A cam engine is a reciprocating engine where, instead of the conventional crankshaft, the pistons deliver their force to a cam that is then caused to rotate. The output work of the engine is driven by this cam.

Cam engines are deeply rooted in history. The first engine to get an airworthiness certificate from the United States government was, in fact, a radial cam engine. A variation of the cam engine, the swashplate engine (also the closely related wobble-plate engine), was briefly popular.

These are generally thought of as internal combustion engines, although they have also been used as hydraulic and pneumatic motors. Hydraulic motors, particularly the swashplate form, are widely and successfully used. Internal combustion engines, though, remain almost unknown.

Operation

Operating cycle
Some cam engines are two-stroke engines, rather than four-stroke.  Two modern example are the KamTech and Earthstar, both radial-cam engines. In a two-stroke engine, the forces on the piston act uniformly downwards, throughout the cycle. In a four-stroke engine, these forces reverse cyclically: In the induction phase, the piston is forced upwards, against the reduced induction depression. The simple cam mechanism only works with a force in one direction. In the first Michel engines, the cam had two surfaces, a main surface on which the pistons worked when running and another ring inside this that gave a desmodromic action to constrain the piston position during engine startup.

Usually, only one cam is required, even for multiple cylinders. Most cam engines were thus opposed twin or radial engines. An early version of the Michel engine was a rotary engine, a form of radial engine where the cylinders rotate around a fixed crank.

Advantages

 Perfect balance, a crank system is impossible to dynamically balance, because one cannot attenuate a reciprocal force or action with a rotary reaction or force. The modern KamTech cam engine uses another piston to attenuate the reciprocal forces. It runs as smoothly as an electric motor.
 A more ideal combustion dynamic, a look at a PV diagram of the "ideal IC engine" and one will find that the combustion event ideally should be a more-or-less "constant volume event".

The short dwell time that a crank produces does not provide a more-or-less constant volume for the combustion event to take place in. A crank system reaches significant mechanical advantage at 6° before TDC; it then reaches maximum advantage at 45° to 50°. This limits the burn time to less than 60°. Also, the quickly descending piston lowers the pressure ahead of the flame front, reducing the burn time.  This means less time to burn under lower pressure. This dynamic is why in all crank engines a significant amount of the fuel is burned not above the piston, where its power can be extracted, but in the catalytic converter, which only produces heat.

A modern cam can be manufactured with computer numerical control (CNC) technology so as to have a delayed mechanical advantage. The KamTech cam, for example, reaches significant advantage at 20°, permitting the ignition to start sooner in the rotation, and maximum advantage is moved to 90°, permitting a longer burn time before the exhaust is vented. This means the burn under high pressure takes place during 110° with a cam, rather than 60°, as happens when a crank is used.  Therefore, the KamTech engine at any speed and under any load never has fire coming out of the exhaust, because there is time for full and complete combustion to take place under high pressure above the piston.

A few other advantages of modern cam engines:

 Ideal piston dynamics
 Lower internal friction
 Cleaner exhaust
 Lower fuel consumption
 Longer life
 More power per kilogram
 Compact, modular design permits better vehicle design
 Fewer parts, cost less to make

To suggest that cam engines were or are a failure when robustness is concerned is in error. After extensive testing by the United States government, the Fairchild Model 447-C radial-cam engine had the distinction of receiving the very first Department of Commerce Approved Type Certificate.  At a time when aircraft crank engine had a life of 30 to 50 hours, the Model 447-C was far more robust than any other aircraft engine then in production.
Sadly, in this pre-CNC age it had a very poor cam profile, which meant it shook too severely for the wood propellers and the wood, wire, and cloth airframes of the time.

One advantage is that the bearing surface area can be larger than for a crankshaft. In the early days of bearing material development, the reduced bearing pressure this allowed could give better reliability. A relatively successful swashplate cam engine was developed by the bearing expert George Michell, who also developed the slipper-pad thrust block.

The Michel engine (no relation) began with roller cam followers, but switched during development to plain bearing followers.

Unlike a crankshaft, a cam may easily have more than one throw per rotation. This allows more than one piston stroke per revolution. For aircraft use, this was an alternative to using a propeller speed reduction unit: high engine speed for an improved power-to-weight ratio, combined with a slower propeller speed for an efficient propeller. In practice, the cam engine design weighed more than the combination of a conventional engine and gearbox.

Swashplate and wobble plate engines
The only internal combustion cam engines that have been remotely successful were the swashplate engines. These were almost all axial engines, where the cylinders are arranged parallel to the engine axis, in one or two rings. The purpose of such engines was usually to achieve this axial or "barrel" layout, making an engine with a very compact frontal area. There were plans at one time to use barrel engines as aircraft engines, with their reduced frontal area allowing a smaller fuselage and lower drag.

A similar engine to the swashplate engine is the wobble plate engine, also known as nutator or Z-crank drive. This uses a bearing that purely nutates, rather than also rotating as for the swashplate. The wobble plate is separated from the output shaft by a rotary bearing. Wobble plate engines are thus not cam engines.

Pistonless rotary engines

Most pistonless engines relying on cams, such as the Rand cam engine, use the cam mechanism to control the motion of sealing vanes. Combustion pressure against these vanes causes a vane carrier, separate from the cam, to rotate. In the Rand engine, the camshaft moves the vanes so that they have a varying length exposed and so enclose a combustion chamber of varying volume as the engine rotates. The work done in rotating the engine to cause this expansion is the thermodynamic work done by the engine and what causes the engine to rotate.

References

Bibliography

Two-stroke engines
Piston engine configurations
Axial engines

Cam engine


The Florissant Fossil Formation is a lagerstätte in the Colarado part of the Rocky Mountains. It shows life in the Eocene in as-yet unraised part of what is now the Rocky Mountains. It shows the whole forest ecosystem in some detail, particularly the plants. From this we can be sure the forest was sub-tropical, and the climate much warmer than today.

This site shows the scene right at the end of the long Eocene period. The fauna is discussed in a well-illustrated book. The site is protected as the Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument.

References

Geography of Colorado
Lagerstätten
Eocene

Florissant Formation


Ousmane Conté (died March 25, 2020) was the eldest son of the late Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008). He was arrested by the Guinean military two months after his father's death as a result of the coup d'état on charges of alleged drug trafficking. In June 2010, he was named by the United States as a "drugs kingpin" and admitted on live television his trafficking involvement but said he was not a "ringleader". On July 16, 2010, he was released on bail after 16 months of imprisonment.

References

2020 deaths
Year of birth missing
Children of presidents
Guinean Muslims

Ousmane Conté


Jacob von Sandrart (3 May 1630, Frankfurt am Main — 15 August 1708, Nuremberg) was a German engraver primarily active in Nuremberg.

At age ten Sandrart obtained his artistic training from his better-known uncle Joachim von Sandrart in Amsterdam. After spending time in Danzig and Regensburg, he married Regina Christina Eimart, daughter of the engraver Georg Christoph Eimart the elder, on 10 June 1654. The couple settled in Nuremberg in 1656 and remained there for the rest of their lives. His daughter Susanne Maria von Sandrart was also an artist and engraver.

Sandrart was a very prolific artist; over 400 engravings from his hand are extant. He was best known as a portraitist of prominent contemporary citizens of Nuremberg, as an engraver of maps, and as an illustrator of the literary works of Nuremberg writers, especially Sigmund von Birken. Today Sandrart is best remembered as the founder and first director of the Nuremberg Academy of Fine Arts (est. 1662).

Further reading

External links

 Entry for Jacob von Sandrart on the Union List of Artist Names

References

German engravers
Artists from Frankfurt
1630 births
1708 deaths
Academic staff of the Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg
German people of Belgian descent

Jacob von Sandrart


Adam Warlock, originally known as Him, is a fictional character that appears sometimes as an anti-hero and as a protagonist in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #66 in September of 1967 in cocoon form, and #67 in October of 1967 in humanoid form, and was created by the late Stan Lee and the late Jack Kirby. Debuting in the Silver Age of comic books, the character has appeared in over four decades of Marvel publications, and starred in the popular titles Marvel Premiere and Strange Tales as well as five self-titled volumes and several related limited series.

A humanoid created by the Enclave under the name ''Him'', the being that would be known as Adam Warlock was given guidance under the High Evolutionary before being a champion of Counter-Earth. Warlock would soon play pivotal in protecting the universe from numerous threats, such as his enemy Man-Beast and his nemesis and sometimes ally Thanos. Powerful yet mysterious, Warlock is destined to act as the avatar of life yet faces against his evil future self, Magus and his destructive counterpart, Goddess. He has founded the Guardians of the Galaxy and Infinity Watch, and has been a member of the Cosmic Avengers.

The character has been adapted in various forms of media, including animated television series, and video games. The character has appeared in the Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy in both incarnations as Warlock and Magus. Adam Warlock, portrayed by Will Poulter, will make his live-action debut in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Marvel Comics characters

Adam Warlock


Miljenko Licul (6 August 1946 – 16 March 2009) was a Slovenian graphic designer of Croatian descent. He was one of the most prominent graphic designers in independent Slovenia.

Life and work
Licul was born in the Istrian town of Vodnjan, which was then part of the Yugoslav occupation zone of the Julian March (now in Croatia). His parents were Istrian Croats. He moved to Slovenia in his youth and lived and worked there most of his life.

He was a founder of the group Znak, and leader of studios Zodiak and Diptih. For some time, Licul taught typography at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Ljubljana. Licul's work covers a wide spectrum of arts; from designing publications, posters and magazine covers to postage stamps and calendars.

One of his most prominent career highlights was in 1991, when he won the contest for designing new Slovenian currency, the tolar. The banknotes, which were in circulation from October 1991 until the end of 2006, featured portraits of prominent Slovenian personalities, the work of painter Rudi Španzel. When Slovenia adopted the euro as the national currency, Licul designed the national side of Slovenian euro coins, together with Maja Licul and Janez Boljka. Licul and Boljka designed tolar coins together, as well.

Besides the national currency, Licul also designed several official documents, such as the Slovenian passport, identity card and health insurance card. His other works include the designing of a new graphic image for the Slovenian National Gallery.

Awards
For his opus, Licul was awarded several prizes. In 1985 he received the Prešeren Foundation Award for his achievements in graphic design. In 1988 Licul won the Plečnik Award, the highest award in the field of design, architecture and urban planning in Slovenia. In 2008 he was awarded the Prešeren Award, the highest Slovenian national prize in the field of arts, together with translator Janez Gradišnik. On that particular occasion, it was substantiated that Licul's works were of highest quality and that he was among the authors who renewed the strictly modernistic style of the 1970s, without omitting the historical features.

References

1946 births
2009 deaths
People from Vodnjan
Slovenian people of Croatian descent
Slovenian graphic designers
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
Prešeren Award laureates

Miljenko Licul


Broomlands is district of Irvine in North Ayrshire, Scotland. Situated on a series of bends in the River Annick, Broomlands and its original features are now almost lost within the south-Bourtreehill and Broomlands housing scheme.

History
The remaining features take the form of road and path networks which are still in use after several hundred years. More recent networks and routes were created in the 17th and 18th century when the railways first arrived in Broomlands. Long before the age of steam, people were not unused to seeing railway networks carrying minerals and wood and being pushed by strong but buckled men. In Broomlands, the remains of a late 17th-century railway path can still be discerned.

The prehistoric history of Broomlands is more plentiful. At the end of the last ice-age, Broomlands was on the coast. When the sea receded from the area, it left behind a huge coal field which would be exploited by the people of Broomlands and Bourtreehill almost ten thousand years later.

Those later exploiters opened various coal-pits, open-cast mines and collieries in the district. Railways were networked to carry the coal away from the fields.

A standard gauge railway ran through Broomlands until the late 1960s, originally built by the Glasgow and South Western Railway Company, linking the towns of Irvine and Kilmarnock.  Although the nearby station was titled as Dreghorn station, it was closer to Broomlands.  The track bed has been paved over and now is in use as a footpath.  Mineral railways from various local coal mines branched on to this line.

Broomlands was eventually sold to the owner of Bourtreehill house.

From August 2014 residents of Broomlands and Bourtreehill will be educated in the newly built Elderbank Primary School.

References

Villages in North Ayrshire
Irvine, North Ayrshire

Broomlands


Classification Markup Language (ClaML) is an XML data format specification meant for the exchange of medical classifications, which are code numbers for of medical diagnoses and procedures.

The ClaML specification has first been published as Technical Specification CEN/TS 14463:2003, a 2007 revision of ClaML has been accepted as European Norm EN 14463:2007, which was replaced by ISO 13120:2013.

The ClaML standard has been prepared by Working Group 3 (Semantic Content) of the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Technical Committee (TC) on health informatics, known as ISO/TC 215 WG3.

ClaML has been adopted by the WHO to distribute their family of international classifications.

Specifications availability
As a CEN standard, the ClaML specification is available from the various European national standardisation bodies, and can be found via the CEN website. The specification document includes the Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD can be separately downloaded here DTD ClaML. An unofficial specification with example can be found here ClaML.

External links
 ISO 13120:2019 Health informatics -- Syntax to represent the content of healthcare classification systems -- Classification Markup Language (ClaML)
 ISO/TC 215 Health informatics
 CEN Published Health Informatics Standards
 ClaML example

Markup languages

Classification Markup Language


Vasilis Ntziachristos is a Greek American biomedical engineer, scientist, and inventor best known for his development of fundamental and translational research tools for imaging tissues based on fluorescence and optoacoustics.

Biography
Vasilis Ntziachristos is a Full Professor C4/W3 of Medicine and Electrical Engineering and holds the Chair of Biological Imaging at the Technical University of Munich. He is also the Director of the Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging at the Helmholtz Zentrum München and Director of Bioengineering at the Helmholtz Pioneer Campus. He is a founding member and board member of the translational oncology center TranslaTUM and has led developments leading to the foundation of the Munich School of Bioengineering, where he currently serves as the Speaker of the Study Program.

Ntziachristos studied electrical engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, magnetic resonance as a Research Fellow at the Panum NMR Core Facility of the University of Copenhagen and at the Department of Radiology at Penn Medicine. He matriculated at the graduate program of the bioengineering department of the University of Pennsylvania where he completed a master's degree and a Ph.D. in bioengineering. His doctoral work, entitled "Concurrent magnetic resonance imaging and diffuse optical tomography to probe breast cancer", was carried out under the supervision of Britton Chance, Arjun Yodh and Mitchell Schnall.
Following graduation Ntziachristos joined the faculty ranks of Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, initially as an instructor (2000) and then as an Assistant Professor (2002) and Director of the Laboratory of Bio-optics and Molecular Imaging. In 2007, he was recruited to Munich into a joint call from the Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München.

In 2013, he founded the open-access research journal Photoacoustics, which is the only peer-reviewed journal dedicated entirely to photoacoustic (optoacoustic) research. He currently serves as an editor of Chief of the journal. The journal is served by a Board of highly prominent researchers in the field.

For his work he has been awarded several prestigious awards, including the 2013 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize from the German Research Foundation, considered to be the top scientific distinction in Germany and the 2015 Gold Medal of the World Molecular Imaging Society. For more information on his awards see the section on Prizes and Awards. His work often appears in the press.

The 2018 anniversary report of the Technical University of Munich features a chapter on Vasilis Ntziachristos, naming him as one of three examples of professors that shape the future of the Technical University of Munich.

Research
Ntziachristos is a globally recognized pioneer and entrepreneur in biomedical imaging. One of his focus areas is developing technology for fluorescence-guided surgical procedures for improving the accuracy of tumor removal. He and his collaborators published the first translational study in which a targeted fluorescent agent was systemically injected to distinguish tumor cells from healthy tissue during surgery. This approach is now being validated in several clinical trials . In 2012 Ntziachristos was a founding member of SurgVision, a company that has since commercialized technology from this research.  SurgVision was recently acquired by Bracco Imaging S.p.A.

Recently, Ntziachristos and colleagues have demonstrated early detection of esophageal cancer, significantly improving detection over white light endoscopy. Successful application of this performance may mean life-saving curative procedures for tens of thousands of individuals each year and healthcare savings of several billion EUR per year.

Another focus of Ntziachristos' research is developing optoacoustic techniques for breaking thought the penetration barriers of conventional optical imaging methods. His group develops hardware, image reconstruction, spectral unmixing and information processing techniques as well as applications in biology and medicine. Among many other inventions, he is the inventor of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) and raster scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM), which are non-invasive imaging methods that simultaneously measure different parameters of tissue physiology and pathology non-invasively, allowing new ways to diagnose disease and monitor treatment. MSOT and RSOM are now used in a range of preclinical and clinical studies, including advancing characterization of psoriasis, breast tumors, metastatic melanoma and inflammation in Crohn's disease. MSOT has also been used to visualize metabolism within brown fat, suggesting it may be effective for analyzing muscle energetics and lipid metabolism in a much simpler and more accessible way than with other techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging. Ntziachristos is a founder of iThera Medical GmbH, which currently commercializes optoacoustic technology and has placed systems around the world.

Prizes and awards (selection)
 2004: Named one of the 100 "top inventors" by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Technology Review
 2008: ERC Advanced Investigator Award of the European Research Council
 2010: GO-Bio-Award of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)
 2011: Erwin Schrödinger Prize
 2013: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
 2014: German Innovation Prize
 2015: Gold Medal of the World Molecular Imaging Society
 2015: ERC Advanced Investigator Award of the European Research Council
2019: Chaire d'excellence internationale Blaise Pascal awarded by the Région Île-de-France
2019: IEEE Elected Fellow

References

External links
 Professor Vasilis Ntziachristos' website at the Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging of the Helmholtz Zentrum München
 Website of the Center for Translational Cancer Research of the Technical University of Munich
 Website of the Chair of Biological Imaging at the Technical University of Munich

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Greek expatriates in Germany
Living people
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Harvard University faculty
Massachusetts General Hospital faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Vasilis Ntziachristos


The lokole is a traditional slit drum played by the Mongo people in different areas of the Congo region, e.g., in the Kasai area. It is used both as a musical instrument and as a log drum to send messages in the bush; for example, it is known to be played to announce someone's death to the neighboring villages. It is a deep-sounding slit drum, traditionally made out of a hollow tree trunk. It is beaten with sticks, and can produce a small range of bass notes.

Lokole in pop music
While the lokole has been occasionally employed in modern Congolese music at least since the 1940s, it became prominent in Zairean pop music during the Authenticité campaign (1960s-1970s) that sought to preserve and rediscover the Congolese tradition as opposed to imported, Western habits. It was most notably Zairean singer Papa Wemba who endorsed lokole as an integral part of the sound of his bands, two of which (Isifi Lokole and Yoka Lokole) were actually named after this drum. In the late 1970s, Wemba's band Viva La Musica brought the lokole to the attention of an international audience.

Footnotes

Slit drums
Democratic Republic of the Congo musical instruments

Lokole


Yeti Airlines Pvt. Ltd. (Nepali: यती एअरलाइन्स) is an airline based in Kathmandu, Nepal. The airline was established in May 1998 and received its Air Operators Certificate on 17 August 1998.

Accidents and incidents
 25 May 2004 – Yeti Airlines Flight 117: A Yeti Airlines de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (registration 9N-AFD) cargo flight crashed into a hill on approach to Lukla.
 21 June 2006 – 2006 Yeti Airlines Twin Otter Crash: A DHC-6 Twin Otter registered 9N-AEQ was destroyed in a rice paddy field on approach to Jumla, killing all six passengers and the crew of three.
 8 October 2008 – Yeti Airlines Flight 103: A DHC-6 was destroyed upon landing at Lukla, killing all eighteen passengers and two of the three crew. The captain was the only survivor.
 24 September 2016 – Yeti Airlines Flight 893: A BAe Jetstream 41 registration 9N-AIB en route from Kathmandu to Bhairahawa overran the runway while landing at Gautam Buddha Airport. None of the 29 passengers or crew of 3 were hurt but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 1 March 2019 – Following the 2019 Taplejung helicopter crash, Yeti Airlines halted all of their flights on 1 March 2019 mourning the loss of their managing director Ang Tshering Sherpa.
 12 July 2019 – A Yeti Airlines ATR 72-500 registration 9N-AMM en route from Nepalgunj Airport to Tribhuvan International Airport suffered a runway excursion while landing. All 68 people onboard including the crew of 4 evacuated the aircraft safely. Two of them received minor injuries and were taken to the hospital. A wet runway during the rainy season could have been the cause.
 On 29 May 2022, a 9N-AET Twin Otter Tara Air aircraft with 19 passengers and 3 crew members operating for subsidiary Yeti Airlines as Yeti Airlines Flight 1199 lost contact with the control tower that was travelling from Pokhara-Jomsom shortly after take off. The last contact with the aircraft was made in Lete Pass. The aircraft was found crashed on Sanosware, Thasang 2, Mustang.

References

Airlines of Asia
20th-century establishments in Nepal

Yeti Airlines


A referendum to reform the Constitution of Russia was held from 25 June to 1 July 2020. President Vladimir Putin proposed the referendum during his address to the Federal Assembly on 15 January 2020.

The referendum is legally referred to as an "All-Russian vote" (), for it is not held in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law on the Referendum.

The amendments include sweeping changes to the constitution, including allowing Putin to run again for two more six-year presidential terms.

Originally scheduled for 22 April, the vote was postponed to a later date due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. It had been noted that the initial vote date coincided with the 150th anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's birth.

According to official results, 79% of voters supported the changes to the constitution. There have been allegations and reports of irregularities.

References

July 2020 events
2020 in Russia

2020 Russian constitutional referendum


Just One is a cooperative party game for 3 to 7 players, designed by Ludovic Roudy and Bruno Sautter and published by Repos Production in 2018. In each round of the game, players write down a one word clue for the round's guesser, who must figure out the secret word for the round. Identical clues are discarded before the guesser sees them.

Just One won the 2019 Spiel des Jahres award for the best board game of the year.

Gameplay

The game is played over 13 rounds, during which players give one word clues to the round's guesser to help that person guess the hidden word for the round. Duplicate clues are removed before the guesser sees them, so giving clues which are too obvious can backfire. A right guess scores a point while a wrong one loses a point, with players trying to score as high as possible over the game's rounds. A typical game takes about 20 minutes.

Awards

Just One won the 2019 Spiel Des Jahres award, with the jury saying the game was ingenious for its simplicity. The game was also nominated for the 2018 Golden Geek awards in the Party category.

References

External links

Board games introduced in 2018
Spiel des Jahres winners

Just One (board game)


Kütahya Dumlupınar University is a public university in Kütahya, Turkey. The university began to operate as a new institution under the name of Kütahya Dumlupınar University on 3 July 1992, with the force of governmental decree numbered 3837; before it's been a part of the Anadolu University with The Faculty of Kütahya Economics and Administrative Sciences which was established on 12 October 1974 as The Business Administration High School of Kütahya under the name of  The Economics and Commercial Sciences Academy of Eskişehir.

The university has established and is keeping up close ties with universities abroad including University of Virginia in the United States, Brunel University in the United Kingdom, University of Pécs in Hungary and universities located at the member states of the former Soviet Union. Moreover, DPU hosts or takes part in the conferences, symposia, and cultural events organized by the collaborating institutions. Also the university is a member of the European University Association.

History
Kütahya Dumlupınar University was founded with date of 11 July 1992 and the number of 3837 law. This law also contained the foundation of the four faculties and two institute. Before had continued its activities under the name of Anadolu University Kütahya faculty of economics and administrative sciences and Kütahya vocational school constitute the university's seed.

On 12 October 1974 Kütahya faculty of economics and administrative sciences was founded under the name of Kütahya vocational school of administrative sciences connecting with the Eskişehir academy of economics and commerce sciences and started the education on 4 December 1974. Until 15 February 1979 it continues its activity of education as vocational school and beginning from this time it was transformed to the Kütahya the faculty of administrative sciences by the academy. After that, it was connected to the Eskişehir Anadolu university faculty of economics and administrative sciences with the date of 20 July 1982 and number of 41 governmental decree which has the force of law under the name of Kütahya administrative sciences. School lastly after 3 July 1992 continues its education activities connecting with the Dumlupınar university.

Kütahya vocational school started its education connecting with the minister of education in the 1975–1976 education time. From 11 July 1992 on it continues its education activities connecting with Kütahya Dumlupınar University.

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, faculty of engineering, Simav faculty of technical education, Bilecik faculty of economics and administrative sciences and institutes of science and sociological sciences, Tavşanlı and Gediz vocational schools was found and started their activities in 1993–1994 education time.  With the decision of the committee of advanced studies on 14 February 1994 and the number of 94.5.332 fourteen vocational schools were founded in the ten district of Kütahya and four district of Bilecik. For the 1996/8655 protocol between yök and ministry of health the faculty of health was added the university.  With the date of 14 April 1999 and number of 23666 law the decision which was published in the official gazette the faculty of arts and sciences, faculty of education, faculty of fine arts, faculty of physical education were transformed into faculties.  In the 2005–2006 educational time the practical sciences department was founded.  With the law of 24 May 2006/10493 decision of the ministries institute of health sciences was founded.

With the law of 5662/29 May 2007 Bilecik university was founded and it was divided into one faculty and four vocational schools.

İn 2007 the university continues its education activity with six faculties, three advanced schools, two institutes, totally 26,999 undergraduates, 789 lecturers and 556 administrative personal and in a closed area which covers about 191,965 square meters.

Main campus
Located on the Kütahya-Tavşanlı highway, the main campus houses the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Fine Arts, Institute of Health Science, Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Information, Main Library, Health Centre and various indoor and outdoor sports facilities.

Germiyan campus
The Germiyan campus is located on the Afyon-Kütahya highway eight kilometres away from the city center. The campus houses Kütahya Vocational School, the School of Physical Education and Sports and various indoor and outdoor sports facilities.

The students are being hosted either at public or private dormitories that have the capacity to host all the incoming students; the former located at the city center has a capacity of 2,000 students. Also there are dormitory buildings at the main campus with a capacity of 1,500 students.

DPU provides both its students and the local community with a wide collection of selected publications and regularly updated electronic sources in various fields through its libraries. The university provides its students with computing services offering Internet access in several computer laboratories throughout the university. Moreover, it offers competitive opportunities of research in various areas with its research and development laboratories that hold the latest technological improvements.

Faculties, Departments and Schools

Undergraduate programs
 Faculty of Education
 Computer and Teaching Sciences Training
 Educational Sciences
 Primary Education
 Turkish Training
 Special Training
 Secondary Education Social Sciences Training
 Secondary Education Life Sciences and Math Training
 Faculty of Arts and Sciences
 Math
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
 Biochemistry
 Turkish Language and Literature
 History
 Archaeology
 Sociology
 Western Languages and Literature
 Education Sciences
 Faculty of Fine Arts
 Visual Communication Design
 Painting
 Ceramics and Glass
 Interior Design
 Handicrafts Design and Production
 Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
 Management
 Economics
 Public Administration
 Public Finance
 Political Science and International Relations
 Econometrics
 Human Resources Management
 International Trade and Finance
 Faculty of Theology
 Basic Islamic Sciences
 Philosophy and Divinity
 Islamic History and Arts
 Primary School Teaching of Religion and Ethics
 Faculty of Architecture
 Architecture
 Industrial Design
 City and Zone Planning
 Faculty of Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Mining Engineering
 Materials Science and Engineering
 Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 Industrial Engineering
 Computer Engineering
 Geological Engineering
 Simav Faculty of Technology
 Manufacturing Engineering
 Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 Woodworking Industrial Engineering
 Energy Systems Engineering
 Control Engineering
 Industrial Design Engineering

References

External links
 Official website of Dumlupınar University
 List of EUA Members

Universities and colleges in Turkey
Kütahya Province
Educational institutions established in 1992
Buildings and structures in Kütahya Province
1992 establishments in Turkey

Kütahya Dumlupınar University


John Jett (born November 11, 1968) is a former American football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions. He played college football for East Carolina University. Jett won two Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX.

Early years
Jett attended Northumberland High School where he played football and baseball, receiving All-State honors as a pitcher and outfielder.

Although Jett came to East Carolina University as an unrecruited walk-on athlete, he became a 4-year starter at Punter. He graduated after recording two of the three best single season averages in school history, setting the records for career punting average (40.0) and yards-per-punt average in a season (42.2).

In 2007, he was inducted into the East Carolina Athletics Hall of Fame.

Professional career

Minnesota Vikings
Jett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Minnesota Vikings in 1992 and was released before the start of the season.

Dallas Cowboys
On March 10, 1993, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys and replaced Mike Saxon on the defending Super Bowl champion. He  finished the year with a 41.8 yards gross average, third in the NFC in net punting average (37.7) and led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (39.3%).

In 1994, he had a gross average of 41.9 yards (sixth in the NFC), led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (37.1%) and his 26 punts that landed inside the 20-yard line were the third highest ever in franchise history. In the divisional playoff win against the Green Bay Packers, he registered the third best punting performance in Cowboys playoff history, with a 45.8 yard gross average.

In 1995, he had a gross average of 40.9 yards and a net average of 34.5. After a block, in the NFC Championship Game win against the Green Bay Packers, he went on to average 45.8 yards and tie the mark for the third highest punting average in the franchise postseason history, receiving NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors. The next year, he was fourth in the NFC in net average (36.8 yards).

During his time with the team, he led the NFL in punts inside the 20 yard-line for four straight seasons.

Detroit Lions
Jett was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Lions in 1997, after the salary cap-strapped Cowboys could not afford to re-sign him.

In 2000, he was named as an alternate to the Pro Bowl.

He missed three games with a calf injury in 2001. The next year, he was second in the NFC in net average (38 yards), sixth in gross average (42.2 yards) and third in punts inside the 20-yard line (29).

On October 30, 2003, he was placed on the injured reserve list, with what turned out to be a career-ending calf injury.

References

External links
Mariucci Says Punter Jett 'definitely A Weapon'

1968 births
Living people
American football punters
East Carolina Pirates football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Detroit Lions players
People from Northumberland County, Virginia
Players of American football from Richmond, Virginia

John Jett


Events

January
January 1: The direct-to-DVD film Hulk Vs is released.
January 6: The third and final volume of Hollow Fields has been released.
 January 15: Dutch cartoonist Tom Janssen wins his second Inktspotprijs for Best Political Cartoon.
 January 28: The Dutch comics magazine Eppo returns to the market, after being discontinued for a decade. It manages to remain in print, as of today.

February
The Ultimate Marvel titles Ultimate X-Men and Ultimate Fantastic Four are both cancelled at milestones: Ultimate X-Men's series finale ends issue #100, while Ultimate Fantastic Four's ends at issue #60.
To celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama, Amazing Spider-Man #583 presented an all-new story teaming up President Obama and Spider-Man in "Spidey Meets the President!" The title featured five variant covers.

April
 April 19: In Boechout, Belgium, a memorial plaque is attached to the former house of comic author George Van Raemdonck. A local park and street are renamed after him, with a sculpture of him and his characters Bulletje en Boonestaak inaugurated in the park.
 April 26: Suske en Wiske receive a comics mural near the station of Kalmthout, Belgium.
In honor of Wolverine's 35th anniversary, Marvel Comics announced that numerous Marvel titles would feature Wolverine Art Appreciation Variant covers in April 2009.  Styles will be reminiscent of Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Andy Warhol. The first issues to feature a Wolverine Art Appreciation variant cover were Captain Britain and MI13 #12, Amazing Spider-man #590, Hulk #11, Uncanny X-Men #508, and Secret Warriors #3.
"Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?" was a 2009 story featuring the DC Comics character of Batman.  The story was published in two parts, in the "final" issues of the series Batman (#686) and Detective Comics (#853), released February and April respectively.  Written by Neil Gaiman, pencilled by Andy Kubert, and inked by Scott Williams, the story was purported to be the "last" Batman story in the wake of severe psychological trauma that Batman endures within the Batman R.I.P. story, and his ultimate fate in Final Crisis.
 The 40th and final Sammy album is published. Author Jean-Pol announces his retirement and the end of the series.

May
May 1: X-Men Origins: Wolverine was released in theaters.
 May 19: The final issue of the relaunched version of the German comics magazine Fix und Foxi is published.

June
 June 2: In Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, the Hergé Museum opens its doors.
 June 18: In the Zandstraat/Rue de Sable in Brussels, Belgium, the Marc Sleen Museum opens its doors, the first museum dedicated to a Belgian comics artist while the artist in question, Marc Sleen, is still alive. King Albert II of Belgium officially opens the building.

August
 August 30: A statue of Mafalda is placed on the Plaza Mafalda (named in 2005) in Buenos Aires.
 August 31: The Walt Disney Company buys Marvel Comics.
 Textbook publisher Flat World Knowledge publishes a business-themed graphic novel, Atlas Black: Managing to Succeed.

September
 September: The first episode of Hajime Isayama's Attack on Titan is serialized in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine.
September 9:  It was announced that Paul Levitz would step down as president and Publisher of DC Comics to serve as the Contributing Editor and Overall Consultant for the newly formed DC Entertainment and Diane Nelson would serve as President of the new division.
 September 11: The lifeless body of Japanese manga artist Yoshito Usui (best known for the series Crayon Shin-chan) is found at the bottom of a cliff. He was only 51.
 September 26–27: During the Stripdagen Barbara Stok is the first female comics artist to win the Stripschapprijs. Hanco Kolk, Jean-Marc van Tol and Dutch Minister of Education Ronald Plasterk win the P. Hans Frankfurtherprijs. Ed van Schuijlenburg wins the Bulletje en Boonestaakschaal.

October
October 7: Haunt, an ongoing series created by Todd McFarlane and Robert Kirkman, was launched by Image Comics. The book is written by Kirkman with layouts done by Greg Capullo, pencils by Ryan Ottley, and inks by McFarlane.
 October 15: Albert Uderzo is named doctor honoris causa by the University of Paris.

Specific date unknown
 Iván and Andrés Ramírez Ortiz establish the alternative Costa Rican comics magazine Revista Fotocopia, which will run under the name Ultracomics from August 2010 on and eventually bring out its final issue in 2014.

Deaths

January
 January 12: Susanne Wenger, Austrian illustrator and comics artist (worked for Unsere Zeitung), dies at age 93.
 January 21: Claude Moliterni, French comics writer (Scarlett Dream), critic and historian and co-founder of the Angoulême International Comics Festival, dies at age 76.

February
 February 13: Corky Trinidad, Filipino-American comics artist (Nguyen Charlie), dies from pancreatic cancer at age 69.
 February 20: Joan Marti Aragonés, aka Petronius, Spanish painter and comics artist (made various romance comics for Selecciones Ilustradas, Roxy, Valentine and Marilyn), dies at age 72.

March
 March 8: Mike Van Audenhove, American-Swiss comics artist (Koch Comix, Zürich by Mike), dies at age 51.
 March 31: Juan Bernet Toledano, Spanish comics artist (Altamiro de la Cueva) dies at age 84.

May
 May 1: Ric Estrada, Cuban-American comics artist (worked for DC Comics), dies at age 81 from prostate cancer.
 May 21: Giorgio Bellavitis, Italian comics artist and illustrator, dies at age 72 or 73.
 May 26: Ding Cong, Xiao Ding, Chinese illustrator, cartoonist and comics artist, dies at age 93.

April
 April 2: Frank Springer, American comic artist (The Adventures of Phoebe Zeit-Geist, worked for Marvel Comics), dies at age 79 from prostate cancer.
 April 3: Harry Schlegel, German comics artist (Kapitäns Jonathan Pappendick, Pedro und Coco, Pats Reiseabenteuer Max und Maxi), dies at age 78 or 79.
 April 4: Fritzi Harmsen van Beek, Dutch comics artist (continued Flipje van Tiel), dies at age 81.
 April 23: Jaap van der Pol, aka Larry Oblomov, Dutch photographer, painter, illustrator, collage artist, teacher and comics artist (Het Schoolarchief), dies at age 70.
 April 24: José Miguel Heredia, Argentine comics artist (Perro Mundo, El Doctor Vudú, El Cuaderno Rojo, Ferranio), dies at age 75.

June
 June 9: Dave Simons, American comics artist and animator (worked for Marvel and DC Comics), dies at age 54.
 June 19: Piet Tibos, Belgian comics artist and cartoonist (De Avonturen van Sebedeus en zijn Ploeg), dies at age 78.

July
 July 3: Martin Vaughn-James, British painter, illustrator and comics artist (Elephant, The Projector, The Park, The Cage), dies at age 65.
 July 6:
 Alfons Figueras, Spanish animator and comics artist (Aspirino y Colodión or Topolino, el último héroe, worked on Rabatino y Cebollita), dies at age 86.
 Robert L. Short, American religious leader and writer (The Gospel According to Peanuts), dies at age 86 or 87.
 July 21: Heinz Edelmann, German graphic designer, illustrator, animator, cartoonist and comics artist (Yellow Submarine), dies from heart disease at age 75.
 July 22: John Ryan, British comics artist and animator (Harris Tweed, Extra Special Agent, Captain Pugwash), dies at age 88.
 July 25: Francisco Hidalgo, aka Yves Roy, Spanish comics artist (Doctor Nieblba, Dick Tober, Angel Audaz, Blason d'Argent, Bob Mallard, Teddy Ted) and photographer, dies at age 80.

August
 August 9: Frank Borth, American comics artist and writer (Ken Stuart, wrote There Oughta Be a Law!,  worked for Cracked) dies at age 91.
 August 13: Josette Baujot, Belgian comics artist and colorist (Adventures of Tintin) and wife of Jo-El Azara, dies at age 88.
 August 15: Matej Nemecek, Czech comics artist, dies at age 28.

September
 September 11: Yoshito Usui, Japanese manga artist (Crayon Shin-chan), dies at age 51.
 September 24: Frits Godhelp, Dutch comic artist (Bas en Van der Pluim, worked for the Marten Toonder Studios, Disney comics), dies at age 82.
 September 25: Jean Vermeire, aka Jiv, Belgian comics artist and illustrator (Les Aventures de M. Ding, Les Aventures de Bob), dies at age 88.
 September 26: Carlos Roume, Argentine comics artist, dies at age 85 or 86.
 September 29: Rusty Haller, American comics artist (Hanna-Barbera comics, Looney Tunes comics), dies at age 55.

October
 October 4: Ricardo Garijo, Argentinian comics artist, writer and publisher (founder of the magazine Gurbos, wrote for Commando Comics) dies at age 55.
 October 12: Joe Rosen, American comics letterer (worked for Marvel Comics and DC Comics), dies at age 88.
 October 15: George Tuska, American comics artist (worked on Scorchy Smith, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, Captain Marvel and Iron Man. Created The World's Greatest Superheroes), dies at age 93.
 October 20:
 Attila Dargay, Hungarian animator and comics artist (Kajla), dies at age 82.
 Jef Nys, Belgian comics artist (Jommeke, Met Langteen en Schommelbuik Voorwaarts), dies at age 82.
 October 21:
 Robert Dalmasso, aka Robert Devil, French comics artist (made comics for Éditions Presses Mondiales), dies at age 78 or 79.
 Vernon Henkel, American comics writer and artist (worked for DC Comics, Harvey Comics and Marvel Comics), dies at age 91.
 October 23: Michel Motti, French comics artist (Le Petit Roi Ibello, Nicolas et Nicolette, Disney comics, continued Pif le chien and Placid et Muzo), dies at age 74.
 October 26: Fred McCarthy, creator of Brother Juniper, the only religious-themed comic ever syndicated in daily newspapers internationally, dies at age 91.

November
 November 3: Shel Dorf, American comics letterer (Steve Canyon) and founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International, dies at age 76.
 November 9: Bill Jaaska, American comics artist (continued New Titans and The Incredible Hulk), dies at age 48.
 November 13: François Bel, French comics artist (Phil et Jori, Miss Justine, Sidonie Fleurdepois, Zophyta), dies at age 82.
 November 23: Sonny Trinidad, Filipino comics artist (El Gato, Inday sa Balitaw) dies.
 November 27: Irving Tripp, American comics artist (continued Little Lulu and Nancy, Disney comics, Looney Tunes comics), dies at age 88 from cancer.

December
 December 9:
 Govind Brhamania, Indian comics artist (Bahadur), dies at age 71.
 Xavier Musquera, aka Chris, Spanish comics artist (Melly Brown, Peggy Press, Monsieu Wens, Angie, Miss Blondie), dies at age 66.
 December 10: Jean-Marie Brouyère, Belgian comics writer (Archie Cash, L'Épervier Bleu), dies at age 66.
 December 14: Minami Keizi, Brazilian novelist and comics artist (Tupãzinho), dies at age 54.
 December 27: Geoffrey Bond, aka Alan Jason, British comics writer (Luck of the Legion, Claudia of the Circus, Arty and Crafty, Justin Tyme - ye Hapless Highwayman), dies at age 89.
 December: Nel van Beek, aka Koten, Dutch feminist, poster designer and comics artist (Dol en Mina, Floor Blom), dies at age 75 or 76.

Specific date unknown
 Annette Tison, French novelist and illustrator (Barbapapa), dies at age 75 or 76.
 Wei Qimei, Chinese comics artist, dies at age 84 or 85.

Exhibitions
 May 2–July 12: "Underground Classics: The Transformation of Comics into Comix, 1963-1990" (Chazen Museum of Art, Madison, Wisconsin) — underground comix exhibition curated by James Danky and Denis Kitchen

Conventions
 January 23–25: Phoenix Comicon (Mesa, Arizona) — 7,000 attendees; official guests: David Beaty, Lou Ferrigno, Tiffany Grant, Erin Gray, Matt Greenfield, Reuben Langdon, Yuri Lowenthal, Tara Platt, Christophe Tang, and Wil Wheaton
 January 29–February 1: Angoulême International Comics Festival (Angoulême, France)
 February: Convention du Lac (Lake Charles, Louisiana)
 February 6–8: New York Comic Con (New York City, US)
 February 14–15: Hi-Ex (Inverness, Scotland) — guests included John Higgins, Leah Moore, Mike McMahon, and Frank Quitely
 February 27–March 1: MegaCon (Orange County Convention Center, Orlando, Florida) — 40,000 attendees; guests include Peter S. Beagle, Jim Cheung, Colleen Clinkenbeard, Aaron Dismuke, Lou Ferrigno, Caitlin Glass, Peter Mayhew, Vic Mignogna, George Moss, Paul Pelletier, George Pérez, William Tucci, and Mark Waid
 February 27–March 1: WonderCon (Moscone Center, San Francisco, California)
 March 7: STAPLE! (Monarch Event Center, Austin, Texas)
 March 27: UK Web & Mini Comix Thing (Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London) — guests include Richard Stevens, Meredith Gran, Sarah McIntyre, Woodrow Phoenix, and James Turner
 April 4: FLUKE Mini-Comics & Zine Festival (Tasty World, Athens, Georgia)
 April 4–5: Emerald City ComiCon (Washington State Convention & Trade Center, Seattle, Washington, US) — 13,000 attendees; guests: Humberto Ramos, Barry Kitson, Darwyn Cooke, Mark Brooks, Joe Casey, Christos Gage, Jimmy Palmiotti, Amanda Conner, Frank Cho, Stuart Immonen, Adam Hughes, Steve Niles, Joseph Michael Linsner, Adi Granov, Mark Waid, Matt Fraction, Stan Sakai, Tony Harris, Brian Michael Bendis, Becky Cloonan, Vasilis Losos, James Kochalka, David Peterson, Paul Smith, Patrick Gleason, Mark Texeira, Brian Denham, Joe Jusko, Stephen Silver, Rick Remender, Gene Ha, Mike Huddleson, and Tim Sale
 April 18–19: Small Press and Alternative Comics Expo (S.P.A.C.E.) (Aladdin Shrine Center, Columbus, Ohio)
 April 18–19: Stumptown Comics Fest (Double Tree Convention Hall, Portland, Oregon) — guest of honor: Craig Thompson
 April 18–19: Toronto ComiCON Fan Appreciation Event (Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
 May 9–10: Bristol Comic Expo (Ramada and Mercure hotels, Bristol, UK) — guests include Dan DiDio and Bob Wayne
 May 9–10: Toronto Comic Arts Festival (Toronto Reference Library, Toronto, Canada)
 May 15–17: Motor City Comic Con (Rock Financial Showplace, Novi, Michigan, US) — guests include Art Baltazar, Dwayne McDuffie, Guy Davis, Carrie Fisher, John Schneider, Aaron Douglas, Michael Hogan, Kristy Swanson, Julie Newmar, Doug Jones, Catherine Bach, Garrett Wang, and Joyce DeWitt
 May 15–16: East Coast Black Age of Comics Convention (Free Library and Crowne Plaza Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) — guests include Kevin Grevioux, Jamal Igle, Reggie Byers, Leslie Esdaile Banks, and Eric Battle; presentation of the Glyph Comics Awards
 June 6–7: MoCCA Festival (69th Regiment Armory, New York City, US)
 June 12–14: Adventure Con 2009 — Summer (Knoxville Convention Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, US) — guest of honor: Arthur Suydam
 June 19–21: Heroes Convention (Charlotte Convention Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, US) — guests include Mark Bagley, Liz Baillie, John Beatty, Brian Michael Bendis, Ivan Brandon, Ed Brubaker, Cliff Chiang, Jeremy Dale, Guy Davis, Vito Delsante, Colleen Doran, Nathan Edmondson, Matt Fraction, Bryan J. L. Glass, Michael Golden, Adam Hughes, Jamal Igle, Bob McLeod, Carla Speed McNeil, Steve McNiven, Chris Moreno, Jim Ottaviani, George Pérez, David Petersen, Don Rosa, Jeff Smith, Ben Templesmith, Loston Wallace, and Daniel Way
 July 18–19: London Film and Comic Con (Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, England, UK)
 July 23–26: San Diego Comic-Con International (San Diego, California, US) — 126,000 attendees; guests include Forrest J. Ackerman, Sergio Aragonés, Kyle Baker, Ralph Bakshi, Mike W. Barr, Lynda Barry, Frank Beddor, Ray Bradbury, Steve Breen, Max Brooks, Ed Brubaker, Matt Busch, Jim Butcher, Eddie Campbell, Howard Chaykin, Kim Deitch, Mark Evanier, Al Feldstein, Keith Giffen, Neil Googe, Victor Gorelick, Mike Grell, Paul Gulacy, Joe Hill, Bryan Hitch, John Howe, Al Jaffee, Geoff Johns, J. G. Jones, Todd Klein, Dean Koontz, Tite Kubo, Verne Langdon, Jim Lee, Rutu Modan, Noel Neill, Floyd Norman, Jim Ottaviani, Mike Peters, Wendy Pini, Steve Purcell, Robert J. Sawyer, James Shoop, Jim Starlin, Joe Staton, J. Michael Straczynski, Adrian Tomine, Ethan Van Sciver, James Warren, Jeff Watts, Signe Wilkinson, Bill Willingham, Connie Willis, Jim Woodring, Bernie Wrightson, Dean Yeagle, Neil Patrick Harris, and more
 August 6–9: Wizard World Chicago (Rosemont, Illinois, US)
 August 15–16: "CAPTION is Away with the Fairies" (East Oxford Community Centre, Oxford, England, UK)
 August 15–16: Dallas Comic Con 13 (Richardson Civic Center, Richardson, Texas) — guests include Paul Smith, Steve Niles, Bill Sienkiewicz, J. Scott Campbell, Cal Slayton, and many more
 August 22–23: "miniMegaCon" (Orlando, Florida) — guests include Buffy the Vampire Slayer actors Charisma Carpenter, Emma Caulfield, Amber Benson, and Adam Busch
 August 28–30: Fan Expo Canada (Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) — 59,000 attendees; guests include Leonard Nimoy, Bruce Campbell, Linda Hamilton, Thomas Dekker, Avery Brooks, Beau Bridges, Mary McDonnell, Billy Dee Williams, Walter Koenig, James Kyson Lee, Robert Duncan McNeill, Emma Caulfield, Lou Ferrigno, Dave Thomas, Leslie Nielsen, Larry Thomas, J. Michael Straczynski, Roger Corman, Udo Kier, Barbara Steele, James Duval, Max Brooks, Rick Green, Jack Ketchum, Joe Quesada, Chris Bachalo, Mike Deodato Jr., Ethan Van Sciver, Ivan Reis, Terry Dodson, David Finch, Olivier Coipel, Len Wein, Bill Sienkiewicz, Stuart Immonen, Yoshinori Ono, Scott McNeil, Crispin Freeman, Brad Swaile, Colleen Clinkenbeard, Aaron Dismuke, Monica Rial, Derek Stephen Prince, Steve Downes, Victor Lucas, Lil Poison, Scott C. Jones, and surprise guest Tobin Bell
 September 4–7: Dragon Con (Hyatt Regency Atlanta/Marriott Marquis/Atlanta Hilton/Sheraton, Atlanta, Georgia, US) — 30,000+ attendees; guests include William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, Patrick Stewart, Adam Savage, Terry Gilliam, Malcolm McDowell, Lois McMaster Bujold, Mike Mignola, and Tom Felton
 September 11–13: Pittsburgh Comicon (Monroeville Convention Center, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, US) — 9,000 attendees; guest of honor: Stan Lee; other guests include Beau Smith, Billy Tucci, Khoi Pham, Robyn Moore, Bethany Barbis, Scott James, Sean McKeever, Joe Jusko, Pat Olliffe, Ron Frenz, Brian Pulido, Dawn Best, and Dan Fraga
 September 19–20: Montreal Comiccon (Place Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec) — 4,000 attendees; guests include Lou Ferrigno, Jeremy Bulloch and The Honky Tonk Man, with Brad Swaile
 September 26–27: Small Press Expo (Bethesda, Maryland, US)
 October 3–4: Mid-Ohio Con (Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio)
 October 9–10: Komikazen (Ravenna, Italy) — guests include Dave McKean (guest of honor), Peter Kuper, Carlos Trillo, Gianluca Costantini, Davide Toffolo, Gianfranco Bettin, and Paul Gravett
 October 10–11: Baltimore Comic-Con (Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, Maryland, US)
 October 16–18: Wizard World Big Apple Comic Con (Pier 94, New York City, US) — first iteration of the show under Wizard Entertainment
 October 17–18 Alternative Press Expo (San Francisco, California, US)
 October 24–25: Adventure Con 2009 — Fall (Pigeon Forge Convention Center, Grand Hotel, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, US)
 October 31-November 1: Manitoba Comic Con (Winnipeg Convention Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) — guests include Adam West, Julie Newmar, Marv Wolfman, Tommy Castillo, Nigel Sade, Echo Chernik, and Lucie Brouillard
 November 5–26: Comica — London International Comics Festival (Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England, UK) — organized by Paul Gravett; at various times guests include Apostolos Doxiadis, Marcus de Sautoy, Ben Templesmith, Philip Ridley, Sarah McIntyre, Cameron Stewart, Gerry Finley-Day, Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons, Phil Clarke, Derek "Bram" Stokes, Eddie Campbell, James Jean, Tara McPherson, Reinhard Kleist, Charles Shaar Murray, Willy Linthout, and Michael Rosen. Partnering with Ctrl.Alt.Shift, the festival produced Ctrl.Alt.Shift  Unmasks Corruption, a comics anthology edited by Gravett, featuring short stories looking at examples of corruption in the real world. It included contributions by comics creators like Pat Mills, Bryan Talbot, Dave McKean, Woodrow Phoenix, Peter Kuper, Dylan Horrocks, and Dan Goldman. An exhibition was held at the Lazarides Gallery in London to mark the launch; the exhibition included examples of misguided previous attempts to produce worthy comic books.
 November 28: Genghis Con (Beachland Ballroom, Cleveland, Ohio) — first edition of this show, organized by local retailer Scott Rudge and comics creator John G.; guests include Derf Backderf, Mike Gustovich, Gary Dumm, and Greg Budgett

First issues by title
Batman and Robin
Release: June by DC Comics. Writer: Grant Morrison Artists: Frank Quitely, Philip Tan.

Go Beerkada: Rise of the Jhologs
Release: October. Writer and Artist: Lyndon Gregorio

Black Panther Vol. 5
Release: February by Marvel Comics. Writer: Reginald Wudlin Artist: Ken Lashley.

Blood Upon the Rose
Release: by O'Brien Press. Writer and Artist: Gerry Hunt

Cowboy Ninja Viking
Release: August by Shadowline. Writer: A. J. Lieberman Artist: Riley Rossmo

The Flash: Rebirth
Release: March by DC Comics. Writer: Geoff Johns Artist: Ethan Van Sciver.

Blackest Night
Release: Summer by DC Comics. Writer: Geoff Johns Artist: Ivan Reis.

Mysterius: The Unfathomable
Release: March by Wildstorm. Writers: Jeff Parker Artist: Tom Fowler

Push
Release: January by Wildstorm. Writers: Marc Bernardin and Adam Freeman Artist: Bruno Redondo

R.E.B.E.L.S.
Release: February by DC Comics. Writer: Tony Bedard Artists: Andy Clarke, Claude St. Aubin.

Tumor
Release: October by Arcaia Studios Press. Writer: Joshua Hale Fialkov Artist: Noel Tuazon

See also
List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers of 2009

Notes

2009 in comics


Matjan Berbisik (Indonesian for Whispering Tiger; Perfected Spelling: Macan Berbisik, also known by the Dutch title De Fluisterende Tijger) is a 1940 film from the Dutch East Indies which was directed by Tan Tjoei Hock and produced by The Teng Chun. Starring Hadidjah and Mohamad Mochtar, the film follows two men who are raised as brothers and compete for the love of the same woman. A copy of the black-and-white film, which featured keroncong music, is stored at Sinematek Indonesia.

Plot
Djaja (Bissoe) has disappeared, leaving his son Hamid with Sanip (Said) in a rural village. The boy is raised together with Sanip's son Usman, two years older. When the two are adults, Usman falls for Zainab (Hadidjah). She, however, prefers Hamid (Mohamad Mochtar). Jealous, Usman convinces his friends to rough up Hamid, who ultimately falls off a cliff. Thinking Hamid dead, Usman continues to woo Zainab. However, when it appears she will accept him, Hamid returns. The film climaxes with two large battles.

Production
Matjan Berbisik was directed by Tan Tjoei Hock and produced by The Teng Chun for Action Film, a subsidiary of Java Industrial Film (JIF). Tan had previously worked for The on Dasima in 1940. Tan wrote the black-and-white film's script, while Mas Sardi handled music. The title was derived from an Indonesian belief that a person could house the soul of a tiger: vicious, hungry, and dangerous.

The film starred Mohamad Mochtar and Hadidjah, who had first acted together in The's Alang-Alang (Grass; 1939) and were promoted as a celebrity couple in competition with Raden Mochtar and Roekiah of Tan's Film. Other cast members included Bissoe and Said. Bissoe had been acting for JIF since Oh Iboe (Oh Mother) some two years previously. The keroncong singer Miss Soelami made an appearance, providing vocals; keroncong, traditional music with Portuguese influences, had become common in films following the success of Albert Balink's Terang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937.

Release and reception
Matjan Berbisik premiered in 1940, one of six films released by JIF and Action Film that year. Also shown with the Dutch title De Fluisterende Tijger, the film was promoted as being for all ages. An anonymous review in the Surabaya-based Soerabaijasch Handelsblad was positive, praising the visuals and a comic performance. The reviewer did, however, take issue with the production's sound quality and tendency of its actors to attempt and employ Westernised fighting techniques.

Action Film and JIF continued producing films until the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Indies began in February 1942, leading to the closing of all but one film studio. The cast of Matjan Berbisik remained with JIF, as did Tan, who directed another seven films. According to JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia (Catalogue of Indonesian Films), a copy of Matjan Berbisik is stored at Sinematek Indonesia in Jakarta.

References

Works cited

External links

Dutch East Indies films
Films directed by Tan Tjoei Hock
Indonesian black-and-white films
Indonesian drama films
1940 drama films
1940 films

Matjan Berbisik


Deia (in Basque, The call) is a Basque Country newspaper founded in 1977, with a Basque nationalistic perspective.

The newspaper is bilingual in character though principally written in Spanish with some articles in Basque. Deia is the main product of the Editorial Iparraguirre S.A. (EISA).  Although their initial objective was to cover news in the whole of  País Vasco, they actually have as their tag line  Noticias de Bizkaia, as their principle market is in Vizcaya, where they are the second largest newspaper in the city. Deia is part of the newspaper group Grupo Noticias, which includes several other Spanish newspapers including Diario de Noticias in Navarra, Noticias de Gipuzkoa in Guipúzcoa and Noticias de Álava en Álava.

The current director of the newspaper is Iñaki González Torre.

History
Deia, together with other publications by their publishing company, was created by the Partido Nacionalista Vasco with the objective of providing news for moderates in Basque nationalist movement. Among its early the promoters and founders were nationalists like Mitxel Unzueta, Luzio Aginagalde, Luis María Retolaza and Eli Galdós. The first edition was published on 8 June 1977, with Ignacio Iriarte Areso serving as their first director. Their first sub-editors were Alfonso Ventura, Martín Ugalde, and Félix García Olano. Manuel Igarreta and Fernando Múgica served as the first editors-in-chief.

The first edition was published with extraordinary speed, only three months after the founding of their parent organization Editorial Iparraguirre. Founded on 21 March 1977 with an initial capital investment of 40 million pesetas, they started with 25 founding members in their organization. Months later, they increased their initial capital through a series of popular subscription offers and by adding 600 shareholders. Two conditions assisted in the speed of their launch.  The first was the first democratic elections in Spain, which were scheduled to be held on 15 June 1977.  The second was that two other Basque nationalist societies,  "Orain" and "Ardatza", were already working to create left leaning nationalist newspapers. Deia wanted to and did become the first Basque nationalist newspaper published in post-Franco Spain.

Among Deia's founding principles were the highlighting of timely and accurate information as well as focusing on news about individual and collective human rights, promoting solidarity of Basque society, defending Basque tradition, culture, language, politics, social life and family, alongside the promotion of the coexistence of its inhabitants within democratic institutions. Although at an early stage Deia assumed the daily role of unifying of all current opinions that opposed the dictatorship, their lack of definition made the daily newspaper seek a closer identification with the moderate Basque nationalists, represented publicly by the Partido Nacionalista Vasco.

Bibliography
 José María Caminos Marcet, La prensa diaria en el País Vasco, Ed. Orain, 1997. .

References

External links
 Online version of Deia

Bilingual newspapers
Spanish-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1977
Mass media in Bilbao

Deia (newspaper)


A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, misbehavior, and often child neglect or abuse or all of the above on the part of individual parents occur continuously and regularly. Children that grow up in such families may think such a situation is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a result of two adults, one typically overtly abusive and the other codependent, and may also be affected by substance abuse or other forms of addiction, or sometimes by an untreated mental illness. Parents having grown up in a dysfunctional family may over-correct or emulate their own parents. In some cases, the dominant parent will abuse or neglect their children and the other parent will not object, misleading a child to assume blame.

Examples
Dysfunctional family members have common features and behavior patterns as a result of their experiences within the family structure. This tends to reinforce the dysfunctional behavior, either through enabling or perpetuation. The family unit can be affected by a variety of factors.

Common features

Nearly universal
Some features are common to most dysfunctional families:
 Lack of empathy, understanding, and sensitivity towards certain family members, while expressing extreme empathy or appeasement towards one or more members who have real or perceived "special needs". In other words, one family member continuously receives far more than they deserve, while another is marginalized.
 Denial (refusal to acknowledge abusive behavior, possibly believing that the situation is normal or even beneficial; also known as the "elephant in the room".)
 Inadequate or missing boundaries for self (e.g. tolerating inappropriate treatment from others, failing to express what is acceptable and unacceptable treatment, tolerance of physical, emotional or sexual abuse.)
 Disrespect of others' boundaries (e.g. physical contact that other person dislikes; breaking important promises without just cause; purposefully violating a boundary another person has expressed.)
 Extremes in conflict (either too much fighting or insufficient peaceful arguing between family members.)
 Unequal or unfair treatment of one or more family members due to their birth order, gender, age, family role (mother, etc.), abilities, race, caste, etc. (may include frequent appeasement of one member at the expense of others, or an uneven/inconsistent enforcement of rules.)

Not universal
Though not universal among dysfunctional families, and by no means exclusive to them, the following features are typical of dysfunctional families:
 Abnormally high levels of jealousy or other controlling behaviors.
 Conflict influenced by marital status:
 Between separated or divorced parents, usually related to, or arising from their breakup.
 Conflict between parents who remain married, often for the perceived "sake" of the children, but whose separation or divorce would in fact remove a detrimental influence on those children (must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, as a breakup may harm children.)
 Parents who wish to divorce, but cannot due to financial, societal (including religious), or legal reasons.
 Children afraid to talk (within or outside the family) about what is happening at home, or are otherwise fearful of their parents.
 Abnormal sexual behavior such as adultery, promiscuity, or incest.
 Lack of time spent together, especially in recreational activities and social events ("We never do anything as a family.")
 Parents insist that they treat their children fairly and equitably when that is not the case.
 Family members (including children) who disown each other, or refuse to be seen together in public (either unilaterally or bilaterally.)
 Children of parents who are experiencing a substance use disorder or who engage in binge drinking have an increased tendency to adopt substance use disorders later in life.

Specific examples
There are certain times where families can become dysfunctional due to specific situational examples. Some of these include difficulty integrating into a new culture, strain in the relationship between nuclear and extended family members, children in a rebellion phase, and ideological differences in belief systems.

Laundry List

The program "Adult Children of Alcoholics" includes something labeled as a "Laundry List". The Laundry List is core literature of the program Adult Children of Alcoholics. This list has 14 different statements that relate to being an adult child of a parent with an alcohol addiction. These statements provide commentary on how children have been affected by the trauma of having alcoholic parents. Some highlights of the statements include, "confusing love and pity", "having low self-esteem", and having a "loss of identity". The Laundry list is a helpful tool in group therapy in order to show families that they are not alone in their struggles. Female children whose parents were alcoholics have an increased risk of developing depression. Male children of alcoholics are at a significantly higher risk for developing a substance use disorder.

Parenting

Unhealthy signs
Unhealthy parenting signs, which could lead to a family becoming dysfunctional include:
 Unrealistic expectations
 Ridicule
 Conditional love
 Disrespect; especially contempt.
 Emotional intolerance (family members not allowed to express the "wrong" emotions.)
 Social dysfunction or isolation (for example, parents unwilling to reach out to other families—especially those with children of the same gender and approximate age, or do nothing to help their "friendless" child.)
 Stifled speech (children not allowed to dissent or question authority.)
 Denial of an "inner life" (children are not allowed to develop their own value systems.)
 Being under- or over-protective
 Apathy ("I don't care!")
 Belittling ("You can't do anything right!")
 Shame ("Shame on you!")
 Bitterness (regardless of what is said, using a bitter tone of voice.)
 Hypocrisy ("Do as I say, not as I do.")
 Lack of forgiveness for minor misdeeds or accidents
 Judgmental statements or demonization ("You are a liar!")
 Being overly critical and withholding proper praise. (experts say 80–90% praise, and 10–20% constructive criticism is the most healthy.)
 Double standards or giving "mixed messages" by having a dual system of values (i.e. one set for the outside world, another when in private, or teaching divergent values to each child.)
 The absentee parent (seldom available for their child due to work overload, alcohol/drug abuse, gambling, or other addictions.)
 Unfulfilled projects, activities, and promises affecting children ("We'll do it later.")
 Giving to one child what rightly belongs to another
 Gender prejudice (treats one gender of children fairly; the other unfairly.)
 Discussion and exposure to sexuality: either too much, too soon or too little, too late
 Faulty discipline based more on emotions or family politics than on established rules (e.g., punishment by "surprise".)
 Having an unpredictable emotional state due to substance abuse, personality disorder(s), or stress
 Parents always (or never) take their children's side when others report acts of misbehavior, or teachers report problems at school
 Scapegoating (knowingly or recklessly blaming one child for the misdeeds of another)
 "Tunnel vision" diagnosis of children's problems (for example, a parent may think their child is either lazy or has learning disabilities after he falls behind in school despite recent absence due to illness.)
 Older siblings given either no or excessive authority over younger siblings with respect to their age difference and level of maturity.
 Frequent withholding of consent ("blessing") for culturally common, lawful, and age-appropriate activities a child wants to take part in
 The "know-it-all" (has no need to obtain child's side of the story when accusing, or listen to child's opinions on matters which greatly impact them.)
 Regularly forcing children to attend activities for which they are extremely over- or under-qualified (e.g. using a preschool to babysit a typical nine-year-old boy, taking a young child to poker games, etc.)
 Either being a miser ("scrooge") in totality or selectively allowing children's needs to go unmet (e.g. a father will not buy a bicycle for his son because he wants to save money for retirement or "something important".)
 Disagreements about nature and nurture (parents, often non-biological, blame common problems on child's heredity, when faulty parenting may be the actual cause.)

Dysfunctional styles

"Children as pawns"
One common dysfunctional parental behavior is a parent's manipulation of a child in order to achieve some outcome adverse to the other parent's rights or interests. Examples include verbal manipulation such as spreading gossip about the other parent, communicating with the parent through the child (and in the process exposing the child to the risks of the other parent's displeasure with that communication) rather than doing so directly, trying to obtain information through the child (spying), or causing the child to dislike the other parent, with insufficient or no concern for the damaging effects of the parent's behavior on the child. While many instances of such manipulation occur in shared custody situations that have resulted from separation or divorce, it can also take place in intact families, where it is known as triangulation.

List of other dysfunctional styles
 "Using" (destructively narcissistic parents who rule by fear and conditional love.)
 Abusing (parents who use physical violence, or emotionally, or sexually abuse their children.)
 Perfectionist (fixating on order, prestige, power, or perfect appearances, while preventing their child from failing at anything.)
 Dogmatic or cult-like (harsh and inflexible discipline, with children not allowed, within reason, to dissent, question authority, or develop their own value system.)
 Inequitable parenting (going to extremes for one child while continually ignoring the needs of another.)
 Deprivation (control or neglect by withholding love, support, necessities, sympathy, praise, attention, encouragement, supervision, or otherwise putting their children's well-being at risk.)
 Abuse among siblings (parents fail to intervene when a sibling physically or sexually abuses another sibling.)
 Abandonment (a parent who willfully separates from their children, not wishing any further contact, and in some cases without locating alternative, long-term parenting arrangements, leaving them as orphans.)
 Appeasement (parents who reward bad behavior—even by their own standards—and inevitably punish another child's good behavior in order to maintain the peace and avoid temper tantrums. "Peace at any price.")
 Loyalty manipulation (giving unearned rewards and lavish attention trying to ensure a favored, yet rebellious child will be the one most loyal and well-behaved, while subtly ignoring the wants and needs of their most loyal child currently.)
 "Helicopter parenting" (parents who micro-manage their children's lives or relationships among siblings—especially minor conflicts.)
 "The deceivers" (well-regarded parents in the community, likely to be involved in some charitable/non-profit works, who abuse or mistreat one or more of their children.)
 "Public image manager" (sometimes related to above, children warned to not disclose what fights, abuse, or damage happens at home, or face severe punishment "Don't tell anyone what goes on in this family".)
 "The paranoid parent" (a parent having persistent and irrational fear accompanied by anger and false accusations that their child is up to no good or others are plotting harm.)
 "No friends allowed" (parents discourage, prohibit, or interfere with their child from making friends of the same age and gender.)
 Role reversal (parents who expect their minor children to take care of them instead.)
 "Not your business" (children continuously told that a particular brother or sister who is often causing problems is none of their concern.)
 Ultra-egalitarianism (either a much younger child is permitted to do whatever an older child may, or an older child must wait years until a younger child is mature enough.)
 "The guard dog" (a parent who blindly attacks family members perceived as causing the slightest upset to their esteemed spouse, partner, or child.)
 "My baby forever" (a parent who will not allow one or more of their young children to grow up and begin taking care of themselves.)
 "The cheerleader" (one parent "cheers on" the other parent who is simultaneously abusing their child.)
 "Along for the ride" (a reluctant de facto, step, foster, or adoptive parent who does not truly care about their non-biological child, but must co-exist in the same home for the sake of their spouse or partner) (See also: Cinderella effect).
 "The politician" (a parent who repeatedly makes or agrees to children's promises while having little to no intention of keeping them.)
 "It's taboo" (parents rebuff any questions children may have about sexuality, pregnancy, romance, puberty, certain areas of human anatomy, nudity, etc.)
 Identified patient (one child, usually selected by the mother, who is forced into going to therapy while the family's overall dysfunction is kept hidden.)
 Münchausen syndrome by proxy (a much more extreme situation than above, where the child is intentionally made ill by a parent seeking attention from physicians and other professionals.)

Dynamical
Coalitions are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are thought to be a sign of family dysfunction.

 The isolated family member (either a parent or child up against the rest of the otherwise united family.)
 Parent vs. parent (frequent fights amongst adults, whether married, divorced, or separated, conducted away from the children.)
 The polarized family (a parent and one or more children on each side of the conflict.)
 Parents vs. kids (intergenerational conflict, generation gap or culture shock dysfunction.)
 The balkanized family (named after the three-way war in the Balkans where alliances shift back and forth.)
 Free-for-all (a family that fights in a "free-for-all" style, though may become polarized when range of possible choices is limited.)

Children
Unlike divorce, and to a lesser extent, separation, there is often no record of an "intact" family being dysfunctional. As a result, friends, relatives, and teachers of such children may be completely unaware of the situation. In addition, a child may be unfairly blamed for the family's dysfunction, and placed under even greater stress than those whose parents separate.

The six basic roles
Children growing up in a dysfunctional family have been known to adopt or be assigned one or more of the following six basic roles:
 The Golden Child (also known as the Hero or Superkid): a child who becomes a high achiever or overachiever outside the family (e.g., in academics or athletics) as a means of escaping the dysfunctional family environment, defining themselves independently of their role in the dysfunctional family, currying favor with parents, or shielding themselves from criticism by family members.
 The Problem Child, Rebel, or Truth Teller: the child who a) causes most problems related to the family's dysfunction or b) "acts out" in response to preexisting family dysfunction, in the latter case often in an attempt to divert attention paid to another member who exhibits a pattern of similar misbehavior.
 A variant of the "problem child" role is the Scapegoat, who is unjustifiably assigned the "problem child" role by others within the family or even wrongfully blamed by other family members for those members' own individual or collective dysfunction, often despite being the only emotionally stable member of the family.
 The Caretaker: the one who takes responsibility for the emotional well-being of the family, often assuming a parental role; the intra-familial counterpart of the "Good Child"/"Superkid."
 The Lost Child or Passive Kid: the inconspicuous, introverted, quiet one, whose needs are usually ignored or hidden.
 The Mascot or Family Clown: uses comedy to divert attention away from the increasingly dysfunctional family system.
 The Mastermind: the opportunist who capitalizes on the other family members' faults to get whatever they want; often the object of appeasement by grown-ups.

Effects on children
Children that are a product of dysfunctional families, either at the time or as they grow older, may exhibit behavior that is inappropriate for their expected stage of development due to psychological distress.  Children of dysfunctional families may also behave in a manner that is relatively immature when compared to their peers. Conversely, other children may appear to emotionally "grow up too fast"; or be in a mixed mode (e.g. well-behaved, but unable to care for themselves.) Children from dysfunctional environments also have a tendency to demonstrate learned unhealthy attachments due to intergenerational dysfunctional parenting.

The effects of a disordered upbringing may induce an array of mental health issues, including depression and anxiety. A disordered family environment unfortunately places these young individuals at a higher risk of engaging in more severe actions of self-harm and problematic conduct. This troubled environment can also subject the youth to a significantly higher risk of becoming addicted to drugs or developing alcoholism, especially if parents or close peers have a history of substance use. Numerous studies have determined that deviant peer associations are generally associated with substance use and that parental use can account for one-half to two-thirds of future instances of chemical dependency. There is also an increased risk of the young individual developing behavioral addictions in the forms of gambling, pornography addictions, or engaging in other future detrimental activities such as compulsive spending.

Children who are raised in dysfunctional environments are also at a higher risk of developing an eating disorder, including anorexia nervosa or binge eating disorder as an emotional coping method due to psychological distress.

These young individuals may also have difficulty forming and maintaining healthy relationships within their peer group, due to social apprehensions, possible personality disorders, or post-traumatic stress disorders.  A child may also demonstrate oppositional defiant characteristics by rebelling against parental authority, and non-family adults, or conversely, upholding their family's values in the face of peer pressure. Children of disordered environments may also demonstrate a lack of self-discipline when their parents are not around, or develop procrastinating tendencies that can have detrimental effects on their educational/occupational obligations.

Additionally, children may demonstrate social inadequacies by spending an inordinate amount of time engaging in activities that lack in-person social interaction. This disordered upbringing can also promote the child to project aggressive behaviors on their peers by bullying or harassing others or becoming a victim of bullying.  Both of these roles often lead to an elevated risk of the child having low self-esteem issues, increased prevalence of isolation, and difficulties expressing emotions, a common effect related to emotional and physical abuse.

A lack of parental structure and positive peer influences can lead young individuals to seek alternative forms of peer alliances, including peer groups that engage in juvenile delinquency and those who perform acts that are knowingly illegal or demonstrate symptoms of an oppositional defiant disorder. This habitual behavior and environmental factors can also lead the troubled youth to a life of crime, or to become involved in gang activity.

This lack of socially normative structure and defiant behavior is also notable in cases where sexual abuse was prevalent.  Early sexual experiences can lead to sexually inappropriate behavior that could lead to future interest in pedophilia, or facing charges that can result in the individual becoming a sex offender. A 1999 study determined that children who had experienced abusive sexual experiences, "as compared to those without, were more likely to be victims of physical family violence, to have run away, to be substance abusers, and to have family members with drug or alcohol problems" (Kellogg et al, 1999).  Additionally, the young individual may be at an elevated risk of becoming poor or homeless, even in cases where the child's environment consisted of an average/above-average socioeconomic standing.

Further socialization problems can be demonstrated by children of dysfunctional families, including habitual or sudden academic performance problems. This notion can be more apparent as the child may exhibit a severe lack of organizational skills in their day-to-day lives. These individuals are also at an elevated inability to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships, which often includes distrusting others or even demonstrating paranoid behaviors that can be indicative of childhood trauma-induced psychosis and schizophrenia. There is also a higher probability of the youth engaging in future unstable empathetical relationships, with higher tendencies to engage in more risky behavior, including sex with multiple partners, becoming pregnant, or becoming a parent of illegitimate children.

Further dysfunctional behaviors can be perpetuated in other future relationships.  An individual that was raised in a dysfunctional home environment may also pass this learned behavior on to their offspring, including their substance use habits, conflict resolution methods, and learned social boundaries. These social inadequacies can result in individuals demonstrating self-protective behaviors, to compensate for the difference in their childhoods, as they may have the inability to practice positive self-care and effective emotional coping strategies.

Positive Outcomes

Although there are many negative outcomes that came come from growing up in a dysfunctional household, the brain can be able to produce positive ones as well. As discussed in the article, "Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families", resilience is something that can come out of these obstacles in children's lives and make for a brighter future. Resilience is defined as something positive that is able to be brought forth from negative experiences in childhood. (Resilience in Adult Children of Alcoholics: A Nonpathological Approach to Social Work Practice). This refers to the ability for children who go through many hardships with their parents growing up to be able to take those hardships and learn from them in order to develop better coping strategies and find meaning in their futures. For example, when children find themselves in a dysfunctional family thefe, they may take the route of either isolating themselves, or reaching out for help. When children reach out for help, they can develop resiliency over time by fostering positive relationships with guidance counselors, or other trusted adults that will continue to stay strong after they become adults themselves.

Resilience is also something that can be strengthened through community settings and positive interactions with others. A dysfunctional family can create a large amount of trauma for children that they may carry into their adult lives. Although different families may create different types of trauma for children, the way that trauma is processed is very similar. When children are able to bond and help each other through the process of dealing with trauma, they can find comfort, which in turn promotes resiliency. What trauma tends to do is make people feel like there is something wrong with them, and they should keep themselves away from the rest of society. This is why recognizing that one is not alone in their struggles is an extremely powerful thing.

Resources and Hope

The organization Adult Children of Alcoholics and Dysfunctional Families (ACA) can be a useful tool in providing support for people who come from a dysfunctional childhood where their caretakers suffered with alcoholism. What the ACA does is hold a twelve step program that is designed to create emotional healing in adult children. By doing this, the program hopes to see the adult children equally as worthy of help and support as the people in their families who faced the alcoholism themselves. There are multiple kinds of meetings that the organization holds in order to bring resources to all different groups (women, men, LGBTQ+, teens, young adults). These meeting settings also have different formats, so that people can be met where they are in their individual healing journey. For example, one could view a guest speaker's presentation before they go into any formal counseling. This is a significant aspect to the resource of meetings, because some people feel too overwhelmed by certain settings to even begin the process. It is better for a person to join the organization at all, than to be too nervous to go to a full-blown meeting and be turned away forever.

In popular culture
 Films about dysfunctional families
 Television series about dysfunctional families
 Animated television series about dysfunctional families

See also

References
References Cont.

23. Palmer, Nancie. (August 1997). Resilience in Adult Children of Alcoholics:A Nonpathological Approach to Social Work Practice, Health & Social Work, 22 (3) pp. 201–209, https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/22.3.201

24. ACA Worldwide. (2022, April 14). Adult Children of Alcoholics & Dysfunctional Families World Service Organization. Adult Children of Alcoholics & Dysfunctional Families. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://adultchildren.org/

Further reading
 Lundy Bancroft, "Why Does He Do That? Inside the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men" 2002 Berkley Books,
 John Bradshaw, Healing the Shame That Binds You
 John Bradshaw, Homecoming: Reclaiming and Healing Your Inner Child
 John Bradshaw, Bradshaw On: The Family
 Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman, The Narcissistic Family. Diagnosis and Treatment
 Beth Polson and Miller Newton, Not My Kid: A Family's Guide to Kids and Drugs, Arbor Books / Kids of North Jersey Nurses, 1984, ,
 Charles L. Whitfield, Healing the Child Within: Discovery and Recovery for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families

External links

Family disruption
Parenting

Dysfunctional family


Robert Pikler OBE (24 January 190916 January 1984) was a Hungarian-Australian violinist, violist and teacher.

Biography
Pikler received his musical training in his native Budapest, first under Eugene Ormandy, then at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, principally under Nándor Zsolt and Jenő Hubay. As a violinist he toured extensively in Central Europe, prior to taking his own orchestra to India in 1934. For the next eight years he appeared as director of the orchestra and as soloist in important concert and radio work in the Far East.

In 1946, following three years of internment in a Japanese camp during World War II, he took up residence in Sydney. The same year, he became leader of the original Musica Viva Chamber Music Players founded by Richard Goldner, giving concerts throughout Australia and New Zealand. In 1952 he accepted the invitation from Sir Eugene Goossens to become the principal viola of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, a position he filled with great distinction for 14 years. Meanwhile, chamber music occupied much of his time outside orchestral duties.

During a four-month absence from Australia in 1962, he visited the United States, England, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, Hungary and Austria. Leaving the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in 1966, he became Artistic Director and viola player for the Sydney String Quartet. At the same time he began teaching at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music. The Sydney Conservatorium Chamber Orchestra which he founded in 1966 was the first Australian ensemble to undertake a tour of South East Asia on behalf of the Department of External Affairs.

Pikler received the Britannica Award in 1972 for his services to Australian music and in 1974 was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). He died in 1984, shortly before turning 75.

In 1980 he made various recordings devoted to Leopold Stokowski's orchestral arrangements of Johann Sebastian Bach as conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.

Robert Pikler's pupils include Robert Davidovici, John Harding, John Curro, William Hennessy, Elizabeth Holowell and Cho-Liang Lin.

References

Sources
 James Murdoch, A Handbook of Australian Music, Melbourne, Sun Books, 1983
 Philippe Borer, Aspects of European Influences on Violin Playing & Teaching in Australia, M.Mus. diss., 1988  https://eprints.utas.edu.au/18865/

1909 births
1984 deaths
Jewish Australian musicians
Hungarian classical violinists
Hungarian classical violists
Australian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Australian classical violists
Academic staff of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music
Hungarian music educators
Australian music educators
Violin pedagogues
Viola pedagogues
Hungarian emigrants to Australia
Hungarian Jews
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century violists

Robert Pikler