Bruce Papitto (born 1958) is an American sculptor specializing in large cast bronze installation pieces.

Among his works are public sculptures such as "The Patriot" in Bedford, Massachusetts, an  sculpted figure of a Revolutionary Era Minuteman carrying the Bedford Flag into the first battle of that war. He also was commissioned to create an  portrait figure of the late U.S. Senator John Chafee located at Colt State Park in Bristol, Rhode Island.

More recently he has completed "The Bell Keepers", a composition with two  figures. It is installed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, at a park near the Rio Grande (at the corner of Rio Grande Boulevard and Alameda Boulevard). It depicts an imagined scene from the Spanish colonial days, circa early 18th century, when the land was under Spanish rule. At the site of this park, the river would leave its banks during recurring seasonal flooding. As a result, the course of the Rio Grande has changed many times, challenging the endurance of the peoples who have occupied the region. During Spanish control, adobe churches were built and, during the most serious floods, many were washed away. Papitto tried to imagine what those colonists would have thought valuable and worth rescuing from a collapsing church.

References

External links

20th-century American sculptors
1958 births
Living people
21st-century American sculptors

Bruce Papitto


Anastasios Polyzoidis (, 1802–1873) was a Greek politician and judicial official.

He was born in Melnik, Ottoman Empire (nowadays in Bulgaria), where he graduated local Greek school. From 1818 he was studying law, history and social studies in Vienna, Göttingen and Berlin. At the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, he interrupted his studies and returned to Greece. After a series of adventures he reached Trieste, and from there he passed to Missolonghi along with some philhellenes.

In Missolonghi he cooperated with Alexandros Mavrokordatos and was set in several gubernatorial positions (secretary of executive) in the Provisional Administration of Greece. He took part in the First Greek National Assembly at Epidaurus. There, almost on his own, he wrote the new state's constitution and the declaration of 15 January 1822, which informed the European powers, allied in the Holy Alliance, that the revolution was national and not social. In 1823 he was in charge of the committee, which was sent to London for the negotiation of a public loan. In 1827, he was elected representative to the National Convention at Troezen. In October of the same year, he went to Paris, in order to continue his studies.

Returning from Paris, Polyzoidis found himself pitted against the autocratic government of Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias, and soon passed into the opposition, editing the newspaper Apollon, printed at Hydra. In 1834 he was nominated by the Bavarian regency to be president of a five-member court of Nafplio, which had to judge Theodoros Kolokotronis, Dimitrios Plapoutas and other former leaders of the War of Independence on trumped-up charges of treason. Polyzoidis, together with fellow judge Georgios Tertsetis, knowing very well the innocence of the defendants, refused to countersign the decision of condemnation. The Minister of Justice, Konstantinos Schinas, personally intervened to force Polyzoidis to append his signature to the document "in the name of the King", to which Polyzoidis replied: "I prefer my hand to be cut off rather than sign." His stance caused his imprisonment and violent maltreatment. This refusal to accept royal intervention in the administration of justice was indicative of Polyzoidis' integrity, and his portrait, together with that of Tertsetis, now hangs in the Areios Pagos, the Supreme Court of Greece.

After the coming of age of king Otto, he was rehabilitated and nominated as vice-president of the Areios Pagos and counselor of state. In 1837, he was named minister of education and of internal affairs. In the former capacity, he was instrumental in the establishment of Greece's first university in Athens, while from his latter post he fought against censorship. Following the overthrow of Otto in 1862, he was appointed prefect of the joint Attica and Boeotia Prefecture. He died in Athens in 1873.

The events of the trial of Kolokotronis and the consecutive trial of Polyzoidis and Tertsetis have been portrayed in the 1974 Greek Film "Η δίκη των Δικαστών" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0255936/).

References
Greece By Thanos Veremis Page 4
Die griechischen Studenten in München unter König Ludwig I. von Bayern By Konstantin Kotsowilis Page 92

Greek Macedonians
19th-century Greek judges
Greek revolutionaries
Greek people of the Greek War of Independence
People from Blagoevgrad Province
1802 births
1873 deaths
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
History of Greece (1832–1862)

Anastasios Polyzoidis


Refael Reuvain Grozovsky (; 1886, Minsk, Belarus – 1958, United States) was a leading Orthodox rabbi, Jewish religious leader and rosh yeshiva ("dean") known for his Talmudic analytical style.

Early years

He was the son of Rabbi Shimshon Grozovsky, the leading dayan (Halachic judge) of Minsk. He attended Yeshiva Knesses Yisrael, known as the Slabodka yeshiva, and studied under Rabbis Moshe Mordechai Epstein and Nosson Tzvi Finkel. In 1919, Rabbi Grozovsky married the daughter of Rabbi Baruch Ber Lebowitz, whose analytical method of textual study continues to be extremely influential in modern-day yeshivas. After his marriage, Rabbi Grozovsky moved to the Vilna suburb of Lukishuk. Later, he moved with his father-in-law to Kaminetz and continued to learn at the yeshiva there (Knesset Beit Yitzhak) under the tutelage of his father-in-law, whom he considered his main teacher. Rabbi Grozovsky had two sons and two daughters. He eventually became the dean of the Kaminetz Yeshiva.

Rabbi Grozovsky was known to lead a simple and sparse life. Sometimes he and his wife had to borrow money from his students. They shared a cramped apartment with his wife's parents, both because of Grozovsky's modest way of life and his desire to learn as much as possible from his famous father-in-law.

Life in America

During World War II, Rabbi Grozovsky escaped Europe and the Holocaust with a group of his students and arrived on the west coast of the United States. He then journeyed to New York City where he joined Rabbis Aharon Kotler and Avraham Kalmanowitz in leading the Vaad Hatzalah's efforts to save Jews from the Nazi Holocaust, including lobbying and fundraising. In the process, he also brought 110 members of the Kaminetz community to safety in America.

Rabbi Grozovsky was extremely active in the Agudath Israel of America organization. However, he preferred to work behind the scenes. His concern for the spiritual state of affairs in Israel was well known. He read many magazine and newspaper articles about Israel and asked students to translate articles written in English. As a result of his knowledge, in May 1951 he organized a public demonstration protesting the unilateral action of the Israeli government in involuntarily sending religious refugee children to anti-religious kibbutzim ("communes").

Rabbi Grozovsky was asked by Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz to head the Yeshiva Torah Vodaas located in Brooklyn, New York. There he earned a reputation for incisive analytical reasoning combined with vast Talmudic knowledge and a humble and modest personality. Although he spent less than a year in this position, his influence on the Yeshiva belies the relatively short time he was associated with it.

Reb Reuvain's schedule would have worn out many men who were physically stronger. He arrived at Beth Medrash Elyon in Monsey, NY, every Thursday and remained awake all night preparing for the Friday Talmudic lecture. The same routine was followed the next night, when after his Shabbos meal, he would prepare for his Sunday afternoon lecture. He then returned to Brooklyn on Monday to present the same lecture, modified for his different audience, on Tuesday.

Six years before his death, he  was struck by a car under suspicious circumstances[Rumour has it was the butcher meat mafia who arranged it, though there were other suspects. he then suffered a stroke which impaired his physical functioning . Nonetheless, the Rosh Yeshiva remained mentally alert and was able to study until his death in 1958. He was survived by his sons, Rabbi Chaim Grozovsky and rabbi Shamshon Grozovsky and his sons-in-law, Rabbis Don Ungarischer (Rosh Yeshiva of Beth Medrash Elyon) and Levi Krupenia.

Talmudic method

The thrust of Rav Grozovsky's method of Talmudic analysis was an emphasis on extreme thoroughness. This manifested in two areas:

Thoroughness of thought: the cornerstone of his methodology was the application of the maximum effort of thought into all ideas being studied in the Talmud and the related rabbinical literature and finding the underpinnings of even "simple" ideas. Rabbi Grozovsky taught that the casual acceptance of seemingly "simple" ideas is the scholar's enemy. Only a deep examination of all facets of the subject matter can reveal the true depth. This approach is evidenced in his published works, Chidushei R' Reuvain.
The examination of all options: Rabbi Grozovsky held that the proper understanding of Talmud demands examining even those alternatives that one instinctively dismisses. One cannot dismiss any possibility outright without arguments. Rather all options must be subjected to full scrutiny.

Opposition to Zionism
Grozovsky was a fierce opponent of Zionism and the State of Israel. He wrote several essays attacking the Zionist movement and describing how Haredim should deal with the State. These essays were later collected and published in the book Ba'ayos Hazman. In one essay, Grozovsky stressed that Agudath Israel differed from the extreme anti Zionist Neturei Karta only in tactics, not in ideology. He also participated in demonstrations against various actions of the Israeli government, and spoke against it in strong terms.

R. Reuven said that Jews love Eretz Yisroel is due to the holiness with which Hashem sanctified it - "but all of this is only when it comes from belief in Hashem and His Torah."

R. Reuven commented on the verse in Samuel "for all the nations are planted in their land and language, but we are planted in Hashem and his Torah."

References

Sources
Rabbi Reuvain Grozovsky: From Kamenitz to America

Belarusian Haredi rabbis
American Haredi rabbis
Rosh yeshivas
1896 births
1958 deaths
Rabbis from Minsk
20th-century Russian rabbis
Torah Vodaath rosh yeshivas
Slabodka yeshiva alumni
20th-century American rabbis

Refael Reuvain Grozovsky


A destoner is a machine that removes stones and clods from soil ridges and moves them to the furrow so that the ridges are free from stones. This also helps when harvesting in wet conditions as the harvester can drive on a row of stones which helps improve traction.

They remove stone using a series of webs (between two and five webs). The stones stay on the web and the clay falls through it. The stones travel through the machine and the bigger stones fall into a boulder box and the smaller stones fall onto a cross conveyor and in turn fall into a trench. On the next pass the tractor tramps these stones down.

Destoners are usually fitted with steerable wheels which makes them more maneuverable on headlands. Some are fitted with hydraulic leveling.

Agricultural machinery

Destoner


The Criminal (released in the United States as The Concrete Jungle) is a 1960 British neo-noir crime film directed by Joseph Losey and starring Stanley Baker, Sam Wanamaker, Grégoire Aslan, Jill Bennett, and Margit Saad. Baker plays Johnny Bannion, a recently-paroled gangster (patterned after Albert Dimes) who is sent back to prison after robbing a racetrack, with both the authorities and the criminal underworld looking for the money.

Alun Owen wrote the screenplay, from a story by an uncredited Jimmy Sangster. John Dankworth composed the musical score, with a title song sung by Cleo Laine. The ensemble supporting cast features Jill Bennett, Rupert Davies, Laurence Naismith, Patrick Magee and Murray Melvin in his film debut.

The film is noted for its harsh and violent portrayal of prison life, led it to be banned in several countries, including Finland and Ireland.

Plot
Johnny Bannion is a career criminal with an entourage of minor criminals and fast girls. After being paroled from a three-year stint in prison, he begins planning his "comeback" - a racetrack heist for £40,000. He successfully plans and executes the robbery with the help of his partner, a well-connected American named Mike Carter (Sam Wanamaker). Unbeknownst to him, the racetrack is owned by another gangster. Word is spread of his responsibility, he's double-crossed by his associates, and he is sent back to prison, where he is a well known figure.

In prison, Italian mob boss Frank Saffron takes him under his wing and secures a move to a different block through claiming to be a Roman Catholic. He tells him the outside world wants their £40,000 back, but is prepared to give favours if he gets a cut. They make their plans whispering to each other during Sunday mass.

The death of an inmate triggers a prison riot. The other prison boss, the Irish O'Hara, is less sympathetic to Bannion. During the riot, Bannion opens the door to let the guards back in and wins favour of the prison governor. He is transferred to a low security prison for his assistance but is booed by fellow inmates as he leaves.

During the transfer, it is revealed that Bannion paid £40,000 for the riot and a "fast car". The car appears and drives the prison van off the road, rescuing Bannion. However, he has been double crossed. He is taken to a narrow boat where the criminals he robbed are waiting, also with his lover Suzanne as security. They flee, but Bannion is hit by a bullet as they escape. They reach a snowy field where Johnny shoots one of his three pursuers before being shot himself. He dies before being able to say where the money is.

Cast

Production
Joseph Losey said he was handed a ready-made script. "It was a concoction of all the prison films Hollywood ever made", he said. "Both Stanley Baker and I refused to work until they let us write our own script. Which is what we did." He says the producers wanted a sequence where the criminals rob a race track but he felt that had been done in The Killing (1956), so he filmed it taking place off screen. According to Losey, Johnny Bannion was modelled on real-life Soho gangster Albert Dimes, whom Baker was acquainted with. Frank Saffron, the prison mob boss, was patterned after Charles Sabini.

The film was the debut for several of its actors, including Murray Melvin, Roy Dotrice, Neil McCarthy and Derek Francis.

Reception
According to Losey the film was a commercial success. He said the film was banned in Ireland because so many of the prisoners were Irish Catholics.

The film was reportedly very successful in Paris.

References

External links

 The Criminal at BFI Screenonline

1960 films
1960 crime drama films
British black-and-white films
British prison drama films
British heist films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Joseph Losey
Films with screenplays by Jimmy Sangster
Films scored by John Dankworth
1960s prison films
1960s British films

The Criminal (1960 film)


Eucalyptus nutans, commonly known as red-flowered moort, is a species of mallet that is endemic to a small area near the south coast of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, oblong to almost round adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, red or pinkish flowers and cup-shaped to conical fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus nutans is a single-stemmed, small tree that typically grows to a height of  but does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth, light brown to grey bark. Adult leaves are elliptical to oblong or almost round, the same shade of glossy green on both sides,  long and  wide on a petiole  long. The buds flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on a spreading or down-turned, unbranched, strap-like  peduncle about  long and  wide, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to  long. Mature buds are obtusely conical shape and slightly warty,  long and  wide with a conical operculum that is about the same length as the floral cup. Flowering occurs between November and April and the stamens are red, rarely cream-coloured. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped to conical capsule about  long and  wide, with four wings along the edge and five valves in a wheel-like arrangement. The seeds are black with a compressed oval shape.

Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus nutans was first formally described in 1863 by Ferdinand von Mueller from specimens collected by George Maxwell near Bremer Bay. The description was published in his book Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning "nodding", referring to the flowers.

In 1852, William Jackson Hooker described Eucalyptus platypus from specimens collected near King George Sound.
In 2002, around a century and a half after the description of E. platypus, Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper published the names Eucalyptus platypus subsp. congregata, E.cernua and E. vesiculosa.

Between 1968 and 1989, seed collected from Bremer Bay for the Kings Park Botanic Garden was labelled "Eucalyptus platypus". Field trips to Bremer Bay in 1999 and 2003, convinced Nathan McQuoid and Stephen Hopper that these plants were in fact E. nutans.

Collections of specimens of "red-flowered moort" from near Ravensthorpe are now known to be of E. cernua and some specimens of E. cernua are now known as E. proxima.

Distribution
This mallet is only known from a single location near Bremer Bay where is grows in a more or less pure stand with Acacia glaucoptera, A. cyclops, Hakea laurina, Eucalyptus phenax, E. occidentalis, Rhadinothamnus rudis and species of Lepidosperma and Astroloma also present.

Conservation status
This eucalypt classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). It is only known from a single location where there are several thousand plants over a few hectares. Many plants were killed in a 1995 fire. It is rare in nature but is known as cultivated specimens in gravel pits near Albany and in Kings Park, grown from the seed collected between 1968 and 1989.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

Eucalypts of Western Australia
Trees of Australia
nutans
Myrtales of Australia
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Plants described in 1863

Eucalyptus nutans


Campione d'Italia (Italian pronunciation: [kamˈpjoːne diˈtaːlja]), (Comasco: , ) is a comune of the Province of Como in the Lombardy region of Italy and an enclave surrounded by the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is also an exclave. At its closest, the enclave is less than  from the rest of Italy, but the intervening mountainous terrain requires a journey by road through the Swiss village of Bissone of over  to reach the nearest Italian town, Lanzo d'Intelvi, and over  to reach the city of Como.

History

In the first century BC the Romans founded the garrison town of Campilonum to protect their territories from Helvetii invasions.

In 777, Toto of Campione, a local Lombard lord, left his inheritance to the archbishopric of Milan. Ownership was transferred to the abbey of Sant'Ambrogio. In 1512, the surrounding area of Ticino was transferred from the ownership of the bishop of Como to Switzerland by Pope Julius II, as thanks for the support in the War of the Holy League. However, the abbey maintained control over what is now Campione d'Italia and some territory on the western bank of Lake Lugano.

When Ticino chose to become part of the Swiss Confederation in 1798, the people of Campione chose to remain part of Lombardy. In 1800, Ticino proposed exchanging Indemini for Campione. In 1814 a referendum was held, and the residents of Campione opposed it. In 1848, during the wars of Italian unification, Campione petitioned Switzerland for annexation. This was rejected due to the Swiss desire for neutrality.

After Italian unification in 1861, all land west of Lake Lugano and half of the lake were given to Switzerland so that Swiss trade and transport would not have to pass through Italy. The d'Italia was added to the name of Campione in the 1930s by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and an ornamental gate to the village was built. This was to assert the enclave's Italian character.

During World War II, the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS – the precursor to the CIA), partly through Berne OSS chief Allen Welsh Dulles, maintained a unit in Campione for operations in Italy. At the time the Italian fascist regime did not have control over the enclave. The Swiss ignored the situation as long as the Americans kept a low profile. Postage stamps were issued during this period inscribed "Campione d'Italia" and valued in Swiss currency.

Demography
The population of the enclave according to the Italian Census was:

Economy and administration

Campione has had a considerable amount of economic and administrative integration with Switzerland, but against the wishes of its residents, it formally became part of the EU customs territory on 1 January 2020. VAT will apply, but the tax rate will remain that of Switzerland (much lower than that of Italy). A border crossing will be established.

Prior to that time, it was de facto in the customs territory of Switzerland, meaning most of the public services were carried out by Swiss providers, such as refuse collection, telecommunications, and vehicle registration. The enclave enjoyed considerable tax breaks and was exempt from VAT. Campione d'Italia was one of four Italian cities issued a casino licence and took advantage of this by operating the Casinò di Campione, as gambling laws are less strict than in either Italy or Switzerland; also a legacy of the pre-World War II era.
Although (as part of Italy) the euro is formally the only legal tender, in practice the main operating currency in the commune has been the Swiss franc, but euros are widely accepted. Salaries are paid in Swiss francs.

Pursuant to bilateral agreements, Italians residing in Campione also benefit from many services and facilities located in Swiss territory, such as hospital care, that would otherwise be available only to Swiss residents. People working in Campione but living in Switzerland have access to Swiss unemployment and other state help, which does not apply to those living within Campione village limits, which is legally Italy.

Firefighters and ambulances are provided by the Swiss authorities. However, security is provided by the Carabinieri (Italian military police) and the village also has a Polizia Locale group.

Previously, mail could be sent to Campione using either a Swiss postal code (CH-6911) or an Italian one (IT-22061) via Switzerland or Italy, but the Swiss postal code has ceased to be valid, with mail instead being charged at the same international rate as that between Switzerland and Italy. Consequently, all mail is now processed and delivered by Poste Italiane, not Swiss Post. The telephone system remains Swiss, meaning that calls from Italy and all other countries outside Switzerland require the international dialling code for Switzerland, +41, with the exception of the town hall, which can be reached using the code for Italy, +39.

Similarly, motor vehicles, which used Ticino registration plates, were no longer allowed to do so, or to be insured in Switzerland. Instead, they were required to be registered in Como. However, electricity has always been supplied from Italy.

Casinò di Campione

The Casinò di Campione was the largest employer in the municipality up until its closure in 2018. The casino then reopened in 2022. It was founded in 1917, owned by the Italian government, and operated by the municipality. The income from the casino was sufficient for the operation of Campione without the imposition of taxes, or obtaining of other revenue. It was Europe's largest casino.

The casino was declared bankrupt on 27 July 2018. The economic impact was a threat to the entire village, with everything from pizzeria owners and taxi drivers to the municipal fire department on the list of creditors. Locals feared that without the casino, the commune would become a ghost town. Under the customs deal of 2020 Italy agreed to settle debts to Swiss creditors estimated at nearly €5 million. The casino re-opened 26 January 2022.

Education
Schools within the comune are the Scuola Materna G. Garibaldi, the Scuola Elementare, and the Scuola Media.

See also

Büsingen am Hochrhein
List of communes of the Province of Como
List of enclaves and exclaves
Llívia

References

External links

  European Court of Human Rights: Nada v. Switzerland 10593/08

Enclaves and exclaves
Special territories of the European Union
Italy–Switzerland border
Duty-free zones of Europe
Populated places on Lake Lugano

Campione d'Italia


Charles Ramage Prescott (January 6, 1772 – June 11, 1859) was a merchant, noted horticulturalist and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented the town of Cornwallis in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1818 to 1820.

He was born in Halifax, the son of Jonathan Prescott and Anne Blagden. He entered business in partnership with William Lawson. Prescott married Hannah Whidden in 1796. Prescott prospered during the Napoleonic Wars through ownership of ships supplying the British military and by shrewd trade. He retired from business in 1811 selling his wharves and warehouse complex on the Halifax waterfront to Enos Collins. The following year, he settled on a country estate called Acacia Grove in Starr's Point near Port Williams in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley. In 1814, he married Mariah Hammill after the death of his first wife. He was interested in the development of fruit trees, owning extensive orchards, importing fruit trees from Britain, Lower Canada and the United States and raising more exotic fruit in hothouses. Prescott, who often shared his stock with other growers, is credited with introducing many of the apple varieties commonly grown commercially in the province in the years that followed, including the Gravenstein, which became a provincial favourite. He was president of the King's County Horticultural Society and vice-president of the Nova Scotia Horticultural Society. In 1825, Prescott was named to the province's Council, serving until 1838. He died at his home at the age of 87. His restored home is now the Prescott House Museum, part of the Nova Scotia Museum system.

References

1772 births
1859 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Agriculture in Nova Scotia

Charles Ramage Prescott


A saturable reactor in electrical engineering is a special form of inductor where the magnetic core can be deliberately saturated by a direct electric current in a control winding. Once saturated, the inductance of the saturable reactor drops dramatically. This decreases inductive reactance and allows increased flow of the alternating current (AC).

Design considerations
Saturable reactors provide a very simple means to remotely and proportionally control the AC through a load such as an incandescent lamp; the AC current is roughly proportional to the direct current (DC) through the control winding.

The power windings, the control winding, and the core are arranged so that the control winding is well isolated from the AC power. The AC power windings are also usually configured so that they self-cancel any AC voltage that might otherwise be induced in the control winding.

Because the required inductance to achieve dimming varies with the size of the load, saturable reactors often have multiple taps, allowing a small inductance to be used with a large load or a larger inductance to be used with a smaller load. In this way, the required magnitude of the control current can be kept roughly constant, no matter what the load.

Obsolete technology
Saturable reactors designed for mains (power-line) frequency are larger, heavier, and more expensive than electronic power controllers developed after the introduction of semiconductor electronic components, and have largely been replaced by thyristor dimmers using triacs or SCRs.

However, as of 2015, there has been renewed interest in using these devices for control of "smart grids" with multiple current tested installations in California, as well as the United Kingdom.

See also
 Magnetic amplifier
 Constant voltage transformer
 Transductor

Citations

References

External links

Electromagnetic components

Saturable reactor


Van Buren () is a Dutch surname meaning "of/from Buren".  is also the Dutch word for "neighbours".

People
 Abigail Van Buren, pen name of the writer(s) of the "Dear Abby" column
 Adeline and Augusta Van Buren, the Van Buren sisters, Australian transcontinental motorcyclists
 Amelia Van Buren (c. 1856–1942), American photographer
 Andrew Van Buren, British performer who specialises in magic, large scale-illusions and juggling
 Anita Van Buren, a fictional character on the television show Law & Order
 Ebert Van Buren (1924–2019), American-Honduran football player
 Edith Van Buren (1858–1914), American socialite and traveler
 Elizabeth Douglas Van Buren (1881–1961), British archaeologist
 James Lyman Van Buren (1837-1866), American army officer and general after the American Civil War
 Jermaine Van Buren (born 1980), Major League Baseball player
 John Van Buren (US representative) (1799–1855), U.S. Representative from New York
 John D. Van Buren (1838–1918), an American civil engineer, naval engineer, lawyer, and politician
 John J. Van Buren (1915–1942), a U.S. Navy officer and pilot who received the Navy Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross
 Mabel Van Buren (1878–1947), American stage and screen actress
 Martin Van Buren (1782–1862), eighth president of the United States (1837–1841)
 Hannah Van Buren (1783–1819), his wife
 Abraham Van Buren II (1807–1873), his eldest son
 Angelica Van Buren (1818–1877), his daughter-in-law (performed the ceremonial duties of First Lady)
 John Van Buren (1810–1866), his second son
 Abraham Van Buren I (1737 - 1817), his father
 Mick van Buren (born 1992), Dutch footballer
 Paul Van Buren, Christian theologian and author of the Secular Meaning of the Gospel
 Raeburn van Buren (1891–1987) American magazine and comic strip illustrator
 Steve Van Buren (1920–2012), professional American football player
 William Holme Van Buren (1819–1883), American surgeon

Dutch Royal Family
The name (van) "Buren" appears in the history of the Dutch royal house, being the family name of Anna van Egmond en Buren, the first wife of William I of Orange. Borrowing from this heritage, the Dutch royal family have used Count of Buren as a title or the surname "van Buren" in situations requiring anonymity.

 Princess Beatrix (formerly Queen Beatrix), the Countess of Buren (Dutch Gravin van Buren).
 King Willem-Alexander used the alias "Alexander van Buren" or a variant for anonymity purposes. For example, during his University application he used "Alex van Buren". He also registered for the 1986 elfstedentocht as "W A van Buren".

See also
 Van Buuren (surname), Dutch surname of the same origin and pronunciation
 Van Beuren, form of the surname that probably originated in the US

Dutch-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Surnames of Dutch origin

Van Buren (surname)


Christopher Andrew Coons (born September 9, 1963) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Delaware since 2010. A member of the Democratic Party, Coons served as the county executive of New Castle County from 2005 to 2010.

Raised in Hockessin, Delaware, Coons graduated from Amherst College in Massachusetts, where he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He received graduate degrees from Yale Divinity School and Yale Law School. He went to work as a volunteer relief worker in Kenya, where he had taken classes at the University of Nairobi, later returning to the U.S. to work for the Coalition for the Homeless in New York. He spent some time as a legal clerk in New York before returning to Delaware in 1996, where he spent eight years as in-house counsel for a materials manufacturing company. In the interim he worked for several nonprofit organizations.

Coons served as president of the New Castle County Council from 2001 to 2005 and county executive of New Castle County from 2005 to 2010. He balanced the county budget with a surplus in fiscal year 2010 by cutting spending and raising taxes, and the county maintained a AAA bond rating. Coons contested the 2010 Senate special election for Delaware. He defeated the Republican nominee, Christine O'Donnell, to succeed Ted Kaufman, who had been appointed to the seat when Joe Biden resigned to become Vice President of the United States. He was elected to a full term in 2014. Coons is the chair of the Senate Ethics Committee. His other committee assignments include Appropriations, Foreign Relations, Judiciary, and Small Business and Entrepreneurship. He previously served as ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs and the Judiciary Subcommittee on Bankruptcy and the Courts.

Coons co-chaired the 2017 and 2019 National Prayer Breakfasts and co-chairs the weekly Senate Prayer Breakfast. The New York Times called him an "effective" emissary of Joe Biden to former and current Republican lawmakers in Biden's 2020 campaign for president.

Early life and education
Coons was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the son of Sarah Louise "Sally" (née Ives) and Kenelm Winslow "Ken" Coons. His ancestry includes English and Irish. Coons grew up in Hockessin, Delaware, where he attended the public Yorklyn Elementary School and later H.B. DuPont Middle School. His parents struggled financially and divorced in the mid-1970s. He and his two brothers lived with their mother for a few years until 1977, when his mother married Robert W. Gore, the President of W. L. Gore and Associates.

He graduated from the private Tower Hill School and then Amherst College in 1985 with a Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and political science. While in college, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma chapter) and a U.S. Senate intern. In 1983, Coons was awarded a Truman Scholarship. During his junior year of college, he studied abroad at the University of Nairobi in Kenya through St. Lawrence University's Kenya Semester Program. In 1992, he earned a master's degree in ethics from Yale Divinity School and a J.D. degree from Yale Law School. In 2018, Delaware State University named Coons as an Honorary Doctor in Humane Letters.

Professional career
After college, Coons worked in Washington, D.C., for the Investor Responsibility Research Center, where he wrote a book on South Africa and the U.S. divestment movement. He then worked as a volunteer for the South African Council of Churches and as a relief worker in Kenya, before returning to the U.S. to work for the National Coalition for the Homeless in New York. In 1992, he earned a J.D. degree from Yale Law School, and a master's degree in ethics from Yale Divinity School.

Coons clerked for Judge Jane Richards Roth on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and then worked for the National "I Have a Dream" Foundation in New York. After returning to Delaware in 1996, Coons began his eight-year career as in-house counsel for W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Newark, Delaware-based makers of Gore-Tex fabrics and other high-tech materials. There he was responsible for the ethics training program, federal government relations, e-commerce legal work, and for general commercial contracting.

He has also worked for several nonprofits, including the Coalition for the Homeless, the education-oriented "I Have a Dream" Foundation, and the South African Council of Churches. Coons has served on several boards including First State Innovation, the Bear/Glasgow Boys & Girls Club, and the Delaware College of Art & Design.

Coons is on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service.

Early political career
Coons first became involved in politics working on behalf of Republican politicians. As a 17-year-old, in 1980, he independently campaigned for Ronald Reagan's presidential run. He also worked on Bill Roth's U.S. Senate campaign in 1982. During college, he switched from being a Republican to a Democrat and in 1988, Coons became the issues director for the U.S. Senate campaign of Democratic Delaware Lt. Gov. Shien Biau Woo. He was a delegate from Wilmington to the 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.

His first elected office was president of the New Castle County Council, elected in 2000 and serving four years before being elected county executive in 2004. He was the endorsed candidate of the New Castle County Democratic Party in 2008, and was re-nominated by the party on September 9, 2008. Coons was re-elected on November 4, 2008, unopposed in the general election. In his six years in office as county executive, Coons balanced the budget with a surplus in fiscal year 2010 by cutting spending and raising taxes. As New Castle county executive, Coons raised taxes despite having campaigned on a promise not to increase them. New Castle County maintained a AAA bond rating throughout his tenure.

U.S. Senate

Elections

2010

Coons ran in the 2010 special election for the U.S. Senate seat then held by Democrat Ted Kaufman, who was appointed after Joe Biden resigned to take office as vice president. Kaufman had been appointed as a placeholder, and did not run in the special election. Coons was unopposed in the Democratic primary, and expected to face Republican Congressman and former Governor Mike Castle in the general election. Coons was considered a decided underdog due to Castle's moderate profile and longstanding popularity in the state, but the dynamics of the race significantly altered when Christine O'Donnell, a Tea Party Republican who had lost to Biden in 2008 and who was strongly opposed by the GOP establishment, upset Castle in the Republican primary.

In the first post-primary polls, Rasmussen Reports showed Coons with a double-digit lead over O'Donnell, describing this as a "remarkable turnaround" given that the race had leaned Republican before O'Donnell's primary victory. In the first week of October, Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll showed Coons with a 17-point lead, 53%-36%, over O'Donnell, and that 85% of self-identified Democratic voters had united behind Coons, while only 68% of Republican voters endorsed O'Donnell. Days before the election, a second Fairleigh Dickinson poll showed Coons leading 57% to 36% among likely voters, and 72% to 20% among voters who described themselves as moderates. As polls closed at 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, multiple news sources announced that Coons had defeated O'Donnell based on exit poll data. Final results gave Coons close to a 17-point margin over O'Donnell, with 56.6% of the vote to her 40%.

During the campaign, Coons became embroiled in controversy over an article he wrote in 1985 for his college newspaper: "Chris Coons: The Making of a Bearded Marxist". In it, he described how, on a college trip to Kenya, hearing wealthy Africans disparaging their country's poor while studying under a "bright and eloquent Marxist professor" at the University of Nairobi helped transform him from a Republican to what Fox News called a "Democrat suspicious of America's power and ideals". Coons campaign spokesman Dave Hoffman said the article's title was a humorous takeoff on a joke Coons's college friends had made about how his time outside the country had affected his outlook. "After witnessing crushing poverty and the consequences of the Reagan Administration's 'constructive engagement' with the South African apartheid regime, he rethought his political views, returned to the America he loved and proudly registered as a Democrat", Hoffman said in a statement to Politico.

According to Fox News, Coons was "targeted by Republicans" over the 25-year-old piece, and then-Senate-Majority-Leader Harry Reid's attempt to defend Coons by calling him "my pet" might have done more harm than good. Coons downplayed the article, as well as controversial past statements by O'Donnell, saying that voters were interested in current issues such as job creation and the national debt and not "statements that either of us made 20 or 30 years ago". Writing in Slate, David Weigel called Coons "boring" and noted that his campaign ads failed to identify him as a Democrat, but opined, "If the Tea Party Express slings the 'bearded Marxist' nonsense, I doubt it will work."

O'Donnell also attracted significant controversy; she embellished her academic record on several occasions, and after comedian Bill Maher aired a video clip of her admitting that she had "dabbled in witchcraft" while in high school, her campaign aired a widely mocked television ad that began with her saying "I am not a witch."

2014

Coons was elected to his first full term by defeating Republican challenger Kevin Wade and Green Party candidate Andrew Groff on November 4, 2014. Wade, an engineer and businessman, also ran against U.S. Senator Tom Carper in 2012. Coons won 55.8% of the popular vote (130,655 to Wade's 98,823 and to Groff's 4,560).

2020

In the 2020 Democratic primary election, Coons easily defeated technology executive Jessica Scarane, a progressive challenger endorsed by groups like Brand New Congress. In the general election, Coons faced Republican nominee Lauren Witzke, a controversial conservative activist and conspiracy theorist calling for a ten-year immigration moratorium. Coons and Witzke took part in a digital debate hosted by the Jewish Federation of Delaware, in which they debated the merits of late Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the Black Lives Matter movement, as well as Witzke's comments about the QAnon conspiracy theory. In the November general election, Coons defeated Witzke, 59-38%.

Tenure

2010s
On November 15, 2010, Coons was sworn in as Delaware's newest senator by Vice President Joe Biden, the former occupant of Coons's Senate seat. Joe Manchin of West Virginia was sworn in on the same day, though he took an advantage in seniority over Coons, as the former governor of West Virginia.

The Affordable Care Act (commonly called Obamacare) had already been passed when Coons took office, but he has voted against repealing it, emphasizing that seniors in Delaware would have to pay higher prescription drug prices if it was repealed. In September 2017, Coons said the Graham-Cassidy bill, meant to replace the Affordable Care Act, would be playing "Russian roulette with the American health care system."

On abortion, Coons has received a 100% rating from the Planned Parenthood Action Fund and a 0% rating from the National Right to Life Committee.

In June 2013, after the death of Democratic senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey, Coons was appointed to his seat on the influential Appropriations Committee, becoming the first senator from Delaware to serve on the committee in 40 years. As a result, he gave up his seat on the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.

In October 2013, Coons announced the formation of the inaugural Senate Chicken Caucus in the United States Senate. He stated, "I hope that the Senate Chicken Caucus will give America's chicken producers a platform to better inform legislators about the industry's vital contributions to our economy, and promote policy solutions that help their businesses grow and thrive."

On December 11, 2013, Coons introduced the Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 1799; 113th Congress), a bill that would reauthorize the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 and would authorize funding through 2018 to help child abuse victims. Coons said that "we have a responsibility to protect our children from violence and abuse."

In March 2014, Coons voted against President Obama's nomination of civil rights lawyer Debo Adegbile for Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, even though he believed that Adegbile would have been "an asset to the Justice Department." He stated that voting for a nominee "who would face such visceral opposition from law enforcement on his first day on the job" was troubling and the vote was "one of the most difficult I have taken since joining the Senate". Obama described the Senate's vote against Adegbile as "a travesty based on wildly unfair character attacks against a good and qualified public servant." An open letter to Coons from students, faculty and alumni of the Yale Law and Divinity Schools, of which Coons is an alumnus, criticized his vote as "alarm[ing]" and "signal[ing] a lack of respect for the fundamental American legal principle that all parties have a right to zealous representation."

Coons was mentioned as a possible replacement for the late Justice Antonin Scalia in February 2016.

In April 2017, after President Trump tweeted that North Korea had "disrespected the wishes of China & its highly respected President" with a recent missile launch, Coons said Trump understood China was his sole "constructive path forward on North Korea" but that diplomacy would not work through tweeting.

In July 2017, Coons voted in favor of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act that placed sanctions on Iran together with Russia and North Korea.

In April 2018, following the FBI raid on the hotel room and offices of Trump's personal attorney, Michael Cohen, Coons, Cory Booker, Lindsey Graham, and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to "limit President Trump's ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller". Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act, the legislation would allow any special counsel, in this case Mueller, receive an "expedited judicial review" in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine whether the dismissal was appropriate. If not, the special counsel would be reinstated. At the same time, according to The Hill, the bill would "codify regulations" that a special counsel could be fired only by a senior Justice Department official, while having to provide reasons in writing.

2020s
In November 2020, Coons was named a candidate for Secretary of State in the Biden administration. Biden ultimately chose Antony Blinken to lead the State Department, telling Coons, "I need you in the Senate." Coons is seen as among President Biden's closest allies in the Senate and is poised to broker political power during Biden's presidency.

During the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Coons was evacuated from the Senate chambers, along with other senators and staff. He said there were "some scary and chaotic moments" during the attack. When the Senate reconvened to certify the Electoral College vote count, Coons called for Trump's removal, saying he "poses a real and present threat to the future of our democracy". He called for the invocation of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution the day after the event on Good Morning America. That same day, January 7, he called for Republicans Josh Hawley and Ted Cruz, who both challenged the election results, to resign from the Senate.

Committee assignments
Source:

Select Committee on Ethics (Chair)
Committee on Appropriations
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Chair)
Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Committee on Foreign Relations
Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy
Subcommittee on East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy
Subcommittee on United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy
Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development
Committee on the Judiciary
Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust, and Consumer Rights
Subcommittee on Criminal Justice and Counterterrorism
Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship and Border Safety
Subcommittee on Intellectual Property (Chair)
Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law
Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Previous (2010–2015)
Committee on the Budget
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

Caucus memberships

Senate Law Enforcement Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Climate Solutions Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Competitiveness Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Chicken Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Human Rights Caucus (co-chair)
Congressional Trademark Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Caucus on Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (co-chair)
Senate Oceans Caucus
Senate Manufacturing Caucus
Rare Disease Congressional Caucus
Senate Renewables and Energy Efficiency Caucus
Congressional International Creativity and Theft-Prevention Caucus
Congressional Bipartisan HBCU Caucus
Senate National Guard Caucus
Senate Small Brewers Caucus
Congressional Bicameral High-Speed & Intercity Passenger Rail Caucus
Senate Diabetes Caucus
Senate Global Internet Freedom Caucus
Senate India Caucus
Congressional French Caucus
Cloud Task Force, Congressional High Tech Caucus
Bicameral Congressional AIDS Caucus
Senate Veterans Jobs Caucus
Senate Air Force Caucus
Senate Recycling Caucus
National Service Congressional Caucus
Congressional Inventions Caucus
Afterschool Caucuses

Political positions
The American Conservative Union gave him a 3% lifetime conservative rating in 2020

Abortion
Coons supported Roe v. Wade and believes abortion should remain legal throughout the country. In 2015, he signed an amicus brief to the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt that urged the Court to step in to prevent states from enacting laws that restrict access to abortion. Coons described the June 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade as taking away "the fundamental freedom for women to make their own choices about their body and their future."

Agriculture
In June 2019, Coons and 18 other Democratic senators sent USDA Inspector General Phyllis K. Fong a letter requesting that she investigate USDA instances of retaliation and political decision-making and asserting that not to conduct an investigation would mean these "actions could be perceived as a part of this administration's broader pattern of not only discounting the value of federal employees, but suppressing, undermining, discounting, and wholesale ignoring scientific data produced by their own qualified scientists."

Child care
In 2019, Coons and 34 other senators introduced the Child Care for Working Families Act. The bill would create 770,000 new child-care jobs and ensure families with less than 75% of the state median income do not pay for child care, with higher-earning families having to pay "their fair share for care on a sliding scale, regardless of the number of children they have." The legislation also supports universal access to high-quality preschool programs for all 3- and 4-year-olds and changes the child care workforce's compensation and training to aid both teachers and caregivers. The bill has not made it out of committee as of August 2020.

Environment

In April 2019, Coons was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that investment in viable options to capture carbon emissions could stimulate American job growth and expressing disagreement with Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that include carbon capture research. Coons was revealed in a sting operation by Greenpeace to be a target for ExxonMobil in efforts to weaken the climate regulations in President Biden's INVEST in America Act.

Gun law
As of 2010, Coons had a "F" rating from the National Rifle Association of America due to his stance on gun control. In 2015, he and 23 other Democratic senators signed a letter to Obama asking him to take executive action on gun control in the wake of the Umpqua Community College shooting. Coons supported the Feinstein Amendment, which sought to ban known and suspected terrorists from buying firearms. The next year, he participated in the Chris Murphy gun control filibuster.

Foreign policy
In December 2010, Coons voted for the ratification of New START, a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russian Federation obliging both countries to have no more than 1,550 strategic warheads as well as 700 launchers deployed during the next seven years along with providing a continuation of on-site inspections that halted when START I expired the previous year. It was the first arms treaty with Russia in eight years.

Coons is a member of the Senate Foreign Relations committee and is a staunch supporter of Israel. He has also been a guest speaker at AIPAC events. Coons is also a co-sponsor of a Senate resolution expressing objection to the UN Security Council Resolution 2334 because it undermines direct talks between the parties.

Coons condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.

In October 2018, Coons was one of seven senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo expressing that they found it "difficult to reconcile known facts with at least two" of the Trump administration's certifications that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were attempting to protect Yemeni civilians and were in compliance with US laws on arms sales, citing their lack of understanding for "a certification that the Saudi and Emirati governments are complying with applicable agreements and laws regulating defense articles when the [memo] explicitly states that, in certain instances, they have not done so."

In November 2018, Coons joined Senator Marco Rubio and a bipartisan group of lawmakers in sending the Trump administration a letter raising concerns about China's undue influence over media outlets and academic institutions in the United States. They wrote, "In American news outlets, Beijing has used financial ties to suppress negative information about the CCP. In the past four years, multiple media outlets with direct or indirect financial ties to China allegedly decided not to publish stories on wealth and corruption in the CCP...Beijing has also sought to use relationships with American academic institutions and student groups to shape public discourse."

In April 2019, Coons was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Trump encouraging him "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America", asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" by preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S., arguing that the funding improved conditions in those countries.

On June 6, 2021, Coons and Senators Tammy Duckworth and Dan Sullivan visited Taipei in an U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III transport to meet President Tsai Ing-wen and Minister Joseph Wu during the pandemic outbreak of Taiwan to announce President Joe Biden's donation plan of 750,000 COVID-19 vaccines included in the global COVAX program.

Fiscal position
Coons supports free-trade agreements. He opposed the Obama-era government bailouts. He is against right-to-work laws, and supports internet sales tax.

Housing
In April 2019, Coons was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program for authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.

Labor
In May 2018, Coons was one of 12 senators to sign a letter to Chairman of the Federal Labor Relations Authority Colleen Kiko urging the FLRA to end efforts to close its Boston regional office until Congress debated the matter, adding that closing the FLRA's seven regional offices would cause staff to be placed farther away from the federal employees whose rights they protect.

On March 5, 2021, Coons voted against Bernie Sanders's amendment to include a $15/hour minimum wage in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.

In March 2023, Coons co-sponsored the introduction of the PRO Act in the 118th Congress.

LGBTQIA+ rights
In September 2014, Coons was one of 69 members of the US House and Senate to sign a letter to then-FDA commissioner Sylvia Burwell requesting that the FDA revise its policy banning donation of corneas and other tissues by men who have had sex with another man in the preceding 5 years.

In October 2018, Coons was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to reverse the rollback of a policy that granted visas to same-sex partners of LGBTQIA+ diplomats who had unions that are not recognized by their home countries, writing that too many places around the world have seen LGBTQIA+ individuals "subjected to discrimination and unspeakable violence, and receive little or no protection from the law or local authorities" and that refusing to let LGBTQIA+ diplomats bring their partners to the US would be equivalent to upholding "the discriminatory policies of many countries around the world." Coons supports transgender rights.

Patents
Coons proposed the Stronger Patents Act, which would make it more expensive to challenge patents and thus easier to enforce them.

Electoral history

Personal life

Coons is married to Annie Coons, nee Lingenfelter. They have three children, twins Mike and Jack, and daughter Maggie, and they live in Wilmington, Delaware. Coons is Presbyterian, his wife is Catholic, and they attend St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church in the city. Coons describes himself as "someone who is, privately, fairly religious," though he has never thought "that needs to be a big part of [campaigning]."

In 1999, he was awarded the Governor's Outstanding Volunteer Award for his work with the "I Have a Dream" Foundation, the Governor's Mentoring Council, and the United Way of Delaware.

As of 2018, according to OpenSecrets.org, Coons's net worth was more than $10 million.

References

External links

Senator Chris Coons official U.S. Senate website
Chris Coons for Senate

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1963 births
21st-century American politicians
Amherst College alumni
American Presbyterians
County council members and commissioners in Delaware
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
New Castle County Executives
Delaware Democrats
Democratic Party United States senators from Delaware
Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
Living people
Lawyers from Greenwich, Connecticut
Politicians from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Hockessin, Delaware
Lawyers from Wilmington, Delaware
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Yale Divinity School alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Tower Hill School alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Republic (Sudan)

Chris Coons


Nedelcho Krumov Beronov () (22 July 1928 – 4 July 2015) was a Bulgarian jurist, right-wing politician and Constitutional Court chairman, as well as a presidential candidate in the 2006 presidential elections.

Biography
Born in Nova Zagora, Beronov graduated from the Sofia University Faculty of Law in 1951 and from the University of National and World Economy in 1972. He worked as an arbiter and head arbiter at the Stara Zagora State Court of Arbitration between 1954 and 1991, as well as an arbiter at the Bulgarian Commercial and Industrial Chamber Court of Arbitration between 1977 and 1997.

Between 1993 and 1997 Beronov was a reader of Civil and Contractual Law at the Varna University of Economics and Varna Technical University. His work included a number of juridical publications.

A Union of Democratic Forces deputy and member of the Commission of Law-related Issues in the 38th National Assembly of Bulgaria in 1997, Beronov became a member of the Constitutional Court in the autumn of the same year and was unanimously elected as its chairman after the death of then-chairman Hristo Danov in October 2003.

His wife Anna is a professor at the Varna Medical University and his son Kamen is a mathematician, doctor of Kyoto University and a lecturer in Germany.

In 2006, Beronov was nominated as an independent candidate for President of Bulgaria supported by right-wing parties such as the Union of Democratic Forces, Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria and the Democratic Party, together with vice president candidate Yuliana Nikolova. Beronov came third in the first round with 9.75% of the votes and failed to reach the runoff.

External links
 Official website of Beronov's presidential nomination

1928 births
2015 deaths
People from Nova Zagora
Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria) politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Candidates for President of Bulgaria
Constitutional court judges

Nedelcho Beronov


"Synchronicity" is the 17th episode of season 3 of the supernatural drama television series Grimm  and the 61st episode overall, which premiered on April 4, 2014, on the broadcast network NBC. The episode was written by Michael Duggan from a story by Duggan and Michael Golamco, and was directed by David Solomon.

Plot
Opening quote: "In all chaos there is a cosmos, in all disorder a secret order."

Nick (David Giuntoli) tells Hank (Russell Hornsby) that he is unsure about attending Monroe's (Silas Weir Mitchell) wedding as the Wesen could recognize him as a Grimm and decides to tell him that he can't go because of the risk of getting exposed. In Switzerland, Adalind (Claire Coffee) and Meisner are still running from the Verrat.

Meisner leaves Adalind to go after the Verrat. However, Adalind is intercepted by the Verrat and taken to a car. Then, the Verrat agents are killed by Kelly (Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio), who was told to save her. Meisner takes Adalind and Kelly to a plane that will take them to Portland but he stays behind and notifies Renard (Sasha Roiz) that Sebastien is dead and that he could go into hiding. Nick visits Monroe and Rosalee (Bree Turner) to tell them that he can't attend the wedding because of the risk of exposure. Monroe then suggests using sunglasses during the wedding as the Wesen can identify the Grimms from their eyes. They test the sunglasses and they state that it works.

Back in Vienna, Viktor (Alexis Denisof) is upset about Adalind's escape and has his associate Gregor (Gene Freedman) killed for his failure. He then has Marcus Rispoli (Philip Anthony-Rodriguez) named the new leader of the Verrat and they both deduce that Adalind must have returned to Portland. While on the plane, Kelly has flashbacks of when she had to leave Nick years ago. They land in Portland and steal a man's truck for safety as he threatens to call the police.

They arrive at Nick's house but Nick and Juliette (Bitsie Tulloch) instantly recognize her. A discussion ensues and it causes the baby to make a tremor and break things in the house. Despite her issues with Adalind, Juliette decides to take care of the baby in the room. While she takes care of the baby, Kelly explains that the baby is so powerful that if she falls into the wrong hands, she will do something evil. Adalind uses her powers to leave the house with the baby and escape in the man's car. Nick deduces that since Adalind mentioned Renard, she would go to his apartment. Adalind arrives at Renard's apartment and presents him with the baby, causing him to smile at the baby.

Reception

Viewers
The episode was viewed by 4.89 million people, earning a 1.4/5 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale, ranking third on its timeslot and second for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Last Man Standing, Hawaii Five-0, Blue Bloods, 20/20, and Shark Tank. This was a 15% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 5.71 million viewers with a 1.5/5. This means that 1.4 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 5 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. With DVR factoring in, the episode was watched by 7.31 million viewers with a 2.3 ratings share in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"Synchronicity" received positive reviews. The A.V. Club's Kevin McFarland gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "One of the reasons Grimm needs its episodic structure is that right now, with only a handful of purely serialized installments, the show doesn't really know how to craft a parcel of plot into a compelling structure. There's some information from the past the audience didn't know, a tidbit about Wesen/Grimm interaction that fills in a gap that never seemed like a giant mystery, but mostly this is just an episode that gets all the pieces back to the one location they need to be in to bounce off each other. It serves that function well, with one of the more memorable confrontation scenes in the history of the series—and it doesn't even feature violence."

Nick McHatton from TV Fanatic, gave a 4.4 star rating out of 5, stating: "It's been three years in the making, but thanks to Grimm Season 3 Episode 17, all sides are beginning to come together in Portland as the royal baby makes her presence known. This installment was incredibly satisfying."

MaryAnn Sleasman from TV.com, wrote, "The two concurrent stories running through this episode are where the hour got its name: 'Synchronicity' is the apparent relationship between two or more events that otherwise have no connection. Monrosalee's nuptial arrangements comes off as quaint and cute, a domestic break in all the running and hiding and slaughtering of Royals, but when you look at it in the context of the rest of this season, their wedding-planning woes are just as high-stakes as Grimm's more intense storylines."

References

External links

Grimm (season 3) episodes
2014 American television episodes

Synchronicity (Grimm)


Michael Clete Thomas (born November 14, 1983) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder who played for the Detroit Tigers and Minnesota Twins between 2008 and 2013.

Career

Amateur
Thomas was born in Jacksonville, Florida and began his baseball career at Mosley High School in Lynn Haven, Florida where he was a part of the state championship team in 2002. Played in Little League World Series 1996 with RL Turner Little League Panama City Florida

Thomas attended Auburn University, where he played right field and batted .328 on the 2005 team which lost to Florida State in the NCAA regional tournament. In 2004, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League. After his junior year, Thomas was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the sixth round of the 2005 MLB Draft.

Minor leagues
Initially assigned to the Oneonta Tigers in the New York–Penn League, Thomas was promoted to the West Michigan Whitecaps on July 13, and proceeded to appear in 51 games, hitting .284.

Thomas spent the 2006 season with the Lakeland Tigers, where he appeared in 132 games and hit .257 with 40 RBIs and 34 stolen bases. In 2007, he was promoted to Erie, where he hit .280 with 53 RBIs and 18 stolen bases. Thomas, along with fellow outfielder Matt Joyce, was considered a likely future major leaguer. Commenting on the two, then-Tigers general manager Dave Dombrowski remarked that "We think they're both prospects...We're not counting on them for this year, but they've got a chance to play at the Triple-A level (this season), depending on how they do this spring."

Detroit Tigers
A non-roster invitee to 2008 spring training, Thomas made the team after starting center fielder Curtis Granderson broke a finger and went on the disabled list. On Opening Day , Thomas entered the game as a defensive replacement and made his first major league putout against Joey Gathright of the Kansas City Royals. Thomas later hit a double in the bottom of the 11th inning off Royals closer Joakim Soria for his first major league hit.

Thomas split time in the 2008 Major League Baseball season between the Tigers and the AAA-affiliate Toledo Mud Hens.  On April 23, Thomas was optioned to the Tigers' AAA-affiliate Toledo Mud Hens when Curtis Granderson was activated from the disabled list.  Thomas was recalled from Toledo May 29 to replace struggling Matt Joyce. On June 4, Thomas sprained his ankle and went on the disabled list. He was replaced by Brent Clevlen. Thomas returned to the active roster on June 18, 2008.

On May 5, 2009, Thomas was called back up to the Detroit Tigers in a game against the Minnesota Twins.  In the game, Thomas went three for four with a single, double, and triple, making him a home run shy of hitting for the cycle. On June 7, 2009, against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Thomas hit the first grand slam of his career off Angels reliever Jason Bulger to break a 5–5 eighth-inning tie.

On June 12, 2009, Detroit optioned Thomas back to Toledo and called up Don Kelly. Said manager Jim Leyland: "I think he has a shot to be an everyday player, but he has to shorten up his swing...he will be back."

On July 9, 2009, Thomas was recalled from Toledo, and Don Kelly was sent back to Toledo.

Thomas has two walk-off hits in 2009.  On August 3, 2009, Thomas hit his first career walk-off home run against Baltimore Orioles pitcher Danys Báez and on August 20, 2009, Thomas hit a walk-off single to beat the Seattle Mariners 7–6.

Thomas spent all of 2010 and 2011 at Triple-A after not making the Tigers roster. In 2010, Thomas played 21 games and hit .183 over that time. In 2011, he hit .251 with 12 home runs in 113 games.

Minnesota Twins
On April 14, 2012, Thomas was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins. Thomas joined the Twins for their April 15, 2012, game at Target Field. He hit a two-run home run in his first game with the Twins against Texas Rangers pitcher Neftalí Feliz.

On May 5, 2012, Thomas was designated for assignment by the Twins. He cleared waivers and was assigned to the Twins' Triple-A affiliate in Rochester, New York.

Thomas began 2013 with Rochester as their center fielder. In 36 games with the Red Wings, he hit .296/.385/.576 with 9 HR and 25 RBI before being promoted. One June 3, Thomas was called up by Minnesota as an extra outfielder because Wilkin Ramírez was dealing with a concussion. On June 10, starting center fielder Aaron Hicks was placed on the disabled list, opening the door for Thomas. When Hicks returned on July 2, Thomas was moved into a fourth outfielder role. During the All-Star break, left fielder Oswaldo Arcia was optioned to Rochester, and Thomas took over there. On August 2, Hicks was optioned to Rochester and Arcia was recalled, sliding Thomas over to center field. On August 31, the Twins acquired Alex Presley from the Pirates, and Presley started at center field in September, moving Thomas into a reserve role. In 92 games for the Twins, mostly in center field, Thomas hit .214/.290/.307 with 4 HR, 13 RBI, 39 R and 92 SO. He was outrighted off the roster on October 2, 2013.

Philadelphia Phillies
Thomas signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies on November 15, 2013. He was released on August 12, 2014.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Detroit Tigers players
Minnesota Twins players
Auburn Tigers baseball players
Harwich Mariners players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Baseball players from Jacksonville, Florida
Oneonta Tigers players
West Michigan Whitecaps players
Lakeland Tigers players
Erie SeaWolves players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Rochester Red Wings players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players

Clete Thomas


The Abysmal Brute is a novel by American writer Jack London, published in book form in 1913. It is a short novel, and could be regarded as a novelette. It first appeared in September 1911 in Popular Magazine.

In the story, a man who was brought up in a log cabin, and who is a newcomer to society, finds success as a boxer and recognizes corrupt practices in professional boxing.

Background
In 1910, when the story was written, London had become a famous writer, but he was worried that he had exhausted his ideas. The Abysmal Brute was based on one of several plot outlines he bought from Sinclair Lewis, an admirer of London who was at the beginning of his career.

Other stories by Jack London about boxing are his novel The Game, published in 1905, his short story "A Piece of Steak" of 1909, and his short story "The Mexican" of 1911.

Summary
Sam Stubener, a boxing manager in San Francisco, travels to a remote log cabin in northern California on getting a letter from retired boxer Pat Glendon, who lives there with his son, Pat Glendon Jr, a promising young boxer. Pat Jr fights well; otherwise, he knows little of city life; he hunts and fishes in the forest, he reads poetry and avoids women.

Sam brings Pat Jr back to San Francisco. Although Sam and Pat both know he could win a fight with a top boxer, the conventions of boxing require that Pat has to start with a boxer of lower rank. In his first three fights, he knocks out his opponent immediately with one punch. Sam tells Pat to make his fights last longer; since Pat says that he is master of his opponent "at any inch or second of the fight", they agree on which round the knockout will happen.

Pat's career takes off, winning fights worldwide. The newspapers, who interpret his detachment from the real world as unsociability, call him "The Abysmal Brute." Sam protects him from the corruption in boxing. Pat is not aware that Sam is using his knowledge of the timing of the knockout in a betting syndicate.

Pat is interviewed by Maud Sangster, a journalist from a family of millionaires, at the Cliff House, San Francisco. They immediately fall in love. Maud tells him she has heard in which round he will knock out his opponent in his next fight, and Pat wonders how his agreement with Sam became known. He tells her the knockout will be in a later round; this is to be a secret. When his opponent is knocked out in the round originally agreed with Sam, Maud is angry with Pat. He tells her his opponent faked the knockout; he is beginning to realize the corruption in the game, and says he is quitting boxing, although Sam has arranged a fight against top boxer Tom Cannam.

Pat and Maud get married; their honeymoon is spent in the forest and mountains. He decides to return for the fight with Cannam. The event, promoted as an important occasion, starts with speeches from boxing legends to which, unexpectedly, he adds his own, describing the corruption in boxing. This has a sensational effect; he then knocks out Cannam in the first round, and the event ends in uproar.

Film adaptations

The Abysmal Brute, based on the novel, was made in 1923; it featured Reginald Denny as Pat Glendon Jr, Mabel Julienne Scott as Maud Sangster and Hayden Stevenson as Sam Stubener.

Conflict, is a 1936 film based on the novel and starring John Wayne as Pat Glendon, Jr, Jean Rogers as Maud Sangster and Frank Sheridan as Sam Stubener.

References

External links

1913 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels by Jack London
Novels about boxing
Novels set in San Francisco
The Century Company books

The Abysmal Brute


Tishrei () or Tishri (;  tīšrē or  tīšrī; from Akkadian tašrītu "beginning", from šurrû "to begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is a month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar.

In the Hebrew Bible the month is called Ethanim ( – ), or simply the seventh month. In the Babylonian calendar the month is known as Araḫ Tišritum, "Month of Beginning" (of the second half-year).

Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, in The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, that the ancient Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil year starting in Tishrei, while the Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting in Nisan. Tishrei is the month used for the counting of the epoch year – i.e., the count of the year is incremented on 1 Tishrei.

Holidays

 1–2 Tishrei – Rosh Hashanah
 3 Tishrei – Tzom Gedaliah – (Fast Day) – On Tishrei 4 when Tishrei 3 is Shabbat
 9 Tishrei – Erev Yom Kippur
 10 Tishrei – Yom Kippur – (Fast Day)
 15–21  Tishrei – Sukkot/Sukkos
 21 Tishrei – Hoshanah Rabbah
 22 Tishrei (and 23 outside of Israel) – Shemini Atzeret/Atzeres & Simchat Torah/Simchas Torah

In Jewish history and tradition

 1 Tishrei ( BCE) – Adam and Eve were created, according to one opinion in the Talmud.
 1 Tishrei (1923 CE) – Daf Yomi study regimen is launched.
 2 Tishrei (1659 CE) – HaRav Tuvya and HaRav Yisroel were murdered in a blood libel in Razino.
 3 Tishrei ( BCE) – Assassination of Gedaliah; now a fast day.
 4 Tishrei (1683 CE) – King Louis XIV expelled the Jews  from all French territories in America.
 5 Tishrei (135 CE) – Rabbi Akiva is arrested.
 6 Tishrei (1964 CE) – death of Chana Schneerson mother of the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson.
 6 Tishrei (1939 CE) – The Wehrmacht murdered 100 Jews in Lukov, Poland.
 7 Tishrei ( BCE) – Taanit tzaddikim (Orach Chaim 5580:2) commemorating God's decree that the Dor Hamidbar die in the wilderness because of the sin of the Eigel HaZahav / Golden Calf (according to some, (Kol Bo and others), the event took place one day earlier, on 6 Tishrei).
 8 Tishrei ( BCE) – 14-day dedication of Solomon's Temple begins.
 9 Tishrei (123 CE) – Death of the Tanna R' Elazar ben Rab' Shimon.
 10 Tishrei ( BCE) – Moses returns from a final trip to Mount Sinai, bearing a second set of tablets and a message of forgiveness for the Golden Calf.
 10 Tishrei (1973 CE) – The armies of Egypt, Syria, and other Arab states attack Israeli positions in the Sinai and Golan Heights, beginning the Yom Kippur War.
 11 Tishrei – The Baal Shem Tov wrote that the day after Yom Kippur is an even greater holiday than Yom Kippur itself, a day called "Bshem HaShem" or in Yiddish "Gott's Nomen", literally "The Name of God".
 13 Tishrei (1882) Passing of the Rebbe Maharash, the 4th Chabad Rebbe.
 16 Tishrei (1349 CE) – The Jewish population of Krems, Germany, was massacred in the Black Death riots.
 18 Tishrei (1810 CE) – Death of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov
 21 Tishrei (2023 CE) - Hamas attacks Israel beginning the  2023 Israel–Hamas war
 25 Tishrei (1809 CE) – Death of Rabbi Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev

See also

 Tishrīn () is the name of two Gregorian months in the Levant:
 Tishrīn al-Awwal (Arabic: تشرين الأول, literally "First Tishrin"): October. The 1973 Yom Kippur War is generally known by the name Ḥarb Tishrīn ("October War") in Syria and Lebanon, and among the Palestinians, following the Arab custom of naming the Arab-Israeli wars by months or years.
 Tishrīn al-Thāni (Arabic: تشرين الثاني, literally "Second Tishrin"): November.

External links
 Resources on the Month of Tishrei
 This Month in Jewish History

Months of the Hebrew calendar

Tishrei


Oklahoma Passage was a 1989 miniseries produced by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority which dramatized 150 years of the history of Oklahoma. The miniseries was narrated by the character Miz Hannah, played by Jeanette Nolan. Miz Hannah tells the story of her family's history in Oklahoma to her grandchildren. Through the telling of this family history, the history of Oklahoma is played out.

Cast
Each episode was hosted by the following:
Episode 1: Dale Robertson
Episode 2: G.D. Spradlin
Episode 3: Ben Johnson
Episode 4: Hoyt Axton
Episode 5: Astronaut, General Thomas Stafford

The series also featured: Charles Benton, Eldon G. Hallum, Lou Michaels, Melvin Holt, Carter Mullally, Jr., Danny Kamin, Brummett Echohawk, Charles Ballinger, Bryan Bourg, James Fields, Robin Brooks, Chris Todd, Thesa Rogers Loving, Robert Knott, Stephen Gerald, Rex Linn, Whitman Mayo, Megan Mullally, Jonathan B. Reed, Richard Lemin, Paul Newsom, Jeff MacKay, Becky Borg, Vernon Grote, Scott Pruett, Ken Spence, Gene McFall, Tom Ward, Frank Bates, Bret Graham, and Michelle Merchant

References

1980s American television miniseries

Oklahoma Passage (miniseries)


John Charles Wright (19 August 1861 – 24 February 1933) was an Anglican Archbishop of Sydney, Australia, seen by some as responsible for reducing the influence of Anglo-Catholicism in the diocese.

Wright was born in Bolton, Lancashire, England, the son of the Reverend Joseph Farrall Wright (1827–1883), vicar of Christ Church, Bolton and co-founder of Bolton Wanderers Football Club, and his wife Harriet, née Swallow. J. C. Wright was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated with honours in 1884.

Wright was ordained deacon on 31 May 1885 and priest on 20 June 1886. After serving as a curate for eight years he became vicar of Ulverston in 1893. Two years later he transferred to St George's at Leeds, an important industrial parish, for nine years. In 1904 he was made a canon of Manchester Cathedral, rector of St George's, Hulme, and chaplain to the Bishop of Manchester. Early in 1909 he was appointed Archdeacon of Manchester.

Later in 1909, Wright accepted the archbishopric of Sydney and was consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 24 August 1909. Wright was also Metropolitan of New South Wales and in April 1910 was elected Primate of Australia, the first occasion on which an election was held for this office. He was Ramsden preacher at Cambridge in 1913, and during World War I took great interest in work among the soldiers. The spread of Anglo-Catholic doctrines in Australia gave him some anxiety as he was Evangelical although of a moderate kind. Immediately before he came to Sydney he was "permanent chairman" of the Anglican Evangelical Group Movement - at that time an important liberal Evangelical society of clergy formed in 1906. Stephen Judd notes that he "believed in a much wider spectrum of opinion in the Anglican Church" and it is significant that he quickly appointed moderate Evangelicals Albert Talbot as Dean of Sydney and David Davies as principal of Moore College. About the year 1924 he had a serious illness and was henceforth compelled to go carefully. He was, however, an excellent chairman of synod during the long years of debate of the new constitution for the Church of England in Australia. Early in 1933 he took ill while visiting one of his daughters in New Zealand and died at Christchurch, following an operation, on 24 February 1933. He was buried in South Head cemetery. In 1903, Wright married Dorothy Margaret Isabella Fiennes, daughter of Colonel the Honourable Ivo de Vesci, who survived him with a son and three daughters. He was the author of Thoughts on Modern Church Life and Work, published in 1909.

It was Wright who banned the eucharistic vestments from use in churches in Sydney and has often and unfairly been criticised for this by Anglo-Catholics, but he conscientiously believed that the wearing of these was contrary to the law of the Church of England.

References

1861 births
1933 deaths
Anglican archbishops of Sydney
Australian people of English descent
Primates of the Anglican Church of Australia
Archdeacons of Manchester
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Officers of the Order of St John
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
People from Bolton
Evangelical Anglican bishops

John Wright (archbishop of Sydney)


The Liverpool Overhead Railway (known locally as the Dockers' Umbrella) was an elevated railway in Liverpool which operated along the Liverpool Docks. It opened in 1893 with lightweight electric multiple units. The design of an overhead line probably originated from the New York High Line which was authorised in 1847. Just five years later, in 1852, the need arose in Liverpool for a similar solution. The railway had a number of world firsts:
 first electric elevated railway,
 first to use automatic signalling,
 first to use electric colour light signals
 first to use electric multiple units
 had one of the first passenger escalators at a railway station.

It was also the second oldest electric metro in the world. The only earlier one was the 1890 City and South London Railway. In the early 1900s electric trains ran on the electrified Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to Southport and Aintree. Special trains to Aintree for the horse race meetings ran twice a year after regular services were withdrawn. Being a local railway it was not nationalised in 1948.

In 1955, a report into the structure of the many viaducts showed major repairs were needed that the company could not afford. The railway closed at the end of 1956. Despite public protests the structures were dismantled in the following year.

References

Electric railways in the United Kingdom

Liverpool Overhead Railway


William Carl "Bill" Anderson (born July 9, 1958) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Logistics) from 2005 to 2008.

Biography
Anderson was born in 1958 in Syracuse, New York, and educated at Washington College, receiving a B.A. in history in 1980. He then attended the Syracuse University College of Law, receiving a J.D. in 1983.

Anderson then spent several years working in a variety of financial and tax consulting positions at Merrill Lynch, Arthur Andersen and Ryder. He spent 1989-90 studying in the master's program in international business at the University of Miami Business School, but did not complete the degree. In September 1990, he joined General Electric as Senior Counsel - Environmental, Health and Safety, a position he held until November 2005.

In 2005, President George W. Bush nominated Anderson as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Logistics) and, after Senate confirmation, Anderson held this office from November 2005 until August 2008.

After leaving government service in 2008, Anderson founded his own consulting firm, Anderson Global Innovation Group, Inc. He was appointed to the Advisory Board of Hyperion Power Generation in August 2009.

References

1958 births
Living people
United States Air Force civilians
George W. Bush administration personnel
Syracuse University College of Law alumni
University of Miami Business School alumni

William C. Anderson (Air Force)