M1 Limited (commonly known as M1; formerly MobileOne) is a Singaporean telecommunications company and one of the major telcos operating in the country. M1 was founded in 1994 and traded on the Singapore Exchange from 2002 to 2019. M1 is a subsidiary of the Keppel Corporation and Singapore Press Holdings through their joint venture, Konnectivity.

History

1994–2002: Early years

M1 was founded as a consortium known as MobileOne in Singapore in 1994. Cable & Wireless plc, Hong Kong Telecom, Keppel Telecommunications, and Singapore Press Holdings all owned stake in the company at its outset. In May 1995, it became the first firm (outside of government-owned Singtel) to acquire a cellular licence and one of three to receive a paging licence from the Telecommunications Authority of Singapore. The company's first CEO, Neil Montefiore, was appointed in 1996.

In January 1997 in the lead-up to the deregulation of the telecommunications industry in Singapore, MobileOne offered a free trial of its cellular service to build market share. On 1 April 1997, MobileOne was officially allowed to conduct business as a mobile phone operator. By June 1998, the company had a valuation of $1 billion (SGD). In 2000, MobileOne launched its own GPRS service, becoming the first telecom company in Singapore to do so. Over the course of 2000 and 2001, MobileOne transferred all of its customers from a CDMA network to a GSM-1800 network.

In 2001, the firm signed an agreement with Nokia to help expand its GSM network. It had around 880,000 subscribers at that time, accounting for around one-third of the mobile phone market in Singapore. In July 2002, M1 signed another agreement with Nokia which would see the latter supply M1's nationwide MMS system, expanding its future 3G capabilities.

2002–2009: IPO, ventures into 3G and broadband

MobileOne had its IPO in December 2002 and began trading on the Singapore Exchange under the stock ticker symbol, MONE. In May 2004, M1 introduced POINT, a music recognition service. Later that year, MobileOne enlisted Taiwanese boy band, 5566, to promote the company's prepaid "M Card" in a series of ads. 2004 also saw M1 partner with Google on an image search feature and begin push-to-talk trials with enterprise customers in Singapore.

In February 2005, the company introduced prepaid cards that allowed for free incoming calls. It also launched its consumer 3G services, becoming the first Singapore-based operator to do so. In August 2005, SunShare Investments–a joint venture between Telekom Malaysia and Malaysia's government-run investment arm, Khazanah Nasional–acquired a 12.06% stake in M1 from Great Eastern Telecommunications (a separate joint venture with Cable & Wireless and PCCW as owners). With those shares, SunShare increased its ownership stake in M1 to 17.7%. By March 2006, SunShare's stake had grown again to 27.55%.

In December 2006, MobileOne introduced Singapore's first 3.5G wireless broadband service. Known as M1 Broadband, the service used High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology to achieve internet connection speeds of up to 3.6 Mbit/s. In April 2008, Telekom Malaysia (TM) demerged from one of its mobile and telecom divisions, Axiata. The M1 shares that TM held through its SunShare Investments arm were then diverted to Axiata. In August of that year, the company entered into the fixed broadband sector. M1 Fixed Broadband used StarHub Cable's existing open access network to connect its service. In January 2009, it was announced that Neil Montefiore would step down as CEO of MobileOne. CFO Karen Kooi was named acting CEO before being appointed to the position permanently in April 2009.

In 2009, M1 began offering prepaid 3G broadband service and instituted a mobile handset rental programme called "Take3." In September 2009, M1 acquired Singaporean internet service provider, Qala, with the goal of entering the corporate fixed broadband market. The acquisition of Qala also allowed the company to begin offering ADSL broadband. It also launched a near-field communication NFC pilot programme in a partnership with Citibank and Visa. It also began offering prepaid 3G broadband service and instituted a mobile handset rental programme called "Take3." In September 2009, M1 acquired Singaporean internet service provider, Qala, with the goal of entering the corporate fixed broadband market. The acquisition of Qala also allowed the company to begin offering ADSL broadband.

2010–2017: Rebrand as M1, introduction of LTE and NB-IoT

In April 2010, MobileOne officially changed its name to M1. In September of that year, M1 became the first Singaporean company to announce a 1 Gbit/s fibre optic internet plan. It also began offering four other internet plans to businesses and consumers. In June 2011, M1 launched the first commercial LTE service in Southeast Asia, with coverage initially centered on the financial district.

In April 2013, M1 announced that it would spend up to $85 million to modernise its mobile networks, as well as to deploy a nationwide 3G radio network on the 900 MHz frequency band. The project was completed by the first quarter of 2014.

In 2015, M1 was named the service provider of the Home Access programme by the Infocomm Development Authority Of Singapore, which would see the company offer subsidised rates for broadband internet access to low-income households. In April that year, it began offering Voice over LTE (VoLTE) on its 3G and 4G networks. The following month, M1 acquired a 15% stake in the Oman telecom company, TeO, through its subsidiary, M1 TeliNet. In June 2015, M1 launched a cashless, mobile point of sale service in collaboration with Mastercard, CIMB, and Wirecard. The service allows small businesses to accept credit, debit, and prepaid card payments using their smartphones or tablets. M1 entered into an agreement in July 2015 to host the postpaid mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), Liberty Wireless, on its network under the brand name Circles Asia. In April 2017, M1's 2G network (along with all other 2G networks in Singapore) was shut down.

In early 2016, M1 achieved 4G peak download speeds of more than 1Gbit/s and peak upload speeds in excess of 130Mbit/s through a collaboration with Huawei. In March of that year, M1 introduced an NFC-enabled service that would allow users to pay transit fares with their smartphones. It also began providing Wi-Fi for M1 customers on public transit vehicles. In April 2017, M1's 2G network (along with all other 2G networks in Singapore) was shut down. That month, M1 also introduced a digital mobile remittance service. In August 2017, M1 launched Southeast Asia's first commercial nationwide narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) network. Throughout 2017 and 2018, M1 worked with both Huawei and Nokia on a series of 5G trials, one of which used M1's NB-IoT network. In March 2018, M1 announced a partnership with Keppel Electric that would see the two entities bundling price packages for mobile and electricity services in preparation of the launch of the Open Electricity Market in Singapore in 2019.

2018–present: Keppel, SPH, delisting, and 5G

Karen Kooi officially stepped down as CEO of M1 in 2018 and was replaced by former Pareteum Asia CEO, Manjot Singh Mann. Also that month, M1 agreed to provide a wireless private network that would cover all of Singapore's Jurong Port, and it made digital eSIM services available on select iPhones on its network for the first time.

In February 2019, Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) and the Keppel Corporation (through their joint venture, Konnectivity Ltd) completed a buyout of Axiata's shares in M1, which totaled 28.7%. Prior to the buyout, SPH held a 13.45% stake in M1 and Keppel had a 19.33% stake. By the following month, Konnectivity held a 94.55% stake in M1 and exercised its right to purchase the remaining shares in the company. It indicated at the time that it would delist M1 from the Singapore Exchange. M1 was officially delisted in April 2019.

In January 2020, it was announced that M1 and fellow telecommunications company, StarHub, would submit a joint bid for one of four 5G licences to be administered by the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA). The IMDA approved the joint bid along with the solo bid submitted by Singtel in April 2020. M1 will use Nokia's Core platform to build out its 5G network and provide nationwide 5G coverage by 2025.

By 2021, 90 percent of M1's back-end system had been shifted to the cloud, and its 200 databases had been removed in favor of a large "data lake." According to the company, this technological shift was part of an effort to provide more flexibility to create new services and engage consumers. In February of that year, the company announced that it would be offering three new mobile plans with customisable options. This was part of a rebrand where the company introduce a new logo, expand the functionality of its "My M1+" mobile app, and focus on becoming "Singapore's first digital network operator." It also launched the "Be" campaign, a marketing effort highlighting seven Singaporeans and their individuality.

Products and services

M1 is one of the four major full service communications providers in Singapore. It offers a suite of mobile voice-and-data communication services over its 3G/3.5G/4G/LTE-A network, including international-call services to both mobile- and fixed-line customers. These include SMS, MMS, WAP, GPRS, 3G, 3.5G and 4G. It also offers prepaid mobile services, including prepaid data plans, under its M Card brand. It is one of the operators in Singapore to offer a prepaid 4G service.

As of 2021, M1 currently offers three customisable mobile plans and offers non-standalone access to 5G networks in select areas throughout Singapore. Its three plans are known as Bespoke Contract, Bespoke SIM, and Bespoke Flexi, all of which allow the customer to build a personalised plan with specific price points, data, and talk time. The Bespoke Contract plan allows customers to enter into a contract with a set monthly price for up to two years. The Bespoke SIM and Bespoke Flexi plans are non-contract plans and can be adjusted once a month at no charge. The Bespoke SIM plan provides SIM cards to users with existing handsets while the Bespoke Flexi plan combines both a SIM card and a handset in the monthly price.

On 26 July 2022, M1, with 2 other fellow telecommunications companies Singtel and StarHub, announced the retiring of 3G services by 31 July 2024. This would include voice, messaging and data services that run on 3G.

References

External

 Yahoo Finance Stock Quote

Mobile phone companies of Singapore
Telecommunications companies of Singapore
Internet in Singapore
Telecommunications companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Singapore
Vodafone
Internet service providers of Singapore
Singapore Press Holdings
Singaporean brands
Companies formerly listed on the Singapore Exchange

M1 (Singaporean company)


The 1826 Treaty of Washington was a treaty between the United States and the Creek Confederacy, led by Opothleyahola. The Creek National Council ceded much of their territory bordering Georgia to the United States.

The Creek Confederacy was a confederation of nations with diverse customs and histories. Over several decades, they had ceded small portions of their vast territory to the United States in various treaties. They had been allies with the Great Britain in the War of 1812. The 1814 Treaty of Fort Jackson which ended the Creek War stipulated that the Creeks would cede 23 million acres (93,000 km2) of prime territory to the United States, leaving the Creeks a tract around the Chattahoochee River. The Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense. However, by mid-1820s, both political parties in Georgia favored the total removal of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River. Democratic Governor George Troup aggressively moved to resolve the situation.

The Lower Creek Council, a small faction led by Troup's first cousin, William McIntosh, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs on February 13, 1825, ceding a large amount of Creek territory to the United States. However, the other chiefs and warriors (particularly the Upper Creeks) protested the treaty, stating that the signatories did not have the sovereign authority to act on behalf of the Creek Nation. McIntosh was executed on May 31, 1825, for violating Creek law prohibiting unauthorized territorial cessions.

President John Quincy Adams did not consider the treaty to be valid, and pressured Troup to stop white incursions onto Creek territory. Creek leaders traveled to Washington, D.C. to negotiate a peace treaty. A new treaty was negotiated between the United States and a widespread gathering of various Creek leaders, unified under the leadership of Opothleyahola. It voided the Treaty of Indian Springs and ceded to the United States all Creek territory on the east side of the Chattahoochee River for a one-time payment of $217,600 and a yearly annuity of $20,000. The treaty stipulated that the signatories of the Treaty of Indian Springs would have the same privileges as those who signed the new treaty, and made funding allowances for the Lower Creeks under the late William McIntosh to send a five-person deputation to explore lands west of the Mississippi River for potential resettlement. The United States would then fund the relocation, as well as providing for a full year's subsistence, a full-time U.S. Indian Agent, an interpreter, a blacksmith and a wheelwright. The treaty provided financial remuneration for the damages caused by the infighting between McIntosh's Lower Creeks and the rest of the Creek Nation. The Creeks legally retained possession of all their lands until January 1, 1827, after which they would retain a small portion on the Alabama-Georgia border.

The treaty was signed on January 24, 1826. A supplementary article signed on March 31, 1826, corrected some errors and stipulated the exact delineation of the boundary between Georgia and the Creek reserve. The United States agreed to pay the Creek Nation $30,000 () for yet another piece of territory in what became Carroll County.

Not pleased with the new treaty and under intense pressure from expansionists, Troup ordered the land surveyed for a lottery, including the piece that was to remain in Creek jurisdiction. President Adams intervened by deploying American soldiers, but Troup called out the state militia, and Adams, fearful of a civil war, conceded. The United States government allowed Troup to quickly renegotiate the agreement and seize all remaining Creek territory bordering Georgia. By 1827, citizens of the Creek Nation were removed from Georgia. Within eight years, most of them would be relocated from Alabama to the designated Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma).

References

External links
 Text of the 1826 Treaty of Washington
 Text of the Supplementary Article to the 1826 Treaty of Washington
 Brief history of the relations between Georgia and the Creeks

Muscogee
Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
Washington (1826)
1826 treaties
Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
January 1826 events

Treaty of Washington (1826)


John Purcell (died 1665) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1660 to 1665.

Purcell was of Nantcribba near Montgomery,  and was possibly the son of Edward Purcell and his wife Mary Pryse daughter of  Sir Richard Pryse of Gogerddan.

In 1660, Purcell was elected Member of Parliament for Montgomeryshire in the Convention Parliament. In 1661 he was elected MP for Montgomery  and was seated after a double return. He sat in the Cavalier Parliament until his death in 1665

References

Year of birth missing
1665 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
17th-century Welsh politicians
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679

John Purcell (MP)


John Breynton (1719 – 15 July 1799) was a minister in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

He was born in Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire, Wales to John Breynton (born 1670 Llanidloes) and his second wife, and baptised on 13 April 1719. He spent his first 14 years between his home at Trefeglwys and school in nearby Newtown. From 1733 to 1738, he attended Shrewsbury School, and in 1738, matriculated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, subsequently gaining a BA in 1741.

In 1742, he was commissioned as a chaplain in the Royal Navy. By 1745, he was a chaplain on a ship of war and served in the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). In 1750, he received an MA from Cambridge, and married Elizabeth Wade at St Mary and St Michael Church, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire. He was sent by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, or Venerable Society, to assist at St Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia under the auspices of the Bishop of London, while the rector William Tutty returned to London on private business, during which trip Tutty died in 1754. Breynton immediately took over as missionary and minister, or Rector, at St Paul's in 1754.

Earlier, in 1753, he had founded the first free school in Nova Scotia. In 1760, he consecrated St George's 'Little Dutch' (Deutsch) Church - the second oldest church in Halifax, becoming fluent in German as a result. In 1770, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Oxford. He returned to London during 1771–1772 to collect his degree, but returned to resume his post in Halifax. By 30 October 1776, he was Chaplain to the Royal Fencible American Regiment.  He baptised many Blacks in Halifax who arrived after the American Revolution.  He also purchased a slaves freedom in 1776.

On 13 September 1778, his first wife died, shortly before the 28 November 1778 wedding of their daughter Anne in St George's, Hanover Square.

By 6 September 1779, as a widower, he remarried and continued as Rector of St Paul's Church, Halifax. With his second wife, he appears to have returned to London shortly after 1785, continuing to draw his Halifax salary of £190 pa until he resigned and was replaced in 1791. In June 1792, he was lodging at Mary Riley's, 63 Edgware Road, London, when he was burgled. The burglar was caught and sentenced to death.

Because of his fluency in German, he was reported to have been a chaplain to Queen Charlotte. He remained in London until his death in 1799.

Family
Breynton married twice:

He married firstly Elizabeth Wade (died 13 September 1778 Halifax, Nova Scotia), on 8 September 1750 at St Mary and St Michael Church, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, with issue:
Mary Breynton (CIR 1753–1795), married 19 Aug 1775 Halifax, Nova Scotia to Captain John Watson
Anne Breynton (1755–1829), married 28 November 1778 St George's Hanover Square, London to Francis Perceval Eliot
John Breynton (1756–1843), married 9 Jan 1793 St Mary's Church, Lichfield to Elizabeth Cotton
Henry Edward Breynton (1759–1761)

He married secondly the widow, Mrs Mary Gerrish née Cradock, (18 May 1723 Boston, Massachusetts, United States - December 1806 Lichfield, Staffordshire, England), on 9 September 1779 at Halifax, Nova Scotia, with no issue. She was the daughter of George Cradock and his wife Mary née Lyde of Boston, Massachusetts, and the widow of Joseph Gerrish (Boston, Massachusetts 1709-1774 Halifax, Nova Scotia), whom she had married in 1768 Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Breynton died on 15 July 1799 in Edgware Road, Paddington, London. He was buried in the St Marylebone Burial ground, Paddington Street, London. His widow died in December 1806 at Lichfield, Staffordshire.

References

External links

 Portrait of Rev Dr John Breynton, DD
 http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/faith/anglican.htm
 http://www.museeacadien.ca/argyle/html/body_egrant1.htm
 http://www.uquebec.ca/musique/orgues/canada/halifaxsgac.html#English

People from Montgomeryshire
Royal Navy chaplains
18th-century Canadian Anglican priests
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
1719 births
1799 deaths
Burials at St Marylebone Parish Church

John Breynton


Big hair is a hairstyle that emphasizes large volume or largely styled hair, especially when those styles make the hair occupy a large amount of space above and around the head.  The label "big hair" for such styles originated in the late 1970s, when these styles were beginning a period of popularity. Similar styles have become fashionable at various periods in history.

History

Actresses like Raquel Welch, Brigitte Bardot, Priscilla Presley and Jane Fonda became big-haired icons throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Women's hairstyles labelled as "big hair" became fashionable during this period, with the Farrah Fawcett red swimsuit poster an iconic example. The fashion persisted with certain regional subcultures in the southern United States, and the styles are sometimes also associated with female country music performers. It is also associated with the exaggerated stereotypical femininity associated with drag queens and similar gender performers.

For both genders, big hair became popular in the 1980s. The term is also used in the glam, hair metal, goth and alternative cultures and is particularly associated with fashion of the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, or inspired by the period.  From these origins, big hair became a feature of a number of Japanese street and alternative fashions, including Harajuku and ganguro. In the early 1980s, Brooke Shields became a dominant force in the fashion trend after becoming a teen model in 1980. She has appeared in numerous magazine covers with different styles of long and big hair making her one of the most influential fashion icons of the early 1980s. In the mid-1980s, rising pop star Madonna sported big hair when photographed by Francesco Scavullo for Time. Soon, many women emulated her look, making her one of the most iconic celebrities in 1980s fashion.

Techniques
Depending on the specific style, hairstyles in the big hair categories may require a number of styling, cutting, or treatment techniques. Styling of punk and alternative big hair styles often requires backcombing (teasing) and the liberal application of styling aids such as hair spray, hair mousse, or hair gel, often in combination with the use of hair dryers. Crimping irons, perms, hair rollers, or other techniques may also be required.

Naturally voluminous hair

Many people of various ethnicities throughout the world have naturally voluminous hair. For these people, "big hair" is not a deliberate fashion statement requiring any particular technique to achieve, but rather the default state of their hair. Some 60 percent of the world's population has naturally curly hair, which tends to be more voluminous than straight hair.

Big hair is seen as artificial or trendy by some people. This has often led to misunderstandings and even discrimination based on hair texture. In 2013, for example, 12-year-old Vanessa VanDyke was threatened with expulsion for wearing her hair in its natural state. School officials claimed her voluminous hair was a "distraction". In some East or Southeast Asian communities where the majority of people have straight hair, voluminous curly or afro-textured hair may also be seen as an oddity.

Big Hair, Don't Care, a children's book by Crystal Swain-Bates and Megan Bair, was published by Goldest Karat Publishing in 2013. The book is designed to improve self-esteem and confidence among children with naturally voluminous hair.

See also
Afro
Beehive (hairstyle)
Natural hair movement
Frizz
List of hairstyles

References

External links

1960s bouffant hairstyles

1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
Gothic fashion
Hairstyles
Japanese fashion

Big hair


Manager Magazin (stylized as manager magazin) is a German monthly business magazine focusing on business, finance and management based in Hamburg, Germany.

History and profile
Manager Magazin was first published on 1 November 1971. It is part of the Spiegel Group which also owns Der Spiegel among others.

The magazine is based in Hamburg and is published monthly by the Manager Magazin Verlagsgesellschaft. Since 1986 Gruner + Jahr has a 24.9 percent share in the publisher of the magazine. The other owner of its publishing house is the Spiegel Group. As of 2013 Steffen Klusmann was the editor-in-chief of the monthly.

Manager Magazin has a liberal stance. The magazine targets professional decision makers and managers in Germany. It covers business news, related data and background information concerning all economic areas. The online edition of the monthly was launched in 1998. The magazine has a lifestyle supplement, Splendid, which covers articles on fashion, beauty, and living sections. Splendid, a 52-page lifestyle supplement, was started in 2014 and from 2015 its frequency became quarterly.

The magazine publishes several ranking lists, including good companies and the richest Germans. The former list was started in 1987.

From 2004 to 2008 the Polish edition of the magazine, Manager Magazin - Edycja Polska, was published in Poland.

Circulation
In 1999 Manager Magazin sold 125,200 copies. Its circulation was 129,888 copies in 2009. The monthly had a circulation of 113,774 copies in 2010. Its total circulation was 109,222 copies in 2011.

See also
List of magazines in Germany

References

External links

1971 establishments in West Germany
Business magazines published in Germany
German-language magazines
Magazines established in 1971
Magazines published in Hamburg
Monthly magazines published in Germany

Manager Magazin


Davies Nkausu (born 1 January 1986) is a Zambian professional footballer who played as a defender in South Africa.

Born in Lusaka and playing for the Zambia national football team, Nkausu has spent all of his club career in South Africa.

Nkausu played youth football for  before joining Pretoria University FC in 2003, and has also represented Zambia internationally at various youth levels, including captaining the country's under-20 team, before graduating to the senior side in 2008.

Club career

Chiparamba Great Eagles

Nkausu was born in Lusaka, Zambia. He began his career with Chiparamba in his native Zambia in 2002. In March 2003, Nkausu and Chiparamba teammate Dominic Yobe went on trial at English club Manchester United after being discovered by United's African scout Frank Lord, who visited Zambia in 2002. The duo became the first Zambian players to be involved with the club. The pair spent two weeks on trial, meeting first-team stars such as Phil Neville, Roy Keane and Ole Gunnar Solskjaer as well as manager Sir Alex Ferguson. However, nothing came of the trial and Nkausu returned to Chiparamba.

Reflecting on the trial in May 2012, following Ferguson's retirement, Nkausu claimed that the legendary manager had likened him to then-Arsenal midfielder Patrick Vieira. He added that Ferguson's encouragement had given the defender the "belief that I [could] make it in football" and admitted, "if I look back, I regret not signing and staying at Old Trafford."

Pretoria University
Seven months after the trial with Manchester United, Nkausu left Zambia for South African National First Division club Pretoria University, with the transfer being completed on 6 October 2003. He broke into the club's first team in the 2004–05 season, playing in twenty-nine of Pretoria's thirty-four games. Pretoria finished twelfth in 2004–05. In 2005–06 Davies again made twenty-nine league appearances, but this time he also scored one goal. Pretoria finished in eleventh place, and Nkausu was almost ever-present in their thirty National First Division games. Nkausu played a reduced twenty-six games in the 2006–07 season, but he scored a personal season record of three goals, which helped propel Pretoria University to a third-placed finish and a promotion playoff. Pretoria defeated Winners Park on away goals but were beaten in the playoff final by AmaZulu. Davies played fewer games still in 2007–08, making seventeen appearances as Pretoria slumped to a seventh-placed finish in the newly implemented Inland Stream. The decrease in Pretoria's fortunes caused Nkausu to move to SuperSport United, who had just won the Premier Soccer League and were therefore considered one of the best teams in South Africa.

SuperSport United
Nkausu moved to SuperSport United ahead of the 2008–09 season. He had made a big leap from the lower reaches of the second division to the top of the first, and predictably made just five appearances in his debut season with the club, making his debut in the 1–0 win over Free State Stars on 30 August 2008. However, he still collected a winner's medal as SuperSport claimed a second consecutive Premier Soccer League title. Nkausu only made three appearances the following season, playing in SuperSport's victories over Free State Stars and Santos as well as the 3–0 loss to AmaZulu in March 2010. Again, SuperSport won the league title.

2010–11 was another frustrating season for Nkausu. He was included as a substitute in many of SuperSport's Premier Soccer League games, but was only used in two of them. He made his first appearance of the season against Orlando Pirates on 30 April 2011 in a 1–0 win. His only other appearance in 2010–11 was in the 3–1 victory over Vasco da Gama on 7 May, near the end of the season. On 5 August Nkausu was included in SuperSport's starting line–up for their 2011 MTN 8 quarter–final 5–2 loss to Ajax Cape Town FC. Nkausu conceded a penalty for a foul on Ajax midfielder Khama Billiat, and was later sent off for dissent after disputing the referee's decision. The defeat eliminated SuperSport from the competition.

Part of the reason for this lack of playing time was the problem of Nkausu's South African residence permit, which he became eligible for in 2010 having spent five years in the country. In September 2010, despite agreeing a two–year contract with SuperSport, the club decided to wait until Nkausu's permit was granted until registering him, due to the PSL's limit on foreign players. Nkausu said "I have signed a new two-year contract here but the condition is that it will become effective the moment I can be registered as a non-foreign player, that is after I get my permanent residency. Right now I am waiting for the papers to be issued so that I can at least start being available for selection because as we speak I am not even registered...Last season I was still registered as a foreigner but this time around I have to be a non-foreigner." Nkausu finally received his residence permit in March 2011, commenting "The paperwork was completed three days ago and I'm just waiting for my Identity Document now. Just when I thought it would not go through, it finally happened". This allowed Nkausu to be considered non–foreign, opening up another foreign space for manager Gavin Hunt.

Nkausu made his first appearance in the 2011–12 Premier Soccer League in SuperSport's 2–0 win against Platinum Stars on 25 September 2011. He then followed this up by playing the full game against Maritzburg United on 14 October 2011, which SuperSport won 7–0. Nkausu had a run of first-team games in November and December 2011, playing six consecutive matches, with SuperSport keeping three clean sheets in this time.

Nkausu featured in SuperSport's 2–1 victory over Mamelodi Sundowns in the semi-final of the Mopani Mayor's Charity Cup on 29 July 2012. On 4 August 2012 the defender helped SuperSport reach the last four of the 2012 MTN 8, playing the full 90 minutes of the club's 2–1 quarter-final win over Free State Stars and captaining SuperSport for the first time. The victory set up a semi-final clash with Orlando Pirates. Nkausu played at centre-back in SuperSport's opening 2012-13 Premier Soccer League fixture, a 1–1 draw with Ajax Cape Town on 10 August 2012. On 19 August 2012 Nkausu played in SuperSport's 0–0 draw with Orlando Pirates in the first leg of their MTN 8 semi-final, making an important block to deny Siyabonga Sangweni in the closing stages. Six days later he played in SuperSport's 3–0 second-leg victory that earned them a place in the MTN 8 final.

The defender assisted Clifford Mulenga for SuperSport's third goal in a 3–0 win over AmaZulu on 15 September 2012 with a long throw-in. On 22 September Nkausu captained SuperSport in their MTN 8 cup final against Moroka Swallows; a 2–1 loss meant Nkausu and his teammates finished as tournament runners-up. An injury sustained in November limited Nkausu's playing time towards the end of 2012, and he missed further league games through his involvement in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. Nkausu made his first league appearance for SuperSport for almost two months in the 1–0 loss to Orlando Pirates on 13 February 2013; he conceded a penalty for a foul on Daine Klate, although the tackle actually occurred outside of the penalty area. Nkausu continued to feature sporadically throughout the season, and made 13 league appearances as SuperSport finished sixth. On 25 May 2013, SuperSport reached the Nedbank Cup final, losing 1–0 to Kaizer Chiefs, but Nkausu was omitted from their matchday squad.

In July 2013, Nkausu was denied the chance to feature in SuperSport's friendly against English giants Manchester City – Manuel Pellegrini's first game in charge of the Citizens – due to injury. Nkausu would go on to have a frustrating start to the season with little pitch time, even being omitted from SuperSport's CAF Confederation Cup squad. In January 2014, with Nkausu having made just eight appearances in all competitions, SuperSport CEO Stan Matthews revealed that Mpumalanga Black Aces, Ajax Cape Town and Nkausu's former club University of Pretoria had all enquired about the defender's availability. However, on 31 January, Nkausu joined Bloemfontein Celtic on a three-and-a-half-year deal, just hours before the January transfer window slammed shut. Nkausu's last league appearance for SuperSport came in a 2–1 loss to Ajax Cape Town on 26 November 2013; ironically, Soccer Laduma reported that he was due to play for SuperSport against University of Pretoria on the day of his transfer to Bloemfontein.

Bloemfontein Celtic
A day after joining Celtic, Nkausu made his debut in a 2–0 derby win at Free State Stars.

Free State Stars
Nkausu left Free State Stars in summer 2017.

International career
Davies has been capped by Zambia on twenty-one occasions. He made his debut for the Chipolopolo on 19 November 2008, in a 3–0 friendly loss to Morocco. Nkausu earned his second international cap in January 2009, in Zambia's 1–0 friendly defeat to South Africa. He also played in the first half of Zambia's unofficial friendly match against Power Dynamos of the Zambian Premier League in October 2011. The match was a warm-up for a game against Libya.

In December 2011 it was announced that Nkausu was included in Zambia's provisional 2012 Africa Cup of Nations squad. Nkausu was an unused substitute in Zambia's opening Cup of Nations group stage match, a 2–1 win over Senegal on 21 January 2012. Nkausu made his first appearance of the tournament in Zambia's second game, a 2–2 draw with Libya on 25 January 2012. Nkausu came on as a second-half substitute for midfielder Chisamba Lungu. He played the full ninety minutes of Zambia's final group stage game, a 1–0 win over Equatorial Guinea on 29 January 2012. The win ensured Zambia's progress to the quarter–finals. Nkausu also played the whole of the 3–0 quarter–final win over Sudan on 4 February 2012, helping Zambia book a semi–final showdown with tournament favourites Ghana, who coach Herve Renard described as "the best team in Africa".

Zambia won the semi–final 1–0 to progress to the final of the competition, against Ivory Coast. Nkausu personally had a bad start to the semi–final, giving away a penalty kick just seven minutes into the game for a foul on Ghana's Kwadwo Asamoah. However, Asamoah Gyan missed the penalty and Zambia later won the game thanks to a late goal by Emmanuel Mayuka. After the game, Nkausu led his team–mates in parading the Zambian flag.

SuperSport United wished Nkausu luck on the day of the final, with a club statement claiming the Cup final would "certainly be Nkausu's biggest moment of his lifetime". Nkausu started the final at right–back, marking Ivory Coast's Salomon Kalou and later Max Gradel. After a goalless ninety minutes, and with the deadlock still not broken in extra time, the final went to a penalty shoot out. Zambia eventually triumphed 8–7, with Stoppila Sunzu scoring the winning penalty. Some sections of the media criticised Herve Renard for being overly harsh on Nkausu; the manager shoved the defender during the match after he suffered a lapse in concentration and allowed Gervinho to bear down on goal. However, Renard claimed that Nkausu and his team–mates would not have been surprised or angered by the treatment, saying "For you maybe it's incredible for me to react like this, but they know me".

Nkausu played in Zambia's 3–1 unofficial friendly defeat of Pretoria Academy on 29 May 2012, the game acting as a warm–up match ahead of the Chipolopolo's 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification games.

He made his first international appearance after the African Cup of Nations in a 2–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying defeat to Sudan on 2 June 2012. The defender then featured in Zambia's 1–0 win over Ghana on 9 June, coming on as an injury–time replacement for Chisamba Lungu. Despite having played 90 minutes for SuperSport just three days earlier, Nkausu was part of the Zambian squad that travelled to Seoul on 13 August 2012 for a friendly against South Korea, a match that also acted as a warm-up game for a 2013 African Cup of Nations qualifier against Uganda in September. One of only six 2012 ACON-winning players in the squad for the friendly, Nkausu started the game against South Korea on the bench but replaced fellow full-back Joseph Musonda just 28 minutes into the match.

Nkausu played the entirety of Zambia's 1–0 first-leg victory over Uganda on 8 September 2012, assisting Christopher Katongo's winning goal with a long throw-in. He also started in the 1–0 second-leg defeat in Kampala on 13 October that took the tie to a penalty shoot-out; Nkausu scored his penalty, Zambia's penultimate effort, to help secure a 9–8 victory from the spot that booked the country's qualification to the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. Nkausu's next international appearance came on 14 November in a 1–0 win over South Africa in the Nelson Mandela Challenge, being replaced early in the second half by Emmanuel Mbola.

Despite missing warm-up friendlies against Saudi Arabia and Tanzania through injury, on 24 December 2012 Nkausu was selected for Zambia's 26-man squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations the following month. He subsequently started in Zambia's final warm-up games, goalless draws against Morocco and Norway on 8 and 12 January 2013 respectively.

On 21 January 2013, Nkausu played the entirety of Zambia's opening group game, a 1–1 draw with Ethiopia. Four days later he started in the 1–1 draw against Nigeria; Nkausu conceded a penalty for a foul on Ahmed Musa in the first half, but the resulting spot-kick was missed by Mikel John Obi. Nkausu had to be substituted just 16 minutes into Zambia's final group game against Burkina Faso on 29 January 2013 after sustaining an ankle injury; he left the pitch in tears and was forced to watch on from the sidelines as Zambia were eliminated from the competition following a 0–0 draw.

Nkausu earned his twentieth cap for Zambia in the 1–1 draw in Lesotho on 24 March 2013. On 5 June, he partnered Kondwani Mtongo in the heart of Zambia's defence in an experimental backline for the 2–1 behind-closed-doors win over local club Nkwazi FC. Nkausu subsequently played at centre-back alongside Noah Chivuta in the 4–0 second leg win over Lesotho on 8 June.

Style of play
SuperSport United have described Nkausu as a "utility player" who "has the ability to play anywhere in the SuperSport defence"; he has also been hailed as a "versatile defender" by the African media. Although he is usually deployed at right-back, Nkausu has also played as a left-back, central defender and midfielder for club and country. Indeed, in 2002 Nkausu played in central midfield for Zambia's U-17 team, alongside future African Cup of Nations-winning teammates Clifford Mulenga and Rainford Kalaba; two years later he occupied a centre-back berth in Zambia's 2004 CECAFA Cup campaign.

Nkausu has been praised for his anticipation and interception skills, which helped him mark Salomon Kalou in the 2012 African Cup of Nations final. He is also known to have a good work–rate and a strong tackle, causing him to be considered a "good right-back against whom most wingers struggle". After a strong performance in the 2012 African Cup of Nations final, Nkausu was described as having "showed composure" and having a "big match temperament" that allowed him to cope with the pressure of such an important game. Nkausu has also been described as an "agile defender" who is known to possess a "long throw" when deployed as a full-back.

However, critics have highlighted Nkausu's positional sense as an area of weakness, claiming that he is frequently "caught out of position drifting into midfield areas". It has also been suggested that the defender is "error–prone", contributing to SuperSport United's "suspect defence", although The Post have since countered this view, describing the player as "a consistent member of Chipolopolo". Some commentators have criticised Nkausu's attacking play, noting that during the 2012 African Cup of Nations the player "booted the ball upfield too much, which conceded possession cheaply." Despite this, it has also been claimed that Nkausu's "creativity" helped him to become Zambia's first–choice right back in 2012 as his attacking play was seen to be better than that of fellow defender Joseph Musonda.

Honours

Club
SuperSport United
 South African Premier Division: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10

International
Zambia
Africa Cup of Nations: 2012

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Zambian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
University of Pretoria F.C. players
SuperSport United F.C. players
Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. players
Free State Stars F.C. players
Baroka F.C. players
Footballers from Lusaka
Zambia men's international footballers
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
Africa Cup of Nations-winning players

Davies Nkausu


Maria Furtwängler-Burda (short version: ; born 13 September 1966) is a German physician and television actress.

Early life
Maria Furtwängler-Burda is a daughter of architect Bernhard Furtwängler and actress Kathrin Ackermann, great-niece and step-granddaughter of conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, and granddaughter of politician Katharina von Kardorff-Oheimb. She has two older brothers, David and Felix. She was given her first movie role, for which she earned a bike, at the age of seven in Zum Abschied Chrysanthemen, produced by her uncle Florian Furtwängler. Her mother taught her acting and she later took acting classes in Germany and other countries.

After leaving secondary school, Furtwängler studied medicine at the University of Montpellier, France, and graduated from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany. Afterwards she trained and worked as a medical doctor.

Personal life
On 8 November 1991, Furtwängler married billionaire publisher Hubert Burda (born 1940), the youngest son of publishers Franz Burda and Aenne Burda, and CEO of Hubert Burda Media, an international media group which publishes over 180 magazine titles, including many fashion magazines. They have two children, Jakob (born 1990) and Elisabeth (born 1992).

Career
Furtwängler began her acting career in the mid-1990s. Since then, she has acted in German television series and productions such as the Tatort series, as Hanover-based police detective Charlotte Lindholm since 2002, the successful television movies March of Millions, and Die Schicksalsjahre and cinema production  (Das Wetter in geschlossenen Räumen).

For her work in Tatort and March of Millions, Furtwängler was honored with Germany's most important award in the field of acting. With the movie The Weather Inside she won best actress at the 2morrow festival in Moscow; she was shortlisted in the Deutscher Filmpreis (German film prize). The film opened at the 2016 German Film Festival in New York City.

In 2022, Furtwängler chaired an independent jury that selected Edward Berger's All Quiet on the Western Front in the race for the 95th Academy Awards in the Best International Feature Film category.

Activism
Since its inception in 2005, Furtwängler has been involved in the Burda-sponsored Digital Life Design (DLD) conference series. She annually hosts a joint Burda/DLD networking reception at the World Economic Forum meeting in Davos.

In 2010 Furtwängler founded the MALISAhome in the Philippines. For the ONE Campaign, she became a goodwill ambassador for Women, Girls and Child Health. In 2015 she co-signed the ONE Campaign's open letter to Chancellor Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women. Also in 2015, she interviewed Merkel on development policy issues for the Chancellor's weekly podcast.

In 2013, after a meeting with Eve Ensler in Berlin, Furtwängler became more involved campaigning to end violence against women and girls in Germany. She is particularly interested in the role of the media in perpetuating harmful gender stereotypes. She has been inspired by the Geena Davis Institute and by the Women's Media Center in the US.

On International Women's Day 2016, Furtwängler supported the call of UN Women's German National Committee for a reform of the German legislation on sexual violence, based around the No Means No consent principle, which is currently not recognised in Germany. Also on International Women's Day 2016, she co-authored an op-ed with Manuela Schwesig, the German Minister for family, older people, women, and youth, highlighting the need for a stronger sexual violence law and for an end to stereotyping of women and men, particularly in the media.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Celesio, Member of the Advisory Board on Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability (since 2010)

Non-profit organizations
 Dominik Brunner Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Felix Burda Foundation, Member of the Council
 German Doctors for Developing Countries, Chairwoman of the Board of Trustees
 Hubert Burda Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 MaLisa Foundation, Co-Founder and Member of the Board
 Stiftung Lesen, Ambassador

Awards
2016           12. Festival des deutschen Films for Dramatic Art for The weather inside
2016 		2morrow-Award
2013 		Jupiter Award for Best TV Actress for Tatort: Wegwerfmädchen
2010 		Karl Valentin Order
2010           Bavarian constitutional medal in silver
2009 		 Romy for Most Popular Cast in a Series
2008 		DIVA-Award in the category "Best Leading Actress" for Die Flucht
2008           Jupiter Award for Best TV Actress in Die Flucht
2008           Goldene Kamera for Best Female TV Inspector (Readers Choice)
2007		Bavarian Order of Merit
2007		Goldene Henne in the category "Television – Drama"
2007           German Television Award for Best Actress in Tatort episodes Pauline and Das namenlose Mädchen
2005		Siegfried-Lowitz-Preis for Dramatic Art
2003		Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for her commitment in the aid organization "German Doctors"

Filmography
2015:  (Director: Isabelle Stever), Cinema
2015: Tatort:  (Director: Hartmut Schoen)
2014: Tatort: Der sanfte Tod (Director: Alexander Adolph)
2012: Tatort Doppelfolge – Wegwerfmädchen/ Das goldene Band (Director: Franziska Meletzky)
2010: Schicksalsjahre (Director: Miguel Alexandre)
2008: Tatort: Salzleiche (Director: Christiane Balthasar)
2007: Tatort: Wem Ehre gebührt (Director: Angelina Maccarone)
2007:  (Director: Marcus H. Rosenmüller), Cinema
2007: Tatort:  (Director: Michael Gutmann)
2006: March of Millions (Die Flucht, director: Kai Wessel)
2005: Tatort: Pauline (Director: Niki Stein)
2005: Tatort: Schwarzes Herz (Director: Thomas Jauch)
2005: Tatort: Atemnot (Director: Thomas Jauch)
2004: Tatort: Märchenwald (Director: Christiane Balthasar)
2004: Tatort: Dunkle Wege (Director: Christiane Balthasar)
2003: Tatort: Sonne und Sturm (Director: Thomas Jauch)
2003: Tatort: Heimspiel (Director: Thomas Jauch)
2003: Mr. und Mrs. Right (Director: Torsten C. Fischer)
2002: Zu nah am Feuer (Director: Dietmar Klein)
2002: So fühlt sich Liebe an (Director: Peter Gersina)
2002: Tatort: Hexentanz (Director: René Heisig)
2001: Donna Leon: In Sachen Signora Brunetti (Director: Sigi Rothemund)
2001: Tatort: Lastrumer Mischung (Director: Thomas Jauch)
2000: Das Glück ist eine Insel (Director: Gloria Behrens)
1999: Die achte Todsünde: Gespensterjagd (Director: Stephan Meyer)
1999: Dir zu Liebe (Director: Hans Werner)
1999: Siska – Mord frei Haus (Director: Hans-Jürgen Tögel)
1998: Kap der guten Hoffnung (Director: Vera Loebner)
1998: Der Fahnder (Director: Peter Adam)
1997: Kap der guten Hoffnung (Director: Hans Werner)
1997: Herzflimmern (Director: Dieter Kehler)
1996: Das Haus an der Küste (Director: Dieter Kehler)
1996: Herz über Kopf (Director: Hans-Jürgen Tögel)
1994: Drei Frauen und (k)ein Mann (Director: Hans-Jürgen Tögel)
1986/90: Die glückliche Familie (Director: Nikolai Müllerschön u.a.)
1974: Zum Abschied Chrysanthemen (Director: Florian Furtwängler), Cinema

References

 Silke Burmester: "'F' wie Furtwängler." taz, 28 September 2006, p. 18.
 Sven Astheimer: "Die Freundin der kühlen Blonden." FAZ, 30 September 2006, p. C3.

External links

German television actresses
Physicians from Munich
1966 births
Burda family
Living people
Actresses from Munich
German women physicians
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German actresses
21st-century German actresses
21st-century German physicians
20th-century German physicians
20th-century women physicians
21st-century women physicians

Maria Furtwängler


The Seneca River flows  through the Finger Lakes region of Upstate New York in the United States. The main tributary of the Oswego River – the second-largest river flowing into Lake Ontario – the Seneca drains  in parts of fourteen New York counties. The Seneca flows generally east, and is wide and deep with a gentle gradient. Much of the river has been channelized to form part of the Erie Canal.

Geography
The Seneca River begins at Geneva in Seneca County, as the outflow of Seneca Lake, flowing east past Waterloo and Seneca Falls. Skirting the northern end of Cayuga Lake at the Montezuma Marsh, it turns north, receiving the Clyde River from the west, forming the Seneca–Cayuga county line, then the border of Cayuga and Wayne counties. The river passes under Interstate 90, flowing northeast past Weedsport, across the middle of Cayuga County into Cross Lake.

Below Cross Lake, the Seneca River enters Onondaga County. It turns sharply north then east, past Baldwinsville and Liverpool, along the northern edge of metro Syracuse where it receives the outflow of Onondaga Lake. The river then flows north to join the Oneida River at Three Rivers on the Onondaga–Oswego County line, forming the Oswego River. From the confluence, the Oswego flows a further  north, emptying into Lake Ontario at the city of Oswego.

The Seneca River watershed drains a total of , or about two-thirds of the greater Oswego River basin. There are about  of streams in the Seneca basin. The Seneca receives the outflow of seven of the eleven Finger Lakes: Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles and Otisco. Canandaigua Lake flows via the Canandaigua Outlet and the Clyde River into the Seneca River. Keuka Lake empties into Seneca Lake via the Keuka Lake Outlet. Owasco and Skaneateles Lakes join the Seneca through their eponymous outlet streams, while Otisco Lake flows via Ninemile Creek into Onondaga Lake, which in turn empties into the Seneca.

Tributaries

Left
Black Brook
Clyde River
Crusoe Creek
Spring Lake Outlet
Muskrat Creek

Right
Kendig Creek
Silver Creek
Sucker Brook
Sampson Creek
Demont Creek
Cayuga Lake
Crane Brook
Owasco River
Skaneateles Creek
Dead Creek
Crooked Brook
Onondaga Lake

History

Native Americans

The river is named for the Seneca people, whose traditional lands extended roughly between Lake Erie and Seneca Lake. The Onondaga inhabited the area in present-day Onondaga County, around Onondaga Lake and Syracuse, and the Cayuga inhabited the river valley and lakeshores in between. All three were part of the Iroquois League, which is believed to have been established between 1570 and 1600. For hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans, the river was an important Native American trade route.

Explorers and settlers

The first Europeans to reach the Seneca River were likely Jesuit missionaries in the late 1600s, who established an outpost, St. Stephen, on the river shortly below its origin at Seneca Lake.

Canalization
In 1821, the Seneca Lock Navigation Company completed eight locks along the upper Seneca River above Cayuga Lake to allow navigation to Seneca Lake. By 1828, this had been replaced by a state-owned waterway, the Cayuga-Seneca Canal, which contains eleven locks in .

Construction of the Seneca reach of the Erie Canal began in the 1820s. The channel between Three Rivers and Cayuga Lake was widened and straightened to accommodate barges, and other reaches were bypassed via the construction of parallel canals. The canal path had to cross the Seneca River at several points, so locks were built to lower boats down to river level, where they were towed across aided by temporary wooden bridges. In 1849 work began to separate the canal from the river, to reduce the impact of flooding and sedimentation.

The Montezuma Marshes at the outlet of Cayuga Lake were a major obstacle to the Erie Canal path. The stone Seneca River Aqueduct (Richmond Aqueduct), which carried the canal over the Seneca and Clyde Rivers, opened in 1857 after eight years of construction. At  it was the second-longest aqueduct on the Erie Canal system. Most of the aqueduct was dynamited in the 1910s to allow navigation on the Barge Canal.

Certain points on the Seneca River were an early center of development for industry. Seneca Falls is the location of the only significant natural drop on the river, which was utilized in the early days to power water mills. Where the river had no natural falls, mill dams were built, one of the earliest of which was at Baldwinsville. In 1915 a dam  high was built at Seneca Falls to generate hydroelectricity.

Ecology and environmental issues
Below Onondaga Lake, the Seneca River is moderately polluted by industrial and domestic waste, including high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxin and ammonia. The New York State Department of Health advises limited consumption of fish from the lower river.

Parts of the river are infested by non-native zebra mussels, which have depleted the level of dissolved oxygen, impacting fish populations. The population density of mussels in one particular section of the river below Cross Lake is considered among the highest in North America.

The river is home to a population of common snapping turtles. In July 2001, there was a recorded attack on a 43-year-old male, near Fobes Island, who sustained minor injuries to the calf of his leg. This has been the only recorded attack on humans in the river so far.

See also
List of rivers of New York

References

External links

Rivers of New York (state)
Central New York
Rivers of Onondaga County, New York
Rivers of Cayuga County, New York
Rivers of Wayne County, New York
Rivers of Seneca County, New York
Onondaga Lake

Seneca River (New York)


The four color theorem is a theorem of mathematics. It says that in any plane surface with regions in it (people think of them as maps), the regions can be colored with no more than four colors. Two regions that have a common border must not get the same color. They are called adjacent (next to each other) if they share a segment of the border, not just a point.

This was the first theorem to be proved by a computer, in a proof by exhaustion. In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into cases, and proving each one separately. There may be a lot of cases. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because most of the cases were checked by a computer program, not by hand. The shortest known proof of the four color theorem today still has over 600 cases.

Even though the problem was first presented as a problem to color political maps of countries, mapmakers are not very interested in it. According to an article by the math historian Kenneth May , "Maps utilizing only four colors are rare, and those that do usually require only three. Books on cartography and the history of map making do not mention the four-color property."

Many simpler maps can be colored using three colors. The fourth color is needed for some maps, such as one in which one region is surrounded by an odd number of others, which touch each other in a cycle. One such example is given in the image. The five color theorem states that five colors are enough to color a map. It has a short, elementary proof and was proven in the late 19th century.  Proving that four colors are all that is needed turned out to be much more difficult. Many false proofs and false counterexamples have appeared since the first statement of the four color theorem in 1852.

Exact formulation of the problem
Intuitively, the four color theorem can be stated as 'given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, called a map, the regions can be colored using at most four colors so that no two regions which are adjacent have the same color'. To be able to correctly solve the problem, it is necessary to clarify some aspects: First, all points that belong to three or more countries must be ignored. Secondly, bizarre maps with regions of finite area and infinite perimeter can require more than four colors.

For the purpose of the theorem every "country" has to be a simply connected region, or contiguous.
In the real world, this is not true: Alaska as part of the United States, Nakhchivan as part of Azerbaijan, and Kaliningrad as part of Russia are not contiguous. Because the territory of a particular country must be the same color, four colors may not be enough. For instance, consider a simplified map, such as the one shown on the left: In this map, the two regions labeled A belong to the same country, and must be the same color. This map then requires five colors, since the two A regions together are contiguous with four other regions, each of which is contiguous with all the others. If A had only three regions, six or more colors might be needed. In this way, it is possible to make maps that need an arbitrarily high number of colors. A similar construction also applies if a single color is used for all bodies of water, as is usual on real maps.

An easier to state version of the theorem uses graph theory. The set of regions of a map can be represented more abstractly as an undirected graph that has a vertex for each region and an edge for every pair of regions that share a boundary segment. This graph is planar: it can be drawn in the plane without crossings by placing each vertex at an arbitrarily chosen location within the region to which it corresponds, and by drawing the edges as curves that lead without crossing within each region from the vertex location to each shared boundary point of the region. Conversely any planar graph can be formed from a map in this way. In graph-theoretic terminology, the four-color theorem states that the vertices of every planar graph can be colored with at most four colors so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, or for short, "every planar graph is four-colorable" (; ).

History
The first person to name the problem was Francis Guthrie, in 1852. He was a law student in England, at the time. He found that he needed at least four colors to color a map of the counties of England. Augustus de Morgan first discussed the problem, in a letter he wrote to Rowan Hamliton in August 1852. In the letter, de Morgan asks whether four colors are really enough to color a map, such that countries that are next to each other get different colors.

English mathematician Arthur Cayley presented the problem to the mathematical society in London, in 1878. Within a year, Alfred Kempe found what looked like a proof  of the problem. Eleven years later, in 1890, Percy Heawood showed that Alfred's proof was wrong. Peter Guthrie Tait presented another attempt at a proof in 1880. It took eleven years to show that Tait's proof did not work either. In 1891, Julius Petersen could show this. When he falsified Cayley's proof, Kempe also showed a proof for a problem he called Five color theorem. The theorem says that any such map can be colored with no more than five colors. There are two restrictions: First, any country is contiguous, there are no exclaves. The second restriction is that countries need to have a common border; if they only touch in a point, they can be colored with the same color. Even though Kempe's proof was wrong, he used some of the ideas which would later permit a correct proof.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Heinrich Heesch developed a first sketch of a proof by computer. Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken improved this sketch in 1976 . They were able to reduce the number of cases that would need to be tested to 1936; a later version was made that relied on testing only 1476 cases.  Each case needed to be tested by a computer .

In 1996, Neil Robertson, Daniel Sanders, Paul Seymour and Robin Thomas improved the method, and reduced the number of cases to be tested to 663. Again, each case needed to be tested by computer.

In 2005, Georges Gonthier and Benjamin Werner developed a formal proof. This was an improvement, because it allowed to use theorem-proving software, for the first time. The software used is called Coq.

The four color theorem is the first big mathematical problem that was proved with the help of a computer. Because the proof cannot be done by a human, some mathematicians did not recognize it as correct. To verify the proof, it is necessary to rely on a correctly working software and hardware to validate the proof. Because the proof was done by computer, it is also not very elegant.

Attempts that turned out to be wrong
The four color theorem has been notorious for attracting a large number of false proofs and disproofs in its long history. At first, The New York Times refused to report on the Appel–Haken proof. The newspaper did this as a matter of policy; it feared that the proof would be shown false like the ones before it .
Some proofs took a long time, till they could be falsified: For Kempe's and Tait's proofs falsifying them took over a decade.

The simplest counterexamples generally try to create one region which touches all the others. This forces the remaining regions to be colored with only three colors. Because the four color theorem is true, this is always possible; however, because the person drawing the map is focused on the one large region, they do not notice that the remaining regions can in fact be colored with three colors.

This trick can be generalized: If the colors of some regions in a map are chosen beforehand, it becomes impossible to color the remaining regions in such a way that in total, only four colors are used. Someone verifying the counterexample may not think that it may be needed to change the color of these regions. This will make the counterexample look valid, even though it is not.

Perhaps one effect underlying this common misconception is the fact that the color restriction is not transitive: a region only has to be colored differently from regions it touches directly, not regions touching regions that it touches. If this were the restriction, planar graphs would require arbitrarily large numbers of colors.

Other false disproofs violate the assumptions of the theorem in unexpected ways, such as using a region that has multiple disconnected parts, or not allowing regions of the same color from touching at a point.

Coloring political maps
In real life, many countries have exclaves or colonies. Since they belong to the country, they need to be colored with the same color as the parent country. This means that usually, more than four colors are needed to color such a map. When mathematicians talk about the graph associated with the problem, they say that is not planar. Even though it is easy to check if a graph is planar, finding the fewest number of colors needed to color it is very difficult. It is NP-complete, which is one of the most difficult problems that exist. The fewest number of colors needed to color a graph is known as its chromatic number. Many of the problems that happen when trying to solve the four color theorem are related to discrete mathematics. For this reason, methods from algebraic topology are often used.

Extension to "non-flat" maps
The four color theorem requires the "map" to be on a flat surface, what mathematicians call a plane. In 1890, Percy John Heawood created what is called Heawood conjecture today: It asks the same question as the four color theorem, but for any topological object. As an example, a torus can be colored with at most seven colors. The Heawood conjecture gives a formula that works for all such objects, except the Klein bottle.

References

Articles and Books

.

.

 Chechulin V. L. About а one proof of a planar's graphs 4-chromatically http://www.uresearch.psu.ru/files/articles/17_89592.doc

Mentioned in this article

Other websites
:WikiBooks:Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Four color theorem

Combinatorial optimization
Mathematical theorems
Graph theory

Four color theorem


A chromatid (Greek khrōmat- 'color' + -id) is one half of a duplicated chromosome. Before replication, one chromosome is composed of one DNA molecule. In replication, the DNA molecule is copied, and the two molecules are known as chromatids. During the later stages of cell division these chromatids separate longitudinally to become individual chromosomes.

Chromatid pairs are normally genetically identical, and said to be homozygous. However, if mutations occur, they will present slight differences, in which case they are heterozygous. The pairing of chromatids should not be confused with the ploidy of an organism, which is the number of homologous versions of a chromosome.

Sister chromatids

Chromatids may be sister or non-sister chromatids. A sister chromatid is either one of the two chromatids of the same chromosome joined together by a common centromere. A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad. Once sister chromatids have separated (during the anaphase of mitosis or the anaphase II of meiosis during sexual reproduction), they are again called chromosomes, each having the same genetic mass as one of the individual chromatids that made up its parent. The DNA sequence of two sister chromatids is completely identical (apart from very rare DNA copying errors).

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is the exchange of genetic information between two sister chromatids.  SCEs can occur during mitosis or meiosis.  SCEs appear to primarily reflect DNA recombinational repair processes responding to DNA damage (see articles Sister chromatids and Sister chromatid exchange).

Non-sister chromatids, on the other hand, refers to either of the two chromatids of paired homologous chromosomes, that is, the pairing of a paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome. In chromosomal crossovers, non-sister (homologous) chromatids form chiasmata to exchange genetic material during the prophase I of meiosis (See Homologous chromosome pair).

See also
Kinetochore

References

Chromosomes
Molecular genetics
Cell biology
Mitosis
Telomeres

Chromatid


Wolfram Saenger (born 1939) is a German biochemist and protein crystallographer. In his research career spanning over 30 years he has worked at the Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Harvard University (Harvard Medical School) and the Free University of Berlin, where he led the Institute for Crystallography research until his retirement in 2011. A recipient of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (1987) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honor awarded for achievements in research in Germany, and the Humboldt Prize (1988), he is best known for his research on X-ray crystallography of membrane proteins and protein-nucleic acid complexes. He has authored 10 books, including the venerated book 'Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure' published by Springer, and over 500 scientific articles.

He is a fellow of the IUPAC and the National Academy of Sciences.

Partial list of major scientific contributions
 Water Molecule in Hydrophobic Surroundings: Structure of alpha-Cyclodextrin-Hexahydrate (C6H10O5)6·6H2O, Nature, 1972
 Circular hydrogen bonds, Nature, 1979
 Specific protein-nucleic acid recognition in ribonuclease T1−2'-guanylic acid complex: an X-ray study, Nature 1982
 DNA conformation is determined by economics in the hydration of phosphate groups, Nature 1986
 Long-range structural changes in proteinase K triggered by calcium ion removal, Nature  1989
 Three-dimensional structure of the E. coli DMA-binding protein FIS, Nature 1991
 Three-dimensional structure of system I of photosynthesis at 6 Å resolution, Nature 1993
 Crystal structure of beta-D-cellotetraose hemihydrate with implications for the structure of cellulose II, Science 1994
 Structure of the Tet repressor-tetracycline complex and regulation of antibiotic resistance, Science 1994
 Characterization of non-inducible Tet repressor mutants suggests conformational changes necessary for induction, Nature Structural Biology 1995
 Photosystem I at 4 Å resolution represents the first structural model of a joint photosynthetic reaction centre and core antenna system, Nature Structural Biology 1996
 Structural basis of gene regulation by the tetracycline inducible Tet repressor− operator system, Nature Structural Biology 2000
 Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 Å resolution, Nature 2001
 Three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial Photosystem I at 2.5 Å resolution, Nature 2001
 Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 Å resolution structure of photosystem II, Nature 2005
 Where water is oxidized to dioxygen: structure of the photosynthetic Mn4Ca cluster, Science 2006
 Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 Å resolution and the role of quinones, lipids, channels and chloride, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2009

External links
Research Group of Prof. Wolfram Saenger

1939 births
Living people
German biochemists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Harvard Medical School alumni

Wolfram Saenger


The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium.

It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.

In 45% to 50% of persons the superficial circumflex iliac artery and superficial inferior epigastric artery arise from a common trunk. In contrast, 40% to 45% of persons have a superficial circumflex iliac artery and superficial inferior epigastric artery that arise from separate origins.

Additional images

References

External links
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Arteries of the lower limb
Arteries of the abdomen

Superficial circumflex iliac artery


Graeme Shephard (born 8 March 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1970s.

Shephard, a Cooee 'best and fairest' winner in 1969, had his first stint at Collingwood in 1970 but returned to Tasmania the following season. He won his second 'best and fairest' in 1973 and played in Cooee's premiership team that year. A rover who could play as a centreman, Shephard also won the Wander Medal in 1973, the North West Football Union's top individual award.

Back in Collingwood colours, he participated in VFL finals series in 1974 and 1975. He was a member of another NWFU premiership team with Cooee in 1978, after coaching the club the previous year.

A regular Tasmanian interstate representative, he represented his state at the 1972 Perth Carnival. His son Heath also played with Collingwood.

In 2008, Shephard was inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1949 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Cooee Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees

Graeme Shephard


Ara Warkes Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham,  (; born 7 May 1960) is an Armenian-British surgeon, academic, and politician.

Lord Darzi is an academic surgeon and holds the Paul Hamlyn Chair of Surgery at Imperial College London, specialising in the field of minimally invasive and robot-assisted surgery, having pioneered many new techniques and technologies. He is co-director of the Institute of Global Health Innovation and the NIHR Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre at Imperial College London. He has become strongly identified with trying to change the National Health Service (NHS) in England and is recognised internationally as an advocate for applying innovative reforms to health systems globally.

Until resigning the whip in July 2019, Darzi sat as a Labour member of the House of Lords, but now sits as an independent peer because of his perception that Jeremy Corbyn failed to control antisemitism within Labour.

Early life and family
Darzi was born in Baghdad, Iraq to Armenian parents displaced by the 1915 Armenian genocide. His family had lived in Erzurum, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey). His paternal great-grandparents, Tatyos and Elbiz Shiroian, had one daughter and four sons.  Of them only Elbiz and her daughter, Arevalous (Darzi's grandmother), survived the genocide. They fled on foot to northern Iraq with the aid of a friend of Tatyos. Darzi's father was born in Mosul and his mother was born in Baghdad.

Darzi is fluent in Armenian and served as a choirboy for Armenian religious services, growing up in Baghdad . He graduated from Baghdad College, but the situation in Iraq in the late 1970s led to his family's emigration. At 17, he moved to Ireland to study medicine, while his parents and sister eventually settled in London. "We were refugees. We had thrived in Iraq. But it was quite clear that we had to move on again. The first Persian Gulf war was looming. I remember my father saying: 'The kids need to get out of here,'" Darzi recalled in 2015.

He studied medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, obtaining the degrees of LRCP&SI MB BCh BAO in 1984, and subsequently obtained the postgraduate degree of MD at Trinity College, Dublin. He moved to the UK from Ireland in 1990 to further his career in surgery. In 1991, he was appointed as a consultant surgeon at Central Middlesex Hospital at the age of 31 and then moved to St Mary's Hospital in 1994.

His wife, Wendy, is Irish. They have two children, Freddie and Nina.

Medical career

Darzi joined Imperial College London in 1994, obtained his Professorship in 1996 and became the Chair of Surgery and Head of department in 1998. Darzi holds the Paul Hamlyn Chair of Surgery at Imperial College London and the Institute of Cancer Research. He is also an honorary consultant surgeon at St Mary's Hospital, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.  He has held many senior administrative appointments within the Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College, Research Council, Editorial Board of Scientific Journals, and medical royal colleges.

Darzi was educated in Ireland, awarded an MD from Trinity College Dublin and the fellowships of essentially all the Royal Colleges of Surgeons in the British Isles (Ireland FRCSI, England FRCS, and both Scottish Colleges FRCSEd, FRCPSG).

He holds the fellowship of the American College of Surgeons and has been elected as a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, an honorary fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and more recently a foreign associate of the Institute of Medicine. From 2005 to 2008, he was president of Bath Institute of Medical Engineering (BIME). In December 2008 he received an honorary degree (Doctor of Engineering) from the University of Bath.

In 2010, he was made a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, and an honorary fellow of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence.

Darzi's main clinical and academic interest is in minimally invasive surgery and allied technologies in which he and his team are internationally recognised.  He leads a team of researchers covering a wide spectrum of engineering and basic sciences research topics including Medical Image Computing, Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Safety, surgical education and training at post-graduate and undergraduate levels and robotics.  He has published more than 800 peer reviewed papers and authored, co-authored or edited several books.

This work has received international recognition including the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Excellence in Higher and further education 2001, Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence in 2004. In 2006, Darzi and his department were awarded the Rector's Research Excellence Award for their work on surgical robots. He has also delivered many named lectures around the globe.

On 2 May 2013, Lord Darzi was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.

Darzi is an enthusiastic advocate of Patient record access arguing that interested patients and carers, especially those accustomed to self-management of their condition, should take the lead in creating apps and other means of accessing records that are customised to the needs of patient groups.

Political career
In December 2006 NHS London asked Darzi to "develop a strategy to meet Londoners' health needs over the next five to ten years" and so his report Healthcare for London: A Framework for Action was published on 11 July 2007. Largely implemented, it recommended the development of academic health science centres and the introduction of more primary services in one place: polyclinics. The plan for moving care from hospitals to GP-led polyclinics was not successful. Nick Clegg called it "the central imposition of a polyclinic on every primary care trust, regardless of the geography, demographics and clinical needs of the area". However, his call for trauma, acute stroke and heart attack services to be centralised in specialist units succeeded and has been widely copied.

He was also National Advisor in Surgery to the Department of Health. Darzi's report in this role, 'Saws and Scalpels to Lasers and Robots: Clinical case for change' (April 2007), argued for a change to the way surgery is organised to maximise patient benefits.

On 29 June 2007 Darzi was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department of Health in the House of Lords at the Department of Health by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. He was duly raised to the peerage on 12 July 2007 as Baron Darzi of Denham, of Gerrards Cross in the County of Buckinghamshire. His appointment was a small part of a political shift by government to incorporate more talents, with historical predecessors such as the Ministry of All the Talents: however, he only lasted two years in the post.

Darzi was tasked with leading a national review to plan the course of the NHS over a decade, reporting to the Prime Minister, Chancellor, and Secretary of State for Health in June 2008. He cooperated with the Department of Health to undertake the "NHS Next Stage Review".

Darzi was quoted in The Times as saying that "...This Review should be both led and evidence-based". The final report of the Review, High Quality Care for All, was published in June 2008 to considerable public and academic acclaim. The Financial Times stated that it was "the world's most ambitious attempt to raise the quality and effectiveness of an entire nation's healthcare".  The Lancet said that:

Through High Quality Care for All, academics suggested that Darzi has updated traditional notions of professionalism and described a new accountability in clinical practice. Following publication, Darzi remained in his ministerial post. He was associated with the plan to develop Polyclinics in England.  The plan for moving care from hospitals to GP-led polyclinics was quietly reversed when the costs became apparent, but his call for trauma, acute stroke and heart attack services to be centralised in specialist units was seen as successful and was widely copied.

In June 2009, Darzi was appointed as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In July 2009, Darzi relinquished his post as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. The Prime Minister praised his "outstanding contribution" while The Guardian said that:

Since 2018, Darzi has been leading the National Health Service's Accelerated Access Collaborative.

Darzi resigned as a Labour peer on 9 July 2019 to sit as an independent, citing alleged tolerance of antisemitism by the party leadership. Labour rejected the claims on antisemitism as "false and offensive", pointing to the extra resources put into addressing cases, the number dealt with and the low number relative to Labour's membership.

Parliamentary voting record
According to parliamentary monitoring website, TheyWorkForYou, as of May 2021 Darzi's voting record shows the following trends:
 consistently against measures to prevent climate change
 generally for more EU integration

Armenian issues
In October 2016 Darzi joined other prominent Armenians on calling the government of Armenia to adopt "new development strategies based on inclusiveness and collective action" and to create "an opportunity for the Armenian world to pivot toward a future of prosperity, to transform the post-Soviet Armenian Republic into a vibrant, modern, secure, peaceful and progressive homeland for a global nation."

In November 2019, after the US House of Representatives recognized the Armenian genocide, Darzi wrote in The Guardian that he "remain[s] dismayed by the British government's refusal to acknowledge the slaughter of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians in a wave of violence that followed the fall of the Ottoman empire." He added that it is "a source of intense pain and regret to me and my compatriots that our own government persists in denying the genocide out of fear of offending Turkey."

Global health and innovation
After July 2009, Lord Darzi returned to his clinical and academic work and has expanded his involvement in global health issues. In June 2010 he was appointed Chairman of the Institute for Global Health Innovation at Imperial College, a body dedicated to improving healthcare around the world and reducing health inequalities in developed and developing countries.

In November 2010, under David Cameron, Darzi became a United Kingdom Global Ambassador for Health and Life Sciences; a role he continued until 2012. In 2012 the Institute of Global Health Innovation (IGHI) hosted the inaugural Global Health Policy Summit in London, during the London 2012 Olympic Games. This event brought together global healthcare leaders, academics and industry to debate key topics on global health and included a keynote address by Prime Minister David Cameron.

In September 2013, Darzi was appointed by the Mayor of London Boris Johnson to lead a review of health and wellbeing and services in London. The London Health Commission which reported in October 2014 proposed the toughest measures seen in the UK to tackle the "obesity emergency" that leaves one in three 10-year-olds overweight or obese, including Ofsted-style ratings highlighting the best and worst schools at promoting healthy eating, and requiring chain restaurants to include "traffic light" calorie warnings on menus. He called for the Mayor to rewrite the London Plan to give borough councils greater protecting in banning takeaways from within 400m of the school gates.

Also in 2013, he hosted the World Innovation Summit for Health in Doha, Qatar, under the patronage of Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned and the Qatar Foundation. More than one thousand delegates attended from industry, academia and the healthcare sector and politicians, as well as royal figures including Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, The Duke of York, Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco, HRH Princess Ghida Talal of Jordan and Princess Dina Mired of Jordan.

He has also run training courses for doctors in Armenia and helped Armenian doctors come to London for clinical training. He has also performed several laparoscopic surgeries in Yerevan, and supplied hospitals in Armenia with equipment and surgical kits.

Other activities
Darzi, along with Amal Clooney, was involved in the release of two Reuters journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, from Myanmar on 7 May 2019.

In 2021, Darzi commissioned a COVID-19 vaccine promotion ad for the NHS, with his friends Elton John and Michael Caine.

Corporate boards
 Evelo Biosciences, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2018)
 AbbVie, Member of the Advisory Board

Non-profit organizations
 Africa Research Excellence Fund (AREF), Member of the Advisory Panel (since 2015)
 Aurora Prize, Member of the Selection Committee (since 2015)
 Duke Institute for Health Innovation (DIHI), Member of the Global Advisory Board
 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Member
MIT Jameel Clinic, member of the advisory board
 Rangoon General Hospital Reinvigoration Charitable Trust, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Qatar Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board
 Sidra Medical and Research Center, Vice Chair of the Board of Governors

Awards and honours
In 2002, Darzi was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for his services to medicine and surgery and subsequently was created a Life Peer on 12 July 2007, as Baron Darzi of Denham, of Gerrards Cross in the County of Buckinghamshire. He was appointed to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in June 2009. Darzi was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2013.

He was awarded Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence - Minimally Invasive Surgical Technology in 2004 by Hamdan Medical Award.

In January 2014, Darzi was awarded the Qatari sash of Independence by the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in recognition of his contribution to the development of Qatar's health sector. Darzi was named by the Health Service Journal as the 38th most influential person in the English NHS in 2015.

In the 2016 New Year Honours, he was appointed to the Order of Merit, for services to medicine.

He was chosen to carry the Royal Armills at the 2023 Coronation.

References

External links

 Faculty page at Imperial College
 Lord Darzi of Denham at Parliament.uk

1960 births
Living people
Academics of Imperial College London
21st-century British medical doctors
British people of Armenian descent
Iraqi emigrants to the United Kingdom
Ethnic Armenian academics
Ethnic Armenian physicians
Iraqi people of Armenian descent
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Alumni of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
National Health Service people
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British colorectal surgeons
Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
NIHR Senior Investigators
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham


ANDi is the first genetically modified rhesus monkey, who was born at Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) on October 1, 2001. OHSU named the monkey ANDi because it stands for iDNA spelled backward.

Birth circumstances
ANDi was born with an extra glowing gene called green fluorescent protein (GFP). This GFP gene, which is naturally occurring in jellyfish, was taken from a jellyfish and genetically added to ANDi's DNA sequence through his chromosomes.  OHSU used rhesus monkeys because they share 95% of the same genes as humans.

Genetic modification method
During the method in which ANDi was created, 224 eggs were injected with the protein and only 166 or 75% were successfully fertilized. 126 or 76% of these fertilized eggs developed to the four-cell-stage embryos. 40 of the fertilized embryos were implanted in 20 surrogate rhesus mothers, each carrying two embryos. 5 of the surrogates became pregnant. From these five surrogates, three live births proceeded. In these three monkey births, only one infant, ANDi, carried the transgene. Research team leader Gerald Schatten said the technique that created ANDi would become a vital tool for scientists investigating therapies for human diseases.

Implications
By being able to genetically modify a monkey, a new breakthrough in technology was formed.  ANDi was created in the hope of finding a cure for complicated human diseases such as cancer. Since ANDi was born, scientists want to introduce more significant DNA changes. Scientists are looking to make genetic modifications such as those that would make primates closely mimic human diseases like breast cancer or HIV. Scientists also want to try to study and cure other diseases through trans genetics such as Alzheimer's, AIDS, and diabetes.

Although ANDi carries the gene, it does not appear to be functional; ANDi does not actually glow.

See also
 List of individual monkeys
 Tetra (monkey)

References

Individual monkeys
Genetically modified organisms
2001 animal births
Individual primates in the United States

ANDi


The Liberal Party is a Brazilian political party with a liberal and conservative orientation. It was founded in 2006 under the name Party of the Republic, and changed its name in 2019.

The Party of the Republic was created on October 24, 2006, by dissidents of the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party. It was founded with the aim of forming a strong congressional bloc that could negotiate with the federal government and represent the interests of states and municipalities. In the 2010 elections, the party elected 41 federal deputies and 6 senators, becoming the fourth-largest congressional bloc. In 2013, it decided to support the government of President Dilma Rousseff, which generated controversy among its members and criticism from the opposition. In 2019, the party changed its name to the Liberal Party, in an attempt to embrace a more liberal ideology and to dissociate itself from the image of a clientelistic and opportunist party.

Ideology and political positions
The Liberal Party defines itself as a party with a liberal and conservative orientation. It advocates for a free market, a reduction of the tax burden, a smaller government, and the valorization of private initiative. It defends the family as the basic unit of society, the valorization of life from conception, freedom of expression, and the promotion of public security policies.In relation to economic issues, the party is in favor of privatizing state-owned companies and opening the Brazilian market to international trade. It advocates for a reduction of the public deficit, pension reform, and labor reform. Regarding social issues, the party is against the legalization of abortion, drug decriminalization, and gender ideology. It defends the right to bear arms and the autonomy of states and municipalities in issues such as education and public security.

Parliamentary caucus
Currently, the Liberal Party has 41 federal deputies and 4 senators. The party's caucus is composed of politicians from various states and regions of the country, and its main leaders are federal deputy Valdemar Costa Neto and senator Jorginho Mello. In the 2022 elections, the party maintained its position as one of the largest political forces in the country, electing governors in several states, as well as a large caucus of federal and state deputies.

2000s establishments in South America
2006 establishments
Political parties of Brazil
Liberal parties

Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)