide dose is therefore approximately 51 mg per drop. It is conventionally rounded to 50 mg per drop.

The term SSKI is also used, especially by pharmacists, to refer to a U.S.P. pre-prepared solution formula, made by adding KI to water to prepare a solution containing 1000 mg KI per mL solution (100% wt/volume KI solution), to closely approximate the concentration of SSKI made by saturation. This is essentially interchangeable with SSKI made by saturation, and also contains about 50 mg iodide per drop.

Saturated solutions of potassium iodide can be an emergency treatment for hyperthyroidism (so-called thyroid storm), as high amounts of iodide temporarily suppress secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. The dose typically begins with a loading dose, then  mL SSKI (5 drops or 250 mg iodine as iodide), three times per day.
Iodide solutions made from a few drops of SSKI added to drinks have also been used as expectorants to increase the water content of respiratory secretions and encourage effective coughing.
SSKI has been proposed as a topical treatment for sporotrichosis, but no trials have been conducted to determine the efficacy or side effects of such treatment.
Potassium iodide has been used for symptomatic treatment of erythema nodosum patients for persistent lesions whose cause remains unknown. It has been used in cases of erythema nodosum associated with Crohn's disease.
Due to its high potassium content, SSKI is extremely bitter, and if possible it is administered in a sugar cube or small ball of bread. It may also be mixed into much larger volumes of juices.
Neither SSKI or KI tablets form nutritional supplements, since the nutritional requirement for iodine is only 150 micrograms (0.15 mg) of iodide per day. Thus, a drop of SSKI provides 50/0.15 = 333 times the daily iodine requirement, and a standard KI tablet provides twice this much.

References

External links

 World Health Organization's guidelines for iodine prophylaxis following a nuclear accident

Potassium compounds
Alkali metal iodides
Disaster preparedness
Expectorants
Iodides
Food additives
Metal halides
Photographic chemicals
Radiobiology
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Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Rock salt crystal structure
Ophthalmology drugs

Potassium iodide


Lee Filters is a manufacturer of colour filters and colour gels for the entertainment lighting, film and photography industries. Their colour gels for stage lighting are the industry standard in Europe while competing with other brands such as Rosco.

The company was founded in 1967 as part of the group that became Lee International. Lee Filters is now owned by Panavision.
In 1980, the company was awarded the Bert Easey Technical Award of the British Society of Cinematographers for "the development of motion picture filters and control mediums".

References

Optical filters
Companies based in Hampshire
Photography equipment
Stage lighting instruments
British companies established in 1967

Lee Filters


Daan is a metro station on the Wenhu Line and Tamsui-Xinyi Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code of the Wenhu line station is BR09 and the station code of the Tamsui-Xinyi line station is R05.

Station layout information

Wenhu line
The station platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.

Tamsui-Xinyi line
The station platforms are located underground. Platform 1 is for Tamsui or Beitou. Platform 2 is for Xiangshan, which is also used as a termination platform for trains from Beitou during non-rush hours.

Around the station
 Bureau of National Health Insurance
 American Institute in Taiwan
 Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University
 Taipei Municipal Da-An Vocational High School
 Daan Junior High School
 Taipei Hakka Culture Hall
 Taipei Farmers Association
 Cross-Strait Tourism Exchange Association
 Daan Forest Park
Railway stations in Taipei

Daan metro station


Brabantia is a privately owned Dutch company which manufactures items for residential use such as waste bins, laundry racks, food storage containers and other products.

History
The company was founded in 1919 in Aalst, North Brabant, Netherlands, under the name van Elderen & Co, a company specialising in sheet metal fabrication. The name Brabantia is derived from the province of North Brabant, and was an early Van Elderen trade name.

CEO since 31 January 2012 is Tijn van Elderen.

Brabantia offers a range of some 500 houseware products in five core categories: waste storage, food storage, food preparation, laundry care and hardware, which includes post boxes and bathroom accessories. Since 1919, the company has grown and now has four production units employing 1,000 employees across 85 countries. It has annual turnover of around €150 million.

Still using steel as its prime manufacturing material, as well as a variety of high grade plastics, products continue to be made in-house in Belgium, Latvia and China, as well as an assembly and finishing plant in Nailsea in the UK.

The company has wholly owned subsidiaries in all key European markets including the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain, Italy and the United States with an export department covering other world markets.

Aims
The company markets its products on the basis of their supposed toughness and durability. According to its mission statement, it aims to develop products that are "Designed for Living".

References

External links

Manufacturing companies of the Netherlands
Kitchenware brands
Dutch brands

Brabantia


The Saudi Arabian national emblem () was adopted in 1950. According to the Saudi Basic Law, it consists of two crossed swords with a palm tree in the space above and between the blades.

The two swords represent the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sultanate of Nejd and its dependencies, which were united under Ibn Saud in 1926, or strength, stamina, and sacrifice.

The crest represents that prosperity can only be had through Justice.

The palm stands for growth, vitality, and prosperity and the crossed swords represent Justice. The palm tree represents the Kingdom's assets which are defined as its people, heritage, history, and resources natural and non-natural. Thus, the palm is shown to be guarded by the two swords, which represent the forces to be used in defence of the nation.

Historical emblems

Usage

The emblem appears on government documents, diplomatic missions, as well as several Saudi Arabian flags. It is emblazoned in gold on the flag of the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia (which is also the Kingdom's war ensign), and on the lower hoist of the royal standard. The latter is essentially the national flag with the added emblem in gold, which is placed in the lower part of the (left-facing) hoist and not in the canton as with other royal standards. The emblem's lower position is in deference to the sacred nature of the Shahada, the Islamic creed.

The emblem also forms a prominent part of state airline Saudia's branding, being featured on the tail fins of the airline's fleet.

See also
National symbols of Saudi Arabia

References

National symbols of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia

Emblem of Saudi Arabia


"Watch Us Work It" is a single by the US new wave band Devo, produced by Teddybears. It was originally released in 2007, and was featured in a commercial for Dell. It was subsequently re-released, on vinyl, in 2008. The song was included on the deluxe version of the band's ninth studio album Something for Everybody which was released on June 15, 2010. The song features a sample drum track from "The Super Thing" from Devo's 1981 album New Traditionalists.

The band announced in a July 23, 2007, MySpace bulletin that a full-length music video would be created, and the song itself is now available on iTunes and eMusic. Gerald Casale said that this song was chosen from a batch that the band was working on. The music video was released in September 2007, directed by Jonas Åkerlund, and is an extended version of the Dell commercial, without product shots. The song appears in the video game Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3.

MVD Audio announced a vinyl maxi-single of "Watch Us Work It" for release in 2008. Released on December 9, 2008, it contains three previously unreleased versions of the song, and a remix of The Attery Squash song "Devo Was Right About Everything" by the band. It is the first physical single released by Devo since "Post Post-Modern Man" in 1990.

A music video of the "Still Workin' Mix" featuring the band, without drummer Josh Freese, appeared on the Nickelodeon TV show Yo Gabba Gabba! in March 2010.

Track listing
12" Vinyl single
 "Watch Us Work It" (Teddybears mix) – 2:14
 "Watch Us Work It" (Original demo) – 2:18
 "Watch Us Work It" (Karaoke Mix) – 3:12
 "Watch Us Work It" (Still Workin' Mix) – 4:19
 "Devo Was Right About Everything" by The Attery Squash (The Devo Mix)  – 3:05

Digital Download
"Watch Us Work It" – 2:13

References

2007 singles
Devo songs
Music videos directed by Jonas Åkerlund
2007 songs
Songs written by Gerald Casale
Songs written by Mark Mothersbaugh

Watch Us Work It


Maganlal Dresswala or Maganlal Dresswala & Co. is a noted costumer and costume designer for Bollywood productions. Established in 1926 as a small shop in Kalbadevi, Mumbai, it is most known for its period costumes, in Ram Rajya (1943) Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and Anarkali (1953), and mythological TV series Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan (1987-1988) and B.R. Chopra's Mahabharat (1988-1990).

Today, the company is the oldest costume supplier in Indian cinema and is mentioned as such in the Limca Book of Records 2012 as it was the costumer for first Indian talkie, Alam Ara (1931).

History
The company started as a small shop in Kalbadevi, near Marine Lines, Mumbai, where brothers Maganlal and Harilal started selling headgear for bridegrooms, like pagadi, sehra and safas. Gradually they shifted to providing wardrobe and costume coordination to local Ramleela theatrical productions. This led to historical and mythological films which were the rage in Bollywood (Hindi cinema), working for noted films like Vijay Bhatt's Ram Rajya (1943), K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and Anarkali (1953). They also provided costumes for productions of Parsi theatre. Soon they became a leading provider of wardrobe and costumes; they rented out furniture, set decoration items, and costume accessories, and ventured into exports. Over the years, the company has opened several outlets across Mumbai.

By the 1980s, the company started catering to the rising television industry, most notable the epic series Ramayan (1987—1988), directed by Ramanand Sagar, followed by Mahabharat (1988—1990) by B.R. Chopra and Shyam Benegal's Bharat Ek Khoj (1988). In 1997, the company organized an auction of costumes, which included costumes from Mughal-e-Azam. Today, the company is also famous for supplying annual Navratri garba dance costumes. People from Gujarat, Bengal and even outside India (mostly NRIs), start coming months in advance. The third generation of the family, Sarika Dresswala is the company's head designer.

In 2012, Dresswala, a documentary film directed by Shriya Pilgaonkar, that traces the evolution of Indian cinema through the rise of Maganlal Dresswala, was shown at the 14th Mumbai Film Festival.

References

External links

Indian costume designers
Hindi cinema
Clothing companies established in 1926
Companies based in Mumbai
Film industry in Mumbai
1926 establishments in India

Maganlal Dresswala


Donald McKay (1836 – April 19, 1899) was an American scout, actor, and spokesman. He is best known as the leader of the Warm Springs Indians during the Modoc War and American Indian Wars.

Biography
Donald McKay was born in 1836 in Oregon Territory to fur trader Thomas McKay and She-Who-Rides-Like-The-Wind Umatilla, a Cayuse woman from the Umatilla tribe.

In 1852, McKay worked as a translator  for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the U.S. Army. In 1872, during the Modoc War, the U.S. Army issued McKay with a temporary commission as captain to lead the Warms Springs Indian Scouts. McKay, met with "Captain Jack" Kintpuash, of the Modoc band, to negotiate an end to the standoff. In the summer of 1873 the war ended with the defeat of the Modoc and the execution of Captain Jack.

Following the Modoc War, McKay toured the country with several Warm Springs Scouts and performed in Wild West shows that were popular at the time. He toured Europe with promoter "Colonel" Thomas Augustus Edwards performing before European monarchs and then returned home to participate in the 1876 American Centennial Exposition celebration in Philadelphia. In 1877, Donald was a part of the 'Texas Jack Combination' formed by Texas Jack Omohundro and debuted in St. Louis that year. Donald toured the U.S with his family to promote patent medicines with the Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company of Boston and later with the Oregon Indian Medicine Company formed by T.A. Edwards. In 1881 Edwards published a biography of McKay titled Daring Donald McKay; or, The last war-trail of the Modocs.

In 1892, Donald McKay and his family settled on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, where McKay resumed his work as a translator for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. McKay died on April 19, 1899, in Pendleton, Oregon, and is buried at Saint Andrews Mission Cemetery.

References

External links

1836 births
1899 deaths
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
19th-century translators
American people of Métis descent
Native American people of the Indian Wars
People from Pendleton, Oregon
People of the American Old West
People of the Modoc War
Spokespersons
Wild West show performers

Donald McKay (scout)


Jürgen Dehmel (born 12 August 1958) is a German bass player and songwriter.

He was born in Berlin. Dehmel was brought by keyboardist Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen to join the rock band Nena in 1981. Fahrenkrog-Petersen and Dehmel had previously been together in a band called Odessa, releasing a self-titled album in 1980. The band also included Helmut Hirt on vocals, Otto Schneider on drums, Bernd Däumchen on guitar and saxophone, and Andreas Römer on solo-guitar.

Dehmel joined Nena in 1981, and he remained until the band split in 1986. He continued to collaborate with Nena in her solo career and on tour, co-writing several songs for her solo albums. In 1986 Nena and Dehmel produced an album for the band Time Boys, under the names of Jay-Dee and Susi K. He also wrote songs and produced soundtracks for German films, and toured frequently with the singer Nina Hagen. In 1988–89 he also wrote three songs with his girlfriend, Ilonka Breitmeier, for a Bosnian-American pop star called Tinka. In 1991, he co-produced the album The Band (a collection of Nena's best songs). He usually works from his home-built recording studio.

Dehmel was married to Nena's sister, Kristiane, from 1985 to 1987. Kristiane was a nurse at a hospital in Berlin.

References

Living people
1958 births
German bass guitarists
German new wave musicians
Male bass guitarists
German male songwriters
Musicians from Berlin
German male guitarists
Nena (band) members

Jürgen Dehmel


The Dodge LCF (for "Low Cab Forward") was a series of medium- and heavy-duty trucks built by Dodge from 1960 until 1976. They replaced the Dodge COE range of cabover trucks built in the 1950s. The 500 through 700 series were medium duty only, while 800 through 1000 series were reserved for heavy-duty versions.

The LCF range was also sold in Canada with the Fargo badge. In addition, following Chrysler Corporation policy of badge engineering to provide a greater number of sales outlets overseas, LCFs were also marketed in some countries with the De Soto badge.

Description

The LCF cabin section was taken directly from the 1956–1960 range of Dodge pickup trucks, with its panoramic windshield, but was fitted with a unique front section. One of the Dodge LCF's main selling points was accessibility; the sides of the engine compartment and fenders being arranged to swing open. A mechanic could easily stand between the engine and the front wheel while working.

A range of Dodge and International Harvester gasoline engines were available, as were diesels from Perkins (for lighter variants), Cummins, Caterpillar, and Detroit Diesel for the heaviest duty versions, both six-cylinder and V8 versions. Gasoline-powered versions were simply called the "C" series, followed by a numeral indicating weight class, and all of them were V8-powered. Perkins diesel-engined units were called "PC", while inline diesels were called "CN" and V-type diesels were "CV". A "T" following the letters indicates a tandem rear axle. On LCFs equipped with inline-six diesels the engine intruded into the cabin. This was covered with a removable panel for maintenance. A near unlimited range of engines, transmissions, and rear axles were available for what was usually a built-to-order truck. The biggest diesel available was the Cummins V-903, a giant  unit with a modest  max output. The smaller  Detroit Diesel 8V-71N was the most powerful engine, with  on tap.

With Dodge pulling out of the heavy truck business, the C series' last year in the US market was 1975. A few hundred more CNT800's and CNT900's were exported in 1976 as CKD kits to Latin American countries, where the last units were assembled until 1978.

References

Trucks
LCF
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Vehicles introduced in 1960
Class 6 trucks
Class 7 trucks
Class 8 trucks

Dodge LCF series


The SouthWest Cyclops is a professional indoor lacrosse team that plays in Hagersville, Ontario. It is part of the Canadian Lacrosse League. It plays its home games in the Iroquois Lacrosse Arena.

The team was started in 2011 in Bampton as the Inferno. In 2014, it moved to Hagersville and renamed itself the Southwest Cyclops.

Canadian Lacrosse League
Sport in Ontario

SouthWest Cyclops


Big Fan is a 2009 American dramedy film written and directed by Robert D. Siegel, and starring Patton Oswalt, Kevin Corrigan, Marcia Jean Kurtz, Michael Rapaport, and Scott Ferrall.  The story revolves around the bleak yet amiable life of the self-described "world's biggest New York Giants fan", Paul Aufiero (Oswalt). Big Fan garnered positive reviews at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. The film had a limited release in the United States beginning on August 28, 2009.

Plot
Paul Aufiero is a parking garage attendant who lives with his mother in Staten Island, New York, and relentlessly follows the New York Giants football team. He and his friend Sal faithfully attend each Giants game; however, as they can't afford tickets, they content themselves with watching the games on a battery-powered TV in the stadium parking lot. Paul is also a regular caller to the Sports Dogg's radio talk show, where he refers to himself as "Paul from Staten Island," rants in support of the Giants, and berates his on-air rival, Philadelphia Eagles fanatic "Philadelphia Phil". Paul's family criticizes him for doing nothing with his life. He disregards their scorn and happily devotes himself to his beloved team.

One day Paul and Sal spot Giants star and Paul's favorite player Quantrell Bishop and his entourage in Staten Island. They follow Bishop to a drug deal in Stapleton. Though the pair see Bishop buying something, they naively fail to recognize the transaction. Paul and Sal then follow Bishop into a strip club in Manhattan where they introduce themselves. All goes well until the two fans innocently mention that they saw Bishop in Stapleton. An enraged Bishop brutally beats Paul, who wakes up in a hospital three days later.

Bishop is suspended from the team. Paul's personal-injury lawyer brother Jeff and NYPD Detective Velardi press Paul to bring charges against Bishop, but Paul refuses, worried about the effect on the Giants' performance if they lose their star linebacker. The charges against Bishop are eventually dropped and he returns to the team.

Jeff files a $77 million civil lawsuit against Bishop as Paul's legal guardian, claiming Paul is mentally incompetent and can't bring a lawsuit himself. When a reporter phones Paul to ask him about the lawsuit, Paul becomes livid and confronts Jeff as he sits on the toilet. Jeff and Paul's mother urge Paul to get mental help.

Philadelphia Phil researches Paul on the Internet and reveals on Sports Dogg's show that the victim of the Quantrell Bishop beating is "Paul from Staten Island", humiliating him. Paul heads for Philadelphia to confront Phil. Disguised as an Eagles fanatic, Paul identifies Phil in a local bar and gains his trust as they watch the Giants and Eagles play the season's pivotal final game. The Eagles dominate the Giants, and the crowd in the bar derides the Giants with increasing enthusiasm, much to Paul's consternation.  As the Eagles fans celebrate their victory, Paul follows Phil into the men's room and pulls a gun on him, shooting Phil multiple times.  Phil, lying shocked on the men's room floor, stares at his hands, which are now covered in red and blue, the Giants' colors. The gun is revealed to be a paintball gun. Paul growls "Eagles suck!" and flees from the bar.

Paul is arrested and imprisoned for the assault. Sal visits Paul in jail and reveals to him the Giants' schedule for the following season. A key game coincides with the week Paul is scheduled to be released, and an overjoyed Paul says "It's going to be a great year".

Cast
Patton Oswalt as Paul Aufiero
Kevin Corrigan as Sal
Michael Rapaport as Philadelphia Phil
Marcia Jean Kurtz as Theresa Aufiero
Matt Servitto as Detective Velarde
Serafina Fiore as Gina
Gino Cafarelli as Jeff
Jonathan Hamm as Quantrell Bishop
Polly Humphreys as Christine
Scott Ferrall as Sports Dogg
 Sharoz Makarechi as Production Designer
 Josh Trank as Wrong Phil's Buddy

Reception
Big Fan received mostly positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 86%, based on 88 reviews, and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring Patton Oswalt's sympathetic portrayal, Big Fan humorously and effectively captures the dark and lonely world of a sports fanatic." Metacritic gives the film a score of 70 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

The New York Times gave the film a positive review, describing it as an "agreeably low-key and modest film."

References

External links

2009 films
American football films
Films about fandom
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films set in Philadelphia
New York Giants
2009 directorial debut films
2009 independent films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Big Fan


Filippo Maria Pandolfi (born 1 November 1927) is a former Italian politician, minister, and European commissioner. He was born in Bergamo, Italy.

Pandolfi was a member of the Christian Democracy party. He was elected to the Italian parliament in 1968, heading the list in electoral district of Brescia–Bergamo in 1976, 1979, 1983, and 1987.

Pandolfi was finance undersecretary in the Aldo Moro government from 1974 to 1976. In 1976 he became Minister of Finance, in 1978 Minister of the Treasury, then from 1980 to 1983 Minister for Industry and Trade, and finally from 1983 to 1988 Minister of Agriculture and Forestry.

From 6 January 1989 to 5 January 1993 he was the European Commissioner in the Delors Commission, having portfolio for Research and Development.

References

Other websites
Online biography at Atheneum NAE website

1927 births
Living people
Politicians from Lombardy
European Union politicians
People from Bergamo

Filippo Maria Pandolfi


The Andean cat, Andean highland cat or Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobita) is a small wild cat that lives in the Andes mountain range. They live in Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and northern Chile.

The adult Andean cat is 57 to 64 cm long from its nose to the end of its body, and its tail is another 41 to 48 cm long. It is about 36 cm tall and weighs between 4 and 6 kg. Its fur is gray with places that are brown and some stripes. Its hairs can be 5 cm long. Young cats have lighter fur than adult cats. Young Andean cats look like pampas cats, which live in the same places as the Andean cat.

It eats many different kinds of small animals, for example lizards and birds. Its main food is the mountain vizcacha. Its main food used to be the mountain chinchilla, but most of the chinchillas are dead now and the ones that are a live do not live where the Andean cat lives. This cat likes to live in rocky, open places more than it likes forests.

The Andean cat is in danger of dying out because humans are using or want to use the land that it lives on, breaking its living space into small pieces so that it has to cross roads and other human areas to get from place to place. It is endangered because many of the animals it eats are gone. It is endangered because humans like to catch it for its fur. It is also endangered because the Andean cat and its body parts is important to traditional medicine in Peru and in religious ceremonies for some of the indigenous people of the Andes.

References

Felines
Mammals of South America

Andean mountain cat


The Nahanarvali, also known as the Nahavali, Naha-Narvali, and Nahanavali, were a Germanic tribe mentioned by the Roman scholar Tacitus in his Germania.

According to Tacitus, the Nahanarvali were one of the five most powerful tribes of the Lugii, living between the Oder and the Vistula. Tacitus mentions the Naharvali as the keepers of the sanctuary of the Lugii, a grove dedicated to the twin gods Alcis.

While Tacitus did not mention the Silingi, he said that the Naharvali were in approximately the same area as Ptolemaeus had placed the Silingi.

See also

List of Germanic peoples

References

Sources
Tacitus, Germania.XLIII

Early Germanic peoples
Lugii

Nahanarvali


Star Wars: Republic is an American comic book series set in the fictional Star Wars universe.  The series was published by Dark Horse Comics from 1998 to February 2006. The series was originally titled simply Star Wars, but acquired its Republic title at issue 46.  The entire series comprises 83 issues. After issue 83, the series was replaced by Star Wars: Dark Times, which continued the Republic numbering on its inside covers. The Republic series is one of a number of comic book series set in the Star Wars Expanded Universe.

The events in Star Wars: Republic are set in roughly the same fictional timeframe as the Star Wars film prequel trilogy.  Character development builds on the films, including appearances by more prominent characters such as Mace Windu and Yoda, as well as peripheral characters such as Ki-Adi-Mundi and Quinlan Vos.

Story arcs

Prelude to Rebellion
Issues 1–6 (December 1998–May 1999) were written by Jan Strnad with art by Anthony Winn.

Shortly before the events of The Phantom Menace, Jedi Master Ki-Adi-Mundi returns to his home world and defends his people, including his family, from raiders. After his success there, he is made a member of the Jedi Council.

Outlander
Issues 7–12 (June–November 1999) were written by Timothy Truman with art by Tom Raney, Rod Pereira, Rick Leonardi, and Al Rio.

Following the events of The Phantom Menace, Ki-Adi-Mundi is sent by the Jedi Council to Tatooine to investigate whether former Padawan Sharad Hett, who now identifies as a Tusken Raider, has become evil. Meanwhile, Gardulla and Jabba the Hutt send their minions to attack the Sand People in a scheme to drive the sales of outdated weapons. Hett dies, but his son and Padawan, A'Sharad Hett, returns to Coruscant to join the Jedi Order.

Emissaries to Malastare
Issues 13–18 (December 1999–May 2000) were written by Timothy Truman with art by Tom Lyle, Jan Duursema, and John Nadeau.

Jedi Masters Mace Windu, Yaddle, Adi Gallia, Plo Koon, Even Piell, and Ki-Adi-Mundi, as well as A'Sharad Hett, travel to Malastare to establish peace between two rival factions. They are caught up in the middle of a high-stakes podrace, which Sebulba dominates despite an assassination attempt on him. Mace then travels to Nar Shaddaa to investigate the trafficking of an animal from his home world.

Twilight
Quinlan Vos has had his memory erased, including his Jedi training and system of morality. He teams up with the Devaronian Vilmarh Grahrk, who places a bet on the Jedi's survival after failing to benefit from his death. Vos remembers his identity and that of his apprentice, Aayla Secura, when he finds their lightsabers. Vos and Grahrk travel to Ryloth in hopes of finding Secura and discovering who tried to erase her and Vos's existence.

Infinity's End
Quinlan Vos has been sent to Dathomir, where he is tasked with preventing a coven of crazy witches from using an outmoded portal to jump across spacetime, wreaking havoc to planets each time the gate is used.

Starcrash
A newly knighted Jedi crash-lands on a planet where he helps liberate a princess from an unwanted marriage.

The Hunt for Aurra Sing
Ki-Adi-Mundi, A'Sharad Hett, and Adi Gallia pursue Aurra Sing, who has recently been on a Jedi-slaying rampage.

Darkness
Quinlan Vos goes to a planet where the leader of some brain-devouring creatures has turned Aayla Secura to the dark side. Vos's former master shows up, as do some other Jedi and Vilmarh Grahrk, who help Vos save Secura.

The Stark Hyperspace War

The Devaronian Version

Issues 40 and 41 (March–May 2002) are written by John Ostrander with art by Davide Fabbri, and recount earlier events (previously depicted in Jedi Council: Acts of War) by Vilmarh Grahrk, with some embellishments.

Rite of Passage

Honor and Duty

Sacrifice

The Defense of Kamino

The New Face of War

Blast Radius

Double Blind

The Battle of Jabiim

Enemy Lines

Hate and Fear

Dead Ends

No Man's Land

Striking from the Shadows

Bloodlines

Show of Force

Forever Young

Armor

The Dreadnaughts of Rendili
Issue 71 (November 2004) depicts Anakin Skywalker receiving his iconic eye scar in a duel with Asajj Ventress during the Clone Wars.

Trackdown

The Siege of Saleucami

Loyalties
Issue 78 (October 2005) was written by John Ostrander with art by Luke Ross.

Shortly after the events of Revenge of the Sith, Emperor Palpatine introduces some of his highest-ranking Imperial officers to Darth Vader. One officer reluctant to serve the Empire, Sagoro Autem, is warned by his former partner Omin that he is soon to be executed. Vader arrives and kills Omin, knowing he helped Autem flee. The Sith lord hires three bounty hunters to find Autem, two of which he fights off. The third reveals himself as Autem's son, who flees with his father to the Outer Rim.

Into the Unknown
Issues 79 and 80 (November–December 2005) were written by Randy Stradley with art by Doug Wheatley.

Following the end of the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Kai Hudorra and Padawan Noirah Na hide from clone troopers, who have turned on the Jedi in accord with Order 66. Meanwhile, Jedi Master Dass Jennir befriends the natives of New Plympto, who were previously allied with the Separatists. All three Jedi travel to the Jedi Temple on Coruscant, where they witness a defiant Jedi being killed by clones.  Hudorra and Na abandon the Jedi Order, and Jennir returns to New Plympto to fight the Galactic Empire. Jennir's story is continued in the first arc of Star Wars: Dark Times.

The Hidden Enemy

Collected editions

Original series
Star Wars: Prelude to Rebellion (collects #1-6)
Star Wars: Outlander (collects #7-12)
Star Wars: Emissaries to Malastare (collects #13-18)
Star Wars: Twilight (collects #19-22)
Star Wars: The Hunt for Aurra Sing (collects #28-31)
Star Wars: Darkness (collects #32-35)
Star Wars: The Stark Hyperspace War (collects #36-39)
Star Wars: Rite of Passage (collects #42-45)
Star Wars: Honor and Duty (collects #46-48, 78)

Clone Wars sub-series

Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 1: The Defense of Kamino (includes #49-50)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 2: Victories and Sacrifices (includes #51-53)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 3: Last Stand on Jabiim (collects #55-59)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 4: Light and Dark (includes #54, 63)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 5: The Best Blades (includes #60-62, 64)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 6: On the Fields of Battle (collects #65-71)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 8: The Last Siege, The Final Truth (collects #72-77)
Star Wars: Clone Wars Volume 9: Endgame (includes #79-83)

30th Anniversary Collection
Star Wars: 30th Anniversary Collection Volume 5: Light and Dark (includes #54, 63)
Star Wars: 30th Anniversary Collection Volume 6: Endgame (includes #79-83)

Omnibus
Star Wars Omnibus: Rise of the Sith (includes #1-6)
Star Wars Omnibus: Emissaries and Assassins (includes #7-18)
Star Wars Omnibus: Menace Revealed (includes #27-31)
Star Wars Omnibus: Quinlan Vos: Jedi in Darkness (collects #19-26, 32-45)
Star Wars Omnibus: Clone Wars Volume 1 - The Republic Goes to War (includes #49-54, 61, 63, 67)
Star Wars Omnibus: Clone Wars Volume 2 - The Enemy on All Sides (includes #55-60, 62, 64-66, 68)
Star Wars Omnibus: Clone Wars Volume 3 - The Republic Falls (includes #69-77, 81-83)
 Star Wars Omnibus: Dark Times Volume 1 (includes #79-80)

References

1998 comics debuts
Comics by John Ostrander
Dark Horse Comics titles
Republic

Star Wars: Republic


The Brute Man is a 1946 American horror thriller film starring Rondo Hatton as the Creeper, a murderer seeking revenge against the people he holds responsible for the disfigurement of his face. Directed by Jean Yarbrough, the film features Tom Neal and Jan Wiley as a married pair of friends the Creeper blames for his deformities. Jane Adams also stars as a blind pianist for whom the Creeper tries to raise money for an operation to restore her vision.

Universal Pictures produced the film near the end of their horror film period. According to legend, as the result of its pending merger with International Pictures, Universal adopted a policy against releasing any more B movies, so they sold The Brute Man for $125,000 to Poverty Row's Producers Releasing Corporation, which distributed the film without any mention of Universal's involvement in publicity or credits. In fact, Universal released at least one B-Western following the merger, and still had numerous other titles in active circulation from the preceding few years, at the time of the merger. Most experts tend to believe that Universal simply found the exploitation of the deceased Hatton and his deformity for the third time, in his last film (in which evidence of his impending demise may be foreshadowed in his acting), and of a poorly-developed story, to be detrimental to its corporate image but did not want to take a financial loss by simply shelving the film permanently.

The film was released to home video in 1982. The Brute Man received generally negative reviews, drawing particular criticism for Hatton's poor performance. The film was featured in a 1996 episode of the movie-mocking comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. Members of Mystery Science Theater later expressed discomfort in making fun of the film due to Hatton's illness.

Plot
The police investigate a string of murders committed by the Creeper (Rondo Hatton), a mysterious killer with a hideously disfigured face. The Creeper attacks and murders Professor Cushman (John Hamilton), a professor from the nearby Hampton University. Later that night, the killer approaches a woman named Joan Bemis (Janelle Johnson) in front of her home and identifies himself as Hal Moffet. Joan screams hysterically at the sight of him until he is driven to kill her. When police cars approach, the Creeper climbs the fire escape of a city tenement building to escape and enters the apartment of Helen Paige (Jane Adams), a blind pianist. Unable to see the Creeper's deformed face, Helen is not afraid of the intruder, even when he admits to fleeing. When police officers knock on her door, failing to identify themselves, Helen encourages him to hide in her bedroom, where he escapes through the window.

The next day, a general store delivery boy named Jimmy (Jack Parker) listens to a radio report about the Creeper's murders. The cantankerous store owner Mr. Haskins (Oscar O'Shea) arrives with a handwritten letter slipped under the door, requesting groceries be delivered to a nearby dock. Jimmy brings the groceries to the dock and leaves them at a door, where the Creeper takes them into his hideout. But, when Jimmy tries to spy on him through a window, the Creeper sneaks up on Jimmy and kills him. Meanwhile, at the police station, Captain M.J. Donelly (Donald MacBride) and Lieutenant Gates (Peter Whitney) receive complaints from the mayor's office about their failure to arrest the Creeper, but they deflect the blame. The two officers then get a call about the missing delivery boy and head to the dock to investigate.

The Creeper sneaks out and escapes while Donelly and Gates infiltrate his hideout and discover Jimmy's corpse. Donnelly also finds a newspaper clipping with a man named Hal Moffet and two of his friends, Clifford Scott (Tom Neal) and Virginia Rogers (Jan Wiley), during their college days. The police visit Clifford and Virginia, who are now married and wealthy. Clifford tells the officers during college, Hal was a handsome college football star who competed with Clifford for Virginia's affections. One day, while helping Hal prepare for a chemistry exam, a jealous Clifford deliberately gave him the wrong answers, resulting in Hal being asked by Professor Cushman to remain after class for extra work. While working on a chemistry experiment, Clifford walks by the window with Virginia to boast. Furious, Hal hurls a beaker to the ground, accidentally causing an explosion that disfigures his face. Donnelly speculates that Hal is the Creeper, and that he killed Professor Cushman and Joan because he holds them partially responsible for his accident.

Meanwhile, the Creeper goes to a pawn store to buy a brooch for Helen, and kills the pawnbroker (Charles Wagenheim) following a fight. He later brings the brooch to Helen, who he realizes for the first time is blind. Hal learns she needs $3,000 for surgery that would restore her eyesight. When Helen tries to touch his face, Hal angrily storms out. He then goes to the Scott residence and demands money from Clifford and Virginia, whom he blames for his disfigurement. Clifford draws a gun and shoots Hal twice in the stomach, but the weakened Hal manages to strangle Clifford to death before escaping with Virginia's jewels. He brings them to Helen, who is concerned about Hal's injuries, but he flees before she can learn he is shot.

Helen brings the jewels to an appraiser, who recognizes them as having recently been reported stolen. Donelly and Gates bring Helen into the station, where they inform her Hal is the Creeper and accuse her of harboring a murderer. Reluctantly, she agrees to help them capture him. The next day, the newspapers run stories about Helen cooperating with police, which infuriates Hal. Feeling betrayed, he sneaks back into her apartment and finds her playing the piano. Sneaking up from behind, Hal is about to strangle her when the police seize and arrest him. The film ends with Donelly and Gates assuring Helen she will get the operation she needs.

Cast

Rondo Hatton as Hal Moffat / The Creeper
Tom Neal as Clifford Scott
Jan Wiley as Virginia Rogers Scott
Jane Adams as Helen Paige
Donald MacBride as Police Captain M. J. Donelly
Peter Whitney as Police Lieutenant Gates
Fred Coby as Young Hal Moffat
Janelle Johnson Dolenz as Joan Bemis
Jack Parker as Jimmy
Oscar O'Shea as Mr. Haskins
Joseph Crehan as Police Commissioner Salisbury (uncredited)
John Hamilton as Professor Cushman (uncredited)

Production

Writing
The screenplay for The Brute Man was written by George Bricker and M. Coates Webster based on a story by Dwight V. Babcock. An author of pulp fiction stories and novels, Babock started writing for Universal Pictures in 1943, where he worked primarily on horror films. The Brute Man marked the last of nine films Babcock wrote for Universal before he left for a job at Columbia Pictures. Bricker wrote several screenplays in a variety of genres, from horror films and mysteries to comedies, and worked primarily as a freelancer jumping from studio to studio. Babcock and Brister previously worked together on several low-budget horror films, including The Devil Bat (1940), House of Dracula (1945), Pillow of Death (1945), She-Wolf of London (1946) and House of Horrors (1946). Bricker and Webster both previously wrote the screenplays for Universal films featuring The Brute Man star Rondo Hatton: Bricker penned House of Horrors, and Webster wrote The Jungle Captive (1947), the third in a series of films about an ape that transforms into a beautiful woman.

The Brute Man is a quasi-prequel to House of Horrors, in which Hatton played a deformed madman named "the Creeper" who kills people by breaking their backs. In The Brute Man, Hatton also plays "the Creeper", while the story explains how he became deformed and why he has a murderous personality. Hatton also played a disfigured killer called the Huxton Creeper in The Pearl of Death, a 1944 Sherlock Holmes film, but neither House of Horrors nor The Brute Man have any connection to that film. In establishing a backstory explaining the Creeper's motives, The Brute Man's script seeks to humanize the character and elicit more sympathy for him than the Creeper's other films, in which he is generally portrayed as a two-dimensional murderer. The origin of the Creeper is based partially on autobiographical details from Hatton's real life. Before becoming disfigured by an accident, the Creeper was a handsome young college football hero. Hatton himself was also a football player at the University of Florida before experiencing the effects of acromegaly, a syndrome that causes abnormal bone growth due to excess growth hormone from the pituitary gland. In the film, the character is disfigured by chemicals during a laboratory accident in school. While Hatton's real-life abnormalities stemmed from acromegaly, it was often incorrectly stated by Universal publicity materials that they were the result of exposure to mustard gas attacks during Hatton's service in World War I.

The film's setting, which appears to be a major city, is never identified in The Brute Man, but it has been suggested to be Manhattan, since that is where House of Horrors took place. Commentators have noted similarities between The Brute Man and other films, including the Charlie Chaplin silent comedy City Lights (1931), and the Universal horror film Bride of Frankenstein (1935). City Lights, like The Brute Man, included a protagonist (Chaplin's Tramp character) who falls in love with a blind girl and seeks money for an operation to restore her eyesight. Likewise, the scenes between the Creeper and Helen Paige share a similar premise and dialogue as the scenes between Frankenstein's monster and the blind hermit in Bride of Frankenstein. In both films, the protagonists are shunned by society based on their physical appearance, but find companionship in a blind loner who knows nothing about their deformities. In both instances, the protagonist is first drawn to their blind companions by music. The Creeper heard Helen playing the piano, while Frankenstein's monster heard the hermit playing the violin. Commentators have noted other similarities between the two films. For example, the Creeper smashes a mirror after looking at his misshapen face, much like the Monster lashes out at his reflection in a waterfall pool.

Casting
The Brute Man marked one of several films in which Universal cast Hatton as a murderer, taking advantage of his natural deformities for shock value. As a result of his acromegaly, Hatton had abnormally enlarged and shaped bones on his head and hands, and the Universal publicity department often promoted the fact that Hatton did not need make-up for his roles. Tom Neal, who had recently appeared in the cult classic noir film Detour (1945), was cast as Clifford Scott. Having appeared in dozens of low-budget films throughout the early-1940s, Neal began to become known as the "King of the B Pictures". In The Brute Man, Neal portrayed Scott both in his older years and in the flashback scenes, where the character appears as a college student. To differentiate between the two, Neal was fitted with make-up and costumes to make him better resemble a middle-aged man during his non-flashback scenes. Jane Adams was cast as the blind pianist Helen Paige. Adams had appeared in several Universal films before, including the Lon Chaney Jr. film House of Dracula (1945).

Jan Wiley was cast as Scott's wife, Virginia. Although Wiley had appeared in several movies throughout the 1930s and 1940s, The Brute Man marked one of her final film performances before retiring from the film industry in 1947. It was also recalled as one of her most memorable film appearances along with another Universal B horror film, She-Wolf of London. However, her performance in The Brute Man proved to be a less than memorable one for her, so much so that in an interview shortly before Wiley's death in 1993, she could barely remember even having appeared in the film. Donald MacBride and Peter Whitney portray the police officers Captain M.J. Donelly and Lieutenant Gates, respectively. Their roles serve as comic relief for the film. Their characters portray the incompetence of the police force in their inability to find and arrest the Creeper and their focus on passing blame for their failures rather than diverting resources toward his arrest.

Filming
The Brute Man was developed by Universal Pictures Company, Inc. in the later years of their successful production of horror films, including Dracula (1931), Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932). While those films were great critical and financial successes, The Brute Man was filmed during what was widely considered the low point of the studio's horror film period. It was produced by Ben Pivar and directed by Jean Yarbrough, both of whom had worked on House of Horrors and many other horror films for Universal over the years. The Brute Man was filmed in 13 days, during November 1945. The flashback scenes - which depict how Hal Moffet became disfigured and ultimately became the Creeper - were all shot on the final day of filming. Jane Adams said Hatton's acromegaly was becoming progressively worse by the time The Brute Man was filmed, and it made acting difficult for him. Hatton had trouble remembering his lines, focusing on his performance, and responding to the other actors. Hatton occasionally appears confused even on screen, like during one scene where he says "yes" while shaking his head "no". Adams called him a friendly and thoughtful man, but called him "so pathetic to work with [and] almost autistic".

Maury Gertsman was the director of photography on The Brute Man. Since the film focused on a disfigured serial killer, Gertsman sought to give the movie a dark, diseased look appropriate for the film's subject matter and urban setting. Although primarily a horror thriller film, Gertsman uses several film noir elements in his photography, including shadowed lighting, unbalanced compositions, and chiaroscuro contrasts between light and dark. As a result, The Brute Man features a bleak, at times dismal visual atmosphere. Hans J. Salter, who composed the scores for many of the Universal films of the 1940s and 1950s, worked as composer for The Brute Man as well. Salter's score for the film strongly resembled the music he composed for the Universal horror films Black Friday (1940) and The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944). Philip Cahn edited The Brute Man. Raymond Kessler and Ralph Slosser worked as dialogue director and assistant director, respectively, while John B. Goodman and Abraham Grossman worked as art directors. Other crew included Russell A. Gausman and Edward R. Robinson as set decorators, Joe Lapis as sound technician, Jack Pierce as make-up director, Carmen Dirigo as hair stylist, and Vera West as gowns supervisor.

Release

Distribution
Although produced by Universal Pictures, The Brute Man was distributed by Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC), one of the smaller film studios from Hollywood's Poverty Row. In 1945, Universal merged with the company International Pictures, and the new organization adopted a policy against developing any more B movies, including Westerns, horror films, serials and movies running 70 minutes or less. This resulted in the firing of numerous production personnel members and the sale of several already-developed films, including The Brute Man. The sale was also perpetuated in part by the death of star Rondo Hatton. He died as a result of his acromegaly on February 2, 1946, about eight months before The Brute Man was first screened, making it his final film. Universal feared releasing the film so soon after his death would lead to accusations that the studio was exploiting the illness that ultimately killed Hatton. Now embarrassed by the film, the studio was anxious to sell it.

Universal sold the film to PRC for $125,000, which represented the negative cost plus interest. The transaction occurred around August 1946, but was not made public until it was screened for the trade press on October 1, marking its official release date. The sale occurred so quickly and hastily on the copyright files stores at the Library of Congress, the name Universal Pictures was crossed out and Pathe Industries, PRC's corporate body, was written in its place in pencil. Some pressbook advertisements circulated for the film still included the Universal logo. PRC had previously produced a horror film about acromegaly called The Monster Maker (1944), in which a mad scientist injects human subjects with the disease as part of his experiments.

Reception

The Brute Man received generally negative critical reviews following its release on October 1, 1946. A 1946 review in the Harrison's Reports trade journal, found that the film had some suspenseful moments and could be enjoyed by fans of the genre, but that the overall effect was "artificial and stagy". The reviewer stated most audiences "will find it tiresome in plot and in treatment [...] in fact, some of the action and dialogue may provoke laughs, instead of serious response". A Variety review described the film as "singularly unexciting meller". New York Post critic Arthur Winsten criticized the story and the acting of Rondo Hatton, commenting that his facial disfigurements alone did not make up for his poor acting skills: "Just as clothes don't make a gentleman, so a face doesn't make both a villain and continuous thrills. All this picture has is a face, handicapped by encircling improbabilities". In a review published in 1947, Wanda Hale of the New York Daily News called it "a crude production [...] compiled of bits from various B thrillers". In contrast, Mandel Herbstman of The Motion Picture Herald, said although the film used standard thriller film devices, The Brute Man "stands favorably" in its genre and director Jean Yarbrough kept the film moving at a brisk pace.

Decades after the film's release, retrospective reviews of The Brute Man were similarly negative, with many commentators criticizing the exploitation of Hatton's real-life acromegaly. John Stanley, host of the KTVU television show Creature Features, described it as a dull and "shoddy thriller", criticizing both the performances and the mood from the direction and photography. The authors of Universal Horrors: The Studio's Classic Films, 1931-1946 were highly critical of the film's dialogue, and claimed much of the script seemed to be "time-killing stuff" to pad the film's already-short running time. They wrote that Hatton's acting was so bad, it "wouldn't be acceptable even at a pre-production cast get-together and table reading, much less in the movie itself". Donald C. Willis, a writer who wrote about horror and science fiction films, described the horror scenes as completely lacking suspense, and said the film was "so flimsy that its three co-plots seem to be operating independently of one another".

Analysis
The film critic and scholar Keith Brown argued that The Brute Man is an example of what he calls the "terror film", a genre distinguishable from the horror film due to its emphasis on naturally occurring sources of fear, rather than fantastical or otherworldly horror elements. Brown wrote that the Creeper character "blurs the boundary between human and animal on account of his grotesque, deformed features, but is natural and thus a figure of terror". Cory Legassic, in a chapter dedicated to Rondo Hatton in Recovering 1940s Horror Cinema: Traces of a Lost Decade, wrote that The Brute Mans narrative was modeled after Hatton's life. Legassic noted similarities between Hatton and his character Hal Moffet both being handsome sports stars who end up disfigured.

Home media
For decades after the film's theatrical release, copies of The Brute Man were unavailable, and it became regarded as a lost film. However, the film was eventually discovered and mass-produced by Admit One, a home video distribution company that focused specifically on lesser-known B films. The Brute Man was first released on Betamax and VHS in 1982 by Admit One. It has been reissued on VHS several times since then, and was released on laserdisc format in 1990. The Brute Man was most recently released on VHS by Image Entertainment in 1999, a year which also marked the first DVD release of the film, also by Image Entertainment. In his 2004 DVD guide book, Douglas Pratt complimented both the picture and sound transfers of the 1999 DVD release: "The picture looks great. There are a couple shots where a few speckles pop up, but much of the time the image is clean, with deep blacks and sharp, finely graded contrasts".

Legacy

Rondo Hatton's likeness from The Brute Man inspired the appearance of one of the villain characters in Dave Stevens' Rocketeer comic book as well as the 1991 film adaptation, The Rocketeer. In the film, the seven-foot-tall Tiny Ron Taylor portrays Lothar, an ugly and murderous henchman for the story's antagonist. Rick Baker, the special make-up effects artist that worked on the film, designed the character's facial make-up to resemble Hatton's Creeper character, and Lothar dresses in a dark coat and hat similar to his clothing from The Brute Man.

In 2002, the founders of the website The Classic Horror Film Board created the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards to honor horror works in film, television and publishing. The awards were named after the actor, and award recipients received statuettes with miniature busts of Hatton as he appeared portraying the Creeper in House of Horrors and The Brute Man. The statuettes were sculpted by illustrator Kerry Gammill and cast by modeler Timothy M. Lindsey.

Mystery Science Theater 3000

The Brute Man was featured in a seventh season episode of the satirical television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 alongside the industrial short The Chicken of Tomorrow. The Brute Man was the second episode of the seventh season, which was broadcast on Comedy Central on February 10, 1996. The description for The Brute Man in The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide, a book by the cast and writers of the series, reads: "A dark film about dark things. Rondo Hatton's swan song; he died just weeks after the film was completed. So murky and dark, it makes M look like Mrs. Doubtfire". In 2011, Shout! Factory released the MST3K episode as part of the Volume XXII collection, along with episodes focused on Time of the Apes, Mighty Jack, and The Violent Years.

In 1995, Michael J. Nelson, the show's head writer who also plays the character of the same name, said the staff initially felt strange making jokes at the expense of Rondo Hatton and his real-life illness; however, Nelson said: "Then you realize it's the whole point of the movie: he's a guy with a big ugly face...And he is a terribly bad actor". Paul Chaplin, another writer with the series, said in 2001 of the actor's acromegaly: "That fact opens up a large, irresolvable issue concerning the movie industry's use of this poor afflicted fellow; he was paid, after all, and movie work is nice work. Yet it can seem exploitative of misfortune". Mary Jo Pehl, who played Pearl Forrester, said in the DVD introduction to the MST3K episode that she did not think it was one of the series' strongest episodes and because of Hatton's illness would not have made fun of the film if given a chance to do it over again.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1946 films
1946 horror films
1940s serial killer films
American black-and-white films
American horror thriller films
American films about revenge
Films directed by Jean Yarbrough
Films about blind people
Producers Releasing Corporation films
Universal Pictures films
Films scored by Hans J. Salter
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language horror thriller films

The Brute Man


In Christianity, Discernment is the ability to obtain sharp perceptions or to judge well (or the activity of so doing). In the case of judgement, discernment can be psychological, moral, or aesthetic in nature.

Discernment has also been defined in these contexts: scientific (discerning what is true about the real world), normative (discerning value including what ought to be), and formal (deductive reasoning). The process of discernment, within judgment, involves going past the mere perception of something and making nuanced judgments about its properties or qualities.

Discernment in the Christian religion is considered a virtue, a discerning individual is considered to possess wisdom, and be of good judgement; especially so with regard to subject matter often overlooked by others.

Christianity
In Christianity, the word may have several meanings. Discernment can describe the process of determining God's desire in a situation or for one's life, or identifying the true nature of a thing, such as discerning whether a thing is good, evil, or may even transcend such a limiting notion of duality. It also describes the interior search for an answer to the question of one's vocation, specifically, whether or not God is calling one to the married life, single life, consecrated life, ordained ministry or any other calling.

Discernment of Spirits is a term used in both Roman Catholic and Charismatic (Pentacostal) Christian theology to indicate judging various spiritual agents for their moral influence.

Process of discernment
The process of achieving a level of discernment takes place in steps. The following actions can be made in the course of discernment: taking time in making decisions, using both the head and heart, and assessing important values involved in the situation.

Time has been considered necessary in the process of making a smart choice; decisions made in a hurry  lack of contemplation. When time is available to assess the situation this improves the discernment process. When time allows, a tentative decision can be revisited and other people can be consulted to make sure that the person is satisfied with their choice.

Deciding and discerning each require both the "head" and the "heart". To make a decision with the "head" one must first reflect on the situation and emphasize the rational aspect of the decision making process. To make a decision with the "heart" one must decide based on feelings as well as rationality.

Values in the discernment process are weighing options that determine what is most important to the person. Everyone's value system is different which affects each person's discernment process.

Group discernment
Group discernment is a separate branch of discernment. In group discernment each person in the group must first undergo their own discernment process. That person must keep in mind what is best for the group as well as themself when making a decision. The same guiding principles (of values, using the head and heart, and ample time) all still apply in group discernment. Group discernment is different because it requires multiple people to have a unanimous decision in order to move forward. Group discernment requires discussion and persuasion between people to arrive at a decision.

Christian spiritual discernment
Christian spiritual discernment is distinct from secular types of discernment because every decision is to be made in accordance with God's will. The fundamental definition of Christian discernment is a decision-making process in which an individual makes a discovery that can lead to future action. In the process of Christian spiritual discernment God guides the individual to help them arrive at the best decision. The way to arrive at the best decision in Christian spiritual discernment is to seek out  signs of God's action and then apply them to the decision at hand. Christian Discernment also has an emphasis on Jesus, and making decisions that align with those of Jesus in the New Testament. The focus on God and Jesus when making decisions is what separates Christian discernment from secular discernment.

Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556) is often regarded as the master of the discernment of spirits. The method of "Ignatian discernment" is his technique of Catholic discernment. Ignatian discernment uses a series of Spiritual Exercises for discerning life choices and focuses on noticing God in all aspects of life. The Spiritual Exercises are designed to help people who face a major life decision. There are seven steps of discernment to be followed that include identifying the issue, taking time to pray about the choice, making a wholehearted decision, discussing the choice with a mentor, and then finally trusting the decision made.

References

Further reading

Perception
Virtue
Catholic theology and doctrine
Catholic spirituality
Spiritual gifts
Religious philosophical concepts

Discernment (Christianity)


Shin (also spelled Šin (šīn) or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter of the Semitc languages, including Phoenician šīn 𐤔, Hebrew šīn (ש or שׁ), Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sīn س . Its sound is a voiceless sibilant, [ʃ] or [s]. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma (Σ) (which in turn gave and Cyrillic С), the Hebrew letter Sin שׂ (also can be spelled Seen) and the letter Sha in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts (Ш).

Hebrew alphabet

Shin (letter)


In the Battle of La Bisbal on 14 September 1810 a Spanish division led by Henry O'Donnell (also known as Enrique José O'Donnell) and supported by an Anglo-Spanish naval squadron led by Francis William Fane and Charles William Doyle surprised an Imperial French brigade commanded by François Xavier de Schwarz. The Imperial troops were from the Confederation of the Rhine, a collection of small German states that were allied to Napoleon. Part of a division led by Marie François Rouyer, Schwarz's brigade was almost completely wiped out, most of its soldiers being taken prisoner along with its commander. One of the few Allied casualties was the capable O'Donnell, wounded in the foot. The battle occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars.

The action occurred amid the events leading up to the Siege of Tortosa in December 1810 and January 1811. As Louis Gabriel Suchet prepared to attack Tortosa, Marshal Jacques MacDonald was ordered to support him. The marshal cooperated by advancing into southern Catalonia with a large force. To distract MacDonald from his mission, O'Donnell determined to raid northern Catalonia. The raid was a brilliant tactical success but it failed to deter the marshal from assisting Suchet. Finally, a logistical crisis forced MacDonald to withdraw to northern Catalonia.

Background
In June 1810, Marshal Pierre Augereau was replaced in command of VII Corps by Marshal Jacques MacDonald. Orders soon came from Paris. MacDonald was instructed to drive toward Tarragona while his colleague General of Division Louis Gabriel Suchet was to lead the III Corps to capture Tortosa. Suchet's corps had successfully concluded the Siege of Lerida on 13 May and the Siege of Mequinenza on 5 June.

Located on the Ebro River, Tortosa lay on the main highway between the provinces of Catalonia and Valencia. By seizing the city, Napoleon hoped to sever the link between the two areas. Before Suchet could implement the plan, he was compelled to return to Aragon to suppress the guerillas. MacDonald also had difficulties. He first needed to restock his empty depots with supplies from France. It was August before either commander was ready to carry out their emperor's strategy.

MacDonald marched his field army of 16,000 troops south to support Suchet's operations against Tortosa. MacDonald left General of Division Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers with almost 10,000 soldiers to garrison Barcelona. In addition, there were 18,000 troops manning the defenses of other cities and holding open the road to France.

Captain General Henry O'Donnell commanded the Spanish Army of Catalonia. Seeing that MacDonald was too strong to directly confront, O'Donnell resolved to operate against the unsuspecting Imperial forces in the north. By doing so, he hoped to draw MacDonald away from Tarragona and Tortosa. O'Donnell decided to leave the divisions of Generals Juan de Courten, Pedro Sarsfield, and Joaquín Ibáñez Cuevas y de Valonga, Baron de Eroles to hold Tarragona and take the division of General Luis González Torres de Navarra, Marquess of Campoverde north. He planned to avoid the large Barcelona garrison and attack General of Division Marie François Rouyer's German division which was holding the area between Girona and Palamós on the Mediterranean coast. Meanwhile, Colonel Charles William Doyle sailed north with 500 foot soldiers aboard the British frigate , the Spanish frigate Diana, and other vessels. Captain Francis William Fane of the Cambrian commanded the Allied naval squadron. In early September, O'Donnell managed to elude the garrisons of Barcelona, Hostalric, and Girona without being noticed.

Battle

Fane's Anglo-Spanish naval expedition struck first on 10 September. An amphibious force rowed ashore at Begur and captured 50 men and a coastal artillery emplacement. Alerted by this raid, General of Brigade François Xavier de Schwarz ordered his coastal units to beef up their defenses. His brigade comprised two battalions each of the 5th Confederation of the Rhine (Anhalt-Lippe) and 6th Confederation of the Rhine (Schwarzburg-Waldeck-Reuss) Regiments. The brigade numbered 1,700 men with 18 artillery pieces. Schwarz posted 800 men and his headquarters at La Bisbal d'Empordà while the remainder of the brigade was spread out to defend Begur, Calonge, Palamós, and Sant Feliu de Guíxols. Still undetected, O'Donnell arrived at the village of Vidreres with 6,000 foot soldiers and 400 cavalrymen on 13 September 1810. Another authority counted 6,600 men in the Spanish force, including the Kayser Swiss Regiment, Numancia Dragoons, and miquelets.

On the morning of the 14th, O'Donnell attacked La Bisbal in overwhelming force. As his pickets were driven in, Schwarz sent a courier with orders to his detachments to concentrate. Shortly afterward, La Bisbal was surrounded and its defenders fell back to an old castle. Unfortunately, the structure was dominated by a nearby hill and a church tower from which snipers picked off a few Germans during the day. Schwarz held out until evening; he surrendered after the Spanish began massing for an assault. The French commander did not put up much of a battle, losing only one officer and four men killed, and three officers and 16 rank and file wounded.

While the action in La Bisbal was going on, Schwarz's other outposts were being snapped up. Fane and Doyle landed their troops at Palamós and captured it. Colonel Aldea's column overran Calonge while Colonel Fleires's column seized Sant Feliu. Rouyer at Girona was unable to intervene because O'Donnell called out the local miquelets to harass his garrison. Schwarz, two colonels, 56 officers, 1,183 men, and 17 guns were captured for a total of 1,242 prisoners. The Germans also lost approximately 400 killed and wounded. Spanish losses were not reported but were probably light. However, they included O'Donnell who was badly wounded in the foot at La Bisbal. The Spanish general and the German prisoners were taken aboard Fane's squadron before it sailed back to Tarragona.

Schwarz was held in captivity until the end of the war in 1814.  A number of German prisoners were transported to Edinburgh, with the officers being paroled to various towns in the Scottish Borders, including some who joined the Masonic lodge in Hawick. O'Donnell's wound became infected and he nearly died before being sent to Majorca to recover. Until his injury healed, the high command in Catalonia passed into the less capable hands of Lieutenant General Miguel Iranzo. O'Donnell later received the title 1st Count of la Bisbal in recognition of his victory.

Aftermath
Campoverde took command of the land force and headed north past Girona before Rouyer or Baraguey d'Hilliers could react. He captured Puigcerdà in the Cerdanya and crossed the Pyrenees into France. His troops clashed with the garrison of Mont-Louis and extorted funds from French villages. Recrossing the border, Campoverde's division moved down the Segre River valley and took position at Calaf and Cardona.

Because he was so isolated from northern Catalonia by the guerillas, MacDonald did not hear of the La Bisbal disaster until three weeks later. Nevertheless, he initially maintained his position in support of Suchet. By holding his ground MacDonald nullified O'Donnell's strategy. Other events would finally distract the marshal from his position in the south.

When Campoverde moved south to Cardona, the marshal took two French and two Italian brigades to attack him. An Italian brigade attacked at once on 18 October and took a beating. MacDonald declined to press his enemies further because provisions in Barcelona were getting low. Instead he lumbered off to Girona so he could protect his supply convoys. Suchet was not able to begin the Siege of Tortosa until 16 December 1810.

Notes

References

Battles of the Peninsular War
Battles in Catalonia
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles involving Spain
Battles involving France
Conflicts in 1810
September 1810 events

Battle of La Bisbal


XMX (or just X) Channel 2 was a commercial-free, satellite radio station on Sirius XM Radio, formerly XM Satellite Radio. Originally used to remind subscribers of overdue payments, the channel changed to a music format on August 1, 2007 and featured popular exclusive XM music programming played all day, every day. XMX was discontinued on November 12, 2008, as part of the merger of the SIRIUS and XM channel lineups.  The channel was directed by Paul Bachmann, who was also regularly found in XM's Classical and Rock neighborhoods in the 2000s.

Programming lineup
Mondays: Artist Confidential
Tuesdays: Bill Anderson Visits with the Legend
Wednesdays: Theme Time Radio Hour with Bob Dylan
Thursdays: Tom Petty's Buried Treasure
Fridays: XM All-Stars - Variety of XM's mini-series
Weekends: Studio 2 - Various XM homegrown shows and specials

List of live special events and rebroadcasts
Concert For Diana: The concert was rebroadcast on Friday, 2007-08-31
Live Earth: The entire concert was rebroadcast Saturday, 2007-09-01 through Sunday, 2007-09-02
Farm Aid 2007: A Homegrown Festival: The event was broadcast live Sunday, 2007-09-09, and was exclusive to the channel on XM
2008 Bonnaroo Music Festival: Music and interviews from the event were broadcast June 13–15, 2008.

See also
XM Satellite Radio channel history

XMX
Radio stations established in 2007
Radio stations disestablished in 2008

XMX (XM)