Neal Joseph Schon (born February 27, 1954) is an American musician and songwriter, best known as the co-founder and lead guitarist for the rock band Journey. He is the sole original member to remain throughout the group's history. He was a member of the rock band Santana before forming Journey, was a member for the group Bad English during Journey's hiatus from 1987 to 1995, and was also an original member of Hardline.

Schon was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame in 2013, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey in 2017.

Early life and career
Neal Joseph Schon was born at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, the son of Matthew and Barbara Schon. He is of German and Italian ancestry. His father was a big band musician, arranger, and composer, and played and taught all reed instruments with emphasis on jazz tenor saxophone; his mother was a big band singer. Schon started playing guitar at age 10. He attended Aragon High School in San Mateo, California, later dropping out to pursue his music career.

A quick learner, he joined Santana at age 17, in 1971. Schon has said he was asked by Eric Clapton to join Derek and the Dominos, but that he joined Santana instead, performing on the albums Santana III and Caravanserai. Schon also played in the band Azteca.

In 1973, he, Gregg Rolie and manager Herbie Herbert co-founded the Golden Gate Rhythm Section, which had later been re-named to Journey after a suggestion by roadie John Villaneuva.

Schon's guitar style is influenced by guitarists such as B.B. King, Albert King, Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Carlos Santana, Jimmy Page and Jimmy Green.

In addition to several solo albums and his work with Journey, Schon's work also includes: a pair of albums with keyboardist Jan Hammer, short-term collaborations with Sammy Hagar (HSAS and Planet Us) and Paul Rodgers, stints with Bad English (a supergroup that featured Journey's Jonathan Cain and Deen Castronovo and Cain's former Babys bandmates John Waite and Ricky Phillips) and Hardline (which also featured Castronovo).  Even as Journey's latest lineup plays to a still-faithful body of fans, Schon has immersed himself in side projects such as Piranha Blues (1999); "Black Soup Cracker", a funk outfit that features former Prince associates Rosie Gaines and Michael Bland; and Soul SirkUS with Jeff Scott Soto.

Schon can be heard on other albums including three tracks on Michael Bolton's The Hunger, with the Schon sound most recognizable on "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay".  He also joined Larry Graham to play in an all-star band for cult funk artist and ex-wife of Miles Davis, Betty Davis.  In addition, Schon (along with then Journey manager Herbie Herbert) also contributed to Lenny White's 1977 album Big City, specifically the instrumental jam "And We Meet Again".

On February 9, 2018, Schon played a charity show at San Francisco's The Independent, benefiting North Bay Fire Relief. The group recruited featured former Journey drummer Deen Castronovo (who also sang some of the vocals), former Journey keyboardist Gregg Rolie, and bassist Marco Mendoza of The Dead Daisies. The concert was released as a live album and DVD on May 19, 2023.

In 2019, Schon announced a tour to be called Neal Schon's Journey Through Time. The tour was slated to feature Castronovo, Rolie and Mendoza.

Schon played "The Star-Spangled Banner" on electric guitar for the opening game of the 2022 NBA Finals.

Guitars
Schon's first guitar was an acoustic Stella, followed two years later by a Gibson ES-335. When the 335 was stolen, he replaced it with a '56 Les Paul Goldtop reissue that he used for many years. Schon has used Gibson guitars over the years, having also used Fender and Ovation guitars during Journey's Departure tour. He had a limited edition signature Les Paul model called the Neal Schon Signature Model Custom Les Paul, of which Gibson made only 35, according to the Gibson Custom website (80 according to Neal Schon's website). He has previously employed Godin guitars on his 1995 solo album Beyond the Thunder, and more recently uses Paul Reed Smith guitars. In the late 1980s, Schon manufactured (through Jackson Guitars and later Larrivee) and played his own line of guitars. Simply named Schon, about 200 of the Jackson-produced models were made.

As of 2008, Schon currently prefers guitar pedals from Xotic, a Vox Satriani model and occasionally uses a Buddy Guy wah pedal.

Personal life

Schon's first marriage was to Tena Austin in 1976. After divorcing Austin in 1986, Schon married Beth Buckley a year later. They were together for approximately five years and had two children together. In 1993 he married Dina Gioeli, divorcing in 1999. In 2001, he married Amber Kozan, with whom he had two more children. They divorced in 2008. In September 2011, Schon publicly confirmed he was in a relationship with Michaele Salahi. The two said they had dated years previously in the 1990s. On October 14, 2012, Schon proposed to Salahi onstage during a charity concert at the Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, offering her an oval 11.42 carat diamond engagement ring. The couple married on December 15, 2013, in a live broadcast wedding that was held in the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California.

Schon has confirmed that he has tinnitus, a constant ringing in the ears, common in musicians who have toured extensively.

Discography

Solo albums
 Late Nite (1989)
 Beyond the Thunder (1995)
 Electric World (1997)
 Piranha Blues (1999)
 Voice (2001)
 I on U (2005)
 The Calling (2012)
 So U (2014)
 Vortex (2015)
 Universe (2020)

with Santana
 Santana III (1971)
 Caravanserai (1972)
 Santana IV (2016)

with Azteca
 Azteca (1972)
 Pyramid of the Moon (1973)

with Journey
 Journey (1975)
 Look into the Future (1976)
 Next (1977)
 Infinity (1978)
 Evolution (1979)
 Departure (1980)
 Dream, After Dream (1980, Japanese movie soundtrack)
 Escape (1981)
 Frontiers (1983)
 Raised on Radio (1986)
 Trial by Fire (1996)
 Arrival (2001)
 Generations (2005)
 Revelation (2008)
 Eclipse (2011)
 Freedom (2022)

with Jan Hammer
 Untold Passion (1981)
 Here to Stay (1982)

with HSAS
 Through the Fire (1984)

with Bad English
 Bad English (1989)
 Backlash (1991)

with Hardline
 Hot Cherie EP (1992)
 Double Eclipse (1992)
 Can't Find My Way EP (1992)
 II (2002)

with Paul Rodgers
 Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters (1993)
 The Hendrix Set (1993)
 Now (1997; co-writer of "Saving Grace")
 Paul Rodgers & Friends Live at Montreux 1994 (2011)

with Just·If·I
 All One People (1991)

with Abraxas Pool
 Abraxas Pool (1997)

with Soul SirkUS
 World Play (2004)

Guest appearances
 Betty Davis – Betty Davis (1973)
 Robert Fleischman - Perfect Stranger (1979)
 Sammy Hagar - Danger Zone (1980)
 Tané Cain - Tané Cain (1983)
 Silver Condor - Trouble at Home (1983)
 Hear 'n Aid - Stars (1985)
 Gregg Rolie - Gregg Rolie (1985)
 Eric Martin - Eric Martin (1985; co-writer of "Just One Night")
 Joe Cocker - Cocker (1986)
 Gregg Rolie - Gringo (1987)
 Michael Bolton - The Hunger (1987)
 Jimmy Barnes  - Freight Train Heart (1987)
 Glen Burtnick (ex Styx) - Heroes and Zeroes (1987)
 The Allman Brothers Band - Where It All Begins (1994; co-writer of "Temptation Is a Gun")
 Frederiksen/Phillips - Frederiksen/Phillips (1995)
 Fergie Frederiksen – Equilibrium (1999)
 Carmine Appice - Guitar Zeus - Safe (1996)
 Various artists - Merry Axemas, Vol. 2: More Guitars for Christmas (1998)
 Trichromes - Trichromes (2002)
 Jeff Scott Soto - Lost in the Translation (2004)
 Mickey Thomas - Over the Edge (2004)
 Beth Hart - "Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played" (2005)
 Radioactive - Taken (2005)
 Sammy Hagar - Cosmic Universal Fashion (2008)
 Gary Schutt - Loss 4 Words (2008; guitar solo on "Road Trip")
 Lee Ritenour - Lee Ritenour's 6 String Theory (2010)
 Two Fires - Burning Bright (2011; co-writer of "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid")
 Eric Martin - Mr. Rock Vocalist (2012)
 Sammy Hagar - Sammy Hagar & Friends (2013)
 Jimmy Barnes - 30:30 Hindsight (2014)
 Revolution Saints - Revolution Saints (2015)
 Jason Becker - Triumphant Hearts (2018)
 Steve Augeri - Seven Ways 'til Sunday (2022; co-writer of "Desert Moon")

References

Sources

External links

 Neal Official website
 Official Facebook page
 Official YouTube channel
 Neal Schon biography

1954 births
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Bad English members
Hagar Schon Aaronson Shrieve members
Hardline (band) members
Journey (band) members
Lead guitarists
Living people
American people of German descent
American people of Italian descent
Musicians from Oklahoma City
Planet Us members
Santana (band) members
Soul SirkUS members
American heavy metal guitarists
Guitarists from Oklahoma
20th-century American guitarists
Favored Nations artists
Frontiers Records artists
Shrapnel Records artists
Columbia Records artists
People from San Mateo, California
Glam metal musicians
Jazz fusion guitarists

Neal Schon


Jeffrey Allen Stevens (born September 5, 1983) is an American retired professional baseball pitcher who is currently an area scout for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball.  During his active career, he worked in 33 MLB games pitched, all in relief, for the 2009–2011 Chicago Cubs.  He threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Early life

Stevens was born in Berkeley, California. He graduated from Campolindo High School in Moraga, California.

College

Stevens started, and relieved at Loyola Marymount College in Los Angeles, California from 2003-05. While at LMU, Stevens recorded back-to-back All-Conference honors in 2004 and 2005.  Over his three-year stint as an LMU Lion, Stevens recorded a 14-10 record with a 4.43 ERA in 64 appearances, 30 of them starts.

Stevens was drafted by the Reds in the sixth round of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft.

Professional career

Stevens made his professional debut with the Billings Mustangs in 2005, going 4-4 with a 2.98 ERA.

Stevens started 2006 with the Single-A Dayton Dragons. He was traded to the Cleveland Indians as the player to be named later in the Brandon Phillips trade. He was assigned to Single-A Lake County Captains where he spent the remainder of the 2006 season.

In 2007, Stevens was moved to the bullpen and began the year with the Kinston Indians. He was 3-2 with a 2.31 ERA, with 37 strikeouts in 35 innings pitched for Kinston. He was promoted to Double-A Akron Aeros where he was 3-1 with a 3.17 ERA and 2 saves in 34 games.

Stevens began the  campaign with the Aeros. After going 5-1 with a 2.51 ERA, he earned a promotion to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. He was 0-2 with a 4.00 ERA when his season ended as a result of being named to the US Olympic Baseball Team to play in Beijing.

In December 2008, Stevens was traded from the Cleveland Indians to the Chicago Cubs in a deal for Mark DeRosa.

On July 10, 2009 Stevens made his Major League debut for the Chicago Cubs.  Stevens had a 1-2-3 MLB debut, getting Joe Thurston, Chris Duncan and Brendan Ryan in order in the 9th inning of an 8-3 loss to the Cardinals. He was optioned back to the minor leagues on August 5, 2009 when Aaron Miles was activated from the 15-day disabled list.

He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on May 30, 2011.

Stevens signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets on January 4, 2012. Stevens spent most of the year with Triple-A Buffalo, going 1-1 with a 3.32 ERA in 34 games, finishing 12 of them, while striking out 33 in 40.2 innings.

On November 22, 2012, Stevens signed a minor league deal with the organization he started it all with, the Cincinnati Reds. He was then released on March 24.

Stevens signed with the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs of the independent Atlantic League for the 2013 season. In 47 games with Southern Maryland, he went 4-3 with 14 games finished and a 3.98 ERA, striking out 43 in 61 innings.  He then retired from the field, and the Orioles named Stevens an area scout in Nevada and Northern California in February 2014.

2008 Beijing Olympics

With the score tied at 7, Lee Taek-Keun advanced to third base when Stevens attempted to pick him off at first, but threw the ball erratically. This was scored as an error. It was a costly one as the batter then hit a sacrifice fly and Lee scored, winning the game for Korea.

References

External links

Jeff Stevens at Baseball Almanac

1983 births
Living people
Akron Aeros players
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Baseball players from Berkeley, California
Billings Mustangs players
Binghamton Mets players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago Cubs players
Dayton Dragons players
Iowa Cubs players
Kinston Indians players
Lake County Captains players
Loyola Marymount Lions baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in baseball
Southern Maryland Blue Crabs players
Tennessee Smokies players
People from Moraga, California
Baseball players from Contra Costa County, California

Jeff Stevens (baseball)


The Redemption is a 1936 novel by F. J. Thwaites. It was his ninth novel.

Plot
Terry Gordon, second officer on a mail steamer, loses his job due to the influence of a beautiful girl. He hits rock bottom but finds redemption through the help of another woman.

Reception
According to one critic:
Speed is not impairing the work of this young Australian author, neither is he skimping words in order to get each book finished. This one has more than 300 pages, and in spite of a rather obvious ending holds the interest all the way. 'The Redemption' has many passages reminiscent of 'Broken Wings' and 'The Mad Doctor,' and the general theme, too, is not original. But the setting is different and the treatment more mature, showing a keener understanding of human beings.

References

External links
The Redemption at AustLit

1936 Australian novels
Australian romance novels

The Redemption (novel)


CPI Aerostructures Inc., known as CPI Aero, is a contract aircraft component manufacturer based in Edgewood, New York.

CPI's primary customers are the US Department of Defense, and also operating as a subcontractor under Boeing and Northrop Grumman.

CPI is traded on NYSE American as CVU. The company has approximately 280 employees and hires temporary employees as needed. The CEO is Douglas J. McCrosson.

After Vincent Palazzolo resigned in November 2019 in a cloud of financial problems, Dan Azmon (formerly L3 Technologies) was announced as CFO on November 19, 2019. Azmon resigned in February 2020 and the company announced it would restate its books going back to March 2018.

In 2018, CPI Aero reported $83.9 million in gross revenue, $18.1 million in gross profit, and net income of $2.2 million. Approximately half that was in government subcontracts, another 40% in commercial contracts, and the remainder under prime government contracts.

Large 2019-2020 contracts include an Air Force contract for T-38C trainer parts, E-2 Hawkeye for Northrop Grumman assemblies, A-10 re-winging for Boeing, parts for Turkish Aerospace Industries's indigenously produced T70 rotorcraft, Hover Infrared Suppression System (HIRSS) for the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, and structural assemblies for Lockheed's F-16V.

History
CPI was founded as Composite Products International, Inc. in January 1980 by Arthur August, formerly of Grumman. The name was changed to Consortium of Precision Industries, Inc. in 1989, then to CPI Aerostructures, Inc. in 1992, and began using the CPI Aero trademark in 1995.

On December 30, 2018, CPI Aero acquired Welding Metallurgy Inc. and its subsidiary Compac Development Corp for $7.9 million. The combination of the two are referred to as "WMI", was founded in 1979 and specializes in aviation electrical harnesses, electromechanical, and printed circuit boards.

On April 21, 2020, CPI announced they had received $4.8 million in federally backed small business loans, the maximum allowable amount, as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. The company received scrutiny over this loan, which was aimed at small businesses suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic. The New York Times noted that this payment was given to a company that has had major accounting problems. In September 2021 the company received a delisting notice from NYSE American. This was resolved in September 2022, with the company remaining listed.

References

External links

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United States
Aerospace companies of the United States
Defense companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
American companies established in 1980
Manufacturing companies established in 1980
1980 establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in Greene County, New York

CPI Aerostructures


Julia Livilla ( – ) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and the youngest sister of the Emperor Caligula.

Life
Julia Livilla was the youngest great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus, great-niece and adoptive granddaughter of the Emperor Tiberius, sister of the Emperor Caligula, niece of the Emperor Claudius, and through her eldest sister Agrippina the Younger, maternal aunt of the Emperor Nero. In most ancient literary sources, on inscriptions and on coins, she is simply called "Julia".  It is possible that she dropped the use of her cognomen after the damnatio memoriae of her paternal aunt Livilla (sister of Germanicus and Claudius) after whom she was named. However, on her sepulchral inscription, she is explicitly named "Livilla, daughter of Germanicus", which suggests that in her time she was called either "Julia" or "Livilla".

She was born on Lesbos, one of the many Greek islands during her parents' grand tour of the eastern Mediterranean, leading Germanicus to his command base in the imperial province of Syria for the maius imperium given to him by Tiberius over the territory east of the Adriatic Sea. As a young child, she was with her mother and brother Caligula when they returned to Rome after Germanicus' untimely death in Antioch in 19 CE.

Julia Livilla grew up in the household of her great-grandmother Livia and later under the care of her paternal grandmother Antonia Minor. She was first betrothed to a distant cousin, Quinctilius Varus, son of the ill-fated governor of Germania, Publius Quinctilius Varus, and of Claudia Pulchra, grandniece of Augustus, but after Quinctillius was charged of maiestas in 27, the marriage did not occur. In 33, she married Marcus Vinicius. Vinicius' family came from a small town outside of Rome. He descended from a family of the equites class and his father and grandfather had served as consuls. Her husband was mild in character and was an elaborate orator. Vinicius was appointed by Tiberius as a commissioner in early 37. He was also consul in 30 and proconsul of Asia in 38/39. According to an inscription, Julia Livilla may have accompanied her husband in Asia during his proconsulship.

During the first years of Caligula's reign, Livilla, along with her elder sisters Agrippina the Younger and Julia Drusilla, received considerable honours and striking privileges, such as the rights of the Vestal Virgins (like the freedom to view public games from the upper seats in the stadium), the inclusion of her name in the oath of loyalty to the emperor and her depiction on coins. Although seeming to experience an eventful and privileged court life, she was under full control of her brother, and, according to Suetonius, she, along with Agrippina, was prostituted by her brother to his catamites. Ancient writers even report gossip of incestuous relationships between Caligula and his sisters, including Livilla.

In 39, Livilla was involved in an unsuccessful conspiracy (led perhaps by Agrippina) to overthrow Caligula and to replace him with his brother-in-law Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Drusilla's widower, but also lover of Agrippina and Livilla). Livilla and her sister Agrippina the Younger were banished to the Pontine Islands (they were most likely separated in their exile and each one sent to a different island). After the deaths of Caligula, his fourth wife Milonia Caesonia, and their daughter Julia Drusilla, she returned from exile on the orders of the new emperor, Livilla's paternal uncle Claudius. Later in 41, she fell out of favour with Messalina (Claudius's third wife) and was charged by her paternal uncle Claudius for having adultery with Seneca the Younger. Both were exiled. She was most likely sent to Ventotene. Political considerations may have played a role in Julia Livilla's fate, more than just moral or domestic preoccupations as inferred in the ancient sources. In late 41 or early 42, her uncle ordered her execution, apparently by starvation, without a defense and on unsupported charges. She was executed around the same time as her cousin Julia Livia, the daughter of her aunt Livilla. Her remains were later brought back to Rome, probably when Agrippina became Empress; they were laid to rest in the Mausoleum of Augustus.

The sepulchral inscription found on her cippus reads: "Livilla, daughter of Germanicus, lies here" (LIVILLA GERMANICI CAESARIS FILIA HIC SITA EST).  A rich and precious vase found near this cippus is believed to have contained Livilla's ashes.

Cultural depictions
In I, Claudius and Claudius the God, the novels by Robert Graves, Livilla is called 'Lesbia', a name alluding to the island where she was born. She was almost omitted from the television adaptation, there was just a brief mention of Caligula having three sisters at one point, and another brief mention of two sisters just before his assassination.
 In the 1968 British television series The Caesars Julia Livilla was portrayed by Jenny White.
 In the 2019 Roman Empire season 3: Caligula: The Mad Emperor, Julia Livilla was played by New Zealand actress Molly Leishman.

Ancestry

See also
 Julio-Claudian family tree

References

Citations

Bibliography

 E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen - e.a. (ed.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III, Berlin, 1933
 Raepsaet-Charlier M.-Th., Prosopographie des femmes de l'ordre sénatorial (Ier-IIe siècles), 2 vol., Louvain, 1987, 633 ff.
 Barrett, Anthony A., Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996.
 Levick, Barbara, Claudius. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1990.
 Massi, Ercole G., Compendious description of the museums of ancient sculpture Greek and roman in the Vatican palace. Printing Establishment Morin, Rome, 1882.
 Rose, Charles Brian, Dynastic Commemoration and Imperial Portraiture in the Julio-Claudian Period. Cambridge, 1997.
 Wood, Susan, Diva Drusilla Panthea and the Sisters of Caligula, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 99, No. 3. (Jul., 1995), pp. 457–482.

1st-century Roman women
18 births
40s deaths
Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus
Children of Germanicus
Deaths by starvation
Incest
Julii Caesares
Julio-Claudian dynasty
People from Lesbos

Julia Livilla


Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen (4 February 1801 – 7 June 1859) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Throndhjem as the son of businessman Matz Jenssen (1760–1813) and his wife Anna, née Schjelderup Dorenfeldt (1763–1846). His older brothers Jens Nicolai and Hans Peter ran the family company Jenssen & Co; Jens Nicolai later founding a rivalling company Jenssen & Sønner in 1837. Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen enrolled as a student in 1821, and graduated with the cand.theol.
degree in 1831. However, he did not become a priest. In 1836 he bought the farm Ranheim in Strinden for 23,000 Norwegian speciedaler, and ran a "significant" industrial company here. He also served as mayor of Strinden municipality, from 1844 to 1845 and 1850 to 1853.

In July 1836 Jenssen married Karen Amalie Hagerup (1811–1890), a daughter of Caspar Peter Hagerup and sister of Henrik Steffens Hagerup. Their son Lauritz established the paper factory Ranheims Papirfabrik, and also served as a politician. Through his son, Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen was the grandfather of chemical engineer Margot Dorenfeldt and politicians Hans Jørgen and Worm Hirsch Darre-Jenssen. Through his sister Nicoline, who married his wife's brother Henrik Steffens Hagerup, he was also the uncle of Prime Minister Francis Hagerup.

References

1801 births
1859 deaths
Norwegian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Trondheim
Mayors of places in Sør-Trøndelag
Norwegian people of Danish descent
19th-century Norwegian people

Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen


In kinematics, Chebyshev's linkage is a four-bar linkage that converts rotational motion to approximate linear motion.

It was invented by the 19th-century mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, who studied theoretical problems in kinematic mechanisms. One of the problems was the construction of a linkage that converts a rotary motion into an approximate straight-line motion (a straight line mechanism). This was also studied by James Watt in his improvements to the steam engine, which resulted in Watt's linkage.

Equations of motion
The motion of the linkage can be constrained to an input angle that may be changed through velocities, forces, etc. The input angles can be either link L2 with the horizontal or link L4 with the horizontal. Regardless of the input angle, it is possible to compute the motion of two end-points for link L3 that we will name A and B, and the middle point.

while the motion of point B will be computed with the other angle,

And ultimately, we will write the output angle in terms of the input angle,

Consequently, we can write the motion of point P, using the two points defined above and the definition of the middle point.

Input angles
The limits to the input angles, in both cases, are:

Usage
Chebyshev linkages did not receive widespread usage in steam engines, but are commonly used as the 'Horse head' design of level luffing crane. In this application the approximate straight movement is translated away from the line's midpoint, but it is still essentially the same mechanism.

See also

Chebyshev lambda linkage, the cognate of the Chebyshev linkage.
Four-bar linkage
Straight line mechanism

References

External links

Cornell university, "How to draw a straight line, by A.B. Kempe, B.A."
A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software
A Geogebra simulation of the linkage
A 3D video of the linkage

Linkages (mechanical)
Linear motion
Straight line mechanisms

Chebyshev linkage


Georges Dufrénoy (June 20, 1870December 9, 1943) was a French post-Impressionist painter associated with Fauvism.

Biography
He was born in Thiais, France. His family lived at 2 Place des Vosges in Paris in a historic 17th-century building in which he lived all his life. Dufrénoy went to school at the Oratoriens Catholic school (école Massillon, 2 quai des Célestins, Paris 4ème) from age 5 to 17. At 17, after some hesitation between the study of architecture and painting, Dufrénoy chose to become a painter.

Dufrénoy studied with Jean-Paul Laurens at the Académie Julian from 1887. In 1890 he began a period of two years as the only pupil of Désiré Laugier, from whom he learned a great deal. His early works which he started showing in 1895 were very much influenced by Impressionism.

In 1902 he made his first trip to Venice, a place he fell in love with and would return to almost every year until 1939, except during World War I. He discovered the great Venetian masters Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese. Art critic Marius-Ary Leblond wrote that his Venice works "follow in the great tradition of the Venetian Masters, he puts himself in the direct line of succession to the Italians; he remains an opulent and aristocratic Venetian in his works."

He started participating in major shows, among them the Salon International de Reims in 1903 (with three canvases); and in 1904 the Salon des Indépendants. He became a member of the Salon d'Automne, of which he would later become a committee member and a board member and to which he remained faithful until his last years. Bernheim-Jeune (an important Paris art dealer) bought his "Rue à l'omnibus" at the Salon des Indépendants.

In 1905 he traveled to Italy to paint with his friend Pierre Girieud. In 1907 Marius-Ary Leblond published a very positive review of Dufrénoy's work, and ranked him among the best in his generation.

His gallerist from then on was Druet, who also supported artists such as Bonnard, Derain, Friesz, Marquet, and Vuillard. After Druet closed in 1934 his main gallerist was Katia Granoff.

On 29 January 1914 he married Marguerite de Baroncelli-Javon. She was the sister of Marquis Folco de Baroncelli-Javon and of the filmmaker Jacques de Baroncelli. Folco was a well known "manadier" who raised bulls for bullfights on his estate in Camargue and befriended Buffalo Bill. Along with Marguerite, who was queen of the Félibrige from 1906 to 1913, Folco was a friend of provençal poets Mistral and Joseph d'Arbaud. Georges and Marguerite had two daughters and two sons.

Georges fought during World War I and continued painting and selling his works successfully afterwards. He participated in shows such as the Salon des Indépendants and the Salon d'Automne. He received the Carnegie Prize in 1929 and was a member of the jury for the Prix de Rome.

The occupation of France in 1940 was a great sadness to him and he died heartbroken in Salles-en-Beaujolais in 1943.

Museums

French museums
- Musée du Luxembourg:
  Le Palais Pisani à Venise
  Le violon 1926
 Portail de palais à Venise 1930

- Musée National d'Art Moderne - Georges Pompidou (Beaubourg):
Vue de Sienne 1907

- Palais de Tokyo:
Nature morte à la Langouste 1930

- Musées de la ville de Paris:
 Le vieille Hôtel Fieubet à Paris 1935
 Intérieur 1936
 La villa Paradiso à Gênes 1938

- Maison Victor Hugo de Paris:
La maison Victor Hugo à Bruxelles 1933

- Musée Toulouse-Lautrec d'Albi:
 Place des Vosges un jour de pluie
 Saint Etienne la Varenne en Beaujolais

- Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes:
Nature morte au faisan 1928

- Musée de la ville de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines:
Les Tuileries

Other museums
- Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts:
L'omnibus Bastille-Madeleine 1906

- National Museum of Serbia :
Nature morte aux fleurs 1935

- Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh:
La nature morte au violon 1929

- Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery:
La Place des Vosges 1928

- Chrysler Foundation - Detroit (Michigan):
La place de la Bastille

- Musée National des Beaux-Arts d'Alger:
Place des Vosges

- Musée des Beaux-Arts de Gand:
Vue de Sienne

- Musée royal d'art moderne à Bruxelles:
Nature morte au piano-forte et au violon

Bibliography
Gabriel Mourey: Georges Dufrénoy.Ed Crès, Paris 1930.

External links
- La Réunion des musées nationaux (French National Museum):
 Roses rouges à Venise
  Nature morte à la langouste
  Le violon
  Vue de Sienne

- Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts:
 L'omnibus Bastille-Madeleine
- Hermitage Museum:
 L'Hôtel de Soubise (Soubise Palace)

19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Post-impressionist painters
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Académie Julian alumni
1870 births
1943 deaths
People from Thiais
19th-century French male artists

Georges Dufrénoy


The British Linen Bank was a commercial bank based in the United Kingdom. It was acquired by the Bank of Scotland in 1969 and served as the establishment's merchant bank arm from 1977 until 1999.

History

Foundation
The Edinburgh-based British Linen was "the only British bank to be formed on the basis of an industrial charter" and, as the name suggests, its roots lay in the Scottish linen industry. The original driving force behind the formation of the British Linen Company (as it was first named) was Andrew Fletcher, Lord Milton. He was a lawyer landowner, had been active in the promotion of the Royal Bank of Scotland and, according to Checkland, "from 1735 to 1766 he was the most important man in the politics of Scotland." He had helped establish the Board of Trustees for Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland and was the chairman of the board's Linen Committee. In 1727 he had been instrumental in the formation of the Edinburgh Linen Co-Partnery and in the early 1740s Milton wanted to expand it, make it national and capable of marketing in England.

The men who were to see this concept to fruition were "two young and enterprising Edinburgh linen manufacturers", Ebenezer McCulloch and William Tod. They became the managers of the new enterprise (and substantial shareholders), Milton himself later becoming deputy manager. Their scheme was for "a company on a much bigger scale than hitherto seen in Scotland" and at the height of its operations in the 1750s "it was probably not just the largest single firm in the Scottish linen industry but in the Scottish economy as a whole". It handled every stage in the manufacture of linen cloth and employed thousands of spinners and weavers.

In 1745 a prospectus was duly issued for "The Company for Improving the Linen Manufactury in Scotland".  However, the lack of limited liability proved an obstacle to fundraising, and the alternative route of a royal charter was sought. Progress of the petition was slow due to the Jacobite rebellion and it made no mention of Scotland: "the Scots were looked on with open suspicion as open supporters of the exiled House of Stewart." The charter was eventually granted by George II on 6 July 1746 in the name of the British Linen Company.

Their first premises, purchased from the Tweedale family, was the family mansionhouse on Tweedale Court off the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. The first Governors were Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry and the Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll  with Andrew Fletcher, Lord Milton as Deputy Governor.

Move into banking
In what appeared incidental at the time, the charter included the right to bank unless this was specifically prohibited; in years to come, there was to be some uncertainty as to how definitive these rights were.  McCulloch and Tod were keen from the outset to provide banking services to their trading partners: "they had set their minds on having, 'like banks', promissory notes to pay to agents, weavers, manufacturers and other customers"; these were duly issued in 1747. However, "three years later the Company issued true bank notes, payable on demand, and non-interest bearing."

Despite the increasing provision of banking services, the company remained primarily an industrial concern through the 1750s but with limited financial success. There were arguments between the founders over withdrawing from manufacture to just financing and marketing other producers; Tod succeeded in this but left in 1759. Nevertheless, in the 1760s British Linen "began to make the transition from manufacturing to finance, and steadily reduced its commitment to the linen industry." McCulloch resigned in 1763 and agreed to take over all the company's manufacturing leaving British Linen to confine itself to financing.  However, new management discovered that the financial position was worse than expected and the subsequent failure of McCulloch's business meant British Linen got some of its old manufacturing back again. The transition from linen to banking was not complete until the mid 1770s".

It was not just the difficulty in withdrawing from the linen industry that made the transition drawn out – there remained uncertainty over the legality of their banking. In 1759 the company refused a loan to a linen manufacturer because it was "not consistent with the rules". In 1762 the company actually took counsel's opinion on the legality of banking and it was only on receiving reassurance that it agreed to open deposit accounts for "friends".  A formal "Plan of Trade" was prepared in 1764 to develop banking business but even then the directors were clear that they were not trying to rival the Royal Bank or Bank of Scotland and it was not until 1767 that the first credits were given to non-linen people. For years there remained a fear that legitimacy of the company's banking activities could be challenged by other banks and there were repeated attempts to obtain a new charter. Despite objections from the Royal and Bank of Scotland, the company succeeded in 1813 but it was still refused permission to call itself British Linen Bank – a status not achieved until 1906.

Expansion
As British Linen began to develop its banking business, it found it had a ready-made structure in the form of the old linen agencies and these were used to varying degrees. Around 1760 some of the company's agents "were direct to circulate the Company's notes and to 'open accounts with such friends as could be depended on Branches opened after 1760 were designed to carry out banking transactions. However, it was not until 1785 that "the time had come for the Company to set up a permanent branch system, with agents related to the Company by proper agreements."

The unsystematic progression (or otherwise) from linen agency to bank branch makes it difficult to be certain about the number of branches the company had in the late eighteenth century. Malcolm's list of branch openings suggests that there were 18 bank branches by 1800 and a further 25 added in the first half of the nineteenth century. The pace of activity accelerated in the second half of the century with over 70 branch openings. The one thing that British Linen did not do was to acquire other banks. The one exception was in 1837 when it bought the Paisley Banking Company with its three branches. On 19 March 1849 Queen Victoria granted a fourth charter of expansion increasing funds to £1,500,000.

By 1901, British Linen's branch network was given as joint third to the Royal Bank and the Commercial Bank of Scotland.

Amalgamations

British Linen, now formally a bank, had distanced itself from the amalgamations in Scottish banking and by 1914 it had "declined from a position somewhere in the middle of the scale to the bottom". By the end of the First World War British Linen realised it needed an association with a larger bank with good overseas connections and agreement was reached for Barclays to buy the bank in 1919. As with other Scottish banks, geographic sensitivities led to British Linen being referred to as an affiliate rather than a subsidiary and except for the presence of a Barclays' director "the affiliation made no difference in the conduct of the Bank's business".  During the inter-war period, more than 40 new branches were opened giving British Linen a Scottish network of over 170 branches by 1939.

In 1969 Barclays sold British Linen to Bank of Scotland in exchange for a 35 per cent holding in the latter bank.

Merchant bank
The merger with the Bank of Scotland was finalised with the Bank of Scotland Order Confirmation Act 1970, confirming the transfer of the assets and liabilities of the British Linen Bank to the Bank of Scotland, and the two were quickly integrated – for example, the British Linen Bank's Glasgow headquarters building on Queen Street was demolished by the Bank of Scotland to make way for a concrete office building which was built in 1971.

The Act however allowed British Linen Bank to continue as a separate company, and in 1977 the bank resumed as the merchant bank arm of the Bank of Scotland.

However, in 1999, the Bank of Scotland decided to stop using the British Linen Bank name, renaming its merchant bank activities as Bank of Scotland Treasury Services, later HBOS Treasury Services following the bank's merger with Halifax plc to form HBOS. It is now under Lloyd's Commercial Banking arm.

In April 2000 the British Linen Bank finally closed its headquarters doors at 4 Melville Street, Edinburgh.

British Linen Advisers
In 2000, the British Linen Advisers was formed by the acquisition of the corporate finance operations from the Bank of Scotland by an independent group of businessmen and women.  British Linen Advisers closed in Edinburgh in 2008.

In popular culture
Robert Louis Stevenson's classic historical adventure novel, Kidnapped (1886), ends at 2 PM on 25 August 1751, outside the British Linen Company in Edinburgh, Scotland, where its protagonist, David Balfour, plans to manage his inherited income. This is precisely where the book's sequel, Catriona (1893), begins.

Gallery

External links

 Lloyds Banking Group Bank of Scotland 'family tree'
 Barclays Group Archives: British Linen Bank
 Shut down of British Linen Advisers in Edinburgh

References

Lloyds Banking Group
Defunct banks of Scotland
British Linen
Defunct companies of Scotland
1746 establishments in Great Britain
1746 establishments in Scotland
Companies based in Edinburgh
2000 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Banknote issuers of Scotland
History of Edinburgh
Banks established in 1746
Banks disestablished in 2000
British companies established in 1746
British companies disestablished in 2000
1969 mergers and acquisitions

British Linen Bank


Postcolonialism is a Critical theory branch that studies the how people respond to Colonialism and Imperialism.  It became popular after it was used by Frantz Fanon and Edward Said. The theory says that colonizers are not reliable narrators. They cannot be trusted to tell correct history.

Colonialism

Postcolonialism


Baptornis ("diving bird") is a genus of flightless, aquatic birds from the Late Cretaceous, some 87-80 million years ago (roughly mid-Coniacian to mid-Campanian faunal stages). The fossils of Baptornis advenus, the type species, were discovered in Kansas, which at its time was mostly covered by the Western Interior Seaway, a shallow shelf sea. It is now known to have also occurred in today's Sweden, where the Turgai Strait joined the ancient North Sea; possibly, it occurred in the entire Holarctic.

Othniel Charles Marsh discovered the first fossils of this bird in the 1870s. This was, alongside the Archaeopteryx, one of the first Mesozoic birds to become known to science.

Ecology
More material evidence exists for the ecology of B. advenus than for any other member of the Hesperornithes, with the possible exception of Hesperornis regalis, but still much is left to conjecture. The loon-sized bird was of middle size among its relatives and had a markedly elongated neck. Presumably, it thus behaved in a manner similar to today's darters, hunting smaller, more mobile prey than its larger relatives. Unlike a darter however, it could not spear its prey, but instead held it with its beak like today's mergansers.

The waters which it inhabited were fairly shallow epicontinental or shelf seas. Remains found far off the prehistoric shore suggest that it either ventured far out and/or that it bred on islands. A considerable number of juvenile specimens are known. These tend to be from the northern part of its range - today's Canada and Alaska - though they have also been found in Kansas. This suggests that the birds were migratory like some penguins are today, moving polewards in summer to breed. The Cretaceous had a much warmer climate than today; the waters inhabited by Baptornis were subtropical to temperate.

While it was excellently adapted to swimming and diving, Baptornis is thought to have been clumsy on land, pushing itself along the rocks with its feet rather than actually walking. The natural position of the lower legs was flush against the body, with the feet stretched out sideways and thus it would have been unable to move upright without toppling over. As opposed to Hesperornis which almost certainly had to slide on its belly or galumph like an earless seal, Baptorniss lower leg was not as firmly placed along the body sides. Thus, it would have found it more easy to place its feet under its body with the toes pointing forwards and might have managed small hops or even an awkward waddle, body held low to the ground.

The only certain record of Hesperornithes' food found so far comes from Baptornis: Specimen UNSM 20030 was found associated with some coprolites. These are small round lumps - maybe a centimeter in diameter or so - and contain the remains of a small species of the sabre-toothed "herring" Enchodus, possibly E. parvus. Baptornis had powerful gastric juices and/or regurgitated most indigestible parts of its prey as a pellet like most living fish-eating birds do, because the Enchodus remains make up only a small fraction of the coprolites' mass, most of which was nondescript feces.

Systematics
Baptornis was related to the bigger, better known Hesperornis. Both belonged to the Hesperornithes, a group of prehistoric birds which were uniquely adapted to diving and swimming, and had teeth. Otherwise, they were fairly similar to living birds rather than to more dinosaur-like forms such as Archaeopteryx or the Enantiornithes.

As Baptornis was quite peculiar among the Hesperornithes, the family Baptornithidae has been established for it. Presently this is considered monotypic by most. However, it was recently established that the supposed "Cretaceous flamingo" Parascaniornis stensioi''' from the Late Cretaceous of Ivö Island in Sweden was not a flamingo and neither, as suggested by others, a gaviiform (loon) nor a procellariiform, but in fact belongs with Baptornis. As there is insufficient material for a proper comparison, it is not known whether it is also a junior synonym of B. advenus or a second species.

In 2004, it was announced that material of a second species were being prepared for description. This specimen was about twice as massive as the type of B. advenus. The bones had been found in the lower Pierre Shale of SW South Dakota.  James Martin and Amanda Cordes-Person named this species Baptornis varneri in 2007, but it was later reclassified as a species of the genus Brodavis and may not have been closely related to B. advenus.

In addition, two other prehistoric diving birds of the Late Cretaceous are sometimes placed in the Baptornithidae:Potamornis is in all probability a member of the Hesperornithes. However, it is unclear with which of these it is most closely allied; some place it in the Baptornithidae.

More interesting - or controversial - is the case of Neogaeornis''. This bird, whose remains were found in Chile, might be a baptornithid also. Others consider it closely related to certain modern birds, either the Gaviiformes, or the Procellariiformes.

Footnotes

References

External links
 Mounted skeleton. Lobed feet less likely, but plausible. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.
 Reconstructed skeleton. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.
 Reconstruction in life. Color is based on reasonable assumption of countershading. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.

Bird genera
Hesperornitheans
Extinct flightless birds
Late Cretaceous birds of North America
Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
Fossil taxa described in 1877
Cretaceous birds of Europe

Baptornis


Hilal Nebahat Çehre (; born 15 March 1944), is a Turkish actress, model, and singer who was crowned Miss Turkey 1960. She is best known for her protagonist roles as Firdevs Yöreoğlu on the Kanal D drama series Aşk-ı Memnu (2008–10) and as Hafsa Sultan on the series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (2011–12).

As the Miss Turkey, Çehre represented Turkey in the Miss World 1960 pageant held in London, United Kingdom. She also represented Turkey in the Miss Universe 1965 beauty pageant which took place on 24 July 1965 at the Miami Beach Auditorium in Miami Beach, Florida, United States.

Early life and family
Hilal Nebahat Çehre, born to a family from Georgia, on 15 March 1944, in Samsun, a city by the Black Sea in northern Turkey. She is of paternal Georgian and maternal Laz descent.  Her father, İzzet Çehre, was a building contractor, and her mother, Müzeyyen Çehre, was a housewife. After her father's death due to a heart attack, Çehre, along with her family, moved from Samsun to Turkey's largest city, Istanbul, when Çehre was five years old. In Istanbul, Çehre's widowed mother Müzeyyen married a second time to a judge, and then having divorced in 1956, married a third time to a newspaperman Cahit Poyraz in the early 60s. While recalling her childhood in  interviews, Çehre had described herself as having been an extremely shy and startled little girl. Çehre also stated that she had been affected by the early death and absence of her father when she was still very young, and that she found it difficult to accept her mother's remarriages. Çehre would grow up to graduate from Fatih Kız Orta Okulu and Fatih Akşam Kız Sanat Okulu.

Çehre has an older half-brother, Nail Çehre (who was born from a previous relationship of İzzet Çehre), a younger brother named Orhan Çehre, as well as a younger half-brother, Tayyar Yıldız, from her mother's second marriage.

Marriage

Relationship with Güney
Güney and Çehre were married on 30 January 1967, at the Hilton Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey, and it was the first marriage for each of them. However, their marriage was, at many stages, not without its disputes, troubles or violence. According to witnesses, Güney and Çehre were "madly in love with one another." Abdurrahman Keskiner, who had been Güney's close friend and personal manager and a close acquaintance of both Güney and Çehre during the time, would later describe in an interview that, "they [Güney and Çehre] had a very passionate and intensely vehement love, full of quarrels and beatings. Nebahat would get beaten up a lot by Yılmaz." A particularly renowned incident that had occurred between Güney and Çehre and which has been described by several individuals who knew them, involves Çehre to leave home and board a train with her brother Tayyar without the knowledge of Güney, and go to the northwestern Turkish city of Eskişehir, to visit her relatives. Güney, upon discovering this, pursues the train within his car, drives ahead and parks his automobile on the train tracks. As the train reaches Güney with a screeching noise, Güney maintains his calm composure, enters the train after it has stopped, collects Çehre and takes her back home to Istanbul.

At some point during the couple's marriage, Çehre fell pregnant with their child. Upon predicting that the marriage would not continue for a lifetime and taking the instability of their relationship under consideration, Çehre decided that it was best to terminate the pregnancy. This was firmly against Güney's wishes, who ardently wished for Çehre to bear their children, and had even gone so far as to threaten Çehre's doctor. Unbeknownst to her husband, the doctor was later discreetly changed by Çehre, who proceeded with an abortion. Güney approached the doctor and expressed his wish that nothing of the sort should happen again, should any subsequent pregnancies occur.

Relationship with Demir
Around this time, Çehre met and began a relationship with a basketball player from the Turkish sports club Galatasaray, Yavuz Demir. Through her relationship with Demir, Çehre later explained that "he [Demir] helped me to win over my tendency to become easily startled and frightened which I had lived through at a young age. He caused me to win my self-confidence back." Çehre and Demir married in 1976, this having been the second marriage for Çehre, and the third for Demir, who would marry five times within his life. Çehre always noted how her previous husband Yılmaz Güney and her second husband Yavuz Demir were "the complete opposite to one another", Güney having had "a hot temper", and Demir having had a comfortable, softer, self-controlled and calm personality. At one stage during her marriage to Demir, Çehre fell pregnant, although, sensing that her relationship with Demir wasn't going to last, she had an abortion. Çehre would later explain that, "I had lost my own father at a very young age and grew up with a step-father. As a small girl I had suffered greatly because of this in a serious form.  Because I grew up without a father, I didn't want to raise a fatherless child. I made myself a promise: If I have a marriage that I can carry on with and if it's a happy marriage, I will have my own child." Çehre divorced Demir in 1979, their relationship having had lasted for eight years. Çehre explained in later interviews that, "Our relationship would have continued. I just couldn't become adapted to his [Demir's] life. I'm conservative and confined to my own space. The life that I was living then [with Demir] was extremely active. All those trips, visitors and crowds were drowning me... I understood that I wasn't going to be able to carry on and keep in step with his fast lifestyle..." Demir died in 2006 and Çehre had attended his funeral.

Divorce
Çehre officially divorced Güney in April 1968, after only fifteen months of marriage. Abdurrahman Keskiner described another incident that occurred within the final days of Güney and Çehre's marriage: "...Yılmaz, Nebahat and I... One day they [Güney and Çehre] had another quarrel at a night club. Nebahat angrily left the club. She didn't pay any attention when Yılmaz said 'stop'. As Nebahat began running towards the hotel that they were staying at in Elmadağ, Yılmaz hopped into his automobile. He angrily passed the steering wheel. Then, in front of my own eyes, he ran over the woman he loved with his car. Nebahat flew up into the air, smashed on to the car and then on to the sidewalk... She stayed in hospital for four days. We hid this [incident] from everybody. Their relationship ended after the incident. But their love never, ever ended." The incident resulted in Çehre having broken her right-collarbone.

Keskiner also went on to continue that, "Within his life, Yılmaz loved Nebahat Çehre the most. He couldn't forget her. His later wife Fatoş Güney would know of this and become angry. Even within his last times in Paris, he said, "Abdurrahman, I can't come back to Turkey. Take care of Nebahat."

Çehre was able to divorce Güney within one law hearing and cited "extreme incompatibility" as the ground for her divorce. After their divorce, Güney was required to do his compulsory military service in the province of Sivas in Central Anatolia. Despite their divorce, however, Çehre would reportedly fly to Sivas every week to visit Güney, and Güney would continue to write love letters to her, expressing his sadness and regret of what he had put her through and noting Çehre's remarkable strength as a woman and actress and his everlasting love for her. Within interviews made during her later life, Çehre would describe that "intense love and passion wears out a relationship... Sometimes things become extremely passionate. Passion brings harm to a relationship... Yılmaz was both a very good and a very difficult husband... I was living the intensity of his love to an unimaginable degree but, at a moment, this can use you up... For us to have lived together seemed impossible, one of us would have vanished. For both of us to have stayed healthy, I thought of it as a definite condition that we separate from one another."  Güney would marry a second time to Fatoş Güney in 1970 and, due largely to his increasing "leftist" opinions, would spend most of his remaining life in prison. He escaped from prison in 1981 and flew to Paris, France, where he would die of stomach cancer in 1984. Despite their divorce, Çehre has described herself as "lucky" and regularly calls Güney her "school" and "teacher", explaining that "I learnt about life and the art of acting from him... I began buying and reading my own books... I became a more social person... I began to get to know the people of the country... I learnt to take my job more seriously... My view towards life and the world changed." Their relationship lasted a little over four years. However, Çehre has explained how, at one stage, during her stay in hospital for suffering from jaundice, her former husband rushed to the hospital to see her, and during Güney's years in imprisonment, members of Çehre's family would visit him. Güney had also occasionally telephoned Çehre during his imprisonment. Directly before Güney had escaped to Paris in 1981, he wanted to see Çehre one last time and, when Çehre was set to perform at a casino in Bebek, Istanbul, one evening, as she arrived at the casino, to her great surprise which made her "panic dreadfully", Güney was sitting amongst the audience to see her, alongside his friends. Initially trying to avoid eye contact while singing on stage, Çehre eventually glanced at Güney, who handed his former wife a flower after she approached him and the two shared an embrace. According to Çehre, His [Güney's] intention that night was to reunite. However, I did not want this relationship to begin again. They [the casino's employees] managed to get me away from there.''' After their final meeting, Güney died a few years later. Çehre did not attend his funeral, and, despite visiting Paris regularly, frequently suggests that she has never gone to his grave, "I think it's because I want to remember him the last way I had seen him," she said. However, Çehre has stated that, every time she goes to Paris, she and her step-daughter from her first marriage, Elif Güney, come together in meeting, and also meet when Elif Güney visits Istanbul. Çehre regularly comments that she has "great respect for Güney" and that "had Yılmaz [Güney] lived today, we would have been very good friends. Because every time I had a headache, he would rush immediately to be by my side."Early modelling career
Çehre's professional career began with modelling. In 1960, at the age of only fifteen, Çehre was selected as "Miss Turkey" and was requested to represent Turkey in the Miss World pageant of that year in London, England. In later interviews, Çehre stated that at the time she was still a very young girl who hadn't matured yet, that she had never found herself attractive and that to have been chosen to represent Turkey in the beauty contest greatly surprised her. When asked, "How did you decide to enter the beauty contest?" Çehre responded: "I had only just turned fifteen years when I entered the contest. I actually didn't really want to enter, but I was at the side of my friend and her older sister, who were entering the contest, and they made an offer to me, too. My mother had an interest in beauty and the models. When I told her of the offer, she wanted me to accept it. I entered the contest and came first."

Furthermore, after having always been called by her original first name Hilal, Çehre was enrolled into the pageant with only her middle name and surname, and would officially become known as Nebahat Çehre. Çehre also worked for a short amount of time at the side of an architect as a secretary.

The opportunity to have represented Turkey in the Miss World pageant brought about the offers for Çehre to play in films, under Turkey's then-leading film industry, Yeşilçam. Çehre had a role within a play at a children's theatre, however, she was unable to get paid.

Without previously ever having had an interest or desire to work as an actress, Çehre debuted in her first film, Yaban Gülü, or "The Wild Rose", at the age of seventeen in 1962, and also did modelling from this time. However, Çehre did not like her screen character and described her character as a "rich and spoiled girl". She was determined not to act in any more films, although unexpectedly she was offered to play the role of a lawyer in another film afterwards, and was glad to accept the offer. Çehre continued to act in many more films after that point of time, her most notable Yeşilçam films including Acı Hayat, or "Bitter Life" (1962) and Kral Arkadaşım, "The King Is My Friend" (1964).

Acting
The turning point of both Çehre's professional and personal life would occur in 1964. During that year, she was offered to play the leading female role in a film called Kamalı Zeybek, where the renowned Kurdish actor Yılmaz Güney was set to play the leading male role and who had also written the film's scenario script. Having had found the scenario very affective and having had liked it very much, Çehre gladly accepted the offer. Çehre and Güney were set to meet one another for the film one day, and Çehre would later describe in interviews that when she met Güney, she felt that she had been "hit by a forceful emotion" and that for both her and Güney,  there was "a charge of electricity" and it was love at first sight. Both Güney (aged thirty) and Çehre (aged nineteen) would fall in love with each other within the duration of a couple of weeks of the filming and Çehre would later describe that she was extremely happy and had found the "man of her life". However, Çehre's happiness was to be short-lived when she had discovered that Güney was living with another woman (Can Ünal), who had reportedly been of assistance to him when Güney had gone into prison for publishing a "communist" novel. Çehre described that, upon discovering this, "within a moment my dreams had been ruined, I was ripped to shreds... He [Güney] explained everything to me, but I didn't want to accept anything and broke off[from him]." Çehre was then sent to Miami, USA, for the Miss Universe beauty pageant. Upon her return to Turkey, she found that there was "a rain of film offers from Yeşilçam", with one of these film offers having had been to play at the side of Güney once again, in a film called Dağların Oğlu, or "Son of the Mountains" (1965). Çehre accepted, after which she described that she and Güney were "no longer able to break off from one another." At this point of time, Can Ünal fell pregnant with Güney's child, and gave birth to his daughter, Elif Güney, in 1966. Despite Ünal's pregnancy and birth, Güney and Çehre remained together and agreed to get married. Güney, due to his tough posture and actions, earned himself the nickname of "Çirkin Kral" (Ugly King). Çehre, due to her modelling in the Miss World pageant, was known as "Güzellik Kraliçesi" (Beauty Queen). This contrast shared between Güney and Çehre has always been noted.

Çehre's romantic relationship with Güney also led to a turning point within her own acting career. Güney was an actor who also wrote film scripts and would sometimes even direct his own pictures. Between the years 1964 to 1968, Güney and Çehre would act in up to fourteen films together, side by side. Çehre would describe in later interviews, "within the films that I acted in with Yılmaz, I would portray the roles of Anatolian, impoverished women." Çehre greatly appreciated this due to previously always having been had suited by producers to female characters who were "rich, spoiled and pampered." Çehre also personally admired Güney's extremely skilled acting abilities, his effective film scripts and film directing style. Çehre's personal favourite and most notable film with Güney is Seyyit Han (1968), a simple love story amidst economic difficulties of rural life.

Another notable film that Güney and Çehre had made was Eşrefpaşalı (1966), in which one particular scene between Güney and Çehre has always been discussed by film critics and has continued to be portrayed and imitated in several other Turkish films and soap opera shows. The scene involved Güney shooting a glass off his then-girlfriend Çehre's head with a gun. The film's producer, Abdurrahman Keskiner, described the scene as such: "Cinema historians would say of this [scene] to be made up from a tale. But it's true! On that day, out of the three guns that I had on me, Yılmaz wanted the one that had actual bullets inside. At this point Nebahat was crying, trembling and begging the man she loved in tears, 'Yılmaz, it's not possible, I won't do it. Don't use a real bullet, I'm begging you! I didn't find my life in the streets. At the slightest wrong movement I could die.' Yılmaz wasn't concerned. He put the glass on Nebahat's head. Then he stood twenty metres away. There was a deathly silence on the set. Everyone was holding their breath in fear, looking at the trembling Nebahat who was at the foot of the wall. The poor girl was as if she was little suspecting of the disaster that awaited her. Yılmaz pulled the trigger, and the glass was smashed to smithereens. Nebahat began to cry... Yılmaz calmed her down with difficulty. He took her to the corner of the beach and said some things."Singing career
After her divorce from Güney, Çehre continued to act in a large amount of Yeşilçam films, which she had taken a break from while married to Güney. However, within the 1970s, the creation of sex films were dramatically increasing within Turkish cinema. At this time, Çehre chose to do professional stage singing instead. Her singing abilities were first recognised by the prominent Turkish singer, songwriter and music composer, Zeki Müren. Çehre explained, "I was walking on the shore with Zeki Müren... He asked me why I hadn't gone on to the stage and at a moment, asked me to sing a song for him. I got embarrassed, 'How can I do this next to you?' I said. When he insisted, I sang 'Kırmızı Gülün Alı Var'  ['The Red Rose Has A Deception']. He liked it, 'Amazing', he said. I held on to this job tightly, I embraced music seriously. I got lessons from the best teachers and I took my first step on to the stage in 1970."'' Çehre made her first stage performance at the Lunapark Casino in Ankara, Turkey.

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

1944 births
20th-century Turkish actresses
Golden Orange Life Achievement Award winners
Georgian diaspora in Turkey
Miss World 1960 delegates
Living people
Miss Universe 1965 contestants
People from Samsun
Turkish film actresses
Turkish people of Georgian descent
Turkish people of Laz descent
Turkish television actresses

Nebahat Çehre


Interior point methods are algorithms to solve certain optimization problems. They have been used to find solutions in linear programming and quadratic programming problems. Interior point methods can be used when the solution is a convex set. The problem can then be restated as minimizing or maximizing a linear function over this set of solutions. They are called interior point methods, because they approximate the convex set from the inside.  Interior point methods are often used because they have a better runtime behavior than the algorithms commonly used with linear programming. Because the sequence of values will converge towards a barrier, they are also known as barrier methods.

Combinatorial optimization

Interior point method


Western Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is also known as Region VI. The regional center is Iloilo City.

It has six provinces: Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros Occidental. There are also two independent cities: Bacolod City and Iloilo City. Western Visayas has the islands of Panay and the smaller Guimaras, as well as several outlying islands. It also includes the western half of the island of Negros.

References

Regions of the Philippines

Western Visayas


NGC 3521 is a flocculent intermediate spiral galaxy located around 26 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Leo. It has a morphological classification of SAB(rs)bc, which indicates that it is a spiral galaxy with a trace of a bar structure (SAB), a weak inner ring (rs), and moderate to loosely wound arm structure (bc). The bar structure is difficult to discern, both because it has a low ellipticity and the galaxy is at a high inclination of 72.7° to the line of sight. The relatively bright bulge is nearly 3/4 the size of the bar, which may indicate the former is quite massive. The nucleus of this galaxy is classified as an HII LINER, as there is an H II region at the core and the nucleus forms a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region.

References

External links

'Fluffy' Spiral Galaxy Shines in New Photo

Intermediate spiral galaxies
Flocculent spiral galaxies
Leo (constellation)
3521
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
033550

NGC 3521


Dara Mohammed Habib () (born June 25, 1987) is an Iraqi football player of Kurdish ethnicity, who played at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.

Info
Dara Mohammed, who turns 22 on 19 June, raised quite a few eyebrows when he earned a place in Iraq's FIFA Confederations Cup squad in preference to many of the country's seasoned full-backs. Yet despite his youth, few question that he has the potential to develop into one of the nation's most dependable defenders.
Born in 1987 in Kirkuk in the north-east of Iraq, the Kurdish player has spent his relatively short career with two regional clubs. After spending a couple of seasons with Sulaymaniyah FC, where he announced his emergence as a promising star, he quickly earned a lucrative contract with Iraqi giants Erbil FC in 2007.

His stint with Erbil FC proved short, but it was impressive nonetheless as he won his first national league title in his first and only season with the club. The next season saw him come full circle, returning to Sulaymaniyah FC, with whom he has remained until this day.

Having thrived at left-back position on the domestic scene, Mohammed was charged with the task of shoring up Iraq's defence during the qualifying campaign for the Men's Olympic Football Tournament at Beijing 2008. His reward for some solid showings at that level was a call-up to the Iraqi senior team for 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa qualifier against Pakistan, and now a place at the Festival of Champions in South Africa.

Personal life
On 17 March 2018, it was reported that Dara is suffering from cancer.

References

External links

1986 births
Iraqi men's footballers
Iraq men's international footballers
Living people
Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Kurdish men's footballers
Iraqi Kurdish people
Men's association football fullbacks

Dara Mohammed


Franklin Burnet Sprague (July 16, 1825 – February 7, 1895) was an American military officer, businessman, and judge.  He joined the Union Army during the Civil War, serving on the Oregon frontier.  During his military service, Sprague explored much of Southern Oregon.  While building a road near Fort Klamath, Sprague led a party into the Cascade Mountains to investigate Crater Lake.  His party was the first to descend the 800-foot caldera wall to reach the lake's shore.  A month later, Sprague published an article highlighting the lake's unique beauty.  Today, the Sprague River in southern Oregon bears his name.

Early life
Sprague was born on July 16, 1825, in Delaware, Ohio.  His parents were Pardon and Mary (Meeker) Sprague.  His father was stockman, hotel keeper, county sheriff, and state legislator.  Sprague received a private education in a small school near his home.  He later attended Ohio Wesleyan University in his home town.

In 1850, Sprague moved to Oregon.  He settled in Jackson County, where he opened a shop that built fanning-mills for winnowing grain.  Sprague was the first manufacturer in the Pacific Northwest to produce modern winnowing machines.  Like the majority of Oregonians at the time, Sprague was a strong supporter of the Union during the American Civil War.

Military service
In 1864, Sprague joined the Union Army, and was commissioned as a Captain in the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  He was given command of I Company, and posted to Southern Oregon.  He participated in a number of skirmishes with the Northern Paiute and other Indian bands in southeastern Oregon.  In addition to fighting Indians, Sprague learned to speak their languages and counted many Indians among his friends, including the Modoc chief known as Captain Jack.

Captain Sprague was well respected as a leader, and often led detachments of cavalry as well as infantrymen.  In October 1865, Sprague was leading a patrol of eleven cavalry troopers from C Company of the 1st Oregon Cavalry south of Warner Lake in present-day Lake County, Oregon, when they were ambushed by approximately 125 Indians in two groups.  Sprague and his troops were caught between a lake, high cliffs, and the two groups of Indians.  After exchanging long-range gun fire with the Indians, Sprague determined that while the Indian in front of him had guns, those behind him had only bows and arrows.  He quickly ordered his men to charge to the rear.  His men broke through the Indian's skirmish line and made a successful escape with no casualties.

Crater Lake
Sprague and twenty men from Company I were assigned to build a road linking the Rogue River with the existing  John Day road. This connected Jacksonville and southwest Oregon with John Day's mining country. After the construction work was completed, Sprague published a list of the best camp sites along the road in the Jacksonville newspapers so that the wagon masters could find the best water and grass along the way.

On August 1, 1865, two hunters from Sprague's road construction crew rediscovered Crater Lake, which had been first visited in 1853, but was never effectively recorded so that others could locate it. Based on directions from his hunters, Sprague and five other men visited the lake on August 12. They climbed down the 800-foot caldera cliff to become the first explorers to reach the lake shore. Sprague's account of the visit was reported to Jacksonville's leading newspaper, the Oregon Sentinel on August 25.

Sprague's report was published in the Oregon Sentinel on September 9, 1865.  It included several significant observations.  First, Sprague identified the volcanic origins of the lake.  His report described Wizard Island, and observed it was a remnant of volcanic activity.  Second, his description of the lake's unique beauty was thoughtful and eloquent.

Sprague also predicted that the lake would "be visited by thousands hereafter."  Finally, he recommended that the lake not be named after its discoverer, saying:  "I do not know who first saw this lake, nor do I think it should be named after the discoverer."  Sprague suggested it be called "Lake Majestic."  Today, it is known as Crater Lake.  Since he was the first to identify the lake's volcanic origin, Sprague deserves some credit for the name.

Later life
On July 19, 1867, Captain Sprague and the men of Company I were mustered out of the Army.  They were the last members of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment to be released from active duty.

In 1868, Sprague returned to Delaware County, Ohio.  He settled in Sunbury, where he started a grain milling business.  In 1875, Sprague ran as the Democratic Party's candidate for Delaware County Probate Judge, and was elected.  He was easily re-elected in 1878, completing his term in 1882.  Sprague died on February 7, 1895.  He is buried in the Oak Grove Cemetery in Delaware, Ohio.

Legacy
Sprague played an important part in the early history of Crater Lake National Park.  His exploration party was the first to reach the lake's shore.  He was the first to identify the lake's volcanic origin, and his article in the Oregon Sentinel generated public interest in Crater Lake's unique beauty.

In addition, Sprague explored much of Southern Oregon.  The Sprague River is named after him.  The Sprague River Valley, the town of Sprague River, and Sprague River Park in Fremont National Forest near Bly, Oregon, also derive their names from Franklin Sprague.

References

1825 births
1895 deaths
People from Delaware, Ohio
Union Army officers
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People of Oregon in the American Civil War
American people of the Indian Wars
Crater Lake
People from Klamath County, Oregon
People of the Modoc War
People from Jackson County, Ohio
People from Sunbury, Ohio

Franklin B. Sprague


Janusz Jasiński (born September 4, 1928 in Wołomin) is a Polish historian. He finished an undergraduate degree in history at the Catholic University of Lublin in 1954. He obtained his PhD, under the supervision of Stefan Kieniewicz in 1964 from the University of Warsaw with the dissertation on agrarian reforms in Warmia at the turn of the 19th century ("Reformy agrarne na Warmii w początkach XIX wieku"). He was habilitated in 1982 at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń on the basis of his work on national identity and consciousness in 19th century Warmia ("Świadomość narodowa na Warmii w XIX wieku").

Since 1993, he has been a professor extraordinarius at the Historical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and since 1996 a professor ordinarius. Between 1969 and 1980 Jasiński was an editor of the journal Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (Mazurian-Warmian Communications). As the editor he took special care to establish the journal's independence from the political influence of the authorities of the People's Republic of Poland.

Jasiński has published more than 600 works, including 9 books and 13 edited monographs. He has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Knight's and the Officer's Cross of Polonia Restituta, the Secretary's Medal of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Zygmunt Gloger Award, and others, including an honorary citizenship of the city of Olsztyn. He retired in 1998.

References

20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
1928 births
Living people
People from Wołomin
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń alumni

Janusz Jasiński


The National Assembly () is the legislative branch of the government of Nicaragua founded in January 1985.

History
The unicameral National Assembly replaced the bicameral National Congress of Nicaragua which was disbanded following the overthrow of Somoza government in 1979. There was an interim Council of State with 47 and later 51 appointed members from 1980 to 1984. First elections to the National Assembly took place in November 1984, and the first National Assembly took legislative functions from the Junta of National Reconstruction on 10 January 1985.

Composition

The Nicaraguan legislature is a unicameral body.
It is made up of 92 deputies, 90 of whom are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis from party lists: 20 nationally, and 70 representing the country's departments and autonomous regions.
In addition, the President of the Republic who served the immediately previous presidential term is entitled to sit in the Assembly as a deputy, as is the runner-up in the most recent presidential election. The President and the National Assembly serve concurrent five-year terms.

To be eligible for election to the Assembly, candidates must be (Art. 134, Constitution):
Nicaraguan nationals. If they have held any other nationality, it must have been renounced at least four years prior to the election.
In full enjoyment of their political and civic rights.
At least 21 years old.
Residents of the country for at least four years prior to the election (exemptions are granted to members of the diplomatic corps and employees of international organisations, and to those recently returned from studying abroad).
Born in the department or autonomous region they hope to represent, or having resided there for at least two years prior to the election.

The following are disqualified from serving in the Assembly:
Ministers, vice-ministers, and other members of the cabinet, magistrates and judges, and mayors, unless they resign from those positions at least 12 months prior to the election.
Ministers of any church or religious organization, unless they have relinquished their ministry at least 12 months in advance of the election.

Four months before the Nicaraguan general election, 2016, the Nicaraguan Supreme Court removed PLI leader Eduardo Montealegre, decreeing that Pedro Reyes was the new leader of the PLI. After PLI and allied Sandinista Renovation Movement deputies objected, Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council ordered them removed from the National Assembly and empowered Reyes to select their replacements.

Election results

Deputies as of June 21, 2021:
Adilia del Pilar Salinas Otero
Alba Estela González Tórrez
Alejandro Mejía Ferreti
Alyeris Beldramina Arias Siezar
Angela Espinoza Tórrez
Antenor Enrique Urbina Leyva
Argentina del Socorro Parajón Alejos
Arling Patricia Alonso Gómez
Arturo José Valdéz Robleto
Benita del Carmen Arbizú Medina
Brooklyn Rivera Bryan
Byron Rodolfo Jeréz Solis
Camila del Socorro Mejía Rodríguez
Carlos Emilio López Hurtado
Carlos Wilfredo Navarro Moreira
Delia María Law Blanco
Digna Lidia Betanco Aguilar
Dora Elena Rojas
Doris Zulema García Canales
Douglas Alemán Benavides
Edwin Ramón Castro Rivera
Efren José González Briones
Enrique Aldana Burgos
Evelin Patricia Aburto Torres
Evile del Socorro Umaña Olivas
Felix Andrés Sandoval Jarquín
Filiberto Jacinto Rodríguez López
Florence Ivette Levy Wilson
Gladis de los Ángeles Báez
Gloria del Rosario Montenegro
Gloria María Maradiaga
Guillermo Eduardo Arce Castaño
Gustavo Eduardo Porras Cortés
Haydee Azucena Castillo Barquero
Heberto Octavio Ruíz Morales
Irís Marina Montenegro Blandón
Irma de Jesús Dávila Lazo
Jenny Azucena Martínez Gómez
Jimmy Harold Blandón Rubio
Johanna del Carmen Luna Lira
José Antonio Zepeda López
José Ramón Sarria Morales
José Santos Figueroa Aguilar
José Santos López Gómez
Josefina Roa Romero
Juan Ramón Jiménez
Juan Ramón Meza Romero
Juan Ramón Obregón Valdivia
Juana Isaura Chavarría Salgado
Justo Armando Peña Aviles
Laura Estela Bermúdez Robleto
Lester Adrián Villareal Pérez
Ligia María Arauz Pavón
Loria Raquel Dixon Brautigam
Lucina Leonor Paz Rodríguez
Luis Coronel Cuadra
Luis Manuel Velásquez Manzanares
María Agustina Montenegro López
María Auxiliadora Martínez Corrales
María Haydee Osuna Ruíz
María Jilma Rosales Espinoza
Mario José Asensio Florez
Mario Valle Dávila
Maritza del Socorro Espinales
Martha Rosa Navarrete Mendoza
Maryinis Ibet Vallejoz Chavarría
Mauricio Orué Vásquez
Maximino Rodríguez Martínez
Melba del Socorro Sánchez Suárez
Melvin Martín Agurcia Perrott
Miguel Anselmo Rosales Ortega
Milciades Adrian Martínez Rodríguez
Mirta Mercedes Carrión Cano
Nallirys Aragón Cantillano
Násser Sebastián Silwany Baéz
Osorno Cóleman Salomón
Patricia Mercedes Sánchez Urbina
Pedro Antonio Haslam Mendoza
Pedro Joaquín Treminio Mendoza
Perla Soledad Castillo Quintero
Reynaldo Altamirano Alaníz
Roberto José Lira Villalobos
Rosa Argentina Navarro Sánchez
Rosa Herminia Irías Figueroa
Rubén de Jesús Gómez Suárez
Ruth de Jesús Molina Flores
Ruth del Socorro Cerda Acosta
Santiago José Martínez Lacayo
Walmart Antonio Gutiérrez Mercado
Walter Eden Espinoza Fernández
Wendy María Guido

Parliamentary groups
The deputies are organized in Parliamentary Groups (bancadas). The current number of deputies of the parliamentary political parties is:

Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN): 71 deputies
Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC): 14 deputies
Independent Liberal Party (PLI): 2 deputies
Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance (ALN): 2 deputies
Conservative Party (PC): 1 deputy
Alliance for the Republic (APRE): 1 deputy
YATAMA: 1 deputy

See also
List of presidents of the National Assembly of Nicaragua
National Congress of Nicaragua - Former bicameral legislature until 1979
President of the Council of State of Nicaragua - Presidents of the interim legislature from 1980 to 1984
Politics of Nicaragua
List of legislatures by country
List of political parties in Nicaragua

Notes

References

External links

Politics of Nicaragua
Political organizations based in Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Government of Nicaragua
Nicaragua
1985 establishments in Nicaragua

National Assembly (Nicaragua)


Cognac Public Garden () is located in of the heart of the town of Cognac in the departement of Charente, France.  It is one of the few English-styled gardens in France open to the general public.  The park is the result of the marriage of the gardens of two adjoining properties; it houses the Hotel de Ville (Town Hall) and the Museum of Art and History.

History

The mansion known as Otard La Grange is purchased by the commune in 1889, the Hotel de Ville was installed there in 1892.  In the meantime architect Alfred Leroux redeveloped the building and added a bell tower and monumental staircase, whilst landscape architect Édouard André redesigned the park into a sunken garden and added several water features.

In 1921, the Dupuy d'Angeac mansion is purchased and turned into the museum based on designs by Antoine Raymond Clavery. He also creates a natural amphitheatre by taking advantage of the natural undulation of the landscape and joins the two gardens together. He retains the style of Edouard Andre, albeit with narrow alley ways and no further major prospect. In 1943, the garden is classified.

The great storm of December 1999 results in the destruction of 288 trees out of 720.  The opportunity is taken to rehabilitate the garden under the direction of landscape architect Jean-François Galinette, who bases his designs on those of Clavery and André.

Description
The park occupies an area of seven hectares.  From the main entrance the view extends over a broad perspective towards the monumental staircase of the Hotel de Ville. On the right, ducks and swans swim in the water below; a continuation of a maze of landscaped rivers and waterfalls.

Gardens in Charente

Cognac Public Garden