Barbara Feldon (born Barbara Anne Hall; March 12, 1933) is an American actress primarily known for her roles on television. Her most prominent role was that of Agent 99 in the 1965–1970 sitcom Get Smart.

Early life
Feldon was born Barbara Anne Hall in Butler, Pennsylvania, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Feldon and her older sister Patricia were the daughters of Raymond D. and Julia Stewart Hall. She graduated from Bethel Park High School and trained at Pittsburgh Playhouse. In 1955, she graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Arts in drama. She was initiated into the Delta Xi Chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma. In 1957, she won the grand prize on The $64,000 Question in the category of William Shakespeare.

Career
Feldon studied acting at HB Studio. Following working as a model, Feldon's break came in the form of a popular and much-parodied television commercial for "Top Brass", a hair pomade for men by Revlon. Lounging languidly on an animal-print rug, she purred at the camera, addressing the male viewers as "tigers".

This led to small roles in television series. In the 1960s, she made appearances on Twelve O'Clock High (season one, episode 24: "End of the Line"), Flipper (season one, episodes 12 and 13: the two-parter "The Lady and the Dolphin") and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (in "The Never-Never Affair" aired spring 1965). In 1964, she appeared with Simon Oakland in the episode "Try to Find a Spy" of CBS's short-lived drama Mr. Broadway.

One substantial guest-starring role was opposite George C. Scott in the television drama East Side/West Side (season one, episode 19). It was produced by Talent Associates, which was also developing a TV comedy called Get Smart with two prominent writers, Mel Brooks and Buck Henry.

Feldon was cast in this new show as "Agent 99". She starred opposite comedian Don Adams, who portrayed Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970 and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969.

The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted, "A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them because she was smart and always got the right answer." Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of Get Smart was a deodorant soap, and she had done a deodorant commercial for Revlon. Feldon was also noticeably taller than Adams, her male co-star, another rarity for the time.

Feldon made guest appearances five times on The Dean Martin Show from 1968 to 1972, singing and dancing and performing in comedy skits. She also appeared on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. After her starring TV role, she guest-starred in several 1970s television series, including The Carol Burnett Show (season 3, episode 17 (1970)), Thriller (season 1, episode 1 (1973)), The Name of the Game, McMillan & Wife and Lorne Greene's Griff.

Her TV movies include Let's Switch! (1975) with Barbara Eden, and the cult-classic thriller A Vacation in Hell (1979) with Maureen McCormick and Priscilla Barnes. She voiced the character Patti Bear in the 1973 animated television special The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas.

Feldon's feature films included Fitzwilly (1967), Smile (1975), and No Deposit, No Return (1976). Her last film to date is 2006's Last Request, a comedy with T.R. Knight, Danny Aiello, and Joe Piscopo.

In 1978 she was Bob Eubanks' very first co-host of the annual January 1 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena. In 1982, Feldon appeared at Denver's Elitch Theatre in What I Did Last Summer.

Feldon reprised her role as "Agent 99" in the made-for-television film Get Smart, Again! (1989) and in a short-lived revival of Get Smart in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original Get Smart series in 2006, but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (season one, episode 20) of Mad About You, as Diane "Spy Girl" Caldwell.

She played Lauren Hudson, Sam Malone's annual Valentine's Day love interest, in the 1991 Cheers episode "Sam Time Next Year" (S9, EP 18).

Feldon's distinctive voice has been heard in numerous TV and radio commercials and film and TV documentaries. She has occasionally acted in off-Broadway plays but said she is "no longer interested in performing". Feldon is an accomplished writer and is still actively writing. In 2015, she had two editorial pieces featured in Metropolitan Magazine. She wrote a book, Living Alone and Loving It, in 2003.

Personal life
Feldon has been the actress's last name since she married Lucien Verdoux-Feldon in 1958. They divorced in 1967. In 1968, while living in Los Angeles, she began a 12-year relationship with Get Smart producer Burt Nodella. She does not have any children. Upon ending her relationship, she moved back to New York City, where she lived as of 2020.

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading

External links

 Barbara Feldon at Turner Classic Movies

1933 births
Living people
Actresses from Pittsburgh
American film actresses
Female models from Pennsylvania
American television actresses
RCA Victor artists
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
People from Bethel Park, Pennsylvania
Contestants on American game shows
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from Butler, Pennsylvania
ArtistShare artists

Barbara Feldon


The Old World is the three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa, whose people knew about each other from ancient times.

Humans originated in Africa, but modern history is mostly about European history. This is because the Europeans wrote more history. For a long time "history" meant the history of Europe and the Middle East. That is still the kind of history which is taught in many schools. Having history depends on having writing. The first writing we know of comes from the Middle East, and the Chinese claim they also had early writing.

People had no idea there were other continents, and no idea that those continents (the Americas and Australasia) had humans living there.  They also knew little about Africa beyond the coasts until the 19th century.

In 1492 Spain sent Columbus to the New World.  They found Native Americans there. Then there was  trade, warfare and spreading disease.  They had foods and animals the Native Americans had not seen before, like sugarcane, pigs, and horses.  But they did not know that they were also causing sickness.  The people of the Old World called the Americas the New World.

Europeans discovered Australia, New Zealand and Papua/New Guinea in the 17th century.  The British Royal Navy did more exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Both the Americas and Australasia had humans living there already, who were not known to Europeans before the voyages of discovery, as it is called.

References

History by continent

Old World


Jimmie Lee Sloas is an American session musician, producer, and songwriter, who plays bass guitar.

History
Jimmie Lee Sloas, born in Ashland, Kentucky, grew up in Fairborn, Ohio and Isonville, Kentucky. His father, Dave, was a member of the popular bluegrass group, The Sloas Brothers. His older brother, David, served as Tammy Wynette's lead guitarist from the early 1980s until her death.

In 1982, Sloas co-founded, with singer-songwriter Robert White Johnson, the album-oriented rock band RPM.  The band released two albums between 1982 and 1984, with the albums produced by Brent Maher and Gary Langan, respectively.

From 1986 to 1990, Sloas was a member of the contemporary Christian vocal band The Imperials (as lead singer and sometimes bass player). He holds several session musician and production credits, primarily in country & contemporary Christian music with artists such as Garth Brooks, Carrie Underwood, Keith Urban, Carman, LeAnn Rimes, Kellie Pickler, Reba McEntire, PFR, Switchfoot, and Jessica Simpson. In 1996, he co-founded the group Dogs of Peace with former Whiteheart guitarist Gordon Kennedy.  Sloas also recorded with the heavy metal band  Megadeth on their album The System Has Failed. He was nominated for Top Bass Player of the Year in the 2006, 2008, and 2009 Academy of Country Music awards.

Sloas is co-producer, with Bob Ezrin, of the artist Christian Kane for Bigger Picture Group, at Anarchy Studios in Nashville.

References

American country bass guitarists
American heavy metal bass guitarists
Living people
People from Fairborn, Ohio
American male bass guitarists
Guitarists from Ohio
Country musicians from Ohio
1959 births

Jimmie Lee Sloas


Lyuben Nikolov (; born 8 September 1985) is a retired Bulgarian footballer who played as a defender.

Club career

Youth career in "Levski" Sofia and other Bulgarian clubs
Nikolov grew up as part of Levski Sofia's academy and signed his first professional contract with the senior team in the 2002/2003 season. He signed a 3-year contract, but didn't make any official appearance for the first team. For that time he played on loan for Vihren Sandanski, Rodopa Smolian and Maritsa Plovdiv.

In Bulgaria he also played for Spartak Plovdiv, Nessebar FC, Akademik and Svoge.

FC Dynamo Brest
In 2013 Nikolov moved to Belarus, where he signed a one-year contract with FC Dynamo Brest.  Because of his good performance, he was offered to renew his contract with the team for one more season. After two seasons in Belarus, Nikolov moved to Thailand.

Sisaket FC
In the beginning of January 2015, Sisaket FC announced that the club had signed Nikolov to a two-year deal (year two of the contract is a club option). Nikolov made 45 appearances and scored 1 goal during his first season in Thai premier league.

In this season Sisaket FC reached the final of the Toyota Cup, for the first time in the history of the club. They lost 1:0 to Buriram United and Nikolov was awarded a silver medal.

After this great season, Nikolov was chosen by Thaileague Mania in their "11 Top Transfers of 2015 in Thaileague":

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bulgarian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Lyuben Nikolov
PFC Levski Sofia players
OFC Vihren Sandanski players
FC Rodopa Smolyan players
FC Maritsa Plovdiv players
PFC Spartak Plovdiv players
OFC Nesebar players
PFC Akademik Sofia players
FC Sportist Svoge players
FC Dynamo Brest players
Lyuben Nikolov
FC Dunav Ruse players
Lyuben Nikolov
Expatriate men's footballers in Cambodia

Lyuben Nikolov


Shona Auerbach is a British film director and cinematographer.

Early career
Auerbach began her career as a stills photographer.  She studied film at Manchester University and cinematography at Leeds before completing her Master of Arts at the Polish National Film School in Łódź.  Her first directorial effort was the 1996 short subject Seven, which won her awards from the Munich International Festival of Film Schools, the Montecatini Filmvideo International Short Film Festival in Spain, and the Capalbio Cinema International Short Film Festival in Italy. She spent the next several years directing commercials while at the same time preparing her debut feature film, Dear Frankie, which was shown at numerous film festivals in 2004 and was released commercially in early 2005. She also served as cinematographer on both films.

Awards and recognition
For Dear Frankie, Auerbach was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer and the BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Director. She won the Heartland Film Festival Crystal Heart Award, the High Falls Film Festival Audience Award for Best Feature Film, the Jackson Hole Film Festival Cowboy Award for Best Feature Film, the Los Angeles IFP/West Film Festival Audience Award for Best International Feature Film, the Montreal World Film Festival Golden Zenith Award, the Seattle International Film Festival Women in Cinema Lena Sharpe Award, and the WinFemme Film Festival Award (part of Women's Image Network Awards) for Best Film or TV Show Directed by a Woman.

Personal life
Auerbach is married to cinematographer Graeme Dunn.

References

External links
 Shona Auerbach - Official Website

 BBC interview
 Hollywood Reporter interview

British film directors
British cinematographers
Living people
Movie stills photographers
British women photographers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Shona Auerbach


Dryhead Country is a region in Carbon County and Big Horn County in southern Montana between Bighorn Canyon and the Pryor Mountains. The locale was named after the piles of dry bison skulls that accumulated at the base of a local buffalo jump. The Dryhead region starts near the Wyoming border in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area and extends northward into the Crow Indian Reservation. Dryhead Creek drains a portion of the area, falling eastwards into Bighorn Canyon. The semi-arid basin is one of the most remote areas in Montana. The area is sparsely populated with isolated ranches.

Limited settlement took place in the late 19th century in the form of small homesteads that took advantage of the open range to become ranching operations. Several of these ranches have been preserved within Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area. The Ewing-Snell Ranch was established in 1898, and acquired a post office until 1906, known as Ewing, Montana. From 1915 the Cedarvale Dude Ranch received mail as "Hillsboro, Montana," operating until 1945. Another post office operated on Dryhead Creek as "Dryhead, Montana" from 1919 to 1924, before moving to the Kearns ranch, then to the Smith ranch. It was closed in 1946.

References

External links
 Dryhead Country at the Pryor Mountain Coalition

Geography of Carbon County, Montana
Geography of Big Horn County, Montana

Dryhead Country


Marion Jean Catherine Adams-Acton (21 June 1846 – 11 October 1928) was a Scottish novelist. Most of her fiction was written under the pseudonym "Jeanie Hering".

Early life and education

She was born Marion Jean Catherine Hamilton at Brodick on the Isle of Arran on 21 June 1846, the illegitimate daughter of William, 11th Duke of Hamilton and a local island beauty, Elizabeth Hamilton. The Duke owned Brodick Castle, where one of his regular summer visitors was a popular landscape painter George Hering, son of one of London's most successful bookbinders, Charles Hering, Sr. George and his wife Caroline had lost their only child at the age of six and the Duke suggested that they adopt Marion. Her mother was reluctant but was persuaded that her daughter would get a much better start to life with this wealthy and well-connected couple.

They took her to London at around the age of four, returning to their house, Ormidale, on Arran in the summer months. In London she was known as Jeanie Hering, the name she later used for her children's books.  After receiving a good schooling to the age of sixteen she spent two years at a finishing school in Westphalia in Germany. After returning to London, the family were travelling to Arran by train for the summer when they were fortunate survivors of a train crash that killed hundreds.

Married life

The Herings' house in St John's Wood was in the midst of a thriving artistic community and it was no surprise that on 10 August 1875 Jeanie married an artist, John Adams-Acton, one of England's top sculptors.

Shortly after their marriage the couple took a tour across Europe to India where they spent several months in Bombay. When they returned they settled in a house in Marylebone. When both of her adopted parents died Marian inherited Ormidale, which she always visited for some time in the summer.

Around 1880 the couple moved to 14 Langford Place, St John's Wood; at that time the house was named "Sunnyside" and included the present numbers 12 and 16. During their time at Langford Place, Jeanie became a mother to seven children. The couple held numerous soirées and afternoon bazaars for friends and neighbours, and Sunnyside became a leading social centre for politicians and artists, including Sarah Bernhardt. John Adams-Acton was a close friend of William Ewart Gladstone, and Jeanie in 1884 organised a large charity event with Mrs Gladstone called "The Bee". By the 1890s Jeanie was socialising in the highest circles with kings, queens and prime ministers, and although she wrote plays, one of which was performed at the Strand Theatre, she wrote no more fiction.

She was looking for a new challenge in her life when her husband came home one day and announced that some friends had just walked from London to Dorset. Enamoured with this idea, she decided that the summer trip to Arran should be made that year on foot. Her husband quite reasonably objected on the grounds that his friends were just a couple, whereas she had six children, the youngest not even a year old; and of course Arran was considerably further than Dorset.  Unperturbed, she undertook the journey of  in about 7 weeks, with the poor nurse Ellen having to push the young child in a perambulator. The story of the journey became her last book, being published in 1894 as Adventures of a Perambulator.

In 1908 Adams-Acton incurred serious injuries when he was knocked over by a car; a lingering illness resulted in his death at Ormidale in 1910. He is commemorated by a memorial plaque at 14 Langford Place, unveiled on 19 July 1994.

Later life

All Jeanie's boys survived the war and she herself lived to the age of eighty-two, when she died in London on 11 October 1928; her body was removed to Brodick on Arran, where she was buried in a small churchyard.

Writings

Fiction

 Garry: a holiday story. : By Jeanie Hering. 1867. London
 "Little Pickles." A tale for children. : By Jeanie Hering. 1872. London
 Truth will out. A tale. 1873. London.
 Golden days. A tale of girls' school life in Germany. : By Jeanie Hering. 1873. London
 Through the mist. 1874. London 3 volumes.
 Honour and Glory, or hard to win. A book for boys. 1876.  London
 The child's delight A picture book for little children : By Jeanie Hering 1878. London
 The town mouse : By Jeanie Hering . 1880. London
 A banished monarch, and other stories. By Jeanie Hering. 1880. London, Paris and New York.
 "Wee Lammie" [1880]. London
 "Minnie's Dolls,"  [1880]. London
 "A Rough Diamond." A Christmas story. [1880]. London
 "Honour is my Guide,". 1886. London.
 Elf. A Tale. 1887. London.
 Put to the Test. A Tale. 1888. London.
 The Child's Delight. [1890]. London.
 Rosebud. 1891. London.

Non-fiction

 The dog picture book. 1880. London
 Pet Dogs. [1890].
 Doggie's Own Book. [1890]. London.
 Adventures of a perambulator. True details of a family history. 1894. London.

References

Sources and external links
 Pickering, Anna Victorian Sidelights. From the papers of the late Mrs. Adams-Acton. 1954. London. 288pp+ 8 leaves of plates.
Peiffer S. 'Acton, Marion Jean Catherine Adams- (1846–1928)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press; 2004)

Scottish children's writers
Scottish women dramatists and playwrights
Scottish travel writers
Victorian women writers
1846 births
1928 deaths
British women travel writers
20th-century Scottish women writers
19th-century Scottish writers
19th-century British women writers
19th-century Scottish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Scottish dramatists and playwrights

Marion Adams-Acton


Augmented reality (often known as AR, not to be mixed with Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality.) is a computer technology that shows digital images on top of the current real world. For example it can show a digital table on top of a floor. It is different from virtual reality which makes a person feel they are somewhere else.

Augmented reality

Augmented reality


Zoe Koplowitz (b. Lindsay Koplowitz September 12, 1948 in New York, New York) is a marathon runner who is afflicted with multiple sclerosis and diabetes, an inspirational speaker, and the author of The Winning Spirit—Life Lessons Learned In Last Place. As of and including 2013, Koplowitz has completed a total of 25 New York City Marathons, all of them in last place. Her 33-hour-9-minute run in 2000 set a world record for the longest marathon time in the history of women's running.   "The race belongs not only to the swift and strong  but to those who keep on running", says Koplowitz.

At the conclusion of her 25th New York City Marathon on November 4, 2013, Zoe addressed the crowd which had gathered to see and cheer her finish.  "It makes you understand that life is not happen stance or random all the time.  That there is a plan, and it's a good plan.  When we do things like the marathon, we get an opportunity to see how the pieces fit, and life no longer becomes this random series of crazy events.  There was a lovely young woman with multiple sclerosis who waited hours in the street for me to come by.  On one side of her sign she had my name in big bold letters.  On the other side of her sign, she had something that reduced me to tears.  It said 'Because you run every year, the rest of us continue to walk.'  I thought that was really profound.  I think the thing is that, the marathon is not just an adventure to me.  It's a matter of living resources; it's not just stories to tell, it's what those stories teach you and how close you hold them to your heart through the year, and how strong and how brave and much a part of the running community they make you.  It has been a truly amazing honor. I've done 25 of these, and it never grows old.  There is life after disability.  You can either go through life like this [arms closed], or you can go through life like that [arms open].  And for me, New York City is that.  It's arms out reaching for possibility and hope every single year.  I love this city.  I love its strength, I love its diversity, I love its personality, and thank God it loves me back because I wouldn't know what to do if it was a one-sided love."

Koplowitz has appeared on many national TV and radio programs as a result of her long history of marathon completion. She has also been recognized for her related volunteer work by the National MS Society, the Achilles Track Club and other organizations.

The U.S. Olympic Committee selected Koplowitz as a torch bearer in the torch relay leading up to the 2002 Winter Games.

References

1948 births
Living people
American female long-distance runners
American motivational speakers
Women motivational speakers
American motivational writers
Women motivational writers
Jewish American sportspeople
Track and field athletes from New York City
American disabled sportspeople
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Zoe Koplowitz


Mirza Mohammad Ali (Persian:  میرزا محمد علی), better known as Hajj Sayyah (Persian: حاج سياح "the traveler", 1836–1925), was an Iranian American world traveler and political activist.

He was the first Iranian to obtain American citizenship. According to a decree issued by the District Court of the 12th Judicial District of the State of California, he was naturalized on May 26, 1875.

Early life
Hajj Sayyah was born in 1836 in the town of Mahallat, Sublime State of Iran. His studies exposed him at a young age to modern and democratic ideas that were then spreading throughout parts of the world. The stark difference that he observed between the treatment suffered by most Persia under their autocratic rulers and those ideas he studied inspired him to see the rest of the world.

Journey
At the age of 23, Hajj Sayyah embarked on a remarkable journey around the globe, and which would last for nearly 18 years. He began his travels by wandering throughout Central Asia and Europe for more than six years. Often, he traveled alone and in poverty.

The motivation for his travels was his thirst for knowledge and spiritual strength. He wanted to learn as much as he could about the world and how other people lived to bring those ideas back to Persia. As a result of his observations throughout his travels, he concluded that human beings are supposed to live in reasonably-humane societies and, to enjoy basic human rights.

Hajj Sayyah came to the United States through New York City. During his ten-year stay in the country, he met with many prominent personalities such as US President Ulysses Grant on more than one occasion. His travels across the United States eventually took him to San Francisco, where he spent several months.

In the course of studying Hajj Sayyah's life, Dr. Ali Ferdowsi recently discovered through State Department documents that Hajj Sayyah had become a US citizen on May 26, 1875, the first Iranian to do so.

Political activist
Upon returning to Persia in July 1877, Hajj Sayyah became politically active and was imprisoned for having instigated a clandestine letter writing campaign to the monarch and clergy regarding the unbearable living conditions in Persia. After his release, fearing further persecution he sought the protection of the US legation in Tehran. That move puzzled many Persians, who wondered why he felt that the US government would protect him.

Hajj Sayyah went on to play a major role in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906 in Persia, and he remained active until his death in 1925, at the age of 89.

References

Further reading

Iranian travel writers
1836 births
1925 deaths
Iranian emigrants to the United States
People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
19th-century Iranian politicians
People from Mahallat
Iranian explorers
20th-century Iranian politicians

Hajj Sayyah


Videopolis is an auditorium in the Disneyland Park at Disneyland Paris, near Marne-la-Vallée. It was an opening day attraction launched in 1992, and is located within the Discoveryland section of the park, an alternate take on the Tomorrowland concept, which takes into consideration the science fiction pioneered by the likes of Jules Verne, H.G. Wells or Leonardo da Vinci.

Theme
The building is themed to dreams of the future from the turn of the twentieth century, especially air exploration. The airship hanging outside the building is from the 1974 film, The Island at the Top of the World. Videopolis also houses the Café Hyperion, the largest fast-food restaurant in the park. This building features inspiration from Discovery Bay, a former Disneyland concept by Imagineer Tony Baxter (a land themed to Victorian visions of the future), which also inspired Discoveryland.

Imagineers provided this former airship station with a whole back-story. The Hyperion once took explorers to 49 destinations, until one day when its captain mysteriously disappeared, leaving her ready for her last journey that never was. She is henceforth waiting for her master to return. The station was soon turned into a place where guests could rest and have meals.

History
The original premise for Videopolis was based somewhat on an earlier concept used at Disneyland in California, in that a theatre acts as a venue for a night-time disco in addition to its function as an auditorium for performance.

The original concept, however, changed due to public interests. The night-time discos were meant to appeal to teenagers and young adults as a mean of topping off their day. Yet, they were more interested in visiting other attractions up until the last minute. The regular discos therefore came to a halt, and Videopolis is only used as such a venue for special events such as New Year's Eve and Halloween.

In between the live shows, music videos were to be played. Yet after complaints from families incidentally dining in the Café Hyperion, these were replaced with cartoons.

The original daytime show from 1992 was equally themed to the auditorium's original contemporary, pop-culture theme and to Discoveryland's visionary theme. Called Rock Shock, it featured a gang of teenagers journeying in the footsteps of Jules Verne to the beat of rock music. It was a relative success.

Yet, demand for more shows based on traditional Disney properties led to its replacement with a stage version of Beauty and the Beast.  After that came several shows based on Disney productions or characters, most prominently stage versions of Mulan or The Lion King.

The theater was previously showcasing a various choice of Disney cartoons, from the early animated ones (for example Steamboat Willie) to Pixar shorts, however is now The Jedi Training academy, and has been themed with scenes and characters from Star Wars: The Force Awakens.

List of Videopolis shows
 Rock Shock (1992-1993) - Returned in 1995 for Space Mountain opening.
 Beauty and the Beast (1993-1996)
 Disney Classics - The Music and the Magic (1998)
 Disney Magic Forever (1998)
 Mulan - The Legend (1998-2002)
 Minnie's Birthday Surprise (2002-2003)
 Mickey's Showtime (2003-2004)
 The Legend of the Lion King (2004-2009)
 Cinema Mickey (2009-2010)
 CineDisney (2010–2015)
 Jedi Training Academy (2015-2017)

Design
 The idea of using the airship from The Island at the Top of the World in a Disney attraction was considered for Disneyland's planned Discovery Bay, but was scrapped after that film's failure at the box office.
 There are two binocular-shaped blocked windows on the side of the building, which originally were to have acted as passageways to Discovery Mountain (which has been replaced with Space Mountain). In the original concept, guests would have been able to go on numerous rides within this domed attraction, themed to many Jules Verne's visions.
 Behind these two windows is a Studio Radio, regularly used when reporters want to broadcast live from the park.
 Two rooms are located beneath this Studio, accessible via ground floor. They originally acted as a Space Exhibition in 1995, as Space Mountain was inaugurated. Later, in 2004, they were turned respectively into Arcade Alpha and Arcade Bêta. The arcades have both since been stripped out leaving no arcade machines left and so currently these rooms are empty.

References

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Disneyland Park (Paris)
Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)
1992 establishments in France

Videopolis (Disneyland Paris)


Det Gyldne Bur (The Golden Cage) is an award given to the best goalkeeper in Danish football each year. The winner is found by votes among the goalkeepers in the two top divisions of Danish football; the Danish Superliga and Danish 1st Division. The award has been handed out by Danish sports paper TIPS-Bladet since 1984.

Recipients

External links
 26 års vindere af Det Gyldne Bur at TIPS-Bladet

Association football trophies and awards

Det Gyldne Bur


Aha Atashin'chi (Japanese: あたしンち, Hepburn: Atashinchi, short for "atashi no uchi", literally my home or my family, in feminine and spoken form) is a Japanese comedy manga series by Eiko Kera, and an anime adaptation that was emeputara site na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ rue afọ puku abụọ na itoolu. It is an episode-based animated sitcom of the daily experiences of a family of four (the Tachibana family). An anime sequel called Shin Atashin'chi (新あたしンち, "New Atashin'chi") aired from October 6, 2015 to April 5, 2016 in Japan, and is available on Crunchyroll and YouTube.

Atashin'chi


Harry Mazer (May 31, 1925 in New York City – April 7, 2016 in Montpelier, Vermont) was an American writer of books for children and young adults, acclaimed for his "realistic" novels. He has written twenty-two novels, including The Solid Gold Kid, The Island Keeper, Heroes Don't Run, and Snow Bound, which was adapted as an NBC after school special, as well as one work of poetry and a few short stories.

After attending the Bronx High School of Science Mazer served in World War II in the U.S. Army Air Force from 1943–45. He became a sergeant, and he received a Purple Heart and an Air Medal with four bronze oak leaf clusters after his B-17 bomber was shot down over Czechoslovakia in April 1945. His wartime experiences eventually inspired several works of historical fiction, including The Last Mission and the Boy at War series (A Boy at War, A Boy No More, and Heroes Don't Run). After returning to the U.S., Mazer went to Union College, where he earned a BA in 1948.  From 1950 to 1955 he was a railroad brakeman and switchtender for New York Central.  He was an English teacher in upstate New York at the Central Square School for a year, in 1959. In 1960 he received a M.A. from Syracuse University.

He has won numerous awards including several 'Best Books' designations from the American Library Association, The Knickerbocker Award from the New York Library Association (2001), and The ALAN Award for Contributions to Young Adult Literature (2003).

Mazer co-authored three books with his late wife, Norma Fox Mazer. He is the father of author Anne Mazer.

Notes

References

2016 deaths
Writers from New York City
American children's writers
Union College (New York) alumni
1925 births
Recipients of the Air Medal

Harry Mazer


Po'pay is a statue of Po'pay (also known as Popé), a Tewa and one of the Pueblo leaders during the Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in 1680. The statue was carved by Cliff Fragua, a sculptor from Jemez Pueblo, out of a solid block of Tennessee marble.

New Mexico was the last state to place its second statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection, making it the 100th statue placed there. Po'pay was the twentieth military leader, the twelfth religious leader, and joined six other Native Americans in the Collection.

History

In 1997, New Mexico Senate Bill 404 was introduced by Rep. Manny Aragon (D-Bernalillo) and Nick Salazar (D-Rio Arriba), which nominated Po'Pay to fill the second New Mexico spot in the Hall. The bill was passed and signed into law by Governor Gary E. Johnson. A Statuary Hall Commission was then established whose purpose was to select a sculptor and to raise funds. Fragua was selected as the sculptor.

Carved by Fragua in his studio at Jemez Pueblo over three years, the statue had its first public showing at Ohkay Owingeh pueblo on May 21, 2005, where Po'pay was from.  There the statue was blessed before it was allowed to continue on the Washington, D.C., where it was unveiled in the Capitol rotunda on September 22, 2005.

See also
 2005 in art

References

External links

2005 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2005 sculptures
Marble sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.
Po'pay
Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures of Native Americans in Washington, D.C.

Statue of Po'pay


Denis John "Jack" Hildyard  (17 March 1908, London – 5 September 1990, London) was a British cinematographer who worked on more than 80 films during his career.

Career
He made several films with David Lean including The Sound Barrier (1952) and Hobson's Choice (1954), as well as The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and the British Society of Cinematographers Award.

His first film was Freedom of the Seas in 1934, as a focus puller, before working as camera operator on films for Leslie Howard and others, including Pygmalion, The Divorce of Lady X and Pimpernel Smith. His first film as cinematographer was Laurence Olivier's 1944 film Henry V, which gave him invaluable experience of colour cinematography and his subsequent films made him one of the most sought after cameramen in England.

His other films included Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), Anastasia (1956), The Sundowners (1960), 55 Days at Peking (1963), Battle of the Bulge (1965), Casino Royale (1967), The Beast Must Die (1974), Emily (1976), and The Wild Geese (1978). He photographed both of producer-director Moustapha Akkad's films on Islamic history, The Message (1976) and Lion of the Desert (1981) and in 1983, director Mohamed Shukri Jameel's film, produced by Saddam Hussein, Al-Mas' Ala Al-Kubra, which was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 1983 Moscow International Film Festival.

Awards
He was also nominated for BAFTA Awards for his work on The V.I.P.s (1963), The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964) and Modesty Blaise (1966).

He was awarded the British Society of Cinematographers Lifetime Achievement Award in 1990.

Personal life
Jack Hildyard was the brother of sound engineer and two times Oscar winner David Hildyard.

References

External links

1908 births
1990 deaths
British cinematographers
Best Cinematographer Academy Award winners

Jack Hildyard


Terence Joseph "Terry" Gygar,  (born 21 October 1947), is an Australian academic and a former member of the Queensland Parliament. He is a former Army officer and served in Vietnam.

Gygar was the member for Stafford in the Queensland Parliament, representing the Liberal Party, from 1974 until 1983, and again from 1984 to 1989. During that time he held various shadow portfolios. During his time in parliament he was awarded the Chevening scholarship for study at the London School of Economics.

Following his Parliamentary service Gygar completed a Bachelor of Laws with Honours from Bond University. He is a barrister at the Supreme Court of Queensland, the High Court of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia. He has taught at Bond University since 1992 and is a foundation member of the Asia Pacific Law Deans' Association.

In recognition of his services to the Australian Defence Force, governance, education and the law, the Australian Government awarded Gygar the Australian Active Service Medal, General Service Medal for Vietnam, the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, the Australian Centenary Medal, the Reserve Force Decoration and the National Medal and Australian Defence Medal.

References

Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Bond University alumni
Academic staff of Bond University
1947 births

Terry Gygar


HGTV (an initialism for Home & Garden Television) is an American pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The network primarily broadcasts reality programming related to home improvement and real estate. As of February 2015, approximately 95,628,000 American households (82.2% of households with television) receive HGTV. The network was bought by Warner Bros. Discovery, then known as Discovery, Inc., in 2018, and it has come to be ranked at No. 4 in audience size among cable networks.

History
Kenneth W. Lowe (then a radio executive with The E. W. Scripps Company and, subsequently, the chief executive officer of Scripps Networks Interactive) envisioned the concept of HGTV in 1992. With modest financial support from the E.W. Scripps corporate board, he purchased Cinetel, a small video production company in Knoxville, as the base and production hub of the new network. Lowe cofounded the channel with Susan Packard.

Cinetel became Scripps Productions, but it found producing more than thirty programs simultaneously daunting. The organization brought in former CBS television executive Ed Spray, who implemented a system of producing (nearly all) programming through independent production houses around the United States. Burton Jablin, as Vice President of Programming, set the tone and oversaw the production of the early series. About 90 percent of the channel's programming consisted of original productions at launch, with ten percent licensed and rerun from Canadian channels, PBS, and other sources.

Using local Scripps cable franchises (since divested), the Federal Communications Commission "must carry" provisions of Scripps medium-market television stations, and other small television operators to gain cable carriage, the channel launched on December 30, 1994. The major programming themes, unchanged since the beginning, were home building and remodeling, landscaping and gardening, decorating and design, and crafts and hobbies.

During its development, the channel was originally named the Home, Lawn, and Garden Channel. The name was later shortened and a logo was developed. The logo was amended in 2010, with this version debuting on March 1 of that year. The square with the "G" in it was removed, the roof was increased in size and the "HGTV" letters are now set in Gotham Black (from the original mixture of Futura and Times New Roman), with the other Gotham fonts being used around the network. The network debuted with a skeletal staff, but with gradual acceptance by other cable operators, it now reaches 94 million households in the United States and has either partner networks, or network interests, internationally elsewhere. It is now referred to simply as "HGTV"; the full name of the channel is de-emphasized.

In July 2008, the E.W. Scripps Company spun off the channel and the other Scripps cable channels and web-based properties into a separate company, Scripps Networks Interactive; E.W. Scripps broadcast television and newspaper properties remain as part of the original company.

In December 2011, the channel began broadcasting all of its programming in 16:9 aspect ratio format on its primary standard definition channel. This results in the appearance of black bars on the top and bottom of the screen on 4:3 aspect ratio televisions; its high-definition channel displays the channel's programming in its native aspect ratio.

On March 6, 2018, Discovery Communications completed its merger with Scripps Networks Interactive and assumed control of HGTV, Food Network and Travel Channel.

Programming

HGTV's programming focuses primarily on reality shows on home-buying, renovation and flipping. SNI CEO Ken Lowe stated of the programming strategy that "We're not going to surprise you. We're not going to throw you a curve ball. It's not easy to create content that people are passionate about and somewhat addicted to that is somewhat repetitive." As of 2016, HGTV has invested at least $400 million annually on original programming.

In 2021, a New Yorker feature said that HGTV's programming "for twenty-six years has offered content that is cheering and conflict-free", describing it as "low-budget and unassuming", "of recuperation, or respite", and "apparently at ease with the idea of tranquilizing America." An HGTV executive described how the network tells stories about people having an actual milestone—"celebrating one of the best days of their life."

An annual promotion held by the network is the HGTV Dream Home, a sweepstakes which awards a custom-built house as its grand prize.

High definition
The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of HGTV launched on March 31, 2008. Originally, the HD channel did not simulcast the standard definition feed of HGTV. Instead, the HD channel featured programming separate from the standard channel. The standard definition feed of the channel began to carry the full 16:9 aspect ratio downgraded from the HD feed in a letterboxed format in early 2013.

Carrier disputes

Cablevision
On December 31, 2009, Scripps Networks Interactive removed the Food Network and HGTV from New York City-area cable provider Cablevision, on the day that its carriage contract was set to expire. After months of negotiations, an agreement between Scripps and Cablevision was not reached, prompting the removal of the two channels. On January 21, 2010, Cablevision and Scripps reached a deal and the channels were restored to Cablevision's systems in the New York City area on the same day and by the next day in other areas.

AT&T U-verse
On November 5, 2010, AT&T U-verse dropped the DIY Network, Cooking Channel, Food Network, Great American Country and HGTV, due to a carriage dispute with Scripps Networks. The carriage dispute was resolved two days later, on November 7, 2010, through a new carriage agreement.

Controversies and criticism
On June 13, 2012, representatives for HGTV admitted that scenes featured in the original series House Hunters are mostly re-creations of prior events. In many cases, the final decision and purchase were made prior to filming. In some cases, homes visited were not even on the market.

In May 2014, HGTV decided not to premiere the Benham Brothers' series Flip It Forward (which was created for the channel), due to a controversy regarding the Brothers' beliefs concerning homosexuality and anti-abortion.

In July 2023, The Washington Post covered a study that found that homeowners who watched HGTV and saw the "before" sequences, in which hosts are critical of the pre-renovation living space, felt "uneasy" about decorating decisions they make inside of their home. The study suggests this has led to a "shift toward standardization," in which homeowners choose neutral, inoffensive design choices.

International

Canada

In 1997, Atlantis Communications and Scripps Networks launched a Canadian version of HGTV as a Category B specialty channel. Through a series of acquisitions over the years, Corus Entertainment became Scripps Networks' partner in the network.

The Canadian version features much of the same programming as the U.S. channel, as well as domestically-produced programs, and some similar programming acquired from other broadcasters. Some of HGTV Canada's programs have, in turn, been picked up by the U.S. channel; Love It or List It and Property Brothers have been among HGTV's most popular programs in the United States. The two programs were originally produced for a local sister channel, W Network, but were later moved to HGTV Canada and other sister channels after W Network was retooled as a general entertainment channel.

Singapore
On December 2014, HGTV Asia was first launched in Singapore via Starhub TV, but on August 31, 2018, it (and other Discovery Network channels) ceased transmission and relaunch again on October 1, 2023. It was launched on Singtel TV on September 28, 2018 on Channel 250.

Australia
On February 1, 2015, HGTV launched in Australia on Australian IPTV service Fetch TV. Programming from the network also airs free-to-air on Nine Network's digital multichannel 9Life.

Malaysia
On August 31, 2015, HGTV launched in Malaysia on Astro.

On August 1, 2023, HGTV Also Launch in Malaysia Via Unifi TV.

Netherlands
On January 21, 2021, it was announced that HGTV will launch through Ziggo in the course of 2021.

New Zealand

On June 27, 2016, HGTV launched in New Zealand as a free-to-air channel on the Freeview terrestrial platform. The channel was started as a joint venture with the Canadian broadcaster Blue Ant Media., but in late 2019 Discovery, Inc. took over the channel. On August 24, 2016, HGTV launched on the Freeview satellite platform and on Sky. HGTV programming is available on-demand via ThreeNow.

Indonesia
On July 1, 2016, HGTV launched in Indonesia on MNC Vision. HGTV also launched on First Media, Indihome UseeTV, MyRepublic and Matrix Gaurda (same with Nex Parabola).

Italy
As of February 2, 2020, HGTV Italia is available through DTTV (free to air terrestrial digital television) on channel 56 and on satellite (Sky and Tivùsat). Most of the schedule is filled with U.S. TV shows, with Italian voice over.

Poland
Scripps Network Interactive purchased a majority stake in TVN from Grupa ITI, taking control of company's channels. On January 7, 2017, HGTV replaced fitness and weather channel TVN Meteo Active. HGTV is referred to in Poland as HGTV Home&Garden. This was the first market in Europe the channel has expanded to.

Philippines
On March 1, 2015, HGTV launched in the Philippines on Skycable, Destiny Cable, and Cignal.

Romania
On December 30, 2019, HGTV launched in Romania on RCS & RDS.

Taiwan
On May 29, 2016, HGTV launched in Taiwan Via Kbro, Taipei Cable, TWT Cable, and New Taipei City Cable. From January 1, 2020, HGTV launched in CHT MOD.

Hong Kong
HGTV was launched on Hong Kong's Now TV and Now Player on September 1, 2021 on channel 529 to replace FOX Networks Group Asia Pacific's channels.

Myanmar
HGTV had its Launch in Sky Net Channel 67 on October 19, 2018, and also plans to launch in Myanmar on CANAL+ Channel 119.

Vietnam
HGTV was launched in Vietnam on November 20, 2018, available on VTVCab and Viettel TV.

Latin America
HGTV was launched in Latin America in partnership with Discovery Inc. in March 2019.

United Kingdom and Ireland

In June 2019, it was announced that former UKTV channel Home, which Discovery had acquired full control of earlier in the year, would be replaced as a UK version of HGTV on January 21, 2020.

Germany
On June 6, 2019, HGTV launched in Germany on Astra 19.2°E and Cable TV free to air.

Middle East and North Africa
In Middle East & North Africa region, HGTV is available on beIN Media channel 260 and is one of their leading lifestyle channels.

South Africa
On July 15, 2019, Discovery launched the re-imagined South African version of HGTV on the DStv satellite platform on Channel 177, as well as on the DStv Now streaming platform. An African version of HGTV launched on Zuku TV on Channel 728.

Bulgaria
After the closing of Fine Living for Bulgaria (January 2020) starts HGTV.

Hogar de HGTV

Hogar de HGTV is a spin-off American Spanish-language network of HGTV, featuring content from HGTV, Discovery, and Food Network dubbed into Spanish, along with some original content delivered natively in Spanish. The network was launched on June 30, 2020, and has limited carriage through the Spanish/Latino tiers of national cable providers, including Cox and Spectrum at launch. It is distributed exclusively in high-definition.

Awards
HGTV was honored with the Academy of Achievement Award for their significant impact on the home and garden décor industry at the 22nd Annual Accessories Resource Team (ARTS) gala event on January 2, 2011. In 2012, HGTV won the Dixon Award for Best TV Channel.

See also
 List of United States cable and satellite television networks
 Orphan initialism

References

Further reading

External links

 HGTV Magazine

1994 establishments in Tennessee
Cable television in the United States
Warner Bros. Discovery networks
English-language television stations in the United States
Former E. W. Scripps Company subsidiaries
Home improvement
Gardening television
Organizations based in Knoxville, Tennessee
Television channels and stations established in 1994
Television networks in the United States

HGTV


The Battle of Shepherdstown (also known as the Battle of Boteler's Ford) was fought on September 19 and 20, 1862. It was the last of four battles that made up the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War.

Background
In early September of 1862, General Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign saw the first invasion of the North by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Lee's plan was to win over the citizens of Maryland, a border state, to the Confederate side. A victory in the North could also convince England and France to recognize the Confederate states as a legitimate country. The Maryland Campaign had so far consisted of three battles: the Battle of Harpers Ferry, the Battle of South Mountain and the bloody Battle of Antietam. The fourth battle was the Battle of Shepherdstown.

Battle
After Antietam, Lee's army was retreating back across the Potomac River at Boteler's Ford, about 1 mile east of Shepherdstown. Brigadier general William N. Pendleton, an ordained Episcopal minister before the war, was given command of the rearguard at Boteler's Ford covering the withdrawal of the Army of Northern Virginia back into Virginia. He was Lee's chief of artillery. As such he would dispatch various artillery units to other commands. But he had never commanded troops himself.

September 19
As the battle-weary Confederate troops crossed the river into what is now Jefferson County, West Virginia, their crossing was being protected by Pendleton's artillerymen manning about 35 cannons on the bluffs on the south side of the river. But the odd collection of cannons had several short-range howitzers and a number of obsolete six pounders incapable of reaching the opposite Maryland bluffs. Pendleton also had command of two understrength infantry brigades he stationed along the riverbank.

The last of Lee's infantry was crossing the river by early afternoon on September 19. Lee then sent General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry to a second crossing near Williamsport, Maryland. Just as the last of the Confederates were wading ashore, Union General Alfred Pleasonton arrived with a scouting force of Union cavalrymen. He had orders from Major general George B. McClellan not to follow the retreating rebels into Virginia "unless you see a splendid opportunity to inflict great damage upon the enemy without loss to yourself." Seeing the Confederates on the South side covered by artillery on the bluffs above, he did not immediately cross the river. Instead he set up 70 cannons on the north side of the Potomac. He then ordered the cannons to open fire on the Confederates. The Confederate artillery returned fire as best they could. That same morning Union general Fitz John Porter's V Corps had arrived. He had orders from McClellan to support Pleasonton and attack the Confederates as they retreated. As night approached, Porter's 500 or so Union soldiers began crossing the Potomac. The Union troops attacked Lee's rearguard and proceeded to capture several of Pendleton's cannon. With his artillery overpowered Pendleton panicked and left his post as commander of the Confederate forces to look for reinforcements. Shortly after midnight Pendleton found Lee. He told his commander he had lost all of his cannon and Federal troops were on the South shore. In fact, the Union forces had only captured five of his cannons. In his absence, the Confederate artillerymen had moved the remaining cannon back to safety.

September 20
Early in the morning hundreds more Union troops began crossing the Potomac to join the 500 already there. As they pushed into Shepherdstown they met the Confederate reinforcements commanded by general Stonewall Jackson. Porter, seeing he was badly outnumbered ordered his men back to the Maryland side of the river. But some could not escape before the Confederates opened fire on them. One unit, the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry, was pinned down and could not cross back into Maryland. They were inexperienced and had been issued poor quality muskets that did not always fire. Some scrambled down the cliffs to cross the water under fire. The regiment lost a total of 269 casualties out of 737 men. For the rest of the day the two sides remained in their positions on either side of the Potomac. The battle ended in a stalemate.

Notes

References

American Civil War battles
1862 in the United States
Maryland Campaign
September 1862 events

Battle of Shepherdstown


Heinrich Walter Guggenheimer (July 21, 1924 – March 4, 2021) was a German-born Swiss-American mathematician who has contributed to knowledge in differential geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, and convexity. He has also contributed volumes on Jewish sacred literature.

Guggenheimer was born in Nuremberg, Germany. He is the son of Marguerite Bloch and the physicist Dr. Siegfried Guggenheimer. He studied in Zürich, Switzerland at the , receiving his diploma in 1947 and a D.Sc. in 1951. His dissertation was titled "On complex analytic manifolds with Kahler metric". It was published in Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici (in German).

Guggenheimer began his teaching career at the Hebrew University as a lecturer, 1954–56. He was a professor at the Bar Ilan University, 1956–59. In 1959, he immigrated to the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1965. Washington State University was his first American post, where he was an associate professor. After one year he moved to University of Minnesota where he was raised to a full professor in 1962. While in Minnesota, he wrote Differential Geometry (1963), a textbook treating "classical problems with modern methods". According to Robert Hermann in 1979, "Among today's treatises, the best one from the point of view of the Erlangen Program is Differential Geometry by H. Guggenheimer, Dover Publications, 1977."

In 1967 Guggenheimer published Plane Geometry and its Groups (Holden Day), and moved to New York City to teach at Polytechnic University, now called New York University Tandon School of Engineering. In 1977, he published Applicable Geometry: Global and Local Convexity.

Until 1995 Guggenheimer produced a steady stream of papers in mathematical journals. As a supervisor of graduate study in Minnesota and New York, he had six students proceed to Ph.D.s with theses supervised by him, two in Minnesota and four in New York. See the link to the Mathematics Genealogy Project below.

Guggenheimer has also contributed to literature on Judaism. In 1966, he wrote "Logical problems in Jewish tradition". The next year he contributed "Magic and Dialect" to Diogenes where he examines the supposition that "knowledge of the right name gives power over the bearer of that name". In 1995 Guggenheimer presented his A Scholar's Haggadah, which makes a bilingual comparison of variances in the traditions of Passover observance. It includes Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Oriental sources. His study of the Jerusalem Talmud provided text and commentary.

He died in March 2021 at the age of 96.

Family
On June 6, 1947, Guggenheimer married Eva Auguste Horowitz. Together they wrote Jewish Family Names and their Origins: an Etymological Dictionary (1992). They have two sons, Michael, a professor of Arabic,  and Tobias I. S., an architect, and two daughters Dr. Esther Furman, a biochemist, and Hanna Y. Guggenheimer, an artist.

Notes

References
 Allen G. Debus, "Heinrich Walter Guggenheimer", Who's Who in Science, 1968.
 Heinrich Guggenheimer at Mathematics Genealogy Project.
 "Guggenheimer, Heinrich Walter" in American Men and Women of Science, 25th edition, Gale, 2008.

1924 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Differential geometers
Immigrants to the United States
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Scientists from Nuremberg

Heinrich Guggenheimer


The Shrine of Our Lady of Europe is a Roman Catholic parish church and national shrine of Gibraltar located at Europa Point. The church is dedicated to Our Lady of Europe, the Catholic patroness of Gibraltar.

It belongs to the European Marian Network, which links twenty Marian sanctuaries in Europe (as many as the number of decades in the Rosary).

History

The Spanish period
At the beginning of the 14th century, during the Moor period of the town, a small mosque was erected in Europa Point. It is known that during the first Spanish period (1309–1333) the mosque was turned into a Christian shrine.

On 20 August 1462, on St. Bernard of Clairvaux's feast day, the Spaniards recaptured Gibraltar from the Moors. They converted again the little mosque at Europa Point into a Christian shrine in honour of Our Lady as Patroness of Europe (), with devout intention of consecrating to God, through Mary, the whole continent, from a place of prayer and worship at its southernmost point.

They built a large chapel at right angles to the mosque's east wall and the whole area became the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe. A statue of the Virgin and Child was installed in this shrine in the 15th century. The statue was quite small, only two feet in height, carved in wood and polychromed in royal red, blue and gold. The Virgin was seated in a simple chair, with the Child Jesus on her lap. Both were crowned and the Virgin held in her right hand a sceptre with three flowers denoting Love, Truth and Justice. The shrine prospered in fame and popularity, for well over two centuries. Ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar saluted Our Lady as they passed Europa Point and mariners often came ashore with gifts to the shrine. Provisions were made by them for a constant supply of oil so that a light could be kept burning not only in front of the image but also in the tower. Therefore, the light kept burning in the tower above the chapel was the Gibraltar's first lighthouse.

In the 16th century, the Mediterranean coasts of Spain were the target of the Barbary pirates. In 1545, Gibraltar was attacked and looted by a lieutenant of Barbarossa, Hali Hamat. The shrine was sacked and all its valuables were stolen, but the statue of the Virgin and Child was respected. The shrine recovered and was protected by new walls, erected by Philip II. New notable gifts were received, such as a silver lamp, given in 1568 by Giovanni Andrea Doria, son of the great Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, and two massive silver lamps presented by John of Austria, upon his victory at the Battle of Lepanto (1571).

The British period

After the French bombing in 1693, the next attack to the shrine took place in August 1704 as the city was captured by a mainly Anglo-Dutch fleet on behalf of the pretender to the Spanish crown, the Archduke Charles. As the bombardment of the city began, most of the women and children of Gibraltar were evacuated to the shrine led by several priests. Part of the troops of Captain Edward Whitaker, who had landed at Rosia Bay, headed to the shrine and captured the women. They also looted:

Some women had been killed in a gunfight before the soldiers took the shrine, but did not suffer from further molestation when the shrine was sacked. The head of the statue of the Virgin and the child Jesus were broken off. Once broken, the remains were thrown out into the strait landing among the rocks below. However, as the statue was wooden, the remains floated out into the Bay of Gibraltar where they were found by a fisherman, who later delivered them to Juan Romero de Figueroa, the priest in charge at the parish of St. Mary the Crowned. Romero de Figueroa remained in the city even when the majority of the population left Gibraltar after the capture of the city and eventually took the statue's remains to Algeciras for safekeeping, one of the places where the former Spanish inhabitants of Gibraltar had settled down. The statue was hosted in a small chapel dedicated to St. Bernard, which was later renamed to the Chapel of Our Lady of Europe.

At the time of the capture of Gibraltar by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, the shrine, as all other Catholic places of worship in Gibraltar except for the Church of St. Mary the Crowned (now Gibraltar's Roman Catholic cathedral), was desecrated and ceased to be used, but taken over for military use. It also suffered heavy damage during the Great Siege of Gibraltar and subsequently demolished with a new one rebuilt on the same site in subsequent years.

In the early 1860s, the Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar, John Baptist Scandella, petitioned for the return of the original statue from Algeciras. It was eventually returned to Gibraltar in 1864. As the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe remained in military hands, the statue was provisionally placed in a new chapel erected along Engineer Road. The new chapel included a marble altar donated afterwards by Pope Pius IX. During the Second World War, the statue was returned to the cathedral for safekeeping. After the War, the statue was once more relocated, this time to St. Joseph's Parish Church, the closest church to Europa Point.

The building erected at the place of the old Shrine of Our Lady of Europe remained property of the Ministry of Defence until 1961. It had been an army storehouse for oil and packing cases. Since 1928 it had been used as a library for the garrison, but with the outbreak of World War II, it was returned to a storage facility. By 1959, the military authorities, which had begun to withdraw many military installations in Gibraltar, noted that it was no longer required and decided to demolish it. However, this never happened and due to the efforts of Bishop John Healy it was ceded to the Diocese on 17 October 1961, in a private ceremony. Restoration works began in 1962. For the first time in 258 years, a mass was celebrated at the Shrine on 28 September 1962. The statue was finally transferred in public procession from St. Joseph's Parish Church to the Shrine on 7 October 1967. In the early 1970s, the building underwent changes. The statue of Our Lady remains in the Shrine to this day. in 1997, the sanctuary was rebuilt, and the statue restored.

Recent years

Papal approval
In 1979 Pope John Paul II officially approved the title of Our Lady of Europe as Patroness of Gibraltar, and subsequently the shrine was restored.

Jubilee
Upon the 700th anniversary of the devotion to Our Lady of Europe, the shrine received the Golden Rose, a rare gift given by the Pope Benedict XVI in May 2009.

See also
 Roman Catholicism in Gibraltar
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar
 Shrine of Our Lady of Africa

References
Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Lady of Europe at the Gibraltar government site.
Our Lady of Europe's official website
Vatican press publishes 'Our Lady of Europe' Book, 5 May 2009.

14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings
Roman Catholic churches in Gibraltar
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Our Lady of Europe
Former mosques in Gibraltar
Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
1462 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1460s
Roman Catholic national shrines

Shrine of Our Lady of Europe


Ivo Brnčić or Brnčič (13 March 1912 – May 1943) was a Yugoslav author, essayist and literary critic of Croat origin, particularly notable for his assessment of interwar Slovene literature. Most of his works were published posthumously.

Biography

Brnčić was born in the village of Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Lower Styria, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father was an Austrian public servant from Croatia. His mother came from a notable Slovene left wing intellectual family: her brother was the writer Lojz Kraigher, and Ivo Brnčić's cousins were the Communist politicians Boris and Sergej Kraigher. After finishing the high school in Ljubljana, Brnčić enrolled at the University of Ljubljana, later switching to the University of Zagreb, where he studied Slavic philology. Because of his openly Marxist convictions, he could not find a job for a long time. He made his living mostly from writing and translating. In 1940, he got employed as a professor in an elementary school in Drniš, Croatia (then also part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia).

During World War II, he was mobilized in the Croatian Home Guard. In 1942 he tried to escape and join the Yugoslav Partisans. He was captured and imprisoned in Zenica, but was later acquitted of charges of desertion and mobilized again into the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia. In May 1943, Brnčić escaped for the second time, but before he could join the Partisans he was captured by the Chetniks, who killed him and buried in an unknown location.

Work and legacy

Brnčić wrote several lyrical poems, short stories and theatre plays, but he is most known for his works in literary criticism and essayism. He became known mostly for his articles in journals, but he didn't publish a single book during his lifetime. Only in the 1950s, the literary historians Herbert Grün and Janko Kos edited his collected works. The first volume, which included his essays and critiques, was published in 1954 under the title A Generation in front of the Closed Doors (). This expression, used in one of his earlier essays from the 1930s, became a popular and widespread designation of the generation of left wing Slovenian authors in the 1930s and early 1940s who embraced a lyrical version of neorealism (notably Ciril Kosmač, Miško Kranjec, Ludvik Mrzel, Karel Destovnik Kajuh and others).

Since the publication of his collected works in the 1950s, Brnčić has been frequently considered as the foremost theorist of the social realist and neorealist literary movements in Slovenia in the 1930s. His name has been strongly linked to the critical Marxist intellectual scene in the interwar period. Together with the left liberal Josip Vidmar and the Catholic France Vodnik, Brnčić was considered as the foremost Slovene literary critic of the 1930s.

See also
Croats of Slovenia

References

Janko Kos, Slovenska književnost (Ljubljana : Cankarjeva založba, 1982), 38-39.

1912 births
1943 deaths
People from Ormož
Yugoslav Marxist writers
Yugoslav essayists
Croatian Home Guard personnel
Yugoslav poets
Yugoslav literary critics
University of Ljubljana alumni
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
People killed by Chetniks during World War II
Croatian civilians killed in World War II
Slovenian civilians killed in World War II
Yugoslav civilians killed in World War II
Ethnic Slovene people
Slovenian people of Croatian descent
People from the Municipality of Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah
20th-century essayists
Croatian people of Slovenian descent
Deserters

Ivo Brnčić


Thomas Lee Pangle,  (born 1944) is an American political scientist. He holds the Joe R. Long Chair in Democratic Studies in the Department of Government and is Co-Director of the Thomas Jefferson Center for Core Texts and Ideas at the University of Texas at Austin.  He has also taught at the University of Toronto and Yale University.  He was a student of Leo Strauss.

Education and career
Pangle was born and grew up in Gouverneur, New York. He graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966, "with distinction in all subjects" and ranked fifth in class, having studied political philosophy under Allan Bloom. Pangle received his Ph.D. in political science in 1972 from University of Chicago. His dissertation was "Montesquieu and the Moral Basis of Liberal Democracy," completed under the supervision of Joseph Cropsey, Herbert Storing, and Richard E. Flathman.

From 1971 to 1979 he taught at Yale University, first as a lecturer and then as an assistant professor and associate professor. In 1979 he was appointed to Graduate School at the University of Toronto as an Associate Professor and was awarded tenure. He became a professor in 1983 and was named University Professor in 2001. During his tenure at the University of Toronto Pangle was first a fellow at Victoria College from 1979 to 1984 and then at St. Michael's College from 1985 to 2004. Pangle left the University of Toronto after 25 years to accept the position of Joe R. Long Chair in Democratic Studies in the Department of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, citing concerns about mandatory retirement.

Pangle was a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in 1984 and at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in 1987.

Pangle is married to fellow professor Lorraine Smith Pangle, who was also a faculty member at the University of Toronto and is a professor in the Department of Government at the University of Texas.

Academic interests
Pangle's writings on ancient political philosophy attempt to show how Socratic arguments for the supremacy of the philosophic life shape, enrich, and ground the classical republican teaching on civic and moral virtue and on the spiritual goals of self-government. His studies of medieval and biblical political thought seek to revive the mutually challenging dialogue between the competing Socratic and scriptural notions of wisdom and of the cultivation of wisdom in civic life.

His interpretations of the thought of the American Founding, and of its philosophic foundations in Locke and Montesquieu, prepares the ground for his exposition of Nietzsche as the most radical critic of modern rationalism. These studies argue for the significance, within modernity, of a continued if eclipsed commitment to the life of understanding pursued for its own sake.  At the same time, Pangle diagnoses the costs and the benefits—for civic virtue as well as for the life of the mind—of the diminished public or civic status of the moral and intellectual virtues in modern republicanism.

Pangle is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and has won Guggenheim, Killam-Canada Council, Carl Friedrich von Siemens, and four National Endowment for the Humanities fellowships. He has been awarded The Benton Bowl at Yale University (for contribution to education in politics) and the Robert Foster Cherry Great Teacher of the World Prize, Baylor University. In 2007 he delivered, at the invitation of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, the Werner Heisenberg Lecture. A Festschrift in his honor was published as: Recovering Reason: Essays in Honor of Thomas L. Pangle. Edited by Timothy Burns. Lexington Books, 2010.

Pangle's conception of philosophy

Inspired and guided by Leo Strauss's revival of Platonic political philosophy, Pangle's work has as its unifying aim the clarification and defense of the original Socratic conception of political philosophy. In the manner that Pangle understands it, the Socratic conception is controversial.

What the Socratic conception of political theory amounts to, Pangle contends, is a lifelong vindication, through conversational refutations that purify common sense notions of justice and nobility, of self-knowledge and of inquiry into the nature of things as the highest and supremely fulfilling dimension of human existence. This notion of the true human good, as the good that makes all relativistic and egalitarian outlooks appear impoverished, obviously contradicts or directly clashes with what most people today are told and believe is the life they ought to lead.  Pangle asserts that the awakened philosophic life is the only truly human life.

Yale tenure controversy

Pangle was denied tenure at Yale University, in a scandal, during which a senior colleague explained, in a  pronouncement (which became the theme of a protest panel at the annual convention of the American Political Science Association): "academic freedom is one thing, but there are two types who will never be permitted tenure at Yale: Leninists and Straussians." The Wall Street Journal ("Dry Rot at College," Editorial Aug. 31, 1979, p. 6), Commentary ("God and Man at Yale—Again," by Robert Kagan, February, 1982; Letters exchange, August, 1982) and other journals (The New York Review of Books, May 12, 1983, pp. 56–57, "Saving the Free World: An Exchange," statement by Eugene Genovese; Yale Political Monthly, Dec. 1979, pp. 2–11, "Academic Freedom at Yale: the Pangle Case"), published editorials, columns, and articles attacking Yale's denial of academic freedom. Yale or its spokespersons denied the imputations. Yale set up a judiciary panel, led by the  historian Edmund Morgan, to hear the case—amid campus-wide protests and marches on Pangle's behalf (Yale Daily News, Sept. 10, 1979, p. 1, "2,300 Students Protest Tenure Policy"); the panel decided in Pangle's favor and rescinded the decision denying tenure by the Department of Political Science, on the basis of testimony from graduate students about what Political Science faculty had declared in public about the grounds on which Pangle was being denied tenure. Yale instituted a new procedure that took the decision out of the hands of the department and lodged it in a board, specially designed for Pangle's tenure review, that was composed of five scholars, two not from Yale (led by Peter Gay): Yale University News Release, Monday afternoon, Oct. 15, 1979; Yale Weekly Bulletin and Calendar, Oct. 22–29, 1979, p. 1; Yale Daily News, Extra Edition, Oct. 16, 1979, "Pangle Wins New Tenure Review: Original Decision Overruled; Professor says he is 'gratified'". At that point, Pangle resigned, having been offered a tenured position at the University of Toronto (see entries on C. B. Macpherson and Allan Bloom)—and because, as he declared, he no longer felt he could comfortably live with his colleagues in the Yale Political Science Department.

Noted lectures
Speaker at the National Endowment for the Humanities Inaugural Colloquium on the Bicentennial of the Constitution, Wake Forest University, 1984.
Exxon Distinguished Lectures in Humane Approaches to the Social Sciences, at the University of Chicago, 1987.
Thomas J. White Lecture, at Notre Dame, 1988.
The Plenary Address, Association of American Law Schools Annual Meeting, 1989.
Feaver MacMinn Visiting Scholar at the University of Oklahoma, 1990.
The Ronald J. Fiscus Lecture, Skidmore College (2001).
Werner Heisenberg Memorial Lecture at the Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, Germany, 2007.
 Herbert W. Vaughan Lecture on America's Founding Principles, Princeton University, 2007.
 On Liberal Education at the Jack Miller Center, 2011.

Bibliography
Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism: A Commentary on The Spirit of the Laws . University of Chicago Press, 1973. —Chinese translation (Shanghai: Huaxia, Hermes, Classici et Commentarii, East China Normal University Press, 2017).
The Laws of Plato: translated with notes and an interpretive essay by Thomas L. Pangle. Basic Books, 1980.   —Chinese translation (by Ying Zhu) of interpretive essay (Shanghai: Huaxia, Hermes, Classici et Commentarii, East China Normal University Press, 2012).
The Roots of Political Philosophy: Ten Forgotten Socratic Dialogues, translated, with interpretive studies. (Editor) Cornell University Press, 1987. —Chinese translation forthcoming: Beijing, The Commercial Press (Bardon-Chinese Media Agency).
The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke. University of Chicago Press, 1988. —Chinese translation forthcoming from East China Normal University Press, with new author's Preface.
The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss: Essays and Lectures by Leo Strauss, selected and introduced by T. L. Pangle. University of Chicago Press, 1989. —French translation, Editions Gallimard, Bibliothèque de Philosophie 1993. Japanese translation, The English Agency Ltd., 1998. Chinese translation, Shanghai: Huaxia, Hermes, Classici et Commentarii, 2009 and revised 2011.
The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.   —Uszlachetnianie demokracji: Wyzwanie epoki postmodernistycznej (Krakow: Wydawnictwo Znak, Library of Political Thought of the Center for Political Thought, 1994), 318 pages. (Polish translation by Marek Klimowicz.)—Chinese translation forthcoming from East China Normal University Press, with new author's Preface.
The Learning of Liberty: The Educational Ideas of the American Founders (with Lorraine Smith Pangle). University Press of Kansas, 1993
Political Philosophy and the Human Soul: Essays in Memory of Allan Bloom. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1995. Co-editor with Michael Palmer, and author of "The Hebrew Bible's Challenge to Political Philosophy: Some Introductory Reflections," 67–82.—Chinese translation of essay, in Classici et Commentarii 39: Laws and Political Philosophy, ed. Lei Peng (Shanghai: Huaxia, Hermes, Classici et Commentarii, 2013), pp. 2–21.
Justice Among Nations: On the Moral Basis of  Power and Peace, (with Peter J. Ahrensdorf). U. Press of Kansas, 1999.
Political Philosophy and the God of Abraham. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Leo Strauss: An Introduction to His Thought and Intellectual Legacy. Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2006
The Great Debate: Advocates and Opponents of the American Constitution. The Teaching Company, 2007.
The Theological Basis of Liberal Modernity in Montesquieu's "Spirit of the Laws". University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Political Philosophy Cross-Examined: Perennial Challenges to the Philosophic Life (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013). Co-editor with J. Harvey Lomax, and author of "Aristotle's Politics Book 7 On the Best Way of Life."
Birds, Peace, Wealth: Aristophanes' Critique of the Gods. Ed. and Trans. with Wayne Ambler. Paul Dry Books, 2013.
Political Philosophy Cross-Examined: Perennial Challenges to the Philosophic Life. Ed. with J. Harvey Lomax. Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013.
Sophocles: The Theban Plays. Oedipus the Tyrant, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone. Translated with Introductions. With Peter J. Ahrensdorf. Cornell University Press, 2013.
Aristotle's Teaching in the POLITICS. University of Chicago Press, 2013.   —Chinese translation, Shanghai: Huaxia, Hermes, Classici et Commentarii, East China Normal University Press, 2017.
"On Heisenberg's Key Statement Concerning Ontology," Review of Metaphysics 67 (June 2014), 835-59.
The Key Texts of Political Philosophy: An Introduction, co-authored with Timothy Burns (Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 2014). —Chinese translation forthcoming from Beijing United Publishing Co.
The Socratic Way of Life: Xenophon's MEMORABILIA (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 2018).
The Socratic Founding of Political Philosophy: Xenophon's ECONOMIST, SYMPOSIUM, AND APOLOGY (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 2020).

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

Notes

1944 births
Living people
People from Gouverneur, New York
Cornell University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American Episcopalians
American political philosophers
Historians of political thought
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Political scientists who studied under Leo Strauss
Historians from New York (state)

Thomas Pangle


David Patterson Muzzey (8 November 1838 – 3 August 1910) was an American lawyer and overseer of the poor from the state of Massachusetts who volunteered to join Union Army during the American Civil War.

Early life
David Patterson Muzzey was born on 8 November 1838 in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, to Reverend Artemas B. Muzzey and Hepsibeth Patterson Muzzey. His ancestors fought during the American Revolutionary War on the American side; Isaac Muzzey was killed during Battle of Lexington and was buried under the Lexington monument. The ground whereupon the battle took place was property of Niebur Muzzey, who later donated it to the town of Lexington.

Muzzey was educated in Cambridge public schools, attended the Harvard University as well as Hopkins Classical School. In March 1854 he moved to Concord, New Hampshire and lived there until September 1857 when he moved with his parents to Newburyport, Massachusetts. Later he studied law in the office of his brother Henry W. Muzzey in Boston, Massachusetts.

In 1860 he was admitted to Suffolk bar in Boston and started his practice settled in the building that once belonged to Judge Samuel Livermore. He was part of the Wide Awakes in Fall of 1860.

Civil War
On 23 May 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company A, 1st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and camped with the men at Fresh Pond in ice houses. A minor unrest broke out among the troops due to the condition of food they were served – to rein in the tempers Col. Robert Cowdin was called.

Inadequate lodging resulted in the camp being moved away and designated as "Camp Cameron". On 15 June the regiment was ordered to proceed to Boston. Later it marched to Washington, D. C., then Georgetown where it established "Camp Banks". The regiment remained there until it was called to fight during First Battle of Bull Run. After retreating, it returned to Washington. In Bladensburg Muzzey was promoted to second lieutenant and mustered with 23rd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry with which he fought at Roanoke Island and New Bern as part of Burnside's North Carolina Expedition. In New Bern he was tasked with provost duty. On 17 July he resigned commission and returned to Massachusetts.

On 16 September he was again commissioned as 2nd lieutenant in Company G, 41st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry commanded by Col. Thomas Edward Chickering (later reorganized as 3rd Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry). On 1 November he was promoted to first lieutenant. The regiment acted as bodyguard to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on board of the steamer North Star bound for New Orleans where Banks was to relieve Gen. Benjamin Butler. Upon arriving Muzzey's regiment was sent to Baton Rouge for provost duty.

Muzzey's unit was stationed in Baton Rouge for several months until departing for the western bank of Mississippi to take part in the Bayou Teche Campaign; during that time Muzzey was placed in charge of the prisoners captured by Brig. Gen. Cuvier Grover. He was commissioned as deputy provost marshal at New Iberia, Louisiana under the orders of Capt. Long of the 31st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. On 17 June 1863 the regiment was moved back to Baton Rouge and took part in the Siege of Port Hudson where Muzzey was promoted to captain of Company G, 3rd Massachusetts Cavalry. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks of the Army of the Gulf issued an order calling 1,000 volunteers to storm the confederate earthworks measuring 7 miles at Port Hudson – Muzzey and 30 others from the regiment agreed after being promised Medals of Honor. The to-be "Forlorn Hope" never stormed the fort as it surrendered first; no medals were awarded on the ground that the unit failed to assault the earthworks.

Following the surrender the regiment was moved to New Orleans to become part of 4th Cavalry Brigade under Gen. U. A. M. Dudley, inhabitant of Roxbury. Regiment took part in Red River Campaign and later, after returning to New Orleans, it ventured to fight in the Shenandoah Valley where Muzzey served for several months in the staff of Gen. Philip Sheridan.

In the spring of 1865 the regiment was moved to Fort Leavenworth to join the Powder River Expedition of Maj. Gen. Patrick Edward Connor. Thereupon on 15 August 1865 Muzzey receive promotion to major. Following a 500-mile advance to Julesburg, Colorado the war department sent an order directing the return of the regiment to Fort Leavenworth as the terms of service were to expire on 1 November 1865. After mustering out Muzzey left for Massachusetts with his new command and passing through Canada he arrived at Gallops Island. After arrival, Muzzey was promoted to lieutenant colonel. On 8 October he was paid off and discharged.

Later life
Following the war Muzzey practiced law for a year in Leavenworth, Kansas. Later he studied to become a Unitarian minister at Harvard Divinity School and graduated in 1869; he was settled over the Unitarian churches of Littleton and Stow, Massachusetts. In February 1877 he was appointed overseer of the poor in Cambridge, Massachusetts and secretary of the board in May which offices he held until death. He introduced many innovations which proved beneficial to the department.

Muzzey died of sepsis after three weeks of illness on 3 August 1910 in Cambridge. He was survived by his wife Sarah A. Muzzey (née Turner) and son Herbert Sprague Muzzey. He was buried at Stow.

References

1838 births
1910 deaths
Lawyers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
Kansas lawyers
Massachusetts lawyers
Union Army officers
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Deaths from sepsis
Harvard Divinity School alumni
19th-century American lawyers

David P. Muzzey


The Comet class were 12  broad gauge locomotives operated on the South Devon Railway and associated railways. They were designed for passenger trains on this steep and sharply curved line but were also used on goods trains when required.

They were ordered by Evans and Geach who were contracted to operate the railway's locomotives. They were designed by Daniel Gooch and based on his Bogie class locomotives built for the Great Western Railway who had previously operated the South Devon Railway.

On 1 February 1876 the South Devon Railway was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway, the locomotives were given numbers by their new owners but continued to carry their names too.

Six similar locomotives were built for the Vale of Neath Railway by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1851. Some of these could be found working on the South Devon lines after the 1876 amalgamation.

Locomotives
 Aurora (1852 – 1878) GWR no. 2099
Built by Longridge and Company.  Named after the goddess Aurora.
 Comet (1851 – 1884) GWR no. 2096
Built by Longridge and Company. On  1 August 1853, it was working an express train when it collided with Ixion, which had passed a danger signal at Rattery, Devon.
The name Comet represents a heavenly body, and was reused on a Leopard class locomotive built in 1875.
 Damon (1852 – 1876) GWR no. 2101
Built by the Haigh Foundry, it was named after Damon, a Greek mythological character.
 Falcon (1852 – 1878) GWR no. 2102
Built by the Haigh Foundry. On 13 September 1866, Falcon was working the mail train when it failed to stop at the signal at Plympton so it collided with Brutus, which ran away to Plymouth. It was named after a bird, the falcon.
 Ixion (1853 – 1878) GWR no. 2105
Built by Stothert and Slaughter. On 1 August 1853, Ixion was working a goods train from Exeter to Plymouth. At Rattery the driver ignored a danger signal and collided with a mail train while shunting. Ixion was badly damaged and was out of use for many months, despite having seen less than five months' work at the time.  Named after Ixion from Greek mythology.
 Lance (1851 – 1873)
Built by Longridge and Company. Lance was written off after it was involved in a head-on collision with another train near Menheniot railway station on the Cornwall Railway on 2 December 1873. At the time it was providing front-end assistance to a heavy goods train. The name Lance means a projectile, and was reused on a Leopard class locomotive built in 1875.
 Meteor (1851 – 1881) GWR no. 2098
Built by Longridge and Company, Meteor was named after a heavenly body, a meteor.
 Orion (1853 – 1878) GWR no. 2103
 Built by the Haigh Foundry.  Named after Orion, a Greek Titan.
 Osiris (1853 – 1873)
Built by Stothert and Slaughter. On 31 October 1853, it was approaching Totnes railway station with a passenger train when it was hit by a goods train which had been unable to stop after descending the incline from Rattery. After withdrawal, Osiris was taken to Portreath where it provided steam for the stationary engine that powered the cable railway which raised wagons from the harbour up to the West Cornwall Railway line.
Named after Osiris, the Egyptian god of death, the name was reused on a Leopard class 4-4-0ST.
 Ostrich (1852 – 1877) GWR no. 2104
Built by Fairbairn and Sons, Ostrich was named after a large African bird, the ostrich.
 Priam (1851 – 1876) GWR no. 2100
Built by the Haigh Foundry, it was named after Priam, the king of Troy.
 Rocket (1851 – 1877) GWR no. 2097
Built by Longridge and Company, it was named after a projectile, a rocket.

References

 Railway company records at The National Archives

Broad gauge (7 feet) railway locomotives
4-4-0ST locomotives
Comet
Avonside locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1851

South Devon Railway Comet class


The St. Joseph and Savannah Interurban Railway was a 13-mile interurban electric railway that ran between St. Joseph, Missouri and Savannah, Missouri from 1910 to 1939.

It was operated by the St. Joseph Railway, Light, Heat and Power Company, which operated the trolley system in St. Joseph.  It began, on July 5, 1910, to compete with the Chicago Great Western Railroad. It consisted of three wooden cars and headed north on the streetcar line down St. Joseph Avenue and terminated four blocks west of the square in Savannah.

The line connected to the Kansas City, Clay County and St. Joseph Railway.

See also
List of interurbans

External links
Interurbanroad.com history

Kansas City interurban railways
Buchanan County, Missouri
Andrew County, Missouri
Defunct Missouri railroads


József Galamb (; 3 February 1881 – 4 December 1955) was a Hungarian mechanical engineer, most known as main-engineer for designing the Ford Model T.

Born in the town of Makó in 1881, Galamb finished his education at the Budapest Industrial Technology Engineering Course (the predecessor of the present-day Óbuda University Bánki Donát Politechnical College) in 1899. After receiving his diploma in mechanical engineering he worked at the Steel Engineering Factory in Diósgyőr as a draftsman. He next served one year in military service. He worked at the Hungarian Automobile Co., where he won a postgraduate scholarship to Germany. After the navy he went to see the world – Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. In 1903 he worked in many German cities as a skilled worker, he got the best education at Adler in Frankfurt. He was hired to assemble automotive engines in a process in which each engine was built completely by one man. When he learned of the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, he used his savings to travel to America by ship in October 1903. After two months in New York, he found employment as a toolmaker at the Westinghouse Corporation in Pittsburgh. Although he planned to go back to Germany in 1904, instead he joined the Stearns Automobile Company in Cleveland as a carburetor maker.

Galamb applied for work at the Silent Northern plant, the reorganized Ford-Cadillac plant and the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant. All three offered him work within three hours.  He joined the Ford Motor Company (twenty-four years old at that time) as a designer in December 1905. The Ford Motor Company had 300 employees at the time assembling the Ford Model A from purchased parts. Subsequent to redesigning the cooling system for the Model N, he became the chief designer of the company, and devised many of the parts of the famous Model T.
From 1915 he worked on the Fordson tractor design. In 1921 he founded a scholarship for the poor students of his native town who wished to take up higher education at trade school. During World War I he was busy designing military hardware, e. g. anti-submarine detection systems. He visited Hungary many times, lecturing at the Association of Hungarian Engineers and Architects. During World War II on Ford's suggestion, he designed a small six-cylinder car, which was completed in 1942. On doctor's orders, he retired from active work in 1944.

His influence played a role in the Ford V8 and Eifel being assembled in Hungary from 1935.  He died in 1955 in Detroit.

References

1881 births
1955 deaths
People from Makó
Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians
20th-century Hungarian inventors
Hungarian automotive engineers
American automotive engineers
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
American automotive pioneers
20th-century American inventors

József Galamb


Yunnan Military Academy () was a military academy based in Kunming, capital of Yunnan, during the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China. Along with Huangpu Military Academy (Whampoa Military Academy) and Baoding Military Academy, Yunnan Military Academy was one of the "three major strategist cradles in modern China".

The academy was founded in 1909 in Kunming, capital of Yunnan province and ceased operating in 1935 because of the demands of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It enrolled 22 classes of students during its 26 years and in total educated more than 9000 trainees.

Many famous military leaders graduated from Yunnan Military Academy, including Zhu De, who taught at the Academy after his graduation in July 1911 and whose residence is now a museum in an area across Green Lake park from the academy. Other leaders included Ye Jianying, Marshall of the People's Liberation Army and Zhou Baozhong, a commander of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army and after the Chinese Civil War, Vice chairman of Yunnan People's Government.  All of these leaders played important roles during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Three stages:

First period: 1909-1911, graduating classes 1-3. The school was established by Qing government.

Second period: 1912-1928, classes 4-19. During 1918-1920 a branch campus was established in Shaozhou (now is called Shaoguan city) in Guangdong province.

Third period: 1929-1935, classes 20-22. The Academy received approval from the Nanjing National Government and continued for six years.

References

Military academies of China
Defunct military academies
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Yunnan
Universities and colleges in Kunming

Yunnan Military Academy


In zoological nomenclature, an available name  is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological name.

For a name to be available, there are a number of general requirements it must fulfill: it must use only the Latin alphabet, be published in a timely fashion by a reputable source, etc. In some rare cases, a name which does not meet these requirements may nevertheless be available, for historical reasons.

All available names must refer to a type.  For species-level names, the type is a specimen (a holotype or lectotype); for generic-level names, the type is a species name; for family-level names, the type is a genus name.  This hierarchical system of typification provides a concrete empirical anchor for all zoological names.

An available name is not necessarily a valid name, because an available name may be in synonymy. However, a valid name must always be an available one.

Contrast to botany
Under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this term is not used. In botany, the corresponding term is validly published name. The botanical equivalent of zoology's term "valid name" is correct name.

References

Zoological nomenclature

Available name