Jordanhill (, ) is an affluent area of the West End of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The area consists largely of terraced housing dating from the early to mid 20th century, with some detached and semi-detached homes and some modern apartments.

Jordanhill College of Education and then the University of Strathclyde faculty of education were formerly in the area and the associated school has a high reputation.

History
The area was previously part of the Jordanhill Estate within the parish of Renfrew centred on Jordanhill House.

Jordanhill Estate:1546-1913

Crawfords of Jordanhill

In 1546 Lawrence Crawford of Kilbirnie founded a chaplainry at Drumry, and to sustain it endowed it with the freehold ownership of land at Jordanhill, which then accumulated rent at a rate of £5 per annum. His sixth son Thomas Crawford was a soldier who led the 1571 capture of Dumbarton Castle, who had previously acquired the lands at Jordanhill from the chaplain of Drumry in 1562. There he built a house, possibly on or close to the foundations of an original hunting lodge. In the 18th century, one of his descendants also called Lawrence Crawford extended and refurbished the old house, and laid out the original garden scheme and associated orchards.

Houstons of Jordanhill
In 1750 the Crawford family sold the estate to Tobacco Lords Alexander Houston, whose family was also forced to sell the estate in 1800 after his business got into trouble, to James Smith of merchants Smith & Leitch.

Smiths of Jordanhill

The third son of a Tobacco Lord from Craigend, James's two elder brothers having travelled to Virginia and North Carolina in the 1760s had noted the growing civil uprising warning of the forthcoming American War of Independence, and refocused their family's merchant business on trade with the West Indies. By the early 19th century, and after the death of their father, all three sons could afford to retire. As third son, James had no access to the family's landed estate, and so bought Jordanhill for £14,000 in 1800. He then spent a further £4,000 extending and modernising the manor house. By 1809, the estate was sustained by its four associated farms of Whiteinch, Windyedge, Woodend and Anniesland. Having married Mary Wilson that year (granddaughter of Alexander Wilson and niece of Patrick Wilson), Smith improved access to the main house by gravelling the road to the Anniesland toll road, which is now known as Crow Road. In 1821, with four children and a pregnant wife, after the purchase of Gartnavel farm he remodelled the existing house, and also built a stone pillar in direct line between his favourite window in the manor house library and the spire of Renfrew Parish Church. A keen leisure sailor, in 1827 Smith bought the Baths Hotel at Helensburgh. With seven children, after two of his daughters caught tuberculosis, the family relocated temporarily to Portugal and rented out the house for five years. After the death of both daughters, the family returned to the estate in 1846, but in 1847 Mrs. Smith died of pneumonia. Comfortable but with less of a fortune, Smith devoted his remaining twenty years to church works and supporting his children in their endeavours.

After the death of his father in 1866, his son Archibald Smith inherited the by now neglected Jordanhill estate. A qualified barrister who lived in London with his wife and three children, he devoted his spare time to working on the problems of the deviation of the navigational compass associated with the newly developed iron ships. In 1862 he published patents and papers to solve these, which brought him the Gold Medal of the Royal Society. Smith left most of the management of the estate to its staff, which generated £4,500 of income across its core  holding, of which £3,000 came from the quickly diminishing coal mines and ironstone workings leased on the former farmlands to the Monkland Iron and Steel Co. An 1872 government award of £2,000 for his compass research allowed him to replace the worst houses on the estate with new homes, today known as Compass Cottages in Anniesland Road. On his early death in 1872, to pay off death duties and the accrued debts of the estate, his wife sold of much of the estate's former farmlands for housing development north of the Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway.

After his mother's death in 1913, James Parker Smith inherited the estate. Educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, like his father he qualified as a barrister. After marriage to his cousin, he had devoted himself to politics, becoming Liberal Unionist MP for Glasgow Partick in 1890. In January 1900, Smith had been appointed assistant private secretary (unpaid) to Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies. After losing his seat in 1906, like his mother he began selling off more pieces of land four housing development, including the former Gartnavel farm to the Royal Lunatic Asylum. Approached by the university which was looking for a site on which to establish a unified teacher training college, in 1913 Parker Smith agreed sale of the residual estate.

Following the death of Archibald Colin Hamilton Smith in Australia on 5 June 1971, the sixth generation of the family who died without issue, the Smith family papers dealing with the Jordanhill Estate were donated to the Glasgow City Archives at the Mitchell Library. Many of the Smith family are buried in the graveyard surrounding Renfrew Parish Church.

On 25 June 2007, Lord Lyon King of Arms recognized Michael Babington Smith, the grandson of Archibald Colin Hamilton Smith as successor to his grandfather as Representer of the House of Smith of Jordanhill and therefore, Michael Babington Smith of Jordanhill.

Later history

Before the twentieth century, Jordanhill was a poor area, similar to neighbouring Knightswood, with mining for coal at Skaterigg. The building of more affluent residences was coincidental with the expansion of Glasgow and the construction of a commuter railway (similar to Bearsden in the 1870s).

The site of the house was sold to Jordanhill Teacher Training College, and is now the home of the Strathclyde University Faculty Of Education. The area consists largely of terraced housing dating from the early to mid 20th century, with some detached and semi-detached homes and some modern apartments.

Jordanhill, Temple and Knightswood have been linked to stories of the Knights Templar; but there is no evidence for their presence in this area. When asked, the Lord Lyon King of Arms rebutted a proposal to include the Maltese cross of the Knights of St. John in the crest of Jordanhill College. Jordanhill may be related to the family name "Jardine".

Amenities
There are a number of parks in Jordanhill and the immediate vicinity, as well as large playing fields on the Jordanhill Campus. Jordanhill is directly adjacent to Victoria Park, one of the largest green spaces in Glasgow and home to the Fossil Grove, an area of fossilized prehistoric tree stumps.

The area has excellent transport links. Jordanhill railway station has regular local train services to central Glasgow on the North Clyde and Argyle lines, and regular bus services are provided by First Glasgow. The Clyde Tunnel is located nearby, giving road access to the south of the city.

There are two pubs in the area, both are situated on Crow Road, near the railway station.

This area used to be home to a branch of The Jolly Giant Toy Superstores, based on Crow Road.

Education

Jordanhill School is located on Chamberlain Road at the foot of the hill on which Jordanhill College sits, and was formerly the College's training school. It is now a state comprehensive school. The school is unique in the Scottish state sector in that it contains both Primary and Secondary departments, providing education for children from 4 to 18, and in that it has Grant Maintained status and is independent from local government control. It had previously been an independent demonstration school for Jordanhill College. Private school the High School of Glasgow is also located in the Jordanhill vicinity.

Saint Thomas Aquinas Secondary School is a Catholic secondary school located on Mitre Road in the newer part of Jordanhill. It has several feeder primary schools, including Corpus Christi (Knightswood), Notre Dame (Dowanhill), St Pauls (Whiteinch), St. Peter's (Partick), St. Brendan's (Yoker), St. Patrick's in (Anderston), St. Clare's (Drumchapel) and St. Ninian's (Blairdardie).

Places of worship
There are two churches in Jordanhill, both located on Woodend Drive, off Crow Road: Jordanhill Parish Church (Church of Scotland) and All Saints Church (Episcopalian). Both churches are used for a variety of community and social events, in addition to regular worship, and All Saints is also home to Westbourne Gardens Nursery School. The 72nd and 178th Glasgow Scouts are based in the area, as well as 130th and the 272nd Glasgow Boys' Brigades.

See also
Hillhead Jordanhill RFC

References

External links
Jordanhill School
A Short History of Jordanhill dated 1931
Historical notes on South Jordanhill
130th Glasgow Company, The Boys' Brigade
Jordanhill Parish Church (Church of Scotland)
All Saints Scottish Episcopal Church

Jordanhill Phoenix Rugby Football Club

Areas of Glasgow

Jordanhill


Claude Dubar (born 11 December 1945) is an academic French sociologist.

Biography
After his teaching experience at Beirut, Lebanon in 1974, he became professor at the Lille University of Science and Technology in 1977. His thesis focuses on vocational training in France

In 1988, he joined the Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications (Centre for Studies and Research on Qualifications) in Paris, researching relations between the sociology of education and work, and especially the sociology of professional identities.

Since 1993 till ???, he has been a sociology teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. In 2012, he is Emeritus Professor (retired, with an honorific position given by Université).

Further reading
 Faire de la sociologie, un parcours d'enquêtes (Doing sociology, a survey path), 2006.
 Sociologie des professions (Sociology of professions), 2005.
 Analyser les entretiens biographiques (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Didier Demazière, 2004. ()
 La Socialisation, construction des identités sociales et professionnelles (Socialization, construction of social and professional identities), 2002, Armand Colin. ()
 La Crise des identités (Crisis of Identity), 2001. (), 2010, PUF. ()
 La Promotion sociale en France (Social Promotion in France), with Charles Gadea, 1999.
 Genèse et dynamique des groupes professionnels (Genesis and dynamic professional groups), with Yvette Lucas, 1994.
 La Formation professionnelle continue (Continuing Professional Education), thesis, 1984.

References

1945 births
French sociologists
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Living people

Claude Dubar


Percier and Fontaine was a noted partnership between French architects Charles Percier and Pierre François Léonard Fontaine.

History
Together, Percier and Fontaine were inventors and major proponents of the rich and grand, consciously archaeological versions of early 19th-century Neoclassical architecture known as Directoire style and Empire style.

Following Charles Percier's death in 1838, Fontaine designed a tomb in their characteristic style in the Pere Lachaise Cemetery. Percier and Fontaine had lived together as well as being colleagues.

Fontaine married late in life and after his death in 1853 his wife placed his body in the same tomb according to his wishes.

References

Further reading
Charles Percier, Pierre François Léonard Fontaine (2018): The Complete Works of Percier and Fontaine. New York, Princeton Architectural Press, 2018, .

19th-century French architects
French neoclassical architects

Percier and Fontaine


Basti  is a 2003 Indian crime film. The film stars Samir Soni and Faisal Khan in lead roles, with Sheeba in a special guest appearance, Shama Sikander, Govind Namdeo, Sadashiv Amrapurkar and Kulbhushan Kharbanda in supporting roles.

Plot
The film starts with a voice (Kader Khan) narrating a small town of Mumbai. A gangster named Kanta (Sadashiv Amrapurkar) wants to destroy the town and is in a battle with Karanjia (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who wants to replace the town with a shopping mall. Ramesh "Rama" Kulkarni (Samir Soni) returns to his town after several years and is greeted by all of his friends, neighbors and youngest sister, Pinky (Mamta Mishra). It's only Rama's father, Vinayak Kulkarni (Govind Namdeo), a school teacher, who does not greet him and is angered with Rama.

A few days later, Rama's younger brother, Satish (Faisal Khan), returns after completing his studies. Rama begins guarding his town against the gangsters of the town. Karanjia hires Rama and gives him some money and weapons for his protection. Rama buys gifts for his family, but everyone refuses to take the gifts, and they refuse him into his family. Rama decides to marry Madhu (Sanober Kabir), a girl who has fallen in love with Rama.

During a festival of Shi'a Muslims, Kanta and his gangsters start terrorizing it. Rama and his friends began fighting Kanta's gangsters, until Rama is killed by Kanta's gangsters. Karanjia hires Satish, who decides to take the revenge for his brother's death. Satish is in love with a girl named Priya (Shama Sikander), whom Karanjia treats like his daughter. Satish's family gets destroyed, when his sister Pinky is raped by the Minister (Pramod Moutho), and his father is heartbroken at hearing the news. Pinky commits suicide, and Satish's father dies by a heart attack. Satish is outraged and kills Police Commissioner (Ranjeet), who is replaced by the new Commissioner of Maharashtra, Jabbar (Rajendra Gupta).

Karanjia has an evil plan to finish the Kulkarni family and rule over the town, where his partnership with Kanta is revealed. Karanjia's goons set out to kill Satish, where Priya saves Satish and gets shot in the heart by herself. It is thought that Satish is also dead. One day, Kanta and his goons start spreading terror in the town, until Satish fights with them and kills Kanta and his goons and is arrested for the murders by Commissioner Jabbar.

After Satish is imprisoned by the court, Karanjia pretends to be sad for Satish, until Satish begins fighting Karanjia and shoots him with his gun. At the same time, Commissioner Jabbar shoots Satish. Both Satish and Karanjia fall and die. The film's moral is that crime should not exist, and everyone should leave peacefully because the end is always wrong.

Cast
 Samir Soni as Ramesh "Rama" Kulkarni
 Snehal Dabi as Dannish
 Faisal Khan as Satish Kulkarni
 Sheeba
 Shama Sikander as Priya
 Govind Namdeo as Vinayak Kulkarni
 Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Kanta
 Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Karanjia
 Kader Khan as Narrator
 Liyaqat Bari as Natwar
 Brij Gopal as Inspector
 Rajendra Gupta as Commissioner Jabbar
 Sanober Kabir as Madhu
 Mamta Mishra as Pinky Kulkarni
 Ram Mohan as Usman
 Pramod Muthu as Minister
 Ranjeet as Police Commissioner

Soundtrack
There were four tracks in the film:

 "Madhoshiya Hai Tanhaiya Hai" by Sunidhi Chauhan, Udit Narayan
 "Locha Labacha Chalega Nahi" by Vinod Rathod
 "Gin Gin Kaise Kate Hai Din" by Sunidhi Chauhan
 "Chudi Khanake Boli" by Alka Yagnik

The songs were composed by Milind Sagar, and the lyrics were penned by Sudhankar Sharma and Anwar Sagar.

References

External links

2003 films
2000s crime action films
2000s Hindi-language films
2000s Urdu-language films
Indian crime action films
Urdu-language Indian films

Basti (film)


Aaron Gabriel Ehasz (born June 16, 1973) is an American screenwriter and television producer. His body of work primarily consists of animated series, including as head writer and co-executive producer of Avatar: The Last Airbender, although he did serve as a producer on the live-action series The Mullets and Ed. He is also co-founder and CEO of Wonderstorm, and co-creator of the Netflix series The Dragon Prince. He has been involved in the video game industry, having served as creative director at Riot Games.

Career
Ehasz began his writing career in the year 2000, working as a staff writer on Ed and on Mission Hill. In 2001 he took a position as story editor on Matt Groening's animated Fox series Futurama, where he worked until its cancellation in 2003. From 2005 until 2008 he served as a co-executive producer and  head writer for the acclaimed Nickelodeon series Avatar: The Last Airbender. When Futurama was revived by Comedy Central in 2009, he returned to the writing staff. In the same year he also wrote an episode of the American version of Sit Down, Shut Up.

In 2017, Ehasz co-founded the multimedia studio "Wonderstorm" with video game director Justin Richmond (Uncharted). The studio's first work, the animated fantasy adventure series The Dragon Prince, was released on Netflix on September 14, 2018.

The Dragon Prince garnered a reputation as "the best new Netflix show of 2018," according to Hypable writer Donya Abramo. The Mary Sue writer Caroline Cao hailed the "strong heroines" of the Dragon Prince, writing "[a]mong the show's best assets are three multi-dimensional heroines who kick ass, have organic moments of weakness, and honestly, deserve a tribute." Notably, General Amaya, who is "a major step forward in portraying a deaf person as a badass military leader."

According to CBR writer Meagan Damore, in November 2019, a female former employee of Ehasz who never worked at Wonderstorm, alleged him of bringing "his children to work and leave them with female production staff members without asking", treating her "like his own personal assistant (..) transitioning her editorial duties to a group and shut down her ideas." Freelance writer Samantha Nelson in November 2019 reported that several women claimed "Ehasz had created an abusive environment for women (..) ignored, belittled, and gaslit his female employees".

Mission Hill episodes

 "Unemployment: Part 2" (1.09)
 "Pretty in Pink" (1.16) [Un-Produced]

Ed episodes

 "Business as Usual" (3.18)

Futurama episodes

 "Future Stock" (3.21)
 "Crimes of the Hot" (4.08)
 "Benderama" (6.15)
 "Reincarnation" (6.26)

Avatar: The Last Airbender episodes

While he is the head writer and plays a significant role in every episode of the series, his solo credits include:

 "Winter Solstice, Part 1: The Spirit World" (1.07)
 "The Storm" (1.12)
 "The Fortuneteller" (with John O'Bryan) (1.14)
 "The Siege of the North, Part 2" (1.20)
 "The Avatar State" (with Elizabeth Welch Ehasz, Tim Hedrick and John O'Bryan) (2.01)
 "Bitter Work" (2.09)
 "The Crossroads of Destiny" (2.20)
 "The Awakening" (3.01)
 "The Day of Black Sun, Part 2: The Eclipse" (3.11)
 "Sozin's Comet, Part 2: The Old Masters" (3.19)

The Dragon Prince episodes

 "Echoes of Thunder" (with Justin Richmond) (1.01)
 "What Is Done" (with Justin Richmond) (1.02)
 "Moonrise" (with Justin Richmond) (1.03)
 "An Empty Throne" (with Justin Richmond) (1.05)
 "Through the Ice" (with Justin Richmond) (1.06)
 "Cursed Caldera" (with Justin Richmond) (1.08)
 "Wonderstorm" (with Justin Richmond) (1.09)
 "A Secret and a Spark" (with Justin Richmond) (2.01)
 "Half Moon Lies" (with Justin Richmond) (2.02)
 "Breaking the Seal" (with Justin Richmond) (2.05)
 "Heart of a Titan" (with Justin Richmond) (2.06)
 "The Book of Destiny" (with Justin Richmond) (2.08)
 "Breathe" (with Justin Richmond) (2.09)
 "Sol Regem" (with Justin Richmond) (3.01)
 "The Midnight Desert" (with Justin Richmond) (3.04)
 "Heroes and Masterminds" (with Justin Richmond) (3.05)
 "Thunderfall" (with Justin Richmond) (3.06)
 "The Final Battle" (with Justin Richmond) (3.09)
 "Rebirthday" (with Justin Richmond) (4.01)
 "Fallen Stars" (with Justin Richmond) (4.02)
 "Breathtaking" (with Justin Richmond) (4.03)
 "Through the Looking Glass" (with Justin Richmond) (4.04)
 "Beneath the Surface" (with Justin Richmond) (4.07)
 "Escape from Umber Tor" (with Justin Richmond) (4.09)

Awards and nominations
In 2007 he was nominated for the Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) Emmy award for his work on the second season of Avatar: The Last Airbender.

In 2008 he won a Peabody Award for his work as head writer and co-executive producer of Avatar: the Last Airbender.

In 2020 The Dragon Prince won the Daytime Emmy Award in Children's Animated Series.

References

External links

American television producers
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1973 births
Harvard College alumni
Stanford University alumni
American people in the video game industry
American children's writers
The Harvard Lampoon alumni

Aaron Ehasz


Isaac A. Van Amburgh (1808–1865) was an American animal trainer who developed the first trained wild animal act in modern times.  By introducing jungle acts into the circus, Van Amburgh paved the way for combining menageries with circuses.  After that, menageries began using equestrian and clown performances in circus rings.  Gradually the distinction between circus and menagerie faded.

From the humble beginning of cage-cleaner in the Zoological Institute of New York, Van Amburgh quickly gained notoriety for his acts of daring, for example placing his bare arm and even head inside the jaws of a wild cat.  Also known for his domineering attitude toward his animals, he earned the title "The Lion King."

Despite the disapproval of some for his brutal treatment of animals, Van Amburgh remained very popular and successful, beginning his own menagerie which he took to Europe.  He died a wealthy man, and his name continued to be used in the circus world for more than a century after.

Early life and beginning of career
Isaac A. Van Amburgh (a name adopted by his American Indian grandfather) was born on May 26, 1808, in Fishkill, New York.  Van Amburgh's early life, though atypical, proved to be of great training for his later adventures as "the Lion King."  Van Amburgh's father died when he was still an infant, leaving him and his mother with very little. The night before Amburgh was born, his mother had a strange dream. According to Richard Horne in The Life of Van Amburgh, the Brute-Tamer: With Anecdotes of His Extraordinary Pupils, she dreamt that she walked into an old barn with rows of cooking kettles lined up. As she opened the kettles one by one, she found different parts of a lion's body cooking in the kettle. She then proceeded to devour the lion part by part and put the lion's whole head in her mouth. She woke up extremely disturbed, having no idea what this dream meant for her son's future. Horne goes on to describe how Isaac's mother was constantly worried about him while he was growing up. Legend dictates that while reading the Bible, young Isaac came upon the tale of Daniel in the lion's den, and, from then on, was determined to be a lion tamer.  Van Amburgh never showed the same interests in material objects or even games as the other children. Rather, he spent his time surrounded by roaches, mice, and rats, feeding them pieces of his dinner to attract and even train them. He soon became a sort of animal authority to call when the local wildlife disrupted neighborhood homes and farms. Van Amburgh would investigate reports of destroyed or stolen crops and livestock and seek out the animal responsible. Upon finding the offender, he would beat the creature into submission, effectively preventing it from causing additional problems. He found his start in the Zoological Institute of New York.

Zoological Institute of New York

At nineteen, Isaac left his home in Peekskill, New York to look for a job in neighboring North Salem.  There he found a job as a cage cleaner in the Zoological Institute of New York.

Despite its lofty-sounding name, the Zoological Institute was not a zoo at all, but rather a tiny traveling menagerie.  In a period of time when amusement was regarded with suspicion, it was from its name that this show got its value.

Although he started out as a "cage boy," Isaac showed an aptitude for training the wild animals whose cages he cleaned.  One of the owners of the Zoological Institute, Titus, was a dealer in wild animals.  So he appreciated the novelty of trained wild animals, recognizing that "novelty plus publicity meant money."

June, Titus, and Angevine distributed posters by the thousands.  They put Isaac in costume – a Roman toga, in reference to the gladiators of ancient Rome's Circus Maximus.  In the winter, Van Amburgh trained his wild animals in the barns of New York's upper Westchester and the lower Putnam counties.  The next year, 1821, the Van Amburgh Menagerie hit New York City.

The Lion King

In 1833, at age twenty-two, Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage of wild cats at the Zoological Institute.  In the cage were a male and female lion, a male and female leopard, a black-maned Cape lion, and a panther. From the Richmond Hill Theatre, New York, Van Amburgh astonished the country.  In the words of his biographer, "The effect of his power was instantaneous.  The Lion halted and stood transfixed.  The Tiger crouched.  The Panther with a suppressed growl of rage sprang back, while the Leopard receded gradually from its master.  The spectators were overwhelmed with wonder .... Then came the most effective tableaux of all.  Van Amburgh with his strong will bade them come to him while he reclined in the back of the cage – the proud King of animal creation."

Van Amburgh did more than just enter the cage.  Nathaniel Hawthorne described a menagerie he saw on September 4, 1828, near North Adams, Massachusetts: "A man put his arm and head into the lion's mouth, – all the spectators looking on so attentively that a breath could not be heard.  That was impressive, – its effect on a thousand persons, – more than the thing itself."  As Van Amburgh was one of the few performers of the time to perform this way, it was probably Van Amburgh that Hawthorne saw.  In fact, Van Amburgh is usually credited with being the first man ever to put his head into the mouth of a lion.  On July 7, 1838, the New York Mirror also described how Van Amburgh's "fearless acts of placing his bare arm moist with blood, in the lion's mouth and thrusting his head into the distended jaws of the tiger"  were watched with keen interest.

Van Amburgh's Menagerie

Van Amburgh, made an instant hero, discovered he now had the freedom to make his own decisions.  By entering lions' dens in and out of the country, he began earning real money.  Featured in the "Flatfoot shows," he was able to earn up to four hundred dollars per week.  By age twenty-three, he had his own travelling menagerie, and by the mid-1840s his was the largest traveling show in England.  In 1861, it was one of America's eleven big traveling shows.Van Amburgh had a structure to his shows that allowed his act to be easily transportable and sustainable, while also providing audience members with knowledge of what they were purchasing tickets to see. A typical show for Isaac Van Amburgh featured several animals including tigers, leopards, lambs, and lions. He showcased animals of all shapes and sizes to promote variety as well as showcase how he could train animals who normally do not get along well together in the same space. He performed his shows in cages that were transportable so that he could move to various venues easily. These venues were popular including the famous Drury Lane Theatre, in which Queen Victoria watched him perform. During his act, he performed several tricks that were known among his audiences. He would ride on the back of a lion, lay the lion and the lamb side by side to show how well tamed they were, and most impressively, stuck his own head inside the mouth of the lion to show how docile he had rendered the animal.

Even after the 1868 fire that killed Van Amburgh's animals and destroyed other circus artifacts, the potent name of Van Amburgh continued to be used by circuses until 1922.

Elephant Hill Road in Connersville, IN is named for the elephant Tippo Sahib who died and was buried on that hill. Tippo Sahib was part of the Van Amburgh circus.

London and Queen Victoria

In the late 1830s, Van Amburgh took his act to England and Europe for several years.  He made his debut in London at Astley's on August 27, 1838, and his said to have made £300 per week there.

While in England, Van Amburgh performed for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1844.  The former took special interest in him.  In fact, the Queen commissioned artist Edwin Landseer to paint a portrait of Van Amburgh and his cats.  Upon its completion, the painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy, an impressive honor for the time.

In 1839, Queen Victoria traveled six times in as many months solely to watch Van Amburgh perform at Drury Lane. She even remained after one evening's performance in order to watch his feeding the cats.  Even before his 1838 European debut, Van Amburgh was one of America's most celebrated characters.  But after such special royal favor, Van Amburgh "became a figure that even the American upper crust could admit to appreciating."  He was the first major American wild animal trainer to achieve such an international celebrity status.

Criticisms

Circuses were regularly under attack in the press and at the pulpit as "traveling death" and "moral ruin."   But predecessors of Van Amburgh were less inhumane.  Despite his great success and popularity, Van Amburgh regularly faced criticism for the cruelty he showed to his animals. Van Amburgh reportedly beat his animals with a crowbar.  In costume, whether in loose-fitting jungle clothing or ancient Roman gladiatorial garb, Van Amburgh would bait the animals, attempting to evoke as much ferocity on their part as he could.  Thereupon, he would beat them into submission.  "His piece de resistance was forcing the lions to ... lick his boots as the ultimate sign of his conquest and the animals' abject subservience."  Van Amburgh's own publicity agent, Hyat Frost, reported that Van Amburgh starved his lions for three days before one of these royal command performances.  They were so hungry when it came time to perform that he was forced to "lash them furiously with his whip 'into the most abject and crouching submission.'"

In response to these attacks, Van Amburgh cited Bible verses to justify his touring menagerie.  He quoted Genesis 1:26, arguing that God had given men dominion over animals.  Thus "it was a religious act for trained animals to kneel at his feet."  He is also well-remembered for having acted out a scene from the Bible by forcing a lion and a lamb to lie down together and even inviting a child from the audience into the den.

Death and legacy
In August 1838, the editor of the Age reported that "there have already been several cases in which lions have snapped off the heads of persons persisting in this sort of foolish experiment."   Van Amburgh, however, was one of the few early lion tamers who died in bed.  On November 29, 1865, at age fifty-four, Isaac A. Van Amburgh suffered a fatal heart attack in Philadelphia.  He died a very wealthy man.

Even after Van Amburgh's death, Hyatt Frost, his manager since 1865, continued using the Van Amburgh name.  From him it was leased by the Ringling Brothers in 1889.

Van Amburgh himself lived to hear his deeds put to a popular song, "The Menagerie."  Dr. W. J. Wetmore, M.D., published "Van Amburgh's Menagerie" in 1865, which began like this:

Van Amburgh is the man, who goes to all the shows

He goes into the lion's cage, and tells you all he knows;

He sticks his head in the lion's mouth, and keeps it there a-while,

And when he pulls it out again, he greets you with a smile.

chorus:

The elephant now moves round, the music begins to play.

Them boys around the monkey's cage had better keep away

See also
 Lion taming

References

Sources

.
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Mich. 48859, January 13, 2011 http://clarke.cmich.edu/resource_tab/information_and_exhibits/rides_and_spangles_michigan_circuses_and_carnivals/lion_tamers.html
"Circus in America" © to Lavahn G. Hoh and the University of Virginia, 2004 http://www.circusinamerica.org/public/timelines?date1=1825&date2=1871
Culhane, John.  The American Circus, Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1990
Ferguson, O. J.  Biographical Sketch of I. A. Van Amburgh.  Booth & Co., 1865
Hawthorne, Nathaniel.  Passages from the American Note-Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne.  Bowstn: Houghton, Mifflin, 1898.  Entry for September 4, 1838.
History Magazine, "Step Right Up," October/November 2001 issue http://www.history-magazine.com/circuses.html
Horne, Richard. The Life of Van Amburgh, the Brute-Tamer: with Anecdotes of His Extraordinary Pupils. Machen and Company, Dublin, 1838.
Johnson, William M., The Rose-Tinted Menagerie (http://www.iridescent-publishing.com/rtm/ch1p3.htm)
Thayer, Stuart. American Circus Anthology, Essays of the Early Years, arranged and edited by William L. Slout.  Copyright © 2005 by Stuart Thayer and William L. Slout. All rights reserved. http://www.circushistory.org/Thayer/Thayer2c.htm

External links

1808 births
1865 deaths
Animal trainers
Lion tamers
People from Fishkill, New York
Circus owners
Elephant trainers

Isaac A. Van Amburgh


Mahadeva may refer to:

Religion
Mahadeva, a title of the Hindu god Shiva
Parashiva, a form of Shiva
Parameshwara (god), a form of Shiva
Para Brahman, a Hindu deity
Adi-Buddha, in Buddhism, the "First Buddha" or the "Primordial Buddha"
Mahadeva (Buddhism), founder of the Caitika school of Indian Buddhism or a literary figure associated with 5 points of contention in some Theravada works
Taidi, in Chinese folk religion

People with the name
Mahadeva (Buddhism), founder of the Caitika school of Indian Buddhism or a literary figure associated with 5 points of contention in some Theravada works
Mahadeva (Kakatiya dynasty), 12th-century ruler of India
Mahadeva of Devagiri, a 13th-century ruler of the Yadava dynasty of India
Mahadeva (undertaker), a recipient of the Chief Minister's gold medal from the city of Bangalore, India
Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati (1903–1976), Indian engineer
Arunachalam Mahadeva (1885–1969), Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician and diplomat
Baku Mahadeva (1921–2013), Sri Lankan Tamil civil servant
Devanur Mahadeva (born 1948), Indian writer and public intellectual
Kumar Mahadeva, Sri Lankan American businessman
S. Mahadeva (1893–?), Ceylon Tamil civil engineer
Mahadeva Subramania Mani (1908–2003), Indian entomologist

Places
Mahadeva, Barabanki, Nepal
Mahadeva, Kosi, Nepal
Mahadeva, Sagarmatha, Nepal

See also
 Mahadev (disambiguation)
 Mahadevan (disambiguation)
 Mahadevi, Hindu goddess
 Mahadevi (film), 1957 Indian film by Sundar Rao Nadkarni
Bolton v Mahadeva, an English contract law case

Mahadeva


No Child of Mine is a February 1997 British documentary-drama and domestic violence television movie.  It is about the true case of a 13-year-old girl named Kerry (played by Brooke Kinsella). Kerry was sexually abused and bullied at several times by her abusive mother, Linda (played by Sharon Small), and her father, Jim (played by Bill Geraghty).

References

1997 movies
Television movies
British drama movies

No Child of Mine


John Caraway Arrowsmith (June 4, 1894 – June 1, 1985) was a Brigadier general in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, commanding the 45th Engineers in the China-Burma-India Theater of Operations during World War II.

Arrowsmith was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1918, promoted to first lieutenant in 1919, while stationed at Camp Fremont California. During the 1920s he was detailed to the 3rd Engineer Regiment, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, the 2nd Cincinnati Engineer District, and the 13th Engineer Regiment, Camp Humphreys, VA. From 1930 to 1933 he was assigned to the San Francisco Engineer District, and promoted to captain in 1933. He was detailed to the Office of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, D.C. from April 1933 to July 1938, when he was assigned to the Missouri River Division, COE. He was promoted to major in 1940, and lieutenant colonel in 1942, when he was sent to Camp Blanding, Florida. as commander of the 45th Engineer General Service Regiment. In Nov. 1942 he went with these troops to India, where Arrowsmith was placed in command of Base Section 3 in Ledo, Assam, which was responsible for construction of the Ledo Road. Under Arrowsmith's command, the road reached the Patkai mountains and crossed into Burma. Stillwell, while recognizing the problems that diversion of roadbuilding assets to airfield construction had caused, was still unsatisfied with progress and began searching for a replacement.  Lewis A. Pick replaced him as Chief Road Engineer in October 1943, but retained command of the 45th Eng, GSR. While Arrowsmith received a temporary promotion in July 1943 to brigadier general, he reverted to colonel in Jan. 1944. In Feb. 1944 he was detailed to the XXI Corps as Corps Engineer at Camp Polk, La., later accompanying these troops into France and Germany.

From Sept. 1945 to Nov. 1947 he was assigned to the U.S. Office of Military Government for Germany. From Jan. 1948 to Oct. 1949 he was commanding officer of the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories at Fort Belvoir. In Nov. 1949 he received his last assignment as a Deputy Chief in the Army Security Agency. He retired from the military in May 1953 as a brigadier general.  He died in 1985 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery with his wife Nell B. (1895–1986).

Decorations

References

External links
Generals of World War II

1894 births
1985 deaths
People from Reno, Nevada
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit

John C. Arrowsmith


Rupert Roopnaraine (born 31 January 1943) is a Guyanese cricketer, writer, and politician. Roopnaraine served as Minister of Education of Guyana between 2015 and 2017.

Biography
Roopnaraine was born in Kitty, Georgetown, Guyana. In 1954, he won a scholarship to Queen's College, where he excelled in cricket; he captained the team and represented Demerara in the Inter-county Cricket Finals. In 1962 he was awarded a Guyana scholarship to attend St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied Romance languages. He played first-class cricket for the Cambridge University team from 1964 to 1966 and was awarded a Blue for representing the university in the annual University Match against Oxford in 1965 and 1966. As a cricketer, he was a lower order right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler.

In 1970 he was awarded a scholarship to Cornell University, New York, where he obtained an MA and PhD in Comparative Literature. From 1976 to 1996, he has worked as a university lecturer in the UK, Canada, the US and at the University of Guyana.

Politics
He joined the Working People's Alliance (WPA) in Guyana in 1977 and became one of the leaders of the party, along with Walter Rodney, Clive Y. Thomas and Eusi Kwayana. He was an activist politician and at the height of the years of People's National Congress (PNC) repression was arrested on charges of burning down the PNC headquarters. He also narrowly escaped death when he was attacked by PNC party thugs, only reaching safety with the help of sugarcane workers who led him through the cane fields to escape. After the assassination of Walter Rodney, Roopnaraine became leader of the WPA.

In 2015, Roopnaraine was appointed Minister of Education of Guyana. In 2017, he was reassigned to Ministry of the Presidency, and Nicolette Henry replaced him as Minister of Education.

Author
Roopnaraine is one of the leading Caribbean intellectuals of his generation, though political activism has restricted his output. Nevertheless, he is an art critic (champion of the work of Stanley Greaves), literary critic (author of a pioneering essay on Martin Carter), film-maker (The Terror and the Time) and poet. He is the author of The Web of October: Rereading Martin Carter (1986), a suite of love poems entitled Suite for Supriya (1993), and Primacy of the Eye: The Art of Stanley Greaves was published in 2003. Roopnaraine also contributed a substantial "Introduction" to the Peepal Tree Press 2010 edition of Edgar Mittelholzer's Shadows Move Among Them.

Roopnaraine's collection of essays, The Sky's Wild Noise, won the non-fiction category of the 2013 OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature. The judges commentated that "in the corpus of non-fiction prose in the Caribbean intellectual tradition, only José Martí and George Lamming rival the range of Roopnaraine's capacities of response, depth of analysis and subtle and mordant style."

Selected works
 The Web of October: Rereading Martin Carter (Peepal Tree Press, 1986)
 Suite for Supriya (love poems; Peepal Tree Press, 1993)
 Primacy of the Eye: The Art of Stanley Greaves (Peepal Tree Press, 2003)
 The Sky's Wild Noise: Selected Essays (Peepal Tree Press, 2012)

References

Living people
1943 births
Guyanese writers
Alumni of Queen's College, Guyana
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Cornell University alumni
Guyanese cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Working People's Alliance politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Guyana)
Cricketers from Georgetown, Guyana
Guyanese politicians of Indian descent
21st-century essayists
20th-century Guyanese writers
Cambridgeshire cricketers
Guyanese essayists
Guyanese activists
Government ministers of Guyana

Rupert Roopnaraine


The David Burnham House is a historic First Period house on Pond Street in Essex, Massachusetts.  The two story five bay wood frame colonial is said to have been built c. 1685 by David Burnham, son of Thomas Burnham, an early settler of the Essex area.  The house remained in the Burnham family for almost 150 years.  It was the subject of restoration work in the early 20th century by the Essex Institute under the auspices of George Francis Dow.  At this time its kitchen fireplace, said to be the largest known in Essex County was uncovered.  Modern facilities were added to the house in the 1960s.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Essex, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts

David Burnham House


Humphrey Gower (1638–1711) was an English clergyman and academic, Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, and then St. John's College, Cambridge, and Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity.

Life
He was the son of Stanley Gower, successively rector of Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire, and of Holy Trinity, Dorchester, and a member of the Westminster Assembly in 1643. Humphrey Gower was born at Brampton Bryan in 1638 and educated at St Paul's School and at Dorchester, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1658, was elected to a fellowship on 23 March 1659, and proceeded M.A. in 1662. Having taken holy orders, he was successively incumbent of Hammoon, Dorset, to which living he was presented in April 1663, of Packlesham (1667–1675), of Newton in the Isle of Ely (1675–1677), and of Fen Ditton, to which he was collated on 4 July 1677.

On 11 July 1679 he was appointed to the mastership of Jesus College, Cambridge, which he resigned for that of St. John's on 3 December following, having in the meantime (1 November) been appointed prebendary of Ely Cathedral. He was vice-chancellor of the university in 1680-1, and in that capacity, on 18 September 1681, he headed a deputation of dons which waited on Charles II at Newmarket. On the 17th he entertained Charles at dinner at St. John's, made him two Latin speeches, and gave him an English bible; there was much festivity both in town and university, and the conduits ran with wine.

On 29 June 1688 Gower was appointed Lady Margaret's professor of divinity. In July 1693, twenty of the Fellows of his college being nonjurors, a peremptory mandamus was issued against him requiring him to eject them. Gower defended his Fellows; he refused on the ground that the mandamus should not have been made peremptory in the first instance. Steps were at once taken to indict him at the Cambridge assizes, but the grand jury threw out the bill. A mandamus nisi issued in the following October, but, the names of the nonjuring fellows having been omitted, Gower again refused to eject them, alleging that it did not appear who they were, and the court of king's bench declined to make the mandamus peremptory. The matter was then allowed to drop.

Gower died at St. John's College on 27 March 1711, and was buried in the college chapel. By his will he left money towards providing livings for the college, and for scholarships, and left his books to the college library.

Works
Gower published:

A Discourse delivered in two Sermons in the Cathedral of Ely in September 1684, Cambridge, 1685.
A Sermon preached before the King at Whitehall on Christmas Day, 1684, London, 1685.

He also wrote a biographical sketch of John Milner, the nonjuring vicar of Leeds, who died at St. John's College, Cambridge, on 16 February 1702 (in Thoresby's Vicaria Leodiensis, p. 113).

Notes

References

1638 births
1711 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Masters of Jesus College, Cambridge
Masters of St John's College, Cambridge
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Lady Margaret's Professors of Divinity

Humphrey Gower


Amandala is a Belizean tabloid newspaper. Published twice weekly, it is Belize's largest newspaper. Amandala was established in 1969 as the print organ of the now-defunct United Black Association for Development (UBAD), but has been politically independent since the mid-1970s. Its offices are located at 3304 Partridge Street in Belize City.

As of 2017, it has published over 3000 issues.

The name
The name "Amandala" is adapted from the Xhosa/Zulu word "amandla", which means "power". Editors felt that Belizeans might mispronounce the word, so they added an extra "a" after the "d". Amandala editors often like to say the word means "power to the people", although the correct term for that is "Amandla, Ngawethu". The phrase occurs in English throughout the newspaper, most often in the Editorial and in publisher Evan X Hyde's column; however, it may appear in advertisements in the original African language.

History

Establishment
Amandala began as a stenciled spreadsheet given out by members and supporters of UBAD in the streets of Belize City. After the third issue was published, UBAD officials decided to begin selling the paper for five cents a copy. The newspaper was published on Thursdays and dated and sold on Fridays. The first publisher and editor of the newspaper was Ismail Shabazz, a Muslim and member of UBAD; Hyde, the eventual publisher of the newspaper, was at times also an editor.

Many of the newspaper's first issues were dedicated to promoting the affairs of its parent organization, advertising meetings, celebrations and protests, and containing articles on topics considered important to Belizeans as well as criticism of the ruling People's United Party and its leader, George Price.

The first issue claimed of the new newspaper's intentions: "We don't know too much about this newspaper thing... We'll do the jerk, we'll do the fly... who bex, bex. Who bex fus, lose."

The RAM merger
In October 1969, UBAD merged forces with a similar movement, the People's Action Committee (PAC) chaired by Assad Shoman and Said Musa. Their newspaper, FIRE, joined Amandala to create "Amandala with FIRE", and this was the newspaper's masthead for the rest of 1969 and into January 1970, when RAM dissolved. Thereafter, Amandala reverted to its original name.

"Games Old People Play"
In the Amandala of February 20, 1970, the newspaper ran an article slandering an election petition heard and dismissed in the Supreme Court after General Elections on December 5, 1969, won by the PUP. The full text of the article follows here:

"Games Old People Play"
Election Petition
Starring: Clifford De Lisle Innis
D.B. Courtenay
Edward Laing (International)
Theodore Warrior
Agapito Hassock, other famous lip professors and cast of yeri-so PUP and NIP fanatics.
See: The rats of Charley Cadle Price
See: The bald white dome of S. Hulse
Thrill to the Dramatic Ending:
Dismissal of the Case.
UBADRAM advice to the cast of children: After this, let's play Mommy and Daddy: Hee, Hee.

A none too pleased PUP administration accused UBAD president Hyde and publisher Shabazz with sedition for the text of the article, which they claimed "meant that the administration of justice was a farce and that ... (those) who participated in it were participants in a childish game of amusements". (Shoman, 13 Chapters)

The case went to trial in June 1970, with former colleagues Shoman and Musa representing Hyde and Shabazz. For the next month, the fate of Amandala and UBAD hung in the balance as Attorney General V.H. Courtenay tried to prove that the Amandala had in fact committed sedition by lampooning the event and the defendants tried to exonerate themselves and improve the credibility of the fledgling newspaper. Shoman, perhaps showing some partiality, calls it the "most exciting trial in Belizean history", right down to the verdict, delivered on July 7, 1970, and clearing Hyde and Shabazz.

The 1970s: rockbottom and revival
A relieved Amandala staff began making moves to develop the newspaper's technology. First, in 1971, Amandala purchased a Chandler and Price letter press to replace the Gestetner stencils used on the paper to that point. This technology lasted, with many trials and errors, to 1977, when it was shelved in favor of modern offset technology being favoured by competitors such as The Reporter and The Belize Times. Despite ravages from Hurricane Greta-Olivia, Amandala became the nation's leading newspaper by 1981 due in part to using offset printing.

Parent organization UBAD soon crumbled around Amandala as formerly faithful members went their own way: some to the U.S., some to England, some to the newly formed UDP and some elsewhere. It remained for UBAD to be permanently dissolved, and the occasion came after Evan X Hyde's loss at the polls in elections of October 30, 1974. In the Amandala of November 8, 1974, Hyde formally ended UBAD, quoting Frank Sinatra and explaining why the time had come for the Association to be shut down. But Amandala, he said, would move in the direction of being a "community newspaper" rather than a political one.

For the remainder of the 1970s, Amandala tried to avoid controversy. Indeed, editor Hyde ran unsuccessfully for the PUP in City Council elections of 1977, and the paper generally toed the line with government policy, although reserving its usual candor for certain situations. Joining the paper in this period was the "Ros'lin" serial about Belizean adolescents, a special "Jumble" word puzzle, columns by the publisher's father Charles B. Hyde and "The Old Man", a forerunner of today's "Smokey Joe" column.

The 1980s: becoming mainstream
As Amandala entered the 1980s, it had updated its technology, expanded its scope of writing and was reaching more people. The often impassioned editorials of the UBAD era were replaced by more mainstream content.

Amandala became more well known when it covered the 1981 Heads of Agreement uprisings. Toward the end of 1981, it published an article linking Prime Minister Price and Minister Louis Sylvester to a report from Mexico about drugs in Belize. For the second time in its publishing life, Amandala went to court because it was accused of libel in a lawsuit. Judgements of BZ $10,000 and BZ $7,500 were imposed against the paper in 1982 and 1983. The newspaper went into debt but continued publishing. Relief arrived briefly with the ascension of the UDP to power in 1984, but the UDP and Amandala soon found themselves at loggerheads.

Popular columns during this period included "Far and Near" (before it moved to the Belize Times), "Bill Williamson" (before it moved to The Reporter as "Roving Eye") and "Smokey Joe" (the first appearance).

The 1990s: maintaining dominance
The 1990s for Amandala  really began on November 17, 1989, with the establishment of Belize's first commercial radio station, KREM FM, on the compound at Partridge Street. Amandala dedicated much of the next three years to weaning the young radio station and protecting it from its rivals, the now defunct Radio Belize and LOVE FM. UBAD celebrated what would have been its twenty-second anniversary in 1991, and Amandala publisher and former UBAD president Hyde wrote a reminisce of the UBAD glory days in the "From the Publisher" column of February 8, 1991. In addition, Amandala became the chief sponsor for local semi-professional team "The Raiders", which would win five national titles in the 1990s out of a total of seven. Through KREM and the Raiders, Amandalas name remained well-known. However, it did not escape criticisms of partisanship from rivals including the defunct People's Pulse, which derided all things Amandala for much of the 1990s until its closure in 1998, its sponsor the UDP being in power for much of that period. Amandala eventually admitted to a partnership with the then-Opposition PUP established in 1994 and dissolved ten years later. There was also a claim of sensationalism, bias and overhyping of events ascribed to the newspaper. Things got so bad there was an attempt by foreign nationals to buy out the newspaper that was only turned down at the last minute, and KREM Radio even briefly shut down. Despite Amandala troubles, Belizeans faithfully bought the paper, which by this time dated its weekend issue for Sunday instead of Friday.

Popular columns included Evan "Mose" Hyde's entertainment column "Chat Bout", educator and activist Silvana Woods "Weh A Gat Fi Seh" (What I Have to Say), Belize's first column written entirely in Belize Creole (prior to its moving to The Reporter), and Los Angeles-based Pam Reyes' "Caribbean Pulse", in addition to Glenn Tillett's "Between the Lines" and Russell Vellos' "Viewpoint".

Amandala today
The newspaper is a mix of editorial opinion and journalism.

News coverage

Amandala is noted for sensational stories about violent crime. It is significantly more likely to publish such crime stories than The Reporter, a competing newspaper, based on a random sampling of stories from both papers by a scholar at the Rochester Institute of Technology spanning 2010 to 2014.

Editorial positions

Amandala is strongly opposed to LGBT rights in Belize. The paper's editorial staff complains of a "gay agenda" that wants to legalize "public displays of their lifestyle, same-sex marriage, and worse." The paper has editorialized against Caleb Orozco and his LGBT rights organization, UNIBAM. Editor-in-chief Russell Vellos has written that he considers homosexuality to be "evil."

Current staff
Publisher: Evan X Hyde
Editor in chief: Russell Vellos
Assistant editor: Adele Ramos
Lithographer: Cassian Glenn, Roy Lord
Layout/design: Victoria Tun, Deshawn Swasey
Business manager: Jacinta Hyde
Office secretary/Receptionist: Odessa Robinson
Collation manager: Jason Barrera

Columns
 Charles Hyde's "Ideas and Opinions", under the name Janus, taking a scholarly look at Belize today;
 Novelist Colin Hyde's short takes on current topics with humorous dialogue;
 In Search of Truth, by Henry Gordon, combining discussion of current events with sermons from the Bible (Gordon is a pastor).
 Press Predictions (by Gilroy "Press" Cadogan, moved from Belize Times)
 Clinton Uh Luna (firebrand from Corozal)

Pricing
Midweek edition (published Tuesdays, dated Wednesdays): BZ $1.00
Weekend edition (published Thurs./Fri., dated Sundays): BZ $1.35

Website
Amandala has maintained an online presence since the early 2000s. It was previously a tenant of Belizemall.com before establishing its own address. This address, amandala.com.bz, was revamped in 2006.

Recent developments

There has been discussion about a possible Spanish-language version of the paper; however, this has yet to be detailed. Amandala moved closer to endorsing a Spanish-language version of its newspaper in a recent editorial which explained what a Spanish-language Amandala would have to overcome in order to achieve success. In a more recent "From the Publisher", Hyde reported that the project was on hold.

Beginning in February 2010, the Editorial and From the Publisher columns appear in Spanish on separate pages from their English counterparts.

In the issue for October 22, 2006, Colin Hyde appeared to be closing his column "Sixes and Sevens", saying he would move on to other projects, including new novels, but that he would continue contributing to the Amandala. Hyde has since written numerous letters and occasional short columns dedicated to sport and politics. In October 2007, Hyde joined the paper for a brief period as assistant editor, during Adele Ramos' maternity leave, and reverted to his old post on her return in January 2008.

Barrow and Williams lawsuits

In April 2007, attorney and then leader of the opposition Dean Barrow wrote Amandala requesting payment on a loan accruing to some $262,000 procured from Sagis Investments, a company apparently owned by Lord Michael Ashcroft. Amandala is insisting that the move is an attempt to destabilize KREM in an election year and that the major political parties may be complicit in this attack.

Less than a week later on The Kremandala Show of April 24, panelist Bill Lindo, a supporter of the ruling People's United Party, claimed that Opposition leader Barrow in his capacity as chief litigator for the Belize Bank drafted an unlimited guarantee for the Government of Belize concerning a loan of $33 million to a consortium of investors for Universal Health Services, a local private hospital which is currently insolvent. Barrow had previously denied this accusation and wrote the Amandala within 24 hours of the statement to announce legal action against Bill Lindo for defamation of character, though he proposed to ignore Kremandala as an equally guilty partner (given that they hosted Lindo) because there was no evidence of a prior conspiracy. Lindo subsequently left the program, but has returned as of December 11, 2007, its last episode of the year. No mention has since been made of the lawsuit.

The Sagis case went to court in May 2008 and Chief Justice Dr. Abdulai Conteh ruled in KREM Radio's favor (see that article for details).

However, recent events led Amandala to change their tune. In May and June 2007 Belizeans rose up in protest over the unilateral signing of a loan note by the Government and Michael Ashcroft's Belize Bank over a 33 million dollar arrangement with the struggling Universal Health Services. That matter is currently on standstill, but the PUP has fallen out of favor with Kremandala, or vice versa, as explained by Hyde in a recent "From the Publisher".

References

External links
 Amandala archive and website

Newspapers established in 1969
Newspapers published in Belize
Kremandala Ltd.
1969 establishments in British Honduras

Amandala


John Austin (17 April 1752 – 1830), was a Scottish inventor, known for inventing musical equipment, improvements to weaving machines, and a new system of stenography.

Austin was a native of Craigton near Glasgow, where is father was gardener to John Baird Esq. He was an apprentice to William and Walter Tait in Glasgow, and became a guild brother on 18 January 1776.

He published at Glasgow, in or about 1800, a system of Stenography which may be learned in an hour, on a single folio engraved sheet, price 2s. 6d. A note at the end announces the publication of a complete system by the same author, price one guinea, but this does not appear to have been issued.

He was also the author of an elaborate work entitled A System of Stenographic Music, invented by J. Austin, Glasgow. Dedicated to the Musical World, in English, French, Italian, German, and other Languages, (Glasgow, 50 engraved pages, oblong folio, no date, c. 1802). On the title-page is an engraved portrait of the author, who states in the preface that 'the design of this work is to represent to the musical world a new, easy, concise, and universal method of writing music completely on one line only, and adapted to all kinds of vocal and instrumental music and musical instruments, whereby an expert writer may note it down as he hears it performed, so that to those who make it their amusement or profession it will be equally interesting, together with the pleasure of improving and profiting by the art,' and, in conclusion, he remarks that 'if the shorthand writer is pleased in taking from the mouth of an orator, the musical stenographer will be no less so when catching those dulcet sounds which vibrate through the soul, convincing her that she is more than mortal.' According to a review in The Scots Magazine (lxv, 1803, p. 165), the system was taught in several boarding schools near Edinburgh, in addition to Herriot and Watson's Hospital.

Another publication about a musical invention, Tonometer (London, c. 1800), describes a mechanical aid for transposition and tuning using movable brass wheels.

In 1806 Austin turned his attention to the improvement of weaving machines, creating a steam-powered loom and other improvements.

He died in Glasgow in 1830.

References

1830 deaths
1752 births
Scottish inventors
Creators of writing systems
Stenographers

John Austin (inventor)


Aleksander Waszkowski (1841-1865) was a Polish politician who served as former prime minister in the Polish Government Crisis (January Uprising) a year before his death.

Career
He was a member of the Warsaw City Organization. In February 1863, he carried out an action to take over staff maps, and in June of the same year - the Cash Office of the Central Government Revenue and Treasury Commission of the Kingdom of Poland. Appointed the last insurgent warden of Warsaw, he held this position from December 10, 1863 to December 19, 1864, when he was accidentally arrested on Elektoralna Street. He was aware of the impossibility of reversing the fall of the uprising, but by issuing orders and proclamations he tried to maintain the impression that the municipal organization was still functioning. He had no permanent residence; he spent the night in the mill buildings in Solec, and spent his days reading newspapers in cafes. He consciously decided not to go out of town.

Death
He was imprisoned in the 10th pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel. He was executed on its slopes on February 17, 1865 together with Emanuel Szafarczyk. It was the last public execution of participants in the uprising in Warsaw.

Polish politicians

Aleksander Waszkowski


The Aceh Tsunami Museum, located in Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia, is a museum designed as a symbolic reminder of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster, as well as an educational center and an emergency disaster shelter in case the area is ever hit by a tsunami again.

Design
The Aceh Tsunami Museum was designed by Indonesian architect (and now incumbent Governor of West Java) Ridwan Kamil. The museum is a 2,500 m2 four-story structure; its long curving walls covered in geometric reliefs. Inside, visitors enter through a dark, narrow corridor between two high walls of water — meant to recreate the noise and panic of the tsunami itself. The museum walls are adorned with images of people performing the Saman dance, a symbolic gesture dedicated to the strength, discipline and religious beliefs of the Acehnese people. From above, the roof resembles a tsunami. The ground floor is modelled on the kind of traditional raised Acehnese houses that were best equipped to survive the tsunami.

The building acknowledges both the victims, whose names are to be inscribed on the wall of one of the museum's internal chambers, and the surviving members of the local community.

In addition to its role as a memorial for those who died, the museum also offers a place of refuge from future such events, including an "escape hill" for visitors to run to in the event of another tsunami.

Collection
Exhibitions at the museum include an electronic simulation of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, in addition to photographs of victims and exhibits featuring stories from survivors of the disaster.

Maintenance and use

Adequate funding for the ongoing maintenance and use of the Aceh Tsunami Museum has not been forthcoming. The museum is one of a large number of so-called "tsunami assets", the precise legal ownership of which has been in dispute between different levels of Indonesian governments since at least 2009.  As of late 2010, the Museum was only open intermittently and was poorly patronised.

References

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Museums in Aceh
Museums established in 2009
Buildings and structures in Banda Aceh
History museums in Indonesia
Natural disaster museums

Aceh Tsunami Museum


Octene is an alkene with the formula . Several isomers of octene are known, depending on the position and the geometry of the double bond in the carbon chain.

The simplest isomer is 1-octene, an alpha-olefin used primarily as a co-monomer in production of polyethylene via the solution polymerization process. Several useful structural isomers of the octenes are obtained by dimerization of isobutene and 1-butene. These branched alkenes are used to alkylate phenols to give precursors to detergents.

References

External links
OSHA Safety and Health Topics: 1-Octene

Alkenes
Monomers

Octene


Noah Dale Bastian (born August 26, 1979) is an American actor and TV personality best known for his role as Chad Linus in the MTV movie and series, 2ge+her.

Bastian was born in San Jose, California. His TV appearances include guest roles on Maybe It's Me, Everwood and JAG. His first movie was a Disney movie, Johnny Tsunami, and his latest, Ice Spiders, premiered on the SCI FI on June 9, 2007. Noah also appeared in the independent film The Adventures of Food Boy.

Bastian participated in a documentary about his struggles with drug addiction. The documentary, directed by his brother Tyler, failed to obtain funding through its 2013 Kickstarter campaign.

He came out publicly in 2013.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Male actors from San Jose, California
American male film actors
American male television actors
2gether (band) members

Noah Bastian


"The Greatest Love of All" is a song written by Michael Masser and Linda Creed and originally recorded by George Benson for the 1977 Muhammad Ali biopic The Greatest. (A live version by Benson appears on 1978's Weekend in L.A.). The song was also recorded in 1979 by Shirley Bassey, for her album "The Magic Is You".

The song was further popularized by Whitney Houston under the title "Greatest Love of All". The song was recorded by the American recording artist for her debut album, self-titled Whitney Houston, which was released in February 1985, by Arista Records.

Creed wrote the lyrics in the midst of her struggle with breast cancer. The words describe her feelings about coping with great challenges that one must face in life, being strong during those challenges whether you succeed or fail, and passing that strength on to children to carry with them into their adult lives. Creed eventually succumbed to the disease in April 1986 at the age of 37; at the time her song was an international hit by Houston.

The song became a major hit, topping the charts in Australia, Canada and the US, while reaching the top 20 in most countries, including Italy, Sweden and UK. It remains her third biggest US hit, after "I Will Always Love You" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". All three songs, in order of their former popularity, re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart, after Houston's death, debuting the same week at numbers 7, 35 and 41, respectively, giving Houston three posthumous chart hits.

Whitney Houston version

Clive Davis, founder of Houston's label Arista Records, was initially against Houston recording the song for her debut studio album, Whitney Houston, but he eventually gave in after persuasion from Houston and Masser. It was released as the B-side to the single "You Give Good Love", a previous Top 5 hit by Houston. The song was eventually released as a single in its own right. The song, released on March 18, 1986, was the seventh release from Houston's debut album, and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May of that year.

Houston's album version features a piano intro, while the single version begins with a keyboard intro. After the single became a success, it replaced the original album version on subsequent pressings of the album. However, the original version was restored for the 2010 Deluxe Anniversary Edition reissue of the album.

References

1977 songs

Greatest Love of All


Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester PC (28 February 1728 – 8 January 1805), known as the Lord Pelham of Stanmer from 1768 to 1801, was a British Whig politician.

Background
Pelham was the son of Thomas Pelham and his wife Annetta, daughter of wealthy merchant George Bridges (d.1714) of Pera, Constantinople by his wife Anetta, a local girl. Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet, was his great-grandfather and Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, and Henry Pelham his first cousins once removed. He was educated at Westminster School (1740) and Clare College, Cambridge (1745) and undertook the Grand Tour through France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany between 1746 and 1750.

Political career

Pelham was elected to the House of Commons for Rye in 1749, a seat he held until 1754, and then represented Sussex until 1768. He served as a Commissioner of Trade and Plantations from 1754 to 1761, as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1761 to 1762 and as Comptroller of the Household from 1765 to 1774 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1765.

In 1768 Pelham succeeded his cousin the Duke of Newcastle as second Baron Pelham of Stanmer according to a special remainder in the letters patent. He also inherited the Pelham baronetcy created in 1611. Pelham also served as Surveyor-General of Customs of London from 1773 to 1805 and as the last Keeper of the Great Wardrobe from 1775 to 1782. In 1801 he was created Earl of Chichester.

In 1776, Pelham bought the manor of Falmer from his second cousin once removed, Sir John Shelley, 5th Baronet.

Family

He succeeded his father in 1737, inheriting the Stanmer Park estate near Lewes, Sussex.

Lord Chichester married Anne Frankland, daughter of Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, in 1754. They had three sons and three daughters. All three daughters and one son predeceased him. His third son the Right Reverend the Hon. George Pelham became Bishop of Bristol, Exeter and Lincoln. Lord Chichester died in January 1805, aged 76, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son Thomas, who became a prominent politician. Lady Chichester died in 1813.

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
 Will of George Bridges in National Archives  – PROB 11/543/102  – probated 15 November 1714; George was the son of Richard Bridges of Tytheringon, Gloucestershire and Ann the daughter of George Hanger (d.1688) of Driffield, Gloucestershire and Ann Roberts.

External links

1728 births
1805 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Pelham, Thomas
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1761–1768
Earls of Chichester
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Thomas
Lords of the Admiralty

Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester


Viktor Melkhiorovich Kress (; born 16 November 1948) is a Russian politician. He is best known for serving five terms as governor of Tomsk Oblast, Russia from 1991 to 2012.

Biography

Kress was born into a peasant family with five brothers and a sister. Both of his parents were ethnic Germans. During his education he also worked on the farm at the village of Yashkino in Kemerovo Oblast.

Kress graduated from Novosibirsk Agricultural Institute in 1971 as an agricultural economist and worked as an agronomist in Siberia eventually becoming head of the Rodina Sovkhoz near Tomsk. In 1987, he rose to the position of First Secretary of the CPSU committee of Pervomayskoye rayon, Tomsk Oblast. In 1990, Kress was elected and served as speaker of the Tomsk Oblast Soviet. In 1991, after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, President Boris Yeltsin appointed him as governor of Tomsk Oblast. Kress won re-election by popular vote three times, in 1995, 1999 and 2003. In 2007, President Vladimir Putin, who had ended the direct election of governors, nominated him for a fifth term, which he won by a vote of the Regional Duma. On March 17, 2012, Kress resigned as governor.

On May 17, 2012, Kress' successor, Governor Sergey Zhvachkin, appointed him to the Federation Council as the representative of Tomsk Oblast. He serves as the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Science, Education, Culture and Information Policy.

Kress became a member of the United Russia party in 2004.

Sanctions
Sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to Russo-Ukrainian War.

In December 2022 the EU sanctioned Viktor Kress in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Books

Kress has also authored five books
Difficult Times of Russia: A Look at the Provinces (1998)
Tomsk Oblast: Today and Tomorrow (1999)
Tomsk Oblast at the Crossroads of the Centuries (1999)
Tomsk Oblast: The Start of the 21st Century (2002)
Direct Answers to Complex Questions (2003)

Personal life

Kress is married to Lyudmila Kress and has two children, His daughter Elena is a cardiologist and his son Vyacheslav is judge at the Seventh appellant arbriage court. He has four grandchildren.

Honours and awards

Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
3rd class (16 November 2008) - for his great personal contribution to the socio-economic development of the field and many years of diligent work
4th class (13 November 1998) - for services to the state and a major contribution to socio-economic development of the region
Order of the Badge of Honour
Medal "For Labour Valour"
Diploma of the President of the Russian Federation (12 December 2008) - for active participation in the drafting of the Constitution and a great contribution to the democratic foundations of the Russian Federation
Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 1st class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2002)
Breastplate of the Foreign Ministry of Russia "for contribution to international cooperation" (2008) - for active international activity for the development of international co-operation of Tomsk region with the European Union, Southeast Asia, Israel, United States
Honorary Citizen of the Tomsk region (2008) - for outstanding contribution to the objectives of socio-economic development of the Tomsk region, many years of fruitful work
Honorary citizen of Tomsk (2004)
Badge "For Services to the Tomsk region" (26 February 2004) - for his great personal contribution to the socio-economic development, successful management of the area during the period of political and economic reforms, stability, peace and harmony on earth
Badge of Honour "for his services in promoting the Olympic Movement in Russia" (2004, R & D)
Order of St. Sergius, 1st class (2008, Russian Orthodox Church)
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - November 23, 2010

References

External links
Governor's Official Page

1948 births
Living people
People from Kostroma Oblast
Heads of the federal subjects of Russia of German descent
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
United Russia politicians
21st-century Russian politicians
Governors of Tomsk Oblast
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (1994–1996)
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (1996–2000)
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (after 2000)
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow
Russian individuals subject to United Kingdom sanctions
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Viktor Kress


A content word is a word in a language that has meaning. The most common content words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Unlike function words, content words are usually open class, which means that there is no end to how many words a part of speech in a language can have. Since content words are usually more important in a sentence, they tend to be said with more stress in an English sentence.

Words

Content word


Gregory Allen Kurstin (born May 14, 1969) is an American songwriter, producer, performer, keyboardist and multi-instrumentalist.

Early life
Greg Kurstin was born and raised in Los Angeles. His first music experience was from is grandma playing piano for him. That was when he was 5 years old. He eventually inherited her piano and began taking lessons. It was during these formative years that he developed an interest for jazz and blues. At age 11, he picked up a guitar and any other instrument he could touch. In his secondary school years, he devoted countless number of hours behind the piano doing jazz. However, he also looked for time to play with various local bands in the Los Angeles area. When he was 12 he performed in Dweezil Zappa's band and co-wrote "Crunchy Water", which was the B-side to Los Angeles' KROQ's staple "My Mother Is A Space Cadet". It was from these collaborative experiences that he was first introduced to new wave, punk and African music. Kurstin also developed an interest in recording at a really young age. He also began working with a 4-track recorder.

He attended California State University Northridge, The New School in New York City. He graduated from Cal Arts in California.

After secondary school, Greg moved to New York City to study with Charles Mingus's piano player Jaki Byard at The New School. Soon after, he played with jazz legends such as Bobby Hutcherson and George Coleman. Whilst in New York, Greg also spent much of his time playing and studying Brazilian music. As a result of his studies, he started to be a really competent player of the Berimbau. He played this instrument on sessions with Beck.

References

American record producers
1969 births
Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
Grammy Award winners
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American musicians

Greg Kurstin


The Kármán line is the altitude where space begins. It is 100 km (about 62 miles) high. It commonly represents the border between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space. This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The FAI is an international standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics. The line is named after Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963), a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist. He was active in aeronautics and astronautics. He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight. An aircraft at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to obtain enough lift to support itself. There is a sudden increase in temperature of the atmosphere and solar radiation just below the line. This places the line within the greater thermosphere.

References

Space

Kármán line


James Nichols (1785–1861) was an English printer and theological writer.

Life
He was born at Washington, Durham, 6 April 1785. Because of family financial troubles he had to work in a factory at Holbeck, Leeds, from the age of eight to twelve, but also studied Latin grammar. His father was later able to send him to Leeds Grammar School. Nichols was for some time a private tutor, and then entered into business as a printer and bookseller at Briggate, Leeds.

Nichols died in Hoxton Square on 26 November 1861. He married Miss Bursey of Stockton-on-Tees in 1813, and had many children, of whom two survived.

Works
Nichols printed some small volumes, including John Byrom's Poems (1814), and pamphlets, and edited the Leeds Literary Observer vol. i., from January to September 1819. This periodical he wanted to replace by a more ambitious monthly miscellany; but in the event he moved to London and opened a printing office at 2 Warwick Square, Newgate Street. His best-known work Calvinism and Arminianism compared (1824), was written and printed there. He also printed The Journal of John Wesley 1735-1737/8 Volume 1 entered at Stationers hall.

In 1825 there was published the first volume of his translation of the Works of Jacobus Arminius, with a life and appendices, which met with the approval of Abraham des Amorie van der Hoeven. The third volume, issued in 1875, was translated by William Nichols. Nichols moved his printing office in 1832 to Hoxton Square, where he remained the rest of his life. Here he printed editions of Thomas Fuller's Church History (1837), History of Cambridge (1840), and The Holy and Profane State (1841), Pearson on the Creed (1845 and 1848), and William Warburton's Divine Legation (1846), and edited books for William Tegg. The Poetical Works of James Thomson (1849) and the Complete Works of Dr. Young (1855) were recognised as scholarly. His most substantial publication was of the Morning Exercises: The Morning Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles-in-the-Fields, and in Southwark, being divers Sermons preached A.D. 1659–1689, fifth edition, collated and corrected, London, 1844–5, 6 vols.

He was on good terms with Robert Southey, George Tomline, William Wordsworth, Henry John Todd, John Bowring, and other scholars.

References

Attribution

1785 births
1861 deaths
Arminian writers
English printers
English translators
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century British businesspeople
18th-century Anglican theologians
19th-century Anglican theologians

James Nichols (printer)


Jeffrey James Weise (August 8, 1988 – March 21, 2005) was an American mass murderer who committed the Red Lake shootings on March 21, 2005.

On March 21, 2005, Weise killed his grandfather and his grandfather's companion before going to the reservation high school, where he murdered seven more people and wounded five others. He died by suicide before he could be captured by the police. Weise struggled in school due to frequent relocations, bullying, disruptions in his personal life and truancy.

In May and June 2004, Weise attempted suicide and was briefly hospitalized. He was under treatment for depression, and had been prescribed Prozac as an anti-depressant. His case revived the public discussion about the use of Prozac for children and adolescents; the Food and Drug Administration had published a warning about it in October 2004 as a factor in increased suicides and violence among youths.

Life
Weise was born on August 8, 1988, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the only child of Joanne Elizabeth Weise (born April 15, 1970) and Daryl "Baby Dash" Allen Lussier Jr. (November 22, 1965 – July 21, 1997), an unmarried Ojibwe couple from the Red Lake Indian Reservation in Red Lake, Minnesota. The Ojibwe permit only their tribal members to live on the reservation, which is located in northwest Minnesota 250 miles north of Minneapolis; it is one of two "closed" reservations in the country. The couple separated before the boy was born.

In November 1988, Joanne's parents forced her to give up three-month-old Jeff to the care of his father, who lived with his parents and family in Red Lake. In June 1991, when Jeff was nearly three years old, his mother reclaimed the boy. She took him to live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area. He later claimed in online postings that his mother was an alcoholic and had physically and emotionally abused him.

In 1992, Joanne Weise began dating a man who allegedly also abused Jeff. After having two children, the couple married on June 27, 1998.

On July 21, 1997, when Jeff was eight, his father died by suicide by shooting himself. He had been in a standoff with the Red Lake Police Department for some days in Red Lake. His grandfather, Daryl "Dash" Lussier Sr. (September 3, 1946 – March 21, 2005), a sergeant in the tribal police force since 1965, had tried to intervene but was unable to bring about a peaceful end.

On March 5, 1999, when Jeff was ten, his mother was in a car accident, in which a tractor-trailer crashed into the car that her cousin was driving. The women had been drinking. The cousin died in the accident and Joanne suffered severe brain damage. In 2000, she and her husband separated; they completed the divorce in May 2004. Their custody arrangements covered only the children they had together and not Jeff.

Following his mother's accident, Jeff was placed in the custody and care of his paternal grandmother, on the Red Lake reservation. The boy had to leave Minneapolis, where he had lived for nearly eleven years. Two of his paternal aunts said they were also involved in his care; one lived with her child at their mother's during this period.

Jeff's grandmother and her husband were separated. He shared a house with his companion and their son. According to the family, Jeff became close to both of his grandparents. By 2003, his mother had moved to an assisted-living facility; she had recovered enough from her accident to work part-time, and had regained speech. Weise chose to stay with his grandmother rather than rejoin his mother and move again.

Schools
Due to his disrupted family life, Weise attended numerous schools as a boy: Pearson Elementary School in Shakopee, Minnesota, from kindergarten to fourth grade; Bluff Creek Elementary School in Chanhassen, Minnesota, for fifth grade; and Red Lake Middle School for sixth through eighth grades. In 2002, Weise was forced to repeat the eighth grade because of failing grades and truancy; he enrolled in a special education program at the school called the Learning Center. Beginning in middle school, Weise was frequently taunted and bullied by other students.

High school
Weise became close to his paternal grandfather, Daryl "Dash" Lussier Sr., and his younger companion, Michele Sigana, who had given him his own room with them. The family said Weise had a good relationship with both.

In September 2003, Weise enrolled at Red Lake Senior High School in Red Lake. Teachers and fellow students remembered him as withdrawn, and he reportedly had a history of troublesome behavior. At times he was referred to be homeschooled. His grandmother said he had not been in school for five weeks before the shooting.

His social studies teacher Wanda Baxter recalled, "[Weise] was a good listener like any other ordinary student. He was quiet but never a troublemaker." Another teacher described Weise as "a pretty bright kid, but ... lazy when it came to school."

According to reports, Weise was teased by fellow students because of his physical appearance: he was six feet tall and 250 pounds; he dressed in all-black clothing with a full-length coat. He usually did not respond to their taunts. Weise said, "Because of my size and appearance people don't give me as much trouble as they would if I looked weak." Several students remember Weise as being non-violent. In addition, a family member said that students were aware of the suicide of Weise's father and his mother's being confined to a nursing home while he attended the high school.

A close friend of Weise described him as "the only one I talked to about my problems. He was trustworthy, and he was always capable of understanding what I was going through". Other girls also said they could talk to him. Although Weise was sometimes described as a loner, several students said he had numerous friends. He had a notebook in which he drew what a close friend described as "dark stuff".

Later Weise was found to have posted numerous online comments expressing his frustration with living in Red Lake, and feelings that his life was beyond his control. He described the reservation "as a place where people 'choose alcohol over friendship', where women neglect 'their own flesh and blood' for relationships with men, where he could not escape 'the grave I'm continually digging for myself'".

His depression led him to attempt suicide in May 2004, when he cut his wrist. He changed his mind, deciding "this was not the path", and posted his thoughts on the website Above Top Secret:

I had went through a lot of things in my life that had driven me to a darker path than most choose to take. I split the flesh on my wrist with a box opener, painting the floor of my bedroom with blood I shouldn't have spilt. After sitting there for what seemed like hours (which apparently was only minutes), I had the revelation that this was not the path. It was my dicision  to seek medical treatment, as on the other hand I could have chose to sit there until enough blood drained from my downward lascerations on my wrists to die.

After he attempted suicide again the following month in June 2004, his aunts arranged with the Red Lake Medical Center for him to be hospitalized at a facility away from the reservation. His continuing treatment included counseling and a prescription for Prozac, an anti-depressant.

One source said that his doctor had increased his dosage in 2005 a week before the shooting, to 60 mg a day of Prozac. His grandmother said he had not seen the doctor since February 21. His aunts Shauna and Tammy Lussier were concerned about the increase in his dosage.

Weise's murders and suicide reopened the public debate about Prozac use among children and adolescents. In October 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had issued a warning about its use because of its association with more thoughts and acts of suicide and violence. But, it was at the time the only antidepressant approved for use with children.

Shootings

On March 21, 2005, Weise killed nine people before killing himself in a murder–suicide. With a Ruger MK II that he had acquired up to a year before the shooting, Weise first killed his grandfather, 58-year-old Daryl Lussier Sr., while he was asleep in bed, and his grandfather's girlfriend, 32-year-old Michelle Sigana, while she was coming back upstairs from the basement with laundry. He then took his grandfather's police-issued firearms (a Glock 22 handgun and a pump action shotgun) and drove his grandfather's police cruiser to the school. At the school, Weise shot and killed unarmed security guard Derrick Brun, 28, before going inside the school. Once inside, Weise fired randomly down a hallway and in a classroom, killing teacher Neva Wynkoop-Rogers, 62, and students Dewayne Lewis, 15; Chase Lussier, 15; Chanelle Rosebear, 15; Thurlene Stillday, 15; and Alicia White, 14. After engaging in a brief shootout with the police and being injured three times in the lower back, right leg, and right arm, Weise then retreated to another classroom and died by suicide using a shotgun.

The extended Lussier family had been involved for years in trying to help him, and arranged for Weise to have care and psychiatric treatment for depression. Dr. Leslie Lundt, a psychiatrist, has commented that a parent's suicide put individuals at high risk for psychological problems, as does alcohol abuse in the family.

Online activities
According to reports, Weise spent great amounts of time online on blogging sites. One such blog included a Neo-Nazi Internet forum of the Libertarian National Socialist Green Party. The posts revealed an admiration for the ideas of Adolf Hitler, and interests in persuading other Native Americans as to the merits of those ideas. On one occasion, he fought with a pupil whom he referred to as a "Communist". He also alleged that the school was warned that someone was going to "shoot up" the school on April 20, the birthday of Adolf Hitler and the anniversary of the Columbine High School massacre, and that the school authorities "pinned" the threat on him.

Weise also created violent Flash animations and posted them on the Internet (including the website Newgrounds). He uploaded these animations under the alias "Regret". One animation entitled Target Practice depicts an individual who shoots three people with an assault rifle, blows up a police car with a grenade, then shoots a Ku Klux Klan member. It ends when the character uses a handgun to shoot himself in the head. The animation is accompanied by the sounds of gunfire.

Compensation
After the murders and Weise's suicide, in April 2005, the Red Lake Band of Chippewa distributed 15 grants to families of victims and people affected by the shootings from a memorial fund that received $200,000 in donations from across the country. They gave $5,000 as a victims-aid grant to Weise's relatives, to help pay for the youth's funeral and burial. Although some people objected, a tribal leader said Weise's relatives had a double burden, since they too had lost a relative, and now had to live with the fact that he had caused it.

See also
Prozac
Columbine effect

References

External links
 Jeffrey James Weise obituary, Red Lake New News (March 25, 2005)
 Sarah Left, "A neo-nazi 'angel of death'", The Guardian, March 25, 2005
 Peter Langman, PhD., School Shooters.info, his website to provide discussion, links to resources and data from 10 years of research
 Peter Langman, "Jeffrey Weise: Family Tree", School Shooters
 Peter Langman, "Biographical timeline of Jeffrey James Weise", School Shooters
 David Hanners and Beth Silva (March 24, 2005). "Troubling Internet postings clash with family's view of a happy Weise", Saint Paul Pioneer Press
 "Jeffrey Weise", Yahoo! Profile (removed by Yahoo! at 14:32 March 25, 2005 [UTC], and was brought back)
 "Regret" "Syko666", Newgrounds Profiles
 "Culture kills in Red Lake tragedy", includes links to numerous articles about Red Lake Shooting, Blue Corn Comics

1988 births
2005 deaths
2005 suicides
21st-century American criminals
American male criminals
American mass murderers
American murderers of children
American neo-Nazis
American spree killers
Crime in Minnesota
Criminals from Minnesota
Deaths by firearm in Minnesota
Male murderers
Murder–suicides in Minnesota
Ojibwe people
People from Minneapolis
Suicides by firearm in Minnesota
Youth suicides

Jeff Weise