Odysseas Elytis ( , pen name of Odysseas Alepoudellis, ; 2 November 1911 – 18 March 1996) was a Greek poet, man of letters, essayist and translator, regarded as the definitive exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. He is one of the most praised poets of the second half of the twentieth century, with his Axion Esti "regarded as a monument of contemporary poetry". In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Biography

Descendants of the Alepoudelis, whose name going back was Alepos and even further back connected to the revolutionary Lemonis in Lesbos, Panayiotis Alepoudelis and his younger brother Thrasyboulos, both born in the village Kalamiaris of Panagiouthas of Lesbos, established the industries of their soap manufacturing and olive oil production in Heraklion, Crete in 1895. In 1897 Panagyiotis married Maria E Vrana 1880-1960 from the village Papados of Geras, Lesbos. From this union and as the last of six siblings Odysseas was born in the early hours of 2 November 1911. He is pictured on the far left wearing a sailor's uniform in the photo of his family. The Alepoudelis later moved to Athens, where his father re-situated the soap factory in Piraeus. In 1918 his older sister and first born Myrsene (1898-1918) died in the Spanish influenza. While on summer holidays from their Athens home as guests on the island of Spetses in the Haramis home in the St Nicolaos neighbourhood his own father also died in the summer of 1925 from pneumonia.His father Panayiotis may have been the inspiration for Elytis to write.Apparently his father wrote poetry and it remained unpublished. In 1927 wrought with overtiredness Odysseas was diagnosed with tuberculosis. While in bed recuperating he voraciously read all the Greek poetry he could and in this year discovered Cavafy. In 1928 he graduated from high school and successfully passed the difficult entrance exams to law school at University of Athens. He read in the newspapers of the suicide of the poet Karyiotakis. In 1929 Elytis took a sabbatical between high school and university and decided secretly that he must only become a poet. In 1930 he and his family moved to Moshoniseon 148. Elytis had initial aspirations to become a lawyer but did not sit for his final examinations and did not get his legal qualification. He also had expressed aspirations to become a painter in the manner of the surrealists but his family quickly thwarted this idea.Around this timeframe Elytis noticed and noted that the month surrounding the Ides Of March was not good for him and was cautious while tracking it for the rest of his life

In 1935 Elytis published his first poem in the journal New Letters (Νέα Γράμματα) at the prompting of such friends as George Seferis. In the same year he also became a lifelong friend of writer and psychoanalyst Andreas Embiricos, who allowed him to have access to his vast library of books. In 1977 two years after the death of his friend Elytis wrote a tribute book to Embiricos from within the commonalities that founded their ideas aptly titled "Reference to Andreas Embiricos" and originally published by Tram publishers Thessaloniki. His entry to the magazine "New Letters" in 1935 was in November which was the 11th issue and with his pseudonym Elytis established therein. With a distinctively earthy and original form in his expression Elytis assisted inaugurating a new era in Greek poetry and its subsequent reform after the Second World War. In 1960 his older brother Constantine [1905-1960] died, followed by his mother Maria Vrana Alepoudelis. Elytis was simultaneously awarded the First National Prize for poetry for his work "Axion Esti". In 1967 Elytis travelled to Egypt, visiting Alexandria, Cairo, Luxor and Aswan. Returning to Greece in March he finished his piecing together of the fragments of Sappho's verses translated into modern Greek and brought them together with his own diaphanous iconography. These were published finally in 1984 without the drawings which are deposited separately in the archives of the American School of Classical Studies along with the original manuscripts of the initial translations of Sappho. With the April 21st military dictatorship in force Elytis disappeared from public view.At the time of the dictatorship he lived at Skoufa 26 and upon his return from Paris in 1972 he moved to Skoufa 23 to the fifth floor apartment on the right as you got off the elevator which was his final residence in Athens before he died.

From 1969 to 1972, under the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, Elytis exiled himself to Paris after he refused money from the junta and established a modest residence there. In Paris he lived with the English philologist, lyricist and musicologist Marianina Kriezi [1947-2022], who subsequently produced and hosted the legendary children's radio broadcast "Here Lilliput Land". Kriezi was extraordinary, having published a book of poems at the age of fourteen.The title of The book was "Rhythms and Beats" and she sent a first edition copy to George Seferis along with a hand written letter asking him to write a page of his poetry in long hand in fountain pen and gift it to her. Apparently she was going to put across from her bed and see it every morning when she awoke for the rest of her life treasuring the words of poetry.The irony is that she met up with Elytis who was in contrast to the cerebral Seferis, unmarried and a poet of the senses. There is speculation that Kriezi and Elytis were secretly married in Paris but with their return to Greece their French marriage was invalidated and they separated, never divorcing. When Elytis died, however, he was buried wearing the silver wedding band that had the name "Marianina" engraved inside it. The silver ring is on the cover of "Analogies of Light" within a picture that shows only the author's hands writing inside a book. Ivar Ivask also noted the presence of the photo of Kriezi [a muse inside a silver frame across from the photo of his mother] in the home of Elytis when editing the aforementioned book. On the day he died two photographs of women that he had loved and influenced him were in his small apartment. In his bedroom the black and white photo of his mother was by his left bedside table and the photo of Kriezi taken in Paris in the late sixties was across from his bed on the left entering from the living room.The photo of his companion in his later years Iliopoulou together with himself was on his desk.

The war
In 1937 he served his military requirements. As an army cadet, he joined the National Military School in Corfu. He assisted Frederica of Hanover off the train and on to Greek soil personally when she arrived from Germany to marry hereditary Prince Paul. During the war he was appointed Second Lieutenant, placed initially at the 1st Army Corps Headquarters, then transferred to the 24th Regiment, on the first-line of the battlefields. In 1941, he contracts an acute case of typhus abdominalis and is transferred to the Ioanina Hospital into the pathology unit for officers. Elytis comes very close to his death here and given options to stay at this hospital and be a prisoner when the Germans fully enter and occupy or be transferred with the risk of intestinal perforation and hemorrhage. On the eve of the invasion of the German armies he decides to be transferred to Aigrinio and from there eventually back to Athens where he makes a slow but steady recovery during the German occupation. He begins to outline poetry for his eventual work "Sun The First" and in Alexandria Seferis delivers a lecture on Elytis and Antoniou. Elytis was sporadically publishing poetry and essays after his initial foray into the literary world.

He was a member of the Association of Greek Art Critics, AICA-Hellas, International Association of Art Critics.

Programme director for ERT
He was twice Programme Director of the Greek National Radio Foundation (1945–46 and 1953–54), Member of the Greek National Theatre's Administrative Council, President of the Administrative Council of the Greek Radio and Television as well as Member of the Consultative Committee of the Greek National Tourists' Organisation on the Athens Festival. In 1960 he was awarded the First State Poetry Prize, in 1965 the Order of the Phoenix and in 1975 he was awarded the Doctor Honoris Causa in the Faculty of Philosophy at Thessaloniki University and received the Honorary Citizenship of the Town of Mytilene.

Travels
In 1948–1952 and 1969–1972 he lived in Paris. There, he audited philology and literature seminars at the Sorbonne and was well received by the pioneers of the world's avant-garde (Reverdy, Breton, Tzara, Ungaretti, Matisse, Picasso, Francoise Gilot, Chagall, Giacometti) as Tériade's most respected friend. Teriade was simultaneously in Paris publishing works with all the renowned artists and philosophers (Kostas Axelos, Jean-Paul Sartre, Francoise Gilot, René Daumal) of the time. Elytis and Teriade had formed a strong friendship that solidified in 1939 with the publication of Elytis first book of poetry entitled "Orientations". Both Elytis and Teriade hailed from Lesbos and had a mutual love of the Greek painter Theophilos. Starting from Paris he travelled and subsequently visited Switzerland, England, Italy and Spain. In 1948 he was the representative of Greece at the International Meetings of Geneva, in 1949 at the Founding Congress of the International Art Critics Union in Paris and in 1962 at the Incontro Romano della Cultura in Rome.

In 1961, upon an invitation of the State Department, he traveled through the USA from March to June to New York Washington New Orleans Santa Fe Los Angeles San Francisco Boston Buffalo Chicago His return was to Paris to meet up with Teriade and then to Greece — Upon similar invitations in 1962 with Andreas Embiricos and Yiorgos Theotokas [1905-1966] through the Soviet Union to Odessa Moscow and Leningrad. Elytis did not like Yevgeny Yevtushenko when they were introduced but appreciated Voznesensky That summer he spent part of his holidays on Corfu Island and the rest on Lesbos where he and Teriade[who had returned from Paris] were establishing the foundations of a museum dedicated to the painter Theophilos. In 1964 the inaugural performance of the oratorio to the poetry of the Axion Esti as set to music by MIkis Theodorakis was held. In 1965 he completes the essays that will be comprised as the book "The Open Papers" and in that summer visits the Greek islands yet again. He visited Bulgaria in 1965 with his friend Yiorgos Theotokas [their final journey together as Theotokas would die in October of 1966] on the invitation of the Union of Bulgarian Authors; their guide throughout this country was the poetess Elisaveta Bagryana [1893-1991], who had been nominated three times until then for the Nobel prize in Literature. In 1965 he was also bestowed with the Phoenix Cross, the highest honour of the Greek nation.

Elytis was a believer and follower of numerology in all its forms: Biblical, Kabbalah, Chaldean and Pythagorean. He also believed in vedic astrology and held certain beliefs of Hinduism to be true. Pablo Picasso had given him three instructions about the course of life which he attempted to uphold sacrosanct. Elytis was beset with the untimely death of friends and relatives throughout his life. Yiorgos Theotokas, George Seferis, Andreas Embiricos, George Sarandaris. Of all the deaths that happened Karydis his publisher at Ikaros shook him up the most. Elytis had cordial relations with Yiannis Ritsos and close ties with his best friend Nikos Gatsos, both poets of the same generation.

Death

Odysseas Elytis had been completing plans to travel overseas to see friends when he died of a heart failure in Athens on 18 March 1996, at the age of 84. He had made it known that he was a believer in cremation and had wished that somehow he could have been cremated which the tenets of his Greek Orthodox religion do not support or allow. He was also a supporter of the legalization of euthanasia for people who wished to die after pain and suffering. And he believed it was a woman's right to choose abortion in any circumstance.
In the last ten years of his life he lived with a companion, Ioulita Iliopoulou [nee Sofia Iliopoulou, daughter of Dimitrios and Demetra July 1, 1965] who was 53 years his junior. Iliopoulou is an activist for children throughout the world imparting her knowledge whenever she is able to. She is a successful artist in her own right translating and composing her own works and giving poetry recitals at the Theocharakis Foundation in Athens. Iliopoulou is gifted and acclaimed also as fine librettist and poetess Like Kriezi she is a musicologist and is highly literate in it. She has taken the difficult works of Elytis into a wider audience with extreme care and understanding.
Elytis died in his Athens apartment on March 18th 1996 of heart failure. The funeral was held the next day.The funeral was jammed with people who had loved his poetry. He was buried in a family grave beside his family, including his mother and brother.

Iliopoulou as his life partner inherited the immovable property in real estate of Elytis which consisted of four apartments and the trustee power of copyrights to his work. She has been promoting Elytis with excellence in his legacy. Elytis was survived in his bloodline by his niece Myrsene (from his oldest brother Theodoros born 1900) and his next in line older brother Evangelos. This brother (born 1909-2002) also received a writ of condolence from the mayor of Athens on behalf of the nation at the funeral at the First Cemetery of Athens.

Poetry

Elytis' poetry has marked, through an active presence of over forty years, a broad spectrum of subject matter and stylistic touch with an emphasis on the expression of that which is rarefied and passionate. He borrowed certain elements from Ancient Greece and Byzantium but devoted himself exclusively to today's Hellenism, of which he attempted—in a certain way based on psychical and sentimental aspects—to reconstruct a modernist mythology for the institutions. His main endeavour was to rid people's conscience from unjustifiable remorses and to complement natural elements through ethical powers, to achieve the highest possible transparency in expression and finally, to succeed in approaching the mystery of light, the metaphysics of the sun of which he was a "worshiper" -idolater by his own definition. A parallel manner concerning technique resulted in introducing the inner architecture, which is evident in a great many poems of his; mainly in the phenomenal landmark work It Is Truly Meet (Το Άξιον Εστί). This work due to its setting to music by Mikis Theodorakis as an oratorio, is a revered anthem whose verse is sung by all Greeks for all injustice, resistance and for its sheer beauty and musicality of form. Elytis' theoretical and philosophical ideas have been expressed in a series of essays under the title The Open Papers (Ανοιχτά Χαρτιά). Besides creating poetry he applied himself to translating poetry and theatre as well as a series of collage pictures. Translations of his poetry have been published as autonomous books, in anthologies or in periodicals in eleven languages.

Works

Poetry
 Orientations (Προσανατολισμοί, 1939)
 Sun The First Together With Variations on A Sunbeam (Ηλιος ο πρώτος, παραλλαγές πάνω σε μιαν αχτίδα, 1943)
 An Heroic And Funeral Chant For The Lieutenant Lost In Albania (Άσμα ηρωικό και πένθιμο για τον χαμένο ανθυπολοχαγό της Αλβανίας, 1962)
 To Axion Esti—It Is Worthy (Το Άξιον Εστί, 1959)
 Six Plus One Remorses For The Sky (Έξη και μια τύψεις για τον ουρανό, 1960)
 The Light Tree And The Fourteenth Beauty (Το φωτόδεντρο και η δέκατη τέταρτη ομορφιά, 1972)
 The Sovereign Sun (Ο ήλιος ο ηλιάτορας, 1971)
 The Trills of Love (Τα Ρω του Έρωτα, 1973)
 Villa Natacha {published in Thessaloniki by Tram and dedicated to E Terade 1973]
 The Monogram (Το Μονόγραμμα, 1972)
 Step-Poems (Τα Ετεροθαλή, 1974)
 Signalbook (Σηματολόγιον, 1977)
 Maria Nefeli (Μαρία Νεφέλη, 1978)
 Three Poems under a Flag of Convenience (Τρία ποιήματα με σημαία ευκαιρίας 1982)
 Diary of an Invisible April (Ημερολόγιο ενός αθέατου Απριλίου, 1984)* Krinagoras (Κριναγόρας, 1987)
 The Little Mariner (Ο Μικρός Ναυτίλος, 1988)
 The Elegies of Oxopetra (Τα Ελεγεία της Οξώπετρας, 1991)
 West of Sadness (Δυτικά της λύπης, 1995)

Prose, essays
 The True Face and Lyrical Bravery of Andreas Kalvos (Η Αληθινή φυσιογνωμία και η λυρική τόλμη του Ανδρέα Κάλβου, 1942)
 2x7 e (collection of small essays) (2χ7 ε (συλλογή μικρών δοκιμίων))
 (Offering) My Cards To Sight (Ανοιχτά χαρτιά (συλλογή κειμένων), 1973)
 The Painter Theophilos (Ο ζωγράφος Θεόφιλος, 1973)
 The Magic Of Papadiamantis (Η μαγεία του Παπαδιαμάντη, 1975)
 Reference to Andreas Embeirikos (Αναφορά στον Ανδρέα Εμπειρίκο, 1977)
 Things Public and Private (Τα Δημόσια και τα Ιδιωτικά, 1990)
 Private Way (Ιδιωτική Οδός, 1990)
 Carte Blanche («Εν λευκώ» (συλλογή κειμένων), 1992)
 The Garden with the Illusions (Ο κήπος με τις αυταπάτες, 1995)
 Open Papers: Selected Essays (Copper Canyon Press, 1995) (translated by Olga Broumas and T. Begley)

Art books
 The Room with the Pictures (Το δωμάτιο με τις εικόνες, 1986) – collages by Odysseas Elytis, text by Evgenios Aranitsis

Translations
 Second Writing (Δεύτερη γραφή, 1976)
 Sappho (Σαπφώ)
 The Apocalypse (by John) (Η αποκάλυψη, 1985)

Translations of Elytis' work
 Poesie. Procedute dal Canto eroico e funebre per il sottotenente caduto in Albania. Trad. Mario Vitti (Roma. Il Presente. 1952)
 21 Poesie. Trad. Vicenzo Rotolo (Palermo. Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici. 1968)
 Poèmes. Trad. Robert Levesque (1945)
 Six plus un remords pourle ciel. Trad. F. B. Mache (Fata Morgana. Montpellier 1977)
 Körper des Sommers. Übers. Barbara Schlörb (St. Gallen 1960)
 Sieben nächtliche Siebenzeiler. Übers. Günter Dietz (Darmstadt 1966)
 To Axion Esti – Gepriesen sei. Übers. Günter Dietz (Hamburg 1969)
 The Axion Esti. Tr. E. Keeley and G. Savidis (Pittsburgh 1974 – Greek & English)(repr. London: Anvil Press, 1980 – English only)
 Lofwaardig is. Vert. Guido Demoen (Ghent 1989–1991)
 The Sovereign Sun: selected poems. Tr. K. Friar (1974; repr. 1990)
 Selected poems. Ed. E. Keeley and Ph. Sherrard (1981; repr. 1982, 1991)
 Maria Nephele, tr. A. Anagnostopoulos (1981)
 Çılgın Nar Ağacı, tr. C. Çapan (Istanbul: Adam Yayınları, 1983)
 What I love: selected poems, tr. O. Broumas (1986) [Greek & English texts]
 To Àxion Estí, tr. Rubén J. Montañés (Valencia: Alfons el Magnànim, 1992) [Catalan & Greek edition with notes]
 Eros,Eros,Eros, Selected & Last Poems, tr. Olga Broumas (Copper Canyon Press, 1998)
 The Collected Poems of Odysseus Elytis, tr. Jeffrey Carson & Nikos Sarris (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997, 2004)
 The Oxopetra Elegies and West of Sorrow, tr. David Connolly (Harvard University Press - 2014) (Greek & English texts)

Notes

References
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1968–1980, Editor-in-Charge: Tore Frängsmyr, Editor: Sture Allén, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1993.

Further reading
 Mario Vitti: Odysseus Elytis. Literature 1935–1971 (Icaros 1977)
 Tasos Lignadis: Elytis' Axion Esti (1972)
 Lili Zografos: Elytis – The Sun Drinker (1972); as well as the special issue of the American magazine Books Abroad dedicated to the work of Elytis (Autumn 1975. Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.)
 Odysseas Elytis: Analogies of Light. Ed. I. Ivask (1981)
 A. Decavalles: Maria Nefeli and the Changeful Sameness of Elytis' Variations on a theme (1982)
 E. Keeley: Elytis and the Greek Tradition (1983)
 Ph. Sherrard: 'Odysseus Elytis and the Discovery of Greece', in Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 1(2), 1983
 K. Malkoff: 'Eliot and Elytis: Poet of Time, Poet of Space', in Comparative Literature, 36(3), 1984
 A. Decavalles: 'Odysseus Elytis in the 1980s', in World Literature Today, 62(l), 1988
 I. Loulakaki-Moore: Seferis and Elytis as Translators. (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010)

External links

 Biography in the site of Greek National Book Centre
 Recitations of poems by Elytis
 Parts of works of his
 Books in Greek about Elytis

1911 births
1996 deaths
People from Mytilene
Writers from Heraklion
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Cretan poets
Modern Greek poets
Generation of the '30s
Nobel laureates in Literature
Greek Nobel laureates
Greek art critics
Recipients of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
20th-century Greek poets
Greek military personnel of World War II

Odysseas Elytis


The Eurozone (also called Euro area or Euroland) is the set of countries in the European Union which have adopted the Euro (€) currency. The European Central Bank is responsible for managing the supply of money within the eurozone and political decisions are taken by the "euro group", which is a meeting of the politicians from each euro country in charge of that country's economy.

EU members that are not part of the Eurozone are Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Official members
There are 20 members in the Eurozone

Made the area on 1 January 1999
1 Austria
2 Belgium
3 Finland
4 France
5 Germany
6 Ireland
7 Italy
8 Luxembourg
9 Netherlands
10 Portugal
11 Spain

Joined on 1 January 2001
12 Greece

Joined on 1 January 2006
13 Slovenia

Joined on 1 January 2008
14 Cyprus
15 Malta

Joined on 1 January 2009
16 Slovakia

Joined on 1 January 2011
17 Estonia

Joined on 1 January 2014
18 Latvia

Joined on 1 January 2015
19 Lithuania

Joined on 1 January 2023
20 Croatia

There are other countries outside the European Union which use the euro as well, but these are not officially in the eurozone.

Other websites
 Eurozone -Citizendium

European Union

Eurozone


Karl Wilhelm Naundorff (27 March 1785 (alleged) – 10 August 1845) was a German clockmaker and watchmaker who until his death claimed to be Prince Louis-Charles, or Louis XVII of France, son of Louis XVI, King of France and Marie Antoinette of Austria. Naundorff was one of the more stubborn of more than thirty men who claimed to be Louis XVII.

Biography

Prince Louis-Charles, the son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, was imprisoned during the French Revolution and believed to have died in prison. However, there were various rumors that monarchist sympathizers had spirited the young dauphin away from the Temple prison and that he was living elsewhere in secret.

Among those said to be involved in his escape are Paul Barras and Josephine Beauharnais.

The first records of Karl Wilhelm Naundorff are from 1810 in Spandau, Berlin, where he received the citizenship of Prussia. By 1822 he had moved to live with a family in Brandenburg-on-the-Havel where he was later accused of arson. In 1824, Naundorff was jailed for three years for counterfeiting.

Impersonation
When he was released in 1827, he moved to Crossen and wrote the first of two books of would-be-memoirs. The second he wrote in England many years later and was translated to English by Charles G. Perceval, Rector of Calverton, Buckinghamshire, and nephew of Spencer Perceval.  He claimed that he had been substituted with a deaf and mute orphan who died soon afterward and that he had been hidden in a secret area of the Tower of the Temple until his escape. He also claimed that he was later recaptured by Napoleon's forces and secretly kept in several dungeons throughout Europe until finally escaping in his mid-twenties. He could present no proof of any of this.

In 1833, Naundorff travelled to Paris where another claimant to the French throne, the Baron de Richemont, was on trial. One of the witnesses for the prosecution read out his letter as a counterclaim.

Despite the fact that Naundorff did not speak French very well, he managed to convince various former members of Louis XVI's court that he was the Dauphin. He seemed to know everything about the private life of the royal court, gave right answers to most questions and spoke to courtiers as if he had known them as a child. One of them was Agathe de Rambaud, Louis' childhood nurse who accepted him. Others who claimed to have recognized him as the prince include Étienne de Joly, King Louis XVI's Minister of Justice, and Jean Bremond, the king's personal secretary.

However, Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, the sister of Prince Louis, did not acknowledge him. She had seen pictures of him, but claimed that she did not see any resemblance to her brother. She refused even to see him, despite having seen other claimants who were not represented by former members of the royal court. On one occasion Agathe de Rambaud travelled to Prague by carriage to persuade her but to no avail. The princess refused to see her as well.

In 1836, Naundorff sued Marie Thérèse for property that supposedly belonged to him. Instead, the police force of king Louis-Philippe arrested him, seized all his papers and deported him to England. There he worked to develop several military inventions, including an early grenade, and a recoilless rifle which he eventually sold to the Dutch Military. He declared that he would be restored to the throne on 1 January 1840. When that date passed, he lost the majority of his supporters.

Legacy and continued controversy

Naundorff died on 10 August 1845 in Delft, the Netherlands, possibly of poisoning. He had been living there with his family after being made Director of Pyrotechnics for the Dutch Military. He still had some supporters because the epitaph on his grave reads "Here lies Louis XVII, King of France" and in his death certificate he is named as "Charles-Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Normandy (Louis XVII), who was known under the name of Charles-Guillaume Naundorff, [...] son of His Majesty the late Louis XVI, King of France and of Her Imperial and Royal Highness Marie Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France, who both died in Paris".

Naundorff's descendants did not give up. Some of them insisted on using the surname "de Bourbon" and they petitioned for recognition to French courts and senates all through the 19th and 20th centuries. Circus director René Charles de Bourbon, an illegitimate son of one of Naundorff's grandchildren, lost his claim in a French court in 1954. However, some of the descendants still press the claim.

A handful of French historians insist that DNA testing finally resolved the issue of Naundorff's claim. In a research in 1998-2000, mitochondrial DNA sequences of remains that researchers have claimed to have belonged to Naundorff were compared with sequences obtained from the remains of Marie-Antoinette and two of her sisters and two living maternal relatives. They argue that differences in the nucleotide sequences make it very unlikely that Naundorff was the son of Marie-Antoinette. A group of his descendants disagree that the remains are those of Naundorff and are independently continuing the investigation. As of 2014-16, based on DNA extracted from Naundorff's hair, it was found that there are 7 out of 16 sequence differences of Y-STR from the Y-chromosome between Naundorff and Louis XVI, therefore making Naundorff unlikely the son of Louis XVI.

References

External links
Website for The Fondation de Bourbon (English)
Website for Naundorff, whose family is still trying to press through his claim (French)

1780s births
1845 deaths
18th-century German people
19th-century German artists
19th-century German criminals
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
19th-century Prussian people
19th-century German inventors
Louis XVII impostors
German clockmakers
German watchmakers (people)
German counterfeiters
German prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
German memoirists
People deported from France
German expatriates in France
German expatriates in England
German expatriates in the Netherlands
Firearm designers

Karl Wilhelm Naundorff


American Indian Rock Art in Minnesota MPS is a Multiple Property Submission (MPS) of the eligibility of many rock art properties for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The listing is to protect and preserve Native American petroglyphs, pictographs and petroform rock art sites in the present day U.S. state of Minnesota.

Historic places
The Submission states:
"The properties are grouped under a single historic context, Rock Art of Minnesota, ca. 10,000 BC to 1700 AD, which
subsumes all defined rock art types and sites constructed or otherwise developed state-wide by Minnesota's original
inhabitants. Three property types are recognized, petroglyphs, pictographs and petroforms; the rationale for defining three
property types derives from the observation that the distribution of each is rather limited to specific areas of the state, with
petroglyphs found almost exclusively in the southern part of the state, pictographs limited to the northeast, and petroforms
recognized only in southwesternmost Minnesota. Moreover, available analysis suggests that these three types initially
appeared at very different times and, further, even a cursory assessment indicates that the property types are characterized
by a divergence of style and content."

See also
Oneota - Upper Mississippian tradition or culture, in Minnesota.
Upper Mississippian culture
Mississippian culture
Mississippi Valley: Culture, phase, and chronological periods table
Mdewakanton Sioux
Jeffers Petroglyphs
Indian Mounds Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)
Pipestone National Monument
Shakopee Historic District

References

Bibliography
Birk, D.:
1974 An Archaeological Investigation of the Painted Rock Cliff Site, Crooked Lake, Lake County, Minnesota. Manuscript on file, Archaeology Department, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
1991 History Along the River: A Literature Review of the Archaeological Properties at the Little Falls Hydro Reservoir, Morrison County, Minnesota. Institute for Minnesota Archaeology, Reports of Investigations No. 100. Manuscript on file, State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Birmingham, R.A. and W. Green (editors): *1987 Wisconsin Rock Art. The Wisconsin Archeologist 68:4.
Bray, E.G. and M.C. Bray (editors): 1976 Joseph N. Nicollet on the Plains and Prairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 With Journals, Letters, and Notes on the Dakota Indians. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Bray, M.C. (editor): 1970 The Journals of Joseph N, Nicollet: A Scientist on the Mississippi Headwaters with Notes on Indian Life, 1836–37. Translated by Andre Fertey. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Dewdney, S. and K.E. Kidd: 1967 Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes. University of Ontario Press.
Dobbs, C.A.: 1990 A Phase Two Evaluation of Ancient Native American Sites in Portions of the Spring Creek Valley, City of Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minnesota. Institute for Minnesota Archaeology, Reports of Investigations No. 83. Manuscript on file, State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Harvey, H.W.: 1944 Some Caves and Pictographs Near the Harvey Rock Shelter. The Minnesota Archaeologist 10(4): 124–128.
Hudak, G.J.: 1972 Boulder Outlines in Southwestern Minnesota. Plains Anthropologist 17(58):345-346.
Kehoe, T.F.: 1976 Indian Boulder Effigies, Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 12. Department of Tourism and Renewable Resources, Regina.
Lewis, T.H.:
1885 Northwestern Archaeological Survey (unpublished field notebook 22). Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
1890a Stone Monuments in Northwestern Iowa and Southwestern Minnesota. American Anthropologist 3:269-274.
1890b Cave Drawings. Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events, 1889 14:117-122.
1898 The Northwestern Archaeological Survey. Published by the author, St. Paul.
Lothson, G.A.: 1976 The Jeffers Petroglyphs Site: A Survey and Analysis of the Carvings. Minnesota Prehistoric Archaeology Series No. 12. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Lowe, D.:
1987 Rock Art Survey of the Blue Mounds Creek and Mill Creek Drainages in Iowa and Dane Counties, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist 68(4):341-375.
1993 Houses of Stone: Rockshelters of Southwestern Wisconsin. Paper presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Milwaukee
Nicollet, J.N.: 1845 Report Intended to Illustrate A Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, Document No. 52, Report Submitted to the 28th Congress. Blair and Rives, Washington.
Rajnovich, G.: 1994 Reading Rock Art. Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc., Toronto.
Roefer, F., M. English and G. Lothson: 1973 The Jeffers Petroglyphs: A Cultural-Ecological Study. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Salzer, R.J.:
1987a Introduction to Wisconsin Rock Art. The Wisconsin Archeologist 68(4):277-286.
1987b Preliminary Report on the Gottschall Site (47Ia80). The Wisconsin Archeologist 68(4):419-472.
1993 Oral Literature and Archaeology. The Wisconsin Archeologist 74(1-4):80-119.
Schoolcraft, H.R.: 1966 Travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States. E. & E. Hosford, Albany. 1966 reprint of 1821 original, Readex Microprint Corporation.
Snow, D.R.: 1962 Petroglyphs of Southern Minnesota. The Minnesota Archaeologist 24(4): 102–128.
Southwick, D.L.: 1981 Letter to Robert Clouse (October 9), County Miscellaneous File (Cottonwood). State Archaeologist's Office, St. Paul.
Wainwright, I.N.M.: 1990 Rock Painting and Petroglyph Recording Projects in Canada. APT Bulletin 22(1-2):55-84  .
Winchell, N.H.: 1911 The Aborigines of Minnesota. The Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Woolworth, A.R. (editor): 1983 The Red Pipestone Quarry of Minnesota: Archaeological and Historical Reports. The Minnesota Archaeologist 42(1-2).

Goodhue County, Minnesota
Hopewellian peoples
Koochiching County, Minnesota
Mississippian culture
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submissions
Native American history of Minnesota
Pipestone County, Minnesota
Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
Rock art in North America
Sioux
Traverse County, Minnesota
Petroglyphs in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Traverse County, Minnesota
Art in Minnesota


The cortex of the hair shaft is located between the hair cuticle and medulla and is the thickest hair layer. It contains most of the hair's pigment, giving the hair its color. The major pigment in the cortex is melanin, which is also found in skin. The distribution of this pigment varies from animal to animal and person to person. In humans, the melanin is primarily denser nearer the cuticle whereas in animals, melanin is primarily denser nearer the medulla.

See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

References

Hair anatomy

Cortex (hair)


Henriette Anne Louise d'Aguesseau, Duchess of Noailles, Princess of Tingry (12 February 1737 – 22 July 1794), was a French salon hostess and duchess, the heiress of her grandfather, Henri François d'Aguesseau, and wife of Jean Louis François de Noailles, Count and Duke of Ayen.

Life

She was the daughter of Jean Baptiste Paulin d'Aguesseau de Fresne, Count of Compans and of Maligny, who married, on 29 February 1736, her mother, Anne Louise Françoise du Pré, Dame of la Grange-Bleneau.  Her father was successively adviser to the Parliament, Commissioner of the Second Chamber of the Palais Queries, Master of Requests, State Councilor regular (in 1734), Dean's Council, and Provost Master of Ceremonies of the Order of the Holy Spirit. Her mother died the day after she was born, on 13 February 1737.

She was the paternal granddaughter of Henri François d'Aguesseau (1668–1751), Chancellor of France three times between 1717 and 1750.

After her father remarried, she was educated by Mme. d'Héricourt at the Convent of the Visitation at Saint-Denis. At the age of fourteen, she was educated by her stepmother, Mme. d'Aguesseau de Fresnes:
She preferred reading and gardening--into which latter skill she had been initiated, in the park at Fresnes, by her grandfather the chancellor. His death in 1750 came as a dreadful shock to her. She had adored the courteous and attentive old gentleman.

Hôtel de Noailles

After the death of her grandfather, Henri François d'Aguesseau, she became an heiress. She was married to Jean-Paul-François de Noailles on 25 February 1755. The arranged marriage had been worked out by Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles, who had worked with Chancellor d'Aguesseau.

She maintained a salon at the family residence in Paris, the Hôtel de Noailles.

She disapproved of the arranged marriage of her daughter Adrienne with Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, in view of their youth. After a year's delay while she managed their courtship, they were married at the Hôtel de Noailles.

Death
At the death of her father-in-law, Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles, she returned to France. In May 1794, during the Reign of Terror, she was arrested at Hôtel de Noailles and imprisoned in Luxembourg Prison (see Prison du Luxembourg) in Paris.

Along with her mother-in-law, Catherine de Cossé-Brissac duchesse de Noailles, and daughter, Anne Jeanne Baptiste Louise vicomtesse de Noailles, she was guillotined, on 22 July 1794. She was buried in a mass grave at Picpus Cemetery.

The Château de la Grange-Bléneau passed from her maternal grandfather, through her, to her daughter, Adrienne de La Fayette.

References

External links
Neil Jeffares, Pastellists, Genealogies Aguesseau
planete-genealogie.fr
Famille de Montagu, archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr
Genealogy Carne

1737 births
1794 deaths
Burials at Picpus Cemetery
Duchesses of Noailles
Executed French women
French duchesses by marriage
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
Grange-Bleneau, Lady of, Henriette Anne Louise
French salon-holders
House of Noailles

Henriette Anne Louise d'Aguesseau


Simon Metcalfe (also spelled Metcalf)  (c. 1741 – 1794) was a British-born American surveyor and one of the first American maritime fur traders to visit the Pacific Northwest coast.

As early visitors to the Hawaiian Islands in 1789, Metcalfe and his son Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe unwittingly provided Western military weapons and advisors for Kamehameha I, when two of their men and a ship and its armaments were captured. These helped the chief win strategic battles and unify the Hawaiian Islands. The son Thomas and most of his crew were killed about 1789-1790 in an attack by Hawaiian warriors, which the father never learned about.

Simon Metcalfe later returned to the Pacific Northwest. He and all but one of his crew were killed in 1794 in an attack by Haida warriors who were allowed on the ship for trading. This was in what were then known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, now known as Haida Gwaii in present-day British Columbia, Canada.

Life
Simon Metcalfe was born in London, England, April 23, 1741. He was the son of George and Anne Metcalfe of Askrigg, Yorkshire. Due to a recent inheritance, they had moved to Shadwell, London, at the time of Simon's birth. Simon was baptized at 9 days old on May 1, 1741, at St. Pauls, Shadwell. In his early life he trained for a career at sea with the East India Company. He was married in Bolton-on-Swale, Yorkshire, on May 12, 1763, to Catherine Humphrey, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Humphrey of that town. Metcalfe said at that time that his address was Dowgate Street, London and that he was a merchant. His brother Bernard Metcalfe was his witness.

He and Catherine Humphrey had at least nine children. About 1765, the family: Simon, Catherine and baby Elizabeth emigrated to the Province of New York, leaving son George in Yorkshire with Simon's brother Bernard, so that the boy could be educated. The Metcalfe family first settled in New York City, a major port.  Metcalfe found employment as a surveyor and worked on the survey of the Fort Stanwix Treaty line in about 1769 in the western part of the province. He was promoted to Deputy Surveyor in the Province of New York by 1770.

In 1771, Governor Dunmore of New York granted  of land to Simon Metcalfe and his wife. This land was called Prattsburgh and is now part of Swanton and Highgate in Vermont. With his family settled on this land, Metcalfe established a fur trading post at the mouth of the Missisquoi River.

During the American Revolutionary War, Metcalfe supported the American cause. He was taken prisoner by the British and held in Montreal. As his wife accompanied him, three of his children were born in Montreal around 1777, 1779 and 1781. In early August 1781 their son George arrived with the fleet from England to join the family in Montreal, shortly before Simon and Thomas escaped.  In 1783, after the Revolutionary War, the British released Catherine Metcalfe and 8 children as prisoners from Canada. Metcalfe's property located on Lake Champlain was destroyed during the war. After the war was over, Metcalfe moved with his family to Albany, the capital of the new state of New York.

Maritime fur trade

In the 1780s, Metcalfe took a consignment of seal furs from the Falkland Islands, which were being stored in New York City for trading. In 1787 he acquired the brig Eleanora (sometimes spelled Eleanor). In September 1787 he set sail for China on the Eleanora with a cargo of furs for trading. He continued as a maritime fur trader for the next seven years. He probably did not return to New York after leaving in 1787.

Metcalfe might have been the first American to sail to the Pacific Northwest coast to pursue fur trading. In command of the Eleanora, he may have been on the Northwest Coast in 1787 or 1788, perhaps before the arrival of American captains Robert Gray and John Kendrick in August and September 1788.

In 1789, both Simon Metcalfe and his son Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe were caught up in the Nootka Crisis at Nootka Sound, near present-day Vancouver Island. Major European powers were competing with the new United States and each other to establish control over trading in this area. Although the events at Nootka were mainly directed toward British merchant vessels, the Spanish naval officer Esteban José Martínez seized Thomas Metcalfe's small schooner, the . Simon Metcalfe approached Nootka Sound and the Eleanora was almost captured as well, but he managed to escape. The Fair American and its crew were taken to the Spanish naval base at San Blas. They were quickly released.

The Metcalfes had planned to spend the winter in the Hawaiian Islands. After being released, Thomas Metcalfe sailed the Fair American to Hawaii, hoping to join his father.

Olowalu massacre

The Eleanora under Simon Metcalfe arrived in the islands first. In Kohala on the island of Hawaiʻi, Metcalfe was greeted by local chief Kameʻeiamoku. Metcalfe had the chief flogged for some infraction. The captain was said to believe in strong and immediate punishment when his rules were broken. By most accounts he was irascible and harsh. He sailed to the neighboring island of Maui to trade along the coast. Kameʻeiamoku vowed revenge on whatever ship next came his way.

Metcalfe ran into more trouble on the coast of Maui when a boat and sailor went missing. It was discovered that the boat had been stolen and the sailor killed. His retaliation became known as the Olowalu Massacre. He sailed to Olowalu, the village of the suspected thieves. Feigning peaceful intent, he invited the villagers to the Eleanora for trade. Many canoes gathered at the ship. Metcalfe directed them to come to one side, where he had loaded his cannon with ball and shot. He ordered a broadside fired at point-blank range, which blasted the vessels to pieces. About 100 Native Hawaiians were killed and several hundred wounded. Because Hawaiians considered Olowalu a pu'u honua, or place of refuge, this attack had profound and long-lasting consequences, ultimately undermining the site's cultural stability. After the massacre, Metcalfe weighed anchor and returned to the island of Hawai'i. At Kealakekua Bay he began what seemed to be friendly trade for provisions.

Capture of the Fair American

Meanwhile, his son Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, then 19 years old, arrived near Kawaihae Bay, in the Fair American. By coincidence the Fair American was the next ship to visit the territory of chief Kameʻeiamoku, who was eager for revenge. The schooner was manned by only four sailors plus its relatively inexperienced captain. The Hawaiians easily captured it, and killed Thomas Metcalfe and most of his small crew. The only survivor was Isaac Davis, who was badly injured but spared by chief Kameʻeiamoku. The chief appropriated the ship, its guns, ammunition, and other valuable goods, as well as Davis. At the time the Hawaiians did not realize that the late captain of the Fair American was the son of Simon Metcalfe, whose Eleanora was anchored at Kealakekua Bay, about  away. The chief eventually gave Fair American and Davis to King Kamehameha I.

When Kamehameha learned about the capture of the Fair American, he prohibited further contact between the natives and the Eleanora. Simon Metcalfe sent the boatswain John Young ashore to investigate. Young was captured by the Hawaiians, and Metcalfe was puzzled by the sudden silence. He waited two days for Young to return, firing guns in hope that the sound would guide Young back. Finally, sensing danger or becoming frustrated, Metcalfe left and set sail for China, not knowing that his son had been killed nearby. He never learned about the attack on the Fair American or that his son had been killed.

These events mark a turning point in Hawaiian history. The two Americans, John Young and Isaac Davis, were put to use by Kamehameha, who drew on their knowledge and the armament from the Fair American for his military ventures. He eventually conquered and unified the Hawaiian Islands under his rule. Young and Davis became respected translators and military advisors for Kamehameha. Their skill in gunnery, as well as the cannon from the Fair American, helped Kamehameha win many battles. He won the Battle of Kepaniwai later in 1790, which defeated the forces of Maui. The two men married members of the royal family, raised their families in Hawaii, and received valuable lands.

Death
Simon Metcalfe continued to trade around the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean for another 4 years. He was in Macau in 1791. In 1792 he purchased a small French brig at Port Louis, Isle of France (now known as Mauritius), to serve as a tender to Eleanora. He named this brig Ino and appointed his younger son Robert to command her. When the Eleanora sank in the Indian Ocean in September 1792, Metcalfe took command of the Ino.

In 1794, Metcalfe visited Houston Stewart Channel, at the southern end of the Haida Gwaii, and anchored in Coyah's Sound, in the area now known as British Columbia. He began friendly trading with the local Haida natives under Chief Koyah. Metcalfe let a great number come aboard the Ino. The Haida took advantage of their superiority in numbers and attacked. Within a few minutes, the natives had killed nearly every man on board, including Simon Metcalfe, save one who fled into the rigging. The natives ordered the man to come down, and kept him as a slave for about a year.

Eventually that man was ransomed to a visiting European ship, whose captain dropped him off in Hawaii. There he told the story to John Young, who passed it on to other captains who visited the northwest Pacific islands. In 1794, the Haida also captured the schooner Resolution, tender to the Boston ship Jefferson under captain Josiah Roberts. Those warriors were led by Chief Cumshewa. As with the Ino, they killed all but one of the crew.

References

External links
 Letter from Captain Metcalf, 1790, to King Kamehameha
 Surprise Visitor at Nootka Sound, Tacoma Public Library
 Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 3), Overview of Hawaiian History, National Park Service
 "Historic Kealakekua Bay". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1928.
 Howay, Frederic William (1925). "Captain Simon Metcalfe and the Brig 'Eleanora'". Washington Historical Quarterly. 16 (2): 114-121.

1741 births
1794 deaths
Ancient Hawaii
American fur traders
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
History of British Columbia
History of Maui
Sea captains
Oregon Country
Sealers
Fur traders
Sailors from London

Simon Metcalfe


Psilocybe atlantis is a rare psychedelic mushroom that contains psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is a close relative of Psilocybe mexicana and has been recorded only from Georgia. It has a pleasant taste and smell.

While naturally rare it is often cultivated for its psychedelic properties.

Description
The cap is 2.5–4 cm in diameter, conic to convex, and smooth to slightly striate, sometimes with a small umbo. The cap surface is pale brown to reddish brown in color, hygrophanous, and bruises blue where damaged.
Its gills are subadnate, thin, and brown.
The stipe is 5 cm by .3 cm. It has an equal structure and is brownish with small brown scales, especially towards the base. The stipe also bruises blue where damaged.
Psilocybe atlantis spores are 9 x 6 x 5.5 μm with a broad germ pore.

Distribution and habitat
Psilocybe atlantis has been found in grassy lawns and vacant lots in Fulton County, Georgia.

The original find was made in Fulton County Georgia, growing in a patch of moss beside a 5 year old home whose lot bordered a wooded area within 50 meters of a tributary of the Chattahoochee river.

Gallery

References

Entheogens
Psychoactive fungi
atlantis
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of the United States
Taxa named by Gastón Guzmán
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status

Psilocybe atlantis


Joseph A. Dandurand is a Kwantlen person (Xalatsep) from Kwantlen First Nation in British Columbia. He is a poet, playwright, and archaeologist.

Dandurand received a Diploma in Performing Arts from Algonquin College and studied Theatre and Direction at the University of Ottawa. His produced plays include Shake, Crackers and Soup (1994), No Totem for My Story (1995), Where Two Rivers Meet (1995), and Please Don't Touch the Indians (1998) for the Red Path Theater in Chicago. He has also authored a radio script, St Mary's which was produced by CBC Radio in 1999. His latest play Shake, was featured at the 20th Weesageechak Begins to Dance festival of new plays in Toronto, Ontario.

His poems have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies and are collected in Upside Down Raven, I Touched the Coyote's Tongue, and burning for the dead and scratching for the poor, Looking into the eyes of my forgotten dreams, Shake, 2005, Buried, 2007, and I Want, published by Leaf Press in 2015.

He was the Indigenous Storyteller in Residence at Vancouver Public Library in 2019.

In 2022 he was the winner of the Latner Writers' Trust Poetry Prize.

Theatre work
Joseph has been a Playwright-in-Residence for the Museum of Civilization in Hull, in 1995 and for Native Earth in Toronto in 1996. Arigon Starr acted in his Wooden Indian Woman.

Writing Available Online
 St. Mary's III
 St. Mary's IV
 Paint
 Fort Langley

Books by Joseph A. Dandurand

Plays

Please Do Not Touch the Indians,  renegade planets publishing.

Poetry

 "Buried", skyuks press 2007
 shake, skyuks press 2005
 looking into the eyes of my forgotten dreams, Kegedonce Press, 2000. Reprinted by Hushion House (Feb. 2004)
 Review in Prairie Fire: a Canadian Magazine of New Writing

Upside Down Raven
I Touched the Coyote's Tongue,
burning for the dead and scratching for the poor
I Want (Leaf Press, 2015)

Anthologies
 North American Indian Drama, Alexander Street Press.
 Genocide of the Mind, Marijo Moore (Editor), Thunder's Mouth Press.
 Gatherings, The En'owkin Journal of First North American Peoples
 A Retrospective of the First Decade, Volume 10, Theytus Books.
 An Anthology of Canadian Native Literature in English,
 Daniel David Moses & Terry Goldie (Editors), Oxford University Press.
 Mother Earth Perspectives: Gatherings, Vol. III, Theytus Books, Ltd.
 Unmasking the Faces of Our Divided Nations: Gatherings, Vol. II, Theytus Books, Ltd.

References

External links
 Author's page at Kegedonce Press
 This article incorporates text from Nativewiki under the GFDL license.

20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
First Nations dramatists and playwrights
University of Ottawa alumni
Sto:lo people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
First Nations poets
21st-century Canadian male writers
20th-century First Nations writers
21st-century First Nations writers

Joseph A. Dandurand


A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture, because it can be difficult to tell axons from dendrites before differentiation is complete.

Neurite development
The development of a neurite requires a complex interplay of both extracellular and intracellular signals. At every given point along a developing neurite, there are receptors detecting both positive and negative growth cues from every direction in the surrounding space. The developing neurite sums together all of these growth signals in order to determine which direction the neurite will ultimately grow towards. While not all of the growth signals are known, several have been identified and characterized. Among the known extracellular growth signals are netrin, a midline chemoattractant, and semaphorin, ephrin and collapsin, all inhibitors of neurite growth.

Young neurites are often packed with microtubule bundles, the growth of which is stimulated by neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF). Tau proteins can aid in the stabilization of microtubules by binding to the microtubules, protecting them from microtubule severing proteins. Even after the microtubules have stabilized, the cytoskeleton of the neuron remains dynamic. Actin filaments retain their dynamic properties in the neurite that will become the axon in order to push the microtubules bundles outward to extend the axon. In all other neurites however, the actin filaments are stabilized by myosin. This prevents the development of multiple axons.

The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM simultaneously combines with another N-CAM and a fibroblast growth factor receptor to stimulate the tyrosine kinase activity of that receptor to induce the growth of neurites.

There are several software kits available to facilitate neurite tracing in images.

Weak endogenous electric fields may be used to both facilitate and direct the growth of projections from cell soma neurites, EFs of moderate strength have been used to direct and enhance neurite outgrowth in both murine, or mouse, and xenopus models. Co-culture of neurons with electrically aligned glial tissue also directs neurite outgrowth, as it is rich in neurotrophins that promote nerve growth .

Establishing polarity

In vitro
An undifferentiated mammalian neuron placed in culture will retract any neurites that it has already grown. 0.5 to 1.5 days after being plated in culture, several minor neurites will begin to protrude out from the cell body. Sometime between day 1.5 and day 3, one of the minor neurites begins to outgrow the other neurites significantly. This neurite will eventually become the axon. On days 4 to 7, the remaining minor neurites will begin differentiating into dendrites. By day 7, the neuron should be completely polarized, with a functional dendrites and an axon.

In vivo
A neurite growing in vivo is surrounded by thousands of extracellular signals which in turn can be modulated by hundreds of intracellular pathways, and the mechanisms for how these competing chemical signals effect the ultimate differentiation of neurites in vivo is not precisely understood. It is known that 60% of the time the first neurite that protrudes from the cell body will become the axon. 30% of the time, a neurite not destined to become the axon protrudes from the cell body first. 10% of the time, the neurite that will become the axon protrudes from the cell body simultaneously with one or more other neurites. It has been proposed that a minor neurite could extend outward until it touches an already developed axon of another neuron. At this point, the neurite will begin to differentiate into an axon. This is known as the "touch and go" model. However, this model does not explain how the first axon developed.

Whatever extracellular signals may be involved in inducing axon formation are transduced through at least 4 different pathways: the Rac-1 pathway, the Ras-mediated pathway, the cAMP-liver kinase B1 pathway, and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase pathway. A deficiency in any of these pathways would lead to the inability to develop a neuron.

After forming one axon, the neuron must prevent all other neurites from becoming axons as well. This is known as global inhibition. It has been suggested that global inhibition is achieved by a long-range negative feedback signal released from the developed axon and taken up by the other neurite. However, no long range signaling molecule has been discovered. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the buildup of axonal growth factors in the neurite destined to become the axon means there is a depletion of axonal growth factors by default, as they must compete for the same proteins. This causes the other neurites to develop into dendrites as they lack sufficient concentrations of axonal growth factors to become axons. This would allow for a mechanism of global inhibition without the need for a long range signaling molecule.

See also
 Lewy neurites
 Unipolar neuron

References

External links
 E Meijering's article on the state of neurite detection
 NeuronJ neurite tracing program
 Synd synapse and neurite detection program

 Cell anatomy

Neurite


Abdominal muscles cover the anterior and lateral abdominal region and meet at the anterior midline. These muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall can be divided into four groups: the external obliques, the internal obliques, the transversus abdominis, and the rectus abdominis.

Anterior abdominal wall

There are three flat skeletal muscles in the antero-lateral wall of the abdomen. The external oblique, closest to the surface, extend inferiorly and medially, in the direction of sliding one's four fingers into pants pockets. Perpendicular to it is the intermediate internal oblique, extending superiorly and medially, the direction the thumbs usually go when the other fingers are in the pants pocket. The deep muscle, the transversus abdominis, is arranged transversely around the abdomen, similar to the front of a belt on a pair of pants. This arrangement of three bands of muscles in different orientations allows various movements and rotations of the trunk. The three layers of muscle also help to protect the internal abdominal organs in an area where there is no bone.

Linea alba
The linea alba is a white, fibrous band that is made of the bilateral rectus sheaths that join at the anterior midline of the body. These enclose the rectus abdominis muscles (a pair of long, linear muscles, commonly called the "sit-up" muscles) that originate at the pubic crest and pubic symphysis, and extend the length of the body's trunk. Each muscle is segmented by three transverse bands of collagen fibers called the tendinous intersections. This results in the look of "six-pack abs," as each segment hypertrophies on individuals at the gym who do many sit-ups.

Posterior abdominal wall

The posterior abdominal wall is formed by the lumbar vertebrae, parts of the ilia of the hip bones, psoas major and iliacus muscles, and quadratus lumborum muscle. This part of the core plays a key role in stabilizing the rest of the body and maintaining posture.

Functions

Source text

Muscles of the torso

Abdominal muscles


Acute oak decline is a disease that infects oak trees originally described in the UK. It mainly affects mature oak trees of over 50 years old of both Britain's native oak species: the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and the sessile oak (Quercus petraea). The disease is characterised by the trees bleeding or oozing a dark fluid from small lesions or splits in their bark. Unlike chronic oak decline, acute oak decline can lead to the death of trees within 4 to 5 years of symptoms appearing. The number of trees affected is thought to number in the low thousands, with a higher number of infected trees being found in the Midlands. It is thought to be caused by a bacterium; it is currently not known which species is involved, but scientists are actively trying to discover what is responsible. At least three genera of bacteria are possibly responsible.

In some instances, the disease is accompanied by insects attacking the trees, too, particularly the oak splendour beetle, (Agrilus biguttatus). These are not thought to be the cause of the disease, but rather they are opportunistically taking advantage of already weakened trees; such infestations further weaken and can hasten the death of trees.

See also
 Sudden oak death
 Ash dieback
 Dutch elm disease
 Kauri dieback

References

Further reading

Bacterial tree pathogens and diseases
Environmental issues in the United Kingdom

Acute oak decline


Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm is situated on a coastal ridge 16 kilometres west of Esperance in Western Australia, and it lies in the northern extremities of the reliable Roaring Forties winds. It was Australia's first commercial wind farm that is still operating, and consists of nine 225 kW Vestas wind turbines giving a total generating capacity of  just over 2 Megawatts. The farm was established in October 1993, after the successful operation of a smaller experimental wind farm at Salmon Beach, Esperance.

Esperance is an isolated town and it is not connected to the electricity grid.  Before the installation of wind turbines, the electrical needs of Esperance town and surrounding districts were supplied solely from a diesel power station. The Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm serves the Esperance community in conjunction with the power station and complements the electricity generated by the gas turbines.

Considerable care has been taken in the design and construction of the wind farm to ensure the least possible disturbance to the natural environment.

See also

Wind power in Australia

References

External links
Wind energy in Western Australia

Goldfields-Esperance
Wind farms in Western Australia

Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm


Theodore Hooke Hill (1855 – 8 November 1942) was an Australian politician.

He was born at Dungog to grazier George Snell Hill and Adelaide, née Hooke. He married Laetitia Elizabeth Canning. Around 1880 he joined the Bank of Australasia, managing the Rockhampton branch from around 1890 to around 1917. He supported new state movements in both Queensland and New South Wales and was active in the Rockhampton area. Having moved to New South Wales, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1920 as a Progressive member for Oxley. As a member of the coalitionist faction of the party, he had joined the Nationalists by 1925. Hill retired in 1927. He died in Sydney in 1942.

References

1855 births
1942 deaths
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Australian bankers
Politicians from Sydney
Colony of New South Wales people
Colony of Queensland people

Theodore Hill (Australian politician)


Newton Smith Fielding (1799–1856), was an English painter and lithographer.

Life
Fielding was born in London in 1799, the youngest son of Nathan Theodore Fielding. He exhibited at the Society of Painters in Water-colours, showing some landscapes in 1815, and cattle pieces in 1818. He is best known for his paintings and engravings of animals. Besides painting in water-colours, he also made etchings, aquatints, and lithographs, becoming especially proficient in the last of these. He moved to Paris where he lived until his death, on 12 January 1856; he was much esteemed there, entering the 1827 Paris Salon and teaching the family of Louis-Philippe. In 1836 he published in London a set of Subjects after Nature, and in Paris he published sets of lithographs of animals, and illustrations to various works.

He also published Three Hundred Lessons; or, a Year's Instruction in Landscape Drawing, including Marine Subjects, with Hints on Perspective, (1852); Lessons on Fortification, with Plates, (1853); A Dictionary of Colour, containing Seven Hundred and Fifty Tints, to which is prefixed a Grammar of Colour, (1854); What to Sketch with; or, Hints on the Use of Coloured Crayons, Water-colours, Oil-colours, Black and White Chalks, Black-lead Pencil, and the Author's new Method of Preserving the Lights with Composition, (1856); and How to Sketch from Nature; or, Perspective and its Application, (2nd edit. 1856).

References

1799 births
1856 deaths
19th-century English educators
English lithographers
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Painters from London
Art writers
English non-fiction writers
19th-century English non-fiction writers
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English male artists

Newton Smith Fielding


Werner Lindemann (7 October 1926 – 9 February 1993) was a German writer and poet. He was the father of Till Lindemann, the lead vocalist of German industrial metal band Rammstein.

Life
Werner Lindemann was born into a family of farm workers. He grew up in Alt-Jeßnitz Gutsdorf near Wolfen in Saxony-Anhalt. In 1941, aged 15, he was apprenticed to a farmer. Between 1943 and 1945, he served in the German Army. After the end of World War II, he studied natural sciences at Halle. In 1949, he began to teach agriculture-related subjects at a vocational school. Between 1955 and 1957, he studied at the Johannes R. Becher Institute of Literature at Leipzig. There, he worked as editor of the student magazine Forum, became director of the city House of Culture, and from 1959, worked as a freelance writer. He co-founded the Künstlerkolonie Drispeth ("Drispeth Artist's Colony"), where he lived for over 20 years, along with Joachim Seyppel, Joochen Laabs, and Gerhard and Christa Wolf.

Lindemann wrote his first poems shortly after the war. They were published in a 1959 book Stationen, which also included autobiographical material. The writer became for his children's books in the 1970s, in which he showed a poetic vision of the everyday. In addition to his children's poetry, from the 1980s, he published several books of prose, such as Aus dem Drispether Bauernhaus ("From the farmhouse at Drispeth") and The Roggenmuhme. These and other books were based on observations and memories of his youth. He describes nature, family life in the countryside, and day-to-day life under the socialist regime. For example, in the book Mike Oldfield im Schaukelstuhl: Notizen eines Vaters ("Mike Oldfield in the Rocking Chair: Notes of a Father"), Lindemann contrasted the memories of the narrator, a parent, the views and ambitions of his son; the book remarked on the differences of character among educated people in different social systems, but also showed their similarities.

On many occasions, he gave talks in schools to bring poetry to children. He was a frequent visitor to the Grundschule Elisabethwiese elementary school in Rostock. After his death, the school changed its name to Werner-Lindemann-Grundschule  on 7 October 1994. The ceremony was attended by his widow, journalist Gitta Lindemann.

In 1985, the Academy of Arts in Berlin was awarded him the Alex-Wedding-Preis, for his merits in the field of socialist children's literature.

External links

1926 births
1993 deaths
German-language writers
20th-century German poets
German male poets
20th-century German male writers
German Army personnel of World War II
People from Anhalt-Bitterfeld
Leipzig University alumni
People from Bezirk Schwerin

Werner Lindemann


The Dr. B.J. Kendall Company is a historic industrial facility at 228 North Main Street in the Enosburg Falls village of Enosburgh, Vermont.  Built in 1880, it was for many years the site where "Kendall's Spavin Cure", a treatment for a horse ailment, was manufactured and marketed.  This business was one of the town's economic successes, its owners contributing significantly to its architectural heritage.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993; as of 2016, it is standing vacant.

Description and history
The former Dr. B.J. Kendall Company building stands prominently near the northern end of Enosburg Falls, on the east side of North Main Street (Vermont Route 108N) at its junction with Sampsonville Road.  It is a two-story wood frame structure, whose main portion is covered by a mansard roof, under which a full third floor is provided.  An extending ell is covered by a flat roof.  The exterior is covered in vinyl siding, which was laid over the original clapboards, and rests on a stone foundation.  A slightly projecting square tower rises from the center of the seven-bay main section, also capped by a mansard roof.  Windows in both the main and tower roof are framed by scrolled moulding and topped by gabled pediments.  Some iron cresting survives at the top of the tower.  The interior of the building retains a number of features original to its construction, including an elevator, fireproof vaults, and a speaking tube.

The factory was built in 1880.  Dr. B.J. Kendall, an Enosburg Falls native, had returned to his home community in the 1870s, and was operating a drug store when he developed a liniment for the treatment of bone spavin, an ailment causing lameness in horses.  Meeting with local success in its sale, he sought to expand, and built this factory with the financial aid of local investors.  The business was a major success, its products marketed across from the east coast to the Rocky Mountains.  Kendall and the other proprietors built fine houses in the town, and funded construction of the Enosburg Opera House.  With the rise of the automobile in the first half of the 20th century, demand for the company product declined, and it closed its doors in 1957.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Vermont

References

National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Vermont
Second Empire architecture in Vermont
Commercial buildings completed in 1880
Buildings and structures in Enosburg, Vermont
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Unused buildings in Vermont
Veterinary medicine companies
Veterinary medicine in the United States

Dr. B. J. Kendall Company