Sumner Peter Mills III (born June 3, 1943) is an American politician from Maine. A Republican, Mills served in the Maine Senate, representing the 26th district. He ran for Governor of Maine in 2006 and 2010 and lost both times in the Republican primary. He is the older brother of the current Governor of Maine Janet Mills.

Early life and family
Mills was born in Farmington, Maine, the son of Katherine Louise (Coffin) and Sumner Peter Mills Jr., and grew up in Gorham. He graduated from Gorham High School in 1961. After graduating cum laude from Harvard College in 1965, he served five years on United States Navy destroyers with several duty tours in the Vietnam War, for which he was awarded the Navy Achievement Medal. He later conducted intelligence missions against the Soviet Union for which he was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal. Mills graduated second in his class from the University of Maine Law School in 1973.

Career
Mills spent 32 years working as a lawyer in Maine. For 23 years, he has owned Wright & Mills in Skowhegan. He is a founding member of the Somerset Economic Development Corporation and a founding member of FirstPark, a business park in central Maine.

Naval service
When he was a 17-year-old senior at Gorham High School, Mills was awarded a Navy scholarship to Harvard under the Holloway program.

On his third summer cruise in 1964, he was a midshipman aboard the destroyer USS Blue while serving on Yankee Station. The Blue and another destroyer were relieved by the Maddox and Turner Joy just before the famous Tonkin Gulf incident.

For five years of active duty, from July 1965 until July 1970, Mills had three tours of about 20 months each on the Dyess (DD 880), DESRON 2 staff aboard the Blandy (DD 943) and the McMorris (DE 1036).

On the Dyess he became the Communications Officer and qualified as OOD underway. The Dyess sailed from Newport around the world in order to serve on the Vietnam gunline, do plane guard duty on Yankee Station and patrol the Taiwan Straits. It fired 2787 rounds of 5′38 while on the gunline.

On Desron 2, Mills was the staff communications officer. From Norfolk, his squadron was sent through the Panama Canal to WestPac. For much of his time in the Western Pacific, his squadron staff commanded the gunline. While he was aboard the Blandy, the ship fired over 26,000 rounds of 5″54 which was a record for the gunline up to that time. They received return fire from the coast on occasion but without casualties.

For his last tour he was OPS boss and senior watch officer aboard the McMorris out of Pearl and was responsible for training junior officers in ship handling.

On one assignment, he was highly successful in collecting certain physical information about Soviet MRVs that was immediately released by the Nixon administration to support the ABM bill then pending in Congress. The bill still failed to pass.

Maine Legislature
During 15 years in the Maine Legislature (most recently in the State Senate), he has served as a Republican lead on Tax, Labor, Judiciary, Appropriations, Education and Health & Human Services Committees. He was outspoken in advocating change in tax and school funding systems. He has worked with to pass reforms in health care and education.

In 1999 he led the Labor Committee to overhaul Maine's Unemployment Compensation system, to eliminate benefits, build reserves and reduce taxes. In 2005 he launched "Don't Mortgage ME," a petition drive to repeal a $447 million borrowing scheme. In 2009 the Legislature passed his bill to design a portable benefit system for new teachers and state employees. In 2008 the Legislature unanimously passed his Fund of Funds bill to attract venture capital for growing businesses. Governor John Baldacci vetoed the bill.

2006 gubernatorial campaign
In 2005, Mills declared his candidacy for Governor in the 2006 election. In the Republican primary, he faced former U.S. Representative Dave Emery and State Senator Chandler Woodcock. Mills lost to Woodcock by 2,400 votes. Woodcock lost to incumbent Democrat John Baldacci in the November general election.

2010 gubernatorial campaign
On July 22, 2009 Mills filed paperwork with the Maine Ethics Commission for entry into the 2010 Maine gubernatorial race. He was the fourth Republican to declare his candidacy, joined by Matt Jacobson, Les Otten, and Bruce Poliquin. Waterville mayor and businessperson Paul LePage was subsequently chosen to be the Republican candidate for Governor in 2010.

After the State Senate
In 2011, Governor Paul LePage appointed Mills as the Executive Director of the Maine Turnpike Authority.

Personal life
Mills' family is also involved in public service. His father served in the Maine legislature, in the Navy, and in the United States Department of Justice as U.S. Attorney. His sister, Janet Mills, was elected Maine Attorney General by the Legislature in December 2008. Janet currently serves as Governor of Maine, the state's first female governor. His sister Dora Mills was Maine's Public Health Director. His wife Nancy is a judge for the Cumberland County Superior Court. Her current seven-year term expires at the end of 2021.

He has three adult daughters and three grandchildren. Two of his daughters are educators. One serves in the United States Army.

Since leaving the legislature, Mills has practiced law and manages woodlots in Cornville where he lives with his wife, Superior Court Justice Nancy Mills.

Electoral history

References

External links
Official Website
Peter Mills Archives

1943 births
Living people
Harvard College alumni
People from Skowhegan, Maine
People from Farmington, Maine
Politicians from Gorham, Maine
Republican Party Maine state senators
21st-century American politicians
University of Maine School of Law alumni
20th-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Gorham High School (Maine) alumni

Peter Mills (American politician)


Ricky Kirshner is an American television producer.

Kirshner has won nine Emmy Awards out of 26 nominations.

Early life
Kirshner is the son of Don Kirshner.

Career
Kirshner partnered with Glenn Weiss to create White Cherry Entertainment.

Kirshner has been involved in the Tony Awards since 1993, first acting as a line producer. Since 2004, Kirshner has acted as an executive producer of the Tony Awards.

From 2007 through 2020, Kirshner acted as executive producer of the Super Bowl halftime show.

From 2015 through 2021, Kirshner, along with Glenn Weiss, was an executive producer of the Kennedy Center Honors.

Kirshner has been involved with all Democratic National Conventions since 1992. Among the roles he has played in the production of conventions, Kirshner acted as the producer of the 2000 convention, the executive producer for the 2008 and 2012 conventions, a co-producer for the 2016 convention (alongside Vicangelo Bulluck), and oversaw the programming of the 2020 Democratic National Convention.

Kirshner and Glenn Weiss co-produced the Neighborhood Inaugural Ball as part of the first inauguration of Barack Obama. Kirshner and Wiess also produced the "Celebrating America" television special as part of the inauguration of Joe Biden.

References

American television producers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ricky Kirshner


Roland Vogt (; 17 February 1941 – 20 May 2018) was a German politician. He was the first member of the German Green Party to be elected to the Bundestag from Rhineland-Palatinate.

Vogt was born in Gelnhausen, Hesse-Nassau. He studied law and political science in Berlin.  In 1975, he became involved with the anti-nuclear power movement in southwestern Germany and in succeeding years edited environmental magazines.  In 1978, he was one of the co-founders of a regional predecessor to the Green party in Berlin, and campaigned for the European parliament in 1979.

In the elections of 1983, Vogt was elected to the Bundestag, but resigned two years later because of the then prevailing Green rules of "rotation", which specified that legislators should share their terms with others, rather than serving out a full term.  He was succeeded by Willi Tatge, and assumed the post of Rhineland-Palatainate party chair for two years (1986–1987).  In the following legislative period, he served as a legislative aide to the Green caucus of the Bundestag. He was also a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1983 and 1985.

After the reunification of Germany, Vogt was hired by the "traffic light coalition" government of Brandenburg (consisting of the "red" (SPD), "yellow" (FDP), and "green" (Alliance 90/The Greens) parties) to oversee the process of "conversion" — the transition of local economies that had been based on supporting Soviet military bases to a civilian economy.  In this job, he drew on experiences from Rhineland-Palatinate, whose economy was heavily influenced by US military bases.  The Green party had opposed the US military presence in the 1980s in Rhineland-Palatinate and developed numerous alternative concepts.

In 1996, Vogt joined the Brandenburg central committee of the Green party, and in 2000 was elected party chair of Brandenburg, serving until 2003.  In the regional elections of 2004, he campaigned for the Brandenburg parliament, but the Green party failed to reach the 5% minimum required for representation.  His attempt to win a spot on the Rhineland-Palatinate Green ticket for the Bundestag election of 2005 failed to find adequate support at the party convention in Mainz on 17 July 2005.

Vogt died on 20 May 2018, aged 77.

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in Germany

References

1941 births
2018 deaths
People from Gelnhausen
Politicians from Brandenburg
Politicians from Hesse-Nassau
Members of the Bundestag for Rhineland-Palatinate
Members of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens

Roland Vogt


Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov (; October 23 (November 4) 1896, Razgulyayka, now in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast – December 6, 1967, Minsk) was a Soviet military commander.

Life

1914–1941
Born in the village of Razgulyayka, he left school in 1915 and joined the Russian Army at the rank of Praporshchik. He served in the First World War and graduated from officer training school in 1917. He moved to the Red Army in 1918, commanding a battalion then a regiment in the Russian Civil War.

In December 1922 he became the commander of the 4th Turkestan Regiment, then of the 109th Regiment in September 1924. He moved to the staff in 1928, then to head the Kiev Infantry School in 1930. He then became the commander and commissar of 44th Rifle Division in January 1931. Next he became a general tactical lecturer at the RKKA Military Academy in December 1935, deputy commander of the troops in Odessa Military District in April 1940, head of the Main Directorate of Red Army Air Defence in December 1940. 1940 also saw him promoted to lieutenant general. He also fought in the Russo-Finnish War.

1941–1967
In January 1941 he was appointed commander of the troops of Transcaucasian Military District and when the Germans invaded in August that year he was put in command of the Transcaucasian Front, where he led the Soviet contingent in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.

He moved to command the Caucasian Front in December 1941 and the Crimean Front in January 1942. He commanded the Kerch Peninsula landings but, despite initial successes, the operation ended in disaster, with the Soviets losing over 176,000 men, 37 tanks, around 3,500 guns and mortars and 400 aircraft and losing the bridgehead to the Germans in Operation Trappenjagd. On 4 June 1942 he was demoted to major general and removed from command of the front. In August that year he was transferred to command 24th Army and from October 1942 was assistant deputy commander of the Voronezh Front.

Kozlov headed Kharkov's defence and was one of the last Russians to leave it before the Germans recaptured it on 14 March 1943. From 14 to 21 March 1943 Soviet divisions were constantly withdrawing through the woods northeast of Mokhnachev, and Kozlov took the same route away from Kharkov. From May to August 1943 he was given a post on the Leningrad Front and from August 1943 was made deputy commander of the Transbaikal Front, where he took part in the Soviet offensives against Japan. From 1946 until his retirement in 1954 he was made deputy commander of Transbaikal. He died in 1967 in Minsk.

Sources
 KA Zaleski, Империя Сталина. Биографический энциклопедический словарь. (Stalin's empire. Biographical Encyclopaedia.) Moscow, Veche, 2000.

1896 births
1967 deaths
People from Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
People from Nizhny Novgorod Governorate
Soviet lieutenant generals
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Russian military personnel of World War I
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of the Winter War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner

Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov


A Book of Giants is a 1963 anthology of 13 fairy tales from Europe that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders. It is one in a long series of such anthologies by Manning-Sanders. It was the first anthology to receive the familiar "A Book of..." title that Manning-Sanders would become notable for.

This book was first published in the United Kingdom in 1962, by Methuen & Co. Ltd.  It has been used in schools as a study aid.

Some of the tales from this book are also included in A Choice of Magic (1971) by Manning-Sanders. And some of the tales from this book are included in Folk and Fairy Tales (1978) by Manning-Sanders.

And in the foreword, Manning-Sanders discusses the long-ago roots of tales about giants: "The stories in this book are very old, and they come from many countries. We don't know who first told the story of Jack and the Beanstalk; but it has always been a favourite, and it used to be hawked around England in those little stitched-together pamphlets, called chapbooks, which travelling pedlars sold to the countryfolk for a penny or two each."

The author adds: "You will notice that the giants, wherever they come from, have one thing in common: they are all very stupid, and the way to overcome them is to use your wits."

Table of contents
1. Jack and the Beanstalk (England)
2. The Giant and the Dwarf (Georgia)
3. Fin M'Coul and Cucullin (Ireland)
4. Sneezy Snatcher and Sammy Small (Cornwall)
5. Hans, the Horn, and the Magic Sword (Jutland)
6. Jack the Giant-Killer (Cornwall)
i. Jack and the Giant Cormoran
ii. Jack and the Giant Tantarem
iii. Jack and the Welsh Giant
iv. Jack, the King of England's Son, and the Giant with Three Heads
v. Jack and the Giant Thunderdell
vi. Jack, the Giant Galligantua, and the Enchanter
7. King Johnny (Slavic)
8. Conall Yellowclaw (Ireland and Scotland)
9. The Giant in the Cave (Ireland and Scotland)
10. The Brave Little Tailor (Germany)
11. The Giant Who Had No Heart in His Body (Norse)
12. The Three Golden Hairs of the King of the Cave Giants (Germany)
13. Prince Loaf (Romania)

Reception
Kirkus Reviews gave A Book of Giants a kirkus star and wrote "Miss Manning-Sanders narrates these old legends in a direct language..." and "In his fine-lined drawings, Robin Jacques has built up a good contrast between the large and the small and has captured the essence of giantdom with a light touch."  The Observer found "A splendid jacket by Robin Jacques at once invites the eye. Of course, myths have almost always been unfair to giants: still, we could not separate them from nursery lore, especially when, as in several of these tales, they are merely kindly, stupid fellows, easily outwitted (but not slain) by some sharp little dwarf. Though some are from local sources, others are from as far afield as Russian Georgia or Jutland. But are they so different?"

See also

Giant (mythology)

References

1962 short story collections
1962 children's books
Collections of fairy tales
Children's short story collections
British children's books
British short story collections
European fairy tales
Fiction about giants
1962 anthologies

A Book of Giants


St. Clair Flats Front and Rear Range Light are two lighthouse structures situated off the southeastern tip of Harsens Island at Lake St. Clair.

History
By the late 1830s, it was recognized that constructing a shipping channel through the delta at the base of the Saint Clair River would be an aid in shipping. An 1842 survey by the Corps of Topographical Engineers recommended dredging the channel, but due in part to opposition by President James K. Polk, no federal funds were appropriated for a decade. In 1852, $20,000 was appropriated for improvements, but the money was quickly spent with little result. Meanwhile, the opening of the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal in Sault Ste. Marie increased shipping through the Great Lakes, and left the Saint Clair delta as the major bottleneck to commerce through the lakes.

In the early 1850s, numerous ship ran aground in the area, often blocking the entire canal and preventing access by other ships. Congress voted to appropriate further funds for improvements in 1854, but President Franklin Pierce vetoed the bills, as he did again in 1855 and 1856. By this time, the problem was severe, and in 1856, Congress overrode the presidential veto, and $45,000 was appropriated. From this funding, the canal dredging was completed, and two lighthouses and a nearby beacon constructed at the mouth of the channel. The two lighthouses were completed by 1859.

In 1866, a further $60,000 was appropriated for improvements. However, the United States Army Corps of Engineers recommended abandoning the current channel (known as the "south channel") and opening up a new Saint Clair Flats channel. This new channel was opened in 1870, after which the older channel became less important, but still used.

In 1875, the front light began to lean. It was dismantled and rebuilt using the original stone and timber crib. By the early 20th century, the lights had become less useful, and in 1907 their use was discontinued. However, in 1915, the lights were re-established, and continued in use until 1934, when they were again discontinued.

Despite the 1875 reconstruction, the front light began to lean further due to erosion near the base of the light. In 1990, the base was reinforced by constructing a steel cell and filling it with limestone for temporary support. In the fall of 1996, a permanent seawall was completed around the front light island.

The rear light was constructed with a large keeper's house on the island surrounding the light. The house was demolished in the early 1930s. However, later vandalism has played a part in the overall deterioration of the rear light, which is also in need of major foundation work. Current restoration has been taking place on the rear light.

Description

The two range light towers are located in shallow water nearly a mile from the nearest land. The front range light is the smaller of the two, It is a cylindrical yellow brick tower, measuring 17 feet tall and tapering from 11 feet in diameter at the base to 10 feet in diameter in diameter at the top. It sits on a stone base atop a submerged timber crib structure. A single square-head door in the base of the tower leads to a circular iron staircase inside, which goes up to the lantern. The light originally had a ten-sided, iron lantern and an ornamental iron railing. These have disappeared, and the navigational  light is now fitted with a plastic lens.

The larger, rear range light is also a cylindrical, brick structure atop a square stone pier. It is constructed of off-white brick, slightly lighter in hue than the yellow brick of the other light. The tower measures about 40 feet tall, and the original, ten-sided, iron lantern remains in place. A round-head entrance in the base and a circular iron staircase leads to the lantern platform.

See also
 Lighthouses in Michigan

References

External links

Official Save Our South Channel Lights

Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Michigan
Lake St. Clair
Lighthouses completed in 1859
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County, Michigan


The Annals of Mathematics is a mathematical journal published by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. It is published every two months.

History

The journal was established as The Analyst in 1874 and with Joel E. Hendricks as the founding editor-in-chief.

Retraction in 2017, of an article from 2001
In 2017 the journal retracted (or pulled back the journal's support for an article it had printed), an article that it published in 2001. The website Retraction Watch, thinks that the retraction is the first ever, by the journal.

The article "was retracted because the (mathematical) proofs in the paper were found to be incomplete", said a spokesman for the journal. The article, by Jing-Song Huang, has not been cited (as of July 2017), according to Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science.

References

Journals

Mathematics journals

Annals of Mathematics


William Halsted Wiley (July 10, 1842 in New York City – May 2, 1925 in Orange, New Jersey), was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 8th congressional district from 1903 to 1907 and from 1909 to 1911, and was also a co-founder and former president of the publishing company John Wiley & Sons.

Education
Wiley was born in New York City on July 10, 1842. In 1861 he graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1861 and proceeded to enter the Union Army in 1860 as a member of the Seventh New York Volunteers. He was promoted to first lieutenant of Volunteers in 1862 and mustered out with the rank of brevet major in 1864 by the consolidation of his regiment. After successful Artillery commanding and the end of the war he went to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.  He was one of the first members of the Theta Xi fraternity's Alpha chapter at Rensselaer and remained involved in that fraternity for 60 years.  After graduating with a degree in engineering he attended the Columbia College School of Mines in 1868. There he was engaged in civil engineering and also as a superintendent of a mine for several years and a member of the township committee of East Orange, New Jersey from 1886 to 1888, and president one year. Actively involved in politics, he was also president of one of the juries at the International Exposition in Brussels and a member of the superior jury appointed by the Governor of New Jersey a member of the commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904.

Congressional stay
Wiley was first elected as a Republican to the 58th Congress as a representative for New Jersey and re-elected to the 59th Congress (March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1907). His run for re-election in 1906 was unsuccessful, however. But he did manage a re-election the next term into the  61st Congress (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1911). After another unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1910, he moved on to work with his family in founding a publishing company in New York City.

Publishing company
In 1876, he entered the publishing business with his father and brother, co-founding a firm under the name of John Wiley & Sons. The family company began by publishing works by authors such as Cooper, Emerson, Melville, and Poe. Once in charge, Wiley phased out all publishing programs not concerned with science and technology and established the firm as America's premier publisher of scientific and technical books. By 1895 the company became a worldwide organization, distributing American scientific knowledge around the globe.

Wiley died in East Orange on May 2, 1925, and was interred in Rosedale Cemetery in Orange, New Jersey.

References

External links

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Alumni Hall of Fame Entry
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Corporate History

19th-century American businesspeople
American book publishers (people)
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
1842 births
1925 deaths
Politicians from East Orange, New Jersey
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
Burials at Rosedale Cemetery (Orange, New Jersey)
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni

William H. Wiley


San Antonio Oeste is a port city in the Argentine province of Río Negro, and head of the department of San Antonio.

The town is bordered by its sister communities of San Antonio Este, to the east, and Las Grutas, to the southwest. Discovered by an expedition of the Spanish Empire in 1779, San Matías Gulf became the site of an outpost, San Antonio (so named in honor of St. Anthony of Padua). Water scarcity led the original settlement to fail in 1905, leading the community to settle west of the gulf, in what today is San Antonio Oeste.

The arrival of the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway in its expansion towards Bariloche in 1910 led to the hamlet's growth. It later became the site of Punta Verde, the leading port for the large wool export industry of Patagonia, though the collapse in the wool market during the 1930s and 1940s led to the port's closure in 1944.

San Antonio Oeste benefited afterwards from a growth in tourism in nearby Las Grutas, a scenic cove known for its grottoes. Since 2000, it has also been home to a growing fishing industry, resulting from the opening of a deep-water port in San Antonio Este.

Climate
San Antonio Oeste has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with cool winters and hot summers. Winters are characterized with cool temperatures during the day and very cold nights. In the coldest month, June and July, the mean temperature is . Temperatures can regularly fall below freezing during the winter months although snowfalls rarely occur, averaging 0.2 days with snow per year. During this time of the year, the weather is characterized by cloudy weather in which an average of 9–11 overcast days are recorded per month.

Spring and fall are transition seasons featuring mild daytime temperatures and cool nighttime temperatures. Spring starts out cool, with frosts that occur regularly in September with the last date of frost occurring on October 2. However, frosts can occur as late as November 4 It is also a windy season, which can make the temperature feel cooler than it should be. Autumn starts out warm but increasingly becomes cooler in April and May with the frosts that can occur as early as March 26. Normally, the first date of frost occurs on April 28.

Summers are hot during the day while nighttime temperatures are mild. It tends to be sunnier than the other seasons with only 4–6 overcast days per month and having 7–11 clear days per month. In the hottest month, January, the average high is  while the average low is . During the most extreme heat waves, the temperature can reach above  from November to March. The average relative humidity is 57%, with the winter months being more humid than the winter months. San Antonio Oeste is windy throughout the year with mean wind speeds ranging from a low of  in April to a high of  in December. Precipitation is low throughout the year with San Antonio Oeste receiving  of precipitation per year with 63 days with measureable precipitation that is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. There are approximately 2,633.5 hours of bright sunshine per year or 58.3% of possible sunshine per year, ranging from a low of 45.7% in June (only 136.4 hours of sunshine per month) to a high of 72.0% in February. The highest recorded temperature was  while the lowest recorded temperature was  on June 22, 2002.

References

Notes

External links
 City of San Antonio Oeste

Populated places in Río Negro Province
Port settlements in Argentina
Populated places established in 1905
Populated coastal places in Argentina
1905 establishments in Argentina
Cities in Argentina

San Antonio Oeste


Gregg Deal (Pyramid Lake Paiute) is an artist and activist whose work deals with "Indigenous identity and pop culture, touching on issues of race relations, historical consideration and stereotype"

Biography
Gregg Deal was born in Park City, Utah, to a white father and Native American mother. Deal is an enrolled as a member of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe.

Deal met his wife, Megan Prymak in Provo, Utah in 1998. The following year, they moved to Montclair, Virginia and married. Deal enrolled as a student at George Mason University in 1999, studying art with a concentration in painting. He and his family lived in the Washington, D.C., area for 17 years before moving to their current place of residence, Colorado Springs, CO. He resides there with his wife and five children.

Career and artwork
Deal lived and worked as a graphic designer then self-employed artist in the Washington, D.C., area for 16 years. After moving to Denver, CO, the Denver Art Museum hosted Deal as a Native Arts Artist-in-Residence. Currently, Deal is an Artist-in-Residence at UC Berkeley for the 2017–2018 school year.

Solo exhibitions

 Existence as Protest, 2017 (Redline Gallery, Milwaukee, WI)
 Supreme Law of the Land, 2017 (Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO)
 There is No Plan B, 2016 (The Fridge, Washington, D.C.)
 White Indian, 2016 (Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO)
 This Is Indian Land, 2015 (Art Mart, Fredericksburg, VA)
 Pan-Indian Romantic Comedy, 2015 (Wooly Mammoth, Washington, D.C.)
 REDSKIN, 2014 (Art All Night: Nuit Blanche, Washington, D.C.)
 Romantic Nationalism, 2014 (The Dunes, Washington, D.C.)
 Art Crimes, 2013 (The Dunes, Washington, D.C.)
 From The Street To The Studio: The Work of Gregg Deal, 2012 (Capital One, McLean, VA)
 Faces in The Crowd, 2012 (Foundation Gallery & Liveroom, Kensington, MD)
 Popmatic, 2010 (Sukio, Washington, D.C.)
 People, 2004 (Common Ground, Washington, D.C.)

Activism

Deal's activism exists in his art, as well as his participation in political movements. He has been heavily involved with the #changethename movement, which addresses the Native American mascot controversy and has appeared on an episode of Totally Biased with Kamau Bell as well as The Daily Show with John Stewart. He created a #changethename video on Vimeo to invite Indigenous people to weigh in on the mascot issue in response to what he perceived as mainstream media's failure to include Indigenous voices within the discussion.

Inspiration / Influences-
Gregg Deal cites James Luna, a Payómkawichum(Luiseño) as one of his main influences. After winning a mentorship with the Ford Foundation, Deal accompanied Luna to the Venice Biennale, where he assisted Luna for his performance piece "Emendatio" for two weeks. Afterwards, Deal developed the concept of The Last American Indian on Earth.

Deal draws inspiration from various street artists; he cites Washington local artists 181HKS, Ultra, Con and Maz Paz in an interview with Aljazeera, as well as national artists GIANT, REVOK, TWIST and Shepard Fairey. Deal also mentions several Indigenous artists that inspire him: Jaque Fraqua, Ernesto Yerena, Nani Chacon, Cheyenne Randall and Jared Yazzie.

See also
List of Native American artists
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
List of Washington Redskins name change advocates

References

1975 births
Living people
Native American painters
Native American male artists
George Mason University alumni
Native American performance artists
People from Park City, Utah
Native American people from Utah
Northern Paiute people

Gregg Deal


Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.

Appendicitis is primarily caused by a blockage of the hollow portion in the appendix. This blockage typically results from a calcified "stone" made of feces. Other factors such as inflamed lymphoid tissue from a viral infection, intestinal parasites, gallstone, or tumors may also lead to this blockage. When the appendix becomes blocked, it experiences increased pressure, reduced blood flow, and bacterial growth, resulting in inflammation. This combination of factors causes tissue injury and, ultimately, tissue death. If this process is left untreated, it can lead to the appendix rupturing, which releases bacteria into the abdominal cavity, potentially leading to severe complications.

The diagnosis of appendicitis is largely based on the person's signs and symptoms. In cases where the diagnosis is unclear, close observation, medical imaging, and laboratory tests can be helpful. The two most commonly used imaging tests for diagnosing appendicitis are ultrasound and computed tomography (CT scan). CT scan is more accurate than ultrasound in detecting acute appendicitis. However, ultrasound may be preferred as the first imaging test in children and pregnant women because of the risks associated with radiation exposure from CT scans.

The standard treatment for acute appendicitis involves the surgical removal of the inflamed appendix. This procedure can be performed either through an open incision in the abdomen (laparotomy) or using minimally invasive techniques with small incisions and cameras (laparoscopy). Surgery is essential to reduce the risk of complications or potential death associated with the rupture of the appendix. Antibiotics may be equally effective in certain cases of non-ruptured appendicitis. It is one of the most common and significant causes of sudden abdominal pain. In 2015, approximately 11.6 million cases of appendicitis were reported, resulting in around 50,100 deaths worldwide. In the United States, appendicitis is one of the most common causes of sudden abdominal pain requiring surgery. Annually, more than 300,000 individuals in the United States undergo surgical removal of their appendix. Reginald Fitz is credited with being the first person to describe the condition in 1886.

Signs and symptoms

The presentation of acute appendicitis includes acute abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. As the appendix becomes more swollen and inflamed, it begins to irritate the adjoining abdominal wall. This leads the pain to localize at the right lower quadrant. This classic migration of pain may not appear in children under three years. This pain can be elicited through signs, which can feel sharp. Pain from appendicitis may begin as dull pain around the navel. After several hours, the pain usually migrates towards the right lower quadrant, where it becomes localized. Symptoms include localized findings in the right iliac fossa. The abdominal wall becomes very sensitive to gentle pressure (palpation). There is pain in the sudden release of deep tension in the lower abdomen (Blumberg's sign). If the appendix is retrocecal (localized behind the cecum), even deep pressure in the right lower quadrant may fail to elicit tenderness (silent appendix). This is because the cecum, distended with gas, protects the inflamed appendix from pressure. Similarly, if the appendix lies entirely within the pelvis, there is typically a complete absence of abdominal rigidity. In such cases, a digital rectal examination elicits tenderness in the rectovesical pouch. Coughing causes point tenderness in this area (McBurney's point), called Dunphy's sign.

Causes

Acute appendicitis seems to be the result of a primary obstruction of the appendix. Once this obstruction occurs, the appendix becomes filled with mucus and swells. This continued production of mucus leads to increased pressures within the lumen and the walls of the appendix. The increased pressure results in thrombosis and occlusion of the small vessels, and stasis of lymphatic flow. At this point, spontaneous recovery rarely occurs. As the occlusion of blood vessels progresses, the appendix becomes ischemic and then necrotic. As bacteria begin to leak out through the dying walls, pus forms within and around the appendix (suppuration). The result is appendiceal rupture (a 'burst appendix') causing peritonitis, which may lead to sepsis and in rare cases, death. These events are responsible for the slowly evolving abdominal pain and other commonly associated symptoms.

The causative agents include bezoars, foreign bodies, trauma, lymphadenitis and, most commonly, calcified fecal deposits that are known as appendicoliths or fecaliths. The occurrence of obstructing fecaliths has attracted attention since their presence in people with appendicitis is higher in developed than in developing countries. In addition an appendiceal fecalith is commonly associated with complicated appendicitis. Fecal stasis and arrest may play a role, as demonstrated by people with acute appendicitis having fewer bowel movements per week compared with healthy controls.

The occurrence of a fecalith in the appendix was thought to be attributed to a right-sided fecal retention reservoir in the colon and a prolonged transit time. However, a prolonged transit time was not observed in subsequent studies. Diverticular disease and adenomatous polyps was historically unknown and colon cancer was exceedingly rare in communities where appendicitis itself was rare or absent, such as various African communities. Studies have implicated a transition to a Western diet lower in fiber in rising frequencies of appendicitis as well as the other aforementioned colonic diseases in these communities. And acute appendicitis has been shown to occur antecedent to cancer in the colon and rectum. Several studies offer evidence that a low fiber intake is involved in the pathogenesis of appendicitis. This low intake of dietary fiber is in accordance with the occurrence of a right-sided fecal reservoir and the fact that dietary fiber reduces transit time.

Diagnosis

The physician will ask questions to get the health history, assess your symptoms, do a complete physical exam, and order both laboratory and imaging tests. Appendicitis Symptoms fall into two categories, typical and atypical.

Typical appendicitis is characterized by a migratory right iliac fossa pain associated with nausea, and anorexia, which can occur with or without vomiting and localized muscle stiffness/ generalized guarding. It is possible the pain could localize to the left lower quadrant in people with situs inversus totalis.The combination of migrated umbilical pain to the right lower quadrant, loss of appetite for food, nausea, unsustained emesis, and mild fever is classic.

Atypical histories lack this typical progression and may include pain in the right lower quadrant as an initial symptom. Irritation of the peritoneum (inside lining of the abdominal wall) can lead to increased pain on movement, or jolting, for example going over speed bumps. Atypical histories often require imaging with ultrasound or CT scanning.

Signs
During the early stages of appendicitis diagnosis, it is common for physical exams to present inconspicuous findings. Signs of inflammation become noticeable as the disease progresses, These signs may include:
 Aure-Rozanova's sign: Increased pain on palpation with a finger in the right inferior lumbar triangle (can be a positive Blumberg's sign).
 Bartomier-Michelson's sign: Increased pain on palpation at the right iliac region as the person being examined lies on their left side compared to when they lie on their back.
 Dunphy's sign: Increased pain in the right lower quadrant by coughing.
 Hamburger sign: The patient refuses to eat (anorexia is 80% sensitive for appendicitis)
 Kocher's sign (Kosher's sign): From the person's medical history, the start of pain in the umbilical region with a subsequent shift to the right iliac region.
 Massouh's sign: Developed in and popular in southwest England, the examiner performs a firm swish with their index and middle finger across the abdomen from the xiphoid process to the left and the right iliac fossa.
 Obturator sign: The person being evaluated lies on her or his back with the hip and knee both flexed at ninety degrees. The examiner holds the person's ankle with one hand and knee with the other hand. The examiner rotates the hip by moving the person's ankle away from their body while allowing the knee to move only inward. A positive test is pain with internal rotation of the hip.
 Psoas sign, also known as "Obraztsova's sign", is right lower-quadrant pain that is produced with either the passive extension of the right hip or by the active flexion of the person's right hip while supine. The pain that is elicited is due to inflammation of the peritoneum overlying the iliopsoas muscles and inflammation of the psoas muscles themselves. Straightening out the leg causes pain because it stretches these muscles, while flexing the hip activates the iliopsoas and causes pain.
 Rovsing's sign: Pain in the lower right abdominal quadrant with continuous deep palpation starting from the left iliac fossa upwards (counterclockwise along the colon). The thought is there will be increased pressure around the appendix by pushing bowel contents and air toward the ileocaecal valve provoking right-sided abdominal pain.
 Rosenstein's sign (Sitkovsky's sign): Increased pain in the right iliac region as the person is being examined lies on their left side.
Perman's sign: In acute appendicitis palpation in the left iliac fossa may produce pain in the right iliac fossa.

Laboratory tests

While there is no laboratory test specific for appendicitis, a complete blood count (CBC) is done to check for signs of infection or inflammation. Although 70–90 percent of people with appendicitis may have an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count, there are many other abdominal and pelvic conditions that can cause the WBC count to be elevated. However, a high WBC count may not alone represent a solid indicator of appendicitis but rather an inflammation  but the neutrophil ratio was more sensitive and specific for acute appendicitis.

In children,neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
demonstrates a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and distinguishes complicated appendicitis from the simple one
75-78 percent of the patients have neutrophilia. Delta-neutrophil index (DNI) is a valuable parameter that helps in the diagnosis of histologically normal appendicitis and distinguishing between simple and complicated appendicitis.

A C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test will be ordered by the doctor to find out if there are any further causes of inflammation. The C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/ALB) ratio can be a reliable predictor of complicated appendicitis.

The urinalysis is important for ruling out a urinary tract infection as the cause of abdominal pain. The presence of more than 20 WBC per high-power field in the urine is more suggestive of a urinary tract disorder.

If the patient is a woman, a pregnancy test will be ordered.

Imaging
In children, the clinical examination is important to determine which children with abdominal pain should receive immediate surgical consultation and which should receive diagnostic imaging. Because of the health risks of exposing children to radiation, ultrasound is the preferred first choice with CT scan being a legitimate follow-up if the ultrasound is inconclusive. CT scan is more accurate than ultrasound for the diagnosis of appendicitis in adults and adolescents. CT scan has a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 95%. Ultrasonography had an overall sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 81%.

Ultrasound

Abdominal ultrasonography, preferably with doppler sonography, is useful to detect appendicitis, especially in children. Ultrasound can show the free fluid collection in the right iliac fossa, along with a visible appendix with increased blood flow when using color Doppler, and noncompressibility of the appendix, as it is essentially walled-off abscess. Other secondary sonographic signs of acute appendicitis include the presence of echogenic mesenteric fat surrounding the appendix and the acoustic shadowing of an appendicolith. In some cases (approximately 5%), ultrasonography of the iliac fossa does not reveal any abnormalities despite the presence of appendicitis. This false-negative finding is especially true of early appendicitis before the appendix has become significantly distended. Also, false-negative findings are more common in adults where larger amounts of fat and bowel gas make visualizing the appendix technically difficult. Despite these limitations, sonographic imaging with experienced hands can often distinguish between appendicitis and other diseases with similar symptoms. Some of these conditions include inflammation of lymph nodes near the appendix or pain originating from other pelvic organs such as the ovaries or Fallopian tubes. Ultrasounds may be either done by the radiology department or by the emergency physician.

Computed tomography

Where it is readily available, computed tomography (CT) has become frequently used, especially in people whose diagnosis is not obvious on history and physical examination. Although some concerns about interpretation are identified, a 2019 Cochrane review found that sensitivity and specificity of CT for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults was high.  Concerns about radiation tend to limit use of CT in pregnant women and children, especially with the increasingly widespread usage of MRI.

The accurate diagnosis of appendicitis is multi-tiered, with the size of the appendix having the strongest positive predictive value, while indirect features can either increase or decrease sensitivity and specificity. A size of over 6 mm is both 95% sensitive and specific for appendicitis.

However, because the appendix can be filled with fecal material, causing intraluminal distention, this criterion has shown limited utility in more recent meta-analyses. This is as opposed to ultrasound, in which the wall of the appendix can be more easily distinguished from intraluminal feces. In such scenarios, ancillary features such as increased wall enhancement as compared to adjacent bowel and inflammation of the surrounding fat, or fat stranding, can be supportive of the diagnosis. However, their absence does not preclude it. In severe cases with perforation, an adjacent phlegmon or abscess can be seen. Dense fluid layering in the pelvis can also result, related to either pus or enteric spillage. When patients are thin or younger, the relative absence of fat can make the appendix and surrounding fat stranding difficult to see.

Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use has become increasingly common for diagnosis of appendicitis in children and pregnant patients due to the radiation dosage that, while of nearly negligible risk in healthy adults, can be harmful to children or the developing baby. In pregnancy, it is more useful during the second and third trimester, particularly as the enlargening uterus displaces the appendix, making it difficult to find by ultrasound. The periappendiceal stranding that is reflected on CT by fat stranding on MRI appears as an increased fluid signal on T2 weighted sequences. First trimester pregnancies are usually not candidates for MRI, as the fetus is still undergoing organogenesis, and there are no long-term studies to date regarding its potential risks or side effects.

X-ray

In general, plain abdominal radiography (PAR) is not useful in making the diagnosis of appendicitis and should not be routinely obtained from a person being evaluated for appendicitis. Plain abdominal films may be useful for the detection of ureteral calculi, small bowel obstruction, or perforated ulcer, but these conditions are rarely confused with appendicitis. An opaque fecalith can be identified in the right lower quadrant in fewer than 5% of people being evaluated for appendicitis. A barium enema has proven to be a poor diagnostic tool for appendicitis. While failure of the appendix to fill during a barium enema has been associated with appendicitis, up to 20% of normal appendices do not fill.

Scoring systems
Several scoring systems have been developed to try to identify people who are likely to have appendicitis. The performance of scores such as the Alvarado score and the Pediatric Appendicitis Score, however, are variable.

The Alvarado score is the most known scoring system. A score below 5 suggests against a diagnosis of appendicitis, whereas a score of 7 or more is predictive of acute appendicitis. In a person with an equivocal score of 5 or 6, a CT scan or ultrasound exam may be used to reduce the rate of negative appendectomy.

Pathology
Even for clinically certain appendicitis, routine histopathology examination of appendectomy specimens is of value for identifying unsuspected pathologies requiring further postoperative management. Notably, appendix cancer is found incidentally in about 1% of appendectomy specimens.

Pathology diagnosis of appendicitis can be made by detecting a neutrophilic infiltrate of the muscularis propria.

Periappendicitis (inflammation of tissues around the appendix) is often found in conjunction with other abdominal pathology.

Differential diagnosis

Children: Gastroenteritis, mesenteric adenitis, Meckel's diverticulitis, intussusception, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, lobar pneumonia, urinary tract infection (abdominal pain in the absence of other symptoms can occur in children with UTI), new-onset Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, and abdominal trauma from child abuse; distal intestinal obstruction syndrome in children with cystic fibrosis; typhlitis in children with leukemia.

Women: A pregnancy test is important for all women of childbearing age since an ectopic pregnancy can have signs and symptoms similar to those of appendicitis. Other obstetrical/ gynecological causes of similar abdominal pain in women include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian torsion, menarche, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and Mittelschmerz (the passing of an egg in the ovaries approximately two weeks before menstruation).

Men: testicular torsion

Adults: new-onset Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, cholecystitis, renal colic, perforated peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, rectus sheath hematoma and epiploic appendagitis.

Elderly: diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, colonic carcinoma, mesenteric ischemia, leaking aortic aneurysm.

The term "" is used to describe a condition mimicking appendicitis. It can be associated with Yersinia enterocolitica.

Management
Acute appendicitis is typically managed by surgery. While antibiotics are safe and effective for treating uncomplicated appendicitis, 26% of people had a recurrence within a year and required an eventual appendectomy. Antibiotics are less effective if an appendicolith is present. Surgery is the standard management approach for acute appendicitis; however, the 2011 Cochrane review comparing appendectomy with antibiotics treatments has been withdrawn due to inclusion of a retracted article and not updated since. The cost effectiveness of surgery versus antibiotics is unclear.

Using antibiotics to prevent potential postoperative complications in emergency appendectomy procedures is recommended, and the antibiotics are effective when given to a person before, during, or after surgery.

Pain
Pain medications (such as morphine) do not appear to affect the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of appendicitis and therefore should be given early in the patient's care. Historically there were concerns among some general surgeons that analgesics would affect the clinical exam in children, and some recommended that they not be given until the surgeon was able to examine the person.

Surgery

The surgical procedure for the removal of the appendix is called an appendectomy. Appendectomy can be performed through open or laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic appendectomy has several advantages over open appendectomy as an intervention for acute appendicitis.

Open appendectomy
For over a century, laparotomy (open appendectomy) was the standard treatment for acute appendicitis. This procedure consists of the removal of the infected appendix through a single large incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. The incision in a laparotomy is usually  long.

During an open appendectomy, the person with suspected appendicitis is placed under general anesthesia to keep the muscles completely relaxed and to keep the person unconscious. The incision is two to three inches (76 mm) long, and it is made in the right lower abdomen, several inches above the hip bone. Once the incision opens the abdomen cavity, and the appendix is identified, the surgeon removes the infected tissue and cuts the appendix from the surrounding tissue. After careful and close inspection of the infected area, and ensuring there are no signs that surrounding tissues are damaged or infected.  In case of complicated appendicitis managed by an emergency open appendectomy, abdominal drainage (a temporary tube from the abdomen to the outside to avoid abscess formation) may be inserted, but this may increase the hospital stay. The surgeon will start closing the incision. This means sewing the muscles and using surgical staples or stitches to close the skin up. To prevent infections, the incision is covered with a sterile bandage or surgical adhesive.

Laparoscopic appendectomy
Laparoscopic appendectomy was introduced in 1983 and has become an increasingly prevalent intervention for acute appendicitis. This surgical procedure consists of making three to four incisions in the abdomen, each  long. This type of appendectomy is made by inserting a special surgical tool called a laparoscope into one of the incisions. The laparoscope is connected to a monitor outside the person's body, and it is designed to help the surgeon to inspect the infected area in the abdomen. The other two incisions are made for the specific removal of the appendix by using surgical instruments. Laparoscopic surgery requires general anesthesia, and it can last up to two hours. Laparoscopic appendectomy has several advantages over open appendectomy, including a shorter post-operative recovery, less post-operative pain, and lower superficial surgical site infection rate. However, the occurrence of an intra-abdominal abscess is almost three times more prevalent in laparoscopic appendectomy than open appendectomy.

Laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical appendectomy
In pediatric patients, the high mobility of the cecum allows externalization of the appendix through the umbilicus, and the entire procedure can be performed with a single incision. Laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical appendectomy is a relatively recent technique but with long published series and very good surgical and aesthetic results.

Pre-surgery
The treatment begins by keeping the person who will be having surgery from eating or drinking for a given period, usually overnight. An intravenous drip is used to hydrate the person who will be having surgery. Antibiotics given intravenously such as cefuroxime and metronidazole may be administered early to help kill bacteria and thus reduce the spread of infection in the abdomen and postoperative complications in the abdomen or wound. Equivocal cases may become more difficult to assess with antibiotic treatment and benefit from serial examinations. If the stomach is empty (no food in the past six hours), general anaesthesia is usually used. Otherwise, spinal anaesthesia may be used.

Once the decision to perform an appendectomy has been made, the preparation procedure takes approximately one to two hours. Meanwhile, the surgeon will explain the surgery procedure and will present the risks that must be considered when performing an appendectomy. (With all surgeries there are risks that must be evaluated before performing the procedures.) The risks are different depending on the state of the appendix. If the appendix has not ruptured, the complication rate is only about 3% but if the appendix has ruptured, the complication rate rises to almost 59%. The most usual complications that can occur are pneumonia, hernia of the incision, thrombophlebitis, bleeding and adhesions. Evidence indicates that a delay in obtaining surgery after admission results in no measurable difference in outcomes to the person with appendicitis.

The surgeon will explain how long the recovery process should take. Abdomen hair is usually removed to avoid complications that may appear regarding the incision.

In most cases, patients going in for surgery experience nausea or vomiting that require medication before surgery. Antibiotics, along with pain medication, may be administered before appendectomies.

After surgery

Hospital lengths of stay typically range from a few hours to a few days but can be a few weeks if complications occur. The recovery process may vary depending on the severity of the condition: if the appendix had ruptured or not before surgery. Appendix surgery recovery is generally much faster if the appendix did not rupture. It is important that people undergoing surgery respect their doctor's advice and limit their physical activity so the tissues can heal. Recovery after an appendectomy may not require diet changes or a lifestyle change.

The length of hospital stays for appendicitis varies on the severity of the condition. A study from the United States found that in 2010, the average appendicitis hospital stay was 1.8 days. For stays where the person's appendix had ruptured, the average length of stay was 5.2 days.

After surgery, the patient will be transferred to a postanesthesia care unit, so their vital signs can be closely monitored to detect anesthesia- or surgery-related complications. Pain medication may be administered if necessary. After patients are completely awake, they are moved to a hospital room to recover. Most individuals will be offered clear liquids the day after the surgery, then progress to a regular diet when the intestines start to function correctly. Patients are recommended to sit upon the edge of the bed and walk short distances several times a day. Moving is mandatory, and pain medication may be given if necessary. Full recovery from appendectomies takes about four to six weeks but can be prolonged to up to eight weeks if the appendix had ruptured.

Prognosis
Most people with appendicitis recover quickly after surgical treatment, but complications can occur if treatment is delayed or if peritonitis occurs. Recovery time depends on age, condition, complications, and other circumstances, including the amount of alcohol consumption, but usually is between 10 and 28 days. For young children (around ten years old), the recovery takes three weeks.

The possibility of peritonitis is the reason why acute appendicitis warrants rapid evaluation and treatment. People with suspected appendicitis may have to undergo a medical evacuation. Appendectomies have occasionally been performed in emergency conditions (i.e., not in a proper hospital) when a timely medical evacuation was impossible.

Typical acute appendicitis responds quickly to appendectomy and occasionally will resolve spontaneously. If appendicitis resolves spontaneously, it remains controversial whether an elective interval appendectomy should be performed to prevent a recurrent episode of appendicitis. Atypical appendicitis (associated with suppurative appendicitis) is more challenging to diagnose and is more apt to be complicated even when operated early. In either condition, prompt diagnosis and appendectomy yield the best results with full recovery in two to four weeks usually. Mortality and severe complications are unusual but do occur, especially if peritonitis persists and is untreated.

Another entity known as the appendicular lump is talked about. It happens when the appendix is not removed early during infection, and omentum and intestine adhere to it, forming a palpable lump. During this period, surgery is risky unless there is pus formation evident by fever and toxicity or by ultrasound. Medical management treats the condition.

An unusual complication of an appendectomy is "stump appendicitis": inflammation occurs in the remnant appendiceal stump left after a prior incomplete appendectomy. Stump appendicitis can occur months to years after initial appendectomy and can be identified with imaging modalities such as ultrasound.

Epidemiology

Appendicitis is most common between the ages of 5 and 40. In 2013, it resulted in 72,000 deaths globally, down from 88,000 in 1990.

In the United States, there were nearly 293,000 hospitalizations involving appendicitis in 2010. Appendicitis is one of the most frequent diagnoses for emergency department visits resulting in hospitalization among children ages 5–17 years in the United States.

Adults presenting to the emergency department with a known family history of appendicitis are more likely to have this disease than those without.

See also
 Deaths from appendicitis
 Evan O'Neill Kane
 Leonid Rogozov

References

External links

 CT of the abdomen showing acute appendicitis
 Appendicitis, history, diagnosis and treatment by Surgeons Net Education
 Appendicitis: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology from the Merck Manual Professional (content last modified September 2007)
 Appendicitis – Symptoms Causes and Treatment  at Health N Surgery

Acute pain
Diseases of appendix
General surgery
Inflammations
Medical emergencies
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Appendicitis


Which Star Are You From () is a South Korean television drama that aired on MBC in 2006.

Plot

Kim Rae-won plays Choi Seung-hee, a young director who just made a successful international film debut. Following his success in Australia, he meets the girl of his dreams, Lee Hye-su (Jung Ryeo-won), an aspiring musician. After spending a lovestruck romp on Australia, they planned to get married. Hye-su, however, discovers her mother does not approve of Choi. Driving to eat out one day, Seung-hee suddenly proposes to Hye-su, and while putting the ring on her finger, Seung-hee careens wildly on the road to get out the way of a truck. The accident causes Lee's death. Choi then spends the next three years in seclusion, drinking and holing himself up in his apartment.

Han Jeong-hoon (Park Si-hoo), who runs a film company, urges Director Kim to finish his grieving and to start working on film again. Choi pulls all his energy to push Hye-su out of his thoughts. On the day he decided to go out and to continue working, he sees a young woman at the sidewalk who looked exactly like his beloved Hye-su. Struck by the utter similarity, he starts to follow the girl to her hometown, which turned out to be a far-flung province. The girl, named Kim Bok-shil (also played by Jung Ryeo-won), realizing Choi had nowhere else to stay for the night, offers her home as an inn. Being poor, she considers all opportunities a chance to get good money.

After spending the night at the fake inn, the two also spends the morning together searching for fresh mountain water and encountering a wild boar in the process. Choi does not reveal his identity to Kim, and Kim mistakes him for a bum waiting to pass a long overdue exam. While walking on the countryside, Choi is inspired by the beauty of his surroundings and gets ready to prepare for his next film. He then returns to Seoul and later comes back to Kim's village to shoot. They see each other again, and Bok-shil realizes Seung-hee is a renowned director. Bok-shil then positions herself as a rice-server for the crew and comes to the set every day. By a stroke of luck, Han Jeong-hoon, also on the set, absent-mindedly offers Bok-shil a job at the film company. Jeong-hoon is also struck by the similarity of Bok-shil and Hye-su.

Bok-shil starts work in Seoul as an assistant for Director Choi. In the hopes of saving enough money for her mother's surgery, Bok-shil braves the demands of her work despite her clumsy and awkward ways. Seung-hee finds himself being attracted to Bok-shil because of her face, initially, and then later on because of her unique charm and humor.

Hye-su's family, by chance, sees Bok-shil and realizes she is the long lost sister of Hye-su. Hye-su's mother, determined not to lose another daughter, runs an investigation to find out Bok-shil's real identity. Proving that Bok-shil is really Lee Hye-rim, her lost younger daughter, she pleads Bok-shil/Hye-rim to leave her rural life and adopted mother to embrace her true lineage. Through Yoon Mi-hyeon (Kang Jeong-hwa), the film company's music director who turned to be her cousin, Bok-shil realizes she is the sister of Hye-su, Director Choi's former girlfriend. She is now conflicted on how to tell the truth to Seung-hee, who is now also falling for her. After the initial shock and confusion, Seung-hee was able to overcome his fears and admits he is in love with Hye-rim as Kim Bok-shil. Bok-shil's real mother, pained yet again due to her younger daughter's choice, becomes determined to put an end to the relationships. Her hate for the director has come full-circle, and Choi now has the chance to do what he wasn't able to do for Hye-su.

Cast
Jung Ryeo-won as Kim Bok-shil/Lee Hye-su/Lee Hae-rim
Kim Rae-won as Choi Seung-hee
Park Si-hoo as Han Jeong-hoon
Kang Jeong-hwa as Yoon Mi-hyeon
Im Ye-jin as Kim Soon-ok (Bok-shil's mom)
Ok Ji-young as Jung Sun-jung (Bok-shil's friend)
Kim Ha-kyun as Jo Doo-sik
Lee Bo-hee as Ahn Jin-hee (Hye-su's mom)
Song Jae-ho as Lee Young-noh
Lee Young-ha as Choi Soo-il (Seung-hee's dad)
Park Chul-ho as Park Chan-ho (Seung-hee's upperclassman)

References

External links
Which Star Are You From official MBC website
Which Star Are You From at MBC Global Media

Korean-language television shows
MBC TV television dramas
2006 South Korean television series debuts
2006 South Korean television series endings
South Korean romantic comedy television series
Television series by Kim Jong-hak Production

Which Star Are You From


Gustav Leberecht Flügel (February 18, 1802 – July 5, 1870) was a German orientalist.

Life
After attending high school in his native city Flügel studied theology and philosophy in Leipzig. He soon discovered his passion for oriental languages, which he studied in Vienna and Paris. In 1832 he became a professor at the Fürstenschule (Ducal or Princely school) of St. Afra in Meissen. However, he resigned in 1850 on health grounds. From 1851 he worked at the Fürstenbibliothek in Vienna on the cataloguing of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts. In December 1857 he became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and, in 1859, a full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. In 1864 he was admitted as a foreign member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.

Flügel 's main work was the creation of a bibliographic and encyclopaedic lexicon of Haji Khalfa, with Latin translation (London and Leipzig, 1835-1858). Particular importance was attached to his edition of the Qur'ān, printed in Leipzig (1834 and 1893) by the printer and publisher Carl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz. This made a reliable Quranic text available for the first time to European science. In the following years, almost all translations into European languages were based on Flügel's edition.

He died at Dresden.

Family
Flügel was married. His son Josef died in 1910 at Oberlandesgerichtsrat in Dresden.

Works, Translations, Critical Essays and Articles

 The Quran, (Leipzig, 1834 and 1893)
Bibliographical and Encyclopaedic Lexicon - (Arabic title Kaşf az-Zunūn by Hadi Khalfa; Arabic with parallel Latin translation in 7 vols., London and Leipzig, 1835–1858).  Flügel's magnum opus.
Dissertatio de Arabicis Scriptorum Graecorum Interpretibus, in Memoriam Anniversariam Scholae Regiae Afranae.  (Meisen, Klinkicht, 1841)
Concordantiae Corani Arabicae (Leipzig, Bredtil,  1842, 1875 and 1898)
Kitab al-Fihrist by Isḥāq al-Nadīm, ed. Flügel (Leipzig, Vogel, 1871) Published posthumously.
Zur Frage über die Romane und Erzahlungen der Mohammedanischen Völkerschaften,  Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morganländischen Gesellschaft, XXII (1868), 731–38.
Babek, seine Abstammung und Erstes Auftreten, ibid., XXI (1869), 1-42.

Publications
 Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum (Translation of "Al-Kashf Az-Zunun" by Kâtip Çelebi) (Vol.,1; Leipzig, 1835) (Vol.,2; Leipzig, 1837) (Vol.,3; London, 1842) (Vol.,4; London, 1845) (Vol.,5; London, 1850) (Vol.,6; London, 1852)
Corani Textus Arabicus (Leipzig, 1834, various reprints down to 1922)
Concordantiae Corani arabicae (Leipzig, 1842 and 1898)
Mani, Seine Lehren und Seine Schriften (Mani, his teachings and his writings) (Leipzig, 1862)
Die Grammatischen Schulen der Araber (The Grammar Schools of Arabic) (London, 1862)
Ibn Kutlulbugas Krone der Lebensbeschreibungen (Leipzig, 1862)
Kitab al-Fihrist (published posthumously)

References

External links
Correlation of Cairo and Flugel editions
Concordantiae Corani arabicae

1802 births
1870 deaths
People from Bautzen
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German Arabists
German orientalists
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century German translators

Gustav Leberecht Flügel


David Clerson (born 1978 in Sherbrooke, Quebec) is a Canadian novelist from Quebec, who won the Grand Prix littéraire Archambault in 2014 for his debut novel Frères. Brothers, the novel's English translation by Katia Grubisic, was published in November 2016 and was a shortlisted finalist for the Governor General's Award for French to English translation at the 2017 Governor General's Awards.

His second novel, En rampant, was published in 2016.

His third book, Dormir sans tête was published in 2019 and was a shortlisted finalist for the Grand Prix du livre de Montréal. This short story collection is translated by Katia Grubisic under the title Too See Out The Night.

References

1978 births
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian male novelists
Canadian novelists in French
Writers from Sherbrooke
French Quebecers
Living people
21st-century Canadian male writers

David Clerson


Murphy's Romance is a 1985 American romantic comedy movie directed by Martin Ritt and is based on the 1980 novella by Max Schott. It stars James Garner, Sally Field, Corey Haim, Brian Kerwin, Carole King, Anna Levine. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and was nominated for two Oscars.

Other websites

1985 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by Martin Ritt
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in Arizona

Murphy's Romance


Bellevue Botanical Garden is a botanical garden east of downtown Bellevue, Washington on Main Street. Established in 1992, many different organizations work to maintain the garden to keep it free of charge. What began as a 7-acre gift to the city in the early 1980s has now become a 53-acre public park with multiple gardens. This includes the Fuchsia Garden, Lost Meadow Trail, Native Discovery Garden, Perennial Border, Rhododendron Glen, The Urban Meadow, Waterwise Garden, Yao Garden, and Dahlia Display.

History

In 1981, the Shorts family's decision to donate 7.5 acres of their home to the City of Bellevue began the idea for a public space in the city. It wasn't until three years later when the Jewetts family proposed the idea of a botanical garden to Director of Parks and Community Service of Bellevue Springgate that the project began. From the years 1984-1989 during the planning of the garden, the City of Bellevue sets aside an additional 29-acres of land for this project making the total size of the garden 36-acres. Officially open June 27, 1992, the garden included the Perennial Border, the Yao Garden and the Fuchsia Garden. However, from 1993 to 2007 additional gardens have been built including the Dahlia Display, the Waterwise Garden, the Wildflower Garden, the Alpine Rock Garden, the Native Discover Garden, and the Rhododendron Glen. Development of the garden throughout the years created the purchase of an additional 17 acres in 2006 and a revision of the master plan in 2008. Through partnerships with many organizations to maintenance over the years, the Bellevue Botanical Garden has kept admissions free and celebrated their 25-year anniversary June 2017.

Featured Gardens

Native Discovery Garden
The Native Discovery Garden highlights native plants of the Pacific Northwest. Because these plants have adapted to the environment, they require low maintenance. According to the Washington Native Plant Society, the purpose of the project was to increase the number of diverse plants. Although 90 percent of the plants are Washington specific, there were 1000 new plants of 120 different species after the renovation in July 2019.

Perennial Border
Created and maintained by the Northwest Perennial Alliance and volunteers, the Perennial Border is the largest public perennial garden in America. Designed by Charles Price, Glenn Withey, Bob Lilly, and Carrie Becker, the garden is in bloom year-round with plants that grow best in the Pacific Northwest. The American style garden features perennials, bulbs, grasses, trees, and shrubs along the stairs and paths of the garden.

Yao Garden

The Yao Garden is a Japanese themed garden that hosts plants from the Pacific Northwest, Japan, and around the Pacific Rim. Although formerly a detention for water, the space now consists of a small river stream surrounded by maples, azaleas, rhododendrons, and viburnums.

Originally part of Kelsey Creek Park in 1971, the Yao Garden relocated as the botanical garden project began in 1990. Part of the Bellevue Sister Cities Association (BSCA) along with four other cities including Yao Japan; the organization works to cultivate relationships on an international level. Since 1977 BSCA has sponsored an exchange program between students from Bellevue and students from Japan.

Urban Meadows
Opened in March 2017, the Urban Meadow features various grasses, perennials, a wetland, and a mason bee box. Both native and exotic plant species are included in this cultivated meadow for a natural look and year-round highlights. Being a garden that was added to the Bellevue Botanical Garden collection, later on, designer Jil Stenn found a way to blend the new Urban Meadow with the surrounding gardens including the Waterwise Garden, Iris Rain Garden, and Rock Garden. Although the project had a rough start due to rainfall, it was completed before the Bellevue Botanical Garden's 25th-anniversary celebration. Contributors take pride in the colors displayed throughout the year, the animal sightings, no chemical uses in the garden, and the dedication of benches and trees to honor loved ones.

Bellevue Botanical Garden Society
Started by the same individuals that initiated the Bellevue Botanical Garden project—Bob and Iris Jewett—the garden is run on an all-volunteer basis and collaborates with various organizations to maintain each garden. The society aims to inspire their guests in the community share about ecology and horticulture through education programs in Bellevue. Various classes and events are organized regularly including the holiday lights festival as a tangible way to teach and inspire community members.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

References

External links

 www.bellevuebotanical.org Official Website

Botanical gardens in Washington (state)
Parks in Bellevue, Washington
Japanese gardens in the United States

Bellevue Botanical Garden


Sahara Khatun (1 March 1943 – 9 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. She was a member of the Awami League. She was born in Dhaka.

In 2009, she was elected a member of the Jatiya Sangsad. From 2009 to 2012, she was Minister of Home Affairs. From 2012 to 2013, she was Minister of Posts and Telecommunications.

Khatun died on 9 July 2020 at a Bangkok hospital from a short-illness, aged 77.

References

1943 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Dhaka

Sahara Khatun


An adze () or adz is an ancient and versatile cutting tool similar to an axe but with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle rather than parallel. Adzes have been used since the Stone Age. They are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking, and as a hoe for agriculture and horticulture. Two basic forms of an adze are the hand adze (short hoe)—a short-handled tool swung with one hand—and the foot adze (hoe)—a long-handled tool capable of powerful swings using both hands, the cutting edge usually striking at foot or shin level. A similar tool is called a mattock, which differs by having two blades, one perpendicular to the handle and one parallel.

History

Africa
The adze is depicted in ancient Egyptian art from the Old Kingdom onward. Originally the adze blades were made of stone, but already in the Predynastic Period copper adzes had all but replaced those made of flint. Stone blades were fastened to the handle by tying and early bronze blades continued this simple construction. It was not until the later bronze age that the handle passes through an eye at the top of the blade. Examples of Egyptian adzes can be found in museums and on the Petrie Museum website.

A depiction of an adze was also used as a hieroglyph, representing the consonants stp, "chosen", and used as: ...Pharaoh XX, chosen of God/Goddess YY...

The ahnetjer (Manuel de Codage transliteration: aH-nTr) depicted as an adze-like instrument, was used in the Opening of the Mouth ceremony, intended to convey power over their senses to statues and mummies. It was apparently the foreleg of a freshly sacrificed bull or cow with which the mouth was touched.

As Iron Age technology moved south into Africa with migrating ancient Egyptians, they carried their technology with them, including adzes. To this day, iron adzes are used all over rural Africa for various purposes—from digging pit latrines, and chopping firewood, to tilling crop fields—whether they are of maize (corn), coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans, millet, yams, or a plethora of other cash and subsistence crops.

New Zealand
Prehistoric Māori adzes from New Zealand (called toki in Māori) were for wood carving, typically made from pounamu sourced from the South Island. During the Māori Archaic period found on the North Island were commonly made from greywacke from Motutapu Island or basalt from Ōpito Bay in the Coromandel, similar to adzes constructed on other Pacific Islands. Early period notched adzes found in Northland were primarily made of argillite quarried from locations around the Marlborough and Nelson regions. At the same time on Henderson Island, a small coral island in eastern Polynesia lacking any rock other than limestone, native populations may have fashioned giant clamshells into adzes.

Northwest Coastal America

American Northwest coast native peoples traditionally used adzes for both functional construction (from bowls to canoes) and art (from masks to totem poles).  Northwest coast adzes take two forms: hafted and D-handle.  The hafted form is similar in form to a European adze with the haft constructed from a natural crooked branch which approximately forms a 60% angle.  The thin end is used as the handle and the thick end is flattened and notched such that an adze iron can be lashed to it. Modern hafts are sometimes constructed from a sawed blank with a dowel added for strength at the crook.  The second form is the D-handle adze which is basically an adze iron with a directly attached handle.  The D-handle, therefore, provides no mechanical leverage.  Northwest coast adzes are often classified by size and iron shape vs. role.  As with European adzes, iron shapes include straight, gutter and lipped.  Where larger Northwest adzes are similar in size to their European counterparts, the smaller sizes are typically much lighter such that they can be used for the detailed smoothing, shaping and surface texturing required for figure carving.  Final surfacing is sometimes performed with a crooked knife.

New Guinea and Melanesia

Ground stone adzes are still in use by a variety of people in Irian Jaya (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea and some of the smaller Islands of Melanesia and Micronesia. The hardstone is ground on a riverine rock with the help of water until it has got the desired shape. It is then fixed to a natural grown angled wood with resin and plant fibers. The shape and manufacture of these adzes is similar to those found from the Neolithic Stone Age in Europe. A variety of minerals are used. Their everyday use is on a steady decline, as it is much more convenient to cut firewood using imported steel axes or machetes. However, certain ceremonial crafts such as making canoes, ceremonial shields, masks, drums, containers or communal houses etc. may require the use of traditional-made stone adzes.

Modern adzes
Modern adzes are made from steel with wooden handles, and enjoy limited use: occasionally in semi-industrial areas, but particularly by "revivalists" such as those at the Colonial Williamsburg cultural center in Virginia, United States. However, the traditional adze has largely been replaced by the sawmill and the powered-plane, at least in industrialised cultures. It remains in use for some specialist crafts, for example by coopers. Adzes are also in current use by artists such as Northwest Coast American and Canadian Indigenous sculptors doing pole work, masks and bowls.

Foot adze
"Adzes are used for removing heavy waste, leveling, shaping, or trimming the surfaces of timber..." and boards. Generally, the user stands astride a board or log and swings the adze downwards between his feet, chipping off pieces of wood, moving backwards as they go and leaving a relatively smooth surface behind.

Foot adzes are most commonly known as shipbuilder's or carpenter's adzes. They range in size from 00 to 5 being  with the cutting edge  wide. On the modern, steel adze the cutting edge may be flat for smoothing work to very rounded for hollowing work such as bowls, gutters and canoes. The shoulders or sides of an adze may be curved called a lipped adze, used for notching. The end away from the cutting edge is called the pole and be of different shapes, generally flat or a pin pole.

 Carpenter's adze  A heavy adze, often with very steep curves, and a very heavy, blunt pole. The weight of this adze makes it unsuitable for sustained overhead adzing.
 Railroad adze  A carpenter's adze which had its bit extended in an effort to limit the breaking of handles when shaping railroad ties (railway sleepers). Early examples in New England began showing up approximately in the 1840s–1850s. The initial prototypes clearly showed a weld where the extension was attached.
 Shipwright's adze  A lighter, and more versatile adze than the carpenter's adze. This was designed to be used in a variety of positions, including overhead, as well as in front on waist and chest level.
 Lipped shipwright's adze  A variation of the shipwright's adze. It features a wider than normal bit, whose outside edges are sharply turned up, so that when gazing directly down the adze, from bit to eye, the cutting edge resembles an extremely wide and often very flat U. This adze was mainly used for shaping cross grain, such as for joining planks.
 Another group of adzes can be differentiated by the handles; the D-handled adzes have a handle where the hand can be wrapped around the D, close to the bit. These adzes closely follow traditional forms in that the bit or tooth is not wrapped around the handle as a head.
 The head of an ice axe typically possesses an adze for chopping rough steps in ice.
 A firefighter tool called the Halligan bar has a dull adze on one end of the bar. This bar is a multipurpose tool for forcible entry of a structure and demolition with a forked pry-bar on one end and an adze and spike on the other, called the adze-end.
Demolition adze  A demolition adze has a dull edge and is used for separating materials in the demolition or salvage of old buildings.

Hand adze

 There are also a number of specialist, short-handled adzes used by coopers, wainwrights, and chair makers, and in bowl and trough making. Many of these have shorter handles for control and more curve in the head to allow better clearance for shorter cuts.

See also
 Adze-on-block (hieroglyph)
 Mauna Kea Adz Quarry, used by prehistoric Hawaiians to obtain basalt stone for adzes and other tools
 Pulaski

Citations

General and cited references

 Attribution

 The section about types of adzes is based on a Quicksilver Wiki article at A Glossary of Terms For Traditional Timber Framing (Timberbee) under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, last accessible 25 July 2006.

External links

Archaeological artefact types
Egyptian artefact types
Green woodworking tools
Lithics
Primitive technology
Woodworking hand tools

Adze


The olm (Proteus anguinus) is a species of amphibian.

Olm may also refer to:
 Ocular larva migrans, an eye disease
 Oil life monitor
 Olm (and Megolm) is a cryptographic algorithm used by Matrix (protocol)
 Olm, Luxembourg
 OLM, Inc., formerly Oriental Light and Magic, a Japanese animation studio
 Hans Werner Olm, German comedy artist
 The Olms, a musical group made up of Pete Yorn and J.D. King
 Olympia Regional Airport (IATA code)
 Ordre Libanais Maronite, the Lebanese Maronite Order, religious order
 Ordo Lectionum Missae, a Roman Catholic liturgical lectionary
 Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy

Olm (disambiguation)