William Maxwell (1733 – November 4, 1796) was an Irish-born brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Life

William Maxwell was a Presbyterian of Scottish descent born in County Tyrone, Ireland in about 1733.  By 1747 his family had come to North America, and settled in Warren County, New Jersey.  When the French and Indian War broke out in 1754 Maxwell enlisted in the provincial militia, and served in the disastrous expedition of General Edward Braddock.  He served as an ensign in Col. John Johnson's N.J. Regiment and then a lieutenant in Col. Peter Schuyler's regiment, the Jersey Blues, and was likely on the 1758 campaign that culminated in the debacle of the Battle of Carillon.  At the end of the war he remained in military service, serving on the western frontier.

When tensions leading up the American Revolutionary War increased, Maxwell resigned his commission and became active in Patriot political and resistance activity in New Jersey.  When the war broke out he was commissioned as colonel of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment in November 1775.  The regiment was among troops sent to Quebec under General John Sullivan in early 1776, and was involved in the Battle of Trois-Rivières before the Continental Army retreated to Fort Ticonderoga.  Promoted to brigadier general, Maxwell returned to New Jersey to join General George Washington's army after its retreat across New Jersey following the loss of New York.

In August 1777, Gen. George Washington assigned Maxwell, then commanding the New Jersey Brigade in the Main Army, to organize and command a provisional Corps of Light Infantry, culling 100 of the best troops from each of the army's ten brigades. This force formed the advanced skirmish line in the defense of Philadelphia, and was involved in the Battle of Cooch's Bridge prior to the Battle of Brandywine. Maxwell soon returned to the New Jersey Brigade, which served as the reserve at the October Battle of Germantown, and spent the winter at Valley Forge.  After Germantown Maxwell was brought up on charges of excessive drinking, but was acquitted.

In May 1778, Washington sensed that the British were evacuating Philadelphia, so he sent General Maxwell with four New Jersey regiments and two pieces of artillery to reinforce the New Jersey militia.  Maxwell's troops were among those harassing the British as they crossed New Jersey to New York, and were involved in the Battle of Monmouth.

He was a member of the 1779 Sullivan Expedition (specifically at the request of John Sullivan) against Iroquois lands in upstate New York, and fought in the Battle of Newtown, the only major action of the campaign.  When Sullivan was ill during the expedition, Maxwell had command of the entire force.  In 1780 his troops were stationed on guard duty outside New York, and were called out to repulse two British advances on the main army base at Morristown in the June battles at Springfield and Connecticut Farms.

Maxwell, apparently feeling he was inadequately recognized for his contributions, tendered his resignation to Congress in 1780 in the hopes that he would be rewarded.  However, Congress accepted his resignation, ending his military career.  He tried to get reinstated, but was unsuccessful.

After the war Maxwell served one term in the New Jersey state legislature, but did not notably distinguish himself.  He died on November 4, 1796, while visiting a friend, Charles Stewart in Landsdown in Hunterdon County.  He was buried in the Old Greenwich Presbyterian Churchyard in his hometown of Greenwich Township, Warren County, New Jersey.

References
Notes

Works cited
 Fredriksen, John. Revolutionary War Almanac. Infobase Publishing, 2006.
 Lefkowitz, Arthur S. George Washington's Indispensable Men: The 32 Aides-de-Camp Who Helped Win the Revolution. Stackpole Books, 2003.
 Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society

External links

Newspaper extracts about Maxwell
The Battle of the Brandywine in Pennsbury Township

1733 births
1796 deaths
Continental Army generals
Continental Army officers from Ireland
People of New Jersey in the French and Indian War
Burials in New Jersey
Irish people of Scottish descent
Military personnel from County Tyrone
People from Greenwich Township, Warren County, New Jersey
Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People of New Jersey in the American Revolution
People of colonial New Jersey

William Maxwell (Continental Army general)


The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce  alumina (aluminium oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30–60% aluminium oxide (Al2O3), the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide. The aluminium oxide must be further purified before it can be refined into aluminium metal.

The Bayer process is also the main source of gallium as a byproduct despite low extraction yields.

Process

Bauxite ore is a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxides and compounds of other elements such as iron. The aluminium compounds in the bauxite may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH)3), böhmite (γ-AlO(OH)) or diaspore (α-AlO(OH)); the different forms of the aluminium component and the impurities dictate the extraction conditions. Aluminium oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric, meaning that they are both acidic and basic.  The solubility of Al(III) in water is very low but increases substantially at either high or low pH.  In the Bayer process, bauxite ore is heated in a pressure vessel along with a sodium hydroxide solution (caustic soda) at a temperature of 150 to 200 °C. At these temperatures, the aluminium is dissolved as sodium aluminate (primarily [Al(OH)4]−) in an extraction process. After separation of the residue by filtering, gibbsite is precipitated when the liquid is cooled and then seeded with fine-grained aluminium hydroxide crystals from previous extractions.  The precipitation may take several days without addition of seed crystals.

The extraction process (digestion) converts the aluminium oxide in the ore to soluble sodium aluminate, NaAlO2, according to the chemical equation:

Al2O3  +  2 NaOH   →   2 NaAlO2  +  H2O

This treatment also dissolves silica, forming sodium silicate :

2 NaOH + SiO2   →   Na2SiO3 + H2O

The other components of Bauxite, however, do not dissolve. Sometimes lime is added at this stage to precipitate the silica as calcium silicate. The solution is clarified by filtering off the solid impurities, commonly with a rotary sand trap and with the aid of a flocculant such as starch, to remove the fine particles. The undissolved waste after the aluminium compounds are extracted, bauxite tailings, contains iron oxides, silica, calcia, titania and some unreacted alumina. The original process was that the alkaline solution was cooled and treated by bubbling carbon dioxide through it, a method by which aluminium hydroxide precipitates:

2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2O + CO2 → 2 Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3

But later, this gave way to seeding the supersaturated solution with high-purity aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) crystal, which eliminated the need for cooling the liquid and was more economically feasible:

2 H2O + NaAlO2 → Al(OH)3 + NaOH

Some of the aluminium hydroxide produced is used in the manufacture of water treatment chemicals such as aluminium sulfate, PAC (Polyaluminium chloride) or sodium aluminate; a significant amount is also used as a filler in rubber and plastics as a fire retardant.  Some 90% of the gibbsite produced is converted into aluminium oxide, Al2O3, by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners to a temperature of about 1470 K.

2 Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3 H2O

The left-over, 'spent' sodium aluminate solution is then recycled. Apart from improving the economy of the process, recycling accumulates gallium and vanadium impurities in the liquors, so that they can be extracted profitably.

Organic impurities that accumulate during the precipitation of gibbsite may cause various problems, for example high levels of undesirable materials in the gibbsite, discoloration of the liquor and of the gibbsite, losses of the caustic material, and increased viscosity and density of the working fluid.

For bauxites having more than 10% silica, the Bayer process becomes uneconomic because of the formation of insoluble sodium aluminium silicate, which reduces yield, so another process must be chosen.

1.9-3.6 tons of bauxite (corresponding to about 90% of the alumina content of the bauxite) is required to produce 1 ton of aluminium oxide. This is due to a majority of the aluminium in the ore being dissolved in the process. Energy consumption is between 7 GJ/tonne to 21 GJ/tonne (depending on process), of which most is thermal energy. Over 90% (95-96%) of the aluminium oxide produced is used in the Hall–Héroult process to produce aluminium.

Waste
Red mud is the waste product that is produced in the digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide. It has high calcium and sodium hydroxide content with a complex chemical composition, and accordingly is very caustic and a potential source of pollution. The amount of red mud produced is considerable, and this has led scientists and refiners to seek uses for it. It has receceived attention as a possible source of vanadium. Due to the low extraction yield much of the gallium ends up in the aluminium oxide as an impurity and in the red mud.

One use of red mud is in ceramic production. Red mud dries into a fine powder that contains iron, aluminium, calcium and sodium. It becomes a health risk when some plants use the waste to produce aluminium oxides.

In the United States, the waste is disposed in large impoundments, a sort of reservoir created by a dam. The impoundments are typically lined with clay or synthetic liners. The US does not approve of the use of the waste due to the danger it poses to the environment. The EPA identified high levels of arsenic and chromium in some red mud samples.

Ajka alumina plant accident

On October 4, 2010, the Ajka alumina plant in Hungary had an incident where the western dam of its red mud reservoir collapsed. The reservoir was filled with 700,000 m3 of a mixture of red mud and water with a pH of 12. The mixture was released into the valley of Torna river and flooded parts of the city of Devecser and the villages of Kolontár and Somlóvásárhely. The incident resulted in 10 deaths, more than a hundred injuries, and contamination in lakes and rivers.

History
In 1859, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in France developed a method for making alumina by heating bauxite in sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, at 1200 °C, leaching the sodium aluminate formed with water, then precipitating aluminium hydroxide by carbon dioxide, CO2, which was then filtered and dried. This process is known as the Deville process. In 1886, the Hall–Héroult electrolytic aluminium process was invented, and the cyanidation process was invented in 1887.

The Bayer process was invented in 1888 by Carl Josef Bayer. Working in Saint Petersburg, Russia to develop a method for supplying alumina to the textile industry (it was used as a mordant in dyeing cotton), Bayer discovered in 1887 that the aluminium hydroxide that precipitated from alkaline solution was crystalline and could be easily filtered and washed, while that precipitated from acid medium by neutralization was gelatinous and difficult to wash. The industrial success of this process caused it to replace the Le Chatelier process which was used to produce alumina from bauxite. The Deville process was abandoned in favor of the Bayer process, which marks the birth of the modern field of hydrometallurgy.

The engineering aspects of the process were improved upon to decrease the cost starting in 1967 in Germany and Czechoslovakia. This was done by increasing the heat recovery and using large autoclaves and precipitation tanks. To more effectively use energy, heat exchangers and flash tanks were used and larger reactors decreased the amount of heat lost. Efficiency was increased by connecting the autoclaves to make operation more efficient.

Today, the process produces nearly all the world's alumina supply as an intermediate step in aluminium production.

See also
Ajka alumina plant accident
Deville process
Hall–Héroult process
History of aluminium

References

Chemical processes
Aluminium industry
Metallurgical processes

Bayer process


A gate equivalent (GE) stands for a unit of measure which allows specifying manufacturing-technology-independent complexity of digital electronic circuits.
For today's CMOS technologies, the silicon area of a two-input drive-strength-one NAND gate usually constitutes the technology-dependent unit area commonly referred to as gate equivalent.
A specification in gate equivalents for a certain circuit reflects a complexity measure, from which a corresponding silicon area can be deduced for a dedicated manufacturing technology.

In digital circuit design, a dedicated standard cell library is employed for each manufacturing technology (e.g., CMOS). The standard cell library comprises many different logic gates, for example a NAND gate. For each logical type of logic gate, e.g., a two-input NAND, there usually exist different physical realizations in the standard cell library, for instance with different output drive strengths.

Basically, a two-input drive-strength-one NAND gate in CMOS technology consists of four transistors.

See also
 Logic family
 NMOS logic
 MOSFET
 Fanout
 FO4
 Boolean logic

References
 Digital Integrated Circuit Design: From VLSI Architectures to CMOS Fabrication, Hubert Kaeslin, Cambridge University Press, 2008

Logic gates
Equivalent units

Gate equivalent


The cantore al liuto – typical Italian definition for musicians and composers at the end of 1400 – is the singing lutist whose description and historical representation are deeply rooted in the past going back to the myth of Orpheus.

Origins and references

If the image of the European medieval minstrel remembers that of the more ancient storyteller from Asia, the consolidated tradition of singing accompanied by a string instrument whose memory still survives today in our musical culture, is strictly linked to the singing lutist mentioned above.
It was the famous Italian poet Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374) one of the earliest Italian rhymers who was named  "cantore al liuto", and it is known that he used to put in music his rhymes and to sing accompanying himself on his lute; he, in his turn, was looking back at the tradition of the troubadours and trouvères of the French tradition.

Interpreters in history

After Petrarca, in the Renaissance age, the most famous singers at the lute certainly were Bartolomeo Tromboncino,  Ippolito Tromboncino and Marchetto Cara, whose gift as interpreters are highlighted in The Book of the Courtier by Baldassarre Castiglione.

Later on, in the early 1600s we find Bartolomeo Barbarino called "the pesarino".

The expressive characteristics of this particular figure of musician, of whom today we have almost lost memory, are currently revisited by Simone Sorini, tenor and multi-instrumentalist that over the years has gained and refined a deep knowledge of the Medieval and Renaissance plectrum instruments; a versatile interpreter of lute repertoires from the Middle Ages to the early Renaissance, he plays professionally his numerous instruments – each one made according to the ancient iconography – accompanying himself while singing, bringing back to light the ancient profession of the "cantore al liuto".

Sources
Decameron, Giovanni Boccaccio, 1349–1351
Il Cortegiano, Baldassarre Castiglione, 1528

External links
Ippolito Tromboncino
Bartolomeo Barbarino
Simone Sorini

Videos
"Vergine Bella" by Bartolomeo Tromboncino performed by Simone Sorini
"Non so qual'ì mi voglia"
"Lucente Stella
"Polorum Regina" e "Laus Trinitati"
"Chiare, fresche, dolci acque"
"Baude Cordier - Jacob de Senlèches"
"A Madre de Jesu Cristo"

Medieval Italian musicians

Cantore al liuto


Anthony Elliot Ritchie FRSE FRCPE LLD (30 March 1915–14 September 1997) was a 20th-century Scottish physiologist and educator.

Life
Ritchie was born at 20 Upper Gray Street, Edinburgh on 30 March 1915, the only son of Jessie Jane Elliot and James Ritchie FRSE. He was schooled at Edinburgh Academy from 1922 to 1930.

He studied science at the University of Aberdeen graduating with an MA in 1933 and a BSc in 1936. He then studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh graduating with an MB ChB in 1940. He served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War 1942 to 1945, attached to the Territorial Army. This role was both part-time and Edinburgh-based, allowing him to continue other academic pursuits. He was a Carnegie Research Scholar 1940-41 and from 1942 began lecturing in Physiology at the University of Edinburgh, being promoted to senior lecturer in 1946.

In 1948 the University of St Andrews gave him a professorship, where he continued until 1969.

In 1951 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Norman Davidson, Robert Garry, Ernest Cruickshank, and Sir James Learmonth. He served as Secretary to the Society 1960 to 1965 and was twice Vice President: 1965-66 and 1976–79, being General Secretary in between. He won the Society's Bicentenary Medal in 1983.

In 1969 he became Secretary and Treasurer to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. He was also a Director of the Royal Observatory Trust. In 1972 he received an honorary doctorate (DSc) from the University of St Andrews and the University of Strathclyde awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1985.

He retired in 1986 and died in Edinburgh on 14 September 1997.

Family

In 1941 he married Elizabeth Lambie Knox, and they together had three daughters and one son.

Publications

Clinical Electromyography (1977) with J. A. R. Lenman

References

1915 births
1997 deaths
Medical doctors from Edinburgh
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
20th-century British medical doctors
British physiologists
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Royal Army Medical Corps officers

Anthony Elliot Ritchie


Eochaid mac Echdach was a king of Dál Riata from 726 to 733. He was the great-great-grandson of Eochaid Buide and the chief of the Cenél nGabráin, the descendants of Gabhrán mac Domangairt, who ruled Dál Riata in the 6th century. Eochaid presumably deposed Dúngal mac Selbaig, the previous king, and fought Dúngal's angry father in 727, emerging with success. Eochaid died in 733 and was succeeded by Muiredach, the cousin of Dúngal.

733 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Eochaid mac Echdach


Ariel Moscovici (born 1956, Bucharest, Romania) is a sculptor born in Romania and based in France. His drawings and sculptures have appeared in France at Salons de Mai, Grands et Jeunes d'aujourd'hui, Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, 33rd Salon de la Jeune Sculpture, 3Oth Salon de Montrouge, and others. Internationally, his work has been the subject of exhibits and installations in Andorra, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Moscovici works have been awarded first prize at the Biennale Internationale de Sculpture Contemporaine, Collioure and purchase awards from the Taipei Fine Arts Museum in Taiwan. Moscovici's public art work Between Sky and Earth, was installed at Taipei 101 in 2003.

Born in Bucharest, Romania, Moscovici graduated in 1979 from L'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSBA) in Paris. He now lives in the south of France. He is married to French sculptor Sylvie Rivillon.

Style

Moscovici, normally reluctant to discuss art in words, has in recent years offered a few written comments for exhibit programs. His remarks include the following observations.

In my work I use mostly what may be called classical materials (stone, wood, clay, bronze, metal. etc.) because these are almost abstract and amorphous. Their identity resides mainly in their structure (except for metal). This allows me to model them the way I want while respecting their character.

I want to realize what I call "inhabited forms"--forms that contain energy, as if they could breathe and live by themselves. This is a personal attitude of mine, both classical and modern, as I don't wish to be part of any official fashion or artistic movement.

My subjects have no clear borders. They are connected to each other. My basic themes: nature; landscapes that accommodate and oppose human creation; an architecture of the "spirit"; skeletons and enveloping skin; the evocation of a feeling or a sound or a privileged location; landscapes with flat areas and mountains, rough or modelled, with erosion that is natural or artificial, accomplished by nature or man.

I am lately working on a series of variations on a theme. In Between Three Points [2000] I explored the idea of reading a sculpture in time, as in a  work of music. The work is built from three pieces that... tell the story of the creation of a form in three chapters: (1) the beginning, birth, or underground level, (2) the initiation, or earth ground level, and (3) the rebirth or result tending toward the sky. The form is not completely free to grow as it will, but is constrained and guided by internal tectonic pressures and external atmospheric pressures. The sculpture can be read in two directions at the same time: horizontally between the three parts and vertically between the ground and the sky....

In Between Earth and Sky [2002] the idea is the same but expressed more in the vertical direction. We have axels between two points, places where passage can take place. The axels stand as almost human figures between the matter and spirit, between the underground (hell) and the sky....

The surface of my forms is worked in the same way: smooth areas in opposition to rough ones and simple, almost geometrical, forms facing multifaceted, chaotic accumulations of shapes. Simplicity strikes me as dangerous. It's wrong to try to understand things by eliminating the details instead of understanding the whole in its complexity. I think the details create the whole.

Moscovici's images, though modern, may be described as postmodernist in the sense that they are more archetypal than abstract. Raymond Crampagne describes their effect in a publication by the Chateau le Puget Art Gallery:

The works are not a reflection of geometrical forms in a timeless space. They have a temporal dimension relating not to history or mythology but to a world that existed before both; even so, this world forms the essence of both history and myth. This is a world constantly engaged in struggle. The protagonists in the conflict, humanity and nature, operate in a world of opposites: smooth and rough, gloss and matte, geometrical and irregular, concave and convex, straight and curved, round and square, polished and rough, full and empty, imprint and excrescence, horizontal and vertical, mass and surface.  For Moscovici this conjunction of opposites is characteristic of our species' relationship with nature. Though we are ourselves part of nature, we exert our will over matter and impose our own vision, eventually transforming nature to reflect our innermost being.

Like Rimbaud seeking to write the silences, seize the inexpressible, and freeze whirlwinds, Moscovici seeks to translate into images the fundamental rhythms of existence and the mysteries of nature....

Moscovici displays a profound humanism whose expression is anything but extravagant. The means are simple. The eye and the spirit are called inward. ... Here one is facing an uninhabited habitat, a dwelling lacking practical purpose. Only the eye of the beholder will enter and find refuge and, in solitude, dream of habitation.

(Translation: Robert Drew, Jacques Carrio, Alton Thompson)

Installations and exhibits

One-Artist Shows

1985
Galerie du Haut-Pavé, Paris, France
The International Art Fair, Lahumière gallery, Basel, Switzerland
Maison de la Culture, Courbevoie, France

1986
Galerie du Soir, Paris, France

1987
Espace Gambetta, Carcassonne, France
MAC 2000, Grand Palais, Paris, France

1989
Galerie d'Art Contemporain, Chamalières, France

1990
Pierre-Marie Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France
Espace Gauthier, Narbonne, France

1991
SAGA (International Multiple Art Fair), Triskel Gallery, Paris, France
LINEART, International Art Fair, Ghent (Belgium), Triskel Gallery, Ghent, Belgium

1992
Naito gallery, Nagoya, Japan
Pierre-Marie Vitoux gallery, Paris, France
SAGA (International Multiple Art Fair), Pierre-Marie Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France
Espace Cardin, Triskel Gallery, Paris, France
MAC 2000, Grand Palais, Paris, France

1993
Era Bauro Gallery, Andorra
Michele Guerin Gallery, Limetz, France

1994
TRISKEL Gallery, LINEART International Art Fair, Gent, Belgium
Michele Guerin Gallery, Bonnières, France

1995
SAGA (Internationale Multiple Art Fair), Michel Guerin Gallery, Paris, France
Pierre Marie Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France

1996
SAGA (International Multiple Art Fair), Michel Guerin Gallery, Paris, France
"Print & Drawing" Co-op, Kyoto, Japan

1999
Pilar Riberaygua Gallery, Andorra
NICAF. Nagoya art fair. Naitoh Gallery, Japan
Pierre Marie Vitoux Gallery, Paris
Michele Guerin  Gallery, Limetz, France

2000
Maison Du Roi, Sigean
Maria Villalba Gallery, Barcelona, Spain

2001
"Chemins Paralleles, two artistes, Gallery Mssohkan, Kobe,  Japan
Gallery Miyabi, Nagoya, Japan
Gallery Chisai Oyorokobi, Oono, Japan
Two artistes, Le Puget Castle, Alzonne, France

2002
Maria Villalba Gallery, Barcelona, Spain

2003
Two artistes, Art is Long Gallery, Kyoto, Japan
Two artistes, Today's Gallery, Ozu, Japan
Two artistes, Miyabi Gallery, Nagoya, Japan

2004
Castan Gallery,  Perpignan, France
"Art Paris", Gallery Maria Villalba, Paris Art Fair, France

2005
Maria Villalba Gallery,  Barcelona, Spain
Michele Guerin Gallery, Limetz, France

2006
Maison du Chevalier Gallery, Carcassonne, France

2007
Karlsruhe Art Fair, Gallery Villalba, Germany
KIAF,  Seoul Art Fair, Gallery Adriana Schmidt, Korea
Two artistes, Gallery Naofu, Gifu, Japan
Two artistes, Miyabi Gallery, Nagoya, Japan

Group Exhibits

1985
Visages contemporains de la sculpture en Europe
Sculpture International Exhibition, Maubeuge museum
Cultural Center, Boulogne-Billancourt

1987
Jardin de sculptures, Chateauvert

1988
Toromania, CIECLE, Gerard Laubie foundation, Massillaugues
Couleurs de France, Espace AGF, Paris, France

1990
Points de vue, sculptures, Pierre-Marie Vitoux gallery, Paris, France

1992
Pestalozzi Gallery (Era-Bauro), Berlin, Germany
Multiple Art Fair,  Adriana Schmidt gallery, Düsseldorf, Germany
Graphic Arts Fair, Adriana Schmidt gallery, Barcelona, Spain

1993
Vientos del Este, MAEGHT Gallery, Barcelona, Spain
15 Sculptors, Simoncini Gallery, Luxembourg
Maison du Chevalier Symposium, Carcassonne, France

1994
Gioia Lazzarini, Pietrasanta, Italy
Trajectes I Convergencies, Morerra museum,  Lleida, Spain
Verticales, Pierre Marie Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France

1995
Trajectes I Convergencies, National Gallery, Andorra
4 Artistes, Era-Bauro Gallery, Andorra
Group Show, Duchamp Gallery, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Group Show, Color Field Art Space, Taipei, Taiwan
Simoncini Gallery, Luxembourg
Myth in Modern  Times (Marsha Child, curator), Riverrun Gallery, New Jersey USA
Trajectes I Convergencies, Jardi Botanic, Cap Roig, Spain
Trajectes I Convergencies, Tecla Sala, L'Hospitalet, Spain
Trajectes I Convergencies, Sala Gaspar, Barcelona, Spain

1996
Memoire des Pierres,  Montauban, France
Traversée des dimentions, Abbaye de Lagrasse, France
7 sculpteurs, Michelle Guerin Gallery, Limetz, France
Group show, Simoncini Gallery,  Luxembourg

1997
3 artistes, Mic'Art Gallery, Lille, France
Trajectes I Convergencies, Vitoria Gasteis, Spain
Saga Art Fair, Gallery Michelle Guerin, Paris, France
Hualien Stone Show, Hualien, Taiwan
Three Artists, Les Punxes Gallery, Barcelona, Spain
Two Artists, 141 Gallery, Nagoya, Japan
Artists of the Gallery, Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France

1998
Bras d'honneur, Gerard  Laubie Gallery, Massillargue, France
Group show, Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France
Marbeilla Art Fair, Pilar Riberaygua Gallery, Spain
Estampa Art Fair, Michele Guerin Gallery, Madrid, Spain

1999
Stone Sculptures, Hualien Cultural Center Gallery, Hualien, Taiwan
Group show, Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France
Journée du Patrimoine, Carcassonne, France

2000
"20 sculptors", Les Punxes Gallery, Barcelona, Spain
Artexpo Fair, Maria Villalba Gallery, Barcelona, Spain
Group show, Girona Cathedral Garden
Garden Sculptures. Michele Guerin Gallery. Limetz, France
15 Artists from the East, Mode Expression Gallery, Perpignan, France
Estampa Art Fair, Art Estampa Gallery, Madrid, Spain
Sculptors of the Gallery, Vitoux Gallery, Paris

2001
France/Israel, Espace des Blanc, Manteaux, Paris, France
The White and the Black, Michele Guerin Gallery, Limetz, France
Artexpo Fair, Gallery Maria Villalba, Barcelona, Spain
Artists of the Gallery, Vitoux Gallery, Paris, France
Dearte art fair, Gallery Maria Villalba, Madrid, Spain
Rencontre Européene de Sculpture, Montauban, France

2002
Art Fair ARTEXPO, Gallery Maria Villalba, Barcelona, Spain
Mode d'Expression Gallery, Perpignan, France
La Maison du Chevalier Gallery, Carcassonne, France

2003
ST'ART, Strasbourg Art Fair, Gallery Maria Villalba, Strasbourg, France
10 years, Michele Guerin Gallery, Limetz, France
Garden sculptures, Michelle Guerin Gallery, Limetz, France
Space 21 Museum, Matsuyama, Japan

2004
ST'ART, Strasbourg Art Fair, Gallery Maria Villalba, Strasbourg, France
Miami Art Fair, Gallery Maria Villalba, Miami, Florida USA
Five Sculptors, Kraft Lieberman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois USA
Garden sculpture, Verhage Gallery, Ploegsteert,  Belgium
4 Artistes, Palais des congres, Perpignan, France
Toy Sculptures, Kraft Lieberman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois USA

2005
Perpignan Cathedral,  2-person show, Gallery Roger Castan, Perpignan, France
Le Puget castel group show, Triskel Gallery, Alzonne, France
Group show, Gallery Maria Villalba, Barcelona, Spain

2006
Karlsruhe art fair, Gallery Michel Guerin, Karlsruhe, Germany
Campo Santo garden show, Roger Castan Gallery, Perpignan, France
Group show, Gallery Maria Villalba, Barcelona, Spain
Group show, Kraft Lieberman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois USA

2007
Art Madrid, Art Fair, Gallery Villalba, Madrid, Spain

Monumental Open-Air Sculptures

1987 - Sculpture (1%), Les Aunettes, Évry III, Versailles, Paris, France

1988 - Monumental Sculptures Park, Sculpture Symposium, Gueugnon, France

1990 - UCCOAR, Samary Park, Sculpture International Symposium

1991 - Lavelanet museum, Sculpture Symposium

1993 - International Sculpture Symposia, Carcassonne and Auxerre, France

1994 - Taichung Fine Arts Museum, Taichung, Taiwan

1997 - 1998 Andorra Sculpture Park, Escaldes, Andorra

1999 - Hualien Cultural Center Symposium. Hualien, Taiwan

2002
Between Sky and Earth, Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan
Between Two Mountains, Montbel, France

2004 - Fountain for the City of Chalabre, France

2006 -Mosan Symposium, Korea

2007 - Tudela de Duero symposium, Spain

Collections

Long Beach Art Association, New York, New York USA
Bibliothèque nationale de Paris, France
Raychem Collection, Paris, France
Musée de l'Art Contemporain, Chamalières, France
Government of Andorra
Taichung Fine Arts Museum and Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taiwan

See also
Axis mundi

References

Biography, Ariel Moscovici official site. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
Ariel Moscovici. Artistic statement. Supplied by the sculptor to Alton Thompson, March 2008.
Printed catalogue, Ariel Moscovici Sculptures, Chateau Le Puget Art Gallery, Alzonne 11170. France, 2007.

External links
 Official Site: Ariel Moscovici
 Official Site: Sylvie Rivillon
 L'École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSBA)

1956 births
Living people
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
21st-century French sculptors
21st-century French male artists
Artists from Bucharest
Romanian sculptors
Romanian Jews
Romanian emigrants to France

Ariel Moscovici


Kathryn Joosten (born Kathryn Rausch; December 20, 1939 – June 2, 2012) was an American actress. Her best known roles include Dolores Landingham on NBC's The West Wing from 1999 to 2002 and Karen McCluskey on ABC's Desperate Housewives from 2005 to 2012, for which she won two Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 and 2008.

Early life
Joosten was born Kathryn Rausch in Chicago, Illinois to Dutch-German parents. Her first career was as a psychiatric nurse at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, living in nearby Lake Forest, Illinois, where she married a psychiatrist and raised two sons. Following her 1980 divorce, she began acting in community theater in 1982, at age 42.

Career
In 1992, aged 53, she was hired as a street performer working for the Disney-MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. In 1995, she moved to Hollywood, where she took guest roles in  television series such as Roseanne, Home Improvement, Picket Fences, Murphy Brown, ER, Seinfeld, Frasier, Just Shoot Me!, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Dharma & Greg, Las Vegas and The Drew Carey Show. In a 1997 episode of Frasier, "Roz's Turn", Joosten appeared as Vera, the mother and personal secretary of Frasier's conniving agent, Bebe Glazer, played by Harriet Sansom Harris. The pair would later be reunited to play opposite neighbors in Desperate Housewives.

In 1999, Joosten took the role of Mrs. Landingham, personal secretary to President Josiah Bartlet (played by Martin Sheen) in The West Wing. Joosten played the role for two seasons, until her character's death in a car crash in 2001, and returned to the show twice more in flashback appearances. Her role on The West Wing gave her an entrance into more significant guest roles on notable television series.

After 2001, she appeared in such shows as Scrubs (appearing in "My Old Lady", which won a Humanitas Prize as well as reappearing in two later episodes), My Name is Earl, Spin City, The X-Files, Judging Amy, Monk, Charmed, Will & Grace, Malcolm in the Middle, Grey's Anatomy, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Reba, So Little Time, Gilmore Girls, The Closer and a recurring role as one of the less intimidating incarnations of God seen by the title character (played by Amber Tamblyn) on the TV series Joan of Arcadia.  In 2005, Joosten appeared in the film Wedding Crashers, starring Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson.

Joosten had a recurring role on Desperate Housewives as Karen McCluskey. For this role, Joosten won two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2005 and 2008 and once again was nominated for 2010, and appeared as a presenter at the 2005 and 2008 Emmy Awards telecasts. She received Screen Actors Guild Award nominations with the rest of the cast for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series from 2006 to 2008. She was promoted to a member of the regular cast in Season 6. However, the Emmys still billed her as a "Guest Actress" when she was nominated for a third time for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for the 2010 Emmys. She was then nominated for a fourth Emmy, this time for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2012. She played Aunt Jackie in Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel in 2009.

In 2009, Joosten and Lily Tomlin were in talks to star in a Desperate Housewives spin-off. The spin-off was given a preliminary green light to proceed. However, the series did not proceed.

Health
Joosten appeared in numerous television commercials such as those for V8 and Fiber One. In 2007, in an appearance on The View, she revealed that she was in remission from lung cancer, after many years of chain smoking (which she had by then quit). She offered some tips on how to beat the habit of smoking. Coincidentally, her guest roles on My Name Is Earl and Grey's Anatomy revolved largely around her character attempting to quit smoking. In 2001, she quit her 45-year smoking habit when she was diagnosed with lung cancer. In September 2009, Joosten was diagnosed with lung cancer for a second time. She subsequently underwent surgery and four rounds of chemotherapy, and was found to be cancer-free in January 2010.

Joosten made a guest appearance on The Bold and the Beautiful on February 7, 2011, as part of the show's 6,000th episode, which featured several other real-life lung cancer survivors discussing their experiences with two of the show's characters, played by Susan Flannery and Jack Wagner, who were dealing with lung cancer.

Joosten was named the national spokesperson for the Lung Cancer Profiles campaign on behalf of Pfizer.

Death
Joosten died of lung cancer on June 2, 2012. Her death occurred "just weeks after" the onscreen death from cancer of her Desperate Housewives character, Karen McCluskey.

Filmography & Television

References

External links

 Emmy's: Emmy Winner Kathryn Joosten Succumbs to Lung Cancer

1939 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from Florida
American film actresses
American nurses
American women nurses
American people of Dutch descent
American people of German descent
American television actresses
Deaths from lung cancer in California
People from Eustis, Florida
Primetime Emmy Award winners

Kathryn Joosten


Alfred Ford Skinner (September 24, 1862 – February 5, 1931) was a politician from the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Personal life
Born in Newark, he was the son of Daniel M. and Mary C. (Squier) Skinner. He married Josephine Phillips in 1894. His children included Alfred Phillips (b. 1895), John Morris (b. 1897), Mary Eleanor (b. 1900), and Morris Phillips (b. 1904).

Early years
Skinner's early education was acquired in private schools in Newark. He entered Rutgers College in 1880, graduating in 1883. After leaving Rutgers, he took up a course in the Columbia Law School. He studied law in the office of John W. Taylor.

Career
Skinner was admitted as an attorney in 1886 and became a counselor in 1891. He afterwards acted as clerk for eight months under Edward M. Colie, and later served as Managing Clerk for Whitehead & Condit. He then formed a partnership with Jay Ten Eyck which was dissolved when he went upon the Bench. Skinner was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1893 and was re-elected in 1895. The enactment of the New Jersey Borough Law, which bearing his name, was of his devising, was one of the features of his work in Trenton. Two years later, he was made the Republican candidate for Register of Deeds for Essex County and elected. While serving in that capacity, Governor Foster McGowan Voorhees, in 1900, tendered him the appointment of Presiding Judge of the Essex County Courts, and he resigned his county office to accept the judicial one. He sat on the Bench until 1906, when he resigned to become a partner in the firm of Pitney, Hardin & Skinner in Newark. Skinner was a Trustee of Rutgers College, as well as a member of the Essex Club of Newark, the Madison Field Club and the Lawyers Club of Newark. He served as president of the Essex County Bar Association and the New Jersey State Bar Association.

References

1862 births
1931 deaths
Rutgers University alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Republican Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
New Jersey lawyers
Lawyers from Newark, New Jersey

Alfred Ford Skinner


Daniel Curren Clark (January 18, 1894 – May 23, 1937) was a backup infielder/outfielder in Major League Baseball who played between 1922 and 1927 for the Detroit Tigers (1922), Boston Red Sox (1924) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927). Listed at , 167 lb., Clark batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Meridian, Mississippi.

In a three-season career, Clark was a .277 hitter (161-for-582) with five home runs and 93 RBI in 245 games, including 75 runs, 36 doubles, eight triples, five stolen bases, and a .360 on-base percentage. Following his majors career, he played in the Texas and Three-Eye leagues.

After his baseball career ended, Clark became an oil dealer, dying in his hometown of Meridian at age 43 from tertiary neural syphilis.

Fact
Was traded by Detroit along with Howard Ehmke, Babe Herman, Carl Holling and cash to the Red Sox in exchange by Del Pratt and Rip Collins.

References

Sources
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet
The Deadball Era

1894 births
1937 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Mississippi
Sportspeople from Meridian, Mississippi
Minor league baseball managers
Meridian Metropolitans players
Gadsden Steel Makers players
Augusta Tourists players
Birmingham Barons players
Galveston Pirates players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
Atlanta Crackers players
San Antonio Bears players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Springfield Senators players

Danny Clark (baseball)


The Dohong (also Duhong or Duhung) is a dagger or short war sword from Borneo. The name is used figuratively to imply bravery. In other parts of Borneo, it is simply referred to as Mandau. The Dohong is considered an ancient Dayak sword that was used long before the Mandau was introduced. It is believed to be the oldest weapon of the Dayak people. According to folklore, the first people who owns the Dohong are the forefathers of Dayak people, namely Raja Sangen, Raja Sangiang, and Raja Bunu.

Description
There are two types of Dohong. One version serves as a combat weapon, and the other as a ceremonial weapon:-

The Dohong has a double-edged, leaf- or wedge-shaped blade. The blade widens from the hilt to the end-tip. The tip is pointed. The blade usually has a central ridge and looks similar to a spearhead. There are different versions that differ in shape, hilt and decoration. There are blades that represent a figure with arms and legs. The hilt, without guard, is often decorated with feathers and is made of wood or antler. The scabbards are made of wood and made of two halves. They are held together with rattan straps. The surfaces are decorated with carvings, often depicting a face.

In contrast to the normal Dohong, the handle and the blade are made differently. The blade is worked out into a figurative representation, as is the hilt. The scabbard is made of wood and is carved with a depiction of a face. The ceremonial dohong is used in mourning ceremonies and worn by women when warriors return from headhunting to the village. Amulets made of shark teeth or bear claws are often attached to the belts that holds the Dohong.

See also
Mandau (knife)
Langgai Tinggang
Niabor
Pakayun

References

Blade weapons
Weapons of Indonesia

Dohong


The Château de Courson was built in 1676 in Courson-Monteloup, on the south-west outskirts of Paris, France. It is in the Essonne département of the Île-de-France région.

Originally the home of the Lamoignon family, the château has been in the family of de Nervaux-Loys since the 18th century. Its historic park was laid out in formal style by a pupil of André Le Nôtre in the 18th century. During the 19th century the gardens were twice remodelled, first around 1820 for the Duc de Padoue by the landscaper Berthault, then again around 1860 by the Bülhers, who laid out many French parks and gardens, including those of Rennes, Lyon and Bordeaux.

The documentary film Bring On the Night about rock musician Sting's first solo tour was filmed at the château in 1985.

It is now most famous as the venue for the Journées des Plantes de Courson. These extremely popular plant fairs were held in the grounds of the château in October from 1983 and also, from 1987, a spring plant fair was held in mid-May, until 2015, when the whole event transferred to the Domaine de Chantilly.

The château and park are still open for tours and other events.

References

External links
 Château de Courson website

Courson
Courson
Historic house museums in Île-de-France
Museums in Essonne

Château de Courson


"Fall Dog Bombs the Moon" is a song written by David Bowie in 2003 for his album Reality. According to Bowie himself at the time of the album release, "It came from reading an article about Kellogg Brown & Root, a subsidiary of Halliburton, the company that Dick Cheney used to run. Basically, Kellogg Brown & Root got the job of cleaning up Iraq. What tends to happen is that a thing like an issue or a policy manifests itself as a guide. It becomes a character of some kind, like the one in Fall Dog. There's this guy saying, 'I'm goddamn rich'. You know, 'Throw anything you like at me, baby, because I'm goddamn rich. It doesn't bother me.'."

Biographer Nicholas Pegg wrote his own interpretation of the song: "The key on this occasion is the fearful predicament of global politics at the time of the Reality sessions. The album was recorded during the preamble to, and the prosecution of, the Iraq War, and it's impossible to hear lyrics like 'I don't care much, I'll win anyway.../I'm goddamn rich, an exploding man/When I talk in the night, there's oil on my hands' without pondering their most obvious resonance. It wouldn't be particularly extravagant to surmise that the 'Moon' of the title suggests the Crescent Moon of Islam, thereby narrowing down the candidates for 'Fall Dog' fairly decisively."

Pegg concludes writing that the song cocks a "contemptuous  at the increasing predilection of political parties to find 'someone to hate' while jumping into bed with business corporations"  and that dialogue with other Bowie's songs like "Fantastic Voyage", "Loving the Alien" and "I'm Afraid of Americans".

"Fall Dog Bombs the Moon" is based on short melodic motives, the kind that seemed to permeate his previous album, Heathen.

A live performance of the song, recorded in November 2003 during the A Reality Tour, is included on the A Reality Tour album, released in 2010.

Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards
Earl Slick – guitar
David Torn – guitar
Mark Plati – guitar
Tony Visconti – bass
Mario J. McNulty – drums, percussion

Production
David Bowie – producer
Tony Visconti – producer, engineer
Mario J. McNulty – engineer

See also
 List of anti-war songs

References

2003 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
David Bowie songs
Anti-war songs
Rock ballads
Protest songs
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti

Fall Dog Bombs the Moon


In geometry, a polytope (for example, a polygon or a polyhedron) or a tiling is isotoxal () or edge-transitive if its symmetries act transitively on its edges. Informally, this means that there is only one type of edge to the object: given two edges, there is a translation, rotation, and/or reflection that will move one edge to the other while leaving the region occupied by the object unchanged.

Isotoxal polygons
An isotoxal polygon is an even-sided i.e. equilateral polygon, but not all equilateral polygons are isotoxal. The duals of isotoxal polygons are isogonal polygons. Isotoxal -gons are centrally symmetric, so are also zonogons.

In general, an isotoxal -gon has  dihedral symmetry. For example, a rhombus is an isotoxal "×-gon" (quadrilateral) with  symmetry. All regular polygons (equilateral triangle, square, etc.) are isotoxal, having double the minimum symmetry order: a regular -gon has  dihedral symmetry.

An isotoxal -gon with outer internal angle  can be labeled as  The inner internal angle  may be greater or less than  degrees, making convex or concave polygons.

Star polygons can also be isotoxal, labeled as  with  and with the greatest common divisor  where  is the turning number or density. Concave inner vertices can be defined for  If  then  is "reduced" to a compound  of  rotated copies of

Caution: The vertices of  are not always placed like those of  whereas the vertices of the regular  are placed like those of the regular

A set of "uniform tilings", actually isogonal tilings using isotoxal polygons as less symmetric faces than regular ones can be defined.

Isotoxal polyhedra and tilings

Regular polyhedra are isohedral (face-transitive), isogonal (vertex-transitive), and isotoxal (edge-transitive).

Quasiregular polyhedra, like the cuboctahedron and the icosidodecahedron, are isogonal and isotoxal, but not isohedral. Their duals, including the rhombic dodecahedron and the rhombic triacontahedron, are isohedral and isotoxal, but not isogonal.

Not every polyhedron or 2-dimensional tessellation constructed from regular polygons is isotoxal. For instance, the truncated icosahedron (the familiar soccerball) is not isotoxal, as it has two edge types: hexagon-hexagon and hexagon-pentagon, and it is not possible for a symmetry of the solid to move a hexagon-hexagon edge onto a hexagon-pentagon edge.

An isotoxal polyhedron has the same dihedral angle for all edges.

The dual of a convex polyhedron is also a convex polyhedron.

The dual of a non-convex polyhedron is also a non-convex polyhedron. (By contraposition.)

The dual of an isotoxal polyhedron is also an isotoxal polyhedron. (See the Dual polyhedron article.)

There are nine convex isotoxal polyhedra: the five (regular) Platonic solids, the two (quasiregular) common cores of dual Platonic solids, and their two duals.

There are fourteen non-convex isotoxal polyhedra: the four (regular) Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, the two (quasiregular) common cores of dual Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, and their two duals, plus the three quasiregular ditrigonal (3 | p q) star polyhedra, and their three duals.

There are at least five isotoxal polyhedral compounds: the five regular polyhedral compounds; their five duals are also the five regular polyhedral compounds (or one chiral twin).

There are at least five isotoxal polygonal tilings of the Euclidean plane, and infinitely many isotoxal polygonal tilings of the hyperbolic plane, including the Wythoff constructions from the regular hyperbolic tilings {p,q}, and non-right (p q r) groups.

See also
 Table of polyhedron dihedral angles
 Vertex-transitive
 Face-transitive
 Cell-transitive

References

 Peter R. Cromwell, Polyhedra, Cambridge University Press 1997, , p. 371 Transitivity
  (6.4 Isotoxal tilings, 309-321)

Polyhedra
4-polytopes

Isotoxal figure


Kaleigh Michelle Grainger (born Dudley, England, 28 February 1986) is a British unicyclist. She won a gold medal at Unicon X, in China, in 2000 when only 14 years old in the pairs freestyle category.

Kaleigh Grainger, the daughter of Stephen and Elaine Grainger, has been unicycling since she was four years old and learned many skills from her father, a circus skills veteran who currently operates his own travelling circus school. Her mother died in December 2004, aged 46, after a five-year battle against cancer.

In 2001, just after her 15th birthday, Kaleigh became the first unicyclist to appear on Aster and Keli - one of Iceland's most popular children's TV programmes. That year, she also made an appearance at the British Juggling Convention held in Cardiff and performed for the British Ambassador in Washington DC.

In November 2008 Kaleigh qualified as a barrister gaining the BVC from the College of Law, London and being called at Inner Temple where she is a member. Kaleigh gained her law degree from Lancaster University, Lancashire, in 2007, and is a former pupil of Sledmere Primary School in Dudley and St Michael's Church of England High School in nearby Rowley Regis.

References

External links
 Kaleigh Grainger's MySpace page

1986 births
Living people
Alumni of Edge Hill University
Alumni of Lancaster University
Unicyclists

Kaleigh Grainger


INDYCAR, LLC, is an American-based auto racing sanctioning body for Indy car racing and other disciplines of open wheel car racing. The organization sanctions two racing series: the premier IndyCar Series with the Indianapolis 500 as its centerpiece, and the developmental series Indy NXT. IndyCar is recognized as a member organization of the FIA through ACCUS.

The sanctioning body was formed in 1994 under the name Indy Racing League by Hulman & Company, which also owned the Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex, and began competition in 1996. The trademark name INDYCAR was officially adopted on January 1, 2011. The sport of open-wheel car racing itself, also historically referred to as Championship Car racing or Indy racing, traces its roots to as early as 1905. It is the fifth major sanctioning body to govern the sport of Indy car racing, following AAA, USAC, CART, and Champ Car.

Today, IndyCar is owned by Roger Penske via Penske Entertainment Corp., a subsidiary of Penske Corporation. Penske purchased IndyCar and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from  Hulman & Co. in November 2019.

History

IndyCar name
The term "Indy Car" began as a nickname for the cars that competed in USAC's "Championship" division of open-wheel auto racing in the United States, deriving from the sport's most popular competition, the Indianapolis 500.   The division's link with Indianapolis soon resulted in the term supplanting the official descriptor, "champ car," in common use and promotions.

The term continued to be used by USAC's replacement as the dominant governing body for open-wheel racing, Championship Auto Racing Teams, which called its main series the "CART PPG Indy Car World Series" despite the body not sanctioning the 500.  In 1992, during an attempt by CART to broaden their board membership, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway registered the camel case trademark IndyCar with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and licensed it to CART as their new tradename.

In 1996, Indianapolis Motor Speedway President Tony George launched a new national championship racing series, the Indy Racing League.  This resulted in a legal battle over the IndyCar trademark: In  March 1996, CART filed a lawsuit against the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in an effort to protect their license to the IndyCar mark after the Indianapolis Motor Speedway had attempted to terminate it. In April, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway filed a separate lawsuit against CART to prevent them from further use of the mark.

Eventually a settlement was reached in which CART agreed to give up the use of the IndyCar mark following the 1996 season and the IRL agreeing not to use the name before the end of the 2002 season. CART returned to branding as simply CART for 1997, and resurrected the term "champ car" to describe their vehicles.

Following a six-year hiatus, the Indy Racing League announced it would rename their premier series the IndyCar Series for the 2003 racing season. CART, beset by team departures and other financial issues, filed for bankruptcy that year; a trio of former CART team owners were selected by the bankruptcy court to purchase CART's assets, which they used to reorganize the Champ Car World Series. The two series were unified for the 2008 season, with the unified series using the IndyCar Series name.

Post-unification, a heavy emphasis has been placed on deemphasizing the IRL name and replacing it with "IndyCar". This became official on January 1, 2011, as Indy Racing League LLC adopted as its trade name INDYCAR. On November 1, 2013, the company's legal name was changed to INDYCAR LLC.

Split with CART

The dispute between CART and IRL centered on the Indianapolis 500, long considered the flagship race of the sport.  From 1980 until 1995, the Indy 500 continued to be sanctioned by USAC while being run predominantly with drivers from CART and counting toward CART's standings. George felt that his opinions regarding increasing costs, and revenue sharing were being ignored, while CART teams owners felt George used his influence over USAC to have a disproportionate impact on the general operation of the sport.

After a number of attempts at a compromise board failed, IMS formed the Indy Racing League in 1994, with the series being slated to begin racing in 1996. CART had primarily sanctioned Indy car racing since 1979, when the organization broke away from USAC. George blueprinted the IRL as a lower-cost open-wheel alternative to CART, which he viewed had become technology-driven and dominated by a few wealthy multi-car teams. The IRL was designed only to run on oval tracks to promote American drivers from the midget and sprint car ranks to graduate to Indycars the way that of Indy racing A.J. Foyt, Mario Andretti, Johnny Rutherford, and the Unsers had in the 1960s.

Starting with the first IRL season, the league proclaimed that 25 of the 33 spots in the Indy 500 starting grid for cars from full-time IRL teams. In 1996, CART retaliated by scheduling what was supposed to become its new showcase event, the U.S. 500, at Michigan International Speedway on Memorial Day, the traditional date for the Indy 500.

The new 1997 technical rules featured less expensive chassis and "production-based" engines that were purchased rather than leased, but most importantly, were technically incompatible with CART specifications. The IRL's early seasons consisted of sparse schedules and inexperienced teams, with the degradation in quality especially apparent during the Indianapolis 500, which saw a dramatic decline in prestige.

The IRL began to draw top teams from CART starting in 2002, contributing to the latter's bankruptcy, re-branding as Champ Car in 2003, and ultimate demise and absorption by the IRL in 2008.

After absorbing Champ Car, the IndyCar Series became what the CART series from which it separated was and its related European open-wheel formula counterparts: former prominent CART teams such as Chip Ganassi Racing and Team Penske are frequent race winners, there is a strong contingent of foreign-born drivers, the cars are increasingly electronic and aero dependent and the schedule includes more road and street courses than oval tracks.

Unification with Champ Car
On January 23, 2008, Tony George offered Champ Car management a proposal that included free cars and engine leases to Champ Car teams willing to run the entire 2008 IndyCar Series schedule in exchange for adding Champ Car's dates at Long Beach, Toronto, Edmonton, and Australia to the IndyCar Series schedule, effectively reuniting American open-wheel car racing. The offer was initially made in November 2007. On February 10, 2008, Tony George, along with IRL representatives Terry Angstadt and Brian Barnhart, plus former Honda executive Robert Clarke, traveled to Japan to discuss moving the Indy Japan 300 at Twin Ring Motegi. Moving that race, or postponing it, would be required in order to accommodate the Long Beach Grand Prix, which was scheduled for the same weekend. Optimism following the meeting was high.

In February 2008, Indy Racing League founder and CEO Tony George and owners of the Champ Car World Series completed an agreement to unify the sport for 2008. The result was that the Champ Car World Series was suspended except for the Long Beach Grand Prix. Many of the former Champ Car teams moved to the IndyCar Series using equipment provided by the League.

Randy Bernard was announced as the new IRL CEO in February 2010. In 2011, the sanctioning body dropped the Indy Racing League name, becoming IndyCar to reflect the merged series. The new Dallara DW12 racecar was introduced for the 2012 season. IndyCar collaborated with DreamWorks Animation to launch comedy film Turbo in 2013. Bernard was fired in October 2012, and replaced by Mark Miles.

Driver safety
Driver safety has also been a major point of concern, with a number of drivers seriously injured, particularly in the early years of the series.  There have been five fatal crashes in the history of the series. Compared to road racing venues, the lack of run-offs on oval tracks, coupled with higher speeds due to the long straights and banked turns, means that there is far less margin for error. Car design was attributed as a leading cause of early injuries, and the series made improvements to chassis design to address those safety concerns. Following a series of spectacular high-profile accidents in 2003, including American racing legend Mario Andretti and former champion Kenny Bräck, as well as the death of Tony Renna in testing at Indianapolis, the IRL made additional changes to reduce speeds and increase safety.

IndyCar was the first racing series to adopt the SAFER soft wall safety system, which debuted at the Indianapolis 500 and has now been installed at almost all major oval racing circuits. The SAFER system research and design was supported and funded in large part by the Hulman-George family and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

Fatalities
 Scott Brayton – (May 17, 1996), 1996 Indianapolis 500 practice session.
 Tony Renna – (October 22, 2003), Firestone private testing session.
 Paul Dana – (March 26, 2006), 2006 Toyota Indy 300 practice session.
 Dan Wheldon – (October 16, 2011), 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship.
 Justin Wilson – (August 24, 2015), 2015 ABC Supply 500.
(Extended list here: List of IndyCar fatalities)

Gallery

See also
 Indianapolis Motor Speedway
 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network
 United States Auto Club
 CART
 Champ Car
 List of IndyCar Series teams
 List of IndyCar Series racetracks

References

External links

Sports organizations established in 1911
Open wheel racing
Penske Corporation

IndyCar


Tun Omar Ong Yoke Lin (; 23 July 1917 – 1 July 2010) was a Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman. He was a founding member of the Malaysian Chinese Association, and was a key figure in the country's road to independence. Ong served various positions in the government of Malaya and Malaysia, as a Cabinet minister and ambassador.

He was a Chinese Muslim convert.

Early life and education
Ong Yoke Lin was born on 23 July 1917 in Kuala Lumpur, he attended Pudu Girls' English School and later Victoria Institution, where he was contemporaries of, among others, Yahya Abdul Razak, Lee Siew Choh, Yaacob Latiff and Mahmood Ambak, the father-in-law of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the fifth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He passed the London Matriculation in 1935 and trained as a chartered accountant. He intended to read law, but his studies were put on hold by the Japanese occupation of Malaya.

Politics
Omar helped found and joined the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) in 1949. As a prominent Chinese leader, Ong was selected by the British High Commissioner as a member of the then fully appointed Selangor State Council and Federal Legislative Council.

In 1952, he and Yahya Abdul Razak mooted the idea of an alliance between MCA and the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) for the Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council elections. This was the precursor to the formal Alliance Party. He contested and won a seat in that election, and was chosen as leader of the Alliance Party in the Municipal Council.

Omar went on to become MCA vice-president and the Member of Parliament for Hulu Selangor.

In 1955, the Alliance Party won the first ever elections to the Federal Legislative Council under the leadership of Tunku Abdul Rahman. Omar was appointed Minister for Post and Telecoms in the Tunku's first Cabinet. Following the overwhelming support shown for the Alliance Party during the elections and the forming of the government, the Tunku led the Merdeka Delegation to London which successfully negotiated independence from the British. Omar joined the Tunku on his second trip to London in April 1957 to finalise the newly drafted Constitution of Malaya.

Independence and the formation of Malaysia
On 31 August 1957, Omar was appointed to the first Rahman cabinet of the newly independent Federation of Malaya, holding the Labour and Social Welfare portfolio. In 1959, he became Health Minister.

During negotiations to unite Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and British North Borneo (later known as Sabah), Ong was Ambassador to the United Nations as Malaya focused on diplomacy amid regional tensions with Indonesia (Konfrontasi).

Following the proclamation of the Federation of Malaysia, Ong continued to serve in the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio until 1973. He served concurrently as High Commissioner to Canada in 1966 and as Ambassador to Brazil from 1967 to 1972.

In 1973, he was elected President of the Dewan Negara and served until 1980.

Personal life
Tun Omar was married to Toh Puan Dr. Aishah and had three children. He converted to Islam in 1961.

Death
Ong died on 1 July 2010 due to old age. He was 92. His body was laid to rest at Makam Pahlawan near Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur.

Honours
  :
  Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1959)
  :
  Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Gold) (PPM) (1965)
  Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) – Tun (1979)
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) – Dato' (1971)
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (1973)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1973)

Notes

References
 Tun Omar Yoke-Lin Ong The Last Independence Fighter (1999 interview), and "First step to independence", The Star, 2 April 2001. Online at The Victoria Institution
 Catching up with... The Patriot with the golden heart, 17 December 2006, The Victoria Institution

1917 births
2010 deaths
Converts to Islam from Buddhism
Malaysian Muslims
Government ministers of Malaysia
Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent
Malaysian Chinese Association politicians
Permanent Representatives of Malaysia to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Malaysia to the United States
Malaysian expatriates in the United States
Ambassadors of Malaysia to Brazil
Malaysian accountants
Members of the Dewan Negara
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
High Commissioners of Malaysia to Canada
Kuala Lumpur politicians
Malaysian people of Hakka descent
Presidents of the Dewan Negara
Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Health ministers of Malaysia
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor
Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu

Ong Yoke Lin


A kyaung (, ) is a monastery (vihara), comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of Buddhist monks. Burmese kyaungs are sometimes also occupied by novice monks (samanera), lay attendants (kappiya), nuns (thilashin), and young acolytes observing the five precepts ( phothudaw).

The kyaung has traditionally been the center of village life in Burma, serving as both the educational institution for children and a community center, especially for merit-making activities such as construction of buildings, offering of food to monks and celebration of Buddhist festivals, and observance of uposatha. Monasteries are not established by members of the sangha, but by laypersons who donate land or money to support the establishment.

Kyaungs are typically built of wood, meaning that few historical monasteries built before the 1800s are extant. Kyaungs exist in Myanmar (Burma), as well as in neighboring countries with Theravada Buddhist communities, including neighboring China (e.g., Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture). According to 2016 statistics published by the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee, Myanmar is home to 62,649 kyaungs and 4,106 nunneries.

Usage and etymology
The modern Burmese language term kyaung () descends from the Old Burmese word kloṅ (က္လောင်). The strong connection between religion and schooling is reflected by fact that the kyaung is the same word now used to refer to secular schools. Kyaung is also used to describe Christian churches, Hindu temples, and Chinese temples. Mosques are an exception, as they use the term word bali (), which is derived from the Tamil word for 'school.'

Kyaung has also been borrowed into Tai languages, including into Shan as kyong (spelt ၵျွင်း or ၵျေႃင်း) and into Tai Nuea as zông2 (ᥓᥩᥒᥰ, rendered in Chinese as ).

Types
The Burmese-Pali commentaries of Cullavagga identify five types of Buddhist monasteries, each typified by distinct architectural features. In practice, from an architectural standpoint, there are 3 main types of monasteries:

 Monasteries with contiguous roofs,
 Monasteries with cross-shaped roofs, and
 Staging monasteries and staging halls

In modern-day Myanmar, kyaungs may be divided into a number of categories, including monastic colleges called sathintaik () and remote forest monasteries called tawya kyaung (). Myanmar's primary monastic university towns are Bago, Pakokku, and Sagaing.

History
In pre-colonial times, the kyaung served as the primary source of education, providing nearly universal education for boys, representing the "bastion of civilization and knowledge" and "integral to the social fabric of pre-colonial Burma." The connections between kyaungs and education were reinforced by monastic examinations, which were first instituted in 1648 by King Thalun during the Taungoo Dynasty. Classical learning was transmitted through monasteries, which served as venues for Burmese students to pursue higher education and further social advancement in the royal administration after disrobing. Indeed, nearly all prominent historical figures such as Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung spent their formative years studying at monasteries.

Traditional monastic education first developed in the Pagan Kingdom, in tandem with the proliferation of Theravada Buddhism learning in the 1100s. The syllabus at kyaungs included the Burmese language, Pali grammar and Buddhist texts with a focus on discipline, morality and code of conduct (such as Mangala Sutta, Sigalovada Sutta, Dhammapada, and Jataka tales), prayers and elementary arithmetic. Influential monasteries held vast libraries of manuscripts and texts.  The ubiquity of monastic education was attributed with the high literacy rate for Burmese Buddhist men. The 1901 Census of India found that 60.3% of Burmese Buddhist men over twenty were literate, as compared to 10% for British India as a whole.

Kyaungs called pwe kyaungs (ပွဲကျောင်း) also taught secular subjects, such as astronomy, astrology, medicine, massage, divination, horsemanship, swordsmanship, archery, arts and crafts, boxing, wrestling, music and dancing. During the Konbaung Dynasty, various kings, including Bodawpaya suppressed the proliferation of pwe kyaung, which were seen as potential venues for rebellions.

Sumptuary law dictated the construction and ornamentation of  Burmese kyaungs, which were among the few building structures in pre-colonial Burma to possess elaborate multi-tiered roofs called pyatthat. Mason balustrades characterized royal monasteries.

Following the abolishment of the Burmese monarchy at the end of the Third Anglo-Burmese War, monastic schools were largely superseded by secular, government-run schools.

Common kyaung features

The typical kyaung consists of a number of buildings called kyaung zaung (ကျောင်းဆောင်):
 Thein (, from Pali ) - ordination hall as prescribed by the Vinaya
 Dhammayon () - assembly hall used for sermons and communal purposes
 Zedi (စေတီ, from Pali cetiya) - stupa, often covered with gold leaf and containing a reliquary
 Gandhakuti (ဂန္ဓကုဋိ, from Pali ) - pavilion that houses the monastery's principal image of the Buddha
 Shrines to the arhats Sīvali and Shin Upagutta
 Tagundaing - ornamented flagstaff celebrating the submission of local nats (animistic spirits) to the Dhamma
 Zayat - open-air pavilions used as rest houses
 Living quarters for the monks and the sayadaw
 Kyetthayei khan (ကျက်သရေခန်း) - storage room
 Cooking quarters

Traditional monasteries of the Konbaung era consisted of the following halls:
Pyatthat hsaung () - main chapel hall that housed images of the Buddha
Hsaungmagyi () or hsaungma () - main assembly hall for lectures, ceremonies and housing junior monks
Sanu hsaung () - residential hall of the monastery abbot
Bawga hsaung () - storage room for monks' provisions

In pre-colonial times, royal monasteries were organized as complexes known as kyaung taik (ကျောင်းတိုက်), composed of several residential buildings, including the main building, the kyaunggyi (ကျောင်းကြီး) or kyaungma (ကျောင်းမ), which was occupied by the residing sayadaw, and smaller structures called kyaungyan (ကျောင်းရံ), which housed the sayadaw's disciples. The complexes were walled compounds, and also housed a library, ordination halls, meeting halls, water reservoirs and wells, and utility buildings. Thayettaw is a major kyaungtaik in downtown Yangon, comprising over 60 individual monasteries.

Examples
Atumashi Monastery
Bagaya Monastery
Htilin Monastery
Mahagandhayon Monastery
Myadaung Monastery
Salin Monastery
Shweinbin Monastery
Shwenandaw Monastery
Shwezedi Monastery
Taiktaw Monastery
Yaw Mingyi Monastery
Kongmu Kham, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Foguang Temple, Yunnan, China
Dhammikarama Burmese Temple, Penang, Malaysia
Burmese Buddhist Temple, Singapore

See also
 Gautama Buddha
 Dhamma
 Sangha
 Three Refuges
 Five Precepts
 Eight Precepts
 Four Noble Truths
 Noble Eightfold Path
 Pāli Canon
 Mangala Sutta
 Samatha & Vipassanā
 Cetiya
 Sri Maha Bodhi
 Vassa
 Kathina
 Uposatha
 Shinbyu
 Gadaw
 Shwedagon Pagoda
 Thadingyut Festival
 Pagoda festival
 Pagodas in Myanmar
 Agga Maha Pandita
 State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee
 List of Sāsana Azani recipients
 International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University
 State Pariyatti Sasana University, Yangon
 State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay
 Buddha Sāsana Nuggaha
 Young Men's Buddhist Association (Burma)
 Vihara
 Wat

References

Buddhist monasteries
Buddhism in Myanmar

Buddhist buildings

Kyaung


A World of Hurt is a science fiction novel by American writers David Sherman and Dan Cragg, the tenth novel in their StarFist series.

Plot summary
A civilian analyst in the Confederation of Human Worlds' Development Control Division of the Department of Colonial Development, Population Control, and Xenobiological Studies notices a peculiar series of incidents on the colony world called Maugham's Station and flags it as having possible military interest. The military does find it of interest—it looks like the work of Skinks, the alien race responsible for an invasion of the planet Kingdom (described in the earlier novels Kingdom's Swords and Kingdom's Fury). The 34th Fleet Initial Strike Team (FIST) is dispatched to investigate the situation on Maugham's Station and, if necessary, drive the Skinks from the planet. Soon the 34th FIST soon finds that the supposed Skinks related attacks are in fact aggressive botanical life that uses natural weapons having an uncanny resemblance to the acid guns of the Skinks.

In other goings on, the space navy of the planet We're Here!, have discovered a surreptitious mining operation taking place on a planet in a neighboring star system, one that they have a claim on.  The commander of We're Here!'s navy is delighted to have a chance to make war, and he acts without notifying the civilian government.

References

2004 American novels
StarFist series
American science fiction novels
2004 science fiction novels
Del Rey books

A World of Hurt


The Episcopal Diocese of Liberia is a diocese in the Anglican Communion founded by missionaries from the Episcopal Church.

During the 1851 General Convention of the Episcopal Church, the Rev. John Payne, a missionary from Virginia was consecrated as missionary bishop for Cape Palmas and other areas of West Africa, which became Liberia.

The name of the jurisdiction was changed to the Missionary District of Liberia on October 17, 1913, and to the Episcopal Diocese of Liberia on January 1, 1970.

In 1951, the Archbishop of Canterbury authorized creation of the Province of West Africa. On March 18, 1982, the diocese of Liberia joined the Church of the Province of West Africa.

Although some Anglican churches in Africa recently broke away in a dispute concerning the ordination of homosexuals as clergy, the Episcopal Diocese of Liberia remains in full communion and maintains a covenant relationship with The Episcopal Church.

Bishops
Bishops of the Episcopal Diocese of Liberia include:
 John Payne (1851-1871)
 John Gottlieb Auer (1873-1874)
 Charles Clifton Penick (1874-?)
 Samuel David Ferguson (1885-1916)
 Walter H. Overs (1919-)
 Theophilus Momolu Gardiner (1921-
 Robert E. Campbell (bishop) (1925-1936)
 Leopold Kroll (1936-1945)
 Bravid W. Harris (1947-1964)
 Dillard H. Brown Jr. (1961-1969)
 George Browne (1970-1989)
 Jonathan Hart (2007- )

References

Christian missionary societies
Christian missions in Africa
Religious organizations established in 1851
1851 establishments in Liberia
Anglicanism in Liberia
Dioceses of the Church of the Province of West Africa

Episcopal Diocese of Liberia


Trickett's Cross is an estate situated on the outskirts of Ferndown, Dorset, England. It lies at the junction of two primary routes, the A31 road and A348 road. It has a church and a youth centre which runs clubs, such as scouts and a Jitsu club.

Origins
Trickett's Cross, formerly part of the parish of West Parley, is thought to have taken its name from George Trickett (c. 1834–1905), a nurseryman's labourer, listed at '1 Branch Road' on the 1871 West Parley census. Branch Road was the name of the road branching off towards Wimborne Minster (now known as 'Wimborne Road East'), converging with the main Poole to Ringwood at the point where Trickett set up home. As of 1871, the only other inhabitant of the district was Job Samuel Hames (1841-1909), also a nurseryman, and both men were listed side by side on successive censuses to 1901. It is likely they were employed at the 'Fern Down Nursery', marked just west of their two respective properties on maps from the 1880s.

The first specific reference to 'Trickett's Cross' appears to have come in the 1901 census, at which point the district comprised three households (including those of Hames and Trickett). A general store, run by the Soffe family, was set up here around 1909.

In the centre of the estate is the Heatherland's Community Centre, attached to which is the recently extended Hopscotch Preschool which offers preschool provision from 2 years old.

Ecology
Trickett's Cross is surrounded by heathland which is the home to rare lizards and the adder. The heathland has had many fires in recent years.

References

External links

Villages in Dorset

Trickett's Cross


Annibale Caccavello (1515–1595) was an Italian sculptor of the Renaissance, active in his native city of Naples.

He trained under Giovanni Merliano (Giovanni da Nola). He was a fellow pupil with Domenico Auria. He participated in the sculptural decoration of the Caracciolo di Vico Chapel in the church of San Giovanni a Carbonara, to which Annibale contributed the statues of Saints Andrew, John the Baptist, and Augustine. He also contributed to the statuary of the Fontana dei 4 del Molo. He also worked on the tomb sculptures of Odet Foix de Lautrec and Pedro Navarro present at the church of Santa Maria La Nova, the tomb of Porzia Capece Rota in the Basilica of San Domenico Maggiore, and the funeral urn of Fabrizio Brancaccio in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie Maggiore a Caponapoli, finished by Camillo Minieri Riccio.

References

1515 births
1595 deaths
16th-century Neapolitan people
16th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
Renaissance sculptors

Annibale Caccavello


Claudius Tiberianus was a second-century Roman legionary soldier in Egypt, the recipient of a number of papyrus letters which were rediscovered in the twentieth century.

The archive of Claudius Tiberianus was partially published in the eighth volume (Nos. 467–81) of the University of Michigan Papyrology Collection. It comprises 18 papyrus-letters, mostly written by Claudius Terentianus, an Egyptian enrolled in the Roman army, who addresses him as "father."  These texts constitute an ancient archive, as they include the letters which were found together in a niche under the staircase of the house of Tiberianus at Karanis between 1924 and 1935, along with further texts, which emerged from the antiquities market.

Military career
Claudius Tiberianus first appears as a speculator legionis, a legionary soldier on detachment as a special agent to the provincial governor. He holds this title at the time his son Terentianus enrolled in the fleet at Alexandria, around 110 AD. Shortly thereafter, he retired, and is subsequently referred to as a veteran. Terentianus writes to Tiberianus requesting both military equipment as well as contacts to help him transfer from the fleet to a legion.

Family
It is generally held that Claudius Tiberianus had at least one son, Claudius Terentianus. In addition, a letter from a sister in Alexandria refers to two other children, Isidorus and Segathis. In all likelihood, this sister is the woman named Tabetheus who identifies herself as his sister in a different letter. Tabetheus is the mother of a man named Saturnilus, who subsequently murdered a man. Tabetheus sought help from Tiberianus in paying the blood money to settle the murder charge. While it is possible that Tiberianus is merely a patron to all the people mentioned in the letters, and the kinship terms of "father" and "brother" are honorific, in all likelihood most of the correspondents in the Tiberianus archive represent blood relatives.

Notes

2nd-century Egyptian people
Ancient Roman soldiers
Claudii

Claudius Tiberianus


In Greek mythology, Clinis or Kleinis () was a native of Babylon and father, by Harpe, of three sons, Harpasus, Lycius, and Ortygius, and of a daughter Artemiche.

Mythology
Clinis venerated Apollo and Artemis diligently and was in return favored by the two gods so much that Apollo once took him to the land of the Hyperboreans, where he visited the shrine of the Hyperborean Apollo.

Upon return home, Clinis decided that from now on, he should honor Apollo by sacrificing donkeys to him, just like the Hyperboreans did. But when everything was ready for the sacrifice, Apollo warned Clinis against doing so because donkeys offered by non-Hyperboreans were not the right kind of sacrifice for the god. Then a heated argument arose between the children of Clinis whether to continue with the sacrificial rite or not: Lycius and Harpasus insisted on sacrificing the donkeys nevertheless, while Ortygius and Artemiche maintained that the god's word should be obeyed. Finally, Lycius and Harpasus drove the donkeys to the altar; at the moment, Apollo struck the animals with madness, which caused them to attack and devour Clinis and his family. Poseidon took pity of Harpe and Harpasus and transformed them into birds of the same names; Leto and Artemis implored Apollo to save Clinis, Ortygius and Artemiche, who were not guilty of the impious act, which the god did, changing the rest of the family into birds as well: Clinis into a hypaietos ("under-eagle"), Lycius into a white raven (which became black after the incident with Coronis), Artemiche into a lark, and Ortygius into a tit (Greek aigithos), because he had suggested that his father sacrificed goats (Greek aiges) instead of donkeys.

The story is solely known from Antoninus Liberalis' Metamorphoses; as his own sources, the author cites Boeus and Symmias.

Note

References
 Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Grimal, Pierre. A Concise Dictionary of Classical mythology. Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1990. - p. 101
 Willam Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 1, page 782

Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology
Characters in Greek mythology
Deeds of Apollo
Deeds of Artemis
Leto

Clinis


Tristan Blackwood (born January 14, 1985) is a Canadian basketball player. He played guard for Central Connecticut State University (CCSU). Blackwood was voted to the NEC First Team in 2007 along with teammates Obie Nwadike and Conference Player of the Year Javier Mojica.1  Blackwood is listed at 6 feet, 170 pounds.2 In 2008, he completed his senior year at CCSU.

High school basketball
Blackwood played basketball for five seasons at Eastern Commerce in Toronto. Over the course of his five seasons playing varsity basketball at Eastern Commerce, he helped lead the team to three straight 4A OFSAA Championships. In his senior year he was named to the 2004 All-Canadian High School All-Star Game.2

College basketball
From his first game at Central, Blackwood established himself as one of the team's stars.  He started all 28 games his freshman year, the only player on the team to do so.  He led the team with 98 assists and was second in steals with 26.
His success continued in his sophomore season.  Blackwood scored 14.3 points per game and recorded 113 assists (4.2 per game) leading his team in both categories.  Once again he led his team in steals and was second in three-pointers with 71.
While his sophomore year is widely considered to be his breakout season, over the course of his junior year he established himself as a star.  Blackwood led the team in scoring with 17.1 points per game.  He also averaged 4.1 assists per game leading his team in that category as well.  He hit a staggering 122 three-pointers ranking amongst the top shooters in the country.  Also Blackwood was almost automatic from the free throw line, hitting 97 and missing only 8 all season.3

NCAA tournament
Blackwood has played one game in the NCAA tournament.  In 2007, after CCSU went 16-2 in-conference and won the NEC tournament, Central entered the tournament as a 16 seed.  They were matched up against top-seeded Ohio State.  On March 15 the two teams played at Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky.  Ohio State won 78-57 ousting CCSU from the tournament.  Blackwood was held to 12 points, all on three point field goals.4

Canada Basketball
Blackwood has represented Canada Basketball throughout his career. Named to the 2004 All-Canadian High School All-Star Game.  Named Toronto Sun Mr. Basketball Ontario.  Named to Toronto Sun's All-GTA and All-Ontario teams and a member of the Toronto Star Dream Team.  Named Silver Fox Tournament MVP after leading Eastern to third straight title.  Named Seneca Invitational MVP.  Attended the 2003 Nike All-Canada Camp.  Led Ontario to a gold medal and was named MVP of the 2002 Juvenile Boy's National Championships.  A member of Basketball Ontario's Juvenile Development Program.  Started two games for Canada during Summer Series 2004.  Led Team Canada in assists (16) and three-point field goals (7) at the Global Games.  Started four games for Canada at the 2004 Under-21 Tournament of the Americas.  Canada finished fourth and qualified for the 2005 Under-21 World Championship for the first time ever.  Averaged 18.2 minutes, 5.6 points and 3.0 assists in five games.

References
1. CCSU Postseason Awards

2. CCSU Blue Devils Website Player Page

3. ESPN Player Profile

4. NBC 30 NCAA Game Summary

1985 births
Living people
Aris Leeuwarden players
Basketball players from Toronto
Black Canadian basketball players
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Central Connecticut Blue Devils men's basketball players
Dutch Basketball League players
Phoenix Hagen players
Heroes Den Bosch players
Würzburg Baskets players
Shooting guards

Tristan Blackwood


Ethylene bis stearamide (EBS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2NHC(O)C17H35)2.  It is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent.  The compound is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid.  It is a white solid of low toxicity that provides a slippery coating for a variety of applications.

Applications
EBS is a synthetic wax used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits in plastic applications to facilitate and stabilize the dispersion of solid compounding materials to enhance processability, to decrease friction and abrasion of the polymer surface, and to contribute color stability and polymer degradation.

It is also used in process industries as release agent and antistatic agent for the production of thermoplastics,and wiring.  It is used in powder metallurgy.

References

Fatty acid amides
Lubricants

Ethylene bis(stearamide)


Luciano Canfora (; born 5 June 1942) is an Italian classicist and historian. Born in Bari, Canfora obtained his first degree in Roman History in 1964 at Pisa University. He has since been Professor Emeritus of Classics at the University of Bari. His specialty is ancient libraries and his book The Vanished Library, which is about the Library of Alexandria, has been translated into some 15 languages.

Since 1975, Canfora has edited the periodical Quaderni di storia. In 1998, he published a rebuttal of Elena Agarossi and Victor Zaslavsky's work, Togliatti e Stalin. Il PCI e la politica estera staliniana negli archivi di Mosca, about criticism of Palmiro Togliatti and the Italian Communist Party. He stood in the 1999 European Parliament election in Italy for the Party of Italian Communists. In 2004, Canfora published a history of democracy under the title La democrazia. Storia di un'ideologia.

References

1942 births
Historians of ancient Rome
Living people
People from Bari

Luciano Canfora