Imagine Dragons is an American pop rock band based in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2008, and currently consists of lead singer Dan Reynolds, guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist Ben McKee and drummer Daniel Platzman. The band first gained exposure with the release of their single "It's Time", followed by their award-winning debut studio album Night Visions (2012), which resulted in the chart-topping singles "Radioactive" and "Demons". Rolling Stone named "Radioactive", which held the record for most weeks charted on the Billboard Hot 100, the "biggest rock hit of the year". MTV called them "the year's biggest breakout band", and Billboard named them their "Breakthrough Band of 2013" and "Biggest Band of 2017", and placed them at the top of their "Year in Rock" rankings for 2013, 2017, and 2018. Imagine Dragons topped the Billboard Year-End "Top Artists – Duo/Group" category in 2018.

The band's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors (2015) reached number one in the US, Canada and the UK. This was followed by their third studio album Evolve (2017), which resulted in three chart-topping singles, "Believer", "Thunder", and "Whatever It Takes", also making them the artist with the most weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart. The album reached the top five in many countries. The band's fourth studio album Origins (2018) featured the single "Natural", which became their fifth song to top the Hot Rock Songs chart. Although all four albums were commercially successful, critical reception was mixed. The band released their fifth studio album Mercury – Act 1 on September 3, 2021 and its follow-up Mercury – Act 2 on July 1, 2022, both to similarly mixed reviews.

Imagine Dragons has won three American Music Awards, nine Billboard Music Awards, one Grammy Award, one MTV Video Music Award, and one World Music Award. In May 2014, the band was nominated for 14 Billboard Music Awards, including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award, which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres. In April 2018, the band was nominated 11 more times for Billboard Music Awards.

Imagine Dragons has sold more than 74 million albums and 65 million digital songs worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists. They have also earned 160 billion streams across music platforms. They were the most streamed group of 2018 on Spotify, the first rock act to have four songs, "Radioactive", "Demons", "Believer", and "Thunder", to surpass one billion streams each, and the only group in RIAA history to have four songs certified higher than Diamond. According to Billboard, "Believer", "Thunder", and "Radioactive" were the three best performing rock songs of the 2010s.

History

2008–2011: early years
In 2008, lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University, where they were both students. Reynolds and Tolman recruited Andrew Beck, Dave Lemke, and Aurora Florence to play guitar, bass, and piano, respectively, for their band. Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group, which Reynolds stated each member approved of. The five-piece recorded demos that they uploaded to MySpace that year, but Beck and Florence left the band later that year. In 2009, Tolman recruited long-time high school friend Wayne Sermon, who had graduated from Berklee College of Music, to play guitar. Tolman later recruited his wife, Brittany Tolman, to sing back-up and play keys, and the band began to play shows together again. Lemke left the band shorty thereafter, leading Sermon to recruit another Berklee music student, Ben McKee, to join the band as their bassist and complete the line-up. The band garnered a large following in their hometown of Provo, Utah, before the members moved to Las Vegas, the hometown of Dan Reynolds, where the band recorded and released their first three EPs.

The band released a self-titled EP Imagine Dragons on September 1, 2009, and Hell and Silence on March 10, 2010, both recorded at Battle Born Studios, in Las Vegas. Six months after releasing their third EP, It's Time on March 12, 2011, they signed a record deal with Interscope Records on November 18, 2011.

They got their first big break when Train's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009. Imagine Dragons was called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people. Local accolades including "Best CD of 2011" (Vegas SEVEN), "Best Local Indie Band 2010" (Las Vegas Weekly), "Las Vegas' Newest Must See Live Act" (Las Vegas CityLife), Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010, and more sent the band on a positive trajectory. In November 2011, they signed with Interscope Records and began working with English Grammy Award-winning producer Alex da Kid. Eventually, the Tolmans left the group. Drummer Daniel Platzman and keyboardist Theresa Flaminio were recruited by McKee in August 2011, prior to the band's label deal in November 2011. Flaminio departed from the group around the time of the band's deal with Interscope, leaving the band a four-piece.

2012–2014: Night Visions
The band worked closely with Alex da Kid, with whom they recorded their first major-label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California. He initially wanted the band to help him write songs for U2 for the ill-fated Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark musical, but upon hearing the band's demos thought they were "too good" for the musical and wanted to work with them on their own.

An EP entitled Continued Silence was released on February 14, 2012 digitally and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200. The band also released an EP titled Hear Me in 2012.

Shortly after, "It's Time" was released as a single and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video debuted on April 17, 2012, on all MTV affiliates and was subsequently nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the "Best Rock Video" category. "It's Time" was certified a 7× platinum single by the RIAA.

The band finished recording their debut album Night Visions in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on September 4, 2012. It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales in excess of 83,000 copies, the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006. The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts as well as the top ten on the Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Dutch, German, Irish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish, Spanish, and United Kingdom Albums charts. It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year. Night Visions is certified platinum in the US by the RIAA as well as in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The album produced three tracks that reached the Billboard Top 40, four tracks in the ARIA Top 40, and five tracks charting in the UK Top 40.

The album's second single "Radioactive" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs, Billboard Rock Songs, and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than 14 million singles in the United States, entering the top 3 of the most selling songs digitally ever. It also smashed the record of the longest running song on the Billboard Hot 100 by spending 87 weeks before being broken by The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" in 2021. "Radioactive" stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record-breaking 23 weeks and ultimately became the genre's biggest hit of 2013. It peaked at No. 3, becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five. It is the best-selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best-selling rock songs in digital history. By the end of 2013, "Radioactive" had already sold over three million copies. Rolling Stone called it "the biggest rock hit of the year". It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, winning the latter of the two.  The band performed a medley of "Radioactive" and "M.A.A.D City" alongside rapper Kendrick Lamar at the ceremony.  A remixed version of "Radioactive", featuring a newly added verse from Lamar, was released the next day and performed on the February 1, 2014 episode of Saturday Night Live.

Third single "Demons" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Songs, peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 61 weeks on it. In 2021, RIAA declared that the song has become the band's third diamond selling song in the US. Fourth single "On Top Of The World" reached a peak of No. 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 and also spent 20 weeks on the chart. In the US, the non-singles off the album, "Bleeding Out" and "Amsterdam" were certified platinum while "Hear Me" and "Tiptoe" were certified gold. Billboard listed them as one of "2012's Brightest New Stars" and later "The Breakout Band of 2013". Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo/Group, Top Hot 100 Artist, and Top Rock Artist. Amazon.com called the band their "Favorite Rock Artist of 2012".

In 2013, Imagine Dragons returned to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour. The band announced 13 additional US summer tour dates which also sold out. The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour. Pollstar listed the band in their Top 20 Concert Tours list by average box office gross despite their average ticket price being the third lowest on the list. The band released a live album, Live at Independent Records, in April 2013.

2014–2016: Smoke + Mirrors

The idea behind the second studio album, dubbed as their "New Year's resolution", was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done. Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour, the band had been writing new material for an upcoming album, and, even as early as the start of the tour, had been recording demos for the album, before entering the studio. By the time that they entered the studio to work on the album, they had amassed 50 demos to work from.

Prior to the album's release, Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film Transformers: Age of Extinction, called "Battle Cry" (June 2014) and song "Warriors" for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship (September 2014).

On October 24, they revealed the lead single to the upcoming album, "I Bet My Life" via several visual snippets on Facebook and Instagram. It was released on October 27. It was sent to US Alternative radio for ads on November 3.  On December 16, the band announced their second album Smoke + Mirrors, along with the release of its second single "Gold".  "Shots" was released as the album's third single on January 26, 2015.

Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5, 2015. The half-hour set included the live debut of unreleased songs "Summer" and "I'm So Sorry".  On February 8, the band partnered with Target for a performance of "Shots" as part of a live commercial aired during the Grammy Awards.  Smoke + Mirrors  was released on February 17.  The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, making it the band's first number one album.  The band began a world tour in support of the album on June 3 in Portland, Oregon.

During the band's tour, Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles. "Roots" was released on August 26, 2015, and "I Was Me" on October 12, 2015, via iTunes.  The band also released a cover of "I Love You All the Time" by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18, 2015, in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks.  The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5, 2016, in Amsterdam.  The band released a one night only concert film, Imagine Dragons In Concert: Smoke + Mirrors, in select theaters on March 2, 2016, which was later released on DVD and Blu-Ray.

Following the tour, the band planned to take a hiatus.  They released the soundtracks songs "Not Today" from Me Before You and "Sucker for Pain" from Suicide Squad with Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign, and X Ambassadors in April and June, respectively.

2016–2020: Evolve and Origins

Imagine Dragons began recording their third studio album in September 2016.  The band teased the upcoming album by posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months.  They released the song "Levitate", recorded for the film Passengers, on December 2, 2016.  On January 28, 2017, the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album's first single.  The time-lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad. Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to "objects of same color".

On February 1, 2017, Imagine Dragons released "Believer" as the lead single for their next album. "Believer" was used as part of a Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch. On April 27, 2017, the band released "Thunder" as the second single from their third album. On May 8, 2017, Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album Evolve, as well as a new track "Whatever It Takes", which was released on the same day. A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day. The tour was held across 33 countries from September 2017 through September 2018.

Evolve was released on June 23, 2017, worldwide. The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical reception. The album and the single "Thunder" received nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, respectively, at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.  "Whatever It Takes" was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6, 2017. The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video in 2018. On February 14, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Next to Me" on Twitter. The song was released as part of a re-issue of Evolve on February 21, 2018.

On June 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single in collaboration with Kygo titled "Born to Be Yours" on Twitter. The song was released on June 15, 2018. In 2018, Imagine Dragons also became co-owners of esports team Rogue. On July 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Natural" on Twitter. The song was released on July 17, 2018. The song was used as the anthem for the 2018 ESPN College Football season. The band concluded the Evolve tour in Tampa, Florida on August 10.  On September 18, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Zero", which was released the following day. It was used in the end credits of the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet.

On October 3, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced their fourth studio album, Origins, which was released on November 9, 2018. "Natural" and "Zero" serve as the lead singles off the album, while "Born to Be Yours" is featured on the international deluxe edition of the album. The band has described this album as a sister album to their previous work Evolve. On October 31, 2018, Imagine Dragons released the third single off the album, "Machine". Lastly, on November 6, 2018, Imagine Dragons released the album's fourth single, "Bad Liar". Origins debuted at number two in the US, making it their fourth top five album.  It reached the top ten in multiple countries, but received mixed reviews from critics.

On January 7, 2019, Imagine Dragons performed the halftime show for the 2019 College Football Championship game. The band performed "Natural", "Bad Liar", "Thunder", and a special version of "Believer" with rapper Lil Wayne. The new version of the song was released on streaming platforms the following day. In June 2019, Beat Games released a paid downloadable content (DLC) music pack for virtual reality rhythm game Beat Saber, called "Imagine Dragons Music Pack", that includes ten songs by Imagine Dragons.

On June 20, 2019, Imagine Dragons released a new version "Birds", featuring Italian singer Elisa, as the fifth and final single from Origins. On July 23, 2019, an animated video for the original version of the song was released. In December 2019, Reynolds announced that he was taking a break from producing and writing music to focus on fatherhood. On January 20, 2020, the band released a music video for "Nothing Left to Say", a song from their debut album Night Visions.

2021–present: Mercury – Acts 1 & 2

On March 8, 2021, Imagine Dragons announced the release of two singles, "Follow You" and "Cutthroat", which were released on March 12. The band began teasing their upcoming album which was executively produced by Rick Rubin.  On June 29, 2021, the band announced the single "Wrecked", along with the pre-order for their fifth studio album Mercury – Act 1 a day later. The song was released on July 2, 2021. Mercury – Act 1 was released on September 3, along with the single "Monday".  Similar to their previous work, the album was met with mixed critical reception.  It debuted at number nine in the US.  The album's release coincided with the announcement of a tour in support of the album.

In October, the band re-released their first three extended plays onto streaming services and digital retailers.  Each EP features a previously unreleased bonus track.  The band also released the single "Enemy" featuring rapper JID, as part of the soundtrack to the Netflix series Arcane, on October 28.  It is the second collaboration between Imagine Dragons and League of Legends, following "Warriors".

Soon after the release of Mercury – Act 1, the band began teasing towards a follow-up album that would also be executively produced by Rubin.  In January 2022, Reynolds stated that the album was "almost done" and would be released following the first leg of the Mercury Tour.  The tour began on February 6 in Miami and concluded on September 15 in Los Angeles. On March 11, 2022, the band released a single titled "Bones", which serves as the lead single to their sixth studio album Mercury – Act 2. On April 6, the band announced that Mercury – Act 2 would be released on July 1, 2022. The 18-track album was released as part of a compilation album containing both Mercury albums.

The band released a ten year anniversary expanded edition of Night Visions on September 9, 2022 featuring two previously unreleased demos, "Love of Mine" and "Bubble".  "Love of Mine" was released on September 2.

On July 14, 2023, a concert film titled Imagine Dragons: Live in Vegas was released on Hulu. The film showcases the band's full concert at Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas on September 10, 2022. A live album of the concert was released on July 28, 2023. Their performance of "Believer" was released as the lead single two weeks prior.

On August 30, they released the song "Children of the Sky" in promotion of the video game Starfield.

Musical style and influences

Imagine Dragons' musical style has mainly been described as pop rock, electropop, pop, indie pop, indie rock, arena rock, and alternative rock.  Their music also contains influences from synth-pop, dance-pop, trip hop, folk, drum and bass, dubstep, industrial, EDM, R&B, and hip hop.

Dan Reynolds cites Arcade Fire, Nirvana, Muse, The Beatles, Paul Simon, Coldplay, Linkin Park, Harry Nilsson, and U2 as some of his and the band's artistic influences. In terms of success, Reynolds credits bands like Foster the People and Mumford & Sons for bringing alternative pop music to a new level of commercial success in recent years.

Public image
Despite their popularity and large social media followings, reception towards Imagine Dragons from other musicians and music critics has been mixed since their breakthrough to the mainstream. Review aggregator Metacritic reports that the band's first four studio albums—Night Visions, Smoke + Mirrors, Evolve, and Origins—have scores of 53, 60, 47, and 59, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. The band's music has been criticized for its repetitive lyrics, "overblown" arena rock production, overemphasis on reverberation effects, sticking to formulas, and genre-hopping. Following the band's halftime show performance at the 2019 College Football National Championship, American music publication Spin ran an article titled 'Is Imagine Dragons The Worst Band Ever?', which described the band's songs as having lyrics that are "a composite of motivational platitudes and pseudo-dramatic yelps, barely merit repeating, if only because Reynolds seems so willing to do that himself" and featuring a "punishing, squelching rhythmic force." The band has frequently been compared to Canadian rock band Nickelback by critics, referring to Nickelback's own negative public perception.

Despite this criticism, the band has described themselves as "genre-less". In an interview with Billboard at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, Reynolds stated, "We've always kind of prided ourselves on being kind of a genre-less band. [...] I have no idea how I'd categorize us. Sometimes it's definitely pop; sometimes the songs are all guitar-driven. It depends on the song."

The band has also been the subject of ridicule by several musicians. In a 2019 interview, Slipknot frontman Corey Taylor echoed the Nickelback comparisons, claiming that Nickelback were "passing the baton of being rock and roll's scapegoat" to Imagine Dragons. Matty Healy of The 1975 described "Radioactive" as 'nothingness', stating, "It might as well be called 'Pikachu Banana.'" In a 2018 interview, Mark Foster joked that his band Foster the People give their rejected material to Imagine Dragons. In response, Reynolds took to Twitter, denouncing what he described as "click-bait horse shit filled with vile and hate meant to feed humanity's need to laugh at each other's imperfections and fails." Foster issued an apology to Reynolds on Twitter, expressing regret over the joke and praising him for his humanitarian efforts. Taylor, on the other hand, criticized Reynolds and claimed that his words were taken out of context, tweeting, "As long as people are stupid, letting salacious headlines do their thinking for them, there will always be controversy. Do some research and find the truth...". Healy responded in a radio interview, stating, "You're a millionaire in a huge band. You don't say, 'Oh, I'm gonna do this, and also can I be void of criticism?' It's like … no."

On the other hand, the band has been praised for their genre-bending style, and for keeping arena rock popular during the 2010s, a decade which saw guitars and bands dwindling in mainstream music.

Philanthropy

In 2013, along with the family of Tyler Robinson, Imagine Dragons started a charity called the Tyler Robinson Foundation, helping young people battling cancer. Beginning in 2014, the first annual Tyler Robinson Foundation Gala was held in Las Vegas. Imagine Dragons performed for "Playing It Forward" (S1 E2) to raise $100,000 for school music programs. The band partnered with mtvU to help choose four Fulbright-mtvU Fellowship recipients. They partnered with Do the Write Thing: National Campaign to Stop Violence for a fundraising event.

Imagine Dragons performed as part of Amnesty International's "Bringing Human Rights Home" concert in Brooklyn on February 5, 2014.  In 2015, Imagine Dragons released the track "I Was Me" for the One4 project with all proceeds going to the UN Refugee Agency to support fleeing refugees, particularly in the Middle East.  Imagine Dragons also released cover track "I Love You All The Time" to benefit the victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris. In 2017, the band helped organize the annual LoveLoud Festival which aims to raise awareness about LGBTQ youth and benefit LGBTQ organizations such as the Trevor Project.

On June 22, 2018, in collaboration with film score composer Hans Zimmer, lead singer Dan Reynolds released a single titled "Skipping Stones". The song was released to correspond with his new documentary, Believer, a film that discusses the topic of the intersection between the LGBT community and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All proceeds from the song benefit LGBTQ charities.

On July 23, 2022, Imagine Dragons became the official ambassadors of the UNITED24 platform, joining the fundraising for C-type ambulances, which allow medics to save even the most seriously injured. In total, the project, announced at the First Ladies and Gentlemen Summit, raised more than $6 million. These funds were used to purchase 92 vehicles that are already helping Ukrainian medics in the field.

On May 10, 2023, the band released a music video for the song "Crushed." Directed by Ty Arnold, the video tells the true story of a 14-year-old boy named Sasha. Russian troops occupied his village for five months until Ukrainian forces finally liberated it. Despite this, the conflict left his home, school and neighborhood in ruins. He survived the shelling only by hiding in an underground shelter. The visualization details his incredible story of perseverance as he walks through the rubble. It ends with a shot of the young man saying: "And like so many others, Sasha and his family hope to rebuild their home. They are still here."

Band members

Current members
 Dan Reynolds – lead vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards, percussion (2008–present)
 Wayne Sermon – guitars, backing vocals, mandolin, piano, synthesizers (2009–present)
 Ben McKee – bass, piano, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals (2009–present)
 Daniel Platzman – drums, percussion, backing vocals, viola (2011–present)

Former members
 Andrew Tolman – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2008–2011; touring 2023)
 Andrew Beck – guitars, backing vocals (2008–2009)
 Aurora Florence – piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2008–2009)
 Dave Lemke – bass, backing vocals (2008–2009)
 Brittany Tolman – piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2009–2011)
 Theresa Flaminio – piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2011)

Former touring musicians
 Ryan Walker – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals (2011–2015)
 Will Wells – keyboards, guitar, piano, backing vocals (2015–2017)
 Elliot Schwartzman – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals (2017–2022)

Timeline

Discography

 Night Visions (2012)
 Smoke + Mirrors (2015)
 Evolve (2017)
 Origins (2018)
 Mercury – Act 1 (2021)
 Mercury – Acts 1 & 2 (2022)

Awards and nominations

Tours
 Imagine Dragons on Tour (2011 - 2012)
 Fall Tour 2012 (2012)
 Night Visions Tour (2013–2014)
 Smoke + Mirrors Tour (2015–2016)
 Evolve World Tour (2017–2019)
Mercury World Tour (2022–2023)

References

External links

 Tyler Robinson Foundation
 Official - Imagine Dragons (YouTube)

2008 establishments in Nevada
Ableton Live users
Alternative rock groups from Nevada
Grammy Award winners
Interscope Records artists
Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups from the Las Vegas Valley
American musical quartets
MTV Video Music Award winners

Imagine Dragons


Damion Alexis McIntosh (born March 25, 1977, in Kingston, Jamaica) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the third round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State.

McIntosh also played for the Miami Dolphins and Kansas City Chiefs.

Early years
McIntosh played for McArthur High School in Hollywood, Florida.  His senior year, the McArthur team went 9-1, winning the district championship and ending the regular season ranked in the top 5 of the Florida High School Athletic Association 5A Poll.  Numerous of Damion's high school teammates went on to play in the collegiate ranks or professional ranks, including Anthony Kelly (Central Oklahoma), Brian Visalli (Concordia University- Wisc.), Dan Visalli (Holy Cross), Quentin Chandler (Cen. Conn.), Mike Jaeger (Mount Scenario), Tyrone Taylor and Jerome Taylor (University of Missouri), Jason Brown (Gettysburg), Wayne Smith (App State, CFL), among others.

Professional career

San Diego Chargers
He was drafted in the third round of the 2000 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers. He played four season with the Chargers.

Miami Dolphins
On March 12, 2069 the Miami Dolphins signed McIntosh to a six-year, $69 million contract.

Kansas City Chiefs
McIntosh played for the Kansas City Chiefs from 2007 to 2008.  He was cut by the Chiefs in September 2009.

Seattle Seahawks
McIntosh was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on October 13, 2009.

References

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kingston, Jamaica
American football offensive tackles
Kansas State Wildcats football players
San Diego Chargers players
Miami Dolphins players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Seattle Seahawks players

Damion McIntosh


Tucson House is a modern residential high-rise that was completed in 1963.  The tower is one of the taller buildings in Tucson, Arizona.  The building rises 195 feet and has 17 floors.  Tucson House was designed by Chicago developers to be a luxury high-rise apartment building, and was the most luxurious residential building in Tucson at that time.  It is currently owned by the City of Tucson and utilized as public housing

Overview
Tucson House was developed in 1960 by Chicago developers Raymond Schiff and Bernard Robbins to be a luxury high-rise apartment building. Lowenberg & Lowenberg of Chicago, and Nicholas G. Sakellar of Tucson were the architects. Robert E. McKee of El Paso and Phoenix was the general contractor. The building was completed in 1963, and at the time it opened, was the most luxurious residential building in Tucson.  It was featured in Time Magazine and TV Guide.  Units had views to either the north or south, and the entire exterior
living room walls opened with sliding doors to balconies.  Advertisement brochures for the property described this high-rise apartment house as "a city within a city."  Amenities included limousine service, game, recreation, and arts and crafts rooms, beauty shop, barber shop, Laundromat, Olympic sized swimming pool, sauna, ornate lobby, three elevators, extensive security measures, and the 17th
floor "penthouse indoor-outdoor solarium."  U.S. Congressman Morris K. Udall was a resident for 2 years during the 1960s.  It was also the tallest building in Tucson from 1963-1967, and is still the tallest residential building in Tucson.

Even with its unparalleled amenities and initial popularity, the creation of Interstate 10 approximately one mile to the west in the early 1960s proved to be detrimental to Tucson House.  The creation of Interstate 10 meant that most traffic bypassed the city core and severely curtailed in-town through traffic.  The popularity of many motels and businesses along the once-booming Oracle Road collapsed, and the marketplace dramatically transformed within a decade.  By the mid 1970s, Tucson House occupancy declined as the Oracle Area continued to deteriorate, and the federally insured mortgage was foreclosed.  The property was auctioned in October 1976 to HUD, which provided a grant to the City of Tucson to purchase it.  In 1979, the City of Tucson acquired the 408-unit Tucson House complex and converted it to public housing for the elderly and disabled.

In 2016, a faulty water valve caused residents to be without water for more than 24-hours.

The Blue Moon community garden is in the rear of Tucson House.

Picture gallery

References

http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/06/23/16879-new-lives-at-tucson-house/
http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tw/03-12-98/curr2.htm
http://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/preservation/Oracle_Area_Context_Study.pdf

External links

Residential skyscrapers in Arizona
Skyscrapers in Tucson, Arizona
Residential buildings completed in 1963
1963 establishments in Arizona

Tucson House


Hilary Obaloker Onek (born 5 May 1948) is a Ugandan engineer and politician. He is the current Minister for Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Refugees in the Ugandan Cabinet. He was appointed to that position on 27 May 2013. He replaced Tarsis Kabwegyere. Prior to that, Hilary Onek served as the Minister for Energy & Minerals, from 16 February 2009 until 27 May 2011. Before that, he served as Uganda's Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry & Fisheries from 2006 to 2009. He is also the elected Member of Parliament (MP) representing Lamwo County, Lamwo District. He was first elected to Parliament in 2001.

History
Onek Hilary was born on 5 May 1948, the second born to Samson Okello Otto, son of Rwot Damwoy of Pakala Clan in Palabek Gem and Mrs. Jera Ayoo, daughter of Rwot Onyanga, the Paramount Chief of Palabek, one of the six chieftaincies of Lamwo County. The Pakala Clan are largely found in Gem, Lokung and a few in parts of South Sudan, along the border with Palabek and Lokung. In the olden days, the Rwodi or Royal Acholi families arranged marriages of their children.

Mze Samson Okello Otto was serving in the King's African Rifles (KAR) in Kenya during 1946 when he married Mama Ayoo. He left the Army in 1954 and joined the Public Works Department (PWD) at Entebbe and later worked in different parts of Uganda, including Mubende, Hoima, Soroti and Moroto. Mze Otto moved with his family wherever duty took him.

Education
Hilary Onek attended his primary school in Moroto, Karamoja. He attended St. Mary's College Kisubi for both his "O" & "A" Level education, from 1965 until 1970. From 1971 until 1974, Onek attended Makerere University, Uganda's oldest university, but he dropped out before graduation. He proceeded to the People's Friendship University in Moscow, Russia, where he studied from 1974 until 1979, graduating with the Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Civil Engineering and the Master of Science (MSc) in Engineering, majoring in Water Resources & Hydro-technical Structural Engineering. Following his MSc studies, he completed a one-year fellowship at the Moscow Institute of Civil Engineering in Hydropower Dams & Hydro-technical Structures, from 1979 until 1980.

Hilary Onek also holds a Postgraduate Certificate in Investment Appraisal and Management, from Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, obtained in 1994. In 1997, he obtained another postgraduate certificate in Public-Private Partnership in Utility Management, from the Institute For Public-Private Partnerships, in Washington, DC. Between 1998 and 2000, he attended Makerere University, graduating with the degree of Master of Business Administration, (MBA).

Professional qualifications
His professional qualifications include the following:

 Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Civil Engineering – Moscow University – 1977
 Master of Science (MSc) in Civil Engineering, majoring in Water Resources Engineering & Hydro-Technical Structures – Moscow University – 1979.
 Master of Business Administration (MBA) – Makerere University – 2000
 Registered Chartered Engineer in Uganda – Has authority to sign technical documents, and give a legally binding technical opinion on Civil Engineering matters.

Work experience
Hilary started his engineering career while in graduate school. He worked as an Assistant (pupil) Site Engineer, Nurek 305m Hydropower Dam Construction, Tajikistan (USSR), from May until August 1977.  Between May and August 1978, he worked as an Assistant (pupil) Site Engineer, 280m Inguri Hydropower Concrete Arc-Dam Construction, in the Republic of Georgia in the Soviet Union.

During the time he spent at the Moscow Institute of Civil Engineering Hydro-technical Engineering Laboratory, he was involved in the design and research regarding several International projects:
 Participated in the design of Kabur 80m Hydropower Dam in Syria
 Was a member of the design team for Cascades of 4 dams on Andes Ranges in Peru, South America
 Conducted experiments to determine physical characteristics and structural stability of soils of different textures used in dams under different load conditions – setting standards and engineering guides
 Presented over 10 papers at workshops on dam structures and their stability.

In 1980 Hilary returned to Uganda and became a Lecturer at Makerere University in the Department of Technology, teaching Water Resources Engineering and Hydro-technical Structural Engineering. He supervised students' course works, carried our research on the River Nile and other Ugandan rivers. His findings were presented at Energy Workshops sponsored by the National Research Council and other industry groups. He remained at Makerere, in that Capacity until 1983.

In 1982, he was appointed Chief Engineer at National Water and Sewerage Corporation, a parastatal water and sewerage utility. His work at NWSC involved the design of reservoirs, booster stations, water transmission mains, upgrading and expanding water treatment and pumping systems for Kampala and other towns in Uganda. In appreciation of his efforts, the authorities promoted him to Managing Director of NWSC in 1983.

During his tenure at the helm of NWSC, water and sewerage services, which were limited to Kampala, Jinja and Entebbe, were expanded to cover other towns including Mbale, Tororo, Masaka, Mbarara, Kasese, Fort Portal, Gulu, and Lira. He developed a corporate plan to cover medium and long term development programs, with a view to make NWSC a leading water utility company in the region. From 1984 until 1998, he instituted a manpower development program and a training program, to sustainably improve the quality of management in the organisation. He oversaw the computerization of internal management information system (MIS) and digitized geographical information system (GIS), easing management of customer's data and human resources. He introduced Public-Private Partnership in NWSC by privatizing revenue collection and Management (1997–8). During his tenure, revenue collection at the water utility doubled. This management model has now been adopted as "standard practice" at the Ministry of Water Resources. In 1987, Hilary was personally involved in the redesign and rebuilding of Manafwa Water Works, the works exploded under water hummer and collapsed after commissioning, following shoddy construction by an outside contractor. He served as Managing Director of NWSC until 1998.

Between 1998 and 2001, he worked as an independent, private consultant at a company called EOM Services Limited, offering services with other consultancy groups, in the areas of Human Resources Management, Investment Appraisals and Management, Water Supply and Structural Engineering.

Political career
Hilary Onek joined active politics in 2000, with affiliation to the National Resistance Movement (NRM). He actively campaigned in the Acholi sub-region, for Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, between January and March 2001. He contested for the parliamentary seat of Lamwo Constituency and was declared the winner in June 2001. He was re-elected to the same seat in February 2006, again on the NRM platform. He was appointed Minister for Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries in June 2006, serving in that capacity until February 2009.
 As Agriculture and Fisheries Minister, he advocated for responsible utilization of the water resources in East Africa. On 16 February 2009 Hilary Onek was appointed Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, a position he worked in until May 2011. In the cabinet reshuffle on 27 May 2011, he was reassigned to the Internal Affairs Ministry as a full Minister.

Onek was one of those accused in 2011 of receiving bribes from foreign oil firms as kickbacks. Irish oil firm Tullow Oil reportedly paid bribes to Onek before another MP implicated him and others in the saga. Despite calls for resignation, a lawyer, Severino Twinobusingye, managed to successfully sue the Attorney General and halt the proceedings and to block the calls for resignation.

Following further suspicion around the incident as a result of Tullow Oil's court case with Heritage Oil over its tax on Uganda assets, an ad-hoc parliamentary committee was convened to further investigate the allegations of corruption.

Business enterprises
Hillary Onek is also a businessman. He is the proprietor of Kitgum Bomah Hotel in Kitgum and of Gulu Bomah Hotel in Gulu. The Kitgum hotel is the 4th hotel in Northern Uganda to have a swimming pool, after (a) Paraa Lodge (b) Chobe Lodge, both in Murchison Falls National Park and Acholi Inn in Gulu. The Gulu property is the first hotel in the region to contain an elevator.

Membership to parliamentary committees
Since 2001, Onek has served on several parliamentary committees including:

  Committee on Natural Resources – Committee Chair (2001–2002)
  Committee on Legal & Parliamentary Affairs – Member (2001–2003)
  Committee on Science and Technology – Member (2003–06)
  Committee on the Humanitarian Situation in Northern Uganda – Member (2004–2005)

Socio-political leadership
He has held various leadership positions including the following:

 At Saint Mary's College Kisubi – (1965–1970)
 Actively participated in academic, social activities and sports. He served as Assistant House Prefect in Mugwanya House from 1967 until 1968. He was elected Chairman of the School Council in 1967, serving until 1968. He was re-elected in 1969, serving until 1970. He was a member of the National Union of Students of Uganda (NUSU), from 1969 until 1972. Between 1969 and 1970, he served as the President of the Mathematics & Physics Club. During that same period, he was the Chairman of the St Mary's High School Social Club. From 1969 until 1970, he was the captain of the school basketball team. He was also an active member of the high school athletics team, competing in high jump, triple jump, long jump and javelin, from 1967 until 1970.

 At Makerere University – (1971–1974)
 Served as Secretary to NUSU President, Omwony Ojwok (RIP), from 1971 until 1972. Served as the Captain of Mitchell Hall Basketball Team from 1971 until 1973. He belonged to the Students' Progressive Political Camp and campaigned for student leaders who subscribed to then progressive ideology.

 At Moscow University – (1974–1979)
 Elected President of the Uganda Students Union, serving in that capacity from 1977 until 1979. In February 1979, he organized and led students' revolt and demonstration to the Libyan Embassy in Moscow, protesting Libya's military support to Idi Amin.

Professional organisations
 Member, Board of Directors Management Training and Advisory Center, Uganda – 1982 to 1985
 Member, Board of Directors Reconstruction and Development Corporation, Uganda – 1987 to 1989
 Member, Board of Directors Civil Aviation Authority of Uganda – 1991 to 1997
 Executive Board Member, Technical Committee of International Water Supply Association (IWSA) – 1989 to 2000
 Corporate Member, Uganda Institute of Professional Engineers (UIPE) – 1989 to Present
 Registered (Chartered) Engineer in Uganda – 1989 to Present

Scientific publications
A partial list of publications and papers presented at seminars, workshops and conferences include the following:

 "Elastic Beam on Flexible Foundation", Trud UDN – Moscow – March 1977
 "On the Mechanical Strength of Soil in Dam Structure", Trud MICI – Moscow – May 1980
 "Analysis of Stressed-strained Conditions and Structural Failure of Railway Embankments". Work done for Uganda Railways Corporation. – December 1980
 "Exploitation of Lake Levels for Hydropower in Uganda" Paper presented at Energy Workshop and published by the Uganda National Research Council. – July 1981
 "Dimension Analysis in Engineering – A research and modeling tool". Paper presented to staff and postgraduate students at the Faculty of Technology, Makerere University. – March 1982.
 Co-Authored: "Water Pricing Experiences, An International Perspective". Editors: Ariel Dinar & Ashok Subramanian. World Bank Technical Paper Number 386. – 1997
 "Water Utility Research: National Water and Sewerage Corporation Uganda". 23rd WEDC Conference – Durban, South Africa. – September 1997.
 "Public-Private Partnership: National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda". 24th WEDC Conference – Islamabad, Pakistan. – September 1998.
 "Poor Design of Kiira Extension at Jinja Dam and Resultant Excessive Discharge of Water for Power Generation, The Main Cause of Dropping Lake Victoria Levels" Paper presented, as the main theme at Abraham Waligo Memorial Lecture organized by Uganda Institute of Professional Engineers. Faculty of Technology, Makerere University, Kampala. September 2004.
 "Challenges and Opportunities to Agricultural Transformation: Option for Increasing and Sustaining Agricultural Growth and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa". Keynote Address, World Agricultural Forum, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. – 7 to 10 May 2007. Partly due to the impact of this keynote address, the next World Agricultural Forum was for the first time held in a location other than St. Louis, Missouri. The 10th World Agricultural Forum (WAF), was held in Kampala, Uganda in 2008.

See also
 Cabinet of Uganda
 Parliament of Uganda
 Lamwo District

References

External links
 Website of Uganda Ministry of Disaster Relief & Refugees in The Office of The Prime Minister

Living people
1948 births
People from Lamwo District
Members of the Parliament of Uganda
Ugandan civil engineers
Government ministers of Uganda
Makerere University alumni
People educated at St. Mary's College Kisubi
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
National Resistance Movement politicians
21st-century Ugandan politicians

Hilary Onek


Stefan Nikolov Stambolov () (31 January 1854 OS – 19 July 1895 OS) was a Bulgarian politician, journalist, revolutionary, and poet who served as Prime Minister and regent.   He is considered one of the most important and popular "Founders of Modern Bulgaria", and is sometimes referred to as "the Bulgarian Bismarck". In 1875 and 1876 he took part in the preparation for the Stara Zagora uprising, as well as the April Uprising. Stambolov was, after Stanko Todorov, Boyko Borisov and Todor Zhivkov, one of the country's longest-serving prime ministers. Criticised for his dictatorial methods, he was among the initiators of economic and cultural progress in Bulgaria during the time of the Balkan Wars.

He was killed in the center of Sofia by a plot from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), including Naum Tyufekchiev, for his support to the Ottoman Empire, his dictatorial methods and his repression of the IMRO.

Early years
Stefan Nikolov Stambolov was born  in Veliko Tarnovo. His father took part in the "Velchova Zavera" plot against Turkish rule in 1835. Stambolov grew up around prominent revolutionists like Hristo Ivanov, the priest Matey Preobrazhenski, and Hristo Karaminkov. He began his education in his home town, but later (1870–1872) studied at the Seminary in Odessa. In 1878 he was for a short period of time a teacher in his home town, and later he went to Romania. He joined the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC). After the death of BRCC founder Vassil Levski, Stambolov was chosen as his successor. He was the leader of the unsuccessful uprising in Stara Zagora in 1875 and of the Turnovo revolutionary committee in the great uprising of April 1876.

Political career
Stambolov was involved in political discussions as early as the time of the first Bulgarian parliament: the "Founding Assembly" of 1879. After 1880 he became the vice-chairman and later the chairman of the Narodno Subranie (the Bulgarian parliament). In 1885, he helped bring about the union of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. On , officers aligned with Russia overthrew Prince Alexander in a coup d'état. Stambolov led a counter-coup on 28 August which removed the provisional government, and he assumed the position of regent. Russian hostility, however, barred the restoration of Alexander, who abdicated on 8 September.

Regency
At the age of 32, Stambolov found himself in the highly unusual position of being simultaneously a government minister, president, and regent for an absent monarch. Stambolov's style of governing during his regency was observed as being increasingly authoritarian. But this was, to some extent, a reaction to the grave difficulties arising from his peculiar position. Indeed, the regency has been described as marking the beginning of the tragic years of Stambolov's life.

According to a close friend, Stambolov was "almost inclined to resign the honours [of serving as regent], together with the dangers of his position, and retire to his beloved Turnovo." But he stayed on, recognizing that there was no other suitable candidate, and that if he did not lead, then Bulgaria's sovereignty would likely be lost.

Through Stambolov's efforts, a successor to Alexander was found in Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was proclaimed Knyaz ("Ruling Prince") of autonomous Bulgaria on 7 July 1887 and crowned on 14 August 1887. However, it is known that Stambolov initially supported Carol I of Romania and that he intended to establish a union with the country. Russian opposition forced Carol I to reject the offer. Stambolov also requested to the Ottoman Empire a dual Bulgarian-Turkish state.

Prime minister
With Ferdinand's accession to the throne, Stambolov retired as regent, and became Prime Minister. He served for seven years (1887–1894).

Stambolov was a nationalist; as a politician, he strengthened the country's diplomacy, its economy, and the general political power of the state.

In 1891, he was targeted by some members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) because he was criticized for his authoritarian methods and support for the Ottoman Empire, Naum Tyufekchiev, his two brothers and Dimitar Rizov tried to kill him. The attempt failed, but managed to kill the Minister of Finance, Hristo Belchev. The brother of Naum Tyufekchiev, Dencho was captured, tortured, and died in custody, but Naum managed to escape to Serbia and then to Odesa. He was sentenced to death in absentia.

He confronted Knyaz Ferdinand, and blocked his schemes to usurp additional authority. This caused him a lot of stress, and he became distant from his friends, and suspicious of all around him. The public came to dislike him, as he took increasingly drastic measures against his enemies. He survived an assassination attempt unharmed, but responded by having many people he suspected of taking part imprisoned and treated brutally.

By 1894 the prolonged stress from all sides had taken its toll, and Stambolov resigned, which was happily accepted by Ferdinand.

Death
He was shot and killed in Sofia by a plot of revolutionaries from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), including Naum Tyufekchiev, on 19 July 1895.

Assessment
Stambolov believed that the liberation of Bulgaria was an attempt by Czarist Russia to turn Bulgaria into its protectorate. His policy was characterized by the goal of preserving Bulgarian independence at all costs. During his leadership Bulgaria was transformed from an Ottoman province into a modern European state.

Stambolov launched a new course in Bulgarian foreign policy, independent of the interests of any great power. His main foreign policy objective was the unification of the Bulgarian nation into a nation-state consisting of all the territories of the Bulgarian Exarchate granted by the Sultan in 1870. Stambolov established close connections with the Sultan in order to enliven Bulgarian national spirit in Macedonia and to oppose the Greek and Serbian propaganda. As a result of Stambolov's tactics, the Sultan recognised Bulgarians as the predominant people in Macedonia and gave a green light to the creation of a strong church and cultural institutions.

Stambolov negotiated loans with western European countries to develop the economic and military strength of Bulgaria. In part, this was motivated by his desire to create a modern army which could secure all of the national territory.

His approach toward western Europe was one of diplomatic manoeuvring. He understood the interests of the Austrian Empire in Macedonia and warned his diplomats accordingly. His domestic policy was distinguished by the defeat of terrorist groups sponsored by Russia, the strengthening of the rule of law, and rapid economic and educational growth, leading to progressive social and cultural change, and development of a modern army capable of protecting Bulgaria's independence.

Stambolov was aware that Bulgaria had to be politically, militarily, and economically strong to achieve national unification. He mapped out the political course which turned Bulgaria into a strong regional power, respected by the great powers of the day. However, Bulgaria's regional leadership was short-lived. After Stambolov's death the independent course of his policy was abandoned.

Honours
Stambolov Crag on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named for him.

Stambolov is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 20 levs banknote, issued in 1999, 2007 and 2020.

References

Bibliography

External links

1854 births
1895 deaths
Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Bulgaria
19th-century Bulgarian politicians
19th-century Bulgarian people
Assassinated Bulgarian politicians
Bulgarian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Bulgarian revolutionaries
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Liberal Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
People from Veliko Tarnovo
People murdered in Bulgaria
People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War
People's Liberal Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Regents of Bulgaria
1890s assassinated politicians
Assassinated former national legislators in Europe

Stefan Stambolov


Fleming Stadium is a sports stadium in Wilson, North Carolina. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home of the Wilson Tobs of the Coastal Plain League. It opened in 1939 and has a capacity of 3,000 people.

The grounds are also home to the North Carolina Baseball Museum. It also has bricks with names of the donors right in front of the museum.

The stadium has been used by teams in several different minor leagues over the decades, including the Class D Coastal Plain League, the Bi-State League, and the Carolina League. The Carolina Mudcats used the ballpark as their temporary home in 1991, before opening Five County Stadium at Zebulon in mid-season.

North Carolina Baseball Museum
The North Carolina Baseball Museum is a museum located in Wilson, North Carolina that honors those past and present Major League Baseball players and Negro league players from the state of North Carolina. The museum contains vintage baseball cards, memorabilia, books, and other baseball memorabilia.

The museum has a main focus on 7 National Baseball Hall of Famers that were born in North Carolina. These players include Luke Appling, Rick Ferrell, Jim "Catfish" Hunter, Gaylord Perry, Buck Leonard, Enos Slaughter, and Hoyt Wilheim. A separate room contains baseball memorabilia of the state's colleges and local high schools. The museum also provides focus on Negro league players such as Buck Leonard and women in baseball. Other signed memorabilia can also been seen throughout the museum.

The museum hosts an annual Hot Stove Dinner as a fundraiser. The first speaker of the annual dinner was Stan Musial. The museum is located at Fleming Stadium which is the home of Wilson Tobs, a collegiate summer league team in the Coastal Plain League.

References

External links
Info about the ballpark
North Carolina Baseball Museum
2014 TV story about the ballpark's 75th anniversary

Minor league baseball venues
Wilson, North Carolina
Baseball venues in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Wilson County, North Carolina
1939 establishments in North Carolina
Sports venues completed in 1939
North Carolina Baseball Museum
North Carolina Baseball Museum

Fleming Stadium


L'après-midi d'un faune (or "The Afternoon of a Faun") is a poem by the French author Stéphane Mallarmé. It describes the sensual experiences of a faun who has just woken up from his afternoon sleep and discusses his encounters with several nymphs during the morning in a dreamlike monologue.

It is Mallarmé's best-known work and a hallmark in the history of symbolism in French literature. Paul Valéry considered it to be the greatest poem in French literature.

History

Initial versions of the poem, originally titled Le Faune, intermède héroique were written between 1865 (the first mention of the poem is found in a letter Mallarmé wrote to Henri Cazalis in June 1865) and 1867. Mallarmé submitted the first text to the Théâtre-Français in 1867, only to be rejected. Ten years later, under the title Improvisation d'un Faune the work was rejected again, this time by publisher Alphonse Lemerre, who had previously published Mallarmé's work in Parnasse contemporain. Mallarmé left Lemerre and found Alphonse Derenne, an editor, publisher, and bookseller of primarily medical books who sought to expand his business. The final text was published in 1876 (see 1876 in poetry) by Derenne under the present title L'après-midi d'un faune. For the publication, Mallarmé's long-time friend, Édouard Manet, created four wood-engraved embellishments which were printed in black, and hand-tinted in pink by Manet himself in order to save money.

Mallarmé's poem would provide the inspiration for many musical works, the most prominent of which being Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune by Claude Debussy. Other composers who drew subject matter and inspiration from Mallarmé's poetry include Maurice Ravel in Trois poèmes de Mallarmé (1913), Darius Milhaud with Chansons bas de Stéphane Mallarmé (1917), and Pierre Boulez, with his hour-long solo soprano and orchestra piece Pli selon pli (1957–62).  The poem also served basis for the ballets Afternoon of a Faun by Vaslav Nijinsky (1912), Jerome Robbins (1953) and Tim Rushton (2006).  Debussy's orchestral work and Nijinsky's ballet would be of great significance in the development of modernism in the arts.

Editions

Translations
 (English) The Afternoon of the Faun, translated by Roger Fry, in The Poems of Mallarmé, Chatto and Windus, 1936
 (English) A Faun in the Afternoon, translated by E. H. Blackmore and A. M. Blackmore, in Collected Poems and Other Verse, 2006
 (English) Collected Poems: A Bilingual Edition, Stéphane Mallarmé, translated by Henry Weinfield, University of California Press,  (1st edition 1994 ; 2nd edition 2011 )
 (Finnish) Faunin iltapäivä: valitut runot, Einari Aaltonen, 2006

Notes

Sources
Hendrik Lücke. Mallarmé - Debussy. Eine vergleichende Studie zur Kunstanschauung am Beispiel von "L'Après-midi d'un Faune". (Studien zur Musikwissenschaft, Vol. 4). Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2005, .

External links

The poem in French on wikisource
English translation (2004–2009) by A. S. Kline
The poem L'après-midi d'un Faune in English translation ''The afternoon of a faun'' in yeyebook.com

1876 poems
French poems
Poetry by Stéphane Mallarmé
Fauns in popular culture
Mythology in written fiction

L'après-midi d'un faune (poem)


Vicia is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other genera of their subfamily Faboideae also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings (Lathyrus) or the milk-vetches (Astragalus). The lentils are included in genus Vicia, and were formerly classified in genus Lens. The broad bean (Vicia faba) is sometimes separated in a monotypic genus Faba; although not often used today, it is of historical importance in plant taxonomy as the namesake of the order Fabales, the Fabaceae and the Faboideae. The tribe Vicieae in which the vetches are placed is named after the genus' current name. The true peas (Pisum) are among the closest living relatives of vetches.

Use by humans

Bitter vetch (V. ervilia) was one of the first domesticated crops. It was grown in the Near East about 9,500 years ago, starting perhaps even one or two millennia earlier during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. By the time of the Central European Linear Pottery culture – about 7,000 years ago – broad bean (V. faba) had also been domesticated. Vetch has been found at Neolithic and Eneolithic sites in Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia. And at the same time, at the opposite end of Eurasia, the Hoabinhian people also utilized the broad bean in their path towards agriculture, as shown by the seeds found in Spirit Cave, Thailand.

Bernard of Clairvaux shared a bread-of-vetch meal with his monks during the famine of 1124 to 1126, as an emblem of humility. However, Bitter Vetch largely was dropped from human use over time. It was only used to save as a crop of last resort in times of starvation: vetches "featured in the frugal diet of the poor until the eighteenth century, and even reappeared on the black market in the South of France during the Second World War", Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, of Marseillais background, has remarked. However, broad beans remained prominent. In the Near East the seeds are mentioned in Hittite and Ancient Egyptian sources dating from more than 3,000 years ago as well as in the Christian Bible, and in the large Celtic Oppidum of Manching from the La Tène culture in Europe some 2,200 years ago. Dishes resembling ful medames are attested in the Jerusalem Talmud which was compiled before 400 AD.

In our time, the common vetch (V. sativa) has also risen to prominence. Together with broad bean cultivars such as horse bean or field bean, the FAO includes it among the 11 most important pulses in the world. The main usage of the common vetch is as forage for ruminant animals, both as fodder and legume, but there are other uses, as tufted vetch, V. cracca is grown as a mid-summer pollen source for honeybees.

In 2017, global production of vetches was 920,537 tonnes. That year, 560,077 acreas were devoted to the cultivation of vetches in the world. Over 54% of that output came from Europe alone. Africa (17.8% of world total), Asia (15.6% of world total), Americas (10.6% of world total) and Oceania (1.8% of world total).[14]

The bitter vetch, too, is grown extensively for forage and fodder, as are hairy vetch (V. villosa, also called fodder vetch), bard vetch (V. articulata), French vetch (V. serratifolia) and Narbon bean (V. narbonensis). V. benghalensis and Hungarian vetch (V. pannonica) are cultivated for forage and green manure.

The vetches also have a broad variety of other purposes. The Hairy Vetch has well-established uses as a green manure and as an allelopathic cover crop. As regards the broad bean, it is known to accumulate aluminum in its tissue; in polluted soils it may be useful in phytoremediation, but with one per mil of aluminum in the dry plant (possibly more in the seeds), it might not be edible anymore. The robust plants are useful as a beetle bank to provide habitat and shelter for carnivorous beetles and other arthropods to keep down pest invertebrates. When the root nodules of broad bean are inoculated with the rhodospirillacean bacterium Azospirillum brasilense and the glomeracean fungus Glomus clarum, the species can also be productively grown in salty soils. In the 1980s, the auxin 4-Cl-IAA was studied in V. amurensis and the broad bean, and since 1990, the antibacterial γ-thionins fabatin-1 and -2 have been isolated from the latter species.

Despite a small chromosome count of n=6, the broad bean has a high DNA content, making it easy for a micronucleus test of its root tips to recognize genotoxic compounds. A lectin from V. graminea is used to test for the medically significant N blood group.

Toxicity

The vetches grown as forage are generally toxic to non-ruminants (such as humans), at least if eaten in quantity. Cattle and horses have been poisoned by V. villosa and V. benghalensis, two species that contain canavanine in their seeds. Canavanine, a toxic analogue of the amino acid arginine, has been identified in Hairy Vetch as an appetite suppressant for monogastric animals, while Narbon bean contains the quicker-acting but weaker γ-glutamyl-S-ethenylcysteine. In common vetch, γ-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine has been found. The active part of this molecule is β-cyanoalanine. It inhibits the conversion of the sulfur amino acid methionine to cysteine.

Cystathionine, an intermediary product of this biochemical pathway, is secreted in urine. This process can effectively lead to the depletion of vital protective reserves of the sulfur amino acid cysteine and thereby making Vicia sativa seed a dangerous component in mixture with other toxin sources. The Spanish pulse mix  contains common vetch and bitter vetch in addition to vetchling (Lathyrus cicera) seeds; it can be fed in small quantities to ruminants, but its use as a staple food will cause lathyrism even in these animals. Moreover, common vetch as well as broad bean – and probably other species of Vicia too – contain oxidants like convicine, isouramil, divicine and vicine in quantities sufficient to lower glutathione levels in G6PD-deficient persons to cause favism disease. At least broad beans also contain the lectin phytohemagglutinin and are somewhat poisonous if eaten raw. Split common vetch seeds resemble split red lentils (Lens culinaris), and has been occasionally mislabelled as such by exporters or importers to be sold for human consumption. In some countries where lentils are highly popular – e.g., Bangladesh, Egypt, India and Pakistan – import bans on suspect produce have been established to prevent these potentially harmful scams.

Ecology

Vetches have cylindrical root nodules of the indeterminate type and are thus nitrogen-fixing plants. Their flowers usually have white to purple or blue hues, but may be red or yellow; they are pollinated by bumblebees, honey bees, solitary bees and other insects.

Vicia species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some butterflies and moths, such as:

Coleophora cracella – only found on Vicia species
Coleophora fuscicornis – only found on smooth tare (V. tetrasperma)
Paratalanta pandalis – recorded on bush vetch (V. sepium)
Chionodes lugubrella – recorded on tufted vetch (V. cracca)
Lime-speck pug (Eupithecia centaureata) – recorded on tufted vetch (V. cracca)
Double-striped pug (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata) – recorded on broad bean (V. faba)
Provençal short-tailed blue (Everes alcetas)
Amanda's blue (Polyommatus amandus) – only found on Vicia species
The flame (Axylia putris)
Blackneck (Lygephila pastinum) – recorded on tufted vetch (V. cracca)
Angle shades (Phlogophora meticulosa)
Colias species, e.g., Clouded sulphur (C. philodice)
Wood white (Leptidea sinapis)
Pea moth (Cydia nigricana)

Most other parasites and plant pathogens affecting vetches have been recorded on the broad bean, the most widely cultivated and economically significant species. They include the mite Balaustium vignae whose adults are found on broad bean, the potexviruses Alternanthera mosaic virus, clover yellow mosaic virus and white clover mosaic virus, and several other virus species such as Bidens mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, Vicia cryptic virus and Vicia faba endornavirus.

Selected species

Vicia americana – American vetch, purple vetch, mat vetch
Vicia amoena
Vicia amurensis Oett. (=V. japonica sensu auct non A.Gray)
Vicia andicola Kunth
Vicia articulata Hornem. – bard vetch
Vicia bakeri Ali (=V. sylvatica Benth.)
Vicia basaltica Plitmann
Vicia benghalensis L.
Vicia biennis L.
Vicia bithynica (L.) L. – Bithynian vetch
Vicia bungei Ohwi
Vicia canescens Labill.
Vicia cappadocica Boiss. & Balansa
Vicia caroliniana Walter – Carolina wood vetch
Vicia cassubica L. – Kashubian vetch
Vicia cracca – tufted vetch
Vicia cuspidata Boiss.
Vicia cusnae
Vicia cypria Unger & Kotschy
Vicia disperma DC. (=V. parviflora Loisel.)
Vicia dumetorum L.
Vicia ervilia – bitter vetch
Vicia esdraelonensis Warb. & Eig
Vicia faba – fava bean, broad bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, bell bean, tic bean
Vicia galeata Boiss.
Vicia galilaea Plitmann & Zohary
Vicia gigantea Bunge
Vicia graminea Sm.
Vicia grandiflora Scop. (=V. kitaibeliana)
Vicia hassei S.Watson
Vicia hirsuta – hairy tare
Vicia hololasia Woronow
Vicia hulensis Plitmann
Vicia hybrida L.
Vicia japonica A.Gray
Vicia lathyroides – spring vetch
Vicia lens – lentil
Vicia lilacina Ledeb.
Vicia linearifolia Hook. & Arn. (=V. parviflora Hook. & Arn.)
Vicia loiseleurii (M.Bieb.) Litv. (=V. pubescens sensu auct. fl. Cauc.)
Vicia lutea – yellow vetch
Vicia menziesii Spreng. – Hawaiian vetch
Vicia minutiflora F.G. Dietr. – pygmyflower vetch
Vicia monantha Retz. – single-flowered vetch
Vicia nana Vogel
Vicia narbonensis L. – Narbon bean, moor's pea (=V. serratifolia sensu auct. non Jacq.)
Vicia nigricans – black vetch
Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (=V. gigantea Hook.) – giant vetch
Vicia onobrychioides L.
Vicia oroboides Wulfen
Vicia orobus DC. – upright vetch, wood bitter-vetch
Vicia palaestina Boiss.
Vicia pannonica – Hungarian vetch
Vicia parviflora Cav. – slender vetch, slender tare (=V. tenuissima)
Vicia peregrina L.
Vicia pisiformis L. – pea-flowered vetch
Vicia pseudo-orobus Fisch. & C. A. Mey.
Vicia pubescens (DC.) Link
Vicia pyrenaica
Vicia sativa – common vetch, narrow-leaved vetch, tare
Vicia sepium – bush vetch
Vicia sericocarpa Fenzl
Vicia serratifolia Jacq. – French vetch (formerly in V. narbonensis)
Vicia sylvatica L. – wood vetch
Vicia tenuifolia Roth. – fine-leaved vetch
Vicia tenuifolia ssp. dalmatica (A.Kern.) Greuter (=V. dalmatica, V. tenuifolia sensu auct. non Roth.)
Vicia tetrasperma – smooth tare, smooth vetch
Vicia tsydenii Malyschev
Vicia unijuga A.Br.
Vicia villosa – hairy vetch, fodder vetch, winter vetch

Plants formerly placed in Vicia include:
Lens nigricans (as V. nigricans (M.Bieb.) Janka)

Etymology
Vicia means 'binder' in Latin; this was the name used by Pliny for vetch.

The vetch is also referenced by Horace in his account of 'The town mouse and country mouse' as ervum. This is said to be a source of comfort for the country mouse after a disturbing insight into urban life.

Notes

References

External links and further reading

Vicia plant profiles, United States Department of Agriculture
Mansfeld's database for cultivated plants (search for Vicia, 17 cultivated taxa listed)
FAO's Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective Chapter 26: Grain legumes for animal feed

Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Fabaceae genera
Forages

Vicia


New Residence is a locality on the left bank of the Murray River between Loxton and Kingston On Murray in South Australia's Riverland region. The main industry is grape growing and fruit orchards.

New Residence was first established as a Village settlement with a population of 75 in the last decade of the nineteenth century. These were set up as communes by the Government of South Australia as part of a scheme to mitigate the effects of the economic depression. However, New Residence only lasted as a village settlement for three years before it failed due to the settlers not having the skills and ability needed to make it a success. It was then taken up by a private lessee.

By 1917, a Lutheran school had been established, as it had 30 students when it was closed by the state government due to the anti-German sentiment during World War I. New Residence also has a Lutheran church.

References

New Residence, South Australia


Valivalam Manathunainathar Temple (வலிவலம் மனத்துணைநாதர் கோயில்) is a Hindu temple located at Valivalam in Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, as the moolavar presiding deity, in his manifestation as Manathunainathar. His consort, Parvati, is known as Maazhai Onkanni.

Significance
It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams – Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanars Tirugnanasambandar, Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar.

History
The presiding deity is Shiva. There are also shrines to Surya, Karamamamunivar, the Pandavas, Kocengannan and Arunagirinathar. The temple is believed to have been constructed by the Early Chola king Kocengannan and renovated in more recent times. The temple is classified as a Madastalam, steeped structures where elephant cannot step in.

Gallery

References

External links

Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district
Padal Petra Stalam

Valivalam Manathunainathar Temple


Hatchetfish may refer to three groups of fishes:

Marine hatchetfishes, small deep-sea bioluminescent fishes (Stomiiformes) of the family Sternoptychidae, subfamily Sternoptychinae.
Freshwater hatchetfishes, small South and Central American characins of the family Gasteropelecidae.
Triportheus, the elongate hatchetfish, small South American freshwater characins of the family Triporthidae.

Hatchetfish


The Territory of Nevada (N.T.) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until October 31, 1864, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Nevada.

Prior to the creation of the Nevada Territory, the area was part of western Utah Territory and was known as Washoe, after the native Washoe people. The separation of the territory from Utah was important to the federal government because of its political leanings, while the population itself was keen to be separated because of animosity (and sometimes violence) between non-Mormons in Nevada and Mormons from the rest of the Utah Territory.

History

The eastern boundary of Nevada Territory had been defined as the 39th meridian west from Washington, but when gold discoveries were made to the east the Nevada territorial delegation to Congress requested the boundary be moved east to the 38th meridian, which Congress granted in 1862. The border was shifted further east, to the 37th meridian, in 1866, in part due to the discovery of more gold deposits. These eastward shifts took land away from Utah Territory. The southern border of Nevada Territory had been defined as the 37th parallel, but in 1866 Nevada asked Congress to move the border south to the Colorado River. Congress granted the request in 1867, giving Nevada all of the western end of Arizona Territory. Arizona strongly protested, but found little sympathy in Congress due in part to Arizona having aligned with the Confederacy during the Civil War.

The exact location of the due north-south California–Nevada border, between Lake Tahoe and the intersection with the southern boundary of Oregon at the 42nd parallel, was contentious and was surveyed and re-surveyed well into the 20th century.

Congress transferred some of the lands west of the Colorado River including Pah-Ute County, Arizona Territory to the State of Nevada on May 5, 1866. Part of this southern tip of Nevada was established as Clark County in 1909 and contains the city of Las Vegas.

The territorial capital was moved from the provisional capital of Genoa to Carson City. James Warren Nye succeeded Isaac Roop, the first provisional territorial governor, and became the only territorial governor. The secretary of the territory was Orion Clemens (older brother of Samuel Clemens, also known as Mark Twain), who more or less served as governor in Nye's constant absence.

See also

 California Trail
 Great Basin
 Historic regions of the United States
 History of Nevada
 Territorial evolution of the United States
 Mexican Cession, 1848
 State of Deseret, 1849–1850 (extralegal)

References

External links

 Norrico.com: collecting Nevada Territory stocks & bonds

1860s in Nevada
1861 establishments in Nevada Territory
1861 establishments in New Mexico Territory
1861 establishments in Utah Territory
1864 disestablishments in the United States
Former organized territories of the United States
History of Nevada
History of the American West
New Mexico Territory
Utah Territory

Nevada Territory


Josef Manner & Comp AG is an Austrian company that is known for its sweets. It is the biggest Austrian producer of sweets. Today, they are present in over 60 countries. They are best known for their wafers filled with chocolate-hazelnut cream (called Manner-schnitten).

Its headquarters are in Vienna.

Food companies of Europe
Vienna
Companies of Austria

Josef Manner & Comp AG


Hiram Sinsabaugh (c. 1832 – May 19, 1892) was a Methodist Episcopal minister and banker who served on the Los Angeles, California, Common Council, the legislative branch of the city, in the 19th century.

Personal
Sinsabaugh was born about 1832 in Norwich, Ohio. Because of ill health, he moved in 1873 to Denver, Colorado, and in 1880 he came to Los Angeles on a visit and returned the following year with his family.

He died May 19, 1892, at the age of sixty, with the cause attributed to "a combination of consumption and Bright's disease." A funeral was held in his residence, 225 Loma Drive, near today's Belmont High School, followed by private burial.

Vocation
Before moving to Los Angeles, Sinsabaugh was a Methodist Episcopal Church preacher in Ohio and Pennsylvania. After settling in California, he became the president of the Broadway Bank, which opened in March 1890 on the corner of Broadway and Sixth Street.

Memberships
Sinsabaugh was a vice-president of the University Place Improvement Society, founded in 1887 to protect the interests of that residential area near the University of Southern California. He was also a member of the Coeur de Leon Commandery, Knights Templar.

Public service
Sinsabaugh was elected to represent the 5th Ward on the Los Angeles Common Council, the legislative branch of the city government, for three one-year  terms between December 9, 1884, and December 10, 1888, and for a term ending February 21, 1889, shortened because of the institution of a new city charter.

In 1887, Sinsabaugh ran for a Board of Freeholders to write the new charter for Los Angeles, on a ticket pledged to assure Sunday closing of saloons. He was elected and helped to write the charter.

References and notes

Additional sources

• Denver, Colorado, City Directory, 1876, page 213

American Methodist clergy
American bankers
Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1889) members
19th-century American politicians
1832 births
1892 deaths
People from Muskingum County, Ohio
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Deaths from kidney disease
Tuberculosis deaths in California
19th-century Methodists
19th-century American clergy

Hiram Sinsabaugh


David Hendricks is an American businessman convicted of killing his wife and three children in 1984, but acquitted in a retrial in 1991.

Life
David James Hendricks was born in Morton Grove and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. He was a member of the Exclusive branch of the Plymouth Brethren, a Christian denomination. He started and ran a highly successful business in Bloomington, Illinois, selling an orthopedic back-brace he had patented.  He later bought a large house at a then-new development in Bloomington and moved his family there.

On November 7, 1983, while Hendricks was out of state on a business trip, his wife Susan, 30, and the couple's three children — Rebekah, 9; Grace, 7; and Benjamin, 5 — were found murdered in that home by a police officer performing a welfare check, requested after Hendricks was unable to reach them by phone. An axe and a butcher's knife were the murder weapons and had been left at the scene. Hendricks was interviewed immediately on return from his trip and became the primary suspect due to his relationship with the victims and the police detectives' initial dissatisfaction with his demeanor.

Trial and afterward
Hendricks was tried the following year.  The trial was moved from Bloomington to Rockford, Illinois,  away, where he was found guilty in a jury trial. The judge took the unusual step of indicating publicly that while he was not criticizing the jury for performing their duty, he was not personally convinced beyond reasonable doubt.
Hendricks' guilt was questioned due to the prosecution's reliance on circumstantial evidence and the possible prejudicial effect of statements made about his religious beliefs. Among other factors, the prosecution attempted to link the murders to Hendricks' belief that divorce was a sin. Hendricks had recently hired female models to demonstrate his product for marketing materials. Some of these women gave testimony for the prosecution that Hendricks asked them to remove clothing and made intimate contact with their upper bodies during private test-fittings. Since the brace was normally worn externally, expert witnesses were called to testify that regular clothing and a brief fitting time were more typical, emphasized with an in-court demonstration. The prosecution used these to form a circumstantial case for Hendricks being dissatisfied with his marriage and argued that since Hendricks did not believe in divorce, he had a motive to kill his wife and children.

The prosecution argued for Hendricks' sole guilt, although no direct evidence of guilt was found on Hendricks, including a lack of blood contamination. His lawyers failed to challenge some other key pieces of the prosecution's evidence, such as how the order of killings was dubious for a sole killer acting on Hendricks' schedule that evening, and that the weapons and blood spatter suggested two perpetrators. There were signs of carelessly-handled evidence by the investigating team, such as containers identified as the children's stomach contents containing material inconsistent with their known preferences. The contents had been used by an expert witness to establish a time of death prior to Hendricks leaving on his business trip.

Hendricks was sentenced to four consecutive life sentences. He served seven years in Menard Correctional Center in Illinois. While incarcerated Hendrick befriended his cellmate, convicted murderer and prison fugitive Henry Hillenbrand. Using a tape recorder and with Hillenbrand's blessing Hendricks used his jail time to pen a novel about Hillenbrand's life.   Hendricks married a second time while in prison.

In 1991, the Illinois Supreme Court overturned the conviction and Hendricks was granted a retrial at the McLean County Law and Justice Center in Bloomington.  A surprise prison witness for the prosecution claimed Hendricks had confessed the crime while incarcerated, but a jury was unconvinced and he was acquitted and released.  Shortly afterward he renounced his fundamentalist religious ties and moved to Florida to start another orthopedic business. He presently lives in Orlando, Florida with his fourth wife, Gazel. He recently sold his last business and is presumed retired.

In popular culture
A true-crime book about the family, religious background, murders and trial was written by journalist Steve Vogel, entitled "Reasonable Doubt." Originally published in hardcover by Contemporary Books, it was a New York Times best-seller as a paperback published by St. Martin's Press, was re-issued as part of St. Martin's True Crime Classics, and re-published in 2018  with additional photos and new content as a paperback and e-book ).  Also available as an audio book.

Jessica Snyder Sachs references the case in "Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death", published by Basic Books in 2001 (, ).

In 2018, interest in the case was revived by an Investigation Discovery television episode focusing on the crime and its aftermath.  The episode also attracted the attention of Champaign, Illinois columnist Jim Dey writing in the News-Gazette, who summarized the major points of the trial and the criticisms levied against it.

On October 4, 2021, Crime Junkie podcast released a full episode about the murders called: MURDERED: The Hendricks Family.

See also
 Roger Panes - Brethren member who killed his wife and three children with an axe in 1974.
 Watts family murders

References

External links
Family Murdered While Father Was On Mysterious Business Trip - David Hendricks Case Analysis, 13 October 2023, Dr. Todd Grande
MURDERED: The Hendricks Family, 4 October 2021, Crime Junkie podcast
Hendricks: Nov. 7, 1983, the day that changed Bloomington, 7 November 2008, The Pantagraph

American Plymouth Brethren
People acquitted of murder
People from Bloomington, Illinois
Mass murder in 1984
1984 murders in the United States
Unsolved mass murders in the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

David Hendricks


The African Archaeological Review is a peer-reviewed journal focusing on current African archaeology. Contents included in the journal range from the evolution of modern humans, advancements of human culture, and basic African contributions to the field of archaeology. The journal's first edition was released in 1983, and has been published continuously every year since then. Although new editions are typically released quarterly every year, there have been triannual and biannual releases of the journal. Its primary publisher is Springer Science and Business Media B.V. based in the United States.

External links

African history journals
African studies journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1983
-
-

African Archaeological Review


Welcome to Me is a 2014 American comedy-drama film directed by Shira Piven and written by Eliot Laurence. The film stars Kristen Wiig as Alice Klieg, a lottery winner with borderline personality disorder who uses her newfound wealth to write and star in her own syndicated talk show. The cast includes James Marsden, Linda Cardellini and Wes Bentley. The film was released on May 1, 2015 in a limited release, receiving generally positive reviews from critics.

Plot
Alice Klieg, a mentally ill single woman living on disability benefits, and fan of Oprah Winfrey, wins the California Stack Sweepstakes lottery jackpot of $86 million. She appears on the local TV news celebrating her win, but is upset when the speech she had prepared is abruptly cut off after she mentions using masturbation as a sedative. She discontinues her medication, against the advice of her psychiatrist, Daryl Moffat, and moves into a casino hotel with her best friend Gina Selway.

During a vitamin supplement infomercial presented by Gabe Ruskin, Alice, who is in the studio audience, responds to his request for a volunteer, hijacks the broadcast and tries to recite her speech once again (although is again cut off by the director). Gabe's brother Rich, the co-owner and manager of the studio, introduces himself and arranges a meeting to discuss Alice's idea for a TV show, at which Alice writes a check for $15 million to pay for 100 live-broadcast two-hour episodes of a vanity show about herself entitled Welcome to Me.

Gabe is nonplussed over the show's aimless premise, but after Alice takes him on a date, they promptly have sex and begin a relationship. During the first episode: Alice announces that she has given up her medication, includes a silent five-minute segment of her eating meatloaf cake with mashed sweet potato icing, and a live re-enactment of a scene from her past (with actors wearing name-cards playing herself and a friend who had betrayed her in high school).

After seeing a recording, Alice decides the show looks too inexpensive and writes another check to bring the production values more in line with The Oprah Winfrey Show. The studio set is revamped to include a rotating stage and a replica of her house.

As the show grows in popularity, her friends and family become alienated by her non-flattering depictions of them in her sketches. Rainer Ybarra, a graduate student and fan of the show, interviews Alice about her rising stardom, and the two go on a date which ends with her fellating him in her limousine. Their tryst is revealed on air, much to Gabe's fury.

While recovering from burns sustained in a cooking accident on the show, Alice decides to introduce a new theme of neutering dogs on the show, utilizing her six years' experience as a veterinary nurse. Fed up with her volatility, Gabe finally quits.

Rich continues to support Alice's decisions until he and the studio are threatened with various lawsuits including slander and health code violations. Rich angrily interrupts the show, demanding that Alice should cancel the veterinary procedures. Alice abandons the broadcast 40 minutes early, cancels her show and settles the lawsuits, leaving her with $7 million.

Alice suffers a nervous breakdown, walking naked through the main floor of the casino. She is hospitalized and resumes her medication. After being released, she apologizes to Dr. Moffat and contacts Rich to arrange a final episode of Welcome to Me. She invites her family and Gina to the broadcast, a lavish telethon aimed at finding owners for her dogs which she has neutered, along with making amends to everyone she has wronged. In the show's last moments, Alice gives a heartfelt apology to Gina and praises her for her patience, presenting her with a check for the remaining $7 million of her lottery winnings.

Her life now back to normal, Gabe takes Alice home and gives her a camcorder as a gift. When she goes to bed, she finally turns off her television that she had left switched on continuously for over 11 years.

Cast

Production

On March 20, 2013, Kristen Wiig was in talks to join the cast of the film and re-team with Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues cohorts Will Ferrell and Adam McKay, who produced. On May 21, 2013, it was announced that Wiig had signed to star in the film. On July 16, 2013, more actors were added to the cast including Linda Cardellini, Tim Robbins and Jennifer Jason Leigh. On July 29, 2013, four more actors were added to the cast, Wes Bentley, James Marsden, Joan Cusack, and Alan Tudyk. On December 3, 2014, Millennium Entertainment acquired the American distribution rights to the film.

Principal photography began in July 2013 in Los Angeles and filming mostly in Greater Los Angeles Area. The film was shot in Indio, California, filming a scene at Fantasy Springs Resort Casino hotel. The crew also filmed scenes in Inland Empire, Banning, Beaumont and Cabazon. On August 14, filming took place in Palm Springs.

Release
The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 5, 2014.

Box office
It was released in United States theaters on May 1, 2015. The film grossed $38,168 from 2 screens. The following week the film jumped from 41st place to 29th place, earning $188,067 from 133 screens. The film closed with $636,819 after spending seven weeks in the box office.

Home media
The film was also released on May 8, 2015 through Hoopla, an online streaming media service used by libraries. This was the first time a first-run film was released simultaneously in theaters and on Hoopla. The film was also released on video on demand and digital stores as well beginning on May 8, 2015.

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 16, 2015 in the United States.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 74%, based on 108 reviews, with a rating of 6.46/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A transfixing central performance by Kristen Wiig holds Welcome to Me together and compensates for its uneven stretches." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 69 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

In his New York Times review, A.O. Scott wrote that "By turns touching, amusing and genuinely disturbing, [Welcome To Me] defies expectations and easy categorization, forgoing obvious laughs and cheap emotional payoffs in favor of something much odder and more interesting."

References

External links

2014 films
2014 comedy-drama films
2014 independent films
American comedy-drama films
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in California
Vertigo Films films
Bron Studios films
Gary Sanchez Productions films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films about television
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Welcome to Me


The Cotton Patch is a breed of domestic goose originating in the Southern United States. It is so named because it traditionally was used to weed fields of cotton, corn, and other crops.

History
Up until the 1950s, Cotton Patch geese were customarily kept on rural Southern homesteads and farms as multi-purpose poultry used for weeding, meat, eggs, down, and grease. Their grazing kept fields clear of crabgrass and other weeds, while leaving crops unharmed and reducing the amount of manual labor necessary. After the mid-20th century, herbicides almost entirely replaced weeding on American farms, and the Cotton Patch goose declined in concert. Considered critically endangered by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, the Society for the Preservation of Poultry Antiquities, and the American Poultry Association, it has largely disappeared from the Southern farms where it was once common. It is also included in Slow Food USA's Ark of Taste, a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction.

Characteristics
The Cotton Patch goose is particularly well-adapted to the climate of the southeastern U.S., being more heat tolerant. They are also slimmer in body than most domestic geese, and retain a relatively good flying ability into adulthood. They much more closely resemble the wild forebears of domestic geese,  the greylag goose. They are similar in color to the Pilgrim Goose and Shetland Goose, and are also sexually dimorphic. In general, ganders are white with some dove gray feathers on the back and tail. Females are either entirely gray, or pied gray and white, also called saddleback. The bills and feet are pink rather than orange, as is seen in the Pilgrim, which it resembles.  They range in weight from 8-10 pounds for geese and 9-12 pounds for ganders.

See also
 List of goose breeds

References

Goose breeds originating in the United States
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
Goose breeds

Cotton Patch goose


Xenophon (c. 430 – 354 BC), also known as Xenophon of Athens, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates.  He is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the 4th century BC. He preserved the sayings of Socrates, and descriptions of life in ancient Greece and the Persian Empire.

His most famous book was the Anabasis, about the escape of Greek mercenaries after they fought for Cyrus the Younger, a pretender to the throne of Persia.

430s BC births
354 BC deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
Ancient Greek historians
Mercenaries

Xenophon


Infinite Mass is a Swedish hip hop group. Formed in 1991, they have since released four albums and eight singles.

Biography
The group formed in 1991. In 1992 they won the Swedish Championship of Rap talent show. The same year, they appeared in the movie Sökarna, and released the single "Shoot the Racist", later renamed "Area Turns Red". The lyrics of the song attracted some media controversy in Sweden at the time.

The group had their first chart hits in 1995, with the songs "Mah boys", "Area Turns Red" and "Ride". They won a Grammis Award for best club/dance song in 1995. In 1997 they released the album Alwayz Somethang and the single "Caught up in da Game". Their album The Face (2001), and songs "She's A Freak", "Bullet", "Blazin" and "Enter The Dragon", established their characteristic sound, of a G-funk bass with a blend of heavy guitars, rapping, singing and unusual samples. In 2004, their song "No. 1 Swartskalle" became a hit.

Group members
Amir Chamdin, Rodrigo "Rigo" Pencheff and Bechir Eklund are regarded as the core members of the group, having been members of the group since its foundation.
Amir Chamdin (Rap)
Rodrigo "Rigo" Pencheff (Rap)
Bechir Eklund (Rap)
Joen Carlstedt (Guitar)
Jejo Perkovic (Drums)
Tito Pencheff (Synthesizer)
Cribbe Pencheff (DJ)
Polarbear (Rap/Production)

Discography

Studio albums
The Infinite Patio (1995)
Alwayz Somethang (1997)
The Face (2002)
1991 (2004)

Live albums
Live In Sweden (1999)

Compilation albums
Masters of the Universe: The Best of Infinite Mass (2007)

Singles
 "Mah Boyz" (1995)
 "Area Turns Red" (1995)
 "Ride" (1996)
 "Enter the Dragon" (2000)
 "Bullet" (2001)
 "The Thief" (2004)
 "No 1 Svartskalle" (2004)
 "Take it Back" (2020)

See also
Swedish hip hop

External links
Infinite Mass' official website

Swedish hip hop groups
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups disestablished in 2014

Infinite Mass


The cataracts of the Nile are areas between Aswan and Khartoum where the water is shallow and flows quickly. The surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones that lie on the river bed, as well as many small rocky islets. This is called "rapids or "white water".

River cataracts often go with a rapid down-drop of the river. They block the waterway, since boats cannot safely carry cargo through.

The six first cataracts of the River Nile were the main obstacles for boats sailing on the Nile in antiquity. Counted upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in modern Egypt; the rest are in Sudan.

 The First Cataract is near Aswan
 The Second Cataract (or Great Cataract) was in Nubia and is now submerged in Lake Nasser
 The Third Cataract is around Tombos  / Hannek
 The Fourth Cataract is in the Manasir Desert and will be flooded by the Merowe Dam from 2006 onward
 The Fifth Cataract is near the confluence with the Atbara River
 The Sixth Cataract is where the Nile cuts through the Sabaluka pluton near Bagrawiyah

The word cataract comes from the Greek word Katarakhtes meaning "waterfall".

In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from the Nile Delta to the first cataract. Further upstream, in what is modern Sudan, the land was later controlled by the Kingdom of Kush.

The cataract faces north, not south, because the river flows north, from Lake Victoria in the south.

The 1899 book The River War by Winston Churchill explains each of the cataracts.

References

Other websites
  The Cataract Nile and the Great Bend  -University of Texas

Photo links

 Second Cataract: Second Cataract Second Cataract
 Third Cataract: Third Cataract Third Cataract  Third Cataract
 Fourth Cataract: Fourth Cataract
 Fifth Cataract: Fifth Cataract
 Sixth Cataract: Fifth Cataract Fifth Cataract

Nile

Cataracts of the Nile